,,the ,,personal ,,life ,,of ,,david ,,livingstone ,,ll4,d41 ,d4,c4,l4 ,,chiefly ,,from ,,his ,,unpublished ,,journals ,,and ,,correspondence ,,in ,,the ,,possession ,,of ,,his ,,family ,,by ,w4 ,,garden ,,blaikie1 ,d4,d41 ,,lld4 ,author of ,heroes of ,israel1 etc4 ,,preface4 ,the purpose of this work is to make the world better acquainted with the character of ,livingstone4 ,his discoveries and researches have been given to the public in his own books1 but his modesty led him to say little in these of himself1 and those who knew him best feel that little is known of the strength of his affections1 the depth and purity of his devotion1 or the intensity of his aspirations as a ,christian missionary4 ,the growth of his character and the providential shaping of his career are also matters of remarkable interest1 of which not much has yet been made known4 ,an attempt has been made in this volume1 likewise1 to present a more complete history of his life than has yet appeared4 ,many chapters of it are opened up of which the public have hitherto known little or nothing4 ,it has not been deemed necessary to dwell on events recorded in his published ,travels1 except for the purpose of connecting the narrative and making it complete4 ,even on these1 however1 it has been found that not a little new light and color may be thrown from his correspondence with his friends and his unpublished ,journals4 ,much pains has been taken to show the unity and symmetry of his character4 ,as a man1 a ,christian1 a missionary1 a philanthropist1 and a scientist1 ,livingstone ranks with the greatest of our race1 and shows the minimum of infirmity in connection with the maximum of goodness4 ,nothing can be more telling than his life as an evidence of the truth and power of ,christianity1 as a plea for ,christian ,missions and civilization1 or as a demonstration of the true connection between religion and science4 ,so many friends have helped in this book that it is impossible to thank all in a preface4 ,most of them are named in the body of the work4 ,special acknowledgments1 however1 are due to the more immediate members of ,dr4 ,livingstone's family1 at whose request the work was undertaken2 also to his sisters1 the ,misses ,livingstone1 of ,hamilton1 to ,mr4 ,young1 of ,kelley1 to the venerable ,dr4 ,moffat1 and ,mrs4 ,vavasseur1 his daughter4 ,the use of valuable collections of letters has been given by the following 7in addition to the friends already named73 ,the ,directors of the ,london ,missionary ,society2 ,dr4 ,risdon ,bennett2 ,rev4 ,g4,d4 ,watt2 ,rev4 ,joseph ,moore2 ,rev4 ,w4 ,thompson1 ,cape ,town2 ,j4,b4 ,braithwaite1 ,esq42 representatives of the late ,sir ,r4,i4 ,murchison1 ,bart41 and of the late ,sir ,thomas ,maclear2 ,rev4 ,horace ,waller1 ,mr4 and ,mrs4 ,webb1 of ,newstead ,abbey1 ,mr4 ,p4 ,fitch1 of ,london1 ,rev4 ,dr4 ,stewart1 of ,lovedale1 and ,senhor ,nunes1 of ,quilimane4 ,other friends have forwarded letters of less importance4 ,some of the letters have reached the hands of the writer after the completion of the book1 and have therefore been used but sparingly4 ,the recovery of an important private journal of ,dr4 ,livingstone1 which had been lost at the time when the ,missionary ,travels was published1 has thrown much new light on the part of his life immediately preceding his first great journey4 ,in the spelling of ,african proper names1 ,dr4 ,moffat has given valuable help4 ,usually ,livingstone's own spelling has been followed4 ,a ,map has been specially prepared1 in which the geographical references in the volume are shown1 which will enable the reader to follow ,livingstone's movements from place to place4 ,with so much material1 it would have been easier to write a life in two volumes than in one2 but for obvious reasons it has been deemed desirable to restrict it to the present limits4 ,the author could wish for no higher honor than to have his name associated with that of ,livingstone1 and can desire no greater pleasure than that of conveying to other minds the impressions that have been left on his own4 ,w4,g4 ,,blaikie4 ,,edinbubgh1 #i ,,palmerston ,,boad4 #ahhj ,,contents4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,chapter ,i4 ,,early ,,years4 ,a4,d4 #ahac-ahcf4 ,ulva--,the ,livingstones--,traditions of ,ulva life--,the ,baughting-time--,kirsty's ,rock--,removal of ,livingstone's grandfather to ,blantyre--,highland blood--,neil ,livingstone--,his marriage to ,agnes ,hunter--,her grandfather and father--,monument to ,neil and ,agnes ,livingstone in ,hamilton ,cemetery--,david ,livingstone born #aith ,march1 #ahac--;,boyhood--,at home--,in school--,david goes into ,blantyre ,mill--,first earnings--,night-school--,his habits of reading--,natural-history expeditions--,great spiritual changes in his twentieth year--,dick's ,philosophy of a ,future ,state--,he resolves to be a missionary--,influence of occupation of ,blantyre--,sympathy with ,people--,thomas ,burke and ,david ,hogg--,practical character of his religion4 ,,chapter ,,ii4 ,,missionary ,,preparation4 ,a4,d4 #ahcf-ahdj4 ,his desire to be a missionary to ,china--,medical missions--,he studies at ,glasgow--,classmates and teachers--,he applies to ,london ,missionary ,society--,his ideas of mission-work--,he is accepted provisionally--,he goes to ,london--to ,ongar--,reminiscences by ,rev4 ,joseph ,moore--by ,mrs4 ,gilbert--by ,rev4 ,isaac ,taylor--,nearly rejected by the ,directors--,returns to ,ongar--to ,london--,letter to his sister--,reminiscences by ,dr4 ,risdon ,bennett--,promise to ,professor ,owen--,impression of his character on his friends and fellow-students--,rev ,r4 ,moffat in ,england--,livingstone interested--,could not be sent to ,china--,is appointed to ,africa--,providential links in his history--,illness--,last visits to his home--,receives ,medical diploma--,parts from his family4 ,,chapter ,,iii4 ,,first ,,two ,,years ,,in ,,africa4 ,a4,d4 #ahdb-ahdc4 ,his ordination--,voyage out--,at ,rio de ,janeiro--,at the ,cape--,he proceeds to ,kuruman--,letters--,journey of #gjj miles to ,bechuana country--,selection of site for new station--,second excursion to ,bechuana country--,letter to his sister--,influence with chiefs--,bubi--,construction of a water-dam--,sekomi--,woman seized by a lion--,the ,bakaa--,sebehwe--,letter to ,dr4 ,risdon ,bennett--,detention at ,kuruman--,he visits ,sebehwe's village--,bakhatlas--,sechle1 chief of ,bakwains--,livingstone translates hymns--,travels #djj miles on oxback--,returns to ,kuruman--,is authorized to form new station--,receives contributions for native missionary--,letters to ,directors on their ,mission policy--,he goes to new station--,fellow-travelers--,purchase of site--,letter to ,dr4 ,bennett--,desiccation of ,south ,africa--,death of a servant1 ,sehamy--,letter to his parents4 ,,chapter ,,iv4 ,,first ,,two ,,stations--,,mabotsa ,,and ,,chonuane4 ,a4,d4 #ahdc-ahdg4 ,description of ,mabotsa--,a favorite hymn--,general reading--,mabotsa infested with lions--,livingstone's encounter--,the native deacon who saved him--,his ,sunday-school--,marriage to ,mary ,moffat--,work at ,mabotsa--,proposed institution for training native agents--,letter to his mother--,trouble at ,mabotsa--,noble sacrifice of ,livingstone--,goes to ,sechle and the ,bakwains--,new station at ,chonuane--,interest shown by ,sechle--,journeys eastward--,the ,boers and the ,transvaal--,their occupation of the country1 and treatment of the natives--,work among the ,bakwains--,livingstone's desire to move on--,theological conflict at home--,his view of it--,his scientific labors and miscellaneous employments4 ,,chapter ,v4 ,,third ,,station--,,kolobeng4 ,a4,d4 #ahdg-aheb4 ,want of rain at ,chonuane--,removal to ,kolobeng--,house-building and public works--,hopeful prospects--,letters to ,mr4 ,watt1 his sister1 and ,dr4 ,bennett--,the church at ,kolobeng--,pure communion--,conversion of ,sechle--,letter from his brother ,charles--,his history--,livingstone's relations with the ,boers--,he cannot get native teachers planted in the east--,resolves to explore northward--,extracts from ,journal--,scarcity of water--,wild animals1 and other risks--,custom-house robberies and annoyances--,visit from ,secretary of ,london ,missionary ,society--,manifold employments of ,livingstone--,studies in ,sichuana--,his reflection on this period of his life while detained at ,manyuema in #ahgj4 ,,chapter ,,vi4 ,,kolobeng continued--,,lake ',,ngami4 ,a4,d4 #ahdi-aheb4 ,koboleng failing through drought--,sebituane's country and the ,lake ',ngami--,livingstone sets out with ,messrs4 ,oswell and ,murray--,rivers ,zouga and ,tamanak'le--,old ideas of the interior revolutionized--,enthusiasm of ,livingstone--,discovers ,lake ',ngami--,obliged to return--,prize from ,royal ,geographical ,society--,second expedition to the lake1 with wife and children--,children attacked by fever--,again obliged to return--,conviction as to healthier spot beyond--,idea of finding passage to sea either west or east--,birth and death of a child--,family visits ,kuruman--,third expedition1 again with family--,he hopes to find a new locality--,perils of the journey--,he reaches ,sebituane--,the ,chief's illness and death--,distress of ,livingstone--,mr4 ,oswell and he go on to ,linyanti--,discovery of the ,upper ,zambesi--,no locality found for settlement--,more extended journey necessary--,he returns--,birth of ,oswell ,livingstone--,crisis in ,livingstone's life--,his guiding principles--,new plans--,the ,makololo begin to practice slave-trade--,new thoughts about commerce--,letters to ,directors--,the ,bakwains--,pros and cons of his new plan--,his unabated missionary zeal--,he goes with his family to the ,cape--,his literary activity4 ,,chapter ,,vii4 ,,from ,,the ,,cape ,,to ,,linyanti4 ,a4,d4 #aheb-ahec4 ,unfavorable feeling at ,cape ,town--,departure of ,mrs4 ,livingstone and children--,livingstone's detention and difficulties--,letter to his wife--to ,agnes--,occupations at ,cape ,town--,the ,astronomer-,royal--,livingstone leaves the ,cape and reaches ,kuruman--,destruction of ,kolobeng by the ,boers--,letters to his wife and ,rev4 ,j4 ,moore--,his resolution to open up ,africa or perish--,arrival at ,linyanti--,unhealthiness of the country--,thoughts on setting out for coast--,sekeltu's kindness--,livingstone's missionary activity--,death of ,mpepe1 and of his father--,meeting with ,ma-mochisane--,barotse country--,determines to go to ,loanda--,heathenism unadulterated--,taste for the beautiful--,letter to his children--to his father--,last ,sunday at ,linyanti--,prospect of his failing4 ,,chapter ,,viii4 ,,from ,,linyanti ,,to ,,loanda4 ,a4,d4 #ahec-ahed4 ,difficulties and hardships of journey--,his traveling kit--,four books--,his ,journal--,mode of traveling--,beauty of country--,repulsiveness of the people--,their religious belief--,the negro--,preaching--,the magic-lantern--,loneliness of feeling--,slave-trade--,management of the natives--,danger from ,chiboque--from another chief--,livingstone ill of fever--,at the ,quango--,attachment of followers--,the good time coming--,portuguese settlements--,great kindness of the ,portuguese--,arrives at ,loanda--,received by ,mr4 ,gabriel--,his great friendship--,no letters--,news through ,mr4 ,gabriel--,livingstone becomes acquainted with naval officers--,resolves to go back to ,linyanti and make for ,east ,coast--,letter to his wife--,correspondence with ,mr4 ,maclear--,accuracy of his observations--,sir ,john ,herschel--,geographical ,society award their gold medal--,remarks of ,lord ,ellesmere4 ,,chapter ,,ix4 ,,from ,,loanda ,,to ,,quilimane4 ,a4,d4 #ahed-ahef4 ,livingstone sets out from ,loanda--,journey back--,effects of slavery--,letter to his wife--,severe attack of fever--,he reaches the ,barotse country--,day of thanksgiving--,his efforts for the good of his men--,anxieties of the ,moffats--,mr4 ,moffat's journey to ,mosilikatse--,box at ,linyanti--,letter from ,mrs4 ,moffat--,letters to ,mrs4 ,livingstone1 ,mr4 ,moffat1 and ,mrs4 ,moffat--,kindness of ,sekeltu--,new escort--,he sets out for the ,east ,coast--,discovers the ,victoria ,falls--,the healthy longitudinal ridges--,pedestrianism--,great dangers--,narrow escapes--,triumph of the spirit of trust in ,god--,favorite texts--,reference to ,captain ,mc,clure's experience--,chief subjects of thought--,structure of the continent--,sir ,roderick ,murchison anticipates his discovery--,letters to ,geographical ,society--,first letter from ,sir ,roderick ,murchison--,missionary labor--,monasteries--,protestant mission-stations wanting in self-support--,letter to ,directors--,fever not so serious an obstruction as it seemed--,his own hardships--,theories of mission-work--,expansion v4 ,concentration--,views of a missionary statesman--,he reaches ,tette--,letter to ,king of ,portugal--to ,sir ,roderick ,murchison--,reaches ,senna--,quilimane--,retrospect--,letter from ,directors--,goes to ,mauritius--,voyage home--,narrow escape from shipwreck in ,bay of ,tunis--,he reaches ,england1 ,dec4 #ahef--,news of his father's death4 ,,chapter ,x4 ,,first ,,visit ,,home4 ,a4,d4 #ahef-aheg4 ,mrs4 ,livingstone--,her intense anxieties--,her poetical welcome--,congratulatory letters from ,mrs4 and ,dr4 ,moffat--,meeting of welcome of ,royal ,geographical ,society--of ,london ,missionary ,society--,meeting in ,mansion ,house--,enthusiastic public meeting at ,cape ,town--,livingstone visits ,hamilton--,returns to ,london to write his book--,letter to ,mr4 ,maclear--,dr4 ,risdon ,bennett's reminiscences of this period--,mr4 ,frederick ,fitch's--,interview with ,prince ,consort--,honors--,publication and great success of ,missionary ,travels--,character and design of the book--,why it was not more of a missionary record--,handsome conduct of publisher--,generous use of the profits--,letter to a lady in ,carlisle vindicating the-character of his speeches4 ,,chapter ,,xi4 ,,fiest ,,visit ,,home--continued4 ,a4,d4 #aheg-aheh4 ,livingstone at ,dublin1 at ,british ,association--,letter to his wife--,he meets the chamber of commerce at ,manchester--,at ,glasgow1 receives honors from ,corporation1 ,university1 ,faculty of ,physicians and ,surgeons1 ,united ,presbyterians1 ,cotton-spinners--,his speeches in reply--,his brother ,charles joins him--,interesting meeting and speech at ,hamilton--,reception from ,literary and ,scientific ,institute of ,blantyre--,sympathy with operatives--,quick apprehension of all public questions--,his social views in advance of the age--,he plans a ,people's ,caf--,visit to ,edinburgh--,more honors--,letter to ,mr4 ,maclear--,interesting visit to ,cambridge--,lectures there--,professor ,sedgwick's remarks on his visit--,livingstone's great satisfaction--,relations to ,london ,missionary ,society--,he severs his connection--,proposal of ,government expedition--,he accepts consulship and command of ,expedition--,kindness of ,lords ,palmerston and ,clarendon--,the ,portuguese ,ambassador--,livingstone proposes to go to ,portugal--,is dissuaded--,lord ,clarendon's letter to ,sekeltu--,results of ,livingstone's visit to ,england--,farewell banquet1 ,february1 #aheh--;,interview with the ,queen--,veledictory letters--,professor ,sedgwick and ,sir ,roderick ,murchison--,arrangements for ,expedition--,dr41 ,mrs41 and ,oswald ,livingstone set sail from ,liverpool--,letters to children4 ,,chapter ,,xii4 ,,the ,,zambesi1 ,,and ,,first ,,explorations ,,of ,,the ,,shir4 ,a4,d4 #aheh-ahei4 ,dr4 and ,mrs4 ,livingstone sail in the ,pearl--,characteristic instructions to members of ,expedition--,dr4 ,livingstone conscious of difficult position--,letter to ,robert--,sierra ,leone--,effects of ,british ,squadron and of ,christian ,missions--,dr4 and ,mrs4 ,moffat at ,cape ,town--,splendid reception there--,illness of ,mrs4 ,livingstone--,she remains behind--,the five years of the ,expedition--,letter to ,mr4 ,james ,young--to ,dr4 ,moffat--,kongone entrance to ,zambesi--,collision with ,naval ,officer--,disturbed state of the country--,trip to ,kebrabasa ,rapids--,dr4 ,livingstone applies for new steamer--,willing to pay for one himself--,exploration of the ,shir--,murchison ,cataracts--,extracts from private ,journal--,discovery of ,lake ,shirwa--,correspondence--,letter to ,agnes ,livingstone--,trip to ,tette--,kroomen and two members of ,expedition dismissed--,livingstone's vindication--,discovery of ,lake ,nyassa--,bright hopes for the future--,idea of a colony--,generosity of ,livingstone--,letters to ,mr4 ,maclear1 ,mr4 ,young1 and ,sir ,roderick ,murchison--,his sympathy with the honest poor--,he hears of the birth of his youngest daughter4 ,,chapter ,,xiii4 ,,going ,,home ,,with ,,the ,,makololo4 ,a4,d4 #ahfj4 ,down to ,kongone--,state of the ship--,further delay--,letter to ,secretary of ,universities ,mission--,letter to ,mr4 ,braithwaite--,at ,tette--,miss ,whately's sugar-mill--,with his brother and ,kirk at ,kebrabasa--,mode of traveling--,reappearance of old friends--,african warfare and its effects--,desolation--,a ,european colony desirable--,escape from rhinoceros--,rumors of ,moffat--,the ,portuguese local ,governors oppose ,livingstone--,he becomes unpopular with them--,letter to ,mr4 ,young--,wants of the country--,the ,makololo--,approach home--,some are disappointed--,news of the death of the ,london missionaries1 the ,helmores and others--,letter to ,dr4 ,moffat--,the ,victoria ,falls re-examined--,sekeltu ill of leprosy--,treatment and recovery--,his disappointment at not seeing ,mrs4 ,livingstone--,efforts for the spiritual good of the ,makololo--,careful observations in ,natural ,history--,the last of the ,ma-,robert--,cheering prospect of the ,universities ,mission--,letter to ,mr4 ,moore--to ,mr4 ,young--,he wishes another ship--,letter to ,sir ,roderick ,murchison on the rumored journey of ,silva ,porto4 ,,chapter ,,xiv4 ,,rovuma ,,and ,,nyassa--,,universities ,,mission4 ,a4,d4 #ahfa-ahfb4 ,beginning of #ahfa--;,arrival of the ,pioneer1 and of the agents of ,universities ,mission--,cordial welcome--,livingstone's catholic feelings--,ordered to explore the ,rovuma--,bishop ,mackenzie goes with him--,returns to the ,shir--,turning-point of prosperity past--,difficult navigation--,the slave-sticks--,bishop settles at ,magomero--,hostilities between ,manganja and ,ajawa--,attack of ,mission party by ,ajawa--,livingstone's advice to ,bishop regardin them--,letter to his son ,robert--,livingstone1 ,kirk1 and ,charles start for ,lake ,nyassa--,party robbed at north of ,lake--,dismal activity of the slave-trade--,awful mortality in the process--,livingstone's fondness for ,punch--,letter to ,mr4 ,young--,joy at departure of new steamer ,lady ,nyassa--,colonization project--,letter against it from ,sir ,r4 ,murchison--,hears of ,dr4 ,stewart coming out from ,free ,church of ,scotland--,visit at the ship from ,bishop ,mackenzie--,news of defeat of ,ajawa by missionaries--,anxiety of ,livingstone--,arrangements for ,pioneer to go to ,kongone for new steamer and friends from home1 then go to ,ruo to meet ,bishop--,pioneer detained--,dr4 ,livingstone's anxieties and depression at ,new ,year--,pioneer misses man-of-war ,gorgon--,at length ,gorgon appears with brig from ,england and ,lady ,nyassa--,mrs4 ,livingstone and other ladies on board--,livingstone's meeting with his wife1 and with ,dr4 ,stewart--,stewart's recollections--,difficulties of navigation--,captain ,wilson of ,gorgon goes up river and hears of death of ,bishop ,mackenzie and ,mr4 ,burrup--,great distress--,misrepresentations about ,universities ,mission--,miss ,mackenzie and ,mrs4 ,burrup taken to ,gorgon--,dr4 and ,mrs4 ,livingstone return to ,shupanga--,illness and death of ,mrs4 ,livingstone there--,extracts from ,livingstone's ,journal1 and letters to the ,moffats1 ,agnes1 and the ,murchisons4 ,,chapter ,,xv4 ,,last ,,two ,,years ,,of ,,the ,,expedition4 ,a4,d4 #ahfb-ahfc4 ,livingstone again buckles on his armor--,letter to ,waller--,launch of ,lady ,nyassa--,too late for season--,he explores the ,rovuma--,fresh activity of the slave-trade--,letter to ,governor of ,mozambique about his discoveries--,letter to ,sir ,thomas ,maclear--,generous offer of a party of ,scotchmen--,the ,expedition proceeds up ,zambesi with ,lady ,nyassa in tow--,appalling desolations of ,marianno--,tidings of the ,mission--,death of ,scudamore--of ,dickenson--of ,thorton--,illness of ,livingstone--,dr4 ,kirk and ,charles ,livingstone go home--,he proceeds northward with ,mr4 ,rae and ,mr4 ,e4 ,d4 ,young of the ,gorgon--,attempt to carry a boat over the rapids--,defeated--,recall of the ,expedition--,livingstone's views--,letter to ,mr4 ,james ,young--to ,mr4 ,waller--,feeling of the ,portuguese ,government--,offer to the ,rev4 ,dr4 ,stewart--,great discouragements--,why did he not go home8--,proceeds to explore ,nyassa--,risks and sufferings--,occupation of his mind--,natural ,history--,obliged to turn back--,more desolation--,report of his murder--,kindness of ,chinsamba--,reaches the ship--,letter from ,bishop ,tozer1 abandoning the ,mission--,distress of ,livingstone--,letter to ,sir ,thomas ,maclear--,progress of ,dr4 ,stewart--,livingstonia--,livingstone takes charge of the children of the ,universities ,mission--,letter to his daughter--,retrospect--,the work of the ,expedition--,livingstone's plans for the future4 ,,chapter ,,xvi4 ,,quilimane ,,to ,,bombay ,,and ,,england4 ,a4,d4 #ahfd4 ,livingstone returns the ,pioneer to the ,navy1 and is to sail in the ,nyassa to ,bombay--,terrific circular storm--,imminent peril of the ,nyassa--,he reaches ,mozambique--,letter to his daughter--,proceeds to ,zanzibar--,his engineer leaves him--,scanty crew of ,nyassa--,livingstone captain and engineer--,peril of the voyage of #bejj miles--,risk of the monsoons--,the ,nyassa becalmed--,illness of the men--,remarks on ,african travel--,flying-fish--,dolphins--,curios ities of his ,journal--,idea of a colony--,furious squall--,two sea-serpents seen--,more squalls--,the ,nyassa enters ,bombay harbor--,is unnoticed--,first visit from officer with ,custom-house schedules--,how filled up--,attention of ,sir ,bartle ,frere and others--,livingstone goes with the ,governor to ,dapuri--,his feelings on landing in ,india--,letter to ,sir ,thomas ,maclear--,he visits mission-schools1 etc41 at ,poonah--,slaving in ,persian ,gulf--,returns to ,bombay--,leaves two boys with ,dr4 ,wilson--,borrows passage-money and sails for ,england--,at ,aden--,at ,alexandria--,reaches ,charing ,cross--,encouragement derived from his ,bombay visit--,two projects contemplated on his way home4 ,,chapter ,,xvii4 ,,second ,,visit ,,home4 ,a4,d4 #ahfd-ahfe4 ,dr4 ,livingstone and ,sir ,r4 ,murchison--,at ,lady ,palmerston's reception--at other places in ,london--,sad news of his son ,robert--,his early death--,dr4 ,livingstone goes to ,scotland--,pays visits--,consultation with ,professor ,syme as to operation--,visit to ,duke ,argyll--to ,ulva--,he meets ,dr4 ,duff--,at launch of a ,turkish frigate--,at ,hamilton--,goes to ,bath to ,british ,association--,delivers an address--,dr4 ,colenso--,at funeral of ,captain ,speke--,bath speech offends the ,portuguese--,charges of ,lacerda--,he visits ,mr4 and ,mrs4 ,webb at ,newstead--,their great hospitality--,livingstone room--,he spends eight months there writing his book--,he regains elasticity and playfulness--,his book--,charles ,livingstone's share--,he uses his influence for ,dr4 ,kirk--,delivers a lecture at ,mansfield--,proposal made to him by ,sir ,r4 ,murchison to return to ,africa--,letter from ,sir ,roderick--,his reply--,he will not cease to be a missionary--,letter to ,mr4 ,james ,young--,overtures from ,foreign ,office--,livingstone displeased--,at dinner of ,royal ,academy--,his speech not reported--,president ,lincoln's assassination--,examination by ,committee of ,house of ,commons--,his opinion on the capacity of the negro--,he goes down to ,scotland--,tom ,brown's ,school ,days--,his mother very ill--,she rallies--,he goes to ,oxford--,hears of his mother's death--,returns--,he attends examination of ,oswell's school--,his speech--,goes to ,london1 preparing to leave--,parts from ,mr4 and ,mrs4 ,webb--,stays with ,dr4 and ,mrs4 ,hamilton--,last days in ,england4 ,,chapter ,,xviii4 ,,from ,,england ,,to ,,bombay ,,and ,,zanzibar4 ,a4,d4 #ahfe-ahff4 ,object of new journey--,double scheme--,he goes to ,paris with ,agnes--,baron ,hausmann--,anecdote at ,marseilles--,he reaches ,bombay--,letter to ,agnes--,reminiscences of ,dr4 ,livingstone at ,bombay by ,rev4 ,d4,c4 ,boyd--by ,alex4 ,brown1 ,esq4--,livingstone's dress--,he visits the caves of ,kenhari--,rumors of murder of ,baron van der ,decken--,he delivers a lecture at ,bombay--,great success--,he sells the ,lady ,nyassa--,letter to ,mr4 ,james ,young--,letter to ,anna ,mary--,hears that ,dr4 ,kirk has got an appointment--,sets out for ,zanzibar in ,thule--,letter to ,mr4 ,james ,young--,his experience at sea--,letter to ,agnes--,he reaches ,zanzibar--,calls on ,sultan--,presents the ,thule to him from ,bombay ,government--,monotony of ,zanzibar life--,leaves in ,penguin for the continent4 ,,chapter ,,xix4 ,,from ,,zanzibar ,,to ,,ujiji4 ,a4,d4 #ahff-ahfi4 ,dr4 ,livingstone goes to mouth of ,rovuma--,his prayer--,his company--,his herd of animals--,loss of his buffaloes--,good spirits when setting put--,difficulties at ,rovuma--,bad conduct of ,johanna men--,dismissal of his ,sepoys--,fresh horrors of slave-trade--,uninhabited tract--,he reaches ,lake ,nyassa--,letter to his son ,thomas--,disappointed hopes--,his double aim1 to teach natives and rouse horror of slave-trade--,tenor of religious addresses--,wikatami remains behind--,livingstone finds no altogether satisfactory station for commerce and missions--,question of the watershed--,was it worth the trouble8--,overruled for good to ,africa--,opinion of ,sir ,bartle ,frere--,at ,marenga's--,the ,johanna men leave in a body--,circulate rumor of his murder--,sir ,roderick disbelieves it--,mr4 ,e4,d4 ,young sent out with ,search ,expedition--,finds proof against rumor--,livingstone half-starved--,loss of his goats--,review of #ahff--,reflections on ,divine ,providence--,letter to ,thomas--,his dog drowned--,loss of his medicine-chest--,he feels sentence of death passed on him--,first sight of ,lake ,tanganyika--,detained at ,chitimba's--,discovery of ,lake ,moero--,occupations during detention of #ahfg--;,great privations and difficulties--,illness--,rebellion among his men--,discovery of ,lake ,bangweolo--,its oozy banks--,detention--,sufferings--,he makes for ,ujiji--,very severe illness in beginning of #ahfi--,reaches ,ujiji--,finds his goods have been wasted and stolen--,most bitter disappointment--,his medicines1 etc41 at ,unyanyembe--,letter to ,sultan of ,zanzibar--,letters to ,dr4 ,moffat and his daughter4 ,,chapter ,,xx4 ,,manyuema4 ,a4,d4 #ahfi-ahga4 ,he sets out to explore ,manyuema and the river ,lualaba--,loss of forty-two letters--,his feebleness through illness--,he arrives at ,bambarr--,becomes acquainted with the soko or gorilla--,reaches the ,luama ,river--,magnificence of the country--,repulsiveness of the people--,cannot get a canoe to explore the ,lualaba--,has to return to ,bambarr--,letter to ,thomas1 and retrospect of his life--,letter to ,sir ,thomas ,maclear and ,mr4 ,mann--,miss ,tinn--,he is worse in health than ever1 yet resolves to add to his programme and go round ,lake ,bangweolo--,letter to ,agnes--,review of the past--,he sets out anew in a more northerly direction--,overpowered by constant wet--,reaches ,nyangwe1 the farthest point northward in his last ,expedition--,long detention--,letter to his brother ,john--,sense of difficulties and troubles--,nobility of his spirit--,he sets off with only three attendants for the ,lualaba--,suspicions of the natives--,influence of ,arab traders--,frightful difficulties of the way--,lamed by footsores--,has to return to ,bambarr--,long and wearisome detention--,occupations--,meditations and reveries--,death no terror--,unparalleled position and trials--,he reads his ,bible from beginning to end four times--,letter to ,sir ,thomas ,maclear--,to ,agnes--,his delight at her sentiments about his coming home--,account of the soko--,grief to heat of death of ,lady ,murchison--,wretched character of men sent from ,zanzibar--,at last sets out with ,mohamad--,difficulties--,slave-trade most horrible--,cannot get canoes for ,lualaba--,long waiting--,new plan--,frustrated by horrible massacre on banks of ,lualaba--,frightful scene--,he must return to ,ujiji--,new illness--,perils of journey to ,ujiji--,life three times endangered in one day--,reaches ,ujiji--,shereef has sold off his goods--,he is almost in despair--,meets ,henry ,m4 ,stanley and is relieved--,his contributions to ,natural ,science during last journeys--,professor ,owen in the ,quarterly ,review4 ,,chapter ,,xxi4 ,,livingstone ,,and ,,stanley4 ,a4,d4 #ahga-ahgb4 ,mr4 ,gordon ,bennett sends ,stanley in search of ,livingstone--,stanley at ,zanzibar--,starts for ,ujiji--,reaches ,unyanyembe--,dangerous illness--,war between ,arabs and natives--,narrow escape of ,stanley--,approach to ,ujiji--,meeting with ,livingstone--,livingstone's story--,stanley's news--,livingstone's goods and men at ,bagamoio--,stanley's account of ,livingstone--,refutation of foolish and calumnious charges--,they go to the north of the lake--,livingstone resolves not to go home1 but to get fresh men and return to the sources--,letter to ,agnes--to ,sir ,thomas ,maclear--,the travelers go to ,unyanyembe--,more plundering of stores--,stanley leaves for ,zanzibar--,stanley's bitterness of heart at parting--,livingstone's intense gratitude to ,stanley--,he intrusts his ,journal to him1 and commissions him to send servants and stores from ,zanzibar--,stanley's journey to the coast--,finds ,search ,expedition at ,bagamoio--,proceeds to ,england--,stanley's reception--,unpleasant feelings--claircissement--,england grateful to ,stanley4 ,,chapter ,,xxii4 ,,from ,,unyanyembe ,,to ,,bangweolo4 ,a4,d4 #ahgb-ahgc4 ,livingstone's long wait at ,unyanyembe--,his plan of operations--,his fifty-ninth birthday--,renewal of self-dedication--,letters to ,agnes--to ,new ,york ,herald--,hardness of the ,african battle--,waverings of judgment1 whether ,lualaba was the ,nile or the ,congo--,extracts from ,journal--,gleams of humor--,natural history--,his distress on hearing of the death of ,sir ,roderick ,murchison--,thoughts on mission-work--,arrival of his escort--,his happiness in his new men--,he starts from ,unyanyembe--,illness--,great amount of rain--,near ,bangweolo--,incessant moisture--,flowers of the forest--,taking of observations regularly prosecuted--,dreadful state of the country from rain--,hunger--,furious attack of ants--,greatness of ,livingstone's sufferings--,letters to ,sir ,thomas ,maclear1 ,mr4 ,young1 his brother1 and ,agnes--,his sixtieth birthday--,great weakness in ,april--,sunday services and observations continued--,increasing illness--,the end approaching--,last written words--,last day of his travels--,he reaches ,chitambo's village1 in ,ilala--,is found on his knees dead1 on morning of #ast ,may--,courage and affection of his attendants--,his body embalmed--,carried toward shore--,dangers and sufferings during the march--,the party meet ,lieutenant ,cameron at ,unyanyembe--,determine to go on--,ruse at ,kasekra--,death of ,dr4 ,dillon--,the party reach ,bagamoio1 and the remains are placed on board a cruiser--,the ,search ,expeditions from ,england--to ,east ,coast under ,cameron--to ,west ,coast under ,grandy--,explanation of ,expeditions by ,sir ,henry ,rawlinson--,livingstone's remains brought to ,england--,examined by ,sir ,w4 ,fergusson and others--,buried in ,westminster ,abbey--,inscription on slab--,livingstone's wish for a forest grave--,lines from ,punch--,tributes to his memory--,sir ,bartle ,frere--,the ,lancet--,lord ,polwarth--,florence ,nightingale4 ,,chapter ,,xxiii4 ,,posthumous ,,influence4 ,history of his life not completed at his death--,thrilling effect of the tragedy of ,ilala--,livingstone's influence on the slave-trade--,his letters from ,manyuema--,sir ,bartle ,frere's mission to ,zanzibar--,successful efforts of ,dr4 ,kirk with ,sultan of ,zanzibar--,the land route--,the sea route--,slave-trade declared illegal--,egypt--,the ,soudan--,colonel ,gordon--,conventions with ,turkey--,king ,mtesa of ,uganda--,nyassa district--,introduction of lawful commerce--,various commercial enterprises in progress--,influence of ,livingstone on exploration--,enterprise of newspapers--,exploring undertakings of various nations--,livingstone's personal service to science--,his hard work in science the cause of respect--,his influence on missionary enterprise--,livingstonia--,dr4 ,stewart--,mr4 ,e4,d4 ,young--,blantyre--,the ,universities ,mission under ,bishop ,steere--,its return to the mainland and to ,nyassa district--,church ,missionary ,society at ,nyanza--,london ,missionary ,society at ,tanganyika--,french1 ,inland1 ,baptist1 and ,american missions--,medical missions--,the ,fisk ,livingstone hall--,livingstone's great legacy to ,africa1 a spotless ,christian name and character--,honors of the future4 ,,appendix4 ,i4 ,extracts from paper on ,missionary ,sacrifices4 ,,ii4 ,treatment of ,african ,fever4 ,,iii4 ,letter to ,dr4 ,tidman1 as to future operations4 ,,iv4 ,lord ,clarendon's ,letter to ,sekeltu4 ,v4 ,public ,honors awarded to ,dr4 ,livingstone4 ,,dayid ,,livingstone4 ,,chapter ,i4 ,,early ,,years4 ,a4,d4 #ahac-ahcf4 ,ulva--,the ,livingstones--,traditions of ,ulva life--,the baughting-time--,kirsty's ,rock--,removal of ,livingstone's grandfather to ,blantyre--,highland blood--,neil ,livingstone--,his marriage to ,agnes ,hunter--,her grandfather and father--,monument to ,neil and ,agnes ,livingstone in ,hamilton ,cemetery--,david ,livingstone1 born #aith ,march1 #ahac--;,boyhood--,at home--,in school--,david goes into ,blantyre ,mill--,first ,earnings--,night-school--,his habits of reading--,natural-history expeditions--,great spiritual change in his twentieth year--,dick's ,philosophy of a ,future ,state--,he resolves to be a missionary--,influence of occupation at ,blantyre--,sympathy with the people--,thomas ,burk and ,david ,hogg--,practical character of his religion4 ,the family of ,david ,livingstone sprang1 as he has himself recorded1 from the island of ,ulva1 on the west coast of ,mull1 in ,argyllshire4 ,ulva1 the island of wolves1 is of the same group as ,staffa1 and1 like it1 remarkable for its basaltic columns1 which1 according to ,mac,culloch1 are more deserving of admiration than those of the ,giant's ,causeway1 and have missed being famous only from being eclipsed by the greater glory of ,staffa4 ,the island belonged for many generations to the ,macquaires1 a name distinguished in our home annals1 as well as in those of ,australia4 ,the ,celtic name of the ,livingstones was ,m',leay1 which1 according to ,dr4 ,livingstone's own idea1 means son of the gray-headed1 but according to another derivation1 son of the physician4 ,it has been surmised that the name may have been given to some son of the famous ,beatoun1 who held the post of physician to the ,lord of the ,isles4 ,probably ,dr4 ,livingstone never heard of this derivation2 if he had1 he would have shown it some favor1 for he had a singularly high opinion of the physician's office4 ,the ,saxon name of the family was originally spelt ,livingstone1 but the ,doctor's father had shortened it by the omission of the final e4 ,david wrote it for many years in the abbreviated form1 but about #aheg1 at his father's request1 he restored the original spelling#a4 ,the significance of the original form of the name was not without its influence on him4 ,he used to refer with great pleasure to a note from an old friend and fellow-student1 the late ,professor ,george ,wilson1 of ,edinburgh1 acknowledging a copy of his book in #aheg3 ,meanwhile1 may your name be propitious2 in all your long and weary journeys may the ,living half of your title outweigh the other2 till after long and blessed labors1 the white stone is given you in the happy land4 ,footnote #a3 ,see ,journal of ,geographical ,society1 #aheg1 p4 clxviii4 ,livingstone has told us most that is known of his forefathers2 how his great-grandfather fell at ,culloden1 fighting for the old line of kings2 how his grandfather could go back for six generations of his family before him1 giving the particulars of each2 and how the only tradition he himself felt proud of was that of the old man who had never heard of any person in the family being guilty of dishonesty1 and who charged his children never to introduce the vice4 ,he used also to tell his children1 when spurring them to diligence at school1 that neither had he ever heard of a ,livingstone who was a donkey4 ,he has also recorded a tradition that the people of the island were converted from being ,roman ,catholics by the laird coming round with a man having a yellow staff1 which would seem to have attracted more attention than his teaching1 for the new religion went long afterward--perhaps it does so still--by the name of the religion of the yellow stick4 ,the same story is told of perhaps a dozen other places in the ,highlands2 the yellow stick seems to have done duty on a considerable scale4 ,there were traditions of ,ulva life that must have been very congenial to the temperament of ,david ,livingstone4 ,in the ,statistical ,account of the parish to which it belongs#b we read of an old custom among the inhabitants1 to remove with their flocks in the beginning of each summer to the upland pastures1 and bivouac there till they were obliged to descend in the month of ,august4 ,the open-air life1 the free intercourse of families1 the roaming frolics of the young men1 the songs and merriment of young and old1 seem to have made this a singularly happy time4 ,the writer of the account 7,mr4 ,clark1 of ,ulva7 says that he had frequently listened with delight to the tales of pastoral life led by the people on these occasions2 it was indeed a relic of ,arcadia4 ,there were tragic traditions1 too1 of ,ulva2 notably that of ,kirsty's ,rock1 an awful place where the islanders are said to have administered ,lynch law to a woman who had unwittingly killed a girl she meant only to frighten1 for the alleged crime--denied by the girl--of stealing a cheese4 ,the poor woman was broken-hearted when she saw what she had done2 but the neighbors1 filled with horror1 and deaf to her remonstrances1 placed her in a sack1 which they laid upon a rock covered by the sea at high water1 where the rising tide slowly terminated her existence4 ,livingstone quotes ,macaulay's remark on the extreme savagery of the ,highlanders of those days1 like the ,cape ,caffres1 as he says2 and the tradition of ,kirsty's ,rock would seem to confirm it4 ,but the stories of the baughting-time presented a fairer aspect of ,ulva life1 and no doubt left happier impressions on his mind4 ,his grandfather1 as he tells us1 had an almost unlimited stock of such stories1 which he was wont to rehearse to his grandchildren and other rapt listeners4 ,footnote #b3 ,kilninian and ,kilmore4 ,see ,new ,statistical ,account of ,scotland1 ,argyllshire1 p4 #cde ,when1 for the first and last time in his life1 ,david ,livingstone visited ,ulva1 in #ahfd1 in a friend's yacht1 he could hear little or nothing of his relatives4 ,in #agib1 his grandfather1 as he tells us1 left it for ,blantyre1 in ,lanarkshire1 about seven miles from ,glasgow1 on the banks of the ,clyde1 where he found employment in a cotton factory4 ,the dying charge of the unnamed ancestor must have sunk into the heart of his descendant1 for1 being a ,god-fearing man and of sterling honesty1 he was employed in the conveyance of large sums of money from ,glasgow to the works1 and in his old age was pensioned off1 so as to spend his declining years in ease and comfort4 ,there is a tradition in the family1 showing his sense of the value of education1 that he was complimented by the ,blantyre school-master for never grudging the price of a school-book for any of his children--a compliment1 we fear1 not often won at the present day4 ,the other near relations of ,livingstone seem to have left the island at the same time1 and settled in ,canada1 ,prince ,edward's ,isle1 and the ,united ,states4 ,the influence of his ,highland blood was apparent in many ways in ,david ,livingstone's character4 ,it modified the democratic influences of his earlier years1 when he lived among the cotton spinners of ,lanarkshire4 ,it enabled him to enter more readily into the relation of the ,african tribes to their chiefs1 which1 unlike some other missionaries1 he sought to conserve1 while purifying it by ,christian influence4 ,it showed itself in the dash and daring which were so remarkbly combined in him with ,saxon forethought and perseverance4 ,we are not sure but it gave a tinge to his affections1 intensifying his likes1 and some of his dislikes too4 ,his attachment to ,sir ,roderick ,murchison was quite that of a ,highlander1 and hardly less so was his feeling toward the ,duke of ,argyll1--a man whom he had no doubt many grounds for esteeming highly1 but of whom1 after visiting him at ,inveraray1 he spoke with all the enthusiasm of a ,highlander for his chief4 ,the ,ulva emigrant had several sons1 all of whom but one eventually entered the ,king's service during the ,french war1 either as soldiers or sailors4 ,the old man was somewhat disheartened by this circumstance1 and especially by the fate of ,charles1 head-clerk in the office of ,mr4 ,henry ,monteith1 in ,glasgow1 who was pressed on board a man-of-war1 and died soon after in the ,mediterranean4 ,only one son remained at home1 ,neil1 the father of ,david1 who eventually became a tea-dealer1 and spent his life at ,blantyre and ,hamilton4 ,david ,livingstone has told us that his father was of the high type of character portrayed in the ,cottar's ,saturday ,night4 ,there are friends still alive who remember him well1 and on whom he made a deep impression4 ,he was a great reader from his youth upward1 especially of religious works4 ,his reading and his religion refined his character1 and made him a most pleasant and instructive companion4 ,his conversational powers were remarkable1 and he could pour out in a most interesting way the stores of his reading and observation4 ,neil ,livingstone was a man of great spiritual earnestness1 and his whole life was consecrated to duty and the fear of ,god1 ,in many ways he was remarkable1 being in some things before his time4 ,in his boyhood he had seen the evil effects of convivial habits in his immediate circle1 and in order to fortify others by his example he became a strict teetotaler1 suffering not a little ridicule and opposition from the firmness with which he carried out his resolution4 ,he was a ,sunday-school teacher1 an ardent member of a missionary society1 and a promoter of meetings for prayer and fellowship1 before such things had ceased to be regarded as badges of fanaticism4 ,while traveling through the neighboring parishes in his vocation of tea-merchant1 he acted also as colporteur1 distributing tracts and encouraging the reading of useful books4 ,he took suitable opportunities when they came to him of speaking to young men and others on the most important of all subjects1 and not without effect4 ,he learned ,gaelic that he might be able to read the ,bible to his mother1 who knew that language best4 ,he had indeed the very soul of a missionary4 ,withal he was kindly and affable1 though very particular in enforcing what he believed to be right4 ,he was quick of temper1 but of tender heart and gentle ways2 anything that had the look of sternness was the result not of harshness but of high principle4 ,by this means he commanded the affection as well as the respect of his family4 ,it was a great blow to his distinguished son1 to whom in his character and ways he bore a great resemblance1 to get news of his death1 on his way home after his great journey1 dissipating the cherished pleasure of sitting at the fireside and telling him all his adventures in ,africa4 ,the wife of ,neil ,livingstone was ,agnes ,hunter1 a member of a family of the same humble rank and the same estimable character as his own4 ,her grandfather1 ,gavin ,hunter1 of the parish of ,shotts1 was a doughty ,covenanter1 who might have sat for the portrait of ,david ,deans4 ,his son ,david 7after whom the traveler was named7 was a man of the same type1 who got his first religious impressions in his eighteenth year1 at an open-air service conducted by one of the ,secession ,erskines4 ,snow was falling at the time1 and before the end of the sermon the people were standing in snow up to the ankles2 but ,david ,hunter used to say he had no feeling of cold that day4 ,he married ,janet ,moffat1 and lived at first in comfortable circumstances at ,airdrie1 where he owned a cottage and a croft4 ,mrs4 ,hunter died1 when her daughter ,agnes1 afterward ,mrs4 ,neil ,livingstone1 was but fifteen4 ,agnes was her mother's only nurse during a long illness1 and attended so carefully to her wants that the minister of the family laid his hand on her head1 and said1 ,a blessing will follow you1 my lassie1 for your duty to your mother4 ,soon after ,mrs4 ,hunter's death a reverse of fortune overtook her husband1 who had been too good-natured in accommodating his neighbors4 ,he removed to ,blantyre1 where he worked as a tailor4 ,neil ,livingstone was apprenticed to him by his father1 much against his will2 but it was by this means that he became acquainted with ,agnes ,hunter1 his future wife4 ,david ,hunter1 whose devout and intelligent character procured for him great respect1 died at ,blantyre in #ahcd1 at the age of eighty-seven4 ,he was a great favorite with his grandchildren1 to whom he was always kind1 and whom he allowed to rummage freely among his books1 of which he had a considerable collection1 chiefly theological4 ,neil ,livingstone and ,agnes ,hunter were married in #ahaj1 and took up house at first in ,glasgow4 ,the furnishing of their house indicated the frugal character and self-respect of the occupants2 it included a handsome chest of drawers1 and other traditional marks of respectability4 ,not liking ,glasgow1 they returned to ,blantyre4 ,in a humble home there1 five sons and two daughters were born4 ,two of the sons died in infancy1 to the great sorrow of the parents4 ,mrs4 ,livingstone's family spoke and speak of her as a very loving mother1 one who contributed to their home a remarkable element of brightness and serenity4 ,active1 orderly1 and of thorough cleanliness1 she trained her family in the same virtues1 exemplifying their value in their own home4 ,she was a delicate little woman1 with a wonderful flow of good spirits1 and remarkable for the beauty of her eyes1 to which those of her son ,david bore a strong resemblance4 ,she was most careful of household duties1 and attentive to her children4 ,her love had no crust to penetrate1 but came beaming out freely like the light of the sun4 ,her son loved her1 and in many ways followed her4 ,it was the genial1 gentle influences that had moved him under his mother's training that enabled him to move the savages of ,africa4 ,she1 too1 had a great store of family traditions1 and1 like the mother of ,sir ,walter ,scott1 she retained the power of telling them with the utmost accuracy to a very old age4 ,in one of ,livingstone's private journals1 written in #ahfd1 during his second visit home1 he gives at full length one of his mother's stories1 which some future ,macaulay may find useful as an illustration of the social condition of ,scotland in the early part of the eighteenth century3 ,mother told me stories of her youth3 they seem to come back to her in her eighty-second year very vividly4 ,her grandfather1 ,gavin ,hunter1 could write1 while most common people were ignorant of the art4 ,a poor woman got him to write a petition to the minister of ,shotts parish to augment her monthly allowance of sixpence1 as she could not live on it4 ,he was taken to ,hamilton jail for this1 and having a wife and three children at home1 who without him would certainly starve1 he thought of ,david's feigning madness before the ,philistines1 and beslabbered his beard with saliva4 ,all who were found guilty were sent to the army in ,america1 or the plantations4 ,a sergeant had compassion on him1 and said1 ',tell me1 gudeman1 if you are really out of your mind4 ,i'll befriend you4' ,he confessed that he only feigned insanity1 because he had a wife and three bairns at home who would starve if he were sent to the army4 ',dinna say onything mair to ony body1' said the kind-hearted sergeant4 ,he then said to the commanding officer1 ',they have given us a man clean out of his mind3 ,i can do nothing with the like o' him1' ,the officer went to him and gave him three shillings1 saying1 ',tak' that1 gudeman1 and gang awa' hame to your wife and weans1 ',ay1' said mother1 'mony a prayer went up for that sergeant1 for my grandfather was an unco godly man4 ,he had never had so much money in his life before1 for his wages were only threepence a day4 ,mrs4 ,livingstone1 to whom ,david had always been a most dutiful son1 died on the #ahth ,june1 #ahfe1 after a lingering illness which had confined her to bed for several years4 ,a telegram received by him at ,oxford announced her death2 that telegram had been stowed away in one of his traveling cases1 for a year after 7#aith ,june1 #ahff71 in his ,last ,journals1 he wrote this entry3 ,i lighted on a telegram to-day3 ',your mother died at noon on the #ahth ,june4 ,this was in #ahfe2 it affected me not a little#c4 ,footnote #c3 ,last ,journals vol4 i4 p4 #ee ,the home in which ,david ,livingstone grew up was bright and happy1 and presented a remarkable example of all the domestic virtues4 ,it was ruled by an industry that never lost an hour of the six days1 and that welcomed and honored the day of rest2 a thrift that made the most of everything1 though it never got far beyond the bare necessaries of life2 a self-restraint that admitted no stimulant within the door1 and that faced bravely and steadily all the burdens of life2 a love of books that showed the presence of a cultivated taste1 with a fear of ,god that dignified the life which it moulded and controlled4 ,to the last ,david ,livingstone was proud of the class from which he sprang4 ,when the highest in the land were showering compliments on him1 he was writing to his old friends of my own order1 the honest poor1 and trying1 by schemes of colonization and otherwise1 to promote their benefit4 ,he never had the least hankering for any title or distinction that would have seemed to lift him out of his own class2 and it was with perfect sincerity that on the tombstone which he placed over the resting-place of his parents in the cemetery of ,hamilton1 he expressed his feelings in these words1 deliberately refusing to change the and of the last line into but3 ,,to ,,show ,,the ,,resting-,,place ,,of ,,neil ,,livingstone1 ,,and ,,agnes ,,hunter1 ,,his ,,wife1 ,,and ,,to ,,expeess ,,the ,,thankfulness ,,to ,,god ,,of ,,their ,,children1 ,,john1 ,,david1 ,,janet1 ,,charles1 ,,and ,,agnes1 ,,for ,,poor ,,and ,,pious ,,parents4 ,david ,livingstone's birthday was the #aith ,march1 #ahac4 ,of his early boyhood there is little to say1 except that he was a favorite at home4 ,the children's games were merrier when he was among them1 and the fireside brighter4 ,he contributed constantly to the happiness of the family4 ,anything of interest that happened to him he was always ready to tell them4 ,the habit was kept up in after-years4 ,when he went to study in ,glasgow1 returning on the ,saturday evenings1 he would take his place by the fireside and tell them all that had occurred during the week1 thus sharing his life with them4 ,his sisters still remember how they longed for these ,saturday evenings4 ,at the village school he received his early education4 ,he seems from his earliest childhood to have been of a calm1 self-reliant nature4 ,it was his father's habit to lock the door at dusk1 by which time all the children were expected to be in the house4 ,one evening ,david had infringed this rule1 and when he reached the door it was barred4 ,he made no cry nor disturbance1 but having procured a piece of bread1 sat down contentedly to pass the night on the doorstep4 ,there1 on looking out1 his mother found him4 ,it was an early application of the rule which did him such service in later days1 to make the best of the least pleasant situations4 ,but no one could yet have thought how the rule was to be afterward applied4 ,looking back to this period1 ,livingstone might have said1 in the words of the old ,scotch ballad3 ,o little knew my mother1 ,the day she cradled me1 ,the lands that ,i should wander o'er1 ,the death that ,i should dee4 ,at the age of nine he got a ,new ,testament from his ,sunday-school teacher for repeating the #aaith ,psalm on two successive evenings with only five errors1 a proof that perseverance was bred in his very bone4 ,his parents were poor1 and at the age of ten he was put to work in the factory as a piecer1 that his earnings might aid his mother in the struggle with the wolf which had followed the family from the island that bore its name4 ,after serving a number of years as a piecer1 he was promoted to be a spinner4 ,greatly to his mother's delight1 the first half crown he ever earned was laid by him in her lap4 ,livingstone has told us that with a part of his first week's wages he purchased ,ruddiman's ,rudiments of ,latin1 and pursued the study of that language with unabated ardor for many years afterward at an evening class which had been opened between the hours of eight and ten4 ,the dictionary part of my labors was followed up till twelve o'clock1 or later1 if my mother did not interfere by jumping up and snatching the books out of my hands4 ,i had to be back in the factory by six in the morning1 and continue my work1 with intervals for breakfast and dinner1 till eight o'clock at night4 ,i read in this way many of the classical authors1 and knew ,virgil and ,horace better at sixteen than ,i do now#d4 ,footnote #d3 ,missionary ,travels1 p4 #h4 ,in his reading1 he tells us that he devoured all the books that came into his hands but novels1 and that his plan was to place the book on a portion of the spinning-jenny1 so that he could catch sentence after sentence as he passed at his work4 ,the labor of attending to the wheels was great1 for the improvements in spinning machinery that have made it self-acting had not then been introduced4 ,the utmost interval that ,livingstone could have for reading at one time was less than a minute4 ,the thirst for reading so early shown was greatly stimulated by his father's example4 ,neil ,livingstone1 while fond of the old ,scottish theology1 was deeply interested in the enterprise of the nineteenth century1 or1 as he called it1 the progress of the world1 and endeavored to interest his family in it too4 ,any books of travel1 and especially of missionary enterprise1 that he could lay his hands on1 he eagerly read4 ,some publications of the ,tract ,society1 called the ,weekly ,visitor1 the ,child's ,companion and ,teacher's ,offering1 were taken in1 and were much enjoyed by his son ,david1 especially the papers of ,old ,humphrey4 ,novels were not admitted into the house1 in accordance with the feeling prevalent in religious circles4 ,neil ,livingstone had also a fear of books of science1 deeming them unfriendly to ,christianity2 his son instinctively repudiated that feeling1 though it was some time before the works of ,thomas ,dick1 of ,broughty-,ferry1 enabled him to see clearly1 what to him was of vital significance1 that religion and science were not necessarily hostile1 but rather friendly to each other4 ,the many-sidedness of his character showed itself early2 for not content with reading1 he used to scour the country1 accompanied by his brothers1 in search of botanical1 geological1 and zoological specimens4 ,culpepper's ,herbal was a favorite book1 and it set him to look in every direction for as many of the plants described in it as the countryside could supply4 ,a story has been circulated that on these occasions he did not always confine his researches in zoology to fossil animals4 ,that ,livingstone was a poacher in the grosser sense of the term seems hardly credible1 though with the ,radical opinions which he held at the time it may readily be believed that he had no respect for the sanctity of game4 ,if a salmon came in his way while he was fishing for trout1 he made no scruple of bagging it4 ,the bag on such occasions was not always made for the purpose1 for there is a story that once when he had captured a fish in the salmon pool1 and was not prepared to transport such a prize1 he deposited it in the leg of his brother ,charles's trousers1 creating no little sympathy for the boy as he passed through the village with his sadly swollen leg6 ,it was about his twentieth year that the great spiritual change took place which determined the course of ,livingstone's future life4 ,but before this time he had earnest thoughts on religion4 ,great pains1 he says in his first book1 had been taken by my parents to instill the doctrines of ,christianity into my mind1 and ,i had no difficulty in understanding the theory of a free salvation by the atonement of our ,saviour2 but it was only about this time that ,i began to feel the necessity and value of a personal application of the provisions of that atonement to my own case#e4 ,some light is thrown on this brief account in a paper submitted by him to the ,directors of the ,london ,missionary ,society in #ahch1 in answer to a schedule of queries sent down by them when he offered himself as a missionary for their service4 ,he says that about his twelfth year he began to reflect on his state as a sinner1 and became anxious to realize the state of mind that flows from the reception of the truth into the heart4 ,he was deterred1 however1 from embracing the free offer of mercy in the gospel1 by a sense of unworthiness to receive so great a blessing1 till a supernatural change should be effected in him by the ,holy ,spirit4 ,conceiving it to be his duty to wait for this1 he continued expecting a ground of hope within1 rejecting meanwhile the only true hope of the sinner1 the finished work of ,christ1 till at length his convictions were effaced1 and his feelings blunted4 ,still his heart was not at rest2 an unappeased hunger remained1 which no other pursuit could satisfy4 ,footnote #e3 ,missionary ,travels1 p4#d ,in these circumstances he fell in with ,dick's ,philosophy of a ,future ,state4 ,the book corrected his error1 and showed him the truth4 ,i saw the duty and inestimable privilege immediately to accept salvation by ,christ4 ,humbly believing that through sovereign mercy and grace ,i have been enabled so to do1 and having felt in some measure its effects on my still depraved and deceitful heart1 it is my desire to show my attachment to the cause of ,him who died for me by devoting my life to his service4 ,there can be no doubt that ,david ,livingstone's heart was very thoroughly penetrated by the new life that now flowed into it4 ,he did not merely apprehend the truth--the truth laid hold of him4 ,the divine blessing flowed into him as it flowed into the heart of ,st4 ,paul1 ,st4 ,augustine1 and others of that type1 subduing all earthly desires and wishes4 ,what he says in his book about the freeness of ,god's grace drawing forth feelings of affectionate love to ,him who bought him with his blood1 and the sense of deep obligation to ,him for his mercy1 that had influenced1 in some small measure1 his conduct ever since1 is from him most significant4 ,accustomed to suppress all spiritual emotion in his public writings1 he would not have used these words if they had not been very real4 ,they give us the secret of his life4 ,acts of self-denial that are very hard to do under the iron law of conscience1 become a willing service under the glow of divine love4 ,it was the glow of divine love as well as the power of conscience that moved ,livingstone4 ,though he seldom revealed his inner feelings1 and hardly ever in the language of ecstasy1 it is plain that he was moved by a calm but mighty inward power to the very end of his life4 ,the love that began to stir his heart in his father's house continued to move him all through his dreary ,african journeys1 and was still in full play on that lonely midnight when he knelt at his bedside in the hut in ,ilala1 and his spirit returned to his ,god and ,saviour4 ,at first he had no thought of being himself a missionary4 ,feeling that the salvation of men ought to be the chief desire and aim of every ,christian1 he had made a resolution that he would give to the cause of missions all that he might earn beyond what was required for his subsistence#f4 ,the resolution to give himself came from his reading an ,appeal by ,mr4 ,gutzlaff to the ,churches of ,britain and ,america on behalf of ,china4 ,it was the claims of so many millions of his fellow-creatures1 and the complaints of the scarcity1 of the want of qualified missionaries1 that led him to aspire to the office4 ,from that time--apparently his twenty-first year--his efforts were constantly directed toward that object without any fluctuation4 ,footnote #f3 ,statement to ,directors of ,london ,missionary ,society4 ,the years of monotonous toil spent in the factory were never regretted by ,livingstone4 ,on the contrary1 he regarded his experience there as an important part of his education1 and had it been possible1 he would have liked to begin life over again in the same lowly style1 and to pass through the same hardy training#g4 ,the fellow-feeling he acquired for the children of labor was invaluable for enabling him to gain influence with the same class1 whether in ,scotland or in ,africa4 ,as we have already seen1 he was essentially a man of the people4 ,not that he looked unkindly on the richer classes1--he used to say in his later years1 that he liked to see people in comfort and at leisure1 enjoying the good things of life1--but he felt that the burden-bearing multitude claimed his sympathy most4 ,how quick the people are1 whether in ,england or in ,africa1 to find out this sympathetic spirit1 and how powerful is the hold of their hearts which those who have it gain6 ,in poetic feeling1 or at least in the power of expressing it1 as in many other things1 ,david ,livingstone and ,robert ,burns were a great contrast2 but in sympathy with the people they were alike1 and in both cases the people felt it4 ,away and alone1 in the heart of ,africa1 when mourning the pride and avarice that make man a wolf to man1 ,livingstone would welcome the good time coming1 humming the words of ,burns3 ,footnote #g3 ,missionary ,travels1 p4 #f4 ,when man to man1 the world o'er1 ,shall brothers be for a' that4 ,in all the toils and trials of his life1 he found the good of that early ,blantyre discipline1 which had forced him to bear irksome toil with patience1 until the toil ceased to be irksome1 and even became a pleasure4 ,livingstone has told us that the village of ,blantyre1 with its population of two thousand souls1 contained some characters of sterling worth and ability1 who exerted a most beneficial influence on the children and youth of the place by imparting gratuitous religious instruction4 ,the names of two of the worthiest of these are given1 probably because they stood highest in his esteem1 and he owed most to them1 ,thomas ,burke and ,david ,hogg4 ,essentially alike1 they seem to have been outwardly very different4 ,thomas ,burke1 a somewhat wild youth1 had enlisted early in the army4 ,his adventures and hairbreadth escapes in the ,forty-second1 during the ,peninsular and other wars1 were marvelous1 and used to be told in after-years to crowds of wondering listeners4 ,but most marvelous was the change of heart that brought him back an intense ,christian evangelist1 who1 in season1 and out of season1 never ceased to beseech the people of ,blantyre to yield themselves to ,god4 ,early on ,sunday mornings he would go through the village ringing a bell to rouse the people that they might attend an early prayer-meeting which he had established4 ,his temperament was far too high for most even of the well-disposed people of ,blantyre1 but ,neil ,livingstone appreciated his genuine worth1 and so did his son4 ,david says of him that for about forty years he had been incessant and never weary in good works1 and that such men were an honor to their country and their profession4 ,yet it was not after the model of ,thomas ,burke that ,livingstone's own religious life was fashioned4 ,it had a greater resemblance to that of ,david ,hogg1 the other of the two ,blantyre patriarchs of whom he makes special mention1 under whose instructions he had sat in the ,sunday-school1 and whose spirit may be gathered from his death-bed advice to him3 ,now1 lad1 make religion the every-day business of your life1 and not a thing of fits and starts2 for if you do1 temptation and other things will get the better of you4 ,it would hardly be possible to give a better account of ,livingstone's religion than that he did make it quietly1 but very really1 the every-day business of his life4 ,from the first he disliked men of much profession and little performance2 the aversion grew as he advanced in years2 and by the end of his life1 in judging of men1 he had come to make somewhat light both of profession and of formal creed1 retaining and cherishing more and more firmly the one great test of the ,saviour--,by their fruits ye shall know them4 ,,chapter ,,ii4 ,,missionary ,,preparation4 ,a4,d4 #ahcf--ahdj4 ,his desire to be a missionary to ,china--,medical missions--,he studies at ,glasgow--,classmates and teachers--,he applies to ,london ,missionary ,society--,his ideas of mission work--,he is accepted provisionally--,he goes to ,london--to ,ongar--,reminiscences by ,rev4 ,joseph ,moore--by ,mrs4 ,gilbert--by ,rev4 ,isaac ,taylor--,nearly rejected by the ,directors--,returns to ,ongar--to ,london--,letter to his sister--,reminiscences by ,dr4 ,risdon ,bennett--,promise to ,professor ,owen--,impression of his character on his friends and fellow-students--,rev4 ,r4 ,moffat in ,england--,livingstone interested--,could not be sent to ,china--,is appointed to ,africa--,providential links in his history--,illness--,last visits to his home--,receives ,medical diploma--,parts from his family4 ,it was the appeal of ,gutzlaff for ,china1 as we have seen1 that inspired ,livingstone with the desire to be a missionary2 and ,china was the country to which his heart turned4 ,the noble faith and dauntless enterprise of ,gutzlaff1 pressing into ,china over obstacles apparently insurmountable1 aided by his medical skill and other unusual qualifications1 must have served to shape ,livingstone's ideal of a missionary1 as well as to attract him to the country where ,gutzlaff labored4 ,it was so ordered1 however1 that in consequence of the opium war shutting ,china1 as it seemed1 to the ,english1 his lot was not cast there2 but throughout his whole life he had a peculiarly lively interest in the country that had been the object of his first love4 ,afterward1 when his brother ,charles1 then in ,america1 wrote to him that he1 too1 felt called to the missionary office1 ,china was the sphere which ,david pointed out to him1 in the hope that the door which had been closed to the one brother might be opened to the other4 ,when he determined to be a missionary1 the only persons to whom he communicated his purpose were his minister and his parents1 from all of whom he received great encouragement#h4 ,he hoped that he would be able to go through the necessary preparation without help from any quarter4 ,this was the more commendable1 because in addition to the theological qualifications of a missionary1 he determined to aquire those of a medical practitioner4 ,the idea of medical missions was at that time comparatively new4 ,it had been started in connection with missions to ,china1 and it was in the prospect of going to that country that ,livingstone resolved to obtain a medical education4 ,it would have been comparatively easy for him1 in a financial sense1 to get the theological training1 but the medical education was a costly affair4 ,to a man of ordinary ideas1 it would have seemed impossible to make the wages earned during the six months of summer avail not merely for his support then1 but for winter too1 and for lodgings1 fees1 and books besides4 ,scotch students have often done wonders in this way1 notably the late ,dr4 ,john ,henderson1 a medical missionary to ,china1 who actually lived on half-a-crown a week1 while attending medical classes in ,edinburgh4 ,livingstone followed the same self-denying course4 ,if we had a note of his house-keeping in his ,glasgow lodging1 we should wonder less at his ability to live on the fare to which he was often reduced in ,africa4 ,but the importance of the medical qualification had taken a firm hold of his mind1 and he persevered in spite of difficulties4 ,though it was never his lot to exercise the healing art in ,china1 his medical training was of the highest use in ,africa1 and it developed wonderfully his strong scientific turn4 ,footnote #h3 ,livingstone's minister at this time was the ,rev4 ,john ,moir1 of the ,congregational church1 ,hamilton1 who afterward joined the ,free ,church of ,scotland1 and is now ,presbyterian minister in ,wellington1 ,new ,zealand4 ,mr4 ,moir has furnished us with some recollections of ,livingstone1 which reached us after the completion of this narrative4 ,he particularly notes that when ,livingstone expressed his desire to be a missionary1 it was a missionary out and out1 a missionary to the heathen1 not the minister of a congregation4 ,mr4 ,moir kindly lent him some books when he went to ,london1 all of which were conscientiously returned before he left the country4 ,a ,greek ,lexicon1 with only cloth boards when lent1 was returned in substantial calf4 ,he was ever careful1 conscientious1 and honorable in all his dealings1 as his father had been before him4 ,it was in the winter of #ahcf-cg that he spent his first session in ,glasgow4 ,furnished by a friend with a list of lodgings1 ,livingstone and his father set out from ,blantyre one wintry day1 while the snow was on the ground1 and walked to ,glasgow4 ,the lodgings were all too expensive4 ,all day they searched for a cheaper apartment1 and at last in ,rotten ,row they found a room at two shillings a week4 ,next evening ,david wrote to his friends that he had entered in the various classes1 and spent twelve pounds in fees2 that he felt very lonely after his father left1 but would put a stout heart to a stey brae1 and either mak' a spune or spoil a horn4 ,at ,rotten ,row he found that his landlady held rather communistic views in regard to his tea and sugar2 so another search had to be made1 and this time he found a room in the ,high street1 where he was very comfortable1 at half-a-crown a week4 ,at the close of the session in ,april he returned to ,blantyre and resumed work at the mill4 ,he was unable to save quite enough for his second session1 and found it necessary to borrow a little from his elder brother#i4 ,the classes he attended during these two sessions were the ,greek class in ,anderson's ,college1 the theological classes of ,rev4 ,dr4 ,wardlaw1 who trained students for the ,independent ,churches1 and the medical classes in ,anderson's4 ,in the ,greek class he seems to have been entered as a private student exciting little notice#aj4 ,in the same capacity he attended the lectures of ,dr4 ,wardlaw4 ,he had a great admiration for that divine1 and accepted generally his theological views4 ,but ,livingstone was not much of a scientific theologian4 ,footnote #i3 ,the readiness of elder brothers to advance part of their hard-won earnings1 or otherwise encourage a younger brother to attend college1 is a pleasant feature of family life in the humbler classes of ,scotland4 ,the case of ,james ,beattie1 the poet1 assisted by his brother ,david1 and that of ,sir ,james ,simpson1 who owed so much to his brother ,alexander1 will be remembered in this connection4 ,footnote #aj3 ,a very sensational and foolish reminiscence was once published of a raw country youth coming into the class with his clothes stained with grease and whitened by cotton-wool4 ,this was ,livingstone4 ,the fact is1 nothing could possibly have been more unlike him4 ,at this time ,livingstone was not working at the mill2 and1 in regard to dress1 however plainly he might be clad1 he was never careless1 far less offensive4 ,his chief work in ,glasgow was the prosecution of medical study4 ,of his teachers1 two attracted him beyond the rest--the late ,dr4 ,thomas ,graham1 the very distinguished ,professor of ,chemistry1 and ,dr4 ,andrew ,buchanan1 ,professor of the ,institutes of ,medicine1 his life-long and much-attached friend4 ,while attending ,dr4 ,graham's class he was brought into frequent contact with the assistant to the ,professor1 ,mr4 ,james ,young4 ,originally bred to a mechanical employment1 this young man had attended the evening course of ,dr4 ,graham1 and having attracted his attention1 and done various pieces of work for him1 he became his assistant4 ,the students used to gather round him1 and several met in his room1 where there was a bench1 a turning-lathe1 and other conveniences for mechanical work4 ,livingstone took an interest in the turning-lathe1 and increased his knowledge of tools--a knowledge which proved of the highest service to him when--as he used to say all missionaries should be ready to do--he had to become a ,jack-of-all-trades in ,africa4 ,livingstone was not the only man of mark who frequented that room1 and got lessons from ,mr4 ,young how to use his hands4 ,the ,right ,hon4 ,lyon ,playfair1 who has had so distinguished a scientific career1 was another of its habitus4 ,a galvanic battery constructed by two young men on a new principle1 under ,mr4 ,young's instructions1 became an object of great attraction1 and among those who came to see it and its effects were two sons of the ,professor of ,mathematics in the ,university4 ,although but boys1 both were fired at this interview with enthusiasm for electric science4 ,both have been for many years ,professors in the ,university of ,glasgow4 ,the elder1 ,professor ,james ,thomson1 is well known for his useful inventions and ingenious papers on many branches of science4 ,the younger1 ,sir ,william ,thomson1 ranks over the world as prince of electricians1 and second to no living man in scientific reputation4 ,dr4 ,graham's assistant devoted himself to practical chemistry1 and made for himself a brilliant name by the purification of petroleum1 adapting it for use in private houses1 and by the manufacture of paraffin and paraffin-oil4 ,few men have made the art to which they devoted themselves more subservient to the use of man than he whom ,livingstone first knew as ,graham's assistant1 and afterward used to call playfully ,sir ,paraffin4 ,i have been obliged to knight him1 he used to say1 to distinguish him from the other ,young4 ,the other ,young was ,mr4 ,e4 ,d4 ,young1 of the ,search ,expedition1 and subsequently the very successful leader of the ,scotch ,mission at ,lake ,nyassa4 ,the assistant to ,dr4 ,graham still survives1 and is well known as ,mr4 ,young1 of ,kelly1 ,,ll4,d4 and ,f4,r4,s4 ,when ,livingstone returned from his first journey his acquaintance with ,mr4 ,young was resumed1 and their friendship continued through life4 ,it is no slight testimony from one who knew him so long and so intimately1 that1 in his judgment1 ,livingstone was the best man he ever knew1 had more than any other man of true filial trust in ,god1 more of the spirit of ,christ1 more of integrity1 purity1 and simplicity of character1 and of self-denying love for his fellow-men4 ,livingstone named after him a river which he supposed might be one of the sources of the ,nile1 and used ever to speak with great respect of the chief achievement of ,mr4 ,young's life1--filling houses with a clear white light at a fraction of the cost of the smoky article which it displaced4 ,beyond their own department1 men of science are often as lax and illogical as any2 but when scientific training is duly applied1 it genders a habit of thorough accuracy1 inasmuch as in scientific inquiry the slightest deviation from truth breeds endless mischief4 ,other influences had already disposed ,livingstone to great exactness of statement1 but along with these his scientific training may be held to have contributed to that dread of exaggeration and of all inaccuracy which was so marked a feature of his character through life4 ,it happened that ,livingstone did not part company with ,professor ,graham and ,mr4 ,young when he left ,glasgow4 ,the same year1 ,dr4 ,graham went to ,london as ,professor in ,university ,college1 and ,livingstone1 who also went to ,london1 had the opportunity of paying occasional visits to his class4 ,in this way1 too1 he became acquainted with the late ,dr4 ,george ,wilson1 afterward ,professor of ,technology in the ,university of ,edinburgh1 who was then acting as unsalaried assistant in ,dr4 ,graham's laboratory4 ,frank1 genial1 and chivalrous1 ,wilson and ,livingstone had much in common1 and more in after-years1 when ,wilson1 too1 became an earnest ,christian4 ,in the simplicity and purity of their character1 and in their devotion to science1 not only for its own sake1 but as a department of the kingdom of ,god1 they were brothers indeed4 ,livingstone showed his friendship in after-years by collecting and transmitting to ,wilson whatever he could find in ,africa worthy of a place in the ,edinburgh ,museum of ,science and ,art1 of which his friend was the first ,director4 ,in the course of his second session in ,glasgow 7#ahcg-ch7 ,livingstone applied to the ,london ,missionary ,society1 offering his services to them as a missionary4 ,he had learned that that ,society had for its sole object to send the gospel to the heathen2 that it accepted missionaries from different ,churches1 and that it did not set up any particular form of ,church1 but left it to the converts to choose the form they considered most in accordance with the ,word of ,god4 ,this agreed with ,livingstone's own notion of what a ,missionary ,society should do4 ,he had already connected himself with the ,independent communion1 but this preference for it was founded chiefly on his greater regard for the personnel of the body1 and for the spirit in which it was administered1 as compared with the ,presbyterian ,churches of ,scotland4 ,he had very strong views of the spirituality of the ,church of ,christ1 and the need of a profound spiritual change as the only true basis of ,christian life and character4 ,he thought that the ,presbyterian ,churches were too lax in their communion1 and particularly the ,established ,church4 ,he was at this time a decided ,voluntary1 chiefly on the ground maintained by such men as ,vinet1 that the connection of ,church and ,state was hurtful to the spirituality of the ,church2 and he had a particular abhorrence of what he called geographical ,christianity1--which gave every man within a certain area a right to the sacraments4 ,we shall see that in his later years ,dr4 ,livingstone saw reason to modify some of these opinions2 surveying the ,evangelical ,churches from the heart of ,africa1 he came to think that1 established or non-established1 they did not differ so very much from each other1 and that there was much good and considerable evil in them all4 ,in his application to the ,london ,missionary ,society1 ,livingstone stated his ideas of missionary work in comprehensive terms3 ,the missionary's object is to endeavor by every means in his power to make known the gospel by preaching1 exhortation1 conversation1 instruction of the young2 improving1 so far as in his power1 the temporal condition of those among whom he labors1 by introducing the arts and sciences of civilization1 and doing everything to commend ,christianity to their hearts and consciences4 ,he will be exposed to great trials of his faith and patience from the indifference1 distrust1 and even direct opposition and scorn of those for whose good he is laboring2 he may be tempted to despondency from the little apparent fruit of his exertions1 and exposed to all the contaminating influence of heathenism4 ,he was not about to undertake this work without counting the cost4 ,the hardships and dangers of missionary life1 so far as ,i have had the means of ascertaining their nature and extent1 have been the subject of serious reflection1 and in dependence on the promised assistance of the ,holy ,spirit1 ,i have no hesitation in saying that ,i would willingly submit to them1 considering my constitution capable of enduring any ordinary share of hardship or fatigue4 ,on one point he was able to give the ,directors very explicit information3 he was not married1 nor under any engagement of marriage1 nor had he ever made proposals of marriage1 nor indeed been in love6 ,he would prefer to go out unmarried1 that he might1 like the great apostle1 be without family cares1 and give himself entirely to the work4 ,his application to the ,london ,missionary ,society was provisionally accepted1 and in ,september1 #ahch1 he was summoned to ,london to meet the ,directors4 ,a young ,englishman came to ,london on the same errand at the same time1 and a friendship naturally arose between the two4 ,livingstone's young friend was the ,rev4 ,joseph ,moore1 afterwards missionary at ,tahiti2 now of ,congleton1 in ,cheshire4 ,nine years later1 ,livingstone1 writing to ,mr4 ,moore from ,africa1 said3 ,of all those ,i have met since we parted1 ,i have seen no one ,i can compare to you for sincere1 hearty friendship4 ,livingstone's family used to speak of them as ,jonathan and ,david4 ,mr4 ,moore has kindly furnished us with his recollections of ,livingstone at this time3-- ,i met with ,livingstone first in ,september1 #ahch1 at #eg ,aldersgate street1 ,london4 ,on the same day we had received a letter from the ,secretary informing us severally that our applications had been received1 and that we must appear in ,london to be examined by the ,mission ,board there4 ,on the same day1 he from ,scotland1 and ,i from the south of ,england1 arrived in town4 ,on that night we simply accosted each other1 as those who meet at a lodging house might do4 ,after breakfast on the following day we fell into conversation1 and finding that the same object had brought us to the metropolis1 and that the same trial awaited us1 naturally enough we were drawn to each other4 ,every day1 as we had not been in town before1 we visited places of renown in the great city1 and had many a chat about our prospects4 ,on ,sunday1 in the morning1 we heard ,dr4 ,leifchild1 who was then in his prime1 and in the evening ,mr4 ,sherman1 who preached with all his accustomed persuasiveness and mellifluousness4 ,in the afternoon we worshiped at ,st4 ,paul's1 and heard ,prebendary ,dale4 ,on ,monday we passed our first examination4 ,on ,tuesday we went to ,westminster ,abbey4 ,who that had seen those two young men passing from monument to monument could have divined that one of them would one day be buried with a nation's--rather with the civilized world's--lament1 in that sacred shrine8 ,the wildest fancy could not have pictured that such an honor awaited ,david ,livingstone4 ,i grew daily more attached to him4 ,if ,i were asked why1 ,i should be rather at a loss to reply4 ,there was truly an indescribable charm about him1 which1 with all his rather ungainly ways1 and by no means winning face1 attracted almost every one1 and which helped him so much in his after-wanderings in ,africa4 ,he won those who came near him by a kind of spell4 ,there happened to be in the boarding-house at that time a young ,m4,d41 a saddler from ,hants1 and a bookseller from ,scotland4 ,to this hour they all speak of him in rapturous terms4 ,after passing two examinations1 we were both so far accepted by the ,society that we were sent to the ,rev4 ,richard ,cecil1 who resided at ,chipping ,ongar1 in ,essex4 ,most missionary students were sent to him for three months' probation1 and if a favorable opinion was sent to the ,board of ,directors1 they went to one of the ,independent colleges4 ,the students did not for the most part live with ,mr4 ,cecil1 but took lodgings in the town1 and went to his house for meals and instruction in classics and theology4 ,livingstone and ,i lodged together4 ,we read ,latin and ,greek1 and began ,hebrew together4 ,every day we took walks1 and visited all the spots of interest in the neighborhood1 among them the country churchyard which was the burial-place of ,john ,locke4 ,in a place so quiet1 and a life so ordinary as that of a student1 there did not occur many events worthy of recital4 ,i will1 however1 mention one or two things1 because they give an insight--a kind of prophetic glance--into ,livingstone's after-career4 ,one foggy ,november morning1 at three o'clock1 he set out from ,ongar to walk to ,london to see a relative of his father's#aa4 ,it was about twenty-seven miles to the house he sought4 ,after spending a few hours with his relation1 he set out to return on foot to ,ongar4 ,just out of ,london1 near ,edmonton1 a lady had been thrown out of a gig4 ,she lay stunned on the road4 ,livingston immediately went to her1 helped to carry her into a house close by1 and having examined her and found no bones broken1 and recommending a doctor to be called1 he resumed his weary tramp4 ,weary and footsore1 when he reached ,stanford ,rivers he missed his way1 and finding after some time that he was wrong1 he felt so dead-beat that he was inclined to lie down and sleep2 but finding a directing-post he climbed it1 and by the light of the stars deciphered enough to know his whereabouts4 ,about twelve that ,saturday night he reached ,ongar1 white as a sheet1 and so tired he could hardly utter a word4 ,i gave him a basin of bread and milk1 and ,i am not exaggerating when ,i say ,i put him to bed4 ,he fell at once asleep1 and did not awake till noonday had passed on ,sunday4 ,footnote #aa3 ,we learn from the family that the precise object of the visit was to transact some business for his eldest brother1 who had begun to deal in lace4 ,in the darkness of the morning ,livingstone fell into a ditch1 smearing his clothes1 and not improving his appearance for smart business purposes4 ,the day was spent in going about in ,london from shop to shop1 greatly increasing ,livingstone's fatigue4 ,total abstinence at that time began to be spoken of1 and ,livingstone and ,i1 and a ,mr4 ,taylor1 who went to ,india1 took a pledge together to abstain#ab4 ,of that trio1 two1 ,i am sorry to say 7heu me miserum671 enfeebled health1 after many years1 compelled to take a little wine for our stomachs' sake4 ,livingstone was one of the two4 ,footnote #ab3 ,livingstone had always practiced total abstinence1 according to the invariable custom of his father's house4 ,the third of the trio was the ,rev4 ,joseph ,v4,s4 ,taylor1 now of the ,irish ,presbyterian ,mission1 ,gujerat1 ,bombay4 ,one part of our duties was to prepare sermons1 which were submitted to ,mr4 ,cecil1 and1 when corrected1 were committed to memory1 and then repeated to our village congregations4 ,livingstone prepared one1 and one ,sunday the minister of ,stamford ,rivers2 where the celebrated ,isaac ,taylor resided1 having fallen sick after the morning service1 ,livingstone was sent for to preach in the evening4 ,he took his text1 read it out very deliberately1 and then--then--his sermon had fled6 ,midnight darkness came upon him1 and he abruptly said3 ',friends1 ,i have forgotten all ,i had to say1' and hurrying out of the pulpit1 he left the chapel4 ,he never became a preacher we shall see that this does not apply to his preaching in the ,sichuana language1 and in the first letter ,i received from him from ,elizabeth ,town1 in ,africa1 he says3 ',i am a very poor preacher1 having a bad delivery1 and some of them said if they knew ,i was to preach again they would not enter the chapel4 ,whether this was all on account of my manner ,i don't know2 but the truth which ,i uttered seemed to plague very much the person who supplies the missionaries with wagons and oxen4 7,they were bad ones47 ,my subject was the necessity of adopting the benevolent spirit of the ,son of ,god1 and abandoning the selfishness of the world4' ,each student at ,ongar had also to conduct family worship in rotation4 ,i was much impressed by the fact that ,livingstone never prayed without the petition that we might imitate ,christ in all his imitable perfections#ac4 ,footnote #ac3 ,in connection with this prayer1 it is interesting to note the impression made by ,livingstone nearly twenty years afterward on one who saw him but twice--once at a public breakfast in ,edinburgh1 and again at the ,british ,association in ,dublin in #aheg4 ,we refer to ,mrs4 ,sime1 sister of ,livingstone's early friend1 ,professor ,george ,wilson1 of ,edinburgh4 ,mrs4 ,sime writes2 ,i never knew any one who gave me more the idea of power over other men1 such power as our ,saviour showed while on earth1 the power of love and purity combined4 ,in the ,autobiography of ,mrs4 ,gilbert1 an eminent member of the family of the ,taylors of ,ongar1 there occur some reminiscenses of ,livingstone1 corresponding to those here given by ,mr4 ,moore#ad4 ,footnote #ad3 ,page #hhf1 third edition4 ,the ,rev4 ,isaac ,taylor1 ,,ll4,d41 now rector of ,settringham1 ,york1 son of the celebrated author of ,the ,natural ,history of ,enthusiasm1 and himself author of ,words and ,places1 ,etruscan ,researches1 etc41 has kindly furnished us with the following recollection3 ,i well remember as a boy taking country rambles with ,livingstone when he was studying at ,ongar4 ,mr4 ,cecil had several missionary students1 but ,livingstone was the only one whose personality made any impression on my boyish imagination4 ,i might sum up my impression of him in two words--simplicity and resolution4 ,now1 after nearly forty years1 ,i remember his step1 the characteristic forward tread1 firm1 simple1 resolute1 neither fast nor slow1 no hurry and no dawdle1 but which evidently meant--getting there#ae4 ,footnote #ae3 ,on one occasion1 in conversation with his former pastor1 the ,rev4 ,john ,moir1 ,livingstone spoke of ,mr4 ,isaac ,taylor1 who had shown him much kindness1 and often invited him to dine in his house4 ,he said that though ,mr4 ,taylor was connected with the ,independents1 he was attached to the principles of the ,church of ,england4 ,mr4 ,taylor used to lay very great stress on acquaintance with the writings of the ,fathers as necessary for meeting the claims of the ,tractarians1 and did not think that that study was sufficiently encouraged by the ,nonconformists4 ,any one who has been in ,mr4 ,taylor's study at ,stanford ,rivers1 and who remembers the top-heavy row of patristic folios that crowned his collection of books1 and the glance of pride he cast on them as he asked his visitor whether many men in his ,church were well read in the ,fathers1 will be at no loss to verify this reminiscence4 ,certainly ,livingstone had no such qualification1 and undoubtedly he never missed it4 ,we resume ,mr4 ,moore's reminiscences3 ,when three months had elapsed1 ,mr4 ,cecil sent in his report to the ,board4 ,judging from ,livingstone's hesitating manner in conducting family worship1 and while praying on the week-days in the chapel1 and also from his failure so complete in preaching1 an unfavorable report was given in4444 ,happily1 when it was read1 and a decision was about to be given against him1 some one pleaded hard that his probation should be extended1 and so he had several months' additional trial granted4 ,i sailed in the same boat1 and was also sent back to ,ongar as a naughty boy4444 ,at last we had so improved that both were fully accepted4 ,livingstone went to ,london to pursue his medical studies1 and ,i went to ,cheshunt ,college1 ,a day or two after reaching college1 ,i sent to ,livingstone1 asking him to purchase a second-hand carpet for my room4 ,he was quite scandalized at such an exhibition of effeminacy1 and positively refused to gratify my wish4444 ,in the spring of #ahdj ,i met ,livingstone at ,london in ,exeter ,hall1 when ,prince ,albert delivered his maiden speech in ,england4 ,i remember how nearly he was brought to silence when the speech1 which he had lodged on the brim of his hat1 fell into it1 as deafening cheers made it vibrate4 ,a day or two after1 we heard ,binney deliver his masterly missionary sermon1 ',christ seeing of the travail of his soul and being satisfied4' ,the meeting at ,exeter ,hall was held to inaugurate the ,niger ,expedition4 ,it was on this occasion that ,samuel ,wilberforce became known as a great platform orator#af4 ,it must have been pleasant to ,livingstone in after-years to recall the circumstance when he became a friend and correspondent of the ,bishop of ,oxford4 ,footnote #af3 ,life of ,bishop ,wilberforce1 vol4 i1 p4 #afj4 ,notwithstanding the dear postage of the time1 ,livingstone wrote regularly to his friends1 but few of his letters have survived4 ,one of the few1 dated #eth ,may1 #ahci1 is addressed to his sister1 and in it he says that there had been some intention of sending him abroad at once1 but that he was very desirous of getting more education4 ,the letter contains very little news1 but is full of the most devout aspirations for himself and exhortations to his sister4 ,alluding to the remark of a friend that they should seek to be uncommon ,christians1 that is1 eminently holy and devoted servants of the ,most ,high1 he urges3 ,let us seek--and with the conviction that we cannot do without it--that all selfishness be extirpated1 pride banished1 unbelief driven from the mind1 every idol dethroned1 and everything hostile to holiness and opposed to the divine will crucified2 that 'holiness to the ,lord' may be engraven on the heart1 and evermore characterize our whole conduct4 ,this is what we ought to strive after2 this is the way to be happy2 this is what our ,saviour loves--entire surrender of the heart4 ,may ,he enable us by his ,spirit to persevere till we attain it6 ,all comes from ,him1 the disposition to ask as well as the blessing itself4 ,i hope you improve the talents committed to you whenever there is an opportunity4 ,you have a class with whom you have some influence4 ,it requires prudence in the way of managing it2 seek wisdom from above to direct you2 persevere--don't be content with once or twice recommending the ,saviour to them--again and again1 in as kind a manner as possible1 familiarly1 individually1 and privately1 exhibit to them the fountain of happiness and joy1 never forgetting to implore divine energy to accompany your endeavors1 and you need not fear that your labor will be unfruitful4 ,if you have the willing mind1 that is accepted2 nothing is accepted if that be wanting4 ,god desires that4 ,he can do all the rest4 ,after all1 ,he is the sole agent1 for the 'willing mind' comes alone from ,him4 ,this is comforting1 for when we think of the feebleness and littleness of all we do1 we might despair of having our services accepted1 were we not assured that it is not these ,god looks to1 except in so far as they are indications of the state of the heart4 ,dr4 ,livingstone's sisters have a distinct recollection that the field to which the ,directors intended to send him was the ,west ,indies1 and that he remonstrated on the ground that he had spent two years in medical study1 but in the ,west ,indies1 where there were regular practitioners1 his medical knowledge would be of little or no avail4 ,he pleaded with the ,directors1 therefore1 that he might be allowed to complete his medical studies1 and it was then that ,africa was provisionally fixed on as his destination4 ,it appears1 however1 that he had not quite abandoned the thought of ,china4 ,mr4 ,moir1 his former pastor1 writes that being in ,london in ,may1 #ahci1 he called at the ,mission ,house to make inquiries about him4 ,he asked whether the ,directors did not intend to send him to the ,east ,indies1 where the field was so large and the demand so urgent1 but he was told that though they esteemed him highly1 they did not think that his gifts fitted him for ,india1 and that ,africa would be a more suitable field4 ,on returning to ,london1 ,livingstone devoted himself with special ardor to medical and scientific study4 ,the church with which he was connected was that of the late ,rev4 ,dr4 ,bennett1 in ,falcon ,square4 ,this led to his becoming intimate with ,dr4 ,bennett's son1 now the well-known ,j4 ,risdon ,bennett1 ,m4,d41 ,,ll4,d41 ,f4,r4,s41 and ,president of the ,royal ,college of ,physicians1 ,london4 ,the friendship continued during the whole of ,dr4 ,livingstone's life4 ,from some recollections with which ,dr4 ,bennett has kindly furnished us we take the following3 ,my acquaintance with ,david ,livingstone was through the ,london ,missionary ,society1 when1 having offered himself to that ,society1 he came to ,london to carry on those medical and other studies which he had commenced in ,glasgow4 ,from the first1 ,i became deeply interested in his character1 and ever after maintained a close friendship with him4 ,i entertained toward him a sincere affection1 and had the highest admiration of his endowments1 both of mind and heart1 and of his pure and noble devotion of all his powers to the highest purposes of life4 ,one could not fail to be impressed with his simple1 loving1 ,christian spirit1 and the combined modest1 unassuming1 and self-reliant character of the man4 ,he placed himself under my guidance in reference to his medical studies1 and ,i was struck with the amount of knowledge that he had already acquired of those subjects which constitute the foundation of medical science4 ,he had1 however1 little or no acquaintance with the practical departments of medicine1 and had had no opportunities of studying the nature and aspects of disease4 ,of these deficiencies he was quite aware1 and felt the importance of acquiring as much practical knowledge as possible during his stay in ,london4 ,i was at that time physician to the ,aldersgate ,street ,dispensary1 and was lecturing at the ,charing ,cross ,hospital on the practice of medicine1 and thus was able to obtain for him free admission to hospital practice as well as attendance on my lectures and my practice at the dispensary4 ,i think that ,i also obtained for him admission to the opthalmic hospital in ,moorfields4 ,with these sources of information open to him1 he obtained a considerable acquaintance with the more ordinary forms of disease1 both surgical and medical1 and an amount of scientific and practical knowledge that could not fail to be of the greatest advantage to him in the distant regions to which he was going1 away from all the resources of civilization4 ,his letters to me1 and indeed all the records of his eventful life1 demonstrate how great to him was the value of the medical knowledge with which he entered on missionary life4 ,there is abundant evidence that on various occasions his own life was preserved through his courageous and sagacious application of his scientific knowledge to his own needs2 and the benefits which he conferred on the natives to whose welfare he devoted himself1 and the wonderful influence which he exercised over them1 were in no small degree due to the humane and skilled assistance which he was able to render as a healer of bodily disease4 ,the account which he gave me of his perilous encounter with the lion1 and the means he adopted for the repair of the serious injuries which he received1 excited the astonishment and admiration of all the medical friends to whom ,i related it1 as evincing an amount of courage1 sagacity1 skill1 and endurance that have scarcely been surpassed in the annals of heroism4 ,another distinguished man of science with whom ,livingstone became acquainted in ,london1 and on whom he made an impression similar to that made on ,dr4 ,bennett1 was ,professor ,owen4 ,part of the little time at his disposal was devoted to studying the series of comparative anatomy in the ,hunterian ,museum1 under ,professor ,owen's charge4 ,mr4 ,owen was interested to find that the ,lanarkshire student was born in the same neighborhood as ,hunter#ag1 but still more interested in the youth himself and his great love of natural history4 ,on taking leave1 ,livingstone promised to bear his instructor in mind if any curiosity fell in his way4 ,years passed1 and as no communication reached him1 ,mr4 ,owen was disposed to class the promise with too many others made in the like circumstances4 ,but on his first return to this country ,livingstone presented himself1 bearing the tusk of an elephant with a spiral curve4 ,he had found it in the heart of ,africa1 and it was not easy of transport4 ,you may recall1 said ,professor ,owen1 at the ,farewell ,festival in #aheh1 the difficulties of the progress of the weary sick traveler on the bullock's back4 ,every pound weight was of moment2 but ,livingstone said1 ',owen shall have this tusk1' and he placed it in my hands in ,london4 ,professor ,owen recorded this as a proof of ,livingstone's inflexible adherence to his word4 ,with equal justice we may quote it as a proof of his undying gratitude to any one that had shown him kindness4 ,footnote #ag3 ,not in the same parish1 as stated afterward by ,professor ,owen4 ,hunter was born in ,east ,kilbride1 and ,livingstone in ,blantyre4 ,the error is repeated in notices of ,livingstone in some other quarters4 ,on all his fellow-students and acquaintances the simplicity1 frankness1 and kindliness of ,livingstone's character made a deep impression4 ,mr4 ,j4,s4 ,cook1 now of ,london1 who spent three months with him at ,ongar1 writes3 ,he was so kind and gentle in word and deed to all about him that all loved him4 ,he had always words of sympathy at command1 and was ready to perform acts of sympathy for those who were suffering4 ,the ,rev4 ,g4,d4 ,watt1 a brother ,scotchman1 who went as a missionary to ,india1 has a vivid remembrance of ,livingstone's mode of discussion2 he showed great simplicity of view1 along with a certain roughness or bluntness of manner2 great kindliness1 and yet great persistence in holding to his own ideas4 ,but none of his friends seem to have had any foresight of the eminence he was destined to attain4 ,the ,directors of the ,society did not even rank him among their ablest men4 ,it is interesting to contrast the opinion entertained of him then with that expressed by ,sir ,bartle ,frere1 after much personal intercourse1 many years afterward4 ,of his intellectual force and energy1 wrote ,sir ,bartle1 he has given such proof as few men could afford4 ,any five years of his life might in any other occupation have established a character and raised for him a fortune such as none but the most energetic of our race can realize#ah4 ,footnote #ah3 ,good ,words1 #ahgd1 p4 #bhe4 ,but his early friends were not so much at fault4 ,livingstone was somewhat slow of maturing4 ,if we may say so1 his intellect hung fire up to this very time1 and it was only during his last year in ,england that he came to his intellectual manhood1 and showed his real power4 ,his very handwriting shows the change2 from being cramped and feeble it suddenly becomes clear1 firm1 and upright1 very neat1 but quite the hand of a vigorous1 independent man4 ,livingstone's prospects of getting to ,china had been damaged by the ,opium ,war2 while it continued1 no new appointments could be made1 even had the ,directors wished to send him there4 ,it was in these circumstances that he came into contact with his countryman1 ,mr4 7now ,dr47 ,moffat1 who was then in ,england1 creating much interest in his ,south ,african mission4 ,the idea of his going to ,africa became a settled thing1 and was soon carried into effect4 ,i had occasion 7,dr4 ,moffat has informed us7 to call for some one at ,mrs4 ,sewell's1 a boarding-house for young missionaries in ,aldersgate street1 where ,livingstone lived4 ,i observed soon that this young man was interested in my story1 that he would sometimes come quietly and ask me a question or two1 and that he was always desirous to know where ,i was to speak in public1 and attended on these occasions4 ,by and by he asked me whether ,i thought he would do for ,africa4 ,i said ,i believed he would1 if he would not go to an old station1 but would advance to unoccupied ground1 specifying the vast plain to the north1 where ,i had sometimes seen1 in the morning sun1 the smoke of a thousand villages1 where no missionary had ever been4 ,at last ,livingstone said3 ',what is the use of my waiting for the end of this abominable opium war8 ,i will go at once to ,africa4' ,the ,directors concurred1 and ,africa became his sphere4 ,it is no wonder that all his life ,livingstone had a very strong faith in ,providence1 for at every turn of his career up to this point1 some unlooked-for circumstance had come in to give a new direction to his history4 ,first1 his reading ,dick's ,philosophy of a ,future ,state1 which led him to ,christ1 but did not lead him away from science2 then his falling in with ,gutzlaff's ,appeal1 which induced him to become a medical missionary2 the ,opium ,war1 which closed ,china against him2 the friendly word of the ,director who procured for him another trial2 ,mr4 ,moffat's visit1 which deepened his interest in ,africa2 and finally1 the issue of a dangerous illness that attacked him in ,london--all indicated the unseen hand that was preparing him for his great work4 ,the meeting of ,livingstone with ,moffat is far too important an event to be passed over without remark4 ,both directly and indirectly ,mr4 ,moffat's influence on his young brother1 afterward to become his son-in-law1 was remarkable4 ,in after-life they had a thorough appreciation of each other4 ,no family on the face of the globe could have been so helpful to ,livingstone in connection with the great work to which he gave himself4 ,if the old ,roman fashion of surnames still prevailed1 there is no household of which all the members would have been better entitled to put ,,africanus after their name4 ,the interests of the great continent were dear to them all4 ,in #ahgb1 when one of the ,search ,expeditions for ,livingstone was fitted out1 a grandson of ,dr4 ,moffat1 another ,robert ,moffat1 was among those who set out in the hope of relieving him2 cut off at the very beginning1 in the flower of his youth1 he left his bones to moulder in ,african soil4 ,the illness to which we have alluded was an attack of congestion of the liver1 with an affection of the lungs4 ,it seemed likely to prove fatal1 and the only chance of recovery appeared to be a visit to his home1 and return to his native air4 ,in accompanying him to the steamer1 ,mr4 ,moore found him so weak that he could scarcely walk on board4 ,he parted from him in tears1 fearing that he had but a few days to live4 ,but the voyage and the visit had a wonderful effect1 and very soon ,livingstone was in his usual health4 ,the parting with his father and mother1 as they afterward told ,mr4 ,moore1 was very affecting4 ,it happened1 however1 that they met once more4 ,it was felt that the possession of a medical diploma would be of service1 and ,livingstone returned to ,scotland in ,november1 #ahdj1 and passed at ,glasgow as ,licentiate of the ,faculty of ,physicians and ,surgeons4 ,it was on this occasion he found it so inconvenient to have opinions of his own and the knack of sticking to them4 ,it seemed as if he was going to be rejected for obstinately maintaining his views in regard to the stethoscope2 but he pulled through4 ,a single night was all that he could spend with his family1 and they had so much to speak of that ,david proposed they should sit up all night4 ,this1 however1 his mother would not hear of4 ,i remember my father and him1 writes his sister1 talking over the prospects of ,christian missions4 ,they agreed that the time would come when rich men and great men would think it an honor to support whole stations of missionaries1 instead of spending their money on hounds and horses4 ,on the morning of #agth ,november we got up at five o'clock4 ,my mother made coffee4 ,david read the #abast and #aceth ,psalms1 and prayed4 ,my father and he walked to ,glasgow to catch the ,liverpool steamer4 ,on the ,broomielaw1 father and son looked for the last time on earth on each other's faces4 ,the old man walked back slowly to ,blantyre1 with a lonely heart no doubt1 yet praising ,god4 ,david's face was now set in earnest toward the ,dark ,continent4 ,,chapter ,,iii4 ,,first ,,two ,,years ,,in ,,africa4 ,a4,d4 #ahda-ahdc4 ,his ordination--,voyage out--,at ,rio de ,janeiro--,at the ,cape--,he proceeds to ,kuruman--,letters--,journey of #gjj miles to ,bechuana country--,selection of site for new station--,second excursion to ,bechuana country--,letter to his sister--,influence with chiefs--,bubi--,construction of a water-dam--,sekomi--,woman seized by a lion--,the ,bakaa--,sebehwe--,letter to ,dr4 ,risdon ,bennett--,detention at ,kuruman--,he visits ,sebehwe's village--,bakhatlas--,sechle1 chief of ,bakwains--,livingstone translates hymns--,travels #djj miles on oxback--,returns to ,kuruman--,is authorized to form new station--,receives contributions for native missionary--,letters to ,directors on their ,mission policy--,he goes to new station--,fellow-travelers--,purchase of site--,letter to ,dr4 ,bennett--,desiccation of ,south ,africa--,death of a servant1 ,sehamy--,letter to his parents4 ,on the #bjth ,november1 #ahdj1 ,livingstone was ordained a missionary in ,albion ,street ,chapel1 along with the ,rev4 ,william ,ross1 the service being conducted by the ,rev4 ,j4,j4 ,freeman and the ,rev4 ,r4 ,cecil4 ,on the #hth of ,december he embarked on board the ship ,george1 under ,captain ,donaldson1 and proceeded to the ,cape1 and thence to ,algoa ,bay4 ,on the way the ship had to put in at ,rio de ,janeiro1 and he had a glance at ,brazil1 with which he was greatly charmed4 ,it was the only glimpse he ever got of any part of the great continent of ,america4 ,writing to the ,rev4 ,g4,d4 ,watt1 with whom he had become intimate in ,london1 and who was preparing to go as a missionary to ,india1 he says3 ,it is certainly the finest place ,i ever saw2 everything delighted me except man4444 ,we lived in the home of an ,american ,episcopal ,methodist minister--the only ,protestant missionary in ,brazil4444 ,tracts and ,bibles are circulated1 and some effects might be expected1 were a most injurious influence not exerted by ,european visitors4 ,these alike disgrace themselves and the religion they profess by drunkenness4 ,all other vices are common in ,rio4 ,when will the rays of ,divine light dispel the darkness in this beautiful empire8 ,the climate is delightful4 ,i wonder if disabled ,indian missionaries could not make themselves useful there4 ,during the voyage his chief friend was the captain of the ship4 ,he was very obliging to me1 says ,livingstone1 and gave me all the information respecting the use of the quadrant in his power1 frequently sitting up till twelve o'clock at night for the purpose of taking lunar observations with me4 ,thus another qualification was acquired for his very peculiar life-work4 ,sundays were not times of refreshing1 at least not beyond his closet4 ,the captain rigged out the church on ,sundays1 and we had service2 but ,i being a poor preacher1 and the chaplain addressing them all as ,christians already1 no moral influence was exerted1 and even had there been on ,sabbath1 it would have been neutralized by the week-day conduct4 ,in fact1 no good was done4 ,neither at ,rio1 nor on board ship1 nor anywhere1 could good be done without the element of personal character4 ,this was ,livingstone's strong conviction to the end of his life4 ,in his first letter to the ,directors of the ,london ,missionary ,society he tells them that he had spent most of his time at sea in the study of theology1 and that he was deeply grieved to say that he knew of no spiritual good having been done in the case of any one on board the ship4 ,his characteristic honesty thus showed itself in his very first dispatch4 ,arriving at the ,cape1 where the ship was detained a month1 he spent some time with ,dr4 ,philip1 then acting as agent for the ,society1 with informal powers as superintendent4 ,dr4 ,philip was desirous of returning home for a time1 and very anxious to find some one to take his place as minister of the congregation of ,cape ,town1 in his absence4 ,this office was offered to ,livingstone1 who rejected it with no little emphasis--not for a moment would he think of it1 nor would he preach the gospel within any other man's line4 ,he had not been long at the ,cape when he found to his surprise and sorrow that the missionaries were not all at one1 either as to the general policy of the mission1 or in the matter of social intercourse and confidence4 ,the shock was a severe one2 it was not lessened by what he came to know of the spirit and life of a few--happily only a few--of his brethren afterward2 and undoubtedly it had an influence on his future life4 ,it showed him that there were missionaries whose profession was not supported by a life of consistent well-doing1 although it did not shake his confidence in the character and the work of missionaries on the whole4 ,he saw that in the mission there was what might be called a colonial side and a native side2 some sympathizing with the colonists and some with the natives4 ,he had no difficulty in making up his mind between them2 he drew instinctively to the party that were for protecting the natives against the unrighteous encroachments of the settlers4 ,on leaving the ship at ,algoa ,bay1 he proceeded by land to ,kuruman or ,lattakoo1 in the ,bechuana country1 the most northerly station of the ,society in ,south ,africa1 and the usual residence of ,mr4 ,moffat1 who was still absent in ,england4 ,in this his first ,african journey the germ of the future traveler was apparent4 ,crossing the ,orange ,river1 he says1 ,i got my vehicle aground1 and my oxen got out of order1 some with their heads where their tails should be1 and others with their heads twisted round in the yoke so far that they appeared bent on committing suicide1 or overturning the wagon4444 ,i like travelling very much indeed4 ,there is so much freedom connected with our ,african manners4 ,we pitch our tent1 make our fire1 etc41 wherever we choose1 walk1 ride1 or shoot at abundance of all sorts of game as our inclination leads us2 but there is a great drawback3 we can't study or read when we please4 ,i feel this very much4 ,i have made but very little progress in the language 7can speak a little ,dutch71 but ,i long for the time when ,i shall give my undivided attention to it1 and then be furnished with the means of making known the truth of the gospel4 ,while at the ,cape1 ,livingstone had heard something of a fresh-water lake 7',ngami7 which all the missionaries were eager to see4 ,if only they would give him a month or two to learn the colloquial language1 he said they might spare themselves the pains of being the first in at the death4 ,it is interesting to remark further that1 in this first journey1 science had begun to receive its share of attention4 ,he is already bent on making a collection for the use of ,professor ,owen#ai1 and is enthusiastic in describing some agatized trees and other curiosities which he met with4 ,footnote #ai3 ,this collection never reached its destination4 ,writing to his parents from ,port ,elizabeth1 #aith ,may1 #ahda1 he gives his first impressions of ,africa4 ,he had been at a station called ,hankey3 ,the scenery was very fine4 ,the white sand in some places near the beach drifted up in large wreaths exactly like snow4 ,one might imagine himself in ,scotland were there not a hot sun overhead4 ,the woods present an aspect of strangeness1 for everywhere the eye meets the foreign-looking tree from which the bitter aloes is extracted1 popping up its head among the mimosa bushes and stunted acacias4 ,beautiful humming-birds fly about in great numbers1 sucking the nectar from the flowers1 which are in great abundance and very beautiful4 ,i was much pleased with my visit to ,hankey4444 ,the state of the people presents so many features of interest1 that one may talk about it and convey some idea of what the ,gospel has done4 ,the full extent of the benefit received can1 however1 be understood only by those who witness it in contrast with other places that have not been so highly favored4 ,my expectations have been far exceeded4 ,everything ,i witnessed surpassed my hopes1 and if this one station is a fair sample of the whole1 the statements of the missionaries with regard to their success are far within the mark4 ,the ,hottentots of ,hankey appear to be in a state similar to that of our forefathers in the days immediately preceding the times of the ,covenanters4 ,they have a prayer-meeting every morning at four o'clock1 and well attended4 ,they began it during a visitation of measles among them1 and liked it so much that they still continue4 ,he goes on to say that as the natives had no clocks or watches1 mistakes sometimes occurred about ringing the bell for this meeting1 and sometimes the people found themselves assembled at twelve or one o'clock instead of four4 ,the welcome to the missionaries 7their own missionary was returning from the ,cape with ,livingstone7 was wonderful4 ,muskets were fired at their approach1 then big guns2 and then men1 women1 and children rushed at the top of their speed to shake hands and welcome them4 ,the missionary had lost a little boy1 and out of respect each of the people had something black on his head4 ,both public worship and family worship were very interesting1 the singing of hymns being very beautiful4 ,the bearing of these ,christianized ,hottentots was in complete contrast to that of a ,dutch family whom he visited as a medical man one ,sunday4 ,there was no ,sunday2 the man's wife and daughters were dancing before the house1 while a black played the fiddle4 ,his instructions from the ,directors were to go to ,kuruman1 remain there till ,mr4 ,moffat should return from ,england1 and turn his attention to the formation of a new station farther north1 awaiting more specific instructions1 ,he arrived at ,kuruman on the #cast ,july1 #ahda1 but no instructions had come from the ,directors2 his sphere of work was quite undetermined1 and he began to entertain the idea of going to ,abyssinia4 ,there could be no doubt that a ,christian missionary was needed there1 for the country had none2 but if he should go1 he felt that probably he would never return4 ,in writing of this to his friend ,watt1 he used words almost prophetic3 ,whatever way my life may be spent so as but to promote the glory of our gracious ,god1 ,i feel anxious to do it4444 ,my life1 may be spent as profitably as a pioneer as in any other way4 ,in his next letter to the ,london ,missionary ,society1 dated ,kuruman1 #bc;d ,september1 #ahda1 he gives his impressions of the field1 and unfolds an idea which took hold of him at the very beginning1 and never lost its grip4 ,it was1 that there was not population enough about the ,south to justify a concentration of missionary labor there1 and that the policy of the ,society ought to be one of expansion1 moving out far and wide wherever there was an opening1 and making the utmost possible use of native agency1 in order to cultivate so wide a field4 ,in ,england he had thought that ,kuruman might be made a great missionary institute1 whence the beams of divine truth might diverge in every direction1 through native agents supplied from among the converts2 but since he came to the spot he had been obliged to abandon that notion2 not that the ,kuruman mission had not been successful1 or that the attendance at public worship was small1 but simply because the population was meagre1 and seemed more likely to become smaller than larger4 ,the field from which native agents might be drawn was thus too small4 ,farther north there was a denser population4 ,it was therefore his purpose1 along with a brother missionary1 to make an early journey to the interior1 and bury himself among the natives1 to learn their language1 and slip into their modes of thinking and feeling4 ,he purposed to take with him two of the best qualified native ,christians of ,kuruman1 to plant them as teachers in some promising locality2 and in case any difficulty should arise about their maintenance1 he offered1 with characteristic generosity1 to defray the cost of one of them from his own resources4 ,accordingly1 in company with a brother missionary from ,kuruman1 a journey of seven hundred miles was performed before the end of the year1 leading chiefly to two results3 in the first place1 a strong confirmation of his views on the subject of native agency2 and in the second place1 the selection of a station1 two hundred and fifty miles north of ,kuruman1 as the most suitable for missionary operations4 ,seven hundred miles traveled over more ,africano seemed to indicate a vast territory2 but on looking at it on the map1 it was a mere speck on the continent of heathenism4 ,how was that continent ever to be evangelized8 ,he could think of no method except an extensive method of native agency4 ,and the natives1 when qualified1 were admirably qualified4 ,their warm1 affectionate manner of dealing with their fellow-men1 their ability to present the truth to their minds freed from the strangeness of which foreigners could not divest it1 and the eminent success of those employed by the brethren of ,griqua ,town1 were greatly in their favor4 ,two natives had likewise been employed recently by the ,kuruman ,mission1 and these had been highly efficient and successful4 ,if the ,directors would allow him to employ more of these1 conversions would increase in a compound ratio1 and regions not yet explored by ,europeans would soon be supplied with the bread of life4 ,in regard to the spot selected for a mission1 there were many considerations in its favor4 ,in the immediate neighborhood of ,kuruman the chiefs hated the gospel1 because it deprived them of their supernumerary wives4 ,in the region farther north1 this feeling had not yet established itself2 on the contrary1 there was an impression favorable to ,europeans1 and a desire for their alliance4 ,these ,bechuana tribes had suffered much from the marauding invasions of their neighbors2 and recently1 the most terrible marauder of the country1 ,mosilikatse1 after being driven westward by the ,dutch ,boers1 had taken up his abode on the banks of a central lake1 and resumed his raids1 which were keeping the whole country in alarm4 ,the more peaceful tribes had heard of the value of the white man1 and of the weapons by which a mere handful of whites had repulsed hordes of marauders4 ,they were therefore disposed to welcome the stranger1 although this state of feeling could not be relied on as sure to continue1 for ,griqua hunters and individuals from tribes hostile to the gospel were moving northward1 and not only circulating rumors unfavorable to missionaries1 but by their wicked lives introducing diseases previously unknown4 ,if these regions1 therefore1 were to be taken possession of by the gospel1 no time was to be lost4 ,for himself1 ,livingstone had no hesitation in going to reside in the midst of these savages1 hundreds of miles away from civilization1 not merely for a visit1 but1 if necessary1 for the whole of his life4 ,in writing to his sisters after this journey 7#hth ,december1 #ahda71 he gives a graphic account of the country1 and some interesting notices of the people3 ,janet1 ,i suppose1 will feel anxious to know what our dinner was4 ,we boiled a piece of the flesh of a rhinoceros which was toughness itself1 the night before4 ,the meat was our supper1 and porridge made of ,indian corn-meal and gravy of the meat made a very good dinner next day4 ,when about #aej miles from home we came to a large village4 ,the chief had sore eyes2 ,i doctored them1 and he fed us pretty well with milk and beans1 and sent a fine buck after me as a present4 ,when we had got about ten or twelve miles on the way1 a little girl about eleven or twelve years of age came up and sat down under my wagon1 having run away for the purpose of coming with us to ,kuruman4 ,she had lived with a sister whom she had lately lost by death4 ,another family took possession of her for the purpose of selling her as soon as she was old enough for a wife4 ,but not liking this1 she determined to run away from them and come to some friends near ,kuruman4 ,with this intention she came1 and thought of walking all the way behind my wagon4 ,i was pleased with the determination of the little creature1 and gave her some food4 ,but before we had remained long there1 ,i heard her sobbing violently1 as if her heart would break4 ,on looking round1 ,i observed the cause4 ,a man with a gun had been sent after her1 and he had just arrived4 ,i did not know well what to do now1 but ,i was not in perplexity long1 for ,pomare1 a native convert who accompanied us1 started up and defended her cause4 ,he being the son of a chief1 and possessed of some little authority1 managed the matter nicely4 ,she had been loaded with beads to render her more attractive1 and fetch a higher price4 ,these she stripped off and gave to the man1 and desired him to go away4 ,i afterward took measures for hiding her1 and though fifty men had come for her1 they would not have got her4 ,the story reads like an allegory or a prophecy4 ,in the person of the little maid1 oppressed and enslaved ,africa comes to the good ,doctor for protection2 instinctively she knows she may trust him2 his heart opens at once1 his ingenuity contrives a way of protection and deliverance1 and he will never give her up4 ,it is a little picture of ,livingstone's life4 ,in fulfillment of a promise made to the natives in the interior that he would return to them1 ,livingstone set out on a second tour into the interior of the ,bechuana country on #ajth ,february1 #ahdb4 ,his objects were1 first1 to acquire the native language more perfectly1 and second1 by suspending his medical practice1 which had become inconveniently large at ,kuruman1 to give his undivided attention to the subject of native agents4 ,he took with him two native members of the ,kuruman church1 and two other natives for the management of the wagon4 ,the first person that specially engaged his interest in this journey was a chief of the name of ,bubi1 whose people were ,bakwains4 ,with him he stationed one of the native agents as a teacher1 the chief himself collecting the children and supplying them with food4 ,the honesty of the people was shown in their leaving untouched all the contents of his wagon1 though crowds of them visited it4 ,livingstone was already acquiring a powerful influence1 both with chiefs and people1 the result of his considerate and conciliatory treatment of both4 ,he had already observed the failure of some of his brethren to influence them1 and his sagacity had discerned the cause4 ,his success in inducing ,bubi's people to dig a canal was contrasted in a characteristic passage of a private letter1 with the experience of others4 ,the doctor and the rainmaker among these people are one and the same person4 ,as ,i did not like to be behind my professional brethren1 ,i declared ,i could make rain too1 not1 however1 by enchantments like them1 but by leading out their river for irrigation4 ,the idea pleased mightily1 and to work we went instanter4 ,even the chief's own doctor is at it1 and works like a good fellow1 laughing heartily at the cunning of the 'foreigner' who can make rain so4 ,we have only one spade1 and this is without a handle2 and yet by means of sticks sharpened to a point we have performed all the digging of a pretty long canal4 ,the earth was lifted out in 'gowpens' and carried to the huge dam we have built in karosses 7skin cloaks71 tortoise-shells1 or wooden bowls4 ,we intended nothing of the ornamental in it1 but when we came to a huge stone1 we were forced to search for a way round it4 ,the consequence is1 it has assumed a beautifully serpentine appearance4 ,this is1 ,i believe1 the first instance in which ,bechuanas have been got to work without wages4 ,it was with the utmost difficulty the earlier missionaries got them to do anything4 ,the missionaries solicited their permission to do what they did1 and this was the very way to make them show off their airs1 for they are so disobliging2 if they perceive any one in the least dependent upon them1 they immediately begin to tyrannize4 ,a more mean and selfish vice certainly does not exist in the world4 ,i am trying a different plan with them4 ,i make my presence with any of them a favor1 and when they show any impudence1 ,i threaten to leave them1 and if they don't amend1 ,i put my threat into execution4 ,by a bold1 free course among them ,i have had not the least difficulty in managing the most fierce4 ,they are in one sense fierce1 and in another the greatest cowards in the world4 ,a kick would1 ,i am persuaded1 quell the courage of the bravest of them4 ,add to this the report which many of them verily believe1 that ,i am a great wizard1 and you will understand how ,i can with ease visit any of them4 ,those who do not love1 fear me1 and so truly in their eyes am ,i possessed of supernatural power1 some have not hesitated to affirm ,i am capable of even raising the dead6 ,the people of a village visited by a ,french brother actually believed it4 ,their belief of my powers1 ,i suppose1 accounts1 too1 for the fact that ,i have not missed a single article either from the house or wagon since ,i came among them1 and this1 although all my things lay scattered about the room1 while crammed with patients4 ,it was unfortunate that the teacher whom ,livingstone stationed with ,bubi's people was seized with a violent fever1 so that he was obliged to bring him away4 ,as for ,bubi himself1 he was afterward burned to death by an explosion of gunpowder1 which one of his sorcerers was trying1 by means of burnt roots1 to un-bewitch4 ,in advancing1 ,livingstone had occasion to pass through a part of the great ,kalahari desert1 and here he met with ,sekomi1 a chief of the ,bamangwato1 from whom also he received a most friendly reception4 ,the ignorance of this tribe he found to be exceedingly great3 ,their conceptions of the ,deity are of the most vague and contradictory nature1 and the name of ,god conveys no more to their understanding than the idea of superiority4 ,hence they do not hesitate to apply the name to their chiefs4 ,i was every day shocked by being addressed by that title1 and though it as often furnished me with a text from which to tell them of the only true ,god and ,jesus ,christ1 whom he has sent1 yet it deeply pained me1 and ,i never felt so fully convinced of the lamentable detoriation of our species4 ,it is indeed a mournful truth that man has become like the beasts that perish4 ,the place was greatly infested by lions1 and during ,livingstone's visit an awful occurrence took place that made a great impression on him3 ,a woman was actually devoured in her garden during my visit1 and that so near the town that ,i had frequently walked past it4 ,it was most affecting to hear the cries of the orphan children of this woman4 ,during the whole day after her death the surrounding rocks and valleys rang and re-echoed with their bitter cries4 ,i frequently thought as ,i listened to the loud sobs1 painfully indicative of the sorrows of those who have no hope1 that if some of our churches could have heard their sad wailings1 it would have awakened the firm resolution to do more for the heathen than they have done4 ,poor ,sekomi advanced a new theory of regeneration which ,livingstone was unable to work out3 ,on one occasion ,sekomi1 having sat by me in the hut for some time in deep thought1 at length addressing me by a pompous title said1 ',i wish you would change my heart4 ,give me medicine to change it1 for it is proud1 proud and angry1 angry always4' ,i lifted up the ,testament and was about to tell him of the only way in which the heart can be changed1 but he interrupted me by saying1 ',nay1 ,i wish to have it changed by medicine1 to drink and have it changed at once1 for it is always very proud and very uneasy1 and continually angry with some one4' ,he then rose and went away4 ,a third tribe visited at this time was the ,bakaa1 and here1 too1 ,livingstone was able to put in force his wonderful powers of management4 ,shortly before1 the ,bakaa had murdered a trader and his company4 ,when ,livingstone appeared their consciences smote them1 and1 with the exception of the chief and two attendants1 the whole of the people fled from his presence4 ,nothing could allay their terror1 till1 a dish of porridge having been prepared1 they saw ,livingstone partake of it along with themselves without distrust4 ,when they saw him lie down and fall asleep they were quite at their ease4 ,thereafter he began to speak to them3 ,i had more than ordinary pleasure in telling these murderers of the precious blood which cleanseth from all sin4 ,i bless ,god that ,he has conferred on one so worthless the distinguished privilege and honor of being the first messenger of mercy that ever trod these regions4 ,its being also the first occasion on which ,i had ventured to address a number of ,bechuanas in their own tongue without reading it1 renders it to myself one of peculiar interest4 ,i felt more freedom than ,i had anticipated1 but ,i have an immense amount of labor still before me1 ere ,i can call myself a master of ,sichuana4 ,this journey discloses to me that when ,i have acquired the ,batlapi1 there is another and perhaps more arduous task to be accomplished in the other dialects1 but by the ,divine assistance ,i hope ,i shall be enabled to conquer4 ,when ,i left the ,bakaa1 the chief sent his son with a number of his people to see me safe part of the way to the ,makalaka4 ,on his way home1 in passing through ,bubi's country1 he was visited by sixteen of the people of ,sebehwe1 a chief who had successfully withstood ,mosilikatse1 but whose cowardly neighbors1 under the influence of jealousy1 had banded together to deprive him of what they had not had the courage to defend4 ,consequently he had been driven into the sandy desert1 and his object in sending to ,livingstone was to solicit his advice and protection1 as he wished to come out1 in order that his people might grow corn1 etc4 ,sebehwe1 like many of the other people of the country1 had the notion that if he got a single white man to live with him1 he would be quite secure4 ,it was no wonder that ,livingstone early acquired the strong conviction that if missions could only be scattered over ,africa1 their immediate effect in promoting the tranquillity of the continent could hardly be over-estimated4 ,we have given these details somewhat fully1 because they show that before he had been a year in the country ,livingstone had learned how to rule the ,africans4 ,from the very first1 his genial address1 simple and fearless manner1 and transparent kindliness formed a spell which rarely failed4 ,he had great faith in the power of humor4 ,he was never afraid of a man who had a hearty laugh4 ,by a playful way of dealing with the people1 he made them feel at ease with him1 and afterward he could be solemn enough when the occasion required4 ,his medical knowledge helped him greatly2 but for permanent influence all would have been in vain if he had not uniformly observed the rules of justice1 good feeling1 and good manners4 ,often ha would say that the true road to influence was patient continuance in well-doing4 ,it is remarkable that1 from the very first1 he should have seen the charm of that method which he employed so successfully to the end4 ,in the course of this journey1 ,livingstone was within ten days of ,lake ',ngami1 the lake of which he had heard at the ,cape1 and which he actually discovered in #ahdi2 and he might have discovered it now1 had discovery alone been his object4 ,part of his journey was performed on foot1 in consequence of the draught oxen having become sick3 ,some of my companions1 he says in his first book1 who had recently joined us1 and did not know that ,i understood a little of their speech1 were overheard by me discussing my appearance and powers3 ',he is not strong1 he is quite slim1 and only appears stout because he puts himself in those bags 7trousers72 he will soon knock up4' ,this caused my ,highland blood to rise1 and made me despise the fatigue of keeping them all at the top of their speed for days together1 and until ,i heard them expressing proper opinions of my pedestrian powers4 ,we have seen how full ,livingstone's heart was of the missionary spirit2 how intent he was on making friends of the natives1 and how he could already preach in one dialect1 and was learning another4 ,but the activity of his mind enabled him to give attention at the same time to other matters4 ,he was already pondering the structure of the great ,african ,continent1 and carefully investigating the process of desiccation that had been going on for a long time1 and had left much uncomfortable evidence of its activity in many parts4 ,in the desert1 he informs his friend ,watt that no fewer than thirty-two edible roots and forty-three fruits grew without cultivation4 ,he had the rare faculty of directing his mind at the full stretch of its power to one great object1 and yet1 apparently without effort1 giving minute and most careful attention to many other matters1--all bearing1 however1 on the same great end4 ,a very interesting letter to ,dr4 ,risdon ,bennett1 dated ,kuruman1 #ahth ,december1 #ahda1 gives an account of his first year's work from the medical and scientific point of view4 ,first1 he gives an amusing picture of the ,bechuana chiefs1 and then some details of his medical practice3 ,the people are all under the feudal system of government1 the chieftainship is hereditary1 and although the chief is usually the greatest ass1 and the most insignificant of the tribe in appearance1 the people pay a deference to him which is truly astonishing4444 ,i feel the benefit often of your instructions1 and of those ,i got through your kindness4 ,here ,i have an immense practice4 ,i have patients now under treatment who have walked #acj miles for my advice2 and when these go home1 others will come for the same purpose4 ,this is the country for a medical man if he wants a large practice1 but he must leave fees out of the question6 ,the ,bechuanas have a great deal more disease than ,i expected to find among a savage nation2 but little else can be expected1 for they are nearly naked1 and endure the scorching heat of the day and the chills of the night in that condition4 ,add to this that they are absolutely omnivorous4 ,indigestion1 rheumatism1 opthalmia are the prevailing diseases4444 ,many very bad cases were brought to me1 sometimes1 when traveling1 my wagon was quite besieged by their blind and halt and lame4 ,what a mighty effect would be produced if one of the seventy disciples were among them to heal them all by a word6 ,the ,bechuanas resort to the ,bushmen and the poor people that live in the desert for doctors4 ,the fact of my dealing in that line a little is so strange1 and now my fame has spread far and wide4 ,but if one of ,christ's apostles were here1 ,i should think he would be very soon known all over the continent to ,abyssinia4 ,the great deal of work ,i have had to do in attending to the sick has proved beneficial to me1 for they make me speak the language perpetually1 and if ,i were inclined to be lazy in learning it1 they would prevent me indulging the propensity4 ,and they are excellent patients1 too1 besides4 ,there is no wincing2 everything prescribed is done instanter4 ,their only failing is that they become tired of a long course4 ,but in any operation1 even the women sit unmoved4 ,i have been quite astonished again and again at their calmness4 ,in cutting out a tumor1 an inch in diameter1 they sit and talk as if they felt nothing4 ',a man like me never cries1' they say1 'they are children that cry4' ,and it is a fact that the men never cry4 ,but when the ,spirit of ,god works on their minds they cry most piteously4 ,sometimes in church they endeavor to screen themselves from the eyes of the preacher by hiding under the forms or covering their heads with their karosses as a remedy against their convictions4 ,and when they find that won't do1 they rush out of the church and run with all their might1 crying as if the hand of death were behind them4 ,one would think1 when they got away1 there they would remain2 but no1 there they are in their places at the very next meeting4 ,it is not to be wondered at that they should exhibit agitations of body when the mind is affected1 as they are quite unaccustomed to restrain their feelings4 ,but that the hardened beings should be moved mentally at all is wonderful indeed4 ,if you saw them in their savage state you would feel the force of this more4444 ,n4,b4--,i have got for ,professor ,owen specimens of the incubated ostrich in abundance1 and am waiting for an opportunity to transmit the box to the college4 ,i tried to keep for you some of the fine birds of the interior1 but the weather was so horribly hot they were putrid in a few hours4 ,when he returned to ,kuruman in ,june1 #ahdb1 he found that no instructions had as yet come from the ,directors as to his permanent quarters4 ,he was preparing for another journey when news arrived that contrary to his advice1 ,sebehwe had left the desert where he was encamped1 had been treacherously attacked by the chief ,mahura1 and that many of his people1 including women and children1 had been savagely murdered4 ,what aggravated the case was that several native ,christians from ,kuruman had been at the time with ,sebehwe1 and that these were accused of having acted treacherously by him4 ,but now no native would expose himself to the expected rage of ,sebehwe1 so that for want of attendants ,livingstone could not go to him4 ,he was obliged to remain for some months about ,kuruman1 itinerating to the neighboring tribes1 and taking part in the routine work of the station3 that is to say preaching1 printing1 building a chapel at an out-station1 prescribing for the sick1 and many things else that would have been intolerable1 he said1 to a man of clerical dignity4 ,he was able to give his father a very encouraging report of the mission work 7,july #ac1 #ahdb73 ,the work of ,god goes on here notwithstanding all our infirmities4 ,souls are gathered in continually1 and sometimes from among those you would never have expected to see turning to the ,lord4 ,twenty-four were added to the ,church last month1 and there are several inquirers4 ,at ,motito1 a ,french station about thirty-three miles northeast of this1 there has been an awakening1 and ,i hope much good will result4 ,i have good news1 too1 from ,rio de ,janeiro4 ,the ,bibles that have been distributed are beginning to cause a stir4 ,the state of the country continued so disturbed that it was not till ,february1 #ahdc1 that he was able to set out for the village where ,sebehwe had taken up his residence with the remains of his tribe4 ,this visit he undertook at great personal risk4 ,though looking at first very ill-pleased1 ,sebehwe treated him in a short time in a most friendly way1 and on the ,sunday after his arrival1 sent a herald to proclaim that on that day nothing should be done but pray to ,god and listen to the words of the foreigner4 ,he himself listened with great attention while ,livingstone told him of ,jesus and the resurrection1 and the missionary was often interrupted by the questions of the chief4 ,here1 then1 was another chief pacified1 and brought under the preaching of the gospel4 ,livingstone then passed on to the country of the ,bakhatla1 where he had purposed to erect his mission-station4 ,the country was fertile1 and the people industrious1 and among other industries was an iron manufactory1 to which as a bachelor he got admission1 whereas married men were wont to be excluded1 through fear that they would bewitch the iron6 ,when he asked the chief if he would like him to come and be his missionary1 he held up his hands and said1 ,oh1 ,i shall dance if you do2 ,i shall collect all my people to hoe for you a garden1 and you will get more sweet reed and corn than myself4 ,the cautious ,directors at home1 however1 had sent no instructions as to ,livingstone's station1 and he could only say to the chief that he would tell them of his desire for a missionary4 ,at a distance of five days' journey beyond the ,bakhatla was situated the village of ,sechle1 chief of the ,bakwains1 afterward one of ,livingstone's greatest friends4 ,sechle had been enraged at him for not visiting him the year before1 and threatened him with mischief4 ,it happened that his only child was ill when the missionary arrived1 and also the child of one of his principal men4 ,livingstone's treatment of both was successful1 and ,sechle had not an angry word4 ,some of his questions struck the heart of the missionary3 ',since it is true that all who die unforgiven are lost forever1 why did your nation not come to tell us of it before now8 ,my ancestors are all gone1 and none of them knew anything of what you tell me4 ,how is this8' ,i thought immediately1 says ,livingstone1 of the guilt of the ,church1 but did not confess4 ,i told him multitudes in our own country were like himself1 so much in love with their sins4 ,my ancestors had spent a great deal of time in trying to persuade them1 and yet after all many of them by refusing were lost4 ,we now wish to tell all the world about a ,saviour1 and if men did not believe1 the guilt would be entirely theirs4 ,sechle has been driven from another part of his country from that in which he was located last year1 and so has ,bubi1 so that the prospects ,i had of benefiting them by native teachers are for the present darkened4 ,among other things that ,livingstone found time for in these wanderings among strange people1 was translating hymns into the ,sichuana language4 ,writing to his father 7,bakwain ,country1 #bast ,march1 #ahdc71 he says3 ,janet may be pleased to learn that ,i am become a poet1 or rather a poetaster1 in ,sichuana4 ,half a dozen of my hymns were lately printed in a collection of the ,french brethren4 ,one of them is a translation of ',there is a fountain filled with blood2' another1 ',jesus shall reign where'er the sun2' others are on ',the earth being filled with the glory of the ,lord1' ',self-dedication1' ',invitation to ,sinners1' ',the soul that loves ,god finds him everywhere4' ,janet may try to make ,english ones on these latter subjects if she can1 and ,agnes will doubtless set them to music on the same condition4 ,i do not boast of having done this1 but only mention it to let you know that ,i am getting a little better fitted for the great work of a missionary1 that your hearts may be drawn out to more prayer for the success of the gospel proclaimed by my feeble lips4 ,livingstone was bent on advancing in the direction of the country of the ,matebele and their chief ,mosilikatse1 but the dread of that terrible warrior prevented him from getting ,bakwains to accompany him1 and being thus unable to rig out a wagon1 he was obliged to travel on oxback4 ,in a letter to ,dr4 ,risdon ,bennett 7#cjth ,june1 #ahdc71 he gives a lively description of this mode of traveling3 ,it is rough traveling1 as you can conceive4 ,the skin is so loose there is no getting one's great-coat1 which has to serve both as saddle and blanket1 to stick on2 and then the long horns in front1 with which he can give one a punch in the abdomen if he likes1 make us sit as bolt upright as dragoons4 ,in this manner ,i traveled more than #djj miles4 ,visits to some of the villages of the ,bakalahari gave him much pleasure4 ,he was listened to with great attention1 and while sitting by their fires and listening to their traditionary tales1 he intermingled the story of the ,cross with their conversation1 and it was by far the happiest portion of his journey4 ,the people were a poor1 degraded1 enslaved race1 who hunted for other tribes to procure them skins2 they were far from wells1 and had their gardens far from their houses1 in order to have their produce safe from the chiefs who visited them4 ,coming on to his old friends the ,bakaa1 he found them out of humor with him1 accusing him of having given poison to a native who had been seized with fever on occasion of his former visit4 ,consequently he could get little or nothing to eat1 and had to content himself1 as he wrote to his friends1 with the sumptuous feasts of his imagination4 ,with his usual habit of discovering good in all his troubles1 however1 he found cause for thankfulness at their stinginess1 for in coming down a steep pass1 absorbed with the questions which the people were putting to him1 he forgot where he was1 lost his footing1 and1 striking his hand between a rock and his ,bible which he was carrying1 he suffered a compound fracture of his finger4 ,his involuntary low diet saved him from taking fever1 and the finger was healing favorably1 when a sudden visit in the middle of the night from a lion1 that threw them all into consternation1 made him1 without thinking1 discharge his revolver at the visitor1 and the recoil hurt him more than the shot did the lion4 ,it rebroke his finger1 and the second fracture was worse than the first4 ,the ,bakwains1 he says1 who were most attentive to my wants during the whole journey of more than #djj miles1 tried to comfort me when they saw the blood again flowing1 by saying1 ',you have hurt yourself1 but you have redeemed us3 henceforth we will only swear by you4' ,poor creatures1 he writes to ,dr4 ,bennett1 ,i wished they had felt gratitude for the blood that was shed for their precious souls4 ,returning to ,kuruman from this journey1 in ,june1 #ahdc1 ,livingstone was delighted to find at length a letter from the ,directors of the ,society authorizing the formation of a settlement in the regions beyond4 ,he found another letter that greatly cheered him1 from a ,mrs4 ,m',robert1 the wife of art ,independent minister at ,cambuslang 7near ,blantyre71 who had collected and now sent him #ab for a native agent1 and was willing1 on the part of some young friends1 to send presents of clothing for the converts4 ,in acknowledging this letter1 ,livingstone poured out his very heart1 so full was he of gratitude and delight4 ,he entreated the givers to consider ,mebalwe as their own agent1 and to concentrate their prayers upon him1 for prayer1 he thought1 was always more efficacious when it could be said1 ,one thing have ,i desired of the ,lord4 ,as to the present of clothing1 he simply entreated his friends to send nothing of the kind2 such things demoralized the recipients1 and bred endless jealousies4 ,if he were allowed to charge something for the clothes1 he would be pleased to have them1 but on no other terms4 ,writing to the ,secretary of the ,society1 ,rev4 ,a4 ,tidman 7#bdth ,june1 #ahdc71 and referring to the past success of the ,mission in the nearer localities1 he says3 ,if you could realize this fact as fully as those on the spot can1 you would be able to enter into the feelings of irrepressible delight with which ,i hail the decision of the ,directors that we go forward to the dark interior4 ,may the ,lord enable me to consecrate my whole being to the glorious work6 ,in this communication to the ,directors ,livingstone modestly1 but frankly and firmly1 gives them his mind on some points touched on in their letter to him4 ,in regard to his favorite measure--native agency--he is glad that a friend has remitted money for the employment of one agent1 and that others have promised the means of employing other two4 ,on another subject he had a communication to make to them which evidently cost him no ordinary effort4 ,in his more private letters to his friends1 from an early period after entering ,africa1 he had expressed himself very freely1 almost contemptuously1 on the distribution of the laborers4 ,there was far too much clustering about the ,cape ,colony1 and the district immediately beyond it1 and a woeful slowness to strike out with the fearless chivalry that became missionaries of the ,cross1 and take possession of the vast continent beyond4 ,all his letters reveal the chafing of his spirit with this confinement of evangelistic energy in the face of so vast a field--this huddling together of laborers in sparsely peopled districts1 instead of sending them forth over the whole of ,africa1 ,india1 and ,china1 to preach the gospel to every creature4 ,he felt deeply that both the ,church at home1 and many of the missionaries on the spot1 had a poor conception of missionary duty1 out of which came little faith1 little effort1 little expectation1 with a miserable tendency to exaggerate their own evils and grievances1 and fall into paltry squabbles which would not have been possible if they had been fired with the ambition to win the world for ,christ4 ,but what it was a positive relief for him to whisper in the ear of an intimate friend1 it demanded the courage of a hero to proclaim to the ,directors of a great ,society4 ,it was like impugning their whole policy and arraigning their wisdom4 ,but ,livingstone could not say one thing in private and another in public4 ,frankly and fearlessly he proclaimed his views3 ,the conviction to which ,i refer is that a much larger share of the benevolence of the ,church and of missionary exertion is directed into this country than the amount of population1 as compared with other countries1 and the success attending those efforts1 seem to call for4 ,this conviction has been forced upon me1 both by a personal inspection1 more extensive than that which has fallen to the lot of any other1 either missionary or trader1 and by the sentiments of other missionaries who have investigated the subject according to their opportunities4 ,in reference to the population1 ,i may mention that ,i was led in ,england to believe that the population of the interior was dense1 and now since ,i have come to this country ,i have conversed with many1 both of our ,society and of the ,french1 and none of them would reckon up the number of #cj1jjj ,bechuanas4 ,he then proceeds to details in a most characteristic way1 giving the number of huts in every village1 and being careful in every case1 as his argument proceeded on there being a small population1 rather to overstate than understate the number3 ,in view of these facts and the confirmation of them ,i have received from both ,french and ,english brethren1 computing the population much below what ,i have stated1 ,i confess ,i feel grieved to hear of the arrival of new missionaries4 ,nor am ,i the only one who deplores their appointment to this country4 ,again and again have ,i been pained at heart to hear the question put1 ,where will these new brethren find fields of labor in this country8 ,because ,i know that in ,india or ,china there are fields large enough for all their energies4 ,i am very far from undervaluing the success which has attended the labors of missionaries in this land4 ,no6 ,i gratefully acknowledge the wonders ,god hath wrought1 and ,i feel that the salvation of one soul is of more value than all the effort that has been expended2 but we are to seek the field where there is a possibility that most souls will be converted1 and it is this consideration which makes me earnestly call the attention of the ,directors to the subject of statistics4 ,if these were actually returned--and there would be very little difficulty in doing so--it might1 perhaps1 be found that there is not a country better supplied with missionaries in the world1 and that in proportion to the number of agents compared to the amount of population1 the success may be inferior to most other countries where efforts have been made4 ,finding that a brother missionary was willing to accompany him to the station he had fixed on among the ,bakhatlas1 and enable him to set to work with the necessary arrangements1 ,livingstone set out with him in the beginning of ,august1 #ahdc1 and arrived at his destination after a fortnight's journey4 ,writing to his family1 in sight of the hills of ,bakhatla1 ,august #bast1 #ahdc1 he says3 ,we are in company with a party of three hunters3 one of them from the ,west ,indies1 and two from ,india--,mr4 ,pringle from ,tinnevelly1 and ,captain ,steel of the ,coldstream ,guards1 aide-de-camp to the ,governor of ,madras4444 ,the ,captain is the politest of the whole1 well versed in the classics1 and possessed of much general knowledge4 ,captain ,steele1 now ,general ,sir ,thomas ,steele1 proved one of ,livingstone's best and most constant friends4 ,in one respect the society of gentlemen who came to hunt would not have been sought by ,livingstone1 their aims and pursuits being so different from his2 but he got on with them wonderfully4 ,in some instances these strangers were thoroughly sympathetic1 but not in all4 ,when they were not sympathetic on religion1 he had a strong conviction that his first duty as a servant of ,christ was to commend his religion by his life and spirit--by integrity1 civility1 kindness1 and constant readiness to deny himself in obliging others2 having thus secured1 their esteem and confidence1 he would take such quiet opportunities as presented themselves to get near their consciences on his ,master's behalf4 ,he took care that there should be no moving about on the day of rest1 and that the outward demeanor of all should be befitting a ,christian company4 ,for himself1 while he abhorred the indiscriminate slaughter of animals for mere slaughter's sake1 he thought well of the chase as a means of developing courage1 promptness of action in time of danger1 protracted endurance of hunger and thirst1 determination in the pursuit of an object1 and other qualities befitting brave and powerful men4 ,the respect and affection with which he inspired the gentlemen who were thus associated with him was very remarkable4 ,doubtless1 with his quick apprehension1 he learned a good deal from their society of the ways and feelings of a class with whom hitherto he had hardly ever been in contact4 ,the large resources with which they were furnished1 in contrast to his own1 excited no feeling of envy1 nor even a desire to possess their ample means1 unless he could have used them to extend missionary operations2 and the gentlemen themselves would sometimes remark that the missionaries were more comfortable than they4 ,though they might at times spend thousands of pounds where ,livingstone did not spend as many pence1 and would be provided with horses1 servants1 tents1 and stores1 enough to secure comfort under almost any conditions1 they had not that key to the native heart and that power to command the willing services of native attendants which belonged so remarkably to the missionary4 ,when we arrive at a spot where we intend to spend the night1 writes ,livingstone to his family1 all hands immediately unyoke the oxen4 ,then one or two of the company collect wood2 one of us strikes up a fire1 another gets out the water-bucket and fills the kettle2 a piece of meat is thrown on the fire1 and if we have biscuits1 we are at our coffee in less than half an hour after arriving4 ,our friends1 perhaps1 sit or stand shivering at their fire for two or three hours before they get their things ready1 and are glad occasionally of a cup of coffee from us4 ,the first act of the missionaries on arriving at their destination was to have an interview with the chief1 and ask whether he desired a missionary4 ,having an eye to the beads1 guns1 and other things1 of which white men seemed always to have an ample store1 the chief and his men gave them a cordial welcome1 and ,livingstone next proceeded to make a purchase of land4 ,this1 like ,abraham with the sons of ,heth1 he insisted should be done in legal form1 and for this purpose he drew up a written contract to which1 after it was fully explained to them1 both parties attached their signatures or marks4 ,they then proceeded to the erection of a hut fifty feet by eighteen1 not getting much help from the ,bakhatlas1 who devolved such labors on the women1 but being greatly helped by the native deacon1 ,mebalwe4 ,all this ,livingstone and his companion had done on their own responsibility1 and in the hope that the ,directors would approve of it4 ,but if they did not1 he told them that he was at their disposal to go anywhere--provided it be ,,forward4 ,the progress of medical and scientific work during this period is noted in a letter to ,dr4 ,risdon ,bennett1 dated #cjth ,june1 #ahdc4 ,in addition to full details of the missionary work1 this letter enters largely into the state of disease in ,south ,africa1 and records some interesting cases1 medical and surgical4 ,still more interesting1 perhaps1 is the evidence it affords of the place in ,livingstone's attention which began to be occupied by three great subjects of which we shall hear much anon--,fever1 ,tsetse1 and the ,lake4 ,fever he considered the greatest barrier to the evangelization of ,africa4 ,tsetse1 an insect like a common fly1 destroyed horses and oxen1 so that many traders lost literally every ox in their team4 ,as for the ,lake1 it lay somewhat beyond the outskirts of his new district1 and was reported terrible for fever4 ,he heard that ,mr4 ,moffat intended to visit it1 but he was somewhat alarmed lest his friend should suffer4 ,it was not ,moffat1 but ,livingstone1 however1 that first braved the risks of that fever swamp4 ,a subject of special scientific interest to the missionary during this period was--the desiccation of ,africa4 ,on this topic he addressed a long letter to ,dr4 ,buckland in #ahdc1 of which1 considerably to his regret1 no public notice appears to have been taken1 and perhaps the letter never reached him4 ,the substance of this paper may1 however1 be gathered from a communication subsequently made to the ,royal ,geographical ,society#bj after his first impression had been confirmed by enlarged observation and discovery4 ,around1 and north of ,kuruman1 he had found many indications of a much larger supply of water in a former age4 ,he ascribed the desiccation to the gradual elevation of the western part of the country4 ,he found traces of a very large ancient river which flowed nearly north and south to a large lake1 including the bed of the present ,orange ,river2 in fact1 he believed that the whole country south of ,lake ',ngami presented in ancient times very much the same appearance as the basin north of that lake does now1 and that the southern lake disappeared when a fissure was made in the ridge through which the ,orange ,river now proceeds to the sea4 ,he could even indicate the spot where the river and the lake met1 for some hills there had caused an eddy in which was found a mound of calcareous tufa and travertine1 full of fossil bones4 ,these fossils he was most eager to examine1 in order to determine the time of the change2 but on his first visit he had no time1 and when he returned1 he was suddenly called away to visit a missionary's child1 a hundred miles off4 ,it happened that he was never in the same locality again1 and had therefore no opportunity to complete his investigation4 ,footnote #bj3 ,see ,journal1 vol4 xxvii4 p4 #cef4 ,dr4 ,livingstone's mind had that wonderful power which belongs to some men of the highest gifts1 of passing with the utmost rapidity1 not only from subject to subject1 but from one mood or key to another entirely different4 ,in a letter to his family1 written about this time1 we have a characteristic instance4 ,on one side of the sheet is a prolonged outburst of tender ,christian love and lamentation over a young attendant who had died of fever suddenly2 on the other side1 he gives a map of the ,bakhatla country with its rivers and mountains1 and is quite at home in the geographical details1 crowning his description with some sentimental and half-ludicrous lines of poetry4 ,no reasonable man will fancy that in the wailings of his heart there was any levity or want of sincerity4 ,what we are about to copy merits careful consideration3 first1 as evincing the depth and tenderness of his love for these black savages2 next1 as showing that it was pre-eminently ,christian love1 intensified by his vivid view of the eternal world1 and belief in ,christ as the only ,saviour2 and1 lastly1 as revealing the secret of the affection which these poor fellows bore to him in return4 ,the intensity of the scrutiny which he directs on his heart1 and the severity of the judgment which he seems to pass on himself1 as if he had not done all he might have done for the spiritual good of this young man1 show with what intense conscientiousness he tried to discharge his missionary duty3 ,poor ,sehamy1 where art thou now8 ,where lodges thy soul to-night8 ,didst thou think of what ,i told thee as thou turnedst from side to side in distress8 ,i could now do anything for thee4 ,i could weep for thy soul4 ,but now nothing can be done4 ,thy fate is fixed4 ,oh1 am ,i guilty of the blood of thy soul1 my poor dear ,sehamy8 ,if so1 how shall ,i look upon thee in the judgment8 ,but ,i told thee of a ,saviour2 didst thou think of ,him1 and did ,he lead thee through the dark valley8 ,did ,he comfort as ,he only can8 ,help me1 ,o ,lord ,jesus1 to be faithful to every one4 ,remember me1 and let me not be guilty of the blood of souls4 ,this poor young man was the leader of the party4 ,he governed the others1 and most attentive he was to me4 ,he anticipated my every want4 ,he kept the water-calabash at his head at night1 and if ,i awoke1 he was ready to give me a draught immediately4 ,when the meat was boiled he secured the best portion for me1 the best place for sleeping1 the best of everything4 ,oh1 where is he now8 ,he became ill after leaving a certain tribe1 and believed he had been poisoned4 ,another of the party and he ate of a certain dish given them by a woman whom they had displeased1 and having met this man yesterday he said1 ',sehamy is gone to heaven1 and ,i am almost dead by the poison given us by that woman4' ,i don't believe they took any poison1 but they do1 and their imaginations are dreadfully excited when they entertain that belief4 ,the same letter intimates that in case his family should have arranged to emigrate to ,america1 as he had formerly advised them to do1 he had sent home a bill of which #aj was to aid the emigration1 and #aj to be spent on clothes for himself4 ,in regard to the latter sum1 he now wished them to add it to the other1 so that his help might be more substantial2 and for himself he would make his old clothes serve for another year4 ,the emigration scheme1 which he thought would have added to the comfort of his parents and sisters1 was not1 however1 carried into effect4 ,the advice to his family to emigrate proceeded from deep convictions4 ,in a subsequent letter 7#dth ,december1 #ahej7 he writes3 ,if ,i could only be with you for a week1 you would goon be pushing on in the world4 ,the world is ours4 ,our ,father made it to be inhabited1 and many shall run to and fro1 and knowledge shall be increased4 ,it will be increased more by emigration than by missionaries4 ,he held it to be ,god's wish that the unoccupied parts of the earth should be possessed1 and he believed in ,christian colonization as a great means of spreading the gospel4 ,we shall see afterward that to plant ,english and ,scotch colonies in ,africa became one of his master ideas and favorite schemes4 ,,chapter ,,iv4 ,,first ,,two ,,stations--,,mabotsa ,,and ,,chonuane4 ,a4,d4 #ahdc-ahdg4 ,description of ,mabotsa--,a favorite hymn--,general reading--,mabotsa infested with lions--,livingstone's encounter--,the native deacon who saved him--,his ,sunday-school--,marriage to ,mary ,moffat--,work at ,mabotsa--,proposed institution for training native agents--,letter to his mother--,trouble at ,mabotsa--,noble sacrifice of ,livingstone--,goes to ,sechle and the ,bakwains--,new station at ,chonuane--,interest shown by ,sechle--,journeys eastward--,the ,boers and the ,transvaal--,their occupation of the country1 and treatment of the natives--,work among the ,bakwains--,livingstone's desire to move on--,theological conflict at home--,his view of it--,his scientific labors and miscellaneous employments4 ,describing what was to be his new home to his friend ,watt from ,kuruman1 #bgth ,september1 #ahdc1 ,livingstone says3 ,the ,bakhatla have cheerfully offered to remove to a more favorable position than they at present occupy4 ,we have fixed upon a most delightful valley1 which we hope to make the centre of our sphere of operations in the interior4 ,it is situated in what poetical gents like you would call almost an amphitheatre of mountains4 ,the mountain range immediately in the rear of the spot where we have fixed our residence is called ,mabotsa1 or a marriage-feast4 ,may the ,lord lift upon us the light of his countenance1 so that by our feeble instrumentality many may thence be admitted to the marriage-feast of the ,lamb4 ,the people are as raw as may well be imagined2 they have not the least desire but for the things of the earth1 and it must be a long time ere we can gain their attention to the things which are above4 ,something led him in his letter to ,mr4 ,watt to talk of the old monks1 and the spots they selected for their establishments4 ,he goes on to write lovingly of what was good in some of the old fathers of the medival ,church1 despite the strong feeling of many to the contrary2 indicating thus early the working of that catholic spirit which was constantly expanding in later years1 which could separate the good in any man from all its evil surroundings1 and think of it thankfully and admiringly4 ,in the following extract we get a glimpse of a range of reading much wider than most would probably have supposed likely3 ,who can read the sermons of ,st4 ,bernard1 the meditations of ,st4 ,augustine1 etc41 without saying1 whatever other faults they had3 ,they thirsted1 and now they are filled4 ,that hymn3 of ,st4 ,bernard1 on the name of ,christ1 although in what might he termed dog-,latin1 pleases me so2 it rings in my ears as ,i wander across the wide1 wide wilderness1 and makes me wish ,i was more like them-- ,jesu1 dulcis memoria1 ,jesu1 spes poenitentibus1 ,dans cordi vera gaudia2 ,quam pius es petentibus6 ,sed super mel et omnia1 ,quam bonus es qurentibus6 ,ejus dulcis prsentia4 ,sed quid invenientibus6 ,nil canitur suavius1 ,jesu1 dulcedo cordium1 ,nil auditur jucundius1 ,fons1 rivus1 lumen mentium1 ,nil cogitatur dulcius1 ,excedens omne gaudium1 ,quam ,jesus ,dei filius4 ,et omne desiderium4 ,livingstone was in the habit of fastening inside the boards of his journals1 or writing on the fly-leaf1 verses that interested him specially4 ,in one of these volumes this hymn is copied at full length4 ,in another we find a very yellow newspaper clipping of the ,song of the ,shirt4 ,in the same volume a clipping containing ,the ,bridge of ,sighs1 beginning ,one more unfortunate1 ,weary of breath1 ,rashly importunate1 ,gone to her death4 ,in another we have ,coleridge's lines3 ,he prayeth well who loveth well ,both man and bird and beast4 ,he prayeth best who loveth best ,all things both great and small2 ,for the dear ,god who loveth us1 ,he made and loveth all4 ,in another1 hardly legible on the marble paper1 we find3 ,so runs my dream3 but what am ,i8 ,an infant crying in the night2 ,an infant crying for the light3 ,and with no language but a cry4 ,all ,livingstone's personal friends testify that1 considering the state of banishment in which he lived1 his acquaintance with ,english literature was quite remarkable4 ,when a controversy arose in ,america as to the genuineness of his letters to the ,new ,york ,herald1 the familiarity of the writer with the poems of ,whittier was made an argument against him4 ,but ,livingstone knew a great part of the poetry of ,longfellow1 ,whittier1 and others by heart4 ,there was one drawback to the new locality3 it was infested with lions4 ,all the world knows the story of the encounter at ,mabotsa1 which was so near ending ,livingstone's career1 when the lion seized him by the shoulder1 tore his flesh1 and crushed his bone4 ,nothing in all ,livingstone's history took more hold of the popular imagination1 or was more frequently inquired about when he came home#ba4 ,by a kind of miracle his life was saved1 but the encounter left him lame for life of the arm which the lion crunched#bb4 ,but the world generally does not know that ,mebalwe1 the native who was with him1 and who saved his life by diverting the lion when his paw was on his head1 was the teacher whom ,mrs4 ,m',robert's twelve pounds had enabled him to employ4 ,little did the good woman think that this offering would indirectly be the means of preserving the life of ,livingstone for the wonderful work of the next thirty years6 ,when1 on being attacked by ,mebalwe1 the lion left ,livingstone1 and sprang upon him1 he bit his thigh1 then dashed toward another man1 and caught him by the shoulder1 when in a moment1 the previous shots taking effect1 he fell down dead4 ,sir ,bartle ,frere1 in his obituary notice of ,livingstone read to the ,royal ,geographical ,society1 remarked3 ,for thirty years afterward all his labors and adventures1 entailing such exertion and fatigue1 were undertaken with a limb so maimed that it was painful for him to raise a fowling-piece1 or in fact to place the left arm in any position above the level of the shoulder4 ,footnote #ba3 ,he did not speak of it spontaneously1 and sometimes he gave unexpected answers to questions put to him about it4 ,to one person who asked very earnestly what were his thoughts when the lion was above him1 he answered1 ,i was thinking what part of me he would eat first--a grotesque thought1 which some persons considered strange in so good a man1 but which was quite in accordance with human experience in similar circumstances4 ,footnote #bb3 ,the false joint in the crushed arm was the mark by which the body of ,livingstone was identified when brought home by his followers in #ahgc4 ,in his ,missionary ,travels ,livingstone says that but for the importunities of his friends1 he meant to have kept this story in store to tell his children in his dotage4 ,how little he made of it at the time will be seen from the following allusion to it in a letter to his father1 dated #bgth ,july1 #ahdd4 ,after telling how the attacks of the lions drew the people of ,mabotsa away from the irrigating operations he was engaged in1 he says3 ,at last1 one of the lions destroyed nine sheep in broad daylight on a hill just opposite our house4 ,all the people immediately ran over to it1 and1 contrary to my custom1 ,i imprudently went with them1 in order to see how they acted1 and encourage them to destroy him4 ,they surrounded him several times1 but he managed to break through the circle4 ,i then got tired4 ,in coming home ,i had to come near to the end of the hill4 ,they were then close upon the lion and had wounded him4 ,he rushed out from the bushes which concealed him from view1 and bit me on the arm so as to break the bone4 ,it is now nearly well1 however1 feeling weak only from having been confined in one position so long2 and ,i ought to praise ,him who delivered me from so great a danger4 ,i hope ,i shall never forget his mercy4 ,you need not be sorry for me1 for long before this reaches you it will be quite as strong as ever it was4 ,gratitude is the only feeling we ought to have in remembering the event4 ,do not mention this to any one4 ,i do not like to be talked about4 ,in a letter to the ,directors1 ,livingstone briefly adverts to ,mebalwe's service on this occasion1 but makes it a peg on which to hang some strong remarks on that favorite topic--the employment of native agency3 ,our native assistant ,mebalwe has been of considerable value to the ,mission4 ,in endeavoring to save my life he nearly lost his own1 for he was caught and wounded severely1 but both before being laid aside1 and since his recovery1 he has shown great willingness to be useful4 ,the cheerful manner in which he engages with us in manual labor in the station1 and his affectionate addresses to his countrymen1 are truly gratifying4 ,mr4 ,e4 took him to some of the neighboring villages lately1 in order to introduce him to his work2 and ,i intend to depart to-morrow for the same purpose to several of the villages situated northeast of this4 ,in all there may be a dozen considerable villages situated at convenient distances around us1 and we each purpose to visit them statedly4 ,it would be an immense advantage to the cause had we many such agents4 ,another proof that his pleas for native agency1 published in some of the ,missionary ,magazines1 were telling at home1 was the receipt of a contribution for the employment of a native helper1 amounting to #ae1 from a ,sunday-school in ,southampton4 ,touched with this proof of youthful sympathy1 ,livingstone addressed a long letter of thanks to the ,southampton teachers and children1 desiring to deepen their interest in the work1 and concluding with an account of his ,sunday-school3 ,i yesterday commenced school for the first time at ,mabotsa1 and the poor little naked things came with fear and trembling4 ,a native teacher assisted1 and the chief collected as many of them as he could1 or ,i believe we should have had none4 ,the reason is1 the women make us the hobgoblins of their children1 telling them 'these white men bite children1 feed them with dead men's brains1 and all manner of nonsense4 ,we are just commencing our mission among them4 ,a new star now appeared in ,livingstone's horizon1 destined to give a brighter complexion to his life1 and a new illustration to the name ,mabotsa4 ,till this year 7#ahdd7 he had steadily repudiated all thoughts of marriage1 thinking it better to be independent4 ,nor indeed had he met with any one to induce him to change his mind4 ,writing in the end of #ahdc to his friend ,watt1 he had said3 ,there's no outlet for me when ,i begin to think of getting married but that of sending home an advertisement to the ,evangelical ,magazine1 and if ,i get very old1 it must be for some decent sort of widow4 ,in the meantime ,i am too busy to think of any thing of the kind4 ,but soon after the ,moffats came back from ,england to ,kuruman1 their eldest daughter ,mary rapidly effected a revolution in ,livingstone's ideas of matrimony4 ,they became engaged4 ,in announcing his approaching marriage to the ,directors1 he makes it plain that he had carefully considered the bearing which this step might have on his usefulness as a missionary4 ,no doubt if he had foreseen the very extraordinary work to which he was afterwards to be called1 he might have come to a different conclusion4 ,but now1 apparently1 he was fixed and settled4 ,mabotsa would become a centre from which native missionary agents would radiate over a large circumference4 ,his own life-work would resemble ,mr4 ,moffat's4 ,for influencing the women and children of such a place1 a ,christian lady was indispensable1 and who so likely to do it well as one born in ,africa1 the daughter of an eminent and honored missionary1 herself familiar with missionary life1 and gifted with the winning manner and the ready helping hand that were so peculiarly adapted for this work8 ,the case was as clear as possible1 and ,livingstone was very happy4 ,on his way home from ,kuruman1 after the engagement1 he writes to her cheerily from ,motito1 on #ast ,august1 #ahdd1 chiefly about the household they were soon to get up2 asking her to get her father to order some necessary articles1 and to write to ,colesberg about the marriage-license 7and if he did not get it1 they would license themselves671 and concluding thus3 ,and now1 my dearest1 farewell4 ,may ,god bless you6 ,let your affection be towards ,him much more than towards me2 and1 kept by his mighty power and grace1 ,i hope ,i shall never give you cause to regret that you have given me a part4 ,whatever friendship we feel towards each other1 let us always look to ,jesus as our common friend and guide1 and may ,he shield you with his everlasting arms from every evil6 ,next month he writes from ,mabotsa with full accounts of the progress of their house1 of which he was both architect and builder3 ,mabotsa1 #abth ,september1 #ahdd4--;,i must tell you of the progress ,i have made in architecture4 ,the walls are nearly finished1 although the dimensions are #eb feet by #bj outside1 or almost the same size as the house in which you now reside4 ,i began with stone1 but when it was breast-high1 ,i was obliged to desist from my purpose to build it entirely of that material by an accident1 which1 slight as it was1 put a stop to my operations in that line4 ,a stone failing was stupidly1 or rather instinctively1 caught by me in its fall by the left hand1 and it nearly broke my arm over again4 ,it swelled up again1 and ,i fevered so much ,i was glad of a fire1 although the weather was quite warm4 ,i expected bursting and discharge1 but ,baba bound it up nicely1 and a few days' rest put all to rights4 ,i then commenced my architecture1 and six days have brought the walls up a little more than six feet4 ,the walls will be finished long before you receive this1 and ,i suppose the roof too1 but ,i have still the wood of the roof to seek4 ,it is not1 however1 far off2 and as ,mr4 ,e4 and ,i1 with the ,kurumanites1 got on the roof of the school in a week1 ,i hope this will not be more than a fortnight or three weeks4 ,baba has been most useful to me in making door and window frames2 indeed1 if he had not turned out ,i should not have been advanced so far as ,i am4 ,mr4 ,e4's finger is the cause in part of my having no aid from him1 but all will come right at last4 ,it is pretty hard work1 and almost enough to drive love out of my head1 but it is not situated there2 it is in my heart1 and won't come out unless you behave so as to quench it6444 ,you must try and get a maid of some sort to come with although it is only old ,moyimang2 you can't go without some one1 and a ,makhatla can't be had for either love or money4444 ,you must excuse soiled paper1 my hands won't wash clean after dabbling mud all day4 ,and although the above does not contain evidence of it1 you are as dear to me as ever1 and will be as long as our lives are spared4--,i am still your most affectionate ,d4 ,,livingston4 ,a few weeks later he writes3 ,as ,i am favored with another opportunity to ,kuruman1 ,i gladly embrace it1 and wish ,i could embrace you at the same time2 but as ,i cannot1 ,i must do the next best to it1 and while ,i give you the good news that our work is making progress1 and of course the time of our separation becoming beautifully less1 ,i am happy in the hope that1 by the messenger who now goes1 ,i shall receive the good news that you are well and happy1 and remembering me with some of that affection which we bear to each other4444 ,all goes on pretty well here2 the school is sometimes well1 sometimes ill attended4 ,i begin to like it1 and ,i once believed ,i could never have any pleasure in such employment4 ,i had a great objection to school-keeping1 but ,i find in that as in almost everything else ,i set myself to as a matter of duty1 ,i soon became enamored of it4 ,a boy came three times last week1 and on the third time could act as monitor to the rest through a great portion of the alphabet4 ,he is a real ,mokhatla1 but ,i have lost sight of him again4 ,if ,i get them on a little1 ,i shall translate some of your infant-school hymns into ,sichuana rhyme1 and you may yet1 if you have time1 teach them the tunes to them4 ,i1 poor mortal1 am as mute as a fish in regard to singing1 and ,mr4 ,englis says ,i have not a bit of imagination4 ,mebalwe teaches them the alphabet in the 'auld lang syne' tune sometimes1 and ,i heard it sung by some youths in the gardens yesterday--a great improvement over their old see-saw tunes indeed4 ,sometimes we have twenty1 sometimes two1 sometimes none at all4 ,give my love to ,a41 and tell her to be sure to keep my lecture warm4 ,she must not be vexed with herself1 that she was not more frank to me4 ,if she is now pleased1 all is right4 ,i have sisters1 and know all of you have your failings1 but ,i won't love you less for these4 ,and to mother1 too1 give my kindest salutation4 ,i suppose ,i shall get a lecture from her1 too1 about the largeness of the house4 ,if there are too many windows1 she can just let me know4 ,i could build them all up in two days1 and let the light come down the chimney1 if that would please4 ,i'll do anything for peace1 except fighting for it4 ,and now ,i must again1 my dear1 dear ,mary1 bid you good-bye4 ,accept my expressions as literally true when ,i say1 ,i am your most affectionate and still confiding lover1 ,d4 ,,livingston4 ,in due time the marriage was solemnized1 and ,livingstone brought his wife to ,mabotsa4 ,here they went vigorously to work1 ,mrs4 ,livingstone with her infant-school1 and her husband with all the varied agencies1 medical1 educational1 and pastoral1 which his active spirit could bring to bear upon the people4 ,they were a very superstitious race1 and1 among other things1 had great faith in rain-making4 ,livingstone had a famous encounter with one of their rain-makers1 the effect of which1 was that the pretender was wholly nonplused2 but instead of being convinced of the absurdity of their belief1 the people were rather disposed to think that the missionaries did not want them to get rain4 ,some of them were workers in iron1 who carried their superstitious notions into that department of life1 too1 believing that the iron could be smelted only by the power of medicines1 and that those who had not the proper medicine need not attempt the work4 ,in the hope of breaking down these absurdities1 ,livingstone planned a course of popular lectures on the works of ,god in creation and providence1 to be carried out in the following way3 ,i intend to commence with the goodness-of ,god in giving iron ore1 by giving1 if ,i can1 a general knowledge of the simplicity of the substance1 and endeavoring to disabuse their minds of the idea which prevents them1 in general1 from reaping the benefit of that mineral which abounds in their country4 ,i intend1 also1 to pay more attention to the children of the few believers we have with us as a class1 for whom1 as baptized ones1 we are bound especially to care4 ,may the ,lord enable me to fulfill my resolutions6 ,i have now the happy prospect before me of real missionary work4 ,all that has preceded has been preparatory4 ,all this time ,livingstone had been cherishing his plan of a training seminary for native agents4 ,he had written a paper and brought the matter before the missionaries1 but without success4 ,some opposed the scheme fairly1 as being premature1 while some insinuated that his object was to stand well with the ,directors1 and get himself made ,professor4 ,this last objection induced him to withdraw his proposal4 ,he saw that in his mode of prosecuting the matter he had not been very knowing2 it would have been better to get some of the older brethren to adopt it4 ,he feared that his zeal had injured the cause he desired to benefit1 and in writing to his friend ,watt1 he said that for months he felt bitter grief1 and could never think of the subject without a pang#bc4 ,footnote #bc3 ,dr4 ,moffat favored the scheme of a training seminary1 and when he came home afterward1 helped to raise a large sum of money for the purpose4 ,he was strongly of opinion that the institution should be built at ,sechle's2 but1 contrary to his view1 and that of ,livingstone1 it has been placed at ,kuruman4 ,a second time he brought forward his proposal1 but again without success4 ,was he then to be beaten8 ,far from it4 ,he would change his tactics1 however4 ,he would first set himself to show what could be done by native efforts2 he would travel about1 wherever he found a road1 and after inquiries1 settle native agents far and wide4 ,the plan had only to be tried1 under ,god's blessing1 to succeed4 ,here again we trace the ,providence that shaped his career4 ,had his wishes been carried into effect1 he might have spent his life training native agents1 and doing undoubtedly a noble work3 but he would not have traversed ,africa2 he would not have given its death-blow to ,african slavery2 he would not have closed the open sore of the world1 nor rolled away the great obstacle to the evangelization of the ,continent4 ,some glimpses of his ,mabotsa life may be got from a letter to his mother 7#adth ,may1 #ahde74 ,usually his letters for home were meant for the whole family and addressed accordingly2 but with a delicacy of feeling1 which many will appreciate1 he wrote separately to his mother after a little experience of married life3 ,i often think of you1 and perhaps more frequently since ,i got married than before4 ,only yesterday ,i said to my wife1 when ,i thought of the nice clean bed ,i enjoy now1 ',you put me in mind of my mother2 she was always particular about our beds and linen4 ,i had had rough times of it before4'444 ,i cannot perceive that the attentions paid to my father-in-law at home have spoiled him4 ,he is1 of course1 not the same man he formerly must have been1 for he now knows the standing he has among the friends of ,christ at home4 ,but the plaudits he received have had a bad effect1 and tho' not on his mind1 yet on that of his fellow-laborers4 ,you1 perhaps1 cannot understand this1 but so it is4 ,if one man is praised1 others think this is more than is deserved1 and that they1 too 7'others1' they say1 while they mean themselves71 ought to have a share4 ,perhaps you were gratified to see my letters quoted in the ,chronicle4 ,in some minds they produced bitter envy1 and if it were in my power1 ,i should prevent the publication of any in future4 ,but all is in the ,lord's hands2 on ,him ,i cast my care4 ,his testimony ,i receive as it stands--,he careth for us4 ,yes1 ,he does2 for ,he says it1 who is every way worthy of credit4 ,he will give what is good for me4 ,he will see to it that all things work together for good4 ,do thou for me1 ,o ,lord ,god ,almighty6 ,may his blessing rest on you1 my dear mother4444 ,i received the box from ,mr4 ,d4 ,the clothes are all too wide by four inches at least4 ,does he think that aldermen grow in ,africa8 ,mr4 ,n41 too1 fell into the same fault1 but he will be pleased to know his boots will be worn by a much better man--,mr4 ,moffat4 ,i am not an atom thicker than when you saw me4444 ,respecting the mission here1 we can say nothing4 ,the people have not the smallest love to the gospel of ,jesus4 ,they hate and fear it1 as a revolutionary spirit is disliked by the old ,tories4 ,it appears to them as that which1 if not carefully guarded against1 will seduce them1 and destroy their much-loved domestic institutions4 ,no pro-slavery man in the ,southern ,states dreads more the abolition principles than do the ,bakhatla the innovations of the ,word of ,god4 ,nothing but power ,divine can work the mighty change4 ,unhappily ,mr4 and ,mrs4 ,livingstone's residence at ,mabotsa was embittered by a painful collision with the missionary who had taken part in rearing the station4 ,livingstone was accused of acting unfairly by him1 of assuming to himself more than his due1 and attempts were made to discredit him1 both among the missionaries and the ,directors4 ,it was a very painful ordeal1 and ,livingstone felt it keenly4 ,he held the accusation to be unjust1 as most people will hold it to have been who know that one of the charges against him was that he was a non-entity6 ,a tone of indignation pervades his letters3--that after having borne the heat and burden of the day1 he should be accused of claiming for himself the credit due to one who had done so little in comparison4 ,but the noble spirit of ,livingstone rose to the occasion4 ,rather than have any scandal before the heathen1 he would give up his house and garden at ,mabotsa1 with all the toil and money they had cost him1 go with his young bride to some other place1 and begin anew the toil of house and school building1 and gathering the people around him4 ,his colleague was so struck with his generosity that he said had he known his intention he never would have spoken a word against him4 ,livingstone had spent all his money1 and out of a salary of a hundred pounds it was not easy to build a house every other year4 ,but he stuck to his resolution4 ,parting with his garden evidently cost him a pang1 especially when he thought of the tasteless hands into which it was to fall4 ,i like a garden1 he wrote1 but paradise will make amends for all our privations and sorrows here4 ,self-denial was a firmly established habit with him2 and the passion of moving on was warm in his blood4 ,mabotsa did not thrive after ,livingstone left it1 but the brother with whom he had the difference lived to manifest a very different spirit4 ,in some of his journeys1 ,livingstone had come into close contact with the tribe of the ,bakwains1 which1 on the murder of their chief1 some time before1 had been divided into two1 one part under ,bubi1 already referred to1 and the other under ,sechle1 son of the murdered chief1 also already introduced4 ,both of these chiefs had shown much regard for ,livingstone1 and on the death of ,bubi1 ,sechle and his people indicated a strong wish that a missionary should reside among them4 ,on leaving ,mabotsa1 ,livingstone transferred his services to this tribe4 ,the name of the pew station was ,chonuane2 it was situated some forty miles from ,mabotsa1 and in #ahdf it became the centre of ,livingstone's operations among the ,bakwains and their chief ,sechle4 ,livingstone had been disappointed with the result of his work among the ,bakhatlas4 ,no doubt much good had been done2 he had prevented several wars2 but where were the conversions#bd8 ,on leaving he found that he had made more impressions on them than he had supposed4 ,they were most unwilling to lose him1 offered to do anything in their power for his comfort1 and even when his oxen were inspanned and he was on the point of moving1 they offered to build a new house without expense to him in some other place1 if only he would not leave them4 ,in a financial point of view1 the removal to ,chonuane was a serious undertaking4 ,he had to apply to the ,directors at home for a building-grant--only thirty pounds1 but there were not wanting objectors even to that small sum4 ,it was only in self-vindication that he was constrained to tell of the hardships which his family had borne2-- ,footnote #bd3 ,when some of ,livingstone's new light friends heard that there were so few conversions1 they seem to have thought that he was too much of an old ,calvinist1 and wrote to him to preach that the remedy was as extensive as the disease--,christ loved you1 and gave himself for you4 ,you may think me heretical1 replied he1 but we don't need to make the extent of the atonement the main topic of our preaching4 ,we preach to men who don't know but they are beasts1 who have no idea of ,god as a personal agent1 or of sin as evil1 otherwise than as an offense against each other1 which may or may not be punished by the party offended4444 ,their consciences are seared1 and moral perceptions blunted4 ,their memories retain scarcely anything we teach them1 and so low have they sunk that the plainest text in the whole ,bible cannot be understood by them4 ,we endured for a long while1 using a wretched infusion of native corn for coffee1 but when our corn was done1 we were fairly obliged to go to ,kuruman for supplies4 ,i can bear what other ,europeans would consider hunger and thirst without any inconvenience1 but when we arrived1 to hear the old woman who had seen my wife depart about two years before1 exclaiming before the door1 ',bless me6 how lean she is6 ,has he starved her8 ,is there no food in the country to which she has been8' was more than ,i could well bear4 ,from the first1 ,sechle showed an intelligent interest in ,livingstone's preaching4 ,he became a great reader especially of the ,bible1 and lamented very bitterly that he had got involved in heathen customs1 and now did not know what to do with his wives4 ,at one time he expressed himself quite willing to convert all his people to ,christianity by the litupa1 i4e4 whips of rhinoceros hide2 but when he came to understand better1 he lamented that while he could make his people do anything else he liked1 he could not get one of them to believe4 ,he began family worship1 and ,livingstone was surprised to hear how well he conducted prayer in his own simple and beautiful style4 ,when he was baptized1 after a profession of three years1 he sent away his superfluous wives in a kindly and generous way2 but all their connections became active and bitter enemies of the gospel1 and the conversion of ,sechle1 instead of increasing the congregation1 reduced it so much that sometimes the chief and his family were almost the only persons present4 ,a bell-man of a somewhat peculiar order was once employed to collect the people for service--a tall gaunt fellow4 ,up he jumped on a sort of platform1 and shouted at the top of his voice1 ',knock that woman down over there4 ,strike her1 she is putting on her pot6 ,do you see that one hiding herself8 ,give her a good blow4 ,there she is--see1 see1 knock her down6' ,all the women ran to the place of meeting in no time1 for each thought herself meant4 ,but1 though a most efficient bell-man1 we did not like to employ him4 ,while residing at ,chonuane1 ,livingstone performed two journeys eastward1 in order to attempt the removal of certain obstacles to the establishment of at least one of his native teachers in that direction4 ,this brought him into connection with the ,dutch ,boers of the ,cashan mountains1 otherwise called ,magaliesberg4 ,the ,boers were emigrants from the ,cape1 who had been dissatisfied with the ,british rule1 and especially with the emancipation of their ,hottentot slaves1 and had created for themselves a republic in the north 7the ,transvaal71 in order that they might pursue1 unmolested1 the proper treatment of the blacks4 ,it is almost needless to add1 says ,livingstone1 that proper treatment has always contained in it the essential element of slavery1 viz41 compulsory unpaid labor4 ,the ,boers had effected the expulsion of ,mosilikatse1 a savage ,zulu warrior1 and in return for this service they considered themselves sole masters of the soil4 ,while still engaged in the erection of his dwelling-house at ,chonuane1 ,livingstone received notes from the ,commandant and ,council of the emigrants1 requesting an explanation of his intentions1 and an intimation that they had resolved to come and deprive ,sechle of his fire-arms4 ,about the same time he received several very friendly messages and presents from ,mokhatla1 chief of a large section of the ,bakhatla1 who lived about four days eastward of his station1 and had once1 while ,livingstone was absent1 paid a visit to ,chonuane1 and expressed satisfaction with the idea of obtaining ,paul1 a native convert1 as his teacher4 ,as soon as his house was habitable1 ,livingstone proceeded to the eastward1 to visit ,mokhatla1 and to confer with the ,boers4 ,on his way to ,mokhatla he was surprised at the unusual density of the population1 giving him the opportunity of preaching the gospel at least once every day4 ,the chief1 ,mokhatla1 whose people were quiet and industrious1 was eager to get a missionary1 but said that an arrangement must be made with the ,dutch commandant4 ,this involved some delay4 ,livingstone then returned to ,chonuane1 finished the erection of a school there1 and setting systematic instruction fairly in operation under ,paul and his son1 ,isaac1 again went eastward1 accompanied this time by ,mrs4 ,livingstone and their infant son1 ,robert ,moffat#be--;all the three being in indifferent health4 ,mebalwe1 the catechist1 was also with them4 ,taking a different route1 they came on another ,bakhatla tribe1 whose country abounded in metallic ores1 and who1 besides cultivating their fields1 span cotton1 smelted iron1 copper1 and tin1 made an alloy of tin and copper1 and manufactured ornaments4 ,livingstone had constantly an eye to the industries and commercial capabilities of the countries he passed through4 ,social reform was certainly much needed here2 for the chief1 though not twenty years of age1 had already forty-eight wives and twenty children4 ,they heard of another tribe1 said to excel all others in manufacturing skill1 and having the honorable distinction1 they had never been known to kill any one4 ,this lily among thorns they were unable to visit4 ,three tribes of ,bakhalaka whom they did visit were at continual war4 ,footnote #be3 ,he wrote to his father that he would have called him ,neil1 if it had not been such an ugly name1 and all the people would have called him ,ra-,neeley6 ,deriving his information from the ,boers themselves1 ,livingstone learned that they had taken possession of nearly all the fountains1 so that the natives lived in the country only by sufferance4 ,the chiefs were compelled to furnish the emigrants with as much free labor as they required4 ,this was in return for the privilege of living in the country of the ,boers6 ,the absence of law left the natives open to innumerable wrongs which the better-disposed of the emigrants lamented1 but could not prevent4 ,livingstone found that the forcible seizure of cattle was a common occurrence1 but another custom was even worse4 ,when at war1 the ,dutch forced natives to assist them1 and sent them before them into battle1 to encounter the battle-axes of their opponents1 while the ,dutch fired in safety at their enemies over the heads of their native allies4 ,of course all the disasters of the war fell on the natives2 the ,dutch had only the glory and the spoil4 ,such treatment of the natives burned into the very soul of ,livingstone4 ,he was specially distressed at the purpose expressed to pick a quarrel with ,sechle1 for whatever the emigrants might say of other tribes1 they could not but admit that the ,bechuanas had been always an honest and peaceable people4 ,when ,livingstone met the ,dutch commandant he received favorably his proposal of a native missionary1 but another obstacle arose4 ,near the proposed station lived a ,dutch emigrant who had shown himself the inveterate enemy of missions4 ,he had not scrupled to say that the proper way to treat any native missionary was to kill him4 ,livingstone was unwilling to plant ,mebalwe beside so bloodthirsty a neighbor99997spelling871 and as he had not time to1 go to him1 and try to bring him to a better mind1 and there was plenty of work to be done at the station1 they all returned to ,chonuane4 ,we have now1 says ,livingstone 7,march1 #ahdg71 been a little more than a year with the ,bakwains4 ,no conversions have taken place1 but real progress has been made4 ,he adverts to the way in which the ,sabbath was observed1 no work being done by the natives in the gardens that day1 and hunting being suspended4 ,their superstitious belief in rain-maiking had got a blow4 ,there was a real desire for knowledge1 though hindered by the prevailing famine caused by the want of rain4 ,there was also a general impression among the people that the missionaries were their friends4 ,but civilization apart from conversion would be but a poor recompense for their labor4 ,but1 whatever success might attend their work among the ,bakwains1 ,livingstone's soul was soaring beyond them3 ,i am more and more convinced1 he writes to the ,directors1 that in order to the permanent settlement of the gospel in any part1 the natives must be taught to relinquish their reliance on ,europe4 ,an onward movement ought to be made whether men will hear or whether they will forbear4 ,i tell my ,bakwains that if spared ten years1 ,i shall move on to regions beyond them4 ,if our missions would move onward now to those regions ,i have lately visited1 they would in all probability prevent the natives settling into that state of determined hatred to all ,europeans which ,i fear now characterizes most of the ,caffres near the ,colony4 ,if natives are not elevated by contact with ,europeans1 they are sure to be deteriorated4 ,it is with pain ,i have observed that all the tribes ,i have lately seen are undergoing the latter process4 ,the country is fine4 ,it abounds in streams1 and has many considerable rivers4 ,the ,boers hate missionaries1 but by a kind and prudent course of conduct one can easily manage them4 ,medicines are eagerly received1 and ,i intend to procure a supply of ,dutch tracts for distribution among them4 ,the natives who have been in subjection to ,mosilikatse place unbounded confidence in missionaries4 ,in his letters to friends at home1 whatever topic ,livingstone may touch1 we see evidence of one over-mastering idea--the vastness of ,africa1 and the duty of beginning a new area of enterprise to reach its people4 ,among his friends the ,scotch ,congregationalists1 there had been a keen controversy on some points of ,calvinism4 ,livingstone did not like it2 he was not a high ,calvinist theoretically1 yet he could not accept the new views1 from a secret feeling of being absolutely at the divine disposal as a sinner2 but these were theoretical questions1 and with dark ,africa around him1 he did not see why the brethren at home should split on them4 ,missionary influence in ,south ,africa was directed in a wrong channel4 ,there were three times too many missionaries in the colony1 and vast regions beyond lay untouched4 ,he wrote to ,mr4 ,watt3 ,if you meet me down in the colony before eight years are expired1 you may shoot me4 ,of his employments and studies he gives the following account3 ,i get the ,evangelical1 ,scottish ,congregational1 ,eclectic1 ,lancet1 ,british and ,foreign ,medical ,review4 ,i can read in journeying1 but little at home4 ,building1 gardening1 cobbling1 doctoring1 tinkering1 carpentering1 gun-mending1 farriering1 wagon-mending1 preaching1 schooling1 lecturing on physics according to my means1 beside a chair in divinity to a class of three1 fill up my time4 ,with all his other work1 he was still enthusiastic in science4 ,i have written ,professor ,buckland1 he says to ,mr4 ,watt 7,may1 #ahde71 and send him specimens too1 but have not received any answer4 ,i have a great lot by me now4 ,i don't know whether he received my letter or not4 ,could you ascertain8 ,i am trying to procure specimens of the entire geology of this region1 and will try and make a sort of chart4 ,i am taking double specimens now1 so that if one part is lost1 ,i can send another4 ,the great difficulty is transmission4 ,i sent a dissertation on the decrease of water in ,africa4 ,call on ,professor ,owen and ask if he wants anything in the four jars ,i still possess1 of either rhinoceros1 camelopard1 etc41 etc4 ,if he wants these1 or anything else these jars will hold1 he must send me more jars and spirits of wine4 ,he afterward heard of the fate of one of the boxes of specimens he had sent home--that which contained the fossils of ,bootchap4 ,it was lost on the railway after reaching ,england1 in custody of a friend4 ,the thief thought the box contained bullion1 no doubt4 ,you may think of one of the faces in ,punch as that of the scoundrel1 when he found in the box a lot of 'chuckystanes4' ,he had got many nocturnal-feeding1 animals1 but the heat made it very difficult to preserve them4 ,many valuable seeds he had sent to ,calcutta1 with the nuts of the desert1 but had heard nothing of them4 ,he had lately got knowledge of a root to which the same virtues were attached as to ergot of rye4 ,he tells his friend about the tsetse1 the fever1 the north wind1 and other ,african notabilia4 ,these and many other interesting points of information are followed up by the significant question-- ,who will penetrate through ,africa8 ,,chapter ,v4 ,third ,station--,kolobeng4 ,a4,d4 #ahdg-aheb4 ,want of rain at ,chonuane--,removal to ,kolobeng--,house-building and public works--,hopeful prospects--,letters to ,mr4 ,watt1 his sister1 and ,dr4 ,bennett--,the church at ,kolobeng--,pure communion--,conversion of ,sechle--,letter from his brother ,charles--,his history--,livingstone's relations with the ,boers--,he cannot get native teachers planted in the ,east--,resolves to explore northwards--,extracts from ,journal--,scarcity of water--,wild animals and other risks--,custom-house robberies and annoyances--,visit from ,secretary of ,london ,missionary ,society--,manifold employments of ,livingstone--,studies in ,sichuana--,his reflection on this period of his life while detained at ,manyuema in #ahgj4 ,the residence of the ,livingstones at ,chonuane was of short continuance4 ,the want of rain was fatal to agriculture1 and about equally fatal to the mission4 ,it was necessary to remove to a neighborhood where water could be obtained4 ,the new locality chosen was on the banks of the river ,kolobeng1 about forty miles distant from ,chonuane4 ,in a letter to the ,royal ,geographical ,society1 his early and warm friend and fellow-traveler1 ,mr4 ,oswell1 thus describes ,kolobeng3 ,the town stands in naked 'deformity on the side of and under a ridge of red ironstone2 the mission-house on a little rocky eminence over the river ,kolobeng4 ,livingstone had pointed out to the chief that the only feasible way of watering the gardens was to select some good never-failing river1 make a canal1 and irrigate the adjacent lands4 ,the wonderful influence which he had acquired was apparent from the fact that the very morning after he told them of his intention to move to the ,kolobeng1 the whole tribe was in motion for the flitting4 ,livingstone had to set to work at his old business--building a house--the third which he had reared with his own hands4 ,it was a mere hut--for a permanent house he had to wait a year4 ,the natives1 of course1 had their huts to rear and their gardens to prepare2 but1 besides this1 ,livingstone set them to public works4 ,for irrigating their gardens1 a dam had to be dug and a water-course scooped out2 sixty-five of the younger men dug the dam1 and forty of the older made the water-course4 ,the erection of the school was undertaken by the chief ,sechle3 ,i desire1 he said1 to build a house for ,god1 the defender of my town1 and that you be at no expense for it whatever4 ,two hundred of his people were employed in this work4 ,livingstone had hardly had time to forget his building troubles at ,mabotsa and ,chonuane1 when he began this new enterprise4 ,but he was in much better spirits1 much more hopeful than he had been4 ,writing to ,mr4 ,watt on #acth ,february1 #ahdh1 he says3-- ,all our meetings are good compared to those we had at ,mabotsa1 and some of them admit of no comparison whatever4 ,ever since we moved1 we have been incessantly engaged in manual labor4 ,we have endeavored1 as far as possible1 to carry on systematic instruction at the same time1 but have felt it very hard pressure on our energies4444 ,our daily labors are in the following sort of order3 ,we get up as soon as we can1 generally with the sun in summer1 then have family worship1 breakfast1 and school2 and as soon as these are over we begin the manual operations needed1 sowing1 ploughing1 smithy work1 and every other sort of work by turns as required4 ,my better-half is employed all the morning in culinary or other work2 and feeling pretty well tired by dinner-time1 we take about two hours' rest then2 but more frequently1 without the respite ,i try to secure for myself1 she goes off to hold infant-school1 and this1 ,i am happy to say1 is very popular with the youngsters4 ,she sometimes has eighty1 but the average may be sixty4 ,my manual labors are continued till about five o'clock4 ,i then go into the town to give lessons and talk to any one who may be disposed for it4 ,as soon as the cows are milked we have a meeting1 and this is followed by a prayer-meeting in ,sechles house1 which brings me home about half-past eight1 and generally tired enough1 too fatigued to think of any mental exertion4 ,i do not enumerate these duties by way of telling how much we do1 but to let you know a cause of sorrow ,i have that so little of my time is devoted to real missionary work4 ,first there was a temporary house to be built1 then a permanent one1 and ,livingstone was not exempted from the casualties of mechanics4 ,once he found himself dangling from a beam by his weak arm4 ,another time he had a fall from the roof4 ,a third time he cut himself severely with an axe4 ,working on the roof in the sun1 his lips got all scabbed and broken4 ,if he mentions such things to ,dr4 ,bennett or other friend1 it is either in the way of illustrating some medical point or to explain how he had never found time to take the latitude of his station till he was stopped working by one of these accidents4 ,at best it was weary work4 ,two days ago1 he writes to his sister ,janet 7#eth ,july1 #ahdh71 we entered our new house4 ,what a mercy to be in a house again6 ,a year in a little hut through which the wind blew our candles into glorious icicles 7as a poet would say7 by night1 and in which crowds of flies continually settled on the eyes of our poor little brats by day1 makes us value our present castle4 ,oh1 ,janet1 know thou1 if thou art given to building castles in the air1 that that is easy work to erecting cottages on the ground4 ,he could not quite forget that it was unfair treatment that had driven him from ,mabotsa1 and involved him in these labors4 ,i often think1 he writes to ,dr4 ,bennett1 ,i have forgiven1 as ,i hope to be forgiven2 but the remembrance of slander often comes boiling up1 although ,i hate to think of it4 ,you must remember me in your prayers1 that more of the spirit of ,christ may be imparted to me4 ,all my plans of mental culture have been broken through by manual labor4 ,i shall soon1 however1 be obliged to give my son and daughter a jog along the path to learning4444 ,your family increases1 very fast1 and ,i fear we follow in your wake4 ,i cannot realize the idea of your sitting with four around you1 and ,i can scarcely believe myself to be so far advanced as to be the father of two4 ,livingstone never expected the work of real ,christianity to advance rapidly among the ,bakwains4 ,they were a slow people and took long to move4 ,but it was not his desire to have a large church of nominal adherents4 ,nothing1 he writes1 will induce me to form an impure church4 ,fifty added to the church sounds fine at home1 but if only five of these are genuine1 what will it profit in the ,great ,day8 ,i have felt more than ever lately that the great object of our exertions ought to be conversion4 ,there was no subject on which ,livingstone had stronger feelings than on purity of communion4 ,for two whole years he allowed no dispensation of the ,lord's ,supper1 because he did not deem the professing ,christians to be living consistently4 ,here was a crowning proof of his hatred of all sham and false pretense1 and his intense love of solid1 thorough1 finished work4 ,hardly were things begun to be settled at ,kolobeng1 when1 by way of relaxation1 ,livingstone 7,january1 #ahdh7 again moved eastward4 ,he would have gone sooner1 but a mad sort of ,scotchman#bf1 having wandered past them shooting elephants1 and lost all his cattle by the bite of the tsetse-fly1 ,livingstone had to go to his help2 and moreover the dam1 having burst1 required to be repaired4 ,sechle set out to accompany him1 and intended to go with him the whole way2 but some friends having come to visit his tribe1 he had to return1 or at least did return1 leaving ,livingstone four gallons of porridge1 and two servants to act in his stead4 ,he is about the only individual1 says ,livingstone1 who possesses distinct1 consistent views on the subject of our mission4 ,he is bound by his wives3 has a curious idea--would like to go to another country for three or four years in order to study1 with the hope that probably his wives would have married others in the meantime4 ,he would then return1 and be admitted to the ,lord's ,supper1 and teach his people the knowledge he has acquired1 ,he seems incapable of putting them away4 ,he feels so attached to them1 and indeed we1 too1 feel much attached to most of them4 ,they are our best scholars1 our constant friends4 ,we earnestly pray that they1 too1 may be enlightened by the ,spirit of ,god4 ,footnote #bf3 ,mr4 ,gordon ,cumming4 ,the prayer regarding ,sechle was answered soon4 ,reviewing the year #ahdd in a letter to the ,directors1 ,livingstone says3 ,an event that excited more open enmity than any other was the profession of faith and subsequent reception of the chief into the church4 ,during the first years at ,kolobeng he received a long letter from his younger brother ,charles1 then in the ,united ,states1 requesting him to use his influence with the ,london ,missionary ,society that he might be sent as a missionary to ,china4 ,in writing to the ,directors about his brother1 in reply to this request1 ,livingstone disclaimed all idea of influencing them except in so far as he might be able to tell them facts4 ,his brother's history was very interesting4 ,in #ahci1 when ,david ,livingstone was in ,england1 ,charles became earnest about religion1 influenced partly by the thought that as his brother1 to whom he was most warmly attached1 was going abroad1 he might never see him again in this world1 and therefore he would prepare to meet him in the next4 ,a strong desire sprang up in his mind to obtain a liberal education4 ,not having the means to get this at home1 he was advised by ,david to go to ,america1 and endeavor to obtain admission to one of the colleges there where the students support themselves by manual labor4 ,to help him in this1 ,david sent him five pounds1 which he had just received from the ,society1 being the whole of his quarter's allowance in ,london4 ,on landing at ,new ,york1 after selling his box and bed1 ,charles found his whole stock of cash to amount to #b1 #acs4 #f;d4 ,purchasing a loaf and a piece of cheese as viaticum1 he started for a college at ,oberlin1 seven hundred miles off1 where ,dr4 ,finney was ,president4 ,he contrived to get to the college without having ever begged4 ,in the third year he entered on a theological course1 with the view of becoming a missionary4 ,he did not wish1 and could never agree1 as a missionary1 to hold an appointment from an ,american ,society1 on account of the relation of the ,american ,churches to slavery2 therefore he applied to the ,london ,missionary ,society4 ,david had suggested to his father that if ,charles was to be a missionary1 he ought to direct his attention to ,china4 ,livingstone's first missionary love had not become cold1 and much though he might have wished to have his brother in ,africa1 he acted consistently on his old conviction that there were enough of ,english missionaries there1 and that ,china had much more need4 ,the ,directors declined to appoint ,charles ,livingstone without a personal visit1 which he could not afford to make4 ,this circumstance led him to accept a pastorate in ,new ,england1 where he remained until #aheg1 when he came to this country and joined his brother in the ,zambesi ,expedition4 ,afterward he was appointed ,h4 ,m4 ,consul at ,fernando ,po1 but being always delicate1 he succumbed to the climate of the country1 and died a few months after his brother1 on his way home1 in ,october1 #ahgc4 ,sir ,bartle ,frere1 as ,president of the ,royal ,geographical ,society1 paid a deserved tribute to his affectionate and earnest nature1 his consistent ,christian life1 and his valuable help to ,christian missions and the ,african cause generally#bg4 ,footnote #bg3 ,journal of the ,royal ,geographical ,society1 #ahgd1 p4 cxxviii4 ,livingstone's relations with the ,boers did not improve4 ,he has gone so fully into this subject in his ,missionary ,travels that a very slight reference to it is all that is needed here4 ,it was at first very difficult for him to comprehend how the most flagrant injustice and inhumanity to the black race could be combined1 as he found it to be1 with kindness and general respectability1 and even with the profession of piety4 ,he only came to comprehend this when1 after more experience1 he understood the demoralization which the slave-system produces4 ,it was necessary for the ,boers to possess themselves of children for servants1 and believing or fancying that in some tribe an insurrection was plotting1 they would fall on that tribe and bring off a number of the children4 ,the most foul massacres were justified on the ground that they were necessary to subdue the troublesome tendencies of the people1 and therefore essential to permanent peace4 ,livingstone felt keenly that the ,boers who came to live among the ,bakwains made no distinction between them and the ,caffres1 although the ,bechuanas were noted for honesty1 and never attacked either ,boers or ,english4 ,on the principle of elevating vague rumors into alarming facts1 the ,boers of the ,cashan ,mountains1 having heard that ,sechle was possessed of fire-arms 7the number of his muskets was five67 multiplied the number by a hundred1 and threatened him with an invasion4 ,livingstone1 who was accused of supplying these arms1 went to the commandant ,krieger1 and prevailed upon him to defer the expedition1 but refused point-blank to comply with ,krieger's wish that he should act as a spy on the ,bakwains4 ,threatening messages continued to be sent to ,sechle1 ordering him to surrender himself1 and to prevent ,english traders from passing through his country1 or selling fire-arms to his people4 ,on one occasion ,livingstone was told by ,mr4 ,potgeiter1 a leading ,dutchman1 that he would attack any tribe that might receive a native teacher4 ,livingstone was so thoroughly identified with the natives that it became the desire of the colonists to get rid of him and all his belongings1 and complaints were made of him to the ,colonial ,government as a dangerous person that ought not to be let alone4 ,all this made it very clear to ,livingstone that his favorite plan of planting native teachers to the eastward could not be carried into effect1 at least for the present4 ,his disappointment in this was only another link in the chain of causes that gave to the latter part of his life so unlooked-for but glorious a destination4 ,it set him to inquire whether in some other direction he might not find a sphere for planting native teachers which the jealousy of the ,boers prevented in the east4 ,before we set out with him on the northward journeys1 to which he was led partly by the hostility of the ,boers in the east1 and partly by the very distressing failure of rain at ,kolobeng1 a few extracts may be given from a record of the period entitled ,a portion of a ,journal lost in the destruction of ,kolobeng 7,september1 #ahec7 by the ,boers of ,pretorius4 ,livingstone appears to have kept journals from an early period of his life with characteristic care and neatness2 but that ruthless and most atrocious raid of the ,boers1 which we shall have to notice hereafter1 deprived him of all them up to that date4 ,the treatment of his books on that occasion was one of the most exasperating of his trials4 ,had they been burned or carried off he would have minded it less2 but it was unspeakably provoking to hear of them lying about with handfuls of leaves torn out of them1 or otherwise mutilated and destroyed4 ,from the wreck of his journals the only part saved was a few pages containing notes of some occurrences in #ahdh-di3 ,may #bj1 #ahdh4--,spoke to ,sechle of the evil of trusting in medicines instead of ,god4 ,he felt afraid to dispute on the subject1 and said he would give up all medicine if ,i only told him to do so4 ,i was gratified to see symptoms of tender conscience4 ,may ,god enlighten him6 ,july #ajth4--,entered new house on #dth curt4 ,a great mercy4 ,hope it may be more a house of prayer than any we have yet inhabited4 ,sunday1 ,august #f4--,sechle remained as a spectator at the celebration of the ,lord's ,supper1 and when we retired he asked me how he ought to act with reference to his superfluous wives1 as he greatly desired to conform to the will of ,christ1 be baptized1 and observe his ordinances4 ,advised him to do according to what he saw written in ,god's ,book1 but to treat them gently1 for they had sinned in ignorance1 and if driven away hastily might be lost eternally4 ,sept4 #a4--,much opposition1 but none manifested to us as individuals4 ,some1 however1 say it was a pity the lion did not kill me at ,mabotsa4 ,they curse the chief 7,sechle7 with very bitter curses1 and these come from the mouths of those whom ,sechle would formerly have destroyed for a single disrespectful word4 ,the truth will1 by the aid of the ,spirit of ,god1 ultimately prevail4 ,oct4 #a4--,sechle baptized2 also ,setefano4 ,nov4--,long for rains4 ,everything languishes during the intense heat2 and successive droughts having only occurred since the ,gospel came to the ,bakwains1 ,i fear the effect will be detrimental4 ,there is abundance of rain all around us4 ,and yet we1 who have our chief at our head in attachment to the ,gospel1 receive not a drop4 ,has ,satan power over the course of the winds and clouds8 ,feel afraid he will obtain an advantage over us1 but must be resigned entirely to the ,divine will4 ,nov4 #bg4--,o ,devil6 ,prince of the power of the air1 art thou hindering us8 ,greater is ,he who is for us than all who can be against us4 ,i intend to proceed with ,paul to ,mokhatla's4 ,he feels much pleased with the prospect of forming a new station4 ,may ,god ,almighty bless the poor unworthy effort6 ,mebalwe's house finished4 ,preparing woodwork for ,paul's house4 ,dec4 #af4--,passed by invitation to ,hendrick ,potgeiter4 ,opposed to building a school4444 ,told him if he hindered the ,gospel the blood of these people would be required at his hand4 ,he became much excited at this4 ,dec4 #ag4--,met ,dr4 ,robertson1 of ,swellendam4 ,very friendly4 ,boers very violently opposed4444 ,went to ,pilanies4 ,had large attentive audiences at two villages when on the way home4 ,paul and ,i looked for a ford in a dry river4 ,found we had got a she black rhinoceros between us and the wagon1 which was only twenty yards off4 ,she had calved during the night--a little red beast like a dog4 ,she charged the wagon1 split a spoke and a felloe with her horn1 and then left4 ,paul and ,i jumped into a rut1 as the guns were in the wagon4 ,the black rhinoceros is one of the most dangerous of the wild beasts of ,africa1 and travelers stand in great awe of it4 ,the courage of ,dr4 ,livingstone in exposing himself to the risk of such animals on this missionary tour was none the less that he himself says not a word regarding it2 but such courage was constantly shown by him4 ,the following instances are given on the authority of ,dr4 ,moffat as samples of what was habitual to ,dr4 ,livingstone in the performance of his duty4 ,in going through a wood1 a party of hunters were startled by the appearance of a black rhinoceros4 ,the furious beast dashed at the wagon1 and drove his horn into the bowels of the driver1 inflicting a frightful wound4 ,a messenger was despatched in the greatest haste for ,dr4 ,livingstone1 whose house was eight or ten miles distant4 ,the messenger in his eagerness ran the whole way4 ,livingstone's friends were horror-struck at the idea of his riding through the wood at night1 exposed to the rhinoceros and other deadly beasts4 ,no1 no2 you must not think of it1 ,livingstone2 it is certain death4 ,livingstone believed it was a ,christian duty to try to save the poor fellow's life1 and he resolved to go1 happen what might4 ,mounting his horse1 he rode to the scene of the accident4 ,the man had died1 and the wagon had left1 so that there was nothing for ,livingstone but to return and run the risk of the forest anew1 without even the hope that he might be useful in saving life4 ,another time1 when he and a brother missionary were on a tour a long way from home1 a messenger came to tell his companion that one of his children was alarmingly ill4 ,it was but natural for him to desire ,livingstone to go back with him4 ,the way lay over a road infested by lions4 ,livingstone's life would be in danger2 moreover1 as we have seen1 he was intensely desirous to examine the fossil bones at the place4 ,but when his friend expressed the desire for him to go1 he went without hesitation4 ,his firm belief in ,providence sustained him in these as in so many other dangers4 ,medical practice was certainly not made easier by what happened to some of his packages from ,england4 ,writing to his father-in-law1 ,mr4 ,moffat 7#ahth ,january1 #ahdi71 he says3 ,most of our boxes which come to us from ,england are opened1 and usually lightened of their contents4 ,you will perhaps remember one in which ,sechle's cloak was4 ,it contained1 on leaving ,glasgow1 besides the articles which came here1 a parcel of surgical instruments which ,i ordered1 and of course paid for4 ,one of these was a valuable cupping apparatus4 ,the value at which the instruments were purchased for me was #d1 #abs41 their real value much more4 ,the box which you kindly packed for us and despatched to ,glasgow has1 we hear1 been gutted by the ,custom-,house thieves1 and only a very few plain karosses left in it4 ,when we see a box which has been opened we have not half the pleasure which we otherwise should in unpacking it4444 ,can you give me any information how these annoyances may be prevented8 ,or must we submit to it as one of the crooked things of this life1 which ,solomon says cannot be made straight8 ,not only in these scenes of active missionary labor1 but everywhere else1 ,livingstone was in the habit of preaching to the natives1 and conversing seriously with them on religion1 his favorite topics being the love of ,christ1 the ,fatherhood of ,god1 the resurrection1 and the last judgment4 ,his preaching to them1 in ,dr4 ,moffat's judgment1 was highly effective4 ,it was simple1 scriptural1 conversational1 went straight to the point1 was well fitted to arrest the attention1 and remarkably adapted to the capacity of the people4 ,to his father he writes 7#eth ,july1 #ahdh73 ,for a long time ,i felt much depressed after preaching the unsearchable riches of ,christ to apparently insensible hearts2 but now ,i like to dwell on the love of the great ,mediator1 for it always warms my own heart1 and ,i know that the gospel is the power of ,god--the great means which ,he employs for the regeneration of our ruined world4 ,in the beginning of #ahdi ,livingstone made the first of a series of journeys to the north1 in the hope of planting native missionaries among the people4 ,not to interrupt the continuous account of these journeys1 we may advert here to a visit paid to him at ,kolobeng1 on his return from the first of them1 in the end of the year1 by ,mr4 ,freeman of the ,london ,missionary ,society1 who was at that time visiting the ,african stations4 ,mr4 ,freeman1 to ,livingstone's regret1 was in favor of keeping up all ,colonial stations1 because the ,london ,society alone paid attention to the black population4 ,he was not much in sympathy with ,livingstone4 ,mr4 ,freeman1 he writes confidentially to ,mr4 ,watt1 gave us no hope to expect any new field to be taken up4 ',expenditure to be reduced in ,africa' was the word1 when ,i proposed the new region beyond us1 and there is nobody willing to go except ,mr4 ,moffat and myself4 ,six hundred miles additional land-carriage1 mosquitoes in myriads1 sparrows by the million1 an epidemic frequently fatal1 don't look well in a picture4 ,i am #bgj miles from ,kuruman2 land-carriage for all that we use makes a fearful inroad into the #ajj of salary1 and then #fjj miles beyond this makes one think unutterable things1 for nobody likes to call for more salary4 ,i think the ,indian salary ought to be given to those who go into the tropics4 ,i have a very strong desire to go and reduce the new language to writing1 but ,i cannot perform impossibilities4 ,i don't think it quite fair for the ,churches to expect their messenger to live1 as if he were the ,prodigal ,son1 on the husks that the swine do eat1 but ,i should be ashamed to say so to any one but yourself4 ,i cannot perform impossibilities1 said ,livingstone2 but few men could come so near doing it4 ,his activity of mind and body at this outskirt of civilization was wonderful4 ,a ,jack-of-all-trades1 he is building houses and schools1 cultivating gardens1 scheming in every manner of way how to get water1 which in the remarkable drought of the season becomes scarcer and scarcer2 as a missionary he is holding meetings every other night1 preaching on ,sundays1 and taking such other opportunities as he can find to gain the people to ,christ2 as a medical man he is dealing with the more difficult cases of disease1 those which baffle the native doctors2 as a man of science he is taking observations1 collecting specimens1 thinking out geographical1 geological1 meteorological1 and other problems bearing on the structure and condition of the continent2 as a missionary statesman he is planning how the actual force might be disposed of to most advantage1 and is looking round in this direction and in that1 over hundreds of miles1 for openings for native agents2 and to promote these objects he is writing long letters to the ,directors1 to the ,missionary ,chronicle to the ,british ,banner1 to private friends1 to any one likely to take an interest in his plans4 ,but this does not exhaust his labors4 ,he is deeply interested in philological studies1 and is writing on the ,sichuana language3 ,i have been hatching a grammar of the ,sichuana language1 he writes to ,mr4 ,watt4 ,it is different in structure from any other language1 except the ancient ,egyptian4 ,most of the changes are effected by means of prefixes or affixes1 the radical remaining unchanged4 ,attempts have been made to form grammars1 but all have gone on the principle of establishing a resemblance between ,sichuana1 ,latin1 and ,greek2 mine is on the principle of analysing the language without reference to any others4 ,grammatical terms are only used when ,i cannot express my meaning in any other way4 ,the analysis renders the whole language very simple1 and ,i believe the principle elicited extends to most of the languages between this and ,egypt4 ,i wish to know whether ,i could get #bj or #cj copies printed for private distribution at an expense not beyond my means4 ,it would be a mere tract1 and about the size of this letter when folded1 #dj or #ej pages perhaps#bh4 ,will you ascertain the cost1 and tell me whether1 in the event of my continuing hot on the subject half a year hence1 you would be the corrector of the press8444 ,will you examine catalogues to find whether there is any dictionary of ancient ,egyptian within my means1 so that ,i might purchase and compare8 ,i should not grudge two or three pounds for it4 ,professor ,vater has written on it1 but ,i do not know what dictionary he consulted4 ,one ,tattam has written a ,coptic grammar2 perhaps that has a vocabulary1 and might serve my purpose4 ,i see ,tattam advertised by ,john ,russell ,smith1 #d ,old ,compton ,street1 ,soho1 ,london1--',tattam 7,h471 ,lexicon ,egyptiaco-,latinum e veteribus linguae ,egyptiacae monumentis2 thick #hvo1 bds41 #ajs41 ,oxf41 #ahce4' ,will you purchase the above for me8 ,footnote #bh3 ,this gives a correct idea of the length of many of his letters4 ,at ,mabotsa and ,chonuane the ,livingstones had spent but a little time2 ,kolobeng may be said to have been the only permanent home they ever had4 ,during these years several of their children were born1 and it was the only considerable period of their lives when both had their children about them4 ,looking back afterward on this period1 and its manifold occupations1 whilst detained in ,manyuema1 in the year #ahgj1 ,dr4 ,livingstone wrote the following striking words3 ,the heart that felt this one regret in looking back to this busy time must have been true indeed to the instincts of a parent4 ,but ,livingstone's case was no exception to that mysterious law of our life in this world1 by which1 in so many things1 we learn how to correct our errors only after the opportunity is gone4 ,of all the crooks in his lot1 that which gave him so short an opportunity of securing the affections and moulding the character of his children seems to have been the hardest to bear4 ,his long detention at ,manyuema appears1 as we shall see hereafter1 to have been spent by him in learning more completely the lesson of submission to the will of ,god2 and the hard trial of separation from his family1 entailing on them what seemed irreparable loss1 was among the last of his sorrows over which he was able to write the words with which he closes the account of his wife's death in the ,zambesi and its ,tributaries1--,,fiat1 ,,domine1 ,,voluntus ,,tua6 ,,chapter ,,vi ,,kolobeng continued--,,lake ',,ngami4 ,a4,d4 #ahdi-aheb4 ,kolobeng failing through drought--,sebituane's country and the ,lake ',ngami--,livingstone sets out with ,messrs4 ,oswell and ,murray--,rivers ,zouga and ,tamanak'le--,old ideas of the interior revolutionized--,enthusiasm of ,livingstone--,discovers ,lake ',ngami--,obliged to return--,prize from ,royal ,geographical ,society--,second expedition to the lake1 with wife and children--,children attacked by fever--,again obliged to return--,conviction as to healthier spot beyond--,idea of finding passage to sea either west or east--,birth and death of a child--,family visits ,kuruman--,third expedition1 again with family--,he hopes to find a new locality--,perils of the journey--,he reaches ,sebituane--,the chiefs illness and death--,distress of ,livingstone--,mr4 ,oswell and he go on the ,linyanti--,discovery of the ,upper ,zambesi--,no locality found for settlement--,more extended journey necessary--,he returns--,birth of ,oswald ,livingstone--,crisis in ,livingstone's life--,his guiding principles--,new plans--,the ,makololo begin to practice slave-trade--,new thoughts about commerce--,letters to ,directors--,the ,bakwains--,pros and cons of his new plan--,his unabated missionary zeal--,he goes with his family to the ,cape--,his literary activity4 ,when ,sechle turned back after going so far with ,livingstone eastward1 it appeared that his courage had failed him4 ,will you go with me northward8 ,livingstone once asked him1 and it turned out that he was desirous to do so4 ,he wished to see ,sebituane1 a great chief living to the north of ,lake ',ngami1 who had saved his life in his infancy1 and otherwise done him much service4 ,sebituane was a man of great ability1 who had brought a vast number of tribes into subjection1 and now ruled over a very extensive territory1 being one of the greatest magnates of ,africa4 ,livingstone1 too1 had naturally a strong desire to become acquainted with so influential a man4 ,the fact of his living near the lake revived the project that had slumbered for years in his mind--to be the first of the missionaries who should look on its waters4 ,at ,kolobeng1 too1 the settlement was in such straits1 owing to the excessive drought which dried up the very river1 that the people would be compelled to leave it and settle elsewhere4 ,the want of water1 and consequently of food1 in the gardens1 obliged the men to be absent collecting locusts1 so that there was hardly any one to come either to church or school4 ,even the observance of the ,sabbath broke down4 ,if ,kolobeng should have to be abandoned1 where would ,livingstone go next8 ,it was certainly worth his while to look if a suitable locality could not be found in ,sebituane's territory4 ,he had resolved that he would not stay with the ,bakwains always4 ,if the new region were not suitable for himself1 he might find openings for native teachers2 at all events1 he would go northward and see4 ,just before he started1 messengers came to him from ,lechulatebe1 chief of the people of the lake1 asking him to visit his country1 and giving such an account of the quantity of ivory that the cupidity of the ,bakwain guides was roused1 and they became quite eager to be there4 ,on #ast ,june1 #ahdi1 ,livingstone accordingly set out from ,kolobeng4 ,sechle was not of the party1 but two ,english hunting friends accompanied him1 ,mr4 ,oswell and ,mr4 ,murray--,mr4 ,oswell generously defraying the cost of the guides4 ,sekomi1 a neighboring chief who secretly wished the expedition to fail1 lest his monopoly of the ivory should be broken up1 remonstrated with them for rushing on to certain death--they must be killed by the sun and thirst1 and if he did not stop them1 people would blame him for the issue4 ,no fear1 said ,livingstone1 people will only blame our own stupidity4 ,the great ,kalahari desert1 of which ,livingstone has given so full an account1 lay between them and the lake4 ,they passed along its northeast border1 and had traversed about half of the distance1 when one day it seemed most unexpectedly that they had got to their journey's end4 ,mr4 ,oswell was a little in advance1 and having cleared an intervening thick belt of trees1 beheld in the soft light of the setting sun what seemed a magnificent lake twenty miles in circumference2 and at the sight threw his hat in the air1 and raised a shout which made the ,bakwains think him mad4 ,he fancied it was ',ngami1 and1 indeed1 it was a wonderful deception1 caused by a large salt-pan gleaming in the light of the sun2 in fact1 the old1 but ever new phenomenon of the mirage4 ,the real ',ngami was yet #cjj miles farther on4 ,livingstone has given ample details of his progress in the ,missionary ,travels1 dwelling especially on his joy when he reached the beautiful river ,zouga1 whose waters flowed from ',ngami4 ,providence frustrated an attempt to rouse ill-feeling against him on the part of two men who had been sent by ,sekomi1 apparently to help him1 but who now went before him and circulated a report that the object of the travelers was to plunder all the tribes living on the river and the lake4 ,half-way up1 the principal man was attacked by fever1 and died2 the natives thought it a judgment1 and seeing through ,sekomi's reason for wishing the expedition not to succeed1 they by and by became quite friendly1 under ,livingstone's fair and kind treatment4 ,a matter of great significance in his future history occurred at the junction of the rivers ,tamanak'le and ,zouga3 ,i inquired1 he says1 whence the ,tamanak'le came4 ',oh6 from a country full of rivers1--so many1 no one can tell their number1 and full of large trees4' ,this was the first confirmation of statements ,i had heard from the ,bakwains who had been with ,sebituane1 that the country beyond was not the 'large sandy plateau' of the philosophers4 ,the prospect of a highway1 capable of being traversed by boats to an entirely unexplored and very populous region1 grew from that time forward stronger and stronger in my mind2 so much so1 that when we actually came to the lake1 this idea occupied such a large portion of my mental vision1 that the actual discovery seemed of but little importance4 ,i find ,i wrote1 when the emotions caused by the magnificent prospects of the new country were first awakened in my breast1 that they might subject me to the charge of enthusiasm1 a charge which ,i deserved1 as nothing good or great had ever been accomplished in the world without it#bi4' ,footnote #bi3 ,missionary ,travels1 p4 #fe4 ,twelve days after1 the travelers came to the northeast end of ,lake ',ngami1 and it was on #ast ,august1 #ahdi1 that this fine sheet of water was beheld for the first time by ,europeans4 ,it was of such magnitude that they could not see the farther shore1 and they could only guess its size from the reports of the natives that it took three days to go round it4 ,lechulatebe1 the chief who had sent him the invitation1 was quite a young man1 and his reception by no means corresponded to what the invitation implied4 ,he had no idea of ,livingstone going on to ,sebituane1 who lived two hundred miles farther north1 and perhaps supplying him with fire-arms which would make him a more dangerous neighbor4 ,he therefore refused ,livingstone guides to ,sebituane1 and sent men to prevent him from crossing the river4 ,livingstone was not to be baulked1 and worked many hours in the river trying to make a raft out of some rotten wood1--at the imminent risk of his life1 as he afterward found1 for the ,zouga abounds with alligators4 ,the season was now far advanced1 and as ,mr4 ,oswell volunteered to go down to the ,cape and bring up a boat next year1 the expedition was abandoned for the time4 ,returning home by the ,zouga1 they had better opportunity to mark the extraordinary richness of the country1 and the abundance and luxuriance of its products1 both animal and vegetable4 ,elephants existed in crowds1 and ivory was so abundant that a trader was purchasing it at the rate of ten tusks for a musket worth fifteen shillings4 ,two years later1 after effect had been given to ,livingstone's discovery1 the price had risen very greatly4 ,writing to his friend ,watt1 he dwells with delight on the river ,zouga3 ,it is a glorious river2 you never saw anything so grand4 ,the banks are extremely beautiful1 lined with gigantic trees1 many quite new4 ,one bore a fruit a foot in length and three inches in diameter4 ,another measured seventy feet in circumference4 ,apart from the branches it looked like a mass of granite2 and then the ,bakoba in their canoes--did ,i not enjoy sailing in them8 ,remember how long ,i have been in a parched-up land1 and answer4 ,the ,bakoba are a fine frank race of men1 and seem to understand the message better than any people to whom ,i have spoken on ,divine subjects for the first time4 ,what think you of a navigable highway into a large section of the interior8 yet that the ,tamanak'le is4444 ,who will go into that goodly land8 ,who8 ,is it not the ,niger of this part of ,africa8444 ,i greatly enjoyed sailing in their canoes1 rude enough things1 hollowed out of the trunks of single trees1 and visiting the villages along the ,zouga4 ,i felt but little when ,i looked on the lake2 but the ,zouga and ,tamanak'le awakened emotions not to be described4 ,i hope to go up the latter next year4 ,the discovery of the lake and the river was communicated to the ,royal ,geographical ,society in extracts from ,livingstone's letters to the ,london ,missionary ,society1 and to his friend and former fellow-traveler1 ,captain ,steele4 ,in #ahdi the ,society voted him a sum of twenty-five guineas for his successful journey1 in company with ,messrs4 ,oswell and ,murray1 across the ,south ,african desert1 for the discovery of an interesting country1 a fine river1 and an extensive inland lake4 ,in addressing ,dr4 ,tidman and ,alderman ,challis1 who represented the ,london ,missionary ,society1 the ,president 7the late ,captain1 afterward ,rear-,admiral1 ,w4 ,smyth1 ,r4,n41 who distinguished himself in early life by his journey across the ,andes to ,lima1 and thence to the ,atlantic7 adverted to the value of the discoveries in themselves1 and in the influence they would have on the regions beyond4 ,he spoke also of the help which ,livingstone had derived as an explorer from his influence as a missionary4 ,the journey he had performed successfully had hitherto baffled the best-furnished travelers4 ,in #ahcd1 an expedition under ,dr4 ,andrew ,smith1 the largest and best-appointed that ever left ,cape ,town1 had gone as far as #bc south latitude2 but that proved to be the utmost distance they could reach1 and they were compelled to return4 ,captain ,sir ,james ,e4 ,alexander1 the only scientific traveler subsequently sent out from ,england by the ,geographical ,society1 in despair of the lake1 and of discovery by the oft-tried eastern route1 explored the neighborhood of the western coast instead#cj4 ,the ,president frankly ascribed ,livingstone's success to the influence he had acquired as a missionary among the natives1 and ,livingstone thoroughly believed this4 ,the lake1 he wrote to his friend ,watt1 belongs to missionary enterprise4 ,only last year1 he subsequently wrote to the ,geographical ,society1 a party of engineers1 in about thirty wagons1 made many and persevering efforts to cross the desert at different points1 but though inured to the climate1 and stimulated by the prospect of gain from the ivory they expected to procure1 they were compelled1 for want of water1 to give up the undertaking4 ,the year after ,livingstone's first visit1 ,mr4 ,francis ,galton tried1 but failed1 to reach the lake1 though he was so successful in other directions as to obtain the ,society's gold medal in #aheb4 ,footnote #cj3 ,journal of the ,royal ,geographical ,society1 vol4 xx4 p4 xxviii4 ,livingstone was evidently gratified at the honor paid him1 and the reception of the twenty-five guineas from the ,queen4 ,but the gift had also a comical side4 ,it carried him back to the days of his ,radical youth1 when he and his friends used to criticise pretty sharply the destination of the nation's money4 ,the ,royal ,geographical ,society1 he writes to his parents 7#dth ,december1 #ahej71 have awarded twenty-five guineas for the discovery of the lake4 ,it is from the ,queen4 ,you must be very loyal1 all of you4 ,next time she comes your way1 shout till you are hoarse4 ,oh1 you ,radicals1 don't be thinking it came out of your pockets6 ,long live ,victoria#ca6 ,footnote #ca3 ,in a more serious vein he wrote in a previous letter3 ,i wonder you do not go to see the ,queen4 ,i was as disloyal as others when in ,england1 for though ,i might have seen her in ,london1 ,i never went4 ,do you ever pray for her8 ,this letter is dated #eth ,february1 #ahej1 and must have been written before he heard of the prize4 ,defeated in his endeavor to reach ,sebituane in #ahdi1 ,livingstone1 the following season1 put in practice his favorite maxim1 ,try again4 ,he left ,kolobeng in ,april1 #ahej1 and this time he was accompanied by ,sechle1 ,mebalwe1 twenty ,bakwains1 ,mrs4 ,livingstone1 and their whole troop of infantry1 which now amounted to three4 ,traveling in the charming climate of ,south ,africa in the roomy wagon1 at the pace of two miles and a half an hour1 is not like traveling at home2 but it was a proof of ,livingstone's great unwillingness to be separated from his family1 that he took them with him1 notwithstanding the risk of mosquitoes1 fever1 and want of water4 ,the people of ,kolobeng were so engrossed at the time with their employments1 that till harvest was over1 little missionary work could be done4 ,the journey was difficult1 and on the northern branch of the ,zouga many trees had to be cut down to allow the wagons to pass4 ,the presence of a formidable enemy was reported on the banks of the ,tamanak'le1--the tsetse-fly1 whose bite is so fatal to oxen4 ,to avoid it1 another route had to be chosen4 ,when they got near the lake1 it was found that fever had recently attacked a party of ,englishmen1 one of whom had died1 while the rest recovered under the care of ,dr4 and ,mrs4 ,livingstone4 ,livingstone took his family to have a peep at the lake2 the children1 he wrote1 took to playing in it as ducklings do4 ,paidling in it was great fun4 ,great fun to them1 who had seen little enough water for a while2 and in a quiet way1 great fun to their father too1--his own children paidling in his own lake6 ,he was beginning to find that in a missionary point of view1 the presence of his wife and children was a considerable advantage2 it inspired the natives with confidence1 and promoted tender feelings and kind relations4 ,the chief1 ,lechulatebe1 was at last propitiated at a considerable sacrifice1 having taken a fancy to a valuable rifle of ,livingstone's1 the gift of a friend1 which could not be replaced4 ,the chief vowed that if he got it he would give ,livingstone everything he wished1 and protect and feed his wife and children into the bargain1 while he went on to ,sebituane4 ,livingstone at once handed him the gun4 ,it is of great consequence1 he said1 to gain the confidence of these fellows at the beginning4 ,it was his intention that ,mrs4 ,livingstone and the children should remain at ,lechulatebe's until he should have returned4 ,but the scheme was upset by an outburst of fever4 ,among others1 two of the children were attacked4 ,there was no help but to go home4 ,the gun was left behind in the hope that ere long ,livingstone would get back to claim the fulfillment of the chiefs promise4 ,it was plain that the neighborhood of the lake was not habitable by ,europeans4 ,hence a fresh confirmation of his views as to the need of native agency1 if intertropical ,africa was ever to be ,christianized4 ,but ,livingstone was convinced that there must be a healthier spot to the north4 ,writing to ,mr4 ,watt 7#ahth ,august1 #ahej71 he not only expresses this conviction1 but gives the ground on which it rested4 ,the extract which we subjoin gives a glimpse of the sagacity that from apparently little things drew great conclusions2 but more than that1 it indicates the birth of the great idea that dominated the next period of ,livingstone's life--the desire and determination to find a passage to the sea1 either on the east or the west coast3 ,a more salubrious climate must exist farther up to the north1 and that the country is higher1 seems evident from the fact mentioned by the ,bakoba1 that the water of the ,teoge1 the river that falls into the ',ngami at the northwest point of it1 flows with great rapidity4 ,canoes ascending1 punt all the way1 and the men must hold on by reeds in order to prevent their being carried down by the current4 ,large trees1 spring-bucks and other antelopes are sometimes brought down by it4 ,do you wonder at my pressing on in the way we have done8 ,the ,bechuana mission has been carried on in a cul-de-sac4 ,i tried to break through by going among the ,eastern tribes1 but the ,boers shut up that field4 ,a ,french missionary1 ,mr4 ,fredoux1 of ,motito1 tried to follow on my trail to the ,bamangwato1 but was turned back by a party of armed ,boers4 ,when we burst through the barrier on the north1 it appeared very plain that no mission could be successful there1 unless we could get a well-watered country leaving a passage to the sea on either the east or west coast4 ,this project ,i am almost afraid to meet1 but nothing else will do4 ,i intend 7,d4,v47 to go in next year and remain a twelvemonth4 ,my wife1 poor soul--,i pity her6--proposed to let me go for that time while she remained at ,kolobeng4 ,you will pray for us both during that period4 ,a week later 7,august #bd1 #ahej7 he writes to the ,directors that no convenient access to the region can be obtained from the south1 the lake being #hgj miles from ,kuruman3 ,we must have a passage to the sea on either the eastern or western coast4 ,i have hitherto been afraid to broach the subject on which my perhaps dreamy imagination dwells4 ,you at home are accustomed to look on a project as half finished when you have received the co-operation of the ladies4 ,my better half has promised me a twelvemonth's leave of absence for mine4 ,without promising anything1 ,i mean to follow a useful motto in many circumstances1 and ,try again4 ,on returning to ,kolobeng1 ,mrs4 ,livingstone was delivered of a daughter--her fourth child4 ,an epidemic was raging at the time1 and the child was seized and cut off1 at the age of six weeks4 ,the loss1 or rather the removal1 of the child affected ,livingstone greatly4 ,it was the first death in our family1 he says in his ,journal1 but was just as likely to have happened had we remained at home1 and ,we have now one of our number in heaven4 ,to his parents he writes 7#dth ,december1 #ahej73 ,our last child1 a sweet little girl with blue eyes1 was taken from us to join the company of the redeemed1 through the merits of ,him of whom she never heard4 ,it is wonderful how soon the affections twine round a little stranger4 ,we felt her loss keenly4 ,she was attacked by the prevailing sickness1 which attacked many native children1 and bore up under it for a fortnight4 ,we could not apply remedies to one so young1 except the simplest4 ,she uttered a piercing cry previous to expiring1 and then went away to see the ,king in his beauty1 and the land--the glorious land1 and its inhabitants4 ,hers is the first grave in all that country marked as the resting-place of one of whom it is believed and confessed that she shall live again4 ,mrs4 ,livingstone had an attack of serious illness1 accompanied by paralysis of the right side of the face1 and rest being essential for her1 the family went1 for a time1 to ,kuruman4 ,dr4 ,livingstone had a strong desire to go to the ,cape for the excision of his uvula1 which had long been troublesome4 ,but1 with characteristic self-denial1 he put his own case out of view1 staying with his wife1 that she might have the rest and attention she needed4 ,he tried to persuade his father-in-law to perform the operation1 and1 under his direction1 ,dr4 ,moffat went so far as to make a pair of scissors for the purpose2 but his courage1 so well tried in other fields1 was not equal to the performance of such a surgical operation4 ,some glimpses of ,livingstone's musings at this time1 showing1 among other things1 how much more he thought of his spiritual than his ,highland ancestry1 occur in a letter to his parents1 written immediately after his return from his second visit to the lake 7#bhth ,july1 #ahej74 ,if they should carry out their project of emigration to ,america1 they would have an interesting family gathering3 ,one1 however1 will be 'over the hills and far away' from your happy meeting4 ,the meeting which we hope will take place in ,heaven will be unlike a happy one1 in so far as earthly relationships are concerned4 ,one will be so much taken up in looking at ,jesus1 ,i don't know when we shall be disposed to sit down and talk about the days of lang syne4 ,and then there will be so many notables whom we should like to notice and shake hands with--,luke1 for instance1 the beloved physician1 and ,jeremiah1 and old ,job1 and ,noah1 and ,enoch1 that if you are wise1 you will make the most of your union while you are together1 and not fail to write me fully1 while you have the opportunity here4444 ,charles thinks we are not the descendants of the ,puritans4 ,i don't know what you are1 but ,i am4 ,and if you dispute it1 ,i shall stick to the answer of a poor little boy before a magistrate4 ,m4--',who were your parents8' ,boy 7rubbing his eyes with his jacket-sleeve7--',never had none1 sir4' ,dr4 ,wardlaw says that the ,scotch ,independents are the descendants of the ,puritans1 and ,i suppose the pedigree is through ,rowland ,hill and ,whitefield4 ,but ,i was a member of the very church in which ,john ,howe1 the chaplain of ,oliver ,cromwell1 preached1 and exercised the pastorate4 ,i was ordained1 too1 by ,english ,independents4 ,moreover1 ,i am a ,doctor too4 ,agnes and ,janet1 get up this moment and curtsy to his ,reverence6 ,john and ,charles1 remember the dream of the sheaves6 ,i descended from kilts and ,donald ,dhus8 ,na1 na1 ,i won't believe it4 ,we have a difficult1 difficult field to cultivate here4 ,all ,i can say is1 that ,i think knowledge is increasing4 ,but for the belief that the ,holy ,spirit works1 and will work for us1 ,i should give up in despair4 ,remember us in your prayers1 that we grow not weary in well-doing4 ,it is hard to work for years with pure motives1 and all the time be looked on by most of those to whom our lives are devoted1 as having some sinister object in view4 ,disinterested labor--benevolence--is so out of their line of thought1 that many look upon us as having some ulterior object in view4 ,but ,he who died for us1 and whom we ought to copy1 did more for us than we can do for any one else4 ,he endured the contradiction of sinners4 ,may we have grace to follow in his steps6' ,the third1 and at last successful1 effort to reach ,sebituane was made in ,april1 #ahea4 ,livingstone was again accompanied by his family1 and by ,mr4 ,oswell4 ,he left ,kolobeng with the intention not to return1 at least not immediately1 but to settle with his family in such a spot as might be found advantageous1 in the hilly region1 of whose existence he was assured4 ,they found the desert drier than ever1 no rain having fallen throughout an immense extent of territory4 ,to the kindness of ,mr4 ,oswell the party was indebted for most valuable assistance in procuring water1 wells having been dug or cleared by his people beforehand at various places1 and at one place at the hazard of ,mr4 ,oswell's life1 under an attack from an infuriated lioness4 ,in his private ,journal1 and in his letters to home1 ,livingstone again and again acknowledges with deepest gratitude the numberless acts of kindness done by ,mr4 ,oswell to him and his family1 and often adds the prayer that ,god would reward him1 and of ,his grace give him the highest of all blessings4 ,though ,i cannot repay1 ,i may record with gratitude his kindness1 so that1 if spared to look upon these1 my private memoranda1 in future years1 proper emotions may ascend to ,him who inclined his heart to show so much friendship4 ,the party followed the old route1 around the bed of the ,zouga1 then crossed a piece of the driest desert they had ever seen1 with not an insect or a bird to break the stillness4 ,on the third day a bird chirped in a bush1 when the dog began to bark6 ,shobo1 their guide1 a ,bushman1 lost his way1 and for four days they were absolutely without water4 ,in his ,missionary ,travels1 ,livingstone records quietly1 as was his wont his terrible anxiety about his children4 ,the supply of water in the wagons had been wasted by one of our servants1 and by the afternoon only a small portion remained for the children4 ,this was a bitterly anxious night2 and next morning1 the less there was of water1 the more thirsty the little rogues became4 ,the idea of their perishing before our eyes was terrible2 it would almost have been a relief to me to have been reproached with being the entire cause of the catastrophe1 but not one syllable of upbraiding was uttered by their mother1 though the tearful eye told the agony within4 ,in the afternoon of the fifth day1 to our inexpressible relief1 some of the men returned with a supply of that fluid of which we had never before felt the true value4 ,no one1 he remarks in his ,journal1 knows the value of water till be is deprived of it4 ,we never need any spirits to qualify it1 or prevent an immense draught of it from doing us harm4 ,i have drunk water swarming with insects1 thick with mud1 putrid from other mixtures1 and no stinted draughts of it either1 yet never felt any inconvenience from it4 ,my opinion is1 he said on another occasion1 that the most severe labors and privations may be undergone without alcoholic stimulus1 because those who have endured the most had nothing else but water1 and not always enough of that4 ,one of the great charms of ,livingstone's character1 and one of the secrets of his power--his personal interest in each individual1 however humble--appeared in connection with ,shobo1 the ,bushman guide1 who misled them and took the blunder so coolly4 ,what a wonderful people1 he says in his ,journal1 the ,bushmen are6 always merry and laughing1 and never telling lies wantonly like the ,bechuana4 ,they have more of the appearance of worship than any of the ,bechuana4 ,when will these dwellers in the wilderness bow down before their ,lord8 ,no man seems to care for the ,bushman's soul4 ,i often wished ,i knew their language1 but never more than when we traveled with our ,bushman guide1 ,shobo4 ,livingstone had given a fair trial to the experiment of traveling along with his family4 ,in one of his letters at this time he speaks of the extraordinary pain caused by the mosquitoes of those parts1 and of his children being so covered with their bites1 that not a square inch of whole skin was to be found on their bodies4 ,it is no wonder that he gave up the idea of carrying them with him in the more extended journey he was now contemplating4 ,he could not leave them at ,kolobeng1 exposed to the raids of the ,boers2 to ,kuruman there were also invincible objections2 the only possible plan was to send them to ,england1 though he hoped that when he got settled in some suitable part of ,sebituane's dominions1 with a free road to the sea1 they would return to him1 and help him to bring the people to ,christ4 ,in the ,missionary ,travels ,livingstone has given a full account of ,sebituane1 chief of the ,makololo1 unquestionably the greatest man in all that country--his remarkable career1 his wonderful warlike exploits 7for which he could always bring forward justifying reasons71 his interesting and attractive character1 and wide and powerful influence4 ,in one thing ,sebituane was very like ,livingstone himself2 he had the art of gaining the affections both of his own people and of strangers4 ,when a party of poor men came to his town to sell hoes or skins1 he would sit down among them1 talk freely and pleasantly to them1 and probably cause some lordly dish to be brought1 and give them a feast on it1 perhaps the first they had ever shared4 ,delighted beyond measure with his affability and liberality1 they felt their hearts warm toward him2 and as he never allowed a party of strangers to go away without giving every one of them--servants and all--a present1 his praises were sounded far and wide4 ,he has a heart6 he is wise6 were the usual expressions ,livingstone heard before he saw him4 ,sebituane received ,livingstone with great kindness1 for it had been one of the dreams of his life to have intercourse with the white man4 ,he placed full confidence in him from the beginning1 and was ready to give him everything he might need4 ,on the first ,sunday when the usual service was held he was present1 and ,livingstone was very thankful that he was there1 for it turned out to be the only proclamation of the gospel he ever heard4 ,for just after realizing what he had so long and ardently desired1 he was seized with severe inflammation of the lungs1 and died after a fortnight's illness4 ,livingstone1 being a stranger1 feared to prescribe1 lest1 in the event of his death1 he should be accused of having caused it4 ,on visiting him1 and seeing that he was dying1 he spoke a few words respecting hope after death4 ,but being checked by the attendants for introducing the subject1 he could only commend his soul to ,god4 ,the last words of ,sebituane were words of kindness to ,livingstone's son3 ,take him to ,maunku 7one of his wives7 and tell her to give him some milk4 ,livingstone was deeply affected by his death4 ,a deeper sense of brotherhood1 a warmer glow of affection had been kindled in his heart toward ,sebituane than had seemed possible4 ,with his very tender conscience and deep sense of spiritual realities1 ,livingstone was afraid1 as in the case of ,sehamy eight years before1 that he had not spoken to him so pointedly as he might have done4 ,it is awfully affecting to follow him into the unseen world1 of which he had heard for the first time just before he was called away4 ,in his ,journal1 ,livingstone gives way to his feelings as he very seldom allowed himself to do4 ,his words bring to mind ,david's lament for ,jonathan or for ,absalom1 although he had known ,sebituane less than a month1 and he was one of the race whom many ,boers and slave-stealers regarded as having no souls3 ,poor ,sebituane1 my heart bleeds for thee2 and what would ,i not do for thee now8 ,i will weep for thee till the day of my death4 ,little didst thou think when1 in the visit of the white man1 thou sawest the long cherished desires of years accomplished1 that the sentence of death had gone forth6 ,thou thoughtest that thou shouldest procure a weapon from the white man which would be a shield from the attacks of the fierce ,matebele2 but a more deadly dart than theirs was aimed at thee2 and though1 thou couldest well ward off a dart--none ever better--thou didst not see that of the king of terrors4 ,i will weep for thee1 my brother1 and ,i will cast forth my sorrows in despair for thy condition6 ,but ,i know that thou wilt receive no injustice whither thou art gone2 ',shall not the ,judge of all the earth do right8' ,i leave thee to ,him4 ,alas6 alas6 ,sebituane4 ,i might have said more to him4 ,god forgive me4 ,free me from blood-guiltiness4 ,if ,i had said more of death ,i might have been suspected as having foreseen the event1 and as guilty of bewitching him4 ,i might have recommended ,jesus and his great atonement more4 ,it is1 however1 very difficult to break through the thick crust of ignorance which envelops their minds4 ,the death of ,sebituane was a great blow in another sense4 ,the region over which his influence extended was immense1 and he had promised to show it to ,livingstone and to select a suitable locality for his residence4 ,this heathen chief would have given to ,christ's servant what the ,boers refused him6 ,livingstone would have had his wish--an entirely new country to work upon1 where the name of ,christ had never yet been spoken4 ,so at least he thought4 ,sebituane's successor in the chiefdom was his daughter1 ,ma-mochisane4 ,from her he received liberty to visit any part of the country he chose4 ,while waiting for a reply 7she was residing at a distance71 he one day fell into a great danger from an elephant which had come on him unexpectedly4 ,we were startled by his coming a little way in the direction in which we were standing1 but he did not give us chase4 ,i have had many escapes4 ,we seem immortal till our work is done4 ,mr4 ,oswell and he then proceeded in a northeasterly direction1 passing through the town of ,linyanti1 and on the #c;d of ,august they came on the beautiful river at ,seshke3 ,we thanked ,god for permitting us to see this glorious river4 ,all we said to each other was ',how glorious6 how magnificent6 how beautiful6'444 ,in crossing1 the waves lifted up the canoe and made it roll beautifully4 ,the scenery of the ,firths of ,forth and ,clyde was brought vividly to my view1 and had ,i been fond of indulging in sentimental effusions1 my lachrymal apparatus seemed fully charged4 ,but then the old man who was conducting us across might have said1 ',what on earth are you blubbering for8 ,afraid of these crocodiles1 eh8' ,the little sentimentality which exceeded was forced to take its course down the inside of the nose4 ,we have other work in this world than indulging in sentimentality of the ',sonnet to the ,moon' variety4 ,the river1 which went here by the name of ,seshke1 was found to be the ,zambesi1 which had not previously been known to exist in that region4 ,in writing about it to his brother ,charles1 he says1 ,it was the first river ,i ever saw4 ,its discovery in this locality constituted one of the great geographical feats with which the name of ,livingstone is connected4 ,he heard of rapids above1 and of great water-falls below2 but it was reserved for him on a future visit to behold the great ,victoria ,falls1 which in the popular imagination have filled a higher place than many of his more useful discoveries4 ,the travelers were still a good many days' distance from ,ma-mochisane1 without whose presence nothing could be settled2 but besides1 the reedy banks of the rivers were found to be unsuitable for a settlement1 and the higher regions were too much exposed to the attacks of ,mosilikatse4 ,livingstone saw no prospect of obtaining a suitable station1 and with great reluctance he made up his mind to retrace the weary road1 and return to ,kolobeng4 ,the people were very anxious for him to stay1 and offered to make a garden for him1 and to fulfill ,sebituane's promise to give him oxen in return for those killed by the tsetse4 ,setting out with the wagons on #acth ,august1 #ahea1 the party proceeded slowly homeward4 ,on #aeth ,september1 #ahea1 ,livingstone's ,journal has this unexpected and simple entry3 ,a son1 ,william ,oswell ,livingstone#cb1 born at a place we always call ,bellevue4 ,on the #ahth3 ,thomas attacked by fever2 removed to a high part on his account4 ,thomas was seized with fever three times at about an interval of a fortnight4 ,not a word about ,mrs4 ,livingstone1 but three pages of observations about medical treatment of fever1 thunderstorms1 constitutions of ,indian and ,african people1 leanness of the game1 letter received from ,directors approving generally of his course1 a gold watch sent by ,captain ,steele1 and ,gordon ,cumming's book1 a miserably poor thing4 ,amazed1 we ask1 ,had ,livingstone any heart8 ,but ere long we come upon a copy of a letter1 and some remarks connected with it1 that give us an impression of the depth and strength of his nature1 unsurpassed by anything that has yet occurred4 ,footnote #cb3 ,he had intended to call him ,charles1 and announced this to his father2 but1 finding that ,mr4 ,oswell1 to whom he was so much indebted1 would be pleased with the compliment1 he changed his purpose and the name accordingly4 ,the following extracts1 he says1 show in what light our efforts are regarded by those who1 as much as we do1 desire that the 'gospel may be preached to all nations1' ,then follows a copy of a letter which had been addressed to him before they set out by ,mrs4 ,moffat1 his mother-in-law1 remonstrating in the strongest terms against his plan of taking his wife with him2 reminding him of the death of the child1 and other sad occurrences of last year2 and in the name of everything that was just1 kind1 and even decent1 beseeching him to abandon an arrangement which all the world would condemn4 ,another letter from the same writer informed him that much prayer had been offered that1 if the arrangements were not in accordance with ,christian propriety1 he might in great mercy be prevented by some dispensation of ,providence from carrying them out4 ,mrs4 ,moffat was a woman of the highest gifts and character1 and full of admiration for ,livingstone4 ,the insertion of these letters in his ,journal shows that1 in carrying out his plan1 the objections to which it was liable were before his mind in the strongest conceivable form4 ,no man who knows what ,livingstone was will imagine for a moment that he had not the most tender regard for the health1 the comfort1 and the feelings of his wife2 in matters of delicacy he had the most scrupulous regard to propriety2 his resolution to take her with him must1 therefore1 have sprung from something far stronger than even his affection for her4 ,what was this stronger force8 ,it was his inviolable sense of duty1 and his indefeasible conviction that his ,father in heaven would not forsake him whilst pursuing a course in obedience to his will1 and designed to advance the welfare of his children4 ,as this furnishes the key to ,livingstone's future life1 and the answer to one of the most serious objections ever brought against it1 it is right to spend a little time in elucidating the principles by which he was guided4 ,there was a saying of the late ,sir ,herbert ,edwardes which he highly valued3 ,he who has to act on his own responsibility is a slave if he does not act on his own judgment4 ,acting on this maxim1 he must set aside the views of others as to his duty1 provided his own judgment was clear regarding it4 ,he must even set aside the feelings and apparent interest of those dearest to him1 because duty was above everything else4 ,his faith in ,god convinced him that1 in the long run1 it could never be the worse for him and his that he had firmly done his duty4 ,all true faith has in it an element of venture1 and in ,livingstone's faith this element was strong4 ,trusting ,god1 he could expose to venture even the health1 comfort1 and welfare of his wife and children4 ,he was convinced that it was his duty to go forth with them and seek a new station for the ,gospel in ,sebituane's country4 ,if this was true1 ,god would take care of them1 and it was better to trust in the ,lord than to put confidence in man4 ,people thoughtlessly accused him of making light of the interests of his family4 ,no man suffered keener pangs from the course he had to follow concerning them1 and no man pondered more deeply what duty to them required4 ,but to do all this1 ,livingstone must have had a very clear perception of the course of duty4 ,this is true4 ,but how did he get this8 ,first1 his singleness of heart1 so to speak1 attracted the light3 ,if thine eye be single1 thy whole body shall be full of light4 ,then1 he was very clear and very minute in his prayers4 ,further1 he was most careful to scan all the providential indications that might throw light on the ,divine will4 ,and when he had been carried so far on in the line of duty1 he had a strong presumption that the line would be continued1 and that he would not be called to turn back4 ,it was in front1 not in rear1 that he expected to find the pillar of cloud and the pillar of fire4 ,in course of time1 this hardened into a strong instinctive habit1 which almost dispensed with the process of reasoning4 ,in ,dean ,stanley's ,sinai and ,palestine allusion is made to a kindred experience1--that which bore ,abraham from ,chaldea1 ,moses from ,egypt1 and the greater part of the tribes from the comfortable pastures of ,gilead and ,bashan to the rugged hill-country of ,judah and ,ephraim4 ,notwithstanding all the attractions of the richer countries1 they were borne onward and forward1 not knowing whither they went2 instinctively feeling that they were fulfilling the high purposes to which they were called4 ,in the later part of ,livingstone's life1 the necessity of going forward to the close of the career that had opened for him seemed to settle the whole question of duty4 ,but at this earlier stage1 he had been conscientiously scrutinizing all that had any bearing on that question2 and now that he finds himself close to his home1 and can thank ,god for the safe confinement of his wife1 and the health of the new-born child1 he gathers together all the providences that showed that in this journey1 which excited such horror even among his best friends1 he had after all been following the guidance of his ,father4 ,first1 in the matter of guides1 he had been wonderfully helped1 notwithstanding a deep plot to deprive him of any4 ,then there was the sickness of ,sekmi1 whose interest had been secured through his going to see him1 and prescribing for him2 this had propitiated one of the tribes4 ,the services of ,shobo1 too1 and the selection of the northern route1 proposed by ,kamati1 had been of great use4 ,their going to ,seshke1 and their detention for two months1 thus allowing them time to collect information respecting the whole country2 the river ,chobe not rising at its usual time2 the saving of ,livingstone's oxen from the tsetse1 notwithstanding their detention on the ,zouga2 his not going with ,mr4 ,oswell to a place where the tsetse destroyed many of the oxen2 the better health of ,mrs4 ,livingstone during her confinement than in any previous one2 a very opportune present they had got1 just before her confinement1 of two bottles of wine#cc2 the approbation of the ,directors1 the presentation of a gold watch by ,captain ,steele1 the kind attentions of ,mr4 ,oswell1 and the cookery of one of their native servants named ,george2 the recovery of ,thomas1 whereas at ,kuruman a child had been cut off2 the commencement of the rains1 just as they were leaving the river1 and the request of ,mr4 ,oswell that they should draw upon him for as much money as they should need1 were all among the indications that a faithful and protecting ,father in heaven had been ordering their path1 and would order it in like manner in all time to come4 ,footnote #cc3 ,in writing to his father1 ,livingstone mentions that the wine was a gift from ,mrs4 ,bysshe ,shelley1 in acknowledgment of his aid in repairing a wheel of her wagon4 ,writing at this time to his father-in-law1 ,mr4 ,moffat1 he said1 after announcing the birth of ,oswell3 ,what you say about difference of opinion is true4 ,in my past life1 ,i have always managed to think for myself1 and act accordingly4 ,i have occasionally met with people who took it on themselves to act for me1 and they have offered their thoughts with an emphatic ',i think'2 but ,i have excused them on the score of being a little soft-headed in believing they could think both for me and themselves4 ,while ,kolobeng was ,livingstone's headquarters1 a new trouble rose upon the mission horizon4 ,the ,makololo 7as ,sebituane's people were called7 began to practice the slave-trade4 ,it arose simply from their desire to possess guns4 ,for eight old muskets they had given to a neighboring tribe eight boys1 that had been taken from their enemies in war1 being the only article for which the guns could be got4 ,soon after1 in a fray against another tribe1 two hundred captives were taken1 and1 on returning1 the ,makololo met some ,arab traders from ,zanzibar1 who for three muskets received about thirty of their captives4 ,another of the master ideas of his life now began to take hold upon ,livingstone4 ,africa was exposed to a terrible evil through the desire of the natives to possess articles of ,european manufacture1 and their readiness for this purpose to engage in the slave-trade4 ,though no ,african had ever been known to sell his own children into captivity1 the tribes were ready enough to sell other children that had fallen into their hands by war or otherwise4 ,but if a legitimate traffic were established through which they might obtain whatever ,european goods they desired in exchange for ivory and other articles of native produce1 would not this frightful slave-trade be brought to an end8 ,the idea was destined to receive many a confirmation before ,livingstone drew his last breath of ,african air4 ,it naturally gave a great impulse to the purpose which had already struck its roots into his soul--to find a road to the sea either on the eastern or western coast4 ,interests wider and grander than even the planting of mission stations on the territories of ,sebituane now rose to his view4 ,the welfare of the whole continent1 both spiritual and temporal1 was concerned in the success of this plan of opening new channels to the enterprise of ,british and other merchants1 always eager to hear of new markets for their goods4 ,by driving away the slave-trade1 much would be done to prepare the way for ,christian missions which could not thrive in an atmosphere of war and commotion4 ,an idea involving issues so vast was fitted to take a right powerful hold on ,livingstone's heart1 and make him feel that no sacrifice could be too great to be encountered1 cheerfully and patiently1 for such an end4 ,writing to the ,directors 7,october1 #ahea71 he says3 ,you will see by the accompanying sketch-map what an immense region ,god in his grace has opened up4 ,if we can enter in and form a settlement1 we shall be able in the course of a very few years to put a stop to the slave-trade in that quarter4 ,it is probable that the mere supply of ,english manufacturers on ,sebituane's part will effect this1 for they did not like the slave-trade1 and promised to abstain4 ,i think it will be impossible to make a fair commencement unless ,i can secure two years devoid of family cares4 ,i shall be obliged to go southward1 perhaps to the ,cape1 to have my uvula excised and my arm mended 7the latter1 if it can be done1 only74 ,it has occurred to me that1 as we must send our children to ,england1 it would be no great additional expense to send them now along with their mother4 ,this arrangement would enable me to proceed1 and devote about two or perhaps three years to this new region2 but ,i must beg your sanction1 and if you please let it be given or withheld as soon as you can conveniently1 so that it might meet me at the ,cape4 ,to orphanize my children will be like tearing out my bowels1 but when ,i can find time to write you fully you will perceive it is the only way1 except giving up that region altogether4 ,kuruman will not answer as a residence1 nor yet the ,colony4 ,if ,i were to follow my own inclinations1 they would lead me to settle down quietly with the ,bakwains1 or some other small tribe1 and devote some of my time to my children2 but ,providence seems to call me to the regions beyond1 and if ,i leave them anywhere in this country1 it will be to let them become heathens4 ,if you think it right to support them1 ,i believe my parents in ,scotland would attend to them otherwise4 ,continuing the subject in a more leisurely way a few weeks later1 he refers to the very great increase of traffic that had taken place since the discovery of ,lake ',ngami two years before2 the fondness of the people for ,european articles2 the numerous kinds of native produce besides ivory1 such as beeswax1 ostrich feathers1 etc41 of which the natives made little or no use1 but which they would take care of if regular trade were established among them4 ,he thought that if traders were to come up the ,zambesi and make purchases from the producers they would both benefit themselves and drive the slave-dealer from the market4 ,it might be useful to establish a sanatorium1 to which missionaries might come from less healthy districts to recruit4 ,this would diminish the reluctance of missionaries to settle in the interior4 ,for himself1 though he had reared three stations with much bodily labor and fatigue1 he would cheerfully undergo much more if a new station would answer such objects4 ,in referring to the countries drained by the ,zambesi1 he believed he was speaking of a large section of the slave-producing region of ,africa4 ,he then went on to say that to a certain extent their hopes had been disappointed2 ,mr4 ,oswell had not been able to find a passage to the sea1 and he had not been able to find a station for missionary work4 ,they therefore returned together4 ,he assisted me1 adds ,livingstone1 in every possible way4 ,may ,god reward him6 ,in regard to mission work for the future an important question arose1 ,what should be done for the ,bakwains8 ,they could not remain at ,kolobeng--hunger and the ,boers decided that point4 ,was it not1 then1 his duty to find and found a new station for them8 ,dr4 ,livingstone thought not4 ,he had always told them that he would remain with them only for a few years4 ,one of his great ideas on missions in ,africa was that a fair trial should be given to as many places as possible1 and if the trial did not succeed the missionaries should pass on to other tribes4 ,he had a great aversion to the common impression that the less success one had the stronger was one's duty to remain4 ,missionaries were only too ready to settle down and make themselves as comfortable as possible1 whereas the great need was for men to move on1 to strike out into the regions beyond1 to go into all the world4 ,he had far more sympathy for tribes that had never heard the gospel than for those who had had it for years4 ,he used to refer to certain tribes near ,griqualand that had got a little instruction1 but had no stated missionaries2 they used to send some of their people to the ,griquas to learn what they could1 and afterward some others2 and these persons1 returning1 communicated what they knew1 till a wonderful measure of knowledge was acquired1 and a numerous church was formed4 ,if the seed had once been sown in any place it would not remain dormant1 but would excite the desire for further knowledge2 and on the whole it would be better for the people to be thrown somewhat on their own resources than to have everything done for them by missionaries from ,europe4 ,in regard to the ,bakwains1 though they had promised well at first1 they had not been a very teachable people4 ,he was not inclined to blame them2 they had been so pinched by hunger and badgered by the ,boers that they could not attend to instruction2 or rather1 they had too good an excuse for not doing so4 ,i have much affection for them1 he says in his ,journal1 and though ,i pass from them ,i do not relinquish the hope that they will yet turn to ,him to whose mercy and love they have often been invited4 ,the seed of the living ,word will not perish4 ,the finger of ,providence clearly pointed to a region farther north in the country of the ,barotse or beyond it1 ,he admitted that there were pros and cons in the case4 ,against his plan1--some of his brethren did not hesitate to charge him with being actuated by worldly ambition4 ,this was the more trying1 for sometimes he suspected his own motives4 ,others dwelt on what was due to his family4 ,moreover1 his own predilections were all for a quiet life4 ,and there was also the consideration1 that as the ,directors could not well realize the distances he would have to travel before he reached the field1 he might appear more as an explorer than a missionary4 ,on the other hand3 ,i am conscious1 he says1 that though there is much impurity in my motives1 they are in the main for the glory of ,him to whom ,i have devoted myself4 ,i never anticipated fame from the discovery of the ,lake4 ,i cared very little about it1 but the sight of the ,tamanak'le1 and the report of other large rivers beyond1 all densely populated1 awakened many and enthusiastic feelings4444 ,then1 again1 consider the multitude that in the ,providence of ,god have been brought to light in the country of ,sebituane2 the probability that in our efforts to evangelize we shall put a stop to the slave-trade in a large region1 and by means of the highway into the ,north which we have discovered bring unknown nations into the sympathies of the ,christian world4 ,if ,i were to choose my work1 it would be to reduce this new language1 translate the ,bible into it1 and be the means of forming a small church4 ,let this be accomplished1 ,i think ,i could then lie down and die contented4 ,two years' absence will be necessary4444 ,nothing but a strong conviction that the step will lead to the glory of ,christ would make me orphanize my children4 ,even now my bowels yearn over them4 ,they ,will forget me2 but ,i hope when the day of trial comes1 ,i shall not be found a more sorry soldier than those who serve an earthly sovereign4 ,should you not feel yourselves justified in incurring the expense of their support in ,england1 ,i shall feel called upon to renounce the hope of carrying the gospel into that country1 and labor among those who live in a more healthy country1 viz41 the ,bakwains4 ,but1 stay1 ,i am not sure2 so powerfully convinced am ,i that it is the will of the ,lord ,i should1 ,i will go1 no matter who opposes2 but from you ,i expect nothing but encouragement4 ,i know you wish as ardently as ,i can that all the world may be filled with the glory of the ,lord4 ,i feel relieved when ,i lay the whole case before you4 ,he proposed that a brother missionary1 ,mr4 ,ashton1 should be placed among the ,bamangwato1 a people who were in the habit of spreading themselves through the ,bakalahari1 and should thus form a link between himself and the brethren in the south4 ,in a postscript1 dated ,bamangwato1 #adth ,november1 he gratefully acknowledges a letter from the ,directors1 in which his plans are approved of generally4 ,they had recommended him to complete a dictionary of the ,sichuana language4 ,this he would have been delighted to do when his mind was full of the subject1 but with the new projects now before him1 and the probability of having to deal with a new language for the ,zambesi district1 he could not undertake such a work at present4 ,in a subsequent letter to the ,directors 7,cape ,town1 #agth ,march1 #aheb71 ,livingstone finds it necessary to go into full details with regard to his finances4 ,though he writes with perfect calmness1 it is evident that his exchequer was sadly embarrassed4 ,in fact1 he had already not only spent all the salary 7#ajj7 of #aheb1 but fifty-seven pounds of #ahec1 and the balance would be absorbed by expenses in ,cape ,town4 ,he had been as economical as possible2 in personal expenditure most careful--he had been a teetotaler for twenty years4 ,he did not hesitate to express his conviction that the salary was inadequate1 and to urge the ,directors to defray the extra expenditure which was now inevitable2 but with characteristic generosity he urged ,mr4 ,moffat's ,claims much more warmly than his own4 ,from expressions in ,livingstone's letter to the ,directors1 it is evident that he was fully aware of the risk he ran1 in his new line of work1 of appearing to sink the missionary in the explorer4 ,there is no doubt that next to the charge of forgetting the claims of his family1 to which we have already adverted1 this was the most plausible of the objections taken to his subsequent career4 ,but any one who has candidly followed his course of thought and feeling from the moment when the sense of unseen realities burst on him at ,blantyre1 to the time at which we have now arrived1 must see that this view is altogether destitute of support4 ,the impulse of divine love that had urged him first to become a missionary had now become with him the settled habit of his life4 ,no new ambition had flitted across his path1 for though he had become known as a geographical discoverer1 he says he thought very little of the fact1 and his life shows this to have been true4 ,twelve years of missionary life had given birth to no sense of weariness1 no abatement of interest in these poor black savages1 no reluctance to make common cause with them in the affairs of life1 no despair of being able to do them good4 ,on the contrary1 he was confirmed in his opinion of the efficacy of his favorite plan of native agency1 and if he could but get a suitable base of operations1 he was eager to set it going1 and on every side he was assured of native welcome4 ,shortly before 7#eth ,february1 #ahej71 when writing to his father with reference to a proposal of his brother ,charles that he should go and settle in ,america1 he had said3 ,i am a missionary1 heart and soul4 ,god had an only ,son1 and ,he was a missionary and a physician4 ,a poor1 poor imitation of ,him ,i am1 or wish to be4 ,in this service ,i hope to live1 in it ,i wish to die4 ,the spectre of the slave-trade had enlarged his horizon1 and shown him the necessity of a commercial revolution for the whole of ,africa1 before effectual and permanent good could be done in any part of it4 ,the plan which he had now in view multiplied the risks he ran1 and compelled him to think anew whether he was ready to sacrifice himself1 and if so1 for what4 ,all that ,livingstone did was thus done with open eyes and well-considered resolution4 ,adverting to the prevalence of fever in some parts of the country1 while other parts were comparatively healthy1 he says in his ,journal3 ,i offer myself as a forlorn hope in order to ascertain whether there is a place fit to be a sanatorium for more unhealthy spots4 ,may ,god accept my service1 and use me for his glory4 ,a great honor it is to he a fellow-worker with ,god4 ,it is a great venture1 he writes to his sister 7#bhth ,april1 #ahea74 ,fever may cut us all off4 ,i feel much when ,i think of the children dying4 ,but who will go if we don't8 ,not one4 ,i would venture everything for ,christ4 ,pity ,i have so little to give4 ,but ,he will accept us1 for ,he is a good master4 ,never one like ,him4 ,he can sympathize4 ,may ,he forgive1 and purify1 and bless us4 ,if in his spirit of high consecration he was thus unchanged1 equally far was he from having a fanatical disregard of life1 and the rules of provident living4 ,jesus1 he says1 came not to judge1--,greek3 kriuo1--condemn judicially1 or execute vengeance on any one4 ,his was a message of peace and love4 ,he shall not strive nor cry1 neither shall his voice he heard in the streets4 ,missionaries ought to follow his example4 ,neither insist on our rights1 nor appear as if we could allow our goods to be destroyed without regret3 for if we are righteous overmuch1 or stand up for our rights with too much vehemence1 we beget dislikes1 and the people see no difference between ourselves and them4 ,and if we appear to care nothing for the things of this world1 they conclude we are rich1 and when they beg1 our refusal is ascribed to niggardliness1 and our property1 too1 is wantonly destroyed4 ',ga ba tloke'they are not in need1 is the phrase employed when our goods are allowed to go to destruction by the neglect of servants4444 ,in coming among savage people1 we ought to make them feel we are of them1 'we seek not yours1 but you'2 but while very careful not to make a gain of them1 we ought to be as careful to appear thankful1 and appreciate any effort they may make for our comfort or subsistence4 ,on reaching ,kolobeng from ',ngami they found the station deserted4 ,the ,bakwains had removed to ,limae4 ,sechle came down the day after1 and presented them with an ox--a valuable gift in his circumstances4 ,sechle had much yet to bear from the ,boers2 and after being1 without provocation1 attacked1 pillaged1 and wasted1 and robbed of his children1 he was bent on going to the ,queen of ,england to state his wrongs4 ,this1 however1 he could not accomplish1 though he went as far as the ,cape4 ,coming back afterward to his own people1 he gathered large numbers about him from other tribes1 to whose improvement he devoted himself with much success4 ,he still survives1 with the one wife whom he retained2 and1 though not without some drawbacks 7which ,livingstone ascribed to the bad example set him by some71 he maintains his ,christian profession4 ,his people are settled at some miles' distance from ,kolobeng1 and have a missionary station1 supported by a ,hanoverian ,society4 ,his regard for the memory of ,livingstone is very great1 and he reads with eagerness all that he can find about him4 ,he has ever been a warm friend of missions has a wonderful knowledge of the ,bible1 and can preach well4 ,the influence of ,livingstone in his early days was doubtless a real power in mission-work4 ,mebalwe1 too1 we are informed by ,dr4 ,moffat1 still survives2 a useful man1 an able preacher1 and one who has done much to bring his people to ,christ4 ,it was painful to ,livingstone to say good-bye to the ,bakwains1 and 7as ,mrs4 ,moffat afterward reminded him7 his friends were not all in favor of his doing so2 but he regarded his departure as inevitable4 ,after a short stay at ,kuruman1 he and his family went on to ,cape ,town1 where they arrived on the #afth of ,march1 #aheb1 and had new proofs of ,mr4 ,oswell's kindness4 ,after eleven years' absence1 ,livingstone's dress-coat had fallen a little out of fashion1 and the whole costume of the party was somewhat in the style of ,robinson ,crusoe4 ,the generosity of the best friend we have in ,africa made all comfortable1 ,mr4 ,oswell remarking that ,livingstone had as good a right as he to the money drawn from the preserves on his estate--the elephants4 ,mentally1 ,livingstone traces to its source the kindness of his friend1 thinking of ,one to whom he owed all--,o divine ,love1 ,i have not loved ,thee strongly1 deeply1 warmly enough4 ,the retrospect of his eleven years of ,african labor1 unexampled though they had been1 only awakened in him the sense of unprofitable service4 ,before closing the record of this period1 we must take a glance at the remarkable literary activity which it witnessed4 ,we have had occasion to refer to ,livingstone's first letters to ,captain ,steele1 for the ,geographical ,society2 additional letters were contributed from time to time4 ,his philological researches have also been noticed4 ,in addition to these1 we find him writing two articles on ,african ,missions for the ,british ,quarterly ,review1 only one of which was published4 ,he likewise wrote two papers for the ,british ,banner on the ,boers4 ,while crossing the desert1 after leaving the ,cape on his first great journey1 he wrote a remarkable paper on ,missionary ,sacrifices1 and another of great vigor on the ,boers4 ,still another paper on ,lake ',ngami was written for a ,missionary ,journal contemplated1 but never started1 under the editorship of the late ,mr4 ,isaac ,taylor2 and he had one in his mind on the religion of the ,bechuanas1 presenting a view which differed somewhat from that of ,mr4 ,moffat4 ,writing to ,mr4 ,watt from ,linyanti 7#c;d ,october1 #ahec71 on printing one of his papers1 he says3 ,but the expense1 my dear man4 ,what a mess ,i am in1 writing papers which cannot pay their own way6 ,pauper papers1 in fact1 which must go to the workhouse for support4 ,ugh6 ,has the ,caffre ,war paper shared the same fate8 and the ,language paper too8 ,here ,i have two by me1 which ,i will keep in their native obscurity4 ,one is on the ,south ,african ,boers and slavery1 in which ,i show that their church is1 and always has been1 the great bulwark of slavery1 cattle-lifting1 and ,caffre-marauding2 and ,i correct the mistaken views of some writers who describe the ,boers as all that is good1 and of others who describe as all that is bad1 by showing who are the good and who are the bad4 ,the other1 which ,i rather admire1--what father doesn't his own progeny8--is on the missionary work1 and designed to aid young men of piety to form a more correct idea of it than is to be had from much of the missionary biography of 'sacrifices4' ,i magnify the enterprise1 exult in the future1 etc41 etc4 ,it was written in coming across the desert1 and if it never does aught else1 it imparted comfort and encouragement to myself#cd4444 ,i feel almost inclined to send it4444 ,if the ,caffre ,war one is rejected1 then farewell to spouting in ,reviews4 ,footnote #cd3 ,for extracts from the paper on ,missionary ,sacrifices1 see ,appendix ,no4 ,i4 ,for part of the paper on the ,boers1 see ,catholic ,presbyterian ,december1 #ahgi 7,london1 ,nisbet and ,co474 ,if he had met with more encouragement from editors he would have written more4 ,but the editorial cold shoulder was beyond even his power of endurance4 ,he laid aside his pen in a kind of disgust1 and this doubtless was one of the reasons that made him unwilling to resume it on his return to ,england4 ,editors were wiser then2 and the offer from one ,london ,magazine of #djj for four articles1 and from ,good ,words of #ajjj for a number of papers to be fixed afterward1--offers which1 however1 were not accepted finally1--showed how the tide had turned4 ,,chapter ,,vii4 ,,from ,,the ,,cape ,,to ,,linyanti4 ,a4,d4 #aheb-ahec4 ,unfavorable feeling at ,cape ,town--,departure of ,mrs4 ,livingstone and children--,livingstone's detention and difficulties--,letter to his wife--,to ,agnes--,occupations at ,cape ,town--,the ,astronomer-,royal--,livingstone leaves the ,cape and reaches ,kuruman--,destruction of ,kolobeng by the ,boers--,letters to his wife and ,rev4 ,j4 ,moore--,his resolution to open up ,africa or perish--,arrival at ,linyanti--,unhealthiness of the country--,thoughts on setting out for coast--,sekeltu's kindness--,livingstone's missionary activity--,death of ,mpepe1 and of his father--,meeting with ,ma-mochisane--,barotse country--,determines to go to ,loanda--,heathenism unadulterated--,taste for the beautiful--,letter to his children--to his father--,last ,sunday at ,linyanti--,prospect of his falling4 ,when ,livingstone arrived at the ,cape1 he found the authorities in a state of excitement over the ,caffre ,war1 and very far from friendly toward the ,london ,missionary ,society1 some of whose missionaries--himself among the number--were regarded as unpatriotic4 ,he had a very poor opinion of the officials1 and their treatment of the natives scandalized him4 ,he describes the trial of an old soldier1 ,botha1 as the most horrid exhibition ,i ever witnessed4 ,the noble conduct of ,botha in prison was a beautiful contrast to the scene in court4 ,this whole ,caffre ,war had exemplified the blundering of the ,british authorities1 and was teaching the natives developments1 the issue of which could not be foreseen4 ,as for himself1 he writes to ,mr4 ,moffat1 that he was cordially hated1 and perhaps he might be pulled up2 but he knew that some of his letters had been read by the ,duke of ,wellington and ,lord ,brougham with pleasure1 and1 possibly1 he might get justice4 ,he bids his father-in-law not to be surprised if he saw him abused in the newspapers4 ,on the #bc;d ,april1 #aheb1 ,mrs4 ,livingstone and the four children sailed from ,cape ,town for ,england4 ,the sending of his children to be brought up by others was a very great trial1 and ,dr4 ,livingstone seized the opportunity to impress on the ,directors that those by whom missionaries were sent out had a great duty to the children whom their parents were compelled to send away4 ,referring to the filthy conversation and ways of the heathen1 he says3 ,missionaries expose their children to a contamination which they have had no hand in producing4 ,we expose them and ourselves for a time in order to elevate those sad captives of sin and ,satan1 who are the victims of the degradation of ages4 ,none of those who complain about missionaries sending their children home ever descend to this4 ,and again1 as ,mr4 ,james in his ,young ,man from ,home forcibly shows1 a greater misfortune cannot befall a youth than to be cast into the world without a home4 ,in regard to even the vestige of a home1 my children are absolutely vagabonds4 ,when shall we return to ,kolobeng8 ,when to ,kuruman8 ,never4 ,the mark of ,cain is on your foreheads1 your father is a missionary4 ,our children ought to have both the sympathies and prayers of those at whose bidding we become strangers for life4 ,was there ever a plea more powerful or more just8 ,it is sad to think that the coldness of ,christians at home should have led a man like ,livingstone to fancy that1 because his children were the children of a missionary1 they would bear the mark of ,cain1 and be homeless vagabonds4 ,why are we at home so forgetful of the privilege of refreshing the bowels of those who take their lives in their hands for the love of ,christ1 by making a home for their offspring8 ,in a higher state of ,christianity there will be hundreds of the best families at home delighted1 for the love of their ,master1 to welcome and bring up the missionary's children4 ,and when the ,great ,day comes1 none will more surely receive that best of all forms of repayment1 ,inasmuch as ye did it unto the least of these my brethren1 ye did it unto ,me4 ,livingstone1 who had now got the troublesome uvula cut out1 was detained at the ,cape nearly two months after his family left4 ,he was so distrusted by the authorities that they would hardly sell powder and shot to him1 and he had to fight a battle that demanded all his courage and perseverance for a few boxes of percussion-caps4 ,at the last moment1 a troublesome country postmaster1 to whom he had complained of an overcharge of postage1 threatened an action against him for defamation of character1 and1 rather than be further detained1 deep in debt though he was1 ,livingstone had to pay him a considerable sum4 ,his family were much in his thoughts2 he found some relief in writing by every mail4 ,his letters to his wife are too sacred to be spread before the public2 we confine ourselves to a single extract1 to show over what a host of suppressed emotions he had to march in this expedition3 ,cape ,town1 #eth ,may1 #aheb4--,,my ,,dearest ,,mary1--,how ,i miss you now1 and the children6 ,my heart yearns incessantly over you4 ,how many thoughts of the past crowd into my mind6 ,i feel as if ,i would treat you all much more tenderly and lovingly than ever4 ,you have been a great blessing to me4 ,you attended to my comfort in many1 many ways4 ,may ,god bless you for all your kindnesses6 ,i see no face now to be compared with that sunburnt one which has so often greeted me with its kind looks4 ,let us do our duty to our ,saviour1 and we shall meet again4 ,i wish that time were now4 ,you may read the letters over again which ,i wrote at ,mabotsa1 the sweet time you know4 ,as ,i told you before1 ,i tell you again1 they are true1 true2 there is not a bit of hypocrisy in them4 ,i never show all my feelings2 but ,i can say truly1 my dearest1 that ,i loved you when ,i married you1 and the longer ,i lived with you1 ,i loved you the better4444 ,let us do our duty to ,christ1 and ,he will bring us through the world with honor and usefulness4 ,he is our refuge and high tower2 let us trust in ,him at all times1 and in all circumstances4 ,love ,him more and more1 and diffuse his love among the children4 ,take them all round you1 and kiss them for me4 ,tell them ,i have left them for the love of ,jesus1 and they must love ,him too1 and avoid sin1 for that displeases ,jesus4 ,i shall be delighted to hear of you all safe in ,england4444 ,a few days later1 he writes to his eldest daughter1 then in her fifth year3 ,cape ,town1 #ahth ,may1 #aheb4--,,my ,,dear ,,agnes1--,this is your own little letter4 ,mamma will read it to you1 and you will hear her just as if ,i were speaking to you1 for the words which ,i write are those which she will read4 ,i am still at ,cape ,town4 ,you know you left me there when you all went into the big ship and sailed away4 ,well1 ,i shall leave ,cape ,town soon4 ,malatsi has gone for the oxen1 and then ,i shall go away back to ,sebituane's country1 and see ,seipone and ,meriye1 who gave you the beads and fed you with milk and honey4 ,i shall not see you again for a long time1 and ,i am very sorry4 ,i have no ,nannie now4 ,i have given you back to ,jesus1 your ,friend--your ,papa who is in heaven4 ,he is above you1 but ,he is always near you4 ,when we ask things from ,him1 that is praying to ,him2 and if you do or say a naughty thing ask ,him to pardon you1 and bless you1 and make you one of his children4 ,love ,jesus much1 for ,he loves you1 and ,he came and died for you4 ,oh1 how good ,jesus is6 ,i love ,him1 and ,i shall love ,him as long as ,i live4 ,you must love ,him too1 and you must love your brothers and mamma1 and never tease them or be naughty1 for ,jesus does not like to see naughtiness4--,good-bye1 my dear ,nannie1 ,d4 ,,livingston4 ,among his other occupations at ,cape ,town1 ,livingstone put himself under the instructions of the ,astronomer-,royal1 ,mr4 7afterward ,sir ,thomas7 ,maclear1 who became one of his best and most esteemed friends4 ,his object was to qualify himself more thoroughly for taking observations that would give perfect accuracy to his geographical explorations4 ,he tried ,english preaching too1 but his throat was still tender1 and he felt very nervous1 as he had done at ,ongar4 ,what a little thing1 he writes to ,mr4 ,moffat1 is sufficient to bring down to old-wifeishness such a rough tyke as ,i consider myself6 ,poor1 proud human nature is a great fool after all4 ,a second effort was more successful4 ,i preached1 he writes to his wife1 on the text1 ',why will ye die8' ,i had it written out and only referred to it twice1 which is an improvement in ,english4 ,i hope good was done4 ,the people were very attentive indeed4 ,i felt less at a loss than in ,union ,chapel#ce4 ,he arranged with a mercantile friend1 ,mr4 ,rutherfoord1 to direct the operations of a native trader1 ,george ,fleming1 whom that gentleman was to employ for the purpose of introducing lawful traffic in order to supplant the slave-trade4 ,footnote #ce3 ,the manuscript of this sermon still exists4 ,the sermon is very simple1 scriptural1 and earnest1 in the style of ,bishop ,ryle1 or of ,mr4 ,moody4 ,it was not till the #hth of ,june that he left the ,cape4 ,his wagon was loaded to double the usual weight from his good nature in taking everybody's packages4 ,his oxen were lean1 and he was too poor to provide better4 ,he reached ,griqua ,town on the #aeth ,august1 and ,kuruman a fortnight later4 ,many things had occasioned unexpected delay1 and the last crowning detention was caused by the breaking down of a wheel4 ,it turned out1 however1 that these delays were probably the means of saving his life4 ,had they not occurred he would have reached ,kolobeng in ,august4 ,but this was the very time when the commando of the ,boers1 numbering #fjj colonists and many natives besides1 were busy with the work of death and destruction4 ,had he been at ,kolobeng1 ,pretorius would probably have executed his threat of killing him2 at the least he would have been deprived of all the property that he carried with him1 and his projected enterprise would have been brought to an end4 ,in a letter to his wife1 ,livingstone gives full details of the horrible outrage perpetrated shortly before by the ,boers at ,kolobeng3 ,kuruman1 #bjth ,september1 #aheb4--;,along with this ,i send you a long letter2 this ,i write in order to give you the latest news4 ,the ,boers gutted our house at ,kolobeng2 they brought four wagons down and took away sofa1 table1 bed1 all the crockery1 your desk 7,i hope it had nothing in it--,have you the letters871 smashed the wooden chairs1 took away the iron ones1 tore out the leaves of all the books1 and scattered them in front of the house1 smashed the bottles containing medicines1 windows1 oven-door1 took away the smith-bellows1 anvil1 all the tools1--in fact everything worth taking2 three corn-mills1 a bag of coffee1 for which ,i paid six pounds1 and lots of coffee1 tea1 and sugar1 which the gentlemen who went to the north left2 took all our cattle and ,paul's and ,mebalwe's4 ,they then went up to ,limae1 went to church morning and afternoon1 and heard ,mebalwe preach6 ,after the second service they told ,sechle that they had come to fight1 because he allowed ,englishmen to proceed to the ,north1 though they had repeatedly ordered him not to do so4 ,he replied that he was a man of peace1 that he could not molest ,englishmen1 because they had never done him any harm1 and always treated him well4 ,in the morning they commenced firing on the town with swivels1 and set fire to it4 ,the heat forced some of the women to flee1 the men to huddle together on the small hill in the middle of the town2 the smoke prevented them seeing the ,boers1 and the cannon killed many1 sixty 7#fj7 ,bakwains4 ,the ,boers then came near to kill and destroy them all1 but the ,bakwains killed thirty-five 7#ce71 and many horses4 ,they fought the whole day1 but the ,boers could not dislodge them4 ,they stopped firing in the evening1 and then the ,bakwains retired on account of having no water4 ,the above sixty are not all men2 women and children are among the slain4 ,the ,boers were #fjj1 and they had #gjj natives with them4 ,all the corn is burned4 ,parties went out and burned ,bangwaketse town1 and swept off all the cattle4 ,sebubi's cattle are all gone4 ,all the ,bakhatla cattle gone4 ,neither ,bangwaketse nor ,bakhatla fired a shot4 ,all the corn burned of the whole three tribes4 ,everything edible is taken from them4 ,how will they live6 ,they told ,sechle that the ,queen had given off the land to them1 and henceforth they were the masters1--had abolished chieftainship4 ,sir ,harry ,smith tried the same1 and ,england has paid two millions of money to catch one chief1 and he is still as free as the winds of heaven4 ,how will it end8 ,i don't know1 but ,i will tell you the beginning4 ,there are two parties of ,boers gone to the ,lake4 ,these will to a dead certainty be cut off4 ,they amount to thirty-six men4 ,parties are sent now in pursuit of them4 ,the ,bakwains will plunder and murder the ,boers without mercy1 and by and by the ,boers will ask the ,english ,government to assist them to put down rebellion1 and of this rebellion ,i shall have1 of course1 to bear the blame4 ,they often expressed a wish to get hold of me4 ,i wait here a little in order to get information when the path is clear4 ,kind ,providence detained me from falling into the very thick of it4 ,god will preserve me still4 ,he has work for me or ,he would have allowed me to go in just when the ,boers were there4 ,we shall remove more easily now that we are lightened of our furniture4 ,they have taken away our sofa4 ,i never had a good rest on it4 ,we had only got it ready when we left4 ,well1 they can't have taken away all the stones4 ,we shall have a seat in spite of them1 and that1 too1 with a merry heart which doeth good like a medicine4 ,i wonder what the ,peace ,society would do with these worthies4 ,they are ,christians4 ,the ,dutch predicants baptise all their children1 and admit them to the ,lord's ,supper4444 ,dr4 ,livingstone was not disposed to restrain his indignation and grief over his losses4 ,for one so patient and good1 he had a very large vial of indignation1 and on occasion poured it out right heartily over all injustice and cruelty4 ,on no heads was it ever discharged more freely than on these ,transvaal ,boers4 ,he made a formal representation of his losses both to the ,cape and ,home authorities1 but never received a farthing of compensation4 ,the subsequent history of the ,transvaal ,republic will convince many that ,livingstone was not far from the truth in his estimate of the character of the free and independent ,boers4 ,but while perfectly sincere in his indignation over the treatment of the natives and his own losses1 his playful fancy could find a ludicrous side for what concerned himself1 and grim enjoyment in showing it to his friends4 ,think1 he writes to his friend ,watt1 think of a big fat ,boeress drinking coffee out of my kettle1 and then throwing her tallowy corporeity on my sofa1 or keeping her needles in my wife's writing-desk6 ,ugh6 and then think of foolish ,john ,bull paying so many thousands a year for the suppression of the slave-trade1 and allowing ,commissioner ,aven to make treaties with ,boers who carry on the slave-trade4444 ,the ,boers are mad with rage against me because my people fought bravely4 ,it was ,i1 they think1 who taught them to shoot ,boers4 ,fancy your reverend friend teaching the young idea how to shoot ,boers1 and praying for a blessing on the work of his hands6 ,in the same spirit he writes to his friend ,moore3 ,i never knew ,i was so rich until ,i recounted up the different articles that were taken away4 ,they cannot be replaced in this country under #cjj4 ,many things brought to our establishment by my better-half were of considerable value4 ,of all ,i am now lightened1 and they want to ease me of my head4444 ,the ,boers kill the blacks without compunction1 and without provocation1 because they believe they have no souls4444 ,viewing the dispensation apart from the extreme wickedness of the ,boers1 it seemed a judgment on the blacks for their rejection of the gospel4 ,they have verily done despite unto the ,spirit of grace4444 ,their enmity was not manifested to us1 but to the gospel4 ,i am grieved for them1 and still hope that the good seed will yet vegetate#cf4 ,footnote #cf3 ,this letter to ,mr4 ,moore contains a trait of ,livingstone1 very trifling in the occasion out of which it arose1 but showing vividly the nature of the man4 ,he had promised to send ,mr4 ,moore's little son some curiosities1 but had forgotten when his family went to ,england4 ,being reminded of his promise in a postscript the little fellow had added to a letter from his father1 ,livingstone is overwhelmed with shame and confusion of face4 ,he feels he has disappointed the boy and forgotten his promise4 ,again and again ,livingstone returns to the subject1 and feels assured that his young friend would forgive him if he knew how much he suffered for his fault4 ,that in the midst of his own overwhelming troubles he should feel so much for the disappointment of a little heart in ,england1 shows how terrible a thing it was to him to cause needless pain1 and how profoundly it distressed him to seem forgetful of a promise4 ,years afterward he wrote that he had brought an elephant's tail for ,henry1 but one of the men stole all the hairs and sold them4 ,he had still a tusk of a hippopotamus for him1 and a tooth for his brother1 but he had brought no curiosities1 for he could scarcely get along himself4 ,but while he could relax playfully at the thought of the desolation at ,kolobeng1 he knew how to make it the occasion likewise of high resolves4 ,the ,boers1 as he wrote the ,directors1 were resolved to shut up the interior4 ,he was determined1 with ,god's help1 to open the country4 ,time would show which would be most successful in resolution1--they or he4 ,to his brother-in-law he wrote that he would open a path through the country1 or perish4 ,as for the contest with the ,boers1 we may smile at their impotent wrath4 ,it is a singular fact1 that while ,sechle still retains the position of an independent chief1 the republic of the ,boers has passed away4 ,it is now part of the ,british ,empire4 ,the country was so unsettled that for a long time ,dr4 ,livingstone could not get guides at ,kuruman to go with him to ,sebituane's4 ,at length1 however1 he succeeded1 and leaving ,kuruman finally about the end of ,december1 #aheb1 in company with ,george ,fleming1 ,mr4 ,rutherfoord's trader1 he set out in a new direction1 to the west of the old1 in order to give a wide berth to the ,boers4 ,traveling rapidly he passed through ,sebituane's country1 and in ,june1 #aheh1 arrived at ,linyanti1 the capital of the ,makololo4 ,he wrote to his wife that he had been very anxious to go to ,kolobeng and see with his own eyes the destruction wrought by the savages4 ,he had a great longing1 too1 to visit once more the grave of ,elizabeth1 their infant daughter1 but he heard that the ,boers were in the neighborhood1 and were anxious to catch him1 and he thought it best not to go4 ,two years before1 he had been at ,linyanti with ,mr4 ,oswell4 ,many details of the new journey are given in the ,missionary ,travels1 which it is unnecessary to repeat1 ,it may be enough to state that he found the country flooded1 and that on the way it was no unusual thing for him to be wet all day1 and to walk through swamps1 and water three or four feet deep4 ,trees1 thorns1 and reeds offered tremendous resistance1 and he and his people must have presented a pitiable sight when forcing their way through reeds with cutting edges4 ,with our own hands all raw and bloody1 and knees through our trousers1 we at length emerged4 ,it was a happy thought to tear his pocket-handkerchief into two parts and tie them over his knees4 ,i remember1 he says in his ,journal1 referring to last year's journey1 the toil which our friend ,oswell endured on our account4 ,he never spared himself4 ,it is not to be supposed that his guides were happy in such a march2 it required his tact stretched to its very utmost to prevent them from turning back4 ,at the ,malopo1 he writes to his wife1 there were other dangers besides4 ,when walking before the wagon in the morning twilight1 ,i observed a lioness about fifty yards from me1 in the squatting way they walk when going to spring4 ,she was followed by a very large lion1 but seeing the wagon1 she turned back4 ,though he escaped fever at first1 he had repeated attacks afterward1 and had to be constantly using remedies against it4 ,the unhealthiness of the region to ,europeans forced itself painfully on his attention1 and made him wonder in what way ,god would bring the light of the gospel to the poor inhabitants4 ,as a physician his mind was much occupied with the nature of the disease1 and the way to cure it4 ,if only he could discover a remedy for that scourge of ,africa1 what an invaluable boon would he confer on its much-afflicted people6 ,i would like1 he says in his ,journal1 to devote a portion of my life to the discovery of a remedy for that terrible disease1 the ,african fever#cg4 ,i would go into the parts where it prevails most1 and try to discover if the natives have a remedy for it4 ,i must make many inquiries of the river people in this quarter4 ,what an unspeakable mercy it is to be permitted to engage in this most holy and honorable work6 ,what an infinity of lots in the world are poor1 miserable1 and degraded compared with mine6 ,i might have been a common soldier1 a day-laborer1 a factory operative1 a mechanic1 instead of a missionary4 ,if my faculties had been left to run riot or to waste as those of so many young men1 ,i should now have been used up1 a dotard1 as many of my school-fellows are4 ,i am respected by the natives1 their kind expressions often make me ashamed1 and they are sincere4 ,so much deference and favor manifested without any effort on my part to secure it comes from the ,author of every good gift4 ,i acknowledge the mercies of the great ,god with devout and reverential gratitude4 ,footnote #cg3 ,livingstone's ,remedy for ,african fever4 ,see ,appendix ,no4 ,,ii4 ,dr4 ,livingstone had declined a considerate proposal that another missionary should accompany him1 and deliberately resolved to go this great journey alone4 ,he knew1 in fact1 that except ,mr4 ,moffat1 who was busy with his translation of the ,bible1 no other missionary would go with him#ch4 ,but in the absence of all to whom he could unburden his spirit1 we find him more freely than usual pouring out his feelings in his ,journal1 and it is but an act of justice to himself that it should be made known how his thoughts were running1 with so bold and difficult an undertaking before him3 ,footnote #ch3 ,dr4 ,moffat informs us that ,livingstone's desire for his company was most intense1 and that he pressed him in such a way as would have been irresistible1 had his going been possible4 ,but for his employment in translating1 ,dr4 ,moffat would have gone with all his heart4 #bhth ,september1 #aheb4--;,am ,i on my way to die in ,sebituane's country8 ,have ,i seen the end of my wife and children8 ,the breaking up of all my connections with earth1 leaving this fair and beautiful world1 and knowing so little of it8 ,i am only learning the alphabet of it yet1 and entering on an untried state of existence4 ,following ,him who has entered in before me into the cloud1 the veil1 the ,hades1 is a serious prospect4 ,do we begin again in our new existence to learn much by experience1 or have we full powers8 ,my soul1 whither wilt thou emigrate8 ,where wilt thou lodge the first night after leaving this body8 ,will an angel soothe thy fluttering1 for sadly flurried wilt thou be in entering upon eternity8 ,oh6 if ,jesus speak one word of peace1 that will establish in thy breast an everlasting calm6 ,o ,jesus1 fill me with ,thy love now1 and ,i beseech ,thee1 accept me1 and use me a little for ,thy glory4 ,i have done nothing for ,thee yet1 and ,i would like to do something4 ,o do1 do1 ,i beseech ,thee1 accept me and my service1 and take ,thou all the glory4444 #bc;d ,january1 #ahec1--;,i think much of my poor children4444 #dth ,february1 #ahec4--;,i am spared in health1 while all the company have been attacked by the fever4 ,if ,god has accepted my service1 then my life is charmed till my work is done4 ,and though ,i pass through many dangers unscathed while working the work given me to do1 when that is finished1 some simple thing will give me my quietus4 ,death is a glorious event to one going to ,jesus4 ,whither does the soul wing its way8 ,what does it see first8 ,there is something sublime in passing into the second stage of our immortal lives if washed from our sins4 ,but oh6 to be consigned to ponder over all our sins with memories excited1 every scene of our lives held up as in a mirror before our eyes1 and we looking at them and waiting for the day of judgment6 #agth ,february4--,it is not the encountering of difficulties and dangers in obedience to the promptings of the inward spiritual life1 which constitutes tempting of ,god and ,providence2 but the acting without faith1 proceeding on our own errands with no previous convictions of duty1 and no prayer for aid and direction4 #bb;d ,may4--,i will place no value on anything ,i have or may possess1 except in relation to the kingdom of ,christ4 ,if anything will advance the interests of that kingdom1 it shall be given away or kept1 only as by giving or keeping of it ,i shall most promote the glory of ,him to whom ,i owe all my hopes in time and eternity4 ,may grace and strength sufficient to enable me to adhere faithfully to this resolution be imparted to me1 so that in truth1 not in name only1 all my interests and those of my children may be identified with his cause4444 ,i will try and remember always to approach ,god in secret with as much reverence in speech1 posture1 and behavior as in public4 ,help me1 ,thou who knowest my frame and pitiest as a father his children4 ,when ,livingstone reached the ,makololo1 a change had taken place in the government of the tribe4 ,ma-mochisane1 the daughter of ,sebituane1 had not been happy in her chiefdom1 and had found it difficult to get along with the number of husbands whom her dignity as chief required her to maintain4 ,she had given over the government to her brother ,sekeltu1 a youth of eighteen1 who was generally recognized1 though not without some reluctance1 by his brother1 ,mpepe4 ,livingstone could not have foreseen how ,sekeltu would receive him1 but to his great relief and satisfaction he found him actuated by the most kindly feelings4 ,he found him1 boy as he was1 full of vague expectations of benefits1 marvelous and miraculous1 which the missionaries were to bring4 ,it was ,livingstone's first work to disabuse his mind of these expectations1 and let him understand that his supreme object was to teach them the way of salvation through ,jesus ,christ4 ,to a certain extent ,sekeltu was interested in this3 ,he asked many sensible questions about the system of ,christianity in connection with the putting away of wives4 ,they are always furnished with objections sooner than with the information4 ,i commended him for asking me1 and will begin a course of instruction to-morrow4 ,he fears that learning to read will change his heart1 and make him put away his wives4 ,much depends on his decision4 ,may ,god influence his heart to decide aright6 ,two days after ,livingstone says in his ,journal3 #ast ,june4--,the chief presented eight large and three small tusks this morning4 ,i told him and his people ,i would rather see them trading than giving them to me4 ,they replied that they would get trade with ,george ,fleming1 and that1 too1 as soon as he was well2 but these they gave to their father1 and they were just as any other present4 ,they asked after the gun-medicine1 believing that now my heart would be warm enough to tell them anything1 but ,i could not tell them a lie4 ,i offered to show ,sekeltu how to shoot1 and that was all the medicine ,i knew4 ,i felt as if ,i should have been more pleased had ,george been amassing ivory than ,i4 ,yet this may be an indispensable step in the progress toward opening the west4 ,i must have funds2 and here they come pouring in4 ,it would be impossible to overlook his providence who has touched their hearts4 ,i have used no undue influence4 ,indeed ,i have used none directly for the purpose ,kindness shown has been appreciated here1 while much greater kindness shown to tribes in the south has resulted in a belief we missionaries must be fools4 ,i do thank my ,god sincerely for his favor1 and my hearty prayer is that ,he may continue it1 and make whatever use ,he pleases of me1 and may ,he have mercy on this people6 ,dr4 ,livingstone was careful to guard against the supposition that he allowed ,sekeltu to enrich him without recompense1 and in his ,journal he sets down a list of the various articles presented by himself to the chief1 including three goats1 some fowls1 powder1 wire1 flints1 percussion-caps1 an umbrella and a hat1 the value of the whole being #ca1 #afs4 ,when ,sekeltu knew ,dr4 ,livingstone's plans1 he undertook that he should be provided with all requisites for his journey4 ,but he was most anxious to retain him1 and for some time would not let him go4 ,livingstone had fascinated him4 ,sekeltu said that he had found a new father4 ,and ,livingstone pondered the possibility of establishing a station here4 ,but the fever1 the fever6 could he bring his family8 ,he must pass on and look for a healthier spot4 ,his desire was to proceed to the country of the ,barotse4 ,at length1 on the #afth ,june1 ,sekeltu gives his answer3 ,the chief has acceded to my request to proceed to ,barotse and see the country4 ,i told him my heart was sore1 because having left my family to explore his land1 and1 if possible1 find a suitable location for a mission1 ,i could not succeed1 because detained by him here4 ,he says he will take me with him4 ,he does not like to part with me at all4 ,he is obliged to consult with those who gave their opinion against my leaving4 ,but it is certain ,i am permitted to go4 ,thanks be to ,god for influencing their hearts6 ,before we set out with the chief on this journey1 it will be well to give a few extracts from ,livingstone's ,journal1 showing how unwearied were his efforts to teach the people3 ,banks of ,chobe1 ,sunday1 ,may #aeth4--,preached twice to about sixty people4 ,very attentive4 ,it is only divine power which can enlighted dark minds as these4444 ,the people seem to receive ideas on divine subjects slowly4 ,they listen1 but never suppose that the truths must become embodied in actual life4 ,they will wait until the chief becomes a ,christian1 and if he believes1 then they refuse to follow1--as was the case among the ,bakwains4 ,procrastination seems as powerful an instrument of deception here as elsewhere4 ,sunday1 #abth ,june4--,a good and very attentive audience4 ,we introduce entirely new motives1 and were these not perfectly adapted for the human mind and heart by their divine ,author1 we should have no success4 ,sunday1 #aith ,june4--,a good and attentive audience1 but immediately after the service ,i went to see a sick man1 and when ,i returned toward the ,kotla1 ,i found the chief had retired into a hut to drink beer2 and1 as the custom is1 about forty men were standing singing to him1 or1 in other words1 begging beer by that means4 ,a minister who had not seen so much pioneer service as ,i have done would have been shocked to see so little effect produced by an earnest discourse concerning the future judgment1 but time must be given to allow the truth to sink into the dark mind1 and produce its effect4 ,the earth shall be filled with the knowledge of the glory of the ,lord--that is enough4 ,we can afford to work in faith1 for ,omnipotence is pledged to fulfill the promise4 ,the great mountains become a plain before the ,almighty arm4 ,the poor ,bushman1 the most degraded of all ,adam's family1 shall see his glory1 and the dwellers in the wilderness shall bow before ,him4 ,the obstacles to the coming of the ,kingdom are mighty1 but come it will for all that2 ,then let us pray that come it may1 ,as come1 it will for a' that1 ,that man to man the world o'er ,shall brothers be for a' that4' ,the hard and cold unbelief which distinguished the last century1 and which is still aped by would-be philosophers in the present1 would sneer at our faith1 and call it superstition1 enthusiasm1 etc4 ,but were we believers in human progress and no more1 there must be a glorious future for our world4 ,our dreams must come true1 even though they are no more than dreams4 ,the world is rolling on to the golden age4444 ,discoveries and ,inventions are cumulative4 ,another century must present a totally different aspect from the present4 ,and when we view the state of the world and its advancing energies1 in the light afforded by childlike1 or call it childish1 faith1 we see the earth filling with the knowledge of the glory of ,god1--ay1 all nations seeing his glory and bowing before ,him whose right it is to reign4 ,our work and its fruits are cumulative4 ,we work toward another state of things4 ,future missionaries will be rewarded by conversions for every sermon4 ,we are their pioneers and helpers4 ,let them not forget the watchmen of the night--us1 who worked when all was gloom1 and no evidence of success in the way of conversion cheered our paths4 ,they will doubtless have more light than we1 but we served our ,master earnestly1 and proclaimed the same gospel as they will do4 ,of the services which ,livingstone held with the people1 we have the following picture2 ,when ,i stand up1 all the women and children draw near1 and1 having ordered silence1 ,i explain the plan of salvation1 the goodness of ,god in sending his ,son to die1 the confirmation of his mission by miracles1 the last judgment or future state1 the evil of sin1 ,god's commands respecting it1 etc42 always choosing one subject only for an address1 and taking care to make it short and plain1 and applicable to them4 ,this address is listened to with great attention by most of the audience4 ,a short prayer concludes the service1 all kneeling down1 and remaining so till told to rise4 ,at first we have to enjoin on the women who have children to remain sitting1 for when they kneel1 they squeeze their children1 and a simultaneous skirl is set up by the whole troop of youngsters1 who make the prayer inaudible4 ,when ,livingstone and ,sekeltu had gone about sixty miles on the way to the ,barotse1 they encountered ,mpepe1 ,sekeltu's half-brother and secret rival4 ,it turned out that ,mpepe had a secret plan for killing ,sekeltu1 and that three times on the day of their meeting that plan was frustrated by apparently accidental causes4 ,on one of these occasions1 ,livingstone1 by covering ,sekeltu1 prevented him from being speared4 ,mpepe's treachery becoming known1 he was arrested by ,sekeltu's people1 and promptly put to death4 ,the episode was not agreeable1 but it illustrated savage life4 ,it turned out that ,mpepe favored the slave-trade1 and was closely engaged with certain ,portuguese traders in intrigues for establishing and extending it4 ,had ,sekeltu been killed1 ,livingstone's enterprise would certainly have been put an end to1 and very probably likewise ,livingstone himself4 ,the party1 numbering about one hundred and sixty1 proceeded up the beautiful river which on his former visit ,livingstone had first known as the ,seshke1 but which was called by the ,barotse the ,liambai or ,leeambye4 ,the term means the large river1 and ,luambeji1 ,luambesi1 ,ambezi1 ,yimbezi1 and ,zambezi are names applied to it at different parts of its course4 ,in the progress of their journey they came to the town of the father of ,mpepe1 where1 most unexpectedly1 ,livingstone encountered a horrible scene4 ,mpepe's father and another headman were known to have favored the plan for the murder of ,sekeltu1 and were therefore objects of fear to the latter4 ,when all were met1 and ,mpepe's father was questioned why he did not stop his son's proceedings1 ,sekeltu suddenly sprang to his feet and gave the two men into custody4 ,all had been planned beforehand4 ,forthwith they were led away1 surrounded by ,sekeltu's warriors1 all dream of opposition on their part being as useless as interference would have been on ,livingstone's4 ,before his eyes he saw them hewn to2 pieces with axes1 and cast into the river to be devoured by the alligators4 ,within two hours of their arrival the whole party had left the scene of this shocking tragedy1 ,livingstone being so horrified that he could not remain4 ,he did his best to show the sin of blood-guiltiness1 and bring before the people the scene of the ,last ,judgment1 which was the only thing that seemed to make any impression4 ,farther on his way he had an interview with ,ma-mochisane1 the daughter of ,sebituane who had resigned in favor of ,sekeltu4 ,he was the first white man she had ever seen4 ,the interview was pleasing and not without touches of womanly character2 the poor woman had felt an embarras de richesses in the matter of husbands1 and was very uncomfortable when married women complained of her taking their spouses from them4 ,her soul recoiled from the business2 she wished to have a husband of her own and to be like other women4 ,so anxious was ,livingstone to find a healthy locality1 that1 leaving ,sekeltu1 he proceeded to the farthest limit of the ,barotse country1 but no healthy place could be found4 ,it is plain1 however1 that in spite of all risk1 and much as he suffered from the fever1 he was planning1 if no better place could be found1 to return himself to ,linyanti and be the ,makololo missionary4 ,not just immediately1 however4 ,having failed in the first object of his journey--to find a healthy locality--he was resolved to follow out the second1 and endeavor to discover a highway to the sea4 ,first he would try the west coast1 and the point for which he would make was ,st4 ,paul de ,loanda4 ,he might have found a nearer way1 but a ,portuguese trader whom he had met1 and from whom he had received kindness1 was going by that route to ,st4 ,philip de ,benguela4 ,the trader was implicated in the slave-trade1 and ,livingstone knew what a disadvantage it would be either to accompany or to follow him4 ,he therefore returned to ,linyanti2 and there began preparations for the journey to ,loanda on the coast4 ,during the time thus spent in the ,barotse country1 ,livingstone saw heathenism in its most unadulterated form4 ,it was a painful1 loathsome1 and horrible spectacle4 ,his views of the ,fall and of the corruption of human nature were certainly not lightened by the sight4 ,in his ,journal he is constantly letting fall expressions of weariness at the noise1 the excitement1 the wild savage dancing1 the heartless cruelty1 the utter disregard of feelings1 the destruction of children1 the drudgery of the old people1 the atrocious murders with which he was in contact4 ,occasionally he would think of other scenes of travel2 if a friend1 for example1 were going to ,palestine1 he would say how gladly he would kiss the dust that had been trod by the ,man of ,sorrows4 ,one day a poor girl comes hungry and naked to the wagons1 and is relieved from time to time2 then disappears to die in the woods of starvation or be torn in pieces by the hyenas4 ,another day1 as he is preaching1 a boy1 walking along with his mother1 is suddenly seized by a man1 utters a shriek as if his heart had burst1 and becomes1 as ,livingstone finds1 a hopeless slave4 ,another time1 the sickening sight is a line of slaves attached by a chain4 ,that chain haunts and harrows him4 ,amid all his difficulties he patiently pursued his work as missionary4 ,twice every ,sunday he preached1 usually to good audiences1 the number rising on occasions so high as a thousand4 ,it was a great work to sow the good seed so widely1 where no ,christian man had ever been1 proclaiming every ,lord's ,day to fresh ears the message of ,divine love4 ,sometimes he was in great hopes that a true impression had been made4 ,but usually1 whenever the service was over1 the wild savage dance with all its demon noises succeeded1 and the missionary could but look on and sigh4 ,so ready was he for labor that when he could get any willing to learn1 he commenced teaching them the alphabet4 ,but he was continually met by the notion that his religion was a religion of medicines1 and that all the good it could do was by charms4 ,intellectual culture seemed indispensable to dissipate this inveterate superstition regarding ,christian influence4 ,a few extracts from his ,journal in the ,barotse country will more vividly exhibit his state of mind3 #bgth ,august1 #ahec4--,the more intimately ,i become acquainted with barbarians1 the more disgusting does heathenism become4 ,it is inconceivably vile4 ,they are always boasting of their fierceness1 yet dare not visit another tribe for fear of being killed4 ,they never visit anywhere but for the purpose of plunder and oppression4 ,they never go anywhere but with a club or spear in hand4 ,it is lamentable to see those who might be children of ,god1 dwelling in peace and love1 so utterly the children of the devil1 dwelling in fear and continual irritation4 ,they bestow honors and flattering titles on me in confusing profusion4 ,all from the least to the greatest call me ,father1 ,lord1 etc41 and bestow food without recompense1 out of pure kindness4 ,they need a healer4 ,may ,god enable me to be such to them4444 #cast ,august4--,the slave-trade seems pushed into the very centre of the continent from both sides4 ,it must be profitable4444 ,september #be1 ,sunday4--,a quiet audience to-day4 ,the seed being sown1 the least of all seeds now1 but it will grow a mighty tree4 ,it is as it were a small stone cut out of a mountain1 but it will fill the whole earth4 ,he that believeth shall not make haste4 ,surely if ,god can bear with hardened impenitent sinners for thirty1 forty1 or fifty years1 waiting to be gracious1 we may take it for granted that his is the best way4 ,he could destroy his enemies1 but ,he waits to be gracious4 ,to become irritated with their stubbornness and hardness of heart is ungodlike4444 #acth ,october4--,missionaries ought to cultivate a taste for the beautiful4 ,we are necessarily compelled to contemplate much moral impurity and degradation4 ,we are so often doomed to disappointment4 ,we are apt to become either callous or melancholy1 or1 if preserved from these1 the constant strain on the sensibilities is likely to injure the bodily health4 ,on this account it seems necessary to cultivate that faculty for the gratification of which ,god has made such universal provision4 ,see the green earth and blue sky1 the lofty mountain and the verdant valley1 the glorious orbs of day and night1 and the starry canopy with all their celestial splendor1 the graceful flowers so chaste in form and perfect in coloring4 ,the various forms of animated life present to him whose heart is at peace with ,god through the blood of his ,son an indescribable charm4 ,he sees in the calm beauties of nature such abundant provision for the welfare of humanity and animate existence4 ,there appears on the quiet repose of earth's scenery the benignant smile of a ,father's love4 ,the sciences exhibit such wonderful intelligence and design in all their various ramifications1 some time ought to be devoted to them before engaging in missionary work4 ,the heart may often be cheered by observing the operation of an ever-present intelligence1 and we may feel that we are leaning on his bosom while living in a world clothed in beauty1 and robed with the glorious perfections of its maker and preserver4 ,we must feel that there is a ,governor among the nations who will bring all his plans with respect to our human family to a glorious consummation4 ,he who stays his mind on his ever-present1 ever-energetic ,god1 will not fret himself because of evil-doers4 ,he that believeth shall not make haste4 #bfth ,october4--,i have not yet met with a beautiful woman among the black people1 and ,i have seen many thousands in a great variety of tribes4 ,i have seen a few who might be called passable1 but none at all to be compared to what one may meet among ,english servant-girls4 ,some beauties are said to be found among the ,caffres1 but among the people ,i have seen ,i cannot conceive of any ,european being captivated with them4 ,the whole of my experience goes toward proving that civilization alone produces beauty1 and exposure to the weather and other vicissitudes tend to the production of deformation and ugliness4444 #bhth ,october4--,the conduct of the people whom we have brought from ,kuruman shows that no amount of preaching or instruction will insure real piety4444 ,the old superstitions cannot be driven out of their minds by faith implanted by preaching4 ,they have not vanished in either ,england or ,scotland yet1 after the lapse of centuries of preaching4 ,kuruman1 the entire population of which amounted in #ahec to #fch souls1 enjoys and has enjoyed the labors of at least two missionaries1--four sermons1 two prayer-meetings1 infant schools1 adult schools1 sewing schools1 classes1 books1 etc41 and the amount of visible success is very gratifying1 a remarkable change indeed from the former state of these people4 ,yet the dregs of heathenism still cleave fast to the minds of the majority4 ,they have settled deep down into their souls1 and one century will not be sufficient to elevate them to the rank of ,christians in ,britain4 ,the double influence of the spirit of commerce and the gospel of ,christ has given an impulse to the civilization of men4 ,the circulation of ideas and commodities over the face of the earth1 and the discovery of the gold regions1 have given enhanced rapidity to commerce in other countries1 and the diffusion of knowledge4 ,but what for ,africa8 ,god will do something else for it2 something just as wonderful and unexpected as the discovery of gold4 ,it needs not to be said that his thoughts were very often with his wife and children4 ,a tender letter to the four little ones shows that though some of them might be beginning to forget him1 their names were written imperishably on his heart3 ,sekeltu's ,town1 ,linyanti1 #b;d ,october4--,,my ,,dear ,,robert1 ,,agnes1 ,,and ,,thomas ,,and ,,oswell1--,here is another little letter for you all4 ,i should like to see you much more than write to you1 and speak with my tongue rather than with my pen2 but we are far from each other--very1 very far4 ,here are ,seipone1 and ,meriye and others who saw you as the first white children they ever looked at4 ,meriye came the other day and brought a round basket for ,nannie4 ,she made it of the leaves of the palmyra4 ,others put me in mind of you all by calling me ,rananee1 and ,rarobert1 and there is a little ,thomas in the town1 and when ,i think of you ,i remember1 though ,i am far off1 ,jesus1 our good and gracious ,jesus1 is ever near both you and me1 and then ,i pray to ,him to bless you and make you good4 ,he is ever near4 ,remember this if you feel angry or naughty4 ,jesus is near you1 and sees you1 and ,he is so good and kind4 ,when ,he was among men1 those who heard ,him speak said1 ',never man spake like this man1' and we now say1 ',never did man love like ,him4' ,you see little ,zouga is carried on mamma's bosom4 ,you are taken care of by ,jesus with as much care as mamma takes of ,zouga4 ,he is always watching you and keeping you in safety4 ,it is very bad to sin1 to do any naughty things1 or speak angry or naughty words before ,him4 ,my dear children1 take ,him as your ,guide1 your ,helper1 your ,friend1 and ,saviour through life4 ,whatever you are troubled about ask ,him to keep you4 ,our ,god is good4 ,we thank ,him that we have such a ,saviour and ,friend as ,he is4 ,now you are little1 but you will not always be so1 hence you must learn to read and write and work4 ,all clever men can both read and write1 and ,jesus needs clever men to do his work4 ,would you not like to work for ,him among men8 ,jesus is wishing to send his gospel to all nations1 and ,he needs clever men to do this4 ,would you like to serve ,him8 ,well1 you must learn now1 and not get tired learning4 ,after some time you will like learning better than playing1 but you must play1 too1 in order to make your bodies strong and be able to serve ,jesus4 ,i am glad to hear that you go to the academy4 ,i hope you are learning fast4 ,don't speak ,scotch4 ,it is not so pretty as ,english4 ,is the ,tau learning to read with mamma8 ,i hope you are all kind to mamma4 ,i saw a poor woman in a chain with many others1 up at the ,barotse4 ,she had a little child1 and both she and her child were very thin4 ,see how kind ,jesus was to you4 ,no one can put you in chains unless you become bad4 ,if1 however1 you learn bad ways1 beginning only by saying bad words or doing little bad things1 ,satan will have you in the chains of sin1 and you will be hurried on in his bad ways till you are put into the dreadful place which ,god hath prepared for him and all who are like him4 ,pray to ,jesus to deliver you from sin1 give you new hearts1 and make you his children4 ,kiss ,zouga1 mamma1 and each other for me4--,your ever affectionate father1 ,d4 ,,livingston4 ,a letter to his father and other relations at ,hamilton1 #cjth ,september1 #ahec1 is of a somewhat apologetic and explanatory cast4 ,some of the friends had the notion that he should have settled somewhere1 preaching the simple gospel1 and converting people by every sermon3 ,you see what they make of the gospel1 and my conversation on it1 in which my inmost ,heart yearned for their conversion4 ,many now think ,jesus and ,sebituane very much the same sort of person4 ,i was prevented by fever and other matters from at once following up the glorious object of this journey3 viz41 while preaching the gospel beyond every other man's line of things made ready to our hands1 to discover a healthy location for a mission1 and ,i determined to improve the time by teaching to read4 ,this produced profound deliberation and lengthened palavers1 and at length the chief told me that he feared learning to read would change his heart and make him content with one wife like ,sechle4 ,he has four4 ,it was in vain ,i urged that the change contemplated made the affair as voluntary as if he would now change his mind from four to thirty1 as his father had4 ,he could not realize the change that would give relish to any other system than the present4 ,he felt as the man who is mentioned by ,serles as saying he would not like to go to heaven to be employed for ever singing and praising on a bare cloud without anything to eat or drink4444 ,the conversion of a few1 however valuable their souls may be1 cannot be put into the scale against the knowledge of the truth spread over the whole country4 ,in this ,i do and will exult4 ,as in ,india1 we are doomed to perpetual disappointment2 but the knowledge of ,christ spreads over the masses4 ,we are like voices crying in the wilderness4 ,we prepare the way for a glorious future in which missionaries telling the same tale of love will convert by every sermon4 ,i am trying now to establish the ,lord's kingdom in a region wider by far than ,scotland4 ,fever seems to forbid2 but ,i shall work for the glory of ,christ's kingdom--fever or no fever4 ,all the intelligent men who direct our society and understand the nature of my movements support me warmly4 ,a few1 ,i understand1 in ,africa1 in writing home1 have styled my efforts as 'wanderings4' ,the very word contains a lie coiled like a serpent in its bosom4 ,it means traveling without an object1 or uselessly4 ,i am now performing the duty of writing you4 ,if this were termed 'dawdling1' it would be as true as the other4444 ,i have actually seen letters to the ,directors in which ,i am gravely charged with holding the views of the ,plymouth ,brethren1 ,so very sure am ,i that ,i am in the path which ,god's ,providence has pointed out1 as that by which ,christ's kingdom is to be promoted1 that if the ,society should object1 ,i would consider it my duty to withdraw from it4444 ,p4,s4--,my throat became well during the long silence of traveling across the desert4 ,it plagues again now that ,i am preaching in a moist climate4 ,dr4 ,livingstone now began his preparations for the journey from ,linyanti to ,loanda4 ,sekeltu was kind and generous4 ,the road was impracticable for wagons1 and the native trader1 ,george ,fleming1 returned to ,kuruman1 ,the ,kuruman guides had not done well1 so that ,livingstone resolved to send them back1 and to get ,makololo men instead4 ,here is the record of his last ,sunday at ,linyanti3 #fth ,nov41 #ahec4--,large audience4 ,kuruman people don't attend4 ,if it is a fashion to be church-going1 many are drawn into its observance4 ,but placed in other circumstances1 the true character comes out4 ,this is the case with many ,scotchmen4 ,may ,god so imbue my mind with the spirit of ,christianity that in all circumstances ,i may show my ,christian character6 ,had a long conversation with ,motlube1 chiefly on a charm for defending the town or for gun medicine4 ,they think ,i know it but will not impart the secret to them4 ,i used every form of expression to undeceive him1 but to little purpose4 ,their belief in medicine which will enable them to shoot well is very strong1 and simple trust in an unseen ,saviour to defend them against such enemies as the ,matebele is too simple for them4 ,i asked if a little charcoal sewed up in a bag were a more feasible protector than ,he who made all things1 and told them that one day they would laugh heartily at their own follies in bothering me so much for gun medicine4 ,a man who has never had to do with a raw heathen tribe has yet to learn the ,missionary ,a ,b ,c4 ,on the #hth he writes3 ,our intentions are to go up the ,leeba till we reach the falls1 then send back the canoe and proceed in the country beyond as best we can4 ,matiamvo is far beyond1 but the ,cassantse 7probably ,cassange7 live on the west of the river4 ,may ,god in mercy permit me to do something for the cause of ,christ in these dark places of the earth6 ,may ,he accept my children for his service1 and sanctify them for it6 ,my blessing on my wife4 ,may ,god comfort her6 ,if my watch comes back after ,i am cut off1 it belongs to ,agnes4 ,if my sextant1 it is ,robert's4 ,the ,paris medal to ,thomas4 ,double-barreled gun to ,zouga4 ,be a ,father to the fatherless1 and a ,husband to the widow1 for ,jesus' sake4 ,the probability of his falling was full in his view4 ,but the thought was ever in his mind1 and ever finding expression in letters both to the ,missionary and the ,geographical ,societies1 and to all his friends1--,can the love of ,christ not carry the missionary where the slave-trade carries the trader8 ,his wagon and goods were left with ,sekeltu1 and also the ,journal from which these extracts are taken#ci4 ,it was well for him that his conviction of duty was clear as noonday4 ,a year after1 he wrote to his father-in-law3 ,footnote #ci3 ,this ,journal is mentioned in the ,missionary ,travels as having been lost 7p4 #bbi74 ,it was afterward recovered4 ,it contains1 among other things1 some important notes on ,natural ,history4 ,i had fully made up my mind as to the path of duty before starting4 ,i wrote to my brother-in-law1 ,robert ,moffat3 ',i shall open up a path into the interior1 or perish4' ,i never have had the shadow of a shade of doubt as to the propriety of my course1 and wish only that my exertions may be honored so far that the gospel may be preached and believed in all this dark region4 ,,chapter ,,viii4 ,,from ,,linyanti ,,to ,,loanda4 ,a4,d4 #ahec-ahed4 ,difficulties and hardships of journey--,his traveling kit--,four books--,his ,journal--,mode of traveling--,beauty of country--,repulsiveness of the people--,their religious belief--,the negro--,preaching--,the magic-lantern--,loneliness of feeling--,slave-trade--,management of the natives--,danger from ,chiboque--from another chief--,livingstone ill of fever--,at the ,quango--,attachment of followers--,the good time coming--,portuguese settlements--,great kindness of the ,portuguese--,arrives at ,loanda--,received by ,mr4 ,gabriel--,his great friendship--,no letters--,news through ,mr4 ,gabriel--,livingstone becomes aquainted with naval officers--,resolves to go back to ,linyanti and make for ,east ,coast--,letter to his wife--,correspondence with ,mr4 ,maclear--,accuracy of his observations--,sir ,john ,herschel--,geographical ,society award their gold metal--,remarks of ,lord ,ellesmere4 ,the journey from ,linyanti to ,loanda occupied from the #aath ,november1 #ahec1 to #cast ,may1 #ahed4 ,it was in many ways the most difficult and dangerous that ,livingstone had yet performed1 and it drew out in a very wonderful manner the rare combination of qualities that fitted him for his work4 ,the route had never been traversed1 so far as any trustworthy tradition went1 by any ,european4 ,with the exception of a few of ,sekeltu's tusks1 the oxen needed for carrying1 and a trifling amount of coffee1 cloth1 beads1 etc41 ,livingstone had neither stores of food for his party1 nor presents with which to propitiate the countless tribes of rapacious and suspicious savages that lined his path4 ,the ,barotse men who accompanied him1 usually called the ,makololo1 though on the whole faithful and patient1 the best that ever accompanied me1 were a burden in one sense1 as much as a help in another2 chicken-hearted1 ready to succumb to every trouble1 and to be cowed by any chief that wore a threatening face4 ,worse if possible1 ,livingstone himself was in wretched health4 ,during this part of the journey he had constant attacks of intermittent fever#dj1 accompanied in the latter stages of the road with dysentery of the most distressing kind4 ,in the intervals of fever he was often depressed alike in body and in mind4 ,often the party were destitute of food of any sort1 and never had they food suitable for a fever-stricken invalid4 ,the vexations he encountered were of no common kind3 at starting1 the greater part of his medicines was stolen1 much though he needed them2 in the course of the journey1 his pontoon was left behind2 at one time1 while he was under the influence of fever1 his riding-ox threw him1 and he fell heavily on his head2 at another1 while crossing a river1 the ox tossed him into the water2 the heavy rains1 and the necessity of wading through streams three or four times a day1 kept him almost constantly wet2 and occasionally1 to vary the annoyance1 mosquitos would assail him as fiercely as if they had been waging a war of extermination4 ,the most critical moments of peril1 demanding the utmost coolness and most dauntless courage1 would sometimes occur during the stage of depression after fever2 it was then he had to extricate himself from savage warriors1 who vowed that he must go back1 unless he gave them an ox1 a gun1 or a man4 ,the ox he could ill spare1 the gun not at all1 and as for giving the last--a man--to make a slave of1 he would sooner die4 ,at the best1 he was a poor ragged skeleton when he reached those who had hearts to feel for him and hands to help him4 ,had he not been a prodigy of patience1 faith1 and courage1 had he not known where to find help in all time of his tribulation1 he would never have reached the haunts of civilized men4 ,footnote #dj3 ,the number of attacks was thirty-one4 ,his traveling-kit was reduced to the smallest possible ilk2 that he minded little1 but he was vexed to be able to take so few books4 ,a few days after setting out1 he writes in his private ,journal2 ,i feel the want of books in this journey more than anything else4 ,a ,sichuana ,pentateuch1 a lined journal1 ,thomson's ,tables1 a ,nautical ,almanac1 and a ,bible1 constitute my stock4 ,the last constitutes my chief resource2 but the want of other mental pabulum is felt severely4 ,there is little to interest in the conversation of the people4 ,loud disputes often about the women1 and angry altercations in which the same string of abuse is used1 are more frequent than anything else4 ,the lined journal1 of which mention is made here1 was probably the most wonderful thing of the kind ever taken on such a journey4 ,it is a strongly bound quarto volume of more then #hjj pages1 with a lock and key4 ,the writing is so neat and clear that it might almost be taken for lithograph4 ,occasionally there is a page with letters beginning to sprawl1 as if one of those times had come when he tells us that he-could neither think nor speak1 nor tell any one's name--possibly not even his own1 if he had been asked it4 ,he used to jot his observations on little note-books1 and extend them when detained by rain or other causes4 ,the journal differs in some material respects from the printed record of this journey4 ,it is much more explicit in setting forth the bad treatment he often received4 ,when he spoke of these things to the public1 he made constant use of the mantle of charity1 and the record of many a bad deed and many a bad character is toned down4 ,naturally1 too1 the journal is more explicit on the subject of his own troubles1 and more free in recording the play of his feelings4 ,it does not hide the communings of his heart with his heavenly ,father4 ,it is built up in a random-rubble style2 here a solemn prayer1 in the next line a note of lunar observations2 then a dissertation on the habits of the hippopotamus4 ,notes bearing on the character1 the superstitions1 and the feelings of the natives are of frequent occurrence4 ,the explanation is1 that ,livingstone put down everything as it came1 reserving the arranging and digesting of the whole to a future time4 ,the extremely hurried manner in which he was obliged to write his ,missionary ,travels prevented him from fulfilling all his plan1 and compelled him to content himself with giving to the public then what could be put most readily together4 ,there are indications that he contemplated in the end a much more thorough use of his materials4 ,it is not to be supposed that his published volumes contained all that he deemed worthy of publication1 or that a censure is due to those who reproduce some portions which he passed over4 ,as to the neat and finished form in which the ,journal exists1 it was one of the many fruits of a strong habit of orderliness and self-respect which he had begun to learn at the hand of his mother1 and which he practiced all his life4 ,even in the matter of personal cleanliness and dress he was uniformly most attentive in his wanderings among savages4 ,i feel certain1 he said1 that the lessons of cleanliness rigidly instilled by my mother in childhood helped to maintain that respect which these people entertain for ,european ways4 ,the course of the journey was first along the river ,zambesi1 as he had gone before with ,sekeltu1 to its junction with the ,leeba1 then along the ,leeba to the country of ,lobale on the left and ,londa on the right4 ,then1 leaving the canoes1 he traveled on oxback first ,n4,n4,w4 and then ,w4 till he reached ,st4 ,paul de ,loanda on the coast4 ,his ,journal1 like the published volume1 is full of observations on the beauty and wonderful capacity and productiveness of the country through which he passed after leaving the river4 ,instinctively he would compare it with ,scotland4 ,a beautiful valley reminds him of his native vale of ,clyde1 seen from the spot where ,mary ,queen of ,scots saw the battle of ,langside2 only the ,scottish scene is but a miniature of the much greater and richer landscape before him4 ,at the sight of the mountains he would feel his ,highland blood rushing through him1 banishing all thoughts of fever and fatigue4 ,if only the blessings of the gospel could be spread among the people1 what a glorious land it would become6 ,but alas for the people6 ,in most cases they were outwardly very repulsive4 ,never seen without a spear or a club in their hands1 the men seemed only to delight in plunder and slaughter1 and yet they were utter cowards4 ,their mouths were full of cursing and bitterness4 ,the execrations they poured on each other were incredible4 ,in very wantonness1 when they met they would pelt each other with curses1 and then perhaps burst into a fit of laughter4 ,the women1 like the men1 went about in almost total nudity1 and seemed to know no shame4 ,so reckless were the chiefs of human life1 that a man might be put to death for a single distasteful word2 yet sometimes there were exhibitions of very tender feeling4 ,the headman of a village once showed him1 with much apparent feeling1 the burnt house of a child of his1 adding1--,she perished in it1 and we have all removed from our own huts and built here round her1 in order to weep over her grave4 ,from some of the people he received great kindness2 others were quite different4 ,their character1 in short1 was a riddle1 and would need to be studied more4 ,but the prevalent aspect of things was both distressing and depressing4 ,if he had thought of it continually1 he would have become the victim of melancholy4 ,it was a characteristic of his large and buoyant nature1 that1 besides having the resource of spiritual thought1 he was able to make use of another divine corrective to such a tendency1 to find delightful recreation in science1 and especially in natural history1 and by this means turn the mind away for a time from the dark scenes of man's depravity4 ,the people all seemed to recognize a ,supreme ,being2 but it was only occasionally1 in times of distress1 that they paid ,him homage4 ,they had no love for ,him like that of ,christians for ,jesus--only terror4 ,some of them1 who were true negroes1 had images1 simple but grotesque4 ,their strongest belief was in the power of medicines acting as charms4 ,they fully recognized the existence of the soul after death4 ,some of them believed in the metamorphosis of certain persons into alligators or hippopotamuses1 or into lions4 ,this belief could not be shaken by any arguments--at least on the part of man4 ,the negroes proper interested him greatly2 they were numerous1 prolific1 and could not be extirpated4 ,he almost regretted that ,mr4 ,moffat had translated the ,bible into ,sichuana4 ,that language might die out2 but the negro might sing1 ,men may come and men may go1 but ,i go on for ever4 ,the incessant attacks of fever from which ,livingstone suffered in this journey1 the continual rain occurring at that season of the year1 the return of the affection of the throat for which he had got his uvula excised1 and the difficulty of speaking to tribes using different dialects1 prevented him from1 holding his ,sunday services as regularly as before4 ,such entries in his ,journal as the following are but too frequent3 ,sunday1 #aith4--,sick all ,sunday and unable to move4 ,several of the people were ill too1 so that ,i could do nothing but roll from side to side in my miserable little tent1 in which1 with all the shade we could give it1 the thermometer stood upward of #ij4 ,but though little able to preach1 ,livingstone made the most of an apparatus which in some degree compensated his lack of speech--a magic-lantern which his friend1 a former fellow-traveler1 ,mr4 ,murray1 had given him4 ,the pictures of ,abraham offering up ,isaac1 and other ,bible scenes1 enabled him to convey important truths in a way that attracted the people4 ,it was1 he says1 the only service he was ever asked to repeat4 ,the only uncomfortable feeling it raised was on the part of those who stood on the side where the slides were drawn out4 ,they were terrified lest the figures1 as they passed along1 should take possession of them1 entering like spirits into their bodies6 ,the loneliness of feeling engendered by the absence of all human sympathy was trying4 ,amidst all the beauty and loveliness with which ,i am surrounded1 there is still a feeling of want in the soul1--as if something more were needed to bathe the soul in bliss than the sight of the perfection in working and goodness in planning of the great ,father of our spirits4 ,i need to be purified--fitted for the eternal1 to which my soul stretches away1 in ever returning longings4 ,i need to be made more like my blessed ,saviour1 to serve my ,god with all my powers4 ,look upon me1 ,spirit of the living ,god1 and supply all ,thou seest lacking4 ,it was ,livingstone's great joy to begin this long journey with a blessed act of humanity1 boldly summoning a trader to release a body of captives1 so that no fewer than eighteen souls were restored to freedom4 ,as he proceeded he obtained but too plain evidence of the extent to which the slave traffic prevailed1 uniformly finding that wherever slavers had been1 the natives were more difficult to deal with and more exorbitant in their demands4 ,slaves in chains were sometimes met with--a sight which some of his men had never beheld before4 ,livingstone's successful management of the natives constituted the crowning wonder of this journey4 ,usually the hearts of the chiefs were wonderfully turned to him1 so that they not only allowed him to pass on1 but supplied him with provisions4 ,but there were some memorable occasions on which he and his company appeared to be doomed4 ,when he passed through the ,chiboque country1 the provisions were absolutely spent2 there was no resource but to kill a riding-ox1 a part of which1 according to custom1 was sent to the chief4 ,next day was ,sunday4 ,after service the chief sent an impudent message demanding much more valuable presents4 ,his people collected round ,livingstone1 brandishing their weapons1 and one young man all but brought down his sword on his head4 ,it seemed impossible to avoid a fight2 yet ,livingstone's management prevailed--the threatened storm passed away4 ,some days after1 in passing through a forest in the dominions of another chief1 he and his people were in momentary expectation of an attack4 ,they went to the chiefs village and spoke to the man himself2 and here1 on a ,sunday1 while ill of fever1 ,livingstone was able to effect a temporary settlement4 ,the chief sent them some food2 then yams1 a goat1 fowl1 and meat4 ,livingstone gave him a shawl1 and two bunches of beads1 and he seemed pleased4 ,during these exciting scenes he felt no fever2 but when they were over the constant wettings made him experience a sore sense of sinking1 and this ,sunday was a day of perfect uselessness4 ,monday came1 and while ,livingstone was as low as possible1 the inexorable chief renewed his demands4 ,it was1 he says1 a day of torture4 ,after talking nearly the whole day we gave the old chief an ox1 but he would not take it1 but another4 ,i was grieved exceedingly to find that our people had become quite disheartened1 and all resolved to return home4 ,all ,i can say has no effect4 ,i can only look up to ,god to influence their minds1 that the enterprise fail not1 now that we have reached the very threshold of the ,portuguese settlements4 ,i am greatly distressed at this change1 for what else can be done for this miserable land ,i do not see4 ,it is shut4 ,o ,almighty ,god1 help1 help6 and leave not this wretched people to the slave-dealer and ,satan4 ,the people have done well hitherto1 ,i see ,god's good influence in it4 ,hope ,he has left only for a little season4 ,no land needs the gospel more than this miserable portion4 ,i hope ,i am not to be left to fail in introducing it4 ,on ,wednesday morning1 however1 final arrangements were made1 and the party passed on in peace4 ,ten days later1 again on a ,sunday1 they were once more pestered by a great man demanding dues4 ,livingstone replied by simply defying him4 ,he might kill him1 but ,god would judge4 ,and on the ,monday they left peaceably1 thankful for their deliverance1 some of the men remarking1 in view of it1 that they were children of ,jesus1 and ,livingstone thanking ,god devoutly for his great mercy4 ,next day they were again stopped at the river ,quango4 ,the poor ,makololo had parted in vain with their copper ornaments1 and ,livingstone with his razors1 shirts1 etc42 yet he had made up his mind 7as he wrote to the ,geographical ,society afterward7 to part with his blanket and coat to get a passage1 when a young ,portuguese sergeant1 ,cypriano de ,abrao1 made his appearance1 and the party were allowed to pass4 ,there were many proofs that1 though a poor set of fellows1 ,livingstone's own followers were animated with extraordinary regard for him4 ,no wonder6 ,they had seen how sincere he was in saying that he would die rather than give any of them up to captivity4 ,and all his intercourse with them had been marked by similar proofs of his generosity and kindness4 ,when the ox flung him into the river1 about twenty of them made a simultaneous rush for his rescue1 and their joy at his safety was very great4 ,amid all that was discouraging in the present aspect of things1 ,livingstone could always look forward and rejoice in the good time coming3 ,sunday #bb;d4--,this age presents one great fact in the ,providence of ,god2 missions are sent forth to all quarters of the world1--missions not of one section of the ,church1 but of all sections1 and from nearly all ,christian nations4 ,it seems very unfair to judge of the success of these by the number of conversions which have followed4 ,these are rather proofs of the missions being of the right sort4 ,they show the direction of the stream which is set in motion by ,him who rules the nations1 and ,is destined to overflow the world4 ,the fact which ought to stimulate us above all others is1 not that we have contributed to the conversion of a few souls1 however valuable these may be1 but that we are diffusing a knowledge of ,christianity throughout the world4 ,the number of conversions in ,india is but a poor criterion of the success which has followed the missionaries there4 ,the general knowledge is the criterion2 and there1 as well as in other lands where missionaries in the midst of masses of heathenism seem like voices crying in the wilderness--,reformers before the ,reformation1 future missionaries will see conversions follow every sermon4 ,we prepare the way for them4 ,may they not forget the pioneers who worked in the thick gloom with few rays to cheer1 except such as flow from faith in ,god's promises6 ,we work for a glorious future which we are not destined to see--the golden age which has not been1 but will yet be4 ,we are only morning-stars shining in the dark1 but the glorious morn will break1 the good time coming yet4 ,the present mission-stations will all be broken up4 ,no matter how great the outcry against the instrumentality which ,god employs for his purposes1 whether by ,french soldiery as in ,tahiti1 or tawny ,boers as in ,south ,africa1 our duty is onward1 onward1 proclaiming ,god's ,word whether men will hear or whether they will forbear4 ,a few conversions show whether ,god's ,spirit is in a mission or not4 ,no mission which has his approbation is entirely unsuccessful4 ,his purposes have been fulfilled1 if we have been faithful4 ',the nation or kingdom that will not serve ,thee shall utterly be destroyed'--this has often been preceded by free offers of friendship and mercy1 and many missions which ,he has sent in the olden time seemed bad failures4 ,noah's preaching was a failure1 ,isaiah thought his so too4 ,poor ,jeremiah is sitting weeping tears over his people1 everybody cursing the honest man1 and he ill-pleased with his mother for having borne him among such a set4 ,and ,ezekiel's stiff-necked1 rebellious crew were no better4 ,paul said1 ',all seek their own1 not the things of ,jesus ,christ1' and he knew that after his departure grievous wolves would enter in1 not sparing the flock4 ,yet the cause of ,god is still carried on to more enlightened developments of his will and character1 and the dominion is being given by the power of commerce and population unto the people of the saints of the ,most ,high4 ,and this is an everlasting kingdom1 a little stone cut out of a mountain without hands which shall cover the whole earth4 ,for this time we work2 may ,god accept our imperfect service6 ,at length ,livingstone began to get near the coast1 reaching the outlying ,portuguese stations4 ,he was received by the ,portuguese gentlemen with great kindness1 and his wants were generously provided for4 ,one of them gave him the first glass of wine he had taken in ,africa4 ,another provided him with a suit of clothing4 ,livingstone invoked the blessing of ,him who said1 ,i was naked and ye clothed me4 ,his ,journal is profuse in its admiration of some of the ,portuguese traders1 who did not like the slave-trade--not they1 but had most enlightened views for the welfare of ,africa4 ,but opposite some of these eulogistical passages of the ,journal there were afterward added an expressive series of marks of interrogation4 ,at a later date he saw reason to doubt the sincerity of some of the professions of these gentlemen4 ,ingenuous and trustful1 he could at first think nothing but good of those who had shown him such marked attention4 ,afterward1 the inexorable logic of facts proved too strong1 even for his unsuspecting soul4 ,but the kindness of the ,portuguese was most genuine1 and ,livingstone never ceased to be grateful for a single kind act4 ,it is important to note that whatever he came to think of their policy afterward1 he was always ready to make this acknowledgment4 ,arrived at ,loanda1 #cast ,may1 #ahed1 with his twenty-seven followers1 he was most kindly received by ,mr4 ,edmund ,gabriel1 the ,british ,commissioner for the suppression of the slave-trade there1 and everything was done by him for his comfort4 ,the sensation of lying on an ,english bed1 after six months lying on the ground1 was indescribably delightful4 ,mr4 ,gabriel was equally attentive to him during a long and distressing attack of fever and dysentery that prostrated him soon after his arrival at ,loanda4 ,in his ,journal the warmest benedictions are poured on ,mr4 ,gabriel1 and blessings everlasting besought for his soul4 ,one great disappointment he suffered at ,loanda--not a single letter was awaiting him4 ,his friends must have thought he could never reach it4 ,this want of letters was a very frequent trial1 especially to one who wrote so many1 and of such length4 ,the cordial friendship of ,mr4 ,gabriel1 however1 was a great solace4 ,he gave him much information1 not only on all that concerned the slave-trade--now more than ever attracting his attention--but also on the natural history of the district1 and he entered con amore into the highest objects of his mission4 ,afterward1 in acknowledging to the ,directors of the ,london ,missionary ,society receipt of a letter for ,dr4 ,livingstone1 intrusted to his care1 ,mr4 ,gabriel wrote as follows 7#bjth ,march1 #ahef73 ,dr4 ,livingstone1 after the noble objects he has achieved1 most assuredly wants no testimony from me4 ,i consult1 therefore1 the impulse of my own mind alone1 when ,i declare that in no respect was my intercourse more gratifying to me than in the opportunities afforded to me of observing his earnest1 active1 and unwearied solicitude for the advancement of ,christianity4 ,few1 perhaps1 have had better opportunities than myself of estimating the benefit the ,christian cause in this country has derived from ,dr4 ,livingstone's exertions4 ,it is indeed fortunate for that sacred cause1 and highly honorable to the ,london ,missionary ,society1 when qualities and dispositions like his are employed in propagating its blessings among men4 ,irrespective1 moreover1 of his laudable and single-minded conduct as a minister of the ,gospel1 and his attainments in making observations which have determined the true geography of the interior1 the ,directors1 ,i am sure1 will not have failed to perceive how interesting and valuable are all the communications they receive from him--as sketches of the social condition of the people1 and the material1 fabrics1 and produce ,of these lands4 ,i most fervently pray that the kind ,providence1 which has hitherto carried him through so many perils and hardships1 may guide him safely to his present journey's end4 ,the friendship of ,mr4 ,gabriel was honorable both to himself and to ,dr4 ,livingstone4 ,at a very early period he learned to appreciate ,livingstone thoroughly1 he saw how great as well as how good a man he was1 and felt that to be the friend of such a man was one of the highest distinctions he could have4 ,after ,livingstone left ,loanda1 and while he was detained within reach of letters1 a brisk correspondence passed between them2 ,mr4 ,gabriel tells him about birds1 helps him in his schemes for promoting lawful commerce1 goes into ecstasies over a watch-chain which he had got from him1 tells him the news of the battle of the ,alma in the ,crimea1 in which his friend1 ,colonel ,steele1 had distinguished himself1 and of the success of the ,rae ,expedition in finding the remains of the party under ,sir ,john ,franklin4 ,in an official communication to ,lord ,clarendon1 after ,livingstone had left1 ,mr4 ,gabriel says1 #eth ,august1 #ahee3 ,i am grieved to say that this excellent man's health has suffered a good deal on the return journey4 ,he nevertheless wrote in cheerful spirits1 sanguine of success in doing his duty under the guidance and protection of that kind ,providence who had always carried him through so many perils and hardships4 ,he assures me that since he knew the value of ,christianity1 he has ever wished to spend his life in propagating its blessings among men1 and adds that the same desire remains still as strong as ever4 ,while ,livingstone was at ,loanda1 he made several acquaintances among the officers of ,her ,majesty's navy1 engaged in the suppression of the slave-trade4 ,for many of these gentlemen he was led to entertain a high regard4 ,their humanity charmed him1 and so did their attention to their duties4 ,in his early days1 sharing the feeling then so prevalent in his class1 he had been used to think of epauleted gentlemen as idlers1 or worse--fruges consumere nati ,personal acquaintance1 as in so many other cases1 rubbed off the prejudice4 ,in many ways ,livingstone's mind was broadening4 ,his intensely sympathetic nature drew powerfully to all who were interested in what was rapidly becoming his own master-idea--the suppression of the slave-trade4 ,we shall see proofs not a few1 how this sympathetic affection modified some of his early opinions1 and greatly widened the sphere of his charity4 ,after all the illness and dangers he had encountered1 ,livingstone might quite honorably have accepted a berth in one of ,her ,majesty's cruisers1 and returned to ,england4 ,but the men who had come with him from the ,barotse country to ,loanda had to return1 and ,livingstone knew that they were quite unable to perform the journey without him4 ,that consideration determined his course4 ,all the risks and dangers of that terrible road--the attacks of fever and dysentery1 the protracted absence of those for whom he pined1 were not to be thought of when he had a duty to these poor men4 ,besides1 he had hot yet accomplished his object4 ,he had1 indeed1 discovered a way by his friend ,sekeltu might sell his tusks to far greater advantage1 and which would thus help to introduce a legitimate traffic among the ,makololo1 and expel the slave-trade2 but he had discovered no healthy locality for a mission1 nor any unexceptional highway to the sea for the purpose of general traffic4 ,the east coast seemed to promise better than the west4 ,that great river1 the ,zambesi1 might be found to be a navigable highway to the sea4 ,he would return to ,linyanti1 and set out from it to find a way to the eastern shore4 ,loaded with kindness from many quarters1 and furnished with presents for ,sekeltu1 and for the chiefs along the way1 ,livingstone bade farewell to ,loanda on #bjth ,september1 #ahed4 ,the following letter to ,mrs4 ,livingstone1 written a month afterward1 gives his impressions of ,loanda and the neighborhood2 ,golungo ,alto1 #beth ,october1 #ahed4--;,it occurs to me1 my dearest ,mary1 that if ,i send you a note from different parts on the way through this colony1 some of them will surely reach you2 and ,if they carry any of the affection ,i bear to you in their composition1 they will not fail to comfort you4 ,i got everything in ,loanda ,i could desire2 and were there only a wagon-path for us1 this would be as good an opening into the interior as we could wish4 ,i remained rather a long time in the city in consequence of a very severe attack of fever and dysentery which reduced me very much2 and ,i remained a short time longer than that actually required to set me on my legs1 in longing expectation of a letter from you4 ,none came1 but should any come up to the beginning of ,november1 it will come after me by post to ,cassang4 ,the ,roman ,catholic ,bishop1 who was then acting-governor1 gave a horse1 saddle1 and bridle1 a colonel's suit of clothes1 etc41 for ,sekeltu1 and a dress of blue and red cloth1 with a white cotton blanket and cap to each of my companions1 who are the best set of men ,i ever traveled with except ,malatzi and ,mebalwe4 ,the merchants of ,loanda gave ,sekeltu a large present of cloth1 beads1 etc41 and one of them1 a ,dutch-man1 gave me an order for ten oxen as provisions on the way home to the ,zambesi4 ,this is all to encourage the natives to trade freely with the coast1 and will have a good effect in increasing our influence for that which excels everything earthly4 ,everything has1 by ,god's gracious blessing1 proved more auspicious than ,i anticipated4 ,we have a most warm-hearted friend in ,mr4 ,gabriel4 ,he acted a brother's part1 and now writes me in the moat affectionate manner4 ,i thank ,god for his goodness in influencing the hearts of so many to show kindness1 to whom ,i was a total stranger4 ,the ,portuguese have all been extremely kind4 ,in coming through the coffee plantations ,i was offered more coffee than ,i could take or needed1 and the best in the world4 ,one spoonful makes it stronger than three did of that we used4 ,it is found wild on the mountains4 ,mr4 ,gabriel came about #cj miles with me1 and ever since1 though ,i spoke freely about the slave-trade1 the very gentlemen who have been engaged in it1 and have been prevented by our ships from following it1 and often lost much1 treated me most kindly in their houses1 and often accompanied me to the next place beyond them1 bringing food for all in the way4 ,the common people are extremely civil1 and a very large proportion of the inhabitants in one district called ,ambaca can read and write well4 ,they were first taught by the ,roman ,catholic missionaries1 and now teach each other so well1 it is considered a shame in an ,ambacista not to be able to write his own name at least4 ,but they have no ,bibles4 ,they are building a church at ,ambaca1 and another is in course of erection here1 though they cannot get any priests4 ,may ,god grant that we may be useful in some degree in this field also4444 ,give my love to all the children1 they will reap the advantage of your remaining longer at home than we anticipated4 ,i hope ,robert1 ,agnes1 and ,tom are each learning as fast as they can4 ,when will they be able to write a letter to me8 ,how happy ,i shall be to meet them and you again6 ,i hope a letter from you may be waiting for me at ,zambesi4 ,love to all the children4 ,how tall is ,zouga8 ,accept the assurance of unabated love4 ,,david ,,livingston4 ,it must not be forgotten that all this time ,dr4 ,livingstone was making very careful astronomical observations1 in order to determine his exact positions1 and transmitting elaborate letters to the ,geographical ,society4 ,his astronomical observations were regularly forwarded to his friend the ,astronomer-,royal at the ,cape1 ,mr4 ,maclear1 for verification and correction4 ,writing to ,livingstone on #bgth ,march1 #ahed1 with reference to some of his earlier observations1 after noticing a few trifling mistakes1 ,mr4 ,maclear says3 ,it is both interesting and amusing to trace your improvement as an observer4 ,some of your early observations1 as you remark1 are rough1 and the angles ascribed to objects misplaced in transcribing4 ,but upon the whole ,i do not hesitate to assert that no explorer on record has determined his path with the precision you have accomplished4 ,a year afterward1 #aath ,august1 #ahee1 but with reference to papers received from ,sekeltu's place1 ,mr4 ,maclear details what he had done in reducing his observations1 preparing abstracts of them1 sending them to the authorities1 and publishing them in the ,cape papers4 ,he informs him that ,sir ,john ,herschel placed them before the ,geographical ,society1 and that a warm eulogium on his labors and discoveries1 and particularly on the excellent series of observations which fixed his track so exactly1 appeared in the ,president's ,address4 ,then1 referring to his wonderful journey to ,loanda1 and remarkable escapes1 he says3 ,nor is your escape with life from so many attacks of fever other than miraculous4 ,perhaps there is nothing on record of the kind1 and it can only be explained by ,divine interference for a good purpose4 ,o may life be continued to you1 my dear friend6 ,you have accomplished more for the happiness of mankind than has been done by all the ,african travelers hitherto put together4 ,mr4 ,maclear's reference to ,livingstone's work1 in writing to ,sir ,john ,herschel1 was in these terms3 ,such a man deserves every encouragement in the power of his country to give4 ,he has done that which few other travelers in ,africa can boast of--he has fixed his geographical points with very great accuracy1 and yet he is only a poor missionary4 ,nor did ,dr4 ,livingstone pass unrewarded in other quarters4 ,in the ,geographical ,society1 his journey to ,loanda1 of which he sent them an account1 excited the liveliest interest4 ,in ,may1 #ahee1 on the motion of ,sir ,roderick ,murchison1 the ,society testified its appreciation by awarding him their gold medal--the highest honor they had to bestow4 ,the occasion was one of great interest4 ,from the chair1 ,lord ,ellesmere spoke of ,livingstone's work in science as but subordinate to those higher ends which he had ever prosecuted in the true spirit of a missionary4 ,the simplicity of his arrangements gave additional wonder to the results4 ,there had just appeared an account of a ,portuguese expedition of ,african exploration from the ,east ,coast3 ,i advert to it1 said his ,lordship1 to point out the contrast between the two4 ,colonel ,monteiro was the leader of a small army--some twenty ,portuguese soldiers1 and a hundred and twenty ,caffres4 ,the contrast is as great between such military array and the solitary grandeur of the missionary's progress1 as it is between the actual achievements of the two--between the rough knowledge obtained by the ,portuguese of some three hundred leagues of new country1 and the scientific precision with which the unarmed and unassisted ,englishman has left his mark on so many important stations of regions hitherto a blank4 ,about the time when these words were spoken1 ,dr4 ,livingstone was at ,cabango on his return journey1 recovering from a very severe attack of rheumatic fever which had left him nearly deaf2 besides1 he was almost blind in consequence of a blow received on the eye from a branch of a tree in riding through the forest4 ,notwithstanding1 he was engaged in writing a despatch to the ,geographical ,society1 through ,sir ,roderick ,murchison1 of which more anon1 reporting progress1 and explaining his views of the structure of ,africa4 ,but we must return to ,loanda1 and set out with him and his ,makololo in proper on their homeward tour4 ,,chapter ,,ix4 ,,from ,,loanda ,,to ,,quilimane4 ,a4,d4 #ahed-ahef4 ,livingstone sets out from ,loanda--,journey back--,effects of slavery--,letter to his wife--,severe attack of fever--,he reaches the ,barotse country--,day of thanksgiving--,his efforts for the good of his men--,anxieties of the ,moffats--,mr4 ,moffat's journey to ,mosilikatse--,box at ,linyanti--,letter from ,mrs4 ,moffat--,letters to ,mrs4 ,livingstone1 ,mr4 ,moffat1 and ,mrs4 ,moffat--,kindness of ,sekeltu--,new escort--,he sets out for the ,east ,coast--,discovers the ,victoria ,falls--,the healthy longitudinal ridges--,pedestrianism--,great dangers--,narrow escapes--,triumph of the spirit of trust in ,god--,favorite texts--,reference to ,captain ,maclure's experience--,chief subjects of thought--,structure of the continent--,sir ,roderick ,murchison anticipates his discovery--,letters to ,geographical ,society--,first letter from ,sir ,roderick ,murchison--,missionary labor--,monasteries--,protestant mission-stations wanting in self-support--,letter to ,directors--,fever not so serious an obstruction as it seemed--,his own hardships--,theories of mission-work--,expansion v4 ,concentration--,views of a missionary statesman--,he reaches ,tette--,letter to ,king of ,portugal--,to ,sir ,roderick ,murchison--,reaches ,senna--,quilimane--,retrospect--,letter from ,directors--,goes to ,mauritius--,voyage home--,narrow escape from shipwreck in ,bay of ,tunis--,he reaches ,england1 ,dec41 #ahef--,news of his father's death4 ,dr4 ,livingstone left ,st4 ,paul de ,loanda on #bdth ,september1 #ahed1 arrived at his old quarters at ,linyanti on #aath ,september1 #ahee1 set out eastward on #c;d ,november1 #ahee1 and reached ,quilimane on the eastern coast on #bjth ,may1 #ahef4 ,his journey thus occupied a year and eight months1 and the whole time from his leaving the ,cape on #hth ,june1 #aheb1 was within a few days of four years4 ,the return journey from ,loanda to ,linyanti took longer than the journey outward4 ,this arose from detention of various kinds#da3 the sicknesses of ,livingstone and his men1 the heavy rains1 and in one case1 at ,pungo ,andongo1 the necessity of reproducing a large packet of letters1 journals1 maps1 and despatches1 which he had sent off from ,loanda4 ,these were despatched by the mail-packet ,forerunner1 which unhappily went down off ,madeira1 all the passengers but one being lost4 ,but for his promise to the ,makololo to return with them to their country1 ,dr4 ,livingstone would have been himself a passenger in the ship4 ,hearing of the disaster while paying a visit to a very kind and hospitable ,portuguese gentleman at ,pungo ,andongo1 on his way back1 ,livingstone remained there some time to reproduce his lost papers4 ,the labor thus entailed must have been very great1 for his ordinary letters covered sheets almost as large as a newspaper1 and his maps and despatches were produced with extraordinary care4 ,footnote #da3 ,dr4 ,livingstone observed that traders generally traveled ten days in the month1 and rested twenty1 making seven geographical miles a day1 or seventy per month4 ,in his case in this journey the proportion was generally reversed--twenty days of traveling and ten of rest1 and his rate per day was about ten geographical miles1 or two hundred per month4 ,as he often zigzagged1 the geographical mile represented considerably1 more4 ,see letter to ,royal ,geographical ,society1 ,october #af1 #ahee4 ,he found renewed occasion to acknowledge in the warmest terms the kindness he received from the ,portuguese2 and his prayers that ,god would reward and bless them were not the less sincere that in many important matters he could not approve of their ways4 ,in traversing the road backward along which he had already come1 not many things happened that demand special notice in this brief sketch4 ,we find him both in his published book and still more in his private ,journal repeating his admiration of the country and its glorious scenery4 ,this revelation of the marvelous beauty of a country hitherto deemed a sandy desert was one of the most astounding effects of ,livingstone's travels on the public mind4 ,but the more he sees of the people the more profound does their degradation appear1 although the many instances of remarkable kindness to himself1 and occasional cases of genuine feeling one toward another1 convinced him that there was a something in them not quite barbarised4 ,on one point he was very clear--the ,portuguese settlements among them had not improved them4 ,not that he undervalued the influences which the ,portuguese had brought to bear on them2 he had a much more favorable opinion of the ,jesuit missions than ,protestants have usually allowed themselves to entertain1 and felt both kindly and respectfully toward the padres1 who in the earlier days of these settlements had done1 he believed1 a useful work4 ,but the great bane of the ,portuguese settlements was slavery4 ,slavery prevented a good example1 it hindered justice1 it kept down improvement4 ,if a settler took a fancy to a good-looking girl1 he had only to buy her1 and make her his concubine4 ,instead of correcting the polygamous habits of the chiefs and others1 the ,portuguese adopted like habits themselves4 ,in one thing indeed they were far superior to the ,boers--in their treatment of the children born to them by native mothers4 ,but the whole system of slavery gendered a blight which nothing could counteract2 to make ,africa a prosperous land1 liberty must be proclaimed to the captive1 and the slave system1 with all its accursed surroundings1 brought conclusively to an end4 ,writing to ,mrs4 ,livingstone from ,bashinge1 #bjth ,march1 #ahee1 he gives1 some painful particulars of the slave-trade4 ,referring to a slave-agent with whom he had been1 he says3 ,this agent is about the same in appearance as ,mebalwe1 and speaks ,portuguese as the ,griquas do ,dutch4 ,he has two chainsful of women going to be sold for the ivory4 ,formerly the trade went from the interior into the ,portuguese territory2 now it goes the opposite way4 ,this is the effect of the ,portuguese love of the trade3 they cannot send them abroad on account of our ships of war on the coast1 yet will sell them to the best advantage4 ,these women are decent-looking1 as much so as the general run of ,kuruman ladies1 and' were caught lately in a skirmish the ,portuguese had with their tribe2 and they will be sold for about three tusks each4 ,each has an iron ring round the wrist1 and that is attached to the chain1 which she carries in the hand to prevent it jerking and hurting the wrist4 ,how would ,nannie like to be thus treated8 and yet it is only by the goodness of ,god in appointing our lot in different circumstances that we are not similarly degraded1 for we have the same evil nature1 which is so degraded in them as to allow of men treating them as beasts4 ,i long for the time when ,i shall see you again4 ,i hope in ,god's mercy for that pleasure4 ,how are my dear ones8 ,i have not seen any equal to them since ,i put them on board ship4 ,my brave little dears6 ,i only hope ,god will show us mercy1 and make them good too4444 ,i work at the interior languages when ,i have a little time1 and also at ,portuguese1 which ,i like from being so much like ,latin4 ,indeed1 when ,i came ,i understood much that was said from its similarity to that tongue1 and when ,i interlarded my attempts at ,portuguese with ,latin1 or spoke it entirely1 they understood me very well4 ,the ,negro language is not so easy1 but ,i take a spell at it every day ,i can4 ,it is of the same family of languages as the ,sichuana4444 ,we have passed two chiefs who plagued us much when going down1 but now were quite friendly4 ,at that time one of them ordered his people not to sell us anything1 and we had at last to force our way past him4 ,now he came running to meet us1 saluting us1 etc41 with great urbanity4 ,he informed us that he would come in the evening to receive a present1 but ,i said unless he brought one he should receive nothing4 ,he came in the usual way4 ,the ,balonda show the exalted position they occupy among men1 viz41 riding on the shoulders of a spokesman in the way little boys do in ,england4 ,the chief brought two cocks and some eggs4 ,i then gave a little present too4 ,the alteration in this gentleman's conduct--the ,peace ,society would not credit-it--is attributable solely to my people possessing guns4 ,when we passed before1 we were defenseless4 ,may every needed blessing be granted to you and the dear children1 is the earnest prayer of your ever most affectionate ,d4 ,,livingston4 ,it was soon after the date of this letter that ,livingstone was struck down by that severe attack of rheumatic fever1 accompanied by great loss of blood1 to which reference has already been made4 ,i got it1 he writes to ,mr4 ,maclear1 by sleeping in the wet4 ,there was no help for it4 ,every part of a plain was flooded ankle-deep4 ,we got soaked by going on1 and sodden if we stood still4 ,in his former journey he had been very desirous to visit ,matiamvo1 paramount chief of the native tribes of ,londa1 whose friendship would have helped him greatly in his journey2 but at that time he found himself too poor to attempt the enterprise4 ,the loss of time and consumption of goods caused by his illness on the way back prevented him from accomplishing his purpose now4 ,not only was the party now better armed than before1 but the good name of ,livingstone had also become better known along the line1 and during his return journey he did not encounter so much opposition4 ,we cannot fail to be struck with his extraordinary care for his men4 ,it was his earnest desire to bring them all back to their homes1 and in point of fact the whole twenty-seven returned in good health4 ,how carefully he must have nursed them in their attacks of fever1 and kept them from unnecessary exposure1 it is hardly possible for strangers adequately to understand4 ,on reaching the country of the ,barotse1 the home of most of them1 a day of thanksgiving was observed 7#bc;d ,july1 #ahee74 ,the men had made little fortunes in ,loanda1 earning sixpence a day for weeks together by helping to discharge a cargo of coals or1 as they called them1 stones that burned4 ,but1 like ,livingstone1 they had to part with everything on the way home1 and now they were in rags2 yet they were quite as cheerful and as fond of their leader as ever1 and felt that they had not traveled in vain4 ,they quite understood the benefit the new route would bring in the shape of higher prices for tusks and the other merchandise of home4 ,on the thanksgiving day-- ,the men decked themselves out in their best1 for all had managed to preserve their suits of ,european clothing1 which1 with their white and red caps1 gave them a rather dashing appearance4 ,they tried to walk like soldiers1 and called themselves 'my braves4' ,having been again saluted with salvos from the women1 we met the whole population1 and having given an address on divine things1 ,i told them we had come that day to thank ,god before them all for his mercy in preserving us from dangers1 from strange tribes and sicknesses4 ,we had another service in the afternoon4 ,they gave us two fine oxen to slaughter1 and the women have supplied us abundantly with milk and meal4 ,this is all gratuitous1 and ,i feel ashamed that ,i can make no return4 ,my men explain the whole expenditure on the way hither1 and they remark gratefully3 ',it does not matter1 you have opened a path for us1 and we shall have sleep4' ,strangers from a distance come flocking to see me1 and seldom come empty-handed4 ,i distribute all presents among my men4 ,several of the poor fellows on reaching home found domestic trouble--a wife had proved inconstant and married another man4 ,as the men had generally more wives than one1 ,livingstone comforted them by saying that they still had as many as he4 ,amid the anxieties and sicknesses of the journey1 and multiplied subjects of thought and inquiry1 ,livingstone was as earnest as ever for the spiritual benefit of the people4 ,some extracts from his ,journal will illustrate his efforts in this cause1 and the flickerings of hope that would spring out of them1 dimmed1 however1 by many fears3 ,august #e1 #ahee4--;,a large audience listened attentively to my address this morning1 but it is impossible to indulge any hopes of such feeble efforts4 ,god is merciful1 and will deal with them in justice and kindness4 ,this constitutes a ground of hope4 ,poor degraded ,africa6 ,a permanent station among them might effect something in time1 but a ,considerable time is necessary4 ,surely some will pray to their merciful ,father in their extremity1 who never would have thought of ,him but for our visit4 ,august #ab4--;,a very good and attentive audience4 ,surely all will not be forgotten4 ,how small their opportunity compared to ours who have been carefully instructed in the knowledge of divine truth from our earliest infancy6 ,the ,judge is just and merciful4 ,he will deal fairly and kindly with all4 ,october #ae4--,we had a good and very attentive audience yesterday1 and ,i expatiated with great freedom on the love of ,christ in dying1 from his parting address in ,john xvi4 ,it cannot be these precious truths will fall to the ground2 but it is perplexing to observe no effects4 ,they assent to the truth1 but 'we don't know1' or 'you speak truly1' is all the response4 ,in reading accounts of ,south ,sea missions it is hard to believe the quickness of the vegetation of the good seed1 but ,i know several of the men the ,south ,sea missionaries1 and am sure they are of unimpeachable veracity4 ,in trying to convey knowledge1 and use the magic lantern1 which is everywhere extremely popular1 though they listen with apparent delight to what is said1 questioning them on the following night reveals almost entire ignorance of the previous lesson4 ,o that the ,holy ,ghost might enlighten them6 ,to his soul-renewing influence my longing soul is directed4 ,it is his word1 and cannot die4 ,the long absence of ,livingstone and the want of letters had caused great anxiety to his friends4 ,the ,moffats had been particularly concerned about him1 and1 in #ahed1 partly in the hope of hearing of him1 ,mr4 ,moffat undertook a visit to ,mosilikatse1 while a box of goods and comforts was sent to ,linyanti to await his return1 should that ever take place4 ,a letter from ,mrs4 ,moffat accompanied the box4 ,it is amusing to read her motherly explanations about the white shirts1 and the blue waistcoat1 the woolen socks1 lemon juice1 quince jam1 and tea and coffee1 some of which had come all the way from ,hamilton2 but there are passages in that little note that make one's heart go with rapid beat3 ,,my ,,dear ,,son ,,livingston1--,your present position is almost too much for my weak nerves to suffer me to contemplate4 ,hitherto ,i have kept up my spirits1 and been enabled to believe that our great ,master may yet bring you out in safety1 for though his ways are often inscrutable1 ,i should have clung to the many precious promises made in his word as to temporal preservation1 such as the #iast and #abast ,psalms--but have been taught that we may not presume confidently to expect them to be fulfilled1 and that every petition1 however fervent1 must be with devout submission to his will4 ,my poor sister-in-law clung tenaciously to the #iast ,psalm1 and firmly believed that her dear husband would thus be preserved1 and never indulged the idea that they should never meet on earth4 ,but ,i apprehend submission was wanting4 ',if it be ,thy will1' ,i fancy she could not say--and1 therefore1 she was utterly confounded when the news came#db4 ,she had exercised strong faith1 and was disappointed4 ,bear ,livingstone1 ,i have always endeavored to keep this in mind with regard to you4 ,since ,george ,fleming came out it seemed almost hope against hope4 ,your having got so1 thoroughly feverised chills my expectations2 still prayer1 unceasing prayer1 is made for you4 ,when ,i think of you my heart will go upward4 ',keep him as the apple of ,thine eye1' ',hold him in the hollow of ,thy hand1' are the ejaculations of my heart4 ,footnote #db3 ,rev4 ,john ,smith1 missionary at ,madras1 had gone to ,vizagapatam to the ordination of two native pastors1 and when returning in a small vessel1 a storm arose1 when he and all on board perished4 ,in writing from ,linyanti to his wife1 ,livingstone makes the best he can of his long detention4 ,she seems to have put the matter playfully1 wondering what the source of attraction had been4 ,he says3 ,don't know what apology to make you for a delay ,i could not shorten4 ,but as you are a mercifully kind-hearted dame1 ,i expect you will write out an apology in proper form1 and ,i shall read it before you with as long a face as ,i can exhibit4 ,disease was the chief obstacle4 ,the repair of the wagon was the 'source of attraction' in ,cape ,town1 and the settlement of a case of libel another 'source of attraction4' ,they tried to engulf me in a law-suit for simply asking the postmaster why some letters were charged double4 ,they were so marked in my account4 ,i had to pay #ac to quash it4 ,they longed to hook me in1 from mere hatred to ,london missionaries4 ,i did not remain an hour after ,i could move4 ,but ,i do not wonder at your anxiety for my speedy return4 ,i am sorry you have been disappointed1 but you know no mortal can control disease4 ,the ,makololo are wonderfully well pleased with the path we have already made1 and if ,i am successful in going down to ,quilimane1 that will be still better4 ,i have written you by every opportunity1 and am very sorry your letters have been miscarried4 ,to his father-in-law he expresses his warm gratitude for the stores4 ,it was feared by the natives that the goods were bewitched1 so they were placed on an island1 a hut was built over them1 and there ,livingstone found them on his arrival1 a year after6 ,a letter of twelve quarto pages to ,mr4 ,moffat gives his impressions of his journey1 while another of sixteen pages to ,mrs4 ,moffat explains his plans1 about which she had asked more full information4 ,he quiets her fears by his favorite texts for the present--,commit thy way to the ,lord1 and ,lo1 ,i am with you alway2 and his favorite vision of the future--the earth full of the knowledge of the ,lord4 ,he is somewhat cutting at the expense of so-called missionaries to the heathen1 who never march into real heathen territory1 and quiet their consciences by opposing their do-nothingism to my blundering do-somethingism6 ,he is indignant at the charge made by some of his enemies that no good was done among the ,bakwains4 ,they were1 in many respects1 a different people from before4 ,any one who should be among the ,makololo as he had been1 would be thankful for the state of the ,bakwains4 ,the seed would always bear fruit1 but the husbandman had need of great patience1 and the end was sure4 ,sekeltu had not been behaving well in ,livingstone's absence4 ,he had been conducting marauding parties against his neighbors1 which even ,livingstone's men1 when they heard of it1 pronounced to be bad1 bad4 ,livingstone was obliged to reprove him4 ,a new uniform had been sent to the chief from ,loanda1 with which he appeared at church1 attracting more attention than the sermon4 ,he continued1 however1 to 'show the same friendship for ,livingstone1 and did all he could for him when he set out eastward4 ,a new escort of men was provided1 above a hundred and twenty strong1 with ten slaughter cattle1 and three of his best riding oxen2 stores of food were given1 and a right to levy tribute over the tribes that were subject to ,sekeltu as he passed through their borders4 ,if ,livingstone had performed these journeys with some long-pursed society or individual at his back1 his feat even then would have been wonderful2 but it becomes quite amazing when we think that he went without stores1 and owed everything to the influence he acquired with men like ,sekeltu and the natives generally4 ,his heart was much touched on one occasion by the disinterested kindness of ,sekeltu4 ,having lost their way on a dark night in the forest1 in a storm of rain and lightning1 and the luggage having been carried on1 they had to pass the night under a tree4 ,the chief's blanket had not been carried on1 and ,sekeltu placed ,livingstone under it1 and lay down himself on the wet ground4 ,if such men must perish before the white by an immutable law of heaven1 he wrote to the ,geographical ,society 7#beth ,january1 #ahef71 we must seem to be under the same sort of terrible necessity in our ,caffre wars as the ,american ,professor of ,chemistry said he was under1 when he dismembered the man whom he had murdered4 ,again ,livingstone sets out on his weary way1 untrodden by white man's foot1 to pass through unknown tribes1 whose savage temper might give him his quietus at any turn of the road4 ,there were various routes to the sea open to him4 ,he chose the route along the ,zambesi--though the the most difficult1 and through hostile tribes--because it seemed the most likely to answer his desire to find a commercial highway to the coast4 ,not far to the east of ,linyanti1 he beheld for the first time those wonderful falls of which he had only heard before1 giving an ,english name to them1--the first he had ever given in all his ,african journeys1--the ,victoria ,falls4 ,we have seen how genuine his respect was for his ,sovereign1 and it was doubtless a real though quiet pleasure to connect her name with the grandest natural phenomenon in ,africa1 ,this is one of the discoveries#dc that have taken most hold on the popular imagination1 for the ,victoria ,falls are like a second ,niagara1 but grander and more astonishing2 but except as illustrating his views of the structure of ,africa1 and the distribution of its waters1 it had not much influence1 and led to no very remarkable results4 ,right across the channel of the river was a deep fissure only eighty feet wide1 into which the whole volume of the river1 a thousand yards broad1 tumbled to the depth of a hundred feet#dd1 the fissure being continued in zigzag form for thirty miles1 so that the stream had to change its course from right to left and left to right1 and went through the hills boiling and roaring1 sending up columns of steam1 formed by the compression of the water falling into its narrow wedge-shaped receptacle4 ,footnote #dc3 ,virtually a discovery1 though marked in an old map4 ,footnote #dd3 ,afterward ascertained by him to be #ahjj yards and #hbj feet respectively4 ,a discovery as to the structure of the country1 long believed in by him1 but now fully verified1 was of much more practical importance4 ,it had been ascertained by him that skirting the central hollow there were two longitudinal ridges extremely favorable for settlements1 both for missions and merchandise4 ,we shall hear much of this soon4 ,slowly but steadily the eastward tramp is continued1 often over ground which was far from favorable for walking exercise4 ,pedestrianism1 said ,livingstone1 may be all very well for those whose obesity requires much exercise2 but for one who was becoming as thin as a lath through the constant perspiration caused by marching day after day in the hot sun1 the only good ,i saw in it was that it gave an honest sort of a man a vivid idea of the tread-mill4 ,when ,livingstone came to ,england1 and was writing books1 his tendency was rather to get stout than thin2 and the disgust with which he spoke then of the beastly fat seemed to show that if for nothing else than to get rid of it he would have been glad to be on the tread-mill again4 ,in one of his letters to ,mr4 ,maclear he thus speaks of a part of this journey3 ,it was not likely that ,i should know our course well1 for the country there is covered with shingle and gravel1 bushes1 trees1 and grass1 and we were without path4 ,skulking out of the way of villages where we were expected to pay after the purse was empty1 it was excessively hot and steamy2 the eyes had to be always fixed on the ground to avoid being tripped4 ,in the course of this journey he had even more exciting escapades among hostile tribes than those which he had encountered on the way to ,loanda4 ,his serious anxieties began when he passed beyond the tribes that owned the sovereignty of ,sekeltu4 ,at the union of the rivers ,loangwa and ,zambesi1 the suspicious feeling regarding him reached a climax1 and he could only avoid the threatened doom of the ,bazimka 7i4e4 ,bastard ,portuguese7 who had formerly incurred the wrath of the chief1 by showing his bosom1 arms1 and hair1 and asking if the ,bazimka were like that4 ,livingstone felt that there was danger in the air4 ,in fact1 he never seemed in more imminent peril3 #adth ,january1 #ahef4--;,at the confluence of the ,loangwa and ,zambesi4 ,thank ,god for his great mercies thus far4 ,how soon ,i may be called to stand before ,him1 my righteous ,judge1 ,i know not4 ,all hearts are in his hands1 and merciful and gracious is the ,lord our ,god4 ,o ,jesus1 grant me resignation to ,thy will1 and entire reliance on ,thy powerful hand4 ,on ,thy ,word alone ,i lean4 ,but wilt ,thou permit me to plead for ,africa8 ,the cause is ,thine4 ,what an impulse will be given to the idea that ,africa is not open if ,i perish now6 ,see1 ,o ,lord1 how the heathen rise up against me1 as they did to ,thy ,son4 ,i commit my way unto ,thee4 ,i trust also in ,thee that ,thou wilt direct my steps4 ,thou givest wisdom liberally to all who ask ,thee--give it to me1 my ,father4 ,my family is ,thine4 ,they are in the best hands4 ,oh6 be gracious1 and all our sins do ,thou blot out4 ',a guilty1 weak1 and helpless worm1 ,on ,thy kind arms ,i fall4' ,leave me not1 forsake me not4 ,i cast myself and all my cares down at ,thy feet4 ,thou knowest all ,i need1 for time and for eternity4 ,it seems a pity that the important facts about the two healthy longitudinal ridges should not become known in ,christendom4 ,thy will be done6444 ,they will not furnish us with more canoes than two4 ,i leave my cause and all my concerns in the hands of ,god1 my gracious ,saviour1 the ,friend of sinners4 ,evening4--,felt much turmoil of spirit in view of having all my plans for the welfare of this great region and teeming population knocked on the head by savages to-morrow4 ,but ,i read that ,jesus came and said1 ',all power is given unto me in heaven and in earth4 ,go ye therefore1 and teach all nations--and lo1 ,i am with you alway1 even unto the end of the world' ,it is the word of a gentleman of the most sacred and strictest honor1 and there is an end on't4 ,i will not cross furtively by night as ,i intended4 ,it would appear as flight1 and should such a man as ,i flee8 ,nay1 verily1 ,i shall take observations for latitude and longitude to-night1 though they may be the last4 ,i feel quite calm now1 thank ,god4 #aeth ,january1 #ahef4--,left bank of ,loangwa4 ,the natives of the surrounding country collected round us this morning all armed4 ,children and women were sent away1 and ,mburuma's wife who lives here was not allowed to approach1 though she came some way from her village in order to pay me a visit4 ,only one canoe was lent1 though we saw two tied to the bank4 ,and the part of the river we crossed at1 about a mile from the confluence1 is a good mile broad4 ,we passed all our goods first1 to an island in the middle1 then the cattle and men1 ,i occupying the post of honor1 being the last to enter the canoe4 ,we had1 by this means1 an opportunity of helping each other in case of attack4 ,they stood armed at my back for some time4 ,i then showed them my watch1 burning-glass1 etc41 etc41 and kept them amused till all were over1 except those who could go into the canoe with me4 ,i thanked them all for their kindness and wished them peace4 ,nine days later they were again threatened by ,mpende3 #bc;d ,january1 #ahef4--;,at ,mpende's this morning at sunrise1 a party of his people came close to our encampment1 using strange cries1 and waving some red substance toward us4 ,they then lighted a fire with charms in it1 and departed uttering the same hideous screams as before4 ,this is intended to render us powerless1 and probably also to frighten us4 ,no message has yet come from him1 though several parties have arrived1 and profess to have come simply to see the white man4 ,parties of his people have been collecting from all quarters long before daybreak4 ,it would be considered a challenge--for us to move down the river1 and an indication of fear and invitation to attack if we went back4 ,so we must wait in patience1 and trust in ,him who has the hearts of all men in his hands4 ,to ,thee1 ,o ,god1 we look4 ,and1 oh6 ,thou who wast the man of sorrows for the sake of poor vile sinners1 and didst not disdain the thief's petition1 remember me and ,thy cause in ,africa4 ,soul and body1 my family1 and ,thy cause1 ,i commit all to ,thee4 ,hear1 ,lord1 for ,jesus' sake4 ,in the entire records of ,christian heroism1 there are few more remarkable occasions of the triumph of the spirit of holy trust than those which are recorded here so quietly and modestly4 ,we are carried back to the days of the ,psalmist3 ,i will not be afraid of ten thousand of the people that have set themselves against me round about4 ,in the case of ,david ,livingstone as of the other ,david1 the triumph of confidence was not the less wonderful that it was preceded by no small inward tumult4 ,both were human creatures4 ,but in both the flutter lasted only till the soul had time to rally its trust--to think of ,god as a living friend1 sure to help in time of need4 ,and how real is the sense of ,god's presence6 ,the mention of the two longitudinal ridges1 and of the refusal of the people to give more than two canoes1 side by side with the most solemn appeals1 would have been incongruous1 or even irreverent1 if ,livingstone had not felt that he was dealing with the living ,god1 by whom every step of his own career and every movement of his enemies were absolutely controlled4 ,a single text often gave him all the help he needed3 ,it is singular1 he says1 that the very same text which recurred to my mind at every turn of my course in life in this country and even in ,england1 should be the same as ,captain ,maclure1 the discoverer of the ,northwest ,passage1 mentions in a letter to his sister as familiar in his experience3 ',trust in the ,lord with all thine heart1 and lean not to thine own understanding4 ,in all thy ways acknowledge ,him and ,he shall direct thy steps4 ,commit thy way unto thy ,lord2 trust also in ,him and ,he shall bring it to pass4' ,many more1 ,i have no doubt1 of our gallant seamen feel that it is graceful to acknowledge the gracious ,lord in whom we live and move and have our being4 ,it is an advance surely in humanity from that devilry which gloried in fearing neither ,god1 nor man1 nor ,devil1 and made our wooden walls floating hells4 ,his being enabled to reach the sanctuary of perfect peace in the presence of his enemies was all the more striking if we consider--what he felt keenly--that to live among the heathen is in itself very far from favorable to the vigor or the prosperity of the spiritual life4 ,traveling from day to day among barbarians1 he says in his ,journal1 exerts a most benumbing effect on the religious feelings of the soul4 ,among the subjects that occupied a large share of his thoughts in these long and laborious journeys1 two appear to have been especially prominent3 first1 the configuration of the country2 and second1 the best way of conducting missions1 and bringing the people of ,africa to ,christ4 ,the configuration of intertropical ,south ,africa had long been with him a subject of earnest study1 and now he had come clearly to the conclusion that the middle part was a table-land1 depressed1 however1 in the centre1 and flanked by longitudinal ridges on the east and west2 that originally the depressed centre had contained a vast accumulation of water1 which had found ways of escape through fissures in the encircling fringe of mountains1 the result of volcanic action or of earthquakes4 ,the ,victoria ,falls presented the most remarkable of these fissures1 and thus served to verify and complete his theory4 ,the great lakes in the great heart of ,south ,africa were the remains of the earlier accumulation before the fissures were formed4 ,lake ',ngami1 large though it was1 was but a little fraction of the vast lake that had once spread itself over the south4 ,this view of the structure of ,south ,africa he now found1 from a communication which reached him at ,linyanti1 had been anticipated by ,sir ,roderick ,murchison1 who in #aheb had propounded it to the ,geographical ,society4 ,livingstone was only amused at thus losing the credit of his discovery2 he contented himself with a playful remark on his being cut out by ,sir ,roderick4 ,but the coincidence of views was very remarkable1 and it lay at the foundation of that brotherlike intimacy and friendship which ever marked his relation with ,murchison4 ,one important bearing of the geographical fact was this2 it was evident that while the low districts were unhealthy1 the longitudinal ridges by which they were fringed were salubrious4 ,another of its bearings was1 that it would help them to find the course and perhaps the sources of the great rivers1 and thus facilitate commercial and missionary operations4 ,the discovery of the two healthy ridges1 which made him so unwilling to die at the mouth of the ,loangwa1 gave him new hopes for missions and commerce4 ,these and other matters connected with the state of the country formed the subject of regular communications to the ,geographical ,society4 ,between ,loanda and ,quilimane1 six despatches were written at different points#de4 ,formerly1 as we have seen1 he had written through a ,fellow of the ,society1 his friend and former fellow-traveler1 ,captain1 now ,colonel ,steele2 but as the ,colonel had been called on duty to the ,crimea1 he now addressed his letters to his countryman1 ,sir ,roderick ,murchison4 ,sir ,roderick was charmed with the compliment1 and was not slow to turn it to account1 as appears from the following letter1 the first of very many communications which he addressed to ,livingstone3 ,footnote #de3 ,the dates were ,pungo ,andongo1 #bdth ,december1 #ahfd2 ,cabango1 #agth ,may1 #ahee2 ,linyanti1 ,october #af1 #ahee2 ,chanyuni1 #beth ,january1 #ahef2 ,tette1 #dth ,march1 #ahef2 ,quilimane1 #bc;d ,may1 #ahef4 #af ,,belgrave ,,square1 ,october #b1 #ahee4 ,,my ,,dear ,,sir1--,your most welcome letter reached me after ,i had made a tour in the ,highlands1 and just as the meeting of the ,british ,association for the ,advancement of ,science commenced4 ,i naturally communicated your despatch to the ,geographical section of that body1 and the reading of it called forth an unanimous expression of admiration of your labors and researches4 ,in truth1 you will long ago1 ,i trust1 have received the cordial thanks of all ,british geographers for your unparalleled exertions1 and your successful accomplishment of the greatest triumph in geographical research which has been effected in our times4 ,i rejoice that ,i was the individual in the ,council of the ,british ,geographical ,society who proposed that you should receive our first gold medal of the past session1 and ,i need not say that the award was made by an unanimous and cordial vote4 ,permit me to thank you sincerely for having selected me as your correspondent in the absence of ,colonel ,steele1 and to assure you that ,i shall consider myself as much honored1 as ,i shall certainly be gratified1 by every fresh line which you may have leisure to write to me4 ,anxiously hoping that ,i may make your personal acquaintance1 and that you may return to us in health to receive the homage of all geographers1--,i remain1 my dear ,sir1 yours most faithfully1 ,,rodck99 ,i4 ,,murchison1 ,the other subject that chiefly occupied ,livingstone's mind at this time was missionary labor4 ,this1 like all other labor1 required to be organized1 on the principle of making the very best use of all the force that was or could be contributed for missionary effort4 ,with his fair1 open mind1 he weighed the old method of monastic establishments1 and1 mutatis mutandis1 he thought something of the kind might be very useful4 ,he thought it unfair to judge of what these monasteries were in their periods of youth and vigor1 from the rottenness of their decay4 ,modern missionary stations1 indeed1 with their churches1 schools1 and hospitals1 were like ,protestant monasteries1 conducted on the more wholesome principle of family life2 but they wanted stability2 they had not farms like monasteries1 and hence they required to depend on the mother country4 ,from infancy to decay they were pauper institutions4 ,in ,livingstone's judgment they needed to have more of the self-supporting element3 ,it would be heresy to mention the idea of purchasing lands1 like religious endowments1 among the stiff ,congregationalists2 but an endowment conferred on a man who will risk his life in an unhealthy climate1 in order1 thereby1 to spread ,christ's gospel among the heathen1 is rather different1 ,i ween1 from the same given to a man to act as pastor to a number of professed ,christians4444 ,some may think it creditable to our principles that we have not a single acre of land1 the gift of the ,colonial ,government1 in our possession4 ,but it does not argue much for our foresight that we have not farms of our own1 equal to those of any colonial farmer4 ,dr4 ,livingstone acknowledged the services of the ,jesuit missionaries in the cause of education and literature1 and even of commerce4 ,but while conceding to them this meed of praise1 he did not praise their worship4 ,he was slow1 indeed1 to disparage any form of worship--any form in which men1 however unenlightened1 gave expression to their religious feelings2 but he could not away with the sight of men of intelligence kissing the toe of an image of the ,virgin1 as he saw them doing in a ,portuguese church1 and taking part in services in which they did not1 and could not1 believe4 ,if the missions of the ,church of ,rome had left good effects on some parts of ,africa1 how much greater blessing might not come from ,protestant missions1 with the ,bible instead of the ,syllabus as their basis1 and animated with the spirit of freedom instead of despotism6 ,with regard to that part of ,africa which he had been exploring1 he gives his views at great length in a letter to the ,directors1 dated ,linyanti1 #abth ,october1 #ahee4 ,after fully describing the physical features of the country1 he fastens on the one element which1 more than any other1 was likely to hinder missions--fever4 ,he does not deny that it is a serious obstacle4 ,but he argues at great length that it is not insurmountable4 ,fever yields to proper treatment4 ,his own experience was no rule to indicate what might be reckoned on by others4 ,his journeys had been made under the worst possible conditions4 ,bad food1 poor nursing1 insufficient medicines1 continual drenchings1 exhausting heat and toil1 and wearing anxiety had caused much of his illness4 ,he gives a touching detail of the hardships incident to his peculiar case1 from which other missionaries would be exempted1 but with characteristic manliness he charges the ,directors not to publish that part of his letter1 lest he should appear to be making too much of his trials4 ,sacrifices he could never call them1 because nothing could be worthy of that name in the service of ,him who1 though he was rich1 for our sakes became poor4 ,two or three times every day he had been wet up to the waist in crossing streams and marshy ground4 ,the rain was so drenching that he had often to put his watch under his arm-pit to keep it dry4 ,his good ox ,sindbad would never let him hold an umbrella4 ,his bed was on grass1 with only a horse-cloth between4 ,his food often consisted of bird-seed1 manioc-roots1 and meal4 ,no wonder if he suffered much4 ,others would not have all that to bear4 ,moreover1 if the fever of the district was severe1 it was almost the only disease4 ,consumption1 scrofula1 madness1 cholera1 cancer1 delirium tremens1 and certain contagious diseases of which much was heard in civilized countries1 were hardly known4 ,the beauty of some parts of the country could not be surpassed4 ,much of it was densely peopled1 but in other parts the population was scattered4 ,many of the tribes were friendly1 and1 for reasons of their own1 would welcome missionaries4 ,the ,makololo1 for example1 furnished an inviting field4 ,the dangers he had encountered arose from the irritating treatment the tribes had received from half-cast traders and slave-dealers1 in consequence of which they had imposed certain taxes on travelers1 which1 sometimes1 he and his brother-chartists had refused to pay4 ,they were mistaken for slave-dealers4 ,but character was a powerful educator4 ,a body of missionaries1 maintaining everywhere the character of honest1 truthful1 kind-hearted ,christian gentlemen1 would scatter such prejudices to the winds4 ,in instituting a comparison between the direct and indirect results of missions1 between conversion-work and the diffusion of better principles1 he emphatically assigns the preference to the latter4 ,not that he undervalued the conversion of the most abject creature that breathed4 ,to the man individually his conversion was of over whelming consequence1 but with relation to the final harvest1 it was more important to sow the seed broadcast over a wide field than to reap a few heads of grain on a single spot4 ,concentration was not the true principle of missions4 ,the ,society itself had felt this1 in sending ,morrison and ,milne to be lost among the three hundred millions of ,china2 and the ,church of ,england1 in looking to the ,antipodes1 to ,patagonia1 to ,east ,africa1 with the full knowledge that charity began at home4 ,time was more essential than concentration4 ,ultimately there would be more conversions1 if only the seed were now more widely spread4 ,he concludes by pointing out the difference between mere worldly enterprises and missionary undertakings for the good of the world4 ,the world thought their mission schemes fanatical2 the friends of missions1 on the other hand1 could welcome the commercial enterprises of the world as fitted to be useful4 ,the ,africans were all deeply imbued with the spirit of trade4 ,commerce was so far good that it taught the people their mutual dependence2 but ,christianity alone reached the centre of ,african wants4 ,theoretically1 he concludes1 ,i would pronounce the country about the junction of the ,leeba and ,leeambye or ,kabompo1 and river of the ,bashukulompo1 as a most desirable centre-point for the spread of civilization and ,christianity2 but unfortunately ,i must mar my report by saying ,i feel a difficulty as to taking my children there without their intelligent self-dedication4 ,i can speak for my wife and myself only4 ,,we ,,will ,,go1 ,,whoever ,,remains ,,behind4 ,resuming the subject some months later1 after he had got to the sea-shore1 he dwells on the belt of elevated land eastward from the country of the ,makololo1 two degrees of longitude broad1 and of unknown length1 as remarkably suitable for the residence of ,european missionaries4 ,it was formerly occupied by the ,makololo1 and they had a great desire to resume the occupation4 ,one great advantage of such a locality was that it was on the border of the regions occupied by the true negroes1 the real nucleus of the ,african population1 to whom they owed a great debt1 and who had shown themselves friendly and disposed to learn4 ,it was his earnest hope that the ,directors would plant a mission here1 and his belief that they would thereby confer unlimited blessing on the regions beyond4 ,some of the remarks in these passages1 and also in the extracts which we have given from his ,journals1 are of profound interest1 as indicating air important transition from the ideas of a mere missionary laborer to those of a missionary general or statesman4 ,in the early part of his life he deemed it his joy and his honor to aim at the conversion of individual souls1 and earnestly did he labor and pray for that1 although his visible success was but small4 ,but as he gets better acquainted with ,africa1 and reaches a more commanding point of view1 he sees the necessity for other work4 ,the continent must be surveyed1 healthy localities for mission-stations must be found1 the temptations to a cursed traffic in human flesh must be removed1 the products of the country must be turned to account2 its whole social economy must be changed4 ,the accomplishment of such objects1 even in a limited degree1 would be an immense service to the missionary2 it would be such a preparing of his way that a hundred years hence the spiritual results would be far greater than if all the effort now were concentrated on single souls4 ,to many persons it appeared as if dealing with individual souls were the only proper work of a missionary1 and as if one who had been doing such work would be lowering himself if he accepted any other4 ,livingstone never stopped to reason as to which was the higher or the more desirable work2 he felt that ,providence was calling him to be less of a missionary journeyman and more of a missionary statesman2 but the great end was ever the same-- ,,the ,,end ,,of ,,the ,,geographical ,,feat is ,,only ,,the ,,beginning ,,of ,,the ,,enterprise4 ,livingstone reached the ,portuguese settlement of ,tette on the #c;d ,march1 #ahef1 and the civilized breakfast which the commandant1 ,major ,sicard1 sent forward to him1 on his way1 was a luxury like ,mr4 ,gabriel's bed at ,loanda1 and made him walk the last eight miles without the least sensation of fatigue1 although the road was so rough that1 as a ,portuguese soldier remarked1 it was like to tear a man's life out of him4 ,at ,loanda he had heard of the battle of the ,alma2 after being in ,tette a short time he heard of the fall of ,sebastopol and the end of the ,crimean ,war4 ,he remained in ,tette till the #bc;d ,april1 detained by an attack of fever1 receiving extraordinary kindness from the ,governor1 and1 among other tokens of affection1 a gold chain for his daughter ,agnes1 the work of an inhabitant of the town4 ,these gifts were duly acknowledged4 ,it was at this place that ,dr4 ,livingstone left his ,makololo followers1 with instructions to wait for him till he should return from ,england4 ,well entitled though he was to a long rest1 he deliberately gave up the possibility of it1 by engaging to return for his black companions4 ,in the case of ,dr4 ,livingstone1 rest meant merely change of employment1 and while resting and recovering from fever1 he wrote a large budget of long and interesting letters4 ,one of these was addressed to the ,king of ,portugal3 it affords clear evidence that1 however much ,livingstone felt called to reprobate the deeds of some of his subordinates1 he had a respectful feeling for the ,king himself1 a grateful sense of the kindness received from his ,african subjects1 and an honest desire to aid the wholesome development of the ,portuguese colonies4 ,it refutes1 by anticipation1 calumnies afterward circulated to the effect that ,livingstone's real design was to wrest the ,portuguese settlements in ,africa from ,portugal1 and to annex them to the ,british ,crown4 ,he refers most gratefully to the great kindness and substantial aid he had received from ,his ,majesty's subjects1 and is emboldened thereby to address him on behalf of ,africa4 ,he suggests certain agricultural products--especially wheat and a species of wax--that might be cultivated with enormous profit4 ,a great stimulus might be given to the cultivation of other products--coffee1 cotton1 sugar1 and oil4 ,much had been done for ,angola1 but with little result1 because the colonists' leant on ,government instead of trusting to themselves4 ,illegitimate traffic 7the slave-trade7 was not at present remunerative1 and now was the time to make a great effort to revive wholesome enterprise4 ,a good road into the interior would be a great boon4 ,efforts to provide roads and canals had failed for want of superintendents4 ,dr4 ,livingstone named a ,portuguese engineer who would superintend admirably4 ,the fruits of the ,portuguese missions were still apparent1 but there was a great want of literature1 of books4 ,it will not be denied1 concludes the letter1 that those who1 like your ,majesty1 have been placed over so many human souls1 have a serious responsibility resting upon them in reference to their future welfare4 ,the absence also of ,portuguese women ,in the colony is a circumstance which seems to merit the attention of ,government for obvious reasons4 ,and if any of these suggestions should lead to the formation of a middle class of free laborers1 ,i feel sure that ,angola would have cause to bless your ,majesty to the remotest time4 ,dr4 ,livingstone has often been accused of claiming for himself the credit of discoveries made by others1 of writing as if he had been the first to traverse routes in which he had really been preceded by the ,portuguese4 ,even were it true that now and then an obscure ,portuguese trader or traveler reached spots that lay in ,dr4 ,livingstone's subsequent route1 the fact would detract nothing from his merit1 because he derived not a tittle of benefit from their experience1 and what he was concerned about was1 not the mere honor of being first at a place1 as if he had been running a race1 but to make it known to the world1 to bring it into the circuit of commerce and ,christianity1 and thus place it under the influence of the greatest blessings4 ,but even as to being first1 ,livingstone was careful not to claim anything that was really due to others4 ,writing from ,tette to ,sir ,roderick in ,march1 #ahef1 he says3 ,it seems proper to mention what has been done in former times in the way of traversing the continent1 and the result of my inquiries leads to the belief that the honor belongs to our country4 ,he refers to the brave attempt of ,captain ,jos da ,roga1 in #afgh1 to penetrate from ,benguela to the ,rio da ,senna1 in which attempt1 however1 so much opposition was encountered that he was compelled to return4 ,in #ahjj1 ,lacerda revived the project by proposing a chain of forts along the banks of the ,coanza4 ,in #ahae1 two black traders showed the possibility of communication from east to west1 by bringing to ,loanda communications from the ,governor of ,mozambique4 ,some ,arabs and ,moors went from the ,east ,coast to ,benguela1 and with a view to improve the event1 a million of ,reis 7#adb7 and an honorary captaincy in the ,portuguese army was offered to any one who would accompany them back--but none went4 ,the journey had several times been performed by ,arabs4 ,i do not feel so much elated1 continued ,dr4 ,livingstone1 by the prospect of accomplishing this feat4 ,i feel most thankful to ,god for preserving my life1 where so many1 who by superior intelligence would have done more good1 have been cut off4 ,but it does not look as if ,i had reached the goal4 ,viewed in relation to my calling1 the end of the geographical feat is only the beginning of the enterprise4 ,apart from family longings1 ,i have a most intense longing to hear how it has fared with our brave men at ,sebastopol4 ,my last scrap of intelligence was the ,times1 #agth ,november1 #ahee1 after the terrible affair of the ,light ,cavalry4 ,the news was not certain about a most determined attack to force the way to ,balaclava1 and ,sebastopol expected every day to fall1 and ,i have had to repress all my longings since1 except in a poor prayer to prosper the cause of justice and right1 and cover the heads of our soldiers in the day of battle4 ,a few days later he heard the news4 ,we are all engaged in very much the same cause4 ,geographers1 astronomers1 and mechanicians1 laboring to make men better acquainted with each other2 sanitary reformers1 prison reformers1 promoters of ragged schools and ,niger ,expeditions2 soldiers fighting for right against oppression1 and sailors rescuing captives in deadly climes1 as well as missionaries1 are all aiding in hastening on a glorious consummation to all ,god's dealings with our race4 ,in the hope that ,i may yet be honored to do some good to this poor long downtrodden ,africa1 the gentlemen over whom you have the honor to preside will1 ,i believe1 cordially join4 ,from ,tette he went on to ,senna4 ,again he is treated with extraordinary kindness by ,lieutenant ,miranda1 and others1 and again he is prostrated by an attack of fever4 ,provided with a comfortable boat1 he at last reaches ,quilimane on the #bjth ,may1 and is most kindly received by ,colonel ,nunes1 one of the best men in the country4 ,dr4 ,livingstone has told us in his book how his joy in reaching ,quilimane was embittered on his learning that ,captain ,maclure1 ,lieutenant ,woodruffe1 and five men of ,h4,m4,s4 ,dart1 had been drowned off the bar in coming to ,quilimane to pick him up1 and how he felt as if he would rather have died for them#df4 ,footnote #df3 ,among ,livingstone's papers we have found draft letter to the ,admiralty1 earnestly commending to their ,lordship's favorable consideration a petition from the widow of one of the men4 ,he had never seen her1 he said1 but he had been the unconscious cause of her husband's death1 and all the joy he felt in crossing the continent was embittered when the news of the sad catastrophe reached him4 ,news from across the ,atlantic likewise informed him that his nephew and namesake1 ,david ,livingston1 a fine lad eleven years of age1 had been drowned in ,canada4 ,all the deeper was his gratitude for the goodness and mercy that had followed him and preserved him1 as he says in his private ,journal1 from many dangers not recorded in this book4 ,the retrospect in his ,missionary ,travels of the manner in which his life had been ordered up to this point1 is so striking that our narrative would be deficient if it did not contain it3 ,if the reader remembers the way in which ,i was led1 while teaching the ,bakwains1 to commence exploration1 he will1 ,i think1 recognize the hand of ,providence4 ,anterior to that1 when ,mr4 ,moffat began to give the ,bible--the ,magna ,charta of all the rights and privileges of modern civilization--to the ,bechuanas1 ,sebituane went north1 and spread the language into which he was translating the sacred oracles1 in a new region larger than ,france4 ,sebituane1 at the same time1 rooted out hordes of bloody savages1 among whom no white man could have gone without leaving his skull to ornament some village4 ,he opened up the way for me--let us hope also for the ,bible4 ,then1 again1 while ,i was laboring at ,kolobeng1 seeing only a small arc of the cycle of ,providence1 ,i could not understand it1 and felt inclined to ascribe our successive and prolonged droughts to the wicked one4 ,but when forced by these1 and the ,boers1 to become explorer1 and open a new country in the north rather than set my face southward1 where missionaries are not needed1 the gracious ,spirit of ,god influenced the minds of the heathen to regard me with favor1 the ,divine hand is again perceived4 ,then ,i turned away westward1 rather than in the opposite direction1 chiefly from observing that some native ,portuguese1 though influenced by the hope of a reward from their ,government to cross the continent1 had been obliged to return from the east without accomplishing their object4 ,had ,i gone at first in the eastern direction1 which the course of the great ,leeambye seemed to invite1 ,i should have come among the belligerents near ,tette when the war was raging at its height1 instead of1 as it happened1 when all was over4 ,and again1 when enabled to reach ,loanda1 the resolution to do my duty by going back to ,linyanti probably saved me from the fate of my papers in the ',forerunner4' ,and then1 last of all1 this new country is partially opened to the sympathies of ,christendom1 and ,i find that ,sechle himself has1 though unbidden by man1 been teaching his own people4 ,in fact1 he has been doing all that ,i was prevented from doing1 and ,i have been employed in exploring--a work ,i had no previous intention of performing4 ,i think that ,i see the operation of the ,unseen ,hand in all this1 and ,i humbly hope that it will still guide me to do good in my day and generation in ,africa4 ,in looking forward to the work to which ,providence seemed to be calling him1 a communication received at ,quilimane disturbed him not a little4 ,it was from the ,london ,missionary ,society4 ,it informed him that the ,directors were restricted in their power of aiding plans connected only remotely with the spread of the gospel1 and that even though certain obstacles 7from tsetse1 etc47 should prove surmountable1 the financial circumstances of the ,society are not such as to afford any ground of hope that it would be in a position within any definite period to undertake untried any remote and difficult fields of labor4 ,dr4 ,livingstone very naturally understood this as a declinature of his proposals4 ,writing on the subject to ,rev4 ,william ,thompson1 the ,society's agent at ,cape ,town1 he said3 ,i had imagined in my simplicity that both my preaching1 conversation1 and travel were as nearly connected with the spread of the gospel as the ,boers would allow them to be4 ,a plan of opening up a path from either the ,east or ,west ,coast for the teeming population of the interior was submitted to the judgment of the ,directors1 and received their formal approbation4 ,i have been seven times in peril of my life from savage men while laboriously and without swerving pursuing that plan1 and never doubting that ,i was in the path of duty4 ,indeed1 so clearly did ,i perceive that ,i was performing good service to the cause of ,christy that ,i wrote to my brother that ,i would perish rather than fail in my enterprise4 ,i shall not boast of what ,i have done1 but the wonderful mercy ,i have received will constrain me to follow out the work in spite of the veto of the ,board4 ,if it is according to the will of ,god1 means will be provided from other quarters4 ,a long letter to the ,secretary gives a fuller statement of his views4 ,it is so important as throwing light on his missionary consistency1 that we give it in full in the ,appendix#dg4 ,footnote #dg3 ,appendix ,no4 ,,iii4 ,the ,directors showed a much more sympathetic spirit when ,livingstone came among them1 but meanwhile1 as he tells us in his book1 his old feeling of independence had returned1 and it did not seem probable that he would remain in the same relation to the ,society4 ,after ,livingstone had been six weeks at ,quilimane1 ,h4,m4 brig ,frolic arrived1 with ample supplies for all his need1 and took him to the ,mauritius1 where he arrived on #abth ,august1 #ahef4 ,it was during this voyage that the lamentable insanity and suicide of his native attendant ,sekwebu occurred1 of which we have an account in the ,missionary ,travels4 ,at the ,mauritius he was the guest of ,general ,hay1 from whom he received the greatest kindness1 and so rapid was his recovery from an affection of the spleen which his numerous fevers had bequeathed1 that before he left the island he wrote to ,commodore ,trotter and other friends that he was perfectly well1 and quite ready to go back to ,africa again4 ,this1 however1 was not to be just yet4 ,in ,november he sailed through the ,red ,sea1 on the homeward route4 ,he had expected to land at ,southampton1 and there ,mrs4 ,livingstone and other friends had gone to welcome him4 ,but the perils of travel were not yet over4 ,a serious accident befell the ship1 which might have been followed by fatal results but for that good ,providence that held the life of ,livingstone so carefully4 ,writing to ,mrs4 ,livingstone from the ,bay of ,tunis 7#bgth ,november1 #ahef71 he says3 ,we had very rough weather after leaving ,malta1 and yesterday at midday the shaft of the engine--an enormous mass of malleable iron--broke with a sort of oblique fracture1 evidently from the terrific strains which the tremendous seas inflicted as they thumped and tossed this gigantic vessel like a plaything4 ,we were near the island called ,zembra1 which is in sight of the ,bay of ,tunis4 ,the wind1 which had been a full gale ahead when we did not require it1 now fell to a dead calm1 and a current was drifting our gallant ship1 with her sails flapping all helplessly1 against the rocks2 the boats were provisioned1 watered1 and armed1 the number each was to carry arranged 7the women and children to go in first1 of course71 when most providentially a wind sprung up and carried us out of danger into the ,bay of ,tunis1 where ,i now write4 ,the whole affair was managed by ,captain ,powell most admirably4 ,he was assisted by two gentlemen whom we all admire--,captain ,tregear of the same ,company1 and ,lieutenant ,chimnis of the ,royal ,navy1 and though they and the sailors knew that the vessel was so near destruction as to render it certain that we should scarcely clear her in the boats before the swell would have overwhelmed her1 all was managed so quietly that none of us passengers knew much about it4 ,though we saw the preparation1 no alarm spread among us4 ,the ,company will do everything in their power to forward us quickly and safely4 ,i'm only sorry for your sake1 but patience is a great virtue1 you know4 ,captain ,tregear has been six years away from his family1 ,i only four and a half4 ,the passengers were sent on vi ,marseilles1 and ,livingstone proceeded homeward by ,paris and ,dover4 ,at last he reached dear old ,england on the #ith of ,december1 #ahef4 ,tidings of a great sorrow had reached him on the way4 ,at ,cairo he heard of the death of his father4 ,he had been ill a fortnight1 and died full of faith and peace4 ,you wished so much to see ,david1 said his daughter to him as his life was ebbing away4 ,ay1 very much1 very much2 but the will of the ,lord be done4 ,then after a pause he said1 ,but ,i think ,i'll know whatever is worth knowing about him4 ,when you see him1 tell him ,i think so4 ,david had not less eagerly desired to sit once more at the fireside and tell his father of all that had befallen him on the way4 ,on both sides the desire had to be classed among hopes unfulfilled4 ,but on both sides there was a vivid impression that the joy so narrowly missed on earth would be found in a purer form in the next stage of being4 ,,chapter ,x4 ,,first ,,visit ,,home4 ,a4,d4 #ahef-aheg4 ,mrs4 ,livingstone--,her intense anxieties--,her poetical welcome--,congratulatory letters from ,mrs4 and ,dr1 ,moffat--,meeting of welcome of ,royal ,geographical ,society--of ,london ,missionary ,society--,meeting in ,mansion ,house--,enthusiastic public meeting at ,cape ,town--,livingstone visits ,hamilton--,returns to ,london to write his book--,letter to ,mr4 ,maclear--,dr4 ,risdon ,bennett's reminiscences of this period--,mr4 ,frederick ,fitch's--,interview with ,prince ,consort--,honors--,publication and great success of ,missionary ,travels--,character and design of the book--,why it was not more of a missionary record--,handsome conduct of publisher--,generous use of the profits--,letter to a lady in ,carlisle vindicating the character of his speeches4 ,the years that had elapsed since ,dr4 ,livingstone bade his wife farewell at ,cape ,town had been to her years of deep and often terrible anxiety4 ,letters1 as we have seen1 were often lost1 and none seem more frequently to have gone missing than those between him and her4 ,a stranger in ,england1 without a home1 broken in health1 with a family of four to care for1 often without tidings of her husband for great stretches of time1 and harassed with anxieties and apprehensions that sometimes proved too much for her faith1 the strain on her was very great4 ,those who knew her in ,africa1 when1 queen of the wagon1 and full of life1 she directed the arrangements and sustained the spirits of a whole party1 would hardly have thought her the same person in ,england4 ,when ,livingstone had been longest unheard of1 her heart sank altogether2 but through prayer1 tranquillity of mind returned1 even before the arrival of any letter announcing his safety4 ,she had been waiting for him at ,southampton1 and1 owing to the casualty in the ,bay of ,tunis1 he arrived at ,dover1 but as soon as possible he was with her1 reading the poetical welcome which she had prepared in the hope that they would never part again3 ,a hundred thousand welcomes1 and it's time for you to come ,from the far land of the foreigner1 to your country and your home4 ,o long as we were parted1 ever since you went away1 ,i never passed a dreamless night1 or knew an easy day4 ,so you think ,i would reproach you with the sorrows that ,i bore8 ,since the sorrow is all over1 now ,i have you here once more1 ,and there's nothing but the gladness1 and the love within my heart1 ,and the hope so sweet and certain that again we'll never part4 99 99 99 99 99 ,a hundred thousand welcomes6 how my heart is gushing o'er ,with the love and joy and wonder thus to see your face once more4 ,how did ,i live without you these long long years of woe8 ,it seems as if 'twould kill me to be parted from you now4 ,you'll never part me1 darling1 there's a promise in your eye2 ,i may tend you while ,i'm living1 you may watch me when ,i die2 ,and if death but kindly lead me to the blessed home on high1 ,what a hundred thousand welcomes will await you in the sky6 ,,mary4 ,having for once lifted the domestic veil1 we cannot resist the temptation to look into another corner of the home circle4 ,among the letters of congratulation that poured in at this time1 none was more sincere or touching than that which ,mrs4 ,livingstone received from her mother1 ,mrs4 ,moffat#dh4 ,in the fullnes of her congratulations she does not forget the dark shadow that falls on the missionary's wife when the time comes for her to go back with her husband to their foreign home1 and requires her to part with her children2 tears and smiles mingle in ,mrs4 ,moffat's letter as she reminds her daughter that they that rejoice need to be as though they rejoiced not3 ,footnote #dh3 ,we have been greatly impressed by ,mrs4 ,moffat's letters4 ,she was evidently a woman of remarkable power4 ,if her life had been published1 we are convinced that it would have been a notable one in missionary biography4 ,heart and head were evidently of no common calibre4 ,perhaps it is not yet too late for some friend to think of this4 ,kuruman1 ,december #d1 #ahef4--,,my ,,dearest ,,mary1--,in proportion to the anxiety ,i have experienced about you and your dear husband for some years past1 so now is my joy and satisfaction2 even though we have not yet heard the glad tidings of your having really met1 but this for the present we take for granted4 ,having from the first been in a subdued and chastened state of mind on the subject1 ,i endeavor still to be moderate in my joy4 ,with regard to you both ofttimes has the sentence of death been passed in my mind1 and at such seasons ,i dared not1 desired not1 to rebel1 submissively leaving all to the ,divine disposal2 but ,i now feel that this has been a suitable preparation for what is before me1 having to contemplate a complete separation from you till that day when we meet with the spirits of just men made perfect in the kingdom of our ,father4 ,yes1 ,i do feel solemn at death1 but there is no melancholy about it1 for what is our life1 so short and so transient8 ,and seeing it is so1 we should be happy to do or to suffer as much as we can for him who bought us with his blood4 ,should you go to those wilds which ,god has enabled your husband1 through numerous dangers and deaths1 to penetrate1 there to spend the remainder of your life1 and as a consequence there to suffer manifold privations1 in addition to those trials through which you have already passed--and they have not been few 7for you had a hard life in this interior7--you will not think all too much1 when you stand with that multitude who have washed their robes in the blood of the ,lamb6 ,yet1 my dear ,mary1 while we are yet in the flesh my heart will yearn over you4 ,you are my own dear child1 my first-born1 and recent circumstances have had a tendency to make me feel still more tenderly toward you1 and deeply as ,i have sympathized with you for the last few years1 ,i shall not cease to do so for the future4 ,already is my imagination busy picturing the various scenes through which you must pass1 from the first transport of joy on meeting till that painful anxious hour when you must bid adieu to your darlings1 with faint hopes of ever seeing them again in this life2 and then1 what you may both have to pass through in those inhospitable regions4444 ,from what ,i saw in ,mr4 ,livingston's letter to ,robert1 ,i was shocked to think that that poor head1 in the prime of manhood1 was so like my own1 who am literally worn out4 ,the symptoms he describes are so like my own4 ,now1 with a little rest and relaxation1 having youth on his side1 he might regain all1 but ,i cannot help fearing for him if he dashes at once into hardships again4 ,he is certainly the wonder of his age1 and with a little prudence as regards his health1 the stores of information he now possesses might be turned to a mighty account for poor wretched ,africa4444 ,we do not yet see how ,mr4 ,l4 will get on--the case seems so complex4 ,i feel1 as ,i have often done1 that as regards ourselves it is a subject more for prayer than for deliberation1 separated as we are by such distances1 and such a tardy and eccentric post4 ,i used to imagine that when he was once got out safely from this dark continent we should only have to praise ,god for all his mercies to him and to us all1 and for what ,he had effected by him2 but now ,i see we must go on seeking the guidance and direction of his providential hand1 and sustaining and preventing mercy4 ,we cannot cease to remember you daily1 and thus our sympathy will be kept alive with you4444 ,dr4 ,moffatt's congratulation to his son-in-law was calm and hearty3 ,your explorations have created immense interest1 and especially in ,england1 and that man must be made of bend-leather who can remain unmoved at the rehearsal even of a tithe of your daring enterprises4 ,the honors awaiting you at home would be enough to make a score of light heads dizzy1 but ,i have no fear of their affecting your upper story1 beyond showing you that your labors to lay open the recesses of the fast interior have been appreciated4 ,it will be almost too much for dear ,mary to hear that you are verily unscathed4 ,she has had many to sympathize with her1 and ,i daresay many have called you a very naughty man for thus having exposed your life a thousand times4 ,be that as it may1 you have succeeded beyond the most sanguine expectations in laying open a world of immortal beings1 all needing the gospel1 and at a time1 now that war is over1 when people may exert their exergies on an object compared with which that which has occupied the master minds of ,europe1 and expended so much money1 and shed so much blood1 is but a phantom4 ,on the #ith of ,december1 as we have seen1 ,livingstone arrived at ,london4 ,he went first to ,southampton1 where his wife was waiting for him1 and on his return to ,london was quickly in communication with ,sir ,roderick ,murchison4 ,on the #aeth ,december the ,royal ,geographic ,society held a special meeting to welcome him4 ,sir ,roderick was in the chair2 the attendance was numerous and distinguished1 and included some of ,livingstone's previous fellow-travelers1 ,colonel ,steele1 ,captain ,vardon1 and ,mr4 ,oswell4 ,the ,president referred to the meeting of ,may1 #ahee1 when the ,victoria or ,patron's medal had been awarded to ,livingstone for his journey from the ,cape to ,linyanti and ,loanda4 ,now ,livingstone had added to that feat the journey from the ,atlantic ,ocean at ,loanda to the ,indian ,ocean at ,quilimane1 and during his several journeys had traveled over not less than eleven thousand miles of ,african ground4 ,surpassing the ,french missionary travelers1 ,hue and ,gabet1 he had determined1 by astronomical observations1 the site of numerous places1 hills1 rivers1 and lakes1 previously unknown4 ,he had seized every opportunity of describing the physical structure1 geology1 and climatology of the countries traversed1 and making known their natural products and capabilities4 ,he had ascertained by experience1 what had been only conjectured previously1 that the interior of ,africa was a plateau intersected by various lakes and rivers1 the waters of which escaped to the ,eastern and ,western oceans by deep rents in the flanking hills4 ,great though these achievements were1 the most honorable' of all ,livingstone's acts had yet to be mentioned--the fidelity that kept his promise to the natives1 who1 having accompanied him to ,st4 ,paul de ,loanda1 were reconducted by him from that city to their homes4 ,bare fortitude and virtue must our medalist have possessed1 when1 having struggled at the imminent risk of his life through such obstacles1 and when1 escaping from the interior1 he had been received with true kindness by our old allies1 the ,portuguese at ,angola1 he nobly resolved to redeem his promise and retrace his steps to the interior of the vast continent6 ,how much indeed must the influence of the ,british name be enhanced throughout ,africa1 when it has been promulgated that our missionary has thus kept his plighted word to the poor natives who faithfully stood by him6 ,on receiving the medal1 ,livingstone apologized for his rustiness in the use of his native tongue2 said that he had only done his duty as a ,christian missionary in opening up a part of ,africa to the sympathy of ,christendom3 that ,steele1 ,vardon1 or ,oswell might have done all that he had done2 that as yet he was only buckling on his armor1 and therefore in no condition to speak boastfully2 and that the enterprise would never be complete till the slave-trade was abolished1 and the whole country opened up to commerce and ,christianity4 ,among the distinguished men who took part in the conversation that followed was ,professor ,owen4 ,he bore testimony to the value of ,livingstone's contributions to zoology and palontology1 not less cordial than ,sir ,roderick ,murchison had borne to his service to geography4 ,he had listened with very intense interest to the sketches of these magnificent scenes of animal life that his old and most esteemed friend had given them4 ,he cordially hoped that many more such contributions would follow1 and expressed his admiration of the moral qualities of the man who had taken such pains to keep his word4 ,in the recognition by other gentlemen of ,dr4 ,livingstone's labors1 much stress was laid on the scientific accuracy with which he had laid down every point over which he had traveled4 ,thanks were given to the ,portuguese authorities in ,africa for the remarkable kindness which they had invariably shown him4 ,mr4 ,consul ,brand reported tidings from ,mr4 ,gabriel at ,loanda1 to the effect that a company of ,sekeltu's people had arrived at ,loanda1 with a cargo of ivory1 and though they had not been very successful in business1 they had shown the practicability of the route4 ,he added1 that ,dr4 ,livingstone1 at ,loanda1 had written some letters to a newspaper1 which had given such an impetus to literary taste there1 that a new journal had been started--the ,loanda ,aurora4 ,on one other point there was a most cordial expression of feeling1 especially by those who had themselves been in ,south ,africa1--gratitude for the unbounded kindness and hospitality that ,dr4 and ,mrs4 ,livingstone had shown to ,south ,african travelers in the neighborhood of their home4 ,happily ,mrs4 ,livingstone was present1 and heard this acknowledgment of her kindness4 ,next day1 #afth ,december1 ,dr4 ,livingstone had his reception from the ,london ,missionary ,society in ,freemason's ,hall4 ,lord ,shaftesbury was in the chair3 ,what better thing can we do1 asked the noble ,earl1 than to welcome such a man to the shores of our country8 ,what better than to receive him with thanksgiving and rejoicings that he is spared to refresh us with his presence1 and give his strength to future exertions8 ,what season more appropriate than this1 when at every hearth1 and in every congregation of worshipers1 the name of ,christ will be honored with more than ordinary devotion1 to receive a man whose life and labors have been in humble1 hearty1 and willing obedience to the angels' song1 ',glory to ,god in the highest1 on earth peace1 good-will toward men4' ,in reply1 ,livingstone acknowledged the kindness of the ,directors1 with whom1 for sixteen years1 he had never had a word of difference4 ,he referred to the slowness of the ,african tribes1 in explanation of the comparatively small progress of the gospel among them4 ,he cordially acknowledged the great services of the ,british squadron on the ,west ,coast in the repressing of the slave-trade4 ,he had been told that to make such explorations as he was engaged in was only a tempting of ,providence1 but such ridiculous assertions were only the utterances of the weaker brethren4 ,lord ,shaftesbury's words at the close of this meeting1 in honor of ,mrs4 ,livingstone1 deserve to be perpetuated3 ,that lady1 he said1 was born with one distinguished name1 which she had changed for another4 ,she was born a ,moffat1 and she became a ,livingstone4 ,she cheered the early part of our friend's earner by her spirit1 her counsel1 and her society4 ,afterward1 when she reached this country1 she passed many years with her children in solitude and anxiety1 suffering the greatest fears for the welfare of her husband1 and yet enduring all with patience and resignation1 and even joy1 because she had surrendered her best feelings1 and sacrificed her own private interests1 to the advancement of civilization and the great interests of ,christianity4 ,a more general meeting was held in the ,mansion ,house on the #eth of ,january1 to consider the propriety of presenting a testimonial to ,dr4 ,livingstone4 ,it was addressed by the ,bishop of ,london1 ,mr4 ,raikes ,currie1 and others4 ,meanwhile1 a sensible impulse was given to the scientific enthusiasm for ,livingstone by the arrival of the report of a great meeting held in ,africa itself in honor of the missionary explorer4 ,at ,cape ,town1 on #abth ,november1 #ahef1 ,his ,excellency the ,governor1 ,sir ,george ,grey1 the ,colonial ,secretary1 the ,astronomer-,royal1 the ,attorney-,general1 ,mr4 ,rutherfoord1 the ,bishop1 the ,rev4 ,mr4 ,thompson1 and others1 vied with each other in expressing their sense of ,livingstone's character and work4 ,the testimony of the ,astronomer-,royal to ,livingstone's eminence as an astronomical observer was even more emphatic than ,murchison's and ,owen's to his attainments in geography and natural history4 ,going over his whole career1 ,mr4 ,maclear showed his unexampled achievements in accurate lunar observation4 ,i never knew a man1 he said1 who1 knowing scarcely anything of the method of making geographical observations1 or laying down positions1 became so soon an adept1 that he could take the complete lunar observation1 and altitudes for time1 within fifteen minutes4 ,his observations of the course of the ,zambesi1 from ,seshke to its confluence with the ,lonta1 were considered by the ,astronomer-,royal to be the finest specimens of sound geographical observation he ever met with4 ,to give an idea of the laboriousness of this branch of his work1 he adds1 on an average each lunar distance consists of five partial observations1 and there are #adh sets of distances1 being #gdj contacts1--and there are two altitudes of each object before1 and two after1 which1 together with altitudes for time1 amount to #bhab partial observations4 ,but that is not the whole of his observations4 ,some of them intrusted to an ,arab have not been received1 and in reference to those transmitted he says1 ',i have taken others which ,i do not think it necessary to send4' ,how completely all this stamps the impress of ,livingstone on the interior of ,south ,africa6444 ,i say1 what that man has done is unprecedented4444 ,you could go to any point across the entire continent1 along ,livingstone's track1 and feel certain of your position#di4 ,footnote #di3 ,it seems unaccountable that in the face of such unrivaled testimonies1 reflections should continue to be cast on ,livingstone's scientific accuracy1 even so late as the meeting of the ,british ,association at ,sheffield in #ahgi4 ,the family of the late ,sir ,thomas ,maclear have sent home his collection of ,livingstone's papers4 ,they fill a box which one man could with difficulty carry4 ,and their mass is far from their most striking quality4 ,the evidence of laborious1 painstaking care to be accurate is almost unprecedented4 ,folio volumes of pages covered with figures show how much time and labor must have been spent in these computations4 ,explanatory remarks often indicate the particulars of the observation4 ,following this unrivaled eulogium on the scientific powers of ,livingstone came the testimony of ,mr4 ,thompson to his missionary ardor3 ',i am in a position to express my earnest conviction1 formed in long1 intimate1 unreserved communications with him1 personally and by letter1 that in the privations1 sufferings1 and dangers he has passed through1 during the last eight years1 he has not been actuated by mere curiosity2 or the love of adventure1 or the thirst for applause1 or by any other object1 however laudable in itself1 less than his avowed one as a messenger of ,christian love from the ,churches4 ,if ever there was a man who1 by realizing the obligations of his sacred calling as a ,christian missionary1 and intelligently comprehending its object1 sought to pursue it to a successful issue1 such a man is ,dr4 ,livingstone4 ,the spirit in which he engages in his work may be seen in the following extract from one of his letters3 ',you kindly say you fear for the result of my going in alone4 ,i hope ,i am in the way of duty2 my own conviction that such is the case has never wavered4 ,i am doing something for ,god4 ,i have preached the gospel in many a spot where the name of ,christ has never been heard1 and ,i would wish to do still more in the way of reducing the ,barotse language1 if ,i had not suffered so severely from fever4 ,exhaustion produced vertigo1 causing me1 if ,i looked suddenly up1 almost to lose consciousness2 this made me give up sedentary work2 but ,i hope ,god will accept of what ,i can do4' ,a third gentleman at this meeting1 ,mr4 ,rutherfoord1 who had known ,livingstone for many years1 besides describing him as one of the most honorable1 benevolent1 conscientious men ,i ever met with1 bore testimony to his capacity in mercantile affairs2 not exercised in his own interest1 but in that of others4 ,it was ,mr4 ,rutherfoord who1 when ,livingstone was at the ,cape in #aheb1 entered into his plans for supplanting the slave-trade by lawful traffic1 and at his suggestion engaged ,george ,fleming to go north with him as a trader1 and try the experiment4 ,the project was not very successful1 owing to innumerable unforeseen worries1 and especially the rascality of ,fleming's men4 ,livingstone found it impossible to take ,fleming to the coast1 and had therefore to send him back1 but he did his utmost to prevent loss to his friend2 and thus1 as ,mr4 ,rutherfoord said1 at the very time that he was engaged in such important duties1 and exposed to such difficulties1 he found time to fulfill his promise to do what he could to save me from loss1 to attend to a matter quite foreign to his usual avocations1 and in which he had no personal interest2 and by his energy and good sense1 and self-denying exertions1 to render the plan1 if not perfectly successful1 yet by no means a failure4 ,traveler1 geographer1 zoologist1 astronomer1 missionary1 physician1 and mercantile director1 did ever man sustain so many characters at once8 ,or did ever man perform the duties of each with such painstaking accuracy and so great success8 ,as soon as he could tear himself from his first engagements1 he ran down to ,hamilton to see his mother1 children1 and other relatives4 ,his father's empty chair deeply affected him4 ,the first evening1 writes one of his sisters1 he asked all about his illness and death4 ,one of us remarking that after he knew he was dying his spirits seemed to rise1 ,david burst into tears4 ,at family worship that evening he said with deep feeling--',we bless thee1 ,o ,lord1 for our parents2 we give thee thanks for the dead who has died in the ,lord4' ,at first ,livingstone thought that his stay in this country could be only for three or four months1 as he was eager to be at ,quilimane before the unhealthy season set in1 and thus fulfill his promise to return to his ,makololo at ,tette4 ,but on receiving an assurance from the ,portuguese ,government 7which1 however1 was never fulfilled by them7 that his men would be looked after1 he made up his mind for a somewhat longer stay4 ,but it could not be called rest4 ,as soon as he could settle down he had to set to work with a book4 ,so long before as ,may1 #ahef1 ,sir ,roderick ,murchison had written to him that ,mr4 ,john ,murray1 the great publisher1 is most anxious to induce you to put together all your data1 and to make a good book1 adding his own strong advice to comply with the request4 ,if he ever doubted the propriety of writing the book1 the doubt must have vanished1 not only in view of the unequaled interest excited by the subject1 but also of the readiness of unprincipled adventurers1 and even some respectable publishers1 to circulate narratives often mythical and quite unauthorized4 ,the early part of the year #aheg was mainly occupied with the labor of writing4 ,for this he had materials in the ,journals which he had kept so carefully2 but the business of selection and supplementing was laborious1 and the task of arrangement and transcription very irksome4 ,in fact1 this task tried the patience of ,livingstone more than any which he had yet undertaken1 and he used to say that he would rather cross ,africa than write another book4 ,his experience of book-making increased his respect for authors and authoresses a hundred-fold6 ,we are not1 however1 inclined to think that this trial was due to the cause which ,livingstone assigned1--his want of experience1 and want of command over the ,english tongue4 ,he was by no means an inexperienced writer4 ,he had written large volumes of ,journals1 memoirs for the ,geographical ,society1 articles on ,african ,missions1 letters for the ,missionary ,society1 and private letters without end1 each usually as long as a pamphlet4 ,he was master of a clear1 simple1 idiomatic style1 well fitted to record the incidents of a journey--sometimes poetical in its vivid pictures1 often brightening into humor1 and sometimes deepening into pathos4 ,viewing it page by page1 the style of the ,missionary ,travels is admirable1 the chief defect being want of perspective2 the book is more a collection of pieces than an organized whole3 a fault inevitable1 perhaps1 in some measure1 from its nature1 but aggravated1 as we believe1 by the haste and pressure under which it had to be written4 ,in his earlier private letters1 ,livingstone1 in his single-hearted desire to rouse the world on the subject of ,africa1 used to regret that he could not write in such a way as to command general attention3 had he been master of the flowing periods of the ,edinburgh ,review1 he thought he could have done much more good4 ,in point of fact1 if he had had the pen of ,samuel ,johnson1 or the tongue of ,edmund ,burke1 he would not have made the impression he did4 ,his simple style and plain speech were eminently in harmony with his truthful1 unexaggerating nature1 and showed that he neither wrote nor spoke for effect1 but simply to utter truth4 ,what made his work of composition irksome was1 on the one hand1 the fear that he was not doing it well1 and on the other1 the necessity of doing it quickly4 ,he had always a dread that his ,english was not up to the critical mark1 and yet he was obliged to hurry on1 and leave the ,english as it dropped from his pen4 ,he had no time to plan1 to shape1 to organize2 the architectural talent could not be brought into play4 ,add to this that he had been so accustomed to open-air life and physical exercise1 that the close air and sedentary attitude of the study must have been exceedingly irksome2 so that it is hardly less wonderful that his health stood the confinement of book-making in ,england1 than that it survived the tear and wear1 labor and sorrow1 of all his journeys in ,africa4 ,an extract from a letter to ,mr4 ,maclear1 on the eve of his beginning his book 7#bast ,january1 #aheg71 will show how his thoughts were running3 ,i begin to-morrow to write my book1 and as ,i have a large party of men 7#aaj7 waiting for me at ,tette1 and ,i promised to join them in ,april next1 you will see ,i shall have enough to do to get over my work here before the end of the month4444 ,many thanks for all the kind things you said at the ,cape ,town meeting4 ,here they laud me till ,i shut my eyes1 for only trying to do my duty4 ,they ought to vote thanks to the ,boers who set me free to discover the fine new country4 ,they were determined to shut the country1 and ,i was determined to open it4 ,they boasted to the ,portuguese that they had expelled two missionaries1 and outwitted themselves rather4 ,i got the gold medal1 as you predicted1 and the freedom of the town of ,hamilton1 which insures me protection from the payment of jail fees if put in prison6 ,in writing his book1 he sometimes worked in the house of a friend1 but generally in a ,london or suburban lodging1 often with his children about him1 and all their noise2 for1 as in the ,blantyre mill1 he could abstract his attention from sounds of whatever kind1 and go on calmly with his work4 ,busy though he was1 this must have been one of the happiest times in his life4 ,some of his children still remember his walks and romps with them in the ,barnet woods1 near which they lived part of the time--how he would suddenly plunge into the ferny thicket1 and set them looking for him1 as people looked for him afterward when he disappeared in ,africa1 coming out all at once at some unexpected corner of the thicket4 ,one of his greatest troubles was the penny post4 ,people used to ask him the most frivolous questions4 ,at first he struggled to answer them1 but in a few weeks he had to give this up in despair4 ,the simplicity of his heart is seen in the childlike joy with which he welcomes the early products of the spring4 ,he writes to ,mr4 ,maclear that1 one day at ,professor ,owen's1 they had seen daisies1 primroses1 hawthorns1 and robin-redbreasts4 ,does not ,mrs4 ,maclear envy us8 ,it was so pleasant4 ,but a better idea of his mode of life at home will be conveyed by the notes of some of the friends with whom he stayed4 ,for that purpose1 we resume the recollections of ,dr4 ,risdon ,bennett3 ,on returning to ,england1 after his first great journey of discovery1 he and ,mrs4 ,livingstone stayed in my house for some time1 and ,i had frequent conversations with him on subjects connected with his ,african life1 especially on such as related to natural history and medicine1 on which he had gathered a fund of information4 ,his observation of malarious diseases1 and the methods of treatment adopted by both the natives and ,europeans1 had led him to form very definite and decided views1 especially in reference to the use of purgatives1 preliminary to1 and in conjunction with1 quinine and other acknowledged febrifuge medicines4 ,he had1 while staying with me1 one of those febrile attacks to which persons who have once suffered from malarious disease are so liable1 and ,i could not fail to remark his sensible observations thereon1 and his judicious management of his sickness4 ,he had a great natural predilection for medical science1 and always took great interest in all that related to the profession4 ,i endeavored to persuade him to commit to writing the results of his medical observations and experience among the natives of ,africa1 but he was too much occupied with the preparation of his ,journal for the press to enable him to do this4 ,moreover1 as he often said1 writing was a great drudgery to him4 ,he1 however1 attended with me the meetings of some of the medical societies1 and gave some verbal accounts of his medical experience which greatly interested his audience4 ,his remarks on climates1 food1 and customs of the natives1 in reference to the origin and spread of disease1 evinced the same acuteness of observation which characterized all the records of his life4 ,he specially commented on the absence of consumption and all forms of tubercular disease among the natives1 and connected this with their constant exposure and out-of-door life4 ,after leaving my house he had lodgings in ,chelsea1 and used frequently to come and spend the ,sunday afternoon with my family1 often bringing his sister1 who was staying with him1 and his two elder children4 ,it was beautiful to observe how thoroughly he enjoyed domestic life and the society of children1 how strong was his attachment to his own family after his long and frequent separations from them1 and how entirely he had retained his simplicity of character4 ,like so many of his countrymen1 he had a keen sense of humor1 which frequently came into play when relating his many adventures and hardships4 ,on the latter he never dilated in the way of complaint1 and he had little sympathy with1 or respect for1 those travelers who did so4 ,nor was he apt to say much on direct religious topics1 or on the results of his missionary efforts as a ,christian teacher4 ,he had unbounded confidence in the influence of ,christian character and principles1 and gave many illustrations of the effect produced on the minds and conduct of the benighted and savage tribes with whom he was brought into contact by his own unvarying uprightness of conduct and self-denying labor4 ,the fatherly character of ,god1 his never-failing goodness and mercy1 and the infinite love of the ,lord ,jesus ,christ1 and efficacy of his atoning sacrifice1 appeared to be the topics on which he loved chiefly to dwell4 ,the all-pervading deadly evils of slavery1 and the atrocities of the slave-trade1 never failed to excite his righteous indignation4 ,if ever he was betrayed into unmeasured language1 it was when referring to these topics1 or when speaking of the injurious influence exerted on the native mind by the cruel and unprincipled conduct of wicked and selfish traders4 ,his love for ,africa1 and confidence in the steady dawn of brighter days for its oppressed races1 were unbounded4 ,from a member of another family1 that of ,mr4 ,frederick ,fitch1 of ,highbury ,new ,park1 with whom also the ,livingstones spent part of their time1 we have some homely but graphic reminiscences3 ,dr4 ,livingstone was very simple and unpretending1 and used to be annoyed when he was made a lion of4 ,once a well-known gentleman1 who was advertised to deliver a lecture next day1 called on him to pump him for material4 ,the ,doctor sat rather quiet1 and1 without being rude1 treated the gentleman to monosyllabic answers4 ,he could do that--could keep people at a distance when they wanted to make capital out of him4 ,when the stranger had left1 turning to my mother1 he would say1 ',i'll tell you anything you like to ask4' ,he never liked to walk in the streets for fear of being mobbed4 ,once he was mobbed in ,regent street1 and did not know how he was to escape1 till he saw a cab1 and took refuge in it4 ,for the same reason it was painful for him to go to church4 ,once1 being anxious to go with us1 my father persuaded him that1 as the seat at the top of our pew was under the gallery1 he would not be seen4 ,as soon as he entered1 he held down his head1 and kept it covered with his hands all the time1 but the preacher somehow caught sight of him1 and rather unwisely1 in his last prayer1 adverted to him4 ,this gave the people the knowledge that he was in the chapel1 and after the service they came trooping toward him1 even over the pews1 in their anxiety to see him and shake hands#ej4 ,footnote #ej3 ,a similar occurrence took place in a church at ,bath during the meetings of the ,british ,association in #ahfd ,dr4 ,livingstone usually conducted our family worship4 ,on ,sunday morning he always gave us a text for the day4 ,his prayers were very direct and simple1 just like a child asking his ,father for what he needed4 ,he was always careful as to dress and appearance4 ,this was his habit in ,africa1 too1 and with ,mrs4 ,livingstone it was the same4 ,they thought that this was fitted to secure respect for themselves1 and that it was for the good of the natives too1 as it was so difficult to impress them with proper ideas on the subject of dress4 ,dr4 and ,mrs4 ,livingstone were much attached1 and thoroughly understood each other4 ,the doctor was sportive and fond of a joke1 and ,mrs4 ,livingstone entered into his humor4 ,mrs4 ,livingstone was terribly anxious about her husband when he was in ,africa1 but before others she concealed her emotion4 ,in society both were reserved and quiet4 ,neither of them cared for grandeur2 it was a great trial to ,dr4 ,livingstone to go to a grand dinner4 ,yet in his quiet way he would exercise an influence at the dinner-table4 ,he told us that once at a dinner at ,lord ----'s1 every one was running down ,london tradesmen4 ,dr4 ,livingstone quietly remarked that though he was a stranger in ,london1 he knew one tradesman of whose honesty he was thoroughly assured2 and if there was one such in his little circle1 surely there must be many more4 ,he used to rise early3 about seven he had a cup of tea or coffee1 and then he set to work with his ,writing4 ,he had not the appearance of a very strong man4 ,in spite of his literary work1 the stream of public honors and public engagements began to flow very strongly4 ,the ,prince ,consort granted him an interview1 soon after his arrival1 in presence of some of the younger members of the ,royal ,family4 ,in ,march it was agreed to present him with the freedom of the ,city of ,london1 in a box of the value of fifty guineas1 and in ,may the presentation took place4 ,most of his public honors1 however1 were reserved till the autumn4 ,the ,missionary ,travels was published in ,november1 #aheg1 and the success of the book was quite remarkable4 ,writing to ,mr4 ,maclear1 #ajth ,november1 #aheg1 he says1 after an apology for delay3 ,you must ascribe my culpable silence to 'aberration4' ,i am out of my orbit1 rather1 and you must have patience till ,i come in again4 ,the book is out to-day1 and ,i am going to ,captain ,washington to see about copies to yourself1 the ,governor1 the ,bishop1 ,fairbairn1 ,thompson1 ,rutherfoord1 and ,saul ,solomon#ea4 ,ten thousand were taken by the ,london trade alone4 ,thirteen thousand eight hundred have been ordered from an edition of twelve thousand1 so the printers are again at work to supply the demand4 ,sir ,roderick gave it a glowing character last night at the ,royal ,geographical ,society1 and the ,athenum has come out strongly on the same side4 ,this is considered a successful launch for a guinea book4 ,footnote #ea3 ,livingstone was quite lavish with presentation copies2 every friend on earth seemed to be included in his list4 ,he tried to remember every one who had shown kindness to himself and particularly to his wife and children4 ,it has sometimes been a complaint that so much of the book is occupied with matters of science1 geographical inquiries1 descriptions of plants and animals1 accounts of rivers and mountains1 and so little with what directly concerns the work of the missionary4 ,in reply to this1 it may be stated1 in the first place1 that if the information given and the views expressed on missionary topics were all put together1 they would constitute no insignificant contribution to missionary literature4 ,but there was another consideration4 ,livingstone regarded himself as but a pioneer in missionary enterprise4 ,during sixteen years he had done much to bring the knowledge of ,christ to tribes that had never heard of ,him--probably no missionary in ,africa had ever preached to so many blacks4 ,in some instances he had been successful in the highest sense--he had been the instrument of turning men from darkness to light2 but he did not think it right to dwell on these cases1 because the converts were often inconsistent1 and did not exemplify a high moral tone4 ,in most cases1 however1 he had been a sower of seed1 and not a reaper of harvests4 ,he had no triumphs to record1 like those which had gladdened the hearts of some of his missionary brethren in the ,south ,sea ,islands4 ,he wished his book to be a record of facts1 not a mere register of hopes4 ,the missionary work was yet to be done4 ,it belonged to the future1 not to the past4 ,by showing what vast fields there were in ,africa ripe for the harvest1 he sought to stimulate the ,christian enterprise of the ,churches1 and lead them to take possession of ,africa for ,christ4 ,he would diligently record facts which he had ascertained about ,africa1 facts that he saw had some bearing on its future welfare1 but whose full significance in that connection no one might yet be able to perceive4 ,in a sense1 the book was a work of faith4 ,he wished to interest men of science1 men of commerce1 men of philanthropy1 ministers of the ,crown1 men of all sorts1 in the welfare of ,africa4 ,where he had so varied a constituency to deal with1 and where the precise method by which ,africa would be civilized was yet so indefinite1 he would faithfully record what he had come to know1 and let others build as they might with his materials4 ,certainly1 in all that ,livingstone has written1 he has left us in no doubt as to the consummation to which he ever looked4 ,his whole writings and his whole life are a commentary on his own words--,the end of the geographical feat is only the beginning of the enterprise4 ,through the great success of the volume and the handsome conduct of the publishers1 the book yielded him a little fortune4 ,we shall see what generous use he made of it--how large a portion of the profits went to forward directly the great object to which his heart and his life were so cordially given4 ,more than half went to a single object connected with the ,zambesi ,expedition1 and of the remainder he was ready to devote a half to another favorite project4 ,all that he thought it his duty to reserve for his children was enough to educate them1 and prepare them for their part in life4 ,nothing would have seemed less desirable or less for their good than to found a rich family to live in idleness4 ,it was and is a common impression that ,livingstone received large sums from friends to aid him in his work4 ,for the most part these impressions were unfounded2 but his own hard-earned money was bestowed freely and cheerfully wherever it seemed likely to do good4 ,the complaint that he was not sufficiently a missionary was sometimes made of his speeches as well as his book4 ,at ,carlisle1 a lady wrote to him in this strain4 ,a copy of his reply is before us4 ,after explaining that reporters were more ready to report his geography than his missionary views1 he says3 ,nowhere have ,i ever appeared as anything else but a servant of ,god1 who has simply followed the leadings of his hand4 ,my views of what is missionary duty are not so contracted as those whose ideal is a dumpy sort of man with a ,bible under his arm4 ,i have labored in bricks and mortar1 at the forge and carpenter's bench1 as well as in preaching and medical practice4 ,i feel that ,i am 'not my own4' ,i am serving ,christ when shooting a buffalo for my men1 or taking an astronomical observation1 or writing to one of his children who forget1 during the little moment of penning a note1 that charity which is eulogized as 'thinking no evil'2 and after having by his help got information1 which ,i hope will lead to more abundant blessing being bestowed on ,africa than heretofore1 am ,i to hide the light under a bushel1 merely because some will consider it not sufficiently1 or even at all1 missionary8 ,knowing that some persons do believe that opening up a new country to the sympathies of ,christendom was not a proper work for an agent of a missionary society to engage in1 ,i now refrain from taking any salary from the ,society with which ,i was connected2 so no pecuniary loss is sustained by any one4 ,subsequently1 when detained in ,manyuema1 and when his immediate object was to determine the water-shed1 ,dr4 ,livingstone wrote3 ,i never felt a single pang at having left the ,missionary ,society4 ,i acted for my ,master1 and believe that all ought to devote their special faculties to ,him4 ,i regretted that unconscientious men took occasion to prevent many from sympathizing with me4 ,,chapter ,,xi4 ,,first ,,visit ,,home--continued4 ,a4,d4 #aheg-aheh4 ,livingstone at ,dublin1 at ,british ,association--,letter to his wife--,he meets the ,chamber of ,commerce at ,manchester--,at ,glasgow1 receives honors from ,corporation1 ,university1 ,faculty of ,physicians and ,surgeons1 ,united ,presbyterians1 ,cotton-spinners--,his speeches in reply--,his brother ,charles joins him--,interesting meeting and speech at ,hamilton--,reception from ,literary and ,scientific ,institute of ,blantyre--,sympathy with operatives--,quick apprehension of all public questions--,his social views in advance of the age--,he plans a ,people's ,caf--,visit to ,edinburgh--,more honors--,letter to ,mr4 ,maclear--,interesting visit to ,cambridge--,lectures there--,professor ,sedgwick's remarks on his visit--,livingstone's great satisfaction--,relations to ,london ,missionary ,society--,he severs his connection--,proposal of ,government expedition--,he accepts consulship and command of expedition--,kindness of ,lords ,palmerston and ,clarendon--,the ,portuguese ,ambassador--,livingstone proposes to go to ,portugal--,is dissuaded--,lord ,clarendon's letter to ,sekeltu--,results of ,livingstone's visit to ,england--,farewell banquet1 ,feb41 #aheh--;,interview with the ,queen--,valedictory letters--,professor ,sedgwick and ,sir ,roderick ,murchison--,arrangements for expedition--,dr41 ,mrs41 and ,oswell ,livingstone set sail from ,liverpool--,letters to children4 ,finding himself1 in the autumn1 free of the toil of book-making1 ,dr4 ,livingstone moved more freely through the country1 attended meetings1 and gave addresses4 ,in ,august he went to ,dublin1 to the meeting of the ,british ,association for the ,advancement of ,science1 and gave an interesting lecture4 ,mrs4 ,livingstone did not accompany him4 ,in a letter to her we have some pleasant notes of his ,dublin visit3 ,dublin1 #bith ,august1 #aheg4--;,i am very sorry now that ,i did not bring you with me1 for all inquired after you1 and father's book is better known here than anywhere else ,i have been4 ,but it could scarcely have been otherwise4 ,i think the visit to ,dublin will be beneficial to our cause1 which1 ,i think1 is the cause of ,christ in ,africa4 ,lord ,radstock is much interested in it1 and seems willing and anxious to promote it4 ,he was converted out at the ,crimea1 whither he had gone as an amateur4 ,his lady is a beautiful woman1 and ,i think1 what is far better1 a good1 pious one4 ,the ,archbishop's daughters asked me if they could be of any use in sending out needles1 thread1 etc41 to your school4 ,i1 of course1 said ,yes4 ,his daughters are devotedly missionary1 and work hard in ragged schools1 etc4 ,one of them nearly remained in ,jerusalem as a missionary1 and is the same in spirit here4 ,it is well to be servants of ,christ everywhere1 at home or abroad1 wherever ,he may send us or take us4444 ,i hope ,i may be enabled to say a word for ,him on ,monday4 ,there is to be a grand dinner and soiree at the ,lord-,lieutenant's on ,monday1 and ,i have got an invitation in my pocket1 but will have to meet ,admiral ,trotter on ,tuesday4 ,i go off as soon as my lecture is over4444 ,sir ,duncan ,macgregor is the author of ,the ,burning of the ,kent ,east ,indiaman4 ,his son1 the only infant saved1 is now a devoted ,christian1 a barrister#eb4 ,footnote #eb3 ,dr4 ,livingstone always liked that style of earnest ,christianity which he notices in this letter4 ,in ,november of the same year1 after he had resigned his connection with the ,london ,missionary ,society1 and was preparing to return to ,africa as ,h4,m4 ,consul and head of the ,zambesi ,expedition1 he writes thus to his friend ,mr4 ,james ,young3 ,i read the life of ,hedley ,vicars for the first time through1 when down at ,rugby4 ,it is really excellent1 and makes me ashamed of the coldness of my services in comparison4 ,that was his sister you saw me walking with in ,dublin at the ,gardens 7,lady ,rayleigh74 ,if you have not read it1 the sooner you dip into it the better4 ,you will thank me for it4 ,in ,september we find him in ,manchester1 where the ,chamber of ,commerce gave him a hearty welcome1 and entered cordially into his schemes for the commercial development of ,africa4 ,he was subjected to a close cross-examination regarding the products of the country1 and the materials it contained for commerce2 but here1 too1 the missionary was equal to the occasion4 ,he had brought home five or six and twenty different kinds of fruit2 he told them of oils they had never heard of--dyes that were kept secret by the natives--fibres that might be used for the manufacture of paper--sheep that had hair instead of wool--honey1 sugar-cane1 wheat1 millet1 cotton1 and iron1 all abounding in the country4 ,that all these should abound in what used to be deemed a sandy desert appeared very strange4 ,a very cordial resolution was unanimously agreed to1 and a strong desire expressed that ,her ,majesty's ,government would unite with that of ,portugal in giving ,dr4 ,livingstone facilities for further exploration in the interior of ,africa1 and especially in the district around the river ,zambesi and its tributaries1 which promised to be the most suitable as a basis both for commercial and missionary settlements4 ,in the course of the same month his foot was again on his native soil1 and there his reception was remarkably cordial4 ,in ,glasgow1 the ,university1 the ,corporation1 the ,faculty of ,physicians and ,surgeons1 the ,united ,presbyterians1 and the ,associated ,operative ,cotton-spinners of ,scotland came forward to pay him honor4 ,a testimonial of #bjjj had been raised by public subscription4 ,the ,corporation presented him with the freedom of the city in a gold box1 in acknowledging which he naturally dwelt on some of the topics that were interesting to a commercial community4 ,he gave a somewhat new view of ,protection when he called it a remnant of heathenism4 ,the heathen would be dependent on no one2 they would depress all other communities4 ,christianity taught us to be friends and brothers1 and he was glad that all restrictions on the freedom of trade were now done away with4 ,he dwelt largely on the capacity of ,africa to furnish us with useful articles of trade1 and especially cotton4 ,his reception by the ,faculty of ,physicians and ,surgeons had a special interest in relation to his medical labors4 ,for nearly twenty years he had been a licentiate of this ,faculty1 one of the oldest medical institutions of the country1 which for two centuries and a half had exerted a great influence in the west of ,scotland4 ,he was now admitted an honorary ,fellow--an honor rarely conferred1 and only on pre-eminently distinguished men4 ,the ,president referred to the benefit which he had found from his scientific as well as his more strictly medical studies1 pursued under their auspices1 and ,livingstone cordially echoed the remark1 saying he often hoped that his sons might follow the same course of study and devote themselves to the same noble profession3 ,in the country to which ,i went1 he continued1 ,i endeavored to follow the footsteps of my ,lord and ,master4 ,our ,saviour was a physician2 but it is not to be expected that his followers should perform miracles4 ,the nearest approach which they could expect to make was to become acquainted with medical science1 and endeavor to heal the diseases of man4444 ,one patient expressed his opinion of my religion to the following effect3 ,we like you very much2 you are the only white man we have got acquainted with4 ,we like you because you aid us whilst we are sick1 but we don't like your everlasting preaching and praying4 ,we can't get accustomed to that6 ,to the ,united ,presbyterians of ,glasgow he spoke of mission work in ,africa4 ,at one time he had been somewhat disappointed with the ,bechuana ,christians1 and thought the results of the mission had been exaggerated1 but when he went into the interior and saw heathenism in all its unmitigated ferocity1 he changed his opinion1 and had a higher opinion than ever of what the mission had done4 ,such gatherings as the present were very encouraging2 but in ,africa mission work was hard work without excitement2 and they had just to resolve to do their duty without expecting to receive gratitude from those whom they labored to serve4 ,when gratitude came1 they were thankful to have it2 but when it did not come they must go on doing their duty1 as unto the ,lord4 ,his reply to the cotton-spinners is interesting as showing how fresh his sympathy still was with the sons of toil1 and what respect he had for their position4 ,he congratulated himself on the ,spartan training he had got at the ,blantyre mill1 which had really been the foundation of all the work he had done4 ,poverty and hard work were often looked down on1--he did not know why1--for wickedness was the only thing that ought to be a reproach to any man4 ,those that looked down on cotton-spinners with contempt were men who1 had they been cotton-spinners at the beginning1 would have been cotton-spinners to the end4 ,the life of toil was what belonged to the great majority of the race1 and to be poor was no reproach4 ,the ,saviour occupied the humble position that they had been born in1 and he looked back on his own past life as having been spent in the same position in which the ,saviour lived4 ,my great object1 he said1 was to be like ,him--to imitate ,him as far as ,he could be imitated4 ,we have not the power of working miracles1 but we can do a little in the way of healing the sick1 and ,i sought a medical education in order that ,i might be like ,him4 ,in ,africa ,i have had hard work4 ,i don't know that any one in ,africa despises a man who works hard4 ,i find that all eminent men work hard4 ,eminent geologists1 mineralogists1 men of science in every department1 if they attain eminence1 work hard1 and that both early and late4 ,that is just what we did4 ,some of us have left the cotton-spinning1 but ,i think that all of us who have been engaged in that occupation look back on it with feelings of complacency1 and feel an interest in the course of our companions4 ,there is one thing in cotton-spinning that ,i always felt to be a privilege4 ,we were confined through the whole day1 but when we got out to the green fields1 and could wander through the shady woods1 and rove about the whole country1 we enjoyed it immensely4 ,we were delighted to see the flowers and the beautiful scenery4 ,we were prepared to admire4 ,we were taught by our confinement to rejoice in the beauties of nature1 and when we got out we enjoyed ourselves to the fullest extent4 ,at ,hamilton an interesting meeting took place in the ,congregational ,chapel where he had been a worshiper in his youth4 ,here he was emphatically at home2 and he took the opportunity 7as he often did7 to say how little he liked the lionizing he was undergoing1 and how unexpected all the honors were that had been showered upon him4 ,he had hoped to spend a short and quiet visit1 and then return to his ,african work4 ,it was his sense of the kindness shown him1 and the desire not to be disobliging1 that made him accept the public invitations he was receiving4 ,but he did not wish to take the honor to himself1 as if he had achieved anything by his own might or wisdom4 ,he thanked ,god sincerely for employing him as an instrument in his work4 ,one of the greatest honors was to be employed in winning souls to ,christ1 and proclaiming to the captives of ,satan the liberty with which he had come to make them free4 ,he was thankful that to him1 the least of all saints1 this honor had been given4 ,he then proceeded to notice the presence of members of various ,churches1 and to advert to the broadening process that had been going on in his own mind while in ,africa1 which made him feel himself more than ever the brother of all3 ,in going about we learn something1 and it would be a shame to us if we did not2 and we look back to our own country and view it as a whole1 and many of the little feelings we had when immersed in our own denominations we lose1 and we look to the whole body of ,christians with affection4 ,we rejoice to see them advancing4 ,i believe that every ,scotch ,christian abroad rejoiced in his heart when he saw the ,free ,church come boldly out on principle1 and ,i may say we shall rejoice very much when we see the ,free ,church and the ,united ,presbyterian ,church one1 as they ought to be4444 ,i am sure ,i look on all the different denominations in ,hamilton and in ,britain with feelings of affection4 ,i cannot say which ,i love most4 ,i am quite certain ,i ought not to dislike any of them4 ,really1 perhaps ,i may be considered a little heterodox1 if ,i were living in this part of the country1 ,i could not pass one ,evangelical ,church in order to go to my own denomination beyond it#ec4 ,i still think that the different denominational peculiarities have1 to a certain degree1 a good effect in this country1 but ,i think we ought to be much more careful lest we should appear to our fellow-,christians unchristian1 than to appear inconsistent with the denominational principles we profess4444 ,let this meeting be the ratification of the bond of union between my brother#ed and me1 and all the denominations of ,hamilton4 ,remember us in your prayers4 ,bear us on your spirits when we are far away1 for when abroad we often feel as if we were forgot by every one4 ,my entreaty to all the ,christians of ,hamilton is to pray that grace may be given to us to be faithful to our ,saviour even unto death4 ,footnote #ec3 ,dr4 ,livingstone gave practical evidence of his sincerity in these remarks in the case of his elder daughter1 saying1 in reply to one of her guardians with whom she was residing1 that he had no objections to her joining the ,church of ,scotland4 ,this1 however1 she did not do2 but afterward1 when at ,newstead ,abbey1 she was confirmed by the ,bishop of ,lincoln1 and received the ,communion along with her father1 who helped to prepare her4 ,footnote #ed3 ,dr4 ,livingstone had been joined by his brother ,charles1 who was present on this occasion4 ,at ,blantyre1 his native village1 the ,literary and ,scientific ,institute gave him a reception1 ,mr4 ,hannan1 one of the proprietors of the works1 a magistrate of ,glasgow1 and an old acquaintance of ,livingstone's1 being in the chair4 ,the ,doctor was laboring under a cold1 the first he had had for sixteen years4 ,he talked to them of his travels1 and by particular request gave an account of his encounter with the ,mabotsa lion4 ,he ridiculed ,mrs4 ,beecher ,stowe's notion that factory-workers were slaves4 ,he counseled them strongly to put more confidence than workmen generally did in the honest good intentions of their employers1 reminding them that some time ago1 when the ,blantyre proprietors had wished to let every workman have a garden1 it was said by some that they only wished to bring the ground into good order1 and then they would take the garden away4 ,that was nasty and suspicious4 ,if masters were more trusted1 they would do more good4 ,finally1 he exhorted them cordially to accept ,god's offers of mercy to them in ,christ1 and give themselves wholly to ,him4 ,to bow down before ,god was not mean2 it was manly4 ,his one wish for them all was that they might have peace with ,god1 and rejoice in the hope of the eternal inheritance4 ,his remarks to the operatives show how sound and sagacious his views were on social problems2 in this sphere1 indeed1 he was in advance of the age4 ,the quickness and correctness with which he took up matters of public interest in ,britain1 mastered facts1 and came to clear1 intelligent conclusions on them1 was often the astonishment of his friends4 ,it was as if1 instead of being buried in ,africa1 he had been attending the club and reading the daily newspapers for years1--this1 too1 while he was at work writing his book1 and delivering speeches almost without end4 ,we find him at this time anticipating the temperance coffee-house movement1 now so popular and successful4 ,on #aath ,july1 #aheg1 he wrote on this subject to a friend1 in reference to a proposal to deliver a lecture in ,glasgow4 ,it should be noticed that he never lectured for money1 though he might have done so with great pecuniary benefit3 ,i am thinking of giving1 or trying to give1 a lecture by invitation at the ,athenum4 ,i am offered thirty guineas1 and as my old friends the cotton-spinners have invited me to meet them1 ,i think of handing the sum1 whatever it may be1 to them1 or rather letting them take it and fit up a room as a coffee-room on the plan of the ,french cafs1 where men1 women1 and children may go1 instead of to whisky-shops4 ,there are coffee-houses already1 but ,i don't think there are any where they can laugh and talk and read papers just as they please4 ,the sort ,i contemplate would suit poor young fellows who cannot have a comfortable fire at home4 ,i have seen men dragged into drinking ways from having no comfort at home1 and women also drawn to the dram-shop from the same cause4 ,don't you think something could be done by setting the persons ,i mention to do something for themselves8 ,edinburgh conferred on ,livingstone the freedom of the city1 besides entertaining him at a public breakfast and hearing him at another meeting4 ,we are not surprised to find him writing to ,sir ,roderick ,murchison from ,rossie ,priory1 on the #bgth ,september1 that he was about to proceed to ,leeds1 ,liverpool1 and ,birmingham1 and then farewell to public spouting for ever4 ,i am dead tired of it4 ,the third meeting at ,edinburgh quite knocked me up4 ,it was generally believed that his appearances at ,edinburgh were not equal to some others2 and probably there was truth in the impression1 for he must have come to it exhausted2 and besides1 at a public breakfast1 he was put out by a proposal of the chairman1 that they should try to get him a pension4 ,yet some who heard him in ,edinburgh received impressions that were never effaced1 and it is probable that seed was silently sown which led afterward to the ,scotch ,livingstonia ,mission--one of the most hopeful schemes for carrying out ,livingstone's plans that have yet been organized4 ,among the other honors conferred on him during this visit to ,britain was the degree of ,d4,c4,l4 from the ,university of ,oxford4 ,some time before1 ,glasgow had given him the honorary degree of ,,ll4,d4 ,in the beginning of #aheh1 when he was proposed as a ,fellow of the ,royal ,society1 the certificate on his behalf was signed1 among others1 by the ,earl of ,carlisle1 then ,lord-,lieutenant of ,ireland1 who after his signature added ,p4,r4 7pro ,regina71 a thing that had never been done before#ee4 ,footnote #ee3 ,for list of ,dr4 ,livingstone's honors1 see ,appendix ,no4 ,v4 ,the life he was now leading was rather trying4 ,he writes to his friend ,mr4 ,maclear on the #ajth ,november3 ,i finish my public spouting next week at ,oxford4 ,it is really very time-killing1 this lionizing1 and ,i am sure you pity me in it4 ,i hope to leave in ,january4 ,wonder if the ,portuguese have fulfilled the intention of their ,government in supporting my men4444 ,i shall rejoice when ,i see you again in the quiet of the ,observatory4 ,it is more satisfactory to serve ,god in peace4 ,may ,he give his grace and blessing to us all6 ,i am rather anxious to say something that will benefit the young men at ,oxford4 ,they made me a ,d4,c4,l4 ,there66 ,wonder if they would do so to the ,editor of the ,grahamstown ,journal8 ,livingstone was not yet done with public spouting1 even after his trip to ,oxford4 ,among the visits paid by him toward the end of #aheg1 none was more interesting or led to more important results than that to ,cambridge4 ,it was on #c;d ,december he arrived there1 becoming the guest of the ,rev4 ,wm4 ,monk1 of ,st4 ,john's4 ,next morning1 in the senate-house1 he addressed a very large audience1 consisting of graduates and undergraduates and many visitors from the town and neighborhood4 ,the ,vice-,chancellor presided and introduced the stranger4 ,dr4 ,livingstone's lecture consisted of facts relating to the country and its people1 their habits and religious belief1 with some notices of his travels1 and an emphatic statement of his great object--to promote commerce and ,christianity in the country which he had opened4 ,the last part of his lecture was an earnest appeal for missionaries4 ,it is deplorable to think that one of the noblest of our missionary societies1 the ,church ,missionary ,society1 is compelled to send to ,germany for missionaries1 whilst other ,societies are amply supplied4 ,let this stain be wiped off4 ,the sort of men who are wanted for missionaries are such as ,i see before me2 men of education1 standing1 enterprise1 zeal1 and piety4444 ,i hope that many whom ,i now address will embrace that honorable career4 ,education has been given us from above for the purpose of bringing to the benighted the knowledge of a ,saviour4 ,if you knew the satisfaction of performing such a duty1 as well as the gratitude to ,god which the missionary must always feel1 in being chosen for so noble1 so sacred a calling1 you would have no hesitation in embracing it4 ,for my own part1 ,i have never ceased to rejoice that ,god has appointed me to such an office4 ,people talk of the sacrifice ,i have made in spending so much of my life in ,africa4 ,can that be called a sacrifice which is simply paid back as a small part of a great debt owing to our ,god1 which we can never repay8 ,is that a sacrifice which brings its own blest reward in healthful activity1 the consciousness of doing good1 peace of mind1 and a bright hope of a glorious destiny hereafter8 ,away with the word in such a view1 and with such a thought6 ,it is emphatically no sacrifice4 ,say rather it is a privilege4 ,anxiety1 sickness1 suffering1 or danger1 now and then1 with a foregoing of the common conveniences and charities of this life1 may make us pause1 and cause the spirit to waver1 and the soul to sink2 but let this only be for a moment4 ,all these are nothing when compared with the glory which shall hereafter be revealed in and for us4 ,i never made a sacrifice4 ,of this we ought not to talk when we remember the great sacrifice which ,he made who left his father's throne on high to give himself for us2 'who being the brightness of that ,father's glory1 and the express image of his person1 and upholding all things by the word of his power1 when he had by himself purged our sins1 sat down on the right hand of the ,majesty on high4'444 ,i beg to direct your attention to ,africa3 ,i know that in a few years ,i shall be cut off in that country1 which is now open2 do not let it be shut again6 ,i go back to ,africa to try to make an open path for commerce and ,christianity2 do you carry out the work which ,i have begun1 ,i ,,leave ,,it ,,with ,,you6 ,in a prefatory letter prefixed to the volume entitled ,dr4 ,livingstone's ,cambridge ,lectures1 the late ,professor ,sedgwick remarked1 in connection with this event1 that in the course of a long academic life he had often been present in the senate-house on exciting occasions2 in the days of ,napoleon he had heard the greetings given to our great military heroes2 he had been present at four installation services1 the last of which was graced by the presence of the ,queen1 when her youthful husband was installed as ,chancellor1 amid the most fervent gratulations that subjects are permitted to exhibit in the presence of their ,sovereign4 ,but on none of these occasions were the gratulations of the ,university more honest and true-hearted than those which were offered to ,dr4 ,livingstone4 ,he came among us without any long notes of preparation1 without any pageant or eloquence to charm and captivate our senses4 ,he stood before us1 a plain1 single-minded man1 somewhat attenuated by years of toil1 and with a face tinged by the sun of ,africa4444 ,while we listened to the tale he had to tell1 there arose in the hearts of all the listeners a fervent hope that the hand of ,god which had so long upheld him would uphold him still1 and help him to carry out the great work of ,christian love that was still before him4 ,next day1 ,december #eth1 ,dr4 ,livingstone addressed a very crowded audience in the ,town ,hall1 the ,mayor presiding4 ,referring to his own plans1 he said3 ,i contend that we ought not to be ashamed of our religion1 and had we not kept this so much out of sight in ,india1 we should not now be in such straits in that country referring to the ,indian ,mutiny4 ,let us appear just what we are4 ,for my own part1 ,i intend to go out as a missionary1 and hope boldly1 but with civility1 to state the truth of ,christianity1 and my belief that those who do not possess it are in error4 ,my object in ,africa is not only the elevation of man1 but that the country might be so opened that man might see the need of his soul's salvation4 ,i propose in my next expedition to visit the ,zambesi1 and propitiate the different chiefs along its banks1 endeavoring to induce them to cultivate cotton1 and to abolish the slave-trade3 already they trade in ivory and gold-dust1 and are anxious to extend their commercial operations4 ,there is thus a probability of their interests being linked with ours1 and thus the elevation of the ,african would be the result1 ,i believe ,england is alive to her duty of civilizing and ,christianizing the heathen4 ,we cannot all go out as missionaries1 it is true2 but we may all do something toward providing a substitute4 ,moreover1 all may especially do that which every missionary highly prizes1 viz4--,,commend ,,the ,,work ,,in ,,their ,,prayers4 ,i ,,hope ,,that ,,those ,,whom ,i ,,now ,,address ,,will ,,both ,,pray ,,for ,,and ,,help ,,those ,,who ,,are ,,their ,,substitutes4 ,dr4 ,livingstone was thoroughly delighted with his reception at ,cambridge4 ,writing to a friend1 on #fth ,december #aheg1 he says3 ,cambridge1 as ,playfair would say1 was grand4 ,it beat ,oxford hollow4 ,to make up my library again they subscribed at least forty volumes at once4 ,i shall have reason soon to bless the ,boers4 ,referring to his ,cambridge visit a few weeks afterward1 in a letter to ,rev4 ,w4 ,monk1 ,dr4 ,livingstone said3 ,i look back to my visit to ,cambridge as one of the most pleasant episodes of my life4 ,i shall always revert with feelings of delight to the short intercourse ,i enjoyed with such noble ,christian men as ,sedgwick1 ,whewell1 ,selwyn1 etc4 etc41 as not the least important privilege conferred on me by my visit to ,england4 ,it is something inspiriting to remember that the eyes of such men are upon one's course4 ,may blessings rest upon them all1 and on the seat of learning which they adorn6 ,among the subjects that had occupied ,dr4 ,livingstone's attention most intensely during the early part of the year #aheg was that of his relation to the ,london ,missionary ,society4 ,the impression caused by ,dr4 ,tidman's letter received at ,quilimane had been quite removed by personal intercourse with the ,directors1 who would have been delighted to let ,livingstone work in their service in his own way4 ,but with the very peculiar work of exploration and inquiry which he felt that his ,master had now placed in his hands1 ,dr4 ,livingstone was afraid that his freedom would be restricted by his continuing in the service of the ,society1 while the ,society itself would be liable to suffer from the handle that might be given to contributors to say that it was departing from the proper objects of a missionary body4 ,that in resigning his official connection he acted with a full knowledge of the effect which this might have upon his own character1 and his reputation before the ,church and the world1 is evident from his correspondence with one of his most intimate friends and trusted counselors1 ,mr4 ,j4,b4 ,braithwaite1 of ,lincoln's ,inn4 ,though himself a member of the ,society of ,friends1 ,mr4 ,braithwaite was desirous that ,dr4 ,livingstone should continue to appear before the public as a ,christian minister3 ,to dissolve thy connection with the ,missionary ,society would at once place thee before the public in an aspect wholly distinct from that in which thou art at present1 and1 what is yet more important1 would in a greater or less degree1 and1 perhaps1 very gradually and almost insensibly to thyself1 turn the current of thy own thoughts and feelings away from those channels of usefulness and service1 as a minister of the gospel1 with which ,i cannot doubt thy deepest interest and highest aspirations are inseparably associated4 ,on ,dr4 ,livingstone explaining that1 while he fully appreciated these views1 it did not appear to him consistent with duty to be receiving the pay of a working missionary while engaged to a considerable extent in scientific exploration1 ,mr4 ,braithwaite expressed anew his sympathy for his feelings1 and respect for his decision1 but not as one quite convinced3 ,thy heart is bound1 as ,i truly believe1 in its inmost depths to the service of ,christ4 ,this is the 'one thing' which1 through all1 it is thy desire to keep in view4 ,and my fear has been lest the severing of thy connection with a recognized religious body should lead any to suppose that thy ,christian interests were in the least weakened2 or that thou wast now going forth with any lower aim than the advancement of the ,redeemer's kingdom4 ,such a circumstance would be deeply to be regretted1 for thy character is now1 if ,i may so speak1 not thy own1 but the common property1 in a certain sense1 of ,british ,christianity1 and anything which tended to lower thy high standing would cast a reflection on the general cause4 ,the result showed that ,mr4 ,braithwaite was right as to the impression likely to be made on the public2 but the contents of this volume amply prove that the impression was wrong4 ,dr4 ,livingstone had said at ,quilimane that if it were the will of ,god that he should do the work of exploration and settlement of stations which was indispensable to the opening up of ,africa1 but which the ,directors did not then seem to wish him to undertake1 the means would be provided from some other quarter4 ,at the meeting of the ,british ,association in ,dublin1 a movement was begun for getting the ,government to aid him4 ,the proposal was entertained favorably by the ,government1 and practically settled before the end of the year4 ,in ,february1 #aheh1 ,dr4 ,livingstone received a formal commission1 signed by ,lord ,clarendon1 ,foreign ,secretary1 appointing him ,her ,majesty's ,consul at ,quilimane for the ,eastern ,coast and the independent districts in the interior1 and commander of an expedition for exploring ,eastern and ,central ,africa4 ,dr4 ,livingstone accepted the appointment1 and during the last part of his stay in ,england was much engaged in arranging for the expedition4 ,a paddle steamer of light draught was procured for the navigation of the ,zambesi1 and the various members of the expedition received their appointments4 ,these were--,commander ,bedingfield1 ,r4,n41 ,naval ,officer2 ,john ,kirk1 ,m4,d41 ,botanist and ,physician2 ,mr4 ,charles ,livingstone1 brother of ,dr4 ,livingstone1 ,general ,assistant and ,secretary2 ,mr4 ,richard ,thornton1 ,practical ,mining ,geologist2 ,mr4 ,thomas ,baines1 ,artist and ,storekeeper2 and ,mr4 ,george ,rae1 ,ship ,engineer2 and whoever afterward might join the expedition were required to obey ,dr4 ,livingstone's directions as leader4 ,we managed your affair very nicely1 ,lord ,palmerston said to ,livingstone at a reception at ,lady ,palmerston's on the #abth ,december4 ,had we waited till the usual time when ,parliament should be asked1 it would have been too late4 ,lord ,shaftesbury1 at the reception1 assured him that the country would do everything for him1 and congratulated him on going out in the way now settled4 ,so did the ,lord ,chancellor 7,cranworth71 ,sir ,culling ,eardley1 and ,mr4 ,calcraft1 ,m4,p4 ,dr4 ,livingstone was on the most friendly terms with the ,portuguese ,ambassador1 the ,count de ,lavradio1 who ever avowed the highest respect for himself1 and a strong desire to help him in his work4 ,to get this assurance turned into substantial assistance appeared to ,livingstone to be of the very highest importance4 ,unless strong influence were brought to bear on the local ,portuguese ,governors in ,africa1 his scheme would be wrecked4 ,the ,portuguese ,ambassador was then at ,lisbon1 and ,livingstone had resolved to go there1 to secure the influence from headquarters which was so necessary4 ,the ,prince ,consort had promised to introduce him to his cousin1 the ,king of ,portugal4 ,there were1 however1 some obstacles to his going4 ,yellow fever was raging at ,lisbon1 and moreover1 time was precious1 and a little delay might lead to the loss of a season on the ,zambesi4 ,at ,lady ,palmerston's reception1 ,lord ,palmerston had said to him that ,lord ,clarendon might manage the ,portuguese affair without his going to ,lisbon4 ,a day or two after1 ,livingstone saw ,lord ,clarendon1 who confirmed ,lord ,palmerston's opinion1 and assured him that when ,lavradio returned1 the affair would be settled4 ,the ,lisbon journey was accordingly given up4 ,the ,count returned to ,london before ,livingstone left1 and expressed a wish to send a number of ,portuguese agents along with him4 ,but to this both ,lord ,clarendon and he had the strongest objections1 as complicating the expedition4 ,livingstone was furnished with letters from the ,portuguese ,government to the local ,governors1 instructing them to give him all needful help4 ,but when he returned to the ,zambesi he found that these public instructions were strangely neutralized and reversed by some unseen process4 ,he himself believed to the last in the honest purpose of the ,king of ,portugal1 but he had not the same confidence in the ,government4 ,from some of the notes written to him at this time by friends who understood more of diplomacy than he did1 we can see that little actual help was expected from the local ,governors in the ,portuguese settlements1 one of these friends expressing the conviction that the sooner those ,portuguese dogs-in-the-manger are eaten1 up1 body and bones1 by the ,zulu ,caffres1 the better4 ,the co-operation of ,lord ,clarendon was very cordial4 ,he told me to go to ,washington 7of the ,admiralty7 as if all had been arranged1 and do everything necessary1 and come to him for everything ,i needed4 ,he repeated1 ',just come here and tell me what you want1 and ,i will give it you4' ,he was wonderfully kind4 ,i thank ,god who gives the influence4 ,among other things1 ,lord ,clarendon wrote an official letter to the chief ,sekeltu1 thanking him1 in the name of the ,queen1 for his kindness and help to her servant1 ,dr4 ,livingstone1 explaining the desire of the ,british nation1 as a commercial and ,christian people1 to live at peace with all and to benefit all2 telling him1 too1 what they thought of the slave-trade2 hoping that ,sekeltu would help to keep ,god's highway1 the river ,zambesi1 as a free pathway for all nations2 assuring him of friendship and good-will2 and respectfully hinting that1 as we have derived all our greatness from the divine religion we received from heaven1 it will be well if you consider it carefully when any of our people talk to you about it#ef4 ,footnote #ef3 ,see ,appendix ,no4 ,,iv4 ,most men1 after receiving such carte blanche as ,lord ,clarendon had given to ,livingstone1 would have been drawing out plans on a large scale1 regardless of expense4 ,livingstone's ideas were quite in the opposite direction4 ,instead of having to press ,captain ,washington1 he had to restrain him4 ,the expedition as planned by ,washington1 with commander and assistant1 and a large staff of officers1 was too expensive4 ,all that ,livingstone wished was a steam launch1 with an economic botanist1 a practical mining geologist1 and an assistant4 ,all was to be plain and practical2 nothing was wished for ornament or show4 ,before we come to the last adieus1 it is well to glance at the remarkable effect of ,dr4 ,livingstone's short visit1 in connection with his previous labors1 on the public opinion of the country in regard to ,africa4 ,in the first place1 as we have already remarked1 there was quite a revolution of ideas as to the interior of the country4 ,it astonished men to find that1 instead of a vast sandy desert1 it was so rich and productive a land1 and merchants came to see that if only a safe and wholesome traffic could be introduced1 the result would be hardly less beneficial to them than to the people of ,africa4 ,in the second place1 a new idea was given of the ,african people4 ,caffre wars and other mismanaged enterprises had brought out the wildest aspects of the native character1 and had led to the impression that the blacks were just as brutish and ferocious as the tigers and crocodiles among which they lived4 ,but ,livingstone showed1 as ,moffat had showed before him1 that1 rightly dealt with1 they were teachable and companionable1 full of respect for the white man1 affectionate toward him when he treated them well1 and eager to have him dwelling among them4 ,on the slave-trade of the interior he had thrown a ghastly light1 although it was reserved to him in his future journeys to make a full exposure of the devil's work in that infamous traffic4 ,he had thrown light1 too1 on the structure of ,africa1 shown where healthy localities were to be found1 copiously illustrated its fauna and flora1 discovered great rivers and lakes1 and laid them down on its map with the greatest accuracy2 and he had shown how its most virulent disease might be reduced to the category of an ordinary cold4 ,in conjunction with other great ,african travelers1 he had contributed not a little to the great increase of popularity which had been acquired by the ,geographical ,society4 ,he had shown abundance of openings for ,christian missions from ,kuruman to the ,zambesi1 and from ,loanda to ,quilimane4 ,he had excited no little compassion for the negro1 by vivid pictures of his dark and repulsive life1 with so much misery in it and so little joy4 ,in the cause of missions he did not appeal in vain4 ,at the ,english ,universities1 young men of ability and promise got new light on the purposes of life1 and wondered that they had not thought sooner of offering themselves for such noble work4 ,in ,scotland1 men like ,james ,stewart1 now of ,lovedale1 were set thinking whether they should not give themselves to ,africa1 and older men1 like ,mr4 ,r4,a4 ,macfie and the late ,mr4 ,james ,cunningham1 of ,edinburgh1 were pondering in what manner the work could be begun4 ,the ,london ,missionary ,society1 catching up ,livingstone's watchword ,onward1 were planning a mission at ,linyanti1 on the banks of the ,zambesi4 ,mr4 ,moffat was about to pay a visit to the great ,mosilikatse1 with a view to the commencement of a mission to the ,matebele4 ,as for ,livingstone himself1 his heart was yearning after his friends the ,makololo4 ,he had been quite willing to go and be their missionary1 but in the meantime other duty called him4 ,not being aware of any purpose to plant a mission among them1 he made an arrangement with his brother-in-law1 ,mr4 ,john ,moffat1 to become their missionary4 ,out of his private resources he promised him #ejj1 for outfit1 etc41 and #aej a year for five years as salary1 besides other sums1 amounting in all to #adjj4 ,nearly three years of his own salary as ,consul 7#ejj7 were thus pledged and paid4 ,in one word1 ,africa1 which had long been a symbol of all that is dry and uninviting1 suddenly became the most interesting part of the globe4 ,as the time of ,dr4 ,livingstone's departure for ,africa drew near1 a strong desire arose among many of his friends1 chiefly the geographers1 to take leave of him in a way that should emphatically mark the strength of their admiration and the cordiality of their good wishes4 ,it was accordingly resolved that he should be invited to a public dinner on the #acth ,february1 #aheh1 and that ,sir ,roderick ,murchison should occupy the chair4 ,on the morning of that day he had the honor of an interview with ,her ,majesty the ,queen4 ,a ,scottish correspondent of an ,american journal1 whose letter at other points shows that he had good information#eg1 after referring to the fact that ,livingstone was not presented in the usual way1 says3 ,footnote #eg3 ,we have ascertained that the correspondent was the late ,mr4 ,keddie1 of the ,glasgow ,free ,church ,college1 who got his information from ,mr4 ,james ,young4 ,he was honored by the ,queen with a private interview4444 ,she sent for ,livingstone1 who attended ,her ,majesty at the palace1 without ceremony1 in his black coat and blue trousers1 and his cap surrounded with a stripe of gold lace4 ,this was his usual attire1 and the cap had now become the appropriate distinction of one of ,her ,majesty's consuls1 an official position to which the traveler attaches great importance1 as giving him consequence in the eyes of the natives1 and authority over the members of the expedition44 ,the ,queen conversed with him affably for half an hour on the subject of his travels4 ,dr4 ,livingstone told ,her ,majesty that he would now be able to say to the natives that he had seen his chief1 his not having done so before having been a constant subject of surprise to the children of the ,african wilderness4 ,he mentioned to ,her ,majesty also that the people were in the habit of inquiring whether his chief were wealthy2 and that when he assured them she was very wealthy1 they would ask how many cows she had got1 a question at which the ,queen laughed heartily4 ,in the only notice of this interview which we have found in ,livingstone's own writing1 he simply says that ,her ,majesty assured him of her good wishes in his journeys4 ,it was the only interview with his ,sovereign he ever had4 ,when he returned in #ahfd he said that he would have been pleased to have another1 but only if it came naturally1 and without his seeking it4 ,the ,queen manifested the greatest interest in him1 and showed great kindness to his family1 when the rumor came of his death4 ,the banquet in ,freemason's ,tavern1 which it had been intended to limit to #bej guests1 overflowed the allotted bounds1 and was attended by upward of #cej1 including the ,ministers of ,sweden and ,norway1 and of ,denmark2 ,dukes of ,argyll and ,wellington2 ,earl of ,shaftesbury and ,earl ,grey2 ,bishops of ,oxford and ,st4 ,david's2 and hosts of other celebrities in almost every department of public life4 ,the feeling was singularly cordial4 ,sir ,roderick rehearsed the services of ,livingstone1 crowning them1 as was his wont1 with that memorable act--his keeping his promise to his black servants by returning with them from ,loanda to the heart of ,africa1 in spite of all the perils of the way1 and all the attractions of ,england1 thereby leaving for himself in that country a glorious name1 and proving to the people of ,africa what an ,english ,christian is4 ,still more1 perhaps1 did ,sir ,roderick touch the heart of the audience when he said of ,livingstone that notwithstanding eighteen months of laudation1 so justly bestowed on him by all classes of his countrymen1 and after receiving all the honors which the ,universities and cities of our country could shower upon him1 he is still the same honest1 true-hearted ,david ,livingstone as when he issued from the wilds of ,africa4 ,it was natural for the ,duke of ,argyll to recall the fact that ,livingstone's family was an ,argyllshire one1 and it was a happy thought that as ,ulva was close to ,iona--that illustrious island1 as ,dr4 ,samuel ,johnson called it1 whence roving tribes and rude barbarians derived the benefits of knowledge and the blessings of religion1--so might the son of ,ulva carry the same blessings to ,africa1 and be remembered1 perhaps1 by millions of the human race as the first pioneer of civilization1 and the first harbinger of the gospel4 ,it was graceful in the ,bishop of ,oxford 7,samuel ,wilberforce7 to advert to the debt of unparalleled magnitude which ,england1 founder of the accursed slave-trade1 owed to ,africa1 and to urge the immediate prosecution of ,livingstone's plans1 inasmuch as the spots in ,africa1 where the so-called ,christian trader had come1 were marked1 more than any other1 by crime and distrust1 and insecurity of life and property4 ,it was a good opportunity for ,professor ,owen to tell the story of the spiral tusk1 to rehearse some remarkable instances of ,livingstone's accurate observations and happy conjectures on the habits of animals1 to rate him for destroying the moral character of the lion1 and to claim credit for having discovered1 in the bone caves of ,england1 the remains of an animal of greater bulk than any living species1 that may have possessed all the qualities which the most ardent admirer of the ,british lion could desire#eh6 ,footnote #eh3 ,livingstone purposed to bequeath to ,professor ,owen a somewhat extraordinary legacy4 ,writing afterward to his friend ,mr4 ,young1 he said3 ,if ,i die at home ,i would lie beside you4 ,my left arm goes to ,professor ,owen1 mind4 ,that is the will of ,david ,livingstone4 ,on no topic was the applause of the company more enthusiastic than when mention was made of ,mrs4 ,livingstone1 who was then preparing to accompany her husband on his journey4 ,livingstone's own words to the company were simple and hearty1 but they were the words of truth and soberness4 ,he was overwhelmed with the kindness he had experienced4 ,he did not expect any speedy result from the ,expedition1 but he was sanguine as to its ultimate benefit4 ,he thought they would get in the thin end of the wedge1 and that it would be driven home by ,english energy and spirit4 ,for himself1 with all eyes resting upon him1 he felt under an obligation to do better than he had ever done4 ,and as to ,mrs4 ,livingstone3 ,it is scarcely fair to ask a man to praise his own wife1 but ,i can only say that when ,i parted from her at the ,cape1 telling her that ,i should return in two years1 and when it happened that ,i was absent four years and a half1 ,i supposed that ,i should appear before her with a damaged character4 ,i was1 however1 forgiven4 ,my wife1 who has always been the main spoke in my wheel1 will accompany me in this expedition1 and will be most useful to me4 ,she is familiar with the languages of ,south ,africa4 ,she is able to work4 ,she is willing to endure1 and she well knows that in that country one must put one's hand to everything4 ,in the country to which ,i am about to proceed she knows that at the missionary's station the wife must be the maid-of-all-work within1 while the husband must be the jack-of-all-trades without1 and glad am ,i indeed that ,i am to be accompanied by my guardian angel4 ,of the many letters of adieu he received before setting out we have space for only two4 ,the first came from the venerable ,professor ,sedgwick1 of ,cambridge1 in the form of an apology for inability to attend the farewell banquet4 ,it is a beautiful unfolding of the head and heart of the ,christian philosopher1 and must have been singularly welcome to ,livingstone1 whose views on some of the greatest subjects of thought were in thorough harmony with those of his friend3 ,cambridge1 ,february #aj1 #aheh4--,,my ,,dear ,,sir1--,your kind and very welcome letter came to me yesterday2 and ,i take the first moment of leisure to thank you for it1 and to send you a few more words of good-will1 along with my prayers that ,god may1 for many years1 prolong your life and the lives of those who are most near and dear to you1 and that he may support you in all coming trials1 and crown with a success1 far transcending your own hopes1 your endeavors for the good of our poor humble fellow-creatures in ,africa1 ,there is but one ,god1 the ,god who created all worlds and the natural laws whereby they are governed2 and the ,god of revealed truth1 who tells us of our destinies in an eternal world to come4 ,all truth of whatever kind has therefore its creator in the will and essence of that great ,god who created all things1 moral and natural4 ,great and good men have long upheld this grand conclusion4 ,but1 alas6 such is too often our bigotry1 or ignorance1 or selfishness1 that we try to divorce religious and moral from natural truth1 as if they were inconsistent and in positive antagonism one to the other1--a true catholic spirit 7oh that the word 'catholic' had not been so horribly abused by the foul deeds of men67 teaching us that all truths are linked together1 and that all art and science1 and all material discoveries 7each held in its proper place and subordination71 may be used to minister to the diffusion of ,christian truth among men1 with all its blessed fruits of peace and good-will4 ,this is1 ,i believe1 your faith1 as ,i see it shining out in your deeds1 and set forth in the pages of your work on ,southern ,africa1 which ,i have studied through from beginning to end with sentiments of reverence and honor for the past and good hopes for the future4 ,what a glorious prospect is before you6 the commencement of the civilization of ,africa1 the extension of our knowledge of all the kingdoms of nature1 the production of great material benefits to the ,old ,world1 the gradual healing of that foul and fetid ulcer1 the slave-trade1 the one grand disgrace and weakness of ,christendom1 and that has defiled the hands of all those who have had any dealings with it2 and last1 but not least--nay1 the greatest of all1 and the true end of all--the lifting up of the poor ,african from the earth1 the turning his face heavenward1 and the glory of at length 7after all his sufferings and all our sins7 calling him a ,christian brother4 ,may our ,lord and ,saviour bless your labors1 and may his ,holy ,spirit be with you to the end of your life upon this troubled world6 ,i am an old man1 and ,i shall 7so far as ,i am permitted to look at the future7 never see your face again4 ,if ,i live till the #bb;d of ,march ,i shall have ended my #gc;d year1 and not only from what we all know from the ordinary course of nature1 but from what ,i myself know and feel from the experience of the two past years1 ,i am assured that ,i have not long to live4 ,how long1 ,god only knows4 ,it grieves me not to have seen you again in ,london1 and ,i did hope that you might yourself introduce me to your wife and children4 ,i hear that a farewell dinner is to be given you on ,saturday1 and greatly should ,i rejoice to be present on that occasion1 and along with many other true-hearted friends wish you ',god-speed4' ,but it must not be4 ,i am not a close prisoner to my room1 as ,i was some weeks past1 but ,i am still on the sick list1 and dare not expose myself to any sudden change of temperature1 or to the excitement of a public meeting4 ,this is one of the frailties of old age and infirm health4 ,i have gone on writing and writing more than ,i intended4 ,once for all1 ,god bless you6 and pray 7though ,i do not personally know them7 give my best and ,christian love to your dear wife 7,ma-,robert she was called1 ,i think1 in ,africa7 and children4 ,ever gratefully and affectionately yours1 ,a4 ,,sedgwick4 ,sir ,roderick1 too1 had a kind parting word for his friend3 ,accept my warmest acknowledgments for your last farewell note4 ,believe me1 my dear friend1 that no transaction in my somewhat long and very active life has so truly rewarded me as my intercourse with you1 for1 from the beginning to the end1 it has been one continued bright gleam4 ,to this note ,livingstone1 as was his wont1 made a hearty and ,christian response3 ,many blessings be on you and yours1 and if we never meet again on earth1 may we through infinite mercy meet in heaven6 ,the last days in ,england were spent in arrangements for the expedition1 settling family plans1 and bidding farewell4 ,mrs4 ,livingstone accompanied her husband1 along with ,oswell1 their youngest child4 ,dr4 ,livingstone's heart was deeply affected in parting with his other children4 ,amid all the hurry and bustle of leaving he snatches a few minutes almost daily for a note to one or more of them3 ,london1 #b;d ,february1 #aheh4--,,my ,,dear ,,tom1--,i am soon going off from this country1 and will leave you to the care of ,him who neither slumbers nor sleeps1 and never disappointed any one who put his trust in ,him4 ,if you make him your friend ,he will be better to you than any companion can be4 ,he is a friend that sticketh closer than a brother4 ,may ,he grant you grace to seek ,him and to serve ,him4 ,i have nothing better to say to you than to take ,god for your ,father1 ,jesus for your ,saviour1 and the ,holy ,spirit for your sanctifier4 ,do this and you are safe for ever4 ,no evil can then befall you4 ,hope you will learn quickly and well1 so as to be fitted for ,god's service in the world4 ',pearl1' in the ,mersey1 #ajth ,march1 #aheh4--,,my ,,dear ,,tom1--,we are off again1 and we trust that ,he who rules the waves will watch over us and remain with you1 to bless us and make us blessings to our fellow-men4 ,the ,lord be with you1 and be very gracious to you6 ,avoid and hate sin1 and cleave to ,jesus as your ,saviour from guilt4 ,tell grandma we are off again1 and ,janet will tell all about us4 ,in his letters to his children from first to last1 the counsel most constantly and most earnestly pressed is to take ,jesus for their friend4 ,the personal ,saviour is continually present to his heart1 as the one inestimable treasure which he longs for them to secure4 ,that treasure had been a source of unspeakable peace and joy to himself amid all the trials and troubles of his checkered life2 if his children were only in friendship with ,him1 he could breathe freely in leaving them1 and feel that they would indeed ,,fare ,,well4 ,,chapter ,,xii4 ,,the ,,zambesi1 ,,and ,,first ,,exploration ,,of ,,the ,,shir4 ,a4,d4 #aheh-ahei4 ,dr4 and ,mrs4 ,livingstone sail in the ,pearl--,characteristic instructions to members of ,expedition--,dr4 ,livingstone conscious of difficult position--,letter to ,robert--,sierra ,leone--,effects of ,british ,squadron and of ,christian ,missions--,dr4 and ,mrs4 ,moffat at ,cape ,town--,splendid reception there--,illness of ,mrs4 ,livingstone--,she remains behind--,the five years of the ,expedition--,letter to ,mr4 ,james ,young--to ,dr4 ,moffat--,kongone entrance to ,zambesi--,collision with ,naval ,officer--,disturbed state of the country--,trip to ,kebrabasa ,rapids--,dr4 ,livingstone applies for new steamer--,willing to pay for one himself--,exploration of the ,shir--,murchison ,cataracts--,extracts from private ,journal--,discovery of ,lake ,shirwa--,correspondence--,letters to ,agnes ,livingstone--,trip to ,tette--,kroomen and two members of ,expedition dismissed--,livingstone's vindication--,discovery of ,lake ,nyassa--,bright hopes for the future--,idea of a colony--,generosity of ,livingstone--,letters to ,mr4 ,maclear1 ,mr4 ,young1 and ,sir ,roderick ,murchison--,his sympathy with the honest poor--,he hears of the birth of his youngest daughter4 ,on the #ajth ,march #aheh1 ,dr4 ,livingstone1 accompanied by ,mrs4 ,livingstone1 their youngest son1 ,oswell1 and the members of his ,expedition1 sailed from ,liverpool on board ,her ,majesty's colonial steamer1 the ,pearl1 which carried the sections of the ,ma-,robert1 the steam launch with ,mrs4 ,livingstone's ,african name1 which was to be permanently used in the exploration of the ,zambesi and its tributaries4 ,at starting1 the ,pearl had fine weather and a favorable wind1 and quickly ran down the ,channel and across the ,bay of ,biscay4 ,with that business-like precision which characterized him1 ,livingstone1 as soon as sea-sickness was over1 had the instructions of the ,foreign ,office read in presence of all the members of the ,expedition1 and he afterward wrote out and delivered to each person a specific statement of the duties expected of him4 ,in these very characteristic papers1 it is interesting to observe that his first business was to lay down to each man his specific work1 this being done for the purpose of avoiding confusion and collision1 acknowledging each man's gifts1 and making him independent in his own sphere4 ,while no pains were to be spared to make the ,expedition successful in its scientific and commercial aims1 and while1 for this purpose1 great stress was laid on the subsidiary instructions prepared by ,professor ,owen1 ,sir ,w4 ,hooker1 and ,sir ,r4 ,murchison1 ,dr4 ,livingstone showed still more earnestness in urging duties of a higher class1 giving to all the same wise and most ,christian counsel to maintain the moral of the ,expedition at the highest point1 especially in dealing with the natives3 ,you will understand that ,her ,majesty's ,government attach more importance to the moral influence which may be exerted on the minds of the natives by a well-regulated and orderly household of ,europeans1 setting an example of consistent moral conduct to all who may congregate around the settlement2 treating the people with kindness1 and relieving their wants2 teaching them to make experiments in agriculture1 explaining to them the more simple arts1 imparting to them religious instruction1 as far as they are capable of receiving it1 and inculcating peace and good-will to each other4 ,the expedition is well supplied with arms and ammunition1 and it will be necessary to use these in order to obtain supplies of food1 as well as to procure specimens for the purposes of ,natural ,history4 ,in many parts of the country which we hope to traverse1 the larger animals exist in great numbers1 and1 being comparatively tame1 may be easily shot4 ,i would earnestly press on every member of the expedition a sacred regard to life1 and never to destroy it unless some good end is to be answered by its extinction2 the wanton waste of animal life which ,i have witnessed from night-hunting1 and from the ferocious1 but childlike1 abuse of the instruments of destruction in the hands of ,europeans1 makes me anxious that this expedition should not be guilty of similar abominations4 ,it is hoped that we may never have occasion to use our arms for protection from the natives1 but the best security from attack consists in upright conduct1 and the natives seeing that we are prepared to meet it4 ,at the same time1 you are strictly enjoined to exercise the greatest forbearance toward the people2 and1 while retaining proper firmness in the event of any misunderstanding1 to conciliate1 as far as possibly can be done with safety to our party4 ,it is unnecessary for me to enjoin the strictest justice in dealing with the natives4 ,this your own principles will lead you invariably to follow1 but while doing so yourself1 it is decidedly necessary to be careful not to appear to overreach or insult any one by the conduct of those under your command4444 ,the chiefs of tribes and leading men of villages ought always to be treated with respect1 and nothing should be done to weaken their authority4 ,any present of food should be accepted frankly1 as it is impolitic to allow the ancient custom of feeding strangers to go into disuse4 ,we come among them as members of a superior race1 and servants of a ,government that desires to elevate the more degraded portions of the human family4 ,we are adherents of a benign1 holy religion1 and may1 by consistent conduct1 and wise1 patient efforts1 become the harbingers of peace to a hitherto distracted and trodden-down race4 ,no great result is ever attained without patient1 long-continued effort4 ,in the enterprise in which we have the honor to be engaged1 deeds of sympathy1 consideration1 and kindness1 which1 when viewed in detail1 may seem thrown away1 if steadily persisted in1 are sure1 ultimately1 to exercise a commanding influence4 ,depend upon it1 a kind word or deed is never lost4 ,evidently1 ,dr4 ,livingstone felt himself in a difficult position at the head of this enterprise4 ,he was aware of the trouble that had usually attended civil as contrasted with naval and military expeditions1 from the absence of that habit of discipline and obedience which is so firmly established in the latter services4 ,he had never served under ,her ,majesty's ,government himself1 nor had he been accustomed to command such men as were now under him1 and there were some things in his antecedents that made the duty peculiarly difficult4 ,on one thing only he was resolved3 to do his own duty to the utmost1 and to spare no pains to induce every member of the ,expedition to do his4 ,it was impossible for him not to be anxious as to how the team would pull together1 especially as he knew well the influence of a malarious atmosphere in causing intense irritability of temper4 ,in some respects1 though not the most obvious1 this was the most trying period of his life4 ,his letters and other written papers show one little but not uninstructive effect of the pressure and distraction that now came on him--in the great change which his handwriting underwent--the neat1 regular writing of his youth giving place to a large and heavyish hand1 as if he had never had time to mend his pen1 and his only thought had been how to get on most quickly4 ,yet we see also1 very clearly1 how nobly he strove after self-control and conciliatory ways4 ,the tone of courtesy1 the recognition of each man's independence in his own sphere1 and the appeal to his good sense and good feeling1 apparent in the instructions1 show a studious desire1 while he took and intended to keep his place as ,commander1 to conceal the symbols of authority1 and bind the members of the party together as a band of brothers4 ,and though in his published book1 ,the ,zambesi and its ,tributaries1 which was mainly a report of his doings to the ,government and the nation1 he confined himself to the matters with which he had been intrusted by them1 there are many little proofs of his seeking wisdom and strength from above with undiminished earnestness1 and of his striving1 as much as ever1 to do all to the glory of ,god4 ,as the swift motion of the ship bears him farther and farther from home1 he cannot but think of his orphan children4 ,as they near ,sierra ,leone1 on the #beth ,march1 he sends a few lines to his eldest son3 ,,my ,,dear ,,robert1--,we have been going at the rate of #bjj miles a day ever since we left ,liverpool1 and have been much favored by a kind ,providence in the weather4 ,poor ,oswell was sorely sick while rolling through the ,bay of ,biscay1 and ate nothing for about three days2 but we soon got away from the ice and snow to beautiful summer weather1 and we are getting nicely thawed4 ,we sleep with all our port-holes open1 and are glad of the awning by day4 ,at night we see the ,southern ,cross2 and the ,pole ,star1 which stands so high over you1 is here so low we cannot see it for the haze4 ,we shall not see it again1 but the same almighty gracious ,father is over all1 and is near to all who love ,him4 ,you are now alone in the world1 and must seek his friendship and guidance1 for if you do not lean on ,him1 you will go astray1 and find that the way of transgressors is hard4 ,the ,lord be gracious to you1 and accept you1 though unworthy of his favor4 ,sierra ,leone was reached in a fortnight4 ,dr4 ,livingstone was gratified to learn that1 during the last ten years1 the health of the town had improved greatly--consequent on the abatement of the whisky fever1 and the draining and paving of the streets through the activity of ,governor ,hill4 ,he found the ,sunday as well kept as in ,scotland1 and was sure that posterity would acknowledge the great blessing which the operations of the ,english ,squadron on the one hand and the various ,christian missions on the other had effected4 ,he was more than ever convinced1 notwithstanding all that had been said against it1 that the ,english ,squadron had been a great blessing on the ,west ,coast4 ,the ,christian missions1 too1 that had been planted under the protection of the ,squadron1 were an evidence of its beneficial influence4 ,he used constantly to refer with intense gratitude to the work of ,lord ,palmerston in this cause1 and to the very end of his life his ,lordship was among the men whose memory he most highly honored4 ,often1 when he wished to describe his aim briefly1 in regard to slavery1 commerce1 and missions1 he would say it was to do on the ,east ,coast what had been done on the ,west4 ,at ,sierra ,leone a crew of twelve ,kroomen was engaged and taken on board for the navigation of the ,ma-,robert1 after it should reach the ,zambesi4 ,on their leaving ,sierra ,leone1 the weather became very rough1 and from the state of ,mrs4 ,livingstone's health1 inclining very much to fever1 it was deemed necessary that she1 with ,oswell1 should be left at the ,cape1 go to ,kuruman for a time1 and after her coming confinement1 join her husband on the ,zambesi in #ahfj4 ,this1 says ,livingstone in his ,journal1 is a great trial to me1 for had she come on with us1 she might have proved of essential service to the ,expedition in case of sickness or otherwise2 but it may all turn out for the best4 ,it was the first disappointment1 and it was but partially balanced by his learning from ,dr4 ,moffat1 who1 with his wife1 met them at the ,cape1 that he had made out his visit to ,mosilikatse1 and had learned that the men whom ,livingstone had left at ,tette had not returned home1 so that they would still be waiting for him there4 ,he knew of what value they would be to him in explaining his intentions to the natives4 ,from ,sir ,george ,grey1 the excellent ,governor of the ,cape1 and the inhabitants of ,cape ,town generally1 the ,expedition met with an unusually cordial reception4 ,at a great meeting at the ,exchange1 a silver box containing a testimonial of eight hundred guineas was presented to ,livingstone by the ,governor2 and two days after1 a grand dinner was given to the members of the ,expedition1 the ,attorney-,general being in the chair4 ,mr4 ,maclear was most enthusiastic in the reception of his friend1 and at the public meeting had so much to say about him that he could hardly be brought to a close4 ,it must have been highly amusing to ,livingstone to contrast ,cape ,town in #aheb with ,cape ,town in #aheh4 ,in #aheb he was so suspected that he could hardly get a pound of gunpowder or a box of caps while preparing for his unprecedented journey1 and he had to pay a heavy fine to get rid of a cantankerous post-master4 ,now he returns with the ,queen's gold band round his cap1 and with brighter decorations round his name than ,sovereigns can give2 and all ,cape ,town hastens to honor him4 ,it was a great victory1 as it was also a striking illustration of the world's ways4 ,it is not our object to follow ,dr4 ,livingstone into all the details of his ,expedition1 but merely to note a few of the more salient points1 in connection with the opportunities it afforded for the achievement of his object and the development of his character4 ,it may he well to note here generally how the years were occupied4 ,the remainder of #aheh was employed in exploring the mouths of the ,zambesi1 and the river itself up to ,tette and the ,kebrabasa ,rapids1 a few miles beyond4 ,next year--#ahei--was devoted mainly to three successive trips on the river ,shir1 the third being signalized by the discovery of ,lake ,nyassa4 ,in #ahfj ,livingstone went back with his ,makololo up the ,zambesi to the territories of ,sekeltu4 ,in #ahfa1 after exploring the river ,rovuma1 and assisting ,bishop ,mackenzie to begin the ,universities' ,mission1 he started for ,lake ,nyassa1 returning to the ship toward the end of the year4 ,in #ahfb occurred the death of the ,bishop and other missionaries1 and also1 during a detention at ,shupanga1 the death of ,mrs4 ,livingstone3 in the latter part of the year ,livingstone again explored the ,rovuma4 ,in #ahfc he was again exploring the ,shir ,valley and ,lake ,nyassa1 when an order came from ,her ,majesty's ,government1 recalling the ,expedition4 ,in #ahfd he started in the ,lady ,nyassa for ,bombay1 and thence returned to ,england4 ,on the #ast ,may1 #aheh1 the ,pearl sailed from ,simon's ,bay1 and on the #adth stood in for the entrance to the ,zambesi1 called the ,west ,luabo1 or ,hoskins's ,branch4 ,of their progress ,dr4 ,livingstone gives his impressions in the following letter to his friend ,mr4 ,james ,young3 ',,pearl1'#ajth ,may1 #aheh4 ,here we are1 off ,cape ,corrientes 7',whaur's that1 ,i wonner8'71 and hope to be off the ,luabo four days hence4 ,we have been most remarkably favored in the weather1 and it is well1 for had our ship been in a gale with all this weight on her deck1 it would have been perilous4 ,mrs4 ,livingstone was sea-sick all the way from ,sierra ,leone1 and got as thin as a lath4 ,as this was accompanied by fever1 ,i was forced to run into ,table ,bay1 and when ,i got ashore ,i found her father and mother down all the way from ,kuruman to see us and help the young missionaries1 whom the ,london ,missionary ,society has not yet sent4 ,glad1 of course1 to see the old couple again4 ,we had a grand to-do at the ,cape4 ,eight hundred guineas were presented in a silver box by the hand of the ,governor1 ,sir ,george ,grey1 a fine fellow4 ,sure1 no one might be more thankful to the ,giver of all than myself4 ,the ,lord grant me grace to serve ,him with heart and soul--the only return ,i can make6444 ,it was a bitter parting with my wife1 like tearing the heart out of one4 ,it was so unexpected2 and now we are screwing away up the coast4444 ,we are all agreeable yet1 and all looking forward with ardor to our enterprise4 ,it is likely that ,i shall come down with the ',pearl' through the ,delta to doctor them if they become ill1 and send them on to ,ceylon with a blessing4 ,all have behaved well1 and ,i am really thankful to see it1 and hope that ,god will graciously make some better use of us in promoting his glory4 ,i met a ,dr4 ,king in ,simon's ,bay1 of the ',cambrian' frigate1 one of our class-mates in the ,andersonian4 ,this frigate1 by the way1 saluted us handsomely when we sailed out4 ,we have a man-of-war to help us 7the ',hermes'71 but the lazy muff is far behind4 ,he is1 however1 to carry our despatches to ,quilimane4444 ,a letter to ,dr4 ,moffat lets us know in what manner he was preparing to teach the twelve ,kroomen who were to navigate the ,ma-,robert1 and his old ,makololo men3 ,first of all1 supposing ,mr4 ,skead should take this back by the ',hermes' in time to catch you at the ,cape1 would you be kind enough to get a form of prayer printed for me8 ,we have twelve ,kroomen1 who seem docile and willing to be taught2 when we are parted from the ',pearl' we shall have prayers with them every morning4444 ,i think it will be an advantage to have the prayers in ,sichuana when my men join us1 and if we have a selection from the ,english ,litany1 with the ,lord's ,prayer in ,sichuana1 all may join4 ,will you translate it1 beginning at ',remember not1 ,lord1 our offenses1' up to 'the right way'8 ,thence1 petition for chiefs1 and on to the end4444 ,the ,litany need not be literal4 ,i suppose you are not a rabid nonconformist1 or else ,i would not venture to ask this4444 ,by the time they reached the mouth of the ,zambesi1 ,livingstone was suffering from a severe attack of diarrhoea4 ,on the #afth of ,may1 being ,sunday1 while still suffering1 he deemed it a work of necessity1 in order to get as soon as possible out of the fever-breeding region of mangrove swamps where they had anchored1 that they should at remove the sections of the ,ma-,robert from the ,pearl2 accordingly1 with the exception of the time occupied in the usual prayers1 that day was spent in labor4 ,his constant regard for the day of rest and great unwillingness to engage in labor then1 is the best proof that on this occasion the necessity for working was to his mind absolutely irresistible4 ,he had found that active exercise every day was one of the best preventives of fever2 certainly it is very remarkable how thoroughly the men of the ,expedition escaped it at this time4 ,in his ,journal he says3 ,after the experience gained by ,dr4 ,m',william1 and communicated to the world in his admirable ,medical ,history of the ,niger ,expedition1 ,i should have considered myself personally guilty had any of the crew of the ',pearl' or of the ,expedition been cut off through delay in the mangrove swamps4 ,afterward1 when ,mrs4 ,livingstone died during a long but unavoidable delay at ,shupanga1 a little farther up1 he was more than ever convinced that he had acted rightly4 ,but some of his friends were troubled1 and many reflections were thrown on him1 especially by those who bore him no good-will4 ,the first important fact in the history of the ,expedition was the discovery of the advantage of the ,kongone entrance of the ,zambesi1 the best of all the mouths of the river for navigation4 ,soon after a site was fixed on as a dept1 and while the luggage and stores were being landed at it1 there occurred an unfortunate collision with the naval officer1 who tendered his resignation4 ,at first ,livingstone declined to accept of it1 but on its being tendered a second time he allowed the officer to go4 ,it vexed him to the last degree to have this difference so early1 nor did he part with the officer without much forbearance and anxiety to ward off the breach4 ,in his despatches to ,government the whole circumstances were fully detailed4 ,letters to ,mr4 ,maclear and other private friends give a still more detailed narrative4 ,in a few quarters blame was cast upon him1 and in the ,cape newspapers the affair was much commented on4 ,in due time there came a reply from ,lord ,malmesbury1 then ,foreign ,secretary1 dated #bfth ,april1 #ahei1 to the effect that after full inquiry by himself1 and after consulting with the ,admiralty1 his opinion was that the officer had failed to clear himself1 and that ,dr4 ,livingstone's proceedings were fully approved4 ,livingstone had received authority to stop the pay of any member of the ,expedition that should prove unsatisfactory2 this1 of course1 subjected his conduct to the severer criticism4 ,when the officer left1 ,livingstone calmly took his place1 adding the charge of the ship to his other duties4 ,this step would appear alike rash and presumptuous1 did we not know that he never undertook any work without full deliberation1 and did we not remember that in the course of three sea-voyages which he had performed he had had opportunities of seeing how a ship was managed--opportunities of which1 no doubt1 with his great activity of mind1 he had availed himself most thoroughly4 ,the facility with which he could assume a new function1 and do its duties as if he had been accustomed to it all his life1 was one of the most remarkable things about him4 ,his chief regret in taking the new burden was1 that it would limit his intercourse with the natives1 and prevent him from doing as much missionary work as he desired4 ,writing soon after to ,miss ,whately1 of ,dublin1 he says3 ,it was imagined we could not help ourselves1 but ,i took the task of navigating on myself1 and have conducted the steamer over #afjj miles1 though as far as my likings go1 ,i would as soon drive a cab in ,november fogs in ,london as be 'skipper' in this hot sun2 but ,i shall go through with it as a duty4 ,to his friend ,mr4 ,young he makes humorous reference to his awkwardness in nautical language3 ,my great difficulty is calling out 'starboard' when ,i mean 'port1' and feeling crusty when ,i see the helmsman putting the helm the wrong way4 ,another difficulty arose from the state of the country north of the ,zambesi1 in consequence of the natives having rebelled against the ,portuguese and being in a state of war4 ,livingstone was cautioned that he would be attacked if he ventured to penetrate into the country4 ,he resolved to keep out of the quarrel1 but to push on in spite of it4 ,at one time his party1 being mistaken for ,portuguese1 were on the point of being fired on1 but on ,livingstone shouting out that they were ,english the natives let them alone4 ,on reaching ,tette he found his old followers in ecstasies at seeing him2 the ,portuguese ,government had done nothing for them1 but ,major ,sicard1 the excellent ,governor of ,tette1 had helped them to find employment and maintain themselves4 ,thirty had died of small-pox2 six had been killed by an unfriendly chief4 ,when the survivors saw ,dr4 ,livingstone1 they said3 ,the ,tette people often taunted us by saying1 ',your ,englishman will never return2' but we trusted you1 and now we shall sleep4 ,it gave ,livingstone a new hold on them and on the natives generally1 that he had proved true to his promise1 and had come back as he had said4 ,as the men had found ways of living at ,tette1 ,livingstone was not obliged to take them to their home immediately4 ,one of his first endeavors after reaching ,tette was to ascertain how far the navigation of the ,zambesi was impeded by the rapids at ,kebrabasa1 between twenty and thirty miles above ,tette1 which he had heard of but not seen on his journey from ,linyanti to ,quilimane4 ,the distance was short and the enterprise apparently easy1 but in reality it presented such difficulties as only his dogged perseverance could have overcome4 ,after he had been twice at the rapids1 and when he believed he had seen the whole1 he accidentally learned1 after a day's march on the way home1 that there was another rapid which he had not yet seen4 ,determined to see all1 he returned1 with ,dr4 ,kirk and four ,makololo1 and it was on this occasion that his followers1 showing the blisters on their feet burst by the hot rocks1 told him1 when he urged them to make another effort1 that hitherto they had always believed he had a heart1 but now they saw he had none1 and wondered if he were mad4 ,leaving them1 he and ,dr4 ,kirk pushed on alone2 but their boots and clothes were destroyed2 in three hours they made but a mile4 ,next day1 however1 they gained their point and saw the rapid4 ,it was plain to ,dr4 ,livingstone that had he taken this route in #ahef1 instead of through the level ,shidina country1 he must have perished4 ,the party were of opinion that when the river was in full flood the rapids might be navigated1 and this opinion was confirmed on a subsequent visit paid by ,mr4 ,charles ,livingstone and ,mr4 ,baines during the rainy season4 ,but the ,ma-,robert with its single engine had not power to make way4 ,it was resolved to apply to ,her ,majesty's ,government for a more suitable vessel to carry them up the country1 stores and all4 ,until the answer should come to this application1 ,dr4 ,livingstone could not return with his ,makololo to their own country4 ,while making this application1 he was preparing another string for his bow4 ,he wrote to his friend ,mr4 ,james ,young that if ,government refused he would get a vessel at his own expense1 and in a succession of letters authorized him to spend #bjjj of his own money in the purchase of a suitable ship4 ,eventually1 both suggestions were carried into effect4 ,the ,government gave the ,pioneer for the navigation of the ,zambesi and lower ,shir2 ,livingstone procured the ,lady ,nyassa for the ,lake 7where1 however1 she never floated71 but the cost was more than #fjjj--the greater part1 indeed1 of the profits of his book4 ,the ,ma-,robert1 which had promised so well at first1 now turned out a great disappointment4 ,her consumption of fuel was enormous2 her furnace had to be lighted hours before the steam was serviceable2 she snorted so horribly that they called her ,the ,asthmatic1 and after all she made so little progress that canoes could easily pass her4 ,having taken much interest in the purchase of the vessel1 and thought he was getting a great bargain because its owner professed to do so much through love of the cause1 ,livingstone was greatly mortified when he found he had got an inferior and unworthy article2 and many a joke he made1 as well as remarks of a more serious kind1 in connection with the manner which the eminent shipbuilder had taken to show his love4 ,early in #ahei the exploration of the ,shir was begun--a river hitherto absolutely unknown4 ,the country around was rich and fertile1 the natives not unfriendly1 but suspicious4 ,they had probably never been visited before but by man-stealers1 and had never seen ,europeans4 ,the ,shir ,valley was inhabited by the ,manganja1 a very warlike race4 ,some days' journey above the junction with the ,zambesi1 where the ,shir issues from the mountains1 the progress of the party was stopped by rapids1 to which they gave the name of the ,murchison ,cataracts4 ,it seemed in vain to penetrate among the people at that time without supplies1 considering how suspicious they were4 ,crowds went along the banks watching them by day2 they had guards over them all night1 and these were always ready with their bows and poisoned arrows4 ,nevertheless1 some progress was made in civilizing them1 and at a future time it was hoped that further exploration might take place4 ,some passages in ,livingstone's private ,journal give us a glimpse of the more serious thoughts that were passing through his mind at this time3 ,march #c1 #ahei4--;,if we dedicate ourselves to ,god unreservedly ,he will make use of whatever peculiarities of constitution ,he has imparted for his own glory1 and ,he will in answer to prayer give wisdom to guide4 ,he will so guide as to make useful4 ,o how far am ,i from that hearty devotion to ,god ,i read of in others6 ,the ,lord have mercy on me a sinner6 ,march #eth4--,a woman left ,tette yesterday with a cargo of slaves 7#bj men and #dj women7 in irons to sell to ,st4 ,cruz a trader1 for exportation at ,bourbon4 ,francisco at ,shupanga is the great receiver for ,cruz4 ,this is carnival1 and it is observed chiefly as a drinking feast4 ,march #fth4--,teaching ,makololo ,lord's ,prayer and ,creed4 ,prayers as usual at #i-a_/b ,a4,m4 ,when employed in active travel1 my mind becomes inactive1 and the heart cold and dead1 but after remaining some time quiet1 the heart revives and ,i become more spiritually-minded4 ,this is a mercy which ,i have experienced before1 and when ,i see a matter to be duty ,i go on regardless of my feelings4 ,i do trust that the ,lord is with me1 though the mind is engaged in other matters than the spiritual4 ,i want my whole life to be out and out for the ,divine glory1 and my earnest prayer is that ,god may accept what his own ,spirit must have implanted--the desire to glorify ,him4 ,i have been more than usually drawn out in earnest prayer of late--for the ,expedition--for my family--the fear lest ----'s misrepresentation may injure the cause of ,christ--the hope that ,i may be permitted to open this dark land to the blessed gospel4 ,i have cast all before my ,god4 ,good ,lord1 have mercy upon me4 ,leave me not1 nor forsake me4 ,he has guided well in time past4 ,i commit my way to ,him for the future4 ,all ,i have received has come from ,him4 ,will ,he be pleased in mercy to use me for his glory8 ,i have prayed for this1 and ,jesus himself said1 ',ask1 and ye shall receive1 and a host of statements to the same effect4 ,there is a great deal of trifling frivolousness in not trusting in ,god4 ,not trusting in ,him who is truth itself1 faithfulness1 the same yesterday1 to-day1 and for ever6 ,it is presumption not to trust in ,him implicitly1 and yet this heart is sometimes fearfully guilty of distrust4 ,i am ashamed to think of it4 ,ay2 but ,he must put the trusting1 loving1 childlike spirit in by his grace4 ,o ,lord1 ,i am ,thine1 truly ,i am ,thine--take me--do what seemeth good in ,thy sight with me1 and give me complete resignation to ,thy will in all things4 ,two months later 7,may1 #ahei71 a second ascent of the ,shir was performed1 and friendly relations were established with a clever chief named ,chibisa1 a jolly person1 who laughs easily--which is always a good sign4 ,chibisa believed firmly in two things--the divine right of kings1 and the impossibility that ,chibisa should ever be in the wrong4 ,he told them that his father had imparted an influence to him1 which had come in by his head1 whereby every person that had heard him speak respected him greatly4 ,livingstone evidently made a great impression on ,chibisa2 like other chiefs1 he began to fall under the spell of his influence4 ,making a dtour to the east1 the travelers now discovered ,lake ,shirwa1 a magnificent inland lake4 ,this lake was absolutely unknown to the ,portuguese1 who1 indeed1 were never allowed by the natives to enter the ,shir4 ,livingstone had often to explain that he and his party were not ,portuguese but ,british4 ,after discovering this lake1 the party returned to the ship1 and then sailed to the ,kongone harbor1 in hopes of meeting a man-of-war and obtaining provisions4 ,in this1 however1 they were disappointed4 ,some idea of the voluminous correspondence carried on by ,dr4 ,livingstone may be formed from the following enumeration of the friends to whom he addressed letters in ,may of this year3 ,lords ,clarendon and ,palmerston1 ,bishop of ,oxford1 ,miss ,burdett ,coutts1 ,mr4 ,venn1 ,lord ,kinnaird1 ,mr4 ,james ,wilson1 ,mr4 ,oswell1 ,colonel ,steele1 ,dr4 ,newton of ,philadelphia1 his brother ,john in ,canada1 ,j4,b4 and ,c4 ,braithwaite1 ,dr4 ,andrew ,smith1 ,admiral ,f4 ,grey1 ,sir ,r4 ,murchison1 ,captain ,washington1 ,mr4 ,maclear1 ,professor ,owen1 ,major ,vardon1 ,mrs4 ,livingstone1 ,viscount ,goderich4 ,here is the account he gave of his proceedings to his little daughter ,agnes3 ,river ,shir1 #ast ,june #ahei4--,we have been down to the mouth of the river ,zambesi in expectation of meeting a man-of-war with salt provisions1 but1 none appearing on the day appointed1 we conclude that the ,admiral has not received my letters in time to send her4 ,we have no post-office here1 so we buried a bottle containing a letter on an island in the entrance to ,kongone harbor4 ,this we told the ,admiral we should do in case of not meeting the cruiser1 and whoever comes will search for our bottle and see another appointment for #cjth of ,july4 ,this goes with despatches by way of ,quilimane1 and ,i hope some day to get from you a letter by the same route4 ,we have got no news from home since we left ,liverpool1 and we long now to hear how all goes on in ,europe and in ,india4 ,i am now on my way to ,tette1 but we ran up the ,shir some forty miles to buy rice for our company4 ,uncle ,charles is there1 ,he has had some fever1 but is better4 ,we left him there about two months ago1 and ,dr4 ,kirk and ,i1 with some fifteen ,makololo1 ascended this river one hundred miles in the ',ma-,robert1' then left the vessel and proceeded beyond that on foot till we had discovered a magnificent lake called ,shirwa 7pronounced ,shurwah74 ,it was very grand1 for we could not see the end of it1 though some way up a mountain2 and all around it are mountains much higher than any you see in ,scotland4 ,one mountain stands in the lake1 and people live on it4 ,another1 called ,zomba1 is more than six thousand feet high1 and people live on it too1 for we could see their gardens on its top1 which is larger than from ,glasgow to ,hamilton1 or about from fifteen to eighteen miles4 ,the country is quite a ,highland region1 and many people live in it4 ,most of them were afraid of us4 ,the women ran into their huts and shut the doors4 ,the children screamed in terror1 and even the hens would fly away and leave their chickens4 ,i suppose you would be frightened1 too1 if you saw strange creatures1 say a lot of ,trundlemen1 like those on the ,isle of ,man pennies1 come whirling up the street4 ,no one was impudent to us except some slave-traders1 but they became civil as soon as they learned we were ,english and not ,portuguese4 ,we saw the sticks they employ for training any one whom they have just bought4 ,one is is about eight feet long1 the head1 or neck rather1 is put into the space between the dotted lines and shaft1 and another slave carries the end4 ,when they are considered tame they are allowed to go in chains4 ,illustration ,i am working in the hope that in the course of time this horrid system may cease4 ,all the country we traveled through is capable of growing cotton and sugar1 and the people now cultivate a good deal4 ,they would grow much more if they could only sell it4 ,at present we in ,england are the mainstay of slavery in ,america and elsewhere by buying slave-grown produce4 ,here there are hundreds of miles of land lying waste1 and so rich that the grass towers far over one's head in walking4 ,you cannot see where the narrow paths end1 the grass is so tall and overhangs them so4 ,if our countrymen were here they would soon render slave-buying unprofitable4 ,perhaps ,god may honor us to open up the way for this4 ,my heart is sore when ,i think of so many of our countrymen in poverty and misery1 while they might be doing so much good to themselves and others where our ,heavenly ,father has so abundantly provided fruitful hills and fertile valleys4 ,if our people were out here they would not need to cultivate little snatches by the side of railways as they do4 ,but all is in the hands of the all-wise ,father ,we must trust that ,he will bring all out right at last4 ,my dear ,agnes1 you must take ,him to be your ,father and ,guide4 ,tell ,him all that is in your heart1 and make ,him your confidant4 ,his ear is ever open1 and ,he despiseth not the humblest sigh4 ,he is your best friend and loves at all times4 ,it is not enough to be a servant1 you must be a friend of ,jesus4 ,love ,him and surrender your entire being to ,him4 ,the more you trust ,him1 casting all your care upon ,him1 the more ,he is pleased1 and ,he will so guide you that your life will be for his own glory4 ,the ,lord be with you4 ,my kind love to ,grandma and to all your friends4 ,i hope your eyes are better1 and that you are able to read books for yourself4 ,tell ,tom that we caught a young elephant in coming down the ,shir1 about the size of the largest dog he ever saw1 but one of the ,makololo1 in a state of excitement1 cut its trunk1 so that it bled very much1 and died in two days4 ,had it lived we should have sent it to the ,queen1 as no ,african elephant was ever seen in ,england4 ,no news from mamma and ,oswell4 ,another evidence of the place of his children in his thoughts is found in the following lines in his ,journal3 #bjth ,june1 #ahei4--;,i cannot and will not attribute any of the public attention which has been awakened to my own wisdom or ability4 ,the great ,power being my ,helper1 ,i shall always say that my success is all owing to his favor4 ,i have been the channel of the ,divine ,power1 and ,i pray that his gracious influence may penetrate me so that all may turn to the advancement of his gracious reign in this fallen world4 ,oh1 may the mild influence of the ,eternal ,spirit enter the bosoms of my children1 penetrate their souls1 and diffuse through their whole natures the everlasting love of ,god in ,jesus ,christ6 ,holy1 gracious1 almighty ,power1 ,i hide myself in ,thee through ,thy almighty ,son4 ,take my children under ,thy care4 ,purify them and fit them for ,thy service4 ,let the beams of the ,sun of ,righteousness produce spring1 summer1 and harvest in them for ,thee4 ,the short trip from ,kongone to ,tette and back was marked by some changes in the composition of the party4 ,the ,kroomen being found to be useless1 were shipped on board a man-of-war4 ,the services of two members of the ,expedition were also dispensed with1 as they were not found to be promoting its ends4 ,livingstone would not pay the public money to men who1 he believed1 were not thoroughly earning it4 ,to these troubles was added the constantly increasing mortification arising from the state of the ship4 ,it has sometimes been represented1 in view of such facts as have just been recorded1 that ,livingstone was imperious and despotic in the management of other men1 otherwise he and his comrades would have got on better together4 ,the accusation1 even at first sight1 has an air of improbability1 for ,livingstone's nature was most kindly1 and it was the aim of his life to increase enjoyment4 ,in explanation of the friction on board his ship it must be remembered that his party were a sort of scratch crew brought together without previous acquaintance or knowledge of each other's ways2 that the heat and the mosquitoes1 the delays1 the stoppages on sandbanks1 the perpetual struggle for fuel#ei1 the monotony of existence1 with so little to break it1 and the irritating influence of the climate1 did not tend to smooth their tempers or increase the amenities of life4 ,the malarious climate had a most disturbing effect4 ,no one1 it is said1 who has not experienced it1 could imagine the sensation of misery connected with the feverish attacks so common in the low districts4 ,and ,livingstone had difficulties in managing his countrymen he had not in managing the natives4 ,he was so conscientious1 so deeply in earnest1 so hard a worker himself1 that he could endure nothing that seemed like playing or trifling with duty4 ,sometimes1 too1 things were harshly represented to him1 on which a milder construction might have been put4 ,one of those with whom he parted at this time afterward rejoined the ,expedition1 his pay being restored on ,livingstone's intercession4 ,those who continued to enjoy his friendship were never weary of speaking of his delightful qualities as a companion in travel1 and the warm sunshine which he had the knack of spreading around4 ,footnote #ei3 ,this was incredible4 ,livingstone wrote to his friend ,jos ,nunes that it took all hands a day and a half to cut one day's fuel4 ,a third trip up the ,shir was made in ,august1 and on the #afth of ,september ,lake ,nyassa was discovered4 ,livingstone had no doubt that he and his party were the discoverers2 ,dr4 ,roscher1 on whose behalf a claim was subsequently made1 was two months later1 and his unfortunate murder by the natives made it doubtful at what point he reached the lake4 ,the discovery of ,lake ,nyassa1 as well as ,lake ,shirwa1 was of immense importance1 because they were both parallel to the ocean1 and the whole traffic of the regions beyond must pass by this line4 ,the configuration of the ,shir ,valley1 too1 was favorable to colonization4 ,the valley occupied three different levels4 ,first there was a plain on the level of the river1 like that of the ,nile1 close and hot4 ,rising above this to the east there was another plain1 #bjjj feet high1 three or four miles broad1 salubrious and pleasant4 ,lastly1 there was a third plain #cjjj feet above the second1 positively cold4 ,to find such varieties of climate within a few miles of each other was most interesting4 ,in other respects the region opened up was remarkable4 ,there was a great amount of fertile land1 and the products were almost endless4 ,the people were industrious2 in the ,upper ,shir1 notwithstanding a great love of beer1 they lived usually to a great age4 ,cleanliness was not a universal virtue2 the only way in which the ,expedition could get rid of a troublesome follower was by threatening to wash him4 ,the most disagreeable thing in the appearance of the women was their lip-ornament1 consisting of a ring of ivory or tin1 either hollow or made into a cup1 inserted in the upper lip4 ,dr4 ,livingstone used to give full particulars of this fearful practice1 having the idea that the taste of ladies at home in dress and ornament was not free from similar absurdity2 or1 as he wrote at this time to the ,royal ,geographical ,society of ,vienna1 in acknowledging the honor of being made a corresponding member1 because our own ladies1 who show so much virtuous perseverance with their waists1 may wish to try lip-ornament too4 ,in regard to the other sex1 he informed the same ,society3 ,i could see nothing encouraging for the gentlemen who are anxious to prove that we are all descended from a race that wore tails4 ,in the highland regions of the ,shir ,valley1 the party were distinctly conscious of an increase of energy1 from the more bracing climate4 ,dr4 ,livingstone was thoroughly convinced that these highlands of the ,shir ,valley were the proper locality for commercial and missionary stations4 ,thus one great object of the ,expedition was accomplished4 ,in another point of view1 this locality would be highly serviceable for stations4 ,it was the great pathway for conveying slaves from the north and northwest to ,zanzibar4 ,of this he had only too clear evidence in the gangs of slaves whom he saw marched along from time to time1 and whom he would have been most eager to release had he known of any way of preventing them from falling again into the hands of the slave-sellers4 ,in this region ,englishmen might enjoy good health1 and also be of signal benefit1 by leading the multitude of industrious inhabitants to cultivate cotton1 maize1 sugar1 and other valuable produce1 to exchange for goods of ,european manufacture1 at the same time teaching them1 by precept and example1 the great truths of our holy religion4 ,water-carriage existed all the way from ,england1 with the exception of the ,murchison ,cataracts1 along which a road of forty miles might easily be made4 ,a small steamer on the lake would do more good in suppressing the slave-trade than half-a-dozen men-of-war in the ocean4 ,if the ,zambesi could be opened to commerce the bright vision of the last ten years would be realized1 and the ,shir ,valley and banks of the ,nyassa transformed into the garden of the ,lord4 ,from the very first ,livingstone saw the importance of the ,shir ,valley and ,lake ,nyassa as the key to ,central ,africa4 ,ever since1 it has become more and more evident that his surmise was correct4 ,to make the occupation thoroughly effective1 he thought much of the desirableness of a ,british colony1 and was prepared to expend a great part of the remainder of his private means to carry it into effect4 ,on ,august #dth1 he says in his ,journal3 ,i have a very strong desire to commence a system of colonization of the honest poor2 ,i would give #bjjj or #cjjj for the purpose4 ,intend to write my friend ,young about it1 and authorize him to draw if the project seems feasible4 ,the ,lord remember my desire1 sanctify my motives1 and purify all my desires4 ,wrote him4 ,colonization from a country such as ours ought to be one of hope1 and not of despair4 ,it ought not to be looked upon as the last and worst shift that a family can come to1 but the performance of an imperative duty to our blood1 our country1 our religion1 and to humankind4 ,as soon as children begin to be felt an incumbrance1 and what was properly in ancient times ,old ,testament blessings are no longer welcomed1 parents ought to provide for removal to parts of this wide world where every accession is an addition of strength1 and every member of the household feels in his inmost heart1 'the more the merrier4' ,it is a monstrous evil that all our healthy1 handy1 blooming daughters of ,england have not a fair chance at least to become the centres of domestic affections4 ,the state of society1 which precludes so many of them from occupying the position which ,englishwomen are so well calculated to adorn1 gives rise to enormous evils in the opposite sex1--evils and wrongs which we dare not even name1--and national colonization is almost the only remedy4 ,englishwomen are1 in general1 the most beautiful in the world1 and yet our national emigration has often1 by selecting the female emigrants from workhouses1 sent forth the ugliest huzzies in creation to be the mothers--the model mothers--of new empires4 ,here1 as in other cases1 ,state necessities have led to the ill-formed and ill-informed being preferred to the well-formed and well-inclined honest poor1 as if the worst as well as better qualities of mankind did not often run in the blood4 ,the idea of the colony quite fascinated ,livingstone1 and we find him writing on it fully to three of his most confidential business friends--,mr4 ,maclear1 ,mr4 ,young1 and ,sir ,roderick ,murchison4 ,in all ,livingstone's correspondence we find the tone of his letters modified by the character of his correspondents4 ,while to ,mr4 ,young and ,sir ,roderick he is somewhat cautious on the subject of the colony1 knowing the keen practical eye they would direct on the proposal1 to ,mr4 ,maclear he is more gushing4 ,he writes to him3 ,i feel such a gush of emotion on thinking of the great work before us that ,i must unburden my mind4 ,i am becoming every day more decidedly convinced that ,english colonization is an essential ingredient for our large success4444 ,in this new region of ,highlands no end of good could be effected in developing the trade in cotton and in discouraging that in slaves4444 ,you know how ,i have been led on from one step to another by the overruling ,providence of the great ,parent1 as ,i believe1 in order to a great good for ,africa4 ',commit thy way unto the ,lord1 trust also in ,him1 and ,he will bring it to pass4' ,i have tried to do this1 and now see the prospect in front spreading out grandly4444 ,but how is the land so promising to be occupied8444 ,how many of our home poor are fighting hard to keep body and soul together6 ,my heart yearns over our own poor when ,i see so much of ,god's fair earth unoccupied4 ,here it is really so2 for the people have only a few sheep and goats1 and no cattle4 ,i wonder why we cannot have the old monastery system without the celibacy4 ,in no other part where ,i have been does the prospect of self-support seem so inviting1 and promising so much influence4 ,most of what is done for the poor has especial reference to the blackguard poor4 ,in his letter to ,mr4 ,young he expressed his conviction that a great desideratum in mission agency was missionary emigration by honest ,christian poor to give living examples of ,christian life that would insure permanency to the gospel once planted4 ,he had always had a warm side to the ,english and ,scottish poor--his own order1 indeed4 ,if twenty or thirty families would come out as an experiment1 he was ready to give #bjjj without saying from whom4 ,he bids ,mr4 ,young speak about the plan to ,thorn of ,chorley1 ,turner of ,manchester1 ,lord ,shaftesbury1 and the ,duke of ,argyll4 ,now1 my friend1 he adds1 do your best1 and ,god's blessing be with you4 ,much is done for the blackguard poor4 ,let us remember our own class1 and do good while we have opportunity4 ,i hereby authorize you to act in my behalf1 and do whatever is to be done without hesitancy4 ,these letters1 and their references to the honest poor1 are characteristic4 ,we have seen that among ,dr4 ,livingstone's forefathers and connections were some very noble specimens of the honest poor4 ,it touched him to think that1 with all their worth1 their life had been one protracted struggle4 ,his sympathies were cordially with the class4 ,he desired with all his heart to see them with a little less of the burden and more of the comfort of life4 ,and he believed very thoroughly that1 as ,christian settlers in a heathen country1 they might do more to promote ,christianity among the natives than solitary missionaries could accomplish4 ,his parents and sisters were not forgotten4 ,his letters to home are again somewhat in the apologetic vein4 ,he feels that some explanation must be given of his own work1 and some vindication of his coadjutors3 ,we are working hard1 he writes to his mother1 at what some can see at a glance the importance of1 while to others we appear following after the glory of discovering lakes1 mountains1 jenny-nettles1 and puddock-stools4 ,in reference to these people ,i always remember a story told me by the late ,dr4 ,philip with great glee4 ,when a young minister in ,aberdeen1 he visited an old woman in affliction1 and began to talk very fair to her on the duty of resignation1 trusting1 hoping1 and all the rest of it1 when the old woman looked up into his face1 and said1 ',peer thing1 ye ken naething aboot it4' ,this is what ,i say to those who set themselves up to judge another man's servant4 ,we hope our good ,master may permit us to do some good to our fellow-men4 ,his correspondence with ,sir ,roderick ,murchison is likewise full of the idea of the colony4 ,he is thoroughly persuaded that no good will ever be done by the ,portuguese4 ,they are a worn-out people--utterly worn out by disease--their stamina consumed4 ,fresh ,european blood must be poured into ,africa4 ,in consequence of recent discoveries1 he now sees his way open1 and all his hopes of benefit to ,england and ,africa about to be realized4 ,this must have been one of ,livingstone's happiest times4 ,visions of ,christian colonies1 of the spread of arts and civilization1 of the progress of ,christianity and the ,christian graces1 of the cultivation of cotton and the disappearance of the slave-trade1 floated before him4 ,already the wilderness seemed to be blossoming4 ,but the bright consummation was not so near as it seemed4 ,one source of mischief was yet unchecked1 and from it disastrous storms were preparing to break on the enterprise4 ,on his way home1 ,dr4 ,livingstone's health was not satisfactory1 but this did not keep him from duty4 #adth ,october4--,went on #agth part way up to ,murchison's ,cataracts1 and yesterday reached it4 ,very ill with bleeding from the bowels and purging4 ,bled all night4 ,got up at one ,a4,m4 to take latitude4 ,at length1 on #dth ,november1 #ahei1 letters reached him from his family4 ,a letter from ,mrs4 ,l4 says we were blessed with a little daughter on #afth ,november1 #aheh1 at ,kuruman4 ,a fine healthy child4 ,the ,lord bless and make her his own child in heart and life6 ,she had been nearly a year in the world before he heard of her existence4 ,,chapter ,,xiii4 ,,going ,,home ,,with ,,the ,,makololo4 ,a4,d4 #ahfj4 ,down to ,kongone--,state of the ship--,further delay--,letter to ,secretary of ,universities ,mission--,letter to ,mr4 ,braithwaite--,at ,tette--,miss ,whately's sugar-mill--,with his brother and ,kirk at ,kebrabasa--,mode of traveling--,reappearence of old friends--,african warfare and its effects--,desolation--,a ,european colony desirable--,escape from rhinoceros--,rumors of ,moffat--,the ,portuguese local ,governors oppose ,livingstone--,he becomes unpopular with them--,letter to ,mr4 ,young--,wants of the country--,the ,makololo--,approach home--,some are disappointed--,news of the death of the ,london missionaries1 the ,helmores and others--,letter to ,dr4 ,moffat--,the ,victoria ,falls re-examined--,sekeltu ill of leprosy--,treatment and recovery--,his disappointment at not seeing ,mrs4 ,livingstone--,efforts for the spiritual good of the ,makololo--,careful observations in ,natural ,history--,the last of the ,ma-,robert--,cheering prospect of the ,universities ,mission--,letter to ,mr4 ,moore--to ,mr4 ,young--,he wishes another ship--,letter to ,sir ,roderick ,murchison on the rumored journey of ,silva ,porto4 ,it was necessary to go down to ,kongone for the repair of the ship4 ,livingstone was greatly disappointed with it1 and thought the greed of the vendor had supplied him with a very inferior article for the price of a good one4 ,he thus pours forth his vexation in writing to a friend3 ,very grievous it is to be standing here tinkering when we might be doing good service to the cause of ,african civilization1 and that on account of insatiable greediness4 ,burton may thank ,l4 and ,b4 that we are not at the other lakes before him4 ,the loss of time greediness has inflicted on us has been frightful4 ,my plan in this ,expedition was excellent1 but it did not include provisions against hypocrisy and fraud1 which have sorely crippled us1 and1 indeed1 ruined us1 as a scientific ,expedition4 ,another delay was caused before they went inward1 from their having to wait for a season suitable for hunting1 as the party had to be kept in food4 ,the mail from ,england had been lost1 and they had the bitter disappointment of losing a year's correspondence from home4 ,the following portions of a letter to the ,secretary of the ,committee for a ,universities ,mission gives a view of the situation at this time3 ,,river ,,zambesi1 #bfth ,jan41 #ahfj4 ,the defects we have unfortunately experienced in the ',ma-,robert1' or rather the ',asthmatic1' are so numerous that it would require a treatise as long as a lawyer's specification of any simple subject to give you any idea of them1 and they have inflicted so much toil that a feeling of sickness comes over me when ,i advert to them4 ,no one will ever believe the toil we have been put to in woodcutting4 ,the quantity consumed is enormous1 and we cannot get sufficient for speed into the furnace4 ,it was only a dogged determination not to be beaten that carried me through4444 ,but all will come out right at last4 ,we are not alone1 though truly we deserve not his presence4 ,he encourages the trust that is granted by the word1 ',i am with you1 even unto the end of the world4'444 ,it is impossible for you to conceive how backward everything is here1 and the ,portuguese are not to be depended upon2 their establishments are only small penal settlements1 and as no women are sent out1 the state of morals is frightful4 ,the only chance of success is away from them2 nothing would prosper in their vicinity4 ,after all1 ,i am convinced that were ,christianity not divine1 it would be trampled out by its professors4 ,dr4 ,kirk1 ,mr4 ,c4 ,livingstone1 and ,mr4 ,rae1 with two ,english seamen1 do well4 ,we are now on our way up the river to the ,makololo country1 but must go overland from ,kebrabasa1 or in a whaler4 ,we should be better able to plan our course if our letters had not been lost4 ,we have never been idle1 and do not mean to be4 ,we have been trying to get the ,portuguese ,government to acknowledge free-trade on this river1 and but for long delay in our letters the negotiation might have been far advanced4 ,i hope ,lord ,john ,russell will help in this matter1 and then we must have a small colony or missionary and mercantile settlement4 ,if this our desire is granted1 it is probable we shall have no cause to lament our long toil and detention here4 ,my wife's letters1 too1 were lost1 so ,i don't know how or where she is4 ,our separation1 and the work ,i have been engaged in1 were not contemplated1 but they have led to our opening a path into the fine cotton-field in the ,north4 ,you will see that the discoveries of ,burton and ,speke confirm mine respecting the form of the continent and its fertility4 ,it is an immense field4 ,i crave the honor of establishing a focus of ,christianity in it1 but should it not be granted1 ,i will submit as most unworthy4 ,i have written ,mr4 ,venn twice1 and from yours ,i see something is contemplated in ,cambridge4444 ,if young men come to this country1 they must lay their account with doing everything for themselves4 ,they must not expect to find influence at once1 and all the countries near to the ,portuguese have been greatly depopulated4 ,we are now ascending this river without vegetables1 and living on salt beef and pork4 ,the slave-trade has done its work1 for formerly all kinds of provisions could be procured at every point1 and at the cheapest rate4 ,we cannot get anything for either love or money1 in a country the fertility of which is truly astonishing4 ,a few more general topics are touched on in a letter to ,mr4 ,braithwaite3 ,i am sorry to hear of the death of ,mr4 ,sturge4 ,he wrote me a long letter on the ',peace principle1' and before ,i could study it carefully1 it was mislaid4 ,i wrote him from ,tette1 as ,i did not wish him to suppose ,i neglected him1 and mentioned the murder of the six ,makololo and other things1 as difficulties in the way of adopting his views1 as they were perfectly unarmed1 and there was no feud between the tribes4 ,i fear that my letter may not have reached him alive4 ,the departure of ,sir ,fowell ,buxton and others is very unexpected4 ,sorry to see the loss of ,dr4 ,bowen1 of ,sierra ,leone--a good man and a true4 ,but there is ,one who ever liveth to make intercession for us1 and to carry on his own work4 ,a terrible war that was in ,italy1 and the peace engenders more uneasy forebodings than any peace ever heard of4 ,it is well that ,god and not the devil reigns1 and will bring his own purposes to pass1 right through the midst of the wars and passions of men4 ,have you any knowledge of a famous despatch written by ,sir ,george ,grey 7late of the ,cape71 on the proper treatment of native tribes8 ,i wish to study it4 ,tell your children that if ,i could get hold of a hippopotamus ,i would eat it rather than allow it to eat me4 ,we see them often1 but before we get near enough to get a shot they dive down1 and remain hidden till we are past4 ,as for lions1 we never see them1 sometimes hear a roar or two1 but that is all1 and ,i go on the plan put forth by a little girl in ,scotland who saw a cow coming to her in a meadow1 ',o boo6 boo6 you no hurt me1 ,i no hurt you4' ,at ,tette one of his occupations was to fit up a sugar-mill1 the gift of ,miss ,whately1 of ,dublin1 and some friends4 ,to that lady he writes a long letter of nineteen pages4 ,he tells her he had just put up her beautiful sugar-mill1 to show the natives what could be done by machinery4 ,then he adverts to the wonderful freedom from sickness that his party had enjoyed in the delta of the ,zambesi1 and proceeds to give an account of the ,shir ,valley and its people4 ,he finds ground for a favorable contrast between the ,shir natives and the ,tette ,portuguese3 ,they 7the natives7 have fences made to guard the women from the alligators1 all along the ,shir3 at ,tette they have none1 and two women were taken past our vessel in the mouths of these horrid brutes4 ,the number of women taken is so great as to make the ,portuguese swear every time they speak of them1 and yet1 when ,i proposed to the priest to make a collection for a fence1 and offered twenty dollars1 he only smiled4 ,you ,protestants don't know all the good you do by keeping our friends of the only true and infallible ,church up to their duty4 ,here1 and in ,angola1 we see how it is1 when they are not provoked--if not to love1 to good works4444 ,on telling the ,makololo that the sugar-mill had been sent to ,sekeltu by a lady1 who collected a sum among other ladies to buy it1 they replied1 ',o na le pelu'--she has a heart4 ,i was very proud of it1 and so were they4 444 ,with reference to the future1 ,i am trying to do what ,i did before--obey the injunction1 ',commit thy way to the ,lord1 trust also in ,him1 and ,he shall bring it to pass4' ,and ,i hope that ,he will make some use of me4 ,my attention is now directed specially to the fact that there is no country better adapted for producing the raw materials of ,english manufactures than this4444 ,see to what a length ,i have run4 ,i have become palaverist4 ,i beg you to present my respectful salutation to the ,archbishop and ,mrs4 ,whately1 and should you meet any of the kind contributors1 say how thankful ,i am to them all4 ,from ,tette he writes to ,sir ,roderick ,murchison1 #gth ,february1 #ahfj1 urging his plan for a steamer on ,lake ,nyassa3 ,if ,government furnishes the means1 all right2 if not1 ,i shall spend my book-money on it4 ,i don't need to touch the children's fund1 and mine could not be better spent4 ,people who are born rich sometimes become miserable from a fear of becoming poor2 but ,i have the advantage1 you see1 in not being afraid to die poor4 ,if ,i live1 ,i must succeed in what ,i have undertaken2 death alone will put a stop to my efforts4 ,a month after he writes to the same friend1 from ,kongone1 #ajth ,march1 #ahfj1 that he is sending ,rae home for a vessel3 ,i tell ,lord ,john ,russell that he 7,rae7 may thereby do us more service than he can now do in a worn-out steamer1 with #ce patches1 covering at least #ajj holes4 ,i say to his ,lordship1 that after we have1 by patient investigation and experiment1 at the risk of life1 rendered the fever not more formidable than a common cold2 found access1 from a good harbor on the coast1 to the main stream2 and discovered a pathway into the magnificent ,highland lake region1 which promises so fairly for our commerce in cotton1 and for our policy in suppressing the trade in slaves1 ,i earnestly hope that he will crown our efforts by securing our free passage through those parts of the ,zambesi and ,shir of which the ,portuguese make no use1 and by enabling us to introduce civilization in a manner which will extend the honor and influence of the ,english name4 ,in his communications with the ,government at home1 ,livingstone never failed to urge the importance of their securing the free navigation of the ,zambesi4 ,the ,portuguese on the river were now beginning to get an inkling of his drift1 and to feel indignant at any countenance he was receiving from their own ,government4 ,passing up the ,zambesi with ,charles ,livingstone1 ,dr4 ,kirk1 and such of the ,makololo as were willing to go home1 ,dr4 ,livingstone took a new look at ,kebrabasa1 from a different point1 still believing that in flood it would allow a steamer to pass4 ,of his mode of traveling we have some pleasant glimpses4 ,he always tried to make progress more a pleasure than a toil1 and found that kindly consideration for the feelings even of blacks1 the pleasure of observing scenery and everything new1 as one moves on at an ordinary pace1 and the participation in the most delightful rest with his fellows1 made traveling delightful4 ,he was gratified to find that he was as able for the fatigue as the natives4 ,even the headman1 who carried little more than he did himself1 and never1 like him1 hunted in the afternoon1 was not equal to him4 ,the hunting was no small addition to the toil2 the tired hunter was often tempted to give it up1 after bringing what would have been only sufficient for the three whites1 and leave the rest1 thus sending the idle1 ungrateful poor supperless to bed4 ,but this was not his way4 ,the blacks were thought of in hunting as well as the whites4 ,it is only by continuance in well-doing1 he says1 even to the length of what the worldly-wise call weakness1 that the conviction is produced anywhere1 that our motives are high enough to secure sincere respect4 ,as they proceeded1 some of his old acquaintances reappeared1 notably ,mpende1 who had given him such a threatening reception1 but had now learned that he belonged to a tribe that loved the black man and did not make slaves4 ,a chief named ,pangola appeared1 at first tipsy and talkative1 demanding a rifle1 and next morning1 just as they were beginning divine service1 reappeared sober to press his request4 ,among the ,baenda-,pezi1 or ,go-,nakeds1 whose only clothing is a coat of red ochre1 a noble specimen of the race appeared in full dress1 consisting of a long tobacco-pipe1 and brought a handsome present4 ,the country bore the usual traces of the results of ,african warfare4 ,at times a clever chief stands up1 who brings large tracts under his dominion2 at his death his empire dissolves1 and a fresh series of desolating wars ensues4 ,in one region which was once studded with villages1 they walked a whole week without meeting any one4 ,a ,european colony1 he was sure1 would be invaluable for constraining the tribes to live in peace4 ,thousands of industrious natives would gladly settle round it1 and engage in that peaceful pursuit of agriculture and trade of which they are so fond1 and1 undistracted by wars and rumors of wars1 might listen to the purifying and ennobling truths of the gospel of ,jesus ,christ4 ,at ,zumbo1 the most picturesque site in the country1 they saw the ruins of ,jesuit missions1 reminding them that there men once met to utter the magnificent words1 ,thou art the ,king of ,glory1 ,o ,christ6 but without leaving one permanent trace of their labors in the belief and worship of the people4 ,wherever they go1 ,dr4 ,livingstone has his eye on the trees and plants and fruits of the region1 with a view to commerce2 while he is no less interested to watch the treatment of fever1 when cases occur1 and greatly gratified that ,dr4 ,kirk1 who had been trying a variety of medicines on himself1 made rapid recovery when he took ,dr4 ,livingstone's pills4 ,he used to say if he had followed ,morison1 and set up as pill-maker1 he might have made his fortune4 ,passing through the ,bazizulu he had an escape from a rhinoceros1 as remarkable though not quite as romantic as his escape from the lion2 the animal came dashing at him1 and suddenly1 for some unknown reason1 stopped when close to him1 and gave him time to escape1 as if it had been struck by his color1 and doubtful if hunting a white man would be good sport4 ,at a month's distance from ,mosilikatse1 they heard a report that the missionaries had been there1 that they had told the chief that it was wrong to kill men1 and that the chief had said he was born to kill people1 but would drop the practice--an interesting testimony to the power of ,mr4 ,moffat's words4 ,everywhere the ,makololo proclaimed that they were the friends of peace1 and their course was like a triumphal procession1 the people of the villages loading them with presents4 ,but a new revelation came to ,dr4 ,livingstone4 ,though the ,portuguese ,government had given public orders that he was to be aided in every possible way1 it was evident that private instructions had come1 which1 unintentionally perhaps1 certainly produced the opposite effects4 ,the ,portuguese who were engaged in the slave-trade were far too much devoted to it ever to encourage an enterprise that aimed at extirpating it4 ,indeed1 it became painfully apparent to ,dr4 ,livingstone that the effect of his opening up the ,zambesi had been to afford the ,portuguese traders new facilities for conducting their unhallowed traffic2 and had it not been for his promise to bring back the ,makololo1 he would now have abandoned the ,zambesi and tried the ,rovuma1 as a way of reaching ,nyassa4 ,his future endeavors in connection with the ,rovuma receive their explanation from this unwelcome discovery4 ,the significance of the discovery in other respects cannot fail to be seen4 ,hitherto ,livingstone had been on friendly terms with the ,portuguese ,government2 he could be so no longer4 ,the remarkable kindness he had so often received from ,portuguese officers and traders made it a most painful trial to break with the authorities4 ,but there was no alternative4 ,livingstone's courage was equal to the occasion1 though he could not but see that his new attitude to the ,portuguese must give an altered aspect to his ,expedition1 and create difficulties that might bring it to an end4 ,a letter to ,mr4 ,james ,young1 dated #bb;d ,july1 near ,kalosi1 gives a free and familiar account of what he was about3 ,this is ,july1 #ahfj1 and no letter from you except one written a few months after we sailed in the year of grace #aheh4 ,what you are doing ,i cannot divine4 ,i am ready to believe any mortal thing except that ,louis ,napoleon has taken you away to make paraffin oil for the ,tuileries4 ,i don't believe that he is supreme ruler1 or that he can go an inch beyond his tether4 ,well1 as ,i cannot conceive what you are about1 ,i must tell you what we are doing1 and we are just trudging up the ,zambesi as if there were no steam and no locomotive but shank's nag yet discovered4444 ,we have heard of a mission for the ,interior from the ,english ,universities1 and this is the best news we have got since we came to ,africa4 ,i have recommended up ,shir as a proper sphere1 and hasten back so as to be in the way if any assistance can be rendered4 ,i rejoice at the prospect with all my heart1 and am glad1 too1 that it is to be a ,church of ,england ,mission1 for that ,church has never put forth its strength1 and ,i trust this may draw it forth4 ,i am tired of discovery when no fruit follows4 ,it was refreshing to be able to sit down every evening with the ,makololo again1 and tell them of ,him who came down from heaven to save sinners4 ,the unmerciful toil of the steamer prevented me from following my bent as ,i should have done4 ,poor fellows6 they have learnt no good from their contact with slavery2 many have imbibed the slave spirit2 many had married slave-women and got children4 ,these ,i did not expect to return1 as they were captives of ,sekeltu1 and were not his own proper people4 ,all professed a strong desire to return4 ,to test them ,i proposed to burn their village1 but to this they would not assent4 ,we then went out a few miles and told them that any one wishing to remain might do so without guilt4 ,a few returned1 but though this was stated to them repeatedly afterward they preferred running away like slaves4 ,i never saw any of the interior people so devoid of honor4 ,some complained of sickness1 and all these ,i sent back1 intrusting them with their burdens4 ,about twenty-five returned in all to live at ,tette4 ,some were drawn away by promises made to them as elephant-hunters4 ,i had no objection to their trying to better their condition1 but was annoyed at finding that they would not tell their intentions1 but ran away as if ,i were using compulsion4 ,i have learned more of the degrading nature of slavery of late than ,i ever conceived before4 ,our #bj millions were well spent in ridding ourselves of the incubus1 and ,i think we ought to assist our countrymen in the ,west ,indies to import free labor from ,india4444 ,i cannot tell you how glad ,i am at a prospect of a better system being introduced into ,eastern ,africa than that which has prevailed for ages1 the evils of which have only been intensified by ,portuguese colonization1 as it is called4 ,here we are passing through a well-peopled1 fruitful region--a prolonged valley1 for we have the highlands far on our right4 ,i did not observe before that all the banks of the ,zambesi are cotton-fields4 ,i never intended to write a book and take no note of cotton1 which ,i now see everywhere4 ,on the ,chongwe we found a species which is cultivated south of the ,zambesi1 which resembles some kinds from ,south ,america4 ,all that is needed is religious and mercantile establishments to begin a better system and promote peaceful intercourse4 ,here we are among a people who go stark naked with no more sense of shame than we have with our clothes on4 ,the women have more sense and go decently4 ,you see great he-animals all about your camp carrying their indispensable tobacco-pipes and iron tongs to lift fire with1 but the idea of a fig-leaf has never entered the mind4 ,they cultivate largely have had enormous crops of grain1 work well in iron1 and show taste in their dwellings1 stools1 baskets1 and musical instruments4 ,they are very hospitable1 too1 and appreciate our motives2 but shame has been unaccountably left out of the question4 ,they can give no reason for it except that all their ancestors went exactly as they do4 ,can you explain why ,adam's first feeling has no trace of existence in his offspring8 ,when the party reached the outskirts of ,sekeltu's territory the news they heard was not encouraging4 ,some of the men heard that in their absence some of their wives had been variously disposed of4 ,one had been killed for witchcraft1 another had married again1 while ,masakasa was told that two years ago a kind of wild ,irish wake had been celebrated in honor of his memory2 the news made him resolve1 when he presented himself among them1 to declare himself an inhabitant from another world6 ,one poor fellow's wail of anguish for his wife was most distressing to hear4 ,but far more tragical was the news of the missionaries who had gone from the ,london ,missionary ,society to ,linyanti1 to labor among ,sekeltu's people4 ,mr4 and ,mrs4 ,helmore and several of his party had succumbed to fever1 and the survivors had retired4 ,dr4 ,livingstone was greatly distressed1 and not a little hurt1 because he had not heard a word about the mission1 nor been asked advice about any of the arrangements4 ,if only the ,helmores and their comrades had followed the treatment practiced by him so often1 and in this very valley at this time by his brother ,charles1 they would probably have recovered4 ,all spoke kindly of ,mr4 ,helmore1 who had quite won the hearts of the people4 ,knowing their language1 he had at once begun to preach1 and some of the young men at ,seshke were singing the hymns he had taught them4 ,rumors had gone abroad that some of the missionaries had been poisoned4 ,in some quarters blame was cast on ,livingstone for having misled the ,society as to the character of ,sekeltu and his disposition toward missionaries2 but ,livingstone satisfied himself that1 though the missionaries had been neglected no foul play had taken place2 fever alone had caused the deaths1 and want of skill in managing the people had brought the remainder of the troubles4 ,one piece of good news which he heard at ,linyanti was that his old friend ,sechle was doing well4 ,he had a ,hanoverian missionary1 nine tribes were under him1 and the schools were numerously attended4 ,writing to ,dr4 ,moffat1 #ajth ,august1 #ahfj1 from ,zambesi ,falls1 he says3 ,with great sorrow we learned the death of our much-esteemed friends1 ,mr4 and ,mrs4 ,helmore1 two days ago4 ,we were too late to be of any service1 for the younger missionaries had retired1 probably dispirited by the loss of their leader4 ,it is evident that the fever when untreated is as fatal now as it proved in the case of ,commodore ,owen's officers in this river1 or in the great ,niger ,expedition4 ,and yet what poor drivel was poured forth when ,i adopted energetic measures for speedily removing any ,europeans out of the ,delta4 ,we were not then aware that the remedy which was first found efficacious in our own little ,thomas on ,lake ',ngami1 in #ahej1 and that cured myself and attendants during my solitary journeyings1 was a certain cure for the disease1 without loss of strength in ,europeans generally4 ,this we now know by ample experience to be the case4 ,warburg's drops1 which have a great reputation in ,india1 here cause profuse perspiration only1 and the fever remains uncured4 ,with our remedy1 of which we make no secret1 a man utterly prostrated is roused to resume his march next day4 ,i have sent the prescription to ,john1 as ,i doubt being able to go so far ,south as ,mosilikatse's4 ,again the grand ,victoria ,falls are reached1 and ,charles ,livingstone1 who has seen ,niagara1 gives the preference to ,mosi-oa-tunya4 ,by the route which they took1 they would have passed the ,falls at twenty miles' distance1 but ,dr4 ,livingstone could not resist the temptation to show them to his companions4 ,all his former computations as to their size were found to be considerably within the mark2 instead of a thousand yards broad they were more than eighteen hundred1 and whereas he had said that the height of fall was about #ajj feet1 it turned out to be #caj4 ,his habit of keeping within the mark in all his statements of remarkable things was thus exemplified4 ,on coming among his old friends the ,makololo1 he found them in low spirits owing to protracted drought1 and ,sekeltu was ill of leprosy4 ,he was in the hands of a native doctress1 who was persuaded to suspend her treatment1 and the lunar caustic applied by ,drs4 ,livingstone and ,kirk had excellent effects#fj4 ,on going to ,linyanti1 ,dr4 ,livingstone found the wagon and other articles which he had left there in #ahec1 safe and sound1 except from the effects of weather and the white ants4 ,the expressions of kindness and confidence toward him on the part of the natives greatly touched him4 ,the people were much disappointed at not seeing ,mrs4 ,livingstone and the children4 ,but this confidence was the result of his way of dealing with them4 ,it ought never to be forgotten that influence among the heathen can be acquired only by patient continuance in well-doing1 and that good manners are as necessary among barbarians as among the civilized4 ,the ,makololo were the most interesting tribe that ,dr4 ,livingstone had ever seen4 ,while now with them he was unwearied in his efforts for their spiritual good4 ,in his ,journal we find these entries3 ,footnote #fj3 ,in #ahfd1 while residing at ,newstead ,abbey1 and writing his book1 ,the ,zambesi and its ,tributaries1 ,dr4 ,livingstone heard of the death of ,sekeltu4 ,september #b1 #ahfj4--,on ,sunday evening went over to the people1 giving a general summary of ,christian faith by the life of ,christ4 ,asked them to speak about it afterward4 ,replied that these things were above them--they could not answer me4 ,i said if ,i spoke of camels and buffaloes tamed1 they understood1 though they had never seen them2 why not perceive the story of ,christ1 the witnesses to which refused to deny it1 though killed for maintaining it8 ,went on to speak of the resurrection4 ,all were listening eagerly to the statements about this1 especially when they heard that they1 too1 must rise and be judged4 ,lerimo said1 ',this ,i won't believe4' ',well1 the guilt lies between you and ,jesus1' ,this always arrests attention4 ,spoke of blood shed by them2 the conversation continued till they said1 ',it was time for me to cross1 for the river was dangerous at night4' ,september #i4--,spoke to the people on the north side of the river--wind prevented evening service on the south4 ,the last subject on which he preached before leaving them on this occasion was the great resurrection4 ,they told him they could not believe a reunion of the particles of the body possible4 ,dr4 ,livingstone gave them in reply a chemical illustration1 and then referred to the authority of the ,book that taught them the doctrine4 ,and the poor people were more willing to give in to the authority of the ,book than to the chemical illustration6 ,in ,the ,zambesi and its ,tributaries this journey to the ,makololo country and back occupies one-third of the volume1 though it did not lead to any very special results4 ,but it enabled ,dr4 ,livingstone to make great additions to his knowledge both of the people and the country4 ,his observations are recorded with the utmost care1 for though he might not be able to turn them to immediate use1 it was likely1 and even certain1 that they would be useful some day4 ,indeed1 the spirit of faith is apparent in the whole narrative1 as if he could not pass over even the most insignificant details4 ,the fish in the rivers1 the wild animals in the woods1 the fissures in the rocks1 the course of the streams1 the composition of the minerals and gravels1 and a thousand other phenomena1 are carefully observed and chronicled4 ,the crowned cranes beginning to pair1 the flocks of spurwinged geese1 the habits of the ostrich1 the nests of bee-eaters1 pass under review in rapid succession4 ,his sphere of observation ranges from the structure of the great continent itself to the serrated bone of the konokono1 or the mandible of the ant4 ,leaving ,seshke on the #agth ,september1 they reached ,tette on the #bc;d ,november1 #ahfj1 whence they started for ,kongone with the unfortunate ,ma-,robert4 ,but the days of that asthmatic old lady were numbered4 ,on the #bast ,december she grounded on a sand-bank1 and could not get off4 ,a few days before this catastrophe ,livingstone writes to ,mr4 ,young3 ,lupata1 #dth ,dec41 #ahfj4--,many thanks for all you have been doing about the steamer and everything else4 ,you seem to have gone about matters in a most business-like manner1 and once for all ,i assure you ,i am deeply grateful4 ,we are now on our way down to the sea1 in hopes of meeting the new steamer for which you and other friends exerted yourselves so zealously4 ,we are in the old ',asthmatic1' though we gave her up before leaving in ,may last4 ,our engineer has been doctoring her bottom with fat and patches1 and pronounced it safe to go down the river by dropping slowly4 ,every day a new leak bursts out1 and he is in plastering and scoring1 the pump going constantly4 ,i would not have ventured again1 but our whaler is as bad1--all eaten by the teredo1--so ,i thought it as well to take both1 and stick to that which swims longest4 ,you can put your thumb through either of them2 they never can move again2 ,i never expected to find either afloat1 but the engineer had nothing else to do1 and it saves us from buying dear canoes from the ,portuguese4 #bjth ,dec4--,one day1 above ,senna1 the ',ma-,robert' stuck on a sand-bank and filled1 so we had to go ashore and leave her4 ,the correspondence of this year indicates a growing delight at the prospect of the ,universities ,mission4 ,it was this1 indeed1 mainly that kept up his spirits under the depression caused by the failure of the ,ma-,robert1 and other mishaps of the ,expedition1 the endless delays and worries that had resulted from that cause1 and the manner in which both the ,portuguese and the ,french were counter-working him by encouraging the slave-trade4 ,while professedly encouraging emigration1 the ,french were really extending slavery4 ,here is his lively account of himself to his friend ,mr4 ,moore3 ,,tette1 #bhth ,november1 #ahfj4 ,,my ,,dear ,,moore1--,and why didn't you begin when you were so often on the point of writing1 but didn't8 ,this that you have accomplished is so far good1 but very short4 ,hope you are not too old to learn4 ,you have heard of our hindrances and annoyances1 and1 possibly1 that we have done some work notwithstanding4 ,thanks to ,providence1 we have made some progress1 and it is likely our operations will yet have a decided effect on slave-trading in ,eastern ,africa4 ,i am greatly delighted with the prospect of a ,church of ,england mission to ,central ,africa4 ,that is a good omen for those who are sitting in darkness1 and ,i trust that in process of time great benefits will be conferred on our own overcrowded population at home4 ,there is room enough and to spare in the fair world our ,father has prepared for all his progeny4 ,i pray to be made a harbinger of good to many1 both white and black4 ,i like to hear that some abuse me now1 and say that ,i am 99no ,christian4 ,many good things were said of me which ,i did not deserve1 and ,i feared to read them4 ,i shall read every word ,i can on the other side1 and that will prove a sedative to what ,i was forced to hear of an opposite tendency4 ,i pray that ,he who has lifted me up and guided me thus far1 will not desert me now1 but make me useful in my day and generation4 ',i will never leave thee nor forsake thee4' ,so let it be4 ,i saw poor ,helmore's grave lately4 ,had my book been searched for excellencies1 they might have seen a certain cure for ,african fever4 ,we were curing it at a lower and worse part of the river at the very time that they were helplessly perishing1 and so quickly1 that more than a day was never lost after the operation of the remedy1 though we were marching on foot4 ,our tramp was over #fjj miles4 ,we dropped down stream again in canoes from ,sinamanero to ,chicova--thence to this on shank's nag4 ,we go down to the sea immediately1 to meet our new steamer4 ,our punt was a sham and a snare4 ,my love to ,mary and all the children1 with all our friends at ,congleton4 ,in a letter to ,mr4 ,james ,young1 ,dr4 ,livingstone gives good reasons for not wishing to push the colonization scheme at present1 as he had recommended to the ,universities ,mission to add a similar enterprise to their undertaking3 ,if you read all ,i have written you by this mail1 you will deserve to be called a literary character4 ,i find that ,i did not touch on the colonization scheme4 ,i have not changed in respect to it1 but the ,oxford and ,cambridge mission have taken the matter up1 and as ,i shall do all ,i can to aid them1 a little delay will1 perhaps1 be advisable4 ,we are waiting for our steamer1 and expect her every day2 our first trip is a secret1 and you will keep it so4 ,we go to the ,rovuma1 a river exterior to the ,portuguese claims1 as soon as the vessel arrives4 ,captain ,oldfield of the ',lyra' is sent already1 to explore1 as far as he can1 in that ship4 ,the entrance is fine1 and forty-five miles are known1 but we keep our movements secret from the ,portuguese--and so must you2 they seize everything they see in the newspapers4 ,who are my imprudent friends that publish everything8 ,i suspect ,mr4 ----1 of ----1 but no one gives me a name or a clue4 ,some expected me to feel sweet at being jewed by a false philanthropist1 and bamboozled by a silly ,r4 ,n4 ,i did not1 and could not1 seem so2 but ,i shall be more careful in future4 ,again back to the colony4 ,it is not to sleep1 but preparation must be made by collecting information1 and maturing our plans4 ,i shall be able to give definite instructions as soon as ,i see how the other mission works--at its beginning--and when we see if the new route we may discover has a better path to ,nyassa than by ,shir--we shall choose the best1 of course1 and let you know as soon as possible4 ,i think the ,government will not hold back if we have a feasible plan to offer4 ,i have recommended to the ,universities ,mission a little delay till we explore1--and for a working staff1 two gardeners acquainted with farming2 two country carpenters1 capable of erecting sheds and any rough work2 two traders to purchase and prepare cotton for exportation2 one general steward of mission goods1 his wife to be a good plain cook2 one medical man1 having knowledge of chemistry enough to regulate indigo and sugar-making4 ,all the attendants to be married1 and their wives to be employed in sewing1 washing1 attending the sick1 etc41 as need requires4 ,the missionaries not to think themselves deserving a good ,english wife till they have erected a comfortable abode for her4 ,in the ,royal ,geographical ,society this year 7#ahfj71 certain communications were read which tended to call in question ,livingstone's right to some of the discoveries he had claimed as his own4 ,mr4 ,macqueen1 through whom these communications came1 must have had peculiar notions of discovery1 for some time before1 there had appeared in the ,cape papers a statement of his1 that ,lake ',ngami of #ahei was no new discovery1 as ,dr4 ,livingstone had visited it seven years before2 and ,livingstone had to write to the papers in favor of the claims of ,murray1 ,oswell1 and ,livingstone1 against himself6 ,it had been asserted to the ,society by ,mr4 ,macqueen1 that ,silva ,porto1 a ,portuguese trader1 had shown him a journal describing a journey of his from ,benguela on the west to ,ibo and ,mozambique on the east1 beginning ,november #bf1 #aheb1 and terminating ,august1 #ahed4 ,of that journal ,mr4 ,macqueen read a copious abstract to the ,society 7,june #bg1 #ahei71 which is published in the ,journal for #ahfj4 ,in a letter to ,sir ,roderick ,murchison 7#bjth ,february1 #ahfa71 ,livingstone1 while exonerating ,mr4 ,macqueen of all intention of misleading1 gives his reasons for doubting whether the journey to the ,east ,coast ever took place4 ,he had met ,porto at ,linyanti in #ahec1 and subsequently at ,naliele1 the ,barotse capital1 and had been told by him that he had tried to go eastward1 but had been obliged to turn1 and was then going westward1 and wished him to accompany him1 which he declined1 as he was a slave-trader2 he had read his journal as it appeared in the ,loanda ,boletim1 but there was not a word in it of a journey to the ,east ,coast2 when the ,portuguese minister had wished to find a rival to ,dr4 ,livingstone1 he had brought forward1 not ,porto1 as he would naturally have done if this had been a genuine journey1 but two black men who came to ,tette in #ahae2 in the ,boletim of ,mozambique there was no word of the arrival of ,porto there2 in short1 the part of the journal founded on could not have been authentic4 ,livingstone felt keenly on the subject of these rumors1 not on his own account1 but on account of the ,geographical ,society and of ,sir ,roderick who had introduced him to it2 for nothing could have given him more pain than that either of these should have had any slur thrown on them through him1 or even been placed for a time in an uncomfortable position4 ,,chapter ,,xiv4 ,,rovuma ,,and ,,nyassa--,,universities ,,mission4 ,a4,d4 #ahfa-ahfb4 ,beginning of #ahfa--;,arrival of the ,pioneer--and of the agents of ,universities ,mission--,cordial welcome--,livingstone's catholic feelings--,ordered to explore the ,rovuma--,bishop ,mackenzie goes with him--,returns to the ,shir--,turning-point of prosperity past--,difficult navigation--,the slave-sticks--,bishop settles at ,magomero--,hostilities between ,manganja and ,ajawa--,attack of ,mission party by ,ajawa--,livingstone's advice to ,bishop regarding them--,letter to his son ,robert--,livingstone1 ,kirk1 and ,charles start for ,lake ,nyassa--,party robbed at north of ,lake--,dismal activity of the slave-trade--,awful mortality in the process--,livingstone's fondness for ,punch--,letter to ,mr4 ,young--,joy at departure of new steamer ,lady ,nyassa--,colonization project--,letter against it from ,sir ,r4 ,murchison--,hears of ,dr4 ,stewart coming out from ,free ,church of ,scotland--,visit at the ship from ,bishop ,mackenzie--,news of defeat of ,ajawa by missionaries--,anxiety of ,livingstone--,arrangements for ,pioneer to go to ,kongone for new steamer and friends from home1 then go to ,ruo to meet ,bishop--,pioneer detained--,dr4 ,livingstone's anxieties and depressions at ,new ,year--,pioneer misses man-of-war ,gorgon--,at length ,gorgon appears with brig from ,england and ,lady ,nyassa--,mrs4 ,livingstone and other ladies on board--,livingstone's meeting with his wife1 and with ,dr4 ,stewart--,stewart's recollections--,difficulties of navigation--,captain ,wilson of ,gorgon goes up river and hears of death of ,bishop ,mackenzie and ,mr4 ,burrup--,great distress--,misrepresentations about ,universities ,mission--,miss ,mackenzie and ,mr4 ,burrup taken to ,gorgon--,dr4 and ,mrs4 ,livingstone return to ,shupanga--,illness and death of ,mrs4 ,livingstone--,extracts from ,livingstone's ,journal and letters to the ,moffats1 ,agnes1 and the ,murchisons4 ,the beginning of #ahfa brought some new features on the scene4 ,the new steamer1 the ,pioneer1 at last arrived1 and was a great improvement on the ,ma-,robert1 though unfortunately she had too great draught of water4 ,the agents of the ,universities ,missions also arrived1 the first1 detachment consisting of ,bishop ,mackenzie and five other ,englishmen1 and five colored men from the ,cape4 ,writing familiarly to his friend ,moore1 propos of his new comrades of the ,church ,mission1 ,livingstone says3 ,i have never felt anyway inclined to turn ,churchman or dissenter either since ,i came out here4 ,the feelings which we have toward different sects alter out here quite insensibly1 till one looks upon all godly men as good and true brethren4 ,i rejoiced when ,i heard that so many good and great men in the ,universities had turned their thoughts toward ,africa1 and feeling sure that ,he who had touched their hearts would lead them to promote his own glory1 ,i welcomed the men they sent with a hearty1 unfeigned welcome4 ,to his friend ,mr4 ,maclear he wrote that he was very glad the ,mission was to be under a bishop4 ,he had seen so much idleness and folly result from missionaries being left to themselves1 that it was a very great satisfaction to find that the new mission was to be superintended by one authorized and qualified to take the charge4 ,afterward when he came to know ,bishop ,mackenzie1 he wrote of him to ,mr4 ,maclear in the highest terms3 ,the ,bishop is ,a #a1 and in his readiness to put his hand to anything resembles much my good father-in-law ,moffat4 ,it is not often that missions are over-manned1 but in the first stage of such an undertaking as this1 so large a body of men was an incumbrance1 none of them knowing a word of the language or a bit of the way4 ,it was ,bishop ,mackenzie's desire that ,dr4 ,livingstone should accompany him at once to the scene of his future labors and help him to settle4 ,but besides other reasons1 the ,pioneer1 as already stated1 was under orders to explore the ,rovuma1 and1 as the ,portuguese put so many obstacles in the way on the ,zambesi1 to ascertain whether that river might not afford access to the ,nyassa district4 ,it was at last arranged that the ,bishop should first go with the ,doctor to the ,rovuma1 and thereafter they should all go together to the ,shir4 ,in waiting for ,bishop ,mackenzie to accompany him1 ,dr4 ,livingstone lost the most favorable part of the season1 and found that he could not get with the ,pioneer to the top of the ,rovuma4 ,he might have left the ship and pushed forward on foot2 but1 not to delay ,bishop ,mackenzie1 he left the ,rovuma in the meantime1 intending1 after making arrangements with the ,bishop1 to go to ,nyassa1 to find the point where the ,rovuma left the lake1 if there were such a point1 or1 if not1 get into its headwaters and explore it downward4 ,dr4 ,livingstone1 as we have seen1 welcomed the ,mission right cordially1 for indeed it was what he had been most eagerly praying for1 and he believed that it would be the beginning of all blessing to ,eastern and ,central ,africa1 and help to assimilate the condition of the ,east ,coast to that of the ,west ,the field for the cultivation of cotton which he had discovered along the ,shir and ,lake ,nyassa was immense1 above #djj miles in length1 and now it seemed as if commerce and ,christianity were going to take possession of it4 ,but it was found that the turning-point of prosperity had been reached1 and it was his lot to encounter dark reverses4 ,the navigation of the ,shir was difficult1 for the ,pioneer being deep in the water would often run aground4 ,on these occasions the ,bishop1 ,mr4 ,scudamore1 and ,mr4 ,waller1 the best and the bravest of the missionary party1 were ever ready with their help in hauling4 ,livingstone was sometimes scandalized to see the ,bishop toiling in the hot sun1 while some of his subordinates were reading or writing in the cabin4 ,as they proceeded up the ,shir it was seen that the promises of assistance from the ,portuguese ,government were worse than fruitless4 ,evidently the ,portuguese traders were pushing the slave-trade with greater eagerness than ever4 ,slave-hunting chiefs were marauding the country1 driving peaceful inhabitants before them1 destroying their crops1 seizing on all the people they could lay hands on1 and selling them as slaves4 ,the contrast to what ,livingstone had seen on his last journey was lamentable4 ,all their prospects were overcast4 ,how could commerce or ,christianity flourish in countries desolated by war8 ,every reader of ,the ,zambesi and its ,tributaries remembers the frightful picture of the slave-sticks1 and the row of men1 women1 and children whom ,livingstone and his companions set free4 ,nothing helped more than this picture to rouse in ,english bosoms an intense horror of the trade1 and a burning sympathy with ,livingstone and his friends4 ,livingstone and the ,bishop1 with his party1 had gone up the ,shir to ,chibisa's1 and were halting at the village of ,mbame1 when a slave party came along4 ,the flight of the drivers1 the liberation of eighty-four men and women1 and their reception by the good ,bishop under his charge1 speedily followed4 ,the aggressors were the neighboring warlike tribe of ,ajawa1 and their victims were the ,manganja1 the inhabitants of the ,shir ,valley4 ,the ,bishop accepted the invitation of ,chigunda1 a ,manganja chief1 to settle at ,magomero4 ,it was thought1 however1 desirable for the ,bishop and ,livingstone first to visit the ,ajawa chief1 and try to turn him from his murderous ways4 ,the road was frightful--through burning villages resounding with the wailings of women and the shouts of the warriors4 ,the ,ajawa received the offered visit in a hostile spirit1 and the shout being raised that ,chibisa had come--powerful chief with the reputation of being a sorcerer--they fired on the ,bishop's party and compelled them1 in self-defense1 to fire in return4 ,it was the first time that ,livingstone had ever been so attacked by natives1 often though they had threatened him4 ,it was the first time he had had to repel an attack with violence2 so little was he thinking of such a thing that he had not his rifle with him1 and was obliged to borrow a revolver4 ,the encounter was hot and serious1 but it ended in the ,ajawa being driven off without loss on the other side4 ,it now became a question for the ,bishop in what relation he and his party were to stand to these murderous and marauding ,ajawa--whether they should quietly witness their onslaughts or drive them from the country and rescue the captive ,manganja4 ,livingstone's advice to them was to be patient1 and to avoid taking part in the quarrels of the natives4 ,he then left them at ,magomero1 and returned to his companions on the ,shir4 ,for a time the ,bishop's party followed ,livingstone's advice1 but circumstances afterward occurred which constrained them to take a different course1 and led to very serious results in the history of the ,mission4 ,writing to his son ,robert1 ,livingstone thus describes the attack made by the ,ajawa on him1 the ,bishop1 and the missionaries3 ,the slave-hunters had induced a number of another tribe to capture people for them4 ,we came to this tribe while burning three villages1 and though we told them that we came peaceably1 and to talk with them1 they saw that we were a small party1 and might easily be overcome1 rushed at us and shot their poisoned arrows4 ,one fell between the ,bishop and me1 and another whizzed between another man and me4 ,we had to drive them off1 and they left that part of the country4 ,before going near them the ,bishop engaged in prayer1 and during the prayer we could hear the wail for the dead by some ,manganja probably thought not worth killing1 and the shouts of welcome home to these bloody murderers4 ,it turned out that they were only some sixty or seventy robbers1 and not the ,ajawa tribe2 so we had a narrow escape from being murdered4 ,how are you doing8 ,i fear from what ,i have observed of your temperament that you will have to strive against fickleness4 ,every one has his besetting fault--that is no disgrace to him1 but it is a disgrace if he do not find it out1 and by ,god's grace overcome it4 ,i am not near to advise you what to do1 but whatever line of life you choose1 resolve to stick to it1 and serve ,god therein to the last4 ,whatever failings you are conscious of1 tell them to your heavenly ,father2 strive daily to master them and confess all to ,him when conscious of having gone astray4 ,and may the good ,lord of all impart all the strength you need4 ,commit your way unto the ,lord2 trust also in ,him4 ,acknowledge ,him in all your ways1 and ,he will bless you4 ,leaving the ,pioneer at ,chibisa's1 on #fth ,august1 #ahfa1 ,livingstone1 accompanied by his brother and ,dr4 ,kirk1 started for ,nyassa with a four-oared boat1 which was carried by porters past the ,murchison ,cataracts4 ,on #bc;d ,september they sailed into ,lake ,nyassa1 naming the grand mountainous promontory at the end ,cape ,maclear1 after ,livingstone's great friend the ,astronomer-,royal at the ,cape4 ,all about the lake was now examined with earnest eyes4 ,the population was denser than he had seen anywhere else4 ,the people were civil1 and even friendly1 but undoubtedly they were not handsome4 ,at the north of the lake they were lawless1 and at one point the party were robbed in the night--the first time such a thing had occurred in ,livingstone's ,african life#fa4 ,of elephants there was a great abundance1--indeed of all animal and vegetable life4 ,footnote #fa3 ,in ,the ,zambesi and its ,tributaries1 ,livingstone gives a grave account of the robbery4 ,in his letters to his friends he makes fun of it1 as he did of the raid of the ,boers4 ,to ,mr4 ,f4 ,fitch he writes3 ,you think ,i cannot get into a scrape4444 ,for the first time in ,africa we were robbed4 ,expert thieves crept into our sleeping-places1 about four o'clock in the morning1 and made off with what they could lay their hands on4 ,sheer over-modesty ruined me4 ,it was ,sunday1 and such a black mass swarmed around our sail1 which we used as a hut1 that we could not hear prayers4 ,i had before slipped away a quarter of a mile to dress for church1 but seeing a crowd of women watching me through the reeds1 ,i did not change my old 'unmentionables1'--they were so old1 ,i had serious thoughts of converting them into--charity6 ,next morning nearly all our spare clothing was walked off with1 and there ,i was left by my modesty nearly through at the knees1 and no change of shirt1 flannel1 or stockings4 ,after that1 don't say that ,i can't get into a scrape6 ,the same letter thanks ,mr4 ,fitch for sending him ,punch1 whom he deemed a sound divine6 ,on the same subject he wrote at another time1 regretting that ,punch did not reach him1 especially a number in which notice was taken of himself4 ,it never came4 ,who the miscreants are that steal them ,i cannot divine1 ,i would not grudge them a reading if they would only send them on afterward4 ,perhaps binding the whole year's ,punches would be the best plan2 and then we need not label it ',sermons in ,lent1' or ',tracts on ,homoeopathy1' but you may write inside1 as ,dr4 ,buckland did on his umbrella1 ',stolen from ,dr4 ,livingstone4' ,we really enjoy them very much4 ,they are good against fever4 ,the ',essence of ,parliament1' for instance1 is capital4 ,one has to wade through an ocean of paper to get the same information1 without any of the fun4 ,and by the time the newspapers have reached us1 most of the interest in public matters has evaporated4 ,but the lake slave-trade was going on at a dismal rate4 ,an ,arab dhow was seen on the lake1 but it kept well out of the way4 ,dr4 ,livingstone was informed by ,colonel ,rigdy1 late ,british ,consul at ,zanzibar1 that #ai1jjj slaves from this ,nyassa region alone passed annually through the custom-house there4 ,this was besides those landed at ,portuguese slave ports4 ,in addition to those captured1 thousands were killed or died of their wounds or of famine1 or perished in other ways1 so that not one-fifth of the victims became slaves--in the ,nyassa district probably not one-tenth4 ,a small armed steamer on the lake might stop nearly the whole of this wholesale robbery and murder4 ,their stock of goods being exhausted1 and no provisions being procurable1 the party had to return at the end of ,october4 ,they had to abandon the project of getting from the lake to the ,rovuma1 and exploring eastward4 ,they reached the ship on #hth ,november1 #ahfa1 having suffered more from hunger than on any previous trip4 ,in writing to his friend ,young1 #bhth ,november1 #ahfa1 ,livingstone expresses his joy at the news of the departure of the ,lady ,nyassa2 gives him an account of the lake1 and of a terrific storm in which they were nearly lost2 describes the inhabitants1 and the terrible slave-trade--the only trade that was carried on in the district4 ,it will take them the best part of a year to put the ship on the lake1 but it will be such a blessing6 ,he hopes the ,government will pay for it1 once it is there4 ,the colonization project had not commended itself to ,sir ,r4 ,murchison4 ,he had written of it sometime before3 ,your colonization scheme does not meet with supporters1 it being thought that you must have much more hold on the country before you attract ,scotch families to emigrate and settle there1 and then die off1 or become a burden to you and all concerned1 like the settlers of old at ,darien4 ,it was with much satisfaction that ,livingstone now wrote to his friend 7#beth ,november1 #ahfa73 ,a ,dr4 ,stewart is sent out by the ,free ,church of ,scotland to confer with me about a ,scotch ,colony4 ,you will guess my answer4 ,dr4 ,kirk is with me in opinion1 and if ,i could only get you out to take a trip up to the plateau of ,zomba1 and over the uplands which surround ,lake ,nyassa1 you would give in too4 ,when the party returned to the ship they had a visit from ,bishop ,mackenzie1 who was in good spirits and had excellent hopes of the ,mission4 ,the ,ajawa had been defeated1 and had professed a desire to be at peace with the ,english4 ,but ,dr4 ,livingstone was not without misgivings on this point4 ,the details of the defeat of the ,ajawa1 in which the missionaries had taken an active part1 troubled him1 as we find from his private ,journal4 ,the ,bishop1 he says 7#adth of ,november71 takes a totally different view of the affair from what ,i do4 ,there were other points on which the utter inexperience of the missionaries1 and want of skill in dealing with the natives1 gave him serious anxiety4 ,it is impossible not to see that even thus early1 the ,mission1 in ,livingstone's eyes1 had lost something of its bloom4 ,it was arranged that the ,pioneer should go down to the mouth of the ,zambesi1 to meet a man-of-war with provisions1 and bring up the pieces of the new lake vessel1 the ,lady ,nyassa1 which was eagerly expected1 along with ,mrs4 ,livingstone1 ,miss ,mackenzie1 the ,bishop's sister1 and other members of the ,mission party4 ,an appointment was made for ,january at the mouth of the river ,ruo1 a tributary of the ,shir1 where the ,bishop was to meet them4 ,he and ,mr4 ,burrup1 who had just arrived1 were meanwhile to explore the neighboring country4 ,the ,pioneer was detained for five weeks on a shoal twenty miles below ,chibisa's1 and here the first death occurred--the carpenter's mate succumbed to fever4 ,it was extremely irksome to suffer this long detention1 to think of fuel and provisions wasting1 and salaries running on1 without one particle of progress4 ,livingstone was sensitive and anxious4 ,he speaks in his ,journal of the difficulty of feeling resigned to the ,divine will in all things1 and of believing that all things work together for good to those that love ,god1 ,he seems to have been troubled at what had been said in some quarters of his treatment of members of the ,expedition4 ,in private letters1 in the ,cape papers1 in the home papers1 unfavorable representations of his conduct had been made4 ,in one case1 a prosecution at law had been threatened4 ,on ,new ,year's ,day1 #ahfb1 he entered in his ,journal an elaborate minute1 as if for future use1 bearing on the conduct of the ,expedition4 ,he refers to the difficulty to which civil expeditions are exposed1 as compared with naval and military1 in the matter of discipline1 owing to the inferior authority and power of the chief4 ,in the countries visited there is no enlightened public opinion to support the commander1 and newspapers at home are but too ready to believe in his tyranny1 and make themselves the champions of any dawdling fellow who would fain be counted a victim of his despotism4 ,he enumerates the chief troubles to which his ,expedition had been exposed from such causes4 ,then he explains how1 at the beginning1 to prevent collision1 he had made every man independent in his own department1 wishing only1 for himself1 to be the means of making known to the world what each man had done4 ,his conclusion is a sad one1 but it explains why in his last journeys he went alone3 he is convinced that if he had been by himself he would have accomplished more1 and undoubtedly he would have received more of the approbation of his countrymen#fb4 ,footnote #fb3 ,notwithstanding this expression of feeling1 ,dr4 ,livingstone was very sincere in his handsome acknowledgments1 in the ,introduction to ,the ,zambesi and its ,tributaries1 of valuable services1 especially from the members of the ,expedition there named4 ,at length the ,pioneer was got off the bank1 and on the #aath ,january1 #ahfb1 they entered the ,zambesi4 ,they prided to the great ,luabo mouth1 as being more advantageous than the ,kongone for a supply of wood4 ,they were a month behind their appointment1 and no ship was to be seen4 ,the ship had been there1 it turned out1 on the #hth ,january1 had looked eagerly for the ,pioneer1 had fancied it saw the black funnel and its smoke in the river1 and being disappointed had made for ,mozambique1 been caught in a gale1 and was unable to return for three weeks4 ,livingstone's letters show him a little out of sorts at the manifold obstructions that had always been making him too late--too late for ,rovuma below1 too late for ,rovuma above1 and now too late for our own appointment1 but in greater trouble because the ,lady ,nyassa had not been sent by sea1 as he had strongly urged1 and as it afterward appeared might have been done quite well4 ,to take out the pieces and fit them up would involve heavy expense and long delay1 and perhaps the season would be lost again4 ,but ,livingstone had always a saving clause1 in all his lamentations1 and here it is3 ,i know that all was done for the best4 ,at length1 on the last day of ,january1 ,h4,m4,s4 ,gorgon1 with a brig in tow1 hove in sight4 ,when the ,pioneer was seen1 up went the signal from the ,gorgon--,i have steamboat in the brig2 to which ,livingstone replied--,welcome news4 ,then ,wife aboard was signaled from the ship4 ,accept my best thanks concluded what ,livingstone called the most interesting conversation he had engaged in for many a day4 ,next morning the ,pioneer steamed out1 and ,dr4 ,livingstone found his wife all right4 ,in the same ship with ,mrs4 ,livingstone1 besides ,miss ,mackenzie and ,mrs4 ,burrup1 the ,rev4 ,e4 ,hawkins and others of the ,universities ,mission1 had come the ,rev4 ,james ,stewart1 of the ,free ,church of ,scotland 7now ,dr4 ,stewart1 of ,lovedale1 ,south ,africa71 who had been sent out by a committee of that ,church1 to meet with ,dr4 ,livingstone1 and obtain1 by personal observation and otherwise1 the information that might be necessary to enable a committee at home to form a correct judgment as to the possibility of founding a mission in that part of ,africa4 ,it happened that some time before ,mr4 ,stewart had been tutor to ,thomas ,livingstone1 while studying in ,glasgow2 this drew his sympathies to ,livingstone and ,africa1 and was another link in that wonderful chain which ,providence was making for the good of ,africa4 ,from ,dr4 ,stewart's ,recollections of ,dr4 ,livingstone and the ,zambesi in the ,sunday ,magazine 7,november1 #ahgd71 we get the picture from the other side4 ,first1 the sad disappointment of ,mrs4 ,livingstone on the #hth ,january1 when no ,pioneer was to be found1 with the anxious speculations raised in its absence as to the cause4 ,then a frightful tornado on the way to ,mozambique1 and the all but miraculous escape of the brig4 ,then the return to the ,zambesi in company with ,h4,m4,s4 ,gorgon1 and on the #ast of ,february1 in a lovely morning1 the little cloud of smoke rising close to land1 and afterward the white hull of a small paddle steamer making straight for the two ships outside4 ,as the vessel approached1 says ,dr4 ,stewart1 ,i could make out with a glass a firmly built man of about the middle height1 standing on the port paddle-box1 and directing the ship's course4 ,he was not exactly dressed as a naval officer1 but he wore that gold-laced cap which has since become so well known both at home and in ,africa4 ,this was ,dr4 ,livingstone1 and ,i said to his wife1 ',there he is at last4' ,she looked brighter at this announcement than ,i had seen her do any day for seven months before4 ,through the help of the men of the ,gorgon1 the sections of the ,lady ,nyassa were speedily put on board the ,pioneer1 and on the #ajth ,february the vessel steamed off for the mouth of the ,ruo1 to meet the ,bishop4 ,but its progress through the river was miserable4 ,says ,dr4 ,stewart3 ,for ten days we were chiefly occupied in sailing or hauling the ship through sand-banks4 ,the steamer was drawing between five and six feet of water1 and though there were long reaches in the river with depth sufficient for a ship of larger draught1 yet every now and then we found ourselves in shoal water of about three feet4 ,no sooner was the boat got off one bank by might and main1 and steady hauling on capstan and anchor laid out ahead1 almost never astern1 and we got a few miles of fair steering1 than again we heard that sound1 abhorred by all of us--a slight bump of the bow1 and rush of sand along the ship's side1 and we were again fast for a few hours1 or a day or two1 as the case might be4 ,the ,pioneer was overladen1 and the plan had to be changed4 ,it was resolved to put the ,lady ,nyassa together at ,shupanga1 and tow her up to the ,rapids4 ,the detention1 says ,dr4 ,stewart1 was very trying to ,dr4 ,livingstone1 as it meant not a few weeks1 but the loss of a year1 inasmuch as by the time the ship was ready to be launched the river would be nearly at its lowest1 and there would be no resource but to wait for the next rainy season4 ,yet1 in the face of discouragement1 he maintained his cheerfulness1 and1 after sunset1 still enjoyed many an hour of prolonged talk about current events at home1 about his old ,college days in ,glasgow1 and about many of those who were unknown men then1 but have since made their mark in life in the different paths they have taken4 ,amongst others his old friend ,mr4 ,young1 of ,kelly1 or ,sir ,paraffin1 as he used subsequently to call him1 came in for a large share of the conversation4 ,meanwhile ,captain ,wilson 7of the ,gorgon71 accompanied by ,dr4 ,kirk and others1 had gone on in boats with ,miss ,mackenzie and ,mrs4 ,burrup1 and learned the sad fate of the ,bishop and ,mr4 ,burrup4 ,it appeared that the ,bishop1 accompanied by the ,makololo1 had gone forth on an expedition to rescue the captive husbands of some of the ,manganja women1 and had been successful4 ,but as the ,bishop was trying to get to the mouth of the ,ruo1 his canoe was upset1 his medicines and cordials were lost1 and1 being seized with fever1 after languishing for some time1 he died in distressing circumstances1 on the #cast ,january1 ,mr4 ,burrup1 who was with him1 and who was also stricken1 was carried back to ,magomero1 and died in a few days4 ,captain ,wilson1 who had himself been prostrated by fever1 and made a narrow escape1 returned with this sad news1 three weeks after he had left ,shupanga1 bringing the two broken-hearted ladies1 who had expected to be welcomed1 the one by her brother1 the other by her husband4 ,it was a great blow to ,livingstone4 ,it was difficult to say1 writes ,dr4 ,stewart1 whether he or the unhappy ladies1 on whom the blow fell with the most personal weight1 were most to be pitied4 ,he felt the responsibility1 and saw the wide-spread dismay which the news would occasion when it reached ,england1 and at the very time when the ,mission most needed support4 ',this will hurt us all1' he said1 as he sat resting his head on his hand1 on the table of the dimly-lighted little cabin of the ',pioneer1' ,his esteem for ,bishop ,mackenzie was afterward expressed in this way3 ',for unselfish goodness of heart and earnest devotion to the work he had undertaken1 it can safely be said that none of the commendations of his friends can exceed the reality1' ,he did what he could1 ,i believe1 to comfort those who were so unexpectedly bereaved2 but the night he spent must have been an uneasy one4 ,livingstone says in his book that the unfavorable judgment which he had formed of the ,bishop's conduct in fighting with the ,ajawa was somewhat modified by a natural instinct1 when he saw how keenly the ,bishop was run down for it in ,england1 and reflected more on the circumstances1 and thought how excellent a man he was4 ,sometimes he even said that1 had he been there1 he would probably have done what the ,bishop did#fc4 ,why1 then1 it may be asked1 was ,livingstone so ill-pleased when it was said that all that the ,bishop had done was done by his advice8 ,no one will ask this question who reads the terms of a letter by ,mr4 ,rowley1 one of the ,mission party1 first published in the ,cape papers1 and copied into the ,times in ,november1 #ahfb4 ,it was said there that from the moment when ,livingstone commenced the release of slaves1 his course was one of aggression4 ,he hunted for slaving parties in every direction1 and when he heard of the ,ajawa making slaves in order to sell to the slavers1 he went designedly in search of them1 and intended to take their captives from them by force if needful4 ,it is true that when he came upon them he found them to be a more powerful body than he expected1 and had they not fired first1 he might have withdrawn4444 ,his parting words to the chiefs just before he left 444 were to this effect3 ',you have hitherto seen us only as fighting men but it is not in such a character we wish you to know us#fd4' ,how could ,livingstone be otherwise than indignant to be spoken of as if the use of force had been his habit1 while the whole tenor of his life had gone most wonderfully to show the efficacy of gentle and brotherly treatment8 ,how could he but be vexed at having the odium of the whole proceedings thrown on him1 when his last advice to the missionaries had been disregarded by them8 ,or how could he fail to be concerned at the discredit which the course ascribed to him must bring upon the ,expedition under his command1 which was entirely separate from the ,mission8 ,it was the unhandsome treatment of himself and reckless periling of the character and interests of his ,expedition in order to shield others1 that raised his indignation4 ,good ,bishop ,mackenzie1 he wrote to his friend ,mr4 ,fitch1 would never have tried to screen himself by accusing me4 ,in point of fact1 a few years afterward the ,portuguese ,government1 through ,mr4 ,lacerda1 when complaining bitterly of the statements of ,livingstone in a speech at ,bath1 in #ahfe1 referred to ,mr4 ,rowley's letter as bearing out their complaint4 ,it served admirably to give an unfavorable view of his aims and methods1 as from one of his own allies4 ,dr4 ,livingstone never allowed himself to cherish any other feeling but that of high regard for the self-denial and ,christian heroism of the ,bishop1 and many of his coadjutors2 but he did feel that most of them were ill-adapted for their work and had a great deal to learn1 and that the manner in which he had been turned aside from the direct objects of his own enterprise by having to look after so many inexperienced men1 and then blamed for what he deprecated1 and what was done in his absence1 was rather more than it was reasonable for him to bear#fe4 ,footnote #fc3 ,writing to ,mr4 ,waller1 #abth ,february1 #ahfc1 ,dr4 ,livingstone said3 ,i thought you wrong in attacking the ,ajawa1 till ,i looked on it as defense of your orphans4 ,i thought that you had shut yourselves up to one tribe1 and that1 the ,manganja2 but ,i think differently now1 and only wish they would send out ,dr4 ,pusey here4 ,he would learn a little sense1 of which ,i suppose ,i have need myself4 ,footnote #fd3 ,mr4 ,rowley afterward 7,february #bb1 #ahfe7 expressed his regret that this letter was ever written1 as it had produced an ill-effect4 ,see ,the ,zambesi and its ,tributaries1 p4 #dge note4 ,footnote #fe3 ,it must not be supposed that the letter of ,mr4 ,rowley expressed the mind of his brethren4 ,some of them were greatly annoyed at it1 and used their influence to induce its author to write to the ,cape papers that he had conveyed a wrong impression4 ,in writing to ,sir ,thomas ,maclear 7#bjth ,november1 #ahfb71 after seeing ,rowley's letter in the ,cape papers1 ,dr4 ,livingstone said3 ,it is untrue that ,i ever on anyone occasion adopted an aggressive policy against the ,ajawa1 or took slaves from them4 ,slaves were taken from ,portuguese alone4 ,i never hunted the ,ajawa1 or took the part of ,manganja against ,ajawa4 ,in this ,i believe every member of the ,mission will support my assertion4 ,livingstone declined to write a contradiction to the public prints1 because he knew the harm that would be done by a charge against a clergyman4 ,in this he showed the same magnanimity and high ,christian self-denial which he had shown when he left ,mabotsa4 ,it was only when the ,portuguese claimed the benefit of ,rowley's testimony that he let the public see what its value was4 ,writing of the terrible loss of ,mackenzie and ,burrup to the ,bishop of ,cape ,town1 ,livingstone says3 ,the blow is quite bewildering2 the two strongest men so quickly cut down1 and one of them1 humanly speaking1 indispensable to the success of the enterprise4 ,we must bow to the will of ,him who doeth all things well2 but ,i cannot help feeling sadly disturbed in view of the effect the news may have at home4 ,i shall not swerve a hairbreadth from my work while life is spared1 and ,i trust the supporters of the ,mission may not shrink back from all that they have set their hearts to4 ,the next few weeks were employed in taking ,miss ,mackenzie and ,mrs4 ,burrup to the ,gorgon on their way home4 ,it was a painful voyage to all--to ,dr4 and ,mrs4 ,livingstone1 to ,miss ,mackenzie and ,mrs4 ,burrup1 and last1 not least1 to ,captain ,wilson1 who had been separated so long from his ship1 and had risked life1 position1 and everything1 to do service to a cause which in spite of all he left at a much lower ebb4 ,when the ,pioneer arrived at the bar1 it found that owing to the weather the ship had been forced to leave the coast1 and she did not return for a fortnight4 ,there was thus another long waiting from #agth ,march to #b;d ,april4 ,dr4 and ,mrs4 ,livingstone then returned to ,shupanga4 ,the long detention in the most unhealthy season of the year1 and when fever was at its height1 was a sad1 sad calamity4 ,we are now arrived at the last illness and the death of ,mrs4 ,livingstone4 ,after she had parted from her husband at the ,cape in the spring of #aheh1 she returned with her parents to ,kuruman1 and in ,november gave birth there to her youngest child1 ,anna ,mary4 ,thereafter she returned to ,scotland to be near her other children4 ,some of them were at school4 ,no comfortable home for them all could be formed1 and though many friends were kind1 the time was not a happy one4 ,mrs4 ,livingstone's desire to be with her husband was intense2 not only the longings of an affectionate heart1 and the necessity of taking counsel with him about the family1 but the feeling that when over-shadowed by one whose faith was so strong her fluttering heart would regain1 its steady tone1 and she would be better able to help both him and the children1 gave vehemence to this desire4 ,her letters to her husband tell of much spiritual darkness2 his replies were the very soul of tenderness and ,christian earnestness4 ,providence seemed to favor her wish2 the vessel in which she sailed was preserved from imminent destruction1 and she had the great happiness of finding her husband alive and well4 ,on the #bast of ,april ,mrs4 ,livingstone became ill4 ,on the #beth the symptoms were alarming--vomitings every quarter of an hour1 which prevented any medicine from remaining on her stomach4 ,on the #bfth she was worse and delirious4 ,on the evening of ,sunday the #bgth ,dr4 ,stewart got a message from her husband that the end was drawing near4 ,he was sitting by the side of a rude bed formed of boxes1 but covered with a soft mattress1 on which lay his dying wife4 ,all consciousness had now departed1 as she was in a state of deep coma1 from which all efforts to rouse her had been unavailing4 ,the strongest medical remedies and her husband's voice were both alike powerless to reach the spirit which was still there1 but was now so rapidly sinking into the depths of slumber1 and darkness and death4 ,the fixedness of feature and the oppressed and heavy breathing only made it too plain that the end was near4 ,and the man who had faced so many deaths1 and braved so many dangers1 was now utterly broken down and weeping like a child4 ,dr4 ,livingstone asked ,dr4 ,stewart to commend her spirit to ,god1 and along with ,dr4 ,kirk they kneeled in prayer beside her4 ,in less than an hour1 her spirit had returned to ,god4 ,half an hour after1 ,dr4 ,stewart was struck with her likeness to her father1 ,dr4 ,moffat4 ,he was afraid to utter what struck him so much1 but at last he said to ,livingstone1 ,do you notice any change8 ,yes1 he replied1 without raising his eyes from her face1--the very features and expression of her father4 ,every one is struck with the calmness of ,dr4 ,livingstone's notice of his wife's death in ,the ,zambesi and its ,tributaries4 ,its matter-of-fact tone only shows that he regarded that book as a sort of official report to the nation1 in which it would not be becoming for him to introduce personal feelings4 ,a few extracts from his ,journal and letters will show better the state of his heart4 ,it is the first heavy stroke ,i have suffered1 and quite takes away my strength4 ,i wept over her who well deserved many tears4 ,i loved her when ,i married her1 and the longer ,i lived with her ,i loved her the more4 ,god pity the poor children1 who were all tenderly attached to her1 and ,i am left alone in the world by one whom ,i felt to be a part of myself4 ,i hope it may1 by divine grace1 lead me to realize heaven as my home1 and that she has but preceded me in the journey4 ,oh my ,mary1 my ,mary6 how often we have longed for a quiet home1 since you and ,i were cast adrift at ,kolobeng2 surely the removal by a kind ,father who knoweth our frame means that ,he rewarded you by taking you to the best home1 the eternal one in the heavens4 ,the prayer was found in her papers--',accept me1 ,lord1 as ,i am1 and make me such as ,thou wouldst have me to be4' ,he who taught her to value this prayer would not leave his own work unfinished4 ,on a letter she had written1 ',let others plead for pensions1 ,i wrote to a friend ,i can be rich without money2 ,i would give my services in the world from uninterested motives2 ,i have motives for my own conduct ,i would not exchange for a hundred pensions4' ,she rests by the large baobab-tree at ,shupanga1 which is sixty feet in circumference1 and is mentioned in the work of ,commodore ,owen4 ,the men asked to be allowed to mount guard till we had got the grave built up1 and we had it built with bricks dug from an old house4 ,from her boxes we find evidence that she intended to make us all comfortable at ,nyassa1 though she seemed to have a presentiment of an early death1--she purposed to do more for me than ever4 #aath ,may1 ,kongone4--,my dear1 dear ,mary has been this evening a fortnight in heaven1--absent from the body1 present with the ,lord4 ,to-day shalt thou be with ,me in ,paradise4 ,angels carried her to ,abraham's bosom--to be with ,christ is far better4 ,enoch1 the seventh from ,adam1 prophesied1 ',behold1 the ,lord cometh with ten thousand of his saints'2 ye also shall appear with ,him in glory4 ,he comes with them2 then they are now with ,him4 ,i go to prepare a place for you2 that where ,i am there ye may be also1 to behold his glory4 ,moses and ,elias talked of the decease ,he should accomplish at ,jerusalem2 then they know what is going on here on certain occasions4 ,they had bodily organs to hear and speak4 ,for the first time in my life ,i feel willing to die4--,d4,l4 ,may #ai1 #ahfb4--,vividly do ,i remember my first passage down in #ahef1 passing ,shupanga house without landing1 and looking at its red hills and white vales with the impression that it was a beautiful spot4 ,no suspicion glanced across my mind that there my loving wife would be called to give up the ghost six years afterward4 ,in some other spot ,i may have looked at1 my own resting-place may be allotted4 ,i have often wished that it might be in some far-off still deep forest1 where ,i may sleep sweetly till the resurrection morn1 when the trump of ,god will make all start up into the glorious and active second existence4 #beth ,may4--,some of the histories of pious people in the last century and previously tell of clouds of religious gloom1 or of paroxysms of opposition and fierce rebellion against ,god1 which found vent in terrible expressions4 ,these were followed by great elevations of faith1 and reactions of confiding love1 the results of divine influence which carried the soul far above the region of the intellect into that of direct spiritual intuition4 ,this seems to have been the experience of my dear ,mary4 ,she had a strong presentiment of death being near4 ,she said that she would never have a house in this country4 ,taking it to be despondency alone1 ,i only joked1 and now my heart smites me that ,i did not talk seriously on that and many things besides4 #cast ,may1 #ahfb4--,the loss of my ever dear ,mary lies like a heavy weight on my heart4 ,in our intercourse in private there was more than what would be thought by some a decorous amount of merriment and play4 ,i said to her a few days before her fatal illness3 ',we old bodies ought now to be more sober1 and not play so much4' ',oh1 no1' said she1' you must always be as playful as you have always been2 ,i would not like you to be as grave as some folks ,i have seen4' ,this1 when ,i know her prayer was that she might be spared to be a help and comfort to me in my great work1 led me to feel what ,i have always believed to be the true way1 to let the head grow wise1 but keep the heart always young and playful4 ,she was ready and anxious to work1 but has been called away to serve ,god in a higher sphere4 ,livingstone could not be idle1 even when his heart was broken2 he occupied the days after the death in writing to her father and mother1 to his children1 and to many of the friends who would be interested in the sad news4 ,among these letters1 that to ,mrs4 ,moffat and her reply from ,kuruman have a special interest4 ,his letters went round by ,europe1 and the first news reached ,kuruman by traders and newspapers4 ,for a full month after her daughters death1 ,mrs4 ,moffat was giving thanks for the mercy that had spared her to meet with her husband1 and had made her lot so different from that of ,miss ,mackenzie and ,mrs4 ,burrup4 ,in a letter1 dated #bfth ,may1 she writes to ,mary a graphic account of the electrical thrill that passed through her when she saw ,david's handwriting--of the beating heart with which she tried to get the essence of his letter before she read the lines--of the overwhelming joy and gratitude with which she learned that they had met--and then the horror of great darkness that came over her when she read of the tragic death of the ,bishop1 to whom she had learned to feel as to a friend and brother4 ,then she pours out her tears over the poor dear ladies1 ,miss ,mackenzie and ,mrs4 ,burrup1 and remembers the similar fate of the ,helmores1 who1 like the ,bishop and his friends1 had had it in their hearts to build a temple to the ,lord in ,africa1 but had not been permitted4 ,then comes some family news1 especially about her son ,robert1 whose sudden death occurred a few days after1 and was another bitter drop in the family cup4 ,and then some motherly forecastings of her daughter's future1 kindly counsel where she could offer any1 and affectionate prayers for the guidance of ,god where the future was too dark for her to penetrate4 ,for a whole month before this letter was written1 poor ,mary had been sleeping under the baobab-tree at ,shupanga6 ,in ,livingstone's letter to ,mrs4 ,moffat he gives the details of her illness1 and pours his heart out in the same affectionate terms as in his ,journal4 ,he dwells on the many unhappy causes of delay which had detained them near the mouth of the river1 contrary to all his wishes and arrangements4 ,he is concerned that her deafness 7through quinine7 and comatose condition before her death prevented her from giving him the indications he would have desired respecting her state of mind in the view of eternity4 ,i look1 he says1 to her previous experience and life for comfort1 and thank ,god for his mercy that we have it4444 ,a good wife and mother was she4 ,god have pity on the children--she was so much beloved by them4444 ,she was much respected by all the officers of the ',gorgon1'--they would do anything for her4 ,when they met this vessel at ,mozambique1 ,captain ,wilson offered his cabin in that fine large vessel1 but she insisted rather that ,miss ,mackenzie and ,mrs4 ,burrup should go4444 ,i enjoyed her society during the three months we were together4 ,it was the ,lord who gave and ,he has taken away4 ,i wish to say--,blessed be his name4 ,i regret1 as there always are regrets after our loved ones are gone1 that the slander which1 unfortunately1 reached her ears from missionary gossips and others had an influence on me in allowing her to come1 before we were fairly on ,lake ,nyassa4 ,a doctor of divinity said1 when her devotion to her family was praised3 ',oh1 she is no good1 she is here because her husband cannot live with her1' ,the last day will tell another tale4 ,to his daughter ,agnes he writes1 after the account of her death3 444 ,dear ,nannie1 she often thought of you1 and when once1 from the violence of the disease1 she was delirious1 she called out1 ',see6 ,agnes is falling down a precipice1' ,may our ,heavenly ,saviour1 who must be your ,father and ,guide1 preserve you from falling into the gulf of sin over the precipice of temptation4444 ,dear ,agnes1 ,i feel alone in the world now1 and what will the poor dear baby do without her mamma8 ,she often spoke of her1 and sometimes burst into a flood of tears1 just as ,i now do in taking up and arranging the things left by my beloved partner of eighteen years4444 ,i bow to the ,divine hand that chastens me4 ,god grant that ,i may learn the lesson ,he means to teach6 ,all she told you to do she now enforces1 as if beckoning from heaven4 ,nannie1 dear1 meet her there4 ,don't lose the crown of joy she now wears1 and the ,lord be gracious to you in all things4 ,you will now need to act more and more from a feeling of responsibility to ,jesus1 seeing ,he has taken away one of your guardians4 ,a right straightforward woman was she4 ,no crooked way ever hers1 and she could act with decision and energy when required4 ,i pity you on receiving this1 but it is the ,lord4--,your sorrowing and lonely father4 ,letters of the like tenor were written to every intimate friend4 ,it was a relief to his heart to pour itself out in praise of her who was gone1 and in some cases1 when he had told all about the death1 he returns to speak of her life4 ,a letter to ,sir ,roderick ,murchison gives all the particulars of the illness and its termination4 ,then he thinks of the good and gentle ,lady ,murchison1--la spirituelle ,lady ,murchison1 as ,humboldt called her1--and writes to her3 ,it will somewhat ease my aching heart to tell you about my dear departed ,mary ,moffat1 the faithful companion of eighteen years4 ,he tells of her birth at ,griqua ,town in #ahba1 her education in ,england1 their marriage and their love4 ,at ,kolobeng1 she managed all the household affairs by native servants of her own training1 made bread1 butter1 and all the clothes of the family2 taught her children most carefully2 kept also an infant and sewing school--by far the most popular and best attended we had4 ,it was a fine sight to see her day by day walking a quarter of a mile to the town1 no matter how broiling hot the sun1 to impart instruction to the heathen ,bakwains4 ,ma-,robert's name is known through all that country1 and #ahjj miles beyond4444 ,a brave1 good woman was she4 ,all my hopes of giving her one day a quiet home1 for which we both had many a sore longing1 are now dashed to the ground4 ,she is1 ,i trust1 through divine mercy1 in peace in the home of the blest4444 ,she spoke feelingly of your kindness to her1 and also of the kind reception she received from ,miss ,burdett ,coutts4 ,please give that lady and ,mrs4 ,brown the sad intelligence of her death4 ,the reply of ,mrs4 ,moffat to her son-in-law's letter was touching and beautiful4 ,i do thank you for the detail you have given us of the circumstances of the last days and hours of our lamented and beloved ,mary1 our first-born1 over whom our fond hearts first beat with parental affection6 ,she recounts the mercies that were mingled with the trial--though ,mary could not be called eminently pious1 she had the root of the matter in her1 and though the voyage of her life had been a trying and stormy one1 she had not become a wreck4 ,god had remembered her2 had given her during her last year the counsels of faithful men--referring to her kind friend and valued counselor1 the ,rev4 ,professor ,kirk1 of ,edinburgh1 and the ,rev4 ,dr4 ,stewart1 of ,lovedale--and1 at last1 the great privilege of dying in the arms of her husband4 ,as for the cruel scandal that seems to have hurt you both so much1 those who said it did not know you as a couple4 ,in all our intercourse with you1 we never had a doubt as to your being comfortable together4 ,i know there are some maudlin ladies who insinuate1 when a man leaves his family frequently1 no matter how noble is his object1 that he is not comfortable at home4 ,but we can afford to smile at this1 and say1 ',the ,day will declare it4'444 ,now my dear ,livingstone1 ,i must conclude by assuring you of the tender interest we shall ever feel in your operations4 ,it is not only as the husband of our departed ,mary and the father of her children1 but as one who has laid himself out for the emancipation of this poor wretched continent1 and for opening new doors of entrance for the heralds of salvation 7not that ,i would not have preferred your remaining in your former capacity74 ,i nevertheless rejoice in what you are allowed to accomplish4 ,we look anxiously for more news of you1 and my heart bounded when ,i saw your letters the other day1 thinking they were new4 ,may our gracious ,god and ,father comfort your sorrowful heart4--,believe me ever your affectionate mother1 ,,mary ,,moffat4 ,,chapter ,,xv4 ,,last ,,two ,,years ,,of ,,the ,,expedition4 ,a4,d4 #ahfb-ahfc4 ,livingstone again buckles on his armor--,letter to ,waller--,launch of ,lady ,nyassa--,too late for season--,he explores the ,rovuma--,fresh activity of the slave-trade--,letter to ,governor of ,mozambique about his discoveries--,letter to ,sir ,thomas ,maclear--,generous offer of a party of ,scotchmen--,the ,expedition proceeds up ,zambesi with ,lady ,nyassa in tow--,appalling desolations of ,marianne--,tidings of the ,mission--,death of ,scudamore--of ,dickenson--of ,thornton--,illness of ,livingstone--,dr4 ,kirk and ,charles ,livingstone go home--,he proceeds northward with ,mr4 ,rae and ,mr4 ,e4,d4 ,young of the ,gorgon--,attempt to carry a boat over the rapids--,defeated--,recall of the ,expedition--,livingstone's views--,letter to ,mr4 ,james ,young--to ,mr4 ,waller--,feeling of the ,portuguese ,government--,offer to the ,rev4 ,dr4 ,stewart--,great discouragements--,why did he not go home8--,proceeds to explore ,nyassa--,risks and sufferings--,occupation of his mind--,natural ,history--,obliged to turn back--,more desolation--,report of his murder--,kindness of ,chinsamba--,reaches the ship--,letter from ,bishop ,tozer1 abandoning the ,mission--,distress of ,livingstone--,letter to ,sir ,thomas ,maclear--,progress of ,dr4 ,stewart--,livingstonia--,livingstone takes charge of the children of the ,universities ,mission--,letter to his daughter--,retrospect--,the work of the ,expedition--,livingstone's plans for the future4 ,it could not have been easy for ,livingstone to buckle on his armor anew4 ,how he was able to do it at all may be inferred from some words of cheer written by him at the time to his friend ,mr4 ,waller3 ,thanks for your kind sympathy4 ,in return1 ,i say1 ,cherish exalted thoughts of the great work you have undertaken4 ,it is a work which1 if faithful1 you will look back on with satisfaction while the eternal ages roll on their everlasting course4 ,the devil will do all he can to hinder you by efforts from without and from within2 but remember ,him who is with you1 and will be with you alway4 ,as soon as he was able to brace himself1 he was again at his post1 helping to put the ,lady ,nyassa together and launch her4 ,this was achieved by the end of ,june1 greatly to the wonder of the natives1 who could not understand how iron should swim4 ,the ,nyassa was an excellent steamboat1 and could she have been got to the lake would have done well4 ,but1 alas6 the rainy season had passed1 and until ,december this could not be done4 ,here was another great disappointment4 ,meanwhile1 ,dr4 ,livingstone resolved to renew the exploration of the ,rovuma1 in the hope of finding a way to ,nyassa beyond the dominion of the ,portuguese4 ,this was the work in which he had been engaged at the time when he went with ,bishop ,mackenzie to help him to settle4 ,the voyage up the ,rovuma did not lead to much4 ,on one occasion they were attacked1 fiercely and treacherously1 by the natives4 ,cataracts occurred about #aef miles from the mouth1 and the report was that farther up they were worse4 ,the explorers did not venture beyond the banks of the rivers1 but so far as they saw1 the people were industrious1 and the country fertile1 and a steamer of light draft might carry on a very profitable trade among them4 ,but there was no water-way to ,nyassa4 ,the ,rovuma came from mountains to the west1 having only a very minute connection with ,nyassa4 ,it seemed that it would be better in the meantime to reach the lake by the ,zambesi and the ,shir1 so the party returned4 ,it was not till the beginning of #ahfc that they were able to renew the ascent of these rivers4 ,livingstone writes touchingly to ,sir ,roderick1 in reference to his returning to the ,zambesi3 ,it may seem to some persons weak to feel a chord vibrating to the dust of her who rests on the banks of the ,zambesi1 and think that the path by that river is consecrated by her remains4 ,meanwhile1 ,dr4 ,livingstone was busy with his pen4 ,a new energy had been imparted to him by the appalling facts now fully apparent1 that his discoveries had only stimulated the activity of the slave-traders1 that the ,portuguese local authorities really promoted slave-trading1 with its inevitable concomitant slave-hunting1 and that the horror and desolation to which the country bore such frightful testimony was the result4 ,it seemed as if the duel he had fought with the ,boers when they determined to close ,africa1 and he determined to open it1 had now to be repeated with the ,portuguese4 ,the attention of ,dr4 ,livingstone is more and more concentrated on this terrible topic4 ,dr4 ,kirk writes to him that when at ,tette he had heard that the ,portuguese ,governor-,general at ,mozambique had instructed his brother1 the ,governor of that town1 to act on the principle that the slave-trade1 though prohibited on the ocean1 was still lawful on the land1 and that any persons interfering with slave-traders1 by liberating their slaves1 would be counted robbers4 ,an energetic despatch to ,earl ,russell1 then ,foreign ,secretary1 calls attention to this outrage4 ,a few days after1 a strong but polite letter is sent to the ,governor of ,tette1 calling attention to the forays of a man named ,belshore1 in the ,chibisa country1 and entreating him to stop them4 ,about the same time he writes to the ,governor-,general of ,mozambique in reply to a paper by the ,viscount de ,sa da ,bandeira1 published in the ,almanac by the ,government press1 in which the common charge was made against him of arrogating to himself the glory of discoveries which belonged to ,senhor ,candido and other ,portuguese4 ,he affirms that before publishing his book he examined all ,portuguese books of travels he could find2 that he had actually shown ,senhor ,candido to have been a discoverer before any ,portuguese hinted that he was such2 that the lake which ,candido spoke of as northwest of ,tette could not be ,nyassa1 which was northeast of it2 that he did full justice to all the ,portuguese explorers1 and that what he claimed as own discoveries were certainly not the discoveries of the ,portuguese4 ,a few days after1 he writes to ,mr4 ,layard1 then our ,portuguese ,minister1 and comments on the map published by the ,viscount as representing ,portuguese geography1--pointing out such blunders as that which made the ,zambesi enter the sea at ,quilimane1 proving that by their map the ,portuguese claimed territory that was certainly not theirs2 adverting to their utter ignorance of the ,victoria ,falls1 the most remarkable phenomenon in ,africa2 affirming that many so-called discoveries were mere vague rumors1 heard by travelers2 and showing the use that had been made of his own maps1 the names being changed to suit the ,portuguese orthography4 ,livingstone had the satisfaction of knowing that his account of the trip to ,lake ,nyassa had excited much interest in the ,cabinet at home1 and that a strong remonstrance had been addressed to the ,portuguese ,government against slave-hunting4 ,but it does not appear that this led to any improvement at the time4 ,while stung into more than ordinary energy by the atrocious deeds he witnessed around him1 ,livingstone was living near the borders of the unseen world4 ,he writes to ,sir ,thomas ,maclear on the #bgth ,october1 #ahfb3 ,i suppose that ,i shall die in these uplands1 and somebody will carry1 out the plan ,i have longed to put into practice4 ,i have been thinking a great deal since the departure of my beloved one about the regions whither she has gone1 and imagine from the manner the ,bible describes it we have got too much monkery in our ideas4 ,there will be work there as well as here1 and possibly not such a vast difference in our being as is expected4 ,but a short time there will give more insight than a thousand musings4 ,we shall see ,him by whose inexpressible love and mercy we get there1 and all whom we loved1 and all the lovable4 ,i can sympathize with you now more fully than ,i did before4 ,i work with as much vigor as ,i can2 and mean to do so till the change comes2 but his prospect of a home is all dispelled4 ,in one of his despatches to ,lord ,russell1 ,livingstone reports an offer that had been made by a party consisting of an ,englishman and five ,scotch working men at the ,cape1 which must have been extremely gratifying to him1 and served to deepen his conviction that sooner or later his plan of colonization would certainly be carried into effect4 ,the leader of the party1 ,john ,jehan1 formerly of the ,london ,city ,mission1 in reading ,dr4 ,livingstone's book1 became convinced that if a few mechanics could be induced to take a journey of exploration it would prove very useful4 ,his views being communicated to five other young men 7two masons1 two carpenters1 one smith71 they formed themselves into a company in ,july1 #ahfa1 and had been working together1 throwing their earnings into a common fund1 and now they had arms1 two wagons1 two spans of oxen1 and means of procuring outfits4 ,in ,september1 #ahfb1 they were ready to start from ,aliwal in ,south ,africa#ff4 ,footnote #ff3 ,the recall of ,livingstone's ,expedition and the removal of the ,universities ,mission seem to have knocked this most promising scheme on the head4 ,writing of it to ,sir ,roderick ,murchison on the #adth ,december1 #ahfb1 he says3 ,i like the ,scotchmen1 and think them much better adapted for our plans than those on whom the ,universities ,mission has lighted4 ,if employed as ,i shall wish them to be in trade1 and setting an example of industry in cotton or coffee planting1 ,i think they are just the men ,i need brought to my band4 ,don't you think this sensible8 ,after going to ,johanna for provisions1 and to discharge the crew of ,johanna men whose term of service had expired1 the ,expedition returned to ,tette4 ,on the #ajth ,january1 #ahfc1 they steamed off with the ,lady ,nyassa in tow4 ,the desolation that had been caused by ,marianno1 the ,portuguese slave-agent1 was heart-breaking4 ,corpses floated past them4 ,in the morning the paddles had to be cleared of corpses caught by the floats during the night4 ,livingstone summed up his impressions in one terrible sentence3 ,wherever we took a walk1 human skeletons were seen in every direction1 and it was painfully interesting to observe the different postures in which the poor wretches had breathed their last4 ,a whole heap had been thrown down a slope behind a village1 where the fugitives often crossed the river from the east2 and in one hut of the same village no fewer than twenty drums had been collected1 probably the ferryman's fees4 ,many had ended their misery under shady trees1 others under projecting crags in the hills1 while others lay in their huts with closed doors1 which when opened disclosed the mouldering corpse with the poor rags round the loins1 the skull fallen off the pillow1 the little skeleton of the child1 that had perished first1 rolled up in a mat between two large skeletons4 ,the sight of this desert1 but eighteen months ago a well-peopled valley1 now literally strewn with human bones1 forced the conviction upon us that the destruction of human life in the middle passage1 however great1 constitutes but a small portion of the waste1 and made us feel that unless the slave-trade--that monster iniquity which has so long brooded over ,africa--is put down1 lawful commerce cannot be established4 ,in passing up1 ,livingstone's heart was saddened as he visited the ,bishop's grave1 and still more by the tidings which he got of the ,mission1 which had now removed from ,magomero to the low lands of ,chibisa4 ,some time before1 ,mr4 ,scudamore1 a man greatly beloved1 had succumbed1 and now ,mr4 ,dickenson was added to the number of victims4 ,mr4 ,thornton1 too1 who left the ,expedition in #ahei1 but returned to it1 died under an attack of fever1 consequent on too violent exertion undertaken in order to be of service to the ,mission party4 ,dr4 ,kirk and ,mr4 ,c4 ,livingstone were so much reduced by illness that it was deemed necessary for them to return to ,england4 ,livingstone himself had a most serious attack of fever1 which lasted all the month of ,may1 ,dr4 ,kirk remaining with him till he got over it4 ,when his brother and ,dr4 ,kirk left1 the only ,europeans remaining with him were ,mr4 ,rae1 the ship's engineer1 and ,mr4 ,edward ,d4 ,young1 formerly of the ,gorgon1 who had volunteered to join the ,expedition1 and whose after services1 both in the search for ,livingstone and in establishing the mission of ,livingstonia1 were so valuable4 ,on the noble spirit shown by ,livingstone in remaining in the country after all his early companions had left1 and amid such appalling scenes as everywhere met him1 we do not need to dwell4 ,here are glimpses of the inner heart of ,livingstone about this time3 #ast ,march1 #ahfc4--;,i feel very often that ,i have not long to live1 and say1 ',my dear children1 ,i leave you4 ,be manly ,christians1 and never do a mean thing4 ,be honest to men1 and to the ,almighty ,one4' #ajth ,april4--,reached the ,cataracts4 ,very thankful indeed after our three months' toil from ,shupanga4 #bgth ,april4--,on this day twelvemonths my beloved ,mary ,moffat was removed from me by death4 ',if ,i can1 ,i'll come again1 mother1 from out my resting-place2 ,though you'll not see me1 mother1 ,i shall look upon your face2 ,though ,i cannot speak a word1 ,i shall hearken what you say1 ,and be often1 often with you when you think ,i'm far away4' ,,tennyson4 ,the ,lady ,nyassa being taken to pieces1 the party began to construct a road over the thirty-five or forty miles of the rapids1 in order to convey the steamer to the lake4 ,after a few miles of the road had been completed1 it was thought desirable to ascertain whether the boat left near the lake two years before was fit for service1 so as to avoid the necessity of carrying another boat past the rapids4 ,on reaching it the boat was found to have been burnt4 ,the party therefore returned to carry up another4 ,they had got to the very last rapid1 and had placed the boat for a short space in the water1 when1 through the carelessness of five ,zambesi men1 she was overturned1 and away she went like an arrow down the rapids4 ,to keep calm under such a crowning disappointment must have ,i taxed ,livingstone's self-control to the very utmost4 ,it was now that he received a despatch from ,earl ,russell intimating that the ,expedition was recalled4 ,this1 though a great disappointment1 was not altogether a surprise4 ,on the #bdth ,april he had written to ,mr4 ,waller ,i should not wonder in the least to be recalled1 for should the ,portuguese persist in keeping the rivers shut1 there would be no use in trying to develop trade1 ,he states his views on the recall calmly in a letter to ,mr4 ,james ,young3 ,murchison ,cataracts1 #c;d ,july1 #ahfc4--444 ,got instructions for our recall yesterday1 at which ,i do not wonder4 ,the ,government has behaved well to us throughout1 and ,i feel abundantly thankful to ,h4,m4's ministers for enabling me so far to carry on the experiment of turning the industrial and trading propensities of the natives to good account1 with a view of thereby eradicating the trade in slaves4 ,but the ,portuguese dogged our footsteps1 and1 as is generally understood1 with the approbation of their ,home ,government1 neutralized our labors4 ,not that the ,portuguese statesmen approved of slaving1 but being enormously jealous lest their pretended dominion from sea to sea and elsewhere should in the least degree1 now or any future time1 become aught else than a slave 'preserve1' the ,governors have been instructed1 and have carried out their instructions further than their employers intended4 ,major ,sicard was removed from ,tette as too friendly1 and his successor had emmissaries in the ,ajawa camp4 ,well1 he saw their policy1 and regretted that they should be allowed to follow us into perfectly new regions4 ,the regret was the more poignant1 inasmuch as but for our entering in by gentleness1 they durst not have gone4 ,no ,portuguese dared1 for instance1 to come up this ,shir ,valley2 but after our dispelling the fear of the natives by fair treatment1 they came in calling themselves our 'children4' ,the whole thing culminated when this quarter was inundated with ,tette slavers1 whose operations1 with a marauding tribe of ,ajawas1 and a drought1 completely depopulated the country4 ,the sight of this made me conclude that unless something could be done to prevent these raids1 and take off their foolish obstructions on the rivers1 which they never use1 our work in this region was at an end4444 ,please the ,supreme1 ,i shall work some other point yet4 ,in leaving1 it is bitter to see some #ijj miles of coast abandoned to those who were the first to begin the slave-trade1 and seem determined to be the last to abandon it4 ,writing to ,mr4 ,waller at this time he said3 ,i don't know whether ,i am to go on the shelf or not4 ,if ,i do1 ,i make ,africa the shelf4 ,if the ',lady ,nyassa' is well sold1 ,i shall manage4 ,there is a ,ruler above1 and his providence guides all things4 ,he is our ,friend1 and has plenty of work for all his people to do4 ,don't fear of being left idle1 if willing to work for ,him4 ,i am glad to her of ,alington4 ,if the work is of ,god it will came out all right at last4 ,to ,him shall be given of the gold of ,sheba1 and daily shall ,he be praised4 ,i always think it was such a blessing and privilege to be led into his work instead of into the service of the hard taskmasters--the ,devil and ,sin4 ,the reason assigned by ,earl ,russell for the recall of the ,expedition were1 that1 not through any fault of ,dr4 ,livingstone's1 it had not accomplished the objects for which it had been designed1 and that it had proved much more costly than was originally expected4 ,probably the ,government felt likewise that their remonstrances with the ,portuguese ,government were unavailing1 and that their relations were becoming too uncomfortable4 ,even among those most friendly to ,dr4 ,livingstone's great aim1 and most opposed to the slave-trade1 and to the ,portuguese policy in ,africa1 there were some who doubted whether his proposed methods of procedure were quite consistent with the rights of the ,portuguese ,government4 ,his ,royal ,highness the ,prince-,consort indicated some feeling of this kind in his interview with ,livingstone in #aheg4 ,he expressed the feeling more strongly when he declined the request1 made to him through ,professor ,sedgwick of ,cambridge1 that he would allow himself to be ,patron of the ,universities ,mission4 ,dr4 ,livingstone knew well that from that exalted quarter his plans would receive no active support4 ,that he should have obtained the support he did from successive ,governments and successive ,foreign ,secretaries1 ,liberal and ,conservative1 was a great gratification1 if not something of a surprise4 ,hence the calmness with which he received the intelligence of the recall4 ,toward the ,portuguese ,government his feelings were not very sweet4 ,on them lay the guilt of arresting a work that would have conferred untold blessing on ,africa4 ,he determined to make this known very clearly when he should return to ,england4 ,at a future period of his life1 he purposed1 if spared1 to go more fully into the reasons of his recall4 ,meanwhile1 his course was simply to acquiesce in the resolution of the ,british ,government4 ,it was unfortunate that the recall took place before he had been able to carry into effect his favorite scheme of placing a steamer on ,lake ,nyassa2 nor could he do this now1 although the vessel on which he had spent half his fortune lay at the ,murchison ,cataracts4 ,he had always cherished the hope that the ,government would repay him at least a part of the outlay1 which1 instead of #cjjj1 as he had intended1 had mounted up to #fjjj4 ,he had very generously told ,dr4 ,stewart that if this should be done1 and if he should be willing to return from ,scotland to labor on the shores of ,nyassa1 he would pay him his expenses out1 and #aej yearly1 so anxious was he that he should begin the work4 ,on the recall of the ,expedition1 without any allowance for the ship1 or even mention of it1 all these expectations and intentions came abruptly to an end4 ,at no previous time had ,dr4 ,livingstone been under greater discouragements than now4 ,the ,expedition had been recalled2 his heart had not recovered from the desolation caused by the death of the ,bishop and his brethren1 as well as the ,helmores in the ,makololo country1 and still more by the removal of ,mrs4 ,livingstone1 and the thought of his motherless children2 the most heart-rending scenes had been witnessed everywhere in regions that a short time ago had been so bright2 all his efforts to do good had been turned to evil1 every new path he had opened having been seized as it were by the devil and turned to the most diabolical ends2 his countrymen were nearly all away from him2 the most depressing of diseases had produced its natural effect2 he had had worries1 delays1 and disappointments about ships and boats of the most harrassing kind2 and now the ,lady ,nyassa could not be floated in the waters of which he had fondly hoped to see her the angel and the queen4 ,it is hardly possible to exaggerate the noble quality of the heart that1 undeterred by all these troubles1 resolved to take this last chance of exploring the banks of ,nyassa1 although it could only be by the weary process of trudge1 trudge1 trudging2 although hunger1 if not starvation1 blocked the path1 and fever and dysentery flitted around it like imps of darkness2 although tribes1 demoralized by the slave-trade1 might at any moment put an end to him and his enterprise2--not to speak of the ordinary risks of travel1 the difficulty of finding guides1 the liability to bodily hurt1 the scarcity of food1 the perils from wild beasts by night ,und by day1--risks which no ordinary traveler could think of lightly1 but which in ,livingstone's journeys drop out of sight1 because they are so overtopped and dwarfed by risks that ordinary travelers never know4 ,why did not ,livingstone go home8 ,a single sentence in a letter to ,mr4 ,waller1 while the recall was only in contemplation1 explains3 ,in my case1 duty would not lead me home1 and home therefore ,i would not go4 ,away then goes ,livingstone1 accompanied by the steward of the ,pioneer and a handful of native servants 7,mr4 ,young being left in charge of the vessel71 to get to the northern end of the lake1 and ascertain whether any large river flowed into it from the west1 and if possible to visit ,lake ,moero1 of which he had heard1 lying a considerable way to the west4 ,for the first time in his travels he carried some bottles of wine1--a present from the missionaries ,waller and ,alington2 for water had hitherto been his only drink1 with a little hot coffee in the mornings to warm the stomach and ward off the feeling of sinking4 ,at one time the two white men are lost three days in the woods1 without food or the means of purchasing it2 but some poor natives out of their poverty show them kindness4 ,at another they can procure no guides1 though the country is difficult and the way intersected by deep gullies that can only be scaled at certain known parts2 anon they are taken for slave-dealers1 and make a narrow escape of a night attack4 ,another time1 the cries of children remind ,livingstone of his own home and family1 where the very same tones of sorrow had often been heard2 the thought brought its own pang1 only he could feel thankful that in the case of his children the woes of the slave-trade would never be added to the ordinary sorrows of childhood4 ,then he would enjoy the joyous laugh of some ,manganja women1 and think of the good influence of a merry heart1 and remember that whenever he had observed a chief with a joyous twinkle of the eye accompanying his laugh1 he had always set him down as a good fellow1 and had never been disappointed in him afterward4 ,then he would cheer his monotony by making some researches into the origin of civilization1 coming to the clear conclusion that born savages must die out1 because they could devise no means of living through disease4 ,by and by he would examine the ,arab character1 and find ,mahometanism as it now is in ,africa worse than ,african heathenism1 and remark on the callousness of the ,mahometans to the welfare of one another1 and on the especial glory of ,christianity1 the only religion that seeks to propagate itself1 and through the influence of love share its blessings with others4 ,anon he would dwell on the primitive ,african faith2 its recognition of one ,almighty ,creator1 its moral code1 so like our own1 save in the one article of polygamy2 its pious recognition of a future life1 though the element of punishment is not very conspicuous2 its mild character generally1 notwithstanding the bloodthirstiness sometimes ascribed to it1 which1 however1 ,livingstone held to be1 at ,dahomey for example1 purely exceptional4 ,another subject that occupied him was the natural history of the country4 ,he would account for desert tracts like ,kalahari by the fact that the east and southeast winds1 laden with moisture from the ,indian ,ocean1 get cooled over the coast ranges of mountains1 and having discharged their vapor there had no spare moisture to deposit over the regions that for want of it became deserts4 ,the geology of ,southern ,africa was peculiar2 the geographical series described in books was not to be found here1 for1 as ,sir ,roderick ,murchison had shown1 the great submarine depressions and elevations that had so greatly affected the other continents during the secondary1 tertiary1 and more recent periods1 had not affected ,africa4 ,it had preserved its terrestrial conditions during a long period1 unaffected by any changes save those dependent on atmospheric influences4 ,there was also a peculiarity in prehistoric ,africa--it had no stone period2 at least no flint weapons had been found1 and the familiarity and skill of the natives with the manufacture of iron seemed to indicate that they had used iron weapons from the first4 ,the travelers had got as far as the river ,loangwa 7of ,nyassa71 when a halt had to be called4 ,some of the natives had been ill1 and indeed one had died in the comparatively cold climate of the highlands4 ,but nothing would have hindered ,livingstone from working his way round the head of the lake if only time had been on his side4 ,but time was inexorably against him2 the orders from ,government were strict4 ,he must get the ,pioneer down to the sea while the river was in flood4 ,a month or six weeks would have enabled him to finish his researches1 but he could not run the risk4 ,it would have been otherwise had he foreseen that when he got to the ship he would be detained two months waiting for the rising of the river4 ,on their way back1 they took a nearer cut1 but found the villages all deserted4 ,the reeds along the banks of the lake were crowded with fugitives4 ,in passing mile after mile1 marked with the sad proofs that 'man's inhumanity to man makes countless thousands mourn1' one experiences an overpowering sense of helplessness to alleviate human woe1 and breathes a silent prayer to the ,almighty to hasten the good time coming when 'man to man1 the world o'er1 shall brothers be for all that4' ,near a village called ,bangw they were pursued by a body of ,mazitu1 who retired when they came within ear-shot4 ,this little adventure seemed to give rise to the report that ,dr4 ,livingstone had been murdered by the ,makololo1 which reached ,england1 and created no small alarm4 ,referring to the report in his jocular way1 in a letter to his friend ,mr4 ,fitch1 he says1 ,a report of my having been murdered at the lake has been very industriously circulated by the ,portuguese4 ,don't become so pale on getting a letter from a dead man4 ,reaching the stockade of ,chinsamba in ,mosapo1 they were much pleased with that chief's kindness4 ,dr4 ,livingstone followed his usual method1 and gained his usual influence4 ,when a chief has made any inquiries of us1 we have found that we gave most satisfaction in our answers when we tried to fancy ourselves in the position of the interrogator1 and him that of a poor uneducated fellow-countryman in ,england4 ,the polite1 respectful way of speaking1 and behavior of what we call 'a thorough gentleman1' almost always secures the friendship and good-will of the ,africans4 ,on #ast ,november1 #ahfc1 the party reached the ship1 and found all well4 ,here1 as has been said1 two months had to be spent waiting for the flood1 to ,dr4 ,livingstone's intense chagrin4 ,while waiting here he received a letter from ,bishop ,tozer1 the successor of ,bishop ,mackenzie1 informing him that he had resolved to abandon the ,mission on the continent and transfer operations to ,zanzibar4 ,dr4 ,livingstone had very sincerely welcomed the new ,bishop1 and at first liked him1 and thought that his caution would lead to good results4 ,indeed1 when he saw that his own scheme was destroyed by the ,portuguese1 he had great hopes that what he had been defeated in1 the ,mission would accomplish4 ,some time before1 his hopes had begun to wane1 and now the news conveyed in ,bishop ,tozer's letter was their death-blow4 ,in his reply he implored the ,bishop to reconsider the matter4 ,after urging strongly some considerations bearing on the duty of missionaries1 the reputation of ,englishmen1 and the impression likely to be made on the native mind1 he concluded thus3 ,i hope1 dear ,bishop1 you will not deem me guilty of impertinence in thus writing to you with a sore heart4 ,i see that if you go1 the last ray of hope for this wretched1 trodden-down people disappears1 and ,i again from the bottom of my heart entreat you to reconsider the matter1 and may the ,all-wise ,one guide to that decision which will be most for his glory4 ,and thus1 for ,livingstone's life-time1 ended the ,universities ,mission to ,central ,africa1 with all the hopes which its bright dawn had inspired1 that the great ,church of ,england would bend its strength against the curse of ,africa1 and sweep it from the face of the earth4 ,writing to ,sir ,thomas ,maclear1 he said that he felt this much more than his own recall4 ,he could hardly write of it2 he was more inclined to sit down and cry4 ,no mission had ever had such bright prospects2 notwithstanding all that had been said against it1 he stood by the climate as firmly as ever1 and if he were only young1 he would go himself and plant the gospel there4 ,it would be done one day without fail1 though he might not live to see it4 ,as usual1 ,livingstone found himself blamed for the removal of the ,mission4 ,the ,makololo had behaved badly1 and they were ,livingstone's people4 ,isn't it interesting1 he writes to ,mr4 ,moore1 to get blamed for everything8 ,but ,i must be thankful in feeling that ,i would rather perish than blame another for my misdeeds and deficiencies4 ,we have lost sight of ,dr4 ,stewart and the projected mission of the ,free ,church of ,scotland4 ,as ,dr4 ,livingstone's arrangements did not admit of his accompanying ,dr4 ,stewart up the ,shir1 he set out alone1 falling in afterward with the ,rev4 ,mr4 ,scudamore1 a member1 and as we have already said ultimately a martyr1 of the ,universities ,mission4 ,the report which ,dr4 ,stewart made of the prospects of a mission was that1 owing to the disturbed state of the country1 no immediate action could be taken4 ,livingstone seemed to think him hasty in this conclusion4 ,the scheme continued to be ardently cherished1 and some ten or twelve years after--in #ahgd--;in the formation of the ,livingstonia mission and colony1 a most promising and practical step was taken toward the fulfillment of ,dr4 ,livingstone's views4 ,dr4 ,stewart has proved one of the best friends and noblest workers for ,african regeneration both at ,lovedale and ,livingstonia--a strong man on whom other men may lean1 with his whole heart in the cause of ,africa4 ,in the breaking up of the ,universities ,mission1 it was necessary that some arrangement should be made on behalf of about thirty boys and a few helpless old persons and others1 a portion of the rescued slaves1 who had been taken under the charge of the ,mission1 and could not be abandoned4 ,the fear of the ,portuguese seemed likely to lead to their being left behind4 ,but ,livingstone could not bear the idea4 ,he thought it would be highly discreditable to the good name of ,england1 and an affront to the memory of ,bishop ,mackenzie1 to repudiate his act in taking them under his protection4 ,therefore1 when ,bishop ,tozer would not accept the charge1 he himself took them in hand1 giving orders to ,mr4 ,e4,d4 ,young 7as he says in his ,journal71 in the event of any ,portuguese interfering with them in his absence1 to pitch him over-board6 ,through his influence arrangements were made1 as we shall see1 for conveying them to the ,cape4 ,mr4 ,r4,m4 ,ballantyne1 in his ,six ,months at the ,cape1 tells us that he found1 some years afterward1 among the most efficient teachers in ,st4 ,george's ,orphanage1 ,cape ,town1 one of these black girls1 named ,dauma1 whom ,bishop ,mackenzie had personally rescued and carried on his shoulders1 and whom ,livingstone now rescued a second time4 ,livingstone's plan for himself was to sail to ,bombay in the ,lady ,nyassa1 and endeavor to sell her there1 before returning home4 ,the ,portuguese would have liked to get her1 to employ her as a slaver--,but1 he wrote to his daughter 7#ajth ,august1 #ahfc71 ,i would rather see her go down to the depths of the ,indian ,ocean than that4 ,we have not been able to do all that we intended for this country1 owing to the jealousy and slave-hunting of the ,portuguese4 ,they have hindered us effectually by sweeping away the population into slavery4 ,thousands have perished1 and wherever we go human skeletons appear4 ,i suppose that our ,government could not prevail on the ,portuguese to put a stop to this2 so we are recalled4 ,i am only sorry that we ever began near these slavers1 but the great men of ,portugal professed so loudly their eager desire to help us 7and in the case of the late ,king ,i think there was sincerity71 that ,i believed them1 and now find out that it was all for show in ,europe4444 ,if missions were established as we hoped1 ,i should still hope for good being done to this land1 but the new ,bishop had to pay fourpence for every pound weight of calico he bought1 and calico is as much currency here as money is in ,glasgow4 ,it looks as if they wished to prohibit any one else coming1 and1 unfortunately1 ,bishop ,tozer1 a good man enough1 lacks courage4444 ,what a mission it would be if there were no difficulties--nothing but walking about in slippers made by admiring young ladies6 ,hey6 that would not suit me4 ,it would give me the doldrums2 but there are many tastes in the world4 ,looking back on the work of the last six years1 while deeply grieved that the great object of the ,expedition had not been achieved1 ,dr4 ,livingstone was able to point to some important results3 #a4 ,the discovery of the ,kongone harbor1 and the ascertaining of the condition of the ,zambesi ,river1 and its fitness for navigation4 #b4 ,the ascertaining of the capacity of the soil4 ,it was found to be admirably adapted for indigo and cotton1 as well as tobacco1 castor-oil1 and sugar4 ,its great fertility was shown by its gigantic grasses1 and abundant crops of corn and maize4 ,the highlands were free from tsetse and mosquitoes4 ,the drawback to all this was the occurrence of periodical droughts1 once every few years4 ,but every fine feature of the country was bathed in gloom by the slave-trade4 ,the image left in ,dr4 ,livingstone's mind was not that of the rich1 sunny1 luxuriant country1 but that of the woe and wretchedness of the people4 ,the real service of the ,expedition was1 that it had exposed slavery at its fountain-head1 and in all its phases4 ,first1 there was the internal slave-trade between hostile native tribes4 ,then1 there were the slave-traders from the coast1 ,arabs1 or half-caste ,portuguese1 for whom natives were encouraged to collect slaves by all the horrible means of marauding and murder4 ,and further1 there were the parties sent out from ,portuguese and ,arab coast towns1 with cloth and beads1 muskets and ammunition4 ,the destructive and murderous effects of the last were the climax of the system4 ,dr4 ,livingstone had seen nothing to make him regard the ,african as of a different species from the rest of the human family4 ,nor was he the lowest of the species4 ,he had a strong frame and a wonderfully persistent vitality1 was free from many ,european diseases1 and could withstand privations with wonderful light-heartedness4 ,he did not deem it necessary formally to answer a question sometimes put1 whether the ,african had enough of intellect to receive ,christianity4 ,the reception of ,christianity did not depend on intellect4 ,it depended1 as ,sir ,james ,stephen had remarked1 on a spiritual intuition1 which was not the fruit of intellectual culture4 ,but1 in fact1 the success of missions on the ,west ,coast showed that not only could the ,african be converted to ,christianity1 but that ,christianity might take root and be cordially supported by the ,african race4 ,it was the accursed slave-trade1 promoted by the ,portuguese1 that had frustrated everything4 ,for some time to come his efforts and his prayers must be directed to getting influential men to see to this1 so that one way or other the trade might be abolished forever4 ,the hope of obtaining access to the heart of ,africa by another route than that through the ,portuguese settlements was still in ,livingstone's heart4 ,he would go home1 but only for a few months2 at the earliest possible moment he would return to look for a new route to the interior4 ,,chapter ,,xvi4 ,,quilimane ,,to ,,bombay ,,and ,,england4 ,a4,d4 #ahfd4 ,livingstone returns the ,pioneer to the ,navy1 and is to sail in the ,nyassa to ,bombay--,terrific circular storm--,imminent peril of the ,nyassa--,he reaches ,mozambique--,letter to his daughter--,proceeds to ,zanzibar--,his engineer leaves him--,scanty crew of ,nyassa--,livingstone captain and engineer--,peril of the voyage of #bejj miles--,risk of the monsoons--,the ,nyassa becalmed--,illness of the men--,remarks on ,african travel--,flying-fish--,dolphins--,curios ities of his ,journal--,idea of a colony--,furious squall--,two sea-serpents seen--,more squalls--,the ,nyassa enters ,bombay harbor--,is unnoticed--,first visit from officers with ,custom-house schedules--,how filled up--,attention of ,sir ,bartle ,frere and others--,livingstone goes with the ,governor to ,dapuri--,his feelings on landing in ,india--,letter to ,sir ,thomas ,maclear--,he visits mission-schools1 etc41 at ,poonah--,slaving in ,persian ,gulf--,returns to ,bombay--,leaves two boys with ,dr4 ,wilson--,borrows passage-money and sails for ,england--,at ,aden--,at ,alexandria--,reaches ,charing ,cross--,encouragement derived from his ,bombay visit--,two projects contemplated on his way home4 ,on reaching the mouth of the ,zambesi1 ,dr4 ,livingstone was fortunate in falling in1 on the #acth ,february1 with ,h4,m4,s4 ,orestes1 which was joined on the #adth by the ,ariel4 ,the ,orestes took the ,pioneer in tow1 and the ,ariel the ,lady ,nyassa1 and brought them to ,mozambique4 ,the day after they set out1 a circular storm passed over them1 raging with the utmost fury1 and creating the greatest danger4 ,often as ,dr4 ,livingstone had been near the gates of death1 he was never nearer than now4 ,he had been offered a passage on board the ,ariel1 but while there was danger he would not leave the ,lady ,nyassa4 ,had the latter not been an excellent sea-ship she could not have survived the tempest2 all the greater was ,dr4 ,livingstone's grief that she had never reached the lake for which she was adapted so well4 ,writing to his daughter ,agnes from ,mozambique1 he gives a very graphic account of the storm1 after telling her the manner of their leaving the ,zambesi3 ,mozambique1 #bdth ,feb41 #ahfd4--,when our patience had been well nigh exhausted the river rose and we steamed gladly down the ,shir on the #aith of last month4 ,an accident detained us some time1 but on the #ast ,february we were close by ,morumbala1 where the ,bishop ,tozer passed a short time before bolting out of the country4 ,i took two members of the ,mission away in the ',pioneer1' and thirteen women and children1 whom having liberated we did not like to leave to become the certain prey of slavers again4 ,the ,bishop left twenty-five boys1 too1 and these also ,i took with me1 hoping to get them conveyed to the ,cape1 where ,i trust they may become acquainted with our holy religion4 ,we had thus quite a swarm on board1 all very glad to get away from a land of slaves4 ,there were many more liberated1 but we took only the helpless and those very anxious to be free and with ,english people4 ,those who could cultivate the soil we encouraged to do so1 and left up the river4 ,only one boy was unwilling to go1 and he was taken by the ,bishop4 ,it is a great pity that the ,bishop withdrew the ,mission1 for he had a noble chance of doing great things4 ,the captives would have formed a fine school1 and as they had no parents he could have educated them as he liked4 ,when we reached the sea-coast at ,luabo we met a man-of-war1 ,h4,m4,s4 ',orestes4' ,i went to her with ',pioneer1' and sent ',lady ,nyassa' round by inland canal to ,kongone4 ,next day ,i went into ,kongone in ',pioneer'2 took our things out of her1 and handed her over to the officers of the ',orestes4' ,then ,h4,m4,s ',ariel' came and took ',nyassa' in tow1 ',orestes' having ',pioneer4' ,captain ,chapman of ',ariel' very kindly invited me on board to save me from the knocking about of the ',lady ,nyassa1' but ,i did not like to leave so long as there was any danger1 and accepted his invitation for ,mr4 ,waller1 who was dreadfully sea-sick4 ,on #aeth we were caught by a hurricane which whirled the ',ariel' right round4 ,her sails1 quickly put to rights1 were again backed so that the ship was driven backward and a hawser wound itself round her screw1 so as to stop the engines4 ,by this time she was turned so as to be looking right across ',lady ,nyassa1' and the wind alone propelling her as if to go over the little vessel4 ,i saw no hope of escape except by catching a rope's-end of the big ship as she passed over us1 but by ,god's goodness she glided past1 and we felt free to breathe4 ,that night it blew a furious gale4 ,the captain offered to lower a boat if ,i would come to the ',ariel1' but it would have endangered all in the boat3 the waves dashed so hard against the sides of the vessel1 it might have been swamped1 and my going away would have taken heart out of those that remained4 ,we then passed a terrible night1 but the ',lady ,nyassa' did wonderfully well1 rising like a little duck over the foaming billows4 ,she took in spray alone1 and no green water4 ,the man-of-war's people expected that she would go down1 and it was wonderful to see how well she did when the big man-of-war1 only about #bjj feet off1 plunged so as to show a large portion of copper oh her bottom1 then down behind so as to have the sea level with the top of her bulwarks4 ,a boat hung at that level was smashed4 ,if we had gone down we could not have been helped in the least--pitch dark1 and wind whistling above2 the black folks1 'ane bocking here1 another there1' and wanting us to go to the 'bank4' ,on #ahth the weather moderated1 and1 the captain repeating his very kind offer1 ,i went on board with a good conscience1 and even then the boat got damaged4 ,i was hoisted up in it1 and got rested in what was quite a steady ship as compared with the ',lady ,nyassa4' ,the ',ariel' was three days cutting off the hawser1 though nine feet under water1 the men diving and cutting it with immensely long chisels4 ,on the #aith we spoke to a ,liverpool ship1 requesting the captain to report me alive1 a silly report having been circulated by the ,portuguese that ,i had been killed at ,lake ,nyassa1 and on the #bdth we entered ,mozambique harbor1 very thankful for our kind and merciful preservation4 ,the ',orestes' has not arrived with the ',pioneer1' though she is a much more powerful vessel than the ',ariel4' ,here we have a fort1 built in #aejj1 and said to be of stones brought from ,lisbon4 ,it is a square massive-looking structure4 ,the town adjacent is ,arab in appearance4 ,the houses flat-roofed and colored white1 pink1 and yellow2 streets narrow1 with plenty of slaves on them4 ,it is on an island1 the mainland on the north being about a mile off4 ,the ,pioneer was delivered over to the ,navy1 being ,her ,majesty's property1 and proceeded to the ,cape with the ,valorous1 ,mr4 ,waller being on board with a portion of the mission flock4 ,of ,mr4 ,waller 7subsequently editor of the ,last ,journals7 ,dr4 ,livingstone remarked that he continued his generous services to all connected with the ,mission1 whether white or black1 till they were no longer needed2 his conduct to them throughout was truly noble1 and worthy of the highest praise4 ,after remaining some weeks at ,mozambique for thorough repairs1 the ,lady ,nyassa left on #afth ,april for ,johanna and ,zanzibar4 ,she was unable to touch at the former place1 and reached ,zanzibar on the #bdth4 ,offers were made for her there1 which might have led to her being sold1 but her owner did not think them sufficient1 and in point of fact1 he could not make up his mind to part with her4 ,he clung to the hope that she might yet be useful1 and to sell her seemed equivalent to abandon all hope of carrying out his philanthropic schemes4 ,at all events1 till he should consult ,mr4 ,young he would not sell her at such a sacrifice4 ,at ,zanzibar he found that a naval gentleman1 who had been lately there1 had not spoken of him in the most complimentary terms4 ,but it had not hurt him with his best friends4 ,indeed1 ,i find that evil-speaking against me has1 by the good providence of my ,god1 turned rather to my benefit4 ,i got two of my best friends by being spoken ill of1 for they found me so different from what they had been led to expect that they befriended me more than they otherwise would have done4 ,it is the good hand of ,him who has all in his power that influences other hearts to show me kindness4 ,the only available plan now was to cross the ,indian ,ocean for ,bombay1 or possibly ,aden1 in the ,nyassa and leave the ship there till he should make a run home1 consult with his friends as to the future1 and find means for the prosecution of his work4 ,at ,zanzibar a new difficulty arose4 ,mr4 ,rae1 the engineer1 who had now been with him for many years1 and with whom1 despite his peculiarities1 he got on very well1 signified his intention of leaving him4 ,he had the offer of a good situation1 and wished to accept of it4 ,he was not without compunctions at leaving his friend in the lurch1 and told ,livingstone that if he had had no offer for the ship he would have gone with him1 but as he had declined the offer made to him1 he did not feel under obligation to do so4 ,livingstone was too generous to press him to remain4 ,it was impossible to supply ,mr4 ,rae's place1 and if anything should go wrong with the engines1 what was to be done8 ,the entire crew of the vessel consisted of four ,europeans2 namely1 ,dr4 ,livingstone--skipper1 one stoker1 one carpenter1 and one sailor2 seven native ,zambesians1 who1 till they volunteered1 had never seen the sea1 and two boys1 one of whom was ,chuma1 afterward his attendant on the last journey4 ,with this somewhat sorry complement1 and fourteen tons of coal1 ,dr4 ,livingstone set out on #cjth ,april1 on a voyage of #bejj miles1 over an ocean which he had never crossed4 ,it was a very perilous enterprise1 for he was informed that the breaking of the monsoon occurred at the end of ,may or the beginning of ,june4 ,this1 as he came to think1 was too early2 but in any case1 he would come very near the dangerous time4 ,as he wrote to one of his friends1 he felt jammed into a corner1 and what could he do8 ,he believed from the best information he could get that he would reach ,bombay in eighteen days4 ,had any one told him that he would be forty-five days at sea1 and that for twenty-five of these his ship would be becalmed1 and even when she had a favorable wind would not sail fast1 even he would have looked pale at the thought of what was before him4 ,the voyage was certainly a memorable one1 and has only escaped fame by the still greater wonders performed by ,livingstone on land4 ,on the first day of the voyage1 he made considerable way1 but ,collyer1 one of his white men1 was prostrated by a bilious attack4 ,however1 one of the black men speedily learned to steer1 and took ,dr4 ,livingstone's place at the wheel4 ,hardly was ,collyer better when ,pennell1 another of his men1 was seized4 ,the chief foes of the ship were currents and calms4 ,owing to the illness of the men they could not steam1 and the sails were almost useless4 ,even steam1 when they got it up1 enabled them only to creep4 ,on #bjth ,may1 ,livingstone1 after recording but sixteen knots in the last twenty-four hours1 says in his ,journal3 ,this very unusual weather has a very depressing influence on my mind4 ,i often feel as if ,i am to die on this voyage1 and wish ,i had sent the accounts to the ,government1 as also my chart to the ,zambesi4 ,i often wish that ,i may be permitted to do something for the benighted of ,africa4 ,i shall have nothing to do at home2 by the failure of the ,universities ,mission my work seems vain4 ,no fruit likely to come from ,j4 ,moffat's mission either4 ,have ,i not labored in vain8 ,am ,i to be cut off before ,i do anything to effect permanent improvement in ,africa8 ,i have been unprofitable enough1 but may do something yet1 in giving information4 ,if spared1 ,god grant that ,i may be more faithful than ,i have been1 and may ,he open up the way for me6 ,next day the weather was as still as ever2 the sea a glassy calm1 with a hot glaring sun1 and sharks stalking about4 ,all ill-natured1 says honest ,livingstone1 and in this ,i am sorry to feel compelled to join4 ,there is no sign of ill-nature1 however1 in the following remarks on ,african travel1 in his ,journal for #bc;d ,may3 ,in traveling in ,africa1 with the specific object in view of ameliorating the benighted condition of the country1 every act is ennobled4 ,in obtaining shelter for the night1 and exchanging the customary civilities1 purchasing food for one's party and asking the news of the country1 and answering in their own polite way any inquiries made respecting the object of the journey1 we begin to spread information respecting that people by whose agency their land will yet be made free from the evils that now oppress it4 ,the mere animal pleasure of traveling is very great4 ,the elastic muscles have been exercised4 ,fresh and healthy blood circulates in the veins1 the eye is clear1 the step firm1 but the day's exertion has been enough to make rest thoroughly enjoyable4 ,there is always the influence of the remote chances of danger on the mind1 either from men or wild beasts1 and there is the fellow-feeling drawn out to one's humble1 hardy companions1 with whom a community of interests and perils renders one friends indeed4 ,the effect of travel on my mind has been to make it more self-reliant1 confident of resources and presence of mind4 ,on the body the limbs become wall-knit1 the muscles after six months' tramping are as hard as a board1 the countenance bronzed as was ,adam's1 and no dyspepsia4 ,in remaining at any spot1 it is to work4 ,the sweat of the brow is no longer a curse when one works for ,god2 it is converted into a blessing4 ,it is a tonic to the system4 ,the charms of repose cannot be known without the excitement of exertion4 ,most travelers seem taken up with the difficulties of the way1 the pleasures of roaming free in the most picturesque localities seem forgotten4 ,toward the end of ,may a breeze at last springs up2 many flying-fish come on board1 and ,livingstone is as usual intent on observation4 ,he observes them fly with great ease a hundred yards1 the dolphin pursuing them swiftly1 but not so swiftly as they can fly4 ,he notices that the dolphin's bright colors afford a warning to his enemies1 and give them a chance of escape4 ,incessant activity is a law in obtaining food4 ,if the prey could be caught with ease1 and no warning were given1 the balance would be turned against the feebler animals1 and carnivora alone would prevail4 ,the cat shows her shortened tail1 and the rattlesnake shakes his tail1 to give warning to the prey4 ,the flying-fish has large eyes in proportion to other fish1 yet leaps on board very often at night1 and kills himself by the concussion4 ,livingstone is in great perplexity what to do4 ,at the rate at which his ship is going it would take him fifteen days to reach ,bombay1 being one day before the breaking of the monsoon1 which would be running it too close to danger4 ,he thinks of going to ,aden1 but that would require him to go first to ,maculla for water and provisions4 ,when he tries ,aden the wind is against him2 so he turns the ship's head to ,bombay1 though he has water enough for but ten or twelve days on short allowance4 ,may the ,almighty be gracious to us all and help us6 ,his ,journal is a curious combination of nautical observations and reflections on ,africa and his work4 ,we seem to hear him pacing his little deck1 and thinking aloud3 ,the idea of a colony in ,africa1 as the term colony is usually understood cannot be entertained4 ,english races cannot compete in manual labor of any kind with the natives1 but they can take a leading part in managing the land1 improving the quality1 in creating the quantity and extending the varieties of the productions of the soil2 and by taking a lead1 too1 in trade1 and in all public matters1 the ,englishman would be an unmixed advantage to every one below and around him1 for he would fill a place which is now practically vacant4 ,it is difficult to convey an idea of the country2 it is so different from all preconceived notions4 ,the country in many parts rises up to plateaus1 slopes up to which are diversified by valleys lined with trees2 or here and there rocky bluffs jut out2 the plateaus themselves are open prairies covered with grass dotted over with trees1 and watered by numerous streams4 ,nor are they absolutely flat1 their surface is varied by picturesque undulations4 ,deep gorges and ravines leading down to the lower levels offer special beauties1 and landscapes from the edges of the higher plateaus are in their way unequaled4 ,thence the winding of the ,shir may be followed like a silver thread or broad lake with its dark mountain mass behind4 ,i think that the ,oxford and ,cambridge missionaries have treated me badly in trying to make me the scapegoat of their own blunders and inefficiency4444 ,but ,i shall try equitably and gently to make allowances for human weakness1 though that weakness has caused me much suffering4 ,on #bhth ,may they had something like a foretaste of the breaking of the monsoon1 though happily that event did not yet take place4 ,at noon a dense cloud came down on us from ,e4 and ,n4,e41 and blew a furious gale2 tore sails2 the ship1 as is her wont1 rolled broadside into it1 and nearly rolled quite over4 ,everything was hurled hither and thither4 ,it lasted half an hour1 then passed with a little rain4 ,it was terrible while it lasted4 ,we had calm after it1 and sky brightened up4 ,thank ,god for his goodness4 ,in ,june there was more wind1 but a peculiarity in the construction of the ship impeded her progress through the water4 ,it was still very tedious and trying4 ,livingstone seems to have been reading books that would take his attention off the very trying weather4 ,lord ,ravensworth has been trying for twenty years to reader the lines in ,horace-- ',dulce ridentem ,lalagen amabo ,dulce loquentem4' ,and after every conceivable variety of form this is the best3 ',the softly speaking ,lalage1 ,the softly smiling still for me4' ,pity he had nothing better to engage his powers1 for instance the translating of the ,bible into one of the languages of the world4 ,the #ajth of ,june was introduced by a furious squall which tore the fore square-sail to ribbons4 ,a curious sight is seen at sea3 two serpents--said to be often seen on the coast4 ,one dark olive1 with light yellow rings round it1 and flattened tail2 the other lighter in color4 ,they seem to be salt-water animals4 ,next day1 a wet scowling morning4 ,frequent rains1 and thunder in the distance4 ,a poor weak creature4 ,permit me to lean on an all-powerful arm4 ,the squalls usually come up right against the wind1 and cast all our sails aback4 ,this makes them so dangerous1 active men are required to trim them to the other side4 ,we sighted land a little before #ab1 the high land of ,rutnagerry4 ,i thought of going in1 but finding that we have twenty-eight hours' steam1 ,i changed my mind1 and pushed on for ,bombay1 #aae miles distant4 ,we are nearer the land down here than we like1 but our ,n4,w4 wind has prevented us from making northing4 ,we hope for a little change1 and possibly may get in nicely4 ,the good ,lord of all help us6 ,at #c ,p4,m4 wind and sea high2 very hazy4 ,raining1 with a strong head wind2 at #h ,p4,m4 a heavy squall came off the land on our east4 ,wind whistled through the rigging loudly1 and we made but little progress steaming4 ,at #aa ,p4,m4 a nice breeze sprang up from east and helped us4 ,about #ab a white patch reported seemed a shoal1 but none is marked on the chart4 ,steered a point more out from land2 another white patch marked in middle watch4 ,sea and wind lower at #c ,a4,m4 ,at daylight we found ourselves abreast high land at least #ejj feet above sea-level4 ,wind light1 and from east1 which enables us to use fore and aft try-sails4 ,a groundswell on1 but we are getting along1 and feel very thankful to ,him who has favored us4 ,hills not so beautifully colored as those in ,africa4444 ,at #g ,p4,m4 a furious squall came off the land2 could scarcely keep the bonnets on our heads4 ,pitchy dark1 except the white curl on the waves1 which was phosphorescent4 ,seeing that we could not enter the harbor1 though we had been near1 ,i stopped the steaming and got up the try-sails1 and let ,pennell1 who has been up thirty hours1 get a sleep4 #acth ,june1 #ahfd4--,we found that we had come north only about ten miles4 ,we had calms after the squall1 and this morning the sea is as smooth as glass1 and a thick haze over the land4 ,a scum as of dust on face of water4 ,we are1 as near as ,i can guess by the chart1 about twenty-five miles from the port of ,bombay4 ,came to ,choul ,rock at mid-day1 and1 latitude agreeing thereto1 pushed on ,n4 by ,w4 till we came to light-ship4 ,it was so hazy inland we could see nothing whatever1 then took the direction by chart1 and steered right into ,bombay most thankfully4 ,i mention ,god's good providence over me1 and beg that ,he may accept my spared life for his service4 ,between the fog and the small size of the ,nyassa1 her entrance into the harbor was not observed4 ,among ,livingstone's first acts on anchoring was to give handsome gratuities to those who had shared his danger and helped him in his straits4 ,going ashore1 he called on the ,governor and the police magistrate1 but the one was absent and the other busy1 and so he returned to the ship unrecognized4 ,the schedules of the custom-house sent to be filled up his first recognition by the authorities of ,bombay4 ,he replied that except a few bales of calico and a box of beads he had no merchandise2 he was consigned to no one2 the seamen had only their clothes1 and he did not know a single soul in ,bombay4 ,as soon as his arrival was known every attention was showered on him by ,sir ,bartle ,frere1 the ,governor1 and others4 ,they had been looking out for him1 but he had eluded their notice4 ,the ,governor was residing at ,dapuri1 and on his invitation ,livingstone went there4 ,stopping at ,poona1 he called on the missionaries1 and riding on an elephant he saw some of the lions of the place4 ,colonel ,stewart1 who accompanied him1 threw some light on the sea-serpent4 ,he told us that the yellow sea-serpent which we had seen before reaching ,bombay is poisonous2 there are two kinds--one dark olive1 the other pale lemon color2 both have rings of brighter yellow on their tails4 ,landing in ,india was a strange experience1 as he tells ,sir ,thomas ,maclear4 ,to walk among the teeming thousands of all classes of population1 and see so many things that reading and pictures had made familiar to the mind1 was very interesting4 ,the herds of the buffaloes1 kept ,i believe for their milk1 invariably made the question glance across the mind1 ',where's your rifle8' ,nor could ,i look at the elephants either without something of the same feeling4 ,hundreds of bales of cotton were lying on the wharves44 #bjth ,june1 #ahfd--,went with ,captain ,leith to ,poona to visit the ,free ,church ,mission ,schools there1 under the ,rev4 ,mr4 ,mitchell1 ,gardner1 etc4 ,a very fine school of #ejj boys and young men answered questions very well4444 ,all collected together1 and a few ladies and gentlemen for whom ,i answered questions about ,africa4 ,we then went to a girls' school2 the girls sang very nicely1 then acted a little play4 ,there were different castes in all the schools1 and quite mixed4 ,after this we went to ,college1 where young men are preparing for degrees of the ,university under ,dr4 ,haug and ,mr4 ,wordsworth2 then to the ,roman ,catholic ,orphanage1 where #bjj girls are assembled1 clothed1 and fed under a ,french ,lady ,superior--dormitory clean and well aired1 but many had scrofulous-looking sore eyes2 then home to see some friends whom ,lady ,frere had invited1 to save me the trouble of calling on them4 ,saw ,mr4 ,cowan's daughter4 #bast ,june1 #ahfd4--444 ,had a conversation with the ,governor after breakfast about the slaving going on toward the ,persian ,gulf4 ,his idea is that they are now only beginning to put a stop to slavery--they did not know of it previously4444 ,the merchants of ,bombay have got the whole of the trade of ,east ,africa thrown on their hands1 and would1 it is thought1 engage in an effort to establish commerce on the coast4 ,the present ,sultan is1 for an ,arab1 likely to do a good deal4 ,he asked if ,i would undertake to be consul at a settlement1 but ,i think ,i have not experience enough for a position of that kind among ,europeans4 ,on returning to ,bombay1 he saw the missionary institutions of the ,scotch ,established and ,free ,churches1 and arranged with ,dr4 ,wilson of the latter mission to take his two boys1 ,chuma and ,wikatani4 ,he arranged also that the ,lady ,nyassa1 which he had not yet sold1 should be taken care of1 and borrowing #acc1 #ajs4 for the passage-money of himself and ,john ,reid1 one of his men1 embarked for old ,england4 ,at ,aden considerable rain had fallen lately2 he observed that there was much more vegetation than when he was there before1 and it occurred to him that at the time of the ,exodus the same effects probably followed the storms of rain1 lightning1 and hail in ,egypt4 ,egypt was very far from green1 so that ,dr4 ,stanley must have visited it at another part of the year4 ,at ,alexandria1 when he went on board the ,ripon1 he found the ,maharaja ,dhuleep ,singh and his young ,princess--the girl he had fancied and married from an ,english ,egyptian school4 ,paris is reached on the #bast ,july2 a day is spent in resting2 and on the evening of the #bc;d he reaches ,charing ,cross1 and is regaled with what1 after nearly eight years' absence1 must have been true music--the roar of the mighty ,babylon4 ,the desponding views of his work which we find in such entries in his ,journal as that of #bjth ,may must not be held to express his deliberate mind4 ,it must not be thought that he had thrown aside the motto which had helped him as much as it had helped his royal countryman1 ,robert ,bruce--,try again4 ,he had still some arrows in his quiver4 ,and his short visit to ,bombay was a source of considerable encouragement4 ,the merchants there1 who had the ,east ,african trade in their hands1 encouraged him to hope that a settlement for honest traffic might be established to the north of the region over which the ,portuguese claimed authority4 ,as ,livingstone moved homeward he was revolving two projects4 ,the first was to expose the atrocious slave-trading of the ,portuguese1 which had not only made all his labor fruitless1 but had used his very discoveries as channels for spreading fresh misery over ,africa4 ,the thought warmed his blood1 and he felt like a ,highlander with his hand on his claymore4 ,the second project was to find means for a new settlement at the head of the ,rovuma1 or somewhere else beyond the ,portuguese lines1 which he would return in the end of the year to establish4 ,writing a short book might help to accomplish both these projects4 ,as yet1 the idea of finding the sources of the ,nile was not in his mind4 ,it was at the earnest request of others that he undertook the work that cost him so many years of suffering1 and at last his life4 ,,chapter ,,xvii4 ,,second ,,visit ,,home4 ,a4,d4 #ahfd-fe4 ,dr4 ,livingstone and ,sir ,r4 ,murchison--,at ,lady ,palmerston's reception--at other places in ,london--,sad news of his son ,robert--,his early death--,dr4 ,livingstone goes to ,scotland--,pays visits--,consultation with ,professor ,syme as to operation--,visit to ,duke of ,argyll--to ,ulva--,he meets ,dr4 ,duff--,at launch of a ,turkish frigate--,at ,hamilton--,goes to ,bath to ,british ,association--,delivers an ,address--,dr4 ,colenso--,at funeral of ,captain ,speke--,bath speech offends the ,portuguese--,charges of ,lacerda--,he visits ,mr4 and ,mrs4 ,webb-at ,newstead--,their great hospitality--,the ,livingstone room--,he spends eight months there writing his book--,he regains elasticity and playfulness--,his book--,charles ,livingstone's share--,he uses his influence for ,dr4 ,kirk--,delivers a lecture ,at ,mansfield--,proposal made to him by ,sir ,r4 ,murchison to return to ,africa--,letter from ,sir ,roderick--,his reply--,he will not cease to be a missionary--,letter to ,mr4 ,james ,young--,overtures from ,foreign ,office--,livingstone displeased--,at dinner of ,royal ,academy--,his speech not reported--,president ,lincoln's assassination--,examination by ,committee of ,house of ,commons--,his opinion on the capacity of the negro--,he goes down to ,scotland--,tom ,brown's ,school ,days--,his mother very ill--,she rallies--,he goes to ,oxford--,hears of his mother's death--,returns--,he attends examination of ,oswell's school--,his speech--,goes to ,london1 preparing to leave--,parts from ,mr4 and ,mrs4 ,webb--,stays with ,dr4 and ,mrs4 ,hamilton--,last days in ,england4 ,on reaching ,london1 ,dr4 ,livingstone took tip his quarters at the ,tavistock ,hotel2 but he had hardly swallowed dinner1 when he was off to call on ,sir ,roderick and ,lady ,murchison4 ,sir ,roderick took me off with him1 just as ,i was1 to ,lady ,palmerston's reception4 ,my lady very gracious--gave me tea herself4 ,lord ,palmerston looking well4 ,had two conversations with him about slave-trade4 ,sir ,roderick says that he is more intent on maintaining his policy on that than on any other thing4 ,and so is she--wonderfully fine1 matronly lady4 ,her daughters are grown up4 ,lady ,shaftesbury like her mother in beauty and grace4 ,saw and spoke to ,sir ,charles ,wood about ,india1 'his ,eastern ,empire1' as he laughingly called it4 ,spoke to ,duke and ,duchess of ,somerset4 ,all say very polite things1 and all wonderfully considerate4 ,an invitation to dine with ,lord ,palmerston on the #bith detained him for a few days from going down to ,scotland4 ,monday1 #beth ,july4--,went to ,foreign ,office4444 ,got a dress suit at ,nicol ,co4's1 and dined with ,lord and ,lady ,dunmore4 ,very clever and intelligent man1 and lady very sprightly4 ,thence to ,duchess of ,wellington's reception4 ,a grand company--magnificent rooms4 ,met ,lord and ,lady ,colchester1 ,mrs4 ,f4 ,peel1 ,lady ,emily ,peel1 ,lady de ,redcliffe1 ,lord ,broughton1 ,lord ,houghton1 and many more whose names escaped me4 ,ladies wonderfully beautiful--rich and rare were the gems they wore4 #bfth ,july4--,go to ,wimbledon with ,mr4 ,murray1 and see ,sir ,bartle ,frere's children4444 ,see ,lord ,russell--his manner is very cold1 as all the ,russells are4 ,saw ,mr4 ,layard too2 he is warm and frank4 ,received an invitation from the ,lord ,mayor to dine with ,her ,majesty's ,ministers4 #bgth ,july4--,hear the sad news that ,robert is ,in the ,american army4444 ,went to ,lord ,mayor ,lawrence's to dinner4444 ,with reference to the sad news of ,robert1 which made his father very heavy-hearted during the first part of his visit home1 it is right to state a few particulars1 as the painful subject found its way into print1 and was not always recorded accurately4 ,robert had some promising qualities1 and those who knew and understood him had good hopes of his turning out well4 ,but he was extremely restless1 as if1 to use ,livingstone's phrase1 he had got a deal of the vagabond nature from his father2 and school-life was very irksome to him4 ,with the view of joining his father1 he was sent to ,natal1 but he found no opportunity of getting thence to the ,zambesi4 ,leaving ,natal1 he found his way to ,america1 and at ,boston he enlisted in the ,federal army4 ,the service was as hot as could be4 ,in one battle1 two men were killed close to him by shrapnel shell1 a rifle bullet passed close to his head1 and killed a man behind him2 other two were wounded close by him4 ,his letters to his sister expressed his regret at the course of his life1 and confessed that his troubles were due to his disobedience4 ,so far was he from desiring to trade on his father's name1 that in enlisting he assumed another1 nor did any one in the army know whose son it was that was fighting for the freedom of the slave4 ,meeting the risks of battle with dauntless courage1 he purposely abstained1 even in the heat of a charge1 from destroying life4 ,not long after1 ,dr4 ,livingstone learned that in one of his battles he was wounded and taken prisoner2 then came a letter from a hospital1 in which he again expressed his intense desire to travel4 ,but his career had come to its close4 ,he died in his nineteenth year4 ,his body lies in the great national cemetery of ,gettysburg1 in ,pennsylvania1 in opening which ,lincoln uttered one of those speeches that made his name dear to ,livingstone4 ,whatever degree of comfort or hope his father might derive from ,robert's last letters1 he felt saddened by his unsatisfactory career4 ,writing to his friend ,moore 7#eth ,august7 he says3 ,i hope your eldest son will do well in the distant land to which he has gone4 ,my son is in the ,federal army in ,america1 and no comfort4 ,the secret ballast is often applied by a kind hand above1 when to outsiders we appear to be sailing gloriously with the wind4 #bith ,july4--,called on ,mr4 ,gladstone2 he was very affable--spoke about the ,mission1 and asked if ,i had told ,lord ,russell about it4444 ,visited ,lady ,franklin and ,miss ,cracroft1 her niece4444 ,dined with ,lord and ,lady ,palmerston1 ,lady ,shaftesbury1 and ,lady ,victoria ,ashley1 the ,portuguese ,minister1 ,count d',azeglio 7,sardinian ,minister71 ,mr4 ,calcraft--a very agreeable party4 ,mr4 ,calcraft and ,i walked home after retiring4 ,he is cousin to ,colonel ,steele2 the colonel has gone abroad with his daughter1 who is delicate4 ,saturday1 #cast ,july1 #ahfd4--;,came down by the morning train to ,harburn1 and met my old friend ,mr4 ,young1 who took me to ,limefield1 and introduced me to a nice family4 ,dr4 ,livingstone's relation to ,mr4 ,young's family was very close and cordial4 ,hardly one of the many notes and letters he wrote to his friend fails to send greetings to ,ma-,james1 as he liked to call ,mrs4 ,young1 after the ,african fashion4 ,it is not only the playful ease of his letters that shows how much he felt at home with ,mr4 ,young1--the same thing appears from the frequency with which he sought his counsel in matters of business1 and the value which he set upon it4 ,sunday1 #ast ,august4--,went-to the ,u4,p4 church1 and heard excellent sermons4 ,was colder this time than on my former visit to ,scotland4 #b;d ,august4--,reached ,hamilton4 ,mother did not know me at first4 ,anna ,mary1 a nice sprightly child1 told me that she preferred ,garibaldi buttons on her dress1 as ,i walked down to ,dr4 ,loudon to thank him for his kindness to my mother4 #c;d ,august4--,agnes1 ,oswell1 and ,thomas came4 ,i did not recognize ,tom1 he has grown so much4 ,has been poorly a long while2 congestion of the kidney1 it is said4 ,agnes quite tall1 and ,anna ,mary a nice little girl4 ,the next few days were spent with his family1 and in visits to the neighborhood4 ,he had a consultation with ,professor ,syme as to a surgical operation recommended for an ailment that had troubled him ever since his first great journey2 he was strongly urged to have the operation performed1 and probably it would have been better if he had2 but he finally declined1 partly because an old medical friend was against it1 but chiefly1 as he told ,sir99 ,roderick1 because the matter would get into the newspapers1 and he did not like the public to be speaking of his infirmities4 ,on the #agth he went to ,inveraray to visit the ,duke of ,argyll4 ,he was greatly pleased with his reception1 and his ,journal records the most trifling details4 ,what especially charmed him was the considerate forethought in making him feel at his ease4 ,on ,monday morning ,i had the honor of planting two trees beside those planted by ,sir ,john ,lawrence and the ,marquis of ,lansdowne1 and by the ,princess of ,prussia and the ,crown ,prince4 ,the coach came at twelve o'clock1 and ,i finished the most delightful visit ,i ever made4 ,next day he went to ,oban1 and the day after by steamer to ,iona and ,staffa1 and thereafter to ,aros1 in ,mull4 ,next day ,captain ,greenhill took him in his yacht to ,ulva4 ,in #ahdh the kelp and potatoes failed1 and the proprietor1 a writer from ,stirling1 reduced the population from six hundred to one hundred4 ,none of my family remain4 ,the minister1 ,mr4 ,fraser1 had made inquiries some years ago1 and found an old woman who remembered my grandfather living at ,uamh1 or the ,cave4 ,it is a sheltered spot1 with basaltic rocks jutting out of the ground below the cave2 the walls of the house remain1 and the corn and potato patches are green1 but no one lives there4444 ,returning to ,oban on the #bdth ,august1 444 ,i then came to the ,crinan ,canal1 and at ,glasgow end thereof met that famous missionary1 ,dr4 ,duff1 from ,india ,a fine1 tall1 noble-looking man1 with a white beard and a twitch in his muscles which shows that the ,indian climate has done its work on him4444 ,home to ,hamilton4 ,the ,highlanders everywhere claimed him2 they cheered me1 he writes to ,sir ,roderick1 as a man and a brother4 ,the ,british ,association was to meet at ,bath this autumn1 and ,livingstone was to give a lecture on ,africa4 ,it was a dreadful thought4 ,worked at my ,bath speech4 ,a cold shiver comes over me when ,i think of it4 ,ugh6 ,then he went with his daughter ,agnes to see a beautiful sight1 the launching of a ,turkish frigate from ,mr4 ,napier's yard--#hjjj tons weight plunged into the ,clyde1 and sent a wave of its dirty water over to the other side4 ,the ,turkish ,ambassador1 ,musurus ,pasha1 was one of the party at ,shandon1 and he and ,livingstone traveled in the same carriage ,at one of the stations they were greatly cheered by the ,volunteers4 ,the cheers are for you1 ,livingstone said to the ,ambassador1 with a smile4 ,no1 said the ,turk ,i am only what my master made me2 you are what you made yourself4 ,when the party reached the ,queen's ,hotel1 a working man rushed across the road1 seized ,livingstone's hand1 saying1 ,i must shake your hand1 clapped him on the back1 and rushed back again4 ,you'll not deny now1 said the ,ambassador1 that that's for you4 ,returning to ,hamilton1 he notes1 on #dth ,september3 ,church in the forenoon to hear a stranger1 in the afternoon to hear ,mr4 ,buchan give an excellent sermon4 ,on #eth1 #fth1 #gth1 he is at the speech4 ,on #hth he receives a most kind invitation from ,mr4 and ,mrs4 ,webb of ,newstead ,abbey1 to make their house his home4 ,mr4 ,webb was a very old friend1 a great hunter1 who had seen ,livingstone at ,kolobeng1 and formed an attachment to him which continued as warm as ever to the last day of ,livingstone's life4 ,livingstone and his daughter ,agnes reach ,bath on the #aeth1 and become the guests of ,dr4 and ,miss ,watson1 of both of whom he writes in the highest terms4 ,on ,sunday1 heard a good sermon from ,mr4 ,fleming ,bishop ,colenso called on me4 ,he was very much cheered by many people2 it is evident that they admire his pluck1 and consider him a persecuted man4 ,went to the theatre on ,monday1 #aith1 to deliver my address4 ,when in the green-room1 a loud cheering was made for ,bishop ,colenso1 and some hisses4 ,it was a pity that he came to the ,british ,association1 as it looks like taking sides4 ,sir ,charles ,lyell cheered and clapped his hands in a most vigorous way4 ,got over the address nicely4 ,people very kind and indulgent--#bejj persons present1 but it is a place easily spoken in4 ,when ,bishop ,colenso moved the vote of thanks to ,dr4 ,livingstone for his address1 occasion was taken by some narrow and not very scrupulous journals to raise a prejudice against him4 ,he was represented as sharing the ,bishop's theological views4 ,for this charge there was no foundation1 and the preceding extract from his ,journal will show that he felt the ,bishop's presence to be somewhat embarrassing4 ,dr4 ,livingstone was eminently capable of appreciating ,dr4 ,colenso's chivalrous backing of native races in ,africa1 while he differed toto coelo from his theological views4 ,in an entry in his ,journal a few days later he refers to an ,african traveler who had got a high reputation without deserving it1 for he sank to the low estate of the natives1 and rather admired ,essays and ,reviews ,the next passage we give from his ,journal refers to the melancholy end of another brother-traveler1 of whom he always spoke with respect3 #bc;d ,sept4--,went to the funeral of poor ,captain ,speke1 who1 when out shooting on the #aeth1 the day ,i arrived at ,bath1 was killed by the accidental discharge of his gun4 ,it was a sad shock to me1 for1 having corresponded with him1 ,i anticipated the pleasure of meeting him1 and the first news ,dr4 ,watson gave me was that of his death4 ,he was buried at ,dowlish1 a village where his family have a vault4 ,captain ,grant1 a fine fellow1 put a wreath or immortelle upon the coffin as it passed us in church4 ,it was composed of mignonette and wild violets4 ,the ,bath speech gave desperate offense to the ,portuguese4 ,livingstone thought it a good sign1 wrote playfully to ,mr4 ,webb that they were cussin' and swearin' dreadful1 and wondered if they would keep their senses when the book came out4 ,in a postscript to the preface to ,the ,zambesi and its ,tributaries1 he says1 ,senhor ,lacerda has endeavored to extinguish the facts adduced by me at ,bath by a series of papers in the ,portuguese official journal2 and their ,minister for ,foreign ,affairs has since devoted some of the funds of his ,government to the translation and circulation of ,senhor ,lacerda's articles in the form of an ,english tract4 ,he replies to the allegations of the pamphlet on the main points4 ,but he was too magnanimous to make allusion to the shameless indecency of the personal charges against himself4 ,it is manifest1 said ,lacerda1 without the least reason to doubt1 that ,dr4 ,livingstone1 under the pretext of propagating the ,word of ,god 7this being the least in which he employed himself7 and the advancement of geographical and natural science1 made all his steps and exertions subservient to the idea of 444 eventually causing the loss to ,portugal of the advantages of the rich commerce of the interior1 and in the end1 when a favorable occasion arose that of the very territory itself4 ,lacerda then quoted the bitter letter of ,mr4 ,rowley in illustration of ,livingstone's plans and methods1 and urged remonstrance as a duty of the ,portuguese ,government4 ,nor1 he continued1 ought the ,government o ,portugal to stop here4 ,it ought1 as we have said1 to go further2 because from what his countrymen say of ,livingstone--and to which he only answers by a mere vain negation1--from what he unhesitatingly declares of himself and his intentions1 and from what must be known to the ,government by private information from1 their delegates1 it is obvious that such men as ,livingstone may become extremely prejudicial to the interests of ,portugal1 especially when resident in a public capacity in our ,african possessions1 if not efficiently watched1 if their audacious and mischievous actions are not restrained4 ,if steps are not taken in a proper and effective manner1 so that they may be permitted only to do good1 if indeed good can come from such1 etc4 #bfth ,sept4--,agnes and ,i go to-day to ,newstead ,abbey1 ,notts4 ,reach it about #i ,p4,m41 and find ,mr4 and ,mrs4 ,webb all ,i anticipated and more4 ,a splendid old mansion with a wonderful number of curiosities in it1 and magnificent scenery around4 ,it was the residence of ,lord ,byron1 and his furniture is kept in his private rooms just as he left it4 ,his character does not shine4 ,it appears to have been horrid4444 ,he made a drinking cup of a monk's skull found under the high altar1 with profane verses on the silver setting1 and kept his wine in the stone coffin4 ,these ,mrs4 ,webb buried1 and all the bones she could find that had been desecrated by the poet4 ,in a letter to ,sir ,thomas ,maclear he speaks of the poet as one of those who1 like many others--some of them travelers who abused missionaries1--considered it a fine thing to be thought awfully bad fellows4 #bgth4--,went through the whole house with our kind hosts1 and saw all the wonders1 which would require many days properly to examine4444 #b;d ,october4--,took ,communion in the chapel of the ,abbey4 ,god grant me to be and always to act as a true ,christian4 #c;d4--,mr4 and ,mrs4 ,webb kindness itself personified4 ,a blessing be on them and their children from the ,almighty6 ,when first invited to reside at ,newstead ,abbey1 ,dr4 ,livingstone declined1 on the ground that he was to be busy writing a book1 and that he wished to have some of his children with him1 and in the case of ,agnes1 to let her have music lessons4 ,his kind friends1 however1 were resolved that these reasons should not stand in the way1 and arrangements were made by them accordingly4 ,dr4 ,livingstone continued to be their guest for eight months1 and received from them all manner of assistance4 ,sometimes ,mr4 and ,mrs4 ,webb1 ,mrs4 ,goodlake 7,mrs4 ,webb's mother71 and his daughter ,agnes would all be busy copying his journals4 ,the ,livingstone room1 as it is called1 in the ,sussex tower1 is likely to be associated with his name while the building lasts4 ,it was his habit to rise early and work at his book1 to return to his task after breakfast and continue till luncheon and in the afternoon have a long walk with ,mr4 ,webb4 ,it is only when the book is approaching its close that we find him working till two in the morning4 ,one of his chief recreations was in the field of natural history1 watching experiments with the spawning of trout4 ,he endeared himself to all1 high and low2 was a special favorite with the children1 and did not lose opportunities to commend1 in the way he thought best1 those high views of life and duty which had been so signally exemplified in his own career4 ,the playfulness of his nature found full and constant scope at ,newstead2 he regained an almost boyish flow of animal spirits1 reveled in fun and frolic in his short notes to friends like ,mr4 ,young1 or ,mr4 ,webb when he happened to be absent2 wrote in the style of ,mr4 ,punch1 and called his opponents by ludicrous names2 yet never forgot the stern duty that loomed before him1 or allowed the enjoyment and abandon of the moment to divert him from the death-struggle on behalf of ,africa in which he had yet to engage4 ,the book was at first to be a little one1--a blast of the trumpet against the monstrous slave-trade of the ,portuguese2 but it swelled to a goodly octavo1 and embraced the history of the ,zambesi ,expedition4 ,charles ,livingstone had written a full diary1 and in order that his name might be on the title-page1 and he might have the profits of the ,american edition1 his journal was made use of in the writing of the book2 but the arrangement was awkward2 sometimes ,livingstone forgot the understanding of joint-authorship1 and he found that he could more easily have written the whole from the foundation1 ,at first it was designed that the book should appear early in the summer of #ahfe1 but when the printing was finished the map was not ready2 and the publication had to be delayed till the usual season in autumn4 ,the entries in his ,journal are brief1 and of little general interest during the time the book was getting ready4 ,most of them have reference to the affairs of other people4 ,as he finds that ,dr4 ,kirk is unable to undertake a work on the botany and natural history of the ,expedition1 unless he should hold some permanent situation1 he exerts himself to procure a ,government appointment for him1 recommending him strongly to ,sir ,r4 ,murchison and others1 and is particularly gratified by a reply to his application from the ,earl of ,dalhousie1 who wrote that he regarded his request as a command4 ,he is pleased to learn that1 through the kind efforts of ,sir ,roderick1 his brother ,charles has been appointed ,consul at ,fernando ,po4 ,he sees the ,american ,minister1 who promises to do all he can for ,robert1 but almost immediately after1 the report comes that poor ,robert has died in a hospital in ,salisbury1 ,north ,carolina4 ,he delivers a lecture at the ,mechanics' ,institute at ,mansfield1 but the very idea of a speech always makes him ill1 and in this case it brings on an attack of ,hmorrhoids1 with which he had not been troubled for long4 ,he goes to ,london to a meeting of the ,geographical ,society1 and hears a paper of ,burton's--a gentleman from whose geographical views he dissents1 as he does from his views on subjects more important4 ,in regard to his book he says very little2 four days1 he tells us1 were spent in writing the description of the ,victoria ,falls2 and on the #aeth ,april1 #ahfe1 he summons his daughter ,agnes to take his pen and write ,,finis at the end of his manuscript4 ,on leaving ,newstead on the #beth1 he writes1 ,parted with our good friends the ,webbs4 ,and may ,god ,almighty bless and reward them and their family6 ,some time before this1 a proposal was made to him by ,sir ,roderick ,murchison which in the end gave a new direction to the remaining part of his life4 ,it was brought before him in the following letter3 ,jan4 #e1 #ahfe4 ,,my ,,dear ,,livingstone3--,as to your future1 ,i am anxious to know what your own wish is as respects a renewal of ,african exploration4 ,quite irrespective of missionaries or political affairs1 there is at this moment a question of intense geographical interest to be settled3 namely1 the watershed1 or watersheds1 of ,south ,africa4 ,how1 if you would really like to be the person to finish off your remarkable career by completing such a survey1 unshackled by other avocations than those of the geographical explorer1 ,i should be delighted to consult my friends of the ,society1 and take the best steps to promote such an enterprise4 ,for example1 you might take your little steamer to the ,rovuma1 and1 getting up by water as far as possible in the rainy season1 then try to reach the south end of the ,tanganyika4 ,thither you might transport a light boat1 or build one there1 and so get to the end of that sheet of water4 ,various questions might be decided by the way1 and if you could get to the west1 and come out on that coast1 or should be able to reach the ,white ,nile 7671 you would bring back an unrivaled reputation1 and would have settled all the great disputes now pending4 ,if you do not like to undertake the purely geographical work1 ,i am of opinion that no one1 after yourself1 is so fitted to carry it out as ,dr4 ,kirk4 ,i know that he thinks of settling down now at home4 ,but if he could delay this home-settlement for a couple of years1 he would not only make a large sum of money by his book of travels1 but would have a renown that would give him an excellent introduction as a medical man4 ,i have heard you so often talk of the enjoyment you feel when in ,africa1 that ,i cannot believe you now think of anchoring for the rest of your life on the mud and sand-banks of ,england4 ,let me know your mind on the subject4 ,when is the book to appear8 ,kind love to your daughter4--,yours sincerely1 ,,rod',,ck ,i4 ,,murchison4 ,livingstone begins his answer by assuring ,sir ,roderick that he never contemplated settling down quietly in ,england2 it would be time enough for that when he was in his dotage4 ,i should like the exploration you propose very much1 and had already made up my mind to go up the ,rovuma1 pass by the head of ,lake ,nyassa1 and away west or northwest as might be found practicable4 ,he would have been at this ere now1 but his book chained him1 and he feared that he could not take back the ,lady ,nyassa to ,africa1 with the monsoon against him1 so that be must get a boat to explore the ,rovuma4 ,what my inclination leads me to prefer is to have intercourse with the people1 and do what ,i can by talking1 to enlighten them on the slave-trade1 and give them some idea of our religion4 ,it may not be much that ,i can do1 but ,i feel when doing that ,i am not living in vain4 ,you remember that when1 to prevent our coming to a standstill1 ,i had to turn skipper myself1 the task was endurable only because ,i was determined that no fellow should prove himself indispensable to our further progress4 ,to be debarred from spending most of my time in traveling1 in exploration1 and continual intercourse with the natives1 ,i always felt to be a severe privation1 and if ,i can get a few hearty native companions1 ,i shall enjoy myself1 and feel that ,i am doing my duty4 ,as soon as my book is out1 ,i shall start4 ,in ,livingstone's ,journal1 #gth ,january1 #ahfe1 we find this entry3 ,answered ,sir ,roderick about going out4 ,said ,i could only feel in the way of duty by working as a missionary4 ,the answer is very noteworthy in the view of what has so often been said against ,livingstone--that he dropped the missionary to become an explorer4 ,to understand the precise bearing of the proposal1 and of ,livingstone's reply1 it is necessary to say that ,sir ,roderick had a conviction1 which he never concealed1 that the missionary enterprise encumbered and impeded the geographical4 ,he had a special objection to an ,episcopal mission1 holding that the planting of a ,bishop and staff on territory dominated by the ,portuguese was an additional irritant1 rousing ecclesiastical jealousy1 and bringing it to the aid of commercial and political apprehensions as to the tendency of the ,english enterprise4 ,neither mission nor colony could succeed in the present state of the country2 they could only be a trouble to the geographical explorer4 ,on this point ,livingstone held his own views4 ,he could only feel in the line of duty as a missionary4 ,whatever he might or might not be able to do in that capacity1 he would never abandon it1 and1 in particular1 he would never come under an obligation to the ,geographical ,society that he would serve them unshackled by other avocations than those of the geographical explorer4 ,a letter to ,mr4 ,james ,young throws light on the feelings with which he regarded ,sir ,roderick's proposal3 #bjth ,january1 #ahfe--;,i am not sure but ,i told you already that ,sir ,roderick and ,i have been writing about going out1 and my fears that ,i must sell ',lady ,nyassa1' because the monsoon will be blowing from ,africa to ,india before ,i get out1 and it won't do for me to keep her idle4 ,i must go down to the ,seychelles ,islands 7tak' yer speks and keek at the map or gougrafy71 then run my chance to get over by a dhow or man-of-war to the ,rovuma1 going up that river in a boat1 till we get to the cataracts1 and the tramp4 ,i must take ,belochees from ,india1 and may go down the lake to get ,makololo1 if the ,indians don't answer4 ,i would not consent to go simply as a geographer1 but as a missionary1 and do geography by the way1 because ,i feel ,i am in the way of duty when trying either to enlighten these poor people1 or open their land to lawful commerce4 ,it was at this time that ,mr4 ,hayward1 ,q4,c41 while on a visit to ,newstead1 brought an informal message from ,lord ,palmerston1 who wished to know what he could do for ,livingstone4 ,had ,livingstone been a vain man1 wishing a handle to his name1 or had he even been bent on getting what would be reasonable in the way of salary for himself1 or of allowance for his children1 now was his chance of accomplishing his object4 ,but so single-hearted was he in his philanthropy that such thoughts did not so much as enter his mind2 there was one thing1 and one only1 which he wished ,lord ,palmerston to secure--free access to the highlands1 by the ,zambesi and ,shir1 to be made good by a treaty with ,portugal4 ,it is satisfactory to record that the ,foreign ,office has at last made arrangements to this effect4 ,while the proposal on the part of the ,president of the ,geographical ,society was undergoing consideration1 certain overtures were made to ,dr4 ,livingstone by the ,foreign ,office4 ,on the #aath of ,march he called at the office1 at the request of ,mr4 ,layard1 who propounded a scheme that he should have a commission giving him authority over the chiefs1 from the ,portuguese boundary to ,abyssinia and ,egypt2 the office to carry no salary4 ,when a formal proposal to this effect was submitted to him1 with the additional proviso that he was to be entitled to no pension1 he could not conceal his irritation4 ,for himself he was just as willing as ever to work as before1 without hope of earthly recompense1 and to depend on the petition1 ,give us this day our daily bread2 but he thought it ungenerous to take advantage of his well-known interest in ,africa to deprive him of the honorarium which the most insignificant servant of ,her ,majesty enjoyed4 ,he did not like to be treated like a charwoman4 ,as for the pension1 he had never asked it1 and counted it offensive to be treated as if he had shown a greed which required to be repressed4 ,it came out1 subsequently1 that the letter had been written by an underling1 but when ,earl ,russell was appealed to1 he would only promise a salary when ,dr4 ,livingstone should have settled somewhere6 ,the whole transaction had a very ungracious aspect4 ,before publishing his book1 ,dr4 ,livingstone had asked ,sir ,roderick ,murchison's advice as to the wisdom of speaking his mind on two somewhat delicate points4 ,in reply1 ,sir ,roderick wrote3 ,if you think you have been too hard as to the ,bishop or the ,portuguese1 you can modify the phrases4 ,but ,i think that the truth ought to be known1 if only in vindication of your own conduct1 and to account for the little success attending your last mission4 ,we continue our extracts from his ,journal3 #bfth ,april1 #ahfe4--;,in ,london4 ,horrified by news of ,president ,lincoln's assassination1 and the attempt to murder ,seward4 #bith ,april4--,went down to ,crystal ,palace1 with ,agnes1 to a ,saturday ,concert4 ,the music very fine4 ,met ,waller1 and lost a train4 ,came up in hot haste to the dinner of the ,royal ,academy4444 ,sir ,charles ,eastlake1 ,president2 ,archbishops of ,canterbury and ,york on each side of the chair2 all the ,ministers present1 except ,lord ,palmerston1 who is ill of gout in the hand4 ,lord ,russell1 ,lord ,granville1 and ,duke of ,somerset sat on other side of table from ,sir ,henry ,holland1 ,sir ,roderick1 and myself4 ,lord ,clarendon was close enough to lean back and clap me on the shoulder1 and ask me when ,i was going out4 ,duke of ,argyll1 ,bishops of ,oxford and ,london1 were within earshot2 ,sir ,j4 ,romilly1 the ,master of the ,rolls1 was directly in front1 on the other side of our table4 ,he said that he watched all my movements with great interest4444 ,lord ,derby made a good speech4 ,the speeches were much above the average4 ,i was not told that ,i was expected to speak till ,i got in1 and this prevented my eating4 ,when ,lord ,john ,manners complimented me after my speech1 ,i mentioned the effect the anticipation had on me4 ,to comfort me he said that the late ,sir ,robert ,peel never enjoyed a dinner in these circumstances1 but sat crumbling up his bread till it became quite a heap on the table4444 ,my speech was not reported4 #b;d ,may4--,met ,mr4 ,elwin1 formerly editor of the ,quarterly4 ,he said that ,forster1 one of our first-class writers1 had told him that the most characteristic speech was not reported1 and mentioned the heads--as1 the slave-trade being of the same nature as thuggee1 garrotting2 the tribute ,i paid to our statesmen2 and the way that ,africans have been drawn1 pointing to a picture of a woman spinning4 ,this non-reporting was much commented on1 which might1 if ,i needed it1 prove a solace to my wounded vanity4 ,but ,i did not feel offended4 ,everything good for me will be given1 and ,i take all as a little child from its father4 ,heard a capital sermon from ,dr4 ,hamilton ,regent ,square ,church1 on ,president ,lincoln's assassination4 ',it is impossible but that offenses will come1' etc4 ,he read part of the ,president's address at second inauguration4 ,in the light of subsequent events it is grand4 ,if every drop of blood shed by the lash must be atoned for by an equal number of white men's vital fluid1--righteous1 ,o ,lord1 are ,thy judgments6 ,the assassination has awakened universal sympathy and indignation1 and will lead to more cordiality between the countries4 ,the ,queen has written an autograph letter to ,mrs4 ,lincoln1 and ,lords and ,commons have presented addresses to ,her ,majesty1 praying her to convey their sentiments of horror at the fearful crime4 #ahth ,may1 #ahfe4--,was examined by the ,committee of the ,house of ,commons on the ,west ,coast2 was rather nervous and confused1 but let them know pretty plainly that ,i did not agree with the aspersions cast on missions4 ,in a letter to ,mr4 ,webb1 he writes propos of this examination3 ,the monstrous mistake of the ,burton school is this3 they ignore the point-blank fact that the men that do the most for the mean whites are the same that do the most for the mean blacks1 and you never hear one mother's son of them say1 ,you do wrong to give to the whites4 ,i told the ,committee ,i had heard people say that ,christianity made the blacks worse1 but did not agree with them4 ,i might have said it was 'rot1' and truly4 ,i can stand a good deal of bosh1 but to tell me that ,christianity makes people worse--ugh6 ,tell that to the young trouts4 ,you know on what side ,i am1 and ,i shall stand to my side1 ,old ,pam fashion1 through thick and thin4 ,i don't agree with all my side say and do4 ,i won't justify many things1 but for the great cause of human progress ,i am heart and soul1 and so are you4 ,dr4 ,livingstone was asked at this time to attend a public meeting on behalf of ,american freedom4 ,it was not in his power to go1 but1 in apologizing1 he was at pains to express his opinion on the capacity of the negro1 in connection with what was going on in the ,united ,states3 ,our kinsmen across the ,atlantic deserve our warmest sympathy4 ,they have passed1 and are passing1 through trials1 and are encompassed with difficulties which completely dwarf those of our ,irish famine1 and not the least of them is the question1 what to do with those freedmen for whose existence as slaves in ,america our own forefathers have so much to answer4 ,the introduction of a degraded race from a barbarous country was a gigantic evil1 and if the race cannot be elevated1 an evil beyond remedy4 ,millions can neither be amalgamated nor transported1 and the presence of degradation is a contagion which propagates itself among the more civilized4 ,but ,i have no fears as to the mental and moral capacity of the ,africans for civilization and upward progress4 ,we who suppose ourselves to have vaulted at one bound to the extreme of civilization1 and smack our lips so loudly over our high elevation1 may find it difficult to realize the debasement to which slavery has sunk those men1 or to appreciate what1 in the discipline of the sad school of bondage1 is in a state of freedom real and substantial progress4 ,but ,i1 who have been intimate with ,africans who have never been defiled by the slave-trade1 believe them to be capable of holding an honorable rank in the family of man4 ,wherever slavery prevailed1 or the effects of slavery were found1 ,dr4 ,livingstone's testimony against it was clear and emphatic4 ,neither personal friendship nor any other consideration under the sun could repress it4 ,when his friends ,sir ,roderick and ,mr4 ,webb afterward expressed their sympathy with ,governor ,eyre1 of ,jamaica1 he did not scruple to tell them how different an estimate he had formed of the ,governor's conduct4 ,we continue our extracts from his ,journal and letters3 #bdth ,may4--,came down to ,scotland by last night's train2 found mother very poorly2 and1 being now eighty-two1 ,i fear she may not have long to live among us4 #bgth ,may 7to ,mr4 ,webb7--,i have been reading ,tom ,brown's ,school ,days--a capital book4 ,dr4 ,arnold was a man worth his weight in something better than gold4 ,you know ,oswell his early friend was one of his ,rugby boys4 ,one could see his training in always doing what was brave and true and right4 #b;d ,june4--,tom better1 but kept back in his education by his complaint4 ,oswell getting on well at school at ,hamilton4 ,anna ,mary well4 ,mother gradually becoming weaker4 ,robert we shall never hear of again in this world1 ,i fear2 but the ,lord is merciful and just and right in all his ways4 ,he would hear the cry for mercy in the hospital at ,salisbury4 ,i have lost my part in that gigantic struggle which the ,highest guided to a consummation never contemplated by the ,southerners when they began2 and many other have borne more numerous losses4 #eth ,june4--,went about a tombstone for my dear ,mary4 ,got a good one of cast-iron to be sent out to the ,cape4 ,mother very low4444 ,has been a good affectionate mother to us all4 ,the ,lord be with her4444 ,whatever is good for me and mine the ,lord will give4 ,to-morrow1 ,communion in kirk4 ,the ,lord strip off all imperfections1 wash away all guilt1 breathe love and goodness through all my nature1 and make his image shine out from my soul4 ,mother continued very low1 and her mind ran on poor ,robert4 ,thought ,i was his brother1 and asked me frequently1 ',where is your brother8 where is that puir laddie8'444 ,sisters most attentive4444 ,contrary to expectation she revived1 and ,i went to ,oxford4 ,the ,vice-,chancellor offered me the theatre to lecture in1 but ,i expected a telegram if any change took place on mother4 ,gave an address to a number of friends in ,dr4 ,daubeny's chemical class-room4 ,monday1 #aith ,june4--,a telegram came1 saying that mother had died the day before4 ,i started at once for ,scotland4 ,no change was observed till within an hour and a half of her departure4444 ,seeing the end was near1 sister ,agnes said1 ',the ,saviour has come for you1 mother4 ,you can lippen yourself to him8' ,she replied1 ',oh yes4' ,little ,anna ,mary was help up to her4 ,she gave her the last look1 and said ',bonnie wee lassie1' gave a few long inspirations1 and all was still1 with a look of reverence on her countenance4 ,she had wished ,william ,logan1 a good ,christian man1 to lay her head in the grave1 if ,i were not there4 ,when going away in #aheh1 she said to me that she would have liked one of her laddies to lay her head in the grave4 ,it so happened that ,i was there to pay the last tribute to a dear good mother4 ,the last thing we find him doing in ,scotland is attending the examination of ,oswell's school1 with ,anna ,mary1 and seeing him receive prizes4 ,dr4 ,london1 of ,hamilton1 the medical attendant and much-valued friend of the ,livingstones1 furnishes us with a reminiscence of this occasion4 ,he had great difficulty in persuading ,livingstone to go4 ,the awful bugbear was that he would be asked to make a speech4 ,being assured that it would be thought strange if1 in a gathering of the children's parents1 he were absent1 he agreed to go4 ,and of course he had to speak4 ,what he said was pointed and practical1 and in winding up1 he said he had just two things to say to them--,,fear ,,god1 ,,and ,,work ,,hard4 ,these appear to have been ,livingstone's last public words in his native ,scotland4 ,his ,journal is continued in ,london3 #hth ,august4--,went to ,zoological ,gardens with ,mr4 ,webb and ,dr4 ,kirk2 then to lunch with ,miss ,coutts ,baroness ,burdett ,coutts4 ,queen ,emma of ,honolulu is to be there4 ,it is not fair for ,high ,church people to ignore the labors of the ,americans1 for the present state of ,christianity is the fruit of their labors1 and not of the present ,bishop4 ,dined at ,lady ,franklin's with ,queen ,emma2 a nice1 sensible person the ,queen seems to be4 #ith ,august4--,parted with my friends ,mr4 and ,mrs4 ,webb at ,king's ,cross station to-day4 ,he gracefully said that he wished ,i had been coming rather than going away1 and she shook me very cordially with both hands1 and said1 ',you will come back again to us1 won't you8' and shed a womanly tear4 ,the good ,lord bless and save them both1 and have mercy on their whole household6 #aath ,august4--,went down to say good-bye to the ,duchess-,dowager of ,sutherland1 at ,maidenhead4 ,garibaldi's rooms are shown2 a good man he was1 but followed by a crowd of harpies who tried to use him for their own purposes4444 ,he was so utterly worn out by shaking hands1 that a detective policeman who was with him in the carriage1 put his hand under his cloak1 and did the ceremony for him4 ,took leave at ,foreign ,office4 ,mr4 ,layard very kind in his expressions at parting1 and so was ,mr4 ,wylde4 #abth ,august4--,went down to ,wimbledon to dine with ,mr4 ,murray1 and take leave4 ,mr4 and ,mrs4 ,oswell came up to say farewell4 ,he offers to go over to ,paris at any time to bring ,agnes who was going to school there home1 or do anything that a father would4 ,i love him1 ,livingstone writes to ,mr4 ,webb1 with true affection1 and ,i believe he does the same to me2 and yet we never show it4 ,we have been with ,dr4 and ,mrs4 ,hamilton for some time--good1 gracious people4 ,the ,lord bless them and their household6 ,dr4 ,kirk and ,mr4 ,waller go down to ,folkestone to-morrow1 and take leave of us there4 ,this is very kind4 ,the ,lord puts it into their hearts to show kindness1 and blessed be his name4 ,dr4 ,livingstone's last weeks in ,england were passed under the roof of the late ,rev4 ,dr4 ,hamilton1 author of ,life in ,earnest1 and could hardly have been passed in a more congenial home4 ,natives of the same part of ,scotland1 nearly of an age1 and resembling each other much in taste and character1 the two men drew greatly to each other4 ,the same ,puritan faith lay at the basis of their religious character1 with all its stability and firmness4 ,but above all1 they had put on charity1 which is the bond of perfectness4 ,in ,natural ,history1 too1 they had an equal enthusiasm4 ,in ,dr4 ,hamilton1 ,livingstone found what he missed in many orthodox men4 ,on the evening of his last ,sunday1 he was prevailed on to give an address in ,dr4 ,hamilton's church1 after having in the morning received the ,communion with the congregation4 ,in his address he vindicated his character as a missionary1 and declared that it was as much as ever his great object to proclaim the love of ,christ1 which they had been commemorating that day4 ,his prayers made a deep impression2 they were like the communings of a child with his father4 ,at the railway station1 the last ,scotch hands grasped by him were those of ,dr4 and ,mrs4 ,hamilton4 ,the news of ,dr4 ,hamilton's death was received by ,livingstone a few years after1 in the heart of ,africa1 with no small emotion4 ,their next meeting was in the better land4 ,,chapter ,,xviii4 ,,from ,,england ,,to ,,bombay ,,and ,,zanzibar4 ,a4,d4 #ahfe-ahff4 ,object of new journey--,double scheme--,he goes to ,paris with ,agnes--,baron ,hausmann--,anecdote at ,marseilles--,he reaches ,bombay--,letter to ,agnes--,reminiscences of ,dr4 ,livingstone at ,bombay by ,rev4 ,d4,c4 ,boyd--by ,alex4 ,brown1 ,esq4--,livingstone's dress--,he visits the caves of ,kenhari--,rumors of murder of ,baron van der ,decken--,he delivers a lecture at ,bombay--,great success--,he sells the ,lady ,nyassa--,letter to ,mr4 ,young--,letter to ,anna ,mary--,hears that ,dr4 ,kirk has got an appointment--,sets out for ,zanzibar in ,thule--,letter to ,mr4 ,young--,his experience at sea--,letter to ,agnes--,he reaches ,zanzibar--,calls on ,sultan--,presents the ,thule to him from ,bombay ,government--,monotony of ,zanzibar life--,leaves in ,penguin for the continent4 ,the object for which ,dr4 ,livingstone set out on his third and last great ,african journey is thus stated in the preface to ,the ,zambesi and its ,tributaries3 ,our ,government have supported the proposal of the ,royal ,geographical ,society made by my friend ,sir ,roderick ,murchison1 and have united with that body to aid me in another attempt to open ,africa to civilizing influences1 and a valued private friend has given a thousand pounds for the same object4 ,i propose to go inland1 north of the territory which the ,portuguese in ,europe claim1 and endeavor to commence that system on the ,east which has been so eminently successful on the ,west ,coast3 a system combining the repressive efforts of ,her ,majesty's cruisers with lawful trade and ,christian missions--the moral and material results of which have been so gratifying4 ,i hope to ascend the ,rovuma1 or some other river north of ,cape ,delgado1 and1 in addition to my other work1 shall strive1 by passing along the northern end of ,lake ,nyassa1 and round the southern end of ,lake ,tanganyika1 to ascertain the watershed of that part of ,africa4 ,the first part of the scheme was his own1 the second he had been urged to undertake by the ,geographical ,society4 ,the sums in aid contributed by ,government and the ,geographical society were only #ejj each2 but it was not thought that the work would occupy a long time4 ,the ,geographical ,society coupled their contribution with some instructions as to observations and reports which seemed to ,dr4 ,livingstone needlessly stringent1 and which certainly ruffled his relation to the ,society4 ,the honorary position of ,consul at large he was willing to accept for the sake of the influence which it gave him1 though still retaining his opinion of the shabbiness which had so explicitly bargained that he was to have no salary and to expect no pension4 ,the truth is1 if ,livingstone had not been the most single-minded and trustful of men1 he would never have returned to ,africa on such terms4 ,the whole sum placed at his disposal was utterly inadequate to defray the cost of the ,expedition1 and support his family at home4 ,had it not been for promises that were never fulfilled1 he would not have left his family at this time as he did4 ,but in nothing is the purity of his character seen more beautifully than in his bearing toward some of those who had gained not a little consideration by their connection with him1 and had made him fair promises1 but left him to work on as best he might4 ,no trace of bitter feeling disturbed him or abated the strength of his love and confidence4 ,dr ,livingston went first to ,paris with his daughter1 and left her there for education4 ,passing on he reached ,marseilles on the #aith ,august1 and wrote her a few lines1 in which he informed her that the man who was now transforming ,paris ,baron ,hausmann was a ,protestant1 and had once taught a ,sunday-school in the south of ,france2 and that probably he had greater pleasure in the first than in the second work4 ,the remark had a certain applicability to his own case1 and probably let out a little of his own feeling2 it showed at least his estimate of the relative place of temporal and spiritual philanthropy4 ,the prayer that followed was expressive of his deepest feelings toward his best-beloved on earth3 ,may the ,almighty qualify you to be a blessing to those around you1 wherever your lot is cast4 ,i know that you hate all that is mean and false4 ,may ,god make you good1 and to delight in doing good to others4 ,if you ask ,he will give abundantly4 ,the ,lord bless you6 ,from a ,bombay gentleman who was his fellow-traveler to ,india a little anecdote has casually come to our knowledge illustrating the unobtrusiveness of ,livingstone--his dislike to be made a lion of4 ,at the table-d'hte of the hotel in ,marseilles1 where some ,bombay merchants were sitting1 the conversation turned on ,africa in connection with ivory--an extensive article of trade in ,bombay4 ,one friend dropped the remark1 ,i wonder where that old chap ,livingstone is now4 ,to his surprise and discomfiture1 a voice replied1 ,here he is4 ,they were fast friends all through the voyage that followed4 ,little of much interest happened during that voyage4 ,livingstone writes that ,palgrave was in ,cairo when he passed through1 but he did not see him4 ,of ,baker he could hear nothing4 ,miss ,tinn1 the ,dutch lady1 of whom he thought highly as a traveler1 had not been very satisfactory to the religious part of the ,english community at ,cairo4 ,miss ,whately was going home for six weeks1 but was to be back to her ,egyptian ,ragged ,school4 ,he saw the end of the ,lesseps ,canal1 about the partial opening of which they were making a great noise4 ,many thought it would succeed1 though an ,egyptian ,commodore had said to him1 ,it is hombog4 ,the ,red ,sea was fearfully hot and steamy4 ,the ,lady ,nyassa hung like a millstone around his neck1 and he was prepared to sell her for whatever she might bring4 ,bombay was reached on #aath ,september4 ,,to ,,agnes ,,livingstone4 ,bombay1 #bjth ,sept41 #ahfe4--444 ,by advice of the ,governor1 ,i went up to ,nassick to see if the ,africans there under ,government instruction would suit my purpose as members of the ,expedition4 ,i was present at the examination of a large school under ,mr4 ,price by the ,bishop of ,bombay4 ,it is partly supported by ,government4 ,the pupils 7#ajh7 are not exclusively ,african1 but all showed very great proficiency4 ,they excelled in music4 ,i found some of the ,africans to have come from parts ,i know--one from ,ndonde on the ,rovuma--and all had learned some handicraft1 besides reading1 writing1 etc41 and it is probable that some of them will go back to their own country with me4 ,eight have since volunteered to go4 ,besides these ,i am to get some men from the ',marine ,battalion1' who have been accustomed to rough it in various ways1 and their pensions will be given to their widows if they should die4 ,the ,governor 7,sir ,bartle ,frere7 is going to do what he can for my success4 ,after going back to ,bombay ,i came up to near ,poonah1 and am now at ,government ,house1 the guest of the ,governor4 ,society here consists mainly of officers and their wives4444 ,miss ,frere1 in the absence of ,lady ,frere1 does the honors of the establishment1 and very nicely she does it4 ,she is very clever1 and quite unaffected--very like her father4444 ,christianity is gradually diffusing itself1 leavening as it were in various ways the whole mass4 ,when a man becomes a professor of ,christianity1 he is at present cast out1 abandoned by all his relations1 even by wife and children4 ,this state of things makes some who don't care about ,christian progress say that all ,christian servants are useless4 ,they are degraded by their own countrymen1 and despised by others1 but time will work changes4 ,mr4 ,maine1 who came out here with us1 intends to introduce a law whereby a convert deserted by his wife may marry again4 ,it is in accordance with the text in ,corinthians--,if an unbelieving wife depart1 let her depart4 ,people will gradually show more sympathy with the poor fellows who come out of heathenism1 and discriminate between the worthy and unworthy4 ,you should read ,lady ,buff ,gordon's ,letters from1 ,egypt4 ,they show a nice sympathizing heart1 and are otherwise very interesting4 ,she saw the people as they are4 ,most people see only the outsides of things4444 ,avoid all nasty ,french novels4 ,they are very injurious1 and effect a lasting injury on the mind and heart4 ,i go up to ,government ,house again three days hence1 and am to deliver two lectures1--one at ,poonah and one at ,bombay4 ,some slight reminiscences of ,livingstone at ,bombay1 derived from admiring countrymen of his own1 will not be out of place1 considering that the three or four months spent there was the last period of his life passed in any part of the dominions of ,great ,britain4 ,the ,rev4 ,dugald ,c4 ,boyd1 of ,bombay 7now of ,portsoy1 ,banffshire71 an intimate friend of ,dr4 ,stewart1 of ,lovedale1 writing to a correspondent on #ajth ,october1 #ahfe1 says3 ,yesterday evening ,i had the pleasure of meeting ,livingstone at dinner in a very quiet way4444 ,it was an exceedingly pleasant evening4 ,dr4 ,wilson was in great 'fig1' and ,livingstone was1 though quiet1 very communicative1 and greatly disposed to talk about ,africa4444 ,i had known ,mrs4 ,livingstone1 and ,i had known ,robert and ,agnes1 his son and daughter1 and ,i had known ,stewart4 ,he spoke very kindly of ,stewart1 and seems to hope that he may yet join him in ,central ,africa4444 ,he is much stouter1 better1 and healthier-looking than he was last year4444 #abth ,october4--,livingstone was at the tamasha yesterday4 ,he was dressed very unlike a minister--more like a post-captain or admiral4 ,he wore a blue dress-coat1 trimmed with lace1 and bearing a ,government gilt button4 ,in his hand he carried a cocked hat4 ,at the ,communion on ,sunday 7he sat on ,dr4 ,wilson's right hand1 who sat on my right7 he wore a blue surtout1 with ,government gilt buttons1 and shepherd-tartan trousers2 and he had a gold band round his cap#fg4 ,i spent two hours ,in his society last evening at ,dr4 ,wilson's4 ,he was not very complimentary to ,burton4 ,he is to lecture in public this evening4 ,footnote #fg3 ,dr1 ,livingstone's habit of dressing as a layman1 and accepting the designation of ,david ,livingstone1 ,esquire1 as readily as that of the ,rev4 ,dr4 ,livingstone1 probably helped to propagate the idea that he had sunk the missionary in the explorer4 ,the truth1 however1 is1 that from the first he wished to be a lay missionary1 not under any ,society1 and it was only at the instigation of his friends that he accepted ordination4 ,he had an intense dislike of what was merely professional and conventional1 and he thought that as a free-lance he would have more influence4 ,whether in this he sufficiently appreciated the position and office of one set aside by the ,church for the service of the gospel may be a question3 but there can be no question that he had the same view of the matter from first to last4 ,he would have worn a blue dress and gilt buttons1 if it had been suitable1 as readily as any other1 at the most ardent period of his missionary life4 ,his heart was as truly that of a missionary under the ,consul's dress as it had ever been when he wore black1 or whatever else he could get1 in the wilds of ,africa4 ,at the time of his encounter with the lion he wore a coat of tartan1 and he thought that that material might have had some effect in preventing the usual irritating results of a lion's bite4 ,another friend1 ,mr4 ,alexander ,brown1 now of ,liverpool1 sends a brief note of a very delightful excursion given by him1 in honor of ,livingstone1 to the caves of ,kennery or ,kenhari1 in the island of ,salsette4 ,there was a pretty large party4 ,after leaving the railway station1 they rode on ponies to the caves4 ,we spent a most charming day in the caves1 and the wild jungle around them4 ,dr4 ,wilson1 you may believe1 was in his element1 pouring forth volumes of ,oriental lore in connection with the ,buddhist faith and the ,kenhari caves1 which are among the most striking and interesting monuments of it in ,india4 ,they are of great extent1 and the main temple is in good preservation4 ,doctor ,livingstone's almost boyish enjoyment of the whole thing impressed me greatly4 ,the stern1 almost impassive1 man seemed to unbend1 and enter most thoroughly into the spirit of a day in which pleasure and instruction1 under circumstances of no little interest1 were so delightfully combined4 ,at ,bombay he heard disquieting tidings of the ,hanoverian traveler1 ,baron van der ,decken4 ,in his ,journal he says3 #bith ,december1 #ahfe4--,the expedition of the ,baron van der ,decken has met with a disaster up the ,juba4 ,he had gone up #cjj miles1 and met only with the loss of his steam launch4 ,he then ran his steamer on two rocks and made two large holes in her bottom4 ,the ,baron and ,dr4 ,link got out in order to go to the chief to conciliate him4 ,he had been led to suspect war4 ,then a large party came and attacked them1 killing the artist ,trenn and the chief engineer4 ,they were beaten off1 and ,lieutenant von ,schift with four survivors left in the boat1 and in four days came down the stream4 ,thence they came in a dhow to ,zanzibar4 ,it is feared that the ,baron may be murdered1 but possibly not4 ,it looks ill that the attack was made after he landed4 ,my times are in thy hand1 ,o ,lord6 ,go ,thou with me and ,i am safe4 ,and above all1 make me useful in promoting ,thy cause of peace and good-will among men4 ,the rumor of the ,baron's death was subsequently confirmed4 ,his mode of treating the natives was the very opposite of ,livingstone's1 who regarded the manner of his death as another proof that it was not safe to disregard the manhood of the ,african people4 ,the ,bombay lecture was a great success4 ,dr4 ,wilson1 ,free ,church ,missionary1 was in the chair1 and after the lecture tried to rouse the ,bombay merchants1 and especially the ,scotch ones1 to help the enterprise4 ,referring to the driblets that had been contributed by ,government and the ,geographical ,society1 he proposed that in ,bombay they should raise as much as both4 ,in his next letter to his daughter1 ,livingstone tells of the success of the lecture1 of the subscription1 which promised to amount to #ajjj 7it did not quite do so71 and of his wish that the ,bombay merchants should use the money for setting up a trading establishment in ,africa4 ,i must first of all find a suitable spot2 then send back here to let it be known4 ,i shall then be off in my work for the ,geographical ,society1 and when that is done1 if ,i am well1 ,i shall come back to the first station4 ,he goes on to speak of the facilities he had received for transporting ,indian buffaloes and other animals to ,africa1 and of the extraordinary kindness and interest of ,sir ,bartle ,frere1 and the pains he had taken to commend him to the good graces of the ,sultan of ,zanzibar1 then in ,bombay4 ,he speaks pleasantly of his sojourn with ,dr4 ,wilson and other friends4 ,he is particularly pleased with the management and menu of a house kept by four bachelors--and then he adds3 ,your mamma was an excellent manager of the house1 and made everything comfortable4 ,i suppose it is the habit of attending to little things that makes such a difference in different houses4 ,as ,i am to be away from all luxuries soon1 ,i may as well live comfortably with the bachelors while ,i can4 ,to ,mr4 ,james ,young he writes about the ,lady ,nyassa1 which he had sold1 after several advertisements1 but only for #bcjj3 ,the whole of the money given for her ,i dedicated to the great object for which she was built4 ,i am satisfied at having made the effort2 would of course have preferred to have succeeded1 but we are not responsible for results4 ,in reference to the investment of the money1 it was intended ultimately to be sunk in ,government or railway securities2 but meanwhile he had been recommended to invest it in shares of an ,indian bank4 ,most unfortunately1 the bank failed a year or two afterward2 and thus the whole of the #fjjj1 which the vessel had cost ,livingstone1 vanished into air4 ,his little daughter ,anna ,mary had a good share of his attention at ,bombay3 #bdth ,december1 #ahfe4--;,i went last night to take tea in the house of a ,hindoo gentleman who is not a professed ,christian4 ,it was a great matter for such to eat with men not of his caste4 ,most ,hindoos would shrink with horror from contact with us4 ,seven little girls were present1 belonging to two ,hindoo families4 ,they were from four or five to eight years old4 ,they were very pleasant-looking1 of olive complexions4 ,their hair was tied in a knot behind1 with a wreath of flowers round the knot2 they had large gold ear-rings and ,european dresses4 ,one played very nicely on the piano1 while the rest sang very nicely a funny song1 which shows the native way of thinking about some of our customs4 ,they sang some nice hymns1 and repeated some pieces1 as the ',wreck of the ,hesperus1' which was given at the examination of ,oswell's school4 ,then all sung1 ',there is a happy land1 far1 far away1' and it1 with some of the ,christian hymns1 was beautiful4 ,they speak ,english perfectly1 but with a little foreign twang4 ,all joined in a metrical prayer before retiring4 ,they have been taught all by their father1 and it was very pleasant to see that this teaching had brought out their natural cheerfulness4 ,native children don't look lively1 but these were brimful of fun4 ,one not quite as tall as yourself brought a child's book to me1 and with great glee pointed out myself under the lion4 ,she can read fluently1 as ,i suppose you can by this time now4 ,i said that ,i would like a little girl like her to go with me to ,africa to sing these pretty hymns to me there4 ,she said she would like to go1 but should not like to have a black husband4 ,this is ,christmas season1 and to-morrow is held as the day in which our ,lord was born1 an event which angels made known to men1 and it brought great joy1 and proclaimed peace on earth and good-will to men4 ,that ,saviour must be your friend1 and ,he will be if you ask ,him so to be4 ,he will forgive and save you1 and take you into his family4 ,on ,new ,year's ,day1 #ahfj1 he writes in his ,journal3 ,the ,governor told me that he had much pleasure in giving ,dr4 ,kirk an appointment2 he would telegraph to him to-day4 ,it is to be at ,zanzibar1 where he will be of great use in promoting all good works4 ,it had been arranged that ,dr4 ,livingstone was to cross to ,zanzibar in the ,thule1 a steamer that had formed part of the squadron of ,captain ,sherard ,osborn in ,china1 and which ,livingstone had now the honor of being commissioned to present to the ,sultan of ,zanzibar1 as a present from ,sir ,bartle ,frere and the ,bombay ,government4 ,we give a few extracts from his journal at sea3 #agth ,january4--,issued flannel to all the boys from ,nassick2 the marines have theirs from ,government4 ,the boys sing a couple of hymns every evening1 and repeat the ,lord's ,prayer4 ,i mean to keep up this1 and make this a ,christian ,expedition1 telling a little about ,christ wherever we go4 ,his love in coming down to save men will be our theme4 ,i dislike very much to make my religion distasteful to others4 ,this1 with ----'s hypocritical ostentation1 made me have fewer religious services on the ,zambesi than would have been desirable1 perhaps4 ,he made religion itself distasteful by excessive ostentation4444 ,good works gain the approbation of the world1 and though there is antipathy in the human heart to the gospel of ,christ1 yet when ,christians make their good works shine all admire them4 ,it is when great disparity exists between profession and practice that we secure the scorn of mankind4 ,the ,lord help me to act in all cases in this ,expedition as a ,christian ought6 #bc;d ,january4--,my second book has been reviewed very favorably by the ,athenum and the ,saturday ,review1 and by many newspapers4 ,old ,john ,crawford gives a snarl in the ,examiner1 but ,i can afford that it should be so4 #dhjj copies were sold on first night of ,mr4 ,murray's sale4 ,it is rather a handsome volume4 ,i hope it may do some good4 ,in a letter to ,mr4 ,james ,young he writes of his voyage1 and discharges a characteristic spurt of humor at a mutual ,edinburgh acquaintance who had mistaken an order about a magic lantern3 ,at sea1 #cjj miles from ,zanzibar1 #bfth ,january1 #ahff4--,we have enjoyed fair weather in coming across the weary waste of waters4 ,we started on the #eth4 ,the ',thule1' to be a pleasure yacht1 is the most incorrigible roller ever known4 ,the whole #bjjj miles has been an everlasting see-saw1 shuggy-shoo1 and enough to tire the patience of even a chemist1 who is the most patient of all animals4 ,i am pretty well gifted in that respect myself1 though ,i say it that shouldn't say it1 but that ,sandy ,b----6 ,the world will never get on till we have a few of those instrument-makers hung4 ,i was particular in asking him to get me ,scripture slides colored1 and put in with the magic lantern1 and he has not put in one6 ,the very object for which ,i wanted it is thus frustrated1 and ,i did not open it till we were at sea4 ,o ,sandy6 ,pity ,burk and ,hare have no successors in ,auld ,reekie6444 ,you will hear that ,i have the prospect of ,kirk being out here4 ,i am very glad of it1 as ,i am sure his services will be found invaluable on the ,east ,coast4 ,to his daughter ,agnes he writes1 propos of the rolling of the ship3 ,most of the marine ,sepoys were sick4 ,you would have been a victim unless you had tried the new remedy of a bag of pounded ice along the spine1 which sounds as hopeful as the old cure for toothache3 take a mouthful of cold water1 and sit on the fire till it boils1 you will suffer no more from toothache4444 ,a shark took a bite at the revolving vane of the patent log to-day4 ,he left some pieces of the enamel of his teeth in the brass1 and probably has the toothache4 ,you will sympathize with him4444 ,if you ask ,mr4 ,murray to send1 by ,mr4 ,conyngham1 ,buckland's ,curiosities of ,natural ,history1 and ,mr4 ,gladstone's ,address to the ,edinburgh ,students1 it will save me writing to him4 ,when you return home you will be scrutinized to see if you are spoiled4 ,you have only to act naturally and kindly to all your old friends to disarm them of their prejudices4 ,i think you will find the ,youngs true friends4 ,mrs4 ,williamson1 of ,widdieombe ,hill1 near ,bath1 writes to me that she would like to show you her plans for the benefit of poor orphans4 ,if you thought of going to ,bath it might be well to get all the insight you could into that and every other good work4 ,it is well to be able to take a comprehensive view of all benevolent enterprises1 and resolve to do our duty in life in some way or other1 for we cannot live for ourselves alone4 ,a life of selfishness is one of misery1 and it is unlike that of our blessed ,saviour1 who pleased not ,himself4 ,he followed not his own will even1 but the will of his ,father in heaven4 ,i have read with much pleasure a book called ,rose ,douglas4 ,it is the life of a minister's daughter--with fictitious names1 but all true4 ,she was near ,lanark1 and came through ,hamilton4 ,you had better read it if you come in contact with it4 ,referring to an alarm1 arising from the next house having taken fire1 of which she had written him1 he adds playfully3 ,you did not mention what you considered most precious on the night of the fire2 so ,i dreamed that ,i saw one young lady hugging a ,german grammar to her bosom2 another with a pair of curling tongs1 a tooth-pick1 and a pinafore2 another with a bunch of used-up postage stamps and autographs in a crinoline turned upside down1 and a fourth lifted up ,madame ,hocd and insisted on carrying her as her most precious baggage4 ,her name1 which ,i did not catch1 will go down to posterity alongside of the ladies who each carried out her husband from the besieged city1 and took care never to let him hear the last on't afterward4 ,i am so penetrated with admiration of her that ,i enclose the wing of a flying-fish for her4 ,it lighted among us last night1 while we were at dinner1 coming right through the skylight4 ,you will make use of this fact in the high-flying speech which you will deliver to her in ,french4 ,zanzibar is at length reached on the #bhth ,january1 after a voyage of twenty-three days1 tedious enough1 though but half the length of the cruise in the ,nyassa two years before4 ,to ,agnes3 #bith ,jan4--,we went to call to-day on the ,sultan4 ,his ,highness met us at the bottom of the stair1 and as he shook hands a brass band1 which he got at ,bombay1 blared forth ',god save the ,queen'6 ,this was excessively ridiculous1 but ,i maintained sufficient official gravity4 ,after coffee and sherbet we came away1 and the wretched band now struck up ',the ,british ,grenadier1' as if the fact of my being only #e feet #h1 and ,brebner about #b inches lower1 ought not to have suggested ',wee ,willie ,winkie' as more appropriate4 ,i was ready to explode1 but got out of sight before giving way4 ,dr4 ,livingstone brought a very cordial recommendation to the ,sultan from ,sir ,bartle ,frere1 and experienced much kindness at his hand4 ,being ill with toothache1 the ,sultan could not receive the gift of the ,thule in person1 and it was presented through his commodore4 ,livingstone was detained in ,zanzibar nearly two months waiting for ,h4,m4,s4 ,penguin1 which was to convey him to the mouth of the ,rovuma4 ,zanzibar life was very monotonous--,it is the old1 old way of living--eating1 drinking1 sleeping2 sleeping1 drinking1 eating4 ,getting fat2 slaving-dhows coming and slaving-dhows going away2 bad smells2 and kindly looks from ,english folks to each other4 ,the sight of slaves in the ,zanzibar market1 and the recognition of some who had been brought from ,nyassa1 did not enliven his visit1 though it undoubtedly confirmed his purpose and quickened his efforts to aim another blow at the accursed trade4 ,always thinking of what would benefit ,africa1 he writes to ,sir ,thomas ,maclear urging very strongly the starting of a line of steamers between the ,cape1 ,zanzibar1 and ,bombay3 ,it would be a most profitable one1 and would do great good1 besides1 in eating out the trade in slaves4 ,at last the ,penguin came for him1 and once more1 and for the last time1 ,livingstone left for the ,dark ,continent4 ,,chapter ,,xix4 ,,from ,,zanzibar ,,to ,,ujiji4 ,a4,d4 #ahff-ahfi4 ,dr4 ,livingstone goes to mouth of ,rovuma--,his prayer--,his company--,his herd of animals--,loss of his buffaloes--,good spirits when setting out--,difficulties at ,rovuma--,bad conduct of ,johanna men--,dismissal of his ,sepoys--,fresh horrors of slave-trade--,uninhabited tract--,he reaches ,lake ,nyassa--,letter to his son ,thomas--,disappointed hopes--,his double aim1 to teach natives and rouse horror of slave-trade--,tenor of religious addresses--,wikatami remains behind--,livingstone finds no altogether satisfactory station for commerce and missions--,question of the watershed--,was it worth the trouble8--,overruled for good to ,africa--,opinion of ,sir ,bartle ,frere--,at ,marenga's--,the ,johanna men leave in a body--,circulate rumor of his murder--,sir ,roderick disbelieves it--,mr4 ,e4,d4 ,young sent out with ,search ,expedition--,finds proof against rumor--,livingstone half-starved--,loss of his goats--,review of #ahff--,reflections on ,divine ,providence--,letter to ,thomas--,his dog drowned--,loss of his medicine-chest--,he feels sentence of death passed on him--,first sight of ,lake ,tanganyika--,detained at ,chitimba's--,discovery of ,lake ,moero--,occupations during detention of #ahfg--;,great privations and difficulties--,illness--,rebellion among his men--,discovery of ,lake ,bangweolo--,its oozy banks--,detention--,sufferings--,he makes for ,ujiji--,very severe illness in beginning of #ahfi--,reaches ,ujiji--,finds his goods have been wasted and stolen--,most bitter disappointment--,his medicines1 etc41 at ,unyanyembe--,letter to ,sultan of ,zanzibar--,letters to ,dr4 ,moffat and his daughter4 ,on the #aith of ,march1 fortified by a firman from the ,sultan to all his people1 and praying the ,most ,high to prosper him1 by granting him ,influence in the eyes of the heathen1 and blessing his intercourse with them1 ,livingstone left ,zanzibar in ,h4,m4,s4 ,penguin for the mouth of the ,rovuma4 ,his company consisted of thirteen ,sepoys1 ten ,johanna men1 nine ,nassick boys1 two ,shupanga men1 and two ,waiyau4 ,musa1 one of the ,johanna men1 had been a sailor in the ,lady ,nyassa2 ,susi and ,amoda1 the ,shupanga men1 had been woodcutters for the ,pioneer2 and the two ,waiyau lads1 ,wikatani and ,chuma1 had been among the slaves rescued in #ahfa1 and had lived for some time at the mission station at ,chibisa's4 ,besides these1 he carried with him a sort of menagerie in a dhow--six camels1 three buffaloes and a calf1 two mules1 and four donkeys4 ,what man but ,dr4 ,livingstone would have encumbered himself with such baggage1 and for what conceivable purpose except the benefit of ,africa8 ,the tame buffaloes of ,india were taken that he might try whether1 like the wild buffaloes of ,africa1 they would resist the bite of the tsetse-fly2 the other animals for the same purpose4 ,there were two words of which ,livingstone might have said1 as ,queen ,mary said of ,calais1 that at his death they would be found engraven on his heart--fever and tsetse2 the one the great scourge of man1 the other of beast1 in ,south ,africa4 ,to help to counteract two such foes to ,african civilization no trouble or expense would have been judged too great4 ,already he had lost nine of his buffaloes at ,zanzibar4 ,it was a sad pity that owing to the ill-treatment of the remaining animals by his people1 who turned out a poor lot1 it could never be known conclusively whether the tsetse-bite was fatal to them or not4 ,in spite of all he had suffered in ,africa1 and though he was without the company of a single ,european1 he had1 in setting out1 something of the exhilarating feeling of a young traveler starting on his first tour in ,switzerland1 deepened by the sense of nobility which there is in every endeavor to do good to others4 ,the mere animal pleasure of traveling in a wild unexplored country is very great4444 ,the sweat of one's brow is no longer a curse when one works for ,god2 it proves a tonic to the system1 and is actually a blessing4 ,the ,rovuma was found to have changed greatly since his last visit1 so that he had to land his goods twenty-five miles to the north at ,mikindany harbor1 and find his way down to the river farther up4 ,the toil was fitted to wear out the strongest of his men4 ,nothing could have been more grateful than the ,sunday rest4 ,through his ,nassick boys1 he tried to teach the ,makond--a tribe that bore a very bad character1 but failed2 however1 the people were wonderfully civil1 and1 contrary to all previous usage1 neither inflicted fines nor made complaints1 though the animals had done some damage to their corn4 ,he set this down as an answer to his prayers for influence among the heathen4 ,his vexations1 however1 were not long of beginning4 ,both the ,sepoy marines and the ,nassick boys were extremely troublesome1 and treated the animals abominably4 ,the ,johanna men were thieves4 ,the ,sepoys became so intolerable that after four months' trial he sent most of them back to the coast4 ,it required an effort to resist the effect of such1 things1 owing to the tendency of the mind to brood over the ills of travel4 ,the natives were not unkindly1 but food was very scarce4 ,as they advanced1 the horrors of the slave-trade presented themselves in all their hideous aspects4 ,women were found dead1 tied to trees1 or lying in the path shot and stabbed1 their fault having been inability to keep up with the party1 while their amiable owners1 to prevent them from becoming the property of any one else1 put an end to their lives4 ,in some instances the captives1 yet in the slave-sticks1 were found not quite dead4 ,brutality was sometimes seen in another form1 as when some natives laughed at a poor boy suffering from a very awkward form of hernia1 whose mother was trying to bind up the part4 ,the slave-trade utterly demoralized the people2 the ,arabs bought whoever was brought to them1 and the great extent of forest in the country favored kidnapping2 otherwise the people were honest4 ,farther on they passed through an immense uninhabited tract1 that had once evidently had a vast population4 ,then1 in the ,waiyau country1 west of ,mataka's1 came a splendid district #cdjj feet above the sea1 as well adapted for a settlement as ,magomero1 but it had taken them four months to get at it1 while ,magomero was reached in three weeks4 ,the abandonment of that mission he would never cease to regret4 ,as they neared ,lake ,nyassa1 slave parties became more common4 ,on the #hth ,august1 #ahff1 they reached the lake1 which seemed to ,livingstone like an old familiar friend which he never expected to see again4 ,he thanked ,god1 bathed again in the delicious water1 and felt quite exhilarated4 ,writing to his son ,thomas1 #bhth ,august1 he says3 ,the ,sepoys were morally unfit for travel1 and then we had hard lines1 all of us4 ,food was not to be had for love or money4 ,our finest cloths only brought miserable morsels of the common grain4 ,i trudged it the whole way1 and having no animal food save what turtle-doves and guinea-fowls we occasionally shot1 ,i became like one of ,pharaoh's lean kine4 ,the last tramp to ,nyassa brought us to a land of plenty4 ,it was over a very fine country1 but quite depopulated4444 ,the principal chief1 named ,mataka1 lives on the watershed overhanging this1 but fifty miles or more distant from this2 his town contained a thousand houses--many of them square1 in imitation of the ,arabs4 ,large patches of ,english peas in full bearing grew in the moist hollows1 or were irrigated4 ,cattle showed that no tsetse existed4 ,when we arrived1 ,mataka was just sending back a number of cattle and captives to their own homes4 ,they had been taken by his people without his knowledge from ,nyassa4 ,i saw them by accident3 there were fifty-four women and children1 about a dozen young men and boys1 and about twenty-five or thirty head of cattle4 ,as the act was spontaneous1 it was the more gratifying to witness4444 ,i sometimes remember you with some anxiety1 as not knowing what opening may be made for you in life4444 ,whatever you feel yourself best fitted for1 'commit thy way to the ,lord1 trust also in ,him1 and ,he will bring it to pass4' ,one ought to endeavor to devote the peculiarities of his nature to his ,redeemer's service1 whatever these may be4 ,resting at the lake1 and working up journal1 lunars1 and altitudes1 he hears of the arrival of an ,englishman at ,mataka's1 with cattle for him1 who had two eyes behind as well as two in front--news enough for awhile4 ,zoology1 botany1 and geology engage his attention as usual4 ,he tries to get across the lake1 but cannot1 as the slavers own all the dhows1 and will neither lend nor sell to him2 he has therefore to creep on foot round its southern end4 ,marks of destruction and desolation again shock the eye--skulls and bones everywhere4 ,at the point where the ,shir leaves ,nyassa1 he could not but think of disappointed hopes--the death of his dear wife1 and of the ,bishop1 the increasing vigor of the slave-trade1 and the abandonment of the ,universities ,mission4 ,but faith assured him of good times coming1 though he might not live to see them4 ,would only he had seen through the vista of the next ten years6 ,bishop ,tozer done with ,africa1 and ,bishop ,steere returning to the old neighborhood1 and resuming the old work of the ,universities ,mission2 and his own countrymen planted his name on the promontory on which he gazed so sorrowfully1 training the poor natives in the arts of civilization1 rearing ,christian households among them1 and proclaiming the blessed ,gospel of the ,god of love6 ,invariably as he goes along1 ,dr4 ,livingstone aims at two things3 at teaching some of the great truths of ,christianity1 and rousing consciences on the atrocious guilt of the slave-trade4 ,in connection with the former he discovers that his usual way of conducting divine service--by the reading of prayers--does not give ignorant persons any idea of an unseen ,being2 kneeling and praying with the eyes shut is better4 ,at the foot of the lake he goes out of his way to remonstrate with ,mukat1 one of the chief marauders of the district4 ,the tenor of his addresses is in some degree shaped by the practices he finds so prevalent3 ,we mention our relationship to our ,father1 the guilt of selling any of his children1 the consequences3--e4g4 it begets war1 for as they don't like to sell their own1 they steal from other villagers1 who retaliate4 ,arabs and ,waiyau1 invited into the country by their selling1 foster feuds1--wars and depopulation ensue4 ,we mention the ,bible--future state--prayer2 advise union1 that they would unite as one family to expel enemies1 who came first as slave-traders1 and ended by leaving the country a wilderness4 ,it was about this time that ,wikatani1 one of the two ,waiyau boys who had been rescued from slavery1 finding1 as he believed or said1 some brothers and sisters on the western shore of the lake1 left ,livingstone and remained with them4 ,there had been an impression in some quarters1 that1 according to his wont1 ,livingstone had made him his slave2 to show the contrary1 he gave him his choice of remaining or going1 and1 when the boy chose to remain1 he acquiesced4 ,dr4 ,livingstone had ere now passed over the ground where1 if anywhere1 he might have hoped to find a station for a commercial and missionary settlement1 independent of the ,portuguese4 ,in this hope he was rather disappointed4 ,the only spot he refers to is the district west of ,mataka's1 which1 however1 was so difficult of access4 ,nearer the coast a mission might be established1 and to this project his mind turned afterward2 but it would not command the ,nyassa district4 ,on the whole he preferred the ,zambesi and ,shir valley1 with all their difficulties4 ,but the ,rovuma was not hopeless1 and indeed1 within the last few years1 the ,universities ,mission has occupied the district successfully4 ,the geographical question of the watershed had now to be grappled with4 ,it is natural to ask whether this question was of sufficient importance to engage his main energies1 and justify the incalculable sacrifices undergone by him during the remaining six years of his life4 ,first of all1 we must remember1 it was not his own scheme--it was pressed on him by ,sir ,roderick ,murchison and the ,geographical ,society2 and it may perhaps be doubted whether1 had he foreseen the cost of the enterprise1 he would have deemed the object worthy of the price4 ,but ever and anon1 he seemed to be close on what he was searching for1 and certain to secure it by just a little further effort2 while as often1 like the cup of ,tantalus1 it was snatched from his grasp4 ,moreover1 during a life-time of splendid self-discipline1 he had been training himself to keep his promises1 and to complete his tasks2 nor could he in any way see it his duty to break the one or leave the other unfinished4 ,he had undertaken to the ,geographical ,society to solve that problem1 and he would do it if it could be done4 ,wherever he went he had always some opportunity to make known the father-hood of ,god and his love in ,christ1 although the seed he sowed seemed seldom to take root4 ,then he was gathering fresh information on the state of the country and the habits of the people4 ,he was especially gathering information on the accursed slave-trade4 ,this question of the watershed1 too1 had fascinated his mind1 for he had a strong impression that the real sources of the ,nile were far higher than any previous traveler had supposed--far higher than ,lake ,victoria ,nyanza1 and that it would be a service to religion as well as science to discover the fountains of the stream on whose bosom1 in the dawn of ,hebrew history1 ,moses had floated in his ark of bulrushes4 ,a strong impression lurked in his mind that if he should only solve that old problem he would acquire such influence that new weight would be given to his pleadings for ,africa2 just as1 at the beginning of his career1 he had wished for a commanding style of composition1 to be able to rouse the attention of the world to that ill-treated continent4 ,he was strongly disposed to think that in the account of the sources given to ,herodotus by the ,registrar of ,minerva in the temple of ,sas1 that individual was not joking1 as the father of history supposed4 ,he thought that in the watershed the two conical hills1 ,crophi and ,mophi might be found1 and the fountains between them which it was impossible to fathom2 and that it might be seen that from that region there was a river flowing north to ,egypt1 and another flowing south to a country that might have been called ,ethiopia4 ,but whatever might be his views or aims1 it was ordained that in the wanderings of his last years he should bring within the sympathies of the ,christian world many a poor tribe otherwise unknown2 that he should witness sights1 surpassing all he had ever seen before of the inhumanity and horrors of the slave-traffic--sights that harrowed his inmost soul2 and that when his final appeal to his countrymen on behalf of its victims came1 not from1 his living voice but from his tomb1 it should gather from a thousand touching associations a thrilling power that would rouse the world1 and finally root out the accursed thing4 ,a very valuable testimony was borne by ,sir ,bartle ,frere to the real aims of ,livingstone1 and the value of his work1 especially in this last journey1 in a speech delivered in the ,glasgow ,chamber of ,commerce1 #ajth ,november1 #ahgf3 ,the object1 he said1 of ,dr4 ,livingstone's geographical and scientific explorations was to lead his countrymen to the great work of ,christianizing and civilizing the millions of ,central ,africa4 ,you will recollect how1 when first he came back from his wonderful journey1 though we were all greatly startled by his achievements and by what he told us1 people really did not lay what he said much to heart4 ,they were stimulated to take up the cause of ,african discovery again1 and other travelers went out and did excellent service2 but the great fact which was from the very first upon ,livingstone's mind1 and which he used to impress upon you1 did not make the impression he wished1 and although a good many people took more and more interest in the ,civilization of ,africa and in the abolition of the slave-trade1 which he pointed out was the great obstacle to all progress1 still it did not come home to the people generally4 ,it was not until his third and last journey1 when he was no more to return among us1 that the descriptions which he gave of the horrors of the slave-trade in the interior really took hold upon the mind of the people of this country1 and made them determine that what used to be considered the crotchet of a few religious minds and humanitarian sort of persons1 should be a phase of the great work which this country had undertaken1 to free the ,african races1 and to abolish1 in the first place1 the slave-trade by sea1 and then1 as we hope1 the slaving by land4 ,in ,september an ,arab slaver was met at ,marenga's1 who told ,musa1 one of the ,johanna men1 that all the country in front was full of ,mazitu1 a warlike tribe2 that forty-four ,arabs and their followers had been killed by them at ,kasunga1 and that he only had escaped4 ,musa's heart was filled with consternation4 ,it was in vain that ,marenga assured him that there were no ,mazitu in the direction in which he was going1 and that ,livingstone protested to him that he would give them a wide berth4 ,the ,johanna men wanted an excuse for going back1 but in such a way that1 when they reached ,zanzibar1 they should get their pay4 ,they left him in a body1 and when they got to ,zanzibar1 circulated a circumstantial report that he had been murdered4 ,in ,december1 #ahff1 ,musa appeared at ,zanzibar1 and told how ,livingstone had crossed ,lake ,nyassa to its western or northwestern shore1 and was pushing on west or northwest1 when1 between ,marenga and ,maklisoora1 a band of savages stopped their way1 and rushed on him and his small band of followers1 now reduced to twenty4 ,livingstone fired twice1 and killed two2 but1 in the act of reloading1 three ,mafite leaped upon him through the smoke1 one of them felled him with an axe-cut from behind1 and the blow nearly severed his head from his body4 ,the ,johanna men fled into the thick jungle1 and miraculously escaped4 ,returning to the scene of the tragedy1 they found the body of their master1 and in a shallow grave dug with some stakes1 they committed his remains to the ground1 ,many details were given regarding the ,sepoys1 and regarding the after fortunes of ,musa and his companions4 ,under cross-examination ,musa stood firmly to his story1 which was believed both by ,dr4 ,seward and ,dr4 ,kirk1 of ,zanzibar4 ,but when the tidings reached ,england1 doubt was thrown on them by some of those best qualified to judge4 ,mr4 ,edward ,d4 ,young1 who had had dealings with ,musa1 and knew him to be a liar1 was suspicious of the story2 so was ,mr4 ,horace ,waller4 ,sir ,roderick ,murchison1 too1 proclaimed himself an unbeliever1 notwithstanding all the circumstantiality and apparent conclusiveness of the tale4 ,the country was resounding with lamentations1 the newspapers were full of obituary notices1 but the strong-minded disbelievers were not to be moved4 ,sir ,roderick and his friends of the ,geographical ,society determined to organize a search expedition1 and ,mr4 ,e4 ,d4 ,young was requested to undertake the task4 ,in ,may1 #ahfg1 all was ready for the departure of the ,expedition2 and on the #beth ,july1 ,mr4 ,e4 ,d4 ,young1 who was accompanied by ,mr4 ,faulkner1 ,john ,reid1 and ,patrick ,buckley1 cast anchor at the mouth of the ,zambesi4 ,a steel boat named ,the ,search1 and some smaller boats1 were speedily launched1 and the party were moving up the river4 ,we have no space for an account of ,mr4 ,young's most interesting journey1 not even for the detail of that wonderful achievement1 the carrying of the pieces of the ,search past the ,murchison ,cataracts1 and their reconstruction at the top1 without a single piece missing4 ,the sum and substance of ,mr4 ,young's story was1 that first1 quite unexpectedly1 he came upon a man near the south end of ,lake ,nyassa1 who had seen ,livingstone there1 and who described him well1 showing that he had not crossed at the north end1 as ,musa had said1 but1 for some reason1 had come round by the south2 then1 the chief ,marenga not only told him of ,livingstone's stay there1 but also of the return of ,musa1 after leaving him1 without any story of his murder2 also1 at ,mapunda1 they came on traces of the boy ,wikatani1 and learned his story1 though they did not see himself4 ,the most ample proof of the falsehood of ,musa's story was thus obtained1 and by the end of #ahfg1 ,mr4 ,young1 after a most active1 gallant1 and successful campaign1 was approaching the shores of ,england#fh4 ,no enterprise could have brought more satisfactory results1 and all in the incredibly short period of eight months4 ,footnote #fh3 ,see ,the ,search for ,livingstone1 by ,e4,d4 ,young3 ,london1 #ahfh4 ,meanwhile1 ,livingstone1 little thinking of all the commotion that the knave ,musa had created1 was pushing on in the direction of ,lake ,tanganyika4 ,though it was not true that he had been murdered1 it was true that he was half-starved4 ,the want of other food compelled him to subsist to a large extent on ,african maize1 the most tasteless and unsatisfying of food4 ,it never produced the feeling of sufficiency1 and it would set him to dream of dinners he had once eaten1 though dreaming was not his habit1 except when he was ill4 ,against his will1 the thought of delicious feasts would come upon him1 making it all the more difficult to be cheerful1 with1 probably1 the poorest fare on which life could be in any way maintained1 ,to complete his misery1 his four goats were lost1 so that the one comfort of his table--a little milk along with his maize--was taken from him when most eagerly sought and valued4 ,in reviewing the year #ahff1 he finds it less productive of results than he had hoped for3 ,we now end #ahff4 ,it has not been so fruitful or useful as ,i intended4 ,will try to do better in #ahfg1 and be better--more gentle and loving2 and may the ,almighty1 to whom ,i commit my way1 bring my desires to pass1 and prosper me6 ,let all the sins of '#ff be blotted out1 for ,jesus' sake4 ,may ,he who was full of grace and truth impress his character on mine3 grace--eagerness to show favor2 truth--truthfulness1 sincerity1 honor--for his mercy's sake4 ,habitually brave and fearless though ,livingstone was1 it was not without frequent self-stimulation1 and acts of faith in unseen truth1 that the peace of his mind was maintained4 ,in the midst of his notes of progress1 such private thoughts as the following occur from time to time3 ,it seems to have been a mistake to imagine that the ,divine ,majesty on high was too exalted to take any notice of our mean affairs4 ,the great minds among men are remarkable for the attention they bestow on minuti4 ,an astronomer cannot be great unless his mind can grasp an infinity of very small things1 each of which1 if unattended to1 would throw his work out4 ,a great general attends to the smallest details of his army4 ,the ,duke of ,wellington's letters show his constant attention to minute details4 ,and so with the ,supreme ,mind1 of the universe1 as ,he is revealed to us in his ,son4 ',the very hairs of your head are all numbered1' ',a sparrow cannot fall to the ground without your ,father1' ',he who dwelleth in the light which no man can approach unto' condescends to provide for the minutest of our wants1 directing1 guarding1 and assisting in each hour and moment1 with an infinitely more vigilant and excellent care than our own utmost self-love can ever attain to4 ,with the ever-watchful1 loving eye constantly upon me1 ,i may surely follow my bent1 and go among the heathen in front1 bearing the message of peace and good-will4 ,all appreciate the statement that it is offensive to our common ,father to sell and kill his children4 ,i will therefore go1 and may the ,almighty help me to be faithful6 ,writing to his son ,thomas1 #ast ,february1 #ahfg1 he complains again of his terrible hunger3 ,the people have nothing to sell but a little millet-porridge and mushrooms4 ,woe is me6 good enough to produce fine dreams of the roast beef of old ,england1 but nothing else4 ,i have become very thin1 though ,i was so before2 but now1 if you weighed me1 you might calculate very easily how much you might get for the bones4 ,but--we got a cow yesterday1 and ,i am to get milk to-morrow4444 ,i grieve to write it1 poor poodle ',chitane' was drowned #aeth ,january1 in the ,chimbw2 he had to cross a marsh a mile wide1 and waist-deep4444 ,i went over first1 and forgot to give directions about the dog--all were too much engaged in keeping their balance to notice that he swam among them till he died4 ,he had more spunk than a hundred country dogs--took charge of the whole line of march1 ran to see the first in the line1 then back to the last1 and barked to haul him up2 then1 when he knew what hut ,i occupied1 would not let a country cur come in sight of it1 and never stole himself4 ,we have not had any difficulties with the people1 made many friends1 imparted a little knowledge sometimes1 and raised a protest against slavery very widely4 ,the year #ahfg was signalized by a great calamity1 and by two important geographical feats4 ,the calamity was the loss of his medicine-chest4 ,it had been intrusted to one of his most careful people2 but1 without authority1 a carrier hired for the day took it and some other things to carry for the proper bearer1 then bolted1 and neither carrier nor box could be found4 ,i felt1 says ,livingstone1 as if ,i had now received the sentence of death1 like poor ,bishop ,mackenzie4 ,with the medicine-chest was lost the power of treating himself in fever with the medicine that had proved so effectual4 ,we find him not long after in a state of insensibility1 trying to raise himself from the ground1 falling back with all his weight1 and knocking his head upon a box4 ,the loss of the medicine-box was probably the beginning of the end2 his system lost the wonderful power of recovery which it had hitherto shown2 and other ailments--in the lungs1 the feet1 and the bowels1 that might have been kept under in a more vigorous state of general health1 began hereafter to prevail against him4 ,the two geographical feats were--his first sight of ,lake ,tanganyika1 and his discovery of ,lake ,moero4 ,in ,april he reached ,lake ,liemba1 as the lower part of ,tanganyika was called4 ,the scenery was wonderfully beautiful1 and the air of the whole region remarkably peaceful4 ,the want of medicine made an illness here very severe2 on recovering1 he would have gone down the lake1 but was dissuaded1 in consequence of his hearing that a chief was killing all that came that way4 ,he therefore returns to ,chitimba's1 and resolves to explore ,lake ,moero1 believing that there the question of the watershed would be decided1 ,at ,chitimba's1 he is detained upward of three months1 in consequence of the disturbed state of the country4 ,at last he gets the escort of some ,arab traders1 who show him much kindness1 but again he is prostrated by illness1 and at length he reaches ,lake ,moero1 #hth ,november1 #ahfg4 ,he hears of another lake1 called ,bembo or ,bangweolo1 and to hear of it is to resolve to see it4 ,but he is terribly wearied with two years' traveling without having heard from home1 and he thinks he must first go to ,ujiji1 for letters and stores4 ,meanwhile1 as the traders are going to ,casembe's1 he accompanies them thither4 ,casembe he finds to be a fierce chief1 who rules his people with great tyranny1 cutting off their ears1 and even their hands1 for the most trivial offenses4 ,persons so mutilated1 seen in his village1 excite a feeling of horror4 ,this chief was not one easily got at1 but ,livingstone believed that he gained an influence with him1 only he could not quite overcome his prejudice against him4 ,the year #ahfg ended with another severe attack of illness4 ,the chief interest in ,lake ,moero1 says ,livingstone1 is that it forms one of a chain of lakes1 connected by a river some #ejj miles in length4 ,first of all1 the ,chambez rises in the country of ,mambw1 ,n4,e4 of ,molemba2 it then flows southwest and west1 till it reaches lat4 #aa ,s41 and long4 #bi ,e41 where it forms ,lake ,bemba or ,bangweolo2 emerging thence1 it assumes the name of ,luapula1 and comes down here to fall into ,moero4 ,on going out of this lake it is known by the name of ,lualaba1 as it flows ,n4,w4 in ,rua to form another lake with many islands1 called ,ureng or ,uleng4 ,beyond this1 information is not positive as to whether it enters ,lake ,tanganyika1 or another lake beyond that4444 ,since coming to ,casembe's1 the testimony of natives and ,arabs has been so united and consistent1 that ,i am but ten days from ,lake ,bemba or ,bangweolo1 that ,i cannot doubt its accuracy4 ,the detentions experienced in #ahfg were long and wearisome1 and ,livingstone disliked them because he was never well when doing nothing4 ,his light reading must have been pretty well exhausted2 even ,smith's ,dictionary of the ,bible1 which accompanied him in these wanderings1 and which we have no doubt he read throughout1 must have got wearisome sometimes4 ,he occupied himself in writing letters1 in the hope that somehow or sometime he might find an opportunity of despatching them4 ,he took the rainfall carefully during the year1 and lunars and other observations1 when the sky permitted4 ,he had intended to make his observations more perfect on this journey than on any previous one1 but alas for his difficulties and disappointments6 ,a letter to ,sir ,thomas ,maclear and ,mr4 ,mann1 his assistant1 gives a pitiful account of these3 ,i came this journey with a determination to observe very carefully all your hints as to occupations and observations1 east and west1 north and south1 but ,i have been so worried by lazy1 deceitful ,sepoys1 and thievish ,johanna men1 and indifferent instruments1 that ,i fear the results are very poor4 ,he goes on to say that some of his instruments were defective1 and others went out of order1 and that his time-taker1 one of his people1 had no conscience1 and could not be trusted4 ,the records of his observations1 notwithstanding1 indicate much care and pains4 ,in ,april1 he had been very unwell1 taking fits of total insensibility1 but as he had not said anything of this to his people at home1 it was to be kept a secret4 ,his ,journal for #ahfg ends with a statement of the poverty of his food1 and the weakness to which he was reduced4 ,he had hardly anything to eat but the coarsest grain of the country1 and no tea1 coffee1 or sugar4 ,an ,arab trader1 ,mohamad ,bogharib1 who arrived at ,casembe's about the same time1 presented him with a meal of vermicelli1 oil1 and honey1 and had some coffee and sugar2 ,livingstone had had none since he left ,nyassa4 ,the ,journal for #ahfh begins with a prayer that if he should die that year1 he might be prepared for it4 ,the year was spent in the same region1 and was signalized by the discovery of ,lake ,bemba1 or1 as it may more properly be called1 ,lake ,bangweolo1 ,early in the year he heard accounts of what interested him greatly--certain underground houses in ,rua1 ranging along a mountain side for twenty miles4 ,in some cases the doorways were level with the country adjacent2 in others1 ladders were used to climb up to them2 inside they were said to be very large1 and not the work of men1 but of ,god4 ,he became eagerly desirous to visit these mysterious dwellings4 ,circumstances turning out more favorable to his going to ,lake ,bangweolo1 ,dr4 ,livingstone put off his journey to ,ujiji1 on which his men had been counting1 and much against the advice of ,mohamad1 his trader friend and companion1 determined first to see the lake of which he had heard so much4 ,the consequence was a rebellion among his men4 ,with the exception of five1 they refused to go with him4 ,they had been considerably demoralized by contact with the ,arab trader and his slave-gang4 ,dr4 ,livingstone took this rebellion with wonderful placidity1 for in his own mind he could not greatly blame them4 ,it was no wonder they were tired of the everlasting tramping1 for he was sick of it himself4 ,he reaped the fruit of his mildness by the men coming back to him1 on his return from the lake1 and offering their services4 ,it cannot be said of him that he was not disposed to make any allowance for human weakness4 ,when recording a fault1 and how he dealt with it1 he often adds1 consciousness of my own defects makes me lenient4 ,i also have my weaknesses4 ,the way to the lake was marked by fresh and lamentable tokens of the sufferings of slaves4 #bdth ,june4--,six men-slaves were singing as if they did not feel the weight and degradation of the slave-sticks4 ,i asked the cause of their mirth1 and was told that they rejoiced at the idea of 'coming back after death1 and haunting and killing those who had sold them1' ,some of the words ,i had to inquire about2 for instance1 the meaning of the words1 'to haunt and kill by spirit power1' then it was1 ',oh1 you sent me off to ,manga 7sea-coast71 but the yoke is off when ,i die1 and back ,i shall come to haunt and to kill you4' ,then all joined in the chorus1 which was the name of each vendor4 ,it told not of fun1 but of the bitterness and tears of such as were oppressed2 and on the side of the oppressors there was power4 ,there be higher than they6 ,his discovery of ,lake ,bangweolo is recorded as quietly as if it had been a mill-pond3 ,on the #ahth ,july1 ,i walked a little way out1 and saw the shores of the lake for the first time1 thankful that ,i had come safely hither4 ,the lake had several inhabited islands1 which ,dr4 ,livingstone visited1 to the great wonder of the natives1 who crowded around him in multitudes1 never having seen such a curiosity as a white man before4 ,in the middle of the lake the canoe-men whom he had hired to carry him across refused to proceed further1 under the influence of some fear1 real or pretended1 and he was obliged to submit4 ,but the most interesting1 though not the most pleasant1 thing about the lake1 was the ooze or sponge which occurred frequently on its banks4 ,the spongy places were slightly depressed valleys1 without trees or bushes1 with grass a foot or fifteen inches high2 they were usually from two to ten miles long1 and from a quarter of a mile to a mile broad4 ,in the course of thirty geographical miles1 he crossed twenty-nine1 and that1 too1 at the end of the fourth month of the dry season4 ,it was necessary for him to strip the lower part of his person before fording them1 and then the leeches pounced on him1 and in a moment had secured such a grip1 that even twisting them round the fingers failed to tear them off4 ,it was ,dr4 ,livingstone's impression at this time that in discovering ,lake ,bangweolo1 with the sponges that fed it1 he had made another discovery--that these marshy places might be the real sources of the three great rivers1 the ,nile1 the ,congo1 and the ,zambesi4 ,a link1 however1 was yet wanting to prove his theory4 ,it had yet to be shown that the waters that flowed from ,lake ,bangweolo into ,lake ,moero1 and thence northward by the river ,lualaba1 were connected with the ,nile system4 ,dr4 ,livingstone was strongly inclined to believe that this connection existed2 but toward the close of his life he had more doubts of it1 although it was left to others to establish conclusively that the ,lualaba was the ,congo1 and sent no branch to the ,nile4 ,on leaving ,lake ,bangweolo1 detention occurred again as it had occurred before4 ,the country was very disturbed and very miserable1 and ,dr4 ,livingstone was in great straits and want4 ,yet with a grim humor he tells how1 when lying in an open shed1 with all his men around him1 he dreamed of having apartments at ,mivart's ,hotel4 ,it was after much delay that he found himself at last1 under the escort of a slave-party1 on the way to ,ujiji4 ,mr4 ,waller has graphically described the situation4 ,at last he makes a start on the #aath of ,december1 #ahfh1 with the ,arabs1 who are bound eastward for ,ujiji4 ,it is a motley group1 composed of ,mohamad and his friends1 a gang of ,unyamwezi hangers-on1 and strings of wretched slaves yoked together in their heavy slave-sticks4 ,some carry ivory1 others copper1 or food for the march1 while hope and fear1 misery and villainy1 may be read off on the various faces that pass in line out of this country1 like a serpent dragging its accursed folds away from the victim it has paralyzed with its fangs4 ,new ,year's ,day1 #ahfi1 found ,livingstone laboring under a worse attack of illness than any he had ever had before4 ,for ten weeks to come his situation was as painful as can be conceived4 ,a continual cough1 night and day1 the most distressing weakness1 inability to walk1 yet the necessity of moving on1 or rather of being moved on1 in a kind of litter arranged by ,mohamad ,bogharib1--where1 with his face poorly protected from the sun1 he was jolted up and down and sideways1 without medicine or food for an invalid1--made the situation sufficiently trying4 ,his prayer was that he might hold out to ,ujiji1 where he expected to find medicines and stores1 with the rest and shelter so necessary in his circumstances4 ,so ill was he1 that he lost count of the days of the week and the month4 ,i saw myself lying dead in the way to ,ujiji1 and all the letters ,i expected there--useless4 ,when ,i think of my children1 the lines ring through my head perpetually3 ',i shall look into your faces1 ,and listen to what you say2 ,and be often very near you ,when you think ,i'm far away4' ,on the #bfth ,february1 #ahfi1 he embarked in a canoe on ,tanganyika1 and on the #adth ,march he reached the longed-for ,ujiji1 on the eastern shore of the lake4 ,to complete his trial1 he found that the goods he expected had been made away with in every direction4 ,a few fragments were about all he could find4 ,medicines1 wine1 and cheese had been left at ,unyanyembe1 thirteen days distant4 ,a war was raging on the way1 so that they could not be sent for till the communications were restored4 ,to obviate as far as possible the recurrence of such a disaster to a new store of goods which he was now asking ,dr4 ,kirk to send him1 ,livingstone wrote a letter to the ,sultan of ,zanzibar1 #bjth ,april1 #ahfi1 in which he frankly and cordially acknowledged the benefit he had derived from the letter of recommendation his ,highness had given him1 and the great kindness of the ,arabs1 especially ,mohamad ,bogharib1 who had certainly saved his life4 ,then he complains of the robbery of his goods1 chiefly by one ,musa bin ,salim1 one of the people of the ,governor of ,unyanyembe1 who had bought ivory with the price1 and another man who had bought a wife4 ,livingstone does not expect his cloth and beads to be brought back1 or the price of the wife and ivory returned1 but he says3 ,i beg the assistance of your authority to prevent a fresh stock of goods1 for which ,i now send to ,zanzibar1 being plundered in the same way4 ,had it been the loss of ten or twelve pieces of cloth only1 ,i should not have presumed to trouble your ,highness about the loss2 but #fb pieces or gorahs out of #hj1 besides beads1 is like cutting a man's throat4 ,if one or two guards of good character could be sent by you1 no one would plunder the pagasi next time4 ,i wish also to hire twelve or fifteen good freemen to act as canoe-men or porters1 or in any other capacity that may be required4 ,i shall be greatly obliged if you appoint one of your gentlemen who knows the country to select that number1 and give them and their headman a charge as to their behavior4 ,if they know that you wish them to behave well it will have great effect4 ,i wish to go down ,tanganyika1 through ,luanda and ,chowambe1 and pass the river ,karagwe1 which falls into ,lake ,chowambe4 ,then come back to ,ujiji1 visit ,manyuema and ,rua1 and then return to ,zanzibar1 when ,i hope to see your ,highness in the enjoyment of health and happiness4 ,livingstone showed only his usual foresight in taking these precautions for the protection of his next cargo of goods4 ,in stating so plainly his intended route1 his purpose was doubtless to prevent carelessness in executing his orders1 such as might have arisen had it been deemed uncertain where he was going1 and whether or not he meant to return by ,zanzibar4 ,of letters during the latter part of this period very few seem to have reached their destination4 ,a short letter to ,dr4 ,moffat1 bearing date ,near ,lake ,moero1 ,march1 #ahfh1 dwells dolefully on his inability to reach ,lake ,bemba in consequence of the flooded state of the country1 and then his detention through the strifes of the ,arabs and the natives4 ,the letter1 however1 is more occupied with reviewing the past than narrating the present4 ,in writing to ,dr4 ,moffat1 he enters more minutely than he would have done with a less intimate and sympathetic friend into the difficulties of his lot--difficulties that had been increased by some from whom he might have expected other things4 ,he had once seen a map displayed in the rooms of the ,geographical ,society1 substantially his own1 but with another name in conspicuous letters4 ,on the ,zambesi he had had difficulties1 little suspected1 of which in the meantime he would say nothing to the public4 ,a letter to his daughter ,agnes1 after he had gone to ,bangweolo1 dwells also much on his past difficulties--as if he felt that the slow progress he was making at the moment needed explanation or apology4 ,amid such topics1 almost involuntary touches of the old humor occur3 ,i broke my teeth tearing at maize and other hard food1 and they are coming out4 ,one front tooth is out1 and ,i have such an awful mouth4 ,if you expect a kiss from me1 you must take it through a speaking-trumpet4 ,in one respect1 amid all his trials1 his heart seems to become more tender than ever--in affection for his children1 and wise and considerate advice for their guidance4 ,in his letter to ,agnes1 he adverts with some regret to a chance he lost of saying a word for his family when ,lord ,palmerston sent ,mr4 ,hayward1 ,q4,c41 to ask him what he could do to serve him4 ,it never occurred to me that he meant anything for me or my children till ,i was out here4 ,i thought only of my work in ,africa1 and answered accordingly4 ,it was only the fear that his family would be in want that occasioned this momentary regret at his disinterested answer to ,lord ,palmerston4 ,,chapter ,,xx4 ,,manyuema4 ,a4,d4 #ahfi-ahga4 ,he sets out to explore ,manyuema and the river ,lualaba--,loss of forty-two letters--,his feebleness through illness--,he arrives at ,bambarr--,becomes acquainted with the soko or gorilla--,reaches the ,luama ,river--,magnificence of the country--,repulsiveness of the people--,cannot get a canoe to explore the ,lualaba--,has to return to ,bambarr--,letter to ,thomas1 and retrospect of his life--,letter to ,sir ,thomas ,maclear and ,mr4 ,mann--,miss ,tinn--,he is worse in health than ever1 yet resolves to add to his programme and go round ,lake ,bangweolo--,letter to ,agnes--,review of the past--,he sets out anew in a more northerly direction--,overpowered by constant wet--,reaches ,nyangwe--,long detention--,letter to his brother ,john--,sense of difficulties and troubles--,nobility of his spirit--,he sets off with only three attendants for the ,lualaba--,suspicions of the natives--,influence of ,arab traders--,frightful difficulties of the way--,lamed by foot-sores--,has to return to ,bambarr--,long and wearisome detention--,occupations--,meditations and reveries--,death no terror--,unparalleled position and trials--,he reads his ,bible from beginning to end four times--,letter to ,sir ,thomas ,maclear--,to ,agnes--,his delight at her sentiments about his coming home--,account of the soko--,grief to hear of death of ,lady ,murchison--,wretched character of men sent from ,zanzibar--,at last sets out with ,mohamad--,difficulties--,slave-trade most horrible--,cannot get canoes for ,lualaba--,long waiting--,new plan--,frustrated by horrible massacre on banks of ,lualaba--,frightful scene--,he must return to ,ujiji--,new illness--,perils of journey to ,ujiji--,life three times endangered in one day--,reaches ,ujiji--,shereef has sold off his goods--,he is almost in despair--,meets ,henry ,m4 ,stanley and is relieved--,his contributions to ,natural ,science during last journeys--,professor ,owen in the ,quarterly ,review4 ,after resting for a few weeks at ,ujiji1 ,dr4 ,livingstone set out1 #abth ,july1 #ahfi1 to explore the ,manyuema country4 ,ujiji was not a place favorable for making arrangements2 it was the resort of the worst scum of ,arab traders4 ,even to send his letters to the coast was a difficult undertaking1 for the bearers were afraid he would expose their doings4 ,on one day he despatched no fewer than forty-two--enough1 no doubt1 to form a large volume2 none of these even arrived at ,zanzibar1 so that they must have been purposely destroyed4 ,the slave-traders of ,urungu and ,itawa1 where he had been1 were gentlemen compared with those of ,ujiji1 who resembled the ,kilwa and ,portuguese1 and with whom trading was simply a system of murder4 ,here lay the cause of ,livingstone's unexampled difficulties at this period of his life2 he was dependent on men who were not only knaves of the first magnitude1 but who had a special animosity against him1 and a special motive to deceive1 rob1 and obstruct him in every possible way4 ,after considerable deliberation he decided to go to ,manyuema1 in order to examine the river ,lualaba1 and determine the direction of its flow4 ,this would settle the question of the watershed1 and in four or five months1 if he should get guides and canoes1 his work would be done4 ,on setting out from ,ujiji he first crossed the lake1 and then proceeded inland on foot4 ,he was still weak from illness1 and his lungs were so feeble that to walk up-hill made him pant4 ,he became stronger1 however1 as he went on1 refreshed doubtless by the interesting country through which he passed1 and the aspect of the people1 who were very different from the tribes on the coast4 ,on the #bast ,september he arrived at ,bambarr1 in ,manyuema1 the village of the ,chief ,moenkuss4 ,he found the people in a state of great isolation from the rest of the world1 with nothing to trust to but charms and idols1--both being bits of wood4 ,he made the acquaintance of the soko or gorilla1 not a very social animal1 for it always tries to bite off the ends of its captor's fingers and toes4 ,neither is it particularly intellectual1 for its nest shows no more contrivance than that of a cushat dove4 ,the curiosity of the people was very great1 and sometimes it took an interesting direction4 ,do people die with you8 asked two intelligent young men4 ,have you no charm against death8 ,where do people go after death8 ,livingstone spoke to them of the great ,father1 and of their prayers to ,him who hears the cry of his children2 and they thought this to be natural4 ,he rested at ,bambarr till the #ast of ,november1 and then went westward till he reached the ,luamo ,river1 and was within ten miles of its confluence with the ,lualaba4 ,he found the country surpassingly beautiful3 ,palms crown the highest heights of the mountains1 and their gracefully-bent fronds wave beautifully in the wind4 ,climbers of cable size in great numbers are hung among the gigantic trees2 many unknown wild fruits abound1 some the size of a child's head1 and strange birds and monkeys are everywhere4 ,the soil is excessively rich1 and the people1 though isolated by old feuds that are never settled1 cultivate largely4 ,the country was very populous1 and ,livingstone so excited the curiosity of the people that he could hardly get quit of the crowds4 ,it was not so uninteresting to be stared at by the women1 but he was wearied with the ugliness of the men4 ,palm-toddy did not inspire them with any social qualities1 but made them low and disagreeable4 ,they had no friendly feeling for him1 and could not be inspired with any4 ,they thought that he and his people were like the ,arab traders1 and they would not do anything for them4 ,it was impossible to procure a canoe for navigating the ,lualaba1 so that there was nothing for it but to return to ,bambarr1 which was reached on the #aith ,december1 #ahfi4 ,a long letter to his son ,thomas 7,town of ,moenkuss1 ,manyuema ,country1 #bdth ,september1 #ahfi7 gives a retrospect of this period1 and indeed1 in a sense1 of his life3 ,my dear ,tom1--,i begin a letter1 though ,i have no prospect of being able to send it off for many months to come4 ,it is to have something in readiness when the hurry usual in preparing a mail does arrive4 ,i am in the ,manyuema ,country1 about #aej miles west of ,ujiji1 and at the town of ,moenekoos or ,moenkuss1 a principal chief among the reputed cannibals4 ,his name means ',lord of the light-gray parrot with a red tail1' which abounds here1 and he points away still further west to the country of the real cannibals4 ,his people laugh1 and say1 ',yes1 we eat the flesh of men1' and should they see the inquirer to be credulous1 enter into particulars4 ,a black stuff smeared on the cheeks is the sign of mourning1 and they told one of my people who believes all they say that it is animal charcoal made of the bones of the relatives they have eaten4 ,they showed him the skull of one recently devoured1 and he pointed it out to me in triumph4 ,it was the skull of a gorilla1 here called 'soko1' and this they do eat4 ,they put a bunch of bananas in his way1 and hide till he comes to take them1 and spear him4 ,many of the ,arabs believe firmly in the cannibal propensity of the ,manyuema4 ,others who have lived long among them1 and are themselves three-fourths ,african blood1 deny it4 ,i suspect that this idea must go into oblivion with those of people who have no knowledge of fire1 of the ,supreme ,being1 or of language4 ,the country abounds in food1--goats1 sheep1 fowls1 buffaloes1 and elephants3 maize1 holcuserghum1 cassaba1 sweet potatoes1 and other farinaceous eatables1 and with ground-nuts1 palm-oil1 palms1 and other fat-yielding nuts1 bananas1 plantains1 sugar-cane in great plenty4 ,so there is little inducement to eat men1 but ,i wait for further evidence4 ,not knowing how your head has fared1 ,i sometimes feel greatly distressed about you1 and if ,i could be of any use ,i would leave my work unfinished to aid you4 ,but you will have every medical assistance that can be rendered1 and ,i cease not to beg the ,lord who healeth his people to be gracious to your infirmity4 ,the object of my ,expedition is the discovery of the sources of the ,nile4 ,had ,i known all the hardships1 toil1 and time involved1 ,i would of been of the mind of ,st4 ,mungo1 of ,glasgow1 of whom the song says that he let the ,molendinar ,burn 'rin by1' when he could get something stronger4 ,i would have let the sources 'rin by' to ,egypt1 and never been made 'drumly' by my plashing through them4 ,but ,i shall make this country and people better known4 ',this1' ,professor ,owen said to me1 'is the first step2 the rest will in due time follow4' ,by different agencies the ,great ,ruler is bringing all things into a focus4 ,jesus is gathering all things unto ,himself1 and ,he is daily becoming more and more the centre of the world's hopes and of the world's fears4 ,war brought freedom to #d1jjj1jjj of the most hopeless and helpless slaves4 ,the world never saw such fiendishness as that with which the ,southern slaveocracy clung to slavery4 ,no power in this world or the next would ever make them relax their iron grasp4 ,the lie had entered into their soul4 ,their cotton was ,king4 ,with it they would force ,england and ,france to make them independent1 because without it the ,english and ,french must starve4 ,instead of being made a nation1 they made a nation of the ,north4 ,war has elevated and purified the ,yankees1 and now they have the gigantic task laid at their doors to elevate and purify #d1jjj1jjj of slaves4 ,i earnestly hope that the ,northerners may not be found wanting in their portion of the superhuman work4 ,the day for ,africa is yet to come4 ,possibly the freed men may be an agency in elevating their fatherland4 ,england is in the rear4 ,this affair in ,jamaica brought out the fact of a large infusion of bogiephobia in the ,english4 ,frightened in early years by their mothers with ',bogie ,blackman1' they were terrified out of their wits by a riot1 and the sensation writers1 who act the part of the 'dreadful boys' who frightened aunts1 yelled out that emancipation was a mistake4 ',the ,jamaica negroes were as savage as when they left ,africa4' ,they might have put it much stronger by saying1 as the rabble that attended ,tom ,sayers's funeral1 or that collects at every execution at ,newgate4 ,but our golden age is not in the past4 ,it is in the future--in the good time coming yet for ,africa and for the world4 ,the task ,i undertook was to examine the watershed of ,south ,central ,africa4 ,this was the way ,sir ,roderick put it1 and though he mentioned it as the wish of the ,geographical ,council1 ,i suspect it was his own idea2 for two members of the ,society wrote out 'instructions' for me1 and the watershed was not mentioned4 ,but scientific words were used which the writers evidently did not understand4 ,the examination of the watershed contained the true scientific mode of procedure1 and ,sir ,roderick said to me3 ',you will be the discoverer of the sources of the ,nile1' ,i shaped my course for a path across the north end of ,lake ,nyassa1 but to avoid the certainty of seeing all my attendants bolting at the first sight of1 the wild tribes there1 the ,nindi1 ,i changed off to go round the south end1 and if not1 cross the middle4 ,what ,i feared for the north took place in the south when the ,johanna men heard of the ,mazitu1 though we were #aej miles from the marauders1 and ,i offered to go due west till past their beat4 ,they were terrified1 and ran away as soon as they saw my face turned west4 ,i got carriers from village to village1 and got on nicely with people who had never engaged in the slave-trade2 but it was slow work4 ,i came very near to the ,mazitu three times1 but obtained information in time to avoid them4 ,once we were taken for ,mazitu ourselves1 and surrounded by a crowd of excited savages4 ,they produced a state of confusion and terror1 and men fled hither and thither with the fear of death on them4 ,casembe would not let me go into his southern district till he had sent men to see that the ,mazitu1 or1 as they are called in ,lunda1 the ,watuta1 had left4 ,where they had been all the food was swept off1 and we suffered cruel hunger4 ,we had goods to buy with1 but the people had nothing to sell1 and were living on herbs and mushrooms4 ,i had to feel every step of the way1 and generally was groping in the dark4 ,no one knew anything beyond his own district1 and who cared where the rivers ran8 ,casembe said1 when ,i was going to ,lake ,bangweolo3 ',one piece of water was just like another 7it is the ,bangweolo water71 but as your chief desired you to visit that one1 go to it4 ,if you see a traveling party going north1 join it4 ,if not1 come back to me and ,i will send you safely along my path by ,moero2' and gave me a man's load of a fish like whitebait4 ,i gradually gained more light on the country1 and slowly and surely saw the problem of the fountains of the ,nile developing before my eyes4 ,the vast volume of water draining away to the north made me conjecture that ,i had been working at the sources of the ,congo too4 ,my present trip to ,manyuema proves that all goes to the river of ,egypt4 ,in fact1 the head-waters of the ,nile are gathered into two or three arms1 very much as was depicted by ,ptolemy in the second century of our era4 ,what we moderns can claim is rediscovery of what had fallen into oblivion1 like the circumnavigation of ,africa by the ,phoenican admiral of one of the ,pharaohs1 ,b4,c4 #fjj4 ,he was not believed1 because 'he had the sun on his right hand in going round from east to west4' ,though to us this stamps his tale as genuine1 ,ptolemy was not believed1 because his sources were between #aj and #ab north latitude1 and collected into two or three great head branches4 ,in my opinion1 his informant must have visited them4 ,i cared nothing for money1 and contemplated spending my life as a hard-working1 poor missionary4 ,by going into the country beyond ,kuruman we pleased the ,directors1 but the praises they bestowed excited envy4 ,mamma and you all had hard times4 ,the missionaries at ,kuruman1 and south of it1 had comfortable houses and gardens4 ,they could raise wheat1 pumpkins1 maize1 at very small expense1 and their gardens yielded besides apples1 pears1 apricots1 peaches1 quinces1 oranges1 grapes1 almonds1 walnuts1 and all vegetables1 for little more than the trouble of watering4 ,a series or droughts compelled us to send for nearly all our food #bgj miles off4 ,instead of help we had to pay the uttermost farthing for everything1 and got bitter envy besides4 ,many have thought that ,i was inflated by the praises ,i had lavished upon me1 but ,i made it a rule never to read anything of praise4 ,i am thankful that a kind ,providence has enabled me to do what will reflect honor on my children1 and show myself a stout-hearted servant of ,him from whom comes every gift4 ,none of you must become mean1 craven-hearted1 untruthful1 or dishonest1 for if you do1 you don't inherit it from me4 ,i hope that you have selected a profession that suits your taste4 ,it will make you hold up your head among men1 and is your most serious duty4 ,i shall not live long1 ,and it would not be well to rely on my influence4 ,i could help you a little while living1 but have little else but what people call a great name to bequeath afterward4 ,i am nearly toothless1 and in my second childhood4 ,the green maize was in one part the only food we could get with any taste4 ,i ate the hard fare1 and was once horrified by finding most of my teeth loose4 ,they never fastened again1 and generally became so loose as to cause pain4 ,i had to extract them1 and did so by putting on a strong thread with what sailors call a clove-hitch1 tie the other end to a stump above or below1 as the tooth was upper or lower1 strike the thread with a heavy pistol or stick1 and the tooth dangled at the stump1 and no pain was felt4 ,two upper front teeth are thus out1 and so many more1 ,i shall need a whole set of artificials4 ,i may here add that the ,manyuema stole the bodies of slaves which were buried1 till a threat was used4 ,they said the hyenas had exhumed the dead1 but a slave was cast out by ,banyamwezi1 and neither hyenas nor men touched it for seven days4 ,the threat was effectual4 ,i think that they are cannibals1 but not ostentatiously so4 ,the disgust expressed by native traders has made them ashamed4 ,women never partook of human flesh4 ,eating sokos or gorillas must have been a step in the process of teaching them to eat men4 ,the sight of a soko nauseates me4 ,he is so hideously ugly1 ,i can conceive no other use for him than sitting for a portrait of ,satan4 ,i have lost many months by rains1 refusal of my attendants to go into a canoe1 and irritable eating ulcers on my feet from wading in mud instead of sailing4 ,they are frightfully common1 and often kill slaves4 ,i am recovering1 and hope to go down ,lualaba1 which ,i would call ,webb ,river or ,lake2 touch then another ,lualaba1 which ,i will name ,young's ,river or ,lake2 and then by the good hand of our ,father above turn homeward through ,karagwe4 ,as ivory-trading is here like gold-digging1 ,i felt constrained to offer a handsome sum of money and goods to my friend ,mohamad ,bogharib for men4 ,it was better to do this than go back to ,ujiji1 and then come over the whole #bfj miles4 ,i would have waited there for men from ,zanzibar1 but the authority at ,ujiji behaved so oddly about my letters1 ,i fear they never went to the coast4 ,the worthless slaves ,i have saw that ,i was at their mercy1 for no ,manyuema will go into the next district1 and they behaved as low savages who have been made free alone can4 ,their eagerness to enslave and kill their own countrymen is distressing4444 ,give my love to ,oswell and ,anna ,mary and the ,aunties4 ,i have received no letter from any of you since ,i left home4 ,the good ,lord bless you all1 and be gracious to you4--,affectionately yours1 ,,david ,,livingstone4 ,another letter is addressed to ,sir ,thomas ,maclear and ,mr4 ,mann1 ,september1 #ahfi4 ,he enters at considerable length into his reasons for the supposition that he had discovered1 on the watershed1 the true sources of the ,nile4 ,he refers in a generous spirit to the discoveries of other travelers1 mistaken though he regarded their views on the sources1 and is particularly complimentary to ,miss ,tinn3 ,a ,dutch lady whom ,i never saw1 and of whom ,i know nothing save from scraps in the newspapers1 moves my sympathy more than any other4 ,by her wise foresight in providing a steamer1 and pushing on up the river after the severest domestic affliction--the loss by fever of her two aunts--till after she was assured by ,speke and ,grant that they had already discovered in ,victoria ,nyanza the sources she sought1 she proved herself a genuine explorer1 and then by trying to go ,s4,w4 on land4 ,had they not1 honestly enough of course1 given her their mistaken views1 she must inevitably1 by boat or on land1 have reached the head-waters of the ,nile4 ,i cannot conceive of her stopping short of ,bangweolo4 ,she showed such indomitable pluck she must be a descendant of ,van ,tromp1 who swept the ,english ,channel till killed by our ,blake1 and whose tomb every ,englishman who goes to ,holland is sure to visit4 ,we great he-beasts say1 ',exploration was not becoming her sex4' ,well1 considering that at least #afjj years have elapsed since ,ptolemy's informants reached this region1 and kings1 emperors1 and all the great men of antiquity longed in vain to know the fountains1 exploration does not seem to have become the other sex either4 ,she came much further up than the two centurions sent by ,nero ,caesar4 ,i have to go down and see where the two arms unite1--the lost city ,meroe ought to be there1--then get back to ,ujiji to get a supply of goods which ,i have ordered from ,zanzibar1 turn bankrupt after ,i secure them1 and let my creditors catch me if they can1 as ,i finish up by going round outside and south of all the sources1 so that ,i may be sure no one will cut me out and say he found other sources south of mine4 ,this is one reason for my concluding trip2 another is to visit the underground houses in stone1 and the copper mines of ,katanga which have been worked for ages 7,malachite74 ,i have still a seriously long task before me4 ,my letters have been delayed inexplicably1 so ,i don't know my affairs4 ,if ,i have a salary ,i don't know it1 though the ,daily ,telegraph abused me for receiving it when ,i had none4 ,of this alone ,i am sure--my friends will all wish me to make a complete work of it before ,i leave1 and in their wish ,i join4 ,and it is better to go in now than to do it in vain afterward4 ,i have still a seriously long task before me4 ,yet he had lately been worse in health and weaker than he had ever been2 he was much poorer than he expected to be1 and the difficulties had proved far beyond any he had hitherto experienced4 ,but so far from thinking of taking things more easily than before1 he actually enlarges his programme1 and resolves to finish up by going round outside and south of all the sources4 ,his spirit seems only to rise as difficulties are multiplied4 ,he writes to his daughter ,agnes at the same time3 ,you remark that you think you could have traveled as well as ,mrs4 ,baker1 and ,i think so too4 ,your mamma was famous for roughing it in the bush1 and was never a trouble4 ,the allusion carries him to old days--their travels to ,lake ',ngami1 ,mrs4 ,livingstone's death1 the ,helmores1 the ,bishop1 ,thornton4 ,then he speaks of recent troubles and difficulties1 his attack of pneumonia1 from which he had not expected to recover1 his annoyances with his men1 so unlike the old ,makololo1 the loss of his letters and boxes1 with the exception of two from an unknown donor that contained the ,saturday ,review and his old friend ,punch for #ahfh4 ,then he goes over ,african travelers and their achievements1 real and supposed4 ,he returns again to the achievements of ladies1 and praises ,miss ,tinn and other women4 ,the death-knell of ,american slavery was rung by a woman's hand4 ,we great he-beasts say ,mrs4 ,stowe exaggerated4 ,from what ,i have seen of slavery ,i say exaggeration is a simple impossibility4 ,i go with the sailor who1 on seeing slave-traders1 said3 ',if the devil don't catch these fellows1 we might as well have no devil at all4' ,the year #ahgj was begun with the prayer that in the course of it he might be able to complete his enterprise1 and retire through the ,basango before the end of it4 ,in ,february he hears with gratitude of ,mr4 ,e4,d4 ,young's ,search ,expedition up the ,shir and ,nyassa4 ,in setting out anew he takes a more northerly course1 proceeding through paths blocked with very rank vegetation1 and suffering from choleraic illness caused by constant wettings4 ,in the course of a month the effects of the wet became overpowering1 and on #gth ,february ,dr4 ,livingstone had to go into winter quarters4 ,he remained quiet till #bfth ,june4 ,in ,april1 #ahgj1 from ,manyuema or ,cannibal ,country1 say #aej miles ,n4,w4 of ,ujiji1 he began a letter to ,sir ,roderick ,murchison1 but changed its destination to his brother ,john in ,canada4 ,he notices his ,immediate object--to ascertain where the ,lualaba joined the eastern branch of the ,nile1 and contrasts the lucid reasonable problem set him by ,sir ,roderick with the absurd instructions he had received from some members of the ,geographical ,society4 ,i was to furnish 'a survey on successive pages of my journal1' 'latitudes every night1' 'hydrography of ,central ,africa1' and because they voted one-fifth or perhaps one-sixth part of my expenses1 give them 'all my notes1 copies if not the originals6' ,for mere board and no lodgings ,i was to work for years and hand over the results to them4 ,contrasted with such absurdities1 ,sir ,roderick's proposal had quite fascinated him4 ,he had ascertained that the watershed extended #hjj miles from west to east1 and had traversed it in every direction1 but at a cost which had been wearing out both to mind and body4 ,he drops a tear over the ,universities ,mission1 but becomes merry over ,bishop ,tozer strutting about with his crosier at ,zanzibar1 and in a fine clear day getting a distant view of the continent of which he claimed to be ,bishop4 ,he denounces the vile policy of the ,portuguese1 and laments the indecision of some influential persons who virtually upheld it4 ,he is tickled with the generous offer of a small salary1 when he should settle somewhere1 that had been made to him by the ,government1 while men who had risked nothing were getting handsome salaries of far greater amount2 but rather than sacrifice the good of ,africa1 ,,he ,,would ,,spend ,,every ,,penny ,,of ,,his ,,private ,,means4 ,he seems surrounded by a whole sea of difficulties1 but through all1 the nobility of his spirit shines undimmed4 ,to persevere in the line of duty is his only conceivable course4 ,he holds as firmly as ever by the old anchor--,all will turn out right at last4 ,when ready1 they set out on #bfth ,june4 ,most of his people failed him2 but nothing daunted1 he set off then with only three attendants1 ,susi1 ,chuma1 and ,gardner1 to the northwest for the ,lualaba4 ,whenever he comes among ,arab traders he finds himself suspected and hated because he is known to condemn their evil deeds4 ,the difficulties by the way were terrible4 ,fallen trees and flooded rivers made marching a perpetual struggle4 ,for the first time1 ,livingstone's feet failed him4 ,instead of healing as hitherto1 when torn by hard travel1 irritating sores fastened upon them1 and as he had but three attendants1 he had to limp back to ,bambarr1 which he reached in the middle of ,july4 ,and here he remained in his hut for eighty days1 till #ajth ,october1 exercising patience1 harrowed by the wickedness he could not stop1 extracting information from the natives1 thinking about the fountains of the ,nile1 trying to do some good among the people1 listening to accounts of soko-hunting1 and last1 not least1 reading his ,bible4 ,he did not leave ,bambarr till #afth ,february1 #ahga4 ,from what he had seen and what he had heard he was more and more persuaded that he was among the true fountains of the ,nile4 ,his reverence for the ,bible gave that river a sacred character1 and to throw light on its origin seemed a kind of religious act4 ,he admits1 however1 that he is not quite certain about it1 though he does not see how he can be mistaken4 ,he dreams that in his early life ,moses may have been in these parts1 and if he should only discover any confirmation of sacred history or sacred chronology he would not grudge all the toil and hardship1 the pain and hunger1 he had undergone4 ,the very spot where the fountains are to be found becomes defined in his mind4 ,he even drafts a despatch which he hopes to write1 saying that the fountains are within a quarter of a mile of each other6 ,then he bethinks him of his friends who have done noble battle with slavery1 and half in fancy1 half in earnest1 attaches their names to the various waters4 ,the fountain of the ,liambai or ,upper ,zambesi he names ,palmerston ,fountain1 in fond remembrance of that good man's long and unwearied labor for the abolition of the slave-trade4 ,the lake formed by the ,lufira is to be ,lincoln ,lake1 in gratitude to him who gave freedom to four millions of slaves4 ,the fountain of ,lufira is associated with ,sir ,bartle ,frere1 who accomplished the grand work of abolishing slavery in ,sindia1 in ,upper ,india4 ,the central ,lualaba is called the ,river ,webb1 after the warm-hearted friend under whose roof he wrote ,the ,zambesi and its ,tributaries2 while the western branch is named the ,young ,river1 to commemorate his early instructor in chemistry and life-long friend1 ,james ,young4 ,he has shed pure white light in many lowly cottages and in some rich palaces4 ,i1 too1 have shed light of another kind1 and am fain to believe that ,i have performed a small part in the grand revolution which our ,maker has been for ages carrying on1 by multitudes of conscious and many unconscious agents1 all over the world#fi4 ,footnote #fi3 ,see ,last ,journals4 vol4 ii4 pp #fe1 #ff4 ,he is by no means unaware that death may be in the cup4 ,but1 fortified as he was by an unalterable conviction that he was in the line of duty1 the thought of death had no influence to turn him either to the right hand or to the left4 ,for the first three years he had a strong presentiment that he would fall4 ,but it had passed away as he came near the end1 and now he prayed ,god that when he retired it might be to his native home4 ,probably no human being was ever in circumstances parallel to those in which ,livingstone now stood4 ,years had passed since he had heard from home4 ,the sound of his mother-tongue came to him only in the broken sentences of ,chuma or ,susi or his other attendants1 or in the echoes of his own voice as he poured it out in prayer1 or in some cry of home-sickness that could not be kept in4 ,in long pain and sickness there had been neither wife nor child nor brother to cheer him with sympathy1 or lighten his dull hut with a smile4 ,he had been baffled and tantalized beyond description in his efforts to complete the little bit of exploration which was yet necessary to finish his task4 ,his soul was vexed for the frightful exhibitions of wickedness around him1 where man to man1 instead of brothers1 were worse than wolves and tigers to each other4 ,during all his past life he had been sowing his seed weeping1 but so far was he from bringing back his sheaves rejoicing1 that the longer he lived the more cause there seemed for his tears4 ,he had not yet seen of the travail of his soul4 ,in opening ,africa he had seemed to open it for brutal slave-traders1 and in the only instance in which he had yet brought to it the feet of men beautiful upon the mountains1 publishing peace1 disaster had befallen1 and an incompetent leader had broken up the enterprise4 ,yet1 apart from his sense of duty1 there was no necessity for his remaining there4 ,he was offering himself a freewill-offering1 a living sacrifice4 ,what could have sustained his heart and kept him firm to his purpose in such a wilderness of desolation8 ,i read the whole ,bible through four times whilst ,i was in ,manyuema4 ,so he wrote in his ,diary1 not at the time1 but the year after1 on the #c;d ,october1 #ahgagj4 ,the ,bible gathers wonderful interest from the circumstances in which it is read4 ,in ,livingstone's circumstances it was more the ,bible to him than ever4 ,all his loneliness and sorrow1 the sickness of hope deferred1 the yearnings for home that could neither be repressed nor gratified1 threw a new light on the ,word4 ,how clearly it was intended for such as him1 and how sweetly it came home to him6 ,how faithful1 too1 were its pictures of human sin and sorrow6 ,how true its testimony against man1 who will not retain ,god in his knowledge1 but1 leaving ,him1 becomes vain in his imaginations and hard in his heart1 till the bloom of ,eden is gone1 and a waste1 howling wilderness spreads around6 ,how glorious the out-beaming of ,divine ,love1 drawing near to this guilty race1 winning and cherishing them with every endearing act1 and at last dying on the cross to redeem them6 ,and how bright the closing scene of ,revelation--the new heaven and the new earth wherein dwelleth righteousness--yes1 he can appreciate that attribute--the curse gone1 death abolished1 and all tears wiped from the mourner's eye6 ,footnote #gj3 ,see ,last ,journals1 vol4 ii4 p4 #aed4 ,so the lonely man in his dull hut is riveted to the well-worn book2 ever finding it a greater treasure as he goes along2 and fain1 when he has reached its last page1 to turn back to the beginning1 and gather up more of the riches which he has left upon the road4 ,to ,sir ,thomas ,maclear and ,mr4 ,mann he writes during his detention 7,september1 #ahgj7 on a leaf of his cheque-book1 his paper being done4 ,he gives his theory of the rivers1 enlarges on the fertility of the country1 bewails his difficulty in getting men1 as the ,manyuema never go beyond their own country1 and the traders1 who have only begun to come there1 are too busy collecting ivory to be able to spare men4 ,the tusks were left in the terrible forests1 where the animals were killed2 the people1 if treated civilly1 readily go and bring the precious teeth1 some half rotten1 or gnawed by the teeth of a rodent called dezi4 ,i think that mad naturalists name it ,aulocaudatus ,swindermanus1 or some equally wise agglutination of syllables4444 ,my chronometers are all dead2 ,i hope my old watch was sent to ,zanzibar2 but ,i have got no letters for years1 save some1 three years old1 at ,ujiji4 ,i have an intense and sore longing to finish and retire1 and trust that the ,almighty may permit me to go home4 ,in one of his letters to ,agnes from ,manyuema he quotes some words from a letter of hers that he ever after cherished as a most refreshing cordial3 ,i commit myself to the ,almighty ,disposer of events1 and if ,i fall1 will do so doing my duty1 like one of his stout-hearted servants4 ,i am delighted to hear you say that1 much as you wish me home1 you would rather hear of my finishing my work to my own satisfaction than come merely to gratify you4 ,that is a noble sentence1 and ,i felt all along sure that all my friends would wish me to make a complete work of it1 and in that wish1 in spite of every difficulty1 ,i cordially joined4 ,i hope to present to my young countrymen an example of manly perseverance4 ,i shall not hide from you that ,i am made by it very old and shaky1 my cheeks fallen in1 space round the eyes ditto2 mouth almost toothless1--a few teeth that remain1 out of their line1 so that a smile is that of a he-hippopotamus1--a dreadful old fogie1 and you must tell ,sir ,roderick that it is an utter impossibility for me to appear in public till ,i get new teeth1 and even then the less ,i am seen the better4 ,another letter to ,agnes from ,manyuema gives a curious account of the young soko or gorilla a chief had lately presented to him3 ,she sits crouching eighteen inches high1 and is the most intelligent and least mischievous of all the monkeys ,i have seen4 ,she holds out her hand to be lifted and carried1 and if refused makes her face as in a bitter human weeping1 and wrings her hands quite humanly1 sometimes adding a foot or third hand to make the appeal more touching4444 ,she knew me at once as a friend1 and when plagued by any one always placed her back to me for safety1 came and sat down on my mat1 decently made a nest of grass and leaves1 and covered herself with the mat to sleep4 ,i cannot take her with me1 though ,i fear that she will die before ,i return1 from people plaguing her4 ,her fine long black hair was beautiful when tended by her mother1 who was killed4 ,i am mobbed enough alone2 two sokos--she and ,i--would not have got breath4 ,i have to submit to be a gazing-stock4 ,i don't altogether relish it1 here or elsewhere1 but try to get over it good-naturedly1 get into the most shady spot of the village1 and leisurely look at all my admirers4 ,when the first crowd begins to go away1 ,i go into my lodgings to take what food may be prepared1 as coffee1 when ,i have it1 or roasted maize infusion when ,i have none4 ,the door is shut1 all save a space to admit light4 ,it is made of the inner bark of a gigantic tree1 not a quarter of an inch thick1 and slides in a groove behind a post on each side of the doorway4 ,when partially open it is supported by only one of the posts4 ,eager heads sometimes crowd the open space1 and crash goes the thin door1 landing a ,manyuema beauty on the floor4 ',it was not ,i1' she gasps out1 'it was ,bessie ,bell and ,jeanie ,gray that shoved me in1 and--' as she scrambles out of the lion's den1 'see they're laughing'2 and2 fairly out1 she joins in the merry giggle too4 ,to avoid darkness or being half-smothered1 ,i often eat in public1 draw a line on the ground1 then 'toe the line1' and keep them out of the circle4 ,to see me eating with knife1 fork1 and spoon is wonderful4 ',see6--they don't touch their food6--what oddities1 to be sure4'444 ,many of the ,manyuema women are very pretty2 their hands1 feet1 limbs1 and form are perfect4 ,the men are handsome4 ,compared with them the ,zanzibar slaves are like ,london door-knockers1 which some atrocious iron-founder thought were like lions' faces4 ,the way in which these same ,zanzibar ,mohammedans murder the men and seize the women and children makes me sick at heart4 ,it is not slave-trade4 ,it is murdering free people to make slaves4 ,it is perfectly indescribable4 ,kirk has been working hard to get this murdersome system put a stop to4 ,heaven prosper his noble efforts6 ,he says in one of his letters to me1 ',it is monstrous injustice to compare the free people in the interior1 living under their own chiefs and laws1 with what slaves at ,zanzibar afterward become by the abominable system which robs them of their manhood4 ,i think it is like comparing the anthropologists with their ancestral sokos4'444 ,i am grieved to hear of the departure of good ,lady ,murchison4 ,had ,i known that she kindly remembered me in her prayers1 it would have been great encouragement4444 ,the men sent by ,dr4 ,kirk are ,mohammedans1 that is1 unmitigated liars4 ,musa and his companions are fair specimens of the lower class of ,moslems4 ,the two head-men remained at ,ujiji1 to feast on my goods1 and get pay without work4 ,seven came to ,bambarr1 and in true ,moslem style swore that they were sent by ,dr4 ,kirk to bring me back1 not to go with me1 if the country were bad or dangerous4 ,forward they would not go4 ,i read ,dr4 ,kirk's words to them to follow wheresoever ,i led4 ',no1 by the old liar ,mohamed1 they were to force me back to ,zanzibar4' ,after a superabundance of falsehood1 it turned out that it all meant only an advance of pay1 though they had double the ,zanzibar wages4 ,i gave it1 but had to threaten on the word of an ,englishman to shoot the ringleaders before ,i got them to go4 ,they all speak of ,english as men who do not lie4444 ,i have traveled more than most people1 and with all sorts of followers4 ,the ,christians of ,kuruman and ,kolobeng were out of sight the best ,i ever had4 ,the ,makololo1 who were very partially ,christianized1 were next best--honest1 truthful1 and brave4 ,heathen ,africans are much superior to the ,mohammedans1 who are the most worthless one can have4 ,toward the end of #ahgj1 before the date of this letter1 he had so far recovered that1 though feeling the want of medicine as much as of men1 he thought of setting out1 in order to reach and explore the ,lualaba1 having made a bargain with ,mohamad1 for #bgj1 to bring him to his destination4 ,but now he heard that ,syde bin ,habib1 ,dugumb1 and others were on the way from ,ujiji1 perhaps bringing letters and medicines for him4 ,he cannot move till they arrive2 another weary time4 ,sorely am ,i perplexed1 and grieve and mourn4 ,the ,new ,year #ahga passes while he is at ,bambarr1 with its prayer that he might be permitted to finish his task4 ,at last1 on #dth ,february1 ten of the men despatched to him from the coast arrive1 but only to bring a fresh disappointment4 ,they were slaves1 the property of ,banians1 who were ,british subjects6 and they brought only one letter6 ,forty had been lost4 ,there had been cholera at ,zanzibar1 and many of the porters sent by ,dr4 ,kirk had died of it4 ,the ten men came with a lie in their mouth2 they would not help him1 swearing that the ,consul told them not to go forward1 but to force ,livingstone back4 ,on the #ajth they mutinied1 and had to receive an advance of pay4 ,it was apparent that they had been instructed by their ,banian masters to baffle him in every way1 so that their slave-trading should not be injured by his disclosures4 ,their two head-men1 ,shereef and ,awathe1 had refused to come farther than ,ujiji1 and were reveling in his goods there4 ,dr4 ,livingstone never ceased to lament and deplore that the men who had been sent to him were so utterly unsuitable4 ,one of them actually formed a plot for his destruction1 which was only frustrated through his being overheard by one whom ,livingstone could trust4 ,livingstone wrote to his friends that owing to the inefficiency of the men1 he lost two years of time1 about a thousand pounds in money1 had some #bjjj miles of useless traveling1 and was four several times subjected to the risk of a violent death4 ,at length1 having arranged with the men1 he sets out on #afth ,february over a most beautiful country1 but woefully difficult to pass through4 ,perhaps it was hardly a less bitter disappointment to be told1 on the #beth1 that the ,lualaba flowed west-southwest1 so that after all it might be the ,congo4 ,on the #bith ,march ,livingstone arrived at ,nyangwe1 on the banks of the ,lualaba4 ,this was the farthest point westward that he reached in his last ,expedition4 ,the slave-trade here he finds to be as horrible as in any other part of ,africa4 ,he is heart-sore for human blood ,he is threatened1 bullied1 and almost attacked4 ,in some places1 however1 the rumor spreads that he makes no slaves1 and he is called the good one4 ,his men are a ceaseless trouble1 and for ever mutinying1 or otherwise harassing him4 ,and yet he perseveres in his old kind way1 hoping by kindness to gain influence with them4 ,mohamad's people1 he finds1 have passed him on the west1 and thus he loses a number of serviceable articles he was to get from them1 and all the notes made for him of the rivers they had passed4 ,the difficulties and discouragements are so great that he wonders whether1 after all1 ,god is smiling on his work4 ,his own men circulate such calumnious reports against him that he is unable to get canoes for the navigation of the ,lualaba4 ,this leads to weeks and months of weary waiting1 and yet all in vain2 but afterward he finds some consolation on discovering that the navigation was perilous1 that a canoe had been lost from the inexperience of her crew in the rapids1 so that had he been there1 he should very likely have perished1 as his canoe would probably have been foremost4 ,a change of plan was necessary4 ,on #eth ,july he offered to ,dugumb #djj1 with all the goods he had at ,ujiji besides1 for men to replace the ,banian slaves1 and for the other means of going up the ,lomam to ,katanga1 then returning and going up ,tanganyika to ,ujiji4 ,dugumb took a little time to consult his friends before replying to the offer4 ,meanwhile an event occurred of unprecedented horror1 that showed ,livingstone that he could not go to ,lomam in the company of ,dugumb4 ,between ,dugumb's people and another chief a frightful system of pillage1 murder1 and burning of villages was going on with horrible activity4 ,one bright summer morning1 #aeth ,july1 when fifteen hundred people1 chiefly women1 were engaged peacefully in marketing in a village on the banks of the ,lualaba1 and while ,dr4 ,livingstone was sauntering about1 a murderous fire was opened on the people1 and a massacre ensued of such measureless atrocity that he could describe it only by saying that it gave him the impression of being in hell4 ,the event was so superlatively horrible1 and had such an overwhelming influence on ,livingstone1 that we copy at full length the description of it given in the ,last ,journals3 ,before ,i had got thirty yards out1 the discharge of two guns in the middle of the crowd told me that slaughter had begun2 crowds dashed off from the place1 and threw down their wares in confusion1 and ran4 ,at the same time that the three opened fire on the mass of people near the upper end of the market-place1 volleys were discharged from a party down near the creek on the panic-stricken women1 who dashed at the canoes4 ,these1 some fifty or more1 were jammed in the creek1 and the men forgot their paddles in the terror that seized all4 ,the canoes were not to be got out1 for the creek was too small for so many2 men and women1 wounded by the balls1 poured into them1 and leaped and scrambled into the water1 shrieking ,a long line of heads in the river showed that great numbers struck out for an island a full mile off2 in going toward it they had to put the left shoulder to a current of about two miles an hour2 if they had struck away diagonally to the opposite bank1 the current would have aided them1 and1 though nearly three miles off1 some would have gained land2 as it was1 the heads above water showed the long line of those that would inevitably perish4 ,shot after shot continued to be fired on the helpless and perishing4 ,some of the long line of heads disappeared quietly2 whilst other poor creatures threw their arms high1 as if appealing to the great ,father above1 and sank4 ,one canoe took in as many as it could hold1 and all paddled with hands and arms2 three canoes1 got out in haste1 picked up sinking friends1 till all went down together1 and disappeared4 ,one man in a long canoe1 which could have held forty or fifty1 had clearly lost his head2 he had been out in the stream before the massacre began1 and now paddled up the river nowhere1 and never looked to the drowning4 ,by and by all the heads disappeared2 some had turned down stream toward the bank1 and escaped4 ,dugumb put people into one of the deserted vessls to save those in the water1 and saved twenty-one2 but one woman refused to be taken on board1 from thinking that she was to be made a slave of2 she preferred the chance of life by swimming to the lot of a slave4 ,the ,bagenya women are expert in the water1 as they are accustomed to dive for oysters1 and those who went down stream may have escaped1 but the ,arabs themselves estimated the loss of life at between #ccj and #djj souls4 ,the shooting-party near the canoes were so reckless1 they killed two of their own people2 and a ,banyamwezi follower1 who got into a deserted canoe to plunder1 fell into the water1 went down1 then came up again1 and down to rise no more4 ,after the terrible affair in the water1 the party of ,tagamoio1 who was the chief perpetrator1 continued to fire on the people there1 and fire their villages4 ,as ,i write ,i hear the loud wails on the left bank over those who are there slain1 ignorant of their many friends now in the depths of ,lualaba4 ,oh1 let ,thy kingdom come6 ,no one will ever know the exact loss on this bright sultry summer morning2 it gave me the impression of being in ,hell4 ,all the slaves in the camp rushed at the fugitives on land1 and plundered them2 women were for hours collecting and carrying loads of what had been thrown down in terror4 ,the remembrance of this awful scene was never effaced from ,livingstone's heart4 ,the accounts of it published in the newspapers at home sent a thrill of horror through the country4 ,it was recorded at great length in a despatch to the ,foreign ,secretary1 and indeed1 it became one of the chief causes of the appointment of a ,royal ,commission to investigate the subject of the ,african slave-trade1 and of the mission of ,sir ,bartle ,frere to ,africa to concert measures for bringing it to an end4 ,dugumb had not been the active perpetrator of the massacre1 but1 he was mixed up with the atrocities that had been committed1 and ,livingstone could have nothing to do with him4 ,it was a great trial1 for1 as the ,banian men were impracticable1 there was nothing for it now but to go back to ,ujiji1 and try to get other men there with whom he would repeat the attempt to explore the river4 ,for twenty-one months1 counting from the period of their engagement1 he had fed and clothed these men1 all in vain1 and now he had to trudge back forty-five days1 a journey equal1 with all its turnings and windings1 to six hundred miles4 ,livingstone was ill1 and after such an exciting time he would probably have had an attack of fever1 but for another ailment to which he had become more especially subject4 ,the intestinal canal had given way1 and he was subject to attacks of severe internal hmorrhage1 one of which came on him now#ga4 ,it appeared afterward that had he gone with ,dugumb1 he would have been exposed to an assault in force by the ,bakuss1 as they made an attack on the party and routed them1 killing two hundred4 ,if ,livingstone had been among them1 he might have fallen in this engagement4 ,so again1 he saw how present disappointments work for good4 ,footnote #ga3 ,his friends say that for a considerable time before he had been subject to the most grievous pain from hmorrhoids4 ,his sufferings were often excruciating4 ,the journey back to ,ujiji1 begun #bjth ,july1 #ahga1 was a very wretched one4 ,amid the universal desolation caused by the very wantonness of the marauders1 it was impossible for ,livingstone to persuade the natives that he did not belong to the same-set4 ,ambushes were set for him and his company in the forest4 ,on the #hth ,august they came to an ambushment all prepared1 but it had been abandoned for some unknown reason4 ,by and by1 on the same day1 a large spear flew past ,livingstone1 grazing his neck2 the native who flung it was but ten yards off2 the hand of ,god alone saved his life#gb4 ,farther on1 another spear was thrown1 which missed him by a foot4 ,on the same day a large tree1 to which fire had been applied to fell it1 came down within a yard of him4 ,thus on one day he was delivered three times from impending death4 ,he went on through the forest1 expecting every minute to be attacked1 having no fear1 but perfectly indifferent whether he should be killed or not4 ,he lost all his remaining calico that day1 a telescope1 umbrella1 and five spears4 ,by and ,thy he was prostrated with grievous illness4 ,as soon as he could move he went onward1 but he felt as if dying on his feet4 ,and he was ill-rigged for the road1 for the light ,french shoes to which he was reduced1 and which had been cut to ease his feet till they would hardly hang together1 failed to protect him from the sharp fragments of quartz with which the road was strewed4 ,he was getting near to ,ujiji1 however1 where abundant of goods and comforts were no doubt safely stowed away for him1 and the hope of relief sustained him under all his trials4 ,footnote #gb3 ,the head of this spear is among the ,livingstone relics at ,newstead ,abbey4 ,at last1 on the #bc;d ,october1 reduced to a living skeleton1 he reached ,ujiji4 ,what was his misery1 instead of finding the abundance of goods he had expected1 to learn that the wretch ,shereef1 to whom they had been consigned1 had sold off the whole1 not leaving one yard of calico out of #cjjj1 or one string of beads out of #gjj pounds6 ,the scoundrel had divined on the ,koran1 found that ,livingstone was dead1 and would need the goods no more4 ,livingstone had intended1 if he could not get men at ,ujiji to go with him to the ,lualaba1 to wait there till suitable men should be sent up from the coast2 but he had never thought of having to wait in beggary4 ,if anything could have aggravated the annoyance1 it was to see ,shereef come1 without shame1 to salute him1 and tell him on leaving1 that he was going to pray2 or to see his slaves passing from the market with all the good things his property had bought6 ,livingstone applied a term to him which he reserved for men--black or white--whose wickedness made them alike shameless and stupid--he was a moral idiot4 ,it was the old story of the traveler who fell among thieves that robbed him of all he had2 but where was the good ,samaritan8 ,the ,government and the ,geographical ,society appeared to have passed by on the other side4 ,but the good ,samaritan was not as far off as might have been thought4 ,one morning ,syed bin ,majid1 an ,arab trader1 came to him with a generous offer to sell some ivory and get goods for him2 but ,livingstone had the old feeling of independence1 and having still a few barter goods left1 which he had deposited with ,mohamad bin ,saleh before going to ,manyuema1 he declined for the present ,syed's generous offer4 ,but the kindness of ,syed was not the only proof that he was not forsaken4 ,five days after he reached ,ujiji the good ,samaritan appeared from another quarter4 ,as ,livingstone had been approaching ,ujiji from the southwest1 another white man had been approaching it from the east4 ,on #bhth ,october1 #ahga1 ,henry ,moreland ,stanley1 who had been sent to look for him by ,mr4 ,james ,gordon ,bennett1 ,jr41 of the ,new ,york ,herald newspaper1 grasped the hand of ,david ,livingstone4 ,an angel from heaven could hardly have been more welcome4 ,in a moment the sky brightened4 ,stanley was provided with ample stores1 and was delighted to supply the wants of the traveler4 ,the sense of sympathy1 the feeling of brotherhood1 the blessing of fellowship1 acted like a charm4 ,four good meals a day1 instead of the spare and tasteless food of the country1 made a wonderful change on the outer man2 and in a few days ,livingstone was himself again--hearty and happy and hopeful as before4 ,before closing this chapter and entering on the last two years of ,livingstone's life1 which have so lively an interest of their own1 it will be convenient to glance at the contributions to natural science which he continued to make to the very end4 ,in doing this1 we avail ourselves of a very tender and ,christian tribute to the memory of his early friend1 which ,professor ,owen contributed to the ,quarterly ,review1 ,april1 #ahge1 after the publication of ,livingstone's ,last ,journals4 ,mr4 ,owen appears to have been convinced by ,livingstone's reasoning and observations1 that the ,nile sources were in the ,bangweolo watershed--a supposition now ascertained to have been erroneous4 ,but what chiefly attracted and delighted the great naturalist was the many interesting notices of plants and animals scattered over the ,last ,journals4 ,these ,journals contain important contributions both to economic and physiological botany4 ,in the former department1 ,livingstone makes valuable observations on plants useful in the arts1 such as gum-copal1 papyrus1 cotton1 india-rubber1 and the palm-oil tree2 while in the latter1 his notices of carnivorous plants1 which catch insects that probably yield nourishment to the plant1 of silicified wood and the like1 show how carefully he watched all that throws light on the life and changes of plants4 ,in zology he was never weary of observing1 especially when he found a strange-looking animal with strange habits4 ,spiders1 ants1 and bees of unknown varieties were brought to light1 but the strangest of his new acquaintances were among the fishy tribes4 ,he found fish that made long excursions on land1 thanks to the wet grass through which they would wander for miles1 thus proving that a fish out of water is not always the best symbol for a man out of his element4 ,there were fish1 too1 that burrowed in the earth2 but most remarkable at first sight were the fish that appeared to bring forth their young by ejecting them from their mouths4 ,if ,bruce or ,du ,chaillu had made such a statement1 remarks ,professor ,owen1 what ridicule would they not have encountered6 ,but ,livingstone was not the man to make a statement of what he had not ascertained1 or to be content until he had found a scientific explanation of it4 ,he found that in the branchial openings of the fish1 there occur bags or pouches1 on the same principle as the pouch of the opossum1 where the young may be lodged for a time for protection or nourishment1 and that when the creatures are discharged through the mouth into the water1 it is only from a temporary cradle where they were probably enjoying repose1 beyond the reach of enemies4 ,perhaps the greatest of ,livingstone's scientific discoveries during this journey was that of a physical condition of the earth's surface in elevated tracts of the great continent1 unknown before4 ,the bogs or earth-sponges1 that from his first acquaintance with them gave him so much trouble1 and at last proved the occasion of his death1 were not only remarkable in themselves1 but-interesting as probably explaining the annual inundations of most of the rivers4 ,wherever there was a plain sloping toward a narrow opening in hills or higher ground1 there were the conditions for an ,african sponge4 ,the vegetation falls down and rots1 and forms a rich black loam1 resting often1 two or three feet thick1 on a bed of pure river sand4 ,the early rains turn the vegetation into slush1 and fill the1 pools4 ,the later rains1 finding the pools already full1 run off to the rivers1 and form the inundation4 ,the first rains occur south of the equator when the sun goes vertically over any spot1 and the second or greater rains happen in his course north again4 ,this1 certainly1 was the case as observed on the ,zambesi and ,shir1 and taking the different times for the sun's passage north of the equator1 it explained the inundations of the ,nile4 ,such notices show that in his love of nature1 and in his careful observation of all her agencies and processes1 ,livingstone1 in his last journeys1 was the same as ever4 ,he looked reverently on all plants and animals1 and on the solid earth in all its aspects and forms1 as the creatures of that same ,god whose love in ,christ it was his heart's delight to proclaim4 ,his whole life1 so varied in its outward employments1 yet so simple and transparent in its one great object1 was ruled by the conviction that the ,god of nature and the ,god of revelation were one4 ,while thoroughly enjoying his work as a naturalist1 ,professor ,owen frankly admits that it was but a secondary object of his life4 ,of his primary work the record is on high1 and its imperishable fruits remain on earth4 ,the seeds of the ,word of ,life implanted lovingly1 with pains and labor1 and above-all with faith2 the out-door scenes of the simple ,sabbath service2 the testimony of ,him to whom the worship was paid1 given in terms of such simplicity as were fitted to the comprehension of the dark-skinned listeners1--these seeds will not have been scattered by him in vain4 ,nor have they been sown in words alone1 but in deeds1 of which some part of the honor will redound to his successors4 ,the teaching by forgiveness of injuries1--by trust1 however unworthy the trusted1--by that confidence which imputed his own noble nature to those whom he would win1--by the practical enforcement of the fact that a man might promise and perform--might say the thing he meant1--of this teaching by good deeds1 as well as by the words of truth and love1 the successor who treads in the steps of ,,livingstone1 and accomplishes the discovery he aimed at1 and pointed the way to1 will assuredly the benefit#gc4 ,footnote #gc3 ,quarterly ,review1 ,april1 #ahge1 pp4 #dih1 #dii4 ,,chapter ,,xxi4 ,,livingstone ,,and ,,stanley4 ,a4,d4 #ahga-ahgb4 ,mr4 ,gordon ,bennett sends ,stanley in search of ,livingstone--,stanley at ,zanzibar--,starts for ,ujiji--,reaches ,unyanyembe--,dangerous illness--,war between ,arabs and natives--,narrow escape of ,stanley--,approach to ,ujiji--,meeting with ,livingstone--,livingstone's story--,stanley's news--,livingstone's goods and men at ,bagamoio--,stanley's accounts of ,livingstone--,refutation of foolish and calumnious charges--,they go to the north of the lake--,livingstone resolves not to go home1 but to get fresh men and return to the sources--,letter to ,agnes--to ,sir ,thomas ,maclear--,the travelers go to ,unyanyembe--,more plundering of stores--,stanley leaves for ,zanzibar--,stanley's bitterness of heart at parting--,livingstone's intense gratitude to ,stanley--,he intrusts his ,journal to him1 and commissions him to send servants and stores from ,zanzibar--,stanley's journey to the coast--,finds ,search ,expedition at ,bagamoio--,proceeds to ,england--,stanley's reception--,unpleasant feelings--claircissement--,england grateful to ,stanley4 ,the meeting of ,stanley and ,livingstone at ,ujiji was as unlikely an occurrence as could have happened1 and1 along with many of the earlier events in ,livingstone's life1 serves to show how wonderfully an ,unseen ,hand shaped and guarded his path4 ,neither ,stanley nor the gentleman who sent him had any personal interest in ,livingstone4 ,mr4 ,bennett admitted frankly that he was moved neither by friendship nor philanthropy1 but by regard to his business and interest as a journalist4 ,the object of a journal was to furnish its readers with the news which they desired to know2 the readers of the ,new ,york ,herald desired to know about ,livingstone2 as a journalist1 it was his business to find out and tell them4 ,mr4 ,bennett determined that1 cost what it might1 he would find out1 and give the news to his readers4 ,these were the very unromantic notions1 with an under-current probably of better quality1 that were passing through his mind at ,paris1 on the #afth ,october1 #ahfi1 when he sent a telegram to ,madrid1 summoning ,henry ,m4 ,stanley1 one of the own correspondents of his paper1 to come to ,paris on important business4 ,on his arrival1 ,mr4 ,bennett asked him bluntly1 ,where do you think ,livingstone is8 ,the correspondent could not tell--could not even tell whether he was alive4 ,well1 said ,mr4 ,bennett1 ,i think he is alive1 and that he may be found1 and ,i am going to send you to find him4 ,mr4 ,stanley was to have whatever money should be found necessary2 only he was to find ,livingstone4 ,it is very mysterious that he was not to go straight to ,africa--he was to visit ,constantinople1 ,palestine1 and ,egypt first4 ,then1 from ,india1 he was to go to ,zanzibar2 get into the interior1 and find him if alive2 obtain all possible news of his discoveries2 and if he were dead1 get the fact fully verified1 find out the place of his burial1 and try to obtain possession of his bones1 that they might find a resting-place at home4 ,it was not till ,january1 #ahga1 that ,stanley reached ,zanzibar4 ,to organize an expedition into the interior was no easy task for one who had never before set foot in ,africa4 ,to lay all his plans without divulging his object would1 perhaps1 have been more difficult if it had ever entered into any man's head to connect the ,new ,york ,herald with a search for ,livingstone4 ,but indomitable vigor and perseverance succeeded1 and by the end of ,february and beginning of ,march1 one hundred and ninety-two persons in all had started in five caravans at short intervals from ,bagamoio for ,lake ,tanganyika1 two white men being of the party besides ,stanley1 with horses1 donkeys1 bales1 boats1 boxes1 rifles1 etc41 to an amount that made the leader of the expedition ask himself how such an enormous weight of material could ever be carried into the heart of ,africa4 ,the ordinary and extraordinary risks and troubles of travel in these parts fell to ,mr4 ,stanley's lot in unstinted abundance4 ,but when ,unyanyembe was reached1 the half-way station to ,ujiji1 troubles more than extraordinary befell4 ,first1 a terrible attack of fever that deprived him of his senses for a fortnight4 ,then came a worse trouble4 ,the ,arabs were at war with a chief ,mirambo1 and ,stanley and his men1 believing they would help to restore peace more speedily1 sided with the ,arabs4 ,at first they were apparently victorious1 but immediately after1 part of the ,arabs were attacked on their way home by ,mirambo1 who lay in ambush for them1 and were defeated4 ,great consternation prevailed4 ,the ,arabs retreated in panic1 leaving ,stanley1 who was ill1 to the tender mercies of the foe4 ,stanley1 however1 managed to escape4 ,after this experience of the ,arabs in war1 he resolved to discontinue his alliance with them4 ,as the usual way to ,ujiji was blocked1 he determined to try a route more to the south4 ,but his people had forsaken him4 ,one of his two ,english companions was dead1 the other was sick and had to be sent back4 ,mirambo was still threatening4 ,it was not till the #bjth ,september that new men were engaged by ,stanley1 and his party were ready to move4 ,they marched slowly1 with various adventures and difficulties1 until1 by ,mr4 ,stanley's reckoning1 on the #ajth ,november 7but by ,livingstone's earlier71 they were close on ,ujiji4 ,their approach created an extraordinary excitement4 ,first one voice saluted them in ,english1 then another2 these were the salutations of ,livingstone's servants1 ,susi and ,chuma4 ,by and by the ,doctor himself appeared4 ,as ,i advanced slowly toward him1 says ,mr4 ,stanley1 ,i noticed he was pale1 looked wearied1 had a gray beard1 wore a bluish cap with a faded gold band round it1 had on a red-sleeved waistcoat and a pair of gray tweed trousers4 ,i would have run to him1 only ,i was a coward in the presence of such a mob1--would have embraced him1 only he1 being an ,englishman1 ,i did not know how he would receive me2 so ,i did what cowardice and false pride suggested was the best thing--walked deliberately to him1 took off my hat and said1 ',dr4 ,livingstone1 ,i presume8' ',yes1' said he1 with a kind smile1 lifting his cap slightly4 ,i replace my hat on my head1 and he puts on his cap1 and we both grasp hands1 and then ,i say aloud--',i thank ,god1 ,doctor1 ,i have been permitted to see you4' ,he answered1 ',i feel thankful that ,i am here to welcome you4' ,the conversation began--but ,stanley could not remember what it was4 ,i found myself gazing at him1 conning the wonderful man at whose side ,i now sat in ,central ,africa4 ,every hair of his head and beard1 every wrinkle of his face1 the wanness of his features1 and the slightly wearied look he bore1 were all imparting intelligence to me--the knowledge ,i craved for so much ever since ,i heard the words1 ',take what you want1 but find ,livingstone1' ,what ,i saw was deeply interesting intelligence to me and unvarnished truth4 ,i was listening and reading at the same time4 ,what did these dumb witnesses relate to me8 ,oh1 reader1 had you been at my side on this day in ,ujiji1 how eloquently could be told the nature of this man's work8 ,had you been there but to see and hear6 ,his lips gave me the details2 lips that never lie4 ,i cannot repeat what he said2 ,i was too much engrossed to take my notebook out1 and begin to stenograph his story4 ,he had so much to say that he began at the end1 seemingly oblivious of the fact that five or six years had to be accounted for4 ,but his account was oozing out2 it was growing fast into grand proportions--into a most marvelous history of deeds4 ,and ,stanley1 too1 had wonderful things to tell the ,doctor4 ,the news1 says ,livingstone1 he had to tell one who had been two full years without any tidings from ,europe made my whole frame thrill4 ,the terrible fate that had befallen ,france1 the telegraphic cables successfully laid in the ,atlantic1 the election of ,general ,grant1 the death of good ,lord ,clarendon1 my constant friend2 the proof that ,her ,majesty's ,government had not forgotten me in voting #ajjj for supplies1 and many other points of interest1 revived emotions that had lain dormant in ,manyuema4 ,as ,stanley went on1 ,livingstone kept saying1 ,you have brought me new life--you have brought me new life4 ,there was one piece of news brought by ,stanley to ,livingstone that was far from satisfactory4 ,at ,bagamoio1 on the coast1 ,stanley had found a caravan with supplies for ,livingstone that had been despatched from ,zanzibar three or four months before1 the men in charge of which had been lying idle there all that time on the pretext that they were waiting for carriers4 ,a letter-bag was also lying at ,bagamoio1 although several caravans for ,ujiji had left in the meantime4 ,on hearing that the ,consul at ,zanzibar1 ,dr4 ,kirk1 was coming to the neighborhood to hunt1 the party at last made off4 ,overtaking them at ,unyanyembe1 ,stanley took charge of ,livingstone's stores1 but was not able to bring them on2 only he compelled the letter-carrier to come on to ,ujiji with his bag4 ,at what time1 but for ,stanley1 ,livingstone would have got his letters1 which after all were a year on the way1 he could not have told4 ,for his stores1 or such fragments of them as might remain1 he had afterward to trudge all the way to ,unyanyembe4 ,his letters conveyed the news that ,government had voted a thousand pounds for his relief1 and were besides to pay him a salary#gd4 ,the unpleasant feeling he had had so long as to his treatment by ,government was thus at last somewhat relieved4 ,but the goods that had lain in neglect at ,bagamoio1 and were now out of reach at ,unyanyembe1 represented one-half the ,government grant1 and would probably be squandered1 like his other goods1 before he could reach them4 ,footnote #gd3 ,the intimation of salary was premature4 ,livingstone got a pension of #hjj afterward1 which lasted only for a year and a half4 ,the impression made on ,stanley by ,livingstone was remarkably vivid2 and the portrait drawn by the ,american will be recognized as genuine by every one who knows what manner of man ,livingstone was3 ,i defy any one to be in his society long without thoroughly fathoming him1 for in him there is no guile1 and what is apparent on the surface is the thing that is in him4444 ,dr4 ,livingstone is about sixty years old1 though after he was restored to health he looked like a man who had not passed his fiftieth year4 ,his hair has a brownish color yet1 but is here and there streaked with gray lines over the temples2 his beard and moustaches are very gray4 ,his eyes1 which are hazel1 are remarkably bright2 he has a sight keen as a hawk's4 ,his teeth alone indicate the weakness of age2 the hard fare of ,lunda has made havoc in their lines4 ,his form1 which soon assumed a stoutish appearance1 is a little over the ordinary height1 with the slightest possible bow in the shoulders4 ,when walking he has a firm but heavy tread1 like that of an overworked or fatigued man4 ,he is accustomed to wear a naval cap with a semicircular peak1 by which he has been identified throughout ,africa4 ,his dress1 when first ,i saw him1 exhibited traces of patching and repairing1 but was scrupulously clean4 ,i was led to believe that ,livingstone possessed a splenetic1 misanthropic temper2 some have said that he is garrulous2 that he is demented2 that he is utterly changed from the ,david ,livingstone whom people knew as the reverend missionary2 that he takes no notes or observations but such as those which no other person could read but himself1 and it was reported1 before ,i proceeded to ,africa1 that he was married to an ,african princess4 ,i respectfully beg to differ with all and each of the above statements4 ,i grant he is not an angel2 but he approaches to that being as near as the nature of a living man will allow4 ,i never saw any spleen or misanthropy in him3 as for being garrulous1 ,dr4 ,livingstone is quite the reverse2 he is reserved1 if anything2 and to the man who says ,dr4 ,livingstone is changed1 all ,i can say is1 that he never could have known him1 for it is notorious that the ,doctor has a fund of quiet humor1 which he exhibits at all times when he is among friends4 ,after repudiating the charge as to his notes1 and observations1 ,mr4 ,stanley continues3 ,as to the report of his ,african marriage1 it is unnecessary to say more than that it is untrue1 and it is utterly beneath a gentleman even to hint at such a thing in connection with the name of ,dr4 ,livingstone4 ,you may take any point in ,dr4 ,livingstone's character1 and analyze it carefully1 and ,i would challenge any man to find a fault in it4444 ,his gentleness never forsakes him2 his hopefulness never deserts him4 ,no harassing anxieties1 distraction of mind1 long separation from home and kindred1 can make him complain4 ,he thinks 'all will come out right at last'2 he has such faith in the goodness of ,providence4 ,the sport of adverse circumstances1 the plaything of the miserable beings sent to him from ,zanzibar--he has been baffled and worried1 even almost to the grave1 yet he will not desert the charge imposed upon him by his friend ,sir ,roderick ,murchison4 ,to the stern dictates of duty1 alone1 has he sacrificed his home and ease1 the pleasures1 refinements1 and luxuries of civilized life4 ,his is the ,spartan heroism1 the inflexibility of the ,roman1 the enduring resolution of the ,anglo-,saxon--never to relinquish his work1 though his heart yearns for home2 never to surrender his obligations until he can write ,,finis to his work4 ,there is a good-natured abandon about ,livingstone which was not lost on me4 ,whenever he began to laugh1 there was a contagion about it that compelled me to imitate him4 ,it was such a laugh as ,teufelsdrckh's--a laugh of the whole man from head to heel4 ,if he told a story1 he related it in such a way as to convince one of its truthfulness2 his face was so lit up by the sly fun it contained1 that ,i was sure the story was worth relating1 and worth listening to4 ,another thing that especially attracted my attention was his wonderfully retentive memory4 ,if we remember the many years he has spent in ,africa1 deprived of books1 we may well think it an uncommon memory that can recite whole poems from ,byron1 ,burns1 ,tennyson1 ,longfellow1 ,whittier1 and ,lowell4444 ,his religion is not of the theoretical kind1 but it is a constant1 earnest1 sincere practice4 ,it is neither demonstrative nor loud1 but manifests itself in a quiet1 practical way1 and is always at work4 ,it is not aggressive1 which sometimes is troublesome if not impertinent4 ,in him religion exhibits its loveliest features2 it governs his conduct not only toward his servants but toward the natives1 the bigoted ,mohammedans1 and all who come in contact with him4 ,without it1 ,livingstone1 with his ardent temperament1 his enthusiasm1 his high spirit and courage1 must have become uncompanionable1 and a hard master4 ,religion has tamed him and made him a ,christian gentleman2 the crude and willful have been refined and subdued2 religion has made him the most companionable of men and indulgent of masters--a man whose society is pleasurable to a degree4444 ,from being thwarted and hated in every possible way by the ,arabs and half-castes upon his first arrival at ,ujiji1 he has1 through his uniform kindness and mild1 pleasant temper1 won all hearts4 ,i observed that universal respect was paid to him4 ,even the ,mohammedans never passed his house without calling to pay their compliments1 and to say1 ',the blessing of ,god rest on you6' ,each ,sunday morning he gathers his little flock around him1 and reads prayers and a chapter from the ,bible1 in a natural1 unaffected1 and sincere tone2 and afterward delivers a short address in the ,kisawahili language1 about the subject read to them1 which is listened to with evident interest and attention4 ,it was agreed that the two travelers should make a short excursion to the north end of ,lake ,tanganyika1 to ascertain whether the lake had an outlet there4 ,this was done1 but it was found that instead of flowing out1 the river ,lugiz flowed into the lake1 so that the notion that the lake discharged itself northward turned out to be an error4 ,meanwhile1 the future arrangements of ,dr4 ,livingstone were matter of anxious consideration4 ,one thing was fixed and certain from the beginning3 ,livingstone would not go home with ,stanley4 ,much though his heart yearned for home and family--all the more that he had just learned that his son ,thomas had had a dangerous accident1--and much though he needed to recruit his strength and nurse his ailments1 he would not think of it while his work remained unfinished4 ,to turn back to those dreary sponges1 sleep in those flooded plains1 encounter anew that terrible pneumonia which was worse than ten fevers1 or that distressing hmorrhage which added extreme weakness to extreme agony--might have turned any heart2 ,livingstone never flinched from it4 ,what a reception awaited him if he had gone home to ,england6 ,what welcome from friends and children1 what triumphal cheers from all the great ,societies and savants1 what honors from all who had honors to confer1 what opportunity of renewing efforts to establish missions and commerce1 and to suppress the slave traffic6 ,then he might return to ,africa in a year1 and finish his work4 ,if ,livingstone had taken this course1 no whisper would have been heard against it4 ,the nobility of his soul never rose higher1 his utter abandonment of self1 his entire devotion to duty1 his right honorable determination to work while it was called to-day never shone more brightly than when he declined all ,stanley's entreaties to return home1 and set his face steadfastly to go back to the bogs of the watershed4 ,he writes in his journal3 ,my daughter ,agnes says1 ',much as ,i wish you to come home1 ,i had rather that you finished your work to your own satisfaction1 than return merely to gratify me4' ,rightly and nobly said1 my darling ,nannie2 vanity whispers pretty loudly1 ',she is a chip of the old block1' ,my blessing on her and all the rest4 ,after careful consideration of various plans1 it was agreed that he should go to ,unyanyembe1 accompanied by ,stanley1 who would supply him there with abundance of goods1 and who would then hurry down to the coast1 organize a new expedition composed of fifty or sixty faithful men to be sent on to ,unyanyembe1 by whom ,livingstone would be accompanied back to ,bangweolo and the sources1 and then to ,rua1 until his work should be completed1 and he might go home in peace4 ,a few extracts from ,livingstone's letters will show us how he felt at this remarkable crisis4 ,to ,agnes3 ,tanganyika1 #ahth ,november1 #ahga--;,after detailing his troubles in ,manyuema1 the loss of all his goods at ,ujiji1 and the generous offer of ,syed bin ,majid1 he continues3 ,next ,i heard of an ,englishman being at ,unyamyembe with boats1 etc41 but who he was1 none could tell4 ,at last1 one of my people came running out of breath and shouted1 ',an ,englishman coming6' and off he darted back again to meet him4 ,an ,american flag at the head of a large caravan showed the nationality of the stranger4 ,baths1 tents1 saddles1 big kettles1 showed that he was not a poor ,lazarus like me4 ,he turned out to be ,henry ,m4 ,stanley1 traveling correspondent of the ,new ,york ,herald1 sent specially to find out if ,i were really alive1 and1 if dead1 to bring home my bones4 ,he had brought abundance of goods at great expense1 but the fighting referred to delayed him1 and he had to leave a great part at ,unyamyembe4 ,to all he had ,i was made free4 ,in a later letter1 ,livingstone says2 ',he laid all he had at my service1 divided his clothes into two heaps1 and pressed one heap upon me2 then his medicine-chest2 then his goods and everything he had1 and to coax my appetite1 often cooked dainty dishes with his own hand4' ,he came with the true ,american characteristic generosity4 ,the tears often started into my eyes on every fresh proof of kindness4 ,my appetite returned1 and ,i ate three or four times a day1 instead of scanty meals morning and evening4 ,i soon felt strong1 and never wearied with the strange news of ,europe and ,america he told4 ,the tumble down of the ,french ,empire was like a dream4444 ,a long letter to his friend ,sir ,thomas ,maclear and ,mr4 ,mann1 of the same date1 goes over his travels in ,manyuema1 his many disasters1 and then his wonderful meeting with ,mr4 ,stanley at ,ujiji4 ,speaking of the unwillingness of the natives to believe in the true purpose of his journey1 he says3 ,they all treat me with respect1 and are very much afraid of being written against2 but they consider the sources of the ,nile to be a sham2 the true object of my being sent is to see their odious system of slaving1 and if indeed my disclosures should lead to the suppression of the ,east ,coast slave-trade1 ,i would esteem that as a far greater feat than the discovery of all the sources together4 ,it is awful1 but ,i cannot speak of the slaving for fear of appearing guilty of exaggerating4 ,it is not trading2 it is murdering for captives to be made into slaves4 ,his account of himself in the journey from ,nyangwe is dreadful3 ,i was near a fourth lake on this central line1 and only eighty miles from ,lake ,lincoln on our west1 in fact almost in sight of the geographical end of my mission1 when ,i was forced to return through the misconduct of his men between #djj and #ejj miles4 ,a sore heart1 made still sorer by the sad scenes ,i had seen of man's inhumanity to man1 made this march a terrible tramp--the sun vertical1 and the sore heat reacting on the physical frame4 ,i was in pain nearly every step of the way1 and arrived a mere ruckle of bones to find myself destitute4 ,in speaking of the impression made by ,mr4 ,stanley's kindness3 ,i am as cold and non-demonstrative as we islanders are reputed to be1 but this kindness was overwhelming4 ,here was the good ,samaritan and no mistake4 ,never was ,i more hard pressed2 never was help more welcome4 ,during thirteen months ,stanley received no fewer than ten parcels of letters and papers sent up by ,mr4 ,webb1 ,american ,consul at ,zanzibar1 while ,livingstone received but one4 ,this was an additional ground for faith in the efficiency of ,stanley's arrangements4 ,the journey to ,unyanyembe was somewhat delayed by an attack of fever which ,stanley had at ,ujiji1 and it was not till the #bgth ,december that the travelers set out4 ,on the way ,stanley heard of the death of his ,english attendant ,shaw1 whom he had left unwell4 ,on the #ahth of ,february1 #ahgb1 they reached ,unyanyembe1 where a new chapter of the old history unfolded itself4 ,the survivor of two head-men employed by ,ludha ,damji had been plundering ,livingstone's stores1 and had broken open the lock of ,mr4 ,stanley's store-room and plundered him likewise4 ,notwithstanding1 ,mr4 ,stanley was able to give ,livingstone a large amount of calico1 beads1 brass wire1 copper sheets1 a tent1 boat1 bath1 cooking-pots1 medicine-chest1 tools1 books1 paper1 medicines1 cartridges1 and shot4 ,this1 with four flannel shirts that had come from ,agnes1 and two pairs of boots1 gave him the feeling of being quite set up4 ,on the #adth of ,march ,mr4 ,stanley left ,livingstone for ,zanzibar1 having received from him a commission to send him up fifty trusty men1 and some additional stores4 ,mr4 ,stanley had authority to draw from ,dr4 ,kirk the remaining half of the ,government grant1 but lest it should have been expended1 he was furnished with a cheque for #ejjj rupees on ,dr4 ,livingstone's agents at ,bombay4 ,he was likewise intrusted with a large folio ,,ms499 volume containing his journals from his arrival at ,zanzibar1 #bhth ,january1 #ahff1 to ,february #bj1 #ahgb1 written out with all his characteristic care and beauty4 ,another instruction had been laid upon him4 ,if he should find another set of slaves on the way to him1 he was to send them back1 for ,livingstone would on no account expose himself anew to the misery1 risk1 and disappointment he had experienced from the kind of men that had compelled him to turn back at ,nyangwe4 ,dr4 ,livingstone's last act before ,mr4 ,stanley left him was to write his letters--twenty for ,great ,britain1 six for ,bombay1 two for ,new ,york1 and one for ,zanzibar4 ,the two for ,new ,york were for ,mr4 ,bennett of the ,new ,york ,herald1 by whom ,stanley had been sent to ,africa4 ,mr4 ,stanley has freely unfolded to us the bitterness of his heart in parting from ,livingstone4 ,my days seem to have been spent in an ,elysian field2 otherwise1 why should ,i so keenly regret the near approach of the parting hour8 ,have ,i not been battered by successive fevers1 prostrate with agony day after day lately8 ,have ,i not raved and stormed in madness8 ,have ,i not clenched my fists in fury1 and fought with the wild strength of despair when in delirium8 ,yet1 ,i regret to surrender the pleasure ,i have felt in this man's society1 though so dearly purchased4444 ,march #adth4--,we had a sad breakfast together4 ,i could not eat1 my heart was too full2 neither did my companion seem to have an appetite4 ,we found something to do which kept us longer together4 ,at eight o'clock ,i was not gone1 and ,i had thought to have been off at five ,a4,m4444 ,we walked side by side2 the men lifted their voices in a song4 ,i took long looks at ,livingstone1 to impress his features thoroughly on my memory4444 ',now1 my dear ,doctor1 the best friends must part4 ,you have come far enough2 let me beg of you to turn back4' ',well1' ,livingstone replied1 ',i will say this to you3 ,you have done what few men could do1--far better than some great travelers ,i know4 ,and ,i am grateful to you for what you have done for me4 ,god guide you safe home1 and bless you1 my friend1'--',and may ,god bring you safe back to us all1 my dear friend4 ,farewell6'--',farewell6444 ,my friendly reader1 ,i wrote the above extracts in my ,diary on the evening of each day4 ,i look at them now after six months have passed away2 yet ,i am not ashamed of them2 my eyes feel somewhat dimmed at the recollection of the parting4 ,i dared not erase1 nor modify what ,i had penned1 while my feelings were strong4 ,god grant that if ever you take to traveling in ,africa you will get as noble and true a man for your companion as ,david ,livingstone6 ,for four months and four days ,i lived with him in the same house1 or in the same boat1 or in the same tent1 and ,i never found a fault in him4 ,i am a man of a quick temper1 and often without sufficient cause1 ,i daresay1 have broken the ties of friendship2 but with ,livingstone ,i never had cause for resentment1 but each day's life with him added to my admiration for him4 ,if ,stanley's feeling for ,livingstone was thus at the warmest temperature1 ,livingstone's sense of the service done to him by ,stanley was equally unqualified4 ,whatever else he might be or might not be1 he had proved a true friend to him4 ,he had risked his life in the attempt to reach him1 had been delighted to share with him every comfort he possessed1 and to leave with him ample stores of all that might be useful to him in his effort to finish his work4 ,whoever may have been to blame for it1 it is certain that ,livingstone had been afflicted for years1 and latterly worried almost to death1 by the inefficency and worthlessness of the men sent to serve him4 ,in ,stanley he found one whom he could trust implicitly to do everything that zeal and energy could contrive in order to find him efficient men and otherwise carry out his plans4 ,it was ,stanley therefore whom he commissioned to send him up men from ,zanzibar4 ,it was ,stanley to whom he intrusted his ,journal and other documents4 ,stanley had been his confidental friend for four months--the only white man to whom he talked for six years4 ,it was matter of life and death to ,livingstone to be supplied for this concluding piece of work far better than he had been for years back4 ,what man in his senses would have failed in these circumstances to avail himself to the utmost of the services of one who had shown himself so efficient2 would have put him aside to fall back on others1 albeit his own countrymen1 who1 with all their good-will1 had not been able to save him from robbery1 beggary1 and a half-broken heart4 ,stanley's journey from ,unyanyembe to ,bagamoio was a perpetual struggle against hostile natives1 flooded roads1 slush1 mire1 and water1 roaring torrents1 ants and mosquitos1 or1 as he described it1 the ten plagues of ,egypt4 ,on his reaching ,bagamoio1 on the #fth ,may1 he found a new surprise4 ,a white man dressed in flannels and helmet appeared1 and as he met ,stanley congratulated him on his splendid success4 ,it was ,lieutenant ,henn1 ,r4,n41 a member of the ,search ,expedition which the ,royal ,geographical ,society and others had sent out to look for ,livingstone4 ,the resolution to organize such an ,expedition was taken after news had come to ,england of the war between the ,arabs and the natives at ,unyanyembe1 stopping the communication with ,ujiji1 and rendering it impossible1 as it was thought1 for ,mr4 ,stanley to get to ,livingstone's relief4 ,the ,expedition had been placed under command of ,lieutenant ,dawson1 ,r4,n41 with ,lieutenant ,henn as second1 and was joined by the ,rev4 ,charles ,new1 a ,missionary from ,mombasa1 and ,mr4 ,w4 ,oswell ,livingstone1 youngest son of the ,doctor4 ,stanley's arrival at ,bagamoio had been preceded by that of some of his men1 who brought the news that ,livingstone had been found and relieved4 ,on hearing this1 ,lieutenant ,dawson hurried to ,zanzibar to see ,dr4 ,kirk1 and resigned his command4 ,lieutenant ,henn soon after followed his example by resigning too4 ,they thought that as ,dr4 ,livingstone had been relieved there was no need for their going on4 ,mr4 ,new likewise declined1 to proceed4 ,mr4 ,w4 ,oswell ,livingstone was thus left alone1 at first full of the determination to go on to his father with the men whom ,stanley was providing2 but owing to the state of his health1 and under the advice of ,dr4 ,kirk1 he1 too1 declined to accompany the ,expedition1 so that the men from ,zanzibar proceeded to ,unyanyembe alone4 ,on the #bith of ,may1 ,stanley1 with ,messrs4 ,henn1 ,livingstone1 ,new1 and ,morgan1 departed in the ,africa from ,zanzibar1 and in due time reached ,europe4 ,it was deeply to be regretted that an enterprise so beautiful and so entirely successful as ,mr4 ,stanley's should have been in some degree marred by ebullitions of feeling little in harmony with the very joyous event4 ,the leaders of the ,english ,search ,expedition and their friends felt1 as they expressed it1 that the wind had been taken out of their sails4 ,they could not but rejoice that ,livingstone had been found and relieved1 but it was a bitter thought that they had had no hand in the process4 ,it was galling to their feelings as ,englishmen that the brilliant service had been done by a stranger1 a newspaper correspondent1 a citizen of another country4 ,on a small scale that spirit of national jealousy showed itself1 which on a wider arena has sometimes endangered the relations of ,england and ,america4 ,when ,stanley reached ,england1 it was not to be overwhelmed with gratitude4 ,at first the ,royal ,geographical ,society received him coldly4 ,instead of his finding ,livingstone1 it was surmised that ,livingstone had found him4 ,strange things were said of him at the ,british ,association at ,brighton4 ,the daily press actually challenged his truthfulness2 some of the newspapers affected to treat his whole story as a myth4 ,stanley says frankly that this reception gave a tone of bitterness to his book--,how ,i ,found ,livingstone--which it would not have had if he had understood the real state of things4 ,but the heart of the nation was sound2 the people believed in ,stanley1 and appreciated his service4 ,at last the mists cleared away1 and ,england acknowledged its debt to the ,american4 ,the ,geographical ,society gave him the right hand of fellowship with a warmth and generosity never to be forgotten4 ,the ,president apologized for the words of suspicion he had previously used4 ,her ,majesty the ,queen presented ,stanley with a special token of her regard4 ,unhappily1 in the earlier stages of the affair1 wounds had been inflicted which are not likely ever to be wholly healed4 ,words were spoken on both sides which cannot be recalled4 ,but the great fact remains1 and will be written on the page of history1 that ,stanley did a noble service to ,livingstone1 earning thereby the gratitude of ,england and of the civilized world4 ,,chapter ,,xxii4 ,,from ,,unyanyembe ,,to ,,bangweolo4 ,a4,d4 #ahgb-gc4 ,livingstone's long wait at ,unyanyembe--,his plan of operations--,his fifty-ninth1 birthday--,renewal of self-dedication--,letters to ,agnes--to ,new ,york ,herald--,hardness of the ,african battle--,waverings of judgment1 whether ,lualaba was the ,nile or the ,congo--,extracts from ,journal--,gleams of humor--,natural history--,his distress on hearing of the death of ,sir ,roderick ,murchison--,thoughts on mission-work--,arrival of his escort--,his happiness in his new men--,he starts from ,unyanyembe--,illness--,great amount of rain--,near ,bangweolo--,incessant moisture--,flowers of the forest--,taking of observations regularly prosecuted--,dreadful state of the country from rain--,hunger--,furious attack of ants--,greatness of ,livingstone's sufferings--,letters to ,sir ,thomas ,maclear1 ,mr4 ,young1 his brother1 and ,agnes--,his sixtieth birthday--,great weakness in ,april--,sunday services and observations continued--,increasing illness--,the end approaching--,last written words--,last day of his travels--,he reaches ,chitambo's village1 in ,ilala--,is found on his knees dead1 on morning of #ast ,may--,courage and affection of his attendants--,his body embalmed--,carried toward shore--,dangers and sufferings during the march--,the party meet ,lieutenant ,cameron at ,unyanyembe--,determine to go on--,ruse at ,kasekra--,death of ,dr4 ,dillon--,the party reach ,bagamoio1 and the remains are placed on board a cruiser--,the ,search ,expeditions from ,england--to ,east ,coast under ,cameron--to ,west ,coast under ,grandy--,explanation of ,expeditions by ,sir ,henry ,rawlinson--,livingstone's remains brought to ,england--,examined by ,sir ,w4 ,fergusson and others--,buried in ,westminster ,abbey--,inscription on slab--,livingstone's wish for a forest grave--,lines from ,punch--,tributes to his memory--,sir ,bartle ,frere--,the ,lancet--,lord ,polwarth--,florence ,nightingale4 ,when ,stanley left ,livingstone at ,unyanyembe there was nothing for the latter but to wait there until the men should come to him who were to be sent up from ,zanzibar ,stanley left on the #adth ,march2 ,livingstone calculated that he would reach ,zanzibar on the #ast ,may1 that his men would be ready to start about the #bb;d ,may1 and that they ought to arrive at ,unyanyembe on the #ajth or #aeth ,july4 ,in reality1 ,stanley did not reach ,bagamoio till the #fth ,may1 the men were sent off about the #beth1 and they reached ,unyanyembe about the #ith ,august4 ,a month more than had been counted on had to be spent at ,unyanyembe1 and this delay was all the more trying because it brought the traveler nearer to the rainy season4 ,the intention of ,dr4 ,livingstone1 when the men should come1 was to strike south by ,ufipa1 go round ,tanganyika1 then cross the ,chambeze1 and bear away along the southern shore of ,bangweolo1 straight west to the ancient fountains2 from them in eight days to ,katanga copper mines2 from ,katanga1 in ten days1 northeast to the great underground excavations1 and back again to ,katanga2 from which ,n4,n4,w4 twelve days to the head of ,lake ,lincoln4 ,there ,i hope devoutly1 he writes to his daughter1 to thank the ,lord of all1 and turn my face along ,lake ,kamolondo1 and over ,lualaba1 ,tanganyika1 ,ujiji1 and home4 ,his stay at ,unyanyembe was a somewhat dreary one2 there was little to do and little to interest him4 ,five days after ,stanley left him occurred his fifty-ninth birthday4 ,how his soul was exercised appears from the renewal of his self-dedication recorded in his ,journal3 #aith ,march1 ,birthday4--,my ,jesus1 my ,king1 my ,life1 my ,all2 ,i again dedicate my whole self to ,thee4 ,accept me1 and grant1 ,o gracious ,father1 that ere this year is gone ,i may finish my task4 ,in ,jesus' name ,i ask it4 ,amen4 ,so let it be4 ,,david ,,livingstone4 ,frequent letters were written to his daughter from ,unyanyembe1 and they dwelt a good deal upon his difficulties1 the treacherous way in which he had been treated1 and the indescribable toil and suffering which had been the result4 ,he said that in complaining to ,dr4 ,kirk of the men whom he had employed1 and the disgraceful use they had made of his 7,kirk's7 name1 he never meant to charge him with being the author of their crimes1 and it never occurred to him to say to ,kirk1 ,i don't believe you to be the traitor they imply2 but ,kirk took his complaint in high dudgeon as a covert attack upon himself1 and did not act toward him as he ought to have done1 considering what he owed him4 ,his cordial and uniform testimony of ,stanley was1 altogether he has behaved right nobly4 ,on the #ast ,may he finished a letter for the ,new ,york ,herald1 and asked ,god's blessing on it4 ,it contained the memorable words afterward inscribed on the stone to his memory in ,westminster ,abbey3 ,all ,i can add in my loneliness is1 may ,heaven's rich blessing come down on every one--,american1 ,english1 or ,turk--who will help to heal the open sore of the world4 ,it happened that the words were written precisely a year before his death4 ,amid the universal darkness around him1 the universal ignorance of ,god and of the grace and love of ,jesus ,christ1 it was hard to believe that ,africa should ever be won4 ,he had to strengthen his faith amid this universal desolation4 ,we read in his ,journal3 #acth ,may4--,he will keep his word--the gracious ,one1 full of grace and truth2 no doubt of it4 ,he said3 ',him that cometh unto me1 ,i will in no wise cast out2' and ',whatsoever ye shall ask in my name1 ,i will give it4' ,he ,,will keep his word3 then ,i can come and humbly present my petition1 and it will be all right4 ,doubt is here inadmissible1 surely1 ,d4,l4 ,his mind ruminates on the river system of the country and the probability of his being in error3 #blst ,may4--,i wish ,i had some of the assurance possessed by others1 but ,i am oppressed with the apprehension that1 after all1 it may turn out that ,i have been following the ,congo2 and who would risk being put into a cannibal pot1 and converted into black man for it8 #cast ,may4--,in reference to this ,nile source1 ,i have been kept in perpetual doubt and perplexity4 ,i know too much to be positive4 ,great ,lualaba1 or ,lualubba1 as ,manyuema say1 may turn out to be the ,congo1 and ,nile a shorter river after all#ge4 ,the fountains flowing north and south seem in favor of its being the ,nile4 ,great westing is in favor of the ,congo4 ,footnote #ge3 ,from false punctuation1 this passage is unintelligible in the ,last ,journals1 vol4 ii4 p4 #aic4 #bdth ,june4--,the medical education has led me to a continual tendency to suspend the judgment4 ,what a state of blessedness it would have been1 had ,i possessed the dead certainty of the homoeopathic persuasion1 and as soon as ,i found the ,lakes ,bangweolo1 ,moero1 and ,kamolondo1 pouring out their waters down the great central valley1 bellowed out1 ',hurrah6 ,eureka6' and gone home in firm and honest belief that ,i had settled it1 and no mistake4 ,instead of that1 ,i am even now not at all 'cock-sure' that ,i have not been following down what may after all be the ,congo4 ,we now know that this was just what he had been doing4 ,but we honor him all the more for the diffidence that would not adopt a conclusion while any part of the evidence was wanting1 and that led him to encounter unexampled risks and hardships before he would affirm his favorite view as a fact4 ,the moral lesson thus enforced is invaluable4 ,we are almost thankful that ,livingstone never got his doubts solved1 it would have been such a disappointment2 even had he known that in all time coming the great stream which had cast on him such a resistless spell would be known as the ,livingstone ,river1 and would perpetuate the memory of his life and his efforts for the good of ,africa4 ,occasionally his ,journal gives a gleam1 of humor3 #ahth ,june4--,the ,ptolemaic map defines people according to their food1--the ,elephantophagi1 the ,struthiophagi1 the ,ichthiophagi1 and the ,anthropophagi1 ,if we followed the same sort of classification1 our definition would be by the drink1 thus3 the tribe of stout-guzzlers1 the roaring potheen-fuddlers1 the whisky-fishoid-drinkers1 the vin-ordinaire bibbers1 the lager-beer-swillers1 and an outlying tribe of the brandy cocktail persuasion4 ,natural ,history furnishes an unfailing interest3 #aith ,june4--,whydahs1 though full-fledged1 still gladly take a feed from their dam1 putting down the breast to the ground1 and cocking up the bill and chirruping in the most engaging manner and winning way they know4 ,she still gives them a little1 but administers a friendly shove-off too4 ,they all pick up feathers or grass1 and hop from side to side of their mates1 as if saying1 ',come1 let us play at making little houses4' ,the wagtail has shaken her young quite off1 and has a new nest4 ,she warbles prettily1 very much like a canary1 and is extremely active in catching flies1 but eats crumbs of bread-and-milk too4 ,sun-birds visit the pomegranate flowers1 and eat insects therein too1 as well as nectar4 ,the young whydah birds crouch closely together at night for heat4 ,they look like a woolly ball on a branch4 ,by day they engage in pairing and coaxing each other4 ,they come to the same twig every night4 ,like children1 they try and lift heavy weights of feathers above their strength4 ,on #c;d ,july a very sad entry occurs3 ,received a note from ,oswell1 written in ,april last1 containing the sad intelligence of ,sir ,roderick's departure from among us4 ,alas6 alas6 this is the only time in my life ,i ever felt inclined to use the word1 and it bespeaks a sore heart2 the best friend ,i ever had1--true1 warm1 and abiding1--he loved me more than ,i deserved2 he looks down on me still4 ,this entry indicates extraordinary depth of emotion4 ,sir ,roderick exercised a kind of spell on ,livingstone4 ,respect for him was one of the subordinate motives that induced him to undertake this journey4 ,the hope of giving him satisfaction was one of the subordinate rewards to which he looked forward4 ,his death was to ,livingstone a kind of scientific widowhood1 and must have deprived him of a great spring to exertion in this last wandering4 ,on ,sir ,roderick's part the affection for him was very great4 ,looking back1 says his biographer1 ,professor ,geikie1 upon his scientific career when not far from its close1 ,murchison found no part of it which brought more pleasing recollections than the support he had given to ,african explorers--,speke1 ,grant1 notably ,livingstone4 ',i rejoice1' he said1 'in the steadfast tenacity with which ,i have upheld my confidence in the ultimate success of the last-named of these brave men4 ,in fact1 it was the confidence ,i placed in the undying vigor of my dear friend ,livingstone which has sustained me in the hope that ,i might live to enjoy the supreme delight of welcoming him back to his own country4' ,but that consummation was not to be4 ,he himself was gathered to his rest just six days before ,stanley brought news and relief to the forlorn traveler on ,lake ,tanganyika4 ,and ,livingstone1 while still in pursuit of his quest1 and within ten months of his death1 learned in the heart of ,africa the tidings which he chronicled in his journal#gf4 ,footnote #gf3 ,life of ,sir ,r4 ,i4 ,murchison1 vol4 ii4 pp4 #big-h4 ,at other times he is ruminating on mission-work3 #ajth ,july4--,no great difficulty would be encountered in establishing a ,christian mission a hundred miles or so from the ,east ,coast4444 ,to the natives the chief attention of the mission should be directed4 ,it would not be desirable or advisable to refuse explanation to others2 but ,i have avoided giving offense to intelligent ,arabs1 who1 having pressed me1 asking if ,i believed in ,mohamed1 by saying1 ',no1 ,i do not2 ,i am a child of ,jesus bin ,miriam1' avoiding anything offensive in my tone1 and often adding that ,mohamed found their forefathers bowing down to trees and stones1 and did good to them by forbidding idolatry1 and teaching the worship of the only ,one ,god4 ,this they all know1 and it pleases them to have it recognized4 ,it might be good policy to hire a respectable ,arab to engage free porters1 and conduct the mission to the country chosen1 and obtain permission from the chief to build temporary houses4444 ,a couple of ,europeans beginning and carrying on a mission without a staff of foreign attendants1 implies coarse country fare1 it is true2 but this would be nothing to those who at home amuse themselves with vigils1 fasting1 etc4 ,a great deal of power is thus lost in the ,church4 ,fastings and vigils1 without a special object in view1 are time run to waste4 ,they are made to minister to a sort of self-gratification1 instead of being turned to account for the good of others4 ,they are like groaning in sickness3 some people amuse themselves when ill with continuous moaning4 ,the forty days of ,lent might be annually spent in visiting adjacent tribes1 and bearing unavoidable hunger and thirst with a good grace4 ,considering the greatness of the object to be attained1 men might go without sugar1 coffee1 tea1 as ,i went from ,september1 #ahff1 to ,december1 #ahfh1 without either4 ,on the subject of ,missions he says1 at a later period1 #hth ,november3 ,the spirit of missions is the spirit of our ,master2 the very genius of his religion4 ,a diffusive philanthropy is ,christianity itself4 ,it requires perpetual propagation to attest its genuineness4 ,thanks to ,mr4 ,stanley and the ,american ,consul1 who made arrangements in a way that drew ,livingstone's warmest gratitude1 his escort arrived at last1 consisting of fifty-seven men and boys4 ,several of these had gone with ,mr4 ,stanley from ,unyanyembe to ,zanzibar2 among the new men were some ,nassick pupils who had been sent from ,bombay to join ,lieutenant ,dawson4 ,john and ,jacob ,wainwright were among these4 ,to ,jacob ,wainwright1 who was well-educated1 we owe the earliest narrative that appeared of the last eight months of ,livingstone's career4 ,how happy he was with the men now sent to him appears from a letter to ,mr4 ,stanley1 written very near his death3 ,i am perpetually reminded that ,i owe a great deal to you for the men1 you sent4 ,with one exception1 the party is working like a machine4 ,i give my orders to ,manwa ,sera1 and never have to repeat them4 ,would that he had had such a company before6 ,on the #beth ,august the party started4 ,on the #hth ,october they reached ,tanganyika1 and rested1 for they were tired1 and several were sick1 including ,livingstone1 who had been ill with his bowel disorder4 ,the march went on slowly1 and with few incidents4 ,as the season advanced1 rain1 mist1 swollen streams1 and swampy ground became familiar4 ,at the end of the year they were approaching the river ,chambeze4 ,christmas had its thanksgiving3 ,i thank the good ,lord for the good gift of his ,son1 ,jesus ,christ our ,lord4 ,in the second week of ,january they came near ,bangweolo1 and the reign of ,neptune became incessant4 ,we are told of cold rainy weather2 sometimes a drizzle1 sometimes an incessant pour2 swollen streams and increasing sponges1--making progress a continual struggle4 ,yet1 as he passes through a forest1 he has an eye to its flowers1 which are numerous and beautiful3 ,there are many flowers in the forest2 marigolds1 a white jonquil-looking flower without smell1 many orchids1 white1 yellow1 and pink asclepias1 with bunches of ,french-white flowers1 clematis--,methonica gloriosa1 gladiolus1 and blue and deep purple polygalas1 grasses with white starry seed-vessels1 and spikelets of brownish red and yellow4 ,besides these1 there are beautiful blue flowering bulbs1 and new flowers of pretty1 delicate form and but little scent4 ,to this list may be added balsams1 composite of blood-red color and of purple2 other flowers of liver color1 bright canary yellow1 pink orchids on spikes thickly covered all round1 and of three inches in length2 spiderworts of fine blue or yellow or even pink4 ,different colored asclepiade2 beautiful yellow and red umbelliferous flowering plants2 dill and wild parsnips2 pretty flowering aloes1 yellow and red1 in one whorl of blossoms2 peas and many other flowering plants which ,i do not know4 ,observations were taken with unremitting diligence1 except when1 as was now common1 nothing could be seen in the heavens4 ,as they advanced1 the weather became worse4 ,it rained as if nothing but rain were ever known in the watershed4 ,the path lay across flooded rivers1 which were distinguished by their currents only from the flooded country along their banks4 ,dr4 ,livingstone had to be carried over the rivers on the back of one of his men1 in the fashion so graphically depicted on the cover of the ,last ,journals4 ,the stretches of sponge that came before and after the rivers1 with their long grass and elephant-holes1 were scarcely less trying4 ,the inhabitants were1 commonly1 most unfriendly to the party2 they refused them food1 and1 whenever they could1 deceived them as to the way4 ,hunger bore down on the party with its bitter gnawing4 ,once a mass of furious ants attacked the ,doctor by night1 driving him in despair from hut to hut4 ,any frame but one of ,iron must have succumbed to a single month of such a life1 and before a week was out1 any body of men1 not held together by a power of discipline and a charm of affection unexampled in the history of difficult expeditions1 would have been scattered to the four winds4 ,livingstone's own sufferings were beyond all previous example4 ,about this time he began an undated letter--his last--to his old friends ,sir ,thomas ,maclear and ,mr4 ,mann4 ,it was never finished1 and never despatched2 but as one of the latest things he ever wrote1 it is deeply interesting1 as showing how clear1 vigorous1 and independent his mind was to the very last3 ,,lake ,,bangweolo1 ,,south ,,central ,,africa4 ,,my ,,dear ,,friends ,,maclear ,,and ,,mann1--444 ,my work at present is mainly retracing my steps to take up the thread of my exploration4 ,it counts in my lost time1 but ,i try to make the most of it by going round outside this lake and all the sources1 so that no one may come afterward and cut me out4 ,i have a party of good men1 selected by ,h4 ,m4 ,stanley1 who1 at the instance of ,james ,gordon ,bennett1 of the ,new ,york ,herald1 acted the part of a good ,samaritan truly1 and relieved my sore necessities4 ,a dutiful son could not have done more than he generously did4 ,i bless him4 ,the men1 fifty-six in number1 have behaved as well as ,makololo4 ,i cannot award them higher praise1 though they have not the courage of that brave kind-hearted people4 ,from ,unyanyembe we went due south to avoid an ,arab war which had been going on for eighteen months4 ,it is like one of our ,caffre wars1 with this difference--no one is enriched thereby1 for all trade is stopped1 and the ,home ,government pays nothing4 ,we then went westward to ,tanganyika1 and along its eastern excessively mountainous bank to the end4 ,the heat was really broiling among the rocks4 ,no rain had fallen1 and the grass being generally burned off1 the heat rose off the black ashes as if out of an oven1 yet the flowers persisted in coming out of the burning soil1 and generally without leaves1 as if it had been a custom that they must observe by a law of the ,medes and ,persians4 ,this part detained us long2 the men's limbs were affected with a sort of subcutaneous inflammation1--black rose or erysipelas1--and when ,i proposed mildly and medically to relieve the tension it was too horrible to be thought of1 but they willingly carried the helpless4 ,then we mounted up at once into the high1 cold region ,urungu1 south of ,tanganyika1 and into the middle of the rainy season1 with well-grown grass and everything oppressively green2 rain so often that no observations could be made1 except at wide intervals4 ,i could form no opinion as to our longitude1 and but little of our latitudes4 ,three of the ,baurungu chiefs1 one a great friend of mine1 ,nasonso1 had died1 and the population all turned topsy-turvy1 so ,i could make no use of previous observations4 ,they elect sisters' or brothers' sons to the chieftainship1 instead of the heir-apparent4 ,food was not to be had for either love or money4 ,i was at the mercy of guides who did not know their own country1 and when ,i insisted on following the compass1 they threatened1 'no food for five or ten days in that line4' ,they brought us down to the back or north side of ,bangweolo1 while ,i wanted to cross the ,chambeze and go round its southern side4 ,so back again southeastward we had to bend4 ,the ,portuguese crossed this ,chambeze a long time ago1 and are therefore the first ,european discoverers4 ,we were not black men with ,portuguese names like those for whom the feat of crossing the continent was eagerly claimed by ,lisbon statesmen4 ,dr4 ,lacerda was a man of scientific attainments1 and ,governor of ,tette1 but finding ,cazembe at the rivulet called ,chungu1 he unfortunately succumbed to fever ten days after his arrival4 ,he seemed anxious to make his way across to ,angola4 ,misled by the similarity of ,chambeze to ,zambesi1 they all thought it to be a branch of the river that flows past ,tette1 ,senna1 and ,shupanga1 by ,luabo and ,kongon to the sea4 ,i rather stupidly took up the same idea from a map saying ',zambesi' 7eastern branch71 believing that the map printer had some authority for his assertion4 ,my first crossing was thus as fruitless as theirs1 and ,i was less excusable1 for ,i ought to have remembered that while ,chambeze is the true native name of the northern river1 ,zambesi is not the name of the southern river at all4 ,it is a ,portugese corruption of ,dombazi1 which we adopted rather than introduce confusion by new names1 in the same way that we adopted ,nyassa instead of ,nyanza ia ,nyinyesi ,lake of the ,stars1 which the ,portuguese1 from hearsay1 corrupted into ,nyassa4 ,the ,english have been worse propagators of nonsense than ,portuguese4 ',geography of ,nyassa' was thought to be a learned way of writing the name1 though ',nyassi' means long grass and nothing else4 ,it took me twenty-two months to eliminate the error into which ,i was led1 and then it was not by my own acuteness1 but by the chief ,cazembe1 who was lately routed and slain by a party of ,banyamwezi4 ,he gave me the first hint of the truth1 and that rather in a bantering strain3 ',one piece of water is just like another2 ,bangweolo water is just like ,moero water1 ,chambeze water like ,luapula water2 they are all the same2 but your chief ordered you to go to the ,bangweolo1 therefore by all means go1 but wait a few days1 till ,i have looked out for good men as guides1 and good food for you to eat1' etc4 etc4 ,i was not sure but that it was all royal chaff1 till ,i made my way back south to the head-waters again1 and had the natives of the islet ,mpabala slowly moving the hands all around the great expanse1 with #ahc of sea horizon1 and saying that is ,chambeze1 forming the great ,bangweolo1 and disappearing behind that western headland to change its name to ,luapula1 and run down past ,cazembe to ,moero4 ,that was the moment of discovery1 and not my passage or the ,portuguese passage of the river4 ,if1 however1 any one chooses to claim for them the discovery of ,chambeze as one line of drainage of the ,nile ,valley1 ,i shall not fight with him2 ,culpepper's astrology was in the same way the forerunner of the ,herschels' and the other astronomers that followed4 ,to another old friend1 ,mr4 ,james ,young1 he wrote about the same time3 ,opere peracto ludemus--the work being finished1 we will play--you remember in your ,latin ,rudiments lang syne4 ,it is true for you1 and ,i rejoice to think it is now your portion1 after working nobly1 to play4 ,may you have a long spell of it6 ,i am differently situated2 ,i shall never be able to play4444 ,to me it seems to be said1 ',if thou forbear to deliver them that are drawn unto death1 and those that be ready to be slain2 if thou sayest1 ,behold we knew it not1 doth not ,he that pondereth the heart consider1 and ,he that keepeth thy soul doth ,he not know1 and shall ,he not give to every one according to his works8' ,i have been led1 unwittingly1 into the slaving field of the ,banians and ,arabs in ,central ,africa4 ,i have seen the woes inflicted1 and ,i must still work and do all ,i can to expose and mitigate the evils4 ,though hard work is still to be my lot1 ,i look genially on others more favored in their lot4 ,i would not be a member of the ',international1' for ,i love to see and think of others enjoying life4 ,during a large part of this journey ,i had a strong presentiment that ,i should never live to finish it4 ,it is weakened now1 as ,i seem to see the end toward which ,i have been striving looming in the distance4 ,this presentiment did not interfere with the performance of any duty2 it only made me think a great deal more of the future state of being4 ,in his latest letters there is abundant evidence that the great desire of his heart was to expose the slave-trade1 rouse public feeling1 and get that great hindrance to all good for ever swept away4 ,spare no pains1 he wrote to ,dr4 ,kirk in #ahga1 in attempting to persuade your superior to this end1 and the ,divine blessing will descend on you and yours4 ,to his daughter ,agnes he wrote 7#aeth ,august1 #ahgb73 ,no one can estimate the amount of ,god-pleasing good that will be done1 if1 by ,divine favor1 this awful slave-trade1 into the midst of which ,i have come1 be abolished4 ,this will be something to have lived for1 and the conviction has grown in my mind that it was for this end ,i have been detained so long4 ,to his brother in ,canada he says 7,december1 #ahgb73 ,if the good ,lord permits me to put a stop to the enormous evils of the inland slave-trade1 ,i shall not grudge my hunger and toils4 ,i shall bless his name with all my heart4 ,the ,nile sources are valuable to me only as a means of enabling me to open my mouth with power among men4 ,it is this power ,i hope to apply to remedy an enormous evil1 and join my poor little helping hand in the enormous revolution that in his all-embracing ,providence ,he has been carrying on for ages1 and is now actually helping forward4 ,men may think ,i covet fame1 but ,i make it a rule never to read aught written in my praise4 ,livingstone's last birthday 7#aith ,march1 #ahgc7 found him in much the same circumstances as before4 ,thanks to the ,almighty ,preserver of men for sparing me thus far on the journey of life4 ,can ,i hope for ultimate success8 ,so many obstacles have arisen4 ,let not ,satan prevail over me1 ,o my good ,lord ,jesus4 ,a few days after 7#bdth ,march73 ,nothing earthly will make me give up my work in despair4 ,i encourage myself in the ,lord my ,god1 and go forward4 ,in the beginning of ,april1 the bleeding from the bowels1 from which he had been suffering1 became more copious1 and his weakness was pitiful2 still he longed for strength to finish his work4 ,even yet the old passion for natural history was strong2 the aqueous plants that abounded everywhere1 the caterpillars that after eating the plants ate one another1 and were such clumsy swimmers2 the fish with the hook-shaped lower jaw that enabled them to feed as they skimmed past the plants2 the morning summons of the cocks and turtle-doves2 the weird scream of the fish eagle--all engaged his interest4 ,observations continued to be taken1 and the ,sunday services were always held4 ,but on the #bast ,april a change occurred4 ,in a shaky hand he wrote3 ,tried to ride1 but was forced to lie down1 and they carried me back to vil4 exhausted4 ,a kitanda or palanquin had to be made for carrying him4 ,it was sorry work1 for his pains were excruciating and his weakness excessive4 ,on the #bgth ,april#gg he was apparently at the lowest ebb1 and wrote in his ,journal the last words he ever penned--,knocked up quite1 and remain recover sent to buy milch goats4 ,we are on the banks of ,r4 ,molilamo4 ,footnote #gg3 ,this was the eleventh anniversary of his wife's death4 ,the word recover seems to show that he had no presentiment of death1 but cherished the hope of recovery2 and ,mr4 ,waller has pointed out1 from his own sad observation of numerous cases in connection with the ,universities ,mission1 that malarial poisoning is usually unattended with the apprehension of death1 and that in none of these instances1 any more than in the case of ,livingstone1 were there any such messages1 or instructions1 or expressions of trust and hope as are usual on the part of ,christian men when death is near4 ,the #bith of ,april was the last day of his travels4 ,in the morning he directed ,susi to take down the side of the hut that the kitanda might be brought along1 as the door would not admit it1 and he was quite unable to walk to it4 ,then came the crossing of a river2 then progress through swamps and plashes2 and when they got to anything like a dry plain1 he would ever and anon beg of them to lay him down4 ,at last they got him to ,chitambo's village1 in ,ilala1 where they had to put him under the eaves of a house during a drizzling rain1 until the hut they were building should be got ready4 ,then they laid him on a rough bed in the hut1 where he spent the night4 ,next day he lay undisturbed4 ,he asked a few wandering questions about the country--especially about the ,luapula4 ,his people knew that the end could not be far off4 ,nothing occurred to attract notice during the early part of the night1 but at four in the morning1 the boy who lay at his door called in alarm for ,susi1 fearing that their master was dead4 ,by the candle still burning they saw him1 not in bed1 but kneeling at the bedside with his head buried in his hands upon the pillow4 ,the sad yet not unexpected truth soon became evident3 he had passed away on the furthest of all his journeys1 and without a single attendant4 ,but he had died in the act of prayer--prayer offered in that reverential attitude about which he was always so particular2 commending his own spirit1 with all his dear ones1 as was his wont1 into the hands of his ,saviour2 and commending ,,africa--his own dear ,africa--with all her woes and sins and wrongs1 to the ,avenger of the oppressed and the ,redeemer of the lost4 ,if anything were needed to commend the ,african race1 and prove them possessed of qualities fitted to make a noble nation1 the courage1 affection1 and persevering loyalty shown by his attendants after his death might well have this effect4 ,when the sad event became known among the men1 it was cordially resolved that every effort should be made to carry their master's remains to ,zanzibar4 ,such an undertaking was extremely perilous1 for there were not merely the ordinary risks of travel to a small body of natives1 but there was also the superstitious horror everywhere prevalent connected with the dead4 ,chitambo must be kept in ignorance of what had happened1 otherwise a ruinous fine would be sure to be inflicted on them4 ,the secret1 however1 oozed out1 but happily the chief was reasonable4 ,susi and ,chuma1 the old attendants of ,livingstone1 became now the leaders of the company1 and they fulfilled their task right nobly4 ,the interesting narrative of ,mr4 ,waller at the end of the ,last ,journals tells us how calmly yet efficiently they set to work4 ,arrangements were made for drying and embalming the body1 after removing and burying the heart and other viscera4 ,for fourteen days the body was dried in the sun4 ,after being wrapped in calico1 and the legs bent inward at the knees1 it was enclosed in a large piece of bark from a ,myonga-tree in the form of a cylinder2 over this a piece of sail-cloth was sewed2 and the package was lashed to a pole1 so as to be carried by two men4 ,jacob ,wainwright carved an inscription on the ,mvula tree under which the body had rested1 and where the heart was buried1 and ,chitambo was charged to keep the grass cleared away1 and to protect two posts and a cross-piece which they erected to mark the spot4 ,they then set out on their homeward march4 ,it was a serious journey1 for the terrible exposure had affected the health of most of them1 and many had to lie down through sickness4 ,the tribes through which they passed were generally friendly1 but not always4 ,at one place they had a regular fight4 ,on the whole1 their progress was wonderfully quiet and regular4 ,everywhere they found that the news of the ,doctor's death had got before them4 ,at one place they heard that a party of ,englishmen1 headed by ,dr4 ,livingstone's son1 on their way to relieve his father1 had been seen at ,bagamoio some months previously4 ,as they approached ,unyanyembe1 they learned that the party was there1 but when ,chuma ran on before1 he was disappointed to find that ,oswell ,livingstone was not among them4 ,lieutenant ,cameron1 ,dr4 ,dillon1 and ,lieutenant ,murphy were there1 and heard the tidings of the men with deep emotion4 ,cameron wished them to bury the remains where they were1 and not run the risk of conveying them through the ,ugogo country2 but the men were inflexible1 determined to carry out their first intention4 ,this was not the only interference with these devoted and faithful men4 ,considering how carefully they had gathered all ,livingstone's property1 and how conscientiously1 at the risk of their lives1 they were carrying it to the coast1 to transfer it to the ,british ,consul there1 it was not warrantable in the new-comers to take the boxes from them1 examine their contents1 and carry off a part of them4 ,nor do we think ,lieutenant ,cameron was entitled to take away the instruments with which all ,livingstone's observations had been made for a series of seven years1 and use them1 though only temporarily1 for the purpose of his ,expedition1 inasmuch as he thereby made it impossible so to reduce ,livingstone's observations as that correct results should be obtained from them4 ,sir ,henry ,rawlinson seems not to have adverted to this result of ,mr4 ,cameron's act1 in his reference to the matter from the chair of the ,geographical ,society4 ,on leaving ,unyanyembe the party were joined by ,lieutenant ,murphy1 not much to the promotion of unity of action or harmonious feeling4 ,at ,kasekra a spirit of opposition was shown by the inhabitants1 and a ruse was resorted to so as to throw them off their guard4 ,it was resolved to pack the remains in such form that when wrapped in calico they should appear like an ordinary bale of merchandise4 ,a fagot of mapira stalks1 cut into lengths of about six feet1 was then swathed in cloth1 to imitate a dead body about to be buried4 ,this was sent back along the way to ,unyanyembe1 as if the party had changed their minds and resolved to bury the remains there4 ,the bearers1 at nightfall1 began to throw away the mapira rods1 and then the wrappings1 and when they had thus disposed of them they returned to their companions4 ,the villagers of ,kasekra had now no suspicion1 and allowed the party to pass unmolested4 ,but though one tragedy was averted1 another was enacted at ,kasekra--the dreadful suicide of ,dr4 ,dillon while suffering from dysentery and fever4 ,the cortge now passed on without further incident1 and arrived at ,bagamoio in ,february1 #ahgd4 ,soon after they reached ,bagamoio a cruiser arrived from ,zanzibar1 with the acting ,consul1 ,captain ,prideaux1 on board1 and the remains were conveyed to that island previous to their being sent to ,england4 ,the men that for nine long months remained steadfast to their purpose to pay honor to the remains of their master1 in the midst of innumerable trials and dangers and without hope of reward1 have established a strong claim to the gratitude and admiration of the world4 ,would that the debt were promptly repaid in efforts to free ,africa from her oppressors1 and send throughout all her borders the ,divine proclamation1 ,glory to ,god in the highest1 on earth peace1 good-will to men4 ,in regard to the ,search party to which reference has been made1 it may be stated that when ,livingstone's purpose to go back to the barbarous regions where he had suffered so much before became known in ,england it excited a feeling of profound concern4 ,two ,expeditions were arranged4 ,that to the ,east ,coast1 organized by the ,royal ,geographical ,society1 was placed under ,lieutenant ,cameron1 and included in its ranks ,robert ,moffat1 a grandson of ,dr4 ,moffat's1 who 7as has been already stated7 fell early a sacrifice to fever4 ,the members of the ,expedition suffered much from sickness2 it was broken up at ,unyanyembe1 when the party bearing the remains of ,dr4 ,livingstone was met4 ,the other party1 under command of ,lieutenant ,grandy1 was to go to the ,west ,coast1 start from ,loanda1 strike the ,congo1 and move on to ,lake ,lincoln4 ,this ,expedition was fitted out solely at the cost of ,mr4 ,young4 ,he was deeply concerned for the safety of his friend1 knowing how he was hated by the slave-traders whose iniquities he had exposed1 and thinking it likely that if he once reached ,lake ,lincoln he would make for the west coast along the ,congo4 ,the purpose of these ,expeditions is carefully explained in a letter addressed to ,dr4 ,livingstone by ,sir ,henry ,rawlinson1 then ,president of the ,royal ,geographical ,society3 ,,london1 ,november #bj1 #ahgb4 ,,dear ,,dr4 ,,livingstone1--,you will no doubt have heard of ,sir ,bartle ,frere's deputation to ,zanzibar long before you receive this1 and you will have learnt with heartfelt satisfaction that there is now a definite prospect of the infamous ,east ,african slave-trade being suppressed4 ,for this great end1 if it be achieved1 we shall be mainly indebted to your recent letters1 which have had a powerful effect on the public mind in ,england1 and have thus stimulated the action of the ,government4 ,sir ,bartle will keep you informed of his arrangements1 if there are any means of communicating with the interior1 and ,i am sure you will assist him to the utmost of your power in carrying out the good work in which he is engaged4 ,it was a great disappointment to us that ,lieutenant ,dawson's ,expedition1 which we fitted out in the beginning of the year with such completeness1 did not join you at ,unyanyembe1 for it could not have failed to be of service to you in many ways4 ,we are now trying to aid you with a second ,expedition under ,lieutenant ,cameron1 whom we have sent out under ,sir ,bartle's orders1 to join you if possible in the vicinity of ,lake ,tanganyika1 and attend to your wishes in respect to his further movements4 ,we leave it entirely to your discretion whether you like to keep ,mr4 ,cameron with you or to send him on to the ,victoria ,nyanza1 or any other points that you are unable to visit yourself4 ,of course the great point of interest connected with your present exploration is the determination of the lower course of the ,lualaba4 ,mr4 ,stanley still adheres to the view1 which you formerly held1 that it drains into the ,nile2 but if the levels which you give are correct1 this is impossible4 ,at any rate1 the opinion of the identity of the ,congo and ,lualaba is now becoming so universal that ,mr4 ,young has come forward with a donation of #bjjj to enable us to send another ,expedition to your assistance up that river1 and ,lieutenant ,grandy1 with a crew of twenty ,kroomen1 will accordingly be pulling up the ,congo before many months are over4 ,whether he will really be able to penetrate to your unvisited lake1 or beyond it to ,lake ,lincoln1 is1 of course1 a matter of great doubt2 but it will at any rate be gratifying to you to know that support is approaching you both from the west and east4 ,we all highly admire and appreciate your indomitable energy and perseverance1 and the ,geographical ,society will do everything in its power to support you1 so as to compensate in some measure for the loss you have sustained in the death of your old friend ,sir ,roderick ,murchison4 ,my own tenure of office expires in ,may1 and it is not yet decided who is to succeed me1 but whoever may be our ,president1 our interest in your proceedings will not slacken4 ,mr4 ,waller will1 ,i daresay1 have told you that we have just sent a memorial to ,mr4 ,gladstone1 praying that a pension may be at once conferred upon your daughters1 and ,i have every hope that our prayer may be successful4 ,you will see by the papers1 now sent to you1 that there has been much acrimonious discussion of late on ,african affairs4 ,i have tried myself in every possible way to throw oil on the troubled waters1 and begin to hope now for something like peace4 ,i shall be very glad to hear from you if you can spare time to send me a line1 and will always keep a watchful eye over your interests4--,i remain1 yours very truly1 ,h4,c4 ,,rawlinson4 ,the remains were brought to ,aden on board the ,calcutta1 and thereafter transferred to the ,p4 and ,o4 steamer ,malwa1 which arrived at ,southampton on the #aeth of ,april4 ,mr4 ,thomas ,livingstone1 eldest surviving son of the ,doctor1 being then in ,egypt on account of his health#gh1 had gone on board at ,alexandria4 ,the body was conveyed to ,london by special train and deposited in the rooms of the ,geographical ,society in ,saville ,row4 ,footnote #gh3 ,thomas never regained robust health4 ,he died at ,alexandria1 #aeth ,march1 #ahgf4 ,in the course of the evening the remains were examined by ,sir ,william ,fergusson and several other medical gentleman1 including ,dr4 ,loudon1 of ,hamilton1 whose professional skill and great kindness to his family had gained for him a high place in the esteem and love of ,livingstone4 ,to many persons it had appeared so incredible that the remains should have been brought from the heart of ,africa to ,london1 that some conclusive identification of the body seemed to be necessary to set all doubt at rest4 ,the state of the arm1 the one that had been broken by the lion1 supplied the crucial evidence4 ,exactly in the region of the attachment of the deltoid to the humerus 7said ,sir ,william ,fergusson in a contribution to the ,lancet1 ,april #ah1 #ahgd71 there were the indications of an oblique fracture4 ,on moving the arm there were the indications of an ununited fracture4 ,a closer identification and dissection displayed the false joint that had so long ago been so well recognized by those who had examined the arm in former days4444 ,the first glance set my mind at rest1 and that1 with the further examination1 made me as positive as to the identification of these remains as that there has been among us in modern times one of the greatest men of the human race--,david ,livingstone4 ,on ,saturday1 ,april #ah1 #ahgd1 the remains of the great traveler were committed to their resting-place near the centre of the nave of ,westminster ,abbey4 ,many old friends of ,livingstone came to be present1 and many of his admirers1 who could not but avail themselves of the opportunity to pay a last tribute of respect to his memory4 ,the ,abbey was crowded in every part from which the spectacle might be seen4 ,the pall-bearers were ,mr4 ,h4,m4 ,stanley1 ,jacob ,wainwright1 ,sir ,t4 ,steele1 ,dr4 ,kirk1 ,mr4 ,w4,f4 ,webb1 ,rev4 ,horace ,waller1 ,mr4 ,oswell1 and ,mr4 ,e4,d4 ,young4 ,two of these1 ,mr4 ,waller and ,dr4 ,kirk1 along with ,dr4 ,stewart1 who was also present1 had assisted twelve years before at the funeral of ,mrs4 ,livingstone at ,shupanga4 ,dr4 ,moffat1 too1 was there1 full of sorrowful admiration4 ,amid a service which was emphatically impressive throughout1 the simple words of the hymn1 sung to the tune of ,tallis1 were peculiarly touching3 ,o ,god of ,bethel6 by whose hand ,thy people still are fed1 ,who through this weary pilgrimage ,hast all our fathers led4 ,the black slab that now marks the resting-place of ,livingstone bears this inscription3 ,,brought ,,by ,,faithful ,,hands ,,over ,,land ,,and ,,sea1 ,,here ,,rests ,,david ,,livingstone1 ,,missionary1 ,,traveler1 ,,philanthropist1 ,,born ,,march #ai1 #ahac1 ,,at ,,blantyre1 ,,lanarkshire4 ,,died ,,may #d1gi #ahgc1 ,,at ,,chitambo',s ,,village1 ,,ilala4 ,footnote #gi3 ,in the ,last ,journals the date is #ast ,may2 on the stone1 #dth ,may4 ,the attendants could not quite determine the day4 ,for thirty years his life was spent in an unwearied effort to evangelize the native races1 to explore the undiscovered secrets1 and abolish the desolating slave-trade of ,central ,africa1 and where1 with his last words he wrote3 ,all ,i can say in my solitude is1 may ,heaven's rich blessing come down on every one--,american1 ,english1 ,turk-- who will help to heal this open sore of the world4 ,along the right border of the stone are the words3 ,,tantus ,,amor ,,veri1 ,,nihil ,,est ,,quod ,,noscere ,,malim ,,quam ,,fluvii ,,causas ,,per ,s,,cula ,,tanta ,,latehtes4 ,and along the left border3 ,,other ,,sheep ,i ,,have ,,which ,,are ,,not ,,of ,,this ,,fold1 ,,them ,,also ,i ,,must ,,bring1 ,,and ,,they ,,shall ,,hear ,,my ,,voice4 ,on the #beth ,june1 #ahfh1 not far from the northern border of that lake ,bangweolo on whose southern shore he passed away1 ,dr4 ,livingstone came on a grave in a forest4 ,he says of it3 ,it was a little rounded mound1 as if the occupant sat in it in the usual native way2 it was strewed over with flour1 and a number of the large blue beads put on it2 a little path showed that it had visitors4 ,this is the sort of grave ,i should prefer3 to be in the still1 still forest1 and no hand ever disturb my bones4 ,the graves at home always seemed to me to be miserable1 especially those in the cold1 damp clay1 and without elbow-room2 but ,i have nothing to do but wait till ,he who is over all decides where ,i have to lay me down and die4 ,poor ,mary lies on ,shupanga brae1 'and beeks fornent the sun4' ,he who is over all decreed that while his heart should lie in a leafy forest1 in such a spot as he loved1 his bones should repose in a great ,christian temple1 where many1 day by day1 as they read his name1 would recall his noble ,christian life1 and feel how like he was to ,him of whom it is written3 ,the ,spirit of the ,lord ,god is upon me2 because the ,lord hath anointed me to preach good tidings to the meek3 ,he hath sent me to bind up the broken-hearted1 to proclaim liberty to the captives1 and the opening of the prison to them that are bound2 to proclaim the acceptable year of the ,lord1 and the day of vengeance of our ,god2 to comfort all that mourn2 to appoint unto them that mourn in ,zion1 to give unto them beauty for ashes1 the oil of joy for mourning1 the garment of praise for the spirit of heaviness2 that they might be called trees of righteousness1 the planting of the ,lord2 that ,he might be glorified4 ,droop half-mast colors1 bow1 bareheaded crowds1 ,as this plain coffin o'er the side is slung1 ,to pass by woods of masts and ratlined shrouds1 ,as erst by ,afric's trunks1 liana-hung4 ',tis the last mile of many thousands trod ,with failing strength but never-failing will1 ,by the worn frame1 now at its rest with ,god1 ,that never rested from its fight with ill4 ,or if the ache of travel and of toil ,would sometimes wring a short1 sharp cry of pain ,from agony of fever1 blain1 and boil1 ',twas but to crush it down and on again6 ,he knew not that the trumpet he had blown ,out of the darkness of that dismal land1 ,had reached and roused an army of its own ,to strike the chains from the slave's fettered hand4 ,now we believe1 he knows1 sees all is well2 ,how ,god had stayed his will and shaped his way1 ,to bring the light to those that darkling dwell ,with gains that life's devotion well repay4 ,open the ,abbey doors and bear him in ,to sleep with king and statesman1 chief and sage1 ,the missionary come of weaver-kin1 ,but great by work that brooks no lower wage4 ,he needs no epitaph to guard a name ,which men shall prize while worthy work is known2 ,he lived and died for good--be that his fame3 ,let marble crumble3 this is ,living--stone4--,punch4 ,eulogiums on the dead are often attempts1 sometimes sufficiently clumsy1 to conceal one-half of the truth and fill the eye with the other4 ,in the case of ,livingstone there is really nothing to conceal4 ,in tracing his life in these pages we have found no need for the brilliant colors of the rhetorician1 the ingenuity of the partisan1 or the enthusiasm of the hero-worshiper4 ,we have felt1 from first to last1 that a plain1 honest statement of the truth regarding him would be a higher panegyric than any ideal picture that could be drawn4 ,the best tributes paid to his memory by distinguished countrymen were the most literal--we might almost say the most prosaic4 ,it is but a few leaves we can reproduce of the many wreaths that were laid on his tomb4 ,sir ,bartle ,frere1 as ,president of the ,royal ,geographical ,society1 after a copious notice of his life1 summed it up in these words3 ,as a whole1 the work of his life will surely be held up in ages to come as one of singular nobleness of design1 and of unflinching energy and self-sacrifice in execution4 ,it will be long ere any one man will be able to open so large an extent of unknown land to civilized mankind4 ,yet longer1 perhaps1 ere we find a brighter example of a life of such continued and useful self-devotion to a noble cause4 ,in a recent letter to ,dr4 ,livingstone's eldest daughter1 ,sir ,bartle ,frere 7after saying that he was first introduced to ,dr4 ,livingstone by ,mr4 ,phillip1 the painter1 as one of the noblest men he had ever met1 and rehearsing the history of his early acquaintance7 remarks3 ,i could hardly venture to describe my estimate of his character as a ,christian further than by saying that ,i never met a man who fulfilled more completely my idea of a perfect ,christian gentleman1--actuated in what he thought and said and did by the highest and most chivalrous spirit1 modeled on the precepts of his great ,master and ,exemplar4 ,as a man of science1 ,i am less competent to judge1 for my knowledge of his work is to a great extent second-hand2 but derived1 as it is1 from observers like ,sir ,thomas ,maclear1 and geographers like ,arrowsmith1 ,i believe him to be quite unequaled as a scientific traveler1 in the care and accuracy with which he observed4 ,in other branches of science ,i had more opportunities of satisfying myself1 and of knowing how keen and accurate was his observation1 and how extensive his knowledge of everything connected with natural science2 but every page of his journals1 to the last week of his life1 testified to his wonderful natural powers and accurate observation4 ,thirdly1 as a missionary and explorer ,i have always put him in the very first rank4 ,he seemed to me to possess in the most wonderful degree that union of opposite qualities which were required for such a work as opening out heathen ,africa to ,christianity and civilization4 ,no man had a keener sympathy with even the most barbarous and unenlightened2 none had a more ardent desire to benefit and improve the most abject4 ,in his aims1 no man attempted1 on a grander or more thorough scale1 to benefit and improve those of his race who most needed improvement and light4 ,in the execution of what he undertook1 ,i never met his equal for energy and sagacity1 and ,i feel sure that future ages will place him among the very first of those missionaries1 who1 following the apostles1 have continued to carry the light of the gospel to the darkest regions of the world1 throughout the last #ahjj years4 ,as regards the value of the work he accomplished1 it might be premature to speak1--not that ,i think it possible ,i can over-estimate it1 but because ,i feel sure that every year will add fresh evidence to show how well-considered were the plans he took in hand1 and how vast have been the results of the movements he set in motion4 ,the generous and hearty appreciation of ,livingstone by the medical profession was well expressed in the words of the ,lancet3 ,few men have disappeared from our ranks more universally deplored1 as few have served in them with a higher purpose1 or shed upon them the lustre of a purer devotion4 ,lord ,polwarth1 in acknowledging a letter from ,dr4 ,livingstone's daughter1 thanking him for some words on her father1 wrote thus3 ,i have long cherished the memory of his example1 and feel that the truest beauty was his essentially ,christian spirit4 ,many admire in him the great explorer and the noble-hearted philanthropist2 but ,i like to think of him1 not only thus1 but as a man who was a servant of ,god1 loved his ,word intensely1 and while he spoke to men of ,god1 spoke more to ,god of men1 ,his memory will never perish1 though the first freshness1 and the impulse it gives just now1 may fade2 but his prayers will be had in everlasting remembrance1 and unspeakable blessings will yet flow to that vast continent he opened up at the expense of his life4 ,god called and qualified him for a noble work1 which1 by grace1 he nobly fulfilled1 and we can love the honored servant1 and adore the gracious ,master4 ,lastly1 we give the beautiful wreath of ,florence ,nightingale1 also in the form of a letter to ,dr4 ,livingstone's daughter3 ,,london1 ,feb4 #ahth1#ahgd4 ,,dear ,,miss ,,livingstone1--,i am only one of all ,england which is feeling with you and for you at this moment4 ,but ,sir ,bartle ,frere encourages me to write to you4 ,we cannot help still yearning to hear of some hope that your great father may be still alive4 ,god knows2 and in knowing that ,he knows who is all wisdom1 goodness1 and power1 we must find our rest4 ,he has taken away1 if at last it be as we fear1 the greatest man of his generation1 for ,dr4 ,livingstone stood alone4 ,there are few enough1 but a few statesmen4 ,there are few enough1 but a few great in medicine1 or in art1 or in poetry4 ,there are a few great travelers4 ,but ,dr4 ,livingstone stood alone as the great ,missionary ,traveler1 the bringer-in of civilization2 or rather the pioneer of civilization--he that cometh before--to races lying in darkness4 ,i always think of him as what ,john the ,baptist1 had he been living in the nineteenth century1 would have been4 ,dr4 ,livingstone's fame was so world-wide that there were other nations who understood him even better than we did4 ,learned philologists from ,germany1 not at all orthodox in their opinions1 have yet told me that ,dr4 ,livingstone was the only man who understood races1 and how to deal with them for good2 that he was the one true missionary4 ,we cannot console ourselves for our loss4 ,he is irreplaceable4 ,it is not sad that he should have died out there4 ,perhaps it was the thing1 much as he yearned for home1 that was the fitting end for him4 ,he may have felt it so himself4 ,but would that he could have completed that which he offered his life to ,god to do6 ,if ,god took him1 however1 it was that his life was completed in ,god's sight2 his work finished1 the most glorious work of our generation4 ,he has opened those countries for ,god to enter in4 ,he struck the first blow to abolish a hideous slave-trade4 ,he1 like ,stephen1 was the first martyr4 ',he climbed the steep ascent of heaven1 ,through peril1 toil1 and pain2 ,o ,god6 to us may grace be given ,to follow in his train6' ,to us it is very dreary1 not to have seen him again1 that he should have had none of us by him at the last2 no last word or message4 ,i feel this with regard to my dear father and one who was more than mother to me1 ,mrs4 ,bracebridge1 who went with me to the ,crimean war1 both of whom were taken from me last month4 ,how much more must we feel it1 with regard to out great discoverer and hero1 dying so far off6 ,but does he regret it8 ,how much he must know now6 how much he must have enjoyed6 ,though how much we would give to know his thoughts1 alone with ,god1 during the latter days of his life4 ,may we not say1 with old ,baxter 7something altered from that verse78 ',my knowledge of that life is small1 ,the eye of faith is dim2 ,but 'tis enough that ,christ knows all1 ,and he will be with ,him4' ,let us think only of him and of his present happiness1 his eternal happiness1 and may ,god say to us3 ',let not your heart be troubled1' ,let us exchange a ',god bless you1' and fetch a real blessing from ,god in saying so4 ,florence ,nightingale ,,chapter ,,xxiii4 ,,posthumous ,,influence4 ,history of his life not completed at his death--,thrilling effect of the tragedy of ,ilala--,livingstone's influence on the slave-trade--,his letters from ,manyuema--,sir ,bartle ,frere's mission to ,zanzibar--,successful efforts of ,dr4 ,kirk with ,sultan of ,zanzibar--,the land route--,the sea route--,slave-trade declared illegal--,egypt--,the ,soudan--,colonel ,gordon--,conventions with ,turkey--,king ,mtesa of ,uganda--,nyassa district--,introduction of lawful commerce--,various commercial enterprises in progress--,influence of ,livingstone on exploration--,enterprise of newspapers--,exploring undertakings of various nations--,livingstone's personal service to science--,his hard work in science the cause of respect--,his influence on missionary enterprise--,livingstonia--,dr4 ,stewart4--,mr4 ,e4,d4 ,young--,blantyre--,the ,universities ,mission under ,bishop ,steere--,its return to the mainland and to ,nyassa district--,church ,missionary ,society at ,nyanza--,london ,missionary ,society at ,tanganyika--,french1 ,inland1 ,baptist1 and ,american missions--,medical missions--,the ,fisk ,livingstone hall--,livingstone's great legacy to ,africa1 a spotless ,christian name and character--,honors of the future4 ,the heart of ,david ,livingstone was laid under the mvula-tree in ,ilala1 and his bones in ,westminster ,abbey2 but his spirit marched on4 ,the history of his life is not completed with the record of his death4 ,the continual cry of his heart to be permitted to finish his work was answered1 answered thoroughly1 though not in the way he thought of4 ,the thrill that went through the civilized world when his death and all its touching circumstances became known1 did more for ,africa than he could have done had he completed his task and spent years in this country following it up4 ,from the worn-out figure kneeling at the bedside in the hut in ,ilala an electric spark seemed to fly1 quickening hearts on every side4 ,the statesman felt it2 it put new vigor into the despatches he wrote and the measures he devised with regard to the slave-trade4 ,the merchant felt it1 and began to plan in earnest how to traverse the continent with roads and railways1 and open it to commerce from shore to centre4 ,the explorer felt it1 and started with high purpose on new scenes of unknown danger4 ,the missionary felt it1--felt it a reproof of past languor and unbelief1 and found himself lifted up to a higher level of faith and devotion4 ,no parliament of philanthropy was held2 but the verdict was as unanimous and as hearty as if the ,christian world had met and passed the resolution--,livingstone's work shall not die3 ,,africa ,,shall ,,live4 ,a rapid glance at the progress of events during the seven years that have elapsed since the death of ,livingstone will show best what influence he wielded after his death4 ,whether we consider the steps that have been taken to suppress the slave-trade1 the progress of commercial undertakings1 the successful journeys of explorers stimulated by his example who have gone from shore to shore1 or the new enterprises of the various missionary bodies1 carried out by agents with somewhat of ,livingstone's spirit1 we shall see what a wonderful revolution he effected1--how entirely he changed the prospects of ,africa4 ,livingstone himself had the impression that his long and weary detention in ,manyuema was designed by ,providence to enable him to know and proclaim to the world the awful horrors of the slave-trade4 ,when his despatches and letters from that region were published in this country1 the matter was taken up in the highest quarters4 ,after the ,queen's ,speech had drawn the attention of ,parliament to it1 a ,royal ,commission1 and then a ,select ,committee of the ,house of ,commons1 prepared the way for further action4 ,sir ,bartle ,frere was to ,zanzibar1 with the view of negotiating a treaty with the ,sultan1 to render illegal all traffic in slaves by sea4 ,sir ,bartle was unable to persuade the ,sultan1 but left the matter in the hands of ,dr4 ,kirk1 who succeeded in #ahgc in negotiating the treaty1 and got the shipment of slaves prohibited over a sea-board of nearly a thousand miles4 ,but the slave-dealer was too clever to yield2 for the route by sea he simply substituted a route by land1 which1 instead of diminishing the horrors of the traffic1 actually made them greater4 ,dr4 ,kirk's energies had to be employed in getting the land traffic placed in the same category as that by sea1 and here1 too1 he was successful1 so that within the dominions of the ,sultan of ,zanzibar1 the slave-trade1 as a legal enterprise1 came to an end4 ,but ,zanzibar was but a fragment of ,africa4 ,in no other part of the continent was it of more importance that the traffic should be arrested than in ,egypt1 and in parts of the ,empire of ,turkey in ,africa under the control of the ,sultan4 ,the late ,khedive of ,egypt was hearty in the cause1 less1 perhaps1 from dislike of the slave-trade1 than from his desire to hold good rank among the ,western powers1 and to enjoy the favorable opinion of ,england4 ,by far the most important contribution of the ,khedive to the cause lay in his committing the vast region of the ,soudan to the hands of our countryman1 ,colonel ,gordon1 whose recent resignation of the office has awakened so general regret4 ,hating the slave-trade1 ,colonel ,gordon employed his remarkable influence over native chiefs and tribes in discouraging it1 and with great effect4 ,to use his own words1 recently spoken to a friend1 he cut off the slave-dealers in their strongholds1 and he made all his people love him4 ,few men1 indeed1 have shown more of ,livingstone's spirit in managing the natives than ,gordon ,pasha1 or furnished better proof that for really doing away with the slave-trade more is needed than a good treaty--there must be a hearty and influential ,executive to carry out its provisions4 ,our conventions with ,turkey have come to little or nothing4 ,they have shared the usual fate of ,turkish promises4 ,even the convention announced with considerable confidence in the ,queen's speech on #eth ,february1 #ahhj1 if the tenor of it be as it has been reported in the ,temps newspaper1 leaves far too much in the hands of the ,turks1 and unless it be energetically and constantly enforced by this country1 will fail in its object4 ,to this end1 however1 we trust that the attention of our ,government will be earnestly directed4 ,the ,turkish traffic is particularly hateful1 for it is carried on mainly for purposes of sensuality and show4 ,the abolition of the slave-trade by ,king ,mtesa1 chief of ,waganda1 near ,lake ,victoria ,nyanza1 is one of the most recent fruits of the agitation4 ,the services of ,mr4 ,mackay1 a countryman of ,livingstone's1 and an agent of the ,church ,missionary ,society1 contributed mainly to this remarkable result4 ,such facts show that not only has the slave-trade become illegal in some of the separate states of ,africa1 but that an active spirit has been roused against it1 which1 if duly directed1 may yet achieve much more4 ,the trade1 however1 breeds a reckless spirit1 which cares little for treaties or enactments1 and is ready to continue the traffic as a smuggling business after it has been declared illegal4 ,in the ,nyassa district1 from which to a large extent it has disappeared1 it is by no means suppressed4 ,it is quite conceivable that it may revive after the temporary alarm of the dealers has subsided4 ,the remissness1 and even the connivance1 of the ,portuguese authorities has been a great hindrance to its abolition4 ,all who desire to carry out the noble object of ,livingstone's life will therefore do well to urge her ,majesty's ,ministers1 members of ,parliament1 and all who have influence1 to renewed and unremitting efforts toward the complete and final abolition of the traffic throughout the whole of ,africa4 ,to this consummation the honor of ,great ,britain is conspicuously pledged1 and it is one to which statesmen of all parties have usually been proud to contribute4 ,if we pass from the slave-trade to the promotion of lawful commerce1 we find the influence of ,livingstone hardly less apparent in not a few undertakings recently begun4 ,animated by the memory of his four months' fellowship with ,livingstone1 ,mr4 ,stanley has undertaken the exploration of the ,congo or ,livingstone ,river1 because it was a work that ,livingstone desired to be done4 ,with a body of ,kroomen and others he is now at work making a road from near ,banza ,noki to ,stanley ,pool4 ,he takes a steamer in sections to be put together above the ,falls1 and with it he intends to explore and to open to commerce the numerous great navigable tributaries of the ,livingstone ,river4 ,mr4 ,stanley has already established steam communication between the ,french station near the mouth of the ,congo and his own station near ,banza ,noki or ,embomma4 ,the ,livingstone ,central ,african ,company1 ,limited1 with ,mr4 ,james ,stevenson1 of ,glasgow1 as chairman1 has constructed a road along the ,murchison ,rapids1 thus making the original route of ,livingstone available between ,quilimane and the ,nyassa district1 and is doing much more to advance ,christian civilization4 ,france1 ,belgium1 ,germany1 and ,italy have all been active in promoting commercial schemes4 ,a magnificent proposal has been made1 under ,french auspices1 for a railway across the ,soudan4 ,there is a proposal from ,manchester to connect the great lakes with the sea by a railway from the coast opposite ,zanzibar4 ,another scheme is for a railway from the ,zambesi to ,lake ,nyassa4 ,a telegraph through ,egypt has been projected to the ,south ,african colonies of ,britain1 passing by ,nyassa and ,shir4 ,an ,italian colony on a large scale has been projected in the dominions of ,menelek1 king of ,shoa1 near the ,somali land4 ,any statement of the various commercial schemes begun or contemplated would probably be defective1 because new enterprises are so often appearing4 ,but all this shows what a new light has burst on the commercial world as to the capabilities of ,africa in a trading point of view4 ,there seems1 indeed1 no reason why ,africa should not furnish most of the products which at present we derive from ,india4 ,as a market for our manufactures1 it is capable1 even with a moderate amount of civilization1 of becoming one of our most extensive customers4 ,the voice that proclaimed these things in #aheg was the voice of one crying in the wilderness2 but it is now repeated in a thousand echoes4 ,in stimulating ,african exploration the influence of ,livingstone was very decided4 ,he was the first of the galaxy of modern ,african travelers1 for both in the ,geographical ,society and in the world at large his name became famous before those of ,baker1 ,grant1 ,speke1 ,burton1 ,stanley1 and ,cameron4 ,stanley1 inspired first by the desire of finding him1 became himself a remarkable and successful traveler4 ,the same remark is applicable to ,cameron4 ,not only did ,livingstone stimulate professed geographers1 but1 what was truly a novelty in the annals of exploration1 he set newspaper companies to open up ,africa4 ,the ,new ,york ,herald1 having found ,livingstone1 became hungry for new discoveries1 and enlisting a brother-in-arms1 ,mr4 ,edwin ,arnold and the ,daily ,telegraph1 the two papers united to send ,mr4 ,stanley to fresh woods and pastures new4 ,under the auspices of the ,african ,exploration ,society1 and the directions of the ,royal ,geographical1 ,mr4 ,keith ,johnston and ,mr4 ,joseph ,thomson undertook the exploration of the country between ,dar es ,salaam and ,lake ,nyassa1 the former falling a victim to illness1 the latter penetrating through unexplored regions to ,nyassa1 and subsequently extending his journey to ,tanganyika4 ,we can but name the international enterprise resulting from ,brussels ,conference2 the ,french researches of ,lieutenant de ,semell and of de ,brazza2 the various ,german ,expeditions of ,dr4 ,lenz1 ,dr4 ,pogge1 ,dr4 ,fischer1 and ,herr ,denhardts2 and the ,portuguese exploration on the west1 from ,benguela to the head-waters of the ,zambesi4 ,africa does not want for explorers1 and generally they are men bent on advancing legitimate commerce and the improvement of the people4 ,it would be a comfort if we could think of all as having this for their object2 but tares1 we fear1 will always be mingled with the good seed2 and if there have been travelers who have led immoral lives and sought their own amusement only1 and traders who by trafficking in rum and such things have demoralized the natives1 they have only shown that in some natures selfishness is too deeply imbedded to be affected by the noblest examples4 ,livingstone himself traveled twenty-nine thousand miles in ,africa1 and added to the known part of the globe about a million square miles4 ,he discovered ,lakes ',ngami1 ,shirwa1 ,nyassa1 ,moero1 and ,bangweolo2 the upper ,zambesi1 and many other rivers2 made known the wonderful ,victoria ,falls2 also the high ridges flanking the depressed basin of the central plateau2 he was the first ,european to traverse the whole length of ,lake ,tanganyika1 and to give it its true orientation2 he traversed in much pain and sorrow the vast watershed near ,lake ,bangweolo1 and1 through no fault of his own1 just missed the information that would have set at rest all his surmises about the sources of the ,nile4 ,his discoveries were never mere happy guesses or vague descriptions from the accounts of natives2 each spot was determined with the utmost precision1 though at the time his head might be giddy from fever or his body tormented with pain4 ,he strove after an accurate notion of the form and structure of the continent2 ,investigated its geology1 hydrography1 botany1 and zology2 and grappled with the two great enemies of man and beast that prey on it--fever and tsetse4 ,yet all these were matters apart from the great business of his life4 ,in science he was neither amateur nor dilettante1 but a careful1 patient1 laborious worker4 ,and hence his high position1 and the respect he inspired in the scientific world4 ,small men might peck and nibble at him1 but the true kings of science1--the ,owens1 ,murchisons1 ,herschels1 ,sedgwicks1 and ,fergussons--honored him the more the longer they knew him4 ,we miss an important fact in his life if we do not take note of the impression which he made on such men4 ,last1 but not least1 we note the marvelous expansion of missionary enterprise in ,africa since ,livingstone's death4 ,though he used no sensational methods of appeal1 he had a wonderful power to draw men to the mission field4 ,in his own quiet way1 he not only enlisted recruits1 but inspired them with the enthusiasm of their calling4 ,not even ,charles ,simeon1 during his long residence at ,cambridge1 sent more men to ,india than ,livingstone drew to ,africa in his brief visit to the ,universities4 ,it seemed as if he suddenly awakened the minds of young men to a new view of the grand purposes of life4 ,mr4 ,monk wrote to him truly1 ,that ,cambridge visit of yours4 lighted a candle which will ,,never1 ,,never go out4 ,at the time of his death there was no missionary at work in the great region of ,shir and ,nyassa on which his heart was so much set4 ,the first to take possession were his countrymen of ,scotland4 ,the ,livingstonia mission and settlement of the ,free ,church1 planned by ,dr4 ,stewart1 of ,lovedale1 who had gone out to reconnoitre in #ahfc1 and begun in #ahge1 has now three stations on the lake1 and has won the highest commendation of such travelers as the late ,consul ,elton#hj4 ,much of the success of this enterprise is due to ,livingstone's old comrade1 ,mr4 ,e4,d4 ,young1 ,r4,n41 who led the party1 and by his great experience and wonderful way of managing the natives1 laid not only the founders of ,livingstonia1 but the friends of ,africa1 under obligations that have never been sufficiently acknowledged#ha4 ,in concert with the ,livingstone ,central ,african ,company1 considerable progress has been made in exploring the neighboring regions1 and the recent exploit of ,mr4 ,james ,stewart1 ,c4,e41 one of the lay helpers of the ,mission1 in traversing the country between ,nyassa and ,tanganyika1 is an important contribution to geography#hb4 ,it would have gratified ,livingstone to think that in conducting this settlement several of the ,scotch ,churches were practically at one--,free1 ,reformed1 and ,united ,presbyterian2 while at ,blantyre1 on the ,shir1 the ,established ,church of ,scotland1 with a mission and a colony of mechanics1 has taken its share in the work4 ,footnote #hj3 ,lakes and ,mountains of ,africa1 pp4 #bgg1 #bhj4 ,footnote #ha3 ,see his work4 ,nyassa3 ,london1 #ahgg4 ,footnote #hb3 ,see ,transactions of ,royal ,geographical ,society1 #ahhj4 ,under ,bishop ,steere1 the successor of ,bishop ,tozer1 the ,universities ,mission has re-occupied part of the mainland1 and the freed-slave village of ,masasi1 situated between the sea and ,nyassa1 to the north of the ,rovuma1 enjoys a measure of prosperity which has never been interrupted during the three or four years of its existence4 ,other stations have been formed1 or are projected1 one of them on the eastern margin of the lake4 ,the ,church ,missionary ,society has occupied the shores of ,victoria ,nyanza1 achieving great results amid many trials and sacrifices1 at first wonderfully aided and encouraged by ,king ,mtesa1 though1 as we write1 we hear accounts of a change of policy which is grievously disappointing4 ,lake ,tanganyika has been occupied by the ,london ,missionary ,society4 ,the ,socit des ,missions vangliques1 of ,paris1 has made preparations for occupying the ,barotse ,valley1 near the head-waters of the ,zambesi4 ,the ,livingstone ,inland ,mission has some missionaries on the ,atlantic ,coast at the mouth of the ,congo1 and others who are working inward1 while a monthly journal is edited by ,mrs4 ,grattan ,guinness1 entitled ,the ,regions ,beyond4 ,the ,baptist ,missionary ,society has a mission in the same district1 toward the elucidation of which the ,rev4 ,j4 ,t4 ,comber's ,explorations ,inland from ,mount ,cameroons and through ,congo to ,mkouta have thrown considerable light4 ,more recently still1 the ,american ,board of ,commissioners for ,foreign ,missions1 having resolved to devote to ,africa ,mr4 ,otis's munificent bequest of a million dollars1 appointed the ,rev4 ,dr4 ,means to collect information as to the most suitable openings for missions in ,central ,africa2 and on his recommendation1 after considering the claims of seven other localities1 have decided to adopt as their field the region of ,bih and the ,coanza1 an upland tract to the east of ,benguela1 healthy and suitable for ,european colonization1 and as yet not occupied by any missionary body4 ,thus the ,old ,world and the ,new are joining their forces for the evangelization of ,africa4 ,and they are not only occupying regions which ,livingstone recommended1 but are trying to work his principle of combining colonization with missions1 so as to give their people an actual picture of ,christianity as it is exemplified in the ordinary affairs of life4 ,besides missions on the old principle1 ,medical ,missions have received a great impulse through ,livingstone4 ,when mission work in ,central ,africa began to be seriously entertained1 men like ,dr4 ,laws1 the late ,dr4 ,black1 and the late ,dr4 ,smith1 all medical missionaries1 were among the first to offer their services4 ,the ,edinburgh ,medical ,mission made quite a new start when it gave the name of ,livingstone to its buildings4 ,another institution that has adopted the name for a hall in which to train colored people for ,african work is the ,fisk ,university1 ,tennessee1 made famous by the ,jubilee ,singers4 ,in glancing at these results of ,livingstone's influence in the mission field1 we must not forget that of all his legacies to ,africa by far the highest was the spotless name and bright ,christian character which have become associated every where with its great missionary explorer4 ,from the first day of his sojourn in ,africa to the last1 patient continuance in well-doing was the great charm through which he sought1 with ,god's blessing1 to win the confidence of ,africa4 ,before the poorest ,african he maintained self-restraint and self-respect as carefully as in the best society at home4 ,no prevailing relaxation of the moral code in those wild1 dark regions ever lowered his tone or lessened his regard for the proprieties of ,christian or civilized life4 ,scandal is so rampant among the natives of ,africa that even men of high character have sometimes suffered from its lying tongue2 but in the case of ,livingstone there was such an enamel of purity upon his character that no filth could stick to it1 and none was thrown4 ,what ,livingstone did in order to keep his word to his poor attendants was a wonder in ,africa1 as it was the admiration of the world4 ,his way of trusting them1 too1 was singularly winning4 ,he would go up to a fierce chief1 surrounded by his grinning warriors1 with the same easy gait and kindly smile with which he would have approached his friends at ,kuruman or ,hamilton4 ,it was the highest tribute that the slave-traders in the ,zambesi district paid to his character when for their own vile ends they told the people that they were the children of ,livingstone4 ,it was the charm of his name that enabled ,mr4 ,e4,d4 ,young1 while engaged in founding the ,livingstonia settlement1 to obtain six hundred carriers to transport the pieces of the ,ilala steamer past the ,murchison ,cataracts1 carrying loads of great weight for forty miles1 at six yards of calico each1 without a single piece of the vessel being lost or thrown away4 ,the noble conduct of the band that for eight months carried his remains toward the coast was a crowning proof of the love he inspired4 ,nearly every day some new token comes to light of the affection and honor with which he was regarded all over ,central ,africa4 ,on #abth ,april1 #ahhj1 the ,rev4 ,chauncy ,maples1 of the ,universities ,mission1 in a paper read to the ,geographical ,society1 describing a journey to the ,rovuma and the ,makonde country1 told of a man he found there1 with the relic of an old coat over his right shoulder1 evidently of ,english manufacture4 ,it turned out1 from the man's statement1 that ten years ago a white man1 the donor of the coat1 had traveled with him to ,mataka's1 whom to have once seen and talked with was to remember for life2 a white man who treated black men as his brothers1 and whose memory would be cherished all along the ,rovuma ,valley after they were all dead and gone2 a short man with a bushy moustache1 and a keen piercing eye1 whose words were always gentle1 and whose manners were always kind2 whom1 as a leader1 it was a privilege to follow1 and who knew the way to the hearts of all men4 ,that early and life-long prayer of ,livingstone's--that he might resemble ,christ--was fulfilled in no ordinary degree4 ,it will be an immense benefit to all future missionaries in ,africa that1 in explaining to the people what practical ,christianity means1 they will have but to point to the life and character of the man whose name will stand first among ,african benefactors in centuries to come4 ,a foreigner has remarked that1 in the nineteenth century1 the white has made a man out of the black2 in the twentieth century1 ,europe will make a world out of ,africa4 ,when that world is made1 and generation after generation of intelligent ,africans look back on its beginnings1 as ,england looks back on the days of ,king ,alfred1 ,ireland of ,st4 ,patrick1 ,scotland of ,st4 ,columba1 or the ,united ,states of ,george ,washington1 the name that will be encircled by them with brightest honor is that of ,,david ,,livingstone4 ,mabotsa1 ,chonuane1 and ,kolobeng will be visited with thrilling interest by many a pilgrim1 and some grand memorial pile in ,ilala will mark the spot where his heart reposes4 ,and when preachers and teachers speak of this man1 when fathers tell their children what ,africa owes to him1 and when the question is asked what made him so great and so good1 the answer will be1 that he lived by the faith of the ,son of ,god1 and that the love of ,christ constrained him to live and die for ,africa4 ,,appendix4 ,no4 ,i4 ,,extracts ,,from ,,paper ,,on ,,missionary ,,sacrifices4 ,it is something to be a missionary4 ,the morning stars sang together and all the sons of ,god shouted for joy1 when they first saw the field which the first missionary was to fill4 ,the great and terrible ,god1 before whom angels veil their faces1 had an ,only ,son1 and ,he was sent to the habitable parts of the earth as a missionary physician4 ,it is something to be a follower1 however feeble1 in the wake of the ,great ,teacher and only ,model ,missionary that ever appeared among men2 and now that ,he is ,head over all things1 ,king of kings and ,lord of lords1 what commission is equal to that which the missionary holds from ,him8 ,may we venture to invite young men of education1 when laying down the plan of their lives1 to take a glance at that of missionary8 ,we will magnify the office4 ,the missionary is sent forth as a messenger of the ,churches1 after undergoing the scrutiny and securing the approbation of a host of ,christian ministers1 who1 by their own talent and worth1 have risen to the pastorate over the most intelligent and influential churches in the land1 and who1 moreover1 can have no motive to influence their selection but the desire to secure the most efficient instrumentality for the missionary work4 ,so much care and independent investigation are bestowed on the selection as to make it plain that extraneous influences can have but small power4 ,no pastor can imagine that any candidate has been accepted through his recommendations1 however warm these may have been2 and the missionary may go forth to the heathen1 satisfied that in the confidence of the directors he has a testimonial infinitely superior to letters-apostolic from the ,archbishop of ,canterbury1 or from the ,vatican at ,borne4 ,a missionary1 surely1 cannot undervalue his commission1 as soon as it is put into his hands4 ,but what means the lugubrious wail that too often bursts from the circle of his friends8 ,the tears shed might be excused if he were going to ,norfolk ,island at the ,government expense4 ,but sometimes the missionary note is pitched on the same key4 ,the white cliffs of ,dover become immensely dear to those who never cared for masses of chalk before4 ,pathetic plaints are penned about laying their bones on a foreign shore1 by those who never thought of making aught of their bones at home4 7,bone-dust is dear nowhere1 we think47 ,and then there is the never-ending talk and wringing of hands over missionary sacrifices4 ,the man is surely going to be hanged1 instead of going to serve in ,christ's holy ,gospel6 ,is this such service as ,he deserves who1 though rich1 for our sakes became poor8 ,there is so much in the manner of giving2 some bestow their favors so gracefully1 their value to the recipient is doubled4 ,from others1 a gift is as good as a blow in the face4 ,are we not guilty of treating our ,lord somewhat more scurvily than we would treat our indigent fellow-men8 ,we stereotype the word charity in our language1 as applicable to a contribution to his cause4 ,so many charities1--we cannot afford them4 ,is not the word ungraciously applied to the ,lord ,jesus1 as if ,he were a poor beggar1 and an unworthy one too8 ,his are the cattle on a thousand hills1 the silver and the gold2 and worthy is the ,lamb that was slain4 ,we treat ,him ill4 ,bipeds of the masculine gender assume the piping phraseology of poor old women in presence of ,him before whom the ,eastern ,magi fell down and worshiped1--ay1 and opened their treasures1 and presented unto ,him gifts3 gold1 frankincense1 and myrrh4 ,they will give their mites as if what they do give were their all4 ,it is utterly unfair to magnify the little we do for ,him by calling it a sacrifice1 or pretend we are doing all we can by assuming the tones of poor widows4 ,he asks a willing mind1 cheerful obedience2 and can we not give that to ,him who made his ,father's will in our salvation as his meat and his drink1 till ,he bowed his head and gave up the ghost8 ,hundreds of young men annually leave our shores as cadets4 ,all their friends rejoice when they think of them bearing the commissions of our ,queen4 ,when any dangerous expedition is planned by ,government1 more volunteers apply than are necessary to man it4 ,on the proposal to send a band of brave men in search of ,sir ,john ,franklin1 a full complement for the ships could have been procured of officers alone1 without any common sailors4 ,and what thousands rushed to ,california1 from different parts of ,america1 on the discovery of the gold6 ,how many husbands left their wives and families6 ,how many ,christian men tore themselves away from all home endearments to suffer1 and toil1 and perish by cold and starvation on the overland route6 ,how many sank from fever and exhaustion on the banks of ,sacramento6 ,yet no word of sacrifices there4 ,and why should we so regard all we give and do for the ,well-beloved of our souls8 ,our talk of sacrifices is ungenerous and heathenish4444 ,it is something to be a missionary4 ,he is sometimes inclined1 in seasons of despondency and trouble1 to feel as if forgotten4 ,but for whom do more prayers ascend8--prayers from the secret place1 and from those only who are known to ,god4 ,mr4 ,moffat met those in ,england who had made his mission the subject of special prayer for more than twenty years1 though they had no personal knowledge of the missionary4 ,through the long fifteen years of no success1 of toil and sorrow1 these secret ones were holding up his hands4 ,and who can tell how often his soul may have been refreshed through their intercessions8444 ,it is something to be a missionary4 ,the heart is expanded and filled with generous sympathies2 sectarian bigotry is eroded1 and the spirit of reclusion which makes it doubtful if some denominations have yet made up their minds to meet those who differ with them in heaven loses much of its fire4444 ,there are many puzzles and entanglements1 temptations1 trials1 and perplexities1 which tend to inure the missionary's virtue4 ,the difficulties encountered prevent his faith from growing languid4 ,he must walk by faith1 and though the horizon be all dark and lowering1 he must lean on ,him whom1 having not seen1 he loves4 ,the future--a glorious future--is that for which he labors4 ,it lies before him as we have seen the lofty coast of ,brazil4 ,no chink in the tree-covered rocks appears to the seaman2 but he glides right on4 ,he works toward the coast1 and when he enters the gateway by the sugar-loaf hill1 there opens to the view in the ,bay of ,rio a scene of luxuriance and beauty unequaled in the world beside4 ,the missionary's head will lie low1 and others will have entered into his labors1 before his ideal is realized4 ,the ,future for which he works is one which1 though sure1 has never yet been seen4 ,the earth shall be filled with the knowledge of the glory of the ,lord4 ,the missionary is a harbinger of the good time coming4 ,when he preaches the ,gospel to a tribe which has long sat in darkness1 the signs of the coming of the ,son of ,man are displayed1 ,the glorious ,sun of ,righteousness is near the horizon4 ,he is the herald of the dawn1 for come ,he will whose right it is to reign2 and what a prospect appears1 when we think of the golden age which has not been1 but must yet come6 ,messiah has sat on the ,hill of ,zion for #ahjj years4 ,he has been long expecting that his enemies shall be made his footstool2 and may we not expect1 too1 and lift up our heads1 seeing the redemption of the world draweth nigh8 ,the bow in the cloud once spread its majestic arch over the smoke of the fat of lambs ascending as a sweet-smelling savor before ,god--a sign of the covenant of peace--and the flickering light of the ,shechinah often intimated the good-will of ,jehovah4 ,but these did not more certainly show the presence of the ,angel of the ,covenant than does the shaking among the nations the presence and energy of ,god's ,holy ,spirit2 and to be permitted to rank as a fellow-worker with ,him is a mercy of mercies4 ,o ,love ,divine6 how cold is our love to ,thee6 ,true1 the missionary of the present day is only a stepping-stone to the future2 but what a privilege he possesses6 ,he is known to ,god manifest in the flesh1 justified in the ,spirit1 seen of angels1 preached unto the ,gentiles1 believed on in the world1 received up into ,glory4 ,is that not enough8 ,who would not be a missionary8 ,his noble enterprise is in exact accordance with the spirit of the age1 and what is called the spirit of the age is simply the movement of multitudes of minds in the same direction4 ,they move according to the eternal and all-embracing decrees of ,god4 ,the spirit of the age is one of benevolence1 and it manifests itself in numberless ways--ragged schools1 baths and wash-houses1 sanitary reform1 etc4 ,hence missionaries do not live before their time4 ,their great idea of converting the world to ,christ is no chimera3 it is ,divine4 ,christianity will triumph4 ,it is equal to all it has to perform4 ,it is not mere enthusiasm to imagine a handful of missionaries capable of converting the millions of ,india4 ,how often they are cut off just after they have acquired the language6 ,how often they retire with broken-down constitutions before effecting anything6 ,how often they drop burning tears over their own feebleness amid the defections of those they believed to be converts6 ,yes6 but that small band has the decree of ,god on its side4 ,who has not admired the band of ,leonidas at the pass of ,thermopyl8 ,three hundred against three million4 ,japhet1 with the decree of ,god on his side1 only #cjj strong1 contending for enlargement with ,shem and his #c1jjj1jjj4 ,consider what has been effected during the last fifty years4 ,there is no vaunting of scouts now4 ,no ,indian gentlemen making themselves merry about the folly of thinking to convert the natives of ,india2 magnifying the difficulties of caste2 and setting our ministers into brown studies and speech-making in defense of missions4 ,no mission has yet been an entire failure4 ,we who see such small segments of the mighty cycles of ,god's providence often imagine some to be failures which ,god does not4 ,eden was such a failure1 ,the ,old ,world was a failure under ,noah's preaching4 ,elijah thought it was all up with ,israel4 ,isaiah said3 ,who hath believed our report1 and to whom is the arm of the ,lord revealed8 ,and ,jeremiah wished his head were waters1 his eyes a fountain of tears1 to weep over one of ,god's plans for diffusing his knowledge among the heathen4 ,if we could see a larger arc of the great providential cycle1 we might sometimes rejoice when we weep2 but ,god giveth not account of any of his matters4 ,we must just trust to his wisdom4 ,let us do our duty4 ,he will work out a glorious consummation4 ,fifty years ago missions could not lift up their heads4 ,but missions now are admitted by all to be one of the great facts of the age1 and the sneers about ,exeter ,hall are seen by every one to embody a risus sardonicus4 ,the present posture of affairs is1 that benevolence is popular4 ,god is working out in the human heart his great idea1 and all nations shall see his glory4 ,let us think highly of the weapons we have received for the accomplishment of our work4 ,the weapons of our warfare are not carnal but spiritual1 and mighty through ,god to the casting down of strongholds4 ,they are--,faith in our ,leader1 and in the presence of his ,holy ,spirit2 a full1 free1 unfettered ,gospel2 the doctrine of the cross of ,christ1--an old story1 but containing the mightiest truths ever uttered--mighty for pulling down the strongholds of sin1 and giving liberty to the captives4 ,the story of ,redemption1 of which ,paul said1 ,i am not ashamed of the gospel of ,christ1 is old1 yet in its vigor1 eternally young4 ,this work requires zeal for ,god and love for souls4 ,it needs prayer from the senders and the sent1 and firm reliance on ,him who alone is the ,author of conversion4 ,souls cannot be converted or manufactured to order4 ,great deeds are wrought in unconsciousness1 from constraining love to ,christ2 in humbly asking1 ,lord1 what wilt thou have me to do8 in the simple feeling1 we have done that which was our duty to do4 ,they effect works1 the greatness of which it will remain for posterity to discern4 ,the greatest works of ,god in the kingdom of grace1 like his majestic movements in nature1 are marked by stillness in the doing of them1 and reveal themselves by their effects4 ,they come up like the sun1 and show themselves by their own light4 ,the kingdom of ,god cometh not with observation4 ,luther simply followed the leadings of the ,holy ,spirit in the struggles of his own soul4 ,he wrought out what the inward impulses of his own breast prompted him to work1 and behold1 before he was aware1 he was in the midst of the ,reformation4 ,so1 too1 it was with the ,plymouth pilgrims1 with their sermons three times a day on board the ,mayflower4 ,without thinking of founding an empire1 they obeyed the sublime teachings of the ,spirit1 the promptings of duty and the spiritual life4 ,god working mightily in the human heart is the spring of all abiding spiritual power2 and it is only as men follow out the sublime promptings of the inward spiritual life1 that they do great things for ,god4 ,the movement of not one mind only1 but the consentaneous movement of a multitude of minds in the same direction1 constitutes what is called the spirit of the age4 ,this spirit is neither the law of progress nor blind development1 but ,god's all-eternal1 all-embracing purpose1 the doctrine which recognizes the hand of ,god in all events1 yet leaves all human action free4 ,when ,god prepared an age for a new thought1 the thought is thrust into the age as an instrument into a chemical solution--the crystals cluster round it immediately4 ,if ,god prepares not1 the man has lived before his time4 ,huss and ,wycliffe were like voices crying in the wilderness1 preparing the way for a brighter future2 the time had not yet come4 ,who would not be a missionary8 ,they that be wise shall shine as the brightness of the firmament1 and they that turn many to righteousness as the stars for ever and ever4 ,is ,god not preparing the world for missions which will embrace the whole of ,adam's family8 ,the gallant steamships circumnavigate the globe4 ,emigration is going on at a rate to which the most renowned crusades of antiquity bear no proportion4 ,many men go to and fro1 and knowledge is increased4 ,no great emigration ever took place in our world without accomplishing one of ,god's great designs4 ,the tide of the modern emigration flows toward the ,west4 ,the wonderful amalgamation of races will result in something grand4 ,we believe this1 because the world is becoming better1 and because ,god is working mightily in the human mind4 ,we believe it1 because ,god has been preparing the world for something glorious4 ,and that something1 we conjecture1 will be a fuller development of the missionary idea and work4 ,there will yet be a glorious consummation of ,christianity4 ,the last fifty years have accomplished wonders4 ,on the ,american ,continent1 what a wonderful amalgamation of races we have witnessed1 how wonderfully they have been fused into that one ,american people--type and earnest of a larger fusion which ,christianity will yet accomplish1 when1 by its blessed power1 all tribes and tongues and races shall become one holy family4 ,the present popularity of beneficence promises well for the missionary cause in the future4 ,men's hearts are undergoing a process of enlargement1 ,their sympathies are taking a wider scope4 ,the world is getting closer1 smaller--quite a compact affair4 ,the world for ,christ will yet be realized4 ,the earth shall be filled with the knowledge of the ,lord as the waters cover the sea4 99 99 99 99 99 ,no4 ,,ii4 ,,treatment ,,of ,,african ,,fever4 ,in ,july1 #ahei1 when the ,expedition to the ,zambesi had been there about a year4 ,dr4 ,livingstone drew up and forwarded to ,sir ,james ,clark1 ,bart41 ,m4,d41 a very full report on the treatment of ,african fever4 ,the report details at length a large number of cases1 the circumstances under which the attack was experienced1 the remedies administered1 and their effects4 ,in order to ward off the disease in the mangrove swamps1 which were justly described as hotbeds of fever1 a dose of quinine was administered daily to each ,european1 amounting to two grains1 and taken in sherry wine4 ,when an attack of the disease occurred1 and the stomach did not refuse the remedies1 ,dr4 ,livingstone administered a dose of calomel with resin of jalap1 followed by quinine4 ,these remedies were in almost all cases successful1 and the convalescence of the patient was wonderfully rapid4 ,the pills which ,dr4 ,livingstone often referred to were composed of resin of jalap1 calomel1 rhubarb1 and quinine4 ,it was usually observed that active employment kept off fever1 and that on high lands its attacks were much less violent4 ,where the stomach refused the remedies a blister was usually the most effectual means of stopping the sickness4 ,experience did not confirm the prophylactic action of quinine2 exemption from attack in unfavorable situations was rather ascribed to active exercise1 good diet1 and to absence of damp1 exposure to sun1 and excessive exertion4 ,even while navigating an unhealthy part of the ,shir1 and while1 owing to the state of the vessel1 the beds were constantly damp1 good health was enjoyed1 owing to the regular exercise and good fare4 ,in the upper regions of the ,shir1 ,dr4 ,livingstone says he and his companions were exposed in the early hours of the morning to the dew from the long grass1 marching during the day over rough country under the tropical sun1 and then sleeping in the open air2 but though they had discontinued the daily use of quinine they ,were perfectly well1 as were also their native attendants4 ,this was one of the considerations that gave him such confidence in the healthiness of the ,shir highlands4 ,two or three years later1 in writing to a friend1 ,dr4 ,livingstone thanked him for having sent him a missionary journal1 which he greatly enjoyed--,the ,news of the ,churches and ,journal of ,missions4 ,to show the very unusual pleasure which this ,journal gave him1 he proposed to send a communication to the editor1 but said he was somewhat afraid to do so1 lest it should meet the fate of many a paper forwarded to editors at an earlier period of his life4 ,mustering courage1 he did send a letter1 and we find it in the number of the journal for ,august1 #ahfb4 ,it is entitled1 ,a ,note that may be useful to ,missionaries in ,africa1 and consists of a statement of the remedy for fever1 and an account of its operation4 ,he had been led to think of this from seeing in the ,news of the ,churches for ,february1 #ahfa1 a reference to his remedy in an account of the death of the ,helmores4 ,the proportions of the several ingredients are given--for a full-grown man six or eight grains of resin of jalap1 and the same amount of rhubarb1 with four grains of calomel1 and four of quinine1 made into pills with spirit of cardamoms4 ,on taking effect1 quinine 7not the unbleached kind71 in four grains or larger doses is given every two hours or so1 till the ears ring1 or deafness ensues2 this last is an essential part of the cure4 ,the last part of the letter is a description of ,lake ,nyassa1 and a statement of its importance for purposes of civilization and ,christianity4 ,the ,news of the ,churches was projected in #ahed by the late ,rev4 ,andrew ,cameron1 ,d4,d41 and the present writer1 and conducted by them for a time2 in #ahfb it was in the hands of the ,rev4 ,gavin ,carlyle1 now of ,ealing4 99 99 99 99 99 ,no4 ,,iii4 ,,letter ,,to ,,dr4 ,,tidman1 ,,as ,,to ,,future ,,operations4 ,,quilimane1 #bc;d ,may1 #ahef4 ,,the ,,rev4 ,,dr4 ,,tidman4 ,,dear ,,sir1--,having by the good providence of our ,heavenly ,father reached this village on the #bjth curt41 ,i was pleased to find a silence of more than four years broken by your letter of the #bdth ,august1 #ahee4 ,i found1 also1 that ,h4,m4's brigatine ,dart had called at this port several times in order to offer me a passage homeward1 but on the last occason in which this most friendly act was performed1 her commander1 with an officer of marines and five seamen1 were unfortunately lost on the very dangerous bar at the mouth of the ,quilimane ,river4 ,this sad event threw a cold shade over all the joy ,i might otherwise have experienced on reaching the ,eastern ,coast4 ,i felt as if it would have been easier for me to have died for them than to bear the thought of so many being cut off from all the joys of life in generously attempting to render me a service4 ,as there is no regular means of proceeding from this to the ,cape1 ,i remain here in the hope of meeting another cruiser1 which the kindness of ,commodore ,trotter has led me to expect1 in preference to going by a small ,arab or ,portuguese trading vessel to some point on the overland route to ,india4 ,and though ,i may possibly reach you as soon as a letter1 it appears advisable to state in writing my thoughts respecting one or two very important points in your communication4 ,accompanied by many kind expressions of approbation1 which ,i highly value on account of having emanated from a body of men whose sole object in undertaking the responsibility and labor of the ,direction must have been a sincere desire to promote the interests of the kingdom of our ,lord among the heathen1 ,i find the intimation that the ,directors are restricted in their power of aiding plans connected only remotely with the spread of the gospel4 ,and it is added1 also1 that even though certain very formidable obstacles should prove surmountable1 the financial circumstances of the ,society are not such as to afford any ground of hope that it would be1 within any definite period1 in a position to enter upon untried1 remote1 and difficult fields of labor4 ,if ,i am not mistaken1 these statements imply a resolution on the part of the gentlemen now in the ,direction1 to devote the decreasing income of the ,society committed to their charge to parts of the world of easy access1 and in which the missionaries may devote their entire time and energies to the dissemination of the truths of the gospel with reasonable hopes of speedy success4 ,this1 there can be no doubt1 evinces a sincere desire to perform their duty faithfully to their constituents1 to the heathen1 and to our ,lord and ,master1 yet while still retaining that full conviction of the purity of their motives1 which no measure adopted during the sixteen years of my connection with the ,society has for a moment disturbed1 ,i feel constrained to view the untried1 remote1 and difficult fields1 to which ,i humbly yet firmly believe ,god has directed my steps1 with a resolution widely different from that which their words imply4 ,as our aims and purposes will now appear in some degree divergent--on their part from a sort of paralysis caused by financial decay1 and on mine from the simple continuance of an old determination to devote my life and my all to the service of ,christ1 in whatever way ,he may lead me in inter-tropical ,africa--it seems natural1 while yet without the remotest idea of support from another source1 to give some of the reasons for differing with those with whom ,i have hitherto been so happily connected4 ,it remains vividly on my memory that some twenty years ago1 while musing how ,i might spend my life so as best to promote the glory of the ,lord ,jesus1 ,i came to the conclusion that from the cumulative nature of gospel influence the outskirts even of the ,empire of ,china presented the most inviting field for evangelical effort in the world4 ,i was also much averse to being connected with any ,society1 having a strong desire to serve ,christ in circumstances which would free my services from all professional aspect4 ,but the solicitations of friends in whose judgment ,i had confidence led to my offers of service to the ,london ,missionary ,society4 ,the ,opium ,war was then adduced as a reason why that remote1 difficult1 and untried field of labor should stand in abeyance before the interior of ,africa1 to which1 in opposition to my own judgment1 ,i was advised to proceed4 ,i did not1 however1 go with any sort of reluctance1 for ,i had great respect for the honored men by whom the advice was given1 and unbounded confidence in the special providence of ,him who has said1 ,commit thy way unto the ,lord1 etc4 ,in all thy ways acknowledge ,him1 and ,he shall direct thy steps4 ,i was contented with the way in which ,i had been led1 and happy in the prospect of being made instrumental in winning some souls to ,christ4 ,the ,directors wished me to endeavor to carry the gospel to the tribes north of the ,kuruman4 ,having remained at that station sufficient time only to recruit my oxen1 ,i proceeded in the direction indicated1 and while learning the language ,i visited the ,bakhatla1 ,bakwains1 ,bangwaketse1 and ,bamangwato tribes1 in order to select a suitable locality for a mission1 in the hope of succeeding in making a second ,kuruman or central station1 which would1 by ,god's blessing1 influence a large circumference4 ,i chose ,mabotsa1 no one who has seen that country since has said the choice was injudicious4 ,the late ,rev4 ,dr4 ,philip alone was opposed to this plan on account of solicitude for my safety1 because ,mosilikatse was behind the ,cashan mountains thirsting for the blood of the first white man who should fall into his hands4 ,and no man would in his sober senses build his house on the crater of a volcano4 ,having removed to the ,bakwains of ,sechle1 ,i spent some of the happiest years of my life in missionary labor1 and was favored in witnessing a gratifying measure of success in the spread of the knowledge of the gospel4 ,the good seed was widely sown1 and is not lost4 ,it will yet bear fruit1 though ,i may not live to see it4 ,in the pursuit of my plan ,i tried to plant among the tribes around by means of native teachers and itineracies4 ,we have heard again and again of a preparatory work going on in ,india1 but who ever heard of such in ,africa8 ,a village of #fjj or #hjj may have one1 or even two missionaries1 with school-masters and schoolmistresses1 and the nearest population1 fifty or one hundred miles off1 cannot feel their influence4 ,believers will not1 in many cases1 go beyond the circle of their own friends and acquaintances4 ,i was happy in having two worthy men of color1 to aid me in diffusing a knowledge of ,christ among the ,eastern tribes1 but the ,boers forbade us to preach unto the ,gentiles that they might be saved4 ,my attention was turned to ,sebituane by ,sechle at the very time this happened1 but ,i had no intention of leaving the ,bakwains4 ,droughts succeeded1 and these1 with perpetual threats and annoyances from the ,boers1 so completely distracted the mind of the tribe that our operations were almost suspended4 ,it is well known that food for the mind has but little savor for starving stomachs4 ,the famine1 and the unmistakable determination of the ,boers to enslave my people1 at last made me look to the north seriously4 ,there was no precipitancy4 ,letters went to and from ,india respecting my project before resolving to leave1 and ,i went at last1 after being obliged to send my family to ,kuruman in order to be out of the way of a threatened attack of the ,boers4 ,when we reached ,lake ',ngami1 about which so much has been said1 ,i immediately asked for guides to take me to ,sebituane1 because to form a settlement in which the gospel might be planted was the great object for which ,i had come4 ,guides were refused1 and the ,bayeiye were prevented from ferrying me across the ,zouga4 ,i made a raft1 but after working in the water for hours it would not carry me4 7,i have always been thankful1 since ,i knew how alligators abound there1 that ,i was not then killed by one47 ,next year affairs were not improved at ,kolobeng1 and while attempting the north again fever drove us back4 ,in both that and the following year ,i took my family with me in order to obviate the loss of time which returning for them would occasion4 ,the ,boers subsequently1 by relieving me of all my goods1 freed me from the labor of returning to ,kolobeng at all4 ,of the circumstances attending our arrival at ,sebituane's1 and the project of opening up a path to the coast1 you are already so fully aware1 from having examined and awarded your approbation1 ,i need scarcely allude to it4 ,double the time has been expended to that which ,i anticipated1 but as it chiefly arose from sickness1 the loss of time was unavoidable4 ,the same cause produced interruptions in preaching the gospel--as would have been the case had ,i been indisposed anywhere else4 ,the foregoing short notices of all the plans which ,i can bring to my recollection since my arrival in ,africa lead me to the question1 which of the plans it is that the ,directors particularize when they say they are restricted in their power of aiding plans only remotely connected with the spread of the gospel4 ,it cannot be the last surely1 for ,i had their express approval before leaving ,cape ,town1 and they yield to none in admiration of the zeal with which it has been executed4 ,then which is it8 ,as it cannot be meant to apply in the way of want of funds deciding the suspension of operations which would make the connection remote enough with the spread of the gospel by us1 ,i am at a loss to understand the phraseology1 and therefore trust that the difficulty may be explained4 ,the difficulties are mentioned in no captious spirit1 though1 from being at a loss as to the precise meaning of the terms1 ,i may appear to be querulous4 ,i am not conscious of any diminution of the respect and affection with which ,i have always addressed you4 ,i am1 yours affectionately1 ,,david ,,livingston4 ,no4 ,,iv4 ,,lord ,,clarendon',s ,,letter ,,to ,,sekeletu4 ,from ,,the ,,earl ,,of ,,clarendon1 ,principal ,secretary of ,state for ,foreign ,affairs of ,her ,majesty1 the ,queen of ,great ,britain1 to our esteemed ,friend ,,sekeletu1 ,chief of the ,the ,queen our ,sovereign and the ,british ,government have learned with much pleasure from her ,majesty's servant1 ,dr4 ,livingstone1 the kind manner in which you co-operated with him in his endeavors to find a path from your country to the sea on the ,west ,coast1 and again1 when he was following the course of the river ,zambesi from your town to the ,eastern ,coast1 by furnishing him on each occasion with canoes1 provisions1 oxen1 and men1 free of expense2 and we were pleased to hear that you1 your elders and people1 are all anxious to have direct intercourse with the ,english nation1 and to have your country open to commerce and civilization4 ,ours is a great commercial and ,christian nation1 and we desire to live in peace with all men4 ,we wish others to sleep soundly as well as ourselves2 and we hate the trade in slaves4 ,we are all the children of one common ,father2 and the slave-trade being hateful to ,him1 we give you a proof of our desire to promote your prosperity by joining you in the attempt to open up your country to peaceful commerce4 ,with this view the ,queen sends a small steam-vessel to sail along the river ,zambesi1 which you know and agreed to be the best pathway for conveying merchandise1 and for the purpose of exploring which ,dr4 ,livingstone left you the last time4 ,this is1 as all men know1 ,god's pathway2 and you will1 we trust1 do all that you can to keep it a free pathway for all nations1 and let no one be molested when traveling on the river4 ,we are a manufacturing people1 and make all the articles which you see and hear of as coming from the white men4 ,we purchase cotton and make it into cloth2 and if you will cultivate cotton and other articles1 we are willing to buy them4 ,no matter how much you may produce1 our people will purchase it all4 ,let it be known among all your people1 and among all the surrounding tribes1 that the ,english are the friends and promoters of all lawful commerce1 but that they are the enemies of the slave-trade and slave-hunting4 ,we assure you1 your elders and people1 of our friendship1 and we hope that the kindly feelings which you entertain toward the ,english may be continued between our children's children2 and1 as we have derived all our greatness from the ,divine religion we received from ,heaven1 it will be well if you consider it carefully when any of our people talk to you about it4 ,we hope that ,her ,majesty's servants and people will be able to visit you from time to time in order to cement our friendship1 and to promote mutual welfare2 and1 in the meantime1 we recommend you to the protection of the ,almighty4 ,written at ,london1 the nineteenth day of ,february1 #aheh4 ,your affectionate friend1 ,,clarendon4 99 99 99 99 99 ,letters similar to the above were sent to many of the other chiefs known to ,livingstone4 99 99 99 99 99 ,no4 ,v4 ,,public ,,honors ,,awarded ,,to ,,dr4 ,,livingstone4 ,a complete list of these honors is not easy to construct2 the following may be regarded as embracing the chief1 but it does not embrace mere addresses presented to him1 of which there were many3 #ahej4 ,royal ,geographical ,society of ,london award him the ,royal ,donation of #be guineas1 placed by her ,majesty at the disposal of the ,council 7,silver ,chronometer74 #ahed4 ,french ,geographical ,society award a ,silver ,medal4 #ahed4 ,university of ,glasgow confer degree of ,,ll4,d4 #ahee4 ,royal ,geographical ,society of ,london award ,patron's ,gold ,medal4 #aheg4 ,french ,geographical ,society award annual prize for the most important geographical discovery4 #aheg4 ,freedom of city of ,london1 in box of value of fifty guineas1 ,as a testimonial in recognition of his zealous and persevering exertions in the important discoveries he has made in ,africa1 by which geographical1 geological1 and their kindred sciences have been advanced2 facts ascertained that may extend the trade and commerce of this country1 and hereafter secure to the native tribes of the vast ,african continent the blessings of knowledge and civilization4 #aheg4 ,freedom of city of ,glasgow1 presented in testimony of admiration of his undaunted intrepidity and fortitude3 amid difficulties1 privations1 and dangers1 during a period of many years1 while traversing an extensive region in the interior of ,africa1 hitherto unexplored by ,europeans1 and of appreciation of the importance of his services1 extending to the fostering of commerce1 the advancement of civilization1 and the diffusion of ,christianity among heathen nations4 #aheg4 ,freedom of city of ,edinburgh1 of ,dundee1 and many other towns4 #aheg4 ,corresponding ,member of ,american ,geographical and ,statistical ,society1 ,new ,york4 #aheg4 ,corresponding ,member of ,royal ,geographical ,society of ,london4 #aheg4 ,corresponding ,member of ,geographical ,society of ,paris4 #aheg4 ,corresponding ,member of the ,k4,k4 ,geographical ,society of ,vienna4 #aheg4 ,the ,faculty of ,physicians and ,surgeons of ,glasgow elect that worthy1 eminent1 and learned ,surgeon and ,naturalist1 ,david ,livingstone1 ,,ll4,d41 to be an ,honorary ,fellow1 #aheg4 ,medal awarded by the ,universal ,society for the ,encouragement of ,arts and ,industry4 #aheg4 ,university of ,oxford confer degree of ,d4,c4,l4 #aheg4 ,elected ,f4,r4,s4 #aheh4 ,appointed ,commander of ,zambesi ,expedition and her ,majesty's ,consul at ,tette1 ,quilimane1 and ,senna4 #ahgb4 ,gold ,medal awarded by ,italian ,geographical ,society4 #ahgd4 ,a memoir of ,livingstone having been read by the ,secretary at a meeting of the ,russian ,geographical ,society cordially recognizing his merit1 the whole assembly--a very large one--by rising1 paid a last tribute of respect to his memory4--,lancet1 #gth ,march1 #ahgd4 ,any omissions in this list notified to the author will be supplied in future editions4 ,printed in the ,united ,states of ,america