,transcrib]'s ,note3 ,?is pr9t+ _h m ?an its %>e ( typographical errors4 ,obvi\s typos1 l tim = "t1 h be5 correct$4 ,,! ,,doll> ,,h5 ,,by ,,milo ,m4 ,,ha/+s ,,=m]ly ,,p\ltryman ,,at ,,kansas ,,exp]im5t ,,/ation2 ,,lat] ,,9 ,,*>ge ,,( ,,! ,,comm]cial ,,p\ltry ,,inve/igation ,,( ,,! ,,unit$ ,,/ates ,,dep>tm5t ,,( ,,agriculture ,,syracuse ,,national ,,p\ltry ,,magaz9e #aiaa ,,copyright1 #aiaa1 ,,by ,,national ,,p\ltry ,,publi%+ ,,company ,,:y ,,?is ,,book ,,0 ,,writt5 ,tw5ty-five ye>s ago !re 7 9 pr9t hundr$s ( complete treatises on human diseases & ! practice ( m$ic9e4 ,not)/&+ ! size ( ! book-%elves or ! high /&+ ( ! au?orities1 "o might h read ! entire m$ical libr>y ( t day & /ill h rema9$ 9 ignorance ( ! fact t out-door life is a bett] cure = consumption ?an ! cont5ts ( a drug /ore4 ,! m$ical pr(essor ( #ahhe may h gone prematurely to 8 grave because ( ignorance ( facts :i* are to-day ! prop]ty ( e intellig5t man4 ,!re are to-day on ! book-%elves ( agricultural colleges & public libr>ies1 scores ( complete works on ,p\ltry & hundr$s ( m9or writ+s on v>i\s phases ( ! indu/ry4 ,let ! w\ld-be p\ltryman ma/] ?is entire collection ( lit]ature & he is /ill 9 ignorance ( facts & pr9ciples1 a k ( :i* 9 bett] develop$ indu/ries w\ld be consid]$ prime necessities = c>ry+ on ! bus9ess4 ,z a concrete illu/ration ( ! above /atem5t1 ,i want to po9t to a "y man1 intellig5t1 ent]pris+1 indu/ri\s1 & a graduate ( ! be/ kn[n agricultural college p\ltry c\rse 9 ! c\ntry4 ,?is lad inve/$ "s #ah1jjj ( 8 own & 8 fri5ds' money 9 a p\ltry plant4 ,! plant 0 built & ! bus9ess conduct$ 9 accordance ) ! plans & pr9ciples ( ! recogniz$ p\ltry au?orities4 ,to-day ! "y man is bravely fac+ ! proposition ( work+ on a sal>y 9 ano!r bus9ess1 to pay back ! debts ( honor result+ f 8 attempt to apply 9 practice ! tea*+ ( our agricultural colleges & our p\ltry book%elves4 ,! exp]i5ce j relat$ did n prove disa/r\s f "s s+le item ( ignorance or ov]sight2 ! difficulty 0 t ! co/ ( gr[+ & m>ket+ ! product am\nt$ to m ?an ! receipts f its sale4 ,?is p\ltry f>m1 l ! surgeon's op]ation1 0 successful1 b ! pati5t di$4 ,! writ]'s belief 9 ! reality ( ! situation z above portray$ w>rants him 9 publi%+ ! pres5t volume4 ,:e!r 8 criticism ( p\ltry lit]ature is f\nd$ on fact or fancy may1 five ye>s aft] ! copyright date ( ?is book1 be told by any unbias$ obs]v]4 ,i h writt5 ?is book = ! purpose ( assi/+ 9 plac+ ! p\ltry bus9ess on a s\nd sci5tific & economic basis4 ,! book does n pret5d to be a complete encyclop$ia ( in=mation conc]n+ p\ltry1 b treats only ( ^? phases ( p\ltry production & m>ket+ ^u :i* ! f9ancial success ( ! bus9ess dep5ds4 ,! read] :o is look+ = in=mation conc]n+ fancy bre$s1 p\ltry %[s1 pat5t processes1 pat5t foods1 or pat5t me?ods1 w be disappo9t$1 = ! object ( ?is book is to help ! p\ltryman to make money1 n to sp5d x4 ,,h[ ,,to ,,read ,,?is ,,book ,unless ! read] has pick$ up ?is volume out ( idle curiosity1 he w be "o ( ! foll[+ individuals3 #a4 ,a f>m] or w\ld-be f>m]1 :o is int]e/$ 9 p\ltry production z a portion ( ! "w ( g5]al f>m+4 #b4 ,a p\ltryman or w\ld-be p\ltryman1 :o wi%es to make a bus9ess ( produc+ p\ltry or eggs = sale z a food product or z bre$+ /ock4 #c4 ,a p]son int]e/$ 9 p\ltry z a div]sion & :o enjoys los+ a doll> on 8 *ick5s almo/ z well z e>n+ "o4 #d4 ,a man int]e/$ 9 p\ltry 9 ! capacity ( an editor1 tea*] or "s "o engag$ z a manufactur] or deal] 9 m]*&ise ! sale ( :i* is dep5d5t ^u ! welf>e ( ! p\ltry indu/ry4 ,to ! read] ( ! f\r? class ,i h no sugge/ions to make save su* z he w f9d 9 ! sugge/ions made to o!rs4 ,to ! read] ( ! ?ird class ,i wi% to say t if y are a %oe salesman1 :o has sp5t y\r ev5+s 9 a ,brooklyn flat1 draw+ up plans = a p\ltry plant1 ,i h only to apologize = any int]f]5ce t ?is book may cause ) y\r highly fasc9at+ amusem5t4 ,to ! p\ltryman already 9 ! bus9ess1 or to ! man :o is plann+ to engage 9 ! bus9ess = reasons equival5t to ^? :i* w\ld ju/ify 8 ent]+ o!r occupations ( ! semi-te*nical class1 su* z dairy+1 fruit gr[+ or ! manufacture ( wa%+ ma*9es1 ,i wi% to say x is = y t ,! ,doll> ,h5 is prim>ily writt54 ,?is book does n assume y to be a graduate ( a te*nical s*ool1 b x does br+ up discussions & use me?ods ( illu/ration t may be unfamili> to _m read]s4 ,t su* matt] is introduc$ is because ! subject requires x2 & if x is confus+ to ! /ud5t he w d bett] to ma/] x ?an to dodge x4 ,especially w\ld ,i call y\r att5tion to ! diagrams us$ 9 illu/rat+ v>i\s /ati/ics4 ,su* diagrams are te*nically call$ curves4 ,!y may at fir/ seem m]e crook$ l9es1 if s ,i sugge/ t y get a s]ies ( figures 9 :i* y are int]e/$1 su* z ! daily egg yields ( y\r own flock or y\r mon?ly food bills1 & plot a few curves ( y\r own4 ,aft] y cat* on y w be surpris$ at ! great] ease ) :i* ! true mean+ ( a s]ies ( figures c be recogniz$ :5 ?is graphic me?od is us$4 ,i wi% to call ! f>m]'s att5tion to ! fact t p\ltry keep+ z an adjunct to g5]al f>m+1 especially to g5]al f>m+ 9 ! ,mississippi ,valley1 is q a diff]5t proposition f p\ltry production z a regul> bus9ess4 ,p\ltry keep+ z a "p ( f>m life & f>m ent]prise is a ?+ well wor? :ile 9 any section ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 :]eas p\ltry keep+1 a sep>ate occupation1 requires special location & special conditions to make x pr(itable4 ,i w\ld sugge/ ! f>m] fir/ read ,*apt] ,,xvi1 :i* is devot$ to 8 special conditions4 ,lat] he may read ! rema9d] ( ! book1 b %\ld aga9 consult ! "p on f>m p\ltry production be=e attempt+ to apply ! m complicat$ me?ods to 8 own ne$s4 ,*apt] ,,xvi1 :ile writt5 prim>ily = ! f>m]1 is1 because ( ! simplicity ( its directions1 ! be/ g5]al guide = ! beg9n] 9 p\ltry keep+ :]ev] he may be4 ,to ! read] 9 g5]al1 ,i want to say1 t ! table ( cont5ts1 a "p ( ! book :i* mo/ p nev] read1 is 9 ?is volume s plac$ & s arrang$ t x _c well be avoid$4 ,read x be=e y beg9 ! re/ ( ! book1 & use x !n & !reaft] 9 guid+ y t[>d ! facts t y at ! "t p>ticul>ly want to "k4 ,_m p 9 />t+ to read a book f9d some?+ 9 ! fir/ *apt] :i* does n int]e/ !m & ca/ aside ! "w1 (t5 miss+ j ! in=mation !y are seek+4 ,! conspicu\s arrangem5t ( ! cont5ts is = ! purpose ( prev5t+ su* an occurr5ce 9 ?is case4 ,,:at ,,is ,,9 ,,?is ,,volume ,,*apt] ,i ,,is ,,!re ,,money ,,9 ,,! ,,p\ltry ,,bus9ess8 ,a ,big ,bus9ess2 ,gr[+ ,bigg] ,less ,ham & ,m ,eggs ,:o ,gets ! ,h5 ,money8 ,,*apt] ,,ii ,,:at ,,bran* ,,( ,,! ,,p\ltry ,,bus9ess8 ,v>i\s ,p\ltry ,products ,! ,duck ,bus9ess ,squabs ,h ,be5 ,ov]done ,turkeys n ,adapt$ to ,comm]cial ,gr[+ ,gu9ea ,gr[+ a ,new ,v5ture ,geese1 ! ,fame ( ,wat]t[n ,! ,ill-om5$ ,broil] ,bus9ess ,s\? ,%ore ,roa/]s ,too ,mu* ,competition 9 ,fancy ,p\ltry ,egg ,f>m+ ! ,mo/ ,c]ta9 & ,pr(itable ,,*apt] ,,iii ,,! ,,p\ltry ,,produc+ ,,community ,e/abli%$ ,p\ltry ,communities ,develop+ ,p\ltry ,communities ,w ,co-op]ation ,"w8 ,co-op]ative ,egg ,m>ket+ 9 ,d5m>k ,corporation or ,co-op]ation ,,*apt] ,,iv ,,:]e ,,to ,,locate ,"s ,p\ltry ,geography ,*ick5 ,climate ,suitable ,soil ,m>ket+--,transportation ,availability ( ,wat] ,a ,few ,/ati/ics ,,*apt] ,v ,,! ,,doll> ,,h5 ,,f>m ,! ,plan ( ,h\s+ ,! ,fe$+ ,sy/em ,wat] ,sy/ems ,out-door ,accommodations ,equipm5t = ,*ick ,re>+ ,tw5ty-five ,acre ,p\ltry ,f>ms ,five ,acre ,p\ltry ,f>ms ,,*apt] ,,vi ,,incubation ,f]tility ( ,eggs ,! ,wisdom ( ! ,egyptians ,pr9ciples ( ,incubation ,moi/ure & ,evaporation ,v5tilation--,c>bon ,dioxide ,turn+ ,eggs ,cool+ ,eggs ,se>*+ = ! ,op5 ,sesame ( ,incubation ,! ,box ,type ( ,incubator 9 ,actual ,use ,! ,future ( ,incubation ,,*apt] ,,vii ,,fe$+ ,conv5tional ,food ,*emi/ry ,h[ ! ,h5 ,unbalances ,balanc$ ,rations ,,*apt] ,,viii ,,diseases ,don't ,doctor ,*ick5s ,! ,causes ( ,p\ltry ,diseases ,*ick5 ,*ol]a ,r\p ,*ick5-pox1 ,gapes1 ,limb]-neck ,lice & ,mites ,,*apt] ,,ix ,,p\ltry ,,fle% ,,& ,,p\ltry ,,fatt5+ ,crate ,fatt5+ ,caponiz+ ,,*apt] ,x ,,m>ket+ ,,p\ltry ,,c>casses ,f>m ,gr[n ,*ick5s ,! ,special ,p\ltry ,plant ,sugge/ions ,f ,o!r ,c\ntries ,cold ,/orage ( ,p\ltry ,drawn or ,undrawn ,f[ls ,p\ltry ,inspection ,,*apt] ,,xi ,,quality ,,9 ,,eggs ,grad+ ,eggs ,h[ ,eggs are ,spoil$ ,egg ,size ,table ,! ,loss ,due to ,c>elessness ,requisites ( ,produc+ ,high ,grade ,eggs ,,*apt] ,,xii ,,h[ ,,eggs ,,are ,,m>ket$ ,! ,c\ntry ,m]*ant ,! ,huck/] ,! ,produce ,buy] ,! ,city ,di/ribution ( ,eggs ,cold ,/orage ( ,eggs ,pres]v+ ,eggs ,out ( ,cold ,/orage ,improv$ ,me?ods ( ,m>ket+ ,f>m-,gr[n ,eggs ,! ,high ,grade ,egg ,bus9ess ,buy+ ,eggs by ,weight ,! ,retail+ ( ,eggs by ! ,produc] ,! ,price ( ,eggs ,n4,y4 ,m]cantile ,ex*ange1 ,(ficial ,quotations ,,*apt] ,,xiii ,,bre$s ,,( ,,*ick5s ,bre$ ,te/s ,! ,h5's ,ance/ors ,:at ,bre$8 ,,*apt] ,,xiv ,,practical ,,& ,,sci5tific ,,bre$+ ,bre$+ z an ,art ,sci5tific ,!ories ( ,bre$+ ,bre$+ = ,egg ,production ,,*apt] ,,xv ,,exp]im5t ,,/ation ,,"w ,! ,/ations ,lead+ 9 ,p\ltry ,"w ,! ,/ory ( ! ,big ,coon ,important ,exp]im5tal ,results at ! ,ill9ois ,/ation ,exp]im5tal ,bias ,! ,egg ,bre$+ ,"w at ! ,ma9e ,/ation ,,*apt] ,,xvi ,,p\ltry ,,on ,,! ,,g5]al ,,f>m ,be/ ,bre$s = ! ,f>m ,keep ,only ,work]s ,hat*+ ,*icks ) ,h5s ,incubators on ! ,f>m ,re>+ ,*icks ,fe$+ ,lay+ ,h5s ,cleanl9ess ,f>m ,*ick5 ,h\ses ,,! ,,doll> ,,h5 ,,*apt] ,i ,,is ,,!re ,,money ,,9 ,,! ,,p\ltry ,,bus9ess8 ,! *ick5 bus9ess is big4 ,no "o kn[s h[ big x is & no "o c f9d out4 ,! reason x is h>d to f9d out is because s _m p are engag$ 9 x & because ! *ick5 crop is sold1 n once a ye>1 b a hundr$ times a ye>4 ,/ati/ics are guesses4 ,true /ati/ics are ! sum ( little guesses1 b (t5 figures publi%$ z /ati/ics are big guesses by a guess] :o is big en\gh to h 8 guess accept$4 ,a ,big ,bus9ess2 ,gr[+ ,bigg] ,! only real /ati/ics = ! p\ltry crop ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates are ^? ( ! ,f$]al ,c5sus4 ,at ?is writ+ ^! /ati/ics are n9e ye>s old & some:at out ( date4 ,! value ( p\ltry & eggs 9 #ahii1 accord+ to ! c5sus figures1 0 #bia1jjj1jjj4 ,is ?is too big or too little8 ,i don't "k4 ,if ! read] wi%es to "k let him imag9e ! c5sus enum]ator ask+ a f>m] ! value ( ! p\ltry & eggs :i* he has produc$ ! previ\s ye>4 ,w\ld ! f>m]'s guess be too big or too small8 ,f ^! c5sus figures z a base1 e/imates h be5 made = lat] ye>s4 ,! ,secret>y ( ,agriculture1 or1 speak+ m accurately1 a cl]k 9 ! ,/ati/ical ,bureau ( ! ,dep>tm5t ( ,agriculture1 says ! p\ltry & egg crop = #aijg 0 ov] #fjj1jjj1jjj4 ,! be/ two s\rces ( in=mation kn[n to ! writ] by :i* ?is e/imate may be *eck$ are ! receipts ( ! ,new ,york m>ket & ! annual ,value ( ,p\ltry & ,eggs ,sold1 z giv5 by ! ,kansas ,/ate ,bo>d ( ,agriculture4 ,illu/ration3 ,plate ,i4 ,page #ad4 ,graph - ,is ,!re ,money 9 ,p\ltry8 ,9 plate ,i ! top curve a-a gives ! av]age spr+ price ( ,we/]n fir/ eggs 9 ! ,new ,york m>ket4 ,! curve b-b gives ! annual receipts ( eggs at ,new ,york 9 millions ( cases4 ,n[1 s9ce value equals quantity multipli$ by price1 & s9ce ! quantity & values ( p\ltry are closely correlat$ to ^? ( eggs1 ! product ( ^! two figures is a fair means ( %[+ ! rate ( increase 9 ! value ( ! p\ltry crop4 ,/>t+ ) ! c5sus value ( #bia1jjj1jjj = ! ye> #ahii1 we ?us f9d t by #aijg ! am\nt is v close to #gjj1jjj1jjj4 ,?is is repres5t$ by ! l[] l9e4 ,! value ( ! p\ltry & eggs sold 9 ,kansas h increas$ z foll[s3 ,ye> ,value #aijc #f1dih1hef #aijd #g1eea1hga #aije #h1eda1aec #aijf #i1jhe1hif #aijg #aj1cjj1jhb ,! dott$ l9e e-e repres5ts ! increase 9 ! national p\ltry & egg crop e/imat$ f ! ,kansas figures4 ,evid5tly ! e/imate giv5 9 ,secret>y ,wilson's report 0 n excessive4 ,n[1 ,i want to call ! read]'s att5tion to "s relations ab\t :i* !re c be no d\bt & :i* are ev5 m significant4 ,! /raight l9e c-c 9 ,plate #a repres5ts ! rate ( increase ( population 9 ?is c\ntry4 ,! l9e b-b repres5ts ! rate ( increase 9 egg receipts at ,new ,york4 ,z ! c\ntry data backs up ! ,new ,york figures1 ! conclusion is inevitable t ! production ( p\ltry & eggs is increas+ mu* m rapidly ?an is our population4 ,ov]-production1 ,i he> ! pessimi/ cry1 b un=tunately = ,fri5d ,pessimi/1 we h a gauge on ! ov]-production idea t lays all fe>s to re/4 ,:5 ! supply ( any commodity increases fa/] ?an ! dem&1 we h ov]-production & fall+ prices4 ,vice-v]sa1 "u-production is %[n by a ris+ price4 ,t prices ( p\ltry & eggs h ris5 & ris5 rapidly1 has already be5 %[n4 ,b prices ( all products h ris51 says "o4 ,v true1 b by /ati/ics ) :i* ,i w n burd5 ! read]1 ,i f9d t prices ( p\ltry products h ris5 m rapidly ?an ! av]age rise 9 values ( all commodities4 ,?is %[s t p\ltry products are really m 9 dem& & m valuable1 n app>5tly s4 ,moreov]1 ! rise 9 ! price ( p\ltry products has be5 mu* m pron\nc$ ?an ! av]age rise 9 ! price ( all food products1 :i* proves ! gr[+ dem& = p\ltry & eggs to be a real gr[+ dem&1 n a turn+ to p\ltry products because ( ! high price ( o!r foods1 z is sometimes /at$4 ,less ,ham & ,m ,eggs4 ,c]ta9ly we1 z a nation1 are rapidly becom+ eat]s ( h5s & ( h5 fruit4 ,reasons are n h>d to f9d4 ,p\ltry & eggs are ! mo/ palatable1 mo/ :olesome1 mo/ conv5i5t ( foods4 ,our dem&s = ! products ( ! p\ltry y>d gr[s because we are le>n+ to l !m1 & because our prosp]ity has gr[n & we c af=d !m4 ,ano!r reason t ! consumption ( eggs is gr[+ is because ! condition 9 :i* !y rea* ! consum] is improv+4 ,! writ] may say "s pretty h>d ?+s 9 ?is "w ab\t ! condition ( p\ltry & eggs z !y are n[ m>ket$1 b any old-tim] 9 ! bus9ess w tell y /ories ( ?+s z !y us$ to be t w easily expla9 :y our fa!rs ate m ham & less eggs4 ,yet ano!r reason :y ! p] capita consumption ( h5s z measur$ 9 p\nds or doll>s increases1 is t ! h5 h]self has increas$ 9 size2 :]eas ,john :5 he 0 ,johnnie ate a two-ounce drum/ick1 n[ ,johnnie eats an analog\s piece t weighs ?ree ounces4 ,p]haps1 also1 we h a gr[+ respect = ! law ( ,moses1 or may be veget>ians :o ?9k t eggs gr[ on egg plants are becom+ m num]\s4 ,our consumption ( pork p] capita has1 9 ! la/ half c5tury1 dim9i%$ by half1 our consumption ( beef has rema9$ /ation>y1 b our consumption ( p\ltry & eggs has d\bl$ itself1 we "k n h[ _m times1 = a half c5tury ago ! ance/or ( ! indu/ri\s h5 ( ?is age s]5ely scrat*$ up gr&mo!r's g]aniums & 0 unmole/$ by ! /ati/icians4 ,:o ,gets ! ,h5 ,money8 ,sev5 hundr$ millions ( doll>s is a lot ( money4 ,:o gets x8 ,!re are no ,rockefell]s or ,arm\rs 9 ! h5 bus9ess4 ,x is ! p's bus9ess4 ,:y8 ,because ! nature ( ! bus9ess is su* t x _c be c5traliz$4 ,l& & intellig5t labor1 prompt$ by ! _s ( own]%ip1 is necess>y to succe$ 9 ! h5 bus9ess4 ,l& ! capta9s ( indu/ry h n monopoliz$1 & labor imbu$ ) ! _s ( own]%ip !y _c monopolize4 ,! *ick5 bus9ess is1 9 doll>s1 "o ( ! bigge/ indu/ries 9 ! c\ntry4 ,9 numb]s ( ^? engag$ 9 x1 ! *ick5 bus9ess is ! bigge/ indu/ry 9 ! _w--,i b> none4 ,:y is ?is true8 ,prim>ily because ! h5 is a natural "p ( ! equipm5t ( e f>m & ( _m village homes z well4 ,x is ^! millions ( small flocks t c\nt up 9 doll>s & m5 & give su* an imm5se aggregate4 ,m ?an n9ety-eight p] c5t4 ( ! p\ltry & eggs ( ! c\ntry are produc$ on ! g5]al f>m4 ,! rema9+ "o or two p] c5t4 are produc$ on f>ms or plants :]e *ick5 culture is ! ca% crop or *ief bus9ess ( ! f>m]4 ,x is ?is bus9ess1 relatively small1 ?\gh actually a matt] ( millions1 t is commonly spok5 ( z ! p\ltry bus9ess1 & ab\t :i* our *ief int]e/ c5t]s4 ,a f>m] c disreg>d all k & all progress & /ill keep *ick5s1 b ! man :o has no o!r means ( a livelihood mu/ produce *ick5 products effici5tly1 or fail altoge!r--h5ce ! great] int]e/ 9 ?is portion ( ! indu/ry4 ,! p\ltry bus9ess z a bus9ess to occupy a man's "t & e>n him a livelihood1 is a ?+ ( rec5t orig9 & 0 little he>d ( be=e #ahij4 ,s9ce t "t x has und]gone a some:at pa9ful1 ?\gh /eady gr[?4 ,_m p h lo/ money 9 ! bus9ess & h giv5 x up 9 disgu/1 b on a :ole ! bus9ess has progress$ wond]fully1 & n[ %[s features ( developm5t t are cle>ly beyond ! exp]im5tal /age & are und\bt$ly "h to /ay4 ,! sugge/ion has be5 made by ^? :o h fail$ or h se5 o!rs fail 9 ! p\ltry bus9ess1 t success 0 impossible because ( ! de/ructive competition ( ! f>m]1 ^: exp5se ( production is small4 ,h]e9 lies a great tru? & a great error4 ,! f>m]'s co/ ( production is small1 mu* small] ?an t on mo/ ( ! book-made p\ltry f>ms--b ! inf]5ce t ! p\ltryman's co/ ( production _c be l[]$ bel[ t ( ! f>m] is a diff]5t /atem5t4 ,! f>m ( our gr&fa!r 0 a v div]sifi$ in/itution4 ,x conta9$ 9 m9iature a wool5 mill1 a pack+ h\se1 a *eese factory1 p]haps a %oe factory & a blacksmi? %op4 ,"o by "o ^! indu/ries h be5 )drawn f g5]al f>m-life1 & e/abli%$ z indep5d5t bus9esses4 ,likewise our dairy f>ms1 our fruit f>ms1 & our m>ket g>d5s h be5 segregat$ f ! g5]al f>m4 ,?is simply means t manufactur+ clo?1 or *eese1 or produc+ milk1 or tomatoes c be done at less co/ 9 sep>ate e/abli%m5ts ?an ^u a g5]al f>m4 ,! g5]al f>m w always gr[ p\ltry = home consumption1 & w always h "s surplus to sell4 ,) ! surplus1 ! p\ltryman mu/ compete4 ,8 only hope ( successful competition is production at l[] co/4 ,c ?is be done8 ,x is be+ done1 & ! numb]s ( p :o are do+ x are increas+1 b !y sp5d little money at p\ltry %[s1 or ) ! adv]tis]s ( p\ltry pap]s1 & h5ce are little he>d ( 9 ! p\ltry _w4 ,! p ^: names & faces are 9 ! p\ltry pap]s are frequ5tly !re only :ile _! money la/s4 ,!y write long articles & %[ pictures ( _m h\ses & y>ds to prove t !re is money 9 ! p\ltry bus9ess1 b if "o %\ld keep _! names & put ! "q to !m five ye>s h5ce1 a great _m c\ld say1 ,yes1 !re is money 9 ! p\ltry bus9ess2 m9e is 9 x4 ,su* p & su* plants d n get ! co/ ( production d[n bel[ ! f>m]'s level4 ,betwe5 ^! two classes ( p\ltry plants1 ! writ] hopes 9 ?is "w to %[ ! di/9ction4 ,,*apt] ,,ii ,,:at ,,bran* ,,( ,,! ,,p\ltry ,,bus9ess8 ,! *ick5 bus9ess is especially prone to failure f a disreg>d ( ! common ess5tial relation ( co/ & sell+ price necess>y to ! success ( any bus9ess4 ,t ?is %\ld be m true ( ! p\ltry bus9ess ?an ( any o!r und]tak+s is to be expla9$ by ! facts t z a bus9ess1 x is new1 t _m ( ^? :o engage 9 x are inexp]i5c$1 b mo/ p>ticul>ly because practically all ! lit]ature publi%$ on ! subject has be5 writt5 by or writt5 9 ! int]e/ ( ^? :o _h some?+ to sell to ! p\ltryman4 ,z a result ! figures ( production are g5]ally giv5 high] ?an ! facts w>rant4 ,! inve/or1 be he ev] s %rewd a man1 builds ^u ^! promises & :5 he f9ds 8 production l[]1 is caught ) an excessive inve/m5t & a complicat$ sy/em on 8 h&s1 :i* make all pr(its impossible & :i* _c readily be adapt$ to ! new conditions4 ,e/imates ( p\ltry pr(its are q common1 b !re are few publi%$ figures %[+ ! results t are actually obta9$ "u practical work+ conditions4 ,9 ?is volume ,i w try to give ! facts ( :at is be+ & c be actually accompli%$4 ,v>i\s ,p\ltry ,products4 ,9 consid]+ ! p\ltry indu/ry we mu/ fir/ get "s idea ( ! v>i\s articles produc$ = sale4 ,x is common k t ! l>ge meat pack] c und]sell ! small pack] because ! by-products1 su* z bri/les1 :i* are wa/$ by ! local kill]1 are a s\rce ( income to ! l>ge pack]4 ,n[1 ?is does n inf] t ! small pack] is %iftless & neglects to save 8 bri/les1 b t on ! scale on :i* he op]ates x w\ld co/ him m to save ! bri/les ?an he c\ld realize on !m4 ,s x is ) p\ltry f>m+4 ,= illu/ration3 ,a vision>y writ] 9 a lead+ p\ltry pap]1 n long ago1 advis$ p\ltrym5 to /ore eggs4 ,9 reality ?is w\ld be ! height ( folly1 unless ! p\ltryman _h 8 own retail /ore4 ,9 ! fir/ place pr(it on cold /orage eggs1 :5 all exp5ses are paid1 w n av]age a half a c5t a doz52 9 ! second place1 ! small lot w\ld be relatively tr\blesome & exp5sive to h&le1 & 9 ! ?ird place1 small lots ( cold /orage eggs are look$ ^u ) suspicion & d n f9d ready sale4 ,s we see t cold /orage eggs are n a suitable product = ! small p\ltryman to h&le4 ,a second illu/ration ( an ill-*os5 comb9ation might be tak5 9 ! case ( a duck f>m] :o attempts to produce broil]s4 ,! pr9cipal difficulty ( ! duck bus9ess is t ( gett+ suffici5t intellig5t labor 9 ! ru% season4 ,! *ief exp5se ( inve/m5t is = incubators & brood] h\ses4 ,if ! duck f>m] n[ tries to add broil]s1 he w f9d t ! labor comes at ! same "t ( ! ye>1 t ! *ief equipm5t requir$ is t :i* is already cr[d$ by ! duck bus9ess1 & t ( ! m5 :o h succe$$ mod]ately well 9 c>+ = ducks w fail altoge!r ) ! "y *icks1 :i* d n ?rive "u ! same ma*9e-l me?ods4 ,on ! o!r h&1 let u take ! example ( an egg f>m man :o has resolv$ to comb9e 8 att5tion :olly to ! production ( m>ket eggs4 ,he succe$s well 9 8 "w & is visit$ by ! p\ltry editors4 ,8 picture1 ! picture ( 8 *ick5s & ( 8 *ick5 h\ses1 are pr9t$ 9 ! p\ltry pap]s4 ,= a reasonable sum inve/$ 9 adv]tis+ & 9 exhibition at ! %[s1 ?is man c\ld n[ d\ble 8 income by go+ into ! bre$+ /ock bus9ess4 ,to refuse to spread out 9 ?is case w\ld c]ta9ly be fooli%4 ,! foll[+ classification ( ! sales products ( ! p\ltry indu/ry is giv5 z a basis = f>!r consid]ation4 ,,*ick5s4 ,= food purposes3 ,eggs4 ,h5s1 aft] lay+ has be5 f9i%$4 ,cock]els1 necess>ily hat*$ 9 hat*+ pullets = lay]s4 7,sold z squab broil]s1 regul> broil]s1 spr+s1 roa/]s or capons47 ,bo? sexes z squab broil]s1 broil]s or roa/]s4 ,= /ock purposes3 ,eggs = hat*+4 ,day-old *icks4 ,mature f[ls4 ,,ducks4 ,= table--gre5 or spr+ ducks4 ,by-products1 old ducks & duck fea!rs4 ,= bre$+-/ock4 ,,geese4 ,food1 ,fea!rs1 ,bre$]s4 ,,turkeys4 ,food1 ,bre$]s4 ,,pigeons4 ,squabs1 ,bre$+ ,/ock4 ,,gu9eas4 ,broil]s1 ,mature ,f[ls4 ,i w n[ discuss ^! products m 9 detail4 ,p\ltry1 o!r ?an *ick5s1 ,i d n c>e to discuss at l5g?1 because x is n = ! purpose ( ! book1 & because ! dem& = o!r k9ds ( p\ltry is limit$ & ! *ance = ! gr[? ( ! bus9ess small4 ,! ,duck ,bus9ess4 ,! duck bus9ess is ! mo/ highly comm]cializ$ at ! pres5t "t ( any bran* ( ! p\ltry bus9ess4 ,! duck is ! olde/ dome/ic bird & 0 hat*$ by artificial incubation 9 ,*9a1 :5 our ance/ors 7 gnaw+ raw bones 9 ! caves ( ,europe4 ,! duck is ! mo/ dome/ic ( birds & w ?rive "u m ma*9e-l me?ods & )\t t t\* ( nature & ( ! own]'s k9dly int]e/ s necess>y to ! welf>e ( ! f[ls ( ! gall9ace\s ord]4 ,! gre5 duck bus9ess is ab\t tw5ty ye>s old & has become an e/abli%$ bus9ess 9 e s5se ( ! ^w4 ,! l>ge/ plants n[ produce ab\t "o hundr$ ?\s& ducks p] annum4 ,! pr(its at pres5t are n l>ge ev5 = ! mo/ successful plants1 because ! dem& is limit$ & ! production has rea*$ su* a po9t t co/ ( production & sell+ price be> a def9ite relation z 9 all e/abli%$ bus9esses4 ,! gre5 duck bus9ess is n an easy "o = ! novice because ! m>g9 betwe5 co/ 7*iefly food co/7 & sell+ price is l[1 & unless ! new man c r$uce ! co/ ( production or raise 8 sell+ price 9 "s way1 he w h no advantage ov] ! old & successful firms4 ,squab ,bus9ess ,ov]done4 ,! bus9ess ( produc+ pigeon squabs resembles ! duck bus9ess 9 ! s5se t x has be5 r$uc$ to a successful sy/em4 ,! production ( squabs has gr[n until ! dem& is satisfi$ & ! price has fall5 to j t figure t w cont9ue to br+ 9 a suffici5t numb] ( squabs f ! plants :i* are already e/abli%$1 or :i* cont9ue to be e/abli%$ by ^? :o d n /op to inve/igate ! relation betwe5 ! co/ ( production & ! prevail+ prices4 ,turkeys ,n a ,comm]cial ,success4 ,9 ! case ( turkeys1 we f9d exactly opposite conditions4 ,! price ( turkeys has ris5 ) ! price ( *ick5s & eggs1 until "o w\ld ?9k t !re w\ld be great money 9 ! bus9ess1 & !re is1 = ! mo!rly f>m wife :o has ! knack ( br++ ! little turks ?r\gh ! dang] ( delicate babyhood4 ,b j z ! duck is m dome/icat$ ?an ! *ick51 s ! turkey1 :i* yet closely resembles its wild ance/or1 is less dome/ic & has z yet fail$ to surr5d] to ! ways ( comm]cial reason+1 ! *ief factor ( :i* is artificial brood+4 ,! pres5ce ( a disease call$ blackhead has done va/ injury to ! turkey indu/ry 9 ! nor!a/]n section ( ! c\ntry4 ,9 ! ,s\? ! indu/ry has be5 boom+4 ,especially 9 ,t5nessee & ,texas1 ,i f\nd great local pride 9 ! turkey crop4 ,i c]ta9ly w\ld advise any f>m wife1 9 sections :]e blackhead does n prevail1 to try h] h& at turkey rais+4 ,z to h] advisability ( cont9uance 9 ! bus9ess1 ! numb] ( turkeys at ! end ( ! season w be ! be/ judge4 ,gu9ea ,gr[+ a ,new ,v5ture4 ,! gu9ea gr[+ bus9ess is ! newe/ ( ! p\ltry indu/ries4 ,9 fact1 x may be said ( gu9eas1 z ( our gr&mo!r's tomatoes1 ,folks _h !m ar\nd )\t kn[+ !y 7 ( any use4 ,! new use = gu9eas is z a sub/itute = game4 ,gu9ea broil]s make quail-on-toa/ & old] ones are good = gr\se1 prairie *ick5 or pheasant4 ,! retail price 9 ! l>ge cities runs z high z #a4ej to #b4jj a pair4 ,x w probably n pay to raise !m unless "o is sure ( receiv+ z mu* z #ej c5ts ea*4 ,z = ! re>+ ( gu9eas1 !y may be consid]$ on a p>allel case ) turkeys1 if any?+ !y are ev5 m difficult to raise 9 l>ge quantities4 ,i w\ld also advise ?is additional precaution3 ,look up ! m>ket 9 ! locality be=e attempt+ gu9ea re>+4 ,geese--! ,fame ( ,wat]t[n4 ,z = ! goose bus9ess1 ! writ] mu/ admit t he doesn't "k mu* ab\t x4 ,9 fact1 ! mo/ ( my k conc]n+ ?is bus9ess 0 acquir$ by a visit to ,wat]t[n1 ,wis41 :i* is ! c5t] ( ! noodl$ goose indu/ry ,! ,wat]t[n geese are f$ by h& e two h\rs day & night4 ,!y sell to ! ,hebrew trade at z mu* p] p\nd z ! goose weighs1 & h br\ght z high z #ad4jj apiece4 ,all ( ?is is int]e/+1 b ,i hold t ! read] :o is will+ to take in/ruction w d bett] to be guid$ t[>d ^? bran*es ( ! p\ltry indu/ry = ! products ( :i* !re is a great & increas+ dem&4 ,s we w leave ! goose & gu9ea bus9ess to ! v5turesome spirits & consid] ! v>i\s bran*es ( ! *ick5 indu/ry4 ,! ,ill-om5$ ,broil] ,bus9ess4 ,! broil] bus9ess /&s to-day z ! ill-om5$ valley 9 ! p\ltry l&scape4 ,z a rule broil] production has n & probably w n pay4 ,i "k ( a few exceptions--ab\t en\gh to prove ! rule4 ,mo/ p\ltry writ]s1 :5 !y make ! /atem5t t broil]s d n pay1 ins]t ! phrase ,z an exclusive bus9ess aft] ! ^w broil]s4 ,?is is m]ely a ruse to take ! r\gh edge (f an unpleasant /atem5t1 = x c]ta9ly hurts ! p\ltry editor to admit t a mu* exploit$ bran* ( ! indu/ry is a failure4 ,nev]!less x is a failure & ! m frankly we admit ! fact1 ! less good capital & good bra9s w be wa/$ 9 ! attempt to produce at a pr(it some?+ :i* is1 & probably always w be1 produc$ at a loss4 ,! reason ! broil] is produc$ at a loss is t #ie p] c5t4 ( ! broil]s produc$ are a by-product ( egg1 fancy & g5]al p\ltry production1 & z su* _! sell+ price is n det]m9$ by ! co/ ( production1 or ! supply det]m9$ by ! dem&4 ,t ! broil] bus9ess receiv$ ! boom t x did1 is due to pla9 ignorance ( ! co/ ( production1 or to ! appreciation t ! ability to re> "y *icks c\ld f9d a m pr(itable outlet ?an 9 broil] production4 ,let u take an analog\s case4 ,suppose a city man %\ld discov] ! fact t !re 0 a dem& = dri$ case9 f skim milk4 ,) p5cil & pap] he c\ld easily figure pr(its 9 ! bus9ess4 ,if ?is dream] w\ld attempt to keep c[s = ! production ( case9 & ?r[ away 8 butt] fat1 we w\ld h an analog\s case to ! broil] rais] :o does n keep 8 pullets = egg production4 ,! "y cock]el1 l skim milk1 is a by-product & may pay ov] ! co/ ( fe$+1 or "s o!r specific item1 b t he does n pay ! :ole co/1 includ+ wages = ! manag] is prov5 by two facts3 ,fir/1 e l>ge broil] plant yet />t$ has ei!r fail$ flatly or %ift$ its ma9 l9e to o!r ?+s2 second1 egg f>m]s w\ld be only too glad to buy pullets at ! price = :i* !y sell ! cock]els--a confession t x co/s m to produce broil]s ?an !y w br+4 ,! conception ( ! broil] bus9ess :5 x 0 boom$ tw5ty ye>s ago 0 to produce broil]s 9 e>ly spr+1 :5 o!r folks _h none4 ,x 01 l ! e>ly wat]melon1 or ! e>ly /rawb]ry bus9ess--to make its pr(its 9 extreme prices4 ,?is idea receiv$ sev]al sev]e bl[s f ! h&s ( mod]n progress4 ,"o is ! developm5t ( p\ltry fatt5+ & crate fe$+ 9 ?is c\ntry4 ,?is has result$ 9 supply+ ! consum] ) *oice *ick5-fle% t c be produc$ m economically ?an broil]s4 ,=m]ly x 0 a case ( eat+ old h5--roo/]1 age unkn[n1 or broil]s--n[ we h capon1 roa/]1 crate-fatt5$ *ick5s & gre5 ducks1 all rivals = ! place =m]ly occupi$ exclusively by ! broil]4 ,aga91 ! improvem5t ( %ipp+ & dress+ facilities1 ! univ]sal introduction ( ! refrig]ator c> & ! introduction into ! c5tral we/ ( ! ,am]ican bre$s1 has flood$ ! ea/]n m>ket ) a l>ge am\nt ( spr+ *ick5s--by-products ( ! egg bus9ess on ! f>m--:i* are almo/ equal 9 quality to ! d[n-ea/]n product4 ,! mo/ prom95t reason ( ! less5$ pr(it 9 broil]s is ! developm5t ( ! cold /orage indu/ry4 ,cold /orage de/roys ! elem5t ( season1 & all[s only t m>g9 ( pr(it t ! consum] is will+ to pay = a fre% kill$ broil] f a ,j]sey broil] plant1 z comp>$ ) la/ summ]'s product f ! ,i[a f>ms4 ,f a summ] copy ( ,f>m ,p\ltry1 ,i quote ! ,bo/on m>ket3 ,fre% kill$ ,nor!rn & ,ea/]n3 ,f[ls1 *oice #ae;c ,broil]s1 *oice to fancy #bc-be;c ,we/]n1 ice pack$3 ,f[ls1 *oice #ad;c ,broil]s1 *oice #bj-bb;c ,we/]n froz53 ,f[ls1 *oice44444444444444444 #ad;c ,broil]s1 *oice44444444444444#ah-bj;c ,eggs3 ,ne>ly fancy444444444444444444 #bf;c ,we/]n *oice44444444#ag-a_/b-ah-a_/b;c ,to complete our comp>ison ,i turn to ! previ\s w9t] & f9d t ! be/ /orage eggs are quot$ at #ai;c1 :5 ! be/ fre% are sell+ at #ce;c4 ,?is 0 a poor /orage season & a quotation ( #bb;c & #be;c w\ld p]haps be a fair] comp>ative figure4 ,we f9d ! p] c5t1 ( premium on ! local product to be3 ,f[ls1 local ov] fre% we/]n44444444444 #g p] c5t4 ,f[ls1 local ov] froz5 we/]n4444444444 #g p] c5t4 ,broil]s1 local ov] fre% we/]n44444444#ad p] c5t4 ,broil]s1 local ov] froz5 we/]n4444444#bf p] c5t4 ,eggs1 local ov] fre% we/]n444444444444#cj p] c5t4 ,eggs1 local ov] /orage we/]n4444444444#cg p] c5t4 ,i consid] ^! g5]al facts conc]n+ ! failure ( broil] production1 & ! logical explanations giv51 z f> m conv9c+ ?an any figures ,i c\ld give conc]n+ ! detail$ co/ ( production4 ,nor am ,i capable ( giv+ z accurate figures z ,i c 9 ! case ( p\ltry keep+ = egg production1 = ,i h _h nei!r ! desire nor ! opportunity to look !m up4 ,! foll[+ sugge/ive analysis ,i submit = ! purpose ( po9t+ out :y ! co/ ( production is too great to all[ a pr(it4 ,we may consid] ! *ick m>ket+ z ,may1 ! weight z #a-a_/d1 & ! price z #ce c5ts a p\nd1 or1 putt+ x r\ndly a price ( #ej c5ts a bird4 ,n[1 ,may broil]s mean ,febru>y eggs4 ,if ! read] w ref] to ! tables ( hat*ability & mortality he w see t = our nor!rn /ates ?is is "o ( ! wor/ seasons = hat*+4 ,a hat*ability ( #dj p] c5t1 times a liveability ( #ej p] c5t1 gives a net liveability ( #bj p] c5t4 ,n[1 anyone ) ! ability to produce high grade eggs at t "t a ye>1 c\ld get ab\t #dj;c a doz5 = !m1 :i* raises ! egg co/ p] broil] to ab\t #ag c5ts4 ,! fe$ co/ p] broil] is small1 usually e/imat$ at #ab c5ts1 & ?is makes a co/ ( #bi c5ts4 ,n[1 let u all[ a c5t = exp5se ( sell+ *>ges & =get all ab\t inve/m5t1 fuel & incid5tals1 we h left a m>g9 ( #bj c5ts4 ,be=e go+ f>!r let u look at ! labor bill4 ,suppose x is a "o-man plant4 ,suppose ! own] sets a value on 8 s]vices ( #a1bjj p] annum4 ,t is pretty good1 b few m5 :o set a l[] value on _! s]vices w h accumulat$ en\gh capital to g into ! bus9ess4 ,at #bj c5ts ea* x w take #f1jjj broil]s to make #a1bjj4 ,t w take #cj1jjj eggs & at ?ree sett+s w require #dj #bdj-;egg incubators1 :i*1 ( a good make1 w co/ #a1bfj4 ,to spread ! hat*+ out ov] a long] p]iod is to run into *eap prices on ! "o h&1 or a /ill impossible egg season on ! o!r4 ,x w take upw>ds ( a hundr$ brood]s to h\se ! *icks4 ,!re is no use ( go+ f>!r till we h solv$ ^! difficulties4 ,fir/ we h m "w ?an "o man c d2 second1 we require a numb] ( hat*able eggs t _c be b\ght 9 w9t] )\t a campaign ( adv]tis+ & canvass+ = !m1 t w\ld make !m co/ d\ble our previ\s figure4 ,to produce !m oneself w\ld require a flock ( #b1ejj h5s4 ,:5 a man gets to t po9t 9 ! bus9ess he is out ( ! broil] bus9ess & an egg f>m]1 & w d ! same ?+1 hat* ! *icks :5 eggs are *eap & f]tile1 sell+ 8 surplus cock]els = #be c5ts ea* & p]mit ! /orage man to freeze !m until ! foll[+ spr+ to compete ) ! broil] man's exp5sively produc$ goods4 ,! ef=t at e>ly broil] production 0 a natural result ( ! comb9ation ( ! idea ( artificial incubation ) our gr&mo!r's pride 9 hav+ ! fir/ sett+ h54 ,b 9 ! pres5t age ! man :o attempts x is r[+ aga9/ ! curr5t ( economical production1 = ! *eaply produc$ broil] c be /or$ until ! season ( sc>city1 ) b slight loss 9 quality4 ,to produce broil]s 9 ! season ( sc>city1 necessitates ! consumption ( a product 7eggs7 :i* _c be s successfully /or$1 ) a less] quantity ( t same product 9 its season ( pl5ty4 ,we w give ! production ( broil]s no fur!r att5tion save z a by-product ( egg production4 ,s\? ,%ore ,roa/]4 ,! production ( ,s\? ,%ore s(t roa/]s 9 a local section ( ,massa*usetts1 (f]s a successful contra/ ) ! broil] bus9ess & is1 s f> z ! writ] kn[s1 ! only case 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates :]e pullets are pr(itably div]t$ f egg production4 ,! process ( roa/] production is ess5tially z foll[s3 ,! incubators are set 9 ! fall or e>ly w9t]1 & ! *icks re>$ 9 brood] h\ses4 ,z soon z ! t5d] age is pa/1 ! *ick5s are put 9 simple colony h\ses :]e1 ) hopp] f$ corn1 beef scrap & rye on ! range1 !y gr[ ?r\gh\t ! w9t] & spr+4 ,!y are sold f ,may #a/ to ,july #a/ & br+ su* prices t ! cock]els are caponiz$ yet n sold z capons1 %[+ !m to be ! highe/ pric$ *ick5 fle% 9 ! m>ket save small broil]s4 ,n[1 ! income ( roa/]s is two to five times z mu* p] head z t ( broil]s4 ,! add$ exp5se is only a matt] ( fe$1 :i* be>s ab\t ! same ratio to weight z ) broil]s4 ,! great advantage ( ! roa/] bus9ess ov] t ( ! broil] bus9ess comes 9 ! foll[+ po9ts3 #a/3 ,! initial exp5se ( eggs1 incubation & brood+ are di/ribut$ ov] a mu* l>g] f9al valuation4 #bnd3 ,! incubation p]iod1 :ile p]haps 9 z difficult a season1 c be di/ribut$ ov] a long] p]iod ( "t4 ,) #h p\nd roa/]s at #cj c5ts1 we h an exp5se acc\nt ab\t z foll[s3 co/ ( production to broil] /age1 #cj c5ts z previ\sly giv54 ,an additional food co/ ( #aj c5ts p] p\nd ( *ick5 fle% w\ld /ill leave a m>g9 ( #a4dj1 s1 = an income ( #a1bjj1 only ab\t #hfj birds ne$ be rais$1 a proposition n beyond ! capacity ( "o man to h&le4 ,all[+ a spread ( five hat*+ p]iods1 ! numb] ( eggs requir$ at once w\ld be "o-twelf? t dem&$ by ! broil] f>m4 ,z x is1 ! roa/] gr[] f9ds tr\ble 9 gett+ good eggs & is oblig$ to pay #ej c5ts a doz5 = !m1 b 8 want is )9 ! region ( possibility4 ,! ,s\? ,%ore roa/] di/rict is an example ( an indu/ry built up by specialization & co-op]ation4 ,b 9 ?is s5se ,i d n mean co-op]ation 9 production1 b t ! product is h&l$ by a few deal]s & has become well kn[n s t ! br& sells readily at an advanc$ price4 ,to a beg9n] 9 ! ,s\? ,%ore di/rict1 ! num]\s successes & failures ar\nd him _c help b be ( great b5efit4 ,! ,s\? ,%ore roa/] di/rict ( ,massa*usetts is ! be/ example ( specializ$ community production ( p\ltry fle% t we h 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates4 ,x is only rival$ by ! di/ricts 9 ! s\? ( ,engl& & 9 ,france4 ,9 ,*apt] ,,iii ! writ] takes up fully ! community production ( eggs4 ,! reason ,i h gone into ?is matt] 9 reg>d to eggs r ?an roa/]s1 is because ! egg production is mu* ! great] indu/ry1 &1 :]eas ! s(t roa/] is at a premium only 9 a few ,bo/on %ops1 high grade eggs are univ]sally recogniz$ & 9 dem&4 ,_m ( ! economies1 especially conc]n+ incubation1 w\ld apply equally well 9 bo? communities4 ,i expect to see ! "t :5 *ick5 fle% %all be produc$ ) ^! m advanc$ me?ods 9 _m ,s\? ,%ore communities4 ,too ,mu* ,competition 9 ,fancy ,p\ltry4 ,! v>i\s types ( *ick5 f>m+ are classifi$ by :at is made ! lead+ sales product4 ,?is w dep5d :olly ^u :at is done ) ! female *icks t are hat*$4 ,if !y are sold z broil]s x is a broil] plant2 if z roa/]s1 x is a roa/] plant2 if z /ock1 x is a fancy or bre$+ /ock bus9ess1 b if kept = lay+ ! proposition is an egg f>m1 & all o!r products are by-products4 ,^! by-products are to be c>efully consid]$1 & sold at ! greate/ possible price1 b _! production is incid5tal to ! production ( ! ma9 crop4 ,( ! fancy p\ltry bus9ess z a ma9 issue x mu/ be said t x is c]ta9ly a poor policy to />t out to make a liv+ do+ :at hundr$s ( o!r p are only too glad to sp5d money 9 do+4 ,j z a homeless girl 9 a great city is beat5 out 9 ! /ruggle = exi/5ce by competition ) girls :o h good homes1 & are work+ = *ocolate money1 s ! man />t+ out z a p\ltry fanci] is c]ta9ly work+ at great odds 9 competition ) ! pr(essional m51 f>m]s & p\ltry rais]s ^: income f fancy /ock is meant to buy ,*ri/mas pres5ts & n to pay groc]y bills4 ,to ent] ! fancy p\ltry bus9ess1 "o %\ld take up p\ltry bre$+ 9 a small way1 :ile work+ at ano!r occupation1 or he may take up comm]cial p\ltry production1 le>n to produce /ock 9 l>ge quantities & at a l[ productive co/1 aft] :i* any bre$+ /ock bus9ess he may secure w be add$ pr(it4 ,! fanci] w f9d ! co/ ( production z giv5 = comm]cial purposes v in/ructive1 b if he op]ates 9 a small way he %\ld expect to f9d 8 productive co/s increas$ unless he *ooses to c\nt 8 own labor z ( little or no value4 ,t e *ick5 fanci] also has 9 a small way comm]cial products to sell1 goes )\t say+4 ,^!1 inde$1 toge!r ) 8 sales ( high-pric$ /ock1 may pull him ?r\gh ) a total pr(it1 ev5 ?\gh 8 production co/ is great1 b e fanci] %\ld take a pride 9 mak+ ! sales at comm]cial rates pay = _! co/ ( production4 ,if ! read] has receiv$ ! impression f ! pres5t discussion t fancy p\ltry bre$+ always proves unpr(itable1 he c]ta9ly has fail$ to get ! key-note ( ! situation4 ,!re are numb]s ( fancy p\ltry bre$]s mak+ incomes ( sev]al ?\s& doll>s p] ye>1 b ^! are old bre$]s & well-kn[n m54 ,!re is ano!r type ( p\ltry fanci] :o is m comm]cial 9 8 me?ods1 b ^: "w lacks ! p]sonal en?usiasm & arti/ic t\* ( ! regul> fanci]4 ,i ref] to ! b& wagon /yle ( bre$] :o gets out a g5]al catalog 9 :i* are pictur$ acres ( p\ltry y>ds ) f5ces z /raight z ! draughtsman's rule c make !m4 ,su* m5 d a big bus9ess4 ,!y may c>ry a "p or all ( ! bre$+ /ock on a c5tral p\ltry plant & f>m out ! eggs1 contract+ to buy back ! /ock 9 ! fall1 or ! p\ltry f>m may be a my? & ! manag] may simply sell ! product ( ! neighbor+ f>m]s :o raise x "u contract4 ,! sy/em is naturally dislik$ by ! high] class fanci]s1 b ! writ] mu/ confess t any sy/em :i* gets improv$ /ock di/ribut$ among ! f>m]s is wor?y ( praise4 ,^! types ( p\ltry f>ms h be5 m l>gely c>ri$ on 9 ! ,we/ ?an 9 ! ,ea/1 ow+ to ! fact t true fanci]s are ?ick] 9 ! ,ea/4 ,!re is und\bt$ly /ill pl5ty ( room = b& wagon p\ltry plants 9 ! ,we/ & especially 9 ! ,s\?4 ,z adjuncts ( ?is bus9ess may be m5tion$ ! sale ( a l9e ( p\ltry supplies & ! h&l+ ( o!r pet /ock1 su* z dogs or ,%etl& ponies4 ,9 ?is case ! advantage ( su* additions dep5ds ^u ! fact t ! greate/ co/ is t ( adv]tis+1 &1 if any?+ t w be associat$ 9 ! buy]'s m9d ) ! ma9 article be add$ to ! catalog1 x w result 9 additional sales at a l[ rate ( adv]tis+ co/4 ,egg ,f>m+ ! ,mo/ ,c]ta9 & ,pr(itable4 ,we h n[ discuss$ all ! bran*es ( ! p\ltry bus9ess save t ( egg production1 & ! result ( our review indicates t mo/ ( ^! fields are ei!r ( limit$ opportunities or t !y pres5t ob/acles 9 ! v nature ( ! "w t prev5t _! be+ conduct$ on a l>ge scale4 ,egg production is und\bt$ly ! mo/ promis+ & pr(itable bran* ( ! p\ltry indu/ries4 ,! *ief reason t ?is is true is to be f\nd 9 ! fact t ! mo/ difficult feature 9 *ick5 gr[+ is ! re>+ ( "y /ock ?r\gh ! brood+ p]iod4 ,n[1 z ! eggs laid by a h5 are wor? sev]al times ! value ( h] c>cass1 x /&s to reason t once we succe$ 9 re>+ pullets1 egg f>m+ mu/ be ! mo/ pr(itable bus9ess to engage 94 ,= ea* h5 t passes ?r\gh a lay+ p]iod !re is h] own c>cass1 & at lea/ "o cock]el1 t are necess>ily produc$ & t mu/ be m>ket$4 ,n[1 ! pullet is wor? m = egg produc+ ?an c be realiz$ = h] z a broil] or roa/]1 & h] extra wor? may be consid]$ z c\nt]-balanc+ ! price at :i* cock]els mu/ be sold4 ,! egg crop repres5ts ab\t two-?irds ( ! value ( all p\ltry products1 & ! dem& = ! high grade goods has nev] be5 satisfi$4 ,egg f>m+ _c easily be ov]done1 :]eas any o!r type ( p\ltry production mu/ compete ) ! cock]els & h5s t are a by-product ( egg f>m+4 ,egg f>m+ by no means relieves "o f ! difficulties ( incubation & gr[+ "y /ock1 b x does ?r[ ^! difficult p>ts ( ! bus9ess at ! natural season ( ! ye> & results 9 a di/ribution ( "w ?r\gh\t a long] p]iod ( "t4 ,9 ! rema9d] ( ! volume we w consid] ! p\ltryman z an egg f>m]4 ,we w also1 unless o!rwise /at$1 assume t he is a ,:ite ,leghorn egg f>m]1 :o is hat*+ by artificial incubation4 ,su* ref]5ce to ! m>ket+ ( p\ltry fle% or to o!r bre$s w be made only 9 comp>ison ( ?is type ( ! bus9ess or 9 relation to ! production or h&l+ ( f>m-gr[n p\ltry4 ,,*apt] ,,iii ,,! ,,p\ltry ,,produc+ ,,community ,! build] ( air ca/les 9 ,p\ltrydom inv>iably />ts out ) a resum ( ! specialization ( ! _w's "w & ! wond]ful advances 9 ! economy ( production ( ! l>ge corporate organization1 comp>$ ) ! individual produc]4 ,! lone blacksmi? hamm]+ out a horse%oe nail is contra/$ ) ! mills ( ! ,am]ican ,/eel ,company4 ,! fond dream] looks ^u ! /eel tru/1 ! oil tru/1 ! dep>tm5t /ore1 ! pack+ h\se1 ! *a9 groc]ies1 ! !atrical tru/1 & ! colossal ent]prises t dom9ate e field ( indu/ry save agriculture4 ,"h1 !n1 lies ! neglect$ opportunity = ! indu/rial dream] to hop ov] ! f5ce1 awak5 ! sleep+ f>m]1 & fill 8 own purse ) ! weal? to be made by apply+ mod]n bus9ess me?ods to agriculture4 ,! kn[+ smile--! f>m] may be asleep & he may n be4 ,suppose t he is1 does ! fond dream] dream t he is ! fir/ man f ! indu/rial k+dom ( great ?+s to look ) hungry eyes at ! ri* field ( agricultural opportunity1 bask+ 9 la/ c5tury's sun8 ,alas1 fond dream]1 y\r "n is legion4 ,e f>m] :o has s5t a son to college has kn[n y & ! ,hon4 ,william ,j5n+s ,bryan has met y1 call$ y an agriculturi/ & def9$ y z a man :o makes 8 money 9 t[n & sp5ds x 9 ! c\ntry4 ,b ! dream] is "r 9 8 fir/ premise--great economies 9 production are ! result ( specialization & comb9ation4 ,:y n !n 9 agriculture8 ,i'll tell y :y4 ,!re is a t\* ( nature 9 ! liv+ ?+ t calls = a clos] int]e/ on ! "p ( ! labor] ?an ! indu/rial sy/em ( ! m9e & factory c give4 ,:y is comb9$ & specializ$ production m economical8 ,x may be because x gets m effici5t "w out ( labor1 x may be t l>g] op]ations make feasible ! employm5t ( m effici5t me?ods & ma*9]y4 ,! co/ ( production may be l[]$1 by ei!r or bo? ( ^! means1 or x may be l[]$ by an increas$ effici5cy 9 ma*9]y1 ev5 ) a decreas$ effici5cy 9 labor4 ,comb9ation & specialization s commonly cut d[n exp5ses because ( l>ge op]ations & ! use ( bett] tools1 t we may take ?is sav+ = grant$4 ,:5 x comes to labor !re is a diff]5t /ory4 ,! negro work+ ) boss & gang1 or ! ma*9e-t5d] 9 ! factory "w z well or bett] = l>ge ?an = small conc]ns1 b ! labor ( a p\ltry plant is diff]5t4 ,x is made up ( a great _m diff]5t op]ations well scatt]$ 9 space & "t4 ,= ! mo/ "p x is simple labor1 b x is ess5tial t x be p]=m$ ) reasonable conc]n = ! welf>e ( ! bus9ess4 ,9 o!r indu/ries1 z ) m5 work+ at a b5*1 ! pres5ce ( a =eman keeps !m busy & _! "w may be daily inspect$4 ,to h =em5 9 p\ltry "w w\ld require z _m =em5 z labor]s1 & ev5 !n !y w\ld be z useless1 = :5 ! la/ r\nd ( ! brood]s is made at night a =eman /&+ ?ree feet away c\ld n "k :e!r ! labor] :o _h plac$ 8 h& 9 ! brood] _h f\nd all well or all wrong4 ,x is useless to c>ry ! argum5t f>!r4 ,! labor bill is "o ( ! bigge/ items ( exp5se 9 p\ltry production4 ,) a sy/em :]e ! effici5cy ( ! labor decreases ) ! size ( ! bus9ess1 l>ge indu/rial ent]prises are impossible4 ,su* sav+s z w be made 9 buy+ supplies1 sell+1 etc41 w be wa/$ 9 ! r$uc$ effici5cy ( labor4 ,! bulk ( labor 9 p\ltry "w mu/ be self-reliant labor & ! only te/ = su* effici5cy is numb] ( *icks re>$ & ! weight ( ! egg basket4 ,ev5 ?is w n be a complete te/ unless f ! income be subtract$ ! fe$ bills4 ,a sy/em ( r5t+ or work+ on %>es t w ga9 ! advantages ( c5tralization )\t los+ ! individual int]e/ ( ! labor]1 w g a long way t[>d mak+ ! p\ltry bus9ess "o :]e9 l>ge capital & l>ge bra9s c f9d a place to "w4 ,i expect to see 9 ! future "s su* sy/em evolv$4 ,9 fact we h to-day a pr(it-%>+ plan betwe5 own] & =eman on _m ( our be/ plants4 ,to ext5d su* to ea* labor] requires m sy/em & bett] sup]9t5d5ce1 b x is feasible & mu/ come4 ,b1 bett] /ill is x = ! work] to own ! /ock4 ,be/ yet if he owns bo? /ock & l&1 leav+ to l>g] capital only su* phases ( ! bus9ess z involve great sav+ :5 done on a :olesale basis4 ,j z ! manufactur] ( f>m ma*9]y1 ! pack+ ( meat & ! manufacture ( butt] h successfully be5 tak5 out ( ! control ( ! individual f>m] & plac$ "u corporate or co-op]ative organization1 s ! writ] expects to see c]ta9 portions ( ! process ( p\ltry production remov$ f ! h&s ( ! f>m] & controll$ by m specializ$ & exp]t labor4 ,f> f mean+ ! less5+ ( ! e>n+ p[] ( ! f>m]1 e "o ( su* /eps means l>g] production & m pr(its4 ,! ideal ( agricultural economics is to give ! f>m] ! smalle/ possible proportion ( ! "w ( agricultural production 9 ord] t ! mo/ may be produc$ & ! f>m]'s %>e along ) ! o!rs may be l>ge/4 ,e/abli%$ ,p\ltry ,communities4 ,9 a previ\s *apt] we spoke ( ! ,s\? ,%ore roa/] di/rict ( ,massa*usetts4 ,"h is a community :]e1 9 lots ( f a doz5 to f\r or five ?\s&1 are annually produc$ sev5ty-five or "o hundr$ ?\s& m>ket f[ls ( "o p>ticul> type4 ,:ile ?is bus9ess 0 n built up by ! ef=ts ( a corporation or individual :o plann$ def9itely ! entire project1 yet we f9d a c5tral influ5ce at "w 9 ! p]son ( ! firm ( ,curtis ,bros41 :o = ye>s h b\ght ! majority ( ,s\? ,%ore roa/]s1 & :o h done a great deal to adv]tise ! product & enc\rage _! neighbors to a l>g] & m uni=m production4 ,at ,little ,compton1 ,r4 ,i41 is a v simil> p>allel ( ! ,s\? ,%ore di/rict 9 ! %ape ( egg f>ms4 ,"h we f9d )9 a radius ( two miles ab\t "o hundr$ ?\s& ,rhode ,isl& ,r$ h5s own$ 9 flocks ( two ?\s& or less4 ,! me?ods us$ ?r\gh\t ! community are all alike & are simple 9 ! extreme4 ,!re are no incubators1 no brood]s1 no p\ltry h\ses1 no long h\ses1 no dropp+ bo>ds to be scrap$ e morn+1 no?+ 9 fact1 b bo>d-wall$1 bo>d-ro($1 colony h\ses1 scatt]$ ov] ! grass fields & simil> ?\gh small] fields cov]$ ) coops = h5s & *icks4 ,fe$+ is equally simple2 a ma% ( meat1 vegetables & gr\nd gra9 mix$ once a day & haul$ ar\nd 9 a "o-horse c>t & hopp]s ( :ole corn expos$ 9 ! h\ses4 ,! h\ses are clean$ twice a ye>4 ,little ,compton is1 inde$1 a community :]e all ! rules ( ! p\ltry books are regul>ly violat$1 & yet a l>g] numb] ( successful egg f>ms c be se5 f ! *ur* spire at ,little ,compton ,corn]s ?an mo/ p\ltry writ]s h ev] se5 or read ab\t4 ,/range x is1 z ,jo% ,bill+s puts x1 t "s folks "k ?+s t a9't s4 ,an illu/ration publi%$ 9 a rec5t issue ( ! ,_w's ,"w tells a rem>kable /ory4 ,a pile ( egg %ells z big z a /raw /ack c]ta9ly indicates some?+ do+ 9 ! *ick5 bus9ess1 & x is a v pr\d monum5t to ,mr4 ,byce :o1 "s tw5ty odd ye>s ago1 e/abli%$ an incubator factory at ! t[n ( ,petaluma4 ,petaluma is 9 ,sonoma ,c\nty1 ,cali=nia1 =ty miles nor? ( ,san ,francisco4 ,9 ! c5sus ye> ( #ahii1 ,sonoma ,c\nty produc$ m eggs ?an any o!r c\nty 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates4 ,to-day !re are 9 ! ,petaluma region close to "o million h5s4 ,l ! ,little ,compton di/rict1 ,petaluma is a "o-bre$ community1 ,:ite ,leghorns be+ ! bre$ us$4 ,! individual flocks range l>g] ?an at ,little ,compton1 *iefly because ! mild] climate1 small] bre$1 & e/abli%m5t ( ! c5tral hat*]y enables "o man to take c>e ( m birds4 ,:5 ,i ask$ ,mr4 ,byce = a li/ ( ! p 9 8 neighborhood keep+ ov] "o ?\s& h5s1 he repli$ by s5d+ me a li/ ( tw5ty-two m5 :o keep f #h1jjj d[n to #b1ejj ea*1 & said t to give ^? keep+ f "o to two ?\s&1 w\ld practically be to take a c5sus ( ! c\nty4 ,! me?ods ( h\s+ & fe$+ us$ are simple & inexp5sive l ^? at ,little ,compton4 ,! *ief reason :y ,petaluma %[s a m advanc$ developm5t 9 ! p\ltry community ?an ! ea/]n p\ltry gr[+ localities1 is to be f\nd 9 ! climatic advantages :i* favor incubation 7see ,*apt] on ,incubation7 & ! consequ5t developm5t ( ! c5tral hat*]y4 ,outside ( ?is1 ! location is n especially favorable4 ,! temp]ature is mild] 9 ! w9t] ?an 9 ! ,ea/1 b ! ,petaluma w9t] is "o ( cont9ual ra9 :i* develops r\p to a great] ext5t ?an we h x 9 ! ,ea/4 ,! prices receiv$ = high grade eggs 9 ,san ,francisco is 9 ! w9t] ab\t equal to ! top prices 9 ,new ,york4 ,9 ! spr+ & summ] ,new ,york w give m = fancy goods4 ,! co/ ( corn on ! ,pacific ,coa/ is ab\t #dj c5ts a hundr$ m ?an on ! ,atlantic ,coa/4 ,:eat1 h[ev]1 is *eap] ?an 9 ! ,ea/1 b n *eap en\gh to sub/itute = ! m /aple gra94 ,! eggs f ! ,petaluma region are at pres5t m>ket$ l>gely ?r\gh a co-op]ative m>ket+ association4 ,develop+ ,p\ltry ,communities4 ,i h %[n :y ! l>ge individual p\ltry f>ms ) hir$ labor h n prov5 pr(itable fields = ! inve/m5t ( capital4 ,aga91 ,i h %[n t 9 a few localities :]e ! bus9ess 0 incid5tally />t$1 communities ( indep5d5t p\ltry f>m]s h gr[n up :i* are v successful1 & t !re is no app>5t reason :y simil> communities else:]e1 if intellig5tly locat$1 c\ld n d z well or bett]4 ,?is looks l an excell5t field = corporate ent]prise4 ,c]ta9ly !re is no m reason :y ! p\ltry community _c be z successfully promot$ z an irrigation project1 or a *eese factory1 or a truck+ community4 ,9 su* a community !re are _m functions t c be bett] p]=m$ by a capitaliz$ body manag$ by exp]ts ?an by individual p\ltrym5 act+ alone4 ,^! functions are3 ,fir/1 ! selection ( a location & ! pur*ase ( ! l& 9 l>ge quantities4 ,second1 lay+ out ?is l& into suitable individual hold+s1 ) reg>d to economy ( wat] supply & ! collection ( ! product4 ,?ird1 ! p>tial or complete equipm5t ( ^! f>ms at less exp5se & 9 a m suitable mann] ?an c\ld or w\ld be done by ! individual hold]s4 ,f\r?1 ! sale or r5t ( ^! places to p\ltrym5 at a reasonable pr(it on ! inve/m5t1 b at a rate :i* w /ill be bel[ ! co/ at :i* ! individual c\ld h acquir$ ! l&4 ,fif?1 ! selection ( ! /ock t w\ld n only be bett] adapt$ to ! ent]prise ?an t :i* w\ld be acquir$ by ! individual f>m]1 b w\ld possess ! uni=mity necess>y to ! ma9t5ance ( a /&>d grade 9 ! product4 ,six?1 ! c5traliz$ hat*+ ( ! *icks by :i* means *icks c be m *eaply hat*$ & bett] hat*$ ?an by ! imp]fect me?ods available to ! small p\ltryman4 ,sev5?1 ! pur*ase ( all outside supplies ) ! usual sav+s involv$ 9 l>ge pur*ases4 ,eigh?1 a team+ sy/em ( deliv]+ su* supplies4 ,n9?1 a g5]al protection aga9/ ?ieves & pr$atory animals by an organiz$ w> on all v>m5ts4 ,t5?1 ma9t5ance ( ! be/ me?ods 9 fe$+ & c>e by ! employm5t ( skill$ advis]s1 or ! op]ation ( demon/ration f>ms "u ! direction ( ! c5tral managem5t4 ,elev5?1 ! en=c$ daily ga!r+ ( all eggs & _! lodgm5t t same ev5+ 9 a clean1 dry cool]1 ) a !rmomet] hov]+ ar\nd #bi degrees ,fahr5heit4 ,twelf?1 ! /rict en=cem5t ( p5alties aga9/ ! man :o attempts to sell bad eggs4 ,?irte5?1 ! prompt dispat* ( ! product to its f9al m>ket4 ,f\rte5?1 ! f9al sale ( ! eggs ) opportunities = fancy prices made possible by an absolutely gu>ante$ product 9 quantities suffici5t to p]mit ( a regul> supply & ( adv]tis+ ! product4 ,fifte5?1 ! conduction ( bre$+ op]ations along any desir$ l9e1 ) ! opportunity ( comb9+ ! pr9ciple ( great numb]s = selection ) ! comp>ison ( all prog5y f ance/ry1 a me?od t w br+ results a hundr$ times m quickly ?an ! ef=ts ( ! small bre$]4 ,sixte5?1 ! advantage ( ! sale ( bre$+ /ock to be acquir$ f ! free publicity :i* is %[]$ on all unique indu/rial ent]prises4 ,9 ^! sixte5 functions !re is ample opportunity = capital1 back$ by ability 9 organization1 to reap an ample rew>d4 ,is x a dream8 ,9 a s5se yes1 b a dream made possible by ! obs]vation ( ! actual results a*iev$ 9 simil> l9es1 & ( ! pres5t t5d5cy 9 ! p\ltry produc+ _w4 ,:y has n ?is ?+ be5 done be=e8 ,because no "o knew en\gh to d x4 ,:y did n ! wond]ful truck+ regions develop e>li] 9 ! ,s\?1 & :y does x /ill take nor!rn settl]s1 back$ by railroad adv]tis+1 to develop ! wond]ful mod]n indu/ries :i* enables e city dwell] 9 ! ,nor? to h /rawb]ries 9 ,febru>y & fre% vegetables any day 9 ! ye>8 ,:y did ! ,cali=nia fruit trade develop8 ,did anyone suppose =ty ye>s ago t ! unsettl$ valley ar\nd ,pasad5a w\ld ev] produce "o ?\s& doll>s p] acre 9 "o ye>8 ,^! orange groves1 too valuable = agricultural purposes to be us$ z t[n sites1 7 prec>i\s exp]im5ts until ! trans-cont95tal refrig]ator c> & ! ,cali=nia ,fruit ,gr[]s' ,ex*ange pav$ ! way & put ea* day 9 e ea/]n & nor!rn city j ! quantity ( oranges t ! p c\ld consume at a pr(itable price4 ,mr4 ,h>wood1 9 ! ,_w's ,"w = ,may1 #aijh1 aft] describ+ ! ,city ( a ,million ,h5s1 raises ! "q1 ,if 9 ,petaluma1 :y n any:]e8 ,i w\ld l to answ] t "q by say+ t :ile any:]e is a little broad1 ! reason ! indu/ry has n develop$ else:]e has be5 because ( ! div]sion ( int]e/$ capital t[>ds impractical l>ge individual p\ltry plants1 mann$ by hir$ labor4 ,ano!r reason has be5 ! lack ( ! te*nical k necess>y to con/ruct & op]ate effici5t hat*]ies4 ,! p\ltryman has be5 a disciple ( ! p\ltry pap]s & p\ltry fanci]s ( ! day4 ,! p\ltry pap]s & p\ltry lit]ature has g5]ally be5 support$ by p\ltry fanci]s & manufactur]s ( incubators1 pat5t ne/s & portable h\ses4 ,! good folks h vi$ ) "o ano!r 9 complicat+ ! bus9ess4 ,!y h built /eam-pip$ h\ses1 ) padd$ walls & m9iature railways ) :i* daily to haul away ! dropp+s4 ,a few fam\s fanci]s sell+ eggs at #aj4jj p] sett+ h made su* bus9ess pay1 b alas = ! luckless inve/or 9 :at ! visit+ p\ltry editor w\ld /yle a h&somely equipp$ mod]n p\ltry plant4 ,a few ye>s ago a ,gov]nm5t p\ltry exp]t paid a visit to ,petaluma4 ,he came back & report$1 ,x is a great disappo9tm5t1 ! me?ods are v crude4 ,! case is mo/ pa!tic4 ,"h 0 a man employ$ by ! p to tea* !m h[ to make p\ltry pay4 ,8 c>f>e is paid across ! cont95t t he might visit ! only community 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates :]e at t "t any consid]able numb] ( p 7 mak+ _! liv+ f p\ltry1 & because he did n f9d lightn+ rods on ! p\ltry h\ses1 he came back ) ! look ( ,naam5 :o1 :5 he 0 reque/$ by ,eli%a to ba! sev5 times 9 ! riv] ,jordan1 repli$1 ,x is v crude4 ,w ,co-op]ation ,"w8 ,t magic ?+1 ,co-op]ation1 :ile utt]ly lack+ 9 ! ,utopian qualities ) :i* ! ^w arti/ pa9ts x1 is a decid$ly bigg] factor 9 ,am]ican affairs ?an ! av]age man realizes4 ,! *ief difficulty ) co-op]ation is t ! manag]1 if n incompet5t1 has an excell5t opportunity to be a graft]4 ,9 ,europe co-op]ation 9 agricultural & m]cantile ent]prise is old] & bett] develop$ ?an 9 ?is c\ntry4 ,p]haps ! ,europeans are less incl9$ to be graft]s1 b a m likely explanation is t ! memb]s ( su* associations z ^! h le>n$ h[ to prev5t & detect graft1 j z our bus9ess m5 h le>n$ to avoid losses f ! di%one/y ( employes4 ,t ?is is ! true explanation is sub/antiat$ by ! fact t :5 co-op]ation once becomes e/abli%$ 9 ?is c\ntry1 x succe$s ev5 bett] ?an 9 ,europe4 ,:5 ! cream]ies 7 />t$ 9 ! ,we/ sev]al ye>s ago1 !re 0 mu* compla9t ( sw9dl]s1 fake /ock companies1 & co-op]ative v5tures 9 :i* ! manag] abscond$ ) ! butt] money4 ,to-day m ?an half ( ! ,am]ican cream]ies are co-op]ative & ! numb] is con/antly increas+4 ,!y are effici5t & successful 9 e way1 & to-day make ! f9e/ ( butt] & pay ! highe/ prices to ! f>m] = 8 cream4 ,b _! way 0 fir/ pav$ & ! bus9ess develop$ by successful private conc]ns4 ,co-op]ation is entirely feasible & successful :]e ! p beh9d ! movem5t h en\gh int]e/ 9 ! ent]prise & good en\gh bus9ess s5se to run ! proposition z effici5tly z simil> private ent]prises are run4 ,! idea t co-op]ation mu/ always result 9 a big sav+ is a misconception4 ,employes w n "w any h>d] = an association ?an = a private employ]1 sometimes n z h>d4 ,c]ta9ly no employee w "w z h>d = an association z he w = himself4 ,:y p %\ld expect to buy out ! groc]y /ore & hire ! groc] to run x & save money = !mselves1 is a ?+ ,i c\ld nev] und]/&4 ,b if !re is "s great wa/e t co-op]ation w prev5t1 z :]e sev5 milk wagons drive e morn+ ov] ! same r\te1 or :]e ! m>ket ( p]i%able crops is glutt$ "o day & />v$ ! next1 c5tralization1 corporate or co-op]ate1 w pay4 ,i "k ( no bett] way to impress ! read] ) ,am]ican co-op]ation 9 actual practice ?an to quote f a brief acc\nt ( ! ,cali=nia ,fruit ,gr[]s' ,ex*ange4 ,! ,ex*ange 0 f\nd$ ^u ! !ory t e memb] is entitl$ to furni% 8 pro rata ( ! fruit = %ipm5t ?r\gh 8 association1 & e association to its pro rata to ! v>i\s m>kets ( ! c\ntry4 ,?is !ory r$uc$ to practice gives e gr[] 8 fair %>e1 & ! av]age price ( all m>kets ?r\gh\t ! season4 ,ano!r c>d9al provision ( ! plan 0 t all fruit %\ld be m>ket$ on a level basis ( actual co/1 ) all books & acc\nts op5 = inspection at ! pleasure ( ! memb]s4 ,^! broad pr9ciples ( full co-op]ation con/itute ! basis ( ! ,ex*ange movem5t4 ,! ,ex*ange sy/em is simple1 b q democratic4 ,! local association consi/s ( a numb] ( gr[]s contigu\sly situat$1 :o unite !mselves = ! purpose ( prep>+ _! fruit = m>ket on a co-op]ative basis4 ,!y e/abli% _! own br&s1 make su* rules z !y may agree ^u = grad+1 pack+ & pool+ _! fruit4 ,usually ^! associations own ?or\ghly equipp$ pack+ h\ses4 ,all memb]s are giv5 a l privilege to pick & deliv] fruit to ! pack+ h\se1 :]e x is weigh$ 9 & prop]ly receipt$ =4 ,e gr[]'s fruit is sep>at$ into diff]5t grades1 accord+ to quality1 & usually !reaft] x goes into ! common pool1 & 9 due c\rse takes its p]c5tage ( ! returns accord+ to grade4 ,any giv5 br& is ! exclusive prop]ty ( ! ,local ,association us+ x1 & ! fruit "u ?is br& is always pack$ 9 ! same locality1 & !re=e ( uni=m quality4 ,?is is ( great advantage 9 m>ket+1 z ! trade soon le>ns t ! pack is reliable4 ,!re are m ?an eighty associations1 cov]+ e citrus fruit di/rict 9 ,cali=nia1 & pack+ ne>ly two hundr$ reliable & gu>ante$ br&s ( oranges & lemons4 ,! sev]al local ,ex*anges designate "o man ea* f _! memb]%ip z _! repres5tative1 & he is elect$ a director ( ! ,cali=nia ,fruit ,gr[]s' ,ex*ange4 ,by ?is me?od ! policy-mak+ & gov]n+ p[] ( ! organization rema9s 9 ! h&s ( ! local ,ex*anges4 ,f top to bottom ! organization is plann$1 dom9at$ & 9 g5]al detail controll$ absolutely by fruit gr[]s1 & = ! common good ( all memb]s4 ,no corporation nor individual reaps f x ei!r divid5ds or private ga94 ,s f> we h dealt almo/ exclusively ) ! organization ( ! ,ex*ange1 its co-op]ative aspects1 & g5]al policy at home4 ,equally important is its organization 9 ! m>kets4 ,seek+ to free itself f ! %ift+ influ5ce ( speculative trad+1 by tak+ ! bus9ess out ( ! h&s ( middlem5 at home1 ! ,ex*ange f\nd x q z important to ma9ta9 ! control ( its own affairs 9 ! m>kets4 ,= ?is purpose ! ,ex*ange e/abli%$ a sy/em ( exclusive ag5cies 9 all ! pr9cipal cities ( ! c\ntry1 employ+ z ag5ts active1 capable "y m5 ( exp]i5ce 9 ! fruit bus9ess4 ,mo/ ( ^! ag5ts are sal>i$1 & h no o!r bus9ess ( any k9d to engage _! att5tion1 & none ( ! ,ex*ange repres5tatives h&le any o!r citrus fruits4 ,^! ag5ts sell to small] cities contigu\s to _! headqu>t]s1 or 9 ! t]ritory cov]$ by _! di/ricts4 ,ov] all ^! ag5cies are two g5]al or travel+ ag5ts1 ) au?ority to sup]vise & *eck up ! v>i\s (fices4 ,^! g5]al ag5ts ma9ta9 9 _! (fices at ,*icago & ,omaha1 a complete bureau ( in=mation1 ?r\gh :i* all ag5ts receive e day detail$ in=mation z to sales ( ,ex*ange fruit 9 o!r m>kets ! previ\s day4 ,possess+ ?is data1 ! sell+ ag5t _c be tak5 advantage ( z to prices4 ,if any ag5t f9ds 8 m>ket sluggi%1 & is unable to sell at ! av]age prices prevail+ else:]e1 he promptly advises ! head (fice 9 ,los ,angeles1 & suffici5t fruit is div]t$ f 8 m>ket to relieve x & re/ore prices to normal level4 ,?r\gh ^! ag5cies ( its own ! ,ex*ange is able to get & transmit to its memb]s ! mo/ tru/wor?y in=mation reg>d+ m>ket conditions1 visible supplies1 etc4 ,?is sy/em af=ds a maximum ( good s]vice at a m9imum co/4 ,! volume ( ! bus9ess is s l>ge t a mo/ ?or\gh equipm5t is ma9ta9$ at mu* less co/ to gr[]s ?an any o!r sell+ ag5cy c (f]4 ,! annual bus9ess ( ! ,cali=nia ,fruit ,gr[]s' ,ex*ange am\nts to ov] t5 million doll>s1 & ! ,ex*ange h&les ov] half ! citrus fruit output ( ! ,/ate4 ,yet !re are p :o say co-op]ation 9 ,am]ica w n "w4 ,co-op]ative ,egg ,m>ket+ 9 ,d5m>k4 ,i h discuss$ at l5g? ! "w ( ! ,cali=nia ,fruit ,gr[]s' ,ex*ange1 z ! be/ example 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates ( ! co-op]ative m>ket+ ( f>m produce4 ,we h ?us f> b little co-op]ative "w 9 ! m>ket+ ( p\ltry products4 ,canada has a few examples1 b x is to ,european c\ntries t we mu/ g = a full demon/ration ( ! pr9ciple ( co-op]ation :5 appli$ to ! products ( ! h54 ,9 ,engl& & 9 ,irel& co-op]ative ef=ts 9 ! gr[+1 fatt5+1 & m>ket+ ( p\ltry & eggs are q common4 ,x is to ,d5m>k1 h[ev]1 t we mu/ g to f9d ! mo/ :olesale example ( ?is truly mod]n type ( bus9ess ef=t4 ,! ,danes are co-op]ators 9 ! fulle/ s5se4 ,!y h co-op]ative cream]ies & co-op]ative pack+ h\ses4 ,! ,dani% ,egg ,export ,society is an organization1 ! plan & "w ( :i* is v mu* l t ( ! ,cali=nia ,fruit ,gr[]s' ,ex*ange4 ,! local bran* ( ! association buys ! eggs ( ! f>m]1 pay+ = !m by weight4 ,collectors are hir$ to ga!r !m at frequ5t & regul> int]vals1 & are paid ,9 accordance ) ! am\nt ( _! collections1 b mu/ /& ! loss ( breakage4 ,ea* individual p\ltryman's eggs are kept sep>ate until !y rea* a c5traliz+ /ation4 ,!re are a numb] ( ^! c5tral /ations at :i* ! eggs are c>efully crat$ & pack$ = %ipm5t to ,engl&4 ,! individual f>m] is f9$ or tax$ = all bad eggs f\nd 9 8 lot4 ,?is f9e is d$uct$ f 8 receipts & he has no?+ to d b to submit to x or get out ( ! association4 ,! latt] he _c af=d to d because ! association has its e/abli%$ br&s & c pay him m = 8 eggs ?an he c\ld secure by attempt+ to m>ket !m himself4 ,z a result ( ?is /rict sy/em ( mak+ ! produc] responsible = weight & quality ( ! eggs ! ,dani% eggs h become ! l>ge/ & f9e/ 9 ! _w4 ,al?\gh ! writ] firmly believes 9 ! co-op]ative m>ket+ ( f>m produce1 & consid]s t ! success already secur$ 9 ?is "w is conclusive evid5ce ( ! practicability & desirability ( co-op]ation1 x w\ld n be fair to inf] t co-op]ation has entirely driv5 out private or corporate ent]prise4 ,j z a goodly p] c5t4 ( ! citrus fruit ( ,cali=nia is /ill h&l$ by private deal]s1 s 9 ,d5m>k we f9d t ne>ly "o-half ( ! eggs s5t to ,engl& are h&l$ by private companies4 ,let x be not$1 h[ev]1 t ^! companies ma9ta9 a sy/em ( buy+ on m]it :i* en=ces high quality t is n to be f\nd :]e private buy]s are )\t ! spur ( co-op]ative competition4 ,be=e co-op]ation ent]$ ! orange regions ( ,cali=nia1 ! fruit 0 poorly pack$ & h&l$ & ! m>kets at times s glutt$1 t %ipm5ts ( fruit sometimes fail$ to pay ! freight1 & ?is 0 actually *>g$ back to ! un=tunate gr[]4 ,co-op]ation has done away ) ?is wa/e4 ,9 l mann] ! great loss f decompos$ eggs & half hat*$ *icks is unkn[n to ! egg trade ( ,d5m>k4 ,corporation or ,co-op]ation8 ,! community ( f>m]s produc+ a l>ge quantity ( a s+le k9d ( product is ! com+ =m ( agricultural ent]prise4 ,w ?is community be promot$ by corporation or by co-op]ation8 ,ar?ur ,brisbane says1 ,z individual control ( ! ,gov]nm5t has be5 sup]c$$ by collective control1 s individual control ( indu/ries w be foll[$ by collective control4 ,t is ! natural ord]4 ,brisbane is "r4 ,! individual1 or ! corporation1 :i* is an individual us+ o!r m5's money1 =]uns co-op]ation1 because ! individual kn[s exactly :at he wants to d & ! big gr\p ( individuals does n "k :at !y want or h[ to d x until individuals h1 by concrete successes1 %[n !m4 ,:5 ! cream]ies 7 />t$1 co-op]ative cream]ies 7 unsuccessful & c\ld n compete ) privately own$ cream]ies4 ,! f>m]s h n[ become too wise to be easy-m>ks to ! fake cream]y promot]s or to tru/ _! butt] sales to a comp>ative /rang] & co-op]ation is a success4 ,p\ltry communities _c be made out ( :ole clo? by ! co-op]ative plan4 ,private corporations w be necess>y to laun* ^! ent]prises4 ,:5 !y h rea*$ ! /age ( developm5t n[ to be se5 9 ,little ,compton & ,petaluma !y are ready = co-op]ation4 ,i h emphasiz$ ! po9t t ! private corporation is ! natural =]unn] 9 ?is matt] 9 ord] to disc\rage premature or ov]-ambiti\s ef=ts at co-op]ation4 ,:5ev] a community ( p\ltrym5 or1 = t matt]1 a community ( gr[]s ( any p]i%able =m ( products1 :o are already successful 9 ! produc+ end1 wi% to take up co-op]ation & w see t m5 are select$ to manage x :o w use ! same precautions to gu>d aga9/ incompet5cy or graft t !y1 z individuals1 w\ld use 9 _! own bus9ess1 !re is excell5t *ance ( success4 ,g sl[4 ,d n expect to get ri* quick by cutt+ out ! middleman's enorm\s pr(its1 = ! middleman's pr(its are n enorm\s1 & if y see t y\r co-op]ation is n pay+1 give x up & confess to y\rselves t y d n "k z mu* ab\t ! bus9ess z y\r private competitors4 ,,*apt] ,,iv ,,:]e ,,to ,,locate ,t p\ltry %\ld be kept on e f>m to supply ! f>m]'s own table does n p]mit ( argum5t4 ,:5 x comes to production = m>ket1 ,i believe !re are "s sections :]e x co/s m to produce & m>ket p\ltry & eggs ?an is receiv$ = ! product :5 sold4 ,= illu/ration3 ,on a f>m :i* is tw5ty miles f t[n & :]e gra9 _c be pr(itably gr[n1 ! co/ ( team+ gra9 f ! railroad /ation & ( s5d+ ! eggs to m>ket z frequ5tly z is necess>y to h a :olesome product1 w\ld c]ta9ly eat up all possible pr(its4 ,! f>m] ?us locat$ w\ld f9d a m pr(itable use = 8 "t 9 "s indu/ry :]e ! raw mat]ial is ne> at h& & ! product ne$s less frequ5t m>ket+4 ,"s ,p\ltry ,geography4 ,:5 we are discuss+ p\ltry on ! g5]al f>m1 ! problem ( location is n to be tak5 into consid]ation1 save to ! ext5t t !re are a few localities :]e food co/ is s high or m>ket+ facilities s poor z to make ev5 ! usual f>m surplus unpr(itable4 ,! map on page #de %[s ! int5sity ( egg production & also indicates ! location ( ! m important localities :]e p\ltry plants h succe$$4 ,! map on page #dg %[s ! quality ( eggs com+ f v>i\s sections1 :i* indicates pretty closely ! g5]al developm5t ( ! p\ltry indu/ry4 ,^! indications1 h[ev]1 are ( little value 9 locat+ a p\ltry plant1 = !y ref] to ! p\ltry product on ! g5]al f>m1 & are a matt] ( ! numb] & g5]al intellig5ce ( f>m]s1 r t a sign ( ! suitability ( ! locality = ! p\ltry indu/ry4 ,= purposes ( discussion1 ,i h divid$ ! ,unit$ ,/ates into sev5 sections z %[n by ! dott$ l9es on ! second map4 ,illu/ration3 ,plate ,,ii4 ,page #de4 ,map3 ,int5sity ( egg production 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates ,section #a is ! ,nor? ,woods & too cold & remote = ! p\ltry bus9ess4 ,section #b includes ! great ,we/1 ( :i* an adequate discussion is out ( ! "q4 ,( c\rse1 ! great majority ( ?is area is too remote f m>kets = p\ltry production4 ,! locations ar\nd ! big cities 9 ?is section are excell5t = p\ltry f>m+1 z !y are s f> remov$ f ! great f>m region t _! bulk ( import$ eggs are ( necessity some:at /ale4 ,cali=nia is good *ick5 c\ntry4 ,! ,puget ,s\nd c\ntry is r too damp4 ,9 ! int]ior we/]n regions ! *ick5 bus9ess has n done well1 *iefly because ! atmosph]e is too dry = ! me?ods ( artificial incubation attempt$4 ,section #c is ! great gran>y ( ! _w4 ,x is also ! home ( ?ree-f\r?s ( ! c\ntry's p\ltry crop4 ,x is a region ( corn1 cattle & hogs4 ,su* a c\ntry w produce p\ltry 9 a v inexp5sive mann]4 ,b x is n ! region = special p\ltry f>ms4 ,9 ! nor!rn portion ( ?is tract1 we f9d a heavy h\s+ exp5se & mu* w9t] labor necess>y4 ,x is a region ( high pric$ l&s & labor1 & l[ prices = p\ltry products4 ,ev5 ! l>ge cities 9 ?is region (f] little 9 ! way ( dem& = high grade p\ltry products4 ,?is is because !y are s abundantly surr\nd$ ) f>ms t all produce is mod]ately fre% & pl5tiful4 ,!re are no successful p\ltry f>ms 9 ?is section we/ ( ! ,mississippi4 ,x is ! natural location ( ext5sive r ?an int5sive bran*es ( agriculture4 ,! only type ( comm]cial p\ltry f>m+ t c\ld succe$ 9 any portion ( ?is section w\ld be a l>ge community ( produc]s :o c\ld %ip _! products out regul>ly 9 c>load lots4 ,su* developm5t c\ld only take place 9 ! s\!rn portion ( ?is region1 = ! h\s+ exp5se is too great = ! nor?4 ,at be/ ! di/ance f m>ket is a disadvantage1 = ! rate on eggs j ab\t equals ! rate on ! quantity ( gra9 necess>y to produce !m4 ,! add$ "t ( %ipm5t is some?+ ( a drawback1 ?\gh 9 refrig]ator c>s ?is is n s]i\s4 ,aft] ! e/abli%m5t ( p\ltry communities becomes m common1 ! ,oklahoma & ,texas region w become available = ?is purpose1 b !y mu/ be e/abli%$ 9 full sw+ at ! />t1 = a few isolat$ p\ltrym5 h no *ance at all 9 ?is section1 = !y _c sell _! product to advantage4 ,section #d4 ,?is region1 ext5d+ f ! ,oz>ks to ,ea/]n ,t5nessee1 is "o ( ! v be/ p\ltry sections4 ,! climate is su* t gre5 food is available w9t] & summ]1 & ! exp5se ( h\s+ & w9t] labor is reasonable4 ,?is section is /ill 9 ! corn gr[+ region4 ,! "q is almo/ always "o ( railroad facilities to get ! product out4 ,all p\ltry f>ms 9 ?is section mu/ gr[ _! own gra9 or buy x ( _! imm$iate neighbors4 ,x w n pay to %ip gra9 into ?is region4 ,illu/ration3 ,plate ,,iii4 ,page #dg4 ,map3 ,int5sity ( egg production 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates ,:5 ne> %ipp+ facilities1 individual p\ltry f>ms 9 ,section #d h a good *ance ( success1 especially ea/ ( ! ,mississippi4 ,?is is ! mo/ favorable region 9 ! c\ntry = ! e/abli%m5t ( p\ltry communities t are to gr[ _! own gra94 ,su* p\ltry f>ms w n be expect$ to conf9e _! att5tion z exclusively to ! bus9ess z ^? 9 ! section :]e x is pr(itable to import ! gra94 ,section #e is ! non-gra9 gr[+ region ( ! ,s\?4 ,x at pres5t produces little p\ltry4 ,! climate is all "r = ! purpose1 b ! freight rates on gra9 f ! ,we/ are high & likewise ! freight s]vice & freight rates to ! f9al m>ket are excessive4 ,"u ^! conditions p\ltry f>m+ w n pay except 9 a few localities z 9 ,florida1 :]e !re is a high class local m>ket due to ! popul> resorts4 ,if gra9 c\ld be pr(itably gr[n 9 ?is section ! same type ( p\ltry f>m+ t prevails 9 ,section #d w\ld be advisable4 ,n[1 gra9 c be gr[n 9 ! cotton belt ( ! ,s\?1 & _m ,yankee f>m]s are mak+ good money do+ x4 ,b :5 gr[n x is liable to be wor? m to fe$ mules ?an to fe$ *ick5s4 ,section #f is ! ,d[n ,ea/ section ( d5se population4 ,! l& = ! mo/ "p is rocky1 wood$ & hilly4 ,! climate & nature ( ! soil are aga9/ ! economical production ( p\ltry1 b ! gra9 c be pr(itably f$1 & z ! m>kets are ! be/ 9 ! c\ntry1 comm]cial p\ltry f>m+ has ga9$ q a foo?old4 ,if a man is already locat$ 9 ?is section & wi%es to g into ! p\ltry bus9ess ,i w\ld by all means say1 ,g ahead1 b ,i w\ld n advise an outsid] look+ = a location to come "h1 = ! next section has sev]al advantages4 ,section #g is ! be/ p\ltry f>m+ di/rict 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 ei!r = ! individual p\ltry plant or = ! community ( p\ltry gr[]s4 ,! reasons = ?is are3 ,fir/3 ,! soil is ( a s&y nature & excell5t l& = p\ltry f>m+ c be _h at a l[ price4 ,second3 ,! climate is mu* m favorable ?an f>!r nor? or f>!r inl&4 ,?ird3 ,gra9 rates f ! ,we/ are v reasonable4 ,f\r?3 ,! be/ m>ket 9 ! c\ntry--,new ,york ,city--is )9 easy %ipp+ di/ance4 ,! type ( p\ltry f>m+ "h to be recomm5d$1 l t ( ,section #f1 is "o 9 :i* import$ gra9 is f$4 ,! f]tility ( ?is gra91 go+ back on ! light soil1 is us$ to gr[ ! gre5 food requir$ by ! h5s1 &1 9 addition1 may be us$ 9 a rotation sy/em = gr[+ truck4 ,x w n pay to gr[ any quantity ( gra94 ,section #g1 because ( its advantages ov] ,section #f 9 climate & ! availability ( l>ge tracts ( suitable l&1 is a mu* bett] location = ! p\ltry community4 ,ov] ,section #d1 :i* is ! second be/ region = ?is purpose1 x has ! advantage ( ne>ness to m>kets4 ,! climatic advantage ( ,sections #d & #g are ab\t on a p>4 ,! *ief di/9ction is ! matt] ( gr[+ gra9 or import+ x4 ,if y are to gr[ y\r gra91 us+ p\ltry z a means ( m>ket+ x1 ,section #d is ! be/ locality4 ,if y are to buy gra91 ,section #g is ! place4 ,! b\nd>ies ( ,section #g are n arbitr>y & %\ld be not$ c>efully4 ,! l9e runs f ,mattawan1 ,new ,j]sey1 across to ! ma9 l9e ( ! ,p5nsylvania & d[n ?is to ,wa%+ton4 ,to ! nor? & we/ ( ?is1 ! soils are heavy clays :i* are wet1 cold1 slu%y & easily bef\l$4 ,likewise1 ! l9e on ! s\? is di/9ctly m>k$ by ! ,norfolk & ,we/]n ,railway & is a matt] ( freight rates on gra94 ,norfolk gets a rate ( sixte5 & a half c5ts f ,*icago2 a c\ple ( hundr$ miles s\?1 ! rate is ab\t twice z mu*4 ,*eap] gra9 rates w\ld ( c\rse ext5d ?is belt on d[n ! coa/ :]e ! climate is ev5 m favorable4 ,*ick5 ,climate4 ,climate is a big figure 9 ! co/ ( p\ltry production4 ,e day t wat] is froz5 9 w9t] means increas$ labor & decreas$ egg yield4 ,mild w9t]s means *eap h\ses1 *eap labor1 *eap fe$ 7a l>ge proportion ( gre5 food71 an e>li] *ick season1 :i*1 toge!r ) ! mild wea!r & gre5 fe$1 mean a l>ge proportion ( ! egg yield at ! season :5 eggs are high 9 price4 ,! ,am]ican p\ltry editor wa/es a great deal ( ink expla9+ :y ! ,au/ralian egg records ( #age eggs p] h51 _c be s1 because 9 ?is c\ntry1 ! h5s at ! ,ma9e /ation only av]ag$ #abe4 ,! ,ma9e ,exp]im5t ,/ation lies buri$ 9 a sn[ drift = ab\t five mon?s ( ! ye>4 ,! ,au/ralian /ation has a w9t] climate equal to t ( ,new ,orleans4 ,! ,au/ralian records d n g bel[ ?irty eggs p] day p] hundr$ h5s at any "t dur+ ! ye>4 ,our ,new ,york & ,new ,engl& records run d[n any:]e f "o to t5 eggs p] day p] hundr$ h5s4 ,! foll[+ table w %[ ! effect ( ! climate ^u ! di/ribution ( ! egg yield ?r\gh\t ! ye>4 ,! records at ,new ,york are f a l>ge numb] ( h5s ( sev]al diff]5t flocks & probably repres5t a normal di/ribution ( ! egg yield = t section4 ,! ,kansas & ,arkansas li/s are tak5 f ! record ( small flocks & are n v reliable4 ,! f\r? column gives ! ,au/ralian records ) ! mon?s transf]r$ on acc\nt ( be+ 9 ! s\!rn hemisph]e4 ,! la/ column gives ! railroad %ipm5ts f a division ( ! ,n4,c4 ,/4 ,l4 railroad 9 ,we/]n ,t5nessee3 ,column ,head+s3 ,,ny--,c5tral ,new ,york p] h5 p] day ,,ks--,kansas ,ex4 ,/ation p] h5 p] day ,,ar--,arkansas ,ex4 ,/ation p] h5 p] day ,,au--,au/ralian ,lay+ ,conte/ p] h5 p] day ,,nh--,%ipm5ts f ,new ,hamp%ire egg f>m ,,tn--,%ipm5ts f ,we/]n ,t5nessee ,,ny ,,ks ,,ar ,,au ,,nh ,,tn ,janu>y 4#ba 4#be 4#cb 4#ea #bf #aeji ,febru>y 4#bf 4#bb 4#cj 4#ff #da #aebj ,m>* 4#dc 4#fj 4#fb 4#fg #ff #bdjg ,april 4#ef 4#eb 4#ch 4#fa #hc #agge ,may 4#ei 4#eg 4#dd 4#ec #ha #afej ,june 4#ej 4#df 4#db 4#de #fa #aaca ,july 4#dd 4#dc 4#cd 4#dc #eh #hgh ,augu/ 4#cg 4#cb 4#ch 4#da #ed #dbb ,septemb] 4#bf 4#bh 4#bi 4#bi #bd #ajj ,octob] 4#ag 4#ac 4#bb 4#ca #c #eda ,novemb] 4#jh 4#jf 4#ah 4#ca #b #gjc ,decemb] 4#ad 4#be 4#ae 4#dj #aa #aaej ,an equable climate ! ye> r\nd is ! be/ = ! *ick5 bus9ess4 ,! ,cali=nia coa/ is fairly equable 9 temp]ature1 b its w9t] ra9s & summ] dr\? are aga9/ x4 ,! ,atlantic coa/ s\? ( ,new ,york is fairly good1 probably ! be/ ! c\ntry af=ds4 ,! mo/ s\!rn portions w be r too hot 9 summ]1 :i* w result 9 a small ,augu/ & ,septemb] egg yield4 ,probably ! region ar\nd ,norfolk is1 all consid]$1 ! be/ p\ltry climate ! c\ntry af=ds4 ,suitable ,soil4 ,soil is important 9 p\ltry f>m+2 9 fact x is v important1 & _m failures c be trac$ to soil mi/akes4 ,rocky & uncultivat$ l&s mu/ n be *os54 ,to locate on any soil :i* w n utilize ! dropp+s = ! production ( gre5 food1 is to introduce a loss suffici5t to turn success into failure4 ,! ideal soil = p\ltry is a soil too s&y to produce ord9>y f>m crops successfully1 & h5ce an inexp5sive soil2 b because l& too s&y to be us$ = heavy f>m+ is be/ = p\ltry1 ?is does n mean t any *eap soil w d4 ,a heavy wet clay soil wor? #aej an acre = dairy+ is wor? no?+ = p\ltry4 ,pure s& is likewise wor?less & no?+ c be m pitiable ?an to see p\ltry conf9$ 9 y>ds ( w9d swept s&1 )\t a spe> ( any?+ gre5 )9 half a mile4 ,! soils t are valuable = e>ly truck are equally valuable = p\ltry4 ,s& ) a little loam1 or v f9e s&1 if a few gre5 crops are turn$ "u to provide humus1 are ideal p\ltry soils4 ,! ,norfolk f9e ,s& & ,norfolk ,s&y ,loam ( ! ,u4,s4 soil survey1 are types ( su* soil4 ,^! soils absorb ! dropp+s readily & are nev] cov]$ ) /&+ wat]4 ,! w9t] sn[s d n /ay on !m4 ,crops w keep gre5] on !m 9 w9t] ?an on clay soils ?ree hundr$ miles f>!r s\?4 ,! disadvantage ( su* soils is t !y lose _! f]tility by lea*+4 ,! same pr9ciples t w cause ! dropp+s to disappe> f ! top ( ! gr\nd w likewise cause !m to be wa%$ d[n beyond ! dep?s ( plant roots4 ,?is loss mu/ be gu>d$ aga9/ by n go+ to ! extreme 9 select+ a light soil & may be l>gely ov]come by s*emes ( runn+ ! p\ltry "r among gr[+ crops or by quick rotations4 ,l& slop+ to ! s\?w>d is commonly advis$ = ! purpose ( gett+ ! same advantages z are to be _h 9 a s&y soil4 ,9 practice ! slope ( ! l& _c be giv5 great prom95ce1 al?\gh1 o!r ?+s be+ equal1 "o %\ld c]ta9ly n disreg>d ?is po9t4 ,9 heavy l&s x is necess>y to raise ! floors & grade up ar\nd ! h\ses4 ,! quickly dra9$ soil does away ) ?is exp5se4 ,timb] on ! l& is a disadvantage4 ,p\ltry f>m+ 9 ! woods has n be5 made a success4 ,x's ! same proposition ( ! dropp+s go+ to wa/e4 ,i "k a man :o b\ght a timb]$ tract because x 0 *eap & :o scrap$ up ! dropp+s to sell by ! b>rel to 8 neighbor1 :o us$ !m to f]tilize 8 cabbage pat* & 9 turn sold ! p\ltryman cabbages to fe$ 8 h5s1 at #e c5ts a head4 ,( c\rse1 ?is man fail$1 z does practically e man :o attempts to scrape dropp+ bo>ds & c>ry p\ltry manure ar\nd 9 baskets1 in/ead ( us+ x :]e x falls4 ,!re is little to be said 9 favor ( uncle>$ l& = ! p\ltry bus9ess1 b !re is some?+ t c be said 9 favor ( ! p\ltry bus9ess = uncle>$ l&4 ,a man :o buys a timb]$ l& = truck+ c get no income :atev] ! fir/ ye>1 b ! p\ltryman c beg9 8 op]ations 9 ! woods1 cle>+ ! l& :ile he is rais+ a crop ( *ick5s on x4 ,! coops may be plac$ 9 ! cle>$ /reak & mo/ ( ! dropp+s utiliz$4 ,9 fact1 ! plan ( a /reak ( timb] alongside ! h\ses is n bad = a p]man5t arrangem5t--! birds c]ta9ly enjoy ! %ade4 ,b ! %ade ( gr[+ crops is ! mo/ pr(itable k9d = p\ltry4 ,m>ket+--,transportation4 ,! possibilities ( work+ up a local trade ( high grade eggs at fancy prices v>ies greatly ) ! locality4 ,l>ge cities & weal?y p are ess5tials4 ,o!r ?an ?is ! pr9cipal di/9ctions are t regions :]e a g5]al surplus ( eggs are produc$ (f] little *ance = a fancy trade4 ,:]e ! great bulk ( eggs are import$ fancy trade is m feasible4 ,/4 ,l\is is ! smalle/ we/]n city t supports any?+ l a fancy trade 9 eggs & !re x is only on a small scale4 ,m9neapolis1 ,omaha1 etc41 w\ld n pay #c c5ts premium = ! be/ eggs produc$1 b cities ( ! same size ea/ ( ! ,appala*ians & especially 9 ,new ,engl&1 w pay a good premium4 ,! ,f> ,we/ or ! m\nta9 di/ricts w pay up bett] ?an ! ,mississippi ,valley4 ,! ,s\? w pay a little bett] ?an ! upp] ,mississippi ,valley1 b has few cities ( suffici5t size to make su* m>kets abundant4 ,! ,s\!rn] has little reg>d = quality 9 produce & ! mo/ ari/ocratic p consume eggs regul>ly t ! wife ( a ,connecticut factory h& w\ldn't h 9 ! h\se4 ,! egg f>m] :o expects to sell locally _h be/ n locate s\? ( ,wa%+ton or we/ ( ,pittsburg1 unless he goes to ! ,pacific ,coa/4 ,:]e m>ket+ is n done by wagon ! subject ( railroad transportation is practically id5tical ) ! "q ( m>ket+4 ,x is ! co/ 9 freight s]vice & freight rates t c\nt4 ,! proposition ( transportation1 especially = ! gra9 buy+ p\ltry f>m1 cat*es u com+ & go+ & bo? mu/ be consid]$4 ,a p\ltry f>m 9 ,section #g w buy "o hundr$ p\nds ( fe$ p] ye> p] h5 & m>ket "o-?ird ( a case ( eggs4 ,on ?is basis ! gra9 rate f ,*icago or ,/4 ,l\is & ! egg rate to ,new ,york mu/ be balanc$ aga9/ ea* o!r4 ,don't take ^! ?+s = grant$4 ,look !m up4 ,jamesburg & ,freehold1 two ,new ,j]sey t[ns t5 miles ap>t & equi-di/ant & ) equal freight rates f ,new ,york1 might seem to ! un9itiat$ z equally well situat$ to p\ltry f>m+4 ,we w suppose two m5 b\ght =ty-acre f>ms ( equal quality & equi-di/ant f ! railroad /ations at ^! two t[ns4 ,suppose1 fur!r1 !y ea* kept five ?\s& h5s4 ,jamesburg is on a ,philadelphia-,new ,york l9e ( ! ,p5nsylvania & its ,*icago gra9 rate is ! same z t ( ,new ,york1 namely3 #ai-a_/b c5ts p] hundr$4 ,freehold is on a bran* l9e2 its rate is #bd-a_/b c5ts4 ,9 a ye> ! diff]5ce am\nts to #bej4 ,figur$ at six p] c5t4 int]e/1 ! l& at ,jamesburg is wor? j ab\t "o hundr$ doll>s an acre m ?an t at ,freehold4 ,lumb] rates or local lumb] prices %\ld also be tak5 into consid]ation4 ,:e!r "o plans to %ip 8 product out by express or freight w1 ( c\rse1 be an important consid]ation 9 decid+ ! location4 ,z a g5]al ?+1 ! individual p\ltry f>m] w1 = %ipp+ 8 product1 use express ea/ ( ,buffalo & nor? ( ,norfolk4 ,! p\ltry community c\ld use freight 9 ^! same regions & get z good or bett] s]vice ?an by express4 ,! location 9 relation to ! railroad /ation is equally important to ! freight rate4 ,besides heavy haul+ frequ5t trips w be necess>y 9 m>ket+ eggs4 ,^! on ! l>g] f>ms w be daily or at lea/ semi-weekly4 ,on ! heavy haul+ alone1 at #be c5ts p] ton mile1 di/ance f ! railroad w figure up #a-a_/d c5ts p] h5 :i*1 on ! basis ( ! previ\s illu/ration1 w\ld make a diff]5ce ( tw5ty-five doll>s p] acre = e mile ( di/ance f ! /ation4 ,"o ( ! mo/ successful p\ltry f>ms ,i "k is "r along ! railroad & has an elevator :i* h&les ! gra9 f ! c>s & lat] dumps x into ! fe$ wagons )\t its ev] be+ t\*$ by h&4 ,! labor sav+ 9 ?is c\nts up rapidly4 ,! p\ltry community c h its own elevator & ! gra9 c be sold to ! f>m] to be deliv]$ directly into ! hopp]s 9 8 field ) b a s+le load+ into a wagon4 ,availability ( ,wat]4 ,"o m po9t to be consid]$ 9 location is wat]4 ,! labor ( wat]+ p\ltry by c>ry+ wat] 9 buckets is trem5d\s & n to be consid]$ on any up-to-date p\ltry plant4 ,wat]+ mu/ be accompli%$ by "s artificial pip+ sy/em or f spr+-f$ brooks4 ,! m l5g? ( fl[+ /reams on a piece ( l&1 provid$ ! adjac5t gr\nd is dry1 ! m value ! prop]ty has = p\ltry4 ,two spr+-f$ brooks cross+ a =ty-acre tract s z to give a half mile ( runn+ wat]1 or a full mile ( h\ses1 w\ld wat] five ?\s& h5s )\t labor4 ,?is w\ld mean an annual sav+ ( at lea/ "o man's "t z aga9/ h& wat]+1 or a matt] ( a ?\s& doll>s or m 9 ! co/ ( in/allation ( a wat]+ sy/em4 ,if runn+ wat] _c be _h ! next be/ ?+ is to get l& ) wat] ne> ! surface :i* may be tapp$ ) s& po9ts4 ,if "o mu/ g deep = wat] a l>ge fl[ is ess5tial s t "o p[] pump may easily supply suffici5t wat] = ! plant4 ,! l& %\ld lay 9 a g5tle slope s t wat] may be run ov] ! entire surface by gravity4 ,hilly l&s are a nuisance 9 p\ltry keep+ & raise ! exp5se at e turn4 ,a ,few ,/ati/ics4 ,! foll[+ table does n be> directly ^u ! p\ltry-man's *oice ( a location1 b is ins]t$ "h because ( its g5]al int]e/ 9 %[+ ! p\ltry developm5t ( ! c\ntry4 ,x w be not$ t ! egg production p] h5 is v l[ 9 ! ,s\!rn ,/ates4 ,?is may seem at v>iance ) my previ\s /atem5ts4 ,! poor p\ltry keep+ ( ! ,s\? is a fault ( ! indu/rial conditions1 n ( ! climate4 ,*ick5s on ! ,s\!rn f>m simply live ar\nd ! premises z d rats or ,engli% sp>r[s4 ,no gra9 is gr[n2 !re are no fe$ lots to run to1 no measures are tak5 to keep d[n v]m91 & no protection is provid$ f w9d & ra94 ,9 ! ,nor? *ick5s c\ld n exi/ ) su* treatm5t4 ,! figures giv5 %[+ ! relation betwe5 ! p\ltry & total agricultural weal? is ! be/ way t c be f\nd to express /ati/ically ! importance ( p\ltry keep+ 9 relation to ! g5]al bus9ess ( f>m+4 ,^! figures %\ld n be confus$ ) ! di/ribution ( ! actual volume ( p\ltry products4 ,i[a1 ! greate/ p\ltry produc+ /ate1 %[s only a mod]ate proportion ( p\ltry to all f>m weal?1 b ?is is because m agricultural weal? is produc$ 9 ,i[a ?an 9 all ! ,d[n ,ea/ /ates4 ,table %[+ ! developm5t ( ! p\ltry indu/ry 9 ! v>i\s /ates1 accord+ to ! returns ( ! c5sus ( #aijj3 ,no4 ( ,p]c5tage ( ,no4 ( ,f>m value eggs p] f>m weal? eggs ( eggs p] capita e>n$ by p] h5 doz5 ,/ates p\ltry ,alabama #abd #d4i #dh #i4g c5ts ,arizona #hj #d4e #fj #ai4i ,arkansas #bce #f4h #eh #i4a ,cali=nia #aig #e4d #gd #ae4h ,colorado #abg #e4d #ga #ae4j ,connecticut #aje #aa4c #hi #ai4a ,delaw>e #bca #ad4g #fh #ac4g ,florida #if #h4b #df #ac4a ,georgia #aef #d4d #da #aj4d ,idaho #bac #e4j #fg #af4b ,indiana #cch #aj4j #gg #aj4e ,i[a #ecf #g4d #fd #aj4a ,ill9ois #bae #c4g #fb #aj4c ,kansas #eig #h4b #gc #i4i ,k5tucky #aih #h4c #fb #i4h ,l\isiana #aaa #d4j #dj #aj4j ,ma9e #bcc #aa4j #ajj #ae4c ,m>yl& #abf #aj4d #ga #ab4f ,massa*usetts #ef #aa4g #if #ai4i ,mi*igan #bgj #i4g #hb #aa4b ,m9nesota #bif #e4h #fg #aj4e ,mississippi #add #d4g #dc #i4i ,miss\ri #bia #aa4f #fh #i4h ,montana #adh #d4c #fg #ba4j ,nebraska #dfc #f4a #ff #i4i ,nevada #fh #c4g #ga #bj4h ,new ,hamp%ire #bch #aa4e #if #ag4c ,new ,j]sey #gf #ab4j #gb #af4b ,new ,mexico #de #b4g #fe #ah4g ,new ,york #ajb #g4a #hc #ac4i ,nor? ,c>ol9a #aab #e4g #ee #aj4b ,nor? ,dakota #bdi #b4f #fd #aj4e ,ohio #bfe #i4f #gg #aa4b ,oklahoma #cae #f4d #fj #i4c ,oregon #bbd #f4b #gb #ae4a ,p5nsylvania #aab #aj4h #ge #ac4e ,rhode ,isl& #ij #ai4g #gg #bj4d ,s\? ,c>ol9a #hj #d4j #da #aj4c ,s\? ,dakota #ejb #e4b #fh #aj4j ,t5nessee #ahi #h4d #fa #i4h ,texas #bbh #d4h #eb #h4j ,utah #adf #e4a #gf #ab4e ,v]mont #bai #g4e #id #ae4c ,virg9ia #afe #h4i #fg #aa4a ,wa%+ton #aga #g4a #gd #af4h ,we/ ,virg9ia #baf #aj4b #gd #aj4i ,wiscons9 #bfh #g4a #fh #aj4e ,wyom+ #aba #b4d #gi #ag4d ,entire ,u4,s4 #bje #g4d #fe #aa4a ,,*apt] ,v ,,! ,,doll> ,,h5 ,,f>m ,z has already be5 emphasiz$1 ! way to get money out ( ! *ick5 bus9ess is n to put s mu* 94 ,l&1 h[ev]1 well suit$ to ! purpose1 %\ld n be begrudg$1 = int]e/ at six p] c5t1 w af=d a v consid]able extra inve/m5t 9 l& well suit$ to ! bus9ess if x 9 any way cuts d[n ! co/ ( op]ation4 ,! ,plan ( ,h\s+4 ,! h\ses are ! next consid]ation4 ,on mo/ p\ltry f>ms !y are ! *ief items ( exp5se4 ,i "k ( a p\ltry f>m ne> ,new ,york ,city :]e ! h\se co/ #ab4jj p] h54 ,! own] built ?is f>m ) a view ( mak+ money4 ,p also buy /ock 9 ,nevada gold m9es ) a view ( mak+ money4 ,i "k ano!r p\ltry f>m own$ by a man nam$ ,till+ha/ at ,v]non1 ,connecticut1 :]e ! h\ses co/ ?irty c5ts p] h54 ,mr4 ,till+ha/ gets m eggs p] h5 ?an ! ,new ,york man4 ,incid5tally1 he is s5d+ 8 son to ,yale1 & he has no o!r visible means ( support except 8 *ick5 f>m4 ,= ! region ( light soils & ! localities :i* ,i h recomm5d$ = p\ltry f>m+1 ! foll[+ /yle ( p\ltry h\se %\ld be us$3 ,no floors1 s+le bo>d$ walls1 a ro( ( mat*$ cypress lumb] or ( *eap p9e cov]$ ) t>r$ pap]4 ,?is h\se is to h no w9d[s & no door4 ,! roo/s are 9 ! back end2 ! front end is op5 or p>tly op52 fe$ hopp]s & ne/s are 9 ! front end4 ,! fe$ hopp]s may be made 9 ! walls1 made loose to set 9 ! h\se1 or made to %$ wat] & plac$ outside ! h\se4 ,all wat]+ is to be done outside ! h\ses2 likewise any fe$+ beyond t done 9 hopp]s4 ,! exact /yle ( ! h\se ,i leave to ! read]'s own plan4 ,7 ,i recomm5d+ complex h\ses co/+ sev]al doll>s p] h51 ?is c]ta9ly w\ld be leav+ ! read] 9 ! d>k woods4 ,) h\ses ( ! k9d describ$ x is h>d to g f> amiss4 ,! simple/ =m is a d\ble pit*$ ro(1 ! ridge-pole /&+ ab\t sev5 feet high1 & ! walls ab\t f\r4 ,! h\se is made eight by sixte51 & "o end--n ! side--left op54 ,= ! h\se t man is to ent]1 ?is =m _c be improv$ ^u4 ,! only o!r po9ts are to con/ruct x on a c\ple ( #dx#d runn]s s t x c be dragg$ ab\t by a team4 ,cypress1 or o!r decay-pro( wood %\ld be us$ = ^! mud-sills4 ,! fram+ %\ld be light & z little ( x us$ z is consi/5t ) firmness4 ,if ! :ole h\se co/s m ?an tw5ty-five doll>s !re is some?+ wrong 9 its plann+4 ,?is h\se %\ld accommodate sev5ty-five or eighty h5s4 ,= small] op]ations1 especially = horseless1 or int5sive f>m+1 a l[1 light h\se may be us$1 :i* ! att5dant nev] ent]s4 ,a portion ( ! ro( lifts up to fill fe$-hopp]s1 ga!r eggs or spray4 ,^! small h\ses may be made light en\gh to be mov$ %ort di/ances by a pry-pole1 ! team be+ requir$ only :5 !y are mov$ to a new field4 ,n "o p>ticle ( p\ltry manure is to be remov$ f ei!r /yle ( h\se4 ,in/ead1 ! h\ses are remov$ f ! manure1 :i* is !n scatt]$ on ! neighbor+ gr\nd ) a =k1 or1 if desir$ to be us$ on a field 9 :i* p\ltry may n run1 x may be load$ ^u a wagon toge!r ) "s ( ! und]lay+ soil4 ,!re h be5 books & books writt5 on p\ltry h\ses1 b :at ,i h j giv5 is suffici5t p\ltry-h\se k = ! ,doll> ,h5 man4 ,if he hasn't en\gh intellig5ce to put ?is into practice1 he has no bus9ess 9 ! h5 bus9ess4 ,additional book-k ( h5-h\ses is useless2 x may be h>mful4 ,if y are sure t y are fool-pro(1 y may get ,dr4 ,fea!r or ,rev]5d ,e>lobe's ,book ( ,p\ltry ,h\se ,plans4 ,x w be a good text-book = ! *ildr5's draw+ lessons4 ,! ,fe$+ ,sy/em4 ,oy/] %ells1 beef scraps1 corn1 & "o o!r k9d ( gra91 toge!r ) an abundance ( pa/urage or gre5 fe$1 is ! sum & sub/ance ( fe$+ h5s on ! ,doll> ,h5 ,f>m4 ,! dry fe$s are plac$ 9 hopp]s4 ,!y are built to protect ! fe$s f ! wea!r4 ,! neck mu/ be suffici5tly l>ge to prev5t clogg+1 & ! hopp] s protect$ by slats 9 front t ! h5 _c toss ! fe$ out by a side j]k ( h] head4 ,^! hopp]s may be built any size desir$4 ,! gra9 comp>tm5ts %\ld1 ( c\rse1 be made l>g] ?an ! o!rs4 ,weekly fill+ is good1 b :]e a team is n own$1 x w\ld be bett] to h ! hopp]s l>g] s t fe$ pur*as$1 say1 once a mon?1 c\ld be deliv]$ directly into ! hopp]s4 ,wat] ,sy/ems4 ,! be/ wat] sy/em is a spr+-f$ brook4 ,! man propos+ to e/abli% an individual p\ltry plant1 & :o aft] read+ ?is book goes & buys a tract ( l& :]e an artificial wat] sy/em is necess>y1 w\ld cat* ,mississippi drift-wood on %>es4 ,b !re are pl5ty ( su* p 9 ! _w4 ,a man once /ood all day on ,london ,bridge hawk+ gold sov]eigns at a %ill+ a-piece & did n make a sale4 ,next to natural /reams are ! made /reams4 ,?is is ! logical wat]+ me?od ( ! community ( p\ltry f>m]s4 ,^! artificial /reams are to be made by conduct+ ! wat] ( natural /reams back ( ! l& to be wat]$1 z 9 irrigation4 ,x is ! problem ( irrigation ov] aga94 ,inde$1 :]e truck+ is comb9$ ) p\ltry-gr[+1 f[l wat]+ %\ld be comb9$ ) irrigation4 ,x may be necess>y to dam ! /ream to get head1 suffici5t supply or bo?4 ,9 s&y soils1 dit*es leak1 & bo>d flumes mu/ be sub/itut$4 ,! l>g] ones are made ( ! bo>ds at "r angles & tap]$ s t "o end ( "o tr\gh re/s 9 ! upp] end ( ! next l[] section4 ,! small]1 or lat]al tr\ghs may be made ,v-%ap$4 ,! co/ ( ! small] siz$ flume is ?ree c5ts a foot4 ,iron pipe co/s twelve c5ts a foot4 ,! great] ! slope ( ! gr\nd ! small] may be ! tr\ghs1 b on gr\nd :]e ! slopes are great1 m exp5se w be necess>y 9 /ilt+ ! flumes to ma9ta9 ! level1 & ! h>d] x w be to f9d a l>ge section t c be br\ght "u ! dit*4 ,flum+ wat] = p\ltry is1 l irrigation1 a community project4 ,! greate/ dom9at+ p ( hi/ory h _! orig9 9 arid c\ntries4 ,x 0 co-op]ate or />ve1 & !y le>n$ co-op]ation & conqu]$ ! e>?4 ,if a man int]f]es ) ! flume1 or takes m ?an 8 %>e ( ! wat]1 put him out4 ,we are 9 ! h51 n ! hog bus9ess4 ,community wat] sy/ems1 :]e wat] mu/ be pump$ & pip$ 9 iron pipe1 is ( c\rse a m exp5sive und]tak+4 ,x w only pay :]e wat] is too deep = individuals to drive s& po9ts on _! own prop]ty4 ,!re is c]ta9ly little reason to consid] an exp5sive me?od :5 !re are abundant localities :]e simple plans may be us$4 ,on s& l&s1 ) wat] ne> ! surface1 ea* f>m] may drive s& po9ts & pump 8 wat] by h&4 ,9 ?is case runn+ wat] is n possible1 b ! pipes or flumes may be arrang$ s t fre% pump+ flu%es all ! dr9k+ places & also leaves !m full ( /&+ wat]4 ,! simple/ way to arrange ?is w be by wood5 surface tr\ghs z us$ 9 ! flum+ s*eme4 ,! only diff]5ce is t an occasional section is made deep] s t x w reta9 wat]4 ,a m p]man5t arrangem5t may be made by us+ a l9e ( ?ree-f\r?s in* pipe4 ,at ea* wat]+ place ! pipe is br\ght to ! surface s t ! wat] fl[s into a galvaniz$ pan ) slop+ sides4 ,?is pan has an ov]fl[ ?r\gh a %ort section ( small] tub+ sold]$ to ! side ( ! pan4 ,! pipe l9e is p>allel ) ! f5ce l9e1 ! pans supply bo? fields4 ,by ?is arrangem5t ! entire plant may be wat]$ 9 a few m9utes4 ,! ov]fl[ tubes are on "o side4 ,us+ ^! tubes z a pivot ! pans may be swung out f "u ! f5ce ) ! foot & clean$ ) an old broom4 ,:]e ! gr\nd wat] is deep a w9d mill & /orage tank w\ld be desirable4 ,outdoor ,accommodations4 ,! h5 h\se is a place = roo/+1 lay+ & a protection = ! fe$4 ,! h5 is to live out doors4 ,on ! mo/ successful ,new ,engl& p\ltry f>ms1 w>m h\ses = h5s h be5 giv5 up4 ,h5s f>e bett] out ( doors 9 ,virg9ia ?an !y d 9 ,new ,engl&1 b make m pr(it out ( doors any:]e ?an !y w %ut up 9 h\ses4 ,if y\r climate w n p]mit y\r h5 to live out doors get out ( ! climate or get out ( ! h5 bus9ess4 ,!re is1 h[ev]1 a va/ diff]5ce 9 ! k9d ( out-(-doors4 ,! runn+ /ream ) its fr+e ( trees1 bru% & rank gr[+ grass1 =ms daylight qu>t]s = ! h5 p> excell5ce4 ,rank gr[+ crops1 fodd] pil$ aga9/ ! f5ces1 a bo>d f5ce on ! nor? side ( ! lot1 or little %$s made by propp+ a plat=m aga9/ a /ake1 w all help4 ,a place out ( ! w9d = ! h5s to du/ & sun & be sociable is :at is want$1 & :at mu/ be provid$1 pref]ably by ,nature1 if n by ,nature !n by ! p\ltryman4 ,! h5s are to be kept z mu* z possible out ( ! h\ses1 9 %elt]$ places among ! crops or bru%4 ,!y %\ld n h]d toge!r 9 a few places b %\ld be sep>at$ 9 little clumps well scatt]$ ov] ! l&4 ,^! hid+ places = ! h5s mu/1 ( c\rse1 n be too seclud$ or eggs w be lo/4 ,equipm5t = ,*ick ,re>+4 ,j z ! long h\ses = h5s h be5 weigh$ & f\nd want+1 s l>g] brood] h\ses1 ) "o exception1 h nev] be5 e/abli%$ on :at may be call$ a successful basis4 ,by e/abli%m5t on a successful basis1 ,i mean e/abli%$ s t !y c\ld be us$ by l>g] numb]s ( p 9 re>+ m>ket *ick5s4 ,!re are pl5ty ( l>ge brood] h\ses 9 use1 j z !re are pl5ty ( y>d$ p\ltry plants1 b _m intellig5t1 indu/ri\s p h tri$ bo? sy/ems only to f9d t ! co/ ( production exce$s ! sell+ price4 ,?is makes u prone to believe t "s ( ^? :o claim to be succe$+ may diff] f ! cr[d 9 t !y _h m capital to beg9 ) & h5ce la/ long]4 ,! "o exception ,i make to ?is is t ( ! ,s\? ,%ore ,roa/] ,di/rict ( ,massa*usetts4 ,"h /eam-pipe brood] h\ses are us$ q ext5sively4 ,! logical reason t pipe brood] h\ses h f\nd use 9 ! w9t] *ick5 bus9ess & n 9 re>+ pullets is t ( season & pr(its4 ,:5 *icks are to be hat*$ 9 ! dead ( w9t] ! /eam-heat$ brood] h\se is a necessity4 ,9 ?is limit$ use x is all "r1 :]e ! pr(its p] *ick are great en\gh to /& ! exp5se & losses4 ,= ! re>+ ( ! great bulk ( spr+ *icks ! me?ods t h prov5 pr(itable are z foll[s3 ,fir/3 ,re>+ ) h5s z practic$ at ,little ,compton4 ,= sugge/ions on ?is see ! *apt] entitl$ ,p\ltry on ! ,g5]al ,f>m4 ,second3 ,re>+ ) lamp brood]4 ,_m l>ge book-built p\ltry plants h be5 equipp$ ) /eam1 or1 m prop]ly1 hot wat] heat$ brood] h\ses1 only to h a practical manag] see t !y did n "w1 te> out ! pip+ & fill ! h\se ) r[s ( common lamp brood]s4 ,! advantage claim$ = ! lamp brood] is t !y c be regulat$ sep>ately = ea* flock4 ,z a matt] ( fact1 ! same regulation = ea* flock ( *icks c\ld be secur$ ) a prop] type ( hot wat] heat]s & "o ( ! mo/ practical p\ltry f>ms 9 ! c\ntry is n[ in/all+ su* a sy/em4 ,a brood] sy/em :]e hot air "u ! pressure ( a bl[] or c5trifugal fan w\ld seem ideal4 ,s f> ! ef=ts made along ^! l9es h be5 clumsy & unnecess>ily exp5sive4 ,if ! cont9u\s h\se is ev] made practical1 ,i believe x w be along ?is l9e1 b at pres5t ,i advise /ick+ to ! me?ods t are kn[n to be successful4 ,individual lamp brood]s 9 colony h\ses are p]haps ! mo/ g5]ally successful means ( re>+ *icks on nor!rn p\ltry f>ms4 ,!y are tr\blesome & some:at exp5sive1 b ) prop]ly hat*$ *ick5s are m successful ?an h5 re>+4 ,9 buy+ su* a brood] ! *ief po9ts to be obs]v$ are3 ,a good lamp1 a heat+ device giv+ (f ! heat f a c5tral drum1 & an arrangem5t :i* facilitates easy clean+4 ,! brood] %\ld be l>ge1 hav+ n less ?an n9e squ>e feet ( floor space4 ,! "w dem&$ ( a brood] is n z exact+ z ) an incubator4 ,! heat & circulation ( air may v>y a little )\t h>m1 b !y mu/ n fail altoge!r4 ,! greate/ tr\ble ) brood]s 9 op]ation is ! unc]ta9ty ( ! lamp4 ,! brood]-lamp %\ld h suffici5t oil capacity & a l>ge wick4 ,brood]-lamps are (t5 expos$ to ! w9d1 &1 if *eaply con/ruct$ or poorly enclos$1 ! result w be a *ill$ brood ( *icks1 or p]haps a fire4 ,! *ief ?+ s\ght 9 ! int]nal arrangem5ts ( a brood] is a provision to keep ! *icks f pil+ up & smo!r+ ea* o!r z !y cr[d t[>d ! s\rce ( heat4 ,?is c be accompli%$ by hav+ ! w>me/ "p ( ! brood] 9 ! c5t] r ?an at ! side or corn]4 ,if ! heat comes f above & a consid]able portion ( ! brood] be heat$ to ! same temp]ature1 no cr[d+ w take place4 ,! temp]ature giv5 = runn+ brood]s v>y ) ! ma*9e & ! position ( ! !rmomet]4 ,! "o reliable guide = temp]ature is ! action ( ! *icks4 ,if !y are cold !y w cr[d t[>d ! s\rce ( heat2 if too w>m !y w w&] uneasily ab\t2 b if ! temp]ature is "r1 ea* *ick w sleep /ret*$ out on ! floor4 ,! cold *ick5 does n sleep at all1 b puts 9 its "t fight+ its way t[>d ! s\rce ( heat4 ,9 an improp]ly con/ruct$ or improp]ly run brood] ! *icks g ?r\gh a v>y+ process ( *ill+1 sweat+ & /ruggl+ :5 !y %\ld be sleep+1 & ! result is puny *icks t dw9dle & die4 ,! arrangem5t ( ! brood] = ! sleep+ accommodations ( ! *icks is important1 b ?is is n ! only ?+ to be consid]$ 9 a brood]4 ,! brood] us$ 9 ! e>ly season1 & especially ! outdoor brood]1 mu/ h ample space provid$ = ! daytime accommodation ( ! *ick4 ,9 ! colony h\se brood] su* space w1 ( c\rse1 be ! floor ( ! h\se4 ,:5 op]at+ on a l>ge scale x w n pay to buy complete brood]s4 ,! lamps & hov]s c be pur*as$ sep>ately & in/all$ 9 colony h\ses :i* d bo? = brood]s & lat] = h\ses = gr[+ "y /ock4 ,! univ]sal hov] sold by ! ,prairie ,/ate ,incubator p is ab\t z p]fect a lamp hov] z c be made4 ,! cold brood]1 or ,philo box1 z x has be5 popul>ly call$1 is ! *ief item 9 a sy/em ( p\ltry keep+ t has be5 widely adv]tis$4 ,! pr9ciple ( ! ,philo box is t ( hold+ ! air w>m$ by ! *ick d[n close to !m by a sagg+ piece ( clo?4 ,! clo? *ecks mo/ ( ! radiat+ heat1 b is n s tight z to smo!r ! *ick4 ,?is limits ! space ( air to be w>m$ by ! *icks to su* a degree t ! body w>m? is us$ to ! greate/ advantage4 ,t *ick5s c be rais$ 9 ^! fire-less brood]s1 is n 9 "q1 = t has be5 abundantly prov51 b mo/ p\ltrym5 believe t x w pay bett]1 especially 9 ! ,nor?1 to give ! little fell[s a few weeks' w>m?4 ,curtis ,bros4 at ,ransomville1 ,n4,y41 :o raise "s tw5ty ?\s& *icks p] ye>1 h adopt$ ! foll[+ sy/em3 ,! *icks are kept "u hov]s heat$ by hot wat] pipes = "o week1 or until !y le>n to hov]4 ,!n !y are put 9 ,philo boxes = a week 9 ! same build+ b away f ! pipes4 ,! ?ird week ! ,philo boxes are plac$ 9 a l>ge1 unheat$ room4 ,aft] t !y g to a l>ge ,philo box 9 a colony h\se4 ,to make a ,philo h\se ( ! ,curtis patt]n1 take a box #e 94 deep & #ah 94 to #bd 94 squ>e4 ,cut a hole 9 "o side = a *ick door1 run a /rip ( scre5 ar\nd ! inside ( ! box to r\nd ! corn]s4 ,n[ take a second simil> box4 ,tack a piece ( clo? r loosely across its op5 face4 ,bore a few augur holes 9 ! sides ( ei!r box4 ,inv]t box ,no4 #b ^u box ,no4 #a4 ,?is we w call a ,curtis box4 ,x co/s ab\t fifte5 c5ts & %\ld accommodate fifty to sev5ty-five *icks4 ,a univ]sal hov] 9 a colony coop or colony h\se1 = :i* a ,curtis box is sub/itut$1 z e>ly 9 ! game z ! wea!r p]mits1 is ! me?od ,i advise = re>+ "y *icks4 ,! lamp problem we /ill h ) u1 b x is "o t _c be easily solv$4 ,l>ge vessels or tanks ( wat] :i* are regul>ly w>m$ by injection ( /eam f a movable boil]1 (f]s a possible way out ( ! difficulty4 ,on a plant l>ge en\gh to keep "o man cont9ually at ?is "w1 ?is plan might be an improvem5t ov] fill+ lamps1 b = ! small] plant x is lamps1 or g s\?4 ,re>+ "y *icks is ! h>de/ "p ( ! p\ltry bus9ess4 ,!re is a lot ( "w ab\t x t _c be gott5 rid (4 ,little *icks mu/ be kept com=table & _! wat] & fe$ = ! fir/ few days mu/ ne$s be giv5 l>gely by h&4 ,!y are to be e>ly l$ to dr9k f ! regul> wat] vessels & eat f ! hopp]s1 b ?is takes "t & pati5ce4 ,! fe$+ ( *icks ,i w discuss 9 ! *apt] on ,p\ltry on ! ,g5]al ,f>m1 & z ! same me?ods apply 9 bo? cases1 ,i w ref] ! read] to t section4 ,aft] *icks get ?ree or f\r weeks old _! c>e is ! simple/ "p ( ! p\ltry f>m "w & consi/s *iefly ( fill+ fe$ hopp]s & protect+ !m f v]m9 & ?ieves4 ,bo>d floor colony h\ses are us$ z a protection aga9/ rats & ?is dang] necessitates ! protection ( ! op5+ by nett+ & ! clos+ ( ! doors at night4 ,cock]els mu/ be gott5 out ( ! flocks & sold at an e>ly age4 ,^? t are to be kept = sale or use z bre$+ birds %\ld be e>ly sep>at$ f ! pullets4 ,coops = gr[+ *ick5s1 especially ,leghorns1 _c be put among trees1 z ! birds w le>n to roo/ 9 ! trees1 caus+ no end ( tr\ble to get !m brok5 ( ! habit4 ,all pullets save a few culls %\ld be sav$ = lay+4 ,!y are to be kept two ye>s4 ,!y %\ld lay sixty-five to sev5ty p] c5t z _m eggs ! second ye> z ! fir/4 ,!y are sold ! ?ird summ] to make room = ! gr[+ /ock4 ,tw5ty-five ,acre ,p\ltry ,f>ms4 ,?is section w be devot$ to a g5]al discussion ( ! type ( p\ltry f>ms be/ suit$ to ,section #d & ! s\!rly portions ( ,section #g z discuss$ 9 ! previ\s *apt]4 ,we w discuss ?is type ( f>m ) ?is assumption3 ,t !y are to be develop$ 9 l>ge numb]s by co-op]ative or corporate ef=t4 ,?is does n inf] t !y _c be develop$ by individual ef=t1 & n9e-t5?s ( ! op]ations w rema9 ! same 9 ! latt] case4 ,suppose a l>ge tract ( l& adjac5t to railroad facilities has be5 f\nd4 ,! l& 9 ! orig9al survey %\ld be divid$ into long1 relatively n>r[ /rips1 ly+ at "r angles to ! slope ( ! l&4 ,! f>m/ead %\ld occupy ! highe/ end ( ! /rip4 ,= a tw5ty-five acre or "o-man p\ltry f>m ^! /rips %\ld be ab\t =ty rods 9 wid?4 ,! object ( ?is survey is to p]mit ! wat] be+ run by gravity to ! entire f>m4 ,! fir/ ?+ is ! f>m/ead1 includ+ su* or*>d & g>d5 z are desir$4 ,?is /ret*es across ! entire front end ( ! place4 ,! rema9d] ( ! /rip is f5c$ 9 ) *ick5 f5ce4 ,! f>m is also divid$ into two n>r[ fields by a f5ce d[n ! c5t] ( ! /rip4 ,?is f5ce1 at frequ5t int]vals1 has removable panels4 ,! ye>'s season we w beg9 late 9 ! fall4 ,all lay]s are 9 field ,no4 #a pa/ur+ on rape1 top turnips or o!r fall crops4 ,9 lot ,no4 #b is gr[+ :eat or rye4 ,z ! gre5 fe$ gets %ort 9 ! fir/ lot ! h5s are let into lot ,no4 #b4 ,sometime 9 ,m>* ! h\ses t h be5 br\ght up close to ! gaps are drawn ?r\gh into ! :eat field4 ,! fe$ hopp]s are also gradually mov$ & ! h5s f9d !mselves conf9$ 9 lot ,no4 #b )\t any s]i\s di/urbance4 ,lot ,no4 #a is brok5 up z soon z wea!r p]mits & plant$ 9 oats1 corn1 ,kaffir corn & p]haps a few sunfl[]s4 ,! oats =m a little /rip ne> ! coops & wat]+ places & ! ,kaffir corn is on ! f> side4 ,z soon z corn plant+ is ov] ! f>m] beg9s to receive 8 *ick5s f ! hat*]y4 ,! brood]s are n[ plac$ 9 ! corn field4 ,! object ( ! corn is n gre5 food b = a %ade & a gra9 crop4 ,! *icks are summ]$ 9 ! corn field & ! h5s 9 ! :eat or rye4 ,:e!r ! latt] w head up w dep5d ^u ! numb] ( ! flock4 ,x w be be/ to "w ! h\ses across to ! f> side & let t portion ne> ! middle f5ce head up4 ,z ! old gra9 gets too t\gh = gre5 food /rips ( gr\nd %\ld be brok5 up & s[n 9 oats4 ,! gra9 t matures w n be cut1 b ! h5s w be all[$ to ?re% x out4 ,! /raw may be cut ) m[] or scy! = use z ne/+ mat]ial4 ,sometime 9 ,june or e>ly 9 ,july a little rape vet* or c[-peas is drill$ 9 betwe5 ! r[s ( corn z on ! f> side f ! *ick5 coops4 ,dur+ ,july or ab\t ! fir/ ( ,augu/1 aft] all cock]els h be5 sold1 ! gates are op5$ & ! pullets are all[$ to associate ) ! h5s4 ,aft] ?is acqua9tance rip5s into fri5d%ip ! h5 h\ses are work$ back into ! pullet lots4 ,surplus h5s are sold (f or new h\ses ins]t$ z ! case may be until !re is room = ! pullets 9 ! h\ses4 ,ea* coop is work$ up alongside a h\se & aft] mo/ ( ! pullets h tak5 to ! h\ses ! coops are remov$4 ,! vacant lot is n[ brok5 up & s[n 9 a mixture ( fall gre5 crops4 ,! flock is kept 9 ! corn field until ! corn is ripe4 ,! ,kaffir corn & sunfl[]s are knock$ d[n :]e !y /& & are ?re%$ by ! h5s4 ,z soon z ! corn crop is ripe ! h\ses are run back & ! corn cut up or husk$ & ! :eat plant$ 9 ! corn field4 ,! next ye> ! lots are transpos$1 ! "y /ock be+ gr[n 9 ! lot t _h ! h5s ! previ\s ye>4 ,if ! gr\nd is incl9$ to be at all damp :5 ! fields are brok5 up ! pl[+ is done 9 n>r[ l&s s z to =m a succession ( ridges1 on :i* are plac$ ! coops or h\ses4 ,! directions ( ^! ridges w be det]m9$ by ! lay ( ! l&--! object be+ nei!r to dam up wat] or to enc\rage wa%+4 ,! location ( ! ridges are alt]nat$ by seasons1 s t ! dropp+s f ! h\ses are well di/ribut$ ?r\gh\t ! soil4 ,?is sy/em ) ! p>ticul> crops f\nd t d be/ 9 ! locality1 give u an ideal me?od ( p\ltry husb&ry4 ,we h kept h5s & "y /ock suppli$ ) gre5 food ! ye> r\nd2 we h utiliz$ e p>ticle ( manure )\t "o bit ( labor4 ,we h a rotation ( crops4 ,we h ! b5efits to ! gr\nd ( sev]al gre5 crops turn$ "u4 ,we h rais$ "o gra9 crop p] ye> on mo/ ( ! gr\nd4 ,we h no labor 9 fe$+ & wat]+ except ! keep+ ( ! gra91 beef & grit hopp]s fill$1 & ! wat] sy/em 9 ord]4 ,! numb] ( f[ls t may be kept p] acre w be det]m9$ by ! ri*ness ( ! soil4 ,! *ief object ( ! entire s*eme is to provide abundant gre5 pa/ure at all times & to all[ ! production ( a reasonable am\nt ( gra94 ,) "o hundr$ h5s p] acre on ! entire tract1 & ) h\ses conta9+ eighty h5s ea*1 x w be necess>y to set ! h\ses n9ety-five feet ap>t4 ,?is w give ! flock a tract ( #ie by #ccj feet 9 :i* to pa/ure4 ,! above e/imate ) a little l& all[$ = h\se1 g>d51 or*>d & a little c[ & team pa/ure1 w p]mit ! keep+ ( two ?\s& h5s on a tw5ty-five acre f>m4 ,9 regions :]e gra9 is to be rais$ mo/ f>m]s w\ld want m l&4 ,!y may also wi% to own a few extra c[s1 hogs1 etc41 or to alt]nate ! entire p\ltry op]ations ) "s crop t w1 on su* highly f]tiliz$ l&1 give a good ca% pr(it4 ,=ty acres is a good size = su* uses4 ,! co/ ( l& :5 pur*as$ 9 l>ge tracts 9 ,virg9ia is v small1 b ! co/ ( cle>+ is (t5 mu* m ?an t ( ! l&4 ,tw5ty-five to fifty doll>s an acre %\ld secure su* a tract ( l& & put x 9 %ape = p\ltry f>m+4 ,! co/ ( ! f>m home1 etc41 w1 ( c\rse v>y altoge!r ) ! ta/e ( ! occupant4 ,if !y are con/ruct$ by a c5tral company1 f five hundr$ to a ?\s& doll>s %\ld cov] ! am\nt4 ,! co/ ( p\ltry build+s & equipm5t us$ on ! f>m w dep5d l>gely on ! effici5cy ( ! labor ( con/ruction4 ,if con/ruct$ 9 l>ge numb]s by a c5tral company1 ! co/ w\ld be r$uc$1 b ! company w\ld expect to make a pr(it on _! "w4 ,a plot laid out = two ?\s& h5s w require 9 mat]ial3 #bej rods ( f5ce ) #f-;ft4 nett+ :i* %\ld co/ ab\t fifty c5ts a rod4 ,my e/imate ( ?is f5ce put up w\ld be #aej4 ,if ! neighbor+ field conta9$ no o!r p\ltry1 a portion ( ?is f5ce might be done away )1 al?\gh its protection aga9/ dogs & /rang]s may be wor? :ile4 ,( c\rse1 if p\ltry fields ( diff]5t own]s lay adjo9+1 ! f5ce mu/ be us$1 b ! co/ w be r$uc$ "o-half4 ,! next mo/ exp5sive piece ( equipm5t w be a l9e ( ab\t eighty rods ( #c_/d 94 gas pipe & ab\t fifty elb[s & tw5ty-five galvaniz$ iron pans4 ,! co/ ( in/allation w dep5d l>gely on h[ deep x is necess>y to g to get bel[ ! fro/ l9e4 ,"o hundr$ & sev5ty-five doll>s %\ld cov] co/ ( mat]ial & by ! use ( a pl[ ! l9e ought to be put 9 = tw5ty-five doll>s4 ,! s\rce ( wat]1 & ! co/ ( gett+ a head1 w necess>ily v>y ) ! location4 ,! in/allation ( a w9d mill & tank to hold supply = sev]al days1 or ( a small gasol9e eng9e1 w\ld co/ 9 ! neighborhood ( "o hundr$ doll>s1 b x is a luxury t may be disp5s$ ) if ! well is n too deep4 ,! h\ses = ! h5s1 ( :i* !re are tw5ty-five1 are con/ruct$ 9 accordance ) "s ( ! plans previ\sly discuss$4 ,! co/ %\ld be ab\t tw5ty-five c5ts p] h54 ,at lea/ twice z _m brood]s z colony coops w be ne$$ z !re are h5 h\ses1 b ( ! lamps & hov]s n ov] tw5ty-five w be requir$1 z ! *icks soon outgr[ ! ne$ ( ?is aid4 ,?is makes a li/ ( equipm5t requir$ = ! keep+ ( two ?\s& lay]s & _! repl5i%+3 #be acres ( f>m l&1 at #ej p] acre #abej4jj #bej rods ( f5ce #aej4jj ,"o f>m/ead #ajjj4jj ,"o team1 pl[ & f>m implem5ts #cjj4jj ,"o wat]+ sy/em #cjj4jj #be h5 h\ses1 at #bj #ejj4jj #ej colony coops1 at #b4ej #aej4jj #be lamps & hov]s1 at #e #abe4jj -------- #cgge4jj ,transcrib]'s note3 #ej colony coops1 at #b4ej is #abe4jj1 n #aej4 ,! total %\ld !re=e be #cgej r ?an #cgge4 ,?is 01 presumably1 a pr9t+ error1 because ! correct total is us$ 9 ! fur!r calculations bel[4 ,?is is a good1 lib]al capitalization4 ,! bus9ess c be />t$ ) mu* less4 ,figur$ int]e/ at #f p] c5t4 we h #bbe4jj p] ye>4 ,! upkeep ( ! plant w be ab\t #ae p] c5t4 on ! capital1 n c\nt+ l&4 ,?is equals #cge1 :i*1 add$ to int]e/1 gives an annual ov]head exp5se ( #fjj1 :i* is our fir/ item to be set aga9/ gross receipts4 ,! co/ ( op]ation w involve co/ ( *icks at hat*]y1 pur*as$ fe$1 se$ = gr\nd1 & fe$ = team4 ,! price ( *icks at ! ,petaluma hat*]ies is f six to eight c5ts ea*4 ,we expect to raise en\gh pullets to make up = ! accid5tal losses1 & to r5ew bulk ( ! flock ea* ye>4 ,! numb] requir$ w1 ( c\rse1 dep5d ^u ! loss4 ,?is loss w be mu* less :5 ! *icks are obta9$ f a mod]n moi/ure controll$ hat*]y1 ?an f ! box type incubator4 ,i ?9k a #cc p] c5t4 loss is a lib]al e/imate1 b z ,i am tread+ on unprov5 gr\nd1 ,i w make t loss #dj p] c5t41 :i* is on a p> ) old /yle me?ods4 ,to replace #a1jjj h5s1 ?is w require #c1ejj *icks at a co/ ( ab\t two hundr$ & fifty doll>s4 ,gre5 pa/urage ?r\gh\t ! ye> w mat]ially cut d[n ! co/ ( fe$4 ,! corn consum$ out ( ! hopp]s w be ab\t "o bu%el p] h54 ,! beef scrap w also be less ?an ) y>d$ f[ls1 p]haps tw5ty-five c5ts p] h54 ,n[1 ( ! corn we w raise on ! l&1 at lea/ t5 acres4 ,?is %\ld yield u five hundr$ bu%els4 ,?is leaves fifte5 hundr$ bu%els ( corn to be pur*as$4 ,at ! pres5t high rates1 ?is w co/ #a1jjj :i*1 add$ to beef scrap co/1 makes an outside fe$ co/ ( #a1ejj4 ,! se$ co/ ( rye1 rape1 c[-peas1 etc41 w am\nt to ab\t #ej p] annum4 ,= exp5se ( production we h3 ,int]e/ & upkeep ( plant #fjj4jj ,*icks #bej4jj ,pur*as$ corn #ajjj4jj ,beef scrap & grit #ejj4jj ,se$ #ej4jj ,team fe$ #ajj4jj --------- #b1ejj4jj ,?is figures out ! co/ ( production at a little m ?an a doll> p] h54 ,! income f ! place %\ld be ab\t z foll[s3 ,elev5 hundr$ cock]els sold z squab broil]s at #dj c5ts ea*1 #ddj4jj2 f\r hundr$ & sev5ty-five old h5s at #cj c5ts1 #adj4jj4 ,! receipts f egg yield are1 ( c\rse1 impossible ( v accurate calculation1 = x is "h t ! p]sonal elem5t t det]m9es success or failure ent]s4 ,! ,arkansas p]-h5-day figures 7see la/ *apt]71 multipli$ by ! av]age quotation = extras 9 ! ,new ,york m>ket1 w be z fair z any1 & c]ta9ly _c be consid]$ a high e/imate1 z x is only #aac eggs p] h5 p] ye>4 ,price p] doz ,income = ,eggs p] ,extras mon? f h5 day 9 ,new ,york #bjjj lay]s ---------------------------------------- ----- ,janu>y 4#cb 4#cj #did4jj ,febru>y 4#cj 4#bi #djd4jj ,m>* 4#fb 4#bb #gjj4jj ,april 4#ch 4#ai #cej4jj ,may 4#dd 4#ai #dbi4jj ,june 4#db 4#ah #cgg4jj ,july 4#cd 4#ba #cfg4jj ,augu/ 4#ch 4#bb #dbi4jj ,septemb] 4#ba 4#be #bfb4jj ,octob] 4#bb 4#bh #caf4jj ,novemb] 4#ah 4#cc #bfg4jj ,decemb] 4#ae 4#cb #bdf4jj --------- ,total #d1fda4jj ,! total income z figur$ w be #e1bba4 ,f ?is subtract ! co/ ( production1 & we h /ill ne>ly #c1jjj1 :i* is to be comb9$ item ( wages & pr(it4 ,we h ent]$ no labor bill because ?is is to be a "o-man f>m1 & ) ! assi/ance ( ! public hat*]y & co-op]ative m>ket+ association1 :i* w s5d a wagon "r to a man's door to ga!r ! eggs1 x is entirely feasible = "o man to att5d to two ?\s& h5s4 ,9 ! ru% spr+ season o!r memb]s ( ! family w h to turn out & help1 or a man may be hir$ to att5d ! pl[+ & r\gh] "w4 ,?is is a good h&some income1 & yet ! above price ( ! man's labor--x is only ab\t "o doll> p] h51 :i* has always be5 ! e/imat$ pr(it ( successful p\ltry keep+4 ,z a matt] ( fact1 ?is pr(it is seldom rea*$ "u ! old sy/em ( p\ltry keep+1 n because ! above gross income _c be rea*$1 b because ! exp5ses are great]4 ,"u ! pres5t me?ods1 ) ! exception ( ! re>+ ( ! "y *icks1 "o man c easily take c>e ( ?ree ?\s& h5s4 ,inde$1 practically ! only "w 9 _! c>e is cultivat+ ! gr\nd & haul+ ar\nd & dump+ into hopp]s1 ab\t two loads ( fe$ p] week4 ,b1 "y *icks mu/ be re>$1 & ?is is m labori\s4 ,= ?is reason ,i advise go+ into "s o!r indu/ry on a "p ( ! l&1 :i* w n require att5tion 9 ! "y *ick season4 ,"o ( ! be/ ?+s = ?is purpose is ! cultivation ( cane fruits z blackb]ries1 raspb]ries & dewb]ries4 ,! "w ( c>+ = ^! c be made to fall :olly )\t ! "y *ick season4 ,pea*es & grapes = a sl[] pr(it c be add$1 b spray+ & cultivation ( ^! is m liable to take spr+ labor4 ,all ^! fruits h ! advantage ( do+ well 9 ! same k9d ( soil recomm5d$ = *ick5s4 ,"y *ick5s may be gr[n ar\nd su* b]ry crops & remov$ to p]man5t qu>t]s be=e ! b]ries rip54 ,/rawb]ries w\ld be a v poor crop because _! labor falls 9 ! *ick season4 ,ano!r plan1 & p]haps a bett] "o1 is to h ab\t ?ree fields1 & rotate 9 su* a mann] t a m>ketable crop may be always kept gr[+ 9 ! ?ird field4 ,any crop may be select$1 ! *ief labor ( :i* falls betwe5 ,july & ! foll[+ ,m>*4 ,late cabbage & potatoes1 or cel]y1 w d if ! gr\nd is suitable = ^! crops4 ,kale & sp9a* are /aple fall crops4 ,fall lettuce c\ld also be gr[n4 ,if ! m>ket is glutt$ on su* crops1 !y c be f$ out at home4 ,:5ev] a field is vacant1 h "s crop gr[+ on x1 if only = purposes ( gre5 manur+4 ,nev] let s&y gr\nd lie fall[4 ,a modification ( ! above plans suit$ to heavi] gr\nd1 is to se$ d[n ! entire f>m to grass4 ,x is !n divid$ into ?ree fields & provid$ ) ?ree sets ( colony h\ses4 ,coops are entirely disp5s$ )1 & *eap indoor brood]s are us$ 9 ! p]man5t h\ses4 ,! pullets /ay 9 ^! same h\ses 9 ! same field until ! m\lt+ season ( ! ?ird ye>1 or until !y are two & a half ye>s old4 ,"o field w always be vacant dur+ ! fall & w9t] season :i* "t may be utiliz$ = fre% se$+4 ,! difficulty ( ma9ta9+ a sod w necessitate some:at heavi] soil ?an by ! previ\s plan4 ,! h\ses %\ld be mov$ ar\nd occasionally1 z ! grass kills out 9 ! locality4 ,?is plan is a lazy man's way1 tak+ ! lea/ labor ( any me?od ( p\ltry keep+ kn[n4 ,x is adapt$ to ! *eap] gr\nd 9 ! region f>!/ f m>ket4 ,on ! ,atlantic seabo>d1 ! m ent]pris+ man w use ! ?ird field = rotation1 & sell "s ( ! f]tility ( ! we/]n gra9 9 ! =m ( a truck crop4 ,five ,acre ,p\ltry ,f>ms4 ,c a liv+ = a family be made f a five acre p\ltry f>m8 ,yes2 by individual ef=t1 :]e ! m>ket+ opportunities are good2 by corporate or co-op]ate ef=t1 any place :]e ! fundam5tal conditions are "r4 ,?is type ( p\ltry f>m is well suit$ = developm5t ne> our l>ge cities1 :]e ! cry ( back to ! l& has fill$ ) new hope ! disc\rag$ dwell] 9 flat & t5em5t4 ,no great] *ance = humanit>ian "w1 & at ! same "t no great] bus9ess opportunity1 is op5 to-day ?an t ( ! promotion ( colonies ( small p\ltry & truck f>ms :]e ! p>5t colony n only sells ! l&1 b helps ! settl] to e/abli% himself 9 ! bus9ess & to successfully m>ket ! product4 ,! natural location = su* projects is 9 ! s&y soils ( ,new ,j]sey1 ,delaw>e1 ,m>yl& & ,virg9ia4 ,we h already discuss$ ! tw5ty-five acre f>m1 repres5t+ ! l>ge/ probable unit = su* an ent]prise4 ,we w n[ discuss ! five acre f>m :i* repres5ts ! smalle/ probable unit4 ,on ! five-acre f>m a consid]able diff]5ce ( me?ods w be necess>y4 ,9 ! fir/ place1 x is to be a horseless f>m4 ,all haul+ & pl[+ mu/ be att5d$ to by ! c5tral company1 or ! same results c\ld be obta9$ by a team own$ 9 common by a small gr\p1 say ( six f>m]s1 ea* ( :om is to use ! team "o day ( ! week4 ,a s+le isolat$ f>m] 9 a community ( f>ms or m>ket g>d5]s1 c\ld hire a team by ! day z he ne$$ x4 ,i d n recomm5d ?is s*eme1 h[ev]1 b w\ld sugge/ t ! s+le individual get a l>g] plot ( gr\nd1 at lea/ t5 acres1 & a team ( 8 own4 ,9 ! co-op]ative community ! five-acre teamless f>m is entirely feasible4 ,! tract %\ld be survey$ ab\t twice z long z wide1 :i*1 = five acres1 makes x #bj by #dj rods1 or #ccj by #ffj feet4 ,measure (f a /rip "o hundr$ feet back f ! road4 ,f5ce ! rema9d] ( ! tract4 ,n[ run a p>tition f5ce d[n ! c5t] until we h come to )9 twelve rods ( ! back side4 ,"h run a cross f5ce4 ,?is gives u ?ree y>ds ( ab\t "o & "o-half acres ea*4 ,! gates are arrang$ s t "o passes ?r\gh ! ?ree y>ds 9 a s+le trip4 ,:]e ! middle p>tition f5ce adjo9s ! front f5ce1 a well is driv54 ,a wat] l9e is run d[n ! p>tition f5ce to ! re> y>d4 ,! plot ar\nd ! h\se is set 9 p]man5t crops1 su* z b]ries1 fruit trees1 asp>agus1 rhub>b1 etc4 ,( ! o!r ?ree y>ds1 at lea/ "o is kept 9 gr[+ m>ketable crops4 ,e in* is cultivat$1 & crops ( ! leafy nature1 z lettuce1 cabbage1 kale & sp9a*1 are *iefly gr[n1 z !y utilize ! ri* nitrog5\s p\ltry manure to ! be/ advantage1 & ! wa/e portions1 or wor?less crops1 are utiliz$ = ! p\ltry4 ,! me?od ( supply+ ! f[ls ) gre5 food is entirely by soil+4 ,?is means to gr[ ! food 9 an adjo9+ lot & ?r[ x ov] ! f5ce4 ,! above m5tion$ crops are all good = ! purpose4 ,rape1 :i* is n gr[n = human food1 is also excell5t4 ,kale is "o ( ! v be/ crops = soil+ purposes4 ,x is plant$ 9 ! fall & f$ by pull+ (f ! l[] leaves dur+ ! w9t]4 ,9 ! spr+ ! h>d5$ /alks /& at a consid]able height & ! field may be us$ = gr[+ "y *icks1 giv+ %ade1 & at ! same "t produc+ abundant gre5 fe$1 )\t any imm$iate labor1 :i* means a great sav+ 9 ! busy season4 ,a set ( panels or nett+ /ret*$ on light frames is provid$4 ,!y are ( suffici5t numb] to set along ! longe/ side ( "o ( ! fields4 ,a /rip along ! f5ce1 f\r or five feet wide1 c be plant$ to sunfl[]s1 corn1 rape1 kale1 or o!r rank gr[+ crop & ! panels lean$ aga9/ ! f5ce to protect ! "y plants f ! h5s4 ,9 ?is way ! f5ce r[s c be kept provid$ ) ! %ade ( gr[+ crops1 :i* relieves ! o!rwise s]i\s fault ( ?is plan ( p\ltry f>m+1 9 t ! h5s w\ld be requir$ to live 9 absolutely b>r5 & sunburn$ lots1 = we propose to keep five or six hundr$ h5s on "o & a half acres ( gr\nd1 & no gre5 ?+s c\ld get a />t )\t protection4 ,rotate ! h\ses f field to field z (t5 z ! crops all[4 ,nev] p]mit h5s to run 9 "o b>e field = m ?an six mon?s at a "t4 ,always keep e in* ( gr\nd n 9 use by ! *ick5s1 luxuriant 9 some?+ gre54 ,if y h a crop ( vegetables :i* are ab\t matur$1 drill rape or crimson clov] betwe5 ! r[s2 by ! "t ! crop is h>ve/$ & ! h5s are to be mov$ 91 su* crops w h made a good gr[?4 ,! h5s w kill x out b x w be a pr(itable kill+4 ,by ?is sy/em ( int5sive comb9ation ( truck+ & p\ltry f>m+1 we h a comb9ation :i* = small capital & small l&s _c be beat54 ,! h5s %\ld yield bett] ?an a doll> pr(it p] head on ?is plan2 ! "o & a half acres automatically f]tiliz$ & int5sely cultivat$1 gr[+ two or ?ree crops a ye>1 %\ld easily d\ble ! income4 ,twelve hundr$ doll>s a ye> is a cons]vative e/imate = ! net income f su* a plant1 & ! orig9al inve/m5t1 exclusive ( resid5ce1 w n be ov] "o ?\s& doll>s4 ,,*apt] ,,vi ,,incubation ,! diff]5ces 9 ! process ( reproduction 9 birds & mammals is frequ5tly misund]/ood4 ,! lay+ ( ! bird's egg is n analog\s to ! bir? ( "y 9 mammals4 ,! female1 :e!r bird or bea/1 =ms a true egg :i* mu/ be f]tiliz$ by ! male sp]m cell be=e ! (fspr+ c develop4 ,9 ! mammal1 if f]tilization does n occur1 ! egg :i* is inconspicu\s1 passes out ( ! body & is lo/4 ,if f]tiliz$1 x passes into ! womb :]e ! "y develops ?r\gh ! embryonic /ages1 be+ suppli$ ) n\ri%m5t & oxyg5 directly by ! "m4 ,9 ! bird1 ! egg1 f]tiliz$ or unf]tiliz$1 passes out ( ! body &1 be+ ( conspicu\s size1 is readily obs]v$4 ,! size ( ! egg is due to ! supply ( food mat]ial :i* is comp>able ) t suppli$ to ! mammalian "y dur+ its /ay 9 ! "m's womb4 ,! reptiles lay eggs t are left to develop outside ( ! body ( ! "m1 subject to ! vicissitudes ( ! environm5t4 ,! "y ( ! bird1 be+ w>m blood$1 _c develop )\t m uni=m temp]ature ?an wea!r conditions ord9>ily supply4 ,?is heat is suppli$ by ! in/9ctive brood+ habit ( ! "m bird4 ,f]tility ( ,eggs ,9 a /ate ( nature ! numb] ( eggs laid by wild f[l are only z _m z c be cov]$ by ! female4 ,^! are laid 9 ! spr+ ( ! ye>1 & "o copulation ( ! male bird is suffici5t to f]tilize ! entire clut*4 ,"u dome/ication1 ! h5 lays q indef9itely1 & is s]v$ by ! male at frequ5t int]vals4 ,! f]tiliz+ p[] ( ! male bird ext5ds ov] a p]iod ( ab\t #ae days4 ,= mo/ ( my read]s1 x w be unnecess>y to /ate t ! male has no influ5ce ^u ! o!r (fspr+ ?an ^? :i* he actually f]tilizes )9 ?is p]iod4 ,! belief 9 ! influ5ce ( ! fir/ male ^u ! lat] hat*es by ano!r male is simply a sup]/ition4 ,! dome/ic *ick5 is decid$ly polygam\s4 ,! common rule is "o male to #ab or #ae h5s4 ,i h _h equally good results1 h[ev]1 ) "o male to #bj h5s4 ,9 ! ,little ,compton & ,s\? ,%ore di/ricts1 "o male is us$ = ?irty or ev5 =ty h5s4 ,by inf]tile eggs is meant eggs 9 :i* ! sp]m cell has nev] unit$ ) ! ovum4 ,su* eggs may occur 9 a flock f ! abs5ce ( ! male1 f 8 dis9cl9ation or physical inability to s]ve ! h5s1 f ! weakness or lack ( vitality 9 ! sp]m cells1 f 8 neglect ( a p>ticul> h51 f lifelessness1 or lack ( vitality 9 ! ovule1 or f *ance misses1 by :i* "s eggs fail to be rea*$ by ! sp]m cells4 ,9 practice1 lack ( sexual incl9ation 9 a vigor\s look+ roo/] is v r>e inde$4 ,! m likely explanation is t he neglects "s h5s1 or t ! eggs are f]tiliz$1 b ! g]ms die be=e incubation beg9s1 or 9 ! e>ly /ages ( t process4 ,! =m] tr\ble may be avoid$ by hav+ a relay ( roo/]s & %utt+ ea* "o up "p ( ! "t4 ,! latt] difficulty w be dim9i%$ by sett+ ! egg z fre% z possible1 mean:ile /or+ !m 9 a cool place4 ,! o!r factors to be consid]$ 9 gett+ f]tile eggs1 are s ne>ly synonym\s ) ! problems ( heal? & vitality 9 lay+ /ock g5]ally1 t to discuss x "h w\ld be b a repetition ( ideas4 ,9 connection ) ! discussion ( f]tile eggs1 ,i want to po9t out ! fact t ! :ole subject ( f]tility z di/9ct f hat*ability1 is some:at mean+less4 ,! facts ( ! case are1 t :atev] factors 9 ! c>e ( ! /ock w get a l>ge p]c5tage f]tile eggs1 w also give hat*able eggs & vice v]sa4 ,?is is to be expla9$ by ! fact t mo/ ( ! unf]tile eggs te/$ out dur+ incubation1 are 9 reality dead g]ms 9 :i* dea? has occurr$ be=e ! *ick became visible to ! nak$ eye4 ,su* dea?s %\ld usually be ascrib$ to poor p>5tage1 b may be caus$ by wrong /orage or incubation4 ,likewise1 x w\ld n be j to cr$it all dea?s aft] *icks became visible to wrong incubation1 al?\gh ! mo/ ( ! blame probably belongs !re4 ,likewise1 ) brood] *icks1 we mu/ divide ! cr$it ( _! livability 9 an arbitr>y fa%ion betwe5 p>5tage1 incubation1 & c>e aft] hat*+4 ,by ! hat*ability ( eggs1 we !n mean ! p]c5tage ( eggs set t hat* *icks able to walk & eat4 ,by ! livability ( *icks1 we mean ! p]c5tage ( *icks hat*$ t live to ! age ( f\r weeks1 aft] :i* !y are subject to no great] dea? rate ?an adult *ick5s4 ,by ! livability ( eggs1 we mean ! product ( ^! two factors1 i4e43 ! p]c5tage ( *icks at f\r weeks ( age bas$ ^u ! total numb] ( eggs set4 ,z be=e m5tion$1 ! f]tility ( eggs be>s fairly def9ite relation to ! hat*ability1 s likewise ! hat*ability be>s a relation to ! livability ( *icks4 ,:5 poor hat*es occur because ( weak g]ms1 z because ( faulty incubation1 ?is same injury to ! *ick's organism is c>ri$ ov] & causes a l>g] dea? among ! hat*$ *icks4 ,moreov]1 ! relation betwe5 ! two is n ! same ) all classes ( hat*es1 b z hat*es get poor] ! mortality among ! *icks increases at an accel]at+ rate4 ,! foll[+ table gives a r\gh approximation ( ^! ratios3 ,p] c5t4 ( ,p] c5t4 ( *ick ,p] c5t4 ( egg ,hat*ability4 ,livability4 ,livability4 #ajj #ajj #ajj #ij #ie #he #hj #hh #gj #gj #hd #ej #fj #gb #dc #ej #ee #bg #dj #dj #af #cj #bd #g #bj #aj #b #aj #b #a ,^! figures are bas$ on incubator data4 ,eggs set "u h5s usually give a hat*ability ( #ej p] c5t4 to #fe p] c5t41 & livability ( #gj p] c5t4 to #hj p] c5t4 ,! reason = ! great] livability is t ! real hat*ability ( ! eggs is #gj p] c5t4 to #ge p] c5t41 & is r$uc$ by me*anical breakage4 ,! hat*ability ( eggs v>ies ) ! season4 ,?is v>iation is commonly ascrib$ to nature1 x be+ /at$ t spr+time is ! natural bre$+ season1 & !re=e eggs are ( great] f]tility4 ,:ile !re may be a little f\ndation = ?is idea1 ! *ief cause is to be f\nd 9 ! mann] ( artificial incubation1 z w be discuss$ 9 a lat] section ( ?is *apt]4 ,! foll[+ table is giv5 z ! seasonable hat*ability = nor!rn /ates4 ,?is is bas$ on ,may hat* ( #ej p] c5t3 ,janu>y #ch ,july #dj ,febru>y #db ,augu/ #dj ,m>* #dg ,septemb] #db ,april #di ,octob] #dc ,may #ej ,novemb] #dj ,june #df ,decemb] #ce ,mo/ p h an exagg]at$ idea ( ! h5's success z a hat*]4 ,i h a numb] ( records ( h5 hat*+ ) l>ge numb]s ( eggs set1 & !y are all betwe5 #ee p] c5t4 & #fj p] c5t4 ,! reasons ! h5 does n hat* bett] are z foll[s3 ,fir/3 ,actual inf]tile eggs--usually1 runn+ ab\t #aj p] c5t4 9 ! be/ season ( ! ye>4 ,second3 ,me*anical breakage4 ,?ird3 ,eggs accid5tally gett+ *ill$ by roll$ to "o side ( ! ne/s1 or by ! sick1 l\sy or crazy h5s leav+ ! ne/s or /&+ up on ! eggs4 ,f\r?3 ,eggs gett+ damp f wet ne/s1 dung or brok5 eggs2 ?us caus+ bact]ial infection & decay4 ,! la/ ?ree causes are n pres5t 9 artificial incubation4 ,f my obs]vation !y cause a loss ( #ae p] c5t4 ( ! eggs t fail to hat*1 :5 h5s are manag$ 9 l>ge numb]s4 ,?is w\ld prop]ly cr$it our h5s ) hat*es runn+ f #gj p] c5t4 to #ge p] c5t41 :i*1 = reasons lat] expla9$1 is n equal to hat*es "u ! be/ kn[n conditions ( artificial incubation4 ,! assumption t ! h5 is a p]fect hat*]1 ev5 b>r+ accid5ts & ! inh]it$ imp]fection ( ! egg1 is n1 ,i ?9k1 9 h>mony ) our g5]al conception ( nature4 ,n only are eggs "u ! h5s subject to unfavorable wea!r conditions1 b ! h51 to satisfy h] :ims or hung]1 frequ5tly rema9s too long away f ! eggs1 all[+ !m to become *ill$4 ,= directions ( h[ to manage sett+ h5s1 consult ! ,*apt] on ,p\ltry on ! ,g5]al ,f>m4 ,! ,wisdom ( ! ,egyptians4 ,up to ! pres5t !re h be5 j ?ree types ( artificial incubation t h prov5 successful en\gh to w>rant our att5tion4 ,^! are3 ,fir/1 ! mod]n wood5-box-k]os5e-lamp incubator :i* is se5 at its be/ developm5t 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates4 ,second1 ! ,egyptian incubator ( anci5t orig91 :i* is a l>ge clay ov5 hold+ ?\s&s ( eggs & w>m$ by sm\ld]+ fires ( /raw4 ,?ird1 ! ,*9ese incubator1 mu* on ! pr9ciple ( ! ,egyptian hat*]y1 b run 9 ! room ( an ord9>y h\se1 heat$ ) *>coal brazi]s & us$ only = duck eggs4 ,i h no accurate in=mation on ! results ( ! ,*9ese me?od1 & z x is n us$ = h5 eggs1 we w conf9e our att5tion to ! fir/ two processes only4 ,i d n c>e to g into detail 9 discuss+ makes ( box incubators1 b ,i w m5tion briefly ! *ief po9ts 9 ! developm5t ( our pres5t ma*9es4 ,! fir/ difficulties 7 9 gett+ lamps1 regulators1 etc41 t w\ld give a uni=m temp]ature4 ,?is n[ has be5 work$ out to a po9t :]e1 ) any good incubator & an exp]i5c$ op]ator1 ! temp]ature ( ! egg *amb] is readily kept )9 ! desir$ range4 ,^! are two pr9cipal types ( box incubators n[ 9 use4 ,9 ! e>lie/ ( ^!1 ! eggs 7 heat$ by radiation f a tank ( hot wat]4 ,^! ma*9es dep5d$ = v5tilation or1 :at is mu* m important1 evaporation1 ^u *ance air curr5ts pass+ 9 & out ( augur holes 9 ! ends or bottom ( ! ma*9e4 ,! second1 or m mod]n type1 w>ms ! eggs by a curr5t ( air :i* passes ar\nd a lamp flue :]e1 be+ made light] by ! expansion due to heat1 ! air rises1 creat+ a draft t =ces x into ! egg *amb]4 ,!re x is caus$ to spread by musl9 or felt diaphragms s t no p]ceptible curr5t ( air /rikes ! eggs4 ,?is type is ! mo/ popul> type ( small incubator on ! m>ket4 ,its advantage w be m readily se5 aft] ! discussion ( ! pr9ciples ( incubation4 ,hazy tales ( ,egyptian incubators h gone ! r\nds ( p\ltry pap]s ^! _m ye>s4 ,m rec5tly "s accurate acc\nts f ,am]ican travel]s & ,european inve/igators h come to light1 & z a result1 ! av]age p\ltry editor is kept busy try+ to expla9 h[ su* wond]ful results c be obta9$ 9 opposition to ! well-kn[n laws ( incubation4 ,! facts ab\t ,egyptian incubators are z foll[s3 ,!y h a capacity ( #ej to #ajj ?\s& eggs1 & are built z a s+le l>ge room1 p>tly und]gr\nd & made ( clay re9=c$ ) /raw4 ,! walls are two or ?ree feet ?ick4 ,inside1 ! ma9 rooms are little clay domes ) two floors4 ,! hat*+ season beg9s ! middle ( ,janu>y & la/s ?ree mon?s4 ,a c\ple ( weeks be=e ! hat*+ beg9s1 ! firepro( h\se is fill$ ) /raw :i* is set afire1 ?or\ghly w>m+ ! hat*]y4 ,! a%es are !n tak5 out & little fires built 9 pots are set ar\nd ! outside ( ! big room4 ,! little clay rooms ) ! d\ble floors are n[ fill$ ) eggs4 ,t is1 "o is fill$ at a "t1 ! idea be+ to h fre% eggs ent]+ & *icks mov+ out 9 a regul> ord]1 s z n to cause radical *anges 9 ! temp]ature ( ! hat*]y4 ,no !rmomet] is us$1 b ! op]ator has a v highly cultivat$ s5se ( temp]ature1 su* z is possess$ by a *eese mak] or dynamite dry]4 ,ab\t ! twelf? day ! eggs are mov$ to ! upp] "p ( ! little int]ior rooms :]e !y are fur!r remov$ f ! heat$ floor4 ,! eggs are turn$ & te/$ out mu* z 9 ?is c\ntry4 ,!y are nev] cool$ & ! room is full ( ! fumes & smoke ( burn+ /raw4 ,! v5tilation provid$ is incid5tal4 ,?is is ab\t ! :ole /ory save = results4 ,! incubator m5 pay back ?ree *icks = f\r eggs1 & take _! pr(its by sell+ ! extra *icks t are hat*$ above ! #ge p] c5t4 ,?is /atem5t is 9 itself s a/oni%+ & yet conv9c+1 t to add t ! hat* runs betwe5 #he p] c5t4 & #ij p] c5t4 ( all eggs set1 & t ! incubators ( ! ,nile ,delta hat* ab\t #ge1jjj1jjj *icks a ye> seems almo/ sup]flu\s4 ,z = ! explanation ( ! results ( ! ,egyptian incubators comp>$ ) ! ,am]ican k]os5e lamp type1 ,i ?9k x c be/ be br\ght ab\t by a consid]ation 9 detail ( ! sci5tific pr9ciples ( incubators4 ,pr9ciples ( ,incubation4 ,,heat4--,to keep animal life1 once />t$1 alive & gr[+1 we ne$3 ,fir/1 a suitable surr\nd+ temp]ature4 ,second1 a fairly con/ant proportion ( wat] 9 ! body sub/ance4 ,?ird1 oxyg54 ,f\r?1 food4 ,n[1 a f]tile egg is a liv+ "y animal & z su* its wants %\ld be consid]$4 ,we may at once dispose ( ! food problem ( ! unhat*$ *ick1 by say+ t ! food is ! cont5ts ( ! egg at ! "t ( lay+1 & z f> z incubation is conc]n$1 is beyond our control4 ,9 consid]ation ( ext]nal temp]ature 9 its relation to life1 we %\ld note3 7,a7 ! optimum temp]ature2 7,b7 ! range ( temp]ature consi/5t ) g5]al good heal?2 7,c7 ! range at :i* dea? occurs4 ,j to %[ ! pr9ciple at /ake1 & )\t look+ up au?orities1 ,i w /ate ^! temp]atures = a numb] ( animals4 ,( c\rse y c dispute ! accuracy ( ^! figures1 b !y w s]ve to illu/rate our purpose3 ,ext]nal ,ext]nal ,ext]nal ,int]nal ,int]nal ,optimum ,heal?ful ,fatal ,optimum ,fatal ,po9t ,range ,range ,po9t ,range ,man #gj #j to #ajj #ej to #adj #ih #ij to #ajf ,dog #fj #gj to #adj #gj to #adj #aja #ie to #aaj ,monkey #ij #cj to #adj #cj to #adj #aja #ie to #ajh ,horse #hj #bj to #abj #bj to #abj #ii #ie to #aje ,f[l #hj #bj to #adj #bj to #adj #ajg #ajj to #aae ,newly hat*$ *ick #ij #gj to #ajj #dj to #abj #ajh #ajj to #aae ,f]tile egg at />t ( incubation #ajc #cb to #aaj #ca to #abe #ajc #ca to #abe ,egg incubat$ ?ree days #ajc #ih to #aje #hj to #aah #ajc #ie to #aah ,egg incubat$ eighte5 days #ajc #ge to #aje #ej to #aah #ajf #ih to #aaf ,?is table %[s1 among o!r ?+s1 t we are consid]+ 9 ! *ick n a new proposition to :i* ! laws ( g5]al animal life d n apply1 b m]ely a "y animal dur+ ! process ( gr[? to a po9t :]e its int]nal me*anism = heat control1 has p[] to ma9ta9 ! body temp]ature ?r\gh a great] range ( ext]nal temp]ature *ange4 ,9 ! cool+ process t occurs aft] lay+ ! liv+ cells ( ! egg become dormant1 & l a hib]nat+ animal1 ! actual int]nal temp]ature c be subject$ to a mu* great] range ?an :5 ! animal is active4 ,aft] incubation beg9s & cell activity returns1 & especially aft] blood =ms & circulation comm5ces1 ! temp]ature ( ! *ick becomes subject to ab\t ! same int]nal range z ) o!r w>m blood$ animals4 ,9 ! case ( fully =m$ animals1 ! int]nal temp]ature is regulat$ by a d\ble process4 ,if ! ext]nal temp]ature be l[]$1 m food sub/ance is comb9$ ) oxyg5 to keep up ! w>m? ( ! body1 :ile1 if ! ext]nal temp]ature be rais$1 ! body temp]ature is kept l[ by ! cool+ effects ( evaporation4 ,?is occurs 9 mammals *iefly by sweat+4 ,birds d n sweat1 b ! same effect is br\ght ab\t by increas$ brea?+4 ,n[1 ! *ick gradually develops ! heat produc+ function dur+ incubation1 until t[>ds ! close ( ! p]iod x c take c>e ( itself fairly well 9 case ( l[]$ ext]nal temp]ature4 ,! p[] to cool ! body by brea?+ is n1 h[ev]1 grant$ to ! unhat*$ *ick1 & = ?is reason ! incubat+ egg _c /& excess ( heat z well z lack ( x4 ,! practical po9ts to be rememb]$ f ! above are3 ,fir/3 ,be=e incubation beg9s1 eggs may be subject$ to any temp]ature t w n physically or *emically injure ! sub/ance4 ,second3 ,dur+ ! fir/ few days ( ! hat*1 eggs h no appreciable p[] ( heat =mation & ! ext]nal temp]ature = any consid]able p]iod ( "t c safely v>y only )9 ! range ( temp]ature at :i* ! physiological process may be c>ri$ on4 ,?ird3 ,z ! *ick develops x ne$s less c>eful gu>d+ aga9/ cool+1 & mu/ /ill be gu>d$ aga9/ ov]-heat+4 ,f\r?3 ,x %\ld be rememb]$1 h[ev]1 t eggs are v poor conductors ( heat1 & if ! temp]ature *ange is n great sev]al h\rs ( exposure are requir$ to br+ ! egg to ! new temp]ature4 ,temp]ature is ! mo/ readily obs]v$ feature ab\t natural incubation & its control 0 consequ5tly ! fir/ & *ief ef=t ( ! e>ly incubator inv5tors4 ,a great deal ( exp]im5tal "w has be5 done to det]m9e ! degree ( temp]ature = eggs dur+ incubation4 ,! temp]ature ( ! h5's blood is ab\t #aje to #ajg degrees ,f4 ,! eggs are n w>m$ q to ?is temp]ature1 ! am\nt by :i* !y fail to rea* ! temp]ature ( ! h5's body dep5d+1 ( c\rse1 ^u ! surr\nd+ temp]ature4 #ajc degrees ,f4 is ! temp]ature t has be5 g5]ally agre$ ^u by incubator manufactur]s4 ,"s ( ^! advise runn+ #ajb degrees ! fir/ week1 #ajc degrees ! second1 #ajd degrees ! ?ird4 ,z a matt] ( fact x is v difficult to det]m9e ! actual temp]ature ( ! egg 9 ! box incubator4 ,?is is because ! s\rce ( heat is above ! eggs & ! air temp]ature *anges rapidly z ! !rmomet] is rais$ or l[]$ ?r\gh ! egg *amb]4 ,! advice to place ! bulb ( ! !rmomet] aga9/ ! live egg is v good1 b 9 practice q v>iable results w be f\nd on diff]5t eggs & diff]5t p>ts ( ! ma*9e4 ,) incubators ( ! same make1 & 9 all appe>ances id5tical1 q m>k$ v>iation 9 hat*+ capacity has be5 obs]v$ 9 individual ma*9es4 ,c>eful exp]im5tation w usually %[ ?is to be a matt] ( ! way ! !rmomet] is hung 9 relation to ! heat+ surfaces & to ! eggs4 ,ovi-!rmomet]s1 :i* consi/s ( a !rmomet] enclos$ 9 ! celluloid imitation ( an egg1 are n[ 9 ! m>ket & are p]haps z safe z any?+ t c be us$4 ,z 0 indicat$ 9 ! previ\s section great] c>e 9 temp]ature ( ! egg is necess>y 9 ! fir/ half ( ! hat*4 ,! temp]ature ( #ajb degrees ,f4 z above giv5 is1 9 ! writ]'s op9ion1 too l[ = ?is portion ( ! hat*4 ,an actual temp]ature ( #ajd degrees at ! top ( ! eggs w1 z has be5 %[n by c>eful exp]im5tal "w1 give bett] hat*es ?an ! l[] temp]ature4 ,moi/ure & ,evaporation4 ,! subject ( ! wat] cont5t ( ! egg & its relation to life1 is ! lea/ und]/ood ( p\ltry problems4 ,! :ole /udy ( ! wat] cont5t ( ! egg dur+ incubation hangs on ! am\nt ( evaporation4 ,n[1 ! rates ( evaporation f any moi/ object is det]m9$ by two factors3 vapor pressure & ! rate ( movem5t ( ! air pa/ ! object4 ,z incubation is always c>ri$ on at ! same temp]ature1 ! evaporat+ p[] ( ! air is directly proportion$ to ! diff]5ce 9 ! vapor pressure ( wat] at t temp]ature1 & ! vapor pressure ( ! air z x ent]s ! ma*9e4 ,?us1 9 ord] to "k ! evaporative p[] ( ! air1 we h only to det]m9e ! vapor pressure ( ! air & to rememb] t ! rate ( evaporation is 9 proportion to ?is pressure1 i4e43 :5 ! vapor pressure is high ! evaporation w be sl[ & ! eggs rema9 too wet1 & :5 ! vapor pressure is l[ ! eggs w be excessively dri$ out4 ,! read] is probably m famili> ) ! t]m relative humidity ?an ! t]m vapor pressure1 b z ! actual significance ( relative humidity is *ang$ at e *ange 9 outside temp]ature1 ! use ( ?is t]m = express+ ! evaporat+ p[] ( ! air has l$ to no end ( confusion4 ,! influ5ce ( air curr5ts on evaporation is to increase x directly proportional ) ! rate ( air movem5t4 ,?us1 #aj cubic feet ( air p] h\r pass+ ?r\gh an egg *amb] w\ld remove twice z mu* moi/ure z w\ld #e cubic feet4 ,if ! p]c5tage ( wat] 9 any liv+ body be *ang$ a relatively small am\nt1 s]i\s di/urbances ( ! physiological processes & ultimately dea? w result4 ,! mature animal c1 by dr9k+1 take consid]able excess ( wat] )\t dang]1 = ! surplus w be spe$ily remov$ by p]spiration & by ! secretion f ! kidneys4 ,b ! p]c5tage ( wat] 9 ! actual tissues ( ! body c v>y only )9 a n>r[ range ( n m ?an ?ree or f\r p] c5t4 ,! *ick 9 ! %ell is n provid$ ) means ( increas+ its wat] cont5t by dr9k+ or dim9i%+ x by excretion1 b ! fre% egg is provid$ ) m moi/ure ?an ! hat*$ *ick w require1 & ! surplus is gradually lo/ by evaporation4 ,?is places ! wat] cont5t ( ! *ick's body at ! m]cies ( ! evaporat+ p[] ( ! air t surr\nds ! egg dur+ incubation4 ,to assume t ^! risks ( unc]ta9 rates ( evaporation is desirable1 is z absurd z to assume t ! risks ( ra9fall are desirable = plant life4 ,z ! plants ( a c]ta9 climate h become adapt$ to ! am\nt ( soil moi/ure :i* ! climate is likely to provide1 s ! egg has by natural selection be5 =m$ ) ab\t z mu* excess ( wat] z w be lo/ 9 an av]age season "u ! natural conditions ( incubation4 ,plant life suff]s 9 dr\ght or flood1 & likewise bird life suff]s 9 seasons ( abnormal evaporative conditions4 ,?is view is sub/antiat$ by ! fact t ! eggs ( wat] f[l :i* are 9 nature incubat$ 9 damp] places1 h a l[] wat] cont5t ?an ! eggs ( l& birds4 ,! p] c5t4 ( wat] conta9$ 9 ! cont5ts ( fre% eggs is ab\t #gd p] c5t41 or ab\t #fe4e p] c5t1 bas$ on ! weight1 %ell includ$4 ,un=tunately no inve/igations h be5 made conc]n+ ! p] c5t4 ( wat] pres5t 9 ! newly hat*$ *ick4 ,^u ! subject ( ! loss ( wat] = ! :ole p]iod ( incubation1 valuable data has be5 collect$ at ! ,utah1 ,oregon & ,ont>io ,exp]im5t ,/ations4 ,9 ^! te/s we f9d t z a rule ! evaporation ( eggs "u h5s is less ?an 9 incubators4 ,) bo? h5s & incubators1 ! rate ( evaporation is greate/ at ! ,utah ,/ation1 :i* "o w\ld naturally expect f ! climate4 ,! eggs "u h5s at ! ,ont>io ,/ation av]ag$ ab\t #ab p] c5t4 loss 9 weight1 & ^? at ! ,utah ,/ation ab\t #ae p] c5t4 ,at bo? /ations1 incubators )\t moi/ure ran sev]al p] c5t4 high] evaporation ?an eggs "u h5s4 ,! conclusions at all /ations 7 t ! addition ( moi/ure to incubators 0 a mat]ial aid to good hat*es ( livable *icks4 ,at ,ont>io ! av]age evaporation ran f z l[ z #g p] c5t4 ,at ,utah x rea*$ z high z #bd p] c5t4 ,n[ z ! entire loss ( weight is loss ( wat]1 ! solid cont5ts rema9+ ! same1 & z ! orig9al p] c5t1 ( wat] conta9$ 9 ! egg 7%ell includ$7 is only #fe4e1 ! *icks ( ! two lots ) ! same am\nt ( solid sub/ance w\ld conta9 wat] 9 ! proportion ( #eh4e to #da4e4 ,bas$ on ! weight ( ! *ick1 ?is w\ld make a diff]5ce ( wat] cont5t ( ov] #be p] c5t4 ,t human be+s or o!r animals c\ld n exi/ ) su* diff]5ces 9 ! *emical composition ( ! body1 is at once app>5t4 ,9 fact ,i d n believe t ! *ick c live "u su* rem>kable circum/ances4 ,z ,i h pick$ ! extreme cases 9 ! s]ies giv51 x is possible t ^! extremes 7 exp]im5tal errors1 & z 9 ! ,utah data1 no in=mation is giv5 z :at happ5$ to ! *icks1 ,i h no pro( t !y did live4 ,b f ! l>ge numb] ( hat*es t 7 record$ bel[ #i p] c5t1 & above #ae p] c5t41 giv+ a v>iation ( ! actual wat] cont5t 9 ! *ick's body ( ab\t #aj p] c5t41 x is evid5t t *icks d hat* "u rem>kable physiological difficulties4 ,"o explanation t sugge/s itself is1 t z !re is consid]able v>iation 9 evaporation ( individual eggs due to ! am\nt ( %ell porosity1 & ! *icks t hat* 9 ei!r case may be ! ones ^: individual v>iations ?rew !m ne>] ! normal4 ,by a fur!r /udy f ! ,ont>io data ( ! relation ( ! evaporation to ! results 9 livable *icks1 x c be readily obs]v$ t all good hat*es h evaporation c5t]+ ar\nd ! #ab p] c5t4 moi/ure loss1 & t all lots ) evaporations above #ae p] c5t4 hat* out extremely poor4 ,! g5]al av]ages ( ! ma*9es suppli$ ) "s =m ( moi/ure 0 #ce p] c5t4 ( all eggs set1 9 *icks alive at f\r weeks ( age1 :ile ! ma*9es ran dry gave only #bj p] c5t4 ( live *icks at a simil> p]iod4 ,n[1 ,i wi% to call att5tion to a fur!r po9t 9 connection ) evaporation4 ,if ! f9al measure ( ! loss ( weight by evaporation 7 ! only crit]ion ( correct conditions ( moi/ure 9 ! *ick's body1 ! hat*es t %[ #ab p] c5t41 or :atev] ! correct am\nt ( evaporation may be1 %\ld be decid$ly sup]ior to ^? on ei!r side4 ,t !y are bett]1 has already be5 %[n4 ,b !y are f> f :at !y %\ld be4 ,an explanation is n h>d to f9d4 ,! correct cont5t ( moi/ure is n ! only ess5tial to ! *ick's well be+ at ! mom5ts ( hat*+1 b dur+ ! :ole p]iod ( incubation4 ,"u our pres5t sy/em ( incubation1 ! *ick is imm$iately subject to ! *ang+ evaporation ( ,am]ican wea!r conditions4 ,! data = t fact1 pick$ at r&om1 w be ( int]e/4 ,! foll[+ table gives ! vapor pressure at ,buffalo1 ,n4 ,y41 = tw5ty consecutive days 9 ,april3 ,april #a444444444444444444agj #b444444444444444444acj #c4444444444444444444ie #d444444444444444444ajc #e444444444444444444aaj #f444444444444444444ajf #g444444444444444444aed #h444444444444444444ahc #i444444444444444444bde #aj44444444444444444caa #aa44444444444444444cdb #ab44444444444444444bhf #ac44444444444444444bai #ad44444444444444444bdh #ae44444444444444444bag #af44444444444444444aic #ag44444444444444444bda #ah44444444444444444cjf #ai44444444444444444bfa #bj44444444444444444bjd ,suppos+ a hat* to be />t$ at ! beg9n+ ( ! above p]iod1 by ! end ( ! fir/ week1 ) ! excessive evaporation1 due to a l[ vapor pressure1 ! eggs w\ld all be sev]al p] c5t4 bel[ ! normal wat] cont5t2 ! fact t ! next week 0 w>m & ra9y1 & ! vapor pressure rose until ! loss 0 entirely c\nt]balanc$1 w\ld n repair ! injury1 ev5 ?\gh ! eggs %[$ at ! end ( incubation exactly ! correct am\nt ( %r9kage4 ,a man might ?ir/ 9 ! des]t = a week1 !n1 com+ to a hole ( wat] fall 9 & dr[n1 b we w\ld h>dly accept ! report ( a normal wat] cont5t f\nd at ! po/-mortem exam9ation z evid5ce t 8 dea? 0 n connect$ ) ! moi/ure problem4 ,! *ange ( evaporation1 due to wea!r conditions1 is1 "u h5s1 less m>k$ ?an 9 incubators4 ,?is is because !re are no drafts "u ! h51 & because ! h5's moi/ body & ! moi/ e>?1 if %e sets on ! gr\nd1 are sep>ate s\rces ( moi/ure :i* ! *ang+ humidity ( ! atmosph]e does n affect4 ,among ab\t =ty h5s set at diff]5t times at ! ,utah ,/ation & ! loss ( moi/ure ( :i* 0 det]m9$ at ?ree equal p]iods ( six days ea*1 ! greate/ irregul>ity ,i f\nd 0 z foll[s3 #a/ p]iod1 #e4ha p] c5t2 #b;d p]iod1 #c4hf p] c5t2 #c;d p]iod1 #f4ae p] c5t4 ,comp>e ?is ) a simil> incubator record at ! same /ation 9 :i* ! loss = ! ?ree p]iods 0 #e4fc1 #i4ah & #b4ae4 ,i ?9k ! read] is n[ 9 position to appreciate ! almo/ unsurm\ntable difficulties 9 ! prop] control ( evaporation ) ! common small incubator 9 our climate4 ,x is little wond] t "o ( our be/ incubator manufactur]s1 aft] /udy+ ! proposition = "s "t1 ?rew ov] ! :ole moi/ure proposition1 & put out a ma*9e 9 :i* drafts ( air 7 sl[$ d[n by felt diaphragms & ! use ( moi/ure 0 /rictly =bidd54 ,! moi/ure problem to ! small incubator op]ator pres5ts itself z foll[s3 ,if left to ! m]cies ( *ance & ! wea!r1 ! too great or too little evaporation f 8 eggs w yield hat*es t w prove unpr(itable4 ,9 ord] to regulate ?is evaporation1 he mu/ "k & be able to control bo? vapor pressure & ! curr5ts ( air t /rike ! eggs4 ,n[ he does n "k ! am\nt ( vapor pressure & has no way ( f9d+ x out4 ,! s-call$ humidity gauges on ! m>ket are practically wor?less1 & ev5 7 ! read+s on relative humidity accurately det]m9$1 !y w\ld be :olly confus+1 = _! effect ( ! same relative humidity on ! evaporation w v>y widely ) v>iations ( ! out-(-door temp]ature4 ,if ! op]ator kn[s or guesses t ! humidity is too l[1 he c increase x by add+ wat] to ! room1 or ! egg *amb]1 b he _c tell :5 he has too mu*1 nor c he r$uce ! vapor pressure ( ! air on ra9y days :5 nature gives him too mu* wat]4 ,z to air curr5ts he is little bett] (f--he has no way to tell accurately z to ! behavior ( air 9 ! egg *amb] & *anges 9 temp]ature ( ! heat] or if ! outside air w ?r[ ^! curr5ts all (f1 s9ce !y dep5d ^u ! draft pr9ciple4 ,tak+ x all 9 all1 ! man ) ! small incubator _h bett] foll[ ! manufactur]'s directions & tru/ to luck4 ,! writ] has long be5 ( ! conviction t a plan :i* w\ld keep ! rate ( evaporation )9 z n>r[ b\nds z we n[ keep ! temp]ature1 w\ld n only solve ! problem ( artificial incubation1 b improve on nature & increase n only ! numb]s b ! vitality or livability ( ! *icks4 ,) a view ( /udy+ fur!r ! relations betwe5 ! conditions ( atmosph]ic vapor pressure1 & ! success ( artificial incubation1 ,i h inve/igat$ climatic reports & hat*+ records 9 ! v>i\s sections ( ! _w4 ,! foll[+ are av]ages ( ! mon?ly vapor pressures at f\r po9ts 9 :i* we are int]e/$3 ,buffalo1 ,/4 ,l\is1 ,san ,fran- ,cairo ,mon? ,n4,y4 ,mo4 cisco4 ,egypt ,janu>y #hg #ih #caa #bgi ,febru>y #ha #id #caj #bhh ,m>* #ach #bbd #ccg #bhg ,april #aga #bhc #ccb #caa ,may #cja #dbc #cag #cbh ,june #dff #eej #cde #cfe ,july #edf #eii #cgd #dac ,augu/ #dif #fbg #chb #dce ,septemb] #dbi #ejf #chi #cgb ,octob] #bhe #cbg #cdb #cfe ,novemb] #bga #bbe #bhe #cba ,decemb] #adc #acc #bdc #cig ,a /udy ( ! ext5t ( daily v>iations is also ( int]e/4 ,z a g5]al ?+ !y are less extreme 9 localities :5 ! seasonal v>iations are also less4 ,9 ,cairo1 h[ev]1 :i* has a seasonal v>iation great] ?an ,san ,francisco1 ! daily v>iations dur+ ! hat*+ season are mu* less ?an 9 ,cali=nia4 ,?is is due to a con/ant w9d f sea to l&1 & an absolute abs5ce ( ra9fall1 conditions = :i* ,egypt is not$4 ,ne>ness to a coa/ does n mean uni=m vapor pressure1 = ) w9d alt]nat+ f sea to l&1 x means j ! opposite4 ,z w be readily se5 ! mon?s 9 spr+ :i* give ! be/ hat*es1 occupy a m$ium place 9 ! humidity scale4 ,! fact t bo? h5s & ma*9es succe$ be/ 9 ?is p]iod1 is to me v sugge/ive ( ! possibility t ) an incubator absolutely controll+ evaporation1 mu* ( ! seasonal v>iation 9 ! hat*ability w\ld disappe>4 ,! uni=m humidity ( ! ,cali=nia coa/ is %[n 9 ! above table4 ,?is is n inconsi/5t ) ! excell5t results obta9$ at ,petaluma4 ,! ,egyptian hat*] 9 8 long exp]i5ce has le>n$ j ab\t h[ mu* airholes & smudge fire are necess>y to get results4 ,) ^! kept con/ant & ! atmosph]e con/ant1 we h m ne>ly p]fect conditions ( incubation ?an are to be f\nd any:]e else 9 ! _w1 & ,i d n except ! natural me?ods4 ,! climatic conditions ( ,egypt _c be equal$ 9 any o!r climate1 b z w be %[n 9 ! la/ section ( ?is *apt]1 _! effect c be duplicat$ readily en\gh by mod]n sci5ce & eng9e]+4 ,mr4 ,edw>d ,br[n1 :o 0 s5t ov] "h by ! ,engli% ,gov]nm5t to inve/igate our p\ltry indu/ry1 0 greatly surpris$ at our poor results 9 artificial incubation4 ,comp>$ ) our ackn[l$g$ records ( less ?an #ej p] c5t4 hat*es1 he quotes ! results obta9$ 9 hat*+ #ah1jjj eggs at an ,engli% exp]im5t /ation z #fb p] c5t4 ,i h n obta9$ any data ( ,engli% humidity1 b x is und\bt$ly m uni=m ?an ! ea/]n ,unit$ ,/ates4 ,v5tilation--,c>bon ,dioxide4 ,! la/ ( ! f\r life requisites we h to consid] is t ( oxyg54 ,! *ick 9 ! %ell1 l a fi%1 brea!s oxyg5 :i* is dissolv$ 9 a liquid4 ,a special brea?+ organ is develop$ = ! *ick dur+ its embryonic /ages & floats 9 ! :ite & absorbs ! oxyg5 & gives (f c>bon dioxide4 ,! am\nt ( ?is brea?+ t occurs 9 ! *ick is at fir/ insignificant1 b increases ) developm5t4 ,at no "t1 h[ev]1 is x any:]e equal to t ( ! hat*$ *icks1 = ! physiological function to be ma9ta9$ by ! unhat*$ *icks requires little en]gy & little oxidation4 ,^u ! subject ( v5tilation 9 g5]al1 a great misund]/&+ exi/s4 ,be x f> f me to say any?+ t w cause ei!r my read]s or 8 *ick5s to sleep less 9 ! fre% air1 yet = ! love ( tru? & = ! simplification ( ! problem ( incubation1 ! real facts ab\t v5tilation mu/ be giv54 ,9 brea?+1 oxyg5 is absorb$ & c>bon dioxide & wat] vapor are giv5 (f4 ,x is popul>ly held t abundance ( fre% air is necess>y to supply ! oxyg5 = brea?+ & t c>bon dioxide is a poison4 ,bo? are mi/akes4 ,! am\nt ( oxyg5 normally 9 ! air is ab\t #bj p] c5t4 ,( c>bon dioxide !re is normally ?ree hundr$?s ( "o p] c5t4 ,dur+ brea?+ ^! gasses are ex*ang$ 9 ab\t equal volume4 ,a d\bl+ or tripl+ ( c>bon dioxide 0 =m]ly ?\ght to be v dang]\s4 ,n[1 if ! c>bon dioxide 7 increas$ #ajj times1 we w\ld h only ?ree p] c5t41 & h sev5te5 p] c5t4 ( oxyg5 rema9+4 ,?is oxyg5 w\ld /ill be ( suffici5t pressure to readily pass into ! blood4 ,we might brea! a little fa/] to make up = ! less5$ oxyg5 pressure4 ,9 fact su* a condition ( ! air w\ld n be unlike ! effects ( high] altitudes4 ,"s inve/igations rec5tly conduct$ at ! ,u4,s4 ,exp]im5t ,/ation = human nutrition1 h %[n ! utt] misconception ( ! old idea ( v5tilation4 ,! respiratory calorimet] is an air-tight comp>tm5t 9 :i* m5 are conf9$ = a week or m at a "t :ile /udies are be+ made conc]n+ heat & en]gy yield$ by food products4 ,x be+ inconv5i5t to analyze su* an imm5se volume ( air z w\ld be necess>y to keep ! room fre%5$ accord+ to conv5tional v5tilation /&>ds1 exp]im5ts 7 made to see h[ vitiat$ ! air c\ld be made )\t caus+ ill effects to ! subject4 ,?is l$ to a rem>kable s]ies ( exp]im5ts 9 :i* x 0 repeat$ly demon/rat$ t a man c\ld live & "w = a week at a "t )\t exp]i5c+ any ill effects :atev] 9 an atmosph]e ( 8 own brea? conta9+ z high z #a4hf p] c5t4 ( c>bon dioxide1 or1 9 o!r words1 ! air _h its impurity increas$ #fb times4 ,?is agrees ) :at e *emi/ & physiologi/ has long kn[n1 & t is t c>bon dioxide is n poison\s1 b is a h>mless dilutant j z nitrog54 ,?is does n mean t a man or animal may n die ( suffocation1 b t ^! are smo!r$1 z !y are dr[n$1 by a real abs5ce ( oxyg51 n poison$ by a fraction ( #a p] c5t4 ( c>bon dioxide4 ,9 ! same s]ies ( exp]im5ts1 se>* 0 made = ! my/]i\s poisons ( ! brea? :i* _m :o _h le>n$ ( ! actual h>mlessness ( c>bon dioxide alleg$ to be ! cause ( ! ill effects attribut$ to f\l air4 ,)\t discussion1 ,i w say t ! inve/igators fail$ to f9d su* poisons1 b conclud$ t ! s5se ( suffocation 9 an unv5tilat$ room is due n to c>bon dioxide or o!r poison\s respiratory products1 b is :olly due to w>m?1 wat] vapor1 & ! unpleasant odors giv5 (f by ! body4 ,! subject ( v5tilation has always be5 a bone ( cont5tion 9 incubator discussions4 ,) its little und]/ood real importance1 z %[n 9 ! previ\s section1 & ! greatly exagg]at$ popul> notions ( ! importance ( oxyg5 & imag9$ poison\s qualities ( c>bon dioxide1 ! confusion 9 ! subject %\ld cause little wond]4 ,a few ye>s ago "s "o ) an inve/igat+ m9d decid$ to see if incubators 7 prop]ly v5tilat$1 & proce$$ to make c>bon dioxide det]m9ations ( ! air "u a h5 & 9 an incubator4 ,! air "u ! h5 0 f\nd to conta9 ! mo/ ( ! obnoxi\s gas4 ,n[1 ?is in=mation 0 disconc]t+1 = ! h5 _h always be5 consid]$ ! s\rce ( all incubator wisdom4 ,cle>ly ! p]fection ( ! h5 or ! conception ( pure air mu/ be sacrific$4 ,*emi/ry "h came to ! rescue1 & said t c>bon dioxide mix$ ) wat]1 =m$ an acid & acid w\ld dissolve ! lime ( an egg %ell4 ,evid5tly ! h5 0 sacrific+ h] own heal? by brea?+ impure air 9 ord] to s(t5 up ! %ells a little s ! *icks c\ld get out4 ,s9ce x c\ld h be5 demon/rat$ 9 a few h\rs 9 any laboratory1 t c>bon dioxide 9 ! quantities involv$1 has no p]ceptible effect ^u egg %ells1 x is ) "s apology t ,i m5tion t q a deal ( good bra9s has be5 sp5t ^u ! subject by two exp]im5t /ations4 ,! data accumulat$1 ( c\rse1 fails to prove ! !ory1 b x is int]e/+ z fur!r evid5ce ( ! ne$lessness 9 ! old fe> ( insuffici5t v5tilation4 ,at ! ,ont>io ,/ation1 ! av]age am\nts ( c>bon dioxide "u a l>ge numb] ( h5s 0 4#cb ( "o p] c5t41 or ab\t t5 times t ( fre% air1 or "o-six? ( t :i* ! man brea!d s happily 9 ! respiratory calorimet]4 ,) incubators1 e conceivable s*eme 0 tri$ to *ange ! am\nt ( c>bon dioxide4 ,9 "s1 s\r milk 0 plac$ :i*1 9 f]m5t+1 gives (f ! gas 9 "q4 ,o!rs 7 suppli$ ) butt]milk1 presumably to famili>ize ! *ick5s ) ?is article s !y w\ld recognize x 9 ! fatt5+ rations4 ,9 o!r ma*9es1 lamp fumes 7 run 91 & to /ill o!rs1 pure c>bon dioxide 0 suppli$4 ,! p]c5tage ( ! gas pres5t v>i$ 9 ! ma*9es f 4#jf to 4#eh ( "o p] c5t4 ,! results1 ( c\rse1 v>y z any run ( hat*es w\ld4 ,! detail$ discussion ( ! hat*es & _! relation to ! am\nt ( c>bon dioxide z giv5 9 ,bullet9 #afj ( ! ,ont>io ,/ation1 w\ld be un=tunately confus+ to ! novice1 b w\ld make amus+ read+ = ! old p\ltryman4 ,speak+ ( a comp>ison ( two hat*es1 ! writ]1 on page #ec ( ! bullet9 says1 ,! increase 9 vitality ( *icks f ! comb9ation ( ! c>bon dioxide & moi/ure ov] moi/ure only1 am\nt+1 z x does1 to #d4e p] c5t4 ( ! eggs set1 seems directly due to ! high] c>bon dioxide cont5t4 ,i _c refra9 f sugge/+ t if my read] has two incubators1 he might set up a ,*9ese pray] ma*9e 9 front ( "o & see if he _c 9 l mann] demon/rate ! efficacy ( ,heav5ly supplications 9 ! hat*+ ( *ick5s4 ,! practical be>+ ( ! subject ( v5tilation 9 ! small incubator is almo/ :olly "o ( evaporation4 ,! majority ( su* ma*9es are probably too mu* v5tilat$4 ,9 a l>ge & prop]ly con/ruct$ hat*]y1 su* z is discuss$ 9 ! la/ section ( ?is *apt]1 ! entire composition ( ! air1 z well z its movem5t1 is entirely "u control4 ,no?+ has yet be5 br\ght to light t indicates any p>ticul> att5tion ne$ be giv5 to ! composition ( su* air save 9 reg>d to its moi/ure cont5t1 b z ! control ( ?is factor r5d]s x necess>y t ! air be 9 a clos$ circuit1 & n op5 to all out-doors1 x w be v easy to subject ! air to fur!r *anges su* z ! increas+ oxyg51 if su* c be demon/rat$ to be desirable4 ,turn+ ,eggs4 ,! subject ( turn+ eggs is ano!r s\rce ( r mean+less controv]sy4 ,( c\rse1 ! h5 moves h] eggs ar\nd & 9 do+ s turns !m4 ,d\btless ! read]1 7 he sett+ on a pile ( door knobs z big z 8 head1 w\ld d ! same ?+4 ,z pro( t eggs ne$ turn+1 we are ref]r$ to ! fact t yolks /ick to ! %ell if ! eggs are n turn$4 ,i h c&l$ ?\s&s ( eggs & h yet to see a yolk /uck to ! %ell unless ! egg conta9$ =eign organism or 0 sev]al mon?s old4 ,h[ev]1 ,i h se5 hundr$s ( blood r+s /uck to ! %ell4 ,:e!r ! *ick di$ because ! blood r+s /uck or :e!r ! blood r+s /uck because ! *ick5 di$ ,i "k n1 b ,i h a /rong presumption t ! latt] explanation is correct1 = ,i see no reason if ! live blood r+ 0 9 ! habit ( /ick+ to ! %ell1 :y ?is w\ld n occur 9 a few h\rs z well z 9 a few days4 ,9 ! ye> #aija ,i saw pl5ty ( *icks hat*$ out 9 ,kansas 9 egg cases1 kit*5 cupbo>ds & o!r places :]e regul> turn+ 0 entirely ov]look$4 ,mr4 ,j4,p4 ,coll9s1 head ( ! ,produce ,dep>tm5t ( ,swift ,co41 says t he 0 "o "t cruelly des]t$ 9 a ,pullman smok] = tell+ ! same /ory4 ,! /atem5t is true1 h[ev]1 9 spite ( ,mr4 ,coll9s' unpleasant exp]i5ce4 ,texas egg deal]s frequ5tly f9d hat*$ *ick5s 9 cases ( eggs4 ,^u ! subject ( turn+ eggs ! writ] w admit t he is do+ :at p\ltry writ]s z a class d on a great _m occasions1 i4e43 express+ an op9ion r ?an giv+ ! prov5 facts4 ,9 incubation practice x is highly desirable to *ange ! position ( eggs s t unev5ness 9 temp]ature & evaporation w be balanc$4 ,:5 do+ ?is x is easi] to turn ! eggs ?an n to turn !m1 & = ?is reason ! writ] has nev] gone to ! tr\ble ( ?or\ghly inve/igat+ ! matt]4 ,b x has be5 abundantly prov5 t any p>ticul> pa9s 9 egg turn+ is a wa/e ( "t4 ,cool+ ,eggs4 ,! belief 9 ! necessity ( cool+ eggs und\bt$ly arose f ! ef=t to foll[ closely & bl9dly 9 ! foot/eps ( ! h54 ,) ?is idea 9 m9d ! fact t ! h5 cool$ h] eggs occasionally l$ u to discov] a !ory :i* prov$ su* cool+ to be necess>y4 ,a m reasonable !ory is t ! h5 cools ! eggs f necessity1 n f *oice4 ,9 "s species ( birds ! male relieves ! female :ile ! latt] goes =ag+4 ,b !re is no ne$ to argue ! "q4 ,eggs w hat* if cool$ accord+ to cu/om1 b t !y w hat* z well or bett] )\t ! cool+ is abundantly prov5 by ! results 9 ,egyptian incubators :]e no cool+ :atev] is practic$4 ,se>*+ = ! ,op5 ,sesame ( ,incubation4 ,! exp]im5t /ation work]s h1 ! la/ few ye>s1 gone a hunt+ = ! weak spot 9 artificial incubation4 ,"s ref]5ce to ?is "w has already be5 made 9 ! sections on moi/ure & v5tilation4 ,be=e leav+ ! subject ,i want to ref] to two m ef=ts to f9d ?is key to ! my/]y ( incubation & 9 ! "o case at lea/ correct an errone\s impression t has be5 giv5 out4 ,at ! ,ont>io ,/ation a pat5t dis9fectant wa% call$ ,z5oleum 0 incid5tally us$ to deodorize incubators4 ,n[1 = "s reason1 p]haps due to ! belief t :ite di>rhoea 0 caus$ by a g]m 9 ! egg1 ?is idea ( wa%+ ) ,z5oleum 0 conceiv$ to be a possible solution ( ! incubator problem4 ,9 ! num]\s exp]im5ts at t /ation 9 #aijg ,z5oleum appli$ to ! ma*9e 9 v>i\s ways 0 comb9$ ) v>i\s o!r incipi5t panaceas & at ! end ( ! season ! results ( ! v>i\s comb9ations 7 duly tabulat$4 ,! ma*9e ) butt]milk & ,z5oleum head$ ! li/ = livable *icks4 ,= reasons expla9$ 9 ! *apt] on ,exp]im5t ,/ation ,"w1 ! idea ( contra/+ ! results ( "o hat* ) "o sort ) ! av]age results ( _m hat*es ( ano!r sort is v poor sci5ce4 ,feel+ t ! ,/ation m5 w\ld h>dly be guilty ( express+ z !y did 9 favor ( su* a me?od )\t bett] reason1 ,i v c>efully w5t ov] ! results & comp>$ all ma*9es us+ ,z5oleum ) all ma*9es )\t x4 ,! results 9 favor ( ,z5oleum 7 less m>k$ b /ill p]ceptible4 ,i 0 some:at puzzl$1 z ,i c\ld see no rational explanation ( ! relation betwe5 dis9fect+ incubator walls & ! hat*ability ( ! *ick 9 its g]m-pro( cage4 ,f9ally ,i hit ^u ! s*eme ( arrang+ ! hat*es by dates & ! explanation became at once app>5t4 ,! hat*+ exp]im5ts _h ext5d$ f ,m>* to ,july1 b ! ,z5oleum hat*es 7 gr\p$ 9 ,april & e>ly 9 ,may1 :51 z "o w\ld expect f wea!r conditions1 all hat*es 7 runn+ good4 ,aft] all[+ = ?is error ,z5oleum appe>$ z h>mless & mean+less z w\ld ! ,att> ( ,roses4 ,! second l9k aft] ! miss+ l9k ( incubation to :i* ,i wi% to call y\r att5tion also occurr$ at ! ,ont>io ,/ation4 ,! latt] case1 h[ev]1 is happi] 9 t no unw>rant$ conclusions 7 drawn & t an int]e/+ bit ( sci5tific k 0 add$ to ! _w's /ore4 ,! conception to be te/$ 0 an (f%oot f ! c>bon dioxide !ory4 ,y w rememb] at ! ,utah ,/ation ! idea 0 t c>bon dioxide 0 to dissolve ! %ell s ! *ick c\ld break out easi]4 ,at ! ,guelph ,/ation ! conception 0 t ! c>bon dioxide might dissolve ! lime ( ! %ell = ! *ick to use 9 mak9' hisself4 ,z an egg c\ld n be analyz$ fre% & !n hat*$1 a numb] 7 analyz$ f ! same h5s & o!rs f ^? h5s 7 !n incubat$ ) ! v>i\s am\nts ( c>bon dioxide1 butt]milk1 ,z5oleum1 & o!r factors4 ,! lime cont5t ( ! cont5ts ( ! fre% egg av]ag$ ab\t 4#jd grams4 ,at hat*+ "t ! lime 9 ! *ick's body av]ag$ ab\t 4#bj grams & 0 always sev]al times z great z ! maximum ( ! eggs4 ,cle>ly calcium phosphate ( ! *ick's bones is made by ! dige/ion ( ! calcium c>bonate f ! %ell & its comb9ation ) ! phosphorus ( ! yolk4 ,c]ta9ly a rem>kable & hi!rto unexpla9$ fact4 ,! am\nt ( lime requir$ is n great en\gh1 h[ev]1 to mat]ially weak5 ! %ell1 b1 ( c\rse1 ! process is vital to ! *ick z bones are q ess5tial to 8 welf>e1 b x is an inside affair ( :i* ! ?ree-t5?s ( "o p] c5t ( c>bon dioxide incid5tally pres5t "u ! h5 is entirely irrelevant4 ,a fur!r obs]vation made by ! inve/igator is t ! *icks :i* obta9$ ! l[e/ am\nt ( lime 7 abnormally weak4 ,z long z we are p[]less to aid ! *ick 9 dige/+ lime ?is fact1 l ! o!r1 belongs 9 ! field ( pure1 r ?an appli$ sci5ce4 ,i ?9k t we are safe 9 say+ t ! weakness caus$ ! %ortage ( lime r ?an vice v]sa2 if ! writ] rememb]s runts 9 o!r animals are usually a little %ort ( bone mat]ial4 ,! *emi/ ( ! /ation is to be giv5 special cr$it = n jump+ at conclusions4 ,9 ! summ>y ( ?is "w he /ates3 ,!re is app>5tly no connection betwe5 ! am\nt ( lime absorb$ by ! *ick & ! am\nt ( c>bon dioxide pres5t dur+ incubation4 ,! ,box ,type ( ,incubator ,9 ,actual ,use4 ,al?\gh ! fact is n s adv]tis$ & frequ5tly n recogniz$ ev5 by ! mak]s1 ! success ( exi/+ incubators is directly proportional to ! ext5t ) :i* !y control evaporation4 ,9 ord] to %[ ?is ,i h only to call att5tion briefly to two or ?ree ( ! mo/ successful types ( incubators on ! m>ket4 ,let me fir/ repeat t evaporation increases ) increas$ air curr5ts & ) decreas$ vapor pressure4 ,n[1 ! vapor pressure und]goes all mann] ( *anges ) ! pass+ ( /orm c5t]s & ! *anges ( prevail+ w9ds4 ,b !re is a g5]al t5d5cy = vapor pressure to increase ) increase 9 outside temp]ature4 ,n[1 ! movem5t ( air 9 all common incubators dep5ds ^u ! draft pr9ciple & ! great] ! diff]5ce 9 ma*9e temp]ature & outside temp]ature ! great] w be ?is draft4 ,?us1 we h two factors comb9+ to cause v>iation 9 ! rate ( evaporation4 ,! t5d5cy = ! rate ( airfl[ to v>y is dim9i%$ :5 a cell> is us$ = an incubator room1 b ! cell> does n mat]ially rem$y ! climatic v>iation 9 vapor pressure4 ,! g5]al t5d5cy ( incubators z ord9>ily con/ruct$1 is to dry out ! eggs too rapidly4 ,) a view ( c\nt]act+ ?is1 wat] is plac$ 9 pans 9 ! egg room4 ,a surface ( wat] expos$ to quiet air does n evaporate z fa/ z "o might ?9k1 z is easily %[n by ! fact t air above riv]s1 lakes & ev5 seas is frequ5tly f> f ! saturation po9t4 ,! result ( ! moi/ure pan ) a giv5 curr5t ( air is t ! vapor pressure is increas$ a def9ite am\nt1 b by no means is x regulat$ or made uni=m4 ,inasmu* z too mu* %r9k+ is ! mo/ preval5t fault 9 box incubators1 ! use ( moi/ure is on ! :ole b5eficial1 b 9 hot1 murky wea!r1 ) less circulation & high] outside vapor pressure1 ! moi/ure is ov]done & ! op]ator condemns ! sy/em4 ,! subject n be+ cle>ly und]/ood & no means be+ available = vapor pressure det]m9ations1 ! sy/em results 9 confusion & disputes4 ,:5 ! felt diaphragm ma*9e 0 br\ght into ! m>ket x 0 adv]tis$ z a no-moi/ure ma*9e4 ,! result ( ! diaphragm is t ( *ok+ (f air movem5t & consequ5tly r$uc+ evaporation4 ,?is gives exactly ! same results z ! use ( moi/ure1 b ! ma*9e is easi] to op]ate & seem$ to d away ) ! vexati\s moi/ure problem :i*1 toge!r p]haps1 ) "s fanci$ resemblance ( felt diaphragms to h5 fea!rs1 has result$ 9 ! widespread use ( ?is type ( ma*9e4 ,! late/ ef=t along ! l9es ( r$uc+ evaporation is ! s& tray ma*9e t foll[$ 9 ! wake ( ! ,ont>io inve/igation4 ,?is device simply gives a great] evaporat+ surface to ! wat] & h5ce a great] addition to ! vapor pressure4 ,! results 9 practice ,i _h giv5 me by a man :o la/ ye> hat*$ sixty-five ?\s& *icks & z _m m duckl+s4 ,he said3 ,! s& tray e>ly 9 ! season gave ! be/ hat*es & mo/ vigor\s *icks we _h1 b lat] on ?+s got too wet & ! *ick5s dr[n$4 ,no nic] demon/ration ( sci5ce 9 practice c\ld be desir$4 ,9 ! pres5t-day incubator ( ei!r type we are :olly at ! m]cy ( sudd5 climatic *anges ( vapor pressure4 ,= ! sl[] *anges f season to season "s control by great] & less am\nts ( suppli$ moi/ure1 or by v5tilator slides is available1 b little und]/ood & seldom practic$4 ,x w c]ta9ly be ( int]e/ to my read]s to "k ! actual hat*es obta9$ ) ! prevail+ type ( box incubator4 ,by actual hat*es we mean ! p] c5t4 ( live *icks tak5 out ( ! ma*9e to ! p] c5t4 ( eggs put 94 ,! ord9>y publi%$ hat*es1 bas$ on "o p] c5t4 ( f]tile hat*es1 are a delusion & a sn>e4 ,:5 eggs are te/$ out _m dead g]ms come out ) !m & ! sep>ation ( microscopic dead g]ms f ! inf]tile egg is1 ( c\rse1 impossible4 ,su* padd$ & %[ hat*+ records d n int]e/ u4 ,:]e incubators are run on top ( ! gr\nd ,i h f\nd ! results to be poor & to improve1 ! bigg] & deep] & damp] & w>m] & less v5tilat$ ! cell> is made4 ,! reason = ?is is pla94 ,9 su* a cell> ! vapor pressure ( ! air is n only great] b is less influ5c$ by ! %ift+ vapor pressure ( ! outside air4 ,9 a good cell> ! op]ator1 ?\gh 8 k ( ! factors ) :i* he deals is griev\sly defici5t1 le>ns1 ?r\gh long & co/ly exp]i5ce1 ab\t :at addition ( moi/ure or ab\t :at rate ( v5tilation w give him ! be/ results4 ,9 ! room m subject to outside influ5ces1 ! conditions are s con/antly *ang+ t uni=mity ( practice nev] gives uni=m results1 & h5ce ! op]ator is )\t guidance1 ei!r intellig5t or bl9d1 & ! results are :olly a product ( *ance4 ,z pro( ( my cont5tion ,i may give results ( a s]ies ( full season hat*es = #aijh1 ea* involv+ sev]al ?\s& eggs4 ,fir/1 a /ate exp]im5t /ation1 ! "n ( :i* ,i d n c>e to publi%4 ,incubators kept 9 a cem5t basem5t :i* has flues 9 :i* fires 7 built to secure ample v5tilation4 ,?is caus$ a /rong draft ( cold1 dry air1 mak+ ! wor/ possible condition = incubation4 ,! hat* = ! season av]ag$ #be p] c5t4 & 0 expla9$ by lack ( vitality 9 ! /ock4 ,second1 ,ont>io ,agricultural ,college4 ,a room above gr\nd1 moi/ure us$ 9 mo/ ma*9es & v>i\s o!r ef=ts be+ made to improve ! hat*es by a /aff ( half a doz5 sci5ti/s4 ,results3 ,hat* #dh p] c5t4--incubator manufactur]s call ! exp]im5t]s names & say !y are ignorant & prejudic$4 ,?ird1 ,cornell ,univ]sity3 dry v5tilat$ basem5t repres5t+ typical conditions ( common incubator practice ( ! c\ntry4 ,results3 ,hat* #eb p] c5t41 results :5 giv5 out commonly bas$ on f]tile eggs & e "o g5]ally pleas$4 ,f\r?3 ,"o ( ! mo/ successful p\ltrym5 9 ,new ,york ,/ate1 :o has1 )\t kn[+ :y1 hit ^u ! plan ( us+ a no-moi/ure type ( incubator 9 a basem5t :i* is heat$ ) /eam pipes1 :i* ma9ta9s temp]ature at #gj degrees & has a cem5t floor :i* is kept cov]$ ) wat]4 ,results3 ,hat* #ei p] c5t4 ,fif?3 ,z a fif? 9 su* a s]ies ,i might m5tion aga9 ! ,egyptian ma*9e ) ! uni=m vapor pressure ( ! climate & ! ?ree *icks ex*ang$ = f\r eggs4 ,:ile an (ficial 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates ,dep>tm5t ( ,agriculture1 ,i ga!r$ data f orig9al records ( private plants cov]+ ! incubation ( sev]al hundr$ ?\s& eggs4 ,su* in=mation 0 furni%$ me 9 confid5ce z a public (ficial & z a private citiz5 ,i h no "r to publi% t :i* w\ld mean f9ancial pr(it or loss to ^? conc]n$4 ,( records :]e !re 7 t5 ?\s& or m eggs involv$1 ! l[e/ ,i f\nd 0 #dd p] c5t4 & ! highe/1 t m5tion$ z ! f\r? case above1 or #ei p] c5t4 ,! great majority ( ^! records hung v closely ar\nd ! #ej p] c5t4 m>k4 ,! foll[+ is a fair sample ( su* data4 ,x is ! record ( hat*+ h5 eggs = ! fir/ six mon?s ( #aijh1 at "o ( ! l>ge/ p\ltry plants 9 ,am]ica3 ,eggs ,*icks ,p] ,c5t4 ,mon? ,set ,hat*$ ,hat*$ ,janu>y #d1bac #a1ehe #cg #b-c ,febru>y #f1bge #b1cci #cc #c-d ,m>* #ag1iij #f1iic #ch #a-c ,april #ah1hai #aj1bfe #ed #a-b ,may #bd1deh #ad1dch #ei ,june #ac1ajj #f1fad #ee ------ ------ ------ ,total #hd1hee #db1bcd #ej p4c4 ,! ,future ,me?od ( ,incubation4 ,! idea ( ! mammo? incubator :i* w\ld hat* eggs by ! hundr$ ?\s& & a m9imum ( exp5se is ! dream ( ! ,am]ican incubator inv5tor4 ,we h long _h available su* me?ods ( insulation & regulat+ ! supply ( heat z w\ld po9t to ! practicability ( su* a dream4 ,! pa/ ef=ts 9 ?is direction h fall5 d[n = ! foll[+ simple reason3 ,all eggs 7 plac$ 9 a s+le big room ) a view ( ! man's ent]+ ! room to take c>e ( !m4 ,contact ) cold walls1 ! op5+ ( doors1 ! hat*+ ( *icks or introduction ( fre% eggs set up air curr5ts1 ! hot air ris+ & ! cold air settl+ until great diff]5ces 9 temp]ature w\ld be f\nd 9 ! room4 ,no sy/ematic regulation ( evaporation 0 contemplat$1 z ! pr9ciples at /ake or ! means ( su* regulation 7 unkn[n4 ,! attempt j ref]r$ to 0 made sev]al ye>s ago by "o ( ! mo/ successful ( incubator manufactur]s & because ( 8 failure o!r inv5tors 7 incl9$ to /e] cle> ( ! proposition4 ,mean:ile ! ne$ ( su* an incubator has gr[n enorm\sly4 ,at ! "t t above ef=t 0 made no duck ran* exi/$ ^: annual production ran ov] ?irty or =ty ?\s& duckl+s1 :]eas we n[ h sev]al 9 ! "o hundr$ ?\s& class4 ,mu* m rem>kable has be5 ! gr[? ( ! day-old *ick bus9ess4 ,! discov]y t newly hat*$ *icks c\ld be successfully %ipp$ hundr$s ( miles ) less loss ?an %ipp+ eggs = hat*+1 has result$ 9 a few ye>s' "t 9 ! gr[? ( hat*]ies ( consid]able size :]e *icks are hat*$ by means ( common incubators4 ,/ill ano!r opportunity = ! use ( l>ge hat*]ies has be5 by ! gr[? ( p\ltry communities4 ,!re are o!r communities besides ^? m5tion$ 9 ?is book :i* w\ld amply support public hat*]ies4 ,if half ! p\ltry gr[]s ( ,lanca/] ,c\nty1 ,pa41 7 to be prevail$ ^u to patronize a public hat*]y1 ! c\nty w\ld support betwe5 fifte5 & tw5ty #ajj1jjj egg incubators4 ,any ( ! num]\s trolley c5t]s 9 ,indiana1 ,ohio & ,s\!rn ,mi*igan w\ld likewise be pr(itable locations = ! e/abli%m5t ( public hat*]ies4 ,! dem& = ! incubator ( l>ge capacity has1 )9 ! la/ ye> or s1 br\ght two or ?ree mammo? incubators into ! m>ket4 ,! devices ,i n[ ref] to consi/ ( a r[ ( box incubators :i*1 in/ead ( be+ heat$ by s+le lamps1 are heat$ by cont9u\s hot wat] pipes4 ,?is s*eme effects a consid]able sav+ 9 fuel co/ & labor1 b ! bulk9ess ( con/ruction & ! woeful lack ( evaporation control are /ill to be dealt )4 ,! writ] n[ wi%es briefly to describe ! plan ( con/ruction & op]ation ( a new type ( hat*]y1 ! success ( :i* has rec5tly be5 made feasible by inv5tions & te*nical k hi!rto unavailable4 ,! plan ( ! hat*]y is on t ( a cold /orage plant z f> z insulation & g5]al con/ruction g4 ,! eggs are kept 9 bulk 9 special cases :i* are turn$ z a :ole & may re/ on ei!r ( f\r sides4 ,at hat*+ "t ! eggs are spread out 9 trays 9 a special hat*+ room1 :i* is only l>ge en\gh to accommodate *icks to ! am\nt ( "o-six? ( ! incubator capacity1 = twice a week deliv]+s1 or "o-?ird if weekly deliv]ies are desir$4 ,!re are no pipes or o!r s\rces ( heat 9 ! egg *amb]s4 ,all temp]ature regulation is by means ( air heat$ 7or cool$ z ! case may be7 outside ( ! egg rooms & =c$ into ! egg rooms by a motor driv5 cone fan1 ma9ta9+ a /eady curr5t ( air1 ! rate ( movem5t ( :i* may be v>i$ at w4 ,! air movem5t ma9ta9$ w always be suffici5tly brisk1 h[ev]1 to prev5t an unev5ness ( temp]ature 9 diff]5t p>ts ( ! room4 ,s simple is ?is t ! read] w d\btless wond] :y x 0 n develop$ e>li]4 ,! reason is t air subject to ! climatic influ5ces w1 ) any =c$ draft suffici5t to equalize temp]ature1 result 9 a fatal rate ( evaporation4 ,spr9kl+ ! air has n g5]ally be5 ?\ght practical because ( ! notion t air mu/ n be us$ 9 ! egg *amb] b once1 :i* involv$ q a wa/e ( heat necess>y 9 w>m+ a l>ge bulk ( air & evaporat+ suffici5t wat]4 ,moreov]1 no means has1 9 ! pa/1 be5 available = mak+ a suffici5tly accurate measurem5t ( ! evaporat+ p[] ( ! air4 ,! hair hygromet]s commonly sold to incubator op]ators are kn[n by sci5ti/s to be absolutely unreliable4 ,! range betwe5 ! wet & dry bulb !rmomet]s 0 f\nd 9 ! ,ont>io exp]im5ts to give read+s ) & )\t fann+ t v>i$ #ae to #bj p] c5t4 9 relative humidity :i*1 at ! temp]ature ( an egg *amb]1 w\ld am\nt to a v>iation ( ?ree to f\r hundr$ ( vapor pressure units1 :i*1 ) ! =c$ draught plan1 w\ld ru9 a hat* ( eggs 9 a few h\rs4 ,! sl+ psy*romet] z us$ by ! ,u4,s4 ,wea!r ,bureau %\ld1 9 ! h&s ( an exp]t1 give results mak+ possible measurem5ts accurate to two or ?ree p] c5t4 ( relative humidity or =ty to sixty units ( vapor pressure4 ,9 contra/ ) ^! blund]+ in/rum5ts we n[ h available an in/rum5t ) :i* ! writ] has frequ5tly det]m9$ vapor pressure accurately to )9 a range ( two or ?ree vapor pressure units & ! in/rum5t is capable ( be+ con/ruct$ = ev5 f9] "w4 ,z x is only by means ( air ) ! moi/ure cont5t absolutely controll$ t ! use ( a l>ge room becomes possible1 we c n[ see :y ?is type ( hat*+ rema9$ s long undevelop$4 ,by means ( su* vapor pressure control ! l>ge egg *amb] is n only feasible b ! rate ( evaporation at once becomes subject to ! control ( ! op]ator & we a*ieve a p]fection 9 artificial incubation hi!rto unatta9$4 ,! means by :i* ! air moi/ure is regulat$ is simil> to t us$ 9 up-to-date cold /orage plants :]e ! air is made moi/ by spr9kl+ & dri$ ) deliquesc5t salts4 ,! regulation ( vapor pressure1 l t ( temp]ature1 may be by electrically mov$ damp]s :i* swit* a great] or less proportion ( ! incom+ curr5t to ! spr9kl] or dry] z ! case may be4 ,! ord9>y incubator !rmo/at gives ! necess>y impulse = ! control ( ! temp]ature damp]s1 :ile ! in/rum5t above ref]r$ to is us$ = ! vapor pressure control4 ,z ! entire air circuit is clos$1 ! *emical composition ( ! air may also be regulat$ at w4 ,?is results 9 a r$uction ( ! quantity ( heat requir$ to a m9imum2 9 fact1 ) ! incubator 9 full sw+1 ! air w1 at times1 ne$ cool+ r ?an w>m+4 ,! "q ( ! co/ ( incubation by ?is me?od1 or ( pr(it ( su* a hat*]y op]at$ = ! public is almo/ :olly "o ( ! size ( op]ations4 ,:]e suffici5t eggs may be obta9$ & suffici5t dem& exi/s = ! *icks to make x pr(itable to op]ate1 ! additional co/ ( hat*+ extra *icks w be insignificant comp>$ ) ! pres5t sy/em4 ,! ,egyptian p\ltryman gives f\r eggs = ?ree *icks1 b ! ,am]ican p\ltryman w\ld be will+ to give f\r eggs = "o *ick1 z is %[n by ! fact t he sells eggs = f #a to #c c5ts apiece & buys day-old *icks = t5 to fifte5 c5ts4 ,a plant ) a seasonable capacity ( #ajj1jjj eggs has a basis to "w ^u some?+ z foll[s3 ,) a fifty p] c5t4 hat* & *icks at #aj c5ts ea* !re w\ld be a gross income ( #e1jjj annually4 ,f ?is we mu/ subtract = eggs at #b c5ts ea*1 #b1jjj4 ,sal>y = op]ator #a1jjj1 wages = help] #cjj4 ,fuel1 supplies & repairs #ejj4 ,co/ ( deliv]y & sales ( *icks #bjj4 ,?is leaves a residue ( #a1jjj1 :i* w\ld pay a #bj p] c5t4 int]e/ on ! necess>y inve/m5t ( #e1jjj4 ,p]sonally1 ,i ?9k ?is is ab\t ! m9imum unit ( hat*+ t w\ld prove wor? :ile z indep5d5t in/itutions4 ,any increase 9 ! p]c5tage ( ! hat* w\ld1 ( c\rse1 r$uce ! unit ( size necess>y = pr(itable op]ation4 ,^u a s+le p\ltry plant z a duck f>m ! co/ ( op]ation w\ld be mat]ially r$uc$1 z ! op]ator himself w\ld take ! place ( ! intellig5t manag] & ! co/ ( ga!r+ eggs & ! deliv]y ( ! product w\ld be elim9at$4 ,! mo/ pr(itable me?od ( hat*]y op]ation und\bt$ly w be ^u a plan analog\s to :at1 9 cream]y op]ation1 is call$ c5tralization4 ,! success ( ?is s*eme dep5ds ^u ! fact t transportation & ag5cies at c\ntry /ores are relatively less important items ( exp5se ?an plant con/ruction & high sal>ies = skill$ labor4 ,a hat*]y ) a million capacity c be built & run at n m ?an twice ! co/ ( "o hundr$-?\s& plant & bett] m5 c be kept 9 *>ge ( x4 ,a portion ( ! sav+ w ( c\rse be exp5d$ 9 ma9ta9+ a sy/em ( buy+ eggs & sell+ *icks4 ,! mat]ial advantage ( op]at+ a hat*]y 9 connection ) a high-class egg h&l+ & p\ltry pack+ e/abli%m5t1 or z "o feature ( a p\ltry community1 is at once app>5t1 = ! sy/em ( collect+ ! m>ket produce w be utiliz$ = ga!r+ eggs & di/ribut+ *icks1 ea* bus9ess help+ ! o!r4 ,! public hat*]y also gives an excell5t opportunity = ! introduction ( good /ock among f>m]s :o w\ld be too %iftless to acquire x by ord9>y me?ods4 ,,*apt] ,,vii ,,fe$+ ,! old adage t a little k is a dang]\s ?+ is n[h]e bett] illu/rat$ ?an 9 ! sci5tific phases ( p\ltry fe$+4 ,! attempt$ application ( ! common !oretical fe$+ /&>ds to p\ltry has caus$ n only a great wa/e ( "t b has also result$ 9 exp5ditures = high-pric$ fe$s :5 *eap] fe$s w\ld h giv5 z good or bett] results4 ,! s-call$ sci5ce ( food *emi/ry is really a r\gh approximation ( ?+s ab\t :i* ! actual facts are unkn[n4 ,su* k be>s ! same relation to accurate sci5ce z ! maps ( ,am]ica drawn by ! e>ly explor]s d to a mod]n atlas4 ,l ^! e>ly ef=ts ( geography ! pres5t sci5ce ( food *emi/ry is all "r if we realize its incomplet5ess4 ,9 practice1 ! p\ltryman1 aft] a g5]al glance at ! map1 w f9d a m reliable guide 9 simpl] ?+s4 ,i am writ+ ?is book = ! p\ltryman1 n ! pr(essor1 & because ,i /ate t ! p>ticul> k9d ( sci5ce :]e9 ! pr(essor has tak5 ! mo/ pa9s to tea* ! p\ltryman is comp>atively useless1 ,i fe> x may ar\se a mi/ru/ ( ! value ( sci5ce z a :ole4 ,i "k ( no way to prev5t ?is except to po9t out ! di/9ction betwe5 sci5tific facts & guesses c\*$ 9 sci5tific language4 ,:5 a sci5ti/ /ates t a h5 _c lay egg %ells conta9+ calcium )\t hav+ calcium 9 h] food1 t is a fact1 & x works out 9 practice1 = calcium is an elem5t1 & ! h5 _c create elem5t>y sub/ances4 ,:5 ! same sci5ti/1 f9d+ t an egg conta9s prote91 says t :eat is a bett] egg food ?an corn because x has ! l>ge/ am\nt ( prote91 t is a guess & does n "w 9 practice because prote9 is n a def9ite sub/ance1 b ! "n ( a gr\p ( sub/ances ( :i* ! sci5ti/ does n "k ! composition1 & :i* may or may n be ( equal use to ! h5 9 ! =mation ( eggs4 ,all sub/ances ( :i* ! _w is made are compos$ ( elem5ts :i* _c be *ang$4 ,:5 ^! elem5ts are comb9$ !y =m def9ite sub/ances ) def9ite proportions entirely indep5d5t ( ! orig9al elem5ts4 ,! pure diamond is c>bon4 ,gasol9e is c>bon & hydrog54 ,sev]al hundr$ o!r ?+s are also c>bon & hydrog54 ,sug> is c>bon comb9$ ) hydrog5 & oxyg54 ,^! ?ree elem5ts make sev]al ?\s& diff]5t sub/ances1 includ+ fats1 alcohol & =maldehyde4 ,hydrocyanic acid is c>bon comb9$ ) hydrog5 & nitrog51 & is ! mo/ deadly poison kn[n4 ,! failure ( food sci5ce is p>tly because we d n "k ! composition ( _m ( ! sub/ances ( food & p>tly because ^! sub/ances are *ang$ 9 ! animal body 9 a mann] :i* we d n und]/& & _c control4 ,conv5tional ,food ,*emi/ry ,! conv5tional analysis ( fe$+ /uff divides ! food sub/ances 9 wat]1 c>bohydrates1 fat1 prote9 & a%4 ,! am\nt ( wat] 9 ! body is all-important1 b1 ) ! exception ( eggs dur+ incubation1 ,i confess ,i pref] to rely ^u ! *ick5's judgm5t z to ! am\nt requir$4 ,! c>bohydrate gr\p conta9s />*1 sug>1 cellulose & a numb] ( o!r ?+s4 ,c>bohydrates con/itute two-?irds to ?ree-f\r?s ( all common rations & n9e-t5?s ( t am\nt is />*4 ,! proposition ( h[ mu* c>bohydrates ! h5 eats is *iefly det]m9$ by ! quantity ( gra9 %e consumes4 ,( fats !re are _m k9ds ( :i* ! composition is def9itely kn[n4 ,! am\nt ( fats ! h5 eats is unimportant because %e makes />* into fat4 ,! prote9 or nitrog5 conta9+ sub/ances ( ! diet is ! gr\p ( food sub/ances ov] :i* mo/ ( ! !ories are exp\nd$4 ,! h5 c make egg fat f corn />* or cabbage leaves because !y conta9 ! same elem5ts4 ,%e _c make egg :ite f />* or fat because ! elem5t ( nitrog5 :i* is 9 ! egg :ite is lack+ 9 ! />* & fats4 ,! sub/ances t h nitrog5 9 !m are call$ prote94 ,!y are v complex & difficult to analyze4 ,9 dige/ion ^! prote9s are all torn to pieces & built up into o!r k9ds ( prote94 ,j z 9 te>+ d[n an old h\se1 only a portion ( ! mat]ial c be us$ 9 a new h\se1 s x is ) prote9 & laboratory analysis _c tell u h[ mu* ( ! old h\se c be utiliz$ 9 build+ ! new "o4 ,9 practice ! :ole subject simm]s d[n to ! proposition ( f9d+ out by direct exp]im5t :e!r ! h5 w d ! "w be/ on ?is or t food1 irreg>dless ( its nitrog5 cont5t z det]m9$ 9 ! laboratory4 ,! results ( _m exp]im5ts & mu* exp]i5ce has %[n t lean meat prote9 w make egg prote9 & *ick5 fle% prote9 & t vegetable prote9 p\nd = p\nd is n its equal4 ,i "k ( no results t h prov5 t ! high pric$ vegetable foods su* z l9se$ meal1 glut5 fe$1 etc41 h prov5 a m valuable *ick5 food ?an ! *eape/ gra9s4 ,) c[s & pigeons ?is is n ! case1 b ! h5 is n a veget>ian by nature & high pric$ vegetable prote9 doesn't seem to be 9 h] l9e4 ,( ! ?ree /&>d gra9s !re is "s indication ( ! value ( ! proteids = *ick5s & ( ! foll[+ ranks1 #a/ oats1 #b;d corn1 #c;d :eat4 ,! false conceptions ( ! value ( :eat proteids has be5 specially ! cause ( mu* wa/e ( money4 ,dige/ive trials & direct exp]im5ts bo? %[ t1 z *ick5 foods1 :eat is wor? less1 p\nd = p\nd1 ?an corn & yet1 ?\gh mu* high] 9 price1 x is /ill us$ n only z a v>iety gra91 b by _m p\ltrym5 z ! *ief article ( diet4 ,:eat conta9s only #c p] c5t4 m proteid ?an corn4 ,! man :o sub/itutes :eat at "o & "o-half c5ts a p\nd = corn wor? "o c5t a p\nd pays #ag c5ts a p\nd = 8 add$ prote94 ,9 beef scrap he c\ld get ! prote9 = #e c5ts a p\nd & h a v sup]ior article besides4 ,milk z a s\rce ( prote9 ranks betwe5 ! vegetable proteids & ^? ( meat4 ,x is pref]ably f$ clabb]$4 ,! dri$ case9 rec5tly put on ! m>ket is a valuable food b is n wor? z mu* z meat food & w n be ext5sively utiliz$ until ! dem& = meat scrap =ces up ! price to a po9t :]e ! case9 c be sold m *eaply4 ,meat scrap1 to be reli%$ by ! *ick5s1 mu/ n be a f9e meal1 b %\ld consi/ ( p>ticles ! size ( :eat k]nels or l>g]4 ,! f9e scrap gives ! manufactur] a *ance to utilize dri$ blood & tankage :i* is *eap] 9 quality & price ?an p>ticles ( real meat4 ,! la/ & lea/ und]/ood ( ! gr\ps ( food sub/ances is m9]al sub/ance or a%4 ,n[1 ! *emi/ det]m9es m9]al sub/ance by burn+ ! food & analyz+ ! residue4 ,9 ! int5se heat num]\s *emical *anges take place & ! sub/ances t come out ( ! furnace are entirely diff]5t f ^? conta9$ 9 ! fre% food4 ,! lay read] w probably ask :y ! *emi/ does n analyze ! sub/ances ( ! fre% mat]ial4 ,! answ] is t he doesn't "k h[4 ,progress is made e ye> b ! :ole subject is yet too mu* cl\d$ 9 obscurity to be ( any practical application4 ,at pres5t ! fe$+ ( m9]al sub/ance1 l ! fe$+ ( prote91 c be/ be le>n$ by exp]im5t+ directly ) ! foods r ?an by attempt+ to g by _! *emical composition4 ,9 practice x is f\nd t gre5 fe$ supplies some?+ :i* gra9 lacks1 presumably m9]al salts4 ,moreov] we "k t su* food f$ fre% is sup]ior to ! same sub/ance dri$4 ,?is may be because ( *emical *anges t occur 9 cur+ or simply because ( great] palatability4 ,! o!r *ief s\rce ( m9]al matt] is meat prep>ations ) or )\t gr\nd bone4 ,rec5t exp]im5ts at ,rhode ,isl& h attempt$ to %[ ! relative value ( ! m9]al con/itu5ts ( meat by add+ bone a% to vegetable proteids1 z l9se$ & glut5 meal4 ,! results cle>ly indicate t m9]al matt] ( animal orig9 greatly improves ! value ( ! vegetable diet1 b t ! latt] is /ill sadly defici5t4 ,( c\rse ! burn+ process us$ 9 prep>+ ! bone a% may h de/roy$ "s ( ! valuable qualities ( ! m9]al salts4 ,practically1 we d n c>e :e!r ! value ( animal meal be due to prote91 m9]al salts or bo?4 ,9 "t ! _w w become s ?ickly populat$ t we _c af=d to re> cattle & condemn a portion ( ! c>cass to g ?r\gh ano!r life cycle be=e human consumption4 ,by t "t ! necess>y food salts w d\btless be kn[n & we w be able to m$icate our corn & alfalfa & d away ) ! beef scrap4 ,! p\ltrym5 w d well1 h[ev]1 n to c\nt on ! *emi/ry ( ! future1 = ! *emi/ t makes ! tissue salts = ! h5 may manufacture human food ) ,niag>a p[] & fre% eggs w come 9 t9 cans4 ,h[ ! ,h5 ,unbalances ,balanc$ ,rations4 ,let ! p\ltryman :o figures ! nutriti\s ratio ( *ick5 fe$ try ?is simple exp]im5t4 ,place be=e a half doz5 newly hat*$ *icks a fe$ ( "o ( ! comm]cial *ick fe$s4 ,:5 !y h _h _! fill1 sacrifice ^! innoc5ts on ! alt> ( sci5ce & op5 _! crops4 ,he w f9d t "o *ick has eat5 almo/ exclusively ( millet se$1 ano!r has pref]r$ crack$ corn1 ano!r has fill$ up heavily on bits ( beef scrap & mica cry/al grit1 :ile a f\r? fanci$ oats & granulat$ bone4 ,9 %ort ! *ick has1 9 ?ree m9utes1 unbalanc$ ! balanc$ ration t x took a week to figure out4 ,?is exp]im5t c be v>i$ by plac+ h5s 9 individual coops & sett+ be=e ea* weigh$ portions ( e food 9 ! p\ltryman supply man's catalogue4 ,!re is only "o k9d ( fe$+ t w balance rations & t is to fe$ exclusively on wet ma%4 ,?is is successfully done 9 ! duck bus9ess1 b ! duck is a ,*9ese animal & 8 ways are n ! ways ( ! m fa/idi\s h54 ,9 dairy "w ! individual pref]5ces ( ! c[s are giv5 att5tion & _! :imsy cat]$ to by ! h]dsman4 ,i "k ( no?+ t makes a man m feel 8 k9%ip to ! bea/ ?an to he> a good dairyman talk ( ! p]sonalities & pref]5ces ( 8 fem99e co-op]ators4 ,) comm]cial *ick5 "w1 humanly guid$ individual fe$+s is out ( ! "q1 ?\gh1 if us$1 x might ha/5 ! com+ ( ! two-egg-p]-day h54 ,individual fe$+ ) ! h5 z sole judge z to :at %e %all eat1 :i* means ea* food 9 sep>ate hopp]s & free range1 is ! be/ sy/em ( *ick5 fe$+ yet evolv$4 ,! duty ( ! p\ltryman is to supply ! food1 giv+ en\gh v>iety to p]mit ( ! h5s hav+ a fair selection4 ,9 practice ?is means t e h5 mu/ h access to wat]1 grit 7pref]ably oy/] %ell71 "o k9d ( gra91 "o k9d ( meat1 & "o k9d ( gre5 food4 ,9 practice x w pay to add granulat$ bone = gr[+ /ock4 ,"o or two extra gra9s = v>iety & z _m gre5 foods z conv5i5ces w p]mit to increase palatability--h5ce increase ! am\nt ( food consum$1 = a heavy food consumption is necess>y = egg production4 ,z corn is ! *eape/ food kn[n1 let x be ! bread at ! bo>d+ h\se & o!r gra9s ! rotat+ s]ies ( ha%1 beans & bacon4 ,! gra9 hopp] may h two divisions4 ,! corn nev] *anges b ! o!r %\ld h a *ange ( gra9 occasionally4 ,! ext5t ( ! use made ( ! v>i\s gra9s w be det]m9$ by _! price p] p\nd4 ,! proportions ( food ( ! v>i\s classes t w be consum$ is ab\t z foll[s3 ,( #ajj lbs4 ( dry matt]3 #h to #ab lbs4 meat2 #ff to #ge lbs4 gra92 #ae to #be lbs4 gre5 food4 ,! pr(its ( ! bus9ess w be increas$ by supply+ ! gre5 food 9 su* tempt+ =ms z to increase ! am\nt consum$ & cut d[n ! use ( gra9s4 ,! me?ods we h be5 describ+ 9 :i* v>i\s dry ungr\nd gra9s1 beef scrap & oy/] %ell1 ea* 9 a sep>ate comp>tm5t1 are expos$ be=e ! h5 at all times1 toge!r ) ! abundant use ( gre5 food1 ei!r z pa/ure or a soil+ crop1 is ! me?od ( fe$+ assum$ ?r\gh\t ?is book4 ,! hopp] fe$+ ( s-call$ dry ma% or gr\nd gra9 mixture has be5 q a fad 9 ! la/ few ye>s4 ,! t5d5cy ( ! h5s to wa/e su* food has occasion$ consid]able tr\ble4 ,!y are pick+ x ov] = _! favorite foods & try+ to avoid disagreeable foods4 ,?is difficulty is reliev$ :5 ! food be sep>at$ into its v>i\s compon5ts & ! h5 (f]$ ea* sep>ately4 ,z a matt] ( fact1 !re is no occasion = fe$+ gr\nd fe$ except 9 fatt5+ rations & "h ! wet ma% is desirable4 ,! use ( ! products ( :eat mill+ has be5 ! *ief excuse = su* practices1 b unless ^! get consid]ably l[] 9 price p] p\nd ?an corn !y may be left (f ! bill-(-f>e to advantage4 ,! great use made ( ^! products 9 p\ltry fe$+ 0 *iefly a result ( ! attempt$ application ( ! balanc$ ration idea1 b z has already be5 %[n ! ef=ts to raise ! prote9 ratio ) gra9 foods is g5]ally false economy4 ,! old-fa%ion$ wet ma% :i* ! writ] does n recomm5d because ( ! labor involv$1 is1 nev]!less1 a fairly pr(itable me?od ( p\ltry fe$+4 ,x is us$ 9 ! ,little ,compton di/rict ( ,rhode ,isl& & 0 also us$ 9 ! fam\s ,au/ralian egg lay+ conte/s else:]e describ$4 ,p]sonally ,i w\ld pref] fe$+ gr\nd gra9 wet1 especially :eat bran & middl+s1 to fe$+ x dry4 ,! scatt]+ ( gra9 9 litt] s g5]ally recomm5d$ 9 p\ltry lit]ature is all "r & prop]1 b is r out ( place 9 comm]cial p\ltry f>m+4 ,x is us$ on ! l>ge p\ltry plants ) ! y>ds & long h\ses1 b is n us$ on colony f>ms or 9 any ( ! p\ltry gr[+ communities4 ,i %\ld recomm5d litt]$ h\ses = ,section #f & ! nor!rn half ( ,section #c 7see ,*apt] ,,iv71 b ) w>m] soils & climate :]e ! sn[ does n lie on ! gr\nd x w\ld add a labor exp5se t w\ld v s]i\sly h&icap ! bus9ess4 ,! sy/ems ( p\ltry fe$+ t are commonly adv]tis$ are bas$ ei!r on "s pat5t no/rum or a recomm5dation ( gre5 food 9 novel =m1 su* z spr\t$ oats4 ,! joke ab\t p\ltry fe$ at #aj c5ts a bu%el1 absurd ?\gh x may seem1 has caught lots ( doll>s4 ,to take a bu%el ( oats wor? #ej c5ts1 add wat]1 let !m spr\t & h five bu%els co/+ #aj c5ts1 is c]ta9ly a wond]ful a*ievem5t 9 weal? gett+4 ,! only reason a man c\ldn't run a s\p kit*5 on ! same pr9ciple is t he c't d a s\p bus9ess by mail4 ,spr\t$ oats are a good gre5 food1 h[ev]1 ?\gh some:at labori\s to prep>e4 ,i %\ld c]ta9ly recomm5d !m if = any reason ! regul> gre5 food supply %\ld run out4 ,! po9ts already m5tion$ are ab\t all ! practical sugge/ions t ! sci5ce ( animal nutrition has to (f] ! p\ltryman4 ,! discussion ( fe$+ f its te*nical viewpo9t is suffici5tly cov]$ 9 ! *apt] on ,f>m ,p\ltry & ! discussion ( ! managem5t & economics ( v>i\s types ( p\ltry production4 ,,*apt] ,,viii ,,diseases ,= ! /udy ( ! classification & description ( ! num]\s ailm5ts by :i* individual f[ls pass to _! untimely end1 ,i recomm5d any ( ! num]\s books writt5 ^u ! subject4 ,"s ( ^! works are m accurate ?an o!rs1 b t ,i consid] immat]ial4 ,! /udy ( ^! diseases is good = ! p\ltryman1 x gives 8 m9d ex]cise4 ,:5 a boy 9 high s*ool ,i /udi$ ,lat9 = ! same purpose4 ,don't ,doctor ,*ick5s4 ,= ! cure ( all p\ltry diseases :5 !y h pass$ a po9t :5 ! f[l does n eat or = o!r reasons recov]y is improbable1 ,i recomm5d a bl[ on ! head--! hat*et spills ! blood :i* is unwise4 ,! usual =mula ( burn or bury deeply is some:at tr\blesome1 unless y h a furnace runn+4 ,a cov]$ pit is m conv5i5t if f> en\gh remov$ f ! h\se t ! odor is n prohibitive4 ,a po/ ) a tally c>d may be plant$ ne> by4 ,?is "p ( ! p\ltry f>m may be m>k$ ,exhibit ,a1 & %[n fir/ to ! visitor dur+ ! busy season4 ,if he is "o ( ^? prospective pleasure & pr(it p\ltrym5 :o propose to disreg>d all facts ( biology & economics ( production1 y may save y\rself ! tr\ble ( %[+ him ! re/ ( ! plant4 ,un=tunately1 ?is s*eme is n op5 to ! p\ltryman :o has bre$+ /ock = sale4 ,i h frequ5tly _h ! "q put to me 9 ! smok] ( a ,pullman c>1 ,d n epidemic diseases make ! p\ltry bus9ess prec>i\s8 ,su* que/ions came f f>m-rais$ m51 b n f p\ltry f>m]s4 ,p\ltrym5 %\ld figure a c]ta9 loss ( birds j z insurance companies figure on ! human dea? rate1 b to all practical int5ts & purposes ! epidemic disease has be5 bani%$ f ! p\ltry f>ms & seldom if ev] ent]s ! records 9 answ] to ! "q1 ,:y d p\ltry f>ms fail8 ,"s ( my read]s may take exception to me ei!r 9 reg>d to r\p or :ite di>rhoea4 ,r\p is a disease ( ! wrong sy/em & c>eless managem5t4 ,:ite di>rhoea1 s-call$1 is a matt] ( wrong incubation4 ,! high mortality ( "y *icks1 ?\gh n an epidemic disease1 %>es ) excessive co/ ( production1 v mu* ( ! responsibility = p\ltry f>m failures4 ,at ! pres5t writ+ ! p\ltry editors ( ! c\ntry are hav+ mu* discussion ov] ! conclusion ( ,dr4 ,morse ( ! ,bureau ( ,animal ,indu/ry to ! effect t :ite di>rhoea is caus$ by an inte/9al p>asite simil> to ! g]m t causes human dys5t]y4 ,dr4 ,morse's opportunities = inve/igation h be5 some:at limit$ & z ! inte/9es ( any animal are always sw>m+ ) v>i\s organisms1 x w take v conclusive evid5ce to prove t ! doctor is "r4 ,practically ! nam+ ( ! g]ms t att5d ! fun]al is n p>ticul>ly important = ! reason t x has be5 ?or\ghly demon/rat$ t ) good p>5tage1 good incubation & good brood] conditions1 :ite di>rhoea is unkn[n4 ,! ,causes ( ,p\ltry ,diseases4 ,p\ltry ailm5ts are assignable to "o ( ! ?ree foll[+ causes1 or a comb9ation ( ^!3 ,fir/1 h]$it>y or inborn weakness2 second1 unfavorable conditions ( food1 surr\nd+s1 etc42 ?ird1 bact]ia or animal p>asites4 ,a great _m *ick5s die :ile yet )9 ! %ell1 or dur+ ! gr[+ process1 !re be+ no assignable reason save t ( inh]it$ weakness4 ,to ?is class ( tr\bles ! only rem$y is to bre$ f bett] /ock4 ,x is z mu* ! trait ( "s birds to produce inf]tile eggs or *icks ( l[ vitality z x is = o!rs to produce vigor\s (fspr+4 ,! second class ( ailm5ts ne$s no discussion save t accord$ x "u ! g5]al discussions ( ! me?od ( conduct+ ! bus9ess4 ,! ?ird class ( ailm5ts includes ! contagi\s diseases4 ,x is n[ believ$ t mo/ common diseases are caus$ by microscopic g]ms kn[n z bact]ia4 ,^! g]ms 9 "s mann] ga9 entrance to ! body ( an animal1 &1 gr[+ )9 ! tissues1 give (f poison\s sub/ances kn[n z tox9s1 :i* produce ! symptoms ( ! disease4 ,! ability to )/& disease g]ms v>ies ) ! p>ticul> animal & ! k9d ( disease4 ,z a g5]al rule x may be /at$ t disease g]ms _c live 9 ! body ( a p]fectly vigor\s & heal?y animal4 ,x is only :5 ! vitality is at a l[ ebb1 ow+ to unfavorable conditions or inh]it$ weakness1 t disease g]ms ent] ! body & produce disease4 ,! bact]ia :i* cause disease1 l o!r liv+ organisms1 may be kill$ by poison+4 ,su* poisons are kn[n z dis9fectants4 ,if x 7 possible to kill ! bact]ia )9 ! animal1 ! cur+ ( disease w\ld be a simple matt]1 b un=tunately ! common *emical poisons t kill g]ms kill ! animal also4 ,! only ?+ t c be reli$ ^u to kill disease g]ms )9 ! animal1 is a c\nt]-poison develop$ by ! animal itself & kn[n z anti-tox94 ,su* anti-tox9s c be produc$ artificially & are us$ to combat c]ta9 diseases1 z diph!ria & small-pox 9 human be+s & blackleg 9 cattle4 ,su* me?ods ( combat+ p\ltry diseases h n be5 develop$1 & due to ! small value ( an individual f[l w\ld probably n be comm]cially useful ev5 if successful f a sci5tific /&po9t4 ,! only available me?od ( fight+ contagi\s diseases ( p\ltry is to de/roy ! disease g]ms be=e !y ent] ! f[ls & to remove ! causes :i* make ! f[l susceptible to ! disease4 ,contagi\s diseases ( p\ltry may be gr\p$ into two g5]al classes3 ,fir/1 ^? highly contagi\s2 second1 ^? contract$ only by f[ls t are 9 a weak5$ condition4 ,to ! fir/ class belong ! sev]e epidemics1 ( :i* *ick5-*ol]a is ! mo/ de/ructive4 ,*ick5-,*ol]a4 ,! ,european f[l-*ol]a has only be5 r>ely id5tifi$ 9 ?is c\ntry4 ,o!r diseases simil> 9 symptoms & effect are confus$ ) ?is4 ,z ! treatm5t %\ld be simil> ! id5tification ( ! diseases is n ess5tial4 ,yell[ or gre5i%-color$ dropp+s1 li/less attitude1 refusal ( food & great ?ir/ are ! m readily obs]v$ symptoms4 ,! disease runs a rapid c\rse1 dea? result+ 9 ab\t ?ree days4 ,! dea? rate is v high4 ,! disease is spread by dropp+s & dead birds1 & ?r\gh fe$ & wat]4 ,to /amp out ! disease kill or burn or bury all sick *ick5s1 & dis9fect ! premises frequ5tly & ?or\ghly4 ,a spray made ( "o-half gallon c>bolic acid1 "o-half gallon ( ph5ol & tw5ty gallons ( wat] may be us$4 ,corrosive sublimate1 #a "p 9 #ejjj p>ts ( wat]1 %\ld be us$ z dr9k+ wat]4 ,?is is n to cure sick birds1 b to prev5t ! disease f spread+ by means ( ! dr9k+ vessels4 ,food %\ld be giv5 9 tr\ghs arrang$ s t ! *ick5s _c infect ! food ) ! feet4 ,all ?is "w mu/ be done ?or\ghly1 & ev5 !n consid]able loss c be expect$ be=e ! disease is /amp$ out4 ,if *ol]a has a good />t 9 a flock ( *ick5s x w (t5 be bett] to dispose ( ! entire flock ?an to combat ! disease4 ,=tunately *ol]a epidemics are r>e & 9 _m localities h nev] be5 kn[n4 ,r\p4 ,?is disease is a repres5tative ( t class ( diseases :i*1 :ile be+ caus$ by bact]ia1 c be consid]$ m ( a disease ( conditions ?an ( contagion4 ,r\p may be caus$ by a numb] ( diff]5t bact]ia :i* are commonly f\nd 9 ! air & soil4 ,:5 *ick5s cat* cold ^! g]ms f9d lodgm5t 9 ! nasal passages & r\p ensues4 ,! fir/ symptoms ( r\p are ^? ( an ord9>y cold1 b z ! disease progresses a *eesy secretion appe>s 9 ! head & ?roat4 ,a :eez+ or rattl+ s\nd is (t5 produc$ by ! brea?+4 ,! face & eyes swell1 & 9 sev]e cases ! *ick5 becomes bl9d4 ,! mo/ c]ta9 way ( id5tify+ r\p is a *>act]i/ic sick5+ odor4 ,! disease may la/ a week or a ye>4 ,birds occasionally recov]1 b are g5]ally useless aft] hav+ _h r\p4 ,sick birds %\ld be remov$ & de/roy$1 b ! "t usually sp5t 9 doctor+ sick birds & dis9fect+ h\ses c 9 ?is case be bett] employ$ 9 f9d+ & rem$y+ ! cause ( ! disease4 ,su* causes may be look$ = z dampness1 exposure to cold w9ds1 or to a sudd5 *ange 9 temp]ature z is exp]i5c$ by *ick5s roo/+ 9 a tight h\se4 ,fall & w9t] are ! seasons ( r\p1 :ile x is poorly h\s$ & poorly f$ flocks t mo/ commonly suff] f ?is disease4 ,flocks t h become ?or\ghly r\py %\ld be dispos$ ( & m vigor\s birds secur$4 ,! op5 front h\se has prov$ to be ! mo/ practical s*eme = ! r$uction ( ?is disease4 ,*ick5-,pox1 ,gapes1 ,limb] ,neck4 ,*ick5-pox or sore-head is a disease peculi> to ! ,s\?4 ,x attacks gr[+ *ick5s late 9 ! summ]4 ,s\!rn p\ltrym5 :o give reasonable att5tion to _! /ock1 f9d t1 :ile ?is disease is a s\rce ( "s annoyance1 ! losses are n sev]e & t x may be readily controll$4 ,9 ! fir/ place1 ! animal epidemic ( pox c be practically avoid$ by br++ ! *icks out e>ly 9 ! season4 ,if ! disease does develop 9 ! flock1 ! birds are tak5 f ! coops at night & _! heads dipp$ 9 a prop] /r5g? ( "o ( ! coal t> dis9fectants4 ,su* treatm5t once a week has g5]ally be5 effective4 ,?is disease is an exception to ! g5]al rule t dis9fectants :i* kill g]ms also kill ! *ick54 ,! explanation is t *ick5-pox is an ext]nal disease4 ,gapes is giv5 9 e p\ltry book z "o ( ! prom95t p\ltry diseases1 b are n common 9 ! ,nor!rn & ,we/]n ,/ates4 ,gapes are caus$ by a p>asitic worm 9 ! w9dpipe4 ,gr[+ *icks are affect$4 ,! rem$y is to move ! *icks to fre% gr\nd & cultivate ! old4 ,limb] neck is n a disease1 b is ! result ( ! f[l's eat+ maggots f dead c>casses4 ,x c be prev5t$ by n all[+ dead c>casses to rema9 :]e ! *ick5s w f9d !m4 ,no practical cure is kn[n4 ,lice & ,mites4 ,! p>asites ref]r$ to z *ick5-lice include _m diff]5t species1 b 9 habit !y may be class$ z body-lice & roo/-mites4 ,! fir/1 or true bird-lice1 live on ! body ( ! *ick5 & eat ! fea!rs & sk94 ,! roo/-mite is simil> to a spid] & diff]s 9 habits f ! body-l\se 9 t x sucks ! blood ( ! *ick5 & does n rema9 on ! body ( ! f[l except at night4 ,body-lice are to be f\nd ^u almo/ all *ick5s1 z well z on _m o!r k9ds ( birds4 ,_! pres5ce 9 small numb]s on matur$ f[ls is n a s]i\s matt]4 ,:5 body-lice are abundant on sitt+ h5s !y g f ! h5 to ! newly hat*$ *ick5s1 & may cause ! dea? ( ! *icks4 ,! successful me?ods ( de/roy+ body-lice are ?ree 9 numb]3 ,fir/1 du/ or e>? wall[s 9 :i* ! active h5s w get rid ( lice4 ,su* du/ ba?s %\ld be especially provid$ = y>d$ *ick5s & dur+ ! w9t]4 ,dry e>? c be /or$ = ?is purpose4 ,sitt+ h5s %\ld h access to du/ ba?s4 ,second3 ,! second me?od by :i* body-lice may be de/roy$ is ! use ( insect p[d]4 ,! pyre?rum p[d] is consid]$ ! be/ = ?is purpose1 b is exp5sive & difficult to procure 9 ! pure /ate4 ,tobacco du/ is also us$4 ,insect p[d] is appli$ by hold+ ! h5 by ! feet & work+ ! du/ ?or\ghly into ! fea!rs1 especially ! fluff4 ,! use ( insect p[d] %\ld be conf9$ to sitt+ h5s & fancy /ock1 z ! co/ & labor ( apply+ is too great = use ^u ! common *ick54 ,! ?ird me?od is suitable = "y *ick5s1 & consi/s ( apply+ "s oil & grease on ! head & "u ! w+s4 ,d n grease ! *ick all ov]4 ,) vigor\s *ick5s & correct managem5t ! natural du/ ba? is all t is ne$$ to combat ! lice4 ,! roo/-mite is probably ! cause ( m loss to f>m p\ltry rais]s ?an any o!r pe/ or disease4 ,! great difficulty 9 de/roy+ mites on _m f>ms is t *ick5s are all[$ to roo/ 9 too _m places4 ,if ! *ick5-h\se prop] is ! only build+ infect$ ) mites ! difficulty ( de/roy+ !m is n great4 ,pla9ness 9 ! int]ior furni%+s ( ! *ick5-h\se is also a great advantage :5 x comes to fight+ mites4 ,! mites 9 ! daytime are to be f\nd lodg$ 9 ! cracks ne> ! roo/+-place ( ! *ick5s4 ,mites c be kill$ ) v>i\s liquids1 ! be/ 9 po9t ( *eapness is boil+ wat]4 ,give ! *ick5-h\se a ?or\gh clean+ & scald by ?r[+ dipp]s ( hot wat] 9 all places :]e ! mites c f9d lodgm5t4 ,hot wat] de/roys ! eggs z well z ! mites4 ,:itewa% is a good rem$y1 z x buries bo? mites & eggs b5ea? a coat+ ( lime f :i* !y _c em]ge4 ,pure k]os5e or a solution ( c>bolic acid 9 k]os5e1 at ! rate ( a p9t ( acid to a gallon ( oil1 is an effective lice-pa9t4 ,ano!r sub/ance mu* us$ = de/roy+ insects or simil> pe/s is c>bon bisulphide4 ,?is is a liquid :i* evaporates readily1 ! vapor de/roy+ ! insects or mites4 ,c>bon bisulphide or o!r fumigat+ ag5ts are n effective 9 ! av]age *ick5-h\se because ! h\se _c be tightly clos$4 ,! liquid lice-kill]s on ! m>ket are v effective4 ,!y are usually compos$ ( ! rem$ies j m5tion$1 or ( some?+ ( simil> prop]ties4 ,,*apt] ,,ix ,,p\ltry ,,fle% ,,& ,,p\ltry ,,fatt5+ ,! p\ltry fle% :i* is us$ = food may be gr\p$ into ?ree divisions4 ,fir/3 ,p\ltry c>casses gr[n especially = m>ket4 ,second3 ,p\ltry c>casses consi/+ ( h5s & "y male birds t are sold f ! g5]al f>ms :]e ! pullets are kept = egg production4 ,?ird3 ,! cock]els & old h5s sold z a by-product f egg f>ms4 ,! ?ird class h>dly ne$s our consid]ation 9 ! pres5t *apt]4 ,?is /ock1 usually ,leghorns1 l ,j]sey veal1 is to be dispos$ ( at :atev] price ! m>ket (f]s4 ,! cock]el w1 if gr[+ nicely1 be fairly plump & ! h5s1 if on hopp] rations ( corn & beef scrap1 w be ab\t z fat z !y c be pr(itably made1 & to wa/e fur!r ef=t ^u !m w\ld n pay4 ,leghorn cock]els & h5s are a :olesome en\gh meat1 b w nev] comm& fancy prices nor w>rant extra pa9s4 ,9 class two we f9d ! great mass ( ! p\ltry fle% ( ! c\ntry4 ,?is /ock consi/+ *iefly1 z x does1 ( ,plym\? ,rocks & ,wy&ottes1 is well wor? "s extra pa9s t[>d increas+ its quantity & quality4 ,)9 ! la/ t5 or fifte5 ye>s sev]al *anges h be5 br\ght ab\t 9 ! g5]al me?ods ( h&l+ f>m p\ltry4 ,=m]ly x 0 ?\ght desirable to m>ket all /ock n kept z lay]s :ile 9 ! broil] /age ( f #a-a_/b to #b p\nds4 ,s9ce ! introduction ( ! cu/om ( hold+ fall broil]s ov] 9 cold /orage1 ! price has fall5 until x is n[ m pr(itable to m>ket ! surplus cock]els f ! f>m at ?ree or f\r mon?s ( age4 ,at ?is p]iod ! fle% has co/ less p] p\nd to produce ?an at ei!r an e>li] or lat] /age4 ,= su* purposes only ! well fle%$ type ( ,am]ican bre$s has be5 f\nd desirable4 ,! ,leghorns & simil> bre$s are too small & become /aggy too soon4 ,contr>y to a common belief & to ! cu/om 9 ! p\ltry books ( classify+ ! ,asiatics z meat bre$s1 ! ,brahmas & ,co*9s are among ! v poore/ f[ls t c be us$ = f>m production ( p\ltry meat4 ,at ! age spok5 ( ^! bre$s are lanky & unsightly & n want$ by p\ltry pack]s4 ,consecutively ) & p]haps responsible = *ange ( s5tim5t t dem&s t broil]s be all[$ to gr[ into f\r p\nd *ick5s1 we f9d ! developm5t ( ! crate fatt5+ indu/ry4 ,crate-,fatt5+4 ,! introduction ( crate-fatt5+ into ! ,c5tral ,we/ occurr$ ab\t #aijj4 ,! cr$it ( ?is introduction belongs to ! l>ge meat pack+ firms4 ,at ! pres5t "t ! bus9ess is n conf9$ to ! meat pack]s1 b is %>$ by indep5d5t plants ?r\gh\t ! c\ntry4 ,! plants ( ! ,we/ range f a few hundr$ to z high z #bj1jjj capacity4 ,!y are con/ruct$ = conv5i5ce & a sav+ ( labor1 & 9 ?is respect are decid$ly 9 advance ( ! ,european e/abli%m5ts :]e fatt5+ has be5 long practic$4 ,! room us$ = fatt5+ is well built & sanit>y4 ,a good sy/em ( v5tilation is ess5tial1 z murky1 damp air bre$s colds & r\p4 ,! coops are built back to back1 & two or m coops 9 height4 ,ea* coop is high & wide en\gh to com=tably accommodate ! *ick5s1 & long en\gh to conta9 f five to twelve *ick5s4 ,! *ick5s /& on slats1 b5ea? :i* are dropp+-bo>ds t may be drawn out = clean+4 ,! dropp+-bo>ds & fe$+-tr\ghs are (t5 made ( metal4 ,/rict cleanl9ess is en=c$4 ,no dropp+s or fe$ are all[$ to accumulate & decompose4 ,z is a g5]al rule 9 meat production1 "y animals give mu* bett] returns = food consum$ ?an d mature individuals4 ,) ! "y *ick5 ! weight is add$ z fle%1 :ile ! h5 has a t5d5cy1 :i* increases ) age1 to turn ! same food into useless fat4 ,= ?is reason ! g5]al practice is to fatt5 only ! be/ ( ! "y *ick5s4 ,! head fe$] at a l>ge & successful p\ltry plant gave ! foll[+ in=mation on ! selection ( birds = ! fatt5+-crates3 ,! y\ng] ! /ock ! m pr(itable ! ga94 ,all specim5s %[+ ! slighte/ indication ( disease are disc>d$4 ,! ,plym\? ,rock is ! favorite bre$1 & ! ,wy&otte is second4 ,leghorns are comp>atively fat :5 receiv$1 &1 :ile !y d well "u fe$ & 'yell[ up' nicely1 !y d n ga9 z mu* z ! ,am]ican bre$s4 ,black *ick5s are n f$ at all4 ,brahmas & ,co*9s are n consid]$ good fe$]s at ! age :5 !y are commonly sold4 ,*ick5s 9 fair fle% at ! />t make bett] ga9s ?an ^? t are extremely lean or v fat4 ,b1 contr>y to :at ! amateur might assume1 ! mod]ately fat *ick5 w cont9ue to make fair ga9s1 :ile ! v lean *ick5 seldom returns a pr(it4 ,! idea has be5 some:at preval5t t !re is "s gu>d$ secret ab\t ! rations us$ 9 crate-fatt5+4 ,?is is a mi/ak5 notion4 ,! rations us$ conta9 no new or wond]ful con/itu5t1 & al?\gh individual fe$]s may h _! own =mulas1 ! g5]al composition ( ! fe$ is common k4 ,! fe$ mo/ commonly us$ consi/s ( f9ely gr\nd gra91 mix$ to a batt] ) butt]milk or s\r skim-milk4 ,! favorite gra9 = ! purpose is oats f9ely gr\nd & ! hulls remov$4 ,oats may be us$ z ! sole gra91 & is ! only gra9 recomm5d$ z suitable to be f$ alone4 ,corn is us$1 b n by itself4 ,%orts1 gr\nd b>ley or gr\nd buck:eat are sometimes us$4 ,beans1 peas1 l9se$ & glut5 meals may be us$ 9 small quantities4 ,:5 milk products are obta9able !y are a great aid to successful fatt5+4 ,tall[ is (t5 us$ 9 small quantities t[>d ! f9i% ( ! fe$+ p]iod4 ,! assumption is t x causes ! deposit ( fat-globules ?r\gh\t ! muscul> tissues1 ?us add+ to ! quality ( ! meat4 ,! foll[+ simple rations %[ t !re is no?+ complex ab\t ! crate-f$ *ick5's bill ( f>e3 ,no4 #a4--;,gr\nd oats1 #b p>ts2 gr\nd b>ley1 #a "p2 gr\nd corn1 #a "p2 mix$ ) skim-milk4 ,no4 #b4--;,gr\nd corn1 #d p>ts2 gr\nd peas1 #a "p2 gr\nd oats1 #a "p2 meat-meal1 #a "p2 mix$ ) wat]4 ,a ration us$ by "s fatt]s ) great success is compos$ ( simply oatmeal & butt]milk4 ,! fe$ is giv5 z a s(t batt] & is left 9 ! tr\ghs = ab\t ?irty m9utes1 :5 ! residue is remov$4 ,*ick5s are g5]ally f$ ?ree times p] day4 ,wat] may or may n be giv51 accord+ to ! wea!r & ! am\nt ( liquid us$ 9 ! food4 ,! *ick5 t has be5 crate-fatt5$ has practically ! same am\nt ( skeleton & (fal z ! unfatt5$ specim51 b c>ries "o or two p\nds m ( edible meat ^u its c>cass4 ,n only is ! weight ( ! *ick5 & am\nt ( edible meat increas$1 b ! quality ( ! meat is greatly improv$1 consi/+ ( juicy1 t5d] fle%4 ,= ?is reason ! crate-fe$+ process is (t5 spok5 ( z fle%+ r ?an z fatt5+4 ,! en=c$ idl5ess causes ! muscul> tissue to become t5d] & fill$ ) /or$ nutrim5t4 ,! fatness ( a "y *ick51 crate-f$ on butt]milk & oatmeal1 is a radically diff]5t ?+ f ! fatness ( an old h5 t has be5 rang+ ar\nd ! corn-crib4 ,! crate-fatt5+ indu/ry :ile des]v+ cr$it = great improvem5t 9 ! quality ( *ick5 fle% 9 ! regions :]e x has be5 introduc$1 _c on ! :ole be consid]$ a great success4 ,x is commonly report$ t "s ( ! firms in/rum5tal 9 its introduction lo/ money on ! deal4 ,! crate-fatt5+ plant has come to /ay 9 ! communities :]e c>eful me?ods ( p\ltry rais+ are practic$1 & :]e ! /ock is ( ! be/1 b :5 a plant is locat$ 9 a newly settl$ region :]e ! p\ltry /ock is small & fe$ sc>ce1 ! v5ture is pretty apt to prove a fiasco4 ,:ile p\ltryman at ! ,kansas ,exp]im5t ,/ation1 ! writ] made a l>ge numb] ( individual weigh+s ( f[ls 9 ! crates ( "o ( ! l>ge fatt5+ plants ( ! /ate4 ,^! weigh+s po9t$ out v cle>ly :y ! expect$ pr(its _h n be5 realiz$4 ,! birds select$ = weigh+ 7 all f9e1 uni=m look+ ,b>r$ ,rock ,cock]els4 ,at ! end ( ! fir/ week !y 7 f\nd to /ill appe> mu* ! same1 b :5 h&l$ a diff]5ce 0 easily notic$4 ,by ! end ( ! second week a few birds _h di$ & _m o!rs 7 9 a bad way4 ,! individual *anges ( weight ran f #b-a_/b p\nds ga9 to #c_/d p\nd loss1 & _m ( ! light] birds 7 ( v poor appe>ance4 ,x is simply a matt] ( =c$ fe$+ be+ a process t makes tr\ble ) ! heal? ( ! *ick5 if all is n j "r4 ,x is probable t 9 ! future m fatt5+ w be done on ! f>m1 or by ! f>m] op]at+ 9 a small way among 8 neighbors4 ,! reason = ?is is t ! sav+ ( labor 9 ! l>ge plant is h>dly z great z ! add$ loss f ! %r9kage ( ! birds due to ! excitem5t ( %ipp+ & cr[d+1 & ! introduction ( disease by ! m+l+ ( *ick5s f s _m diff]5t s\rces4 ,! ,canadians especially h enc\rag$ fatt5+ on ! f>m4 ,! foll[+ is a h&-bill gott5 out by an ent]pris+ ,canadian deal] = di/ribution among ! f>m]s ( 8 locality3 ,,h[ ,,to ,,fatt5 ,,*ick5s ,,= ,,! ,,export ,,trade4 ,to fatt5 birds = ! export trade1 x is necess>y to h prop] coops to put !m 94 ,^! %\ld be two feet long1 tw5ty in*es high & tw5ty in*es deep1 ! top1 bottom & front made ( slats4 ,?is size w hold f\r birds1 b ! *eape/ plan is to build ! coops t5 feet long & divide !m into five sections4 ,:at to fe$4 ,oats *opp$ f9e1 ! co>se hulls sift$ out1 two p>ts2 gr\nd buck:eat1 "o "p2 mix ) skim-milk to a good s(t batt]1 & fe$ ?ree times a day4 ,or1 black b>ley & oats1 two p>ts oats to "o "p b>ley4 ,give clean dr9k+ wat] twice a day1 grit twice a week1 & *>coal once a week4 ,dur+ ! fir/ week ! birds are 9 ! coops !y %\ld be f$ sp>+ly--only ab\t "o-half ( :at !y w eat4 ,aft] t gradually increase ! am\nt until y f9d out j h[ mu* !y w eat up clean ea* "t4 ,nev] leave any food 9 ! tr\ghs1 z x w s\r & cause tr\ble4 ,mix ! food always "o fe$ ahead4 ,birds f$ 9 ?is way w be ready = ! export trade 9 f f\r to five weeks4 ,*ick5s make ! be/ ga9 put 9 ! coop weigh+ ?ree to f\r p\nds4 ,we ,supply ! ,coops4 ,we h on h& a numb] ( coops = fatt5+ *icks1 :i* we w loan to any p]son1 free ( *>ge1 :o w sign an agreem5t to br+ all *icks fatt5$ 9 !m to u4 ,e f>m] %\ld h at lea/ "o ( ^! coops1 z ?is is ! only way to fatt5 *icks prop]ly4 ,9 ?is way y c get ! highe/ m>ket price4 ,we c h&le any quantity ( *icks prop]ly fatt$4 ,,arm/rong ,,bros4 ,! f>m] :o does n ?9k x wor? :ile to con/ruct fatt5+-crates = 8 own crop ( *ick5s1 may get v fair results by simply enclos+ ! *ick5s 9 "s vacant %$4 ,to ^! may fe$ a ration ( two-?irds corn meal & "o-?ird %orts1 or "s ( ! m complicat$ rations us$ at ! fatt5+ plants may be f$4 ,9 ! ,ea/1 p\ltry fatt5+ on ! g5]al f>m is n dissimil> f ! practices 9 ! ,c5tral ,we/1 b we f9d a l>g] use ( cramm+ ma*9es1 caponiz+1 & ! gr[+ ( *ick5s = meat z an indu/ry indep5d5t ( keep+ h5s = egg production4 ,! cramm+ ma*9e is a device by means ( :i* food 9 a semi-liquid /ate is pump$ into ! bird's crop1 ?r\gh a tube ins]t$ 9 ! m\?4 ,?is means ( fe$+ is mu* m us$ 9 ,europe ?an 9 ?is c\ntry4 ,x requires good /ock & c>eful workm54 ,! me?od w probably sl[ly ga9 gr\nd 9 ?is c\ntry4 ,! fe$ us$ 9 cramm+ is simil> to t us$ 9 ord9>y crate fe$+1 except t x is mix$ z a ?9 batt]4 ,caponiz+4 ,caponiz+ is ! ca/ration ( male *ick5s4 ,capons hold ! same place 9 ! p\ltry m>ket z d /e]s 9 ! beef m>ket4 ,caponiz+ is practic$ to q an ext5t 9 ,france1 & to a less degree 9 ,engl& & ! ,unit$ ,/ates4 ,mu* ! l>g] "p ( ! indu/ry is conf9$ to t portion ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates ea/ ( ,philadelphia1 ?\gh increas+ numb]s ( capons are be+ rais$ 9 ! ,nor? ,c5tral ,/ates4 ,dur+ ! w9t] mon?s capon is regul>ly quot$ 9 ! m>kets ( ! l>g] ea/]n cities4 ,massa*usetts & ,new ,j]sey are ! great c5t]s = ! gr[+ ( capons1 :ile ,bo/on1 ,new ,york1 & ,philadelphia are ! great m>kets4 ,9 _m ea/]n m>kets ! prices paid = dress$ capons range f #bj to #cj c5ts a p\nd4 ,! highe/ prices usually prevail f ,janu>y to ,may1 & ! l>g] ! birds ! m !y br+ a p\nd4 ,! purpose ( caponiz+ is n1 z is sometimes /at$1 to increase ! size ( ! *ick51 b to improve ! quality ( ! meat4 ,! capon fatt5s m readily & economically ?an o!r birds4 ,z !y d n int]f]e ) or worry "o ano!r1 l>ge flocks may be kept toge!r4 ,! bre$s suitable = caponiz+ are ! ,asiatics & ,am]icans4 ,brahmas w produce1 ) prop] c>e & suffici5t "t1 ! l>ge/ & f9e/ capons4 ,on ! ord9>y f>m1 :]e capons w\ld be all[$ to run loose1 ,plym\? ,rocks w\ld prove m pr(itable4 ,plym\? ,rocks1 ,brahmas1 ,lang%ans1 ,wy&ottes1 ,indian ,games1 may all be us$ = capons4 ,leghorns are n to be consid]$ = ?is purpose4 ,capons %\ld be op]at$ ^u :5 !y are ab\t t5 weeks or ?ree mon?s old & weigh ab\t two p\nds4 ,! op]ation ( caponiz+ is p]=m$ by cutt+ 9 betwe5 ! la/ two ribs4 ,bo? te/icles may be remov$ f "o side or bo? sides may be op5$4 ,! cock]el %\ld be />v$ = tw5ty-f\r h\rs 9 ord] to empty ! inte/9es4 ,asiatics are m difficult to op]ate on ?an ,am]icans1 ! te/icles be+ l>g] & less firm4 ,!re is always "s dang] ( caus+ dea? by te>+ blood vessels1 b ! p] c5t4 ( loss ) an exp]i5c$ op]ator is v small4 ,loss by inflammation is /ill m r>e4 ,! te/icle ( a bird is n z highly develop$ z 9 a mammal1 & if ! organ is brok5 & a small fragm5t rema9s atta*$ x w produce birds kn[n z slips4 ,"s gr[]s advise look+ ov] ! capons & punctur+ ! w9d puffs t ga!r b5ea? ! sk94 ,?is1 h[ev]1 is n necess>y4 ,a good set ( tools is indisp5sable & c be pur*as$ = f #b to #c4 ,z a complete set ( in/ructions is furni%$ ) ea* set x is unnecess>y to g into details "h4 ,! beg9n] %\ld1 h[ev]1 op]ate on sev]al dead cock]els be=e attempt+ to op]ate on a live "o4 ,aft] caponiz+ ! bird %\ld be giv5 pl5ty ( s(t fe$ & wat]4 ,! capon beg9s to eat almo/ imm$iately aft] ! op]ation is p]=m$1 & no "o w\ld suppose t a radical *ange _h tak5 place 9 8 nature4 ,! fe$+ ( capons diff]s little f ! fe$+ ( o!r gr[+ *ick5s4 ,corn1 :eat1 b>ley & ,kaffir-corn w\ld be suitable gra91 :ile beef-scrap w\ld be necess>y to produce ! be/ gr[?4 ,ab\t ?ree weeks be=e m>ket+ place ! capons 9 small y>ds & fe$ !m ?ree or f\r times a day1 giv+ pl5ty ( corn & o!r fe$1 or fatt5 !m 9 "o ( ! ways indicat$ 9 ! section on fatt5+ p\ltry4 ,corn meal & gr\nd oats1 equal p>ts by weight1 moi/5$ ) wat] or milk1 make a good ma% = fatt5+ capons4 ,9 dress+ capons leave ! head & hackle fea!rs1 ! fea!rs on ! w+s to ! second jo9t1 ! tail fea!rs1 includ+ ^? a little way up ! back1 & ! fea!rs on ! legs halfway up to ! ?igh4 ,^! fea!rs s]ve to di/+ui% capons f o!r f[ls 9 ! m>ket4 ,d n cut ! head (f1 = ?is is also a di/+ui%+ feature ( ! capon1 on acc\nt ( ! undevelop$ comb & wattles4 ,! price receiv$ = capons is great] ?an any o!r k9d ( p\ltry meat except e>ly broil]s4 ,!re may be tr\ble 9 "s localities 9 gett+ deal]s to recognize capons z su* & pay an advanc$ price4 ,on sev]al f>ms 9 ,massa*usetts1 #ejj to #a1jjj capons are rais$ annually1 & on "o f>m #e1jjj cock]els are held = caponiz+4 ,! indu/ry is gr[+ rapidly ye> by ye> & ! supply does n equal ! dem&4 ,x is to be expect$ t ! am\nt ( caponiz+ done 9 ! ,we/ w gradually increase4 ,^? wi%+ to try ! gr[+ ( capons w d well to secure an exp]i5c$ op]ator4 ,good m5 at ?is "w receive five c5ts p] bird4 ,poor op]ators are de> at any price1 z !y produce a l>ge numb] ( wor?less slips4 ,,*apt] ,x ,,m>ket+ ,,p\ltry ,,c>casses ,9 ! m>ket+ ( p\ltry c>casses z 9 o!r phases ( ! indu/ry1 we really h two sy/ems to discuss4 ,! "o is us$ = ! m>ket+ ( ! product ( ! f>m ( ! ,c5tral ,we/1 & ! o!r ! product ( ! p\ltryman or ea/]n f>m]1 :o is ne> a l>ge m>ket & :o w be repaid = tak+ special pa9s 9 prep>+ 8 p\ltry = m>ket4 ,f>m-,gr[n ,*ick5s4 ,at ! pres5t "t almo/ ! entire p\ltry crop ( ! ,c5tral ,we/ is sold f ! f>m z live p\ltry4 ,?is f>m /ock is pur*as$ by produce buy]s or g5]al m]*ants & %ipp$ to ! ne>e/ c\nty seat or o!r important t[n1 :]e !re are usually "o or m p\ltry-kill+ e/abli%m5ts4 ,^! e/abli%m5ts may v>y f a simple %$1 :]e ! *ick5s are pick$ & pack$ 9 b>rels1 to ! m mod]n p\ltry-pack+ e/abli%m5t1 ) its accommodations = fatt5+1 dress+1 pack+1 freez+1 & /or+4 ,! p\ltry-buy+ /ations may be bran*es ( ! l>g] pack+ e/abli%m5ts1 bran* h\ses ( l>ge produce firms1 or small firms op]at+ indep5d5tly & sell+ 9 ! op5 m>ket4 ,! *ick5s z pur*as$ are gr\p$ into ! foll[+ classes3 ,spr+s1 h5s1 old roo/]s & 7at c]ta9 seasons7 "y roo/]s or /aggy cock]els4 ,e>ly 9 ! season small spr+s are quot$ z broil]s1 :ile capons =m a sep>ate item :]e su* are gr[n4 ,*ick5s are />v$ be=e kill+1 = ! purpose ( empty+ ! crop1 &1 to "s degree1 ! inte/9es4 ,if ?is is n done ! c>cass pres5ts an unsightly appe>ance & spoils m readily 9 /orage4 ,! me?od ( pick+ is n always ! same1 ev5 9 ! same plant4 ,scald+ is frequ5tly us$ = local trade1 9 ! summ] season1 or ) *eap-grade /uff4 ,! great] portion ( ! /ock is pick$ dry4 ,! pick]s are g5]ally paid s mu* p] bird4 ,9 "s plants m5 d ! r\gh+ :ile girls are employ$ z p9n]s4 ,pick]s "w ei!r ) ! *ick5s susp5d$ by a cord or fa/5$ ^u a b5* adopt$ to ?is purpose4 ,! kill+ is done by ble$+ & /ick+4 ,! la/ ?ru/ rea*es ! bra9 & p>alyzes ! bird4 ,! mann] ( mak+ ^! cuts mu/ be le>n$ by practical in/ruction4 ,! fea!rs are sav$1 & am\nt to a consid]able item4 ,:ite fea!rs are wor? m ?an o!rs4 ,! head & feet are left on ! *ick5 & ! entrails are n remov$4 ,! bird1 aft] be+ *ill$ 9 ice-wat] or 9 ! cool+ room1 is ready = grad+ & pack+4 ,?is1 f ! produc]'s /&po9t1 is ! mo/ int]e/+ /age 9 ! process1 = x is "h t ! quality ( ! /ock is to be obs]v$4 ,! grad+ is made on ?ree consid]ations3 7#a7 ,! g5]al division ( cocks1 spr+s1 h5s & capons is kept sep>ate f ! kill+-room2 7#b7 ! grad+ = quality2 7#c7 ! assortm5t accord+ to size4 ,! grad+ = quality dep5ds on ! g5]al %ape ( ! *ick51 ! plumpness or cov]+ ( meat1 ! neatness ( pick+1 ! color ( sk9 & legs1 & ! appe>ance ( ! feet & head1 :i* latt] po9ts indicate ! age & condition ( heal?4 ,! culls consi/ ( de=m$ & scrawny *ick5s4 ,! seconds are poor 9 fle%1 or !y may be1 9 ! case ( h5s1 unsightly f ov]fatness4 ,!y are pack$ 9 b>rels & g to ! *eape/ trade4 ,^? c>casses slightly bruis$ or torn 9 dress+ also g 9 ?is class4 ,al?\gh a pref]5ce is g5]ally /at$ = yell[-sk9n$ p\ltry1 ! :ite-sk9n$ birds1 if equal 9 o!r po9ts1 are n und]rank$ 9 ?is score4 ,! sk9 color t is decid$ly objectionable is ! purpli% t+e1 :i* is a sign ( diseas$ /ock4 ,black p9-fea!rs & d>k-color$ legs are a s\rce ( objection4 ,especially is ?is true ) "y birds :i* %[ ! p9-fea!rs4 ,fea!r$ legs are slightly m objectionable ?an smoo? legs4 ,small combs & ! abs5ce ( spurs give bett] appe>ance to ! c>cass4 ,! foll[+ is ! nom5clature & correspond+ weights ( ! f>m m>ket$ *ick5s4 ,9 ea* class !re w be seconds & culls4 ,! seconds ( ea* gr\p are kept sep>ate1 b n grad$ s /rictly or p]haps n grad$ at all = size4 ,! culls are pack$ 9 b>rels & all k9ds ( *ick5s f fry]s to old roo/]s "h soj\rn toge!r until !y rea* _! f9al de/9ation1 z pott$ *ick5 or *ick5 s\p4 ,broil]s--,pack$ 9 two weights4 #a/3 ,less ?an two p\nds2 #b;d3 betwe5 #b & #b-a_/b p\nds4 ,*ick5s--,pack$ 9 ?ree weights4 #a/3 betwe5 #b-a_/b & #c p\nds2 #b;d3 betwe5 #c & #c-a_/b p\nds2 #c;d3 betwe5 #c-a_/b & #d p\nds4 ,roa/]s--,pack$ 9 two weights4 #a/3 betwe5 #d & #e p\nds2 #b;d3 above #e p\nds4 ,/ag ,roo/]s--,cock]els1 %[+ spurs & h>d blue meat1 pack$ 9 two weights4 #a/3 "u #d p\nds2 #b;d3 above #d p\nds4 ,f[ls1 are h5s4 ,!y are pack$ 9 ?ree sizes4 #a/3 "u #c-a_/d p\nds2 #b;d3 betwe5 #c-a_/d & #d-a_/b p\nds2 #c;d3 ov] #d-a_/b p\nds4 ,old ,roo/]s--,pack$ 9 b>rels4 ,"o grade only4 ,aft] pack+1 *ick5s may be %ipp$ to m>ket imm$iately1 or !y may be froz5 & /or$ 9 ! local plant4 ,%ipm5ts ( any importance are made 9 refrig]ator c>s4 ,! p\ltry t is %ipp$ to ! f9al m>ket alive is gradually dim9i%+ 9 quantity1 z p\ltry kill+ plants are built up ?r\gh\t ! c\ntry4 ,! live p\ltry %ipm5ts are *iefly made 9 ! ,live ,p\ltry ,transportation ,c>s4 ,! foll[+ figures give ! numb] ( su* c>s t mov$ out ( ! ,/ates nam$ 9 a rec5t ye>3 ,i[a #fde ,t5nessee #afi ,miss\ri #fcj ,mi*igan #afe ,ill9ois #fbd ,s4 ,dakota #ajc ,k5tucky #dgb ,oklahoma #aja ,nebraska #cie ,indiana #ajj ,kansas #cgj ,wiscons9 #ic ,m9nesota #agd ,texas #ia ,ohio #agc ,arkansas #dg ,! mo/ ( ?is live p\ltry goes to ,new ,york & o!r ea/]n cities & is consum$ l>gely by ! ,hebrew trade4 ,! ,special ,p\ltry ,plant4 ,! special egg f>m] ( ! ,ea/ %\ld sell 8 p\ltry alive to ! regul> deal]4 ,! exception to ?is advice may be tak5 9 ! case ( squab broil]s = :i* "s local deal]s w n pay z fancy a price z may be obta9$ by dress+ & %ipp+ to ! hotel trade4 ,! gr[] ( roa/]s & capons w probably want to m>ket 8 own product4 ,z to :e!r x w pay him to d s w dep5d ^u :e!r 8 deal] w pay :at ! quality ( ! goods really dem&s4 ,! deal] c af=d to d ?is all "r1 if he w hu/le ar\nd & f9d an outlet = ! p>ticul> grade ( goods1 = he is 9 position to kill & dress ! f[ls m economically ?an ! produc]4 ,i h nev] be5 able to /udy out :y ! av]age writ] ^u agricultural subjects is always advis+ ! f>m] to attempt to d difficult "w = :i* special firms already exi/4 ,9 ! case ( fatt5+ j ref]r$ to1 !re is reason :y ! f>m] may be able to d ! "w m successfully ?an ! special e/abli%m5t1 b :y any "o %\ld urge ! f>m] to turn ! wood%$ into a tempor>y p\ltry pack+ e/abli%m5t ,i c h>dly see4 ,if ! f>m] has no?+ to d he _h bett] get a job at ! p\ltry kill+ h\se :]e !y h ice wat] & b>rels 9 :i* to put ! fea!rs4 ,i d n ?9k x wor? :ile 9 ?is book = me to attempt to describe 9 detail ! v>i\s me?ods ( kill+ & pack+ p\ltry = ! v>i\s retail m>kets4 ,! gr[] :o contemplates kill+ 8 own /uff _h bett] sp5d a day visit+ ! produce h\ses & m>ket /alls & inquire :i* me?ods are locally 9 dem&4 ,sugge/ions f ,o!r ,c\ntries4 ,9 ,european c\ntries g5]ally1 & especially 9 ,france & ,engl&1 great pa9s is tak5 9 ! production ( m>ket p\ltry4 ,ea* f>m] & ea* neighborhood become kn[n 9 ! m>ket = ! quality ( _! p\ltry1 & ! prices !y receive v>y accord+ly4 ,9 ^! c\ntries m p\ltry is fatt5$ & dress$ by ! gr[]s ?an 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates :]e we h great] specialization ( labor4 ,9 c\ntries t h an export trade diff]5t sy/ems h orig9at$4 ,9 ,d5m>k & ,irel& co-op]ative societies are organiz$ to h&le p]i%able f>m products4 ,^!1 h[ev]1 deal m ) eggs ?an ) p\ltry4 ,9 portions ( ,engl& ! fatt5+ is done by private fatt5]s4 ,! c\ntry be+ ?ickly settl$1 ! *ick5s are collect$ directly f ! f>ms by wagons mak+ regul> trips4 ,?is all[s ! rejection ( ! poor & immature specim5s1 :]eas a premium may be paid on bett] /ock4 ,! greate/ fault ( p\ltry buy+ z conduct$ 9 ?is c\ntry is ! evil ( a uni=m price4 ,aft] *ick5s are dress$ ! diff]5ce ( quality is readily disc]n$1 & ! price v>ies f fancy quotations to almo/ no?+ = culls4 ,! pack] pays a giv5 rate p] p\nd = live h5s or = spr+ *ick5s4 ,! price is paid alike = ! be/ p\ltry receiv$ or = ! scrawnie/ *ick5s t c be coax$ to /& up & be weigh$4 ,! prices paid is ! av]age wor? ( all *ick5s pur*as$ at t m>ket4 ,all f>m]s :o m>ket an article bett] ?an ! av]age are unju/ los]s1 :ile ^? :o sell inf]ior /ock receive une>n$ pr(its4 ,! produc] ( good /ock receives pay = ! extra quantity ( 8 *ick5s1 b = ! extra quality no recognition :atev] is giv54 ,to ! des]v+ produc]1 if quality 0 recogniz$1 x w\ld result 9 a greatly increas$ /imulation ( ! production ( good p\ltry4 ,any pack]1 if que/ion$1 w /ate t he w\ld be will+ to grade *ick5s & pay = !m accord+ to quality1 b t he does n d s because 8 competitor w\ld pay a uni=m price & drive him out ( bus9ess4 ,! man :o receives an increas$ price w\ld say little ( x1 :ile ! man :o sells poor *ick5s1 if he fail$ to receive ! full am\nt to :i* he is accu/om$1 w\ld ?9k himself unju/ly treat$ & use 8 influ5ce aga9/ ! deal]4 ,a recognition ( quality 9 buy+ is = ! int]e/ ( bo? ! f>m] & ! p\ltry deal]1 & a mutual ef=t on ! "p ( ^? int]e/$ to put 9 practice ?is re=m w\ld result 9 a great improvem5t ( ! p\ltry indu/ry4 ,cold ,/orage ( ,p\ltry4 ,! gr[? ( ! cold /orage ( p\ltry has be5 ph5om5al4 ,p\ltry is pack$ 9 ?9 boxes t w readily lose _! heat & ^! are /ack$ 9 a freez] ) a temp]ature ne> ! z]o po9t4 ,! temp]ature us$ = hold+ p\ltry are any:]e f #j degree up to #bj degrees4 ,p\ltry is held = p]iods ( "o to six weeks at temp]ature above ! freez+ po9t4 ,froz5 p\ltry w keep almo/ indef9itely save = ! dry+ out1 :i* is due to ! fact t evaporation w proce$ sl[ly ev5 f a froz5 body4 ,! "t froz5 p\ltry is /or$ v>ies f a few weeks to eight or t5 mon?s4 ,! usual rule is t any crop is highe/ 9 price :5 x fir/ comes on ! m>ket & *eape/ j aft] ! po9t ( its greate/ production4 ,?us1 broil]s are high 9 ,may & *eap 9 ,septemb]4 ,9 su* cases ! goods are c>ri$ f ! season ( pl5ty to ! foll[+ season ( sc>city4 ,?is p]iod is always less ?an a ye>4 ,! idea circulat$ by wild writ]s1 t cold /orage p\ltry 0 kept sev]al ye>s is an economic impossibility4 ,! int]e/ on ! inve/m5t alone w\ld make ! hold+ ( /orage goods into ! second season ( pl5ty1 q unpr(itable1 b :5 ! co/s ( /orage1 insurance & %r9kage are to be paid1 /or+ p\ltry = m ?an "o season becomes absurd4 ,! f[l t has be5 once froz5 _c be made to look fre% kill$ aga94 ,= t reason pack]s l to get a monopoly on a p>ticul> m>ket s t ! two classes ( goods w n h to compete side by side4 ,! quality ( ! froz5 f[l :5 s]v$ is v fair1 practically z good z & "s say bett] ?an ! fre% kill$4 ,cold /orage p\ltry is be/ ?aw$ out by be+ plac$ ov] night 9 a tank ( wat]4 ,p\ltry prejudice prev5ts ! practice ( retail+ ! goods froz51 ?\gh ?is me?od w\ld be highly desirable4 ,drawn or ,undrawn ,f[ls4 ,)9 ! la/ two or ?ree ye>s !re has be5 a great hue & cry ab\t ! m>ket+ ( p\ltry )\t draw+ ! entrails4 ,! objection to ! cu/om re/s ^u ! g5]al prejudice to all[+ ! entrails ( animals to rema9 9 ! c>cass4 ,if a little ?\ght is giv5 ! subject1 h[ev]1 x is se5 t human prejudice is v inconsi/5t 9 su* matt]s4 ,we draw beef & mutton c>casses1 to be sure1 b fi% & game are /or$ undrawn1 & z = oy/]s & lob/]s we n only /ore !m undrawn b we eat !m s4 ,! facts ab\t ! undrawn p\ltry proposition are z foll[s3 ,! inte/9es ( ! f[l at dea? conta9 num]\s species ( bact]ia1 :]eas ! fle% is q free f g]ms4 ,if ! c>cass is n drawn1 b imm$iately froz5 h>d1 ! bact]ia rema9 inactive & no ess5tial *ange occurs4 ,if ! c>cass is /or$ )\t freez+1 or rema9s = ev5 a %ort "t at a high temp]ature1 ! bact]ia w beg9 to gr[ ?r\gh ! inte/9al walls & contam9ate ! fle%4 ,n[1 if ! f[l is drawn1 ! unprotect$ fle% is expos$ to bact]ial contam9ation1 :i* results 9 decomposition m rapidly ?an ?r\gh ! inte/9al walls4 ,! op5+ ( ! c>cass also all[s a great] dry+ out & %r9kage4 ,if p\ltry c>casses 7 split wide op5 z ) beef or mutton1 draw+ might n prove z satisfactory z ! pres5t me?od1 b s9ce ?is is n desirable1 & s9ce ord9>y labor]s w break ! inte/9es & spill _! cont5ts ov] ! fle%1 & o!rwise mutilate ! f[l1 all ^? :o h _h actual exp]i5ce 9 ! matt] agree t draw+ p\ltry is unpractical & undesirable4 ,z f> z dang] ( disease or ptoma9e poison is conc]n$1 *ances betwe5 ! two me?ods seem to (f] little *oice4 ,! ,bureau ( ,*emi/ry ( ! ,u4,s4 ,dep>tm5t ( ,agriculture has conduct$ a s]ies ( exp]im5ts along ! l9e ( p\ltry /orage4 ,s f> z ! results h be5 publi%$1 no?+ v /rik+ has be5 le>n$4 ,f :at has be5 publi%$1 ! writ] is ( ! op9ion t ! some:at my/]i\s *anges t 7 obs]v$ 9 ! cold /orage p\ltry 7 mo/ly a matt] ( dry+ out ( ! c>cass4 ,p\ltry ,inspection4 ,! en?usia/ic memb]s ( ! m$ical pr(ession1 & o!rs ^: k ( practical affairs is some:at limit$1 occasionally come =? ) ! idea ( an inspection ( p\ltry c>casses simil> to ! ,f$]al inspection ( ! heavi] meats4 ,! reasons t are suppos$ to w>rant ! ,f$]al meat inspection are precaution aga9/ disease & ! idea ( en=c+ a cleanl9ess 9 ! h&l+ ( food beh9d ! consum]'s back1 :i* he w\ld insi/ ^u 7 he ! prep>] ( 8 own food products4 ,no d\bt !re is well e/abli%$ evid5ce t "s diseases1 su* z ! dread tri*9osis1 are acquir$ by ! consumption ( diseas$ meat4 ,z f> z x is at pres5t kn[n !re are no diseases acquir$ f ! consumption ( diseas$ p\ltry fle%1 b1 z we d n "k z mu* ab\t ! bact]ia t infe/s p\ltry z we d ( t ( l>g] animals1 !re is no positive pro( t su* transmission ( disease c\ld n occur4 ,?or\gh cook+ kills all disease g]ms1 & p\ltry is seldom1 if ev]1 eat5 )\t su* prep>ation4 ,! idea ( protect+ p f uncleanly me?ods ( h&l+ _! foods1 conc]n+ :i* !y _c !mselves "k1 is some:at ( a s5tim5tal proposition4 ,9 practice x am\nts to no?+1 save z ! popul> conception ( ?is protection increases ! dem& = ! product :i* is m>k$ ,u4,s4 ,inspect$ & ,pass$4 ,x may be int]e/+ to "s ( ! re=m]s ( #aijf to "k t ! meat inspection bill !n =c$ ^u ,congress by a clamor+ public 0 desir$ by ! pack]s !mselves4 ,because ,congress w\ld n li/5 to ! pack]s1 & ! ,dep>tm5t ( ,agriculture1 ! ,*ief ,executive v k9dly indulg$ 9 a little conv]sation ) a few report]s1 ! results ( :i* gave ,congress ! ne$$ inspiration4 ,x co/ ! ,gov]nm5t ?ree million doll>s to tell ! p t _! meats are pack$ 9 a cleanly mann]4 ,if ! p want ?is1 x is all well & good4 ,! tax x places ^u ! price ( meat is less ?an half ( "o p] c5t4 ,a simil> inspection ( ! kill+ & pack+ ( p\ltry w\ld involve a v mu* high] rate ( taxation1 because ( ! fact t p\ltry products are pack$ 9 small e/abli%m5ts scatt]$ ?r\gh\t ! entire c\ntry4 ,"o reason t ! meat pack]s want$ ! ,unit$ ,/ates ,inspection1 is because x puts out ( bus9ess ! little fell[ to :om ! ,gov]nm5t _c af=d to grant inspection4 ,a few ( ! v l>ge/ p\ltry pack]s w\ld l to see p\ltry inspection = ! same reason1 b ) ! bus9ess s ?or\ghly scatt]$ z to r5d] ,gov]nm5t inspection s exp5sive z to be q impracticable1 any su* bill w\ld c]ta9ly be kill$ 9 a congressional committee4 ,any practical means to br+ ab\t ! cleanly h&l+1 & to prev5t ! consumption ( diseas$ p\ltry1 %\ld c]ta9ly be enc\rag$4 ,?is c be done by ! education ( ! consum]4 ,p\ltry c>casses %\ld be m>ket$ ) head & feet atta*$ & ! entrails undrawn4 ,by ?is precaution ! consum] may tell :e!r ! f[l he is buy+ is male or female1 "y or old1 heal?y or diseas$4 ,all cold /orage p\ltry %\ld be froz5 & %\ld be sold to ! consum] 9 a froz5 condition4 ,i am n 9 favor ( ! detail$ regulation ( bus9ess by law1 b ,i d believe t ! legal en=cem5t ( ^! la/ precautions w\ld be a good ?+4 ,,*apt] ,,xi ,,quality ,,9 ,,eggs 99 ,footnote 993 ,mu* ( ! matt] 9 ?is & ! foll[+ *apt] is tak5 f ! writ]'s report ( ! egg trade ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 publi%$ z ,circul> #adj ( ! ,bureau ( ,annual ,indu/ry ( ! ,u4,s4 ,dep>tm5t ( ,agriculture4 ,9 ! pres5t volume1 h[ev]1 ,i h ins]t$ "s additional matt]s :i* policy =bade t ,i discuss 9 a ,f$]al docum5t4 ,because ( ! read9ess ) :i* eggs spoil1 ! t]m fre% has become synonym\s ) ! idea ( desirable quality 9 eggs4 ,z a matt] ( fact ! actual age ( an egg is q subord9ate to o!r factors :i* affect ! quality4 ,an egg =ty-eight h\rs old t has la9 9 a :eat %ock dur+ a w>m ,july ra91 w\ld probably be sw>m+ ) bact]ia & be absolutely unfit = food4 ,ano!r egg /or$ eight mon?s 9 a fir/-class cold /orage room w\ld be p]fectly :olesome4 ,grad+ ,eggs4 ,eggs are among ! mo/ difficult ( food products to grade1 because ea* egg mu/ be consid]$ sep>ately & because ! actual sub/ance ( ! egg _c be exam9$ )\t de/roy+ ! egg4 ,f ext]nal appe>ance1 eggs c be select$ = size1 color1 cleanl9ess ( %ell & fre$om f cracks4 ,?is is ! common me?od ( grad+ 9 e>ly spr+ :5 ! eggs are uni=mly ( good quality4 ,lat] 9 ! season ! egg c&le is us$4 ,9 ! te*nical s5se any k9d ( a light may be us$ z an egg c&le4 ,a sixte5 c&le p[] electric lamp is ! mo/ desirable4 ,! light is enclos$ 9 a d>k box1 & ! eggs are held aga9/ op5+s ab\t ! size ( a half doll>4 ,! c&l] holds ! egg l>ge end upw>d1 & gives x a quick turn 9 ord] to view all sides1 & to cause ! cont5ts to :irl )9 ! %ell4 ,to ! exp]t ?is process reveals ! actual condition ( ! egg to an ext5t t ! novice c h>dly realize4 ,! art ( egg c&l+ _c be readily taught by word$ description4 ,"o :o wi%es to le>n egg c&l+ _h be/ g to an adept 9 ! art1 or he may beg9 unaid$ & by break+ _m eggs le>n ! ess5tial po9ts4 ,eggs :5 laid v>y consid]ably 9 size1 b o!rwise are a v uni=m product4 ,! purpose ( ! egg 9 nature requires t ?is be ! case1 because ! cont5ts ( ! egg mu/ be s proportion$ z to =m ! *ick )\t surplus or wa/e1 & ?is dem&s a v con/ant *emical composition4 ,= food purposes all fre% eggs are practically equal4 ,! t9t ( ! yolk v>ies a little1 be+ a bright] yell[ :5 gre5 food has be5 suppli$ ! h5s4 ,occasionally1 :5 h5s eat unusual quantities ( gre5 food1 ! yolk %[ a gre5i% br[n t9t1 & appe> d>k to ! c&l]4 ,su* eggs are call$ grass eggs2 !y are p]fectly :olesome4 ,an op9ion exi/s among egg m5 t ! :ite ( ! spr+ egg is ( f9] quality & w /& up bett] ?an summ] eggs4 ,?is is true en\gh ( comm]cial eggs1 b ! diff]5ce is *iefly1 if n entirely1 due to ext]nal factors t act ^u ! egg aft] x is laid4 ,!re are "s o!r peculi>ities t may exi/ 9 eggs at ! "t ( lay+1 su* z a blood clot enclos$ ) ! cont5ts ( ! egg1 a brok5 yolk or p]haps bact]ial contam9ation4 ,tape worms1 s-call$ by egg c&l]s1 are deta*$ portions ( ! membrane l9+ ( ! egg4 ,liv] spots or meat spots are deta*$ folds f ! walls ( ! oviduct4 ,su* abnormalities are r>e & n wor? worry+ ab\t4 ,! %ells ( eggs v>y 9 %ape1 color & firmness4 ,^! v>iations are m a matt] ( bre$ & individual idiosyncrasy ?an ( c>e or fe$4 ,! /r5g? ( egg %ells is important because ( ! loss f breakage4 ,! di/9ction betwe5 weak & firm %ell$ eggs is n "o1 h[ev]1 :i* c be readily rem$i$4 ,no?+ m c be advis$ 9 ?is reg>d ?an to fe$ a ration conta9+ pl5ty ( m9]al matt] & to disc>d h5s t lay noticeably weak %ell$ or irregul>ly %ap$ eggs4 ,pref]5ce 9 ! color ( eggs %ells is a hobby1 & "o well wor? cat]+ to4 ,z is commonly /at$1 ,bo/on & surr\nd+ t[ns want br[n eggs1 :ile ,new ,york & ,san ,francisco dem& :ite eggs4 ,^! trade fancies take _! orig9 9 ! circum/ances ( !re be+ l>ge h5n]ies 9 ! respective localities produc+ ! p>ticul> class ( eggs4 ,if ! eggs f su* f>ms are ! be/ 9 ! m>ket & 7 uni=mly ( a p>ticul> %ade1 t m>k ( di/9ction1 l ! trade "n on a popul> article1 w\ld naturally become a sell+ po9t4 ,only ! select trade consid] ! color 9 buy+4 ,eggs ( all ,m$it]ranean bre$s are :ite4 ,^? ( ,asiatics are br[n4 ,^? ( ! ,am]ican bre$s are usually br[n1 b n ( s uni=m a t9t4 ,! size ( eggs is *iefly controll$ by ! bre$ or by selection ( lay]s ( l>ge eggs4 ,9 a numb] ( exp]im5ts publi%$ by v>i\s exp]im5t /ations1 slight diff]5ces 9 ! sizes ( ! eggs h be5 not$ ) v>y+ rations & environm5t1 b ?is _c be attribut$ to any?+ m specific ?an ! g5]al developm5t & vigor ( ! f[ls4 ,pullets1 at ! beg9n+ ( ! lay+ p]iod1 lay an egg decid$ly small] ?an ^? produc$ at a lat] /age 9 life4 ,! egg size table bel[ gives ! size ( repres5tative classes ( eggs4 ,^! figures mu/ n be appli$ too rigidly1 z ! eggs ( all bre$s & all localities v>y4 ,!y are giv5 z approximate av]ages ( ! eggs "o might reasonably expect to f9d 9 ! class m5tion$4 ,,egg ,,size ,,table4 ,,geographical ,,bre$ ,net ,wt4 ,weight ,relative ,,classification ,,classifications ,p] #cj ,ounces ,values ,doz5 ,p] ,p] ,case ,doz5 ,doz5 ,s\!rn ,i[a's ,purebr$ flocks ( #de lbs4 #bd #be;c4 ,two ounce eggs ,am]ican v>ieties ( egg f>m ,leghorns4 ,poore/ flocks ( ,games & #cf lbs4 #ai #a-e #bj;c4 ,s\!rn ,dunghills ,hamburgs4 ,av]age ,t5nessee ,poore/ /ra9s #dj lbs4 #ba #a-c #bb #a-c;c4 or ,texas eggs4 ( ,leghorns4 ,av]age = ! ,! mix$ b>ny>d #dc lbs4 #bc #bc #i-aj;c4 ,unit$ ,/ates z f[l ( ! we/]n repres5t$ by f>m1 l>gely ( ,kansas1 ,plym\? ,rock orig94 ,m9nesota & ,s\!rn ,ill9ois4 ,av]age size ( eggs ,am]ican ,brahmas #dh lbs4 #be #c-e #bf #b-c;c4 produc$ 9 ,d5m>k4 & ,m9orcas4 ,select$ br&s ( ,equal$ by sev]al #ed lbs4 #bh #d-e #cj;c4 ,dani% eggs4 p5s ( ,leghorns 9 ! ,au/ralian lay+ conte/4 ,h[ ,eggs ,are ,spoil$4 ,dirty eggs are gr\p$ r\ghly 9 ?ree classes3 7,a7 ,pla9 dirties1 ^? to :i* soil or dung adh]es2 7,b7 /a9$ eggs1 ^? caus$ by contact ) damp /raw or o!r mat]ial :i* discolors ! %ell 7pla9 dirties :5 wa%$ usually %[ ?is appe>ance72 7,c7 sme>$ eggs1 ^? cov]$ ) ! cont5ts ( brok5 eggs4 ,= ! fir/ two classes ( dirty eggs ! produc] is to blame4 ,! ?ird class orig9ates all along ! r\te f ! ne/ to consum]4 ,! p]c5tage ( dirty eggs v>ies ) ! season & wea!r conditions1 be+ noticeably increas$ dur+ ra9y wea!r4 ,9 grad+1 ab\t five p] c5t4 ( f>m gr[n eggs are ?r[n out z dirties4 ,^! dirties are sold at a loss ( at lea/ tw5ty p] c5t4 ,! common trade "n = crack$ eggs is *ecks4 ,bl9d *ecks are ^? 9 :i* ! break 9 ! %ell is n readily obs]vable4 ,!y are detect$ ) ! aid ( ! c&le1 or by s\nd+1 :i* consi/s ( click+ ! eggs toge!r4 ,d5ts are *ecks 9 :i* ! egg %ell is pu%$ 9 )\t ruptur+ ! membrane4 ,leak]s h lo/ "p ( ! cont5ts & are n only an entire loss !mselves1 b produce sme>$ eggs4 ,! loss f breakage v>ies consid]ably ) ! am\nt ( h&l+ 9 ! process ( m>ket+4 ,a we/]n produce h\se1 collect+ f groc]s by local freight w record f f\r to sev5 p] c5t4 ( *ecks4 ,) prop]ly h&l$ eggs ! loss ?r\gh breakage %\ld n run ov] "o or two p] c5t4 ,eggs 9 :i* ! *ick has begun to develop are spok5 ( z heat$ eggs4 ,inf]tile eggs _c heat because ! g]m has n be5 f]tiliz$ & c make no gr[?4 ,t su* inf]tile eggs _c spoil is1 h[ev]1 a mi/ak5 notion1 = !y are subject$ to all ! o!r factors by :i* eggs may be spoil$4 ,! sale ( eggs te/$ out ( ! incubators has be5 enc\rag$ by ! dissem9ation ( ! k t inf]tile eggs are n *ang$ by incubation4 ,eggs ?r[n out ( an incubator w be %runk5 & weak5$1 & "s ( !m may conta9 dead g]ms & ! rema9s ( *icks t h di$ aft] />t+ to develop4 ,su* eggs may be sold = :at !y are1 b %\ld nev] be mix$ ) o!r eggs or sold z fre%4 ,:5 c>efully c&l$ !y %\ld be wor? t5 or twelve c5ts a doz54 ,f]tile eggs1 at ! "t ( lay+1 _c be told f inf]tile eggs1 z ! g]m ( ! *ick is microscopic 9 size4 ,if ! egg is imm$iately cool$ & held at a temp]ature bel[ #gj degrees1 ! g]m w n develop4 ,at a temp]ature ( #ajc degrees1 ! developm5t ( ! *ick proce$s mo/ rapidly4 ,at ?is temp]ature ! developm5t is ab\t z foll[s3 ,twelve h\rs incubation3 ,:5 brok5 9 a sauc]1 ! g]m spot1 visible ^u all eggs1 seems some:at enl>g$4 ,look$ at ) a c&le su* an egg _c be di/+ui%$ f a fre% egg4 ,tw5ty-f\r h\rs3 ,! g]m spot mottl$ & ab\t ! size ( a dime4 ,?is egg1 if n too d>k %ell$1 c readily be detect$ ) ! c&le1 ! g]m spot caus+ ! yolk to appe> consid]ably d>k] ?an ! yolk ( a fre% egg4 ,su* an egg is call$ a heavy egg or a float]4 ,=ty-eight h\rs3 ,by ?is "t ! opaque :ite membrane1 :i* surr\nds ! g]m1 has spread well ov] ! top ( ! yolk1 & ! egg is q d>k or heavy be=e ! light4 ,blood appe>s at ab\t ?is p]iod1 b is difficult ( detection by ! c&l]1 unless ! g]m dies & ! blood r+ /icks to ! membrane ( ! egg4 ,?ree days3 ,! blood r+ is ! prom95t feature & is z l>ge z a nickel4 ,! yolk beh9d ! membrane has become wat]y4 ,f\r days3 ,! body ( ! *ick becomes readily visible1 & prom95t radiat+ blood vessels are se54 ,! yolk is half cov]$ ) a wat] conta9+ membrane4 ,^! /ages develop z giv51 occurr+ at a temp]ature ( #ajc degrees4 ,z ! temp]ature is l[]$ ! rate ( *ick developm5t is ret>d$1 b at any temp]ature above #gj1 ?is developm5t w proce$ f> en\gh to cause s]i\s injury to ! quality ( ! eggs4 ,= comm]cial use eggs may be gr\p$ 9 reg>d to heat+ z foll[s3 7#a7 ,no heat %[n4 ,_c be told at ! c&le f fre% eggs4 7#b7 ,light floats4 ,fir/ grade t c be sep>at$ by c&l+1 correspond+ to ab\t tw5ty-f\r h\rs ( incubation4 ,^! are n objectionable to ! av]age h\sewife4 7#c7 ,heavy floats4 ,?is gr\p has no di/9ction f ! =m]1 except an exagg]ation ( ! same feature4 ,^! eggs are objectionable to ! fa/idi\s h\sewife1 because ( ! appe>+ ( ! :ite & scummy look+ allantois on ! yolk4 7#d7 ,blood r+s4 ,eggs 9 :i* blood has develop$1 ext5d+ to ! p]iod :5 ! *ick becomes visible4 7#e7 ,*icks visible to ! c&le4 ,! loss due to heat$ eggs is enorm\s2 probably great] ?an t caus$ by any o!r s\rce ( loss to ! egg trade4 ,! loss v>ies ) ! season ( ! ye>1 & ! climate4 ,9 ,new ,engl& heat loss is to be consid]$ z 9 ! same class z loss f dirties & *ecks4 ,9 ,texas ! egg bus9ess f ! #ae? ( ,june until cool wea!r 9 ! fall is practically dead4 ,p /op eat+ eggs at home & %ipp+ out ( ! ,/ate nets ! produc] su* small returns by ! "t ! loss is all[$ t1 at ! prices (f]$1 x h>dly pays ! f>m] to ga!r ! eggs4 ,9 ! season ( #aija hat*$ *ick5s 7 commonly f\nd 9 cases ( m>ket eggs1 ?r\gh\t ! trans-,mississippi region1 & eggs did well to net ! %ipp]s ?ree c5ts p] doz54 ,damage to eggs by heat+ & consequ5t f9ancial loss is inexcusable4 ,9 ! fir/ place1 m>ket eggs h no bus9ess be+ f]tiliz$1 b :e!r !y are or n !y %\ld be kept 9 a place suffici5tly cool to prev5t all g]m gr[?4 ,! egg %ell is por\s s t ! develop+ *ick may obta9 air4 ,?is exposes ! moi/ cont5ts ( ! egg to ! dry+ influ5ce ( ! atmosph]e4 ,evaporation f eggs takes place con/antly4 ,x is increas$ by w>m temp]atures1 dry air & curr5ts ( air /rik+ ! egg4 ,:5 ! egg is =m$ )9 ! h5 ! cont5ts fill ! %ell completely4 ,z ! egg cools ! cont5ts %r9k1 & ! two lay]s ( membrane sep>ate 9 ! l>ge end ( ! egg1 caus+ ! appe>ance ( ! bubble or air cell4 ,evaporation ( wat] f ! egg fur!r %r9ks ! cont5ts & increases ! size ( ! air cell4 ,! size ( ! air cell is commonly tak5 z a guide to ! age ( ! egg4 ,b :5 we consid] t ) ! same relative humidity on a hot ,july day1 evaporation w\ld take place ab\t t5 times z fa/ z on a fro/y ,novemb] morn+1 & t diff]5ces 9 humidity & air curr5ts equally great occur betwe5 localities1 we see t ! age ( an egg1 judg$ by ?is me?od1 means simply ! ext5t ( evaporation1 & proves no?+ at all ab\t ! actual age4 ,ev5 z a measure ( evaporation1 ! size ( ! air cell may be deceptive1 = :5 an egg ) an air cell ( consid]able size is r\ghly h&l$1 ! air cell breaks d[n ! side ( ! egg1 & gives ! air cell ! appe>ance ( be+ l>g] ?an x really is4 ,/ill r\gh] h&l+ ( %runk5 eggs may cause ! rupture ( ! inn] membrane1 all[+ ! air to escape into ! cont5ts ( ! egg4 ,?is causes a s-call$ wat]y or fro?y egg4 ,! quality is 9 no wise injur$ by ! me*anical mi%ap1 b eggs s ruptur$ are usually discrim9at$ aga9/ by c&l]s4 ,9 ?is connection x might be well to speak fur!r ( ! subject ( :ite /r5g?1 by :i* is meant ! /iffness or viscosity ( ! egg :ite4 ,! :ite ( an egg is a limpid1 cle> liquid1 b 9 ! egg ( good quality t portion imm$iately surr\nd+ ! yolk appe>s to be 9 a semi-solid mass4 ,! cause ( ?is appe>ance is ! pres5ce ( an invisible network ( fibr\s mat]ial4 ,by age & me*anical di/urbance ?is network is gradually brok5 d[n & ! liquid :ite sep>ates out4 ,su* a weak & wat]y :ite is usually associat$ ) %runk5 eggs4 ,^! eggs w n /& up well or :ip into a firm fro? & are ?r[n 9 l[] grades4 ,! weakness ( ! yolk membranes also increases ) age1 & is objectionable because ! breakage ( ! yolk is unsightly & spoils ! egg = poa*+4 ,! %runk5 egg is mo/ abundant 9 ! fall1 :5 ! ris+ prices tempt ! f>m] & groc]y man to hold ! eggs4 ,?is hold+ is s preval5t1 9 fact1 t f ,augu/ to ,decemb] full fre% eggs are ! exception r ?an ! rule4 ,:ile we h call$ att5tion to evaporation z ! mo/ pron\nc$ fault ( fall eggs1 losses f o!r causes are greatly increas$ by ! hold+ process4 ,if ! eggs are held 9 a w>m place1 heat & %r9kage w case ! greate/ damage2 if held 9 a cell>1 rot1 mold1 & bad odors w cause ! *ief loss4 ,! loss due to %runk5 eggs is n und]/ood nor appreciat$ by ^? outside ! trade4 ,su* ignorance is due to ! fact t ! %runk5 is n s repulsive z ! rott5 or heat$ egg4 ,b ! inf]iority ( ! %runk5 egg is s well appreciat$ by ! consum] t high class deal]s f9d x impossible to use !m )\t ru9+ _! trade4 ,! result is t %runk5 eggs are con/antly be+ s5t into ! *eap] *annels1 ) ! result t all l[] grades ( eggs are m depreciat$ 9 ! fall ( ! ye> ?an at any o!r "t4 ,9 ! classes ( spoil$ eggs1 ( :i* we h ?us f> spok51 ! prov]bial rott5 egg has n be5 consid]$4 ,! t]m rot 9 ! egg trade is us$ to apply to any egg absolutely unfit = food purposes4 ,b ,i pref] to conf9e ! t]m rott5 egg to ! egg :i* conta9s a gr[? ( bact]ia4 ,! normal egg :5 laid is g]m free4 ,b ! egg %ell is n g]m pro(4 ,! pores 9 ! egg %ell prop] are l>ge en\gh to admit all =ms ( bact]ia1 b ! membrane inside ! %ell is g]m pro( z long z x rema9s dry4 ,:5 ?is membrane becomes moi/ s t bact]ia may gr[ 9 x1 ^! g]ms ( decay quickly gr[ ?r\gh x & contam9ate ! cont5ts ( ! egg4 ,heat favors ! gr[? ( bact]ia 9 eggs & suffici5t cold prev5ts x1 b z bact]ia _c ent] )\t moi/ure on ! surface ( ! egg we c consid] dampness z ! cause ( rott5 eggs4 ,moi/ure on ! %ell may come f an ext]nal wett+1 f ! sweat+ ( eggs com+ out ( cold /orage1 or by ! prev5tion ( evaporation to su* an ext5t t ! ext]nal moi/ure ( ! egg ?or\ghly soaks ! membrane4 ,! latt] happ5s 9 damp cell>s1 & :5 eggs are cov]$ ) "s imp]vi\s mat]ial4 ,rott5 eggs may be ( diff]5t k9ds1 accord+ to ! species ( g]m t causes ! decomposition4 ,! specific k9ds ( egg rott+ bact]ia h n be5 work$ out1 b ! foll[+ ?ree gr\ps ( bact]ially infect$ eggs are readily di/+ui%able 9 ! practical "w ( egg c&l+4 7#a7 ,black rots4 ,x is probable t _m diff]5t species ( bact]ia cause ?is =m ( rott5 eggs4 ,! prom95t feature is ! =mation ( hydrog5 sulphide gas1 :i* black5s ! cont5ts ( ! egg1 gives ! *>act]i/ic rott5 egg smell & sometimes causes ! equally well kn[n explosion4 7#b7 ,s\r eggs or :ite rots4 ,^! eggs h a *>act]i/ic s\r smell4 ,! cont5ts become wat]y1 ! yolk & ! :ites mix & ! :ole egg is (f5sive to bo? eye & nose4 7#c7 ,! spot rot4 ,9 ?is ! bact]ial gr[? has n contam9at$ ! :ole egg1 b has rema9$ ne> ! po9t ( entrance4 ,su* eggs are readily pick$ out ) ! c&le1 & :5 brok5 op5 %[ lumpy adhesions on ! inside ( ! %ell4 ,^! lumps are ( v>i\s colors & appe>ances4 ,x is probable t ^! spots are caus$ z mu* by mold z by bact]ia1 b = practical purposes ! di/9ction is immat]ial4 ,9 practice x is impossible to sep>ate rott5 f heat$ eggs = ! reason t 9 ! typical ne/ ( spoil$ eggs f\nd ar\nd ! f>m1 bo? causes h be5 at "w4 ,dead *icks w n necess>ily cause ! eggs to decay1 b _m su* eggs d become contam9at$ by bact]ia be=e !y rea* ! c&l]1 & h5ce1 z a physician w\ld say1 %[ complications4 ,! loss ( eggs t are actually rott5 is n z great z "o might imag9e4 ,p]haps "o or two p] c5t4 ( ! c\ntry's egg crop actually rot1 b ! exp5ses ( ! c&l+ necessitat$1 & ! l[]+ ( value ( eggs t conta9 ev5 a few rott5 specim5s are sev]e losses4 ,moldy or mu/y eggs are caus$ by accid5tally wet cases or damp cell>s & ice h\ses4 ,! moldy egg is mo/ frequ5tly a spot rot4 ,9 ! mu/y egg prop] ! meat is free f =eign organisms1 b has be5 ta9t$ by ! odor ( mold gr[? ^u ! %ell or pack+ mat]ials4 ,! absorption ( odors is ! mo/ baffl+ ( all causes ( bad eggs4 ,"h ! c&l]1 s exp]t 9 o!r po9ts1 is usually helpless4 ,eggs1 by /orage 9 old mu/y cell>s1 or 9 rooms1 ) lemons1 onions & *eese1 may become s badly flavor$ z to be s]i\sly object$ to by a fancy trade1 & yet !re is no means ( detect+ ! tr\ble )\t de/roy+ ! egg4 ,su* eggs occur mo/ frequ5tly among ! held /ock ( ! fall season4 ,! ,loss ,due to ,c>elessness4 ,! egg crop ( ! c\ntry1 m ?an n9ety-five p] c5t1 ( :i* orig9ates on ! g5]al f>m1 is subject to imm5se wa/e due to ignorant & c>eless h&l+4 ,! great mass ( eggs = sale 9 our l>ge cities possess to a great] or less degree ! faults we h discuss$4 ,"s idea ( ! loss due to ! pres5t %iftless me?od ( h&l+ eggs1 may be obta9$ by a comp>ison ( ! actual av]age prices receiv$ = all eggs sold 9 ,new ,york ,city1 & ! :olesale prices quot$ by a prom95t ,new ,york firm deal+ 9 high grade goods4 ,! contra/$ price = ! ye> #aijg are z foll[s3 ,prices at :i* total goods ,:olesale prices = /rictly mov$4 fre% eggs4 ,janu>y #be4h ,janu>y #db4 ,febru>y #bd4e ,febru>y #dj4 ,m>* #ai4c ,m>* #cb4 ,april #af4i ,april #cj4 ,may #af4f ,may #ca4 ,june #ae4e ,june #cb4 ,july #ae4f ,july #ce4 ,augu/ #ag4g ,augu/ #ch4 ,septemb] #bj4g ,septemb] #dj4 ,octob] #ba4d ,octob] #db4 ,novemb] #bf4j ,novemb] #de4 ,decemb] #bg4g ,decemb] #dh4 ,! total values figur$ by multiply+ ^! prices by ! ,new ,york receipts1 are z foll[s3 ,am\nt actually receiv$ #bc1hcb1jjj ,values at quotations = /rictly fre% #dd1gcj1jjj ,no "o w\ld cont5d x is possible to br+ ! entire egg crop ( ! c\ntry up to ! latt] value1 b ! fact t !re is a def9ite m>ket = eggs ( fir/ class quality at almo/ d\ble ! figures = :i* ! egg crop z a :ole is actually sold1 is a po9t v significant to ! ambiti\s produc] ( high grade eggs4 ,requisites ( ! ,production ( ,high ,grade ,eggs4 7a7 ,h5s t produce a goodly numb] ( eggs1 & at ! same "t an egg t is mod]ately l>ge 7av]age two ounces ea*74 ,plym\? ,rocks1 ,wy&ottes1 ,rhode ,isl& ,r$s1 ,orp+tons1 ,leghorns1 ,m9orcas are ! v>ieties :i* w d ?is4 7b7 ,good h\s+1 regul> fe$+ & wat]+1 & above all clean1 dry ne/s4 7c7 ,daily ga!r+ ( eggs1 :5 ! temp]ature is above #hj degrees1 ga!r+ twice a day4 7d7 ,! conf9+ ( all broody h5s z soon z discov]$4 7e7 ,! rejection z d\btful ( all eggs f\nd 9 a ne/ :i* 0 n visit$ ! previ\s day4 7,su* eggs %\ld be us$ at home :]e ea* may be brok5 sep>ately74 7f7 ,! plac+ z soon z ga!r$ ( all summ] eggs 9 ! coole/ spot available4 7g7 ,! prev5tion at all times ( moi/ure 9 any =m com+ 9 contact ) ! egg's %ell4 7h7 ,! sell+ ( "y cock]els be=e !y beg9 to annoy ! h5s4 ,also ! sell+ or conf9+ ( old male birds f ! "t hat*+ is ov] until cool wea!r 9 fall4 7i7 ,! us+ ( crack$ & dirty1 z well z small eggs1 at home4 ,su* eggs if consum$ :5 fre% are p]fectly :olesome1 b :5 m>ket$ are discrim9at$ aga9/ & are likely to become an entire loss4 7j7 ,keep+ eggs away f mu/y cell>s or bad odors4 7k7 ,keep+ ! egg z cool & dry z possible :ile en r\te to m>ket4 7l7 ,! m>ket+ ( all eggs at lea/ once p] week & (t5]1 :5 facilities p]mit4 7m7 ,! use ( /rong1 clean cases or c>tons & good fill]s4 ,,*apt] ,,xii ,,h[ ,,eggs ,,are ,,m>ket$ ,! me?ods by :i* ! l>g] numb] ( ,am]ican eggs pass f ! produc] to consum] is z foll[s3 ,! eggs are ga!r$ by ! f>m] ) v>y+ regul>ity & are br\ght p]haps on ! av]age ( once a week1 to ! local village m]*ant4 ,?is m]*ant receives weekly quotations f a numb] ( surr\nd+ egg deal]s & at int]vals ( f two days to two weeks1 %ips to su* a deal]1 by local freight4 ,! deal] buys ! eggs case c\nt1 t is1 he pays = !m by ! case reg>dless ( quality4 ,he !n repacks ! eggs 9 new cases &1 ) ! exception ( a p]iod 9 ! e>ly spr+1 c&les !m4 ,?is deal]1 9 turn1 receives quotations f city egg h\ses & sells to !m by wire4 ,he usually %ips 9 c>load lots4 ,! city receiv] may also be a jobb] :o sells to groc]s1 or he may sell ! c> outright to a jobb+ h\se4 ,! jobb] re-c&les ! eggs1 sort+ !m into a numb] ( grades1 :i* are sold to v>i\s classes ( trade4 ,! la/ l9k 9 ! *a9 is ! h\sewife1 :o by 'phone or p]sonal call1 asks = a doz5 nice fre% eggs4 ,?is mo/ frequ5tly repeat$ /ory ( ! ,am]ican egg applies p>ticul>ly 9 ! case ( eggs produc$ we/ ( ! ,mississippi & m>ket$ 9 ! v l>ge cities ( ! ,ea/4 ,we w n[ discuss ! v>i\s /eps ( ! egg trade1 po9t+ out ! reason = ! exi/5ce ( ! pres5t me?ods & _! influ5ce ^u quality & consequ5t value4 ,! ,c\ntry ,m]*ant4 ,! c\ntry m]*ant is ! logical bus9ess l9k betwe5 ! f>m] & ! outside _w & usually cont9ues to act z ! f>m]s' buy] & sell] until ! commodity dealt 9 becomes ( su* importance z to dem& m specializ$ =m ( m>ket+4 ,eggs be+ a p]i%able crop cont9u\sly produc$1 mu/ be m>ket$ at frequ5t int]vals1 & ! trips to ! g5]al /ore1 necess>y to supply ! h\sehold ne$s1 (f]s ! only conv5i5t opportunity = su* m>ket+4 ,! m]*ant buys eggs because by do+ s he c control 8 sell+ trade4 ,! f>m] trades :]e he sells 8 eggs1 because x is conv5i5t to d bo? err&s at "o place1 & also because he wi%es to avoid affront+ ! m]*ant by break+ ! e/abli%$ cu/om ( trad+ out ! am\nt4 ,= ^! reasons ! m]*ant kn[s t to buy eggs means to sell goods1 & he !re=e bids = eggs4 ,8 competitors across ! /reet1 & 9 o!r t[ns1 also bid = eggs4 ,! effect to ! m]*ant ( l[]+ ! price ( 8 goods or rais+ ! price ( eggs is f9ancially ! same4 ,9 ei!r case x is ! matt] ( cutt+ ! prices "u ! spur ( competition4 ,n[1 ! articles on :i* ! m]*ant make 8 *ief pr(its f ! f>m]s' trade are dry goods & notions4 ,su* articles are n /&>diz$1 b v>y 9 a mann] q impossible ( e/imation by ! unsophi/icat$4 ,on ! o!r h&1 eggs are quot$ by ! doz51 & all t run may read4 ,suppose1 = illu/ration1 two m]*ants 9 ! same t[n are ea* do+ a bus9ess ) a tw5ty p] c5t4 pr(it1 & are buy+ eggs at t5 c5ts & sell+ = elev51 ! c5t advance be+ suffici5t to pay = _! labor1 incid5tal loss1 & a small pr(it4 ,n[ "o m]*ant concludes to play = m trade4 ,if he m>ks 8 goods d[n he w\ld ga9 "s trade1 b _m p w\ld fe> 8 goods 7 *eap4 ,b if he puts up a plac>d1 ,elev5 ,c5ts ,paid ,= ,eggs1 ! f>m]s w ?rong 8 /ore & nev] "q ! quality ( 8 goods4 ,?is move hav+ be5 successful1 8 rival across ! /reet quietly /ocks up ) a *eap] l9e ( dry goods1 & "s f9e morn+ puts out a c>d1 ,twelve ,c5ts ,= ,eggs4 ,! f>m wagons ?is week w be hit*$ on ! o!r side ( ! /reet4 ,! rate ( bus9ess at t5 p] c5t1 be+ insuffici5t to ma9ta9 two m5 9 ! t[n1 a mutual und]/&+ is gradually br\ght ab\t by :i* ! prices ( goods sold are work$ back to ! basis ( tw5ty p] c5t1 gross pr(it1 b ! false price ( eggs w s]ve to draw ! trade f neighbor+ t[ns & is !re=e ma9ta9$4 ,z a matt] ( fact ! price paid to f>m]s = eggs by ! g5]al /ores ( ! ,mississippi ,valley is frequ5tly "o to two c5ts above ! price at :i* ! /orekeep] sells ! product4 ,all[+ ! co/ ( h&l+1 we h a condition prevail+ 9 :i* ! m]*ant is h&l+ eggs at f five to t5 p] c5t4 loss1 & x /&s to reason t he is mak+ up ! loss by add+ t p] c5t4 to 8 pr(its on 8 goods4 ,"s ( ! effects ( ?is sy/em are3 #a--,! inflat$ prices ( m]*&ise is an inju/ice to ! t[nspeople & to f>m]s n sell+ produce1 9 fact x am\nts to a taxation ( ^! p = ! b5efit ( ! egg produc]s4 #b--,! inflat$ prices ( m]*ant's w>es "w to 8 disadvantage 9 competition ) mail ord] or out-(-t[n trade4 #c--,! f>m] :o ex*anges eggs = dry goods is n be+ paid m = 8 eggs1 save z ! tax on ! t[nspeople contributes a little to t end1 b is 9 ! ma9 m]ely swapp+ m doll>s4 #d--,! use ( eggs z a draw+ c>d = trade works 9 favor ( inf]ior produce1 & ! loss to ! f>m] ?r\gh ! l[]+ ( prices ?us caus$1 is mu* great] ?an 8 ga9 ?r\gh ! =c$ contributions ( 8 neighbors4 ,! ,huck/]4 ,! huck/] or p$dl+ wagon :i* ga!rs eggs & o!r produce directly f ! f>m1 prevail ea/ & s\? ( a l9e drawn f ,galve/on to ,*icago ?r\gh ,tex>kana1 ,ark41 ,spr+field1 ,mo41 & ,/4 ,l\is4 ,nor? & we/ ( ?is l9e ! huck/] is almo/ unkn[n4 ,! huck/] wagons may be ( ! foll[+ types3 #a--;,an ext5sion ( ! local groc]y /ore1 trad+ m]*&ise = eggs4 #b--;,an indep5d5t travel+ p$dl]4 #c--;,a ca% deal] :o buys 8 load1 & hauls x to ! ne>e/ city :]e he p$dles ! produce f h\se to h\se or sells x to city groc]s4 #d--;,a repres5tative ( ! local produce buy]4 #e--;,a fif? /yle ( egg wagon does n visit ! f>m at all1 b is a sy/em ( rural freight s]vice run by a produce buy] = ! purpose ( collect+ ! eggs f c\ntry /ores4 ,z f> z ! quality ( product & advantage to ! f>m] is conc]n$1 ! f\r? /yle ( huck/] is pref]able4 ,?is /yle exi/s *iefly 9 ,indiana & ,mi*igan1 & ! bett] settl$ regions ( ,k5tucky & ,t5nessee4 ,! writ] f\nd huck/]s 9 s\!rn ,mi*igan work+ on a pr(it ( "o-half a c5t p] doz51 :ile 9 ! m\nta9s ( ,t5nessee he f\nd a huck/] pay+ t5 c5ts = eggs t 7 wor? eighte5 c5ts 9 ,*attanooga1 & tw5ty-?ree c5ts 9 ,new ,york4 ,! huck/] s*eme ( ga!r+ eggs w\ld seem+ly be a means ( obta9+ good eggs because ( ! advantage ( regul>ity ( collection1 b 9 reality x does n always "w out t way4 ,:ile x mu/ be admitt$ t 9 ! isolat$ regions ( ! ,middle & ,s\!rn ,/ates ! pres5ce ( ! huck/] is ! only factor t makes egg sell+ possible1 x is also true t ! p$dl+ huck/] ( ^? regions usually disreg>ds ! fir/ pr9ciples ( h&l+ p]i%able products4 ,he makes a week's trip 9 sun & ra9 ) 8 load ( produce1 ) ! result t ! quality ( 8 summ] eggs is ab\t z l[ z c be f\nd4 ,9 ! m d5sely populat$ region ) a twice or ?rice a week1 or ev5 daily s]vice1 ! huck/] egg becomes ! f9e/ f>m gr[n egg 9 ! m>ket4 ,! second /ep 9 ! usual s*eme ( egg m>ket+ is ! sale ( eggs collect$ by ! small /orekeep] to ! produce man or %ipp]4 ,! ,produce ,buy]4 ,?r\gh\t ! ,mississippi ,valley !re are :olesale produce h\ses at all important railroad junctions4 ,a typical h\se w %ip ! produce ( "o to ?ree c\nties4 ,^! h\ses1 once a week or (t5]1 s5d out po/al c>d quotations4 ,^! quotations read s mu* p] case1 & are usually case c\nt1 ) a res]vation1 h[ev]1 ( ! privilege to reject or *>ge loss on goods t are utt]ly bad4 ,ea* groc]y receives quotations f "o to a doz5 su* h\ses1 & p]haps also f commission firms 9 ! ne>e/ city4 ,! highe/ ( ^! quotations gets ! %ipm5t4 ,! buy] repacks ! eggs & usually c&les !m1 ! /rictness ( ! grad+ dep5d+ ^u ! int5d$ de/9ation4 ,! loss 9 c&l+ is g5]ally kept acc\nt (1 b is seldom *>g$ back to ! %ipp]4 ,! egg man wants volume ( bus9ess1 & if he antagonizes a %ipp] by *>g+ up 8 loss1 ! usual result w be ! loss ( trade4 ,s ! buy] e/imates 8 probable loss & l[]s 8 price en\gh to cov] x4 ,by loss (f1 or rots out1 is meant ! subtraction ( ! bad eggs f ! numb] to be paid =4 ,buy+ on a c&l$ or grad$ basis1 usually n only means rots cut1 b t a v>iation ( ! price is made = two or m grades ( m]*antable eggs4 ,mu* discussion prevails among ! we/]n egg buy]s z to :e!r eggs %\ld be b\ght loss (f or case c\nt4 ,loss (f buy+ seems to be m desirable & j1 b 9 practice is fraught ) difficulties4 ,if ! loss (f buy] feels he is los+ bus9ess1 he may in/ruct 8 c&l] to grade m closely1 :i* means he w pay less4 ,:e!r done ) hone/ or di%one/ int5tion1 ! buy] ?us sets ! price to be paid aft] he has ! goods 9 8 own h&s1 & ?is is an obvi\sly difficult comm]cial sy/em4 ,:]e ! buy] 9 "o case *anges ! grad+ basis to protect himself1 !re are probably t5 cases :]e ! eggs really des]ve ! loss *>g$2 b ! t5? *ance gives ! sell] an opportunity to nurse 8 loss ) ! belief t he has be5 robb$ by ! buy]4 ,su* an unc]ta9 feel+ is disagreeable1 & ! results are t :]e "o or two compet+ egg deal]s buys loss (f1 & ! o!r case c\nt1 ! case c\nt man w get mo/ ( ! bus9ess4 ,! case c\nt me?od be+ ! pa? ( lea/ resi/ance1 ! loss (f sy/em c only succe$ :]e !re is "s factor t ov]comes ! dis9cl9ation ( a %ipp] to let ! o!r man set ! price4 ,?is factor may be3 #a/--,an exceptional reputation ( a p>ticul> firm = hone/y & fair deal+4 #b;d--,exceptional opportunities = sell+ fancy goods1 enabl+ ! loss (f buy] to pay mu* high] rates = good /uff4 #c;d--,a condition t prevails 9 ! ,s\? 9 ! summ]1 :]e ! losses are s heavy t ! deal]s w n take ! risk involv$ 9 case c\nt buy+4 #d?--,"s sort ( a monopoly4 ,a monopoly = en=c+ ! loss (f sy/em ( buy+ has be5 br\ght ab\t 9 "s sections ( ! ,we/ by agreem5t among egg deal]s4 ,9 su* cases ! usual exp]i5ce has be5 t "s "o w\ld get anxi\s = m bus9ess1 & beg9 quot+ case c\nt1 ! result be+ t he w\ld get ! bus9ess ( ! disgruntl$ %ipp]s 9 8 section4 ,:5 "o buy] beg9s quot+ case c\nt1 ! rema9d] rapidly foll[ suit & case c\nt buy+ is quickly re-e/abli%$4 ,! ,city ,di/ribution ( ,eggs4 ,9 "n1 city egg deal]s are usually commission h\ses1 b 9 practice ! majority ( l>ge lots ( eggs are n[ b\ght by telegraph & ! prices def9itely kn[n be=e %ipm5t4 ,9 ! l>g] cities eggs are dealt 9 by a produce bo>d ( trade4 ,su* ex*anges frequ5tly h rules ( grad+ & an (ficial inspector4 ,?is gives /ability to egg deal+ & l>gely solves ! problem ( unc]ta9ty z to quality1 s annoy+ to ! c\ntry buy]4 ,9 ! city ev51 :]e (ficial grad+ is n resort$ to1 p]sonal inspection ( ! lot by ! buy] is practical1 & "o may "k :at he is gett+4 ,9 _m cases1 especially 9 small] cities1 ! receiv] is ! jobb] & sells to ! groc]s4 ,9 l>g] cities ! receiv] sells to a firm :o makes a bus9ess ( sell+ !m to groc]ies1 re/aurants1 etc4 ,! jobb] grades ! eggs z ! trade dem&s4 ,9 a we/]n city ?is may mean two grades--good & bad2 9 ,new ,york1 x may mean sev5 or eight grades1 & ! f9] ( ^! ones be+ pack$ 9 seal$ c>tons1 p]haps ea* egg /amp$ ) ! deal]'s br&4 ,! city retail] ( eggs include groc]s1 dairies1 but*] %ops1 soda f\nta9s1 hotels1 re/aurants & bak]ies4 ,! soda f\nta9 trade & ! fir/-class hotel are among ! high bidd] = /rictly fir/-class eggs4 ,_m su* in/itutions 9 ea/]n cities are suppli$ directly f l>ge p\ltry f>ms4 ,! figures at :i* su* eggs are pur*as$ are frequ5tly at a giv5 premium above ! m>ket quotation1 or a ye> r\nd contract price = a giv5 numb] ( eggs p] week4 ,?is premium ov] common f>m eggs may range f "o or two c5ts 9 we/]n cities1 to five to tw5ty c5ts 9 ,new ,york & ,bo/on4 ,an advance ( t5 c5ts ov] ! quotation = extras or a ye> r\nd contract price ( ?irty-five c5ts p] doz51 might be consid]$ typical ( su* arrangem5ts 9 ,new ,york ,city4 ,"s ( ! l>g] *a9 groc]s 9 ,new ,york ,city are 9 ! m>ket = /rictly fre% eggs & h ev5 in/all$ buy+ dep>tm5ts 9 *>ge ( exp]t egg m54 ,! great bulk ( eggs move ?r\gh ! *annels ( ! small re/aurant1 bak]y & groc]y4 ,9 ! small cities ( ! ,c5tral ,we/ ! groc] h&les eggs at a m>g9 ( "o to ?ree c5ts4 ,9 ! ,s\? & f>!r ,we/ ! m>g9 is two to sev5 c5ts1 ! retail price always be+ 9 ! ev5 nickel4 ,9 ! l>ge ea/]n city !re exi/s ! cu/om unkn[n 9 ! ,we/ ( hav+ two or m grades ( eggs = sale 9 ! same /ore4 ,all eggs (f]$ = sale are claim$ by ! salesman to be /rictly fre% or ! be/1 & yet ^! eggs may v>y if x be ,april f fifte5 c5ts to =ty c5ts1 or if 9 ,decemb] f ?irty c5ts to sev5ty-five c5ts p] doz54 ,! ,new ,york groc]s' pr(it is f two to five c5ts on *eap eggs1 b runs high] on high grade eggs1 frequ5tly rea* tw5ty c5ts a doz5 & sometimes go+ z high z =ty c5ts = v fancy /ock4 ,city retail+ is by f> ! mo/ exp5sive item 9 ! m>ket+ ( eggs4 ,z an illu/ration ( ! pr(its ( ! v>i\s h&l]s ( eggs might be z foll[s3 ,paid ! f>m] 9 ,i[a 4#ae ,pr(it ( c\ntry /ore 4#jj ,gross pr(it ( %ipp] 4#jj-c_/d ,freight to ,new ,york 4#ja-a_/b ,gross pr(it ( receiv] 4#jj-a_/b ,gross pr(it ( jobb] 4#ja-a_/b ,loss f c&l+ 4#ja-a_/b ,gross pr(it ( retail] 4#jd-a_/b ------- ,co/ to consum] 4#be ,! *eape/ grade ( eggs sold are tak5 by bak]ies & = cook+ purposes at re/aurants4 ,:5 cook$ ) o!r food an egg may h its flavor s cov]$ up t a v repulsive specim5 may be us$4 ,measures h be5 frequ5tly tak5 by city bo>ds ( heal? to /op ! sale ( spot rots & o!r l[ grade eggs4 ,! great difficulty ) su* regulations is t !y are difficult ( en=cem5t because no l9e ( dem>cation c be drawn z 9 ! case ( adult]at$ or pres]v$ products4 ,t embryo *icks & bact]ially contam9at$ eggs are consum$ by ! million _c be d\bt$1 b ! individual exam9ation ( ea* egg sold w\ld be ! only way 9 :i* ! food inspectors c prev5t _! use4 ,! egg f ! well-kept flock ^: subsequ5t h&l+ has be5 conduct$ ) intellig5ce & dispat* is ! only egg ^: purity is assur$ ) or )\t law4 ,! enc\ragem5t ( su* production & su* h&l+ is ! prop] sph]e ( gov]nm5tal regulations 9 reg>d to ?is product4 ,cold ,/orage ( ,eggs4 ,! supply ( eggs ranges f mon? to mon?1 ! heavy season ( production c5t]+ ab\t ,april & ! lighte/ run be+ 9 ,novemb]4 ,! cold /orage m5 beg9 /or+ eggs 9 ,m>* or ,april & cont9ue to /ore heavily until ,june1 aft] :i* "t ! quality det]iorates & does n keep well 9 /orage4 ,?is /orage /ock beg9s to move out 9 ,septemb] & %\ld be clean$ up by ,decemb]4 ,great loss may result if /orage eggs are held too long4 ,! effect ( ! /orage bus9ess is to ev5 up ! prices = ! ye>4 ,! r$uction ( ! exce$+ly high w9t] prices is un=tunate = ^? :o are skill$ en\gh to produce _m eggs at t season ( ! ye>1 b on a :ole ! /orage bus9ess adds to ! weal?-produc+ p[]s ( ! h51 = x s]ves to increase ! annual consumption ( eggs & prev5ts eggs f becom+ a drug on ! m>ket dur+ ! season ( heavy production4 ,m>* & ,april eggs are1 9 spite ( a long p]iod ( /orage1 ! be/ quality ( /orage /ock4 ,?is is acc\nt$ = by ! fact t ow+ to cool] wea!r & ris+ price eggs leave ! f>m 9 ! be/ condition at ?is season ( ! ye>4 ,because eggs are spoil$ by h>d freez+1 !y mu/ be kept at a high] temp]ature ?an meat & butt]4 ,temp]atures ( f #bi degrees to #cj degrees ,f4 are us$ 9 cold /orage ( eggs4 ,at su* temp]atures ! eggs1 if kept 9 moi/ air1 become moldy or mu/y4 ,to prev5t ?is mu/9ess ! air 9 a fir/ class /orage room is kept mod]ately dry4 ,?is %r9ks ! eggs1 ?\gh mu* m sl[ly ?an w\ld occur )\t /orage4 ,! gr[? ( bact]ia 9 cold /orage is practically prev5t$1 b if bact]ia are 9 ! eggs :5 /or$ !y w lie dormant & beg9 activity :5 ! eggs are w>m$ up4 ,( ! cold /orage egg z a :ole we c say x is a :olesome food product1 ?\gh some:at inf]ior 9 flavor & /r5g? ( :ite to a fre% egg4 ,! cold /orage egg c be v ne>ly duplicat$ 9 appe>ance & quality by all[+ eggs to /& = a week or two 9 a dry room4 ,cold /orage eggs1 :5 9 case lots1 c be told by ! c&l] because ( ! uni=m %r9kage1 ! pres5ce ( mold on crack$ eggs & p]haps ! occasional pres5ce ( c]ta9 k9ds ( spot rots peculi> to /orage /ock1 b ! absolute detection ( a s+le cold /orage egg1 s f> z ! writ] kn[s1 is impossible4 ,x may be fur!r said t ) ! pres5t prevail+ cu/om ( hold+ eggs )\t /orage facilities = ! fall rise ( price1 eggs plac$ 9 cold /orage 9 ,april are frequ5tly sup]ior to ! curr5t fall & e>ly w9t] receipts4 ,cold /orage eggs are g5]ally sold :olesale z cold /orage goods1 b are retail$ z eggs4 ,! fall eggs (f]$ to ! consum] cov] e imag9able v>iation 9 quality & ! poore/ ones sold may be a cold /orage product1 or !y may n be4 ,! ,bureau ( ,*emi/ry ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates ,dep>tm5t ( ,agriculture has rec5tly ann\nc$ ! f9d+ ( c]ta9 cry/als 9 ! yolks ( cold /orage eggs t are n pres5t 9 ! fre% /ock4 ,?is f9d+ ( a laboratory me?od ( detect+ cold /orage /ock 0 at fir/ tak5 to be a great discov]y4 ,fur!r inve/igation1 h[ev]1 indicates t ! cry/al m5tion$ =ms z ! egg ages & t ! rate ( =mation v>ies ) ! individual eggs & probably also ) ! temp]ature1 s t :ile cry/als may indicate an ag$ egg1 ! discov]y only means t ! microscopi/ 9 ! laboratory c n[ d 9 a half h\r :at any egg c&l] 9 8 boo? c d 9 t5 seconds4 ,at ! pres5t writ+ 7,febru>y1 #aiji7 !re has be5 mu* talk ( laws aga9/ ! sale ( cold /orage eggs z fre%4 ,! ,f$]al ,pure ,food ,commission1 "u ! g5]al law aga9/ misbr&+1 h made "o su* prosecution4 ,_m ,/ates h agitat$ su* laws b little or no?+ has be5 done4 ,i f9d t ! idea ( su* a law is q popul>1 especially ) p\ltrym54 ,contr>y to popul> op9ion1 ! cold /orage m5 & l>g] egg deal]s are n oppos$ to ! law4 ,! p t are hit are ! small deal]s & especially ! city groc]s4 ,^! fell[s buy ! eggs at :olesale /orage prices & sell !m at retail prices = fre%1 ?us mak+ excessive pr(its b cutt+ d[n ! am\nt ( ! sales4 ,?is less5s ! dem& = /orage /ock & l[]s ! :olesale price4 ,?is is ! reason ! :olesal] & w>eh\se man are 9 favor ( ! law4 ,we may all grant t ! opportunity giv5 ! small deal]s to grab quick ga9s & 9 s do+ hurt ! trade ought to be aboli%$4 ,b h[ are we to d x8 ,h ,/ate & ,f$]al br&+ ( ! cases z !y g into or come out ( /orage1 says "o--an excell5t plan1 to be sure by :i* ! groc]s c\ld buy "o case ( fre%1 eggs & a back room full ( /orage goods & d ,elijah's fl\r b>rel trick to p]fection4 ,cle>ly gov]nm5t inspection & /amp+ ( ea* egg is ! only me?od t w\ld be effective & ! consid]ation ( :at ?is means turns ! :ole matt] into a joke4 ,! (ficial inspection n[ ma9ta9$ by ! bo>ds ( trade ( ! l>g] cities may be ext5d$ & ! produc]s1 deal]s & consum+ public may be educat$ to appreciate quality 9 eggs1 z !y h be5 9 dairy products4 ,city & ,/ate laws may also be made :i* w taboo ! sale ( spot eggs or eggs t w float on wat]4 ,mean:ile1 a great opportunity is op5 = ! man :o has high grade eggs = sale1 :e!r he be produc] or tradesman4 ,_m eggs t w\ld n d = ord9>y /orage are pres]v$ by direct freez+4 ,^! eggs are brok5 & c>efully sort$ & plac$ 9 l>ge cans & !n froz54 ,su* a product is dispos$ ( to bak]s1 confection]s & o!rs desir+ eggs 9 l>ge quantities4 ,ano!r me?od ( pres]v+ eggs is by evaporation4 ,evaporat$ or dri$ egg is1 weight consid]$1 ab\t ! mo/ n\ri%+ food product kn[n4 ,! *ief value ( su* an article lies 9 provision+ inaccessible regions4 ,!re is no reason1 h[ev]1 :y ?is product %\ld n become a common article ( diet dur+ ! season ( high prices ( eggs4 ,dri$ eggs c be eat5 z cu/>ds1 omelets1 or simil> di%es4 ,pres]v+ ,eggs ,out ( ,cold ,/orage4 ,occasional articles h be5 pr9t$ 9 agricultural pap]s call+ att5tion to ! fact t ! cold /orage m5 7 reap+ va/ pr(its :i* rightfully belong$ to ! f>m]4 ,su* writ]s advise ! f>m] to s5d 8 own eggs to ! /orage h\se or to pres]ve !m by o!r means4 ,z a matt] ( fact ! bus9ess ( /or+ eggs has n ( late ye>s be5 p>ticul>ly pr(itable1 !re be+ sev]e losses dur+ sev]al seasons2 ,ev5 7 ! pr(it ( egg /or+ _m times great] ?an !y are ! above advice w\ld /ill be unwise1 = ! /or+1 remov+ & sell+ ( a small quantity ( eggs w\ld eat up all possible pr(it4 ,! only reliable me?ods ( pres]v+ eggs outside ( cold /orage are z foll[s3 ,lim+3 ,make a saturat$ solution ( lime1 to :i* salt may be add$1 let x settle1 dip (f ! cle> liquid1 put ! eggs 9 :ile fre%1 keep !m subm]g$ 9 ! liquid & keep ! liquid z cold z ! available location w p]mit4 ,wat] glass3 ,?is is exactly ! same z lim+ except t ! solution us$ is made by mix+ t5 p] c5t4 ( liquid wat] glass or sodium silicate ) wat]4 ,lim+ eggs 0 =m]ly m popul> ?an x is to-day4 ,!re are /ill two l>ge lim+ plants 9 ?is c\ntry & sev]al 9 ,canada4 ,9 ,europe bo? lime & wat] glass are us$ on a m ext5sive scale4 ,all lim$ or wat] glass$ eggs c be told at a glance by an exp]i5c$ c&l]4 ,!y pop op5 :5 boil$4 ,:5 prop]ly pres]v$ !y are z well or bett] flavor$ ?an /orage /ock1 b ! f>m] or p\ltryman w make frequ5t mi/akes & ?us ?r[ lots ( positively bad eggs on ! m>ket4 ,^! eggs mu/ be sold at a l[ price !mselves1 & by _! pres5ce ca/ suspicion on all eggs1 ?us t5d+ to suppress ! price paid to ! produc]s4 ,! f>m]s' ef=ts to pres]ve eggs has 9 ?is way act$ z a boom]ang1 & h 9 ! long run caus$ m loss ?an ga9 to ! produc]s4 ,= ! p\ltryman ) 8 own special outlet = high grade goods1 ! use ( pickl+ or cold /orage is g5]ally n to be consid]$ = fe> ( hurt+ 8 trade4 ,any s*eme t w\ld help to ov]come ! difficulty ( gett+ suffici5t fre% eggs to supply su* cu/om]s 9 ! season ( sc>city w\ld be ( great advantage4 ,! proposition ( pickl+ a limit$ numb] ( eggs & sell+ !m = cook+ purposes1 expla9+ j :at !y are1 ought to (f] some?+ ( a solution1 al?\gh1 to ! writ]'s k1 x has n be5 done4 ,improv$ ,me?ods ( ,m>ket+ ,f>m-,gr[n ,eggs4 ,! loss to ! f>m]s ( ?is c\ntry f ! c>eless h&l+ ( eggs is some?+ enorm\s4 ,no great or sudd5 *ange 9 ?is /ate ( affairs c be br\ght ab\t1 b a few po9ts on h[ ?is loss may be av]t$ w n be out ( ord]4 ,num]\s ef=ts h rec5tly be5 made 9 we/]n /ates to prev5t ! sale ( bad eggs by law4 ,m9nesota began ?is "w by arre/+ sev]al f>m]s & deal]s4 ,! p>ties inv>iably plead$ guilty4 ,a numb] ( o!r ,/ates foll[$ ! example ( ,m9nesota 9 *all5g+ ! sale ( rott5 eggs1 b few prosecutions 7 made4 ,su* laws mean well en\gh1 b ! only effici5t means ( en=c+ !m w\ld be to h food inspectors :o are tra9$ z practical c&l]s4 ,! pres5t usefulness ( ! laws is 9 call+ ! att5tion ( ! f>m] to ! mi/ake t he may be c>elessly committ+1 & 9 plac+ ov] him a fe> ( possible disgrace 9 case ( arre/ & prosecution4 ,! weakness ( ! law is ! difficulty ( its en=cem5t because ( ! numb] ( violations1 & ! difficulty ( draw+ di/9ct l9es 9 reg>d to :i* eggs are to be consid]$ unlawful4 ,education ( ! f>m] z to ! situation is1 ( c\rse1 ! sure/ means ( prev5t+ ! loss1 b ! education ( t5 millions ( f>m]s is easi] to sugge/ ?an to execute4 ,! mo/ effective plan ( education w\ld be ! introduction ( a me?od ( buy+ eggs simil> to ! "o 9 vogue 9 ,d5m>k1 9 :i* e produc] is paid /rictly 9 accordance ) ! quality ( 8 eggs4 ,) our complicat$ sy/em involv+ five to six deal]s betwe5 ! produc] & ! consum]1 su* a sy/em is well nigh impossible4 ,) ! introduction ( co-op]ative buy+ or ! community sy/em ( production1 pay+ = quality becomes entirely possible4 ,= ent]pris+ f>m+ communities1 ! foll[+ plans (f] a cure = ! evil ( g5]al /ore buy+ t take good & bad alike & causes ! wor?y f>m] to suff] = ! c>elessness & di%one/y ( 8 neighbor4 ,fir/3 ,! enc\ragem5t ( ! ca% buy+ ( produce1 &1 if possible1 ! c&l+ ( all eggs ) prop] d$uction = loss4 ,second3 ,! buy+ ( eggs by co-op]ative cream]ies4 ,! greate/ difficulty 9 ?is has be5 ! opposition ( ! m]*ants1 :o ?r\gh num]\s ways available 9 a small t[n1 may retaliate & injure ! cream]y patronage to an ext5t great] ?an ! newly in/all$ egg bus9ess w repay4 ,?ird3 ,! agreem5t ( ! m]*ants to turn all egg buy+ ov] to a s+le produce buy]4 ,?is has be5 successfully done 9 a few in/ances1 b !re are n _m t[ns 9 :i* ^? int]e/$ w /ick to su* an agreem5t4 ,! wor/ fault ) ?is plan is t ! mom5t ! egg buy] is giv5 a monopoly he is tempt$ to l[] ! f>m]'s prices = ! purpose ( increas+ 8 own pr(its4 ,f\r?3 ,a modification ( ! above s*eme is ! case 9 :i* ! produce buy] is on a sal>y & 9 ! employm5t ( ! m]*ants4 ,?is s*eme has be5 successfully c>ri$ into effect 9 "s ,nebraska t[ns4 ,x may be ! ultimate solution ( ! egg buy+ 9 ! ,we/4 ,x elim9ates ! temptation ( ! buy] to use 8 privilege ( monopoly to fatt5 8 own pocket-book4 ,! weakness ( ! plan is t a sal>i$ man's effici5cy 9 ! close b>ga9+ necess>y to sell ! goods is inf]ior to t ( ! man trad+ = himself4 ,o!r difficulties are3 ,gett+ a gr\p ( m]*ants :o w live up to su* an agreem5t2 ! f>m]s object to driv+ to two places2 ! competition ( o!r t[ns2 ! m]*ants' realization t1 ! f>m] ) ca% 9 8 pocket or a *eck good at all /ores1 is n z c]ta9 a trad] z "o /&+1 egg basket on arm1 be=e ! c\nt]2 & la/1 & mo/ conv9c+1 ! m]*ant's fur!r realization t any f9e ,saturday morn+1 ) eggs sell+ at fifte5 c5ts at ! produce h\se1 he may /ick out a c>d ,sixte5 ,c5ts ,paid = ,eggs & make m money 9 "o day ?an 8 competitors did all week4 ,fif?3 ,co-op]ative egg buy+ by ! f>m]s !mselves4 ,?is has be5 discuss$ 9 a previ\s *apt]4 ,x is all "r 9 localities :]e ! bus9ess is big en\gh to w>rant x & ! f>m]s are intellig5t & en?usia/ic to back x up & /ick to x4 ,! ,high ,grade ,egg ,bus9ess4 ,!re are _m excell5t opportunities = m5 ( mod]ate capital & ability 9 ! high grade egg trade4 ,! produce bus9ess on its pres5t l9e1 ei!r at ! c\ntry end or at ! city end1 is z op5 z any well-kn[n =m ( bus9ess ent]prise c be4 ,! *ances ( success = a man new to ! trade w be bett]1 h[ev]1 if he c f9d a ni*e 9 ! bus9ess :]e he may cr[d 9 & e/abli% himself be=e ! old firms realize :at is up4 ,! proposition ( buy+ high grade eggs f produc]s & sell+ direct to consum]s is a proposition ( ?is k9d4 ,! little game ( exi/5ce is *iefly "o ( ape+ our bett]s & /rutt+ be=e ! less] memb]s ( ! flock4 ,! l>ge cities are full ( p 9 se>* ( "s way to display _! sup]ior weal?1 ta/e & exclusiv5ess4 ,if an +5i\s deal] takes a doz5 eggs f common c&l$ /ock1 places !m 9 a blue l9$ box & labels !m ,exquisite ,ov>ian ,deposital1 he c sell q a few ( !m at a long price1 b ! game has its limits4 ,n[1 let ?is man secure a truly high grade article f reliable produc]s1 tea* 8 cu/om]s ! po9ts t actually di/+ui% 8 eggs f common /ock1 & he c get n only ! suck] trade above ref]r$ to b a m satisfactory & p]man5t trade f t class ( p :o are will+ to pay = g5u9e sup]iority b ^: e>s h n q gr[n ?r\gh _! hats4 ,an express mess5g] runn+ out ( ,/4 ,l\is became int]e/$ 9 ! egg trade4 ,he arrang$ ) a few c\ntry fri5ds to %ip him _! eggs4 ,^! he c&l$ 9 8 h\se cell> & began sell+ !m to a limit$ trade 9 ! weal?y section ( ! city4 ,at fir/ he deliv]$ ! eggs himself4 ,?is 0 9 ! ,_w's ,fair ye> ( #aijd4 ,9 #aijh he did a #ajj1jjj wor? ( bus9ess & 8 type ( bus9ess %[s a mu* bett] p]c5tage ( pr(it ?an t ( ! ord9>y type ( deal]4 ,9 ,*icago1 "o ( ! l>ge dairy companies e/abli%$ an egg dep>tm5t & plac$ a "y man 9 *>ge ( x4 ,! eggs 9 ?is case are n b\ght ( f>m]s b are secur$ f c\ntry produce buy]s :om ! ,*icago company h enc\rag$ to educate _! f>m]s to br+ 9 a high grade ( goods4 ,^! p buy _! eggs 9 ,t5nessee 9 ! w9t] & 9 ,m9nesota 9 ! summ]1 ?us gett+ ! be/ eggs ! ye> r\nd4 ,!y sell by wagon on regul> r\tes4 ,! bus9ess is gr[+ nicely & pays good pr(its4 ,o!r simil> conc]ns are op]at+ 9 ,*icago & o!r l>ge cities4 ,!y are n num]\s1 h[ev]1 & !re is room = m4 ,! reason ! bus9ess has n be5 ov]done is *iefly because ( ! difficulty ( gett+ suffici5tly really high grade eggs 9 ! season ( sc>city4 ,s\!rn w9t] eggs are de/9$ to relieve ?is situation m & m4 ,ano!r great difficulty ) a plan t attempts to buy eggs directly f ! produc] is t premium (f]$ on ! goods tempts ! f>m] to g out & buy up eggs f 8 neighbors4 ,?is br+s disa/r\s results 9 ! quality ( ! goods & ! f>m] mu/ be dropp$ f ! li/4 ,9 ord] to make a success1 a sy/em ( buy+ directly f produc]s mu/ be bas$ ^u a grad+ s*eme t w pay = ! actual quality ( ! eggs4 ,no fe> !n ne$ be ex]cis$ z to :e!r ! f>m] sells 8 own eggs or ^? ( 8 neighbor4 ,! foll[+ extract f ,f>m]'s ,bullet9 #abh ( ! ,u4,s4 ,dep>tm5t ( ,agriculture has be5 us$ z adv]tis+ dope 9 ! sale ( high grade eggs3 ,"u c]ta9 conditions eggs may be ! cause ( illness by communicat+ "s bact]ial disease or "s p>asite4 ,x is possible = an egg to become infect$ ) micro-organisms1 ei!r be=e x is laid or aft]4 ,! %ell is por\s1 & (f]s no great] resi/ance to micro-organisms :i* cause disease ?an x does to ^? :i* cause ! egg to spoil or rot4 ,:5 ! infect$ egg is eat5 raw ! microorganisms1 if pres5t1 are communicat$ to man & may cause disease4 ,if an egg rema9s 9 a dirty ne/1 defil$ ) ! micro-organisms :i* cause typhoid fev]1 c>ri$ !re on ! h5's feet or fea!rs1 x is n /range if "s ( ^! bact]ia occasionally p5etrate ! %ell & ! egg ?us becomes a possible s\rce ( infection4 ,p]haps "o ( ! mo/ common tr\bles due to bact]ial infection ( eggs is ! m or less s]i\s illness sometimes caus$ by eat+ ^? :i* are '/ale4' ,?is (t5 resembles ptoma9e poison+1 :i* is caus$1 n by micro-organisms !mselves1 b by ! poison\s products :i* !y elaborate f mat]ials on :i* !y gr[4 ,9 view ( ?is possibility1 x is be/ to keep eggs z clean z possible & ?us endeavor to prev5t infection4 ,clean p\ltry-h\ses1 p\ltry-runs & ne/s are important1 & eggs %\ld always be /or$ & m>ket$ "u sanit>y conditions4 ,! subject ( h&l+ food 9 a cleanly mann] is giv5 entirely too little att5tion4 ,! repr9t ^u ! succe$+ pages w give "s idea ( ! adv]tis+ lit]ature us$ 9 sell+ high grade eggs4 ,?is is a copy ( a h&-bill ins]t$ 9 ! egg boxes ( a prom95t ,*icago deal]3 99 99 99 99 99 ,,moore',s ,,breakfa/ ,,eggs are gu>ante$ to be p]fect 9 quality :5 y receive !m & to rema9 s until all eat5 up4 ,if = any reason !y are n satisfactory return ! ,eggs to y\r deal] & get y\r money back4 7,signature47 ,,we ,,urge ,,y to assi/ u 9 our endeavor to furni% y at all times ) ! f9e/ ,eggs by be+ c>eful to ,,keep ,,!m ,,dry ,a damp fill] w 9 #bd h\rs make ! f9e/ fre% ,eggs ta/e l old ,cold ,/orage ,eggs4 ,! flavor ( an ,egg _c be detect$ ev5 by ! p[]ful electric lights us$ to inspect e ,egg 9 ?is package1 s x might be possible = a /rong ,egg to get by our inspectors1 b 9 ! pa/ ! cause ( ne>ly e compla9t has be5 trac$ to ! consum]'s ice box or pantry w9d[ sill4 ,,rememb] ,eggs are #be;c-#dj;c p] doz4 retail only :5 f9e ,eggs are sc>ce4 ,ord9>ily we c get a suffici5t supply f ! f>m]s br++ milk daily to ! cream]ies :]e we make ,delicia ,pure ,cream ,butt]1 b 9 times ( sc>city we (t5 h to g z f> z ,oklahoma1 ,arkansas or ,t5nessee to f9d ! be/ ,eggs4 ,^! are n equal to our cream]y ,eggs b are ! fre%e/ & be/ to be _h & are va/ly sup]ior to ! old ,cold ,/orage ,eggs t flood ! m>ket at su* times4 ,be ,sure ,?is ,seal is ,unbrok5 ,:5 ,y ,get ! ,eggs ,w4 ,s4 ,,moore ,,co41 ,*icago ,(fice--#aca ,s\? ,wat] ,/reet4 ,buy+ ,eggs ,by ,weight4 ,:5ev] an improv$ me?od ( buy+ is in/all$1 eggs %\ld be b\ght ( ! produc] by weight4 ,z f> z sell+ to ! consum] is conc]n$1 ! pres5t s*eme is m feasible2 ?is s*eme is to grade accord+ to ! size & o!r qualities1 & sell by ! doz51 ! price p] doz5 v>y+ accord+ to ! grade4 ,buy+ by weight simplifies ! problem ( grad+4 ,x w1 9 addition1 only be necess>y to h a f9e ( s mu* = eggs t are wrong 9 quality4 ,= rott5 or heat$ eggs %\ld be d$uct$ an am\nt consid]ably 9 excess ( _! value1 = _! pres5ce is a s\rce ( dang] to ! reputation ( ! br&4 ,%runk5 eggs are h>d to classify4 ,9 ord] t ?is may be done fairly & uni=mly ! specific gravity or br9e te/ %\ld be us$4 ,all eggs t float 9 a giv5 salt br9e (1 say1 #a4je specific gravity %\ld be f9$4 ,two or m grades c be made 9 ?is fa%ion if desir$4 ,! ,retail+ ( ,eggs by ! ,produc]4 ,9 p\ltry pap]s ! p\ltryman has be5 commonly advis$ to get ne> a l>ge city & retail 8 own eggs at a fancy price4 ,?is s\nds all "r on pap] b 9 practice x works out diff]5tly4 ,a man _c be 9 two places or d two ?+s at ! same "t4 ,! p\ltryman's "t is valuable on 8 plant1 & ! "q is :e!r he c h&le city sales z well z a man :o made x 8 bus9ess4 ,if ! p\ltryman tries to retail 8 own goods he w be work+ on too small a scale to adv]tise 8 goods or to make deliv]ies economically4 ,! man mak+ a specialty ( ! city end c sell t5 to a hundr$ times z mu* produce z "o p\ltryman c produce4 ,) a gr\p ( p\ltry f>m]s work+ co-op]atively1 or a l>ge corporation hav+ contracts ) produc]s1 ! produc+ & sell+ end c be br\ght "u ! same managem5t advantage\sly4 ,! isolat$ p\ltryman1 unless he f9d a m>ket at 8 v door1 w d bett] to p]mit at lea/ "o middleman to slip 9 betwe5 himself & ! consum]4 ,b !re is no reason :y he %\ld n "k ?is middleman p]sonally & insi/ ^u a me?od ( buy+ t w pay him ^u ! m]its ( 8 goods4 ,consign+ eggs or any o!r produce to commission m51 )\t a def9ite und]/&+1 w always be1 z x always has be51 a s\rce ( dissatisfaction & loss4 ,!re is a great opportunity "h = ! man :o c organize a sy/em t %all d away ) commission h\ses1 o!r int]m$iate /eps1 & =m ! s+le /ep f produc] to consum]4 ,"s p say t f>m]s _c be dealt ) 9 ?is mann]4 ,su* p w\ld probably h said z mu* ab\t g5]al m]*&is+ be=e ! days ( ! mail ord] h\ses4 ,x is all a matt] ( effici5t organization4 ,a sy/em ( bus9ess fitt$ to deal 9 c>load lots w1 ( c\rse1 fail :5 deal+ ) half cases4 ,x is m difficult to deal 9 little ?+s ?an 9 big ones because ! m>g9 is clos]1 b x c & w be done4 ,! ,price ( ,eggs4 ,we w consid] ! price ( all eggs f ! quotation ( ,we/]n fir/s 9 ! ,new ,york m>ket4 ,! reason = ?is is evid5t4 ,e egg rais$ ea/ ( ,colorado is 9 l9e = %ipm5t to ,new ,york4 ,if o!r t[ns get eggs !y mu/ pay suffici5tly to keep !m f go+ to ,new ,york4 ,9 pric+ eggs we h fir/ to consid] ! price ( ,we/]n fir/s 9 ,new ,york & secondly ! quality relation ( ! p>ticul> grade to ,we/]n fir/s & ! consequ5t relation 9 price4 ,! price ( eggs v>ies ) ! price ( o!r commodities z ! p]iods ( prosp]ity & adv]sity foll[ "o ano!r ?r\gh ! ye>s4 ,z is well kn[n1 all prices 9 ! '#ij's pass$ ?r\gh a p]iod ( depression4 ,= eggs ?is rea*$ a base 9 #ahig4 ,s9ce !n !re has be5 a gradual climb till ?is realiz$ a high po9t 9 #aijd1 rema9$ high till #aijg4 ,9 ! spr+ ( #aijh egg prices dropp$ aga91 b ! fall prices ( #aijh 7 exceptionally high4 ,z ?is "w goes to press 7,may1 #aiji7 eggs are go+ into /orage at ! highe/ ,may price on record4 ,! prices ( eggs also v>y indep5d5tly ( o!r commodities because ( a gradual *ang+ relation betwe5 production & consumption4 ,z /at$ 9 ! fir/ *apt] ! prices ( p\ltry products h %[n a g5]al rise :5 comp>$ ) o!r articles4 ,?is has be5 mo/ m>k$ s9ce #aijj4 ,z = ! future we _c prophesy save to say t !re is no?+ 9 sight to lead u to believe t we w n g /ill high] 9 egg prices4 ,a ?ird v>iation 9 ! price ( eggs is ! "o caus$ by ! seasonal relation ( production & consumption4 ,?is *ange is f ye> to ye> fairly con/ant4 ,its normal may be se5 9 ! sci5tifically smoo!d curve 9 plate ,,iv4 ,?is curve is bas$ ^u ! ,new ,york prices = ! la/ eighte5 ye>s4 ,9 addition to ^! broad] influ5ces !re are di/urb+ t5d5cies t cause ! m>ket to fluctuate back & =? across ! l9e :]e ! m g5]al influ5ces w\ld place x4 ,( ^? g5]al factors1 wea!r is ! mo/ important4 ,/orms1 ra9 & cold 9 ! egg produc+ region decrease ! lay1 l[] supplies & raise ! price4 ,?is is due bo? to ! fact t lay+ is cut d[n & t ! c\ntry roads become impassable & ! f>m]s d n br+ ! eggs to t[n4 ,z long z !re are /orage eggs 9 ! w>eh\ses wea!r conditions are n s effective1 b :5 ^! are gone1 :i* is usually ab\t ! fir/ ( ! ye>1 ! egg m>ket becomes highly s5sitive to all wea!r *anges4 ,suppose late 9 ,febru>y /orms & sn[s =ce up ! price ( eggs4 ,?is is foll[$ by a w>m spell :i* />ts ! ,m>* lay4 ,! roads1 mean:ile1 are 9 a quagmire f melt+ sn[s4 ,:5 !y d dry up eggs come to t[n by ! wagon loads4 ,a drop ( t5 c5ts or m may occur on su* occasions )9 a day or two's "t4 ,?is is kn[n z ! spr+ drop & = "o to get caught ) eggs on h& means heavy losses4 ,:5 once eggs h suff]$ ?is drop to ! spr+ level or ! /orage price = ! season1 ! prices = ,april1 ,may & ,june w rema9 fairly /eady4 ,ab\t ! la/ week 9 ,june ! summ] climb beg9s4 ,?is goes on v /eadily ) local v>iation ( ab\t ! same z ^? ( ! spr+ mon?s4 ,! /orage eggs beg9 to come out 9 ,augu/ & at fir/ sell ab\t ! same z fre%4 ,z ! season advances ! fre% product cont9ues to rise 9 price4 ,! /orage egg price w rema9 fairly uni=m4 ,by ,novemb] ! season ( high prices is rea*$4 ,if /orage eggs are /ill pl5tiful & ! wea!r is mild sudd5 v>iations 9 price may occur4 ,^! are caus$ by a fe> t ! /orage eggs w n all be consum$ be=e spr+4 ,if an ov]supply ( eggs h be5 /or$ a w>m spell 9 w9t] w make a heavy drop 9 ! m>ket1 b if /orage eggs are sc>ce ! sudd5 v>iations w be up-%ots due to cold waves4 ,f ,novemb] until spr+ egg prices are a creature ( ! wea!r maps & sudd5 jumps f #e to #aj c5ts may occur at any "t4 ,illu/ration3 ,plate ,,iv4 ,page #aei4 ,graphs ( egg prices & volume ( egg sales z !y v>y ?r\gh\t ! ye>4 ,! price curve ( #aijh1 :i* is repres5t$ by ! dott$ l9e 9 plate ,,iv w illu/rate ^! g5]al pr9ciples4 ,9 ! l[] portion ( plate ,,iv is giv5 ! curves = ! ,new ,york receipts4 ,! heavy l9e repres5ts ! smoo!d or normal curve1 d$uc$ f eighte5 ye>s' /ati/ics & calculat$ = ! ye> #aijh4 ,! dott$ l9e %[s ! actual receipts ( #aijh4 ,a comp>ison week by week ( ! receipts & price w %[ ! detail$ work+s ( ! law ( supply & dem&4 ,aside f ! wea!r !re are o!r factors t p]ceptibly affect ! receipts & price ( eggs4 ,a high price ( meat w increase f>m & village consumption ( eggs & cut d[n ! receipts t rea* ! city4 ,abundance ( fruit 9 ! city m>ket w cut d[n ! dem& = eggs4 ,a cold1 wet spr+ w increase ! mortality ( *icks & cause a decreas$ egg yield ! foll[+ season1 due to a sc>city ( pullets4 ,sc>city & high price ( fe$ w cut d[n ! egg yield4 ,high price ( h5s is said by "s to cut d[n ! egg yield1 b ,i ?9k ?is is d\btful1 z ! impulse to sell (f ! h5s is c\nt]act$ by ! desire to keep 'em & raise m4 ,! foll[+ are ! quotations tak5 f ! ,new ,york ,price-,curr5t = ,novemb] #ad1 #aijh3 ,/ate1 ,p5nsylvania & ne>by fre% eggs cont9ue 9 v small supply & ( m or less irregul> quality1 a good _m be+ mix$ ) held eggs--sometimes ) pickl$ /ock4 ,! few new laid lots receiv$ direct f h5n]ies comm& extreme prices--sometimes work+ out 9 a small way above any figures t c\ld fairly be quot$ z a :olesale value4 ,we quote3 ,select$ :ite1 fancy1 #dhej;c42 d41 fair to *oice1 #cedf;c42 d41 l[] grades1 #bfcb;c42 br[n & mix$1 fancy1 #chdj;c42 d41 fair to *oice1 #cjcf;c2 d41 l[] grades1 #bebh;c4 ,n4,y4 ,m]cantile ,ex*ange ,(ficial ,quotations4 ,fre% ga!r$1 extras1 p] doz5 #cg ,fre% ga!r$1 fir/s #cb #cc ,fre% ga!r$1 seconds #bi #ca ,fre% ga!r$1 ?irds #be #bh ,dirties1 ,no4 #a #ba #bb ,dirties1 ,no4 #b #ah #bj ,dirties1 inf]ior #ab #ag ,*ecks1 fre% ga!r$1 fair to prime #ah #bj ,*ecks1 inf]ior #ab #af ,refrig]ator1 fir/s1 *>ges paid = season #bd #bd-a_/b ,refrig]ator1 fir/s1 on dock #bc #bc-a_/b ,refrig]ator1 seconds1 *>ges paid = season #bb-a_/b #bc-a_/b ,refrig]ator1 seconds1 on dock #ba-a_/b #bb-a_/b ,refrig]ator1 ?irds #bj #ba ,lim$1 fir/s #bb-a_/b #bc ,lim$1 seconds #ba #bb ,! writ] 0 9 ! ,new ,york m>ket at ! "t & saw _m cases ( ,:ite ,leghorn eggs sell :olesale at z high z #ee c5ts4 ,^! 7 commonly retail$ at #e c5ts ea*4 ,!re 7 a good _m br&s retail+ at #fe c5ts & "o ( ! l>ge/ high class groc]ies 0 sell+ = #gj c5ts4 ,?is is practically d\ble ! (ficial quotations & ?ree times t ( cold /orage /ock4 ,! above prices repres5t a fair sample ( ! fall prices ( #aijh4 ,x %\ld be not$ t ! #aijh fall prices 7 relatively some:at bett] ?an ! re/ ( ! season4 ,! "t ( high prices is also ! "t ( ! greate/ v>iation 9 ! price ( ! diff]5t grades4 ,9 ! spr+time all eggs are fairly fre% & good1 & ! fancie/ eggs br+ :olesale only two or ?ree c5ts above quotations4 ,!re are a few retail]s :o hold ! spr+ prices to _! cu/om]s up above ! g5]al m>ket4 ,"o ,new ,york firm t does a l>ge high class egg bus9ess nev] lets _! price at any season g bel[ #dj c5ts4 ,?is1 ( c\rse1 means big pr(its & sales only to ^? :o1 :5 !y are satisfi$1 nev] bo!r ab\t price4 ,9 ! fall any man :o has fre% eggs c sell !m at v ne> ! highe/ price1 b 9 ! spr+ only a small p] c5t4 c g at fancy prices & ! great majority ( ev5 ! high grade eggs mu/ g at v ord9>y prices4 ,9 ! summ] mon?s !re is n s mu* dem& 9 ! cities1 z ! weal?y are n !re to buy4 ,! coa/ & m\nta9 resorts are !n good m>kets = fancy produce4 ,,*apt] ,,xiii ,,bre$s ,,( ,,*ick5s ,i d n place mu* dep5d5ce on ! results ( bre$ te/s4 ,inde$1 ,i consid] ! almo/ univ]sal use ( ! ,b>r$ ,rock 9 ! mo/ productive f>m p\ltry regions 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 & ! equal pr$om9ance ( ,s4,c4 ,:ite ,leghorns on ! egg f>ms ( ,new ,york & ,cali=nia1 z f> m conclusive ?an any possible bre$ te/s4 ,bre$ ,te/s4 ,9 ,au/ralia !re has be5 conduct$ a s]ies ( bre$ te/s s rem>kable & ext5sive t ! writ] consid]s !m well wor? quot+4 ,! ,hawkesbury ,agricultural ,college te/s ext5d ov] a p]iod ( five ye>s1 ! p5s ent]$ 7 ( six birds ea*1 & ! "t "o ye>4 ,! results 7 z foll[s3 ,no4 ( ,p5s ,yield ( ,av]age ,yield ,compet+ ,highe/ ,p5 ( ,all ,p5s #aijc 444 #gj #bah #afc #aijd 444 #ajj #bjd #aeb #aije 444 #ajj #bce #afb #aijf 444 #ajj #bdg #agg #aijg 444 #fj #bde #agc ,! w9n]s & los]s = five ye>s 7 z foll[s3 ,w9n+ ,p5 ,los+ ,p5 #aijc ,silv] ,wy&otte ,silv] ,wy&otte #aijd ,silv] ,wy&otte ,p>tridge ,wy&otte #aije ,s4,c4,w4 ,leghorns ,s4,c4,w4 ,leghorns #aijf ,black ,lang%ans ,gold5 ,wy&otte #aijg ,s4,c4,w4 ,leghorns ,s4,c4,b4 ,leghorns ,z a matt] ( fact1 ! w9n+ p5 means little = bre$ comp>ison4 ,?is is %[n by ! w9n+ & los+ p5s frequ5tly be+ ( ! same bre$4 ,! av]age = h5s ( "o bre$ = ! :ole five ye>s is m enlight5+4 ,= ! ?ree mo/ popul> ,au/ralian bre$s1 ^! gr& av]ages are3 ,av]age ,av4 ,wt4 ,eggs4 ,no4 ,h5s ,egg ,yield ,oz4 ,p] ,doz4 ,s4,c4,w4 ,leghorns 444 #efd #age4e #bf4d ,black ,orp+tons 444 #ebb #aff4f #bf4a ,silv] ,wy&ottes 444 #dgd #afa4a #bd4i ,^! figures are und\bt$ly ! mo/ tru/wor?y bre$ comp>isons t h ev] be5 obta9$4 ,:5 we g into ! o!r bre$s1 h[ev]1 ) small] numb]s ent]$1 ! results %[ *ance v>iation & become untru/wor?y1 = illu/ration3 ,r4,c4 ,br[n ,leghorns1 ) #db birds ent]$1 h an av]age ( #agf4d4 ,?is does n signify t ! ,r4,c4 ,br[ns are bett] ?an ! ,s4,s4 ,:ites1 = if ! ,:ites 7 divid$ by *ance into a doz5 lots ( simil> size1 "s w\ld und\bt$ly h surpass$ ! ,r4,c4 ,br[ns4 ,z fur!r pro(1 take ! case ( ! ,r4,c4,w4 ,leghorns ) #cf birds ent]$ & an egg yield ( #aff4i4 ,bo? bre$s are probably a little poor] lay]s ?an ,s4,c4 ,:ites1 b luck 0 ) ! ,r4,c4 ,br[ns & aga9/ ! ,r4,c4 ,:ites4 ,= a discussion ( ?is pr9ciple ( ! wor? ( av]ages f diff]5t siz$ flocks see ,*apt] ,,xv4 ,all ,leghorns 9 ! te/s ) #hdf birds ent]$1 av]ag$ #agj4c eggs ea*4 ,all ( ! g5]al purpose bre$s 7,rocks1 ,wy&ottes1 ,r$s & ,orp+tons71 ) #adaf birds ent]$1 av]ag$ #afj4b4 ,! comp>ison betwe5 ! ,leghorns & ! g5]al purpose f[ls z classes is und\bt$ly a fair "o4 ,a /udy ( ! relations betwe5 ! lead+ bre$s 9 ^! gr\ps & ! g5]al av]age ( ^! gr\ps is wor? :ile4 ,x be>s out ! writ]'s /atem5t t ! be/ f[ls ( a gr\p or bre$ are to be f\nd 9 ! popul> v>iety ( t bre$4 ,! ,au/ralian p\ltryman1 want+ utility only1 w\ld d wise to *oose out ( ! ?ree great ,au/ralian bre$s "h m5tion$4 ,! ,s4,c4,w4 ,leghorn is ! only "o ( ! ?ree bre$s to :i* ! advice w\ld apply 9 ,am]ica4 ,b>r$ ,rocks & p]haps ,:ite ,wy&ottes1 w\ld "h repres5t ! o!r types4 ,!re is "o m po9t 9 ! ,au/ralian records wor?y ( especial m5tion4 ,! w9n+ p5 9 #aijf 7 ,black ,lang%ans &1 :at seems /ill m rem>kable1 7 daught]s ( birds pur*as$ f ! orig9al home ( ,lang%ans 9 ,nor? ,*9a4 ,o!r p5s ( ,lang%ans 9 ! te/ fail$ to make rem>kable records1 b ?is p5 ( ,*9ese /ock1 ) a record ( #bdf #e-f99 eggs p] h5 = ! fir/ ye> & #dad #a-b99 eggs p] h5 = two ye>s1 is ! _w's record lay]s beyond all quibble4 ,?is record is held by a bre$ & a region 9 :i* we w\ld n expect to f9d great lay]s4 ,?is hold+ ( ! record by a bre$ hi!rto n consid]$ a lay+ type1 w\ld be comp>able to a t5d]foot bagg+ ! pots 9 an ,arizona gambl+ d54 ,if ! latt] incid5t %\ld occur & be h]ald$ 9 ! pap]s x w\ld be no pro( t x w\ld pay ano!r ,ea/]n y\? to ru% out to ,arizona4 ,x is probable t ! man :o1 on ! /r5g? ( ?is s+le record1 /ocks an egg f>m ) import$ ,*9ese ,lang%ans1 w f>e z ! second t5d]foot4 ,! ye> foll[+ ! ,lang%an w9n+1 ! fir/ elev5 w9n+ p5s 7 all ,s4,c4,w4 ,leghorns4 ,?is is also rem>kable--mu* m rem>kable 9 fact ?an ! ,lang%ans record4 ,x is l a royal flu% 9 a pok] game4 ,/&+ alone1 ?is w\ld be v sugge/ive evid5ce ( ! em95ce ( ! bre$4 ,/&+ z x does1 ) ! comb9$ evid5ce ( ye>s & numb]s1 x gives ! ,s4,c4,w4 ,leghorn h5 ! same reputation 9 ,au/ralia z %e has 9 ,am]ica & ,d5m>k--t ( be+ ! greate/ egg ma*9e ev] creat$4 ,isolat$ evid5ce is mislead+4 ,accumulat$ evid5ce is conv9c+4 ,! diff]5ce betwe5 ! sci5ti/ & ! en?usia/ is t ! =m] kn[s ! diff]5ce betwe5 ^! two classes ( evid5ce4 ,! ,h5's ,ance/ors4 ,to "o :o is unfamili> ) ! diff]5t types ( *ick5s f\nd 9 a p\ltry %[room1 x seems incr$ible t ^! v>ieties %\ld h desc5d$ f "o p>5t s\rce4 ,x 01 h[ev]1 held by ,d>w9 t all dome/ic *ick5s 7 sprung f a s+le species ( ,indian jungle f[l4 ,o!r sci5ti/s h s9ce disput$ ,d>w9's conclusion1 b x does n seem to ! writ] t ! orig9 ( dome/ic f[ls f m ?an "o wild v>iety makes ! *anges t h tak5 place "u dome/ication any less rem>kable4 ,! buff1 :ite & dom9ique colors1 unhe>d ( 9 wild species1 frizzles ) _! fea!rs all awry1 ! ,poli% ) _! de=m$ skulls & ! sooty f[ls ^: sk9 & bones are black1 are "s ( ! rem>kable *>act]s t h sprung up & be5 pres]v$ "u dome/ication4 ,! v>ieties ( dome/ic f[l =m "o ( ! mo/ pr(\nd exhibits ( man's control ov] ! laws ( inh]itance4 ,:at makes ^! wond]s all ! m inexplicable is t ^! pr(\nd *anges 7 accompli%$ 9 an age :5 a sci5tific /udy ( bre$+ 0 a ?+ unhe>d (4 ,! wild *ick5 :om ,d>w9 cr$its z ! p>5t ( ! mod]n gall9ace\s m5ag]ie1 is small] ?an mod]n f[ls & is color$ 9 a mann] simil> to ! ,black-brea/$ ,game4 ,! habits ( ?is bird are l ^? ( ! quail & prairie-*ick51 bo? ( :i* belong to ! same zoological family4 ,f its natural home 9 ,india ! *ick5 spread ea/ & we/4 ,*9ese p\ltry culture is anci5t4 ,9 ,*9a1 z well z 9 ,india1 ! *ief c>e seems to h be5 to bre$ v l>ge f[ls1 & f ^! c\ntries all ! l>ge1 heavily fea!r$ & fea!r legg$ *ick5s ( ! mod]n _w h come4 ,p\ltry is also kn[n to h be5 br$ 9 ! e>ly ,babylonian & ,egyptian p]iods4 ,"h1 h[ev]1 ! progress 0 9 a diff]5t l9e f t ( ,*9a4 ,artificial incubation 0 e>ly develop$1 & ! selection 0 = birds t produc$ eggs cont9ually1 r ?an = ^? t laid few] eggs & brood$ 9 ! natural mann]4 ,! ,egyptian type ( *ick5 spread to ! c\ntries bord]+ on ! ,m$it]ranean1 & f ,s\!rn ,europe our non-sitt+ bre$s ( f[ls h be5 import$4 ,?r\gh\t ! c\ntries ( ,nor!rn ,europe m9or diff]5ces 7 develop$4 ,! ,fr5* *ick5s 7 select$ = ! quality ( ! meat1 :ile 9 ,pol& ! peculi> top-knott$ bre$ is suppos$ to h be5 =m$4 ,! ,engli% ,dork+ is "o ( ! olde/ ( ,european bre$s & is possess$ ( five toes4 ,five-to$ f[ls 7 report$ 9 ,rome & exi/ to-day 9 ,turkey & ,japan4 ,! ,dork+s may be desc5d$ directly f ! ,roman f[ls1 or v>i\s /ra9s ( five-to$ f[ls may h aris5 indep5d5tly f ! pres]vation ( sports4 ,! *ief po9t to be not$ 9 all ,european p\ltry is t x diff]s f ,asiatic p\ltry 9 be+ small]1 light] fea!r$1 quick] matur+1 ( great] egg-produc+ capacity1 less dispos$ to become broody1 & m active ?an ! ,asiatic f[l4 ,! e>ly ,am]ican h5s 7 ( ,european orig91 b ( no fix$ bre$s4 ,ab\t #ahdj ,italian *ick5s began to be import$4 ,^!1 ) /ock f ,spa91 h be5 br$ = fix$ types ( =m & color1 & con/itute our ,m$it]ranean or non-sitt+ bre$s ( ! pres5t day4 ,soon aft] ! importation ( ,italian *ick5s a *ance importation 0 made f ,s\!a/]n ,asia4 ,^! ,asiatic *ick5s 7 q diff]5t f any?+ yet se51 & fur!r importations foll[$4 ,p\ltry-bre$+ soon became ! fa%ion4 ,! fir/ p\ltry %[ 0 held 9 ,bo/on 9 ! e>ly '#ej's4 ,! ,asiatic f[ls import$ 7 gray or yell[i%-r$ 9 color1 & 7 v>i\sly kn[n z ! ,brahmapootras1 ,co*9-,*9as & ,%anghais4 ,) ! rapid developm5t ( p\ltry-bre$+ !re came a desire to produce new v>ieties4 ,e conceivable =m ( cross-bre$+ 0 resort$ to4 ,! great majority ( bre$s & v>ieties z !y exi/ to-day are ! results ( crosses foll[$ by a few ye>s ( selection = ! desir$ =m & color4 ,_m ( our common bre$s /ill give u occasional individuals t resemble "s ( ! types f :i* ! bre$ 0 =m$4 ,! exact hi/ory ( ! =mation ( ! ,am]ican or mix$ bre$s is 9 dispute1 b x is c]ta9 t !y h be5 =m$ f a complex mix+ ( blood f bo? ,european & ,asiatic s\rces4 ,! ,engli% h rec5tly furni%$ ! _w ) a v popul> bre$ :i* 0 orig9at$ by ! same me?ods4 ,i ref] to ! ,orp+tons4 ,! ev] gr[+ multiplicity ( v>ieties ( *ick5 is 9 reality only casually relat$ to ! bus9ess ( ! p\ltryman ^: object is ! production ( human food4 ,bre$+ z an art or vocation1 is a s\rce ( endless pleasure to man1 & z su*1 is z wor?y ( enc\ragem5t z is pa9t+1 music1 or ! collection ( ! bones ( prehi/oric animals4 ,bre$+ z an art has produc$ _m =ms ( *ick5s t are entirely wor?less z food produc]s1 b ?is same gr\p ( p\ltry bre$]s1 temp]$ to be sure by ! dem&s ( comm]cialism1 h produc$ o!r bre$s t are c]ta9ly sup]ior = ! v>i\s comm]cial purposes to ! unselect$ f[ls ( ! old-fa%ion$ f>m-y>d4 ,! mongrel *ick5 is a production ( *ance4 ,its ance/ry repres5ts ev]y?+ available 9 ! b>n-y>d ( ! neighborhood1 & its (fspr+ w be equally v>i$4 ,9 ! pure bre$s !re has be5 a rigid selection practic$ t gives uni=m appe>ance4 ,! size & %ape requirem5ts ( ! /&>d1 al?\gh n bas$ on ! m>ket dem&s1 come mu* ne>] produc+ an ideal c>cass ?an does *ance bre$+4 ,ability to mature = ! fall %[s is a decid$ly practical quality t ! fanci] bre$s into 8 *ick5s4 ,moreov]1 p\ltry-bre$]s1 :ile /ill keep+ /&>d po9ts 9 m9d1 h also made improvem5ts 9 ! lay & meat-produc+ qualities ( _! *ick5s4 ,consid]+ ^! facts x is an errone\s idea to ?9k t mongrel *ick5s (f] any advantage ov] pure br$ /ock4 ,9 ! broad] s5se we may reg>d z pure-br$ ^? animals t reproduce _! %ape1 color1 habits1 or o!r di/9ctive qualities ) uni=mity4 ,9 ord] t we may get (fspr+ l ! p>5t & l ea* o!r we mu/ h animals ^: ance/ors = _m g5]ations back h be5 ( "o type4 ,! m g5]ations ( su* uni=mity1 ! m c]ta9 x w be t ! "y w possess simil> quality4 ,"o /ra9 ( *ick5s may be select$ = uni=m color ( fea!rs1 ano!r = a c]ta9 size & %ape1 ano!r = lay+ l>ge eggs ( a c]ta9 color1 & yet ano!r /ra9 = be+ produc]s ( _m eggs4 ,ea* ( ^! /ra9s might be well-br$ 9 ^! p>ticul> traits1 b w\ld be mongrels :5 ! o!r consid]ations 7 tak5 into acc\nt4 ,?is expla9s to u :y ! family or /ra9s is frequ5tly m important ?an ! bre$4 ,9 fact1 ! :ole s]ies ( bre$ classification is arbitr>y4 ,?is is especially true ( ! ,am]ican or mix$ bre$s4 ,humor\sly turn$ fanci]s at ! p\ltry %[ frequ5tly h mu* sport try+ to get o!r fanci]s to tell ,:ite or ,buff ,rocks f ,wy&ottes1 :5 ! heads are hidd54 ,f ! dress$ c>casses ) feet & head remov$1 ! f9e/ set ( p\ltry judges 9 ! _w w\ld be hopelessly lo/ 9 a collection ( ,rocks1 ,wy&ottes1 ,r$s & ,orp+tons &1 ,i d>e say1 "o c\ld run 9 a few ,lang%ans & ,m9orcas if x 7 n = _! black p9 fea!rs4 ,:at ,bre$4 ,! writ] has great admiration = bre$+ z an art4 ,he w\ld r be ! orig9ator ( a bre$ ( gre5 *ick5s ) six toes1 ?an to h be5 ! au?or ( ,afraid to ,g ,home 9 ! ,d>k4 ,b ,i d want ! novice :o reads ?is book to be sp>$ "s ( ! m5tal ?roes usually indulg$ 9 ov] ! selection ( a bre$4 ,s-call$ meat bre$s1 t is1 ! big fea!r legg$ ,asiatics save on a few capon & roa/] plants 9 ,new ,engl&1 are really useless4 ,!y h giv5 size to ,am]ican *ick5s z a class1 & 9 t h s]v$ a useful purpose1 b /&+ alone !y _c compete ) light]1 quick gr[+ bre$s4 ,= comm]cial consid]ation !re are really b two types3 ,! egg bre$s ( ,m$it]ranean orig9 & ! g5]al purpose bre$s or gr[]s1 includ+ ! ,rocks1 ,wy&ottes & ,rhode ,isl& ,r$s4 ,! diff]5ce betwe5 ! lay]s on ! "o h& & ! gr[]s on ! o!r1 is q important4 ,:i* %\ld be us$ dep5ds on ! location & plan ( op]ations1 z has already be5 discuss$4 ,! *oice ( v>iety )9 ! gr\p is a matt] ( ta/e & *ance ( sales ( fancy /ock4 ,?is "o pr9ciple c1 h[ev]1 be laid d[n3 ,! m popul> ! bre$1 ! m *oice !re w be 9 select+ /ra9s & individuals4 ,pea ,comb ,plym\? ,rocks & ,duckw+ ,leghorns %\ld n be consid]$ because ( _! r>ity4 ,( ! gr[]s1 _! popul>ity & claims are close en\gh to make ! p>ticul> *oice unimportant4 ,= comm]cial consid]ation1 ! writ] w\ld z soon inve/ 8 money 9 a flock ( ,b>r$ ,rock1 ,:ite ,wy&ottes or ,rhode ,isl& ,r$s4 ,among lay]s ! ,s4 ,c4 ,:ite has a*iev$ su* a lead t ! majority ( good lay+ /ra9s are 9 ?is bre$ & to *oose any o!r w\ld be to place a h&icap on oneself4 ,= a description ( bre$s1 ! read] %\ld secure an ,illu/rat$ ,am]ican ,/&>d ( ,p]fection1 or "s ( ! books publi%$ by p\ltry fanci]s & judges4 ,to take up ! matt] "h w\ld m]ely be us+ my space = imp>t+ k :i* c be bett] secur$ else:]e4 ,! relative popul>ity ( bre$s at ! p\ltry %[s is nicely %[n by ! foll[+ li/4 ,?is data 0 compil$ by add+ ! numb]s ( ea* bre$ exhibit$ at #abd diff]5t p\ltry %[s 9 ! season ( #aijg4 ,a detail$ report ( ! total entries ( ea* bre$ is z foll[s3 ,plym\? ,rocks1 #ad1ead2 ,wy&ottes1 #ab1cbj2 ,leghorns1 #h1gdj2 ,rhode ,isl& ,r$s1 #e1hab2 ,orp+tons1 #b1heg2 ,lang%ans1 #b1aec2 ,m9orcas1 #a1gji2 ,co*9 ,bantams1 #a1eij2 ,games1 #a1bgg2 ,brahmas1 #a1aha2 ,co*9s1 #a1jaj2 ,hamburgs1 #geh2 ,game ,bantams1 #fcg2 ,poli%1 #fah2 ,h\dans1 #ech2 ,indians1 #ech2 ,anconas1 #dfd2 ,sebright ,bantams1 #dbc2 ,&alusians1 #aag2 ,japanese ,bantams1 #aae2 ,dork+s1 #aje2 ,brahma ,bantams1 #ajd2 ,buckeyes1 #ie2 ,silkies1 #he2 ,spani%1 #hc2 ,r$caps1 #ga2 ,sumatras1 #da2 ,poli% ,bantams1 #cg2 ,sultans1 #ah2 ,malays1 #ab2 ,frizzles1 #g2 ,le ,fle*e1 #g2 ,dom9iques1 #e2 ,boot$ ,bantams1 #d2 ,malay ,bantams1 #c2 ,crevecoeure1 #c4 ,,*apt] ,,xiv ,,practical ,,& ,,sci5tific ,,bre$+ ,sci5ce has be5 def9$ z ! "k h[ & art z ! d h[4 ,! man :o works by art dep5ds ^u an unconsci\s judgm5t :i* is inborn or is acquir$ by long practice4 ,! man :o works by sci5ce may also h ?is arti/ic ta/e1 b he te/s its dicta by comp>ison ) kn[n facts & pr9ciples4 ,! sci5ti/ n only looks be=e he leaps1 b measures ! di/ance & kn[s exactly :]e he is go+ to l&4 ,bre$+ has = c5turies be5 an art1 b ! sci5ce ( bre$+ is s new z to seem a mass ( contradictions to all except ^? famili> ) ! maze ( ma!matics & biology by :i* ! b>n-y>d facts mu/ f9d _! ultimate explanation4 ,! sci5ce ( bre$+ may 9 ! future br+ ab\t t :i* w\ld n[ seem miracul\s1 b x is ! anci5t art ( bre$+ t is & w = ye>s cont9ue to be ! means by :i* ! p\ltry fanci] w a*ieve 8 results4 ,9 a volume ! *ief aim ( :i* is to place ! p\ltry indu/ry1 :i* is n[ conduct$ z an art1 9 ! realm ( te*nical sci5ce1 x might seem prop] to devote consid]able space to ! subject ( bre$+1 ,t ,i %all n d s1 is = ! reason t :ile !oretically ,i recognize ! important "p t bre$+ plays 9 all animal production1 = ! practical proposition ( produc+ p\ltry products at ! l[e/ possible co/1 a k ( ! te*nical sci5ce ( bre$+ is uness5tial & may1 by div]t+ ! p\ltryman's "t to unpr(itable ef=ts1 prove an actual h&icap4 ,= ! %[ room bre$] ! new sci5ce ( bre$+ is too undevelop$ to be ( imm$iate s]vice1 or ,i _h bett] say1 ! %[ room requisites are too complicat$ = !oretical bre$+ to promise results4 ,= ! comm]cial p\ltryman1 ,i %all review :at has be5 accompli%$ & /ate briefly ! !ories ^u :i* contemplat$ "w is bas$4 ,! objects /riv5 aft] 9 p\ltry bre$+ are3 #a/3 ,to create new v>ieties :i* %all h improv$ practical po9ts or %all attract att5tion z curiosities4 #b;d3 ,to approa* ! ideals accept$ by fanci]s = e/abli%$ bre$s1 & h5ce w9 9 competition4 #c;d3 ,to *ange "s p>ticul> feature or habit z1 to increase egg production or r$uce ! size ( bantams4 #d?3 ,to improve sev]al po9ts at once z1 eggs & size 9 g5]al purpose f[ls4 ,?is classification is really unnecess>y1 z ! mo/ specializ$ bre$+ involves consid]ation ( _m po9ts4 ,bre$+ z an ,art4 ,! me?od by :i* bre$s & v>ieties ( ! %[ room specim5s h be5 develop$ is ess5tially z foll[s3 ,! wond]fully diff]5t v>ieties ( f[l f e qu>t] ( ! e>? are br\ght toge!r4 ,cross+ is !n resort$ to1 ) ! result t birds ( all =ms & colors are produc$4 ,! bre$] !n selects specim5s t mo/ ne>ly con=m to ! type or ideal 9 8 m9d4 ,suppose a man wi%$ to produce ,b>r$ ,leghorns1 ) a fif? toe4 ,he w\ld secure ,b>r$ ,rocks1 ,:ite ,leghorns & ,:ite or ,gray ,dork+s4 ,!n he w\ld cross 9 e conceivable fa%ion4 ,p]haps he might h tr\ble gett+ ! :ite color to disappe>4 ,9 t case ,buff ,leghorns :i* are a new] bre$ might be tri$ & f\nd m pliable mat]ial4 ,by su* me?ods ! bre$] w\ld 9 ?ree or f\r g5]ations ( cross+ get a crude type ( :at he desir$4 ,h5ce=? x w\ld be a matt] ( pati5ce & selection4 ,five to tw5ty ye>s is ! "t usually tak5 to produce new bre$s ( fancy p\ltry t w bre$ true to type4 ,9 ?is /yle ( bre$+ ! pr9ciples at /ake are simple4 ,! fir/ is to secure ! v>iations want$2 second1 to bre$ f ! mo/ desirable ( ^! specim5s4 ,! same me?ods ( selection t e/abli% a bre$ are us$ to ma9ta9 x1 or to e/abli% /ra9s4 ,9 ord9>y bre$+ !re are two o!r pr9ciples t are sometimes call$ into play4 ,"o is prepot5cy1 ! o!r is inbre$+4 ,by prepot5t we mean hav+ unusual p[] to transmit *>act]s to (fspr+4 ,suppose a bre$] has five y>ds head$ by five cock birds4 ,! male 9 y>d two he does n consid] q z f9e z ! bird 9 y>d "o1 b 9 ! fall he f9ds ! (fspr+ ( bird f two mu* bett] ?an ! (fspr+ f y>d "o4 ,! bre$] %\ld keep ! prepot5t sire & 8 (fspr+ r ?an ! m p]fect male1 :o fails to /amp 8 traits ^u 8 get4 ,normally a *ild has two p>5ts1 f\r gr&p>5ts1 & eight great-gr&p>5ts4 ,n[1 :5 c\s9s m>ry1 ! great-gr&p>5ts ( ! (fspr+ are r$uc$ to six4 ,! mat+ ( bro!r & si/] cuts ! gr&p>5ts to two1 & ! great-gr&p>5ts to f\r4 ,mat+ ( p>5t & (fspr+ makes a p>5t & gr&p>5t id5tical & likewise elim9ates ance/ry4 ,inbre$+ means ! r$uction ( ! numb] ( bran*es 9 ! ance/ral tree1 & ?is means ! r$uction ( ! numb] ( *ances to get v>iation1 be !y good or bad4 ,inbre$+ simply int5sifies :atev] is !re4 ,x does n necess>ily de/roy ! vitality1 b if close inbre$+ is practic$ long en\gh1 soon] or lat] "s little exi/+ weakness or peculi>ity w\ld become int5sifi$ & may prove fatal to ! /ra94 ,= illu/ration1 suppose we began inbre$+ bro!r & si/] ) a view ( keep+ x up indef9itely4 ,n[1 9 ! orig9al blood1 a t5d5cy = ! pr$om9ance ( "o sex ov] ! o!r und\bt$ly exi/s & w\ld be int5sifi$ until !re w\ld come a g5]ation all ( "o sex1 :i*1 ( c\rse1 t]m9ates our exp]im5t4 ,inbre$+ has always be5 taboo$ by ! p g5]ally4 ,mean:ile ! clev] /ock bre$]s h comb9$ inbre$+ ) selection & h won ! %[ prizes & sold ! p new blood at fancy prices4 ,un9tellig5t inbre$+ z practic$ on _m a f>m1 results 9 run d[n /ock1 n s mu* f inbre$+ z f lack ( selection4 ,out-cross+ or mix+ 9 ( new blood is bett] ?an hit-or-miss inbre$+4 ,intellig5t inbre$+ is bett] /ill4 ,sci5tific ,!ories ( ,bre$+4 ,! ma9 t5et ( ,d>w9's !ory ( racial inh]itance or evolution1 0 t *anges 9 animal life1 wild or dome/ic1 7 br\ght ab\t by ! addition ( v slight1 p]haps imp]ceptible1 v>iations4 ,he argu$ t ! giraffe ) ! longe/ neck c\ld br[se on high] leaves 9 "t ( dr\ght & h5ce left (fspr+ ) slightly long] necks ?an ! previ\s g5]ation4 ,^u ?is !ory ! ord9>y bre$+ by selection is bas$4 ,9 case ( bre$+ = %[ room1 ! bre$]'s eye1 or ! judge's score c>d1 is ! tape ) :i* to measure ! l5g? ( ! giraffe's neck4 ,?is pr9ciple c be appli$ equally well1 ev5 bett]1 to *>act]i/ics :]e accurate measurem5t may be us$4 ,! la/ =ty ye>s ( sci5tific progress has e/abli%$ firmly ! g5]al !ories ( ,d>w91 b !y h also result$ 9 our que/ion+ 8 idea t all great *anges are due to ! sum ( small v>iations4 ,_m in/ances h be5 sugge/$ 9 :i* ! !ory ( gradual *anges c\ld n expla9 ! facts4 ,! !ory ( mutation1 ( :i* ,hugo de ,vries1 ( ,holl&1 is ! *ief exp\nd]1 does n antagonize ,d>w91 b simply gives m weight 9 ! process ( evolution to ! factor ( sudd5 *anges commonly call$ sports4 ,let u illu/rate3 ,9 ! giraffe ( our =m] =e/1 "o might appe> ^: neck 0 n long] because ( slightly long] v]tebrae1 b :o possess$ an extra v]tebrae4 ,?is w\ld be a mutation4 ,9 o!r words1 a mutation is a m>k$ v>iation t may be inh]it$4 ,we n[ believe t poll$ cattle1 five-to$ ,dork+s1 top-knott$ ,h\dans1 frizzles & black sk9n$ *ick5s arose ?r\gh mutations4 ,burbank's ,me?ods--,! wond]ful ,burbank ) 8 ?ornless cactus1 8 /oneless plum1 & 8 :ite blackb]ry1 is simply a se>*] aft] mutations4 ,8 success is n because he uses any secret me?ods1 b because ( ! size ( 8 op]ations4 ,he produces 8 specim5s by ! millions1 & 9 ^! millions looks1 & (t5 looks 9 va9 = ! lonely sport t is to fa!r a new race4 ,burbank has1 ) plants1 _m advantages ( :i* ! animal bre$] is depriv$4 ,he c produce 8 specim5s 9 great] numb]1 he c m easily f9d out ! desirable "*1 & 9 _m plants he has n ! unc]ta9 elem5t ( d\ble p>5tage to cont5d )1 :ile ) o!rs he is /ill m =tunate1 z he c produce !m by se$1 /imulate v>iation until ! desir$ mutation is f\nd & c !n reproduce ! desir$ v>iation ) c]ta9ty by ! use ( cutt+s4 ,?is latt] is n true inh]itance ) its inevitable v>iation1 b ! indef9ite prolongation ( ! life ( "o individual4 ,9 ?is s5se !re is only "o se$less orange tree 9 ! _w4 ,! ,c5tg5itor ,sy/em--,pr(4 ,hays 9 bre$+ :eat at ,m9nesota1 fir/ us$ 9 ?is c\ntry a sy/em ( bre$+ :i* is ess5tially z foll[s3 ,a l>ge v>iety ( individual se$s are select$4 ,^! are plant$ sep>ately & ! am\nt & "* ( ! yield obs]v$4 ,! (fspr+ ( "o se$ is kept sep>ate = sev]al g5]ations1 or until ! "* ( ! tribe is ?or\ghly e/abli%$4 ,! advantage ( ?is plan ( bre$+ is 9 t ! selection is n made by comp>+ individuals1 b by comp>+ ! (fspr+ ( individuals4 ,?us1 we necess>ily select ! only trait really wor? :ile2 t is prepot5cy or ! ability to beget desirable qualities4 ,! application ( ?is c5tg5itor sy/em necessitates inbre$+2 x also necessitates l>ge op]ations4 ,( ! =m]1 bre$]s h g5]ally be5 afraid2 ( ! latt] !y h lack$ opportunity4 ,b ! c5tg5itor sy/em1 comb9$ ) ,burbank's pr9ciple ( l>ge opportunity ( selection1 is1 9 ! writ]'s belief1 ! me?od by :i* ! #bjj-;egg h5 w be ultimately e/abli%$ 9 ,am]ica4 ,mu* ( ! rec5t /imulus to ! /udy ( ! ,sci5ce ( ,bre$+ 0 occasion$ by ! discov]y ( ,m5del's ,law4 ,briefly1 ! law /ates t :5 two pure traits or *>act]s are cross$1 "o dom9ates 9 ! fir/ g5]ation ( (fspr+--! o!r rema9+ hidd5 or recessive4 ,( ! second g5]ation1 "o-half ! individuals are /ill mix$1 be>+ ! dom9ant *>act]i/ic ext]nally & ! o!r hidd52 "o-f\r? are pure dom9ants & "o-f\r? are pure recessives4 ,9 future g5]ations ! mix$ or hybrid individuals aga9 give bir? to mix$ & pure types apportion$ z be=e1 ?us cont9u+ until all (fspr+ become ultimately pure4 ,= illu/ration3 ,if rose & s+le comb *ick5s are cross$1 rose combs are dom9ant4 ,! fir/ g5]ation w all h rose combs4 ,! second g5]ation w h "o-f\r? s+le combs t w bre$ true1 "o-f\r? rose combs t w bre$ rose combs only1 & "o-half t aga9 w give all ?ree types4 ,m5del's ,law works all "r 9 cases :]e pure unit *>act]i/ics are to be f\nd4 ,= ! great practical problems 9 inh]itance1 ,m5del's law is utt]ly hopeless4 ,! tr\ble is t ! *ief ?+s ) :i* we are conc]n$ are n unit *>act]i/ics b are comb9ations ( c\ntless *>act]i/ics :i* _c be se5 or kn[n1 h5ce _c be pick$ out4 ,?us ! t5d5cy to rev]t to pure types is foil$ by ! con/ant recross+ ( ^! types4 ,m5del's law is a sci5tific curiosity l ! a]oplane4 ,x may "s day be m ?an a curiosity1 b bo? h trem5d\s odds to ov]come be=e !y supplant our pres5t me?ods4 ,pr(4 ,c4,b4 ,dav5port1 ( ! ,c>negie ,in/itute1 is work+ on exp]im5tal p\ltry bre$+ 9 its purely sci5tific s5se4 ,8 conclusions h be5 mu* criticis$ by p\ltry fanci]s4 ,! tru? ( ! matt] is t ! fanci] fails to appreciate ! _s ( pure sci5ce4 ,! sci5ti/1 en?us$ to f9d 8 :ite f[l re-occur aft] a g5]ation ( black ones1 is :olly undi/urb$ by ! fact t ! :ite ones1 if exhibit$1 might be tak5 = a ,silv] ,spangl$ ,hamburg4 ,m5del's law z yet (f]s little to ! fanci] & less to ! comm]cial p\ltryman4 ,its /udy is all "r 9 its place1 b its place is n on ! p\ltry plant ^: pr(its are to buy ! baby a new dress4 ,bre$+ = ,egg ,production4 ,attempts to improve ! egg-produc+ qualities ( ! h5 date f ! dome/ication ( ! h51 b x has only be5 )9 ! la/ few ye>s t rapid progress has be5 possible 9 ?is "w4 ,! inability to det]m9e ! good lay]s has be5 ! difficulty4 ,! great majority ( p make no selection ( h5s f :i* to hat* _! /ock4 ,! eggs ( ! :ole flock are kept toge!r & :5 eggs are desir$ = hat*+ !y are select$ f a g5]al basket4 ,x has be5 assum$1 & is %[n by trap-ne/ records1 t eggs ?us select$ 9 ! spr+ ( ! ye> are f ! poor]1 r ?an f ! bett] lay]s4 ,?is is because h5s t h n be5 lay+ dur+ ! w9t] w lay v heavily dur+ ! spr+ season4 ,_m bre$]s h attempt$ to pick out ! good lay]s by ! appe>ance ( ! h5s4 ,be=e ! adv5t ( ! trap-ne/ ! egg type ( h5 0 believ$ to be a positive indication ( a good lay]4 ,! egg type h5 _h sl5d] neck1 small head1 long1 deep body ( a w$ge %ape4 ,v>i\s sy/ems f\nd$ on ^! or o!r signs h be5 sold = fancy prices to p :o 7 easily sep>at$ f _! money4 ,trap-ne/ records %[ su* sy/ems to be on a p> ) ! lun> guidance 9 agricultural op]ations4 ,i might rem>k "h t ! det]m9ation ( sex by ! %ape ( ! egg or simil> me?ods1 is 9 a l category4 ,sci5ce f9ds no pro( ( su* !ories4 ,a few me?ods ( select+ ! lay]s h be5 sugge/$ :i*1 :ile f> f absolute1 are ( "s significance & are well wor? not+4 ,! h5 t sits ^u ! roo/ :ile o!r h5s are out =ag+1 is probably a drone4 ,! excessively fat or ! excessively lean h5s are n likely to be lay]s4 ,x w\ld naturally be suppos$ t ! active lay+ h5 w\ld be ! la/ "o to g to roo/ at night4 ,at ! ,kansas ,exp]im5t ,/ation1 ! writ] made obs]vations ^u ! ord] 9 :i* ! h5s w5t to roo/1 & ! above assumption 0 f\nd 9 ! majority ( cases to be correct4 ,a /ill bett] s*eme ( select+ lay]s is ! practice ( pick+ out ! ?rifty1 quickly matur+ pullets :5 !y fir/ beg9 to lay 9 ! fall season4 ,at ! ,ma9e ,exp]im5t ,/ation1 su* a selection gave a flock ( lay]s :i* av]ag$ ab\t "o hundr$ & eighty eggs1 :5 ! rema9d] ( ! flock yield$ only "o hundr$ & =ty4 ,trap-ne/s devis$ to cat* ! h5 t lays ! egg are num]\s 9 ! m>ket4 ,a trap-ne/ to be successful1 mu/ n only cat* ! h5 t lays1 b mu/ prev5t ! entrance ( ! o!r h5s4 ,! m trap-ne/s t are provid$1 ! less (t5 !y w require att5tion1 b ! m (t5 ! ne/s are att5d$ ! bett] = ! com=t ( ! h5s4 ,! use ( trap-ne/s is exp5sive & _c be recomm5d$ = ! p\ltryman :o mu/ make e h\r ( "t put on 8 *ick5s yield him an imm$iate income4 ,fanci]s & ,exp]im5t ,/ations c well af=d to use trap-ne/s & mu/1 inde$1 use !m bo? = bre$+ = egg production1 & also = det]m9+ ! h5 t laid ! egg :5 full p$igrees are desir$ 9 o!r bre$+ "w4 ,a s*eme t has sometimes be5 us$ 9 ! place ( trap-ne/s1 is a sy/em ( small comp>tm5ts1 9 ea* ( :i* "o h5 is kept4 ,su* a s*eme does n seem feasible on a l>ge scale1 b = bre$]s wi%+ to keep ! records ( a small numb] ( h5s1 x is all "r4 ,because ( its co/1 ?is sy/em is :olly out ( ! "q1 except = a man foll[+ bre$+ z a hobby & :o _c devote himself dur+ ! day to ! c>e ( trap-ne/s4 ,hav+ det]m9$ ! be/ lay]s1 x rema9s to bre$ f ^! & f _! desc5dants4 ,! te/s ( pullets hat*$ f h5s are bett] signs ( ! h5's value z a bre$] ?an is h] own record4 ,x has be5 surmis$ t a h5 :i* lays heavily w n lay eggs conta9+ vigor\s g]ms4 ,s f> z ! writ]'s exp]i5ce has gone1 ! lay+ ( inf]tile eggs is a family or individual trait n p>ticul>ly relat$ to ! numb] ( eggs laid4 ,:5 we h br$ f ! be/ lay]s & h rais$ our av]age egg yield] to a high] level1 ! "q arises z to :e!r ! /ra9 w p]man5tly ma9ta9 ! high yield or drop back to ! =m] rate ( production4 ,!ory says t x w n drop back4 ,z a matt] ( fact x w n d s1 = ! heavi] production w be m try+ on ! h5's con/itution1 & naturally selection w gradually cause ! egg record to dw9dle4 ,h5ce ! necessity ( cont9u$ selection or ! infusion ( new blood f o!r select$ /ra9s4 ,:atev] may be ! *ange desir$ 9 a /ra9 ( *ick5s1 specim5s %[+ ! trait to be select$ %\ld be us$ z bre$]s4 ,^? *>act]i/ics readily visible to ! eye h long be5 ! subjects ( ! bre$]'s ef=ts4 ,b traits n directly visible c likewise be *ang$ by bre$+4 ,! numb] ( eggs1 size & color ( eggs1 rapid gr[?1 ready fatt5+ p[]s1 quality ( meat & g5]al *>act]i/ics1 are all matt]s ( inh]itance1 & if prop] means are tak5 to select ! desirable individuals all su* *>act]i/ics c be *ang$ at ! w ( ! bre$]4 ,x is a fact1 h[ev]1 (t5 ov]look$1 t ! m traits = :i* "o selects1 ! sl[] w be progress4 ,= illu/ration3 ,if 9 bre$+ = egg production1 "o-half ! good lay]s are disc>d$ = lack ( fancy po9ts1 ! progress w be j half z rapid4 ,a discussion ( ! "w 9 bre$+ = egg production at ! ,ma9e ,exp]im5t ,/ation is tak5 up 9 ! next *apt]4 ,,*apt] ,,xv ,,exp]im5t ,,/ation ,,"w ,our entire s*eme ( agricultural education & exp]im5tation is new4 ,! p\ltry "w at exp]im5t /ations is v new4 ,t5 ye>s w ab\t cov] ev]y?+ wor?y ( a p]man5t record 9 ! p\ltry exp]im5t /ation files4 ,/ations ,lead+ 9 ,p\ltry ,"w4 ,among ! e>lie/ /ations to beg9 p\ltry "w 9 ?is c\ntry 7 ,rhode ,isl&1 ,massa*usetts1 ,connecticut & ,ma9e4 ,rhode ,isl& conduct$ ! fir/ s*ool ( p\ltry culture4 ,! two /ations ( ,new ,york ,/ate 7 also e>ly 9 ! "w1 & ,cornell n[ has ! lead+ s*ool ( p\ltry culture 9 ?is c\ntry4 ,we/ ,virg9ia has always ma9ta9$ a consid]able p\ltry plant4 ,outside ( ! /ates ea/ ( ! ,appala*ians1 ! fir/ p\ltry "w to be he>d ( 0 t ( ,pr(4 ,dryd5 at ! ,exp]im5t ,/ation ( ,utah4 ,pr(4 ,dryd5's "w 0 ( a demon/rative nature4 ,8 e>ly bullet9s 7 =ceful & well illu/rat$1 & did mu* to call att5tion to p\ltry "w4 ,9 all ?is e>ly "w ! great ,mississippi ,valley1 :]e f\r-fif?s ( ! nation's p\ltry is produc$1 entirely ignor$ ! h54 ,! writ] began 8 "w ) p\ltry at ! ,kansas ,/ation 9 #aijb1 b 8 *ick5s 7 h\s$ 9 a disc>d$ hog h\se1 & no funds be+ available1 little 0 accompli%$4 ,9 ! la/ ?ree or f\r ye>s ^! exp]im5t /ations are rapidly fall+ into l9e & a numb] ( p\ltry bullet9s h rec5tly be5 issu$ f ^! y\ng] s*ools4 ,a few ( ! e>ly l&m>ks 9 exp]im5t /ation "w 0 z foll[s3 ,! ,utah ,/ation cle>ly f\nd t h5s laid ab\t #fe p] c5t4 z _m eggs 9 ! second z 9 ! fir/ ye>1 & t to keep h5s = egg production beyond ! second ye>1 0 unpr(itable4 ,massa*usetts prov$ t corn 0 a bett] food = lay]s ?an :eat1 & t ! prejudice aga9/ x 0 f\nd$ on a misappli$ !ory4 ,! ,new ,york ,/ation at ,g5eva demon/rat$ t p\ltry g5]ally1 & ducks 9 p>ticul>1 are n veget>ians1 & mu/ h meat to ?rive & t vegetable prote9 w n make good ! defici5cy4 ,! ,ma9e ,/ation 0 *iefly in/rum5tal 9 introduc+ trap-ne/s1 curta9 front h\ses & dry fe$+4 ,! bre$+ "w at ,ma9e w be discuss$ at l5g? 9 ! la/ section ( ?is *apt]4 ,! ,unit$ ,/ates ,dep>tm5t ( ,agriculture did n take up p\ltry "w until #aijf4 ,! publications issu$ by ! dep>tm5t be=e t "t 7 writt5 by outsid]s & pr9t$ by ! ,gov]nm5t4 ,! foll[+ is ! li/ ( ! addresses ( ! exp]im5t /ations :o h tak5 a lead+ int]e/ 9 p\ltry "w4 ,x is n wor? :ile giv+ a li/ ( p\ltry bullet9s1 z _m ( !m are out ( pr9t & c only be consult$ 9 a libr>y4 ,ma9e--,orono4 ,mass4--,amh]/4 ,conn4--,/orrs4 ,rhode ,is4--,k+/on4 ,new ,york--,i?aca4 ,new ,york--,g5eva4 ,m>yl&--,college ,p>k4 ,we/4 ,va4--,morgant[n4 ,i[a--,ames4 ,kansas--,manhattan4 ,utah--,logan4 ,calif4--,b]keley4 ,oregon--,corvalis4 ,u4,s4 ,gov4--,wa%+ton1 ,d4,c4 ,ont>io--,guelph 7,canada74 ,_m =eign gov]nm5ts h u out-di/anc$ 9 ! enc\ragem5t ( ! p\ltry indu/ry4 ,our ,canadian neighbors h done mu* m practical "w 9 gett+ out among ! f>m]s & improv+ ! /ock & me?ods along comm]cial l9es4 ,z a result ! ,canadians h built up a nice ,briti% trade ) :i* we h ?us f> n be5 able to compete4 ,! "w by ! ,ont>io ,/ation on ! subject ( incubation is discuss$ 9 ! ,*apt] on ,incubation4 ,au/ralia1 l ,canada1 has giv5 mu* practical assi/ance 9 m>ket+ ! p\ltry products1 ! gov]nm5t ma9ta9+ pack+ /ations1 :]e ! p\ltry is pack$ = export4 ,! ,au/ralian lay+ conte/s are quot$ 9 ! pres5t volume4 ,!y outclass any?+ else 9 ! _w along t l9e4 ,9 ,engl&1 ,irel& & especially 9 ,d5m>k1 ! gov]nm5t1 or societies enc\rag$ by ! ,gov]nm5t1 h done a great deal to develop ! p\ltry indu/ry4 ,depots = m>ket+ & grad+ are ma9ta9$ & ! /ock ( ! f>m]s is improv$ by f[ls f ! gov]nm5t bre$+ f>ms4 ,! ,/ory ( ! ,big ,coon4 ,) apologies to ,joel ,*&l] ,h>ris1 ,i w tell a little /ory4 ,uncle ,remus 0 tell+ ! little boy ab\t ! big coon4 ,x seems t ! big coon _h be5 se5 on num]\s occasions1 b all ef=ts at 8 capture _h fail$4 ,"o night !y saw ! big coon up 9 ! 'simmon tree1 9 ! middle ( ! t5-acre lot4 ,all h&s & ! dogs 7 summon$4 ,to be sure ( bagg+ ! game1 ! tree 0 cut d[n4 ,! dogs ru%$ 9 b !re 0 no coon4 ,b1 ,uncle ,remus1 said ! little boy1 ,i ?\ght y said y saw ! big coon 9 ! tree4 ,laws1 *ile1 repli$ ,uncle ,remus1 doesn't y\se "k dat x am mighty easy = folks to see some?+ dat a9't d>1 :5 dey are look9' f] x8 ,:5 sci5tific exp]im5t]s ent]$ ! p\ltry field ab\t fifte5 ye>s ago1 !y f\nd x sw>m+ ) old ladies' notions4 ,= ev]y?+ a reason 0 giv51 b ^! reasons 7 d]iv$ f ! k9d ( dreams :]e t :i* pleases ! human m9d is seiz$ ^u & se>* is made to f9d ideas to back x1 n because x is true1 b because x li/5s good to ! dream]4 ,! fir/ duty ( ! sci5ti/ 0 to bani% ^! w-o'-!-wisp ideas t lead to no practical results4 ,= illu/ration ,r\nd eggs 7 suppos$ to hat* pullets & long ones cock]els4 ,eggs w n hat* if x ?und]s4 ,%ipp$ eggs mu/ be all[$ to re/ be=e hat*+1 ! drug /ore 0 ! univ]sal s\rce ( relief :5 ! *ick5s became sick1 & r$ pepp] & pat5t foods 7 ! egg foods p> excell5ce4 ,^! ?+s1 ?anks to ! sci5ti/1 are no long] believ$ or reg>d$ by well read p\ltrym51 & in/ead 8 att5tion has be5 turn$ to matt]s hav+ a m happy relation to 8 bank acc\nt4 ,9 cle>+ away ! useless popul> notions1 ! sci5ti/s !mselves h n be5 free f _! influ5ce1 especially :5 !y seem$ to agree ) accept$ sci5tific !ory4 ,_m1 inde$1 are ! 'coons 9 p\ltry sci5ce t h be5 se5 because !y 7 be+ look$ =4 ,z a p>tial explanation x %\ld be said t m5 available = sci5tific p\ltry "w are v sc>ce4 ,p\ltry keep]s s*ool$ 9 ! ,univ]sity ( ! ,p\ltry ,y>d h no conception ( sci5tific me?ods1 & w\ld expla9 exp]im5tal results by a !ory t w\ld fail to fit else:]e4 ,! available sci5ti/s on ! o!r h& are seldom p\ltrym54 ,among ! fir/ m5 to take up animal husb&ry "w ( all k9ds1 7 ! vet]9>ians4 ,= ye>s ! only p\ltry publications put out by ! ,u4,s4 ,gov]nm5t 7 by vet]9>ians4 ,^! du/ cov]$ volumes ) _! five color plates ( ! fifty-sev5 v>ieties ( tapeworms1 /ill re/ on ! %elves ( public libr>ies1 a monum5t to ! "t :5 ! practical p\ltryman knew only ?+s t w]5't s1 & ! sci5tific p\ltryman knew only ?+s t 7 useless4 ,! fir/ g5]al law t all exp]im5t]s %\ld "k & ! ignorance ( :i* has caus$ & /ill causes ! wa/e ( ! major portion ( exp]im5tal bra9s & money1 we w call ! ,law ( ,*ance4 ,let ! read] :o is n famili> ) su* ?+s take two p5nies & toss !m ^u ! table4 ,!y are bo? heads up4 ,he tosses !m aga91 "o comes heads1 ! o!r tails4 ,! ?ird "t repeats ! second4 ,! f\r? bo? come tails4 ,! law ( *ance says ?is is correct4 ,heads %\ld appe> #be p] c5t41 tails #be p] c5t41 & mix$ #ej p] c5t4 ( ! "t4 ,n[ let ! read] try ?is 9 a lot ( twelve tosses4 ,does x prove ! law8 ,try x aga94 ,are all lots alike8 ,n[ pit* a hundr$ times1 !n pit* p5nies all day4 ,by night ! law w be s ne> prov5 t ! exp]im5t] w be will+ to conc$e its validity4 ,n[ suppose ! lots ( twelve tosses1 ea* 7 lots ( twelve h5s1 "o ,plym\? ,rocks1 ! o!r ,wy&ottes1 or "o f$ corn & ! o!r :eat4 ,! law ( *ance cle>ly proves t ! l>g] numb] ( unites1 ! ne>] ! !oretical tru?s w be ! exp]im5tal results4 ,note1 h[ev]1 t small lots may by *ance be z ne> ! tru? z l>ge lots4 ,9 practice two grave errors are made3 ,fir/1 conclusions are drawn f small lots comp>$ ) ea* o!r2 second1 conclusions are drawn f l>ge lots comp>$ ) small lots4 ,9 ! fir/ case bo? may be (f2 9 ! latt] case ! small "o may be (f4 ,examples ( ! fir/ error are to be f\nd 9 ! scores ( contradict+ bre$ & fe$ te/s1 t 7 publi%$ 9 ! e>ly days ( p\ltry rese>*4 ,! second error is exemplifi$ 9 ! ,ont>io exp]im5ts 9 incubation1 to :i* ref]5ce has already be5 made4 ,"h is a fur!r example ( ?is error4 ,f ! fif? egg lay+ competition at ! ,hawkesbury ,agricultural ,college 9 ,au/ralia1 ,i copy ! foll[+3 ,no4 ( ,h5s4 ,v>iety4 ,ave4 ,egg ,yield4 #f ,cuckoo ,leghorn #aij4af #cj ,s4,c4 ,br[n ,leghorn #agg4jj #ach ,s4,c4 ,:ite ,leghorn #agd4ic #ab ,r4,c4 ,br[n ,leghorn #agc4ej #ab ,r4,c4 ,:ite ,leghorn #agb4ff #ah ,buff ,leghorn #afj4ee #f ,black ,leghorn #ach4cc ,! rank+ ( ,cuckoo ,leghorns z fir/ is a *ance happ5+ due to ! small numb]2 likewise ! ,black ,leghorns _h a /reak ( bad luck & receiv$ l[e/ place4 ,to "o n famili> ) su* "w1 ! real significance ( ! table is t ! ,s4,c4,w4 ,leghorns did ! be/ "w4 ,a total+ ( all o!r v>ieties gives #hd f[ls ) an av]age egg production ( #agj4e1 :i* be>s out ! conclusion4 ,z ^! birds 7 all kept 9 p5s ( six1 we w\ld expect to f9d ! highe/ s+le p5 to be ,:ite ,leghorns1 because1 :5 comp>$ ) all o!r ,leghorns1 !y h bo? ! highe/ av]age & ! greate/ numb]4 ,?is accords ) ! fact t z ! highe/ s+le p5 is f\nd to be ,:ite ,leghorns ) an egg yield ( #bci eggs4 ,! above illu/rates ano!r important phase ( ! laws ( *ance1 :i* says t n only is ! av]age likely to be ne>] ! !oretical av]age s\ght :5 ! numb] is increas$1 b t ! individual extremes w be m remov$4 ,important ,exp]im5tal ,results at ! ,ill9ois ,/ation4 ,f an ,ill9ois ,exp]im5t ,/ation report1 ! foll[+ is quot$3 ,! /ock us$ 0 ,b>r$ ,plym\? ,rock pullets4 ,^! pullets 7 a v uni=m ,b>r$ ,rock /ock t _h be5 br$ z an individual /ra9 = _m ye>s4 ,!y 7 practically ! same age1 & except = ! factors m5tion$ 7 treat$ z uni=mly z possible4 ,fir/ ,ye>'s ,results4 ,no4 ,h5s4 ,diet4 ,ave4 ,egg ,yield4 #aj ,nitrog5\s ,diet #acb4i #aj ,c>bonace\s ,diet #abh4d #aj ,wet ,wa% #aee4h #aj ,dry ,wa% #aaa4d ,! results ( ! fir/ te/ are some:at surpris+ = x is g5]ally believ$ t ! nitrog5\s diet is be/ = lay+ h5s4 ,! diff]5ce indicat$ 9 ! fir/ ye>'s results 0 s light t x 0 decid$ to repeat ! exp]im5t ! second ye>4 ,z ! wet wa% is cle>ly prov5 to be sup]ior1 ^! h5s 7 us$ ! second ye> to comp>e meat meal ) fre% cut bone4 ,second ,ye>'s ,result4 ,no4 ,h5s4 ,diet4 ,ave4 ,egg ,yield4 #aj ,nitrog5\s #adb4b #aj ,c>bonace\s #acd4e #aj ,meat ,meal #ajb4b #aj ,gre5 ,cut ,bone #abh4i ,! results ( ! second ye> cle>ly indicate ! great sup]iority ( gre5 cut bone z comp>$ ) ! dry unpalatable meat meal4 ,! comp>ison ( a highly nitrog5\s ration ) t ( a ration consi/+ l>gely ( corn1 :ile %[+ ! advantages ( ! nitrog5\s rations1 does n %[ ! contra/ expect$4 ,"s visit+ p\ltrym5 express$ ! op9ion t corn is a bett] p\ltry food ?an commonly suppos$4 ,consid]+ ?is fact & ! great fundam5tal importance ( ! "q at issue1 x 0 decid$ to repeat ! exp]im5t a ?ird ye>1 & fe$ a l>ge numb] ( birds on ea* ration4 ,no4 ,h5s4 ,diet4 ,ave4 ,egg ,yield4 #ajj ,nitrog5\s #abf4i #ajj ,c>bonace\s #abg4b ,i w leave ! la/ )\t comm5t1 = ! :ole ?+ is a hoax4 ,! ,ill9ois ,exp]im5t ,/ation has nev] own$ a *ick54 ,^! ,ill9ois exp]im5ts 7 plann$ & execut$ 9 a few m9utes ( ! writ]'s sp>e "t4 ,! basis ( ! exp]im5ts 0 a pack ( c>ds conta9+ ! individual records ( ! ,ma9e ,exp]im5t ,/ation h5s1 %uffl+ ! c>ds & av]ag+ ! desir$ numb] ( records z !y come 9 ! pack1 made ! di/9ction betwe5 ! v>i\s diets4 ,exp]im5tal ,bias4 ,pet ideas consci\sly or unconsci\sly mold practice4 ,a bias t[>d an idea may %[ itself 9 ! plann+ & conduct+ ( an exp]im5t1 or x may come out 9 ! lat] int]pretation4 ,an illu/ration ( ! fir/ k9d is f\nd 9 ! e>ly "w ( ! ,we/ ,virg9ia ,/ation 7,bullet9 #fj74 ,) ! preconceiv$ notion t h5s %\ld h a nitrog5\s diet an exp]im5t 0 plann$ & conduct$ z foll[s3 ,"o lot ( h5s 0 f$ corn1 potatoes1 oats & corn meal4 ,a contra/$ lot revel$ 9 corn1 potatoes1 hom9y fe$1 oat meal1 corn meal & fre% cut bone4 ,! results 7 9 favor ( ! latt] ration by a d\bl$ egg yield4 ,to any exp]i5c$ p\ltryman ! reason is evid5t4 ,! v>iety ( ! diet & ! meat food are :at made ! %[+4 ,ab\t ! same "t ! ,massa*usetts ,/ation plann$ a simil> exp]im5t4 ,! bias 0 ! same1 b x took a fair] =m4 ,! h5s 7 bo? giv5 a dec5t v>iety ( food & "s =m ( meat4 ,! bulk ( ! gra9 0 corn 9 ! c>bonace\s1 & :eat 9 ! nitrog5\s ration4 ,! results 7 9 favor ( ! corn4 ,?is a/oni%$ ! exp]im5t]4 ,he tri$ x aga9 & aga9 te/s came out 9 favor ( corn4 ,at la/ ! old !ory 0 revok$1 & ! fallacy ( :eat be+ ess5tial to egg production 0 explod$4 ,if by an irony ( fate 9 ! %uffl+ ( ! h5s1 ! :eat p5 _h ! fir/ "t %[$ an advantage1 ! exp]im5t] might h be5 satisfi$ & ! wa/e ( fe$+ high pric$ fe$ :5 a bett] & a *eap] is at h&1 might h gone on indef9itely4 ,( bias 9 ! int]pretation ( results all publications are m or less saturat$4 ,a read+ ( ! ,*apt] on ,incubation w illu/rate ?is4 ,a common error ( ?is k9d is ! omission ( facts necess>y to fully expla9 results4 ,items ( co/s are inv>iably omitt$ or m9imiz$4 ,food co/ alone is usually m5tion$ 9 figur+ exp]im5t+ /ation p\ltry pr(its1 :i* /atem5t w und\bt$ly cause a sad smile to creep ov] ! face ( _m a has-be5 p\ltryman4 ,! writ] rememb]s an incid5t f 8 college days :i* illu/rates ! po9t 9 h&4 ,let x fir/ be rem>k$ t ?is 0 on ! new l&s ( ! trans-,miss\ri ,c\ntry1 :]e manure _h no m comm]cial value ?an soil1 & is freely giv5 to ^? :o w haul x away4 ,! pr(essor at ! blackbo>d _h be5 figur+ up h&some pr(its on a type ( dairy+ t[>ds :i* he wits v p>tial4 ,! figures %[$ a goodly pr(it1 b ! bigge/ exp5se item--t ( labor--0 omitt$4 ,"o ( ! /ud5ts held up 8 h& & inquir$ aft] ! labor bill4 ,oh1 said ! smil+ pr(essor1 ,! manure w pay = ! labor4 ,:5 ! class adj\rn$1 ! /ud5t rem>k$3 ,!y say figures won't lie1 b a li> w figure4 ,! ?ird way 9 :i* exp]im5ts are made wor?less is by ! introduction ( factors o!r ?an ! "o be+ te/$4 ,?is may be done by *ance1 & ! conductor n realize ! pres5ce ( ! o!r factor1 or ! v>y+ factors may be introduc$ int5tionally "u ! belief t !y are negligible4 ,( ! fir/ case an in/ance may be cit$ ( ! plac+ ( two flocks 9 a h\se1 "o end ( :i* is damp] ?an ! o!r1 ! accid5tal introduction into "o flock ( a contagi\s disease1 or "o flock be+ ?r[n (f fe$ by an excessive fe$ ( gre5s1 etc41 etc4 ,^! factors t influ5ce p5s ( birds greatly add to ! error ( ! law ( *ance4 ,9 fact x am\nts to ! same ?+ on a l>g] scale4 ,= ?is reason n only are _m individuals1 b _m flocks1 _m locations1 & _m ye>s ne$$ to prove ! sup]iority ( ! contra/$ me?ods4 ,! criticisms 9 ! foll[+ section w amply illu/rate ! case ( =eign factors be+ unwisely introduc$ into an exp]im5t4 ,! ,egg ,bre$+ ,"w at ! ,ma9e ,/ation4 ,z is well kn[n ! ,ma9e ,/ation 0 = ye>s consid]$ by all p\ltrym5 to be do+ a great & b5eficial "w 9 bre$+ = increas$ egg production4 ,up until ! fall ( #aijg1 ! p\ltrym5 ( ! c\ntry 7 ( ! op9ion t ?is "w 0 9 e way successful1 & a l>ge numb] ( private bre$]s _h tak5 up ! use ( trap-ne/s 9 an ef=t to build up ! egg production ( _! f[ls4 ,:5 e>ly 9 #aijh ,bullet9 #aeg ( ! ,ma9e ,exp]im5t ,/ation 0 publi%$1 x %[$ by av]ages z giv5 9 ! table on page #bjb t ! egg yield at ! /ation 0 = ! entire p]iod on ! decl9e4 ,9 ,bullet9 #aeg1 ! /atem5t 0 made t ari?metical mi/akes & faulty /ati/ical me?ods acc\nt$ = ! discrepancies betwe5 ! =m] publications & ! criticis$ data4 ,! fur!r explanation t ! exp]im5t 0 a success z an exp]im5t1 etc41 only appe>$ to ! public m9d z a graceful way ( expla9+ :at 01 to ! practical man1 an utt] failure ( ! entire "w4 ,! un=tunate dea? ( ,pr(essor ,g[ell1 toge!r ) ! fact t he _h equipp$ a private p\ltry f>m ) /ation /ock1 add$ to ! confusion1 & ! result ( ! bullet9 0 ! precipitation ( a g5]al p[-w[ 9 :i* ! p\ltry editors 7 ab\t equally divid$ betwe5 ^? :o 7 ca/+ ins9uations ^u ! p]sonnel ( ! /ation1 & ^? :o decri$ ! :ole ef=t t[>d improv+ ! egg yield4 ,aft] go+ ov] ! publications ( ,pr(essor ,g[ell1 visit+ ! /ation & meet+ ! pres5t =ce1 ,i came to ! foll[+ conclusions reg>d+ ! matt]3 ,pr(essor ,g[ell's "w is op5 to sev]e criticism4 ,errors h be5 made 9 conduct+ ! "w at ,ma9e :i* h made x possible = a ma!matical biologi/ to take ! data & seem+ly prove t selection1 z practic$ by ,pr(essor ,g[ell1 actually result$ 9 l[]+ inh]5t egg capacity ( ! /ra9 ( ,plym\? ,rock h5s "u exp]im5tation4 ,_h ,pr(essor ,g[ell's successor be5 a practical p\ltryman1 x is my c&id op9ion t ! public w\ld h be5 giv5 a radically diff]5t explanation ( ! results4 ,pr(essor ,g[ell is ! au?or ( ! foll[+ /atem5t3 ,! small *ick5 gr[] is e>ne/ly urg$ to use an incubator = hat*+4 ,?is op9ion is n 9 accord ) t ( ! majority ( bre$]s & ! m progressive exp]im5t /ation work]s4 ,! op9ion has be5 express$ by ,pr(essor ,graham & o!rs1 t ! p>ticul> results at ! ,ma9e ,/ation may h be5 due to ! decrease ( vitality caus$ by cont9u$ artificial hat*+4 ,?is view may be :olly )\t f\ndation4 ,nev]!less1 z ! common type ( incubator is "u heavy criticism1 & x is pretty well prov5 t *icks s hat*$ h n ! vitality ( naturally hat*$ *icks1 surely a s]ies ( bre$+ exp]im5ts w\ld c>ry m weight if ! repl5i%+ ( ! flock _h be5 accompli%$ by natural means4 ,= ! fir/ few ye>s ( ! bre$+ "w ! h\se us$ 0 ! old-fa%ion$ d\ble wall$ & w>m$ patt]n4 ,! la/ few ye>s ( ?is "w 7 conduct$ 9 curta9 front h\ses4 ,t ! cool h\se is an improvem5t ov] ! w>m h\se is g5]ally conc$$1 b !re are _m p\ltrym5 :o are /ill ( ! op9ion t ! w>m h\se w give a l>g] egg yield1 ?\gh at a great] exp5se & less pr(it4 ,9 ! e>ly ye>s ( ! "w ! me?od ( fe$+ 0 also a "t-honor$ "o1 & includ$ a w>m ma%4 ,ab\t ! middle ( ! exp]im5tal p]iod ,pr(essor ,g[ell br\ght out ! sy/em ( fe$+ dry ma% f hopp]s4 ,?is cu/om became a great fad & ,pr(essor ,g[ell & ,director ,woods h prea*$ x f> & wide4 ,p]haps x is an improvem5t1 b x is to-day mu* m popul> ) novices ?an ) e/abli%$ egg f>ms4 ,_m old l9e p\ltrym5 h tri$ dry ma% only to g back to wet ma%1 by :i* me?od ! h5s c be induc$ to eat m :i* is conducive to high egg yields4 ,:e!r ^! *anges 9 h\s+ & fe$+ h be5 improvem5ts z claim$ by ^? :o introduc$ !m1 or :e!r _! popul>ity may be expla9$ 9 "p at lea/ by ! psy*ology ( fads1 is a po9t 9 "q1 b c]ta9ly ! m>r+ ( a bre$+ exp]im5t by introduc+ radical *anges 9 ! factors ( production is at be/ un=tunate4 ,a mu* m s]i\s criticism ?an any ( ! =ego+ is to be f\nd 9 a *ange ( ! size ( flocks & am\nt ( floor space p] f[l4 ,i h gone ov] c>efully ! publi%$ records ( ,pr(essor ,g[ell1 & ! review ( ,dr4 ,pe>l1 & ! foll[+ table repres5ts1 z ne> z ,i c det]m9e1 ^! factors = ! s]ies ( ye>s4 ,9 ! ye> #aijc ,i f9d no cle> /atem5t z to ! mann] 9 :i* ! birds 7 h\s$1 & ,i may be 9 error 9 ?is case4 ,o!rwise ! table gives ! facts4 ,ye> ,h5s 9 ,flock ,p] ,h5 ,egg ,yield #aijj #bj #h4 sq4 ft4 #acf4cf #aija #bj #h4 sq4 ft4 #adc4dd #aijb #bj #h4 sq4 ft4 #aee4eh #aijc #bj #h4 sq4 ft4 #ace4db #aijd #ej #d4d sq4 ft4 #aag4ij #aije #ej #d4d sq4 ft4 #acd4jg #aijf #ej #d4d sq4 ft4 #adj4ad #aijg #ej #d4d sq4 ft4 #aac4bd ,c]ta9ly ?is ov]sight is a s]i\s "o1 & "o especially rem>kable consid]+ ! fact t ! comp>ison ( diff]5t size flocks =m$ a prom95t "p ( ! ,ma9e ,/ation "w dur+ ! la/ ?ree ye>s ( ! bre$+ te/4 ,! results ( ! "w at ! ,ma9e ,/ation on te/+ flock size1 conduct$ )\t relation to ! bre$+ "w1 gave ! foll[+ results3 ,no4 ( ,h5s ,sq4 ft4 p] ,h5 ,egg ,yield #aej #c4b #aaa4fh #ajj #d4h #abc4ba #ej #d4h #abi4fi ,no comp>isons ( #ej & #bj bird flocks 9 ! same ye> are available1 b by ext5d+ ! comp>isons ( ! #ej1 #ajj & #aej flocks into ! #bj flock size1 we c get "s idea ( ! error t has be5 "h introduc$4 ,! result ( ! ,au/ralian egg lay+ conte/ 9 :i* ! flocks 7 compos$ ( six h5s1 %[s a yield ( ab\t "o & "o-half times z heavy z ! ,ma9e records1 :i* c]ta9ly seems to sub/antiate ! ideas "h br\ght out4 ,x is a well e/abli%$ fact 9 p\ltry circles t _m m5 :o succe$ ) a few hundr$ h5s1 fail :5 ! numb] is increas$ to z _m ?\s&s4 ,:5 ! bre$+ exp]im5ts "u discussion 7 />t$1 ,pr(essor ,g[ell _h "u 8 sup]vision ab\t ?ree hundr$ h5s4 ,:5 ! "w 0 clos$ ! exp]im5t /ation plant _h be5 increas$ to f\r or five times its capacity1 & ,pr(essor ,g[ell _h a l>ge private p\ltry plant ( 8 own 9 addition4 ,x is int]e/+ to note 9 ?is connection t ! la/ f\r ye>s ( ! records are expla9$ by ,pr(essor ,g[ell z be+ l[1 due to v>i\s accid5ts 787 ,x is unreasonable to suppose ! true explanation ( ^! accid5ts w\ld be f\nd 9 connection ) ! increas$ responsibility & size ( ! plant4 ,! bre$+ /ock s5t out by ,pr(essor ,g[ell has giv5 g5]al satisfaction1 & 0 f\nd by ,pr(essor ,graham ( ! ,ont>io ,/ation1 z well z by a numb] ( private individuals1 to be ( sup]ior lay+ quality to t ( ! av]age ,b>r$ ,rock4 ,cle>ly !re is only "o way to prove :e!r ,pr(essor ,g[ell's "w has be5 a wa/$ ef=t1 & t is = flocks ( 8 /ra9 to be te/$ at o!r exp]im5t /ations aga9/ birds ( miscellane\s orig94 ,t mu* has be5 lo/ to ! p\ltrym5 ( ! c\ntry by ! rec5t upheaval at ! ,ma9e ,/ation1 ,i believe to be ! case1 b t does n mean t ! m5 n[ 9 *>ge w n 9 ! future be ( great value to ! p\ltry int]e/s4 ,!y are1 h[ev]1 9 ! class ( pure sci5ti/s r ?an appli$ sci5ti/s1 b if let alone !y w dig out some?+ soon] or lat] :i* !y or o!rs c apply to ! b5efit ( ! indu/ry4 ,^u ! :ole1 ,i ?9k t ! pres5t case ( ! trap-ne/ me?od ( increas+ egg production /&s v mu* z x is has always /ood1 be+ a comm5dable ?+ = small bre$]s :o c\ld af=d ! "t1 b n practical 9 a l>ge way1 except at exp]im5t /ations4 ,on a l>ge comm]cial scale ! sy/em ( select+ sires by ! collective "w ( 8 fir/ ye>'s (fspr+ w\ld probably get ! quicke/ results4 ,! be/ use ( ! funds ( ! p 9 ! promotion ( agricultural indu/ries is 9 ! p]man5t endorsem5t on ! "o h& ( a few high grade rese>* /ations :]e ! deep] !ories may be work$ out1 & on ! o!r ! tea*+ ( su* good pr9ciples & practices z are already kn[n4 ,! greate/ opportunity = ,gov]nm5t ef=t lies 9 ! developm5t demon/ration f>m "w 9 p\ltry ,j z x is do+ ) ! corn & cotton 9 ! ,s\?4 ,,*apt] ,,xvi ,,p\ltry ,,on ,,! ,,g5]al ,,f>m ,?is *apt] w be devot$ to specific directions = ! pr(itable keep+ ( *ick5s on ! typical ,am]ican f>m4 ,by typical ,am]ican f>m ,i mean ! f>m we/ ( ,ohio1 nor? ( ,t5nessee & ea/ ( ,colorado4 ,f>ms outside ?is section pres5t diff]5t problems4 ,9 ! region m5tion$ ab\t ?ree-qu>t]s ( ! ,am]ican p\ltry & egg crop is produc$1 & 9 ?is section p\ltry keep+ is m pr(itable :5 conduct$ z a "p ( g5]al f>m op]ations ?an z an exclusive bus9ess4 ,!re is no reason :y a f>m] %\ld n be a p\ltry fanci] if he desires1 b 9 t case 8 special int]e/ 9 8 *ick5s w\ld ?r[ him out ( ! class we are at pres5t consid]+4 ,likewise1 ,i d n d\bt t 9 _m in/ances :]e ! f>m] or memb]s ( 8 family took special int]e/ 9 p\ltry "w1 x w\ld be pr(itable to increase ! size ( op]ations beyond ^? h]e9 advis$1 us+ incubators & keep+ ,leghorns4 ,( ^! exceptions ! f>m] himself mu/ judge4 ,! rules ,i lay d[n are = ^? f>m]s :o wi% to keep *ick5s = pr(it1 b d n c>e to devote any l>g] %>e ( _! "t & /udy to !m ?an !y d to ! c[s1 hogs1 or*>d or g>d54 ,! advice h]e9 giv5 9 ?is *apt] w diff] f mu* ( ! advice giv5 to f>m]s by p\ltry writ]s4 ,! av]age p\ltry editor is afraid to give specific advice conc]n+ bre$s1 incubators1 etc41 because he fe>s to (f5d 8 adv]tis]s4 ,! read]1 left to judge = himself1 is liable to pick out "s fancy impractical v>iety or me?od4 ,be/ ,bre$s = ! ,f>m4 ,keep only "o v>iety ( *ick5s4 ,d n bo!r ) o!r v>ieties ( p\ltry unless x is turkeys4 ,:e!r x w pay to raise turkeys w dep5d ^u y\r success ) ! little turks1 & on ! fre$om ( ! community f ! disease call$ ,black-head4 ,! k9d ( *ick5 y %\ld keep %\ld be pick$ f ! ?ree foll[+ bre$s3 ,b>r$ ,plym\? ,rock1 ,:ite ,wy&otte1 ,rhode ,isl& ,r$s4 ,if y g outside ( ^! ?ree bre$s be sure y h a v good reason = do+ s4 ,!n get a />t ) a new bre$1 buy at lea/ f\r sitt+s ( eggs 9 a s+le season1 pay+ n ov] #b4jj p] sitt+4 ,keep all ! pullets & a half doz5 ( ! be/ cock]els4 ,! next spr+ p5 ^! pullets up ) ! be/ cock]els1 & use none b eggs f ?is p5 = hat*+4 ,t fall sell all ( ! "y cock]els & all ! old scrub h5s4 ,! second spr+ ! two old roo/]s f ! orig9al pur*as$ eggs are us$ ) ! g5]al flock4 ,f ?is "t on ! entire flock is pure br$ & %\ld rema9 s4 ,ea* ye> :5 ! *icks are ab\t six or eight weeks old pick out ! l>ge/1 mo/ vigor\s male *ick f ea* brood4 ,m>k ^! by clipp+ ! web ( ! foot or putt+ on leg b&s4 ,f ^? s m>k$ ! bre$+ cock]els = ! next season are lat] select$4 ,:5 y pick ! good cock]els pick out all runty look+ pullets & cut (f ! la/ jo9t ( ! h9d toe4 ,^! runts are lat] to be eat5 or sold4 ,! m surplus *icks rais$1 ! m /rictly c ! selection be made4 ,?is sy/em ( pick+ ! be/ cock]el f ea* brood & disc>d+ ! poore/ pullets is ! mo/ practical me?od kn[n ( build+ up a vigor\s1 quick gr[+ & e>ly lay+ /ra94 ,:5 we all[ ! entire flock ( _m diff]5t ages to gr[ up be=e ! selection is made x is impossible to select intellig5tly4 ,e ?ird or f\r? ye> an extra cock bird may be pur*as$ provid$ y are sure y are gett+ a specim5 f a bett] flock ?an y\r own4 ,swapp+ roo/]s or eggs e ye> is poor policy4 ,if y\r neighbor has bett] /ock ?an y1 get 8 blood pure & sell (f y\r own1 b d n keep a b>ny>d full ( scrubs :o c trace _! ance/ry to e flock 9 ! neighborhood4 ,keep ,only ,work]s4 ,on _m f>ms few eggs are ga!r$ f ,octob] to ,janu>y4 ,?is is a season :5 eggs br+ ! be/ prices4 ,to secure eggs at ?is season1 ! fir/ requisite is t ! pullets be hat*$ betwe5 ! fir/ ( ,m>* & ! middle ( ,may1 or1 9 ! case ( ,leghorns1 betwe5 ! fir/ ( ,april & ! fir/ ( ,june4 ,pullets hat*$ lat] ?an ^! dates are a s\rce ( exp5se dur+ ! fall & e>ly w9t]4 ,on ! o!r h&1 x is an unnecess>y wa/e ( ef=t to hat* pullets be=e ! dates m5tion$1 because1 if hat*$ too e>ly1 !y w molt 9 ! fall & /op lay+ ! same z old h5s4 ,pullets mu/ be well f$ & c>$ = if expect$ to develop 9 ! "t all[$4 ,z !y beg9 to %[ signs ( maturity !y %\ld be gott5 into p]man5t qu>t]s4 ,if all[$ to beg9 lay+ :ile roo/+ 9 coops or 9 trees !y w be liable to quit :5 *ang$ to new qu>t]s4 ,if possible ! coops %\ld be gradually mov$ t[>d ! h5-h\se & ! pullets gott5 into qu>t]s )\t excitem5t or conf9em5t4 ,! p\ltry-h\se %\ld h an ample circulation ( fre% air4 ,"y /ock t h be5 roo/+ 9 op5 coops are liable to cat* cold if conf9$ 9 tight h\ses4 ,a common mi/ake is to all[ a l>ge troop ( "y roo/]s to ov]run ! premises 9 ! e>ly fall4 ,n only is money lo/ 9 ! decrease 9 price t c be obta9$ = ^! cock]els1 b ! pullets are greatly annoy$1 to ! detrim5t ( ! egg yield4 ,any *ick5 t is n pay+ = its food 9 gr[? or 9 egg production is a s\rce ( loss4 ,z soon z ! hat*+ season is ov] old roo/]s %\ld be s5t to m>ket4 ,?r\gh ,june & ,augu/ egg production is n v pr(itable1 & a ?or\gh cull+ ( ! h5s %\ld be made4 ,m>ket all h5s two ye>s or m ( age4 ,s5d ) ^! all ! ye>l+ h5s t appe> fat & lazy4 ,by ! "t ! "y pullets are ready to be mov$ into qu>t]s--! latt] "p ( ,augu/--^! h5s %\ld be r$uc$ to ab\t "o-half ! orig9al numb]4 ,"s "t dur+ ,septemb] a f9al cull+ ( ! old /ock %\ld be made4 ,^? t h n yet begun to molt %\ld be sold1 z !y w n be lay+ aga9 be=e ! w>m days ( ! foll[+ ,febru>y4 ,?is sy/em ( cull+ w leave ! be/ portion ( ! ye>l+ h5s1 :i*1 toge!r ) ! e>ly-hat*$ pullets1 w make a pr(itable flock ( lay]s4 ,hat*+ ,*icks ,) ,h5s4 ,! eggs = hat*+ %\ld be /or$ 9 a cool1 dry location at a temp]ature betwe5 =ty & sev5ty degrees ,fahr5heit4 ,a good rule is n to set eggs ov] two weeks old4 ,! two *ief losses ) sitt+-h5s are due to lice & int]f]5ce ( o!r h5s4 ,! practice ( sett+ h5s 9 ! *ick5-h\se makes bo? ^! difficulties m tr\blesome4 ,almo/ all f>ms w h "s outbuild+ situat$ ap>t f ! regul> *ick5-h\se t c be us$ = sitt+-h5s4 ,! mo/ conv5i5t arrangem5t w be to use boxes1 & h ^! op5 at ! top4 ,!y may be plac$ 9 r[s & a plank some:at n>r[] ?an ! boxes us$ z a cov]4 ,! ne/s %\ld be made by ?r[+ a %ovel ( e>? into ! box & !n %ap+ a ne/ ( clean /raw4 ,make ! ne/ roomy en\gh s t z ! h5 /eps into ! ne/ ! eggs w spread ap>t readily & n be brok54 ,:5 a h5 %[s signs ( brood9ess remove h] to ! sitt+-room4 ,?is %\ld be done 9 ! ev5+1 s t ! h5 becomes accu/om$ to h] position by daylight4 ,place ! h5 ^u ! ne/-eggs & conf9e h] to ! ne/4 ,if all is well ! next ev5+ give h] a full sett+ ( eggs4 ,a practical me?od to arrange = sitt+-h5s is to build ! ne/s out ( doors1 all[+ ea* h5 a little y>d1 s t %e may h lib]ty to leave h] ne/ z %e *ooses4 ,^! ne/s may be built by us+ twelve-in* bo>ds set on edge1 s z to =m a s]ies ( small runways ab\t "o by six feet4 ,9 "o end are built ! ne/s1 :i* are cov]$ by a broad bo>d1 :ile ! rema9d] ( ! arrangem5t is cov]$ ) la? or nett+4 ,! food1 grit & wat] %\ld be plac$ at ! opposite end ( ! runway4 ,c>e %\ld be tak5 to locate ^! ne/s on well-dra9$ gr\nd4 ,arrangem5ts %\ld be made to close ! front ( ! ne/ dur+ hat*+ s t ! *icks w n drop out4 ,a contrivance ( ?is k9d furni%es a v conv5i5t me?od ( h&l+ sitt+-h5s1 & if no sep>ate build+ is available w\ld be ! be/ me?od to use4 ,incubators on ! ,f>m4 ,my c&id advice to ! f>m] :o is 9 d\bt z :e!r to buy an incubator or n1 is to let x alone4 ,if ! f>m] reads ! *apt] on artificial incubation1 he w see t he is deal+ ) a v complex problem1 & "o 9 :i* 8 *ances ( success are n v great4 ,9 ord] to le>n ! facts conc]n+ incubators on ! f>ms ! writ] made a special inve/igation on ! subject :ile p\ltryman at ! ,kansas ,exp]im5t ,/ation4 ,replies receiv$ f #aaa ,kansas f>m]s1 report #ba z hav+ tri$ incubators4 ,( ^!1 #f report$ ! incubators z be+ an improvem5t ov] hat*+ ) h5s2 #aj report$ ! incubator z be+ successful1 b n bett] ?an h5s1 :ile ! rema9+ #e decl>$ ! incubator to be a failure4 ,! results ( ?is inquiry1 & ( p]sonal visits to f>ms1 l$ ! writ] to believe t ab\t "o-t5? ( ! f>m]s ( ,kansas _h tri$ incubators1 & t ab\t z _m fail$ z succe$$ ) artificial hat*+4 ,! argum5t = ! incubator on ! f>m is c]ta9ly n "o ( bett] hat*+1 b !re is an argum5t1 & a good "o = ! f>m incubator4 ,! argum5t is ?is3 ,h5s w n set e>ly en\gh & 9 suffici5t quantities to get out z l>ge a numb] ( *icks z ! f>m] may desire4 ,n[1 ea* h5 w n hat* ov] #aj *icks1 b is capable ( c>+ = at lea/ #cj4 ,"h ! incubator comes into good use1 = ! f>m] c set a half doz5 h5s along ) ! incubator1 & give all ! *icks to ! h5s4 ,?is is ! me?od ,i recomm5d :]e an incubator is to be us$4 ,! developm5t ( ! public hat*]y w\ld supply ^! o!r #bj *icks m economically & m c]ta9ly ?an ! f>m incubator1 b until t in/itution becomes e/abli%$ ! m ambiti\s f>m p\ltry rais]s are ju/ifi$ 9 try+ an incubator4 ,! be/ kn[n incubators 9 ! m>ket are ! ,cyph]s1 ! ,model & ! ,prairie ,/ate4 ,*eap] ma*9es are liable to d poor "w4 ,! foll[+ po9ts may help ! f>m] 9 decid+ :e!r or n to buy an incubator & 9 pick+ out a good ma*9e4 ,! p]son to run ! incubator is ! fir/ condition ( its success4 ,a good incubator requires att5tion twice a day4 ,"o p]son %\ld give ?is att5tion1 & mu/ give x regul>ly & c>efully4 ,! f>m]'s wife or "s y\ng] memb] ( ! family c (t5 give m "t & int]e/ to ?is "w ?an c ! f>m]4 ,! likelihood ( a p]son's success ) artificial hat*]s c be/ be det]m9$ by himself4 ,! be/ location = an incubator is a mod]ately damp cell>4 ,! next *oice w\ld be a room 9 ! h\se away f ! fire or f w9d[s4 ,drafts ( air bl[+ on ! ma*9e are especially to be avoid$4 ,n only d !y affect ! temp]ature directly1 b cause ! lamp to burn irregul>ly1 & ?is may result 9 fire4 ,! objects 9 view 9 build+ an incubator are3 7#a7 ,to keep ! eggs at a prop] temp]ature 7#ajc degrees on a level ) ! top ( ! eggs74 7#b7 ,to cause ! evaporation ( moi/ure f ! eggs at a normal rate4 7#c7 ,to prev5t ! eggs f re/+ too long 9 "o position4 ,! case ( ! incubator %\ld be built d\ble1 or triple-wall$1 to )/& v>iation 9 ! outside temp]ature4 ,! doors %\ld fit neatly & be made ( d\ble glass4 ,! lamp %\ld be made ( ! be/ mat]ial1 & ! wick ( suffici5t wid? t ! temp]ature may be ma9ta9$ ) a l[ blaze4 ,! mo/ satisfactory place = ! lamp is at ! end ( ! ma*9e1 outside ! case4 ,regulators compos$ ( two metals1 su* z alum9um & /eel1 are be/4 ,waf]s fill$ ) e!r or simil> liquid are m s5sitive b weak] 9 action4 ,h>d-rubb] b>s are frequ5tly us$4 ,! mo/ practical sy/em ( controll+ evaporation is a sy/em ( =c$ v5tilation1 9 :i* ! air is heat$ ar\nd ! lamp-flue & passes ?r\gh ! egg-*amb] at a rate det]m9$ by v5tilators 9 ! bottom ( ! ma*9e4 ,) ! outside air cold & dry only slight curr5t is requir$1 b z ! out] air becomes w>m] or damp] m circulation is ne$$4 ,turn+ ! egg is n ! "w t _m imag9e x to be4 ,x is n necess>y t ! egg be turn$ ) absolute precision & regul>ity4 ,an elaborate device = ?is "w is useless4 ,! trays w ne$ frequ5tly to be remov$ & turn$ ar\nd or %ift$1 & ! eggs c be turn$ at ?is "t by lift+ out a few on "o side ( ! tray & roll+ ! o!rs ov]4 ,two o!r po9ts to be consid]$ 9 ! incubator are3 ,a suitable nurs]y or place = ! newly hat*$ *ick1 & a good !rmomet]4 ,re>+ ,*icks4 ,if x is v e>ly 9 ! spr+1 & ! gr\nd is damp1 x is be/ to put ! h5 & h] brood 9 "s build+4 ,dur+ ! mo/ ( ! season ! be/ ?+ is an outdoor coop4 ,! fir/ consid]ation 9 mak+ a *ick5-coop is to see t x is ra9-pro( & rat-tight4 ,! next ?+ to look = is t ! coop is n air-tight4 ,let ! front be ( rat-tight nett+ or heavy scre54 ,! same g5]al plan may be us$ = small coops = h5s1 or = l>g] coops to be us$ z colony-h\ses = gr[+ *ick5s4 ,! ess5tials are3 ,a movable floor raid$ on cleats1 a slid+ front cov]$ ) rat-tight nett+1 & a hood ov] ! front to keep ! ra9 f beat+ 94 ,if us$ late 9 ! fall or e>ly 9 ! spr+ a piece ( clo? %\ld be tack$ on ! slid+ front4 ,! *ick5-coops %\ld n be bun*$ up1 b scatt]$ out ov] z mu* gr\nd z is conv5i5t4 ,nei!r %\ld !y rema9 long 9 "o spot1 b %\ld be %ift$ a few feet ea* day4 ,at fir/ wat] %\ld be provid$ at ea* coop1 b z ! *ick5s gr[ old] !y may be requir$ to come to a few c5tral wat] pans4 ,z be=e sugge/$1 re>+ *icks ) h5s is ! only suitable me?od = g5]al f>m practice4 ,! brood] on ! f>m is an exp5sive nuisance4 ,= brood] rais$ *icks x is necess>y to provide means = ! little *ick to ex]cise4 ,b 9 ! season :5 ! great majority ( f>m *icks are rais$ !y may be plac$ out ( doors f ! />t & ! tr\ble w n[ be to keep !m f gett+ too mu* ex]cise1 i4e43 to keep ! h5s f *as+ ar\nd ) !m especially 9 ! wet grass4 ,?is is prop]ly prev5t$ by keep+ ! brood coops 9 pl[$ gr\nd1 & keep+ ! h5s conf9$ by a slatt$ door1 until ! *icks are /rong en\gh to foll[ h] readily4 ,! *ick %\ld n be f$ until #dh to #gb h\rs old4 ,x may !n be />t$ on ! same k9d ( food z is to =m its diet 9 aft] life4 ,! h>d boil$ egg & bread & milk diets are :olly unnecess>y & are only a wa/e ( "t4 ,i recomm5d ! same sy/em ( *ick fe$+ = ! g5]al f>m z is us$ on comm]cial plants1 & ,i especially insi/ t x w pay ! f>m] to provide meat food ( "s sort = 8 gr[+ *icks4 ,! am\nt eat5 w n be l>ge1 nor ne$ ! f>m] fe> t supply+ ! *icks ) meat food w prev5t _! consum+ all ! bugs & worms t come _! way4 ,besides com=table qu>t]s1 ! *ick to ?rive1 mu/ h3 ,ex]cise1 wat]1 grit1 a v>iety ( gra9 food1 gre5 or succul5t food1 & meat food4 ,wat] %\ld be provid$ 9 %all[ di%es4 ,?is c be/ be arrang$ by hav+ a di% ) an inv]t$ c or bottle :i* all[s only a little wat] to /& 9 ! dr9k+ bas94 ,*icks runn+ at l>ge on gravelly gr\nd ne$ no provision = grit4 ,*icks on bo>d floors or clay soils mu/ be provid$ ) ei!r co>se s& or *ick grit1 su* z is sold = ! purpose4 ,gra9 is ! pr9cipal1 &1 too (t51 ! only food ( ! *ick4 ,! common f>m way ( fe$+ gra9 to "y *ick5s is to mix corn-meal & wat] & fe$ 9 a tr\gh or on ! gr\nd4 ,!re is no p>ticul> advantage 9 ?is way ( fe$+1 & !re are sev]al disadvantages4 ,! fe$ is all 9 a bun*1 & ! weak] *icks are cr[d$ out1 :ile if wet fe$ is ?r[n on ! gr\nd or 9 a dirty tr\gh ! *icks mu/ swall[ ! adh]+ fil?1 & if any food is left ov] x quickly s\rs & becomes a m5ace to heal?4 ,"s p mix d\gh ) s\r milk & soda & bake ?is into a bread4 ,! bett] way is to fe$ all ( ! gra9 9 a natural dry condition4 ,!re are foods 9 ! m>ket kn[n z *ick foods4 ,! comm]cial foods conta9 v>i\s gra9s & se$s1 toge!r ) meat & grit4 ,_! use r5d]s *ick fe$+ q a simple matt]1 x be+ necess>y to supply 9 addition only wat] & gre5 foods4 ,= ^? :o wi% to prep>e _! own *ick foods ! foll[+ sugge/ions are giv53 ,oatmeal is probably ! be/ gra9 food = *icks4 ,oats _c be suitably prep>$1 h[ev]1 9 a common fe$-mill4 ,! hull$ oats are :at is want$4 ,!y c be pur*as$ z ! common roll$ oats1 or sometimes z cut or p9-head oatmeal4 ,! latt] =m w\ld be pref]r$1 b ei!r ( ^! is an excell5t *ick fe$4 ,oats 9 ^! =ms are exp5sive & %\ld be pur*as$ 9 bulk1 n 9 packages4 ,if too exp5sive1 oats %\ld be us$ only = a few days1 :5 !y may be replac$ by *eap] gra9s4 ,crack$ corn is ! be/ & *eape/ *ick food4 ,flaxse$ c\ld be us$ 9 small quantities4 ,kaffir-corn1 :eat1 c[-peas--9 fact any :olesome gra9--may be us$1 ! m v>iety ! bett]4 ,f>m]s possess+ fe$-mills h no excuse = fe$+ *icks exclusively on "o k9d ( gra94 ,if !re is no way ( gr9d+ corn on ! f>m1 oatmeal1 millet se$ & corn *op c be pur*as$4 ,at ab\t "o week ( age :ole ,kaffir-corn1 &1 a little lat] :ole :eat1 c be us$ to replace ! m exp5sive fe$s4 ,gre5 or bulky food ( "s k9d is necess>y to ! heal?y gr[? ( "y *ick5s4 ,*ick5s f$ 9 litt] f clov] or alfalfa w pick up _m bits ( leaves4 ,?is answ]s ! purpose fairly well1 b x is advisable to fe$ "s leafy vegetable1 z kale or lettuce4 ,! *icks %\ld be gott5 on "s gr[+ gre5 crop z soon z possible4 ,*ick5s are n by nature veget>ians4 ,!y require "s meat to ?rive4 ,x has be5 prov5 9 sev]al exp]im5ts t "y *ick5s ) an all[ance ( meat foods make mu* bett] gr[? ?an *ick5s ) a vegetable diet1 ev5 :5 ! *emical con/itu5ts & ! v>iety ( ! two rations are practically ! same4 ,v few f>m]s fe$ any meat :atev]4 ,!y rely on insects to supply ! defici5cy4 ,?is w\ld be all "r if ! insects 7 pl5tiful & la/$ ?r\gh\t ! ye>1 b z conditions are x w pay ! f>m] to supplem5t ?is s\rce ( food ) ! comm]cial meat foods4 ,fre% bone1 cut by bone-cutt]s1 is an excell5t s\rce ( ! meat & m9]al matt] ne$$ by gr[+ *icks4 ,if "o is h&y to a but*] %op t w agree to furni% fre% bones at little or no co/1 x w pay to get a bone-mill1 b ! co/ ( ! mill & labor ( gr9d+ are consid]able items1 & unless ! supply ( bones is reliable & conv5i5t ?is s\rce ( meat foods is n to be dep5d$ ^u4 ,! be/ way to fe$ beef-scrap is to keep a supply 9 ! hopp] s ! *ick5s may help !mselves4 ,9 case meat food is giv51 bone-meal1 f$ 9 small quantities1 w =m a valuable addition to _! ration4 ,inf]tile eggs f incubators1 z well z by-products ( ! dairy1 c be us$ to help out 9 ! animal-food portion ( ! ration4 ,*ick5s may be giv5 all ! milk !y w dr9k4 ,x is g5]ally recomm5d$ t ?is be giv5 clabb]$4 ,fe$+ ,lay+ ,h5s4 ,! food requirem5ts ( a lay+ h5 are v l ^? ( a gr[+ *ick54 ,"o addition to ! li/ is1 h[ev]1 requir$ = egg production1 :i* is lime1 ( :i* ! %ell ( ! egg is =m$4 ,9 ! summ]-"t h5s on ! range w f9d suffici5t lime to supply _! ne$s4 ,9 ! w9t]-"t !y %\ld be suppli$ ) m lime ?an ! food conta9s4 ,cru%$ oy/] %ell answ]s ! purpose admirably4 ,a supply ( gre5 food is "o ( ! requisites ( successful w9t] fe$+4 ,e f>m] %\ld see t a pat* ( rye1 crimson clov]1 or "s o!r w9t] gre5 crop is gr[n ne> 8 *ick5-h\se4 ,vegetables & refuse f ! kit*5 help out 9 ?is matt]1 b seldom furni% a suffici5t supply4 ,vegetables may be gr[n = ?is purpose4 ,mangels & sug>-beets are excell5t4 ,cabbage1 potatoes & turnips answ] ! purpose fairly well4 ,mangels are f$ by splitt+ 9 halves & /ick+ to nails driv5 9 ! wall4 ,clov] & alfalfa are excell5t *ick5 fe$s & %\ld be us$ 9 regions :]e w9t] crops w n keep gre54 ,! leaves t %att] (f 9 ! m[ are ! *oice/ portion = *ick5 fe$+1 & may be f$ by scald+ ) hot wat] & mix+ 9 a ma%4 ,h5s w eat good gre5 alfalfa if f$ dry 9 a box4 ,! fe$+ ( spr\t$ oats %\ld be practic$ :5 no o!r gre5 food is available4 ,oats may be prep>$ = ?is purpose by ?or\ghly soak+ 9 w>m wat] & be+ kept 9 a w>m1 damp place = a few days4 ,fe$ :5 ! spr\ts are a c\ple ( in*es long4 ,almo/ all gra9s are suitable foods = h5s4 ,corn1 on acc\nt ( its *eapness & g5]al di/ribution1 is ! be/4 ,! g5]al prejudice aga9/ corn fe$+ %\ld be direct$ r aga9/ fe$+ "o gra9 alone )\t ! o!r =ms ( food4 ,if h5s are suppli$ ) gre5 foods1 ) m9]al matt]1 "s =m ( meat food1 & are =c$ to take suffici5t am\nt ( ex]cise1 ! dang] f ov]fatness1 due to ! fe$+ ( a reasonable am\nt ( corn1 ne$ n be fe>$4 ,z has already be5 emphasiz$1 ! v>iety ( food giv5 is m ess5tial ?an ! k9d4 ,d n fe$ "o gra9 all ! "t4 ,! m v>iety f$ ! bett]4 ,corn & ,kaffir-corn1 be+ *eap gra9s1 w =m ! major portion ( ! ration1 b1 ev5 if mu* high] 9 price1 x w pay to add a portion ( su* gra9 z :eat1 b>ley1 oats or buck:eat4 ,cleanl9ess4 ,! advice commonly giv5 9 p\ltry pap]s w\ld require "o to ex]cise ne>ly z mu* pa9s 9 ! clean+ ( a *ick5 h\se z 9 ! clean+ ( a kit*54 ,su* advice may be suitable = ! city p\ltry fanci]s1 b x is out ( place :5 giv5 to ! f>m]4 ,p\ltry rais+1 ! same z o!r f>m "w1 mu/ pay = ! labor put into x1 & ?is w n be ! case if attempt is made to foll[ all ! sugge/ions ( ! !oretical p\ltry writ]4 ,! ease ) :i* ! premises may be kept reasonably free f litt] & fil? is l>gely a matt] ( conv5i5t arrangem5t4 ,! h&ie/ plan f ?is view-po9t is ! colony sy/em4 ,9 ?is ! h\ses are mov$ to new locations :5 ! gr\nd becomes soil$4 ,if ! *ick5-h\se is a /ation>y /ructure x %\ld be built away f o!r build+s1 scrap-piles1 f5ce corn]s1 etc41 s t ! gr\nd c be frequ5tly fre%5$ by pl[+ & s[+ 9 oats1 rye or rape4 ,! gr\nd %\ld be well slop$1 s t ! wat] dra9+ f ! surface may wa% away mu* ( ! fil? t on level gr\nd w\ld accumulate4 ,cleanl9ess indoors c be simplifi$ by prop] arrangem5t4 ,fir/1 ! h\se mu/ be dry4 ,p\ltry dropp+s1 :5 dry1 are n a s\rce ( dang] if kept out ( ! fe$4 ,!y %\ld be remov$ (t5 en\gh to prev5t f\l odors4 ,dr9k+ vessels %\ld be r9s$ out :5 refill$ & n all[$ to accumulate a coat ( slime4 ,if a ma% is f$1 fe$-bo>ds %\ld be scrap$ (f & dri$ 9 ! sun4 ,sun%9e is a *eap & effici5t dis9fectant4 ,! advice on ! control ( lice & ! me?od ( h&l+ sick *ick5s t has be5 giv5 9 ! ma9 section ( ! book1 w apply z well on ! f>m z on ! comm]cial p\ltry plant4 ,c]ta9ly ! f>m]'s "t is too valuable to fool ) ! details ( p\ltry !rapeutics4 ,f>m ,*ick5 ,h\ses4 ,! foll[+ notes on p\ltry h\ses apply to ,i[a & ,nebraska1 :]e ! w9t]s are sev]e1 & simil> climates4 ,f>!r s\? & ea/ ! f>m] %\ld use ! same /yle ( h\ses z recomm5d$ = egg f>ms4 ,a *ick5 h\se j high en\gh = a man to walk erectly & a floor space ( ab\t #c squ>e feet p] h5 is advisable4 ,?is requires a h\se #ab by #bd = #ajj h5s1 or #aj by #af = #ej4 ,l&s slop+ to s\? or s\!a/1 & t :i* dries quickly aft] a ra91 w prove ! mo/ suitable = *ick5s4 ,a gumbo pat* %\ld n be select$ z a location = p\ltry4 ,hogs & h5s %\ld n occupy ! same qu>t]s1 9 fact1 %\ld be "s di/ance ap>t1 especially if heavy bre$s ( *ick5s are kept4 ,h5s %\ld be remov$ f ! g>d51 b may be ne> an or*>d4 ,*ick5-h\ses %\ld be sep>at$ f tool-h\ses1 /ables1 & o!r outbuild+s4 ,grad+ = *ick5-h\ses is n commonly practic$1 b ?is is ! easie/ means ( prev5t+ dampness 9 ! h\se & is necess>y 9 heavy soils4 ,! gr\nd-level may be rais$ ) a pl[ & scrap]1 or ! f\ndation ( ! h\se may be built & fill$ ) dirt4 ,a /one f\ndation is be/1 b :]e /one is exp5sive may be replac$ by c$>1 hemlock or ,osage orange po/s1 deeply set 9 ! gr\nd4 ,small h\ses c be built on runn]s z describ$ = colony h\ses = an egg f>m4 ,floors are commonly con/ruct$ ( e>?1 bo>ds or cem5t4 ,cem5t floors are p]fectly sanit>y & easy to keep clean4 ,! objections to _! common use is ! fir/ co/ ( good cem5t floors4 ,*eaply con/ruct$ floors w n la/4 ,bo>d floors are v common & are pref]r$ by _m p\ltrym51 b if close to ! gr\nd !y h>bor rats1 :ile if op5 und]nea? !y make ! h\se cold4 ,cov]+ wet gr\nd by a bo>d floor does n rem$y ! fault ( dampness ne>ly s effectually z w\ld a simil> exp5diture sp5t 9 rais+ ! floor & surr\nd+ gr\nd by grad+4 ,all ?+s consid]$1 ! dirt floor is ! mo/ suitable4 ,?is %\ld be made by fill+ 9 above ! outside gr\nd-level4 ,! dra9age w be facilitat$ if ! fir/ lay] ( ?is floor be ( c9d]s1 small rocks or o!r co>se mat]ial4 ,above ?is lay] %\ld be plac$ a lay] ( clay1 wet & pack$ h>d1 s ! h5s _c scrat* x up1 or a diff]5t plan may be us$ & ! floor con/ruct$ ( a s&y or loamy soil ( :i* ! top lay] c be r5ew$ ea* ye>4 ,! walls ( a *ick5-h\se mu/ fir/ ( all be w9d-tight4 ,?is may be atta9$ 9 sev]al ways4 ,upright bo>ds ) cracks batt5$ is ! *eape/ me?od4 ,v>i\s k9ds ( lap-sid+ give simil> results4 ,! s+le-bo>d wall may be greatly improv$ by l9+ ) build+-pap]4 ,?is %\ld be put on betwe5 ! /udd+ & sid+4 ,la? %\ld also be us$ to prev5t ! pap] bagg+ out f ! wall4 ,! d\ble-bo>d wall is ! be/ :]e a w>m h\se is desir$4 ,x %\ld be made by sid+ up outside ! /udd+ ) *eap lumb]4 ,on ?is is plac$ a lay] ( ro(+ pap] & ov] x ! ord9>y sid+4 ,! w9d[s ( a *ick5-h\se %\ld furni% suffici5t light t ! h5s may f9d gra9 9 ! litt] on cl\dy days4 ,too mu* glass 9 a p\ltry h\se makes ! h\se cold at night1 & x is a ne$less exp5diture4 ,! subject ( ro(+ f>m build+s may be summ>iz$ 9 ?is advice3 ,use pat5t ro(+ if y "k ( a v>iety t w la/2 if n1 use %+les4 ,%+le ro(s require a /eep] pit* ?an d ro(s ( prep>$ ro(+4 ,a %+le ro( c be made mu* w>m] by us+ tightly laid %ea?+ cov]$ ) build+-pap]4 ,especial c>e %\ld be tak5 t ! jo9ts at ! eaves ( ! h\se are tightly fitt$4 ,! object ( v5tilat+ a *ick5-h\se is to supply a reasonable am\nt ( fre% air1 &1 equally important1 to keep ! h\se dry4 ,v5tilation %\ld n be by cracks or op5 cupolas4 ,direct drafts ( air are injuri\s1 & v5tilation by su* means is always ! greate/ :5 ! lea/ ne$$4 ,s*emes ( v5tilation by a sy/em ( pipes are exp5sive & unnecess>y4 ,! late/1 be/ & *eape/ plan = provid+ v5tilation is ! curta9 front h\se = ! nor?1 & ! op5 front h\se = ! m s\!rly sections4 ,! curta9 front h\se is giv+ way to ! op5 front ) a some:at small] op5+ 9 sections1 z f> nor? z ,connecticut4 ,make all roo/s on ! same level4 ,! ladd] arrangem5t is a nuisance & (f]s no advantage4 ,arrange ! roo/s s t !y may be readily remov$ = clean+4 ,d n fill ! *ick5-h\se full ( roo/s4 ,put 9 only en\gh to accommodate ! h5s1 & let ^! be on "o side ( ! h\se4 ,! floor "u ! roo/s %\ld be sep>at$ f ! fe$+ floor by a bo>d set on edge4 ,= lay+ flocks ! ne/s mu/ be clean1 seclud$ & pl5tiful4 ,boxes "u ! roo/-plat=m w answ]1 b a bett] plan is to h ! ne/ ^u a %elf along a side wall s arrang$ z to all[ ! h5 to ent] f ! re> side4 ,ne/s %\ld be con/ruct$ s t all p>ts are accessible to a :ite-wa% bru%4 ,! less contrivances 9 a *ick5-h\se1 ! bett]4 ,! f>m] c get along v well )\t any *ick5-y>d at all4 ,x w1 h[ev]1 prove a v conv5i5t arrangem5t if a small y>d is atta*$ to ! *ick5-h\se4 ,! h\se %\ld be arrang$ to op5 ei!r into ! y>d or out into ! range4 ,?is y>d may be us$ = fatt5+ *ick5s or conf9+ cock]els1 or p]haps to enclose ! flock dur+ ! rip5+ ( a favorite tomato or b]ry crop4 ,,! ,,end4