,,international ,,weekly ,,miscellany   
,of ,literature1 ,art1 and ,science4    
99       99       99       99       99  
,vol4 ,i4 ,,new ,,york1 ,,july #bb1     
#ahej4 ,no4 #d4           99       99   
99       99       99          ,,literary
 ,,coteries ,,in ,,paris ,,in ,,the     
,,last ,,century4    ,the revolutions of
 society are almost as sure if not as   
regular as  those of the planets4 ,the  
inventions of a generation weary after  
a while1 but they are very likely to be 
revived if they have once  ministered   
successfully to pleasure or ambition4   
,the famous coteries  in which learning 
was inter-blended with fashion in the   
golden age  of ,french intelligence1 are
 being revived under the new ,republic1 
and women are again quietly playing with
 institutions and liberties1  perhaps as
 dangerously as when ,mesdames de       
,tencin1 ,pompadour1  ,geoffrin1        
,deffant1 ,poplinire and ,l',espinasse  
assembled the destinies  nightly in     
their drawing rooms4    ,the tendency to

 such associations is displayed also in 
most of our  own cities4 ,the ,town and 
,country ,club of ,boston1 the ,wistar  
,parties  in ,philadelphia1 the         
,literary ,club in ,charleston1 the     
recent  converzaziones at the houses of 
,president ,charles ,king of ,columbia  
,college1 and others1 and the well-known
 ,saturday ,evenings at ,miss  ,lynch's1
 where literature and art and general   
speculation have for  some seasons had a
 common center1 all illustrate the      
disposition of an  active and cultivated
 society1 not engrossed by special or   
spasmodic  excitements1 to cluster by   
rules of feeling and capacity3 and      
clusters  of passion and mind are rarely
 for a long period inert4 ,when they    
become common they are apt to assume the
 direction of private custom  and public
 opinion and affairs4    ,in view of    
these things1 we are sure that the      
readers of the  ,international will be  
interested in the following translation 
of  ,professor ,schlosser's brilliant   

survey of those bureaux d'esprit  which 
so much distinguished society and       
influenced its history  in ,europe1 from
 the beginning to the middle of the last
 century4  ,schlosser is a ,privy       
,councillor and ,professor of ,history  
in the  ,university of ,heidelberg4 ,he 
is chiefly known in continental ,europe 
by his great work1 the ,history of the  
,eighteenth ,century1 and of  the       
,nineteenth till the overthrow of the   
,french ,empire1 a work which  derives  
its value not merely from the profound  
and minute acquaintance  of the author  
with the subject1 from the new views    
which are presented  and the hitherto   
unexamined sources from which much has  
been derived1  but from his well-known  
independence of character--from the     
general  conclusions which he draws from
 the comparative views of the           
resources1 conduct1 manners1            
institutions and literature of the great
  ,european nations1 during a period    
unparalleled in the history of  the     

world for the development of the        
physical and mental powers of  mankind1 
for the greatness of the events which   
occurred1 for the  progress of          
knowledge1 for the cultivation of the   
arts and sciences1  for all that        
contributes to the greatness and        
prosperity of nations4           99     
99       99       99       99    ,if we 
venture to bring the ,parisian evening1 
dinner and supper parties  into         
connection with the general history of  
,europe1 and the ladies  also at whose  
houses these parties took place1 we can 
neither be  blamed for scrupulous       
severity1 nor for paradoxical frivolity4
 ,it  belongs to the character of the   
eighteenth century1 that the historian  
who wishes to bring the true springs of 
conduct and sources of action  to light1
 must condescend even so far4 ,it must  
also be borne in mind1  when the clever 
women and societies of ,paris are spoken
 of1 that  the demands of the age and   
progressive improvement and culture were

  altogether unattended to at the court 
of ,louis ,,xv41 as well before as      
after the death of ,cardinal ,fleury1   
and that all which was neglected  at    
,versailles was cultivated in ,paris4   
,the court and the city had been        
hitherto united in their wants and in   
their judgment2 the court ruled         
education1 fashion and the general tone1
 as it ruled the state2 now1  however1  
they completely separated4 ,afterward   
the voice of the city  was raised in    
opposition1 and the voice of this       
opposition became the  organ of the age 
and of the country2 but it was felt and 
recognized  in ,versailles only when it 
was too late4 ,how easy it would have   
been then1 as ,marmontel had shown very 
clearly in his memoirs1 to  fetter      
,voltaire1 who was offensive to the     
people1 and how important  this would   
have been for the state1 will appear in 
the following  paragraphs1 in which we  
shall show that even the ,parisian      
theatre1  whose boards were regarded as 

a model by all ,europe1 freed itself    
from the influence of the court1 became 
dependent on the tone-giving  circles of
 ,paris1 and assumed a decidedly        
democratic direction4    ,as early as   
the time of ,louis ,,xiv41 the court had
 separated itself  from the learned men 
of the age2 and at the end of the       
seventeenth  century the houses and     
societies could be historically pointed 
out1  in which judgments were pronounced
 upon questions of literature in  the   
same manner as the pit became the       
tribunal to which plays and  play-actors
 must appeal2 we shall not1 however1 go 
back so far1 but  keep the later times  
always in our view4 ,in those           
associations in  which the ,abb de      
,chaulieu and other friends of ,vendome 
and ,conti led  the conversation1       
literature was brought wholly under the 
dominion of  audacious pretension and   
immorality1 in the time of the ,regency 
and  during the minority of ,louis ,,xv4
 ,in reference to the leaders there     

needs no proof4 ,what could a ,philip of
 ,orleans or his ,dubois take  under his
 protection1 except what corresponded   
with his ideas and mode  of life8       
,the time of the minority of ,louis     
,,xv4 and that of the administration  of
 ,cardinal ,fleury was for several      
reasons highly favorable to the         
formation of private societies1 which   
entertained themselves with  wit and    
satire1 and carried on a quiet but      
continual contest with the  persons and 
systems which were protected by the     
government and the  clergy4 ,fleury     
regarded everything as sinful which had 
the appearance  of worldly knowledge1 or
 partook of the character of jests1     
novels1  or plays2 ,louis1 as he grew   
up1 showed himself quite indifferent to 
everything which had no connection with 
religious ceremonies1 hunting1  or      
handsome women4 ,fleury spoke and wrote 
in that ecclesiastical  phraseology     
which was laughed at in the world3 he   
favored the clergy1  school learning1   

the tone of the times of ,louis ,,xiv42 
but the spirit  of the age demanded     
something different from this4 ,all that
 was  regarded with disfavor by ,fleury 
assembled around those celebrated  men1 
who held their reunions in ,paris1 and  
this court soon became more  important  
to the vain than the royal one itself1  
and it was proved by  experience that   
reputation and glory might be gained    
without the  aid or protection of the   
court at ,versailles4 ,this no one could
 have  previously believed1 but the     
public soon learnt to do homage to the  
tone-giving scholars1 to the ladies and 
gentlemen who fostered them1  as it had 
formerly paid its homage to the         
ministers of the court4  ,this gave to  
the ladies1 who collected around them   
the celebrated men  of the time 7for    
reputation was much more the question   
than merit17  and who protected and     
entertained them1 a degree of weight in 
the  political and literary world1 which
 made them as important in  the         

eighteenth century as ,richelieu and    
,colbert had been in the  seventeenth4  
,the queen1 on her part1 might have been
 able to exercise a beneficial          
influence1 however little power she had 
in other respects1 when  compared with  
the mistresses of the king2 but the     
daughter of  ,stanislaus ,leckzinski was
 a gentle1 admirable woman1 although    
somewhat  narrow-minded1 and wholly     
given up to irrational devotional       
exercises  and bigotry4 ,like her       
father1 she was altogether in the hands 
of the  ,jesuits1 blindly and           
unconditionally their servant2 such an  
attachment  to a religious order1 and   
such blind devotedness as hers would be 
quite incredible1 if we did not possess 
her own and her father's  autograph     
letters1 as proofs of the fact4 ,we     
shall present our readers  with some    
extracts from these letters1 which are  
preserved in the  archives of the       
,french empire1 when we come to speak of
 the abolition  of the order of         

,jesuits4    ,as to the enlightened     
mistresses who had much more power and  
influence  than the queen1 ,pompadour   
seemed1 as we learn from ,marmontel1    
desirous  of participating in the       
literature of the age and of doing      
something  for its promotion1 when she  
saw how important writers and the       
influence of the press had become2 but  
partly because both she and  the king   
were altogether destitute of any sense  
for the beautiful  in literature or art1
 and partly because the better portion  
of the  learned men at the time neither 
could nor would be pleased with what  a 
,bernis1 ,dclos and ,marmontel were     
disposed to be1 who undoubtedly         
received some marks of favor from her4  
,voltaire is therefore quite  right when
 he lays upon the court the blame of    
allowing the influence  which literature
 then exercised upon the people1 to be  
withdrawn  altogether from king and his 
ministers1 and to be transferred to the 
hands of the ,parisian ladies and       

farmers-general1 c4 ,voltaire1 in his   
well-known verses1#a admits1 with great 
openness and simplicity1 that  he       
attached much importance to the applause
 of a court1 although it  neither       
possessed judgment nor feeling for the  
merits of a writer1  nor for poetical   
beauties2 and he complains at the same  
time that this  court had neither duly  
estimated his tragedies nor his epic    
poems4 ,it  is characteristic both of   
the court and of ,voltaire that he      
eagerly  pressed himself forward for    
admission to its favor1 and sought to   
attract attention by a work which be    
himself called a piece of trash1  and   
that the court extended its approbation 
and applause to this  miserable and     
altogether inappropriate piece1 7',la   
,princesse de  ,navarre1'7 which he     
composed on the occasion of the         
,dauphin's  marriage with the ,infanta  
of ,spain1 whilst it entirely neglected 
his  masterpieces4    ,the ,paris       
societies had got full possession of the

 field of  literature1 and erected their
 tribunals before the middle of the     
century1 whilst at ,versailles nothing  
was spoken or thought of except         
amusements and hunting1 ,jesuits and    
processions1 and the grossest           
sensuality prevailed4 ,the members of   
the ,parisian societies were not a  whit
 more moral or decent in their behavior 
than those about the court  at          
,versailles1 but they carried on open   
war against hypocrisy1 and all  that was
 praised and approved of by the court4  
,we shall now proceed to mention three  
or four of the most  distinguished of   
those societies1 which have obtained an 
historical  importance1 not merely for  
the ,french literature and mental and   
moral  culture of the eighteenth        
century1 but for ,europe in general1    
without  however restraining ourselves  
precisely within the limits of the half 
century4 ,the minute accounts which     
,grimm has given1 for the most part     
affect only the later periods2 we turn  

our attention therefore the  rather to  
what the weak1 vain1 talkative          
,marmontel has related to us  on the    
subject in his ',autobiography1' because
 ,rousseau was by far  too one-sided in 
his notices1 and drew public attention  
to the most  demoralized and degraded   
members of the circle only4    ,the     
first lady who must be mentioned1 is    
,madame de ,tencin4 ,she  belonged to   
the period within which we must confine 
ourselves1 and she  gained for herself  
such a name1 not only in ,paris1 but in 
all ,europe1  that she was almost       
regarded as the creator of that new     
literature  which stood in direct and   
bold opposition to the prevailing taste1
  inasmuch as she received at her house1
 entertained and cherished1  those who  
were really its originators and         
supporters4 ,this lady could  not boast 
of the morality of her early years1 nor 
of her respect even  for common         
propriety4 ,she is not only notorious   
for having exposed1  when a child1 the  

celebrated ,d',alembert1 who was her    
natural son1 and  for regarding with    
indifference his being brought up by the
 wife of a  common glazier as her own   
son2 but stories still worse than even  
these  are told of her4 ,she enriched   
herself1 as many others did1 in the time
  of ,law's scheme1 by no very          
creditable means2 and fell under such a 
serious suspicion of having been privy  
to the death of one of those  who had   
carried on an intrigue with her1 that   
she was imprisoned  and involved in a   
criminal prosecution1 from which she    
escaped1 not  through her own innocence1
 but by means of the powerful influence 
of  her distinguished relations and     
friends4    ,all this did not prevent   
,pope ,benedict ,,xiv41 who1 as         
,cardinal  ,lambertini1 had been often  
at her house1 as a member of the society
 of  men of talents who met there1 from 
carrying on a continual intercourse     
with her by letter2 he also sent her his
 picture as a testimony of  kind        

remembrance4 ,this lady succeeded in    
procuring for her brother the  dignity  
of a cardinal1 and through him had great
 weight with ,fleury1  with the court1  
and with the city in general2 she is    
also known as  an authoress4 ,as we are 
not writing a history of literature     
properly  speaking1 we pass by her      
novels in silence1 with this remark     
only1  that people are accustomed to    
place the ',comte de ,comminges1'       
written  by ,madame de ,tencin1 on the  
same footing with the ',princess de     
,clve1'  by ,madame de ,lafayette4      
,the society in the house of ,madame de 
,tencin consisted of well-known  men of 
learning1 and some younger men of       
distinguished name and  family2 she     
united1 in later years1 a certain       
amiability with her  care for the       
entertainment and recreation of those   
whom she had once  received into her    
house4 ,this society1 after the death of
 ,de ,tencin1  assembled in the house of
 ,geoffrin4 ,it appears1 however1 that  

,madame  de ,tencin1 as well as the     
whole fashionable world to which she    
belonged1 could never altogether disavow
 their contempt for science1  if indeed 
it be true1 that she was accustomed to  
call her society  by the indecent       
by-name of her mnagerie4 ,fontenelle1   
,montesquieu1  ,mairan1 ,helvetius who  
was then quite young and present rather 
as a  hearer than a speaker1 ,marivaux  
and ,astruc1 formed the nucleus of this 
clever society and led the conversation4
 ,marmontel1 who was not well  suited to
 this society1 in which more real       
knowledge and a deeper  train of thought
 was called for than he possessed1      
informs us what  the tone of this       
society was1 and speaks of their hunting
 after lively  conceits and brilliant   
flashes of wit1 in a somewhat           
contemptuous  manner4 ,marmontel1       
however1 himself admits1 that he was    
only once in  the society1 and that in  
order to read his ',aristomenes1' and   
that  greater simplicity and good humor 

prevailed there than in the house of    
,madame ,geoffrin1 in which he was      
properly at home4    ,madame de         
,tencin's influence upon the new        
literature of the opposition  party1 or 
rather upon the spirit of the age1 may  
be best judged of  from the fact1 that  
she largely contributed to the first    
preparation  and favorable reception of 
,montesquieu's ,spirit of ,laws4 ,it is 
certain1 at least1 that she bought a    
large number of copies and  distributed 
them amongst her friends4 ,madame       
,geoffrin went further2  the society    
which had previously met at ,madame de  
,tencin's1 no sooner  held their        
reunions in her house1 than she drew    
together the whole  literary and the    
fashionable world1 foreign ministers1   
noblemen and  princes who were on their 
travels1 etc4 ,marmontel also says1 that
 the  aged ,madame de ,tencin had       
guessed quite correctly the intentions  
of  ,madame ,geoffrin1 when she said1   
that she merely came to her house so    

often in order to see what part of her  
inventory she could afterward  make     
useful4    ,madame ,geoffrin became     
celebrated all over ,europe1 merely by  
devoting  a portion of her income and of
 her time to the reception of clever    
society4 ,she had neither the knowledge1
 the mind1 nor the humility of  ,madame 
de ,tencin1 which the latter at least   
affected toward the close  of her life2 
she was cold1 egotistical1 calculating1 
and brought  into her circle nothing    
more than order1 tact and female        
delicacy4  ,geoffrin also assumed the   
tone of high life1 which always treats  
men  of learning1 poets and artists1 as 
if they were mantua-makers or           
hair-dressers2 and which must ever value
 social tact and the tone  which is only
 to be acquired in good society1 higher 
than all studies  and arts upon which   
any one possessed of these properties is
 in a  condition to pass judgment       
without having spent any time in their  
investigation4 ,marmontel is therefore  

honest enough to admit that he  and his 
friends1 as well as ,madame ,geoffrin   
herself1 were accustomed  to make a full
 parade when foreign princes1 ministers1
 and celebrated  men or women dined at  
the house4 ,on such occasions           
especially1 ,madame  ,geoffrin displayed
 all the charms of her mind1 and called 
to us1 now  let us be agreeable4        
,geoffrin's house was the first school  
of bon ton in ,europe3  ,stanislaus     
,poniatowsky1 even after he became ,king
 of ,poland1 addressed  her by the      
tender name of mother1 invited her to   
,warsaw1 and received  her as a         
personage of high distinction4 ,all the 
,german courts  which followed the      
fashion1 paid correspondents in order to
 be made  acquainted with the trifles   
which occupied that circle4 ,catherine  
,,ii4  had no sooner mounted the throne 
than she began to pay a commissioner  at
 this literary court1 and even ,maria   
,theresa distinguished ,madame          
,geoffrin in a remarkable manner1 on her

 return from ,poland4 ,besides1  we are 
made acquainted by ,marmontel1 who      
ranked his hostess among the  gods of   
this earth1 with the anxiety and        
cautiousness of this lady of  the world1
 who afterward broke altogether with the
 chiefs of the new  literature1 and most
 humbly did homage to the old faith1    
because she  had never wholly forsaken  
her old prejudices4    ,the able writers
 of the time were used by ,geoffrin only
 as means to  promote her objects1 to   
gain a reputation for splendor1 and to  
glorify  ,france4 ,the ,king of ,prussia
 sought her society1 in order to refresh
  and cheer his mind when he was worn   
out with the cares and toils of         
government4    ,madame ,geoffrin opened 
her house regularly on ,mondays for     
artists1  and on ,wednesdays for men of 
learning2 but as she neither understood 
the arts nor sciences1 she took part in 
the conversation only so far  as she    
could do so without exposing her weak   
side4 ,she understood  admirably how to 

attract the great men to her house1 to  
whose houses  she herself very seldom   
went2 and as long as the appearance of  
fashionable infidelity and of scoffing1 
which was then the mode in the  higher  
circles1 was necessary to this object1  
she carefully concealed  her real       
religious opinions4    ,the weak        
,marmontel1 who1 according to his own   
description1 was  only fitted for       
superficial conversation and writing1   
boasts of the  prudence1 foresight and  
skill of his protectress1 and shows how 
she  understood the way to gain the     
confidence of others without ever       
yielding her own4 ,this distinguished   
art made the house of ,madame  ,geoffrin
 invaluable to the great world1 and to  
those learned men  who wished to shine  
in this kind of society1 and to         
cultivate and  avail themselves of it1  
for such people must learn above all    
things  neither to say too much nor too 
little4 ,this society1 indeed1 was not  
calculated for any length of time for a 

,rousseau or a ,diderot4 ,even  the     
great admirers of ,geoffrin admit that  
savoir vivre was her  highest knowledge1
 she had very few ideas with respect to 
anything  besides2 but in the knowledge 
of all that pertained to the manners and
  usage of good society1 in the         
knowledge of men1 and particularly of   
women1 she was deeply learned1 and was  
able to give some very useful           
instructions4    ,it would lead us too  
far into the history of the following   
period1 to  enumerate and characterize  
the members of these regular societies4 
,it may suffice to mention1 that in     
addition to all the guests who          
frequented ,madame de ,tencin's1 all the
 friends of ,voltaire's school1  and at 
first also ,rousseau1 made a part of the
 society at the house of  ,madame       
,geoffrin4 ,we have already remarked    
that no prince1 minister1 or            
distinguished man of all ,europe came to
 ,paris who did not visit ,madame       
,geoffrin1 and think it an honor to be  

invited to her house1 because he  there 
found united all that was exclusively   
called talent in ,europe4    ,kaunitz   
also1 who was then only a courtier in   
,versailles1 came  to ,madame           
,geoffrin's parties4 ,he was a man who  
combined in a most  surprising manner   
true philosophy and a deep knowledge of 
political  economy1 with the outward    
appearance of a fop and a trifler4      
,among the  other distinguished men who 
lived in ,paris1 ,marmontel names with  
high  praise the ,abb ,galliani1        
,caraccioli1 who was afterward          
,neapolitan  ambassador1 and the        
,swedish ambassador1 ,count ,creutz4    
,marmontel was so much delighted with   
this society1 even at a very  advanced  
age1 that he gives us also accounts of  
their evening parties3  ,as ,i was in   
the habit of dining with the learned and
 with the artists  at ,madame           
,geoffrin's1 so was ,i also of supping  
with her in her more  limited and select
 circle4 ,at these petits soupers there 

was no  carousing or luxuries1--a fowl1 
spinach and pancakes constituted the    
usual fare4 ,the society was not        
numerous3 there met together only five  
or six of her particular friends1 or    
even persons of the highest rank1  who  
were suited to each other1 and therefore
 enjoyed themselves4 ,it  appears       
distinctly from the passage already     
quoted from ,marmontel1  how the high   
nobility on these occasions treated the 
learned1 and  how the learned demeaned  
themselves toward the nobility4 ,it     
appears1  therefore1 that ,rousseau was 
not in error when he alleged that       
emptiness and wantonness only were      
cherished in these societies1 and  that 
the literature which was then current   
was only a slow poison4    ,madame du   
,deffant appeared on the stage of the   
great world  contemporaneously with     
,geoffrin1 and attained so high a degree
 of  celebrity1 that the ,emperor       
,joseph paid her a visit in her advanced
  period of life1 and thus afforded her 

the opportunity of paying him  that     
celebrated compliment which is found    
related in every history  of ,france4   
,with respect to ,deffant1 however1 we  
must not listen to  ,marmontel2 she     
stood above his rhymes1 his love tales1 
his sentimental  wanton stories1 and    
besides1 he knew her only when she had  
become  old4 ,what we ,germans name     
feminine and good morals formed no part 
of  the distinction of ,deffant1 but    
talents only4 ,like ,tencin1 she was    
ill-reputed in her youth on account of  
her amours1 and reckoned the  ,regent   
among her fortunate wooers2 at a later  
period she turned her  attention to     
literature4    ,deffant brought together
 at her house all those persons whom    
,voltaire  visited when he was in       
,paris2 among these the ,president      
,hnault1  and1 at a later period of     
which we now speak1 ,d',alembert        
attracted  to this circle distinguished 
foreigners and ,frenchmen1 who made  any
 pretensions to culture and education4  

,deffant assumed quite a  different tone
 among the learned from that of         
,geoffrin4 ,she set up  for a judge in  
questions of philosophy and taste1 and  
carried on a  constant correspondence   
with ,voltaire4 ,among celebrated       
foreigners1  the ,englishman ,horace    
,walpole played the same character in   
this house  which the ,swede ,creutz had
 assumed in that of ,geoffrin4 ,deffant 
and  her ,walpole became celebrated     
throughout ,europe by their printed     
correspondence1 which1 on account of its
 smoothness and emptiness1  like all    
books written for the great world1 found
 very numerous  readers4    ,deffant1   
moreover1 like ,geoffrin4 was faithless 
to her friends2 she  wished indeed to   
enjoy the most perfect freedom in their 
society1 but  she was unwilling that    
they should publish abroad this freedom4
 ,and  she strongly disapproved of the  
vehemence with which her friends        
assailed the existing order of things4  
,when she afterward lost a considerable 

part of her property1 and  became blind1
 she occupied a small dwelling in an    
ecclesiastical  foundation in ,paris1   
but continued to receive philosophers1  
poets  and artists in her house2 and in 
order to give a little more life to  the
 conversation1 she invited a young lady 
whose circumstances were  straitened to 
be her companion4 ,this was             
,mademoiselle l',espinasse4             
,l',espinasse was not beautiful1 but she
 was young1 amiable1 lively1 and  more  
susceptible than we in ,germany are     
accustomed either to allow or  to       
pardon4 ,deffant1 on the other hand1 was
 witty and intelligent1 but  old1       
bitter1 and withal egotistically        
insensible4 ,the boldest scoffers       
assembled around ,l',espinasse1 and     
there was afterward formed around  her a
 circle of her own4 ,deffant turned day 
into night1 and night into  day4 ,she   
and the ,duchess of ,luxembourg1 who was
 inseparable from her1  received learned
 distinguished personages and           

foreigners1 from six  o'clock in the    
evening during the greater part of the  
night4    ,the importance in which such 
ladies and such societies were held1 not
  merely in ,france but in all ,europe1 
may be judged of from the fact1  that   
the breach between ,deffant and her     
young companion was treated  in some    
measure as a public ,european event4    
,the ,french minister and  foreign      
ambassadors took part in it1 and the    
whole literary world felt  its effect4  
,after this breach there were two       
tone-giving tribunals for  the guidance 
of public opinion in matters of         
literature and taste1  and their        
decisions were circulated by letter over
 all ,europe4 ,horace  ,walpole1        
,hnault1 ,montesquieu4 ,voltaire1 whose 
correspondence with  ,deffant has been  
published in the present century1       
remained true to  her cause4            
,d',alembert1 whose correspondence with 
,deffant1 as well as  that of the       
,duchess of ,maine1 have also been      

published in our century1  went over to 
,l',espinasse4 ,this academician1 whose 
name and influence  was next in         
importance to that of ,voltaire1 formed 
the nucleus of a  new society in the    
house of ,l',espinasse1 and was         
grievously tormented  by his inamorata1 
who pursued one plan of conquest after  
another  when she saw one scheme of     
marriage after another fail of success4 
,it  appears from the whole of the      
transactions and consequences connected 
with this breach1 however surprising it 
may be1 that this formation  of a new   
circle in ,paris for evening            
entertainment may be with truth         
compared to the institution of a new    
academy for the promotion of  ,european 
culture and refinement4 ,the ,duchess of
 ,luxembourg1 who  continued to be a    
firm friend of ,deffant1 took upon      
herself to provide  suitable apartments 
for the society1 whilst the minister of 
the day  7the ,duc de ,choiseul7        
prevailed upon the king to grant a      

pension of no  inconsiderable amount to 
,l',espinasse4    ,this new circle was  
the point of union for all the          
philosophical  reformers4 ,here         
,d',alembert and ,diderot led the       
conversation2 and the  renowned head of 
the political economists1 ,trgot1 who   
was afterward  minister of state1 was a 
member of this bolder circle of men who 
became celebrated and ill-renowned under
 the name of ,encyclopdists4  ,we shall 
enter upon a fuller consideration of the
 tone and taste which  reigned in this  
assembly1 as well as in the society     
which met in  the house of ,holbach1 and
 of the history of the ,encyclopdia1 in 
the  following period1 and shall only   
now mention at the conclusion of the    
present1 and that very slightly1 some of
 the other clever societies  of         
,parisians who were all in their day    
celebrated in ,europe4 ,it is  scarcely 
possible for us to judge of the charm   
which these societies  possessed in the 
great world4 ,this may be best learned  

from their  own writings and            
conversation1 a specimen of which may be
 found  in ,marmontel's ',memoirs1' and 
formed the subject of a conversation    
between him and the ,duke of ,brunswick 
7who fell at ,jena in #ahjf7 and  his   
duchess4    ,the society of beaux       
esprits which met at the house of       
,madame de  ,poplinire1 in the time of  
,madame de ,tencin1 was only            
short-lived1  like the good fortune of  
the lady herself4 ,in her house there   
assembled members of the great world who
 were addicted to carousing  and        
debauchery1 and learned men who sought  
to obtain their favor  and approbation4 
,the same sort of society was afterward 
kept up in  the house of ,holbach4 ,a   
smaller society1 which frequented the   
house  of the farmer-general ,pelletier1
 consisted of unmarried people1  who    
were known as persons who indulged in   
malicious and licentious  conversation4 
,coll1 the younger ,crbillon and        
,bernard1 who1  notwithstanding his     

helplessness1 was called le gentil1     
played the  chief characters in this    
reunion1 and the ,gascon nature of      
,marmontel1  which was always forward   
and intrusive1 helped him into this     
society  also4 ,baron ,holbach1 who was 
a native of the ,palatinate1 and the    
able ,helvetius who was wanton merely   
from vanity1 brought together  expressly
 and intentionally at a later period1   
around their  well-spread table1 all    
those who declared open war against     
religion  and morality4 ,we must1       
however1 return to these men in the     
following  period4    ,holbach for a    
whole quarter of a century had regular  
dinner-parties  on ,sundays1 which are  
celebrated in the history of atheism4   
,all those  were invited1 who were too  
bold and too out-spoken for ,geoffrin2  
and  even ,d',alembert also at a later  
period withdrew from their society4     
,grimm1 whose copious correspondence has
 also been published in the  nineteenth 
century1 gives minutes and notices of   

all the memorable  sayings and doings   
that served to entertain and occupy the 
polite world in ,europe4 ,grimm also    
entertained and feasted these           
distinguished gentlemen4 ,he was not at 
that time consul for ,gotha1 or         
employed and paid by that court or the  
,empress ,catherine to collect          
,parisian anecdotes1 neither had he then
 been made a baron1 but was  merely     
civil secretary of ,count von ,friese4  
,both ,j4,j4 ,rousseau and  ,buffon     
belonged at first to these societies2   
but the former1 in great  alarm1 broke  
off all intercourse with the people who 
then played the  first parts in ,paris1 
and the other quietly retired4          
,footnote #a3    ,mon ,henri quatre et  
ma ,zare1    ,et mon ,americaine        
,alzire1    ,ne m'ont valu jamais un    
seul regard du roi2    ,j'eus beaucoup  
d'ennemis avec trs-peu de gloire4       
,les honneurs et les biens pleuvent     
enfin sur moi    ,pour une farce de la  
foire4--,la ,princesse de ,navarro4     

99       99       99       99       99  
,,the ,,athen,,um ,,upon ,,hawthorne4#b 
,the ,london ,athenum1 of the #aeth     
,june1 has the following remarks  upon  
the last work of ,,nathaniel            
,,hawthorne3    ,this is a most powerful
 and painful story4 ,mr4 ,hawthorne must
 be well  known to our readers as a     
favorite of the ,athenum4 ,we rate him  
as among the most original and peculiar 
writers of ,american fiction4  ,there in
 his works a mixture of ,puritan reserve
 and wild imagination1  of passion and  
description1 of the allegorical and the 
real1 which  some will fail to          
understand1 and which others will       
positively  reject1--but which1 to      
ourselves1 is fascinating1 and which    
entitles  him to be placed on a level   
with ,brockden ,brown and the author of 
',rip  ,van ,winkle4' ',the ,scarlet    
,letter' will increase his reputation   
with  all who do not shrink from the    
invention of the tale2 but this1 as  we 
have said1 is more than ordinarily      

painful4 ,when we have announced  that  
the three characters are a guilty wife1 
openly punished for her  guilt1--her    
tempter1 whom she refuses to unmask1 and
 who during the  entire story carries a 
fair front and an unblemished name among
 his  congregation1--and her husband1   
who1 returning from a long absence at   
the moment of her sentence1 sits himself
 down betwixt the two in the  midst of a
 small and severe community to work out 
his slow vengeance  on both under the   
pretext of magnanimous                  
forgiveness1--when we have  explained   
that ',the ,scarlet ,letter' is the     
badge of ,hester ,prynne's  shame1 we   
ought to add that we recollect no tale  
dealing with crime  so sad and revenge  
so subtly diabolical1 that is at the    
same time so  clear of fever and of     
prurient excitement4 ,the misery of the 
woman  is as present in every page as   
the heading which in the title of  the  
romance symbolizes her punishment4 ,her 
terrors concerning her  strange elvish  

child present retribution in a form     
which is new and  natural3--her slow and
 painful purification through repentance
 is  crowned by no perfect happiness1   
such as awaits the decline of those  who
 have no dark and bitter past to        
remember4 ,then1 the gradual  corrosion 
of heart of ,dimmesdale1 the faithless  
priest1 under the  insidious care of the
 husband1 7whose relationship to ,hester
 is  a secret known only to themselves17
 is appalling2 and his final  confession
 and expiation are merely a relief1 not 
a reconciliation4  ,we are by no means  
satisfied that passions and tragedies   
like these  are the legitimate subjects 
for fiction3 we are satisfied that      
novels such as ',adam ,blair1' and plays
 such as ',the ,stranger1' maybe  justly
 charged with attracting more persons   
than they warn by their  excitement4    
,but if ,sin and ,sorrow in their most  
fearful forms are to  be presented in   
any work of art1 they have rarely been  
treated with  a loftier severity1       

purity1 and sympathy than in ,mr4       
,hawthorne's  ',scarlet ,letter4' ,the  
touch of the fantastic befitting a      
period of  society in which ignorant and
 excitable human creatures conceived    
each  other and themselves to be under  
the direct 'rule and governance' of  the
 ,wicked ,one1 is most skillfully       
administered4 ,the supernatural here    
never becomes grossly palpable3--the    
thrill is all the deeper for its  action
 being indefinite1 and its source vague 
and distant4    ,footnote #b3 ,the      
,scarlet ,letter3 a ,romance4 ,by       
,nathaniel ,hawthorne4  ,boston3        
,ticknor  ,co4           99       99    
99       99       99    ,the ,emperor   
,nicholas has just published an         
ordonnance1 which regulates  the        
pensions to which ,russian and foreign  
actors at the imperial  theaters at ,st4
 ,petersburgh shall be entitled4 ,this  
ordonnance divides  the actors 7national
 as well as foreign7 into four classes4 
,the first  class obtains1 after twenty 

years' service1 pensions averaging from 
#cjj to #aadj silver rubles4 ,the       
others1 after fifteen years' service1   
will receive pensions from #bhe to #gej 
silver rubles4           99       99    
99       99       99    ,,the ,,hair    
,,chemically ,,and ,,physiologically    
,,considered4--,each hair is a tube1    
containing an oil1 of a color similar to
 its own4 ,hair contains  at least ten  
distinct substances3 sulphate of lime   
and magnesia1  chlorides of sodium and  
potassium1 phosphate of lime1 peroxide  
of  iron1 silica1 lactate of ammonia1   
oxide of manganese and margaim4  ,of    
these1 sulphur is the most prominent1   
and it is upon this that  certain       
metallic salts operate in changing the  
color of hair4 ,thus  when the salts of 
lead or of mercury are applied1 they    
enter into  combination with the        
sulphur1 and a black sulphuret of the   
metal is  formed4 ,a common formula for 
a paste to dye the hair1 is a mixture of
  litharge1 slacked lime1 and           

bicarbonate of potash4 ,different shades
  may be given by altering the          
proportions of these articles4 ,black   
hair contains iron and manganese and no 
magnesia2 while fair hair is  destitute 
of the two first substances1 but        
possesses magnesia4    ,no one ever     
possessed all the requisites of         
masculine or feminine  beauty without a 
profusion of hair4 ,this is one of the  
crowning  perfections of the human form1
 upon which poets of all ages have dwelt
  with the most untiring satisfaction4  
,however perfect a woman may be  in     
other respects2 however beautiful her   
eyes1 her mouth1 teeth1 lips1  nose or  
cheeks2 however brilliant her           
expression1 in conversation or          
excitement1 she is positively           
disagreeable without this ornament of   
nature4 ,the question is sometimes      
asked1 ,what will cure love8 ,we        
answer1 scissors4 ,let the object be    
shorn of hair1 and you may take  the    
word of a physiologist1 that the tender 

passion will lose its  distinctiveness2 
it may subside into respect3 it is more 
likely to  change into a less agreeable 
emotion4    ,in man1 the hair is an     
excellent index of character4 ,as the   
beard  distinguishes man from woman1 so 
its full and luxuriant growth often     
indicates strength and nobleness1       
intellectual and physical2 while  a     
meager beard suggests an uncertain      
character--part masculine1 part         
feminine4 ,was there ever a truly great 
man1 or one with a generous             
disposition1 with a thin beard and a    
weazen face8 ,on the other  hand1 show  
me a man with royal locks1 and ,i will  
trust his natural  impulses in almost   
every vicissitude4 ,when we see a       
genuine man1 upon  whom ,nature has     
declined to set this seal of her        
approval1 we cannot  help an involuntary
 emotion of admiration for the virtuous 
and  persevering energy with which he   
must have overcome his destiny4         
,pertinent hereto3 we have read with    

unusual satisfaction the arguments  for 
,beards in ,dr4 ,marcy's ,theory and    
,practice of ,medicine and the  pleasant
 essays in the same behalf which ,john  
,waters has printed in  the             
,knickerbocker4 ,our conservatism yields
 before these reformers1  who would     
bring custom to the proprieties of      
nature4           99       99       99  
99       99    ,,what',s ,,in ,a        
,,name8--,a good deal1 sometimes4 ,thus1
 the truth of the  adage of give a dog a
 bad name1 c41 has lately been          
exemplified in  a singular manner4      
,eugene ,sue1 you may remember1 causes  
some of the  most terrible events in the
 ,mysteres de ,paris to occur in the    
,alle  des ,venves1 a fine avenue in the
 ,champs ,elysees4 ,this has had the    
effect of giving the unfortunate        
,alle--though as quiet1 modest1         
well-behaved1 moral street as need be--a
 detestable reputation2 people  have    
shunned it as if it were a cavern of    
cutthroats--those condemned  to live in 

it have felt themselves                 
quasi-infamous--its rents have  fallen1 
its shops stood empty1 its business has 
dwindled away4  ,the owners of its      
houses1 and its few remaining           
inhabitants and  shopkeepers1 have for  
months past been pestering the          
municipality of  ,paris to devise means 
of restoring its fallen prosperity1 and 
removing  the monstrous stigma attached 
to it4 ,at last1 moved by compassion1   
the  municipality has given permission  
to have the name changed to ,avenue  de 
,montaigne4 ,the ex-,alle1 says the     
writer who informs us of the            
circumstance1 is in great jubilation1   
and is crying with enthusiasm  ,je suis 
sauvee6           99       99       99  
99       99    ,,names ,,high           
,,inscribed4--,it is stated that the    
names of nearly every  distinguished man
 in every department of literature and  
science1 from  the remotest antiquity   
down to the present time1 are inscribed 
in  letters of gold on the outside of   

the new ,bibliotheque de ,sainte        
,genevive1 which is now rapidly         
approaching completion4 ,the list is    
naturally one of tremendous length1 and 
covers not less than three  whole sides 
of the vast building4 ,it is impossible 
not to admire the  spirit in which it   
has been devised1 and the impartiality  
with which  it has been executed4       
,altogether1 it does the highest credit 
to the  ,parisians1 and especially to   
their municipal authorities4 ,the names 
are arranged in chronological order1 but
 without date1 and without  regard to   
the nationality of1 or to the peculiar  
distinction achieved  by the individual2
 thus the two last names are those of   
,berzelius1 the  ,swedish savant1 and   
,chateaubriand2 and a little above them 
figures  ,walter ,scott1 ,byron1 and    
other ,english immortals4 ,living       
celebrities  are of course excluded4    
99       99       99       99       99  
,,mr4 ,,hartley1 a benevolent ,english  
gentleman1 directed in his will that    

#bjj should be set apart as a prize for 
the best essay on ,emigration1  and     
appointed the ,american ,minister       
trustee of the fund4 ,the ,vice         
,chancellor has decided that the bequest
 is void1 for the reason that  such an  
essay would encourage people to emigrate
 to the ,united ,states1  and so to     
throw off their allegiance to the       
,queen6 ,another decision  equally wise 
was made at the same time in regard to a
 prize for a  treatise on ,natural      
,theology4 ,the learned ,vice           
,chancellor regarded it  as calculated  
to subvert the ,church4           99    
99       99       99       99           
,,recent ,,deaths4           99       99
       99       99       99    ,,robert 
,,eglesfeld ,,griffith1 ,m4,d41 died in 
,philadelphia1 on the #bgth  ult41 in   
the fifty-third year of his age4 ,dr4   
,griffith possessed fine  talents2 in   
addition to a thorough knowledge of his 
profession1 he was  familiar with most  
of the branches of natural science1     

while in botany  and conchology he stood
 second to few in this country2 and his 
social  and moral qualities were of the 
highest order4 ,he filled in succession 
the chairs of ,materia ,medica and      
,pharmacy in the ,philadelphia ,college 
of ,pharmacy2 of ,materia ,medica1      
,therapeutics1 ,hygiene1 and ,medical   
,jurisprudence in the ,university of    
,virginia4 ,whilst laboring in the      
latter station his health failed him1   
and he was induced to seek a  winters   
residence in the ,west ,indies in hopes 
of its restoration4 ,it  became evident1
 however1 that his health was           
permanently broken1 and  for the last   
four years he has resided in his native 
city1 ,though  suffering much1 his      
energy and industry never flagged3 and  
he  has given the results of his labors 
in his ,medical ,botany and his         
,universal ,formulary1 two works which  
will secure him a permanent  reputation4
 ,he also enriched by his annotations a 
number of works  republished in this    

country1 among which we may mention     
,christison's  ,dispensatory1 ,taylor's 
,medical ,jurisprudence1 ,ryan's        
,medical  ,jurisprudence1 ,ballard and  
,garrod's ,materia ,medica4           99
       99       99       99       99    
,f4 ,,mansell ,,reynolds1 the eldest son
 of the late ,f4 ,reynolds1 the         
dramatic author1 died recently at       
,fontainebleau4 ,he was long intimate   
with and favorably known to literary    
circles in ,england1 counting such  men 
as ,wordsworth1 ,coleridge1 ,bernal1    
,lockhart1 ,hook1 and many others1      
among his personal friends4 ,as the     
editor of ,heath's ,keepsake1  when it  
started1 he proved himself a person of  
taste and ability4 ,he  was also the    
author of ,miserrimus1 which excited a  
considerable  sensation when published1 
and of one or two other works of        
fiction1  which1 together with his      
contributions to several serials1       
displayed  much variety of talent4      
99       99       99       99       99  

,,john ,,roby1 author of ,traditions of 
,lancashire1 and other works1  which    
have been as popular as any of their    
class1 is mentioned as one  of the      
persons lost in the ,orion steamer4 ,mr4
 ,roby was long a banker  in ,rochdale1 
and partner of ,mr4 ,fielden1 and though
 an excellent man  of business1 his mind
 was deeply interested in literary      
pursuits and  in cultivating the        
friendly intercourse of literary men4   
99       99       99       99       99  
,prof4 ,,canstatt1 of the ,university of
 ,erlangen1 died on the #ajth of        
,march1 after a long and painful        
illness4 ,dr4 ,c4 was one of the most   
distinguished physicians of our times1  
and had won for himself a  lasting      
reputation by his work on the diseases  
of old age4           99       99       
99       99       99          ,,original
 ,,poetry           99       99       99
       99       99    ,the following    
graphic picture of domestic happiness in
 humble  life1 was written by ,townsend 

,haines1 ,esq41 late ,secretary of the  
,commonwealth of ,pennsylvania1 and now 
,register of the ,treasury1 at          
,washington4 ,mr4 ,haines is an eloquent
 and accomplished lawyer1 with  fine    
capacities for literature1 to which it  
may be regretted that he  has recently  
given so little attention4      ,,bob   
,,fletcher      ,i once knew a plowman1 
,bob ,fletcher his name1    ,who was old
 and was ugly1 and so was his dame2     
,yet they lived quite contented1 and    
free from all strife1    ,bob ,fletcher 
the plowman1 and ,judy his wife4        
,as the morn streaked the east1 and the 
night fled away    ,they would rise up  
for labor1 refreshed for the day1       
,and the song of the lark1 as it rose on
 the gale1    ,found ,bob at the plow1  
and his wife at the pail4      ,a neat  
little cottage in front of a grove1     
,where in youth they first gave their   
young hearts up to love1    ,was the    
solace of age1 and to them doubly dear1 
,as it called up the past1 with a smile 

or a tear4      ,each tree had its      
thought1 and the vow could impart1      
,that mingled in youth1 the warm wish of
 the heart3    ,the thorn was still     
there1 and the blossoms it bore1    ,and
 the song from its top seemed the same  
as before4      ,when the curtain of    
night over nature was spread1    ,and   
,bob had returned from the plow to his  
shed1    ,like the dove on her nest1 he 
reposed from all care1    ,if his wife  
and his youngsters contented were there4
      ,i have passed by his door when   
the evening was gray1    ,and the hill  
and the landscape were fading away1     
,and have heard from the cottage1 with  
grateful surprise1    ,the voice of     
thanksgiving1 like incense arise4       
,and ,i thought on the proud1 who look  
down with scorn1    ,on the neat little 
cottage1 the grove and the thorn1       
,and felt that the riches and tinsels of
 life1    ,were dross1 to contentment1  
with ,bob and his wife4           99    
99       99       99       99    ,,from 

,,dickens',s ,,household ,,words4       
,,class ,,opinions4    ,a ,,fable4    ,a
 lamb strayed for the first time into   
the woods1 and excited much  discussion 
among the other animals4 ,in a mixed    
company1 one day1 when  he became the   
subject of a friendly gossip1 the goat  
praised him4    ,pooh6 said the lion1   
this is too absurd4 ,the beast is a     
pretty  beast enough1 but did you hear  
him roar8 ,i heard him roar1 and1 by the
  manes of my fathers1 when he roars he 
does nothing but cry ba-a-a6  ,and the  
lion bleated his best in mockery1 but   
bleated far from well4    ,nay1 said the
 deer1 ,i do not think so badly of his  
voice4 ,i liked  him well enough until  
,i saw him leap4 ,he kicks with his hind
 legs in  running and1 with all his     
skipping1 gets over very little ground4 
,it is a bad beast altogether1 said the 
tiger4 ,he cannot roar1  he cannot run1 
he can do nothing--and what wonder8 ,i  
killed a man  yesterday1 and1 in        
politeness to the new comer1 offered him

 a bit2  upon which he had the impudence
 to look disgusted1 and say1 ',no1 sir1 
,i eat nothing but grass4'    ,so the   
beasts criticized the lamb1 each in his 
own way2 and yet it was  a good lamb1   
nevertheless4           99       99     
99       99       99          ,,authors 
,,and ,,books4           99       99    
99       99       99    ,e4,p4 ,,whipple
 was the ,fourth of ,july orator of the 
city of ,boston4 ,the  ,morning ,post   
says1 his ability is so agile1 elegant1 
and hilarious1  that his readers        
generally do not discern the profundity 
and  comprehensiveness of his nature or 
the progressive power of thought        
manifested in his writings4 ,we await   
impatiently the publication  of his late
 oration4 ,it will be an apt            
opportunity1 by the way1 to  compare    
,mr4 ,e4 ,everett with him1 each having 
just spoken on a similar  national      
occasion4 ,his level1 'fairspoken1      
immaculate regularity' will  contrast   
widely with the bold1 vital vigor and   

originality of ,mr4 ,w4  ,no man of     
constitutional timidity1 feeble will1   
and shallow thought  can ever have a    
real right to the title of orator4 ,men 
of minds  cultivated overmuch1 and      
elaborately trained1 are apt to lack    
central  spiritual vitality1 as some    
fruits grown to great size by art of    
the gardener fail of their native       
flavor1 become insipid1 and even  hollow
 at the center4           99       99   
99       99       99    ,,the ,,history 
,,of ,,religion1 by the celebrated ,john
 ,evelyn1 author of  ,sylva1 c41 now    
first published from the original ,,ms4 
in the ,library  at ,wotton1 with notes 
by the ,rev4 ,r4,m4 ,evanson1 is among  
the books  announced by ,colburn1 for   
the first of ,july4 ,the journals1 in   
anticipation1 express some curiosity    
upon the subject1 whether it  be        
pedantic1 orthodox1 and trimming1 like  
the author1 or whether it  contain any  
of the ,chubb and ,toland spirit4 ,two  
new and important  works1 ethically     

related to this1 have just been issued2 
the one  in ,france1 called ,qu'est-ce  
que la ,religion1 d'aprs la ,nouvelle   
,philosophie ,allemande1 wherein        
,feuerbach's daring evolutions of       
,hegel's principles are translated for  
the benefit of those who cannot  read   
,german2 the other1 called ,the         
,progress of ,intellect1 showing  the   
various developments of religious ideas 
through history4           99       99  
99       99       99    ,,leigh ,,hunt1 
it is apprehended1 will be appointed    
laureate4 ,the  ,athenum objects1 and we
 think very properly urges1 that if the 
office is to be continued1 it should be 
given to the finest living  poet of her 
,majesty's own sex1 ,elizabeth ,barrett 
,browning4 ,this  appropriation of the  
laurel would in a manner recompense two 
poets  by a single act4           99    
99       99       99       99    ,mr4   
,,robert ,,lemon1 of the ,state ,paper  
,office1 to whom we are indebted  for   
the discovery of the ,,ms4 of ,milton's 

,treatise on ,christian  ,doctrine1 is  
to be editor of an extensive publication
 of ,calendars of  the ,domestic ,papers
 in possession of the ,government1 from 
the reign  of ,edward the ,sixth to the 
close of the reign of ,elizabeth4 ,the  
,athenum suggests that it will be of    
great advantage to the literary  world  
for its important documents illustrative
 of facts and manners4           99     
99       99       99       99    ,dr4   
,,gutzlaff1 who is preaching at ,berlin 
and ,potsdam on behalf of  the ,chinese 
mission1 lately introduced into the     
closing prayer of the  service1 at the  
garrison church at the latter place1    
besides the name  of the ,king and the  
royal family1 a supplication for his    
,emperor  of ,china1 and the ministers  
and people of that nation4 ,dr4         
,gutzlaff  expresses a confident hope   
that the ,emperor of ,japan will become 
converted to ,christianity4           99
       99       99       99       99    
,,meetings have been held at the house  

of ,mr4 ,justice ,coleridge1 in         
,london1 at which a committee has been  
formed1 with the ,bishop of  ,london at 
its head1 to initiate a subscription to 
do honor to the  memory of the poet     
,wordsworth1 by placing a whole length  
effigy of  him in ,westminster ,abbey1  
and1 if the funds suffice1 by erecting a
  monument to his memory near           
,grassmere4           99       99       
99       99       99    ,mr4 ,e4,g4     
,,squier1 our ,charge d',affaires to    
,central ,america1 is now in  ,new      
,york1 and will soon publish an essay   
upon the antiquities of that  country1  
similar in design1 probably1 to his     
important volume on the  remains of     
ancient works in the valley of the      
,mississippi1 printed for  the          
,smithsonian ,institute4           99   
99       99       99       99           
,,francis ,,bowen1 the editor of the    
,north ,american ,review1 has been      
appointed ,professor of ,history and    
,political ,economy in ,harvard         

,college1 and it is understood that the 
,latin ,professorship1 made  vacant by  
the resignation of ,dr4 ,beck1 will be  
tendered to ,mr4 ,george  ,m4 ,lane1 now
 in ,europe4           99       99      
99       99       99    ,,the ,,french  
,,academy has decreed to ,m4 ,emile     
,augier1 the author of  ,gabrielle1 the 
prize of seven thousand francs1 for the 
best dramatic  work inculcating         
principles of rectitude and morality4   
99       99       99       99       99  
,,charles ,,lucien ,,bonaparte 7,prince 
of ,canino7 is now at ,berlin1 where he 
occupies himself exclusively with       
scientific pursuits1 and the society  of
 learned men4           99       99     
99       99       99    ,,the           
,,university ,,of ,,durham has conferred
 the honorary degree of ,m4,a4 on       
,robert ,stephenson1 and on ,mr4 ,henry 
,taylor1 the author of ,philip ,van     
,artevelde4           99       99       
99       99       99    ,,john ,g4      
,,saxe has been elected by the          

,mercantile ,library ,association of    
,montreal1 to deliver the poem at the   
opening of their winter course of       
lectures4           99       99       99
       99       99    ,,the ,,sultan of 
,turkey has granted to the ,princess    
,belgioiso1 for  herself and the        
,italian emigrants1 some extensive      
tracts of land on  the gulf of          
,nicomedia4           99       99       
99       99       99    ,,the ,,new     
,,opera1 on which ,m4 ,strakosch is now 
engaged1 is to be called  ,la ,regina di
 ,napoli4 ,the plot is taken from the   
history of the  unfortunate ,queen      
,joana of ,sicily1 and abounds in scenes
 of dramatic  interest4           99    
99       99       99       99    ,,from 
,,the ,,dublin ,,university ,,magazine  
,,for ,,july4    ,,the ,,old ,,man',s   
,,bequest2    ,a ,,story ,,of ,,gold4   
,through the ornamented grounds of a    
handsome country residence1 at  a little
 distance from a large town in ,ireland1
 a man of about fifty  years of age was 

walking with a bent head1 and the       
impress of sorrow  on his face4    ,och1
 yer honor1 give me one sixpence1 or one
 penny1 for ,god's sake1  cried a voice 
from the other side of a fancy paling   
which separated  the grounds in that    
quarter from a thoroughfare4 ,for       
heaven's sake1  ,mr4 ,lawson1 help me as
 ye helped me before4 ,i know you've the
 heart  and the hand to do it4    ,the  
person addressed as ,mr4 ,lawson looked 
up and saw a woman whom he  knew to be  
in most destitute circumstances1        
burdened with a large and  sickly       
family1 whom she had struggled to       
support until her own health  was       
ruined4    ,i have no money--not one    
farthing1 answered ,john ,lawson4    ,no
 money6 reiterated the woman1 in        
surprise3 isn't it all yours1           
then8--isn't this garden yours1 and that
 house1 and all the grand  things that  
are in it yours8--ay1 and grand things  
they are--them  pictures1 and them      
bright shinin' things in that           

drawing-room of  yours2 and sure you    
deserve them well1 and may ,god preserve
 them long  to you1 for riches hasn't   
hardened your heart1 though there's many
 a  one1 and heaven knows the gold turns
 their feelin's to iron4    ,it all     
belongs to my son1 ,henry ,lawson1 and  
,mrs4 ,lawson1 and their  children--it  
is all theirs1 he sighed heavily1 and   
deep emotion was  visible in every      
lineament of his thin and wrinkled face4
    ,the poor woman raised her          
blood-shot eyes to his face1 as if she  
was puzzled by his words4 ,she saw that 
he was suffering1 and with  intuitive   
delicacy she desisted from pressing her 
wants1 though her  need was great4      
,well1 well1 yer honor1 many's the good 
penny ye have given me and the  childer1
 and maybe the next time ,i see you     
you'll have more change4    ,she was    
turning sadly away1 when ,john ,lawson  
requested her to remain1  and he made   
inquiries into the state of her family2 
the report  he heard seemed to touch him

 even to the forgetfulness of his own   
sorrows2 he bade her stop for a few     
moments and he would give her some      
relief4    ,he walked rapidly toward the
 house and proceeded to the             
drawing-room4  ,it was a large and airy 
apartment1 and furnished with evident   
profusion2 the sunlight of the bright   
summer-day1 admitted partially  through 
the amply-draperied windows1 lit up a   
variety of sparkling  gilding in        
picture-frames1 and vases1 and mirrors1 
and cornices2 but  ,john ,lawson looked 
round on the gay scene with a kind of   
shudder2 he  had neither gold1 silver1  
nor even copper in his pocket1 or in his
  possession4    ,he advanced to a lady 
who reclined on a rose-colored sofa1    
with a  fashionable novel in her hand1  
and after some slight hesitation he     
addressed her1 and stating the name and 
wants of the poor woman who  had begged 
for aid1 he requested some money4    ,as
 he said the words some money1 his lips 
quivered1 and a tremor  ran through his 

whole frame1 for his thoughts were      
vividly picturing  a recently departed  
period1 when he was under no necessity  
of asking  money from any individual4   
,bless me1 my dear ,mr4 ,lawson6 cried  
the lady1 starting up from her          
recumbent position1 did ,i not give you 
a whole handful of shillings  only the  
day before yesterday2 and if you wasted 
it all on poor  people since1 what am ,i
 to do8 ,why1 indeed1 we contribute so  
much to  charitable subscriptions1 both 
,mr4 ,lawson and ,i1 you might be       
content  to give a little less to common
 beggars4    ,mrs4 ,lawson spoke with a 
smile on her lips1 and with a soft      
caressing  voice1 but a hard and selfish
 nature shone palpably from her blue    
eyes4 ,she was a young woman1 and had   
the repute of beauty1 which  a clear    
pink-and-white complexion1 and tolerable
 features1 with  luxuriant light hair1  
generally gains from a portion of the   
world4 ,she  was dressed for the        
reception of morning visitors whom she  

expected1  and she was enveloped in     
expensive satin and blond1 and jewelry  
in  large proportions4    ,john ,lawson 
seemed to feel every word she had       
uttered in the depths  of his soul1 but 
he made a strong effort to restrain the 
passion which  was rising to his lips4  
,augusta1 my daughter1 you are the wife 
of my only and most beloved  child--,i  
wish to love you--,i wish to live in    
peace with you1 and  all--give me some  
money to relieve the wants of the       
unfortunate woman  to whom ,i have      
promised relief1 and who is waiting     
without4 ,i ask not  for myself1 but for
 the poor and suffering--give me a      
trifle of money1  ,i say4    ,indeed1   
,mr4 ,lawson1 a bank would not support  
your demands for the  poor people2 that 
woman for whom you are begging has been 
relieved  twenty times by us4 ,i have no
 money just now4    ,she threw herself  
back on the sofa1 and resumed her novel2
 but anger1  darting from her eyes1     
contrasted with the trained smile which 

still  remained on her lips4    ,a dark 
shade of passion and scorn came over    
,john ,lawson's face1 but  he strove to 
suppress it1 and his voice was calm when
 he spoke4    ,some time before my son  
married you1 ,i gave up all my business 
to  him--,i came to live here amongst   
trees and flowers--,i gave up all  the  
lucrative business ,i had carried on to 
my son1 partly because my  health was   
failing1 and ,i longed to live with     
nature1 away from the  scenes of        
traffic2 but more especially because ,i 
loved my son with  no common love1 and  
,i trusted to him as to a second self4  
,i was not  disappointed--we had one    
purse and one heart before he married   
you2  he never questioned me concerning 
what ,i spent in charity--he never      
asked to limit in any way my            
expenditure--he loved you1 and ,i made  
no conditions concerning what amount of 
income ,i was to receive1 but  still ,i 
left him in entire possession of my     
business when he married  you4 ,i       

trusted to your fair1 young face1 that  
you would not controvert  my            
wishes--that you would join me in my    
schemes of charity4    ,and have ,i not8
 interrupted ,mrs4 ,lawson1 in a sharp  
voice1 though  the habitual smile still 
graced her lips2 do ,i not subscribe to1
 ,i  don't know how many1 charitable    
institutions8 ,charity1 indeed--there's 
enough spent in charity by myself and my
 husband4 ,but ,i wish to stop          
extravagance--it is only extravagance to
 spend so much on charity as  you would 
do if you could2 therefore1 you shall   
not have any money  just now4    ,mrs4  
,lawson was one of those women who can  
cheerfully expend a most  lavish sum on 
a ball1 a dress1 or any other method by 
which rank and  luxury dissipate their  
abundance1 but who are very economical1 
and  talk much of extravagance when     
money is demanded for purposes not      
connected with display or style4        
,augusta ,lawson1 listen to me--his     
voice quivering with passion--my  own   

wants are very few2 in food1 in clothes1
 in all points my  expenditure is       
trifling4 ,i am not extravagant in my   
demands for the  poor1 either4 ,all ,i  
have expended in charity during the few 
years  since you came here1 is but an   
insignificant amount as contrasted with 
the income which ,i freely gave up to my
 son and you2 therefore1 some  money for
 the poor woman who is waiting1 ,i shall
 now have2 give me  some shillings1 for 
,god's sake1 and let me go4 ,he advanced
 closer to  her1 and held out his hand4 
,nonsense6 cried ,mrs4 ,lawson2 ,i am   
mistress1 here--,i am determined  to    
stop extravagance4 ,you give too much to
 common beggars2 ,i am  determined to   
stop it--do not ask me any further4     
,a kind of convulsion passed over ,john 
,lawson's thin face2 but he  pressed his
 hand closely on his breast1 and was    
silent for some  moments4    ,i was once
 rich1 ,i believe4 ,yes--it is not a    
dream1 he said1 in a  slow1             
self-communing voice4 ,gold and silver1 

once ye were plenty with  me2 my        
hands--my pockets were filled--guineas1 
crowns1 shillings--now  ,i have not one 
penny to give to that starving1 dying   
woman1 whose face  of misery might      
soften the very stones she looks on--not
 one penny4    ,augusta1 he said1       
turning suddenly toward her1 after a    
second pause  of silence1 give me only  
one shilling1 and ,i shall not think of 
the  bitter words you have just said4   
,no2 not one shilling1 answered ,mrs4   
,lawson1 turning over a leaf of  her    
novel4    ,one sixpence1 then--one      
small1 poor sixpence4 ,you do not know  
how  even a sixpence can gladden the    
black heart of poverty when starvation  
is come4 ,one sixpence1 ,i say--let me  
have it quickly4    ,not one farthing ,i
 shall give you4 ,i do beg you will     
trouble me no  further4    ,mrs4 ,lawson
 turned her back partially to him1 and  
fixed all her  attention on the novel4  
,woman6 ,i have cringed and begged2 ,i  
would not so beg for myself1  from      

you--no3 ,i would lie down and die of   
want before ,i would1 on my  own        
account1 request of you--of your hard   
heart--one bit of bread4  ,all the      
finery that surrounds you is mine--it   
was purchased with my  money1 though now
 you call it yours2 and1 usurping the   
authority of  both master and mistress  
here1 you--in what you please to call   
your  economical management--dole out   
shillings to me when the humor seizes   
you1 or refuse me1 as now1 when it      
pleases you4 ,but1 woman1 listen  to me4
 ,i shall never request you for one     
farthing of money again4 ,no  necessity 
of others shall make me do it4 ,you     
shall never again refuse  me1 for ,i    
shall never give you the opportunity4   
,he turned hastily from the room1 with a
 face on which the deep emotion  of an  
aroused spirit was depicted strongly4   
,in the lobby he met his son1 ,henry    
,lawson4 ,the young man paused1         
something struck by the excited         
appearance of his father4    ,henry1    

said the father1 abruptly1 ,i want some 
money2 there is a  poor woman whom ,i   
wish to relieve--will you give me some  
money for  her8    ,willingly1 my dear  
father2 but have you asked ,augusta8    
,you know  ,i have given her the        
management of the money-matters of the  
establishment1 she is so very clever and
 economical4    ,she has neither        
charity1 nor pity1 nor kindness2 she    
saves from  me--she saves from the      
starving poor--she saves1 that she may  
waste  large sums on parties and        
dresses4 ,i shall never more ask her for
  money--give me a few shillings4 ,my   
,god6 the father begs of the son for    
what was his own--for what he toiled all
 his youth--for what he gave  up out of 
trusting love to that son4 ,henry1 my   
son1 ,i am sick of  asking and          
begging--ay1 sick--sick2 but give me    
some shillings now4    ,you asked       
,augusta1 then1 said ,henry1 drawing out
 his purse1 and  glancing with some     
apprehension to the drawing-room door4  

,henry1 cried ,mrs4 ,lawson1 appearing  
at that instant with a face  inflamed   
with anger--,henry1 ,i would not give   
your father any money  to-day1 because  
he is so very extravagant in giving it  
all away4    ,henry was in the act of   
opening his purse2 he glanced           
apprehensively  to ,mrs4 ,lawson2 his   
face had a mild and passive expression1 
which was  a true index of his yielding 
and easily-governed nature4 ,his        
features  were small1 delicate1 and     
almost effeminately handsome2 and in    
every  lineament a want of decision and 
force of character was visible4         
,henry1 give me some shillings1 ,i      
say--,i am your father--,i have a just  
right4    ,yes1 yes1 surely said ,henry1
 making a movement to open his purse4   
,henry1 ,i do not wish you to give him  
money to waste in charity1 as he  calls 
it4    ,mrs4 ,lawson gave her husband an
 emphatic1 but1 at the same time1       
cunningly caressing and smiling look4   
,henry1 ,i am your father--give me the  

money ,i want4    ,augusta1 my love1 you
 know it was all his1 said ,henry1 going
 close  to her1 and speaking in a kind  
of whisper4    ,my dearest ,henry1 were 
it for any other purpose but for        
throwing  away1 ,i would not refuse4 ,i 
am your father's best friend1 and your  
best friend1 in wishing to restrain all 
extravagance4    ,my dear father1 she   
wishes to be economical1 you know4      
,he dangled the purse1 undecidedly1 in  
his fingers4    ,will you give me the   
money at once1 and let me go8 cried     
,john  ,lawson1 elevating his voice4    
,my dear ,augusta1 it is better--       
,henry1 do not1 ,i beg of you4          
,henry1 my son1 will you let me have the
 money8    ,indeed1 ,augusta--          
,henry6    ,mrs4 ,lawson articulated but
 the one word2 there was enough of      
energy  and determination in it to make 
her husband close the purse he had      
almost opened4    ,i ask you only this  
once more--give me the few shillings8   
,john ,lawson bent forward in an eager  

manner2 a feverish red kindled  on his  
sallow cheeks2 his eyes were wildly     
dilated1 and his lips  compressed4      
,there was a pause of some moments4     
,you will not give it me8 he said1 in a 
voice deep-toned and  singularly calm1  
as contrasted with his convulsed face4  
,henry dangled the purse again in his   
hand1 and looked uneasily and           
irresolutely toward his wife4    ,no1 he
 will not give it--you will get no money
 to squander on poor  people this day1  
,mrs4 ,lawson said1 in a very sharp and 
decided voice4    ,john ,lawson did not 
say another word2 he turned away and    
slowly  descended the stairs1 and walked
 out of the house4    ,he did not return
 that evening4 ,he had been seen on the 
road leading  to the house of a relative
 who was in rather poor circumstances4  
,henry  felt rather annoyed at his      
fathers absence2 he had no depth in his 
affection1 but he had been accustomed to
 see him and hear his voice  every day1 
and therefore he missed him1 but        

consoled himself with  the thought that 
they would soon meet again1 as it never 
entered his  imagination that his father
 had quitted the house for a lengthened 
period4 ,mrs4 ,lawson felicitated       
herself on the event1 and hoped that    
the old man would remain for some time  
with his relative4    ,the following day
 a letter was handed to ,henry2 it was  
from his  father1 and was as follows3   
,,to ,,my ,,son ,,henry--,i have at last
 come to the resolution of quitting     
your house1 which ,i can no longer call 
mine1 in even the least degree4  ,for   
weeks--for months--ever since you       
married--ever since your wife  took upon
 herself what she calls the management  
of your house and  purse1 ,i have felt  
bound down under the weight of an       
oppressive  bondage4 ,i could not go and
 take a pound or a shilling from our    
common  stock1 as ,i used to do before  
you married1 when you and ,i lived in   
one  mind1 and when ,i believed that the
 very spirit of your departed1 your     

angel mother1 dwelt in you1 as you had1 
and have still1 her very face  and form4
 ,no1 no1 we had no common stock when   
you married4 ,she put me  on an         
allowance--ay1 an allowance4 ,you lived1
 and saw me receiving  an allowance2 you
 whom ,i loved with an idolatry which   
,god has now  punished2 you to whom ,i  
freely gave up my business--my          
money-making  business4 ,i gave it      
you--,i gave all to you--,i would have  
given my  very life and soul to you1    
because ,i thought that with your       
mother's  own face you had her noble and
 generous nature4 ,you were kind before 
you married2 but that marriage has      
proved your weakness and want of        
natural affection4 ,yes1 you stood at my
 side yesterday2 you looked  on my      
face--,i1 the father who loved you      
beyond all bounds of fatherly  love--you
 stood and heard me beg for a few       
shillings2 you heard me  supplicate     
earnestly and humbly1 and you would not 
give because your  wife was not willing4

 ,henry1 ,i could force you to give me a
 share of  the profits of your business2
 but keep it--keep it all4 ,you would   
not  voluntarily give me some shillings1
 and ,i shall not demand what right  and
 justice would give me4 ,keep all1 every
 farthing4    ,it was for charity ,i    
asked the few shillings2 you know it4   
,you  know from whom ,i imbibed whatever
 ,i possess of the blessed spirit of    
charity4 ,i was as hard and unpitying as
 even your wife before your  mother     
taught me to feel and relieve the       
demands of poverty4 ,yes1 and  she      
taught you2 you cannot forget it4 ,she  
taught you to give food to  the         
starving1 in your earliest days4 ,she   
strove to impress your infant  mind with
 the very soul of charity2 and yesterday
 she looked down from  the heaven of the
 holy departed1 and saw you refusing me1
 your father1  a few shillings to bestow
 on charity4    ,henry1 ,i can live with
 you and your wife no more4 ,i should   
grow  avaricious in my old age1 were ,i 

to remain with you4 ,i should long  for 
money to call my own4 ,those doled out  
shillings which ,i received  wakened    
within me feelings of a dark            
nature--covetousness1 and envy1  and    
discontent--which must have shadowed the
 happiness of your mother  in heaven to 
look down upon4 ,i must go and seek out 
an independent  living for myself1 even 
yet1 though ,i am fifty-two4 ,though my 
energies  for struggling with the world 
died1 ,i thought1 when your mother died1
  and1 leaving my active business to    
you1 ,i retired to live in the  country1
 ,i must go forth again1 as if ,i were  
young1 to seek for  the means of        
existence1 for ,i feel ,i was not made  
to be a beggar--a  creature hanging on  
the bounty of others2 no1 no1 the       
merciful ,god  will give me strength yet
 to provide for myself1 though ,i am    
old1 and  broken down in mind and body4 
,farewell2 you who were once my beloved 
son1 may ,god soften and amend your     
heart4    ,when ,henry perused this     

letter1 he would immediately have gone  
in  search of his father1 in order to   
induce him to return home2 but ,mrs4    
,lawson was at his side1 and succeeded  
in persuading him to allow his  father  
to act as he pleased1 and remain away as
 long as he wished4           99        
99       99       99       99    ,ten   
years rolled over our world1 sinking    
millions beneath the black  waves of    
adverse fortune and fate1 and raising   
the small number who1  of the           
innumerable aspirants for earthly good1 
usually succeed4 ,henry  ,lawson was one
 of those whom time had lowered in      
fortune4 ,his business  speculations    
had1 for a lengthened period1 been      
rather unsuccessful1  while ,mrs4       
,lawson's expensive habits increased    
every day4 ,at length  affairs came to  
such a crisis1 that retrenchment or     
failure was  inevitable4 ,henry had     
enough of wisdom and spirit to insist on
 the  first alternative1 and ,mrs4      
,lawson was compelled by the pressure   

of circumstances to yield in a certain  
degree2 the country-house1  therefore1  
was let1 ,mrs4 ,lawson assigning as a   
reason1 that she had  lost all relish   
for the country after the death of her  
dear children1  both of whom had died1  
leaving the parents childless4    ,it   
was the morning of a close sultry day in
 ,july1 and ,mrs4 ,lawson was  seated in
 her drawing-room4 ,she was dressed     
carefully and expensively  as of old1   
but she had been dunned and threatened  
at least  half-a-dozen times for the    
price of the satin dress she wore4 ,her 
face was thin and pale1 and there was a 
look of much care on her  countenance2  
her eyes were restless and sunken1 and  
discontent  spoke in their glances as   
she looked on the chairs1 sofas1 and    
window-draperies1 which had once been   
bright-colored1 but were now  much      
faded4 ,she had just come to the        
resolution of having new covers  and    
hangings1 though their mercer's and     
upholsterer's bills were  long          

unsettled1 when a visitor was shown into
 the room4 ,it was ,mrs4  ,thompson1 the
 wife of a very prosperous and wealthy  
shopkeeper4    ,mrs4 ,lawson's thin lips
 wreathed themselves into bright smiles 
of  welcome1 whilst the foul demon took 
possession of her soul4 ,mrs4           
,thompson's dress was of the most costly
 ,french satin1 whilst hers was  merely 
,british manufacture4 ,they had been old
 school companions and  rivals in their 
girlish days4 ,during the first years of
 the married  life of each1 ,mrs4       
,lawson had outshone ,mrs4 ,thompson in 
every respect2  but now the eclipsed    
star beamed brightly and scornfully     
beside the  clouds which had rolled over
 her rival4 ,mrs4 ,thompson was1 in face
  and figure1 in dress and speech1 the  
very impersonation of vulgar and        
ostentatious wealth4    ,my goodness1   
it's so hot6 she said1 loosening the    
fastening of  her bonnet1 the delicate  
,french blond and white satin and plume1
  of which that fabric was composed1    

contrasting rather painfully at  the    
same time with her flushed              
mahogany-colored complexion1 and        
ungracefully-formed features4 ,bless me1
 ,i'm so glad we'll get off to  our     
country-house to-morrow4 ,it's so very  
delightful1 ,mrs4 ,lawson1 to  have a   
country residence to go to4 ,goodness   
me1 what a close room1  and such a hot1 
dusty street4 ,it does just look so     
queer to me after  ,fitzherbert-square4 
,to this ,mrs4 ,lawson made a response  
as composed as she could2 she  would    
have retorted bitterly and violently1   
but her husband had a  connection with  
the ,thompson establishment1 and for    
strong reasons she  considered it       
prudent to refrain from quarreling with 
,mrs4 ,thompson4  ,she therefore spoke  
but very little1 and ,mrs4 ,thompson was
 left at  full liberty to give a        
lengthened detail of ,mr4 ,thompson's   
great  wealth and her own great         
profusion4 ,she began first with        
herself1 and  furnished an exact detail 

of all the fine things she had purchased
  in the last month1 down to the latest 
box of pins4 ,next1 her babies  occupied
 her for half an hour--the quantity of  
chicken they  consumed1 and the number  
of frocks they soiled per diem were     
minutely  chronicled4 ,then her house   
came under consideration3 she depicted  
the bright glory of the new ponceau     
furniture1 as contrasted with  shocking 
old faded things--and she glanced       
significantly toward ,mrs4  ,lawson's   
sofas and chairs4 ,next she made a      
discursive detour to the  culinary      
department1 and gave a statement of the 
number of stones of  lump sugar she was 
getting boiled in preserves1 and of the 
days of the  week in which they had     
puddings1 and the days they had pies at 
dinner4    ,but1 ,mrs4 ,lawson dear1    
have you seen old ,mr4 ,lawson since he 
came  home8 she said1 when she was      
rising to depart3 but ,i suppose you    
haven't1 for they say he won't have     
anything to do with his relations       

now--he won't come near you ,i have     
heard4 ,they say he has brought such  a 
lot of money with him from ,south       
,america4    ,at this intelligence every
 feature of ,mrs4 ,lawson's face        
brightened  with powerful interest4 ,she
 inquired where ,mr4 ,lawson stopped1   
and  was informed that he had arrived at
 the best hotel in town about three     
days previously1 and that every one     
talked of the large fortune he had  made
 abroad1 as he seemed to make no secret 
of the fact4    ,a burning eagerness to 
obtain possession of that money entered 
,mrs4  ,lawson's soul1 and she thought  
every second of time drawn out to the   
painful duration of a long hour1 while  
,mrs4 ,thompson slowly moved her  ample 
skirts of satin across the drawing-room1
 and took her departure4  ,mrs4 ,lawson 
dispatched a messenger immediately for  
her husband4    ,henry ,lawson came in1 
and listened with surprise to the       
intelligence  of his father's return4   
,he was taking up his hat to proceed to 

the hotel in quest of him1 when a       
carriage drove to the door4  ,mrs4      
,lawson's heart palpitated with         
eagerness--if it should be her          
husband's father in his own             
carriage--how delightful6--that horrible
  ,mrs4 ,thompson had not a carriage of 
her own yet1 though she was always      
talking of it4 ,they1 ,mrs4 ,lawson and 
her husband1 had just been about        
setting up a carriage when business     
failed with them4 ,she ran  briskly down
 the stairs--for long years she had not 
flown with such  alertness--rapid       
visions of gold1 of splendor1 and       
triumph seemed to  bear her along1 as if
 she had not been a being of earth4     
,she was not disappointed1 for there1 at
 the open door1 stood ,john  ,lawson4   
,he was enveloped in a cloak of fur1 the
 costliness of which  told ,mrs4 ,lawson
 that it was the purchase of wealth2 a  
servant in  plain livery supported him1 
for he seemed a complete invalid4       
,mrs4 ,lawson threw her arms around his 

neck1 and embraced him with a  warmth   
and eagerness which brought a cold and  
bitter smile over the  white1 thin lips 
of ,john ,lawson4 ,he replied briefly to
 the welcomings  he had received4 ,he   
threw aside his cloak1 and exhibited the
 figure  of an exceedingly emaciated and
 feeble old man1 who had all the        
appearance of ninety years1 though he   
was little more than sixty2 his  face   
was worn and fleshless to a painful     
degree2 his hair was of the  whitest    
shade of great age1 but his eyes had    
grown much more serene in  their        
expression than in his earlier days1    
notwithstanding a cast of  suffering    
which his whole countenance exhibited4  
,he was plainly1 but  most carefully and
 respectably dressed2 a diamond ring of 
great value  was on one of his fingers2 
the luster of the diamonds caught ,mrs4 
,lawson's glance on her first inspection
 of his person1 and her heart  danced   
with rapture--,mrs4 ,thompson had no    
such ring1 with all her  boasting of all

 her finery4    ,i have come to see my  
child before ,i die1 said the old man1  
gazing  on his son with earnest eyes2   
you broke the ties of nature between  us
 on your part1 when1 ten years ago1 you 
refused your father a few  shillings    
from your abundance1 but--    ,he was   
interrupted by ,mrs4 ,lawson1 who       
uttered many voluble  protestations of  
her deep grief at her having1 even      
though for the  sake of economy1 refused
 the money her dear father had solicited
  before he left them4 ,she vowed that  
she had neither ate1 nor slept1  nor    
even dressed herself for weeks after his
 departure2 and that1  sleeping or      
waking1 she was perpetually wishing she 
had given him the  money1 even though   
she had known that he was going to throw
 it into  the fire1 or lose it in any   
way4 ,her poor1 dear father--oh1 she    
wept  so after she heard that he had    
left the country4 ,to be sure1 ,henry   
could tell how1 for two or three nights1
 her pillow was soaked with  tears4     

,a cold1 bitter smile again flitted     
across the old man's lips2 he made  no  
response to her words1 but in the one   
look which his hollow eyes  cast on her1
 he seemed to read the falsehood of her 
assertions4    ,i was going to add1 he  
said1 that though you forgot you were my
  son1 and refused to act as my son1    
when you withheld the paltry sum  for   
which ,i begged1 yet ,i could not       
refrain from coming once more to  look  
on my child's face--to look on the face 
of my departed wife in  yours--for ,i   
know that a very brief period must      
finish my life now4  ,i should not have 
come here1 ,i feel--,i know it is the   
weakness of my  nature--,i should have  
died amongst strangers1 for the         
strangers  of other countries1 the      
people of a different hue and a         
different  language1 ,i have found kind 
and pitiful1 compared with those of my  
own house4    ,oh1 don't say so--don't  
say so--you are our own beloved father2 
ah1  my heart clings to every feature of

 your poor1 dear old face3 there  are   
the eyes and all that ,i used to talk to
 ,henry so much about4 ,don't  talk of  
strangers--,i shall nurse you and attend
 to you night and day4    ,she made a   
movement1 as if she would throw her arms
 around his neck  again1 but the old man
 drew back4    ,woman6 your hypocritical
 words show me that your pitiless heart 
is  still unchanged--that it has grown  
even worse4 ,you forced me out to  the  
world in my old age1 when ,i should have
 had no thoughts except  of ,god and the
 world to come2 you forced me to think  
of money-making1  when my hair was gray 
and my blood cold with years4 ,yes1 ,i  
had to  draw my thoughts from the future
 existence1 and to waste them on the    
miserable toils of traffic1 in order to 
make money3 for it was better  to do    
this than to drag out my life a         
pensioner on your bounty1  receiving    
shillings and pence1 which you gave me  
as if it had been  your own heart's     
blood1 though ,i only asked my own4     

,woman6 the black  slavery of my        
dependence on you was frightful2 but now
 ,i can look  you thanklessly in the    
face1 for ,i have the means of living   
without  you4 ,i spent sick and         
sleepless days and nights1 but ,i gained
 an  independence2 the merciful ,god    
blessed the efforts of the old man1 who 
strove to gain his livelihood--yes1 ,i  
am independent of you both4 ,i  came to 
see my son before ,i die--that is all ,i
 want4    ,mrs4 ,lawson attempted a     
further justification of herself1 but   
the  words died on her lips4 ,the stern 
looks of the old man silenced her4      
,after remaining for a short time1 he   
rose to take his departure2 but1  at the
 earnest solicitations of his son1 he   
consented to remain for  a few days1    
only on condition that he should pay for
 his board and  lodging4 ,to this ,mrs4 
,lawson made a feint of resistance1 but 
agreed in  the end1 as the terms offered
 by the old man were very advantageous4 
,i shall soon have a lodging for which  

no mortal is called on to  pay--the     
great mother-earth1 said the old man1   
and ,i am glad1 glad  to escape from    
this money-governed world4 ,do not smile
 so blandly on  me1 both of you1 and    
attend me with such false tenderness4   
,there1 take  it away1 he said1 as ,mrs4
 ,lawson was placing her most           
comfortable  footstool under his feet2  
there was no attendance1 no care1 not a 
civil action or kind look for me when ,i
 was poor ,john ,lawson1 the  silly1    
most silly old man1 who had given up all
 to his son and his  son's wife1 for the
 love of them1 and expected1 like a fool
 as he was1  to live with them on terms 
of perfect equality1 and to have the    
family  purse open to him for any       
trifling sums he wished to take4 ,go1 go
  for ,god's sake2 try and look bitterly
 on me now1 as you did when you  forced 
me out of your house4 ,i detest your    
obsequious attentions--,i  was as worthy
 of them ten years ago1 before ,i       
dragged down my old age  to the debasing

 efforts of money-making4 ,you know ,i  
am rich2 you would  worship my money in 
me now4 ,not a smiling look1 not a soft 
word you  bestow on me1 but is for my   
riches1 not for me4 ,ay1 you think you  
have  my wealth in your grasp already2  
you know ,i cannot live long4 ,thank    
,god that my life is almost ended1 and  
,i hope my death will be a  benefit to  
you1 in softening your hard hearts4     
,mrs4 ,lawson drew some hope from his   
last words1 and she turned away  her    
head to hide the joy which shone on her 
face4    ,in a few days the old man     
became seriously ill1 and was altogether
  confined to his room4 ,as death       
evidently approached1 his mind became   
serene and calm1 and he received the    
attentions which ,mrs4 ,lawson and  his 
son lavished on him with a silent       
composure1 which led them to  hope that 
he had completely forgotten their       
previous conduct to him4    ,the night  
on which he died1 he turned to his son1 
and said a few  words1 a very few words1

 regarding worldly matters4 ,he exhorted
  ,henry to live in a somewhat less     
expensive style1 and to cultivate a     
spirit of contentment without riches2   
then he blessed ,god that he was        
entering on a world in which he could   
hear no more of money or earthly        
possession4 ,he remained in a calm sleep
 during the greater part of the  night1 
they thought1 but in the morning they   
found him dead4    ,the funeral was     
over1 and the time was come in which the
 old man's  will was to be opened4 ,mrs4
 ,lawson had waited for that moment--she
  would have forcibly dragged time      
onward to that moment--she had          
execrated the long hours of night since 
the old man's death--she had  still more
 anathemized the slowly passing days1   
when gazing furtively  through a corner 
of the blinded window1 she saw fine     
equipages and  finely-dressed ladies    
passing1 and she planned how she would  
shine  when the old man's wealth would  
be her own4 ,she drew glorious mental   

pictures of how she would burst from    
behind the shadowing cloud of  poverty1 
and dazzle all her acquaintances4 ,her  
dress1 her carriage1  her style of      
living would be unique in her rank of   
life for taste and  costliness4 ,she    
would show them she had got money--money
 at last--more  money than they all4    
,now at last she sat and saw the will   
being opened2 she felt that it  was a   
mere formality1 for the old man had none
 but them to whom he  could leave his   
money2 she never once doubted but all   
would be theirs2  she had reasoned and  
fancied herself into the firm           
conviction4 ,her  only fear was1 that   
the amount might not be so large as she 
calculated  on4    ,she saw the packet  
opened4 ,her eyes dilated1 her lips     
became parched1  her heart and brain    
burned with a fierce eagerness--money6  
money at  last6 uttered the griping     
spirit within her4    ,the will1 after  
beginning in the usual formal style1 was
 as follows3    ,i bequeath to my son   

,henry's wife1 ,augusta ,lawson1 a high 
and noble  gift--,mrs4 ,lawson almost   
sprung from her seat with eagerness--the
  greatest of all legacies1 ,i bequeath 
to ,augusta ,lawson--,charity6  ,augusta
 ,lawson refused me a few shillings     
which ,i wished to bestow  on a starving
 woman2 but now ,i leave her joint      
executrix1 with my son  ,henry1 in the  
distribution of all my money and all my 
effects1 without  any reservation1 in   
charity1 to be applied to such          
charitable purposes  as in this1 my last
 will and testament1 ,i have directed4  
,then followed a statement of his       
effects and money1 down to the most     
minute particular4 ,the money amounted  
to a very considerable sum2 his         
personal effects he directed to be sold1
 with the exception of his  very        
valuable diamond ring1 which he         
bequeathed to the orphan daughter  of   
the poor relation in whose house he had 
taken refuge1 and remained  for a short 
time1 previous to his going abroad4 ,all

 the proceeds   of his other effects1   
together with the whole amount of his   
money1  he bequeathed for different     
charitable purposes1 and gave minute    
directions as to the manner in which    
various sums were to be expended4  ,the 
largest amount he directed to be        
distributed in yearly donations  amongst
 the most indigent old men and women    
within a circuit of ten  miles of his   
native place4 ,those who were residing  
with their sons  and their sons' wives1 
were to receive by far the largest      
relief4 ,he  appointed as trustees two  
of the most respectable merchants of the
  town1 to whom he gave authority to see
 the provisions of his will  carried    
out1 in case his son and ,mrs4 ,lawson  
should decline the duties  of           
executorship which he had bequeathed to 
them4 ,the trustees were to  exercise a 
surveillance over ,mr4 and ,mrs4        
,lawson1 to see that the will  should in
 every particular be strictly carried   
into effect4 ,the will  was dated and   

duly signed in the town in ,south       
,america where the old  man had for some
 years resided4 ,a codicil1 containing  
the bequest of  the ring1 with some     
further particulars regarding the       
charities1 had  been added a few days   
previous to the old man's death4        
,mrs4 ,lawson was carried fainting from 
the room before the reading of  the will
 was concluded4 ,she was seized with    
violent fever1 and her  life was        
despaired of4 ,she recovered1 however1  
and from the verge of  the eternal      
existence on which she had been1 she    
returned to life with  a less worldly   
and ostentatious nature1 and a soul more
 alive to the  impulses of kindness and 
charity4           99       99       99 
99       99    ,,horace ,,vernet1 the   
painter1 is in ,st4 ,petersburgh1 and is
 soon  expected in ,vienna1 where he    
will study the uniform1 scenery1 c41  in
 order to paint various scenes in the   
,hungarian war4           99       99   
99       99       99    ,,harro         

,,harring has escaped from ,norway into 
,england1 whence he has  issued a       
document1 describing the circumstances  
of his departure1 and  protesting       
against the arbitrary and unjust conduct
 of the ,norwegian  ,government4 ,in    
this paper1 which is drawn up with      
indignant eloquence1  ,harring appeals  
to the ,norwegian ,storthing of #ahea1  
confident that  he shall receive ample  
justice at the hands of the             
,representatives of  ,norway4           
99       99       99       99       99  
,miss ,h4,m4 ,,webber1 an ,american1 has
 issued a pamphlet in ,brussels         
advocating the assumption of the male   
attire by her sex till they are         
married4           99       99       99 
99       99    ,,garribaldi1 the        
,italian general1 is on his way to ,new 
,york4 ,he has  written his experiences1
 which will soon make their appearance  
in  ,america1 where1 as in ,europe1 they
 will be eagerly read1 as few men  can  
throw so much light upon the recent     

important events in ,italy4           99
       99       99       99       99    
,mrs4 ,,child is passing the summer near
 ,boston1 and is still occupied  with a 
book upon the ,history of the ,religious
 ,element in ,society1  which has       
several years engaged her attention4 ,a 
new edition of her  novel of ,the       
,rebels has just been published1 and the
 degree to which  it has been known is  
illustrated in the critical             
announcements of it4  ,the ,albany      
,state ,register1 like other journals1  
seems to think it a  fresh book1 and    
observes of the writer3--,the author of 
,hobornok has  always been a favorite   
with the public1 though it is a long    
while  since we have had the pleasure of
 welcoming anything from his pen4  ,the 
present work1 however1 bears the impress
 of the talents which have  always      
marked his writings6           99       
99       99       99       99    ,,from 
,,the ,,leader4    ,,old ,,feelings4    
,once in my childish days ,i heard    ,a

 woman's voice that slowly read1    ,how
 'twixt two shadowy mountains sped      
,four colored steeds1 four chariots     
whirr'd4      ,i watched until she laid 
the book    ,on the white casement-ledge
 again2    ,my heart beat high with     
joyful pain    ,on that strange oracle  
to look4      ,day after day ,i would   
ascend    ,the staircase in that large  
old house1    ,and still and timorous as
 a mouse    ,i sat and made the book my 
friend4      ,i saw the birth of seas   
and skies1    ,the first sweet woman1   
first brave man2    ,i saw how morning  
light began1    ,how faded--over        
,paradise4      ,i stood with the first 
,arab boy2    ,i saw the mother and the 
child1    ,of ,oriental vision wild1    
,laugh by the well for utter joy4       
,i saw the youth go forth at morn1    ,a
 traveler to the ,syrian land1    ,and  
in the lonely evening stand    ,an exile
 weary and forlorn4      ,i saw him by  
the roadside lay    ,his sunken head    
upon a stone1    ,and while he          

slumbered1 still and lone1    ,a dream  
fell on him1 fair as day4      ,i saw a 
golden ladder reach    ,from earth to   
heaven among the stars1    ,and up and  
down its gleaming bars    ,trod stately 
angels1 without speech4      ,what      
wonders did ,i not behold6    ,dark     
gorgeous women1 turbaned men1    ,white 
tents1 like ships1 in plain and glen1   
,slaves1 palm trees1 camels1 pearls1 and
 gold4      ,ah6 many an hour ,i sat and
 read1    ,and ,god seemed with me all  
day long2    ,joy murmured a sweet      
undersong1    ,i talkt with angels1 with
 them fed4      ,it was an old deserted 
room2    ,there was a skylight strait   
above1    ,and the blue sky lookt thro' 
like love1    ,softening and coloring   
mortal gloom4      ,no playmate had ,i1 
knew no game1    ,yet sometimes left my 
book to run    ,and blow bright bubbles 
in the sun--    ,in after life we do the
 same4      ,that time is gone2 you     
think me weak    ,that ,i regret that   
perisht time1    ,that ,i recall my     

golden prime    ,with beating heart and 
blushing cheek4      ,that ,book so     
prized1 you tell me1 friend1    ,is full
 of false and deadly tales3    ,you say1
 a palsied world bewails    ,its        
influence2 but it soon shall end4       
,thank ,god for that3 ,i live for truth1
    ,glad to resign each rainbow sham2  
,but1 still remembering what ,i am1     
,i praise my sweet and saintly youth    
,it was so genial and sincere1    ,my   
joy and wonder were so strong1    ,so   
rare and delicate a song    ,young ,life
 was singing in mine ear4      ,i       
therefore still in fancy climb    ,up to
 that old and faded room1    ,where     
feelings like fresh roses bloom    ,over
 the grave of that fair time4      ,m4  
99       99       99       99       99  
,,lord ,,brougham has recently been     
engaged in the investigation of a       
peculiar phenomenon which he calls the  
diflection of light4 ,the  experiment   
itself consists in causing a ray of     
light to fall upon  the sharp edge of a 

knife or on the point of a needle2 the  
ray is  thus diflected by the edge or   
point1 and becomes prismatic4 ,lord     
,brougham1 in addition to other curious 
phenomena1 has discovered that  the ray1
 when once diflected1 cannot be again   
diflected in the same  direction1 but   
may be diflected in an opposite         
direction4           99       99        
99       99       99    ,,from ,,the    
,,spectator1 ,,of ,,june #ae4    ,,life 
,,of ,,the ,,author ,,of ',,tremaine4'#c
    ,the literary success of the author 
of ,tremaine was owing to the  worldly  
experience and means of observation     
which his official  position gave him2  
but the sole interest which he possesses
 in  the eyes of the world arises from  
his success as an author4 ,as an        
office-holder1 he was not a mere        
red-tapist1 but one of those able1      
hard-working1 experienced administrative
 men1 who really carry on  the business 
of government1 and1 except in the case  
of rare ability  and courage in a chief1

 are masters of the ,ministers1 though  
want  of interest1 ambition1 or gift of 
the gab1 retains them in a  subordinate 
post4 ,as an author1 ,mr4 ,ward's       
temporary success was  greater than his 
permanent prospects4 ,his subjects were 
generally  large enough1 he was a man of
 extensive reading1 and his tastes took 
in a wide range2 but he was essentially 
bounded by the present4 ,his  earlier   
works1 which procured him the patronage 
of ,pitt1 and with it a  seat in        
,parliament and office1 were on the ,law
 of ,nations3 and though  their most    
attractive part related to a temporary  
subject1 the rights  of belligerents and
 neutrals1 there was enough in that     
branch of the  subject to secure        
duration2 but who reads them now8 how   
few1 indeed1  know of their existence8  
,he cannot be said to have originated   
the  serio-didactic novel1 for ,hannah  
,more and others had long cultivated    
that field2 but he brought to it1 what  
they could not bring1 a  well-bred      

scholarship1 a wide knowledge of public 
and private life1  seen in affairs as   
well as society1 with less of a narrow  
sectarian  spirit3 yet it may be doubted
 whether ,tremaine some thirty years    
hence will be more read than ,coelebs in
 ,search of a ,wife4 ,if  ,mr4 ,ward did
 not found the school of fashionable    
novelists1 he was  certainly among the  
founders2 and he infused into the best  
of his  works1 ,de ,vere1 a real        
knowledge of ,parliamentary life1 a     
newer and  truer view of statesmen and  
nobles1 though a little en beau1 and a  
great variety of actual characters4 ,the
 circumstance of ,wentworth's  supposed 
resemblance to ,canning1 and the        
accident of publication at  a time when 
the official conspiracy of the novel    
seemed acting in  ,parliament1 gave ,de 
,vere a success with the world at large1
 which  its length and longwindedness   
might have marred4 ,mr4 ,ward's essays  
7generally in the form of stories7 were 
not so successful with the  public as   

his fictions4 ,we think he was by nature
 designed for an  essayist--naturally   
given to discuss and expound2 but nature
 had  denied him that penetrating       
originality of perception1 that vigor of
  thought1 and 7as a consequence7 that  
terseness of style1 which are  necessary
 to render the essay attractive and to  
preserve it4 ,as  ,robert ,plumer ,ward 
was essentially confined to the present1
 so he was  dependent on it2 he was     
nothing if not in the mode1 and in his  
later  works he rather fell behind the  
fashion4    ,his life as presented in   
these volumes was not very remarkable or
  eventful4 ,his father was a merchant  
at ,gibraltar1 and also held the  post  
of chief clerk of the civil department  
of the ,ordnance in that  garrison3 his 
mother was a ,spanish ,jewess4 ,robert  
,ward was born in  ,london1 in #agfe1 on
 a visit of the family to ,england2 and1
 after an  education at private schools1
 was sent to ,oxford1 in #aghc4 ,he left
 the  ,university in #aghg1 in debt2 and

 soon after became a student of the     
,inner ,temple4 ,an affection of the    
knee-joint sent him to ,bareges3 he  was
 speedily cured2 but was so attracted by
 the pleasures of ,french  society1 that
 he remained in ,france till the        
,revolution2 from which he  had a narrow
 escape4        ,it happened1           
unfortunately for him1 that another     
',ward1' of      about the same age and 
personal appearance1 had incurred the   
suspicion of the ,republican party1 at a
 moment when suspicion      lost all its
 doubts1 and death followed close upon  
the heels      of certainty4 ,to use his
 own words1 ',i was arrested for having 
the same name and the same colored coat 
and waistcoat as      another ,ward1    
guilty of treason2 was ordered without  
trial to      ,paris1 to be guillotined2
 and only escaped by their catching     
the real traitor3 ,i was1 however1      
banished the republic1      merely for  
my name's sake4'    ,on his return to   
,england he was called to the bar1 in   

,june #agij2 and  but for a singular    
circumstance might have passed through  
life as a  literary barrister1 with     
middling success in law and letters4    
,he was1 early in #agid1 leaving his    
chambers in the ,temple      for the    
purpose of paying a visit in the        
,northern outskirts      of ,london4    
,upon crossing ,fleet ,street he had to 
traverse ,bell      ,yard2 and as he    
passed a watchmaker's shop his attention
 was      attracted by a placard in the 
window1 of a very revolutionary         
character1 convening a meeting of a     
certain society1 that      evening1 at  
the watchmaker's4 ,many a man would have
 passed it      unnoticed1 or contented 
himself with a feeling of regret or     
indignation at the prevalence during    
that period of similar      views3 not  
so was it with young ,ward2 he was fresh
 from      all the horrors which the    
success of such principles in a         
neighboring country had entailed2 he at 
once determined to      enter the       

watchmaker's shop and provoke a         
discussion with      him4 ,for two hours
 did the young student contest with the 
,republican the justice of his          
sentiments2 for two hours did he        
labor to impress upon him1 not only by  
argument but by his own      experience1
 the horrors to which success must lead2
 but at      the end of that time he was
 obliged to leave him1 apparently       
unmoved1 or at all events unconvinced4  
,he paid his distant      visit1 and    
late in the evening returned homeward   
through the      same alley4 ,desparing 
of success1 he paid no second visit     
to the disputant of the morning1 though 
he did remark with      pleasure that   
the revolutionary placard had been      
withdrawn4      ,hardly1 however1 had he
 passed the shop twenty yards1 when     
he heard some one running after and     
calling to him4 ,he looked      back and
 beheld the ,republican watchmaker4 ,the
 manner of the      man was changed from
 the dogged imperturbability with which 

he      had listened to ,mr4 ,ward's    
arguments in the morning to a frank     
and eager confidence4 ',i have called   
you in1' said he1 'to say      ,i have  
done nothing but think over your words3 
,i feel their      truth2 ,i shudder at 
the precipice on which ,i stood1 at the 
evil ,i was about to do2 and am now as  
anxious to communicate      and prevent 
as ,i was before to conceal all our     
schemes4' ,he      then communicated to 
him the existence of a most fearful     
plot against the ,government1 which1    
with his newly-awakened      feelings1  
he longed to frustrate by immediately   
informing the      authorities1 if he   
who had convinced would also accompany  
and      support him4        ,they went 
to the ,chief ,magistrate1 ,sir ,richard
 ,ford2 who      attached so much       
importance to the communication1 that   
the      three were at once ushered into
 the presence of ,pitt and his          
colleagues1 assembled with ,macdonald   
and ,scott1 the ,attorney      and      

,solicitor-,general4 ,the singular      
history was duly narrated      in       
detail2 the arguments carried on by the 
young ,mentor1 the      misgivings of   
the ,republican1 and then the details of
 the      impending danger4 ,the        
countenance of ,pitt was turned with    
interest on the young lawyer1 who seemed
 not only to share      that horror of  
revolutionary movements with which he   
was      himself so strongly imbued1 but
 who had so gallantly acted      upon   
it4 ',what was your motive1 young       
gentleman1' he inquired1      'for thus 
entering the shop8' ',i1 ,sir1' answered
 young ,ward1      'am not long returned
 from ,france1 and have there seen in   
practice what sounds so fine in theory4'
    ,though1 according to report1 ,pitt 
was not the man to overlook rising      
talent or lose sight of a useful        
adherent1 eight years elapsed before    
much came of this singular introduction2
 during which the young  barrister      
published two books or pamphlets on the 

,laws of ,nations1  married a sister of 
,lady ,mulgrave1 and was slowly working 
his way  at the bar4 ,in #ahjb1 ,pitt1  
in a stiff enough letter1 offered ,mr4  
,ward a seat for ,cockermouth1 one of   
the ,lowther boroughs2 and when  he     
returned to power1 his protg became     
,under-,secretary of ,state  for the    
,foreign ,department1 7his              
brother-in-law1 ,lord ,mulgrave1  being 
,principal ,secretary17 after he had    
published a pamphlet  in justification  
of ,pitt's highhanded seizure of the    
,spanish  treasure-ships4 ,of course he 
went out on the accession of ,all the   
,talents after ,pitt's death2 and came  
in again on their expulsion1  as a ,lord
 of the ,admiralty1 still under ,lord   
,mulgrave4 ,in #ahab1 he  was moved to  
the ,ordnance1 as ,clerk4 ,in #ahbc1 he 
quitted office1  withdrew from          
,parliament1 and began novel-writing as 
an amusement1 at  fifty-eight4 ,he died 
in #ahdf1 in his eighty-second year2    
having lived  long enough to see his    

son1 the present ,lord ,high            
,commissioner of the  ,ionian ,islands1 
,secretary to the ,admiralty under a    
,whig ,ministry4 ,he  was thrice        
married1 and each time advantageously4  
,his first wife1 as  we have seen1 was a
 sister-in-law of ,lord ,mulgrave2 the  
second1 whom  he wedded at the age of   
sixty-three1 was the widow of ,mr4      
,plumer  of ,gilston ,park1 which became
 his through the marriage2 his third    
alliance1 when he was nearly seventy1   
gave him the advantage of a  jointure of
 #a1jjjl4 per annum allowance as        
guardian1 and a couple of  mansions4    
,his writings would lead to the notion  
that ,robert ,ward was  everything      
tender and amiable2 and so he might be  
as long as he was  pleased2 but he would
 seem to have had a quiet implacability1
 that was  offended on slight grounds1  
and obdurate in displeasure4 ,he        
quarreled  with his son on account of   
his politics3 he received some slight   
from  an official friend and repulsed   

all attempts at explanation1 till a     
letter written when ,ward was           
seventy-two and his correspondent turned
  of seventy produced a reconciliation  
rather dry on his part4 ,it would  have 
been satisfactory to know that some     
relenting1 some interest  beyond a      
suspicion of the writer1 had been shown 
on the receipt  of the following manly  
letter1 written after the publication of
  ,de ,vere4 ,after alluding to the     
internal traits by which he had         
identified the author1 the anonymous    
correspondent continues3        ,it     
surprises me1 ,i confess1 that the      
feeling1 judgment1 and      sagacity1   
which sufficed to produce the work that 
,i have been      commending1 should    
have suffered the golden opinions of me1
      which you entertained1 to be      
filched and adulterated by mere         
traducers1 whose reports the hearer's   
own experience could      have almost   
refuted1 and whose testimony was so     
obviously      liable to be warped by   

prejudice4        ,we live in a strange 
world4 ,before my feelings and          
dispositions had changed from wavering  
and transient to      permanent and     
fixed1--before the desultory ramblings1 
which      almost became our age1 had   
terminated in a path1 and that1      ,i 
trust1 a right and honorable one1 and   
from which1 with      moderate allowance
 for human inferiority1 ,i have not     
deviated      since1--before my         
principles had attained their vigor1 and
      generated those correct habits    
which it was their province      to     
produce1--in short1 while1 like most    
young men1 ,i might      be said to have
 as yet 'no character at all1' ,i       
obtained your      friendship4 ,how ,i  
lost it1 ,i have already told you4      
,when1      remains to tell you4 ,i lost
 it when any fruits which my youth      
may have promised had appeared2 lost it 
all at once1 under      circumstances   
scarcely more annoying to my feelings   
than      revolting to my sense of what 

was right and just4        ,i am not    
seeking to penetrate what is to me1     
indeed1 no      secret2 neither do ,i   
form the unavailing wish that our       
expired      intercourse should revive4 
,c'en est fait4 ,a knot which has       
been loosened or untied may be formed   
again1 but this knot has      been cut4 
,accordingly1 ,i neither address you by 
your name nor      subscribe my own4 ,my
 hand-writing1 though not disguised1 is1
      like yourself1 much changed2 and1 
though this were not the      case1 you 
could not1 after the lapse of so much   
time1 have      recognized it4          
,my regard you continue to possess1     
though ,i am not certain      of your   
title to retain it4 ,but you have1 by   
means of your      estrangement1        
sustained a loss4 ,in ceasing to        
entertain a      feeling of esteem and  
cordiality toward me1 you have lost that
      which is a source of soothing     
gratification to the mind in      which 
it is cherished1 and which1 ,i flatter  

myself1 ,i as well      deserved to have
 retained with regard to me as any other
 of      your early friends1 be that    
other who he may4 ,again3 though        
you have not lost a friend1 7for my     
sentiments toward you      continue     
friendly17 you have elected to lose the 
usual and      not unpalatable fruits of
 friendship in my case3 and this at     
a time of life 7for we are much of the  
same age7 when old      friends can the 
less be spared1 because new friendships 
are      rarely formed4        ,when our
 earliest meetings and the commencements
 of a      bygone friendship are called 
up before me by the letter which1       
,i scarcely know why1 ,i am writing1 ,i 
feel myself softened      as well as    
depressed by the recollection2 and1 as  
,i write      farewell1 it gives me pain
 to think that ,i might add to it       
the words--probably forever4 ,god bless 
you4    ,there is nothing in ,robert    
,ward's life or literary eminence to    
require  or even justify so large a     

space as his nephew has bestowed upon   
it4  ,strictly speaking1 indeed1 the    
biography occupies but a small portion  
of these bulky volumes1 which are       
chiefly filled with remains or          
correspondence2 and much of that little 
is not distinguished for  matter or     
character4 ,the correspondence is       
indifferent4 ,the latter  portion of it 
is mainly devoted to literary criticism1
 or compliments1  having for subject the
 author's works or those of his         
praisers2 and is  weak and flimsy to a  
degree4 ,the earlier portion principally
 relates  to politics1 especially to the
 intrigues carried on by ,canning and   
,malmesbury during the ,addington       
,ministry to procure ,pitt's premature  
return to office4 ,to this ,lord        
,mulgrave was judiciously opposed2 and  
although there is nothing very new or   
particular in the account1 and  the     
letters are rather flat1 it gives the   
,mulgrave version of the  business4 ,the
 most valuable part of the book1 and    

which was1 indeed1  well worthy of      
separate publication1 is a diary that   
,mr4 ,ward kept  through a considerable 
portion of his official life1 beginning 
in  ,june #ahji1 and continuing with a  
short interruption till the death  of   
,perceval1 when it ceased till #ahai2   
after which it was maintained  to a     
later period than ,mr4 ,phipps thinks it
 proper to publish it4  ,this diary     
consists of gossip1 anecdote1 on dits1  
and confidential  communications made to
 ,mr4 ,ward on various occasions and at 
critical  times1 together with his own  
observations and reflections on affairs1
  or remarks on characters4 ,as he was  
much in the confidence of  ,perceval1   
saw a good deal of the ,duke of         
,wellington1 7,master-,general  of the  
,ordnance during the era of the         
,manchester massacre and  ,sidmouth's   
spy doings17 and was continually behind 
the scenes1 the  diary is both curious  
and amusing4 ,allowance must of course  
be made  for the writer's position as a 

partisan1 and some of his later  notions
 are those of the laudator temporis     
acti1 speaking without  responsibility2 
but it is sufficiently interesting to   
raise a desire  for the whole1 published
 as a diary1 and not mixed up with other
  matters to which it has small         
relation4    ,the diary begins with     
,canning's intrigue against             
,castlereagh2 and  ,canning is          
occasionally brought forward in the     
earlier period1  and painted with a good
 deal of shadow1 7he was then in a sort 
of  opposition to ,perceval17 and       
altogether a very different personage   
from the ,wentworth of ,de ,vere4 ,lord 
,palmerston1 then a very fine  young    
man1 and a promising candidate for      
place1 with no other faults1  in ,mr4   
,ward's estimation1 than what he has    
certainly got rid of long               
since--nervousness and modesty6--also   
figures in the pages1 and at a  critical
 conjuncture of his fortunes4           
,lord ,palmerston came to town1 sent for

 by ,perceval4 ,he was      so good as  
to confide to me that three things were 
offered to      him1--the               
,chancellorship of the ,exchequer1      
,secretaryship at      ,war1 or a seat  
at the ,treasury1 by way of introduction
 to the      seals1 if he was afraid of 
entering upon them at once4 ,these      
offers were1 however1 in the alternative
 of there being any      of them        
declined by ,milnes 7,member for        
,pomfret71 to whom they      were made  
in the first instance4 ,lord ,p4        
consulted me very      frankly upon     
them1 and asked if ,i thought he would  
be equal      to the seals either in    
,cabinet or ,parliament1 particularly   
the      latter1 where he had barely    
made his dbut4 ,i told him1 and      was
 most sincere1 that in common with all  
his friends whom ,i      had ever heard 
speak on the subject1 ,i thought him    
quite equal      to them in point of    
capacity1 but as to nerves in           
,parliament1      7of which he seemed   

most to doubt17 nobody could judge but  
himself4 ,he said1 ,petty 7whom ,i had  
mentioned7 had come      forward after  
having felt his way and got possession  
of      himself in the ,house1 and that 
if he had done the same1 he      perhaps
 would not hesitate4 ,as it was1 he     
inclined to the      second place1 but  
had written to ,lord ,malmesbury4 ,we   
walked up      to ,hyde ,park discussing
 the subject4 ,among other topics which 
,i urged1 one seemed to impress him     
much2 which was1 the great              
difference there would be in his        
situation and pretensions      upon a   
return to office1 in the event of our   
going out1 if      he retired as a      
,cabinet ,minister instead of a         
subordinate      capacity4 ,he allowed  
it much flattered his ambition1 but     
feared the prejudice it would occasion  
to his own reputation      and the      
interest of his friends if he failed4 ,i
 left him      inclining to the         
,secretary at ,war2 and admired his     

prudence1      as ,i have long done the 
talents and excellent understanding1    
as well as the many other good qualities
 as well as      accomplishments1 of    
this very fine young man4    ,one       
portion of the diary relates to the     
,regency4 ,new facts are  scarcely      
advanced1 but we think some freshness is
 given from the  light and coloring of  
the author4 ,unless ,sheridan really    
persuaded  the ,prince to throw over the
 ,whigs1 out of revenge for ,whig       
hauteur1  his ,royal ,highness would    
seem to have acted entirely from        
himself4  ,the arrogance of ,grey and   
,grenville comes out very strongly in   
the  painting of his opponent4 ,after   
all1 however1 it is doubtful whether    
they could have come in4 ,the ,tories   
would have been strong in  ,opposition2 
the ,whigs could scarcely form a        
,government without the  ,canning votes1
 and the hatred with which the old      
,whigs regarded their  leader rendered  
that junction impossible3 what was more 

than all1  their cowardly anti-national 
policy would have rendered their        
position  one of great difficulty with  
the country4 ,the fact is1 that poor in 
point of talent as the ,perceval        
,ministry was1 it best represented the  
opinion of the country2 as the ,whigs   
now are in a similar position4  ,some of
 these points are well put in this      
report of a conversation in  the ,house 
of ,commons2 which will also give an    
idea of the manner of  the diary4       
,j4,w4 ,ward told me what he called a   
bon mot1 and seemed much      to enjoy1 
of ,lady ----'s4 ,he had said there was 
a difficulty      in getting people to  
accept of offices just now2 she         
answered1      she thought ,lord        
,grenville would be not unwilling to    
accept      them all in his own person4 
,oh strange union1 where this1      by  
one of their party1 is thought          
characteristic and told      with glee6 
,i understand1 however1 that ,tierney   
has confessed      a difficulty4 ,the   

,prince1 it seems1 wants them to accept1
 and      they are afraid to accept4    
,they are therefore reduced to tell     
the ,prince1 ,we would accept if it were
 to do ourselves good2      but not when
 it is inconvenient1 though to do you   
good4      ,the remarkable part of the  
evening was a conversation with         
,brand1 who came over to sit by me4     
,though he had spoken1 and              
strongly1 against us in the debate1 he  
opened immediately upon      the merits 
of ,perceval2 he admired his conduct and
 ability      so much1 that if he had   
ever given him a vote in his life1 he   
said1 he would have supported him on    
these questions2 that      his character
 had enabled him to commence the stand  
he had      made1 and character had     
attached his party so much to him as    
to continue the majority all through2   
that this sentiment      was not        
peculiar to him in the ,opposition1 but 
partaken      by many--indeed1 all      
without exception admired him2 that     

this would give him extraordinary       
influence as the head of      an        
,opposition1 which must give great      
trouble1 to the new      ,government    
when it was formed3 nevertheless1 he    
thought we      were not going out1 it  
was too dangerous to come in2 probably1 
he added1 laughing1 the ,regent will    
keep ,perceval three months      as his 
father's ,minister1 and then 'fall so   
much in love with      him' 7that was   
the expression7 that he will continue   
him      as his own4 ,he then entered   
much on the comparison between      him 
and ,canning2 the latter of whom1 he    
said1 spite of his      abilities1 was  
discarded by all parties2 that he could 
tell      me it was finally resolved not
 to admit him in the new                
,government1 into which some on account 
of those abilities      had wished to   
introduce him4 ,i may say1 he observed1 
that ,i      had some share in the      
rejection3 ,i protested against such a  
junction whenever it was talked of2 ,i  

told my friends it would      ruin that 
without which they never could make a   
,government1      character2 that the   
eyes of a great number whom they could  
by      no means command were upon them3
 ,i bade them look at the back      rows
 on the side of ,opposition1 and asked  
them if they could      count such men  
as ,nicholson1 ,calvert1 ,halsey1 ,coke 
of ,norfolk1      c41 c41 as their      
regular supporters1 unless it was from  
an esteem for their character--and if   
that character would      not sustain a 
deep wound in the outset--if1 for the   
sake of      power1 they allied         
themselves with a man who had deserted  
all      alliances he had ever made2    
that he had deserted them before1       
after a treaty made1 and had then       
deserted ,perceval1 after               
endeavoring to undermine ,castlereagh2  
his conduct to whom had      injured    
himself with the public in the most     
serious manner1      in having allowed  
him to retain his office and undertake  

that      melancholy expedition1 five   
months after he had declared      him so
 incapable that he put his own          
resignation upon his      dismissal1    
that to ally with such a man could be   
only lowering      themselves in public 
esteem without gaining anything but a   
hollow support4 ,i would inform ,canning
 myself1 he added1 that      this was my
 protest1 if he asked me4    ,the heads 
of the great ,whig families1 however1   
were more sanguine1  and hoped1 or at   
least were occupied1 to the last4 ,their
 treatment  by the ,prince was          
characteristic2 and one can fancy the   
magnates at  ,adam's announcement in the
 following extract3        ,what most   
offended them was the manner in which   
the ,prince      announced his          
resolution4 ,they were in the very act  
of forming      the ,administration1    
filling offices1 c41 c41 when ,adam came
      in from the ,prince4 ,they said   
they could not be disturbed2      he    
said he must disturb them1 for he had a 

message from the      ,prince3 they     
replied that it was for the ,prince they
 were at      work1 for they were making
 the ,government2 ,adam told them to    
spare all trouble1 for no ,government   
was to be made4 ,this was      on       
,friday the #ast1 in the evening2 and   
what affronted them      was1 that after
 having had such a task committed to    
them1 the      ,prince should have      
presumed to take a counter resolution by
      himself without first consulting  
them4    ,this is a characteristic trait
 of the ,duke of ,wellington's way of   
getting through1 business4        ,he   
was fond of relating1 that soon after   
the ,duke's      appointment1 he was    
leaving his office at the usual hour1   
when1 on coming out at the ,park        
entrance1 he perceived his new          
chief just in the act of getting on     
horseback4 ,he went up to      the      
,duke1 and mentioned that there were    
some matters connected      with the    
department on which he would like to    

communicate      with him when he had   
time4 ',no time like the present1' said 
the ,duke1 and1 at once dismissing his  
horse1 returned with      ,mr4 ,ward    
into the ,ordnance ,office4 ,there1     
then1 he remained      closeted with the
 ,duke till past eight1 listening to and
      answering his pertinent queries   
upon manifold points connected      with
 the department4 ,from that moment the  
,duke appeared to be      au fait of the
 business in hand1 and ready to cope    
with the      details as they from time 
to time presented themselves4    ,the   
,duke seems to have been more alarmed at
 the state of the nation  about #ahai   
than the nature of the case justified2  
deceived1 probably1  by the official    
reports of ,messrs4 ,castles and ,co4   
,the following  remark1 however1        
exhibits his penetration3        ,he    
said1 if the rising broke out anywhere1 
it would be      at ,glasgow and        
,paisley2 where many rich merchants and 
all      they supported would be sure to

 suffer1 while no one could             
certainly foretell how soon it might be 
put down4 ,this led      him to his     
favorite notion1 that the loyal should  
be taught      to rely more upon        
themselves1 and less upon the           
,government1      in their own defense  
against the disloyal4 ,it was this1 he  
thought1 that formed and kept up a      
national character3 while      every one
 was accustomed to rely upon the        
,government1 upon a      sort of        
commutation for what they paid to it1   
personal energy      went to sleep1 and 
the end was lost3 that in ,england1 he  
observed1 every man who had the         
commonest independence1 one1      two1  
five or six hundred1 or a thousand a    
year1 had his own      little plan of   
comfort--his favorite personal pursuit1 
whether      his library1 his garden1   
his hunting1 or his farm1 which he      
was unwilling to allow anything 7even   
his own defense7 to      disturb2 he    
therefore deceived himself into a notion

 that if      there was a storm it would
 not reach him1 and went on his own     
train till it was actually broke in upon
 by force4 ,this led      to supineness 
and apathy as to public exertion2 which 
would in      the end ruin us3 the      
disposition therefore must be changed1  
by forcing them to exert themselves2    
which would not be if      ,government  
did everything in civil war1 they       
nothing3 hence      his wish for a      
volunteer force4 ,all this was          
exceedingly      sound1 and showed the  
reach of his reflecting mind as an      
observer of human nature1 as well as a  
statesman and soldier1      more than   
anything ,i have yet seen4    ,there is 
a curious passage touching ,pitt's dying
 moments4        ,at the time ,mr4 ,ward
 accepted the post of ,under-,secretary 
of      ,state1 7resigning that of      
,welsh ,judge17 it had been promised    
him that the apparent risk of such a    
step to the future      prospects of his
 family should be guarded against by the

 grant      of a pension1 to commence   
when he should cease to hold office4    
,he had been but a year in the post thus
 accepted1 and amid      the pressure of
 other matters the contemplated         
arrangement      had never been         
completed4 ,more than once in his last  
illness      did ,pitt allude to his    
unfulfilled promise1 and speak with     
kindness of him to whom it had been     
made4 ,later on1 when he      could no  
longer continuously articulate1 he made 
the name      ',robert ,ward' audible1  
and added signs for paper and ink4      
,his trembling hand having feebly traced
 a number of wandering      characters1 
and added what could be easily          
recognized as      his well-known       
signature1 he sank back4 ,the precious  
paper      7precious1 whatever may have 
been its unknown import1 as a      proof
 of remembrance at so solemn a moment7  
was afterward      handed over by the   
physician in attendance1 ,sir ,walter   
,farquhar1 to ,mr4 ,ward2 and many a    

time did he declare1 as he              
displayed it to me1 that he would give  
anything he valued most      in the     
world to be able to decipher its        
unformed characters4    ,some posthumous
 compositions of ,mr4 ,ward are appended
 to the ,memoirs4  ,they consist of     
characters1 similar to those of         
,chesterfield and  other writers1 and of
 sketches and essays2 these last being  
set in  a species of framework1 intended
 to connect them into a series4 ,they   
are not the best specimens of the       
author's composition2 and perhaps  were 
hardly worth publication4 ,allowance is 
to be made1 as ,mr4 ,phipps  remarks1   
for their unrevised state2 and revision 
might have removed  crudities and       
imparted more closeness and strength4   
,it would not1  however1 have altered   
their main defects2 which may be summed 
up  by saying that they belonged to     
another age1 without reaching the       
peculiar force and finish which alone   
can give interest to an obsolete  mode4 

,footnote #c3 ,memoirs of the ,political
 and ,literary ,life of ,robert  ,plumer
 ,ward1 ,esq41 ,author of ,the ,law of  
,nations1 ,tremaine1 ,de  ,vere1 c4     
,with ,selections from his              
,correspondence1 ,diaries1 and          
unpublished ,literary ,remains4 ,by the 
,honorable ,edmund ,phipps4 ,in two     
volumes4 ,published by ,murray4         
99       99       99       99       99  
,,the ,,bagpipe4--,in ,gothic sculpture 
and tracery angels are sometimes        
portrayed practising on the bagpipe4 ,it
 was occasionally used in  churches     
before the introduction of the organ1   
which occurred early  in the fifteenth  
century4 ,written music came into use   
about the same  time1 and both were     
loudly denounced by many of the old     
school-men as  unnecessary and vain     
innovations4           99       99      
99       99       99    ,,the ,,ivory   
,,mine3    ,a ,,tale ,,of ,,the ,,frozen
 ,,sea4    ,i4--,,yakoutsk4    ,yakoutsk
 is one of the principal cities of      

,siberia1 a country the  name of which  
excites exaggerated ideas of sterility  
and desolation4  ,watered by rivers1    
which in every direction do the work of 
railways1  with richly-wooded mountains 
and valleys1 with green slopes1         
cultivated fields1 soft meadows1        
gardens1 and grassy islands in  the     
great streams1 with all the common      
vegetables in pretty fair  abundance1   
with an endless source of commerce in   
furs and ivory1  ,siberia1 except in its
 extreme northern provinces1 presents1  
like  most other lands1 a very          
considerable amount of compensation for 
considerable rigor of climate4 ,yakoutsk
 is a completely northern town  on the  
great river ,lena1 with wide streets and
 miserable huts1 all of  wood1 in many  
of which ice is still used in winter for
 panes of glass4  ,a very eminent       
traveler tells us that on his visit     
there were #djjj  people living in #ejj 
houses2 with three stone churches1 two  
wooden  ones1 and a convent4 ,it had    

once an antiquity to show--the ancient  
,ostrog or fortress built in #afdg by   
the ,cossacks2 but which menaced  ruin  
more and more every day1 being not of   
stone1 but of wood1 and  at last        
disappeared4 ,even here progress is     
observable1 and wretched  cabins give   
way gradually to houses1 some of which  
are even elegantly  arranged in the     
interior4 ,it is a great commercial     
center3 from the  ,anubra to ,behring's 
,straits1 from the banks of the ,frozen 
,sea to ,mount  ,aldana1 from ,okhotsk  
and even ,kamschatka1 goods are brought 
hither1  consisting chiefly of furs1    
seals' teeth and mammoths' tusks1 which 
afford excellent ivory1 all of which are
 sold in the summer to  itinerant       
traders1 who give in return             
powerfully-flavored tobacco1  corn and  
flour1 tea1 sugar1 strong drinks1       
,chinese silks and cottons1  cloth1 iron
 and copper utensils1 and glass4    ,the
 inhabitants of the town are chiefly    
traders1 who buy of the  ,yakouta       

hunters their furs at a cheap rate1 and 
then sell them in  a mysterious kind of 
fashion to the agents who come from     
,russia in  search of them4 ,during the 
annual fair they stow up their goods in 
private rooms2 and here the ,irkoutsk   
men must come and find them4  ,these    
traders are the ,russian inhabitants1   
the native ,yakoutas being  the only    
artisans4 ,in this distant colony of the
 human race1 the  new-born child of a   
,russian is given to a ,yakouta woman to
 nurse1 and  when old enough1 learns to 
read and write1 after which he is       
brought  up to the fur trade1 and his   
education is finished4    ,ivan         
,ivanovitch was a young man born and    
bred at ,yakoutsk4 ,his parents  had    
given him the usual amount of tuition1  
and then allowed him for  a time to     
follow the bent of his inclination4     
,ivan took to the chase4  ,passionately 
fond of this amusement1 he had at an    
early age started  with the ,yakouta    
trappers1 and become learned in the     

search for  sables1 ermines1 and lynxes2
 could pursue the reindeer and elk on   
skates2 and had even gone to the north  
in quest of seals4 ,he thus at  the age 
of twenty1 knew the whole active part of
 his trade1 and was  aware of all the   
good hunting-grounds on which the       
,siberians founded  their prosperity4   
,but when he was called on to follow the
 more quiet  and sedentary part of his  
occupation1 he was not one-half so      
quick4  ,his rough and rude life made   
town existence distasteful to him1 and  
he  evinced all that superb contempt for
 shop-keeping which characterizes  the  
nomadic man1 whether ,red ,indian1      
,arab1 ,tartar1 or ,siberian4    ,but   
,ivan was told he must make his way in  
the world4 ,his parents who  died before
 he attained to manhood1 left him a     
small fortune in rubles  and furs1      
which1 if he chose to be industrious and
 persevering1 might  pave the way to the
 highest position in his native town4   
,acting on the  pressing advice of his  

friends1 he gave up his wanderings1 and 
went  to reside in the house of his     
fathers1 piled up his skins and ivory1  
bought new ones1 and prepared for the   
annual fair4 ,the merchants from        
,irkoutsk1 the capital1 came1 and ,ivan1
 who was sharp and clever1  did a good  
trade4 ,but when his furs and teeth were
 changed into  tea1 tobacco1 brandy1    
cloth1 c41 he did not feel a whit       
happier4  ,ivan longed for the arid     
hills1 and lofty mountains1 and pellucid
  lakes--for the exciting hunt and the  
night bivouac1 when gray-headed         
,yakoutas would1 with their ganzis--the 
,irish duddeen--in their  mouths1 tell  
terrible and wonderful stories of       
ancient days4 ,when  eating town fare1  
his stomach yearned after frozen        
,yakouta butter1  cut up with axes1 and 
for strouganina or frozen fish1 with    
reindeer  brains1 and other northern    
delicacies4 ,and then his kind friends  
told  him that he wanted a wife--a      
possession without which1 they assured  

him1 life was dull1 adding that in her  
society he would cease to long  for     
communion with bears and savages4       
,ivan believed them1 and1 following     
their advice1 launched into             
society--that is1 he went more than     
usual to the noisy festivities  of the  
town1 which form the occupation of the  
dull season4 ,the good  people of       
,yakoutsk--like all people approaching  
to a savage state1  especially in       
northern climes--consider eating the    
great business of  life4 ,fabulous      
legends are told of the enormous        
capacity for food1  approaching that of 
the ,esquimaux2 but however this may be1
 certain it  is that a ,yakoutsk        
festival was always commenced by several
 hours of  laborious eating and drinking
 of fat and oily food and strong brandy4
  ,when the utmost limits of repletion  
were reached1 the patriarchs  usually   
took to pipes1 cards1 and punch1 while  
the ladies prepared  tea1 and ate       
roasted nuts1 probably to facilitate    

digestion4 ,the young  men conversed    
with them1 or roasted their nuts for    
them1 while perhaps  a dandy would      
perform a ,siberian dance to the music  
of the violin  or gousli1 a kind of     
guitar4 ,ivan joined heartily in all    
this  dissipation3 he smoked with the   
old men2 he drank their punch2 he       
roasted nuts for the ladies1 and told   
them wonderful stories which  were      
always readily listened to1 except when 
some new fashion1 which  for several    
years before had been forgotten in      
,paris--found its way  via ,st4         
,petersburgh1 ,moscow1 and ,irkoutsk1 to
 the deserts of ,siberia4  ,then he was 
silent2 for the ladies had ample subject
 of discourse1 not  forgetting the great
 tea-table topic--scandal2 causing the  
old men  to shake their heads1 and      
declare such things were not when they  
were  young4 ,ivan1 however1 had one    
unfailing subject of popularity with    
the ladies4 ,like most ,russians who    
have had occasion to travel much in     

cold places1 he relished a cup of tea   
even better than the punch1 as  he had  
learned by experience that there was    
more genuine warmth in the  pot than in 
the bowl4 ,most ,russian officers are   
known to share this  opinion4    ,ivan  
had several times had his attention     
directed to ,maria ,vorotinska1  a young
 and rich widow1 who was the admiration 
of all ,yakoutsk4 ,her  husband had left
 her a fortune in knowledge of the fur  
trade and in  rubles1 with a comfortable
 house nicely furnished1 in ,siberia the
 very  height of human felicity4 ,it was
 commonly reported that ,maria1 young   
as she was1 was the best bargainer in   
the land4 ,she got her skins for  less  
than anybody else1 and sold them for a  
higher price4 ,with these               
qualifications1 she must1 it was said1  
prove a jewel to ,ivan1 who was  not a  
close buyer nor a hard seller4 ,but     
,ivan for some time remained  perfectly 
insensible both to these social         
advantages and the great  beauty of the 

lady4 ,he met her often1 and even       
roasted her more nuts  than any one     
else1 which was a strong case of        
preference2 but he did  not seem caught 
in the fair one's toils4 ,he neither    
ate1 nor slept1  nor amused himself one 
whit the less than when he first knew   
her4 ,one  evening1 however1 as ,maria  
handed him his tea1 with a hot cake1    
,ivan1  whether owing to some peculiar  
smile on her face1 or to the domestic   
idea which the act suggested1 seemed    
certainly very much struck1 and  next   
day formally proposed4 ,maria laughed1  
and tossed her head1 and  spoke a few   
good-natured words2 and then1 without   
either accepting  or rejecting him1     
hinted something about his youth1 his   
want of  devotion to business1 and his  
want of fortune4 ,ivan1 a little warmly1
  declared himself to be the best hunter
 in ,yakoutsk1 and hence the  most      
practically-experienced of any in the   
trade1 and then gave the  sum-total of  
his possessions4    ,just one quarter of

 what good old ,vorotinska left me6     
replied the  prudent ,maria4    ,but if 
,i liked1 replied ,ivan1 ,i could be the
 richest merchant in  ,siberia4    ,how8
 asked ,maria a little curiously1 for   
the mere mention of wealth  was to her  
like powder to the war-horse4    ,being 
almost the only ,russian who has lived  
among the ,yakoutas1 ,i  know the secret
 of getting furs cheaper and easier than
 any one else4  ,beside1 if ,i chose to 
take a long journey1 ,i could find ivory
 in vast  heaps4 ,a tradition is current
 of an ivory mine in the north1 which an
  old ,yakouta told me to be truth4     
,very likely1 said ,maria1 to whom the  
existence of the fossil ivory  of the   
mammoth in large masses was well known2 
but the promich  lenicks--trading       
companies--have long since stripped     
them4    ,not this1 cried ,ivan2 it is a
 virgin mine4 ,it is away1 away in  the 
,frozen ,sea1 and requires courage and  
enduring energy to find4 ,two  ,yakoutas
 once discovered it4 ,one was killed by 

the natives2 the other  escaped1 and is 
now an old man4    ,if you could find   
that1 said ,maria1 you would be the     
first man in  ,siberia1 and the ,czar   
himself would honor you4    ,and you8   
asked ,ivan humbly4    ,ivan            
,ivanovitch1 replied ,maria calmly1 ,i  
like you better than any  man in        
,yakoutsk1 but ,i should adore the great
 ivory merchant4    ,ivan was delighted4
 ,he was a little puzzled by the        
character of the  lady1 who1 after      
marrying an old man for his fortune1    
seemed equally  desirous of reconciling 
her interest and her affections in a    
second  marriage4 ,but very nice ideas  
are not those of the half-civilized1 for
  we owe every refinement both of mind  
and body to civilization1 which  makes  
of the raw material man--full of        
undeveloped elements--what  cooking     
makes of the potato root4 ,civilization 
is the hot water  and fire which carry  
off the crudities1 and bring forth the  
good  qualities4    ,however this maybe1

 ,ivan nursed his idea4 ,apart from the 
sudden  passion which had invaded him1  
he had long allowed this fancy to       
ferment in his brain4 ,during his       
wandering evenings1 a noted hunter      
named ,sakalar1 claiming descent from   
the supposed ,tartar founder  of the    
,yakoutas1 had often narrated his       
perilous journey on sledges  across the 
,frozen ,sea1 his discovery of an ivory 
mine--that is1 a vast  deposit of       
mammoths' tusks1 generally found at     
considerable depth in  the earth1 but   
here open to the grasp of all4 ,he spoke
 of the thing  as a folly of his youth1 
which had cost the life of his dearest  
friend1 and never hinted at a renewed   
visit4 ,but ,ivan was resolved to       
undertake the perilous adventure1 and   
even to have ,sakalar for his  guide4   
,,ii4 ,,the ,,yakouta ,,hunter4    ,ivan
 slumbered not over his project4 ,but a 
few days passed before  he was ready to 
start4 ,he purchased the horses         
required1 and packed  up all the varied 

articles necessary for his journey1 and 
likely to  please his ,yakouta friend1  
consisting of tea1 rum1 brandy1 tobacco1
  gunpowder1 and other things of less   
moment4 ,for himself he took a  couple  
of guns1 a pair of pistols1 some strong 
and warm clothes1 an  iron pot for      
cooking1 a kettle for his tea1 with many
 minor articles  absolutely             
indispensable in the cold region he was 
about to visit4 ,all  travelers in the  
north have found that ample food1 and   
such drinks as  tea1 are the most       
effectual protection against the        
climate2 while oily  and fat meat is    
also an excellent preservative against  
cold4 ,but ,ivan  had no need to provide
 against this contingency4 ,his ,yakouta
 friend  knew the value of train-oil and
 grease1 which are the staple luxuries  
of ,siberians1 ,kamschatkans1 and       
,esquimaux alike4    ,the first part of 
,ivan's journey was necessarily to the  
yourte1 or  wigwam of ,sakalar1 without 
whom all hopes of reaching the goal of  

his  wishes were vain4 ,he had          
sufficient confidence in himself to     
venture  without a guide toward the     
plain of ,miour1 where his ,yakouta     
friend  dwelt4 ,he started at early     
dawn1 without warning of his departure  
any  one save ,maria1 and ventured      
courageously on the frozen plain which  
reaches from ,yakoutsk to the ,polar    
,sea4 ,the country is here composed  of 
marshes1 vast downs1 huge forests1 and  
hills covered with snow in  the month of
 ,september1 the time when he began his 
journey4 ,he had  five horses1 each tied
 to the tail of the one before him1     
while ,ivan  himself was mounted on the 
first4 ,he was compelled to ride slowly1
  casting his eyes every now and then   
behind to see that all was right4  ,at  
night he stretched a bearskin under a   
bush1 lit a huge fire1 cooked  a savory 
mess1 and piling clothes over himself1  
slept4 ,at dawn he  rose1 crammed his   
kettle full of clean snow1 put it over  
the embers1  and made himself tea4 ,with

 this warm beverage to rouse him1 he    
again  arranged his little caravan1 and 
proceeded on his way4 ,nothing more     
painful than this journey can be        
conceived4 ,there are scarcely any      
marks to denote the road1 while lakes1  
formed by recent inundations1  arrest   
the traveler every half hour1 compelling
 him to take prodigious  rounds1 equally
 annoying and perplexing4    ,on the    
morning of the third day ,ivan felt a   
little puzzled about the  road4 ,he knew
 the general direction from the distant 
mountains1 and he  wished to avoid a    
vast morass4 ,before him was a frozen   
stream1 and on  the other side a        
hillock4 ,leaving the others to feed as 
well as they  could1 he mounted his best
 horse1 and rode across4 ,the ice bent  
under  him as he went1 and he           
accordingly rode gently2 but just as he 
reached  the middle1 it cracked         
violently right across1 and sank visibly
 under  him4 ,ivan looked hurriedly     
round him4 ,the ice was everywhere      

split1  and the next minute his horse1  
plunging violently1 fell through4       
,instead1 however1 of falling into a    
stream of cold water1 ,ivan found       
himself in a vast and chilly vault1 with
 a small trickling stream in  the       
middle1 and at once recollected a not   
unfrequent phenomenon4 ,the  river had  
been frozen over when high with floods1 
but presently the  water sinking to its 
ordinary level1 the upper crust of ice  
alone  remained4 ,but ,ivan had no      
desire to admire the gloomy1 half-lit   
vault1  extending up and down out of    
sight2 but standing on his horse's      
back1 clambered up as best he might upon
 the surface1 leaving the  poor animal  
below4 ,this done1 he ran to the shore1 
and used the  well-remembered ,yakouta  
device for extracting his steed3 he     
broke a  hole in the ice near the bank1 
toward which the sagacious brute at     
once hurried1 and was drawn forth4      
,having thus fortunately escaped a      
serious peril1 he resumed his search on 

foot1 and about midday pursued  his     
journey4    ,a few hours brought him to 
the curious plain of the ,miour1 where  
he  expected to find the camp of his    
friend ,sakalar4 ,leaving an almost     
desert plain1 he suddenly stood on the  
edge of a hollow1 circular in  form and 
six miles across1 fertile in the        
extreme1 and dotted with  numerous      
well-stocked fish-ponds4 ,the whole1 as 
may plainly be seen1  was once a lake4  
,scattered over the soil were the       
yourtes of the  ,yakoutas1 while cattle 
and horses crowded together in vast     
flocks4  ,ivan1 who knew the place well1
 rode straight to a yourte or cabin     
apart from the rest1 where usually dwelt
 ,sakalar4 ,it was larger and  cleaner  
than most of them1 thanks to the tuition
 of ,ivan and the  subsequent care of a 
daughter1 who1 brought up by ,ivan's    
mother while  the young man wandered1   
had acquired manners a little superior  
to  those of her tribe4    ,this was    
really needful1 for the ,yakoutas1 a    

pastoral people of  ,tartar origin1 are 
singularly dirty1 and even somewhat     
coarse and  unintellectual--like all    
savage nations1 in fact1 when judged by 
any  one but the poet or the poetic     
philosopher1 who1 on examination1  will 
find that ignorance1 poverty1 misery1   
and want of civilization1  produce      
similar results in the prairies of      
,america and the wilds  of ,siberia1 in 
an ,irish cabin1 and in the wynds and   
closes of  our populous cities4 ,but the
 chief defect of the ,yakouta is dirt4  
,otherwise he is rather a favorable     
specimen of a savage4 ,since his        
assiduous connection with the ,russians 
he has become even rich1 having  flocks 
and herds1 and at home plenty of koumise
 to drink and horse's  flesh to eat4 ,he
 has great endurance1 and can bear      
tremendous cold4 ,he  travels in the    
snow1 with his saddle for a pillow1 his 
horse-cloth for  a bed1 his cloak for a 
covering1 and so sleeps4 ,his power of  
fasting  is prodigious1 and his eyesight

 is so keen that a ,yakouta one day told
  an eminent ,russian traveler that he  
had seen a great blue star eat a  number
 of little stars1 and then cast them up4
 ,the man had seen the  eclipses of     
,jupiter's satellites4 ,like the red    
,indian1 he recollects  every bush1     
every stone1 every hillock1 every pond  
necessary to find  his way1 and never   
loses himself1 however great the        
distance he may  have to travel4    ,his
 food is boiled beef and horse's flesh1 
cow's and mare's milk4 ,but  his chief  
delicacy is raw and melted fat1 while   
quantity is always  the chief merit of a
 repast4 ,he mixes likewise a mess of   
fish1 flour1  milk1 fat1 and a kind of  
bark1 the latter to augment the volume4 
,both  men and women smoke inordinately1
 swallowing the vapor1 as do many       
dwellers in civilized lands--a most     
pernicious and terrible habit4  ,brandy 
is their most precious drink1 their own 
koumise having not  sufficient strength 
to satisfy them4 ,in summer they wander 

about in  tents collecting hay1 in      
winter they dwell in the yourte or hut1 
which  is a wooden frame1 of beehive    
shape1 covered with grass1 turf1 and    
clay1 with windows of clear ice4 ,the   
very poor dig three feet below  the     
soil2 the rich have a wooden floor level
 with the adjacent ground1  while rude  
benches all round serve as beds1 divided
 one from the other  by partitions4 ,the
 fireplace is in the middle1 inclining  
toward the  door4 ,a pipe carries away  
the smoke4    ,it was almost dark when  
,ivan halted before the yourte of       
,sakalar4 ,it  was at once larger and   
cleaner to the eye than any of those    
around4 ,it  had also numerous outhouses
 full of cows1 and one or two men to    
tend  these animals were smoking their  
pipes at the door4 ,ivan gave his       
horses to one of them1 who knew him1 and
 entered the hut4 ,sakalar1 a  tall1    
thin1 hardy man of about fifty1 was just
 about to commence his  evening meal4 ,a
 huge mass of boiled meat1 stewed fish1 

and a sort of  soup1 were ready2 and a  
young girl about eighteen1 neatly       
dressed1  clean1 and pretty--all owing  
to her ,yakoutsk education--was serving 
the hunter4    ,spirit of the woods     
protect me6 shrieked the girl1 spilling 
half of  the soup upon the floor4       
,what wild horses have you seen1        
,kolina8 cried the hunter1 who had  been
 a little scalded2 and then seeing      
,ivan1 added1 ,a ,yakouta welcome  to   
you1 my son6 ,my old heart is glad1 and 
,i am warm enough to melt an  iceberg at
 the sight of you1 ,ivan4 ,kolina1      
quick6 another platter1 a  fresh mug1   
the best bottle of brandy1 and my red   
pipe from ,moscow6    ,no need was there
 for the hunter to speak4 ,kolina1 alert
 as a  reindeer1 had sprung up from the 
low bench1 and quickly brought forth    
all their holiday ware1 and even began  
to prepare a cake1 such as ,ivan        
himself had taught her to make1 knowing 
that be liked some sort of  bread with  
his meals4    ,and where are you going8 

cried ,sakalar when the young man had   
somewhat appeased his hunger4    ,to the
 ,north ,sea1 in search of the great    
ivory mine6 said ,ivan1  abruptly4      
,kolina started back in terror and      
surprise1 while ,sakalar fixed  his keen
 eye on the youth with sorrow and       
curiosity1 and almost  unequivocally1   
testified his belief that his favorite  
pupil in the  chase was mad4 ,but ,ivan 
rose and bade the serving-man of the    
rich  ,yacouta bring in his boxes1 and  
opened up his store of treasures4       
,there was tea for ,kolina2 and for     
,sakalar1 rum1 brandy1 powder1  guns1   
tobacco1 knives--all that could tempt a 
,yakouta4 ,the father  and daughter     
examined them with pleasure for some    
time1 but presently  ,kolina shook her  
head4    ,ivan1 said ,sakalar1 all this 
is to tempt the poor ,yakouta to cross  
the wilderness of ice4 ,it is much      
riches1 but not enough to make  ,sakalar
 mad4 ,the mine is guarded by evil      
beings4 ,but speak1 lad1 why  would you 

go there8    ,let ,kolina give me a pipe
 and ,i will tell my story1 said ,ivan2 
and  filling his glass1 the young       
fur-trader told the story of his love1  
and his bargain with the prudent widow4 
,and this cold-hearted woman1 exclaimed 
,kolina with emotion1 has  sent you to  
risk life on the horrible ,frozen ,sea4 
,a ,yakouta girl would  have been less  
selfish4 ,she would have said1 ',stay at
 home--let me  have ,ivan3 the mammoth  
teeth may lie forever on the ,frozen    
,sea6'    ,but the lad will go1 and he  
will be drowned like a dog1 said        
,sakalar1 more slowly1 after this       
ebullition of feminine indignation4     
,you must go with him1 father1 continued
 ,kolina1 with a compassionate  look at 
,ivan2 and as your child cannot remain  
alone1 ,kolina will go  too6    ,we will
 start when the horses have had five    
days' hay1 said ,sakalar  gravely--the  
animals alluded to being only fed when  
about to go a  journey--and ,kolina     
shall go too1 for ,ivan will be two     

years on his  way4    ,ivan listened in 
amazement3 in the first place1 at the   
sudden decision  and warmth of his      
attached friends1 with whom he had dwelt
 twelve  years2 then at the time        
required4 ,he felt considerable doubts  
as to  the widow remaining unmarried    
such a time2 but the explanation of     
,sakalar satisfied him that it was      
impossible to perform the journey  even 
in two years4 ,the hunter told him that 
they must first join the  tribes        
dwelling round ,nijnei-,kolimsk         
7,new-,kolimsk71 where alone he  could  
get dogs and sledges for his journey    
across the ,frozen ,sea4  ,this1 with   
the arrangements1 would consume the     
winter4 ,in the summer  nothing could be
 done4 ,when the winter returned he must
 start toward  the north pole--a month's
 journey at least--and if he hit on the 
place1 must encamp there for the rest of
 the winter4 ,that summer would  be     
spent in getting out the ivory1         
fattening up the dogs1 and packing4     

,the third winter would be occupied by  
the journey home4 ,on hearing  this1    
,ivan hesitated2 but in describing the  
journey the spirit of the  old hunter   
got roused1 and before night he was warm
 in his desire  to see over again the   
scenes of his youthful perils4 ,kolina  
solemnly  declared she must be of the   
party2 and thus these experienced       
savages1  used to sudden and daring     
resolves1 decided in one night on a     
journey  which would perhaps have been  
talked of half a century elsewhere      
before it was undertaken4    ,kolina    
slept little that night4 ,in a          
compartment near her was one who  had   
since childhood been the ideal of her   
future4 ,she had loved ,ivan  as a      
playmate--she loved him as a man2 and   
here1 he whom she had  longed for all   
the winter1 and he whom she had hoped to
 see once more  the next summer1 had    
suddenly come1 starting on a perilous   
journey  of years1 to win the hand of an
 avaricious1 but young and beautiful    

widow4 ,kolina saw all her fairest      
dreams vanish1 and the idol of her      
heart crumble into dust4 ,and yet she   
felt no ill-will to ,ivan1 and  never   
changed her resolve to be the faithful  
companion and attendant  of her father  
and his friend in their wild journey to 
the supposed  islands in the ,frozen    
,sea4      ,,iii4--,,nijnei-,,kolimsk4  
,the five days fixed by ,sakalar for    
preparing for the journey were  wholly  
devoted to the necessary arrangements4  
,there was much to be  done1 and much to
 be talked of4 ,they had to travel a    
long way before  they reached even the  
real starting-point of their adventurous
 voyage4  ,sakalar1 duly to impress     
,ivan with the dangers and perils of the
  search1 narrated once more in minute  
detail all his former sufferings4  ,but 
nothing daunted the young trader4 ,he   
was one of those men1 who1  under more  
favorable circumstances1 would have been
 a ,cook1 a ,parry1  or a ,franklin1    
periling everything to make farther     

discovery in the  science of geography4 
,the five horses of ,ivan were exchanged
 for others more inured to the  kind of 
journey they were about to undertake4   
,there was one for each  of the         
adventurers and four to carry the       
luggage1 consisting chiefly  of articles
 with which to pay for the hire of dogs 
and sledges4 ,all  were well armed1     
while the dress of all was the          
same--,kolina adopting  for the time the
 habits and appearance of the man4 ,over
 their usual  clothes they put a jacket 
of foxes' skins and a fur-breast cover2 
the  legs being covered by hare-skin    
wrappers4 ,over these were stockings of 
soft reindeer leather1 and high strong  
boots of the same material4 ,the  knees 
were protected by knee-caps of fur1 and 
then1 above all1 was a  coat with loose 
sleeves and hood of double deerskin4    
,this was not all4  ,after the chin1    
nose1 ears1 and mouth had been guarded  
by appropriate  pieces1 forming together
 a mask1 they had received the          

additional  weight of a pointed fur cap4
 ,our three travelers when they took    
their  departure looked precisely like  
three animated bundles of old clothes4  
,all were well armed with gun1 pistol1  
hatchet1 and hunting-knife1  while the  
girdle further supported a pipe and     
tobacco-pouch4 ,they had  not explained 
whither they were going1 but the whole  
village knew that  they must be about to
 undertake some perilous journey1 and   
accordingly  turned out to cheer them as
 they went1 while several ardent        
admirers  of ,kolina were loud in their 
murmurs at her accompanying the         
expedition4 ,but the wanderers soon left
 the plain of ,miour behind  them1 and  
entered on the delectable roads leading 
to the ,frozen ,sea4  ,half-frozen      
marshes and quagmires met them at every 
step2 but ,sakalar  rode first1 and the 
others followed one by one1 and the     
experienced  old hunter1 by advancing   
steadily without hurry1 avoided these   
dangers4 ,they soon reached a vast plain

 three hundred miles across1  utterly   
deserted by the human race2 a desert    
composed half of barren  rock and half  
of swampy quagmire1 soft above1 but at a
 foot deep  solid and perpetual ice4    
,fortunately1 it was now frozen hard1   
and the  surface was fit to bear the    
horses4 ,but for this the party must    
have  halted and waited for a severe    
frost4 ,the rivers were not frozen  when
 large in volume1 and the ,aldana had to
 be crossed in the usual  flat-bottomed 
boat kept for travelers4 ,at night they 
halted1 and with  a bush and some       
deer-skins made a tent4 ,kolina cooked  
the supper1 and  the men searched for   
some fields of stunted half-frozen grass
 to let  the horses graze4 ,this was the
 last place where even this kind of food
  would be found1 and for some days     
their steeds would have to live on a    
stinted portion of hay4    ,on they went
 over the arid plain1 which1 however1   
affords nourishment  for some trees1    
fording rivers1 floundering through     

marshes1 and still  meeting some        
wretched apology for grass1 when1 on the
 third day1 down  came the snow in a    
pelting cloud1 and the whole desert     
changed in an  instant from somber gray 
to white4 ,the real winter was come4    
,now all  ,sakalar's intelligence was   
required4 ,almost every obvious sign by 
which to find his way had disappeared1  
and he traversed the plain  wholly      
guided by distant hills1 and by         
observing the stars at night4  ,this    
,sakalar did assiduously1 and when he   
had once started under the  guidance of 
the twinkling lights of the heavens1    
rarely was he many  yards out at the    
next halt4 ,he always chose the side of 
a hillock  to camp1 where there was a   
tree or two1 and half-rotten trunks with
  bushes to make a huge fire4    ,it was
 nearly dawn on the fifth morning after 
entering the plain1  and ,ivan and      
,kolina yet slept4 ,but ,sakalar slept  
not4 ,they had  nearly reached the      
extremity of the horrible desert1 but a 

new danger  occupied the thoughts of the
 hunter4 ,they were now in the track of 
the wild and savage ,tchouktchas1 and   
their fire might have betrayed  them4   
,had ,sakalar been alone1 he would have 
slept in the snow without  fire2 for he 
knew the peril of an encounter with the 
independent  ,tchouktchas1 who have only
 recently been nominally brought into   
subjection to ,russia4    ,the heavy    
fall of snow of the two previous days   
rendered the danger  greater4 ,sakalar  
sat gravely upon a fallen tree--a pipe  
in his mouth1  and his eye fixed on the 
distant horizon4 ,for some time nothing 
remarkable caught his gaze2 but at last 
he saw a number of dark  objects on the 
snow1 galloping directly toward the     
camp4 ,sakalar at  once recognized a    
number of reindeer4 ,it was the         
,tchouktchas on their  sledges1 bounding
 with lightning speed along the frozen  
surface6    ,up6 cried the hunter4 ,and 
when his companions were on their feet1 
,quick with your guns6 ,the enemy are on

 us6 ,but show a bold front1 and  let   
them feel the weight of lead6    ,ivan  
and ,kolina quietly took up their post1 
and awaited the orders  of ,sakalar4 ,no
 time was lost1 and fortunately1 for the
 savages were  already near1 and were   
the next minute alighting from their    
sledges3  hand in hand they advanced    
along the snow1 with their long ice     
shoes1 to the number of a dozen4 ,a     
simultaneous discharge of the           
heavy-metalled guns of the camp--one of 
which1 that of ,sakalar1  wounded the   
foremost man--checked their career1 and 
they fell back  to hold a conference4   
,it became evident at once that they had
 no  firearms1 which removed almost all 
idea of danger4 ,ivan and ,kolina  now  
proceeded to load the horses1 and when  
all was ready1 the whole  party mounted1
 and rode off1 followed at a respectful 
distance by the  ,siberian ,arabs4      
,the travelers1 however1 received no    
further annoyance from them1 and  camped
 the next night on the borders of the   

,toukyulane1 at the foot of  the        
mountains of ,verkho-,yansk4 ,after the 
usual repose1 they began the  severest  
part of the journey4 ,rugged rocks1 deep
 ravines1 avalanches1  snow1 and ice1   
all were in their way4 ,now they rode   
along the edge  of frightful precipices1
 on a path so narrow1 that one false    
step was  death2 now they forced their  
way through gulleys full of snow1 where 
their horses were buried to their       
girths1 and they had to drag them  out  
by main force4 ,fortunately the         
,siberian horse1 though small1 is       
sturdy and indefatigable1 living during 
a three months' journey on  faded grass 
and half-rotten herbage4 ,that evening  
they camped on  the loftiest part of the
 road1 where it winds through still     
elevated  rocks4    ,the middle of the  
next day brought them to another plain  
not much  superior to that they had     
passed through1 but yet less miserable  
looking1 and with the additional        
advantage of having yourtes here  and   

there to shelter the traveler4 ,the cold
 was now intense2 and glad  indeed was  
,ivan of the comforts of his ,siberian  
dress1 which had at  first appeared so  
heavy4 ,the odd figures which ,kolina   
and ,sakalar  presented under it made   
him smile at the notion which ,maria    
,vorotinska  would have formed of her   
lover under a garb that doubled his     
natural  volume4 ,several halts took    
place1 and caused great delay1 from the 
slippery state of the ice on the rivers4
 ,the unshod horses could not  stand4 ,a
 fire had to be lit2 and when sufficient
 ashes were procured1  it had to be     
spread across in a narrow pathway1 and  
the nags led  carefully along on this   
track--one of the many artifices        
required to  combat the rigorous        
character of the climate4 ,and thus1    
suffering  cold and short commons1 and  
making their way for days through frosty
  plains over ice and snow1 amid deep   
ravines and over lofty hills1 they  at  
length reached ,nijnei-,kolimsk1 though 

not without being almost  wholly knocked
 up1 especially ,kolina1 who was totally
 unused to such  fatigues4    ,they had 
now almost reached the borders of the   
great ,frozen ,sea4 ,the  village is    
situated about eighteen degrees farther 
north than ,london1  and is nearly as   
far north as ,boothia ,felix1 the scene 
of ,captain  ,ross's four years' sojourn
 in the ice4 ,it was founded two hundred
  years ago by a wandering ,cossack2    
though what could have induced  people  
to settle in a place which the sun      
lights1 but never warms1 is  a mystery2 
where there is a day that lasts         
fifty-two ,english days1  and a night   
that lasts thirty-eight2 where there is 
no spring and no  autumn1 but a faint   
semblance of summer for three months1   
and then  winter2 where a few dwarf     
willows and stunted grass form all the  
vegetation2 and where1 at a certain     
distance below the surface1 there  is   
frost as old as the current epoch of the
 geologist4 ,but by way  of             

compensation1 reindeer and elks1 brown  
and black bears1 foxes and  squirrels1  
abound2 there are also wolves1 and the  
isatis or polar fox2  there are swans1  
and geese1 and ducks1 partridges and    
snipes1 and in  the rivers abundance of 
fish4 ,and yet1 though the population be
 now  so scanty1 and the date of the    
peopling of ,kolimsk is known1 there was
  once a numerous race in these regions1
 the ruins of whose forts and  villages 
are yet found4 ,the population is about 
#ejjj1 including the  whole district1 of
 whom about #cjj are ,russians1 the     
descendants of  ,siberian exiles4 ,they 
dwell in houses made of wood thrown up  
on the  shore1 and collected by years of
 patience1 and of moss and clay4  ,the  
panes of the windows in winter are of   
ice1 six inches thick2 in  summer1 of   
skins4 ,the better class are neatly and 
even tastefully  dressed1 and are clean1
 which is the very highest praise that  
can be  given to half-civilized as well 
as to civilized people4    ,they are a  

bold1 energetic1 and industrious race4  
,every hour of  weather fit for out-door
 work is spent in fishing and hunting1  
and  preparing food for the winter4 ,in 
the light sledge1 or on skates1  with   
nets and spears1 they labored at each of
 these employments in  its season4      
,toward the end of the long winter1 just
 as famine and  starvation threaten the 
whole population1 a perfect cloud of    
swans1  and geese1 and ducks1 and       
snipes1 pour in2 and man and woman1 boy 
and  girl1 all rush forth to the hunt4  
,the fish come in next1 as the ice      
breaks2 and presently the time for the  
reindeer hunt comes round4  ,every      
minute of the summer season is consumed 
in laying in a stock of  all these      
aliments for a long and dreary season1  
when nothing can be  caught4 ,the women 
collect herbs and roots4 ,as the summer 
is just about  to end1 the herrings     
appear in shoals1 and a new source of   
subsistence  is opened up1 ,later still1
 they fish by opening holes in the      

newly-formed ice4 ,nor is ,kolimsk      
without its trade4 ,the chief traffic   
of the region is at the fair of         
,ostrovnoye1 but ,nijnei-,kolimsk has   
its share4 ,the merchants who come to   
collect the furs which the  adventurous 
,tchouktchas have acquired1 even on the 
opposite side of  ,behring's ,straits1  
from the ,north ,american ,indians1 halt
 here1 and  sell tea1 tobacco1 brandy1  
and other articles4    ,the long night  
had set in when ,ivan and his companions
 entered  ,kolimsk4 ,well it was they   
had come1 for the cold was becoming     
frightful in its intensity1 and the     
people of the village were  much        
surprised at the arrival of travelers4  
,but they found ready  accommodation1 a 
,cossack widower giving them half his   
house4           99       99       99   
99       99    ,,from ,,dickens',s      
,,household ,,words4    ,,the ,,belgian 
,,lace-,,makers4    ,the indefatigable1 
patient1 invincible1 inquisitive1       
sometimes  tedious1 but almost always   

amusing ,german traveler1 ,herr ,kohl1  
has  recently been pursuing his earnest 
investigations in ,belgium4 ,his book   
on the ,netherlands has just been       
issued1 and we shall translate1 with    
abridgments1 one of its most instructive
 and agreeable chapters2--that  relating
 to ,lace-making4    ,the practical     
acquaintance of our female readers with 
that elegant  ornament1 lace1 is chiefly
 confined to wearing it1 and their      
researches into its quality and price4  
,a few minutes' attention to  ,mr4 ,kohl
 will enlighten them on other subjects  
connected with what  is to them a most  
interesting topic1 for lace is          
associated with  recollections of       
medival history1 and with the palmy days
 of the  ,flemish school of painting4   
,more than one of the celebrated masters
 of  that school have selected1 from    
among his laborious countrywomen1 the   
lace-makers 7or1 as they are called in  
,flanders1 ,speldewerksters71  pleasing 
subjects for the exercise of his pencil4

 ,the plump1  fair-haired ,flemish girl1
 bending earnestly over her lace-work1  
whilst  her fingers nimbly ply the      
intricately winding bobbins1 figure in  
many  of those highly esteemed          
representations of homely life and      
manners  which have found their way from
 the ,netherlands into all the principal
  picture-galleries of ,europe4    ,our 
,german friend makes it his practice1   
whether he is treating of  the geology  
of the earth1 or of the manufacture of  
,swedish bodkins1  to begin at the very 
beginning4 ,he therefore commences the  
history  of lace-making1 which1 he says1
 is1 like embroidery1 an art of very    
ancient origin1 lost1 like a multitude  
of other origins1 in the  darkness of   
by-gone ages4 ,it may1 with truth1 be   
said that it is  the national occupation
 of the women of the ,low ,countries1   
and one to  which they have steadily    
adhered from very remote times4 ,during 
the  long civil and foreign wars waged  
by the people of the ,netherlands1      

while subject to ,spanish dominion1     
other branches of ,belgic industry      
either dwindled to decay1 or were       
transplanted to foreign countries2  but 
lace-making remained faithful to the    
land which had fostered and  brought it 
to perfection1 though it received       
tempting offers from  abroad1 and had to
 struggle with many difficulties at     
home4 ,this ,mr4  ,kohl explains by the 
fact that lace-making is a branch of    
industry  chiefly confined to female    
hands1 and1 as women are less disposed  
to travel than men1 all arts and        
handicrafts exclusively pursued by      
women1 have a local and enduring        
character4    ,notwithstanding the      
overwhelming supply of imitations which 
modern  ingenuity has created1 real     
,brussels lace has maintained its value1
  like the precious metals and the      
precious stones4 ,in the patterns of    
the best bone lace1 the changeful       
influence of fashion is less marked     
than in most other branches of industry2

 indeed1 she has adhered with  wonderful
 pertinacity to the quaint old patterns 
of former times4  ,these are copied and 
reproduced with that scrupulous         
uniformity which  characterizes the     
figures in the ,persian and ,indian     
shawls4 ,frequent  experiments have been
 tried to improve these old patterns1 by
  the introduction of slight and        
tasteful modifications1 but these       
innovations have not succeeded1 and a   
very skillful and experienced           
lace-worker assured ,mr4 ,kohl1 that the
 antiquated designs1 with all  their    
formality1 are preferred to those in    
which the most elegant  changes have    
been effected4    ,each of the          
lace-making towns of ,belgium excels in 
the production of  one particular       
description of lace3 in other words1    
each has what  is technically called its
 own point4 ,the ,french word point1 in 
the ordinary language of needlework1    
signifies stitch2 but in the            
terminology of lace-making1 the word is 

sometimes used to designate  the pattern
 of the lace1 and sometimes the ground  
of the lace itself4  ,hence the terms   
point de ,bruxelles1 point de ,malines1 
point de  ,valenciennes1 c4 ,in ,england
 we distinguish by the name ,point1 a   
peculiarly rich and curiously wrought   
lace formerly very fashionable1  but now
 scarcely ever worn except in ,court    
costume4 ,in this sort of  lace the     
pattern is1 we believe1 worked with the 
needle1 after the  ground has been made 
with the bobbins4 ,in each town there   
prevail  certain modes of working1 and  
certain patterns which have been        
transmitted from mother to daughter     
successively1 for several  generations4 
,many of the lace-workers live and die  
in the same houses  in which they were  
born1 and most of them understand and   
practice only  the stitches which their 
mothers and grandmothers worked before  
them4  ,the consequence has been1 that  
certain points have become unchangeably 
fixed in particular towns or districts4 

,fashion has assigned to  each its      
particular place and purpose2 for       
example3--the point de  ,malines        
7,mechlin lace7 is used chiefly for     
trimming night-dresses1  pillow-cases1  
coverlets1 c42 the point de             
,valenciennes  7,valenciennes lace7 is  
employed for ordinary wear or neglige2  
but the  more rich and costly point de  
,bruxelles 7,brussels lace7 is reserved 
for bridal and ball dresses1 and for the
 robes of queens and courtly  ladies4   
,as the different sorts of lace1 from   
the narrowest and plainest to the       
broadest and richest1 are innumerable2  
so the division of labor among  the     
lace-workers is infinite4 ,in the towns 
of ,belgium there are as  many different
 kinds of lace-workers as there are     
varieties of spiders  in ,nature4 ,it is
 not1 therefore1 surprising that in the 
several  departments of this branch of  
industry there are as many technical    
terms and phrases as would make up a    
small dictionary4 ,in their  origin1    

these expressions were all ,flemish2 but
 ,french being the  language now spoken 
in ,belgium1 they have been translated  
into ,french1  and the designations     
applied to some of the principal        
classifications  of the work-women4     
,those who make only the ground1 are    
called  ,drocheleuses4 ,the design or   
pattern1 which adorns this ground1 is   
distinguished by the general term the   
,flowers2 though it would  be difficult 
to guess what flowers are intended to be
 portrayed by  the fantastic arabesque  
of these lace-patterns4 ,in ,brussels   
the  ornaments or flowers are made      
separately1 and afterward worked into   
the lace-ground2 in other places the    
ground and the patterns are  worked     
conjointly4 ,the ,platteuses are those  
who work the flowers  separately2 and   
the ,faiseuses de point  l'aiguille work
 the figures  and the ground together4  
,the ,striquese is the worker who       
attaches  the flowers to the ground4    
,the ,faneuse works her figures by      

piercing  holes or cutting out pieces of
 the ground4    ,the spinning of the    
fine thread used for lace-making in the 
,netherlands1 is an operation demanding 
so high a degree of minute care  and    
vigilant attention1 that it is          
impossible it can ever be taken  from   
human hands by machinery4 ,none but     
,belgian fingers are skilled  in this   
art4 ,the very finest sort of this      
thread is made in ,brussels1  in damp   
underground cellars2 for it is so       
extremely delicate1 that  it is liable  
to break by contact with the dry air    
above ground2  and it is obtained in    
good condition only1 when made and kept 
in a  humid subterraneous atmosphere4   
,there are numbers of old ,belgian      
thread-makers who1 like spiders1 have   
passed the best part of their  lives    
spinning in cellars4 ,this sort of      
occupation naturally has an  injurious  
effect on the health1 and1 therefore1 to
 induce people to  follow it1 they are  
highly paid4    ,to form an accurate    

idea of this operation1 it is necessary 
to see  a ,brabant ,thread-spinner at   
her work4 ,she carefully examines every 
thread1 watching it closely as she draws
 it off the distaff2 and that  she may  
see it the more distinctly1 a piece of  
dark blue paper is used  as a background
 for the flax4 ,whenever the spinner    
notices the least  unevenness1 she stops
 the evolution of her wheel1 breaks off 
the  faulty piece of flax1 and then     
resumes her spinning4 ,this fine flax   
being as costly as gold1 the pieces thus
 broken off are carefully  laid aside to
 be used in other ways4 ,all this could 
never be done by  machinery4 ,it is     
different in the spinning of cotton1    
silk1 or wool1  in which the original   
threads are almost all of uniform       
thickness4 ,the  invention of the       
,english flax-spinning machine1         
therefore1 can never  supersede the work
 of the ,belgian fine thread spinners1  
any more  than the bobbinnet machine can
 rival the fingers of the ,brussels     

lace-makers1 or render their delicate   
work superfluous4    ,the prices current
 of the ,brabant spinners usually       
include a list of  various sorts of     
thread suited to lace-making1 varying   
from #fj francs  to #ahjj francs per    
pound4 ,instances have occurred1 in     
which as much as  #aj1jjj francs have   
been paid for a pound of this fine yarn4
 ,so high a  price has never been       
attained by the best spun silk2 though a
 pound of  silk1 in its raw condition1  
is incomparably more valuable than a    
pound  of flax4 ,in like manner1 a pound
 of iron may1 by dint of human labor    
and ingenuity1 be rendered more valuable
 than a pound of gold4    ,lace-making1 
in regard to the health of the          
operatives1 has one great  advantage4   
,it is a business which is carried on   
without the necessity  of assembling    
great numbers of workpeople in one      
place1 or taking  women from their      
homes1 and thereby breaking the bonds of
 family  union4 ,it is1 moreover1 an    

occupation which affords those employed 
in it a great degree of freedom4 ,the   
spinning-wheel and lace-pillows  are    
easily carried from place to place1 and 
the work may be done with  equal        
convenience in the house1 in the garden1
 or at the street-door4  ,in every      
,belgian town in which lace-making is   
the staple business1  the eye of the    
traveler is continually greeted with    
pictures of  happy industry attended by 
all its train of concomitant virtues4   
,the  costliness of the material        
employed in the work1 viz41 the fine    
flax  thread1 fosters the observance of 
order and economy1 which1 as well  as   
habits of cleanliness1 are firmly       
engrafted among the people4 ,much       
manual dexterity1 quickness of eye1 and 
judgment1 are demanded in  lace-making2 
and the work is a stimulator of         
ingenuity and taste2  so that1 unlike   
other occupations merely manual1 it     
tends to rouse  rather than to dull the 
mind4 ,it is1 moreover1 unaccompanied by

 any  unpleasant and harassing noise2   
for the humming of the spinning-wheel1  
and the regular tapping of the little   
bobbins1 are sounds not in  themselves  
disagreeable1 or sufficiently loud to   
disturb conversation1  or to interrupt  
the social song4    ,in ,belgium1 female
 industry presents itself under aspects 
alike  interesting to the painter1 the  
poet1 and the philanthropist4 ,here  and
 there may be seen a happy-looking girl1
 seated at an open window1  turning her 
spinning-wheel or working at her        
lace-pillow1 whilst at  intervals she   
indulges in the relaxation of a curious 
gaze at the  passers-by in the street4  
,another young ,speldewerkster1 more    
sentimentally disposed1 will retire into
 the garden1 seating herself  in an     
umbrageous arbor1 or under a spreading  
tree1 her eyes intent  on her work1 but 
her thoughts apparently divided between 
it and  some object nearer to her heart4
 ,at a doorway sits a young mother1     
surrounded by two or three children     

playing round the little table or       
wooden settle on which her lace-pillow  
rests4 ,whilst the mother's busy        
fingers are thus profitably employed1   
her eyes keep watch over the  movements 
of her little ones1 and she can at the  
same time spare an  attentive thought   
for some one of her humble household    
duties4    ,dressmakers1 milliners1 and 
other females employed in the various   
occupations which minister to the       
exigencies of fashion1 are confined  to 
close rooms1 surrounded by masses of    
silk1 muslin1 c4 ,they are  debarred the
 healthful practice of working in the   
open air1 and can  scarcely venture even
 to sit at an open window1 because a    
drop of  rain or a puff of wind may be  
fatal to their work and its materials4  
,the lace-maker1 on the contrary1 whose 
work requires only her thread  and her  
fingers1 is not disturbed by a          
refreshing breeze or a light  shower2   
and even when the weather is not        
particularly fine1 she  prefers sitting 

at her street-door or in her garden1    
where she enjoys  a brighter light than 
within doors4    ,in most of the        
principal towns of the ,netherlands     
there is one  particular locality which 
is the focus of lace-making industry2   
and  there1 in fine weather1 the streets
 are animated by the presence of  the   
busy work-women4 ,in each of these      
districts there is usually one  wide    
open street which the ,speldewerkers    
prefer to all others1 and  in which they
 assemble and form themselves into the  
most picturesque  groups imaginable4 ,it
 is curious to observe them1 pouring out
  of narrow lanes and alleys1 carrying  
with them their chairs and              
lace-pillows1 to take their places in   
the wide open street1 where they  can   
enjoy more of bright light and fresh air
 than in their own places  of abode4    
,i could not help contrasting1 says     
,kohl1 the pleasing aspect of  these    
streets with the close and noisy        
workrooms in woolen and cotton          

manufactories4 ,there the workpeople are
 all separated and classified  according
 to age and sex1 and marshaled like     
soldiers4 ,their domestic  and family   
ties are rudely broken4 ,there chance or
 exigency separates  the young factory  
girl from her favorite companions1 and  
dooms her to  association with          
strangers4 ,there social conversation   
and the merry  song are drowned in that 
stunning din of machinery1 which in the 
end  paralyzes even the power of        
thought4    ,our ,german friend is a    
little hard upon factory life4 ,though  
not  so picturesque1 it does not1 if    
candidly viewed1 offer so very          
unfavorable a contrast to that passed by
 the ,belgian ,lace ,workers4           
99       99       99       99       99  
,,from ,,bentley',s ,,miscellany4       
,,the ,,tomb ,,of ,,lady ,,blessington4 
,,by ,,mrs4 ,,romer4      ,greek3       
,eudeis all ou seio lelasmenoi esmen6   
,thou sleepest1 but we do not forget    
thee6    ,it is too much the way of the 

world in this our civilized ,europe  to 
neglect the receptacles of the dead4    
,those loved ones even1  whose          
dwellings1 while living1 were thronged  
by admiring friends1  are deserted when 
laid in their last narrow home4 ,the    
breath once  gone1--the last sad offices
 performed1--the funeral pomp over1--and
  the sepulchre closed1--all the        
requisites of affection and respect     
appear to have been fulfilled1 and the  
spot that holds the dust once  so doted 
upon1 is forever abandoned6 ,witness the
 damp graves overgrown  with rank       
nettles and thorns1 the degraded        
tombstones1 the illegible  moss-covered 
epitaphs of our church-yards6 ,witness  
the dreary oblivion  of our over-crowded
 vaults1 where the eye of affection has 
never  shed a tear1 the hand of         
friendship never scattered a flower over
  the mouldering relics they inclose6   
,it is not that the dead are            
forgotten--it is not that their memory  
has ceased to be dear and  sacred to    

their friends--but it is that the gay   
and the worldly-minded  shrink from the 
dark images called forth by the aspect  
of the grave2  they recoil from the idea
 of familiarizing themselves with the   
inevitable spot where they must one day 
lie in cold obstruction's  apathy2 they 
deem it fond folly to nourish grief by  
keeping before  their eyes that which   
perpetually reminds them of the loss    
they have  sustained1 and thus they fly 
from the dwellings of the dead1 and     
abandon what was once dearest to them to
 darkness and the worm4    ,a tenderer  
and more reverent spirit prevails in the
 ,east4 ,there the  ,cities of the ,dead
 are the constant resort of the living4 
,the tombs of  friends and kindred are  
as carefully tended1 as regularly       
visited as  their habitations were while
 yet they were dwellers upon earth4 ,the
  grave of a departed relative is a spot
 consecrated to sweet and solemn        
recollections1 where the followers of   
,mohammed love to meditate and to  pray4

 ,in the mausoleum of the ,viceroys of  
,egypt carpets and cushions  are spread 
around the various tombs it contains1   
and once in every  week the wives and   
daughters of the dead repair thither and
 pass the  greater part of the day in   
contemplation and self-communion4 ,in   
the  public cemeteries alms are         
distributed at the graves of the pious3 
even the winged wanderers of the air    
find refreshment there1 for on  each    
sepulchral stone a small receptacle is  
hollowed out to collect  the dews of    
heaven1 where the birds1 as they flutter
 past1 may slake  their thirst4 ,on each
 succeeding ,sabbath fresh green        
branches adorn  the headstones1 and     
vailed mourners1 seated by them1 keep   
silent  watch1 in the fond belief that  
the lifeless occupant of the tomb is    
conscious of their presence there4#d    
,the loftier1 purer character of our    
faith leads us to reject such  fancies  
as gross superstitions2 and yet there is
 something touching  in them6 ,we       

treasure a lock of hair--a glove--a     
ribbon--a flower1 once  worn by an      
absent loved one2 why should we not more
 tenderly treasure  the dust that has   
once been ennobled by enshrining the    
immortal  spirit of a departed friend1  
or deem it weakness to watch over these 
mouldering relics as fondly as though   
they were still conscious of  our care8 
,and surely if the enfranchised spirit  
is permitted to be  cognisant of that   
which passes upon earth--if1 from those 
blessed  abodes whither it has winged   
its course1 a care can be bestowed upon 
the earthly coil it has thrown off1 or  
upon the creatures of clay  who still   
toil and grovel here below1 may we not  
suppose that it  contemplates with      
pitying complacency the clinging        
tenderness which  binds the hearts of   
the living to the ashes of the dead1 the
 desperate  affection with which we look
 our last upon the lifeless form which  
never more can respond to all our love  
and all our sorrow1 and the  fond       

fidelity which leads us to hover round  
the tomb that has forever  shut it from 
our view8    ,i love to think that such 
may be the case2 nor can ,i separate the
  idea1 weak and idle though it may be1 
that the souls of the departed  mourn   
over the neglect and abandonment of     
their earthly remains1 as  the first    
step toward forgetfulness of their      
memory4 ,to me1 the  grave of a friend  
possesses an attraction1 which1 although
 tinged with  deepest sadness1 is wholly
 distinct from the horror with which the
  imagination so often invests it4 ,my  
heart yearns to look upon the last      
resting-place of those ,i have loved4   
,i would shelter those sacred spots from
 the beating rain1 screen them  from the
 wintry winds1 plant around them the    
flowers that were once  preferred by    
their unconscious tenants1 and inscribe 
over the entrance  of every cemetery the
 beautiful line of ,krner's             
,vergiss die treuen ,todten nicht6      
,forget not the faithful dead6    ,it   

was in this spirit that1 one day during 
my recent visit to ,paris1  ,i escaped  
from the busy idleness of that gay and  
ever-bustling city1  to make a          
pilgrimage to the tomb of one whose     
surpassing qualities  of mind1 and      
heart1 and person1 had endeared her to  
all who knew  her--whose brilliant      
career had been closed with awful       
suddenness--and  whose lamented death   
has left a void in the circle over which
 she  presided with such graceful       
urbanity1 which no other can hope to    
fill4 ,by a strange coincidence1 it was 
precisely on that day1 the year  before1
 that she had paid me her farewell visit
 in ,london2 little did  either of us   
then foresee how and where that visit   
would be returned  by me6 ,the regret of
 parting was then softened by our mutual
  conviction that many meetings were in 
store for us in the new home she  had   
chosen for herself in a foreign land4   
,alas6 before many weeks had  elapsed   
she was suddenly summoned to her eternal

 home6 ,in the midst of  health1 and    
hope1 and enjoyment1 ,death insidiously 
laid his icy grasp  upon her2 but so    
gently was the blow dealt1 that neither 
sigh nor  struggle marked her passage   
from life to immortality2 and before her
  stunned friends could bring themselves
 to believe that her warm heart  had    
indeed grown cold1 the vaults of the    
,madeleine had received all  that was   
left on earth of the once beautiful and 
gifted ,marguerite  ,blessington4       
,but not to remain there4 ,a tomb was   
constructed for her1 far from  the      
crowded cemeteries of the capital1 in a 
spot which she herself  would have      
selected1 could her wishes have been    
consulted4 ,on  the confines of the     
quiet village of ,chambourey1 a league  
beyond  ,st4 ,germain-en-,laye1 a green 
eminence1 crowned with luxuriant        
chestnut-trees1 divides the village     
church-yard from the grounds  of the    
,duke de ,gramont4 ,on that breezy      
height1 overlooking the  magnificent    

plain that stretches between ,st4       
,germain and ,paris1 a  mausoleum has   
been erected worthy of containing the   
mortal remains of  her whom genius and  
talent had delighted to honor--         
,whom ,lawrence painted and whom ,byron 
sung6    ,a pyramid composed of large   
blocks of white stone1 and similar in   
form to the ancient monuments of ,egypt1
 rises from a platform of solid  black  
granite1 which has been completely      
isolated from the surrounding  surface  
by a deep dry moat1 whose precipitous   
slopes are clothed with  softest        
greenest turf4 ,a bronze railing        
incloses the whole1 within  which has   
been planted a broad belt of beautiful  
evergreens and  flowering shrubs2 and   
beyond these the lofty chestnut trees   
wave in  tender gloom1 and form a leafy 
canopy to shelter that lonely tomb  from
 the winds of heaven4 ,solid1 simple1   
and severe1 it combines every  requisite
 in harmony with its solemn destination2
 no meretricious  ornaments1 no false   

sentiment1 mar the purity of its design4
 ,the  genius which devised it has      
succeeded in cheating the tomb of its   
horrors1 without depriving it of its    
imposing gravity4 ,the simple  portal is
 surmounted by a plain massive cross of 
stone1 and a door1  secured by an open  
work of bronze1 leads into a sepulchral 
chamber1  the key of which had been     
confided to me4    ,all within breathes 
the holy calm of eternal repose2 no     
gloom1 no  mouldering damp1 nothing to  
recall the dreadful images of decay4 ,an
  atmosphere of peace appears to pervade
 the place1 and ,i could almost  fancy  
that a voice from the tomb whispered1 in
 the words of ,dante's  ,beatrice--     
,io sono in pace6    ,the light of the  
sun1 streaming through a glazed aperture
 above  the door1 fell like a ray of    
heavenly hope upon the symbol of man's  
redemption--a beautiful copy1 in bronze1
 of ,michael ,angelo's crucified        
,savior--which is affixed to the wall   
facing the entrance4 ,a simple  stone   

sarcophagus is placed on either side of 
the chamber1 each one  surmounted by two
 white marble tablets1 incrusted in the 
sloping  walls4 ,that to the left       
incloses the coffin of ,lady            
,blessington--that  to the right is     
still untenanted2 long may it remain so6
    ,the affection she most valued1 the 
genius and talent she most admired1     
have contributed to do honor to the     
memory of that gifted woman4 ,her       
sepulchre is the creation of ,alfred    
d',orsay1 her epitaphs are the          
composition of ,barry ,cornwall and     
,walter ,savage ,landor4 ,upon the two  
tablets placed over her tomb1 are       
inscribed the following tributary       
lines3--        ,in ,memory of          
,marguerite ,countess of ,blessington1  
who died      on the #dth of ,june1     
#ahdi4 ,in her lifetime she was loved   
and      admired for her many graceful  
writings1 her gentle manners1      her  
kind and generous heart4 ,men famous for
 art and science1      in distant lands1

 sought her friendship2 and the         
historians      and scholars1 the poets1
 and wits1 and painters of her own      
country1 found an unfailing welcome in  
her ever hospitable      home4 ,she gave
 cheerfully1 to all who were in need1   
help and      sympathy1 and useful      
counsel2 and she died lamented by many  
friends4 ,they who loved her best in    
life1 and now lament her      most1 have
 reared this tributary marble over her  
place of      rest4 ,,barry ,,cornwall4 
99       99       99       99       99  
,infra sepultum est    ,id omne quod    
sepeliri potest1    ,mulieris quondam   
pulcherrim4    ,ingenium suum summo     
studio coluit1    ,aliorum pari adjuvit4
    ,benefacta sua celare novit1        
ingenium non ita4    ,erga omnes erat   
larg bonitate1    ,peregrinis eleganter 
hospitalis4    ,venit ,lutetiam         
,parisiorum ,aprili mense1    ,quarto   
,junii die supremum suum obiit4         
,,walter ,,savage ,,landor4           99
       99       99       99       99    

,her last resting-place will not be     
neglected4 ,the eye of faithful         
affection watches over it as vigilantly 
as though the dust that sleeps  within  
were conscious of his care4 ,but lately 
a sentiment of exquisite  tenderness    
suggested the addition of its most      
touching and appropriate  embellishment4
 ,a gentleman in the ,county            
,tipperary#e had been  commissioned to  
send over to ,chambourcy a root of ivy  
from ,lady  ,blessington's birthplace to
 plant near her grave4 ,he succeeded in 
obtaining an off-shoot from the parent  
stem that grows over the house  in which
 she was born4 ,it has been transplanted
 to the foot of the  railing that       
surrounds her monument--it has taken    
root and spread--and  thus the same ivy 
that sheltered her cradle will          
overshadow her tomb6    ,footnote #d3   
,the ,egyptian ,mahommedans believe that
 for some time  after death the body is 
conscious of its actual state1 and of   
what is  passing immediately around it4 

,in this persuasion1 mothers will remain
  days and nights near the graves of    
their recently buried children1 in      
order that they may not feel terrified  
at being left alone4    ,footnote #e3   
,r4 ,bernal ,osborne1 ,esq41 ,m4,p4     
99       99       99       99       99  
,a ,british ,meteorological ,society is 
projected1 with ,mr4 ,whitbread as      
,president4 ,its objects will be the    
observation and collection of all       
meteorological phenomena1 and the       
encouragement of the science in  every  
branch4 ,this sort of subdivision of    
literary and philosophical  pursuits is 
very injurious1 for it tends to starve a
 number instead of  supporting one with 
sufficient resources4           99      
99       99       99       99           
,,golden ,,rules ,,of ,,life4--,all the 
air and the exercise in the universe1   
and the most generous and liberal table1
 but poorly suffice to  maintain human  
stamina if we neglect other             
co-operatives--namely  the obedience to 

the laws of abstinence1 and those of    
ordinary  gratification4 ,we rise with a
 headache1 and we set about puzzling    
ourselves to know the cause4 ,we then   
recollect that we had a hard  day's fag1
 or that we feasted over-bounteously1 or
 that we stayed up  very late3 at all   
events we incline to find out the fault1
 and then we  call ourselves fools for  
falling into it4 ,now1 this is an       
occurrence  happening almost every day2 
and these are the points that run away  
with the best portion of our life1      
before we find out what is for  good or 
evil4 ,let any single individual review 
his past life3 how  instantaneously the 
blush will cover his cheek1 when he     
thinks of  the egregious errors he has  
unknowingly committed--say unknowingly1 
because it never occurred to him that   
they were errors until the  effects     
followed that betrayed the cause4 ,all  
our sickness and  ailments1 and a brief 
life1 mainly depend upon ourselves4     
,there are  thousands who practice      

errors day after day1 and whose         
pervading  thought is1 that everything  
which is agreeable and pleasing cannot  
be  hurtful4 ,the slothful man loves his
 bed2 the toper his drink1 because  it  
throws him into an exhilarative and     
exquisite mood2 the gourmand  makes his 
stomach his god2 and the sensualist     
thinks his delights  imperishable4 ,so  
we go on1 and at last we stumble and    
break down4 ,we  then begin to reflect1 
and the truth stares us in the face how 
much  we are to blame4           99     
99       99       99       99           
,,progress ,,of ,,milton',s             
,,blindness4--,it is now1 ,i think1     
about ten years  7#afed7 since ,i       
perceived my vision to grow weak and    
dull2 and1 at  the same time ,i was     
troubled with pain in my kidneys and    
bowels1  accompanied with flatulency4   
,in the morning1 as ,i began to read1 as
  was my custom1 my eyes instantly ached
 intensely1 but were refreshed  after a 
little corporeal exercise4 ,the candle  

which ,i looked at seemed  as if it were
 encircled by a rainbow4 ,not long after
 the sight of the  left part of the left
 eye 7which ,i lost some years before   
the other7  became quite obscured1 and  
prevented me from discerning any object 
on that side4 ,the sight in my other eye
 has now been gradually and  sensibly   
vanishing away for about three years2   
some months before it  had entirely     
perished1 though ,i stood motionless1   
every thing which  ,i looked at seemed  
in motion to and fro4 ,a stiff cloudy   
vapor seemed  to have settled on my     
forehead and temples1 which usually     
occasions a  sort of somnolent pressure 
upon my eyes1 and particularly from     
dinner  till evening4 ,so that ,i often 
recollect what is said of the poet      
,phineas in the ,argonautics3      ,a   
stupor deep his cloudy temples bound1   
,and when he waked he seemed as whirling
 round1    ,or in a feeble trance he    
speechless lay4    ,i ought not to omit 
that1 while ,i had any sight left1 as   

soon as ,i  lay down on my bed1 and     
turned on either side1 a flood of light 
used  to gush from my closed eyelids4   
,then1 as my sight became daily more    
impaired1 the colors became more faint1 
and were emitted with a  certain        
crackling sound2 but at present every   
species of illumination  being1 as it   
were1 extinguished1 there is diffused   
around me nothing  but darkness1 or     
darkness mingled and streaked with an   
ashy brown4 ,yet  the darkness in which 
,i am perpetually immersed seems always1
 both by  night and day1 to approach    
nearer to a white than black2 and when  
the  eye is rolling in its socket1 it   
admits a little particle of light  as   
through a chink4 ,and though your       
physician may kindle a small ray  of    
hope1 yet ,i make up my mind to the     
malady as quite incurable2 and  ,i often
 reflect1 that as the wise man          
admonishes1 days of darkness  are       
destined to each of us4 ,the darkness   
which ,i experience1 less  oppressive   

than that of the tomb1 is owing to the  
singular goodness  of the ,deity1 passed
 amid the pursuits of literature and the
 cheering  salutations of friendship4   
,but if1 as it is written1 man shall not
  live by bread alone1 but by every word
 that proceedeth from the mouth  of     
,god1 why may not any one acquiesce in  
the privation of his sight1  when ,god  
has so amply furnished his mind and his 
conscience with  eyes8--,milton's ,prose
 ,works4           99       99       99 
99       99    ,,once ,,caught1 ,,twice 
,,shy4--,many years ago1 says ,mr4 ,a4  
,smee1 ,i  caught a common mouse in a   
trap1 and instead of consigning it to   
the  usual watery grave or to the       
unmerciful claws of the cat1 ,i         
determined  to keep it a prisoner4      
,after a short time1 the little mouse   
made its  escape in a room attached to  
my father's residence in the ,bank of   
,england4 ,i did not desire the presence
 of a wild mouse in this room1  and     
therefore adopted means to secure him4  

,the room was paved with  stone1 and    
inclosed with solid walls4 ,there was no
 hope for him that  he would ultimately 
escape1 although there were abundant    
opportunities  for hiding4 ,i set the   
trap1 and baited it with a savory       
morsel1 but  day after day no mouse     
entered4 ,the poor little thing gave    
unequivocal  signs of extreme hunger by 
gnawing the bladder from one of my      
chemical  bottles4 ,i gradually removed 
everything from the room that he could  
possibly eat1 but still the old proverb 
of ,once caught1 twice shy1  so far     
applied that he would not enter my trap4
 ,after many days1  visiting the        
apartment one morning1 the trap was     
down1 the mouse was  caught2 the pangs  
of hunger were more intolerable than the
 terrors of  imprisonment4 ,he did not1 
however1 will the unpleasant alternative
 of  entering the trap until he was so  
nearly starved that his bones almost    
protruded through his skin2 and he      
freely took bits of food from my        

fingers through the wires of the        
cage4--,instinct and ,reason1 just      
published4