,,the ,,talking ,,deaf ,,man3 or1 ,a ,method ,proposed1 ,whereby ,he ,who is ,born ,deaf1 ,may ,learn to ,speak4 ,by the ,studious ,invention and ,industry of ,john ,conrade ,amman1 an ,helvetian of ,shashuis1 ,dr4 of ,physick4 ,imprinted at ,amsterdam1 by ,henry ,westein1 #afib4 ,and now done out of ,latin into ,english1 by ,d4,f4,m4,d4 #afic4 ,london1 ,printed for ,tho4 ,hawkins1 in ,george-yard1 ,lumbard street1 #afid4 ,price bound ,one ,shilling4 ,to his most ,approved ,good ,friend ,mr4 ,,peter ,,kolard1 the ,author1 with all ,submission1 ,dedicateth this his ,treatise of the ,talking ,deaf ,man4 ,my much honoured ,friend1 ,this little endeavour1 how small soever it be1 is upon many ,accounts due to you2 ,for besides that1 the ,truth of the matter here exposed1 is to no one1 7except my ,self7 more apparent1 you did heap on me so many ,favours1 whilst ,i abode in your ,house1 upon account of teaching your ,daughter1 and rendred me to be so much ,yours1 as no less could be sufficient1 than to erect a publick1 and as much as in me lay1 an eternal ,monument of ,gratitude to you4 ,how great the ,incredulity of this ,age is1 no ,man almost knows better than your self2 there have been1 and still are1 such as boldly deny1 that it is possible to bring the ,deaf to speak2 others1 though they should be admitted to be ,eye-,witnesses1 yet would not stick to doubt still of the matter3 ,wherefore1 what-ever it was that ,i performed to your ,daughter1 and to some others1 and by what ,artifice ,i did it1 ,i now ingenuously expose to the ,eyes of all the ,world4 ,i heartily wish that they may so make use of this my labour1 as that for the future1 no more ,dumb ,persons may be found4 ,in the number of these doubting ,persons1 you have confessed to me1 that you your self had formerly been1 until you had heard a certain ,maiden1 who before had been ,dumb1 talking with me at ,amsterdam2 perhaps ,i should have been so my self1 if1 when ,i was ignorant in the thing1 ,i had received narratively only1 that some such thing was performed by another2 wherefore ,i resolved rather to convince the ,incredulity of ,men 7which now is accounted ,prudence amongst most ,men7 of an ,error1 than to reprove them for their ,rashness4 ,it is now three ,years since ,i first thought to make this my ,method publick2 but had ,i then done it1 ,i should now have repented it1 because in this ,interval ,i have much more polished it2 and rendered it more easie by far2 and as to what belongs to the practise thereof1 more certain1 yea1 and all to that degree1 as ,i dare confidently assert1 that henceforth there shall be no ,deaf ,person1 7provided he be of a sound ,mind1 and be not ,tongue-tied1 nor of an immature ,age7 who by my ,instruction shall not in the space of two ,months speak readily enough4 ,perhaps also ,i shall hereafter repent1 that ,i have published this small ,treatise1 as yet too immature2 yet ,i had rather confess an ,error1 if ,i shall any where commit one1 or in any future ,edition augment it1 than wholly to pass it over in ,silence2 for if ,i should be snatcht away by a hasty ,death1 7even as a tender state of ,health doth threaten me7 ,i should not know how to render to ,god an ,account of the ,talent committed to me1 as he may require it of me4 ,nothing therefore remained1 most ,worthy ,sir1 than that ,i should beg your ,pardon1 that ,i have made bold thus to interrupt you in the midst of ,affairs1 which almost swallow you wholly up2 but ,i believe you will the more readily give it me1 because this little ,script may make my ,absence less troublesome to you1 because1 according to the precepts here given1 you yourself will be able to take care that your ,daughter shall not only not forget all what she already knows1 but more and more accomplish them4 ,however1 ,i humbly beseech you1 that him whom you have begun to love1 yea1 though he be removed far from you1 that you will persist still therein1 and to take upon your self as need shall require it1 the ,patronage of the ,truth it self4 ,farewel1 and be well4 ,j4 ,conrade ,amman4 ,dated from my ,study1 ,aug4 #ajth1 #afib4 99 99 99 99 99 ,to his ,learned friends ,richard ,waller1 and ,alexander ,pittfield1 ,esquires1 of the ,royal ,society4 ,gentlemen1 ,the holding of a ,candle to the ,sun is not more absurd1 than thus to present you with an ,english ,version of a ,latin ,treatise4 ,all who know you1 know you to be ,masters of not only most of the ,european1 but also of the ,learned ,languages4 ,but my excuse is1 that what ,i have done for the sake of ,english ,readers1 ,i expose under your learned ,names2 the ,subject-matter of which may be useful1 and therefore acceptable to your selves and others4 ,however1 ,i am willing to discover my ,ambitious aim herein1 which is to let the ,world know who are my ,friends1 and what ,names may give ,honour to mine4 ,i know1 that several very considerable ,members of that great ,society1 to which you so nearly relate1 have already1 both in ,theory and ,practise1 acquainted the ,world with very remarkable things of this nature2 and whether what is here published1 will in the least1 either elucidate or add to those already taught1 and done by those very knowing persons1 ,i neither dare nor will determine2 but if neither one nor the other be here found1 yet it is sometimes grateful to us1 to see how good and great wits do jump1 and in such ,circumstances as these no ,man can account ,store to be a ,soare4 ,i have only this to further mention1 that the ,author chose the ,high-,german ,tongue to become his exemplar1 rather than any other ,modern or ,antique2 it therefore is necessary1 that he who would put his ,rules in practice in any other ,language1 must observe a due ,analogy in mutatis mutandis4 ,thus 7my ,friends7 ,i have exposed both you and my self1 if any blame happen1 let that be all mine1 who 7without your ,knowledge and ,concession7 did this ,indignity to you1 and to aggravate it1 thus publickly to stile my self1 ,gentlemen1 ,your ,cordial ,friend and ,servant1 ,dan4 ,foot4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,to ,,the ,,reader4 ,candid ,reader1 ,in these few ,pages1 ,i expose to thee openly and ingenuously1 by what means ,i can learn the ,deaf1 7and because they were born so7 the ,dumb to speak articulately1 and easily to understand others also when they are speaking1 so as they may be able both to read1 and to understand a ,book1 or ,letter1 and to discover their own ,minds1 either by ,speach or ,writing4 ,how important a ,benefit is this8 ,how advantageous is the not hearing supplied by this ,art8 ,if ,envy1 or the detestable greedy ,desire of ,gain could have prevailed with me1 ,i had retained this ,art1 as lockt up in my own ,breast4 ,but alass6 ,how miserable is the condition of the ,deaf8 ,how lame and defective is that ,speach1 which is performed by ,signs and ,gestures8 ,how little are they capable to receive of those things which concern their eternal ,salvation8 ,who doth not commiserate this sort of ,persons8 ,who can refuse to help them by all means which are possible8 ,for my part1 ,i1 by the help of ,god's ,grace1 will not only help them1 but will make publick and vulgar what is best to be done therein1 yea1 and have done so already1 that they can understand others speaking1 even with the softest ,voice1 or rather whispering4 ,this ,doctrin will seem new and incredible to most ,men1 yet is not plainly altogether unheard of2 for1 as ,i heard1 there have been some1 who engaged themselves in this cure2 but what they effected therein1 ,i must acknowledge is unknown to me2 yea1 ,i ,religiously attest1 that before ,i did excogitate this ,matter1 ,i met not with the least foot-step thereof in any ,author4 ,notwithstanding1 some there be1 who reject at first sight this ,doctrin as fabulous2 others1 and those perhaps the same also2 who when ,i shall have discovered to them the manner thereof1 will cry1 that they could do the same thing3 ,i1 for my part2 am not concerned at either of them1 well knowing1 that those who are just in their ,estimation of things1 will judge otherwise4 ,when thou1 by reading shalt arrive thus far 7good ,reader7 stop a little 7,i pray thee7 and use the liberty granted to every one1 and attentively revolve in thy ,mind1 what thou thy self would'st do1 if such a case as this was committed to thy care4 ,if so be thou shaltst find out the right way1 give ,god thanks1 and let it suffice1 that ,i have admonished thee2 if not1 go on to read what follows1 where thou wilt find it1 with very little trouble4 ,this very way is that1 by which ,i taught ,ehster ,kolard1 7a young ,virgin of great ,hopes1 the only ,daughter of ,mr ,peter ,kolard1 who was born ,deaf7 not only to read1 but also to speak readily1 yea1 and to hold ,discourse with others and in a short time she profited so much1 as to remember a many ,questions and ,answers in the ,catechism1 yea1 and as far as her young ,years were capable1 she understood the ,sense of them also3 ,she rejoyced greatly when ,i told her1 that ,i was willing to make this ,method1 by which she learned to speak1 common to all4 ,friendly ,reader1 use and accept well these things2 and if thou knowest any things better1 ,candidly impart them1 and make not thy self ,ungrateful4 ,farewell4 99 99 99 99 99 ,an ,advertisement to the ,english ,reader4 ,about #bf ,years since1 the ,honourable1 ,learned1 and ,pious ,f4,m4 ,baron of ,helmont caused to be published in ,latin a small ,treatise2 wholly and fully to the same purpose1 with what is here published3 ,which said ,treatise1 entituled1 ,the ,alphabet of ,nature1 is now in ,hand to be ,translated1 and ,publish'd in ,english2 of which it was thought fit here to give thee this ,notice4 ,thou art also 7kind ,reader7 to be advertised1 that there is very lately ,translated into the ,english a very learned ,tract1 entituled1 ,the ,divine ,being1 and its ,attributes2 demonstrated from the ,holy ,scriptures1 and ,original ,nature of things1 according to the ,principles of the aforesaid ,f4,m4 ,baron of ,helmont4 ,written in ,low-,dutch1 by ,paulus ,buchius1 ,dr4 of ,physick1 c4 and ,licensed according to ,order1 and are to be sold by ,t4 ,howkins1 ,bookseller1 in ,george-yard1 ,lumbard-,street4 ,,the ,,talking ,,deaf ,,man4 ,,chap4 ,i4 ,an ,inquiry into the ,nature of a ,voice1 and in what respect it differs from the ,breath4 ,let no ,man presume1 that he shall ever attain to this noble ,art1 if he remain ,ignorant in what it is that the nature of the ,letters1 as well in general1 as special1 doth consist2 for it was this very thing which gave occasion to the composing of this small ,treatise3 ,wherefore1 before ,i treat of the manner of instructing ,deaf ,persons1 ,i shall bring into examination1 ,first1 the material part of the ,letters1 viz4 ,voice and ,breath2 ,secondly1 the ,letters themselves1 and their ,differences3 ,thirdly1 and ,lastly1 ,i will teach the ,practise of the ,art4 ,i have oftentimes heard from some ,persons1 that it was little beneath a ,miracle1 that ,god should give ,men1 to express the ,thoughts of the ,mind1 rather by ,motions1 which are effected by the ,lips1 the ,tongue1 the ,teeth1 c4 than otherwise1 and that so universally1 that there is no ,nation so ,barbarous1 no not excepting the ,hottentots1 which cannot speak in a ,language4 ,but let 7,i pray7 these ,men consider1 what it is that ,men rightly ,instituted would have1 whilst they mutually talk one with another2 for they desire to open the most inward ,recesses of the ,heart1 yea1 and to transfuse their own proper ,life into others1 which thing cannot be more commodiously done1 than by ,speaking2 for there is nothing which floweth forth from us1 which carrieth with it a more vivid ,character of the ,life1 than our ,voice doth2 yea1 in the ,voice is the ,breath of ,life1 part of which passeth into the ,voice2 for indeed the ,voice is the ,child of the ,heart1 which is the ,seat of the ,affections1 and of ,desire4 ,hence it is1 that sometimes we are not able to keep back the impetuous ,motions of the ,affections2 but out of the abundance of the ,heart1 the ,mouth speaketh4 ,thus1 when we desire something in our selves1 and yet are afraid to express it1 the ,heart labours like a ,woman with ,child1 and becomes ,anxious2 but if we can pour it forth into the ,bosom of a ,friend1 there presently ariseth great ,tranquility1 and we say1 that we have emptied our ,hearts3 ,yea1 so full is the ,voice of the ,life1 which immediately flows from the ,heart1 that to talk long1 extreamly wearieth us2 but especially the ,sick1 who oftentimes can scarce utter three or four words1 but they faint away4 ,therefore1 to comprehend much in a few words1 the ,voice is an ,emanation from that very ,spirit1 which ,god breathed inth ,man's ,nostrils1 when he ,created him a living ,soul4 ,hence also1 ,the ,word of ,god1 the ,son of ,god1 the ,omnipotence of ,god1 c4 are in ,holy ,scripture oftentimes homonymous1 or of the like1 and same import4 ,it is no wonder therefore1 if ,voice be natural to a ,man1 though he be ,deaf1 because ,deaf ,men ,laugh1 ,cry out1 ,hollow1 ,weep1 ,sigh1 and ,waile1 and express the chief ,motions of the ,mind1 by the ,voice which is to an ,observant ,hearer1 various1 yea1 they hardly ever signifie any thing by ,signs1 but they mix with it some ,sound or ,voice4 ,thus the ,exclamations of almost all ,nations are alike2 a is the ,sound of him chiefly1 who rejoyceth2 i of him who is in ,indignation1 and ,angry2 o of one in ,commiseration1 or ,exclamation2 not to mention many such other-like4 ,now ,i shall briefly declare1 wherein the nature of the ,voice consisteth1 where it is formed1 and how it is formed3 ,i shall also discover1 together therewith1 wherein is the difference betwixt ,voice and ,breath simply1 as what is in truth1 of so much weight1 that if it be unknown1 some ,deaf ,persons cannot learn to speak1 as shall be taught in the ,third ,chapter4 ,men ordinarily speak after two manner of ways1 viz4 either when they may be heard by any one1 who is not too far distant from them1 and that is properly call'd ,voice2 or else1 when they speak privately in another's ,ear1 and then they pronounce a ,breath which is simple1 but not ,sonorous4 ,deaf ,men also do know a ,voice to be different from a ,simple ,breath2 for they can speak both ways1 and ,i also have learned this ,distinction partly from them4 ,the ,humane ,voice is ,air1 impregnated1 and made ,sonorous by the impressed ,character of the ,life1 or is such1 as whilst it is in breathing forth1 doth smite upon the ,organs of the ,voice1 so1 as they tremble thereupon2 for indeed1 without this tremulous ,motion1 no ,voice is made3 ,yea1 not only the ,larynx1 or ,wind-pipe1 doth thereupon tremble1 but the whole ,skull also2 yea1 and sometimes all the ,bones of the whole ,body1 which any one may easily find in himself1 by his applying his ,hand to his ,throat1 and laying it on the top of his ,head4 ,this trembling is very perceptible in most sounding ,bodies1 and is 7if ,i mistake not7 owing for the most part to the ,springiness of the ,air2 which1 did ,i not study to be brief1 ,i could more fully explicate4 ,now the ,simple ,breath is ,air1 breathed forth by the opening of the ,mouth or ,nostrils1 simply1 and without any smiting on the parts1 which rather exciteth a whispering than a sound4 ,hence is it1 that ,animals1 whose ,wind-pipe is cut beneath the ,throat1 do indeed render a ,breathing1 but no ,voice2 for the ,tube of the ,wind-pipe is too large1 and too smooth1 than that the ,air can strike upon it any where2 and being thus reflected on its self1 it can also imprint a tremulous ,motion on its neighbouring ,bodies3 ,this the ,physicians ,pupils do know2 who being about to dissect live ,dogs1 they cut their ,throats1 that they may not be troubled with their barking3 ,for ,voice differs as much from a ,simple ,breath1 as doth that hoarse ,sound1 which we excite1 by rubbing the tops of our ,fingers hard upon some ,glass or ,table1 which is quite differing from that same soft whistling ,sound1 which is heard when we lightly rub with the ,hand the same ,glass or ,table4 ,the ,voice therefore1 as it is the ,voice1 is generated in the ,cartilages of the ,wind-pipe1 then afterwards is formed into such or such ,letters2 but that it may become a lovely ,voice1 it's requisite1 that those ,cartilages be smooth1 and lined with no mucous ,matter1 else the ,voice will become ,hoarse1 and sometimes be utterly lost1 viz4 when they have lost their ,springy power4 ,for ,pipes2 and other ,wind-,instruments do most notably explain to us the nature of the ,voice2 for in them we see a certain ,voice or ,sound to be generated out of ,simple ,air1 whilst it is as it were1 rent in pieces1 and forced into a tremulous ,motion3 ,now1 that in these ,instruments there is a little ,tongue2 or which is instead of a ,tongue1 the same in a ,man is the ,epiglott1 or ,cover of the ,wind-pipe1 and the ,uvula1 or ,pallate of the ,mouth2 but the rest of the ,cartilages of the ,throat1 besides that1 they contribute much to the making of the ,voice1 yet are they chiefly serviceable to it1 in rendering it to be more flat1 and more sharp1 and that especially by the ,bone of the ,tongue1 and the adjoyning ,muscles3 ,but ,i am unwilling to put from this ,office the ,muscles which are proper to the ,wind-pipe2 for they all unanimously conspire to make the ,cleft of the ,throat either wider1 or narrower4 ,but above all1 here is that wonderful ,faculty of modifying the ,voice1 according to ,will and ,pleasure2 which1 even as ,speech also1 is not natural to us1 but a ,habite1 contracted by long ,use or ,custom4 ,hence it is1 that the ,unskilful are not only ,ignorant how to ,sing1 but also cannot so much as imitate others who are ,singing2 so also such as are ignorant of any ,language1 do not only not understand others who are speaking that ,language1 but also do not know how presently to repeat that ,voice which they received by their ,ears4 ,things principally requisite to the ,voice1 are1 that the ,wind-pipe1 the former thereof be solid1 dry1 and of the nature of ,resounding ,bodies4 ,by this ,hypothesis1 two of the most ,eminent ,phnomena's of the ,voice are discovered2 why the ,voice should then at length become firm and ripe1 when the ,bones have attained unto their full ,strength1 and due ,hardness1 which cometh to pass much about the ,years of ripe age1 when the vital ,heat1 doth in a greater degree exert itself3 ,the other ,phnomenon is ,hoarsness or an utter loss of the ,voice1 which is1 when the ,cartilages1 or ,gristles of the ,throat1 especially the ,epiglott1 or ,coverlid of the ,wind-pipe1 is lined or besmeared all over with a slimy ,viscosity1 whereby they lose their ,elasticity1 or ,springiness4 ,now these ,symptoms of the ,voice are also common to other ,wind-instruments1 when they become too much moistned by any vapourous wetting ,air4 ,the same reason also is to be assigned why the ,voice doth at last quite cease in those who have made too long ,harrangues1 in speaking1 and whose ,jaws are quite dried with an immoderate ,heat2 for in both these cases the top of the ,wind-pipe is covered over with a clammy ,tenacious ,phlegm4 ,there remains yet two other ,symptoms of the ,voice1 which ,i have undertaken to explicate1 viz4 why the ,voice sometimes leaps from one ,eighth to another2 and1 as it is rightly said by the ,vulgar ,expression1 that it is broken3 and why1 when we strive to make our ,voice either too sharp1 or too flat1 it at last plainly faileth us4 ,as to the first1 let us consider when and how it cometh to pass2 and first1 it's what principally happeneth to ,orators1 when they endeavour to lift up their ,voice too high1 or strongly2 but how this cometh to be1 ,organ-pipes1 and the ,monochorde1 do teach us1 viz4 when some ,impediment interposing1 doth divide the ordinary ,sound into two2 if therefore those parts are equal1 either of them is by one ,eighth more sharp than the former ,sound1 neither are they distinguished from one another2 but if they prove to be unequally divided1 then two distinct ,sounds are made at the same time1 whereof one is flatter than the ether1 and this is commonly called a broken ,voice3 ,but why our ,voice should fail us1 when we endeavour to make it more sharp1 or more flat than it ought to be1 the reason is1 because we strive either so to contract the ,cleft of the ,wind-pipe1 and to press the ,spout-like ,cartilage1 by help of the ,bone of ,tongue1 towards the ,epiglott1 that the going forth of the ,voice1 and of the ,breath1 may be precluded1 or else1 on the contrary1 because that the said ,cleft1 through the drawing down of the ,cartilages1 is so much widened1 that the departing out of the ,breath1 finds no hinderance4 ,but here ,i had almost forgot to compare the more dry1 the more moist1 the more solid1 and the more thin ,constitution of the ,larynx1 or ,wind-pipe1 which also make very much to the rendering the ,voice1 to be either sharp1 or flat4 ,that same humming ,noise1 which many flying ,insects make1 not so much by the ,wings1 7for when they are cut off1 the humming still remains7 as by a most swift and brisk ,motion of certain ,muscles1 hid in the ,cavity of their ,breasts1 seems to have somewhat of an affinity to the ,voice2 wherefore ,i desire the ,learned to examine1 whether those small ,muscles1 which are proper to the ,cartilages of the ,wind-pipe1 cannot perform somewhat like to that4 ,many more ,particulars concerning the ,voice might yet further be inquired into1 such as1 how it is1 that every one may be known by his ,voice8 ,how that ,sound1 which in ,singing is called ,quavering1 or ,trilling1 by a peculiarity1 is excited1 c1 ,but seeing that these things do not properly respect the nature of the ,voice1 ,i1 for ,brevities sake1 do omit them4 ,,chap4 ,,ii4 ,expounding the ,nature of the ,letters1 and the manner how they are formed4 ,hitherto we have treated concerning the ,voice and ,breath1 and of the manner of the formation of both of them1 in general2 now let us see how the said ,voice and ,breath are1 as a fit ,matter for them1 framed into such or such ,letters2 for the ,voice and ,breath are alone the material part of ,letters1 but the form of them is to be sought out from the various ,configurations of those hollow ,channels1 thorough which they pass2 ,letters therefore1 not as they be certain ,characters1 but as they are ,pronounced or ,spoken1 are the ,voice and ,breath1 diversly ,figured by the ,instruments ordained for the ,speech4 ,but here we must be pre-admonished concerning the ,letters2 that there is a great ,latitude almost amongst them all1 and that one and the same ,character is not pronounced by one and the same ,configuration of the ,mouth1 yea1 in one and the same ,language2 thus a and e sometimes are sounded open1 and sometimes close2 also o hath its own ,latitude1 so as many other ,letters also may have2 yea1 as many as are the divers ,modes1 by which the ,voice and ,breath can be ,figured1 by the ,organs of ,speech2 but the most easie1 only1 and the most ,conspicuous are received by all ,nations1 whose number never almost exceedeth ,twenty four1 and have certain ,characters annexed to them3 ,but seeing that these ,characters are not every where pronounced alike1 yea1 one and the same ,letter sometimes is variously sounded by one and the same ,people1 therefore ,i have made choice of the ,german ,letters1 which are of my ,mother-,tongue1 and the most ,simple of all ,letters1 to be examined in this place3 in as much as they are for the most part sounded every where alike1 their ,vowels are very ,simple1 and agreeable to the nature of the thing1 the ,diphthongs compounded of them1 do retain the ,nature of their compounding ,vowels1 because they are always heard pronounced in them1 otherwise1 than as it is in most other ,languages1 which they stile living ones2 for sometimes they make their ,diphthongs out of the most ,simple ,vowels1 as are au ou ai amongst the ,french1 and oe and eu amongst the ,dutch1 or else they have such improper ,diphthongs1 that scarce either of their compounding ,vowels can be heard1 such are oi of the ,french1 and uy of the ,dutch1 not to mention more ,examples1 or else they are variously sounded according to their various ,placings1 so as if ,i were to teach some ,deaf ,french-man1 ,i would from the beginning teach him1 not the ,french1 but the ,german ,letters1 or else he would be plainly confounded4 ,nor is the state of the ,consonants in better case for the ,pronunciation of some of them1 is so very different1 that there are scarce two ,nations1 which pronounce the ,character g after the same manner4 ,but in the ,german ,alphabet1 that which most disliketh me1 is1 their ,order2 which1 in good truth1 is none2 because scarce two ,letters of the same rank do follow mutually after one another1 which would render the information of ,deaf ,persons to be so much the more difficult2 wherefore ,i have reduced them into this following order1 which seemed to me to be the most natural4 a4 e4 i4 j4 y4 o4 u4 4 4 4 m4 n4 ng4 l4 r4 h4 g4 ch4 s4 f4 v4 k4 c4 q4 d4 t4 b4 p4 x4 z4 ,to those who observe well1 it will from this order alone1 appear1 that ,i have divided this whole ,alphabet into ,vowels1 ,semi-vowels1 and ,consonants4 ,the ,vowels are a ,voice or ,sound modified by a various opening of the ,mouth only1 and are either ,simple1 or ,uniform1 as a4 e4 i4 j4 y4 o4 u4 w4 ,or else they are mixt1 which out of two1 do so melt down into one1 as that they are pronounced together1 and are different from ,diphthongs1 in as much as their ,vowels are successively pronounced3 ,now these mixt ,vowels1 are 4 4 4 which some ,nations either have not at all1 or else do write them evilly2 but of the manner of ,formation1 more shall be said hereafter4 ,the ,semi-vowels are a middle sort between the ,genuine ,voice1 and a ,simple ,breath1 and may at pleasure be brought forth in the manner as ,vowels are2 and they are either of the ,nose1 or ,nasall such are m4 n4 ng4 or else they be of the ,mouth1 or ,orall1 as l4 r4 ,consonants are a ,simple ,breath1 not sonorous1 yet variously modified1 and are of three kinds3 ,for they are either pronounced successively1 and may be produced at pleasure1 as g4 ch4 s4 f4 v4 ,or are suddainly shot forth2 which upon that score ,i call them explosive1 as k4 c4 q4 t4 d4 b4 p4 ,or else being ,compounded out of two foregoing ones1 their number is diverse in divers ,nations2 the ,germans have two2 viz4 x4 and z4 ,to this ,division1 in which ,i have had respect chiefly to the nature1 and manner of pronouncing the ,letters1 may not impertinently be added1 that those ,letters are formed mostly in three ,regions of the ,mouth1 viz4 in the bottom1 or ,throat2 in the middle1 or in the ,palate and ,teeth2 and lastly1 in the utmost part thereof1 or in the ,lips3 ,hence it is1 from every one of their ,classes almost1 are three sorts2 one ,guttural1 another ,dental1 and a third ,labial2 but of these1 more hereafter4 ,i will here prevent the ,readers who may object to me in the following ,chapter1 that this my ,doctrin will be always lame1 because all ,deaf ,persons1 whom we would teach by the ,tongue1 ,lips1 c4 will never by their ,sight attain unto these motions3 ,but1 besides that the ,sight doth not give place to the ,hearing1 as to a quick sensibility1 ,i affirm1 that there is no need thereof1 if once they have made but any ,progress2 for even we our selves do very often not hear in ,pronunciation those ,letters which ,i call ,consonants1 but we collect them from the ,vowels and ,semi-vowels1 commixed together with them3 ,no ,man1 for ,example1 shall so pronounce b4 g4 or d4 as that he may be heard at a hundred ,paces distant4 ,and this seems to me to be the principal reason why we can most rarely pronounce or repeat at the first blush1 any word spoken in a foreign ,language4 ,but before ,i shall unfold the nature1 and manner of forming the ,letters in special1 ,i judged that it was not here to be omitted1 how that as all the ,letters1 yea also1 and the ,vowels them-selves1 cannot by any means be pronounced1 as they are a ,simple ,breath1 and not sonorous2 for when we1 for ,example1 do whisper somewhat to one in his ,ear1 so the ,consonants also1 excepting those which ,i call ,explosive1 may be pronounced vocally1 or with the ,voice conjoyned2 and there are ,nations which pronounce thus1 as the ,french do their z4 and their v4 ,i shall now treat of the ,letters especially1 and will examine them so1 as both the absolute ,simplicity of the ,german ,letters may be manifested2 and other ,nations1 from their ,mode of ,formation1 may learn1 how they ought to pronounce them2 upon this account also1 ,i shall add how improperly some ,nations do render the same ,letters in their own ,language4 ,now in this ,explication ,i shall observe the same order as ,i did in the ,division of them1 where readily it will appear1 that ,voice and ,breath are according to a triple ,region of the ,mouth1 triply figured or formed spontaneously4 ,therefore the ,simple and ,uniform ,vowels are1 a4 e4 i4 j4 y4 o4 u4 w4 and are formed after the following manner4 a4 is a ,gutteral ,vowel1 and the most ,simple of all2 the ,key of the ,alphabet1 and therefore is by all ,nations set first of all1 excepting only 7as far as ,i know7 the ,abyssines1 by whom1 as ,ludolf testifieth1 it is placed as the ,thirteenth ,letter4 ,true indeed it may be pronounced by various ,placings of the ,tongue1 yet the common1 and most convenient is1 that the ,tongue should be in its posture of rest2 and then being gently stretched forth in the ,mouth1 it may only lightly1 or not at all touch upon the utmost ,border of the lower ,teeth2 if therefore the lower ,jaw be drawn downwards1 and thereby the ,mouth be opened1 that the ,voice formed in the ,throat1 strikes not neither against the ,teeth1 nor against the ,lips1 than a plain open a is heard1 e4 i4 j4 y4 are ,dental ,vowels1 or the ,voice1 which in coming forth1 smites more or less against the ,teeth2 ,hence it is that ,infants1 although they can say ,pappa1 bo1 c4 yet can they not pronounce these ,letters until they have ,teeth1 especially the ,cutters1 or fore-,teeth2 and indeed e is formed1 when the ,voice1 7the ,lips being gently opened71 strikes against the ,teeth also moderately opened2 now the posture of the ,tongue is such1 that it somewhat presses on each side upon the ,dog-,teeth of the ,inferior ,jaw1 for so the passage of the ,voice is made narrower1 and the e much more clear4 i4 j4 and y4 are the same ,vowel1 pronounced one while more short1 and another more long1 nor doth it stand upon any ,foundation1 i sometimes doth become a ,consonant1 but then is pronounced only more swiftly1 so as together with the following ,vowel1 it can make a ,diphthong2 but i is formed after the same manner almost1 as e except that the ,teeth are for the most part1 more stricken1 and the ,tongue put close to the ,teeth1 the passage of the ,voice is rendred more strait1 whence a more smart ,sound also breaks forth1 which notwithstanding1 can sometimes be hardly distinguished from e y1 also is i pronounced longer then usually1 or i doubled4 o4 u4 w4 are ,labial ,vowels1 that is1 such as are formed by a different positure of the ,lips2 also o4 and u4 are different from one another1 just as much as e4 and i3 ,but w4 is to u4 just as j4 is to i4 for indeed a4 u4 w4 are formed1 when the ,teeth and ,tongue keep the same posture2 but the ,lips are more or less contracted1 even as the ,teeth are in e4 and i4 and so when they are less stricken1 o4 is produced1 but when a little more u4 or w42 but we ought carefully to beware1 whilst o4 or u4 are pronounced1 least the ,teeth should be seen2 for else a certain kind of a soft e4 will be mingled2 and instead of 4 or 4 there will be produced o4 or u4 ,these ,letters belong to the ,french1 au and ou1 when nevertheless they are nothing else but ,diphthongs1 also oe4 of the ,dutch is our u4 but very improperly4 ,mixt ,vowels are 4 4 4 ,these ,characters are peculiar to our ,language1 and were invented very ingeniously by our ,ancients1 though our ,moderns mostly know not the reason thereof4 ,each hath its simple ,character1 because the ,sound which they signifie1 is only one1 tho' mixt2 for a4 o4 and u4 are so pronounced1 that the passage of the ,voice1 the ,tongue and ,teeth being conjoyned for to pronounce1 e4 becomes ,straiter1 and so e4 together with the said ,letters1 a4 o4 u4 doth constitute but one only1 yet a mixt vowel4 ,the ,french utter them by ai4 eu4 and u4 and in good truth1 badly enough1 as any one may see4 ,the ,dutch want 4 4 and express them by eu4 but 4 by u4 in no better a way than the ,french4 ,concerning the ,diphthongs composed out of these ,vowels1 and which may be thence compounded1 ,i judge it needless to say much2 for they are nothing else in our ,language than a more then usual swift ,pronunciation of the ,component ,vowels1 yet successive2 and thus they differ from the mixt ,vowels1 but how improper and absurd ,diphthongs some ,nations have1 any one may easily gather from what hath been already said4 ,the other sort of ,letters are ,semi-,vowels1 which are therefore so called1 because that they be formed indeed out of a ,sounding ,breath or ,voice1 but such as in its progress is much broken4 ,they are1 as ,i said1 either ,nasalls1 or such as are pronounced through that open passage1 by which the ,nose opens into the ,hollow of the ,mouth3 ,now the ,voice is forced to go that way1 either when it flows to the ,lips shut close1 and rebounding from thence1 is formed into m2 or when the ,tip of the ,tongue is so applied to the roof of the ,mouth1 and to the upper ,teeth1 the ,voice is made to rebound through the ,nostrils1 and so n becomes formed2 or lastly1 when together with the hinder part of the ,tongue1 the ,voice being applied to the ,roof1 is so straitned that there is no ,egress left open for it1 but through the ,nose1 and so n is formed2 which is a ,sound1 which hath no peculiar ,character in any ,language1 as ,i know of1 yet it differs no less from the rest of the ,nasals1 7k7 is divers from 7t7 or 7p17 if any one desires to try this by himself1 let him endeavour to pronounce2 having his ,nose held close with his ,fingers1 one of these three ,letters1 and he will not be able to do it4 ,or else these ,semivowels are ,orall1 which are indeed such as are pronounced thro' the ,mouth1 but not so freely as are the ,genuin ,vowels1 and they be two1 7l7 and 7r27 7l7 is formed when the ,tongue is so applied to the ,roof1 and the upper ,teeth1 that the ,voice cannot1 but by a small ,thred1 as it were1 get forth by the ,sides of the ,tongue2 for if you compress the ,cheeks to the ,grinders1 you stop up the ,passage of the ,voice1 and it will be very difficult for you to pronounce this ,letter1 7r17 is a ,voice fluctuating with great swiftness1 and is formed1 when the more movable part of the ,tongue does in the twinkling of an ,eye1 oftentimes strike upon the ,roof of the ,mouth1 and as often is drawn back again from it2 for thus the ,voice formed in the ,throat1 in its pronouncing1 flows and ebbs back again1 and is uttered1 as it were by ,leaps4 ,hence it is1 that they1 whose ,tongues be too heavy and moist1 and less voluble1 will never pronounce this ,letter1 whether they can ,hear1 or are ,deaf4 ,now there still remains the ,consonants1 or the ,letters1 which are formed out of an unsounding or mute ,breath2 yet1 out of which1 some of the ,semi-vowels may be made1 as g4 ch4 s4 f4 v4 ,as the ,voice is the common matter of the ,consonants1 the sharper part of which is 7h7 which is the most simple of them all1 and out of which diversly figurated1 the rest of them are framed3 ,and they are either the ,sibilants1 which are formed out of ,breath1 which is somewhat compressed or straitned1 that the passing ,breath breaks forth with a certain kind of ,hissing1 and with violence4 ,here ,i judge that we are not to pass over in silence1 how that there are some parts in ,germany1 where there is so much of ,affinity of 7g7 with 7k17 as 7b7 has with 7p7 and 7d7 with 7t17 or where 7g7 is pronounced like 7k7 but softer1 so also the ,french do pronounce their 7g7 before a4 o4 u4 and ou4 7s7 is formed1 when the ,teeth and ,tongue are so clapt together1 that the ,breath cannot come forth1 but by the ,spaces of the ,teeth3 ,but 7f7 or 7v7 7which differs not from 7f7 in our ,language7 is formed1 when the neather ,lip is so moved to the ,teeth above1 that the ,breath must break out thro' the said ,spaces of the ,teeth2 ph4 is 7f7 being a ,stranger in the ,german ,tongue1 and differs from it only in the ,character4 ,the other kind of ,consonants are explosive2 which1 viz4 are discharged at one push1 and as it were1 in the twinkling of an ,eye and are nothing else but ,breath1 which being got close together1 either in the fore1 middle1 or hinder ,region of the ,mouth1 is discharged on a suddain2 and 7k7 is indeed formed in the hinder ,region1 when the hinder part of the ,tongue is moved to the ,roof1 that the ,breath cannot break forth1 neither by the ,mouth1 nor by the ,nose1 but is suddenly let loose again3 ,for thus the imprisoned ,breath breaks out1 and by breaking out1 maketh k4 c4 or q4 which in ,germany are all the same ,letter2 in the middle ,region are d4 and t4 formed1 when1 viz4 the ,breath1 by help of the ,tongues being moved to the ,teeth1 or ,roof1 and suddainly drawn back again1 being more or less compressed1 rusheth out by its own ,springiness1 and so d4 or t4 is made1 which only differs1 as b4 and p4 according to the more or less2 in the outermost ,region of the ,mouth are formed1 7b7 and 7p7 when1 viz4 the ,breath being compressed in the whole ,cavity of the ,mouth1 they get out through the ,lips opened4 ,lastly2 here follows those ,consonants1 which are compounded of ,hissing and ,explosion1 such are 7x7 or ks4 and 7z7 or ts4 which only are the alone anomalous or irregular ones of the ,german ,language2 for if ,i may speak what ,i think2 we might well enough want these ,characters2 yet ,i disapprove not of the use of them1 but only shew what might be more convenient1 viz4 that ,voice or ,breath which is simple1 might be expressed also by a simple ,character1 and on the contrary1 that a ,character1 which is simple and only one1 would signifie but one only ,voice or ,breath3 ,but if the commodious use of ,short-hand may be objected1 ,i would perswade to express all possible ,combinations1 of ,vowels1 with ,semi-vowels1 and ,consonants1 by simple ,characters4 ,this is what ,i determined to say concerning the ,letters1 and their ,formation2 and seeing ,i am not willing to write a ,grammar1 what might yet further be said of them1 ,i pass by2 but what ,i have performed1 ,i leave it to others to judge thereof1 not so much to teach them1 as by what is here presented to excite them1 being desirous1 as it becomes a young ,man1 to learn of them3 ,i hope they will pardon my ,errors1 because of my ,youth4 ,yet certain ,i am1 had the ancient ,hebrews1 ,greeks and ,romans1 thus describ'd their ,letters1 there would have been no contention about the manner of ,pronounciation4 ,,chap4 ,,iii4 ,teacheth the ,method its self1 by which such as are ,deaf1 and consequently ,dumb1 may learn to ,speak4 ,what hath been hitherto said may enough suffice to observant ,readers1 inasmuch as the ,fundamentals of the whole ,artifice1 are therein contained2 but least the curious should complain1 that ,i have only made their ,mouth water1 ,i shall ingeniously discover to them what in four ,years time1 wherein ,i have endeavoured to instruct some ,deaf ,persons1 ,i have observed what is worthy1 and most necessary to be known4 ,now what ,i have effected by this my ,method1 especially to the ,daughter of ,mr4 ,kolard1 a ,merchant of ,harlem1 ,i can appeal to a great part of ,holland1 and universally almost to the whole ,city of ,harlem1 and to innumerable other ,witnesses1 of all ,ranks and ,conditions4 ,the first thing which ,i require in the ,person ,i am to teach1 is1 that he be of a docible ,wit1 and not too young of age2 than that the ,organs of ,speech be rightly constituted in him2 for stupid ,persons are capable of no ,teaching1 whose ,age is yet too tender2 nor do they mind enough1 nor know how ,teaching will be for their ,use and ,benefit2 but those whose ,organs of ,speech are altogether unfit1 they may learn indeed to understand others when they speak1 and discover their own ,mind by ,writing2 but they will never learn to speak4 ,having therefore a fit subject1 my first ,care is to make him to sound forth a ,voice1 without which1 almost all labour is lost1 but that one point1 whereby ,deaf ,persons do discern a ,voice from a ,mute ,breath1 is a great ,mystery of ,art2 and if ,i may have leave to say so1 it is the ,hearing of ,deaf ,persons1 or at least equivolent thereunto1 viz4 that trembling ,motion and ,titillation1 which they perceive in their own ,throat1 whilst they of their own accord do give forth a ,voice2 that therefore the ,deaf may know1 that ,i open my ,mouth to emitt a ,voice2 not simply to yawn1 or to draw forth a ,mute ,breath1 ,i put their ,hand to my ,throat that they may be made sensible of that tremulous ,motion1 when ,i utter my ,voice2 then ,i put the same ,hand of theirs to their own ,throat1 and command them to imitate me2 nor am ,i discouraged1 if at the beginning their ,voice is harsh and difficult2 for in time it becomes more and more polite4 ,if ,i gain their ,voice1 which for the most part ,i do at the first time1 ,i soon learn them to pronounce ,vowels1 viz4 ,i bid them so to moderate the opening of their ,mouth1 whilst they do form a ,voice in their ,throat1 as ,i have said above1 concerning the ,formation of the ,vowels2 but that they may do that the more easily1 ,i hold a ,looking-,glass to them1 because they cannot from ,sight alone imitate those diverse ,motions of the ,jaws1 of the ,tongue1 and of the ,lips1 unless they had oftentimes tried it before a ,looking-,glass4 ,thence ,i learned1 that that common belief1 7that so soon as ,hearing is restored to ,deaf ,persons1 they will speak7 to be false1 for it seems not to me1 that there is so great a consent betwixt the ,organs of ,voice1 and of ,hearing1 that at the first blush they can imitate a ,voice that is heard2 but by often imitating a ,voice or ,breath received from another1 and also by hearing their own at the same time1 we find at length a likeness between both1 and after this manner we all learn to speak2 for he who learns to speak1 it is all one1 as if he did learn some other ,art2 for by a long accustoming1 the ,organs are rendered apt and pliable3 ,hence it is1 that sometimes we come not to pronounce aright ,foreign ,letters but after a long time4 ,now1 it would be well observed or considered1 that ,i presently prescribe all the ,letters to ,deaf ,persons1 or else they could not fix in their ,minds their ,idea's of them1 and ,i seldom teach more than two or three ,letters in one day1 least the ,idea's be confounded2 but ,i bid them very often to repeat them1 and to write them down as they are pronounced by me4 ,but if by chance1 as it sometimes happeneth1 that they should pronounce one ,letter for another2 ,i blame them not1 but rather commend them1 and grant with a nodd that they have satisfied me1 and forthwith ,i write down the ,character of that ,letter upon ,paper1 that they may knit together the ,idea thereof with its figure4 ,in the interim1 whilst they learn the ,vowels1 ,i very often put their ,hand to my ,throat1 that they may be accustomed to give forth a ,sound4 ,when the ,vowels are become familiar to them1 ,i go next to the ,semi-vowels1 which sometimes are more difficult1 especially the ,nasals2 for ,deaf ,persons1 unless they be taught1 never give forth the ,voice by the ,nose1 thereupon ,i begin with m4 as that which is most plain1 and easier learnt than the rest1 so that they thereby may be accustomed to give a ,sound at least thro' the ,nose2 therefore ,i bid them shut together their ,lips1 and putting their ,hand to their ,throat1 to give forth a ,voice1 and by that means they necessarily pronounce m4 and not em4 as it's vulgarly pronounced4 ,the ,daughter of ,mr4 ,kolard1 before she was committed to my ,care1 could indeed say ,pappa2 for indeed it is a little word1 which is almost born with us2 but her ,father did confess1 that he had more than #ajjj times tried in vain to make her say ,mamma1 which yet ,i ,i brought her to in a small time4 ,and now1 ,reader1 ,i commit to thee another ,secret1 viz4 that if a ,deaf ,person be committed to thee to teach1 beware that you do not teach him to pronounce together ,semi-vowels and ,consonants1 together with their annexed ,vowels2 as for example1 em4 en4 ka4 ef4 te1 c4 ,for thus they would learn neither to read1 nor rightly to pronounce any word4 ,the power and force of ,semi-vowels and ,consonants consists not in the adjoyned ,vowels1 but in a peculiar ,voice or ,breath2 and when you would have a ,deaf ,person to say ,tafel or ,swartz1 you shall hear from him nothing else but ,te4 a4 ef4 e4 el4 or ,es4 we4 a4 er4 te4 zet4 which is very uncouth1 nor can you easily mend it3 ,but by this ,method1 so soon as ever they know their ,letters1 they begin to read2 for to read is only to pronounce the ,letters successively4 ,here note well1 that in the ,schools this very thing would be of great use1 chiefly when they are taught ,languages1 whose ,letters are expressed by whole words1 as ,alpha1 ,omega1 ,gimel1 double u1 zet1 c4 ,for more time is lost1 and the desire of ,learning taken away from ,children1 before they are able to abstract the ,letters of these ,sounds1 and to connect them together in ,reading2 so that it is very much to be wonder'd at1 that this most eminent short way of reading hath hitherto lain hid in the dark4 ,the other ,nasalls u and ng have nothing peculiar1 unless it be that ,i shew the ,deaf the posture of the ,tongue in a ,looking-,glass1 and put their ,hand to my ,nose1 whereby they may be sensible1 that there comes forth thorough the ,nostrils a ,sounding ,breath4 ,when ,i teach them l4 ,i bid them to apply the ,tongue to the upper ,teeth2 but to the ,cutters1 and to the ,dog-,teeth only1 that then they may emit a ,voice thro' the ,mouth ,i make a ,sign with my ,hand2 but least1 instead of l4 they should pronounce n4 which comes to pass when the ,tongue doth so hinder the coming forth of the ,voice1 that it returns to get out by the ,nostrils2 therefore1 till they are better accustomed1 ,i gently compress the ,nostrils with my ,fingers4 ,the ,letter r is the most difficult of all the rest1 yet amongst six ,deaf ,persons1 which ,i have hitherto instructed1 four of them pronounce it with the greatest easiness2 the other two cannot form it1 but in their ,jaws2 but ,i teach them1 by moving the ,hand one while to the ,throat1 and another while to the ,mouth1 whereby they may1 as it were1 feel the subsulting and interrupted ,expulsion of the ,voice2 also ,i bid them to look often in the ,glass1 to observe the tremulous and fluctuating ,motion of the ,tongue2 but no one can expect at the first trial1 the genuin ,pronounciation of this ,letter4 ,when the ,vowels and ,semi-vowels are well inculcated into them1 the ,consonants are learnt without any trouble almost1 for they are a ,simple and ,mute ,breath1 coming forth1 either successively1 or suddenly1 according to the various ,openings of the ,mouth1 and only with putting the ,hand to the ,mouth almost1 they may all easily be learned4 h is the most simple of all1 nor is it any thing else but ,air1 which is breathed out thicker1 and more swiftly4 g or ch4 is sharper than h which ,i teach thus1 when ,i shew to my ,deaf ,patients the posture of the ,tongue in a ,looking-,glass1 and give them to feel the expiring ,breath2 it is so in like manner with s and f insomuch1 as nothing is more easie than they1 and which may most easily be learned by the fore-going ,description4 ,i can teach a ,deaf ,man1 7though he were blind7 the ,explosive ,consonants2 for if ,i cause him to feel the ,breath discharged upon him1 he would necessarily pronounce one of the three2 for ,i bid him to look simply on my ,mouth and ,tongue1 and then having put his ,hand to my ,mouth1 ,i pronounce either k4 or b4 p4 or d4 t4 and command him to do the like4 7x47 and 7z47 are pronounced no otherwise than is 7ks47 or 7gs47 7when 7g7 is an ,explosive ,consonant7 and 7ts47 wherefore ,i shall add nothing concerning them4 ,deaf ,persons are to be diligently accustomed to pronounce these ,semi-vowels1 n4 ng4 l4 r4 also the following ,consonants2 h4 g4 k4 t4 with some kind of opening the ,mouth1 else they may joyn them sometimes with certain ,vowels1 not without a notable yawning1 a discordant noise4 ,now in general1 ,winter-time is fitter almost for to instruct the ,deaf1 because then they see the ,breath coming forth from the ,mouth1 whilst ,pronounciation is in doing4 ,when therefore ,i taught any ,deaf ,person to pronounce the ,letters hitherto enumerated1 and that one by one1 ,i taught him so to utter two or three of the easiest1 that there should be interstice between them2 as for example1 ab4 am4 da4 fa4 ef4 c4 so that they might be accustomed to pronounce the ,letters successively2 then by degrees ,i use them to the more difficult ,combinations1 mutually mixing ,vowels1 ,semi-vowels and ,consonants1 and thus with little trouble they learn to read2 but if when they have read any thing1 ,i bid them look upon my ,mouth1 and to repeat the same after it hath been pronounced by me2 for thus they become by degrees to be accustomed to imitate the humane ,voice1 only by looking on2 but ,i am unwilling to tire them out with this labour1 troublesome enough1 until they have profited much1 because they may be frighted with it4 ,in the mean time we must endeavour diligently2 that when one ,consonant follows another ,consonant1 as ps4 kt4 ks4 sch4 c4 or a ,semi-vowel1 as ls4 lk4 md4 c4 that they do immediately joyn them in ,pronounciation1 least some 7i7 or 7e7 be heard between them1 which unless it be cautiously avoided1 often happens4 ,when they can read1 and in a manner understand others when they speak1 ,i treat them like new-born ,babes2 first1 ,i teach them ,nouns1 which are obvious1 as well ,substantives as ,adjectives1 so also the most necessary ,verbs and ,adverbs1 than ,declinations and ,conjugations2 but here that five-fold turning ,orb was of most excellent use to me1 it being a rich ,treasury of the whole ,german ,tongue1 which ,i found in the ,mathematical ,delights of ,swenter1 ,i augmented it1 and applied it also to the ,dutch ,idiome2 out of it may they quickly1 and with pleasure learn all possible ,combinations of ,vowels1 ,semi-vowels1 and ,consonants1 also all terminations of ,german words1 and that as well ,derivatives as ,compounds4 ,the first ,orb contains ,prepositions and small ,mono-,syllables1 with which ,nouns and ,verbs are compounded2 the second1 the ,initial ,letters2 the third1 ,vowels and ,diphthongs2 the fourth1 the ,final ,letters2 lastly1 all the ,german ,terminations4 ,but there seems to be a great difficulty1 that some ,letters1 as e4 and i4 a4 and u4 are uttered by the same opening of the ,mouth1 and consequently they must needs be confounded2 but in good truth1 it's of small moment1 because for the most part the difference is not heeded1 and the ,letters1 which according to their nature1 are by far1 more different1 are written almost after the same manner1 chiefly when they are pronounced hastily1 as m4 and n4 r4 and n4 a4 and o4 c4 which yet puts no stop to an exercised ,reader4 ,others object1 that the ,deaf thus taught1 will1 it may be1 understand no ,body but my self3 ,indeed1 this difficulty ,teems to have something of weight in it2 but we must know1 that ,menst ,men pronounce most ,letters badly alike1 and write their ,characters negligently2 but with such a one who learns to speak1 it is all one as it is with him1 who is taught to read other ,men's ,writings3 ,for first1 he can scarce read any thing but what is written by his ,master1 and then the ,writings of his ,school-fellows2 and lastly1 there is nothing which he cannot read1 tho' very badly written1 it is therefore not to be wondred at1 if those ,i teach to speak1 do at the beginning more easily understand me1 than others2 7for ,i pronounce the ,letters in their full extension7 and not lamely 7as many are wont to do7 and after that they come to understand their ,domesticks and ,familiars1 and at last1 any ,body4 ,here in the end ,i add1 that most of the ,letters may be formed1 as well by inspiring as by expiring1 which thing ,i have very much wondred at in some ,persons1 who speak out of the ,belly3 ,and once at ,amsterdam ,i heard an old ,woman speaking both ways1 and made answers to her self1 as to questions1 so as ,i would have sworn that she talked with her ,husband two or three ,paces distant from her2 for the ,voice being swallowed up in her in ,breathing1 would seem to come from far4 ,behold1 ,reader1 a small ,tract of three days2 if thou wilt offer any thing more1 right and true1 ,i will receive it with thank3 ,there are yet some other things1 viz4 how a deaf ,person may be made1 so as to be able to discern from one the other1 some ,letters pronounced by another1 as m4 from b4 n4 from d4 ng4 from k4 c4 or how the quantity of ,syllables is to be govern'd4 ,but these1 and the like1 can scarce be learnt1 but by teaching4 ,a word is enough to the ,wise4 ,,the ,,conclusion4 ,the ,author is thinking to turn this small ,treatise into the ,dutch1 and very speedily1 ,god willing1 to publish it for the good of the ,nation1 and will so adapt it to the ,idiom thereof1 as to make it to be accounted proper4 ,nothing being more in the ,authors care than that by this his slender endeavour1 he shall stir up some one to perform the like1 or at least to attempt it3 ,now if there occurs to any ,body1 any thing1 either too hard1 or not sufficiently explained1 he may expect a more full ,edition1 or else let him repair to the ,author1 who according to the ,light granted unto him1 will refuse nothing to any ,man4 ,,the ,,end4 ,books ,printed for ,tho4 ,howkins1 in ,george ,yard1 ,lumbard-,street4 ,humane ,prudence2 or the ,compleat ,states-,man4 ,address'd to the ,right ,honourable the ,earl of ,nottingham4 #j;ct4 ,price bd4 #b s4 sops ,fables1 in ,english2 adorned with many curious ,sculptures cut on ,copper ,plates1 in ,oct4 ,price ,bound1 #c s4 #f d4 ,the ,narrow ,path of ,divine ,truth1 describ'd from living ,practice1 c4 ,by ,f4,m4 ,vanbelmont1 #abs4 ,price bd4 #a s4 #f d4 ,holwell's ,trigonometry1 in ,oct4 ,price bound #a s4 ,a ,rational way of ,teaching1 whereby ,children and others may be instructed in true ,reading1 ,pronouncing and ,writing of the ,english ,tongue1 in an easier and speedier ,method1 than any hitherto ,published1 by ,j4 ,osborn1 ,sch4 ,mast4 ,oct4 ,price bound #a s4 ,mandys ,marrow of ,measuring1 in ,oct4 ,price bound #d s4 ,dr4 ,everard's ,works1 in ,oct4 ,price bound #e s4 ,the ,artless ,midnight ,thoughts of a ,gentleman at ,court1 c4 ,the second ,edition1 by ,sir ,william ,kiligrew1 in ,oct4 ,price bound1 #c s4 ,salmon's ,practical ,physick1 in ,oct4 ,price bound #e s4 ,the ,pens most easie and exact ,improvement1 teaching to spell1 read and write1 c4 ,in ,quarto ,price #a s4 ,the experienced ,instructer1 or a ,legacy left to ,posterity1 c4 ,oct4 ,price #f d4 ,the ,art of short and swift ,writing1 without any ,characters1 or ,charge to the ,memory4 ,in ,oct4 ,price #d d4 ,with ,paper1 and ,paper-,books1 ,blank-,bonds1 and ,releases of all sorts1