,,:at ,i ,,saw ,,9 ,,cali=nia    ,a     
,description ( ,its ,soil1 ,climate1    
,productions1 & ,gold ,m9es2  ) ! ,be/  
,r\tes & ,late/ ,in=mation = ,int5d+    
,emigrants4    ,by    ,,edw9 ,,bryant   
,late ,alcade ( ,san ,francisco4    ,to 
:i* is annex$1 an ,app5dix    ,conta9+  
(ficial docum5ts & lett]s au!nticat+ !  
acc\nts  ( ! quantities ( gold f\nd1 )  
its actual value asc]ta9$ by  *emical   
assay4    ,also late communications     
conta9+ acc\nts ( ! highe/ int]e/  &    
importance f ! gold di/ricts4    ,) a   
,map4    #ahdi                ,all :i*  
,i saw1 & "p ( :i* ,i 04      --,dryd54 
,,*apt] ,i4      ,geographical sket* (  
,cali=nia    ,its political & social    
in/itutions    ,colorado ,riv]          
,valley & riv] ( ,san ,joaqu9    ,=m]   
gov]nm5t    ,presidios    ,missions     
,ports & comm]ce4      ,= ! g5]al       
in=mation ( ! read]1 x w be prop] to    
give a  brief geographical sket* (      
,cali=nia1 & "s acc\nt ( its  political 
& social in/itutions1 z !y h h]et(ore   

exi/$4    ,! di/rict ( c\ntry kn[n      
geographically z ,upp] ,cali=nia is     
b\nd$ on ! nor? by ,oregon1 ! =ty-second
 degree ( nor?  latitude be+ ! b\nd>y   
l9e betwe5 ! two t]ritories2 on !  ea/  
by ! ,rocky ,m\nta9s & ! ,si]ra de los  
,mimbres1 a  cont9uation ( ! same range2
 on ! s\? by ,sonora & ,old or ,l[]     
,cali=nia1 & on ! we/ by ! ,pacific     
,ocean4 ,its ext5t f nor?  to s\? is    
ab\t #gjj miles1 & f ea/ to we/ f #fjj  
to #hjj  miles1 ) an area ( ab\t        
#djj1jjj squ>e miles4 ,a small portion  
only  ( ?is ext5sive t]ritory is f]tile 
or inhabitable by civiliz$ man1  & ?is  
portion consi/s *iefly 9 ! /rip ( c\ntry
 along !  ,pacific ,ocean1 ab\t #gjj    
miles 9 l5g?1 & f #ajj to #aej 9        
bread?1 b\nd$ on ! ea/ by ! ,si]ra      
,nevada1 & on ! we/ by  ! ,pacific4 ,9  
speak+ ( ,upp] ,cali=nia ?is /rip (     
c\ntry is  :at is g5]ally ref]r$ to4    
,! l>ge/ riv] ( ,upp] ,cali=nia is !    
,colorado or ,r$1 :i* has  a c\rse (    
ab\t #ajjj miles1 & empties into ! ,gulf

 ( ,cali=nia  9 latitude ab\t #cb       
degrees nor?4 ,b little is kn[n ( !     
region  ?r\gh :i* ?is /ream fl[s4 ,!    
report ( trapp]s1 h[ev]1 is  t ! riv] is
 canon$ betwe5 high m\nta9s & precipices
 a  l>ge portion ( its c\rse1 & t its   
banks & ! c\ntry  g5]ally ?r\gh :i* x   
fl[s are arid1 s&y1 & b>r54 ,gre5 &     
,gr& ,riv]s are its pr9cipal upp]       
tribut>ies1 bo? ( :i* rise 9  ! ,rocky  
,m\nta9s1 & )9 ! t]ritories ( ! ,unit$  
,/ates4  ,! ,gila is its l[e/ & l>ge/   
bran*1 empty+ into ! ,colorado1  j above
 its m\?4 ,sevi] & ,virg9 ,riv]s are    
also tribut>ies (  ! ,colorado4 ,m>y's  
,riv] rises ne> latitude #db degrees    
nor?1 &  has a c\rse ( ab\t #djj miles1 
:5 its wat]s s9k 9 ! s&s (  ! des]t4    
,?is riv] is n laid d[n on any map :i*  
,i h se54  ,! ,sacram5to & ,san ,joaqu9 
,riv]s h ea* a c\rse ( f #cjj to  #djj  
miles1 ! fir/ fl[+ f ! nor? & ! la/ f ! 
s\?1 & bo? empty+ into ! ,bay ( ,/4     
,francisco at ! same  po9t4 ,!y wat] !  
l>ge & f]tile valley ly+ betwe5 ! ,si]ra

  ,nevada & ! coa/ range ( m\nta9s4 ,i  
subjo9 a description ( !  valley & riv] 
,san ,joaqu91 f ! p5 ( a g5tleman 7,dr4 
,m>%7  :o has explor$ ! riv] f its s\rce
 to its m\?4    ,?is noble valley is !  
fir/ und\bt$ly 9 ,cali=nia1 & "o (  !   
mo/ magnific5t 9 ! _w4 ,x is ab\t #ejj  
miles long1 )  an-av]age wid? ( ab\t    
fifty miles4 ,x is b\nd$ on ! ea/ by !  
great ,sn[y ,m\nta9s1 & on ! we/ by ! l[
 range1 :i* 9 _m  places dw9dles into   
insignificant hills1 & has its nor!rn   
t]m9us  at ! ,/rait ( ,c>qu9es1 on !    
,bay ( ,san ,francisco1 & its  s\!rn ne>
 ! ,colorado ,riv]4    ,! riv] ( ,san   
,joaqu9 fl[s ?r\gh ! middle ( ! valley =
  ab\t half ( its ext5t1 & !nce div]ges 
t[>ds ! ea/]n  m\nta91 9 :i* x has its  
s\rce4 ,ab\t sixty miles fur!r s\?  is !
 nor!rn end ( ! ,bu5a ,vi/a ,lake1 :i*  
is ab\t "o hundr$  miles long1 & f t5 to
 tw5ty wide4 ,/ill f>!r s\?1 & ne>  !   
we/]n side ( ! valley1 is ano!r & mu*   
small] lake4    ,! great lake receives  
ab\t a doz5 tribut>ies on its ea/]n     

side1  :i* all rise 9 ! great range ( ! 
,sn[y ,m\nta9s4 ,"s ( ^!  /reams fl[    
?r\gh broad & f]tile valleys )9 !       
m\nta9's  range1 &1 f !nce em]g+1       
irrigate ! pla9s ( ! great  valley = !  
di/ance ( tw5ty or ?irty miles4 ,! l>ge/
 ( ^!  riv]s is call$ by ! ,spani%      
inhabitants ! riv] ,reyes1 & falls  into
 ! lake ne> its nor!rn end2 x is a      
well-timb]$ /ream1 &  fl[s ?r\gh a      
c\ntry ( great f]tility & beauty4 ,!    
tribut>ies  ( ! ,san ,joaqu9 are all on 
! ea/ side4    ,on asc5d+ ! /ream we    
fir/ meet ) ! ,/anislaus1 a cle>  rapid 
m\nta9 /ream1 "s =ty or fifty y>ds wide1
 ) a  consid]able dep? ( wat] 9 its l[] 
portion4 ,! ,mormons h  comm5c$ a       
settlem5t1 call$ ,new ,hope1 & built "s 
two or ?ree  h\ses ne> ! m\?4    ,!re   
are consid]able bodies ( f]tile l& along
 ! riv]1 & !  high] pla9s af=d good     
pa/urage4    ,t5 miles high] up is !    
riv] ( ! ,tawalomes2 x is ab\t !  size (
 ! ,/anislaus1 :i* x greatly resembles1 
except t !  soil is some:at bett]1 & t x

 p>ticul>ly ab\nds ) salmon4    ,"s     
?irty miles f>!r comes 9 ! ,m]c$1 mu* ! 
l>ge/ ( !  tribut>ies ( ! ,san ,joaqu94 
,! l&s along & betwe5 !  tribut>ies ( ! 
,san ,joaqu9 & ! lake ( ,bu5a ,vi/a =m a
 f9e  pa/oral region1 ) a good          
proportion ( arable l&1 & a v  invit+   
field = emigration4 ,! :ole ( ?is region
 has be5 b  imp]fectly explor$2 en\gh1  
h[ev]1 is kn[n to make x c]ta9 t  x is  
"o ( ! mo/ desirable regions on !       
cont95t4    ,9 ! valleys ( ! riv]s :i*  
come d[n f ! great ,sn[y  ,m\nta9s are  
va/ bodies ( p9e1 & r$-wood1 or c$>     
timb]1 &  ! /reams af=d wat] p[] to any 
desirable am\nt4    ,! :ole c\ntry ea/ (
 ! ,san ,joaqu91 & ! wat] communication 
:i* connects x ) ! lakes1 is consid]$1  
by ! be/ judges1 to  be p>ticul>ly      
adapt$ to ! culture ( ! v9e1 :i* mu/    
necess>ily become "o ( ! pr9cipal       
agricultural res\rces (  ,cali=nia4     
,! ,sal9as ,riv] empties into !         
,pacific1 ab\t twelve miles above       
,mont]ey4 ,be> ,riv] empties into !     

,great ,salt ,lake4 ,! o!r  /reams (    
,cali=nia are all small4 ,9 addition to 
! ,great ,salt ,lake  & ! ,utah ,lake   
!re are num]\s small lakes 9 ! ,si]ra   
,nevada4  ,! ,san ,joaqu9 is connect$ ) 
,tule ,lake1 or ,lake ,bu5a ,vi/a1 a    
%eet ( wat] ab\t eighty miles 9 l5g? &  
fifte5 9 bread?4 ,a  lake1 n laid d[n 9 
any map1 & kn[n z ! ,laguna among !     
,cali=nians1 is situat$ ab\t sixty miles
 nor? ( ! ,bay ( ,san  ,francisco4 ,x is
 betwe5 =ty & sixty miles 9 l5g?4 ,!    
valleys  9 its vic9ity are highly       
f]tile1 & romantically beautiful4 ,9 !  
vic9ity ( ?is lake !re is a m\nta9 (    
pure sulphur4 ,!re are  also soda spr+s1
 & a great v>iety ( o!r m9]al wat]s1 &  
m9]als4    ,! pr9cipal m\nta9s we/ ( !  
ea/]n b\nd>y ( ,cali=nia 7!  ,rocky     
,m\nta9s7 are ! ,be> ,riv]1 ,wahsat*1   
,utah1 ! ,si]ra ,nevada1  & ! ,coa/     
range4 ,! ,wahsat* ,m\nta9s =m ! ea/]n  
rim ( !  great int]ior bas94 ,!re are   
num]\s ranges 9 ?is des]t bas91  all (  
:i* run nor? & s\?1 & are sep>at$ f ea* 

o!r by  spaci\s & b>r5 valleys & pla9s4 
,! ,si]ra ,nevada range is (  great]    
elevation ?an ! ,rocky ,m\nta9s4 ,!     
summits ( ! mo/  elevat$ peaks are cov]$
 ) p]petual sn[4 ,?is & ! coa/  range   
run ne>ly p>allel ) ! %ore ( ! ,pacific4
 ,! fir/ is  f #ajj to #bjj miles f !   
,pacific1 & ! la/ f =ty to  sixty miles4
 ,! valley betwe5 !m is ! mo/ f]tile    
portion (  ,cali=nia4    ,upp] ,cali=nia
 0 discov]$ 9 #aedh1 by ,cabrillo1 a    
,spani%  navigator4 ,9 #aegh1 ! nor!rn  
portion ( x 0 visit$ by ,sir  ,francis  
,drake1 :o call$ x ,new ,albion4 ,x 0   
fir/ coloniz$ by !  ,spani>ds1 9 #agfh1 
& =m$ a prov9ce ( ,mexico until aft] !  
revolution 9 t c\ntry4 ,!re h be5 num]\s
 revolutions &  civil w>s 9 ,cali=nia )9
 ! la/ tw5ty ye>s2 b up to !  conque/ ( 
! c\ntry by ! ,unit$ ,/ates 9 #ahdf1    
,mexican au?ority  has g5]ally be5      
ex]cis$ ov] x4    ,! foll[+ description 
( ! political & social condition (      
,upp] ,cali=nia 9 #ahbb is extract$ &   
translat$ f a ,spani%  writ] ( t date4  

,i h ?\ght t ! extract w\ld n be        
un9t]e/+3--    ,gov]nm5t4--,upp]        
,cali=nia1 on acc\nt ( its small        
population1  n be+ able to become a /ate
 ( ! great ,mexican republic1 takes  !  
"* ( t]ritory1 ! gov]nm5t ( :i* is "u ! 
*>ge  ( a comm&ant-g5]al1 :o ex]cises ! 
*>ge ( a sup]ior  political *ief1 ^:    
attributes dep5d entirely ^u ! presid5t 
(  ! republic & ! g5]al congress4 ,b1 to
 amplify ! legislation  ( its c5tre1 x  
has a deputation made up ( sev5 vocals1 
! half (  ^! individuals be+ remov$ e   
two ye>s4 ,! sup]ior political  *ief    
presides at _! sessions4 ,! inhabitants 
( ! t]ritory are  divid$ among/ !       
presidios1 missions1 & t[ns4            
,presidios4--,! necessity ( protect+ !  
apo/olic pr$ication  0 ! obligatory     
reason = =m+ ! presidios1 :i* 7         
e/abli%$ accord+ to circum/ances4 ,t (  
,san ,diego 0 !  fir/2 ,santa ,b>b>a1   
,mont]ey1 & ,san ,francisco 7 built     
aft]w>ds4 ,! =m ( all ( !m is ne>ly !   
same1 & ?is is a  squ>e1 conta9+ ab\t   

two hundr$ y>ds 9 ea* front1 =m$ ( a    
weak wall made ( mud-bricks4 ,its height
 may be f\r y>ds 9 !  int]ior ( ! squ>e1
 & built on to ! same wall4 ,9 its      
entire  circumf]5ce are a *apel1        
/oreh\ses1 & h\ses = ! comm&ant1        
(fic]s1 & troops1 hav+ at ! entrance ( !
 presidio qu>t]s  = a corps-de-g>de4    
,^! build+s 9 ! presidios1 at ! fir/    
idea1 appe> to h  be5 suffici5t1 ! only 
object hav+ be5 = a def5ce aga9/ a      
surprise f ! g5tiles1 or wild ,indians 9
 ! imm$iate vic9ity4  ,b ?is cause hav+ 
ceas$1 ,i believe !y ought to be        
demoli%$1 z  !y are daily ?reat5+ a     
complete ru91 &1 f ! v limit$  spaces ( 
habitation1 mu/ be v incommodi\s to ^?  
:o inhabit  !m4 ,z to ! ext]ior ( !     
presidios1 sev]al private individuals  h
 built "s v dec5t h\ses1 &1 hav+ ev9c$  
great emulation  9 ?is bran* ( bus9ess1 
,i h no d\bt b 9 a %ort "t we  %all see 
v consid]able t[ns 9 ,cali=nia4    ,at !
 di/ance ( "o1 or at ! mo/ two miles f !
 presidio1  & ne> to ! an*or+-gr\nd1 is 

a =t1 :i* has a few pieces (  artill]y (
 small calibre4 ,! situation ( mo/ ( !m 
is v  advantage\s = ! def5ce ( ! port1  
?\gh ! =m ( ! walls1  esplanades1 & o!r 
imp]fections :i* may be se51 make !m v  
insignificant4    ,! battalion ( ea*    
presidio is made up ( eighty or m horse 
soldi]s1 call$ cu]a2 besides ^!1 x has a
 numb] ( auxili>y  troops & a deta*m5t (
 artill]y4 ,! comm&ant ( ea* presidio   
is ! capta9 ( its respective company1 & 
besides ! int]v5tion1  milit>y &        
political1 he has *>ge ( all ?+s relat+ 
to !  m>9e dep>tm5t4    ,missions4--,!  
missions conta9$ 9 ! t]ritory are       
tw5ty-"o4  ,!y 7 built at diff]5t epo*s3
 t ( ,san ,diego1 be+ !  fir/1 0 built 9
 #agfi2 its di/ance f ! presidio ( !    
same  "n is two leagues4 ,! re/ 7 built 
successively1 accord+ to  circum/ances &
 necessity4 ,! la/ "o 0 f\nd$ 9 ! ye>   
#ahbb1  "u ! "n ( ,san ,francisco       
,dolores1 & is ! mo/ nor!rn (  all4     
,! edifices 9 "s ( ^? missions are m    
ext5sive ?an 9  o!rs1 b 9 =m !y are all 

ne>ly equal4 ,!y are all fabricat$  (   
mud-bricks1 & ! divisions are accord+ to
 necessity4 ,9 all (  !m may be f\nd    
commodi\s habitations = ! m9i/]s1       
/oreh\ses  to keep _! goods 91          
proportional gran>ies1 (fices =         
soap-mak]s1 weav]s1 blacksmi?s1 & l>ge  
p>t]res1 & horse &  cattle p5s1         
indep5d5t ap>tm5ts = ,indian y\?s ( ea* 
sex1 &  all su* (fices z 7 necess>y at !
 "t ( its in/itution4  ,contigu\s to &  
communicat+ ) ! =m] is a *ur*1 =m+ a  "p
 ( ! edifices ( ea* mission2 !y are all 
v proportionable1  & are adorn$ )       
pr(usion4    ,! ,indians reside ab\t two
 hundr$ y>ds di/ant f !  above-m5tion$  
edifice4 ,?is place is call$ ! ran*]ia4 
,mo/ (  ! missions are made up ( v r$uc$
 qu>t]s1 built )  mud-bricks1 =m+       
/reets1 :ile 9 o!rs ! ,indians h be5    
all[$ to foll[ _! primitive cu/oms2 _!  
dwell+s be+ a sort  ( huts1 9 a conical 
%ape1 :i* at ! mo/ d n exce$ f\r y>ds  9
 diamet]1 & ! top ( ! cone may be       
elevat$ ?ree y>ds4 ,!y  are built ( r\gh

 /icks1 cov]$ ) bulru%es or grass1 9 su*
 a  mann] z to completely protect !     
inhabitants f all !  inclem5cies ( !    
wea!r4 ,9 my op9ion1 ^! ran*]ias are !  
mo/ adequate to ! natural uncleanl9ess (
 ! ,indians1 z !  families (t5 r5ew !m1 
burn+ ! old ones1 & imm$iately  build+  
o!rs ) ! greate/ facility4 ,opposite !  
ran*]ias1  & ne> to ! mission1 is to be 
f\nd a small g>rison1 )  proportionate  
rooms1 = a corporal & five soldi]s ) _! 
families4 ,?is small g>rison is q       
suffici5t to prev5t any  attempt ( !    
,indians f tak+ effect1 !re hav+ be5 "s 
examples made1 :i* causes ! ,indians to 
respect ?is small =ce4  ,"o ( ^! pickets
 9 a mission has a d\ble object2 besides
 keep+  ! ,indians 9 subjection1 !y run 
po/ ) a mon?ly correspond5ce1  or ) any 
extraord9>ies t may be necess>y =       
gov]nm5t4    ,all ! missions 9 ?is      
,cali=nia are "u ! *>ge ( religi\s  m5 (
 ! ord] ( ,san ,francisco4 ,at ! pres5t 
"t _! numb] is  tw5ty-sev51 mo/ ( !m (  
an advanc$ age4 ,ea* mission has "o (   

^! fa!rs = its adm9i/rator1 & he holds  
absolute au?ority4  ,! till+ ( ! gr\nd1 
! ga!r+ ( ! h>ve/1 !  slaught]+ (       
cattle1 ! weav+1 & ev]y?+ t conc]ns !   
mission1 is "u ! direction ( ! fa!rs1   
)\t any o!r  p]son int]f]+ 9 any way    
:atev]1 s t1 if any "o mission has  !   
good =tune to be sup]9t5d$ by an        
indu/ri\s & discreet  padre1 ! ,indians 
disfrute 9 abundance all ! real         
necess>ies (  life2 at ! same "t !      
nak$ness & mis]y ( any "o mission are  a
 palpable pro( ( ! inactivity ( its     
director4 ,! missions ext5d  _!         
possessions f "o extremity ( ! t]ritory 
to ! o!r1 &  h made ! limits ( "o       
mission f ^? ( ano!r4 ,?\gh !y  d n     
require all ?is l& = _! agriculture & ! 
ma9t5ance  ( _! /ock1 !y h appropriat$ !
 :ole2 always /rongly  oppos+ any       
individual :o may wi% to settle himself 
or 8 family on  any piece ( l& betwe5   
!m4 ,b x is to be hop$ t ! new  sy/em ( 
illu/ration1 & ! necessity ( augm5t+    
private  prop]ly1 & ! p ( reason1 w     

cause ! gov]nm5t to take  su* adequate  
measures z w conciliate ! int]e/s ( all4
 ,among/  all ! missions !re are f      
tw5ty-"o to tw5ty-two ?\s&  ,ca?olic    
,indians2 b ea* mission has n an equal  
or a proportionate  "p 9 its            
congregation4 ,"s h ?ree or f\r ?\s&1   
:il/  o!rs h sc>cely f\r hundr$2 & at   
?is diff]5ce may be  comput$ ! ri*es ( !
 missions 9 proportion4 ,besides ! numb]
  ( ,indians already spok5 (1 ea*       
mission has a consid]able numb] (       
g5tiles1 :o live *iefly on f>ms annex$  
to ! missions4 ,! numb]  ( ^! is        
undet]m9$4    ,! ,indians are naturally 
fil?y & c>eless1 & _! und]/&+  is v     
limit$4 ,9 ! small arts !y are n        
defici5t 9 ideas (  imitation b !y nev] 
w be inv5tors4 ,_! true "* is  t ( be+  
rev5geful & timid1 consequ5tly !y are v 
mu*  addict$ to trea*]y4 ,!y h no k (   
b5efits receiv$1 &  +ratitude is common 
among/ !m4 ,! education !y receive 9 _! 
infancy is n ! prop] "o to develope _!  
reason1 &1 if x  71 ,i d n believe !m   

capable ( any good impression4 ,all ^!  
,indians1 :e!r f ! cont9ual use ( !     
sweat-h\se1 or f  _! fil?9ess1 or !     
little v5tilation 9 _! habitations1 are 
weak & unvigor\s2 spasms & rheumatics1  
to :i* !y are s mu*  subject1 are !     
consequ5ces ( _! cu/oms4 ,b :at mo/     
injures  !m1 & prev5ts propagation1 is !
 v5]eal disease1 :i* mo/ (  !m h v      
/rongly1 cle>ly prov+ t _! hum\rs are   
analog\s to receiv+ ! impressions ( ?is 
contagion4 ,f ?is  reason may be d$uc$ !
 enorm\s diff]5ces betwe5 ! bir?s &     
dea?s1 :i*1 )\t d\bt1 is "o-t5? p] ye> 9
 fav\r ( !  latt]2 b ! mission>ies d all
 9 _! p[] to prev5t ?is1  ) respect to !
 cate*um5s situat$ ne> !m4    ,! g5]al  
productions ( ! missions are1 ! bre$ ( !
 l>g]  class ( cattle1 & %eep1 horses1  
:eat1 maize or ,indian corn1 beans1     
peas1 & o!r vegetables2 ?\gh !          
productions ( ! missions  situat$ m to !
 s\?w>d are m ext5sive1 ^! produc+ !    
grape & olive 9 abundance4 ,( all ^!    
articles ( production1 !  mo/ lucrative 

is ! l>ge cattle1 _! hides & tall[ af=d+
 an  active comm]ce ) =eign vessels on  
?is coa/4 ,?is be+ ! only  means !      
inhabitants1 mission>ies1 or private    
individuals h (  supply+ _! actual      
necessities1 = ?is reason !y give ?is   
bran* all ! impulse !y possibly c1 & on 
x g5]ally place all  _! att5tion4    ,x 
is n[ six ye>s s9ce !y began to ga!r 9  
hides & tall[ =  comm]ce4 ,=m]ly !y     
m]ely took c>e ( z _m or z mu* z !y     
requir$ = _! own private use1 & ! re/ 0 
?r[n away z  useless2 b at ?is "t !     
actual numb] ( hides sold annually on   
bo>d ( =eign vessels am\nts to ?irty or 
=ty ?\s&1 & ab\t  ! same am\nt ( arrobas
 7tw5ty-five p\nds7 ( tall[2 &1 9       
pursu+ _! pres5t me?od1 !re is no d\bt b
 9 ?ree or f\r  ye>s ! am\nt ( !        
exportation ( ea* ( ^! articles w be    
d\bl$4 ,flax1 l951 w9e1 olive-oil1 gra91
 & o!r agricultural  productions1 w\ld  
be v ext5sive if !re 7 /imulants to     
excite  indu/ry2 b1 ?is n be+ ! case1   
!re is j gra9 en\gh s[n  & reap$ = !    

consumption ( ! inhabitants 9 !         
t]ritory4    ,! t[ns conta9$ 9 ?is      
di/rict are ?ree2 ! mo/ popul\s  be+ t (
 ,angeles1 :i* has ab\t twelve hundr$   
s\ls2 t (  ,/4 ,joseph's ( ,guadal\pe   
may conta9 six hundr$1 & ! village (    
,branci=te two hundr$2 !y are all =m$   
imp]fectly & )\t  ord]1 ea* p]son hav+  
built 8 own h\se on ! spot he ?\ght  mo/
 conv5i5t = himself4 ,! fir/ ( ^!       
pueblos is gov]n$ by  its correspond+   
body ( magi/rates1 compos$ ( an alcalde 
or judge1  f\r regidores or municipal   
(fic]s1 a syndic1 & secret>y2 !  second1
 ( an alcalde1 two regidores1 a syndic1 
& secret>y2 & !  ?ird1 on acc\nt ( !    
smallness ( its population1 is subject  
to !  comm&ancia ( ,mont]ey4    ,!      
inhabitants ( ! t[ns are :ite1 &1 to    
di/+ui% !m f  ! ,indians1 are vulg>ly   
call$ p ( reason4 ,! numb] (  ^! conta9$
 9 ! t]ritory may be ne>ly five ?\s&4   
,^!  families are divid$ among/ !       
pueblos & presidios4 ,!y are ne>ly  all 
! desc5dants ( a small numb] (          

individuals :o came f !  ,mexican       
c\ntry1 "s z settl]s1 o!rs 9 ! s]vice ( 
! army1  & accompani$ by _! wives4 ,9 ! 
limit$ space ( little m  ?an fifty ye>s 
! pres5t g5]ation has be5 =m$4    ,!    
:ites are 9 g5]al robu/1 heal?y1 & well 
made4 ,"s ( !m  are occupi$ 9 bre$+ &   
rais+ cattle1 & cultivat+ small         
quantities ( :eat & beans2 b = want (   
suffici5t l&1 =  :i* !y _c obta9 a      
rightful own]%ip1 _! lab\rs are v       
limit$4 ,o!rs d$icate !mselves to !     
s]vice ( arms4 ,all !  presidial        
companies are compos$ ( ! natives ( !   
c\ntry1 b !  mo/ ( !m are entirely      
indol5t1 x be+ v r>e = any  individual  
to /rive to augm5t 8 =tune4 ,danc+1     
horse-rid+1 &  gambl+ occupy all _! "t4 
,! arts are entirely unkn[n1 & ,i am    
d\btful if !re is "o individual :o      
ex]cises any trade2 v few  :o und]/& !  
fir/ rudim5ts ( lett]s1 & ! o!r sci5ces 
are unkn[n among/ !m4    ,! fecundity ( 
! p ( reason is extreme4 ,x is v r>e to 
f9d a m>ri$ c\ple ) less ?an five or six

 *ildr51 :ile !re  are hundr$s :o h f   
twelve to fifte54 ,v few ( !m die 9  _! 
y\?1 & 9 rea*+ ! age ( pub]ty are sure  
to see _!  gr&-*ildr54 ,! age ( eighty &
 "o hundr$ has always be5  common 9 ?is 
climate2 mo/ infirmities are unkn[n "h1 
& !  fre%ness & robu/ness ( ! p %[ !    
b5eficial influ5ce (  ! climate2 ! wom5 
9 p>ticul> h always ! roses /amp$ on  _!
 *eeks4 ,?is beautiful species is )\t   
d\bt ! mo/ active  & labori\s1 all _!   
vigilance 9 duties ( ! h\se1 !          
cleanl9ess ( _! *ildr51 & att5tion to _!
 husb&s1  d$icat+ all _! leisure mom5ts 
to "s k9d ( occupation t  may be useful 
t[>ds _! ma9t5ance4 ,_! clo?+ is always 
clean  & dec5t1 nak$ness be+ entirely   
unkn[n 9 ei!r sex4    ,ports &          
,comm]ce4--,!re are f\r ports1 pr9cipal 
bays1 9 ?is  t]ritory1 :i* take ! names 
( ! correspond+ presidios4 ,!  be/ gu>d$
 is t ( ,san ,diego4 ,t ( ,san          
,francisco has _m  advantages4 ,santa   
,b>b>a is b middl+ 9 ! be/ "p ( !       
season2 at o!r times always bad4        

,besides ! above-m5tion$ places1        
vessels sometimes an*or at ,santa ,cruz1
 ,san ,luis ,obispo1 ,el ,refugio1  ,san
 ,p$ro1 & ,san ,juan1 t !y may obta9 !  
productions ( !  missions ne>e/ ^!      
la/-m5tion$ places2 b f an ord] s5t by  
! m9i/] ( w>1 & circulat$ by !          
comm&ante-g5]al1 we are  giv5 to und]/& 
t no =eign vessel is p]mitt$ to an*or at
  any ( ^! places1 ,mont]ey only        
except$1 not)/&+ !  comm&ante-g5]al has 
all[$ ! fir/ ?ree pr9cipal ports to     
rema9 op5 provisionally4 ,7 x n s1 !re  
w\ld und\bt$ly be  an end to all comm]ce
 ) ,cali=nia1 z ,i w quickly %[4    ,!  
only motive t induces =eign vessels to  
visit ?is coa/ is  = ! hides & tall[ :i*
 !y b>t] = 9 ! t]ritory4 ,x is  well    
kn[n1 t at any ( ^! p>ts !re is no      
possibility (  realiz+ any money1 = "h x
 does n circulate4 ,! goods import$  by 
=eign vessels are int5d$ to facilitate !
 pur*ase ( !  a=esaid articles1 well    
kn[+ t ! missions h no int]e/ 9  money1 
b r su* goods z are necess>y = !        

,indians1 s t  sev]al p]sons :o h br\ght
 goods to sell = no?+ b money  h n be5  
able to sell !m4 ,x w appe> v           
extraord9>y t  money %\ld n be          
appreciat$ 9 a c\ntry :]e its value is s
 well  kn[n2 b ! reason may be easily   
p]ceiv$ by att5d+ to !  circum/ances ( !
 t]ritory4    ,! quantity ( hides ga!r$ 
ye>ly is ab\t ?irty or =ty  ?\s&2 & !   
arrobas ( tall[1 ) v little diff]5ce1 w 
be ab\t ! same4 ,av]ag+ ! price ( ea*   
article at two doll>s1  we %all see t ! 
intr9sic value 9 annual circulation 9   
,cali=nia is #adj1jjj doll>s4 ,?is sum1 
divid$ betwe5 tw5ty-"o  missions1 w give
 ea* "o #ffff doll>s4 ,suppos+ ! only   
production ( ! c\ntry conv]t$ into      
money1 ) :at w\ld !  ,indians be clo!d1 
& by :at means w\ld !y be able to cov] a
  ?\s& o!r necess>ies8 ,money is useful 
9 amplify+ speculations2  b 9 ,cali=nia1
 z yet1 !re are no speculations1 & x    
productions are b>ely suffici5t = !     
absolute necess>y  consumption4 ,! same 
comp>ison may be made ) respect to      

private  individuals1 :o are able to    
ga!r a few hides & a few arrobas (      
tall[1 ^! be+ 9 small quantities4       
,,*apt] ,,ii4      ,leave ,new ,helvetia
 = ,san ,francisco    ,cosumne ,riv]    
,micklemes ,riv]    ,=d ( ! ,san ,joaqu9
    ,ext5sive pla9    ,tule m>%es       
,l>ge droves ( wild horses & elk        
,arrive at ,dr4 ,m>%'s    ,v9ey>d       
,cali=nian grape    ,cali=nian w9e      
,agu>dinte    ,mormon settlem5ts on !   
,san ,joaqu9    ,cali=nian beef         
,cattle    ,grasses ( ,cali=nia         
,horses    ,breakfa/    ,leave ,dr4     
,m>%'s    ,arrive at ,mr4 ,liv]more's   
,com=ts ( 8 dwell+    ,l>ge h]ds (      
cattle    ,%eep    ,sw9e    ,cali=nian  
s5ora    ,slaught]+ ( a bullock         
,fossil oy/]-%ells    ,skeleton ( a :ale
 on a high m\nta9    ,arrive at mission 
( ,san ,jos    ,ru9\s & desolate        
appe>ance ( ! mission    ,p$l>s         
,l&lady    ,fil?    ,g>d5s ( ! mission  
,fruit or*>ds    ,empty w>eh\ses &      
work%ops    ,f\l lodg+s4      ,septemb] 

#ac?4--,we comm5c$ to-day our j\rney f  
,new ,helvetia to  ,san ,francisco4 ,our
 p>ty consi/$1 includ+ myself1 (        
,colonel  ,russell1 ,dr4 ,mc,kee (      
,mont]ey1 ,mr4 ,pickett1 a travell] 9 ! 
c\ntry1 rec5tly f ,oregon1 & an ,indian 
s]vant1 :o _h be5  furni%$ u by ,capta9 
,sutt]4 ,/>t+ ab\t #c o'clock ,p4,m41 we
  travell$ 9 a s\? c\rse ov] a flat pla9
 until sunset1 &  encamp$ ne> a small   
lake on ! ran*o ( ,mr4 ,murphy1 ne> !   
,cosumne ,riv]1 a tribut>y ( !          
,sacram5to1 :i* heads ne> !  foot ( !   
,si]ra ,nevada4 ,! /ream is small1 b !  
bottom-l&s  are ext5sive & ri*4 ,mr4    
,murphy has be5 settl$ 9 ,cali=nia ab\t 
two ye>s1 &1 ) 8 wife & sev]al *ildr51  
has resid$ at ?is  place sixte5 mon?s1  
dur+ :i* "t he has erect$ a com=table   
dwell+-h\se1 & o!r necess>y build+s &   
conv5i5ces4 ,8  :eat crop 0 abundant ?is
 ye>2 & he pres5t$ u ) z mu*  milk &    
fre% butt] z we desir$4 ,! grass on !   
upl& pla9 ov]  :i* we h travell$ is br[n
 & crisp f ! annual dr\ght4 ,9  ! l[    

bottom x is /ill gre54 ,di/ance #ah     
miles4    ,septemb] #ad4--,we cross$ !  
,cosumne ,riv] ab\t a mile f our  camp1 
& travell$ ov] a level pla9 cov]$ )     
luxuriant grass1  & timb]$ ) ! ev]gre5  
oak1 until ?ree o'clock1 :5 we  cross$ !
 ,micklemes ,riv]1 ano!r tribut>y ( !   
,sacram5to1 &  encamp$ on its s\!rn bank
 9 a beautiful grove ( live oaks4 ,!    
,micklemes1 :]e we cross$ x1 is         
consid]ably l>g] ?an !  ,cosumnes4 ,!   
soil ( ! bottom appe>s to be v ri*1 &   
produces  ! f9e/ qualities ( grasses4 ,!
 grass on ! upl& is also  abundant1 b at
 ?is "t x is br[n & dead4 ,we pass$     
?r\gh  l>ge tracts ( wild oats dur+ !   
day2 ! /alks are g5]ally f  ?ree to five
 feet 9 l5g?4    ,our ,indian s]vant1 or
 vaqu]o1 feign$ sickness ?is morn+1 & we
  dis*>g$ him4 ,z soon z he obta9$ 8    
dis*>ge1 he 0 entirely  reliev$ f !     
excruciat+ agonies "u :i* he _h affect$ 
to  be suff]+ = sev]al h\rs4 ,eat+ 8    
breakfa/1 & m\nt+ 8  horse1 he gallop$  
(f 9 ! direction ( ! =t4 ,we ov]took ?is

  aft]noon an ,engli% sailor1 nam$      
,jack1 :o 0 travell+ t[>ds  ,mont]ey2 & 
we employ$ him z cook & ho/l] = !       
rema9d] (  ! j\rney4    ,a v>iety (     
autumnal fl[]s1 g5]ally ( a brilliant   
yell[1 are 9  bloom along ! beautiful & 
romantic bunks ( ! rivulet4 ,di/ance    
#be miles4    ,septemb] #ae4--,our      
horses 7 fright5$ la/ night by be>s1 &  
?is morn+1 ) ! exception ( ^? :i* 7     
picket$1 _h  /ray$ s f> t we did n      
recov] !m until t5 o'clock4 ,our  r\te  
has cont9u$ ov] a flat pla91 g5]ally    
cov]$ ) luxuriant  grass1 wild oats1 & a
 v>iety ( sp>kl+ fl[]s4 ,! soil is      
compos$ ( a ri* argillace\s loam4 ,l>ge 
tracts ( ! l& are  evid5tly subject to  
annual inundations4 ,ab\t noon we rea*$ 
a small  lake surr\nd$ by tule4 ,!re be+
 no trail = our guidance1 we  exp]i5c$  
"s difficulty 9 %ap+ our c\rse s z to   
/rike !  ,san ,joaqu9 ,riv] at ! usual  
=d+ place4 ,our man ,jack1 by "s        
neglect or mi/ake ( 8 own1 lo/ sight (  
u1 & we 7 compell$  to proce$ )\t him4  

,?is aft]noon we saw sev]al l>ge droves 
(  antelope & de]4 ,game ( all k9ds     
appe>s to be v abundant 9  ?is ri*      
valley4 ,pass+ ?r\gh l>ge tracts ( tule1
 we rea*$  ! ,san ,joaqu9 ,riv] at d>k1 
& encamp$ on ! ea/]n bank4 ,"h  we      
imm$iately made l>ge fires1 & dis*>g$   
pi/ols z signals to  our man ,jack1 b he
 did n come into camp4 ,di/ance #ce     
miles4    ,septemb] #af4--;,jack came   
into camp :ile we 7 breakfa/+1  lead+ 8 
tir$ horse4 ,he _h biv\ack$ on ! pla91  
&1 fe>ful  t 8 horse w\ld break loose if
 he ti$ him1 he held ! animal by  !     
bridle all night4    ,! =d ( ! ,san     
,joaqu9 is ab\t =ty or fifty miles f its
  m\?4 ,at ?is season ! wat] is at its  
l[e/ /age4 ,! /ream at  ! =d is probably
 "o hundr$ y>ds 9 bread?1 & our animals 
cross$ x )\t mu* difficulty1 ! wat]     
rea*+ ab\t midway (  _! bodies4 ,oak &  
small will[s are ! pr9cipal gr[? ( wood 
skirt+ ! riv]4 ,soon aft] we cross$ !   
,san ,joaqu9 ?is morn+  we met two m51  
c\ri]s1 be>+ despat*es f ,commodore     

,/ockton1  ! gov]nor & comm&]-9-*ief 9  
,cali=nia1 to ,sutt]'s ,=t4  ,ent]+ ^u !
 broad pla91 we pass$1 9 ab\t ?ree      
miles1 a small  lake1 ! wat] ( :i* 0 s  
mu* impregnat$ ) alkali z to be         
undr9kable4 ,! grass is br[n & crisp1 b 
! se$ ^u x is  evid5ce t x _h fully     
matur$ be=e ! dr\ght affect$ x4 ,!  pla9
 is furr[$ ) num]\s deep trails1 made by
 ! droves ( wild  horses1 elk1 de]1 &   
antelope1 :i* roam ov] & graze ^u x4 ,! 
hunt+ sportsman c "h enjoy 8 fav\rite   
pleasure to its fulle/  ext5t4    ,hav+ 
det]m9$ to deviate f our direct c\rse1 9
 ord] to visit  ! ran*o ( ,dr4 ,m>%1 we 
p>t$ f ,messrs4 ,mc,kee & ,pickett ab\t 
noon4 ,we pass$ dur+ ! aft]noon sev]al  
tule m>%es1 ) :i*  ! pla9 ( ! ,san      
,joaqu9 is dott$4 ,at a di/ance1 ! tule 
(  ^! m>%es pres5ts ! appe>ance ( imm5se
 fields ( rip5$  corn4 ,! m>%es are n[  
ne>ly dry1 & to %ort5 our j\rney we     
cross$ sev]al ( !m )\t difficulty4 ,a   
mon? e>li]1 ?is w\ld  n h be5           
practicable4 ,i h b little d\bt t ^!    

m>%es  w\ld make f9e rice plantations1 &
 p]haps1 if prop]ly dra9$1  !y might    
produce ! sug>-cane4    ,:ile pursu+ our
 j\rney we frequ5tly saw l>ge droves (  
wild  horses & elk graz+ quietly ^u !   
pla94 ,no spectacle ( mov+  life c      
pres5t a m animat$ & beautiful appe>ance
 ?an a h]d  ( wild horses4 ,!y 7 divid$ 
into droves ( "s "o or two  hundr$4 ,:5 
!y notic$ u1 attract$ by curiosity to   
discov] :at  we 71 !y w\ld />t & run    
almo/ ) ! fleetness ( ! w9d  9 !        
direction t[>ds u4 ,b1 arriv+ )9 a      
di/ance ( two  hundr$ y>ds1 !y w\ld     
sudd5ly halt1 & aft] b[+ _! necks  into 
graceful curves1 & look+ /eadily at u a 
few mom5ts1 )  l\d snort+s !y w\ld :eel 
ab\t & b\nd away ) ! same  lightn+ spe$4
 ,^! evolutions !y w\ld repeat sev]al   
times1  until1 hav+ satisfi$ _!         
curiosity1 !y w\ld bid u a f9al  adieu1 
& disappe> beh9d ! undulations ( ! pla94
    ,! h]ds ( elk 7 mu* m num]\s4 ,"s ( 
!m numb]$ at  lea/ two ?\s&1 & ) _!     
imm5se antl]s pres5t$1 :5  runn+1 a v   

s+ul> & picturesque appe>ance4 ,we      
approa*$ "s  ( ^! h]ds )9 fifty y>ds    
be=e !y took ! al>m4 ,beef 9  ,cali=nia 
is s abundant1 & ( s f9e a quality1 t   
game is b  little hunt$1 & n mu* priz$1 
h5ce ! elk1 de]1 & ev5  antelope are    
comp>atively v tame1 & r>ely run f !    
travell]1 unless he rides v ne> !m4 ,"s 
( ^! elk are z  l>ge z a m$ium-siz$     
,mexican mule4    ,we arriv$ at ! ran*o 
( ,dr4 ,m>% ab\t #e o'clock ,p4,m41     
greatly  fatigu$ ) ! day's ride4 ,!     
resid5ce ( ,dr4 ,m4 is romantically     
situat$1 ne> ! foot ( "o ( ! mo/ elevat$
 m\nta9s 9 !  range sep>at+ ! valley ( !
 ,san ,joaqu9 f ! pla9  surr\nd+ ! ,bay 
( ,san ,francisco4 ,x is call$ ,m\nt    
,diablo1 &  may be se5 9 cle> wea!r a   
great di/ance4 ,! dwell+ ( ,dr4 ,m4  is 
a small "o-/ory h\se1 rudely con/ruct$ (
 adobes1 & divid$  into two or ?ree     
ap>tm5ts4 ,! floor+ is ( e>?1 l ! walls4
  ,a table or two1 & "s b5*es & a b$1   
are all ! furniture x  conta9s4 ,su* are
 ! privations to :i* ^? :o settle 9 new 

c\ntries mu/ submit4 ,dr4 ,m4 is a      
native ( ,new ,engl&1 a graduate (      
,h>v>d ,univ]sity1 & a g5tleman ( f9e   
natural abilities &  ext5sive sci5tific 
& lit]>y acquirem5ts4 ,he emigrat$ to   
,cali=nia "s sev5 or eight ye>s s9ce1   
aft] hav+ travell$  ?r\gh mo/ ( !       
,mexican ,/ates4 ,he speaks ! ,spani%   
language  flu5tly & correctly1 & 8      
accurate k ( ,mexican  in/itutions1     
laws1 & cu/oms 0 fully display$ 9 8     
conv]sation  9 reg>d to !m4 ,he obta9$ !
 grant ( l& ^u :i* he n[  resides1 "s t5
 or twelve miles squ>e1 f\r or fire ye>s
 ago2 &  al?\gh he has be5 con/antly    
h>ass$ by ! wild ,indians1 :o h  sev]al 
times /ol5 all 8 horses1 & sometimes    
numb]s ( 8  cattle1 he has succe$$ 9    
p]man5tly e/abli%+ himself4 ,!  pres5t  
numb] ( cattle on 8 ran*o is ab\t two   
?\s&1 & !  increase ( ! pres5t ye> he   
e/imates at five hundr$4    ,i notic$   
ne> ! h\se a vegetable g>d51 ) ! usual  
v>iety (  vegetables4 ,9 ano!r inclosure
 0 ! comm5cem5t ( an ext5sive  v9ey>d1 !

 fruit ( :i* 7n[ ripe7 exce$s 9 delicacy
 ( flav\r  any grapes :i* ,i h ev] ta/$4
 ,?is grape is n indig5\s1 b  0         
introduc$ by ! padres1 :5 !y fir/       
e/abli%$ !mselves  9 ! c\ntry4 ,! soil &
 climate ( ,cali=nia h probably  improv$
 x4 ,_m ( ! clu/]s are eight & t5 in*es 
9 l5g?1  & weigh sev]al p\nds4 ,! fruit 
is ( m$ium size1 & 9 col\r a  d>k       
purple4 ,! r9d is v ?91 & :5 brok5 !    
pulp dissolves  9 ! m\? imm$iately4     
,al?\gh ,dr4 ,m4 has j comm5c$ 8        
v9ey>d1 he has made sev]al casks ( w9e  
?is ye>1 :i* is n[ 9  a /ale (          
f]m5tation4 ,i ta/$ "h1 = ! fir/ "t1    
agu>dinte1 or br&y di/ill$ f !          
,cali=nian grape4 ,its  flav\r is n     
unpleasant1 & age1 ,i d n d\bt1 w\ld    
r5d] x  equal to ! br&ies ( ,france4    
,l>ge quantities ( w9e &  agu>dinte are 
made f ! ext5sive v9ey>ds f>!r s\?4 ,dr4
  ,m4 in=m$ me t 8 l&s _h produc$ a     
hundr$fold ( :eat  )\t irrigation4 ,?is 
yield seems almo/ incr$ible2 b1 if we c 
believe ! /atem5ts ( m5 ( unimpea*$     

v]acity1 !re h be5  num]\s in/ances (   
reproduction ( :eat 9 ,cali=nia equall+ 
&  ev5 exce$+ ?is4    ,"s "t 9 ,july1 a 
vessel arriv$ at ,san ,francisco f ,new 
,york1  :i* _h be5 *>t]$ & freight$     
pr9cipally by a p>ty ( ,mormon          
emigrants1 numb]+ betwe5 two & ?ree     
hundr$1 wom5 & *ildr5  includ$4 ,^!     
,mormons are ab\t mak+ a settlem5t =    
agricultural  purposes on ! ,san ,joaqu9
 ,riv]1 above ! ran*o ( ,dr4 ,m>%4 ,two 
( ! wom5 & "o ( ! m5 are n[ "h1 wait+ = 
! return (  ! ma9 p>ty1 :i* has gone up 
! riv] to explore & select a  suitable  
site = ! settlem5t4 ,! wom5 are "y1     
neatly dress$1  & "o ( !m may be call$  
good-look+4 ,capta9 ,gant1 =m]ly (  !   
,u4,s4 ,army1 9 v bad heal?1 is also    
resid+ "h4 ,he has  cross$ ! ,rocky     
,m\nta9s eight times1 &1 9 v>i\s trapp+ 
excursions1 has explor$ ne>ly e riv]    
betwe5 ! settlem5ts (  ! ,unit$ ,/ates &
 ! ,pacific ,ocean4    ,! h\se ( ,dr4   
,m>% be+ fully occupi$1 we made our b$s 
9 a  %$1 a %ort di/ance f x4 ,susp5d$ f 

"o ( ! poles =m+  ! frame ( ?is %$ 0 a  
portion ( ! c>cass ( a rec5tly          
slaught]$ beef4 ,! meat 0 v fat1 !      
muscul> portions ( x  pres5t+ t m>bl$   
appe>ance1 produc$ by a mixture ( ! fat 
& lean1 s agreeable to ! sight & palate 
( ! epicure4 ,!  horn$ cattle (         
,cali=nia1 :i* ,i h ?us f> se51 are !   
l>ge/ & ! h&some/ 9 %ape :i* ,i ev] saw4
 ,!re is  c]ta9ly no bre$ 9 ! ,unit$    
,/ates equall+ !m 9 size4 ,!y1  z well z
 ! horses1 subsi/ entirely on ! indig5\s
 grasses1 at  all seasons ( ! ye>2 & su*
 are ! nutriti\s qualities ( !  h]bage1 
t ! =m] are always 9 condition =        
slaught]+1 &  ! latt] h z mu* fle% ^u !m
 z is desirable1 unless 7:i*  is (t5 !  
case7 !y are kept up at h>d "w & d5i$ ! 
privilege ( eat+1 or are brok5 d[n by   
h>d rid+4 ,! v>ieties  ( grass are v    
num]\s1 & ne>ly all ( !m are heavily    
se$$  :5 ripe1 & are equal1 if n        
sup]ior1 z food = animals1 to corn  &   
oats4 ,! horses are n z l>ge z ! bre$s (
 ! ,unit$  ,/ates1 b 9 po9t (           

symmetrical proportions & 9 capacity =  
endurance !y are fully equal to our be/ 
bre$s4 ,! di/ance we h  travell$ to-day 
,i e/imate at ?irty-five miles4         
,septemb] #ag4--,! temp]ature ( ! morn+s
 is mo/ agreeable1 &  e o!r ph5om5on    
accompany+ x is correspond+ly delightful
 to  ! s5ses4 ,our breakfa/ consi/$ (   
w>m bread1 made ( unbolt$  fl\r1 /ew$   
beef1 season$ ) *ile colorado1 a species
 ( r$  pepp]1 & frijoles1 a d>k-col\r$  
bean1 ) c(fee4 ,aft]  breakfa/ ,i walk$ 
) ,dr4 ,m>% to ! summit ( a conical     
hill1  ab\t a mile di/ant f 8 h\se1 f   
:i* ! view ( ! pla9  on ! nor?1 s\?1 &  
ea/1 & ! m brok5 & m\nta9\s  c\ntry on !
 we/1 is v ext5sive & picturesque4 ,!   
hills &  ! pla9 are ornam5t$ ) ! ev]gre5
 oak1 sometimes 9 clumps or  groves1 at 
o!rs /&+ solit>y4 ,on ! summits1 & 9 !  
gorges  ( ! m\nta9s1 ! c$>1 p9e1 & fir  
display _! tall  symmetrical %apes2 & ! 
,san ,joaqu91 at a di/ance ( ab\t t5    
miles1 is belt$ by a d5se =e/ ( oak1    
sycamore1 & small] timb]  & %rubb]y4 ,! 

h]ds ( cattle are scatt]$ ov] !         
pla91--"s  ( !m graz+ ^u ! br[n b       
nutriti\s grass2 o!rs %elt]+  !mselves f
 ! sun "u ! wide-spread+ bran*es ( !    
oaks4  ,! t\t ensemble ( ! l&scape is   
*>m+4    ,leav+ ,dr4 ,m>%'s ab\t ?ree   
o'clock ,p4,m41 we travell$ fifte5      
miles1 ov] a roll+ & well-wat]$ c\ntry1 
cov]$ g5]ally )  wild oats1 & arriv$ at 
! resid5ce ( ,mr4 ,rob]t ,liv]more j    
be=e d>k4 ,we 7 mo/ k9dly & hospitably  
receiv$1 &  ent]ta9$ by ,mr4 ,l4 & 8    
int]e/+ family4 ,aft] our mules &       
baggage _h be5 c>$ =1 we 7 introduc$ to 
! pr9cipal room 9  ! h\se1 :i* consi/$ (
 a numb] ( small adobe build+s1  erect$ 
app>5tly at diff]5t times1 & connect$   
toge!r4 ,"h we  f\nd *airs1 &1 = ! fir/ 
"t 9 ,cali=nia1 saw a side-bo>d  set out
 ) glass tumbl]s & *9aw>e4 ,a decant] ( 
agu>dinte1  a b[l ( loaf sug>1 & a pit*]
 ( cold wat] f ! spr+1 7  set be=e u1 &1
 be+ duly hon\r$1 _h a mo/ reviv+       
influ5ce  ^u our spirits z well z our   
corporeal en]gies4 ,susp5d$ f !  walls (

 ! room 7 num]\s co>se engrav+s1 highly 
col\r$ )  gre51 blue1 & crimson pa9ts1  
repres5t+ ! ,virg9 ,m>y1 & _m  ( !      
sa9ts4 ,^! engrav+s are held 9 great    
v5]ation by !  dev\t ,ca?olics ( ?is    
c\ntry4 ,9 ! corn]s ( ! room 7 two      
com=table-look+ b$s1 ) clean :ite %eets 
& pill[-cases1 a  sight ) :i* my eyes h 
n be5 greet$ = _m mon?s4    ,! table 0  
soon set out1 & cov]$ ) a l95 clo? (    
sn[y  :it5ess1 ^u :i* 7 plac$ di%es (   
/ew$ beef1 season$ )  *ile ,colorado1   
frijoles1 & a pl5tiful supply (         
tortillas1 )  an excell5t cup ( tea1 to 
! m]its ( :i* we did ample ju/ice4      
,nev] 7 m5 bless$ ) bett] appetites ?an 
we are at ! pres5t  "t4    ,mr4         
,liv]more has be5 a resid5t ( ,cali=nia 
ne>ly ?irty ye>s1  &1 hav+ m>ri$ into "o
 ( ! weal?y families ( ! c\ntry1 is  !  
proprietor ( "s ( ! be/ l&s = tillage & 
graz+4 ,an  arroyo1 or small rivulet f$ 
by spr+s1 runs ?r\gh 8 ran*o1 9  su* a  
c\rse t1 if exp$i5t1 he c\ld1 )\t mu*   
exp5se1  irrigate "o or two ?\s& acres4 

,irrigation 9 ?is "p (  ,cali=nia1      
h[ev]1 seems to be entirely unnecess>y =
 !  production ( :eat or any ( ! small  
gra9s4 ,to produce maize1  potatoes1 &  
g>d5 vegetables1 irrigation is          
indisp5sable4 ,mr4  ,liv]more has on 8  
ran*o ab\t #cejj head ( cattle4 ,8      
horses1  dur+ ! late di/urbances1 h     
ne>ly all be5 driv5 (f or /ol5  by !    
,indians4 ,i saw 9 8 corral a flock (   
%eep numb]+ sev]al  hundr$4 ,!y are (   
good size1 & ! mutton is said to be ( an
  excell5t quality1 b ! wool is co>se4  
,x is1 h[ev]1 well adapt$  to ! only    
manufacture ( wool t is c>ri$ on 9 !    
c\ntry1--co>se blankets & s]pes4 ,b     
little att5tion is paid  to hogs "h1    
al?\gh ! bre$s are z f9e z ,i h ev] se5 
else:]e4 ,beef be+ s abundant1 & ( a    
quality s sup]ior1 pork  is n priz$ by !
 native ,cali=nians4    ,! ,s5ora ,l4 is
 ! fir/ ,hispano-,am]ican lady ,i h se5 
s9ce  arriv+ 9 ! c\ntry4 ,%e 0 dress$ 9 
a :ite cambric robe1  loosely b&$ r\nd !
 wai/1 & )\t ornam5t ( any k9d1  except 

sev]al r+s on h] small delicate f+]s4   
,h] complexion is  t ( a d>k brunette1 b
 light] & m cle> ?an ! sk9 (  mo/       
,cali=nian wom54 ,! d>k lu/r\s eye1 !   
long black &  glossy hair1 ! natural    
ease1 grace1 & vivacity ( mann]s &      
conv]sation1 *>act]i/ic ( ,spani%       
ladies1 7 fully display$ by  h] f !     
mom5t ( our introduction4 ,! *ildr51    
especially two  or ?ree little s5oritas1
 7 v beautiful1 & manife/$ a  rem>kable 
degree ( sprightl9ess & intellig5ce4 ,"o
 ( !m  pres5t$ me ) a small basket      
wr\ght f a species ( t\gh grass1  &     
ornam5t$ ) ! plumage ( birds ( a v>iety 
( brilliant  col\rs4 ,x 0 a beautiful   
specim5 ( ,indian +5uity4    ,retir+ to 
b$ ab\t t5 o'clock1 ,i enjoy$1 ! fir/ "t
 = f\r  mon?s1 ! luxury ( clean %eets1 )
 a mattress & a s(t pill[4  ,my         
enjoym5t1 h[ev]1 0 n unmix$ ) regret1 = 
,i notic$ t  sev]al memb]s ( ! family1  
to accommodate u ) lodg+s 9 !  h\se1    
slept 9 ! piazza outside4 ,to h object$ 
to sleep+ 9 !  h\se1 h[ev]1 w\ld h be5  

consid]$ disc\rte\s & (f5sive4          
,septemb] #ah4--;,e>ly ?is morn+ a      
bullock 0 br\ght up &  slaught]$ 9 front
 ( ! h\se4 ,! process ( slaught]+ a beef
  is z foll[s3 a vaqu]o1 m\nt$ on a     
tra9$ horse1 & provid$  ) a lasso1      
proce$s to ! place :]e ! h]d is graz+4  
,select+ an animal1 he soon secures x by
 ?r[+ ! noose ( !  lasso ov] ! horns1 & 
fa/5+ ! o!r end ar\nd ! pommel (  !     
saddle4 ,dur+ ! fir/ /ruggles ( ! animal
 = lib]ty1 :i*  usually are v viol5t1 ! 
vaqu]o sits firmly 9 8 seat1 &  keeps 8 
horse 9 su* a position t ! fury & /r5g? 
( !  bea/ are wa/$ )\t produc+ any o!r  
result ?an 8 own  exhau/ion4 ,! animal1 
soon asc]ta9+ t he _c release  himself f
 ! rope1 submits to be pull$ along to ! 
place (  execution4 ,arriv+ "h1 ! vaqu]o
 w9ds ! lasso r\nd ! legs (  ! doom$    
bea/1 & ?r[s him to ! gr\nd1 :]e he lies
 p]fectly  helpless & motionless4       
,dism\nt+ f 8 horse1 he !n takes f  8   
legg9 ! but*]-knife t he always c>ries )
 him1 &  /icks ! animal 9 ! ?roat4 ,he  

soon ble$s to dea?1 :51 9 an  incr$ibly 
%ort space ( "t = su* a p]=mance1 !     
c>cass is  flay$ & qu>t]$1 & ! meat is  
ei!r roa/+ be=e ! fire  or simm]+ 9 !   
/ew-pan4 ,! lasso+ & slaught] ( a       
bullock  is "o ( ! mo/ excit+ sports ( !
 ,cali=nians2 & ! d>+  horseman%ip &    
dext]\s use ( ! l>iat usually display$  
on ^!  occasions are wor?y ( admiration4
 ,i c\ld n b notice !  ,golgo?a-l aspect
 ( ! gr\nds surr\nd+ ! h\se4 ,! bones ( 
cattle 7 ?ickly /rewn 9 all directions1 
%[+ a t]rible  slaught] ( ! f\r-foot$   
tribe & a prodigi\s consumption (  fle%4
    ,a c>retada ( fossil oy/]--%ells 0  
%[n to me by ,mr4  ,liv]more1 :i* _h be5
 haul$ = ! purpose ( be+ manufactur$    
into lime4 ,"s ( ^! %ells 7 eight in*es 
9 l5g?1 & (  correspond+ bread? &       
?ickness4 ,!y 7 dug f a hill two or     
?ree miles di/ant1 :i* is compos$ almo/ 
entirely ( ?is fossil4  ,sev]al bones   
belong+ to ! skeleton ( a :ale1 discov]$
 by ,mr4  ,l4 on ! summit ( "o ( !      
highe/ elevations 9 ! vic9ity (  8      

resid5ce1 7 %[n to me4 ,! skeleton :5   
discov]$ 0  ne>ly p]fect & entirely     
expos$1 & its elevation above ! level  (
 ! sea betwe5 "o & two ?\s& feet4 ,h[ ! 
huge aquatic  mon/]1 ( :i* ?is skeleton 
is ! rema9s1 manag$ to make 8 dry  b$ on
 ! summit ( an elevat$ m\nta91 m        
exp]i5c$ geologi/s  ?an myself w h]eaft]
 det]m9e4 ,i h an op9ion on ! subject1  
h[ev]2 b x is s contr>y 9 "s respects to
 ! receiv$  geological !ories1 t ,i w n 
n[ haz>d x4    ,leav+ ,mr4 ,liv]more's  
ab\t n9e o'clock ,a4,m41 we travell$    
?ree or  f\r miles ov] a level pla91 ^u 
:i* imm5se h]ds ( cattle 7  graz+4 ,:5  
we approa*$1 !y fl$ f u ) z mu* al>m z  
h]ds ( de] & elk4 ,f ?is pla9 we ent]$ a
 hilly c\ntry1  cov]$ to ! summits ( !  
elevations ) wild oats & tufts or       
hun*es ( a species ( grass1 :i* rema9s  
gre5 ?r\gh ! :ole  season4 ,cattle 7    
scatt]$ ?r\gh ^! hills1 & m sumptu\s    
graz+ !y c\ld n desire4 ,small /reams ( 
wat]1 f$ by spr+s1  fl[ ?r\gh ! holl[s &
 rav9es1 :i*1 z well z ! hill-sides1    

are timb]$ ) ! ev]gre5 oak & a v>iety ( 
small] trees4  ,ab\t two o'clock1       
,p4,m41 we cross$ an arroyo :i* runs    
?r\gh a  n>r[ gorge ( ! hills1 & /ruck  
an artificial wagon-road1  excavat$ &   
embank$ s z to af=d a passage = :eel$   
vehicles  along ! /eep hill-side4 ,a    
little f>!r on we cross$ a v rudely     
con/ruct$ bridge4 ,^! are ! fir/ signs (
 road-mak+ ,i h  se5 9 ! c\ntry4 ,em]g+ 
f ! hills1 ! s\!rn arm ( !  ,bay ( ,san 
,francisco came 9 view1 sep>at$ f u by a
 broad &  f]tile pla91 "s t5 or twelve  
miles 9 wid?1 slop+ gradually  d[n to ! 
%ore ( ! bay1 & wat]$ by sev]al small   
creeks &  e/u>ies4    ,we soon ent]$    
?r\gh a n>r[ /reet ! mission ( ,san     
,jos1 or ,/4  ,joseph4 ,pass+ ! squ>es (
 "o-/ory adobe build+s once inhabit$  by
 ?\s&s ( busy ,indians1 b n[ des]t$1    
ro(less1 & crumbl+  into ru9s1 we rea*$ 
! plaza 9 front ( ! *ur*1 & !  massive  
two-/ory edifices occupi$ by ! padres   
dur+ !  fl\ri%+ epo* ( ! e/abli%m5t4 ,^!
 7 9 good repair2 b  ! doors & w9d[s1 ) 

! exception ( "o1 7 clos$1 &  no?+ (    
mov+ life 0 visible except a donkey or  
two1 /&+  ne> a f\nta9 :i* gu%$ its     
wat]s into a capaci\s /one tr\gh4       
,dism\nt+ f our mules1 we ent]$ ! op5   
door1 & "h we f\nd  two ,fr5*m5 dress$ 9
 sailor co/ume1 ) a quantity ( co>se    
%irts1 pantaloons1 /ock+s1 & o!r small  
articles1 toge!r )  agu>dinte1 :i* !y   
design$ retail+ to su* ( ! natives 9  ! 
vic9ity z *ose to become _! cu/om]s4 ,!y
 7 it9]ant  m]*ants1 or p$l>s1 & _h op5$
 _! w>es "h = a day or two  only1 or s  
long z !y c\ld f9d pur*as]s4    ,hav+   
det]m9$ to rema9 "h ! residue ( ! day & 
! night1  we inquir$ ( ! ,fr5*m5 if !re 
0 any family 9 ! place t  c\ld furni% u 
) food4 ,!y direct$ u to a h\se on !    
opposite  side ( ! plaza1 to :i* we     
imm$iately repair$4 ,! s5ora1 a         
d>k-sk9n$ & r %rivell$ & fil?y specim5 (
 ! fair sex1  b ) a black1 sp>kl+1 &    
intellig5t eye1 met u at ! door (  !    
mis]able hovel1 & invit$ u 94 ,9 "o     
corn] ( ?is wret*$  & f\l abode 0 a pile

 ( raw hides1 & 9 ano!r a heap ( :eat4  
,! only furniture x conta9$ 7 two small 
b5*es1 or /ools1 "o  ( :i*1 be+ high]   
?an ! o!r1 appe>$ to h be5  con/ruct$ = 
a table4 ,we in=m$ ! s5ora t we 7       
travell]s1 & wi%$ refre%m5t & lodg+s = !
 night4 ,e/a  bu5o1 s5ores1 e/a bu5o1 0 
h] reply2 & %e imm$iately left  u1 &1   
op5+ ! door ( ! kit*51 comm5c$ !        
prep>ation (  our d9n]4 ,! int]ior ( !  
kit*51 ( :i* ,i _h a good view  ?r\gh ! 
door1 0 m revolt+ 9 its fil?9ess ?an !  
room 9  :i* we 7 seat$4 ,9 a %ort "t1 s 
indu/ri\s 0 our ho/ess1  our d9n]1      
consi/+ ( two plates ( j]k$ beef1 /ew$1 
&  season$ ) *ile colorado1 a plate (   
tortillas1 & a b[l (  c(fee1 0 set out  
^u ! mo/ elevat$ /ool4 ,!re 7 no knives1
  =ks1 or spoons1 on ! table4 ,our      
amiable l&lady apologiz$ =  ?is         
defici5cy ( table-furniture1 say+ t %e 0
 muy pobre  7v poor71 & possess$ none ( 
^! table implem5ts4 ,f+]s  7 made be=e  
=ks1 & 9 our rec5t travels we _h le>n$  
to  use !m z sub/itutes1 s t we f\nd no 

difficulty 9 convey+  ! meat f ! plates 
to our m\?s4    ,belong+ to ! mission   
are two g>d5s1 inclos$ by high adobe    
walls4  ,aft] d9n] we visit$ "o ( ^!4 ,!
 area ( ! inclosure  conta9s fifte5 or  
tw5ty acres ( gr\nd1 ! :ole ( :i* 0     
plant$ ) fruit trees & grape-v9es4 ,!re 
are ab\t six hundr$  pe> trees1 & a l>ge
 numb] ( apple & pea* trees1 all be>+   
fruit 9 great abundance & 9 full        
p]fection4 ,! quality ( !  pe>s is      
excell5t1 b ! apples & pea*es are       
indiff]5t4 ,!  grapes h be5 ga!r$1 z ,i 
suppose1 = ,i saw none ^u ! v9es1  :i*  
appe>$ heal?y & vigor\s4 ,! g>d5s are   
irrigat$ )  v little tr\ble1 f l>ge     
spr+s :i* fl[ f ! hills a  %ort di/ance 
above !m4 ,num]\s aqu$ucts1 =m]ly       
convey+ &  di/ribut+ wat] ov] an        
ext5sive tract ( l& surr\nd+ !  mission1
 are /ill visible1 b z ! l& is n n[     
cultivat$1 !y  at pres5t conta9 no wat]4
    ,! mission build+s cov] fifty acres 
( gr\nd1 p]haps m1 &  are all con/ruct$ 
( adobes ) tile ro(s4 ,^? h\ses or      

b>racks  :i* 7 occupi$ by ! ,indian     
families are built 9 compact  squ>es1 "o
 /ory 9 height4 ,!y are g5]ally         
p>tition$ into two  rooms1 "o front+ on 
! /reet1 ! o!r ^u a c\rt or corral 9  ! 
re>4 ,! ma9 build+s ( ! mission are two 
/ories 9 height1  ) wide corridors 9    
front & re>4 ,! walls are massive1 &1 if
  protect$ f ! w9t] ra9s1 w /& = ages4  
,b if expos$ to  ! /orms by ! decay ( ! 
project+ ro(s1 or by leaks 9 !  ma9 ro(1
 !y w soon crumble1 or s9k into %apeless
 heaps ( mud4  ,i pass$ ?r\gh ext5sive  
w>eh\ses & imm5se rooms1 once occupi$  =
 ! manufacture ( wooll5 blankets & o!r  
articles1 ) !  rude ma*9]y /ill /&+ 9   
!m1 b unemploy$4 ,fil? &  desolation h  
tak5 ! place ( cleanl9ess & busy life4  
,!  gran>y 0 v capaci\s1 & its dim5sions
 7 an evid5ce ( !  exub]ant f]tility ( !
 soil1 :5 prop]ly cultivat$ "u !        
sup]9t5d5ce ( ! padres4 ,! calaboose is 
a mis]able d>k room  ( two ap>tm5ts1 "o 
) a small loop-hole 9 ! wall1 ! o!r a   
dungeon )\t light or v5tilation4 ,!     

/ocks1 & sev]al o!r  inv5tions = !      
puni%m5t ( (f5d]s1 are /ill /&+ 9 ?is   
prison4 ,i reque/$ p]mission to exam9e !
 int]ior ( ! *ur*1  b x 0 lock$ up1 & no
 p]son 9 ! mission 0 9 possession (  !  
key4 ,its l5g? ,i %\ld suppose is f "o  
hundr$ to "o hundr$  & tw5ty feet1 & its
 bread? betwe5 ?irty & =ty1 ) small     
ext]ior pret5sions to ar*itectural      
ornam5t or symmetry (  proportions4     
,return+ f our rambles ab\t ! mission1  
we f\nd t our  l&lady _h be5 re9=c$ by  
an eld]ly woman1 :om %e introduc$  z mi 
madre1 & two or ?ree ,indian mu*a*as1 or
 girls1 clad 9  a co/ume n diff]+ mu* f 
t ( our "m ,eve4 ,! latt]  7 obese 9 _! 
figures1 & ! m+l$ p]spiration & fil?    
/&+ ^u _! sk9s 7 any ?+ b agreeable to !
 eye4 ,!  two s5oras1 ) ^! h&maids ne>  
!m1 7 sitt+ 9 front (  ! h\se1 busily   
engag$ 9 execut+ "s ne$lework4    ,supp]
 be+ prep>$ & discuss$1 our l&lady in=m$
 u t %e  _h a husb&1 :o 0 abs5t1 b w\ld 
return 9 ! c\rse ( !  night1 &1 if he   
f\nd /range m5 9 ! h\se1 he w\ld be mu* 

(f5d$ ) h]4 ,%e _h !re=e direct$ h]     
mu*a*as to sweep  out "o ( ! des]t$ &   
half-ru9$ rooms on ! opposite squ>e1  to
 :i* we c\ld remove our baggage1 & 9 :i*
 we c\ld lodge  dur+ ! night2 & z soon z
 ! necess>y prep>ations 7 made1  we     
retir$ to our dismal ap>tm5t4 ,! comp\nd
 ( villan\s smells  :i* salut$ our      
no/rils :5 we ent]$ our dormitory = !   
night  augur$ unfav\rably = repose4 ,!  
place _h evid5tly be5 ! abode  ( horses1
 cattle1 pigs1 & f\l v]m9 ( e           
description4 ,b )  ! aid ( a d>k-col\r$ 
tall[-c&le1 :i* gave j light en\gh  to  
display ! murk9ess & fil? surr\nd+ u1 we
 spread our b$s  9 ! cleane/ places1 &  
laid d[n to re/4 ,di/ance travell$1 #ah 
miles4          ,,*apt] ,,iii4          
,armies ( fleas    ,leave ! mission     
,clov]    ,wild mu/>d    ,a c>reta      
,family travell+    ,arrive at ,pueblo  
de ,san ,jos    ,capt4 ,fi%]            
,description ( ! ,pueblo    ,! emb>cad]o
    ,beautiful & f]tile valley ( !      
,pueblo    ,abs5ce ( ar*itectural ta/e 9

 ,cali=nia    ,t[n squirrels    ,fruit  
g>d5    ,grapes    ,tropical fruits     
,gam+ rooms    ,contra/ betwe5 ,cali=nia
 & ,am]ican game/]s    ,leave ,san ,jos 
,beautiful av5ue    ,mission ( ,santa   
,cl>a    ,ri* b neglect$ l&s    ,effects
 ( a bad gov]nm5t    ,a s5ora on !      
road-side    ,k9dness ( ,cali=nian wom5 
,fa/ rid+    ,cruel treatm5t ( horses   
,arrive at ! mission ( ,san ,francisco  
,a poor b hospitable family    ,arrive  
at ! t[n ( ,san ,francisco    ,w4,a4    
,leidesdorff1 ,esq41 ,am]ican           
vice-consul    ,fir/ view ( ! bay ( ,san
 ,francisco    ,mu*a*os & ,mu*a*as      
,capt4 ,montgom]y    ,u4,s4 sloop-(-w>1 
,portsm\?    ,t[n ( ,san ,francisco2 its
 situation1 appe>ance1 population       
,comm]ce ( ,cali=nia    ,extortion ( !  
gov]nm5t & trad]s4      ,septemb]       
#ai4--,sev]al ,cali=nians came into !   
mission dur+ !  night or e>ly ?is morn+2
 among !m ! husb& ( our ho/ess1 :o  0 v 
k9d & cordial 9 8 greet+s4    ,:ile our 
man ,jack 0 saddl+ & pack+ ! mules1 !y  

ga!r$  ar\nd u to ! numb] ( a doz5 or m1
 & 7 desir\s (  trad+ _! horses =       
articles ( clo?+2 articles :i* _m (  !m 
appe>$ to /& greatly 9 ne$ (1 b :i* we  
_h n to "p  f4 ,_! p]t9acity exce$$ !   
b\nds ( civility1 z ,i ?\ght2  b ,i 0 n 
9 a good hum\r1 = ! fleas1 bugs1 & o!r  
v]m91  :i* infe/$ our mis]able lodg+s1  
_h caus$ me a sleepless night1  by gor+ 
my body until ! blood ooz$ f ! sk9 9    
c\ntless  places4 ,^! ru9\s missions are
 prolific g5]ators1 & !  nurs]ies ( v]m9
 ( all k9ds1 z ! hapless travell] :o    
t>ries  9 !m a few h\rs w le>n to 8     
sorr[4 ,:5 ^! blood?ir/y  assailants    
once make a lodgm5t 9 ! clo?+ or b$d+ ( 
!  un=tunate victim ( _! attacks1 su*   
are _! c\rage &  p]sev]ance1 t !y nev]  
capitulate4 ,blood or dea? is _!        
motto2--! w> aga9/ !m1 to be successful1
 mu/ be a w> (  ext]m9ation4    ,poor z 
our ho/ess 01 %e nev]!less 0 reluctant  
to receive any  comp5sation = h]        
hospitality4 ,we1 h[ev]1 insi/$ ^u h]   
receiv+ a doll> f ea* ( u 7dos pesos71  

:i* %e f9ally  accept$2 & aft] %ak+ u   
cordially by ! h& %e bade u an          
affectionate adios1 & we proce$$ on our 
j\rney4    ,f ! ,mission ( ,san ,jos to 
! ,pueblo ( ,san ,jos1 ! di/ance is     
fifte5 miles1 = ! mo/ "p ov] a level &  
highly f]tile pla91  produc+ a v>iety ( 
indig5\s grasses1 among :i* ,i notic$   
sev]al species ( clov] & mu/>d1 l>ge    
tracts ( :i* we rode  ?r\gh1 ! /alks    
v>y+ f six to t5 feet 9 height4 ,! pla9 
is wat]$ by sev]al arroyos1 skirt$ )    
timb]1 g5]ally !  ev]gre5 oak4    ,we   
met ?is morn+ a ,cali=nian c>reta1 or   
travell+-c>t1  freight$ ) wom5 & *ildr51
 b\nd on a pleasure excursion4 ,!       
c>reta is ! rude/ specim5 ( ! :eel$     
vehicle ,i h se54  ,! :eels are         
transv]se sections ( a log1 & are       
usually ab\t  #b-a_/b feet 9 diamet]1 & 
v>y+ 9 ?ickness f ! c5tre to !  rim4 ,^!
 :eels are c\pl$ toge!r by an axletree1 
into :i* a  tongue is ins]t$4 ,on !     
axletree & tongue re/s a frame1         
con/ruct$ ( squ>e pieces ( timb]1 six or

 eight feet 9 l5g?1  & f\r or five 9    
bread?1 into :i* are ins]t$ a numb] (   
/akes  ab\t1 f\r feet 9 l5g?4 ,?is      
frame-"w be+ cov]$ & floor$  ) raw      
hides1 ! c>riage is complete4 ,! c>reta 
:i* we met  0 drawn by two yokes ( ox51 
driv5 by an ,indian vaqu]o1 m\nt$ on  a 
horse4 ,9 ! re> 7 two caball]os1 rid+   
f9e spirit$  horses1 ) gaudy trapp+s4   
,!y 7 dress$ 9 /eeple-cr[n$  glaz$      
sombr]os1 s]apes ( fi]y col\rs1 velvet  
7cotton7  calzon]os1 :ite cambric       
calzoncillos1 & legg9s & %oes (         
undress$ lea!r4 ,_! spurs 7 ( imm5se    
size4    ,! p>ty halt$ z soon z we met  
!m1 ! m5 t\*+ _! heavy  sombr]os1 &     
utt]+ ! usual salutation ( ! morn+1     
,bu5os  dios1 s5ores1 & %ak+ h&s ) u v  
cordially4 ,! same  salutation 0 repeat$
 by all ! s5oras & s5oritas 9 !  c>reta4
 ,9 dress & p]sonal appe>ance ! wom5 (  
?is p>ty  7 mu* inf]ior to ! m54 ,_!    
sk9s 7 d>k1 sall[1 &  %rivell$2 & _!    
co/ume1 a loose g[n & reboso1 7 made (  
v common mat]ials4 ,! *ildr51 h[ev]1 7  

all h&some1 )  sp>kl+ eyes & ruddy      
complexions4 ,wom5 & *ildr5 7 seat$1    
la ,turque1 on ! bottom ( ! c>reta1 !re 
be+ no rais$  seats 9 ! vehicle4    ,we 
arriv$ at ! ,pueblo d ,san ,jos ab\t    
twelve o'clock4 ,!re be+  no hotels 9   
,cali=nia1 we 7 mu* at a loss :]e to    
apply =  refre%m5ts & lodg+s = ! night4 
,soon1 h[ev]1 we 7 met by  ,capta9      
,fi%]1 a native ( ,massa*usetts1 b a    
resid5t ( ?is  c\ntry = tw5ty ye>s or m1
 :o invit$ u to 8 h\se4 ,we 7  mo/      
civilly receiv$ by ,s5ora ,f41 :o1      
al?\gh %e did n speak  ,engli%1 seem$ to
 und]/& x v well4 ,%e is a native ( !   
s\!rn ,pacific coa/ ( ,mexico1 & a lady 
( f9e mann]s &  p]sonal appe>ance4 ,h]  
olde/ daught]1 ab\t ?irte5 ye>s ( age1  
is v beautiful4 ,an excell5t d9n] 0 soon
 set out1 ) a v>iety  ( ! native w9es ( 
,cali=nia & o!r liquors4 ,we c\ld n h   
felt ourselves m happy & m at home1 ev5 
at our own firesides  & 9 ! mid/ ( our  
own families4    ,! ,pueblo de ,san ,jos
 is a village conta9+ "s six or eight   

hundr$ inhabitants4 ,x is situat$ 9 :at 
is call$ ! ,pueblo  ,valley1 ab\t fifte5
 miles s\? ( ! s\!rn %ore ( ! ,bay (    
,san ,francisco4 ,?r\gh a navigable     
creek1 vessels ( consid]able  burd5 c   
approa* ! t[n )9 a di/ance ( five or six
 miles4  ,! emb>cad]o1 or l&+1 ,i ?9k1  
is six miles f ! ,pueblo4  ,! f]tile    
pla9 betwe5 ?is & ! t[n1 at c]ta9       
seasons ( !  ye>1 is sometimes inundat$4
 ,! ,pueblo ,valley1 :i* is eighty or   
"o hundr$ miles 9 l5g?1 v>y+ f t5 to    
tw5ty 9 bread?1 is  well wat]$ by ! ,rio
 ,santa ,cl>a & num]\s arroyos1 & is "o 
( ! mo/ f]tile & picturesque pla9s 9    
,cali=nia4 ,= pa/oral  *>ms1 f]tility ( 
soil1 v>iety ( productions1 & delici\s  
voluptu\sness ( climate & sc5]y1 x _c be
 surpass$4 ,?is  valley1 if prop]ly     
cultivat$1 w\ld alone produce bread/uffs
 en\gh  to supply millions ( population4
 ,! build+s ( ! ,pueblo1 ) few          
exceptions1 are con/ruct$ ( adobes1 &   
none ( !m h ev5 !  smalle/ pret5sions to
 ar*itectural ta/e or beauty4 ,! *ur*1  

:i* is situat$ ne> ! c5tre ( ! t[n1     
ext]iorly resembles a  huge ,dut* b>n4  
,! /reets are irregul>1 e man hav+      
erect$  8 h\se 9 a position mo/ conv5i5t
 to him4 ,aqu$ucts convey wat]  f !     
,santa ,cl>a ,riv] to all p>ts ( ! t[n4 
,9 ! ma9 plaza  hundr$s1 p]haps ?\s&s1 (
 squirrels1 ^: abodes are "u  gr\nd1 h  
_! resid5ces4 ,!y are ( a br[ni% col\r1 
& ab\t  ! size ( our common gray        
squirrel4 ,em]g+ f _! subt]rane\s       
abodes1 !y skip & leap ab\t ov] ! plaza 
)\t ! lea/  conc]n1 no "o mole/+ !m4    
,! population ( ! place is compos$      
*iefly ( native ,cali=nian              
l&-proprietors4 ,_! ran*os are 9 !      
valley1 b _! resid5ces  & g>d5s are 9 ! 
t[n4 ,we visit$ ?is aft]noon ! g>d5 (   
,s5or ,don ,antonio ,sugnol4 ,he receiv$
 u ) mu* polit5ess1 &  conduct$ u ?r\gh 
8 g>d54 ,apples1 pe>s1 pea*es1 figs1    
oranges1  & grapes1 ) o!r fruits :i* ,i 
d n n[ recollect1 7  gr[+ & rip5+4 ,!   
grape-v9es 7 b[$ to ! gr\nd ) !         
luxuriance arid weight ( ! yield2 & m   

delici\s fruit ,i nev]  ta/$4 ,f ! g>d5 
we cross$ ov] to a fl\r+-mill rec5tly   
erect$ by a son-9-law ( ,don ,antonio1 a
 ,fr5*man by bir?4 ,! mill  is a        
cr$itable ent]prise to ! proprietor1 &  
he w co9 money  f its op]ations4    ,!  
,pueblo de ,san ,jos is "o ( ! olde/    
settlem5ts 9 ,alta  ,cali=nia4 ,capta9  
,fi%] po9t$ out to me a h\se built (    
adobes1  :i* has be5 /&+ betwe5 #hj &   
#ij ye>s1 & no h\se 9 !  place appe>$ to
 be m sub/antial or 9 bett] repair4 ,a  
g>rison1  compos$ ( m>9es f ! ,unit$    
,/ates' %ips1 & volunte]s  enli/$ f !   
,am]ican settl]s 9 ! c\ntry1 is n[      
/ation$  "h4 ,! po/ is "u ! comm& (     
,purs] ,watm\gh1 ( ! ,unit$  ,/ates     
sloop-(-w> ,portsm\?1 comm&$ by ,capta9 
,montgom]y4 ,dur+  ! ev5+ ,i visit$     
sev]al public places 7b>-rooms71 :]e ,i 
saw  m5 & wom5 engag$ promiscu\sly at ! 
game ( monte4 ,gambl+ is  a univ]sal    
vice 9 ,cali=nia4 ,all classes & bo?    
sexes p>ticipate  9 its excitem5ts to "s
 ext5t4 ,! games1 h[ev]1 :ile ,i 0      

pres5t1 7 conduct$ ) great propriety &  
decorum s f> z !  native ,cali=nians 7  
conc]n$4 ,! l\d swe>+ & o!r  turbul5t   
demon/rations g5]ally proce$$ f !       
unsuccessful  =eign]s4 ,i c\ld n b      
obs]ve ! contra/ betwe5 ! two races  9  
?is respect4 ,! "o bore _! losses )     
/oical composure &  indiff]5ce2 ! o!r   
ann\nc$ ea* unsuccessful bet ) pr(ane   
imprecations & mal$ictions4 ,excitem5t  
prompt$ ! haz>ds ( !  =m]1 av>ice !     
latt]4    ,septemb] #bj4--,! morn+ 0    
cl\dy & cool2 b ! cl\ds broke  away ab\t
 n9e o'clock1 & ! sun %one f a vap\rless
 sky1 z  usual4 ,we met1 at ! ,pueblo1  
,mr4 ,grove ,cook1 a native ( ,g]r>d    
c\nty1 ,ky41 b = _m ye>s a resid5t (    
,cali=nia4 ,he is !  proprietor ( a     
ran*o 9 ! vic9ity4 ,we det]m9$ to leave 
our  mules 9 *>ge ( ,mr4 ,cook's vaqu]o1
 & proce$ to ,san ,francisco on  hir$   
horses4 ,! di/ance f ! ,pueblo de ,san  
,jos to ,san ,francisco  is call$ sixty 
miles4 ,! "t occupi$ 9 p]=m+ ! j\rney1  
on  ,cali=nian horses at ,cali=nian     

spe$1 is g5]ally six or sev5  h\rs4     
,procur+ horses = ! j\rney1 & leav+ our 
baggage1 )  ! exception ( a *ange (     
clo?+1 we left ! ,pueblo ab\t elev5     
o'clock ,a4,m4    ,! mission ( ,santa   
,cl>a is situat$ ab\t two & a half miles
 f  ! t[n4 ,a broad alam$a1 %ad$ by     
/ately trees 7elms &  will[s71 plant$ by
 ! padres1 ext5ds ne>ly ! entire        
di/ance1  =m+ a mo/ beautiful drive or  
walk = eque/rians or p$e/rians4  ,!     
motive ( ! padres 9 plant+ ?is av5ue 0  
to af=d !  dev\t s5oras & s5oritas a    
%ade f ! sun1 :5 walk+ f  ! ,pueblo to !
 *ur* at ! mission to att5d mass4 ,a few
 m9utes  ov] ! smoo? level road1 at !   
rapid spe$ ( our fre% ,cali=nian        
horses1 br\ght u to ! mission1 :]e we   
halt$ to make our  obs]vations4 ,?is    
mission is n s ext5sive 9 its build+s z 
t  ( ,san ,jos1 b ! h\ses are g5]ally 9 
bett] repair4 ,!y are  con/ruct$ (      
adobes2 ! *ur* 0 op51 &1 ent]+ !        
int]ior1  ,i f\nd ! walls hung ) co>se  
pa9t+s & engrav+s ( !  sa9ts1 etc41 etc4

 ,! *ancel decorat$ ) num]\s images1 &  
symbolical ornam5ts us$ by ! prie/s 9 _!
 wor%ip4 ,gold-pap]1  & t9sel1 9 b>b>ic 
ta/e1 are pla/]$ )\t /9t ^u ne>ly  e    
object t meets ! eye1 s t1 :5 on fe/ive 
occasions !  *ur* is light$1 x mu/      
pres5t a v glitt]+ appe>ance4    ,! ri* 
l&s surr\nd+ ! mission are entirely     
neglect$4 ,i did  n notice a foot (     
gr\nd "u cultivation1 except ! g>d5     
inclosure1 :i* conta9$ a v>iety ( fruits
 & plants ( !  temp]ate & tropical      
climates4 ,f want ( c>e ^! are fa/      
decay+4 ,"s excell5t pe>s 7 furni%$ u by
 ,mrs4 ,b5nett1 an  ,am]ican lady1 (    
,amazonian proportions1 :o1 ) h] family 
( sons1  has tak5 up h] resid5ce 9 "o ( 
! build+s ( ! mission4 ,!  picture (    
decay & ru9 pres5t$ by ?is once fl\ri%+ 
e/abli%m5t1 surr\nd$ by a c\ntry s      
f]tile & sc5]y s  en*ant+1 is a mo/     
melan*oly spectacle to ! pass+ travell]1
  & speaks a language ( l\d condemnation
 aga9/ ! gov]nm5t4    ,proce$+ on our   
j\rney1 we travell$ fifte5 miles ov] a  

flat  pla91 timb]$ ) groves & p>ks (    
ev]gre5 oaks1 & cov]$  ) a great v>iety 
( grasses1 wild oats1 & mu/>d4 ,s rank  
is !  gr[? ( mu/>d 9 _m places1 t x is )
 difficulty t a  horse c p5etrate ?r\gh 
x4 ,num]\s birds flitt$ f tree to  tree1
 mak+ ! groves musical ) _! h>moni\s    
notes4 ,!  black-tail$ de] b\nd$        
frequ5tly across our pa?1 & ! lurk+  &  
/eal?y coyotes 7 cont9ually 9 view4 ,we 
halt$ at a small  cab91 ) a corral ne>  
x1 9 ord] to brea! our horses1 &  refre%
 ourselves4 ,capta9 ,fi%] _h k9dly fill$
 a small sack )  bread1 *eese1 roa/$    
beef1 & a small jug ( excell5t s*i$am4  
,ent]+ ! cab91 ! int]ior ( :i* 0        
cleanly1 we f\nd a  solit>y woman1 "y1  
neatly dress$1 & display+ _m p]sonal    
*>ms4 ,) ! *>act]i/ic ease & grace ( a  
,spani% woman1 %e  gave ! usual         
salutation = ! h\r ( ! day1 ,bu5as      
t>des1  s5ores caball]os2 to :i* we     
respond$ by a suitable salutation4  ,we 
reque/$ ( our ho/ess "s wat]1 :i* %e    
furni%$ u  imm$iately1 9 an e>!n b[l4   

,op5+ our sack ( provisions1 we  spread 
!m ^u ! table1 & invit$ ! s5ora to      
p>take ( !m  ) u1 :i* invitation %e     
accept$ )\t ! slighte/  hesitation1 & ) 
mu* good-nature1 vivacity1 & ev5        
?ankfulness  = our polit5ess4 ,!re are  
no wom5 9 ! _w = ^: mann]s  nature has  
done s mu*1 & = :om art & education1 9  
?is  respect1 h done s little1 z ^!     
,hispano-,am]ican females on !  coa/ ( !
 ,pacific4 ,9 _! deportm5t t[>ds /rang]s
 !y are  que5s1 :51 9 co/ume1 !y are    
peasants4 ,none ( !m1 accord+ to  our   
ta/es1 c be call$ beautiful2 b :at !y   
want 9 complexion  & regul>ity ( feature
 is fully suppli$ by _! k9dl9ess1 !  s\l
 & sympa?y :i* beam f _! d>k eyes1 & _! 
grace &  w>m? ( mann]s & expression4    
,:ile enjoy+ ! pic-nic ) our agreeable  
ho/ess1 a caballada  0 driv5 into !     
corral by two vaqu]os1 & two g5tlem5    
soon  aft] came into ! h\se4 ,!y 7      
,messrs4 ,lightson & ,murphy1 f  !      
,pueblo1 b\nd = ,san ,francisco1 & _h   
/opp$ to *ange _!  horses4 ,we          

imm$iately made ready to accompany !m1 &
 7 soon on  ! road aga91 travell+ at    
racehorse spe$2 ^! g5tlem5 hav+  furni%$
 u ) a *ange ( horses1 9 ord] t we might
 be able to  keep up ) !m4    ,to acc\nt
 = ! fa/ travell+ 9 ,cali=nia on        
horseback1 x is  necess>y to expla9 !   
mode by :i* x is accompli%$4 ,a g5tleman
  :o />ts ^u a j\rney ( "o hundr$ miles1
 & wi%es to p]=m  ! trip 9 a day1 w take
 ) him t5 fre% horses & a vaqu]o4  ,!   
eight loose horses are plac$ "u ! *>ge (
 ! vaqu]o1  & are driv5 9 front1 at !   
rate ( t5 or twelve miles an h\r1       
accord+ to ! spe$ t is requir$ = !      
j\rney4 ,at ! end (  tw5ty miles1 !     
horses :i* h be5 rode are dis*>g$ &     
turn$  into ! caballada1 & horses :i* h 
n be5 rode1 b driv5  along )\t weight1  
are saddl$ & m\nt$ & rode at ! same     
spe$1 & s on to ! end ( ! j\rney4 ,if a 
horse gives out f  inability to proce$  
at ?is gait1 he is left on ! road4 ,!   
own]'s  br& is on him1 &1 if ( any      
value1 he c be recov]$ )\t  difficulty4 

,b 9 ,cali=nia no "o ?9ks ( /opp+ on !  
road1 on  acc\nt ( ! loss ( a horse1 or 
8 inability to travel at ! rate  ( t5 or
 twelve miles an h\r4 ,horsefle% is     
*eap1 & ! animal  mu/ g z long z he c1 &
 :5 he _c travel long] he is left1  &   
ano!r horse is sub/itut$4    ,tw5ty-five
 miles1 at a rapid gait ov] a level &   
f]tile pla91  br\ght u to ! ran*o ( ,don
 ,francisco ,san*ez1 :]e we halt$ to    
*ange horses4 ,brea?+ our animals a %ort
 "t1 we resum$ our  j\rney1 & rea*$ !   
mission ( ,san ,francisco ,dolores1 ?ree
 miles  f ! t[n ( ,san ,francisco1 j    
aft] sunset4 ,betwe5 ! mission  & ! t[n 
! road is v s&y1 & we det]m9$ to rema9  
"h  = ! night1 corral+ ! loose animals1 
& picket+ ^? we  rode4 ,x 0 "s "t1      
h[ev]1 be=e we c\ld f9d a h\se to lodge 
94 ,! =eign occupants ( ! mission       
build+s1 to :om we appli$  =            
accommodations = ! night1 gave u no     
satisfaction4 ,aft]  sev]al             
applications1 we 7 at la/ accommodat$ by
 an old & v  poor ,cali=nian ,spani>d1  

:o inhabit$ a small h\se 9 "o ( !  ru9\s
 squ>es1 =m]ly occupi$ by ! op]ative    
,indians4 ,all t he  _h 7& x 0 b little7
 0 at our disposal4 ,a m mis]able  supp]
 ,i nev] sat d[n to2 b ! _s ( g5u9e     
hospitality 9  :i* x 0 giv5 imp>t$ to ! 
poor vi&s a flav\r t r5d]$  ! ent]ta9m5t
 almo/ sumptu\s--9 my imag9ation4 ,a cup
 ( wat]  *e]fully giv5 to ! we>y & ?ir/y
 travell]1 by him :o has no  m to "p )1 
is wor? a cask ( w9e grudg+ly be/[$ by !
  /+y or ! o/5tati\s *url4 ,not)/&+ we  
pref]r$ sleep+  on our own blankets1 ^! 
poor p w\ld n suff] u to d x1  b spread 
_! own pallets on ! e>? floor ( _!      
mis]able hut1  & insi/$ s /rongly ^u our
 occupy+ !m1 t we c\ld n  refuse4       
,septemb] #ba4--,we rose at daylight4 ,!
 morn+ 0 cle>1 & our  horses 7 %iv]+ ) !
 cold4 ,! mission ( ,san ,francisco is  
situat$ at ! nor!rn t]m9us ( ! f]tile   
pla9 ov] :i* we  travell$ ye/]day1 & at 
! foot1 on ! ea/]n side1 ( ! coa/  range
 ( m\nta9s4 ,^! m\nta9s are (           
consid]able elevation4 ,!  %ore ( ! ,bay

 ( ,san ,francisco is ab\t two miles    
di/ant f !  mission4 ,an arroyo wat]s ! 
mission l&s1 & empties into !  bay4 ,!  
*ur* ( ! mission1 & ! ma9 build+s       
contigu\s1 are  9 tol]able repair4 ,9 ! 
latt]1 sev]al ,mormon families1 :i*     
arriv$ 9 ! %ip ,brooklyn f ,new ,york1  
are qu>t]$4 ,z 9 !  o!r missions ,i h   
pass$ ?r\gh1 ! ,indian qu>t]s are       
crumbl+  into %apeless heaps ( mud4     
,our ag$ ho/1 not)/&+ he is a pi\s      
,ca?olic1 & consid]s u  z h]etics &     
hea!ns1 gave u 8 b5$iction 9 a v        
impressive  mann] :5 we 7 ab\t to />t4  
,m\nt+ our horses at sunrise1 we        
travell$ ?ree miles ov] l[ ridges (     
s&-hills1 ) suffici5t  soil1 h[ev]1 to  
produce a ?ick gr[? ( scrubby ev]gre5   
oak1 &  brambles ( haw?orn1 wild currant
 & gooseb]ry bu%es1 rose bu%es1  bri]s1 
etc4 ,we rea*$ ! resid5ce ( ,wm4 ,a4    
,leidesdorff1 ,esq41 late  ,am]ican     
vice-consul at ,san ,francisco1 :5 ! sun
 0 ab\t an h\r  high4 ,! morn+ 0 calm & 
beautiful4 ,n a ripple di/urb$ !  placid

 & glassy surface ( ! magnific5t bay &  
h>b\r1 ^u  :i* re/$ at an*or ?irty l>ge 
vessels1 consi/+ ( :alem51  m]*antm51 & 
! ,u4,s4 sloop-(-w> ,portsm\?1 ,capta9  
,montgom]y4  ,besides ^!1 !re 7 num]\s  
small craft1 giv+ to ! h>b\r a          
comm]cial air1 ( :i* "s ( ! l>ge cities 
on ! ,atlantic coa/  w\ld feel va94 ,!  
bay1 f ! t[n ( ,san ,francisco due ea/1 
is  ab\t twelve miles 9 bread?4 ,an     
elevat$ range ( hills b\nds !  view on !
 opposite side4 ,^! slope gradually d[n1
 & betwe5 !m  & ! %ore !re is a broad & 
f]tile pla91 :i* is call$ !  ,contra    
,co/a4 ,!re are sev]al small isl&s 9 !  
bay1 b !y d  n pres5t a f]tile appe>ance
 to ! eye4    ,we 7 receiv$ ) e m>k (   
respectful att5tion & cordial           
hospitality by ,mr4 ,leidesdorff4 ,mr4  
,l4 is a native ( ,d5m>k2 0 =  "s ye>s a
 resid5t ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates2 b           
subsequ5tly !  capta9 ( a m]*ant vessel1
 & has be5 e/abli%$ at ?is place z  a   
m]*ant "s five or six ye>s4 ,! h\se 9   
:i* he resides1 n[  "u ! process (      

completion1 is ! l>ge/ private build+ 9 
!  t[n4 ,be+ %[n to a well-furni%$ room1
 we *ang$ our  travel-soil$ clo?+ = a m 
civiliz$ co/ume1 by :i* "t  breakfa/ 0  
ann\nc$1 & we 7 u%]$ into a l>ge        
d9+-hall4  ,9 ! c5tre /ood a table1 ^u  
:i* 0 spread a sub/antial  breakfa/ (   
/ew$ & fri$ beef1 fri$ onions1 &        
potatoes1 bread1  butt]1 & c(fee4 ,our  
appetites 7 v %>p1 & we did full  ju/ice
 to ! m]its ( ! f>e be=e u4 ,! s]vants  
wait+ ^u  ! table 7 an ,indian mu*a*ito 
& mu*a*ita1 ab\t t5 or  twelve ye>s (   
age4 ,!y _h n be5 long f _! wild        
ran*]ias1 & knew b little ( civiliz$    
life4 ,our ho/1 h[ev]1  :o speaks1 ,i   
believe1 ne>ly e liv+ language1 :e!r (  
,*ri/ian1 b>b>ian1 or savage nations1   
seem$ det]m9$ to impress  ^u _! dull    
intellects ! =ms & cu/oms (             
civilization4 ,he  scold$ !m ) great    
vivacity1 sometimes 9 _! own tongue1    
sometimes 9 ,fr5*1 ,spani%1 ,portuguese1
 ,dani%1 ,g]man1 & ,engli%1  9          
accordance ) ! language 9 :i* he 0 ?9k+ 

at ! mom5t4  ,x seem$ to me t ! little  
fat ,indians 7 m confus$ ?an  enlight5$ 
by 8 emphatic in/ructions4 ,at ! table1 
besides  ourselves & ho/1 0 ,lieut5ant  
,w4,a4 ,b>tlett1 ( ! ,u4,s4  sloop-(-w> 
,portsm\?1 n[ act+ z ,alcalde ( ! t[n & 
di/rict  ( ,san ,francisco4    ,!       
,portsm\?1 ,comm&] ,montgom]y1 is ! only
 ,unit$ ,/ates vessel  ( w> n[ ly+ 9 !  
h>b\r4 ,%e is reg>d$ z ! f9e/ vessel  ( 
h] class belong+ to our navy4 ,by       
invitation ( ,lieut5ant  ,b>tlett1 ,i   
w5t on bo>d ( h] betwe5 t5 & elev5      
o'clock4 ,!  crew & (fic]s 7 assembl$ on
 deck to att5d ,div9e s]vice4 ,!y  7 all
 dress$ ) great neatness1 & seem$ to    
li/5 ) deep  att5tion to ! ,episcopal   
s]vice & a s]mon1 :i* 7 read by  ,comm&]
 ,montgom]y1 :o is a memb] ( ! *ur*4    
,9 ! aft]noon ,i walk$ to ! summit ( "o 
( ! elevat$ hills 9  ! vic9ity ( ! t[n1 
f :i* ,i _h a view ( ! entrance to  !   
bay ( ,san ,francisco & ( ! ,pacific    
,ocean4 ,a ?ick fog hung  ov] ! ocean   
outside ( ! bay4 ,! deep ro> ( !        

et]nally  re/less waves1 z !y broke "o  
aft] ano!r ^u ! bea*1 or  da%$ aga9/ !  
rock-b\nd %ore1 c\ld be he>d ) great    
di/9ctness1 al?\gh "s five or six miles 
di/ant4 ,! entrance  f ! ocean into !   
bay is ab\t a mile & half 9 bread?4 ,!  
wat]s ( ! bay appe> to h =c$ a passage  
?r\gh ! elevat$  ridge ( hills next to !
 %ore ( ! ,pacific4 ,^! rise abruptly on
  ei!r side ( ! entrance4 ,! wat] at !  
entrance & inside is (  suffici5t dep?  
to admit ! l>ge/ %ip t 0 ev] con/ruct$2 
& s completely l&-lock$ & protect$ f !  
w9ds is !  h>b\r1 t vessels c ride at   
an*or 9 p]fect safety 9 all k9ds  (     
wea!r4 ,! capacity ( ! h>b\r is         
suffici5t = !  accommodation ( all !    
navies ( ! _w4    ,! t[n ( ,san         
,francisco is situat$ on ! s\? side ( ! 
entrance1 front+ on ! bay1 & ab\t six   
miles f ! ocean4 ,!  fl[ & ebb ( ! tide 
are suffici5t to br+ a vessel to !      
an*orage 9 front ( ! t[n & c>ry x       
outside1 )\t ! aid (  w9d1 or ev5 aga9/ 
an unfav\rable w9d4 ,a m approa*able    

h>b\r1 or "o ( great] security1 is      
unkn[n to navigators4 ,!  p]man5t       
population ( ! t[n is at ?is "t betwe5  
"o & two  hundr$1#a & is compos$ almo/  
exclusively ( =eign]s4 ,!re are  b two  
or ?ree native ,cali=nian families 9 !  
place4 ,!  transi5t population1 & at    
pres5t x is q num]\s1 consi/s (  !      
g>rison ( m>9es /ation$ "h1 & ! (fic]s &
 crews  atta*$ to ! m]*ant & :ale %ips  
ly+ 9 ! h>b\r4 ,!  h\ses1 ) a few       
exceptions1 are small adobes & frames1  
con/ruct$  )\t reg>d to ar*itectural    
ta/e1 conv5i5ce1 or com=t4 ,v  few ( !m 
h ei!r *imneys or fire-places4 ,!       
inhabitants  contrive to live ! ye> r\nd
 )\t fires1 except = cook+4 ,!  position
 ( ,san ,francisco = comm]ce is1 )\t    
d\bt1 sup]ior to  any o!r port on !     
,pacific coa/ ( ,nor? ,am]ica4 ,! c\ntry
  contigu\s & contributory to x _c be   
surpass$ 9 f]tility1  heal?fulness (    
climate1 & beauty ( sc5]y4 ,x is capable
 (  produc+ :atev] is necess>y to !     
su/5ance ( man1 & _m (  ! luxuries (    

tropical climates1 n tak+ into ! acc\nt 
!  m9]al weal? ( ! surr\nd+ hills &     
m\nta9s1 :i* !re is  reason to believe  
is v great4 ,?is place is1 d\btless1    
de/9$ to  become "o ( ! l>ge/ & mo/     
opul5t comm]cial cities 9 !  _w1 & "u   
,am]ican au?ority x w rise ) a/oni%+    
rapidity4 ,! pr9cipal m]*ants n[        
e/abli%$ "h are ,messrs4  ,leidesdorff1 
,grimes & ,davis1 & ,frank ,w>d1 a "y   
g5tleman  rec5tly f ,new ,york4 ,^!     
h\ses c>ry on an ext5sive &  pr(itable  
comm]ce ) ! int]ior1 ! ,s&wi* ,isl&s1   
,oregon1  & ! s\!rn coa/ ( ! ,pacific4  
,! produce ( ,oregon =  exportation is  
fl\r1 lumb]1 salmon1 & *eese2 ( ! ,s&wi*
  ,isl&s1 sug>1 c(fee1 & pres]v$        
tropical fruits4    ,cali=nia1 until    
rec5tly1 has _h no comm]ce1 9 ! broad   
signification ( ! t]m4 ,a few comm]cial 
h\ses ( ,bo/on & ,new  ,york h          
monopoliz$ all ! trade on ?is coa/ = a  
numb] (  ye>s4 ,^! h\ses h s5t out %ips 
freight$ ) c>goes ( dry  goods & a      
v>iety ( knick-knacks saleable 9 !      

c\ntry4 ,!  %ips are fitt$ up = ! retail
 sale ( ^! articles1 & trade  f port to 
port1 v5d+ _! w>es on bo>d to ! ran*]os 
at  prices t w\ld be a/oni%+ at home4 ,=
 in/ance1 ! price (  common br[n cotton 
clo? is "o doll> p] y>d1 & o!r articles 
9  ?is & ev5 great] proportion ( advance
 ^u home prices4 ,!y  receive 9 paym5t =
 _! w>es1 hides & tall[4 ,! price ( a   
dry hide is ord9>ily "o doll> & fifty   
c5ts4 ,! price ( tall[  ,i d n "k4 ,:5 !
 %ip has dispos$ ( h] c>go1 %e is load$ 
) hides1 & returns to ,bo/on1 :]e !     
hides br+ ab\t f\r or  five doll>s1     
accord+ to ! fluctuations ( ! m>ket4    
,imm5se  =tunes h be5 made by ?is trade2
 & betwe5 ! gov]nm5t (  ,mexico & !     
trad]s on ! coa/ ,cali=nia has be5      
lit]ally  sk9n$1 annually1 = ! la/ ?irty
 ye>s4 ,( natural weal? !  population ( 
,cali=nia possess a sup]abundance1 & are
 imm5sely  ri*2 /ill1 su* h be5 !       
extortionate prices t !y h be5  compell$
 to pay = _! commone/ artificial        
luxuries &  we>+-app>el1 t g5]ally !y   

are b indiff]5tly provid$  ) ! ord9>y   
necess>ies ( civiliz$ life4 ,= a suit ( 
clo!s1  :i* 9 ,new ,york or ,bo/on w\ld 
co/ sev5ty-five doll>s1 !  ,cali=nian   
has be5 compell$ to pay five times t sum
 9 hides at  "o doll> & fifty c5ts2 s t 
a caball]o1 to clo! himself  g5teelly1  
has be5 oblig$1 z (t5 z he r5ew$ 8      
dress1 to  sacrifice ab\t two hundr$ ( !
 cattle on 8 ran*o4 ,no p1  :e!r males  
or females1 are m fond ( display2 no p h
 paid  m de>ly to gratify ?is vanity2 & 
yet no civiliz$ p ,i h  se5 are s       
defici5t 9 :at !y mo/ covet4      #a    
,?is 0 9 ,septemb]1 #ahdf4 ,9 ,june1    
#ahdg1 :5 ,i left ,san                  
,francisco1 on my return to ! ,unit$    
,/ates1 ! population _h        increas$ 
to ab\t twelve hundr$1 & h\ses 7 ris+ 9 
all        directions4          ,,*apt] 
,,iv4      ,climate ( ,san ,francisco   
,p]iodical w9ds    ,d9e on bo>d !       
,portsm\?    ,a supp] p>ty on %ore      
,arrival ( ,commodore ,/ockton at ,san  
,francisco    ,rum\rs ( rebellion f !   

s\?    ,cali=nian c\rt    ,trial by jury
    ,f&ango    ,cali=nian belles        
,am]ican pione]s ( ! ,pacific           
,reception ( ,commodore ,/ockton        
,sitca    ,capta9 ,fremont leaves ,san  
,francisco = ! s\?    ,(f] our s]vices z
 volunte]s4      ,f ! #ba/ ( ,septemb]  
to ! #ac? ( ,octob] ,i rema9$ at ,san   
,francisco4 ,! wea!r dur+ ?is p]iod 0   
uni=mly cle>4 ,!  climate ( ,san        
,francisco is peculi> & local1 f its    
position4  ,dur+ ! summ] & autumnal     
mon?s1 ! w9d on ?is coa/ bl[s  f ! we/ &
 nor?we/1 directly f ! ocean4 ,! morn+s 
"h  are usually calm & pleasantly w>m4  
,ab\t twelve o'clock ,m41 ! w9d  bl[s   
/rong f ! ocean1 ?r\gh ! entrance ( !   
bay1 r5d]+  ! temp]ature cool en\gh =   
wooll5 clo?+ 9 midsumm]4 ,ab\t  sunset !
 w9d dies away1 & ! ev5+s & nights are  
comp>atively  calm4 ,9 ! w9t] mon?s !   
w9d bl[s 9 s(t & g5tle breezes  f !     
s\?-ea/1 & ! temp]ature is agreeable1 ! 
!rmomet]  r>ely s9k+ bel[ #ej deg4 ,:5 !
 w9ds bl[ f ! ocean1 x  nev] ra9s2 :5 !y

 bl[ f ! l&1 z !y d dur+ ! w9t]  & spr+ 
mon?s1 ! wea!r is %[]y1 & resembles t ( 
!  mon? ( ,may 9 ! same latitude on !   
,atlantic coa/4 ,! coolness  ( ! climate
 & briskness ( ! air above describ$ are 
conf9$ to  p>ticul> positions on ! coa/1
 & ! description 9 ?is respect  is n    
applicable to ! int]ior ( ! c\ntry1 nor 
ev5 to o!r  localities imm$iately on !  
coa/4    ,on ! #ba/1 by invitation (    
,capta9 ,montgom]y1 ,i d9$ on bo>d (  ! 
sloop-(-w> ,portsm\?4 ,! p>ty1 includ+  
myself1 consi/$ (  ,colonel ,russell1   
,mr4 ,jacob1 ,lieut5ant ,b>tlett1 & a   
son ( ,capta9  ,m4 ,!re are few if any  
(fic]s 9 our navy m highly &  univ]sally
 e/eem$1 = _! moral qualities &         
pr(essional  m]its1 ?an ,capta9 ,m4 ,he 
is a s9c]e ,*ri/ian1 a brave (fic]1 &   
an accompli%$ g5tleman4 ,"u ! ord]s (   
,commodore ,sloat1 he  fir/ rais$ !     
,am]ican flag 9 ,san ,francisco4 ,we    
sp5t ! aft]noon  mo/ agreeably1 & !     
ref9$ hospitality1 c\rte\s mann]s1 &    
intellig5t & int]e/+ conv]sation ( our  

ho/ made u regret !  rapidly fleet+     
mom5ts4 ,! w9es on ! table 7 ! produce (
  ! v9e ( ,cali=nia1 &1 hav+ atta9$ age1
 7 ( an excell5t  quality 9 sub/ance &  
flav\r4    ,i att5d$ a supp]-p>ty giv5  
?is ev5+ by ,mr4 ,frank ,w>d4 ,!  p>ty 0
 compos$ ( citiz5s ( ! t[n1 & (fic]s ( !
 navy  & ! m]*ant & :ale %ips 9 ! h>b\r4
 ,9 su* a company z  0 "h assembl$1 x 0 
v difficult = me to realize t ,i 0  _m  
?\s& miles f1 home1 9 a /range & =eign  
c\ntry4 ,all  ! faces ab\t me 7         
,am]ican1 & !re 0 no?+ 9 sc5e or        
s5tim5t to rem9d ! gue/s ( _! remot5ess 
f _! native  %ores4 ,inde$1 x seems to  
be a settl$ op9ion1 t ,cali=nia is      
h5ce=? to compose a "p ( ! ,unit$       
,/ates1 & e ,am]ican  :o is n[ "h       
consid]s himself z tread+ ^u 8 own soil1
 z  mu* z if he 7 9 "o ( ! old ?irte5   
revolution>y /ates4  ,song1 s5tim5t1    
/ory1 & wit height5$ ! enjoym5ts ( !    
excell5t ent]ta9m5t ( our ho/1 & !      
jovial p>ty did n  sep>ate until a late 
h\r ( ! night4 ,! gue/s1 z may be       

suppos$1 7 compos$ *iefly ( g5tlem5 :o  
_h1 f _!  pursuits1 travell$ ov] mo/ ( !
 _w--_h se5 developm5ts (  human "* "u e
 v>iety ( circum/ance1 & obs]v$         
society1 civiliz$1 b>b>\s1 & savage1 9  
all its phases4 ,_!  conv]sation1 !re=e1
 :5 ar\nd ! convivial bo>d1 possess$ an 
unhackney$ fre%ness & rac9ess highly    
ent]ta9+ & in/ructive4    ,on ! #bg? (  
,septemb]1 ! ,u4,s4 frigate ,congress1  
,capta9  ,liv+/on1 be>+ ! broad p5nant (
 ,commodore ,/ockton1 & !  ,u4,s4       
frigate ,savannah1 ,capta9 ,m]v9e1      
an*or$ 9 ! h>b\r1 hav+  sail$ f ,mont]ey
 a day or two previ\sly4 ,! arrival ( ^!
  l>ge m5-(-w> produc$ an increase ( !  
bu/le 9 ! small t[n4  ,blue coats &     
bright buttons 7! naval uni=m7 became ! 
prevail+  co/ume at ! billi>d-rooms &   
o!r public places1 & ! pla9  dress ( a  
private citiz5 might be reg>d$ z a badge
 ( di/9ction4    ,on ! #a/ ( ,octob] a  
c\ri] arriv$ f ! s\? )  intellig5ce t ! 
,cali=nians at ,los ,angeles _h organiz$
 a =ce  & rebell$ aga9/ ! au?ority ( !  

,am]icans--t !y _h also  captur$ an     
,am]ican m]*ant-vessel ly+ at ,san      
,p$ro1 ! port (  ! city ( ,angels1 ab\t 
?irty miles di/ant1 & robb$ x ( a       
quantity ( m]*&ise & specie4 ,:e!r ?is  
latt] report 0 or  0 n true1 ,i d n     
"k--! =m] 0 correct4 ,! frigate         
,savannah sail$ = ,los ,angeles         
imm$iately4    ,among ^? ,am]ican naval 
(fic]s ^: agreeable acqua9tance ,i made 
at ,san ,francisco1 0 ,mr4 ,james ,f4   
,s*5ck1 fir/-lieut5ant ( !  frigate     
,congress1 bro!r ( ! di/+ui%$ memb] (   
congress f  ,ohio ( t "n1--a native (   
,dayton1 ,ohio1--a g5tleman (           
intellig5ce1 ke5 wit1 & a mo/ accompli%$
 (fic]4 ,! (fic]s  ( our navy are our   
repres5tatives 9 =eign c\ntries1 & !y   
are  g5]ally su* repres5tatives z _!    
con/itu5ts h reason to  feel pr\d (4 ,_!
 *ivalry1 patriotism1 g5tlemanlike      
deportm5t1  & pr(essional skill _c be   
too mu* admir$ & applaud$ by  _!        
c\ntrym54 ,i %all ev] feel grateful to !
 naval (fic]s (  ! ,pacific squadron =  

_! num]\s civilities dur+ my soj\rn on  
! ,pacific coa/4    ,among ! novelties  
pres5t$ :ile at ,san ,francisco 0 a     
trial by  jury--! second tribunal ( ?is 
k9d :i* _h be5 organiz$ 9  ,cali=nia4 ,!
 trial look place be=e ,judge ,b>tlett1 
& !  litigants 7 two ,mormons4 ,c\nsel 0
 employ$ on bo? sides4 ,"s (  ! =ms (   
,am]ican judicial proce$+s 7 obs]v$1 &  
_m (  ! legal te*nicalities & nice      
flaws1 s (t5 urg$ 9 common-law  c\rts1 7
 "h argu$ by ! le>n$ c\nsel ( ! p>ties1 
) a  vehem5ce ( language & ge/iculation 
) :i* ,i ?\ght ! legal  le>n+ & acum5   
display$ did n correspond4 ,! proce$+s 7
  a mixture1 made up ( common law1      
equity1 & a spr9kl+ ( milit>y           
despotism--:i* la/ +r$i5t ! c\rt 0      
compell$ to employ1  :5 entangl$ 9 !    
intricate me%es wov5 by ! c\nsel = !    
litigants1 9 ord] to extricate itself4  
,! jury1 aft] ! case 0  ref]r$ to !m1 7 
:at is call$ hung2 !y c\ld n agree1 &  !
 matt]s 9 issue1 !re=e1 rema9$ exactly  
:]e !y 7  be=e ! proce$+s 7 comm5c$4    

,i att5d$ "o ev5+ a f&ango giv5 by ,mr4 
,ridley1 an ,engli%  g5tleman1 ^: wife  
is a ,cali=nian lady4 ,sev]al ( ! s5oras
 &  s5oritas f ! ran*os ( ! vic9ity 7   
pres5t4 ,!  ,cali=nian ladies dance )   
mu* ease & grace4 ,! waltz appe>s to  be
 a fav\rite ) !m4 ,smok+ is n prohibit$ 
9 ^!  assemblies1 nor is x conf9$ to !  
g5tlem54 ,! cig>ita is  freely us$ by ! 
s5oras & s5oritas1 & !y puff x ) mu*    
gu/o :ile ?read+ ! mazes ( ! cotillion  
or sw++ 9 !  waltz4    ,i _h ! pleasure 
( be+ introduc$1 at ! resid5ce ( ,mr4   
,leidesdorff1 to two "y ladies1 si/]s & 
belles 9 ,alta  ,cali=nia4 ,!y are      
memb]s ( an old & num]\s family on !    
,contra ,co/a4 ,_! names are s+ul>      
inde$1 =1 if ,i he>d !m  correctly1 "o (
 !m 0 call$ ,donna ,m>ia ,jesus1 & ! o!r
  ,donna ,m>ia ,conception4 ,!y 7       
int]e/+ & graceful "y  ladies1 ) regul> 
features1 symmetrical figures1 & _! d>k 
eyes  fla%$ ) all ! intellig5ce &       
passion *>act]i/ic ( ,spani%  wom54     
,among ! g5tlem5 ) :om ,i met soon aft] 

my arrival at ,san  ,francisco1 & :oso  
acqua9tance ,i aft]w>ds cultivat$1 7    
,mr4 ,e4  ,grimes & ,mr4 ,n4 ,spe>1 bo? 
natives ( ,massa*usetts1 b resid5ts  (  
?is coa/ & ( ! ,pacific ,isl&s1 = _m    
ye>s4 ,!y may be  call$ ! patri>*s (    
,am]ican pione]s on ! ,pacific4 ,aft]   
=m+ an acqua9tance ) ,mr4 ,g41 if any "o
 7 to say to me t        ,old ,grimes is
 dead1 t good old man1    ,i %\ld n     
hesitate to contradict him ) emphasis2 =
 he is /ill  liv+1 & possesses all !    
*>ities & virtues :i* c adorn  human    
nature1 ) "s ( ! ecc5tricities ( 8      
"n-sake 9 !  song4 ,by lead+ a life (   
p]il & adv5ture on ! ,pacific ,ocean =  
fifty ye>s he has accumulat$ a l>ge     
=tune1 & is a man n[  prov]bial = 8     
integrity1 c&\r1 & *>ities4 ,bo? ( ^!   
g5tlem5 h be5 l>gely engag$ 9 ! local   
comm]ce ( !  ,pacific4 ,mr4 ,s41 "s     
tw5ty-five or ?irty ye>s ago1 coloniz$  
"o (  ! ,cannibal ,isl&s1 & rema9$ ^u x 
) ! colony = ne>ly  two ye>s4 ,! attempt
 to introduce agriculture into ! isl& 0 

a  failure1 & ! ent]prise 0 aft]w>ds    
ab&on$4    ,on ! ev5+ ( ! ?ird (        
,octob]1 x hav+ be5 ann\nc$ t           
,commodore ,/ockton w\ld l& on ! fif?1 a
 public meet+ ( !  citiz5s 0 call$ by ! 
alcalde1 = ! purpose ( adopt+  suitable 
arrangem5ts = 8 reception1 9 8 civic    
capacity z  gov]nor4 ,! meet+ 0 conv5$ 9
 ! plaza 7,portsm\? ,squ>e74  ,colonel  
,russell 0 appo9t$ *airman1 & on motion 
( ,e4 ,bryant a  committee 0 appo9t$ to 
make all necess>y & suitable arrangem5ts
  = ! reception ( 8 excell5cy1 ,gov]nor 
,/ockton4 ,! foll[+  acc\nt ( ?is       
pageant ,i extract f ! ,cali=nia        
newspap] (  ,octob] #bd?1 #ahdf4        
,agreeable to public notice1 a l>ge     
numb] ( ! citiz5s ( ,san  ,francisco &  
vic9ity assembl$ 9 ,portsm\? ,squ>e = ! 
purpose  ( meet+ 8 excell5cy ,rob]t ,f4 
,/ockton1 to welcome 8 arrival1  & (f]  
him ! hospitalities ( ! city4 ,at t5    
o'clock1 a  procession 0 =m$1 l$ by !   
,*ief ,m>%al ( ! day1 support$  on ei!r 
h& by two aids1 foll[$ by an excell5t b&

 ( music--a  milit>y escort1 "u comm& ( 
,capta9 ,j4 ,zeil51                     
,u4,s4,m4,c4--,capta9  ,john ,b4        
,montgom]y & suite--,magi/racy ( !      
,di/rict1 & !  ,orator ( ! day--,=eign  
,consuls--,capta9 ,john ,paty1 ,s5ior   
,capta9  ( ! ,hawanian                  
,navy--,lieut5ant-,comm&+ ,ruduc(f1     
,russian ,navy1 &  ,lieut5ant-,comm&+   
,bonnett1 ,fr5* ,navy4 ,! procession 0  
clos$  by ! ,committee ( ,arrangem5ts1  
capta9s ( %ips 9 port1 & a long  l9e (  
citiz5s4    ,g5]al ,m>iano ,guadal\pe   
,valljo1 ) sev]al o!rs :o _h held  (fice
 "u ! late gov]nm5t1 took _! appropriate
 place 9 !  l9e4    ,! procession mov$ 9
 f9e /yle d[n ,portsm\? ,/reet to !     
l&+1 & =m$ a l9e 9 ,wat] ,/reet4 ,!     
,gov]nor-,g5]al l&$  f 8 b>ge1 & 0 met  
on ! :>f by ,capta9 ,john ,b4           
,montgom]y1  ,u4,s4,n41 ,judge ,w4,a4   
,b>tlett1 & ,m>%al ( ! day 7,frank      
,w>d71 :o  conduct$ him to ! front ( !  
l9e1 & pres5t$ him to !  procession1    
?r\gh ! orator ( ! day1 ,colonel        

,russell1 :o  address$ ! commodore4     
,:5 ! gov]nor & comm&]-9-*ief _h clos$ 8
 reply1 !  procession mov$ ?r\gh !      
pr9cipal /reets1 & halt$ 9 front (      
,capta9 ,leidesdorff's resid5ce1 :]e !  
gov]nor & suite ent]$1  & 0 pres5t$ to a
 numb] ( ladies1 :o welcom$ him to !    
%ores  ( ,cali=nia4 ,aft] :i* a l>ge    
portion ( ! procession  accompani$ !    
gov]nor1 on horseback1 to ! mission (   
,san ,francisco  ,dolores1 sev]al miles 
9 ! c\ntry1 & return$ to an excell5t    
collation prep>$ by ! committee (       
arrangem5ts1 at ! h\se (  ,capta9       
,leidesdorff4 ,aft] ! clo? 0 remov$1 !  
usual numb] (  regul> toa/s1 prep>$ by !
 committee ( arrangem5ts1 & num]\s      
volunte] s5tim5ts by ! memb]s ( !       
company1 7 drunk )  _m demon/rations (  
en?usiasm1 & sev]al spee*es 7 made4 ,9  
response to a complim5t>y toa/1         
,commodore ,/ockton made an eloqu5t     
address ( an h\r's l5g?4 ,! toa/s giv5 9
 ,engli% 7  translat$ into ,spani%1 & ^?
 giv5 9 ,spani% 7 translat$  into       

,engli%4 ,a ball 9 hon\r ( ! occasion 0 
giv5 by !  committee ( arrangem5ts 9 !  
ev5+1 :i* 0 att5d$ by all !  ladies1    
native & =eign1 9 ! t[n & vic9ity1 !    
naval  (fic]s atta*$ to ! ?ree %ips (   
w>1 & ! capta9s ( !  m]*ant vessels ly+ 
9 ! h>b\r4 ,s s$uctive 7 !  fe/ivities (
 ! day & ! pleasures ( ! dance1 t !y 7  
n clos$ until a late h\r ( ! night1 or r
 until an e>ly  h\r 9 ! morn+4    ,among
 ! num]\s vessels ( _m nations at an*or 
9 ! h>b\r is  a ,russian brig f ,sitca1 
! c5tral port ( ! ,russian-,am]ican ,fur
  ,company1 on ! nor?we/]n coa/ ( ?is   
cont95t4 ,%e is comm&$  by ,lieut5ant   
,ruduc(f ( ! ,russian navy1 & is "h to  
be freight$  ) :eat to supply t         
settlem5t ) bread/uff4 ,sitca is situat$
  9 a high nor!rn latitude1 & has a     
population ( "s f\r or five  ?\s&       
inhabitants4 ,a l>ge portion ( ^!1 ,i   
conjecture1 are  *ri/ianiz$ natives or  
,indians4 ,_m ( ! crew ( ?is vessel are 
! aborig9es ( ! c\ntry to :i* %e        
belongs1 & f :i* %e  la/ sail$4 ,i      

notic$1 h[ev]1 f an inscription1 t !    
brig 0  built at ,newburyport1          
,massa*usetts1 %[+ t ! autocrat ( all  !
 ,russias is tribut>y1 to "s ext5t1 to !
 free ,yankees ( ,new  ,engl& = 8 naval 
equipm5t4 ,on ! #aa? ( ,octob]1 by      
invitation  ( ,lieut5ant ,ruduc(f1 9    
company ( ,mr4 ,jacob & ,capta9         
,leidesdorff1 ,i d9$ on bo>d ?is vessel4
 ,! ,russian cu/oms are 9  "s respects  
peculi>4 ,soon aft] we rea*$ ! vessel & 
7 %[n  into ! cab91 a lun* 0 s]v$ up4   
,?is consi/$ ( a v>iety (  dri$ & smok$ 
fi%1 pickl$ fi%-roe1 & o!r hyp]borean   
pickles1  ! nature ( :i*1 :e!r animal or
 vegetable1 ,i c\ld n  det]m9e4 ,v>i\s  
w9es & liquors accompani$ ?is lun*1 !   
discussion ( :i* la/$ until an ,indian  
s]vant1 a native ( !  nor?-pole1 or     
!reab\ts1 ann\nc$ d9n]4 ,we 7 !n %[n    
into a  h&somely furni%$ d9+-cab91 :]e !
 table 0 spread4 ,!  d9n] consi/$ (     
sev]al c\rses1 "s ( :i* 7 peculi>ly     
,russian or ,sitcan1 & ,i regret t my   
cul9>y k is n equal  to ! task (        

describ+ !m1 = ! b5efit ( epicures ( a m
  s\!rn region ?an ! place ( _!         
inv5tion4 ,!y 7 c]ta9ly  v delightful to
 ! palate4 ,! aft]noon glid$ away mo/   
agreeably4    ,on ! #ab? ( ,octob]1     
,capta9 ,fremont1 ) a numb] ( volunte]s 
de/9$ = ! s\?1 to co-op]ate ) ,commodore
 ,/ockton 9 !  suppression ( ! report$  
rebellion at ,los ,angeles1 arriv$ at   
,san  ,francisco f ! ,sacram5to4 ,i _h  
previ\sly (f]$ my s]vices1  & ,mr4      
,jacob _h done ! same1 to ,commodore    
,/ockton1 z volunte]s  9 ?is exp$ition1 
if !y 7 necess>y or desirable4 ,!y 7 n[ 
repeat$4 ,al?\gh travell]s 9 ! c\ntry1  
we 7 ,am]ican  citiz5s1 & we felt "u    
obligation to assi/ 9 def5d+ ! flag  (  
our c\ntry :]ev] x _h be5 plant$ by     
prop] au?ority4 ,at  ?is "t we 7 giv5 to
 und]/& t a l>g] =ce ?an 0  already     
organis$ 0 n consid]$ necess>y = !      
exp$ition4          ,,*apt] ,v4         
,leave ,san ,francisco = ,sonoma        
,sonoma creek    ,be> m54    ,isl&s 9 ! 
bay    ,lib]ality ( ,uncle ,sam to      

sailors    ,sonoma    ,beautiful c\ntry 
,g5]al ,valljo    ,s5ora ,valljo        
,?omas ,o4 ,l>k91 ,u4,s4 ,consul        
,signs ( ra9    ,! seasons 9 ,cali=nia  
,m w>like rum\rs f ! s\?    ,mission (  
,san ,rafael    ,an ,iri% ran*]o        
,sausolito    ,return to ,san ,francisco
    ,meet ,lipp9cott    ,discom=t (     
,cali=nian h\ses4      ,octob]          
#ac4--,?is morn+ ! ,unit$ ,/ates frigate
 ,congress1  ,commodore ,/ockton1 & !   
m]*ant-%ip ,/]l+1 employ$ to  transport 
! volunte]s "u ! comm& ( ,capta9        
,fremont 7"o  hundr$ & eighty 9 numb]71 
sail$ = ! s\?4 ,! de/9ation (  ^!       
vessels 0 und]/ood to be ,san ,p$ro or  
,san ,diego4 ,:ile ^?  vessels 7 leav+ !
 h>b\r1 accompani$ by ,mr4 ,jacob1 ,i   
took  passage = ,sonoma 9 a cutt]       
belong+ to ! sloop-(-w>  ,portsm\?4     
,sonoma is situat$ on ! nor!rn side ( ! 
,bay ( ,san  ,francisco1 ab\t #ae miles 
f ! %ore1 & ab\t #de miles f !  t[n (   
,san ,francisco4 ,sonoma creek is       
navigable = vessels (  consid]able burd5

 to )9 f\r miles ( ! t[n4    ,among !   
pass5g]s 9 ! boat 7 ,mr4 ,ide1 :o act$ s
 conspicu\s  a "p 9 :at is call$ ! ,be> 
,revolution1 & ,messrs4 ,na% &          
,grigsby1 :o 7 likewise prom95t 9 ?is   
movem5t4 ,! boat 0  mann$ by six sailors
 & a cockswa94 ,we pass$ ,y]ba ,bu5a1   
,bird1 &  sev]al o!r small isl&s 9 !    
bay4 ,"s ( ^! are :ite1 z if  cov]$ )   
sn[1 f ! deposit ^u !m ( bird-manure4   
,t5s (  ?\s&s ( wild geese1 ducks1      
gulls1 & o!r wat]-f[ls1 7  p]*$ ^u !m1  
or sport+ 9 ! wat]s ( ! bay1 mak+ a     
prodigi\s cackl+ & clatt] ) _! voices & 
w+s4 ,by ! aid  ( o>s & sails we rea*$ !
 m\? ( ,sonoma creek ab\t #i o'clock  at
 night1 :]e we l&$ & encamp$ on ! l[ m>%
 :i* bord]s  ! bay on ?is side4 ,! m>%es
 contigu\s to ! ,bay ( ,san  ,francisco 
are ext5sive1 & ) little tr\ble ,i      
believe !y c\ld  be reclaim$ & trans=m$ 
into valuable & productive rice         
plantations4 ,hav+ made our supp] on raw
 salt pork & bread  g5]\sly furni%$ by !
 sailors1 z soon z we l&$1 we spread    

our blankets on ! damp & rank vegetation
 & slept s\ndly until  morn+4    ,octob]
 #ad4--,w9d & tide be+ fav\rable1 at    
daylight we proce$$  up ! s]p5t9e creek1
 :i* w9ds ?r\gh a flat & f]tile pla91   
sometimes m>%y1 at o!rs m elevat$ & dry1
 to !  emb>cad]o1 t5 or twelve miles f !
 bay4 ,we l&$ "h betwe5  n9e & t5       
o'clock1 ,a4,m4 ,all ! pass5g]s1 except 
ourselves1  proce$$ imm$iately to ! t[n4
 ,by !m we s5t = a c>t to  transport our
 saddles1 bridles1 blankets1 & o!r      
baggage1 :i* we  _h br\ght ) u4 ,:ile "s
 ( ! sailors 7 prep>+  breakfa/1 o!rs1 )
 _! muskets1 %ot wild geese1 ) :i* !    
pla9 0 cov]$4 ,an excell5t breakfa/ 0   
prep>$ 9 a %ort "t  by our sailor       
companions1 ( :i* we p>took ) !m4 ,no   
b5evol5t  old g5tleman provides m       
b\ntifully = 8 s]vants ?an ,uncle  ,sam4
 ,^! sailors1 f ! regul> rations s]v$   
out to !m f  _! %ip1 gave an excell5t   
breakfa/1 ( bread1 butt]1 c(fee1 tea1   
fre% beef/eaks1 fri$ salt pork1 *eese1  
pickles1 & a v>iety (  o!r delicacies1  

to :i* we _h be5 unaccu/om$ = sev]al    
mon?s1  & :i* _c be obta9$ at pres5t 9  
?is c\ntry4 ,!y all said  t _! rations 7
 m ?an ample 9 quantity1 & excell5t 9   
quality1 & t no gov]nm5t 0 s g5]\s 9    
supply+ its  sailors z ! gov]nm5t ( !   
,unit$ ,/ates4 ,!y appe>$ to be  happy1 
& cont5t$ ) _! condition & s]vice1 &    
animat$  ) a patriotic pride = ! hon\r (
 _! c\ntry1 & ! flag  "u :i* !y sail$4  
,! op5 frankness & hone/ patriotism (   
^! s+le-he>t$ & wea!r-beat5 t>s gave a  
spice & flav\r  to our ent]ta9m5t :i* ,i
 %all n soon =get4    ,f ! emb>cad]o we 
walk$1 "u ! influ5ce ( ! rays ( an      
almo/ broil+ sun1 f\r miles to ! t[n (  
,sonoma4 ,! pla91 :i*  lies betwe5 ! l&+
 & ,sonoma1 is timb]$ sp>sely )  ev]gre5
 oaks4 ,! luxuriant grass is n[ br[n &  
crisp4 ,! hills  surr\nd+ ?is beautiful 
valley or pla9 are g5tle1 slop+1 highly 
picturesque1 & cov]$ to _! tops ) wild  
oats4 ,rea*+ ,sonoma1  we procur$ lodg+s
 9 a l>ge & half-f9i%$ adobe h\se1      
erect$  by ,don ,salvador ,valljo1 b n[ 

occupi$ by ,mr4 ,griffi?1 an ,am]ican   
emigrant1 orig9ally f ,nor? ,c>ol9a4    
,sonoma is "o ( ! old  mission          
e/abli%m5ts ( ,cali=nia2 b !re is n[    
sc>cely a  mission build+ /&+1 mo/ ( !m 
hav+ fall5 into %apeless  masses ( mud2 
& a few ye>s w pro/rate ! ro(less walls 
:i*  are n[ /&+4 ,! pr9cipal h\ses 9 !  
place are ! resid5ces  ( ,g54 ,don      
,m>iano ,guadal\pe ,valljo2 8           
bro!r-9-law1 ,mr4 ,j4,p4  ,leese1 an    
,am]ican2 & 8 bro!r1 ,don ,salvador     
,valljo4 ,! qu>tel1  a b>n-l adobe h\se1
 faces ! public squ>e4 ,! t[n pres5ts a 
mo/ dull & ru9\s appe>ance2 b ! c\ntry  
surr\nd+ x is  exub]antly f]tile1 &     
romantically picturesque1 & ,sonoma1 "u 
,am]ican au?ority1 & ) an ,am]ican      
population1 w v soon  become a second>y 
comm]cial po9t1 & a delightful resid5ce4
 ,mo/  ( ! build+s are erect$ ar\nd a   
plaza1 ab\t two hundr$ y>ds  squ>e4 ,!  
only ornam5ts 9 ?is squ>e are num]\s    
skulls &  dislocat$ skeletons (         
slaught]$ beeves1 ) :i* hide\s rema9s  !

 gr\nd is /rewn4 ,cold & w>m spr+s gu% f
 ! hills ne>  ! t[n1 & supply1 at all   
seasons1 a suffici5cy ( wat] to         
irrigate any requir$ ext5t ( gr\nd on ! 
pla9 bel[4 ,i notic$  outside ( ! squ>e 
sev]al groves ( pea* & o!r fruit trees1 
& v9ey>ds1 :i* 7 plant$ "h by ! padres2 
b ! walls  & f5ces t once surr\nd$ !m   
are n[ fall51 or h be5  consum$ = fuel2 
& !y are expos$ to ! m]cies ( ! imm5se  
h]ds ( cattle :i* roam ov] & graze ^u ! 
pla94    ,octob] #ae4--;,i d n l to     
tr\ble ! read] ) a frequ5t  ref]5ce to !
 myriads ( fleas & o!r v]m9 :i* infe/ ! 
ran*]ias & old mission e/abli%m5ts 9    
,cali=nia2 b1 if any  s9n+ s\l ev]      
suff]$ ! puni%m5ts ( purgatory be=e     
leav+  its t5em5t ( clay1 ^? torm5ts 7  
endur$ by myself la/ night4  ,:5 ,i rose
 f my blankets ?is morn+1 aft] a        
sleepless night1 ,i  d n ?9k !re 0 an   
in* squ>e ( my body t did n exhibit  !  
inflammation consequ5t ^u a puncture by 
a flea1 or "s o!r  equally rabid &      
poison\s insect4 ,small-pox1 erysipelas1

 measles1 &  sc>let-fev] comb9$1 c\ld n 
h imp>t$ to my sk9 a m  inflam$ &       
sangu9e\s appe>ance4 ,! multitudes ( ^! 
insects1  h[ev]1 h be5 g5]at$ by ,indian
 fil?9ess4 ,!y d n di/urb  ! inmates (  
^? casas :]e cleanl9ess prevails4       
,hav+ lett]s ( introduction to ,g5]al   
,valljo & ,mr4 ,leese1 ,i  deliv]$ !m   
?is morn+4 ,g5]al ,valljo is a native   
,cali=nian1  & a g5tleman ( intellig5ce 
& ta/e f> sup]ior to mo/ ( 8  c\ntrym54 
,! int]ior ( 8 h\se pres5t$ a diff]5t   
appe>ance  f any h\se occupi$ by native 
,cali=nians :i* ,i h ent]$  s9ce ,i h   
be5 9 ! c\ntry4 ,e ap>tm5t1 ev5 ! ma9   
entrance-hall & corridors1 7 scrupul\sly
 clean1 & pres5t$ an  air ( com=t :i* ,i
 h n else:]e se5 9 ,cali=nia4 ,!  p>l\r 
0 furni%$ ) h&some *airs1 s(as1 mirrors1
 & tables1  ( mahogany framework1 & a   
f9e piano1 ! fir/ ,i h se5 9 !  c\ntry4 
,sev]al pa9t+s & "s sup]ior engrav+s    
ornam5t$ !  walls4 ,s5ora ,valljo is a  
lady ( *>m+ p]sonal appe>ance1 &        
possesses 9 ! highe/ degree t natural   

grace1 ease1 & w>m? (  mann] :i* r5d]   
,spani% ladies s attractive & fasc9at+  
to !  /rang]4 ,! *ildr51 "s five or six 
9 numb]1 7 all beautiful  & int]e/+4    
,g5]al ,v4 is1 ,i believe1 /rongly      
desir\s t !  ,unit$ ,/ates %all reta9 & 
annex ,cali=nia4 ,he is ?or\ghly        
disgu/$ ) ,mexican sway1 :i* is fa/ s5d+
 8 c\ntry  backw>ds1 in/ead ( =w>ds1 9 !
 scale ( civilization1 & =  ye>s he has 
be5 desir\s ( ! *ange :i* has n[ tak5   
place4    ,9 ! aft]noon we visit$ ! h\se
 ( ,mr4 ,leese1 :i* is also  furni%$ 9  
,am]ican /yle4 ,mr4 ,l4 is ! proprietor 
( a v9ey>d 9  ! vic9ity ( ! t[n1 & we 7 
regal$ ^u grapes z lusci\s1  ,i d>e say1
 z ! =bidd5 fruit t provok$ ! fir/      
transgression4 ,no?+ ( ! fruit k9d c    
exce$ ! delici\s  ri*ness & flav\r1 ( ! 
,cali=nia grape4    ,?is ev5+ ,?omas ,o4
 ,l>k91 ,esq41 late ,unit$ ,/ates       
,consul =  ,cali=nia1 arriv$ "h1 hav+   
left ,san ,francisco on ! same morn+  t 
we did1 travell+ by l&4 ,mr4 ,l4 resides
 9 ,mont]ey1 b ,i _h  ! pleasure ( an   

introduction to him at ,san ,francisco  
sev]al days  previ\sly to my leav+ t    
place4 ,mr4 ,l4 is a native ( ,bo/on1 & 
has be5 a resid5t 9 ,cali=nia = ab\t    
fifte5 ye>s1 dur+ :i*  "t he has amass$ 
a l>ge =tune1 & f ! *anges n[ tak+      
place he is rapidly increas+ x4 ,he w   
probably be ! fir/  ,am]ican            
millionnaire ( ,cali=nia4    ,octob]    
#ag4--,! la/ two morn+s h be5 cl\dy &   
cool4 ,!  ra9y season1 x is ?\ght by !  
wea!r-wise 9 ?is climate1 w  set 9 e>li]
 ?is ye> ?an usual4 ,! p]iodical ra9s   
ord9>ily  comm5ce ab\t ! middle (       
,novemb]4 ,x is n[ a mon? e>li]1 &  !   
meteorological ph5om5a port5d fall+     
wea!r4 ,! ra9s  dur+ ! w9t]1 9          
,cali=nia1 are n cont9u\s1 z is g5]ally 
suppos$4 ,x sometimes ra9s dur+ an      
entire day1 )\t cessation1  b mo/       
g5]ally ! wea!r is %[]y1 ) int]vals (   
bright  sun%9e & a delightful           
temp]ature4 ,! fir/ ra9s ( ! ye> fall   
usually 9 ,novemb]1 & ! la/ ab\t !      
middle ( ,may4 ,z soon z  ! gr\nd       

becomes moi/5$1 ! grass1 & o!r h>dy     
vegetation1  spr+s up1 & by ! middle (  
,decemb] ! l&scape is array$ 9 a  robe (
 fre% v]dure4 ,! grasses gr[ ?r\gh !    
entire w9t]1 &  mo/ ( !m mature by !    
fir/ ( ,may4 ,! season = s[+ :eat       
comm5ces z soon z ! gr\nd is suffici5tly
 s(t5$ by moi/ure to  admit ( pl\gh+1 & 
cont9ues until ,m>* or ,april4    ,we _h
 made prep>ations ?is morn+ to visit a  
ran*o1 belong+ to  ,g5]al ,valljo1 9    
company ) ! g5]al & ,mr4 ,l>k94 ,?is    
ran*o conta9s ab\t elev5 leagues ( l&1  
bord]+ ^u a portion  ( ! ,bay ( ,san    
,francisco1 tw5ty-five or ?irty miles   
di/ant f  ,sonoma4 ,j z we 7 ab\t m\nt+ 
our horses1 h[ev]1 a c\ri]  arriv$ f    
,san ,francisco ) despat*es f ,capta9   
,montgom]y1  address$ to ,lieut5ant     
,rev]e1 ! milit>y comm&ant at ?is po/1  
giv+ su* intellig5ce 9 reg>d to !       
insurrection at ! s\?1  t we det]m9$ to 
return to ,san ,francisco =?)4 ,procur+ 
horses1 & accompani$ by ,mr4 ,l>k91 we  
left ,sonoma ab\t two o'clock  9 !      

aft]noon1 rid+ at ! usual ,cali=nia     
spe$4 ,aft] leav+  ,sonoma pla9 we      
cross$ a ridge ( hills1 & ent]$ ! f]tile
 &  picturesque valley ( ,petaluma      
creek1 :i* empties into ! bay4  ,g5]al  
,valljo has an ext5sive ran*o 9 ?is     
valley1 ^u :i* he  has rec5tly erect$1  
at great exp5se1 a v l>ge h\se4         
,ar*itecture1 h[ev]1 9 ?is c\ntry is 9  
its infancy4 ,! money  exp5d$ 9 erect+  
?is h\se1 :i* pres5ts to ! eye no       
ta/eful  ar*itectural attractions1 w\ld1
 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 h rais$ a  palace ( 
symmetrical proportions1 & adorn$ x ) e 
requisite  ornam5t4 ,l>ge h]ds ( cattle 
7 graz+ 9 ?is valley4    ,f ,petaluma   
valley we cross$ a high roll+ c\ntry1 & 
rea*$ !  mission ( ,san ,rafael         
7=ty-five miles7 betwe5 sev5 & eight    
o'clock 9 ! ev5+4 ,san ,rafael is       
situat$ two or ?ree miles f  ! %ore ( ! 
bay1 & comm&s an ext5sive view ( ! bay &
 its  isl&s4 ,! mission build+s are     
g5]ally 9 ! same ru9\s  condition ,i h  
be=e describ$4 ,we put up at ! h\se ( a 

,mr4  ,murphy1 a s*ola/ic ,iri% ba*elor1
 :o has be5 a resid5t (  ,cali=nia = a  
numb] ( ye>s4 ,8 casa1 :5 we arriv$1 0  
clos$1 & x 0 ) "s difficulty t we c\ld  
ga9 admission4  ,:51 h[ev]1 ! occupant (
 ! h\se _h asc]ta9$1 f "o (  ! loopholes
 ( ! build+1 :o we 71 ! doors 7 soon    
unb>r$ & we 7 admitt$1 b n )\t _m       
sallies ( ,iri%  wit1 sometimes         
good-natur$1 & sometimes ke5ly cau/ic & 
ironical4  ,we f\nd a table spread )    
cold mutton & cold beef ^u x4 ,a cup  ( 
c(fee 0 soon prep>$ by ! ,indian mu*a*os
 & mu*a*as1 &  our ho/ br\ght out "s    
s*eidam & agu>dinte4 ,a draught or two  
( ^! liquids seem$ to correct ! acidity 
( 8 hum\r1 & he  ent]ta9$ u ) 8 jokes & 
conv]sation sev]al h\rs4    ,octob]     
#ah4--;,f ,san ,rafael to ,sausolito1   
opposite ,san ,francisco on  ! nor? side
 ( ! entrance to ! bay1 x is five       
leagues 7fifte5  miles71 g5]ally ov]    
elevat$ hills & ?r\gh deep holl[s1 !    
asc5ts & desc5ts be+ frequ5tly /eep &   
labori\s to our  animals4 ,/>t+ at      

half-pa/ sev5 o'clock1 we rea*$ !       
resid5ce  ( ,capta9 ,ri*>dson1 !        
proprietor ( ,sausolito1 ab\t n9e       
o'clock  9 ! morn+4 ,9 travell+ ?is     
di/ance we pass$ "s tempor>y  h\ses1    
erect$ by ,am]ican emigrants on !       
mission l&s1 & !  ran*o ( ,mrs4 ,re$1 a 
wid[4 ,we imm$iately hir$ a :ale-boat f 
"o ( ! %ips1 ly+ "h1 at two doll>s = ea*
 pass5g]1 &  betwe5 t5 & elev5 o'clock  
we l&$ 9 ,san ,francisco4    ,i met1    
soon aft] my arrival1 ,mr4 ,lipp9cott1  
h]et(ore m5tion$1 :o  accompani$ u a    
portion ( ! di/ance ov] ! m\nta9s2 &    
,mr4  ,ha/+s1 :o1 ) ,mr4 ,hudspe?1      
conduct$ a p>ty ( ! emigrants  f =t     
,bridg] by ! new r\te1 via ! s\? end ( !
 ,salt  ,lake1 to ,m>y's ,riv]4 ,f ,mr4 
,lipp9cott ,i le>n$ ! p>ticul>s (  an   
engagem5t betwe5 a p>ty ( ! emigrants   
7,capta9 ,we/'s company7  & ! ,indians  
on ,m>y's ,riv]1 :i* result$1 z has be=e
 be5  /at$1 9 ! dea? ( ,mr4 ,sallee & a 
dang]\s arr[ w\nd to ,mr4  ,l4 ,he _h   
n[1 h[ev]1 recov]$ f ! effects ( ! w\nd4

 ,!  emigrants1 :o accompani$ ,messrs4  
,ha/+s & ,hudspe?1 or foll[$  _! trail1 
_h all rea*$ ! valley ( ! ,sacram5to )\t
 any  mat]ial loss or disa/]4    ,i     
rema9$ at ,san ,francisco f ! #ah? to ! 
#bb;d ( ,octob]4 ,!  wea!r dur+ ?is "t 0
 suffici5tly cool to r5d] fires         
necess>y to com=t 9 ! h\ses2 b          
fireplaces or /oves are  luxuries :i* b 
few ( ! ,san ,franciscans h any k (1    
except 9 _! kit*5s4 ,?is defici5cy1     
h[ev]1 w soon be  rem$i$4 ,am]ican      
settl]s "h w n build h\ses )\t  *imneys4
 ,!y w\ld z soon plan a h\se )\t a door1
 or ) !  entrance ^u its ro(1 9         
imitation ( ! ar*itecture ( ! ,pueblo   
,indians ( ,new ,mexico4                
,,*apt] ,,vi4      ,boat trip up ! bay &
 ! ,sacram5to to ,new ,helvetia    ,an  
appeal to ! alcalde    ,kanackas        
,/raits ( ,san ,pueblo & ,p$ro          
,/raits ( ,c>qu9ez    ,t[n ( ,francisca 
,fea!r-b$s furni%$ by nature    ,m\? ( !
 ,sacram5to    ,isl&s    ,delaw>e ,tom  
,a man :o has =gott5 8 "m tongue        

,salmon ( ! ,sacram5to    ,indian fi%]m5
    ,arrive at ,new ,helvetia4          
,octob] #bb4--;,hav+ det]m9$ to make a  
trip to ,nueva ,helvetia by  wat]1 = !  
purpose ( exam9+ m p>ticul>ly ! upp]    
portion  ( ! bay & ! ,sacram5to riv]1 9 
conjunction ) ,mr4 ,l>k91 we  *>t]$ a   
small op5 sail-boat = ! excursion4 ,!   
*>t]1 to  avoid disputes1 0 regul>ly    
drawn & sign$1 ) all conditions         
specifi$4 ,! price to be paid = a c]ta9 
numb] ( pass5g]s 0  ?irty-two doll>s1 & 
demurrage at ! rate ( tw5ty-five c5ts p]
  h\r = all delays ord]$ by ! *>t]-p>ty1
 on ! trip upw>ds  to ,nueva ,helvetia4 
,! boat 0 to be ready at ! mo/ conv5i5t 
l&+ at sev5 o'clock ?is morn+1 b :5 ,i  
call$ at ! place  appo9t$1 ) our        
baggage1 ! boat 0 n !re4 ,9 an h\r or   
two  ! skipp] 0 f\nd1 b refus$ to comply
 ) 8 contract4 ,we  imm$iately laid our 
grievance be=e ! alcalde1 :o1 aft] read+
  ! pap]s & he>+ ! /atem5ts on bo?      
sides1 ord]$ !  skipp] to p]=m :at he _h
 agre$ to p]=m1 to :i* decision he      

reluctantly ass5t$4 ,9 ord] to          
facilitate matt]s1 ,i paid ! co/s  ( !  
action myself1 al?\gh ! successful      
litigant 9 ! suit4    ,we left ,san     
,francisco ab\t two o'clock ,p4,m41 &1  
cross+ ! m\?  ( ! bay1 bo>d$ a ,mexican 
s*oon]1 a prize captur$ by ! ,u4,s4     
sloop-(-w> ,cyane1 ,capta9 ,dupont1 :i* 
_h ent]$ ! bay ?is  morn+ & an*or$ 9    
front ( ,sausolito4 ,! prize is comm&$  
by  ,lieut5ant ,r5%aw1 a gallant (fic] (
 our navy4 ,our object 9  bo>d+ ! s*oon]
 0 to le>n ! late/ news1 b %e did n  br+
 mu*4 ,we met on bo>d ! s*oon]          
,lieut5ant ,hunt] ( !  ,portsm\?1 a     
*ivalr\s (fic]1 & ,lieut5ant ,ruduc(f1  
comm&+  ! ,russian brig previ\sly       
m5tion$1 ^: vessel1 prep>atory to       
sail+1 0 tak+ 9 wat] at ,sausolito4     
,accept+ ( 8 press+  invitation1 we     
visit$ ! brig1 & took a p>t+ glass ( w9e
 )  h] gallant & g5tlemanly comm&]4     
,ab\t five o'clock ,p4,m41 we proce$$ on
 our voyage4 ,at eight o'clock a  d5se  
fog hung ov] ! bay1 &1 ! ebb-tide be+   

adv]se to our  progress1 we 7 compell$  
to f9d a l&+ = our small & frail  craft4
 ,?is 0 n an easy matt]1 9 ! almo/      
imp5etrable  d>kness4 ,z good-luck w\ld 
h x1 h[ev]1 aft] we _h grop$  ab\t = "s 
"t1 a light 0 discov]$ by our skipp]4   
,he r[$  ! boat t[>ds x1 b gr\nd$4      
,haul+ (f1 he made ano!r attempt  )     
bett] success1 rea*+ )9 hail+ di/ance ( 
! %ore4 ,!  light proce$$ f a camp-fire 
( ?ree ,kanacka 7,s&wi* isl&7  runaway  
sailors4 ,z soon z !y asc]ta9$ :o we 7 &
 :at we  want$1 !y /ripp$ !mselves nak$1
 &1 wad+ ?r\gh ! mud &  wat] to ! boat1 
took u on _! %\ld]s1 & c>ri$ u high &   
dry to ! l&4 ,! boat1 be+ ?us light5$ ( 
h] burd51 0  r[$ f>!r up1 & l&$4    ,!  
natives ( ! ,s&wi* isl&s 7,kanackas1 z  
!y are call$7 are1  )\t d\bt1 ! mo/     
exp]t wat]m5 9 ! _w4 ,_!  p]=mances 9   
swimm+ & div+ are s extraord9>y1 t !y   
may  almo/ be consid]$ amphibi\s 9 _!   
natures & in/9cts4 ,wat]  appe>s to be z
 mu* _! natural elem5t z ! l&4 ,!y h    
/raight black hair1 good features1 & an 

amiable & intellig5t  expression (      
c\nt5ance4 ,_! complexion resembles t ( 
a bright  mulatto2 &1 9 symmetrical     
proportions & muscul> developm5ts1  !y w
 advantage\sly comp>e ) any race ( m5 ,i
 h se54 ,!  crews ( _m ( ! :ale & m]*ant
 %ips on ?is coa/ are p>tly  compos$ (  
,kanackas1 & !y are ju/ly e/eem$ z mo/  
valuable  sailors4    ,octob] #bc4--,!  
damp raw wea!r1 augur+ ! ne> approa* ( !
  autumnal ra9s1 cont9ues4 ,a drizzl+   
mi/ fell on u dur+ !  night1 & ! cl\ds 7
 n dissipat$ :5 we resum$ our voyage    
?is morn+4 ,pass+ ?r\gh ! /raits ( ,san 
,pablo & ,san ,p$ro1  we ent]$ a        
division ( ! bay call$ ! bay ( ,san     
,pablo4 ,w9d &  tide be+ 9 our fav\r1 we
 cross$ ?is %eet ( wat]1 &  aft]w>ds    
ent]$ & pass$ ?r\gh ! ,/raits (         
,c>qu9ez4 ,at  ^! /raits ! wat]s ( ! bay
 are compress$ )9 ! bread?  ( a mile1 = 
! di/ance ( ab\t two leagues4 ,on !     
s\!rn side  ! %ore is hilly1 & canon$ 9 
"s places4 ,! nor!rn %ore is  g5tle1 !  
hills & table-l& slop+ gradually d[n to 

! wat]4  ,we l&$ at ! b5d ( ! ,/raits ( 
,c>qu9ez1 & sp5t sev]al  h\rs 9 exam9+ !
 c\ntry & s\nd+s on ! nor!rn side4  ,!re
 is no timb] "h4 ,! soil is cov]$ ) a   
gr[? ( grass &  :ite oats4 ,! b5d ( !   
,/raits ( ,c>qu9ez1 on ! nor!rn side1   
has be5 ?\ght to be a fav\rable position
 = a comm]cial t[n4 ,x  has "s          
advantages & "s disadvantages1 :i* x    
w\ld be t$i\s  = me n[ to detail4       
,subsequ5tly to ?is my fir/ visit "h1 a 
t[n ( ext5sive  dim5sions has be5 laid  
(f by ,g54 ,valljo & ,mr4 ,semple1 !    
proprietors1 "u ! "n ( ,francisca4 ,x   
fronts = two or ?ree  miles on !        
,soeson1 ! upp] division ( ! ,bay ( ,san
  ,francisco1 & ! ,/raits ( ,c>qu9ez4 ,a
 f]ry has also be5  e/abli%$1 :i*       
crosses regul>ly f %ore to %ore1 convey+
  travell]s ov] ! bay4 ,i cross$1 myself
 & horses1 "h 9 ,june1  #ahdg1 :5 on my 
return to ! ,unit$ ,/ates4 ,lots _h !n  
be5  (f]$ to settl]s on fav\rable       
conditions1 & prep>ations1 ,i  und]/&1 7
 mak+ = ! erection ( a numb] ( h\ses4   

,ab\t sunset we resum$ our voyage4 ,!   
,w9d hav+ lull$1 we  attempt$ to /em !  
adv]se tide by ! use ( o>s1 b ! ebb (  !
 tide 0 /rong] ?an ! propell+ =ce ( our 
o>s4 ,soon1 9  spite ( all our ex]tions1
 we f\nd ourselves drift+ rapidly       
backw>ds1 &1 aft] two or ?ree h\rs ( h>d
 lab\r 9 ! d>k1 we  7 at la/ s =tunate z
 to effect a l&+ 9 a cove on !  s\!rn   
side ( ! /raits1 hav+ retrograd$ sev]al 
miles4 ,9 !  cove !re is a small s&y    
bea*1 ^u :i* ! waves h drift$1  &       
deposit$ a l>ge quantity ( oat-/raw1 &  
fea!rs %$ by !  millions ( wat]-f[ls :i*
 sport ^u ! bay4 ,on ?is d[ny deposit   
furni%$ by nature we spread our         
blankets1 & slept s\ndly4    ,octob]    
#bd4--,we proce$$ on our voyage at      
daylight1 coa/+ along  ! s\!rn %ore ( ! 
,soeson4 ,ab\t n9e o'clock we l&$ on a  
m>%y pla91 & cook$ breakfa/4 ,a range ( 
m\nta9s b\nds ?is  pla91 ! base ( :i* is
 sev]al miles f ! %ore ( ! bay4  ,^!    
m\nta9s1 al?\gh ( consid]able elevation1
 exhibit signs (  f]tility to _!        

summits4 ,on ! pla91 num]\s h]ds ( wild 
cattle  7 graz+4 ,ab\t two o'clock1     
,p4,m41 we ent]$ ! m\? ( !  ,sacram5to4 
,! ,sacram5to & ,san ,joaqu9 ,riv]s     
empty into ! ,bay (  ,san ,francisco at 
! same po9t1 ab\t sixty miles f !       
,pacific1  & by num]\s m\?s or sl\ghs z 
!y are "h call$4 ,^!  sl\ghs w9d ?r\gh  
an imm5se timb]$ swamp1 & con/itute a   
t]raque\s labyr9? ( su* intricacy1 t    
unskilful &  inexp]i5c$ navigators h be5
 lo/ = _m days 9 x1 & "s1  ,i h be5     
told1 h p]i%$1 nev] f9d+ _! way out4 ,a 
range  ( l[ slop+ hills approa* !       
,sacram5to a %ort di/ance above its     
m\?1 on ! left-h& side z y asc5d1 & run 
p>allel ) !  /ream sev]al miles4 ,!     
banks ( ! riv]1 & sev]al l>ge isl&s  :i*
 we pass$ dur+ ! day1 are timb]$ )      
sycamore1 oak1 & a  v>iety ( small]     
trees & %rubb]y4 ,num]\s grape-v9es1    
climb+  ov] ! trees1 & load$ d[n ) a    
small & v acid fruit1 give  to ! =e/ a  
tangl$ appe>ance4 ,! isl&s ( !          
,sacram5to are  all l[1 & subject to    

ov]fl[ 9 ! spr+ ( ! ye>4 ,! soil (  !   
riv] bottom1 includ+ ! isl&s1 is cov]$ )
 rank  vegetation1 a c]ta9 evid5ce ( its
 f]tility4 ,! wat]1 at ?is  season1 is  
p]fectly limpid1 &1 al?\gh ! tide ebbs &
 fl[s m  ?an a hundr$ miles above ! m\? 
( ! riv]1 x is fre% &  sweet4 ,! *annel 
( ! ,sacram5to is rem>kably free f snags
 &  o!r ob/ructions to navigation4 ,a m 
beautiful & placid /ream (  wat] ,i nev]
 saw4    ,at twelve o'clock at night1 ! 
ebb-tide be+ s /rong t we f\nd          
ourselves drift+ backw>ds1 ) "s         
difficulty we effect$ a  l&+ on "o ( !  
isl&s1 cle>+ a way ?r\gh ! tangl$ bru%  
& v9es ) our hat*ets & knives4 ,light+ a
 fire1 we biv\ack$  until daylight4     
,octob] #be4--;,cont9u+ our voyage1 we  
l&$1 ab\t n9e o'clock1  ,a4,m41 at an   
,indian ran*]ia1 situat$ on ! bank ( !  
riv]4 ,an  old ,indian1 8 wife1 & two or
 ?ree *ildr51 7 all ! pres5t  occupants 
( ?is ran*]ia4 ,! woman 0 ! mo/ mis]able
 &  emaciat$ object ,i ev] beheld4 ,%e 0
 probably a victim ( !  sweat-h\se4     

,surr\nd+ ! ran*]ia 7 two or ?ree acres 
(  gr\nd1 plant$ ) maize1 beans1 &      
melons4 ,pur*as+ a quantity (  wat] &   
musk-melons1 we re-emb>k$ & pursu$ our  
voyage4 ,z we  asc5d$ ! /ream1 ! banks  
became m elevat$1 ! c\ntry on  bo? sides
 op5+ into va/ savannas1 dott$          
occasionally ) p>ks  ( ev]gre5 oak4     
,! tide turn+ aga9/ u aga9 ab\t elev5 or
 twelve o'clock1 we  l&$ at an encampm5t
 ( ,walla-,walla ,indians1 a portion ( !
 p>ty  previ\sly ref]r$ to1 & report$ to
 h visit$ ,cali=nia =  ho/ile purposes4 
,among !m 0 a ,delaw>e ,indian1 kn[n z  
,delaw>e  ,tom1 :o speaks ,engli% z     
flu5tly z any ,anglo-,saxon1 & is a mo/ 
gallant & hon\rable ,indian4 ,sev]al ( !
 p>ty1 a majority ( :om  7 wom5 &       
*ildr51 7 sick ) *ills & fev]4 ,! m5 7  
engag$ 9 hunt+ & j]k+ de] & elk meat4   
,?r[+ our hooks1  bait$ ) fre% meat1    
into ! riv]1 we soon drew out small fi% 
en\gh = d9n]4    ,! specim5s (          
,walla-,wallas at ?is encampm5t are f>  
sup]ior to  ! ,indians ( ,cali=nia 9    

features1 figure1 & intellig5ce4 ,_!    
complexion is mu* light]1 & _! features 
m regul>1  expressive1 & pleas+4 ,m5 &  
wom5 7 clo!d 9 dress$ sk9s4  ,! m5 7    
arm$ ) rifles4    ,at sunset we put our 
little craft 9 motion aga91 & at "o     
o'clock  at night l&$ ne> ! cab9 ( a    
,g]man emigrant nam$ ,s*w>tz1 six  miles
 bel[ ! emb>cad]o ( ,new ,helvetia4 ,!  
cab9 is ab\t  tw5ty feet 9 l5g? by      
twelve 9 bread?1 con/ruct$ ( a light    
rude  frame1 %+l$ ) tule4 ,aft] ga9+    
admission1 we f\nd a fire  blaz+ 9 !    
c5tre ( ! dwell+ on ! e>?-floor1 &      
susp5d$  ov] u 7 z _m salmon1 tak5 f !  
,sacram5to1 z c\ld be  plac$ 9 position 
to imbibe ! pres]vative qualities ( !   
smoke4    ,our ho/1 ,mr4 ,s*w>tz1 is "o 
( ^? ecc5tric human ph5om5a  r>ely met  
)1 :o1 w&]+ f _! own nation into =eign  
c\ntries1 =get _! own language )\t      
acquir+ any o!r4 ,he  speaks a tongue   
7language x _c be call$7 peculi> to     
himself1 &  sc>cely intelligible4 ,x is 
a mixture1 9 ab\t equal p>ts1 (  ,g]man1

 ,engli%1 ,fr5*1 ,spani%1 & ran*]ia     
,indian1 a comp\nd$  polyglot or l+ual  
pi--ea* syllable ( a ^w sometimes be+   
d]iv$ f a diff]5t language4 ,/ret*+     
ourselves on ! b5*es  surr\nd+ ! fire1 s
 z to avoid ! dripp+s f ! p5d5t  salmon1
 we slept until morn+4    ,octob]       
#bf4--,mr4 ,s*w>tz provid$ u ) a        
breakfa/ ( fri$  salmon & "s fre% milk4 
,c(fee1 sug>1 & bread we br\ght )  u1 s 
t we enjoy$ a luxuri\s repa/4    ,ne> ! 
h\se 0 a %$ conta9+ "s =ty or fifty     
b>rels (  pickl$ salmon1 b ! fi%1 f _!  
hav+ be5 badly put up1 7  spoil$4 ,mr4  
,s*w>tz attempt$ to expla9 ! p>ticul>   
causes (  ?is1 b ,i c\ld n und]/& him4  
,! salmon are tak5 ) se9es  dragg$      
across ! *annel ( ! riv] by ,indians 9  
canoes4 ,on !  bank ( ! riv] ! ,indians 
7 eat+ _! breakfa/1 :i*  consi/$ ( a    
l>ge fre% salmon1 roa/$ 9 ! a%es or     
emb]s1 &  a kettle ( atole1 made (      
acorn-meal4 ,! salmon 0 f\r or five     
feet 9 l5g?1 &1 :5 tak5 out ( ! fire &  
cut op51 pres5t$  a mo/ tempt+          

appe>ance4 ,! ,indians 7 all ne>ly nak$1
 & mo/  ( !m1 hav+ be5 wad+ 9 ! wat] at 
daylight to set _!  se9es1 7 %iv]+ ) !  
cold :il/ gre$ily dev\r+ _!  morn+ meal4
    ,we rea*$ ! emb>cad]o ( ,new        
,helvetia ab\t elev5 o'clock1  ,a4,m41  
&1 f9d+ !re a wagon1 we plac$ our       
baggage 9 x1 &  walk$ to ! =t1 ab\t two 
& a half miles4          ,,*apt] ,,vii4 
,disa/r\s news f ! s\?    ,return (     
,colonel ,fremont to ,mont]ey    ,call =
 volunte]s    ,volunte] our s]vices     
,leave ,new ,helvetia    ,swimm+ !      
,sacram5to    ,fir/ fall ( ra9          
,beautiful & romantic valley            
,precipit\s m\nta9s    ,des]t$ h\se     
,arable l& ( ,cali=nia    ,fatt5+       
qualities ( ! acorn    ,lo/ 9 ! ,coa/   
,m\nta9s    ,/range ,indians    ,indian 
wom5 ga!r+ grass-se$ = bread    ,indian 
guide    ,laguna    ,r\gh dialogue      
,hunt]s' camp    ,old ,gre5wood         
,grisly be> meat    ,gre5wood's acc\nt (
 himself    ,8 op9ion ( ! ,indians &    
,spani>ds    ,retrace our /eps    ,sev]e

 /orm    ,nappa valley    ,arrive at    
,sonoma    ,m ra9    ,arrive at ,san    
,francisco    ,return to ,new ,helvetia4
      ,i rema9$ at ! =t f ! #bg? to !   
#cj? ( ,octob]4 ,on !  #bh?1 ,mr4 ,re$1 
:om ,i h be=e m5tion$ z belong+ to ! re>
  emigrat+ p>ty1 arriv$ "h4 ,he left 8  
p>ty on ,m>y's ,riv]1 &  9 company ) "o 
man cross$ ! des]t & ! m\nta9s4 ,he 0   
sev]al days )\t provisions1 &1 :5 he    
arriv$ at ,johnson's1 0  s mu* emaciat$ 
& exhau/$ by fatigue & fam9e1 t he c\ld 
sc>cely walk4 ,8 object 0 to procure    
provisions imm$iately1 & to  transport  
!m ) pack-mules ov] ! m\nta9s = ! relief
 ( !  suff]+ emigrants beh9d4 ,he _h lo/
 all ( 8 cattle1 & _h be5  compell$ to  
ca*e two ( 8 wagons & mo/ ( 8 prop]ty4  
,capta9 ,sutt] g5]\sly furni%$ !        
requisite quantity ( mules &  horses1 ) 
,indian vaqu]os1 & j]k$ meat & fl\r4    
,?is is !  second exp$ition = ! relief (
 ! emigrants he has fitt$ out  s9ce our 
arrival 9 ! c\ntry4 ,ex-gov]nor ,boggs &
 family rea*$  ,sutt]'s ,=t to-day4     

,on ! ev5+ ( ! #bh?1 a c\ri] arriv$ )   
lett]s f ,colonel  ,fremont1 n[ at      
,mont]ey4 ,! sub/ance ( ! intellig5ce   
receiv$ by  ! c\ri] 01 t a l>ge =ce (   
,cali=nians 7v>y+1 accord+  to diff]5t  
reports1 f five to fifte5 hundr$ /rong7 
_h met !  m>9es & sailors1 f\r hundr$   
/rong1 "u ! comm& ( ,capta9  ,m]v9e1 ( !
 ,u4,s4 frigate ,savannah1 :o _h l&$ at 
,san ,p$ro =  ! purpose ( m>*+ to ,los  
,angeles1 & _h driv5 ,capta9 ,m]v9e  & 8
 =ce back to ! %ip1 ) ! loss1 9 kill$1 (
 six m54  ,t ! t[ns ( ,angeles & ,santa 
,b>b>a _h be5 tak5 by !  insurg5ts1 & ! 
,am]ican g>risons !re _h ei!r be5       
captur$  or _h made _! escape by        
retreat+4 ,:at _h become ( !m 0         
unkn[n4#b ,colonel ,fremont1 :o ,i be=e 
m5tion$ _h sail$ ) a  p>ty ( "o hundr$ &
 eighty volunte]s f ,san ,francisco to  
,san  ,p$ro1 or ,san ,diego1 = ! purpose
 ( co-op]at+ ) ,commodore  ,/ockton1    
aft] hav+ be5 "s "t at sea1 _h put into 
,mont]ey &  l&$ 8 m51 & 8 purpose n[ 0  
to increase 8 =ce & m\nt  !m1 & to      

proce$ by l& = ,los ,angeles4      #b ,!
 g>rison "u ,capta9 ,gillespie1 at ,los 
,angeles1 capitulat$4        ,! g>rison 
at ,santa ,b>b>a1 "u ,lieut5ant ,talbot1
 m>*$        out 9 defiance ( ! enemy1 &
 aft] suff]+ _m h>d%ips        arriv$ 9 
safety at ,mont]ey4    ,on ! receipt (  
?is intellig5ce1 ,i imm$iately drew up a
 pap]1  :i* 0 sign$ by myself1 ,messrs  
,re$1 ,jacob1 ,lipp9cott1 &  ,grayson1  
(f]+ our s]vices z volunte]s1 & our     
ex]tions to  raise a =ce ( emigrants &  
,indians :i* w\ld be a suffici5t        
re9=cem5t to ,colonel ,fremont4 ,?is    
pap] 0 address$ to ,mr4 ,k]n1  !        
comm&ant ( ,=t ,sacram5to1 & requir$ 8  
sanction4 ,! next  morn+ 7#bi?7 he      
accept$ ( our proposal1 & ! lab\r (     
rais+  ! volunte]s & ( procur+ !        
necess>y clo?+ & supplies =  !m & !     
,indians 0 apportion$4    ,x comm5c$    
ra9+ on ! night ( ! tw5ty-eigh?1 & ! ra9
  fell heavily & /eadily until twelve   
o'clock1 ,p4,m41 on !  tw5ty-n9?4 ,?is  
is ! fir/ fall ( ra9 s9ce ,m>* la/4     

,ab\t  "o o'clock1 ,p4,m41 ! cl\ds cle>$
 away & ! wea!r &  temp]ature 7         
delightful4    ,ab\t twelve o'clock1 on 
! #cj?1 accompani$ by ,mr4 ,grayson1 ,i 
left  ,new ,helvetia4 ,we cross$ !      
,sacram5to at ! emb>cad]o1 swimm+  our  
horses1 & pass+ ourselves ov] 9 a small 
canoe4 ,! me?od (  swimm+ horses ov] s  
broad a /ream z ! ,sacram5to is z       
foll[s4  ,a light canoe or dug-out is   
mann$ by ?ree p]sons1 "o at ! b[  "o at 
! /]n & "o 9 ! c5tre2 ^? at ! b[ & /]n h
  paddles1 & propel & /e] ! craft4 ,!   
man 9 ! c5tre holds  ! horses "o on ea* 
side1 keep+ _! heads out ( wat]4 ,:5 !  
horses are fir/ =c$ into ! deep wat]1 !y
 /ruggle  prodigi\sly1 & sometimes upset
 ! canoe2 b1 :5 ! canoe gets  fairly "u 
way1 !y cease _! resi/ance1 b snort     
l\dly at  e brea? to cle> _! m\?s &     
no/rils ( ! wat]4    ,proce$+ t5 miles  
ov] a level pla91 we ov]took a company (
  emigrants b\nd = ,nappa valley1 &     
encamp$ ) !m = ! night  on ,puta creek1 
a tribut>y ( ! ,sacram5to4 ,five ( !    

sev5 or  eight m5 belong+ to ! company  
enroll$ _! names z volunte]s4  ,! grass 
on ! we/]n side ( ! ,sacram5to is v rank
 & ( an  excell5t quality4    ,x comm5c$
 ra9+ ab\t two o'clock on ! morn+ ( !   
#ca/1 &  cont9u$ to ra9 & mi/ all day4  
,we cross$ f ,puta to ,ca*e  creek1     
rea*+ ! resid5ce ( ,mr4 ,gordon 7#be    
miles7 ab\t ?ree  o'clock ,p4,m4 ,"h we 
enroll$ sev]al additional emigrants 9   
our li/  ( volunte]s1 & !n travell$     
fifte5 miles up ! creek to a small      
log-h\se1 occupi$ tempor>ily by "s ( !  
y\ng] memb]s ( !  family ( ,mr4 ,gordon1
 :o emigrat$ f ,jackson c\nty1 ,mo41 ?is
  ye>1 & by ,mrs4 ,grayson4 ,"h we      
rema9$ dur+ ! night1 glad to  f9d a     
%elt] & a fire1 = we 7 dr5*$ to our     
sk9s4    ,on ! morn+ ( ! #a/ ( ,novemb] 
! sun %one out w>m &  pleasant4 ,! birds
 7 s++1 *att]+1 & flitt+ f tree to      
tree1 ?r\gh ! romantic & picturesque    
valley :]e we _h slept  dur+ ! night4 ,!
 sc5]y & its adjuncts 7 s *>m+ &  entic+
 t ,i recomm5c$ my travels ) reluctance4

 ,no sc5]y c  be m beautiful ?an t ( !  
small valleys ( ,cali=nia4  ,asc5d+ !   
range ( elevat$ m\nta9s :i* bord] !     
,ca*e creek1  we _h a mo/ ext5sive view 
( ! broad pla9 ( ! ,sacram5to1  /ret*+ )
 isl&s & bells ( limb] f> away to ! s\? 
z  ! eye c\ld p5etrate4 ,! gorges &     
summits ( ^! m\nta9s are  timb]$ ) l>go 
p9es1 firs1 & c$>s1 ) a small] gr[? (   
magnolias1 manzanitas1 haw?orns1 etc41  
etc4 ,travell+ sev]al miles  ov] a level
 plateau1 we desc5d$ into a beautiful   
valley1 ri*ly  c>pet$ ) grass & timb]$ )
 ev]gre5 oak4 ,proce$+ across  ?is ?ree 
or f\r miles1 we rose ano!r range (     
m\nta9s1 &1  travell+ a league along !  
summit ridge1 we desc5d$ ?r\gh a        
crevice 9 a sleep rocky precipice1 j    
suffici5t 9 bread? to admit  ! passage (
 our animals4 ,our horses 7 frequ5tly   
compell$ to  slide or leap d[n ne>ly    
p]p5dicul> rocks or /airs1 until we     
f9ally1 j aft] sunset1 rea*$ ! bottom ( 
! m\nta91 &  f\nd ourselves 9 ano!r     
level & mo/ f]tile & picturesque        

valley4    ,we knew t 9 ?is valley1 (   
consid]able ext5t1 !re 0 a h\se  kn[n z 
,b>nett's1 :]e we expect$ to f9d qu>t]s 
= ! night4  ,!re 7 num]\s trails (      
cattle1 horses1 de]1 & o!r wild         
animals1 cross+ ea* o!r 9 e direction   
?r\gh ! live  oak-timb]4 ,we foll[$ on !
 l>ge/ ( ! cattle trails until x  became
 s bl9d t we c\ld n see x4 ,tak+ ano!r1 
we did !  same1 & ! result 0 ! same2    
ano!r & ano!r ) no bett]  success4 ,we  
!n %\t$ s l\d t our voices 7 e*o$ &     
re-e*o$ by ! surr\nd+ m\nta9s1 hop+1 if 
!re 7 any  inhabitants 9 ! valley1 t !y 
w\ld respond to u4 ,!re 0 no            
response--all 0 sil5t :5 ! s\nd ( our   
voices di$ away 9 !  gorges & rav9es2 & 
at t5 o'clock at night we encamp$ "u !  
wide-spread+ bran*es ( an oak1 hav+     
travell$ ab\t #dj miles4  ,/rik+ a fire 
& heap+ ^u x a l>ge quantity ( wood1 :i*
  blaz$ brightly1 display+ ! ,go?ic     
%apes ( ! surr\nd+ oaks1  we picket$ our
 animals1 spread our blankets1 & slept  
s\ndly4    ,x ra9$ sev]al h\rs dur+ !   

night1 & 9 ! morn+ a d5se  fog fill$ !  
valley4 ,saddl+ our animals1 we se>*$   
along ! foot  ( ! next range ( m\nta9s =
 a trail1 b c\ld f9d none4  ,return+ to 
our camp1 we proce$$ up ! valley1 &     
/ruck a trail1  by foll[+ :i* two miles1
 we came to ! h\se 7,b>nett's74 ,!  door
 0 aj>1 & ent]+ ! dwell+ we f\nd x      
t5antless4 ,!  he>? 0 cold1 & ! a%es 9 !
 jambs ( ! l>ge fire-place  7 bak$4 ,9 !
 corn]s ( ! build+ !re 7 "s frames1 ^u  
:i* b$s _h be5 once spread4 ,! h\se     
evid5tly _h be5 ab&on$  by its =m]      
occupants = "s "t4 ,! prolific mo!rs (  
sev]al  families ( ! sw9i% species1 ) _!
 squeal+ prog5ies1  ga!r$ ar\nd u1 9    
full expectation1 d\btless1 ( !         
disp5sation  ( an extra ration1 :i* we  
_h n to give4 ,hav+ eat5 no?+ b  a cru/ 
( bread = #bd h\rs1 ! incl9ation ( our  
appetites 0  /rong to draw ^u !m = a    
ration2 b = old acqua9tance' sake1  &   
because !y 7 ! =e%ad[+ ( ! manife/      
de/9y1 !y  7 p]mitt$ to pass )\t        
mole/ation4 ,!re 7 two or ?ree  small   

inclosures ne> ! h\se1 :]e corn & :eat  
_h be5 plant$  & h>ve/$ ?is ye>2 b none 
( ! product ( ! h>ve/ c\ld  be f\nd 9 ! 
empty h\se1 or on ! place4 ,dism\nt+ f  
our  horses at a limpid spr+-bran* ne> !
 h\se1 we slak$ our ?ir/1  & made our   
hydropa?ical breakfa/ f its cool &      
delici\s wat]4    ,al?\gh ! trail ( !   
valley did n run 9 our c\rse1 /ill1  "u 
! expectation t x w\ld soon take ano!r  
direction1 we  foll[$ x1 pass+ ov] a    
f]tile soil1 suffici5tly timb]$ &  wat]$
 by sev]al small /reams4 ,! quantity (  
arable l& 9  ,cali=nia1 ,i believe1 is  
mu* great] ?an has g5]ally be5 suppos$  
f ! acc\nts ( ! c\ntry giv5 by travell]s
 :o h visit$  only ! p>ts on ! ,pacific1
 & "s few ( ! missions4 ,mo/ (  ! m\nta9
 valleys betwe5 ! ,si]ra ,nevada & !    
coa/ are  exub]antly f]tile1 & f9ely    
wat]$1 & w produce crops ( all  k9ds1   
:ile ! hills are cov]$ ) oats & grass ( 
! mo/  nutriti\s qualities1 = ! su/5ance
 ( cattle1 horses1 & hogs4  ,! acorns   
:i* fall f ! oaks are1 ( !mselves1 a ri*

 annual  product = ! fatt5+ ( hogs2 &   
dur+ ! p]iod ( transition  7f\r or five 
weeks aft] ! ra9s comm5ce fall+7 f ! dry
  grass to ! fre% gr[?1 horses1 mules1 &
 ev5 horn$ cattle mo/ly  subsi/ & fatt5 
^u ^! l>ge & oleag9\s nuts4    ,we left 
! valley 9 a w>m & g5ial sun%9e1 ab\t   
#aa o'clock1 &  comm5c$ asc5d+ ano!r    
high m\nta91 timb]$ z ^? ,i h  previ\sly
 describ$4 ,:5 we rea*$ ! summit1 we 7  
envelop$ 9  cl\ds1 & ! ra9 0 fall+      
copi\sly1 & a w9try bla/ drove  ! cold  
elem5t to our sk9s4 ,cross+ ?is m\nta9  
?ree or f\r  miles1 we desc5d$ its sleep
 sides1 & ent]$ ano!r beautiful &       
romantic holl[1 divid$ z x 7 into v>i\s 
ap>tm5ts by %ort  ranges ( l[ conical   
hills1 cov]$ to _! summits ) grass &    
wild oats4 ,! grass & o!r vegetation on 
! level bottom are v  rank1 indicat+ a  
soil ( ! mo/ prolific qualities4 ,9 w9d+
  ?r\gh ?is valley1 we met f\r ,indians 
on foot1 arm$ ) long b[s1  & arr[s (    
correspond+ weight & l5g?1 weapons t ,i 
h n  previ\sly se5 among ! ,indians4 ,_!

 complexions 7 light] ?an  ^? ( !       
ran*]ia ,indians ( ,cali=nia4 ,!y       
evid5tly belong$  to "s m nor!rn tribe4 
,we /opp$ !m to make inquiries1 b  !y   
seem$ to "k no?+ ( ! c\ntry1 nor c\ld we
 le>n f  !m f :5ce !y came or :]e !y 7  
go+4 ,!y 7 clo!d  9 dress$ sk9s1 & two (
 !m 7 highly r\g$4    ,asc5d+ & desc5d+ 
gradually ov] "s l[ hills1 we ent]$     
ano!r circul> valley1 ?r\gh :i* fl[s a  
/ream1 ! wat]s (  :i*1 judg+ f its      
*annel1 at c]ta9 seasons are broad &    
deep4  ,! gr\nd1 f ! ra9s t h rec5tly   
fall5 & are n[  fall+1 is v s(t1 & we _h
 difficulty 9 urg+ our tir$  animals    
across ?is valley4 ,we soon discov]$    
fre% cattle signs1 &  aft]w>ds a l>ge   
h]d graz+ ne> ! /ream4 ,f>!r on1 we saw 
five old & mis]ably emaciat$ ,indian    
wom51 ga!r+ grass-se$ =  bread4 ,?is    
process is p]=m$ ) two baskets1 "o %ap$ 
l a  r\nd %ield1 & ! o!r hav+ a bas9 &  
h&le4 ,) ! %ield  ! lop ( ! grass is    
bru%$1 & ! se$ by ! motion is ?r[n  into
 ! deep basket held 9 ! o!r h&4 ,! five 

wom5 appe>$ at  a di/ance l s _m m[]s   
cutt+ d[n ! grass ( a mead[4  ,^! wom5  
c\ld give u no satisfaction 9 response  
to inquiries1 b  po9t$ ov] ! riv]       
indicat+ t we %\ld !re f9d ! casa  &    
ran*]ia4 ,!y !n cont9u$ _! "w ) z mu*   
zeal &  indu/ry z if _! lives 7 dep5d5t 
^u ! proce$s ( _!  lab\r1 & ,i suppose  
!y 74    ,cross+ ! riv]1 we /ruck a     
trail :i* l$ u to ! casa &  ran*]ia1    
ab\t two miles di/ant4 ,! casa 0 a small
 adobe  build+1 ab\t twelve feet squ>e1 
& 0 lock$ up4 ,f9d+ t  admission 0 n to 
be ga9$ "h1 we hail$ at ! ran*]ia1 &    
pres5tly "s doz5 squalid & nak$ m51     
wom51 & *ildr51 made  _! appe>ance4 ,we 
inquir$ = ! mayor domo1 or ov]se]4 ,!   
*ief speak] signifi$ t he 0 abs5t1 & t  
he did n expect  h9t to return until    
sev]al suns rose & set4 ,we !n signifi$ 
we  7 hungry1 & v soon a loaf made (    
pulv]iz$ acorns1 m+l$  ) wild fruit ( "s
 k9d1 0 br\ght to u ) a basket ( wat]4  
,^! ,indians manufacture small baskets  
:i* are imp]vi\s to wat]1  & !y are us$ 

z bas9s to dr9k f1 & = o!r purposes4    
,i knew t we _h be5 travell+ out ( our  
c\rse all day1 & x  0 n[ ?ree o'clock1  
,p4,m4 ,ra9 & mi/ _h succe$$ ea* o!r1 & 
! sun 0 hidd5 f u by d>k & ?reat5+      
masses ( cl\ds4 ,we  _h no compass ) u1 
& c\ld n det]m9e ! c\rse to ,nappa      
,valley or ,sonoma4 ,believ+ t ! ,indian
 w\ld h "s k  ( ! latt] place1 we made  
him compreh5d t we wi%$ to g !re1  &    
inquir$ ! r\te4 ,he po9t$ 9 a direction 
:i* he signifi$  w\ld take u to ,sonoma4
 ,we po9t$ 9 ano!r c\rse1 :i* x seem$   
to u 0 ! "r "o4 ,b he p]si/$ 9 ass]t+ t 
he 0  "r4 ,aft] "s fur!r talk1 = ! %irt 
on my back he promis$ to  guide u1 &1   
plac+ a ragg$ sk9 on "o ( our horses1 he
 m\nt$  ! animal & l$ ! way ov] ! next  
range ( hills4 ,! ra9 soon  p\r$ d[n s  
h>d ^u ! poor fell['s b>e sk91 t he     
begg$  p]mission to return1 to :i* we   
w\ld n cons5t2 b1 out (  compassion to  
him1 ,i took (f my ov]-coat1 ) :i* he   
cov]$ 8  sw>?y hide1 & seem$ highly     
delight$ ) ! %elt] f !  pitiless /orm x 

af=d$ him1 or ) ! supposition t ,i      
int5d$  to pres5t x to him4    ,cross+  
sev]al elevat$ & rocky hills1 j be=e    
sunset1 we _h a  view ( a l>ge timb]$   
valley & a %eet ( wat]1 ! ext5t (  :i*  
we c\ld n compass ) ! eye1 on acc\nt ( !
 ?ickness (  ! atmosph]e4 ,:5 we came 9 
sight ( ! wat]1 ! ,indian utt]$  v>i\s  
exclamations ( pleasure2 &1 al?\gh ,i _h
 felt b little  fai? 9 him z a pilot f !
 fir/1 ,i began n[ to ?9k t we  7       
approa*+ ! ,bay ( ,san ,francisco4      
,desc5d+ into ! valley1  we travell$    
along a small /ream two or ?ree miles1 &
 7  cont9u+ on 9 ! twilight1 :5 we he>d 
! t9kl+ ( a c[-bell  on ! opposite side 
( ! /ream4 ,c]ta91 f ?is s\nd1 t  !re   
mu/ be an encampm5t ne>1 ,i halt$ &     
halloo$ at ! top (  my voice4 ,! halloo 
call$ =? a simil> response1 ) an        
int]rogation 9 ,engli%1 ,:o ! d----l are
 y--,spani>ds or  ,am]icans8 ,am]icans4 
,%[ y\rselves1 !n1 d----n y1 & let u    
see ! col\r ( y\r hide1 0 ! answ]4      
,tell u :]e we c cross ! /ream1 & y %all

 soon see u1 0  our reply4    ,ride back
 & foll[ ! s\nd ( my voice1 & be d----d 
to y1 &  y c cross ! /ream ) a de]'s    
jump4    ,accord+ly1 foll[+ ! s\nd ( !  
voice ( ?is r\gh colloqui/1  :o %\t$    
repeat$ly1 we rode back 9 ! d>k sev]al  
hundr$ y>ds1  &1 plung+ into ! /ream1 ! 
*annel ( :i* 0 deep1 we ga9$  ! o!r     
side1 :]e we f\nd ?ree m5 /&+ ready to  
receive u4  ,we soon discov]$ !m to be a
 p>ty ( pr(essional hunt]s1 or  trapp]s1
 at ! head ( :i* 0 ,mr4 ,gre5wood1 a    
fam$ m\nta9e]1  commonly kn[n z ,old    
,gre5wood4 ,!y invit$ u to _! camp1     
situat$ across a small op5+ 9 ! timb]   
ab\t half a mile  di/ant4 ,hav+ unsaddl$
 our tir$ animals & turn$ !m loose to   
graze = ! night1 we plac$ our baggage "u
 ! cov] ( a small  t5t1 &1 tak+ our     
seats by ! huge camp fire1 made kn[n z  
f> z  0 exp$i5t our bus9ess4 ,we soon   
asc]ta9$ t we _h ridd5 !  entire day    
7ab\t #dj miles7 directly out ( our     
c\rse to ,nappa ,valley  & ,sonoma1 & t 
! ,indian's in=mation 0 all wrong4 ,we 7

  n[ ne> ! %ore ( a l>ge lake1 call$ !  
,laguna by  ,cali=nians1 "s fifty or    
sixty miles 9 l5g?1 :i* lake is  situat$
 ab\t sixty or sev5ty miles nor? ( !    
,bay ( ,san  ,francisco2 consequ5tly1   
to-morr[ we %all be compell$ to retrace 
our  /eps & f9d ! trail t leads f       
,h>riett's h\se to ,nappa1  :i* escap$ u
 ?is morn+4 ,we receiv$ su* directions1 
h[ev]1  f ,mr4 ,gre5wood1 t we c\ld n   
fail to f9d x4    ,we f\nd 9 ! camp1 mu*
 to our gratification aft] a long fa/1  
an  abundance ( fat grisly be>-meat & ! 
mo/ delici\s & t5d]  de]-meat4 ,! camp  
look$ l a but*]'s /all4 ,! pot fill$ )  
be>-fle% 0 boil$ aga9 & aga91 & ! *oice 
pieces ( !  t5d] v5ison 7 roa/+1 &      
disappe>+ ) s+ul> rapidity  = a long "t4
 ,bread !re 0 none ( c\rse4 ,su* a      
delicacy is  unkn[n to ! m\nta9 trapp]s1
 nor is x mu* desir$ by !m4    ,! hunt+ 
p>ty consi/$ ( ,mr4 ,gre5wood1 ,mr4     
,turn]1 ,mr4 ,adams1  & ?ree sons ( ,mr4
 ,g41 "o gr[n1 & ! o!r two boys #aj or  
#ab  ye>s ( age1 half-br$ ,indians1 ! "m

 be+ a ,cr[4 ,"o ( ^!  boys is nam$     
,gov]nor ,boggs1 aft] ex-gov]nor ,boggs 
( ,miss\ri1 an  old fri5d ( ! fa!r4 ,mr4
 ,gre5wood1 or ,old ,gre5wood1 z he is  
famili>ly call$1 accord+ to 8 own       
/atem5t1 is #hc ye>s ( age1  & has be5 a
 m\nta9 trapp] betwe5 #dj & #ej ye>s4   
,he liv$ among  ! ,cr[ ,indians1 :]e he 
m>ri$ 8 wife1 betwe5 ?irty & =ty  ye>s4 
,he is ab\t six feet 9 height1 raw-bon$ 
& sp>e 9 fle%1  b muscul>1 &1 not)/&+ 8 
old age1 walks ) all !  erectness &     
ela/icity ( y\?4 ,8 dress 0 ( tann$     
bucksk91  & f its appe>ance "o w\ld     
suppose its antiquity to be ne>ly  equal
 to ! age ( its we>]4 ,x _h probably    
nev] be5 (f 8 body  s9ce he fir/ put x  
on4 ,i am1 said he1 an old              
man--eighty-?ree  ye>s--x is a long "t  
to live2--eighty-?ree ye>s la/--4 ,i h  
se5 all ! ,injun v>m9ts ( ! ,rocky      
,m\nta9s1--h f\t  !m--liv$ ) !m4 ,i h _m
 *ildr5--,i don't "k h[ _m1  !y are     
scatt]$2 b my wife 0 a ,cr[4 ,! ,cr[s   
are a brave  nation1--! brave/ ( all !  

,injuns2 !y fight l ! :ite man2  !y     
don't kill y 9 ! d>k l ! ,black-foot    
v>m9t1 & !n  take y\r scalp & run1 !    
c[>dly reptiles4 ,eighty-?ree ye>s      
la/----2 & yet old ,gre5wood c\ld h&le !
 rifle z well z !  be/ on 'em1 b = ?is  
inf]nal hum\r 9 my eyes1 caught ?ree    
ye>s ago 9 br++ ! emigrators ov] !      
de-s>t4 7,a circle (  sc>let surr\nd$ 8 
weep+ eyeballs47 ,i c't see ji/ n[ z    
well  z ,i did fifty ye>s ago1 b ,i c   
always br+ ! game or !  sl9k+ & skulk+  
,injun4 ,i h ji/ come ov] ! m\nta9s f   
,sweetwat] ) ! emigrators z pilot1 liv+ 
^u bacon1 bread1  milk1 & si* l mu%y    
/uff4 ,x don't agree ) me2 x nev] w     
agree ) a man ( my age1 eighty-?ree la/ 
----2 t is a long "t  to live4 ,i ?\ght 
,i w\ld take a small hunt to get a      
little ex]cise  = my old bones1 & "s    
good fre% meat4 ,! grisly be>1 fat de]1 
& p\ltry & fi%--!m are su* ?+s z a man  
%\ld eat4 ,i came  up "h1 :]e ,i knew   
!re 0 pl5ty4 ,i 0 "h tw5ty ye>s ago1    
be=e any :ite man see ?is lake & ! ri*  

l& ab\t x4 ,x's  fill$ ) big fi%4 ,t's  
be]-spr+s "h1 bett] ?an !m 9 !  ,rocky  
,m\nta9s2 ?>'s a m\nta9 ( solid         
brim/one1 & ?>'s m9es  ( gold & silv]1  
all ( :i* ,i "k'd _m ye>s ago1 & ,i c   
%[ !m to y if y w g ) me 9 ! morn+4 ,^! 
black-sk9n$ ,spani>ds h rebell$ aga94   
,wall1 !y c make a  fuss1 d--m 'em1 & h 
revolutions e ye>1 b !y c't fight4  ,x's
 no use to g aft] 'em1 unless :5 y ket* 
'em y kill 'em4  ,!y won't /& an' fight 
l m51 an' :5 !y c't fight long]  give   
up2 b ! sk>$ v>m9ts run away & !n make  
ano!r fuss1  d--m 'em4 ,su* 0 ! disc\rse
 ( our ho/4    ,! camp consi/$ ( two    
small t5ts1 :i* _h probably be5 obta9$  
f ! emigrants4 ,!y 7 pit*$ s z to face  
ea* o!r1 &  betwe5 !m !re 0 a l>ge pile 
( blaz+ logs4 ,on ! trees  surr\nd+ !   
camp 7 /ret*$ ! sk9s ( v>i\s animals :i*
  _h be5 kill$ 9 ! hunt2 "s pres]v$ = _!
 hides1 o!rs =  ! fur4 ,be>-meat &      
v5ison en\gh = a w9t]'s supply 7  hang+ 
f ! limbs4 ,! swe>+ ( ,turn]1 a man (   
imm5se frame  & muscul> p[]1 dur+ our   

ev5+'s conv]sation1 0 almo/  t]rific4 ,i
 _h he>d m\nta9 swe>+ be=e1 b 8 w5t f>  
beyond  all =m] examples4 ,he c\ld d all
 ! swe>+ = our army 9  ,mexico1 & !n h a
 surplus4    ,! next morn+ 7,nov4 #crd71
 aft] p>tak+ ( a he>ty breakfa/1 &      
susp5d+ f our saddles a suffici5t supply
 ( v5ison &  be>-meat = two days'       
j\rney1 we />t$ back on our own trail4  
,we  left our mis]able ,indian pilot at 
8 ran*]ia4 ,i gave him !  %irt f my     
back1 out ( compassion = 8 suff]+s--he  
well  des]v$ a dress+ ( ano!r k9d4 ,x   
ra9$ all day1 &1 :5 we  rea*$ ,b>nett's 
7! empty h\se7 aft] f\r o'clock1 ,p4,m41
 ! black  masses ( cl\ds :i* hung ov] ! 
valley port5d$ a /orm s  furi\s1 t we   
?\ght x prud5t to take %elt] "u a ro( = 
! night4 ,secur+ our animals 9 "o ( !   
inclosures1 we encamp$  9 ! des]t$      
dwell+4 ,! /orm soon comm5c$1 & rag$ &  
ro>$ ) a fi]c5ess & /r5g? r>ely         
witness$4 ,! hogs &  pigs came squeal+  
ab\t ! door = admission2 & ! cattle &   
horses 9 ! valley1 t]rifi$ by ! viol5ce 

( elem5tal battle1  ran backw>ds &      
=w>ds1 bell[+ & snort+4 ,9 com=table    
qu>t]s1 we roa/$ & enjoy$ our be>-meat &
 v5ison1 & left  ! w9d1 ra91 lightn+1 & 
?und] to play _! pranks z be/  suit$ !m1
 :i* !y did all night4    ,on ! morn+ ( 
! f\r?1 we f\nd ! trail describ$ to u by
 ,mr4  ,gre5wood1 &1 cross+ a ridge (   
m\nta9s1 desc5d$ into !  valley ( ,nappa
 creek1 :i* empties into ! ,bay ( ,san  
,francisco j  bel[ ! ,/raits ( ,c>qu9ez4
 ,?is is a mo/ beautiful & f]tile       
valley1 & is already occupi$ by sev]al  
,am]ican settl]s4 ,among !  fir/ :o     
e/abli%$ !mselves "h is ,mr4 ,y\nt1 :o  
soon aft]  erect$ a fl\r+-mill &        
saw-mill4 ,^! h be5 9 op]ation  sev]al  
ye>s4 ,be=e rea*+ ,mr4 ,y\nt's settlem5t
 we pass$ a  saw-mill m rec5tly erect$1 
by ,dr4 ,bale4 ,!re seems to be an      
abundance ( p9e & r$-wood 7a species (  
fir71 9 ! canadas4 ,no  lumb] c be      
sup]ior = build+ purposes ?an t saw$ f !
  r$-wood4 ,! trees are ( imm5se size1  
/raight1 free f knots &  twi/s1 & ! wood

 is s(t1 & easily cut ) plane & saw4    
,arriv+ at ! resid5ce ( ,dr4 ,bale1 9   
,nappa ,valley1 we 7  hospitably        
ent]ta9$ by him ) a late breakfa/ (     
c(fee1 boil$  eggs1 /eaks1 & tortillas1 
s]v$ up 9 ,am]ican /yle4 ,leav+  ,nappa1
 aft] travell+ d[n x "s t5 or twelve    
miles1 we cross$  ano!r range ( hills or
 m\nta9s1 & rea*$ ,sonoma aft] d>k1 our 
clo?+ ?or\ghly dr5*$ ) ! ra91 :i*1 )    
int]missions1  _h fall5 ! :ole day4 ,i  
put up at ! same qu>t]s z :5 "h  be=e4  
,! h\se 0 cov]$ ) a dilapidat$ ?at*1 & !
 ra9  dripp$ ?r\gh x1 n leav+ a dry spot
 on ! floor ( ! room  :]e we slept4 ,b  
!re 0 an advantage 9 ?is--! inundation (
  wat] _h completely discomfit$ ! army (
 fleas t infe/$ !  build+ :5 we 7 "h    
be=e4    ,x ra9$ incessantly on ! fif?4 
,col4 ,russell arriv$ at ,sonoma  e>ly 9
 ! morn+1 hav+ arriv$ f ,san ,francisco 
la/ night4  ,procur+ a boat belong+ to  
,messrs4 ,h[>d & ,mellus1 ly+ at !      
emb>cad]o1 ,i left = ,san ,francisco1 b1
 ow+ to ! /orm &  contr>y w9ds1 did n   

arrive !re until ! morn+ ( ! sev5?1  be+
 two nights & a day 9 ! creek1 & *urn+  
on ! bay4  ,pur*as+ a quantity ( clo?+1 
& o!r supplies = volunte]s1 ,i  sail$   
e>ly on ! morn+ ( ! eigh? = ,new        
,helvetia1 9 a boat  belong+ to !       
sloop-(-w> ,portsm\?1 mann$ by ,u4,s4   
sailors1 "u  ! comm& ( ,mid%ipman       
,byres1 a native ( ,maysville1 ,ky4 ,we 
encamp$  t night at ! head ( ,soeson1   
hav+ sail$ ab\t fifty miles 9  a sev]e  
/orm ( w9d & ra94 ,! waves frequ5tly    
da%$ entirely  ov] our little craft4 ,! 
ra9 cont9u$ dur+ ! n9?1 & we  encamp$ at
 night ab\t ! m\? ( ! ,sacram5to4 ,on ! 
night (  ! t5? we encamp$ at ,m]itt's   
camp1 ! ra9 /ill fall+1 &  ! riv] ris+  
rapidly1 r5d]+ navigation up-/ream      
impossible1  except ) ! aid ( ! tide4   
,on ! night ( ! elev5? we  encamp$      
fifte5 miles bel[ ,new ,helvetia1 /ill  
ra9+4 ,on !  morn+ ( ! twelf? ! cl\ds   
cle>$ away1 & ! sun bur/ out  w>m &     
spr+-l4 ,aft] hav+ be5 expos$ to ! ra9 =
 t5 or  twelve days1 )\t hav+ ! clo?+ ^u

 me once dry1 ! sight (  ! sun1 & !     
influ5ce ( 8 beams1 7 *e]+ & mo/        
agreeable4 ,we arriv$ at ,new ,helvetia 
ab\t twelve o'clock4          ,,*apt]   
,,viii4      ,leave ,new ,helvetia      
,pleasant wea!r    ,meet ,indian        
volunte]s    ,tule boats    ,engagem5t  
betwe5 a p>ty ( ,am]icans & ,cali=nians 
,dea? ( ,capt4 ,burr\ghs & ,capt4 ,fo/] 
,capture ( ,?omas ,o4 ,l>k9             
,reconnaissance    ,san ,juan ,bauti/a  
,neglect ( ! dead    ,l>ge h]ds (       
,cattle    ,jo9 ,col4 ,fremont4      ,on
 my arrival at ,new ,helvetia1 ,i f\nd  
!re ,mr4 ,jacob4 ,mr4 ,re$ _h  n yet    
return$ f ! m\nta9s4 ,no?+ _h be5 he>d f
 ,mr4  ,lipp9cott1 or ,mr4 ,grayson1    
s9ce ,i left ! latt] at ,sonoma4 ,an    
au?oriz$ ag5t ( ,col4 ,fremont _h arriv$
 at ! =t ! day t ,i  left x1 ) p[] to   
take ! caballada ( public horses1 & to  
enroll volunte]s = ! exp$ition to ! s\?4
 ,he _h left two or  ?ree days be=e my  
arrival1 tak+ ) him all ! horses &      
trapp+s suitable = s]vice1 & all ! m5 :o

 _h previ\sly  r5dezv\s$ at ! =t1 numb]+
 ab\t sixty1 z ,i und]/ood4 ,at  my     
reque/ mess5g]s 7 s5t by ,mr4 ,k]n1     
comm&ant ( ! =t1  & by ,capta9 ,sutt]1  
to ! ,indian *iefs on ! ,san ,joaqu9    
,riv]  & its tribut>ies1 to meet me at !
 mo/ conv5i5t po9ts on !  trail1 ) su*  
w>riors ( _! tribes z *ose to volunte] z
  soldi]s ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 & p]=m     
milit>y s]vice dur+ !  campaign4 ,i     
believ$ t !y w\ld be useful z sc\ts &   
spies4 ,on  ! #ad? & #ae? eight m5      
7emigrants :o _h j arriv$ 9 !  c\ntry1 &
 _h be5 enroll$ at ,johnson's settlem5t 
by ,messrs4 ,re$  & ,jacob7 arriv$ at ! 
=t2 & on ! morn+ ( ! #af?1 )  ^!1 we    
/>t$ to jo9 ,colonel ,fremont1 suppos$  
to be at ,mont]ey2  & we encamp$ at     
night on ! ,cosumne ,riv]4    ,! wea!r  
is n[ pleasant4 ,we are occasionally    
dr5*$ ) a %[]  ( ra91 aft] :i* ! sun    
%9es w>m & bright2 ! fre% grass is      
spr++ up1 & ! birds s+ & *att] 9 !      
groves & ?ickets  z we pass ?r\gh !m4 ,i
 rode =w>d1 on ! morn+ ( ! #ag?1 to  !  

,mickelemes ,riv] 7tw5ty-five miles f ! 
,cosumne71 :]e ,i met  ,antonio1 an     
,indian *ief1 ) twelve w>riors1 :o _h   
assembl$ h]o  = ! purpose ( jo9+ u4 ,!  
names ( ! w>riors 7 z                   
foll[s2--,santiago1 ,masua1 ,kiubu1     
,tocoso1 ,nonelo1 ,mi*ael1 ,weala1      
,arkell1 ,nicolas1 ,heel1 ,ka%eano1     
,e/eph54 ,our p>ty com+ up 9 !          
aft]noon1 we encamp$ "h = ! day1 9 ord] 
to give ! ,indians  "t to make fur!r    
prep>ations = ! m>*4 ,on ! #ah? we met1 
at  ! =d ( ! ,san ,joaqu9 ,riv]1 ano!r  
p>ty ( eighte5 ,indians1  includ+ _!    
*iefs4 ,_! names 7--,jos ,jesus1        
,filipe1  ,ray-mundo1 & ,c>los1 *iefs2  
,hulig>io1 ,bonefasio1 ,francisco1      
,nicolas1 ,pablo1 ,feliciano1 ,san      
,antonio1 ,pol9>io1 ,manuel1 ,graviano1 
,sal9ordio1 ,rom]o1 & ,m]ikeeldo1       
w>riors4 ,! *iefs & "s (  ! w>riors ( ^!
 p>ties 7 p>tially clo!d1 b mo/ ( !m  7 
nak$1 except a small g>m5t ar\nd ! lo9s4
 ,!y 7 arm$  ) b[s & arr[s4 ,we encamp$ 
) our sable companions on ! ea/  bank ( 

! ,san ,joaqu94    ,! next morn+ 7,nov4 
#ai71 ! riv] be+ too high to =d1 we     
con/ruct$1 by ! aid ( ! ,indians1       
tule-boats1 ^u :i* our  baggage 0 f]ri$ 
ov] ! /ream4 ,! tule-boat consi/s (     
bundles  ( tule firmly h\nd toge!r )    
will[ )es4 ,:5 complet$1 9  %ape x is n 
unlike a small keel-boat4 ,! buoyancy ( 
"o ( ^!  craft is surpris+4 ,six m51 z  
_m z c\ld sit ^u ! deck1 7  pass$ ov]1 9
 ! l>ge/ ( our ?ree boats1 at a "t4 ,!  
boats  7 t[$ backw>ds & =w>ds by ,indian
 swimm]s--"o at ! b[1  & "o at ! /]n z  
/e]sman1 & two on ea* side z propell]s4 
,! poor fell[s1 :5 !y came out ( ! cold 
wat]1 trembl$ z if  attack$ ) an ague4  
,we encamp$ ne> ! h\se ( ,mr4 ,liv]more 
7previ\sly describ$71 :]e1 aft]         
consid]able difficulty1 ,i  obta9$      
suffici5t beef = supp]1 ,mr4 ,l4 be+    
abs5t4 ,mo/ ( !  ,indians did n get into
 camp until a late h\r ( ! night1 & "s  
( !m n until morn+4 ,!y compla9$ v mu* (
 sore feet1 &  want$ horses to ride1 :i*
 ,i promis$ !m z soon z !y rea*$  !     

,pueblo de ,san ,jos4    ,ab\t t5       
o'clock on ! morn+ ( ! #bj?1 we         
slaught]$ a beef 9  ! hills betwe5 ,mr4 
,liv]more's & ! mission ( ,san ,jos2 &1 
leav+ ! hungry p>ty to regale !mselves  
^u x & !n foll[  on1 ,i proce$$         
imm$iately to ! ,pueblo de ,san ,jos to 
make fur!r  arrangem5ts1 rea*+ t place j
 aft] sunset4 ,on ! #ba/ ,i  procur$    
clo?+ = ! ,indians1 :i*1 :5 !y arriv$ ) 
,mr4  ,jacob 9 ! aft]noon1 0 di/ribut$  
among !m4    ,on my arrival at !        
,pueblo1 ,i f\nd ! ,am]ican population  
!re mu*  excit$ by intellig5ce j receiv$
 ( ! capture on ! #ae?1  betwe5 ,mont]ey
 & ! mission ( ,san ,juan1 ( ,?os4 ,o4  
,l>k91 ,esq41  late ,u4,s4 ,consul 9    
,cali=nia1 by a p>ty ( ,cali=nians1 & ( 
an  engagem5t betwe5 ! same ,cali=nians 
& a p>ty ( ,am]icans  escort+ a         
caballada ( #djj horses to ,colonel     
,fremont's camp 9  ,mont]ey4 ,9 ?is     
affair ?ree ,am]icans 7 kill$1 viz43    
,capt4  ,burr\ghs1 ,capt4 ,fo/]1 & ,mr4 
,eames1 late ( ,/4 ,l\is1 ,mo4 ,!       

mission ( ,san ,juan lies on ! road     
betwe5 ! ,pueblo de ,san ,jos &         
,mont]ey1 ab\t fifty miles f ! =m]      
place1 & ?irty f !  latt]4 ,! skirmi%   
took place t5 miles s\? ( ,san ,juan1   
ne> !  ,mont]ey road4 ,i extract !      
foll[+ acc\nt ( ?is affair f a  j\rnal (
 8 captivity publi%$ by ,mr4 ,l>k93--   
,on ! #aj? ( ,novemb]1 f in=mation      
receiv$ ( ! sickness (  my family 9 ,san
 ,francisco1 :]e !y _h gone to escape ! 
expect$  revolution>y tr\bles 9         
,mont]ey1 & f lett]s f ,capta9          
,montgom]y reque/+ my pres5ce respect+  
"s /ores = !  ,portsm\?1 ,i1 ) "o       
s]vant1 left ,mont]ey = ,san ,francisco1
  kn[+ t = "o mon? no ,cali=nian =ces _h
 be5 )9 #ajj  miles ( u4 ,t night ,i put
 up at ! h\se ( ,don ,joaqu9 ,gomez1    
s5d+ my s]vant to ,san ,juan1 six miles 
beyond1 to reque/ ,mr4 ,j4  ,?ompson to 
wait = me1 z he 0 on ! road = ,san      
,francisco4 ,ab\t  midnight ,i 0 ar\s$ f
 my b$ by ! noise made by t5            
,cali=nians 7un%av$ & unwa%$ = mon?s1   

be+ 9 ! m\nta9s7  ru%+ into my *amb] )  
guns1 swords1 pi/ols1 & tor*es 9  _!    
h&s4 ,i ne$$ b a mom5t to be fully awake
 & "k my exact  situation2 ! fir/ cry 01
 ',como e/amos1 ,s5or ,consul4' ',vamos1
  ,s5or ,l>k94' ,at my b$side 7 sev]al  
lett]s t ,i _h re-read  be=e go+ to b$4 
,on dress+ myself1 :ile my captors 7    
saddl+  my horse1 ,i assort$ ^! lett]s1 
& put !m into diff]5t  pockets4 ,aft]   
tak+ my own "t to dress & arrange my    
valise1 we  />t$1 & rode to a camp (    
sev5ty or eighty m5 on ! banks (  !     
,mont]ey ,riv]2 !re ea* (fic] & pr9cipal
 p]son pass$ !  "t ( night ) me1 & a    
rem>k or two4 ,! comm&ante took me on   
"o side1 & in=m$ me t 8 p dem&$ t ,i    
%\ld write  to ,san ,juan1 to ! ,am]ican
 capta9 ( volunte]s1 say+ t ,i _h  left 
,mont]ey to visit ! di/ress$ families ( 
! riv]1 &  reque/ or dem& t tw5ty m5    
%\ld meet me be=e daylight1 t  ,i c\ld  
/ation !m1 be=e my return to t[n1 9 a   
mann] to protect  ^! families4 ,!       
natives1 he said1 7 det]m9$ on ! act be+

  accompli%$4 ,i at fir/ endeav\r$ to   
reason ) him on ! infamy  & !           
impossibility ( ! de$1 b to no avail2 he
 said my life  dep5d$ on ! lett]2 t he 0
 will+1 nay1 anxi\s to pres]ve  my life 
z an old acqua9tance1 b c\ld n control 8
 p 9  ?is affair4 ,f argum5t ,i came to 
a refusal2 he advis$1 urg$1 &  dem&$4   
,at ?is p]iod an (fic] call$ out 99 99  
99 99 7,come "h1  ^? :o are nam$47 ,i !n
 said1 ',9 ?is mann] y may act &  ?reat5
 night by night2 my life on su*         
condition is ( no value or  pleasure to 
me4 ,i am by accid5t y\r prison]--make !
 mo/ (  me--write1 ,i w n2 %oot z y see 
fit1 & ,i am done talk+ on  ! subject4' 
,i left him1 & w5t to ! camp fire4 ,= a 
half-h\r or  m !re 0 "s commotion ar\nd 
me1 :5 all di/urbance subsid$4    ,at   
daylight we />t$1 ) a flag fly+ & a drum
 beat+1 &  travell$ eight or t5 miles1  
:5 we camp$ 9 a l[ valley or holl[4     
,!re !y caught ) ! lasso ?ree or f\r    
head ( cattle belong+  to ! ne>e/ ran*o1
 & breakfa/$4 ,! :ole day _! outrid]s   

rode 9 e direction1 on ! look-out1 to   
see if ! ,am]ican  company left !       
mission ( ,san ,juan1 or                
,lieut5ant-,colonel ,fremont  left      
,mont]ey2 !y also rode to all !         
neighb\r+ ran*es1 &  =c$ ! ran*]os to   
jo9 !m4 ,at "o o'clock1 !y began _!  m>*
 ) "o hundr$ & ?irty m5 7& two or ?ree  
hundr$ extra  horses72 !y m>*$ 9 f\r    
s+le files1 occupy+ f\r positions1      
myself "u *>ge ( an (fic] & five or six 
m5 9 ! c5tre4  ,_! plan ( op]ation = !  
night 01 to ru% into ,san ,juan t5 or   
fifte5 m51 :o 7 to retreat1 "u !        
expectation t !  ,am]icans w\ld foll[   
!m1 9 :i* case ! :ole p>ty outside 0  to
 cut !m (f4 ,i 0 to be reta9$ 9 ! c5tre 
( ! p>ty4 ,t5  miles s\? ( ! mission1 !y
 enc\nt]$ eight or t5 ,am]icans1 a  "p (
 :om retreat$ into a l[ gr\nd cov]$ )   
oaks1 ! o!rs  return$ to ! h\se ( ,s5or 
,gomez1 to al>m _! companions4 ,=  ov]  
"o h\r ! hundr$ & ?irty ,cali=nians     
surr\nd$ ! six or  eight ,am]icans1     
occasionally giv+ & receiv+ %ots4 ,dur+ 

?is  p]iod1 ,i 0 sev]al times reque/$1  
!n comm&$1 to g among !  oaks & br+ out 
my c\ntrym51 & (f] !m _! lives on giv+  
up _! rifles & p]sons4 ,i at la/ (f]$ to
 g & call !m out1  on condition t !y    
%\ld return to ,san ,juan or g to       
,mont]ey1  ) _! arms2 ?is be+ refus$1 ,i
 told ! comm&ante to g 9  & br+ !m out  
himself4 ,:ile !y 7 consult+ h[ ?is c\ld
  be done1 fifty ,am]icans came d[n on  
!m1 :i* caus$ an action (  ab\t tw5ty or
 ?irty m9utes4 ,?irty or =ty ( ! natives
 leav+  ! field at ! fir/ fire1 !y      
rema9$ drawn (f by fives & t5s  until ! 
,am]icans _h ! field to !mselves4 ,bo?  
p>ties rema9$  )9 a mile ( ea* o!r until
 d>k4 ,our c\ntrym5 lo/ ,capta9         
,burr\ghs ( ,/4 ,l\is1 ,miss\ri1 ,capta9
 ,fo/]1 & two o!rs1 )  two or ?ree      
w\nd$4 ,! ,cali=nians lo/ two ( _!      
c\ntrym51  & ,jos ,g>cia1 ( ,val41      
,*ili1 ) sev5 w\nd$4    ,! foll[+       
additional p>ticul>s ,i extract f !     
,cali=nian  newspap] ( ,novemb] #ba1    
#ahdf1 publi%$ at ,mont]ey3 ,burr\ghs & 

,fo/] 7 kill$ at ! fir/ onset4 ,!       
,am]icans fir$1 & !n  *>g$ on ! enemy ) 
_! empty rifles1 & ran !m (f4  ,h[ev]1  
!y /ill kept rally+1 & fir+ n[ & !n a   
musket at  ! ,am]icans until ab\t elev5 
o'clock at night1 :5 "o ( !             
,walla-,walla ,indians (f]$ 8 s]vices to
 come into ,mont]ey & give  ,colonel    
,fremont notice ( :at 0 pass+4 ,soon    
aft] he />t$ he  0 pursu$ by a p>ty ( ! 
enemy4 ,! =emo/ 9 pursuit drove a  lance
 at ! ,indian1 :o1 try+ to p>ry x1      
receiv$ ! lance  ?r\gh 8 h&2 he         
imm$iately1 ) 8 o!r h&1 seiz$ 8         
tomahawk1 & /ruck 8 oppon5t1 splitt+ 8  
head f ! cr[n to  ! m\?4 ,by ?is "t !   
o!rs _h come up1 &1 ) ! mo/  extraord9>y
 dext]ity & brav]y1 ! ,indian vanqui%$  
two m1  & ! re/ ran away4 ,he rode on   
t[>ds ?is t[n z f> z 8 horse  0 able to 
c>ry him1 & !n left 8 horse & saddle1 & 
came 9  on foot4 ,he arriv$ "h ab\t     
eight o'clock on ,tuesday morn+1        
,decemb] #ag?4    ,! ,am]icans engag$ 9 
?is affair 7 pr9cipally ! volunte]      

emigrants j arriv$ 9 ! c\ntry1 & :o _h  
left ,new ,helvetia a  few days 9       
advance ( me4    ,colonel ,fremont m>*$ 
f ,mont]ey z soon z he he>d ( ?is       
skirmi%1 9 pursuit ( ! ,cali=nians1 b   
did n meet ) !m4  ,he !n encamp$ at !   
mission ( ,san ,juan1 wait+ !re !       
arrival  ( ! rema9+ volunte]s f above4  
,leav+ ! ,pueblo on ! aft]noon ( ! #be?1
 9 conjunction ) a  small =ce comm&$ by 
,capta9 ,web]1 we made an excursion into
 !  hills1 ne> a ran*o own$ by ,capta9  
,w41 :]e 7 h]d$ "s two or  ?ree hundr$  
public horses4 ,x _h be5 rum\r$ t a p>ty
 (  ,cali=nians 7 hov]+ ab\t "h1 int5d+ 
to capture & drive  (f ^! horses4 ,!    
next day 7,novemb] #bf?71 )\t hav+ met  
any  ho/ile =ce1 driv+ ^! horses be=e u1
 we encamp$ at ,mr4  ,murphy's ran*o4   
,mr4 ,murphy is ! fa!r ( a l>ge &       
respectable  family1 :o emigrat$ to ?is 
c\ntry "s ?ree or f\r ye>s s9ce  f1 !   
,unit$ ,/ates1 be+ orig9ally f ,canada4 
,8 daught]1  ,miss ,hel51 :o did !      
hon\rs ( ! rude cab91 9 mann]s1         

conv]sation1 & p]sonal *>ms1 w\ld grace 
any draw+-room4 ,on !  #bh?1 we proce$$ 
d[n ! ,pueblo valley1 pass+ ,gilroy's   
ran*o1 &  rea*+ ! mission ( ,san ,juan j
 be=e d>k4 ,! hills &  valleys are      
becom+ v]dant ) fre% grass & wild oats1 
! latt]  be+1 9 places1 two or ?ree     
in*es high4 ,s t5d] is x1 h[ev]1  t x   
af=ds b little n\ri%m5t to our horses4  
,! mission ( ,san ,juan ,bauti/a has be5
 "o ( ! mo/ ext5sive (  ^! e/abli%m5ts4 
,! pr9cipal build+s are m durably       
con/ruct$ ?an ^? ( o!r missions ,i h    
visit$1 & !y are  9 bett] condition4    
,squ>e bricks are us$ 9 pav+ ! corridors
 &  ! gr\nd floors4 ,dur+ ! twilight1 ,i
 /ray$ accid5tally ?r\gh  a half-op5$   
gate into a cemet]y1 inclos$ by a high  
wall 9 ! re>  ( ! *ur*4 ,! spectacle 0  
gha/ly en\gh4 ,! exhum$ skeletons  ( ^? 
:o _h be5 deposit$ "h lay ?ickly /rewn  
ar\nd1 %[+  b little respect = !        
sanctity ( ! grave1 or ! rights ( !     
dead f ! liv+4 ,! cool damp night-breeze
 sigh$ & moan$  ?r\gh ! %rubb]y & ru9\s 

ar*es & corridors1 plant$ &  re>$ by ^? 
^: neglect$ bones 7 n[ expos$ to ! rude 
insults ( man & bea/4 ,i c\ld n b imag9e
 t ! voices (  compla9+ spirits m+l$ )  
^! dismal & m\rnful tones2 &  pluck+ a  
clu/] ( roses1 ! fragrance ( :i* 0      
delici\s1 ,i  left ! spot1 to drive away
 ! sadness & melan*oly produc$ by !     
sc5e4    ,! valley contigu\s to !       
mission is ext5sive1 well wat]$ by a    
l>ge arroyo1 & highly f]tile4 ,! g>d5s &
 o!r l&s =  tillage are inclos$ by will[
 h$ges4 ,elevat$ hills1 or m\nta9s1     
b\nd ?is valley on ! ea/ & we/4 ,l>ge   
h]ds ( cattle 7  scatt]$ ov] ! valley1  
gre$ily cropp+ ! fre% gre5 h]bage1  :i* 
n[ c>pets m\nta9 & pla94    ,colonel    
,fremont m>*$ f ,san ,juan ?is morn+1 & 
encamp$1 z we  le>n$ on our arrival1 t5 
miles s\?4 ,proce$+ up ! arroyo on  !   
#bi?1 we rea*$ ! camp ( ,colonel ,f4    
ab\t noon4 ,i imm$iately  report$1 &    
deliv]$ ov] to him ! m5 & horses "u my  
*>ge4  ,! m5 7 aft]w>ds organiz$ into a 
sep>ate corps1 ( :i* ,mr4  ,r4,t4       

,jacob1 my travell+ companion1 0 appo9t$
 ! capta9 by  ,colonel ,fremont4        
,,*apt] ,,ix4      ,cali=nia battalion  
,_! appe>ance & co/ume    ,li/ ( !      
(fic]s    ,comm5ce our m>* to ,los      
,angeles    ,appe>ance ( ! c\ntry 9 !   
vic9ity ( ,san ,juan    ,slaught] (     
beeves    ,a/oni%+ consumption ( beef by
 ! m5    ,beautiful morn+    ,ice       
,sal9as riv] & valley    ,cali=nian     
prison]s    ,horses giv+ out f fatigue  
,mission ( ,san ,miguel    ,%eep        
,mutton    ,m>* on foot    ,m prison]s  
tak5    ,dea? ( ,mr4 ,/anley    ,an     
execution    ,d>k night    ,capture ( ! 
mission ( ,san ,luis ,obispo    ,ord]ly 
conduct & good deportm5t ( ! ,cali=nia  
battalion4      ,novemb] #cj4--,!       
battalion ( m\nt$ riflem51 "u ! comm& ( 
,lieut5ant-,colonel ,fremont1 numb]s1   
rank & file1 includ+ ,indians1  &       
s]vants1 #dbh4 ,) ! exception ( !       
explor+ p>ty1 :i*  left ! ,unit$ ,/ates 
) ,colonel ,f41 !y are compos$ (        
volunte]s  f ! ,am]ican settl]s1 & !    

emigrants :o h arriv$ 9 !  c\ntry )9 a  
few weeks4 ,! latt] h g5]ally furni%$ _!
  own ammunition & o!r equipm5ts = !    
exp$ition4 ,mo/ ( ^!  are practis$      
riflem51 m5 ( und\bt$ c\rage1 & capable 
(  be>+ any fatigue & privations        
endurable by vet]an troops4 ,!  ,indians
 are compos$ ( a p>ty ( ,walla-,wallas f
 ,oregon1 & a  p>ty ( native            
,cali=nians4 ,atta*$ to ! battalion are 
two pieces  ( artill]y1 "u ! comm& (    
,lieut5ant ,mc,lane1 ( ! navy4 ,9  !    
appe>ance ( our small army !re is       
pres5t$ b little ( !  pomp & circum/ance
 ( glori\s w>4 ,!re are no plumes nodd+ 
ov] braz5 helmets1 nor coats ( broadclo?
 spangl$ ) lace &  buttons4 ,a          
broad-brimm$ l[-cr[n$ hat1 a %irt ( blue
 flannel1 or  bucksk91 ) pantaloons &   
mocass9s ( ! same1 all g5]ally mu*  !   
worse = we>1 & sme>$ ) mud & du/1 make  
up ! co/ume  ( ! p>ty1 (fic]s z well z  
m54 ,a lea!rn girdle surr\nds !  wai/1 f
 :i* are susp5d$ a b[ie & a hunt]'s     
knife1 &  sometimes a brace ( pi/ols4   

,^!1 ) ! rifle &  hol/]-pi/ols1 are !   
arms c>ri$ by (fic]s & privates4 ,a     
s+le bugle 7& a sorry "o x is7 composes 
! b&4 ,_m an embryo  ,napoleon1 9 8 own 
conceit1 ^: m>tial _s has be5 excit$ to 
flam+ int5sity ( heat by !              
peacock-plumage & gaudy trapp+s (  our  
militia companies1 :5 m>*+ ?r\gh !      
/reets to ! s\nd  ( drum1 fife1 & brass 
b&1 if he c\ld h look$ ^u u1 &  !n      
consult$ ! /ate ( ! milit>y !rmomet] )9 
him1 w\ld  probably h discov]$ t !      
m]cury ( 8 h]oism _h fall5  sev]al      
degrees bel[ z]o4 ,he might ev5 h desir$
 t we %\ld  n come        ,betwe5 ! w9d 
& 8 nobility4    ,w>1 /ripp$ ( its      
pageantry1 possesses b few ( !          
attractions  ) :i* poetry & pa9t+ h     
embelli%$ x4 ,! foll[+ is a  li/ ( !    
(fic]s compos+ ! ,cali=nia              
,battalion3--,lieut4-colonel  ,j4,g4    
,fremont1 comm&+2 ,a4,h4 ,gillespie1    
major2 ,p4,b4 ,read+1  payma/]2 ,h4 ,k+1
 commiss>y2 ,j4,r4 ,snyd]1 qu>t]ma/]1   
s9ce  appo9t$ a l&-surveyor by ,colonel 

,mason2 ,wm4 ,h4 ,russell1 ordnance     
(fic]2 ,t4 ,talbot1 lieut5ant &         
adjutant2 ,j4,j4 ,my]s1 s]geant-major1  
appo9t$ lieut5ant 9 ,janu>y1 #ahdg4     
,company ,a4--,ri*>d ,ow5s1 capta92 ,wm4
 ,n4 ,lok]1 #a/ lieut5ant1  appo9t$     
adjutant1 ,feb4 #aj?1 #ahdg2 ,b4,m4     
,hudspe?1 #b;d lieut5ant1  appo9t$      
capta91 ,feb4 #ahdg1 ,wm4 ,f9dlay1 #b;d 
lieut5ant1 appo9t$  capta91 ,feb4 #ahdg4
    ,company ,b4--,h5ry ,=d1 capta92    
,&rew ,copel&1 #a/ lieut5ant4           
,company ,c4--,granville ,p4 ,swift1    
capta92 ,wm4 ,baldridge1 #a/  lieut5ant2
 ,wm4 ,h>tgrove1 #b;d d4    ,company    
,d4--,john ,se>s1 capta92 ,wm4 ,brad%aw1
 #a/ lieut5ant4    ,company ,e4--,john  
,grigsby1 capta92 ,ar*ibald ,jesse1 #a/ 
lieut5ant4    ,company ,f4--,l4,w4      
,ha/+s1 capta9 7au?or ( a "w on         
,cali=nia72  ,wornb\gh1 #a/ lieut5ant2  
,j4,m4 ,hudspe?1 #b;d d4    ,company    
,g4--,?ompson1 capta92 ,davis #a/       
lieut5ant2 ,rock1 #b;d d4    ,company   
,h4--,r4,t4 ,jacobs1 capta92 ,edw9      

,bryant1 #a/ lieut5ant  7aft]w>ds       
alcalde at ,san ,francisco72 ,geo4 ,m4  
,lipp9cott1 #b;d d41 (  ,new ,york4     
,artill]y ,company4--,l\is ,mc,lane1    
capta9 7aft]w>ds major72 ,john4  ,k4    
,wilson1 #a/ lieut5ant1 appo9t$ capta9 9
 ,janu>y1 #ahdg2 ,wm4  ,blackburn1 #b;d 
d4 7n[ alcalde ( ,santa ,cruz74         
,(fic]s on deta*$ ,s]vice & do+ ,duty at
 ! ,s\?4--,s4 ,h5sley1  capta92 ,s4     
,gibson1 d4 7lanc$ ?r\gh ! body at ,san 
,pascual72  ,miguel ,p$ror5a1 d41       
,spani>d 7appo9t$ by ,/ockton72 ,/go4   
,arguello1 d41 ,cali=nian 7appo9t$ by   
d472 ,bell1 d4 7appo9t$  by d471 old    
resid5t ( ,cali=nia 7,los ,angeles72 ,h4
 ,rh5%aw1 #a/  lieut5ant1 7appo9t$ by   
d472 ,a4 ,godey1 d4 7appo9t$ by d472    
,jas4  ,b>ton1 d4 7appo9t$ by d472 ,l4  
,arguello1 d41 ,cali=nian  7appo9t$ by  
d474    ,aft] a m>* ( six or eight h\rs1
 up ! valley ( ! arroyo1  ?r\gh a heavy 
ra91 & mud s deep t sev]al ( our horses 
gave  out f exhau/ion1 we encamp$ 9 a   
circul> bottom1 ne> a des]t$  adobe     

h\se4 ,a caballada1 ( "s #ejj or #fjj   
loose horses & mules  is driv5 along )  
u1 b _m ( !m are mis]able sore-back$    
skeletons1 hav+ be5 exhau/$ ) h>d usage 
& bad f>e dur+  ! summ] campaign4       
,besides ^!1 we h a l>ge numb] (        
pack-mules1 ^u :i* all our baggage &    
provisions are transport$4  ,di/ance #aj
 miles4    ,we did n move on ! #a/ &    
#b;d ( ,decemb]4 ,!re be+ no cattle 9  !
 vic9ity ( our camp1 a p>ty 0 s5t back  
to ! mission1 on !  morn+ ( ! #a/1 :o 9 
! aft]noon return$1 driv+ be=e !m  ab\t 
#ajj head1 mo/ ( !m 9 good condition4   
,aft] a suffici5t  numb] 7 slaught]$ to 
supply ! camp ) meat = ! day1 !  rema9d]
 7 conf9$ 9 a corral prep>$ = ! purpose1
 to be  driv5 along ) u1 & slaught]$ f  
day to day4 ,! ra9 has  cont9u$1 ) %ort 
int]missions1 s9ce we comm5c$ our m>* on
  ! #cj? ( ,novemb]4 ,! gr\nd has become
 saturat$ ) wat]1 &  ! small bran*es are
 swoll5 into l>ge /reams4 ,not)/&+  ^!  
discom=ts1 ! m5 are 9 good spirits1 &   
enjoy !mselves 9  s++1 tell+ /ories1 &  

play+ monte4    ,decemb] #c4--,! ra9    
ceas$ fall+ ab\t #h o'clock ?is morn+2  
&1 ! cl\ds break+ away1 ! sun *e]$ u    
once m ) 8  pleasant beams4 ,! battalion
 0 =m$ into a holl[ squ>e1 &1 !  ord] ( 
! day be+ read1 we resum$ our m>*4 ,our 
progress1  ?r\gh ! deep mud1 0 v sl[4 ,!
 horses 7 con/antly giv+  out1 & _m 7   
left beh9d4 ,! "y & t5d] grass ^u :i*   
!y fe$ af=ds b little n\ri%m5t1 & h>d   
lab\r soon exhau/s  !m4 ,we encamp$ on a
 l[ bluff1 ne> ! arroyo1 timb]$ )       
ev]gre5 oak4 ,di/ance #h miles4         
,decemb] #d4--;,i 0 ord]$ ) a small p>ty
 9 advance ?is  morn+4 ,proce$+ up !    
valley a few miles1 we left x1 cross+   
sev]al /eep hills sp>sely timb]$ ) oak1 
f :i* we desc5d$  into ano!r small      
valley1 d[n :i* we cont9u$ to ! po9t (  
its  t]m9ation1 ne> "s n>r[ & difficult 
m\nta9 gorges4 ,9  explor+ ! gorges1 we 
discov]$ ! trail ( a p>ty (             
,cali=nians1 :i* _h pass$ s\? sev]al    
days be=e u1 & f\nd  a horse :i* !y _h  
left 9 _! m>*4 ,?is1 d\btless1 0 a      

portion ( ! p>ty :i* captur$ ,mr4 ,l>k91
 & _h ! engagem5t  betwe5 ,mont]ey & ,/4
 ,juan1 on ! #ag? ult4 ,! ma9 body com+ 
up1 we encamp$ at ?ree o'clock4 ,! old  
grass ar\nd our camp is  abundant2 b    
hav+ be5 s mu* wa%$ by ! ra9s1 &        
consequ5tly  exhau/$ ( its nutriti\s    
qualities1 ! animals refus$ to eat x4   
,! c\ntry ov] :i* we h travell$ to-day1 
& z f> z ,i c  see1 is m\nta9\s & brok51
 little ( x be+ adapt$ to o!r           
agricultural purposes ?an graz+4        
,?irte5 beeves are slaught]$ e aft]noon 
= ! consumption (  ! battalion4 ,^!     
beeves are g5]ally ( good size1 & 9 fair
  condition4 ,o!r provisions be+        
entirely exhau/$1 beef con/itutes  !    
only subsi/5ce = ! m51 & mo/ ( ! (fic]s4
 ,"u ^!  circum/ances1 ! consumption (  
beef is a/oni%+4 ,i d n "k  t ,i %all be
 believ$ :5 ,i /ate a fact1 d]iv$ f     
obs]vation  & calculation1 t ! av]age   
consumption p] man ( fre% beef is  at   
lea/ t5 p\nds p] day4 ,_m ( !m1 ,i      
believe1 consume mu*  m1 & "s ( !m less4

 ,nor does ?is quantity appe> to be     
injuri\s to heal?1 or fully to satisfy !
 appetite4 ,i h se5 "s  ( ! m5 roa/ _!  
meat & dev\r x by ! fire f ! h\r (      
encamp+ until late b$-"t4 ,!y w\ld !n   
sleep until "o or two  o'clock 9 !      
morn+1 :51 ! crav+s ( hung] be+ great]  
?an  ! desire = repose1 ! same          
occupation w\ld be resum$1 &  cont9u$   
until ! ord] 0 giv5 to m>*4 ,!          
,cali=nian beef is  g5]ally fat1 juicy1 
& t5d]1 & surpasses 9 flav\r any :i* ,i 
ev] ta/$ else:]e4 ,di/ance #aj miles4   
,decemb] #e4--;,i rose be=e daylight4 ,!
 moon %one brightly4 ,!  temp]ature 0   
cold4 ,! vap\r 9 ! atmosph]e _h congeal$
 &  fall5 ^u ! gr\nd 9 fea!ry flakes1   
cov]+ x ) a :ite  semi-transp>5t veil1  
or cry/al %e51 sp>kl+ 9 ! moonbeams4  ,!
 smoke f ! num]\s camp-fires soon began 
to curl languidly up  9 graceful wrea?s1
 settl+ ^u ! m\nta9 summits4 ,! sc5e 0  
"o = ! p5cil & bru% ( ! arti/2 b1 :5 !  
envi\s sun  rose1 he soon /ripp$ ,madam 
,e>? ( h] gauzy holiday morn+-g[n1  &   

expos$ h] e-day petticoat ( mud4    ,our
 m>* to-day has be5 "o ( great          
difficulty1 ?r\gh a deep  bru%y m\nta9  
gorge1 ?r\gh :i* x 0 almo/ impossible to
 =ce  ! field-pieces4 ,9 "o place !y 7  
l[]$ ) ropes d[n a  /eep & ne>ly        
p]p5dicul> precipice ( great height &   
dep?4 ,we  encamp$ ab\t ?ree o'clock1   
,p4,m41 9 a small valley4 ,_m ( !       
horses gave out on ! m>*1 & 7 left beh9d
 by ! m51 :o came  /raggl+ into camp    
until a late h\r ( ! ev5+1 br++ _!      
saddles & baggage ^u _! %\ld]s4 ,i      
notic$1 :ile cross+ an  elevat$ ridge ( 
hills1 flakes ( sn[ fly+ 9 ! air1 b     
melt+  be=e !y rea*$ ! gr\nd4 ,! small  
spr+-bran* on :i* we  encamp$ empties   
into ! ,sal9as ,riv]4 ,! c\ntry surr\nd+
 u is  elevat$ & brok51 & ! soil s&y1 ) 
b little timb] or  grass ^u x4 ,di/ance 
#ab miles4    ,decemb] #f4--,morn+ cle> 
& cool4 ,cross$ an undulat+ c\ntry1     
de/itute ( timb] & wat]1 & encamp$ 9 a  
circul> valley  surr\nd$ by elevat$     
hills1 ?r\gh :i* fl[s a small tribut>y (

  ! ,sal9as4 ,! summits ( ! m\nta9s 9   
sight are cov]$ )  sn[1 b ! temp]ature 9
 ! valleys is pleasant4 ,di/ance #ae    
miles4    ,decemb] #g4--;,ice1 ! fir/ ,i
 h se5 s9ce ent]+ ,cali=nia1  =m$ 9 !   
bran*1 ( ! ?ickness ( w9d[-glass4 ,we   
rea*$ !  valley ( ! ,sal9as ab\t elev5  
o'clock ,a4,m41 & encamp$ = !  day4 ,!  
riv] ,sal9as 7laid d[n 9 "s maps z ,rio 
,san ,bu5av5tura7  rises 9 ! m\nta9s to 
! s\?1 & has a c\rse ( "s sixty or      
eighty miles1 empty+ into ! ,pacific    
ab\t twelve miles nor? (  ,mont]ey4 ,!  
valley1 z x approa*es ! ocean1 is broad 
& f]tile1  & !re are _m f9e ran*os ^u x4
 ,b1 high] up1 ! /ream  becomes dry 9 ! 
summ]1 & ! soil ( ! valley is arid &    
s&y4 ,! wid? ( ! /ream at ?is po9t is   
ab\t ?irty y>ds4 ,its  banks are skirt$ 
by n>r[ belts ( small timb]4 ,a range ( 
elevat$  m\nta9s rises betwe5 ?is valley
 & ! coa/4 ,a c\rt-m>tial 0  held       
to-day1 = ! trial ( sundry (f5d]s4      
,di/ance #h miles4    ,decemb]          
#h4--,morn+ cool1 cle>1 & pleasant4 ,two

 ,cali=nians 7  arre/$ by ! re>-gu>d ne>
 a des]t$ ran*o1 & br\ght into  camp4   
,"o ( !m turn$ out to be a p]son kn[n to
 be fri5dly to !  ,am]icans4 ,!re has   
be5 b little v>iation 9 ! soil or sc5]y4
  ,b few attempts appe> to h be5 made to
 settle ?is portion (  ,cali=nia4 ,!    
!fts & ho/ilities ( ! ,tul> ,indians are
 said to  be "o ( ! causes prev5t+ its  
settlem5t4 ,di/ance #ae miles4          
,decemb] #i4--,! morn+s are cool1 b !   
middle ( ! day is too  w>m to ride      
com=tably ) our coats on4 ,our m>* has  
be5  fatigu+ & difficult1 ?r\gh sev]al  
bru%y rav9es & ov] /eep  & elevat$      
hills4 ,_m horses gave out z usual1 & 7 
left1 f  inability to travel4 ,our      
caballada is dim9i%+ rapidly4 ,di/ance  
#aj miles4    ,decemb] #aj4--,our m>*   
has be5 on ! ma9 beat5 trail1 dry &     
h>d1 & ov] a comp>atively level c\ntry4 
,we pass$ ! mission (  ,san ,miguel ab\t
 ?ree o'clock1 & encamp$ 9 a grove (    
l>ge oak  timb]1 ?ree or f\r miles s\? (
 x4 ,?is mission is situat$ on  ! upp]  

wat]s ( ! ,sal9as1 9 an ext5sive pla94  
,"u !  adm9i/ration ( ! padres x 0 a    
weal?y e/abli%m5t1 &  manufactures (    
v>i\s k9ds 7 c>ri$ on4 ,!y rais$ imm5se 
numb]s ( %eep1 ! fleeces ( :i* 7        
manufactur$ by ! ,indians  into blankets
 & co>se clo?s4 ,_! gran>ies 7 fill$ )  
an  abundance ( maize & frijoles1 & _!  
/ore-rooms ) o!r  necess>ies ( life1 f !
 ran*os belong+ to ! mission l&s 9  !   
vic9ity4 ,n[ all ! build+s1 except !    
*ur* & !  pr9cipal range ( h\ses        
contigu\s1 h fall5 into ru9s1 & an      
,engli%man1 8 wife1 & "o small *ild1 )  
two or ?ree ,indian  s]vants1 are ! sole
 inhabitants4 ,! *ur* is ! l>ge/ ,i h   
se5 9 ! c\ntry1 & its int]ior is 9 good 
repair1 al?\gh x  has n probably be5 us$
 = ! purpose ( public wor%ip = _m  ye>s4
 ,! ,engli%man pr(esses to h pur*as$ !  
mission & all  ! l&s belong+ to x = #cjj
 doll>s4    ,our /ock ( cattle be+      
exhau/$1 we fea/$ on ,cali=nian mutton1 
%eep be+ m abundant ?an cattle at ?is   
mission4 ,! wool1 ,i  notic$1 0 co>se1 b

 ! mutton 0 ( an excell5t quality4 ,!   
c\ntry ov] :i* we h travell$ to-day %[s 
! m>ks ( long  dr\ght previ\s to ! rec5t
 ra9s4 ,! soil is s&y & gravelly1  & !  
dead vegetation ^u x is ?9 & /unt$4     
,ab\t eighty (  our horses are report$  
to h giv5 out & be5 left beh9d4         
,di/ance #bj miles4    ,decemb]         
#ab4--,to relieve our horses1 :i* are   
con/antly giv+ out  f exhau/ion1 ! grass
 be+ insuffici5t = _! su/5ance  :ile    
p]=m+ lab\r1 ! entire battalion1 (fic]s 
& m51 7  ord]$ to m>* on foot1 turn+ _! 
horses1 ) ! saddles &  bridles ^u !m1   
into ! g5]al caballada1 to be driv5     
along by  ! horse-gu>d4 ,! day has be5  
drizzly1 cold1 & disagreeable4 ,!       
c\ntry has a b>r5 & nak$ appe>ance2 b   
?is1 ,i believe1 is  attributable to !  
extreme dr\ght t has prevail$ 9 ?is     
region  = "o or two ye>s pa/4 ,we       
encamp$ ne> ! ran*o ( a fri5dly         
,cali=nian--! man :o 0 tak5 prison] !   
o!r day & set at  l>ge4 ,an ,indian1    
said to be ! s]vant ( ,tortoria ,pico1 0

 captur$  "h by ! advance p>ty4 ,a lett]
 0 f\nd ^u him1 b !  cont5ts ( :i* ,i   
nev] le>n$4 ,?is be+ ! fir/ foot-m>*1   
!re 71 ( c\rse1 _m gall$ & bli/]$ feet 9
 ! battalion4  ,my s]vant obta9$1 ) "s  
difficulty1 f ! ,indians at !  ran*o1 a 
p9t-cup ( p9ole1 or p>*$ corn-meal1 & a 
qu>t or  two ( :eat1 :i*1 be+ boil$1    
furni%$ "s v>iety 9 our vi&s  at supp]1 
fre% beef hav+ be5 our only subsi/5ce   
s9ce !  comm5cem5t ( ! m>* f ,san ,juan4
 ,di/ance #ab miles4    ,decemb]        
#ac4--;,a ra9y disagreeable morn+4 ,mr4 
,/anley1 "o ( !  volunte]s1 & "o ( !    
g5tlem5 :o s k9dly suppli$ u )          
provisions on ,m>y's ,riv]1 di$ la/     
night4 ,he has be5 suff]+ f  an attack (
 typhoid fev] s9ce ! comm5cem5t ( our   
m>*1 &  unable mo/ ( ! "t to sit ^u 8   
horse4 ,he 0 buri$ ?is  morn+ 9 a small 
circul> op5+ 9 ! timb] ne> our camp4 ,! 
battalion 0 =m$ 9 a holl[ squ>e surr\nd+
 ! grave :i* _h  be5 excavat$ = ! f9al  
re/+-place ( our deceas$ fri5d &        
comrade4 ,!re 0 nei!r bi]1 nor c(f91 nor

 pall--        ,n a drum 0 he>d1 nor a  
fun]al note4    ,! cold e>? 0 heap$ ^u 8
 mortal rema9s 9 sil5t solemnity1  & !  
a%es ( a brav] or a bett] man w nev]    
repose 9 !  lonely hills ( ,cali=nia4   
,aft] ! fun]al ! battalion 0 m>*$ a %ort
 di/ance to witness  ano!r sc5e1 n m    
m\rnful1 b m h>r[+ ?an ! la/4 ,!        
,indian captur$ at ! ran*o ye/]day 0    
condemn$ to die4 ,he 0  br\ght f 8 place
 ( conf9em5t & ti$ to a tree4 ,"h he    
/ood  "s fifte5 or tw5ty m9utes1 until !
 ,indians f a neighb\r+  ran*]ia c\ld be
 br\ght to witness ! execution4 ,a file 
(  soldi]s 7 !n ord]$ to fire ^u him4   
,he fell ^u 8 knees1  & rema9$ 9 t      
position sev]al m9utes )\t utt]+ a      
groan1  & !n sank ^u ! e>?4 ,no human   
be+ c\ld h met 8 fate  ) m composure1 or
 ) /rong] manife/ations ( c\rage4 ,x 0  
a sc5e su* z ,i desire nev] to witness  
aga94    ,a cold ra9 fell ^u u dur+ !   
entire day's m>*4 ,we encamp$ at  f\r   
o'clock1 ,p4,m42 b ! ra9 p\r$ d[n 9 su* 
torr5ts t x  0 impossible to light our  

camp-fires & keep !m burn+4 ,?is        
cont9u$ ne>ly ! :ole night1 & ,i h r>ely
 pass$ a night m  uncom=tably4 ,a sc\t+ 
p>ty br\ght 9 two additional prison]s   
?is ev5+4 ,ano!r return$1 & report$ !   
capture ( a numb] (  horses1 & !        
de/ruction ( a ran*o by fire4 ,di/ance  
#ab miles4    ,decemb] #ad4--,!         
battalion comm5c$ its m>* on foot & 9 a 
heavy ra94 ,! mud is v deep1 & we h be5 
compell$ to wade  sev]al /reams (       
consid]able dep?1 be+ swoll5 by ! rec5t 
ra9s4 ,at "o o'clock a halt 0 ord]$1 &  
beef slaught]$ &  cook$ = d9n]4 ,! m>* 0
 resum$ late 9 ! aft]noon1 & !  pla9    
surr\nd+ ! mission ( ,san ,luis ,obispo 
0 rea*$ 9 !  pit* d>kness ( ! night1 a  
family 9 ! canada hav+ be5 tak5         
prison]s by ! advance p>ty to prev5t !m 
f giv+ ! al>m4  ,! battalion 0 s dispos$
 z to surr\nd ! mission & take  prison]s
 all conta9$ )9 x4 ,! place 0 ent]$ 9   
great  confusion1 on acc\nt ( ! d>kness1
 ab\t n9e o'clock4 ,!re 0 no  milit>y   
=ce at ! mission1 & ! few inhabitants 7 

greatly  al>m$1 z may well be suppos$1  
by ?is sudd5 invasion4 ,!y made no      
resi/ance1 & 7 all tak5 prison]s except 
"o or two1 :o manag$  to escape & fl$ 9 
great t]ror1 no "o knew :]e or h[4 ,x   
be+  asc]ta9$ t ,tortoria ,pico1 a man  
:o has figur$ conspicu\sly 9  mo/ ( !   
,cali=nian revolutions1 0 9 !           
neighb\rhood1 a p>ty  0 despat*$        
imm$iately to ! place1 & he 0 br\ght 9 a
  prison]4 ,! night 0 ra9y & boi/]\s1 & 
! soldi]s 7  qu>t]$ to ! be/ advantage 9
 ! mis]able mud h\ses1 & no  acts (     
viol5ce or outrage ( any k9d 7 committ$4
    ,! m5 compos+ ! ,cali=nian          
battalion1 z ,i h be=e /at$1  h be5     
drawn f _m s\rces1 & are r\ghly clad1 & 
wea!r-beat5 9 _! ext]ior appe>ance2 b ,i
 feel x b ju/ice  "h to /ate my belief1 
t no milit>y p>ty ev] pass$ ?r\gh an    
enemy's c\ntry & obs]v$ ! same /rict    
reg>d = ! rights (  its population4 ,i  
nev] he>d ( an outrage1 or ev5 a        
trespass be+  committ$ by "o ( !        
,am]ican volunte]s dur+ our entire m>*4 

,e ,am]ican appe>$ to und]/& p]fectly ! 
duty :i* he ow$  to himself & o!rs 9 ?is
 respect1 & ! deportm5t ( !  battalion  
might be cit$ z a model = imitation4    
,di/ance #ah miles4          ,,*apt] ,x4
      ,trem5d\s ra9    ,mission ( ,san  
,luis ,obispo    ,g>d5s    ,v>i\s fruits
    ,f>m    ,cactus tuna    ,cal9*e     
,pumpk9s    ,trial ( ,tortoria ,pico    
,procession ( wom5    ,pico's p>don     
,leave ,san ,luis    ,surf ( ! ,pacific 
,capta9 ,dana    ,tempe/u\s night       
,mission ( ,/4 ,ynes    ,effects (      
dr\ght    ,horses exhau/$    ,/4 ,ynes  
,m\nta9    ,view ( ! pla9 ( ,santa      
,b>b>a & ! ,pacific    ,a wret*$        
,*ri/mas-day    ,desc5t ( ,/4 ,ynes     
,m\nta9    ,t]rible /orm    ,frightful  
de/ruction ( horses    ,d>k night       
,:at we are fight+ =    ,arrive at      
,santa ,b>b>a    ,t[n des]t$4           
,decemb] #ae4--,! ra9 fell 9 cat>acts ! 
entire day4 ,! small  /reams :i* fl[ f !
 m\nta9s ?r\gh1 & wat] ! valley (1  ,san
 ,luis ,obispo1 are swoll5 by ! deluge (

 wat] f ! cl\ds  into foam+ un=dable    
torr5ts4 ,9 ord] n to trespass ^u !     
population at ! mission1 9 _! mis]able  
abodes ( mud1 ! *ur*  0 op5$1 & a l>ge  
numb] ( ! soldi]s 7 qu>t]$ 9 x4 ,a      
gu>d1 h[ev]1 0 set day & night1 ov] !   
*ancel & all o!r  prop]ty conta9$ 9 !   
build+1 to prev5t its be+ injur$ or     
di/urb$4 ,! decorations ( ! *ur* are mu*
 ! same z ,i h  be=e describ$4 ,!       
edifice is l>ge1 & ! int]ior 9 good     
repair4 ,! floor is pav$ ) squ>e bricks4
 ,i notic$ a common  h&-organ 9 ! *ur*1 
:i* play$ ! airs we usually he> f       
organ-gr9d]s 9 ! /reet4    ,besides !   
ma9 l>ge build+s connect$ ) ! *ur*1 !re 
are  /&+1 & p>tially occupi$1 sev]al    
small squ>es ( adobe  h\ses1 belong+ to 
?is mission4 ,! heaps ( mud1 & crumbl+  
walls outside ( ^!1 are evid5ce t !     
place 0 once ( mu*  great] ext5t1 &     
probably "o ( ! mo/ opul5t & prosp]\s   
e/abli%m5ts ( ! k9d 9 ! c\ntry4 ,! l&s  
surr\nd+ !  mission are f9ely situat$ = 
cultivation & irrigation if  necess>y4  

,!re are sev]al l>ge g>d5s1 inclos$ by  
high &  sub/antial walls1 :i* n[ conta9 
a great v>iety ( fruit-trees &  %rubb]y4
 ,i notic$ ! orange1 fig1 palm1 olive1 &
 grape4 ,!re are  also l>ge inclosures  
h$g$ 9 by ! prickly-pe> 7cactus71 :i*   
gr[s to an enorm\s size1 & makes an     
imp]vi\s b>ri] aga9/ man  or bea/4 ,!   
/alks ( "s ( ^! plants are ( ! ?ickness 
( a  man's body1 & gr[ to ! height (    
fifte5 feet4 ,a juicy fruit is  produc$ 
by ! prickly-pe>1 nam$ tuna1 f :i* a    
bev]age is  sometimes made1 call$       
cal9*e4 ,x has a pleasant flav\r1 z has 
also ! fruit1 :i*1 :5 ripe1 is blood-r$4
 ,a small quantity (  p\nd$ :eat 0 f\nd 
"h1 :i*1 be+ pur*as$1 0 s]v$ out to  !  
troops1 ab\t a p\nd to ! man4 ,frijoles 
& pumpk9s 7 also  obta9$1 delicacies (  
no common ord]4    ,decemb] #af4--;,a   
c\rt-m>tial 0 conv5$ ?is morn+ = ! trial
  ( ,pico1 ! pr9cipal prison]1 on !     
*>ge1 ,i und]/ood1 ( !  =feiture ( 8    
p>ole :i* _h be5 tak5 on a =m] occasion4
 ,!  s5t5ce ( ! c\rt 01 t he %\ld be %ot

 or hung1 ,i d n  "k :i*4 ,a rum\r is   
curr5t among ! population "h1 t !re  has
 be5 an engagem5t betwe5 a p>ty (       
,am]icans & ,cali=nians1  ne> ,los      
,angeles1 9 :i* ! =m] 7 defeat$ ) ! loss
 (  ?irty m5 kill$4    ,decemb]         
#ag4--;,cool1 ) a hazy sky4 ,:ile /&+ 9 
"o ( !  corridors ?is morn+1 a          
procession ( females pass$ by me1 head$ 
by  a lady ( f9e appe>ance & dress$ )   
rem>kable ta/e &  neatness1 comp>$ ) ^? 
:o foll[$ h]4 ,_! rebosos  conceal$ !   
faces ( mo/ ( !m1 except ! lead]1 ^:    
beautiful  features1 d>e say1 %e ?\ght  
7& ju/ly7 requir$ no concealm5t4  ,!y   
proce$$ to ! qu>t]s ( ,colonel ,fremont1
 & _! object1 ,i  und]/ood1 0 to        
petition = ! reprieve or p>don ( ,pico1 
:o _h  be5 condemn$ to dea? by !        
c\rt-m>tial ye/]day1 & ^:  execution 0  
expect$ to take place ?is morn+4 ,_!    
int]cession  0 successful1 z no         
execution took place1 & 9 a %ort "t all 
!  prison]s 7 dis*>g$1 & ! ord] to      
saddle up & m>* giv54  ,we resum$ our   

m>* at t5 o'clock1 & encamp$ j be=e     
sunset 9  a small b picturesque & f]tile
 valley timb]$ ) oak1 s ne>  ! coa/ t ! 
ro> ( ! surf break+ aga9/ ! %ore c\ld be
  he>d di/9ctly4 ,di/ance sev5 miles4   
,decemb] #ah4--;,cle>1 ) a delightful   
temp]ature4 ,be=e ! sun  rose ! grass 0 
cov]$ ) a :ite fro/4 ,! day ?r\gh\t has 
be5 calm & beautiful4 ,a m>* ( f\r miles
 br\ght u to ! %ore  ( a small          
ind5tation 9 ! coa/ ( ! ,pacific1 :]e   
vessels c  an*or1 & boats c l& :5 ! w9d 
is n too fre%4 ,! surf is  n[ roll+ &   
foam+ ) prodigi\s en]gy--break+ ^u !    
bea*  9 long l9es "o beh9d ! o!r1 &     
/rik+ ! %ore l  cat>acts4 ,! hills &    
pla9s are v]dant ) a c>pet ( fre%       
grass1 & ! scatt]$ live-oaks on all     
sides1 appe>+ l  or*>ds ( fruit-trees1  
give to ! c\ntry an old & cultivat$     
aspect4 ,! m\nta9s b5* away on our left1
 ! l[ hills ris+ 9  g5tle conical =ms1  
beyond :i* are ! m elevat$ &  precipit\s
 peaks cov]$ ) sn[4 ,we encamp$ ab\t    
?ree o'clock  ne> ! ran*o ( ,capta9     

,dana1 9 a l>ge & h&some valley well    
wat]$ by an arroyo4    ,capta9 ,dana is 
a native ( ,massa*usetts1 & has resid$ 9
 ?is  c\ntry ab\t ?irty ye>s4 ,he is    
kn[n & e/eem$ ?r\gh\t  ,cali=nia = 8    
intellig5ce & private virtues1 & 8      
unb\nd$  g5]osity & hospitality4 ,i     
pur*as$ "h a few loaves ( :eat  bread1 &
 di/ribut$ !m among ! m5 belong+ to our 
company z  f> z !y w\ld g1 a luxury :i* 
!y h n indulg$ 9 s9ce  ! comm5cem5t ( ! 
m>*4 ,di/ance #ae miles4    ,decemb]    
#ai4--,! night 0 cold & tempe/u\s1 ) a  
slight fall  ( ra94 ,! cl\ds broke away 
aft] sunrise1 & ! day became w>m  &     
pleasant4 ,we cont9u$ our m>* up !      
valley1 & encamp$ ne>  its head4 ,!     
table-l& & hills are g5]ally gravelly1 b
 appe>  to be productive ( f9e grass4 ,!
 soil ( ! bottom is ( !  ri*e/ & mo/    
productive composition4 ,we cross$ 9 !  
c\rse (  ! day a wide flat pla91 ^u :i* 
7 graz+ l>ge h]ds (  brood-m>es         
7manadas7 & cattle4 ,9 ! di/ance !y     
resembl$  l>ge armies approa*+ u4 ,!    

peaks ( ! elevat$ m\nta9s 9  sight are  
cov]$ ) sn[4 ,a l>ge numb] ( horses gave
 out1  /ray$1 & 7 left beh9d to-day1    
e/imat$ at "o hundr$4 ,! m5  came into  
camp br++ _! saddles on _! backs1 & "s (
 !m  arriv+ late 9 ! ev5+4 ,di/ance #ah 
miles4    ,decemb] #bj4--,p>ties 7 s5t  
back ?is morn+ to ga!r up horses  &     
baggage left on ! m>* ye/]day1 & x 0 "o 
o'clock be=e  ! re>-gu>d1 wait+ = !     
return ( ^?1 left camp4 ,! ma9  body    
made a %ort m>* & encamp$ e>ly1 9 a     
small holl[ ne> !  ran*o ( ,mr4 ,faxon1 
?r\gh :i* fl[s an arroyo1 ! surr\nd+    
hills be+ timb]$ ) ev]gre5 oaks4 ,! m5  
amus$ !mselves  dur+ ! aft]noon 9       
t>get-%oot+4 ,_m ( ! battalion are f9e  
m>ksm5 ) ! rifle1 & ! av]age ( %ots c\ld
 n easily be  surpass$4 ,! camp spread  
ov] an undulat+ surface ( half a mile 9 
diamet]1 & at night1 :5 ! fires 7       
light$1 illum9at+ !  grove1 ) its drap]y
 ( droop+ ,spani% moss1 x pres5t$ a mo/ 
picturesque appe>ance4 ,di/ance #c      
miles4    ,decemb] #ba4--;,cle> &       

pleasant4 ,a foot m>* 0 ord]$1 ) !      
exception ( ! horse & baggage gu>d4 ,we 
m>*$ sev]al miles  ?r\gh a w9d+ holl[1  
pass+ a des]t$ ran*o1 & asc5d+ )  mu*   
lab\r a /eep ridge ( hills1 desc5d+ :i* 
we ent]$ a  h&some valley1 & encamp$ ^u 
a small /ream ab\t f\r miles f  !       
mission ( ,/4 ,ynes4 ,! banks ( ! arroyo
 are /rewn ) dead  & pro/rate timb]1 !  
trees1 l>ge & small1 hav+ be5  ov]?r[n  
by tornados4 ,! pla9 has suff]$1 l mu* (
 !  c\ntry we h pass$ ?r\gh1 by a       
long-cont9u$ dr\ght1 b !  composition ( 
! soil is su* z indicates f]tility1 & f 
!  effects ( ! late ra9s ! grass is     
spr++ up ) great  luxuriance1 f places  
:i* be=e 7 entirely d5ud$ (  vegetation4
 ,a p>ty 0 s5t f camp to inspect !      
mission1 b  return$ )\t mak+ any        
important discov]ies4 ,our horses are s 
weak t _m ( !m are unable to c>ry _!    
saddles1 & 7 left  on ! road z usual4 ,a
 man _h 8 leg brok5 on ! m>* to-day1 by 
! kick ( a mule4 ,he 0 s5t back to !    
ran*o ( ,mr4 ,faxon4  ,di/ance #ae      

miles4    ,decemb] #bb4--;,cle> &       
pleasant4 ,be+ ( ! p>ty :i* p]=m$       
re>-gu>d duty to-day1 ) ord]s to br+ 9  
all /raggl]s1 we did  n leave camp until
 sev]al h\rs aft] ! ma9 body _h left4 ,!
  horses ( ! caballada & ! pack-animals 
7 cont9ually giv+  out & refus+ to      
proce$4 ,p>ties ( m51 exhau/$1 lay d[n  
^u  ! gr\nd1 & x 0 ) mu* urg+1 &        
sometimes ) p]emptory  comm&s only1 t !y
 c\ld be prevail$ ^u to proce$4 ,!      
c\ntry be>s ! same m>ks ( dr\ght        
h]et(ore describ$1 b fre%  vegetation is
 n[ spr++ up & appe>s vigor\s4 ,a l>ge  
horse-trail load+ into "o ( ! canadas ( 
! m\nta9s on our  left 0 discov]$ by !  
sc\ts1 & a p>ty 0 dispat*$ to trace  x4 
,we pass$ "o des]t$ ran*o1 & rea*$ camp 
betwe5 n9e &  t5 o'clock at night1 hav+ 
=c$ 9 all ! m5 & mo/ ( !  horses &      
pack-mules4 ,di/ance #ae miles4         
,decemb] #bc4--,ra9 fell /eadily &      
heavily ! entire day4 ,a small  p>ty (  
m5 0 9 advance4 ,discov]+ 9 a bru%y     
valley two ,indians  arm$ ) b[s & arr[s1

 !y 7 tak5 prison]s4 ,le>n+ f  !m t !re 
0 a caballada ( horses secret$ 9 "o ( ! 
canadas1 !y cont9u$ on ab\t t5 miles1 & 
f\nd ab\t  tw5ty-five fre% fat horses1  
belong+ to a ,cali=nian n[ among !      
insurg5ts bel[4 ,!y 7 tak5 & deliv]$ at 
! camp ne> !  ea/]n base ( ! ,/4 ,ynes  
,m\nta94 ,pass$ ?is morn+ a ran*o       
inhabit$ by a =eign]1 an ,engli%man4    
,decemb] #bd4--;,cl\dy & cool1 ) an     
occasional spr9kl+ ra94  ,our r\te      
to-day lay directly ov] ! ,/4 ,ynes     
,m\nta91 by an  elevat$ & mo/ difficult 
pass4 ,! height ( ?is m\nta9 is  sev]al 
?\s& feet4 ,we rea*$ ! summit ab\t      
twelve o'clock1 &1  our company compos+ 
! advance-gu>d1 we encamp$ ab\t a mile &
 a  half 9 advance ( ! ma9 body ( !     
battalion1 at a po9t :i*  ov]looks !    
beautiful pla9 ( ,santa ,b>b>a1 ( :i*1 &
 ! ocean  beyond1 we _h a mo/ ext5d$ &  
int]e/+ view4 ,) !  spy-glass1 we c\ld  
see1 9 ! pla9 f> bel[ u1 h]ds ( cattle  
quietly graz+ ^u ! gre5 h]bage t c>pets 
its g5tle  undulations4 ,! pla9 is dott$

 ) groves1 surr\nd+ ! spr+s  & belt+ !  
small wat]-c\rses1 ( :i* !re are _m fl[+
  f ?is range ( m\nta9s4 ,ran*os are    
scatt]$ f> up & d[n !  pla91 b n "o     
human be+ c\ld be se5 /irr+4 ,ab\t t5 or
  twelve miles to ! s\?1 ! :ite t[]s ( !
 mission ( ,santa  ,b>b>a raise         
!mselves4 ,beyond is ! illimitable wa/e 
( wat]s4 ,a  m lovely & picturesque     
l&scape ,i nev] beheld4 ,on ! summit (  
! m\nta91 & surr\nd+ u1 !re is a gr[? ( 
haw?orn1  manz9ita 79 bloom71 & o!r     
small %rubb]y4 ,! rock is s(t  s&/one & 
conglom]ate1 imm5se masses ( :i*1 pil$  
"o ^u  ano!r1 =m a wall along ! we/]n   
br[ ( ! m\nta91 ?r\gh  :i* !re is a s+le
 pass or gateway ab\t eight or t5 feet 9
  wid?4 ,! desc5t on ! we/]n side is    
precipit\s1 & appe>s  almo/ impassable4 
,di/ance #d miles4    ,decemb]          
#be4--;,*ri/mas-day1 & a memorable "o to
 me4 ,ow+ to !  difficulty 9 haul+ !    
cannon up ! /eep acclivities ( !        
m\nta91 ! ma9 body ( ! battalion did n  
come up ) u until  twelve o'clock1 &    

be=e we comm5c$ ! desc5t ( ! m\nta9 a   
furi\s /orm comm5c$1 rag+ ) a viol5ce   
r>ely surpass$4 ,!  ra9 fell 9 torr5ts1 
& ! w9d blew almo/ ) ! =ce ( a  tornado4
 ,?is fi]ce /rife ( ! elem5ts cont9u$   
)\t abatem5t  ! entire aft]noon1 & until
 two o'clock at night4 ,driv+ our       
horses be=e u1 we 7 compell$ to slide   
d[n ! /eep &  slipp]y rocks1 or wade    
?r\gh deep gullies & rav9es fill$ )  mud
 & foam+ torr5ts ( wat]1 t ru%$ d[nw>ds 
) su*  =ce z to c>ry along ! loose rocks
 & te> up ! trees &  %rubb]y by ! roots4
 ,_m ( ! horses fall+ into ! rav9es     
refus$ to make an ef=t to extricate     
!mselves1 & 7 swept  d[nw>ds & dr[n$4   
,o!rs1 bewild]$ by ! fi]c5ess & t]rors  
( ! /orm1 ru%$ or fell headlong ov] !   
/eep precipices &  7 kill$4 ,o!rs       
ob/9ately refus$ to proce$1 b /ood quak+
  ) fe> or %iv]+ ) cold1 & _m ( ^! p]i%$
 9 !  night f ! sev]ity ( ! /orm4 ,!    
advance p>ty did n rea*  ! foot ( !     
m\nta9 & f9d a place to encamp until    
night--& a  night ( m imp5etrable &     

t]rific d>kness ,i nev] witness$4 ,!    
gr\nd ^u :i* our camp 0 made1 al?\gh    
slop+ f ! hills to  a small /ream1 0 s  
saturat$ ) wat] t m5 z well z horses    
sunk deep at e /ep4 ,! ra9 fell 9 su*   
quantities1 t fires  ) great difficulty 
c\ld be light$1 & mo/ ( !m 7  imm$iately
 ext+ui%$4    ,! (fic]s & m5 belong+ to 
! company hav+ ! cannon 9  *>ge lab\r$  
until n9e or t5 o'clock to br+ !m d[n ! 
m\nta91 b !y 7 f9ally compell$ to leave 
!m4 ,mu* ( !  baggage also rema9$ on !  
side ( ! m\nta91 ) ! pack-mules  &      
horses convey+ !m1 all ef=ts to =ce !   
animals d[n be+  fruitless4 ,! m5       
cont9u$ to /raggle into ! camp until a  
late  h\r ( ! night2--"s crept "u !     
%elv+ rocks & did n  come 9 until ! next
 morn+4 ,we 7 s =tunate z to f9d our    
t5t1 & aft] mu* difficulty pit*$ x "u an
 oak-tree4 ,all  ef=ts to light a fire &
 keep x blaz+ prov+ abortive1 we spread 
our blankets ^u ! gr\nd & endeav\r$ to  
sleep1 al?\gh we  c\ld feel ! cold      
/reams ( wat] runn+ ?r\gh ! t5t &       

betwe5 & ar\nd our bodies4    ,9 ?is    
condition we rema9$ until ab\t two      
o'clock 9 ! morn+1  :5 ! /orm hav+ abat$
 ,i rose1 & %ak+ f my g>m5ts !  dripp+  
wat]1 aft] _m unsuccessful ef=ts succe$$
 9 k9dl+ a  fire4 ,ne> our t5t ,i f\nd  
?ree soldi]s :o _h rea*$ camp at a  late
 h\r4 ,!y 7 fa/ asleep on ! gr\nd1 !    
wat] ar\nd !m  be+ two or ?ree in*es    
deep2 b !y _h tak5 c>e to keep _!  heads
 above wat]1 by us+ a log ( wood = a    
pill[4 ,! fire  beg9n+ to blaze freely1 
,i dug a dit* ) my h&s & a %>p  /ick (  
wood1 :i* dra9$ (f ! pool surr\nd+ !    
t5t4 ,"o (  ! m51 :5 he felt ! s5sation 
consequ5t ^u be+ high &  dry1 r\s$      
himself1 &1 sitt+ upright1 look$ ar\nd =
 "s "t  ) an expression ( bewild]$      
amazem5t4 ,at l5g? he seem$ to  realize 
! true /ate ( ! case1 & exclaim$1 9 a   
tone (  en]getic soliloquy1--    ,well1 
:o w\ldn't be a soldi] & fight =        
,cali=nia8    ,y are mi/ak51 ,i repli$4 
,rubb+ 8 eyes1 he gaz$ at me )          
a/oni%m5t1 z if hav+ be5  entirely      

unconsci\s ( my pres5ce2 b1 reassur+    
himself1 he said3    ,h[ mi/ak58    ,:y1
 ,i answ]$1 y are n fight+ = ,cali=nia4 
,:at ! d----l1 !n1 am ,i fight+ =8 he   
inquir$4    ,= ,,texas4    ,texas be    
d----d2 b hurrah = ,g5]al ,jackson6 & ) 
?is  exclamation he ?rew himself back   
aga9 ^u 8 wood5 pill[1 & 0  soon snor+ 9
 a pr(\nd slumb]4    ,mak+ a plat=m     
compos$ ( /icks ( wood ^u ! s(t mud1 ,i 
/ripp$ myself to ! sk91 wr++ ! wat] f   
ea* g>m5t z ,i  proce$$4 ,i !n comm5c$  
dry+ !m by ! fire 9 ! ord] t  !y 7      
replac$ ^u my body1 an employm5t t      
occupi$ me until  daylight1 :i* sign1   
above ! high m\nta9 to ! ea/1 d[n :i*   
we _h roll$ r ?an m>*$ ye/]day1 ,i 0    
truly rejoic$ to  see4 ,di/ance #c      
miles4    ,decemb] #bf4--,p>ties 7      
detail$ e>ly ?is morn+1 &  despat*$ up !
 m\nta9 to br+ d[n ! cannon1 & collect !
  liv+ horses & baggage4 ,! de/ruction (
 horse-fle%1 by ^? :o  witness$ ! sc5e  
by daylight1 is describ$ z frightful4 ,9
 "s  places l>ge numb]s ( dead horses 7 

pil$ toge!r4 ,9 o!rs1  horses half buri$
 9 ! mud ( ! rav9es1 or among ! rocks1 7
  gasp+ 9 ! agonies ( dea?4 ,! numb] (  
dead animals is  v>i\sly e/imat$ at f   
sev5ty-five to "o hundr$ & fifty1 by    
diff]5t p]sons4 ,! cannon1 mo/ ( ! miss+
 baggage1 & !  liv+ horses1 7 all br\ght
 9 by noon4 ,! day 0 busily employ$  9  
cleans+ our rifles & pi/ols1 & dry+ our 
dr5*$ baggage4    ,decemb]              
#bg4--,prep>ations 7 comm5c$ e>ly = !   
resumption (  our m>*2 b su* 0 !        
condition ( ev]y?+ ar\nd u1 t x  0 two  
o'clock1 ,p4,m41 be=e ! battalion 0 9   
read9ess2 & !n  s great _h be5 ! loss ( 
horses 9 v>i\s ways1 t ! numb]  rema9+ 0
 insuffici5t to m\nt ! m54 ,"o or two   
companies1 &  portions ( o!rs1 7        
compell$ to m>* on foot4 ,we 7 visit$   
dur+ ! =5oon by ,mr4 ,sp>ks1 an         
,am]ican1 ,dr4 ,d51 an ,iri%man1  & ,mr4
 ,burton1 ano!r ,am]ican1 resid5ts (    
,santa ,b>b>a4 ,!y _h  be5 suff]$ by !  
,cali=nians to rema9 9 ! place4 ,_!     
in=mation communicat$ to u 01 t ! t[n 0 

des]t$ (  ne>ly all its population4 ,a  
few h\ses only 7 occupi$4 ,pass+  d[n a 
beautiful & f]tile undulat+ pla91 we    
encamp$ j be=e  sunset 9 a live-oak     
grove1 ab\t half a mile f ! t[n ( ,santa
  ,b>b>a4 ,/rict ord]s 7 issu$ by ,col4 
,fremont1 t ! prop]ty  & ! p]sons (     
,cali=nians1 n f\nd 9 arms1 %\ld be     
sacr$ly  respect$4 ,to prev5t all       
collisions1 no soldi] 0 all[$ to pass  !
 l9es ( ! camp )\t special p]mission1 or
 ord]s f 8  (fic]s4    ,i visit$ ! t[n  
be=e d>k1 b f\nd ! h\ses1 ) few         
exceptions1 clos$1 & ! /reets des]t$4   
,aft] hunt+ ab\t "s  "t1 we discov]$ a  
mis]able dwell+1 occupi$ by a %oemak] & 
8 family1 op54 ,ent]+ x1 we 7 v k9dly   
receiv$ by its  occupants1 :o1 ) a      
pr9cely supply ( civility1 possess$ b a 
begg>ly array ( com=ts4 ,at our reque/  
!y provid$ = u a  supp] ( tortillas1    
frijoles1 & /ew$ c>ne season$ )  *ile   
colorado1 = :i*1 pay+ !m dos pesos =    
f\r1 we bade  !m good ev5+1 all p>ties  
be+ well satisfi$4 ,! family  consi/$1  

exclusive ( ! %oemak]1 ( a doz5 wom5 &  
*ildr51  ( all ages4 ,! wom51 f !       
acc\nts !y _h receiv$ ( !  int5tions ( !
 ,am]icans1 7 evid5tly unprep>$ = civil 
treatm5t f !m4 ,!y expect$ to be dealt )
 9 a v b>b>\s  mann]1 9 all respects2 b 
!y 7 disappo9t$1 & invit$ u  to visit !m
 aga94 ,di/ance #h miles4               
,,*apt] ,,xi4      ,santa ,b>b>a        
,picturesque situation    ,f]tility ( ! 
c\ntry    ,climate    ,population       
,society    ,leave ,santa ,b>b>a        
,r9con    ,grampus    ,mission ( ,/4    
,bu5av5tura    ,f9e g>d5s    ,meet a    
p>ty ( m\nt$ ,cali=nians    ,!y retreat 
be=e u    ,abundance ( maize    ,arrival
 ( c\ri]s f ,com4 ,/ockton    ,effects (
 w> ^u ! c\ntry    ,m ( ! enemy 9 sight 
,news ( ! capture ( ,los ,angeles1 by   
,g54 ,ke>ny & ,com4 ,/ockton    ,mission
 ( ,san ,f]n&o    ,! ,maguey            
,capitulation ( ! ,cali=nians    ,arrive
 at ,los ,angeles    ,g5]al reflections 
^u ! m>*    ,meet ) old acqua9tances4   
,! battalion rema9$ encamp$ at ,santa   

,b>b>a1 f ! #bg? (  ,decemb] to ! #crd (
 ,janu>y1 #ahdg4 ,! ,u4,s4 flag 0 rais$ 
9 !  public squ>e ( ! t[n ! day aft] our
 arrival4    ,! t[n ( ,santa ,b>b>a is  
beautifully situat$ = ! picturesque1    
ab\t "o mile f ! %ore ( a road/ead1 :i* 
af=ds an*orage  = vessels ( any size1 & 
a l&+ = boats 9 calm wea!r4  ,dur+ /ormy
 wea!r1 or ! preval5ce ( /rong w9ds f ! 
s\?-ea/1 vessels1 = safety1 are compell$
 to /& out to sea4 ,a  f]tile pla9      
ext5ds "s tw5ty or ?irty miles up & d[n 
!  coa/1 v>y+ 9 bread? f two to t5      
miles1 & b\nd$ on !  ea/ by a range (   
high m\nta9s4 ,! population ( ! t[n ,i  
%\ld  judge1 f ! numb] ( h\ses1 to be   
ab\t #abjj s\ls4 ,mo/ ( !  h\ses are    
con/ruct$ ( adobes1 9 ! usual           
ar*itectural /yle (  ,mexican build+s4  
,"s ( !m1 h[ev]1 are m ,am]icaniz$1 &  h
 "s pret5sions to ta/eful ar*itecture1 &
 com=table &  conv5i5t int]ior          
arrangem5t4 ,its comm]ce1 ,i presume1 is
 limit$ to  ! export ( hides & tall[    
produc$ ^u ! surr\nd+ pla92 &  !        

commodities receiv$ 9 ex*ange = ^! f !  
trad]s on !  coa/4 ,d\btless1 new & yet 
undevelop$ s\rces ( weal? w be  discov]$
 h]eaft] t w r5d] ?is t[n ( mu* great]  
importance ?an x is at pres5t4    ,on ! 
coa/1 a few miles above ,santa ,b>b>a1  
!re are1 ,i h be5  told1 imm5se         
quantities ( pure bitum5 or m9]al t>1   
:i*1 ris+  9 ! ocean1 has be5 ?r[n ^u ! 
%ore by ! waves1 :]e 9 a  concrete /ate1
 l res91 x has accumulat$ 9 inexhau/ible
 masses4  ,!re are1 d\btless1 _m        
valuable m9]als 9 ! neighb\r+  m\nta9s1 
:i*1 :5 develop$ by ent]prise1 w add    
greatly to !  weal? & importance ( !    
t[n4 ,= intellig5ce1 ref9em5t1 &        
civilization1 ! population1 x is said1 w
 comp>e advantage\sly  ) any 9          
,cali=nia4 ,"s old & influ5tial ,spani% 
families are  resid5ts ( ?is place2 b _!
 casas1 ) ! exception ( t  ( ,s5or ,don 
,jos ,noriega1 ! l>ge/ h\se 9 ! place1  
are n[  clos$ & des]t$4 ,s5or ,n4 is "o 
( ! olde/ & mo/ respectable  citiz5s (  
,cali=nia1 hav+ fill$ ! highe/ (fices 9 

!  gov]nm5t ( ! c\ntry4 ,"o ( 8 daught]s
 is a resid5t ( ,new  ,york1 hav+ m>ri$ 
,alfr$ ,rob9son1 ,esq41 ( t city1 au?or 
(  ,life 9 ,cali=nia4    ,! climate1    
judg+ f ! indications :ile we rema9$ "h1
 mu/  be delightful1 ev5 9 w9t]4 ,) !   
exception ( "o day1 :i* 0  tempe/u\s1 ! 
temp]ature at night did n fall bel[ #ej1
 &  dur+ ! day ! av]age 0 betwe5 #fj &  
#gj4 ,! atmosph]e 0  p]fectly cle> &    
s]5e1 ! wea!r resembl+ t ( ! pleasant   
days ( ,april 9 ! same latitude on !    
,atlantic side ( !  cont95t4 ,x is a    
peculi>ity ( ! ,mexicans t !y all[ no   
%ade  or ornam5tal trees to gr[ ne> _!  
h\ses4 ,9 none ( ! /reets  ( ! t[ns or  
missions ?r\gh :i* ,i h pass$ has !re   
be5 a  solit>y tree /&+4 ,i notic$ v few
 horticultural attempts 9  ,santa       
,b>b>a4 ,at ! mission1 ab\t two miles   
di/ant1 :i* is an  ext5sive e/abli%m5t &
 9 good pres]vation1 ,i 0 told t !re  7 
f9e g>d5s1 produc+ mo/ ( ! v>ieties (   
fruits ( !  tropical & temp]ate         
climates4    ,sev]al ,cali=nians came   

into camp & (f]$ to deliv] !mselves  up4
 ,!y 7 p]mitt$ to g at l>ge4 ,!y        
repres5t$ t !  ,cali=nian =ce at ! s\? 0
 daily gr[+ weak] f  diss5sions &       
des]tions4 ,! ,unit$ ,/ates prize-s*oon]
 ,julia  arriv$ on ! #cj?1 f :i* 0 l&$ a
 cannon = ! use ( !  battalion4 ,x has1 
h[ev]1 to be m\nt$ on :eels1 & ! ge>    
necess>y = haul+ x has to be made 9 !   
camp4 ,reports 7  curr5t 9 camp on !    
#ca/1 t ! ,cali=nians int5d$ to meet &  
fight u at ,san ,bu5av5tura1 ab\t ?irty 
miles di/ant4 ,on ! #a/ (  ,janu>y1 !   
,indians ( ! mission & t[n celebrat$    
new-ye>'s day1  by a procession1 music1 
etc41 etc4 ,!y m>*$ f ! mission to !    
t[n1 & ?r\gh mo/ ( ! empty & o!rwise    
sil5t /reets4 ,among  ! airs !y play$ 0 
,yankee ,doodle4    ,janu>y #c4--;,a    
beautiful spr+-l day4 ,we resum$ our m>*
 at #aa  o'clock1 & encamp$ 9 a live-oak
 grove ab\t t5 miles s\? (              
,santa-,b>b>a4 ,our r\te has be5 g5]ally
 ne> ! %ore ( !  ocean4 ,timb] is       
abundant1 & ! grass & o!r vegetation    

luxuriant4 ,di/ance #aj miles4          
,janu>y #d4--;,at ! ,r9con1 or passage  
betwe5 two po9ts ( l&  jutt+ into !     
ocean1 s n>r[ t at high tides ! surf    
da%es  aga9/ ! neatly p]p5dicul> bases (
 ! m\nta9s :i* b\nd !  %ore1 x has be5  
suppos$ ! ho/ile ,cali=nians w\ld make a
  /&1 ! position be+ s advantage\s to   
!m4 ,! road1 if road x  c be call$1 :]e 
all m>ks ( ho(s or :eels are eras$ by   
ea*  succe$+ tide1 runs along a h>d     
s&-bea*1 ) occasional  projections (    
small po9ts ( level gr\nd1 t5 or fifte5 
miles1 &  ! surf1 ev5 :5 ! tide has     
fall5 consid]ably1 frequ5tly  rea*es to 
! bellies ( ! horses4 ,"s demon/ration  
has be5  confid5tly expect$ "h1 b we    
encamp$ 9 ?is pass ! fir/ day  )\t meet+
 an enemy or see+ a sign ( "o4 ,our camp
 is close to  ! ocean1 & ! ro> ( ! surf1
 z x da%es aga9/ ! %ore1 is  l t ( an   
imm5se cat>act4 ,hundr$s ( ! grampus    
:ale are  sport+ a mile or two di/ant f 
! l&1 sp\t+ up wat] &  spray to a great 
height1 9 columns resembl+ /eam f !     

escape-pipes ( /eam-boats4 ,di/ance #f  
miles4    ,janu>y #e4--,! prize-s*oon]  
,julia 0 ly+ (f 9 sight ?is  morn+1 = ! 
purpose ( co-op]at+ ) u1 %\ld !re be any
  attempt on ! "p ( ! enemy to int]rupt 
! m>* ( !  battalion4 ,we rea*$ !       
mission ( ,san ,bu5av5tura1 & encamp$ a 
%ort di/ance f x at two o'clock4 ,soon  
aft]1 a small p>ty (  ,cali=nians       
exhibit$ !mselves on an elevation j     
beyond !  mission4 ,! battalion 0       
imm$iately call$ to arms1 & m>*$ out  to
 meet !m4 ,b1 aft] ! dis*>ge ( ! two    
field-pieces1 !y  scamp]$ away l a flock
 ( antelopes1 & ! battalion return$ to  
camp1 ) none kill$ or w\nd$ on ei!r     
side4 ,"u ! belief t  !re 0 a l>g] =ce (
 ,cali=nians encamp$ at a di/ance ( "s  
five or six miles1 & t dur+ ! night !y  
might attempt a  surprise1 or plant     
cannon on ! summit ( a hill ab\t a mile 
f  camp1 s z to annoy u1 a p>ty1 ( :i*  
,i 0 "o1 0 deta*$1  aft] d>k1 to occupy 
! hill secretly4 ,we m>*$ ar\nd !       
mission  z privately z possible1 & took 

our position on ! hill1 :]e we  rema9$  
all night )\t ! lea/ di/urbance1 except 
by !  tempe/u\s w9d1 :i* blew a bla/ s  
cold & pi]c+ z almo/ to  congeal !      
blood4 ,:5 ! sun rose 9 ! morn+1 ,i c\ld
 see1 f>  out 9 ! ocean1 ?ree vessels   
scudd+ be=e ! gale l phantom  %ips4 ,"o 
( ^! 0 ! little s*oon] t _h be5 wait+ ^u
  u :ile m>*+ along ! ,r9con4 ,di/ance  
#ad miles4    ,janu>y #f4--,! w9d has   
bl[n a gale 9 our faces all day1 & !    
cl\ds ( du/ h be5 almo/ bl9d+4 ,!       
mission ( ,san  ,bu5av5tura does n      
diff]1 9 its g5]al features1 f ^? (  o!r
 e/abli%m5ts ( ! same k9d h]et(ore      
describ$4 ,!re is a  l>ge g>d51 inclos$ 
by a high wall1 atta*$ to ! mission1 9  
:i* ,i notic$ a great v>iety (          
fruit-trees & ornam5tal  %rubb]y4 ,!re  
are also num]\s inclosures1 =           
cultivation1 by  will[ h$ges4 ,! soil1  
:5 prop]ly till$1 appe>s to be highly   
productive4 ,?is mission is situat$ ab\t
 two miles f ! %ore (  a small bay or   
ind5tation ( ! coa/1 on ! edge ( a pla9 

or  valley wat]$ by ! ,rio ,santa ,cl>a1
 :i* empties into ! ,pacific  at ?is    
po9t4 ,a *a9 ( small isl&s1 f t5 to     
tw5ty miles f  ! %ore1 comm5ces at      
,santa ,b>b>a1 & ext5ds s\? along !     
coa/1 to ! bay ( ,san ,p$ro4 ,^! isl&s  
pres5t to ! eye a  b>r5 appe>ance4 ,at  
pres5t ! only inhabitants ( ! mission   
are a  few ,indians1 ! :ite population  
hav+ ab&on$ x on our approa*1  ) !      
exception ( "o man1 :o met u ye/]day &  
surr5d]$  himself a prison]4    ,proce$+
 up ! valley ab\t sev5 miles f !        
mission1 we  discov]$ at a di/ance a    
p>ty ( sixty or sev5ty m\nt$            
,cali=nians1 drawn up 9 ord] on ! bank (
 ! riv]4 ,?is1 x 0  conjectur$1 might be
 only a portion ( a mu* l>g] =ce /ation$
  "h1 & conceal$ 9 a deep rav9e :i* runs
 across ! valley1 or  9 ! canadas ( !   
hills on our left4 ,sc\t+-p>ties m\nt$ !
  hills1 = ! purpose ( asc]ta9+ if su* 0
 ! case4 ,9 !  mean "t1 ! p>ty (        
,cali=nians on our "r scatt]$ !mselves  
ov] ! pla91 pranc+ _! horses1 wav+ _!   

swords1 bann]s1  & lances1 & p]=m+ a    
great v>iety ( eque/rian feats4 ,!y  7  
m\nt$ on f9e horses1 & !re are no bett] 
horsem51 if z  good1 9 ! _w1 ?an        
,cali=nians4 ,!y took especial c>e1     
h[ev]1 to keep beyond ! rea* (          
cannon-%ot4 ,! battalion :eel$  to !    
left = ! purpose ( cross+ a po9t ( hills
 jutt+ into  ! pla91 & tak+ ! suppos$   
conceal$ p>ty ( ! enemy on  _! flank4 ,x
 01 h[ev]1 f\nd impracticable to cross !
 hills  ) ! cannon2 &1 return+ to !     
pla91 ! m>* 0 cont9u$1  ! ,cali=nians   
/ill pranc+ & p]=m+ _! antics 9 our     
faces4 ,our horses 7 s poor & feeble t x
 0 impossible to  *ase !m ) any hope (  
success4 ,z we proce$$1 !y retreat$4    
,"s ( ! ,indian sc\ts1 among :om 7 a    
,delaw>e nam$ ,tom1 :o  di/+ui%$ himself
 9 ! engagem5t ne> ,san ,juan1 & a      
,cali=nian ,indian nam$ ,gregorio1 rode 
t[>ds !m2 & two or ?ree  guns 7 dis*>g$ 
on bo? sides1 b )\t any damage1 ! p>ties
  n be+ )9 dang]\s gun-%ot di/ance ( ea*
 o!r4 ,!  ,cali=nians !n =m$ !mselves 9 

a body1 & soon disappe>$  beh9d "s hills
 on our "r4 ,we encamp$ ab\t f\r o'clock
 9 !  valley1 ! w9d bl[+ almo/ a        
hurricane1 & ! du/ fly+ s z  ne>ly to   
bl9d u4 ,di/ance #i miles4    ,janu>y   
#g4--;,cont9u+ our m>* up ! valley1 we  
encamp$ ne> !  ran*o ( ,c>rillo1 :]e we 
f\nd an abundance ( corn1 :eat1 &       
frijoles4 ,! h\se 0 %ut up1 hav+ be5    
des]t$ by its  proprietor1 :o is said to
 be connect$ ) ! rebellion4 ,cali=nian  
sc\ts 7 se5 occasionally to-day on !    
summits ( ! hills s\?  ( u4 ,di/ance #g 
miles4    ,janu>y #h4--;,ano!r tempe/u\s
 day4 ,i d n rememb] ev] to h  exp]i5c$ 
su* disagreeable effects f ! w9d & !    
cl\ds (  du/ 9 :i* we 7 con/antly       
envelop$1 driv+ into our faces  )\t     
int]mission4 ,we encamp$ ?is aft]noon 9 
a grove ( will[s  ne> a ran*o1 :]e1 z   
ye/]day1 we f\nd corn & beans 9         
abundance4 ,our horses1 consequ5tly1 f>e
 well1 & we f>e bett] ?an  we h done4   
,"o-f\r? ( ! battalion1 exclusive ( !   
regul>  gu>d1 is kept "u arms dur+ !    

night1 to be prep>$ aga9/  surprises &  
night-attacks4 ,di/ance #ab miles4      
,janu>y #i4--;,e>ly ?is morn+ ,capta9   
,hamley1 accompani$ by a  ,cali=nian z a
 guide1 came into camp1 ) despat*es f   
,commodore  ,/ockton4 ,! exact purport (
 ^! despat*es ,i nev] le>n$1 b x  0     
und]/ood t ! commodore1 9 conjunction ) 
,g5]al ,ke>ny1  0 m>*+ ^u ,los ,angeles1
 & t1 if !y _h n already  rea*$ & tak5 t
 t[n 7! pres5t capital ( ,cali=nia71 !y 
7 by ?is "t 9 its neighb\rhood4 ,capta9 
,hamley pass$1 la/  night1 ! encampm5t (
 a p>ty ( ,cali=nians 9 our re>4 ,he l&$
  f a vessel at ,santa ,b>b>a1 & f !nce 
foll[$ u to ?is  place by l&4 ,we       
encamp$ ?is aft]noon at a ran*o1 situat$
 on !  edge ( a f]tile & f9ely wat]$    
pla9 ( consid]able ext5t1  :]e we f\nd  
corn1 :eat1 & frijoles 9 great          
abundance4 ,! ran*o  0 own$ & occupi$ by
 an ag$ ,cali=nian1 ( comm&+ &          
respectable appe>ance2 ,i c\ld n b feel 
compassion = !  v5]able old man1 ^: sons
 7 n[ all abs5t & engag$ 9 !  w>1 :ile  

he1 at home & unsupport$1 0 suff]+ !    
unavoidable  inconv5i5ces & calamities  
result+ f an army be+ qu>t]$  ^u him4   
,z we m>* s\? !re appe>s to be a l>g]   
supply ( :eat1 maize1  beans1 & b>ley 9 
! gran>ies ( ! ran*os4 ,m att5tion is   
evid5tly giv5 to ! cultivation ( ! soil 
"h ?an f>!r nor?1  al?\gh nei!r ! soil  
nor climate is s well adapt$ to ! rais+ 
( crops4 ,! ,cali=nian spies h %[n      
!mselves at v>i\s times  to-day1 on !   
summits ( ! hills on our "r4 ,di/ance   
#ab miles4    ,janu>y #aj4--;,cross+ !  
pla91 we encamp$1 ab\t two o'clock      
,p4,m41  9 ! m\? ( a canada1 ?r\gh :i*  
we asc5d ov] a difficult  pass 9 a range
 ( elevat$ hills betwe5 u & ! pla9 (    
,san  ,f]n&o1 or ,c\5ga4 ,"s =ty or     
fifty m\nt$ ,cali=nians  exhibit$       
!mselves on ! summit ( ! pass dur+ !    
aft]noon4  ,!y 7 d\btless a portion ( ! 
same p>ty t we met sev]al  days ago1 j  
bel[ ,san ,bu5av5tura4 ,a l>ge numb] (  
cattle 7  collect$ 9 ! pla9 & corrall$1 
to be driv5 along to-morr[ =  subsi/5ce4

 ,di/ance #aj miles4    ,janu>y #aa4--,!
 battalion ?is morn+ 0 divid$ into two  
p>ties2  ! ma9 body1 on foot1 m>*+ ov] a
 ridge ( hills to ! "r (  ! road or     
trail2 & ! artill]y1 horses & baggage1 )
 an  advance-gu>d & escort1 m>*+ by !   
direct r\te4 ,we f\nd !  pass n>r[1 &   
easily to be def5d$ by brave & det]m9$  
m5  aga9/ a greatly sup]ior =ce2 b :5 we
 _h m\nt$ ! summit (  ! ridge !re 0 no  
enemy1 nor ! sign ( "o1 9 sight4        
,desc5d+  into a canada on ! o!r side1  
we halt$ until ! ma9 body came  up to u1
 & !n ! :ole =ce 0 aga9 reunit$1 & ! m>*
  cont9u$4    ,em]g+ f ! hills1 !       
advance p>ty to :i* ,i 0 atta*$ met  two
 ,cali=nians1 b>ehead$1 rid+ 9 great    
ha/e4 ,!y /at$ t  !y 7 f ! mission (    
,san ,f]n&o2 t ! ,cali=nian =ces  _h met
 ! ,am]ican =ces "u ! comm& ( ,g5]al    
,ke>ny &  ,commodore ,/ockton1 & _h be5 
defeat$ aft] two days' fight+2 &  t !   
,am]icans _h ye/]day m>*$ into ,los     
,angeles4 ,!y  reque/$ to be conduct$   
imm$iately to ,colonel ,fremont1 :i*    

reque/  0 compli$ )4 ,a little f>!r on  
we met a ,fr5*man1 :o /at$  t he 0 !    
be>] ( a lett] f ,g5]al ,ke>ny1 at ,los 
,angeles1  to ,colonel ,fremont4 ,he    
confirm$ ! /atem5t we _h j he>d1 &  0   
p]mitt$ to pass4 ,cont9u+ our m>*1 we   
ent]$ ! mission (  ,san ,f]n&o at "o    
o'clock1 & 9 ab\t two h\rs ! ma9 body   
arriv$1 & ! :ole battalion encamp$ 9 !  
mission build+s4    ,! build+s & g>d5s  
belong+ to ?is mission are 9 bett]      
condition ?an ^? ( any ( ^! e/abli%m5ts 
,i h se54 ,!re  are two ext5sive g>d5s1 
surr\nd$ by high walls2 & a /roll  ?r\gh
 !m af=d$ a mo/ delightful contra/ f !  
usually  uncultivat$ l&scape we h be5   
travell+ ?r\gh = s long a  "t4 ,"h 7    
br\ght toge!r mo/ ( ! fruits & _m ( !   
plants ( ! temp]ate & tropical climates4
 ,al?\gh n ! season  ( fl[]s1 /ill !    
roses 7 9 bloom4 ,oranges1 lemons1 figs1
 &  olives hung ^u ! trees1 & ! blood-r$
 tuna1 or prickly-pe>1  look$ v tempt+4 
,among ! plants ,i notic$ ! ,am]ican    
aloe  7argave ,am]icana71 :i* is o!rwise

 call$ maguey4 ,f ?is  plant1 :5 x      
atta9s maturity1 a sac*>9e liquor is    
extract$1  :i* is manufactur$ into a    
bev]age call$ pulque1 & is mu*  priz$ by
 ,mexicans4 ,! season ( grapes has      
pass$1 b !re are  ext5sive v9ey>ds at   
?is mission4 ,i drank1 soon aft] my     
arrival1 a  glass ( r$ w9e manufactur$  
"h1 ( a good quality4    ,! mission (   
,san ,f]n&o is situat$ at ! head ( an   
ext5sive &  v f]tile pla91 judg+ f !    
luxuriance ( ! grass & o!r  vegetation  
n[ spr++ up4 ,i notic$ 9 ! gran>y f :i* 
our  horses 7 suppli$ ) food _m ?\s&    
bu%els ( corn4 ,! e>  is small] ?an t ( 
! corn ( ! ,s\!rn ,/ates4 ,x resembles  
! maize cultivat$ 9 ! ,nor!rn ,/ates1 ! 
k]nel be+ h>d &  poli%$4 ,l>ge h]ds (   
cattle & %eep 7 graz+ ^u ! pla9  9 sight
 ( ! mission4    ,janu>y #ab4--,?is     
morn+ two ,cali=nian (fic]s1 accompani$ 
by  ,tort>ia ,pico1 :o m>*$ ) u f ,san  
,luis ,obispo1 came to !  mission to    
treat = peace4 ,a consultation 0 held & 
t]ms 7  sugge/$1 &1 z ,i und]/&1 p>tly  

agre$ ^u1 b n conclud$4  ,! (fic]s left 
9 ! aft]noon4    ,janu>y #ac4--,we      
cont9u$ our m>*1 & encamp$ ne> a des]t$ 
ran*o at ! foot ( ,c\5ga pla94 ,soon    
aft] we halt$1 !  ,cali=nian            
peace-commission]s appe>$1 & ! t]ms (   
peace &  capitulation 7 f9ally agre$ ^u 
& sign$ by ! respective  p>ties4 ,!y 7 z
 foll[s3--      ,,articles ,,(          
,,capitulation1      ,made & ent]$ into 
at ! ,ran* ( ,c\5ga1 ?is ?irte5? day    
( ,janu>y1 eighte5 hundr$ & =ty-sev51   
betwe5 ,p4,b4 ,read+1    major2 ,l\is   
,mc,lane1 junr41 comm&+ #crd ,artill]y2 
,william ,h4    ,russell1 ordnance      
(fic]--commission]s appo9t$ by ,j4,c4   
,fremont1    ,colonel ,unit$ ,/ates     
,army1 & ,milit>y ,comm&ant ( ,cali=nia2
    & ,jos ,antonio ,c>illo1 comm&ant   
esquadron2 ,augu/9 ,oliv]a1             
deputado--commission]s appo9t$ by ,don  
,&res ,pico1    ,comm&]-9-*ief ( !      
,cali=nian =ces "u ! ,mexican flag4     
,article #a/4 ,! ,commission]s on ! "p (
 ! ,cali=nians agree    t _! entire =ce 

%all1 on pres5tation ( !mselves to      
,lieut5ant-,colonel ,fremont1 deliv] up 
_! artill]y & public    arms1 & t !y    
%all return peaceably to _! homes1      
con=m+ to ! laws & regulations ( !      
,unit$ ,/ates1 & n    aga9 take up arms 
dur+ ! w> betwe5 ! ,unit$ ,/ates &      
,mexico1 b w assi/ & aid 9 plac+ !      
c\ntry 9 a /ate (    peace &            
tranquillity4      ,art4 #bnd4 ,!       
,commission]s on ! "p (                 
,lieut5ant-,colonel    ,fremont agree & 
b9d !mselves1 on ! fulfilm5t ( ! #a/    
,article by ! ,cali=nians1 t !y %all be 
gu>ante$    protection ( life & prop]ty1
 :e!r on p>ole or o!rwise4      ,article
 #crd4 ,t until a ,treaty ( ,peace be   
made & sign$ betwe5    ! ,unit$ ,/ates (
 ,nor? ,am]ica & ! ,republic ( ,mexico1 
no    ,cali=nian or o!r ,mexican citiz5 
%all be b\nd to take ! oa?    (         
allegiance4      ,article #d?4 ,t any   
,cali=nian or citiz5 ( ,mexico1 desir+1 
is    p]mitt$ by ?is capitulation to    
leave ! c\ntry )\t let or    h9d]ance4  

,article #e?4 ,t1 9 virtue ( ! a=esaid  
articles1 equal rights    & privileges  
are v\*saf$ to e citiz5 ( ,cali=nia1 z  
are    enjoy$ by ! citiz5s ( ! ,unit$   
,/ates ( ,nor? ,am]ica4      ,article   
#f?4 ,all (fic]s1 citiz5s1 =eign]s or   
o!rs1 %all    receive ! protection      
gu>ante$ by ! #bnd ,article4            
,article #g?4 ,?is capitulation is      
int5d$ to be no b> 9 effect+    su*     
arrangem5ts z may 9 future be 9 ju/ice  
requir$ by bo?    p>ties4               
,,additional ,,article4      ,ciudad de 
,los ,angeles1 ,jan4 #af?1 #ahdg4       
,t ! p>oles ( all (fic]s1 citiz5s &     
o!rs1 ( ! ,unit$    ,/ates1 & naturaliz$
 citiz5s ( ,mexico1 are by ?is =ego+    
capitulation cancell$1 & e condition (  
said p>oles1 f    & aft] ?is date1 are (
 no fur!r =ce & effect1 & all           
prison]s ( bo? p>ties are h]eby releas$4
      ,p4,b4 ,,read+1 ,maj4 ,cal'a4     
,battalion4    ,,l\is ,mc,l,a,n,e1      
,com'd4 ,artill]y4    ,,wm4 ,h4         
,,russell1 ,ordnance ,(fic]4    ,,jose  

,,antonio ,,c>illo1 ,comd't4 (          
,squadron4    ,,augu/9 ,,oliv]a1        
,deputado4      ,approv$1      ,j4,c4   
,,fremont1 ,lieut4-,col4 ,u4,s4 ,army1 &
 ,milit>y ,comm&ant (    ,cali=nia4     
,,&res ,,pico1 ,comm&ant ( ,squadron &  
,*ief ( ! ,national ,=ces    (          
,cali=nia4    ,! next morn+ a brass     
h[itz] 0 br\ght into camp1 & deliv]$4   
,:at o!r arms 7 giv5 up ,i _c say1 = ,i 
saw none4 ,nor c ,i  speak z to ! numb] 
( ,cali=nians :o 7 9 ! field "u !  comm&
 ( ,&res ,pico :5 ! articles (          
capitulation 7 sign$1  = !y 7 nev] 9    
sight ( u aft] we rea*$ ,san ,f]n&o4    
,di/ance #ab miles4    ,janu>y #ad4--;,x
 comm5c$ ra9+ heavily ?is morn+4 ,cross+
 a  ridge ( hills1 we ent]$ ! magnific5t
 undulat+ pla9 surr\nd+  ! city (       
,angels1 n[ v]dant ) a c>pet ( fre%     
vegetation4  ,among o!r plants ,i notic$
 ! mu/>d1 & an imm5se quantity (  !     
common pepp]-grass ( our g>d5s4 ,we     
pass$ sev]al w>m spr+s  :i* ?r[ up l>ge 
quantities ( bitum5 or m9]al t>4 ,urg+  

our  jad$ animals ?r\gh ! mud & wat]1   
:i* 9 places 0 v deep1  we rea*$ ! t[n  
ab\t #c o'clock4    ,a m mis]ably clad1 
wret*$ly provid$1 & unprepossess+       
milit>y ho/1 probably nev] ent]$ a      
civiliz$ city4 ,9 all1 except  our ord]1
 deportm5t1 & arms1 we might h be5      
mi/ak5 = a  procession ( tatt]demalions1
 or a tribe ( ,nomades f ,t>t>y4  ,!re 7
 n _m ( u s =tunate z to h 9 our        
possession an  entire outside g>m5t2 &  
sev]al 7 )\t hats or %oes1 or a         
complete cov]+ to _! bodies4 ,b t we _h 
at la/ rea*$ !  t]m9us ( a long &       
labori\s m>*1 att5d$ ) h>d%ips1         
exposure1 & privation r>ely suff]$1 0 a 
matt] ( su* he>tfelt  congratulation1 t 
^! comp>atively trifl+ inconv5i5ces 7  n
 ?\ght (4 ,m5 nev]1 probably1 9 ! entire
 hi/ory ( milit>y  transactions1 bore ^!
 privations ) m =titude or utt]$  few]  
compla9ts4    ,we _h n[ arriv$ at !     
abode ( ! cele/ials1 if !  int]pretation
 ( ! "n ( ! place c\ld be consid]$ z    
indicative ( ! "* ( its population1 &   

dr5*$ ) ra9  & pla/]$ ) mud1 we ent]$ ! 
,city ( ! ,angels1 &  m>*$ ?r\gh its    
pr9cipal /reet to our tempor>y qu>t]s4  
,we  f\nd ! t[n1 z we expect$1 9 !      
possession ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates  naval &   
milit>y =ces "u ! comm& ( ,commodore    
,/ockton &  ,g5]al ,ke>ny1 :o1 aft] two 
engagem5ts ) six hundr$ m\nt$           
,cali=nians on ! #h? & #i?1 _h m>*$ into
 ! city on ! #aj?4  ,! t[n 0 almo/      
entirely des]t$ by its inhabitants1 &   
mo/ (  ! h\ses1 except ^? belong+ to    
=eign]s1 or occupi$ z  qu>t]s = !       
troops1 7 clos$4 ,i met "h _m ( ! naval 
(fic]s ^: agreeable acqua9tance ,i _h   
made at ,san ,francisco4  ,among o!rs 7 
,lieut5ants ,?ompson1 ,hunt]1 ,gray &   
,rh5%aw1 &  ,capta9 ,zeil9 ( ! m>9es1   
all ( :om _h m>*$ f ,san ,diego4        
,di/ance #ab miles4          ,,*apt]    
,,xii4      ,city ( ,angels    ,g>d5s   
,v9ey>ds    ,produce ( ! v9e 9 ,cali=nia
    ,g5]al products ( ! c\ntry          
,reput$ p]sonal *>ms ( ! females ( ,los 
,angeles    ,san ,diego    ,gold &      

quicksilv] m9es    ,l[] ,cali=nia       
,bitum9\s spr+s    ,w9es    ,a          
,k5tuckian among ! angels    ,missions (
 ,san ,gabriel & ,san ,luis ,rey    ,g54
 ,ke>ny & ,com4 ,/ockton leave = ,san   
,diego    ,col4 ,fremont appo9t$        
,gov]nor ( ,cali=nia by ,com4 ,/ockton  
,com4 ,%ubrick's arrival                
,insurrection 9 ! nor!rn "p ( ,cali=nia 
suppress$    ,arrival ( ,col4 ,cooke at 
,san ,diego4      ,la ,ciudad de los    
,angeles is ! l>ge/ t[n 9 ,cali=nia1    
conta9+  betwe5 fifte5 hundr$ & two ?\s&
 inhabitants4 ,its /reets are  laid out 
)\t any reg>d to regul>ity4 ,! build+s  
are g5]ally  con/ruct$ ( adobes "o & two
 /ories high1 ) flat ro(s4 ,!  public   
build+s are a *ur*1 qu>tel1 & gov]nm5t  
h\se4 ,"s (  ! dwell+-h\ses are frames1 
& l>ge4 ,few ( !m1 int]iorly or         
ext]iorly1 h any pret5sions to          
ar*itectural ta/e1 f9i%1 or  conv5i5ce (
 plan & arrangem5t4 ,! t[n is situat$   
ab\t #bj miles  f ! ocean1 9 a ext5sive 
undulat+ pla91 b\nd$ on ! nor?  by a    

ridge ( elevat$ hills1 on ! ea/ by high 
m\nta9s ^:  summits are n[ cov]$ ) sn[1 
on ! we/ by ! ocean1 &  /ret*+ to ! s\? 
& ! s\?-ea/ z f> z ! eye c rea*4  ,!    
,rio ,/4 ,gabriel fl[s ne> ! t[n4 ,?is  
/ream is skirt$ )  num]\s v9ey>ds &     
g>d5s1 inclos$ by will[-h$ges4 ,! g>d5s 
produce a great v>iety ( tropical fruits
 & plants4 ,! yield ( !  v9ey>ds is v   
abundant2 & a l>ge quantity ( w9es ( a  
good  quality & flav\r1 & agu>dinte1 are
 manufactur$ "h4 ,"s (  ! v9ey>ds1 ,i   
und]/&1 conta9 z _m z tw5ty ?\s& v9es4  
,! produce ( ! v9e 9 ,cali=nia w1       
und\bt$ly1 9 a %ort  "t =m an important 
item1 9 its exports & comm]ce4 ,! soil &
  climate1 especially ( ! s\!rn portion 
( ! c\ntry1 appe> to  be peculi>ly      
adapt$ to ! culture ( ! grape4    ,we   
f\nd 9 ,los ,angeles an abundance (     
maize1 :eat1 & frijoles1  %[+ t !       
surr\nd+ c\ntry is highly productive (  
^!  important articles ( subsi/5ce4 ,!re
 are no mills1 h[ev]1 9 ?is  vic9ity1 ! 
univ]sal practice ( ,cali=nian families 

be+ to gr9d  _! corn by h&2 &           
consequ5tly fl\r & bread are v sc>ce1  &
 n to be obta9$ 9 any consid]able       
quantities4 ,! only g>d5  vegetables :i*
 ,i saw :ile "h 7 onions1 potatoes1 &   
*ile  colorado1 or r$ pepp]1 :i* ent]s v
 l>gely into ! cuis9e  ( ! c\ntry4 ,i d 
n d\bt1 h[ev]1 t e description (  g>d5  
vegetables c be produc$ "h1 9 p]fection 
& abundance4    ,:ile ,i rema9$ at ,los 
,angeles1 ,i bo>d$ ) two or ?ree o!r    
(fic]s at ! h\se ( a ,mexican           
,cali=nian1 ! late alcalde ( !  t[n1 ^: 
political functions _h ceas$4 ,he 0 a   
?91 delicate1  amiable1 & v polite      
g5tleman1 treat+ u ) mu* c\rtesy1 =  :i*
 we paid him1 :5 8 bill 0 pres5t$1 a v  
lib]al  comp5sation4 ,9 ! morn+ we 7    
s]v$1 on a common deal table1  ) a cup (
 c(fee & a plate ( tortillas4 ,at elev5 
o'clock1 a  m sub/antial meal 0 provid$1
 consi/+ ( /ew$ beef1 season$  ) *ile   
colorado1 a rib ( roa/$ beef1 & a plate 
( frijoles  ) tortillas1 & a bottle (   
native w9e4 ,our supp] 0 a second       

edition ( ! elev5 o'clock ent]ta9m5t4   
,! t[n be+ ab&on$ by mo/ ( its          
population1 & especially by  ! bett]    
class ( ! female portion ( x1 ^? :o     
rema9$1 :i*  ,i saw1 c\ld n1 )\t        
inju/ice1 be consid]$ z fair specim5s ( 
! angels1 :i* are reput$ "h to inhabit4 
,i did n happ5 to  see "o beautiful or  
ev5 comely-look+ woman 9 ! place2 b1 z  
! fair desc5dants ( ,eve at ,los        
,angeles h an exalt$ reputation  =      
p]sonal *>ms1 d\btless ! reason ( !     
invisibility ( !  examples ( fem99e     
attractions1 s f>-fam$ & s mu* look$ =  
by ! soj\rn]1 is to be ascrib$ to _!    
unavoidable abs5ce1 on  acc\nt ( !      
dang]s & casualties ( w>4 ,at ?is "t1 ( 
c\rse1  ev]y?+ 9 reg>d to society1 z x  
usually exi/s "h1 is 9 a  /ate (        
confusion & disorganization1 & no       
correct conclusions 9  ref]5ce to x c be
 drawn f obs]vation "u su* circum/ances4
    ,! bay ( ,san ,p$ro1 ab\t tw5ty-five
 miles s\? ( ,los ,angeles1 is  ! port (
 ! t[n4 ,! bay af=ds a good an*orage =  

vessels (  any size2 b x is n a safe    
h>b\r at all times1 z ,i h be5  in=m$ by
 exp]i5c$ nautical m5 on ?is coa/4 ,san 
,gabriel ,riv]  empties into ! bay4 ,!  
mission ( ,san ,gabriel is ab\t twelve  
miles  ea/ ( ,los ,angeles4 ,x is       
repres5t$ z an ext5sive e/abli%m5t (    
?is k9d1 ! l&s surr\nd+ & belong+ to x  
be+ highly  f]tile4 ,! mission ( ,san   
,luis ,rey is situat$ to ! s\?1 ab\t    
midway betwe5 ,los ,angeles & ,san      
,diego4 ,?is mission1 accord+ to  !     
descriptions :i* ,i h receiv$ ( x1 is m 
sub/antial &  ta/eful 9 its con/ruction 
?an any o!r 9 ! c\ntry2 & !  g>d5s &    
gr\nds belong+ to x are n[ 9 a high /ate
 (  cultivation4    ,san ,diego is ! mo/
 s\!rn t[n 9 ,upp] ,cali=nia4 ,x is     
situat$  on ! ,bay ( ,san ,diego1 9     
latitude #cc nor?4 ,! c\ntry back ( x   
is describ$ by ^? :o h travell$ ?r\gh x 
z s&y & arid1  & incapable ( support+   
any consid]able population4 ,!re are1   
h[ev]1 x is report$ on au?ority reg>d$ z
 reliable1 ri* m9es  ( quicksilv]1      

copp]1 gold1 & coal1 9 ! neighb\rhood1  
:i*1 if  su* be ! fact1 w be=e long r5d]
 ! place "o ( consid]able  importance4  
,! h>b\r1 next to t ( ,san ,francisco1  
is ! be/ on  ! ,pacific coa/ ( ,nor?    
,am]ica1 betwe5 ! ,/raits ( ,fuca &     
,acapulco4    ,= ! foll[+ int]e/+ acc\nt
 ( ,l[] ,cali=nia ,i am indebt$  to     
,rodman ,m4 ,price1 ,esq41 purs] ( !    
,u4,s4 sloop-(-w> ,cyane1 :o  has be5   
connect$ ) mo/ ( ! important ev5ts :i* h
  rec5tly tak5 place 9 ,upp] & ,l[]     
,cali=nia1 & ^:  obs]vations & op9ions  
are valuable & reliable4 ,x w be se5  t 
! obs]vations ( ,mr4 ,price diff]       
mat]ially f ! g5]ally  receiv$ op9ions 9
 ref]5ce to ,l[] ,cali=nia4             
,burl+ton1 ,n4,j41 ,june #g1 #ahdh4     
,de> ,sir1--,x af=ds me pleasure to give
 y all ! in=mation ,i  h ab\t ,l[]      
,cali=nia1 d]iv$ f p]sonal obs]vation at
  sev]al ( its ports t ,i h visit$1 9 ! 
,u4,s4 %ip ,cyane1 9  #ahdf-dg4    ,cape
 ,/4 ,lucas1 ! s\!rn extremity ( !      
p59sula ( ,l[]  ,cali=nia1 is 9 lat4 #bb

 #de' ,n41 has a bay t af=ds a good     
h>b\r & an*orage1 p]fectly safe n9e     
mon?s 9 ! ye>2 b x  is op5 to ! ea/w>d1 
& ! hurricanes :i* sometimes occur  dur+
 ,july1 ,augu/1 & ,septemb]1 bl[ !      
/ronge/ f !  s\!a/1 s t vessels w n     
v5ture 9 ! bay dur+ !  hurricane season4
 ,i h l&$ twice at ! ,cape 9 a small    
boat1 &  ,i ?9k a breakwat] c be built1 
at small co/1 s z to make a safe  h>b\r 
at all seasons4 ,/one c be obta9$ )     
great ease f  ?ree cones ( rocks ris+ f 
! sea1 & =m+ ! extreme  s\!rly po9t ( ! 
,cape1 call$ ! ,frayles4 ,look+ to !    
future  trade & comm]ce ( ! ,pacific    
,ocean1 ?is great headl& mu/  become a  
mo/ important po9t z a dpt = coal &     
m]*&ise1 &  a mo/ conv5i5t location =   
vessels trad+ on t coa/ to get  _!      
supplies4 ,mr4 ,rit*ie1 n[ resid+ !re1  
supplies a l>ge  numb] ( :ale-%ips t    
cruise (f ! ,cape1 annually1 ) fre%     
provisions1 fruits1 & wat]4 ,! supplies 
are drawn f ! valley  ( ,san ,jos tw5ty 
miles nor? ( ! ,cape1 z ! l& 9 its      

imm$iate vic9ity is m\nta9\s & /]ile2 b 
! valley ( ,san  ,jos is ext5sive & well
 cultivat$1 produc+ ! greate/ v>iety  ( 
vegetables & fruits4 ,! sweet & ,iri%   
potato1 tomato1 cabbage1  lettuce1      
beans1 peas1 beets1 & c>rots are !      
vegetables2 oranges1  lemons1 bananas1  
planta9s1 figs1 dates1 grapes1          
pomegranates1 &  olives are its fruits4 
,good beef & mutton are *eap4 ,a l>ge   
am\nt  ( sug>-cane is gr[n1 f :i* is    
made pano*e1 a fav\rite sug>  ) !       
natives2 x is ! syrup f ! cane boil$    
d[n1 & run  into cakes ( a p\nd weight1 
& 9 appe>ance is l our  maple-sug>4     
,pano*e1 *eese1 olives1 rais9s1 dri$    
figs1 & dates1 put up 9  c]oons ( hide1 
) ! great /aples ( ! ,cali=nians--hides 
& tall[--make ! export ( ,san ,jos1 :i* 
is c>ri$ to ,san ,blas  & ,mazatlan1 on 
! opposite coa/4 ,?is comm]ce ! pres5ce 
( !  ,cyane int]rupt$1 f9d+ & captur+ 9 
! ,bay ( ,la ,paz1 j  aft] ! receipt ( !
 news ( w> on t coa/ 9 ,septemb]1 #ahdf1
  sixte5 small craft1 laid up dur+ !    

/ormy season1 engag$ 9 ?is  trade4    ,i
 _c dismiss ! valley ( ,san ,jos1 f :i* 
! crew ( !  ,cyane h drawn s _m         
luxuries1 )\t allud+ to !  nev]-fail+   
/ream ( excell5t wat] t runs ?r\gh x 7to
 :i*  x owes its productiv5ess7 &       
empties into ! ,gulf "h1 & is  easily   
obta9$ = %ipp+ :5 ! surf is l[4 ,x is n[
 frequ5t$  by "s ( our :ale %ips1 &     
,european vessels b\nd to ,mazatlan )   
c>goes usually /op "h to get in/ructions
 f _! consignees  be=e appe>+ (f ! port2
 b vessels d n an*or dur+ !  ?ree       
hurricane mon?s4 ,! view f seaw>d1 up   
?is valley1 is  beautiful inde$1 be+    
surr\nd$ by high b>r5 m\nta9s1 :i* is  !
 g5]al appe>ance ( ! :ole p59sula1 &    
gives ! impression  t ! :ole c\ntry is  
)\t soil1 & unproductive4 ,:5 y\r eye   
gets a view ( ?is beautiful1 f]tile1    
cultivat$1 ri*1 gre5 valley1  produc+   
all ! fruits & vegetables ( ! e>?1 ,l[] 
,cali=nia  /ock rises4 ,to "o t has be5 
at sea = mon?s1 on salt grub1 !  sight (
 ?is bright spot ( cultivat$ acres1 ) ! 

turkeys1 ducks1  *ick5s1 eggs1          
vegetables1 & fruit1 makes him believe !
 c\ntry an  ,eldorado4 ,foll[+ up ! coa/
 on ! ,gulf side1 aft] pass+ ,cape      
,polmo1 good an*orage is f\nd betwe5 !  
p59sula & ! isl& (  ,c]ralbo4           
,imm$iately to ! nor? ( ?is isl& is !   
entrance to  ! great & beautiful bay (  
,la ,paz4 ,x has two entrances1 "o to ! 
nor? & "o to ! s\? ( ! isl& ( ,espiritu 
,santo4 ,!  nor!rn "o is ! bolde/ &     
safe/ = all craft draw+ ov]  twelve     
feet4 ,! t[n ( ,la ,paz is at ! bottom  
or s\? side ( !  bay1 ab\t tw5ty miles f
 ! m\?4 ,! bay is a l>ge &  beautiful   
%eet ( wat]4 ,! h>b\r ( ,pi*el9que1 (   
p]fect  mill-pond /illness1 is =m$      
inside ( ?is bay4 ,! ,cyane lay at  ?is 
quiet an*orage sev]al days4             
,pe>l-fi%+ is ! *ief employm5t ( !      
inhabitants ab\t !  bay1 & ! pe>ls are  
said to be ( sup]ior quality4 ,i 0 %[n a
  necklace1 valu$ at two ?\s& doll>s1   
tak5 9 ?is wat]4 ,!y are  all f\nd by   
div+4 ,! ,yake ,indians are ! be/ div]s1

 go+ d[n  9 eight-fa?om wat]4 ,! pe>l   
%ells are s5t to ,*9a1 & are  wor?1 at  
,la ,paz1 "o doll> & a half ! arroba1 or
 tw5ty-five  p\nds4 ,:y x is a subm>9e  
div+ app>atus has n be5 employ$ 9  ?is  
fi%]y1 ) all its advantages ov] ,indian 
div+1 ,i _c say4  ,yankee ent]prise has 
n yet rea*$ ?is new _w4 ,i _c say ?is   
ei!r1 z a c\ntryman ( ours1 ,mr4 ,davis1
 liv+ at ,loretta1 has be5  a mo/       
successful pe>l-fi%]1 employ+ m ,indians
 ?an any "o  else engag$ 9 ! bus9ess4 ,i
 am sorry to add t he has suff]$        
greatly by ! w>4 ,! c\ntry ab\t ,la ,paz
 is a good graz+ c\ntry1  b v dry4 ,!   
m\nta9s 9 ! vic9ity are said to be v ri*
 9  m9]als4 ,"s silv] m9es ne> ,san     
,antonio1 ab\t =ty miles s\?1  are      
work$1 & produce well4 ,la ,paz may     
export "o hundr$ ?\s&  doll>s a-ye> (   
platap9a4 ,gold-du/ & virg9 gold are    
br\ght to  ,la ,paz4 ,! copp] & lead    
m9es are num]\s & ri*4 ,to ! nor?  ( ,la
 ,paz are num]\s safe & good h>b\rs4    
,escondida1 ,loretta1 &  ,muleje are all

 good h>b\rs1 =m$ by ! isl&s 9 front ( !
  ma9 l&4    ,! isl& ( ,c>m51 ly+ 9     
front ( ,loretta1 has a l>ge salt  lake1
 :i* has a solid salt surface ( sev]al  
feet ?ickness4 ,!  salt is ( good       
quality1 is cut out l ice1 & x c\ld     
supply !  _w4 ,x has h]et(ore be5 a     
monopoly to ! gov]nor ( ,l[]  ,cali=nia1
 :o employ$ convicts to get out ! salt &
 put x on !  bea* ready = %ipp+4 ,x is  
c>ri$ ab\t a qu>t] ( a mile1 &  is s5t  
to ,mazatlan & ,san ,blas4 ,a l>ge      
quantity ( salt is us$ 9  produc+ silv]4
 ,to ! nor? ( ,muleje1 :i* is ne>ly     
opposite  ,guymas1 ! gulf is s mu* n>r[]
 t x is a h>b\r itself4 ,no  accurate   
survey has ev] be5 made ( x--inde$1 all 
! p59sula1 z  well z ! coa/ ( ,upp]     
,cali=nia1 is laid d[n wrong on !  *>ts1
 be+ ab\t twelve miles too f> ea/]ly4 ,!
 ,engli%  ,gov]nm5t n[ h two naval %ips 
engag$ 9 survey+ ! ,gulf (  ,cali=nia4  
,on ! ,pacific coa/ ( ! p59sula !re is !
 great ,bay (  ,magdal5a1 :i* has f9e   
h>b\rs1 b no wat]1 provisions1 or       

inhabitants4 ,its %ores are high b>r5   
m\nta9s1 said to possess  great m9]al   
weal?4 ,a fleet ( :ale-%ips h be5 !re   
dur+ !  w9t] mon?s ( ! la/ two ye>s1 = a
 new species ( :ale t  are f\nd !re1    
repres5t$ z r a small :ale1 produc+ =ty 
or fifty b>rels ( oil2 &1 :at is mo/    
s+ul>1 ,i 0 assur$1 by  mo/ respectable 
:al+ capta9s1 t ! oil is a good pa9t-oil
 7an  entire new quality = fi%-oil74    
,geographically & comm]cially1  ,l[]    
,cali=nia mu/ become v valuable4 ,x w be
 a con/ant  s\rce ( regret to ?is       
c\ntry1 t x is n includ$ 9 ! treaty  (  
peace j made ) ,mexico4 ,we h held &    
gov]n$ x dur+ !  w>1 & ! b\nd>y ( ,upp] 
,cali=nia cuts ! head ( ! ,gulf (       
,cali=nia1 s t ,l[] ,cali=nia is left   
entirely disconnect$ )  ! ,mexican      
t]ritory4    ,cape ,/4 ,lucas is ! great
 headl& ( ! ,pacific ,ocean1 & is  de/9$
 to be ! ,gibralt> & entrepot ( t coa/1 
or p]haps ,la  ,paz may be pref]r$1 on  
acc\nt ( its sup]ior h>b\r4 ,z a        
possession to any =eign p[]1 ,i ?9k ,l[]

 ,cali=nia m valuable  ?an ! gr\p ( !   
,s&wi* ,isl&s4 ,x has z _m arable acres 
z  t gr\p ( isl&s1 ) ri* m9es1          
pe>l-fi%+1 f9e bays &  h>b\rs1 ) equal  
heal?1 & all _! productions4 ,z a       
c\ntry1  x is dry1 m\nta9\s1 & /]ile1   
yet possess+ _m f9e valleys  l ,san     
,jos1 z ! old mission e/abli%m5ts       
indicate4 ,i h he>d  ,todas ,santos1    
,commondee1 ,santa ,guadalupe1 & o!rs1  
spok5 ( z  be+ m ext5sive1 & z          
productive z ,san ,jos4    ,i am1 mo/   
fai?fully & truly1 y\rs1    ,,rodman ,m4
 ,,price4    ,9 ! vic9ity ( ,los        
,angeles !re are a numb] ( w>m spr+s :i*
  ?r[ out & deposit l>ge quantities (   
bitum5 or m9]al t>4 ,?is  sub/ance1 :5 x
 cools1 becomes h>d & brittle l res94   
,ar\nd  "s ( ^! spr+s _m acres ( gr\nd  
are cov]$ ) ?is  deposit to ! dep? (    
sev]al feet4 ,x is a pr9cipal mat]ial 9 
!  ro(+ ( h\ses4 ,:5 ?r[n ^u ! fire1 x  
ignites imm$iately1  emitt+ a smoke l t 
f turp5t9e1 & an od\r l t f  bitum9\s   
coal4 ,?is m9]al1 s abundant 9          

,cali=nia1 may "o day  become a valuable
 article ( comm]ce4    ,!re are no      
reliable /ati/ics 9 ,cali=nia4 ,!       
travell] is  oblig$ to =m 8 e/imate (   
matt]s & ?+s *iefly f 8 own  obs]vation4
 ,y c place b little reliance ^u        
in=mation d]iv$  f ! population1 ev5 :5 
!y *oose to answ] y\r que/ions2  & mo/  
g5]ally ! response to y\r inquiries     
is--,qui5 sabe8  7:o kn[s87 ,no         
,cali=nian tr\bles 8 bra9s ab\t ^!      
matt]s4  ,! quantity ( w9es & agu>dinte 
produc$ by ! v9ey>ds &  di/ill]ies1 at &
 ne> ,los ,angeles1 mu/ be              
consid]able--bas+ my  e/imate ^u !      
/atem5t ( ,mr4 ,wolfskill1 an ,am]ican  
g5tleman  resid+ "h1 & ^: h\se & v9ey>d 
,i visit$4 ,mr4 ,w4's  v9ey>d is "y1 &  
cov]s ab\t =ty acres ( gr\nd1 ! numb]  (
 v9es be+ #d1jjj or #e1jjj4 ,f ! produce
 ( ^!1 he told me1  t la/ ye> he made   
#ahj casks ( w9e1 & ! same quantity (   
agu>dinte4 ,a cask "h is sixte5 gallons4
 ,:5 ! v9es mature1  _! produce w be    
greatly increas$4 ,mr4 ,w4's v9ey>d is  

d\btless  a model ( its k9d4 ,x 0 a     
delightful recreation to /roll ?r\gh  x1
 & among ! tropical fruit-trees bord]+  
its walks4 ,8 h\se1  too1 exhibit$ an   
air ( cleanl9ess & com=t1 & a conv5i5ce 
(  arrangem5t n (t5 met ) 9 ?is c\ntry4 
,he set out = our  refre%m5t ?ree or f\r
 specim5s ( 8 w9es1 "s ( :i* w\ld       
comp>e fav\rably ) ! be/ ,fr5* &        
,madeira w9es4 ,!  agu>dinte &          
pea*-br&y1 :i* ,i ta/$1 ( 8 manufacture1
  be+ mell[$ by age1 7 ( an excell5t    
flav\r4 ,! quantity (  w9e & agu>dinte  
produc$ 9 ,cali=nia1 ,i w\ld suppose1   
am\nt$ to #ajj1jjj casks ( sixte5       
gallons1 or #a1fjj1jjj gallons4  ,?is   
quantity by culture c be increas$       
indef9itely4    ,x 0 n possible to obta9
 at ,los ,angeles a piece ( wooll5 clo? 
suffici5tly l>ge = a pair ( pantaloons1 
or a pair ( %oes1 :i*  w\ld la/ a week4 
,i succe$$1 aft] se>*+ ?r\gh all ! %ops 
( ! t[n1 9 procur+ "s black cotton      
velvet1 = f\r y>ds (  :i* ,i paid ! sum 
( #ab doll>s4 ,9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates ! same 

article w\ld probably h co/ #a4ej doll>4
 ,= f\r doll>s m ,i  succe$$ 9 gett+ !  
pantaloons made up by an ,am]ican       
tailor1 :o  came into ! c\ntry ) ,g5]al 
,ke>ny's =ces4 ,a ,rocky ,m\nta9  trapp]
 & trad] 7,mr4 ,goodye>71 :o has        
e/abli%$ himself ne> !  ,salt ,lake s9ce
 ,i pass$ !re la/ ye>1 =tunately arriv$ 
at ,los  ,angeles1 br++ ) him a quantity
 ( dress$ de] & elk sk9s1  :i* 7 pur*as$
 = clo?+ = ! ne>ly nak$ soldi]s4        
,among ! h\ses ,i visit$ :ile "h1 0 t ( 
,mr4 ,pryor1 an  ,am]ican1 & a native ( 
,l\isville1 ,ky4 ,he has be5 a resid5t (
 !  c\ntry betwe5 tw5ty & ?irty ye>s1 b 
8 ,k5tucky mann]s1  frankness1 &        
hospitality /ill adh]e to him4    ,i    
rema9$ at ,los ,angeles f ! #ad? to !   
#bi? ( ,janu>y4 ,dur+  ?is "t1 ) !      
exception ( ?ree days1 ! wea!r &        
temp]ature 7 pleasant4 ,x ra9$ "o day1 &
 dur+ two days !  w9ds blew /rong & cold
 f ! nor?-we/4 ,! nights are cool1  b   
fires are n requisite to com=t4 ,!      
sn[-clad m\nta9s1 ab\t  tw5ty-five or   

?irty miles to ! ea/ ( u1 contra/       
s+ul>ly )  ! brilliant fre% v]dure ( !  
pla94    ,on ! #ah? ( ,janu>y ,g5]al    
,ke>ny1 ) ! dragoons1 left = ,san       
,diego4 ,!re 0 und]/ood to be a diff]5ce
 betwe5 ,g5]al ,ke>ny  & ,commodore     
,/ockton1 & ,g5]al ,ke>ny & ,colonel    
,fremont1 9  reg>d to _! respective p[]s
 & duties2 :i*1 z ! :ole  subject has   
subsequ5tly und]gone a ?or\gh           
inve/igation1 & !  result made public1 x
 is unnecess>y = me to allude to m      
p>ticul>ly4 ,i did n conv]se ) ,g5]al   
,ke>ny :ile he 0 at  ,los ,angeles1 &   
consequ5tly possess$ no o!r k ( 8 views 
& int5tions1 or ( ! p[]s ) :i* he _h be5
 inve/$ by !  ,presid5t1 ?an :at ,i     
d]iv$ f report4    ,on ! #ai?1          
,commodore ,/ockton & suite1 ) a small  
escort1 left  = ,san ,diego4 ,soon aft] 
8 dep>ture ! battalion 0 p>ad$1 &  !    
appo9tm5t ( ,colonel ,fremont z gov]nor 
( ,cali=nia1 &  ,colonel ,w4,h4         
,russell1 z secret>y ( /ate1 by         
,commodore ,/ockton1 0  read to !m by   

,colonel ,russell4 ,x 0 ann\nc$1 also1  
t1 al?\gh  ,colonel ,fremont _h accept$ 
! (fice ( *ief civil magi/rate (        
,cali=nia1 he w\ld /ill reta9 8 milit>y 
(fice1 & comm& !  battalion z h]et(ore4 
,commodore ,%ubrick1 h[ev]1 arriv$ at   
,mont]ey on ! #bcrd (  ,janu>y1 9 !     
,u4,s4 %ip ,indep5d5ce1 &1 rank+ above  
,commodore  ,/ockton1 assum$ ! *ief     
comm&1 z appe>s by ! date ( a  g5]al    
ord] publi%$ at ,mont]ey1 & writt5 on   
bo>d ! ,unit$  ,/ates %ip ,indep5d5ce1  
on ,febru>y #a/1 ?ank+ ! volunte]s =  _!
 s]vices1 & ann\nc+ ! re/oration ( ord]4
 ,= ,i %\ld  /ate t an insurrection1    
head$ by ,don ,francisco ,san*ez1 _h    
brok5  out 9 ! upp] portion ( ,cali=nia 
"s "t t[>ds ! la/ (  ,decemb]1 :i* _h   
be5 put d[n by a deta*m5t ( m>9es &     
volunte]s4 ,! insurg5ts _h committ$ "s  
outrages1 & among o!r  acts _h tak5     
prison] ,lieut5ant ,w4,a4 ,b>tlett1 act+
 ,alcalde ( ,san  ,francisco1 ) "s o!r  
,am]icans4 ,an acc\nt ( ! suppression ( 
?is affair ,i f9d 9 ! ,cali=nian        

newspap] ( ,febru>y #f?1 #ahdg1  f :i* x
 appe>s1 t a p>ty ( "o hundr$ & "o m51  
comm&$ by ,capta9 ,w>d ,m>/on1 ( !      
,unit$ ,/ates m>9es1  m>*$ f ,san       
,francisco on ! #bi? ,decemb] 9 se>* ( !
 enemy1  :om !y discov]$ on ! #bnd (    
,janu>y1 ab\t "o hundr$ 9  numb]1 on !  
pla9s ( ,santa ,cl>a1 "u ! comm& (      
,francisco  ,san*ez4 ,an attack 0       
imm$iately ord]$4 ,! enemy 0 =c$ to     
retire1 :i* !y 7 able to d 9 safety1    
aft] "s resi/ance1 9  consequ5ce ( _!   
sup]ior horses4 ,! affair la/$ ab\t an  
h\r1  dur+ :i* "t we _h "o m>9e slightly
 w\nd$ 9 ! head1 "o  volunte] ( ,capta9 
,web]'s comm& 9 ! leg2 & ! enemy _h "o  
horse kill$1 & "s ( _! =ces suppos$ to  
be kill$ or  w\nd$4 ,9 ! ev5+ ! enemy   
s5t 9 a flag ( truce1 ) a               
communication1 reque/+ an int]view ) !  
comm&+ (fic] (  ! exp$ition ! next day1 
:i* 0 grant$1 :5 an armi/ice 0  ent]$   
into1 prep>atory to a settlem5t ( !     
difficulties4 ,on !  #crd1 ! exp$ition 0
 re9=c$ by ! m\nt$ ,mont]ey volunte]s1  

fifty-five m51 "u ! comm& ( ,capta9     
,w4,a4,t4 ,maddox1 & on !  #g?1 by !    
arrival ( ,lieut5ant ,grayson ) fifte5  
m51 atta*$ to  ,capta9 ,maddox's        
company4 ,on ! #h? a treaty 0 conclud$1 
by :i*  ! enemy surr5d]$ ,lieut5ant     
,b>tlett1 & ! o!r prison]s1 z  well z   
all _! arms1 includ+ "o small           
field-piece1 _!  ammunition &           
acc\trem5ts1 & 7 p]mitt$ to return      
peaceably to  _! homes1 & ! exp$ition to
 _! respective po/s4    ,a li/ ( !      
exp$ition :i* m>*$ f ,san ,francisco is 
giv5 z  foll[s3--,capta9 ,w>d ,m>/on1   
comm&ant2 ,assi/ant-surgeon ,j4 ,duval1 
aide-de-camp4 ,a deta*m5t ( ,unit$      
,/ates m>9es1 "u comm& (  ,lieut5ant    
,tansil1 ?irty-f\r m52 artill]y1 consi/+
 ( "o  field-piece1 "u ! *>ge ( ,ma/]   
,william ,f4 ,de ,iongh1 assi/$  by     
,mid4 ,john ,m4 ,kell1 t5 m52 ,int]pret]
 ,john ,pray2 m\nt$ company  ( ,san ,jos
 volunte]s1 "u comm& ( ,capta9 ,c4,m4   
,web]1 ,lieut5ant  ,john ,murphy1 & act+
 ,lieut5ant ,john ,re$1 ?irty-?ree m52  

m\nt$  company ( ,y]ba ,bu5a volunte]s1 
"u comm& ( ,capta9 ,william ,m4  ,smi?1 
,lieut5ant ,john ,rose1 ) a small       
deta*m5t "u ,capta9 ,j4  ,m>t91 twelve  
m54    ,?us end$ ! insurrections1 if    
resi/ance aga9/ invasion c  prop]ly be s
 call$1 9 ,upp] ,cali=nia4    ,on ! #bj?
 ,janu>y1 ! =ce ( sailors & m>9es :i* _h
 m>*$  ) ,commodore ,/ockton & ,g5]al   
,ke>ny left ,los ,angeles1 to emb>k  at 
,san ,p$ro = ,san ,diego4 ,on ! #ba/ a  
national salute 0 fir$ by  ! artill]y   
company belong+ to ! battalion1 9 hon\r 
( ,gov]nor  ,fremont4 ,on ! #bbnd1      
lett]s 7 receiv$ f ,san ,diego1 /at+  t 
,colonel ,cooke1 :o foll[$ ,g5]al ,ke>ny
 f ,santa ,f ) a  =ce ( f\r hundr$      
,mormon volunte]s1 _h rea*$ !           
neighb\rhood  ( t place4 ,hav+ appli$ = 
my dis*>ge f ! battalion z  soon z we   
rea*$ ,los ,angeles1 ,i receiv$ x on !  
#bi?1 on :i*  day1 9 company ) ,capta9  
,ha/+s1 ,i set out on my return to ,san 
,francisco1 design+ to leave t place on 
! fir/ fav\rable  opportunity = ! ,unit$

 ,/ates4          ,,*apt] ,,xiii4       
,leave ,los ,angeles = ,san ,francisco  
,don ,&res ,pico    ,a ,cali=nian       
return+ f ! w>s    ,dome/ic life at a   
ran*o    ,wom5 9 fav\r ( peace          
,hospitable treatm5t    ,f&ango         
,s+ul> cu/om    ,arrive at ,santa ,b>b>a
    ,lo/ 9 a fog    ,valley ( ! ,sal9as 
,cali=nians want+ ,yankee wives    ,high
 wat]s    ,arrive at ,san ,francisco4   
,we left ,los ,angeles late 9 ! aft]noon
 ( ! #bi? ( ,janu>y1 )  two ,indian     
vaqu]os1 on mis]able brok5-d[n horses 7!
 be/ we c\ld  obta971 & encamp$ at !    
des]t$ ran*o at ! foot ( ,c\5ga  pla91  
:]e ! treaty ( peace _h be5 conclud$4   
,aft] we _h be5  "h "s "t1 two ,indians 
came to ! h\se1 :o _h be5 s5t by !      
proprietor ( ! ran*o to h]d ! cattle4   
,hav+ no?+ to eat )  u1 a tempt+ (f]    
prevail$ ^u ! ,indians to milk "o ( !   
c[s2 & we made our supp] & our breakfa/ 
next morn+ on milk4  ,bo? ( our ,indian 
vaqu]os des]t$ 9 ! night1 c>ry+ ) !m    
sundry articles ( clo?+ plac$ 9 _! *>ge4

 ,a few days h  made a great *ange 9 !  
appe>ance ( ! c\ntry4 ,! fre% grass  is 
n[ sev]al in*es 9 height1 & _m fl[]s are
 9 bloom4 ,! sky  is bright1 & !        
temp]ature is delightful4    ,on ! #cj? 
( ,janu>y1 leav+ ! mission ( ,san ,f]n&o
 on our  "r1 at a di/ance ( eight or t5 
miles1 we foll[$ ! usually  travell$    
trail next to ! hills1 on ! we/]n side (
 ! pla94 ,z  we 7 pass+ ne> a ran*o1 a  
well-dress$ ,cali=nian rode out to  u1  
&1 aft] exam9+ ! horses ( our mis]able  
caballada1  politely claim$ "o ( !m z 8 
prop]ty4 ,he 0 told t !  horse 0 drawn f
 ! public caballada1 at ,los ,angeles1 &
 c\ld  n be giv5 up4 ,?is seem$ to      
satisfy him4 ,aft] "s fur!r             
conv]sation1 he in=m$ u1 t he 0 ,don    
,&res ,pico1 ! late  lead] & g5]al ( !  
,cali=nians4 ,! expression ( 8          
c\nt5ance is intellig5t & prepossess+1 &
 8 address &  mann]s c\rte\s & pleas+4  
,%ak+ h&s1 & bidd+ u a v  e>ne/ adios1  
he put spurs to 8 horse & gallop$ away4 
,we 7 soon aft] ov]tak5 by a "y         

,cali=nian1 :o appe>$ at  fir/ r d\btful
 :e!r or n he %\ld make our acqua9tance4
  ,! ice be+ brok51 h[ev]1 he became v  
loquaci\s &  communicative4 ,he /at$ t  
he 0 return+ to 8 home ne> ,santa       
,b>b>a1 f ! w>s1 9 :i* he _h be5 engag$ 
aga9/ 8 w4  ,! language t he us$ 01 t   
he1 ) _m o!rs ( 8  acqua9tances1 7 =c$  
to take up arms by ! lead+ m5 ( !       
c\ntry4 ,he 0 9 ! two battles ( ! #h? & 
#i? ( ,janu>y1 bel[  ,los ,angeles2 & he
 desir$ nev] to be 9 any m battles4 ,he 
0  he>tily rejoic$ t !re 0 peace1 & hop$
 t !re w\ld  nev] be any m w>s4 ,he     
travell$ along ) u until aft]noon1  :5  
he fell beh9d1 & we did n see him aga9  
until ! next day4    ,aft] pass+ two or 
?ree des]t$ h\ses1 we rea*$ an inhabit$ 
ran*o1 situat$ at ! extremity ( a       
valley1 & ne> a n>r[ gorge  9 ! hills1  
ab\t f\r o'clock1 &1 our jad$ animals   
p]=m+  duty ) reluctance1 we det]m9$ to 
halt = ! night1 if !  prospect ( obta9+ 
any?+ to eat 7( :i* we /ood 9 mu* ne$7  
0 flatt]+4 ,rid+ up to ! h\se1 a small  

adobe1 ) "o room1  & a %$ = a kit*51 !  
ran*]o & ! ran*]a came out  & greet$ u )
 a he>ty ,bu5as t>des1 ,s5ores1 paisanos
  amigos1 %ak+ h&s1 & invit+ u at ! same
 "t to alight &  rema9 = ! night1 :i*   
invitation we accept$4 ,! k9d-he>t$     
ran*]a imm$iately set ab\t prep>+ supp] 
= u4 ,an ,indian  mu*a*a 0 seat$ at !   
metate 7h&-mill71 :i* is "o ( !  mo/    
important articles ( ! ,cali=nian cul9>y
 app>atus4 ,:ile  ! mu*a*a gr\nd1 or r  
cru%$1 ! :eat betwe5 ! /ones1  ! ran*]a1
 ) a platt]-%ap$ basket1 cleans$ x (    
du/1  *aff1 & all impure p>ticles1 by   
toss+ ! gra9 9 ! basket4  ,! fl\r be+   
manufactur$ & sift$ ?r\gh a c$azo1 or   
co>se  sieve1 ! lab\r ( knead+ ! d\gh 0 
p]=m$ by !  mu*a*a4 ,an iron plate 0 !n 
plac$ ov] a rudely-con/ruct$  furnace1 &
 ! d\gh1 be+ beat5 by h& into tortillas 
7?9  cakes71 0 bak$ ^u ?is4 ,:at w\ld   
,am]ican h\sewives say to su*  a sy/em z
 ?is8 ,! vi&s be+ prep>$1 !y 7 set out  
^u a  small table1 at :i* we 7 invit$ to
 seat ourselves4 ,! meal  consi/$ (     

tortillas1 /ew$ j]k beef1 ) *ile        
season+1  milk1 & quesadillas1 or       
*eesecakes1 gre5 & t\gh z lea!r4        
,h[ev]1 our appetites 7 excell5t1 & we  
enjoy$ ! repa/ ) a  high reli%4    ,our 
ho/ & ho/ess 7 v inquisitive 9 reg>d to 
! news f  bel[1 & z to :at w\ld be !    
effects ( ! conque/ ( !  c\ntry by !    
,am]icans4 ,! man /at$ t he & all 8     
family _h  refus$ to jo9 9 ! late       
insurrection4 ,we told !m t all 0       
peaceable n[2 t !re w\ld be no m w>s 9  
,cali=nia2 t we  7 all ,am]icans1 all   
,cali=nians--h]manos1 h]manas1 amigos4  
,!y express$ _! delight at ?is in=mation
 by num]\s  exclamations4    ,we ask$ ! 
woman h[ mu* ! dress :i* %e wore1 a     
mis]able  calico1 co/ h]8 ,%e answ]$1   
,seis pesos 7six doll>s74 ,:5 we  told  
h] t 9 a %ort "t1 "u ! ,am]ican         
gov]nm5t1 %e c\ld  pur*ase z good a "o  
por un peso1 %e ?rew up h] h&s 9        
a/oni%m5t1 express+ by h] features at ! 
same "t ! mo/  unb\nd$ delight4 ,h]     
entire w>drobe 0 soon br\ght =?1 & !    

price paid = e article nam$4 ,%e !n     
inquir$ :at w\ld be !  co/ ( simil>     
clo?+ "u ! ,am]ican gov]nm5t1 :i* we    
told  h]4 ,z we repli$1 exclamation     
foll[$ ^u exclamation1 expressive  ( h] 
surprise & pleasure1 & ! :ole 0 conclud$
 ) ,viva  los ,am]icanos--viva los      
,am]icanos6 ,i wore a l>ge co>se wooll5 
pea-jacket1 :i* ! man 0 v desir\s to    
obta91 (f]+ = x  a f9e horse4 ,i decl9$ 
! trade4    ,9 ! ev5+ sev]al ( ! bro!rs1
 si/]s1 & bro!rs &  si/]s-9-law ( !     
family collect$1 & ! guit> & viol91  :i*
 7 susp5d$ f a beam 9 ! h\se1 7 tak5    
d[n1 & we  7 ent]ta9$ by a conc]t (     
in/rum5tal & vocal music4 ,mo/ (  !     
tunes 7 su* z are p]=m$ at f&angos4 ,"s 
pla9tive airs  7 play$ & sung ) mu*     
pa?os & expression1 ! :ole p>ty  jo9+ 9 
! *oruses4 ,al?\gh invit$ to occupy !   
only room 9  ! h\se1 we decl9$ x1 &     
spread our blankets on ! outside4    ,! 
next morn+ 7,janu>y #ca/71 :5 we woke1 !
 sun 0 %9+  bright & w>m1 & ! birds 7   
s++ gayly 9 ! grove (  ev]gre5 oaks ne> 

! h\se4 ,hav+ made ready to resume our  
j\rney1  z delicately z possible we (f]$
 our k9d ho/ess comp5sation =  ! tr\ble 
we _h giv5 h]1 :i* %e decl9$1 say+1 t   
al?\gh  !y 7 n ri*1 !y nev]!less _h     
en\gh & to sp>e4 ,we  h[ev] insi/$1 & %e
 f9ally accept$1 ) ! condition t we     
w\ld also accept ( "s ( h] quesadillas &
 tortillas to c>ry  along ) u4 ,! ran*]o
 m\nt$ 8 horse & rode ) u ab\t  ?ree or 
f\r miles1 to place u on ! "r trail1 :51
 aft]  invit+ u v e>ne/ly to call & see 
him aga91 & bidd+ u an  affectionate    
adios1 he gallop$ away4    ,travell+ ov]
 a hilly c\ntry1 & pass+ ! ru9s ( sev]al
  des]t$ ran*os1 ! gr\nds surr\nd+ :i* 7
 /rewn ) !  bones ( slaught]$ cattle1 we
 rea*$1 ab\t five o'clock ,p4,m41 a     
clu/] ( h\ses 9 ! valley ( ,santa ,cl>a 
,riv]1 t5 miles ea/ (  ! mission ( ,san 
,bu5av5tura4 ,"h we /opp$ at ! h\se ( a 
man  nam$ ,san*ez4 ,our arrival 0 ?\ght 
to be wor?y ( notice1 & x  0 accord+ly  
celebrat$ 9 ! ev5+ by a f&ango giv5 at  
"o (  ! h\ses1 to :i* we 7 invit$4 ,!   

company1 to ! numb] (  "s ?irty or =ty  
p]sons1 "y & old1 7 assembl$ 9 !  l>ge/ 
room ( ! h\se1 ! floor be+ h>d clay4 ,! 
only  furniture conta9$ 9 ! room 0 a b$ 
& "s b5*es1 ^u :i*  ! company seat$     
!mselves :5 n engag$ 9 danc+4    ,among 
! s5oritas assembl$ 7 two daught]s ( an 
,am]ican nam$  ,*apman1 :o has be5 a    
resid5t ( ! c\ntry = _m ye>s4 ,!y  7    
fair-sk9n$1 & might be call$ h&some4 ,an
 eld] & m>ri$  si/] 0 also pres5t4 ,!y  
call$ !mselves ,am]icans1 al?\gh  !y did
 n speak our language1 & seem$ to be m  
pr\d ( _!  ,am]ican ?an _! ,spani%      
blood4    ,a s+ul> cu/om prevails at ^! 
f&angos4 ,x is ?is3 dur+ !  int]vals    
betwe5 ! waltzes1 quadrilles1 & o!r     
dances1 :5 !  company is seat$1 a "y    
lady takes ! floor solus1 &1 aft]  %[+  
(f h] graces = g5]al obs]vation a few   
m9utes1 %e  approa*es any g5tleman %e   
may select1 & p]=ms a v>iety (          
pir\ettes & o!r ,t]psi*orean movem5ts   
be=e him = 8  especial amusem5t &       
admiration1 until he places on h] head 8

 hat  or cap1 z ! case may be1 :5 %e    
dances away ) x4 ,! hat or  cap has     
aft]w>ds to be r$eem$ by "s pres5t1 &   
?is usually is  9 money4 ,n danc+       
ourselves1 we 7 fav\r$ ) num]\s special 
exhibitions ( ?is k9d1 ! co/ ( ea* ( :i*
 0 un peso4 ,)  a long j\rney be=e u1 & 
) purses 9 a ne>ly collaps$  condition1 
! drafts ^u u became s frequ5t1 t at an 
e>ly  h\r1 "u a plea ( fatigue & want ( 
re/1 we ?\ght x prud5t  to beat a       
retreat1 leav+ our fair & p>tial        
f&angu]as to  be/[ _! fav\rs ^u o!rs    
bett] able to be> !m4 ,! motions  ( !   
,cali=nian females ( all classes 9 !    
dance are highly  graceful4 ,! waltz is 
_! fav\rite measure1 & 9 ?is !y appe>   
to excel z mu* z ! m5 d 9 horseman%ip4  
,dur+ ! progress (  ! dance1 ! males &  
females improvise dogg]el rhymes        
complim5t>y ( ! p]sonal beauties &      
graces ( ^? :om !y  admire1 or          
expressive ( _! love & devotion1 :i* are
 *ant$  ) ! music ( ! in/rum5ts1 & !    
:ole company jo9 9 !  g5]al *orus at !  

end ( ea* v]se4 ,! d9 ( voices is       
sometimes  almo/ deaf5+4    ,our ho/    
accompani$ u to our lodg+s on ! opposite
 side ( !  way4 ,b$s 7 spread d[n "u !  
small por* outside1 & we laid  our      
bodies ^u !m1 b n to sleep1 = ! noise ( 
! f&ango  danc]s kept u awake until     
broad daylight1 at :i* "t x broke up4   
,hir+ fre% horses "h1 & a vaqu]o to     
drive our tir$ animals  aft] u1 we />t$ 
ab\t #i o'clock 9 ! morn+1 &1 pass+     
?r\gh ,san ,bu5av5tura1 rea*$ ,santa    
,b>b>a1 #de miles1 a little  aft] two 9 
! aft]noon4 ,we /opp$ at ! h\se ( ,mr4  
,sp>ks1 :o  receiv$ u ) g5u9e           
hospitality4 ,santa ,b>b>a pres5t$ a m  
lively appe>ance ?an :5 we pass$ "h on  
our way d[n1 mo/ ( its  population hav+ 
return$ to _! homes4 ,procur+ fre% b    
mis]ably poor horses1 we resum$ our     
j\rney on ! aft]noon ( !  #bnd (        
,febru>y1 & encamp$ at ! ran*o ( ,dr4   
,deu1 situat$ on !  pla9 ( ,santa       
,b>b>a1 ne> ! sea %ore4 ,! soil ( ?is   
pla9 is  ( ! mo/ f]tile composition4 ,! 

fre% grass is n[ six or eight  in*es    
high1 & ! v>ieties are num]\s4 ,_m ( !  
e>ly fl[]s  are 9 bloom4 ,i notic$ a    
l>ge :eat field ne> ! h\se1 & its       
appe>ance 0 su* z to promise a ri*      
h>ve/4    ,! ra9 fell heavily on ! morn+
 ( ! #crd1 b cont9u+ our  j\rney we     
cross$ ! ,/4 ,ynes ,m\nta91 &1 pass+ !  
mission by  t "n1 rea*$ ! ran*o ( ,mr4  
,faxon aft] d>k1 :]e we halt$  = !      
night4 ,ar\nd ! mission ( ,/4 ,ynes ,i  
notic$1 z we pass$1  imm5se quantities (
 cattle bones ?ickly /rewn 9 all        
directions4  ,acres ( gr\nd 7 :ite ) ^! 
rema9s ( ! imm5se h]ds  belong+ to ?is  
mission 9 ! days ( its prosp]ity1       
slaught]$  = _! hides & tall[4 ,we met  
two or ?ree elegantly dress$            
,cali=nians to-day1 :o acco/$ u ) mu*   
civility & app>5t  fri5dl9ess4    ,mr4  
,faxon is an ,engli%man by bir?1 & has  
resid$ 9 ,cali=nia  ab\t ?irty ye>s4 ,he
 is m>ri$ to a ,cali=nian lady1 & has a 
family ( int]e/+ & beautiful *ildr54 ,a 
l>ge portion ( !  l& belong+ to 8 ran*o 

is admirably adapt$ to agriculture1 &   
he raises crops ( corn & vegetables z   
well z :eat )\t  irrigation4 ,he in=m$  
me t ! yield ( :eat on 8 ran*o 0  fully 
sev5ty bu%els to ! acre4 ,mr4 ,f4 %[$ me
 specim5s ( lead  ore f :i* he m\lds 8  
bullets1 tak5 f an inexhau/ible m9e  9 !
 ,tul> ,valley1 "s fifty miles di/ant f 
?is4 ,x is  c]ta9ly ! ri*e/ ore t ,i h  
ev] se51 appe>+ almo/ l  ! pure metal4  
,he also %[$ me a cau/ic alkali1 produc$
 by burn+  a plant or %rub :i* gr[s 9   
great abundance 9 ! ,tul> ,valley4  ,?is
 sub/ance is us$ by him 9 ! manufacture 
( soap4    ,ab\t noon on ! #d?1 we halt$
 at ! ran*o ( ,capta9 ,dana1 :]e  we    
procur$ fre% horses1 leav+ our wret*$ly 
lean & tir$  animals1 &1 proce$+ on1    
/opp$ = ! night at ! ran*o ( ,mr4       
,bran*1 an intellig5t ,am]ican1         
orig9ally f ! /ate ( ,new ,york1  :o has
 be5 settl$ 9 ! c\ntry a numb] ( ye>s4  
,8 ran*o is  situat$ on :at is call$ !  
arroyo gr&e1 a small /ream :i*  empties 
into ! ,pacific "s two or ?ree miles f !

 h\se4 ,!  h\se is new1 & con/ruct$ aft]
 ,am]ican models ( f>m-h\ses1  ) neat & 
com=table ap>tm5ts1 *imneys &           
fireplaces4 ,!  arable l&s "h are f9ely 
adapt$ to ! culture ( maize1 :eat1  &   
potatoes4    ,our horses /ray+1 x 0     
twelve o'clock on ! #e? be=e we f\nd    
!m4 ,! ra9 _h fall5 /eadily & heavily   
all night1 & dur+  ! =5oon1 & 0 p\r+ d[n
 :5 we />t$4 ,we pass$ ?r\gh  ! mission 
( ,san ,luis ,obispo j be=e sunset1     
int5d+ to halt at  a ran*o ab\t ?ree    
miles di/ant 9 a canada4 ,b1 ! /orm     
increas+ 9 /r5g?1 x became sudd5ly s d>k
 9 !  m\nta9-gorge1 t we c\ld n di/+ui% 
! trail1 &1 aft]  w&]+ ab\t "s "t1 va9ly
 attempt+ to f9d ! h\se1 we 7  compell$ 
to biv\ac1 wet to our sk9s1 )\t fire or 
%elt]1 &  ! ra9 p\r+ d[n 9 torr5ts4     
,! next morn+ 7,feb4 #f471 9 hunt+ up   
our loose horses1 we  discov]$ ! h\se   
ab\t half a mile di/ant f our camp4     
,cont9u+ our j\rney1 we halt$ ab\t n9e  
o'clock at a ran*o ne>  ! ru9s ( ,santa 
,m>g>ita4 ,a solit>y ,indian 0 ! only   

occupant  ( ! h\se1 & only inhabitant ( 
! place2 & he c\ld furni% u  ) no food4 
,pass+ two or ?ree o!r des]t$ ran*es1 we
 rea*$  ! h\se ( a ,mexican ab\t "o     
o'clock1 :]e we obta9$ a meal (  fri$   
eggs & tortillas1 aft] hav+ be5 )\t food
 ?irty  h\rs4 ,late 9 ! aft]noon we     
arriv$ at ! mission ( ,san ,miguel1  n[ 
occupi$ by an ,engli%man nam$ ,re$1 8   
me/iza wife1 & "o  *ild1 ) two or ?ree  
,indian vaqu]os4 ,cross+ ! ,sal9as 9 !  
morn+ 7,feb4 #g71 we cont9u$ d[n its    
ea/]n side1 & encamp$ 9 a  wide bottom  
"u a l>ge live oak4 ,a quesadilla 0 all 
we _h to  eat4 ,?is 0 divid$1 "o-half   
be+ res]v$ = breakfa/4 ,! fre%          
vegetation has s mu* *ang$ ! face ( !   
c\ntry on ?is riv]  s9ce we pass$ along 
"h 9 ,decemb]1 t ,i sc>cely recognise x4
  ,! grass is six or eight in*es high 9 
! bottom1 ! blades  /&+ s ?ick z to     
pres5t a matt$ appe>ance1 & ! hills are 
brilliant ) fl[]s--p9k1 purple1 blue1 & 
yell[4    ,on ! #h? we cont9u$ d[n !    
ea/]n bank ( ! ,sal9as1 pass+  ?r\gh    

sev]al l>ge & f]tile bottoms1 & rea*+ ! 
ran*o (  ,san ,lor5zo ab\t twelve       
o'clock4 ,?is ran*o1 z we le>n$ f !     
proprietors1 is own$ by two ba*elor     
bro!rs1 "o ( :om told me  t he _h n be5 
(f 8 l&s b once or twice = sev]al ye>s4 
,l>ge h]ds ( fat cattle & horses 7 graz+
 ^u ! luxuriant  grasses ( ! pla91 & !re
 7 sev]al ext5sive inclosures s[$  9    
:eat1 :i* pres5t$ all ! indications ( an
 abundant h>ve/4  ,b1 ) all ^! natural  
res\rces surr\nd+ him ! eld] bro!r  told
 u t he _h no?+ to eat 9 8 h\se b fre%  
beef4 ,a  quantity ( ! *oice pieces ( a 
fat beef 0 roa/$ by an ,indian  boy1 :i*
 we enjoy$ ) all ! reli% ( hungry m54   
,our ho/1 a  g5tleman ( intellig5ce &   
polit5ess1 made apology aft] apology  = 
8 rude /yle ( liv+1 a pr9cipal excuse   
be+ t he _h no  wife4 ,he inquir$1 )    
app>5t e>ne/ness1 if we c\ld n s5d him  
two pretty accompli%$ & capable ,am]ican
 wom51 :om !y c\ld  m>ry2 & !n !y w\ld  
build a f9e h\se1 h bread1 butt]1       
*eese1 & all ! delicacies1 luxuries1 &  

elegancies ( life 9  abundance4 ,he     
appe>$ to be well pleas$ ) ! conque/ ( !
  c\ntry by ! ,am]icans1 & desir\s t !y 
%\ld n give x up4  ,:5 we resum$ our    
j\rney 9 ! aft]noon1 he rode ) u f\r or 
five miles to %[ u ! way1 &1 on tak+ 8  
leave1 invit$ u to  return aga91 :5 he  
said he hop$ 8 accommodations w\ld be   
mu*  improv$4 ,rid+ #ae miles1 we halt$ 
at a tule-cab91 :]e we rema9$  until two
 o'clock 9 ! morn+1 :51 ! moon %9+      
brightly1 we  m\nt$ our horses1 &       
cont9u$ our j\rney4    ,we rea*$ !      
,mont]ey road j at daylight4 ,my        
int5tion _h be5 to  visit ,mont]ey2 b ! 
,sal9as be+ un=dable1 & !re be+ no      
f]ry1 x 0 n possible to d x )\t swimm+ !
 riv]1 :i* ,i  did n feel incl9$ to d4  
,mont]ey is situat$ on ! bay by t  "n1  
ab\t #ij miles by wat] s\? ( ,san       
,francisco4 ,! bay af=ds a  good        
an*orage & l&+ 9 calm wea!r1 be+ expos$ 
only to !  nor!rs1 :i* bl[ viol5tly4 ,! 
t[n conta9s ab\t #aejj  inhabitants1 &  
is rapidly increas+ 9 weal? &           

population4  ,arriv+ at ! ran*o ( ,don  
,joaqu9 ,gomez1 we f\nd no "o b a       
me/iza s]vant at home1 & c\ld obta9 no?+
 to eat b a  quesadilla4 ,all ! /reams1 
l>ge & small1 are mu* swoll5 by  late   
heavy ra9s1 & ! travell+ is consequ5tly 
v labori\s &  difficult4 ,re/+ our      
horses a %ort "t1 we cross$ ! m\nta9s1  
& rea*$ ! mission ( ,san ,juan ,bauti/a 
ab\t noon4    ,at ,san ,juan we met )   
,messrs4 ,grayson1 ,boggs1 & a p>ty (   
volunte]s return+ f ,mont]ey to ,san    
,francisco1 hav+ be5  dis*>g$ s9ce !    
suppression ( ! rebellion 9 ?is "p (    
,cali=nia1 head$ by ,francisco ,san*ez4 
,"h we le>n$1 = ! fir/  "t1 ! arrival at
 ,mont]ey ( ,commodore ,%ubrick 9 ! %ip 
,indep5d5ce1 & ( ! ,lex+ton ) ,capta9   
,tomk9s's company (  artill]y1 &        
freight$ o!rwise ) munitions1 /ores1 &  
tools  necess>y to ! erection & def5ce (
 durable =tifications at  ,mont]ey &    
,san ,francisco4    ,sev5 or eight miles
 beyond ,san ,juan1 we f\nd t ! wat]s ( 
!  arroyo _h ris5 s z to inundate a wide

 valley :i* we 7  compell$ to cross4    
,aft] mak+ sev]al ineffectual attempts  
to rea*  ! opposite side1 wad+ ?r\gh !  
wat]1 & sometimes fall+ into  deep holes
 f :i* x 0 difficult = ei!r m5 or horses
 to  extricate !mselves1 we encamp$ = ! 
night on a small elevation 9  ! valley1 
entirely surr\nd$ by wat]4 ,our         
condition 0 mis]able  en\gh4 ,tir$1 wet1
 & hungry1 we laid d[n = ! night on !   
damp  gr\nd4    ,! next day 7,feb4 #aj71
 ab\t elev5 o'clock1 we succe$$ 9 f9d+ a
  =d across ! valley & /ream1 & procur$ 
d9n] at a  soap-factory on ! opposite   
side1 belong+ to ,t4,o4 ,l>k91 ,esq4    
,cont9u+ on1 we encamp$ at a ran*o      
occupi$ by an ,engli%man z  mayor domo4 
,he 0 v glad to see u1 & treat$ u )     
unb\nd$  hospitality1 furni%+ a         
sup]abundance ( beef & frijoles = our   
consumption4 ,on ! #aa?1 ab\t ?ree      
,p4,m41 we arriv$ at ! ,pueblo de  ,san 
,jos1 &1 f9d+ !re a laun* employ$ by    
,messrs4 ,h[>d &  ,mellus 9 collect+    
hides1 b\nd = ,san ,francisco1 we emb>k$

 9  h]1 & on ! morn+ ( ! #ac? arriv$ at 
t place4 ,we f\nd  ly+ "h ! ,u4,s4 sloop
 ,w>r51 & ,lieut5ant ,rad=d politely    
furni%$ u ) a boat to l&4 ,9 ! aft]noon 
! ,cyane1 ,comm&]  ,dupont1 ) ,g54      
,ke>ny on bo>d1 & ! /ore-%ip ,erie1 )   
,col4  ,mason on bo>d1 arriv$ 9 ! h>b\r4
 ,col4 ,mason is f ! ,unit$  ,/ates     
direct1 via ,panama1 & br+s late &      
int]e/+  intellig5ce4    ,! ,cyane &    
,w>r5 h j return$ f a cruise on ! s\!rn 
,pacific coa/ ( ,mexico4 ,! t[n (       
,guymas _h be5 tak5 by  bomb>dm5t4 ,!   
,cyane _h captur$1 dur+ h] cruize1      
f\rte5  prizes1 besides sev]al guns at  
,san ,blas4 ,! boats ( ! ,w>r51  "u !   
comm& ( ,lieut4 ,rad=d1 p]=m$ ! gallant 
feat (  cutt+ out ( ! h>b\r ( ,mazatlan 
! ,mexican s*oon] ,malek  ,abdel4       
,l&+ 9 ,san ,francisco1 ,i f\nd my      
w>drobe1 :i* ,i _h deposit$ 9  ! c>e (  
,capt4 ,leidesdorff1 & ! fir/ "t = ne>ly
 five  mon?s dress$ myself 9 a civiliz$ 
co/ume4 ,hav+ be5 dur+ t  "t almo/      
con/antly 9 motion1 & expos$ to _m      

h>d%ips &  privations1 x 01 z may be    
suppos$1 no small satisfaction to f9d   
once m a place :]e ,i c\ld repose = a   
%ort "t at lea/4          ,,*apt] ,,xiv4
      ,progress ( ! t[n ( ,san          
,francisco    ,capt4 ,dupont    ,g54    
,ke>ny    ,! presidio    ,appo9t$       
,alcalde    ,g54 ,ke>ny's proclamation  
,arrival ( ,col4 ,/ev5son's regim5t     
,horse-?ief ,indians    ,adm9i/ration ( 
ju/ice 9 ,cali=nia    ,sale ( lots 9    
,san ,francisco4      ,:]ev] !          
,anglo-,saxon race plant !mselves1      
progress is c]ta9 to  be display$ 9 "s  
=m or o!r4 ,su* is _! g-ahead en]gy1  t 
?+s _c /& /ill :]e !y are1 :atev] may be
 !  circum/ances surr\nd+ !m4 ,not)/&+ !
 w>s &  insurrections1 ,i f\nd ! t[n (  
,san ,francisco1 on my arrival "h1      
visibly improv$4 ,an ,am]ican population
 _h fl[$ into x2 lots1  :i* h]et(ore h  
be5 consid]$ almo/ valueless1 7 sell+ at
  high prices2 new h\ses _h be5 built1 &
 7 9 progress2 new  comm]cial h\ses _h  
be5 e/abli%$2 hotels _h be5 op5$ = !    

accommodation ( ! travell+ & bus9ess    
public2 & !  publication ( a newspap] _h
 be5 comm5c$4 ,! little village (  two  
hundr$ s\ls1 :5 ,i arriv$ "h 9 ,septemb]
 la/1 is fa/  becom+ a t[n ( importance4
 ,%ips freight$ ) full c>goes are  ent]+
 ! port1 & l&+ _! m]*&ise to be dispos$ 
( at  :olesale & retail on %ore1 in/ead 
( ! =m] mode ( v5d+  !m afloat 9 !      
h>b\r4 ,!re is a prevail+ air (         
activity1  ent]prise1 & en]gy2 & m51 9  
view ( ! advantage\s position  ( ! t[n =
 comm]ce1 are mak+ l>ge calculations ^u 
!  future2 calculations :i* ,i believe w
 be fully realiz$4    ,on ! #ae? ,i d9$ 
on bo>d ! sloop-(-w> ,cyane1 ) ,comm&]  
,dupont1 to :om ,i _h ! good =tune to be
 ! be>] f home ( a  lett] (             
introduction4 ,i say good =tune1 because
 ,i conceive x to  be "o ( ! greate/ (  
social bless+s1 z well z pleasures1 to  
be  made acqua9t$ ) a truly upright &   
hon\rable man--"o ^:  integrity nev]    
b5ds to wrongful or pusillanim\s        
exp$i5cy2--"o  :o1 arm$ intellectually )

 ! panoply ( ju/ice1 has c\rage to      
su/a9 x "u any & all circum/ances2--"o  
^: ambition is1 9  a public capacity1 to
 s]ve 8 c\ntry1 & n to s]ve himself2--"o
  :o waits = 8 c\ntry to judge ( 8 acts1
 &1 if wor?y1 to  place ! laurel wrea?  
^u 8 head1 disda9+ a self-wr\ght &      
self-assum$ coronal4 ,capt4 ,dupont is a
 native ( ,delaw>e2 & t  gallant &      
patriotic /ate %\ld feel pr\d ( su* a   
son4 ,he is "o  ( :om all m51 on sea or 
on l&1 ) :om 8 duties z an (fic]  or    
citiz5 ( our republic br+s him 9        
contact1 speak well2 & ^:  private      
virtues1 z well z pr(essional m]its1 are
 des]v+ ( !  w>me/ admiration & ! highe/
 hon\rs4    ,al?\gh ,i h long kn[n ,g54 
,s4,w4 ,ke>ny f reputation1 & saw  him  
at ,los ,angeles1 ,i 0 "h introduc$ to  
him = ! fir/ "t4  ,g54 ,k4 is a man ris+
 fifty ye>s ( age4 ,8 height is ab\t    
five  feet t5 or elev5 in*es4 ,8 figure 
is all t is requir$ by  symmetry4 ,8    
features are regul>1 almo/ ,grecian2 8  
eye is blue1  & has an eagle-l          

expression1 :5 excit$ by /]n or angry   
emotion2 b1 9 ord9>y social int]c\rse1 !
 :ole expression (  8 c\nt5ance is mild 
& pleas+1 & 8 mann]s & conv]sation  are 
unaffect$1 urbane1 & conciliatory1 )\t !
 slighte/  exhibition ( vanity or       
egotism4 ,he appe>s ! cool1 brave1 &    
en]getic soldi]2 ! /rict discipl9>ian1  
)\t tyranny2 ! man1  9 %ort1 det]m9$ to 
p]=m 8 duty1 9 :atev] situation he may  
be plac$1 leav+ consequ5ces to foll[ 9  
_! natural c\rse4  ,^!1 my fir/         
impressions1 7 fully confirm$ by        
subsequ5t  int]c\rse1 9 situations & "u 
circum/ances :i*1 by  exp]i5ce1 ,i h    
f\nd an unfail+ alembic = ! trial (     
"*--a crucible :]e91 if ! metal be      
impure1 ! drossy  sub/ances are sure to 
display !mselves4 ,x is n my prov9ce to 
extol or pron\nce judgm5t ^u 8 acts2 !y 
are a "p ( !  milit>y & civil hi/ory (  
our c\ntry1 & z su* w be  applaud$ or   
condemn$1 accord+ to ! e/imate t may be 
plac$  ^u !m4 ,b ,i may be all[$ to     
express ! op9ion1 t no man1  plac$ "u ! 

same circum/ances1 ev] aim$ to p]=m 8   
duty  ) m uprightness & m fidelity to ! 
int]e/s & hon\r (  8 c\ntry1 or :o1 to  
%$ lu/re ^u 8 c\ntry1 ev] brav$  great] 
dang]s1 or endur$ m h>d%ips &           
privations1 & all  )\t vaunt+ 8         
p]=mances & sacrifices4    ,on ! #af?1 9
 company ( ,g54 ,ke>ny1 ,capt4 ,turn]1 &
 ,lieuts4  ,w>n] & ,hallock1 ( ! ,u4,s4 
,eng9e] ,corps1 ,i rode to ! ,presidio  
( ,san ,francisco1 & ! old =tification  
at ! m\? ( ! bay4  ,! presidio is ab\t  
?ree miles f ! t[n1 & consi/s (  sev]al 
blocks ( adobe build+s1 cov]$ ) files4  
,! walls (  mo/ ( ! build+s are crumbl+ 
= ! want ( c>e 9 protect+  !m f ! annual
 ra9s2 & )\t ?is c>e !y w soon become   
heaps ( mud4 ,! =t is erect$ ^u a comm&+
 position1 ab\t a  mile & a half f !    
entrance to ! bay4 ,its walls are       
sub/antially con/ruct$ ( burnt brick1 & 
are ( suffici5t  ?ickness & /r5g? to    
resi/ heavy batt]+4 ,!re are n9e or t5  
embrasures4 ,l ev]y?+ else 9 ! c\ntry   
belong+ to !  public1 ! =t is fa/ fall+ 

into ru9s4 ,!re has be5 no g>rison  "h =
 sev]al ye>s2 ! guns are dism\nt$1 &    
half decompos$ by  long exposure to !   
wea!r1 & f want ( c>e4 ,"s ( !m h  sunk 
into ! gr\nd4    ,on ! #bj? ,i 0 wait$  
^u by ,g54 ,ke>ny1 & reque/$ to accept  
! (fice ( alcalde1 or *ief magi/rate1 ( 
! di/rict ( ,san  ,francisco4 ,!re be+  
no opportunity ( return+ to ! ,unit$    
,/ates  imm$iately1 ,i accept$ ( !      
propos$ appo9tm5t1 & on ! #bb;d 0  sworn
 into (fice1 my pr$ecessor1 ,lieut4     
,w4,a4 ,b>tlett1 ( ! navy1  be+ ord]$ to
 8 %ip by ! comm&+ (fic] ( ! squadron4  
,! annual salute 9 celebration ( !      
bir?day ( ! immortal &  illu/ri\s f\nd] 
( our republic1 requir$ by law f all !  
%ips  ( ! navy 9 commission1 9 :atev] "p
 ( ! _w !y may be at  ! "t1 /rikes u m  
=cibly :5 9 a f>-(f c\ntry1 z be+  a    
beautiful & appropriate tribute to !    
unapproa*able virtues &  h]oism ( t     
great b5efactor ( ! human race1 ?an :5  
we are  ne>] home1 or ^u our own soil4  
,! ,u4,s4 %ips 9 ! h>b\r1 at  twelve    

o'clock on ! #bb;d1 ea* fir$ a national 
salute2 & ! day  be+ calm & beautiful1 !
 reports b\nd$ f hill to hill1 &  7 e*o$
 & re-e*o$ until ! s\nd di$ away1       
app>5tly 9 !  di/ant gorges ( ! ,si]ra  
,nevada4 ,?is 0 a voice f ! s\l (       
,,wa%+ton1 speak+ 9 maje/ic &           
?und]-tones to ! gre5 &  fl[]y valley1 !
 g5tle hills & l(ty m\nta9s ( ,cali=nia1
 &  consecrat+ !m z ! future abode (    
millions ^u millions ( !  sons ( lib]ty4
 ,! m]*ant & :ale %ips ly+ at an*or1    
cat*+  ! en?usiasm1 jo9$ 9 ! salute2 & =
 a "t ! h>b\r &  bay 9 front ( ! t[n 7  
envelop$ 9 cl\ds ( gunp[d] smoke4       
,g5]al ,ke>ny left ,san ,francisco1 9 ! 
frigate ,savannah1 ,capta9  ,m]v9e1 on !
 #bc;d1 = ,mont]ey1 & soon aft] 8       
arrival at t  place issu$ ! foll[+      
proclamation3--      ,,proclamation ,,to
 ,,! ,,p ,,( ,,cali=nia4      ,!        
,presid5t ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates hav+        
in/ruct$ ! und]sign$    to take *>ge ( !
 civil gov]nm5t ( ,cali=nia1 he ent]s ^u
    8 duties ) an ard5t desire to       

promote1 z f> z he is able1    ! int]e/s
 ( ! c\ntry & ! welf>e ( its            
inhabitants4      ,! und]sign$ has      
in/ructions f ! ,presid5t to respect &  
protect ! religi\s in/itutions (        
,cali=nia1 & to see t    ! religi\s     
rights ( ! p are 9 ! ample/ mann]       
pres]v$ to !m1 ! con/itution ( ! ,unit$ 
,/ates all[+    e man to wor%ip 8       
,creator 9 su* a mann] z 8 own          
consci5ce may dictate to him4      ,!   
und]sign$ is also in/ruct$ to protect ! 
p]sons &    prop]ty ( ! quiet &         
peaceable inhabitants ( ! c\ntry        
aga9/ all or any ( _! enemies1 :e!r f   
abroad or at home2    & :5 he n[ assures
 ! ,cali=nians t x w be 8 duty    & 8   
pleasure to comply ) ^? in/ructions1 he 
calls ^u    !m all to ex]t !mselves 9   
pres]v+ ord] & tranquillity1    9       
promot+ h>mony & concord1 & 9 ma9ta9+ ! 
au?ority    & effici5cy ( ! laws4       
,x is ! wi% & design ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates  
to provide =    ,cali=nia1 ) ! lea/     
possible delay1 a free gov]nm5t1        

simil> to ^? 9 h] o!r t]ritories2 & ! p 
w soon    be call$ ^u to ex]cise _!     
rights z freem51 9 elect+    _! own     
repres5tatives1 to make su* laws z may  
be deem$ be/    = _! int]e/ & welf>e4 ,b
 until ?is c be done1 ! laws    n[ 9    
exi/5ce1 & n 9 conflict ) ! con/itution 
( !    ,unit$ ,/ates1 w be cont9u$ until
 *ang$ by compet5t    au?ority2 & ^?    
p]sons :o hold (fice w cont9ue 9 !      
same = ! pres5t1 provid$ !y swe> to     
support t    con/itution1 & to fai?fully
 p]=m _! duty4      ,! und]sign$ h]eby  
absolves all ! inhabitants ( ,cali=nia  
f any fur!r allegiance to ! republic (  
,mexico1 & w    consid] !m z citiz5s ( !
 ,unit$ ,/ates2 ^? :o rema9    quiet &  
peaceable w be respect$ 9 _! rights &   
protect$    9 !m4 ,%\ld any take up arms
 aga9/ or oppose ! gov]nm5t (    ?is    
t]ritory1 or in/igate o!rs to d s1 !y w 
be    consid]$ z enemies1 & treat$      
accord+ly4      ,:5 ,mexico =c$ a w> ^u 
! ,unit$ ,/ates1 "t did n p]mit    !    
latt] to invite ! ,cali=nians z fri5ds  

to jo9 h]    /&>d1 b compell$ h] to take
 possession ( ! c\ntry to    prev5t any 
,european p[] f seiz+ ^u x1 &1 9 do+ s1 
"s excesses & unau?oriz$ acts 7 no d\bt 
committ$ by    p]sons employ$ 9 ! s]vice
 ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 by :i* a few    ( ! 
inhabitants h met ) a loss ( prop]ty2   
su* losses    w be duly inve/igat$1 & ^?
 entitl$ to remun]ation w    receive x4 
,cali=nia has = _m ye>s suff]$ greatly f
 dome/ic    tr\bles2 civil w>s h be5 !  
poison$ f\nta9s :i* h    s5t =? tr\ble &
 pe/il5ce ov] h] beautiful l&4 ,n[ ^?   
f\nta9s are dri$ up2 ! />-spangl$ bann] 
floats ov]    ,cali=nia1 & z long z !   
sun cont9ues to %9e ^u h]1 s    long w x
 float !re1 ov] ! natives ( ! l&1 z well
 z    o!rs :o h f\nd a home 9 h] bosom2 
& "u x agriculture    mu/ improve1 & !  
arts & sci5ces fl\ri%1 z se$ 9 a ri*    
& f]tile soil4      ,! ,am]icans &      
,cali=nians are n[ b "o p2 let u    *]i%
 "o wi%1 "o hope1 & let t be = ! peace &
 quiet    ( our c\ntry4 ,let u1 z a b& (
 bro!rs1 unite & emulate    ea* o!r 9   

our ex]tions to b5efit & improve ?is our
    beautiful1 & :i* soon mu/ be our    
happy & prosp]\s1 home4      ,done at   
,mont]ey1 capital ( ,cali=nia1 ?is fir/ 
day ( ,m>*1    ,a4,d4 #ahdg1 & 9 !      
sev5ty-fir/ ye> ( indep5d5ce ( !        
,unit$ ,suites4      ,s4,w4 ,,ke>ny     
,brig4-,g541 ,u4,s4,a41 & ,gov]nor (    
,cali=nia4    ,! proclamation ( ,g5]al  
,ke>ny gave great satisfaction to !     
native z well z ! emigrant population ( 
! c\ntry4 ,sev]al (  ! alcaldes ( !     
di/rict ( my jurisdiction1 z well z     
private  individuals 7natives ( !       
c\ntry71 express$1 by lett] & orally1   
_! approbation ( ! s5tim5ts ( !         
proclamation 9 ! w>me/  t]ms4 ,!y said t
 !y 7 he>tily will+ to become ,am]icans 
^u ^! t]ms1 & hop$ t !re w\ld be ! lea/ 
possible  delay 9 admitt+ !m to ! rights
 ( ,am]ican citiz5%ip4 ,!re  0 a g5]al  
expectation among natives z well z      
=eign]s1 t a  repres5tative =m (        
t]ritorial gov]nm5t w\ld be imm$iately  
e/abli%$ by ,g5]al ,ke>ny4 ,:y ?is 0 n  

done1 is expla9$ by  ! rec5t publication
 ( ,g5]al ,scott's lett] to ,g5]al      
,ke>ny1  dat$ ,novemb] #crd1 #ahdf1 (   
:i* ,colonel ,mason 0 ! be>]1 he  hav+  
left ! ,unit$ ,/ates on ! #g? ,novemb]4 
,9 ?is lett]  ,g5]al ,scott says3--     
,z a guide to ! civil gov]nor ( ,upp]   
,cali=nia1 9 our h&s1  see ! lett] (    
,june #crd 7la/71 address$ to y by !    
,secret>y (  ,w>4 ,y w n1 h[ev]1 =mally 
decl>e ! prov9ce to be  annex$4 ,p]man5t
 incorporation ( ! t]ritory mu/ dep5d on
 !  gov]nm5t ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates4    ,aft]
 occupy+ ) our =ces all necess>y po9ts 9
 ,upp]  ,cali=nia1 & e/abli%+ a tempor>y
 civil gov]nm5t !re91 z  well z assur+  
y\rself ( its int]nal tranquillity1 & ! 
abs5ce  ( any dang] ( reconque/ on ! "p 
( ,mexico1 y may *>ge  ,colonel ,mason1 
,unit$ ,/ates fir/ dragoons1 ! be>] (   
?is op5  lett]1 or l& (fic] next 9 rank 
to y\r own1 ) y\r sev]al  duties1 &     
return y\rself1 ) a suffici5t escort (  
troops1 to ,/4  ,l\is1 ,miss\ri2 b !    
body ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates dragoons t       

accompani$ y to ,cali=nia w rema9 !re   
until fur!r ord]s4    ,! transport %ips 
,?omas ,h4 ,p]k9s1 ,loo ,*oo1 ,susan    
,drew1 &  ,brutus1 ) ,colonel ,/ev5son's
 regim5t1 arriv$ at ,san ,francisco     
dur+ ! mon?s ( ,m>* & ,april4 ,^!       
vessels 7 freight$ )  a va/ quantity (  
munitions1 /ores1 tools1 saw-mills1     
gri/-mills1  etc41 etc41 to be employ$ 9
 ! =tification ( ! pr9cipal  h>b\rs on !
 coa/--,san ,francisco1 ,mont]ey1 & ,san
 ,diego4 ,!  regim5t ( ,col4 ,/ev5son 0 
sep>at$ into diff]5t comm&s1  portions (
 x be+ /ation$ at ,san ,francisco1      
,sonoma1 ,mont]ey1  ,santa ,b>b>a1 &    
,los ,angeles2 & "s companies employ$   
aga9/ !  horse-?ief ,indians ( ! ,si]ra 
,nevada & ! ,tul>es4    ,z good an      
acc\nt ( ^! horse-?ief ,indians1 & _!   
depr$ations1 z ,i h se51 ,i f9d 9 !     
,cali=nia ,/>1 ( ,m>*  #bh?1 #ahdg1     
writt5 by a g5tleman :o has be5 a       
resid5t (  ,cali=nia = a numb] ( ye>s1 &
 :o has be5 a suff]]4 ,x is  subjo9$3-- 
,dur+ ! ,spani% regime1 su* a ?+ z a    

horse-?ief 0 unkn[n  9 ! c\ntry2 b z    
soon z ! ,mexicans took possession1 _!  
*>act]i/ic an>*y began to prevail1 & !  
,indians to des]t f  ! missions4 ,! fir/
 ,indian horse-?ief kn[n 9 ?is "p ( !   
c\ntry 0 a neophyte ( ! mission ( ,santa
 ,cl>a1 ,george1 :o  fl\ri%$ ab\t tw5ty 
ye>s ago4 ,he abscond$ f 8 mission to ! 
riv] ( ,/anislaus1 ( :i* he 0 a native4 
,f !nce he return$  to ! settlem5ts1 &  
began to /eal horses1 :i* at t "t 7  v  
num]\s4 ,aft] pursu+ 8 depr$ations = "s 
"t1 he 0 at  la/ pursu$ & kill$ on 8    
return f "o ( 8 =ages4 ,!  mission (    
,santa ,cl>a has be51 f t "t to ! pres5t
 day1 !  greate/ nurs]y = horse ?ieves1 
z ! ,/anislaus riv] has be5  & is _!    
pr9cipal r5dezv\s4 ,i h tak5 "s pa9s to 
inquire  among "s ( ! mo/ intellig5t &  
respectable ( ! native  inhabitants1 z  
to ! probable numb] ( horses t h be5    
/ol5  betwe5 ,mont]ey & ,san ,francisco 
)9 ! la/ tw5ty ye>s1 &  ! result has be5
 t m ?an "o hundr$ ?\s& c be  di/9ctly  
enum]at$1 & t ! total am\nt w\ld        

probably be  d\ble t numb]4 ,ne>ly all  
^! horses h be5 eat56 ,f !  riv] (      
,/anislaus1 z a c5tral po9t1 ! evil has 
spread to !  nor? & s\?1 & at pres5t    
ext5ds f ! vic9ity ( !  ,micklemes ,riv]
 on ! nor?1 to ! s\rces ( ! ,/4 ,joaqu9 
on !  s\?4 ,^! ,indians inhabit all !   
we/]n declivity ( ! great  sn[y m\nta9s1
 )9 ^! limits1 & h become s habituat$ to
  liv+ on horsefle%1 t x is n[ ) !m !   
pr9cipal means (  subsi/5ce4    ,9 pa/  
"t !y h be5 repeat$ly pursu$1 & _m ( !m 
kill$1 & :ole villages de/roy$1 b1 s f> 
f be+ det]r$1  !y are cont9ually becom+ 
m bold & d>+ 9 _! robb]ies1  z horses   
become sc>c] & m c>efully gu>d$4 ,ab\t  
tw5ty  p]sons h be5 kill$ by !m )9 ! k (
 ! writ]4  ,among o!rs1 ,mr4 ,l9dsay &  
,mr4 ,wilson 7 kill$ by !m n long  ago4 
,only ab\t "o mon? s9ce1 !y %ot &       
dang]\sly w\nd$ f\r  p]sons employ$ on !
 f>m ( ,mr4 ,web]1 ne> ! ,pueblo ( ,/4  
,joseph1 & at ! same "t /ole ! horses ( 
! f>m1 & ^?  also f ! f>ms ( ,capta9    
,fi%] & ,mr4 ,burnal1 9 ! same  vic9ity2

 9 all1 ab\t two hundr$ head4 ,)9 ! la/ 
t5 days  num]\s p>ties ( !m h be5       
committ+ depr$ations on _m (  ! f>ms 9 !
 jurisdiction ( ! ,contra ,co/a1 &      
sc>cely a night  passes b we he> ( _!   
hav+ /ol5 horses f "s "o4 ,?ree  days   
ago1 a p>ty ( !m 7 met by "s "y m5 :o _h
 be5 out  cat*+ wild horses on ! pla9s (
 ! ,/4 ,joaqu91 b z !y 7  m\nt$ on tir$ 
animals1 !y 7 only able to recapture !  
/ol5  horses1 b c\ld n ov]take ! ?ieves4
    ,x has n be5 )9 ! scope ( my design1
 9 writ+ out ^?  notes1 to ent] into !  
m9ute details ( ! conque/ & occupation  
( ,cali=nia by ! =ces ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates4
 ,to d s w\ld  require m space ?an ,i h 
all[$ myself1 & ! matt] w\ld be  m      
volum9\s ?an int]e/+ or important4 ,my  
int5tion has be5 to  give su* a sket* ( 
! milit>y op]ations 9 ,cali=nia1 dur+ my
  resid5ce & travels 9 ! c\ntry1 z to   
af=d to ! read] a  g5]al & correct idea 
( ! ev5ts transpir+ at ! "t4 ,no        
important circum/ance1 ,i ?9k1 has      
escap$ my att5tion4    ,among ! (fic]s (

 ! army /ation$ at ,san ,francisco1 )   
:om ,i  became acqua9t$1 7 ,major       
,h>die1 9 comm& ( ! troops1 ,capta9     
,folsom1 act+ qu>t]ma/]-g5]al 9         
,cali=nia1 & ,lieut5ant  ,w>n]1 ( !     
eng9e] corps4 ,lieut5ant ,w>n] m>*$ )   
,g5]al  ,ke>ny f ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 & 0 at
 ! battle ( ,san ,pasqual4 ,i  h se5 !  
coat :i* he wore on t occasion1 pi]c$ 9 
sev5  diff]5t places by ! lances ( !    
enemy4 ,he did n make ?is  exhibition   
himself2 & ,i nev] he>d him ref] to !   
subject b  once1 & !n x 0 ) ! mode/y ( a
 vet]an campaign]4    ,! corps (        
topographical eng9e]s accompany+ ,g5]al 
,ke>ny1 "u  ! comm& ( ,capta9 ,emory1 w1
 d\btless1 furni% 9 _! report  mu*      
int]e/+ & valuable in=mation4 ,mr4      
,/anley1 ! arti/ ,(  ! exp$ition1       
complet$ 8 sket*es 9 oil1 at ,san       
,francisco2 & a  m tru?ful1 int]e/+1 &  
valuable s]ies ( pa9t+s1  del9eat+      
m\nta9 sc5]y1 ! floral exhibitions on ! 
r\te1 !  savage tribes betwe5 ,santa ,fe
 & ,cali=nia--comb9$ ) camp-life  &     

m>*es ?r\gh ! des]t & wild]ness--has    
nev] be51 &  probably nev] w be1        
exhibit$4 ,mr4 ,/anley in=m$ me t he 0  
prep>+ a "w on ! savage tribes ( ,nor?  
,am]ica & ( !  isl&s ( ! ,pacific1 :i*1 
:5 complet$ on 8 plan1 w be !  mo/      
compreh5sive & descriptive ( ! subject (
 any t has be5  publi%$4    ,legal      
proce$+s are mu* less complex 9         
,cali=nia ?an 9 !  ,unit$ ,/ates4 ,!re  
is no writt5 /atute law 9 ! c\ntry4 ,!  
only  law books ,i c\ld f9d 7 a dige/$  
code entitl$1 ,laws ( ,spa9  & !        
,indies1 publi%$ 9 ,spa9 ab\t a hundr$  
ye>s ago1 & a  small pamphlet def9+ !   
p[]s ( v>i\s judicial (fic]s1  emanat+ f
 ! ,mexican gov]nm5t s9ce ! revolution4 
,a late  ,mexican gov]nor ( ,cali=nia1  
on be+ requir$ by a magi/rate to        
in/ruct him z to ! mann] 9 :i* he %\ld  
adm9i/] ! law  )9 8 jurisdiction1       
repli$1 ,adm9i/] x 9 accordance )  !    
pr9ciples ( natural "r & ju/ice1 & ?is  
is !  f\ndation ( ,cali=nian            
jurisprud5ce4 ,! local b&os1 or laws1   

are enact$1 adjudicat$1 & execut$ by !  
local magi/rates1 or  alcaldes4 ,!      
alcalde has jurisdiction 9 all municipal
 matt]s1 & 9  cases = m9or (f5ces1 & =  
debt 9 sums n ov] "o hundr$  doll>s4 ,9 
cases ( he9\s or capital (f5ces1 !      
alcalde has  simply an exam9+ p[]1 !    
te/imony be+ tak5 d[n 9 writ+1  &       
transmit-to ! juez de prim]a in/ancia1  
or fir/ judge ( !  di/rict1 be=e :om !  
case is tri$4 ,civil actions1 = sums ov]
  "o hundr$ doll>s1 mu/ also be tri$    
be=e ! juez de prim]a  in/ancia1 & f him
 !re is an appeal to ! prefect1 or !    
gov]nor ( ! prov9ce4 ,! trial by hombres
 bu5os1 or good m51  is "o ( ! e/abli%$ 
legal tribunals :5 ei!r ( ! p>ties  dem&
 x1 & is simil> to our trial by jury2 ! 
diff]5ce be+ 9  ! numb]1 ! hombres bu5os
 usually consi/+ ( ?ree or five1  z !y  
may be ord]$ by ! magi/rate1 or reque/$ 
by !  litigants1 & our jury ( twelve4 ,)
 hone/ & intellig5t  magi/rates1 ! sy/em
 op]ates advantage\sly1 z ju/ice is     
spe$y  & c]ta92 b ! rev]se ( ?is1 )     

corrupt & ignorant  magi/rates1 too     
frequ5tly 9 p[]1 ! consequ5ces ( ! sy/em
  are z bad z c well be imag9$4    ,!   
policy ( ! ,mexican gov]nm5t has be5 to 
enc\rage 9 c]ta9  localities ! erection 
( pueblos1 or t[ns1 & = ?is purpose !y  
h made grants ( l& to ! local           
au?orities1 or municipalities1  )9 c]ta9
 def9$ limits1 to be regrant$ ^u        
application1 9  lots ( fifty or "o      
hundr$ v>ass1 z ! case may be1 to p]sons
  decl>+ _! int5tion to settle & to d   
bus9ess 9 ! t[n4 ,=  ^! grants to       
individuals a c]ta9 sum ( money is paid1
 :i* goes  into ! treasury ( !          
municipality4 ,! magi/rates1 h[ev]1  )\t
 special p]mission1 h no p[] to grant   
lots ( l& )9  a c]ta9 numb] ( feet ( or 
bel[ high-wat] m>k4 ,! p[] is  res]v$ to
 be ex]cis$ by ! gov]nor ( ! prov9ce4 ,x
 be+  necess>y = ! conv5i5t l&+ ( %ips1 
& = ! dis*>g+  & receiv+ ( _! c>goes1 t 
! bea* 9 front ( ! t[n (  ,san          
,francisco %\ld be improv$ ) :>fs1 etc41
 etc41 & t  titles %\ld be grant$ to    

individuals :o o!rwise w\ld make no     
durable improvem5ts4 ,z magi/rate ( !   
t[n1 9 compliance ) !  reque/ ( num]\s  
citiz5s1 ,i solicit$ f ,g5]al ,ke>ny1 ! 
act+ gov]nor1 a rel9qui%m5t1 on ! "p ( !
 g5]al  gov]nm5t1 ( ! bea* l&s 9 front (
 ! t[n 9 fav\r ( !  municipality1 "u    
c]ta9 conditions4 ,?is 0 grant$ by !    
,gov]nor1 :o issu$ a decree dat$ #aj?   
,m>*1 p]mitt+ ! sales by  auction ( all 
su* gr\nds adjac5t to ! wat]-side z     
might be  f\nd adapt$ to comm]cial      
purposes1 ) ! exception ( su* lots  z   
might be select$ = ! use ( ! ,unit$     
,/ates gov]nm5t1 by  its prop] (fic]s4  
,! sales accord+ly took place1 ! lots 7 
eag]ly pur*as$1 & ! port has already    
become a place (  consid]able comm]cial 
activity4          ,,*apt] ,,xv4        
,,g5]al ,,obs]vations ,,^u ,,! ,,c\ntry4
      ,fir/ settlem5t ( ! mission>ies   
,population    ,*>act]i/ics ( :ite      
population    ,employm5ts    ,pleasures 
& amusem5ts    ,position ( wom5    ,soil
    ,grasses    ,vegetable productions  

,agriculture    ,fruits    ,cattle      
,horses    ,wild animals    ,m9]als     
,climate    ,flora    ,wat]-p[]         
,timb]    ,religion4      ,x 0 dur+ !   
mon? ( ,novemb]1 #afjb1 ! sun j retir+  
beh9d  ! di/ant high l& :i* =ms !       
backgr\nd ( a spaci\s h>b\r  at !       
s\!rnmo/ po9t ( ,alta ,cali=nia1 t a    
small fleet (  vessels might h be5 se5  
direct+ _! c\rse z if 9 se>* (  a place 
( an*orage2 _! light sails drawn up1    
:ile ! l>g]  ones1 swell+ n[ & !n to !  
action ( ! breeze1 bore !m  maje/ically 
along1 =c+ _! way ?r\gh ! imm5se & almo/
  imp5etrable b>ri] ( sea-we$1 to a hav5
 :i*1 at ! remote  p]iod /at$1 0        
consid]$ ! unexplor$ region ( ! ,nor?4  
,!  fleet ref]r$ to haul$ _! w9d to !   
%ore1 &1 pass+ a bluff  po9t ( l& on _! 
left1 soon came to an*or2 b n until !   
%ades ( night _h ca/ a gloom ov] ! sc5e 
s rec5tly light$ up  ) ! gorge\s rays ( 
a sett+ sun4    ,?is 0 ! comm5cem5t1 or 
r prelim9>y m>k1 ( civilization  9 ?is  
c\ntry1 by ! ,spani>ds1 7if s x c be    

call$17 & on !  foll[+ morn+ a deta*m5t 
0 l&$1 accompani$ by a fri>1 to  make   
c>eful inve/igation ( ! long ridge (    
high l& :i* s]ves  z a protection to !  
h>b\r f ! heavy nor?-we/ gales4 ,!y     
f\nd1 z report$1 an abundance ( small   
oak & o!r trees1 toge!r  ) a great      
v>iety ( useful & aromatic h]bs2 & f its
 summit  !y beheld ! ext5t & beauty ( ! 
port1 rea*+1 z !y said1  full ?ree      
leagues f :]e ! vessel lay at an*or4 ,a 
l>ge t5t  0 erect$ on ! s&y bea*1 to    
answ] ! purposes ( a *ur*1  :]e ! fri>  
might p]=m mass1 & by directions ( !    
comm&+  (fic]s1 ! boats 7 drawn up =    
repair+1 wells 7 dug1  p>ties 7 s5t (f  
to cut wood1 :ile gu>ds 7 plac$ at      
conv5i5t di/ances to give notice ( !    
approa* ( any ho/ile  =ce4 ,! latt]     
precaution 0 h>dly c>ri$ into effect1   
ere a  l>ge body ( nak$ ,indians 7 se5  
mov+ along ! %ore1 arm$  ) b[s & arr[s4 
,a fri>1 protect$ by six soldi]s1 0     
dispat*$ to meet !m1 :o1 mak+ signs (   
peace by exhibit+ a  :ite flag & ?r[+   

h&fuls ( s& high into ! air1 influ5c$   
!m to lay aside _! arms1 :51            
affectionately embrac+ !m1 !  good old  
fri> di/ribut$ pres5ts ( beads &        
necklaces1 ) :i*  !y eag]ly adorn$ _!   
p]sons4 ,?is manife/ation ( good feel+  
induc$ !m to draw ne> to :]e ! comm&] _h
 l&$ ) 8  m51 b p]ceiv+ s l>ge a numb]1 
!y retreat$ to a neighb\r+  knoll1 & f  
!nce s5t =w>d to ! ,spani>ds t5 ag$     
females1  :o1 possess+ app>5tly s mu*   
affability1 7 pres5t$  imm$iately )     
gifts1 & in/ruct$ to g & in=m _! p (  ! 
fri5dly disposition *]i%$ = !m by ! :ite
 /rang]s4  ,?is 0 suffici5t to implant a
 free int]c\rse ) ! ,indians1 :o  daily 
visit$ ! ,spani>ds1 & b>t]$ (f _! sk9s &
 furs 9  ex*ange = bread & tr9kets4 ,b  
at l5g? ! "t arriv$ = !  fleet to dep>t1
 & !y proce$$ nor?w>d1 visit+ 9 _! c\rse
  ,mont]ey & ,m5doc9o1 :]e ! same       
fav\rable result att5d$ !  ent]prise z  
at o!r places1 & !y return$ 9 safety to 
,new  ,spa94    ,s successful _h be5 !  
"* ( ?is exp$ition ?r\gh\t !  entire    

p]iod ( its execution1 t an en?usiasm   
prevail$ 9 !  m9ds ( ! ,spani>ds1 :i*   
c\ld only be assuag$ by an attempt to   
conqu] & *ri/ianize ! inhabitants ( t   
di/ant portion ( !  ,am]ican cont95t4   
,_m 7 ! fruitless results ( ! ,spani%   
adv5tur]--num]\s 7 ! /atem5ts ( 8 toil &
 lab\r1 till  at l5g? a =midable        
attempt1 "u ! patronage & direction (   
,don ,gasp> de ,portala & ,fa!r ,junip]o
 ,s]ra1 successfully a*iev$  ! desir$   
object = :i* x 0 plann$ & execut$4      
,at ,san ,diego1 :]e1 a c5tury & a half 
be=e1 ! primitive  navigators "u ,cortez
 commun$ ) ! rude & unsophi/icat$       
native--!re1 :]e ! zeal\s devotee erect$
 8 alt> on !  burn+ s&1 & ) (f]+s (     
inc5se & pray] hall[$ x to  ,god1 z !   
bir?place ( ,*ri/ianity 9 t region--^u t
  sa9t$ spot comm5c$ ! spiritual        
conque/1 ! cross 0 erect$1  & ! holy    
mission>ies :o accompani$ ! exp$ition   
ent]$ he>t  & s\l ^u _! religi\s duties4
 ,successful 9 all !y und]took1  _! fir/
 e/abli%m5t 9 a %ort "t 0 complet$1 &   

draw+  ar\nd x ! conv]t$ ,indians 9 l>ge
 numb]s1 ! rude &  uncultivat$ fields   
gave place to agricultural improvem5t--!
 arts  & sci5ces gradually obta9$       
f\ndation :]e be=e all 0  d>kness1 & day
 aft] day hundr$s 7 add$ to ! folds ( ! 
holy & apo/olic *ur*4 ,?us triumphantly 
proce$$ ! lab\rs (  ! ,spani% conqu]ors6
 ,9 c\rse ( "t o!r in/itutions 7  f\nd$ 
at ,santa ,b>b>a1 ,mont]ey1 & ,san      
,francisco1 :]e at ea*  place a milit>y 
=tress 0 erect$1 :i* s]v$ = _!          
protection1 & to keep 9 *eck su* ( !    
natives :o 7  dis9cl9$ to obs]ve !      
regulations ( ! community4    ,! natives
 =m$ an ard5t & almo/ adorable atta*m5t 
= _!  spiritual fa!rs1 & 7 happy1 q     
happy1 "u _!  jurisdiction4 ,ev] ready  
to obey !m1 ! lab\r 9 ! field &  work%op
 met ) ready compliance1 & s prosp]\s 7 
!  in/itutions t _m ( !m became weal?y1 
9 ! increase ( _!  cattle & great       
abundance ( _! gran>ies4 ,x 0 no unusual
 sight  to behold ! pla9s = leagues     
lit]ally spott$ ) bullocks1 &  l>ge     

fields ( corn & :eat cov]+ acres (      
gr\nd4 ,?is /ate (  ?+s cont9u$ until ! 
p]iod :5 ,mexico und]w5t a *ange 9 its  
political =m ( gov]nm5t1 :i* s di%e>t5$ 
! feel+s ( !  loyal mission>ies1 t !y   
became reg>dless ( _!  e/abli%m5ts1 &   
suff]$ !m to decl9e = want ( att5tion to
  _! int]e/s4 ,at l5g?1 civil discord & 
an>*y among !  ,cali=nians prep>$ a m   
effective measure = _! de/ruction1  & !y
 7 left to ! sup]9t5d5ce ( individuals  
:o plund]$  !m ( all t 0 desirable or   
capable ( removal4 ,?us1 !  gov]nm5t    
comm5c$ ! robb]y1 & its hirel+s c>ri$ x 
out to  ! lett]1 de/roy+ & lay+ wa/e    
:]ev] !y 7 plac$4 ,9  ord] to give !    
inhabitants a %>e ( ! spoils1 "s ( !m 7 
p]mitt$ to slaught] ! cattle by         
contract1 :i* 0 an equal  division ( !  
proce$s1 & ! contractors 7 c>eful1 :5 !y
  deliv]$ "o hide to a mission1 to      
res]ve two = !mselves1 9  ?is way foll[+
 up ! example ( _! sup]iors4    ,?is    
important revolution 9 ! sy/ematic ord] 
( ! mona/ic  in/itutions took place 9   

#ahcf1 at :i* p]iod ! mo/ important (   
!m possess$ prop]ty1 exclusive ( _! l&s 
& t5em5ts1 to !  value ( two hundr$ &   
fifty ?\s& doll>s4 ,at ! pres5t day  !y 
h b a little m ?an dilapidat$ walls &   
re/rict$  b\nd>ies ( t]ritory4 ,not)/&+ 
?is wanton deva/ation (  prop]ty1       
contr>y to ! op9ion ( _m :o 7 /rongly 9 
fav\r  ( support+ ^! religi\s           
in/itutions1 ! result prov$  b5eficial  
to ! c\ntry at l>ge4 ,individual        
ent]prise succe$$ z  ! l&s became       
di/ribut$1 s t ! ,cali=nian beheld      
himself no  long] dep5d5t on ! b\nty ( 8
 spiritual directors1 b1 on !  contr>y1 
he 0 enabl$ to give support to !m1 f !  
increase &  abundance ( 8 own           
possessions4    ,subsequ5t to !         
expulsion ( ! ,mexicans1 numb]s ( new   
f>ms 7  creat$1 & hundr$s ( ,am]icans 7 
scatt]$ ov] ! c\ntry4  ,previ\s to      
#ahcj1 ! actual possessions ( horn$     
cattle by !  ran*]os did n exce$ "o     
hundr$ ?\s&2 b 9 #ahdb1 accord+  to a   
fair e/imate1 made by "o on ! spot1 !   

numb] _h increas$  to f\r hundr$ ?\s&2 s
 t ! aggregate is equal to t held  by ! 
missions :5 9 _! mo/ fl\ri%+ condition4 
,! pres5t  numb] is n mu*1 if any1 %ort 
( "o million4    ,presum+ a /ati/ical k 
( ?is c\ntry1 be=e & aft] !  mission>y  
in/itutions 7 secul>iz$1 may be int]e/+1
 ,i w  ins]t ! foll[+ returns ( #ahca & 
#ahdb1 to contra/ ! same  ) its pres5t  
condition3--    #a/4 ,9 #ahcb ! :ite    
population ?r\gh\t ,alta-,cali=nia did n
  exce$ #d1ejj1 :ile ! ,indians ( !     
tw5ty-"o missions am\nt$ to  #ai1jjj2 9 
#ahdb1 ! =m] _h increas$ to #g1jjj1 & ! 
latt]  decreas$ to ab\t #e1jjj4    #bnd4
 ,9 ! =m] ye>1 ! numb] ( horn$ cattle1  
includ+  individual possessions1 am\nt$ 
to #ejj1jjj2 9 ! latt]1 to #dj1jjj4     
#crd4 ,at ! same p]iod1 ! numb] ( %eep1 
goats1 & pigs1 0  #cba1jjj2 at ! latt]1 
#cb1jjj4    #d?4 ,9 #ahca ! numb] (     
horses1 asses1 mules1 etc41 0 #fd1jjj2 9
  #ahdb x 0 #cj1jjj4    #e?4 ,! produce 
9 corn1 etc41 _h decreas$ 9 a mu* great]
  proportion--t ( sev5ty to f\r4    ,!  

am\nt ( duties rais$ at ! cu/omh\se 9   
,mont]ey1 f #ahci  to #ahdb1 0 z foll[s1
 viz43--      #ahci        #he1fac      
doll>s4    #ahdj        #gb1cjh doll>s  
#ahda       #aja1aej doll>s    #ahdb    
#gc1gbi doll>s4    ,! net am\nt ( rev5ue
 seldom exce$+ 9 any ye> eighty ?\s&    
doll>s2 s t1 :5 a defici5cy took place1 
to supply !  exp5ditures ( gov]nm5t1 x  
_h be5 usual to call ^u ! missions  =   
aid4    ,! value ( ! hides & tall[ d]iv$
 f ! annual matanzas  may be e/imat$ at 
#cgb1jjj doll>s4 ,^! two commodities1 ) 
!  exception ( "s beav]1 sea-ott]1 & o!r
 furs1 comprise ! mo/  important "p ( ! 
exportations1 :i* 9 addition1 w\ld      
augm5t  ! value ( exports to #djj1jjj   
doll>s4    ,! p]man5t population ( t    
portion ( ,upp] ,cali=nia situat$       
betwe5 ! ,si]ra ,nevada & ! ,pacific1 ,i
 e/imate at #be1jjj4 ,(  ?is numb]1     
#h1jjj are ,hispano-,am]icans1 #e1jjj   
=eign]s1 *iefly  f ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 &   
#ab1jjj *ri/ianiz$ ,indians4 ,!re are   
consid]able numb]s ( wild or ,g5tile    

,indians1 inhabit+ ! valley  ( ! ,san   
,joaqu9 & ! gorges ( ! ,si]ra1 n includ$
 9 ?is  e/imate4 ,!y are probably z     
num]\s z ! ,*ri/ian ,indians4 ,!        
,indian population inhabit+ ! region ( !
 ,great ,salt ,lake1 ,m>y's  ,riv]1 !   
oases ( ! ,great ,des]t ,bas91 & !      
c\ntry bord]+  ! ,rio ,colorado & its   
tribut>ies1 be+ spread ov] a va/ ext5t  
( t]ritory1 are sc>cely se51 al?\gh !   
aggregate numb] is  consid]able4    ,!  
,cali=nians d n diff] mat]ially f !     
,mexicans1 f :om  !y are desc5d$1 9 o!r 
prov9ces ( t c\ntry4 ,physically &      
intellectually1 ! m51 probably1 are     
sup]ior to ! same race  f>!r s\?1 &     
inhabit+ ! c\ntries contigu\s to ! city 
(  ,mexico4 ,! int]mixture ( blood ) !  
,indian & negro races has  be5 less1    
al?\gh x is v p]ceptible4    ,! m51 z a 
g5]al fact1 are well made1 ) pleas+     
sprightly  c\nt5ances1 & possess+ mu*   
grace & ease ( mann]s1 &  vivacity (    
conv]sation4 ,b hi!rto !y h _h little k 
( ! _w & ( ev5ts1 beyond :at !y h he>d  

?r\gh ,mexico1  & d]iv$ f ! sup]c>goes (
 m]*ant-%ips & :alem5  t\*+ ^u ! coa/4  
,!re are no public s*ools 9 ! c\ntry--at
  lea/ ,i nev] he>d ( "o4 ,!re are b few
 books4 ,g5]al ,valljo  has a libr>y )  
_m valuable books1 & ?is is ! only "o ,i
 saw1  al?\gh !re are o!rs2 b !y are    
r>e1 & conf9$ to a few  families4    ,! 
m5 are almo/ con/antly on horseback1 & z
 horsem5 excel any ,i  h se5 9 o!r p>ts 
( ! _w4 ,f ! nature ( _!  pursuits &    
amusem5ts1 !y h br\ght horseman%ip to a 
p]fection  *all5g+ admiration & excit+  
a/oni%m5t4 ,!y are tra9$ to  ! horse & !
 use ( ! lasso 7riata1 z x is "h call$7 
f  _! infancy4 ,! fir/ act ( a *ild1 :5 
he is able to /&  alone1 is to ?r[ 8 toy
 lasso ar\nd ! neck ( a kitt52 8 next   
feat is p]=m$ on ! dog2 8 next ^u a goat
 or calf2 & s on1  until he m\nts !     
horse1 & demon/rates 8 skill ^u horses &
  cattle4 ,! cr[n+ feat ( dext]ity ) !  
riata1 & (  horseman%ip1 comb9$ ) d>+   
c\rage1 is ! lasso+ ( !  grisly be>4    
,?is feat is p]=m$ frequ5tly ^u ?is l>ge

 &  f]oci\s animal1 b x is sometimes    
fatal to ! p]=m] & 8  horse4 ,well      
drill$1 ) exp]i5c$ milit>y lead]s1 su* z
 w\ld  inspire !m ) confid5ce 9 _! skill
 & pr[ess1 !  ,cali=nians ought to be ! 
f9e/ cavalry 9 ! _w4 ,!  ,cali=nian     
saddle is1 ,i v5ture to ass]t1 ! be/ t  
has be5  inv5t$1 = ! horse & ! rid]4    
,seat$ 9 "o ( ^!1 x is  sc>cely possible
 to be unseat$ by any ord9>y casualty4  
,!  bridle-bit is clumsily made1 b s    
con/ruct$ t ! horse is  compell$ to obey
 ! rid] ^u ! slighte/ intimation4 ,!    
spurs  are ( imm5se size1 b !y answ] to 
an exp]i5c$ horseman !  d\ble purpose ( 
excit+ ! horse1 & ( ma9ta9+ ! rid] 9  8 
seat "u difficult circum/ances4    ,= ! 
pleasures ( ! table !y c>e b little4 ,) 
8 horse &  trapp+s1 8 s>ape & blanket1 a
 piece ( beef & a tortilla1  !          
,cali=nian is cont5t1 s f> z 8 p]sonal  
com=ts are  conc]n$4 ,b he is ard5t 9 8 
pursuit ( amusem5t & pleasure1  & ^!    
consi/ *iefly 9 ! f&ango1 ! game (      
monte1  horse-rac+1 & bull & be>-bait+4 

,!y gamble freely &  desp]ately1 b pay  
_! losses ) ! mo/ /rict punctuality1 at 
any & e sacrifice1 & manife/ b little   
conc]n ab\t !m4  ,!y are ob$i5t to _!   
magi/rates1 & 9 all disput$ cases       
decid$ by !m1 acquiesce )\t utt]+ a ^w (
 compla9t4 ,!y  h be5 accus$ ( trea*]y &
 ins9c]ity4 ,:atev] may h be5  ! gr\nds 
= ^! accusations 9 p>ticul> in/ances1 ,i
 "k n2  b1 judg+ f my own obs]vation &  
exp]i5ce1 !y are z free  f ^! qualities 
z our own p4    ,:ile ! m5 are employ$ 9
 att5d+ to ! h]ds ( cattle &  horses1 & 
engag$ 9 _! o!r amusem5ts1 ! wom5 7,i   
speak (  ! middle classes on ! ran*os7  
sup]9t5d & p]=m mo/ ( !  drudg]y        
app]ta9+ to h\sekeep+1 & ! cultivation (
 !  g>d5s1 f :5ce are drawn su*         
vegetables z are consum$ at !  table4   
,^! are few1 consi/+ ( frijoles1        
potatoes1 onions1 &  *iles4 ,! assi/ants
 9 ^! lab\rs are ! ,indian m5 & wom51   
legally r$uc$ to s]vitude4    ,! soil ( 
t portion ( ,cali=nia betwe5 ! ,si]ra   
,nevada &  ! ,pacific w comp>e1 9 po9t (

 f]tility1 ) any t ,i h  se5 else:]e4 ,z
 ,i h already describ$ su* portions ( x 
z h  come "u my obs]vation1 x is        
unnecess>y = me "h to desc5d to         
p>ticul>s4 ,:eat1 b>ley1 & o!r small    
gra9s1 ) hemp1 flax1  & tobacco1 c be   
produc$ 9 all ! valleys1 )\t irrigation4
 ,to  produce maize1 potatoes1 & o!r    
g>d5 vegetables1 irrigation is          
necess>y4 ,oats & mu/>d gr[             
spontane\sly1 ) su* rankness z  to be   
consid]$ nuisances ^u ! soil4 ,i h =c$  
my way ?r\gh  ?\s&s ( acres ( ^!1 high] 
?an my head :5 m\nt$ on a  horse4 ,!    
oats gr[ to ! summits ( ! hills1 b !y   
are n "h  s tall & rank z 9 ! valleys4  
,! v>ieties ( grasses are great] ?an on 
! ,atlantic side ( !  cont95t1 & f> m   
nutriti\s4 ,i h se5 sev5 diff]5t k9ds  (
 clov]1 sev]al ( !m 9 a dry /ate1       
deposit+ a se$ ^u !  gr\nd s abundant z 
to cov] x1 :i* is lapp$ up by ! cattle &
  horses & o!r animals1 z corn or oats1 
:5 ?re%$1 w\ld be )  u4 ,all ! grasses1 
& !y cov] ! entire c\ntry1 are heavily  

se$$1 &1 :5 ripe1 are z fatt5+ to /ock z
 ! gra9s :i*  we fe$ to our beef1       
horses1 & hogs4 ,h5ce x is unnecess>y to
 !  su/5ance or fatt5+ ( /ock to raise  
corn = _! consumption4    ,agriculture  
is 9 its rude/ /ate4 ,! f>m+ implem5ts  
:i* h  be5 us$ by ! ,cali=nians1 ) few  
exceptions1 are ! same z  7 us$ ?ree    
hundr$ ye>s ago1 :5 ,mexico 0 conqu]$ by
 ,cortez4  ,a description ( !m w\ld be  
t$i\s4 ,! pl\gh1 h[ev]1 :i*  m]ely      
scrat*es ! gr\nd1 is ! =k ( a small     
tree4 ,x is !  same patt]n z ! ,roman   
pl\gh1 two ?\s& ye>s ago4 ,o!r          
agricultural implem5ts are ( ! same     
description4 ,! ,am]icans1 &  o!r       
=eign]s1 are1 h[ev]1 introduc+ !        
,am]ican pl\gh1 &  o!r ,am]ican f>m+    
tools1 ! consequ5ce ( :i* has already   
be51 to "s ext5t1 to produce a          
revolution 9 agriculture4 ,! crops  (   
:eat & b>ley1 :i* ,i saw ab\t ! #a/ (   
,june1 :ile pass+  ?r\gh ! c\ntry on my 
j\rney to ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 exce$$ 9     
promise any :i* ,i h se5 9 ! ,unit$     

,/ates4 ,x 0 report$ to  me t ,capta9   
,sutt]'s crop ( :eat1 = #ahdg1 w\ld     
am\nt to  #ge1jjj bu%els4    ,! natural 
vegetable productions ( ,cali=nia h be5 
suffici5tly  notic$ 9 ! c\rse ( ?is "w1 
= ! read] to =m a correct  e/imate ( !  
capabilities ( ! soil & climate4 ,x is  
suppos$ by  "s1 t cotton1 sug>1 & rice1 
c\ld be produc$ "h4 ,i d n  d\bt b !re  
are portions ( ! c\ntry :]e ^! crops    
w\ld  ?rive2 b ,i "q :e!r1 g5]ally1 !y  
c\ld be cultivat$ to  advantage4 ,ne>ly 
all ! fruits ( ! temp]ate & tropical    
climates  are produc$ 9 p]fection 9     
,cali=nia1 z has be=e be5 /at$4    ,!   
pr9cipal product ( ! c\ntry has be5 its 
cattle & horses4  ,! cattle are1 ,i ?9k1
 ! l>ge/ & f9e/ ,i ev] saw1 & !  beef is
 m delici\s4 ,!re are imm5se h]ds ( ^!1 
to :i* ,i  h previ\sly ref]r$2 & _!     
hides & tall[1 :5 slaught]$1  h hi!rto  
compos$ ! pr9cipal exports f ! c\ntry4  
,if ,i  7 to haz>d an e/imate ( ! numb] 
( hides annually export$1 x  w\ld be    
conjectural1 & n wor? mu*4 ,i w\ld      

suppose1 h[ev]1 at  ?is "t 7#ahdg71 t ! 
numb] w\ld n fall mu* %ort ( #aej1jjj1  
& a correspond+ numb] ( arrobas 7#be    
p\nds7 ( tall[4 ,!  av]age value (      
cattle is ab\t five doll>s p] head4     
,! horses & mules are correspond+ly     
num]\s ) ! cattle2 &  al?\gh ! mo/ ( !m 
are us$ 9 ! c\ntry1 consid]able numb]s  
are driv5 to ,sonora1 ,new ,mexico1 &   
o!r s\!rn prov9ces1 &  "s ( !m to !     
,unit$ ,/ates1 = a m>ket4 ,!y are small]
 ?an  ,am]ican horses1 & ,i d n ?9k !m  
equal = cont9u\s h>d  s]vice2 b on %ort 
trips1 = rid+1 _! spe$ & endurance are  
n (t51 if ev]1 equall$ by our bre$ (    
horses4 ,! value ( good  horses is f t5 
to tw5ty-five doll>s2 ( m>es1 five      
doll>s4 ,!  prices h1 h[ev]1 s9ce !     
,am]icans came into ! c\ntry1 become    
fluctuat+1 & ! value ( bo? horses &     
cattle is increas+  rapidly4    ,! wild 
animals ( ,cali=nia are ! wild-horse1 ! 
elk1 !  black-tail$ de]1 antelope1      
grizly be>1 all 9 l>ge numb]s4 ,add$  to
 ^! are ! beav]1 ott]1 coyote1 h>e1     

squirrel1 & ! usual  v>iety ( o!r small 
animals4 ,!re is n s great a v>iety (   
small birds z ,i h se5 else:]e4 ,i d n  
consid] t !  c\ntry pres5ts /rong       
attractions = ! orni?ologi/4 ,b :at is  
want+ 9 v>iety is made up 9 numb]s4 ,!  
bays & ind5tations on  ! coa/1 z well z 
! riv]s & lakes int]ior1 sw>m ) myriads 
( wild geese1 ducks1 swans1 & o!r wat]  
birds4 ,! geese & ducks  are a mongrel  
race1 _! plumage be+ v>iegat$1 ! same z 
our  b>n-y>d f[ls4 ,"s ( ! isl&s 9 !    
h>b\r1 ne> ,san  ,francisco1 are :ite ) 
! guano deposit$ by ^! birds2 &         
boat-loads ( eggs are tak5 f !m4 ,!     
pheasant & p>tridge are  abundant 9 !   
m\nta9s4    ,9 reg>d to ! m9]als (      
,cali=nia1 n mu* is yet kn[n4 ,x has    
be5 ! policy ( ! own]s ( l& ^u :i* !re  
exi/$ m9]als  to conceal !m z mu* z     
possible4 ,a reason = ?is has be51 t  ! 
law ( ,mexico is su*1 t if "o man       
discov]s a m9e ( any k9d  ^u ano!r man's
 l&1 & ! proprietor does n "w x1 !  =m] 
may d5\nce ! m9e1 & take possession ( x1

 & hold x  s long z he cont9ues to "w x4
 ,h5ce ! proprietors ( l& ^u  :i* !re   
are valuable m9]al ores conceal _!      
exi/5ce z mu*  z possible4 ,:ile 9      
,cali=nia ,i saw quicksilv]1 silv]1     
lead1 &  iron ores1 & ! specim5s 7 tak5 
f m9es said to be  inexhau/ible4 ,f good
 au?ority ,i le>n$ ! exi/5ce ( gold &   
copp] m9es1 ! metals be+ comb9$2 & ,i   
saw specim5s ( coal  tak5 f two or ?ree 
diff]5t po9ts1 b ,i d n "k :at !        
indications 7 z to quality4 ,brim/one1  
saltpetre1 muriate &  c>bonate ( soda1 &
 bitum51 are abundant4 ,!re is little   
d\bt  t ,cali=nia is z ri* 9 m9]als (   
all k9ds z any portion (  ,mexico4    ,i
 h tak5 mu* pa9s to describe to ! read]1
 f day to day1 &  at diff]5t po9ts dur+ 
my travels 9 ,cali=nia1 ! temp]ature  & 
wea!r4 ,x is r>ely s cold 9 ! settl$    
portions ( ,cali=nia  z to congeal wat]4
 ,b twice only :ile "h ,i saw ice1 & !n 
n  ?ick] ?an w9d[-glass4 ,i saw no sn[  
re/+ ^u ! gr\nd4 ,!  annual ra9s comm5ce
 9 ,novemb]1 & cont9ue1 ) int]vals (    

pleasant spr+like wea!r1 until ,may4 ,f 
,may to ,novemb]1 usually1  no ra9      
falls4 ,!re are1 h[ev]1 exceptions4 ,ra9
 sometimes falls 9  ,augu/4 ,! !rmomet]1
 at any season ( ! ye>1 r>ely s9ks bel[ 
#ej or rises above #hj4 ,9 c]ta9        
positions on ! coa/1 &  especially at   
,san ,francisco1 ! w9ds rise diurnally1 
& bl[+  fre% ^u ! %ore r5d] ! temp]ature
 cool 9 midsumm]4 ,9 !  w9t] ! w9d bl[s 
f ! l&1 & ! temp]ature at ^!  po9ts is  
w>m]4 ,^! local peculi>ities ( climate  
are n  descriptive ( ! g5]al climate ( !
 int]ior4    ,= salubrity ,i d n ?9k !re
 is any climate 9 ! _w sup]ior  to t ( !
 coa/ ( ,cali=nia4 ,i 0 9 ! c\ntry ne>ly
 a ye>1  expos$ mu* ( ! "t to great     
h>d%ips & privations1 sleep+1  = ! mo/  
"p1 9 ! op5 air1 & ,i nev] felt :ile !re
 !  fir/ pang ( disease1 or ! slighte/  
indication ( bad heal?4 ,on  "s portions
 ( ! ,sacram5to & ,san ,joaqu9 ,riv]s1  
:]e  vegetation is rank1 & decays 9 !   
autumn1 ! mal>ia produces  *ills & fev]1
 b g5]ally ! attacks are slight1 & yield

  easily to m$ic9e4 ,! atmosph]e is s   
pure & pres]vative along  ! coa/1 t ,i  
nev] saw putrifi$ fle%1 al?\gh ,i h se51
 9  midsumm]1 dead c>casses ly+ expos$  
to ! sun & wea!r =  mon?s4 ,!y emitt$ no
 (f5sive smell4 ,!re is b little disease
 9  ! c\ntry aris+ f ! climate4    ,!   
botany & flora ( ,cali=nia are ri*1 & w 
h]eaft] =m a  fruitful field ( discov]y 
to ! naturali/4 ,!re are num]\s  plants 
report$ to possess extraord9>y m$ical   
virtues4 ,!  soap-plant 7amole7 is "o   
:i* appe>s to be among ! mo/            
s]viceable4 ,! root1 :i* is ! saponace\s
 portion ( ! plant1  resembles ! onion1 
b possesses ! quality ( cleans+ l95     
equal  to any oleic soap manufactur$ by 
my fri5ds ,cornwall & ,bro!r1 (         
,l\isville1 ,ky4    ,!re is ano!r plant 
9 high e/imation ) ! ,cali=nians1 call$ 
can*alagua1 :i* is held by !m z an      
antidote = all !  diseases to :i* !y are
 subject1 b 9 p>ticul> = cases (  fev] &
 ague4 ,= purify+ ! blood1 & regulat+ ! 
sy/em1 ,i  ?9k x surpasses all ! m$ic9al

 h]bs t h be5 br\ght into  notice1 & x  
mu/ become1 9 "t1 "o ( ! mo/ important  
articles  9 ! practice ( m$ic9e4 ,9 !   
season = fl[]s1 :i* is  g5]ally dur+ !  
mon?s ( ,may & ,june1 its pretty        
p9k-col\r$  blossoms =m a conspicu\s    
display 9 ! great v>iety :i* adorn  !   
fields ( ,cali=nia4    ,! wat]-p[] 9    
,cali=nia is ample = any requir$ mill   
purposes4  ,timb] = lumb] is n s        
conv5i5t z is desirable4 ,!re is1       
h[ev]1 a suffici5cy ( x1 :i*1 :5        
improvem5ts are made1 w  be m           
accessible4 ,! timb] on ! ,si]ra        
,nevada1 ! mo/  magnific5t 9 ! _w1 _c   
be1 at pres5t1 available4 ,!  ev]gre5   
oak1 t gr[s g5]ally 9 ! valleys1 is n   
valuable1  except = fuel4 ,b 9 ! canadas
 ( ! hills1 & at sev]al  places on !    
coa/1 p>ticul>ly at ,santa ,cruz &      
,bodega1 !re is an  am\nt ( p9e & fir1  
adapt$ = lumb]1 t w n be consum$  = a   
long "t4    ,! religion ( ! ,cali=nians 
is ! ,roman ,ca?olic1 &1 l !  p ( all   
,roman ,ca?olic c\ntries1 !y appe> to be

 devot$ly  atta*$ to ! =ms ( _!         
religion4 ,t !re are "s1 ,i w  n say h[ 
_m1 pagani% grafts ^u ! laws1 =malities1
 &  c]emonies1 z prescrib$ by ! ,holy   
,*ur* ,univ]sal = its  gov]nm5t &       
obs]vance1 is und5iable1 b ^! probably d
 n  mat]ially affect ! sy/em4 ,!        
females1 ,i notic$1 7 ne>ly all  dev\tly
 atta*$ to _! religi\s in/itutions4 ,i h
 se51 on  fe/ival or sa9t days1 ! entire
 floor ( a *ur* occupi$ by pi\s  wom51 )
 _! *ildr51 kneel+ 9 dev\t wor%ip1 &    
*ant+  ) mu* f]v5cy "s dismal hymn      
app]ta9+ to ! s]vice4 ,!re  are b few ( 
! ,jesuit fa!rs :o e/abli%$ ! missions  
n[  rema9+ 9 ! c\ntry4 ,! s]vices are   
p]=m$ at sev]al ( !  *ur*es t ,i visit$1
 by native ,indians1 educat$ by ! padres
  previ\s to _! expulsion by ! ,mexican 
gov]nm5t4          ,,*apt] ,,xvi4       
,,(ficial ,,report ,,on ,,! ,,gold      
,,m9es4      ,! foll[+ is an (ficial    
acc\nt ( a visit paid to ! gold region  
9 ,july by ,colonel ,mason1 :o _h be5   
appo9t$ to ! milit>y  comm& 9 ,cali=nia1

 & made 8 report to ! au?orities at     
,wa%+ton4 ,x is dat$ f head-qu>t]s at   
,mont]ey1 ,augu/ #ag1  #ahdh4           
,sir1--,i h ! hon\r to in=m y t1        
accompani$ by ,lieut4 ,w4,t4  ,%]man1   
#crd ,artill]y1 ,a4,a4,a4 ,g5]al1 ,i    
/>t$ on ! #ab? ( ,june  la/ to make a   
t\r ?r\gh ! nor!rn "p ( ,cali=nia4 ,we  
rea*$  ,san ,francisco on ! #bj?1 & f\nd
 t all1 or ne>ly all1 its male          
inhabitants _h gone to ! m9es4 ,! t[n1  
:i* a few mon?s be=e  0 s busy & ?riv+1 
0 !n almo/ des]t$4 ,along ! :ole  r\te  
mills 7 ly+ idle1 fields ( :eat 7 op5 to
 cattle &  horses1 h\ses vacant1 & f>ms 
go+ to wa/e4    ,on ! #e? we arriv$ 9 ! 
neighb\rhood ( ! m9es1 & proce$$        
tw5ty-five miles up ! ,am]ican ,=k1 to a
 po9t on x n[ kn[n z  ! ,l[] ,m9es1 or  
,mormon ,digg+s4 ,! hill sides 7 ?ickly 
/rewn  ) canvas t5ts & bu%-h>b\rs2 a    
/ore 0 erect$1 & sev]al  bo>d+ %anties 9
 op]ation4 ,! day 0 int5sely hot1 yet   
ab\t  #bjj m5 7 at "w 9 ! full gl>e ( ! 
sun1 wa%+ =  gold--"s ) t9 pans1 "s )   

close wov5 ,indian baskets1 b !  great] 
"p _h a rude ma*9e kn[n z ! cradle4 ,?is
 is on  rock]s1 six or eight feet long1 
op5 at ! foot1 & its head _h a  co>se   
grate1 or sieve2 ! bottom is r\nd$1 )   
small cleets nail$  across4 ,f\r m5 are 
requir$ to "w ?is ma*9e2 "o digs ! gr\nd
  9 ! bank close by ! /ream2 ano!r      
c>ries x to ! cradle1 &  empties x on ! 
grate2 a ?ird gives a viol5t rock+      
motion to !  ma*9e1 :il/ a f\r? da%es on
 wat] f ! /ream itself4 ,!  sieve keeps 
! co>se /ones f ent]+ ! cradle1 ! curr5t
 (  wat] wa%es (f ! e>?y matt]1 & !     
gravel is gradually c>ri$  out at ! foot
 ( ! ma*9e1 leav+ ! gold mix$ ) a heavy 
f9e black s& above ! fir/ cleets4 ,! s& 
& gold mix$  toge!r are !n drawn (f     
?r\gh aug] holes into a pan bel[1 are   
dri$ 9 ! sun1 & aft]w>ds sep>at$ by bl[+
 (f ! s&4 ,a  p>ty ( f\r m51 ?us employ$
 at ! ,l[] ,m9es1 av]age #ajj  doll>s   
a-day4 ,! ,indians1 & ^? :o h no?+ b    
pans or  will[ baskets1 gradually wa%   
out ! e>?1 & sep>ate ! gravel  by h&1   

leav+ no?+ b ! gold mix$ ) s&1 :i* is   
sep>at$ 9 ! mann] be=e describ$4 ,! gold
 9 ! ,l[] ,m9es  is 9 f9e bright scales1
 ( :i* ,i s5d sev]al specim5s4    ,z we 
asc5d$ ! s\? bran* ( ! ,am]ican =k1 !   
c\ntry  became m brok5 & m\nta9\s1 &    
tw5ty-five miles bel[ !  l[] wa%+s !    
hills rise to ab\t #ajjj feet above !   
level ( !  ,sacram5to ,pla94 ,"h a      
species ( p9e occurs1 :i* l$ to !       
discov]y ( ! gold4 ,capta9 ,sutt]1 feel+
 ! great want (  lumb]1 contract$ 9     
,septemb] la/ ) a ,mr4 ,m>%all to build 
a  saw-mill at t place4 ,x 0 erect$ 9 ! 
c\rse ( ! pa/ w9t]  & spr+--a dam & race
 con/ruct$2 b :5 ! wat] 0 let on  !     
:eel1 ! tail race 0 f\nd to be too n>r[ 
to p]mit ! wat]  to escape ) suffici5t  
rapidity4 ,mr4 ,m>%all1 to save lab\r1  
let  ! wat] directly into ! race ) a    
/rong curr5t1 s z to wa%  x wid] &      
deep]4 ,he effect$ 8 purpose1 & a l>ge  
b$ ( mud  & gravel 0 c>ri$ to ! foot ( !
 race4 ,"o day ,mr4 ,m>%all1  z he 0    
walk+ d[n ! race to ?is deposit ( mud1  

obs]v$ "s  glitt]+ p>ticles at its upp] 
edge2 he ga!r$ a few1 exam9$  !m1 &     
became satisfi$ ( _! value4 ,he !n w5t  
to ! =t1  told ,capta9 ,sutt] ( 8       
discov]y1 & !y agre$ to keep x secret   
until a c]ta9 gri/-mill ( ,sutt]'s 0    
f9i%$4 ,x1 h[ev]1 got  out & spread l   
magic4 ,rem>kable success att5d$ !      
lab\rs (  ! fir/ explor]s1 &1 9 a few   
weeks1 hundr$s ( m5 7 drawn  ?i!r4 ,at !
 "t ( my visit1 b little m ?an ?ree     
mon?s  aft] its fir/ discov]y1 x 0      
e/imat$ t upw>ds ( f\r  ?\s& p 7        
employ$4 ,at ! mill !re is a f9e deposit
 or  bank ( gravel1 :i* ! p respect z ! 
prop]ty ( ,capta9  ,sutt]1 ?\gh he      
pret5ds to no "r to x1 & w\ld be        
p]fectly  satisfi$ ) ! simple promise ( 
a pre-emption on acc\nt ( !  mill :i* he
 has built !re at a consid]able co/4    
,mr4 ,m>%all 0  liv+ ne> ! mill1 & in=m$
 me t _m p]sons 7 employ$  above & bel[ 
him2 t !y us$ ! same ma*9es z at ! l[]  
wa%+s1 & t _! success 0 ab\t !          
same--rang+ f "o  to ?ree ounces ( gold 

p] man daily4 ,?is gold1 too1 is 9      
scales a  little co>s] ?an ^? ( ! l[]   
m9es4 ,f ! mill ,mr4  ,m>%all guid$ me  
up ! m\nta9 on ! opposite or nor? bank (
 !  s\? =k1 :]e 9 ! b$ ( small /reams or
 rav9es1 n[ dry1 a  great deal ( co>se  
gold has be5 f\nd4 ,i !re saw sev]al    
p>ties  at "w1 all ( :om 7 do+ v well2 a
 great _m specim5s 7  %[n me1 "s z heavy
 z f\r or five ounces 9 weight2 & ,i s5d
  ?ree pieces1 labell$ ,no4 #e1 pres5t$ 
by a ,mr4 ,sp5ce4 ,y w  p]ceive t "s ( !
 specim5s accompany+ ?is hold           
me*anically  pieces ( qu>tz--t ! surface
 is r\gh1 & evid5tly m\ld$ 9  ! crevice 
( a rock4 ,?is gold _c h be5 c>ri$ f> by
 wat]1  b mu/ h rema9$ ne> :]e x 0 fir/ 
deposit$ f ! rock  t once b\nd x4 ,i    
inquir$ ( _m if !y _h enc\nt]$ !  metal 
9 its matrix1 b 9 e in/ance !y said !y  
_h n2 b  t ! gold 0 inv>iably mix$ )    
wa%-gravel1 or lodg$ 9 !  crevices ( o!r
 rocks4 ,all bore te/imony t !y _h f\nd 
gold 9  great] or less quantities 9 !   
num]\s small gullies or rav9es  t occur 

9 t m\nta9\s region4 ,on ! #g? ( ,july  
,i left !  mill1 & cross$ to a small    
/ream empty+ into ! ,am]ican =k1  ?ree  
or f\r miles bel[ ! saw-mill4 ,i /ruck !
 /ream 7n[ kn[n  z ,web]'s ,creek7 at ! 
wa%+s ( ,sunol & ,company4 ,!y _h ab\t  
?irty ,indians employ$1 :om !y pay 9    
m]*&ise4 ,!y 7  gett+ gold ( a "* simil>
 to t f\nd 9 ! ma9 =k1 &  d\btless 9    
suffici5t quantities to satisfy !m4 ,i  
s5d y a small  specim51 pres5t$ by ?is  
,company1 ( _! gold4 ,f ?is po9t we     
proce$$ up ! /ream ab\t eight miles1 :]e
 we f\nd a great _m  p & ,indians1 "s   
engag$ 9 ! b$ ( ! /ream1 & o!rs  9 !    
small side valleys t put into x4 ,^!    
latt] are  exce$+ly ri*1 two ounces be+ 
consid]$ an ord9>y yield = a  day's "w4 
,a small gutt]1 n m ?an #ajj y>ds long  
by f\r feet  wide1 & two or ?ree deep1 0
 po9t$ out to me z ! "o :]e two  m5 7,w4
 ,daly & ,p]cy ,mc,coon7 _h a %ort "t   
be=e obta9$4 #ag1jjj  doll>s' wor? (    
gold4 ,capta9 ,web] in=m$ me1 t he knew 
t  ^! two m5 _h employ$ f\r :ite m5 &   

ab\t #ajj ,indians1 &  t1 at ! end ( "o 
week's "w1 !y paid (f _! p>ty1 & _h     
left #aj1jjj doll>s' wor? ( ?is gold4   
,ano!r small rav9e 0 %[n  me1 f :i* _h  
be5 tak5 upw>ds ( #ab1jjj doll>s' wor? (
 gold4  ,hundr$s ( simil> rav9es1 to all
 appe>ances1 are z yet unt\*$4  ,i c\ld 
n h cr$it$ ^! reports _h ,i n se51 9 !  
abundance ( ! preci\s metal1 evid5ce (  
_! tru?4 ,mr4 ,neligh1  an ag5t (       
,commodore ,/ockton1 _h be5 at "w ab\t  
?ree weeks 9  ! neighb\rhood1 & %[$ me1 
9 bags & bottles1 #bjjj doll>s'  wor? ( 
gold2 & ,mr4 ,lyman1 a g5tleman (       
education1 & wor?y (  e cr$it1 said he  
_h be5 engag$ ) f\r o!rs1 ) a  ma*9e1 on
 ! ,am]ican =k1 j bel[ ,sutt]'s ,mill1 t
 !y  work$ eight days1 & t 8 %>e 0 at ! 
rate ( fifty doll>s  a-day1 b he>+ t    
o!rs 7 do+ bett] at ,web]'s ,place1 !y  
_h remov$ !re1 & 7 !n on ! po9t ( resum+
 op]ations4    ,! c\ntry on ei!r side ( 
,web]'s ,creek is mu* brok5 up by       
hills1 & is int]sect$ 9 e direction by  
small /reams or  rav9es :i* conta9 m or 

less gold4 ,^? t h be5 work$  are b>ely 
scrat*$1 &1 al?\gh ?\s&s ( ounces h be5 
c>ri$ away1 ,i d n consid] t a s]i\s    
impression has be5 made  ^u ! :ole4 ,e  
day 0 develop+ new & ri*] deposits2 &  !
 only impression seem$ to be1 t ! metal 
w\ld be f\nd 9 su*  abundance z s]i\sly 
to depreciate 9 value4    ,on ! #h?     
,july ,i return$ to ! l[] m9es1 &       
ev5tually to  ,mont]ey1 :]e ,i arriv$ on
 ! #ag? ( ,july4 ,be=e leav+ ,sutt]'s1  
,i satisfi$ myself t gold exi/$ 9 ! b$ (
 ! ,fea!r ,riv]1  9 ! ,yubah & ,be>1 & 9
 _m ( ! small /reams t lie  betwe5 !    
latt] & ! ,am]ican =k2 also1 t x _h be5 
f\nd  9 ! ,consummes1 to ! s\? ( !      
,am]ican =k4 ,9 ea* ( ^!  /reams ! gold 
is f\nd 9 small scales1 :]eas 9 !       
int]v5+  m\nta9s x occurs 9 co>s] lumps4
    ,mr4 ,s9clair1 ^: ran*o is ?ree     
miles above ,sutt]'s on ! nor?  side ( !
 ,am]ican1 employs ab\t fifty ,indians  
on ! nor? =k1  n f> f its junction ) !  
ma9 /ream4 ,he _h be5 engag$  ab\t five 
weeks :5 ,i saw him1 & up to t "t 8     

,indians _h  us$ simply closely-wov5    
will[ baskets4 ,8 net proce$s 7:i* ,i   
saw7 7 ab\t #af1jjj doll>s' wor? ( gold4
 ,he %[$ me !  proce$s ( 8 la/ week's   
"w--#ad lbs4 avoirdupois ( clean-wa%$   
gold4    ,! pr9cipal /ore at ,sutt]'s   
=t1 t ( ,brannan & ,co41 _h  receiv$ 9  
paym5t = goods #cf1jjj doll>s' wor? (   
?is gold f  ! #a/ ( ,may to ! #aj? (    
,july4 ,o!r m]*ants _h also made        
ext5sive sales4 ,l>ge quantities ( goods
 7 daily s5t =w>d to  ! m9es1 z !       
,indians1 h]et(ore s poor & degrad$1 h  
sudd5ly become consum]s ( ! luxuries (  
life4 ,i be=e m5tion$  t ! great] "p ( !
 f>m]s & ran*]os _h ab&on$ _!  fields to
 g to ! m9es4 ,?is is n ! case ) ,capta9
 ,sutt]1  :o 0 c>efully ga!r+ 8 :eat1   
e/imat$ at #dj1jjj bu%els4  ,fl\r is    
already wor?1 at ,sutt]'s1 #cf doll>s   
a-b>rel1 & w soon  be #ej4 ,unless l>ge 
quantities ( bread/uffs rea* ! c\ntry   
mu*  suff]+ w occur2 b z ea* man is n[  
able to pay a l>ge price1  x is believ$ 
! m]*ants w br+ f ,*ili & ! ,oregon a   

pl5tiful supply = ! com+ w9t]4    ,! mo/
 mod]ate e/imate ,i c\ld obta9 f m5     
acqua9t$ ) !  subject 01 t upw>ds (     
#d1jjj m5 7 work+ 9 ! gold  di/rict1 (  
:om m ?an "o-half 7 ,indians1 & t f     
#cj1jjj  to #ej1jjj doll>s' wor? ( gold1
 if n m1 7 daily obta9$4 ,!  entire gold
 di/rict1 ) v few exceptions ( grants   
made "s  ye>s ago by ! ,mexican         
au?orities1 is on l& belong+ to !       
,unit$ ,/ates4 ,x 0 a matt] ( s]i\s     
reflection to me1 h[ ,i c\ld  secure to 
! ,gov]nm5t c]ta9 r5ts or fees = !      
privilege (  secur+ ?is gold2 b ^u      
consid]+ ! l>ge ext5t ( c\ntry1  ! "* ( 
! p engag$1 & ! small scatt]$ =ce at  my
 comm&1 ,i resolv$ n to int]f]e1 b p]mit
 all to "w freely1  unless broils &     
crimes %\ld call = int]f]5ce4    ,!     
discov]y ( ^! va/ deposits ( gold has   
entirely *ang$ !  "* ( ,upp] ,cali=nia4 
,its p1 be=e engag$ 9  cultivat+ _!     
small pat*es ( gr\nd1 & gu>d+ _! h]ds ( 
cattle & horses1 h all gone to ! m9es1  
or are on _! way  ?i!r4 ,lab\r]s ( e    

trade h left _! "w-b5*es1 &  tradesm5 _!
 %ops2 sailors des]t _! %ips z fa/ z !y 
arrive on ! coa/2 & sev]al vessels h    
gone to sea ) h>dly  en\gh h&s to spread
 a sail4 ,two or ?ree are n[ at an*or 9 
,san  ,francisco1 ) no crew on bo>d4 ,_m
 des]tions1 too1 h tak5  place f !      
g>risons )9 ! influ5ce ( ^! m9es2       
tw5ty-six soldi]s h des]t$ f ! po/ (    
,sonoma1 tw5ty-f\r  f t ( ,san          
,francisco1 & tw5ty-f\r f ,mont]ey4 ,i h
 no  hesitation n[ 9 say+1 t !re is m   
gold 9 ! c\ntry  dra9$ by ! ,sacram5to &
 ,san ,joaqu9 ,riv]s ?an w pay ! co/  ( 
! pres5t w> ) ,mexico a hundr$ times    
ov]4 ,no capital is  requir$ to obta9   
?is gold1 z ! lab\r+ man wants no?+ b  8
 pick & %ovel & t9 pan1 ) :i* to dig &  
wa% ! gravel1  & _m frequ5tly pick gold 
out ( ! crevices ( rocks ) _!  knives1 9
 pieces ( f "o to six ounces4    ,gold  
is also believ$ to exi/ on ! ea/]n slope
 ( ! ,si]ra  ,nevada2 &1 :5 at ! m9es1  
,i 0 in=m$ by an intellig5t ,mormon  t x
 _h be5 f\nd ne> ! ,great ,salt ,lake by

 "s ( 8  frat]nity4 ,ne>ly all !        
,mormons are leav+ ,cali=nia to g to !  
,salt ,lake2 & ?is !y surely w\ld n d   
unless !y 7 sure (  f9d+ gold !re1 9 !  
same abundance z !y n[ d on !           
,sacram5to4    ,i h ! hon\r to be1      
,y\r mo/ ob$i5t ,s]vant1    ,r4,b4      
,,mason1 ,colonel #a/ ,dragoons1 comm&+4
    ,brigadi]-,g5]al ,r4 ,jones1        
,adjutant-,g5]al1 ,u4,s4,a41 ,wa%+ton1  
,d4,c4          ,,*apt] ,,xvii4         
,rate ( ,wages    ,mode ( procur+ !     
,gold    ,ext5t ( ,gold ,region         
,price ( ,provisions4      ,x w be se51 
f ! lat] acc\nts t ea* new report       
cont9ues  to realize ! wilde/           
expectation4 ,! foll[+ lett] dat$       
,mont]ey1 ,novemb] #af?1 is highly      
int]e/+--    ,we c n[ call ourselves    
citiz5s ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates4 ,we h n[     
only to g by law1 z we =m]ly w5t by     
cu/om2 t is1 :5  ,congress gives u a    
gov]nm5t & code4 ,! old =eign resid5ts (
  ,cali=nia1 hav+ done v well t5 or     
tw5ty ye>s )\t law1 c>e  b v little :e!r

 ,congress pays e>ly or late att5tion to
 !  subject4 ,^? :o h emigrat$ f !      
,atlantic ,/ates )9 !  la/ ?ree or f\r  
ye>s deem ! subject an important "o2 ,i 
only call  x difficult4 ,! c>ry+ out a  
code ( laws1 "u exi/+  circum/ances1 is 
f> f be+ an easy task4 ,! g5]al         
,gov]nm5t  may appo9t gov]nors1         
secret>ies1 & o!r public function>ies2 &
  judges1 m>%als1 collectors1 etc41 may 
accept (fices ) sal>ies (  #cjjj or     
#djjj doll>s p] annum2 b h[ !y are to   
obta9 _! petty  (fic]s1 at half ^! sums1
 rema9s to be se54 ,! pay ( a memb]  (  
,congress w be accept$ "h by ^? alone :o
 d n "k en\gh  to bett] !mselves4       
,me*anics c n[ get #aj to #af doll>s p] 
day2  lab\r]s on ! :>fs or else:]e1 #e  
to #aj doll>s2 cl]ks &  /orekeep]s1     
#ajjj to #cjjj doll>s p] annum--"s      
engage to keep /ore  dur+ _! pleasure at
 #h doll>s p] day1 or #a lb4 or #a-a_/b 
lb4 (  gold p] mon?2 cooks & /ew>ds1 #fj
 to #ajj doll>s p] mon?4 ,9  fact1 lab\r
 ( e description comm&s exorbitant      

prices4    ,! ,s&wi* ,isl&s1 ,oregon1 & 
,l[] ,cali=nia are fa/ p>t+  ) _!       
inhabitants1 all b\nd = ?is coa/1 & !nce
 to !  great 'plac]' ( ! ,sacram5to     
,valley1 :]e ! digg+ & wa%+  ( "o man t 
does n produce #ajj troy ounces ( gold1 
#bc c>ats1  f ! size ( a half spangle to
 "o p\nd 9 a mon?1 sets !  digg] to     
'prospect+1' t is1 look+ = bett] gr\nds4
 ,y\r  ',paisano' c po9t out _m a man :o
 has1 = fifte5 to tw5ty days  9         
succession1 bagg$ up five to t5 ounces (
 gold a-day4 ,our plac]1  or gold       
region1 n[ ext5ds ov] #cjj or #djj miles
 ( c\ntry1 embrac+  all ! creeks &      
bran*es on ! ea/ side ( ! riv]          
,sacram5to  & "o side ( ! ,san ,joaqu94 
,9 my travels ,i h1 :5 re/+  "u a tree &
 graz+ my horse1 se5 pieces ( pure gold 
tak5 f  crevices ( ! rocks or slate :]e 
we 7 /opp+4 ,on "o occasion1  noon+ or  
refre%+ on ! side ( a /ream entirely    
unkn[n to  digg]s or 'prospectors1' or  
r1 if kn[n n att5d$ to1 "o (  my        
companions1 :ile roll+ 9 ! s&1 said1    

',give me a t9 pan2 :y  %\ld we n be    
cook+ 9 gold s&8' ,he took a pan1 fill$ 
x )  s&1 wa%$ x out1 & produc$ 9 five   
m9utes two or ?ree doll>s'  wor? ( gold1
 m]ely say+1 z he ?rew bo? pan & gold on
 !  s&1 ',i ?\ght s4' ,p]haps x is fair 
t y\r read]s %\ld  le>n1 t1 h[ev] pl5ty 
! ,sacram5to ,valley may af=d gold1 !   
obta9+ ( x has its disadvantages4 ,f !  
#a/ ( ,july to ! #a/  ( ,octob]1 m or   
less1 "o half ( ! p w h fev] &  ague1 or
 int]mitt5t fev]4 ,9 ! w9t]1 x is too   
cold to "w 9  ! wat]4 ,"s "w 9 ! s& by  
wa%+ f ! surface 9 a  wood5 b[l1 or t9  
pan2 "s g\ge x out f ! rocks or slate2 !
  m lazy ones roll ab\t & pick up ! l>ge
 pieces1 leav+ !  small gold = ! next   
emigration4 ,! ext5t ( ! gold region on 
! ,san ,joaqu9 & ,sacram5to riv]s ext5ds
 a di/ance ( #hjj miles  9 l5g? by #ajj 
9 wid?4 ,x embraces n only gold1 b      
quantities (  quicksilv] 9 almo/ g5]al  
abundance4 ,x is e/imat$ t a small      
population actively engag$ 9 m9+        
op]ations 9 t region c\ld  export       

#ajj1jjj1jjj doll>s 9 gold 9 e ye>1 & t 
an increas$  population might increase t
 am\nt to #cjj1jjj1jjj doll>s annually4 
,y may believe me :5 ,i say t = "s "t to
 come ,cali=nia  w export1 ye>ly1 ne>ly 
or q #ejj1jjj ounces ( gold1 #bb to #bd 
c>ats f9e2 "s pieces ( t w weigh #af    
lbs41 v _m #a lb4  ,_m m5 :o began la/  
,june to dig gold ) a capital ( #ej     
doll>s  c n[ %[ #ejjj to #ae1jjj doll>s4
 ,i saw a man to-day mak+  pur*ases (   
dry goods1 etc41 = 8 family1 lay on !   
c\nt] a bag  ( raw hide1 well sew$ up1  
conta9+ #aji ounces4 ,i obs]v$1 ',t is  
a good way to pack gold du/4' ,he v     
innoc5tly repli$1 ',all !  bags ,i      
br\ght d[n are t way2 ,i l ! size6'     
,five su* bags 9  ,new ,york w\ld br+   
ne>ly #aj1jjj doll>s4 ,?is man left 8   
family  la/ ,augu/4 ,?ree mon?s' digg+ &
 wa%+1 produc+ f\r or five  bags1 ( #ajj
 ounces ea*1 is bett] ?an be+ mate ( a  
vessel at #dj  doll>s p] mon?1 z ! man  
=m]ly 04 ,8 companion1 a ,mexican1  :o  
camp$ & work$ ) him1 only _h two or ?ree

 c[-hide bags (  gold4 ,9 ?is t\gh1 b   
true1 gold5 tale1 y mu/ n imag9e t  all 
m5 are equally successful4 ,!re are "s  
:o h done bett]1  ev5 to #djjj doll>s 9 
a mon?2 _m #ajjj doll>s dur+ ! summ]2  &
 o!rs1 :o refus$ to jo9 a company (     
gold-wa%]s :o _h a  *eap-made ma*9e1 &  
receive "o ounce p] day1 t return$ to ! 
settlem5t ) n a ve/ pocket-full ( gold4 
,"s left ) only  suffici5t to pay = a   
horse & saddle1 & pay ! physician six   
ounces ( gold = "o ounce ( qu99e1       
calomel1 & jalap 9  proportion4 ,an     
ounce ( gold = advice giv51 six ounces a
 visit1  br+s ! fev] & ague to be r an  
exp5sive companion4 ,a 'well'  man has 8
 proportionate heavy exp5ses also1 to   
r$uce 8 piles or  bags ( gold4 ,dry beef
 9 ! settlem5ts1 at #d c5ts p] lb41 at !
  ,plac]1 #a to #b doll>s p] lb42 salt  
beef & pork1 #ej to #ajj doll>s  p]     
b>rel2 fl\r1 #cj to #ge doll>s p] b>rel2
 c(fee1 sug>1 &  rice1 #ej c5ts to #a   
doll> p] lb4 ,z wa%+ is #ej c5ts to #a  
doll> a  g>m5t1 _m pref] ?r[+ away _!   

us$-up clo!s to pay+ !  wa%]woman2 t is1
 if !y int5d return+ to ! settlem5ts    
soon1  :]e !y c pur*ase m4 ,z to %av+1  
,i h nev] se5 a man at  ! ,plac] :o _h  
"t to p]=m t op]ation4 ,!y d n "w on    
,sundays1 only bru% up ! t5t1 bl[ out ! 
em]y or f9e black s&  f ! week's "w4    
,horses t c travel only "o day1 & f  t  
to a week1 are f #ajj to #cjj doll>s4   
,freight *>ge by laun*  own]s = ?ree    
days' run1 #e doll>s p] b>rel4 ,wagon]s 
*>ge #ej to  #ajj doll>s p] load1 #bj to
 #ej miles1 on good road4 ,corn1 b>ley1 
peas1  & beans1 #aj doll>s a-bu%el4     
,common pi/ols1 any price2 p[d] &  lead 
v de>4 ,i "k a physician :o1 9 ,san     
,francisco1 pur*as$ a  common made      
gold-wa%] at #bj or #cj doll>s1 made (  
#gj or #hj feet (  bo>ds4 ,at a great   
exp5se he boat$ x up to ! fir/ l&+ on ! 
,sacram5to1 & !re met a wagon] b\nd to  
"o ( ! digg+s )  an empty wagon1 di/ant 
ab\t #ej miles4 ,! wagon] w\ld n take up
  ! ma*9e "u #ajj doll>s4 ,! doctor _h  
to cons5t1 & bid$ 8  "t4 ,june pass$    

ov]1 ri* 9 gold2 all on t creek did     
wond]s1  :5 ! wagon] fell sick1 call$ on
 8 fri5d ! doctor1 ^: t5t  0 9 sight2 ! 
doctor came1 b w\ld n adm9i/] ! fir/    
dose  "u ! old sum ( #ajj doll>s1 :i* 0 
agre$ to1 "u a proviso  t ! foll[+ doses
 %\ld be furni%$ m mod]ate4 ,:5 a  man's
 "t is wor? #ajj doll>s a-day1 to use a 
spade & t9 pan1  nei!r doctors nor      
wagon]s c ?9k mu* ( a p\nd ( gold1 & y  
may suppose m]*ants1 trad]s1 & p$l>s are
 n sl[ to make _!  =tunes 9 ^! gold5    
times4 ,9 ,san ,francisco !re is m      
m]*&ize sold n[1 mon?ly1 ?an be=e 9 a   
ye>4 ,vessels aft]  vessels arrive1 l&  
_! c>goes1 dispose ( !m1 & bag up !  du/
 & lay up ! vessel1 z ! crew are soon   
among ! miss+4 ,!  cleane/ cle> out is  
:]e ! capta9 foll[s ! crew4 ,!re are  _m
 vessels 9 ,san ,francisco t _c weigh   
an*or1 ev5 ) !  assi/ance ( ?ree or f\r 
neighb\r+ vessels4 ,sup]c>goes mu/  l&  
c>go on arriv+1 or h no crew to d x =   
!m4 ,"s vessels  cont9ue to g to sea1 ) 
small crews1 at #ej doll>s p] mon? =    

gre5 h&s4 ,old h&s are too wise = !m1 & 
pref] digg+ an  ounce or two a-day1 &   
dr9k+ hock & *ampagne at half an ounce  
a-bottle1 & eat+ bad sea bread at #a    
doll> p] p\nd4 ,i h se5 a  capta9 ( a   
vessel1 :o1 by 8 old contract 9 ! port  
:5ce he  sail$1 0 gett+ #fj doll>s p]   
mon?1 pay+ 8 cook #ge doll>s1  & (f]+   
#ajj doll>s p] mon? = a /ew>d2 8 =m]    
crew1 ev5  to 8 mates1 hav+ gone a      
'prospect+4' ,uncle ,sam's %ips suff] a 
little ! same way1 al?\gh !y (f] f #bjj 
to #ejj doll>s =  ! appreh5sion ( a     
des]t]4 ,! ,ohio1 h[ev]1 laid 9 ! port (
  ,mont]ey ab\t a mon?1 & lo/ only #bj  
or #cj m54 ,colonel ,/ev5son's  regim5t 
is disb&$1 #ii out ( #ajj ( :om h also  
gone 'prospect+1'  includ+ ! colonel1 :o
 arriv$ 9 ,mont]ey la/ mon?1 f 8  la/   
po/1 & 0 met by 8 m5 at ! edge ( ! t[n1 
to escort  & *e] him into ! t[n4 ,!     
capta9s1 etc41 h b\ght up  c\ntry c>ts &
 ox51 turn$ driv]s1 & gone to ! ,plac]4 
,our  wor?y gov]nor1 ,colonel ( ! #a/   
,dragoons1 etc41 hav+ pl5ty (  c>ts1    

wagons1 horses1 & mules1 ) a few regul>s
 left1 has also  gone1 b "u bett]       
advantages1 = ! second or ?ird "t1 to   
see  ! ,plac] & ! c\ntry1 & h ju/ice    
done to 8 c\ntrym5 or  himself4         
,commodore ,jones1 lately arriv$ 9      
,mont]ey1 suppos$ x to be  ! capital1   
head-qu>t]s1 etc41 b f\nd n ev5 !       
,gov]nor left4  ,:]e head-qu>t]s are may
 be unc]ta91 :e!r 9 ,mont]ey1 ,sutt]'s  
,=t1 or 9 a f\r-mule wagon travell+ ov] 
! gold region4 ,n[1  :e!r headqu>t]s are
 freight$ ) munitions ( w>1 etc41 or    
:e!r ! c>go consi/s ( blankets1 %irts1  
etc41 to clo! !  suff]+ ,indians1 = !   
paltry consid]ation ( gold1 no "o c>es  
or kn[s2 b ! pr9ciple %\ld be1 t1 if    
privates c or w be  (f mak+ _! ?\s&s1 ^?
 :o are bett] able %\ld n g  goldless4  
,! ,wa%+ton ,union conta9s a lett] f    
,lieut5ant ,l>k91 dat$  ,mont]ey1       
,novemb] #af1 receiv$ at ! ,/ate        
,dep>tm5t1 conta9+  fur!r confirmation (
 ! previ\s despat*es1 public & private1 
& f> out/ripp+ all o!r news 9 its excit+

 "*4 ,! gold  0 increas+ 9 size &       
quality daily4 ,lumps 7 f\nd weigh+  f  
"o to two p\nds4 ,sev]al _h be5 he>d (  
weigh+ z high z  #af p\nds1 & "o #be    
p\nds4 ,_m m51 :o 7 poor 9 ,june1 7     
wor? #cj1jjj doll>s1 by digg+ & trad+ ) 
! ,indians4 #ajj  doll>s a-day is !     
av]age am\nt realiz$ daily1 f ,july to  
,octob]4 ,half ! digg]s 7 sick ) fev]s1 
?\gh n _m dea?s  _h occurr$ among !m4 ,!
 ,indians w\ld readily give an ounce (  
gold = a common calico %irt2 o!rs 7     
sell+ = t5 doll>s  ea* 9 specie4 ,! gold
 region ext5ds ov] a track ( #cjj miles1
 &  x 0 n kn[n t x did n ext5d #ajjj4 ,a
 lett] f ,commodore  ,jones /ates t _m (
 ! petty (fic]s & m5 _h des]t$ &  gone 9
 se>* ( ! gold4 ,he adds1 ! ,indians 7  
sell+ gold at  #ej c5ts ! ounce4 ,_m    
vessels 7 des]t$ by capta91 cook1 &     
seam54 ,! %ip ,isaac ,walton (f]$       
dis*>g$ soldi]s #ej doll>s  p] mon? to g
 to ,callao1 :i* 0 refus$4 ,%e 0 suppli$
 by  gov]nm5t sailors4 ,all ! naval     
vessels on ! coa/ 7 %ort (  h&s4 ,ne>ly 

! :ole ( ! #crd ,artill]y _h des]t$4    
,provisions  7 sc>ce & high2 bo>d1 #d   
doll>s a-day2 wa%+1 #f doll>s  a-doz54  
,m]*ants' cl]ks get f #bjjj to #cjjj    
doll>s a-ye>4          ,,*apt] ,,xviii4 
,r\te by l&    ,outfit1 etc41 & advice  
to int5d+ ,emigrants4      ,! r\te via  
,indep5d5ce or ,/4 ,joseph1 ,mo41 to ,=t
 ,l>amie1 ,s\?  ,pass1 ,=t ,hall1 ! ,s9k
 ( ,m>y's ,riv]1 etc41 etc41 ! old r\te4
  ,let no emigrant1 c>ry+ 8 family )    
him1 deviate f x1 or  imag9e t he c f9d 
a bett] road4 ,?is road is ! be/ t has  
yet be5 discov]$1 & to ! ,bay ( ,san    
,francisco & ! ,gold  ,region x is mu* !
 %orte/4 ,! ,indians1 moreov]1 on ?is   
r\te1  h1 up to ! pres5t "t1 be5 s      
fri5dly z to commit no acts (  ho/ility 
on ! emigrants4 ,! trail is pla9 & good 
:]e !re are  no physical ob/ructions1 & 
! emigrant1 by tak+ ?is r\te1 w  c]ta9ly
 rea* 8 de/9ation 9 good season & )\t   
disa/]4  ,f our in=mation we w\ld mo/   
e>ne/ly advise all emigrants to  take   
?is trail1 )\t deviation1 if !y w\ld    

avoid ! fatal  calamities :i* almo/     
inv>iably h att5d$ ^? :o h  und]tak5 to 
explore new r\tes4    ,! lighte/ wagon t
 c be con/ruct$1 ( suffici5t /r5g? to   
c>ry #bejj p\nds' weight1 is ! vehicle  
mo/ desirable4 ,no wagon  %\ld be load$ 
ov] ?is weight1 or if x is1 x w be c]ta9
 to  /all 9 ! muddy sl\ghs & cross+s on 
! prairie 9 ! fir/  "p ( ! j\rney4 ,?is 
wagon c be haul$ by ?ree or f\r yokes ( 
ox5 or six mules4 ,ox5 are usually      
employ$ by ! emigrants =  haul+ _!      
wagons4 ,!y travel ab\t #ae miles p]    
day1 &1 all  ?+s consid]$1 are p]haps   
equal to mules = ?is s]vice1  al?\gh !y 
_c travel s fa/4 ,!y are1 h[ev]1 less   
exp5sive1  & !re is n s mu* dang] ( _!  
/ray+ & ( be+ /ol5  by ! ,indians4      
,pack-mules c only be employ$ by p>ties 
( m54 ,x w\ld be v  difficult to        
transport a p>ty ( wom5 & *ildr5 on     
pack-mules1  ) ! provisions1 clo?+1 &   
o!r baggage necess>y to _!  com=t4 ,a   
p>ty ( m51 h[ev]1 ) pack-mules1 c make !
 j\rney  9 less "t by "o mon? ?an x c be

 done 9 wagons--c>ry+ )  !m1 h[ev]1 no?+
 m ?an _! provisions1 clo?+1 &          
ammunition4    ,= p>ties ( m5 go+ out1 x
 w\ld be well to haul _! wagons1        
provisions1 etc41 z f> z ,=t ,l>amie1 or
 ,=t ,hall1 by mules1  c>ry+ ) !m       
pack-saddles & al=jases1 or l>ge        
saddle-bags1  adapt$ to ! pack-saddle1 )
 ropes = pack+1 etc41 :51 if !y  saw    
prop]1 !y c\ld dispose ( _! wagons =    
,indian ponies1 &  pack into ,cali=nia1 
ga9+ p]haps two or ?ree weeks' "t4    ,!
 provisions actually necess>y p] man are
 z foll[s3--      #aej lbs4 ( fl\r4     
#aej  d4  bacon4    #be   d4  c(fee4    
#cj   d4  sug>4    ,add$ to ^!1 ! ma9   
items1 !re %\ld be a small quantity (   
rice1 #ej or #ge lbs4 ( crack]s1 dri$   
pea*es1 etc41 & a keg (  l>d1 ) salt1   
pepp]1 etc41 & su* o!r luxuries ( light 
weight  z ! p]son outfitt+ *ooses to    
pur*ase4 ,he w ?9k ( !m  be=e he />ts4  
,e man %\ld be provid$ ) a good rifle1  
&1 if conv5i5t1  ) a pair ( pi/ols1 five
 p\nds ( p[d]1 & t5 p\nds ( lead4  ,a   

revolv+ belt-pi/ol may be f\nd useful4  
,) ! wagon1 !re %\ld be c>ri$ su*       
c>p5t]'s tools z a  h&-saw1 aug]1       
gimlet1 *isel1 %av+-knife1 etc41 an axe1
 hamm]1  & hat*et4 ,?is la/ weapon e man
 %\ld h 9 8 belt1 ) a  hunt]'s or a     
b[ie-knife4    ,f ,indep5d5ce to ! fir/ 
settlem5t 9 ,cali=nia1 :i* is ne>  !    
gold region1 x is ab\t #bjej miles--to  
,san ,francisco1 #bbij  miles4    ,!    
acc\nts t h be5 receiv$ & publi%$ 9     
reg>d to !  weal? & productiv5ess ( !   
gold m9es1 & o!r m9es 9  ,cali=nia1 are 
und\bt$ly true4 ,!y are d]iv$ f ! mo/   
au!ntic & reliable s\rces1 & f          
individuals ^: v]acity may  be und\bt+ly
 believ$4    ,:5 a "y man arrives !re1  
he mu/ turn 8 att5tion to :atev]  seems 
to promise ! l>ge/ recomp5se = 8 lab\r4 
,x is  impossible 9 ! new /ate ( ?+s    
produc$ by ! late discov]ies1  & !      
influx ( population1 to =esee :at ?is   
might be4 ,!  c\ntry is ri* 9           
agricultural res\rces1 z well z 9 !     
preci\s  metals1 &1 ) prop] ent]prise & 

indu/ry1 he c\ld sc>cely  fail to d     
well4    ,families1 z well z p>ties go+ 
out1 %\ld c>ry ) !m good  t5ts1 to be   
us$ aft] _! arrival z h\ses4 ,! influx (
  population w probably be s great t x w
 be difficult1 if n  impossible1 to     
obta9 o!r %elt] = "s "t aft] _! arrival4
  ,! climate ( ! c\ntry1 h[ev]1 ev5 9   
w9t]1 is s mild t1  ) good t5ts1 com=t  
is atta9able4 ,!y %\ld be c>eful1 also1 
to c>ry z mu* subsi/5ce into ! c\ntry z 
!y c2 z :at  !y pur*ase !re1 aft] _!    
arrival1 !y w be compell$ to pay  a high
 price =4    ,! %orte/ r\te to ,cali=nia
 is unque/ionably by ! ,we/ ,india      
,mail ,packets1 :i* leave ,s\?ampton on 
! #ag? ( e mon?4 ,!  po9t to :i* !y take
 pass5g]s is ,*agres4 ,?is voyage is    
usually  accompli%$ 9 ab\t #bb to #bf   
days4 ,f !nce pass5g]s proce$  across ! 
,i/hmus1 a di/ance ( ab\t #eb miles 7say
 ?ree or f\r  days' j\rney7 to ,panama1 
& !nce #cejj miles by sea 9 ! ,pacific  
to ,/4 ,francisco4 ,f ! va/ numb] ( eag]
 emigrants t x is  expect$ w assemble at

 ,panama1 x is v probable t great delay 
w be occasion$ f !re n be+ suffici5t    
numb] ( vessels to  convey !m to _!     
de/9ation4 ,unless su* adv5tur]s are    
abundantly suppli$ ) money1 !y w n be   
able to live 9 !  hot desolation ( !    
tropics1 :]e life is b little valu$1 &  
:]e dea? is ev5 less reg>d$4 ,! entire  
r\te by sea 7r\nd ,cape  ,horn7 _c be   
less ?an #ah1ejj miles1 & g5]ally       
occupies f  five to six mon?s1 yet ?is  
r\te is mu* *eap]1 saf]1 & 9 !  end 7f !
 delay t w occur at ,panama7 q z %ort4  
,?is  r\te1 p>ticul>ly to p>ties f      
,engl&1 is univ]sally all[$ to  be ! be/
 _m1 dang]s & difficulties t att5d !    
r\te across  ! ,i/hmus ( ,panama 7n     
notic+ ! probable delay7 w be  avoid$1 &
 _m a "o w bitt]ly regret t he 0 ev]    
induc$  to attempt 7z he p]ceives %ip   
aft] %ip sail+ gallantly on to  ^!      
fav\r$ regions7 :at he consid]$ a %ort] 
r\te1 f !  want ( ! means ( transit1    
:ile he is himself compell$ idly to     
wa/e 8 "t1 a prey to pe/il5ce & to !    

hope def]r$ t  make? ! he>t sick4       
,,app5dix4      ,! foll[+ are lett]s    
address$ to ! ,gov]nm5t at ,wa%+ton1  & 
o!r communications1 all ( :i*1 x w be   
se51 are fully  confirmatory ( ! acc\nts
 giv5 9 ! prec$+ pages2 ) o!r  details (
 int]e/ relative to ! /ate ( ! gold     
di/ricts3    ,extract f a ,lett] f ,mr4 
,l>k91 ,unit$ ,/ates ,consul at         
,mont]ey1 to ,mr4 ,bu*anan1 ,secret>y ( 
,/ate at ,wa%+ton4    ,san ,francisco   
7,upp] ,cali=nia71 ,june #a1 #ahdh4     
,sir3 99 99 99 ,i h to report to ! ,/ate
 ,dep>tm5t "o ( ! mo/  a/oni%+          
excitem5ts & /ate ( affairs n[ exi/+ 9  
?is  c\ntry1 t1 p]haps1 has ev] be5     
br\ght to ! notice ( !  ,gov]nm5t4 ,on !
 ,am]ican =k ( ! ,sacram5to & ,fea!r    
,riv]1  ano!r bran* ( ! same1 & ! adjo9+
 l&s1 !re has be5  )9 ! pres5t ye>      
discov]$ a plac]1 a va/ tract ( l&      
conta9+ gold1 9 small p>ticles4 ,?is    
gold1 ?us f>1 has be5  tak5 on ! bank ( 
! riv]1 f ! surface to eighte5 in*es 9  
dep?1 & is suppos$ deep]1 & to ext5d ov]

 ! c\ntry4    ,on acc\nt ( ! inconv5i5ce
 ( wa%+1 ! p h1 up to  ?is "t1 only     
ga!r$ ! metal on ! banks1 :i* is done   
simply  ) a %ovel1 fill+ a %all[ di%1   
b[l1 basket1 or t9 pan1 ) a  quantity ( 
black s&1 simil> to ! class us$ on pap]1
 & wa%+  out ! s& by movem5t ( ! vessel4
 ,x is n[ two or ?ree weeks  s9ce ! m5  
employ$ 9 ^? wa%+s h appe>$ 9 ?is t[n  )
 gold1 to ex*ange = m]*&ise &           
provisions4 ,i presume ne>ly  #bj1jjj   
doll>s ( ?is gold has z yet be5 s       
ex*ang$4 ,"s #bjj or  #cjj m5 h rema9$  
up ! riv]1 or are gone to _! homes1 = ! 
purpose ( return+ to ! ,plac]1 & wa%+   
imm$iately )  %ovels1 picks1 & baskets2 
_m ( !m1 = ! fir/ few weeks1  dep5d+ on 
borr[+ f o!rs4 ,i h se5 ! writt5 /atem5t
  ( ! "w ( "o man = sixte5 days1 :i*    
av]ag$ #be doll>s p]  day2 o!rs h1 ) a  
%ovel & pan1 or wood5 b[l1 wa%$ out #aj 
doll>s to ev5 #ej doll>s 9 a day4 ,!re  
are n[ "s m5 yet wa%+  :o h #ejj doll>s 
to #a1jjj doll>s4 ,z !y h to /& two feet
  deep 9 ! riv]1 !y "w b a few h\rs 9 ! 

day1 & n e  day 9 ! week4    ,a few m5 h
 be5 d[n 9 boats to ?is port1 sp5d+     
tw5ty to  ?irty ounces ( gold ea*--ab\t 
#cjj doll>s4 ,i am confid5t t ?is  t[n  
7,san ,francisco7 has "o-half ( its     
t5em5ts empty1 lock$ up  ) ! furniture4 
,! own]s--/orekeep]s1 lawy]s1 me*anics1 
&  lab\r]s--all gone to ! ,sacram5to )  
_! families4 ,small  p>ties1 ( five to  
fifte5 m51 h s5t to ?is t[n & (f]$      
cooks t5 to fifte5 doll>s p] day = a few
 weeks4 ,me*anics &  team/]s1 e>n+ ! ye>
 pa/ five to eight doll>s p] day1 h     
/ruck & gone4 ,sev]al ,u4,s4 volunte]s h
 des]t$4 ,u4,s4 b>que  ,anita1 belong+  
to ! ,army1 n[ at an*or "h1 has b six   
m54 ,"o  ,s&wi* ,isl& vessel 9 port lo/ 
all h] m52 & 0 oblig$ to  engag$ ano!r  
crew at #ej doll>s = ! run ( fifte5 days
 to !  ,isl&s4    ,"o ,am]ican capta9   
hav+ 8 m5 %ipp$ on ?is coa/ 9 su* a     
mann] t !y c\ld leave at any "t1 _h !m  
all on ! eve (  quitt+1 :5 he agre$ to  
cont9ue _! pay & food2 leav+ "o on      
bo>d1 he took a boat & c>ri$ !m to !    

gold regions--furni%+  tools & giv+ 8 m5
 "o-?ird4 ,!y h be5 gone a week4 ,common
  spades & %ovels1 "o mon? ago wor? #a  
doll>1 w n[ br+ #aj  doll>s1 at ! gold  
regions4 ,i am in=m$ #ej doll>s has be5 
(f]$  = "o4 ,%\ld ?is gold cont9ue z    
repres5t$1 ?is t[n & o!rs  w\ld be      
depopulat$4 ,cl]ks' wages h ris5 f #fjj 
doll>s to #ajjj  p] annum1 & bo>d2      
cooks1 #be doll>s to #cj doll>s p] mon?4
 ,?is  sum w n be any inducem5t a mon?  
long]1 unless ! fev] &  ague appe>s     
among ! wa%]s4 ,! ,cali=nian1 pr9t$ "h1 
/opp$ ?is week4 ,! ,/> newspap] (fice1  
:]e ! new laws (  ,gov]nor ,mason1 = ?is
 c\ntry1 are pr9t+1 has b "o man left4  
,a  m]*ant1 lately f ,*9a1 has ev5 lo/ 8
 ,*9a s]vants4 ,%\ld  ! excitem5t       
cont9ue ?r\gh ! ye>1 & ! :ale-%ips visit
 ,san  ,francisco1 ,i ?9k !y w lose mo/ 
all _! crews4 ,h[ ,col4 ,mason  c reta9 
8 m51 unless he puts a =ce on ! spot1 ,i
 "k n4    ,i h se5 sev]al p\nds ( ?is   
gold1 & consid] x v pure1  wor? 9 ,new  
,york #ag doll>s to #ah doll>s p] ounce2

 #ad doll>s to #af  doll>s1 9 m]*&ise1  
is paid = x "h4 ,:at good or bad effect 
?is gold mania w h on ,cali=nia1 ,i _c  
=etell4 ,x may end  ?is ye>2 b ,i am    
in=m$ t x w cont9ue _m ye>s4  ,me*anics 
n[ 9 ?is t[n are only wail+ to f9i% "s  
rude  ma*9]y1 to enable !m to obta9 !   
gold m exp$iti\sly1 &  free f work+ 9 ! 
riv]4 ,up to ?is "t1 b few ,cali=nians  
h gone to ! m9es1 be+ afraid ! ,am]icans
 w soon h  tr\ble among !mselves1 &     
cause di/urbance to all ar\nd4 ,i h  se5
 "s ( ! black s&1 z tak5 f ! bottom ( ! 
riv] 7,i  %\ld ?9k 9 ! ,/ates x w\ld br+
 #be to #ej c5ts p] p\nd71  conta9+ _m  
pieces ( gold2 !y are f ! size ( ! head 
( a  p9 to ! weight ( ! eigh? ( an      
ounce4 ,i h se5 "s weigh+  "o-qu>t] ( an
 ounce 7#d doll>s74 ,al?\gh my /atem5ts 
are almo/  incr$ible1 ,i believe ,i am  
)9 ! /atem5ts believ$ by e "o  "h4 ,t5  
days back1 ! excitem5t _h n rea*$       
,mont]ey4 ,i %all1  )9 a few days1 visit
 ?is gold m9e1 & w make ano!r report  to
 y4 ,inclos$ y w h a specim54    ,i h ! 

hon\r to be1 v respectfully1    ,,?omas 
,o4 ,,l>k94    ,p4,s4 ,?is plac]1 or    
gold region1 is situat$ on public l&4   
,mr4 ,l>k9 to ,mr4 ,bu*anan4            
,mont]ey1 ,cali=nia1 ,june #bh1 #ahdh4  
,,sir3 ,my la/ dispat* to ! ,/ate       
,dep>tm5t 0 writt5 9 ,san  ,francisco1 !
 #a/ ( ?is mon?4 ,9 t ,i _h ! hon\r to  
give "s  in=mation respect+ ! new       
'plac]1' or gold regions lately         
discov]$ on ! bran*es ( ! ,sacram5to    
,riv]4 ,s9ce ! writ+  ( t dispat* ,i h  
visit$ a "p ( ! gold region1 & f\nd x   
all ,i _h he>d1 & mu* m ?an ,i          
anticipat$4 ,! "p t ,i  visit$ 0 ^u a =k
 ( ! ,am]ican ,riv]1 a bran* ( !        
,sacram5to1 jo9+ ! ma9 riv] at ,sutt]'s 
,=t4 ,! place 9 :i*  ,i f\nd ! p digg+ 0
 ab\t tw5ty-five miles f ! =t by  l&4   
,i h reason to believe t gold w be f\nd 
on _m bran*es (  ! ,sacram5to & !       
,joaqu9 riv]s4 ,p are already scatt]$   
ov] "o hundr$ miles ( l&1 & x is suppos$
 t ! 'plac]'  ext5ds f riv] to riv]4 ,at
 pres5t ! workm5 are employ$ )9  t5 or  

tw5ty y>ds ( ! riv]1 t !y may be        
conv5i5t to wat]4  ,on ,fea!r riv] !re  
are sev]al bran*es ^u :i* ! p are  digg+
 = gold4 ,?is is two or ?ree days' ride 
f ! place ,i  visit$4    ,at my camp+   
place ,i f\nd1 on a surface ( two or    
?ree miles on !  banks ( ! riv]1 "s     
fifty t5ts1 mo/ly own$ by ,am]icans4 ,^!
  _h _! families4 ,!re are no           
,cali=nians :o h tak5 _!  families z yet
 to ! gold regions2 b few or none w ev] 
d x2  "s f ,new ,mexico may d s next    
ye>1 b no ,cali=nians4    ,i 0 two      
nights at a t5t occupi$ by eight        
,am]icans1 viz41 two  sailors1 "o cl]k1 
two c>p5t]s1 & ?ree daily workm54 ,^! m5
  7 9 company2 _h two ma*9es1 ea* made f
 "o hundr$ feet (  bo>ds 7wor? !re #aej 
doll>s1 9 ,mont]ey #ae doll>s--be+ "o   
day's "w71 made simil> to a *ild's      
cradle1 t5 feet long1 )\t  ! ends4    ,!
 two ev5+s ,i saw ^! eight m5 br+ to _! 
t5ts ! lab\r  ( ! day4 ,i suppose !y    
made ea* #ej doll>s p] day2 _! own      
calculation 0 two p\nds ( gold          

a-day--f\r ounces to a man--#fd  doll>s4
 ,i saw two bro!rs t work$ toge!r1 &    
only work$ by  wa%+ ! dirt 9 a t9 pan1  
weigh ! gold !y obta9$ 9 "o day2  !     
result 0 #g doll>s to "o1 #hb doll>s to 
! o!r4 ,!re 7  two reasons = ?is        
diff]5ce2 "o man work$ less h\rs ?an !  
o!r1 & by *ance _h gr\nd less impregnat$
 ) gold4 ,i give ?is  /atem5t z an      
extreme case4 ,dur+ my visit ,i 0 an    
int]pret] =  a native ( ,mont]ey1 :o 0  
pur*as+ a ma*9e or canoe4 ,i fir/  tri$ 
to pur*ase bo>ds & hire a c>p5t] = him4 
,!re 7 b a  few hundr$ feet ( bo>ds to  
be _h2 = ^! ! own] ask$ me #ej  doll>s  
p] hundr$ 7#ejj doll>s p] ?\s&71 & a    
c>p5t] wa%+  gold du/ dem&$ #ej doll>s  
p] day = work+4 ,i at la/ pur*as$  a log
 dug out1 ) a riddle & sieve made (     
will[ b\ghs on x1 =  #abj doll>s1       
payable 9 gold du/ at #ad doll>s p]     
ounce4 ,! own]  excus$ himself = !      
price1 by say+ he 0 two days mak+ x1 &  
ev5 !n dem&$ ! use ( x until sunset4 ,my
 ,cali=nian has told  me s9ce1 t        

himself1 p>tn]1 & two ,indians1 obta9$ )
 ?is  canoe eight ounces ! fir/ & five  
ounces ! second day4    ,i am ( ! op9ion
 t on ! ,am]ican =k1 ,fea!r ,riv]1 &    
,copimes ,riv]1 !re are ne> two ?\s& p1 
n9e-t5?s ( !m  =eign]s4 ,p]haps !re are 
"o hundr$ families1 :o h _!  teams1     
wagons1 & t5ts4 ,_m p]sons are wait+ to 
see :e!r !  mon?s ( ,july & ,augu/ w be 
sickly1 be=e !y leave _!  pres5t bus9ess
 to g to ! ',plac]4' ,! discov]y ( ?is  
gold 0  made by "s ,mormons1 9 ,janu>y  
or ,febru>y1 :o = a "t kept x a  secret2
 ! majority ( ^? :o are work+ !re began 
9 ,may4 ,9  mo/ e in/ance ! m51 aft]    
digg+ a few days1 h be5  compell$ to    
leave = ! purpose ( return+ home to see 
_!  families1 arrange _! bus9ess1 &     
pur*ase provisions4 ,i feel  confid5t 9 
say+ !re are fifty m5 9 ?is ',plac]' :o 
h on an  av]age #a1jjj doll>s ea*1      
obta9$ 9 ,may & ,june4 ,i h n met  ) any
 p]son :o _h be5 fully employ$ 9 wa%+   
gold "o mon?2  mo/1 h[ev]1 appe> to h   
av]ag$ an ounce p] day4 ,i ?9k !re  mu/1

 by ?is "t1 be ov] #a1jjj m5 at "w ^u ! 
diff]5t  bran*es ( ! ,sacram5to2 putt+  
_! ga9s at #aj1jjj doll>s p]  day1 = six
 days 9 ! week1 appe>s to me n ov]rat$4 
,%\ld ?is news rea* ! emigration (      
,cali=nia & ,oregon1 n[ on  ! road1     
connect$ ) ! ,indian w>s1 n[ impov]i%+ !
 latt]  c\ntry1 we %\ld h a l>ge        
addition to our population2 & %\ld  !   
ri*ness ( ! gold region cont9ue1 our    
emigration 9 #ahdi w  be _m ?\s&s1 & 9  
#ahej /ill m4 ,if our c\ntrym5 9        
,cali=nia1 z cl]ks1 me*anics1 & workm51 
w =sake employm5t  at f #b doll>s to #f 
doll>s p] day1 h[ _m m ( ! same class  9
 ! ,atlantic ,/ates1 e>n+ mu* less1 w   
leave = ?is c\ntry  "u su* prospects8 ,x
 is ! op9ion ( _m :o h visit$ !  gold   
regions ! pa/ & pres5t mon?s1 t ! gr\nd 
w af=d  gold = _m ye>s1 p]haps = a      
c5tury4 ,f my own exam9ation (  ! riv]s 
& _! banks1 ,i am ( op9ion t1 at lea/ = 
a few  ye>s1 ! gold5 products w equal ! 
pres5t ye>4 ,h[ev]1 z  nei!r m5 (       
sci5ce1 nor ! lab\r]s n[ at "w1 h made  

any  explorations ( consequ5ce1 x is a  
matt] ( impossibility to give  any      
op9ion z to ! ext5t & ri*ness ( ?is "p (
 ,cali=nia4  ,e ,mexican :o has se5 !   
place says ?r\gh\t _! ,republic  !re has
 nev] be5 any 'plac] l ?is "o4'    ,c\ld
 ,mr4 ,polk & y\rself see ,cali=nia z we
 n[ see x1 y w\ld  ?9k t a few ?\s& p1  
on #ajj miles squ>e ( ! ,sacram5to      
valley1 w\ld ye>ly turn out ( ?is riv] !
 :ole price our c\ntry  pays = ! acquir$
 t]ritory4 ,:5 ,i f9i%$ my fir/ lett] ,i
  d\bt$ my own writ+1 &1 to be bett]    
satisfi$1 %[$ x to "o  ( ! pr9cipal     
m]*ants ( ,san ,francisco1 & to ,capta9 
,fulsom1 (  ! ,qu>t]ma/]'s ,dep>tm5t1 :o
 decid$ at once ,i 0 f> bel[ !  reality4
 ,y c]ta9ly w suppose1 f my two lett]s1 
t ,i am1  l o!rs1 l$ away by ! excitem5t
 ( ! day4 ,i ?9k ,i am n4  ,9 my la/ ,i 
inclos$ a small sample ( ! gold du/1 &  
,i f9d my  only error 0 9 putt+ a value 
to ! s&4 ,at t "t ,i 0 n  aw>e h[ ! gold
 0 f\nd2 ,i n[ c describe ! mode (      
collect+  x4    ,a p]son )\t a ma*9e1   

aft] digg+ (f "o or two feet ( !  upp]  
gr\nd1 ne> ! wat] 79 "s cases !y take ! 
top e>?71  ?r[s into a t9 pan or wood5  
b[l a %ovel full ( loose dirt &  /ones2 
!n plac+ ! bas9 an in* or two "u wat]1  
cont9ues to  /ir up ! dirt ) 8 h& 9 su* 
a mann] t ! runn+ wat]  w c>ry (f !     
light e>?s1 occasionally1 ) 8 h&1 ?r[+  
out ! /ones2 aft] an op]ation ( ?is k9d 
= tw5ty or ?irty  m9utes1 a spoonful (  
small black s& rema9s2 ?is is on a      
h&k]*ief or clo? dri$ 9 ! sun1 ! em]ge  
is bl[n (f1  leav+ ! pure gold4 ,i h !  
pleasure ( inclos+ a pap] ( ?is  s& &   
gold1 :i* ,i f a bucket ( dirt & /ones1 
9  half-an-h\r1 /&+ at ! edge ( ! wat]1 
wa%$ out myself4 ,!  value ( x may be #b
 doll>s or #c doll>s4    ,! size ( !    
gold dep5ds 9 "s measure ^u ! riv] f :i*
  x is tak52 ! banks ( "o riv] hav+ l>g]
 gra9s ( gold ?an  ano!r4 ,i presume m  
?an "o half ( ! gold put into pans or   
ma*9es is wa%$ out & goes d[n ! /ream2  
?is is ( no  consequ5ce to ! wa%]s1 :o  
c>e only = ! pres5t "t4 ,"s  h =m$      

companies ( f\r or five m51 & h a       
r\gh-made  ma*9e put toge!r 9 a day1 :i*
 work$ to mu* advantage1 yet _m  pref]  
to "w alone1 ) a wood5 b[l or t9 pan1   
wor? fifte5 or  tw5ty c5ts 9 ! ,/ates1 b
 eight to sixte5 doll>s at ! gold       
region4 ,z ! workm5 cont9ue1 & mat]ials 
c be obta9$1  improvem5ts w take place 9
 ! mode ( obta9+ gold2 at pres5t  x is  
obta9$ by /&+ 9 ! wat]1 & ) mu* sev]e   
lab\r1  or su* z is call$ "h sev]e      
lab\r4    ,h[ long ?is ga!r+ ( gold by !
 h&ful w cont9ue "h1 or  ! future effect
 x w h on ,cali=nia1 ,i _c say4         
,?ree-f\r?s ( ! h\ses 9 ! t[n on ! bay (
 ,san ,francisco are  des]t$4 ,h\ses are
 sold at ! price ( ! gr\nd lots4 ,!     
effects  are ?is week %[+ !mselves 9    
,mont]ey4 ,almo/ e h\se ,i _h  hir$ out 
is giv5 up4 ,e blacksmi?1 c>p5t]1 &     
lawy] is  leav+2 brick-y>ds1 saw-mills &
 ran*es are left p]fectly alone4 ,a     
l>ge numb] ( ! volunte]s at ,san        
,francisco & ,sonoma h  des]t$2 "s h be5
 retak5 & br\ght back2 public & private 

vessels are los+ _! crews2 my cl]ks h _h
 #ajj p] c5t4  advance (f]$ !m on _!    
wages to accept employm5t4 ,a complete  
revolution 9 ! ord9>y /ate ( affairs is 
tak+ place2 bo? (  our newspap]s are    
discont9u$ f want ( workm5 & ! loss (   
_! ag5cies2 ! ,alcaldes h left ,san     
,francisco1 & ,i believe  ,sonoma       
likewise2 ! =m] place has n a ,ju/ice ( 
! ,peace left4    ,! second ,alcalde (  
,mont]ey to-day jo9s ! keep]s ( our     
pr9cipal hotel1 :o h clos$ _! (fice &   
h\se1 & w leave  to-morr[ = ! gold5     
riv]s4 ,i saw on ! gr\nd a lawy] :o 0   
la/ ye> ,attorney-,g5]al ( ! ,k+ ( !    
,s&wi* ,isl&s1 digg+  & wa%+ out 8 ounce
 & a half p] day2 ne> him c be f\nd  mo/
 all 8 bre?r5 ( ! long robe1 work+ 9 !  
same occupation4    ,to conclude2 my    
lett] is long1 b ,i c\ld n well describe
 :at ,i  h se5 9 less words1 & ,i n[ c  
believe t my acc\nt may be  d\bt$4 ,if !
 affair proves a bubble1 a m]e          
excitem5t1 ,i "k n  h[ we c all be      
deceiv$1 z we are situat$4 ,gov]nor     

,mason & 8  /aff h left ,mont]ey to     
visit ! place 9 "q1 & w1 ,i  suppose1   
soon =w>d to 8 dep>tm5t 8 views &       
op9ions on ?is  subject4 ,mo/ ( ! l&1   
:]e gold has be5 discov]$1 is public    
l&2 !re are on diff]5t riv]s "s private 
grants4 ,i h ?ree  su* pur*as$ 9 #ahdf &
 #ahdg1 b h n le>n$ t any private  l&s h
 produc$ gold1 ?\gh !y may h]eaft] d s4 
,i h !  hon\r1 de> sir1 to be1 v        
respectfully1 y\r ob$i5t s]vant1        
,,?omas ,o4 ,,l>k94      ,,des]tion ,,f 
,,! ,,%ips4--,we collate f o!r s\rces   
sev]al o!r  int]e/+ lett]s & docum5ts1 &
 :i* w be f\nd well wor?  p]usal4       
,mont]ey1 ,sept4 #ae1 #ahdh4    ,messrs4
 ,gr9nell1 ,m9turn1 & ,co43    ,sirs--,i
 embrace ?is opportunity to in=m y ( my 
new situation1  :i* is bad en\gh4 ,all  
h&s h left me b two2 !y w /ay  till !   
c>go is l&$ & balla/ 91 !n !y w g4 ,bo? 
mates  w leave 9 a few days1 & !n ,i w h
 only ! two boys1 & ,i  am fe>ful t !y w
 run4 ,i h got all l&$ b #ijj b>rels2   
on ,monday ,i %all get (f balla/ if !   

wea!r is good4 ,!re's no  help to be got
 at any price4 ,! /ore-%ip t sail$ f "h 
t5  days ago took ?ree ( my m5 at #ajj  
doll>s p] mon?2 !re is  no?+ t an*ors "h
 b :at loses _! m54 ,i h _h a h>d  "t 9 
l&+ ! c>go2 ,i g 9 ! boat e load4 ,if ,i
 c get x  on %ore ,i %all save !        
freight4 ,z = ! %ip %e w lay "h  = a    
long "t1 = !re's n ! lea/ *ance ( gett+ 
a crew4  ,! coa/]s are giv+ #ajj doll>s 
p] mon?4 ,all ! %ips at ,san  ,francisco
 h /ripp$ & laid up4 ,! ,flora1 ( ,new  
,london1 is at  ,san ,francisco2 all    
left4 ,y probably h he>d ( ! situation (
  ?+s "h4 ,a sailor w be up at ! m9es = 
two mon?s1 "w on  8 own acc\nt1 & come  
d[n ) f two to ?ree ?\s& doll>s1  & ^? t
 g 9 p>ties d mu* bett]4 ,i h be5 (f]$  
#bj  doll>s p] day to g1 by "o ( ! fir/ 
m5 "h1 & "w "o ye>4  ,x is impossible = 
me to give y any idea ( ! gold t is got 
"h4 ,y\rs respectfully1    ,,*ri/oph]   
,,all51  ,capta9 ( ! %ip ,isaac ,walton4
      ,ano!r lett] dat$ ,/4 ,francisco1 
,septemb] #a/1 conta9s !  foll[+3--     

,a day or two ago ! ,flora1 ,capta9     
,pott]1 ( ,new ,london1 an*or$ 9        
,:aleman's ,h>b\r1 on ! opposite side ( 
! ,bay4 ,ye/]day !  capta91 fe>+ he w\ld
 lose all 8 m51 weigh$ an*or1 int5d+  to
 g to sea4 ,aft] gett+ "u weigh1 ! crew1
 f9d+ ! %ip 0  head+ out1 refus$ to d   
duty1 & ! capta9 0 =c$ to return  &     
an*or "h4 ,la/ night n9e ( ! crew gagg$ 
! wat*1 l[]$  "o ( ! boats1 & r[$ (f4   
,!y h n be5 he>d ( s9ce1 &  are n[      
probably half way to ! gold region4 ,!  
,flora is tw5ty-six  mon?s out1 ) only  
#gej bbls4 ( oil4 ,e vessel t comes 9 "h
  n[ is sure to lose h] crew1 & ?is /ate
 ( ?+s mu/ cont9ue  until ! squadron    
arrives1 :51 if ! m5-o'-w>-m5 d n run (f
  too1 m]*ant-m5 may reta9 _! crews4    
,! :ale-%ip ,euphrates1 ( ,new ,b$=d1   
left "h a few weeks s9ce1  = ! ,unit$   
,/ates1 to t\* on ! coa/ ( ,*ili to     
recruit4 ,!  ,m9]va1 ,capta9 ,p]ry1 (   
,new ,b$=d1 has ab&on$ ! :al+  bus9ess1 
& is n[ on 8 way h5ce to ,valp>aiso = a 
c>go (  m]*&ise4 ,al?\gh two l>ge %ips1 

f\r b>ks1 & eight or t5  brigs & s*oon]s
 h arriv$ "h s9ce my return f ! m9]al   
c\ntry1 ab\t f\r weeks s9ce1 ) l>ge     
c>goes ( m]*&ise1  _! entire invoices h 
be5 sold4 ,vessels are daily arriv+ f  !
 isl&s & ports ^u ! coa/1 lad5 ) goods &
 pass5g]s1  ! latt] de/9$ = !           
gold-wa%+s4    ,mu* sickness prevails   
among ! gold-digg]s2 _m h left !  gr\nd 
sick1 & _m m h discont9u$ _! lab\rs = ! 
pres5t1 & gone into m heal?y portions ( 
! c\ntry1 int5d+  to return aft] !      
sickly season has pass$4 ,f ! be/       
in=mation  ,i c obta91 !re are f two to 
?ree ?\s& p]sons at "w at  ! gold-wa%+s 
) ! same success z h]et(ore4      ,,!   
,,digg+s4--,extract ( a lett] f         
,mont]ey1 ,aug4 #bi4    ,at pres5t ! p  
are runn+ ov] ! c\ntry & pick+ x out  ( 
! e>? "h & !re1 j z a ?\s& hogs1 let    
loose 9 a  =e/1 w\ld root up gr\nd-nuts4
 ,"s get eight or t5 ounces a-day1  & ! 
lea/ active "o or two4 ,!y make ! mo/ :o
 employ ! wild  ,indians to hunt x = !m4
 ,!re is "o man :o has sixty ,indians 9 

8 employ2 8 pr(its are a doll> a-m9ute4 
,! wild ,indians "k  no?+ ( its value1 &
 wond] :at ! pale-faces want to d )  x2 
!y w give an ounce ( x = ! same weight (
 co9$ silv]1  or a ?imbleful ( glass    
beads1 or a glass ( grog4 ,& :ite m5    
!mselves (t5 give an ounce ( x1 :i* is  
wor? at our m9t #ah  doll>s1 or m1 = a  
bottle ( br&y1 a bottle ( soda-p[d]s1 or
  a plug ( tobacco4    ,z to ! quantity 
:i* ! digg]s get1 take a few facts z    
evid5ce4 ,i "k sev5 m5 :o work$ sev5    
weeks & two days1 ,sundays  except$1 on 
,fea!r ,riv]2 !y employ$ on an av]age   
fifty ,indians1  & got out 9 ^! sev5    
weeks & two days #bge p\nds ( pure gold4
  ,i "k ! m51 & h se5 ! gold1 & "k :at  
!y /ate to be  a fact--s /ick a p9 !re4 
,i "k t5 o!r m5 :o work$ t5 days  9     
company1 employ$ no ,indians1 & av]ag$ 9
 ^! t5 days #aejj  doll>s ea*2 s /ick   
ano!r p9 !re4 ,i "k ano!r man :o got    
out ( a bas9 9 a rock1 n l>g] ?an a     
wa%-b[l1 two p\nds & a  half ( gold 9   
fifte5 m9utes2 s /ick ano!r p9 !re6 ,n  

"o (  ^! /atem5ts w\ld ,i believe1 did  
,i n "k ! m5 p]sonally1  & "k !m to be  
pla9 matt]-(-fact m5--m5 :o op5 a ve9 ( 
gold j z coolly z y w\ld a potato-hill4 
,,assay ,,( ,,! ,,gold4--,lieut5ant     
,loes] hav+ arriv$ at ,wa%+ton )        
specim5s ( ! gold f ! digg+s1 ! foll[+  
acc\nt ( its  quality appe>$ 9 !        
,wa%+ton ,union1 ! gov]nm5t organ3--    
,und]/&+ la/ ev5+ t ! lieut5ant _h      
arriv$ 9 ?is  city1 & _h deposit$ 9 !   
,w> ,(fice ! preci\s specim5s he _h     
br\ght ) him1 we call$ to see !m1 & to  
free our m9d f all  hesitation z to !   
g5u95ess ( ! metal4 ,we _h se5 d\bts    
express$ 9 "s ( our ex*ange pap]s2 & we 
readily admit t !  acc\nts s ne>ly      
approa*$ ! miracul\s1 t we 7 reliev$ by 
! evid5ce ( our own s5ses on ! subject4 
,! specim5s h all  ! appe>ance ( !      
native gold we _h se5 f ! m9es ( ,nor?  
,c>ol9a & ,virg9ia1 & we are in=m$ t !  
,secret>y w\ld  s5d ! small *e/1 call$ a
 caddy1 conta9+ ab\t #c1jjj doll>s'     
wor? ( gold1 9 lumps & scales1 to ! m9t1

 to be melt$ into  co9s & b>s4 ,!       
specim5s h come to ,wa%+ton z !y 7      
extract$ f ! mat]ials ( ! plac]4 ,!     
heavie/ piece br\ght  by ,lieut5ant     
,loes] weighs a little m ?an two ounces2
 b !  v>i$ cont5ts ( ! casket 7z        
describ$ 9 ,colonel ,mason's  s*$ule7 w 
be s5t (f to-day1 by special mess5g]1 to
 ! m9t at  ,philadelphia = assay1 & e>ly
 next week we hope to h !  pleasure (   
lay+ ! result be=e our read]s4 ,! assay 
0  subsequ5tly made1 & ! result         
(ficially ann\nc$4 ,! gold is  decl>$ to
 be f #c to #h p] c5t4 pur] ?an ,am]ican
 /&>d gold  co94      ,,ano!r           
,,assay4--,! foll[+ is ! report ( an    
assay ( ,cali=nian  gold du/1 receiv$ by
 ,mr4 ,t4,o4 ,l>k91 ,unit$ ,/ates consul
 at  ,mont]ey4    ,new ,york1 ,dec4 #h1 
#ahdh4    ,sir1--,i h assay$ ! portion (
 gold du/1 or metal1 f  ,cali=nia1 :i* y
 s5t me1 & ! result %[s t x is fully    
equal to any f\nd 9 our ,s\!rn gold     
m9es4 ,i return y #aj-c_/d  gra9s out ( 
! #ab :i* ,i h te/$1 ! value ( :i* is   

#de  c5ts4 ,x is #ba-a_/b c>ats f9e--)9 
half a c>at ( ! quality (  ,engli%      
sov]eigns or ,am]ican eagles--& is almo/
 ready to g to !  m9t4 ,! f9e/ gold     
metal we get is f ,africa1 :i* is       
#bb-a_/b to  #bc c>ats f9e4 ,9 ,virg9ia 
we h m9es :]e ! quality ( ! gold  is mu*
 inf]ior--"s ( x s l[ z #ai c>ats--& 9  
,georgia !  m9es produce x ne>ly #bb    
c>ats f9e4 ,! gold ( ,cali=nia1 :i* ,i  
h n[ assay$1 is fully equal to t ( any1 
& mu* sup]ior to  "s produc$ f ! m9es 9 
our ,s\!rn ,/ates4    ,,john ,,w>wick1  
,smelt] & ref9]1 #ag1 ,john-,/reet4     
,,inconv5i5ces ,,( ,,too ,,mu*          
,,gold4--,! foll[+ lett] 7,janu>y #ab7  
f ,capta9 ,fulsom1 ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates    
,s]vice1 writ+ f ,san  ,francisco1      
confirms ! fact ( ! difficulty ( procur+
 s]vants1  or inde$ manual assi/ance (  
any description3--    ,all sorts ( lab\r
 is got at enorm\s rates ( comp5sation4 
,common  cl]ks & salesm5 9 ! /ores ab\t 
t[n (t5 receive z high z  #bejj doll>s &
 _! bo>d4 ,! pr9cipal wait] 9 ! hotel   

:]e ,i  bo>d is paid #agjj doll>s p]    
ye>1 & sev]al o!rs f #abjj to  #aejj    
doll>s6 ,i =tunately h an ,indian boy1  
or ,i %\ld be =c$  to clean my own      
boots1 = ,i c\ld n employ a good body   
s]vant =  ! full am\nt ( my sal>y z a   
gov]nm5t (fic]4 ,i believe e  army (fic]
 9 ,cali=nia1 ) "o or two exceptions1   
w\ld h  resign$ la/ summ] c\ld !y h done
 x1 & be5 free at once to  comm5ce =    
!mselves4 ,b ! w> 0 n !n t]m9at$1 & no  
"o c\ld hope to communicate ) ,wa%+ton  
correspond5ts1 to get an  answ] 9 less  
?an six1 & p]haps t51 mon?s4 ,= "s "t   
la/  summ] 7,augu/ & ,july7 ! (fic]s at 
,mont]ey 7 entirely )\t  s]vants2 & !   
gov]nor 7,colonel ,mason7 actually took 
8 turn 9  cook+ = 8 mess4      ,,effects
 ,,( ,,?is ,,discov]y ,,on ,,! ,,unit$  
,,/ates4--,! foll[+ rem>ks  ^u !        
influ5ce ( ?is imm5se discov]y1 :i*     
appe>$ 9 a  popul> ,new ,york j\rnal on 
! #bcrd ,janu>y1 proves ! ext5t (       
impression produc$ ^u society 9 ! ,/ates
 by ! intellig5ce (  ?is new s\rce (    

natural weal?3--    ,! news 7,febru>y   
#ab7 f ,cali=nia w attract ! obs]vation 
(  ! :ole community1 ,a _s is g5]at$ f  
^? discov]ies1  :i* is m active1 m      
int5se1 & m widely spread1 ?an t  :i*   
agitat$ ,europe 9 ! "t ( ,columbus1     
,cortez1 & ,piz>ro4  ,!re seems to be no
 d\bt t1 9 a %ort "t--probably less ?an 
two ye>s--^? m9es c be made to produce  
#ajj1jjj1jjj doll>s p]  ye>4 ,! region  
is ! mo/ ext5sive ( ! k9d 9 ! _w1 be+   
#hjj miles 9 l5g?1 & #ajj 9 wid?1 ) e   
indication t gold  exi/s 9 l>ge native  
masses1 9 ! rocks & m\nta9s ( ! ,si]ra  
,nevada4 ,b ^! va/ gold m9es are n !    
only m9]al discov]ies  t h be5 made4 ,! 
quicksilv] 9 ! same region seems to be z
  abundant z ! gold1 s t !re are        
approximat$ to ea* o!r two  metals1 :i* 
w h a mo/ important effect & utility 9  
mak+  ! gold m9es m valuable4 ,h]et(ore 
! gold & silv] m9es (  ,mexico & ,p]u h 
be5 valuable to ,spa91 because %e       
possess$ a  monopoly ( ! quicksilv] m9es
 at ,almad5 9 ! ,p59sula4 ,?is is       

surpass$ by ,cali=nia4 ,accord+ to ! la/
 acc\nts n[ giv5 to  ! public1 emigrants
 7 cr[d+ 9 f e port 9 ! ,pacific  to    
,cali=nia--f ,mexico1 ,p]u1 ! ,s&wi*    
,isl&s1 ,oregon2 & we  h no d\bt by ?is 
"t ! ,briti% possessions 9 ! ,ea/1 ,*9a1
  & ev]y:]e else 9 t region1 are furni%+
 emigrants to !  wond]ful regions (     
,cali=nia4 ,9 less ?an a ye> !re w      
probably be a population ( #ajj1jjj to  
#bjj1jjj s\ls1 all digg+ =  gold1 &     
capable ( produc+ f #ajj1jjj1jjj doll>s 
to #cjj1jjj1jjj  doll>s wor? p] annum ( 
pure gold1 to be ?r[n on ! comm]ce (  ! 
_w at "o fell swoop4    ,:at is to be ! 
effect ( su* va/ discov]ies on ! comm]ce
 (  ! _w--on old communities1 on ,new   
,york1 ,london1 & o!r great  comm]cial  
cities8 ,su* a va/ addition to ! gold   
curr5cy ( !  _w w at once di/urb !      
prices & value ( all productions &      
m]*&ise to a simil> ext5t to t :i* we   
see 9 ,mont]ey &  ,san ,francisco4 ,!   
prices ( e commodity w !re=e rise       
extravagantly dur+ ! next few ye>s1     

accord+ to ! produce (  gold f t region4
 ,n[1 9 a ris+ m>ket ev]y?+ prosp]s2  e 
"o gets ri*1 civilisation exp&s1 indu/ry
 increases1 & all  ord]s ( society are  
b5efit$4 ,z soon z ! fir/ crop ( gold f 
,cali=nia rea*es ,new ,york1 ! impulse  
:i* x w give to  comm]cial ent]prise1 & 
! advance 9 ! price ( ev]y?+ :i*  x w   
cause1 w be trem5d\s4 ,! bank curr5cy w 
be exp&$1  = ! basis w be abundant2 real
 e/ate w increase 9 value1  agricultural
 productions & agricultural lab\r w     
advance at once  #aj1 #ae1 #bj1 #cj1 or 
#dj p] c5t41 ev5 to z great an ext5t1   
p]haps1  z 0 witness$ :5 ! dem& came f  
,irel& = ! food ( ?is  c\ntry to fe$ !  
/>v+ ,iri%4 ,new ,york & h] si/] cities 
w  be ! c5tre ( all ^? revolution>y     
movem5ts :i* are c]ta9 to  spr+ f ! gold
 productions ( ,cali=nia1 on ! comm]ce (
 !  :ole civiliz$ _w4 ,%ip-build+ w     
increase 9 value1  /eam-boats w be      
want$1 ! railroads project$ across !    
,i/hmus  9 v>i\s places1 9 ,mexico &    
,c5tral ,am]ica w be pu%$ to            

completion1 & we %\ld n be surpris$ to  
see an active attempt  made1 "u !       
auspices ( ! ,f$]al ,gov]nm5t1 to       
con/ruct a  railroad across ! cont95t1  
?r\gh ! ,s\? ,pass1 f ,/4 ,l\is1  or "s 
o!r po9t on ! ,mississippi1 to ,san     
,francisco4 ,! discov]y  ( ^! great gold
 m9es w no d\bt =m ! ag5t ( ! greate/   
revolution 9 ! comm]cial c5tres ( ! _w &
 on !  civilisation ( ! human race t has
 ev] tak5 place s9ce !  fir/ dawn (     
hi/ory4 ,new ,york w h5ce=?1 f its      
position to  ! ,pacific & ,atlantic     
,oceans1 probably 9 less ?an a qu>t] ( a
  c5tury1 pres5t a population great] ?an
 t ( ,p>is1 & display  evid5ces ( weal?1
 gr&eur1 magnific5ce1 & indu/ry1 9 an   
equal  if n great] degree ?an :at we see
 9 ,london at ?is day4 ,we expect  t1 9 
! next tw5ty-five ye>s1 we %all make z  
rapid a m>* 9  ?is metropolis1 & 9 !    
neighb\r+ cities1 z any city has done   
dur+ ! la/ tw5ty-five c5turies4 ,!re is 
no necessity = all  go+ to ,cali=nia4   
,^? :o rema91 & w raise produce1        

manufacture goods1 build %ips1 con/ruct 
/eam-eng9es1 & advance  ! ,f9e ,arts1 w 
enjoy ! b5efits ( ^? discov]ies to z    
great  an ext5t z ^? :o g to !          
,sacram5to to dig = gold4 ,all !        
results ( ! lab\rs ( ^? digg]s mu/ come 
to ?is metropolis1  swell its           
magnific5ce1 & increase ! int5sity ( its
 action 9  comm]cial affairs4 ,ev5 9 a  
political po9t ( view ! discov]y (  ^!  
wond]ful gold m9es 9 ,cali=nia1 "u !    
,gov]nm5t ( !  ,unit$ ,/ates1 w h a     
wond]ful & a/\nd+ effect4 ,we %\ld  n be
 surpris$ to see1 9 a %ort "t1 all ! old
 prov9ces (  ,mexico1 z f> z ! ,i/hmus (
 ,d>i51 knock+ = admission into  ?is    
union2 :ile1 on ! o!r side1 ! ,briti%   
prov9ces ( ,canada1  & ev5 ! ,spani%    
isl& ( ,cuba1 may be begg+ & pray+ to be
  let 9 at ! same "t1 & be p]mitt$ to   
enjoy "s ( ! va/  advantages1 &         
p>ticipate a little 9 ! en]gy1 :i* ?is  
va/  conf$]acy w exhibit to ! a/oni%$   
_w4      ,,disord]s ,,9 ,,! ,,gold      
,,di/rict4--,up to ! close ( ! ye> !    

acc\nts 7 ) few exceptions fav\rable to 
! morals & habits  ( ! masses (         
adv5tur]s congregat$ on ! banks ( ! ,san
  ,francisco & ! vic9ity2 subsequ5tly ! 
/atem5ts on ^! po9ts  began to *ange1 & 
e lett] notic$ "s robb]y or murd]1      
g5]ally bo?1 z ( frequ5t occurr5ce1 & at
 l5g? !y became s  common t !re 0 nei!r 
protection = life nor prop]ty4 ,!       
foll[+ om9\s intellig5ce1 :i* appe>$ 9 !
 ,wa%+ton  ,union 7! organ ( gov]nm5t71 
creat$ an imm5se s5sation4 ,x 0  !      
sub/ance ( a lett] f ,san ,francisco1   
dat$ ! end (  ,decemb]1 address$ to     
,commodore ,jones4 ,?is lett] 7accord+  
to !  ,union7 pres5ts a desp]ate /ate ( 
affairs z exi/+ 9  ,cali=nia4 ,ev]y?+ is
 gett+ worse z reg>ds ord] &  gov]nm5t4 
,murd]s & robb]ies 7 n only daily ev5ts1
 b  occurr+ h\rly4 ,)9 six days m ?an   
tw5ty murd]s _h be5  p]petrat$4 ,! p 7  
prep>+ to organise a provisional        
gov]nm5t 9 ord] to put a /op to ^!      
outrages4 ,)9 five days  ?ree m5 h be5  
hung by ,lyn* ,law4 ,! ,unit$ ,/ates    

rev5ue laws  are n[ 9 =ce1 & w yield    
#djj1jjj doll>s ! fir/ ye>4 ,!          
inhabitants are oppos$ to pay+ taxes4   
,,late/ ,,acc\nts 7f ! ,new ,york       
,press47--,! desp]ate /ate (  affairs 9 
,cali=nia is fully confirm$4 ,murd]s &  
robb]ies 7  occurr+ daily4 ,! foll[+ are
 p>ticul>s suppli$ by ,lieut5ant        
,lanman1 ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates navy1 :o _h  
return$ to ,new ,york1 aft]  hav+ act$ =
 a ye> pa/ z collector at ,mont]ey3--   
,only ab\t an h\r be=e he left1 he saw a
 man on bo>d !  flag-%ip1 j arriv$ f !  
m9es1 :o confirm$ ! previ\s  reports 9  
reg>d to ! discov]ies on ! riv]         
,/anesl[1 :]e he  _h se5 a s+le lump (  
gold weigh+ n9e p\nds1 & he>d ( "o  t   
weigh$ tw5ty p\nds4 ,! gold excitem5t 9 
,mont]ey _h  entirely abat$1 ! imm5se   
m9]al weal? ( ! c\ntry be+ look$  ^u z  
an e/abli%$ fact4 ,!re 0 no disposition 
7except among !  l&hold]s7 to exagg]ate4
 ,= a ye> pa/ ,lieut5ant ,lanman has be5
  p]=m+ ! duties ( collector at ! port (
 ,mont]ey2 &1 hav+  se5 e man :o _h     

return$ f a visit to ! m9es1 8          
opportunities = obta9+ au!ntic in=mation
 7 bett] ?an if  he _h visit$ ! m9es 9  
p]son4 ,he in=ms u t no l>ge  am\nts (  
gold du/ or ore 7 sell+ at a sacrifice2 
he does n  believe t "o hundr$ ounces ( 
! gold du/ c\ld h be5  pur*as$ at !     
report$ rate ( eight doll>s1 ! ord9>y   
prices  rang+ f t5 to twelve doll>s p]  
ounce4 ,! weekly receipts (  gold at    
,san ,francisco 7 e/imat$ at f ?irty to 
fifty ?\s&  doll>s1 & ,lieut5ant ,lanman
 knew ( "o individual :o _h 9 8         
possession ?irty ?\s& doll>s' wor? (    
pure ore & du/4 ,!  curr5t value ( gold 
9 trade 0 sixte5 doll>s p] ounce4 ,!re 0
  a sc>city ( co9 ?r\gh\t ! c\ntry2 b :5
 ,lieut5ant ,lanman  arriv$ at ,panama1 
he 0 in=m$ t #fjj1jjj doll>s _h j be5   
%ipp$ = ,cali=nia by c]ta9 ,mexican     
g5tlem51 & t !  ,am]ican consul at      
,paita 7,mr4 ,rud57 _h 9 *>ge co9 ( !   
value (  #aah1jjj doll>s1 :i* he int5ds 
to ex*ange = ore & du/4 ,p]u  & ,*ili   
are n beh9d ! ,unit$ ,/ates 9 reg>d to !

 gold  excitem5t1 no less ?an tw5ty     
vessels hav+ sail$ f ^! two  c\ntries )9
 a %ort "t b\nd to ,san ,francisco4 ,!y 
7 all  well lad5 ) provisions & o!r     
necess>ies ( life1 & _!  arrival w\ld   
probably r$uce ! prices1 :i* h h]et(ore 
be5 s  exorbitant4 ,! :ole am\nt ( gold 
collect$ at ! wa%+s s9ce  ! excitem5t   
fir/ broke out is v>i\sly e/imat$--"s   
put x d[n  z high z #d1jjj1jjj ( doll>s1
 b ?is ,i ?9k is a little too  high4    
,a private lett] says ! produce ( a     
v9ey>d ( #a1jjj v9es br\ght  #a1bjj     
doll>s2 ! vegetables ( a g>d5 ( "o acre1
 ne> ,san  ,francisco1 #a1ejj doll>s4 ,a
 sn[-/orm _h cov]$ ! gold-digg+s1  & ! p
 7 leav+1 on acc\nt ( sickness1 int5d+  
to  return 9 ! spr+1 :i* is said to be !
 be/ season = ! gold  h>ve/4 ,lab\r]s1  
accord+ to "o lett]-writ]1 dem&$ a doll>
  an h\r6 ,adv5tur]s cont9u$ to arrive  
at ,san ,francisco f all  p>ts ( ! _w2 &
 sev]al p]sons1 :o 7 report$ to be lad5 
d[n ) gold1 7 anxi\s to return to !     
,unit$ ,/ates1 b c\ld  n v readily f9d a

 conveyance1 z ! sailors des]t$ ! %ips  
imm$iately on _! arrival 9 port4        
,,cali=nian ,,gold #bej ,,ye>s          
,,ago4--,p9k]ton1 9 an acc\nt ( ,drake's
  discov]y ( a "p ( ,cali=nia1 to :i* he
 gave ! "n ( ,new  ,albion1 /ates3--,!  
c\ntry1 too1 if we c dep5d ^u :at ,sir  
,francis ,drake or 8 *apla9 say1 may    
appe> wor? ! seek+ & !  keep+1 s9ce !y  
ass]t t ! l& is s ri* 9 gold &  silv]1 t
 ^u ! slighte/ turn+ x up ) a spade or  
pick-axe1  ^! ri* metals pla9ly appe>   
mix$ ) ! m\ld4 ,x may be  object$ t ?is 
looks a little fabul\s2 b to ?is two    
satisfactory answ]s may be giv53 ! fir/ 
is1 t lat] discov]ies  on ! same coa/   
confirm ! tru? ( x1 :i* = any?+ ,i c see
  ought to put ! fact out ( "q2 b if any
 d\bts %\ld rema91  my second answ] %\ld
 ov]turn ^!4 ,= ,i say next1 t !  c\ntry
 ( ,new ,mexico lies directly beh9d ,new
 ,albion1 on ! o!r  side ( a n>r[ bay1 &
 9 t c\ntry are ! m9es ( ,santa ,f1  :i*
 are all[$ to be ! ri*e/ 9 ! _w2 "h1 !n1
 is a  valuable c\ntry1 to :i* we h a v 

fair title4      ,,effects ,,( ,,!      
,,cali=nian ,,news ,,9 ,,engl&4--,a     
glance at !  adv]tisem5ts 9 ! daily     
pap]s 7says ! ,exam9]7 w %[ t  ! public 
appetite = ,cali=nia is likely to be    
promptly met4 ,!  burd5 ( ! v>i\s       
vessels already ann\nc$ z ready =       
imm$iate  dep>ture am\nts to ab\t #e1jjj
 tons1 di/ribut$ 9 %ips rang+  f #aij to
 #gjj tons1 to say no?+ ( ! ,we/ ,india 
mail-/eam]1  :i* leaves on ! #ag?1 c>ry+
 goods & pass5g]s to ,*agres1 or  ( a   
%ort & pleasant passage adv]tis$ to     
,galve/on1 9 ,texas1 z  a *eap r\te to !
 ,pacific4 ,! rates range f #be upw>ds  
to suit  all classes4 ,?us f>1 h[ev]1 we
 h only ! arrangem5ts = ^?  :o are able 
to move4 ,! opportunities provid$ = ^?  
:o wi% to  %>e ! advantages ( ! new     
region )\t its dang]s are /ill  m ample4
 ,inde$1 s impos+ are ! plans = an      
ext5sive  inve/m5t ( capital = c>ry+ on 
! trade 9 %>es ( #e ea*1  t x w\ld seem 
z if ! fir/ effect ( ! affair w\ld be to
  cause a sc>city ( money r ?an an      

abundance4 ,ab\t a million &  a qu>t]   
/]l+ is already want$1 & ! promot]s     
/ipulate =  ! p[] ( d\bl+ ! propos$     
am\nts z occasion may (f]4 ,!re  is a   
,cali=nia ,gold-,coa/ ,trad+            
,association2 a ,cali=nia ,gold  ,m9+1  
,/ream+1 & ,wa%+ ,company2 a ,cali=nia  
,/eam ,trad+  ,company1 a ,cali=nia     
,gold & ,trad+ ,company2 & a ,cali=nia  
,gold ,m9+1 etc41 ,trad+ ,company4 ,!   
la/ ( ^! alone w  require #fjj1jjj = its
 objects1 b z half ! %>es are to be     
res]v$ = ! ,unit$ ,/ates ( ,am]ica1 !   
dra9 ^u our  res\rces w be less5$ to t  
ext5t4 ,"s ( ! conc]ns propose  to limit
 _! op]ations to trad+ on ! coa/1 s5d+  
out at !  same "t collect+ & explor+    
p>ties :5ev] ! prospect may  be tempt+4 
,o!rs int5d at once to get a grant f !  
legislature  at ,wa%+ton ( su* l&s z !y 
may deem necess>y1 :ile o!rs  int5d to  
tru/ to *ance1 simply s5d+ out a        
practical manag]1  accompani$ by an     
adequate numb] ( m5 accu/om$ to !       
extraction  ( gold 9 all its =ms4 ,along

 ) ^! adv]tisem5ts are "s (  a modifi$  
nature1 to suit p>ties :o may nei!r wi% 
to g out )  a bat* ( emigrants1 nor to  
/ay at home & wait ! results ( a  public
 company4 ,"o well-educat$ g5tleman     
seeks two o!rs to  %>e exp5ses ) him4   
,ano!r wi%es = a companion :o w\ld      
advance #bjj1 "o half to leave 8 wife1 &
 ! o!r half =  outfit2 a ?ird tells :]e 
any respectable individuals ) small     
capital may f9d p]sons will+ to jo9 !m2 
a f\r? /ates t  respectable p]sons hav+ 
n less ?an #ajj are want$ to complete a 
p>ty2 & a fif?1 t a seaf>+ man is ready 
to g equal %>es  9 pur*as+ a s*oon] to  
sail on speculation4 ,:at numb] may be  
f\nd to answ] ^? appeals x is impossible
 to conjecture4 ,common  s5se w\ld say n
 "o1 b exp]i5ce ( :at has be5 practis$  
ov]  & ov] aga9 rem9ds u t ! active     
p>ties on ! pres5t  occasion are n      
calculat+ too l>gely ^u ! cr$ulity ( _! 
c\ntrym54 ,t ! c\ntry w be a p&emonium  
long be=e any "o  c rea* x f ?is side is
 h>dly to be d\bt$1 unless1 inde$1  !   

,unit$ ,/ates gov]nm5t %all h be5 able  
to e/abli% a  blockade & cordon1 9 :i*  
case ! new arrivals w h to get  back z  
well z !y c4      ,,probable ,,effect   
,,on ,,! ,,curr5cy ,,9 ,,europe4--,9 !  
description ( gold  m9es1 & riv]s fl[+  
ov] gold5 s&s1 we mu/ be prep>$ = a     
little ov]-col\r+4 ,su* discov]ies h    
always excit$ sangu9e  hopes1 & dreams (
 exhau/less weal?2 b if ! acc\nts--& !y 
really appe> well au!nticat$--( ! gold5 
treasures ( ,cali=nia  be true1         
quantities ( ! mo/ preci\s ( all metals 
are f\nd--n  buri$ 9 m9es1 b scatt]$ on 
! surface ( ! e>?1 & !  =tunate adv5tur]
 may enri* himself beyond ! dreams (    
av>ice1  almo/ )\t lab\r1 )\t capital1 &
 ) no c>e b t :i*  cupidity g5]ates4 ,! 
pr9ciple t ! value ( ! preci\s  metals1 
l o!r products ( indu/ry1 is det]m9$    
prim>ily by !  co/ ( production1 & !n by
 sc>city1 ideas ( utility1 &  conv5i5ce1
 seems to be neutraliz$ by ?is new      
discov]y2 & x  becomes a curi\s "q1 h[  
f> x may affect ! value ( gold &  silv] 

9 ,europe4 ,if ! abundance ( gold fl[+ f
 ,am]ica be su*  z to exce$ ! dem&1 !   
value ( gold w fall1 & ! price (  all   
o!r commodities relatively rise1 & !    
relative proportion  betwe5 gold & silv]
 be di/urb$ s z to affect ! /&>ds (     
value 9 ea* c\ntry & ! p> ( ex*ange     
betwe5 "o & ano!r4  ,! productiv5ess ( !
 silv] m9es1 !re is no d\bt1 is great]  
& m regul> ?an ^? ( gold2 b ! enorm\s   
increase ( !  silv] curr5cy on !        
,cont95t1 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 & ev5 9    
,india1 & our own colonies1 has kept !  
price ( silv] a little  bel[ five %ill+s
 an ounce4 ,on ! o!r h& ! ,engli% /&>d  
( value be+ gold only1 ! dra9 ( gold is 
g5]ally t[>ds  ,engl&1 :ile t ( silv] is
 t[>ds ! ,cont95t4 ,we d n d\bt  t !    
,engli% ,m9t price ( gold1 #c #ags4     
#aj-a_/b;d4 an ounce1 & !  price at :i* 
! ,bank ( ,engl& are compell$ to        
pur*ase1 #c #ags4  #i;d4 an ounce1 are  
causes :i* n only regulate1 b1 )9 c]ta9 
limits1 det]m9e1 ! price ( gold ?r\gh\t 
! _w4 ,suppose1 =  a mom5t1 !           

circulation ( ,engl&1 exce$+ ?irty      
millions & !  ,bank /ore ( fifte5       
millions1 to be ?r[n on ! m>kets (      
,europe1  by an alt]ation ( ! /&>d (    
value--h[ mat]ial w\ld be !  fall 9     
price6 ,x is equally obvi\s t ,engl&    
w\ld be fir/ &  mo/ mat]ially affect$ by
 any l>ge & sudd5 production ( h]  /&>d 
( value2 = ?\gh ,am]ica w\ld be enri*$  
by !  discov]y ( ! preci\s metals )9 h] 
own t]ritories1 x is only  because %e   
w\ld possess a l>g] fund to ex*ange = m 
useful &  necess>y products ( lab\r4 ,! 
value ( silv] w\ld n fall1  assum+ !    
supply & dem& to be equalis$1 b gold    
w\ld fall 9  relation to silv]1 & !     
exi/+ proportion 7ab\t #ae to #a7 c\ld  
no long] be ma9ta9$4 ,!n prices w\ld    
rise ( all articles n[  e/imat$ 9 our   
curr5cy--i4e4 an ounce ( gold w\ld      
ex*ange =  less ?an at pres5t4 ,&1      
assum+ ! price ( silv] to keep up z     
h]et(ore1 ab\t #es4 an ounce1 our       
sov]eign w\ld be valu$ less 9  o!r      
c\ntries1 & all ex*ange op]ations w\ld  

be s5sibly  affect$4 ,! only c\nt]vail+ 
influ5ce 9 ! r$uction ( gold  to1 say1  
only d\ble ! price ( silv]1 w\ld be an  
increas$  consumption 9 articles ( ta/e 
& manufacture1 :i*1 h[ev]1 c  only be   
speculative & unc]ta94 ,x is said by    
acc\nts f  ,cali=nia t five hundr$ miles
 lie op5 to ! av>ice (  gold-hunt]s1 & t
 "s adv5tur]s h collect$ f #a1bjj to    
#a1hjj doll>s a-day2 ! probable av]age (
 ea* man's e>n+s be+  f #h to #aj doll>s
 a-day1 or1 let u say1 #b4 ,! same      
au?ority  av]s !re is room & v]ge en\gh 
= ! pr(itable work+1 to  t ext5t1 ( a   
hundr$ ?\s& p]sons4 ,& x is likely en\gh
  be=e long t su* a numb] may be tempt$ 
to seek _! easily  acquir$ =tune 9 !    
gold5 s&s ( ,el ,sacram5to & else:]e4   
,n[ two p\nds a-day = ea* man w\ld am\nt
 to #bjj1jjj1 :i*1  multipli$ by #cjj   
work+ days1 w give #fj1jjj1jjj a-ye>6 ,t
 is1  #fjj1jjj1jjj 9 t5 ye>s6 ,a fe>ful 
am\nt ( gold du/1 & f> m  ?an en\gh to  
di/urb ! equanimity ( t5 ?\s& political 
economi/s4 ,! gold ut5sils f\nd among ! 

simple-m9d$ &  philosophic ,p]uvians 7:o
 wond]$ at ! eag] desire ( ,*ri/ians  = 
:at !y sc>cely valu$71 w be e/eem$      
trifles ) our  gold5 palaces1 & halls   
pav$ ) gold1 :5 ,cali=nia %all h  p\r$  
?is va/ treasure into ,europe4 ,assum+ 9
 r\nd numb]s ea*  #b1jjj lbs41 or troy  
ton1 to be equival5t to #ajj1jjj /]l+1 !
  above am\nt 9 "o ye> w\ld repres5t six
 hundr$ tons1 & 9 t5  ye>s six ?\s& tons
 ( gold6 ,! imag9ation ( all-plodd+     
indu/ri\s ,engl& is incapable ( grasp+ s
 great an idea6 ,c  !re be any d\bt1 !n1
 ( a revolution 9 ! value ( ! preci\s   
metals8      ,,prohibition ,,f ,,!      
,,gov]nm5t4--,x w\ld seem t ! gov]nm5t  
h at l5g? tak5 measures to pres]ve !    
gold di/ricts f !  b&s ( =eign adv5tur]s
 :o are daily p\r+ 9 f e  qu>t]4 ,t[>ds 
! end ( ,janu>y we le>n t ,g5]al ,smi?  
_h  be5 s5t out by ! ,unit$ ,/ates      
gov]nm5t1 ) ord]s to en=ce  ! laws aga9/
 all p]sons1 n citiz5s ( ! ,/ates1 :o   
%\ld be  f\nd trespass+ on ! public l&s4
 ,(ficial notice to ?is effect  0 issu$ 

to ! ,am]ican consul at ,panama & o!r   
places1 9 ord]  t emigrants on _! way to
 ,cali=nia might be made aw>e ( !       
det]m9ation ( ! gov]nm5t previ\s to _!  
arrival4 ,!  puni%m5t = illegal         
trespass+ is f9e & imprisonm5t4 ,x 0 n  
kn[n1 at ! date ( ! la/ intellig5ce f   
,cali=nia h[ ?is  notification1 :i*     
makes su* an important *ange 9 !        
prospects (  ! num]\s bodies n[ on _!   
way ?i!r1 has be5 receiv$ by !          
population assembl$ at ! l& ( promise4  
,,j\rney ,,f ,,arkansas ,,to ,,cali=nia4
    ,! foll[+ g5]al view ( ! nature ( ! 
c\ntry :i* divides  ! ,unit$ ,/ates f   
,cali=nia is tak5 f a n>rative1 publi%$ 
by ,lieut5ant ,emory1 ( a j\rney f !    
,arkansas to ! newly  annex$ t]ritory ( 
! ,unit$ ,/ates4    ,! c\ntry1 says !   
lieut5ant1 f ! ,arkansas to ! ,colorado1
  a di/ance ( ov] #abjj miles1 9 its    
adaptation to agriculture1 has          
peculi>ities :i* mu/ = ev] /amp itself  
^u ! population  :i* inhabits x4 ,all   
,nor? ,mexico1 embrac+ ,new ,mexico1    

,*ihuahua1  ,sonora1 & ! ,cali=nias1 z  
f> nor? z ! ,sacram5to1 is1 z f>  z !   
be/ in=mation goes1 ! same 9 ! physical 
"* ( its  surface1 & diff]s b little 9  
climate & products4 ,9 no "p (  ?is va/ 
tract c ! ra9s f heav5 be reli$ ^u1 to  
any  ext5t1 = ! cultivation ( ! soil4 ,!
 e>? is de/itute (  trees1 & 9 great "p 
also ( any vegetation :atev]4 ,a few    
feeble  /reams fl[ 9 diff]5t directions 
f ! great m\nta9s1 :i* 9  _m places     
trav]se ?is region4 ,^! /reams are      
sep>at$1  sometimes by pla9s1 &         
sometimes by m\nta9s1 )\t wat] &  )\t   
vegetation1 & may be call$ des]ts1 s f> 
z !y p]=m  any useful "p 9 ! su/5ance ( 
animal life4    ,! :ole ext5t ( c\ntry1 
except on ! m>g9 ( /reams1 is  de/itute 
( =e/ trees4 ,! ,apa*es1 a v num]\s     
race1 & !  ,navajoes1 are ! *ief        
occupants1 b !re are _m m9or b&s1 :o1   
unlike ! ,apa*es & ,navajoes1 are n     
nomadic1 b h fix$  habitations4 ,among/ 
! mo/ rem>kable ( ^! are ! ,soones1 mo/ 
( :om are said to be ,alb9oes4 ,! latt] 

cultivate ! soil1 &  live 9 peace ) _! m
 num]\s & savage neighb\rs4 ,dep>t+  f !
 =d ( ! ,colorado 9 ! direction (       
,sonora1 !re is a  fe>ful des]t to      
enc\nt]4 ,alt]1 a small t[n1 ) a        
,mexican  g>rison1 is ! ne>e/ settlem5t4
 ,all acc\nts concur 9  repres5t+ !     
j\rney z "o ( extreme h>d%ip1 & ev5     
p]il4  ,! di/ance is n exactly kn[n1 b x
 is v>i\sly repres5t$ at  f f\r to sev5 
days' j\rney4 ,p]sons b\nd = ,sonora f  
,cali=nia1 :o d n m9d a circuit\s r\te1 
%\ld asc5d ! ,gila  z f> z ! ,pimos     
village1 & !nce p5etrate ! prov9ce by   
way  ( ,tucson4 ,at ! =d1 ! ,colorado is
 #a1ejj feet wide1 & fl[s at  ! rate ( a
 mile & a half p] h\r4 ,its greate/ dep?
 9 !  *annel1 at ! =d :]e we cross$1 is 
f\r feet4 ,! banks are l[1  n m ?an f\r 
feet high1 &1 judg+ f indications1      
sometimes1  ?\gh n frequ5tly1 ov]fl[$4  
,its g5]al appe>ance at ?is po9t  is mu*
 l t ( ! ,arkansas1 ) its turbid wat]s &
 %ift+  s& isl&s4    ,! n>rative (      
,lieut4 ,emory1 ( 8 j\rney f ?is po9t   

across  ! ,des]t ( ,cali=nia1 becomes   
highly int]e/+ &  *>act]i/ic4           
,novemb] #bf4--,! dawn ( day f\nd e man 
on horseback1 & a  bun* ( grass f !     
,colorado ti$ beh9d him on ! cantle ( 8 
saddle4 ,aft] gett+ well "u way1 ! ke5  
air at #bf ,fahr5heit  made x mo/       
com=table to walk4 ,we travell$ f\r     
miles along !  s& butte1 9 a s\!rn      
direction2 we m\nt$ ! buttes & f\nd a   
firm] foot+ cov]$ ) fragm5ts ( lava1    
r\nd$ by wat]1 &  _m agates4 ,we 7 n[   
fairly on ! des]t4    ,our c\rse n[     
incl9$ a few degrees m to ! nor?1 & at  
#aj1  ,a4,m41 we f\nd a l>ge pat* (     
grama1 :]e we halt$ = an h\r1 &  !n     
pursu$ our way ov] ! pla9s cov]$ )      
fragm5ts ( lava1  trav]s$ at int]vals by
 s& buttes1 until #d1 ,p4,m41 :51 aft]  
travell+ #bd miles1 we rea*$ ! ,alamo or
 cotton-wood4 ,at ?is  po9t1 ! ,spani>ds
 in=m$ u1 t1 fail+ to f9d wat]1 !y _h   
gone a league to ! we/1 9 pursuit ( _!  
horses1 :]e !y f\nd  a runn+ /ream4 ,we 
accord+ly s5t p>ties to se>*1 b nei!r  !

 wat] nor _! trail c\ld be f\nd4 ,nei!r 
0 !re any  cotton-wood at ! ,alamo1 z   
its "n w\ld signify2 b x 0  nev]!less ! 
place1 ! tree hav+ probably be5 cov]$ by
 !  encroa*m5ts ( ! s&1 :i* "h t]m9ates 
9 a bluff #dj feet  high1 mak+ ! arc ( a
 great circle convex+ to ! nor?4        
,desc5d+ ?is bluff1 we f\nd 9 :at _h be5
 ! *annel ( a  /ream1 n[ ov]gr[n ) a few
 ill-condition$ mesquite1 a l>ge hole   
:]e p]sons _h evid5tly dug = wat]4 ,x 0 
necess>y to halt to  re/ our animals1 & 
! "t 0 occupi$ 9 deep5+ ?is hole1  :i*1 
aft] a /rong /ruggle1 %[$ signs ( wat]4 
,an old *ampagne  basket1 us$ by "o ( ! 
(fic]s z a panni]1 0 l[]$ 9 !  hole1 to 
prev5t ! crumbl+ ( ! s&4 ,aft] _m ef=ts 
to keep  out ! cav+ s&1 a basket-"w (   
will[ twigs effect$ ! object1  &1 mu* to
 ! joy ( all1 ! basket1 :i* 0 n[ #ae or 
#bj feet  bel[ ! surface1 fill$ ) wat]4 
,! ord] 0 giv5 = ea* mess  to draw a    
kettle ( wat]1 & ,capta9 ,turn] 0 plac$ 
9 *>ge (  ! spr+1 to see fair           
di/ribution4    ,:5 ! messes 7 suppli$1 

! firmness ( ! banks gave hopes  t !    
animals might be wat]$1 & ea* p>ty 0    
notifi$ to h  _! animals 9 wait+2 !     
important bus9ess ( wat]+ !n  comm5c$1  
^u ! success ( :i* dep5d$ ! possibility 
( _!  advanc+ ) u a foot fur!r4 ,two    
buckets = ea* animal 7  all[$4 ,at #aj1 
,a4,m41 :5 my turn came1 ,capta9 ,moore 
_h succe$$1  by great ex]tions1 9 op5+  
ano!r well1 & ! "o already op5$  began  
to fl[ m freely1 9 consequ5ce ( :i*1 we 
c\ld af=d to  give ea* animal z mu* z x 
c\ld dr9k4 ,! poor brutes1 none (  :i*  
_h ta/$ wat] 9 =ty-eight h\rs1 & "s n = 
! la/  sixty1 clu/]$ r\nd ! well &      
scrambl$ = prec$5ce4 ,at #ab  o'clock ,i
 _h wat]$ all my animals1 ?irty-sev5 9  
numb]1 &  turn$ ov] ! well to ,capta9   
,moore4 ,! animals /ill _h an a*+  void 
to fill1 & all night 0 he>d ! mun*+ (   
/icks1 & _!  pite\s cries = m cong5ial  
food4    ,novemb] #bg & #bh4--,to-day we
 />t$ a few m9utes aft] sunrise4  ,our  
c\rse 0 a w9d+ "o1 to avoid ! s&-drifts4
 ,! ,mexicans  _h in=m$ u t ! wat]s ( ! 

salt lake1 "s ?irty or =ty  miles       
di/ant1 7 too salt to use1 b o!r        
in=mation l$ u to  ?9k ! intellig5ce 0  
wrong4 ,we accord+ly tri$ to rea* x2    
ab\t #c1 ,p4,m41 we dis5gag$ ourselves f
 ! s&1 & w5t due  7magnetic7 we/1 ov] an
 imm5se level ( clay detritus1 h>d &    
smoo? z a b[l+-gre54 ,! des]t 0 almo/   
de/itute (  vegetation2 n[ & !n an      
,eph$ra1 ,o5o!ra1 or bun*es ( ,ari/ida  
7 se51 & occasionally ! level 0 cov]$ ) 
a gr[? (  ,obione canesc5s1 & a l[ bu% )
 small oval plait$ leaves1  unkn[n4 ,!  
heavy s& _h prov$ too mu* = _m horses & 
"s  mules1 & all ! ef=ts ( _! driv]s    
c\ld br+ !m no fur!r  ?an ! middle ( ?is
 des]t4 ,ab\t #h o'clock1 z we approa*$ 
!  lake1 ! /5* ( dead animals confirm$ !
 reports ( ! ,mexicans1  & put to flight
 all hopes ( be+ able to use ! wat]4    
,! bas9 ( ! lake1 z well z ,i c\ld judge
 at night1 is ab\t  ?ree-qu>t]s ( a mile
 long & half a mile wide4 ,! wat] _h    
rec$$ to a pool1 dim9i%$ to "o half its 
size1 & ! approa* to  x1 0 ?r\gh a ?ick 

soapy quagmire4 ,x 0 :olly unfit = man  
or  brute1 & we /udi\sly kept ! latt] f 
x1 ?9k+ t ! use  ( x w\ld b aggravate _!
 ?ir/4 ,"o or two ( ! m5 came 9  late1  
&1 ru%+ to ! lake1 ?rew !mselves d[n &  
took _m  swall[s be=e discov]+ _!       
mi/ake2 b ! effect 0 n  injuri\s except 
t x increas$ _! ?ir/4 ,a few mezquite   
trees  & a *5opodiace\s %rub bord]$ !   
lake1 & on ^! our mules  mun*$ till !y  
_h suffici5tly refre%$ !mselves1 :5 !   
call  to saddle 0 s\nd$1 & we grop$     
sil5tly our way 9 ! d>k4 ,!  /\te/      
animals n[ began to /agg]1 & :5 day     
dawn$ sc>cely a  man 0 se5 m\nt$4    ,) 
! sun rose a heavy fog f ! s\?-we/1 no  
d\bt f !  gulf1 &1 sweep+ t[>ds u1      
envelop$ u = two or ?ree h\rs1  wett+   
our blankets & giv+ relief to ! animals4
 ,be=e x _h  disappe>$ we came to a pat*
 ( sun-burn$ grass4 ,:5 ! fog _h        
entirely disp]s$ we f\nd ourselves ent]+
 a gap 9 ! m\nta9s1  :i* _h be5 be=e u =
 f\r days4 ,! pla9 0 cross$1 b we  _h n 
yet f\nd wat]4 ,! fir/ valley we rea*$ 0

 dry1 & x  0 n till #ab o'clock1 ,m41 t 
we /ruck ! ,c>iso 7cane7 creek1  )9 half
 a mile ( "o ( its s\rces1 & al?\gh s   
close to !  s\rce1 ! s&s _h already     
absorb$ mu* ( its wat]1 & left b  little
 runn+4 ,a mile or two bel[1 ! creek    
entirely disappe>s4 ,we  halt$1 hav+    
made fifty-f\r miles 9 ! two days1 at ! 
s\rce1 a  magnific5t spr+1 tw5ty or     
?irty feet 9 diamet]1 highly  impregnat$
 ) sulphur1 & m$ic9al 9 its prop]ties4  
,! des]t ov] :i* we _h pass$1 n9ety     
miles f wat] to wat]1  is an imm5se     
triangul> pla91 b\nd$ on "o side by !   
,colorado1 on  ! we/ by ! ,cordill]as ( 
,cali=nia1 ! coa/ *a9 ( m\nta9s  :i* n[ 
encircles u1 ext5d+ f ! ,sacram5to riv] 
to !  s\!rn extremity ( ,l[] ,cali=nia1 
& on ! nor?-ea/ by a  *a9 ( m\nta9s1    
runn+ s\!a/ & nor?we/4 ,x is *iefly     
cov]$ ) float+ s&1 ! surface ( :i* 9    
v>i\s places is  :ite1 ) dim9utive      
sp9elas1 & ev]y:]e ov] ! :ole surface   
is f\nd ! l>ge & s(t muscle %ell4 ,i h  
not$ ! only two  pat*es ( grass f\nd    

dur+ ! 'jornada4' ,!re 7 scatt]$1 at    
wide int]vals1 ! ,palafoxia l9e>is1     
,atriplex1 ,encelia f>9osa1  ,daleas1   
,euphorbias1 & a ,simsia1 describ$ by   
,dr4 ,torrey z a new  species4    ,!    
s\!rn t]m9ation ( ?is des]t is b\nd$ by 
! ,tecat *a9  ( m\nta9s & ! ,colorado2 b
 its nor!rn & ea/]n b\nd>ies  are       
undef9$1 & ,i %\ld suppose f ! acc\nts (
 trapp]s1 &  o!rs1 :o h attempt$ !      
passage f ,cali=nia to ! ,gila by a  m  
nor!rn r\te1 t x ext5ds _m days' travel 
beyond ! *a9  ( b>r5 m\nta9s :i* b\nd ! 
horizon 9 t direction4 ,!  portal to !  
m\nta9s ?r\gh :i* we pass$ 0 =m$ by     
imm5se  buttes ( yell[ clay & s&1 ) l>ge
 flakes ( mica & seams (  gypsum4 ,no?+ 
c\ld be m =lorn & desolate 9 appe>ance4 
,!  gypsum _h giv5 "s consi/5cy to ! s& 
buttes1 :i* 7 wa%$  into fanta/ic       
figures4 ,"o ridge =m$ app>5tly a       
complete circle1  giv+ x ! appe>ance ( a
 crat]2 & al?\gh "s miles to !  left1 ,i
 %\ld h gone to visit x1 suppos+ x to be
 a crat]1 b  my mule 0 s9k+ ) ?ir/1 &   

wat] 0 yet at "s di/ance4  ,_m animals 7
 left on ! road to die ( ?ir/ & hung]1 9
  spite ( ! g5]\s ef=ts ( ! m5 to br+ !m
 to ! spr+4  ,m ?an "o 0 br\ght up1 by  
"o man tugg+ at ! halt] &  ano!r pu%+ up
 ! brute1 by plac+ 8 %\ld] aga9/ its    
buttocks4 ,our mo/ s]i\s loss1 p]haps1 0
 t ( "o or two fat  m>es & colts br\ght 
) u = food2 =1 be=e leav+ camp1  ,major 
,swords f\nd 9 a conceal$ place "o ( !  
be/ pack mules  slaught]$1 & ! *oice    
bits cut f 8 %\ld]s & flanks1  /eal?ily 
done by "s mess less provid5t ?an o!rs4 
,nov4 #bi4--,! grass at ! spr+ 0 any?+ b
 desirable = our  horses1 & !re 0       
sc>cely a ration left = ! m54 ,?is la/  
consid]ation w\ld n prev5t our giv+ !   
horses a day's re/  :]ev] grass c\ld be 
f\nd4 ,we foll[$ ! dry s&y b$ ( !       
,c>iso ne>ly all day1 at a snail's pace1
 & at l5g? rea*$ !  'little pools' :]e !
 grass 0 luxuriant b v salt4 ,! wat]    
/rongly resembl$ t at ! head ( ! ,c>iso 
creek1 & ! e>?1  :i* 0 v tremul\s = _m  
acres ab\t ! pools1 0 cov]$  ) salt4    

,?is valley is n m ?an half a mile wide1
 & on ea*  side are m\nta9s ( grey      
granite & pure qu>tz1 ris+ f #a1jjj  to 
#c1jjj feet above x4    ,we rode = miles
 ?r\gh ?ickets ( ! c5t5nial plant1      
,agave  ,am]icana1 & f\nd "o 9 full     
bloom4 ,! %>p ?orns t]m9at+  e leaf (   
?is plant 7 a great annoyance to our    
dism\nt$ &  we>i$ m51 ^: legs 7 n[ almo/
 b>e4 ,a numb] ( ^! plants  7 cut by !  
soldi]s1 & ! body ( !m us$ z food4 ,!   
day  0 int5sely hot1 & ! s& deep2 !     
animals1 inflat$ ) wat]  & ru%es1 gave  
way by scores2 & al?\gh we advanc$ only 
sixte5  miles1 _m did n arrive at camp  
until #aj o'clock at night4 ,x 0 a  fea/
 day = ! wolves1 :i* foll[$ 9 packs     
close on our track1  seiz+ our des]t$   
brutes1 & mak+ ! air res\nd ) _!  h[ls z
 !y battl$ = ! c>cases4    ,decemb]     
#ab4--,we foll[$ ! ,solidad ?r\gh a deep
 f]tile valley  9 ! %ape ( a cross4 ,"h 
we asc5d$ to ! left a /eep hill to  !   
table l&s1 :i*1 keep+ = a few miles1 we 
desc5d$ into a  wat]less valley1 lead+  

into ,false ,bay at a po9t di/ant two or
  ?ree miles f ,san ,diego4 ,at ?is     
place we 7 9 view ( ! =t  ov]look+ ! t[n
 ( ,san ,diego & ! b>r5 wa/e :i*        
surr\nds  x4    ,! t[n consi/s ( a few  
adobe h\ses1 two or ?ree ( :i* only  h  
plank floors4 ,x is situat$ at ! foot ( 
a high hill on a s&  flat1 two miles    
wide1 rea*+ f ! head ( ,san ,diego ,bay 
to ,false  ,bay4 ,a high promontory1 (  
ne>ly ! same wid?1 runs into ! sea  f\r 
or five miles1 & is connect$ by ! flat )
 ! ma9 l&4  ,! road to ! hide-h\ses     
leads on ! ea/ side ( ?is promontory1  &
 abrea/ ( !m ! frigate ,congress & !    
sloop ,portsm\? are  at an*or4 ,!       
hide-h\ses are a collection ( /ore-h\ses
 :]e !  hides ( cattle are pack$ be=e   
be+ %ipp$1 ?is article =m+  ! only trade
 ( ! little t[n4    ,! bay is a n>r[ arm
 ( ! sea ind5t+ ! l& "s f\r or  five    
miles1 easily def5d$1 & hav+ tw5ty feet 
( wat] at !  l[e/ tide4 ,! rise is five 
feet1 mak+ ! greate/ wat]  tw5ty-five   
feet4    ,/&+ on ! hill :i* ov]looks !  

t[n1 & look+ to !  nor?-ea/1 ,i saw !   
mission ( ,san ,diego1 a f9e l>ge build+
 n[  des]t$4 ,! ,rio ,san ,diego runs "u
 gr\nd 9 a direct c\rse f  ! mission to 
! t[n1 &1 sweep+ ar\nd ! hill1 dis*>ges 
itself into ! bay4 ,its orig9al deb\*e 0
 into ,false bay1 :]e1  meet+ ! wat]s   
roll+ 9 f ! seaw>d1 a b> 0 =m$ by !     
deposit ( s&1 mak+ ! entrance ( ,false  
,bay impracticable4    ,janu>y #b4--,six
 & a half miles' m>* br\ght u to !      
des]t$  mission ( ,san ,luis ,rey4 ,!   
keys ( ?is mission 7 9 *>ge ( !  alcalde
 ( ! ,indian village1 a mile di/ant4 ,he
 0 at ! door to  receive u & deliv] up  
possession4 ,!re we halt$ = ! day1 to   
let ! sailors1 :o suff]$ dreadfully f   
sore feet1 recruit a  little4 ,?is      
build+ is "o :i*1 = magnitude1          
conv5i5ce1 &  durability ( ar*itecture1 
w\ld d hon\r to any c\ntry4    ,! walls 
are adobe1 & ! ro(s ( well-made tile4 ,x
 0 built  ab\t sixty ye>s s9ce by !     
,indians ( ! c\ntry1 "u !  guidance ( a 
zeal\s prie/4 ,at t "t ! ,indians 7 v   

num]\s1 & "u ! absolute sway ( !        
mission>ies4 ,^!  mission>ies at "o "t  
bid fair to *ri/ianize ! ,indians (     
,cali=nia4 ,"u grants f ! ,mexican      
gov]nm5t1 !y collect$  !m into missions1
 built imm5se h\ses1 & began            
successfully to  till ! soil by ! h&s ( 
! ,indians = ! b5efit ( !  ,indians4    
,! habits ( ! prie/s1 & ! av>ice ( !    
milit>y rul]s (  ! t]ritory1 h[ev]1 soon
 conv]t$ ^! missions into in/rum5ts  (  
oppression & slav]y ( ! ,indian race4   
,! revolution ( #ahcf saw ! d[nfall ( ! 
prie/s1 & mo/ (  ^! missions pass$ by   
fraud into ! h&s ( private individuals1 
& ) !m ! ,indians 7 transf]r$ z s]fs ( !
 l&4    ,?is race1 :i*1 9 our c\ntry1   
has nev] be5 r$uc$ to slav]y1  is 9 t   
degrad$ condition ?r\gh\t ,cali=nia1 &  
does ! only  lab\r p]=m$ 9 ! c\ntry4    
,no?+ c exce$ _! pres5t  degradation4   
,! g5]al clos+ rem>ks ( ,lieut5ant      
,emory are z foll[3    ,! region ext5d+ 
f ! head ( ! ,gulf ( ,cali=nia to !     
p>allel ( ! ,pueblo1 or ,ciudad de los  

,angeles1 is ! only portion  n h]et(ore 
cov]$ by my own notes & j\rnal1 or by ! 
notes &  j\rnals ( o!r sci5tific        
exp$itions fitt$ out by ! ,unit$        
,/ates4 ,! j\rnals & publi%$ acc\nts (  
^! sev]al  exp$itions comb9$ w give     
def9ite ideas ( all ^? portions (       
,cali=nia susceptible ( cultivation or  
settlem5t4 ,f ?is rem>k  is to be       
except$ ! va/ bas9 wat]$ by ! ,colorado1
 & !  c\ntry ly+ betwe5 t riv] & ! range
 ( ,cordill]as1  repres5t$ z runn+ ea/ (
 ! ,tul>e lakes1 & s\? ( !  p>allel (   
#cf1 & ! c\ntry betwe5 ! ,colorado &    
,gila riv]s4    ,( ^! regions no?+ is   
kn[n except f ! reports ( trapp]s1  & ! 
speculations ( geologi/s4 ,z f> z ^!    
acc\nts g1 all  concur 9 repres5t+ x z a
 wa/e ( s& & rock1 unadorn$ )           
vegetation1 poorly wat]$1 & unfit1 x is 
believ$1 = any ( !  useful purposes (   
life4 ,a glance at ! map w %[ :at an    
imm5se  area is embrac$ 9 ^! b\nd>ies2  
&1 not)/&+ ! oral  acc\nts 9 reg>d to x1
 x is difficult to br+ ! m9d to !       

belief 9 ! exi/5ce ( su* a sea ( wa/e & 
des]t2 :5 e  o!r gr& division ( ! e>?   
pres5ts "s prom95t feature 9  ! economy 
( nature1 adm9i/]+ to ! wants ( man4    
,possibly ?is  unexplor$ region may be  
fill$ ) valuable m9]als4    ,:]e        
irrigation c be _h 9 ?is c\ntry1 !      
produce ( ! soil  is abundant beyond    
description4 ,all ! gra9s & fruits ( !  
temp]ate zones1 & _m ( ^? ( ! tropical1 
fl\ri%  luxuriantly4 ,desc5d+ f !       
heights ( ,san ,b>n>do to ! ,pacific  "o
 meets e degree ( temp]ature4 ,ne> !    
coa/1 ! w9ds  prevail+ f ! s\?-we/ 9    
w9t]1 & f ! nor?-we/ 9  summ]1 produce a
 great uni=mity ( temp]ature1 & !       
climate is  p]haps unsurpass$ 9         
salubrity4 ,) ! exception ( a v few     
cases ( ague & fev] ( a mild type1      
sickness is unkn[n4    ,! season ( ! ye>
 at :i* we visit$ ! c\ntry 0            
unfav\rable to obta9+ a k ( its botany4 
,! vegetation1  mo/ly decidu\s1 _h gone 
to decay1 & no fl[]s nor se$s 7         
collect$4 ,! c\ntry g5]ally is entirely 

de/itute ( trees4 ,along  ! pr9cipal    
range ( ! m\nta9s are a few live oaks1  
sycamore &  p9e2 n[ & !n1 b v r>ely1 !  
sycamore & cotton-wood occur  9 !       
*ampaign c\ntry1 imm$iately on ! m>g9s (
 ! /reams4  ,wild oats ev]y:]e cov] !   
surface ( ! hills1 & ^!1 )  ! wild mu/>d
 & c>rots1 furni% good pa/urage to !    
imm5se  h]ds ( cattle :i* =m ! /aple (  
,cali=nia4 ,( ! _m fruits  capable ( be+
 produc$ ) success1 by culture &        
irrigation1 !  grape is p]haps t :i* is 
br\ght ne>e/ to p]fection4  ,exp]i5c$   
w9e-gr[]s & ,europeans1 pron\nce ?is    
portion (  ,cali=nia unequall$ = !      
quality ( its w9es4