,,international ,,weekly ,,miscellany ,of ,literature1 ,art1 and ,science4 99 99 99 99 99 ,vol4 ,i4 ,,new ,,york1 ,,july #ae1 #ahej4 ,no4 #c4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,george ,,sand1 ,,in ,,the ,,memoirs ,,of ,,chateaubriand4 ,george ,sand is about to publish a book called ,memoirs of my ,life1 which is looked for with great expectations by both the admirers of her genius and the lovers of scandalous gossip4 ,it is certain that if she makes a clean breast of her adventures and experiences1 the world will have reason both for admiration and disgust over the confessions3 admiration for the generosity of her character--for she never did a mean thing1 and probably never had a mean thought--disgust at the recklessness with which she has cast off the delicacy and modesty of woman1 and undermined the morality on which the holiest institutions of society depend4 ,the interest with which the ,french public look forward to the book may be understood from the enormous price she has received for it between #cj1jjj and #dj1jjj4 ,the ,credit1 a most respectable daily journal of ,paris1 has purchased of the publisher1 for #ab1jjj1 the right of issuing the first six volumes in its feuilleton1 in advance of the regular publication1 and will soon commence them4 ,chateaubriand1 in one of the latest chapters of his ,posthumous ,memoirs1 speaks at some length of ,george ,sand4 ,the verdict of the most illustrious ,french literary man of the age which has just closed1 upon this most remarkable writer of the age now passing1 is every way interesting1 and we translate it for the ,international from the columns of ,la ,presse1 as follows3 ,madame ,sand possesses talents of the first order4 ,her descriptions are true as those of ,rousseau in his ,reveries1 and those of ,bernardin ,st4 ,pierre in his ,studies4 ,her free style is stained by none of the current faults of the day4 ,lelia1 a book painful to read1 and offering only here and there one of the delicious scenes which may be found in ,indiana and ,valentine1 is nevertheless a master-work of its kind4 ,of the nature of a debauch1 it is yet without passion1 though it produces the disturbance of passion4 ,the soul is wanting1 but still it weighs upon the heart4 ,depravity of maxims1 insult to rectitude of life1 could not go farther2 but over the abyss descends the talent of the author4 ,in the valley of ,gomorrah the dew falls nightly upon the ,dead ,sea4 ,the works of ,madame ,sand1 those romances1 the poetry of matter1 are born of the epoch4 ,notwithstanding her superiority1 it is to be feared that the author has narrowed the circle of her readers by the very character of her writings4 ,george ,sand will never be a favorite with persons of all ages4 ,of two men equal in genius1 one of whom preaches order and the other disorder1 the first will attract the greater number of hearers4 ,the human race never give unanimous applause to what wounds morality1 on which repose the feeble and the just4 ,we do not willingly associate with all the recollections of our life those books which caused us the first blush1 and whose pages were not those we learned by heart as we left the cradle3 books which we have read only in secret1 which have never been our avowed and cherished companions1 and which were never mingled with either the candor of our sentiments or the integrity of our innocence4 ,providence has confined to very straight limits all success which has not its source in goodness1 and has given universal glory as an encouragement for virtue4 ,i am aware that ,i reason here like a man whose narrow view does not embrace the vast humanitary horizon1 like a retrograde attached to a ridiculous system of morality1 a morality already passing to decay1 and at the best good only for minds without intelligence1 in the infancy of society4 ,there is close at hand the birth of a new gospel1 far above the common-places of this conventional wisdom1 which hinders the progress of the human race1 and the restoration to dignity and honor of this poor body1 so calumniated by the soul4 ,when women all resort to the street--when to perform the marriage ceremony it will be enough to open the window and call on ,god as witness1 priest1 and wedding-guest--then all prudery will be destroyed2 there will be espousals everywhere1 and we shall rise the same as the birds to the grandeur of nature4 ,my criticism on books of the sort of ,george ,sand's has then no value except in the vulgar order of things past1 and therefore ,i trust she will not be offended by it4 ,the admiration ,i profess for her ought to make her excuse these remarks1 which have their origin in the infelicity of my age4 ,once ,i should have been more carried away by the ,muses4 ,those daughters of heaven were in times past my lovely mistresses1 now they are only my ancient friends4 ,at evening they kept me company by the fireside1 but they soon depart2 for ,i go to bed early1 and then they hasten to take their places around the hearth-stone of ,madame ,sand4 ,without doubt ,madame ,sand will in this path prove her intellectual omnipotence1 but yet she will please less1 because she will be less original4 ,she will fancy she augments her power by venturing into the depths of these reveries1 beneath which we deplorable common mortals are buried1 and she will be mistaken4 ,in fact she is much superior to this extravagance1 this vagueness1 this presumptuous balderdash4 ,at the same time that a person endowed with a rare but too flexible faculty1 should be guarded against follies of the higher order1 he ought also to be warned that fantastic compositions1 subjective or intimate1 painting 7so runs the jargon7 are restricted2 that their course is in youth2 that its springs are drying up every instant1 and that after a number of productions the writer finishes with nothing but weak repetitions4 ,is it very likely that ,madame ,sand will always find the same charm in what she now composes8 ,will not the merit and the enthusiasm of twenty lose their value in her mind as the works of my first days are depreciated in mine8 ,there is nothing changeless except the labors of the antique muse1 and they are sustained by a nobility of manners1 a beauty of language1 and a majesty of sentiments1 which belong to the entire human species4 ,the fourth book of the ,eneid remains forever exposed to the admiration of men because it is suspended in heaven4 ,the ships bearing the founder of the ,roman ,empire1--,dido1 the foundress of ,carthage1 stabbing herself after having announced ,hannibal3 ,exoriare aliquis nostius exossibus ulta4-- ,love causing the rivality of ,rome and ,carthage to leap from the flame of his torch1 lighting with his own hand the funeral pile1 whose blaze the fugitive ,eneas perceives upon the waves1--is altogether another thing than the promenade of a dreamer in the woods1 or the disappearance of a libertine who drowns himself in the sea4 ,madame ,sand will1 ,i trust1 yet associate her talents with subjects as durable as her genius4 ,madame ,sand can only be converted by the preaching of that missionary with bald forehead and hoary beard1 called ,time4 ,a voice less austere meanwhile enchains the captive ear of the poet4 ,in fact1 ,i am persuaded that the talent of ,madame ,sand has some of its roots in corruption2 in becoming modest she would become commonplace4 ,it would have been otherwise had she always remained in that sanctuary not frequented by men2 her power of love1 restrained and concealed beneath the virginal fillet1 would have drawn from her heart those decent melodies which belong at once to the woman and the angel4 ,however that may be1 audacity of ideas and voluptuousness of manners form a spot not before cleared up by a daughter of ,adam1 and which1 submitted to a woman's culture1 has yielded a harvest of unknown flowers4 ,let us permit ,madame ,sand to produce these perilous marvels till the approach of winter2 she will sing no more when the ,north wind has come4 ,meanwhile1 less improvident than the grasshopper1 let her make provision of glory for the time when there will be a famine of pleasure4 ,the mother of ,musarion was wont to repeat to her child3 ,thou wilt not always be sixteen2 will ,choereas always remember his oath1 his tears and his caresses8 ,for the rest1 women have often been seduced1 and as it were carried off1 by their own youth1 but toward the days of autumn1 restored to the maternal hearth1 they have added to their harps the grave or plaintive chord on which either religion or unhappiness finds expression4 ,old age is a traveler in the night time2 the earth is hidden from sight and he can see nothing but the heavens shining above his head4 ,i have not seen ,madame ,sand dressed in men's clothes or wearing the blouse and the iron-shod staff of the mountaineer4 ,i have not seen her drinking from the cup of bacchanals and smoking indolently reclining on a sofa like a sultana1--natural or affected eccentricities which for me could add nothing to her charms or her genius4 ,is she more inspired when she causes a cloud of vapor to rise from her mouth about her hair8 ,did ,lelia escape from the head of her mother through a burning mist1 as ,sin1 according to ,milton1 proceeded from the head of the glorious and guilty archangel amid a whirlpool of smoke8 ,i know not what passes in the sacred courts2 but here below ,neamede1 ,phila1 ,lais1 ,gnathene1 the witty ,phryne1 the despair of the pencil of ,apelles1 and the chisel of ,praxiteles1 ,lena1 beloved of ,harmodias1 the two sisters named ,aphyes1 because they were small and had large eyes1 ,dorica1 the fillet of whose locks and embalmed robe were consecrated in the temple of ,venus1--all these enchantresses knew only the perfumes of ,arabia4 ,it is true that ,madame ,sand has on her side the authority of the ,odalisques and the young ,mexicans who dance with cigars between their lips4 ,what effect has ,madame ,sand had upon me1 after the few gifted women1 and many charming women whom ,i have known--after those daughters of the earth1 who like ,madame ,sand said with ,sappho3 ,come1 ,mother of ,love1 to our delicious banquets1 fill our cups with the nectar of roses8 ,as ,i have placed myself now in fiction and now in reality1 the author of ,valentine has made on me two very different impressions4 ,as for fiction1 ,i do not speak of it1 for ,i ought no longer to understand its language2 as for reality1 a man of grave age1 cherishing the notions of propriety1 attaching as a ,christian the highest value to the timid virtue of woman4 ,i know not how to express my unhappiness at such a mass of rich endowments bestowed on the prodigal and faithless hours which are spent and vanish4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,maria ,,brooks ,,and ,,southey4 ,it is well known that our countrywoman ,,maria ,,del ,,occidente was on terms of familiar intimacy with the poet-laureate1 whose admiration of her genius is illustrated in several allusions to her in his works1 and particularly in that passage of ,the ,doctor in which she is described as the most impassioned and imaginative of all poetesses4 ,southey superintended the publication of ,zophiel1 in ,london1 and afterward was a frequent correspondent of ,mrs4 ,brooks1 during her residence in ,new ,york and in ,cuba4 ,among the souvenirs of ,mrs4 ,brooke's grateful recollection of his kindness1 are two or three short poems commemorating her visits to ,keswick1 and the following song1 put into a lyrical form by her1 from the blank verse of ,madoc4 ,,prince ,,hoel',s ,,lay ,,of ,,love4 ,i've harnessed thee1 my faithful steed-- ,now1 by the ocean1 prove thy speed1 ,while1 as we pass1 th' advancing spray ,shall kiss thy side of glossy gray2-- ,oh6 fairer than the ocean foam ,is that cold maid for whom we roam6 ,her cheek is like the apple flower ,or summer heavens1 at evening hour1 ,while1 in her tender bashfulness1 ,she starts and files my love's excess1 ,tho' dim my brow1 beneath its mail1 ,as ocean when the sun is pale4 ,on1 on6 until my longing sight1 ,can fix upon that dwelling white1 ,beside a verdant bank that braves ,the ocean's ever-sounding waves2-- ,there1 all alone1 she loves to sing1 ,watching the silver sea-mew's wing4 ,in crowded halls1 my spirit flies ,to wait upon her2 and wasting sighs ,consume my nights2 where'er ,i turn ,for her ,i pant1 for her ,i burn1 ,who1 like some timid1 graceful bird1 ,shrinks from my glance and fears my word4 ,i faint2 my glow of youth is gone2 ,sleepless at night and sick at morn1 ,my strength departs2 ,i droop1 ,i fade1 ,yet think upon that lonely maid1 ,and pity her1 the while ,i pine ,that she should spurn a love like mine ,this1 ,madoc took the harp to play2 ,cold in the earth ,prince ,hoel lay2 ,and ,llaian listened1 fain to speak ,but wept as if her heart would break4 ,in this connection1 writing of ,southey1 soon after intelligence was received in this country of the decay of his intelligence1 from her coffee estate in ,cuba1 ,mrs4 ,brooks says3 ,when a child of ten years old ,i could admire the poem ,madoc1 such is the simplicity of its sentiments and the beauty of its delineations4 ,looking it over1 here1 7amidst the woods and canes of that island where repose the bones of ,columbus17 the song of ,prince ,hoel attached itself to my thoughts1 and has been 7involuntarily7 put into rhyme4 ,this song may be found in the first part of the poem mentioned4 ,the lyric metre in which it now appears must rather injure than improve the belle nature of the original4 ,still ,i wish it to be published1 as coming from my hand2 because it gives me an opportunity of expressing1 in some degree1 my unqualified admiration of its composer4 ,well may he be called ,,the ,,poet ,,and ,,historian ,,of ,,the ,,new ,,world4 ,to justify this appellation1 one has only to look at ,madoc and the ,history of ,brazil4 ,i have heard1 from a friend1 of a rumor that ,southey is ill2 and1 as it is feared1 irrecoverably4 ,this intelligence is unexpected as it is melancholy2 for who had better reason to look forward to a protracted existence upon earth1 than he who has written more than any other man except ,voltaire--than ,robert ,southey1 perfectly proportioned in person1 just in mind1 regular in his way of living1 and benevolent in all his doings8 ,during that ,spring which hallowed the last revolution in ,france1 7that of ,july1 #ahcj17 ,i saw this bard of the lakes surrounded by his most amiable and certainly beautiful family2 one only individual of which1 his ,dark-eyed ,birtha1 timid as a dove1 was then absent4 ,i must ever believe that a common reputation for beauty depends more on circumstances than on any particular faultlessness in the person said generally to be handsome4 ,byron1 in some one of the letters or conversations1 written either by or for him1 says1 or is said to say3 ,i saw ,southey 7naming the time7 at ,lord ,holland's1 and would give ,newstead for his head and shoulders4 ,this quotation is from memory1 but1 ,i trust1 right in sentiment1 though it may not be perfectly so in words2 but ,i have seen little else concerning the physique either of him ,who framed of ,thalaba that wild and wondrous song1 or of those to whom his blood is transmitted4 ,still1 at the time ,i have mentioned1 it was impossible to look unmoved upon so much perfection of color1 sound and expression as arrested my eyes at ,keswick2 in the tasteful and hospitable dwelling of him who brought to earth that ,glendoveer1 one of the fairest race of ,heaven1 7the heaven of ,india17 who averted the designs of ,arvalan1 in that glowing and magnificent poem ,the ,curse of ,kehama4 ,the ,herodotus of ,brazil1 himself1 had seen1 when ,i first saw him1 fifty-seven winters2 but his once dark locks1 though sprinkled with snow1 were still curling as if childhood had not passed2 and looked wild and thick as those of his own ,thalaba4 ,a chevelure like this1 with black eyes1 aquiline features1 and figure tall and slender1 without attenuation1 assisted in presenting such an image as is seldom viewed in reality2 while the effect of the whole was enhanced by easy1 unpretending and affectionate manners4 ,the eldest daughter of this ,minstrel of the ,mountains was called ,edith ,may1 7the name of ,may having been given because she was born in the month of blossoms47 ,this lady 7now ,mrs4 ,warter17 was the bard himself with a different sex and complexion4 ,her features his1 but softened4 ,her gentle1 graceful deportment was in perfect harmony with flaxen hair tinted with gold2 and the outline of her father's face was embellished by the blue eyes and other delicate colors of her too sensitive mother1 7named1 also1 ,edith17 who had been chosen for love alone4 ,the second daughter1 ,birtha1 as ,i have said1 was absent4 ,the third1 ,catherine1 between the woman and the child1 had hazel eyes and fine features1 altogether with a delicate shape and complexion4 ,cuthbert1 the only son1 was a boy of eleven or twelve1 with an open1 expressive countenance4 ,i could not help remarking that in the names of each individual of this pleasing group was heard that sound produced by the letter ,t followed by its companion ,h1 which is so difficult to the organs of foreigners1 but which1 when tenderly pronounced1 brings to mind the down of a swan or the wing of a dove4 ,edith1 ,birtha1 ,catherine1 ,cuthbert1 ,southey4 ,if affection and innocence can insure felicity on earth1 the course of their lives must be smooth as waters where the swan reposes2 for certainly all their movements seemed innocent as those of the dove4 ,the month of ,march was nearly half gone1 when ,i reached ,keswick1 by the road from ,edinburgh2 having passed1 in my way1 an old stone building1 pointed out to me as ,branksome ,tower1 known by the ,lay of the ,last ,minstrel1 who has sung the achievements of ,scottish knights and ladies4 ,this village1 at the foot of ,skiddaw1 though much visited in the summer1 has still all the wildness of nature4 ,daffodils were in blossom when ,i walked there2 and primroses1 daisies and violets opened1 among the trees1 upon every bank and grass plat1 while the mountains1 clustering about ,derwent ,water1 assumed such tints and shades of purple and blue as are peculiar to a northern climate4 ,oh1 man1 thou pendulum betwixt a smile and tear6 ,all these pleasing images seemed to flit before me while putting into rhyme the ,song of ,prince ,hoel1--but before ,i could write it down1 tidings reached me of the illness1 7perhaps incurable17 of him who drew it from the oblivion of its native ,welsh4 ,death already has robbed me of so much1 that ,i have become1 as it were1 inured to grief1 and accustomed1 even in my least unhappy moments to reflect on the incertitude of all earthly hopes and wishes4 ,i can now hear of losses with melancholy rather than with horror4 ,so much of the soul of ,robert ,southey has been dispersed about the world that a translation to some other state of being1 7now1 before time has given him any burthen to carry17 would be1 perhaps1 no misfortune1 except to those left to sorrow4 ,yet to know that so benevolent a being is still existing1 feeling1 joying1 and suffering1 on the sphere of our own mortality1 awakens a feeling so nearly allied to pleasure that all who can appreciate excellence must entreat of ,heaven the continuance upon earth of a contemporary of whom it may be said3 ,,virtue ,,and ,,he ,,are ,,one6 99 99 99 99 99 ,,miss ,,leslie',s ,,life ,,of ,,john ,,fitch4 ,it has been announced for years that ,miss ,leslie--the very clever but not altogether amiable magazinist--was engaged upon a memoir of ,,john ,,fitch1 to whom1 it has always seemed to us1 was due much more than to ,fulton1 the credit of inventing the steamboat4 ,while ,fitch was in ,london1 ,miss ,leslie's father was one of his warmest friends1 and the papers of her family enable her to give many particulars of his history unknown to other biographers4 ,when several years ago4 ,r4,w4 ,griswold published his ,sketches of the ,life and ,labors of ,john ,fitch1 the late ,noah ,webster sent him the following interesting letter upon the subject3 ,,dear ,,sir3--,in your sketch of ,john ,fitch you justly remarked that his biography is still a desideratum4 ,the facts related of him by ,mr4 ,st4 ,john to ,mr4 ,stone1 and published in the ,new ,york ,commercial ,advertiser1 are new to me2 and never before had ,i heard of ,mr4 ,fitch at ,sharon1 in ,connecticut2 but ,i know ,mr4 ,st4 ,john very well1 and cannot discredit his testimony any more than ,i can ,mr4 ,stone's memory4 ,the substance of the account given of ,mr4 ,fitch by the indefatigable ,j4,w4 ,barber1 in his ,connecticut ,historical ,collections1 is as follows3 ,john ,fitch was born in ,east ,windsor1 in ,connecticut1 and apprenticed to ,mr4 ,cheney1 a watch and clock-maker1 of ,east ,hartford1 now ,manchester1 a new town separated from ,east ,hartford4 ,he married1 but did not live happily with his wife1 and he left her and went to ,new ,brunswick1 in ,new ,jersey1 where he set up the business of clock-making1 engraving1 and repairing muskets1 before the revolution4 ,when ,new ,jersey was invaded by the ,british troops1 ,mr4 ,fitch removed into the interior of ,pennsylvania1 where he employed his time in repairing arms for the army4 ,mr4 ,fitch conceived the project of steam navigation in #aghe1 as appears by his advertisement4 ,he built his boat in #aghg4 ,in my ,diary ,i have myself noted that ,i visited the boat1 lying at the wharf in the ,delaware1 on the ninth day of ,february1 #aghg4 ,the ,governor and ,council were so much gratified with the success of the boat that they presented ,mr4 ,fitch with a superb flag4 ,about that time1 the company1 aiding ,mr4 ,fitch1 sent him to ,france1 at the request of ,mr4 ,vail1 our consul at ,l',orient1 who was one of the company4 ,but this was when ,france began to be agitated by the revolution1 and nothing in favor of ,mr4 ,fitch was accomplished2 he therefore returned4 ,mr4 ,vail afterward presented to ,mr4 ,fulton for examination the papers of ,mr4 ,fitch1 containing his scheme of steam navigation4 ,after ,mr4 ,fitch returned to this country1 he addressed a letter to ,mr4 ,rittenhouse1 in which he predicted that in time the ,atlantic would be crossed by steam power2 he complained of his poverty1 and urged ,mr4 ,rittenhouse to buy his land in ,kentucky1 for raising funds to complete his scheme4 ,but he obtained no efficient aid4 ,disappointed in his efforts to obtain funds1 he resorted to indulgence in drink2 he retired to ,pittsburgh1 and finally ended his life by plunging into the ,alleghany4 ,his books and papers he bequeathed to the ,philadelphia ,library1 with the injunction that they were to remain closed for thirty years4 ,at the end of that period1 the papers were opened1 and found to contain a minute account of his perplexities and disappointments4 ,thus chiefly the narration of ,mr4 ,barber1 who refers for authority to the ,american edition of the ,edinburgh ,encyclopedia4 ,it may be worth while for some gentleman to attempt to find these papers4 ,n4 ,,webster4 ,rev4 ,,rufus ,w4 ,,griswold4 ,the papers to which ,dr4 ,webster alludes in the above letter1 have been examined by ,miss ,leslie1 and the curious details they contain of ,fitch's early life1 his courtship1 unfortunate marriage1 captivity among the ,indians1 experiments1 c4 will be embraced in her work1 which will undoubtedly be one of the most interesting biographies of this country4 99 99 99 99 99 ,the director of the ,museum of ,paris has opened a very interesting gallery of ,american antiquities1 from ,yucatan1 ,mexico1 ,peru1 ,bolivia1 and other countries of the ,new ,world4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,illuminated ,,books4 ,mr4 ,owen ,jones1 an ,english architect1 and the author of a very beautiful work on the ,alhambra1 has been enabled1 by the curious process of chromo-lithography1 originally discovered by the ,bavarian1 ,alois ,sennefelder1 to popularize and multiply almost indefinitely the delicate and highly-finished illuminations executed by the pious monkish artists of the middle ages4 ,according to ,felton1 the manuscript illuminators borrowed their title from the illumination which a bright genius giveth to his work1 and they form the connecting link in the chain which unites the ancient with the modern schools of painting4 ,their works1 considered as a subordinate branch of pictorial art1 though frequently grotesque and barbarous1 are singularly characteristic of the epoch in which they lived1 whether we retrace the art to its ,byzantine origin in the earliest ages of ,christianity1 or follow it to its most complete and harmonious development in the two centuries which preceded the discovery of the printing press4 ,the primitive ,christians were possessed with an unconquerable repugnance to the introduction of images1 and the first notice we have of the use of pictures is in the censure of the ,council of ,illiberis1 #cjj years after the ,christian era4 ,of these one of the earliest and most curious specimens is the consecrated banner which animated the victorious soldiers of ,constantine4 ,the ,labarum was a long pike1 topped with a crown of gold1 inclosing a monogram expressive of the cross and the two initial letters of the name of ,christ1 and intersected by a transverse beam1 from which hung a silken vail curiously inwrought with the images of the reigning monarch and his children4 ,a medal of the ,emperor ,constantius is said to be still extant in which the mysterious symbol is accompanied with the memorable words1 ,by this sign shalt thou conquer4 ,the austere simplicity of the ,primitive ,christians yielded at length to this innovation of sacred splendor4 ,before the end of the sixth century the use and even the worship of images1 or pictorial representations of sacred persons and subjects1 was firmly established in the capital1 and those made without hands were propagated in the camps and cities of the ,eastern empire by monkish artists1 whose flat delineations were in the last degeneracy of taste4 ,in the eighth century1 ,leo the ,isaurian ascended the throne of the ,east1 and for a time the public or private worship of images was proscribed1 but the edict was vigorously and successfully resisted by the ,latins of the ,western church4 ,charlemagne1 whose literary tastes are attested by his encouragement of the learned1 by the foundation of schools1 and by his patronage of the arts of music and painting1 gave a great impulse to the practice of illumination3 and the ,benedictines1 whose influence extended throughout ,europe1 assigned an eminent rank among monastic virtues to the guardianship and reproduction of valuable manuscripts4 ,in each ,benedictine monastery a chamber was set apart for this sacred purpose1 and ,charlemagne assigned to ,alcuin1 a member of their order1 the important office of preparing a perfect copy of the ,scriptures4 ,the process of laving on and burnishing gold and silver appears to have been familiar to oriental nations from a period of remote antiquity1 and the ,greeks are supposed to have acquired from them the art of thus ornamenting manuscripts1 which they in turn communicated to the ,latins4 ,their most precious manuscripts were written in gold or silver letters1 on the finest semi-transparent vellum1 stained of a beautiful violet color 7the imperial purple71 and these were executed only for crowned heads4 ,one of the most ancient existing specimens of this mode of caligraphy in the fourth century1 the ,codex ,argenteus of ,ulphilas1 the inventor of the ,visigothic alphabet1 was discovered in the library of ,wolfenbttel1 and is now at ,upsal1 ,sweden4 ,this fine ,,ms4 is written in letters of gold and silver on a purple ground2 and the fragments of a ,greek ,,ms4 of the ,eusebian ,canons of the sixth century1 preserved in the ,british ,museum1 is perhaps a unique example of a ,,ms4 in which both sides of the leaves are illuminated upon a golden ground4 ,mr4 ,owen ,jones' illustrations commence with a page from the celebrated ,durham book1 or ,gospels of ,st4 ,cuthbert1 in the ,hiberno-,saxon style of the seventh century1 which was borrowed originally from the ,romans1 and afterward diffused throughout ,europe by the itinerant-,saxon ,benedictines4 ,this style is formed by an ingenious disposition of interweaving threads or ribbons of different colors1 varied by the introduction of extremely attenuated lizard-like reptiles1 birds1 and other animals4 ,the initial letters are of gigantic size1 and of extreme intricacy1 and are generally surrounded with rows of minute red dots4 ,the ,coronation ,oath ,book of the ,anglo-,saxon kings is a curious specimen of the rude state of art in the ninth century4 ,the ,lombard and the ,carlovingian styles1 of which latter the ,psalter of ,charles the ,bold1 is a fine specimen1 prevailed on the continent during the eighth and ninth centuries4 ,toward the end of the tenth century1 the ,anglo-,saxon school1 under the patronage of ,bishop ,ethelwold1 at ,winchester1 assumed a new and distinct character1 which was not surpassed by any works executed at the same period4 ,this style1 with its bars of gold1 forming complete frames to the text1 when enriched with interweaving foliage of the acanthus and the ivy1 became the basis of the latter and more florid school of illumination1 which attained its highest perfection in the twelfth century1 and of which the ,arnstein ,bible is an example4 ,this ,bible belonged to the ,monks of ,st4 ,mary and ,st4 ,nicholas1 of ,arnstein1 and the value which was attached to it may be inferred from the following quaint and mild anathema at the end of the first volume3-- ,the book of ,st4 ,mary and ,st4 ,nicholas1 in ,arnstein1 the which1 if any one shall purloin it1 may he die the death--may he be cooked upon the gridiron--may the falling sickness and fevers attack him--and may he be broken upon the wheel and hung6 ,in the thirteenth century ,paris became celebrated for its illuminators1 and the productions of ,franco-,bolognese1 whose skill in illuminating manuscripts was then paramount1 is mentioned by ,dante4 ,mr4 ,humphreys thus graphically describes the style of the fourteenth century3-- ,it was a great artistic era--the architecture1 the painting1 the goldsmith's work1 the elaborate productions in enamel1 and the illuminator's art1 were in beautiful harmony1 being each founded upon similar principles of design and composition2 even the art of writing lending itself to complete the chord of artistic harmony1 by adopting that1 crisp and angular feeling which the then general use of the pointed arch introduced into all works of artistic combination4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,the ,,phantom ,,world4#a ,,mr4 ,,christmas1 in his ,twin ,giants1 attacked the stronghold of popular superstition by exhibiting the foundations and growth of error in the early and ignorant ages1 and of the progressive dissipation of these delusions as the light of history and science spread over the world4 ,the present work is a translation from ,calmet4 ,it deals with spectres1 vampyres1 and all that tribe of visionary monsters4 ,we have here the learning and opinion of the enlightened portion of the world a century ago4 ,m4 ,calmet traversed all history for his facts1 and gives us a mass of monkish inventions1 which prove to what an extent the ,romish church fostered superstition for its own purposes4 ,we have dead men called from their graves to show the danger of neglecting to pay tithes1 and to rivet on the rich the necessity of building churches1 and paying liberally for masses4 ,at p4 #bhf of vol4 #a we have a proof that the knockings which have made so much noise in the ,united ,states1 are no novelty3-- ,humbert ,birk1 a burgess of note in the town of ,oppenheim1 had a country-house1 called ,berenbach4 ,he died in the month of ,november1 #afbj1 a few days before the feast of ,st4 ,martin4 ,on the ,saturday which followed his funeral they began to hear certain noises in the house where he had lived with his first wife2 for at the time of his death he had married again4 ,the master of this house1 suspecting that it was his brother-in-law who haunted it1 said to him3 ',if you are ,humbert1 my brother-in-law1 strike three times against the wall4' ,at the same time they heard three strokes only1 for ordinarily he struck several times4 ,sometimes1 also1 he was heard at the fountain where they went for water1 and he frightened all the neighborhood4 ,he did not utter articulate sounds2 but he would knock repeatedly1 make a noise1 or a groan or a shrill whistle1 or sounds as of a person in lamentation4 ,this went on1 at intervals1 for a year1 when the ghost found a voice1 and told them to tell the cure to come there2 and when he came he said he wanted three masses said for him1 and alms given to the poor4 ,the author has the following sensible observations on the modes in which ghost stories originate3-- ,we call to our assistance the artifices of the charlatans1 who do so many things which pass for supernatural in the eyes of the ignorant4 ,philosophers1 by means of certain glasses1 and what are called magic lanterns2 by optical secrets1 sympathetic powders3 by their phosphorus1 and1 lately1 by means of the electric machine1 show us an infinite number of things which the simpletons take for magic1 because they know not how they are produced4 ,eyes that are diseased do not see things as others see them1 or else behold them differently4 ,a drunken man will see objects double2 to one who has the jaundice they will appear yellow3 in the obscurity people fancy they see a spectre1 where there is but the trunk of a tree4 ,a mountebank will appear to eat a sword2 mother will vomit coals1 or pebbles4 ,one will drink wine1 and send it out again at his forehead2 another will cut off his companion's head1 and put it on again4 ,you will think you see a chicken dragging a beam4 ,the mountebank will swallow fire1 and vomit it forth2 he will draw blood from fruit2 he will send from his mouth strings of iron nails2 he will put a sword on his stomach1 and press it strongly1 and instead of running into him1 it will bend back to the hilt4 ,another will run a sword through his body without wounding himself4 ,you will sometimes see a child without a head1 then a head without a child and all of them alive4 ,that appears very wonderful2 nevertheless1 if it were known how all these things are done1 people would only laugh1 and be surprised that they could wonder at and admire such things4 ,if we are so easily deceived in these matters1 is it strange that in peculiar states of mind or body1 we are so completely imposed on in others8 ,at p4 #cec we have the story on which ,goethe has founded a singular exploit of ,mephistopheles in the cellar of ,auerbach4 ,john ,faust ,cudlington1 a ,german1 was requested1 in a company of gay people1 to perform in their presence some tricks of his trade4 ,he promised to show them a vine loaded with grapes1 ripe and ready to gather4 ,they thought1 as it was the month of ,december1 he could not execute his promise4 ,he strongly recommended them not to stir from their places1 and not to lift up their hands to cut the grapes1 unless by his express order4 ,the vine appeared directly1 covered with leaves and loaded with grapes1 to the astonishment of all present4 ,every one took up his knife1 awaiting the order of ,cudlington to cut some grapes2 but after having kept them some time in that expectation1 he suddenly caused the vine and the grapes to disappear4 ,then every one found himself armed with his knife1 and holding his neighbor's nose with one hand2 so that if they had cut off a bunch without the order of ,cudlington1 they would have cut off one another's noses4 ,the book is curious and interesting and calculated to do away with much of the superstition which now appears to be gaining ground in almost every part of ,christendom4 ,footnote #a3 ,,the ,,phantom ,,world3 a ,philosophy of ,spirits1 ,apparitions1 c4 ,by ,,augustine ,,calmet4 ,edited by ,rev4 ,henry ,christmas4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,authors ,,and ,,books4 ,george ,sand1 as elsewhere noted1 has written her ,confessions1 in the style of ,rousseau1 and a ,paris bookseller has contracted to give her a fortune for them4 ,the three greatest--intellectually greatest--women of modern times have lived in ,france and it is remarkable that they have been three of the most shamelessly profligate in all history4 ,the worst of these1 probably--,madame de ,stal--left us no records of her long-continued1 disgusting1 and almost incredible licentiousness1 so remarkable that ,chateaubriand deemed her the most abandoned person in ,france at a period when modesty was publicly derided in the ,assembly as a mere system of refined voluptuousness4 ,few who have lately resided in ,paris are ignorant of the gross sensualism of the astonishing ,rachel1 whose genius1 though displayed in no permanent forms1 is not less than that of the ,shakspeare of her sex1 the forever-to-be-famous ,madame ,dudevant1 whose immoralities of conduct have perhaps been overdrawn1 while those of ,de ,stal and ,rachel have rarely been spoken of save where they challenged direct observation4 ,we perceive that ,rachel is to be in ,new ,york next autumn1 with a company of ,french actors4 99 99 99 99 99 ,mr4 ,g4,p4,r4 ,james arrived in ,new ,york on the ,fourth1 and landed amid discharges of artillery1 the huzzas of assembled thousands1 and such an imposing military display as is rarely seen in this country except on occasions of great moment and universal interest4 ,he is certainly entitled to all the ceremonious honors he will receive during his summer in ,america1 for no man living1 probably1 has contributed more to the quiet and rational pleasure of the people here than this prolific but always intelligent and gentlemanly author4 ,we have it from the best authority that ,mr4 ,james does not intend in any way whatever to meddle with the copyright question1 and that he will not write a book about us on his return to ,england4 ,he visits the ,united ,states for a season's agreeable relaxation1 with his family1 comprising his wife and daughter and three sons4 ,the ,london ,morning ,chronicle1 in a review of one of his recent compositions1 has the following piece of criticism1 in contemplation of the present interruption of ,mr4 ,james's labors3-- ,a season without two or three novels from ,mr4 ,james would be a marked year in the world of letters4 ,there is not a power-loom in all ,manchester which works with more untiring1 unswerving regularity4 ,does ,mr4 ,james ever stop to think1 to eat1 to drink1 to sleep8 ,is he ever sick8 ,has he ever a headache8 ,is he ever out of sorts1 even as other men are1 when they turn away from the inkstand as from a bottle of physic8 ,we do not believe it4 ,we sometimes doubt whether ,mr4 ,james be a man at all4 ,is he mortal8 ,has he flesh and blood1 or is he some indefinite unheard-of machine1 some anomaly of nature1 some freak of creation1 whose mission is to make novels--and who accordingly spins1 spins away1 and never leaves off for a moment--never6 ,we know how ,m4 ,dumas manages to rear his wonderful literary offspring4 ,with all ,mr4 ,james's fertility1 however1 the ,frenchman has a thousand times ,mr4 ,james's invention4 ,the romances of the latter are simply a series of ever-changing1 yet never novel variations upon the one original theme furnished by ,sir ,walter ,scott4 ,dumas1 with his eighty volumes a year1 yet manages to be ever fresh1 ever new4 ,nobody knows1 till he reads it1 what a novel of the ,frenchman's will be4 ,everybody1 even before he cuts open page one1 can tell you the certain features1 the stereotyped characters1 which flourish in eternal youth in the never-ending productions of ,james4 ,it is only calling them by other names1 and dressing them in different costumes--altering1 in the description of a castle1 the dais from the one end of the great hall to the other1 or some such important revolution--and presto1 ,mr4 ,james can whip the personages and the places who flourished in one country and in one century right slap into another generation and another land4 ,the thing is done in a moment1 and you have a new novel before you--just as new1 at all events1 as is any in his list of a hundred4 99 99 99 99 99 ,botta's ,nineveh has at last reached completion at ,paris4 ,it consists of five folio volumes of the largest size2 only #djj copies have been printed2 #cjj of them are to be distributed by the ,government1 and #ajj for booksellers1 to be sold4 ,the price is #ahjj francs a copy1 or about #fjj1 the total expense of the edition being #bif1jjj fr4 or not far from #ee1jjj4 ,the publication of the work on so expensive a scale1 unaccompanied by an edition cheap enough for ordinary readers1 is a great blunder2 at least the reputation of the author suffers from it4 ,the book does not reach those for whom it is written1 while of ,layard's work at least #aj1jjj copies have been sold1 exclusive of the sale in ,america4 99 99 99 99 99 ,arago announces that he will at last begin the printing of his long prepared but not yet published works4 ,his health is deeply shattered4 ,when the ,provincial ,government ceased to exist he was so weak that he could scarcely walk1 but since then repose has considerably recruited his strength1 but he does well to undertake the long postponed publication of his studies4 ,the first issued will be on ,measuring the ,intensity of ,light1 which he is now reading to the ,academy2 subsequently he will bring out the ,astronomy1 so long waited for4 ,it is true that some years since a book was printed with this title1 composed from notes of some of his lectures2 this work has passed through many editions and has been translated into other languages1 though he has often protested against it as an entirely erroneous and perverted presentation of his ideas4 99 99 99 99 99 ,the ,rev4 ,h4,w4 ,bellows has resigned the editorship of ,the ,christian ,enquirer1 which he has conducted with distinguished ability1 we believe from its commencement4 99 99 99 99 99 ,miss ,cooper1 a daughter of the great novellist1 has been announced in ,london as the author of ,rural ,hours1 a volume to be published in two or three weeks by ,bentley1 and by our ,aldus1 ,mr4 ,putnam4 ,we have read and in this number of the ,international give some extracts from the advance sheets of ,rural ,hours1 and we think the work will be regarded as one of the most pleasing and elegant contributions which woman has in a long time made to ,english literature4 ,it is in the form of a year's diary in the country1 and it illustrates on almost every page a large and wise cultivation1 and the finest capacities for the observation of nature4 ,we shall hereafter enter more fully into the discussion of its merits1 but meanwhile advise the reader to obtain the book as soon as possible1 in confidence that it will prove one of the most delightful souvenirs of the summer4 99 99 99 99 99 ,prof4 ,agassiz of ,harvard ,college appears in the last number of the ,christian ,examiner--an able periodical1 which no degree or affectation of liberality should have tempted to the admission of such a paper--in an elaborate argument against the ,unity of the ,human ,race4 ,it is ridiculous to attempt a disguise of this matter3 the proposition of ,prof4 ,agassiz is an attack upon the ,christian religion1 and he is guilty of scandalous dishonesty in endeavoring to evade its being so considered4 ,he has undoubtedly a right to pursue any investigation to which he may be led by a love of science1 and1 guarding himself about with humility and candor1 he has a right to accept the results which may be offered in the premises by a careful induction4 ,but the right to assail the commonly received opinions of mankind1 especially the right to assail a people's religion1 has other and very rigid conditions1 which will not1 we are persuaded1 justify this new outbreak of the restless spirit of ,infidelity4 ,certainly1 it would have become ,prof4 ,agassiz1 before venturing upon the course he has adopted1 to dissociate himself from a ,university to which so many of the youth of the country have been sent without any thought on the part of their parents that they were to be exposed there to influences which they would dread above all others4 ,there is no right to offer1 except to men1 capable of its thorough apprehension1 any new or questionable or unsettled doctrine4 ,prof4 ,agassiz should have been in a condition to receive in his own person the consequences of a failure to establish his theory4 ,we have no fears as to the result of the controversy upon which he has entered4 ,no man worthy to be called a ,christian scholar1 deprecates the subjection of the ,bible to any tests that are possible4 ,it has withstood in the last two centuries quite too much of sham science to be in any way affected by the logic of ,prof4 ,agassiz4 ,still1 the appearance of such a paper in the ,christian ,examiner--the chief organ of ,american ,unitarianism--is significant of a state of feeling and opinion to be regretted1 and it should summon to the conflict the men whose predecessors made every similar wave of ,infidelity bring support and strength to the bases of the rock of ,christianity4 99 99 99 99 99 ,letters from ,dr4 ,layard have been received in ,london1 to the #ajth of ,april1 dated from ,arban1 on the ,river ,khabour4 ,the last account from this quarter mentioned his purpose of penetrating into the desert1 which he has explored for three weeks1 meeting with numerous traces of ancient population1 though not so many antiquities as he expected4 ,his present site1 however1 is richer in archological remains1 and is important1 as they are undoubtedly ,assyrian1 and prove the extent of that empire4 ,two winged bulls and other fragments are described as very remarkable1 the meadows as rich in herbage1 and the banks of the ,khabour as literally gemmed with flowers2 and ,mr4 ,layard was desirous to examine this river to its mouth2 but the ,arabs were hostile to the plan1 though it was trusted that arrangements would be made with the parties1 wherever they interposed between ,mr4 ,layard and his wishes4 ,in his letter1 he says he thinks ,major ,rawlinson wrong in some of his topography1 and that the chronological deductions cannot as yet be considered settled4 99 99 99 99 99 ,mr4 ,rogers1 the poet1 was lately knocked down by a cab1 as he was returning from a dinner party1 and so seriously injured as very much to alarm his friends4 ,he was not restored sufficiently to see visitors at the last dates4 ,rogers1 ,montgomery1 ,moore1 ,hunt1 ,wilson1 ,savage ,landor1 and ,de ,quincey1 are listening to the praises of posterity4 ,not any of them can last much longer4 99 99 99 99 99 ,harro ,harring1 the ,swedish republican novelist1 had scarcely reached his own country after several years exile in ,america1 before he was again imprisoned for some quixotic attack upon institutions which he has neither the ability nor the character1 even if let alone by the government1 to change4 99 99 99 99 99 ,mr4 ,w4,e4 ,foster has published in ,london a new edition of ,clarkson's ,life of ,penn1 in the preface to which he has entered very fully into the points raised by ,macaulay in his ,history in regard to the ,quakers1 vindicating them1 and very ably sustaining the fame of their hero4 99 99 99 99 99 ,rev4 ,dr4 ,judson1 the missionary1 is again reported in very feeble health1 and in a decline4 ,he is nearly sixty years of age4 99 99 99 99 99 ,the ,poems of ,frances ,a4 and ,metta ,v4 ,fuller1 of ,ohio1 are in press1 and to be published in a beautiful volume in the autumn4 99 99 99 99 99 ,mr4 ,prescott1 the historian1 is passing the summer in ,england4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,literature ,,in ,,paris4--,a correspondent of the ,london ,literary ,gazette1 under date of ,june #ab1 says3 ,i notice reprints1 by ,didot1 of several of the standard works of ,chateaubriand2 a condensation1 by ,general ,o',connor1 of his ,monopoly2 a ,treatise1 by the ,bishop of ,langres1 on the grave question of ,church and ,state2 a very interesting and curious work on the forests of ,gaul1 ancient ,france1 ,england1 ,italy1 c42 a volume of the ,unpublished ,letters of ,mary ,adelaide of ,savoy1 ,duchess of ,bourgogne--which throws great light on many of the principal historical events and personages of her time2 a charming series of ,sketches from ,constantinople1 entitled ,nuits du ,ramazan1 by ,gerard de ,nerval1 a popular feuilletoniste2 a big volume of the works of ,st4 ,just1 the terrible ,conventionist2 a continuation of the ,illustrated ,edition of ,defauconpret's ,translation of the complete works of ,walter ,scott2 an admirable fac-simile collection of ,contemporary ,portraits of ,eminent ,individuals of the ,sixteenth ,century2 a reprint of ,boileau's ,satires2 an ,alphabetical and ,analytical ,table of all the ,authors1 ,sacred and ,profane1 discovered or published in the forty-three volumes of the celebrated ,cardinal ,mai2 a ',month in ,africa1' by ,pierre ,napoleon ,buonaparte1 c4 ,there have also been more than the usual average of works in the ,greek1 ,latin1 ,hebrew4 ,italian and ,portuguese4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,dr4 ,,gutzlaff1 the famous missionary1 is now in ,germany1 and he had recently an interview with the ,presidents of the ,corporation of ,merchants of ,stettin1 to give them some information as to the sort of goods best adapted for exportation to ,china4 ,he held out very little encouragement of a profitable trade with that country at present1 as he said he could not name a single article of ,german manufacture he thought likely to secure any great demand4 ,he commended the ,english government for establishing a ,chinese ,exhibition1 in order to instruct the merchants of the real nature and quality of ,chinese productions4 7,he must have meant the exhibition of the late ,mr4 ,dunn1 of ,philadelphia1 so long open in ,london1 and erroneously supposed that it was a government institution47 ,he also described the ,chinese language itself1 on account of its extreme difficulty1 as the chief obstacle in the way of the civilization of the people4 ,he did not believe the most learned ,chinese perfectly knew his alphabet1 as after twenty years' study he could not say he was master of it1 a fact highly discouraging to the ,german savans4 99 99 99 99 99 ,a new ,historical ,society was formed at ,hartford1 ,conn41 a few weeks ago1 under the title of the ,historical ,society of the ,protestant ,episcopal ,church of the ,united ,states4 ,a constitution was formed1 and ,bishop ,brownwell elected ,president4 ,the objects are to collect and preserve such materials1 as may serve to illustrate the history of the ,episcopal church1 and the collection and preservation of all memorials1 printed1 manuscript1 or traditional1 which throw light on the progress of the ,american branch of that church1 in any period1 and of all materials relating to the social and religious history of the times during which that church has existed4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,the ,,fine ,,arts4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,elliott is the subject of an editorial chapter in the ,knickerbocker1 in which justice and no more than justice1 is done to him4 ,in the regular succession he follows ,copley1 ,stuart1 ,jarvis1 ,newton1 and ,inman1 as the first portrait-painter of his time in the ,united ,states4 ,elliott has recently finished a very effective head of ,dr4 ,john ,w4 ,francis1 to be placed in the permanent gallery of the ,art ,union1 of which ,dr4 ,francis was the first ,president4 ,he is now engaged upon a portrait of ,washington ,irving1 which will be engraved in the most elaborate style by ,cheney4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,minor ,k4 ,,kellogg has nearly completed1 for ,mr4 ,higgs1 the banker1 of ,washington1 an exquisite picture which he calls ,the ,greek ,girl1--similar1 but we think in all respects superior1 to his beautiful ,circassian ,girl1 engravings of which by a ,parisian artist have some time formed one of the attractions of the print shops4 ,mr4 ,kellogg is also painting a full-length of ,general ,scott1 for the city4 99 99 99 99 99 ,a ,,portrait ,,of ,,captain ,,sutter1 of ,california1 has just been engraved in the finest style of ,sartain1 from a painting by ,s4,s4 ,osgood1 made while that excellent artist was in the ,gold ,region4 ,it is a remarkably strong and pleasing head1 and it will rank among ,mr4 ,osgood's best productions4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,ball ,,hughes1 the sculptor1 is preparing a monument to be placed over the remains of ,josiah ,sturgis1 at ,mount ,auburn4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,original ,,poetry4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,the ,,child ,,of ,,fame4 ,,by ,,mrs4 ,m4,e4 ,,hewitt4 ,je vivrai eternellement4--,la vie de ,sappho4 ,traduction de ,madame ,dacier4 ,nay--call me not thy rose--thine own sweet flower1 ,for oh1 my soul to thy wild words is mute6 ,leave me my gift of song--my glorious dower-- ,my hand unchanged1 and free to sweep the lute4 ,thus1 when within the tomb thy memory slumbers1 ,mine1 mine will tie of those immortal names ,sung by the poet in undying numbers3 ,call me not thine--,i am the world's and fame's6 ,were it not blissful1 when from earth we sever1 ,to know that we shall leave1 with bard and sage1 ,a name enrolled on fame's bright page forever-- ,a wonder1 and a theme to after age6 ,talk not of love6 ,i know how1 wasted1 broken1 ,the trusting heart learns its sad lesson o'er-- ,counting the roses ,passion's lips have spoken1 ,amid the thorns that pierce it to the core4 ,oh1 heart of mine6 that when life's summer hour ,for thee with love's bright blossoms hung the bough1 ,too quickly found an asp beneath the flower-- ,and is naught left thee but ambition now8 ,alas6 alas6 this brow its pride forsaking1 ,would give the glory of its laurel crown ,for one fond breast whereas to still its aching-- ,for one true heart that ,i might call mine own6 99 99 99 99 99 ,,from ,,the ,,national ,,era4 ,,eldorado3 ,,adventures ,,in ,,the ,,path ,,of ,,empire4#b ,,by ,j4,g4 ,,whittier4 ,with something of the grateful feeling which prompted the memorable exclamation of ,sancho ,panza1 ,blessings on the man who first invented sleep6 we have laid down these pleasant volumes4 ,blessings on the man who invented books of travel for the benefit of home idlers6 the ,marco ,polos1 the ,sir ,john ,mandevilles1 and the ,ibn ,batutas of old time1 and their modern disciples and imitators6 ,nothing in the shape of travel and gossip1 by the way1 comes amiss to us1 from ,cook's voyages round the earth to ,count ,de ,maistre's journey round his chamber4 ,when the cark and care of daily life and homely duties1 and the weary routine of sight and sound1 oppress us1 what a comfort and refreshing is it to open the charmed pages of the traveler6 ,our narrow1 monotonous horizon breaks away all about us2 five minutes suffice to take us quite out of the commonplace and familiar regions of our experience3 we are in the ,court of the ,great ,khan1 we are pitching tents under the shadows of the ruined temples of ,tadmor1 we are sitting on a fallen block of the ,pyramids1 or a fragment of the broken nose of the ,sphynx1 dickering with ,arab ,shieks1 opposing ,yankee shrewdness to ,ishmaelitish greed and cunning3 we are shooting crocodiles on the white ,nile1 unearthing the winged lions of ,ezekiel's vision on the ,tigris--watching the night-dance of the ,devil-worshipers on their mountains1 negotiating with the shrewd penny-turning patriarch of ,armenia for a sample from his holy-oil manufactory at ,erivan1 drinking coffee at ,damascus1 and sherbet at ,constantinople1 lunching in the vale of ,chaumorng1 taking part in a holy fte at ,rome1 and a merry ,christmas at ,berlin4 ,we look into the happiness of traveling through the eyes of others1 and1 for the miseries of it1 we enjoy them exceedingly4 ,very cool and comfortable are we while reading the poor author's account of his mishaps1 hair-breadth escapes1 hunger1 cold1 and nakedness4 ,we take a deal of satisfaction in his moscheto persecutions and night-long battles with sanguinary fleas4 ,the discomforts and grievances of his palate under the ordeal of foreign cooking were a real relish for us4 ,on a hot morning in the tropics1 we see him pulling on his stocking with a scorpion in it1 and dancing in involuntary joy under the effects of the sting4 ,let him dance2 it is all for our amusement4 ,let him meet with what he will--robbers1 cannibals1 jungle-tigers1 and rattlesnakes1 the more the better--since we know that he will get off alive1 and come to regard them so many god-sends in the way of book-making4 ,the volumes now before us are not only seasonable as respects the world-wide curiosity in regard to ,california--the new-risen empire on the ,pacific--abounding1 as they do1 in valuable facts and statistics1 but they have in a high degree that charm of personal adventure and experience to which we have referred4 ,bayard ,taylor is a born tourist4 ,he has eyes to see1 skill to make the most of whatever opens before him under the ever-shifting horizon of the traveler4 ,he takes us along with him1 and lets us into the secret of his own hearty enjoyment4 ,much of what he describes has already become familiar to us from the notes of a thousand gold-seekers1 who have sent home such records as they could of their experiences in a strange land4 ,yet even the well known particulars of the overland route across the ,isthmus become novel and full of interest in the narrative of our young tourist4 ,the tropical scenery by day and night on the river1 the fandango at ,gorgona1 and the ride to ,panama through the dense dark forest1 with death1 in the shape of a cholera-stricken emigrant1 following at their heels1 are in the raciest spirit of story-telling4 ,the steamer from ,panama touched at the ancient city of ,acapulco1 and took in a company of gamblers1 who immediately set up their business on deck4 ,at ,san ,deigo1 the first overland emigrants by the route of the ,gila river1 who had reached that place a few days before1 came on board1 lank and brown as the ribbed sea-sand1 their clothes in tatters1 their boots replaced with moccasins1 small deerskin wallets containing all that was left of the abundant stores with which they started--their hair and beards matted and unshorn1 with faces from which the rigid expression of suffering was scarcely relaxed4 ,the tales of their adventures and sufferings the author speaks of as more marvelous than anything he had ever heard or read since his boyish acquaintance with ,robinson ,crusoe and ,ledyard4 ,some had come by the way of ,santa ,fe1 along the savage ,gila hills--some had crossed the ,great ,desert1 and taken the road from ,el ,paso to ,sonora--some had passed through ,mexico1 and1 after beating about for months in the ,pacific1 had run into ,san ,deigo and abandoned their vessel--some had landed weary with a seven months' voyage round ,cape ,horn--while others had wandered on foot from ,cape ,st4 ,lucas to ,san ,deigo1 over frightful deserts and rugged mountains1 a distance of nearly fifteen hundred miles1 as they were obliged to travel4 ,the ,gila emigrants spoke with horror of the ,great ,desert west of the ,colorado--a land of drought and desolation--vast salt plains and hills of drifting sand2 the trails which they followed sown white with bones of man and beast4 ,unburied corpses of emigrants and carcasses of mules who had preceded them1 making the hot air foul and loathsome4 ,wo to the weak and faltering in such a journey6 ,they were left alone to die on the burning sands4 ,on the ,sonora route1 one of the party fell sick1 and rode on behind his companions1 unable to keep pace with them for several days1 yet always arriving in camp a few hours later4 ,at last he was missing4 ,four days after1 a negro1 alone and on foot1 came into camp and told them that many miles back a man lying by the road had begged a little water of him1 and urged him to hurry on and bring assistance4 ,the next morning a company of ,mexicans came up1 and brought word that the man was dying4 ,but his old companions hesitated to go to his relief4 ,the negro thereupon retraced his steps over the desert1 and reached the sufferer just as he expired4 ,he lifted him in his arms2 the poor fellow strove to speak to his benefactor1 and died in the effort4 ,his mule1 tied to a cactus1 was already dead of hunger at his side4 ,a picture commemorating such a scene1 and the heroic humanity of the negro1 would better adorn a panel of the ,capitol1 than any battle-piece which was ever painted4 ,there is a graphic account of the author's first impressions of ,san ,francisco4 ,a furious wind was blowing down through a gap in the hills1 filling the streets with dust4 ,on every side stood buildings of all kinds1 began or half-finished1 with canvas sheds open in front and covered with all kinds of signs1 in all languages4 ,great piles of merchandise were in the open air1 for lack of storehouses4 ,the streets were full of people of as diverse and bizarre a character as their dwellings3 ,yankees of every possible variety1 native ,californians in serapes and sombreros1 ,chilians1 ,sonorians1 ,kanakas from ,hawaii1 ,chinese with long tails1 ,malays armed with everlasting creeses1 and others1 in their bearded and embrowned visages1 it was impossible to recognize any especial nationality4 ,san ,francisco by day and night is the title of one of the best chapters in the book4 ,our author made a foot journey to ,monterey during the sitting of the ,convention which formed the ,state ,constitution4 ,he gives a pleasing account of the refined and polite society of this ancient ,californian town2 and makes particular mention of ,dona ,augusta ,ximeno1 a sister of one of the ,californian delegates to the ,convention1 ,don ,pablo de la ,guerra1 as a woman whose nobility of character1 native vigor and activity of intellect1 and instinctive refinement and winning grace of manner1 would have given her a complete supremacy in society1 had her lot been cast in ,europe or the ,united ,states4 ,her house was the favorite resort of the leading members of the ,convention1 ,american and ,californian4 ,she was thoroughly versed in ,spanish literature1 and her remarks on the various authors were just and elegant4 ,she was1 besides1 a fine rider1 and could throw the lariat with skill1 and possesses all those bold and daring qualities which are so fascinating when softened and made graceful by true feminine delicacy4 ,he describes the native ,californians as physically and morally superior to the ,mexicans of other ,states4 ,they are1 as a class1 finely built1 with fresh1 clear complexions4 ,the educated class very generally are and appear well satisfied with the change of affairs1 but the majority still look with jealousy on the new comers1 and are not pleased with the new customs and new laws4 ,the ,californians in the ,convention seemed every way worthy of their position4 ,general ,vallejo is a man of middle years1 tall1 and of commanding presence--with the grave and dignified expression of the old ,castilian race4 ,with him were ,cavarrubias1 the old ,secretary of the ,government1 ,pico1 ,carvillo1 ,pedrorena1 ,la ,guerra1 and a half-blood ,indian member1 ,dominguez1 who1 together with many of the most respectable and wealthy citizens of ,california1 is now excluded from voting by a clause of the ,constitution1 which denies that privilege to ,indians and negroes4 ,this unjust exception--a blot on an otherwise admirable ,constitution--was adopted after a warm debate1 and against fierce opposition4 ,the attempt to prohibit free people of color from inhabiting the ,state failed by a large majority4 ,the clause prohibiting slavery passed by the vote of every member4 ,the account of the close of the ,convention is sufficiently amusing4 ,the members met and adjourned1 after a brief session1 and their hall was immediately cleared of forum1 seats1 and tables1 and decorated with pine boughs and oak garlands4 ,at eight in the evening1 it was thrown open for a ball4 ,sixty or seventy ladies1 and as many gentlemen1 were present4 ,dark-eyed daughters of ,monterey and ,los ,angelos and ,santa ,barbara1 with ,indian and ,spanish complexions1 contrasted with the fairer bloom of belles from the ,atlantic side of the ,nevada4 ,there was as great a variety of costume as of complexion4 ,several ,american officers were there in their uniform4 ,in one group might be seen ,captain ,sutter's soldierly moustache and clear blue eye2 in another1 the erect figure and quiet1 dignified bearing of ,vallejo4 ,don ,pablo de la ,guerra1 with his handsome aristocratic features1 was the floor manager1 and gallantly discharged his office4 ,conspicuous among the native members1 were ,don ,miguel ,pedrorena and ,jacinto ,rodriguez1 both polished and popular gentlemen4 ,dominguez4 the ,indian1 took no part in the dance1 but evidently enjoyed the scene as much as any one present4 ,the most interesting figure was that of the ,padre ,ramirez1 who1 in his clerical cassock1 looked until a late hour4 ,if the strongest advocate of priestly decorum had been present1 says our author1 he could not have found it in his heart to grudge the good old padre the pleasure which beamed in his honest countenance4 ,the next day the ,convention met for the last time4 ,the parchment sheet1 with the engrossed ,constitution1 was laid upon the table1 and the members commenced affixing their names4 ,then the ,american colors were run up the flagstaff in front of the ,hall1 and the guns of the fort responded to the signal4 ,the great work was done4 ,california1 so far as it depended on herself1 was a ,state of the great ,confederacy4 ,all were excited4 ,captain ,sutter leaped up from his seat1 and swung his arm over his head4 ,gentlemen6 he cried1 this is the happiest hour of my life4 ,it makes me glad to hear the cannon4 ,this is a great day for ,california6 ,recollecting himself1 he sat down1 the tears streaming from his eyes4 ,his brother members cheered4 ,as the signing went on1 gun followed gun from the fort4 ,at last the thirty-first was echoed back from the hills4 ,that's for ,california6 shouted a member1 and three times three cheers were given by the members4 ,an ,english vessel caught the enthusiasm1 and sent to the breeze the ,american flag from her mast-head4 ,the day was beautiful2 all faces looked bright and happy under the glorious sunset1 ,were ,i a believer in omens1 writes our tourist on the spot1 ,i would augur from the tranquil beauty of the evening--from the clear sky and sunset hues of the bay--more than all1 from the joyous expression of every face--a glorious and happy career for the ',,state ,,of ,,california6' ,our author visited several of the most important diggings1 and his account of their location1 productiveness1 c41 does not materially differ from the descriptions which have become familiar to all our readers4 ,it is evident from his statements1 that with good health and perseverance1 any reasonable expectation of wealth on the part of the miners may be realized1 in a few months or years1 according to the richness of the diggings1 or the ease with which they may be worked4 ,what1 however1 has interested us more than the gold-product of ,california1 is the confirmation which our traveler gives to the statements of ,fremont and ,king1 relative to the richness of its soil1 and its great agricultural capacities4 ,the valleys of the ,sacramento and ,san ,joaquim alone are capable of supporting a population of two millions1 if carefully cultivated4 ,the deep1 black1 porous soil produces the important cereal grains1 although on the seaboard the air is too cool for the ripening of ,indian corn4 ,enormous crops of wheat may be obtained by irrigation1 such as was successfully practiced by the great ,jesuit missions2 and1 without it1 from forty to fifty bushels to the bushel of seed have been raised4 ,oats of the kind grown on the ,atlantic grow luxuriantly and wild1 self-sown on all the hills of the coast1 furnishing abundant supplies for horses4 ,irish potatoes grow to a great size1 and all edible roots cultivated in the ,states are produced in perfection1 without irrigation4 ,the climate of ,san ,francisco is unquestionably disagreeable2 the cold1 fierce winds which sweep over the bay1 and they alternating with extreme heats1 are prejudicial to health and comfort4 ,inland1 however1 in the beautiful valleys of ,san ,jose and ,los ,angelos1 the climate is all that can be desired4 ,the heat during the summer months is indeed great1 but its dryness renders it more endurable than the damp sultriness of an ,atlantic ,august4 ,at ,los ,angelos1 latitude #cd #g'1 long4 ,w4 #aah1 and forty miles from the ocean1 the mean monthly temperature of ten months was as follows3 ,june #gc deg41 ,july #gd1 ,august #ge1 ,september #ge1 ,october #fi1 ,november #ei1 ,december #fj4 ,our author describes with a poet's enthusiasm the atmospheric effects of the ,californian sunsets4 ,fresh from his travels in ,italy1 and with the dust of that ,pincian hill still on his sandals from whence ,claude sketched his sunsets1 he declares that his memory of that classic atmosphere seems cold and pale1 when he thinks of the splendor of evening on the bay and mountains of ,san ,francisco4 ,the chapter on ,society in ,california may prove of much practical utility1 and should be read by all who are smitten with the gold fever4 ,california is no place for the sick1 the weak1 the self-indulgent1 the indolent1 the desponding4 ,there must be a willingness to work at anything and everything1 and stout muscles to execute the will4 ,our author estimates that nearly one-third of the emigrants are unfitted for their vocation1 miserable1 melancholy men1 ready to yield up their last breath at any moment1 who left home prematurely1 and now humbly acknowledge their error4 ,his own happy constitution and buoyant health led him to look on the best side of things1 and to take the sunniest possible view of the condition of the new country he was exploring1 but occasionally he reveals incidentally the reverse of the picture4 ,here is a sketch of a sick miner at ,sacramento ,city1 which is enough to make even ,california gold become dim1 and the fine gold changed4 ,he was sitting alone on a stone beside the water1 with his bare feet purple with cold on the cold1 wet sand4 ,he was wrapped from head to foot in a coarse blanket1 which shook with the violence of his chill1 as if his limbs were about to drop in pieces4 ,he seemed unconscious of all that was passing2 his long1 matted hair hung over his wasted face2 his eyes glared steadily forward with an expression so utterly hopeless and wild1 that ,i shuddered at seeing it4 ,this was but one of a number of cases1 equally sad and distressing4 ,the hardy and healthy portion of the emigrants1 under the stimulating excitements of the novel circumstances of their situation1 seemed to revel in the exuberance of animal spirits4 ,each seemed to have adopted the rule of the wise man3 ,whatsoever thy hand findeth to do1 that do with all thy might4 ,they speculated1 dug1 or gambled1 with an almost reckless energy4 ,all old forms of courtesy had given place to hearty1 blunt good fellowship in their social intercourse4 ,they reminded our traveler of the ,jarls and ,norse sea-kings1 and in the noisy and almost fierce revelry of these bearded gold-hunters around their mountain tires1 he seemed to see the brave and jovial ,berseckers of the middle ages4 ,we cannot forbear quoting a paragraph in relation to the great question of our time1 ,the ,organization of ,labor4 ,in ,california1 no model phalanxes or national workshops have been necessary4 ,labor has organized itself1 in the best possible way4 ,the dream of attractive industry is realized2 all are laborers1 and equally respectable2 the idler and the gentleman of leisure1 to use a phrase of the country1 'can't shine in these diggings4' ,rich merchandise lies in the open street2 and untold wealth in gold dust is protected only by ragged canvas walls1 but thefts and robbery are seldom heard of4 ,the rich returns of honest labor render harmless temptations which would prove an overmatch for the average virtue of ,new ,england4 ,the cut-purse and pickpocket in ,california find their occupation useless1 and become chevaliers of industry1 in a better sense than the term has ever before admitted of4 ,it will appear natural1 says our author1 that ,california should be the most democratic country in the world4 ,the practical equality of all the members of the community1 whatever might be the wealth1 intelligence1 or profession of each1 was never before so thoroughly demonstrated4 ,dress was no gauge of respectability and no honest occupation1 however menial in its character1 affected a man's standing4 ,lawyers1 physicians1 and ex-professors1 dug cellars1 drove ox-teams1 sawed wood1 and carried baggage1 while men who had been army privates1 sailors1 cooks1 or day laborers1 were at the head of profitable establishments1 and not unfrequently assisted in some of the minor details of government4 ,a man who would consider his fellow beneath him1 on account of his appearance or occupation1 would have had some difficulty in living peaceably in ,california4 ,the security of the country is owing in no small degree to this plain1 practical development of what the ,french reverence as an abstraction1 under the name of ,fraternit4 ,to sum up all in three words1 ,labor is respectable4 ,may it never be otherwise while a grain of gold is left to glitter in ,californian soil6 ,our author returned by way of ,mazatlan and the city of ,mexico1 meeting with a pleasant variety of adventures1 robbery included1 on his route4 ,in taking leave of his volumes1 we cannot forbear venturing a suggestion to the author1 that he may find a field of travel1 less known1 and quite as interesting at the present time1 in the vast ,territory of ,new ,mexico--the valley of the ,del ,norte1 with its old ,castilian and ,aztec monuments and associations2 the ,great ,salt ,lake1 and the unexplored regions of the great valley of the ,colorado1 between the mountain ranges of the ,sierra ,madre and the ,sierra ,nevada4 ,we know of no one better fitted for such an enterprise1 or for whom1 judging from the spirit of his ,california narrative1 it would present more attractions4 ,footnote #b3 ,eldorado3 ,adventures in the ,path of ,empire4 ,by ,bayard ,taylor4 ,new ,york4 ,putnam4 #ahej4 ,two volumes4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,meyerbeer ,,and ,,weber4--,the ,berlin papers are reviving the rumor that ,meyerbeer is to complete an opera which ,weber left unfinished4 ,this time his share is defined to be1 a new third act1 three numbers in the second1 one number in the first1 and an overture4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,from ,,unpublished ,,books 99 99 99 99 99 ,,from ,,miss ,,fenimore ,,cooper',s ,,rural ,,hours1 ,,in ,,press ,,by ,,putnam ,a ,,chase ,within twenty years from the foundation of the village1 the deer had already become rare1 and in a brief period later they had fled from the country4 ,one of the last of these beautiful creatures seen in the waters of our lake occasioned a chase of much interest1 though under very different circumstances from those of a regular hunt4 ,a pretty little fawn had been brought in very young from the woods1 and nursed and petted by a lady in the village until it had become as tame as possible4 ,it was graceful1 as these little creatures always are1 and so gentle and playful that it became a great favorite1 following the different members of the family about1 caressed by the neighbors1 and welcome everywhere4 ,one morning1 after gamboling about as usual until weary1 it threw itself down in the sunshine1 at the feet of one of its friends1 upon the steps of a store4 ,there came along a countryman1 who for several years had been a hunter by pursuit1 and who kept several dogs3 one of his hounds came to the village with him on this occasion4 ,the dog1 as it approached the spot where the fawn lay1 suddenly stopped2 the little animal saw him1 and started to its feet4 ,it had lived more than half its life among the village1 and had apparently lost all fear of them2 but it seemed now to know instinctly that an enemy was at hand4 ,in an instant a change came over it1 and the gentleman who related the incident1 and who was standing by at the moment1 observed that he had never in his life seen a finer sight than the sudden arousing of instinct in that beautiful creature4 ,in a second its whole character and appearance seemed changed1 all its past habits were forgotten1 every wild impulse was awake2 its head erect1 its nostrils dilated1 its eye flashing4 ,in another instant1 before the spectators had thought of the danger1 before its friends could secure it1 the fawn was leaping wildly through the street1 and the hound in full pursuit4 ,the bystanders were eager to save it2 several persons instantly followed its track1 the friends who had long fed and fondled it1 calling the name it had hitherto known1 but in vain4 ,the hunter endeavored to whistle back his dog1 but with no better success4 ,in half a minute the fawn had turned the first corner1 dashed onward toward the lake1 and thrown itself into the water4 ,but1 if for a moment the startled creature believed itself safe in the cool bosom of the lake1 it was soon undeceived2 the hound followed in hot and eager chase1 while a dozen of the village dogs joined blindly in the pursuit4 ,quite a crowd collected on the bank1 men1 women1 and children1 anxious for the fate of the little animal known to them all3 some threw themselves into boats1 hoping to intercept the hound before he reached his prey2 but the plashing of the oars1 the eager voices of the men and boys1 and the barking of the dogs1 must have filled the beating heart of the poor fawn with terror and anguish1 as though every creature on the spot where it had once been caressed and fondled had suddenly turned into a deadly foe4 ,it was soon seen that the little animal was directing its course across a bay toward the nearest borders of the forest1 and immediately the owner of the hound crossed the bridge1 running at full speed in the same direction1 hoping to stop his dog as he landed4 ,on the fawn swam1 as it never swam before1 its delicate head scarcely seen above the water1 but leaving a disturbed track1 which betrayed its course alike to anxious friends and fierce enemies4 ,as it approached the land1 the exciting interest became intense4 ,the hunter was already on the same line of shore1 calling loudly and angrily to his dog1 but the animal seemed to have quite forgotten his master's voice in the pitiless pursuit4 ,the fawn touched the land--in one leap it had crossed the narrow line of beach1 and in another instant it would reach the cover of the woods4 ,the hound followed1 true to the scent1 aiming at the same spot on the shore2 his master1 anxious to meet him1 had run at full speed1 and was now coming up at the most critical moment2 would the dog hearken to his voice1 or could the hunter reach him in time to seize and control him8 ,a shout from the village bank proclaimed that the fawn had passed out of sight into the forest2 at the same instant1 the hound1 as he touched the land1 felt the hunter's strong arm clutching his neck4 ,the worst was believed to be over2 the fawn was leaping up the mountain-side1 and its enemy under restraint4 ,the other dogs1 seeing their leader cowed1 were easily managed4 ,a number of persons1 men and boys1 dispersed themselves through the woods in search of the little creature1 but without success2 they all returned to the village1 reporting that the animal had not been seen by them4 ,some persons thought that after its fright had passed over it would return of its own accord4 ,it had worn a pretty collar1 with its owner's name engraved upon it1 so that it could easily be known from any other fawn that might be straying about the woods4 ,before many hours had passed a hunter presented himself to the lady whose pet the little creature had been1 and showing a collar with her name on it said that he had been out in the woods1 and saw a fawn in the distance3 the little animal instead of bounding away as he expected1 moved toward him2 he took aim1 fired1 and shot it to the heart4 ,when he found the collar about its neck he was very sorry he had killed it4 ,and so the poor little thing died2 one would have thought that terrible chase would have made it afraid of man3 but no1 it forgot the evil and remembered the kindness only1 and came to meet as a friend the hunter who shot it4 ,it was long mourned by its best friend4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,miscellanies4 ,,circumnavigating ,a ,,pope4--,cardinal ,maury did not allow you to advance far4 ,he was fond of telling anecdotes1 but he loved to select his subject and to choose his terms4 ,memory well managed can furnish a tolerable share of the wit and spirit of conversation1 and he was1 in this respect1 the most capital manoeuvrer ,i ever met with4 ,as he had been absent from ,paris for fourteen years he had a great deal to tell4 ,every one1 therefore1 listened to his stories with pleasure--himself among the first4 ,even at the dinner-table he permitted himself the indulgence of a vast quantity of ,spanish snuff1 which he generally shared with his neighbors1 distributing a large portion on their plates1 which rather spoiled the pleasure of those who had the good fortune to be seated next to him1 as it once happened to me at ,madame du ,roure's4 ,while singing the praises of his beautiful villa at ,monte-,fiascone1 he frequently drew from his pocket an enormous snuff-box1 the contents of which were most liberally showered down upon the company placed near him1 and1 between two pinches1 he informed us that he had formerly the pretension of taking the very best snuff in ,france4 ,he prepared it with his own hands1 and spared no pains in the important proceeding4 ,when he emigrated to ,rome he carried with him two jars of the precious mixture4 ,the future destiny of the ,abbe ,maury was dependent on the pope1 and he was a great snuff-taker6 ,i presented myself several times 7,i quote his own expressions7 before his holiness1 and took great care never to omit displaying my snuff-box1 which ,i opened and shut several times during the interview1 making as loud a noise as possible4 ,this was all ,i dared do1--respect forbade me making any advances toward his holiness by offering directly a taste of the mixture of which ,i was so justly proud4 ,at length my perseverance met with its reward4 ,one day ,i managed skillfully to push the snuff-box beneath his hand1 and1 in the heat of argument1 he opened it mechanically1 and took a pinch of snuff therefrom4 ,it was an awful moment1 as you may imagine4 ,i observed him with the greatest attention1 and immediately remarked the expression of satisfaction and surprise which overspread his features as he stretched forth his fingers to take another pinch4 ,donde vi viene questo maraviglioso tobacco8 ,i told him that ,i alone possessed the mixture1 and that ,i had only two jars left1 or rather that ,i had no more1 as1 of course1 they now belonged to his holiness4 ,i am inclined to believe that this present was agreeable to him1 as it was useful to me4 ,after the story the cardinal boasted to us of the extraordinary frankness of his character4 ,he had shown more of this than he had intended in the tale he had been telling4 --,souvenirs de ,france et d',italie dans les ,annes #ahcj1 #ahca et #ahcb4 99 99 99 99 99 ,the ,deutsche ,reform publishes as a curiosity a selection1 though an imperfect one1 from the catalogue of the flying leaves and small cheap journals1 political and satirical1 that sprung into existence after the revolution1 mostly in ,berlin and ,vienna2 not more than three or four of them now exist4 ,the insect world was a favorite source of names for the satirist1 the sting of whose production was frequently only in the title3 every week produced the ,hornet1 the ,wasp1 the ,gadfly1 and their plurals1 the ,wasps and the ,gadflies2 there was also an ,imperial ,gadfly1 and one ,wasp's ,nest4 ,the necessity of enlightenment exhausted the means of doing it through the ,torch1 the ,taper1 the ,jet of ,gas1 the ,lamp1 the ,everburning ,lamp 7the last flickers still at uncertain intervals1 the extinguisher of the ,berlin police coming down on it whenever it appears71 the ,lantern and the ,white ,lamp1 the ,snuffers followed the list of lights1 and the whole category concluded in an ,egyptian ,darkness1 to which most of them have descended4 ,the other titles are not so well classified3 there was a ,democratic ,reasoner1 a ,shrieker 7or ,shouter71 and the ,berlin ,widemouth1 the ,barricade ,journal1 the ,street ,journal1 the ,cat's ,music1 the ,red ,cap1 the ,sansculottes 7,ohne-,hosen71 the ,tower of ,fools1 are miscellaneous3 there was a variety of devils--the ,travelling ,devil1 the ,devil ,untied1 the ,church ,devil1 the ,revolutionary ,devil4 ,some of the titles were cant words1 quite untranslatable1 as ,kladderadatsch 7the ,berlin ,punch1 still existing71 the ,klitsch-,klatsch1 and the ,pumpernickel 7a kind of black bread72 the three last were--,the ,prussians ,have ,come1 the ,general ,wash1 and the ,political ,ass4 ,in the provincial towns all the flying leaves were something for the people--,volks-boten1 ,volks-freunde1 ,volks-zeitung--in a list that would be too long to repeat4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,true ,,progress4--,the civilization of antiquity was the advancement of the few and the slavery of the many--in ,greece #cj1jjj freemen and #cjj1jjj slaves--and it passed away4 ,true civilization must be measured by the progress1 not of a class or nation1 but of all men4 ,god admits none to advance alone4 ,individuals in advance become martyrs--nations in advance the prey of the barbarian4 ,only as one family of man can we progress4 ,but man must exist as an animal before he can exist as a man3 his physical requirements must be satisfied before those of mind2 and hitherto it has taken the whole time and energies of the many to provide for their physical wants4 ,such wants have spread mankind over the whole globe--the brute and the savage have disappeared before the superior race--the black blood of the torrid zone has been mixed with the white of the temperate1 and a superior race1 capable of living and laboring under a zenith sun1 has been formed1 and we seem to be preparing for a united movement onward4 ,the elements have been pressed into our service1 the powers of steam and electricity would appear boundless1 and science has given man an almost unlimited control over nature4 ,the trammels which despotisms have hitherto imposed on body and mind have been thrown off1 and constitutional liberty has rapidly and widely spread4 ,the steamship and railway1 and mutual interests in trade and commerce1 have united nation to nation1 and the press has given one mind and simultaneous thoughts to the whole community4 ,power there is in plenty for the emancipation of the whole race2 since the steam engine and machinery may be to the working-classes what they have hitherto been to those classes above them4 ,all that is wanted is to know how to use these forces for the general good4 ,the powers of production are inexhaustible2 we have but to organize them1 and justly to distribute the produce4--,charles ,bray4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,coffee ,,and ,,the ,,savans4--,in a letter from ,paris it is said3 ,some of our eminent scientific men are again squabbling on the vexed question as to whether coffee does or does not afford nourishment4 ,one of them has laid down what seems a paradox1 viz41 that coffee contains fewer nutritive properties than the ordinary food of man1 and yet that the man who makes it his principal food is stronger than one who feeds on meat and wine4 ,in support of this paradox1 our savant calls the example of the miners of the coal-pits of ,charleroi1 who never eat meat except a very small quantity on ,sundays1 and whose daily meals consist exclusively of bread and butter and coffee4 ,these men1 he says1 are strong1 muscular1 and able to do1 and actually perform1 more hard work than the miners of the coal-pits of ,onzin1 in ,france1 who feed largely on the more nutritive articles1 meat and vegetables1 and drink wine or beer4 ,another savant1 taking nearly the same views1 insists that the ,arabs are able to live moderately1 and to make long abstinences1 as they do1 entirely on account of their extensive use of coffee4 ,but this last assertion is demolished1 by the declaration of ,m4 d',abbadie1 who has just returned from ,abyssinia1 that certain tribes of ,arabs and ,abyssinians who do not use coffee can support greater fatigue than those who do4 ,in presence of such very contradictory facts1 who shall say which of the learned doctors is in the right8 99 99 99 99 99 ,a ,,curious ,,trio4--,mr4 ,dallas1 when ,secretary of the ,treasury1 says ,mr4 ,paulding1 told me the following story1 which he had from ,mr4 ,breck3--,when the ,duc de ,liancourt was in ,philadelphia1 sometime after the execution of ,louis the ,sixteenth1 ,mr4 ,breck called to see him at his lodgings1 in ,strawberry-alley4 ,knocking at the door of a mean looking house1 a little ragged girl came out1 who1 on being asked for the ,duke1 pointed to a door1 which ,mr4 ,b4 entered4 ,at a little deal table he found ,cobbett1 teaching the ,duke and ,monsieur ,talleyrand ,english6 99 99 99 99 99 ,,bad ,,cookery ,a ,,cause ,,of ,,drunkenkess4--,to what are we to ascribe the prevalence of this detestable vice amongst us6 ,many causes might be plausibly assigned for it1 and one of them is our execrable cookery4 ,the demon of drunkenness inhabits the stomach4 ,from that vasty deep it calls for its appropriate offerings4 ,but the demon may be appeased by other agents than alcohol4 ,a well-cooked1 warmed1 nutritious meal allays the craving quite as effectually as a dram2 but cold1 crude1 indigestible viands1 not only do not afford the required solatium to the rebellious organ1 but they aggravate the evil1 and add intensity to the morbid avidity for stimulants4 ,it is remarked that certain classes are particularly obnoxious to drunkenness1 such as sailors1 carriers1 coachmen1 and other wandering tribes whose ventral insurrections are not periodically quelled by regular and comfortable meals4 ,country doctors1 for the same reason1 not unfrequently manifest a stronger predilection for their employers' bottles than their patients do for theirs4 ,in the absence of innocuous and benign appliances1 the deleterious are had recourse to exorcise the fiend that is raging within them4 ,these views are explicable by the laws of physiology1 but this is not the place for such disquisitions4 ,one reason why the temperance movement has been arrested in this country is1 that while one sensual gratification was withdrawn1 another was not provided4 ,the intellectual excitements which were offered as a substitute have not been found to answer the desired purpose4 ,our temperance coffee-houses are singularly deficient in gastronomical attractions2 and the copious decoctions of coffee and chicory which are there served up1 with that nauseous accompaniment1 buttered toast1 are more calculated to create a craving for stimulants than allay it4 ,the lower classes of ,scotland are as deficient in knowledge of cookery as the natives of the ,sandwich ,islands2 and if our apostles of temperance would employ a few clever cooks to go through the country and teach the wives and daughters of the workingmen to dress meat and vegetables1 and make soups1 and cheap and palatable farinaceous messes1 they would do more in one year to advance their cause1 than in twenty by means of long winded moral orations1 graced with all the flowers of oratory4--,wilson on the ,social ,condition of ,france as compared with that of ,england4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,the ,,monkey ,,and ,,the ,,watch4--,a distinguished lord1 going from home1 left his watch hanging beside his bed4 ,a tame monkey1 who was in the habit of imitating the actions of his master1 took the watch1 and with the aid of a band1 fastened it to his side4 ,a moment afterward he drew it forth and wound it4 ,then he looked at it1 and said1 ,this goes too fast4 ,he opened it1 put back the hand1 and again adjusted it to his side4 ,a few moments passed1 and he took it in his hand once more4 ,oh6 said the imitator1 now it goes too slow4 ,what a trouble it is6 ,how can it be remedied8 ,he winds it again with the regulator2 then closes it1 and applies it gracefully to the ear4 ,this movement is wrong1 still2 and he wound it with the key in another way4 ,then bent to listen to it4 ,it does not go well1 yet4 ,he opened the case2 looked and examined every part2 touched this wheel1 stopped that1 moved another2 in short1 injured it so much by altering and shaking it in his hand1 that it at length ceased all motion4 ,guard us1 ,o propitious ,heaven6 from quacks that perform amongst men1 as did the monkey with the unfortunate watch4--,from the ,italian4 99 99 99 99 99 ,a ,,syrian ,,christian ,,and ,,philosopher4--,when supper was brought in ,amu ,lyas1 or ,uncle ,lyas1 as ,iskender always respectfully called him1 said a grace of twenty minutes before he sat down1 and one of equal duration after he got up4 ,he was perpetually counting his beads and uttering devout sayings--which partly accounted for his influence with the priests4 ,he and ,i agreed very well at the beginning1 although in our very first conversation he forced on a religious discussion1 and plainly told me to what place all heretics were irrevocably doomed4 ,on this and other occasions he strictly maintained that the earth is stationary1 that it is surrounded by the sea1 that the moon rises and sets1 and that the stars are no bigger than they seem2 and turned pale with indignation at any contrary statements1 which he asserted to be direct attacks on the foundation of the ,christian religion4 ,further experience taught me that he was a very fair representative of public opinion among a large class of ,syrian ,christians4 ,he was an ardent desirer of ,french domination1 and entertained the most stupid prejudices against the ,english4 ,i generally found that the ,levantines preferred the ,french1 whilst we are great favorites with the ,arabs4--,two ,years in a ,levantine ,family4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,the ,,british ,,hierarchy4--,the ,eternal ,anarch1 with his old waggling addle-head full of mere windy rumor1 and his old insatiable paunch full of mere hunger and indigestion tragically blended1 and the hissing discord of all the ,four ,elements persuasively pleading to him2--he1 set to choose1 would be very apt to vote for such a set of demigods to you4--,carlyle's ,latter-,day ,pamphlets4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,from ,,bohemian ,,poems1 ,,translated ,,by ,a4,h4 ,,wraitsall1 ,m4,a41 ,,just ,,published ,,in ,,london4 ,whither1 oh1 whither1 now all things are over8 ,we to our journey and he to his home2 ,eyes cannot pierce through the vail that must cover ,him whom we laid in the still silent tomb4 ,he hath but ended his journey before us1 ,we for a season are sojourning still ,on the same earth with the same heaven o'er us1-- ,turn we1 oh1 turn we1 our tasks to fulfill6 ,whither1 oh1 whither1 now all things are ended8 ,we to our labor and he to his rest2 ,let not the heart by its woe be offended1 ,man seeks the pleasant1 but ,god gives the best4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,from ,,household ,,words4 ,,the ,,young ,,advocate4 ,antoine de ,chaulieu was the son of a poor gentleman of ,normandy1 with a long genealogy1 a short rent-roll1 and a large family4 ,jacques ,rollet was the son of a brewer1 who did not know who his grandfather was2 but he had a long purse and only two children4 ,as these youths flourished in the early days of liberty1 equality1 and fraternity1 and were near neighbors1 they naturally hated each other4 ,their enmity commenced at school1 where the delicate and refined ,de ,chaulieu being the only gentilhomme amongst the scholars1 was the favorite of the master 7who was a bit of an aristocrat in his heart71 although he was about the worst dressed boy in the establishment1 and never had a sou to spend2 whilst ,jacques ,rollet1 sturdy and rough1 with smart clothes and plenty of money1 got flogged six days in the week1 ostensibly for being stupid and not learning his lessons--which1 indeed1 he did not1 but1 in reality1 for constantly quarreling with and insulting ,de ,chaulieu1 who had not strength to cope with him4 ,when they left the academy1 the feud continued in all its vigor1 and was fostered by a thousand little circumstances arising out of the state of the times1 till a separation ensued in consequence of an aunt of ,antoine de ,chaulieu's undertaking the expense of sending him to ,paris to study the law1 and of maintaining him there during the necessary period4 ,with the progress of events came some degree of reaction in favor of birth and nobility1 and then ,antoine1 who had passed for the bar1 began to hold up his head and endeavored to push his fortunes2 but fate seemed against him4 ,he felt certain that if he possessed any gift in the world it was that of eloquence1 but he could get no cause to plead2 and his aunt dying inopportunely1 first his resources failed1 and then his health4 ,he had no sooner returned to his home1 than1 to complicate his difficulties completely1 he fell in love with ,mademoiselle ,natalie de ,bellefonds1 who had just returned from ,paris1 where she had been completing her education4 ,to expatiate on the perfections of ,mademoiselle ,natalie1 would be a waste of ink and paper3 it is sufficient to say that she really was a very charming girl1 with a fortune which1 though not large1 would have been a most desirable acquisition to de ,chaulieu1 who had nothing4 ,neither was the fair ,natalie indisposed to listen to his addresses1 but her father could not be expected to countenance the suit of a gentleman1 however well-born1 who had not a ten-sous piece in the world1 and whose prospects were a blank4 ,whilst the ambitious and love-sick young barrister was thus pining in unwelcome obscurity1 his old acquaintance1 ,jacques ,rollet1 had been acquiring an undesirable notoriety4 ,there was nothing really bad in ,jacques' disposition1 but having been bred up a democrat1 with a hatred of the nobility1 he could not easily accommodate his rough humor to treat them with civility when it was no longer safe to insult them4 ,the liberties he allowed himself whenever circumstances brought him into contact with the higher classes of society1 had led him into many scrapes1 out of which his father's money had one way or another released him2 but that source of safety had now failed4 ,old ,rollet having been too busy with the affairs of the nation to attend to his business1 had died insolvent1 leaving his son with nothing but his own wits to help him out of future difficulties1 and it was not long before their exercise was called for4 ,claudine ,rollet1 his sister1 who was a very pretty girl1 had attracted the attention of ,mademoiselle de ,bellefonds' brother1 ,alphonso2 and as he paid her more attention than from such a quarter was agreeable to ,jacques1 the young men had had more than one quarrel on the subject1 on which occasions they had each1 characteristically1 given vent to their enmity1 the one in contemptuous monosyllables1 and the other in a volley of insulting words4 ,but ,claudine had another lover more nearly of her own condition of life2 this was ,claperon1 the deputy governor of ,rouen jail1 with whom she had made acquaintance during one or two compulsory visits paid by her brother to that functionary2 but ,claudine1 who was a bit of a coquette1 though she did not altogether reject his suit1 gave him little encouragement1 so that betwixt hopes1 and fears1 and doubts1 and jealousies1 pour ,claperon led a very uneasy kind of life4 ,affairs had been for some time in this position1 when1 one fine morning1 ,alphonse de ,bellefonds was not to be found in his chamber when his servant went to call him2 neither had his bed been slept in4 ,he had been observed to go out rather late on the preceding evening1 but whether or not he had returned1 nobody could tell4 ,he had not appeared at supper1 but that was too ordinary an event to awaken suspicion2 and little alarm was excited till several hours had elapsed1 when inquiries were instituted and a search commenced1 which terminated in the discovery of his body1 a good deal mangled1 lying at the bottom of a pond which had belonged to the old brewery4 ,before any investigations had been made1 every person had jumped to the conclusion that the young man had been murdered1 and that ,jacques ,rollet was the assassin4 ,there was a strong presumption in favor of that opinion1 which further perquisitions tended to confirm4 ,only the day before1 ,jacques had been heard to threaten ,mons4 de ,bellefonds with speedy vengeance4 ,on the fatal evening1 ,alphonse and ,claudine had been seen together in the neighborhood of the now dismantled brewery2 and as ,jacques1 betwixt poverty and democracy1 was in bad odor with the prudent and respectable part of society1 it was not easy for him to bring witnesses to character1 or prove an unexceptionable alibi4 ,as for the ,bellefonds and ,de ,chaulieus1 and the aristocracy in general1 they entertained no doubt of his guilt2 and finally1 the magistrates coming to the same opinion1 ,jacques ,rollet was committed for trial1 and as a testimony of good will1 ,antoine de ,chaulieu was selected by the injured family to conduct the prosecution4 ,here1 at last1 was the opportunity he had sighed for6 ,so interesting a case1 too1 furnishing such ample occasion for passion1 pathos1 indignation6 ,and how eminently fortunate that the speech which he set himself with ardor to prepare1 would be delivered in the presence of the father and brother of his mistress1 and perhaps of the lady herself6 ,the evidence against ,jacques1 it is true1 was altogether presumptive2 there was no proof whatever that he had committed the crime2 and for his own part he stoutly denied it4 ,but ,antoine de ,chaulieu entertained no doubt of his guilt1 and his speech was certainly well calculated to carry that conviction into the bosom of others4 ,it was of the highest importance to his own reputation that he should procure a verdict1 and he confidently assured the afflicted and enraged family of the victim that their vengeance should be satisfied4 ,under these circumstances could anything be more unwelcome than a piece of intelligence that was privately conveyed to him late on the evening before the trial was to come on1 which tended strongly to exculpate the prisoner1 without indicating any other person as the criminal4 ,here was an opportunity lost4 ,the first step of the ladder on which he was to rise to fame1 fortune1 and a wife1 was slipping from under his feet6 ,of course1 so interesting a trial was anticipated with great eagerness by the public1 and the court was crowded with all the beauty and fashion of ,rouen4 ,though ,jacques ,rollet persisted in asserting his innocence1 founding his defense chiefly on circumstances which were strongly corroborated by the information that had reached ,de ,chaulieu the preceding evening1--he was convicted4 ,in spite of the very strong doubts he privately entertained respecting the justice of the verdict1 even ,de ,chaulieu himself1 in the first flush of success1 amidst a crowd of congratulating friends1 and the approving smiles of his mistress1 felt gratified and happy2 his speech had1 for the time being1 not only convinced others1 but himself2 warmed with his own eloquence1 he believed what he said4 ,but when the glow was over1 and he found himself alone1 he did not feel so comfortable4 ,a latent doubt of ,rollet's guilt now burnt strongly in his mind1 and he felt that the blood of the innocent would be on his head4 ,it is true there was yet time to save the life of the prisoner1 but to admit ,jacques innocent1 was to take the glory out of his own speech1 and turn the sting of his argument against himself4 ,besides1 if he produced the witness who had secretly given him the information1 he should be self-condemned1 for he could not conceal that he had been aware of the circumstance before the trial4 ,matters having gone so far1 therefore1 it was necessary that ,jacques ,rollet should die2 so the affair took its course2 and early one morning the guillotine was erected in the court-yard of the jail1 three criminals ascended the scaffold1 and three heads fell into the basket1 which were presently afterward1 with the trunks that had been attached to them1 buried in a corner of the cemetery4 ,antoine de ,chaulieu was now fairly started in his career1 and his success was as rapid as the first step toward it had been tardy4 ,he took a pretty apartment in the ,htel ,marboeuf1 ,rue ,grange-,batelire1 and in a short time was looked upon as one of the most rising young advocates in ,paris4 ,his success in one line brought him success in another2 he was soon a favorite in society1 and an object of interest to speculating mothers2 but his affections still adhered to his old love ,natalie de ,bellefonds1 whose family now gave their assent to the match--at least1 prospectively--a circumstance which furnished such an additional incentive to his exertions1 that in about two years from the date of his first brilliant speech1 he was in a sufficiently flourishing condition to offer the young lady a suitable home4 ,in anticipation of the happy event1 he engaged and furnished a suite of apartments in the ,rue du ,helder2 and as it was necessary that the bride should come to ,paris to provide her trousseau1 it was agreed that the wedding should take place there1 instead of at ,bellefonds1 as had been first projected2 an arrangement the more desirable1 that a press of business rendered ,mons4 de ,chaulieu's absence from ,paris inconvenient4 ,brides and bridegrooms in ,france1 except of the very high classes1 are not much in the habit of making those honeymoon excursions so universal in this country4 ,a day spent in visiting ,versailles or ,st4 ,cloud1 or even the public places of the city1 is generally all that precedes the settling down into the habits of daily life4 ,in the present instance ,st4 ,denis was selected1 from the circumstance of ,natalie's having a younger sister at school there2 and also because she had a particular desire to see the ,abbey4 ,the wedding was to take place on a ,thursday2 and on the ,wednesday evening1 having spent some hours most agreeably with ,natalie1 ,antoine de ,chaulieu returned to spend his last night in his bachelor apartments4 ,his wardrobe and other small possessions1 had already been packed up and sent to his future home2 and there was nothing left in his room now1 but his new wedding suit1 which he inspected with considerable satisfaction before he undressed and lay down to sleep4 ,sleep1 however1 was somewhat slow to visit him2 and the clock had struck one1 before he closed his eyes4 ,when he opened them again1 it was broad daylight2 and his first thought was1 had he overslept himself6 ,he sat up in bed to look at the clock which was exactly opposite1 and as he did so1 in the large mirror over the fireplace1 he perceived a figure standing behind him4 ,as the dilated eyes met his own1 he saw it was the face of ,jacques ,rollet4 ,overcome with horror he sunk back on his pillow1 and it was some minutes before he ventured to look again in that direction2 when he did so1 the figure had disappeared4 ,the sudden revulsion of feeling such a vision was calculated to occasion in a man elate with joy1 may be conceived6 ,for some time after the death of his former foe1 he had been visited by not unfrequent twinges of conscience2 but of late1 borne along by success1 and the hurry of ,parisian life1 these unpleasant remembrances had grown rarer1 till at length they had faded away altogether4 ,nothing had been further from his thoughts than ,jacques ,rollet1 when he closed his eyes on the preceding night1 nor when he opened them to that sun which was to shine on what he expected to be the happiest day of his life6 ,where were the high-strung nerves now6 ,the elastic frame6 ,the bounding heart6 ,heavily and slowly he arose from his bed1 for it was time to do so2 and with a trembling hand and quivering knees1 he went through the processes of the toilet1 gashing his cheek with the razor1 and spilling the water over his well polished boots4 ,when he was dressed1 scarcely venturing to cast a glance in the mirror as he passed it1 he quitted the room and descended the stairs1 taking the key of the door with him for the purpose of leaving it with the porter2 the man1 however1 being absent1 he laid it on the table in his lodge1 and with a relaxed and languid step proceeded on his way to the church1 where presently arrived the fair ,natalie and her friends4 ,how difficult it was now to look happy1 with that pallid face and extinguished eye6 ,how pale you are6 ,has anything happened8 ,you are surely ill8 were the exclamations that met him on all sides4 ,he tried to carry it off as well as he could1 but felt that the movements he would have wished to appear alert were only convulsive2 and that the smiles with which he attempted to relax his features1 were but distorted grimaces4 ,however1 the church was not the place for further inquiries2 and while ,natalie gently pressed his hand in token of sympathy1 they advanced to the altar1 and the ceremony was performed2 after which they stepped into the carriages waiting at the door1 and drove to the apartments of ,madme4 de ,bellefonds1 where an elegant djeuner was prepared4 ,what ails you1 my dear husband8 inquired ,natalie1 as soon as they were alone4 ,nothing1 love1 he replied2 nothing4 ,i assure you1 but a restless night and a little overwork1 in order that ,i might have to-day free to enjoy my happiness6 ,are you quite sure8 ,is there nothing else8 ,nothing1 indeed2 and pray don't take notice of it1 it only makes me worse6 ,natalie was not deceived1 but she saw that what he said was true2 notice made him worse2 so she contented herself with observing him quietly1 and saying nothing2 but1 as he felt she was observing him1 she might almost better have spoken2 words are often less embarrassing things than too curious eyes4 ,when they reached ,madame de ,bellefonds' he had the same sort of questioning and scrutiny to undergo1 till he grew quite impatient under it1 and betrayed a degree of temper altogether unusual to him4 ,then everybody looked astonished2 some whispered their remarks1 and others expressed them by their wondering eyes1 till his brow knit1 and his pallid cheeks became flushed with anger4 ,neither could he divert attention by eating2 his parched mouth would not allow him to swallow anything but liquids1 of which1 however1 he indulged in copious libations2 and it was an exceeding relief to him when the carriage1 which was to convey them to ,st4 ,denis1 being announced1 furnished an excuse for hastily leaving the table4 ,looking at his watch1 he declared it was late2 and ,natalie1 who saw how eager he was to be gone1 threw her shawl over her shoulders1 and bidding her friends good morning1 they hurried away4 ,it was a fine sunny day in ,june2 and1 as they drove along the crowded boulevards1 and through the ,porte ,st4 ,denis1 the young bride and bridegroom1 to avoid each other's eyes1 affected to be gazing out of the windows2 but when they reached that part of the road where there was nothing but trees on each side1 they felt it necessary to draw in their heads1 and make an attempt at conversation4 ,de ,chaulieu put his arm round his wife's waist1 and tried to rouse himself from his depression2 but it had by this time so reacted upon her1 that she could not respond to his efforts1 and thus the conversation languished1 till both felt glad when they reached their destination1 which would1 at all events1 furnish them something to talk about4 ,having quitted the carriage1 and ordered a dinner at the ,htel de l',abbaye1 the young couple proceeded to visit ,mademoiselle ,hortense de ,bellefonds1 who was overjoyed to see her sister and new brother-in-law1 and doubly so when she found that they had obtained permission to take her out to spend the afternoon with them4 ,as there is little to be seen at ,st4 ,denis but the ,abbey1 on quitting that part of it devoted to education1 they proceeded to visit the church1 with its various objects of interest2 and as ,de ,chaulieu's thoughts were now forced into another direction1 his cheerfulness began insensibly to return4 ,natalie looked so beautiful1 too1 and the affection betwixt the two young sisters was so pleasant to behold6 ,and they spent a couple of hours wandering about with ,hortense1 who was almost as well informed as the ,suisse1 till the brazen doors were open which admitted them to the royal vault4 ,satisfied1 at length1 with what they had seen1 they began to think of returning to the inn1 the more especially as ,de ,chaulieu1 who had not eaten a morsel of food since the previous evening1 owned to being hungry2 so they directed their steps to the door1 lingering here and there as they went1 to inspect a monument or a painting1 when1 happening to turn his head aside to see if his wife1 who had stopt to take a last look at the tomb of ,king ,dagobert1 was following1 he beheld with horror the face of ,jacques ,rollet appearing from behind a column6 ,at the same instant1 his wife joined him1 and took his arm1 inquiring if he was not very much delighted with what he had seen4 ,he attempted to say yes1 but the word would not be forced out2 and staggering out of the door1 he alleged that a sudden faintness had overcome him4 ,they conducted him to the ,htel1 but ,natalie now became seriously alarmed2 and well she might4 ,his complexion looked ghastly1 his limbs shook1 and his features bore an expression of indescribable horror and anguish4 ,what could be the meaning of so extraordinary a change in the gay1 witty1 prosperous ,de ,chaulieu1 who1 till that morning1 seemed not to have a care in the world8 ,for1 plead illness as he might1 she felt certain1 from the expression of his features1 that his sufferings were not of the body but of the mind2 and1 unable to imagine any reason for such extraordinary manifestations1 of which she had never before seen a symptom1 but a sudden aversion to herself1 and regret for the step he had taken1 her pride took the alarm1 and1 concealing the distress she really felt1 she began to assume a haughty and reserved manner toward him1 which he naturally interpreted into an evidence of anger and contempt4 ,the dinner was placed upon the table1 but ,du ,chaulieu's appetite of which he had lately boasted1 was quite gone1 nor was his wife better able to eat4 ,the young sister alone did justice to the repast2 but although the bridegroom could not eat1 he could swallow champagne in such copious draughts1 that ere long the terror and remorse that the apparition of ,jacques ,rollet had awakened in his breast were drowned in intoxication4 ,amazed and indignant1 poor ,natalie sat silently observing this elect of her heart1 till overcome with disappointment and grief1 she quitted the room with her sister1 and retired to another apartment1 where she gave free vent to her feelings in tears4 ,after passing a couple of hours in confidences and lamentations1 they recollected that the hours of liberty granted1 as an especial favor1 to ,mademoiselle ,hortense1 had expired2 but ashamed to exhibit her husband in his present condition to the eyes of strangers1 ,natalie prepared to re-conduct her to the ,maison ,royale herself4 ,looking into the dining-room as they passed1 they saw ,de ,chaulieu lying on a sofa fast asleep1 in which state he continued when his wife returned4 ,at length1 however1 the driver of their carriage begged to know if ,monsieur and ,madame were ready to return to ,paris1 and it became necessary to arouse him4 ,the transitory effects of the champagne had now sub sided2 but when ,de ,chaulieu recollected what had happened1 nothing could exceed his shame and mortification4 ,so engrossing indeed were these sensations that they quite overpowered his previous ones1 and1 in his present vexation1 he1 for the moment1 forgot his fears4 ,he knelt at his wife's feet1 begged her pardon a thousand times1 swore that he adored her1 and declared that the illness and the effect of the wine had been purely the consequences of fasting and over-work4 ,it was not the easiest thing in the world to reassure a woman whose pride1 affection1 and taste1 had been so severely wounded2 but ,natalie tried to believe1 or to appear to do so1 and a sort of reconciliation ensued1 not quite sincere on the part of the wife1 and very humbling on the part of the husband4 ,under these circumstances it was impossible that he should recover his spirits or facility of manner2 his gayety was forced1 his tenderness constrained2 his heart was heavy within him2 and ever and anon the source whence all this disappointment and woe had sprung would recur to his perplexed1 tortured mind4 ,thus mutually pained and distrustful1 they returned to ,paris1 which they reached about nine o'clock4 ,in spite of her depression1 ,natalie1 who had not seen her new apartments1 felt some curiosity about them1 whilst ,de ,chaulieu anticipated a triumph in exhibiting the elegant home he had prepared for her4 ,with some alacrity1 therefore1 they stepped out of the carriage1 the gates of the ,htel were thrown open1 the concierge rang the bell which announced to the servants that their master and mistress had arrived1 and whilst these domestics appeared above1 holding lights over the balusters1 ,natalie1 followed by her husband1 ascended the stairs4 ,but when they reached the landing-place of the first flight1 they saw the figure of a man standing in a corner as if to make way for them2 the flash from above fell upon his face1 and again ,antoine de ,chaulieu recognized the features of ,jacques ,rollet6 ,from the circumstance of his wife's preceding him1 the figure was not observed by ,de ,chaulieu till he was lifting his foot to place it on the top stair2 the sudden shock caused him to miss the step1 and1 without uttering a sound1 he fell back1 and never stopped till he reached the stories at the bottom4 ,the screams of ,natalie brought the concierge from below and the maids from above1 and an attempt was made to raise the unfortunate man from the ground2 but with cries of anguish he besought them to desist4 ,let me1 he said1 die here6 ,what a fearful vengeance is thine6 ,oh1 ,natalie1 ,natalie6 he exclaimed to his wife1 who was kneeling beside him1 to win fame1 and fortune1 and yourself1 ,i committed a dreadful crime6 ,with lying words ,i argued away the life of a fellow-creature1 whom1 whilst ,i uttered them1 ,i half believed to be innocent3 and now1 when ,i have attained all ,i desired1 and reached the summit of my hopes1 the ,almighty has sent him back upon the earth to blast me with the sight4 ,three times this day--three times this day6 ,again6 again6--and as he spoke1 his wild and dilated eyes fixed themselves on one of the individuals that surrounded him4 ,he is delirious1 said they4 ,no1 said the stranger6 ,what he says is true enough1--at least in part2 and bending over the expiring man1 he added1 ,may ,heaven forgive you1 ,antoine de ,chaulieu6 ,i was not executed2 one who well knew my innocence saved my life4 ,i may name him1 for he is beyond the reach of the law now1--it was ,claperon1 the jailer1 who loved ,claudine1 and had himself killed ,alphonse de ,bellefonds from jealousy4 ,an unfortunate wretch had been several years in the jail for a murder committed during the frenzy of a fit of insanity4 ,long confinement had reduced him to idiocy4 ,to save my life ,claperon substituted the senseless being for me1 on the scaffold1 and he was executed in my stead4 ,he has quitted the country1 and ,i have been a vagabond on the face of the earth ever since that time4 ,at length ,i obtained1 through the assistance of my sister1 the situation of concierge in the ,htel ,marboeuf1 in the ,rue ,grange ,batelire4 ,i entered on my new place yesterday evening1 and was desired to awaken the gentleman on the third floor at seven o'clock4 ,when ,i entered the room to do so1 you were asleep1 but before ,i had time to speak you awoke1 and ,i recognized your features in the glass4 ,knowing that ,i could not vindicate my innocence if you chose to seize me1 ,i fled1 and seeing an omnibus starting for ,st4 ,denis1 ,i got on it with a vague idea of getting on to ,calais1 and crossing the ,channel to ,england4 ,but having only a franc or two in my pocket1 or indeed in the world1 ,i did not know how to procure the means of going forward2 and whilst ,i was lounging about the place1 forming first one plan and then another1 ,i saw you in the church1 and concluding you wore in pursuit of me1 ,i thought the best way of eluding your vigilance was to make my way back to ,paris as fast as ,i could2 so ,i set off instantly1 and walked all the way2 but having no money to pay my night's lodging1 ,i came here to borrow a couple of livres of my sister ,claudine1 who lives in the fifth story4 ,thank ,heaven6 exclaimed the dying man2 that sin is off my soul6 ,natalie1 dear wife1 farewell6 ,forgive6 forgive all6 ,these were the last words he uttered2 the priest1 who had been summoned in haste1 held up the cross before his failing sight2 a few strong convulsions shook the poor bruised and mangled frame2 and then all was still4 ,and thus ended the ,young ,advocate's ,wedding ,day4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,from ,,dickens',s ,,household ,,words ,,for ,,june #bi4 ,,the ,,power ,,of ,,mercy4 ,quiet enough1 in general1 is the quaint old town of ,lamborough4 ,why all this bustle to-day8 ,along the hedge-bound roads which lead to it1 carts1 chaises1 vehicles of every description are jogging along filled with countrymen2 and here and there the scarlet cloak or straw bonnet of some female occupying a chair1 placed somewhat unsteadily behind them1 contrasts gaily with the dark coats1 or gray smock-frocks of the front row2 from every cottage of the suburb1 some individuals join the stream1 which rolls on increasing through the streets till it reaches the castle4 ,the ancient moat teems with idlers1 and the hill opposite1 usually the quiet domain of a score or two of peaceful sheep1 partakes of the surrounding agitation4 ,the voice of the multitude which surrounds the court-house1 sounds like the murmur of the sea1 till suddenly it is raised to a sort of shout4 ,john ,west1 the terror of the surrounding country1 the sheep-stealer and burglar1 had been found guilty4 ,what is the sentence8 is asked by a hundred voices4 ,the answer is ,transportation for ,life4 ,but there was one standing aloof on the hill1 whose inquiring eye wandered over the crowd with indescribable anguish1 whose pallid cheek grew more and more ghastly at every denunciation of the culprit1 and who1 when at last the sentence was pronounced1 fell insensible upon the green-sward4 ,it was the burglar's son4 ,when the boy recovered from his swoon1 it was late in the afternoon2 he was alone2 the faint tinkling of the sheep-bell had again replaced the sound of the human chorus of expectation1 and dread1 and jesting2 all was peaceful1 he could not understand why he lay there1 feeling so weak and sick4 ,he raised himself tremulously and looked around1 the turf was cut and spoilt by the trampling of many feet4 ,all his life of the last few months floated before his memory1 his residence in his father's hovel with ruffianly comrades1 the desperate schemes he heard as he pretended to sleep on his lowly bed1 their expeditions at night1 masked and armed1 their hasty returns1 the news of his father's capture1 his own removal to the house of some female in the town1 the court1 the trial1 the condemnation4 ,the father had been a harsh and brutal parent1 but he had not positively ill-used his boy4 ,of the ,great and ,merciful ,father of the fatherless the child knew nothing4 ,he deemed himself alone in the world4 ,yet grief was not his pervading feeling1 nor the shame1 of being known as the son of a transport4 ,it was revenge which burned within him4 ,he thought of the crowd which had come to feast upon his father's agony2 he longed to tear them to pieces1 and he plucked savagely a handful of the grass on which he leant4 ,oh1 that he were a man6 that he could punish them all--all1--the spectators first the constables1 the judge1 the jury1 the witnesses1--one of them especially1 a clergyman named ,leyton1 who had given his evidence more positively1 more clearly1 than all the others4 ,oh1 that he could do that man some injury1--but for him his father would not have been identified and convicted4 ,suddenly a thought occurred to him1--his eyes sparkled with fierce delight4 ,i know where he lives1 he said to himself2 he has the farm and parsonage of ,millwood4 ,i will go there at once1--it is almost dark already4 ,i will do as ,i have heard father say he once did to the ,squire4 ,i will set his barns and his house on fire4 ,yes1 yes1 he shall burn for it1--he shall get no more fathers transported4 ,to procure a box of matches was an easy task1 and that was all the preparation the boy made4 ,the autumn was far advanced4 ,a cold wind was beginning to moan amongst the almost leafless trees1 and ,george ,west's teeth chattered1 and his ill-clad limbs grew numb as he walked along the fields leading to ,millwood4 ,lucky it's a dark night2 this fine wind will fan the flame nicely1 he repeated to himself4 ,the clock was striking nine1 but all was quiet as midnight2 not a soul stirring1 not a light in the parsonage windows that he could see4 ,he dared not open the gate1 lest the click of the latch should betray him1 so he softly climbed over2 but scarcely had he dropped on the other side of the wall before the loud barking of a dog startled him4 ,he cowered down behind the hay-rick1 scarcely daring to breathe1 expecting each instant that the dog would spring upon him4 ,it was some time before the boy dared to stir1 and as his courage cooled1 his thirst for revenge somewhat subsided also1 till he almost determined to return to ,lamborough2 but he was too tired1 too cold1 too hungry1--besides1 the woman would beat him for staying out so late4 ,what could he do8 where should he go8 and as the sense of his lonely and forlorn position returned1 so did also the affectionate remembrance of his father1 his hatred of his accusers1 his desire to satisfy his vengeance2 and1 once more1 courageous through anger1 he rose1 took the box from his pocket1 and boldly drew one of them across the sand-paper4 ,it flamed2 he stuck it hastily in the stack against which he rested1--it only flickered a little1 and went out4 ,in great trepidation1 young ,west once more grasped the whole of the remaining matches in his hand and ignited them1 but at the same instant the dog barked4 ,he hears the gate open1 a step is close to him1 the matches are extinguished1 the lad makes a desperate effort to escape1--but a strong hand was laid on his shoulder1 and a deep calm voice inquired1 ,what can have urged you to such a crime8 ,then calling loudly1 the gentleman1 without relinquishing his hold1 soon obtained the help of some farming men1 who commenced a search with their lanterns all about the farm4 ,of course they found no accomplices1 nothing at all but the handful of half-consumed matches the lad had dropped1 and he all that time stood trembling1 and occasionally struggling1 beneath the firm1 but not rough grasp of the master who held him4 ,at last the men were told to return to the house1 and thither1 by a different path1 was ,george led till they entered a small1 poorly-furnished room4 ,the walls were covered with books1 as the bright flame of the fire revealed to the anxious gaze of the little culprit4 ,the clergyman lit a lamp1 and surveyed his prisoner attentively4 ,the lad's eyes were fixed on the ground1 whilst ,mr4 ,leyton's wandered from his pale1 pinched features to his scanty1 ragged attire1 through the tatters of which he could discern the thin limbs quivering from cold or fear2 and when at last impelled by curiosity at the long silence1 ,george looked up1 there was something so sadly compassionate in the stranger's gentle look1 that the boy could scarcely believe that he was really the man whose evidence had mainly contributed to transport his father4 ,at the trial he had been unable to see his face1 and nothing so kind had over gazed upon him4 ,his proud bad feelings were already melting4 ,you look half-starved1 said ,mr4 ,leyton1 draw nearer to the fire1 you can sit down on that stool whilst ,i question you2 and mind you answer me the truth4 ,i am not a magistrate1 but of course can easily hand you over to justice if you will not allow me to benefit you in my own way4 ,george still stood twisting his ragged cap in his trembling fingers1 and with so much emotion depicted on his face1 that the good clergyman resumed1 in still more soothing accents3 ,i have no wish to do you anything but good1 my poor boy2 look up at me1 and see if you cannot trust me2 you need not be thus frightened4 ,i only desire to hear the tale of misery your appearance indicates1 to relieve it if ,i can4 ,here the young culprit's heart smote him4 ,was this the man whose house he had tried to burn8 ,on whom he had wished to bring ruin and perhaps death8 ,was it a snare spread for him to lead to confession8 ,but when he looked on that grave compassionate countenance1 he felt that it was not4 ,come1 my lad1 tell me all4 ,george had for years heard little but oaths1 and curses1 and ribald jests1 or the thief's jargon of his father's associates1 and had been constantly cuffed and punished2 but the better part of his nature was not extinguished2 and at those words from the mouth of his enemy1 he dropped on his knees1 and clasping his hands1 tried to speak3 but could only sob4 ,he had not wept before during that day of anguish2 and now his tears gushed forth so freely1 his grief was so passionate as he half knelt1 half rested on the floor1 that the good questioner saw that sorrow must have its course ere calm could be restored4 ,the young penitent still wept1 when a knock was heard at the door1 and a lady entered4 ,it was the clergyman's wife2 he kissed her as she asked how he had succeeded with the wicked man in the jail4 ,he told me1 replied ,mr4 ,leyton1 that he had a son whose fate tormented him more than his punishment4 ,indeed his mind was so distracted respecting the youth1 that he was scarcely able to understand my exhortations4 ,he entreated me with agonizing energy to save his son from such a life as he had led1 and gave me the address of a woman in whose house he lodged4 ,i was1 however1 unable to find the boy in spite of many earnest inquiries4 ,did you hear his name8 asked the wife4 ,george ,west1 was the reply4 ,at the mention of his name1 the boy ceased to sob4 ,breathlessly he heard the account of his father's last request1 of the benevolent clergyman's wish to fulfill it4 ,he started up1 ran toward the door1 and endeavored to open it2 ,mr4 ,leyton calmly restrained him4 ,you must not escape1 he said4 ,i cannot stop here4 ,i cannot bear to look at you4 ,let me go6 ,the lad said this wildly1 and shook himself away4 ,why1 ,i intend you nothing but kindness4 ,a new flood of tears gushed forth2 and ,george ,west said between his sobs1 ,whilst you were searching for me to help me1 ,i was trying to burn you in your house4 ,i cannot bear it4 ,he sunk on his knees1 and covered his face with both hands4 ,there was a long silence1 for ,mr4 and ,mrs4 ,leyton were as much moved as the boy1 who was bowed down with shame and penitence1 to which hitherto he had been a stranger4 ,at last the clergyman asked1 ,what could have induced you to commit such a crime8 ,rising suddenly in the excitement of remorse1 gratitude1 and many feelings new to him1 he hesitated for a moment1 and then told his story2 he related his trials1 his sins1 his sorrows1 his supposed wrongs1 his burning anger at the terrible fate of his only parent1 and his rage at the exultation of the crowd3 his desolation on recovering from his swoon1 his thirst for vengeance1 the attempt to satisfy it4 ,he spoke with untaught1 child-like simplicity1 without attempting to suppress the emotions which successively overcame him4 ,when he ceased1 the lady hastened to the crouching boy1 and soothed him with gentle words4 ,the very tones of her voice were new to him4 ,they pierced his heart more acutely than the fiercest of the upbraidings and denunciations of his old companions4 ,he looked on his merciful benefactors with bewildered tenderness4 ,he kissed ,mrs4 ,leyton's hand then gently laid on his shoulder4 ,he gazed about like one in a dream who dreaded to wake4 ,he became faint and staggered4 ,he was laid gently on a sofa1 and ,mr4 and ,mrs4 ,leyton left him4 ,food was shortly administered to him1 and after a time1 when his senses had become sufficiently collected1 ,mr4 ,leyton returned to the study1 and explained holy and beautiful things1 which were new to the neglected boy3 of the great yet loving ,father2 of ,him who loved the poor1 forlorn wretch1 equally with the richest1 and noblest1 and happiest2 of the force and efficacy of the sweet beatitude1 ,blessed are the ,merciful1 for they shall obtain ,mercy4 ,i heard this story from ,mr4 ,leyton1 during a visit to him in ,may4 ,george ,west was then head-plowman to a neighboring farmer1 one of the cleanest1 best behaved1 and moat respected laborers in the parish4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,from ,,fraser',s ,,magazine4 ,,the ,,great ,,marshal ,,suwarrow4 ,the ,russian is eminently fitted for a soldier's life2 his education is almost as martial as if he had been brought up in a camp2 for his relatives and neighbors hold their lands by military tenure1 and love to talk together of the days when they served in the wars4 ,all1 from the highest order to the lowest1 look to the fulfillment of their ancient prophecy1 that ,all the world is to be conquered by the arms of ,russia4 ,should some man of resplendent genius1 like ,suwarrow1 chance to command1 there is no calculating on the position to which the ,russian army might attain4 ,suwarrow was not alone fitted to lead an army1 but was exactly the general to form one3 his frankness and generosity1 and the manner in which his habits identified him with his soldiers1 endeared him to the army2 while his religious feelings and exercises1 and the habit of participating in some of their superstitions1 sanctified him in the eyes of the men1 and gave him unbounded influence4 ,some of the anecdotes with which we have met exhibit feelings for which we were but little inclined to give the devoted warrior credit1 for most certainly we should never have sought in rude camps1 and among wild ,cossacks1 for gentle affections and tender emotions2 and yet even there they may be found2 and we see that he whose whole existence was nearly an uninterrupted series of military exploits1 was by no means devoid of those congenial sympathies which make up the charm of domestic life4444 ,this is the more worthy of observation1 as he has been regarded by many as something not far removed from an ogre--an impression which the barbarous warfare carried on between the ,turks and ,cossacks1 in which he took such a prominent part1 seemed to justify2 coupled as it has been1 too1 with the story of his having packed up in a sack the heads of the ,janissaries who had fallen by his hand1 for the purpose of laying them at the feet of his general4 ,the spirit of the times1 and of those with whom his lot was cast1 must be looked to as some palliation for the savage conflicts in which he was engaged4 ,that they had not hardened his heart against all tender emotions is surprising4 ,pierre ,alexis ,wasiltowitch1 ,count ,suwarrow1 was born in #agcj1 in ,moscow1 according to his biographer1 of a ,swedish family4 ,he began his military career when but twelve years of age1 having been placed in the ,school of ,young ,cadets in ,st4 ,petersburgh by his father4 ,he was a mere boy when he entered the ,russian service as a private soldier4 ,for some years he was not advanced beyond the rank of a subaltern4 ,from the earliest age the decision and originality of his character were developed1 and he was not long in perceiving his own superiority to those by whom he was commanded4 ,this conviction rendered the control to which he was forced to submit extremely distasteful1 and made him determine to raise himself from a subordinate situation4 ,to determine was to achieve1 in one possessed of his powers of mind and matchless energy4 ,the singularity of his bearing was very remarkable1 and as he lost no opportunity of rendering it conspicuous1 it soon attracted observation1 which was all that was necessary for the discovery of the extraordinary intellectual powers which he possessed4 ,thus recommended by his superior abilities1 his advancement was rapid4 ,before he was twenty-nine he was a lieutenant-colonel4 ,his reliance on his own unaided powers was so entire1 that he could ill brook the thought of considering himself bound by obedience to any one4 ,when speaking at a later period on the subject1 he said1 ,when my sovereign does me the honor to give me the command of her armies1 she supposes me capable of guiding them to victory2 and how can she pretend to know better than an old soldier like myself1 who am on the spot1 the road which leads to it8 ,so1 whenever her orders are in opposition to her true interests1 ,i take it for granted that they are suggested by the enmity of her courtiers1 and ,i act in conformity to what appears to me most conducive to her glory4 ,on some occasions he acted in accordance with this declaration1 and on a very remarkable one showed that he was justified in the dependence which he had on his own judgment2 but whether his acting on it was defensible1 must be left to the martinets to determine4 ,in the year #agga1 during the campaign1 when he held the rank of major-general1 he found that the ,grand ,marshal of ,lithuania was assembling the ,poles at ,halowitz1 of which he directly apprised the commander-in-chief1 ,marshal ,boutourlin1 and demanded leave to attack them4 ,boutourlin1 who was a cautious man1 thought such a risk should not be attempted1 as ,suwarrow had but a few hundred men under him1 and therefore decidedly forbade any attack4 ,at the same time1 an account reached ,suwarrow that the ,regiment of ,petersburgh had just been beaten by the ,poles1 whose numbers amounted to five thousand men1 and were increasing every day4 ,fired by the intelligence1 he at once determined on action1 and advanced at the head of a thousand men to the attack4 ,every danger but excited him to additional exertion4 ,in four days he marched fifty leagues1 surprised the ,poles at dead of night1 and beat and dispersed them4 ,he took the town of ,halowitz and twelve pieces of cannon4 ,his victory was complete1 but he had disobeyed orders2 and according to all rules of military discipline he deserved punishment4 ,it was thus he announced his success to the commander of the army3 ,as a soldier ,i have disobeyed--,i ought to be punished--,i have sent you my sword2 but as a ,russian ,i have done my duty in destroying the ,confederate forces1 which we could not have resisted had they been left time to unite4 ,boutourlin was in the utmost astonishment1 and quite at a loss what steps he should take4 ,he laid ,suwarrow's extraordinary dispatch before the ,empress1 and requested her orders as to the manner in which he should act4 ,catharine lost no time in addressing ,suwarrow3 ,your commander1 ,marshal ,boutourlin1 ought to put you under arrest1 to punish military insubordination4 ,as your sovereign1 ,i reserve to myself the pleasure of rewarding a faithful subject1 who by a splendid action has well served his country4 ,the ,order of ,st4 ,alexander accompanied this gracious letter4 ,never was commander more loved by his soldiers than ,suwarrow4 ,like ,napoleon1 he shared their hardships and privations as well as their dangers4 ,he would often pass the cold winter nights in their bivouac and partake of their humble fare4 ,in every difficulty he kept up their spirits by his alacrity and cheerfulness4 ,however tinctured with superstition1 he had deep devotional feelings2 and it is stated that he never went to battle without offering up a prayer1 and that it was his first and last occupation every day4 ,often when provisions were failing he would order a fast to be observed by the troops1 as a token of humiliation for their sins3 and he always set the example of the prescribed abstinence himself4 ,the noble self-denial which made him scorn any care for himself which was beyond the reach of the common soldiers1 so thoroughly identified him with them1 that all their tender sympathies were with him1 as much as their respect and veneration4 ,he was never seen on the long and heavy marches of his infantry but on foot by their side2 and in every advance of his cavalry he was at their head on horseback4 ,he worked indefatigably with them in the trenches1 and in all their military operations4 ,when the war broke out afresh with the ,turks in the year #aghe1 he was surprised in the town of ,kenburn by an advance of a great body of ,osmanli horse2 his troops were scattered through the adjacent country1 and could not be brought together without great difficulty--a successful attack had been made upon one his generals4 ,when the news was brought to him he betrayed no agitation1 but instantly repaired to the church1 where he directed that a ,te ,deum should be chanted as for a victory4 ,this he might have done to show his firm trust in the prophesied success of the ,russian arms1 even under discouragement4 ,he joined in the chant with animated fervor4 ,as soon as the service was over he placed himself a the head of a small body of troops which were in waiting1 and hastened to meet the enemy1 who were coming on in considerable force4 ,by a most desperate onset he drove them back1 but in the engagement he was wounded2 and his soldiers1 no longer animated by his presence1 became disheartened1 and fled in confusion4 ,suwarrow leaped from the litter in which he was carried--all bleeding and wounded as he was--and springing on horseback1 exclaimed1 ,i am still alive1 my children6 ,this was the rallying cry--he led them on to victory4 ,of all the brilliant achievements of ,suwarrow1 there was none more wonderful than the conquest of ,ismail4 ,it had stood out against two sieges1 and was considered almost impregnable4 ,the ,empress1 provoked at its not having yielded1 gave an absolute order that it should be taken4 ,potemkin1 who was then at the head of the ,russian army1 dreaded ,catharine's displeasure should she be disappointed the third time4 ,in his embarrassment he consulted with ,suwarrow1 who undertook the conduct of the siege4 ,notwithstanding the great danger of an enterprise which had failed twice1 he felt confident of success2 and said1 with earnest faith in the result1 ,the ,empress wills it--we must obey6 ,after a forced march of four days he reached ,ismail at the head of his troops4 ,a few days were spent in the preparations necessary for an assault4 ,when all was ready1 orders were given3 the column marched forward at midnight4 ,at that moment a courier rode up at full speed with dispatches from ,potemkin4 ,suwarrow was no sooner apprised of his arrival than he guessed with his usual quickness the nature of the dispatches1 and he determined not to receive them till the fate of the enterprise was decided4 ,he ordered his horse to be brought round to the door of his tent2 he sprang on it and galloped off1 without seeming to observe the courier4 ,after a desperate resistance the ,turks at length gave way1 and ,ismail fell into the hands of the ,russians4 ,with his staff gathered eagerly round ,suwarrow to offer their congratulations1 the eyes of the ,marshal fell upon the officer who bore the dispatches4 ,who are you1 brother8 said he4 ,it is ,i1 replied the courier1 who brought dispatches from ,prince ,potemkin yesterday evening4 ,what6 exclaimed ,suwarrow1 with affected passion1--what6 you bring me news from my sovereign6--you have been here since yesterday1 and ,i have not yet received the dispatches6 ,then threatening the officer for his negligence1 he handed the dispatch to one of his generals and bade him read it aloud4 ,a more striking scene can scarcely be conceived4 ,there was deep silence as the dispatch was opened4 ,suwarrow and his companions in victory listened with breathless interest4 ,every danger which they had braved and surmounted was enumerated one after the other4 ,it was urged that an enterprise undertaken in the midst of a winter even more than usually severe1 must be disastrous1 and that it was absolutely preposterous to think it possible to make an impression on a fortress furnished with #bcj pieces of cannon and defended by #dc1jjj men1 the half of whom were ,janissaries1 with a force that amounted to no more than #bh1jjj--little more than half their number4 ,the dispatch ended with a peremptory order for the abandonment of the enterprise4 ,thank ,god6 exclaimed ,suwarrow1 as soon as the general had ceased reading1 raising his eyes to heaven and crossing himself with devotion1 thank ,god1 ,ismail is taken1 or ,i should have been undone6 ,there was silence for a moment1 as if all participated in the feeling with which ,suwarrow glanced at the different situation which would have been his had he not succeeded2 every eye was fixed on him1 and then a sudden shout of triumph burst through all the ranks4 ,he then penned the following brief reply3 ,the ,russian flag flies on the ramparts of ,ismail4 ,it is not to our purpose to follow the victorious steps of ,suwarrow through the campaigns in which he was engaged2 they are now a part of history1 and won for him that military glory after which his heart panted from his early boyhood4 ,decoration after decoration1 honor after honor3 title after title1 marked the high estimation in which the services of this intrepid soldier were held by his sovereign2 and never did ruler dispense favors with a more munificent hand than ,catharine4 ,what most attracted us1 and from which we most wished to make a selection1 were those characteristic traits which brought us in a manner personally acquainted with ,suwarrow4 ,in person ,suwarrow was unlike what the imagination would picture4 ,he was but five feet one inch in height1 and of a fragile form2 his mouth was large1 and his features plain2 but his countenance was full of fire1 vivacity1 and penetration4 ,when he was moved1 it became severe1 commanding1 and even terrible2 but this seldom happened1 and never without some powerful cause4 ,his brow was much wrinkled1 but as it seemed to be so from deep thinking it gave still greater expression to his face4 ,though of a form which appeared delicate and feeble1 no one could endure greater fatigue4 ,this may be attributed to his active and temperate habits1 and to the wonderful energy of his mind4 ,he was most certainly able to use more exertion and undergo more hardship and toil than most people of a robust frame4 ,the spirit which burned within him was indeed equal to any effort4 ,the only weak point in his character was the horror which he had of being reminded in any way of his age as he advanced in life3 he most carefully avoided everything which could make him think of it4 ,all the looking-glasses in his house were either removed or so completely covered that he could not catch even a transient glimpse of his face or person4 ,he often joked about his personal appearance1 but said that he had all his life avoided looking at himself in the glass1 solely that he might not perceive the change which years bring1 and which might perhaps make him suppose himself growing too old for military pursuits4 ,be this as it may1 he never would look near a mirror4 ,if he happened to go into a room where there was one1 the very moment he perceived it he shut his eyes1 made all manner of odd faces1 and ran by it at his utmost speed out of the room4 ,when a chair chanced to be in his way he jumped over it1 to show that he retained his activity2 and for the same reason he always ran in and out of the room4 ,it was but seldom that he was seen to move at a slower pace4 ,when in the company of strangers he even quickened the speed of his motions1 and exhibited the most droll antics to impress upon their minds that he was still equal to take the field4 ,it was the custom to rise early--never later at any time of the year than four o'clock1 and often even at midnight--to the end of his life4 ,as soon as he rose he was well drenched with cold water1 even in the depth of the most severe winter4 ,he generally dined in winter at eight o'clock in the morning1 and in summer at seven4 ,dinner was his principal meal4 ,though his cookery could not have been very tempting1 as it was made up of ill-dressed ,cossack ragouts1 nobody ventured to find any fault with it1 and his good appetite made it palatable to himself4 ,he never sat down to a meal without a thanksgiving or an invocation for a blessing4 ,if any among his guests did not take part in the grace by responding ,amen1 he would say1 ,those who have not said amen shall have no eau de vie4 ,he never took any refreshment through the rest of the day1 but a few cups of tea or coffee4 ,he never exceeded at table1 but was fond of sitting long after dinner4 ,this habit he wished to correct1 and gave his aid-de-camp1 ,tichinka1 directions to order him from table whenever he thought he was remaining too long2 and this was to be managed after the fashion which he prescribed4 ,when the injunction was obeyed1 he would ask1 ,by whose order8 ,when ,tichinka made reply1 ,by ,marshal ,suwarrow's order1 he immediately rose from table1 and said1 with a smile1 ,very well3 the marshal must be obeyed4 ,according to his desire the same ceremony was gone through when he was too sedentary1 and as soon as he was told by his aid-de-camp that ,marshal ,suwarrow had ordered him to go out he instantly complied4 ,as he was unlike every one1 so he dressed like nobody else4 ,he wore whole boots so wide that they fell about his heels4 ,his waistcoat and breeches were of white dimity2 the lining and collar of the waistcoat were of green cloth2 his little helmet of felt was ornamented with green fringe4 ,this was his military dress throughout the whole year1 except when the weather was intensely cold1 and then he substituted white cloth for the dimity4 ,his appearance was still more strange from his frequently leaving the garter and stocking hanging loose upon one leg1 while the other was booted2 but as the boot was thus occasionally discarded in consequence of a wound in the leg1 it was nothing to laugh at4 ,his long sabre trailed along the ground1 and his thin dress hung loosely about his slight person4 ,equipped in this extraordinary manner it was that ,suwarrow reviewed1 harangued1 and commanded his soldiers4 ,on great occasions he appeared in his superb dress as field-marshal1 and wore the profusion of splendid ornaments which had been bestowed on the occasion of his victories4 ,among them was the magnificent golden-hilted sword1 studded with jewels1 and the gorgeous plume of diamonds which he had received from the hand of the ,empress1 among other marks of distinction1 for his extraordinary services at ,aczakoff4 ,at other times he wore no ornament but the chain of the order of ,st4 ,andrew4 ,he carried no watch or ornaments with him1 save those which commemorated his military exploits4 ,on these he delighted to look1 as they were associated in his mind with the most gratifying events of his life--his glory1 and the favor of his sovereign4 ,he would sometimes show them to a stranger1 exhibiting them one by one1 and setting his stamp of value on each1 as he would say1 ,at such an action ,i gained this order--at such another1 this2 and so on till he had told the remarkable occurrence to which he owed the possession of each--a pride that was natural in one who had earned them so bravely4 ,his whole style of living was marked by the greatest simplicity4 ,he preferred the plainest apartment1 without any article of luxury3 he scarcely ever slept in a house when his troops were encamped2 and he not only stayed in his tent at night1 but for the most part of the day1 only entering the house appropriated to his staff at dinner-time4 ,throughout his whole military career he had never passed an entire night in bed4 ,he stretched himself1 when he lay down to rest1 on a bundle of hay2 nor would he indulge himself in a more luxurious couch1 even in the palace of the ,empress4 ,he had no carriage1 but a plain kibitk1 7a sort of chariot17 drawn by hired horses1 for he kept no horses2 but when he required one1 as on the occasion of a review or some other military operation1 he mounted any which chanced to be at hand4 ,sometimes it belonged to one of the ,cossacks1 but oftener was lent to him by his aid-de-camp1 ,tichinka4 ,he was without servants1 keeping but one attendant to wait upon himself1 and employing some of the soldiers in the service of his house4 ,this mode of living arose not from parsimony1 but from an utter indifference to any kind of indulgence1 which he considered beneath a soldier's attention4 ,he had a contempt for money as a means of procuring gratification1 but valued it as often affording him the pleasure of being generous and kind4 ,he gave up his entire share of the immense booty at ,ismail1 and divided it among his soldiers4 ,he never carried any money about him1 or asked the price of anything1 but left all to the management of ,tichinka4 ,his strictness in doing what he considered just1 when he conceived himself in the slightest degree accountable1 was very remarkable4 ,on one occasion an officer had lost at play sixty rubles1 with which he had supplied himself from the military chest4 ,suwarrow reprimanded the officer severely1 but refunded the sum from his own resources4 ,it is right1 said he1 in a letter to the ,empress1 in which he alluded to the circumstance1 it is right that ,i should make it good1 for ,i am answerable for the officers ,i employ4 ,one of ,suwarrow's odd peculiarities consisted in keeping up the appearance of a soldier at all times4 ,when he saluted any person1 he drew up1 turned out his toes1 threw back his shoulders1 kept himself quite erect1 and turned the back of his hand to his helmet1 as soldiers do when saluting their officers4 ,he was greatly attached to ,tichinka1 an old soldier1 who had once saved his life4 ,from that time he never separated from him3 he made him his aid-de-camp1 and gave him the sole management of all his affairs4 ,suwarrow was very remarkable for his directness2 and so great was his aversion to an evasive or unmeaning expression1 that he never could bear the person who made use of such1 and was sure to give him the name of ,niesnion1 which may be translated1 ,i don't know1 possibly1 or perhaps4 ,he would take no such answer2 but would say1 in an emphatic tone1 try1 learn1 or set about it4 ,indeed1 the abhorrence in which he held any mode of expression which was not dictated by the most perfect frankness was so great1 that he could not endure the flattery and unmeaning civility of courtiers2 and he never hesitated to mark his displeasure by bitter satire1 regardless of the presence of those against whom it was directed1 even if the ,empress herself made one of the company4 ,this caused him to be feared and disliked by many at court4 ,his acquirements were considerable4 ,he spoke eight languages--,french1 like a native4 ,he composed verses with facility2 he had read much1 and was particularly well-informed in history and biography4 ,notwithstanding his remarkable frankness and all his oddities1 his manners were engaging and polished3 his conversation was original1 energetic1 and lively2 he would often indulge in sallies of pleasantry to amuse the ,empress1 and as he was an excellent mimic1 he would take off the uncouth manners and accents of some of the soldiers to the life4 ,he had a dislike to writing1 always asserting that a pen was an unfit implement for a soldier4 ,his dispatches were laconic1 but not the less striking on that account4 ,once or twice they were couched in concise couplets4 ,his brevity was laid aside when he addressed his soldiers4 ,it was his custom to harangue them at great length1 sometimes even for two hours at a time1 and in the very depth of winter4 ,i remember1 says ,m4 de ,guillaumanches1 that one day1 in the month of ,january1 he took it into his head to harangue a body of #aj1jjj men drawn up on parade at ,varsovia4 ,it was bitterly cold1 and a freezing hoar frost came down from the sky4 ,the marshal1 in a waistcoat of white dimity1 began his usual harangue4 ,he soon found that the coldness of the weather made it seem long2 accordingly1 he stretched it to two hours4 ,almost all the generals1 officers1 and soldiers caught cold4 ,the marshal was nothing the worse1 and was even gayer than usual4 ,his quarters rang with continued fits of coughing1 and he seemed to enjoy hearing it4 ,he had the satisfaction of thinking that he had taught his army to disregard fatigue1 and winter with all its frosts4 ,m4 de ,guillaumanches speaks of the veneration which ,suwarrow had for the ministers of his religion4 ,he would often stop a priest on the road to implore his blessing4 ,he loved to take part in their religious services and to join in their chants2 but it is on the goodness of his heart that his biographer most delights to dwell4 ,he tells us1 he was a kind relation1 a sincere friend1 and an affectionate father4 ,in the midst of all his triumphs1 it has been said that he was touched with pity and with sorrow for suffering humanity4 ,i asked him1 says ,mr4 ,tweddel1 if after the massacre of ,ismail he was perfectly satisfied with the conduct of the day4 ,he said1 he went home and wept in his tent4 ,though ,suwarrow spared but little time from his military avocation for social intercourse1 his tenderness for children was so great that he could not bear to pass them without notice4 ,he would stop1 embrace1 and bless them whenever he met them3 that he fondly loved his own is sufficiently proved by the following anecdote3-- ,while on his way to join the army1 thoughts of home were in his mind4 ,he felt it might be long before he should see it in1 if indeed1 he should ever see it4 ,he was seized with the most intense longing to look on his children once more4 ,the desire became so irresistible1 that he turned from the road he was traversing1 and took that to ,moscow4 ,he rested neither day nor night till he got there4 ,it was the middle of the night when he reached his house2 he sprang lightly from his carriage1 and knocked gently at the door4 ,all the family were asleep4 ,at length he was heard by one of the domestics1 and let in4 ,he stole on tiptoe to his children's room1 and1 withdrawing the curtains cautiously1 for fear of disturbing them1 bent over them2 and1 as he gazed on them in delight1 they slept on1 unconscious of their midnight visitor4 ,then throwing his arms gently over them1 he held them for a moment in his fond embrace and left them a father's blessing1 and then went away to join his troops4 ,after the death of ,catharine1 in the year #agif1 there was a sad change in the fortunes of her faithful soldier4 ,he served her successor with the same heroic devotion with which he had promoted her interest and glory4 ,in #agii he effected one of the most brilliant retreats that stand in the annals of history4 ,opposed in ,italy by ,moreau with an overwhelming force1 when a retreat was resolved on he was so afflicted that he wrung his hands and wept bitterly4 ,he led his troops over the heights of ,switzerland into ,germany with such consummate skill and undaunted energy as added fresh honors to his name4 ,the dangers and difficulties of this memorable operation were such as would have been considered absolutely insurmountable by one less daring1 and a commander less beloved could never have encouraged his troops to hold out against surrender4 ,but they followed him in the midst of winter snows1 through unknown and intricate paths and deep ravines2 sometimes passing in what haste they could along the edge of frightful chasms and awful precipices1 such as the weary traveler would tremble but to look at4 ,here they were frequently exposed to the fire of the enemy1 who lay in ambush among the rocks1 and ofttimes had to fight their way at the point of the bayonet4 ,but still1 even in retreat victorious1 he achieved his object1 and never yielded to the foe4 ,he is the only general1 it is stated1 except ,marlborough and ,wellington1 who was never defeated4 ,the title of ,prince ,italisky was conferred to commemorate the glory of his having led his army unconquered in his retreat from ,italy4 ,he died the next year at ,st4 ,petersburgh4 ,a broken heart was alleged by many to have been the fatal disease which ended his days4 ,the indomitable spirit which is proof against danger1 toil1 and privation1 may yet be borne down by the stings of ingratitude4 ,the death of ,suwarrow1 so soon following his recall1 and the indignities which he received at the hands of the emperor1 tells in itself a tale of outraged feeling that needs no comment4 ,it has been truly said that ridicule is more bitterly resented and more rarely forgiven than injury4 ,the indulgence of a satiric humor1 in some words spoken in jest by ,suwarrow1 is said to have piqued ,paul so much that he took a cruel revenge4 ,the rage of the emperor for the introduction of ,german fashions was so great1 that he determined to have the ,german uniform adopted in the army4 ,when old ,marshal ,suwarrow got orders to introduce this uniform1 and received little sticks for measures and models of the soldiers tails and side-curls1 ,hair-powder1 said he1 is not gunpowder1 curls are not cannons1 and tails are not bayonets4 ,this1 in the ,russian language1 falls into rhyme1 and soon spread as a saying through the army3 and having reached the emperor's ears1 is said1 in ,the ,secret ,memoirs of the ,russian ,court1 to have been the true cause which induced ,paul to recall ,suwarrow and dispense with his services4 ,the genius of ,suwarrow was superior to every difficulty1 and led him to fame and honors such as few have ever attained4 ,though born of a good family1 he had neither money nor interest to advance him1 but pushed his own fortunes from his boyhood4 ,he rose to the rank of colonel when he was but twenty-nine4 ,he was nominated general-in-chief for having compelled the ,tartars to submit to the ,russian arms4 ,he was created a count1 and obtained the surname of ,rimnisky for a victory over the ,turks near the river ,rimnisky1 by which he saved the ,prince of ,saxe ,coburg and the imperial army4 ,for his services in ,poland he was made a field-marshal1 and received the grant of an estate4 ,in the year #agii the title of ,prince ,italisky was conferred4 ,this was the last favor shown3 the following year saw him laid in the grave4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,from ,,dickens',s ,,household ,,words4 ,,press ,,on4 ,a ,,rivulet',s ,,song4 ,just under an island1 'midst rushes and moss1 ,i was born of a rock-spring1 and dew3 ,i was shaded by trees1 whose branches and leaves ,ne'er suffered the sun to gaze through4 ,i wandered around the steep brow of a hill1 ,where the daisies and violets fair ,were shaking the mist from their wakening eyes1 ,and pouring their breath on the air4 ,then ,i crept gently on1 and ,i moistened the feet ,of a shrub which infolded a nest-- ,the bird in return sang his merriest song1 ,and showed me his feathery crest4 ,how joyous ,i felt in the bright afternoon1 ,when the sun1 riding off in the west1 ,came out in red gold from behind the green trees ,and burnished ray tremulous breast6 ,my memory now can return to the time ,when the breeze murmured low plaintive tones1 ,while ,i wasted the day in dancing away1 ,or playing with pebbles and stones4 ,it points to the hour when the rain pattered down1 ,oft resting awhile in the trees2 ,then quickly descending it ruffled my calm1 ,and whispered to me of the seas6 ',twas then the first wish found a home in my breast ,to increase as time hurries along2 ',twas then ,i first learned to lisp softly the words ,which ,i now love so proudly--',press on6' ,i'll make wider my bed1 as onward ,i tread1 ,a deep mighty river ,i'll be-- ',press on' all the day will ,i sing on my way1 ,till ,i enter the far-spreading sea4 ,it ceased4 ,a youth lingered beside its green edge ,till the stars in its face brightly shone2 ,he hoped the sweet strain would re-echo again-- ,but he just heard a murmur--,press on6 99 99 99 99 99 ,,from ,,dickens',s ,,household ,,words4 ,,address ,,from ,,an ,,undertaker ,,to ,,the ,,trade 7,,strictly ,,private ,,and ,,confidential47 ,i address you1 gentlemen1 as an humble individual who is much concerned about the body4 ,this little joke is purely a professional one4 ,it must go no farther4 ,i am afraid the public thinks uncharitably of undertakers1 and would consider it a proof that ,dr4 ,johnson was right when he said that the man who would make a pun would pick a pocket4 ,well2 we all try to do the best we can for ourselves--everybody else as well as undertakers4 ,burials may be expensive1 but so is legal redress4 ,so is spiritual provision2 ,i mean the maintenance of all our reverends and right reverends4 ,i am quite sure that both lawyers' charges and the revenues of some of the chief clergy are very little1 if any1 more reasonable than our own prices4 ,pluralities are as bad as crowded gravepits1 and ,i don't see that there is a pin to choose between the church and the churchyard4 ,sanitary revolutionists and incendiaries accuse us of gorging rottenness1 and battening on corruption4 ,we don't do anything of the sort1 that ,i see1 to a greater extent than other professions1 which are allowed to be highly respectable4 ,political1 military1 naval1 university1 and clerical parties1 of great eminence1 defend abuses in their several lines when profitable4 ,we can't do better than follow such good examples4 ,let us stick up for business1 and--,i was going to say--leave society to take care of itself4 ,no2 that is just what we should endeavor to prevent society from doing4 ,the world is growing too wise for us gentlemen4 ,accordingly1 this ,interments ,bill1 by which our interests are so seriously threatened1 has been brought into ,parliament4 ,we must join heart and hand to defeat and crush it4 ,let us nail our colors--which ,i should call the black flag--to the mast1 and let our war-cry be1 ,no surrender6 or else our motto will very soon be1 ,resurgam2 in other words1 it will be all up with us4 ,we stand in a critical position in regard to public opinion4 ,in order to determine what steps to take for protecting business1 we ought to see our danger4 ,i wish1 therefore1 to state the facts of our case clearly to you2 and ,i say let us face them boldly1 and not blink them4 ,therefore1 ,i am going to speak plainly and plumply on this subject4 ,there is no doubt--between ourselves--that what makes our trade so profitable is the superstition1 weakness1 and vanity of parties4 ,we can't disguise this fact from ourselves1 and ,i only wish we may be able to conceal it much longer from others4 ,as enlightened undertakers1 we must admit that we are of no more use on earth than scavengers4 ,all the good we do is to bury people's dead out of sight4 ,speaking as a philosopher--which an undertaker surely ought to be--,i should say that our business is merely to shoot rubbish4 ,however1 the rubbish is human rubbish1 and bereaved parties have certain feelings which require that it should be shot gingerly4 ,i suppose such sentiments are natural1 and will always prevail4 ,but ,i fear that people will by and by begin to think that pomp1 parade1 and ceremony are unnecessary upon melancholy occasions4 ,and whenever this happens1 ,othello's occupation will1 in a great measure1 be gone4 ,i tremble to think of mourning relatives considering seriously what is requisite--and all that is requisite--for decent interment1 in a rational point of view4 ,nothing more1 ,i am afraid ,common ,sense would say1 than to carry the body in the simplest chest1 and under the plainest covering1 only in a solemn and respectful manner1 to the grave1 and lay it in the earth with proper religious ceremonies4 ,i fear ,common ,sense would be of opinion that mutes1 scarfs1 hatbands1 plumes of feathers1 black horses1 mourning coaches1 and the like1 can in no way benefit the defunct1 or comfort surviving friends1 or gratify anybody but the mob1 and the street-boys4 ,but happily1 ,common ,sense has not yet acquired an influence which would reduce every burial to a most low affair4 ,still1 people think no more than they did1 and in proportion as they do think1 the worse it will be for business4 ,i consider that we have a most dangerous enemy in ,science4 ,that same ,science pokes its nose into everything--even vaults and churchyards4 ,it has explained how grave-water soaks into adjoining wells2 and has shocked and disgusted people by showing them that they are drinking their dead neighbors4 ,it has taught parties resident in large cities that the very air they live in reeks with human remains1 which steam up from graves2 and which1 of course1 they are continually breathing4 ,so it makes our churchyards to be worse haunted than they were formerly believed to be by ghosts1 and1 ,i may add1 vampyres1 in consequence of the dead continually rising from them in this unpleasant manner4 ,indeed1 ,science is likely to make people dread them a great deal more than ,superstition ever did1 by showing that their effluvia breed typhus and cholera2 so that they are really and truly very dangerous4 ,i should not be surprised to hear some sanitary lecturer say1 that the fear of churchyards was a sort of instinct implanted in the mind1 to prevent ignorant people and children from going near such unwholesome places4 ,it would be comparatively well if the mischief done us by ,science1 ,medicine and ,chemistry1 and all that sort of thing--stopped here4 ,the mere consideration that burial in the heart of cities is unhealthy1 would but lead to extramural interment1 to which our only objection--though even that is no very trifling one--is that it would diminish mortality1 and consequently our trade4 ,but this ,science--confound it6--shows that the dead do not remain permanently in their coffins1 even when the sextons of metropolitan graveyards will let them4 ,it not only informs ,londoners that they breathe and drink the deceased2 but it reveals how the whole of the defunct party is got rid of1 and turned into gases1 liquids1 and mould4 ,it exposes the way in which all animal matter as it is called in chemical books--is dissolved1 evaporates1 and disappears2 and is ultimately1 as ,i may say1 eaten up by ,nature1 and goes to form parts of plants1 and of other living creatures4 ,so that1 if gentlemen really wanted to be interred with the remains of their ancestors1 it would sometimes be possible to comply with their wishes only by burying them with a quantity of mutton--not to say with the residue of another quadruped than the sheep1 which often grazes in churchyards4 ,science1 in short1 is hammering into people's heads truths which they have been accustomed merely to gabble with their mouths--that all flesh is indeed grass1 or convertible into it2 and not only that the human frame does positively turn to dust1 but into a great many things besides4 ,now1 ,i say1 that when they become really and truly convinced of all this2 when they know and reflect that the body cannot remain any long time in the grave which it is placed in2 ,i am sadly afraid that they will think twice before they will spend from thirty to several hundred pounds in merely putting a corpse into the ground to decompose4 ,the only hope for us if these scientific views become general1 is1 that embalming will be resorted to2 but ,i question if the religious feelings of the country will approve of a practice which certainly seems rather like an attempt to arrest a decree of ,providence2 and would1 besides1 be very expensive4 ,hero ,i am reminded of another danger1 to which our prospects are exposed4 ,it is that likely to arise from serious parties1 in consequence of growing more enlightened1 thinking consistently with their religious principles1 instead of their religion being a mere sentimental kind of thing which they never reason upon4 ,we often1 you know1 gentlemen1 overhear the bereaved remarking that they trust the departed is in a better place4 ,why1 if this were not a mere customary saying on mournful occasions--if the parties really believed this--do you think they would attach any importance to the dead body which we bury underground8 ,no2 to be sure3 they would look upon it merely as a suit of left-off clothes--with the difference of being unpleasant and offensive1 and not capable of being kept4 ,they would see that a spirit could care no more about the corpse it had quitted1 than a man who had lost his leg1 would for the amputated limb4 ,the truth is--don't breathe it1 don't whisper it1 except to the trade--that the custom of burying the dead with expensive furniture2 of treating a corpse as if it were a sensible being2 arises from an impression--though parties won't own it1 even to themselves--that what is buried is the actual individual1 the man himself4 ,the effect of thinking seriously1 and at the same time rationally1 will be to destroy this notion1 and with it put an end to all the splendor and magnificence of funerals1 arising from it4 ,moreover1 religious parties1 being particular as to their moral conduct1 would naturally consider it wrong and wicked to spend upon the dead an amount of money which might be devoted to the benefit of the living2 and no doubt1 when we come to look into it1 such expenditure is much the same thing with the practice of savages and heathens in burying bread1 and meat1 and clothes1 along with their deceased friends4 ,i have been suggesting considerations which are very discouraging1 and which afford but a poor look-out to us undertakers4 ,but1 gentlemen1 we have one great comfort still4 ,it has become the fashion to inter bodies with parade and display4 ,fashion is fashion2 and the consequence is that it is considered an insult to the memory of deceased parties not to bury them in a certain style2 which must be respectable at the very least1 and cost1 on a very low average1 twenty-five or thirty pounds4 ,many1 such as professional persons and tradespeople1 who cannot afford so much money1 can still less afford to lose character and custom4 ,that is where we have a pull upon the widows and children1 many of whom1 if it were not for the opinion of society1 would be only too happy to save their little money1 and turn it into food and clothing1 instead of funeral furniture4 ,now here the ,metropolitan ,interments ,bill steps in1 and aims at destroying our only chances of keeping up business as heretofore4 ,we have generally to deal with parties whose feelings are not in a state to admit of their making bargains with us--a circumstance1 on their parts1 which is highly creditable to human nature2 and favorable to trade4 ,thus1 in short1 gentlemen1 we have it all our own way with them4 ,but this ,bill comes between the bereaved party and the undertaker4 ,by the twenty-seventh clause1 it empowers the ,board of ,health to provide houses and make arrangements for the reception and care of the dead previously to1 and until interment2 in order1 as it explains in a subsequent clause1 to the accommodation of persons having to provide the funerals--supposing such persons to desire the accommodation4 ,clause the twenty-eighth enacts ,that the said ,board shall make provision for the management and conduct1 by persons appointed by them1 of the funerals of persons whose bodies are to be interred in the ,burial ,grounds1 to be provided under this ,act1 where the representatives of the deceased1 or the persons having the care and direction of the funeral1 desire to have the same so conducted2 and the said ,board shall fix and publish a scale of the sums to be payable for such funerals1 inclusive of all matters and services necessary for the same1 such sums to be proportioned to the description of the funeral1 or the nature of the matter and services to be furnished and rendered for the same2 but so that in respect of the lowest of such sums1 the funerals may be conducted with decency and solemnity4 ,gentlemen1 if this enactment becomes law1 we shall lose all the advantages which we derived from bereaved parties' state of mind4 ,the ,board of ,health will take all trouble off their hands1 at whatever sum they may choose to name4 ,of course they will apply to the ,board of ,health instead of coming to us4 ,but what is beyond everything prejudicial to our interests1 is the proviso that in respect of the lowest of such sums1 the funerals may be conducted with decency and solemnity4 ,hitherto it has been understood that so much respect could not be paid in the case of what we call a low affair as in one of a certain style4 ,we have always considered that a funeral ought to cost so much to be respectable at all4 ,therefore relations have gone to more expense with us1 than they would otherwise have been willing to incur1 in order to secure proper respect4 ,but if proper respect is to be had at a low figure1 the strongest hold that we have upon sorrowing relatives will be taken away4 ,it is all very fine to say that we are a necessary class of tradesmen1 and if this ,bill passes must continue to be employed4 ,if this ,bill does pass we shall be employed simply as tradesmen1 and shall obtain1 like other tradesmen1 a mere market price for our articles1 and common hire for our labor4 ,i am afraid that it will be impossible to persuade the public that this would not be perfectly just and right4 ,i think1 therefore1 that we had better not attack the ,bill on its merits1 but try to excite opposition against it on the ground of its accessory clauses4 ,let us oppose it as a scheme of jobbery1 devised with a view to the establishment of offices and appointments4 ,let us complain as loudly as we can of its creating a new rate to defray the expenses of its working1 and let us endeavor to get up a good howl against that clause of it which provides for compensation to incumbents1 clerks1 and sextons4 ,we must cry out with all our might upon its centralizing tendency1 and of course make the most we can out of the pretense that it violates the sanctity of the house of mourning1 and outrages the most fondly cherished feelings of ,englishmen4 ,urge these objections upon church-wardens1 overseers1 and vestrymen2 and especially din the objection to a burial rate into their ears4 ,recollect1 our two great weapons--like those of all good old anti-reformers--are cant and clamor4 ,keep up the same cry against the ,bill perseveringly1 no matter how thoroughly it may be refuted or proved absurd4 ,literally1 make the greatest noise in opposition to it that you are able1 especially at public meetings4 ,there1 recollect a groan is a groan1 and a hiss a hiss1 even though proceeding from a goose4 ,on all such occasions do your utmost to create a disturbance1 to look like a popular demonstration against the measure4 ,in addition to shouting1 yelling1 and bawling1 ,i should say that another rush at another platform1 another upsetting of the reporter's table1 another terrifying of the ladies1 and another mobbing the chairman1 would be advisable4 ,set to work with all your united zeal and energy to carry out the suggestions of our ,central ,committee for the defeat of a ,bill which1 if passed1 will inflict a blow on the undertaker as great as the boon it will confer on the widow and orphan--whom we1 of course1 can only consider as customers4 ,the ,metropolitan ,interments ,bill goes to dock us of every penny that we make by taking advantage of the helplessness of afflicted families4 ,and just calculate what our loss would then be2 for1 in the beautiful language of ,st4 ,demetrius1 the silversmith1 ,sirs1 ye know that by this craft we have our wealth4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,from ,,miss ,,fenimore ,,cooper',s 7,,unpublished7 ,,rural ,,hours4 ,,fire ,,in ,,the ,,woods4 ,observing an old branchless trunk of the largest size1 in a striking position1 where it looked like a broken column1 we walked up to examine it4 ,the shaft rose1 without a curve or a branch1 to the height of perhaps forty feet1 where it had been abruptly shivered1 probably in some storm4 ,the tree was a chestnut1 and the bark of a clear1 unsullied gray2 walking round it1 we saw an opening near the ground1 and to our surprise found the trunk hollow1 and entirely charred within1 black as a chimney1 from the root to the point where it was broken off4 ,it frequently happens that fire steals into the heart of an old tree1 in this way1 by some opening near the roots1 and burns away the inside1 leaving merely a gray outer shell4 ,one would not expect the bark to be left in such cases1 but the wood at the heart seems to be more inflammable than the outer growth4 ,whatever be the cause1 such shafts are not uncommon about our hills1 gray without1 charred within4 ,there is1 indeed1 much charred wood in our forests2 fires which sweep over the hills are of frequent occurrence here1 and at times they do much mischief4 ,if the flames are once fairly kindled in dry weather1 they will spread in all directions as the wind varies1 burning sometimes for weeks together1 until they have swept over miles of woodland1 withering the verdure1 destroying the wood already cut1 and greatly injuring many trees which they do not consume4 ,several years since1 in the month of ,june1 there was quite an extensive fire on the eastern range of hills2 it lasted for ten days or a fortnight1 spreading several miles in different directions4 ,it was the first important fire of the kind we had ever seen1 and of course we watched its progress with much interest2 but the spectacle was a very different one from what we had supposed4 ,it was much less terrible than the conflagration of buildings in a town2 there was less of power and fierce grandeur1 and more of treacherous beauty about the flames as they ran hither and thither along the mountain-side4 ,the first night after it broke out we looked on with admiration3 one might have thought it a general illumination of the forest1 as the flames spread in long winding lines1 gaining upon the dark wood every moment1 up and down1 and across the hill1 collecting here and there with greater brilliancy about some tall old tree1 which they hung with fire like a giant lustre4 ,but the next day the sight was a sad one indeed3 the deceitful brilliancy of the flames no longer pleased the eye3 wreaths of dull smoke and hot vapors hung over the blighted trees1 and wherever the fire had wandered there the fresh ,june foliage was utterly blasted4 ,that night we could no longer take pleasure in the spectacle2 we could no longer fancy a joyous illumination4 ,we seemed rather to behold the winding coils of some fiery serpent gliding farther and farther on its path of evil3 a rattling1 hissing sound accompanying its movement1 the young trees trembling and quivering with agitation in the heated current which proclaimed its approach4 ,the fresh flowers were all blighted by its scorching breath1 and with its forked tongue it fed upon the pride of the forest1 drying up the life of great trees1 and without waiting to consume them1 hurrying onward to blight other groves1 leaving a blackened track of ruin wherever it passed4 ,some fifty years since a fire of this kind is said to have spread until it inclosed within its lines the lake and the valley1 as far as one could see1 surrounding the village with a network of flame1 which at night was quite appalling in its aspect4 ,the danger1 however1 was not so great as it appeared1 as there was everywhere a cleared space between the burning forest and the little town4 ,at times1 however1 very serious accidents result from these fires3 within a few days we have heard of a small village1 in the northern part of the ,state1 in ,st4 ,lawrence county1 entirely destroyed in this way1 the flames gaining so rapidly upon the poor people that they were obliged to collect their families and cattle in boats and upon rafts1 in the nearest pools and streams4 ,of course1 more or less mischief is always done2 the wood and timber already cut are destroyed1 fences are burnt1 many trees are killed1 others are much injured1 the foliage is more or less blighted for the season2 the young plants are killed1 and the earth looks black and gloomy4 ,upon the whole1 however1 it is surprising that no more harm is done4 ,on the occasion of the fire referred to in these woods1 we found the traces of the flames to disappear much sooner than we had supposed possible4 ,the next season the smaller plants were all replaced by others2 many of the younger trees seemed to revive1 and a stranger passing over the ground to-day would scarcely believe that fire had been feeding on those woods for a fortnight only a few seasons back4 ,a group of tall1 blasted hemlocks1 on the verge of the wood1 is the striking monument of the event4 ,the evergreens generally suffer more than other trees1 and for some cause or other the fire continued busy at that point for several days4 ,we repeatedly passed along the highway at the time1 with the flames at work on either side4 ,of course1 there was no danger1 but it looked oddly to be quietly driving along through the fire4 ,the crackling of the flames was heard in the village1 and the smell of smoke was occasionally quite unpleasant4 ,a timely rain generally puts a stop to the mischief2 but parties of men are also sent out into the woods to fight the fire4 ,they tread out the flames among the dry leaves by trampling them down1 and they rake away the combustible materials1 to confine the enemy to its old grounds1 when it soon exhausts itself4 ,the flames spread more frequently along the earth1 than from tree to tree4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,from ,,household ,,words4 ,,flowers4 ,dear friend1 love well the flowers6 ,flowers are the sign ,of ,earth's all gentle love1 her grace1 her youth1 ,her endless1 matchless1 tender gratitude4 ,when the ,sun smiles on thee--why thou art glad3 ,but when the ,earth he smileth1 ,she bursts forth ,in beauty like a bride1 and gives him back1 ,in sweet repayment for his warm bright love1 ,a world of flowers4 ,you may see them born1 ,on any day in ,april1 moist or dry1 ,as bright as are the ,heavens that look on them3 ,some sown like stars upon the greensward2 some ,as yellow as the sunrise2 others red ,as day is when he sets2 reflecting thus1 ,in pretty moods1 the bounties of the sky4 ,and now1 of all fair flowers1 which lovest thou best8 ,the ,rose8 ,she is a queen more wonderful ,than any who have bloomed on ,orient thrones3 ,saban ,empress6 in her breast1 though small1 ,beauty and infinite sweetness sweetly dwell1 ,inextricable4 ,or dost dare prefer ,the ,woodbine1 for her fragrant summer breath8 ,or ,primrose1 who doth haunt the hours of ,spring1 ,a wood-nymph brightening places lone and green8 ,or ,cowslip8 or the virgin ,violet1 ,that nun1 who1 nestling in her cell of leaves1 ,shrinks from the world1 in vain6 ,yet1 wherefore choose1 when ,nature doth not choose8 ,our mistress1 our preceptress8 ,she brings forth ,her brood with equal care1 loves all alike1 ,and to the meanest as the greatest yields ,her sunny splendors and her fruitful rains4 ,love all flowers1 then4 ,be sure that wisdom lies ,in every leaf and bloom2 o'er hills and dales2 ,and thymy mountains2 sylvan solitudes ,where sweet-voiced waters sing the long year through2 ,in every haunt beneath the ,eternal ,sun1 ,where ,youth or ,age sends forth its grateful prayer1 ,or thoughtful ,meditation deigns to stray4 99 99 99 99 99 ,french ,eulogy has always been prone to run riot4 ,one ,m4 ,philoxene ,boyer1 in a grave work which has just published1 in ,paris1 thus addresses ,victor ,hugo3--,you1 ,victor ,hugo1 will become not only ,president of the ,french ,republic1 but ,president of the ,universal ,republic1 ,chief of the ,oecumenic ,council of ,nations1 ,intellectual ,pope reigning in your ,paris1 whilst the ,pope of ,religion1 united with you and ,jesus ,christ1 the common master1 will continue to reign in his ,rome4