,,se>* ,,( ,,grave/ones ,,old ,,& ,,curi\s4 ,) ,"o ,hundr$ & ,two ,illu/rations ,,by ,w4 ,t4 ,,v9c5t1 ,,presid5t ,,( ,,! ,,woolwi* ,,di/rict ,,antiqu>ian ,,society2 ,,au?or ,,( ,,! ,,records ,,( ,,! ,,woolwi* ,,di/rict1 ,,etc41 ,,etc4 ,,london3 ,,mit*ell ,,hughes1 #adj1 ,,w>d\r ,,/reet4 #ahif4 ,,9 ,,se>* ,,( ,,grave/ones ,,old ,,& ,,curi\s4 ,frontispiece4 ,illu/ration3 ,,an ,,e>ly ,,sample ,,at ,,higham4 7,page #aa47 ,,cont5ts4 ,,*apt] ,i4 ,,old ,,grave/ones #a ,,ii4 ,,! ,,evolution ,,( ,,grave/ones #i ,,iii4 ,,arti/ic ,,grave/ones #bj ,,iv4 ,,pr(essional ,,grave/ones #ca ,v4 ,a ,,typical ,,tramp ,,9 ,,k5t #ce ,,vi4 ,,m ,,typical ,,tramps #dc ,,vii4 ,,e>li] ,,grave/ones #di ,,viii4 ,,re=m ,,among ,,! ,,grave/ones #eg ,,ix4 ,,pres]v+ ,,! ,,grave/ones #fb ,x4 ,,old ,,grave/ones ,,9 ,,irel& #gh ,,xi4 ,,old ,,grave/ones ,,9 ,,scotl& #hd ,,xii4 ,,old ,,grave/ones ,,abroad #ia ,,xiii4 ,,v ,,old ,,grave/ones #ig ,,xiv4 ,,! ,,regulation ,,( ,,grave/ones #aje ,,index #aaa ,,to ,,! ,,"r ,,hon\rable ,,e>l ,,/anhope1 ,f4,s4,a41 ,,"l ,,lieut5ant ,,( ,,k5t1 ,,presid5t ,,( ,,! ,,k5t ,,ar*,,ological ,,society1 ,,etc41 ,,?is ,,collection ,,( ,,old ,,& ,,curi\s ,,grave/ones ,,is ,,by ,,special ,,p]mission ,,respectfully ,,d$icat$4 ,,illu/rations ,,( ,,grave/ones4 ,,an ,,e>ly ,,example ,,at ,,higham #a ,,& #b1 ,,ne:av5 #c1 ,,widcombe2 #d1 ,,ne:av52 #e1 ,,lewes #f1 ,,plum/ead2 #g ,,& #h1 ,,d>t=d #i1 ,,frank=t2 #aj1 ,,ea/ ,,wickham #aa1 ,,ridley2 #ab1 ,,hoo #ac1 ,,eri?2 #ad1 ,,high ,,hal/[ #ae1 ,,fr9dsbury2 #af1 ,,higham #ag1 ,,%orne ,,& ,,*alk #ah1 ,,meopham2 #ai1 ,,/an/ead2 #bj1 ,,old ,,romney #ba1 ,,cray=d2 #bb1 ,,%oreham #bc1 ,,lewi%am2 #bd1 ,,hornsey #be1 ,,t$d+ton2 #bf1 ,,f9*ley2 #bg1 ,,f>nbor\gh #bh1 ,,*iselhur/2 #bi1 ,,h>tley #cj1 ,,we/ ,,wickham2 #ca1 ,,hornsey #cb1 ,,horton ,,kirby2 #cc1 ,,cliffe #cd1 ,,d>5?2 #ce1 ,,k+sd[n #cf1 ,,fawkham2 #cg1 ,,swanscombe #ch1 ,,a%=d2 #ci1 ,,cool+ #dj1 ,,h5don2 #da1 ,,ea/ ,,wickham #db1 ,,sn>gate2 #dc1 ,,ea/ ,,ham #dd1 ,,wilm+ton2 #de1 ,,wan/ead2 #df1 ,,s\?fleet2 #dg1 ,,wilm+ton #dh1 ,,lewi%am2 #di1 ,,bunhill ,,fields #ej1 ,,woolwi*2 #ea1 ,,longfield #eb1 ,,lydd2 #ec1 ,,b]mondsey #ed1 ,,ri*mond2 #ee1 ,,ripley #ef1 ,,cobham2 #eg1 ,,b>nes #eh1 ,,fr9dsbury2 #ei1 ,,sutton ,,at ,,hone #fj1 ,,bromley2 #fa1 ,,beck5ham #fb1 ,,gree5=d2 #fc1 ,,we/ ,,ham #fd1 ,,lee2 #fe1 ,,orp+ton #ff1 ,,/4 ,,m>y ,,cray2 #fg1 ,,/4 ,,paul',s ,,cray #fh1 ,,foot',s ,,cray2 #fi1 ,,bexley #gj1 ,,b>k+2 #ga1 ,,woolwi* #gb1 ,,dept=d2 #gc1 ,,we/ ,,ham #gd1 ,,& #ge1 ,,wan/ead #gf1 ,,wal?am/[2 #gg1 ,,broxb\rne #gh1 ,,/aple=d ,,tawney2 #gi1 ,,%orne #hj1 ,,be?nal ,,gre52 #ha1 ,,plum/ead #hb1 ,,*e%unt2 #hc1 ,,hatfield #hd1 ,,nor?olt2 #he1 ,,twick5ham #hf1 ,,high ,,b>net2 #hg1 ,,k+/on-,,on-,,?ames #hh1 ,,swords #hi1 ,,drogh$a #ij1 ,,bangor2 #ia1 ,,muckross ,,& ,,que5/[n #ib1 ,,inv]ness2 #ic1 ,,braem> #id1 ,,/irl+ #ie1 ,,blairg[rie #if1 ,,lauf5 #ig1 ,,neuhaus5 #ih1 ,,heidelb]g2 #ii1 ,,luc]ne #ajj1 ,,! ,,bressay ,,/one2 #aja1 ,,lunna/+ ,,& ,,kilb> ,,/ones ,,preface4 ,i am a ,grave/one ,rambl]1 & ,i beg y to be> me company4 ,?is ,book is n a ,s]mon4 ,x is a lure to decoy o!r ,rambl]s1 & ! bait is some?+ to ramble =4 ,x also provides a fre% object = /udy4 ,old-lore is an ev]gre5 tree ) _m bran*es4 ,?is is a "y %oot4 ,x is "p ( an old !me1 b is itself new4 ,books ab\t ,tombs !re are _m1 & volumes ( ,epitaphs by ! hundr$4 ,b ( ! ,common ,grave/ones--! qua9t & curi\s1 (t5 grotesque1 head/ones ( ! *ur*y>d--!re is no record4 ,^! grave/ones belong to ! pa/1 & are ha/5+ to decay4 ,9 "o or two c5turies none w survive unless !y be 9 ,museums4 ,to pres]ve ! c\nt]feit pres5tm5t ( "s :i* rema9 seems a duty4 ,_m may %>e ! que/1 b no "o has yet come out to />t4 ,let y\r s]vant %ew ! way4 ,i beg9 my book z ,i began my ,rambles1 & pursue z ,i h pursu$4 ,,william ,,?omas ,,v9c5t4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #a4 ,,ne:av54 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #b4 ,,ne:av54 ,,9 ,,se>* ,,( ,,grave/ones ,,old ,,& ,,curi\s4 ,,*apt] ,i4 ,,old ,,grave/ones4 ,i 0 saunt]+ ab\t ! *ur*y>d at ,ne:av5 9 ,sussex1 read+ ! inscriptions on ! tombs1 :5 my eyes fell ^u a head/one some:at elaborately c>v$4 ,al?\gh ag$1 x 0 9 good pres]vation1 & )\t mu* tr\ble ,i succe$$ 9 deciph]+ all ! details & sket*+ ! subject 9 my note-book4 ,x is repres5t$ 9 ,fig4 #a4 ,,fig4 #a--;,,at ,,ne:av51 ,,sussex4 ,! inscription bel[ ! design reads z foll[s3 ,"h lye? ! rema9s ( ,&rew ,br[n1 :o dep>t$ ?is life ! #ad? day ( ,janu>y #agfh1 ag$ #ff ye>s4 ,also ( ,m>y 8 wife1 :o dep>t$ ?is life ! #c;d day ( ,july #ahjb1 ag$ #hh ye>s4 ,?is 0 ! fir/ "t ,i _h be5 /ruck by an allegorical grave/one ( a pron\nc$ "*4 ,! subject sc>cely ne$s to be int]pret$1 be+ obvi\sly int5d$ to illu/rate ! well-kn[n passage 9 ! ,burial ,s]vice3 ,= ! trumpet %all s\nd1 & ! dead %all be rais$ 444 !n %all be br\ght to pass ! say+ t is writt51 ,dea? is swall[$ up 9 ,victory4 ,o dea?1 :]e is ?y /+8 ,o grave1 :]e is ?y victory8 ,! ref]5ce 9 ano!r ritual to ! ,"l ( ,life trampl+ ! ,k+ ( ,t]rors b5ea? 8 feet seems also to be indicat$1 & x w be notic$ t ! arti/ has employ$ a r emphatic smile to p\rtray triumph4 ,x 0 b natural to suppose t ?is "w 0 ! production ( "s local g5ius ( ! p]iod1 & ,i se>*$ = o!r evid5ces ( 8 skill4 ,n f> away ,i f\nd ! next design1 v ne>ly ( ! same date4 ,,fig4 #b4--;,,at ,,ne:av51 ,,sussex4 ,! words bel[ 73 ,to ! memory ( ,?omas1 ! son ( ,?omas & ,ann ,ald]ton1 :o dep>t$ ?is life ! #aj? day ( ,april #agfg1 9 ! #ac? ye> ( 8 age4 ,! same arti/ almo/ ( a c]ta9ty produc$ bo? ( ^! figurative tomb/ones4 ,! h&icraft is simil>1 ! idea 9 ea* is equally d>+ & grotesque1 & ! phraseology ( ! inscriptions is ne>ly id5tical4 ,i ?\ght bo? conceptions orig9al & native to ! place1 b ,i d n ?9k s n[4 ,9 po9t ( ta/e1 ! fir/1 :i* is really second 9 ord] ( date1 is p]haps less que/ionable ?an ! o!r4 ,! hope ( a joyful resurrection1 h[ev] rudely display$1 may br+ com=t to w\nd$ he>ts2 b x is difficult to conceive ! feel+s ( b]eav$ p>5ts :o c\ld sanction ! repres5tation ( a belov$ boy1 cut (f 9 ! brighte/ h\r ( life1 c(f9$ & skeleton$ 9 ! grave6 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #c4 ,,widcombe4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #d4 ,,ne:av54 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #e4 ,,lewes4 ,above ! c(f9 on ,ald]ton's head/one is an ornam5t1 app>5tly palms4 ,x is n unusual to f9d su* mean+less1 or app>5tly mean+less1 designs employ$ to fill 9 o!rwise blank spaces1 ?\gh symbols ( dea?1 et]nity1 & ! future /ate are 9 pl5tiful comm& = su* purposes4 ,some?+ l ?is same ornam5t may be f\nd on a v old flat /one 9 ! *ur*y>d ( ,widcombe1 ne> ,ba?4 ,x /ret*es ! full wid? ( ! /one1 & is 9 high relief1 :i* has pres]v$ x long aft] ! accompany+ inscription has vani%$4 ,! probable date may be ab\t #afej4 ,,fig4 #c4--;,,at ,,widcombe1 ,,ne> ,,ba?4 ,9 ,ne:av5 ,*ur*y>d1 ?\gh !re are b ^! two /rik+ examples ( ! allegorical grave/one1 !re is "o o!r s+ul> exemplification ( ! grav]'s skill & +5uity1 b x is ne>ly a score ( ye>s lat] 9 date ?an ! o!rs1 & probably by ano!r mason4 ,x repres5ts ! old & ext9ct bridge ov] ! ,sussex ,avon at ,ne:av51 & x hon\rs a c]ta9 brew] ( ! t[n1 ^: brew]y is /ill c>ri$ on !re & is fam\s = its ,tipp] ale4 ,all[+ t x 0 c>v$ by a diff]5t workman1 x is only fair to suppose t x may h be5 sugge/$ by its pr$ecessors4 ,its orig9ality is beyond all "q1 :i* c v r>ely be said ( an old grave/one1 &1 z a *ur*y>d record ( a local in/itution1 ,i h nev] se5 x equall$ or approa*$4 ,,fig4 #d4--;,,at ,,ne:av51 ,,sussex4 ,"u ! design is ! foll[+ inscription3 ,to ! ,memory ( ,?omas ,tipp]1 :o dep>t$ ?is life ,may y'e #ad?1 #aghe1 ,ag$ #ed ,ye>s4 ,,read]1 ) k9d reg>d ?is ,,grave survey ,nor he$less pass :]e ,,tipp]',s a%es lay4 ,hone/ he 01 +5u\s1 blunt1 & k9d2 ,& d>$ d1 :at few d>e d1 speak 8 m9d4 ,,philosophy & ,hi/ory well he knew1 ,0 v]s$ 9 ,,physick & 9 ,surg]y too4 ,! be/ old ,,/+o he bo? brew$ & sold1 ,nor did "o knavi% act to get 8 ,gold4 ,he play$ ?r\gh ,life a v>i$ comic "p1 ,& knew immortal ,,hudibras by he>t4 ,,read]1 9 real tru?1 su* 0 ! ,man1 ,be bett]1 wis]1 laugh m if y c4 ,t ^! 7 all ! especial ecc5tricities ( ?is burial-place disappo9t$ me1 b1 ) my aft]-k1 may say t ?ree su* *oice specim5s f "o enclosure is a v lib]al all[ance4 ,suspect+ t sculptors ( ! quality necess>y = su* high-class "w w\ld be unlikely to dwell 9 a small & unimportant fi%]-village su* z ,ne:av5 0 9 ! middle ( ! eighte5? c5tury1 ,i w5t ov] to ,lewes1 ! c\nty t[n be+ only sev5 miles by railway4 ,b ,i f\nd no?+ to %ew t ,lewes 0 ! seat ( s mu* skill1 & ,i h s9ce fail$ to discov] ! s\rce 9 ,brighton or any o!r adjac5t t[n4 ,inde$1 x may be said at once t l>ge t[ns are ! mo/ unlikely ( all places 9 :i* to f9d peculi> grave/ones4 ,at ,lewes1 h[ev]1 ,i light$ on "o novelty some:at to my purpose1 &1 al?\gh a comp>atively simple illu/ration1 x is n )\t its m]its1 & ,i 0 glad to add x to my small collection4 ,! mattock & spade are reali/ic ( ! grave2 ! op5 book proclaims ! promise ( ! heav5 beyond4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #f4 ,,plum/ead4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #g4 ,,d>t=d4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #h4 ,,d>t=d4 ,,fig4 #e4--;,,at ,,lewes4 ,to ,samuel ,e>nes1 di$ ,may #f?1 #ageg1 ag$ #ba ye>s4 ,! co9cid5ce ( date w\ld almo/ w>rant a belief t ?is piece ( imag]y may h emanat$ f ! same bra9 & be5 execut$ by ! same h&s z are acc\ntable = ! two :i* we h se5 sev5 miles away1 b ! workman%ip is really n 9 ! lea/ alike1 & ,i h le>nt almo/ to disc>d 9 ?is connection ! !ory ( local idiosyncrasies4 ,ev5 :5 we f9d1 z we d f9d1 simil>1 & almo/ id5tical1 designs 9 neighb\r+ *ur*y>ds1 or 9 ! same *ur*y>d1 x is saf] to conjecture t a mean] sculptor has copi$ ! e>li] "w ?an t ! fir/ design] w\ld weak5 8 inv5tive "* by a replication4 ,! foll[+1 :i* _c be describ$ z less ?an a di/ortion ( a wor?i] model1 is to be f\nd 9 _m places1 & 9 su* abundance z to sugge/ a :olesale manufacture4 ,,fig4 #f4--;,,at ,,plum/ead1 ,,k5t4 ,to ,elizabe? ,b5nett1 di$ #agha1 ag$ #ec ye>s4 ,x is obvi\s t ! idea int5d$ to be repres5t$ is figurative ( dea? 9 infancy or *ildhood1 & illu/rates ! well-kn[n words ( ! ,savi\r1 ,suff] little *ildr5 to come unto me1 & =bid !m n3 = ( su* is ! k+dom ( ,god1 quot$ on ! /one itself4 ,9 ?is & _m simil> cases 9 :i* ! design & text are us$ = old or eld]ly p1 !y h be5 c]ta9ly /ra9$ f _! true significance4 ,! figure ( a little *ild is1 h[ev]1 employ$ occasionally to repres5t ! s\l1 & may also be tak5 to indicate ! new bir?4 ,!re is an almo/ exact reproduction ( ! =ego+ example 9 ! same *ur*y>d1 ev5 m rem>kably at v>iance ) ,scriptural int]pretation4 ,x is d$icat$ ,to ,john ,cl>k1 di$ #agic1 ag$ #fb ye>s2 & ,rebecca 8 wife1 di$ #agid1 ag$ #fa ye>s4 ,! inscription adds3 ,:at mann] ( p]sons ^! 7 ! la/ day w discov]4 ,grave/one plagi>ism ( ?is sort is v common1 & !re is to be f\nd at ,we/ ,ham1 ,essex1 ! same symbolical flight ( ! angel & *ild repeat$ z _m z five times4 ,! pilf]+ is n s weak & lam5table :5 ! copyi/ appropriates m]ely ! idea & works x out 9 a new fa%ion4 ,! t]m new c h>dly be attribut$ to ! notion ( a pluck$ fl[] z a type ( dea?1 b x occurs 9 s _m v>ieties z almo/ to r$eem its conv5tionality4 ,! sculptor ( a /one :i* is 9 ,d>t=d burial-gr\nd probably _h ! sugge/ion f a pr$ecessor4 ,,fig4 #g4--;,,at ,,d>t=d4 ,to ,james ,t]ry1 di$ #agee1 ag$ #ca ye>s4 ,b n f> f x 9 ! same burial-gr\nd1 :i* is really a cemet]y sep>at$ f ! p>i% *ur*1 & "o ( ! olde/ cemet]ies 9 ,engl&1 is ano!r imitation q diff]5tly br\ght out1 b 9 pr9ciple ess5tially ! same4 ,,fig4 #h4--;,,at ,,d>t=d4 ,to4444,call[1 di$4444#agid4444 ,at ! *ur*y>d ( ,/one 7or ,gre5hi!71 two or ?ree miles f ,d>t=d1 bo? ^! floral emblems are reproduc$ ) /rict fidelity4 ,?is fir/ *apt] & ! sket*es :i* illu/rate x w s]ve to introduce & expla9 my "w & its scope4 ,9 pursu+ my inve/igations x 0 soon evid5t t ! p]iod ( ! allegorical grave/one 0 conf9$ %>ply & almo/ exclusively to ! eighte5? c5tury4 ,i h seldom met "o e>li] ?an #agjj1 & ^? subsequ5t to #ahjj are v r>e4 ,( grave/ones g5]ally x may almo/ be said t specim5s ( sev5te5?-c5tury date are exce$+ly few4 ,!re are reasons = ?is1 z w aft]w>ds appe>4 ,b ! endurance ev5 ( ! longe/-liv$ ( all ! old memorials _c be v mu* long] ext5d$1 & ?is may be my excuse = pres]v+ & p]petuat+ ! features ( "s ( !m z a n un9t]e/+ phase ( ! vani%+ pa/4 ,i d n claim = my subject any great importance1 b pres5t x z "o ( ! small contributions :i* make up hi/ory4 ,"o o!r plea ,i may urge 9 my def5ce4 ,?is is a bran* ( /udy :i*1 s f> z ,i c asc]ta91 has be5 q neglect$4 ,!re are books by ! score deal+ ) ! m>ble1 alaba/]1 & o!r tombs )9 ! *ur*es1 !re are books ( epitaphs & elegies by ! hundr$1 & !re are m$itations among ! graves suffici5t to satisfy ! mo/ dev\t & exact+ ( read]s1 b ! simple grave/one ( ! *ur*y>d z an object ( sculptur$ int]e/ has ,i believe f\nd hi!rto no /ud5t & is /ill look+ = its hi/orian4 ,,*apt] ,,ii4 ,,! ,,evolution ,,( ,,grave/ones4 ,al?\gh !re may be no expectation ( discov]+ ! g]m ( ! pictorial or allegorical grave/one1 a section ( ! samples collect$ = ?is essay may be display$ to %ew ! e>li] =ms 9 :i* ! rud] class ( masons prep>$ _! sculptur$ monum5ts = ! *ur*y>d4 ,!re is little d\bt t ! practice orig9at$ 9 an endeav\r to imitate on ! common grave/one ! nobl] memorials ( ! *ur*es & ca!drals1 ! ef=t be+ m or less successful 9 proportion to ! individual skill ( ! arti/4 ,! influ5ce ( locality1 h[ev]1 mu/ always be a factor 9 ?is consid]ation2 =1 z a rule1 x w be f\nd t ! poore/ examples come f ess5tially seclud$ places1 :ile localities ( e>li] enlight5m5t furni% really admirable "w ( mu* prior date4 ,take1 = in/ance1 t mo/ frequ5t emblem1 ! skull4 ,i h n s\ght = ! model by :i* ! village sculptor work$1 b ,i h 9 my note-book ?is sket* ( a skull1 copi$ f a sixte5?-c5tury tomb at ,frank=t on ! ,ma9e1 & !re are d\btless a va/ numb] equal to x 9 ,engli% ca!drals & *ur*es ( ! same p]iod4 ,,fig4 #i4--;,,at ,,frank=t1 ,,g]many4 ,reg>d+ ?is z our ideal1 ! primitive "w :i* we f9d 9 rural localities mu/ be pron\nc$ deg5]at$ art4 ,g5]ally speak+ we may assume t ! c>v] ( ! /ately tomb )9 ! *ur* _h no h& 9 ! execution ( ! out] grave/one2 b t q e>ly !re 7 able masons employ$ ^u ! decoration ( ! *ur*y>d head/one is %ewn 9 _m in/ances1 ( :i* ! "o pres5t$ 9 ,fig4 #aj may s]ve z a v e>ly specim54 ,,fig4 #aj4--;,,at ,,ea/ ,,wickham4 ,to ,eliza & ,lydia1 ! two wives ( ,an?ony ,neighb\rs1 di$ #ah? ,nov4 #afge & #aa? ,m>* #agjb4 ,! dates are rem>kable 9 connection ) su* an elaborate "w4 ,ea/ ,wickham is little m ?an a village ev5 n[1 & ?is c>v+ is v cr$itable 9 comp>ison ) o!r attempts ( ! same e>ly p]iod2 b ! high road f ,london to ,dov] runs ?r\gh ! p>i%1 & may h c>ri$ e>ly cultivation into ! di/rict4 ,all ! r\gh] illu/rations :i* ,i h f\nd h be5 9 remote & isolat$ spots1 or spots t 7 remote & isolat$ :5 ! /ones 7 set up4 ,! fir/ ( ^! :i* ,i discov]$ 0 9 ! little *ur*y>d ( ,ridley 9 ,k5t1 f> f ! haunts ( m54 ,,fig4 #aa4--;,,at ,,ridley4 ,to ! ?ree sons ( ,w4 ,deane1 di$ #agjd1 #agjg1 & #agji1 ag$ #b weeks1 #b ye>s1 & #e ye>s4 ,x is difficult to believe t ! face "h del9eat$ 0 meant to repres5t a skull1 & yet1 judg+ by ! _m equally & m absurd figures :i* ,i h s9ce met )1 !re is little d\bt t a skull 0 int5d$ by ! engrav]1 = ?is & all o!rs ( ! class are incis$1 simply scrat*$ or cut into ! /one2 no?+ s poor 9 draw+ h ,i ev] f\nd :i* has ris5 to ! em95ce ( relief4 ,x may1 ( c\rse1 be also surmis$ t ! face "h cut into ! /one is meant = a portrait or to repres5t an angelic be+4 ,! radial l9es may h be5 int5d$ = a halo ( glory or a frill$ cap1 b1 z w be se5 by comp>ison1 ! :ole ?+ is easily to be class$ ) ! skull s]ies4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #i4 ,,frank=t4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #aj4 ,,ea/ ,,wickham4 ,x w be notic$ t we h 9 ?is in/ance a =m ( head/one diff]+ mat]ially f ^? ( lat] times1 & :]ev] we f9d ! rude incis$ figure we ne>ly always h ! /one ( ?is %ape4 ,su* homely memorials are di/+ui%$ 9 ne>ly e in/ance by dw>fi%ness & clums9ess4 ,!y are seldom m ?an #b feet 9 height1 & are (t5 f\nd to measure f #e in*es to #g in*es 9 ?ickness4 ,a prolific field = !m is ! great m>%l& =m+ ! ,hundr$ ( ,hoo1 bel[ ,graves5d1 ! sc5e ( _m incid5ts 9 ! tale by ,*>les ,dick5s ( ,great ,expectations4 ,x is call$ by ! natives ! ,dick5s c\ntry1 = ! great au?or dwelt on ! hilly v]ge ( x & knew x well4 ,! ,frontispiece %ews ! g5]al view ( "o ( ^! old /ones at ,higham1 9 ! ,hoo di/rict4 ,,frontispiece4--,,at ,,higham4 ,to ,philip ,hawes1 di$ ,june #bd1 #agcc1 ag$ #ai ye>s4 ,9 ?is case ! top space is occupi$1 n by a head or skull1 b by two he>ts meet+ at _! po9ts--a n unusual illu/ration4 ,at ,hoo is "o ( ! co>se/ exemplifications ( masonic incompet5cy ,i h ev] enc\nt]$4 ,,fig4 #ab4--;,,at ,,hoo1 ,,ne> ,,ro*e/] ,to ,rob]t ,scott1 ,yeoman1 di$ #bd ,dec4 #afgg1 ag$ #gj ye>s4 ,! nimbus or nightcap aga9 appe>s z 9 ! ,ridley specim51 b1 :atev] x be1 ! tee? are und\bt$ly ! tee? ( ! skeleton head4 ,?is /one has ano!r claim to our notice beyond ! in>ti/ic design4 ,x m>ks "o ( ! v r>e ef=ts 9 ?is direction ( ! sev5te5? c5tury4 ,! preval5t %ape ( ^! old memorials & _! almo/ contempor>y dates seem to indicate a fa%ion ( ! p]iod1 b !y are met ) 9 o!r places ( v>i\s con=mations4 ,!re is "o at ,eri? almo/ squ>e-head$1 only #b feet high1 #a foot #f in*es wide1 & #g in*es ?ick4 ,,fig4 #ac4--;,,at ,,eri?4 ,x may be not$ t ?is also is ( ! sev5te5? c5tury1 & ! mode ( describ+ ,john ,gre5's age is1 ,i ?9k1 unique4 ,high ,hal/[ is a neighb\r ( ,hoo1 & has only ( late be5 p5etrat$ by ! railway to ,port ,victoria4 ,f ,high ,hal/[ we h ano!r curi\s & almo/ hea!ni% specim51 9 :i* we see ! crossbones z an addition to ! skull1 if skull x c be consid]$1 ) its eyes1 eyebr[s1 & *eeks4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #aa4 ,,ridley4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ab4 ,,hoo4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ac4 ,,eri?4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ad4 ,,high ,,hal/[4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ae4 ,,fr9dsbury4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #af4 ,,higham4 ,,fig4 #ad4--;,,at ,,high ,,hal/[4 ,to ,susan ,b>b]4 ,! date is buri$1 b !re is a simil> /one close by dat$ #afii4 ,ne>] ,ro*e/]1 at ,fr9dsbury1 !re is ! next illu/ration1 /ill l a mask r ?an a dea?'s head1 b mak+ its purpose cle> by ! two bones1 su* z are ne>ly always employ$ 9 m rec5t productions4 ,,fig4 #ae4--;,,at ,,fr9dsbury4 ,to ,william ,david ,jones1 di$ #agba4 ,!re is1 h[ev]1 ano!r at ,higham ( ab\t ! same date1 9 :i*1 suppos+ a skull to be int5d$1 ! inspiration ( ! bones appe>s n to h caught ! arti/4 ,! portrait !ory may possibly bett] fit ?is case4 ,,fig4 #af4--;,,at ,,higham4 ,to ,mr ,wm ,boghur/1 di$ #e? ( ,april #agbj1 ag$ #fe4 ,t "s ( ! c>v+s 7 meant = portraits _c be d5i$1 &1 9 ord] to %ew !m ) unimpea*able accuracy1 ,i h tak5 rubb+s (f a few & pres5t an unt\*$ photograph ( !m j z ,i rubb$ !m (f ! /ones 7,fig4 #ag74 ,! :ole ( ! orig9als are to be f\nd 9 ! neighb\r+ *ur*y>ds ( ,%orne & ,*alk1 two rural p>i%es on ! ,ro*e/] ,road1 & exhibit ) all ! fidelity possible ! craftsman%ip ( ! village sculptors4 ,!y w d\btless also excite "s speculation z to _! mean+4 ,my belief1 z already express$1 is t ! upp]mo/ f\r are ! embodim5t ( ! ru/ic ye>n+ = ! ideal2 9 o!r words1 attempts to repres5t ! emblem ( dea?--! skull4 ,nos4 #a & #b are f ,%orne2 ,nos4 #c1 #d1 & #e f ! *ur*y>d at ,*alk4 ,9 ,no4 #a we h1 p]haps1 ! crude/ conception extant ( ! skeleton head4 ,! l[] b>s are probably meant = tee?2 :at ! radial l9es on ! cr[n are suppos$ to be is aga9 conjecture4 ,p]haps a nimbus1 p]haps hair or a cap1 or m]ely an ornam5tal f9i%4 ,! inscription /ates t ! /one 0 erect$ to ! memory ( ,?omas ,vdall1 :o di$ 9 #agjd1 ag$ #fc ye>s4 ,no4 #b has ! inscription buri$1 b x is ( ab\t ! same date1 judg+ by its g5]al appe>ance4 ,! /range feature 9 ?is case is ! zig-zag too?+ :i* is employ$ to repres5t ! jaws4 ,d\btless ! arti/ ?\ght t any?+ he might h lo/ 9 accuracy he rega9$ 9 ! picturesque4 ,no4 #c1 9 :i* "p ( ! inscription ,"h lye? intrudes into ! ar* belong+ by "r to ! illu/ration1 is equally primitive & artless4 ,! eyebr[s1 *eeks--9 fact all ! features--are evid5tly unassi/$ /udies f ! liv+1 n ! dead1 frontispiece ( humanity2 b :at are ! s]ifs1 or projections1 on ei!r side8 ,wondr\s z x is1 !re c be only "o answ]4 ,!y mu/ be meant = e>s6 ,?is curi\s effigy commemorates ,m>y1 wife ( ,william ,gre5hill1 :o di$ 9 #agag1 ag$ #dg ye>s4 ,no4 #d is "o ( ! rude ef=ts to imitate ! skull & crossbones ( :i* we f9d _m examples4 ,x is d$icat$ to "o ,gr9hill 7probably a k9sman ( ! ,gre5hills a=esaid71 :o di$ 9 #agbj1 ag$ #ef ye>s4 ,mo/ /range ( all is ,no4 #e1 9 :i* ! mason leaps to ! real f ! emblematic1 & gives u some?+ :i* is evid5tly meant = a portrait ( ! dep>t$4 ,! /one records t ,m>y1 wife ( ,?omas ,jackson1 di$ 9 #agcj1 ag$ #dc ye>s4 ,x is "o ( ! d\ble tomb/ones frequ5tly met ) 9 ,k5t & "s o!r c\nties4 ,! second half1 :i* is head$ by a picture ( two unit$ he>ts1 records t ! wid[] ,?omas ,jackson foll[$ 8 sp\se 9 #agdh1 ag$ #ee ye>s4 ,^u a /one adjac5t1 to ,m>y ,london1 :o di$ 9 #agca1 !re has be5 ano!r portrait ( a lady ) braid$ hair1 b "t has almo/ oblit]at$ x4 ,i m5tion ! circum/ance to %ew t ?is special dep>tm5t ( obitu>y masonry1 z all o!rs1 0 prone to imitations4 ,i may also rem>k t intellig5t inhabitants & con/ant frequ5t]s ( ^! two *ur*y>ds h in=m$ me t 9 all ! hundr$s ( times ( pass+ ^! /ones !y nev] obs]v$ any ( _! peculi>ities4 ,x ought1 h[ev]1 to be said t ^! primitive c>v+s or scrat*+s are n (t5 conspicu\s1 & g5]ally require "s seek+4 ,!y are always on a small scale ( draw+1 9 ne>ly e in/ance )9 ! dim9i%$ curve ( ! mo/ antiquat$ =m ( head/one 7su* z is %ewn 9 ! ,frontispiece71 & z a rule !y are ov]gr[n ) li*51 :i* has to be rubb$ (f be=e ! l9es are visible4 ,x may safely be av]r$1 on ! o!r h&1 t ! majority ( ! old /ones :5 f\nd ( ?is %ape conta9 or h conta9$ ^! rem>kable figures1 & 9 "s places1 p>ticul>ly 9 ,k5t1 !y lit]ally sw>m4 ,!re is a num]\s assortm5t ( !m at ,meopham1 a once remote hamlet1 n[ a /ation on ! ,london1 ,*a?am1 & ,dov] ,railway4 ,i h copi$ only "o--an e>ly attempt app>5tly to produce a *]ub re/+ ) out/ret*$ w+s ^u a cl\d1 b !re are a good _m ( ! same ord] to keep x 9 c\nt5ance4 ,,fig4 #ah4--;,,at ,,meopham4 ,to ,s>ah ,edmeades1 di$ #agbh1 ag$ #ce ye>s4 ,9 ! *ur*y>ds ( ,hawkhur/1 ,b55d51 ,bodiam1 ,cranbrook1 ,g\dhur/1 & all ?r\gh ! ,great ,weald ^! incis$ /ones are to be discov]$ by hundr$s1 v mu* ( "o type p]haps1 b display+ nev]!less "s extraord9>y v>iations4 ,i "k ( no di/rict s fruitful ( ^! examples z ! ,weald ( ,k5t4 ,ev5 :5 ! rude sy/em ( cutt+ into ! /one ceas$ to be practis$ & relief c>v+ became g5]al1 grossness ( idea seems to h surviv$ 9 _m rural p>i%es4 ,"o specim5 is to be se5 9 ! *ur*y>d ( ,/an/ead 9 ,k5t1 & is1 = relief "w1 *ildi%4 ,,fig4 #ai4--;,,at ,,/an/ead4 ,to ,william ,lock1 di$ #agea1 ag$ #af ye>s4 ,h[ev]1 ! va/ numb] ( grave/ones c>v$ 9 relief are1 on ! :ole1 cr$itable1 especially if we consid] ! difficulty :i* met ! workm5 9 hav+ to avoid giv+ to _! crossbones & o!r ornam5ts ! appe>ance ( horns gr[+ out ( _! skulls4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ah4 ,,meopham4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ai4 ,,/an/ead4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #bj4 ,,old ,,romney4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ba4 ,,cray=d4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #bb4 ,,%oreham4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #bc4 ,,lewi%am4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #bd4 ,,hobnsey4 ,,fig4 #bj4--;,,at ,,old ,,romney4 ,to ,william ,d[ll1 di$ #agaj1 ag$ #dj ye>s4 ,! w+$ skull probably typifies flight above4 ,,fig4 #ba4--;,,at ,,cray=d4 ,to ,john ,f>r+ton1 di$ ,dec4 #h1 #agag1 ag$ above f\rty ye>s4 ,9 ! appropriate design f ,%oreham ! same idea is bett] convey$ bo? by ! w+$ head & by ! tor*1 :i* :5 elevat$ signifies ! ris+ sun1 & :5 depress$ ! sett+ sun4 ,! trumpet 9 ?is case w\ld seem to mean ! summons4 ,! two little c(f9s are eloqu5t )\t words4 ,,fig4 #bb4--;,,at ,,%oreham4 ,! *ildr5 ( ,?omas & ,jane ,/r+]1 di$ ,sept'r #aged1 ag$ #aj & #g ye>s4 ,9 ,lewi%am ,*ur*y>d is "o ( ! dea?'s head s]ies almo/ sui g5]is4 ,,fig4 #bc4--;,,at ,,lewi%am4 ,to ,ri*>d ,ev5s1 di$ ,may #ah1 #agjg1 ag$ #fg ye>s4 ,! *aplet ( bay-leaves or laurel d\btless indicates ,victory4 ,n only is ?is an e>ly & well-accompli%$ ef=t1 b x is rem>kable = ! pres5ce ( a l[] jaw1 :i* is seldom se5 on a grave/one4 ,! skull turn$ up by ! sexton is usually ! typical object1 & to t we may presume ! ne!r jaw is n (t5 atta*$4 ,x is f\nd1 h[ev]1 on a head/one ( a some:at weak design 9 ,old ,hornsey ,*ur*y>d4 ,,fig4 #bd4--;,,at ,,hornsey4 ,to ,mr ,john ,gibson1 :ipmak]1 di$ ,oct4 #cj1 #agff1 ag$ #dd ye>s4 ,! h& seems to be po9t+ to ! record ( a well-sp5t life :i* has won ! cr[n ( glory4 ,!re is ano!r ( ! l[] jaw s]ies at ,t$d+ton1 :i* is also1 9 all probability1 ! only in/ance ( a man's nightcap figur+ 9 su* gruesome circum/ances4 ,,fig4 #be4--;,,at ,,t$d+ton4 ,to ,s>ah ,lewis1 di$ ,june #aa1 #agff1 ag$ #fc ye>s4 ,! emblem ( ,dea? 0 q e>ly cr[n$ ) laurel to signify glory1 & associat$ ) foliage & fl[]s 9 tok5 ( ! ,resurrection4 ,"o at ,f9*ley is1 = its ye>s1 well pres]v$4 ,,fig4 #bf4--;,,at ,,f9*ley4 ,to ,ri*>d ,sc>lett1 di$ ,july #bc1 #agbe4 ,ano!r at ,f>nbor\gh is1 consid]+ ! date1 ( exceptional m]it4 ,,fig4 #bg4--;,,at ,,f>nbor\gh4 ,to ,elizabe? ,/[1 di$ #agdd1 ag$ #ge ye>s4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #be4 ,,t$d+ton4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #bf4 ,,f9*ley4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #bg4 ,,f>nbor\gh4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #bh4 ,,*iselhur/4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #bi4 ,,h>tley4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #cj4 ,,we/ ,,wickham4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ca4 ,,hornsey4 ,a few o!rs ( ! skull patt]n ) v>i\s additam5ts may conclude ?is *apt]4 ,! cup 9 ! ,*iselhur/ case is some:at uncommon4 ,,fig4 #bh4--;,,at ,,*iselhur/4 ,"n oblit]at$2 date ,nov4 #aghf4 ,! conv5tional symbols 9 ! next example are cle>ly to be read4 ,,fig4 #bi4--;,,at ,,h>tley4 ,to ,eliza ,&]s51 di$ #agga1 ag$ #gj ye>s4 ,! ,we/ ,wickham specim5 has its prototype 9 ! old *ur*y>d at ,hackney1 & 9 o!r places4 ,,fig4 #cj4--;,,at ,,we/ ,,wickham4 ,to ,ri*>d ,:iff51 di$ #agcb1 ag$ #c ye>s4 ,9 ,fig4 #ca1 f ,hornsey1 ! two skulls pres5t ! appe>ance ( hav+ be5 pit*$ up f ! grave4 ,,fig4 #ca4--;,,at ,,hornsey4 ,to ,william ,fleetwood1 di$ ,jan4 #cj1 #agej1 ag$ #ae mon?s4 ,,*apt] ,,iii4 ,,arti/ic ,,grave/ones4 ,9 ! lat] half ( ! eighte5? c5tury great] pa9s & f9] workman%ip appe> to h be5 be/[$ ^u ! symbolic figurem5t ( ! grave/one1 & ! m elaborate allegorical repres5tations ( :i* a few sket*es h be5 giv5 came into vogue & grew 9 popul> fav\r until ! c5tury's end4 ,nor did ! op5+ ( a new c5tury altoge!r aboli% ! fa%ion2 p]haps x c h>dly be said to h be5 aboli%$ ev5 n[ at ! c5tury's close1 b ! evid5ces extant comb9e to %ew t ! fl\ri%+ p]iod ( ! pictorial head/one lay well )9 ! tw5ty-five ye>s prec$+ ,anno ,dom9i #ahjj4 ,= ! sake ( comp>ison "o ) ano!r1 ,i h tak51 9 addition to ! sket* at page #a 7,fig4 #a71 ?ree examples ( ! device :i* seems mo/ frequ5tly to typify ! resurrection ( ! dead4 ,9 two ( ^! ! illu/ration is accompani$ by a quotation explanatory ( its subject1 b ! words are n ! same 9 bo? cases4 ,! /one at ,horton ,kirby1 ne> ,d>t=d1 depict$ 9 ,fig4 #cb1 %ews ! inscription cle>ly4 ,,fig4 #cb4--;,,at ,,horton ,,kirby4 ,to ,john ,davidge4 di$ ,april #bb1 #agge1 ag$ #ge ye>s4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #cb4 ,,horton ,,kirby4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #cc4 ,,cliffe4 ,9 ! second in/ance1 at ,cliffe1 ! inscription has be5 9 great "p oblit]at$ by "t1 b ! words writt5 7 evid5tly ^? ( ! *apt] f ,cor9?ians :i* is "p ( ! ,burial ,s]vice3 ,o dea?1 :]e is ?y /+8 ,o grave1 :]e is ?y victory8 ,!y are1 h[ev]1 almo/ illegible1 & ,i h made no attempt to reproduce !m 9 ! picture4 ,,fig4 #cc4--;,,at ,,cliffe4 ,to ,m>y ,jackson1 di$ ,m>* #bf1 #agfh4 ,!re is a second /one ( simil> patt]n 9 ,cliffe ,*ur*y>d1 dat$ #agij4 ,x diff]s f ! =ego+ only 9 hav+ ! spe> brok54 ,! sculptor ( ano!r specim5 at ,d>5?1 ne> ,d>t=d1 ?\ght ! subject wor?y ( broad] treatm5t1 & transf]r$ x to a /one ab\t d\ble ! ord9>y wid?1 b did n v>y ! idea to any great ext5t4 ,inde$1 ,horton ,kirby & ,d>5?1 be+ next-door neighb\rs1 h mo/ features 9 common2 ! fall+ t[]1 :i* symbolizes ! ,day ( ,judgm5t1 appe>+ 9 bo?1 :ile x is abs5t f ! m di/ant examples at ,cliffe & ,ne:av54 ,! introduction ( ! omnisci5t eye 9 ! ,cliffe case is1 h[ev]1 a /roke ( g5ius comp>$ ) ! conv5tional palm bran*es at ,horton ,kirby1 or ! flight ?r\gh mid-air ( ! t[]-tops bo? at ,horton ,kirby & at ,d>5?4 ,,fig4 #cd4--;,,at ,,d>5?4 ,to ,john ,mill51 di$ ,june #aa?1 #aghf1 ag$ #hb ye>s4 ,outside ! c\nty ( ,k5t ,i h met ) no?+ ( ?is patt]n1 & pictorial art on a simil> scale is seldom se5 on ! grave/ones any:]e4 ,specim5s f ,lee1 ,*e%unt1 ,/aple=d ,tawney1 & else:]e1 w1 h[ev]1 be se5 9 subsequ5t pages4 ,! day ( joyful resurrection is prefigur$ possibly 9 m acceptable %ape 9 ! next in/ance1 no imitation ( :i* ,i h se5 9 any ( my rambles4 ,,fig4 #ce4--;,,at ,,k+sd[n4 ,to ,ann ,*>man1 di$ #agic1 ag$ #ed ye>s4 ,no "o to :om ,i h %ewn ?is sket* has giv5 a satisfactory int]pretation ( x1 b x w be all[$ t ! design is z graceful z x is uncommon4 ,t x also 9 all likelihood ref]s to ! ,day ( ,judgm5t may p]haps be reg>d$ z a natural supposition4 ,ev5 ! op5 or half-op5 c(f91 %ew+ ! skeleton )91 may possibly h "s ref]5ce to ! ris+ at ! ,la/ ,day4 ,we h ?is figure employ$ 9 a comp>atively rec5t case at ,fawkham 9 ,k5t1 be+ "o example ( n9ete5?-c5tury sculpture4 ,,fig4 #cf4--;,,at ,,fawkham4 ,?omas ,killick1 di$ #ahji1 ag$ #a mon? #a day4 ,a cr[n is usually ! emblem ( ,victory1 b held 9 ! h&1 z 9 ?is in/ance1 x indicates1 ,i am told1 an innoc5t life4 ,o!r c(f9s display+ :olly or p>tly ! corpse or skeleton )9 are p]haps n int5d$ to convey any su* pi\s or poetic ?\ght z d ! two =ego+1 b simply to p\rtray ! gha/l9ess ( dea?1 a k9d ( imag]y mu* fanci$ by ! old /onemasons4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #cd4 ,,d>5?4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ce4 ,,k+sd[n4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #cf4 ,,fawkham4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #cg4 ,,swanscombe4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ch4 ,,a%=d4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ci4 ,,cool+4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #dj4 ,,h5don4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #da4 ,,ea/ ,,wickham4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #db4 ,,sn>gate4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #dc4 ,,ea/ ,,ham4 ,,fig4 #cg4--;,,at ,,swanscombe4 ,to ,elizabe? ,hall1 di$ #aggi1 ag$ #gf ye>s4 ,,fig4 #ch4--;,,at ,,a%=d4 ,to ,/eph5 ,k5n$y1 di$ ,sept4 #agia1 ag$ #fa ye>s4 ,9 ! latt] illu/ration !re are ?ree />s to :i* ,i c give no signification4 ,! snake-r+ is1 ( c\rse1 et]nity1 & ! book1 z be=e surmis$1 may /& = ! record ( a good life4 ,m +5i\s1 m didactic1 & altoge!r m m]itori\s ?an ^! is ano!r s]ies ( designs belong+ to ! same p]iod ( "t4 ,!y are n only z a rule conceiv$ 9 bett] ta/e1 b are1 almo/ consequ5tly1 bett] 9 _! execution4 ,! foll[+ example f ,cool+1 a small village 9 ! ,m$way ,m>%es1 is an excell5t specim5 ( its class1 & a v exceptional f9d = a spot s remote4 ,,fig4 #ci4--;,,at ,,cool+4 ,to ,m'r ,ri*>d ,prebble ( ,cliffe1 di$ ,april #agge4 ,"o ( lat] date at ,h5don1 ,middlesex1 is also to be comm5d$4 ,! lyre1 cornet1 & tamb\r9e speak ( music1 & ! figures ( ,fame & ,hope are h>dly to be misund]/ood1 b ! l>ge box 9 ! backgr\nd is n q c]ta9 ( correct int]pretation4 ,,fig4 #dj4--;,,at ,,h5don4 ,to ,ludwig ,augu/ ,leakfield1 ,esq41 di$ ,nov4 #bb1 #ahaj1 ag$ #dh ye>s4 ,! foll[+ is r\gh] 9 =m1 b seems to h suff]$ f ! wea!r4 ,x ne$s no explanation4 ,,fig4 #da4--;,,at ,,ea/ ,,wickham4 ,to ,?omas ,v]e ( ,woolwi*1 %ipwright1 di$ #aj? ,augu/1 #aghi4 ,! two next subjects are to be f\nd 9 _m v>iations4 ,! angel ) ! cross 9 ea* case may repres5t salvation proclaim$4 ,,fig4 #db4--;,,at ,,sn>gate4 ,to ,edw>d ,wood1 di$ ,sept4 #aggi1 ag$ #ej ye>s4 ,,fig4 #dc4--;,,at ,,ea/ ,,ham4 ,to ,mr ,ri*>d ,wright1 di$ ,july #bh1 #agha1 ag$ #ci ye>s4 ,! w+$ scroll 9 ,fig4 #dd is unfold$ to display1 we may suppose1 a regi/] ( good & holy de$s done 9 an ext5d$ life4 ,! scy!s & ! rev]s$ tor*es may be tak5 at _! usual significance1 :i* is dea?4 ,?is is copi$ f a /one 9 ! *ur*y>d ( ,wilm+ton by ,d>t=d ,hea?4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #dd4 ,,wilm+ton4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #de4 ,,wan/ead4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #df4 ,,s\?fleet4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #dg4 ,,wilm+ton4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #dh4 ,,lewi%am4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #di4 ,,bunhill ,,fields4 ,,fig4 #dd4--;,,at ,,wilm+ton4 ,to ,ri*>d ,b>man1 di$ #agic1 ag$ #ga ye>s4 ,m elegant te/imony is paid by ! figure ( a w+$ urn 9 ,wan/ead ,old ,*ur*y>d1 ! flame :i* burns above indicat+1 x w\ld seem1 t ?\gh ! body be r$uc$ to a%es1 ! s\l survives4 ,,fig4 #de4--;,,at ,,wan/ead4 ,to ,william ,clev]ly1 di$ #aghj1 ag$ #dj ye>s4 ,et]nity is usually1 z we h se51 repres5t$ by an endless r+--(t5 z a s]p5t4 ,x is s 9 ! ,s\?fleet sket*1 9 :i* appe> ! two horns ( ! ar*angels1 & ! liv+ tor*1 ) "s o!r objects :i* are n q cle>ly def9$4 ,,fig4 #df4--;,,at ,,s\?fleet4 ,to ,john ,palm]1 di$ #agha1 ag$ #fa ye>s4 ,9 ano!r selection f ,wilm+ton ! w+$ h\r-glass may be read z ! flight ( "t1 ! cl\d is probably ! future life1 & ! bones bel[ convey _! cu/om>y moral4 ,,fig4 #dg4--;,,at ,,wilm+ton4 ,to ,ann ,p>sons1 di$ ,nov4 #c1 #aggg1 ag$ #fj ye>s4 ,sometimes1 b n (t51 w be f\nd engrav$ on a /one ! sugge/ive fancy ( an axe laid at ! foot ( a tree1 or "s metaphorical figure to ! same int5t4 ,an in/ance occurs at ,lewi%am 9 :i* ! idea is convey$ by ! pick & %ovel "u a fl\ri%+ palm4 ,,fig4 #dh4--;,,at ,,lewi%am4 ,to ,?omas ,lamb]t1 di$ ,nov4 #be1 #agha1 ag$ #ei ye>s4 ,a symbol s simple & yet s significant z ?is is sc>cely to be surpass$4 ,"o almo/ 9 ! same category is ! foll[+1 a small anaglyph 9 ,bunhill ,fields ,burial-gr\nd1 ,london4 ,,fig4 #di4--;,,at ,,bunhill ,,fields1 ,,london4 ,to ,elizabe? ,%>p1 :o di$ ,oct4 #bj1 #ageb1 ag$ #ca ye>s4 ,x is easy to read 9 ?is illu/ration ! p>able ( dea? de/roy+ a fruitful v9e1 & z a picture x is n inelegant4 ,x is m rem>kable z be+1 s f> z ,i c f9d1 ! "o solit>y in/ance ( an allegorical grave/one among ! ?\s&s ( grave/ones 9 ! va/ & c>efully gu>d$ burial-place 9 ! ,city ,road4 ,/rictly speak+1 dea?'s heads & crossbones are allegorical1 b ^! mu/ be except$ = _! v abundance & _! lack ( novelty4 ,possibly1 also1 ! li*51 damp1 & ,london climate1 :i* h oblit]at$ _m ( ! inscriptions 9 ?is old cemet]y1 may h be5 fatal to ! l[ relief :i* is requisite = figure "w ( ! k9d "u consid]ation4 ,b ,bunhill ,fields & simil> places 9 & ne> ,london & o!r great t[ns h taught me ! law to :i* ,i h already ref]r$--! law t ! picture-tomb/one 0 c\ntry br$1 & c\ld nev] h endur$ "u ! mod]n conditions ( life 9 or ne> ! c5tres ( civilization4 ,!re are exceptions1 p]haps _m1 to ?is rul+1 z !re are exceptions to e o!r4 ,= in/ance1 a /one at ! grave ( a ,royal ,artill]y ,(fic] 9 ,woolwi* ,*ur*y>d comb9es ! emblems ( 8 e>?ly call+ ) ^? ( 8 cele/ial aspirations 9 a m$ley arrangem5t n unusual 9 rural sc5es1 b h>dly to be reconcil$ ) ! education & ref9em5t ( a l>ge g>rison & s*ool ( milit>y sci5ce :i* ,woolwi* 0 9 #agfj4 ,?is mu/ be set d[n z "o ( ! exceptions :i* prove ! rule4 ,,fig4 #ej4--;,,at ,,woolwi*4 ,to ,lieut4 ,?omas ,s&]s1 late ( ! ,royal ,regim5t ( ,artill]y1 :o di$ ,m>* #agfj1 ag$ #fj 787 ye>s4 ,!re is a m rec5t case 9 :i* ! same idea is p\rtray$ 9 some:at diff]5t fa%ion on a head/one 9 ! obsolete gravey>d ( ,/4 ,oswald1 ne> ! ,b>racks at ,york4 ,x is d$icat$ to ,john ,kay1 a private 9 ! ,royal ,scots ,greys1 :o di$ ,july #i1 #ahcc1 ag$ #cd ye>s4 ,b1 on ! :ole1 x may be accept$ z an axiom t orig9ality has %unn$ ! t[n *ur*y>ds1 & ! abs5ce ( curi\s v>ieties ( ! grave/one among ! well-s[n acres ( ,bunhill ,fields & su*-l places ( ! p]iod at :i* !y 7 by comp>ison s abundant 9 less consid]$ localities admits ( a simple explanation4 ,9 ! eighte5? c5tury t[n & c\ntry 7 mu* m divid$ ?an !y are n[4 ,london & ! rural di/ricts 7 n on _! pres5t level4 ,ta/e 9 art & 9 ! ord9>y affairs ( life 0 be+ cultivat$ 9 t[n2 x 0 n ev5 enc\rag$ 9 ! c\ntry4 ,education & ref9em5t 7 n ?\ght to be desirable accompli%m5ts 9 a ru/ic population1 b dwell]s 9 cities _h be5 = g5]ations improv+ _! mann]s1 & ?us x 0 t no su* prov9cial vulg>ity z a decorat$ tomb/one c\ld be tol]at$ 9 ! *oice metropolis4 ,! cl]gy 7 always ! ma/]s 9 su* matt]s1 & _! influ5ce is se5 9 _m places1 ev5 9 ! villages1 9 keep+ ! *ur*y>d free f ridicule2 b1 broadly speak+1 !re is no d\bt t ! rectors & vic>s 9 ,london & o!r l>ge cities began q a hundr$ ye>s e>li] ?an ^? ( ! villages t control & sup]vision ov] ! c>v+ & inscriptions on ! tomb/one :i* is n[ ! almo/ univ]sal rule4 ,x 0 unque/ionably ! adoption ( ?is practice by ! c\ntry p>son1 late 9 ! eighte5? c5tury or e>ly 9 ! n9ete5? c5tury1 t put an end 9 rural places to ! p]iod ( illu/rat$ epitaphs :i* _h long gone out ( fa%ion1 or1 m likely1 _h nev] come into be+1 among ! busi] hives ( humanity4 ,a r>e v>iety ( ! cl\d-&-angel s]ies1 :i* are s frequ5t1 is se5 9 ,longfield ,*ur*y>d on ! ,maid/one ,road4 ,trumpets ( ! speak+ or musical ord] are frequ5tly introduc$ to typify ! summons to resurrection1 b "h we h ! li/5] p\rtray$ by ! introduction ( an e>-trumpet4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ej4 ,,woolwi*4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ea4 ,,longfield4 ,,fig4 #ea4--;,,at ,,longfield4 ,to ,m>y ,davidge1 di$ #aggb1 ag$ #fi ye>s4 ,allegorical grave/ones ( rec5t date1 t is ( ! "t :i* we call ! pres5t day1 are v seldom se51 & su* z !re are d n come )9 ! scope ( ?is "w4 ,!re is "o 9 ,we/ ,wickham ,*ur*y>d devot$ to a *ori/]1 & sculptur$ ) a repres5tation ( ! *ur* organ-pipes4 ,memorials to deceas$ ,freemasons are p]haps ! mo/ frequ5t ( late c>v+s1 z 9 ! sket* f ,lydd 9 ! ,romney ,m>% di/rict4 ,,fig4 #eb4--;,,at ,,lydd4 ,to ,john ,f9n1 di$ ,june #i?1 #ahac1 ag$ #cj ye>s4 ,occasionally1 too1 "s pla9 device appe>s on ev5 a mod]n head/one1 su* z ! foll[+1 :i* is "o ( ! few ,i h f ! ,london area4 ,! graves ( ! same half-c5tury may be se>*$ )\t f9d+ _m c>v+s m ambiti\s ?an ?is4 ,,fig4 #ec4--;,,at ,,/4 ,,james',s1 ,,b]mondsey4 ,to ,*>les ,?omas ,h5ry ,evans1 di$ #ahdi4 ,*ur*y>ds beside ! ,upp] ,?ames are ne>ly all prolific 9 old grave/ones1 ! rip>ian settlem5ts hav+ be5 well populat$ dur+ ! fav\rable p]iod4 ,?is is especially ! case at ,ri*mond & ,twick5ham1 b ( ! great numb] ( eighte5?-c5tury /ones 9 bo? *ur*y>ds !re are few v rem>kable4 ,ri*mond has a r>e specim5 ( ! full-relief skull4 ,! dea?'s head has on ei!r side ( x ! head ( an angel 9 half-relief4 ,! /one is a d\ble "o1 & ,i h nev] met its fell[4 ,,fig4 #ed4--;,,at ,,ri*mond4 ,to ,annie ,sm$ley 7871 di$ #agaa1 ag$ #ij ye>s4 ,z companions to ?is ,i pres5t a pair ( dw>f /ones ) full-relief heads ( s]aphs & *]ubs--an agreeable *ange--f ! same c\nty4 ,,fig4 #ee4--;,,at ,,ripley4 ,to ,s>ah wife ( ,h5ry ,b[]1 di$ #agda4 ,to ,h5ry ,b[]1 di$ ,m>* #bcrd1 #ageh4 ,! ,rector ( ! p>i% pass$ z ,i 0 sket*+ ^! int]e/+ objects1 & 0 surpris$ to f9d t he _h any?+ s unusual 9 8 *ur*y>d4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #eb4 ,,lydd4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ec4 ,,b]mondsey4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ed4 ,,ri*mond4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ee4 ,,ripley4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ef4 ,,cobham4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #eg4 ,,b>nes4 ,,*apt] ,,iv4 ,,pr(essional ,,grave/ones4 ,x is m ?an likely t some:]e w be f\nd a pictorial accompanim5t to ! v]se :i* has be5 (t5 us$ z an epitaph = a village blacksmi?4 ,i h met ) ! l9es 9 two or ?ree v]sions1 ( :i* ! foll[+1 copi$ 9 ! *ur*y>d at ,ab]y/)1 appe>s to be ! mo/ complete3 ,my sl$ge & hamm] lie recl9$2 ,my bell[s too h lo/ _! w9d2 ,my fire ext9ct1 my =ge decay'd1 ,& 9 ! du/ my vice is laid4 ,my coal is sp5t1 my iron's gone2 ,my nails are drove1 my worck is done4 ,!re are _m in/ances 9 :i* ! implem5ts ( 8 craft are depict$ ^u an artizan's tomb2 ^! also = ! mo/ "p be+ ( ! eighte5? c5tury4 ,9 ! *ur*y>d at ,cobham1 a village made fam\s by ! ,po/hum\s ,pap]s ( ! ,pickwick ,club1 is a grave/one record+ ! dea? ( a c>p5t]1 hav+ at ! head a %ield be>+ ?ree compasses to s]ve z 8 cre/1 & "u x ! usual tools ( 8 trade--squ>e1 mallet1 compasses1 w$ge1 saw1 *isel1 hamm]1 gimlet1 plane1 & two-foot rule4 ,,fig4 #ef4--;,,at ,,cobham1 ,,k5t4 ,to ,ri*>d ,gransd51 c>p5t]1 di$ #ac? ,m>*1 #agfj4 ,?is "o may s]ve z a fair sample ( all ! trade memorials to :i* c>p5t]s h be51 be=e all classes ( me*anics1 ! mo/ prone4 ,! c>v+s be> ! same /rong resemblance to ea* o!r t we f9d 9 o!r s]ies ( grave/ones1 b h occasional v>iations1 z 9 ! foll[+ specim51 :i* mixes up some:at grotesquely ! emblems ( dea? & et]nity ) ! mundane in/rum5ts ( skill & lab\r1 includ+ !re9 a c(f9 lid to %ew maybe t ! man1 besides be+ a c>p5t]1 0 also an und]tak]4 ,,fig4 #eg4--;,,at ,,b>nes4 ,to ,h5ry ,mit*ell1 di$ #agbd1 ag$ #gb ye>s4 ,x 0 only to be expect$ t ! prom95t agriculturi/s ( rural di/ricts w\ld be figuratively repres5t$ on _! grave/ones1 & ?is w be f\nd to be ! case 9 a numb] ( in/ances4 ,! foll[+ illu/ration is f ! *ur*y>d ( ,fr9dsbury1 a %ort di/ance out ( ,ro*e/] & on ! edge ( ! ,m$way mead[s4 ,,fig4 #eh4--;,,at ,,fr9dsbury4 ,! inscription is effac$1 b ! date appe>s to be #agea4 ,! ov]turn$ %eaf presumably ref]s metaphorically to ! fate ( ! f>m] :om ! /one 0 set up to commemorate4 ,! old-fa%ion$ pl\gh is cut only 9 s+le pr(ile1 b is n an ineffective emblem4 ,i imag9e t ! ribbon above ! pl\gh bore at "o "t "s inscrib$ words :i* "t has oblit]at$4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #eh4 ,,fr9dsbury4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ei4 ,,sutton ,,at ,,hone4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #fj4 ,,bromley4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #fa4 ,,beck5ham4 ,! design inv5t$ by ! sculptor at ,sutton at ,hone1 ne> ,d>t=d1 is less orig9al & also less /rik+4 ,,fig4 #ei4--;,,at ,,sutton ,,at ,,hone4 ,to ,ri*>d ,nor?field1 di$ ,oct4 #ai1 #agfg1 ag$ #ga ye>s4 ,9 ! case ( ,john ,bone1 bricklay]1 ( ,bromley1 ,k5t1 x w\ld probably be wrong to associate ) 8 call+ ! tools engrav$ on 8 head/one4 ,!y 7 probably meant ) ! re/ ( ! picture to repres5t ! emblems ( mortality4 ,,fig4 #fj4--;,,at ,,bromley4 ,to ,john ,bone1 ,bricklay]1 di$ ,dec4 #ad1 #agid1 ag$ #dh ye>s4 ,!re is1 h[ev]1 "o /one :i* may be includ$ 9 ! category ( trade memorials1 ?\gh its subject 0 n a me*anic4 ,mr4 ,john ,cade 0 a s*oolma/] at ,beck5ham1 & appe>s to h be5 well lik$ by 8 pupils1 :o1 :5 he prematurely di$1 plac$ a complim5t>y epitaph ov] 8 grave4 ,! means by :i* he _h imp>t$ k are display$ ^u ! /one1 & bel[ are ! l9es h]e9aft] set =?4 ,,fig4 #fa4--;,,at ,,beck5ham4 ,to ! memory ( ,john ,cade1 ( ?is p>i%1 s*oolma/]4 ,"o skill$ 9 8 pr(ession & ( ext5sive +5uity4 ,z he liv$ univ]sally belov$1 s he di$ z mu* lam5t$1 ,augu/ #bh?1 #agej1 ag$ #ce ye>s4 ,sev]al ( 8 s*ol>s1 mov$ by affection & gratitude1 at _! own exp5se erect$ ?is 9 remembrance ( 8 wor? & m]it4 ,virtue1 good nature1 le>n+1 all comb9$ ,to r5d] him belov'd ( human k9d4 ,gre5=d1 ne> ,h>r[-on-!-,hill1 _h q rec5tly a wor?y inhabitant :o 0 a g>d5] & presumably a beekeep] also4 ,accord+ly a beehive appropriately decorates 8 grave/one4 ,,fig4 #fb4--;,,at ,,gre5=d4 ,to ,william ,k+1 upw>ds ( #fj ye>s g>d5] ( ?is p>i%1 di$ ,dec4 #af?1 #ahfc1 ag$ #hd ye>s4 ,! next problem is r m d\btful1 & 9 consid]+ ! possibility ( ! memorial indicat$ be+ pr(essional1 we mu/ rememb] t ! p>i% ( ,we/ ,ham1 n[ a popul\s place1 0 q out ( t[n & almo/ undiscov]$ until a comp>atively rec5t "t4 ,its eighte5?-c5tury grave/ones are consequ5tly = ! mo/ "p ru/ic & primitive4 ,! skull & o!r bones "h depict$1 deck$ ) :eat-e>s & o!r vegetation1 probably h "s lit]al ref]5ce to ! agricultural pursuits ( ! deceas$1 al?\gh ( c\rse !y may be only poetical allusions to ! life to come4 ,,fig4 #fc4--;,,at ,,we/ ,,ham4 ,to ,&rew ,james1 di$ #aged1 ag$ #fh ye>s4 ,,*apt] ,v4 ,a ,,typical ,,tramp ,,9 ,,k5t4 ,?is unpret5ti\s "w makes no claim to deal ) ! :ole subject :i* x has presum$ to op54 ,its aim is r to promote 9 o!rs ! desire :i* actuates ! au?or to foll[ up & develop ! new field ( antiqu>ian rese>* :i* x has attempt$ to introduce4 ,z old ,weev] says1 9 8 qua9t /yle3--,i h ga9$ z mu* z ,i h looke = if ,i %all draw o!rs into ?is argum5t ^: inquisitive dilig5ce & le>n+ may f9de out m & am5de m9e4 ,?is book1 !n1 is n a treatise1 b simply a fir/ collection ( *ur*y>d curiosities1 ! great] numb] ( :i* h be5 ga!r$ )9 a comp>atively small radius4 ,x is only ! ho>d ( "o collector & ! cont5ts ( "o sket*-book1 all glean$ 9 ab\t a hundr$ p>i%es4 ,_m collectors may multiply by ?\s&s ^! results1 br+ out fre% features1 & possibly po9ts ( high importance4 ,two *ief purposes !re=e animate my desire to publi% ?is "w4 ,"o is to supply su* little in=mation z ,i h glean$ on a subject :i* has by "s s+ul> *ance escap$ especial recognition f all ! multitude ( au?ors1 antiqu>ians1 & lit]>y m54 ,i h se>*$ ! ,museum libr>ies1 & consult$ book-collectors1 well-read ar*aeologi/s1 & o!rs likely to "k if !re is any "w descriptive ( old grave/ones 9 exi/5ce1 & no?+ ) ! remote/ relation !reto c ,i discov]4#a ,!re are1 ( c\rse1 hundr$s ( books ( epitaphs1 m or less apocryphal1 b n "o book1 apocryphal or o!rwise1 reg>d+ ! allegories ( ! *ur*y>d4 ,c x be t ! subject is b]eft ( int]e/8 ,if s1 ,i h made my v5ture 9 va94 ,b ,i tru/ t x is n s4 ,footnote #a3 ,! ,rev4 ,*>les ,b\tell publi%$1 9 #ahdi1 p>ts #a & #b ( a p]iodical "w entitl$ ,*ri/ian ,monum5ts 9 ,engl& & ,wales1 propos+ to complete ! same 9 five sections2 ! fif? to treat ( head/ones & o!r *ur*y>d memorials1 ) "s g5]al obs]vations on mod]n monum5ts4 ,! two p>ts br\ght ! subject d[n to ! fifte5? c5tury1 & 7 s ably writt5 & beautifully illu/rat$ z to int5sify our regret at ! incompletion ( ! task4 ,! second object is to recomm5d to o!rs a new & delightful hobby1 & possibly br+ to be> ^u my !me an accumulation ( k & comb9ation ( light4 ,grave/one hunt+ implies long walks 9 rural sc5es1 ) all ! expectations1 none ( ! risks1 & few ( ! disappo9tm5ts ( o!r pursuits4 ,f t5 to fifte5 miles may be mapp$ out = a fair day's trudge1 & w probably embrace f ?ree to six p>i% *ur*y>ds1 all[+ "t to inspect ! *ur* z well z its surr\nd+s4 ,saturdays are be/ = ^! excursions1 = !n ! pew-op5]s are du/+ out ! *ur*1 & ! sexton is usually ab\t1 sweep+ ! pa?s or cutt+ ! grass4 ,! *ur* door w 9 mo/ cases be op51 & y c get ! guidance y want f ! be/ possible s\rces4 ,a *at ) ! village sexton is seldom un9vit+1 & he c g5]ally po9t out ev]y?+ wor? y\r obs]vation4 ,b ! faculty ( f9d+ t ( :i* y are 9 se>* w soon come to y4 ,9 ! fir/ place1 ! new portion ( a *ur*y>d--!re is ne>ly always a new portion--may be left on "o side4 ,y w c]ta9ly f9d no anci5t memorials !re4 ,9 ! next place1 y may by a little obs]vation pick out ! eighte5?-c5tury /ones by _! %ape1 :i* is z a rule mu* m ornam5t$ & curvil9e> ?an ^? ( lat] date4 ,!y may also be detect$ v (t5 by ! r\ghness ( _! backs z well z by _! wea!r-beat5 complexions1 & ) a little exp]i5ce & practice ! /ud5t may guess correctly )9 a few ye>s ! age ( any p>ticul> "o se5 ev5 9 ! di/ance4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #fb4 ,,gee5=d4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #fc4 ,,we/ ,,ham4 ,to tempt ! read] !re=e to take up ! /udy :i* ,i h f\nd s pleasant1 s heal?ful1 & s int]e/+1 ,i n[ propose to place 9 ord] ! proce$s ( a few ( my rambles1 & %ew h[ mu* success ! read] may also expect 9 simil> exp$itions4 ,8 or h] /ock-9-trade %\ld consi/ ( a good-siz$ note-book or sket*-book ( pap] n too r\gh = f9e l9es1 a ,b ,b p5cil ( reliable quality1 & a small piece ( s&/one or brick to be us$ 9 rubb+ (f ! dirt & moss :i* sometimes obscure inscriptions4 ,no k9d ( scrap] %\ld ev] be employ$1 le/ ! crumbl+ memorial be damag$2 b a bit ( brick or s(t /one w d no h>m1 & w (t5 br+ to view lett]s & figures :i* h app>5tly q disappe>$4 ,if a cam]a be tak51 a c>p5t]'s p5cil may be ( s]vice 9 /r5g!n+ half-vani%$ l9es1 & a fold$ foot-rule %\ld always be 9 ! pocket4 ,a m>9]'s compass is sometimes useful 9 /range places1 b ! ea/w>d position ( a *ur* w always give ! be>+s1 & a native is usually to be f\nd to po9t ! way4 ,a road map ( ! c\nty :i* y are ab\t to explore1 or1 if 9 ! vic9ity ( ,london1 "o ( ^? admirable & well-kn[n h&books ( ! field pa?s1 is useful1 & ! j\rney %\ld be c>efully plott$ out be=e ! />t4 ,a fri5d & companion ( cong5ial ta/es adds1 ,i ne$ n say1 to ! enjoym5t ( ! excursion4 ,my con/ant associate has happily a craze = epitaphs1 b does n fancy sket*+ ev5 9 ! r\gh /yle :i* answ]s well en\gh = my "w1 & ,i h _h !re=e no competitor4 ,toge!r we h sc\r$ all ! nor!rn "p ( ,k5t & visit$ e ,k5ti% *ur* )9 tw5ty miles ( ,london4 ,! railway also w occasionally l& u ne> "s old *ur* :i* we may l to visit1 & x 0 :ile wait+ half an h\r = a tra9 at ,blackhea? /ation t ,i pick$ up ! accompany+ *oice specim5 9 ! anci5t burial-gr\nd ( ,lee4 ,,fig4 #fd4--;,,at ,,lee4 ,to ,eliza ,drayton1 di$ #aa? ,may1 #aggj4 ,9 ?is allegory ,"t appe>s to be comm&+ ,dea? to ext+ui% ! lamp ( ,life4 ,! sun may mean ! bright] life beyond4 ,! build+ to ! "r is an enigma4 ,(t5 ! fir/ six or sev5 miles h to be enc\nt]$ be=e we rea* unexplor$ gr\nd4 ,! ,cray ,valley1 = in/ance1 may be cit$ = "o day's exp]i5ce4 ,fir/ a walk ( sev5 miles to ,orp+ton1 "o ( ! five si/] *ur*es ( ! ,crays--all said to be ,anglo-,saxon & ( ab\t "o date4 ,i mu/ n digress to speak ( *ur*es1 b x is only reasonable to suppose t ! /ud5t :o is capable ( tak+ up z a pa/ime ! inve/igation ( *ur*y>ds has previ\sly acquir$ some?+ m or less ( ar*aeological ta/e1 & w n fail to notice ! *ur*es4#b ,we rea* ! *ur*y>d ( ,orp+ton1 visit ! *ur*1 & !n my companion & ,i sep>ate = our respective duties4 ,i am n =tunate 9 secur+ any special prize1 b x is well to select "s object if only z a s\v5ir ( ! visit1 & ,i jot d[n ! foll[+1 :i* may be class$ among ! commone/ ord] ( all figurative head/ones1 b is nev]!less noticeable z a v>iant4 ,footnote #b3 ,!re are sev]al h&books ( *ur* ar*itecture1 & ! rudim5ts ( ! v>i\s ord]s & dates are easily acquir$4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #fd4 ,,lee4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #fe4 ,,orp+ton4 ,,fig4 #fe4--;,,at ,,orp+ton1 ,,k5t4 ,to ,hosa ,mansfield1 daught] ( ,john & ,m>?a ,mansfield1 di$ #bd? ,may #agaj1 ag$ #bf ye>s4 ,also ,james ,mansfield1 son ( ,john & ,m>?a ,mansfield1 di$ #cj? ,dec'r #agdf1 ag$ #dh ye>s4 ,! "w 9 ?is in/ance is crude1 & app>5tly done by an inexp]t craftsman4 ,! /one is1 h[ev]1 decay$1 & x is possible t x is ! draughtsman :o has blund]$4 ,! two skulls1 be+ ( diff]5t sizes1 sugge/ ! male & female occupants ( ! grave1 & w\ld !re=e assign ! production to ! lat] r ?an ! e>li] date4 ,! two bones are n (t5 f\nd 9 s lat]al a position1 & ! vampire w+s are clumsy 9 ! extreme4 ,i h collect$ v>ieties ( ! skull & crossbone "* 9 _m places1 & se5 ! ecc5tricities ( _m masons 9 ! way ( w+s1 b h met ) v few s f> a/ray z ^!4 ,:ile ,i am engag$ 9 transf]r+ ! specim5 to my book1 our epitaph hunt] has be5 r\nd & discov]$ a treasure4 ,i %all n tr\ble ! read] ) him h5ce=?1 b ,i may note j ?is "o ( 8 successes z a sample ( ! rew>ds :i* att5d 8 "p 9 ! pilgrimage4 ,he has f\nd a /one ?us inscrib$3 ,"h lye? ! body ( ,m>y1 ! wife ( ,john ,smi?3 %e di$ ,m>* #ag?1 #agee1 ag$ #eh ye>s4 ,"h lye? ,m>y1 nev] 0 contr>y ,to me nor h] neighb\rs ar\nd h]2 ,l ,turtle & ,dove we liv$ 9 love1 ,& ,i left h] :]e ,i may f9d h]4 ,also ,john ,smi?1 husb& ( ! above4 7,date sunk und]gr\nd47 ,a %ort walk ?r\gh ! village & by ! ,cray ,riv] br+s u to ! *ur* ( ,/4 ,m>y ,cray1 :]e ,i secure a new species1 9 :i* ,dea? is d\bly symboliz$ by ! n infrequ5t scy! & possibly also by ! pi]c$ he>t4 ,! latt] might ref] to ! b]eav$ survivor1 b1 be+ a-flame1 seems to l5d itself m feasibly to ! idea ( ! immortal s\l4 ,! trumpet & ! op5+ c(f9 indicate p]adv5ture ! resurrection4 ,,fig4 #ff4--;,,at ,,/4 ,,m>y ,,cray4 ,to ,?omas ,abbott1 di$ ,may #ba1 #aggc1 ag$ #ge ye>s4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ff4 ,,/4 ,,m>y ,,cray4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #fg4 ,,/4 ,,paul',s ,,cray4 ,only a %ort di/ance f>!r1 = ! *ur*es are small1 we rea* ,/4 ,paul's ,cray1 ! burial-gr\nd ( :i* %ews t ! =ego+ allegory 0 imm$iately duplicat$1 app>5tly by ano!r h&1 ) j a little v>iation to r$eem ! piracy4 ,! c(f9 is q op5$ & empty1 in/ead ( be+ slightly op5 & t5ant$1 :i* is almo/ ! only diff]5ce betwe5 ! ,may & ! ,septemb] "w4 ,,fig4 #fg4--;,,at ,,/4 ,,paul',s ,,cray4 ,to ,john ,busbey1 di$ #a/ ,sept'r #aggc1 ag$ #gj ye>s4 ,foot's ,cray is a good long /ep beyond & does n yield mu* pr(it1 b ,i select ! mo/ novel specim51 :i* is a comb9ation ( ord9>y emblems1 ) little attempt at symmetry1 or ev5 arrangem5t1 o!r ?an ! awkw>d juxtaposition ( ! *]ub9s' inn] w+s4 ,,fig4 #fh4--;,,at ,,foot',s ,,cray4 ,to ,elizabe? ,wood1 di$ ,febru>y #h1 #agce-f1 ag$ #eh ye>s4 ,! *ur*y>d at ,nor? ,cray add$ no?+ at all to my collection4 ,?is 0 ! only blank drawn t day1 b a beautifully kept gr\nd surr\nd+ a delightful *ur* well repaid ! visit4 ,a call at ,old ,bexley ,*ur* complet$ ! day's "w1 & gave me "o ( ! few sket*es belong+ to ! n9ete5? c5tury :i* ,i h made4 ,,fig4 #fi4--;,,at ,,old ,,bexley4 ,to ,susannah1 wife ( ,h5ry ,humphrey1 di$ #bf? ,decemb] #ahje1 ag$ #eg ye>s4 ,! an*or /&s = ,hope1 ! drap$ urn signifies m\rn+ = ! dead1 & ! figure read+ ! ,holy ,book sugge/s consolation4 ,f ,bexley ,*ur* to ! railway /ation 0 b a brief space4 ,! day's tramp 0 end$4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #fh4 ,,foot',s ,,cray4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #fi4 ,,bexley4 ,,*apt] ,,vi4 ,,m ,,typical ,,tramps4 ,h[ f> c\nty divisions might affect ! e>ly fa%ions 9 grave/ones 0 "o ( my fir/ que/ions1 &1 hav+ se5 mu* ( ,k5t1 "t 0 soon f\nd = a scamp] ?r\gh ! c\ntry bord]+ ,epp+ ,=e/ & along ! backbone ( ,essex4 ,at ,b>k+1 j )9 ! old ,abbey gate1 ,i came ^u an enigmatical illu/ration4 ,,fig4 #gj4--;,,at ,,b>k+4 ,inscription illegible4 ,date appe>s to be #agei4 ,! signification ( ! f\r balls ,i am unable to sugge/1 unless !y be connect$ 9 "s way ) ! planet>y sy/em & po9t man's insignificance4 ,!y appe> to emanate f a cl\d re/+ ^u ! h\r-glass1 & may help ! o!r emblems 9 symboliz+ "t & et]nity4 ,! nick]+ c&le is also ( d\btful int]pretation4 ,x may mean ! brevity ( life2 x c h>dly be ne$$1 9 ! pres5ce ( ! skull1 to indicate dea?4 ,! c&le is sometimes employ$ alone1 occasionally ext+ui%$4 ,at ,woolwi* !re is an in/ance 9 :i* ! c&le is 9 ! act ( be+ put out4 ,,fig4 #ga4--;,,at ,,woolwi*4 ,to ,si/on ,*ampion1 di$ #bg? ,feb4 #agdi-ej 7a few days aft] ! bir? ( h] *ild71 ag$ #bh ye>s4 ,! c&le is inde$ commonly us$ z a simile ( life's unc]ta9ty 9 all c\ntries1 & x may be t :]e x is repres5t$ 9 a /ate ( burn+ x may be meant z a lesson on ! numb] ( our days4 ,x is se5 ) ! skulls 9 ! *ur*y>d ( ,/4 ,ni*olas1 ,dept=d1 & o!r places4 ,,fig4 #gb4--;,,at ,,dept=d4 ,to ,william ,fir?1 di$ #agbd1 ag$ #ba ye>s4 ,9 ,we/ ,ham ,*ur*y>d may be se5 ! figure ( ! kiss+ *]ubs r prettily r5d]$1 b to be f\nd 9 v>i\s =ms 9 _m places1 & always expressive ( affection4 ,,fig4 #gc4--;,,at ,,we/ ,,ham4 ,to ,s>ah ,moore1 di$ #agdi4 ,wan/ead ,*ur*y>d is rem>kable = ! abundance & orig9ality ( its old grave/ones4 ,"h is "o 7,fig4 #gd7 :i* c>ries m di/9ctly ! fanciful idea sugge/$ at ,we/ ,ham 7page #cd1 ,fig4 #fc72 fl[]s & foliage1 & ev5 fruit1 comb9+ ) ! l[]$ tor* & summon+ trumpet to tell ( life beyond ! grave4 ,,fig4 #gd4--;,,at ,,wan/ead4 ,to ,william ,bosely1 di$ #agab1 ag$ #gi4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #gj4 ,,b>k+4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ga4 ,,woolwi*4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #gb4 ,,dept=d4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #gc4 ,,we/ ,,ham4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #gd4 ,,wan/ead4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ge4 ,,wan/ead4 ,!re are sev]al o!r v>iations ( ! same symbol 9 ! elegant enclosure at ,wan/ead ,*ur*2 b ! mo/ rem>kable ( ! old /ones is "o :i* has at ! top corn]s two project+ skulls1 ! "o fac+ ne>ly to ! front & ! o!r 9 pr(ile1 bo? /&+ out 9 full relief1 c>efully & accurately sculptur$1 b too gha/ly to be beautiful4 ,?is "o1 ! ,ri*mond example1 & ! two at ,ripley con/itute my entire exp]i5ce ( full relief "w on a m]e grave/one4 ,,fig4 #ge4--;,,at ,,wan/ead4 ,to ,william ,swan1 di$ #agae1 ag$ #af ye>s4 ,o!r *ur*y>ds 9 ! locality we f\nd less fruitful1 & tak+ rail to ,buckhur/ ,hill1 we /ruck across ,epp+ ,=e/ to ,*+=d1 also )\t pr(it1 & walk$ on to ,wal?am/[1 :]e ano!r ( ! enfoliat$ dea?'s-head pictures 0 f\nd2 ! novelty be+ two skulls ) ivy sprays1 symbolical ( ev]gre5 recollections4 ,,fig4 #gf4--;,,at ,,wal?am/[4 ,to ,jane ,r$f]n1 di$ #agcd1 ag$ #eb ye>s1 ,9 ! ,broxb\rne example on ! same ,plate 7,fig4 #gg7 bran*es ( oak1 be>+ leaves & acorns1 are us$ ) good decorative effect on ei!r side ( a por* 9 :i* is seat$ a m\rn+ figure1 b ,i _c und]take to expla9 ! symbolical significance ( ! oak 9 sepul*ral masonry4 ,,fig4 #gg4--;,,at ,,broxb\rne4 ,to ,mrs ,r[e1 wid[1 di$ #f ,may #agih4 ,my excursions into ,essex h be5 too limit$ 9 scope to trace or te/ peculi>ities 9 t c\nty1 b ,i h f\nd by obs]vation 9 a numb] ( c\nties t1 al?\gh !re are occasional evid5ces ( local inv5tion1 or at lea/ ( local modification1 9 c]ta9 di/ricts1 ! same set ( types :i* prevails 9 "o c\nty s]ves pretty well = all ! re/4 ,x is well !re=e to gu>d aga9/ disappo9tm5t4 ,pilgrimages l ours1 hav+ = _! real purpose heal?y ex]cise & physical enjoym5t1 are n to be c\nt$ failures :5 _! o/5sible err& seems to h borne no result4 ,x is necess>y = ! pilgrim to be arm$ ) "s su* reflection z ?is aga9/ ! %afts ( discomfiture4 ,!re h be5 occasions :51 at ! close ( ! day1 consci\s z ,i might be ( ! pleasant h\rs pa/1 ! fre%5$ bra9 & ! body re9vigorat$1 ,i h yet covet\sly m\rn$ ! scanty & valueless additions to my note-book4 ,o!r pilgrims may !re=e take w>n+1 be prep>$ = blank days 9 b>r5 cov]ts1 & sully n _! satisfaction ) regrets4 ,b x w be a blank day inde$ :i* does n c>ry its pleasures ) x & /ore ! m9d ) happy recollections4 ,"o walk on a w9t]'s day ov] ! hills f ,high ,b>net to ,edgw>e ,i reckon$ sadly unproductive ( ! special novelties ,i s\ght1 b x af=d$ me ! contemplation ( "s l&scapes :i* ,i c nev] =get1 & x pr9t$ on my bra9 a little papi]-ma*-l *ur* at ,tott]idge :i* 0 wor? go+ miles to see4 ,bett] =tune next "t %\ld be ! beacon ( ! g5tle tramp4 ,! long jaunt ,i _h f ,*igwell ,lane ,/ation ?r\gh ! pretty b unpopul\s c\ntry we/ ( ,!ydon ,bois1 unev5tful z x 01 made an ineffaceable m>k on my memory4 ,i picture n[ ! long & solit>y walk across fields & woodl&s1 ) nev] a s\l to tell ! way = miles & miles1 cross+ & recross+ ! w9d+ ,rod51 />tl+ ! p>tridges f ! turnips1 & surpris+1 at "s sudd5 b5d 9 ! footpa?1 ! rabbits at _! play4 ,x is n )\t excitem5t to /e] "o's c\rse ov] unkn[n & =sak5 gr\nd by *>t & compass4 ,^! ne$ful guides !n prove _! value1 & 9 a hilly c\ntry an altitude-b>omet] is a fri5d n to be despis$4 ,x is n )\t "s pride 9 "o's self-reliance to f9d "o's self five miles f a railway /ation1 z ,i did at ,/aple=d ,abbotts2 &1 ?\gh my special que/ 0 all 9 va9 at sev]al halt+-places t day1 ,i met ) a ,norman doorway at ,lamb\rn ,*ur* :i* ar*aeologi/s w\ld call a dream1 ! axe-"w ( ! old masons z clean cut & z p]fect z ?\gh x _h be5 done la/ week2 & 9 tak+ a ne> cut at a guess across c\ntry = ,/aple=d ,tawney ,i m9d me t ,i lo/ my way1 or ?\ght ,i _h1 b ! m>9]'s ne$le 0 true1 & em]g+ 9 a gre5 av5ue ,i saw be=e me a f+]-po/ m>k$ ,to ,tawney ,*ur*4 ,i took (f my hat & respectfully salut$ t f+]-po/1 & 0 soon 9 ! *ur*y>d1 :]e ,i haply light$ ^u "o ( ! gems ( my collection1 ! head/one sculpture ( ,! ,good ,sam>itan4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #gf4 ,,wal?am/[4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #gg4 ,,broxb\rne4 ,,fig4 #gh4--;,,at ,,/aple=d ,,tawney4 ,to ,ri*>d ,wright1 di$ #c;d ,m>* #agha1 ag$ #gf ye>s4 ,i h1 h[ev]1 an e>li] /udy ( ! same subject f ! *ur*y>d at ,%orne ,village1 ne> ,graves5d1 :i*1 is "h giv5 = comp>ison1 & ,i h se5 two o!rs at ,cranbrook4 ,!y all h "s features alike1 b !re are diff]5ces 9 ! treatm5t ( details 9 ea* case4 ,,fig4 #gi4--;,,at ,,%orne4 ,to ,m>y ,layton1 di$ ,jan4 #ab1 #agfj2 ,joseph ,layton1 di$ ,may #ba1 #ageg2 & ,w4 ,holmes1 di$ ,aug4 #bf1 #ageb4 ,! /one at ,%orne be+ close to ! *ur* door is well kn[n to ! villag]s1 by :om x is reg>d$ z a curiosity4 ,! s*oolma/] 0 good en\gh to give me a photograph f :i* my sket* is made4 ,b su* r>ities are seldom e/eem$ by1 or ev5 kn[n to1 ! inhabitants ( a place1 & are pass$ by )\t he$ by ! con/ant congregation ( ! *ur*4 ,at ,/aple=d ,tawney1 j nam$1 a native1 ! fir/ ,i _h se5 = a mile or two1 /opp$ at ! unwont$ sight ( a /rang] sket*+ 9 ! *ur*y>d1 & ,i consult$ him z to application ( ! p>able ( ! ,good ,sam>itan 9 ! case "u notice4 ,8 reply 0 t1 ?\gh he _h liv$ !re man & boy = fifty ye>1 he _h nev] see'd ! ?+ a=e4 ,he condesc5d$1 h[ev]1 to take an int]e/ 9 my explanations1 & seem$ to realize t x 0 wor? :ile to seek = objects ( int]e/ ev5 9 a *ur*y>d4 ,?is 0 decid$ly bett] ?an ! behavi\r on ano!r occasion ( two ru/ics at ,s\?fleet4 ,!y _h pass$ my fri5d jott+ d[n an epitaph1 & ! turn ( a corn] reveal$ me sket*+ a tomb/one1 :5 "o to ! o!r exclaim$1 ,l& sikes1 ,bill1 if 'ere a9't ano!r on em6 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #gh4 ,,/aple=d ,,tawney4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #gi4 ,,%orne4 ,,*apt] ,,vii4 ,,e>li] ,,grave/ones4 ,al?\gh memorials ( ! dead 9 "o %ape or ano!r h app>5tly exi/$ 9 all eras ( e?nological hi/ory1 x w\ld seem t ! upright grave/one ( our burial-gr\nds has _h a comp>atively brief exi/5ce ( b a few hundr$ ye>s4 ,?is1 h[ev]1 is m]ely an inf]5ce bas$ on pres5t evid5ces1 & x may be errone\s4 ,b !y _c h exi/$ 9 ! prec9cts ( ! e>ly ,*ri/ian *ur*es ( ?is c\ntry1 because ! *ur*es _h no *ur*y>ds = sev]al c5turies4 ,! ,romans introduc$ into ,brita9 _! ,law ( ! ,t5 ,tables1 by :i* x 0 orda9$ t all burn+s or burials %\ld be beyond ! city1#c & ! sy/em cont9u$ to prevail long aft] ! ,roman evacuation4 ,x 0 n until ,a4,d4 #gdb t ,cu?b]t1 elev5? ,ar*bi%op ( ,cant]bury1 br\ght f ,rome ! new] cu/om ( bury+ ar\nd ! *ur*es1 & 0 grant$ a ,papal disp5sation = ! practice4 ,! *ur*y>ds ev5 !n 7 n enclos$1 b x 0 usual to m>k _! sacr$ "* by erect+ /one crosses1 _m ( :i*1 or _! rema9s1 are /ill 9 exi/5ce4 ,yet x 0 a long "t be=e *ur*y>d int]m5ts became g5]al1 ! inhabitants cl++ to ! ,pagan habit ( indiscrim9ate burial 9 _! accu/om$ places4 ,we he> no?+ ( head/ones 9 ! e>ly days ( ,*ri/ianity1 b !re are occasionally f\nd 9 c]ta9 localities inscrib$ /ones :i* be> ! appe>ance ( rude memorials1 & ^! h be5 reg>d$ z relics ( our ,national ,*ur* 9 its primitive /ate4 ,x is also sugge/$ t ^! /ones may be ( ,druidical orig91 b !re is no?+ to support ! !ory4 ,among ! aborig9al ,britons ! cu/om ( simple inhumation 0 probably preval5t1 b !re are n want+ evid5ces 9 support ( ! belief t cremation also 0 sometimes practis$ 9 prehi/oric times4 ,an in/ance ( e>ly int]m5t 0 discov]$ 9 a tumulus at ,gu/horp1 ne> ,sc>bor\gh1 9 #ahcd4 ,9 a rude c(f9 scoop$ out ( ! trunk ( an oak-tree lay a human skeleton1 :i* _h be5 wrapp$ or clo!d 9 ! sk9 ( "s wild animal1 fa/5$ at ! brea/ ) a p9 or skew] ( wood4 ,9 ! c(f9 7 also a bronze spe>head & sev]al weapons ( fl9t--facts :i* all g to e/abli% a remote date4 ,! abs5ce ( pott]y is also indicative ( a v e>ly p]iod4 ,reg>d+ ! sk9s1 h[ev]1 x may be rem>k$ t ,cs> says ( ! ,britons1 :5 he invad$ ! isl&1 t ! great] "p )9 ! c\ntry g clad 9 sk9s4 ,footnote #c3 ,! anci5t ,jewi% burial-gr\nd _h to be no less ?an #bjjj cubits 7or ab\t a mile7 f ! ,levitical city4 ,*ri/ian burials1 z we h se51 _c be dat$ 9 ,engl& e>li] ?an ! eigh? c5tury1 & monum5ts at ! grave may h possibly orig9at$ ab\t ! same p]iod1 b !re is no?+ :atev] to su/a9 su* a belief1 & we _c assign ! e>lie/ ( exi/+ memorials to a "t prior to ! elev5? c5tury4 ,inde$ x is v significant to f9d t ! tombs )9 ! *ur*es are only a trifle old] ?an ! grave/ones outside1 sc>cely any ( !m be+ antec$5t to ! sixte5? c5tury4 ,z burials inside *ur*es 7 n p]mitt$ until long aft] ! *ur*y>ds 7 us$ = ! purpose1#d x is inde$ possible t no memorials 7 plac$ 9 ! edifice until ,tudor days2 b ?is is sc>cely feasible1 & ! m probable explanation is t all ! e>li] ones h disappe>$4 ,^? :i* c boa/ an antiquity great] ?an t ( ! common grave/one are v few inde$4 ,x might h be5 suppos$ t ! sculptur$ %r9e "u ! ro( ( ! sanctu>y1 rev]5tly t5d$ & jeal\sly wat*$1 might h /ood = a ?\s& ye>s1 :ile ! poor grave/one out 9 ! *ur*y>d1 expos$ to all wea!rs & _m k9ds ( dang]1 w\ld wa/e away or meet ) "o ( ! ord9>y fates :i* att5d ill-usage1 indiff]5ce1 or neglect4 ,?is inde$ has happ5$ 9 a multitude ( places4 ,:o has n se5 9 anci5t *ur*y>ds ! head/ones lean+ ?is way & t1 tott]+ to _! fall8 ,are !re n hundr$s ( pro(s t ! unclaim$ /ones h be5 us$1 & /ill s]ve1 = ! floors ( ! *ur*es1 & actually = ! pav+ ( ! *ur*y>d pa?s8 ,x 0 n ?\ght /range1 ev5 )9 ! memory ( ! pres5t g5]ation1 to adv]tise = own]s ( old graves1 ) an intimation t on a c]ta9 date ! /ones w\ld be remov$2 & va/ numb]s ( !m 7 ?us got rid (--brok5 up p]haps to m5d ! roads4 ,b /ill great] p]ils h be5 surviv$ by ! e>li] ( ^? memorials :i* rema9 to u1 bo? )\t & )9 ! *ur*es4 ,! dissolution ( ! ,papal p[] 9 ,great ,brita9 0 ! cause ( "o ( ^! haz>ds2 =1 t[>ds ! latt] end ( ,h5ry ,,viii4's reign1 likewise dur+ ! reign ( ,edw>d ,,vi41 & aga9 9 ! beg9n+ ( ,elizabe?'s1 commission]s 9 e c\nty 7 ve/$ ) au?ority to de/roy all grav5 images & ev]y?+ :i* seem$ to sav\r ( idolatry & sup]/ition4 ,"u col\r ( ?is ord]1 ^! p]sons1 & ^? :o sympa?iz$ 9 _! "w1 gave v5t to _! zeal 9 _m excesses1 batt]+ d[n & break+ up ev]y?+ ( an ornam5tal or sculptur$ "*1 includ+ tombs & ev5 ! /a9$ w9d[s4 ,moreov] we are told by ,weev]#e t ! commission 0 made ! excuse = digg+ up c(f9s 9 ! hope ( f9d+ treasure4 ,elizabe? soon p]ceiv$ ! evil t 0 be+ done by ! b>b>\s rage & gre$9ess ( h] subjects1 & issu$ a proclamation "u h] own h& re/ra9+ all ignorant1 malici\s1 & covet\s p]sons f break+ & defac+ any monum5t1 tomb1 or grave1 "u p5alty ( f9e or imprisonm5t4 ,?is *eck$1 b did n :olly cure1 ! mis*ief2 &1 al?\gh 9 h] f\rte5? ye> ( sov]eignty %e issu$ ano!r & /]n] edict on ! subject1 ! havoc 0 p]petuat$ *iefly by a sect or p>ty :om ,weev] describes z a contagi\s brood ( scismaticks1 ^: object 0 n only to rob ! *ur*es1 b to level !m ) ! gr\nd1 z places pollut$ by all ! abom9ations ( ,babylon4 ,^! p 7 v>i\sly kn[n z ,br[ni/s1 ,b>r[i/s1 ,m>t9i/s1 ,prophesy]s1 ,solisidians1 ,fameli/s1 ,rigid ,precisians1 ,discipl9>ians1 & ,judaical ,?raski/s4 ,"s :o ov]/epp$ ! m>k paid ! p5alty ) _! lives4 ,"o man1 nam$ ,ha*et1 n cont5t ) de/roy+ grave/ones & /atu>y1 ?ru/ an iron weapon ?r\gh a picture ( ! ,que51 & he 0 hang$ & qu>t]$4 ,ano!r1 ,john ,p5ry1 a ,wel%man1 0 execut$ 9 #aeic1 & ( him 0 writt53 ,! ,wel%man is hang$ ,:o at our kirke flang$ ,& at h] /ate bang$1 ,& br5$ are 8 buks4 ,& ?\gh he be hang$ ,yet he is n wrang$1 ,! de'ul has him fang$ ,9 8 kruk$ kluks4 ,footnote #d3 ,! unheal?y practice ( us+ *ur*es = ?is purpose 0 cont9u$ "s way into ! n9ete5? c5tury4 ,! /ill m objectionable plan ( deposit+ c(f9s conta9+ ! dead 9 vaults "u *ur*es /ill l+]s on4 ,9 #ahge ,i att5d$ ! fun]al 7s-call$7 ( a public man1 ^: c(f9 0 borne into ! vaults ( a t[n *ur*1 & left !re1 ) scores ( o!rs pil$ 9 heaps 9 recesses :i* look$ l w9e-cell>s4 ,n "o ( ! _m m\rn]s :o %>$ 9 t exp]i5ce fail$ to feel horrifi$ at ! ?\ght ( su* a fate4 ,"s ( ! old c(f9s 7 tumbl+ to pieces1 & ! od\r ( ! place 0 beyond description4 ,9 ! words ( ,edmund ,burke3 ,i w\ld r sleep 9 ! s\!rn corn] ( a c\ntry *ur*y>d ?an 9 ! tomb ( ! ,capulets4 ,footnote #e3 ,weev]'s ,fun]al ,monum5ts1 ,a4,d4 #afca4 ,& !re 0 a dang] to be enc\nt]$ f> lat] ?an t :i* 0 due to ! anti-,pop]y zealots ( ! ,tudor dyna/y4 ,on ! introduction ( ! ,commonweal? !re arose su* a crusade aga9/ all =ms & emblems ( doctr9al import z to affect n only ! ornam5ts ( ! *ur*es1 b ! grave/ones 9 ! *ur*y>ds1 _m ( :i* 7 remov$ & put to o!r uses or sold4 ,! ,puritans1 z is well kn[n1 w5t to ! extremity ( aboli%+ all c]emony :atev] at ! ,burial ( ! ,dead4#f ,! beautiful ,s]vice 9 ! ,book ( ,common ,pray]1 n[ us$ m or less by all ! ,re=m$ ,*ri/ian d5om9ations ( ,engl&1 0 aboli%$ by ,p>liam5t 9 #afde--t & ! ,pray] ,book toge!r at "o /roke4 ,9 lieu ( ! ,pray] ,book a ,directory 0 issu$ on ! conduct ( public wor%ip1 9 :i* x 0 said3 ,footnote #f3 ,!re does n appe> to h be5 any =m ( pray] = ! dead prior to ! issue ( ,gaskell's ,prym] 9 #adjj4 ,! ,s]vice n[ 9 use dates f #afaa4 ,conc]n+ ,burial ( ! ,dead1 all cu/oms ( pray+1 read+1 & s++1 bo? 9 go+ to or f ! grave1 are said to h be5 greatly abus$4 ,! simple direction is !re=e giv51 t :5 any p]son dep>te? ?is life1 let ! body ^u ! day ( burial be dec5tly att5d$ f ! h\se to ! place appo9t$ = public burial1 & !re imm$iately int]r$ )\t any c]emony4 ,p5alties 7 at ! same "t impos$ = us+ ! ,book ( ,common ,pray] 9 any place ( wor%ip or 9 any private family )9 ! k+dom--! f9e be+ #e = a fir/ (f5ce1 #aj = a second1 & a ye>'s imprisonm5t = ! ?ird4 ,! ,puritans1 h[ev]1 are to be ?ank$ = /opp+ ! !n common practice ( hold+ wakes & fairs 9 ! *ur*y>ds--a practice traceable no d\bt to ! celebration ( ,sa9ts' ,days 9 ! *ur*es1 & = t reason suppress$ z remnants ( ,pop]y 9 #afbg-ca4 ,x ne$ n be said t ! ,burial ,s]vice & ! ,pray] ,book came back ) ! ,re/oration1 b ! discont9uance ( fairs 9 *ur*y>ds seems to h be5 p]man5t4 ,_m in/ances1 h[ev]1 h occurr$ 9 lat] ye>s ( desecration by pa/ur+ cattle 9 ! *ur*y>ds1#g & (f5ces ( ?is nature h be5 s rec5t t ! practice _c be said ) confid5ce to h ev5 n[ entirely ceas$4 ,b we return to ! grave/ones4 ,footnote #g3 ,at ! ,ar*bi%op's ,c\rt at ,col*e/] 9 #aedj x 0 report$ t at a c]ta9 *ur* ! hogs root up ! graves & bea/s lie 9 ! por*4 ,f "o cause or ano!r x is pretty c]ta9 t = e old grave/one n[ to be se5 tw5ty or m h disappe>$4 ,9 ,g\gh's ,sepul*ral ,monum5ts ( ,great ,brita9 _m in/ances are giv5 ( ! wanton & :olesale de/ruction ( *ur* & *ur*y>d memorials1 ev5 late 9 ! eighte5? c5tury4 ,9 "s cases ! *ur* (fic]s1 z already /at$1 gave public notice prior to removal ( grave/ones1 9 ord] t p]sons claim+ an int]e/ 9 ! rema9s might repair & re/ore !m2 b m frequ5tly ! /ones 7 cle>$ away & de/roy$1 or put some:]e out ( sight )\t obs]vation4 ,sometimes ?is 0 ! act ( ! ,rector2 at o!r times individuals1 ex]cis+ rights ( own]%ip1 h done ! disgraceful "w1 & occasionally ! :ole ( ! p>i%ion]s h be5 implicat$4 ,g\gh says t ! inhabitants ( ,le!r+ham 9 ,suffolk1 be+ "u ! necessity ( putt+ _! *ur* into dec5t ord]1 *ose to rebuild x1 & sold ! :ole fabric1 monum5ts & all1 to ! build+ contractor1 :o beat ! /ones to p[d]1 & sold z mu* at ?ree %ill+s a p\nd = t]race 787 z came to eighty gu9eas4 ,a portion ( ! fragm5ts 0 rescu$ by ! ,rev4 ,mr4 ,clubbe1 & erect$ 9 =m ( a pyramid 9 ! vic>age g>d5 ( ,br&e/on1 9 ! same c\nty1 ) ?is inscription3 ,transcrib]'s note3 ! foll[+ is enclos$ 9 a n>r[ bord] ,indignant ,read]6 ,^! monum5tal rema9s are n1 z ?\ maye/ suppose1 ! ,ru9s ( ,"t1 ,b 7 de/roy$ 9 an ,irruption ( ! ,go?s ,s late 9 ! ,*ri/ian era z #aghi4 ,cr$ite ,po/]i6 ,,*apt] ,,viii4 ,,re=m ,,among ,,! ,,grave/ones4 ,t ! /ate ( ! old *ur*y>ds 9 ?is c\ntry1 d[n to ! middle ( ! n9ete5? c5tury1 0 a public sc&al & disgrace1 is a rem>k :i* applies especially to ,london1 :]e burial-gr\nds1 pack$ full ( human rema9s1 7 /ill made available = int]m5ts on a l>ge scale until #ahej or lat]4 ,! fact 0 ! m discr$itable 9 contra/ ) ! kn[n example ( ,p>is1 :i* _h1 z e>ly z #agfe1 clos$ all ! city gravey>ds1 & e/abli%$ cemet]ies beyond ! suburbs4 ,"o ( ! laws pass$ at ! same "t by ! ,p>liam5t ( ,p>is direct$ t ! graves 9 ! cemet]ies %\ld n be m>k$ ) /ones1 & t all epitaphs & inscriptions %\ld be plac$ on ! walls1 a regulation :i* appe>s to h be5 greatly hon\r$ 9 ! brea*4 ,9 #aggf ,l\is ,,xvi41 recogniz+ ! b5efit :i* ,p>is _h d]iv$ f ! city decree1 prohibit$ gravey>ds 9 all ! cities & t[ns ( ,france1 & r5d]$ unlawful int]m5ts 9 *ur*es & *apels2 & 9 #agij ! ,national ,assembly pass$ an ,act comm&+ t all ! old burial-gr\nds1 ev5 9 ! villages1 %\ld be clos$1 & o!rs provid$ at a di/ance f habitations4#h ,o!r ,/ates ( ,europe took patt]n by ^! enlight5$ proce$+s1 & ,am]ica 0 n sl[ 9 mak+ laws ^u ! subject2 b ,great ,brita91 & its wor/ (f5d]1 ,london1 w5t on 9 ! old way1 )\t let or h9drance1 until #ahej1 ,= fifte5 ye>s prior to t date !re _h be5 9 progress an agitation aga9/ ! exi/+ ord] ( ?+s1 l$ by ,dr4 ,g4,a4 ,walk]1 a ,drury ,lane surgeon1 liv+ 9 a v ne/ ( *ur*y>d fev]s1 :o wrote a book & sev]al pamphlets1 deliv]$ public lectures1 & rais$ a discussion 9 ! public press4 ,! ,london ,city ,corporation petition$ ,p>liam5t 9 #ahdb = ! abolition ( burials )9 ! ,city1 & a ,select ,committee ( ! ,h\se ( ,commons 0 at once entru/$ ) an enquiry on ! subject4 ,footnote #h3 ,9 ,france 9 #aghb-c1 9 ord] to *eck ! pe/il5ce1 ! rema9s ( m ?an six millions ( p 7 dis9t]r$ f ! urban *ur*y>ds & reburi$ f> away f ! dwell+-places4 ,! ,cemet]y ( ,pre la ,*aise 0 a lat] creation1 hav+ be5 consecrat$ 9 #ahjd4 ,! foll[+ 7 ! (ficial figures %ew+ ! burials 9 ! ,london di/rict#i f #agda to #ahcg1 & x 0 ass]t$ t _m surreptiti\s int]m5ts 7 unrecord$3 ,f #agda to #agfe #ehh1ebc #agff to #agib #fje1hcb #agic to #ahac #djb1eie #ahad to #ahcg #ejh1afb ,total #b1aje1aab ,9 ! same ye> 7#ahdb7 a ,export 0 pres5t$ to ,p>liam5t by ! ,select ,committee on ,! ,improvem5t ( ! ,heal? ( ,t[ns1 & especially on ,! ,effect ( ! ,int]m5t ( ,bodies 9 ,t[ns4 ,its purport may be summ$ up 9 ! foll[+ quotation3 ,! evid5ce 444 gives a loa?some picture ( ! unseemly & demoraliz+ practices :i* result f ! cr[d$ condition ( ! exi/+ gravey>ds--practices :i* c\ld sc>cely h be5 ?\ght possible 9 ! pres5t /ate ( society4444 ,we _c arrive at any o!r conclusion ?an t ! nuisance ( int]m5ts 9 great t[ns & ! injury aris+ to ! heal? ( ! community are fully prov$4 ,footnote #i3 ,london 0 mu* increas$ 9 area by ! pass+ ( ,sir ,b5jam9 ,hall's ,metropolis ,local ,managem5t ,act ( #ahdi4 ,among ! witnesses exam9$ 7 ,sir ,b5jam9 ,brodie & ,dr4 ,g4,r4 ,williams4 ,9 #ahdf a ,bill 0 prep>$ to deal ) ! matt]1 b x 0 n until #ahej t an ,act 0 pass$ ,to make bett] provision = ! ,int]m5t ( ! ,dead 9 & ne> ! ,metropolis4 ,p[]s 7 conf]r$ ^u ! ,g5]al ,bo>d ( ,heal? to e/abli% cemet]ies or enl>ge burial-gr\nds1 & an ,ord] 9 ,c\ncil 0 made suffici5t = clos+ any ( ! old *ur*y>ds ei!r :olly or ) exceptions to be /ipulat$ 9 ! ord]4 ,"o mon?'s notice 0 all t 0 ne$$ to set ! ,act 9 op]ation1 & 9 urg5t cases sev5 days2 b x 0 f\nd necess>y 9 #ahea to pass ano!r ,act = ! purpose ( rais+ funds2 & 9 #aheb a m /r+5t ,act 0 put ^u ! ,/atute ,book to deal summ>ily ) ! *ur*y>ds4 ,?is 01 9 ! ! foll[+ session1 ext5d$ to ,engl& & ,wales1 ! ,g5]al ,bo>d ( ,heal? hav+ report$ /rongly 9 fav\r ( a s*eme = ,extra-mural ,sepulture 9 ! c\ntry t[ns1 decl>+ t ! gravey>ds ( ^! places 7 9 no bett] condition ?an ^? ( ,london4 ,consequ5tly1 9 ! ye>s :i* foll[$ #ahej1 a g5]al clos+ ( *ur*y>ds took place ?r\gh\t ! ,metropolis1 & to a less] ext5t ?r\gh\t ! k+dom1 & an active crusade aga9/ all simil> burial-gr\nds 0 in/itut$1 :i* may be said to be /ill 9 op]ation4 ,! sub/itution ( new cemet]ies 9 remote & mo/ly picturesque places 0 ( imm$iate advantage 9 _m ways1 b x did little or no?+ to rem$y ! dilapidat$ appe>ance ( ! old gravey>ds1 :i* inde$1 n[ t !y br\ght 9 no rev5ues1 became 9 _m cases pa9fully neglect$1 deject$1 & =lorn4 ,happily1 9 #ahhc1 ! ,metropolitan ,public ,g>d5s ,association 0 e/abli%$1 & its influ5ce has be5 v m>k$ 9 ! improvem5t ( ! old enclosures & _! conv]sion into recreation gr\nds4 ,! ,metropolitan ,bo>d ( ,works1 ! ,london ,c\nty ,c\ncil1 ! ,city ,corporation1 public ve/ries1 & private p]sons1 h %>$ 9 ! good "w1 b ! *ief in/rum5t has be5 ! ,public ,g>d5s ,association4 ,( old burial-gr\nds n[ op5 z public g>d5s 9 ! ,london di/rict !re are m ?an a hundr$4 ,c>e is always tak5 to pres]ve ! sacr$ soil f pr(ane uses1 games be+ prohibit$1 & ! improvem5ts conf9$ to pa?s & seats1 levell+ ! gr\nd & plant+ ) trees & fl[]s4 ,! grave/ones1 ?\gh remov$ to ! sides ( ! enclosure1 are numb]$ & s*$ul$1 & all 9 :i* any liv+ p]son c claim an int]e/ are left unt\*$4 ,no /ones are ev] de/roy$ 9 ! process ( re=mation1 b previ\s ill-usage & natural decay h r5d]$ v _m ( !m illegible1 & 9 ano!r c5tury or s all ^! once fond memorials w probably h become blank & mute4 ,to ! middle ( ! n9ete5? c5tury may also be assign$ ! *ange :i* we n[ see 9 ! "* ( our grave/ones4 ,q 9 ! beg9n+ ( ! c5tury ! vulg> & grotesque c>v+s & ,scriptural b>b>isms ( ! eighte5? c5tury _h giv5 place to a simple =m ( memorial 9 :i* x 0 r>e to f9d ! lea/ ef=t at ornam5t2 b1 z soon z ! ,burial ,acts 7 pass$ & ! old *ur*y>ds 7 succe$$ by ! new cemet]ies1 ! ta/eful & elegant designs :i* are to be se5 9 e mod]n burial-gr\nd 7 introduc$1 f\nd$ 9 great measure ^u ! arti/ic draw+s ( ,mr4 ,d4,a4 ,cl>kson1 ^: manifold sugge/ions1 publi%$ 9 #aheb1 are /ill held 9 ! highe/ admiration4 ,,*apt] ,,ix4 ,,pres]v+ ,,! ,,grave/ones4 ,mank9d 9 all ages & 9 all places has recogniz$ ! sanctity ( ! burial-place4 ,among ! ,new ,zeal&]s1 :5 !y 7 fir/ reveal$ to ,europeans z savages1 ! place ( int]m5t 0 tapu1 or holy4 ,! wild & w>like ,afghani/ans h also a pr(\nd rev]5ce = _! burial-gr\nds1 :i* !y speak ( expressively z cities ( ! sil5t4 ,among ! ,turks ! utmo/ possible respect is paid to ! re/+-places ( ! dead1 & n[h]e1 p]haps 7says ,mrs4 ,/one 9 ,god's ,acre71 are ! burial-places s beautiful4 ,! great & increas+ size ( ,turki% cemet]ies is due to ! repugnance ( ! p to di/urb+ ! soil :]e once a body has be5 laid4 ,! ,*9ese & ! inhabitants ( ! ,sunda ,isles 7says ! au?ority j quot$7 seem to vie ) ea* o!r 9 ! rev]5ce ) :i* !y reg>d ! burial-places ( _! ance/ors1 :i* almo/ inv>iably occupy ! mo/ beautiful & seque/]$ sites4 ,! graves are usually ov]gr[n ) long grasses & luxuriantly fl[]+ plants4 ,9 l mann] ! ,moors h a p>ticul> %rub :i* ov]spreads _! graves1 & no "o is p]mitt$ to pluck a leaf or a blossom4 ,! simple ,breton p are deeply religi\s1 & _! v5]ation = ! dead is int5se4 ,!y are frequ5tly to be se5--m51 wom51 & *ildr5--kneel+ on ! gr\nd 9 _! *ur*y>ds1 pray+ among ! graves4 ,x may !re=e be well believ$ t 9 ! p]iod ( burial re=m :i* ov]spread ! ,cont95t 9 ! e>li] "p ( ! n9ete5? c5tury !re 0 great opposition 9 ,brittany to ! e/abli%m5t ( remote cemet]ies4 ,! ?\ght ( bury+ else:]e ?an 9 ! p>i% *ur*y>d 0 to ! m9ds ( ! p>i%ion]s a species ( impiety4 ,:5 reason$ ) !y w\ld answ]3 ,our fa!rs 7 buri$ "h1 & y w\ld sep>ate u f our dead4 ,let u be buri$ "h1 :]e our k9sfolk c see our graves f _! w9d[s1 & ! *ildr5 c come at ev5+ to pray4 ,9 va9 !y 7 %ewn ! dang] ( accumulat+ corpses 9 a place :i* 0 usually 9 ! c5tre ( ! population4 ,!y %ook _! heads & cri$3 ,dea? comes only by ! w ( ,god4 ,possibly1 to "s ext5t1 ?is feel+ is univ]sal among mank9d4 ,!re is 9 our he>ts an innate rev]5ce = ! burial-place2 we tread by in/9ct lightly ov] ! sleep+-places ( ! dead1 & look ) sil5t awe ^u _! tombs4 ,! feel+ be+ "p ( our humanity1 we might suppose x to be univ]sal1 & be apt to conclude t1 9 our m primitive *ur*y>ds at lea/1 we %\ld f9d "s ef=t to pres]ve ! :ole or a l>ge proportion ( ! memorials :i* are !re d$icat$ to dep>t$ m]it1 hall[$ by love & made sacr$ by sorr[4 ,b x may tru?fully be said t ( all ! head/ones 7n to speak alone ( decorat$ head/ones7 :i* 7 set up prior to ! beg9n+ ( ! n9ete5? c5tury1 by f> ! great] numb] h disappe>$6 ,inde$ ! cases 9 :i* ! old *ur*y>ds h be5 ! objects ( any c>e :atev] are lam5tably few1 :ile attempts to pres]ve ! old grave/ones are almo/ unkn[n4 ,! ord9>y exp]i5ce is to f9d ! *ur*y>d m or less neglect$ & =gott51 & ! grey & ag$ /ones ei!r s9k+ into ! e>? or tott]+ to _! fall4 ,x _c be imag9$ t ! cl]gy1 ! w>d5s1 & ! sextons h fail$ to see ^! ?+s2 b !y h1 presum$ly1 m press+ matt]s to att5d to1 & x seems to be nobody's bus9ess to att5d to su* own]less & wor?less objects4 ,"s grav$igg]s w tell y t ! natural de/9y ( ! grave/one is ! grave6 ,!y w %ew y ! old fell[s sl[ly desc5d+ into ! gr\nd1 & !y h he>d ! p>son say p]haps t ! trembl+ ( ! e>? w 9 "t %ake !m all inevitably out ( sight4 ,i h he>d x m5tion$ z an article ( belief among sextons t a hundr$ ye>s is ! fair measure ( a head-/one's life above gr\nd1 b ?is reckon+ is mu* too %ort = ! evid5ces1 & makes no all[ance = v>iable circum/ances4 ,9 "s places1 ,ke/on = in/ance1 ! *ur* is f\nd$ ^u a b$ ( *alk1 & out ( ! *alk ! graves are labori\sly hewn4 ,x is obvi\s !re=e t ! nature ( ! soil1 z x is yield+ or imp]vi\s1 mu/ be a prime factor 9 ! "q ( survival4 ,x may be grant$1 h[ev]1 t our prog5itors 9 select+ _! burial-gr\nds _h ! same pref]5ce = a suitable site z we h 9 our own day1 &1 not)/&+ exceptions :i* seem to %ew t ! *ur* & n ! *ur*y>d 0 ! "o ?+ ?\ght (1 ! law ( a light soil = int]m5ts is suffici5tly regul> to give u an av]age duration ( a grave/one's natural exi/5ce4 ,! t]m natural w apply nei!r to ^? =tunate ones ^: lives are /udi\sly prolong$1 nor ( c\rse to ! majority ^: c>e] is wilfully1 neglig5tly1 or accid5tally %ort5$4 ,b t1 "u ord9>y circum/ances1 ! /ones gradually s9k out ( sight1 & at a c]ta9 rate ( progression1 is beyond a d\bt4 ,two illu/rations may help ! realization ( ?is fact1 su* z may be se5 9 hundr$s ( our *ur*y>ds4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #hj4 ,,be?nal ,,gre54 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ha4 ,,plum/ead4 ,,s9k+ ,,grave/ones4 ,! sket* ( ,be?nal ,gre5 7,fig4 #hj7 0 made j z ! *ur*y>d 0 ab\t to und]go a heal?y conv]sion1 & x m>ks a v long p]iod ( inaction4 ,! ,plum/ead case 7,fig4 #ha71 ?\gh less extreme1 is ev5 m in=m+1 z x seems to measure ! rate at :i* ! disappe>ance goes on2 ! dates on ! ?ree /ones co9cid+ accurately ) _! comp>ative dep?s 9 ! gr\nd4 ,:e!r ! motion ( ! e>? has any influ5ce 9 ?is connection ne$ n n[ be discuss$1 because ! bury+ ( ! grave/ones may be acc\nt$ = 9 a simple & feasible mann]1 )\t rec\rse to sci5tific argum5t4 ,x is und\bt$ly ! burr[+ ( ! worms1 c\pl$ ) ! wa/+ action ( ra9 & fro/1 :i* causes ! ph5om5on4 ,in/ead1 h[ev]1 ( ! sexton's supposititi\s c5tury1 ! p]iod requir$ = total disappe>ance may m accurately be reg>d$ z f #bjj to #bej ye>s4 ,x has be5 f\nd by c>eful obs]vation 9 a few r&om cases t ! /ones subside at ! rate ( ab\t "o foot 9 =ty or fifty ye>s1 &1 z _! ord9>y height is f #e feet to #e feet #f in*es1 we c readily tell1 provid+ ! rate rules ev5ly1 ! date :5 any p>ticul> /one may be expect$ to vani%4 ,9 confirmation ( ?is !ory is ! fact t sc>cely any head/ones are discov]able ( a date e>li] ?an #afej1 & :5ev] !y h be5 left to _! fate ! vet]ans ( #aej ye>s h sc>cely m ?an _! heads above gr\nd4 ,:]ev] we f9d o!rwise1 x may be assum$ t consci5ti\s *ur* (fic]s or pi\s p>i%ion]s h be?\ght !m ( ! burial-gr\nd1 lift$ up ! old /ones & set !m once m on _! feet4 ,( rec5t ye>s !re has gr[n up & be5 fo/]$ a bett] feel+ = ! anci5t *ur*y>ds1 & ! ivy-clad *ur*es ( ,hornsey & ,h5don may be cit$ z examples famili> to ,london]s 9 :i* ! ta/e eng5d]$ by a beautiful edifice has influ5c$ = good its surr\nd+s4 ,9 bo? *ur*y>ds are _m eighte5?-c5tury /ones 9 excell5t pres]vation4 ,nei!r place1 h[ev]1 has yet be5 re/or$ or re=m$ 9 ! mod]n s5se1 & !re is no reason :y x %\ld be4 ,9 _m places1 z ! t[n gr[s & spreads1 x is well to conv]t ! anci5t gravey>d into a public g>d51 s t x be dec5tly & rev]5tly done4 ,b ?is ought nev] to be und]tak5 ne$lessly or he$lessly4 ,!re are scruples ( individuals to be reg>d$1 & a /rong case ought always to exi/ be=e putt+ into effect su* a radical *ange4 ,b x usually happ5s t trans=mation is ! only rem$y1 & no?+ %ort ( a ?or\gh reaction w rescue ,god's ,acre f ! ru9 & contempt into :i* x has fall54 ,yet we %\ld ev] rememb] t1 :atev] we may d to ! surface1 x is /ill ! place :]e our dead fa!rs re/4 ,e>? to e>? & du/ to du/1 ,"h lie ! evil & ! j1 ,"h ! y\?ful & ! old1 ,"h ! fe>ful & ! bold1 ,"h ! matron & ! maid1 ,9 "o sil5t b$ are laid4 ,! utilit>ian impulse1 ?\gh frequ5tly blam$ = ! desecration ( our *ur*y>ds1 is really less acc\ntable = ^! conv]sions ?an ! culpable neglect :i* 9 too _m cases has =c$ ! only measure ( correction4 ,!re=e !y :o w\ld keep ! sacr$ soil unmole/$ %\ld take he$ t x be prop]ly ma9ta9$4 ,a *ur*y>d is 9 hopeful case :5 we see ! m\nds c>efully levell$1 ! /ones set up 9 s]ri$ ranks1 & ! turf betwe5 roll$ smoo? & trimm$ & swept4 ,!re is no outrage 9 levell+ ! gr\nd4 ,! ,*ri/ian feel+ :i* cl+s to ! grave1 & ev5 to ! grave/one1 does n atta* to ! m\nd ( e>? :i* is wrongly call$ ! grave4 ,?is m\nd is n ev5 a ,*ri/ian symbol4 ,x is a m]e survival ( ,paganism1 be+ a small copy ( ! b>r[ or tumulus1 ( :i* we h specim5s /ill /&+ 9 v>i\s p>ts ( our isl&s & ! ,cont95t1 to m>k ! sepul*res ( prehi/oric & possibly savage *iefta9s4 ,no compunction %\ld be1 & probably none is1 suff]$ :5 we remove ! grave-m\nds1 :i* is inde$ ! fir/ ess5tial to ! protection & beautification ( an obsolete burial-place4 ,b1 if possible1 let ! *ur*y>d rema9 a *ur*y>d2 =1 ( all ! sev]al me?ods :i* are usually resort$ to = pres]vation1 ! be/ f ! s5tim5tal view is t :i* keeps ! ne>e/ to ! fir/ int5t4 ,!re c be no disput+ t a *ur*y>d is 9 its true aspect :5 x looks l a *ur*y>d1 provid+ x be duly c>$ =4 ,"s p]sons ( practical ideas w1 h[ev]1 fav\r su* improvem5ts z w bani% ! lea/ elegant features ( ! place & range ! m sightly ones mid/ lawns & fl[]s2 :ile o!rs1 /ill m ?or\gh1 w be satisfi$ ) no?+ %ort ( sweep+ away all traces ( ! graves1 & trans=m+ ! :ole space at "o /roke into a public playgr\nd4 ,! *oice ( sy/ems is 9 "s degree a "q ( environm5t4 ,:]ev] op5 gr\nd is ne$$ = ! heal? & enjoym5t ( dwell]s 9 t[ns1 x is n[ g5]ally conc$$ t1 ) c]ta9 res]vations & "u reasonable conditions1 disus$ *ur*y>ds--especially su* z are neglect$ & de=m$--%all 9 all possible cases be transf]r$ f ! clos$ l$g] ( ! dead to ! curr5t acc\nt ( ! liv+4 ,! foll[+ l9es1 :i* 7 writt5 ^u ! re/oration ( ,*elt5ham ,*ur*y>d1 may be appli$ to mo/ ( su* in/ances3 ,sleep on1 ye dead6 ',tis no rude h& di/urbs y\r re/+-place2 ,b ^? :o love ! spot h come at l5g? ,to beautify y\r long-neglect$ homes4 ,h[ l\d ye h be5 speak+ to u all6 ,b ! mammon & ! fad+ pleasures ,( ?is busy _w ha? made u deaf4 99 99 99 ,=give ! pa/6 ,h5ce=? fl[]s %all bloom ^u ! surface ,( y\r dwell+s4 ,! lilac 9 ! spr+ ,%all blossom1 & ! sweet bri> %all exhale ,its fragrant smell4 ,e'en ! droop+ fu*sia ,%all n be want+ to adorn y\r tombs2 ,:ile ! weep+ will[1 po9t+ d[nw>ds1 ,speaks significantly to ! liv+1 ,t a grave awaits u all4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #hb4 ,,*e%unt4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #hc4 ,,hatfield4 ,b 9 rural spots1 :]e !re is abundance ( room & almo/ sup]fluity ( nature1 a well-kept *ur*y>d1 ) all its v5]able features1 /udi\sly protect$ & rev]5tly c>$ =1 is "o ( ! be/ inh]itances ( a c\ntry life4 ,illu/rations ( ?is may occur to mo/ obs]v]s1 b z a case 9 po9t ,i may ref] to ,*e%unt1 on ! bord]s ( ,h]t=d%ire4 ,"s di/ance f ! t[n-fr+$ highway1 ! village *ur*1 anci5t & picturesque1 /&s amid/ its _m g5]ations ( p--liv+ & dead--h>d by a little /reet ( old-_w cottages4 ,! spot & its surr\nd+s are beautiful1 & ! *ur*y>d alone gives pro( t ! locality has be5 "u ! influ5ce ( culture f g5]ation to g5]ation4 ,9 few places are !re s _m & su* arti/ic specim5s ( allegorical c>v+s on ! head/ones4 ,! usual exp]i5ce is to f9d "o or two1 seldom m ?an a doz51 ( ^! inv5tions wor? notice1 & only 9 r>e in/ances to light ^u any?+ ( ! k9d di/9ctly unique2 b at ,*e%unt !re are m ?an a hundr$ v>ieties ( sculptur$ design & workman%ip1 all ! /ones /&+ at ! prop] angle1 & all 9 good condition4 ,,fig4 #hb4--;,,at ,,*e%unt4 ,to ,m>y ,lee1 di$ ,july1 #aggi1 ag$ #di ye>s4 ,9 ! illu/ration ,i select$ at ,*e%unt ! left half ( ! picture appe>s to d5ote ,life & ! "r half ,dea?4 ,9 ! =m] are ! vigor\s tree1 ! t[]s & =tresses1 ! plans & work+ implem5ts ( an active exi/5ce4 ,9 ! latt] ! )]$ tree1 ) ! usual emblems ( dea? & et]nity1 emphasizes ! /ate beyond ! grave1 & 9 ! c5tre are mu%rooms1 probably to po9t ! lesson ( ! new life out ( decay4 ,hatfield is ano!r in/ance ( pres]vation )\t *ange1 none ( ! old /ones hav+1 s f> z "o c judge1 be5 all[$ to s9k into ! e>?1 nor1 z is too (t5 ! case1 to heel ov]1 to be !n brok5 up1 c>t$ away1 or put to pave ! *ur* & *ur*y>d4 ,!re is q a collection ( primitive & dim9utive head/ones1 c>efully rang$ aga9/ ! s\? wall ( ,hatfield ,*ur*1 dat+ f #afhg to #agjj2 & ! specim5s ( c>v+ 9 ! old] p>ts ( ! *ur*y>d are ( great numb] & _m designs4 ,! "o :i* appe>s 9 ! sket* 7,fig4 #hc7 is curi\s by reason ( ! peculi> decoration :i* fr+es ! upp] edge ( ! /one4 ,x is some:at worn away1 & ,i _c discov] :e!r ! ornam5t 0 int5d$ = "s sort ( aigrette1 or1 :i* x closely resembles at ! pres5t "t1 a /r+ ( skulls4 ,,fig4 #hc4--;,,at ,,hatfield4 ,to ! wife ( ,john ,mal/y 7871 di$ #agac4 ,!re appe>s "h1 z else:]e1 to h be5 a t5d5cy at times to repeat unduly su* famili> figures z ! op5 book1 b1 z a :ole1 ,hatfield is a good example ( a c\ntry *ur*y>d4 ,!re are _m o!r old burial-gr\nds ?\ghtfully kept 9 z good1 or ev5 bett]1 ord] ?an ! two "h quot$2 b x is = ! respect %ewn to ! anci5t memorials ( ! village fa!rs1 r ?an ! *ur*y>ds !mselves1 t ,i h v5tur$ to select !m z patt]ns = imitation4 ,!re is ano!r curi\s bord] on a /one 9 ! seclud$ b well-kept c\ntry *ur*y>d ( ,nor?olt1 ,middlesex4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #hd ,,nor?olt4 ,,fig4 #hd4--;,,at ,,nor?olt4 ,to ,william ,cob1 di$ #be? ,septemb] #agji1 ag$ #fh ye>s4 ,twick5ham1 9 ! same c\nty1 b n[ gr[n into a t[n1 has modifi$ its *ur*y>d to its ne$s1 )\t mu* *ange1 & ,i give x a sket* 9 recognition ( a suffici5t & n excessive well-do+4 ,nei!r ( ^! two examples call = o!r rem>k1 be+ ( simple int]pretation4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #he4 ,,twick5ham4 ,,fig4 #he4--;,,at ,,twick5ham4 ,to ,elizabe? 787 ,haynes1 di$ #agda1 ag$ #ce ye>s4 ,b :ile we f9d ! few to be comm5d$1 :at a common exp]i5ce x is1 on ! o!r h&1 to come ^u a neglect$ *ur*y>d2 ! crippl$ /ones b5d+ at all angles1 _m ( !m crack$1 *ipp$1 & o!rwise disfigur$1 & ! majority half hidd5 9 rank we$s & grass4 ,9 "s places1 ow+ to climatic conditions1 moss or li*5 has effac$ e sign ( inscription or ornam5t f ! old /ones2 & !re are localities :i* appe> to be really un=tunate 9 _! inability to resi/ ! de/ructive influ5ce ( ! wea!r ^u _! tombs1 :i*1 p]haps because !y are ( unsuitable mat]ial1 g to decay 91 comp>atively speak+1 a few ye>s4 ,z a rule1 h[ev]1 ^! relics ( our ance/ors ne$ n & ought n to prematurely p]i% & disappe> f ! face ( ! e>?4 ,:]e ! gravey>d is /ill us$ z a place ( int]m5t1 or rema9s z x 0 :5 clos$ aga9/ int]m5ts1 ! sexton or a lab\r] %\ld h x 9 p]petual c>e4 ,! grass & we$s %\ld be kept 9 con/ant *eck1 & ! tombs ( all k9ds pres]v$ at ! prop] p]p5dicul>4 ,if n too mu* to ask1 ! application ( a little soap & wat] at long int]vals might be recomm5d$ 9 p>ticul> in/ances2 b all su* details dep5d ^u circum/ances1 & may be left to ! individual judgm5t4 ,provid$ !re is ! disposition1 !re w always be f\nd ! way & ! means to make ! holy gr\nd a dec5t & a pleasant place4 ,rev]5ce = ! dead1 especially among _! kn[n desc5dants1 w g5]ally op]ate z a *eck ^u ha/y or extravagant improvem5ts1 & x may be expect$ t ^? responsible = ! adm9i/ration ( local affairs w1 = ! mo/ "p1 :5 !y set ab\t ! beautification ( _! *ur*y>d1 decide to d :at is necess>y ) no ne$less alt]ations4 ,?is plan ( pres]vation1 z already intimat$1 is probably ! mo/ desirable4 ,b we "k in/ances1 especially 9 & ar\nd ,london1 :]e good "w has be5 done by judici\sly ?9n+ out ! crop ( tomb/ones1 cle>+ away ! lea/ pres5table features ( ! place1 & mak+ ! gr\nd prim ) fl[]-b$s & bord]s4 ,to d ?is mu*1 & to introduce a few seats1 w leave ! gravey>d /ill a gravey>d 9 ! old s5se1 & requires no au?ority outside ! *ur*4 ,x may be prud5t to take a vote ( ! ,ve/ry on ! subject z a def5ce aga9/ irate p>i%ion]s1 b1 if no?+ be done beyond a decor\s r5ovation ( ! burial-gr\nd1 ! matt] is really "o :i* is entirely )9 ! functions ( ! p>son & *ur*w>d5s4 ,moreov]1 al?\gh x is n g5]ally kn[n1 ! exp5ses ( su* works are a legal *>ge aga9/ ! p>i%1 provid$ ! *ur*w>d5s h _h ! previ\s c\nt5ance ( _! colleagues ! ov]se]s4 ,! acc\nt = ! due & prop] ma9t5ance ( ! disus$ *ur*y>d may be s5t to ! ,burial ,bo>d1 if !re be su* a bo>d1 &1 if n1 to ! ov]se]s1 & ! co/ w 9 any case fall ^u ! poor-rate4 ,conv]t+ ! gr\nd absolutely into a public g>d5 is q a diff]5t matt]1 &1 not)/&+ its difficulties1 x is ! c\rse usually adopt$4 ,fir/1 ! cons5t ( ! ,ve/ry is imp]ative1 & e /ep is c>efully measur$ by a /r+5t ,act ( ,p>liam5t4 ,a petition = a faculty mu/ be pres5t$ to ! ,bi%op ( ! diocese1 & be=e x c be grant$ !re mu/ be an (ficial enquiry 9 public be=e ! ,diocesan ,*ancellor--always a pr(\nd lawy]1 le>n$ 9 ecclesia/ical jurisprud5ce4 ,ev]ybody :o has any claim or objection z to any p>ticul> grave-space1 or to ! :ole s*eme altoge!r1 has a "r to be he>d2 all reasonable reque/s are usually grant$1 & ! clos+ ord]1 if made1 is mo/ly full ( conditions & res]vations 9 fav\r ( surviv+ relatives & o!rs :o h %ewn cause = reta9+ ?is tomb & t /one undi/urb$4 ,9 practice x is f\nd t !re are n v _m su* claims1 b x sometimes happ5s t s]i\s ob/acles are left /&+ 9 ! way ( ! l&scape g>d5]4 ,"o almo/ inv>iable regulation requires t places %all be f\nd )9 ! enclosure = all ! old /ones 9 positions :]e !y c be se5 & _! inscriptions read2 to range !m 9 "o or m r[s aga9/ ! int]ior ( ! b\nd>y f5ce is usually accept$ z compliance ) ?is rule4 ,injudici\s arrangem5t occasionally obscures "s ( ! inscriptions1 b !y are all accessible if requir$1 & any?+ is bett] ?an ext9ction4 ,x is e>ne/ly to be hop$ t at lea/ equal c>e is tak5 ( ! memorials 9 burial-gr\nds :i* are less c]emoni\sly clos$4 ,:]e ! "w is ?\ghtfully conceiv$ & discreetly accompli%$1 mu* good & little h>m is done to a popul\s place by cle>+ ! gr\nd1 lay+ out footpa?s1 & plant+ trees & fl[]s4 ,b ! grave/one1 ! solemn witness ,sacr$ to ! ,memory ( ! dead1 is a pi\s tru/ :i* dem&s our respect & protection1 at lea/ s long z x is capable ( proclaim+ its mission4 ,:5 x has got pa/ s]vice & its te/imony has be5 utt]ly effac$ by "t1 x is n s easy to f9d argum5ts = its pres]vation4 ,!re is no s5se or utility 9 exhibit+ a blank tablet1 & ,i h se5 )\t scruple or remorse su* sup]annuat$ ve/iges employ$ 9 repair+ ! *ur* fabric4 ,b ?is1 be x und]/ood1 is only :5 ! /one is irretrievably beyond mem5to mori s]vice1 & on ! cle> condition t x is employ$ 9 ! fur!rance ( religi\s "w4 ,x is true t a /one is only a /one1 :atev] x may h be5 us$ =1 b a peculi> sanctity is 9 mo/ m9ds associat$ ) ! grave1 & we ought n to run ! risk ( %ock+ t5d]-he>t$ p by degrad+ ev5 ! dead memorial ( ! dead to pr(ane & secul> purposes4 ,& yet1 :at has become 9 too _m cases ( ! old grave/ones8 ,! v old ones we may p]haps acc\nt =1 b :]e are ! middle-ag$ ones ( ! eighte5? c5tury8 ,x _c be d\bt$1 alas1 t !y h 9 _m *ur*y>ds be5 delib]ately tak5 away & de/roy$ to make room = new ones4 ,di/ricts compris+ _m p>i%es may be po9t$ out ) all _! old *ur*es 9 ! mid/ ( _! old *ur*y>ds1 b )\t "o old grave/one /&+4 ,! rule & practice h be5 to quietly remove ! relics ( ! =gott5 sires 9 ord] to dig new graves = a new g5]ation4 ,! habit1 z j said1 rules by di/ricts1 & ?is is ! case 9 mo/ matt]s connect$ ) ! subject ( ?is essay4 ,x is a g5]al & rem>kable tru? t good & bad *ur*y>ds ab\nd 9 gr\ps4 ,! =ce ( example or ! in/9ct ( imitation may expla9 ! fact1 b x af=ds a sad reflection ^u ! morality ( ! burial-place4 ,kirke ,:ite asks3 ,:o w\ld lay ,8 body 9 ! ,city burial-place1 ,to be ca/ up aga9 by "s rude sexton8 ,9 my exp]i5ce ! *ief s9n] is n ! city1 b ! c\ntry1 sexton4 ,o!r memorials ?an ! head/one are sc>cely includ$ 9 my subject4 ,few ( ! slate slabs :i* answ] ! purpose 9 ,wales & "s ( ! bord]+ c\nties c ma9ta9 _! inscriptions 9 legible condition = a v long p]iod1 & !y are 9 all respects inf]ior to /one 9 durability4 ,?is ?\ght w\ld h giv5 no anxiety to ! writ] ( "s ,*apt]s on ,*ur*y>ds :i* appe>$ 9 ,blackwood's ,magaz9e ab\t #ahbj4 ,said he3 ,9 p>ts ( ,w>wick%ire & "s ( ! adjac5t c\nties1 m especially 9 ! *ur*y>ds ( ! l>g] t[ns1 ! frightful fa%ion ( black tomb/ones is almo/ univ]sal--black tomb/ones1 tall & slim1 & lett]$ 9 gold1 look+ = all ! _w l upright c(f9-lids4444 ,"s village burial-gr\nds "h h1 h[ev]1 escap$ ?is treatm5t1 & )9 ! circuit ( a few miles r\nd ,w>wick itself are _m small hamlet *ur*es ea* surr\nd$ by its l[ly flock ( gre5 graves & grey head/ones4444 "s half sunk into ! *ur*y>d m\ld1 _m c>v$ out into *]ub9s ) _! trumpet]'s *eeks & exp&$ w+s1 or ) ! awful emblems1 dea?'s heads & bones & h\r-glasses4 ,( ! s-call$ black tomb/ones ,i h se5 none o!r ?an slate4 ,9 a %ort t\r ?r\gh ,wales1 9 #ahih1 ,i f\nd v few old head/ones4 ,mo/ ( ! memorials 9 ! *ur*y>ds 7 con/ruct$ ( slate1 :i* abundant mat]ial is devot$ to e conceivable purpose4 ,!re is a k9d ( clay-slate m durable ?an "s ( ! native /ones1 & ev5 ! poor] slate :i* p]i%e? is la/+ 9 comp>ison ) ! wood5 planks :i* h be5 m or less adopt$ 9 _m burial-places1 b c nev] h be5 expect$ to endure m ?an a few brief ye>s4 ,:]ev] se5 !y are usually 9 decay1 & "u circum/ances s =lorn t x is an act ( m]cy to end _! exi/5ce4 ,,fig4 #hf4--;,,at ,,high ,,b>net4 ,i conclude my ,engli% illu/rations ( ! grave/ones ) "o select$ f ! *ur*y>d at ,k+/on-on-,?ames1 & ,i leave its int]pretation to ! read]4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #hf4 ,,high ,,b>net4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #hg4 ,,k+/on-,,on-,,?ames4 ,,fig4 #hg4--;,,at ,,k+/on-,,on-,,?ames4 ,to ,?omas ,b5nett1 di$ #g? ,dec4 #ahjj1 ag$ #ac ye>s4 ,! rema9d] ( my unambiti\s book w be mo/ly devot$ to impressions ga9$ 9 ,irel& & ,scotl& & on ! ,cont95t 9 my autumn holidays4 ,,*apt] ,x4 ,,old ,,grave/ones ,,9 ,,irel&4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #hh4 ,,swords4 ,9 ent]+ ^u a *apt] deal+ ) ,old ,grave/ones 9 ,irel&1 "o is tempt$ to foll[ a lead+ case & sum up ! subject 9 ! words3 ,!re are no old grave/ones 9 ,irel&4 ,b ?is w\ld be true only 9 a s5se4 ,( ^? primitive & ru/ic c>v+s1 :i* are s di/9ctive ( ! eighte5?-c5tury memorials 9 ,engl&1 ,i h f\nd an almo/ entire abs5ce 9 my holiday-j\rney +s ab\t ,irel&--! *ur*y>ds ( :i* ,i h sampl$1 :]ev] opportunity 0 af=d$ me1 f ,belfa/ & ,portru% 9 ! nor?1 d[n to ,kill>ney & ,que5/[n 9 ! s\?4 ,b !re are unque/ionably old grave/ones ( q a diff]5t ord] ( simplicity 9 ! ,iri% burial-places1 ! mo/ common type be+ ! r\gh slab ( /one1 sev]al ( :i* are "h sket*$ at r&om f ! gravey>d ( ! l>ge village or little t[n ( ,swords1 t5 miles or s nor? ( ,dubl9 7,fig4 #hh74 ,v few ( ^! /ones be> any inscription1 &1 accord+ to ! belief ( ! local resid5ts1 nev] h be5 c>v$ or ev5 %ap$ 9 any way4 ,9 "o or two in/ances1 h[ev]1 ! ef=t ( trimm+ ! edges ( ! /one is cle>ly visible1 & 9 r>e cases we see ! pi\s b immature attempts ( ! amateur mason to p]petuate1 if only by initials1 ! memory ( ! deceas$4#aj ,"s su* records /ill rema91 b _m h d\btless p]i%$1 = ! mat]ial is only ! s(t free/one s easily obta9able 9 ! di/rict1 & ! ra9s & fro/s ( no great numb] ( ye>s h suffic$ to oblit]ate all su* %all[ c>v+s2 ! surfaces ( ! lam9at$ rock be+ ev5 n[ 9 process ( peel+ (f be=e our eyes4 ,footnote #aj3 ,9 a b>r5 record ( facts1 su* z ?is *apt] is meant to be1 ,i avoid z f> z possible d$uctions & reflections ap>t f my imm$iate subject2 b x is impossible to pursue an inve/igation ( ?is "* )\t be+ deeply int]e/$ bo? 9 ! pa/ hi/ory & pres5t life ( ! p4 ,i _c help say+ t 9 "o day's walk f ,malahide to ,balbriggan ,i le>nt f> m ( ! ,iri% peasantry1 ! ,iri% "*1 & ! ,iri% problem ?an ,i _h be5 able to acquire 9 all my read+1 support$ by n a little exp]i5ce 9 ! capital & great t[ns ( ,irel&4 ,! village /reets1 ! cab9s1 ! s*ools1 ! agriculture & ! l&1 ! f>m] & ! l&lord1 ! pov]ty & ! hospitality ( ! p1 7 all to be /udi$ at fir/ h&2 & !re 7 *ur*es by ! way at ,swords & ,ru% :i* ! ar*aeologi/ w seek 9 va9 to mat* 9 any o!r c\ntry4 ,! ,b\nd ,t[] 7,celtic no d\bt7 at ! =m] place1 & ! battlem5t$ =talice1 :i* is m l a ca/le ?an a *ur*1 at ,ru%1 are bo? wor? a special visit4 ,! cross & ,t4,l4 scrat*$ on "o ( ! /ones appe>s to be rec5t "w1 & ! wond]ful pres]vation ( ! /one to ,lawr5ce ,pa9e1 ( #afhf1 c only be acc\nt$ = by ! supposition t x has long la9 buri$1 & be5 lately re/or$ to ! light4 ,! /one is ( ! same p]i%able k9d z ! o!rs1 & x is c]ta9 t x c\ld n h surviv$ exposure to ! atmosph]e1 z its date w\ld imply1 = upw>ds ( #bjj ye>s4 ,x may ev5 be f\nd t ! wea!r has *ipp$ (f ! edges ( ! /ones :i* n[ appe> s jagg$1 %apeless1 & grotesque2 b1 f rec5t evid5ces ga!r$ else:]e1 x is b too probable t ^! rude pill>s h be51 & /ill are1 set up z !y come f ! qu>ry1 )\t dress+ & free f any c>v+ or att5tion :atev]4 ,_m in/ances may be f\nd 9 :i* slabs ( /one1 or ev5 slate1 h be5 erect$ q rec5tly1 ! edges untrimm$1 & ! "n ( ! deceas$ simply pa9t$ ^u !m m or less in>ti/ically1 z 9 ! sket* f ,drogh$a 7,fig4 #hi74 ,su* crude examples are ! m rem>kable 9 a busy & ?riv+ port l ,drogh$a1 & amid _m h&some monum5ts1 ?an among ! peasantry ( ! villages2 & x is easy to imag9e t if no?+ m durable ?an pa9t has be5 employ$ to immortalize ! dead 9 pa/ times all traces mu/ h spe$ily disappe>$4 ,! illu/rations f ,drogh$a give ! :ole inscription 9 ea* case1 nei!r hav+ date nor age1 nor any o!r p>ticul> beyond ! "n4 ,! memorial on ! left h& is ( slate--! o!r two ( free/one2 & ! slate 9 ! nor!rn p>ts ( ,irel& is ! pref]able ( ! two mat]ials4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #hi4 ,,drogh$a4 ,!re are at ,bangor1 t5 miles we/ ( ,belfa/1 _m su* slate records1 :i* h endur$ = m ?an a c5tury1 & are /ill 9 excell5t pres]vation4 ,"o :i* attract$ my especial notice at ,bangor 0 ( ! pr(essional "* "h depict$1 & 9 memory ( "o ( ^? bold private]s :o 7 p]mitt$ to sail ! seas on _! own acc\nt 9 ! old w> times4 ,,fig4 #ij4--;,,at ,,bangor1 ,,irel&4 ,! foll[+ is ! epitaph1 z cle>ly to be read n[ z on ! day :5 x 0 c>v$ on ?is slab ( ,iri% slate1 m ?an a c5tury s9ce3 ,born to a c\rse ( ,manly action free1 ,i dauntless trod ye fluctuat+ sea ,9 ,pomp\s ,w> or happi] ,peace to br+ ,joy to my ,sire & hon\r to my ,k+4 ,& mu* by fav\r ( ! ,god 0 done ,ere half ! t]m ( human life 0 run4 ,"o fatal night1 return+ f ! bay ,:]e ,briti% fleets ye ,gallic l& survey1 ,:il/ ) w>m hope my trembl+ he>t beat high1 ,my fri5ds1 my k9dr$1 & my c\ntry nigh1 ,la%t by ! w9ds ! waves arose & bore ,our ,%ip 9 %att]$ fragm5ts to ! %ore4 ,!re ye flak'd surge oppre/ my d>k5+ sight1 ,& !re my eyes = ev] lo/ ! light4 ,capta9 ,george ,colvill ( ! ,private ,%ip ( ,w> ',amazon1' & only son ( ,rob]t ,colvill ( ,bangor1 0 wreck$ ne> ?is gr\nd #be? ,febru>y #aghj1 9 ye #bbnd ye> ( 8 age4 ,a possible explanation ( ! long endurance ( ?is slate slab may be f\nd 9 ! practice :i* prevails 9 ?is & "s o!r *ur*y>ds ( giv+ all su* memorials a p]iodical coat ( pa9t2 ( :i*1 h[ev]1 9 ! case "h quot$ !re is no rema9+ trace4 ,altoge!r1 primitive z !y may be1 ! grave/ones ( ! la/ c5tury 9 ,irel&1 s f> z ,i h se5 !m1 comp>e fav\rably ) ! works ( ! h$ge-mason 9 ,engl& :i* we h se5 9 e>li] *apt]s4 ,ev5 ! poor pill> ( r\gh /one1 unhewn1 ung>ni%$1 & b>e z x is1 repres5ts an affectionate remembrance ( ! dead :i* is full ( pa?os1 & has a ref9em5t 9 its simplicity :i* comm&s our sympa?y f> above ! semi-b>b>\s engrav+s ( heads & skulls :i* we h previ\sly pictur$4 ,! immaturity ( prov9cial art 9 ,irel& is at lea/ r$eem$ by an abs5ce ( su* mon/r\s figures & designs z we at ! pres5t day usually associate ) ! c>v+s ( savages 9 ! ,african int]ior4 ,b ! eighte5?-c5tury grave/ones 9 ,irel& are n all ( ! primitive k9d--_m ( !m be+ z arti/ic & well-f9i%$ z any to be f\nd 9 o!r p>ts ( ! ,briti% ,isles4 ,! pr$om9ant type is ! ,i4,h4,s41 surm\nt$ by ! cross1 :i* appe>s on probably f\r-fif?s ( ! inscrib$ /ones ( ! eighte5? & e>ly n9ete5? c5turies 9 ,irel&4 ,! only in/ances :i* came "u my notice be>+ any resemblance to ! incipi5t notions ( human heads s frequ5tly met ) 9 c]ta9 p>ts ( ,engl& 7 ! ?ree "h copi$ 7,fig4 #ia74 ,nos4 #b & #c are tak5 f grave/ones 9 ! old *ur*y>d ne> ,que5/[n1 & ! o!r appe>s 9 duplicate on "o /one at ,muckross ,abbey by ! ,lakes ( ,kill>ney4#aa ,! /ately wreck ( ,muckross ,abbey has 9 its decay enclos$ )9 its walls ! tombs ( knights & h]oes ^: monum5ts /& 9 gorge\s contra/ to ! desolation :i* is m\ld]+ ar\nd !m2 :ile on ! s\? side ( ! anci5t edifice is ! gravey>d 9 :i* ! peasant-fa!rs ( ! hamlet sleep1 ! gre5 m\nds :i* cov] !m 9 "s in/ances m>k$ by c>v$ /ones tak5 f ! adjac5t ru9s4 ,bo? ,abbey & gr\nds are /ill us$ = int]m5ts1 toge!r ) ! enclosure ab\t ! little *ur* ( ,killaghie on ! neighb\r+ em95ce--a *ur* :i* 7l a few o!rs7 enjoys ! reputation ( be+ ! smalle/ 9 ! k+dom4 ,footnote #aa3 ,! ,muckross /one 7,no4 #a7 0 ov]gr[n ) ivy :i* q cov]$ up ! inscription1 b its date 0 probably ab\t #agej4 ,( ! two f ,que5/[n1 ,no4 #b is to ,m>y ,gammell1 #agic1 ag$ #ec2 & ,no4 #c to ,rog] ,brettridge1 #aggf1 ag$ #fc4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ij4 ,,bangor1 ,,irel&4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ia4 ,,muckross ,,& ,,que5/[n4 ,i leave to ! e?nologi/s ! task ( acc\nt+ = ^! abnormal c>v+s 9 ! ,s\? ( ,irel&1 & associat+ !m ) ! l productions ( ! same p]iod 9 ! ,s\? ( ,engl&4 ,or p]haps ,i ought r to excuse my insuffici5t rese>*es1 :i*1 ?\gh spread ov] a broad area1 are yet conf9$ to b a few ( ! _m spots available1 & may v probably h pass$ by unexplor$ ! fruitful fields4 ,b1 9 ! words ( ,pr(essor ,/eph5s1 ! apo/le ( ,runic monum5ts1 ,i claim = ?is "w t x is only a beg9n+1 a break+ ( ! ice1 a gr\nd ^u :i* o!rs may build4 ,my pages are b feel]s grop+ out ?+s & ?\ghts = fur!r exam9ation4 ,,*apt] ,,xi4 ,,old ,,grave/ones ,,9 ,,scotl&4 ,a v peculi> int]e/ atta*es to ! old /ones :i* survive 9 ! burial-gr\nds ( ,scotl&4 ,reg>d$ g5]ally !y are ( a description q ap>t f ! preval5t features ( _! ,engli% & ,iri% prototypes4 ,tak+ ! same p]iod z hi!rto 9 limit+ our purview ( ! subject1 t is f ! latt] "p ( ! sev5te5? to ! e>ly "p ( ! n9ete5? c5tury1 x may p]haps be said t ! ,scotti% head/ones are tablets ( ,scotti% hi/ory & regi/]s ( ,scotti% "* dur+ a long & memorable "t4 ,! "o all-preval5t feature ev]y:]e is indicative ( ! sev]e piety & self-sacrifice ( an age & a p rem>kable = "o ( ! simple/ pr(essions ( fai? t has ev] exi/$ "u ! ,*ri/ian disp5sation4 ,! rigid discipl9e1 contempt = =m1 & su/a9$ humility ( ! old ,cov5ant]s are writt5 deeply 9 ! mode/ /ones :i* m>k ! gre5 graves ( _! fai?ful dead dur+ a p]iod ( fully two hundr$ ye>s4 ,! va+lory ( a grav5 /one to exalt ! virtues ( imp]fect m5 & wom5 0 to !m a =bidd5 ?+2 ! o/5tation ev5 ( a "n c>v$ on a slab 0 at v>iance ) doctr9e2 ! crav+s ( a poor humanity to be rememb]$ aft] dea? _h to be satisfi$ ) b>e initials1 & initials are all t 7 writt5 on ! grave/ones 9 _m ?\s&s ( cases1 probably n9ety p] c5t1 ( ! :ole1 ?r\gh\t ! eighte5? c5tury & approximate ye>s4 ,b ! rule 0 n )\t its exceptions1 (t5 ( novel & peculi> description4 ,! skull & crossbone s]ies1 s common 9 ! s\?1 h no place 9 ,nor? ,brita92 :ile ! symbol ( ! cross1 s frequ5t 9 ,irel&1 is v r>ely to be f\nd 9 any %ape :atev] )9 ! b\nd>ies ( a ,scotti% burial-place4 ,i pres5t f\r specim5 types f ! old *apel-y>d at ,inv]ness4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ib4 ,,inv]ness4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ic4 ,,braem>4 ,,fig4 #ib4--;,,at ,,inv]ness4 ,on ! /one ,no4 #b ! tailor's tools--%e>s1 goose1 & bodk9--are cle> en\gh1 & ,i 0 told t ! figures on ! /one 9 ! l[] left-h& corn] 7,no4 #c7 are locally recogniz$ z ! %uttle & "s o!r requisite ( ! weav]'s trade4 ,inv]ness _h sp9n+ & weav+ = its /aple indu/ries :5 ,p5nant visit$ ! place 9 #agei4 ,its exports ( cordage & sack+ 7 consid]able1 & 7says ,p5nant7 ! l95 manufacture saves ! t[n above #cjjj a ye>1 :i* us$ to g to ,holl&4 ,9 ! #afih example 7,no4 #a7 ! %ort & 77 leaves no d\bt t ,w4,f4 ,j4 ,mc,p4 7probably ,mc,pherson & 8 wife7 are !re buri$2 & ! simil> in=mation is almo/ z c]ta9ly convey$ 9 ! manifold cases 9 :i* appe>s ! sign :i* occupies ! same position 9 ! two l[] /ones 7,nos4 #c & #d74 ,^!1 h[ev]1 are all ( lat] date1 & may be set d[n z developm5ts1 or r corruptions1 ( ! orig9al =m4 ,! same signs1 h[ev]1 con/antly occur 9 all ! nor!rn gravey>ds4 ,scotl& has also its crud] =m ( memorial 9 ! r\gh unhewn slabs ( native free/one1 :i* are us$ 9 all p>ts ( ! ,briti% ,isles :]ev] su* mat]ial is readily procurable4 ,,fig4 #ic4--;,,at ,,braem>4 ,two ( ^! slabs ( diff]5t degrees are se5 9 my ,braem> sket*1 b bo? seem ( "o family & s]ve to %ew u ! unconsci\s evolution ( a doctr9al law into a national cu/om4 ,! employm5t ( initials1 orig9ally ! sacrifice & self-d5ial ( a diss5ti5t fai?1 is "h1 z 9 o!r in/ances1 comb9$ ) ! ,ca?olic emblem ( ! ,cross4 ,?is little gravey>d ( ,braem>1 ly+ among ! moors & m\nta9s :i* surr\nd ,balmoral1 & accu/om$ to receiv+ illu/ri\s pilgrims ^: %oe-/r+ ! poor grave/one tramp is n wor?y to unloose1 is /ill us$ = indiscrim9ate burials1 & furni%es sev]al examples ( ,roman ,ca?olic int]m5ts4 ,:]ev] su* are f\nd 9 ,scotl&1 be>+ dates ( ! eighte5? c5tury1 !y are usually ( ! r\gh "* depict$ 9 ! sket*4 ,! recumb5t slab 9 ! same draw+ is giv5 to illu/rate ! table or alt> /one1 :i* ?r\gh\t ,scotl& has be5 us$ all ?r\gh ! ,cov5antic p]iod to evade ! ,cov5antic rule ( ! simple anonym\s grave/one1 = su* memorials are almo/ inv>iably engrav$ & inscrib$ ) designs & epitaphs1 sometimes ( ! mo/ elaborate "*4 ,b ^! are n m]e grave/ones3 !y are tombs4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #id4 ,,/irl+ ,,fig4 #id4--;,,at ,,/irl+4 ,9 all p>ts ( ,scotl& at :i* we f9d dep>tures f ! conv5tional simplicity ( ! grave/one1 ! v>iation incl9es abundantly t[>ds ! symbols ( trade & husb&ry4 ,at ,/irl+1 9 ! noble *ur*y>d p]*$ on ! ,ca/le ,rock1 ! weav]'s %uttle notic$ at ,inv]ness appe>s 9 _m v>ieties1 = ,p5nant tells u t 9 #aggb ,/irl+1 ) only #djjj inhabitants1 0 an important factory ( t>tanes & %alloons1 & employ$ ab\t ?irty looms 9 mak+ c>pets4#ab ,occasionally ! bobb9 is repres5t$ alone1 b ! pr$om9ant fa%ion is ! %uttle op5 & reveal+ ! bobb9 9 its place4 ,?is is z x appe>s 9 ,no4 #a ( ! f\r sket*es f ,/irl+1 :]e x seems to indicate1 ) ! %ovel & rake1 a m+l+ ( weav] & agriculturi/4 ,! o!r trade emblems speak = !mselves1 except+ ! rev]s$ figure #d 9 ! /one ( #agaj 7,no4 #c74 ,?is sign has be5 v>i\sly int]pret$1 b ! mo/ reliable au?orities say t x is a m]*ant's m>k us$ n only 9 ,/irl+ b 9 o!r p>ts ( ,scotl&1 if n ( ,engl&4 ,!re are 9 ,h[ff ,burial-gr\nd1 ,dundee1 & 9 _m c\ntry *ur*y>ds r\nd ab\t t t[n & ,/irl+1 num]\s v>ieties ( ?is figure1 "s hav+ ! #d 9 ! ord9>y unrev]s$ %ape1 "s ) & "s )\t ! 991 "s ( bo? %apes re/+ on ! lett] ,m1 & o!rs indep5d5t ( any support :atev]4 ,x has also be5 suppos$ to h "s connection ) ! masons' m>ks frequ5tly to be se5 9 old *ur*es1 & is ev5 reg>d$ z possibly ( prehi/oric orig94#ac ,footnote #ab3 ,p5nant pron\nc$ ! view f ,/irl+ heights ! f9e/ 9 ,scotl&4 ,footnote #ac3 ,! vulg> explanation ( ! sign is #d;d4 disc\nt on ! %ill+1 & "s ( ! guide-books are n mu* bett] in=m$ :5 !y assume t x m>ks ,/irl+ z ! f\r? city ( ,scotl&1 = 9 ! old roll ( ,scotti% burghs ,/irl+ /&s fif?4 ,,fig4 #ie4--;,,at ,,blairg[rie4 ,! /one copi$ at ,blairg[rie is an enigma :i* ,i sc>cely d>e to unravel1 b x w admit ( sev]al int]pretations4 ,i4,e4 probably /&s = ,john ,eld] & ,m4,h4 = 8 sp\se1 b to set out ,john ,eld]'s "n 9 full1 & at ! same "t to ins]t 8 initials1 %ews ei!r a misconception (1 or disreg>d =1 ! pr9ciples & usages ( ! ,presbyt]y4 ,o!rwise1 9 "s respects1 ?is example is almo/ wor?y to be class$ ) ! m deg5]ate =ms ( *ur*y>d sculpture 9 ,engl&2 ! skull1 ! cr[n1 ! h\r-glass1 ! c(f91 & ! bones be+ all well-kn[n & conv5tional signs4 ,! compasses may /& = ,john ,eld]'s pr(ession1 b ! figure :i* resembles a *eese-cutt]1 j bel[ ! cr[n1 c only be a subject ( conjecture4 ,?is /one1 :i* is "o ( ! lea/ arti/ic ,i h met ) 9 ,scotl&1 is an evid5ce to %ew t ! rural sculptor 0 z ready 9 ! nor? z 9 ! s\? to blossom =? _h he n be5 *eck$ by ! rig\rs ( ! ,*ur*4 ,at times inde$ ! mortal passion = a "n to live to po/]ity 0 too /rong to be altoge!r curb$1 z we may see manife/$ ev5 9 ! prescrib$ initials :5 !y are m\ld$ ( h]oic size1 f #h to #aj in*es be+ no uncommon height4 ,rem>kable also is ! fact j m5tion$ 7page #hf7 t1 concurr5tly ) ! erection ( ^! dumb head/ones1 !re 7 flat or table /ones#ad all[$1 ^u :i* n only 7 ! names & virtues ( ! dep>t$ fully set =?1 b all sorts ( emblematical devices introduc$4 ,! table tomb 0 probably 9 itself a vanity1 &1 ! b\nd>y pass$1 !re appe>s to h be5 no limit to its excesses4 ,!re are a great _m in/ances ( ?is at ,inv]ness1 ,ab]de51 ,kei?1 ,dunblane1 & else:]e1 & ! /one :i* appe>s 9 ! sket* f ,braem> is only "o ( sev]al 9 t v limit$ space4 ,su* exceptional cases seem to indicate "s local relaxation f ! au/]ity ( ! p]iod1 :i* 0 app>5tly mo/ int5se 9 ! c5tres ( population4 ,humility at ! grave ext5d$ ev5 to ! mat]ial ( ! grave/one4 ,at ,ab]de51 ! ,granite ,city1 few ( ! la/-c5tury grave/ones are ( any bett] mat]ial ?an ! s(t s&/ones :i* mu/ h be5 import$ f ,elg9 or ! s\?4 ,! rule ( initials 0 almo/ univ]sal4 ,9 l mann]1 :5 x became ! cu/om to pur*ase grave-spaces1 ! simple/ possible words 7 employ$ to d5ote ! own]%ip4 ,i notic$ "o /one 9 ,ab]de5 be>+ on its face ! m$allion portrait ( a lady1 & only ! words ( ,isaiah1 *apt] xl4 v]se #f3 ,! voice said1 ,all fle% is grass1 & all ! goodl9ess !re( is z ! fl[] ( ! field4 ,at ! back ( ! /one is writt53 ,?is bury+ gr\nd1 conta9+ two graves1 belongs to ,william ,rait1 ,m]*ant4 ,ab]de51 #ahjj4 ,! practice ( c>v+ on bo? faces ( ! head/one is v common 9 ,scotl&1 &1 s f> z ,i h obs]v$1 9 ,scotl& alone2 b1 /range z x may seem1 ,scotl& & ,irel& :5 !y write grave/one inscriptions h "o habit 9 common1 t ( beg9n+ _! epitaphs1 n ) ! "n ( ! deceas$ p]son1 b ) ! "n ( ! p]son :o provides ! /one4 ,?us3-- ,erect$ by ,william ,br[n to 8 ,fa!r ,john ,br[n1 etc41 etc4 ,footnote #ad3 ,x has be5 sugge/$ to me t ^! tombs 7 ! luxuries ( ! weal?i] inhabitants4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ie4 ,,blairg[rie4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #if4 ,,lauf54 #a4 ,cut into /one4 #b4 ,an*or ( iron on dw>f /one pill>4 #c4 ,he>t & an*or ( ?9 iron on dw>f /one pill>4 #d4 ,iron plate & rod4 #e4 ,wood5 cross4 #f4 ,wood5 cross4 ,,*apt] ,,xii4 ,,old ,,grave/ones ,,abroad4 ,abroad is a big place1 & no suffici5t treatm5t "u ! head ( ?is *apt] is possible except to "o :o has _h v great exp]i5ce & ext5d$ rese>*4 ,nev]!less ,i may1 ) all due diffid5ce & mode/y1 tell ! little ,i "k on ! subject4 ,my opportunities ( inve/igation h be5 few1 & re/rict$ to a limit$ area--s re/rict$ & s limit$ t ,i _c tell :e!r or n ! obs]vations ,i h made may be tak5 z indications ( national habits or m]ely z idiosyncrasies ( ! p inhabit+ ! p>ticul> localities :i* ,i 0 able to visit4 ,all ! *ur*y>ds :i* ,i h se5 9 ,france1 ,belgium1 ,g]many1 & ,switz]l& v mu* resemble ea* o!r1 & are altoge!r unlike ! gravey>ds ( ,great ,brita9 & h] *ildr54 ,x is to ! villages we %\ld naturally g = primitive memorials ( ! dead1 b 9 all ! cont95tal villages :i* ,i h visit$ memorials ( a p]man5t "*1 ei!r old or new1 are sc>cely to be se54 ,occasionally a /one slab may be enc\nt]$1 b almo/ always ( rec5t date4 ,at ,lauf5 9 ! ,canton ( ,zuri*1 ne> ! ,falls ( ! ,rh9e1 ,i select$ almo/ at r&om ! examples ( memorials %ewn 9 my sket* 7,fig4 #if71 "o or o!r ( :i* 0 at ! head ( ne>ly e grave4 ,,fig4 #if4--;,,at ,,lauf54 ,! av]age height ( ^! mem5toes 0 ab\t #b feet1 & all ! dates :i* ,i saw 7 ( ! la/ tw5ty-five ye>s4 ,p]man5ce inde$ is app>5tly n consid]$ z x is ) u 9 ! l circum/ances4 ,! ,briti% grave/one is tru/$ to p]petuate at lea/ ! names ( our dep>t$ fri5ds d[n to ! days ( our po/]ity1 b ! provision made by our neighb\rs seems to h be5 = ! exi/+ g5]ation only4 ,po/]ity does n tr\ble ! villag]s ( ,switz]l& nor _! prototypes ( o!r nations ar\nd !m4 ,?is fact 0 /rongly exemplifi$ at ,neuhaus51 a small place on ! o!r bank ( ! ,rh9e1 five m9utes f ,g]many we 7 told4 ,,fig4 #ig4--;,,at ,,neuhaus54 ,9 ! *ur*y>d at ?is place 0 "o h&some tomb/one1 %ewn 9 ! draw+1 erect$ app>5tly 9 #agij4 ,?is 0 evid5ce ( some:at anci5t art1 & ,i look$ ab\t = ! old grave/ones :i* %\ld h kept x company4 ,erect 9 its place !re 0 n "o1 b 9 ! remote/ corn] ( ! enclosure ,i came ^u sev]al /ones ly+ flat1 "o ^u ano!r1 ! upp]mo/ & only visible inscription be>+ ! rec5t date ( #ahgj6 ,only tw5ty ye>s or s on s5try at ! grave1 & already reliev$ f duty6 ,!re 0 likewise a miscellane\s heap ( old crosses1 etc41 ( iron & wood1 ! writ+ on :i* _h disappe>$1 & !y might reasonably h be5 condemn$ z ( no fur!r s]vice2 b t grave/ones 9 p]fect pres]vation %\ld h be5 ?\ght to h s]v$ _! full purpose 9 a little ov] tw5ty ye>s1 & be ca/ aside z no long] requisite1 0 a rem>kable lesson 9 national "*4 ,all ! graves 7 flat1 & at ! head ( e rec5t "o 0 a small iron slab be>+ a numb]4 ,_m ( ^? :i* _h crosses 7 hung ) immortelles1 compos$ g5]ally ( glass-beads4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ig4 ,,neuhaus54 ,9 ,neuhaus5 ,gravey>d1 at ! end ( ! r[ ( graves1 are se5 two r+s protrud+ f ! gr\nd4 ,ly+ ne> is an iron %ield ) two simil> r+s surm\nt+ x4 ,x is readily suppos$ t ! fir/-nam$ r+s are also atta*$ to a %ield buri$ 9 ! e>?1 & s x proves4 ,9 ord] t no space may be lo/ betwe5 ! graves1 ! %ields are us$ alt]nately to s]ve z ! divid+ wall1 & are !n drawn out1 ?us enabl+ ! sexton to pack ! c(f9s close toge!r4 ,! t[ns & cities abroad h _! cemet]ies beyond ! outskirts1 z is ! practice "h4 ,occasionally an old *ur*y>d is to be met )1 b nev] an old grave/one z we "k x4 ,/ill !re are in/ances 9 :i* anci5t c>v+s ( ! same "* h be5 sav$ by atta*m5t to ! *ur* or *ur*y>d wall4 ,sev]al su* are to be se5 9 ,g]man *ur*y>ds long s9ce conv]t$ to purposes ( recreation1 & "o at ,heidelb]g may be tak5 z an example4 ,,fig4 #ih4--;,,at ,,heidelb]g ,to ,b>b>a ,fo/]ii1 di$ #agde1 ag$ #fg4 ,b5ea? is ! text f ! ,fir/ ,epi/le ( ,pet]1 *apt] i4 v]ses #bd & #be4 ,all fle% is z grass1 & all ! glory ( man z ! fl[] ( grass4 ,! grass )]e?1 & ! fl[] !re( falle? away3 b ! ,^w ( ! ,"l endure? = ev]4 ,at ,luc]ne1 t9d] simil> conditions1 ! /rik+ figures ( two skeletons1 p>tly 9 milit>y g>b1 keep gu>d ov] ! tablet :i* records ! virtues ( a dep>t$ h]o4 ,he 0 probably a soldi]1 b ! figure ( a lictor on ! left ) 8 fasces ( axe & rods seems to betok5 "s civil employm5t4 ,9 anci5t times ! lictors walk$ 9 advance ( ! magi/rates1 & execut$ s5t5ce :5 pron\nc$4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ii4 ,,luc]ne4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ih4 ,,heidelb]g4 ,,fig4 #ii4--;,,at ,,luc]ne4 ,to ,iodoco ,b]n>do ,h>tman1 di$ #ageb1 ag$ #fg ye>s4 ,! two la/-giv5 illu/rations may possibly belong to ! category ( mural tablets r ?an t ( grave/ones1 be+ fix$ app>5tly by orig9al design1 & n by aft]?\ght1 z 9 our conv]t$ burial-gr\nds1 aga9/ ! out] walls ( ! *ur*4 ,!re are1 h[ev]1 no o!r rema9s :i* ,i c\ld discov] be>+ any resemblance to ! old ,briti% head/one1 & ! evanesc5t "* :i* seems to h atta*$ = a c]ta9 p]iod to ! memorials ( ! dead among our neighb\rs abroad =bids ! expectation t any su* z ^? :i* h appe>$ 9 our e>li] *apt]s are to be f\nd 9 ,europe outside ! b\nd>ies ( our ,empire4 ,9 m mod]n obs]vances1 especially 9 ! c5tres ( population1 ,engli% & cont95tal mann]s m ne>ly approximate2 & 9 ! _m new cemet]ies :i* are n[ to be f\nd adjac5t to ! cities & l>ge t[ns ( ,we/]n ,europe !re are tombs & grave/ones z _m & z co/ly z are to be f\nd 9 any r\nd ,london4 ,9 ,g]many ! pres5t practice appe>s to be s+le int]m5ts1 & "o inscription only on ! /one1 & t /udi\sly brief4 ,?us3 ,transcrib]'s note3 inscriptions bel[ enclos$ 9 a bord] ,edu>d ,s*midt ,geb d4 #h ,oct41 #ahhf4 ,ge/ d4 #aj ,jan41 #ahhg4 ,?is ,i copi$ 9 ! cemet]y at ,s*affhaus54 ,b at ,h5don1 a nor?-we/ suburb ( ,london1 has rec5tly be5 plac$ aga9/ ! *ur* wall a /ill simpl] memorial1 a small slab ( m>ble1 inscrib$3 ,c>l ,ri*>d ,loose ,b4 #ba4 #a4 #eb3 ,d4 #ad4 #aj4 #ha4 ,= brevity 9 excelsis ! foll[+1 f ! cemet]y at ,heidelb]g1 c h>dly be eclips$3 ,mi*ael ,seil] #ahje4--ahhg4 ,sometimes ! a/]isk is us$ by ! ,g]mans to d5ote bir?1 & ! dagg] 7or cross7 = dea?1 ?us3 ,hi] ,ri%t 9 ,gott ,natalie ,bre?ke 99 #ahej #ahhd ,,*apt] ,,xiii4 ,,v ,,old ,,grave/ones4 ,al?\gh1 = reasons already expla9$ or surmis$1 ! grave/ones 9 our burial-gr\nds seldom exce$ an age ( #bjj ye>s1 !re has probably be5 no "t & no race ( m5 9 :i* su* memorials 7 unkn[n4 ,pr(essor ,dr4 ,john ,/u>t1 ! ,scotti% antiqu>y1#ae op9es t ! erection ( /ones to ! memory ( ! dead has be5 common to all ! _w f ! e>lie/ times1 & !re are _m in/ances record$ 9 ! ,old ,te/am5t1 z :5 ,ra*el di$ & ,jacob set a pill> ^u h] grave 7,g5esis1 *apt] xxxv4 v]se #bj72 & ano!r au?ority1 ,mr4 ,r4 ,r4 ,bra%1#af 9 a simil> /ra91 comm5ts on ! s5tim5t :i* appe>s to h be5 common to human nature 9 all ages1 & among all conditions ( mank9d1 namely a desire to leave aft] him some?+ to p]petuate 8 memory1 some?+ m durable ?an 8 frail humanity4 ,?is prop5sity d\btless l$ him 9 8 e>lie/ & rude/ /ate to set on end 9 ! e>? ! r\gh & unhewn pill> /one :i* he f\nd ly+ pro/rate on ! surface1 & ^! ho> memorials exi/ 9 almo/ e c\ntry4 ,footnote #ae3 ,! ,sculptur$ ,/ones ( ,scotl& 7two volumes71 by ,john ,/u>t1 ,,ll4,d41 ,secret>y to ! ,scotti% ,society ( ,antiqu>ies4 ,footnote #af3 ,ogam ,inscrib$ ,monum5ts1 by ,r4,r4 ,bra%2 edit$ by ,g4,m4 ,atk9son4 ,a rem>kable in/ance is af=d$ by ,absalom1 ! son ( ,david1 :o himself set up a /one to record 8 memory3 ,n[ ,absalom 9 8 lifetime _h tak5 & re>$ up = himself a pill>1 :i* is 9 ! k+'s dale3 = he said1 ,i h no son to keep my "n 9 remembrance3 & he call$ ! pill> aft] 8 own "n3 & x is call$ unto ?is day1 ,absalom's place 7#b ,samuel1 *apt] xviii4 v]se #ah74 ,pr(essor ,/u>t inde$ decl>es t !re is no cu/om 9 ! hi/ory ( human progress :i* s]ves s mu* to connect ! remote pa/ ) ! pres5t p]iod z ! erection ( pill> /ones4 ,we meet ) x1 he says1 9 ! infancy ( hi/ory1 & x is ev5 yet1 9 "s %ape or o!r1 ! means by :i* man hopes to h& d[n 8 memory to ! future4 ,! sculptur$ tombs ( e>ly nations (t5 furni% ! only key to _! modes ( life2 & _! memorial /ones1 if !y may n 9 all cases be class$ ) sepul*ral records1 mu/ yet be consid]$ z rema9s ( ! same e>ly p]iod :5 ! rock 0 ! only book 9 :i* an au?or c\ld convey 8 ?\ghts1 & :5 hi/ory 0 to be h&$ d[n by memorials :i* %\ld always meet ! eye & prompt ! "q1 ,:at mean ye by ^! /ones8 ,to su* remote antiquity1 h[ev]1 x is probably undesirable to foll[ our subject4 ,x w no d\bt be ?\ght suffici5t = ?is essay if we leave altoge!r out ( view ! rese>*es :i* h be5 made 9 ! old] empires ( ! e>?1 & conf9e ourselves to ! records ( our own c\ntry4 ,( ^!1 h[ev]1 !re are _m1 & !y are full ( int]e/4 ,9 date !y probably occupy a p]iod p>tly ,pagan & p>tly ,*ri/ian1 & x has be5 conjectur$ t all or mo/ ( ^? discov]$ _h _! s\rce 9 ,irel&1 ) a possibility ( an e>li] importation into ,irel& by ,icel&ic1 ,dani%1 or o!r peoples4 ,_m ( ^! /ones h be5 f\nd buri$ 9 ! ru9s ( old *ur*es1 & mo/ ( !m may be suppos$ to owe _! pres]vation to "s su* protection4 ,! draw+s ( "o or two may be giv5 z samples4 ,^? "h sket*$ 7,figs4 #ajj & #aja7 are 9 ! ,national ,museum ( ,antiquities ( ,scotl&1 & occupy ) o!rs a consid]able space1 be+ well display$ to %ew ! inscriptions on bo? sides4#ag ,x is by ! fact ( bo? sides be+ writt5 ^u t we assign to !m ! "* ( grave/ones1 t is upright grave/ones2 b x is also well au!nticat$ by hi/orical records t ! memorial ( a ,pagan *ief 9 ,irel& 0 a cairn ) a pill> /one /&+ ^u x1 & !re is little d\bt t ! ,iri% invad]s c>ri$ ! practice ) !m into ,scotl&4 ,x is inde$ 9 ,scotl& t a l>ge proportion ( ^! /ones h be5 discov]$1 & !re are m ?an a hundr$ ( !m 9 ! ,ed9burgh ,museum4 ,9 ! ,museum at ,dubl9 !re is also a good collection1 conv5i5tly arrang$2 b ! ,briti% ,museum 9 ,london has less ?an half a doz5--only five--specim5s4 ,! numb] 9 ea* ( ! ?ree museums fairly repres5ts ! relative abundance ( su* rema9s 9 ,engl&1 ,scotl&1 & ,irel&4 ,m>k$ on a *>t ! discov]ies are ?ickly gr\p$ 9 ! ,nor?-,we/]n p>ts ( ,scotl&1 9 ! ,s\? ( ,irel&1 & on ! ,s\?-,we/]n promontory ( ,wales4 ,9 ,cornwall & ,devon%ire1 along ! coa/ l9e1 !re h be5 f\nd a goodly few1 & ! o!rs are dott$ sp>sely ov] ! :ole k+dom--,engl&1 z j indicat$1 furni%+ only a modicum4 ,footnote #ag3 ,! ,national ,museum ( ,antiquities 9 ,que5 ,/reet1 ,ed9burgh1 is unequall$ by any o!r collection ( ,briti% & ,celtic rema9s4 ,all ^! memorial /ones are c>efully catalogu$1 & h1 moreov]1 ! advantage ( be+ describ$ at l5g?1 ) full illu/ration1 9 ,pr(essor ,/u>t's copi\s "w 7previ\sly m5tion$7 on ,! ,sculptur$ ,/ones ( ,scotl&4 ,illu/ration3 ,,! ,,bressay ,,/one ,,fig4 #ajj4 ,,lunna/+ ,,& ,,kilb> ,,/ones4 ,,fig4 #aja4 ,,ogam ,,& ,,runic ,,inscriptions4 ,! inscriptions ^u su* /ones1 :5 !y are inscrib$1 are usually 9 ,ogam or ,runic *>act]s4 ,an example ( ! ,ogam writ+ is %ewn on ! edges ( ! ,bressay /one 7,fig4 #ajj71 & also on ! front side ( ! ,lunna/+ /one 7,fig4 #aja;a74 ,! ,ogam /yle 0 us$ by ! anci5t ,iri% & "s o!r ,celtic nations1 & ! ,ogams1 or lett]s1 consi/ pr9cipally ( l9es1 or gr\ps ( l9es1 d]iv+ _! signification f _! position on a s+le /em1 or *ief l9e1 ov]1 "u1 or ?r\gh :i* !y are drawn1 p]p5dicul>ly or obliquely4 ,curves r>ely occur2 b "s are se5 9 ! inscription on ! ,bressay /one1 :i* has be5 ?us int]pret$ by ,dr4 ,graves1 ,bi%op ( ,lim]ick3 ,b5tire1 or ! ,son ( ! ,druid1 lies "h4 ,! ,cross ( ,nordr$'s daught] is "h plac$4 ,?is /one 0 f\nd by a lab\r] ab\t #ahea1 :ile digg+ 9 a piece ( wa/e gr\nd ne> ! ru9\s *ur* ( ,culb9sg>? at ,bressay1 ,%etl&4 ,! design is said to be ?or\ghly ,iri%1 & ! inscription a mixture ( ,iri% & ,icel&ic4 ,! /one measures #d ft4 by #a ft4 #d-a_/b 94 by #b 94 ,x is attribut$ to ! n9? c5tury4 ,! /one #aja;a is a slab ( br[ni% s&/one1 #dd 94 by #ac 94 by #aa_/b 941 f ,lunna/+1 also 9 ,%etl&4 ,x 0 f\nd five feet bel[ ! surface 9 #ahgf1 &1 hav+ probably la9 !re = c5turies1 0 9 excell5t pres]vation4 ,! au?orities1 h[ev]1 are unable to make a satisfactory translation4 ,! cross or dagg] is also ( d\btful explanation2 & ,mr4 ,gilb]t ,g\die ?9ks x is a m]e mason's m>k4 ,x is1 h[ev]1 admitt$ on all h&s t ! /one is ( ,*ri/ian orig91 & probably ( ! p]iod j subsequ5t to ! t]m9ation ( ! ,roman rule 9 ,brita94 ,x has be5 sugge/$ t mo/ ( ^! anci5t grave/ones 7 c>v$ & set up by ! ,iri% mission>y monks n e>li] ?an ,a4,d4 #ehj4 ,! ,ogam inscription on ! ,luma/+ /one has be5 made by "o exp]t to read3 ,,eattui*eatts ,,maheadttannn ,,hccff/ff ,,ncdtons4 ,a /range & inexplicable aggregation ( consonants4 ,! /one repres5t$ bel[1 #aja b1 be>s an inscription 9 ,runic *>act]s4 ,runic is a t]m appli$ to any my/]i\s writ+2 b !re 7 ?ree lead+ classes ( runes--,sc&9avian1 ,g]man1 & ,anglo-,saxon--all agree+ 9 c]ta9 features1 & all ascrib$ by "s au?orities to ! ,pho5icians4 ,! /one #aja b 0 f\nd 9 #ahfe1 at ,kilb>1 ,b>ra1 a remote isl& ( ! out] ,hebrides1 (f ! nor?-we/ coa/ ( ,scotl&4 ,x measures #f ft4 #e-a_/b 94 9 height1 & its greate/ wid? is #ae-a_/b in*es4 ,mr4 ,c>mi*ael has conjectur$ t x 0 probably br\ght f ,iona ab\t ! beg9n+ ( ! sev5te5? c5tury1 & erect$ 9 ,b>ra at ! head ( a grave made by a son ( ,mc,neil = himself4 ,b x is believ$ to h be5 9 any case a ,norse memorial 9 ! fir/ in/ance1 ?\gh c]ta9ly ,*ri/ian1 = x reads3 ,ur & ,?ur ,g>$ set up ! /ones ( ,risk>4#ah ,may ,*ri/ gu>d 8 s\l4 ,footnote #ah3 ,risk>1 or ,rask>1 is a surname ( ! ,norwegians1 :o 7 e>ly settl$ 9 ! ,we/]n ,isl&s & adopt$ ! ,*ri/ian fai?4--,old ,nor!rn ,runic ,monum5ts ( ,sc&9avia & ,engl&1 by ,dr4 ,george ,/eph5s1 ,f4,s4,a4 ,! ,b>ra /one has on ! rev]se side a l>ge cross1 c>v$ 9 plait$ b&s4 ,dr4 ,petrie has po9t$ out t ! cross is n necess>ily indicative ( belief1 ! anci5t ,danes & o!r peoples hav+ us$ v>i\s signs--! cross frequ5tly--to m>k _! b\nd>ies1 _! cattle1 & _! graves4#ai ,!re is little d\bt1 h[ev]1 t 9 mo/ ( ^! ,briti% & ,iri% memorials1 al?\gh ! /ones may orig9ally h be5 ,pagan1 ! cross is typical ( ,*ri/ianity4 ,we are told t x 0 n unusual = ,/4 ,patrick to d$icate ,pagan monum5ts to ! hon\r ( ! true ,god4 ,on "o occasion1 x is relat$1 on ! au?ority ( an anci5t life ( ! ,sa9t1 t1 on com+ to ! ,pla9 ( ,magh ,solga1 ne> ,elph91 he f\nd ?ree pill> /ones :i* _h be5 rais$ !re by ! ,pagans1 ei!r z memorials ( ev5ts or = ! celebration ( ,pagan rites1 on "o ( :i* he inscrib$ ! "n ( ,jesus1 on ano!r ,sot]1 & on ! ?ird ,salvator1 along probably ) ! cross1 su* z is se5 on ne>ly e ,*ri/ian monum5t 9 ,irel&4 ,9 ! same way on two ( five upright pill>s 9 ! p>i% ( ,m>\n1 ,isle ( ,man1 are crosses deeply incis$4 ,?is spot is traditionally associat$ ) ,/4 ,patrick z ! place :]e he prea*$1 & ! /ones appe> to be rema9s ( a ,druidical circle4 ,footnote #ai3 ,*ri/ian ,inscriptions 9 ! ,iri% ,language4 ,collect$ by ,george ,petrie1 & edit$ by ,miss ,m4 ,/okes4 ,?is practice is q consi/5t ) ! pr9ciples ^u :i* ! ,*ri/ian conv]sion 0 e/abli%$ by ! e>ly mission>ies4 ,?us1 ,gregory1 9 a lett] f ,rome1 9 #fja1 direct$ t ! idolatr\s temples 9 ,engl& %\ld n be de/roy$1 b turn$ into ,*ri/ian *ur*es1 9 ord] t ! p might be induc$ to resort to _! cu/om>y places ( wor%ip2 & !y 7 ev5 all[$ to kill cattle z sacrifices to ,god1 z _h be5 _! practice 9 _! previ\s idolatry4 ,h5ce also arose ! sy/em ( e/abli%+ new *ur*es on ! sites previ\sly held z consecrat$ by hea!n wor%ip4 ,( ! five old grave/ones 9 ! ,briti% ,museum1 f\r are f ,irel& & "o f ,f>dell 9 ,devon%ire4 ,! ,f>dell /one 0 f\nd ab\t ! ye> #ahej1 act+ z a footbridge across a small brook at ,f>dell1 ne> ,ivybridge1 ,devon%ire--a di/rict once inhabit$ by a ,celtic tribe4 ,x is ( co>se granite1 #f ft4 #c 94 high1 #b ft4 #i 94 broad1 & f #g to #i in*es ?ick4 ,x be>s an ,ogam inscription on two angles ( ! same face1 & debas$ ,roman *>act]s on ! front & back4 ,x reads1 accord+ to ,mr4 ,bra%1 9 ! ,ogam1 ,safagguc ! son ( ,cuic2 &1 9 ! ,roman1 ,fanon ! son ( ,rian4 ,! ?ree ,iri% ,ogam /ones 7 pres5t$ to ! ,briti% ,museum by ,colonel ,a4 ,lane ,fox1 ,f4,s4,a41 :o dug !m out ( an anci5t =t at ,roovesmore1 ne> ,kilcrea1 on ! ,cork ,railway1 :]e !y 7 =m+ ! ro( ( a subt]ranean *amb]4 ,no4 #a _c be positively deciph]$ or translat$2 ,no4 #b is inscrib$ to ! son ( ,falaman1 :o liv$ 9 ! eigh? c5tury1 & also to ! son ( ,erca1 "o ( a family ( ,k+s & ,bi%ops :o fl\ri%$ 9 ! anci5t k+dom ( ,irel&2 & ,no4 #c1 :i* is damag$1 is suppos$ to h be5 d$icat$ to a ,bi%op ,usaille1 ab\t ,a4,d4 #ded4 ,all ! /ones came probably f "s cemet]y 9 ! di/rict 9 :i* !y 7 f\nd4 ,x has be5 rem>k$ t ! di/ribution ( ^! old /ones m>ks cle>ly ! anci5t hi/ory ( our isl&s2 _! frequ5cy or r>ity 9 ea* case correspond+ accurately ) ! relations exi/+ 9 remote times betwe5 ,irel& on ! "o side1 & ,wales1 ,cornwall1 & ,scotl& on ! o!r4 ,fur!r enquiry into ! subject is sc>cely to be expect$ 9 ?is rudim5t>y "w4 ,to seek = ! g]m ( ! grave/one is inde$ a f> que/4 ,l ! ignis fatuus1 x rec$es z we seem to approa* x4 ,9 ! sculpture gall]ies ( ! ,briti% ,museum !re are sev]al examples pres]v$ to u f ! anci5t ,empire ( ,assyria1 & "o describ$ z ! ,monoli? ( ,%ahnanes] ,,ii41 ,k+ ( ,assyria1 ,b4,c4 #hej1 is almo/ ! exact c\nt]p>t ( ! head/ones :i* are 9 vogue to-day4 ,x /&s #e ft4 #f 94 high1 is #b ft4 #i 94 wide1 & #h in*es ?ick4 ,l ! ,scotti% /ones ( ! eighte5? & n9ete5? c5turies x is inscrib$ on bo? faces4 ,,*apt] ,,xiv4 ,,! ,,regulation ,,( ,,grave/ones4 ,x has be5 already po9t$ out1 & is probably well kn[n1 t ! cl]gyman ( ! p>i% *ur* has possess$ f immemorial "t ! pr]ogative ( refus+ to all[ 9 ! *ur*y>d "u 8 control any monum5t1 grave/one1 design1 or epitaph :i* is1 9 8 op9ion1 irrev]5t1 indecor\s1 or 9 any way unbecom+ ! solemnity & sanctity ( ! place4 ,?is au?ority1 :]ev] ex]cis$1 has be5 subject to ! high] jurisdiction ( ! ,diocesan ,bi%op1 & presumably to ! rule ( ! ,ecclesia/ical ,c\rts2 b1 z we h se51 ! au?ority has be5 b indiff]5tly employ$1 & ! inf]5ce is t ! cl]gy h 9 times pa/ be5 w(ully ignorant or lam5tably c>eless z to _! p[]s & obligations4 ,a m heal?y sy/em n[ prevails1 & we seldom or nev] f9d any?+ 9 ! way ( ornam5t1 emblem1 or inscription ( an (f5sive or ridicul\s "* plac$ 9 any ( our burial-gr\nds1 ! ,burial ,bo>ds be+ z /rict & wat*ful ov] ! cemet]ies z ! rectors & vic>s are 9 ! managem5t ( ! *ur*y>ds4 ,nor has !re be51 s f> z we h gone1 any difficulty 9 reconcil+ ?is /r+5cy ( sup]vision ) ! ,acts ( ,p>liam5t :i* h be5 pass$ 9 recognition ( religi\s equality at ! grave2 & x is n too mu* to hope t !re is 9 ! pres5t day su* univ]sal preval5ce ( good ta/e & propriety "u ! solemnity ( dea? z to ensure concurr5ce among all sects & p>ties 9 secur+ decorum 9 all ?+s relat+ to int]m5ts4 ,to ! incongruities :i* h be5 left to u z legacies f our ance/ors we may be indulg5t4 ,!y are l&m>ks ( ! g5]ations :i* creat$ !m1 & records ( times & mann]s :i* we w\ld fa9 believe t we h left beh9d 9 ^! days ( bett] education & bett] ?\ght4 ,!y are !re=e ( value to u z items ( hi/ory1 &1 ?\gh we w\ld n repeat _m ( !m1 we %all pres]ve !m1 n only because we rev]5ce ! graves ( our =efa!rs1 b because !y are entitl$ to our protection z anci5t monum5ts4 ,h[ev] unc\? !y may be 9 design or expression1 !y mu/ be tol]at$ = _! age4 ,x _c be d5i$ t "s ( !m try our pati5ce1 9 ! epitaphs ev5 m p]haps ?an 9 ! c>v+s1 & m]ely mock :om !y 7 meant to hon\r4 ,two out ( a va/ numb] may be select$ z pa9ful evid5ces ( a dep>t$ c5tury's tomb/one ribaldry4 ,! fir/1 f a village ne> ,ba?1 is a deplorable mixture ( piety & pr(anity1 s5tim5t & vulg>ity3 ,to ! memory ( ,?omas & ,ri*>d ,fry1 /onemasons1 :o 7 cru%$ to dea?1 ,aug4 ! #be?1 #aggf1 by ! slipd[n ( a wall !y 7 9 ! act ( build+4 ,?omas 0 #ai & ,ri*>d #ba ye>s4 ,!y 7 lovely & pleasant 9 _! lives1 & 9 dea? 7 n divid$4 ,bless$ are !y t die 9 ! ,"l1 = _! works foll[ !m4 ,a sacr$ ,tru?3 n[ le>n our awful fate4 ,de> ,fri5ds1 we 7 fir/ c\s9s1 & :at n3 ,to toil z masons 0 our humble lot4 ,z j return+ f a h\se ( call1 ,! p>son bade u set ab\t 8 wall4 ,flu%'d ) good liquor1 *e]fully we /rove ,to place big /ones bel[ & big above2 ,we made too quick "w--d[n ! fabric came2 ,x cru%'d our vitals3 p call'd out %ame6 ,b we he>d no?+1 mute z fi% we lay1 ,& %all lie sprawl+ till ! judgm5t day4 ,f our mis=tune ?is good moral "k-- ,nev] to "w too fa/ nor dr9k too sl[4 ,! o!r is at ,cray =d1 & is z foll[s3 ,"h lie? ! body ( ,pet] ,isnet1 #cj ye>s cl]k ( ?is p>i%4 ,he liv$ respect$ z a ,pi\s & a ,mir?ful ,man1 & di$ on 8 way to *ur* to assi/ at a w$d+ on ! #ca/ day ( ,m>* #ahaa1 ag$ #gj ye>s4 ,! inhabitants ( ,cray=d h rais$ ?is /one to 8 *e]ful memory & z a ,tribute to 8 ,long & ,fai?ful ,s]vices4 ,! age ( ?is cl]k 0 j ?ree score & t51 ,ne>ly half ( :i* "t he _h sung out ,am56 ,9 8 y\? he 0 m>ri$1 l o!r "y m51 ,b 8 wife di$ "o day1 & he *ant$ ,am56 ,a second he took4 ,%e dep>t$3 :at !n8 ,he m>ri$ & buri$ a ?ird1 ) ,am56 ,?us 8 joys & 8 sorr[s 7 ,treble1 b !n1 ,8 voice 0 deep ,bass z he sung out ,am56 ,on ! ,horn he c\ld bl[ z well z mo/ m51 ,s 8 horn 0 exalt$ 9 bl[+ ,am56 ,b he lo/ all 8 w9d aft] ,?ree ,score & ,t51 ,& "h ) ,?ree ,wives he waits till aga9 ,! trumpet %all r\se him to s+ out ,am56 ,! habit ( imitation :i* we h notic$ 9 ! masonry ( ! grave/one is ev5 m pron\nc$ 9 ! epitaphs4 ,"o ( ! mo/ famili> v]ses is t :i* usually reads3 ,affliction sore long "t ,i bore1 ,physicians 7 9 va91 ,till ,dea? did seize & ,god did please ,to ease me ( my pa94 ,^! l9es1 h[ev]1 h und]gone v>iations out ( numb]1 a n infrequ5t device be+ to adapt !m to circum/ances by su* *anges z-- ,affliction sore %ort "t ,i bore1 etc4 ,! same idea has an ext5d$ application at ! grave ( ,joseph ,crate1 :o di$ 9 #ahje1 ag$ #db ye>s1 & is buri$ at ,h5don ,*ur*y>d3 ,affliction sore long "t ,i bore1 ,physicians 7 9 va93 ,my *ildr5 de> & wife1 ^: c>e ,assuag$ my e pa91 ,are left beh9d to m\rn my fate3 ,!n ,*ri/ians let !m f9d ,t pity :i* _! case excites ,& prove to !m mo/ k9d4 ,b ! mo/ />tl+ p]v]sion ( ! orig9al text ,i saw 9 ! *ur*y>d at ,saund]sfoot1 ,s\? ,wales1 :]e ! /one-c>v] _h evid5tly _h 8 lesson by dictation1 & made _m orig9al mi/akes1 ! mo/ notable ( :i* 0 9 ! second l9e3-- ,affliction sore long "t ,i bore1 ,anitions 7 9 va91 etc4 ,! foll[+ f ,hyd51 ,york%ire1 is rem>kable3 ,william ,/rutton1 ( ,padr+ton1 buri$ #ah? ,may1 #agcd1 ag$ #ig ye>s1 :o _h by 8 fir/ wife #bh *ildr51 by 8 second1 #ag3 0 own fa!r to #de1 gr&fa!r to #hf1 great-gr&fa!r to #bc2 9 all #aed *ildr54 ,witty tomb/ones1 ev5 :5 !y are n vulg>1 are always 9 bad ta/e4 ,two well-kn[n in/ances may suffice-- ,on ,dr4 ,walk]1 :o wrote a book on ,engli% ,p>ticles3 ,"h lie ,walk]'s ,p>ticles4 ,on ,dr4 ,full]3 ,"h lies ,full]'s ,e>?4 ,! same misplac$ jocul>ity mu/ be acc\ntable = an enigmatical inscription at ,/4 ,&rew's1 ,worce/]1 on ! tomb ( a man :o di$ 9 #aghj1 ag$ #fe ye>s3 ,h4,l4,t4,b4,o4 ,r4,w4 ,i4,h4,o4,a4,j4,r4 ,?is1 we are told1 %\ld be read z foll[s3 ,"h lye? ! ,body ( ,ri*>d ,we/on ,9 hope ( a ,joyful ,resurrection4 ,rhym$ epitaphs h a hi/ory almo/ contemporane\s ) t ( ! old grave/ones1 hav+ _! fl\ri%+ p]iod betwe5 ! middle ( ! sev5te5? c5tury & ! e>ly "p ( ! n9ete5? c5tury4 ,!y 7 little us$ 9 ,engl& prior to ! reign ( ,james ! ,fir/1 & x is suppos$ t ,m>y1 ,que5 ( ,scots1 br\ght ! cu/om f ,france4 ,%e is also said to h be5 an adept at compos+ epitaphs1 & "s attribut$ to h] are extant4 ,x may be suspect$ also t o!r inv5tors h writt5 a va/ numb] ( ! m or less apocryphal elegies :i* g to make up ! _m books ( epitaphs :i* h be5 publi%$2 b ?is is a po9t wide ( our subject1 & we mu/ be c>eful 9 our ,rambles t we d n g a/ray4 ,,index4 ,abbotts1 ,/aple=d1 #dg4 ,ab]de51 #hi4 ,ab]y/)1 #ca4 ,absalom's ,pill>1 #ih4 ,acts ( ,p>liam5t1 #eh1 #ei4 ,afghani/an1 #fb4 ,agricultural grave/ones1 #cb1 #cc1 #cd4 ,amazon1 private] %ip1 #ha4 ,am]ica1 #eh4 ,anglo-,saxon ,*ur*es1 #ch4 ,artizaus' grave/ones1 #ca4 ,a%=d1 #bc4 ,assyrian tomb1 #ajd4 ,atk9son1 ,g4 ,m41 on ,ogams4 #ig4 ,balbriggan1 #gi4 ,bangor1 ,irel&1 #hj1 #ha4 ,b>k+1 #dc4 ,b>nes1 #cb4 ,b>net1 #df1 #gf4 ,b>ra1 #aja1 #ajb4 ,ba?1 #ajf4 ,beck5ham1 #cc4 ,belfa/1 #gh4 ,belgium1 #ia4 ,b55d51 #af4 ,b]mondsey1 #bi4 ,be?nal ,gre51 #fe4 ,bexley1 #da1 #db4 ,bi%op ( diocese1 #gc4 ,black grave/ones1 #gf4 ,blackhea?1 #ch4 ,blacksmi?1 village1 #ca4 ,blackwood's ,magaz9e1 #ge4 ,blairg[rie1 #hh4 ,bo>d ( ,heal?1 #ei4 ,bodiam1 #af4 ,book ( ,common ,pray]1 #ed4 ,b\tell's ,monum5ts1 #cf4 ,braem>1 #hf1 #hi4 ,br&e/on1 ,suffolk1 #ef4 ,bra% on ,ogams1 #ig1 #ajc4 ,bressay /one1 #ajj4 ,bretons1 #fb1 #fc4 ,bricklay]'s grave/one1 #cc4 ,briti% ,museum1 #ii1 #ajc1 #ajd4 ,britons1 aborig9al1 #ej4 ,bromley1 #cc4 ,broxb\rne1 #de4 ,buckhur/ ,hill1 #de4 ,bunhill ,fields gravey>d1 #bf1 #bg4 ,burial 9 *ur*es1 #ea4 ,burial ,s]vice1 #ed4 ,burke1 ,edmund1 #ea4 ,ces>1 #ej4 ,c>mi*ael1 ,mr41 #aja4 ,c>p5t]s' grave/ones1 #ca1 #cb4 ,cattle 9 *ur*y>ds1 #ee4 ,*alk1 p>i% (1 #ac1 #ad4 ,*ampion1 ,s41 #da4 ,*elt5ham1 #fh4 ,*e%unt1 #bb1 #fi4 ,*igwell1 #df4 ,*9ese1 #fb4 ,*+=d1 #de4 ,*iselhur/1 #ai4 ,*ri/ian burial1 #ej4 ,city ,corporation1 #eh4 ,cl>kson1 ,d4,a41 #fa4 ,cliffe1 #ba4 ,clos+ gravey>ds1 #ei1 #fj4 ,clubbe1 ,rev4 ,mr41 #ee4 ,cobham1 #ca4 ,col*e/]1 c\rt at1 #ee4 ,colvill1 ,capt41 #ha4 ,commonweal?1 #ec4 ,cont95tal grave/ones1 #ia4 ,cool+ p>i%1 #bc4 ,cornwall1 #ajj1 #ajd4 ,cov5ant]s1 #hd1 #hf4 ,cranbrook1 #af1 #dh4 ,cray=d1 #ag1 #ajg4 ,cray ,valley1 #ch4 ,culb9sg>?1 ,%etl&1 #ajj4 ,cu?b]t1 ,ar*bi%op1 #di4 ,d>5?1 #ba4 ,d>t=d1 #f1 #g1 #ba1 #bd1 #cc4 ,dept=d1 #dd4 ,de/ruction ( grave/ones1 #ge4 ,devon%ire1 #ajj1 #ajc4 ,dick5s c\ntry1 #aa4 ,diocesan ,*ancellor1 #gc4 ,disus$ gravey>ds1 #ga4 ,drogh$a1 #hj4 ,drury ,lane1 #eh4 ,dubl91 #gh2 ,museum1 #ii4 ,dunblane1 #hi4 ,dundee1 #hg4 ,e>ly *ur*y>ds1 #di4 ,ea/ ,ham1 #bd4 ,ea/ ,wickham1 #aj1 #bd4 ,edgw>e1 #df4 ,ed9burgh ,museum1 #ii4 ,edw>d ,,vi41 #eb4 ,elg91 #hi4 ,elizabe?1 ,que51 #eb4 ,elph91 #ajb4 ,epitaphs1 #d1 #ha1 #ajf4 ,epp+ ,=e/1 #dc1 #de4 ,eri?1 #ab4 ,essex1 #dc1 #df4 ,evolution ( grave/ones1 #i4 ,exp5se ( pres]v+ gravey>ds1 #gc4 ,f>dell /one1 #ajc4 ,f>nbor\gh1 #ah4 ,fawkham1 #bb4 ,figure #d rev]s$1 #hg4 ,f9*ley1 #ah4 ,foot's ,cray1 #da4 ,fox1 ,col41 #ajc4 ,france1 #ia1 #aji2 gravey>ds 91 #eg4 ,freemasons1 #bi4 ,fr9dsbury1 #ac1 #cb4 ,full]1 ,dr41 epitaph1 #ajh4 ,g>d5]'s grave/one1 #cd4 ,gaskell's ,prym]1 #ed4 ,g]many1 #ia1 #ib1 #ie1 #if4 ,g\dhur/1 #af4 ,g\die1 ,g1 #aja4 ,grav$igg]s1 #fd4 ,graves1 ,dr41 #ajj4 ,graves5d1 #ba1 #cd4 ,grave/ones1 abroad1 #ia2 agricultural1 #cb2 artizans'1 #ca2 bricklay]'s1 #cc2 black1 #gf2 c>p5t]s'1 #ca1 #cb2 evolution (1 #i2 de/ruction (1 #ge2 g>d5]'s1 #cd2 grotesque1 #aj-af2 hunt+1 #cf2 incis$1 #aa2 ,k5ti%1 peculi>1 #bb2 neglect$1 #fd1 #ga2 ornam5t$1 #c1 #gj1 #ga2 pres]vation (1 #fb1 #ga2 primitive1 #ab2 pr(essional1 #ca2 r\gh1 #gh1 #hf2 s*oolma/]'s1 #cc2 s9k+1 #fd2 unhewn1 #gh1 #hf2 v old1 #ig4 ,gravey>ds1 clos+ (1 #ei2 disus$1 #ga2 e>ly1 #di2 pres]v+1 #eg2 pres]vation exp5ses1 #gc4 ,gre5=d1 #cd4 ,gregory1 ,pope1 #ajc4 ,grotesque grave/ones1 #aj-af4 ,gu/horp1 anci5t c(f9 at1 #ej4 ,ham1 ,ea/1 #bd4 ,ham1 ,we/1 #f1 #cd1 #dd4 ,h>r[-on-!-,hill1 #cd4 ,h>tley1 ,k5t1 #ai4 ,hatfield1 #ag4 ,hawkhur/1 #af4 ,hebrides1 #aja4 ,heidelb]g1 #ic1 #ie4 ,h5don1 #bc1 #bd1 #ff1 #ie1 #ajh4 ,h5ry ,,viii41 #eb4 ,higham1 #aa1 #ac4 ,high ,hal/[1 #ab1 #ac4 ,hoo1 #aa1 #ab4 ,hornsey1 #ah1 #ai1 #ff4 ,horton ,kirby1 #bj1 #ba4 ,h\se ( ,commons1 #eh4 ,h[ff1 ,dundee1 #hg4 ,hunt+ grave/ones1 #cf4 ,hyd51 ,york%ire1 #ajh4 ,incis$ /ones1 #aa4 ,inv]ness1 #he1 #hi4 ,iona1 #aja4 ,irel&1 #gh1 #ij1 #ii1 #ajj1 #ajb1 #ajd4 ,iri% monum5ts1 #ajb4 ,isle ( ,man1 #ajb4 ,isnet1 ,pet]1 #ajg4 ,ivybridge1 ,devon%ire1 #ajc4 ,jacob & ,ra*el1 #ig4 ,james ,i41 #aji4 ,jaw1 ! l[]1 #ag1ah4 ,jewi% burial-gr\nd1 #di4 ,kei?1 ,scotl&1 #hi4 ,k5t1 tramps 91 #ce4 ,k5ti% grave/ones1 peculi>1 #bb4 ,ke/on1 #fd4 ,kilb>1 ,b>ra1 #aja4 ,killaghie1 #hb4 ,kill>ney1 #gh1 #hb4 ,k+sd[n1 #bb4 ,k+/on-on-,?ames1 #gf1 #gg4 ,kirke ,:ite1 #ge4 ,lamb\rn1 #dg4 ,lauf51 ,zuri*1 #ia1 #ib4 ,lee1 ,k5t1 #bb1 #ch4 ,le!r+ham1 ,suffolk1 #ee4 ,lewes1 ,sussex1 #d1 #e4 ,lewi%am1 #ag1 #bf4 ,lim]ick1 ,bi%op (1 #ajj4 ,london1 #bh1 #bi1 #eh1 #ei1 #ff1 #ii4 ,london ,c\nty ,c\ncil1 #fj4 ,longfield1 #bh1 #bi4 ,l\is ,,xvi41 #eg4 ,luc]ne1 #id4 ,lunna/+1 ,%etl&1 #ajj4 ,lydd1 #bi4 ,magh ,solga1 #ajb4 ,malahide1 #gi4 ,m>\n1 ,isle ( ,man1 #ajb4 ,m>y1 ,que5 ( ,scots1 #aji4 ,m$way ,m>%es1 #bc4 ,meopham1 #af4 ,metropolitan ,bo>d ( ,works1 #fj4 ,moori% gravey>ds1 #fb4 ,muckross ,abbey1 #hb4 ,neglect$ grave/ones1 #fd1 #ga4 ,neuhaus51 #ib1 #ic4 ,ne:av51 #a1 #b1 #c1 #d1 #ba4 ,new ,zeal&1 #fb4 ,nightcap on skull1 #ah4 ,norse memorial1 #ajb4 ,nor? ,cray1 #da4 ,nor?olt1 ,middlesex1 #ga4 ,ogam inscriptions1 #ig1 #ajj1 #ajc4 ,old ,romney1 #ag4 ,ornam5ts on grave/ones1 #c1 #gj1 #ga4 ,orp+ton1 #ch1 #ci4 ,padr+ton1 #ajh4 ,paganism1 #ej1 #fg1 #ih1 #ajb4 ,p>is1 burial re=m1 #eg4 ,p5nant1 #he1 #hg4 ,p5ry1 ,j41 a ,wel%man1 #ec4 ,pre la ,*aise1 #eg4 ,petrie1 ,dr41 #ajb4 ,pho5icians1 #aja4 ,pickwick ,pap]s1 #ca4 ,plum/ead1 #e1 #fe4 ,portru%1 #gh4 ,port ,victoria1 #ab4 ,pray] ,book1 #ed4 ,pres]vation ( grave/ones1 #fb1 #ga4 ,primitive grave/ones1 #ab4 ,pr(essional grave/ones1 #ca4 ,public ,g>d5s ,association1 #fj4 ,puritans1 #ec1 #ed4 ,que5 ,elizabe?1 #eb4 ,que5 ( ,scots1 ,m>y1 #aji4 ,que5/[n1 #gh1 #hb4 ,ra*el & ,jacob1 #ig4 ,rector's pr]ogative1 #gc1 #aje4 ,re=m ( gravey>ds1 #eg1 #ff4 ,rh9e ,falls1 #ia4 ,ri*mond1 #bi1 #cj1 #de4 ,ridley1 #aj4 ,ripley1 #cj1 #de4 ,ro*e/]1 #ac1 #cb4 ,rod51 ,riv]1 #dg4 ,roman ,ca?olic grave/ones 9 ,scotl&1 #hf4 ,romans1 #di1 #aja4 ,romney ,m>%1 #bi4 ,romney1 ,old1 #ag4 ,roovesmore1 ,irel&1 #ajc4 ,r\gh grave/ones1 #gh1 #hf4 ,r\nd ,t[]1 #gh4 ,royal ,artill]y1 #bg4 ,rubb+s ( grave/ones1 #ac4 ,runic inscriptions1 #hc1 #aja1 #ajb1 #ajc4 ,ru%1 ,irel&1 #gi4 ,/4 ,m>y ,cray1 #dj4 ,/4 ,oswald1 ,york1 #bg4 ,/4 ,patrick1 #ajb4 ,/4 ,paul's ,cray1 #da4 ,saund]sfoot1 ,wales1 #ajh4 ,sc&9avia1 #ajb4 ,s*affhaus51 #ie4 ,s*oolma/]'s grave/one1 #cc4 ,scotl&1 #hd1 #ajj1ajd2 antiquities1 #ii2 sculptur$ /ones (1 #ig4 ,scots ,greys1 #bg4 ,sculptur$ /ones ( ,scotl&1 #ig4 ,sects ( sixte5? c5tury1 #ec4 ,sexton1 ! village1 #cf1 #fd1 #ge4 ,%ahnanes] ,,ii4 ( ,assyria1 #ajd4 ,%etl&1 #ajj4 ,%oreham1 #ag4 ,%orne1 #ac1 #ad1 #dg1 #dh4 ,s9k+ grave/ones1 #fd4 ,sir ,b5jam9 ,brodie1 #ei4 ,sir ,b5jam9 ,hall's ,act1 #eh4 ,skulls1 grotesque1 #aa4 ,slate slabs1 #gf1 #hj4 ,sn>gate1 #bd4 ,s\?fleet1 #be1 #dh4 ,/an/ead1 #af4 ,/aple=d ,abbotts1 #dg4 ,/aple=d ,tawney1 #bb1 #dg1 #dh4 ,/eph5s1 ,dr4 ,g41 #hc1 #ajb4 ,/irl+1 ,scotl&1 #hg1 #hh4 ,/okes1 ,miss ,m41 #ajb4 ,/one's 7,mrs47 ,god's ,acre1 #fb4 ,/u>t1 ,pr(essor ,j41 #ig1 #ih1 #ii4 ,sunda ,isles1 #fb4 ,sutton at ,hone1 #cc4 ,swanscombe1 #bc4 ,switz]l&1 #ia1 #ib4 ,swords1 ,irel&1 #gh4 ,table tombs1 #hf1 #hi4 ,tawney1 ,/aple=d1 #bb1 #dg1 #dh4 ,t$d+ton1 #ah4 ,?ames1 ,upp]1 #bi4 ,!ydon ,bois1 #df4 ,tipp] ale1 #c4 ,tombs1 age (1 #ea4 ,tott]idge1 #df4 ,tramps 9 ,k5t1 #ce4 ,tramps1 typical1 #ce1 #dc4 ,turks' gravey>ds1 #fb4 ,twick5ham1 #bi1 #ga4 ,usaille1 ,bi%op1 #ajd4 ,v old grave/ones1 #ig4 ,victory ov] ,dea?1 #a1 #bj1 #ba4 ,villages & cities1 #bh4 ,wales1 #ge1 #gf1 #ajd1 #ajh4 ,walk]1 ,dr41 epitaph1 #ajh4 ,walk]1 ,dr4 ,g4,a41 #eh4 ,wal?am/[1 #de4 ,wan/ead1 #be1 #dd1 #de4 ,w>wick%ire1 #ge4 ,weald ( ,k5t1 #af4 ,weev]1 antiqu>y1 #ce1 #eb1 #ec4 ,we/ ,ham1 #f1 #cd1 #dd4 ,we/ ,wickham1 #ai1 #bi4 ,:ite1 ,kirke1 #ge4 ,wickham1 ,ea/1 #aj1 #bd4 ,wickham1 ,we/1 #ai1 #bi4 ,widcombe1 ,ba?1 #c4 ,wilm+ton1 #bd1 #be 7#b74 ,woolwi*1 #bd1 #bg1 #dc1 #dd4 ,worce/]1 #aji4 ,york1 #bg4 ,zuri*1 ,canton1 #ia4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,n[ ,,ready1 ,9 ,eighte5 ,"o ,%ill+ ,p>ts1 or b\nd 9 ,two h&some ,volumes at #bes4 ,,! ,,records ,,( ,,! ,,woolwi* ,,di/rict4 ,,by ,w4,t4 ,,v9c5t1 ,presid5t ( ! ,woolwi* ,antiqu>ian ,society4 ,compris+ ,woolwi*1 ,plum/ead1 ,*>lton1 ,%oot]s' ,hill1 ,we/combe ,p>k1 ,el?am1 ,abbey ,wood1 ,belv$]e1 ,eri?1 & ,bexley4 ,,) ,,five ,,hundr$ ,,illu/rations4 ,! ,"w is ,d$icat$1 by p]mission1 to ,h4,r4,h4 ,,pr9ce ,,ar?ur1 ,,duke ,,( ,,connaught1 & has be5 graci\sly accept$ by ,,h] ,,maje/y ,,! ,,que5 & ,h4,r4,h4 ,,! ,,pr9ce ,,( ,,wales4 ,x has also be5 univ]sally extoll$ 9 ! ,press1 f :i* ! foll[+ are a few extracts3-- ,,! ,,records ,,( ,,woolwi*4--,mr4 ,freeman long ago sugge/$ t x w\ld be a useful division ( lab\r if sep>ate t[ns & di/ricts 7 describ$ by ^? 9 ! sev]al localities :o _h special k on ! subject1 & he himself l$ ! way 9 c>ry+ out ! design4 ,( local guide-books s call$ !re is no end1 b :at is want$ 9 ea* case is an exhau/ive hi/ory ( ! di/rict1 its natural =mation1 its antiquities1 & ! _m objects ( int]e/ t are sure to ab\nd1 & t only want to be br\ght to light 9 ord] to =m mat]ial = ! future hi/orian ( ! ,engli% nation4 ,?is lab\r ,mr4 ,w4,t4 ,v9c5t proposes to p]=m = ,woolwi* 9 a "w :i* he entitles ',! ,records ( ! ,woolwi* ,di/rict4' ,mr4 ,v9c5t has be5 engag$ 9 ! task = twelve ye>s4 ,?is is ! "w ( a writ] :o has /udi$ 8 subject 9 all ! places :]e in=mation c be obta9$4 ,! ,preface alone w ga9 ! read]'s att5tion1 ev5 if ! locality itself _h no int]e/ = him4 ,x appe>s t ,mr4 ,v9c5t _h sc5t$ out ! exi/5ce ( a seal$ packet ( pap]s hav+ ref]5ce to ,woolwi*1 &1 aft] a long hunt1 ran ! packet to e>? 9 ! ,briti% ,museum4 ,x 0 n until ! au?orities ( ! ,w> ,(fice _h delib]at$ = a mon? on ! subject t ,mr4 ,v9c5t 0 all[$ to see & op5 ! packet1 :i* 0 m ?an a hundr$ ye>s old1 & conta9$ maps1 plans1 & views1 sev]al ( :i* he produces4--,! ,times4 ,we mu/ resi/ ! temptation to extract1 & conclude ?is notice by express+ our approval ( ! num]\s facsimile reproductions ( old pr9ts illu/rative ( ! text1 ea* on a leaf ( plate pap]1 :ile vignettes1 maps1 & plans are lib]ally disp]s$ ?r\gh ! lett]press1 :i* is execut$ by ,messrs4 ,virtue & ,co41 ! well-kn[n pr9t]s ( ! ,art ,j\rnal4 ,z to ! text1 ! indu/ry1 c>e1 rese>*1 & obs]vation exp5d$ %ew t x has be5 a lab\r ( love4 ,no prospect ( pr(it c\ld urge ! production ( su* a "w4 ,x is1 !re=e1 d\bly reliable z a contribution to ! antiqu>ian1 topographical1 anecdotal1 pictorial1 & descriptive hi/ory ( an int]e/+ locality1 execut$ by a writ] :o is 'to ! mann] born4' ,we fully hope t ,mr4 ,?omas ,v9c5t1 ^: "n is n unkn[n 9 ! lit]>y _w1 w reap 8 rew>d ( fame & respect f 8 t[nsm51 & ( fair pr(it1 :i* 8 public _s des]ves4--,! ,morn+ ,adv]tis]4 ',! ,records ( ! ,woolwi* ,di/rict' deal ) all ! p>i%es :i* surr\nd ,%oot]s' ,hill1 necess>ily dwell+ mo/ fully ^u ! nor!rn slope4 ,( ,%oot]s' ,hill itself1 & ( all ! o!r suburbs1 "s novel & attractive tid+s may be expect$4--,! ,k5ti% ,indep5d5t4 ,!re c be no d\bt t su* a "w1 adequately & consci5ti\sly execut$1 is mu* ne$$1 & may be ( great value4 ,x has be5 und]tak5 by ,mr4 ,v9c5t1 well kn[n z a j\rnali/ 9 ! locality1 & z ! au?or ( t useful directory ',w>like ,woolwi*4' 444 ,! pr9t+ has be5 entru/$ to ,messrs4 ,virtue & ,co41 ! proprietors ( ! ,art ,j\rnal1 a suffici5t gu>antee = its quality4 ,we are notifi$ t !re are ov] five hundr$ illu/rations to be introduc$1 includ+ a s]ies ( maps & draw+s1 includ$ 9 ! 'seal$ packet1' & a hundr$ & fifty portraits ( public p]sons1 pa/ & pres5t4 444 ,we hope ! publication w comm& ! success x des]ves4 ,! object ( ! au?or is evid5tly n m]e money-mak+2 he has und]tak5 ! "w f an e>ne/ & en?usia/ic desire to supply a wor?y hi/ory ( ! locality ) :i* he has be5 = 8 life connect$1 & we congratulate him ^u ! excell5t promise ( 8 ,fir/ ,numb]4--,! ,k5ti% ,m]cury4 ,! elegance ( ! illu/rations at once attracts att5tion4 ,! pictures1 n only 9 _! abundance & _! int]e/1 b 9 _! exquisite pres5tm5t1 are really excell5t4 ,take ! fir/ ( !m1 ! *>m+ view ( ',pleasant ,little ,woolwi*1' a /eel plate engrav$ 9 #agih1 & n[ reproduc$ by photographic process4 ,! sc5e :i* x pres5ts at a "t :5 ! au?or tells u ?is brick-cov]$1 h>d-work+1 d+y old t[n 0 a pretty village1 & actually a fa%ionable wat]+-place1 to :i* p came f ,london to recruit heal?1 z !y n[ g to ,malv]n & ,sc>bor\gh1 is delightful & refre%+ beyond measure4 ,! :ole ( ^! illu/rations are inde$ full ( agreeable contemplation & fruitful 9 speculation4444 ,he may hone/ly be congratulat$ on ! product ( 8 lab\rs1 :i*1 he tells u1 h be5 8 recreation = _m ye>s4 ,we c well believe x1 & assure him1 if he has any regrets at ! impossibility ( a pecuni>y return1 t ! satisfaction :i* 8 book w give w be a full rew>d4 ,su* books seldom pay2 !y are n expect$ to d s1 & any "o may tell t !re is no pr(it 9 ! v5ture4 ,b x w supply a ne$1 & ! writ]'s "n w be h&$ d[n to po/]ity z hav+ provid$ a v agreeable book4--,! ,woolwi* ,gazette4 ,! neighb\rhood1 ri* z x is 9 hi/orical mat]ial1 has hi!rto met ) scanty recognition f hi/orians1 & we welcome ,mr4 ,v9c5t's ef=ts to supply ! ne$1 & ! g5]\s _s ( 8 lab\rs4 ,he has sp>$ no pa9s to make ! records complete4 ,pati5t rese>* & mu* lit]>y skill are comb9$ 9 ! lett]press & woodcuts1 engrav+s1 draw+s1 & photographs1 ) maps & plans1 :i* h be5 lavi%ly introduc$ by way ( illu/ration4444 ,we cont5t ourselves n[ ) po9t+ out its great value & ent]ta9+ p[]4 ,! /yle is easy1 & ! writ] is happily successful 9 8 endeav\r to avoid any appe>ance ( m]ely dry-z-du/ rese>*4--,! ,el?am1 ,sidcup1 & ,di/rict ,times4 ,x is a "w :i* %\ld prove ( va/ int]e/ 9 our di/rict1 & we ought to say v f> beyond x1 = !re mu/ be _m :o1 ?\gh n n[ resid+ 9 ! area compris$ 9 ! ',records1' w\ld be glad to possess ! book on its exi/5ce becom+ kn[n4--,! ,eri? ,times4 ,mr4 ,w4,t4 ,v9c5t's ',records ( ! ,woolwi* ,di/rict' is und\bt$ly ! fir/ volume :i* pret5ds to give a full & concise hi/ory ( ! :ole di/rict4--,! ,bexley ,hea? & ,eri? ,obs]v]4 99 99 99 99 99 ,ord] ( ,mr4 ,w4,t4 ,,v9c5t1 #ahi ,burrage ,road1 ,woolwi*2 ( ,messrs4 ,,mit*ell & ,,hughes1 #adj ,w>d\r ,/reet1 ,london1 ,w42 or ( any ,booksell]4 ,,n[ ,,ready1 ,,volume ,,ii4 ,,( ,,! ,,k5ti% ,,note ,,book4 ,a ,,record ,,( ,,m51 ,,mann]s1 ,,?+s1 ,,& ,,ev5ts ,,connect$ ,,) ,,! ,,c\nty ,,( ,,k5t4 ,,edit$ ,,by ,g4,o4 ,,h[ell4 ,elegantly pr9t$ on ton$ pap]1 & h&somely b\nd 9 gre5 clo?1 gilt lett]$1 #ddj pages1 demy octavo1 ) ,frontispiece & sev]al ,illu/rations4 ,po/ free = #abs4 #f;d41 f ,g4,o4 ,,h[ell1 #baj ,egl9ton ,road1 ,plum/ead1 ,k5t4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,extracts ,,f ,,press ,,notices4 ,"o ( ! be/ works ( ! k9d t has yet be5 giv5 to u by ! press4--,! ,k5ti% ,indep5d5t4 ,edit$ by ,mr4 ,g4,o4 ,h[ell1 :i* is 9 itself a gu>antee ( its excell5ce4--,ro*e/] & ,*a?am ,times4 ,! ,editor des]ves to be complim5t$ on ! excell5ce ( 8 production4--,graves5d & ,d>t=d ,report]4 ,few antiqu>ian publications ) :i* we are acqua9t$ are m g5]ally int]e/+ or bett] conduct$4--,c>diff ,weekly ,mail4 ,! in=mation is ga!r$ f all po9ts ( ! compass 9 ! c\nty1 & is arrang$ ) ! c>e ( a skilful & exp]i5c$ h&4 --,*a?am & ,ro*e/] ,news4 ,! articles & notes pres5t a ri* fund ( in=mation1 :i* _c fail to delight ! ar*aeological m9d1 & prove highly int]e/+ to ! g5]al read]4--,graves5d ,j\rnal4 ,,works ,,publi%$ ,,by ,,mit*ell ,,& ,,hughes4 ,) ,illum9at$ ,plate ( ,arms ( ! ,bi%op ( ,ba? & ,wells & #aj o!r ,plates ( ,arms1 etc4 ,imp]ial octavo1 #b #bs4 ,l>ge ,pap] ,copies1 #c #cs4 ,,wells ,,ca!dral1 ,,its ,,monum5tal ,,inscriptions ,,& ,,h]aldry4 ,,toge!r ,,) ,,! ,,h]aldry ,,( ,,! ,,palace1 ,,dean]y1 ,,& ,,vic>',s ,,close4 ,by ,,ar?ur ,j4 ,,jew]s4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,) ,,maps1 ,,portraits1 ,,views1 ,,& ,,coats ,,( ,,arms4 ,cr[n folio1 clo?4 ,volume ,i4 n[ ready1 price #c #ajs4 ,,! ,,hi/ory ,,( ,,! ,,isl& ,,( ,,antigua1 ,,9 ,,! ,,we/ ,,indies1 ,,f #afce ,,to ,,! ,,pres5t ,,"t4 ,by ,,v]e ,,lang=d ,,oliv]1 ,m4,r4,c4,s41 ,l4,r4,c4,p4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,hi/orical ,,introduction1 #afj ,,pages4 #hf ,,g5ealogies1 ,a ,,to ,f1 ,,) ,,index1 #caf ,,pages4 ,?is ,volume1 issu$ at ,co/ ,price1 has be5 limit$ to #aej ,copies4 99 99 99 99 99 ,cr[n folio1 ,roxburghe b9d+1 price #a #aes4 ,,! ,,hi/ory1 ,,description1 ,,& ,,antiquities ,,( ,,! ,,prevb5dal ,,*ur* ,,( ,,?ame1 ,,! ,,c\nty ,,& ,,diocese ,,( ,,ox=d4 ,by ,,rev4 ,,fr$]ick ,,george ,,lee1 ,d4,d41 ,f4,s4,a4 99 99 99 99 99 ,9 cr[n octavo1 price #aes4 clo?4 ,,collectanea ,,cantiana3 ,,or ,,ar*,,ological ,,rese>*es ,,9 ,,! ,,neighb\rhood ,,( ,,sitt+b\rne1 ,,& ,,o!r ,,p>ts ,,( ,,k5t4 ,by ,,george ,,payne1 ,f4,l4,s41 ,f4,s4,a4 ,,illu/rat$ ,,by ,,photo-,,z9cographs ,,f ,,! ,,au?or',s ,,draw+s4 99 99 99 99 99 ,demy qu>to1 a few copies at ! r$uc$ price ( #a #es4 clo?4 ,,! ,,records ,,( ,,! ,,anglo-,,norman ,,h\se ,,( ,,glanville1 #ajej-ahhj4 ,) ,arms1 ,portraits1 ,col\r$ ,plates1 ,p$igrees1 etc4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,london3 ,,mit*ell ,,& ,,hughes1 #adj ,,w>d\r ,,/reet1 ,w4 ,,"u ,,! ,,patronage ,,( ,,h] ,,maje/y ,,! ,,que54 99 99 99 99 99 ,,?ird ,,s]ies1 ,,enl>g$ ,,& ,,improv$4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,publi%$ ,,qu>t]ly4 ,sup]royal octavo1 price #bs4 #f;d42 or by ,subscription1 #ajs4 #f;d4 p] ,annum po/ free4 ,,miscellanea ,,g5ealogica ,,et ,,h]aldica ,,illu/rat$ ,,) ,,armorial ,,bookplates4 ,,edit$ ,,by ,,joseph ,,jackson ,,h[>d1 ,,ll4,d41 ,f4,s4,a41 ,maltrav]s ,h]ald ,extraord9>y4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,press ,,op9ions4 ,we h n[ be=e u ! completion ( ! ,second ,s]ies & ! initial "p ( a new s]ies1 to be publi%$ qu>t]ly 4444 ,) reg>d to ! new dep>ture1 we are at "o ) ^? ( ,dr4 ,h[>d's support]s :o appe> to h sugge/$ ! desirabl5ess ( su* a *ange4444 ,we wi% all prosp]ity to ! ,?ird ,s]ies1 s ably op5$ ) ! ,m>* qu>t] ( ! pres5t ye>4--,notes & ,qu]ies1 ,june #b1 #ahid4 ,t excell5t & well-conduct$ j\rnal1 ,miscellanea ,g5ealogica et ,h]aldica1 has rec5tly ent]$ ^u a new phase ( its exi/5ce4444 ,we are pleas$ to be> te/imony to ! value ( ?is p]iodical4--,j\rnal ( ! ,ex ,libris ,society1 ,july1 #ahid4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,second ,,s]ies--,,janu>y #ahhd ,,to ,,decemb] #ahic4 ,,vols4 ,i41 ,,ii41 ,,iii41 ,,iv41 & ,v41 complete1 ) ,indexes1 9 clo?1 price #a #es4 ea*1 or #e #ajs4 ! set4 ,! ,numb]s ( ?is ,s]ies are on sale1 price #as4 ea*4 ,,indexes1 etc41 to ea* ,volume1 sep>ately1 price #gs4 #f;d4 ,cases1 #bs4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,press ,,op9ions4 ,! volumes ( ! ,second ,s]ies ( our valu$ contempor>y %ew a good record ( "w on ! ,editor's "p 9 ! necess>ily difficult task ( selection f ! mass ( mat]ial :i* comes to 8 h&4--,notes & ,qu]ies4 ,! col\r$ plates giv5 9 ! "w are admirably execut$1 & ! :ole be>s evid5ce ( hav+ be5 prep>$ ) c>e1 judgm5t1 & accuracy4--,morn+ ,po/4 99 99 99 99 99 ,) elaborate ,indexes1 price #a #as4 ea* 9 clo?1 or #d ! set4 ,,vols4 ,i41 ,,ii41 ,,iii41 ,,& ,,iv4 ,,( ,,new ,,s]ies ,,( ,,miscellanea ,,g5ealogica ,,et ,,h]aldica1 ,compris+ ,memor&a relat+ to m ?an #ajjj ,families1 ,illu/rat$ ) upw>d ( #ejj ,armorial ,bookplates1 ,engrav+s ( ,arms1 ,autographs1 ,seals1 etc4 ,! ,numb]s ( ?is ,s]ies are on sale1 price #i;d4 ea*4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,london3 ,,mit*ell ,,& ,,hughes1 #adj ,,w>d\r ,,/reet1 ,w4