,transcrib]'s note3 ,! spell+ inconsi/5cies ( ! orig9al h be5 reta9$ 9 ?is e-text4 ,,iranian ,,influ5ce ,,on ,,moslem ,,lit]ature1 ,,"p ,i by ,m4 ,,ino/ranzev ,,translat$ ,,f ,,! ,,russian1 ,,) ,,supplem5t>y ,,app5dices ,,f ,,arabic ,,s\rces ,,by ,g4 ,k4 ,,n>iman #aiah ,,g5]al ,,cont5ts4 ,,*apt] ,i4 ,arabic ,writ]s z ,s\rces ( ,sasanian ,culture #c ,,*apt] ,,ii4 ,p>si ,cl]gy ,pres]ve ,tradition #be ,,*apt] ,,iii4 ,e?ico-didactic ,books ( ,arabs ,exclusively ( ,iranian ,orig9 #ch ,,*apt] ,,iv4 ,iranian ,compon5ts ( ,arabic ,adab ,lit]ature #ec ,,*apt] ,v4 ,pahlavi ,books ,/udi$ by ,arab ,au?ors #fe ,,*apt] ,,vi4 ,arab ,translators f ,pahlavi #gf ,,*apt] ,,vii4 ,pahlavi ,ru%n> ,nameh #hi ,,app5dices 7,by ! ,translator74 ,,app5dix ,i4 ,indep5d5t ,zoroa/rian ,pr9ces ( ,tab>i/an aft] ,arab ,conque/ #ic ,,app5dix ,,ii4 ,iranian ,mat]ial 9 ,mahas9 wal ,masawi & ,mahas9 wal ,azdad #aja ,,app5dix ,,iii4 ,burzoe's ,introduction #aje ,,app5dix ,,iv4 ,! ,trial ( ,af%91 a ,disguis$ ,zoroa/rian ,g5]al #ace ,,app5dix ,v4 ,noeldeke's ,introduction to ,tab>i #adb ,,app5dix ,,vi4 ,lett] ( ,tans> to ! ,k+ ( ,tab>i/an #aei ,,app5dix ,,vii4 ,"s ,arab ,au?ors & ! ,iranian ,mat]ial !y pres]ve3-- ,! ,uyunal ,akhb> ( ,ibn ,qotaiba #afc ,jahiz3 ,kitab-al-,bayan wal ,tabayy9 #afh ,hamza ,ispahani #aga ,tab>i #agd ,d9aw>i #agg ,ibn al ,a?ir #agi ,masudi #ahb ,%ahra/ani #ahg ,ibn ,hazm #aib ,ibn ,haukal #aie ,,app5dix ,,viii4 ,ibn ,khallikan #aii ,mu/awfi #bjc ,muqadasi #bjd ,?aalibi #bje ,,preface ,! facile notion is /ill preval5t ev5 among ,musalmans ( le>n+ t ! pa/ ( ,iran is beyond recall1 t ! p]iod ( its hi/ory prec$+ ! ext9ction ( ! ,h\se ( ,sasan _c be adequately inve/igat$ & t ! /ill ant]ior dyna/ies :i* rul$ va/] areas h left no traces 9 /one or p>*m5t 9 suffici5t quantity = a tol]able record reflect+ ! /ory ( ,iran f ! ,iranian's /&po9t4 ,?is fallacy is p>ticul>ly hugg$ by ! ,p>sis among :om x 0 orig9ally l5t by fanaticism to indol5t ignorance4 ,x has be5 cr$it$ ) uncritical alacrity1 cong5ial to self-complac5cy1 t ! ,arabs s utt]ly & ru?lessly annihilat$ ! civilization ( ,iran 9 its m5tal & mat]ial aspects t no s\rce :atev] is left f :i* to wr+ reliable in=mation ab\t ,zoroa/rian ,iran4 ,! foll[+ limit$ pages are devot$ to a dispro( ( ?is age-long error4 ,= a connect$ /ory ( ,p]sia prior to ! battle ( ,kadisiya1 beside ! ,byzant9e writ]s !re is abundant mat]ial 9 ,arm5ian & ,*9ese hi/ories4 ,^! m9es rema9 yet all b unexplor$ = ! ,moslem & ,p>si1 al?\gh mu* has be5 done to extract f !m a *ronicle ( e>ly ,*ri/ianity4 ,! ar*aeology ( ,iran1 z ,i h %[n else:]e1 c provide vital clue to an au!ntic resuscitation ( ,sasanian pa/4 ,pre-,moslem epigraphy ( ,p]sia is yet 9 little m ?an an in*oate condition4 ,n only all ,c5tral ,asia b ! t]ritories m>*+ ) ! ,indian & ,p]sian fronti]s1 :]e p]secution ( ! eld] fai? c\ld n h be5 relatively mild1 ! population pr(ess+ ,islam h be5 unable to abjure 9 _! entirety rites & practices ak9 to ^? ( ,zoroa/rianism4 ,)9 liv+ memory ! inhabitants ( ,pamir w\ld n bl[ out a c&le or o!rwise desecrate fire4 ,:ile sci5ce _c recognise ! claims ( any individual pr(ess+ to h /udi$ esot]ic ,zoroa/rianism hidd5 9 ! hill tracts ( ,rawalp9di1 ! my? has a value 9 t x indicates ! direction 9 :i* humbl] & un9spir$ s*ol>s may "w4 ,^! regions & f> beyond1 teem ) pure ,iranian place-names to ?is day2 & y meet 9 & ar\nd ev5 ! ,pe%aw> di/rict individuals be>+ names ( old ,iranian h]oes :i*1 if ! !ory ( p]secution-mong]s be correct1 w\ld be an ana!ma to ! bigot$ foll[]s ( ,muhammad4 99 99 99 99 99 ,x is1 above all1 ,arabic lit]ature :i* upsets ! easy fiction ( total de/ruction ( ,iranian culture by ! ,arabs4 ,9 its v>i\s dep>tm5ts ( hi/ory1 geography & g5]al sci5ce ,arabic works incorporate ext5sive mat]ial = a hi/ory ( ,iranian civilization1 :ile ,arabic poetry ab\nds 9 ref]5ces to ,zoroa/rian ,iran4 ,! =m] is illu/rat$ by ,pr(essor ,ino/ranzev's pione] ,russian essay ( :i* ! ma9 body ( ?is book is a translation4 ,! ,app5dices are int5d$ to be supplem5t>y & to be at once a cont9uation & a possible key--cont9uation ( ! rese>*es ( ! ,russian s*ol> & key to ! contemn$ /ore-h\se ( ,arabic lett]s4 ,pr(essor ,ino/ranzev is 9 little ne$ ( introduction to ,engli% s*ol>s4 ,he has already be5 made kn[n 9 ,india by ! indefatigable ,%ams-ul-,ulma ,dr4 ,jivanji ,modi1 ,ph4,d41 ,c4,i4,e41 :o got translat$1 & comm5t$ on1 8 ,russian pap] on ! curi\s ,a/odans or receptacles = human bones discov]$ 9 ! ,p]sian ,gulf region4 ,he %>es ) ,pr(essor ,br[ne ( ,cambridge & ! great ,m4 ,blo*et a unique s*ol>ly position3 he comb9es an intimate k ( ,ave/a civilization ) a famili>ity ) classical ,arabic4 ,x is n wilfully to ignore ! claims ( ,goldzih]1 ,brockelmann or ,sa*au or ! ,dut* savants de ,goeje & ,van ,vlot54 ,deeply z !y inve/igat$ ,arabic writ+s1 x 0 ,m4 ,ino/ranzev :o fir/ reveal$ to u ! wor? ( ,arabic3 he une>!d *apt]s emb$d$ 9 ,arabic books :i* are p>aphrase or translation ( ,pahlavi orig9als4 ,he _h b "o pr$ecessor & t 0 a c\ntryman ( 81 ,b>on ,ros54 99 99 99 99 99 ,9 prep>+ ! ,app5dices1 :i* are !re to te/ify to ! value ( ,arabic lit]ature especially ! annals & ! bran* ( x call$ ,adab1 ,i h avail$ myself ( ! c\rtesy ( v>i\s in/itutions & individuals4 ,bombay1 p]haps ! weal?ie/ t[n 9 ! ,ea/ :]e prosp]\s ,musalmans =m a mo/ important factor ( its population1 has n "o public libr>y conta9+ any tol]able collection ( ,arabic books edit$ 9 ,europe4 ,"t aft] "t weal?y ,p>sis ^: int]e/ ,i enli/$ h receiv$ f me li/s ( books to =m ! nucleus ( an ,arabic libr>y b app>5tly !y ne$ "s fur!r /imulus to appreciate h[ indisp5sable ,arabic is = rese>* into ,iranian antiquities4 ,! ,bombay ,gov]nm5t h exp5d$ enorm\s sums 9 collect+ ,sanskrit manuscripts--a mo/ laudable pursuit--& h publi%$ a s]ies ( admirable texts edit$ by "s ( ! em95t ,sanskrit s*ol>s1 ,we/]n & ,indian4 ,b ! num]\s ,moslem ,anjumans d n appe> to h demon/rat$ to ! greate/ ,moslem ,p[] 9 ! _w1 or its repres5tative 9 ,bombay1 ! necessity ( a correspond+ solicitude = ,arabic & ,p]sian treasures :i* und\bt$ly exi/1 ?\gh to a less] ext5t1 9 ! ,presid5cy4 ,& :at holds true ( ,bombay holds good 9 case ( ! re/ ( ,india4 ,"s ( ! libr>ies 9 ,upp] ,india 9 ,hyd]abad1 ,rampur1 ,patna1 ,calcutta possess along ) manuscript mat]ial *eap mutilat$ ,egyptian repr9ts ( magnific5t texts br\ght out 9 ,leid51 ,p>is & ,leipzig4 ,n[h]e 9 ,india is available to a rese>* s*ol> a complete set ( ,european publications 9 ,arabic1 :i* a few ?\s& rupees c pur*ase4 ,! /ate ( affairs is due to ,moslem apa?y1 politics claim+ a disproportionate %>e ( _! civic en]gy1 to ,gov]nm5t indiff]5ce & to "s ext5t ,p>si sup95ess & prejudice :i*1 despite ! community's vaunt$ advancem5t1 has fail$ to e/imate at its prop] wor? _! hi/ory z en%r9$ 9 ! language ( ! pre-judg$ ,arab4 ,m\lvi ,muhammad ,ghulam ,rasul ,surti1 ( ,bombay1 himself a s*ol>1 l5t me f 8 book%op exp5sive works :i* few private /ud5ts c\ld af=d to buy4 ,no we/]n book-sell] c\ld h conceiv$ a pur] love ( le>n+ or a gaze less rigidly fix$ on bus9ess4 ,sir ,john ,m>%all1 ,director ,g5]al ( ,ar*aeology 9 ,india1 cont9u$ v k9dly to p]mit me use ( books aft] ,i _h sev]$ (ficial connection ) 8 libr>y at ,simla4 ,dr4 ,spoon] :o act$ = him oblig+ly saw t z f> z he 0 conc]n$ no facilities 7 incont95tly )drawn f me at ,b5more4 ,i h p>ticul>ly to ?ank ! ,libr>ian ( ! ,imp]ial ,libr>y1 ,calcutta1 :o n only po/$ me books 9 8 *>ge b w5t out ( 8 way to procure me o!rs4 ,mrs4 ,besant & h] weal?y adh]5ts h creat$ at ,ady> ! atmosph]e associat$ ) ! ,a%ramas & ! seats ( le>n+ 9 anci5t ,india s f9ely describ$ by ,*9ese travell]s4 ,! ,ori5tal ,libr>y !re is unsurpass$ by any in/itution 9 ,briti% or ,indian rul$ ,india4 ,x is to be wi%$ 9 ! int]e/s ( pure s*ol>%ip t "s "o succe$s--,i did n--9 prevail+ on ! ,presid5t ( ! ,!osophical ,society to l5d books to s*ol>s :o may n be equal to ! ex]tion ( daily travell+ sev5 miles f ,madras to ,ady>4 ,h] insi/5ce on a rigid imitation ( ,briti% ,museum rules 9 ,india1 ma9ly because s _m ( ! ,!osophical frat]nity cut out pages & *apt]s f books once all[$ to be borr[$ by !m1 inflicts indiscrim9ate p5alty on hone/ rese>* & seals up aga9/ legitimate use books n[h]e else to be f\nd 9 ,india4 ,i res]ve = ! ,second ,"p ( ?is book "s obs]vations on ! ,russian language ) ref]5ce to ,ori5talism1 & ,arabic & ,p]sian lit]atures 9 p>ticul>4 ,only aft] ! outbreak ( ! ,w> "s int]e/ has be5 ar\s$ 9 ,engl& 9 matt]s ,russian g5]ally & a numb] ( gramm>s & diction>ies & o!r aids to ! /udy ( ?is mo/ difficult language h rec5tly be5 plac$ on ! m>ket = ! use ( /ud5ts :o only a brief ?ree ye>s ago _h to dep5d ma9ly on ,g]man = acquisition ( ,russian4 ,?is neglect ( ,russian is :olly undes]v$4 ,x is d\btful if ! rese>*es into ,ori5tal hi/ories & lit]atures by ! ,russians h be5 yet adequately appreciat$ 9 ,engl&1 ! tireless ef=ts ( ,dr4 ,poll5 & ! ,anglo-,russian ,lit]>y ,society not)/&+4 ,x is app>5tly /ill presum$ t ripe s*ol>%ip 9 ,arabic & ,sanskrit is inconceivable except ?r\gh ! m$ium ( ! languages ( ,we/]n ,europe4 ,no unwor?y disp>agem5t ( ,fr5* lab\rs is at all sugge/$4 ,b x is only fair to ,russia to rememb] 9 ,india t ! abs5ce ( a ,s]g d',old5b]g w\ld leave a lacuna :i* mu/ be felt 9 ,buddhi/ ,sanskrit2 )\t ,tz]batski ! ,ja9 lit]ature bo? ,magadhi & ,sanskrit w\ld be appreciably poor]2 & t ! ,cont95t has produc$ no?+ to exce$ ! s]ies ( ,buddhi/ ,sanskrit texts ( ,petrograd1 :]e 0 publi%$ ! /ill l>ge/ ,sanskrit lexicon4 ,naturally 9 ! prov9ce ( ,*9ese & ,japanese ! ,russian ,academy at ,vladivo/ock /ood facile pr9ceps till only ! o!r day its magnific5t rival 0 e/abli%$ 9 ,london "u ! direction ( ,dr4 ,d5ison ,ross4 ,an individual s*ol> l ,khanik(f1 :o l mo/ ( 8 c\ntrym5 9 ! la/ c5tury pref]r$ to write 9 ,fr5*1 & a ,zukovski has done m signal s]vice to ,p]sian antiquities ?an c\ld be hone/ly attribut$ to _m a ,g]man "n famili> to ,indian s*ol>s4 ,! di/+ui%+ feature ( ! ,russian inve/igator1 devot$ to ! pa/ ( ,p]sia1 is 8 uncommon equipm5t4 ,! ,russian br+ to _! task a mature /udy ( ,semitic languages & acqua9tance ) ,ave/a philology4 ,arabic lit]ature teems ) allusions to ! religions1 dogma1 cu/oms & ! c\rt ( ,sasanian ,iran4 ,once int5d$ = contempor>ies equally at home 9 ! ,arabic & ,p]sian idioms ^! ref]5ces h 9 c\rse ( "t gr[n obscure to copyi/s :o h mutilat$ ,iranian names ( p]sons & places & specific ,zoroa/rian t]ms :i* _h become naturalis$ 9 ! language ( ! rul+ ,arabs4 ,x is s*ol>s l ,b>on ,ros5 & ,ros5b]g :o h adequately appreciat$ ! value ( ,arabic texts 9 :i* are int]wov5 v]bal translations ( celebrat$ ,pahlavi treatises4 ,two su* h be5 dis9t]r$ by ! indu/ry & erudition ( ,ino/ranzev4 ,?is is ! fir/ book to be translat$ f ,russian into ,engli% by an ,indian & ! obvi\s difficulties ( ! task may be plead$ to excuse "s ( ! %ortcom+s ( a pione] und]tak+4 ,i look = my rew>d 9 on awak5$ int]e/ 9 ,arabic books :i* hold 9 solution m in=mation on ,p]sia ?an any set "w on ! hi/ory ( ,iran4 ,x w\ld n be 9 place to adv]t to ! pres5t /ate ( hapless *aos 9 ,p]sia4 ,! mo/ sympa!tic outsid]1 h[ev]1 _c help obs]v+ t h] mis=tunes are less due to h] neighb\rs & _! mutual relations ?an to h] too rapid political /rides & adoption ( exotic adm9i/rative ma*9]y repugnant to ! g5ius ( ! anci5t nation4 ,:atev] ! attitude ( individual ,mullas t[>ds non-,moslems 9 ! pa/ ! c5tral au?ority & ! p z a :ole are actuat$ to-day ) a _s ( patriotism :i* is /ill ! keynote ( ! "* ( ,p]sia's noble manhood & womanhood4 ,x decl9es to make religion ! crit]ion ( k9%ip4 ,! inconsi/5cy 9 ! spell+ ( ,arabic words has n altoge!r be5 avoidable be+ due p>tly to a desire to adh]e to ! or?ography adopt$ by au?ors :om ,i h consult$4 ,,simla1 ,g4,k4 ,,n>iman4 ,septemb]1 #aiag4 ,,*apt] ,i ,iranian lit]>y tradition 9 ! op5+ c5turies ( ,islam #a ,! "* ( ! ,p]sian hi/ory dur+ ! ,sasanian epo* #f ,importance ( ?is epo* accord+ to ! ,arab writ]s ( ! fir/ c5turies ( ,islam #aj ,! position ( ! ,p>si community & ! c5tres ( ! pres]vation ( ,p]sian tradition dur+ ! p]iod ( ! ,khalifat 9 ,tab>i/an1 ,khorasan & ,f>s #ae ,! ca/le ( ,%iz 9 ! di/rict ( ,arrajan 9 ! prov9ce ( ,f>s describ$ by ,i/akhri1 p4 #aah1 #b-d2 #aej1 #ad-g2 ,ibn ,hauqal1 p4 #ahi1 #a-b2 cf4 ! translator ( ! ,khoday ,nameh1 ,behram1 son ( ,m>dan%ah ( ! city ( ,%apur 9 ! prov9ce ( ,f>s #ai ,?is ca/le 0 ! resid5ce ( ^? acqua9t$ ) ! ,iranian tradition 7! badhgoz>7 & "h _! ar*ives 7 lodg$ #bj ,,arabic ,,writ]s ,,z ,,s\rces ,,( ,,sasanian ,,culture4 ,to ! ,iranian elem5t belongs a v ri* rle 9 ! ext]nal z well z ! int]nal hi/ory ( ,islam4 ,its influ5ce is obvi\s & con/ant 9 ! hi/ory ( ! ,moslem nations' spread ov] c5turies4 ,:5ev] ! circum/ances h be5 fav\rable x has be5 cle>ly manife/2 :5 ! conditions h be5 ho/ile x is n noticeable at ! fir/ glance b 9 reality has be5 ( great consequ5ce4 ,! causes ( ?is are v complicat$4 ,& x is necess>y on acc\nt ( its univ]sal value to exam9e a wide concat5ation ( facts4 ,b f a g5]al po9t ( view !re is no d\bt t x has its roots pr9cipally 9 ! cont9uity ( ! hi/orical & cultural traditions4 ,p>ticul> significance atta*es to ! circum/ance t j 9 ! epo* prec$+ ! ,arab conque/ ,p]sia _h exp]i5c$ a p]iod ( national revival aft] ! horrors t its sov]eignty _h und]gone1 at ! h&s1 = in/ance1 ( ,alex&] ! ,great4#a ,!re=e = ! /udy ( ,iranian tradition 9 ,islam ! p]iod ( ! ,sasanian dyna/y prec$+ ! ,arab conque/ has a special significance4 ,footnote #a3 ,?is is expla9$ by ! hatr$ giv5 expression to 9 ! ,p>si tradition reg>d+ ,alex&]4 ,comp4 ,j4 ,d>me/et] ,la ,leg5de de ,alex&re *ez les ,p>ses4 ,essais ,ori5taux1 ,p>is #ahhc1 pp4 #bbg-bea4 ,! ,sasanian dyna/y issu+ f a small pr9cipality 9 ! s\? ( ,p]sia--a pr9cipality :i*1 prop]ly speak+ be>s ! title ( ! k]nel ( ! ,p]sian nation--occupies a consid]able position 9 ,p]sian hi/ory4 ,wide imp]ial aims 7 unit$ ) a pl5itude ( solid organisation ( gov]nm5t s p]fect t x pass$ into a prov]b among ! ,arabs4 ,9 ?is la/ connection ! ,sasanian tradition surviv$ = a long "t a numb] ( ,moslem dyna/ies4 ,! p[]ful influ5ce :i* ,iranian tradition ex]cis$ 0 felt by ! ,abbaside ,khahlifs & aft] !m by ! ,turki% ,seljuks4 ,b n only ! sci5ce ( gov]nm5t1 a good deal ( o!r matt]s ( cultural & hi/orical importance 9 ! latt] times h _! explanation 9 ! ,sasanian epo*4 ,plac$ on ! conf9es ( ! ,greco-,roman _w on ! "o h&1 & ,*9a & ,india on ! o!r1 ,sasanian ,p]sia s]v$ dur+ ! c\rse ( a long "t z a c5tral m>t ( ex*ange ( a m5tal z well z ( a mat]ial nature4 ,z aga9/ ! ,a*aem5ides1 emulat+ ! high ,semitic culture ( ! ,we/ & ! ,hell5i/ic endeav\rs prec$+ ! ,p>?ian dyna/y1 ! ,sasanians pre-em95tly 7 ! promulgators ( ! ,iranian pr9ciples4 ,alongside ( ?is1 h[ev]1 al?\gh 9 a subord9ate position1 ! developm5t ( ! ,hell5i/ic movem5t & ! anci5t ,irano-,semitic syncretism cont9u$ to proce$4 ,simultane\sly an e?ical amalgamation proce$$ especially 9 ,we/]n ,p]sia :]e ,semiticism 0 p[]ful = a l5g!n$ p]iod1 ,nev]!less1 ! ,sasanians cont9u$ ! unification ( ! ,iranian inhabitants ( c5tral & we/]n ,p]sia4 ,! political sy/em ( ! ,sasanian emp]ors#a 0 bas$ on ?is fusion4 ,be=e x pales ! importance ( ! o!r facts reg>d+ ! political organisation ( ! ,sasanians1--c5tralisation ( gov]nm5t 9 a mann] s t ! elem5ts ( feudal con/itution made !mselves felt ?r\gh\t ! exi/5ce ( ! empire & ev5 aft] ! ,arab conque/1 :5 x left traces 9 circles repres5t+ ,iranian traditions4 ,footnote #a3 ,on ! con/itution ( ! ,sasanian gov]nm5t1 see ,a4 ,*ri/5s51 ,l'empire des ,sasanides1 le peuple1 l'etat1 la c\r1 #aijg4 ,! ,iranophile t5d5cies :i* dom9at$ ! ,sasanian epo* develop$ 9 intimate coop]ation ) ! ,/ate religion 7,mazdaism7 & ! ,p>si prie/hood4 ,among ! latt] cont9u$ ! production ( lit]>y works4 ,besides1 ! r$action ( ! sacr$ books 0 complet$ 9 ^! times4 ,among !m 7 cons]v$ & propagat$ ,p]sian e?ical ideals1 :i* f\nd expression 9 lit]>y =ms1 9 e?ico-didactic tracts1 l ^? :i* we notice j 9 ! same circles 9 lat] times4 ,to ! same end 7 pres]v$ national traditions & ritual1 "s ( :i* _h no?+ to d ) ,mazdaism4 ,! e?ical ideals ( ! *ur* f\nd /rong support 9 ! feudali/ic circles compris+ ! l>g] & ! small] l&hold]s1 ! dehkans :o1 ) p>ticul> zeal1 pres]v$ anci5t h]oic traditions4 ,alongside ( ^! national curr5ts 9 ! ,sasanian empire !re op]at$ 9 full =ce ^? factors ( cultural ex*ange ( :i* we spoke above4 ,( ^? factors ! mo/ important t des]ve our att5tion are que/ions reg>d+ education & in/ruction4 ,9 ?is connection1 ,sasanian ,p]sia f\nd itself "u p[]ful influ5ces f ! ,we/4 ,!re are suffici5t rem9isc5ces ( neo-,platonic exiles f ,greece at ! ,sasanian ,c\rt & ( ! s*ool ( m$ic9e 9 :i* ! lead+ "p belong$ to ,hell5ic physicians4 ,at ! same "t 9 ! same field we h to exam9e o!r influ5ces4 ,= ,sasanian ,p]sia did n rema9 /rang] to ! sci5ces ( ,india4 ,we h in=mation reg>d+ ! r5asc5ce ( ! activity ( ! translators ( sci5tific works into ! ,p]sian language & ! tradition ( ?is activity surviv$ d[n to ! ,moslem times4 ,9 connection ) ?is !oretical sci5tific activity /ood high p]fection 9 ext]ior culture issu+ to a consid]able degree f ex*ange ( mat]ials4 ,& ev5 "h ! ,sasanian tradition has surviv$ ! dyna/ies2 9 ! /udy ( ! comm]ce & indu/ry z well z ! art ( ! ,moslem epo* we h necess>ily to ref] back to ! prec$+ times ( ! ,p]sian hi/ory4 ,9 pre-,moslem ,arabia ! high developm5t ( ! civilisation ( ,sasanian ,p]sia 0 well kn[n4 ,among ! subjects ( ! great ,p]sian sov]eigns 9 ! we/]n prov9ces ( _! empire !re 7 a l>ge numb] ( ,arabs :o 9 comm]cial int]c\rse c>ri$1 to tribes ( ! ,syrian des]t & fur!r s\? to ! ,arabian p59sula1 reports reg>d+ ! great ,iran ,%ah>4 ,n only leg5ds ( ! h]oic figures ( ! ,iranian epic--,ru/am & ,isf&i>--b religi\s views & p]suasions ( ! ,p]sians f\nd a place & 7 spread among ! ,arab clans4 ,?us we "k t fire-wor%ipp]s 7 settl$ among ! ,arab tribe ( ! ,temim4#a ,footnote #a3 ,see = example ,ibn ,ru/ah 7,b4,g4,a4 ,,vii1 p4 #bag1 #f-i74 ,z reg>ds ! political influ5ce ( ! ,p]sians on ! tribes ( ,arabia a va/ deal has be5 relat$ 9 ! pre-,moslem epo*4 ,z is well-kn[n1 ?anks ma9ly to ! ,p]sian influ5ce1 !re 0 a small ,arab k+dom ( ! ,lekhmides 9 ! ,s\?-,we/]n portion ( ! ,sasanian empire#a4 ,x play$ its "p1 mo/ b5eficial = ,p]sia1 hold+ back on ! "o h& ,roman-,byzant9e onru% f ! ,we/1 & on ! o!r re/ra9+ ! p]petual attempts at irruption into ,p]sian t]ritory by ,arab nomadic tribes4 ,n long be=e ! appe>ance ( ,islam1 ,sasanian influ5ce 0 ext5d$ to ! ,arabs & ! ,s\? z well z ,yem5 pass$ into ! sov]eignty ( ! ,p]sians4 ,khusro & 8 ,c\rt appe>$ to ! ,arab an unatta9able ideal ( gr&eur & luxury4 ,footnote #a3 ,die ,dyna/ie d] ,lekhmid5 9 al-,hira1 ,e9 ,v]su* zur arabis*-p]sis*5 ,ges*i*te zur ,zeit d] ,sasanid5 ,b]l91 #ahii4 ,! rapid conque/ ( ,p]sia by ! ,arab w>riors prov$ a complete cata/rophe to ! ,sasanian empire4 ,b ,p]sian culture 0 n to be extirpat$ by ! success ( ,arab arms4 ,p]sia 0 ov]:elm$ only ext]nally & ! ,arabs 7 compell$ to pres]ve a consid]able deal ( ! pa/4 ,hav+ lo/ ! position ( rul]s1 ! ,p]sian prie/hood pres]v$ intact its control ( ! indig5\s populace 9 ! eyes ( ! latt] z well z ( ! =eign ,gov]nm5t4 ,! same rem>k holds good ( ! class ( l&$ proprietors4#a ,iranian tradition cont9u$ to live ,9 & ) !m4 ,n only :at 0 pres]v$ b all t 0 de/roy$ = long left ve/iges 9 ! memory ( ! conqu]ors4 ,footnote #a3 ,reg>d+ ! "p play$ by ?is class 9 ! times ( ! ,khalifs1 see ,a4 ,von ,kram] ,culturges*i*e des ori5ts unt] d5 ,*alif5 ,,ii4 pp1 #aej1 #fb4 ,_m ye>s aft] ! ,arab conque/ ! ru9s t cov]$ ,p]sia excit$ ! admiration ( ! ,arabs4 ,_! geograph]s ( ! n9? & t5? c5turies consid]$ x _! duty to enum]ate ! pr9cipal build+s ( ! ,sasanians rem9d+ ! read] t "h ,khusro built 9 8 "t 9 bye-gone days a ca/le1 !re a m\nta9 fa/ness1 aga9 at a ?ird place1 a bridge4#a ,reg>d+ v>i\s anci5t /ructures :i* _h surviv$ ! ,sasanian times1 we ref]1 int] alia1 to ,i/akhri1 7ibid ,i71 pp4 #abd2 ,ibn ,hauqal 7ibid ,,ii7 #aie2 ,ibn ,khordadbeh 7ibid ,,vi7 p4 #dc1 7text72 ,ibn ,ru/eh 7ibid ,,vii71 #aec1 #afb1 #afd1 #afe1 #aff1 #afg1 #ahi2 ,yakubi 7ibid ,,vii71 #bgj1 #bga1 #bgc1 c4 ,footnote #a3 ,see ! enum]ation ( ! notewor?y build+s ( anci5t ,p]sia z giv5 9 ,makdisi 7,b4,g4,a4 ,,iii71 p4 #cii1 & ,ibn-ul-,fakih 7ibid ,v71 p4 #bfg4 ,! rema9s ( ! /ructures1 monum5ts ( art f ! ,sasanian times & ! ages prec$+ !m attract$ ! att5tion ( ! ,arabs & !y h left descriptions ( ! same 9 m or less detail4#a ,f ! in=mation ( ! same ,musalman writ]s we possess accurate acc\nts ( ! inhabitants ( ,p]sia & _! religions4 ,?us1 = in/ance1 ,yakubi indicates t ! inhabitants ( ,isfahan1 ,m]v1 & ,h]at1 consi/$ ma9ly ( high-born ,dehkans4#b ,makdisi notices a consid]able numb] ( fire-wor%ipp]s 9 sev]al prov9ces ( ,p]sia1 = in/ance1 ,irak & ,jibal4#c ,footnote #a3 ,i/akhri1 p4 #bjc1 ,ibn ,hauqal1 p1 #bff1 #bef1 ,makdisi pp4 #cif & #dde1 ,ibn ,ru/eh1 p4 #aff4 ,footnote #b3 ,yakubi1 pp4 #bgd1 #bgi-bhj4 ,footnote #c3 ,makdisi1 pp4 #abf1 #aid4 ,,i/akhri ,,& ,,ibn ,,hauqal#a ,relate t ! inhabitants ( sev]al localities ( ,k]man dur+ ! entire ,umayyad p]iod op5ly pr(ess$ ,mazdaism4 ,9 a m detail$ fa%ion1 h[ev]1 ! ,arab writ]s notice ! ,mazdian dwell]s ( ,f>s1 ! he>t ( ! ,p]sian dom9ion4 ,makdisi says t 9 ,f>s exi/$ ! cu/oms ( fire-wor%ipp]s b t ! fire-wor%ipp+ inhabitants ( ! capital ( ! prov9ce ( ,%iraz _h no di/+ui%+ m>k on _! clo!s2 f :i* x foll[s t 9 t age ^! p 7 9 no way diff]5tiat$ f ! ,musalman subjects4#b ,i/akhri#c & ,ibn ,hauqal#d relate t ! bulk ( ! inhabitants ( ,f>s consi/$ ( fire-wor%ipp]s & !y 7 !re 9 l>g] numb] ?an any:]e else1 ,f>s be+ ! c5tre ( sac]dotal & cultural life ( ! empire 9 ! days ( ,p]sian indep5d5ce4 ,v m9ute in=mation is suppli$ u by ^! writ]s#e reg>d+ ! anci5t ca/les & fire-temples scatt]$ ov] ! :ole ( ,f>s 9 abundance4 ,! latt] is ( capital importance s9ce "h 0 ! resid5ce ( ^? two classes ( ,p]sian society1 noblem5 & prie/s1 :o 7 ! /aun*e/ cons]vators ( ! anci5t national tradition4 ,footnote #a3 ,i/akhri1 p4 #afd2 ,ibn ,hauqal1 p4 #bba4 ,footnote #b3 ,see ,makdisi1 pp4 #dba1 #dbi4 ,footnote #c3 ,p4 #acj4 ,footnote #d3 ,p4 #bjg4 ,footnote #e3 ,i/akhri1 pp4 #aaf-aai2 also p4 #ajj4 ,ibn ,hauqal1 #ahg-aij2 also p4 #aha4 ,x is und\bt$ t ! position ( ! ,p>si community aft] ! ,moslem conque/ 0 comp>atively com=table4 ,/ill sometimes x 0 d>k5$ by excessive fanaticism & ! intrigues ( ! foll[]s ( o!r fai?s4 ,al?\gh sometimes ! ,p>sis c\ld pu% !mselves =w>d to positions ( (ficials & in/ructors & play$ an important "p 9 ! hi/ory ( ! ,khalifate1 g5]ally speak+1 ?is community 0 a close "o lead+ a m or less exclusive life1 a circum/ance enabl+ ! cons]vation ( national peculi>ities & atta*m5t to antiquity4 ,z "t w5t on1 h[ev]1 ! condition ( _! exi/5ce necess>ily became worse & ! consequ5ce 0 ! gradual emigration ( a portion ( ! community f ! mo!rl& to ,we/]n ,india4 ,9 ! entire ,p>si lit]ature we come across only "o hi/orical composition :i* rec\nts ?is emigration4 ,b ! n>rative is s obscure t ( ! ma9 occurr5ce 9 x !re mu/ h rema9$ only a g5]al memory4#a ,?is book is call$ ! ,kisseh-,sanjan & 0 writt5 at a v late date at ! v close ( ! #af? c5tury1 s t ! data giv5 9 x h to be look$ ^u z a rev]b]ation ( anci5t tradition4#b ,footnote #a3 ,! mod]n hi/orian & ,p>si s*ol> ,k>aka1 9 analys+ ! ev5ts subsequ5t to ! ,arab conque/ foll[s ! views ( ! old ,s*ool ( writ]s reg>d+ ?is epo* z a complete de/ruction ( all ! previ\s organisation & ! triumph ( fanaticism ( ! new fai?4 ,see ,d4,f4 ,k>aka1 ,hi/ory ( ! ,p>sis1 ,vol ,i2 on ! hi/ory ( ! ,p>sis subsequ5t to ! ,arab invasion see page #bb ff4 ,footnote #b3 ,e4,b4 ,easrwick1 ,translation f ! ,p]sian ( ! ,kisseh-,sanjan or ,hi/ory ( ! arrival & settlem5t ( ! ,p>sis 9 ,india4 ,j4,b4,b4,r4,a4,s41 ,i4 #ahdd1 pp4 #afg-aia4 7,see also ,vol4 #ba1 extra numb]1 #ajje1 pp4 #aig-ii74 ,f ! circum/ances detail$ 9 ?is book x appe>s t ! emigrators aft] ! e/abli%m5t ( ,musalman dom9ation pass$ a hundr$ ye>s 9 a m\nta9\s locality & only aft] ! lapse ( ^! long ye>s migrat$ to ,hormuz1 f :]e !y proce$$ to ! p59sula ( ,guj>at & f9ally aft] negotiations ) ! local *ief settl$ 9 ,sanjan4 ,subsequ5tly fre% refugees jo9$ !m f ,khorasan4 ,f ?is la/ we c inf] t ! emigration 0 gradual & ?is is confirm$ by ! fact t 9 case ( migration 9 a mass ! diaspora ( ! ,p>sis w\ld h left "s traces 9 ! ,arabic lit]ature4 ,fur!r !re is no d\bt t consid]able numb] ( ,p>sis rema9$ beh9d 9 _! c\ntry & _! desc5dants are ! mod]n ,p]sian ,guebres :o1 toge!r ) ! ,p>sis ( ,india1 may be call$ ! only pres]v]s ( anci5t ,iranian tradition to ! pres5t times4 ,?us1 ?r\gh\t ,p]sia 9 ! fir/ c5turies ( ,islam national elem5ts )1 *ang$ =tunes p]si/$ 9 _! exi/5ce4 ,x is1 h[ev]1 to be rem>k$ t _! success 0 n uni=m 91 e qu>t] ( ! c\ntry1 t _! fate dep5d$ to a consid]able ext5t ^u ! geographical position & ! hi/orical life ( ! v>i\s prov9ces ( ! l&4 ,we/]n prov9ces ow+ to _! proximity to ! c5tre ( ! ,arab rul+ life _h m ?an ! re/ to m+le )1 ! ,arab /ream1 & to p>ticipate 9 ! cycle ( ev5ts 9 ! ,arabic p]iod ( ! hi/ory ( ! ,musalman ,ea/4 ,c5tral ,p]sia1 ow+ to its geographical position1 c\ld n con/itute ! po9t d'appue ( ! ,p]sian elem5t4 ,= ! latt] ! mo/ fav\rably situat$ prov9ces 7 ^? 9 ! ,nor?1 ,ea/1 & ,s\?1 ,tab>i/an1 ,khorasan1 & ,f>s4 ,,tab>i/an4 ,z is well-kn[n ?r\gh\t ! floruit ( ! ,arab empire ?is prov9ce f\nd itself 9 almo/ entire indep5d5ce ( ! c5tral p[]4 ,local dyna/s call$ ! ,ispahb$s enjoy$ practical indep5d5ce & 9 ^? times ,arabo-,moslem influ5ces simply did n exi/4 ,local rul]s1--,bav5dids1 ,baduspans1 ,k>5ides--appe>$ successively or simultane\sly foll[+ ! traditions left to !m by ! ,m>zbans or ! l& hold]s & p>tly ! successors ( ! great ,k+ :o 7 indep5d5t f ! times ( ! ,arsacide dyna/y4#a ,subsequ5tly z ,aliides & ,ziy>ids1 !y 7 closely atta*$ to ,%iaism ) its def9ite expression ( ,p]sian sympa?y4 ,nev]!less1 ?is prov9ce 0 n fav\rable = a p>ticul>ly successful national evolution4 ,! fact 0 t ev5 9 ! ,sasanian epo* ,tab>i/an rema9$ a di/ant & obscure fronti] division & did n take "p 9 ! progress ( civilisation ( ! times4 ,!re=e x c\ld n =m ! c5tre ( gravity ( ,p]sian life al?\gh !re is no d\bt t 9 sev]al respects 9 ?is prov9ce !re 7 pres]v$ typical features ( ,sasanian antiquity4 ,footnote #a3 ,= a g5]al conspectus ( ! hi/ory ( ! prov9ces ) reg>d to _! indep5d5ce dur+ ! ,sasanian & ,arab dom9ation1 see1 e4g4 ,f4 ,ju/i1 ,g4,i4 ,ph41 ,,ii1 pp4 #edg-di--;,hi/ory ( ,iran f ! e>lie/ to ! end ( ! ,sasanides 9 ,g]man--,app5dix ,i4 ,,khorasan4 ,x 0 o!rwise ) ! ,ea/]n prov9ces ( ,khorasan1 too f> di/ant f ! t]rit>y occupi$ by ! ,arab settl]s1 & too d5sely inhabit$ by ,iranians to rapidly lose its previ\s *>act]i/ics4 ,on ! contr>y1 we "k f ! hi/orians t 9 ?is prov9ce ,iranian elem5ts rema9$ /eadfa/ ?r\gh\t ! ,umayyad dyna/y & x 0 exclusively due to ! support giv5 by ,khorasanians to ! ,abbasides t ! latt] succe$$ 9 ov]?r[+ ! previ\s dyna/y & comm5c$ ! era ( p[]ful ,iranian influ5ces 9 ! hi/ory ( ! ,musalman ,ori5t4#a ,khorasan play$ a vital "p 9 ! developm5t ( ! mod]n ,p]sian lit]ature & especially its *ief dep>tm5t1 poetry4 ,! entire e>ly p]iod ( ! hi/ory ( mod]n ,p]sian poetry1 f ,abbas welcom+ ) an ode ,khalif ,mamun into ,m]v d[n to ,firdausi1 may be labell$ ,khorasanian4 ,!re fl\ri%$ ! activity ( ,rudaki1 ,kisai1 ,dakiki1 & o!r less notable repres5tatives ( ! e>ly p]iod ( mod]n ,p]sian b>ds4#b ,! culture ( poetry 0 fav\r$ n only by ! geographical position ( ! prov9ce ( ,khorasan b by its political conditions4 ,already 9 ! beg9n+ ( ! n9? c5tury 9 ,khorasan !re _h aris5 national ,p]sian dyna/ies & "u _! patronage began ! r5asc5ce ( ! ,p]sian nation 7,tah]ides1 ,saff>ides1 ,samanides74 ,footnote #a3 ,on ! hi/ory ( ,khorasan 9 ! ,umayyad p]iod see ,j4 ,wellhaus5 ,das ,arabis*e ,rei* und ,se9 ,/urz1 p1 #bdg f4 & p4 #cjf f4 ,footnote #b3 ,see ! g5]al survey ( ?is p]iod 9 ,j1 ,d>me/et]1 ,! ,orig9s ( ! ,p]sian ,poesy1 9 ,fr5* & ,e4,g4 ,br[ne ,lit]>y ,hi/ory ( ,p]sia1 ,i1 p1 #cej ff4 ,,f>s4 ,"u diff]5t circum/ances b ) consid]able significance = ! ,p]sian national ideals lay ! ,s\!rn prov9ce ( ,f>s4 ,"h ) t5aci\s insi/5ce surviv$ n only national b also political traditions ( anci5t ,sasanian ,p]sia4 ,"h 0 ! c5tre ( a gov]nm5t & f "h />t$ fre% dyna/ies4 ,aft] ! ,arab conque/ ?is prov9ce came into mu* m intimate connection ) ! ,khalifate1 ?an1 = in/ance1 ,khorasan4 ,b ,p]sian elem5ts 7 fav\r$ by its geographical position1--! m\nta9\s "* ( its situation & ! consequ5t difficulty ( access by ! invad]s4 ,we already produc$ above ! in=mation ( ! ,arab geograph]s ( ! t5? c5tury reg>d+ ! abundance ( fire-temples & ca/les 9 ,f>s4 ,!y relate t !re 0 no village or hamlet ( ?is prov9ce 9 :i* !re 0 no fire-temple4 ,resid5ce 0 tak5 up 9 /rong ca/les by ! native ari/ocrats ^: ideals 7 root$ 9 ! ,sasanian epo*4 ,j 9 ^! geograph]s1 ,i/akhri & ,ibn ,hauqal1 is to be f\nd in=mation ( unusual importance1 s f> z we c judge1 reg>d+ ! cons]vation ( ! ,p>si tradition 9 ,f>s ,^! au?ors h be5 up to n[ n only n appreciat$ b _! significance = our "q has n yet be5 adequately recognis$4 ,i/akhri & ,ibn ,hauqal enum]at+ ! ca/les ( ,f>s decl>e z foll[s reg>d+ ! ca/le ( ,%iz3#a ,! ca/le ( ,%iz is situat$ 9 ! di/rict ( ,arrajana4 ,!re live fire-wor%ipp]s#b :o "k ,p]sia & h] pa/4 ,"h !y /udy4 ,?is ca/le is v /rong4 ,footnote #a3 ,i/akhri1 p4 #aah1 #b-d2 ,ibn ,hauqal1 p1 #ahj1 #a-b4 ,footnote #b3 ,9 ! text occurs ! ,p]sian ^w badgoz>1 t is to say1 ! rhapsodi/s1 ! relators ( ! national traditions2 on ?is ^w see ,b4,g4,a4 ,,iii1 pp4 #ahb-hc1 & ,vull]'s ,lexicon ,p]sico-,lat9um ,s4,v4 ,= a p>allel to ! ar*ives ( ! ,a*am5ide empire see ,f4 ,ju/i1 ,e9 ,tag aus d5 ,leb5 des konigs ,d>ius4 ,fur!r we read ! foll[+ 9 ,i/akhri 7page #aej1 #ad-ag73-- ,9 ! di/rict ( ,sabur on ! m\nta9 !re are lik5esses ( all ! notewor?y ,p]sian k+s & gr&ees1 ( illu/ri\s pres]v]s ( fire1 high mob$s & o!rs4 ,_! portraits1 _! acts & n>ratives ab\t !m are successively record$ 9 volumes4 ,) p>ticul> c>e are pres]v$ ^! volumes by ! p liv+ 9 a locality 9 ! di/rict ( ,arrajan call$ ! ca/le ( ,%iz4 ,f ?is in=mation we le>n t 9 "o ( ! ca/les ( ,f>s d[n to ! t5? c5tury !re 7 pres]v$ manuscripts writt5 probably 9 ! ,pahlavi language conta9+ n>ratives f ,p]sian hi/ory & illu/rat$ )1 portraits aft] ! /yle ( ! ,sasanian reliefs to be f\nd 9 ! rocks 9 ! di/rict ( ,sabur4#a ,?is /rong m\nta9 fa/ness 0 probably little accessible to ! ,arabs & af=d$ an asylum to ! mob$s1 dehkans & o!rs int]e/$ 9 ! pa/ ( _! c\ntry4 ,footnote #a3 ,t is aft] ! /yle ( ! ,sasanian bass-reliefs :i* 7 pres]v$ 9 8 "t on ! rocks 9 ! vic9ity ( ,%apur & ! mo/ fam\s type ( :i* are ! bass-reliefs repres5t+ ! triumphs ( ! ,sasanian ,%apur ,i1 ov] ! emp]or ,val5t9e4 ,^! facts g5]ally important = ! hi/ory ( ! pres]vation ( ! epic1 hi/oric & arti/ic traditions ( ,iran1 are p>ticul>ly important = ! inve/igation ( ! s\rces ( ! ,arabic translations ( ! ,sasanian *ronicles & ( ! epopee ( ,firdausi4 ,z we "k1 ! translators ( ^! *ronicles 7 ,p]sian fire-wor%ipp]s or ,musalmans :o _h adopt$ ,islam only ext]nally & _h rema9$ true to ! anci5t ,p]sian religion4 ,among !m ! =emo/ is call$ ,mob$ belong+ to ! city ( ,sabur 9 ! prov9ce ( ,f>s4 ,he is important z a work] 9 ! ,iranian hi/orical tradition & ab\t him we %all h occasion to speak lat] on4 ,?is ,mob$ probably made ,arabic translations ( ,sasanian *ronicles f mat]ials 9 ! ar*ives 9 ! ca/le ( ,%iz4 ,fur!r1 ! in=mation adduc$ by u above reg>d+ ! ca/le ref]s to times a little previ\s to ! age ( ,firdausi & und\bt$ly among ! mat]ials 9 ^! ar*ives 7 ! s\rces ( ! ,%ah ,nameh :i* 7 available to ,firdausi ?r\gh int]m$iate v]sions4 ,f9ally1 we see t ^! ,sasanian hi/ories 7 illu/rat$1 a fact :i* is confirm$ by ! /atem5t ( o!r ,arab writ]s z we %all see lat] on4 ,g5]ally ! di/rict ( ,arrajan enjoy$ its anci5t glory ) ref]5ce to its cultural connections4 ,yakut#a has pres]v$ = u ! in=mation t at ,rai%ah> 9 ! di/rict ( ,arrajan !re liv$ 9 ! ,sasanian times m51 v]s$ 9 a peculi> species ( syllab>y :o wrote m$ical1 a/ronomical & logical works4 ,footnote #a3 ,muajjam ul ,buldan1 ed4 ,wu/5feld1 ,,ii1 p4 #hhg4 ,?is passage has be5 translat$ by ,b>bi] de ,mayn>d 9 8 ,geographical1 ,hi/orical & ,lit]>y ,diction>y ( ,p]sia1 9 ,fr5*1 pp4 #bgj-bga4 ,see also ,fihri/ ,,ii1 p1 #aje4 ,:at we h /udi$ above e/abli%es ! exi/5ce ( ,p]sian lit]>y tradition 9 its national =m = sev]al c5turies aft] ! ,arab invasion4 ,n[ we h to survey :]e9 lie ! *>act]i/ic features ( ?is tradition & :at 7 its ma9 cont5ts4 ,& we pass on to _! consid]ation4 ,,*apt] ,,ii ,! ,p>si ,cl]gy & ! ,musalman ,iranophile p>ty ( ! ,%uubiya #bf ,! "p play$ by !m 9 ! cons]vation ( ! ,p]sian lit]>y tradition #cj ,! diff]5t v>ieties ( ?is tradition2 sci5tific1 epico-hi/oric1 leg5d>y & e?ico-didactic #cb ,,p>si ,,cl]gy ,,pres]ve ,,tradition ,we h demon/rat$ above t 9 ! "t subsequ5t to ! ,arab conque/ ,iranian tradition f\nd a cong5ial asylum 9 ! bosom ( ! ,p>si prie/hood4 ,!re x 0 ma9ta9$ & develop$ orally z well z 9 a writt5 =m4 ,! mo/ compet5t among ! ,p]sian hi/orians :o employ$ ! ,arabic language 9 ^? times turn$ to ! ,p>si cl]gy = in=mation4 ,( ?is we h fir/-h& pro( 9 _! own works & 9 ! quotations f o!r works pres]v$ 9 lat] au?ors4 ,= example1 !y frequ5tly rem>k ! ,mob$an-mob$ relat$ to me1 ! mob$ s & s told me & s on4 ,9 _! que/ = anci5t ,p]sian books1 too1 ,arab au?ors se>*$ = !m among ! ,p>si prie/hood & x 0 only !re t !y f\nd !m4 ,?us x 0 ! m]it ( ! ,p>si community t x cons]v$ ,iranian traditions d>+ unfav\rable times & h&$ !m on to ,moslem ,p]sia "u m auspici\s conditions4 ,involunt>ily we are l$ to a comp>ison1 to _! advantage1 ) ! activity ( ! ,iranophile p>ty ( ! same times 9 ! ,moslem community1 ! p>ty ( ! ,%uubiya1#a ,9 _! capacity z promot]s ( le>n+ & expon5ts ( lit]ature !y conc5trat$ _! activity 9 ! cultur$ c5tre ( ! ,khalifate at ,baghdad & o!r cities1 & be+ famili> ) ,p]sia play$ an important "p 9 ! developm5t ( ,moslem culture ( ! ,middle ,ages4 ,b 9 ! pres]vation ( ! ,iranian tradition !y turn$ to mu* re/rict$ & greatly exclusive ,p>si circles4 ,9 ! second half ( ! t5? c5tury & 9 ! elev5? c5tury ! curr5ts :i* 7 prep>+ ! ,p]sian r5asc5ce p>ty 7 lo/ & _! significance =gott54 ,b = ! purpose ( illum9at+ hi/orical que/ions a c>eful exam9ation ( ^! curr5ts des]ves our undivid$ att5tion4 ,x 0 ow+ to !m t lit]>y mat]ials 7 pres]v$ :i* 7 sometimes direct translations f books belong+ to ! ,sasanian p]iod4 ,! c\rse by :i* ^! mat]ials f\nd _! way into ,arabic lit]ature c be def9itely trac$4 ,!y came f ,p>si c5tres ?r\gh old] circles ( ,moslem civilisation :i* 7 sympa!tic t[>ds ,p]sia4 ,g5]ally speak+ !y 7 tru/wor?y transmitt]s4 ,z a matt] ( fact ! ,%uubiya turn$ only to ! ,p>si circles = mat]ials & 9 ! explanation ( ! mat]ial !y did n di/+ui% !m f _! o!r s\rces4 ,_! s\rces betray !mselves by an exagg]at$ ,p>si p>tiality :]e ! p5*ant ( ^! circles is cle>ly manife/4 ,& ^! are intimately connect$ ) c]ta9 que/ions ( daily life1--! /ruggle = p[] betwe5 ! ,arab & ! ,iranian elem5t 9 ! ,khalifate4 ,en?usia/ic p>tisans ( ! ,p]sian elem5t1 ^! circles z a c\nt]bla/ to ! pov]ty ( civiliz+ factors ( ! pre-,islamic ,arab nation1 turn$ to ! glories ( ,p]sia1 pr9cipally ( ! ,sasanian pa/4 ,iranophile writ]s _h no ne$ = inv5tions1 s9ce hi/orical tru? 0 on _! side4 ,! effectiv5ess ( _! me?od 0 indisputable4 ,9 ?is connection ,iranian tradition among ! ,musalmans z transmitt$ by ,arab writ]s mu/ take prec$5ce ( a simil> transmission1 ! ,*ri/ian lit]ature ( ! ,ea/1 :]e all possibility 0 exclud$ ( polemics su* z obta9$ "u ! ,moslem dom9ation betwe5 ! pro-,iranian & anti-,iranian p>ties4 ,x is1 !re=e1 to be regrett$ t ! lit]>y activities ( ! ,musalman circles sympa?is+ ) ,p]sian culture h desc5d$ to u only 9 occasional extracts & are sometimes conf9$ only to ! titles ( books writt5 by !m4 ,footnote #a3 ,= details1 ,goldzih]4 ,muhamm$anis*e ,/udi51 ,i1 #adg-caj4 ,we notic$ above ! revival ( sci5tific activities 9 ,sasanian ,p]sia4 ,?is activity = ! mo/ "p has its significance 9 its quality ( be+ a connect+ l9k1 9 ! fir/ place1 z ! transmitt] ( ,greek k to ! ,ea/1 & secondly1 z ! unifi] ( ?is k ) ! h]itage :i* ,sasanian ,p]sia _h receiv$ f sci5tific works belong+ to ,semitic culture1 z well z f ! sci5ce ( ,india4 ,! pr9cipal repres5tatives ( ?is activity 7 n ,p]sians1 b ,*ri/ians1 ma9ly ! ,syrian ,ne/orians1 & ,monophysites f ! s*ool ( ,edessa4#a ,footnote #a3 ,= a g5]al acc\nt ( ! "* ( ?is activity see ,t4,j4 de ,bo]1 ,hi/ory ( ,philosophy 9 ,islam1 #ag-bj4 ,:at 0 ! %>e 9 ^! op]ations ( ! ,p]sians !mselves x is h>d to tell4 ,b at all ev5ts1 x 0 n consid]able4#a ,! g5]al "* ( ?is activity does n leave p>ticul> room = wide creative sci5ce1 s9ce x has express$ itself pre-em95tly 9 compilations1 translations ( philosophical1 a/ronomical1 a/rological1 m$ical1 ma!matical & e?ical comm5t>ies on ,greek & "s ,indian au?ors4 ,x 0 n 9 ?is field t ! activity ( ! ,p]sian sac]dotal community 9 ! ,sasanian epo* 0 conc5trat$4 ,& latt]ly 9 ! p]iod ( ! developm5t ( analog\s sci5tific "w d9+ ! ea/]n ,khalifate "u ! ,abbasides ! pr9cipal role belong$ j to ! same class ( s*ol>s1 ,*ri/ian ,syrians1 ) j ?is diff]5ce t ! activity ( ! latt] cont9u$ among ! ,musalman alumni ( v>i\s nationalities :il/ 9 ,sasanian ,p]sia _! op]ations 7 cut %ort by ! un=tunate circum/ances ( ! ,arab inroads4 ,x is int]e/+ t 9 ! ,abbaside p]iod ! translations made f ! ,p]sian au?ors or au?ors belong+ to ,p]sia app]ta9 to a c]ta9 special g5re ( works ( a te*nical nature1 books on w>f>e#b1 on div9ation1 on horse-break+#c1 on ! tra9+ ( o!r animals1 & on birds#d tra9$ to hunt+4 ,^! special treatises 7 ( no ab/ract sci5tific cont5ts b ref]r$ to ! practical dem&s ( life4 ,footnote #a3 ,z reg>ds philosophical traditions ( ,sasanian ,p]sia 9 ! ,musalman epo* pr9cipally we may ref] to ! influ5ce ( ! sy/em ( ,z]vanism on ! adh]5ts ( ! sy/em ( ,dah>1 de ,bo] #ae & #gf4 ,footnote #b3 ,see my /udies on ! ,a9-,nameh4 ,footnote #c3 ,see my book on ,mat]ials f ,arabic ,s\rces = ,culture ,hi/ory ( ,sasanian ,p]sia4 ,footnote #d3 ,fihri/ #cae4 ,a diff]5t k9d ( importance atta*es to hi/ories devot$ to gov]nm5t & national life ( ! ,sasanian p]iod & to ! epic & lit]>y tradition ( ,p]sia4 ,_! value z hi/ory has be5 ackn[l$g$ & appreciat$ by ! progressive circles ( ! ,musalman community4 ,contempor>y rese>*es direct+ ! greate/ att5tion to ?is aspect ( ,iranian movem5t appreciat$ its value & ?anks to _! works1 we are enabl$ to speak ) "s cle>ness reg>d+ books ( exce$+ importance4 ,traces ( anci5t ,iranian epic tradition are obs]vable 9 "s ,greek writ]s1 ,ktesias1 ,h]odotus1 ,elian1 ,*>5 ( ,mytel5e & ,a!neus4 ,b x has surviv$ 9 a consid]able quantity 9 ! ,ave/a4#a ,footnote #a3 ,! pr9cipal works = inve/igat+ ! ,p]sian hi/orical & lit]>y tradition are1 besides ! introduction to 8 edition & translation ( ! ,%ah-,nameh by ,mohl1 ,noeldeke's ,g]man ,hi/ory ( ! ,p]sians1 & ,arabs at ! "t ( ! ,sasanians1 8 introduction1 & 8 ,iranian national epic ,g4,i4,ph4 ,,ii1 #acj--bab2 ,b>on ,ros51 ,on ! "q ( ! ,arabic translations ( ! ,khudai ,nameh 7,p>aphrase by ,kir/ 9 ,w4,z4,k4,m4,x1 #ahif72 ,h4 ,zot5b]g1 ,hi/ory ( ! ,k+s ( ,p]sia by ,al-,?alibi1 ,arabic text ) translation1 especially ,preface1 ,,xli-,,xliv4 ,a numb] ( pr(\nd ideas & +5i\s sugge/ions are made 9 ! v>i\s articles & reviews by ,guts*mid4 7,see ,app5dix ,v1 p4 #ada74 ,! mo/ rec5t & pregnant exposition is by ,lehmann4 ,x exi/$ also 9 (ficial writ+s ( ! ,sasanian times1 rec5sions ( :i*1 we possess 9 sev]al ,arab hi/ories & 9 ! ,%ah ,nameh4 ,l ! sci5tific lit]ature ^! writ+s 7 subject$ to a f9al r$action t[>ds ! close ( ! ,sasanian dyna/y & x is ?is rec5sion t has ma9ly come d[n to po/]ity4 ,alongside ( (ficial writ+s ( a g5]al "*1 !re exi/$ v>i\s books ( epic-hi/orical cont5ts1 = in/ance1 ! ,yadk>i-,z>iran4#a ,z 9 ^! writ+s1 s 9 ! v]sions appe>+ f !m at lat] times1 ! mat]ials embodi$ 7 ( a k9dr$ nature1 l ! ,romance ( ,behram ,*ob91 ,/ory ( ,behram ,gor1 ! n>rative ( ! introduction into ,p]sia ( ! ,game ( ,*ess4 ,besides ^! !re 7 writ+s relat+ to local hi/ories4 ,x is notewor?y t ! epic elem5t 0 & is pres]v$ ) p]si/5ce by ! ,p>sis4 ,mohl notes t ! majority ( ,p]sian epic poems1 except+ ! ,%ah ,nameh1 has be5 pres]v$ only 9 manuscripts belong+ to ,p>sis#b4 ,f>!r developm5t ( ?is phase ( ,p]sian lit]>y tradition bifurcat$ into two directions4 ,x has be5 %[n t ! (ficial *ronicles ( ! ,sasanian times ex]cis$ influ5ce on ! developm5t ( ! ,musalman sci5ce ( hi/ory4 ,on ! o!r h&1 ! epic 0 resuscitat$ 9 h]oic romances & tales#c4 ,alongside ( ! hi/orical traditions & ! epos /&s ! romantic poesy :i* has ent]$ into ,musalman lit]ature 9 a m>k$ degree 9 ! %ape ( ,iranian tradition4 ,at ! "t ?is species ( poetry prosp]$ 9 ,arabic lit]ature !re 0 a /rong ,p]sian influ5ce & "s ( its repres5tatives 7 und\bt$ly incl9$ to ,p]sian lit]>y motifs1 = in/ance1 ! ,%uubite ,sahal ,ibn ,h>un4#d ,footnote #a3 ,we ref] ma9ly to ! epic cycle ( ,soi/an = ! views ( ! au?orities on :i* see ,mohl 7,,lxii7 & ,noeldeke ,national ,epic1 #hj-ha4 ,z a supplem5t to ! bibliography furni%$ by ,noeldeke see ,v4 ,rug>li1 ! ,epic ( ,k]%asp1 ,g4,s4,a4,i41 ,,xi1 #cc-ha1 #ahih4 ,footnote #b3 ,,lxvii1 note #b4 ,footnote #c3 ,on ! process ( ! latt] nature see ,mohl ,,lxxii ff4 ,reg>d+ "o ( ! pr9cipal repres5tatives ( ! lat] /age ( ?is developm5t see ,abu ,tah] ,t>susi1 ,encyclopa$ia ( ,islam1 #a1 #aae4 ,footnote #d3 ,fihri/ #abj1 #a-ac4 ,= ?is k9d ( poetry see ,fihri/ #cjf1 #h-cjh1 #ad1 & comp>e also ! books *>act]is$ at page #cad1 #a-g4 ,to ! same type ( lit]>y monum5ts we h to add ! va/ field ( /ory lit]ature4 ,al?\gh a consid]able portion ( x belongs to ! prov9ce ( migratory subjects1 & al?\gh to ,p]sia belongs (t5 only ! rle ( ! transmitt]1 nev]!less1 collections ( /ories ( ?is class und\bt$ly _h _! assign$ place 9 ! ,sasanian epo* & ! dep5d5ce ( ! core ( ! ,?\s& & ,"o ,nights on ! ,p]sian /ories collect$ 9 ! ,haz> ,afsan#a is indisputable4 ,we %all n1 !re=e1 /op "h fur!r reg>d+ facts :i* h be5 decid$ m ?an once4 ,we w only obs]ve t 9 connection ) ! ,p]sian lit]>y age ( ! ,sasanians we h to indicate a s]ies ( works ( ! "* ( epic tales aris5 f ! anci5t hi/orical p]iod ( ! we/]n b\nd>y ( ,p]sia & repres5t+ /ories ( ! ,babylonian k+dom :i* h be5 enum]at$ among ! books ( ?is class & also among ,p]sian books1--a circum/ance :i* proves t ^! tales orig9at$ 9 ,sasanian lit]ature4 ,f9ally1 j z 9 hi/orical & especially 9 n>rative lit]ature1 ,p]sian tradition surviv$ to ! ,musalman times s also x cont9u$ to live 9 ! writ+s ( ! e?ico-didactical category4 ,! importance ( ! ,pahlavi translation ( ! book ( ,kalileh & ,dimneh = ! migration ( ?is collection ( tales to ! ,we/ is well-kn[n4 ,! significance ( ,pahlavi translations is n less evid5t ) reg>d to ! ,haz> ,afsan 9 connection ) ! ,?\s& & ,"o ,nights4 ,/ill ,p]sian tradition 9 ! field ( e?ico-didactic lit]ature has be5 /udi$ & appreciat$ mu* less ?an 9 ! hi/orical & /ory lit]ature4 ,we h n[ to exam9e a few que/ions 9 connection ) ! ,p]sian tradition reg>d+ ! e?ico-didactic lit]ature ( ! e>ly ,musalman epo*4 ,we %all devote ! foll[+ *apt] to its /udy4 ,footnote #a3 ,fihri/ #cjd1 #aj-cje1 #b4 ,fihri/ #cjf1 #f2 ,fihri/ #cje1 #g4 ,,*apt] ,,iii ,! e?ico-didactic books 9 ! ,fihri/ 7#cae1 #ai-caf1 #be7 #ch ,!y are almo/ exclusively ( ,p]sian orig9 #ch ,,e?ico-,,didactic ,,lit]ature ,,( ,,iran ,op9ion on ! importance ( ! influ5ce ( e?ical & didactical works ( ! ,sasanian times on ! lit]ature ( ?is class ( e>ly ,moslem epo*1 g5]ally speak+ has be5 express$ 9 sci5tific works & has f\nd admittance into a few g5]al surveys ( ,p]sian lit]ature4 ,to ! lit]>y monum5ts g back a numb] ( books on :at is call$ ,adab1 good behavi\r or agreeable mann]s1 9 mod]n ,p]sian lit]ature4 ,besides sev]al lit]>y monum5ts ( lat] ages1#a = ! solution ( ?is "q1 capital importance atta*es to ! in=mation giv5 9 ! ,fihri/ ( an-,nadhim :i* is ! fundam5tal s\rce ( ! hi/ory ( entire ,arabic lit]ature be>+ on our p]iod4 ,fur!r on we %all draw ^u ?is "w ) ! object ( det]m9+ ?is species ( lit]>y tradition 9 ,arabic books ( ! fir/ c5turies ( ,islam4 ,footnote #a3 ,p4 ,horn1 ,ges*i*te d] p]sis*5 ,lett]atur1 7,die ,lett]atur5 des ,o/5s 9 ,f9zeld>slellung5 ,bd ,,vi7 #ch1 & ,die ,mittelp]sis*e ,lett]atur1 #bcg4 ,great importance = ?is problem lies 9 t portion ( ! ,fihri/ :i* :5 fir/ edit$ _h elicit$ little int]e/1 & :]e are enum]at$ ! titles ( books ( e?ico-didactic "*1 ,p]sian1 ,greek1 ,indian1 ,arabic1 by well-kn[n au?ors & by anonym\s writ]s#a4 ,we are aw>e t 9 ! ,fihri/ !re are p>tly ,arabic1 p>tly ,p]sian1 titles ( books :i* h come d[n to u 9 a mutilat$ =m1 b at ! same "t "s ( !m h rea*$ u 9 _! correct %apes & o!rs are (t5 easily re/orable4 ,footnote #a3 ,fihri/ #cae1 #ai-caf1 #bc4 ,9 ?is section ( ! ,fihri/ we h 9 all =ty-f\r titles ( books4 ,among !m a l>ge numb] c be directly trac$ to ,p]sian orig9 & a portion 7 evid5tly writt5 "u ,p]sian influ5ce4 ,to ! fir/ class we h no hesitation 9 assign+ f\rte5 names ( books1 s9ce z we %all see1 two ( !m or possibly ?ree p]ta9 to "o & ! same "w4 ,we w exam9e ^! titles 9 "s detail4 #a4 ,! fir/ book is by ,zadan ,f>rukh & is a te/am5t to 8 son#a4 ,al?\gh we are n able to recall a book ( ?is title among ! ,pahlavi lit]ature t has come d[n to u1 /ill ! g5]al "* ( ?is "w is pres5t$ to u 9 p]fect def9it5ess4 ,x is und\bt$ly "o ( ! te/am5ts or c\nsels1 ! s-call$ ,p& ,nameh or ,&>z1 ( a fa!r to a son1 or "s "o p]son to ano!r1 & ! typical repres5tatives ( :i* 9 ! ,pahlavi lit]ature appe> to be ! well-kn[n book ( te/am5t ( ,ad>bad to 8 son1 ! book ( advice to 8 son by ,khosro ,anu%irvan & ! book ( c\nsel to ! latt] by 8 ,wazir1 ,buzurj ,meh]#b4 ,footnote #a3 ,9 ! text ! t]m is ,zadan ,f>rukh1 b ,ju/i already 9 8 ,iranis*es ,nam5bu* 9 #ahie propos$ ! read+ ,zadan ,f>rukh4 ,footnote #b3 ,z reg>ds ! fir/1 see my ,mat]ials f ,arabic ,s\rces1 page #fh-fi4 ,= ! second1 ,we/ ,pahlavi lit]ature ,g4,i4 ,ph4 ,,ii1 #aab4 ,= ! ?ird1 9 ,pahlavi v]se ,we/ #aac4 ,= ,musalman times see ,s*ef] ,*re/oma?y #c-f & ,salemann & ,zukovski1 ,p]sian ,gramm> page #da-di4 ,also comp>e ,melanges ,asiatiques ,,ix1 #bae4 ,9 ,arabic ,an?ologies especially ( ! "* ( :at is kn[n z ,fur/5spiegel ! maxims ( ?is wise ,wazir are v frequ5tly quot$4 ,see = in/ance1 ,sirajul ,mulk ( ,t>tu%i1 also comp>e ! bibliography 9 ,v4 ,*aub91 ( ,arabic works1 ,leige #ahib1 page #ff4 ,alongside ( ?is mo/ celebrat$ ,p& ,nameh 9 ! ,pahlavi lit]ature are also fam\s a numb] ( o!r analog\s lit]>y monum5ts traceable to def9ite p]sons1 :ile "s are anonym\s4 ,!y are ( a nature1 = in/ance1 ( a simple te/am5t f fa!r to son#a4 ,footnote #a3 ,we/ #aji-aaa1 & #aac-aae4 ,z we h already obs]v$1 & z we %all h occasion to speak fur!r1 ?is category ( lit]>y rema9s und\bt$ly surviv$ 9 ! ,musalman lit]ature & p>tly 9 ! lit]ature ( ! ,arabs4 ,= ! /udy ( ! ,pahlavi lit]ature ?is class ( tracts has already evok$ att5tion & has call$ =? sev]al editions & translations4 ,we notice t _! int]e/ goes beyond t ( ,pahlavi lit]ature prop] & !y are important also = ! hi/ory ( ! lit]ature ( ,musalman nations4 ,moreov]1 !y are ( int]e/ f a g5]al po9t ( view1 = ! /udy ( ,musalman culture4 ,9 fact1 by _! v "* ^! works are brief cate*isms ) no pret5sions to ab/ract !oretical acqua9tance ) ! sac]dotal tracts1 compos+ ano!r important section ( ,pahlavi lit]ature1 b imm$iately connect$ ) ! daily ord9>y life4 ,x goes )\t say+ t :oev] read !m 9 ! orig9al1 _! int]e/ did n lie 9 _! !oretical "*1 b t !y 7 r5d]$ into ,arabic & mod]n ,p]sian languages ) a view to ! same practical end4 ,h5ce h[ev] monoton\s !y are1#a :atev] we>isome "* ^! books possess1 !y are ( great int]e/ = ! purpose ( comp>ison ) simil> productions ( ,musalman lit]ature & = ! purpose ( e/abli%+ _! influ5ce 9 ! unfold+ ( e?ical ideas ( ! ,musalman ea/1 :i* are f> f be+ cle>ly made manife/4 ,?is side ( ! "q des]ves1 9 my op9ion1 9 ^! days ampl] att5tion & rese>*4 ,footnote #a3 ,see ,noeldeke ,p]sis*e ,/udi5 ,,ii1 ,s4,b4,w4,a1 #ahib1 #bi1 ,noeldeke rem>ks1 ) ref]5ce to ?is class ( lit]ature1 t ! inve/igation ( ?is fatigu+ bus9ess dem&s an unusual am\nt ( pati5ce1 see = in/ance1 ! comp>ison in/itut$ betwe5 e?ical norm 9 ! ,p>si & 9 ! ,musalman ,lit]ature by ,d>me/et] 9 ,revue ,critique1 #ba1 #a-h4 #b4 ,! second book 9 ! ,fihri/ is attribut$ to a ,mob$an-mob$ t is1 head ( ! ,p>si cl]gy1 :o 9 ,arabic texts is sometimes call$ simply ,al-,mob$an & ^: "n 0 n und]/ood by ,flugel#a4 ,! same ^w is met ) 9 a mutilat$ =m 9 ano!r place 9 ! ,fihri/#b4 7#aai-bj74 ,footnote #a3 ,fugel took x = a dual1 & consequ5tly divid$ ! "n into two4 ,footnote #b3 ,! book next foll[+ is call$ ,kitab kay ,lorasp & app>5tly x _h to d ) que/ions connect$ ) ,p]sian lit]>y tradition4 ,he is m5tion$ by ,ali ,ibn ,rayhani1 ,arabic au?or1 :o /ood 9 ne> relation%ip to ! ,khalif & :o 0 p>tial to ! ,z9diks1 t is1 9 ?is case1 to ! ,duali/s4 ,he is a reput$ au?or ( sev]al books among :i* !re is "o ^: title 0 re/or$ by ,ju/i 9 ! ,nam5bu*#a4 ,! conjecture ( ,ju/i t ?is "n %\ld be read ,mihr ,ad> ,ju%nas is fully support$ by a sket* ( x 9 a passage ( int]e/ to u 9 ! ,fihri/4 ,ju/i hesitat$ to decl>e :e!r ?is 0 ! "n ( ! book or ( its au?or4 ,b 9 ano!r place 9 ! text ?is ^w is accompani$ by ! designation ,al-,mob$an f :i* we c und\bt$ly conclude t ?is book 0 ascrib$ to a p>ticul> p]son1 ! supreme ,mob$ ,mihr ,ad> ,ju%nas4 ,!re=e1 ?is title ( ! book %\ld be read z t ( ! book ( ,mihr ,ad> ,ju%nas1 ! ,mob$an4 ,?is book /&s at ! head ( ! works we are consid]+ 9 ! ,fihri/4 ,!re=e1 we c fully trace x to ! ,p]sian lit]>y tradition4 ,footnote #a3 ,nam5bu* ,mahr ,ad> ,ju%nes4 #c4 ,simil>ly !re c be no scepticism reg>d+ ! individual nature ( ! book call$ ! ,book ( ! ,te/am5t ( ,khusro to 8 son ,ormuz1 ! admonition giv5 to ! latt] :5 he h&$ ov] to him ! re9s ( gov]nm5t & ! reply ( ,ormuz4 ,flugel already p]fectly correctly notic$ t by ,kisra we mu/ "h und]/& ,kisra ,anu%irvan4 ,9 ?is way 9 ?is book or 9 ! fir/ half ( x we h c]ta9ly ! ,&>z ,khusro1 ! celebrat$ "w 9 ! ,pahlavi lit]ature :i* has be5 pres]v$ up to our times & :i* has be5 translat$ into ! ,european languages4#a ,x conta9s a numb] ( c\nsels ( ,khusro to 8 son & occupies ! place ( importance 9 ?is species ( lit]ature4 ,x is ( a pseudo-epigraphic "*4 ,footnote #a3 ,see ,we/1 #aab4 ,! full title is3 ,&>z-e-,khusro ,kavadan4 ,,iv4 #d4 ,) ?is book is id5tical ano!r m5tion$ j !re b a little fur!r & entitl$ ! ,book ( ,c\nsels ( ,kisra ,anu%irvan to 8 son :o 0 call$ a well ( eloqu5ce4 ,9 ?is way ^! ?ird & f\r? titles indicate "o & ! same book suffici5tly kn[n 9 ! ,p]sian lit]>y tradition 9 :i* we are int]e/$4 #e4 ,to ! same category belongs ano!r book ascrib$ to ! ,kisra4 ,x is possible t 9 ?is book we h a treatise id5tical ) ! "o ref]r$ to above z ! book ( ! ,te/am5t ( ,khosro ,anu%irwan1 s9ce 9 sev]al r$actions 8 te/am5ts are repres5t$ z advice to 8 son :ile 9 "s !y /& z admonition direct$ to ! g5]al public4#a ,footnote #a3 ,salemann1 ,mittel-p]sis*e ,/uden1 ,melanges ,asiatiques1 ix1 #ahhh1 #bah4 #f4 ,"u ! six? head+ appe>s a ,book ( ,c\nsels ( ,arde%ir ,babekan to 8 son ,sabur4 ,?is "w :i* 0 suffici5tly kn[n & made use ( 9 ! e>ly ,moslem p]iod has n come d[n to u 9 ! orig9al ,pahlavi4 ,we "k ( ! exi/5ce ( a v]se translation ( ?is book 9 ! ,arabic made by ,belazuri 7,fihri/1 #aac & #aad74 ,moreov]1 ?is "w 0 consid]$ z a model composition 7probably z repres5t$ by ,belazuri71 & 9 ?is connection x 0 comp>able 7,fihri/ #abf1 #ae-ai7 to ,kalileh wa ,dimneh1 ! ,essays ( ,um> ,ibn ,hamza1#a ,al ,mahani?1#b ! tract call$ ,yatima ( ,ibn al ,mukaffa1 & ! ,essays ( ,ahm$ ,ibn ,yusuf1 secret>y ( ,mamun4 ,9 view ( ! importance atta*$ to ?is & ! foll[+ risalas by ! au?or ( ! ,fihri/1 x w\ld be int]e/+ to h _! editions & translations4 ,footnote #a3 ,a relative ( ! ,khalif ,mansur & ,mahdi1 a secret>y ( ! =m] ,fihri/1 #aah1 #h-ab4 ,9 ! ,kitab al ,mansur wal ,manzum ( ,ahm$ ibn ,abi ,tah] 7vide ,b>on ,b4,p4 ,ros51 ,on ! ,an?ology ( ,ahm$ ibn ,abi ,tah]1 ,j\rnal ( ! ,russian ,ori5tal ,society1 ,vol4 ,,iii1 #ahhi1 page #bfd74 ,! essay probably ref]r$ to is call$ ,rasalat fi al ,khamis lil ,mamun4 7,or ,rislat al ,jay%74 ,see ,fihri/1 ,,ii1 #eb4 ,footnote #b3 ,?is 0 probably ! title ( ! epi/le ( ,um> ,ibn ,hamza to ,ali ibn ,mahan pres]v$ by ! same ,ahm$ ibn ,abi ,tah]4 ,z reg>ds p]sons by ! "n ( ,mahan 9 ! ,musalman p]iod see ,ju/i ,nam5bu* #ahe4 ,extracts f ?is te/am5t especially f its conclud+ portion1 h be5 h&$ d[n to u 9 ! ,kitabat ,tambih4#a ,!y relate to ! prophecy ( ,z>adu%t reg>d+ ! de/ruction ( ! ,p]sian religion & empire 9 ! c\rse ( a ?\s& ye>s aft] him4#b ,footnote #a3 ,by ! same ,ahm$ ibn ,abi ,tah] has be5 pres]v$ ! ,essay ( ?is ,ahm$ ibn ,yusuf on ,?ankfulness--,risalat ,ahm$ ibn ,yusuf fi%%ukr :i* possibly is ref]r$ to by ! au?or ( ! ,fihri/4 ,see also !re ! highly important ,risalat ibn ,mukaffa fissahobat4 ,b4,g4,a4 ,,viii1 #ih1 #af-ii1 #a4 ,mac\di1 ,le livre de l'av]tissem5t et de la revision1 trad4 p> ,c>ra de ,vaux1 ,p>is1 #ahig1 #ada-adb4 ,footnote #b3 ,9 connection ) ?is prophecy1 z reg>ds ! *anges :i* 7 made 9 ! *ronological sy/em ( ! ,p]sian hi/ory see ,a4 ,guts*mid1 ,kle9e ,s*rift51 ,,iii1 ,leipzig1 #ahib4 #bb-bc1 & #ig1 c4 ,x is highly int]e/+ t j l ! well-kn[n te/am5t by ,tans> to ! k+ ( ,tab>i/an ?is te/am5t 0 writt5 at a consid]ably lat] p]iod1 9 ! "t ( ,anu%irwan4#c ,footnote #c3 ,see on ?is "q ,*ri/5s5 #aaa-aab & ,app5dix ,,vi4 ,reg>d+ ! g5]al "* ( ?is apocryphal te/am5t we may judge by ! c\nsels ( ! f\nd] ( ! ,sasanian dyna/y :i* h come d[n to u 9 v>i\s ,arabic & ,p]sian hi/orical works & 9 ! ,%ah ,nameh4 #g4 ,! #g? title ref]s to ! book ( a c]ta9 mob$an mob$ on rhetorical passages :i* 7 analog\s probably to ! anonym\s ,p& ,namehs :i* are f\nd 9 ! ,pahlavi lit]ature4 #h4 ,! #h? is ! book on ! correspond5ce betwe5 ! ,kisra & a ,m>zban4#a ,footnote #a3 ,does n ?is appe> l a book conta9+ ! correspond5ce on ! well-kn[n episode 9 ! hi/ory ( ! ,p]sians 9 ,yem5 & ! lett]s :i* 7 ex*ang$ betwe5 ! ,m>zban or ,mavazan & ,khosrau ,p>viz8 7,see ,noeldeke1 ,tab>i #bcg1 #bfd1 #cej-cea74 #i-aj4 ,! #i? & ! #aj? titles relate to books ( que/ions direct$ on a c]ta9 occasion by ! k+ ( ,rome to ,anu%irwan & on ano!r occasion by ! k+ ( ,rome to ano!r emp]or ( ,p]sia4 #aa4 ,! #aa? book ref]s to ! ord] ( ,arde%ir to br+ out f ! treasury books writt5 by ,wisem5 on ,gov]nm5t4 #ab4 ,! #ab? book 0 writt5 = ,hormaz1 son ( ,kisra1 i4e41 ,kisra ,anu%irwan on ! correspond5ce betwe5 a c]ta9 ,kisra & ,jamasp4#a ,footnote #a3 ,are we to und]/& "u ?is "n a ref]5ce to ! well-kn[n ,jamasp ,hakim occurr+ 9 ,pahlavi lit]ature 7,weat1 #aaj78 ,on ! ,p]sian wisdom ( ,jamasp1 see ,c4,h4,l4 ,flise1 *] ,kle9]e ,s*rift5 #c ,leipzig1 #ahhh1 #bed-bee1 & ,ju/i ,nam5bu*1 #aji4 ,! "n1 h[ev]1 _c be cle>ly read1 ,hadahud 7see ,fihri/1 #caf1 #ac7 :]e in/ead ( ,m>dyud %\ld be read ,m>dwaihi4 ,9 ! same book #afb1 #f1 in/ead ( ,zaydyud %\ld be read ,zaiduya4 ,z reg>ds ! "n ,hadahud g5]ally1 see ,ju/i1 #agg1 :o m5tions a son ( ,f>rukhzad4 #ac4 ,! #ac? book is attribut$ to a c]ta9 ,kisra & x is add$ t x treat$ ( gratitude & 0 writt5 = ! b5efit ( ! public4 #ad4 ,f9ally1 ! #ad? head+ ref]r$ no d\bt to "o ( ^? ,p]sian books writt5 by ,p]sians be>+ ,p]sian names & embody+ v>i\s /ories & anecdotes4 ,( ! rema9+ #cj books1 #aa belong to ! ,moslem p]iod b 7 compos$ at ! "t ( complete ,p]sian influ5ce on ,arabic lit]ature4 ,we h ?ree books on ,adab writt5 = ,khalif ,mahdi1 ,ra%id & = ! ,b>mecide ,yahya ibn ,khalid4 ,!n !re are n9e books by au?ors :o are p>tly unkn[n & p>tly belong to ! same p]iod ( ,p]sian influ5ce & :o h be5 m5tion$ 9 o!r places 9 ! ,fihri/4 ,( ! rema9+ #ai books a consid]able numb] is to be f\nd to h issu$ f ,p]sian s\rces4 ,( ,p]sian orig9 probably 7 two books translat$ by ! a=esaid ,mihr ,adur ,ju%nasp--"o relat+ to ',adab' & ! o!r on 'h\se-build+4' ,! book on ! refutation ( ! ,z5diks by an unkn[n au?or 0 probably d]iv$ f ,p>si circles4 ,=1 especially 9 ! reign ( ,mamun !re exi/$ v>i\s controv]sies ) ! foll[]s ( ,mazdaism & ,duali/s4#a ,footnote #a3 ,a4 ,b>!lmy1 ,guja/ak ,abali%4 ,rlation d'une ,confr5ce ,?ologique1 preside p> le ,calife ,mam\n1 ,p>is1 #ahhg4 7,biblio!que de l'cole des hautes tudes1 sci5ces philologiques et hi/oriques1 ,,lxix41 fascicule47 ,fur!r1 und\bt$ly "u ,p]sian books mu/ be reckon$ ! book ( ! ',c\nsels' ( anci5t k+s & ! book ( ! ',que/ions' to c]ta9 ,wisem51 & _! ,answ]s4 ,if ^! are n ( direct ,p]sian orig9 !y are simil> 9 cont5ts to ,p]sian books4 ,two books includ$ 9 ?is li/1 namely1 "o by a c]ta9 ,*ri/ian on e?ico-didactical subjects z is /at$ 9 ! title itself1 drawn f ,p]sian1 ,greek & ,arabic s\rces1 & ! o!r1 a book translat$ by ! au?or ( ! ,fihri/ himself conta9+ ! anecdotes reg>d+ ! p ( a sup]ior class & ( ! middle class--^! two books on acc\nt ( _! cont5ts embody ! exp]i5ces relat+ to e?ico-didactical que/ions & 7 ( ! nature ( compilation simil> to ! book ( ,ibn ,miskawaihi ( :om we %all speak lat] on4 ,f9ally1 all ! rema9+ books relate to t class ( anecdotal & didactic lit]ature :i* spread s wide among ,arabic writ]s ?r\gh ,pahlavi & orig9at+ f ,indian au?ors4 ,su* books 71 = in/ance1 ! /ory ( ,despair & ,hope1 ! ,book ( ,he>+ & ,judgm5t1 ! ,book ( ! two ,indians1 a lib]al man & a mis]1 _! disputation1 & ! judgm5t pass$ on !m by ! ,indian pr9ce1 etc4 ,t our assumption is highly probable is confirm$ by ! m5tion among ^! books ( ! book ( ! philosoph] & 8 exp]i5ces ) ! slave girl ,kayt>4#a ,footnote #a3 ,?is book no d\bt is a portion ( ! well-kn[n fable ,lai d'--,ari/ote pres]v$ 9 c]ta9 anci5t monum5ts ( ,arabic lit]ature4 ,! same book is m5tion$ among ,p]sian books 9 ano!r place 9 ! ,fihri/4 7#cje-f74 ,kitab ,musk ,zanameh1 wa %ah ,zanan4 ,^! two books h be5 v>i\sly transcrib$ by ! copyi/s4 ,! "n has be5 mu* mutilat$ & s]ves z an example ( ! degree to :i* ,p]sian titles h be5 corrupt$4 ,nev]!less1 ?anks to ! circum/ance t ! "n ( ! slave girl has come d[n to u1 9 ! ,arabic v]sion ( ! /ory we are able to trace ! title adduc$ 9 ! ,fihri/4#a ,footnote #a3 ,le ,livre des beautes et des anti!sis attribute a ,abu ,o?man ,amr ibn ,bahr al-,djahiz texte publie p> ,g4 ,van ,vlot51 ,leyde1 #ahih1 #bbe-beg2 ,e4 ,g41 ,br[ne1 "s acc\nt ( ! ,arabic "w entitl$ ,nihayatu'l-irab fi ,akhb>i'l ,furs wa'l-,arab1 p>ticul>ly ( t "p :i* treats ( ! ,p]sian k+s1 ,j4,r4,a4,s4 7#ijj1 #bdc-bde74 ,?is "n is ,mu%k ,daneh or a gra9 ( ,musk4 ,! book ( ,musk ,daneh & ! mob$ became fam\s 9 ,arabic lit]ature z a sep>ate ,p]sian composition4#b ,footnote #b3 ,simil>ly ! title ,%ahzanan 9 ! ,fihri/ is possibly ,mob$an1 7,see ,br[ne #bdd1 #b1 #c1 #aa1 #ae2 #bde1 #d1 #ae2 & ,van ,vlot5 #bee1 #af2 #bef1 #a1 #d1 #ad2 #beg1 #g1 #i2 or ,%aikh al mob$an1 ,br[ne #bde47 ,,*apt] ,,iv ,! ,p]sian1 s\rces ( ! compilation ( ,ibn ,miskawaihi #ed ,prepond]ance ( ! ,p]sian elem5t 9 ! evolution ( ! ,musalman morals #eg ,! ,book ( ,adab by ,ibn al ,muqaffa & o!r simil> ,arabic works #ei ,,iranian ,,compon5ts ,,( ,,adab ,,lit]ature ,,9 ,,arabic ,at ! head ( works "u ! title ( e?ico didactic writ+s1 :i* h come d[n to u /&s a gr\p mo/ *>act]i/ically d5om9at$ ,adab ul ,arab val ,furs belong+ to ! p5 ( a writ] ( ! #aj? & #aa? c5turies1 ,ibn ,miskawaihi ^: "n is pron\nc$ 9 ,p]sian ,ibn ,mu%kuya4 ,at ! basis ( ?is collection lies ! anci5t ,p]sian pseudepigraphical book ,javidan khir$1 or ,et]nal wisdom4 ,b 9 ! body ( x !re is a s]ies ( lit]>y monum5ts ( ,sasanian lit]ature & its desc5dants4#a ,! au?or is kn[n1 besides1 by 8 philosophical works1 z a hi/orian#b & z su* he is p>ticul>ly important = ! hi/ory ( ! ,buides4#c ,& 8 ,p]sian orig9 w\ld po9t to 8 sympa?y = ,p]sian lit]>y tradition4 ,z a matt] ( fact1 8 e?ico-didactic collection is bas$ on a book ( ! ,sasanian epo*4 ,x w\ld appe> t ?is circum/ance has und\bt$ significance = ! det]m9ation ( ! influ5ce 9 ! compilation ( ,moslem e?ical ideals4 ,h[ev]1 9 contradiction to ?is basal fact & not)/&+ t 9 ! prov9ce ( ! developm5t ( ,islam z a religion1 ,p]sian elem5t play$ an important "p1#d ! developm5t ( ! ,moslem e?ical tracts 9 contempor>y lit]ature1 = ! mo/ "p1 is dep5d5t ^u m antique1 specially ,greek1 tradition4 ,j4 ,goldzih] recogniz+ ! importance ( ! influ5ce ( ,p>sism on ,islam says ! exact demon/ration ( ! dep5d5ce ( ^! ph5om5a on ! culture hi/orical facts1 ^: consequ5ces !y are1 w\ld be ! mo/ int]e/+ task :i* ^? /udy+ ,islam 9 its pres5t position c place be=e !mselves4 ,_m ( ! dom9at+ views reg>d+ ! orig9al _s ( ,islam w\ld receive ! ne$$ correction by su* inve/igation4 ,footnote #a3 ,on ?is "w & its manuscripts see my ,mat]ial f ,arab s\rces #fh-fi4 ,footnote #b3 ,= ,miskawaihi z a philosoph] see ,bo] #aaf-aai4 ,footnote #c3--;,he 0 ! treasur] & a close fri5d ( ! ,buide ,adudad-,daula4 ,footnote #d3 ,= a g5]al sket* ( ,moslem e?ics 9 anci5t times see ,c>ra de ,vaux1 ,gazali1 #abi-adb1 & ,encyclopa$ia ( ,islam #d1 #bdd-bdf4 ,let u exam9e ?ree po9ts reg>d+ ! influ5ce on ,moslem morals & g5]al conduct4 ,9 ! fir/ place /& ! moral writ+s ( ecclesia/ical "*4 ,! morality is root$ 9 & bas$ on ! moral ( ! ,bible & !n on ! develop$ ,moslem law & has absorb$ 9 itself "s ( ! elem5ts ( ! e?ics ( ,*ri/ianity4 ,9 ! second place1 !re is a s]ies ( e?ical docum5ts ( a mo/ valu$ nature 9 ! %ape ( prov]bs1 dicta1 maxims1 fables1 con/itut+ a k9d ( moral philosophy1 (t5 indep5d5t ( ea* o!r1 v>i$ 9 _! "*1 & diff]5t z to "t & ! place ( _! compositions4 ,"h we may sep>ate a c]ta9 /ratum ( ,p]sian elem5t1 & an analysis ( !m may reveal p>tly contempor>y k & p>tly elem5ts ( =eign religi\s e?ics4 ,! ?ird b n ! la/ place 9 importance is occupi$ by ! ,greek e?ical tradition 9 :i* latt]ly are disc]nible important ,*ri/ian con/itu5ts4 ,rec5t /udies h yield$ u z _! result1 ?is /ructure ( ,musalman e?ics4 ,b x is to be not$ t ! !oretical d$uctions at fir/ sight d n f9d confirmation 9 facts4 ,= we d n "k :i* ,greek books on e?ics 7 translat$ 9 ! beg9n+ ( ! p]iod ( ! sci5tific developm5t ( ,islam1 & = ! support ( our !sis we h to po9t to ! possibility ( oral transmission ( ,hell5ic e?ical tradition ?r\gh ,syriac s*ol>s1 al?\gh ?is circum/ance does n militate aga9/ our hypo!sis4 ,besides a small am\nt ( translations f ,greek e?ical works1 especially ! books ( ,ari/otle1 !re are obs]v$ among ! works embodi$ 9 ?is tradition a s]ies ( pseudographs :i*1 h[ev]1 c h only an ext]nal relation ) ! ,greek sci5ces & :i* w\ld r lead to ! second gr\p ( ! influ5ces on ,musalman e?ical monum5ts namely1 ! gr\p ( monum5ts ( ,ori5tal wisdom4 ,! mo/ typical ( ! pseudographical wisaya1 or ,te/am5ts are ascrib$ to ,ari/otle1 ,py?agoras1 & o!rs4 ,to our m9d1 !y are d]iv$ f ,p]sian tradition to ! same ext5t1 if n 9 a l>g] ext5t ?an f ! ,*ri/ian4 ,actual /udies demon/rate t ! basal "w = ?is epo* 0 ! book above-m5tion$ ( ,ibn ,miskawaihi :i* z we saw above1 issu$ f ,p]sian lit]>y tradition4 ,& ! "* ( t tradition c be expla9$ f ext]ior circum/ances )\t an analysis ( its cont5ts4 ,! fact is t ,ibn ,miskawaihi work$ ^u t class ( ,p]sian mat]ial1 = in/ance ! ,p& ,nameh or ,&>z1 :i* _h no?+ to d ) ! prov9ce ( ! indef9ite gnomic lit]ature b :i* _h ! "* ( a cate*ism & !re=e expresses a def9ite sy/em ( religi\s morals1 ! morals ( ,p>sism4#a ,! appreciation ( ! influ5ce ( ,p>sism on ,islam has only j comm5c$4 ,b we are already 9 a position to emphasise ! great influ5ce1 :i* ,p>si e?ics h ex]cis$ on ,islam & ?is influ5ce has be5 atte/$ by a numb] ( ,greek & ,*ri/ian witnesses4 ,s f>1 = an ackn[l$gm5t ( ?is influ5ce s]ves a purely ext]nal fact1 namely1 a glance at ! bibliography ( ! anci5t e?ico-didactic tracts 9 ! ,musalman lit]ature & an exam9ation ( ! cont5ts ( ! book ( ,ibn ,muskawaihi4 ,a numb] ( additional facts confirm ?is hypo!sis4 ,footnote #a3 ,= a g5]al review ( ! morals ( ,p>sism see ,a4,v4,w4 ,jackson's ,g4 ,i4 ,ph4 ,vol4 ,,ii1 #fgh-fhc4 ,well-kn[n is ! importance enjoy$ 9 ! beg9n+ ( ! epo* ( ! developm5t ( ! ,arabic ,musalman lit]ature1 by ! activities ( ! ,p>si ,ibn al ,muqaffa4#a ,he is fam\s z ! fir/ comm5tator ( ! ,greek books on logic 9 ,arabic lit]ature1 b he is p>ticul>ly r5[n$ z ! effici5t support] ( ! ,p]sian lit]>y tradition & its translator into ! ,arabic lit]ature4 ,8 r5d]+ ( ,kalila & ,dimma is well-kn[n4 ,x enjoys a prime role 9 ! migration ( ?is collection ( /ories to ! ,we/4 ,well-kn[n also is 8 translation ( ! ,p]sian book ( ,khoday ,nameh1--t is1 ! (ficial *ronicle ( ! ,sasanian times & ( ! ,a9 ,nameh1 ! ,in/itutes ( ! "t4 ,we %all h occasion to speak ab\t ^! books lat] on4 ,to him also belong ! books closely connect$ ) ! ,sasanian epo*1 namely1 ! ,book ( ,mazdak ! ,book ( ,taj to :i* we %all ref] fur!r on4 ,x is int]e/+ t he is also ! reput$ au?or ( two books on ,adab1 p]haps among ! mo/ anci5t ones 9 ,arabic lit]ature4#b ,"o ( ^! books call$ ! ,small] 0 probably conta9$ 9 ! o!r :i* is call$ ! ,l>g] & has ! purely ,p]sian title ( ,mah f>ra ,ju%nas4 7,?is is h[ ! title is to be read accord+ to ,h(fmann & ,ju/i74#c ,s9ce ! int]e/ ( ,muqaffa 0 conc5trat$ 9 ! prov9ce ( ,p]sian culture x is indisputable t 8 activity 0 n conf9$ 9 ?is direction to "o book & ! cont5ts ( ! book h ve/iges 9 a high degree ( dep5d5ce on ,p]sian motifs4 ,?is is prov$ by a v>iety ( circum/ances4 ,we h desc5d$ to u 8 book call$ ,al ,yatima1 a tract on t aspect ( morals :i* 0 especially diffus$ 9 ! ,sasanian epo* & 0 devot$ to politics & 9 =m repres5t$ ! species ( writ+s call$ ,fur/5spiegel4#d ,a tradition ( ?is k9d ( lit]ature = long cont9u$ to live 9 ! ,musalman writ]s & ! typical repres5tative ( ! species seems to be ! fam\s ,siyasat ,nameh1 ( ,nizam-ulmulk1 ! ,saljuk ,wazir4 ,on "s occasions x directly s]ves z a s\rce = ! int]nal hi/ory ( ! ,sasanian dom9ation4 ,x be>s p>ticul>ly on didactic lit]ature ?\gh x has be5 z yet v ill /udi$ f ! comp>ative /&po9t4 ,! ,sasanian influ5ce is p]fectly obvi\s4 ,"s portions ( ,al ,yatima ( ,ibn ,muqaffa may be p>allell$ to correspond+ remnants f ,pahlavi lit]ature 9 ! ,kabus ,nameh & ! ,siasat ,nameh4#e ,we "k fur!r t books "u ! title ( ,p]sian ,adab 7 spread among ^? :o sympa?is$ ) ,mazdaism & ,mani*ism 9 ! circle ( ,moslem society4#f ,^! books by _! "* 7 comp>able to books on ,mazdak b also to ,kalila wa ,dimna4 ,footnote #a3 ,fihri/1 #aah1 #ah-bi1 & ,ibn al ,qifti's ,t>kh al hukama edit$ by ,lipp]t1 page #bbj1 #a-aj4 ,footnote #b3 ,brockelmann1 ,on ! rhetorical writ+s ( ,ibn all ,mukaffa1 ,z4,d4,m4,g4 #ec1 #bca-cb4 ,footnote #c3 ,h(fmann ,extracts f ,syrian acts ( ,p]sian m>tyrs1 #ahhj page #bhi note1 & ,ju/i1 ,nam5bu* #ahf4 ,footnote #d3 ,precise in=mation reg>d+ its cont5ts is r to be f\nd 9 ,ibn al ,qifti ?an 9 ! ,fihri/4 ,9 ! =m] ! head+ is ,fi taat u ,sultan1 9 ! latt] ,fi rasail4 ,see ,la p]le incomp>able ou l'art du p>fait c\rtisane de ,abdallah ibn al-,muqaffa1 #aijf4 ,see ! ,fr5* translation f ! ,dut* r5d]+ ( ?is tract4 ,footnote #e3 ,on ! political ideas ( ! latt] see ,pizzi1 ,le idee politi*e di ,nizam-ul-,mulk ,g4,s4,a4 #a41 #aca-ada4 ,footnote #f3 ,tab>i ,annales ,vol4 #c1 #acji1 #i-ae1 & ,br[ne ,a lit]>y ,hi/ory ( ,p]sia1 #a1 #ccb4 ,besides ,muqaffa a numb] ( writ]s ( ! epo* ( ! developm5t ( ,arabic ,musalman lit]ature int]e/$ !mselves 9 !mes connect$ ) ,p]sian antiquities4 ,"o ( !m1 ,aban ,ibn ,abdul ,humiad ar ,raka%i o!rwise kn[n z ,aban al-,lahiki *ose a numb] ( !mes f anci5t ,p]sian lit]ature & accord+ to ! ,fihri/ v]sifi$ !m 7#aai1 #a-f-afc1 #g-aj74 ,su* subjects 7--,kalila & ,dimna1 ! ,book ( ,b>laam & ,yuasef1 ! ,book ( ,s9dbad1 ! ,book ( ,mazdak & f9ally books on two popul> repres5tative ( ! ,sasanian dyna/y1 namely1 ! ,book ( ! acts ( ,arda%] & ! ,book ( ! acts ( ,anu%irvan4#a ,footnote #a3 ,v]sification ( ! hi/ory ( ,anu%irvan is also to be met ) 9 lat] ,p>si lit]ature1 see1 ,sa*au1 ,contribution to ! k ( ! ,p>si lit]ature1 ,j4,r4,a4,s4 #ahgj page #beh4 ,ano!r au?or1 ,ahm$ ,ibn ,tahir ,taifur1 wrote accord+ ! ,fihri/ 7#adf1 #ba7 a special ,book ( ,hormuz son ( ,kisra ,anu%irvan4#a ,no d\bt1 fur!r m1 writ]s ( ,p]sian orig9 foll[$ 9 _! books on ,adab ,p]sian models4 ,su* probably 0 ! book ( ,adab by an au?or ^: "n has be5 mutilat$ 9 ! ,fihri/ 7#aci1 #ae1 #ah74 ,!re is ano!r class ( writ+s :i* be>s relation to ?is "o & :i* is m5tion$ 9 ! ,fihri/4 ,x is q possible t on ?is lit]>y ,p]sian tradition1 7 bas$ also "s ( ! tracts "u ! title ( ,books on c\nsels a consid]able numb] ( :i* we meet ) 9 ! ,fihri/4#b ,footnote #a3 ,see ! essay ( ,b>on ,ros5 on ! an?ology ( ,ahm$ ,ibn ,abi ,tahir4 ,footnote #b3 #gh1 #ae2 #aje1 #aj2 #bic1 #ab2 #bjd1 #ag-ah2 #bjd1 #bi2 #bjg1 #ba2 #baj1 #bc2 #bab1 #bb-bc2 #bag1 #d-e2 #bbj1 #be2 #bbb1 #ad2 #bcd1 #bc2 #bha1 #bj2 #bhb1 #e4 ,e?ico-didactical treatises 9 ! =m ( c\nsels1 maxima or te/am5ts1 con/itute a s+ul> gr\p ( lit]>y mem5tos ! g5esis ( :i* 9 ! ,musalman lit]ature maybe e/abli%$ only aft] an exam9ation ( simil> books 9 ! ,p]sian writ+s ( ! ,sasanian times4 ,examples ( a l class ( te/am5ts1 lit]>y compilations "u ! title1 = ! mo/ "p1 ( pseudo-graphs go+ up to pre-,moslem p]iod we h already notic$ 9 ! ,book ( ! c\nsels ( ,arda%] & ! ,p& ,nameh ( ,kisra ,anu%irvan4 ,,*apt] ,v ,! ,taj ,nameh z m5tion$ 9 ! ,fihri/ page #cje1 & page #aah1 & repeat$ly ref]r$ to 9 ! ,uyunal ,akhb>1 ,"p ,i1 ( ,ibn ,kutayba #fe ,! ,p]sian book ) illu/rations m5tion$ by ,masudi 9 8 ,kitab at ,tambih1 page #ajf-g & ! illu/rations 9 ! scrolls 9 ! ca/le ( ,%iz #fh ,,pahlavi ,,books ,,/udi$ ,,by ,,arab ,,au?ors4 ,we h indicat$ 9 ! prec$+ *apt] ! translations ( ,ibn al ,muqaffa f ,p]sian books into ,arabic4 ,besides ^? ( an e?ico-didactic cont5ts1 among !m !re 7 books ( hi/orical "*4 ,all ^! translations h n come d[n to u4 ,extracts ( ^! r5d]+s into ,arabic1 h[ev]1 h be5 pres]v$ 9 ! orig9al & sometimes 9 p>aphrase4 ,unusually important 0 ! translation ( ! book call$ ! ,khuday ,nameh1 ! value ( :i* has long be5 appreciat$ by sci5ce4 ,que/ions ( vital importance 9 connection ) ?is hi/ory are its relation to ! ,%ah ,nameh & ! exam9ation ( its v>i\s translations 9 ! ,musalman p]iod4 ,! loss ( ?is book1 p]haps ! mo/ important monum5t ( ,middle ,p]sian lit]ature1 is to be p>ticul>ly deplor$ 9 t ) x has p]i%$ ! connect+ l9k ( ! hi/orical evolution ( ,iran1 incorporat+ ! religi\s & cl]ical legislature 9 an (ficial r$action4 ,( capital importance also 0 ano!r book call$ ! ,a9 ,nameh#a or ! ,book ( ,in/itutes1 a valuable s\rce ( ! int]nal hi/ory ( ! ,sasanian ,empire1 compris+ a descriptive table ( (ficial dignit>ies or ! ,gah ,nameh4#b ,judg+ by ! clue giv5 9 ! ,fihri/ 7#aah1bh7 x w\ld appe> t ! ,book ( ,taj also 0 a hi/orical "o s9ce x has be5 expla9$ t ! book treat$ ( ! ,acts ( ,anu%irwan4 ,z a matt] ( fact1 among ! books writt5 by ! ,p]sians on epic & hi/orical subjects & index$ 9 ! same ,fihri/ 7#cje1 #h-ac7 has be5 m5tion$ ! ,book ( ,taj4#c ,footnote #a3 ,see bel[ & also my book on ,! ,mat]ials f ,arabic s\rces1 c41 #fc-ff4 ,l ,masudi 9 8 ,kitab at ,tambih1 ,asadi 9 8 ,lughal al-,furs 7,asadi's neup]sis*5 ,wort]bu* ,lughat al-,furs1 edit$ by ,p4 ,horn1 #ahig1 #aaj1 #a71 id5tifies ! ^w a9 ) ! ^w rasam1 practice or cu/om4 ,z reg>ds ! ^w a9 9 ! ,iranian languages see ,horn ,grundriss d] neu p]sis*5 ,etymologie1 #ae-af2 ,hubs*mann1 ,p]sis*e ,/udi5 #aa1 & ,b4,g4,a4 ,,iv1 #age1 & ,,viii1 ,gloss>ium ,,ix4 ,to und]/& ! anci5t usage ( ! t]m ! mod]n ,p>si expression ,dad wa a9 d9 9 ! s5se ( religi\s law & cu/om helps u4 ,9 ?is phrase ! ^w dad corresponds to ! mod]n ,musalman %>iyat & ! ^w a9 to adat4 ,reg>d+ its special mean+ 9 ! ,umayyad times see ,j4 ,wellhaus5 ,das ,arabis*e ,rei* und se9 ,/urz #ahi4 ,footnote #b3 ,mo/ probably 9 connection ) ! mat]ials ( ?is book /ood ,a collection ( ,p]sian g5ealogy writt5 by ! well-kn[n ,ibn ,khurdadbeh 7,fihri/ #adi1 #d71 repres5t+ a peculi> anti!sis to ! num]\s selections ( ,arab tribal & family g5ealogies4 ,footnote #c3 ,"h are fir/ m5tion$ ! two books translat$ by ,jabala ibn ,salim1 namely1 ! ,book ( ,ru/am & ,isf&iy> & ! ,book ( ,behram ,*ob9 7! well-kn[n ,romance ( ! ,k+ ab\t :i*1 sea ,noeldeke's ,tab>i #dgd-dgh71 & fur!r ! ,book ( ,%ahrzad & ,ab]viz 7:i* no d\bt 0 connect$ ) ! ,?\s& & "o ,nights71 ! ,book ( ,k> ,nameh or ! ,acts ( ,anu%irwan belong+ to ! same class ( books z ! ,k> ,nameh ( ,arda%ir4 ,!n ! books t int]e/ u are ! ,book ( ,taj1 ! ,book ( ,d>a & ! ,gold5 ,idol1 ! ,a9 ,nameh1 ! ,book ( ,behramgor & 8 bro!r ,n>seh & f9ally1 "o m ,book ( ,anu%irwan4 ,x is possible t ! book ( ,ibn al ,mukaffa 0 n ! fir/ translation ( ! ,p]sian book s9ce ?is title is appli$ by n a few o!r ,arabic writ]s ( ! "t to "s ( _! own works4 7,= example1 ,abu ,ubaida1 ,see ,goldzih] ,muhamm$ ,/udi5 #a1aih74 ,9 8 "t ,b>on ,ros5 call$ att5tion to quotations f a c]ta9 ,book ( ,taj 9 ,uyunal ,akhb> ( ,ibn ,qutaiba4#a ,^! quotations are only to be f\nd 9 ! fir/ "p ( ! ,uyunal ,akhb>4 ,all ^! quotations1 eight 9 numb]1 be> a didactic "*1 & except+ ?ree1 ref] back to ,kisra ,ab>viz & conta9 8 te/am5t to 8 sons 7two71 secret>ies1 treasur]s & hajibs4 ,( ! rema9+ ?ree "o be>s on g5]al maxims ( practical politics4 ,ano!r is a te/am5t ( an anci5t ,p]sian k+ to 8 ,wazir4 ,& ! ?ird is a maxim ( "o ( ! secret>ies ( a k+4 ,9 ?is mann] all ^! citations are ( an e?icodidactic nature2 only !y h be5 inve/$ ) a hi/orical environm5t & "u ord9>y circum/ances w\ld repres5t ! g5]al type ( writ+s on political conduct = rul]s1 /&+ = ! class ( lit]ature designat$ ,fur/5spiegel4 ,a simil> class ( citations is pres]v$ 9 ! spee*es f ! ?rone & ! c\nsels ( ! ,sasanian k+s :i* we come across 9 v>i\s ,arab hi/orical & an?ological works be>+ on ,sasanian ,p]sia1 z also 9 ! ,%ah ,nameh4 ,footnote #a3 ,b>on ,ros51 ,zur arabis*5 ,lit]atur ges*i*te d] alt]n zeit1 #a4 ,ibn ,qutaiba2 ,kitab ,uyunal ,akhb> 7,melanges ,asiatiques1 ,,viii1 #ahhj1 #gde-ggi1 especially #ggd-gge74 ,^! citations correspond to ^? 9 ! edition ( ,brockelmann z foll[s3 #ba1 #ab-af2 #bg1 #aa-ae2 #cb1 #b-h2 #dd1 #ac-de1 #d2 #fg1 #ac-ff1 #h2 #hd1 #h-af2 #ajg1 #b-ag2 #abj1 #af-aba1 #e4 ,guts*mid already notic$ 9 8 "t t by ! ,p]sian hi/orians to ea* ,sasanian rul] 0 ascrib$ a maxim & indicat$ t ) ref]5ce to ,arda%ir & ,ano%iravan ^! maxims may be tak5 z ! basis s9ce ! ,book ( ,c\nsels ( ! =m] 0 well-kn[n & a l>ge numb] ( edify+ prov]bs ( ! latt] _h f\nd admittance into ! national language4#a ,let u add t1 z we %[$ above1 !re has be5 pres]v$ a simil> class ( ,books ( ,c\nsels1 ! reput$ au?or ( :i* is ,ano%iravan4 ,! putative dicta ( ! o!r ,sasanian k+s ,guts*mid consid]$ z fabricat$ be+ design$ to be brief *>act]isations ( ea* ( !m4 ,guts*mid fur!r advanc$ ! conjecture t ^! apoph!gms =m$ ! texts "u ! portraits ( ! k+s 9 ! book :i* 0 us$ by ,hamza ,ispahani#b & :i* 0 se5 by ,masudi4#c ,accord+ to ! in=mation suppli$ u by ! latt] 7,masudi7 he saw ?is book 9 ,i/akhr 9 an ari/ocratic ,p]sian family1 & t x includ$1 besides in=mation ( a sci5tific "*1 ! hi/ory ( ! ,p]sian k+s & _! reigns & a description ( ! monum5ts erect$ by !m4#d ,9 ! book 7 ! portraits ( ! ,sasanians & x 0 bas$ on ! docum5ts f\nd 9 ! royal ar*ives4 ,& ! portraits also 7 prep>$ f ! mat]ials deposit$ !re4 ,! book 0 complet$ 9 ,a4,h4 #aac 7,a4,d4 #gca71 & x 0 translat$ = ! ,khalif ,hi%am f ! ,p]sian into ! ,arabic language4 ,footnote #a3 ,guts*mid1 ,kle9e s*rift51 ,,iii1 #ce-cf4 ,footnote #b3 ,ab\t ?is book see ,guts*mid1 ,,iii1 #aej-aea4 ,footnote #c3 ,b4,g4,a4 ,,viii1 #ajf1 #e-ajg1 #e4 ,translation by ,c>ra de ,vaux #aej-aea4 ,see ,*ri/5s5 #ij-ia4 ,footnote #d3 ,guts*mid #aej1 #aea4 ,we call$ att5tion above to ! in=mation suppli$ by ,i/akhri & ,ibn ,haukal reg>d+ ! ca/le ( ,%iz & ! pres]vation 9 x ( ! ar*ives & ! portraits ( ! ,sasanian k+s4 ,x is highly probable t = ! reproduction ( ^! portraits ( ! sov]eigns ! au?ors 7 guid$ z mu* by ! bas-reliefs1 n f> f ?is ca/le1 z by ! tradition reg>d+ !m :i* 0 embalm$ 9 old] books belong+ to ! class m5tion$ by ,masudi :i* und\bt$ly exi/$ 9 ! ,imp]ial ar*ives4#a ,along ) ! lit]>y tradition !re mu/ h surviv$ ! arti/ic tradition4 ,x is highly probable t ! peculi> ,p]sian art ( illum9at+ manuscripts :i* 0 yet unkn[n accord+ to ,masudi 9 8 own "t1--! embelli%+ ( books ) gold1 silv]1 & copp] du/ 0 practis$ by ! ,mani*ians ^: calligraphy#b delight$ ! ,musalman au?ors & ^: /yle ( illu/rat+ manuscripts mu/ h be5 fa%ion$ aft] ! art display$ 9 ^? books :i* 9 ! t5? c5tury 7 pres]v$ 9 ! ca/le ( ,%iz#c & :i* at an e>li] p]iod 7 widely dessem9at$ among ! ,p>si circles4 ,footnote #a3 ,connect$ ) anci5t tradition1 b dep5dant ^u mod]n sci5ce1 are ! portraits ( ! ,sasanian k+s 9 ! rec5tly publi%$ ,nameh ,khusrawan1 ,tehran #abhe1 7,a4,d4 #ahfh74 ,footnote #b3 ,9 connection ) ! art ( ! ,p]sian calligraphi/ & illu/rative ( ! ,sasanian epo* /& ! indications ( ! anci5t ,moslem writ]s reg>d+ ! ,ave/a1 :i* is report$ to h be5 inscrib$ by ,zoroa/] 9 gold ink on p>*m5t & also writ+s 9 gold ink ( c]ta9 anci5t ,p]sian books4 ,accord+ to ! ,zaf> ,nameh1 ,anu%irwan direct$ t ! maxims ( ,buzurjamihr %\ld be writt5 d[n 9 gold5 wat]1--7ba-abiz>74 ,f e>ly ,sasanians also comes ! cu/om ( writ+ on valuable p>*m5t or pap]4 ,masudi speaks ( ! purple ink ( ^! books4 ,footnote #c3 ,see ,br[ne1 ,a ,lit]>y ,hi/ory1 ,i1 #afe-aff4 ,n[ we rev]t to ! supposition ( ,guts*mid4 ,_h he kn[n ! quotations f ! ,book ( ,taj 9 ,uyunal ,akhb> he w\ld h adduc$ !m 9 confirmation ( 8 hypo!sis1 & he w\ld h comp>$ ! book m5tion$ by ,masudi ) ! ,book ( ,taj ref]r$ to among ! ,p]sian books enum]at$ 9 ! ,fihri/4 ,on ! basis ( ! la/-m5tion$ "w x may be affirm$ t 9 ! ,sasanian times !re exi/$ a c]ta9 ,taj ,nameh comp>able to ! ,khuday ,nameh & ! ,a9 ,nameh4 ,! extracts 9 ! ,uyunal akhb> d n conta9 any?+ ( a special nature ) ref]5ce to k+ ,anu%irwan s t ! ,book ( ,taj on ! ,acts ( ,anu%irwan m5tion$ 9 ! ,fihri/ among ! books ( ,ibn al ,mukaffa c\ld h>dly h compris$ :at has be5 quot$ 9 ,uyunal akhb>4 ,! mat]ials at our disposal are too scanty to e/abli% its relation ) ! ,sasanian ,book ( ,taj4#a ,footnote #a3 ,! supposition 7,zot5b]g1 ,?aalibi ,,xli17 accord+ to :i* ,firdausi saw an illu/rat$ ,book ( ,k+s re/s on a misund]/&+4 ,! fact is t c]ta9 v]ses h be5 incorrectly translat$ by ,mohl 7,,iv1 #gjj-gja1 ,v]ses #djga-djge74 ,mohl translat$ ! passage z foll[s3 ,!re 0 an ag$ man nam$ ,azad ,s]w :o liv$ at ,m]v 9 ! h\se ( ,ahmad son ( ,sahl2 he possess$ a book ( k+s 9 :i* 7 to be f\nd ! portraits & figures ( ! ,pehlwans4 ,he 0 a man ) a he>t replete ) wisdom & a head full ( eloqu5ce1 & a tongue n\ri%$ ) anci5t tradition2 he trac$ 8 orig9 to ,sam1 son ( ,n>iman1 & he knew well ! affairs reg>d+ ! fights ( ,ru/am4 ,a m correct translation w\ld be3 ,!re 0 a c]ta9 old man by "n ( ,azad ,s]w liv+ 9 ,m]v ) ,ahmad son ( ,sahl4 ,he _h a ,book ( ,k+s4 ,9 figure & face he 0 a w>rior2 8 he>t 0 full ( wisdom1 8 head full ( eloqu5ce1 & 9 8 m\? !re ev] 7 /ories ( ! anci5t times4 ,he trac$ 8 orig9 back to ,sam1 son ( ,n>iman1 & pres]v$ 9 8 memory _m a tale ( ! battles ( ,ru/am4 ,,*apt] ,,vi ,! li/ ( ! translators f ,p]sian into ,arabic z giv5 9 ! ,fihri/1 7#bdd1 #be-bde1 #f7 #ge ,! diff]5t categories ( ^! translators ,om> ibn al ,f>rukhan ( ,tab>i/an 7,fihri/ #bgc1 #ad-ah7 & 8 ,kitab al ,mahas9 #gi ,o!r au?ors ( books ( analog\s titles 9 ! fir/ c5turies ( ,islam1--! relation ( ^! books to ! books ( ,virtues & ,vices 7cf4 ,baihaqi1 pseudo-,jahiz7 & ! connection ( ^! books ) ! ,p>si religi\s idea ( ! licit & ! illicit1--,al ,mahas9 wal ,masavi1 & ! ,%aya/ la ,%aya/4 #hc ,,translators ,,f ,,pahlavi4 ,9 ! ,fihri/ 7#bdd1 #be-bde1 #f7 are /at$ a numb] ( names ( ! pr9cipal translators f ! ,p]sian into ! ,arabic language4 ,assur$ly ?is li/ is f> f complete4 ,! au?or names only a few call+ att5tion to only p>ticul> translators4 ,! passage 9 "q 9 ! ,fihri/ has be5 m ?an once utilis$4 ,! entire section has n be5 exhau/ively exam9$4 ,we believe t f x we c inf] ! g5]al "* ( ! cont5ts ( ^? translations :i* 7 prep>$ f ,p]sian into ,arabic & c ga!r "s fur!r indices reg>d+ ?is li/ ( names4 ,to exam9e ! li/ ( translators 9 ord]4 ,fir/ ( all z may be expect$ is m5tion$ ,ibn al ,muqaffa ab\t :om ! ,fihri/ speaks 9 detail at ano!r place4 ,!n foll[ ! family ( ,naubakht2 ,musa & ,yusuf1 ! sons ( ,khalid2 ,abul ,hasan ,ali ibn ,zyad at ,tamimi--( 8 pr9cipal translations is m5tion$ ! ,tables ( ,%ahriy>2 ,hasan ibn ,sahal m5tion$ at ! head ( a/ronom]s2 ,balazuri2 ,jabala ibn ,salem1 secret>y ( ,hi%am2 ,i%ak ibn ,yazid1 translator ( ! ,p]sian hi/ory entitl$ ,khuday ,nameh2 ,muhammad ibn al ,jahm al ,b>maki2 ,hi%am ibn al ,kasim2 ,musa ibn ,isa al ,kisravi2 ,zaduya ibn ,%ahuya al ,isfahani2 ,muhammad ibn ,behram al ,isfahani2 ,behram ibn ,m>dan%ah1 ,mob$ mob$an ( ! ,city ( ,sabur 9 ,f>s2 ,um> ibn al ,f>rukhan ( :om special m5tion is made by ! au?or ( ! ,fihri/4 ,an exam9ation ( ! a=esaid names ( translators 9 ord] w\ld1 x seems to u1 af=d mat]ial = ! solution ( ! problem reg>d+ ! diff]5t v>ieties ( ,p]sian lit]>y tradition 9 ! fir/ c5turies ( ,islam4 ,ibn al ,muqaffa /&s 9 ! fir/ place belong+ to him by "r4 ,he 0 a g5u9e encyclopa$ic translator famili> ) ! ,arab society ) all its influ5ce ( spiritual ,sasanian life ( ,p]sia f9d+ expression 9 its lit]ature4 ,he translat$ sci5tific1 epico-hi/orical1 & e?ico-didactic books4 ,h5ce we c und]/& t 9 ! ,fihri/ has be5 assign$ to him a special notice z not$ by u above4 ,! family ( ,naubakht1 m5tion$ next1 repres5ts a gr\p ( s*ol>s m5tion$ sep>ately 9 ! ,fihri/4#a ,! head ( ! ,naubakhts1 0 an a/ronom] to ! ,khalif ,mansur & 8 son ,abu ,sahl succe$$ to 8 fa!r's occupation4 ,! gr&sons ( ,naubakht wrote books on a/ronomy z well z jurisprud5ce4 ,p]sian lit]>y tradition is e>lie/ recognis$ 9 ! a/ronomical works ( ! gr&sons ( ,naubakht4 ,! au?or ( ! ,fihri/ places ?is ,hasan ibn ,sahl1 z already indicat$ by ,flugel1 at ! head ( a/ronom]s4 ,& ! same sci5tific "* no d\bt 0 atta*$ to ! activities ( ,musa & ,yusuf1#b ! sons ( ,khalid m5tion$ !re z well z at ,tamimi1 ! au?or ( ! a/ronomical tables ,zi*a% ,%ahriy>4 ,9 ?is mann] ^! translators m5tion$ aft] ,ibn al ,mukaffa con/itut$ 9 a mann] a peculi> gr\p ( s*ol>s :o prep>$ translations f ,pahlavi into ,arabic4 ,footnote #a3 #agf1 #bj-agg1 #i2 #agg1 #i-ai2 #bgd1 #g-ac2 #bge1 #be-f4 ,see ,ibn al ,kifti #afe1 #a-e & #dji1 #c-ad4 ,footnote #b3 ,see ,ibn al ,kifti1 #agaa1 #aj-aa4 ,balazuri & ,jabala ibn ,salem h already be5 m5tion$ above4 ,! fir/ translat$ into v]se a ,book ( ! ,c\nsels ( ,arde%ir & ! second ! ,book ( ,ru/am & ,isf&iy> z well z ! romance ( ,behram ,*ob94 ,9 ?is way ! !mes h&l$ by ^! writ]s may be call$ epico-hi/orical & e?ico-didactic4 ,purely hi/orical que/ions int]e/$ ! sev5 succe$+ translators f ,i%aq ibn ,yazid to ,mob$ ,behram4 ,^! p]sons are suffici5tly kn[n 9 _! special dep>tm5ts ( lit]ature4 ,!y 7 ! translators into ! ,arabic language ( ! ,khuday ,nameh4#a ,accord+ly we may gr\p !m 9 a class by !mselves4 ,footnote #a3 ,comp>e ! essay ( ,ros5 m5tion$ above ,on ! "q ( ! ,arabic translations ( ! ,khuday ,nameh1 #agc-agf1 & #ahb-ahf4 ,! next au?or m5tion$ at ?is place 9 ! ,fihri/ z a translator /&s by himself1--,um> ibn al ,f>rukhan4 ,he is altoge!r unkn[n z a translator ( hi/orical works4 ,h5ce he 0 n includ$ 9 ! gr\p ( p]sons m5tion$ be=e4 ,on ! o!r h&1 _h he be5 set d[n 9 ?is passage ( ! ,fihri/ z a translator ( sci5tific works he w\ld h be5 assign$ a place n at ! close ( ! li/ b 9 ! middle ( ! translators ( ?is class ( books1 t is1 aft] ,ibn ,muqaffa & 9 ! mid/ ( ! desc5dants ( ,naubakht & o!r p]sons m5tion$ above4 ,!re=e we ?9k t ,um> ibn ,f>rukhan 0 a translator ( ano!r species ( "w or1 may be1 works4 ,9 support ( our assumption we mu/ call att5tion to t place 9 ! ,fihri/ :]e are enum]at$ ! books ( ?is au?or & to :i* an-,nadh9 himself ref]s 9 ! analysis ( ! numb] ( translators f ,p]sian into ,arabic4 ,besides ?is place 9 ! ,fihri/1 ,um> ibn ,f>rukhan ( ,tab>i/an has be5 m5tion$ 9 two o!r places4 ,once briefly1#a 7#bfh1 #be-bf7 z ! annotator ( ! a/ronomical book ( ,doro!ya ,sidonia & 9 ano!r place 7#bgg1 #ad-ah7 9 a few l9es#b specially devot$ to him4 ,"h he is m5tion$ z ! annotator ( ,ptolemy z translat$ by ,batrik ,yahuya ibn al ,batrik & z ! au?or ( two books1 "o ( a/ronomical cont5ts & ! o!r entitl$ ,kitab al ,mahas91 t is ! book ( good qualities & mann]s4#c ,?is latt] book dem&s a few l9es f u4 ,footnote #a3 ,ibn al ,qifti #ahd1 #i--aj4 ,footnote #b3 ,ibn al ,kifti #bda1 #bj-bdb1 #ab4 7,?is has be5 po9t$ out 9 ! ,fihri/ ,vol4 ,,ii1 #aaj-aaa1 & 9 ,,zdmg ,,xxv1 #ahga1 #dac--dae47 ,fur!r m5tion ( him 9 ! same book #ih1 #i & #ahd1 #aj4 ,footnote #c3 ,an acc\nt ( ! lit]>y activity ( ?is au?or 0 giv5 9 ! "w ( ,h4 ,sut]1 ,die ,ma!matik] und ,a/ronom5 d] ,arab] und ihre ,w]ke1 ,abh&iung5 ,zur ,ges*i*te d] ma!matis*] ,wiss5s*aft5 ,supplem5t zum1 #de ,jahrgang d] ,zeits*rift fur ,ma!matik und ,physik1 ,leipzig1 #aijj1 #g-h4 ,haji ,khalfa cites only ! a/rological books ( ,om> ,ibn ,f>rukhan ,i1 #aih & ,v1 #ce1 #chf4 ,see also ,ju/i ,nam5bu* #ie1 ,nos4 #ae & #ai4 ,um> ibn ,f>rukhan is m5tion$ 9 ! section ( books on a/ronomy1 ma!matics1 physics1 me*anics1 & music4 ,9 ?is gr\p are m5tion$ a numb] ( writ]s :o compos$ works on ^! sci5ces1 beg9n+ ) ,euclid & end+ ) ! contempor>y au?ors ( an-,nadh94 ,9 ! mid/ ( !m1 an-,nadh9 has also m5tion$ ! gr&sons ( ,naubakht4 ,n "o ( !m wrote any ,kitab al ,mahas9 :i* appe>s1 !re=e1 to be ! indep5d5t "w ( ,um> ibn ,f>rukhan4 ,?is book1 fur!r1 c\ld n h be5 ( a sci5tific a/ronomical1 or ma!matical nature z is obvi\s f its subject-matt] :i* relat$ to good mann]s & conduct4 ,?is book has be5 m5tion$ 9 ?is gr\p only because "h are enum]at$ ! works ( ,um> ibn ,f>rukhan4 ,& good mann]s & conduct con/itut$1 z we saw above1 a fav\rite !me ( ,p>si lit]ature3 :]e= ! book heads ! li/4 ,simil> to x are ! cont5ts n only ( ,&>zes & ,p& ,namehs b ( a s]ies ( tracts on religi\s subjects4 ,h5ce we ?9k t x 0 ma9ly ow+ to ?is book t ,um> ibn ,f>rukhan 0 includ$ among ! numb] ( pr9cipal translators f ,p]sian into ,arabic & came to be enum]at$ among ! translators to :om is ascrib$ a c]ta9 am\nt ( speciality4 ,= he 0 ! solit>y repres5tative ( 8 category ( translators ( e?icodidactic books intimately connect$ ) ! problems ( ! ,p>is religion4 ,possibly ,um> ibn ,f>rukhan 0 ! fir/ to introduce ?is species ( lit]ature into ,arabic1 & we mu/ add1 employ$ = 8 mat]ial z well z ideas ,p>si tracts4 ,orig9ally f ,tab>i/an1 he1 9 ! words ( ,ibn al ,qifti1 0 introduc$ to ,abu ,maa%> al ,balkhi1 /ood well ) ,jaff] ! ,b>mecide1 & subsequ5tly ) ,fazl ibn ,sahl1 ! ,wazir :o recomm5d$ him to 8 sov]eign al-,mamum4 ,& = ?is ,khalif ,mamun he prep>$ a numb] ( translations4 ,! sympa?y ( ^! p]sons = ! ,p]sian lit]>y tradition c\ld n h be5 conf9$ to ! translation ( sci5tific works1 b mu/ h ext5d$ to ! pres]vation ( ,p]sian e?ico-didactic tradition 9 lit]ature4 ,books ) ! title ( ,kitab al ,mahas9 are to be met ) 9 ! ,fihri/1 if n (t51 sev]al times4 ,a book ) ?is title 7#gg1 #ba7 has be5 ascrib$ to ! celebrat$ ,ibn ,qutaiba4 ,x 0 compos$ d\btless aft] ! book ( ,um> ibn ,f>rukhan1 = ,qutaiba fl\ri%$ at ! close ( ! reign ( ,mamun & 8 lit]>y activities c\ld be ref]r$ to ! n9? c5tury4 ,qutaiba und\bt$ly int]e/$ himself 9 ,p]sian lit]>y mat]ials4 ,h5ce x c be conclud$ t 8 ,kitab al ,mahas9 0 n =eign to ! mat]ials & 9 =m c\ld be ! fir/ imitation ( ,f>rukhan4 ,fur!r x is int]e/+ to note t books ) ?is title 7 attribut$ especially to ,%ia au?ors su* z ,abu ,nad> ,muham$ ibn ,masud al ,aya%i :o wrote ,kitab al ,mahas9 al ,akhlak or a book ( good morals 7#aie1 #aj7 & ,abu ,abdullah ,muhammad ibn ,khallid al ,b>ki :o wrote ,kitab al ,mahas9 7#bbac-d1 also #g-i74 ,& ! int]e/ ( ,%ia au?ors 9 ,p]sian tradition 0 unque/ionable4 ,a book ) ! same title ( ,kitab al ,mahas9 is ascrib$ to a c]ta9 ,ibn al ,h>un1 7#adh1 #ag7 an au?or :o has be5 assign$ 9 ! ,fihri/ a place among ! writ]s on ,adab & z responsible = a book call$ ,kitab al ,adab4 ,n[ ! discussion ( ,adab z we said above is intimately connect$ ) ,p]sian tradition4 ,& ?is tradition probably surviv$ 9 ! books :i* _h = _! !me ! good qualities ( ,adab4#a ,we believe t all ^! books 7 devot$ to ,p]sian lit]>y tradition1 9 close relation to :i* /&s ! book on good qualities & mann]s m5tion$ 9 ! ,fihri/ z translat$ f ! ,p]sian language into ,arabic by ! man f ,tab>i/an1 ,um> ibn al ,f>rukhan4 ,footnote #a3 ,= in/ance1 ,mahas9 al ,adab ( ,ispahani1 see ,brockelmann1 ,ges*i*te d] ,arabis*5 ,litt]ature ,i4 #cea4 ,co-relat$ ) ^! books on good qualities /&1 9 our op9ion1 ! books on good morals & _! opposite1 or goodness & wick$ness1 ,kutub al ,mahas9 wal ,azdad1 or ,kutub al ,mahas9 wal ,masawi4 ,al?\gh 9 ! ,fihri/ we d n come across books ) ?is title1 we h a book s nam$ f ! beg9n+ ( ! t5? c5tury ^: au?or 0 ,ibrahim ibn ,muhammad al ,baihaki4#a ,"u ! title ( ,kitab al ,mahas9 wal ,azdad we likewise possess a "w ascrib$ to ,jahiz4#b ,bo? ^! books evid5tly g to a common orig94#c ,x is q possible t anti!sis 0 orig9ally n exclud$ f ^! ,kutub al-,mahas91 f :i* 7 develop$ a special species ( educative treatises1--^? on good qualities & _! opposites4 ,cont9u+ our comp>ison ) ! ,p>si lit]ature1 we notice t a simil> k9d ( anti!sis is mo/ commonly employ$ !re4 ,footnote #a3 ,ibrahim ibn ,muhammad al ,baihaki1 ,kitab al-,mahas9 val masavi1 h]ausgegeb5 von ,dr4 ,f4 ,s*wally1 ,geiss5 #aijb4 ,footnote #b3 ,le livre des beautes et des anti!sis attribue a ,abu ,o?man ,amr ibn ,bahr al-,djakiz1 texte arabe publie p> ,g4 ,van ,vlot5 ,leyde2 #ahih4 ,footnote #c3 ,see ! review by ,b>bi] de ,meyn>d ( ! edition ( ,mahas9 wal ,azdad 9 ! ,revue ,citique1 #aijj1 #bgf4 ,9 ! ,p>si ecclesia/ical lit]ature ( an e?ical nature we f9d def9itely settl$ :at is prop] &1 on ! o!r h&1 :at is improp]4#a ,x is well kn[n t books "u ?is title1--! prop] & ! improp] or ! licit & ! illicit--are to be f\nd among ! ,pahlavi tracts ! "t ( ^: composition c be fix$ some:]e betwe5 ! sev5? & ! n9? c5turies ,a4,d4#b ,comp>+ ! ,pahlavi tracts ) ref]5ce to ^! que/ions ) ,arabic books on good & bad qualities & mann]s1 we h to be> 9 m9d ! g5]al features1 g5]al outl9e1 z well z ! conditions ( civilisation ( ! p]iod :5 ^! books 7 writt51 9 o!r words1 ! circum/ances ( _! intimate relation g5]ally ( a cultural nature1 p>ticul>ly ( a lit]>y =m obta9+ betwe5 ! ,arab & ,p]sian nations1 & betwe5 ,islam & ,p>sism4 ,n only 9 detail1 b also 9 _! nature ^! books mu/ be diff]5tiat$ 9 proportion z 7 diff]5t ! cl]gy :o wrote ^! e?ical tracts f didactic works ( a /rong leg5d>y elem5t belong+ to ! p5 ( secul> p4 ,^! lit]>y monum5ts mu/ be diff]5tiat$ q z mu* z _! au?ors & ) ref]5ce to !m we may in/itute ! same p>allel :i* we sugge/$ above betwe5 ! ,p>si cl]gy & ! ,iranophile p>ty ( ! ,%uubiya4 ,footnote #a3 ,%ay$-na-%ay$4 ,footnote #b3 ,%aya/ la-%aya/ ,we/ ,pahlavi ,texts1 ,"p ,i1 #ahhj4 ,sacr$ ,books ( ! ,ea/1 ,vol4 ,v4 #bcg-djg4 ,fur!rmore1 associat$ ) ^! lit]>y features 0 also t class ( ,arabic books1 s well kn[n & ! p]iod ( :i* int]e/s u1 ! books on ,que/ions & ,answ]s4#a ,footnote #a3 ,kitab al ,masael wa ,jawabat4 ,& ?is is precisely ! =m 9 :i* "s ( ! bett] kn[n ( ! ,p>si books h be5 ca/1 = in/ance1 ! ,m9og-i-,khrad#a & ! ,dadi/an#b ,! second ( ^! books decid$ly belongs to ! n9? c5tury4 ,its cont5ts no d\bt1 7 /rongly div]g5t f o!rs ow+ to its dep5d5ce on alt]$ conditions4 ,footnote #a3 ,sacr$ ,books ( ! ,ea/1 ,vol4 ,,xxiv1 #a-ae4 ,footnote #b3 ,sacr$ ,books ( ! ,ea/ ,,xviii1 #a-bgg4 ,we h already indicat$ ! importance ( ! citations 9 e>ly ,arabic an?ologies incorporat$ f ,p]sian hi/orical works4#a ,?is nature ( quotations are to be f\nd also 9 books on good & bad morals & conduct4 ,fur!r we f9d emb$d$ 9 ,arabic works a consid]able am\nt ( matt] ( great importance1 a circum/ance ( vital mom5t = ! inve/igation ( ! survival ( ,p]sian lit]>y tradition4 ,a numb] ( passages simil> to ^? f\nd 9 ^! books are und\bt$ly embodi$ 9 v>i\s ,arabic an?ologies4 ,we give bel[ f ! two works al ,mahas9 wal ,masavi & al ,mahas9 wal ,azdad extracts be>+ on ,p]sian subjects4#b ,footnote #a3 ,see ,noeldeke ,national ,epos #ac4 ,footnote #b3 ,see ,"p ,,ii4 ,! li/ ( ,p]sian subjects compris$ 9 ^! ,arabic books af=d u a suffici5t idea ( ! weal? & v>iety ( ! mat]ial on ^! po9ts to be recov]$ f ,arabic disc\rses on mann]s & morals4 ,,*apt] ,,vii ,! ,book ( ,ali ,ibn ,ubaida ar ,raihani ,,pahlavi ,,ru%nai ,,nameh4 ,we spoke above ab\t ! ,arabic writ] ,ali ibn ,ubayd ar ,rayhani :o 0 prone to ,p]sian cultural tradition 9 g5]al & to ! lit]>y tradition 9 p>ticul>4 ,besides ! e?ico-didactic book1 ,mehr ,ad> ,ju%nas1 he is ! reput$ au?or ( a book on ,adab :i* has a ,p]sian title 7,fihri/ #a1 #aai1 #bb & ,,ii1 #eb71a & also ano!r book ! title ( :i* c\ld n be deciph]$ by ,flugel :5 he edit$ ! text ( ! ,fihri/1 7,fih4 #aai1 #ba74 ,! title consi/s ( two words :i* c be read conjecturally z ,ru%na nibik4#b ,su* a "n ( a book we "k to exi/ 9 ,middle ,p]sian lit]ature4#c ,footnote #a3 ,kitab ,adab ,jawan%ir4 ,footnote #b3 ,z reg>ds ! mutilation ( ,p]sian prop] names 9 ! ,fihri/1 su* comp>atively wellkn[n books z ,khuday ,nameh appe> 9 "s ( ! manuscripts ( ! ,fihri/ z ,baktiy> ,nameh in/ead ( bakhuday ,nameh2 see ,ros5's essay on ! ,translations ( ! ,khuday ,nameh1 #agg4 ,footnote #c3 ,we/2 ,sacr$ ,books ( ! ,ea/ ,vol4 ,v4 page #bda1 note #a1 & ,sacr$ ,books ( ! ,ea/ ,vol4 ,,iii1 #afi4 ,! fir/ au?ority is n q cle> to me4 ,! second au?ority is evid5t3 writ+ :i* ! glorifi$ ,ro%na1 son ( ,atur-frobag1 prep>$--= :i* he appo9t$ ! "n ( ! ,ro%an ,nipik4 ,tr4 ,re ! "n ( ,ru%5 see ,ju/i ,nam5bu* #bfb "u ! ^w ,rozanis4 99 99 99 99 99 ,books ( ?is title 9 ,pahlavi lit]ature relat$ to a v>iety ( religi\s problems & treat$ ( e?icodidactic !mes4 ,! same title1 fur!r1 we f9d 9 ! ,middle ,p]sian lit]ature4 ,?is is ! title ( ! wellkn[n book ( ,nasir-i-,khusrao1 namely1 ,ru%nai ,nameh1 a consid]able portion ( :i* manife/s ,%ia & ,sufi/ic influ5ces & :i* by its nature mu/ h be5 connect$ ) e?ico-didactic lit]ature4#a ,x is q possible t ,ar ,rayhani int]e/$ himself 9 ,p]sian ( e?ics & morality lit]ature & 9 ,p]sian ,adab & gave 8 book ! "n ( ! ',book ,light' :i* treat$ ( que/ions ( ?is nature4 ,?is book =m$1 z no d\bt its au?or did1 ! unit+ l9k betwe5 ! didactic ,p>si cl]ical writ+s & ! e?ical lit]ature ( ,islam4 ,footnote #a3 ,g,i,ph ,vol4 ,,ii1 #bhj4 ,n[ read+ z ,ru%ana ,nibik ! title ( ! book ( ,ar ,rayhani occurr+ 9 ! ,fihri/1 we e/abli% a hi/orical fact 9 lit]ature4 ,n only r$actions ( ,p]sian hi/orical books l ,khuday ,nameh & ! ,a9 ,nameh1 n only div]se monum5ts ( ,p]sian e?ico-didactic lit]ature b also books ) ,pahlavi titles appe> 9 ! index ( ! books ( ! fl\ri%+ p]iod ( ,arabic lit]ature 9 ,fihri/4 ,?is is a ph5om5on ( out/&+ importance = ! appreciation ( ! significance ( ,p]sian lit]>y tradition 9 ! fir/ c5turies ( ,islam4 ,,app5dix ,i ,,indep5d5t ,,zoroa/rian ,,pr9ces ,,( ,,tab>i/an4 ,9 ! m\nta9s to ! s\? ( ! ,caspian ,sea ! ,p]sians def5d$ !mselves long] ?an 9 ! re/ ( ! ,empire aga9/ ! ,arab invasion4 ,"h ! ,arsacide pr9ces _h p]mitt$ ! local tribes to rule1 = ^! tribes 7 probably f ! fir/ almo/ indep5d5t & only ackn[l$g$ _! p>am\ntcy & paid tribute4 ,!y _h ! title ( ,spadhapati or 9 mod]n language ,ispehb$ :i* 0 turn$ into ! ,arabic ,isfehb$4 ,"o ( !m1 ,gu%nasp ,%ah1 is nam$ z a contempor>y ( ,arda%ir ,i4 ,x 0 only s late z 9 ! "t ( ,kawadh t ?is k+ succe$$ 9 e/abli%+ a ,sasanian pr9ce1 8 son ,keyus1 z ,%ah ( ,tab>i/an 9 #ecj4 ,at ! dea? ( 8 fa!r he conte/$ ! ?rone ) ,khusr[ ,i1 & 0 !re=e sla9 by ! latt] 9 #ecg4 ,8 son ,%apur rema9$ 9 ,p]sia1 & a pr9ce ( ! ,arsacide h\se ( ,q>51 nam$ ,z>mihr1 son ( ,sokhra 0 appo9t$ gov]nor4 ,! adm9i/ration ( ,rae1 ,d]b5d & a portion ( ,arm5ia 0 be=e n[ entru/$ to ,jamasp1 a son ( ,p]oz1 :o 0 succe$$ by 8 son ,n>si1 :ile ano!r son1 ,behvat1 fa!r ( ,surkhab became ! ance/or ( ! k+s ( ,%irvan :o 7 kn[n z ,%irvan ,%ahs4 ,n>si's son 0 ,p]oz1 ! fa!r ( ,f>rukhan ,gilan%ah1 ^: capital accord+ly 0 ,gilan & :o 9 #fdc conclud$ a peace ) ! ,arabs4 ,gil ,gaub>eh1 ! son ( ?is pr9ce1 unit$1 ) ! cons5t ( ,yezgird ! ,,iii1 :o c\ld n prev5t him1 ,gilan ) ,tab>i/an1 :]e ! dyna/y ( ,z>mihr _h come to an end4 ,x _c be d\bt$ t ,sasanian pr9ces became ! gov]nors ( ^! t]ritories4 ,! sons ( ,gaub>eh 7 ,daboe 7#ffj-fgf7 & ,patospan1 9 ,pahlavi ,patkospan or gov]nor1 9 mod]n ,p]sian ,baduspan4 ,daboe 0 succe$$ by 8 bro!r ,khur%$ 7#fgf-gji74 ,we possess co9s /ruck by him 9 ! ye>s #gjf-gji4 ,!n came ,daboe's son ,f]khan m correctly ,f>rukhan1 ! ,great 7#gji-gbb72 he defeat$ sev]al attempts on ! "p ( ! ,moslems to p5etrate ! c\ntry4 ,our au?orities are ,tab>i 7vol4 #b p4 #acba72 ,kitaboloyun 7#bb-h72 ,zahir$d9 7#de1 #aj4bgc1 #ad72 ,mordtmann 7,,zdmg #ai1 #did74 ,8 son ,dad-,burzmihr di$ accord+ to ,zahir$d9 9 #gdh1 /ill 8 son ,khur%$ ,,ii already /ruck 9 #gcd 8 fir/ co94 ,he 0 defeat$ by ! ,arabs & took poison :i* he us$ to c>ry 9 8 signet r+ 9 #gei4 ,! ,masmoghan or ! prie/-pr9ce1 ! successor ( ,z>a?u/rotema ( ,ragha or mod]n ,rai1 :o _h 8 seat 9 ! city ( ,demaw5d or ! ,ca/le ( ,u/unav5d1 & :o 0 ! son-9-law ( ! ,ispehb$1 0 defeat$ & ! daught]s ( bo? ! pr9ces 7 m>ri$ to memb]s ( ! h\se ( ,abbas4 ,! desc5dants ( ! ,badusepan1 :om ,zahir$d9 c>efully traces 9 all ! bran*es ( ! family1 rul$ ov] ,ruyan1 ,ru/amd>1 ,nur & ,kujur1 d[n to ! ye> #adec1 :5 !y divid$ !mselves into two bran*es :i* cont9u$ to reign till #aefg1 & #aegf4 ,ano!r dyna/y 0 ! m\nta9 rul]s ( ,q>51 :i* is nam$ aft] its f\nd]4 ,! fir/ ,q>5 0 ! son ( ,sokhra1 ! bro!r ( ,z>mihr4 ,^! pr9ces 7 also /yl$ ,ispehb$s4 ,a desc5dant ( ,q>5 0 ,v9dad-,hormizd1 :o 9 conjunction ) ,%]v9 ,i ( ! h\se ( ,bav5d1 & ) ! ,badusepan1 ,%ahriy> ,i1 conqu]$ ! ,arabs 9 #ghc1 b subsequ5tly surr5d]$ himself to ,hadi & w5t to ,baghdad till ! latt] became ,khalif 9 #ghe4 ,!re is "s confusion 9 ! *ronology ( ?is dyna/y also4 ,a few rul]s appe> to be want+ because betwe5 ! beg9n+ ( ! dyna/y 9 #efe to its close 9 #hci ! av]age reign ( ! six pr9ces w\ld come to #de or #df ye>s4 ,maziy>1 son ( ,q>51 & gr&son ( ,v9dad-,hurmizd 0 at fir/ defeat$ by ,%ahry> ! son ( ,%]v9 ( ! ,bav5d dyna/y & took refuge ) ! ,khalif ,mamun 9 #haf-ag1 & return$ aft] ! victory ov] ,musa ,ibn ,hafs 9 #hbe b 0 himself wors5$ by ! ,arabs 9 #hci & execut$4 ,!reupon ,tab>i/an came into ! p[] ( ! ,tahirides1 ! nom9al gov]nors ( ! ,khalif 9 ,khorasan4 ,our au?orities are ,beladhori #acd1 #ad2 ,masudi #g1 #acg2 ,kitab ol ,oyun #cii1 #f2 ,yaqut #c1 #bhd1 #d4 #ejf1 #aj2 ,abulfida #b1 #bab1 #b4 ,! ,bav5d dyna/y is a cont9uation ( ! ,masmughans4 ,_! orig9al ance/or ,bav :o is *>act]is$ z son ( ,%ahpur1 son ( ,kayos1 receiv$ f ,khusraw ,,ii ! gov]nor%ip ( ,i/akhr1 ,adh>baijan & ,tab>i/an1 b retir$ himself into a fire-temple 9 ! "t ( que5 ,az>midukht4 ,:5 ! ,arabs 9 #fee _h advanc$ to ! vic9ity ( ,amul1 ! ,maz5d]anis invit$ him to lead !m & he 0 ! f\nd] ( ! ,bav5d dyna/y call$ aft] him4 ,n[ ,bav 0 kill$ by ,vala% 9 #fgi1 :o did n belong to ! dyna/y & x 0 only #h ye>s lat] on t ! son ( ,bav1 ,suhrab1 m correctly ,surkhab1 came to ! ?rone4 ,) ! la/ pot5tate ( ?is fir/ l9e ( ! ,bav5ds 0 unit$ by m>riage ! h\se ( ,ziy> :i* produc$ two celebrat$ pr9ces ( ,gurgan1 ,va%mgir & ,qabus4 ,! o!r l9e1 ! m\nta9 k+s prop]1 sprang f a son ( ! la/ pr9ce ( ! fir/ l9e & 0 ext+ui%$ ) ! murd] ( ,ru/um by ,say$ ,husa9 9 #abaj4 ,a ?ird (f%oot orig9at+ f a collat]al bran* ( ! second enjoy$ pr9cely p[] f #abcg-acdi4 ,! ,arabs _h _! gov]nors 9 ,tab>i/an :o 9 ! fir/ p]iod m9t$ co9s ) ,sasanian impress & ) ,pahlavi leg5ds2 !y 71 h[ev]1 f "t to "t expell$ by ! p4 ,^! co9s /ruck by ! ,arabs aft] ! model ( ! ,pahlavi m9tage 7 fir/ deciph]$ by ,ol%aus54 ,ibn ,khaldun is compell$ to admit t ! ,arabs are ( all ! p ! lea/ capable to gov]n a c\ntry4 ,translat$ f ,ju/i's contribution to ,grunddrisd] d] iranis*5 ,philologie4 ,vol4 ,,ii1 p4 #edg seq4--,g4,k4,n4 ,to ! above concise sket* ( ! hi/ory ( ,tab>i/an = ! p]iod :i* conc]ns u1 :i* ,i h translat$ f ,ju/i1 "o ( ! mo/ sympa!tic writ]s on ,iran1 a few p>as may be add$ f ! fasc9at+ hi/ory ( ,ibn-,isf&iy> :i* pr(essor ,br[ne has made accessible to u4 ,long aft] ! ,sasanian dyna/y _h fall51 & ! re/ ( ,p]sia _h be5 subdu$ by ! ,arabs ! ,ispahab$s cont9u$ to /rike _! ,pahlavi co9age & ma9ta9$ ! religion ( ,zoroa/] 9 ! m\nta9s & =e/s ( ,tab>i/an2 & _! /ruggles ) ! ,arabs only end$ ab\t ,a4,d4 #hch by ! capture & cruel execution ( ! gallant ,maziy>1 son ( ,q>51 son ( ,w&a-,hurmuz4 ,= a vivid portrayal ( ! la/ days ( ?is un=tunate scion ( ! lo/ empire ( ! ,iranians ! read] is ref]r$ to ! vivid page ( ?is ,engli% au?ority1 :o has reproduc$ ! /ory ( ,zoroa/rian aggressions 9 all its orig9al _s4 ,& no?+ less c\ld be expect$ f a pr(\nd & sympa!tic s*ol> to :om ,all t conc]ns ,maziy> is ( supreme int]e/ because x /&s = ! old ,p]sian national & religi\s ideal4 7p4 ,,xii74 ,^? :o /ill hold 9 ! tee? ( hi/orical fact t ! empire & religion ( ,iran 7 ov]turn$ at "o fell /roke by ! f]oci\s ,arabs may be ref]r$ to ! alliance betwe5 ! ,ispahb$ ,%irv9 & ,w9dad-,hurmuz :i* br\ght x ab\t t f "o end to ! o!r ( a l>ge track ( c\ntry1 )\t _! p]mission no "o d>$ ent] ! highl&s f ! pla9s1 & all ! highl&s 7 "u _! control4 ,& :5 a ,moslem di$ !y w\ld n suff] him to be buri$ 9 t c\ntry4 7p4 #aca74 italics m9e1 ,g4,k4,n4 ,i w n fur!r quote at l5g? f ?is volume z x is 9 ,engli% b ,i _c resi/ ! temptation to call att5tion to page #adf1 :i* supplies a typical in/ance ( conv]sion by p]suasion & n p]secution4 ,fur!r note t ! ,khalif ,mamun _h a ,zoroa/rian a/rolog] ^: ,zoroa/rian "n ! ,khalif arabicis$ into ,yahya ibn ,mansur 7p4 #adf74 ,?\gh ,maziy> outw>dly embrac$ ,islam he 0 probably 9 secret a ,zoroa/rian inasmu* z he cont9u$ to h a l>ge ,magian foll[+ & conf]r$ v>i\s (fices & di/9ctions on ,babak1 ,mazdak1 & o!r ,magians :o ord]$ ! ,muhammadan mosque to be de/roy$ & all trace ( ,islam to be remov$4 7p4 #aeb-c74 ,italics m9e1 ,g4,k4,n4 ,! ,khalif ,al-,muatasim 0 no less l5i5t 9 matt]s religi\s ?an "s ( ! ,khulfa i ra%id94 ,9 ! ye> #hed-ee he deput$ "o ( 8 nobles to bid a ,zoroa/rian *iefta9 break 8 ,magian girdle & embrace ,islam1 :i* he did & !reupon receiv$ a robe ( hon\r f ! ,khalif4 7p4 #aeg74 ,at page #aeg we notice ! extortionate practices ( a ,magian4 ,,p>si ,,pr9ces ,,dur+ ,,khalifat4 ,9 ! "t ( ! ,arabs we f9d an actual pr9cipality ^: rul] bore ! title ( ,masimogan or ! eld] ( ! ,magians4 ,to him also belong$ ! cities ( ,wima & ,%alamba 7,i/akhri #bji2 ,ibn ,khurdadbeh #aah2 ,ibn-al ,faqih #bhd7 z well z ! t]ritory ( ,khw>4 ,magian pr9ces dur+ ,khalifat 7,tab>i #ab1fef74 ,! fir/ def9ite m5tion ( ! ,masmoghan occurs 9 ! ye> #aca ,a4,h41 9 :i* ,abu ,muslim call$ ^u ! =m] to surr5d] & z he decl9$ despat*$ ,musa ,ibn ,kaab aga9/ him :o h[ev] fail$ to effect any?+ aga9/ him4 7,ibn al ,a?ir vol4 #e1cjd74 ,x 0 only "u ,mamun t ! m\nta9\s c\ntry ( ! ,masmoghan 0 subjugat$4 ,! la/ pr9ce1 ^: bro!r ,ap>wez f\ght on side ( ! ,arabs1 0 tak5 prison] & conf9$ ) 8 two daught]s 9 ! m\nta9 fa/ness ( ,u/unaw& 9 #ada ,a4,h4 7,tab>i ,vol4 #b1 #acg74 ,! exact "t ( ! rise ( ?is pr9cipality is unkn[n4 ,= ! ,masmoghan ,m>dan%ah :o is m5tion$ by ,saif 9 a treaty ) ,suwaid ,muk>r9 "u ,om> 7,tab>i #a1 #bfef71 belongs positively to ! "t ( ,muhallab1 #ih ,a4,h4 ,i surmise1 h[ev]1 t ! ,dyna/y ( ! ,magian ,baw1 ! fa!r ( ! r5egade ,mahgundat1 ^: ,*ri/ian "n 0 ,an/asi\s1 :o became a m>tyr to ,*ri/ianity 9 #fbh1 orig9at$ f ! village ( ,w>zn9 9 ! t]ritory ( ,rai 7,acta ,an/asii ,p]sae1 p4 #bf #ef71 & is connect$ ) ! ,baw5d dyna/y :i* appe>$ j at ?is place 9 #afg1 & is def9itely trac$ to ! ,magian ,baw4 7,! au?orities = ! above are ,tab>i vol4 #c1 #abie & ,zahirud-d9 #bje1 see also ,,zdmg #di1 #ffa47 ,baw is a pure ,magian "n & is a transcription ( ! ,ave/a ,bangha 7,ye%t #ac1abd74 ,ano!r translit]ation ( ! same ^w is ,bohak1 a "n borne by a h]o ( ,ispahan :o ) 8 six sons & an army jo9$ ,arde%ir 7,k>namak #d1 #c1 p4 #bb-ai2 ,neoleke #df74 ,x 0 also ! "n ( a son ( ,hobakht1 ! *ief ,mob$ "u ,%apur ,,ii4 ,bahak1 son ( ,fr$on1 0 ! ance/or ( ,aturpat ,mahrasp& 7,bundahe% #cc2 ,we/ ,pahlavi ,texts #a1 #ade74 ,ano!r =m ( ! same "n is ,bawe1 :o 0 ! ,a/ab$ or magi/] (ficiorum ( ! ,p]sians 7,josua ,/ylite ed4 ,wright #ei74 ,! fir/ rul] ( ! ,baw5d dyna/y :o ent]s hi/ory is ,%>w9 ibn ,surkhab 7,tab>i #c1 #eai74 ,by ! ,arabs he 0 at fir/ made a vassal controll+ ! slopes ( ! ,alburz 7,ibn al ,faqih #cjd2 ,yakut #c1 #bhc71 & probably assum$ ! title ,pada%khw>g>-%ah :i* 8 desc5dants cont9u$ to hold 9 ! "t ( al ,b]uni 7,*ronology1 p4 ,,xl1 ,no4 #g74 ,9 ,yakubi 7vol4 #b1 #dgi7 he ev5 be>s ! title ( ,k+ ( ,tokh>i/axi4 ,aft] him is nam$ ,m\nt ,%]w9 on ! b\nd>y ( ,komi% 7,tab>i #c1 #abge2 ,ibn al ,fakih #cje2 ,belazuri #cci1 #g74 ,9 ! ye> #bja1 t is1 ,a4,d4 #haf-ag1 h[ev]1 ! gov]nor ( ,tab>i/an1 ,abdallah ,ibn ,khurdadbeh1 ! fa!r ( ! hi/orian & geograph]1 invad$ ,l>ijan & ,s>ijan & annex$ !m to ! empire ( ,islam4 ,he likewise conqu]$ ! m\nta9 l& ( ,tab>i/an & compell$ ,%ahry>1 ! son ( ,%]w91 to surr5d] 7,tab>i #c1 #ajad74 ,b aft] ! dea? ( ,%ahry>1 9 #hbe-bf1 ,maziy> ,ibn ,q>5 conte/$ ! k+dom ) 8 son ,%apur & 9 alliance ) ! ,moslems invad$ ,m\nt ,%]w91 captur$ ! sons ( ,%ahry> & put !m to dea?4 7,tab>i #c1 #ajic1 ,belazuri #cci & ,ibn al ,fakih #cji47 ,h[ev]1 a son ( ,%ahry> nam$ ,q>5 :o _h be5 deta9$ at ! c\rt ( ,maziy> lat] on jo9$ ! ,arabs & aft] ! fall ( ,maziy> 0 re/or$ to 8 pat]nal e/ate4 ,z reg>ds ! ,ave/a expression ,ragha ,z>a?u%tri% 9 ! ,yasna #i1 #ah1 x ref]s to political conditions ( a mu* ant]ior age n yet rea*$ by our hi/orical inve/igations4 ,translat$ f ,m>qu>ts1 ,eran%ahr1 p4 #abg seq-,g4,k4,n4 ,,app5dix ,,ii ,,iranian ,,mat]ial ,,9 ,,mahas9 ,,wal ,,masavi ,,& ,,mahas9 ,,wal ,,azdad4 ,pr(essor ,ino/ranzev gives a li/ ( passages ( ,iranian int]e/ :i* are to be f\nd 9 ! ,mahas9-wal masawi & 9 ! ,mahas9 wal azdad giv+ ref]5ces to pages 9 ! ,european editions4 ,un=tunately ,i h n be5 able to procure ! latt] & _c v]ify ! allusions4 ,i1 h[ev]1 reproduce bel[ ! ,iranian subjects t\*$ ^u 9 ^! two ,arabic books on adab 9 ! ,cairo editions4 ,iranian mat]ial f ! ,mahas9-wal masawi1 ,"p ,i1 p4 #a4 ,a dictum ( ,buz>jmahir4 ,p4 #hb1 ,a /ory ( ,k+ ,kobad4 ,p4 #if1 ,a /ory ( ,anu%irwan1 ! wise/ ( m5 ( 8 "t 9 ,p]sia4 ,p4 #aaj1 ,a /ory ( ,k+ ,arde%ir4 ,p4 #abb1 ,ref]5ce to a cu/om ( ! ,p]sian k+s & a /ory ( ,yazdaj>d4 ,iranian mat]ial f ! ,mahas9-wal masawi ,"p ,,ii4 ,p4 #fb1 ,a /ory ab\t ,%iruya1 son ( ,ab]wez4 ,p4 #gd1 ,a dictum ( ! ,p]sians on eloqu5ce4 ,p4 #ge1 ,a /ory ab\t ,buz>jmahir4 ,p4 #abc1 ,a /ory ab\t ,anu%irwan4 ,p4 #abe1 ,a /ory ab\t ,k+ ,kobad & a ,,mob$4 ,p4 #aca1 ,a /ory ( ,anu%irwan4 ,p4 #acc1 ,a dictum ( ,buz>jmahir4 ,p4 #aed1 ,a /ory ( ,hurmuz1 son ( ,anu%irwan4 ,p4 #aee1 ,a /ory ( ,bahramgor4 ,p4 #aee1 ,a /ory ( ! s5se ( ju/ice ( ,k+ ,anu%irwan4 ,p4 #aff1 ,a /ory ( ,anu%irwan4 ,p4 #afi1 ,ref]5ce to a ,,z& book 9 connection ) ,islam4 ,p4 #agj1 ,a /ory ( an ,arab :o act$ z int]pret] 9 ,arabic to a ,p]sian ,k+4 ,p4 #agh1 ,a /ory z n>rat$ by ,kisrawi ab\t ,kisra1 son ( ,hormuz4 ,p4 #agh1 ,ref]5ce to a ,majus or ,zoroa/rian4 ,p4 #aid1 ,a /ory ( ,%iruya1 son ( ,kisra4 ,p1 #aii1 ,a quotation f ,ibn-ul ,muqaffa4 ,p4 #bjc1 ,! /ory ( ,sabur-zul-aktaf4 ,,iranian ,,mat]ial ,,9 ,,! ,,mahas9-,,wal-,,azdad4 ,p4 #ad1 ,/ory ( ,k+ ,ab>wez4 ,p4 #ag1 ,/ory ( ! ,kisra4 ,p4 #ce1 ,quotation f al ,kisrawi1 relat+ a /ory ab\t ,kisra1 son ( ,hormuz4 ,9 ?is /ory ! un=tunate g5]al ,af%91 ! gov]nor ( ,a%ru%na1 is pla9ly designat$ a ,majus or ,zoroa/rian4 ,p4 #ea1 ,a dictum ( ,bahramgor4 ,p4 #ea1 ,! conv]sation betwe5 ! ,,mob$an ,,mob$ & ,k+ ,ab]wez4 ,p4 #ea1 ,ref]5ce to ! book ( our 7,zoroa/rian7 religion 7,kitab d9-na74 ,p4 #aaj1 ,ref]5ce to an inscription on a /one slab discov]$ 9 ! treasury ( a ,p]sian k+4 ,p4 #afc1 ,! /ory ( ,bala% z n>rat$ by ,kisrawi1 7on ?is /ory ,b>on ,ros5 bases 8 inve/igation ( ! ,pahlavi ,khodaynama47 ,p4 #afh1 ,an anecdote ( ,k+ ,ab]wez4 ,pr(essor ,ino/ranzev f9ds ! foll[+ ,iranian mat]ial 9 ! ,mahas9-wal masavi & ! ,mahas9-wal azdad 7,,mm,mahas9-wal ,masavi1 & ,,ma,mahas9 wal-azdad73 ,,ma1 #ba1 #d to #aj--,,mm1 #dij1 #b to #g4 ,,ma1 #cg1 #ab to #ad--,,mm1 #abh1 #aa to #ab4 ,,ma1 #ec1 #ad to #af--,,mm1 #ega1 #a to #c4 ,,ma1 #gh1 #e to #i--,,mm1 #bjb1 #b to #e4 ,,ma1 #gi1 #b to #f--,,mm1 #bjb1 #ad to #af4 ,,ma1 #gi1 #f to #aa--,,mm1 #bjb1 #af to #bjc1 #b4 ,,ma1 #afh1bj to #c--,,mm1 #caj1 #af to #ah4 ,,ma1 #agj1 #b to #c--,,mm1 #cac1 #g to #h4 ,,ma1 #agc1 #h to #af--,,mm1 #cgb1 #aa to #ah4 ,9 connection ) ! importance ( ,kisrawi z reg>ds ! ,p]sian lit]>y mat]ial1 ^! are ! extracts f him 9 ! two ,arabic works3 ,,ma1 #afh1 #bj to #bfi1 #c--,,mm1 #caj1 #af to #ah4 ,,ma1 #ec1 #ad to #af--,,mm1 #ega1 #a to #c4 ,,ma1 #cei1 #ac to #cfd1 #f--,,mm1 #cgf1 #a to #i4 ,9 view ( ! rem>ks by ,br[ne 7,lit]>y ,hi/ory1#dga to #dge7 reg>d+ ! significance ( ,p]sian words & expressions 9 ! anci5t ,arabic lit]>y works = ! hi/ory ( ! ,p]sian language1 ( p>ticul> importance are ! exc]pts f ,kisrawi1 ,,ma #afh1bj to #bfi1 #c--,,mm1 #caj1 #af to #ah1 :]e occur ,p]sian phrases f ! maxims ( ,anu%irwan :i* z ,i ?9k h be5 h&$ d[n to u 9 pure ,pahlavi4 ,int]e/+ is ! int]pretation ( ! ,p]sian ^w ,mihman at ano!r place 9 ! same ,arabic books1 viz3--,,ma1 #gi1 #f to #aa,,mm1 #bjb1 #af to #bjc1 #b4 ,,app5dix ,,iii ,translation ( ,noeldeke's ,burzoe's ,e9leitung zu dem ,bu*e ,kalila wa ,dimna4 ,,burzoe',s ,,introduction ,,to ,,! ,,book ,,( ,,kalila ,,wa ,,dimna4 ,sid5ote3 ,burzoe's ,introduction n fabricat$4 ,! ,arabic r$action ( ! ,indian tales :i* we "k "u ! "n ( ,kalila wa ,dimna _h two unque/ionably g5u9e ,introductions1 t ( ! compilator ,ibn ,moqaffa himself :o di$ 9 #adb ,a4,h41 & t ( ,burzoe :o 9 ! "t ( ,k+ ,khusr[ ,i1 7,a4,d4 #eca to #egi7 br\ght ! book f ,india & translat$ x into ! writt5 ,p]sian language ( ! "t1 ! ,pehlevi4 ,! circum/ances reg>d+ ! mission ( ,burzoe to ,india are /ill n cle>4 ,at any rate ,ibn ,moqaffa did n write z we read !m n[4 ,nev]!less x is by no means improbable t he _h affix$ to 8 book a report :i*1 h[ev]1 wan subsequ5tly mutilat$1 ( necessity1 9 div]se ways4 ,! preface by ,ala-ibn-,%ah or ,behbod1 :i* has also be5 pr9t$ by de ,sacy1 :i* is f\nd 9 a few manuscripts & :i* is n kn[n to ! anci5t translations is a lat] & entirely valueless excresc5ce4 ,! ,introduction ( ,burzoe /ood 9 ! ,pehlevi "w :i* ,ibn ,moqaffa _h be=e him4 ,accord+ to c]ta9 manuscripts ?is ,introduction has be5 compil$--or h[ev] we translate ! ambigu\s t]m t>juma--by ,burzgmihir1 ! prime m9i/] ( ,khusr[1 mu* bett] kn[n 9 polite lit]ature ?an 9 hi/ory4 ,naturally ,i d n d5y altoge!r t ,burzgmihir 0 a hi/orical p]sonage b he possess$ by no means ! importance :i* ! tradition 9 "q ascribes to him4 ,! ascription is purely an errone\s inf]5ce f ! above-m5tion$ report ( ! circum/ances t\*+ ! mission ( ,burzoe1 has n ! slighte/ inh]5t probability1 & is besides want+ n only 9 o!r manuscripts b also 9 all ! old] translations4 ,we _c "q ! fact t ?is section ( ! ,arabic "w 9 ! ma9 reproduces ! ,introduction compos$ by ! ,*ief physician ,burzoe himself to ! book translat$ by him into ,pehlevi f an ,indian language4 ,t language z ,h]tel has %[n 0 ,sanskrit1 :i* fact1 h[ev]1 does n preclude ! possibility ( an ,indian int]pret] translat+ ! orig9al text to ! ,p]sian :o spoke a mod]n ,indian tongue4 ,sev]al passages speak to ! fact t ! au?or ( ! ,introduction is ! physician4 ,:y %\ld ,ibn ,moqaffa pret5d t ,burzoe e>ne/ly /udi$ m$ic9e & practis$ x8 ,moreov]1 ! section is famili> ) ^? pr9ciples ( ,indian m$ic9e ( :i* ,ibn ,moqaffa c\ld o!rwise "k little & ! exposition ( :i* he _h no call to deal )4 ,! entire situation seems to me to h>monise ) ! circum/ances ( ! ,p]sian physician4 ,specially notewor?y is ! encomium on ! ,p]sian sov]eign4 ,sid5ote3 ,ibn ,moqaffa took lib]ties ) ! ,pehlevi4 ,?is is1 h[ev]1 n equival5t to say+ t ! ,arabic text is an exact replica1 d[n to details1 ( ! orig9al ( ,burzoe4 ,9 ! fir/ place x has to be obs]v$ t ,ibn ,moqaffa 0 no pure translator at all b a regul> r$actor ( 8 model4 ,8 object 0 to prep>e a "w suitable to ! ta/e ( 8 highly educat$ read]s & at ! same "t ent]ta9+ & in/ructive4 ,he proce$$1 !re=e1 n only ) a tol]ably free h& z an arti/ 9 words b add$ good _m ?+s ( 8 own4 ,above all "h we h to be> 9 m9d ! trial ( ,dimna4 ,t ?is *apt] is an addition by a ,muslim :o w\ld n let pass 9 sil5ce ! ackn[l$gem5t ( clev] b demean+ intrigue 0 already recognis$ by ,b5fey & we ne$ n d\bt b t x orig9at$ ) ,ibn ,moqaffa4 ,i w\ld also claim1 = ,ibn ,moqaffa ! some:at unimportant hi/ory ( ! an*orite & 8 gue/4 ,! mann] ( 8 n>rative we le>n f 8 own preface4 ,x is especially to be not$ t "h also z 9 ! trial ( ,dimna he rec\nts anecdotes aft] ! ,indian fa%ion4 ,sid5ote3 ,ibn ,moqaffa's religi\s scepticism4 ,x is accord+ly n impossible t 9 our ,burzoe *apt] !re are a few ?+s :i* h orig9at$ n ) ! ,p]sian physician ( old b ) ,ibn ,moqaffa2 & ?is1 ,i presume1 z ,i %[$ long ago1 specially f ! disquisition on enquiry into ! unc]ta9ty ( religions4 ,x appe>s mu* m to fit 9 ) ,ibn ,moqaffa ?an ,burzoe4 ,ibn ,moqaffa ex*ang$ ! religion ( 8 ,p]sian fa!rs = ,islam only 9 8 mature ye>s1--c]ta9ly n because he saw 9 ! latt] p]fect v]ity b because probably he 0 n satisfi$ ) ,zoroa/rianism ) :i* he 0 intimately famili> or ) any ( ! o!r religions :i* 9 8 "t fl\ri%$ op5ly or 9 secret 9 ,iraq :i* 0 ! he>t ( ! ,empire4 ,to su* a man ! scepticism ( our section is natural1 a fact :i* does n make x impossible t c]ta9 pr9ciples :i* 7 common to all ! religions intimately kn[n to ! au?or rema9$ also self-evid5t to ,ibn ,moqaffa1--su* z ,god z ! ,creator1 & ! next _w ) its rew>d & p5alties4 ,_h ,ibn ,moqaffa1 9 8 own "n confess$ to su* religi\s d\bts publicly no patron c\ld h sav$ him f capital puni%m5t4 ,on ! o!r h& he ran no risk 9 ascrib+ ! que/ionable exposition to ! ,p]sian long s9ce dead1 :o1 h[ev]1 suppos+ t he h>b\r$ su* d\bts c\ld n h giv5 expression to !m z a physician atta*$ to ! ,imp]ial ,c\rt ( ,p]sia4 ,! belief 9 an inexorable fate :i* is evid5t 9 ?is *apt] z well z 9 ! entire portion attributable to ,ibn ,moqaffa c\ld h be5 *]i%$1 no d\bt1 also by a ,mazdyasnian4 ,?is doctr9e1 !re=e1 speaks nei!r = nor aga9/ ! au?or%ip ( ,ibn ,moqaffa4 ,equally f> f decisive is ! exhortation to pure morality :i* f9ds expression !re4 ,i am confirm$ 9 my view t ! passage on ! unconv9c+ nature ( religions proce$$ f ,ibn ,moqaffa by a few c\plets 9 ! ,%ahnama4 7,mohl vol4 #e1 #ec ff2 ,macan #abic74 ,! k+ ( ,india call$ ,kaid has sev]al dreams :i* are int]pret$ to him by ! sage ,mihran4 ,! ?ird dream1 ab\t f\r m5 pull+ at a f9e piece ( clo?1 ea* t[>ds himself1 )\t te>+ x1 is ?us expla9$ by him3 ,"k t ! piece ( clo? is ! religion div9e end t ! f\r m5 :o pull at x h come to pres]ve x4 ,"o ( ! religions is t ( ! ,dihkans1 ! fire-wor%ipp]s1 :o may n take 9 h& ! ,b>som )\t pron\nc+ ! pray] =mula4 ,! ,dihkans 7 prop]ly speak+ ! small l&$ nobility ( ! ,sasanian times & z su* 7 repres5tatives ( ! anci5t ,p]sian religion2 b>som & ! pray] =mula or baz are well-kn[n compon5ts ( _! ritual4 ,ano!r religion is t ( ,moses1 :i* is call$ ! ,jewi% religion1 ma9ta9+ t none besides itself is wor?y ( praise2 ! ?ird religion is ( ,greece1 belongs to m5 ( piety & br+s equity to ! he>t ( pr9ces 7?is is ,*ri/ianity74 ,! f\r? is ! pure fai? ( ! ,arab :i* raises ! head ( ! intellig5t out ( du/4 ,?us !y /ruggle = ! pres]vation ( _! religion & pull ! clo? t[>ds ! f\r sides away f ea* o!r & become enemies = ! sake ( religion4 ,sid5ote3 ,ibn ,moqaffa no s9c]e ,muslim ,?is passage ! basic pr9ciple ( :i* accords ) ! reflections on religion 9 our *apt] ,i w\ld n[ ) great] positiv5ess ?an be=e trace to ,ibn ,moqaffa 7,,zdmg #ei1 #hjc74 ,x did n f9d a place 9 ! old ,pehlevi ,book ( ,k+s because ! latt] c\ld recognise only ! national religion z ! "r "o & c\ld n h tak5 into consid]ation ,islam1 ev5 suppos+ t ! la/ r$action ( ! (ficial ,sasanian hi/ory took place at a "t :5 ,muhammadanism _h already come into exi/5ce4 ,b ,firdausi did n at all inv5t ! mat]ial ( 8 n>rative4 ,he m]ely compil$ x & ! major portion ( ! compilation goes back to ! %ape :i* ,ibn ,moqaffa _h giv5 to ! anci5t tradition 7see :at ,i h to say on ?is 9 my ,national ,epic ( ,iran1 ,grundriss d] iran philogie74 ,9 actuality ,ibn ,moqaffa 0 n believ$ to be a s9c]e ,muslim4 ,he is frequ5tly /igmatis$ z ,z9dik or h]etic 7,see ,aghani #ac4ha1 #ah ff4 #ah1 #bjj1 #be ff4 ,ibn ,qotaiba1 ,uyun #ga1 #i2 fur!r ,ibn ,khallikan #ahf1 p4 #abe47 ,! t]m z9diq probably orig9ally d5ot$ a c]ta9 rank among ! ,mani*aeians or a simil> religion & 0 !n appli$ to suit a v>iety ( infidels4 ,! etemology1 ,aramaic ,zaddiqy1 has be5 recognis$ by ,bevan4 ,aga9 ! passage does n fit 9 ) ! t5or ( ! entire section4 ,= ,burzoe :o 0 at a loss ) reg>d to ! physician's art1 ! ma9 "q is1 :e!r he %\ld or %\ld n become an ascetic1--a "q :i* mu/ conc]n ,ibn ,moqaffa b little4 ,! suitability ( ! add5da h>dly admits ( pro( b we may /ate t ,ibn ,moqaffa did n simply int]polate b wove !m artfully 9 8 text & he might h omitt$ some?+ "h & !re4 ,sid5ote3 ,burzoe influ5c$ by ,buddhism ,x seems to me highly probable t ,burzoe all[$ himself to be influ5c$ by ! ,buddhi/ romance1 ! orig9al ( :i* has p]i%$ & ! be/ repres5tative ( :i*1 is pres]v$ to u 9 ! ,arabic ,bilauh> wa ,budasf 7,see ,b>laam und ,joasaph by ,e4 ,kuhn74 ,_m a passage ( our *apt] is /rongly rem9isc5t ( ! s5t5ces ( ! romance1 = in/ance1 ! dang]s to ! body rem9d "o ( ^? relat$ at p4 #ec2 ! f\r pr9ciples or akhalat appe> at p4 #i1 & ! p>able ( ! man 9 ! well is common to bo?4 ,! p>able :i* /&s at ! close ( ! *apt] is1 unless "o is greatly mi/ak51 directly tak5 f ! romance ) little modification4 ,x /&s 9 ! :ole ( ,kalila wa ,dimna isolat$1 deviates 9 mann] & t5d5cy entirely f ! /ory & also f :at has issu$ f ,ibn ,moqaffa b is consi/5t ) ! mona/ic pr$ilections ( ,burzoe4 ,& 8 appraisem5t ( ! life ( ! recluse does n appe> spontane\s b some?+ to :i* he has labori\sly compell$ himself4 ,"o may surmise t x 0 really alive only 9 ,india4 ,h[ f> x 0 practis$ 9 actual life mu/ rema9 unprov$4 ,we mu/ n omit to m5tion t ,burzoe po9ts out t = an ideal physician 8 art e>ns also ri* e>?ly pr(its4 ,sid5ote3 ,engli% translation ( ! ,introduction a desid]atum4 ,s f> z ,i "k1 ( ?is *apt] !re is no translation 9 a ,european language except 9 ! ,engli% by ,knat*bull :i* appe>$ 9 #ahai1 :i* reproduc$ ! imp]fect text ( de ,sacy & is o!rwise defective4 ,wolff did well to omit x 9 8 ,g]man translation ( ,kalila wa ,dimna ( #ahcg1 = he c\ld n h produc$ a correct r5d]+ ( de ,sacy's text :i* 0 n complet$ till #ahgc by ,guidi4 ,sid5ote3 ,difficulties ( translation4 ,ev5 n[ x is impossible to make a translation ( ,burzoe's ,introduction :i* c /& ! te/ ( philology4 ,we mu/ fir/ see :e!r ) ! use ( all available manuscripts & a c>eful collation ( o!r text s\rces we _c arrive at a tol]ably settl$ ,arabic text4 ,& t is1 s f> z ,i c conclude f my n q insignificant mat]ial1 n v probable4 ,at all ev5ts a se>*+ exam9ation ( all ! manuscripts 9 ! great ,p>is libr>y is ess5tial4 ,! v>i\s texts ( ! book are consid]ably div]g5t4 ,arbitr>9ess & c>elessness ( transcrib] h disfigur$ ,ibn ,moqaffa's "w ( art j because x pres5tly became a fav\rite book ( ent]ta9m5t4 ,! language at all ev5ts rema9s approximately correct 9 ! manuscripts4 ,grammatical mi/akes easy ( correction are n seldom met ) b pure vulg>isms occur only 9 a few copies l t ( ,b]l94 ,! numb]less v>iants h n mu* significance = ! translator :5 x is only a "q ( synonyms1 s9ce = !m ! same ,european expression c d duty4 ,& ?\gh x is n c]ta9 :e!r 9 ! case ( a multitude ( non-ess5tial or :olly analog\s expressions ! %ort] or ! ext5d$ text is ! orig9al "o1 t does n sub/antially affect ! translation4 ,!re is sc>cely any h>m 9 curtail+ ! frequ5t tautology ( ?is *apt]4 ,we %\ld be well advis$ 9 case ( successive synonym\s ab/ract n\ns & v]bs su* z occur frequ5tly 9 ,arabic to translate by a simple expression ) an emphatic adjective or adv]b4 ,b n seldom ! diff]5ce becomes great4 ,x is a difficult situation :5 we are unc]ta9 :e!r ! passage :i* is f\nd 9 sev]al manuscripts & n 9 o!rs is ! orig9al "o4 ,z a rule we h to decide 9 fav\r ( ! majority b z sometimes we d come across actual int]polations 9 "s1 s _! exi/5ce is n impossible 9 o!rs1 al?\gh we c n be positive on ! subject4 ,sid5ote3 ,a monum5tal piece ( lit]ature4 ,! matt] w\ld h be5 less tr\blesome = me _h ,i be5 able /raight way to decl>e z ! be/ ! tradition ( any ( ! manuscripts famili>ly kn[n to me or any old translation4 ,t1 h[ev]1 is n s4 ,i h to judge ea* case by itself & to proce$ eclectically z mu* z my philological consci5ce p]mits4 ,f9ally1 by means ( my r5d]+ ,i believe ,i h reproduc$ ! import ( ?is monum5tal piece ( lit]ature )\t %[+ absolute p>tiality to ! ,arabic docum5t4 ,my r5d]+ is want+ d\btless 9 ! elegance ) :i* ,ibn ,moqaffa h&les ! language :i* 9 8 "t _h acquir$ ! capacity ( treat+ ev5 ab/ract subjects ) lucidity4 ,may a lat] h& improve ^u my translation6 ,only ^? :o attempt x c appreciate h[ difficult x is to make a tol]able ,european translation ev5 ( an easily intelligible ,arabic text4 ,a lit]al translation w\ld be wood54 ,we h (t5 to alt] ! entire con/ruction & to ins]t all mann] ( words =eign to ! ,arabic to make ! context cle>4 ,on ! o!r h& ! translator mu/ avoid employ+ ! same expression 9 rapid succession1 a proc$ure :i* is common 9 ,arabic ev5 if we make all[ance = ! figura etymologica & ! l4 ,sid5ote3 ,ibn ,qutaiba & ,ibn ,moqaffa4 ,i only "k two passages 9 ?is *apt] :i* are quot$ by ,arabic au?ors4 ,brockelmann in=ms me t no quotation f our *apt] occurs 9 ! unpubli%$ portion ( ! ,uyun ( ,ibn ,qutaiba4 ,unless ,i am mi/ak5 ! exc]pts 9 ?is book f ,kalila wa ,dimna are n always correct4 ,ibn ,qutaiba 0 conc]n$ m ) ! s5se ?an ) ! phraseology ( ,ibn ,moqaffa4 ,,! ,,/atem5t ,,( ,,burzoe ,,! ,,p]sian ,,physician ,,9 ,,*ief1 ,:o und]took to transcribe & translate ?is ,indian ,book 7,kalila wa ,dimna74 ,sid5ote3 ,autobiographical4 ,my fa!r belong$ to ! ,w>rior class1 my "m came ( an em95t prie/ly family4 ,"o ( ! e>lie/ boons :i* ! ,"l conf]r$ on me 0 t ,i 0 ! mo/ fav\rite *ild ( my p>5ts & t !y ex]t$ !mselves m = my education ?an = my bro!rs4 ,s :5 ,i 0 sev5 ye>s old !y s5t me to a *ildr5's s*ool4 ,?is 0 requir$ to be m5tion$ 9 8 case inasmu* z x c\ld n h be5 necess>y or usual = a *ild ( di/+ui%$ p>5tage 9 e>ly ,p]sia to be educat$ 9 a public s*ool4 ,:5 ,i _h le>nt ! ord9>y writ+ ,i 0 ?ankful to my p>5ts & p]ceiv$ some?+ 9 k4 ,9 spite ( ! wide div]g5ce 9 ! ,arabic texts & translations ! s5se ( ! orig9al is cle>4 ,note ! ref]5ce to ! difficult nature ( ! ,pehlevi syllab>y4 ,only ! ,spani% v]sion has a good deal m ab\t ! s*ool+4 ,sid5ote3 ,appreciation ( ! heal+ art4 ,& ! fir/ bran* ( sci5ce to :i* ,i felt incl9ation 0 m$ic9e4 ,x _h a great attraction = me because ,i recognis$ its excell5ce & ! m ,i acquir$ x ! m ,i lov$ x & ! m e>ne/ly ,i /udi$ x4 ,n[ :5 ,i _h progress$ suffici5tly f> to ?9k ( treat+ invalids ,i took c\nsel ) myself & reflect$ 9 ! foll[+ mann] on ! f\r objects = :i* mank9d s e>ne/ly /rive4 ,:i* ( !m %all ,i seek to acquire ) ! help ( my art1 money1 prosp]ity1 fame1 or rew>d 9 ! next _w8 ,9 ! *oice ( my call+ ! decisive factor 0 my exp]i5ce t m5 ( und]/&+ praise m$ic9e & t ! adh]5ts ( no religion c5sure x4 ,i f\nd1 h[ev]1 9 m$ical lit]ature t ! be/ physician is he :o by 8 devotion to 8 vocation /rives only aft] a rew>d 9 ! next _w2 & ,i resolv$ to act accord+ly & n to ?9k ( worldly ga91 s t ,i may n be lik5$ to ! m]*ant :o sold = a wor?less bead a ruby by :i* he c\ld h acquir$ a _w ( weal?4 ,on ! o!r h&1 ,i f\nd 9 ! books ( ! anci5ts t :5 a physician /rives aft] ! rew>d 9 ! next _w by means ( 8 art he !reby =feits no fraction ( 8 worldly gu]don b t !re9 he is to be comp>$ ) ! peasant :o c>efully s[s 8 plot ( gr\nd to acquire corn & :o subsequ5tly )\t fur!r ef=t gets along ) ! h>ve/ all mann] ( vegetation4 ,! cultivator along ) ! h>ve/ gets grass & vegetation :i* may s]ve z a pa/ure = cattle4 ,sid5ote3 ,burzoe />ts practice4 ,i1 !re=e1 direct$ my att5tion to ! hope ( secur+ recomp5se 9 ! next _w by cur+ ! sick & 0 at consid]able pa9s 9 ! treatm5t ( all ! deceas$ :om ,i hop$ to cure & ev5 su* z 7 pa/ all su* hopes1 ^: suff]+ ,i endeav\r$ at lea/ to alleviate4 ,i p]sonally att5d$ ^? ,i c\ld2 b :]e ?is 0 n possible ,i gave ! pati5ts ! necess>y in/ructions & also s5t m$ic9e4 ,& f none ( ^? :om ,i s treat$ did ,i dem& paym5t or o!r return4 ,i 0 jeal\s ( none ( my colleagues :o 0 my equal 9 k & :o excell$ me 9 repute & ri*es2 al?\gh z a matt] ( fact he 0 lack+ 9 equity & good mann]s4 ,:51 h[ev]1 my s\l felt incl9$ to impel me to be jeal\s ( su* & to be covet\s ( a situation l 8 ,i met x ) sev]ity 9 ! foll[+ mann]3-- ,sid5ote3 ,burzoe addresses 8 own s\l4 ,! physician's ardu\s call+4 ,sid5ote3 ,a simile4 ,o s\l1 do/ n ?\ diff]5tiate betwe5 :at is useful & :at is injuri\s to !e8 ,do/ ?\ n cease wi%+ = ! acquisition ( t :i* secures = e "o a small ga9 b :i* entails sev]e ex]tion & privation & :i*1 :5 he mu/ at la/ rel9qui% x1 procures him mu* sorr[ & sev]e puni%m5t 9 ! next _w8 ,o s\l1 ?9ke/ ?\ n ( t :i* succe$s ?is life & =gette/ x because ( ?y av>ice = ! ?+s ( ?is _w8 ,art ?\ n a%am$ to live ! evanesc5t t]re/rial life 9 ! company ( m5 ( feeble intellect & fools8 ,x belongs n to him ev5 :o has some?+ ( x 9 8 h&3 x does n endure ) him & only ! infatuat$ & ! neglig5t dep5d ^u x4 ,desi/ f ?is irrationality & b5d all ?y might1 s long z 9 !e lies1 to ex]t ?yself = ! good & = div9e recomp5se4 ,bew>e ( procra/9ation4 ,reflect on ! fact t our body is de/9$ to all mann] ( unhapp9ess & p]meat$ ) ! f\r p]i%able & impure pr9ciples :i* are enclos$ 9 x1 :i* /ruggle aga9/ ea* o!r1 defeat+ ea* o!r by turn1 & ?us support life :i* itself is transi5t4 ,life is l a /atue ) sev]al limbs4 ,:5 prop]ly adju/$ ea* 9 its "r place1 !y hold !mselves toge!r on a s+le pivot b :i*1 :5 ! latt] is tak5 (f1 fall to pieces4 ,o s\l1 d n deceive ?yself ow+ to int]c\rse ) fri5ds & companions & d n /ra9 ?yself aft] x1 inasmu* z ?is int]c\rse br+s no d\bt joy b also mu* h>d%ip & tribulation & f9ally ends 9 sep>ation4 ,x is l a ladle :i* m5 use = hot s\p1 s long z x is new b :5 x breaks !y h done ) x--burn x4 ,o s\l1 all[ n ?yself to be mov$ by family & relations to amass prop]ty = !m s t ?yself %\ld p]i%4 ,?\ %\ld/1 !n1 be l fragrant inc5se :i* is burnt only = ! enjoym5t ( o!rs4 ,!y are l a hair :i* m5 *]i% s long z x rema9s on ! head b ca/ x (f z impure z soon z x falls4 ,o s\l1 be /eadfa/ 9 treat+ ! diseas$ & give x n up because ?\ f9de/ t ! physician's pr(ession is ardu\s & p d n recognise its uses & high value4 ,judge only ?yself :e!r a man :o cures 9 ano!r a disease mak+ him feel once m fre% & :ole is n wor?y ( a great rew>d & h&some remun]ation4 ,?is is ! case ) "o :o has solicitude = a s+le individual2 h[ mu* m !n is ?is s 9 ! case ( a m$ic9eman :o = me$ 9 ! next _w ?us acts t[>ds a1 l>ge numb] ( m51 s t !y aft] tortur+ pa9s & maladies1 :i* %ut !m out f ! enjoym5t ( ! _w1 f food & dr9k1 wife & *ild1 feel once m z well z ev] be=e4 ,:o inde$ m]its l>g] rew>d & nobl] retribution8 ,o s\l1 d n put away f ?y sight ?+s ( ! next _w because ?\ hung]e/ aft] pass+ life4 ,= ?\1 9 ?y ha/e to acquire a triviality surr5d]e/ ! valuable2 & su* p are 9 ! position ( ! m]*ant :o _h a h\se full ( aloe wood & :o said1 ,if ,i 7 to sell ?is by weight x w\ld take me too long & !re=e gave x away :olesale = a trifl+ price4 ,sid5ote3 ,autobiographical ,aft] ?us ,i _h repli$ to my s\l & !reby expla9$ matt]s to x & guid$ x aright x c\ld n deviate f tru?1 yield$ to righte\sness & ab&on$ :at x 0 incl9$ to4 ,accord+ly ,i cont9u$ to treat ! sick = ! sake ( my rew>d 9 ! next _w4 ,?is1 h[ev]1 by no means prev5t$ my acquir+ a ri* portion ( e>?ly goods be=e my j\rney to ,india z well z aft] my return f ! k+s1 & t 0 m ?an ,i 0 ambiti\s ( or _h hop$ =1 = a man 9 my position & my call+4 ,sid5ote3 ,limitations ( ! heal+ art4 ,!reaft] ,i aga9 reflect$ on ! heal+ art & f\nd t ! physician c employ no rem$y = a suff]+ pati5t :i* s completely cures 8 disease t x does n attack him aga9 or t he is immune f a worse disord]4 ,:ile1 !re=e1 ,i 0 unaw>e h[ ,i c\ld effect a p]fect cure secure aga9/ ! recurr5ce ( a disease1 ,i saw t on ! o!r h& ackn[l$ge ( ! next _w 0 a p]man5t absolute protection aga9/ all di/emp]s4 ,accord+ly ,i conceiv$ a contempt = ! heal+ art & a long+ = religi\s k4 ,sid5ote3 ,unc]ta9ty ( religi\s ,v]ity4 ,sid5ote3 ,burzoe inquires ( religi\s heads on matt]s div9e3 8 disappo9tm5t4 ,:51 h[ev]1 ?is occurr$ to my m9d x 0 n cle> to me h[ matt]s /ood ) ref]5ce to religion4 ,i f\nd no?+ 9 ! writ+s on ph>macy :i* indicat$ to me ! true/ religion4 ,s f> z ,i saw !re 7 _m religions & cre$s & _! adh]5ts 7 aga9 disunit$4 ,"s inh]it _! religion f _! fa!rs2 o!rs are compell$ to adh]e to x by fe> & pressure2 o!rs aga9 aim at worldly advantages1 enjoym5ts & r5[n4 ,ev]yone claims = himself ! possession ( ! true & "r fai? & d5\nces t ( o!rs z false & errone\s4 ,_! views on ! _w & o!r problems are entirely conflict+ yet ea* despises ! o!r1 is inimical to & c5sures e o!r cre$4 ,i !n resolv$ to turn to ! le>n$ & lead]s ( e religions community ) a view to exam9+ _! doctr9es & precepts 9 ord] possibly to le>n to di/+ui% betwe5 v]ity & nullity & implicity to give my adhesion to ! =m] )\t altoge!r accept+ z true :at ,i did n und]/&4 ,s ,i analys$1 inve/igat$ & obs]v$1 b ,i f\nd t all ^? p only held be=e me traditional notions4 ,ea* l&$ 8 fai? & revil$ t ( o!rs4 ,x 01 !re=e1 evid5t to me t _! conclusions re/$ on m]e imag9ation & t !y did n speak ) imp>tiality4 ,9 none did ,i f9d su* fairness & integrity t reasonable p c\ld accept _! dicta & decl>e !mselves satisfi$ ) !m4 ,:5 ,i p]ceiv$ ?is x 0 impossible = me to foll[ any "o ( ! religions & recognis$ t if ,i put fai? 9 "o ( !m ( :i* ,i knew no?+ ,i %\ld f>e l ! betray$ believ] 9 ! foll[+ /ory4 ,sid5ote3 ,anecdote ( ! cr$ul\s burgl>4 ,once ^u a "t a ?ief set out at night & along ) 8 companions got up on to ! ro( ( ! h\se ( a man ( opul5ce4 ,z !y ent]$ !y awoke ! own] :o notic$ !m & p]ceiv$ t at t h\r !y 7 on ! ro( ) evil int5t4 ,he awoke 8 wife & g5tly said to h]1 ,i see t up on ! top ( our ro( !re are ?ieves4 ,i w pret5d to sleep1 wake me up 9 a voice l\d en\gh to be he>d by ^? on ! ro( & say to me1 ',my husb&1 d tell me h[ y came by s mu* weal? & prop]ty4' ,:5 ,i make no reply :atev] ask me v press+ly aga94 ,! woman accord+ly ask$ him z %e 0 ord]$ s t ! h\se-break]s he>d x all4 ,! man repli$1 ,my wife1 luck has l$ y to great prosp]ity1 s eat & dr9k1 keep quiet & d n ask ab\t x1 because if ,i told x to y1 "s "o w\ld easily he> x & get some?+ by x1 :i* nei!r ( u w\ld l4 ,%e1 h[ev]1 p]si/$1 ,b my husb&1 d tell me1 surely !re is no "o "h to ov]he> u4 ,well !n1 ,i w tell y t ,i h acquir$ all ?is weal? & goods by !ft4 ,h[ did y manage x1 :5 9 ! eye ( ! p y are /ill irreproa*ably hone/ & no "o suspects y8 ,by means ( an artifice 9 ! sci5ce ( ?iev+3 x is s h&y & easy t no "o c h any suspicion :atev]4 ,h[ s8 ,i us$ to manage ?is way3 ,on a moonlight night ,i w\ld g out ) my companions1 get up to ! ro( ( ! h\se ( ! p]son ,i want$ to rob z f> z ! sky light ?r\gh :i* ! moon %one & !n utt]$ sev5 times ! *>m ,%olam ,%olam ,%olam4 ,i w\ld !n embrace ! rays & slide d[n into ! h\se )\t any body notic+ my intrusion4 ,!n at ! o!r extremity ( ! moon-beams ,i aga9 w\ld sev5 times repeat ! magic ^w & all ! money & treasures 9 ! h\se became visible to me4 ,i c\ld take ( !m :atev] ,i w\ld4 ,once m ,i w\ld embrace ! beams & rehe>s+ aga9 sev5 times ! magic ^w m\nt up to my companions & load !m ) all ,i _h4 ,next we /ole away unsca!d4 ,:5 ! robb]s ov]he>d ?is !y rejoic$ exce$+ly & said3 ,9 ?is h\se we h got a spoil :i* is m valuable to u ?an ! gold :i* we c get !re2 we h acquir$ a means by :i* ,god deliv]s u f fe> & we are secure aga9/ ! au?orities4 ,s !y wat*$ = a long "t & :5 !y _h made sure t ! ma/] ( ! h\se & 8 wife _h gone to sleep ! lead] ( ! robb]s /epp$ up to ! spot :]e ! light /ream$ ?r\gh ! hole1 spoke ,%olam ,%olam sev5 times1 clasp$ ! rays ) ! int5tion ( dropp+ d[n along !m & fell head =emo/ on ! floor4 ,! husb& sprang to 8 feet ) a club & ?ra%$ him to a jelly ask+ him1 ,:o are y8 ,& he repli$1 ,! deceiv$ believ]3 ?is is ! fruit ( bl9d fai?4 ,sid5ote3 ,m religi\s inve/igation & m despair4 ,sid5ote3 ,a dilemma4 ,accord+ly1 aft] ,i _h gr[n suffici5tly circumspect n to cr$it :at might probably lead to my p]dition1 ,i />t$ aga9 inve/igat+ religions to discov] ! true "o4 ,b ,i aga9 f\nd no reply :5ev] ,i put que/ions to any "o & :5 a doctr9e 0 prop\nd$ to me ,i f\nd no?+ :i* 9 my judgm5t m]it$ belief or s]v$ me z a guid+ pr9ciple4 ,!n ,i said1 ,! mo/ reasonable c\rse is to cl+ to ! religion 9 :i* ,i f\nd my fa!rs4 ,yet :5 ,i s\ght ju/ification = ?is c\rse ,i f\nd none & said to myself1 ,if t be ju/ification !n ! sorc]] also _h "o :o f\nd 8 prog5itors to be wiz>ds4 ,& ,i ?\ght ( ! man :o ate indec5tly & :5 he 0 rebuk$ = x he excus$ himself by say+ t 8 ance/ors us$ to fe$ 9 ! same gross way4 ,s9ce1 !re=e1 x 0 impossible = me to keep to ! religion ( my =be>s & s9ce ,i c\ld f9d no ju/ification = x1 ,i desir$ once m e>ne/ly to be/ir myself & mo/ c>efully to exam9e ! v>i\s religions & to consid] m9utely :at !y _h to (f] u4 ,b !n sudd5ly ! idea /ruck me t ! end 0 ne> & t ! _w w\ld pres5tly come to a close = me4 ,!reupon ,i pond]$ z foll[s3-- ,sid5ote3 ,m$itation ( despair4 ,p]haps ! h\r ( my dep>ture has already arriv$ be=e ,i c\ld wr+ my h&s4 ,my de$s 7 once /ill su* t ,i c\ld hope !y 7 m]itori\s4 ,n[ p]haps ! prolong$ hesitation ov] my se>* & inve/igation w\ld turn me away f ! good de$s :i* ,i practis$ =m]ly1 s t my end w\ld n be su* z ,i /rove =1 & ow+ to my wav]+ & vacillation ! fate ( ! man 9 ! foll[+ anecdote w\ld ov]take me4 ,sid5ote3 ,an anecdote3 fatal hesitation4 ,a c]ta9 man _h a love affair ) a m>ri$ woman4 ,%e _h made = him a subt]rane\s passage op5+ into ! /reet & its entrance 0 con/ruct$ close by a wat] j>4 ,?is %e did = fe> le/ h] husb& or "s "o else %\ld surprise h]4 ,n[ "o day :5 h] p>am\r 0 ) h] ^w 0 br\ght t ! husb& 0 /&+ at ! door4 ,! lov] ha/5$ to get beh9d ! j> b x _h be5 remov$ by "s "o s he came to ! woman & said1 ,i w5t to ! passage b ! j> ( :i* y spoke 0 n !re4 ,to :i* ! woman1 said ,y fool1 :at h y got to d ) ! j>8 ,i m5tion$ x to po9t to y ! way to ! passage4 ,i c\ld n be sure1 s9ce ! j> 0 n ne> ! passage1 y %\ld n h spok5 ( x to me & misl$ me4 ,n[ save y\rself1 en\gh ( y\r /upidity & hesitation4 ,b h[ %all ,i g s9ce y spoke to me ( ! j> & ev5 n[ confuse me8 ,?us he rema9$ !re till ! ma/] ( ! h\se came up & seiz$ hold ( & belab\r$ him1 & h&$ him ov] to ! au?orities4 ,sid5ote3 ,burzoe foll[s good pr9ciples common to all cre$s4 ,sid5ote3 ,! prop]ties ( righte\sness4 ,s9ce ,i 0 appreh5sive ( ! risks ( %illy-%ally+ ,i resolv$ n to expose myself to ! dang] & to conf9e myself entirely to su* works z all m5 reg>d z b5evol5t & :i* are consonant ) all ! religions4 ,i refra9$1 !re=e1 f assault1 murd] & robb]y1 & gu>d$ myself aga9/ incont95ce & my tongue f falsehood & all utt]ance calculat$ to h>m any "o1 avoid$ ! smalle/ deception1 indec5cy ( language1 falsehood1 calumny & ridicule & took pa9s t my he>t wi%$ ill ( no "o & t ,i did n disbelieve 9 resurrection & retribution & puni%m5t 9 ! next _w4 ,i turn$ away my m9d f wick$ness & adh]$ en]getically to good1 p]ceiv$ t !re is no bett] associate or fri5d ?an righte\sness & t x is easy to acquire x ) ! help ( ,god4 ,i f\nd t x has m t5d] solicitude = u ?an fa!r & "m t x leads to good & gives true c\nsel l "o fri5d to ano!r1 t use does n dim9i% b r multiplies x1 & t :5 employ$ x does n we> out1 b is con/antly r5ew$1 & becomes m beautiful2 t we ne$ n fe> t ! au?orities w snat* x f u1 ! enemy w rob or miscreants disfigure x1 or wat] dr[n or fire w consume x1 wild bea/s attack x or t any ?+ unt[>d w happ5 to x4 ,he :o contemns righte\sness & its consequ5ces 9 ! next _w & p]mits himself to be s$uc$ f x by a fraction ( ! sweets ( ?is pass+ _w1 he :o passes 8 days ) ?+s :i* d n p]mit piety to approa* him1 f>es z did to my k ! m]*ant 9 ! foll[+ /ory4 ,sid5ote3 ,! c>eless ,jewell]4 ,a m]*ant _h _m preci\s /ones4 ,to bore a hole ?r\gh !m he hir$ a man = a hundr$ pieces ( gold a day & w5t ) him to 8 h\se4 ,z soon h[ev]1 z he set to "w1 !re 0 a lute & ! workman turn$ 8 eyes t[>ds x4 ,& ^u ! m]*ant que/ion+ him :e!r he c\ld play ^u x he repli$1 ,yes1 "r well4 ,= he 0 inde$ pr(ici5t 9 ! art4 ,!n take x said ! m]*ant4 ,he !re=e took x & play$ = ! m]*ant ! :ole day beautiful melodies 9 prop] tune s t ! jewell] left ! caset ) ! preci\s /ones 9 x & fill$ ) joy kept "t1 nodd+ 8 head & wav+ 8 h&4 ,9 ! ev5+ he said to ! jewell]1 ,let me h my wages1 ,& :5 ! latt] said1 ,h y done any?+ to des]ve ! wage8 he repli$1 ,y h hir$ me & ,i h done :at y ord]$ me to d4 ,s he press$ him till he receiv$ 8 hundr$ pieces )\t any d$uction1 :ile ! gems rema9$ unbor$4 ,sid5ote3 ,av]sion to pleasures ( ! _w3 ,buddhi/ic pessimism4 ,! m ,i reflect$ ^u ! _w & its joys ! deep] grew my av]sion t[>ds !m4 ,!n ,i made up my m9d entirely to devote myself to ! life ( ! bless$ & ! an*orite4 ,= ,i saw t asceticism is a g>d5 ! h$ge ( :i* keeps (f at a di/ance et]nal evils1 & ! door ?r\gh :i* man atta9s to ev]la/+ felicity4 ,& ,i f\nd t a div9e tranquility comes ov] ! ascetic :5 he is absorb$ 9 m$itation2 = he is /ill1 cont5t$1 unambiti\s1 satisfi$1 free f c>es1 has r5\nc$ ! _w1 has escap$ f evils1 is devoid ( gre$1 is pure1 indep5d5t1 protect$ aga9/ sorr[1 above jeal\sy1 manife/s pure love1 has ab&on$ all t is transitory1 has acquir$ p]fect und]/&+1 has se5 ! recomp5se ( ! next _w1 is secure aga9/ remorse1 fe>s no man1 does none any h>m & rema9s himself unmole/$4 ,& ! m ,i pond]$ ov] asceticism ! m ,i ye>n$ = x s t at la/ ,i e>ne/ly ?\ght ( becom+ an ascetic4 ,sid5ote3 ,! trials ( an an*orite3 ! gre$y dog4 ,b !n appreh5sion came ^u me t ,i %\ld n be able to support ! life ( a h]mit & t ! ord9>y way 9 :i* ,i _h gr[n up w\ld prove an h9drance4 ,i 0 n sure t1 %\ld ,i r5\nce ! _w & adopt asceticism1 ,i %\ld n prove too feeble = x4 ,moreov]1 %\ld ,i give up su* good works z ,i _h previ\sly p]=m$ 9 ! hope ( salvation1 ,i %\ld be 9 ! position ( ! dog :o ) ! bone 9 8 m\? 0 go+ along a riv]4 ,he saw 8 reflection 9 ! wat]1 sudd5ly da%$ =w>d to seize x & consequ5tly let fall :at he _h 9 ! m\? )\t secur+ :at he want$ to get4 ,s ,i grew uneasy reg>d+ ! recluse's life & 0 afraid le/ ,i %\ld fail to be> x & ?\ght !re=e r to cont9ue ! c>e] ( my life4 ,sid5ote3 ,worldly ,mona/ic life4 ,sid5ote3 ,a s]ies ( similes4 ,h[ev]1 x occurr$ to me to comp>e ! discom=ts & /raits ( mona/icism1 :i* ,i fe>$ ,i %\ld be unable to support1 ) ! wants ( ^? :o rema9 9 ! _w4 ,!n x became cle> to me t all ! joys & pleasures ( ! _w turn to discom=ts & br+ sorr[4 ,= ! _w is l salt wat]4 ,! m "o dr9ks ( x ! m ?ir/y "o becomes2 l a bone f\nd by a dog on :i* he /ill sniffs ! flav\r ( fle%1 he bites to get at x b only to te> ! fle% ( 8 tee? & make 8 m\? ble$ & ! m he /ruggles ! m he makes x ble$2 l ! vulture t has f\nd a piece ( fle%1 x attracts o!r birds 9 a flock s t = a long "t x is 9 tr\ble & flies till at la/1 q exhau/$1 x drops its prey2 l a pot fill$ ) honey & ) poison at ! bottom1 he :o eats ( x has a %ort enjoym5t b at la/ dea? by v5om2 l a dream :i* rejoices ! sleep] :o f9ds :5 he awakes 8 joy vani%$2 l lightn+ t br+s brilliance = a mom5t b quickly disappe>s1 he :o builds 8 hope ^u x abides 9 d>kness2 l ! silk worm ! m x sp9s itself into ! silk ! m impossible x f9ds to come out4 ,sid5ote3 ,m int]nal /ruggle4 ,aft] ,i _h pond]$ ?us ,i once m propos$ to my s\l to elect asceticism & _h ye>n+ = x4 ,nev]!less ,i oppos$ x )3 ,x w n d t ,i %\ld seek refuge f ! _w 9 asceticism :5 ,i ?9k ( ! evils ( ! _w & !n aga9 seek refuge 9 ! _w f asceticism :5 ,i consid] ! privations & discom=ts ( ! latt]4 ,i cont9u$ 9 a /ate ( prolong$ vacillation )\t firm det]m9ation l ! ,kazi ( ,m]v :o at fir/ he>d "o p>ty & decid$ 9 8 fav\r & aga9/ ! o!r & !n he>d ! o!r & gave judgm5t 9 fav\r ( ! latt] z aga9/ ! fir/4 ,& :5 aga9 ,i reflect$ ^u ! frightful discom=ts & /raits ( mona/icism ,i said1 ,h[ trifl+ x is all 9 comp>ison ) et]nal peace4 ,& !n once m ?9k+ ( ! joys ( ! _w ,i exclaim$1 ,h[ bitt] & p]nici\s !y are :i* lead to p]petual p]dition & its horrors2 h[ c a man n reg>d z sweet ! little bitt]ness :i* is succe$$ by sweet t endures & h[ c a man n reg>d z bitt] a bit ( sweet t ends 9 great] & abid+ bitt]ness8 ,if x 0 (f]$ to a man t he %\ld live a hundr$ ye>s b t e day he %\ld be hack$ to pieces & %\ld be call$ to life aga9 ! foll[+ day & s on1 provid$ t at ! close ( ! c5tury he %\ld be deliv]$ f ! torture & pa9 & be 9 security & delight1 he w\ld acc\nt z no?+ ! :ole ye>s4 ,h[ c a man !n n be> ! few days ( asceticism1 ! inconv5i5ces ( :i* are succe$$ by mu* t is beautiful8 ,& we "k t ! entire _w be>s privation & torm5t & t man f 8 orig9 z foetus till ! end ( 8 days is subject to "o suff]+ aft] ano!r4 ,moreov]1 we f9d ! foll[+ 9 books ( m$ic9e4 ,sid5ote3 ,man 9 embryo3 8 torm5ts till & aft] dea?4 ,sid5ote3 ,tribulations ( human exi/5ce4 ,:5 ! liquid1 ( :i* ! p]fect *ild is to be built1 ent]s ! ut]us ( ! woman1 & mixes itself ) h] liquid sub/ance & h] blood x becomes ?ick & pulpy4 ,next ! liquid is /irr$ by a w9d & becomes l s\r milk & lat] on h>d l curdl$ milk4 ,aft] a c]ta9 numb] ( days ! individual memb]s become sep>ate4 ,if x is a man *ild its face is turn$ to ! back ( ! "m2 if x is a female x is turn$ t[>ds ! belly4 ,9 ! foetus ! h&s are on ! *eeks & ! *9 is on ! knee4 ,x is all bundl$ up 9 ! foetus z if x 0 ?ru/ into a p\*4 ,x brea!s ?r\gh a n>r[ op5+4 ,ea* memb] is b\nd by a *ord4 ,above x is ! heat & ! pressure ( ! "m's womb2 bel[ are d>kness & con/riction4 ,x is ti$ ) a piece ( its navel to t ( its "m1 sucks ?r\gh x & lives ^u h] food & dr9k4 ,9 ?is position x rema9s 9 gloom & conf9em5t till ! day ( bir?4 ,:5 t day comes a w9d acquires control ( ! womb1 t *ild acquires /r5g? to rise1 turns ! head t[>ds ! op5+ & exp]i5ces 9 ?is conf9em5t ! pa9 ( "o =c$ into a di/ress+ torture4 ,%\ld x fall to ! gr\nd or be t\*$ only by a brea? ( w9d or %\ld x come 9 contact ) "o's h&s x feels great] pa91 ?an a p]son t is flay$ alive4 ,! new born babe !n suff]s all mann] ( torm5t4 ,:5 x is hungry x _c ask = food2 ?ir/y1 = dr9k2 :5 9 pa9 x _c call = help4 ,besides x is lift$ up1 laid d[n1 wrapp$ up1 swa!d1 wa%$ & rubb$4 ,:5 x is laid to sleep on ! back x _c turn4 ,aga9 s long z x is giv5 ! suck x is subject$ to all mann] ( o!r tortures4 ,:5 x is f9ally deliv]$ f ^!1 x is liable to ^? ( education & has !n to suff] a great deal1 ! brusqu5ess ( ! tea*]1 ! unpleasantness ( ! in/ruction1 ! disgu/ at writ+4 ,next he has 8 ri* portion ( m$ic9e1 diet1 a*es & illnesses4 ,:5 he has outgr[n ^!1 he is tr\bl$ ) wife1 *ild & prop]ty & is pull$ ab\t by covetu\s ambition & is expos$ to ! p]il ( long+ & desires4 ,all ?is :ile he is m5ac$ by 8 f\r int]nal enemies1 gall1 blood1 bile & w9d2 & fur!rmore1 mortal poison1 snakes t bite1 animals ( prey & reptiles1 ! alt]nation ( heat & cold1 ra9 & /orm z well z f9ally ! v>i\s plagues ( age1 if at all he survives ^?4 ,b %\ld he h no?+ to fe> f all ?is & 7 he secure ) reg>d to ^! calamities1 :5 he ?9ks ( ! mom5t :5 dea? mu/ come & he musk give up ! _w1 :at a mis]able plight is 81 at ! ?\ght ( ! h\r he has to sep>ate himself f family1 fri5ds1 & relations & all t is preci\s on ! e>?1 & :5 he reflects t !re is 9 /ore = him aft] dea? fe>ful horrors8 ,!n mu/ he be consid]$ ( feeble intellect1 neglectful & a suitor = mis=tune %\ld he d no?+ = 8 s\l1 %\ld he n employ all art 9 behalf ( ! s\l1 & %\ld he n r5\nce altoge!r ! pleasures & errors ( ! _w :i* till !n _h s$uc$ him4 ,sid5ote3 ,eulogy ( ! reign+ ,mon>*4 ,sid5ote3 ,fall5 on evil days4 ,sid5ote3 ,h[ ! _w's mis]y outweighs its joys4 ,b ?is holds especially good ( mod]n times :i* h become worn out & fragile1 :i* appe> pure b are turbid4 ,god has giv5 ! k+ good =tune & success4 ,he is equally circumspect1 mighty1 magnanim\s1 pr(\nd exam9]1 upright1 humane1 lib]al1 a lov] ( tru?1 grateful1 ( broad compreh5sion1 m9dful ( "r & duty1 indefatigable1 /r5u\s1 ) insight1 helpful1 s]5e ( m9d1 intellig5t1 ?\ghtful1 g5tle1 sympa!tic1 k9d1 "o :o kn[s man & ?+s1 fri5d ( le>n+ & ! le>n$1 ( ! good & ( b5evol5t p1 b sev]e to ! oppressor1 n timid1 nor backw>d1 dext]\s 9 grant+ 9 abundance to 8 subjects :at !y desire & av]t+ f !m :at !y d n l4 ,yet we see t our days are retrogressive 9 e way4 ,x is z if man 7 dive/$ ( tru?1 z if t %\ld be abs5t :i* "o sadly misses & z if ! h>mful 7 !re1 z if ! good 7 )]+ & ! evil fl\ri%+1 z if ! s9n]s 7 proce$+ ) a smile & ! righte\s rec$+ 9 te>s2 z if k 0 entomb$ & irrationality propagat$1 z if wret*$ int5t 0 spread+ & nobility ( ?\ght re/rict$2 z if love 0 cut (f & malice & hatr$ _h become fav\rites2 z if rectitude 7 dive/$ ( prosp]ity :i* _h betak5 itself to ! malefactor2 z if craft9ess 7 awake & tru? 7 asleep2 z if m5dacity 7 fruitful & v]acity 0 left 9 ! cold2 z if ^? 9 p[] held be=e !m ! duty to act accord+ to _! own incl9ations & to violate law1 z if ! oppress$ 7 9 dejection & made way = ! tyrant2 z if gre$9ess on all sides _h op5$ its jaws & swall[$ all t 0 f> & ne>2 z if !re 0 no trace left ( cont5tm5t2 z if ! wick$ _h exalt$ !mselves to ,heav5 & _h made ! good s9k into ! gr\nd2 z if nobility ( m9d 7 ?r[n f ! l(tie/ p9nacle to mo/ abysmal dep?s1 z if turpitude 7 9 hon\r & au?ority & z if sov]eignty _h be5 transf]r$ f ! exalt$ to ! mean--9 fact z if ! _w 9 ! fullness ( its joy 7 cry+1 ,i h conceal$ ! good & br\ght ! evil to light4 ,:51 h[ev]1 ,i reflect$ on ! _w & its condition & on ! fact t man1 al?\gh he is ! noble/ & =emo/ ( creatures 9 x1 is /ill 9 spite ( 8 em95t position1 subject to "o mis]y aft] ano!r & t ?is is 8 notori\s peculi>ity s t :oev] has ev5 a tittle ( reason mu/ be conv9c$ t a human be+ is unable to help himself & to ex]t = 8 salvation1--?is greatly a/oni%$ me1 z fur!r consid]ation told me t he is deb>r$ f salvation only because ( ! small mis]able enjoym5ts ( smell1 ta/e1 sight1 he>+ & feel+ ( :i* he may receive a fraction or enjoy a p>ticle b :i* is insignificant be+ s transi5t4 ,he is1 h[ev]1 s mu* tak5 up ) x t on its acc\nt he does n tr\ble himself = ! salvation ( 8 s\l4 ,!n ,i look$ = a similitude = ?is behavi\r ( human be+s & f\nd ! foll[+3 ,a c]ta9 p]son 0 flee+ f a dang] into a well & susp5d$ himself by cl++ to two bran*es :i* grew on its edge1 8 feet /rik+ aga9/ some?+ :i* support$ !m4 ,:5 he look$ r\nd !re 7 f\r s]p5ts :i* 7 project+ _! heads f _! holes4 ,z he look$ into ! bottom ( ! well he notic$ a dragon ) its jaws op5 expect+ him to fall 8 prey4 ,& z he turn$ 8 head up to ! bran*es he obs]v$ at _! roots a black & a :ite m\se :i* 7 ceaselessly gnaw+ at bo?4 ,:ile he 0 contemplat+ ! situation & ca/+ ab\t = a means ( escape he descri$ ne> him a holl[ ) bees t _h made "s honey4 ,?is he ta/$ & he 0 s mu* absorb$ 9 its delici\sness t he no m ?\ght ( ! condition he 0 9 & t he mu/ devise "s contrivance ( escape4 ,he became oblivi\s ( ! fact t 8 feet re/$ aga9/ f\r s]p5ts & t he did n "k :i* w\ld attack him fir/1 =got t ! two mice 7 )\t cessation nibbl+ at ! b\ghs by :i* he 0 hang+1 & t z soon z !y _h gnaw$ !m ?r\gh he w\ld drop into ! jaws ( ! dragon4 ,& s 9 8 he$lessness he yield$ to ! enjoym5t ( ! me$ till he p]i%$4 ,i comp>$ ! well ) ! _w :i* is brimful ( all mann] ( h>m & t]rible p]ils1 ! f\r snakes ) ! f\r hum\rs :i* con/itute ! physical basis ( man1 b :i*1 %\ld !y be excit$1 prove mortal poison2 ! bran*es to life1 ! black & :ite mice to night & day :i* 9 p]petual alt]nation consume our lifetime2 ! dragon ) dea? inevitable2 ! honey to ! p>ticle ( joy :i* man d]ives f 8 s5ses ( smell1 ta/e1 sight1 he>+ & feel+1 b :i* makes him oblivi\s ( himself & all 8 circum/ances & decoy away f ! pa? to emancipation4 ,s circum/anc$ ,i f\nd myself1 & endeav\r$ to conduct myself ) z mu* rectitude z possible 9 ! hope once aga9 to exp]i5ce a "t :5 ,i %\ld acquire a guide = myself & help = my cause4 ,i rema9$ 9 ?is /age till ,i return$ f ,india to my homel& aft] ,i _h made a copy ( ?is book & a few m4 ,,app5dix ,,iv ,,! ,,trial ,,( ,,af%944 ,a ,,disguis$ ,,zoroa/rian ,,g5]al4 ,af%9 0 a ,zoroa/rian at he>t4 ,8 trial & condemnation are ref]r$ to by ,br[ne1 ,lit]>y ,hi/ory ( ,p]sia4 ,i take ! acc\nt direct f ,tab>i4 ,x is to be f\nd also 9 ,ibn ,a?ir & ,ibn ,khaldun4 ,! legal proc$ure reveals prom95tly ! condition "u :i* pr(ess$ non-,moslems liv$--religi\s lib]ty 0 grant$ to !m4 ,note t x 0 possible to *a/ise ecclesia/ical (fic]s l ,imams & ,muezz9s because ( _! int]f]5ce ) ! religi\s practices ( non-,moslems4 ,obs]ve ! "p play$ by a ,mob$ at a crim9al trial conduct$ accord+ to ,muhammadan usages4 ,! ,zoroa/rian prie/1 :o subsequ5tly embrac$ ,islam1 comes =w>d to give evid5ce aga9/ ! mo/ puissant b cov]t co-religioni/ ( 8 times4 ,x has be5 relat$ by ,h>un son ( ,isa1 son ( ,mansur z foll[s3--,i 0 pres5t 9 ! h\se ( ,muatisim & !re 7 !re ,ahmad b9 ,ali ,dawud & ,i%aq b9 ,ibrahim son ( ,masab & ,muhammad b9 ,abdal ,maliq al ,zayyad4 ,!y !n br\ght ,af%9 :o 0 yet n 9 rigor\s imprisonm5t1 & !re 7 pres5t p :o 7 prep>$ to cause ,af%9 to %$ te>s4 ,!re 0 nobody 9 ! h\se belong+ to any high position except ! sons ( ,mansur1 =1 ! p _h left4 ,^? pres5t 7 ,muhammad b9 ,abdal ,maliq al ,zayyad & !re 7 ,mazy>1 ! rul] ( ,tab>i/an1 ! ,mob$1 & ! ,m>zban son ( ,urke%1 "o ( ! *iefta9s ( ,sughd1 & two p f among ! ,sughdians4 ,!n ,muhammad ,ibn ,abdal ,maliq call$ ! two p ^: clo!s 7 torn & ask$ !m h[ !y 74 ,!y !n uncov]$ _! backs :i* 7 torn ( ! fle%4 ,muhammad turn+ to ,af%9 ask$ ,d y "k ^!8 ,yes1 ?is man is ! ,mauzz9 & ?is1 "o is ! ,imam :o made a mosque at ,a%ru%ana1 & ,i /ruck ea* ( !m a ?\s& la%es1 & t 0 because !re 0 a cov5ant betwe5 myself & ! k+s ( ,sughd includ+ a clause to ! effect t ,i %\ld leave ea* community to its own religion4 ,b ^! two p attack$ a %r9e :i* _h images 9 x1 a %r9e :i* 0 at ,a%ru%na1 & !y took out ! images & turn$ ! %r9e into a mosque4 ,i !re=e /ruck !m "o ?\s& la%es = ?is transgression ( !irs4 ,!n ,muhammad ask$ ,af%91 ,:at is ! book :i* y h got :i* y h adorn$ ) gold & gems & brocade8 ,its cont5ts are impi\s ) ref]5ce to ,god8 ,af%9 repli$1 ,?is is a book :i* ,i h inh]it$ f my fa!r & x conta9s ! mann]s ( ! ,p]sians1 & z reg>ds ! impiety to :i* y ref] ,i take advantage ( ! book 9 s f> z ! mann]s are conc]n$ & ,i leave all ! re/4 ,& ,i f\nd x bejewell$ & z !re 0 no occasion = me to take (f ! gems ,i left x z x 0 j z y h left ) y\rself ! book ,kalileh & ,dimneh & ! ,book ( ,mazdak 9 y\r h\se4 ,= ,i don't ?9k ! book w\ld make me lose my ,islam4 ,!n came =w>d ! ,mob$ & ref]r+ to ,af%9 said1 ,?is man is us$ to eat+ animals t h be5 /rangl$ & he sugge/$ ! eat+ ( x to me alleg+ t ! fle% 0 m fre% ?an ! fle% ( slaught]$ animals4 ,& he us$ to kill a black goat e ,w$nesday & te>+ x up ) 8 sword he w\ld pass ?r\gh ! two halves1 & he w\ld !n eat ! fle%4 ,& "o day he told me1 ',i h ent]$ ?is community ,islam ) ref]5ce to e detail ( !irs :i* ,i hate s t ,i h eat5 ( olive oil1 h ridd5 on camels1 h put on ! ,arabian %oes1 b al?\gh ,i h gone to ?is ext5t ,i h n 9 any way be5 injur$ & no h>m has come to me3 nor h ,i _h myself circumcis$4' ,!n ,af%9 said ,let me "k z reg>ds ?is man :o is speak+ ^! words :e!r he is a /aun* believ] 9 8 own religion4 ,n[ ! ,mob$ 0 a ,magian :o subsequ5tly receiv$ ,islam at ! in/ance ( ! ,khalif ,mutawakkil & rep5t$ ( 8 previ\s belief4 ,!y repli$1 ,no4 ,af%9 !n said1 ,:at is ! mean+ ( y\r adduc+ ! evid5ce ( a man :o is n firm 9 8 own fai?8 ,!n turn+ to ! ,mob$ ,af%9 said1 ,0 !re betwe5 y\r h\se & my h\se any door or any hole ?r\gh :i* y c\ld look at me & le>n my movem5ts8 ,no1 said ! ,mob$4 ,af%9 !n ask$1 ,0 ,i n !n introduc+ y into my private affairs & in=m+ y reg>d+ my ,p]sian nationality & my incl9ation t[>ds x & t[>ds ! p ( ! race8 ,yes1 said ! ,mob$4 ,said ,af%91 ,n[ y are n firm 9 y\r own religion1 & y are n fai?ful to y\r promise :5 y h reveal$ ! secret confid$ by me to y4 ,!n ! ,mob$ )drew & ! ,m>zban turn$ up4 ,af%9 0 ask$ :e!r he knew him1 & said ,no4 ,!n ! ,m>zban 0 ask$ :e!r he knew ,af%9 & said ,yes4 ,?is is ,af%94 ,af%9 0 !n told t ?is 0 ! ,m>zban & ! ,m>zban turn+ to ,af%9 said2 ,oh cut?roat1 :y d y prev>icate & %uffle8 ,af%9 said1 ,oh y long-be>d$ "o1 :at are y talk+8 ,! ,m>zban said ,h[ d p "u y\r jurisdiction address y :5 !y write to y8 ,af%9 repli$2 ,j 9 ! way !y us$ to write to my fa!r & gr&fa!r4 ,!n tell u ! way4 ,no1 ,i won't4 ,d n ! p ( ,a%ru%na write to y 9 su* & su* a way8 ,n[1 does ?is n mean 9 ,arabic1 'to ! high ,god f 8 slave s & s8' ,ibn ,khaldun is "h cle>] ?an ,tab>i4 ,! t]m us$ 0 ,khoday :i* 9 ,p]sian meant ,"l1 applicable equally to ,god & any high dignit>y4 ,! orig9al ',pahlavi' title ( ! ,%ahnameh 0 ,khodaynameh4 ,yes4 ,muhammad ,ibn ,abdal ,maliq ask$ ^u ?is1 ,d !y tol]ate su* a ?+8 ,= :at great] blasphemy w\ld be left to ,ph>aoh to commit :o sugge/$ to 8 p ',i am y\r ,god ! ,highe/4'8 ,af%9 repli$1 ,?is 0 ! cu/om ( ! p 9 my fa!r's & gr&fa!r's times & x 0 also ! cu/om ) me be=e ,i embrac$ ,islam4 ,& !n ,i did n l t ,i %\ld l[] myself be=e !m4 ,= !n ,i %\ld h lo/ _! allegiance & ! ob$i5ce t !y ow$ me4 ,^u ?is ,i%aq ,ibn ,ibrahim ,ibn ,musab said1 ,fie1 fie on y1 ,hyd]4 ,af%9 is sometimes ref]r$ to z ,hyd]4 ,!n turn$ up ,mazy> ! *ief ( ,tab>i/an & ,af%9 0 ask$ :e!r he knew him4 ,he said ,no4 ,mazy> 0 ask$ if he knew ,af%94 ,!n !y told him t ?is 0 ,mazy>4 ,yes1 ,i "k him n[4 ,did y ev] h correspond5ce ) him8 ,no4 ,!n turn+ to ! ,m>zban !y ask$1 ,did he ev] write to y8 ,yes1 said ,mazy>1 ,8 bro!r ,kha% us$ to write to my bro!r ,quhy> to ! effect t ?is spl5did religion ( !irs w h help f nobody except himself1 ,quhy> & ,babak4 ,9 ! sequel ,tab>i relates h[ :5 ,af%9's h\se 0 se>*$1 aft] he 0 />v$ to dea?1 among o!r incrim9at+ articles a book 0 discov]$ sumptu\sly b\nd & b$eck$ ) gems :i* relat$1 to ! old fai? ( ,iran4 ,,app5dix ,v ,,noeldeke',s ,,introduction ,,to ,,tab>i4 ,! ,arabs h long be5 cr$it$ ) ma9ta9+ le>n+ & civilisation 9 g5]al :5 ,europe 0 slumb]+ 9 its d>k ages4 ,hi/ory z a sci5ce 0 r>ely kn[n ev5 to ! gift$ ,h9dus4 ,! ,arabs cultivat$ x ) peculi> en?usiasm4 ,wu/5feld has collect$ ! lives ( #eij hi/orians1 ! fir/ ( :om di$ 9 ! ye> #ej1 & ! la/ 0 born 9 #ajfa ,a4,h4 ,b x is n[ prov$ beyond all d\bt t _m ( ^! writ]s 7 ,p]sians :o employ$ ! ,arabic language & t ! art ( ,arab annali/s _h its root 9 ! ar*ives ( ! ,sasanians4 ,we owe ?is discov]y to ,goldzih] & ,von ,kremm] 9 ! fir/ in/ance1 & to ,brockelmann1 ,br[ne1 ,blo*et & ,hu>t :o h done ample ju/ice to ! ,iranian elem5t 9 ,arab culture4 ,"o ( ! be/ ( ^! hi/ories is by ,tab>i4 ,noeldeke translat$ 9 #ahgi1 ! portion relat+ to ! ,sasanians into ,g]man1 & add$ footnotes to 8 translation1 :i* are a m9e ( in=mation on pre-,moslem ,p]sia4 ,! introduction :i* he wrote to 8 translation is equally valuable especially = ! light x ?r[s on ! s\rces ( ,firdausi4 ,! foll[+ is a translation ( t ,g]man introduction by ,noeldeke4 ,tab>i 0 a mo/ prolific au?or & is report$ to h writt5 daily =ty %eets = =ty ye>s4 ,he 0 ( pure ,iranian desc5t ,g4,k4,n4 ,sid5ote3 ,tab>i's me?od4 ,abu ,jaf> ,muhamm$ b9 ,j>ir born 9 ! w9t] ( #hci at ,amul n f> f ! ,caspian ,sea 9 ! ,p]sian ,prov9ce ( ,tab>i/an1 h5ce call$ ,tab>i1 & :o di$ 9 ,baghdad on ! #ag? ,febru>y #ibc1 wrote _m1 p>tly v l>ge1 works 9 ! ,arabic language1 among !m an extremely volum9\s *ronicle1 :i* rea*es f ! creation d[n to ne>ly ! close ( 8 life4 ,tab>i1 ma9ly occupi$ ) !ological tradition1 0 no man ( orig9al rese>* or ( hi/orical acum5 ev5 9 ! s5se appli$ to a few o!r ,p]sian s*ol>s 9 ^? c5turies4 ,8 annals are a compilation1 a mass ( ri* mat]ial put toge!r ) extraord9>y indu/ry4 ,he does n "w into unity ! v>i\s v]sions 9 8 div]g5t s\rces1 b simply br+s !m up 9 ord] "o aft] ano!r4 ,b x is j ?is circum/ance :i* consid]ably enhances 9 our eyes ! value ( ! "w2 = 9 ?is way ! old] reports !mselves are pres]v$ m fai?fully ?an if ! *ronicl] _h lab\r$ to reconcile !m "o ) ! o!r4 ,sid5ote3 ,ab\nds 9 extracts f ,arab & ,iranian pr$ecessors1 b does n m5tion 8 s\rces4 ,! pr9cipal value ( ,tab>i's compilation consi/s 9 ! extremely exhau/ive pres5tation ( ! hi/ory ( ,islam f ! fir/ appe>ance ( ! ,prophet2 no o!r ,arabic "w 9 ?is respect c comp>e ) 84 ,! pre-,islamic hi/ory comprises1 may be1 a tw5tie? portion ( ! :ole "w & gives a v groat deal ( :at we w\ld r be )\t4 ,( ! highe/ mom5t1 h[ev]1 is ! tol]ably detail$ section on ! hi/ory ( ! ,sasanides & _! times embodi$ 9 x1 & ^: ,g]man translation =ms ! text ( our book4 ,?is section goes back p>tly to good ,arabic records & mo/ly1 at lea/ m$iately1 to v important anci5t ,p]sian s\rces4 ,b ! /ories f ! my?ological & hi/orical traditions :i* appe> scatt]$ 9 ,tab>i 9 proce$+ sections h a cognate orig94 ,if ! criticism ( ! s\rces is "h v mu* facilitat$ on ! "o h&1 because ^! ori5tals :]e !y exc]pt love to adh]e1 z f> z possible1 to ! lett] ( _! models or s\rces1 x is on ! o!r1 r5d]$ difficult because ,tab>i does n m5tion 8 imm$iate au?orities4 ,only 9 reports ( !ological int]e/1 to :i* ! :ole ( ! hi/ory ( ! gr[? ( ,islam belongs1 he proce$s to indicate 8 s\rces ) precision2 o!rwise he cites at ! be/ an old au?ority come d[n to him only obliquely1 & 9 mo/ cases none at all4 ,?r\gh\t ! ,p]sian hi/ory he nev] names an au?ority1 b>r+ ,hi%am1 :om he quotes "h & !re & :o 0 an ackn[l$g$ au?ority 9 ano!r prov9ce ( tradition4 ,sid5ote3 ,/ory ( ,p]sia bas$ on indig5\s orig9al "w4 ,sid5ote3 ,occasional id5tity ( ,firdausi & ,tab>i4 ,! /ory ( ,p]sia f ! fir/ my?ical ,k+s to ! la/ ( ! ,sasanides exhibits 9 ,tab>i1 z 9 alli$ ,arabic works1 a c]ta9 simil>ity ( conception & pres5tation :i* leads to ! assumption ( an indig5\s orig9al "w at lea/ respect+ a v l>ge portion4 ,n[ ! ,%ahnameh ( ! great poet ,firdausi1 a national epic ( ! k9d :i* no o!r p possess1 :ile x on "o h&1 ap>t f ! poetic lic5se indulg$ 9 by ,firdausi1 conta9s mu* t is ei!r n f\nd at all or is ess5tially diff]5tly relat$ 9 ,arab writ]s2 on ! o!r1 consid]ably accords ) ^? ,arab annali/s 9 ! ord]1 9 ! :ole /ructure1 & 9 ! details ( ! n>rative4 ,inde$ ! poet (t5 reproduces almo/ ! id5tical phraseology ( ! hi/orian4 ,b n[ s9ce accord+ to bo? tradition & int]nal gr\nds ,firdausi's bases 7 n ,arabic books1 ! co9cid5ce mu/ be expla9$ f a common ultimate s\rce4 ,! orig9al "w has be5 reflect$ to u 9 ,tab>i & o!r ,arabs z well z ,firdausi ?r\gh a s]ies ( int]m$iate texts4 ,to judge by ! express /atem5ts & sugge/ions z also by v>i\s features 9 /yle & phraseology & fur!r by all t we are aw>e ( t\*+ ! circum/ances ( ! lit]ature we c say ) c]ta9ty t1 t orig9al "w l all o!r ,p]sian n>rative productions ( ! ,sasanides & ( ! p]iod ( ,arab conque/ 0 compos$ 9 ! writt51 language ( ?is p]iod1 ! ,pahlavi4 ,! mo/ important connect$ pres5tm5t ( ,p]sian hi/ory 9 ,pahlavi to :i* our reports g back is no d\bt ! ,khoday ,nameh1 i4e41 ! ,book ( ,lords a title :i* answ]s to ! subsequ5t ,%ah ,nameh or ,book ( ,k+s4 ,hamza m5tions t "n4 ,! prose introduction to ,f]dausi says t ! ,book ( ,k+s 0 writt5 fir/ ( all at ! in/ance ( ,khu%rau ,i ,ano%irwan1 b t ! complete /ory 0 compil$ only "u ,yazdeg]d ,,iii by ! ,dihkan ,dani%w>4 ,?is "w :i* x w\ld n be too bold to id5tify ) ! ,koday ,nameh began ) ! primeval k+1 ,gayom>?1 & rea*$ d[n to ! t]m9ation ( ! reign ( ,khu%rau ,,ii1 surnam$ ,p>wez4 ,al?\gh ?is introduction to ,f]dausi dates b f ! fifte5? c5tury1 & z = details is disfigur$ by inaccuracies & fictions1 ,i atta* weight to :at x indicates respect+ ! "t ( its composition4 ,9 fact ! concord ( ! n>rative 9 ! v>i\s s\rces rea*es d[n to ! dea? ( ,p>wez & !n abruptly ceases2 :ile !re are no ve/iges to demon/rate t ! completion ( ! orig9al "w 0 br\ght ab\t subsequ5t to ! victory ( ! ,arabs4 ,& ! legitimi/ic nature ( ! /ory ,is especially 9 keep+ ) ! times :5 usurpation & insurrections ( all sorts _h run _! c\rse1 & :5 ! p look$ =w>d )1 ! inauguration ( ! rule ( ! y\?ful gr&son1 ( ,p>wez1 :o 0 cr[n$ at ! sacr$ place :]e ! dyna/y took its rise1 to an era ( prosp]ity to ! anci5t mon>*y1--a hope :i* 0 fe>fully cru%$ ) ! loss ( ! battle ( ,kadisiya t[>ds ! close ( #fcg4 ,aga9 ! replies made by ! imprison$ k+ :i* h be5 reproduc$ 9 diff]5t s\rces suit ! times ( ! ,yezeg]d :o desc5d$ f ,khusrau ,,ii & n ,%]oe1 ,khusrau's brilliant c>e] despite its %ady side /rongly contra/$ ) ! p]iod u%]$ 9 by ! patricide4 ,a small piece ( writ+ :i* depicts ! fir/ /ormy ye>s ( ,khusrau's dom9ation 9 a romantic fa%ion seems to h aris5 ab\t ! same "t4 ,i am less c]ta9 ab\t ! "n ,dani%w>4 ,x 0 probably an adjective signify+ possess$ ( k4 ,x 0 easy = anyone :o knew f ,firdausi t ! l&$ nobility call$ ! ,dihkan con/itut$ ! peculi> cu/odians ( national lore to "n a le>n$ ,dihkan z ! collector ( ! /ones ( k+s4 ,! compilation prep>$ at ! "t _h und\bt$ly drawn ^u writt5 docum5ts )\t :i* ,x w\ld h be5 impossible to give m9ute p>ticul>s ( a long by-gone pa/4 ,besides ! brief notices communicat$ by ! ,syrian ,s]gius to ,aga?ias f ! ,basilika apomnemoneiumata are 9 ! ma9 9 unison ) our ,arabo-,p]sian /ories4 ,?us !n 9 ,khu%ro's "t !re exi/$ a g5]al survey ( ! hi/ory ( ,p]sia m or less 9 an (ficial v]sion4 ,b o!rwise !re is no ne$ to lay /ress on ! m5tion ( ,khu%rau "h1 = all mann] ( ?+s b5eficial & good are ascrib$ to ?is k+4 ,sid5ote3 ,nature ( ! ,khoday ,nameh4 ,! book ( k+s conta9s1 z we said1 ! /ory ( ,p]sia f ! creation ( ! _w to ! fall ( ! la/ purely national dom9ation4 ,x made no di/9ction betwe5 :olly my?ical1 semi-fabul\s1 & fully hi/orical dyna/s1 s t ! ,arabs & ,p]sians :o drew ^u x nev] suspect$ t e4g41 ,ho%ang & ,ru/am are n su* hi/orical p]sons z ,%ahpur ,i & ,bahram ,*ob94 ,b 9 ! mat]ial itself we notice a conspicu\s diff]5ce4 ,! my?ical tales :i* 9 _! crude nasc5t =ms 7 already !re at ! p]iod ( ! ,ave/a 7 9 c\rse ( "t ri*ly develop$ & "u ! ,sasanides 7 no d\bt univ]sally kn[n4 ,to ^! 7 jo9$ ecclesia/ical speculation & traditions conc]n+ ! g5esis ( ! _w1 civilisation & ! legislation ( ,zoroa/]4 ,!re 7 also sev]al g5ealogical trees4 ,9 all ^! at ! mo/ a few prop] names 7 hi/orical4 ,( ! empires ( ! ,m$es & ( ,p]sians prop] ?is tradition _h no k4 ,x is d\btful if x conta9$ ev5 q a feeble reflex ( ! la/ days ( ! ,a*aem9ides4 ,on to ?is anci5t auto*?on\s tradition 0 imm$iately jo9$ ! /ory ( ! la/ ,d>ius & ,alex&] emanat+ f a =eign s\rce1 ! ,greek romance ( ,alex&]4 ,n m ?an a few names 0 all t 0 pres]v$ ( ! long p]iod cov]+ ! ,mac$onian & ! ,p>?ian supremacy4 ,) ! ,sasanides ! national rem9isc5ces became cle>]4 ,r\nd ! f\nd] ( ! dyna/y 7 accret$1 on ! "o h&1 leg5ds :olly fabul\s & on ! o!r1 su* z embodi$ excell5t hi/orical data4 ,b ! latt] seem to be inadequately repres5t$ 9 ! ma9 "w1 ! ,khodayname4 ,aga9 v few p>ticul>s 7 kn[n ( ! reigns ( ! succe$+ sov]eigns d[n to ,yezdeg]d ,i4 ,9 ! *apt]s :i* correspond to ^? ( ! old ,book ( ,k+s j ?is want ( actual in=mation1 x seems1 ! compil]s /rove to veil beh9d rhetorical acc\nts ( sc5es ( homage done to ! rul]s1 imp]ial spee*es f ! ?rone1 etc4 ,= ! foll[+ ages on !re 01 9 g5]al1 good1 p>tly v au!ntic in=mation4 ,b ?is entire pres5tm5t did n conc]n itself solely ) v]acity4 ,! ,iranians :o f v remote antiquity extravagantly laud$ tru?1 _h 9 reality nev] any great s5se ( x4 ,! ,khoday ,nameh & k9dr$ productions 7 unfairly biass$ & rhetorical4 ,! ornam5tal & figurative +r$i5ts are indicat$ ev5 by ! ,arabic reproductions1 ?\gh ! latt] are greatly cond5s$4 ,a classic te/imony to x has be5 k9dly communicat$ to me by ,b>on ,von ,ros5 :i* is a passage f a ,pet]sb]g manuscript ( ,albayan ,wattaby9 ( ,jahiz 9 :i* ! ,%uubiya or ! ,p]sians1 :o1 ?\gh ,muslims plac$ _! nation above ! ,arabs say3 ,& he :o is int]e/$ 9 reason1 f9e culture1 k ( ranks1 examples & p5alties1 9 elegant expressions & sup]lative ?\ghts1 let him ca/ a glance at ! ,hi/ory 7m prop]ly ! ,vitae7 ( ,k+s4 ,hi/ory ( ! ,k+s1 ,siy>-ul ,muluk1 is ! title ( ! ,arabic r5d]+ ( ! ,book ( ,k+s 9 ,pahlavi4 ,comp>e likewise ,hamza's rem>ks on ! works on ,p]sian hi/ory4 ,i h lab\r$ to %[ ! p>tiality ( ! ,p]sian tradition 9 ! footnotes4 ,! n>rative is conceiv$ 9 a mon>*ical & legitimi/ic _s1 b equally all along f ! view po9t ( ! sup]ior nobility & ! cl]gy4 ,add to ?is ! ex]tions to cry up z mu* z possible ! glory ( ,p]sia :i* sometimes produces a /range effect4 ,moreov]1 !re mu/ h be5 no lack ( contradictions z to facts z well z respect+ e/imates ( p]sonal "* :i* 0 inevitable ow+ to ! employm5t ( v>y+ s\rces4 ,nev]!less a "w l ?is writt5 "u ! ,sasanides & famili> ) ! /ate ( ?+s obta9+ 9 ! empire & m or less ( an (ficial nature1 mu/ h be5 an admirable f\nt ( hi/ory4 ,!re 0 h>dly ev] a bett] pres5tm5t ( ! /ory ( ?is h\se ?an ! ,khoday-,nameh4 ,i h translat$ ! entire passage f ! s9ce pr9t$ text4 ,see p4 #agj4--;,g4,k4,n4 ,s9ce1 b>r+ ! small book treat+ ( ,arde%ir's adv5tures1 no orig9al ,pahlavi docum5t 9 ! doma9 ( hi/orical or romantic lit]ature has desc5d$ to u & ev5 ! ,arabic rec5sions made directly f ! orig9al g5]al hi/ory 9 ,pahlavi h p]i%$1 we are altoge!r left 9 unc]ta9ty t\*+ _m mo/ important po9ts4 ,we _c1 = in/ance1 asc]ta9 :e!r alongside ( ! ,khoday-,nameh !re exi/$ also o!r g5]al cont9u\s n>rations or :e!r ! deviations1 :i* are = ! mo/ "p trifl+1 9 "s cases ( great mom5t1 already exi/$ 9 ! ,pahlavi "w or are traceable to v>i\s rec5sions ( t book4 ,x w\ld n be ra%1 to assume t "s copies ( ! "w conta9$ additional matt] tak5 f o!r ,pahlavi books l ! ,romance ( ,bahram4 ,bahram ! high prie/ ( ! city ( ,%apur collect$1 accord+ to ,hamza1 m ?an #bj manuscripts ( ! ,khoday-,nameh & f _! div]g5ce made out ano!r indep5d5t rec5sion4 ,musa ,ibn ,isa ,kesravi compla9s ( ! v>iants 9 ! copies ( ! "w2 ! latt] au?or :o speaks ( defects 9 translation has 9 view only ! ,arabic r$actions4 ,! text1 h[ev]1 ( ,tab>i1 at all ev5ts & m s a comp>ison ( ,tab>i & o!r ,arabs ) "o ano!r & ) ,firdausi exhibits t entire sections ( ! ,hi/ory ( ,k+s 7 already 9 ! ,pahlavi orig9al 9 ess5tially diff]5t %apes4 ,o!rwise1 x w\ld n be possible1 = in/ance1 t :]e ,tab>i (f]s two diff]5t v]sions1 "o %\ld h>monise ) ,euty*ius & ,ibn ,kotaiba 7d]iv$ f ! translation ( ,ibn ,mukaffa7 & ! o!r %\ld agree ) ! ,arab ,yakubi & (t5 ) ,firdausi1 :o goes back to ! ,pahlavi text n directly b m$iately ?r\gh compositions 9 mod]n ,p]sian4 ,x is v important = a k ( ! hi/ory t ?us we h at our comm& all mann] ( dissonant reports ab\t ! ,sasanide epo*4 ,b we h to obs]ve all ! same t ! "* & ! t5d5cy ( ! sev]al v]sions are almo/ all along consi/5t & fur!r m t (t5 we h m rec5sions ?an "o :i* diff] b little & :i* h "o & ! same gr\nd-"w or prototype4 ,! "q :e!r ?is diff]5ce is old] or y\ng] ?an ! ,khoday-,nameh has m lit]>y ?an hi/orical significance4 ,sid5ote3 ,translation ( ,khoday-,nameh into ,arabic4 ,its g5]al fidelity to ! orig9al4 ,sid5ote3 ,! ,arabic translation may be piec$ toge!r f v>i\s s\rces4 ,we %\ld decide all ?is ) mu* m c]ta9ty did we possess b "o direct r5d]+ made f ! ,pahlavi into ,arabic4 ,above all we h to deplore ! loss ( ,ibn ,mukaffa's hi/ory ( ,p]sian ,k+s :i* is always assign$ ! fir/ place among translations ( ! ,p]sian ,book ( ,k+s by ,hamza & o!r au?orities4 ,?is di/+ui%$ man :o only late 9 life ex*ang$ ! fai? ( 8 =be>s = t ( ,islam1 & :o nev] pr(ess$ ! latt] ) ov] mu* zeal1 translat$ a s]ies ( ,pahlavi writ+s into ,arabic includ+ ! ,khoday-,nameh4 ,he 0 a c\rti]1 & pass$ = a good ,arabic poet & "o ( ! be/ rhetorical writ]s ( 8 "t4 ,! fam\s ,wazir ,ibn ,mukla c\nt$ him among ! t5 mo/ eloqu5t m54 ,he mu/ consequ5tly h /riv5 to suit 8 r5d]+ ( ! book ( ,p]sian k+s to ! ta/e ( 8 contempor>ies4 ,b we h no suffici5t gr\nds to assume t he introduc$ arbitr>y & mat]ial alt]ations into 8 translations or ev5 t he greatly elaborat$ ! rhetorical passages ( ! orig9al text or inve/$ !m ) an altoge!r diff]5t g>b4 ,su* a suspicion is contradict$ by ! co9cid5ces ) o!r s\rces :i*1 l ,firdausi1 are indep5d5t ( him4 ,!re is little probability ( ,ibn ,mukaffa's "w be+ aga9 br\ght to light 9 its entirety4 ,b on ! o!r h&1 x w inde$ be possible to ga!r toge!r 9 c\rse ( "t m & m /ray passages belong+ to ! book2 ?\gh x is to be fe>$1 un=tunately t ^! fragm5ts w prove m to be pres]v$ z ef=ts ( rhetoric ?an because ( _! intr9sic value4 ,a few extracts ( ?is nature we f9d 9 ,ibn ,kotaiba's ,oyun-al ,akhb>4 ,among ^! citations :i* ,i owe to ! goodness ( ,ros51 !re is "o tol]ably long on ! dea? ( ,p]oz4 ,n[ ! same fragm5t1 little curtail$1 is 9 ! *ronicle ( ,said b9 ,batrik or ,euty*ius1 ! patri>* ( ,alex&ria4 ,we %\ld1 !re=e1 be incl9$ f ! fir/ to d]ive o!r in=mation 9 ,euty*ius on ! ,sasanides f ,ibn ,mukaffa4 ,& our pr$isposition is support$ by ! circum/ance t ! hi/ory ( ! dyna/y z giv5 9 a manual by ! same ,ibn ,kotaiba & :i* is /yl$ ,kitab al ,ma>if1 brief z x is1 betrays z 9 ! in/ance ( ! reign ( ,p]oz1 all ?r\gh su* an h>mony ) ,euty*ius t "h two indep5d5t au?ors mu/ necess>ily h drawn ^u "o & ! same orig9al2 & t orig9al s\rce c be no o!r ?an ! production ( ,ibn ,mukaffa4 ,! ab/ract 9 ,euty*ius is v unequal be+ 9 "s p>ts exhau/ive1 9 o!rs mu* abridg$4 ,! n>rations z pres]v$ 9 ,tab>i1 :i* correspond to ! /atem5ts 9 ,euty*ius & ,ibn ,kotaiba & :i* consequ5tly g back to ,ibn ,mukaffa1 are ( a simil> nature ?\gh ,tab>i gives 9 addition o!r p>allel reports4 ,tab>i1 h[ev]1 did n himself use ,ibn ,mukaffa's "w1 b = ! ,hi/ory ( ,p]sia1 among o!r au?orities1 employ$ by pref]5ce a y\ng] "w :i* repres5t$ ano!r v]sion toge!r ) exc]ts f ! =m]4 ,?is c be inf]r$ f ! fact t ! anonym\s ,codex ,spr5g]s #cj1 :i* & ,tab>i are mutually indep5d5t1 %[s q ! same comb9ation ( two ma9 s\rces & s f> z ! section 9 "q goes1 c be utilis$ & treat$ z a new manuscript ( ,tab>i4 ,bo? h reli$ almo/ to ! lett] ^u ! pres5tm5t :i* emanat$ p>tly f ,ibn ,mukaffa & p>tly f ano!r translator ) ! only diff]5ce t ! anonym\s writ] is (t5] m concise ?an ,tab>i4 ,aga9 ! v]sion :i* does n proce$ f ,ibn ,mukaffa is = ! mo/ "p 9 accord ) ! epitome ( ! /ory ( ! ,sasanides 9 ! introduction to ,yakubi's ,hi/ory ( ! ,abbasides2 !re ! excell5t au?or occasionally subjo9s extrane\s in=mation4 ,m (t5 ?an n ?is pres5tm5t is 9 t\* ) ,f]dausi4 ,i am unable to av] f :om has orig9at$ ?is o!r rec5sion ( ! /ory ( ! ,sasanides4 ,we "k inde$ ! names ( a numb] ( p]sons :o r$act$ ! ,hi/ory ( ,p]sia1 orig9ally 9 ,pahlavi1 = ,arab read]s4 ,b ?\gh we c collect a few notices ( "s ( ! au?ors m5tion$1 we "k no?+ 9 p>ticul> ab\t !m & are completely 9 ! d>k ab\t ! special nature ( _! "w4 ,all t we c po/ulate z e/abli%$ is t !y wrote po/]ior to ,ibn ,mukaffa4 ,! latt] is always m5tion$ 9 ! fir/ place4 ,muhammad b9 ,jahm :o is regul>ly cit$ next aft] him & be>s ! surname ( ,b]maki1 0 a cli5t ( ! ,b>mecides1 :o came to p[] a long :ile aft] ! dea? ( ,ibn ,mukaffa4 ,ifc may be suppos$ t !y all laid "u contribution ! production ( _! celebrat$ pr$ecessor4 ,h[ !y individually set ab\t _! "w1 :e!r p]haps "s ( !m tapp$ non-,p]sian tradition2 also1 h[ f> "o or o!r ( !m utiliz$ ! novels ( :i* !re 7 probably _m 9 ,pahlavi--?is we are no long] 9 a position to det]m9e4 ,aga9 ?is too rema9s a my/]y :5ce ,tab>i came by mo/ ( ! acc\nts t\*+ ! ,p]sians1 :i* are conspicu\s by _! abs5ce 9 ! anonym\s ,codex4 ,to cle> ?is :ole gr\nd x w\ld appe> to be exp$i5t 9 ! fir/ place to set ap>t all t = :i* ,ibn ,mukaffa directly or indirectly is responsible4 ,?is ,i h done 9 ! footnotes b an advance is possible 9 ?is direction4 ,on ! o!r h&1 we mu/ keep ,f]dausi /eadily be=e our eyes4 ,:atev] 9 ,tab>i & o!r ,*ronicl]s does n issue f ,ibn ,mukaffa & is n repres5t$ 9 ,f]dausi likewise m]its special /udy4 ,sid5ote3 ,direct ,s\rces ( ,f]dausi4 ,sid5ote3 ,! ,p]sian prose ,%ahname 0 n d]iv$ f ,arabic b ,pahlavi4 ,a sup]ficial read+ ( ,firdausi w\ld eng5d] ! view t he obta9$ 8 mat]ial p>tly f ,pahlavi books direct & p>tly f ! oral communication ( compet5t r5conteurs4 ,t ?is is only a deceptive illusion we conclude at once f 8 /rong resemblance n only 9 ! ma9 features b also 9 ! details & ! ord]1 ) ,arab writ]s "s ( :om 7 mu* ant]ior to him4 ,firdausi positively knew no ,pahlavi & z = ,arabic he knew next to no?+4 ,he did employ writt5 s\rces prepond]at+ly if n exclusively & ^! 7 9 mod]n ,p]sian4 ,8 pr9cipal au?ority 01 accord+ to ! introduction m5tion$ above1 a translation ( ! old ,book ( ,k+s :i* 0 prep>$ by ,abu ,mansur b9 ,abd> ,razzak b9 ,abdullah b9 ,f]rukh4 ,s f> our in=mation is surely tru/wor?y4 ,=1 ,biruni te/ifies to a ,%ahname by ,abu ,mansur b9 ,abd> ,razzak ( ,tus4 ,accord+ to ! introduction1 ?is man 0 a m9i/] ( ,yakub b9 ,lai? ,saff>1 :o 0 commission$ ) ! "w :i* he accompli%$ ?r\gh a c]ta9 ,sund b9 ,mansur ,mam>i ) ! help ( f\r compet5t p f ,khorasan & ,sagi/an 9 #cfj ,a4,h4 ,! *ronological impossibility involv$ 9 ! figure is remov$ by ,mohl :o em5ds x to #bfj4 ,yakub ibn ,lai? got a foo?old 9 ,khorasan 9 #bec ,a4,h4 & reign$ till #bfe4 ,/ill ?is report involves mu* t is incorrect4 ,t ! unc\? w>rior ,yakub :o 0 p]petually camp+ 9 ! battle fields %\ld h possess$ a s5se = su* a lit]>y und]tak+ is extremely improbable1 ?\gh n altoge!r inconceivable4 ,may be1 he 0 actuat$ by a political design1 b ,abu ,mansur b9 ,abd> ,razzak did n live "u ,yakub b fl\ri%$ two or ?ree g5]ations lat]4 ,= he is ei!r a bro!r ( ,muhammad b9 ,abd> ,razzak ( ,tus or ,muhammad himself4 ,! fir/ surmise has ! weight ( great] likelihood 9 t ! ,/rasburg manuscript calls him once ,abu ,mansur ,ahm$ & ,muhammad _h 9 fact a bro!r nam$ ,ahm$ :o p>ticipat$ 9 8 political man\vres4 ,muhammad 0 ! "l ( ,tus4 ,we he> mu* ab\t him--h[ he 9 ! ye>s ,a4,d4 #ide-ifj /ood up n[ = ! ,samanides1 8 prop] ov]lords1 n[ = _! p[]ful antagoni/ ,ruknadd91 ! ,buide1 ^: capital lay 9 dang]\s proximity to 8 t]ritory4 ,9 ^? days :5 an en?usiasm = ,mod]n ,p]sian 0 /rongly awak5$ ! ent]prize may mo/ appropriately h be5 tak5 9 h&4 ,imm$iately aft] ! ,pr9ces ( ,khorasan plann$ to ca/ ?is prose "w into poetry2 & ?is task 0 fir/ inaugurat$ by ,dakiki = ! ,samanides & br\ght to conclusion by ,f]dausi ( ,tus1 c\ntryman ( ,abu ,mansur b9 ,abd> ,razzak1 = ,mahamud ( ,ghazna4 ,! "n ( ! f\r p :o execut$ ! "w = ! son ( ,abd> ,razzak are all g5u9ely ,p]sian2 :i* indicates t !y 7 all adh]5ts ( ! anci5t religion & t !y _h actully a ,pahlavi orig9al be=e !m4 ,to transf] an ,arabic v]sion into ,mod]n ,p]sian w\ld n h requir$ f\r m54 ,moreov]1 ,firdausi's poem occasionally betrays t 8 s\rces _h n fl[$ to him ?r\gh ,arabic4 ,( ^? m5 "o only is met ) aga91 ,%ahzan son ( ,b>z94 ,he is m5tion$ by ,firdausi at ! head ( 8 acc\nt ( ! g5esis ( ,,kalila ,,wa ,,dimna3 ,li/5 to :at ,%ahzan1 son ( ,b>z9 has said :5 he reveal$ ! secret4 ,because ?is section is an episode :i* assur$ly did n appe> 9 ! ,,khoday-,,nameh1 we may conclude t ! prose ,%ahname on :i* ?is ,%ahzan collaborat$1 embodi$ all mann] ( simil> episodes1 ?\gh ,firdausi may h tak5 sev]al f else:]e4 ,x is an int]e/+ circum/ance t ! pot5tate :o _h ?is "w prep>$ by ,abu ,mansur b9 ,abd> ,razzak1 _h ins]t$--s ,biruni tell u--a fictiti\s g5ealogical tree 9 x :i* l$ up 8 ance/ors to ,m9o*ihr4 ,su* ?+s 7 9 ^? times v common among new m5 ( ,p]sian orig9 :o atta9$ p[]4 ,we are comp5sat$ = ! loss ( ?is prose "w by at lea/ ! epos ( ,f]dausi :i* has issu$ f x4 ,sid5ote3 ,d9aw>i4 ,z ! mo/ important ( extant ,arabic repres5tations ( ! ,khoday-,nameh & ! cognate lit]ature we mu/ reg>d at any rate ,tab>i ,i h already t\*$ ^u ,euty*ius1 ,ibn ,kotaiba1 & ,yakubi4 ,ano!r old *ronicl] ,abu ,hanifa ,ahm$ b9 ,daud ,d9aw>i greatly accords ) ,tab>i b pres5ts also mu* t is peculi> to himself4 ,a clos] exam9ation w\ld no d\bt reveal t he draws consid]ably ^u romances directly or indirectly & t he is n p>ticul>ly accurate4 ,tab>i reproduces ! conflict+ v]sions ( ! same incid5t sep>ately "o aft] ano!r2 ,d9aw>i works !m up into a s+le unifi$ n>rative4 ,sid5ote3 ,hamza4 ,! small book :i* ,hamza ,ispahani wrote 9 #ifa1 conta9s 9 brief mu* indep5d5t in=mation on ! ,sasanides4 ,hamza treats 8 mat]ials 9 a _s ( mu* m fre$om & indep5d5ce ?an ,tab>i1 b to u ! compil+ process ( ,tab>i is f> m conv5i5t4 ,sid5ote3 ,masudi4 ,masudi 9 8 ,mead[s ( ,gold af=ds u _m a supplem5t to ,tab>i's n>ratives d]iv$ f reliable ,p]sian s\rces4 ,b ,masudi works v unequally1 accepts a good deal t is suspici\s provid$ only x is ent]ta9+1 & z reg>ds detail he is by no means ov] exact4 ,z an hi/orical au?ority1 ! ,p]sian r$action ( ,tab>i1 s rem>kable 9 _m ( its aspects1 & a*iev$ by ,muhammad ,belami or by o!rs "u 8 guidance1 has b little value4 ,i designate ?is "w z ,p]sian ,tab>i & h us$ x 9 ! spl5did ,go?a manuscript & 9 ,zot5b]g's ,fr5* translation4 ,i h also consult$ ! ,turki% v]sion ( ,belami 9 a ,go?a ,manuscript4 ,sid5ote3 ,tab>i m valuable ?an ,firdausi4 ,all ^! writ]s & o!rs pres5t u collectively a tol]ably ri* & vivid portrait ( ,p]sian tradition ( ! ,sasanide times4 ,b ! be/ compreh5sive /atem5t ( ! /ory ( ! ,sasanides on ! basis ( ?is tradition is furni%$ u by ,tab>i1 all 8 %ortcom+s not)/&+ & despite ! pre-em95ce :i* ,firdausi's poem possesses z su*4 ,sid5ote3 ,ibn ,kelbi4 ,b 9 8 n>rative ( ?is p]iod ,tab>i _h laid "u contribution reports :i* 7 n ( ,p]sian orig94 ,= ! hi/ory ( ! ,arab pr9ces ( ,hira1 :i* is s intimately relat$ to t ( ! ,p]sian empire1 ,tab>i's *ief au?ority 0 ,hi%am b9 ,muhammad call$ ,ibn ,kelbi a man :o1 l 8 fa!r ,muhammad b9 ,saib ,kelbi be=e him1 has r5d]$1 h[ev] (t5 mod]n criticism may take exception to ! unsci5tific sy/em ( bo? ! writ]s1 ! greate/ s]vice 9 connection ) ! collection ( ! scatt]$ in=mation on ! hi/ory ( anci5t ,arabs4 ,we "k ( a few ( ! num]\s writ+s1 l>ge & small1 ( ,ibn ,kelbi :i* are enum]at$ = u 9 ! ,fihri/ & :i* probably are at ! root ( ,tab>i's *apt]s4 ,x is q possible t ,tab>i borr[s _m ( ! second>y s\rces ( ,ibn ,kelbi4 ,x is surpris+ t ! latt] is cit$ z an au?ority on ! ,p]sian hi/ory itself1 on ! reigns ( ,arde%ir1 ,p]oz1 ,khosrau ,i1 ,h>mizd ,,iv1 ,khosrau ,,ii1 & ,yazdeg]d ,,iii4 ,we are n cognisant ( any "w ( 8 on ! ,hi/ory ( ,p]sia4 ,b x may be conjectur$ t occasionally 9 8 hi/ory ( ,arabia he suppli$ m9ut] details t\*+ contempor>y ,p]sia4 ,an amanu5sis ( 81 ,jabala b9 ,salim1 is notic$ 9 ! ,fihri/ z "o ( ! translators f ,p]sian4 ,ho provid$ 8 ma/] ) mat]ial f ,pahlavi books4 ,= ! ,hi/ory ( ! ,arabs ( t p]iod ,tab>i has us$ a v>iety ( o!r s\rces1 mo/ prom95t among !m be+ ,muhammad ,ibn ,i%ak :o is bett] kn[n z ! biograph] ( ! prophet4 ,9 ?is section ( ,tab>i's great "w m$iately or imm$iately a l>ge am\nt ( div]se in=mation has be5 br\ght toge!r4 ,x is c]ta9ly desirable & to be hop$ t ! criticism ( ! s\rces 9 ?is doma9 w\ld make sub/antial progress4 ,b ! po9t ( greate/ mom5t ev5 "h is to te/ e incid5t or piece ( in=mation accord+ to its orig9 & cr$ibility z ,i h endeav\r$ to d 9 ! footnotes4 ,,app5dix ,,vi ,,lett] ,,( ,,tans> ,,to ,,! ,,k+ ,,( ,,tab>i/an4 ,*ri/5s51 by ! foll[+ reason+1 comes to ! conclusion1 t x 0 writt5 some:]e betwe5 #eeg & #egj4 ,among ! s\rces ( our k ( ! ,sasanian in/itutions1 "o ( ! mo/ important is ! lett] ( ,tans> to ! k+ ( ,tab>i/an publi%$ & translat$ by ,d>me/et] 9 ! ,j\rnal ,asiatique 7#ahid74 ,! in=mation :i* x gives on po9ts :]e we c v]ify x is s exact t we _c d\bt t ! lett] 0 compos$ 9 ! "t ( ! ,sasanians4 ,on ! o!r h&1 on ! fir/ read+ ( ! epi/le ,i =m$ ! impression t x 0 a lit]>y fiction dat+ f ! "t ( ,khusro :5 ! tradition made ( ,arde%ir ! model ( political sagacity & ! f\nd] ( ! entire organisation ( ! empire4 ,! lett] impress$ me z a hi/orical1 !ological1 political & moral diss]tation :i* 9 ! %ape ( a correspond5ce betwe5 ! gr& ,h]b$ ,tans> & ! k+ ( ,tab>i/an1 ill-in=m$ reg>d+ ! new /ate ( affairs & hesitat+ to submit himself to ,arde%ir1 0 calculat$ to in/ruct contempor>ies4 ,x1 !re=e1 fits 9 ) ! entire lit]ature ( ! ,&>z type1 :i* 0 develop$ "u ,khusro & ! object ( x 0 ! moral in/ruction ( ! p4 ,a m m9ute exam9ation has confirm$ me 9 ?is view & n[ ,i ?9k ,i am able to affirm positively t ! lett] 0 compos$ "u ,khusro ,i4 ,tans> relates t ,arde%ir s(t5$ ! p5alties = crimes aga9/ ! religion4 ,=m]ly1 !y us$ to put to dea? )\t hesitation ^? :o set aside ! religion ( ! ,/ate4 ,b ,arde%ir has direct$ t ! accus$ %all be arre/$ & %all be cate*is$ dur+ a ye> & only if t proves ( no effect he %all be kill$4 ,z a matt] ( fact1 ! rigor\s ord9ance :i* aw>d$ ! puni%m5t ( dea? = apo/acy c\ld n h exi/$ be=e ,p>sism became ) ,arde%ir ! ,/ate religion4 ,! relaxation ( puni%m5t1 on ! o!r h&1 dates f a mu* lat] p]iod1 :5 ! /&po9t ( great] humanity began to be preval5t & :5 x 0 attempt$ to give great] au?ority to ^! views by attribut+ !m to ! celebrat$ f\nd] ( ! dyna/y4 ,& we c say ! same ?+ ) ref]5ce to ! less sev]e puni%m5t = crimes committ$ aga9/ ! ,/ate & 9 respect ( o!r ?+s m5tion$ 9 ! lett]4 ,besides1 ! tol]ance 9 matt]s religi\s & ! humanity ( ,khusro ,i are well-kn[n4 ,n[ let u look at ! incid5t ( succession4 ,accord+ to ! lett] ,arde%ir did n l to *oose 8 successor le/ ! latt] %\ld wi% = 8 dea?4 ,s1 he arrang$ = ! succession 9 ! foll[+ mann]4 ,! k+ only left 9 8 royal lett]s a few c\nsels or in/ructions to ! gr& ,mob$1 ! comm&]-9-*ief1 & ! pr9cipal secret>y1 & aft] ! decease ( ! k+ ! latt] 7 to proce$ to elect a successor f among ! royal pr9ces4 ,if !y all 7 n ( ! same m9d ! *oice %\ld re/ ) ! gr& mob$ alone4 ,b ,aide%ir _h made a =mal notes t he 0 n go+ to e/abli% a presid5t !reby1 & t 9 ano!r age a mann] ( look+ at ?+s diff]5t f ours may appe> ! prop] "o4 ,9 ! fir/ place su* an arrangem5t accords ill ) ! nature ( a /atesm5 l ,arde%ir1 = we "k f ,tab>i :o foll[s ! (ficial *ronicle ( ! times ( ! ,sasanians1 t ,arde%ir z well z ,%apur ,i & ,,ii !mselves *ose _! respective successors4 ,b 9 ! times betwe5 ,arde%ir ,,ii & ,kawadh ! election ( ! k+ 0 g5]ally 9 ! h&s ( ! noblem51 & ! sy/em m5tion$ by ,tans> may well h suit$ ?is p]iod & be5 9 h>mony ) ! s+ul> expression ascrib$ to ,arde%ir t ! sy/em 9 "q 0 n a def9ite "o1 & t 9 o!r p]iods1 o!r mann]s might be m conv5i5t4 ,x seems to u t ! lett] ( ,tans> 0 compos$ at a p]iod :5 ! memory ( ! sy/em ( ,arde%ir 0 /ill liv+ al?\gh x _h already be5 aboli%$4 ,9 o!r words1 x 0 ! "t :5 ! k+s _h ga9$ ! p[] to nom9ate _! successors dur+ _! life-"t1 :i* br+s u to ! p]iod betwe5 ,kawadh & ,hormum ,,iv4 ,! lett] makes ,arde%ir say ,none b ! subject k+s :o d n belong to our ,h\se c assume ! title ( k+ b>r+ ! w>d5s ( ! m>*es ( ! t]ritory ( ! ,allans & ! di/ricts 9 ! we/ & ( ,khw>zm4 ,by ! oppression '! w>d5 ( ! mat*es' we mu/ und]/& no d\bt ! m>zbans ( ! c\ntries e/abli%$ by ,khusro4 ,f9ally1 ! geographical notices p]mit u to det]m9e 9 a m exact fa%ion ! "t ( ! orig9 ( ! lett]4444 ,! lett] 0 consequ5tly1 compos$ aft] ! m>* ( ,khusro ,i t[>ds ! ,ea/ by ! de/ruction ( ! ,heph?ahtes1 b be=e ! capture ( ,yem54 t is to say1 betwe5 #eeg-egj4 ,*ri/5s5 f9ally notes t ,m>qu>t has arriv$ at ! same conclusion1 by ano!r way1 namely1 t ! lett] is a fiction ( ! "t ( ,khusro ,i4 7,see ,eran%ahr page #cj1 note #b74 ,,app5dix ,,vii ,"s ,arabic au?ors & ! ,iranian mat]ial !y pres]ve4 ,,iranian ,,mat]ial ,,9 ,,! ,,uyunal ,,akbh> ,,( ,,ibn ,,qotaiba4 ,note1--,brockelmann's edition ( ! ,uyunal ,akhb> is n accessible to me 9 ,india4 ,i h c>efully exam9$ ! fir/ volume ( ! ,cairo ,edition & ! foll[+ w %[ ! weal? ( ,iranian mat]ial compris$ 9 ! book4--,g4,k4,n4 ,:5 ! ,kisra di$ ?is 0 report$ to ! ,prophet :o inquir$ :o 0 go+ to succe$ ! dead emp]or & :5 he 0 told 8 daught]1 ! pr9cess ,buran1 ! ,prophet decl>$ t ! nation c\ld n prosp] inasmu* z its affairs dep5d$ ^u a woman4 7p4 #aa74 ,sid5ote3 ,next-(-k9 m>riage4 ,i h read 9 ! ,book ( ! ,p]sians an epi/le writt5 by ,arde%ir1 son ( ,babak to 8 subjects decl>+ t ! ecclesia/ical au?orities 7 ! uphold]s ( ! religion & t ! w>riors 7 ! be>]s ( ! casque & lit]ature1 & 7 ornam5ts ( ! empire & t ! agriculturi/s 7 pill>s ( ! c\ntry4 7p4 #ae74 ,9 ! c\rse ( ! epi/le !re is a ref]5ce to m>riage ( next ( k91 ! k+ exhort+ 8 subjects to tazauwa-ju-fil q>abayn4 ,sid5ote3 ,kitab ,a9 or ! ,pahlavi ,a9-nameh4 ,sid5ote3 ,anu%irwan's rule4 ,i h read 9 ! ,a9 t a k+ ( ,p]sia said 9 8 address to 8 p3 ,i am only ! rul] ( p's bodies1 n _! m9ds2 & ,i gov]n ) ju/ice1 n accord+ to my pleasure2 & ,i safegu>d p's prop]ty1 n _! secrets4 ,fur!rmore1 ! ,p]sians say ! mo/ effici5t ( rul]s is he :o draws ! bodies ( 8 subjects to fealty to him ?r\gh _! he>ts4 ,:5 ,anu%irwan appo9t$ a p]son to an (fice he direct$ 8 secret>y to leave out 9 ! appo9tm5t ord] a space ( f\r l9es s t he may fill x up ) 8 own h&1 & :5 ! appo9tm5t ord] 0 br\ght to him he w\ld write 9 x gov]n ! good p by love1 & = ! common p mix lib]ty ) awe & gov]n ! prolet>iat ) levity4 7p4 #ae74 ,& x is said 9 ! ,book ( ! ,p]sians t ! he>ts ( ! p are ! treasuries ( ! k+1 s t :atev] is put !re %\ld be made kn[n to him4 7p #ag74 ,sid5ote3 ,! ,taj4 ,& ,i h read 9 ! ,taj2 ,said ,ab]wez to 8 son ,%iruya :o _h put him into prison1 & "h foll[ "s views relat+ to ! treatm5t ( soldi]s4 ,& 9 "o ( ! ,books ( ! ,p]sians x is /at$ t ,arde%ir said to 8 son1 ,oh1 my son1 ! empire & ! religion are two bro!rs :i* _c d ! "o )\t ! o!r4 ,= ! religion is ! f\ndation & ! empire is ! gu>dian & :atev] has no f\ndation falls & :atev] has no gu>dian to look aft] x goes to wa/e ,& !n proce$s to advise him z to ! treatm5t ( ! nobles1 w>riors1 ! cl]gy1 etc4 ,!n are describ$ ! five qualities ess5tial 9 a man occupy+ a po/ 9 ! imp]ial gov]nm5t ,& x is said 9 ! ,taj t ,ab]wez wrote to 8 son ,%iruya f 8 prison4444 7p4 #bj7 ,& ,i h read 9 ! lett] 444 ,ab]wez wrote to 8 son ,%iruya1 & "h foll[ in/ructions reg>d+ ! ?ree qualifications necess>y 9 a rev5ue (fic]4 7p4 #ba7 ,sid5ote3 ,! ,taj4 ,i h read 9 ! ,taj t "o ( ! k+s ( ,p]sia took c\nsel ) 8 ,wazirs1 & "h foll[s a discussion ab\t ! necessity ( confid+ "o's secret to "o man only & n m4 7p4 #be7 ,sid5ote3 ,epi/le ( ,ab]wez4 ,i h read 9 ! ,epi/le ( ,ab]wez to 8 son ,%iruya :o 0 imprison$ by him1"h foll[s ! advisability ( tak+ c\nsel ) a c]ta9 class ( p4 7p4 #cj74 ,sid5ote3 ,m>zbans4 ,"o ( ! k+s ( ,p]sia1 :5 he consult$ ! ,m>zbans & !y did n give _! op9ion 9 a prop] way1 summon$ ^? :o 7 entru/$ ) provision+ ! ,m>zbans & puni%$ !m4 ,! latt] compla9$ t ! error 0 on ! "p ( ! ,m>zbans :]eas ! puni%m5t 0 aw>d$ to !m & ! k+ repli$ t 0 s1 & t ! ,m>zbans w\ld n h committ$ ! error unless _! m9ds 7 n dep5d5t ^u _! food4 ,sid5ote3 ,buzurjamah]4 ,sid5ote3 ,books ( ! ,p]sians4 ,sid5ote3 ,ideal ,p]sian ,secret>y ,says ,buzurjamah]1 ,:5 y are 9 d\bt z to ! propriety ( do+ "o ( two ?+s !n look out = ! "o :i* is ne>e/ to y\r desires & rel9qui% x4 7p4 #bc74 ,& x is said 9 ! ,books ( ! ,p]sians1 & "h foll[s "o ( ! mo/ frequ5tly repeat$ injunctions ab\t ! /rict gu>d+ ( "o's secrets4 7p4 #dj47 ,! ,p]sians 7 9 ! habit ( say+ t ! p]son w\ld be defici5t z a writ] :o 0 n conv]sant ) ! nature ( fl[+ wat]s1 ) ! digg+ ( canals1 ) mirage1 ) ! l5g? ( days z to p>ticul> seasons1 ) ! ris+ ( ! new moon1 & its effects1 ) weights & measures1 ) m5suration1 triangles1 squ>es1 & measurem5ts ( areas involv+ v>i\s angles1 ) ! prep>ation ( *annels & bridges & wat] mills1 ) ! implem5ts ( artisans1 & ) ! intricacies ( ma!matics4 7p4 #dc74 ,sid5ote3 ,mob$an-,mob$ ,i h read 9 "o ( ! ,books ( ! ,p]sians t ! ,mob$an-,mob$ 9 eulogis+ ! art ( writ+ said etc 444 7p4 #dg74 ,sid5ote3 ,epi/le ( ,ab]wez4 ,i h read 9 ! ,epi/le ( ,ab]wez to 8 son ,%iruya4 ,!n foll[s an advice ab\t sev]ely puni%+ ev5 a small piece ( di%one/y4 7p1 #eh74 ,sid5ote3 ,! ,taj4 ,i h read 9 ! ,taj t ,ab]wez said to ! treasur] "h foll[s "s obs]vations on integrity4 ,sid5ote3 ,p]sian s5se ( ju/ice & equity4 ,i h read 9 ! ,a9 t x behoves ! rul] to und]/& ! jurisdiction ( rightful ju/ice1 ( ju/ice :i* is n equity1 ( equity :i* is n ju/ice1 & to use 8 judgm5t ) reg>d to evid5ce & eyewitnesses1 & to refra9 f d\btful matt]s4 ,s9ce x is bo? ju/ice & equity to kill a p]son = ! slaught] ( a p]son1 & x is ju/ice )\t equity to kill a ma/] = ! slaught] ( a slave1 & x is equity )\t ju/ice to aw>d ! same puni%m5t = a crime committ$ by a sane man z to "o :o 0 n 9 8 s5ses4 7p4 #hh74 ,& ,i h read 9 ! ,taj3 ,said ,ab]wez to 8 *amb]la92 & "h foll[ v int]e/+ in/ructions reg>d+ ! treatm5t :i* ! *amb]la9 0 to give to ! v>i\s p]sons seek+ an audi5ce ( ! k+4 7p4 #gd74 ,i h read 9 ! ,taj "h foll[s an address ( a secret>y to a k+4 ,sid5ote3 ,spee* f ! ?rone4 ,i h read 9 ! ,siy>al ,ajam "o ( ! ,arabic v]sions ( ,%ah ,nameh t ,arde%ir1 :5 he 0 firmly e/abli%$ on ! ?rone1 ga!r$ toge!r 8 subjects & address$ !m ) eloqu5ce exhort+ !m to love & ob$i5ce to himself1 & w>n+ !m aga9/ s9 & divid+ ! p into f\r classes1 ^u :i* ^? pres5t made obeisance & _! spokesman address$ ! k+ z foll[s4 ,"h foll[s "o ( ^? typical spee*es ( :i* we h s _m 9 ,%ah ,nameh1 & :i* leaves no d\bt t ! orig9als ( !m 7 compos$ 9 ,pahlavi & t !y 7 almo/ lit]ally translat$4 ,,jahiz4 ,,kitab-,,al-,,bayan ,,va-,,al-,,tabayy94 7,egyptian ,edition47 ,,"p ,i4 ,! dictum ( ,,buzurjamehr3 ,buzurg1 son ( ,bokhtagan 0 ask$1 ,:i* is ! ?+ :i* cov]s indol5ce4 ,aye he said1 ,wisdom1 :i* gives beauty to x4 ,!y said1 ,if a p]son has got no wisdom8 ,he said1 ,!n prop]ty1 :i* w cov] x4 ,!y said1 ,b if !re is no prop]ty8 ,he said1 ,8 fri5ds w e>n respect = him4 ,!y said1 ,b if he has got no fri5ds to e>n respect = him8 ,he said1 ,if a p]son is indol5t !n he mu/ pres]ve sil5ce ,!y said1 ,b if he does n obs]ve sil5ce8 ,he said1 ,!n sudd5 dea? is bett] = him ?an t he %\ld rema91 9 ! _w ( ! liv+4 ,?is passage has be5 repeat$ at page #abc ) a slight diff]5ce4 ,!re ! int]rogator is ,kisra ,anu%irvan1 & ! "q is1 :i* ?+ is ! be/ = a man :o is indol5t4 ,buzurg replies1 ,wisdom1 ) :i* he may be happy4 7p1 #d47 ,!re is m5tion ( sev]al au?ors & books simil> to ,kalileh wa ,dimneh ) ! names ( _! au?ors includ+ ,sahal ,ibn ,h>un1 ,ibn ,rayhani1 ,al ,katib4 7p4 #cj47 ,says ,ismai3 ,9 ! alphabet ( ! ,romans !re is no zad & among ! ,p]sians !re is no ?a4 7p4 #cf7 ,a longi% def9ition & description ( oratory by ,ibn ul ,mukaffa4 7p4 #fd47 ,ibn ,mukaffa aga9 ref]r$ to4 7p4 #fe47 ,in/ances ( ,arabic poetry 9 :i* ,p]sian words & phrases are int]m+l$ e4g41 g>d5 = unuk 7neck72 av s>d = cold wat]1 c4 7p4 #gi47 ,!re are sev]al o!r in/ances :]e ! ,p]sian words are !re1 b ! copyi/ & possibly also ! editor1 d n seem to h und]/ood ! ,kasida & ! editor obs]ves 9 a m>g9al note t1 ! text is corrupt1 ,g4,k4,n4 ,,"p ,,ii4 ,m5tion ( ,sahal ,ibn ,h>un4 7p4 #cg47 ,m5tion ( ,p]sia1 7p4 #ec47 ,m5tion ( ,abdallah ,ibn ,mukaffa4 7p4 #hd47 ,m5tion ( ,p]sia1 7p4 #ib47 ,dicta ( ,ibn al ,mukatia on ! dignity ( k+s & ( nobles1 7p4 #ajd47 ,ref]5ce to ,khalid al ,kisravi4 7p4 #aje47 ,ref]5ce to ,ibn al ,mukaffa4 7p4 #aji47 ,khalid al ,kisrawi4 7p4 #aab47 ,al ,hurmuzan4 7p4 #aci47 ,on ! s]vice ( k+s4 7p4 #agf47 ,,"p ,,iii4 ,! ways ( ! ,%uubiya4 7p4 #b47 ,ref]5ce to ,p]sia4 7p4 #e47 ,p]sia & ,arabia comp>$4 7p4 #g47 ,arabia & ,p]sia comp>$4 7p4 #ab47 ,arabia & ,p]sia contra/$4 ,! prophets ( ,ajam4 7p1 #ac47 ,ref]5ce to ,p]sia4 7p4 #dd47 ,! ,p]sian ?rone4 7p4 #gg47 ,dicta ( ,mukaffa4 7p4 #hg47 ,khalid al ,b>maki4 7p4 #aaj47 ,dicta on ,adab ( ,mukaffa4 7p4 #ace47 ,ref]5ce to ,b>maki4 7p4 #agd47 ,ref]5ce to ,b>maki4 7p4 #agj47 ,sahal ,ibn-,h>un4 7p4 #ahe47 ,dictum ( ,buzurja ,meh]4 7p4 #bag47 ,mada9i quot$4 7p4 #bcc47 ,p]sia ref]r$ to4 7p4 #bcd47 ,,"p ,,iii41 ,,page #e4 ,sid5ote3 ,value ( ,zoroa/rian lit]ature4 ,& we note t ! p]sons mo/ sup]ior )1 reg>d to prea*+ our s]mons are ! ,p]sians4 ,& among ! ,p]sians ! mo/ clev] 9 ?is respect are ! p ( ,f>s1 & !y are ! sweete/ 9 words1 & _! pronunciation is ! mo/ correct4 ,& ! mo/ difficult 9 ?is respect are ! p ( ,m]v4 ,! mo/ eloqu5t dialect ( ,p]sia is ! ,d>i4 ,z reg>ds ! ,pahlavi idiom1 ( ! p ( ! c\ntry ( ,ahwaz are ! be/4 ,& z reg>ds ! *ant+s ( ! ,,h]b$s & ! songs ( ! ,,mob$s ! sup]iority 9 ?is respect lies ) ! annotators ( ! ,zemzema4 ,& x is said t he :o desires to acquire pr(ici5cy 9 ! art ( eloqu5ce1 & to be acqua9t$ ) r>e expressions1 & to be pr(\ndly v]s$ 9 vocabul>y %\ld read ! book ( ,k>w&4 ,moreov]1 if x is necess>y to acquire sagacity & good mann]s & k ( ! v>i\s int]pretations ( t]ms1 a k ( pleas+ expression & agreeable int]pretation1 "o %\ld /udy ! ,,lives ,,( ,,k+s1 s9ce = ! ,p]sians ?is book conta9s essays & s]mons & f9e expressions4 ,,hamza ,,ispahani4 ,sid5ote3 ,:y no au!ntic hi/ory ( ,iran has surviv$4 ,sid5ote3 ,a cle> ref]5ce to ! ambigu\s ,pahlavi script & to ! great difficulty ( translat+ f x3 ,sid5ote3 ,enum]ation ( ! s\rces ( ,iranian hi/ory4 ,!re are f\r dyna/ies among ! k+s ( ,p]sia & _! enum]ation is giv5 alone & )\t any hi/ory ( ! ev5ts ( _! "t or ! *>act]i/ics ( ! k+s ( ,p]sia dur+ ! protract$ p]iod ( _! sov]eignty4 ,!y 7 divid$ into f\r gr\ps call$ ! ,fe%dadiya1 ! ,kayaniya1 ! ,a%ghaniya1 & ! ,sasaniya4 ,_! entire *ronology is dubi\s & n c]ta9 s9ce x 0 translat$ aft] #aej ye>s f "o language into ano!r & f "o equivocal set ( symbols = figures into ano!r set ( symbols1 s t !re rema9$ no?+ = me ) ref]5ce to a n>rative1 9 ^! *apt]s except to br+ toge!r ! d\btful transcripts4 ,i succe$$ 9 f9d+ eight transcripts & ^! 7 ! foll[+3--,! ,book ( ! ,reigns ( ! ,k+s ( ,p]sia translat$ by ,ibn al ,mukaffa1 ! ,book ( ! ,reigns ( ! ,k+s ( ,p]sia translat$ by ,muhammad ,ibn al ,jaham al ,b>mak1 ! ,book ( ! ,hi/ory ( ! ,k+s ( ,p]sia :i* 0 tak5 out ( ! treasury ( ! ,khalif ,mamun2 ! ,book ( ! ,reigns ( ! ,k+s ( ,p]sia :i* 0 translat$ by ,zaduya son ( ,%ahuya ( ,ispahan2 ! ,book ( ! ,reigns ( ! ,k+s ( ,p]sia :i* 0 translat$ or compil$ by ,muhammad ,ibn al ,behram ,ibn ,mutyan ( ,ispahan2 ! ,book ( ! ,*ronology ( ! ,k+s ( ,p]sia :i* 0 translat$ or compil$ by ,he%an ,ibn ,kasum ( ,ispahan1 ! ,book ( ! ,*ronology ( ! ,k+s ( ! ,sasanian ,dyna/y :i* 0 improv$ ^u by ,behram son ( ,m>dan ,%ah1 ,mob$ ( ! di/rict ( ,%abur 9 ! c\ntry ( ,f>s4 ,& :5 ,i _h collect$ toge!r all ^! works1 ,i comp>$ "o ) ! o!rs & !n acquir$ :at 0 necess>y = ! writ+ ( ?is *apt]4 ,sid5ote3 ,incorrect translations f ,pahlavi4 ,& says ,abu ,ma%>1 ! a/ronom]3--,! majority ( _! ,iranian hi/ories are int]polat$ & corrupt1 & !re is ! corruption because !y h come d[n f a great _m ye>s ago & because !y h be5 translat$ f "o writ+ into ano!r & f "o tongue into ano!r & h5ce !re h be5 mi/akes ( ei!r excess or defect4 ,& ! ,p]sians />t _! ass]tion f ! ,book :i* 0 br\ght to !m by ,z>adu%t & :i* 0 call$ ,ave/a4 ,?is is ! ,book ( _! religion4 ,x alleges t !re h elaps$ s9ce ! reign ( ,kayum>?1 ! fa!r ( mank9d1 d[n to ! reign ( k+ ,yazdeg]d1 #dahb ye>s1 #aj mon?s1 & #ai days4 ,sid5ote3 ,corrupt texts & faulty translations4 ,says ,musa ,ibn ,isa al ,kesravi 9 8 book3 ,i saw ! ,book :i* is call$ ! ,khoday ,nameh & :i* is ! ,book :i* :5 x 0 translat$ f ,p]sian into ,arabic 0 entitl$ ,kitab al ,muluk al ,f>s4 ,i c>efully exam9$ ! copies ( ?is ,book & look$ ?r\gh ! n>ratives 9 !m1 & ,i f\nd !m 9 disagreem5t ) ea* o!r s t ,i c\ld n f9d ev5 two copies :i* agre$ ) ea* o!r1 & ?is 0 on acc\nt ( ! d\bts 9 ! m9ds ( ! translators :o turn$ f "o writ+ into ano!r4 ,sid5ote3 ,mob$ ,behram ! hi/orian4 ,& turn+ back to :at ,i h relat$ 9 ! previ\s *apt] z reg>ds ! *ronology ( ! ,p]sians1 ,i relate :at has be5 /at$ by ,behram son ( ,m>dan%ah1 ,mob$ ( ! di/rict ( ,%abur 9 ! prov9ce ( ,f>s4 ,says ,behram ! mob$3 ,i collect$ toge!r a little ov] tw5ty copies ( ! book call$ ,khoday ,nameh & ,i put toge!r prop]ly ! *ronology ( ! k+s ( ,p]sia f ! times ( ,kayum>?1 ! fa!r ( mank9d1 till ! la/ days :5 ! empire 0 transf]r$ f !m to ! ,arabs4 ,hamza describes ! dress ( ! k+s accord+ to a book 9 :i* !y 7 depict$ j be=e _! dea?4 ,& he gives ! build+s :i* ea* ( !m erect$1 especially ! fire-temples !y e/abli%$ along ) ! villages on ! produce ( :i* !y 7 to be ma9ta9$4 ,sid5ote3 ,ave/a4 ,i h read 9 ! book :i* has be5 translat$ f "o ( _! books call$ ,ave/a1 & s on ,hamza proce$s reg>d+ ! beg9n+ ( creation4 ,,tab>i4 7#a/ ,s]ies1 ,vol4 #b1 page #fge47 ,sid5ote3 ,fire-temples 9 ,india4 ,x is relat$ by hi/orians v]s$ 9 ! antiquities ( ,arabia & ,p]sia t ,bhi%tasb1 son ( ,kay ,loh>asb1 :5 he assum$ ! cr[n1 said3--,to-day we h become sov]eign & we %all employ our ?\ghts1 our action1 & our k = ! acquisition ( ! good4 ,& x is said t he built 9 ,f>s a city call$ ,fasa & he built fire-temples 9 ,india1 etc41 & appo9t$ h]b$s to ! same4 ,he assign$ sev]al dignities to sev5 ( 8 noblem5 9 8 dom9ions & appo9t$ ea* ( !m to ! *>ge ( a di/rict4 ,sid5ote3 ,! appe>ance ( ,zoroa/]4 ,sid5ote3 ,w>s ( ,iran & ,turan4 ,z>adu%t son ( ,isfayman appe>$ 9 ! ?irtie? ye> ( 8 reign & laid claim to apo/le%ip & endeav\r$ t 8 religion might be accept$ by ! k+4 ,! latt] refus$ & !n ,z>adu%t satisfi$ him4 ,^u :i* ! k+ accept$ 8 claim4 ,& he br\ght to him a ,writ+ :i* he claim$ 0 a revelation4 ,& ! said ,writ+ 0 inscrib$ on #ab1jjj c[ hides & !y 7 embelli%$ ) gold1 & ,bi%tasp deposit$ ! same 9 a place 9 ,i/akh> call$ ,d>be%t & he appo9t$ h]b$s 9 t connection4 ,he prohibit$ ! tea*+ ( x to ord9>y p4444 ,"h foll[s a passage :i* is n v cle> reg>d+ ! diff]5ce t arose betwe5 ! k+ ( ,iran & ! k+ ( ! ,turks relat+ to ?is new religion :i* ,bi%tasb _h adopt$4 ,! "n ( ! ,turk sov]eign is giv5 z ,khurzasaf4 ,n[ :5 ! mess5g] arriv$ ) ! epi/le to ,bi%tasb !re 7 ga!r$ toge!r ! ,ahl-bayat#a & ! noblem5 ( ! empire1 includ+ ,jamasaf ! ,wise1 & ,z>r9 son ( ,loh>asaf4 ,!n ,bi%tasb wrote to ! k+ ( ! ,turks a /rongly word$ reply *all5g+ him to a w> & express+ 8 det]m9ation n to )draw ! /ep t he _h tak5 & say+ t t ev5 if he refra9$ f fight+ !re w\ld be all ! p on bo? sides :o w\ld cont9ue ! /ruggle4 ,on t day !re 7 9 ! c\ncil ( ,bi%tasb 8 bro!r ,z>r91 & ,na/ur son ( ,z>r91 & ,isf&iy> & ,be%otan1 ! sons ( ,bi%tasb & all ! prog5y ( ,loh>asb4 ,on ! side ( ,khorasaf !re 7 ,ju ,hormaz1 & ,hud>man 8 bro!r1 & ! ,ahl-bayat & ,baid>af%1 ! magician4 ,9 ! battle ,z>r9 0 kill$ :i* 0 a heavy bl[ to ,bi%tasb & a great booty 0 tak5 by 8 son ,isf&iy>1 & ,baid>af 0 kill$ :i* 0 a calamity to ! ,turks4 ,!re 0 a huge slaught] & ,khorsasaf fl$4 ,!reupon ,bi%tasb return$ to ,balkh4 ,n[ :5 a numb] ( ye>s _h pass$ aft] ?is w> a p]son call$ ,k>zam attack$ ,isf&iy>4 ,!re 0 also an e/rangem5t betwe5 ,bi%tasb & ,isf&iy>4 ,ord] 0 issu$ = 8 imprisonm5t 9 a ca/le 9 :i* !re 7 ladies1 ,bi%tasb !n proce$$ 9 ! direction ( ,k]man & ,sagi/an & proce$$ t[>ds a m\nta9 call$ ,tamd>4 ,! v>i\s manuscripts write ! ^w diff]5tly & ! editors h pr9t$ x )\t ! diacritical m>ks s t x c be read 9 a v>iety ( ways1 = ! purpose ( tea*+ ! religion & ( spread+ x !re4 ,& he left beh9d him 8 fa!r ,loh>asaf 9 ! city ( ,balkh & ! treasures & ! prop]ties along ) ! h>em includ+ ,khatus1 8 que51 7 also left ) ! old man4 ,z ! ,editor po9ts out ,khatus is ! ,hutaosa ( ,go% ,ya/ #bf1 & ,ram ,ya/ #cfb4 ,n[ ?is fact 0 convey$ by ! spies to ,khorasaf & :5 he le>nt x he collect$ an innum]able army & proce$$ f 8 c\ntry t[>ds ,balkh & ,khorasaf ?\ght t ?is 0 an opportunity ( attack+ ,bi%tasb & 8 c\ntry4 ,?us :5 he approa*$ ,takhun he s5t =w>d ,ju ,hormaz1 8 bro!r1 ) a l>ge army & direct$ him to cont9ue 8 m>* till he rea*$ ! c5tre ( ,bi%tasb's c\ntry & to invade x & attack ! p & ! cities4 ,& ?is 0 done by ,ju ,hormaz :o %$ a l>ge am\nt ( blood & c>ri$ (f incalculable booty4 ,& ,khorasaf foll[$ him & set fire to ! ar*ives & slew ,lohorasaf & ! h]b$s & de/roy$ ! fire-temples1 7buyut-an-niran7 & he took possession ( ! prop]ties & ! treasuries & took two ( ! daught]s ( ,lohorasaf prison] & "o ( !m 0 call$ ,khumay & ! o!r ,bazafreh4 ,?is ( c\rse is accord+ to ,fird\si ,beh ,afrid4 ,he captur$ a great /&>d :i* 0 call$ ,diraf% ,kabyan & he pursu$ ,bi%tasb :o 0 flee+ f him4 ,footnote #a3 ,ahl-bayat1 or p ( ! h\se1 is ! ,arabic equival5t ( ! ,iranian ,vispu?ra & 0 appli$ by ,arabs to ! sup]ior ,p]sian noblem54 ,footnote #b3 ,"h is evid5ce1 on ! "o h&1 t ! ,arab hi/orians _h ,iranian hi/ories at _! disposal & on ! o!r1 t ! latt] are /ill reflect$ 9 ! ya%t lit]ature4 ,! hi/orian n>rates h[ ,isf&iy> w5t into ! he>t ( ! k+dom ( ! ,turk & rea*$ 8 capital :i* 0 call$ ,dez ,ru9 & he proce$s to say & be+ int]pret$ 9 ,arabic x means ! palace ( copp]4 ,!re is fur!r ref]5ce to ! canals & ca/les :i* we c trace to ! ,,bundehe%4 ,! /ruggle betwe5 ,ru/um & ,isf&iy> is also describ$4 ,?is is foll[$ by a curi\s passage reg>d+ ,zoroa/]4 ,,d9aw>i4 ,,page #bf1 ,,cairo ,,edition4 ,,! ,,call ,,( ,,z>adu%t4 ,sid5ote3 ,ru/am & ,isf&iy>4 ,& x is said t ,z>adu%t ! head ( ! ,magians came to ,bi%tasb ! k+ & told him1 ,i am ! ,apo/le ( ,god to y1 & gave him ! ,book :i* ! ,magians possess4 ,!n ,bi%tasb believ$ 9 him & accept$ 8 religion :i* is t ( ! ,magians & exhort$ ! p ( 8 k+dom to ! same & !y also accept$ x nol5ce vol5ce4 ,& ,ru/am ! ,/rong1 0 at t "t ! ,gov]nor ( ,sagi/an & ,khorasan1 & he 0 p[]ful ( body & possess$ ( great vig\r4 ,& :5 ?is happ5$ x 0 report$ to ,kaykobad ! k+1 ?is1 ab\t ! admittance ( ,bi%tasb into ! ,magian religion & 8 ab&on+ ! religion ( _! =efa!rs4 ,kaykobad became exce$+ly angry at ?is1 & said t ?is 0 =sak+ ( ! religion ( _! =efa!rs :o _h inh]it$ x f "o g5]ation to ano!r4 ,!n ! p ( ,sagi/an 7 ga!r$ toge!r & !y wore incit$ to de/roy ,bi%tasb4 ,& !y revolt$ aga9/ him4 ,^u ?is ,bi%tasb call$ ^u ,isf&iy> :o 0 ! /ronge/ man ( 8 "t & said to him1 ,oh son1 ! k+dom w be entru/$ to y4 ,b ! affairs w n improve except by kill+ ,ru/am1 & y "k 8 /r5g? & vig\r4 ,b y are 8 mat* 9 p[] & pr[ess4 ,s d y *oose f ! army :omev] y l & !n proce$ aga9/ him4 ,s ,isf&iy> select$ #ab1jjj ,p]sian knights f ! =ces ( 8 fa!r1 & m>*$ aga9/ ,ru/am4 ,& ,ru/am proce$$ t[>ds him betwe5 ! b\nd>ies or ,sagi/an & ,khorasan4 ,isf&iy> sugge/$ to ,ru/am t _! armies %\ld be excus$ f attack+ ea* o!r1 b t !y two %\ld engage 9 s+le combat & t :oev] kill$ ! o!r %\ld be held to be ! victor4 ,ru/am agre$ to ! proposal & ! cov5ant4 ,!n ! two armies /ood abide & ! two w>riors engag$ 9 a duel4 ,n[ ! ,p]sians h a good deal to say 9 ?is matt] & t x 0 ,ru/am :o kill$ ,isf&iy> & t ! latt]'s army return$ to ,bi%tasb & in=m$ him ( :at _h happ5$ to 8 son ,isf&iy>4 ,! k+ 0 ov]:elm$ ) grief fell ill & di$4 ,& ! k+dom1 came to ! gr&son ,bahman1 son ( ,isf&iy>1 & x is relat$ t soon aft] ,ru/am return$ to 8 resid5ce 9 ,sagi/an1 he di$4#a ,footnote #a3 ,note t ,d9aw>i _h obvi\sly be=e him ,iranian traditional mat]ials = 8 hi/ory4 ,,d9aw>i ,,treats ,,( ,,! ,,foll[+ ,,iranian ,,subjects ,,9 ,,8 ,,cle> ,,& ,,succ9ct ,,fa%ion4 ,! reign ( ,bayw>asaf1 ,f>asiyab2 ,dhahak1 ! end ( ! reign ( ,m9o%] & ! beg9n+ ( ! reign ( ,f>asiyab1 ! reign ( ,zab son ( ,budkan & ,kaykohad ,zab2 ! reign ( ,kaykawuys son ( ,kaykobad1 ! reign ( ,kai ,khosro1 ! reign ( ,lohrasf & ! invasion ( ,bukht ,nas>2 ! reign ( ,bhi%tasb 9 ,p]sia2 ! call ( ,z>adu%t1 ! reign ( ,bahman ,ibn ,isf&iy> 9 ,p]sia & ! emancipation ( ! ,jews1 ! reign ( ,khumani 7,humay7 ! que5 ( ,bahman2 ! reign ( ,d>a ,ibn ,bahman2 ! w> ( ,d>a ) ,greece2 ! reign ( ,d>ayu%2 ! orig9 ( ,alex&]2 ! invasion ( ,alex&] aga9/ ,d>a2 ! reign ( ,ardwan2 ,"o p>a4 is devot$ to ! ,muluk ut ,tawaef1 & !n regul>ly foll[ all ! ,sasanian k+s beg9n+ ) ,%ahan ,%ah ,arde%ir4 ,,ibn ,,al ,,a?ir 7,vol4 ,i41 ,,page #aaj ,,cairo ,,edition47 ,acc\nt ( ,k+ ,loh>asp & 8 son ,bi%tasb & ! appe>ance ( ,z>adu%t4 ,sid5ote3 ,z5d & ,paz5d4 ,& we h relat$ t ,kai ,khosr\1 :5 he 0 at ! po9t ( dea?1 bequea!d ! cr[n to ! son ( 8 uncle ,loh>asp2 & :5 he acquir$ ! sov]eignty he got possession ( ! ?rone ( gold adorn$ ) jewels4 ,= him 0 built 9 ,khorasan ! city ( ,balkh :i* 0 call$ ,husna 7*>m+74 ,he e/abli%$ ar*ives & /r5g!n$ ! empire by ! selection ( soldi]s & by advanc+ agriculture4 ,he took taxes = ! purpose ( wages = 8 soldi]s4 ,at t "t ! ,turks 7 9 great /r5g? & he w5t d[n to ,balkh to fight !m1 & he 0 a fav\rite ) 8 p & /rong 9 ov]p[]+ 8 vig\r\s enemies1 k9d to 8 well-wi%]s1 & ( great intrepidity4 ,he rais$ great build+s & cut a numb] ( canals1 built cities4 ,! k+s ( ,india & ,*9a & ! occid5t us$ to pay tribute to him & address$ him 9 _! despat*es z _! ',"l' out ( fe> & respect = him4 ,subsequ5tly he abdicat$ ! empire & ?rone & engag$ himself 9 devotion1 appo9t+ 9 succession to him 8 son ,bi%tasb to be k+4 ,& 8 reign endur$ = #abj ye>s4 ,aft] him ,bi%tasb became k+ & 9 8 days appe>$ ,z>adu%t son ( ,sakiman x %\ld be ,safiman1 ! diff]5ce be+ only t ( a dot :o claim$ to prophesy & ! ,magians foll[$ him4 ,& accord+ to :at is /at$ by writ]s1 ,z>adu%t belong$ to ,pale/9e & 0 a p]sonal s]vant to "o ( ! disciples ( ,armaya1 ! prophet4 ,he 0 unfai?ful to him & told him a lie s t ,god curs$ him & he 0 afflict$ ) leprosy & w5t away to ! c\ntry ( ,az>bayjan & !re />t$ ! religion ( ,magians4 ,& x is also /at$ by o!rs t he 0 a ,p]sian & t he compos$ a ,book & w5t ab\t ) x 9 ! _w4 ,b no "o knew its mean+4 ,& x 0 alleg$ t x 0 9 a heav5ly language & 0 call$ z su*4 ,x 0 entitl$ ,a%ta ?is is cle>ly a mis=mation ( ,ave/a4 ,!n he left ,az>bayjan & proce$$ t[>ds ,f>s4 ,no "o knew :at 0 9 ! book & no "o accept$ x4 ,!n he w5t to ,india & produc$ x be=e ! k+s !re4 ,next he w5t to ,*9a & ,turkey4 ,b no "o ackn[l$g$ x1 & he 0 driv5 out f _! c\ntries1 & />t$ = ,f>ghana ^: k+ prep>$ to slay him s t he fl$ f !re & b5t 8 /eps t[>ds ,bhi%tasb son ( ,loh>asp2 :o ord]$ 8 imprisonm5t & he 0 consequ5tly 9 captivity = a "t4 ,n[ ,z>adu%t wrote a comm5t>y on 8 ,book call$ ! ,z5d :i* means int]pretation4 ,next he comm5t$ ^u ! ,z5d 9 a book call$ ,baz&1 t is1 int]pretation ( int]pretation1 & !re9 are v>i\s sci5ces l a/rology1 a/ronomy1 m$ic9e1 etc41 ) ref]5ce to ! hi/ory ( pa/ ages1 & ! books ( ! prophets4 ,& 9 8 book is /at$1--,adh]e to :at ,i h br\ght y till ! "t :5 !re w come to y ! man ( ! r$ camel1 :i* means ,muhammad ! ,prophet4 ,?is 0 at ! beg9n+ ( ! ye> #afjj & x 0 on ?is acc\nt t !re has be5 enmity betwe5 ! ,magians & ! ,arabs & x has be5 m5tion$ 9 ! hi/ory ( ,sabur ,dhul ,aktaf t ?is 0 "o ( ! reasons ju/ify+ ! raids on ! ,arabs4 ,b ,god kn[s ! be/4 ,sid5ote3 ,! ,et]nal fire4 ,sid5ote3 ,royal ar*ives =bidd5 to ! ,vulg>4 ,!n ,bi%tasb caus$ ,z>adu%t to pres5t himself be=e him s9ce he 0 9 ,balkh4 ,& :5 he came to him he comm5c$ ) 8 religion4 ,bi%tasb admir$ x1 foll[$ x1 & =c$ 8 p to embrace x1 & slew a l>ge numb] ( !m till ! re/ adopt$ x4 ,b ! ,magians ass]t t he 0 by orig9 f ,az>bayjan & t he came to ! k+ f ! ro( ( 8 palace & t !re 0 9 8 h& a cube ( fire ) :i* he play$ )\t its injur+ him2 t :oev] took x f 8 h& did s )\t hurt+ himself4 ,he caus$ ! k+ to foll[ him & to accept 8 cre$4 ,& he built fire temples 9 ! c\ntry & light$ !m ) t fire4 ,= x is /at$ t ! fires :i* are 9 _! fire-temples are burn+ f t fire to ?is day4 ,b !y are tell+ an untru? s9ce ! fire ( ! ,magians 0 ext+ui%$ 9 all _! temples :5 ,god s5t ,muhammad d[n z 8 apo/le z we %all describe1 ,god will+1 9 ! sequel1 z well z ! appe>ance ( ,z>adu%t aft] ?irty ye>s ( ! reign ( ,bi%tasb4 ,& ,z>adu%t br\ght a writ+ :i* is alleg$ to be revelation f ,god & is inscrib$ on #ab1jjj c[ hides inlaid ) gold4 ,bi%tasb deposit$ !m 9 a place 9 ,i/akh> & =bade ! tea*+ ( ?orn to ! vulg>4 ,,masudi4 ,kitab-at-tanbih4 ,sid5ote3 ,! ,kohan ,nameh & ! ,a9 ,nameh4 ,! ,p]sians h a book call$ ! ,kohan ,nameh 9 :i* are m5tion$ all ! (fic]s ( ! ,p]sian mon>* am\nt+ to #fjj & class$ accord+ to _! respective ranks4 ,?is book =m$ "p ( ! ,a9 ,nameh4#a ,! mean+ ( ,a9 ,nameh is ! ',book ( regulations'4 ,x is a book conta9+ sev]al ?\s&s ( leaves & no "o c f9d a copy ( x any:]e except among ! mob$s & o!rs inve/$ ) au?ority4 ,! mob$ ( ! ,p]sians at ! mom5t ( writ+ ?is hi/ory1 t is 9 ! ye> #cfd1 = ! c\ntry ( ,jabal 9 ,iraq & = ! c\ntries ( ,ajam1 is ,ammad son ( ,a%wahi%t4 ,be=e him ^! c\ntries _h = _! mob$ ,isf&iy>1 son ( ,ad>bad1 son ( ,anmid1 :o 0 kill$ by ,radi at ,baghdad 9 #cbe4 ,footnote #a3 ,a rem>kable passage f ?is ,pahlavi treatise has be5 embodi$ 9 a close ,arabic v]sion 9 ,ibn ,kutayha's ,uyun-al-,akhb>4 ,! cr$it ( discov]+ & translat+ ?is unique passage into a ,european language belongs to ,m4,k4 ,ino/ranzev4 ,i h se5 9 ! city ( ,i/akh> 9 ,f>s 9 ! ye> #cjc 9 ! h\se ( a high noble ,p]sian1 a l>ge book 9 :i* 7 set out along ) ! descriptions ( sev]al sci5ces ! hi/ories ( ! k+s ( ,p]sia1 _! reigns & ! monum5ts :i* !y _h erect$1--fragm5ts :i* ,i h n be5 able to f9d any:]e else 9 ,p]sian books1 nei!r 9 ! ,khoday ,nameh1 nor 9 ! ,a9 ,nameh nor 9 ! ,kohan ,nameh or any:]e else4 ,sid5ote3 ,portrait ( ,sasanian k+s tak5 j be=e _! demise4 ,sid5ote3 ,p]sian ,imp]ial ar*ives3 ,translation into ,arabic4 ,9 ?is book 7 pictures ( ! k+s ( ,p]sia belong+ to ! h\se ( ,sasan1 tw5ty sev5 9 numb]1 tw5ty five m5 & two wom54 ,ea* ( !m 0 repres5t$ z at ! mom5t ( dea?1 :e!r old or "y ) ! royal ornam5ts1 ) ! ti>a1 hair1 be>d1 & all ! features ( 8 face4 ,?is dyna/y reign$ ov] ! c\ntry = #dcc ye>s "o mon? & sev5 days4 ,:5 "o ( ^! k+s di$ 8 portrait 0 pa9t$ & x 0 deposit$ 9 ! treasury 9 ord] t ! liv+ pr9ces may "k ! features ( ! dead k+s4 ,! repres5tation ( e k+ :o 0 pa9t$ z a w>rior 0 9 a /&+ po/ure2 t ( e k+ :o 0 occupi$ ) gov]nm5t affairs 0 9 ! sitt+ po/ure4 ,to x 0 jo9$ ! biography ( ea*1 ( !m detail+ 8 public & private life toge!r ) ! important ev5ts & facts conc]n+ ! mo/ int]e/+ incid5ts ( 8 reign4 ,! book :i* ,i saw 0 r$act$ accord+ to ! docum5ts f\nd 9 ! treasuries ( ! k+s ( ,p]sia & x 0 complet$ 9 ! middle ( ! second ,jamada ( ! ye> #aac4 ,x 0 translat$ = ,hi%am son ( ,abdal ,malik son ( ,m]wan f ,p]sian into ,arabic4 ,! fir/ ( ! k+s ( ?is dyna/y :om "o sees !re is ,arde%ir4 ,! di/9ctive col\r 9 8 portrait 0 ( a brilliant r$4 ,8 tr\s]s 7 ( sky-blue & ! mitre 0 gre5 on gold4 ,he held a lance 9 ! h& & he 0 /&+4 ,! la/ 0 t ( ,yezdeg]d1 son ( ,%ah>iy>1 son ( ,kesra ,ab>vez4 ,8 di/9ctive col\r 0 gre54 ,8 tr\s]s 7 sky-blue & 8 mitre v]million4 ,he held 9 8 h& a lance & re/$ ! o!r h& on 8 sabre4 ,?is pa9t+ 0 made ) ,p]sian col\rs :i* are no long] to be f\nd n[-a-days & ( gold & silv] dissolv$ & ( pulv]is$ copp]4 ,! leaves ( ! book 7 ( a purple col\r & ( a m>vell\s t9t4 ,x 0 s beautiful & prep>$ ) su* c>e t ,i d n "k :e!r x 0 pap] or :e!r x 0 ?9 p>*m5t4 7,p4 #bej47 ,:i* /&s = ,pahlavi & n mod]n ,p]sian4 ,sid5ote3 ,zoroa/]1 ,ave/a1 & ,ave/a ,script4 ,z>adu%t br\ght to ! k+ ! book ( ,ave/a1 ! "n ( :i* 9 ,arabic has receiv$ a f9al kaf & has ?us become ,abe/ak4 ,! numb] ( *apt]s ( book is tw5ty "o1 ea* *apt] compris+ #bjj leaves4 ,9 ?is book we f9d a total ( sixty v[els & consonants ea* ) a di/9ct "*4 ,"s ( ^! *>act]s are f\nd else:]e & o!rs h fall5 into disseutude4 ,= ?is script is n conf9$ to ! language ( ! ,ave/a4 ,sid5ote3 ,ext5t ( ,ave/a4 ,sid5ote3 ,p]sian translation ( ,ave/a4 ,sid5ote3 ,cont5ts ( ,ave/a4 ,zoroa/] inv5t$ ?is writ+ :i* ! ,magians h call$ ,s9 ,dabireh1 t is to say1 ! 'sacr$ writ+'4 ,he incis$ 8 writ+ into #ab1jjj c[ sk9s & fill$ x ) gold4 ,x 0 9 ! anci5t language ( ,p]sia ( :i* no "o has any k to-day4 ,only a few portions ( its *apt]s h be5 translat$ into ! mod]n ,p]sian4 ,x is ?is ,p]sian translation :i* !y h 9 _! h&s :51 !y say _! pray]s4 ,! translation conta9s fragm5ts l ! ,a%tad1 ! ,*itra%t1 ! ,aban ,ya%t1 ! ,hadukht1 & o!r *apt]s4 ,9 ! ,*itra%t are f\nd ! recitals ( ! orig9 & ! end ( ! _w4 ,hadukht comprises exhortations4 ,sid5ote3 comm5t>ies on ,ave/a4 ,zoroa/] compos$ ! comm5t>y on ! ,ave/a :i* he call$ ! ,z5d1 & :i* 9 ! eyes ( 8 foll[]s 0 reveal$ to him by ,god4 ,he subsequ5tly translat$ x f ,pahlavi into ,p]sian4 ,zoroa/]1 fur!r1 prep>$ a comm5t>y on ! ,z5d & call$ x ,baz5d4 ,sid5ote3 ,_! de/ruction4 ,! ,mob$s & ! ,h]b$s1 le>n$ 9 ! sci5ce ( religion1 comm5t$ 9 _! turn on ?is comm5t>y & _! "w 0 call$ ! ,b>ideh1 &1 by o!rs1 ! ,akradeh4 ,aft] he _h conqu]$ ! ,p]sian ,empire & put to dea? ,d>a son ( ,d>a1 ,alex&] burnt !m4444 ,sid5ote3 ,synopsis ( ,zoroa/rian beliefs4 ,besides ! two modes ( writ+ :i* !y owe to ,zoroa/]1 ! ,p]sians h five o!r me?ods 9 _m ( :i* ,nabatian words h be5 introduc$4 ,we h expla9$ all ^! 9 our books already cit$ ) quotations ( portions reg>d+ ! miracles ( ,zoroa/]1 ! m>ks & ! pro( ( 8 revelation1 ! belief 9 ! five et]nal pr9ciples :i* are ,ormazd or ,god1 ,ahriman :i* is ! same z ,satan1 ! wick$1 ,kah or "t1 ,jay or space1 ,homa or ! good spiritu\s liquor1 ! gr\nds on :i* !y support ^! doctr9es1 ! reasons :y !y r5d] homage to ! two lum9>ies & to o!r heav5ly lights1 ! di/9ction :i* !y make betwe5 fire & light1 _! disc\rses reg>d+ ! orig9 ( ! human species1 on ,ma%ya son ( ,gayom]t1 & ,ma%yana 8 daught]1 & h[ ! ,p]sians trace _! g5eologies back to ^! two p]sonages1 & f9ally1 o!r ?+s connect$ ) ! ex]cise ( _! religion1 ! practice ( _! cult & ! v>i\s places :]e !y h e/abli%$ _! fire sanctu>ies4 ,sid5ote3 ,confutation ( prejudice ,moslem !ologians4 ,c]ta9 ,musalman !ologians & au?ors ( books on v>i\s sects1 & sev]al au?ors :o h set be=e !m ! task at diff]5t times ( refut+ ,zoroa/rianism h alleg$ t x is believ$ 9 _! religion t f ! reflexion ( ,god on himself has issu$ an evil _s or ! devil & t ,god1 indulg5t t[>ds him1 has accord$ him a c]ta9 "t dur+ :i* to tempt mank9d4 ,^! au?ors fur!r cite z app]ta9+ to ?is religion propositions :i* ! ,magians !mselves h always reject$4 ,i believe t !y mu/ h he>d ^! p>ticul>s f ord9>y p & t !y h record$ !m z ! au!ntic expression ( ! foll[]s ( ! religion ( ,zoroa/]4#a ,footnote #a3 ,our celebrat$ ,arab polyhi/or n only does n malign ! fai? ( ,zoroa/] b proce$s to confute 8 prejudic$ co-religioni/s :o pret5d$ to refute ! old fai? ( ,iran4 ,,%ah>a/ani4 ,,kitab ,,al ,,milal ,,val ,,nihal4 7,page #aab1 ,bombay ,edition4 ,comp>e also page #hc ( ! ,egyptian ,edition on ! m>g9 ( ,ibn ,hazm47 ,,! ,,magians4 ,^! p believe 9 two ,pr9ciples z we h already /at$2 only1 t ! orig9al ,magians 7 ( ! belief t x 0 n possible t !re %\ld be two ,pr9ciples et]nal & )\t beg9n+1 b t ! light 0 )\t beg9n+ & d>kness 0 only produc$2 & !y 7 ( diff]5t views z reg>ds ! orig9 ( its rise1--:e!r x arose f light1 s9ce light _c br+ some?+ t 0 p>tly evil4 ,h[ !n c\ld ! pr9ciple ( evil or any?+ else arise s9ce !re 0 no?+ at fir/ :i* p>ticipat$ ) light 9 its production & 9 its be+ et]nal8 ,"h ! error ( ! ,magians becomes app>5t4 ,!y also ass]t t ! fir/ ( p]sons 0 ,kayum>?1 ?\gh !y sometimes say t he 0 ,z>wan ! great1 & t ! la/ ( ! prophets 0 ,z>adu%t4 ,! ,kayum>?iya ass]t t ,kayum>? 0 ,adam2 ,kayum>? appe>s z ,adam 9 ! hi/ories ( ,india & ,p]sia4 ,b all ! hi/ories are aga9/ ?is4#a ,footnote #a3 ,i h con/antly ref]r$ to ,ha>bruck]'s ,g]man translation & to ! ,g]man passages cit$ by ,gottiel 9 ! ,drissel] ,volume :i* 0 v k9dly pres5t$ to me by our ,pr(4 ,a4,v4,w4 ,jackson4 ,gottiel has omitt$ ! sections reg>d+ ! ,kayum>?iya4 ,,! ,,z>adu%tiya4 ,^! are ! foll[]s ( ,z>adu%t1 son ( ,buda%ab :o appe>$ 9 ! "t ( ,bi%tasb1 son ( ,lohrasb1 ! k+4 ,8 fa!r came f ,az>bayjan & 8 "m f ,ray & h] "n 0 ,doghd4 ,!y ass]t t !y _h prophets & k+s & t !y _h ,kayum>? :o 0 ! fir/ k+ on ! e>? & t 8 resid5ce 0 at ,i/akh>1 t aft] him came ,hau%anj1 son ( ,f>awal1 :o desc5d$ on ,india4 ,aft] him came 8 son ,jam2 ! k+4 ,!n foll[$ prophets & k+s among :om 0 ,m9o*ehr4 ,he proce$$ to ,babel & settl$ !re1 & x is relat$ t ,musa1 7may peace be on him67 appe>$ 9 8 "t4 ,?+s cont9u$ l ?is till ! sov]eignty came to ,bi%tasb1 son ( ,lohrasb4 ,9 8 "t appe>$ ,z>adu%t al ,hakim or ! ,wise4444 ,sid5ote3 ,miracles ( ,zoroa/]4 ,sid5ote3 ,ess5ce ( 8 tea*+s4 ,sid5ote3 ,8 ,cosmogony4 ,!n ! *ild ,z>adu%t laugh$ a great laugh :i* 0 notic$ by all ^? pres5t1 & p contriv$ s z to put ,z>adu%t 9 ! way ( cattle & ! way ( horses & 9 ! way ( wolves4 ,b ea* ( !m /ood up to protect him f its own k9d4 ,aft] he _h atta9$ to an age ( ?irty ,god s5t him z 8 prophet & apo/le to 8 creation1 & he turn$ himself ) 8 call+ to k+ ,bi%tasb & ! latt] accept$ 8 cre$4 ,8 cre$ consi/$ 9 ! rev]5ce ( ,god & ! non-rev]5ce ( ,satan1 9 ! ob$i5ce to good & 9 ! prohibition ( ! evil1 & 9 ab/a9+ f unclean ?+s4 ,he said t light & d>kness 7 two orig9al pr9ciples :i* oppos$ ea* o!r antagoni/ically1 & s 7 ,yazdan & ,ahriman & t bo? 7 ! beg9n+ ( ! creat$ ?+s 9 ! _w4 ,t ! composition ( x 0 ! product ( ! co-m+l+ & t ! v>iety ( =ms 7 giv5 rise to by means ( ! v>i\s unions1 b t ,god 0 ! creator ( light & d>kness & ( bo? ! prime orig9s4 ,he 0 "o )\t a companion1 )\t an oppon5t1 & )\t anyone :o 0 8 l1 & t x 0 n possible to trace to him ! exi/5ce ( d>kness 9 ! way 9 :i* ! ,z>wanites trace x1 b t good & evil1 pure & impure1 holy & unholy1 7 br\ght =? only by ! co-m+l+ ( light & d>kness1 & _h n ! two =e-ga!r$ ! _w w\ld n h come into exi/5ce4 ,!y 7 pit*$ ea* aga9/ ! o!r & !y fight ea* o!r till light %all ov]come d>kness1 & good evil4 ,& !n ! good w be lib]at$ & come to its own1 & ! evil w be hurl$ d[n to its own _w & t w be ! cause ( ! emancipation4 ,god1 ! ,almighty1 h[ev]1 has 9 8 wisdom comp\nd$ & co-m+l$ !m4 ,sometimes !y make out t light is ! orig9al pr9ciple & express !mselves ?us3 ,! exi/5ce ( light is a real exi/5ce4 ,d>kness1 h[ev]1 is only a consequ5ce l ! %ad[ ( a p]son4 ,x 0 alleg$ t d>kness 0 a ?+ produc$ ?\gh n creat$ 9 reality1 & t ,god _h produc$ light & t d>kness _h come out z a consequ5ce1 because contra/ 0 a matt] ( necessity 9 exi/5ce4 ,h5ce ! exi/5ce ( d>kness 0 also ess5tial4 ,& ?us x _h become a ?+ creat$ al?\gh n z 9 ! fir/ view1 z br\ght out ) ref]5ce to a man's %ad[4 ,sid5ote3 ,z5d ,ave-ta4 ,he ,z>adu%t also _h compos$ a book ab\t :i* p said t x 0 reveal$ to him1 namely1 ! ,z& ,awa/a :i* divides ! _w into two p>ts1 ,m9o or ! spiritual & ,geti or ! corporeal2 t is to say1 into spiritual & corporeal worlds1 or 9 o!r words1 into m5tal & physical4 ,& j z ! creation is divid$ into two worlds1 s accord+ to him1 all t 0 9 ! _w 0 aga9 divid$ into two1 namely1 ,bakh%is ,ha>bruck] translates ,bakh%is by gnade or fav\r1 b ! orig9al ,arabic expression is takdir :i* means de/9y1 & kuni% or de$1 by :i* are meant pre-de/9ation ,by ,god & human action4 ,sid5ote3 ,zoroa/rian ,e?ics4 ,fur!r1 he discuss$ ! duties relat+ to ! religi\s law & ^! h ref]5ce to ! movem5ts ( man4 ,he divid$ !m into ?ree p>ts ,mani%1 ,guyi% & ,kuni%1 mean+ !reby belief1 spee*1 & act1 & ^! compreh5d$ all ! duties4 ,:5 9 ?is a man is want+ he is out ( ob$i5ce & out ( cre$4 ,b if he conducts himself 9 ^! ?ree movem5ts accord+ to ! /&>d ( ! law & ! ord9ance he atta9s to ! highe/ good4#a ,footnote #a3 ,"h is an in/ance :]e ! ,arab philosoph] & writ] h&s d[n to po/]ity ! _s ( ,zoroa/rianism )\t prejudice & ) precision4 ,sid5ote3 ,"s ,miracles expla9$4 ,! ,z>ada%tiya ascrib$ to ,z>adu%t a numb] ( miracles includ+ t :ile ,z>adu%t 0 ?r[n into prison ! =efeet ( ! horse ( ,bi%tasb ent]$ into its body4 ,:5 he 0 set at lib]ty1 ! feet ( ! animal came out4 ,next1 x is said t he happ5$ to pass a bl9d man at ,d9aw> & to h told him1 ,take ! h]b1 :i* he describ$ to him & press its juice into y\r eye & y w be able to see4 ,?is 0 done & ! bl9d man 0 re/or$ to 8 sight4 ,?is1 h[ev]1 is to be attribut$ to 8 k ( ! prop]ties ( ! h]b & s x is 9 no wise a miracle4 7,"h ,got?iel omits "o section on ! ,saisaniya & ! ,bihafridiya#a74 ,footnote #a3 ,! ,bihafridiya =m$ a h]esy f ,zoroa/rianism 9 ! "t ( ! ,moslems4 ,! sect furni%es ! /ronge/ pro( t !re 0 no p]secution wor? ! "n 9 ,p]sia at ! "t4 ,n only 9 ^? days 7 ! ,zoroa/rians p]mitt$ to foll[ _! own fai? b "h is a curi\s p>s f ,al ,biruni :i* proves t bo? ! orig9al ,zoroa/rians & ! h]esy 7 p]mitt$ to fl\ri% side by side "u ! ,khalifs3--,:5 ,abu ,moslem came to ,ni%apur ! mob$s & h]b$s assembl$ be=e him tell+ him t ?is man ! f\nd] ( ! ,bihafridi sect _h infect$ ,islam z well z _! own ,zoroa/rian religion4 ,s he s5t ,abdalla to fet* him4 ,he met him 9 ! m\nta9 at ,badjeh & br\ght him be=e ,abu ,moslem to put him to dea? toge!r ) su* ( 8 foll[]s z he c\ld capture4 ,8 foll[]s call$ ! ,bihafridians /ill keep ! in/itutes ( _! f\nd] & /rongly resemble ! ,zam-,zamis among ! ,magians4 ,%ah>a/ani adds t !y 7 ! mo/ ho/ile ( ,god's creatures to ! ,zamzami ,magians4 ,! entire *apt] on ! ,iranian sects 9 ,%ah>a/ani is wor?y ( c>eful & deep /udy4 ,x expla9s ! div]g5ce betwe5 ! prescriptions ( ! ,v5didad & ! practice ( ! bulk ( ! ,iranians4 ,! ,v5didad 01 x w\ld appe>1 ! au?oritative scripture ( "o ( ! sects ( ,zoroa/rianism4 ,at any rate x is n too extravagant to d$uce f ! c>eful /udies ( ! ,iranian religion by ,arab writ]s t z ! tea*+s ( ,sakya ,muni develop$ into m ,buddhisms ?an "o s !re 7 sev]al cre$s ) ! common designation ( ,zoroa/rianism4 ,sid5ote3 ,! dignity ( ,mob$an ,mob$4 ,! ,magians & ! foll[]s ( ! ,two ,pr9ciples & ! foll[]s ( ,mani & ! o!r sects :i* are relat$ to ! ,magians are kn[n z ! adh]5ts ( ! ,great cre$ or ! ,great religion4 ,all ! k+s ( ,p]sia 7 ! foll[]s ( ! religion ( ,ibrahim1 subjects & all ^? :o belong$ to ! c\ntry among !m dur+ ! reign ( ea* ( !m foll[$ ! religion ( _! rul]s4 ,b ^! latt] reli$ ^u ! *ief ( ! ecclesia/ics1 ,mob$ ,mob$an1 ! sage ( sages1 & ! wise/ ( m5 accord+ to ^: in/ructions ! k+s conduct$ !mselves & )\t ^: judgm5t !y und]took no?+2 to him !y %[$ rev]5ce su* z is %[n to ! ,khalif ( ! "t4 ,,ibn ,,hazm4 ,,kitab ,,al ,,fasal ,,fil ,,milal ,,wal ,,hawa ,,wal ,,nahal4 7,,page #aab1 ,,vol4 #a1 ,,egyptian ,,ed47 ,z reg>ds ! ,magians !y believ$ 9 ! prophet%ip ( ,z>ada%t4444 ,& z reg>ds ,z>ada%t x is said t ! majority ( ,moslems believ$ 9 8 prophet%ip4444 ,sid5ote3 ,majority ( ,moslems believ$ 9 ! ,prophet%ip ( ,zoroa/]4 ,& ! ,book ( ! ,magians & _! religi\s ,law 7 = a long "t dur+ _! sov]eignty 9 ! possession ( ! mob$s & #bc h]b$s4 ,ea* ( ! h]b$s _h a volume :i* 0 individual & sep>ate4 ,9 x 0 associat$ none ( ! o!r h]b$s & no outsid] _h any conc]n ) x4 ,subsequ5tly !re 0 a break on acc\nt ( ,alex&] sett+ fire to _! books at ! "t :5 he invad$ ,d>a1 son ( ,d>a1 & !y admit ) unanimity t a portion ( _! scriptures to ! ext5t ( a ?ird has p]i%$4 ,?is has be5 m5tion$ by ,ba%ir & ,nasik & o!rs ( _! m5 ( le>n+4444 ,sid5ote3 ,hi/ory ( ,zoroa/rian ,sacr$ lit]ature4 ,& ,magians compil$ all ! scriptures 7ayat7 reg>d+ ! miracles ( ,zoroa/] su* z t ( ! brass :i* 0 spread ov] & melt$ on 8 *e/ & :i* did n injure him1 & ! feet ( ! horse :i* _h p5etrat$ 8 belly & :i* 7 drawn out by him1 etc4 ,sid5ote3 ,zoroa/rians are ,kitabis4 ,& among ^? :o ass]t t ! ,magians are ,ahal ,kitab are ,ali ,ibn ,talib & ,khuzayfa1 may ,god be pleas$ on ^! two1 & ,said ,b9 ,al ,musib & ,k>adah & ,abu ,?aur & ! :ole ( ! sect ( ! ,zahurites4 ,& we h set out ! argum5ts ( ! validity ( ?is /atem5t 9 our book entitl$ ! ,isal 9 ! *apt]s on ,jehad1 ,c]emonial ,slaught]1 & ,nikah4 ,& !re9 is suffici5tly prov$ ! validity ( ! acceptance ( ,jaziya by ! prophet ( ,god f !m4 ,= 9 ! cle> /atem5t ( ! ,qoran 9 ! la/ v]ses ( ! *apt] ( ,burat1 ,god has decl>$ unlawful ! acceptance ( ! ,jaziya f non-,kitabis4444 ,n[ z reg>ds ! ,magians !y admit t ! books ( !irs 9 :i* is incorporat$ _! religion 7 de/roy$ by fire by ,alex&] :5 he slew ,d>a son ( ,d>a1--t m ?an two-?irds ( !m h p]i%$ ! remnants be+ less ?an a ?ird1--t _! religi\s law 0 compris$ 9 :at has disappe>$4 ,n[ s9ce ?is is ! condition ( _! religion1 !n _! claims are void altoge!r became ( ! disappe>ance ( ! majority ( _! books2 s9ce ,god does n held responsible any p]son ) ref]5ce to any?+ t has n be5 entru/$ to him4 ,sid5ote3 ,zoroa/rians extant scriptures are corrupt4 ,& among _! books !re is "o entitl$ ! ,khudhay to :i* !y pay great rev]5ce1 9 :i* x is relat$ t k+ ,anu%irwan prohibit$ ! tea*+ ( _! religion 9 any "o ( ! cities except ,arde%ir ,khurrah & ! religion spread f ,datjird4 ,be=e ?is "t x 0 n taught any:]e except ,i/akh> & x 0 n prop] = anyone to engage 9 its /udy except a special class ( p4 ,& ( ! books :i* rema9$ aft] ! conflagration by ,alex&] !re 7 #bc volumes & !re 7 appo9t$ #bc h]b$s1 "o h]b$ = ea* volume4 ,& no h]b$ transgress$ ^u ! volume ( ano!r4 ,& ! ,,mob$ ,,mob$an 0 ! sup]9t5d5t ( ! :ole ( ^? scriptures4 ,n[ :atev] is 9 ?is condition has its cont5ts alt]$ & modifi$ & ea* ( ! transcripts is 9 ?is /ate4 ,h5ce !y are corrupt & d n des]ve to be reg>d$ z au!ntic4 ,?us :atev] is 9 _! books _c be held to be au!ntic except by reason ( fai? alone s9ce !re are evid5t falsehoods 9 !m l ! /atem5t t _! k+ m\nt$ on ,iblis & rode on him :]ev] he will$1 t man 9 ! beg9n+ orig9at$ f a vegetable l grass call$ ,%>aliya1 & ! bir? ( ,bay>awan ,siyawu% son ( ,kay ,kawa% :o built a city call$ ,kangdez betwe5 ! e>? & ! heav5 & settl$ !re9 #hj1jjj m5 belong+ to ! p ( family1 t !y are !re to ?is day1 & t :5 ,behram ,hamaw& manife/s himself on 8 bull to re/ore to !m _! sov]eignty t city w desc5d to e>? & w help him to re/ore _! religion & ,empire4 ,says ,abu ,muhamm$1 may ,god be pleas$ ) him4 ,& e book 9 :i* is incorporat$ a falsehood is invalid & fictiti\s4 ,x does n come f ,god4 ,?us !re is corruption 9 ! religion ( ! ,magians j z !re is 9 ! religion ( ! ,jews & ! ,*ri/ians to an equal degree4 ,,ibn ,,haukal4 ,ibn ,haukal has be5 edit$ 9 ! ,biblio!ca ,geogra phorum ,arabicorum by ,de ,goege1 b z ! text is n available ! foll[+ exc]pts f a translation ( x made ov] a c5tury ago by ,sir ,william ,ouseley w indicate its importance4 ,he fl\ri%$ 9 ! middle ( ! #aa? c5tury4 ,sid5ote3 ,fire ,temples4 ,!re is n any di/rict nor any t[n ( ,f>s )\t a fire temple4 ,^! are held 9 high v5]ation4 ,we %all h]eaft] m9utely describe !m4 ,also ?r\gh\t ,f>s !re are ca/les "o /rong] ?an ano!r4 ,sid5ote3 ,nirang4 ,!re is n any di/rict ( ?is prov9ce nor any )\t a fire temple4 ,"o ne> ,%apur !y call ,kunbud ,kau%4444 ,& 9 ! religion ( ! ,guebres x is orda9$ t ',omnis ,foem9a quae tempore gravid x at is aut tempore m5/ruorum1 =nicationem seu adult>ium fec]it1 pura non erit1 donec ad ,pyraeum 7seu templum ,ignicol>um7 access]it 7et7 coram ,heirb$ 7sac]dote7 nuda f]it et ur9a vaccae se lav]it4' ,9 ! prov9ce ( ,f>s1 !y h ?ree languages--! ,,p>si1 :i* !y use 9 speak+ "o to ano!r1 ?\gh !re may be "s v>iations ( dialects 9 diff]5t di/ricts yet x is 9 fact all ! same & !y all und]/& ! languages ( ea* o!r & none ( _! expressions or words are un9telligible2 ! ,pahlavi language :i* 0 =m]ly us$ 9 writ+s2 ?is language n[ requires a comm5t>y or explanatory treatise2 & ! ,arabic language :i* at pres5t is us$ 9 ! ,divans or royal c\rts ( ju/ice & rev5ue1 etc4 ,sid5ote3 ,m>itime comm]ce4 ,z to ! mann]s ( ! p 9 ,f>s ^? :o are ! *ief m5 & occupy ! high] (fices 9 ! s]vice ( ! sov]eign are polite & c\rte\s4 ,!y h f9e palaces & are v hospitable4 ,! p 9 g5]al1 are k9d & civil 9 _! mann]s4 ,! m]*ants are rem>kably covet\s & desir\s ( weal?4 ,i h he>d t !re 0 a c]ta9 man ( ,siraj :o _h =ty ye>s at sea nev] leav+ 8 %ip dur+ ?is "t4 ,:5ev] he came to a port he s5t "s ( 8 p on %ore to transact 8 comm]cial affairs1 & :5 ! bus9ess 0 f9i%$ he sail$ on to "s o!r place4 ,! inhabitants ( ,siraj devot$ _! :ole "t to comm]ce & m]*&ise4 ,i myself saw at ?is place sev]al p]sons :o possess$ #d1jjj ?\s& d9>s & !re 7 "s :o _h /ill m & _! clo!s 7 ^? ( lab\r]s4 ,sid5ote3 ,p>sis 9 ,f>s4 ,9 ,f>s !re are fire wor%ipp]s1 ,guebres1 & ,*ri/ians & "s ,jews4 ,& ! practices ( ! ,guebres1 _! fire temples1 & _! cu/oms & c]emonies & ,guebreism or ,magism1 /ill cont9ue among ! p ( ,f>s & !re are n 91 any c\ntry ( ,islam s _m ,guebres z 9 ! l& ( ,f>s4 ,x has be5 _! capital or resid5ce4 ,l all o!r ,arab au?ors ,ibn ,haukal m5tions ! celebrat$ m5 belong+ to ea* ( ! prov9ces he describes4 ,among ! celebrities ( ,f>s are reckon$ ,hormuz1 ,guebre1 :o 9 ! "t ( ,om> 0 tak5 by ,abdulla ,ibn ,om> & put to dea?2 & ,salman ,f>si :o 0 "o ( ! illu/ri\s m54 ,8 piety is celebrat$ ?r\gh\t ! _w4 ,he s\ght ! tru? ( religion 9 all qu>t]s only to f9d x at ,m$9a ) ! ,prophet4 ,9 consequ5ce ( ?is ,selman became a true believ]4 ,abdulla ,ibn ,mukaffa also belong$ to ,f>s4 ,9 ! t]ritory ( ,i/akh> is a great build+ ) /atuettes c>v$ 9 /one & !re also are inscriptions & pa9t+s4 ,,app5dix ,,viii ,,ibn ,,khallikan ,,biographical ,,diction>y ,,translat$ ,,by ,,de ,,slane1 ,,vol1 ,i4 ,dehkan is a ,p]sian ^w signify+ bo? a f>m] & a hi/orian4 ,x is g5]ally us$ to designate a p]son ( anci5t ,p]sian family possess+ h]$it>y l&$ prop]ty4 7,p4 #gg74 ,ispeh ,sal>4 ,?is ^w signifies comm&] ( ! troops4 7,p4 #bbh74 ,,katibs or writ]s 7 ! p]sons employ$ 9 public (fices3 ! directors1 cl]ks & secret>ies 9 gov]nm5t s]vice 7 all call$ katib4 ,sid5ote3 ,nauruz 9 ,baghdad4 ,khalifs' ,nauruz4--,?is ano!r "n = ,nauruz ,khasa ,new ,ye>'s day prop]1 9 :i* x 0 cu/om>y to (f] pres5ts to ! sov]eign4 ,?is fe/ival 0 held on ! six? day ( ! mon? ( ,f]w>d9 7end ( ,m>ob74 ,! old ,p]sian cu/om ( celebrat+ ,nauruz exi/$ at ,baghdad "u ! ,abbaside ,khalifs4 7,see ,p4 #bjc ( ?is "w1 see also an anecdote ( ,ahm$ ,ibn ,yusuf al ,khatif 9 8 life ( ,al ,mub>ad47 7,p4 #cdj74 ,9 ! ye> #dii ,ak ,sunkur 0 direct$ by ! sultan ,muham$ to lay siege to ,tikrit :i* 0 !n 9 ! possession ( ,kaikobad ,ibn ,haz>asb 7ab\t #aabe74 7,p4 #bbg47 ,sid5ote3 ,ibn ,mukaffa4 ,ibn ,khallikan has devot$ sev5 pages to ! life ( ,ibn ,mukaffa :o is call$ ! ,katib & 0 r5[n$ = ! elegance ( 8 /yle4 ,he 0 ! au?or ( admirable epi/les4 ,he 0 a native ( ,f>s & a ,magian4 ,b he 0 l$ to ! pr(ession ( ,islam by ! uncle ( ! two fir/ ,abbaside ,al ,saf> & ,al ,mansur4 ,he !n became a secret>y & 0 admitt$ into intimacy4 ,x 0 relat$ t ,mukaffa w5t to ,isa ,ibn ,ali & said t he 0 p]suad$ ( ! tru? ( ,islam & wi%$ to make a pr(ession ( t fai?4 ,isa answ]$1 ,let x be done 9 ! pres5ce ( ! lead]s & *iefs ( ! p :o come "h to-morr[4 ,on ! ev5+ ( t v day he w5t to d9e ) ,isa1 & hav+ sat d[n he began to eat & to mutt] accord+ to ! cu/om ( ! ,magian1 ,h[ said ,isa1 he mutt]s l ! ,magian al?\gh resolv$ to embrace ,islam8 ,to ?is ,makaffa repli$3 ,i d n wi% to pass a s+le night )\t "s religion4 ,! next morn+ he made to ,isa 8 solemn pr(ession ( ,islam4 ,not)/&+ ! em95t m]it ( ,mukaffa he 0 suspect$ ( infidelity & ,al ,jahiz /ates t 8 religi\s s9c]ity 0 d\bt$ 7,p4 #dca74 ,ibn ,kallikan says1 ,x 0 ,mukaffa :o compos$ ! book entitl$ ,kalileh ,wa-,dimneh4 ,b "s /ate t he is n ! au?or ( ! "w :i* !y say 0 9 ,pahlavi1 & he translat$ x into ,arabic1 & put x 9 an elegant /yle4 ,b ! disc\rse at ! beg9n+ ( ! "w is by him4 ,,volume ,,ii4 ,ahm$ ,ibn ,yusuf address$ to ,al-,mamun a v]se ) a pres5t ( an embroid]$ robe on ! day ( ,nauruz4 7,p4 #cb74 ,al-,m>zubani receiv$ 8 surname ( ,al-,m>zubani because "o ( 8 ance/ors bore ! "n ( ,al-,m>zuban1 a designation appli$ by ,p]sians to great & p[]ful m5 only4 ,?is ^w signifies gu>dian ( ! fronti]1 z we le>n f ,ibn al ,jawaliki's "w call$ ,al-mu>rab4 7,p4 #fh74 ,a ref]5ce to ! game ( *ess :i* orig9at$ 9 ,india1 & ! game ( ,n]d z inv5t$ by ! ,p]sian k+ ,arde%ir4 ,we (t5 come across names l ,dhia-ad-,d9 ,abu ,said ,bahra9 ,ibn al-,khidr1 j z we h ,paul ,pakiam indicat+ ! be>] ( ! "n 0 orig9ally ,h9du b _h adopt$ subsequ5tly ,*ri/ianity4 7,p4 #bif74 ,sid5ote3 ,nom9al conv]ts4 ,abl-,hasan ,mihy> ,ibn ,mirzawaih1 a native ( ,dadam & secret>y = ,p]sian language 0 a ,fire-wor%ipp]1 b aft]w>ds adopt$ ! ,moslem fai?4 ,x is said t he made 8 pr(ession to ,%>if ar-,rida :o 0 8 pr(essor & "u :om he made 8 poetical /udies4 ,x seems1 h[ev]1 ! conv]sion ( ,mihy> 0 only nom9al4 ,ibn al-,a?ir al-,jaz>i says 9 8 ,annals t "o ,ibn ,burhan said to him4 ,mihy>1 by becom+ a ,musalman y h m]ely pass$ f "o corn] ( hell to ano!r4 ,h[ s8 said ,mihy>4 ,ibn ,burhan repli$3 ,because y 7 =m]ly a fire-wor%ipp] & n[ y revile ! companions ( our bless$ ,prophet 9 y\r v]ses4 7,p4 #eag47 ,ibn ,khallikan adds t ,mihy> & ,mirzawai? are bo? ,p]sian names4 ,_! signification is unkn[n to me4 ,,volume ,,iii4 ,in/ances ( hybrid comp\nd names1 ! ,iranian compon5t be+ reta9$4 ,izz ad-,d9 ,kaikaus son ( ,ghia? ad-,d9 ,kaikhosru4 7,p4 #dhg74 ,ala ad-,d9 ,kaikobad4 7,p4 #dhi74 ,abu ,mahfuz ,ibn ,firuz4 7,p4 #chd74 ,abu ,manzur ,al ,muzaff> ,ibn ,abi ,i-,husa9 ,arde%ir4 7,p4 #cfe74 ,abu ,mansur-,%eh]d> ,ibn ,%iruyah4 7,p4 #aa74 ,sultan ad-,dawlat1 ,fanakhrosru 7:i* is no d\bt equival5t to ,panah ,khurso47 7,p4 #bgh74 ,! ^w abna signifies sons4 ,x 0 g5]ally employ$ to designate p]sons "o ( ^: p>5ts 0 an ,arab & ! o!r ( a =eign race4 ,at ! "t ( ,mahom$ & aft]w>ds !re 0 9 ,yeman a great numb] ( ,abna ^: fa!rs 7 ,p]sians & ^: mo!rs 7 ,arabs4 7,p4 #ccd74 ,dress ( ! ,ulema4 7,p4 #bgc74 ,yahya ,ibn al ,munajjim ^: real "n 0 ,abban ,hasis1 ! son ( ,kad1 ! son ( ,mahav9dad1 ! son ( ,f>rukhdad1 ! son ( ,asad1 ! son ( ,mihr1 ! son ( ,yezdig]d1 ! la/ ( ! ,sasanian k+s ( ,p]sia4 ,/ory ( ! onag> ) ! inscription on its e> writt5 by ,bahramgor 9 ! ,kufic "*4 ,ibn ,khallikan quotes ,al ,khaw>ezmi's ,mafatih-al-,ulum4 7,p4 #he74 ,sid5ote3 ,old ca/les4 ,i/akhri ref]s to ! ca/le ( ,jiss 9 ! di/rict ( ,arrajan ab\t :i* we h a m exhau/ive notice by o!r writ]s4 ,"h liv$ ! ,magians1 says ,i/akhri1 & "h also are to be f\nd memorials ( ! pa/ ( ,p]sia4 ,! place is /rongly =tifi$4 ,! ca/le ( ,iraj is also /rongly =tifi$4 ,! fa/nesses :i* _c be subjugat$ are s _m t x is n possible to detail !m4 ,describ+ ! city ( ,jur ,i/akhri says t x 0 built by ,arde%ir4 ,x is said t "h wat] us$ to be collect$ z 9 a lake4 ,! k+ _h tak5 a v[ to build a city & to erect a fire temple at ! place :]e he _h defeat$ 8 enemy4 ,he _h ! place dra9$1 & :5 x 0 dri$ he built ! city ( ,jur on ! site4 ,! city 9 its ext5t is l ,i/akhr1 ,sabur1 & ,d>abgird4 ,x _h mud walls & moats & _m gates1 ! ea/]n "o be+ call$ ! gate ( ,mihr1 ! we/]n ! gate ( ,bahram1 ! nor!rn ! gate ( ,hormuz1 & ! s\!rn ! gate ( ,arde%ir4 ,9 ! c5tre ( ! city is a build+ ) a cupola built by ,arde%ir4 ,x is said t x is s high t x comm&s a view ( ! city & its surr\nd+s4 ,high at its top is a fire alt>4#a 7,p4 #ef74 ,sid5ote3 ,languages ( ,iran4 ,9 ano!r portion ( 8 book ,i/akhri describes ! inhabitants z ?91 ) little gr[? ( hair & ( br[n col\r4 ,9 ! cold] tracts1 he cont9ues1 ! p are ( a tall] /ature ) a ?ick gr[? ( hair & v fair4 ,!y speak ?ree languages1--! ,p>si1 :i* ev]ybody speaks & :i* is employ$ 9 _! lett]s & _! lit]ature2 ! ,magians :o dwell among !m use ! ,pahlavi 9 _! writ+s1 b x ne$s = a ?or\gh und]/&+ an explanation 9 ,p>si2 & ,arabic :i* is ! language us$ 9 ! correspond5ce ( ! ,sultan1 ! ,gov]nm5t ,bo>ds1 ! gr&ees & ! ,amirs4 7,p4 #fg74 ,footnote #a3 ,?is goes to confirm ! hypo!sis ( ,sir ,john ,m>%all t ! curi\s /ructure ) probably a fire-alt> at ! top excavat$ by him at ,taxila ne> ,rawal ,p9di is a ,zoroa/rian ata%-kadeh4 ,sid5ote3 ,t>dy ,conv]ts4 ,9 ! same place he makes m5tion ( a num]\s settlem5t ( ! ,magians4 ,"h are1 he says1 a goodly numb] ( ,magians 9 ! neighb\rhood ( ,i/akhr4 ,!re is a l>ge /one build+ ) c>v+s & pill>s ab\t :i* ! ,p]sians relate t x is ! mosque ( ,solomon2 ! son ( ,david1 & t x is ! "w ( g5ii4 ,9 bulk x is comp>able to ! build+s 9 ,syria & ,egypt ,9 ! neighborhood ( ,sabur is a m\nta9 on :i* ! repres5tations ( all ! k+s1 gov]nors1 s]vitors ( temples & gr& mob$s :o 7 celebrat$ 9 ! times ( ! ,p]sian mon>*y are to be f\nd4 ,on ! p$e/als ( ^! figures are engrav$ ! ev5ts 9 connection ) & ! de$s ( ^! p]sonages4 ,describ+ ! ,k>5 m\nta9s ,itakhri says1 ,! m\nta9\s region is inaccessible & ! inhabitants hold comm]ce ) no "o outside4 ,dur+ ! ,omayad p]iod !y p]si/$ 9 _! adh]5ce to ,zoroa/rianism1 & !y c\ld n be subjugat$1 & 7 worse ?an ! inhabitants ( ! ,koz m\nta94 ,b :5 ! ,abbasides came to p[] !y embrac$ ,islam4 ,^! ,magians 7 extraord9>ily brave4 ,yakub & ,amru ! sons ( ,lei?1 comm5c$ _! rule & p[] "h & drew _! support]s f ^! hills4 ,mokan1 says ,i/akhri1 conta9s _m villages :i* are inhabit$ by ! ,magians4 7,p4 #ga47 ,,mesopotamia ,,& ,,p]sia ,,9 ,,! ,,f\rte5? ,,c5tury4 ,,9 ,,! ,,nuzhat ,,al ,,kulub ,,( ,,hamd-,,allah ,,mu/awfi ,,by ,g4 ,le/range4 ,! foll[+ fire-temples are m5tion$3--,at ,transcrib]'s note3 ^w unreadable !re 0 an anci5t fire temple call$ ,ardahi%4 7,p4 #ef7 ,a dragon 0 sla9 by k+ ,kaikau%ro :o !n built on ! spot a fire temple aft]w>ds kn[n z ,dayr ,ku%id4 7,p4 #fi74 ,tur%id 0 ! *ief city ( ! ,kohi/an prov9ce & ne> x 0 ! village ,ki%waz fam\s = ! great cypress trees plant$ by ,zoroa/] z relat$ by ,firdausi 9 ! ,%ah ,nameh1 7,turn]1 #a4 ,mac> ,vol4 #d1 l9e #ajfa74 ,ne> ,tu%iz 7 f\r fam\s ca/les "o ( :i* 0 call$ ,ar?u% ,gah or ! ,fire temple4 7,p4 #hj74 ,h]at 0 wat]$ by ! canals ( ! riv] ,h>i ,rud4 ,x _h a fam\s ca/le call$ ,%am ,iram built ov] ! ru9s ( an anci5t ,fire temple on a m\nta9 two leagues di/ant f ! city4 ,mu/awfi adds a long acc\nt ( ! t[n1 its m>kets & its %r9es1 giv+ ! names ( ! v>i\s canals d]iv$ f ! ,h>i ,rud4 7,p4 #he74 ,,al ,,muqadasi4 7,,biblio!ca ,,indica7 ,sid5ote3 ,zoroa/rians are treat$ l ,jews & ,*ri/ians4 ,! religi\s bodies :i* enjoy rights ( subjects "u ! protection ( law are f\r1--! ,jews1 ! ,*ri/ians1 ! ,majus1 & ! ,sabiah4 7,p4 #fg-fi74 ,sid5ote3 ,nauruz & ,mih]jan4 ,! wor%ipp]s ( idols 9 ,s9d are n ( ! ,dhimma1 nor ^? "u ! protection ( ,islam2 x is on ?is acc\nt t !y are exempt$ f ! poll tax4 ,! ,majus are c\nt$ ) ! ,dhimma2 = ,om> ord]$ !m to be treat$ 9 ! same way z ! p ( ! book 7! ,jews & ,*ri/ians27 ! fact t we call ! foll[]s ( "o & ! same code ( doctr9es by two names1 "o ( praise & "o ( blame1 does n arise f eulogis+ or revil+ on our "p2 our object is m]ely to %ew :at o!rs ?9k ( any sect1 & by :at names !y call !m4 7,p4 #g74 ,,?aalibi4 ,,edit$ ,,& ,,translat$ ,,by ,h4 ,,zot5b]g4 ,& ,behram 0 mat*less among k+s1 p]fect 9 mann]s & facile ( tongue4 ,= he us$ to conv]se on ! days ( public assemblies & c\rtly meet+s 9 ,arabic & 9 matt]s ( receiv+ petitions & grant+ ( ! gifts 9 ,p]sian1 & :5 giv+ public audi5ces he us$ ! ,d>i language1 & :5 play+ polo he us$ ,pahlavi1 & ,turki% :ile at w>1 & :5 out hunt+ ! language ( ,zabuli/an & 9 legal matt]s ,hebrew1 9 que/ions ( m$ic9e ! ,indian language1 9 ,a/ronomy ! language ( ! ,greeks1 & :ile on voyage he us$ ! ,nabatian language & :ile speak+ ) wom5 he us$ ! spee* ( ,h]at4 7,p4 #eee74 ,t ,?aalibi knew ! correct di/9ction betwe5 ,pahlavi & ,p]sian c be se5 f ! fact t he says at p4 #fcc ( 8 hi/ory ) ref]5ce to ! book ( ,kalileh wa ,dimna z foll[s3--,:5 ,burzuyeh arriv$ at ! c\rt & pres5t$ himself be=e ,anu%irwan he rec\nt$ to him :at _h happ5$ to him & ann\nc$ to him z a happy ev5t t he 0 9 possession ( ! book4 ,!n he made a pres5t ( x to ! k+4 7,anu%irwan 0 *>m$ ) x & he gave ! ord] to translate ! book into ,pahlavi47 ,burzuyeh reque/$ & got f ! k+ ! p]mission to place at ! head ( ! fir/ *apt] ! k+'s "n1 & a notice ( 8 life4 ,& ! book rema9$ c>efully gu>d$ ) ! k+s ( ,p]sia until ,ibn ,muquaffa translat$ x into ,arabic & ,rudaki at ! comm& ( ,amir ,nasr ,ibn ,ahmad turn$ x into ,p]sian v]se4 ,ref]5ce to ,kitab al ,a94 7,p4 #ad47 ,ref]5ce to ! murd] & burial ( ! la/ ,sasanian k+1 7,p4 #gdh47