,,!ory ,,( ,,! ,,e>?1 ,,volume ,i ,) ,pro(s & ,illu/rations1 9 ,f\r ,p>ts ,by ,,james ,,hutton1 ,m4,d4 ,f4,r4,s4,e4 #agie4 ,,cont5ts4 ,,"p ,i4 ,,!ory ,,( ,,! ,,e>?2 ) ! ,exam9ation ( diff]5t ,op9ions on t ,subject4 ,,*ap4 ,i4 ,,!ory ,,( ,,! ,,e>?2 or an ,inve/igation ( ! ,laws obs]vable 9 ! ,composition1 ,dissolution1 & ,re/oration ( ,l& ^u ! ,globe4 ,,sect4 ,i4--,prospect ( ! ,subject to be treat$ (4 ,,sect4 ,,ii4--,an ,inve/igation ( ! ,natural ,op]ations employ$ 9 consolidat+ ! ,/rata ( ! ,globe4 ,,sect4 ,,iii4--,inve/igation ( ! ,natural ,op]ations employ$ 9 ! ,production ( ,l& above ! ,surface ( ! ,sea4 ,,sect4 ,,iv4--,sy/em ( ,decay & ,r5ovation obs]v$ 9 ! ,e>?4 ,,*ap4 ,,ii4 ,an ,exam9ation ( ,mr ,,kirwan's ,objections to ! ,igne\s ,orig9 ( ,/ony ,sub/ances4 ,,*ap4 ,,iii4 ,( ,physical ,sy/ems1 & ,geological ,!ories1 9 g5]al4 ,,*ap4 ,,iv4 ,! ,supposition ( ,primitive ,m\nta9s refut$4 ,,*ap4 ,v4 ,conc]n+ t :i* may be t]m$ ! ,prim>y ,"p ( ! ,pres5t ,e>?4 ,,*ap4 ,,vi4 ,! ,!ory ( int]*ang+ ,sea & ,l&1 illu/rat$ by an ,inve/igation ( ! ,prim>y & ,second>y ,/rata #dba4 ,,sect4 ,i4--,a di/9ct view ( ! ,prim>y & ,second>y ,/rata4 ,,sect4 ,,ii4--,! ,!ory confirm$ f ,obs]vations made on purpose to elucidate ! ,subject4 ,,*ap4 ,,vii4 ,op9ions exam9$ ) reg>d to ,petrifaction1 or ,m9]al ,concretion4 ,,*ap4 ,,viii4 ,! ,nature ( ,m9]al ,coal1 & ! ,=mation ( ,bitum9\s ,/rata1 inve/igat$4 ,,sect4 ,i4--,purpose ( ?is ,inquiry4 ,,sect4 ,,ii4--,natural ,hi/ory ( ,coal ,/rata1 & ,!ory ( ?is ,geological ,op]ation4 ,,sect4 ,,iii4--,! ,m9]alogical ,op]ations ( ! ,e>? illu/rat$ f ! ,!ory ( ,fossil ,coal4 ,,"p ,i4 ,,!ory ,,( ,,! ,,e>?2 ,,) ,,! ,,exam9ation ,,( ,,diff]5t ,,op9ions ,,on ,,t ,,subject4 ,,9 ,,eight ,,*apt]s4 ,,*apt] ,i4 ,,!ory ( ! ,,e>?2 or an ,inve/igation ( ! ,laws obs]vable 9 ! ,composition1 ,dissolution1 & ,re/oration1 ( ,l& ^u ! ,globe4 ,,section ,i4 ,prospect ( ! ,subject to be treat$ (4 ,:5 we trace ! p>ts ( :i* ?is t]re/rial sy/em is compos$1 & :5 we view ! g5]al connection ( ^? sev]al p>ts1 ! :ole pres5ts a ma*9e ( a peculi> con/ruction by :i* x is adapt$ to a c]ta9 end4 ,we p]ceive a fabric1 erect$ 9 wisdom1 to obta9 a purpose wor?y ( ! p[] t is app>5t 9 ! production ( x4 ,we "k little ( ! e>?'s int]nal p>ts1 or ( ! mat]ials :i* compose x at any consid]able dep? bel[ ! surface4 ,b ^u ! surface ( ?is globe1 ! m in]t matt] is repl5i%$ ) plants1 & ) animal & intellectual be+s4 ,:]e s _m liv+ creatures are to ply _! respective p[]s1 9 pursu+ ! end = :i* !y 7 int5d$1 we are n to look = nature 9 a quiesc5t /ate2 matt] itself mu/ be 9 motion1 & ! sc5es ( life a cont9u$ or repeat$ s]ies ( agitations & ev5ts4 ,?is globe ( ! e>? is a habitable _w2 & on its fitness = ?is purpose1 our s5se ( wisdom 9 its =mation mu/ dep5d4 ,to judge ( ?is po9t1 we mu/ keep 9 view1 n only ! end1 b ! means also by :i* t end is obta9$4 ,^! are1 ! =m ( ! :ole1 ! mat]ials ( :i* x is compos$1 & ! sev]al p[]s :i* concur1 c\nt]act1 or balance "o ano!r1 9 procur+ ! g5]al result4 ,! =m & con/itution ( ! mass are n m evid5tly calculat$ = ! purpose ( ?is e>? z a habitable _w1 ?an are ! v>i\s sub/ances ( :i* t complicat$ body is compos$4 ,s(t & h>d p>ts v>i\sly comb9e to =m a m$ium consi/5ce1 adapt$ to ! use ( plants & animals2 wet & dry are prop]ly mix$ = nutrition1 or ! support ( ^? gr[+ bodies2 & hot & cold produce a temp]ature or climate no less requir$ ?an a soil3 ,insomu*1 t !re is n any p>ticul>1 respect+ ei!r ! qualities ( ! mat]ials1 or ! con/ruction ( ! ma*9e1 m obvi\s to our p]ception1 ?an are ! pres5ce & efficacy ( design & intellig5ce 9 ! p[] t conducts ! "w4 ,9 tak+ ?is view ( ?+s1 :]e ends & means are made ! object ( att5tion1 we may hope to f9d a pr9ciple ^u :i* ! comp>ative importance ( p>ts 9 ! sy/em ( nature may be e/imat$1 & also a rule = select+ ! object ( our inquiries4 ,"u ?is direction1 sci5ce may f9d a fit subject ( inve/igation 9 e p>ticul>1 :e!r ( =m1 quality1 or active p[]1 t pres5ts itself 9 ?is sy/em ( motion & ( life2 & :i*1 )\t a prop] att5tion to ?is "* ( ! sy/em1 might appe> anomal\s & incompreh5sible4 ,x is n only by see+ ^? g5]al op]ations ( ! globe :i* dep5d ^u its peculi> con/ruction z a ma*9e1 b also by p]ceiv+ h[ f> ! p>ticul>s1 9 ! con/ruction ( t ma*9e1 dep5d ^u ! g5]al op]ations ( ! globe1 t we are enabl$ to und]/& ! con/itution ( ?is e>? z a ?+ =m$ by design4 ,we %all ?us also be l$ to ackn[l$ge an ord]1 n unwor?y ( ,div9e wisdom1 9 a subject :i*1 9 ano!r view1 has appe>$ z ! "w ( *ance1 or z absolute disord] & confusion4 ,to acquire a g5]al or compreh5sive view ( ?is me*anism ( ! globe1 by :i* x is adapt$ to ! purpose ( be+ a habitable _w1 x is necess>y to di/+ui% ?ree diff]5t bodies :i* compose ! :ole4 ,^! are1 a solid body ( e>?1 an aque\s body ( sea1 & an ela/ic fluid ( air4 ,x is ! prop] %ape & disposition ( ^! ?ree bodies t =m ?is globe into a habitable _w2 & x is ! mann] 9 :i* ^! con/itu5t bodies are adju/$ to ea* o!r1 & ! laws ( action by :i* !y are ma9ta9$ 9 _! prop] qualities & respective dep>tm5ts1 t =m ! ,!ory ( ! ma*9e :i* we are n[ to exam9e4 ,let u beg9 ) "s g5]al sket* ( ! p>ticul>s n[ m5tion$4 #a/1 ,!re is a c5tral body 9 ! globe4 ,?is body supports ^? p>ts :i* come to be m imm$iately expos$ to our view1 or :i* may be exam9$ by our s5se & obs]vation4 ,?is fir/ "p is commonly suppos$ to be solid & in]t2 b su* a conclusion is only m]e conjecture2 & we %all aft]w>ds f9d occasion1 p]haps1 to =m ano!r judgm5t 9 relation to ?is subject1 aft] we h exam9$ /rictly1 ^u sci5tific pr9ciples1 :at appe>s ^u ! surface1 & h =m$ conclusions conc]n+ t :i* mu/ h be5 transact$ 9 "s m c5tral "p4 #b;dly1 ,we f9d a fluid body ( wat]4 ,?is1 by gravitation1 is r$uc$ to a sph]ical =m1 & by ! c5trifugal =ce ( ! e>?'s rotation1 is become oblate4 ,! purpose ( ?is fluid body is ess5tial 9 ! con/itution ( ! _w2 =1 besides af=d+ ! means ( life & motion to a multif>i\s race ( animals1 x is ! s\rce ( gr[? & circulation to ! organiz$ bodies ( ?is e>?1 9 be+ ! receptacle ( ! riv]s1 & ! f\nta9 ( our vap\rs4 #c;dly1 ,we h an irregul> body ( l& rais$ above ! level ( ! ocean4 ,?is1 no d\bt1 is ! smalle/ portion ( ! globe2 b x is ! "p to u by f> mo/ int]e/+4 ,x is ^u ! surface ( ?is "p t plants are made to gr[2 consequ5tly1 x is by virtue ( ?is l& t animal life1 z well z vegetation1 is su/a9$ 9 ?is _w4 ,la/ly1 ,we h a surr\nd+ body ( atmosph]e1 :i* completes ! globe4 ,?is vital fluid is no less necess>y1 9 ! con/itution ( ! _w1 ?an are ! o!r p>ts2 = !re is h>dly an op]ation ^u ! surface ( ! e>?1 t is n conduct$ or promot$ by its means4 ,x is a necess>y condition = ! su/5ance ( fire2 x is ! brea? ( life to animals2 x is at lea/ an in/rum5t 9 vegetation2 &1 :ile x contributes to give f]tility & heal? to ?+s t gr[1 x is employ$ 9 prev5t+ noxi\s effects f su* z g into corruption4 ,9 %ort1 x is ! prop] means ( circulation = ! matt] ( ?is _w1 by rais+ up ! wat] ( ! ocean1 & p\r+ x =? ^u ! surface ( ! e>?4 ,su* is ! me*anism ( ! globe3 ,let u n[ m5tion "s ( ^? p[]s by :i* motion is produc$1 & activity procur$ to ! m]e ma*9e4 ,fir/1 ,!re is ! progressive =ce1 or mov+ p[]1 by :i* ?is planet>y body1 if solely actuat$1 w\ld dep>t cont9ually f ! pa? :i* x n[ pursues1 & ?us be = ev] remov$ f its end1 :e!r z a planet>y body1 or z a globe su/a9+ plants & animals1 :i* may be t]m$ a liv+ _w4 ,b ?is mov+ body is also actuat$ by gravitation1 :i* incl9es x directly to ! c5tral body ( ! sun4 ,?us x is made to revolve ab\t t lum9>y1 & to pres]ve its pa?4 ,x is also ^u ! same pr9ciples1 t ea* p>ticul> "p ^u ! surface ( ?is globe1 is alt]nately expos$ to ! influ5ce ( light & d>kness1 9 ! diurnal rotation ( ! e>?1 z well z 9 its annual revolution4 ,9 ?is mann] are produc$ ! vicissitudes ( night & day1 s v>iable 9 ! diff]5t latitudes f ! equator to ! pole1 & s beautifully calculat$ to equalise ! b5efits ( light1 s v>i\sly di/ribut$ 9 ! diff]5t regions ( ! globe4 ,gravitation1 & ! vis infita ( matt]1 ?us =m ! fir/ two p[]s di/+ui%able 9 ! op]ations ( our sy/em1 & wisely adapt$ to ! purpose = :i* !y are employ$4 ,we next obs]ve ! influ5ce ( light & heat1 ( cold & cond5sation4 ,x is by means ( ^! two p[]s t ! v>i\s op]ations ( ?is liv+ _w are m imm$iately transact$2 al?\gh ! o!r p[]s are no less requir$1 9 ord] to produce or modify ^! great ag5ts 9 ! economy ( life1 & sy/em ( our *ang+ ?+s4 ,we d n n[ inquire into ! nature ( ^? p[]s1 or inve/igate ! laws ( light & heat1 ( cold & condemnation1 by :i* ! v>i\s purposes ( ?is _w are accompli%$2 we are only to m5tion ^? effects :i* are made s5sible to ! common und]/&+ ( mank9d1 & :i* necess>ily imply a p[] t is employ$4 ,?us1 x is by ! op]ation ( ^? p[]s t ! v>ieties ( season 9 spr+ & autumn are obta9$1 t we are bless$ ) ! vicissitudes ( summ]'s heat & w9t]'s cold1 & t we possess ! b5efit ( artificial light & cul9>y fire4 ,we are ?us b\ntifully provid$ ) ! necess>ies ( life2 we are suppli$ ) ?+s conducive to ! gr[? & pres]vation ( our animal nature1 & ) fit subjects to employ & to n\ri% our intellectual p[]s4 ,!re are o!r actuat+ p[]s employ$ 9 ! op]ations ( ?is globe1 :i* we are little m ?an able to enum]ate2 su* are ^? ( electricity1 magnetism1 & subt]rane\s heat or m9]al fire4 ,p[]s ( su* magnitude or =ce1 are n to be suppos$ useless 9 a ma*9e contriv$ surely n )\t wisdom2 b !y are m5tion$ "h *iefly on acc\nt ( _! g5]al effect2 & x is suffici5t to h nam$ p[]s1 ( :i* ! actual exi/5ce is well kn[n1 b ( :i* ! prop] use 9 ! con/itution ( ! _w is /ill obscure4 ,! laws ( electricity & magnetism h be5 well exam9$ by philosoph]s2 b ! purposes ( ^? p[]s 9 ! economy ( ! globe h n be5 discov]$4 ,subt]rane\s fire1 aga91 al?\gh ! mo/ conspicu\s 9 ! op]ations ( ?is _w1 & (t5 exam9$ by philosoph]s1 is a p[] :i* has be5 /ill less und]/ood1 :e!r ) reg>d to its effici5t or f9al cause4 ,x has hi!rto appe>$ m l ! accid5t ( natural ?+s1 ?an ! inh]5t prop]ty ( ! m9]al region4 ,x is 9 ?is la/ light1 h[ev]1 t ,i wi% to exhibit x1 z a great p[] act+ a mat]ial "p 9 ! op]ations ( ! globe1 & z an ess5tial "p 9 ! con/itution ( ?is _w4 ,we h ?us survey$ ! ma*9e 9 g5]al1 ) ^? mov+ p[]s1 by :i* its op]ations1 div]sifi$ almo/ ad inf9itum1 are p]=m$4 ,let u n[ conf9e our view1 m p>ticul>ly1 to t "p ( ! ma*9e on :i* we dwell1 t s we may consid] ! natural consequ5ces ( ^? op]ations :i*1 be+ )9 our view1 we are bett] qualifi$ to exam9e4 ,?is subject is important to ! human race1 to ! possessor ( ?is _w1 to ! intellig5t be+ ,man1 :o =esees ev5ts to come1 & :o1 9 contemplat+ 8 future int]e/1 is l$ to inquire conc]n+ causes1 9 ord] t he may judge ( ev5ts :i* o!rwise he c\ld n "k4 ,if1 9 pursu+ ?is object1 we employ our skill 9 rese>*1 n 9 =m+ va9 conjectures2 & if data are to be f\nd1 on :i* ,sci5ce may =m j conclusions1 we %\ld n long rema9 9 ignorance ) respect to ! natural hi/ory ( ?is e>?1 a subject on :i* hi!rto op9ion only1 & n evid5ce1 has decid$3 ,= 9 no subject1 p]haps1 is !re naturally less defect ( evid5ce1 al?\gh philosoph]s1 l$ by prejudice1 or misguid$ by false !ory1 may h neglect$ to employ t light by :i* !y %\ld h se5 ! sy/em ( ?is _w4 ,b to proce$ 9 pursu+ a little f>!r our g5]al or prep>atory ideas4 ,a solid body ( l& c\ld n h answ]$ ! purpose ( a habitable _w2 =1 a soil is necess>y to ! gr[? ( plants2 & a soil is no?+ b ! mat]ials collect$ f ! de/ruction ( ! solid l&4 ,!re=e1 ! surface ( ?is l&1 inhabit$ by man1 & cov]$ ) plants & animals1 is made by nature to decay1 9 dissolv+ f t h>d &1 compact /ate 9 :i* x is f\nd bel[ ! soil2 & ?is soil is necess>ily wa%$ away1 by ! cont9ual circulation ( ! wat]1 runn+ f ! summits ( ! m\nta9s t[>ds ! g5]al receptacle ( t fluid4 ,! heights ( our l& are ?us levell$ ) ! %ores2 our f]tile pla9s are =m$ f ! ru9s ( ! m\nta9s2 & ^? travell+ mat]ials are /ill pursu$ by ! mov+ wat]1 & propell$ along ! incl9$ surface ( ! e>?#a ,^! moveable mat]ials1 deliv]$ into ! sea1 _c1 = a long cont9uance1 re/ ^u ! %ore2 =1 by ! agitation ( ! w9ds1 ! tides & curr5ts1 e moveable ?+ is c>ri$ f>!r & f>!r along ! %elv+ bottom ( ! sea1 t[>ds ! unfa?omable regions ( ! ocean4 ,note #a3 ,m4 de ,luc1 9 8 second lett] to me1 publi%$ 9 ! ,mon?ly ,review = #agij1 says1 ,y ought to h prov$ t bo? gravel & s& are c>ri$ f our cont95ts to ! sea2 :i*1 on ! contr>y1 ,i %all prove n to be ! case4 ,he !n endeav\rs to prove 8 ass]tion1 by obs]v+1 t1 9 c]ta9 places :]e !re is n ei!r suffici5t declivity 9 ! surface1 or =ce 9 ! runn+ wat]1 gravel & s& are made to re/1 & d n travel to ! sea4 ,?is surely is a fact to :i* ,i mo/ readily ass5t2 b1 on ! o!r h&1 ,i hope he w ackn[l$ge1 t1 :]e !re is suffici5t declivity 9 ! surface1 or =ce 9 ! runn+ wat]1 s&1 gravel1 & /ones1 are travell$ ^u ! l&1 & are ?us c>ri$ into ! sea--at la/4 ,?is is all t my !ory requires1 & ?is is :at ,i believe w be admitt$1 )\t any f>!r pro( on my "p4 ,if ! vegetable soil is ?us con/antly remov$ f ! surface ( ! l&1 & if its place is ?us to be suppli$ f ! dissolution ( ! solid e>?1 z "h repres5t$1 we may p]ceive an end to ?is beautiful ma*9e2 an end1 aris+ f no error 9 its con/itution z a _w1 b f t de/ructibility ( its l& :i* is s necess>y 9 ! sy/em ( ! globe1 9 ! economy ( life & vegetation4 ,! imm5se "t necess>ily requir$ = ?is total de/ruction ( ! l&1 mu/ n be oppos$ to t view ( future ev5ts1 :i* is indicat$ by ! sure/ facts1 & mo/ approv$ pr9ciples4 ,"t1 :i* measures e ?+ 9 our idea1 & is (t5 defici5t to our s*emes1 is to nature endless & z no?+2 x _c limit t by :i* alone x _h exi/5ce2 &1 z ! natural c\rse ( "t1 :i* to u seems inf9ite1 _c be b\nd$ by any op]ation t may h an end1 ! progress ( ?+s ^u ?is globe1 t is1 ! c\rse ( nature1 _c be limit$ by "t1 :i* mu/ proce$ 9 a cont9ual succession4 ,we are1 !re=e1 to consid] z inevitable ! d$uction ( our l&1 s f> z effect$ by ^? op]ations :i* are necess>y 9 ! purpose ( ! globe1 consid]$ z a habitable _w2 &1 s f> z we h n exam9$ any o!r "p ( ! economy ( nature1 9 :i* o!r op]ations & a diff]5t int5tion might appe>4 ,we h n[ consid]$ ! globe ( ?is e>? z a ma*9e1 con/ruct$ ^u *emical z well z me*anical pr9ciples1 by :i* its diff]5t p>ts are all adapt$1 9 =m1 9 quality1 & 9 quantity1 to a c]ta9 end2 an end atta9$ ) c]ta9ty or success2 & an end f :i* we may p]ceive wisdom1 9 contemplat+ ! means employ$4 ,b is ?is _w to be consid]$ ?us m]ely z a ma*9e1 to la/ no long] ?an its p>ts reta9 _! pres5t position1 _! prop] =ms & qualities8 ,or may x n be also consid]$ z an organiz$ body8 su* z has a con/itution 9 :i* ! necess>y decay ( ! ma*9e is naturally repair$1 9 ! ex]tion ( ^? productive p[]s by :i* x _h be5 =m$4 ,?is is ! view 9 :i* we are n[ to exam9e ! globe2 to see if !re be1 9 ! con/itution ( ?is _w1 a reproductive op]ation1 by :i* a ru9$ con/itution may be aga9 repair$1 & a duration or /ability ?us procur$ to ! ma*9e1 consid]$ z a _w su/a9+ plants & animals4 ,if no su* reproductive p[]1 or re=m+ op]ation1 aft] due inquiry1 is to be f\nd 9 ! con/itution ( ?is _w1 we %\ld h reason to conclude1 t ! sy/em ( ?is e>? has ei!r be5 int5tionally made imp]fect1 or has n be5 ! "w ( inf9ite p[] & wisdom4 ,"h is an important "q1 !re=e1 ) reg>d to ! con/itution ( ?is globe2 a "q :i*1 p]haps1 x is 9 ! p[] ( man's sagacity to resolve2 & a "q :i*1 if satisfactorily resolv$1 might add "s lu/re to sci5ce & ! human intellect4 ,animat$ ) ?is great1 ?is int]e/+ view1 let u /rictly exam9e our pr9ciples1 9 ord] to avoid fallacy 9 our reason+2 & let u endeav\r to support our att5tion1 9 develop+ a subject t is va/ 9 its ext5t1 z well z intricate 9 ! relation ( p>ts to be /at$4 ,! globe ( ?is e>? is evid5tly made = man4 ,he alone1 ( all ! be+s :i* h life ^u ?is body1 enjoys ! :ole & e "p2 he alone is capable ( kn[+ ! nature ( ?is _w1 :i* he ?us possesses 9 virtue ( 8 prop] "r2 & he alone c make ! k ( ?is sy/em a s\rce ( pleasure1 & ! means ( happ9ess4 ,man alone1 ( all ! animat$ be+s :i* enjoy ! b5efits ( ?is e>?1 employs ! k :i* he !re receives1 9 lead+ him to judge ( ! int5tion ( ?+s1 z well z ( ! means by :i* !y are br\ght ab\t2 & he alone is ?us made to enjoy1 9 contemplation z well z s5sual pleasure1 all ! good t may be obs]v$ 9 ! con/itution ( ?is _w2 he1 !re=e1 %\ld be made ! fir/ subject ( inquiry4 ,n[1 if we are to take ! writt5 hi/ory ( man = ! rule by :i* we %\ld judge ( ! "t :5 ! species fir/ began1 t p]iod w\ld be b little remov$ f ! pres5t /ate ( ?+s4 ,! ,mosaic hi/ory places ?is beg9n+ ( man at no great di/ance2 & !re has n be5 f\nd1 9 natural hi/ory1 any docum5t by :i* a high antiquity might be attribut$ to ! human race4 ,b ?is is n ! case ) reg>d to ! inf]ior species ( animals1 p>ticul>ly ^? :i* inhabit ! ocean & its %ores4 ,we f9d1 9 natural hi/ory1 monum5ts :i* prove t ^? animals _h long exi/$2 & we ?us procure a measure = ! computation ( a p]iod ( "t extremely remote1 ?\gh f> f be+ precisely asc]ta9$4 ,9 exam9+ ?+s pres5t1 we h data f :i* to reason ) reg>d to :at has be52 &1 f :at has actually be51 we h data = conclud+ ) reg>d to t :i* is to happ5 h]eaft]4 ,!re=e1 ^u ! supposition t ! op]ations ( nature are equable & /eady1 we f9d1 9 natural appe>ances1 means = conclud+ a c]ta9 portion ( "t to h necess>ily elaps$1 9 ! production ( ^? ev5ts ( :i* we see ! effects4 ,x is ?us t1 9 f9d+ ! relics ( sea-animals ( e k9d 9 ! solid body ( our e>?1 a natural hi/ory ( ^? animals is =m$1 :i* includes a c]ta9 portion ( "t2 &1 = ! asc]ta9+ ?is portion ( "t1 we mu/ aga9 h rec\rse to ! regul> op]ations ( ?is _w4 ,we %all ?us arrive at facts :i* indicate a p]iod to :i* no o!r species ( *ronology is able to rem\nt4 ,9 :at foll[s1 !re=e1 we are to exam9e ! con/ruction ( ! pres5t e>?1 9 ord] to und]/& ! natural op]ations ( "t pa/2 to acquire pr9ciples1 by :i* we may conclude ) reg>d to ! future c\rse ( ?+s1 or judge ( ^? op]ations1 by :i* a _w1 s wisely ord]$1 goes into decay2 & to le>n1 by :at means su* a decay$ _w may be r5ovat$1 or ! wa/e ( habitable l& ^u ! globe repair$4 ,?is1 !re=e1 is ! object :i* we are to h 9 view dur+ ?is physical inve/igation2 ?is is ! end to :i* are to be direct$ all ! /eps 9 our cosmological pursuit4 ,! solid p>ts ( ! globe are1 9 g5]al1 compos$ ( s&1 ( gravel1 ( argillace\s & calc>e\s /rata1 or ( ! v>i\s compositions ( ^! ) "s o!r sub/ances1 :i* x is n necess>y n[ to m5tion4 ,s& is sep>at$ & siz$ by /reams & curr5ts2 gravel is =m$ by ! mutual attrition ( /ones agitat$ 9 wat]2 & m>ly1 or argillace\s /rata1 h be5 collect$1 by subsid+ 9 wat] ) :i* ^? e>?y sub/ances _h be5 float$4 ,?us1 s f> z ! e>? is =m$ ( ^! mat]ials1 t solid body w\ld appe> to h be5 ! production ( wat]1 w9ds1 & tides4 ,b t :i* r5d]s ! orig9al ( our l& cle> & evid5t1 is ! imm5se quantities ( calc>e\s bodies :i* _h belong$ to animals1 & ! intimate connection ( ^! masses ( animal production ) ! o!r /rata ( ! l&4 ,= x is to be prov$1 t all ^! calc>e\s bodies1 f ! collection ( :i* ! /rata 7 =m$1 h belong$ to ! sea1 & 7 produc$ 9 x4 ,we f9d ! m>ks ( m>9e animals 9 ! mo/ solid p>ts ( ! e>?2 consequ5tly1 ^? solid p>ts h be5 =m$ aft] ! ocean 0 inhabit$ by ^? animals :i* are prop] to t fluid m$ium4 ,if1 !re=e1 we knew ! natural hi/ory ( ^? solid p>ts1 & c\ld trace ! op]ations ( ! globe1 by :i* !y _h be5 =m$1 we w\ld h "s means = comput+ ! "t ?r\gh :i* ^? species ( animals h cont9u$ to live4 ,b h[ %all we describe a process :i* nobody has se5 p]=m$1 & ( :i* no writt5 hi/ory gives any acc\nt8 ,?is is only to be inve/igat$1 fir/1 9 exam9+ ! nature ( ^? solid bodies1 ! hi/ory ( :i* we want to "k2 &1 #b;dly1 ,9 exam9+ ! natural op]ations ( ! globe1 9 ord] to see if !re n[ actually exi/ su* op]ations1 z1 f ! nature ( ! solid bodies1 appe> to h be5 necess>y to _! =mation4 ,b1 be=e ent]+ m p>ticul>ly into ^? po9ts ( discussion1 by :i* ! "q is to be resolv$1 let u take a g5]al view ( ! subject1 9 ord] to see :at x is :i* sci5ce & obs]vation mu/ decide4 ,9 all ! regions ( ! globe1 imm5se masses are f\nd1 :i*1 ?\gh at pres5t 9 ! mo/ solid /ate1 appe> to h be5 =m$ by ! collection ( ! calc>e\s exuviae ( m>9e animals4 ,! "q at pres5t is n1 9 :at mann] ^? collections ( calc>e\s relics h become a p]fect solid body1 & h be5 *ang$ f an animal to a m9]al sub/ance2 = ?is is a subject t w be aft]w>ds consid]$2 we are n[ only inquir+1 if su* is truly ! orig9 ( ^? m9]al masses4 ,t all ! masses ( m>ble or lime/one are compos$ ( ! calc>e\s matt] ( m>9e bodies1 may be conclud$ f ! foll[+ facts3 #a/1 ,!re are few b$s ( m>ble or lime/one1 9 :i* may n be f\nd "s ( ^? objects :i* indicate ! m>9e orig9 ( ! mass4 ,if1 = example1 9 a mass ( m>ble1 tak5 f a qu>ry ^u ! top ( ! ,alps or ,&es#b1 !re %all be f\nd "o cockle-%ell1 or piece ( coral1 x mu/ be conclud$1 t ?is b$ ( /one _h be5 orig9ally =m$ at ! bottom ( ! sea1 z mu* z ano!r b$ :i* is evid5tly compos$ almo/ altoge!r ( cockle-%ells & coral4 ,if "o b$ ( lime/one is ?us f\nd to h be5 ( a m>9e orig91 e concomitant b$ ( ! same k9d mu/ be also conclud$ to h be5 =m$ 9 ! same ,mann]4 ,note #b3 ,cette sommit leve de #ihd toises au dessus de notre lac1 et p> consqu5t de #aagb au dessus de la m]1 e/ rem>quable en ce que l'on y voit des fragm5s d'hutres ptrifis4--,cette montagne e/ dom9e p> un ro*] esc>p1 qui s'il n'e/ pas inaccessible1 e/ du mo9s d'un bi5 difficile accs2 il p>ot presqu'entirem5t compos de coquillages ptrifis1 r5f]ms dans un roc calcaire1 ou m>bre grossi] noirtre4 ,les fragm5s qui s'en dta*5t1 et que l'on r5contre en montant la ,croix de f]1 sont remplis de turb9ites de diffr5tes espces4 ,m4 ,,de ,,saussure1 ,voyage dans les ,alpes1 p4 #cid4 ,we ?us %all f9d ! greate/ "p ( ! calc>e\s masses ^u ?is globe to h orig9at$ f m>9e calc>e\s bodies2 = :e!r we exam9e m>bles1 lime/ones1 or su* solid masses z are p]fectly *ang$ f ! /ate ( e>?1 & are become compact & h>d1 or :e!r we exam9e ! s(t1 e>?y1 *alky or m>ly /rata1 ( :i* s mu* ( ?is e>? is compos$1 we /ill f9d evid5t pro(s1 t ^? b$s _h _! orig9 f mat]ials deposit$ at ! bottom ( ! sea2 & t !y h ! calc>e\s sub/ance :i* !y conta91 f ! same s\rce z ! m>bles or ! lime/ones4 #b;dly1 ,9 ^? calc>e\s /rata1 :i* are evid5tly ( m>9e orig91 !re are _m p>ts t are ( a sp>ry /ructure1 t is to say1 ! orig9al texture ( ^? b$s1 9 su* places1 has be5 dissolv$1 & a new /ructure has be5 assum$1 :i* is peculi> to a c]ta9 /ate ( ! calc>e\s e>?4 ,?is *ange is produc$ by cry/allisation1 9 consequ5ce ( a previ\s /ate ( fluidity1 :i* has s dispos$ ! concret+ p>ts1 z to all[ !m to assume a regul> %ape & /ructure prop] to t sub/ance4 ,a body1 ^: ext]nal =m has be5 modifi$ by ?is process1 is call$ a cry/al2 "o ^: int]nal arrangem5t ( p>ts is det]m9$ by x1 is said to be ( a sp>ry /ructure2 & ?is is kn[n f its fracture4 #c;dly1 ,!re are1 9 all ! regions ( ! e>?1 huge masses ( calc>e\s matt]1 9 t cry/all9e =m ( sp>ry /ate1 9 :i* p]haps no ve/ige c be f\nd ( any organis$ body1 nor any indication t su* calc>e\s matt] _h belong$ to animals2 b z1 9 o!r masses1 ?is sp>ry /ructure1 or cry/all9e /ate1 is evid5tly assum$ by ! m>9e calc>e\s sub/ances1 9 op]ations :i* are natural to ! globe1 & :i* are necess>y to ! consolidation ( ! /rata1 x does n appe>1 t ! sp>ry masses1 9 :i* no figur$ body is =m$1 h be5 orig9ally diff]5t f o!r masses1 :i*1 be+ only cry/allis$ 9 "p1 & 9 "p /ill reta9+ _! orig9al =m1 leave ample evid5ce ( _! m>9e orig9#c4 ,note #c3 ,m4 de ,saussure1 describ+ ! m>ble ( ,aigle1 says1 ,les tables polies de ce m>bre prs5t5t frquemm5t des coquillages1 dont la plup>t sont des peignes /ris1 et de trs-beaux madrpores4 ,t\s ces corps m>9s on pris enti]em5t la nature et le gra9 mme du m>bre1 on n'y voit presque jamais la coquille s\s sa =me orig9aire4 ,we are l$1 9 ?is mann]1 to conclude1 t all ! /rata ( ! e>?1 n only ^? consi/+ ( su* calc>e\s masses1 b o!rs sup]9cumb5t ^u ^!1 h _h _! orig9 at ! bottom ( ! sea1 by ! collection ( s& & gravel1 ( %ells1 ( corall9e & cru/ace\s bodies1 & ( e>?s & clays1 v>i\sly mix$1 or sep>at$ & accumulat$4 ,"h is a g5]al conclusion1 well au!nticat$ 9 ! appe>ances ( nature1 & highly important 9 ! natural hi/ory ( ! e>?4 ,! g5]al am\nt ( our reason+ is ?is1 t n9e-t5?s1 p]haps1 or n9ety-n9e hundr$?s ( ?is e>?1 s f> z we see1 h be5 =m$ by natural op]ations ( ! globe1 9 collect+ loose mat]ials1 & deposit+ !m at ! bottom ( ! sea2 consolidat+ ^? collections 9 v>i\s degrees1 & ei!r elevat+ ^? consolidat$ masses above ! level on :i* !y 7 =m$1 or l[]+ ! level ( t sea4 ,!re is a "p ( ! solid e>? :i* we may at pres5t neglect1 n z be+ p]suad$ t ?is "p may n also be f\nd to come "u ! g5]al rule ( =mation ) ! re/1 b z consid]+ ?is "p to be ( no consequ5ce 9 =m+ a g5]al rule1 :i* %all compreh5d almo/ ! :ole1 )\t do+ x absolutely4 ,?is exclud$ "p consi/s ( c]ta9 m\nta9s & masses ( granite4 ,^! are ?\ght to be /ill old] 9 _! =mation1 & are said nev] to be f\nd sup]9cumb5t on /rata :i* mu/ be ackn[l$g$ z ! productions ( ! sea4 ,hav+ ?us f\nd ! great] "p1 if n ! :ole1 ( ! solid l& to h be5 orig9ally compos$ at ! bottom ( ! sea1 we may n[1 9 ord] to =m a prop] idea ( ^! op]ations1 suppose ! :ole ( ?is seaborn l& to be aga9 disp]s$ along ! bottom ( ! ocean1 ! surface ( :i* w\ld rise proportionally ov] ! globe4 ,we w\ld ?us h a sph]oid ( wat]1 ) granite rocks & isl&s scatt]$ "h & !re4 ,b ?is w\ld n be ! _w :i* we inhabit2 !re=e1 ! "q n[ is1 h[ su* cont95ts1 z we actually h ^u ! globe1 c\ld be erect$ above ! level ( ! sea4 ,x mu/ be evid5t1 t no motion ( ! sea1 caus$ by ?is e>? revolv+ 9 ! sol> sy/em1 c\ld br+ ab\t t end2 = let u suppose ! axis ( ! e>? to be *ang$ f ! pres5t poles1 & plac$ 9 ! equ9octial l9e1 ! consequ5ce ( ?is might1 inde$1 be ! =mation ( a cont95t ( l& ab\t ea* new pole1 f :5ce ! sea w\ld run t[>ds ! new equator2 b all ! re/ ( ! globe w\ld rema9 an ocean4 ,"s new po9ts might be discov]$1 & o!rs1 :i* be=e appe>$ above ! surface ( ! sea1 w\ld be sunk by ! ris+ ( ! wat]2 b1 on ! :ole1 l& c\ld only be ga9$ sub/antially at ! poles4 ,su* a supposition1 z ?is1 if appli$ to ! pres5t /ate ( ?+s1 w\ld be de/itute ( e support1 z be+ incapable ( expla9+ :at appe>s4 ,b ev5 all[+ t1 by ! *ang$ axis ( ! e>?1 or any o!r op]ation ( ! globe1 z a planet>y body revolv+ 9 ! sol> sy/em1 great cont95ts ( l& c\ld h be5 erect$ f ! place ( _! =mation1 ! bottom ( ! sea1 & plac$ 9 a high] elevation1 comp>$ ) ! surface ( t wat]1 yet su* a cont95t z ?is c\ld n h cont9u$ /ation>y = _m ?\s& ye>s2 nor c\ld a cont95t ( ?is k9d h pres5t$ to u1 e :]e )9 its body1 masses ( consolidat$ m>ble1 & o!r m9]al sub/ances1 9 a /ate z diff]5t z possible f t 9 :i* !y 71 :5 orig9ally collect$ toge!r 9 ! sea4 ,consequ5tly1 besides an op]ation1 by :i* ! e>? at ! bottom ( ! sea %\ld be conv]t$ into an elevat$ l&1 or plac$ high above ! level ( ! ocean1 !re is requir$1 9 ! op]ations ( ! globe1 a consolidat+ p[]1 by :i* ! loose mat]ials t _h subsid$ f wat]1 %\ld be =m$ into masses ( ! mo/ p]fect solidity1 hav+ nei!r wat] nor vacuity betwe5 _! v>i\s con/itu5t p>ts1 nor 9 ! pores ( ^? con/itu5t p>ts !mselves4 ,"h is an op]ation ( ! globe1 :e!r *emical or me*anical1 :i* is necess>ily connect$ ) ! =mation ( our pres5t cont95ts3 ,!re=e1 _h we a prop] und]/&+ ( ?is secret op]ation1 we might !reby be enabl$ to =m an op9ion1 ) reg>d to ! nature ( t unkn[n p[]1 by :i* ! cont95ts h be5 plac$ above ! surface ( t wat] :]e9 !y _h _! bir?4 ,if ?is consolidat+ op]ation be p]=m$ at ! bottom ( ! ocean1 or "u great dep?s ( ! e>?1 ( :i* our cont95ts are compos$1 we _c be witnesses to ?is m9]al process1 or acquire ! k ( natural causes1 by imm$iately obs]v+ ! *anges :i* !y produce2 b ?\gh we h n ?is imm$iate obs]vation ( ^? *anges ( bodies1 we h1 9 sci5ce1 ! means ( reason+ f di/ant ev5ts2 consequ5tly1 ( discov]+1 9 ! g5]al p[]s ( nature1 causes = ^? ev5ts ( :i* we see ! effects4 ,t ! consolidat+ op]ation1 9 g5]al1 lies out ( ! rea* ( our imm$iate obs]vation1 w appe> f ! foll[+ tru?3 ,all ! consolidat$ masses1 ( :i* we n[ inquire into ! cause1 are1 ^u ! surface ( ! e>?1 9 a /ate ( g5]al decay1 al?\gh ! v>i\s natures ( ^? bodies admit ( t dissolution 9 v diff]5t degrees#d ,f e view ( ! subject1 !re=e1 we are direct$ to look into ^? consolidat$ masses !mselves1 9 ord] to f9d pr9ciples f :5ce to judge ( ^? op]ations by :i* !y _h atta9$ _! h>dness or consolidat$ /ate4 ,x mu/ be evid5t1 t no?+ b ! mo/ g5]al acqua9tance ) ! laws ( act+ sub/ances1 & ) ^? ( bodies *ang+ by ! p[]s ( nature1 c enable u to set ab\t ?is und]tak+ ) any reasonable prospect ( success2 & "h ! sci5ce ( ,*emi/ry mu/ be br\ght p>ticul>ly to our aid2 = ?is sci5ce1 hav+ = its object ! *anges produc$ ^u ! s5sible qualities1 z !y are call$1 ( bodies1 by its means we may be enabl$ to judge ( t :i* is possible accord+ to ! laws ( nature1 & ( t :i*1 9 l mann]1 we mu/ consid] z impossible4 ,note #d3 ,/alactical & c]ta9 f]rug9\s concretions may seem to =m an exception to ! g5]ality ( ?is proposition4 ,b an objection ( ?is k9d c\ld only arise f a p>tial view ( ?+s2 = ! concretion "h is only tempor>y2 x is 9 consequ5ce ( a solution1 & x is to be foll[$ by a dissolution1 :i* w be treat$ ( 9 its prop] place4 ,:atev] conclusions1 !re=e1 by means ( ?is sci5ce1 %all be atta9$1 9 j reason+ f natural appe>ances1 ?is mu/ be held z evid5ce1 :]e m imm$iate pro( _c be obta9$2 &1 9 a physical subject1 :]e ?+s actual are conc]n$1 & n ! imag9ations ( ! human m9d1 ?is pro( w be consid]$ z am\nt+ to a demon/ration4 ,,section ,,ii4 ,an ,inve/igation ( ! ,natural ,op]ations employ$ 9 consolidat+ ! ,/rata ( ! ,globe4 ,we are n[ ab\t to inve/igate ^? m9]al op]ations ( ! globe by :i* ! qualities ( h>dness & solidity1 consequ5tly ( /r5g? & durability1 are procur$ to great bodies ( ?is e>?4 ,t ^? qualities are n orig9al to su* bodies1 b actually sup]9duc$ 9 ! natural op]ations ( ! e>?1 w appe> f ! exam9ation ( "s ( ! h>de/ & mo/ solid ( ^? m9]al bodies4 ,9 su* masses1 7= example ( fl9t & agate17 we f9d includ$ %ells & corall9e bodies4 ,consequ5tly1 !re mu/ be a natural op]ation 9 ! globe = consolidat+ & h>d5+ its s(t & loose mat]ials4 ,x is conc]n+ ! nature ( ?is consolidat+ op]ation t we are n[ to inquire4 ,!re are j two ways 9 :i* por\s or spongy bodies c be consolidat$1 & by :i* sub/ances may be =m$ into masses ( a natural %ape & regul> /ructure2 ! "o ( ^! is simple congelation f a fluid /ate1 by means ( cold2 ! o!r is accretion2 & ?is includes a sep>atory op]ation1 z well z t by :i* ! solid body is to be produc$4 ,b 9 :i*ev] ( ^! ways solidity %all be procur$1 x mu/ be br\ght ab\t by fir/ induc+ fluidity1 ei!r imm$iately by ! action ( heat1 or m$iately ) ! assi/ance ( a solv5t1 t is1 by ! op]ation ( solution4 ,!re=e1 fire & wat] may be consid]$ z ! g5]al ag5ts 9 ?is op]ation1 :i* we w\ld explore4 ,heat has be5 already m5tion$ z a g5]al p[]1 & z act+ 9 all ! diff]5t p>ts ( ! globe2 ,i w\ld n[ wi% m p>ticul>ly to call ! att5tion ( ! read] to subt]rane\s fire1 or heat1 z a p[]ful ag5t 9 ! m9]al regions1 & z a cause necess>ily belong+ to ! int]nal con/itution ( ?is e>?4 ,x is n our purpose at pres5t to inquire into ! p>ticul> nature ( ?is p[] ( subt]rane\s heat1 or to trace ! prop] connection & analogy ( ! int]nal fire ) t :i* is s necess>y to our life1 & :i* acts s great a "p ^u ! surface ( ! e>?1 ?is be+ res]v$ = ! la/ "p4 ,our int5tion 9 "h m5tion+ x1 is only to dispose ! m9d to look = active p[]s or effici5t causes1 9 t "p ( ! e>? :i* has be5 commonly consid]$ z passive & in]t1 b :i* w be f\nd extremely active1 & ! s\rce ( mighty revolutions 9 ! fate ( l&4 ,!re may1 inde$1 be "s difficulty 9 conceiv+ all ! modifications ( ?is m9]al p[]2 b z1 on ! "o h&1 we are n arbitr>ily to assume an ag5t1 = ! purpose ( expla9+ ev5ts1 or c]ta9 appe>ances :i* are n und]/ood2 s1 on ! o!r1 we mu/ n refuse to admit ! action ( a kn[n p[]1 :5 ?is is prop]ly sugge/$ 9 ! appe>ances ( ?+s2 &1 ?\gh we may n und]/& all ! modifications1 or ! :ole capacity & regulation ( ?is p[] 9 bodies1 we are n to neglect ! appropriat+ to x1 z a cause1 ^? effects :i* are natural to x1 & :i*1 s f> z we "k1 _c belong to any o!r4 ,on all occasions1 we are to judge f :at we "k2 &1 we are only to avoid conclud+ f our suppositions1 9 cases :]e evid5ce or real in=mation is necess>ily requir$4 ,! subject n[ consid]$1 subt]rane\s fire1 w af=d an example ( t tru?2 &1 a g5]al view ( ?is great natural p[] w "h f9d a prop] place1 be=e ! application ( x = ! explanation ( natural appe>ances4 ,no ev5t is m ! object ( our notice1 or m int]e/+ z a subject = our /udy1 ?an is ! burn+ ( a fire3 ,b1 ! m t philosoph]s h /udi$ ?is subject1 ! m !y seem to diff] z to ! mann] 9 :i* t conspicu\s ev5t is to be expla9$4 ,!re=e1 be+ s ignorant ) reg>d to t fire ( :i* we see ! orig9 z well z ! m imm$iate effects1 h[ cauti\s %\ld we be 9 judg+ ! nature ( subt]rane\s fire f ! burn+ ( bodies1 a subject :i* we s little und]/&4 ,b1 ?\gh ! cause ( fire 9 g5]al1 or ! op]ations ( t p[] 9 its extreme degrees1 be = u a subject involv$ 9 mu* obscurity1 ?is is n ! case ) reg>d to ! m common effects ( heat2 &1 ?o' ! actual exi/5ce ( subt]rane\s fire1 z ! cause ( light & heat1 might be a ?+ altoge!r problematical 9 our op9ion2 yet1 z to o!r effects1 !re are "s ( ^! f :i* ! action ( t liquefy+ p[] may be c]ta9ly conclud$ z hav+ tak5 place )9 ! m9]al region1 al?\gh ! cause %\ld be 9 e o!r respect a ?+ to u unkn[n4 ,9 t case1 :]e ! op]ation or effect is evid5t1 & _c be disput$1 to refuse to admit ! p[] 9 "q1 m]ely because we _h n se5 x act1 or because we "k n e rule :i* x may obs]ve 9 act+1 w\ld be only to f\nd an argum5t ^u our ignorance2 x w\ld be to misund]/& ! nature ( inve/igat+ physical tru?s1 :i* mu/ proce$ by reason+ f effect to cause4 ,our k is extremely limit$ ) reg>d to ! effects ( heat 9 bodies1 :ile act+ "u diff]5t conditions1 & 9 v>i\s degrees4 ,b ?\gh our k 9 ^! respects is limit$1 our judgm5t ) reg>d to ! efficacy ( ?is p[] ( heat is 9 its nature positive1 & conta9s n any ?+ t is d\btful or unc]ta94 ,all mank9d1 :o h ! opportunity1 "k t ! h>d sub/ance ( ice is by heat conv]t$ into wat]1 :]e9 no h>dness rema9s2 & ! pr(\nd philosophy ( ,dr ,black1 9 relation to ! subject ( lat5t heat1 z t ( ,sir ,isaac ,newton1 9 relation to ! weight ( bodies1 is n necess>y to conv9ce ! _w t 9 ! "o case ice w melt1 & 9 ! o!r1 t heavy bodies w move :5 unsupport$4 ,b ?\gh1 9 ! ab/ract doctr9e ( lat5t heat1 ! +5uity ( man has discov]$ a c]ta9 measure = ! quantity ( ^? commutable effects :i* are p]ceiv$2 & ?\gh ?is be a progress ( sci5ce f> above ! appreh5sion ( ! vulg>1 yet /ill1 t solid bodies are *ang$ into fluids1 by ! p[] ( heat1 is ! same unalt]able judgm5t1 :i* ! savage =ms z well z ! philosoph]4 ,"h1 !re=e1 are evid5t effects1 :i* mank9d 9 g5]al attribute to ! p[] ( heat2 & x is f ^? kn[n effects t we are to inve/igate subt]rane\s fire1 or to g5]alise ! p[] ( heat1 z act+ 9 ! int]ior p>ts1 z well z on ! surface ( ?is e>?4 ,if1 inde$1 !re 7 any o!r cause = fluidity besides ! op]ation ( fire or ! p[] ( heat1 9 t case ! mo/ evid5t pro(1 ) reg>d to ! fl[+1 or =m] fluidity1 ( m9]al bodies1 w\ld draw to no conclusion 9 prov+ ! exi/5ce ( m9]al fire2 b :5 we h n ! smalle/ reason = conjectur+ any o!r cause1 or ! lea/ d\bt ) reg>d to t :i*1 9 ! doctr9e ( lat5t heat1 has be5 prop]ly inve/igat$1 ! pro(s :i* we %all br+1 ( fusion 9 all ! m9]als ( ?is e>?1 mu/ be held z pro(s ( m9]al fire1 9 l mann] z ! pro( ( subt]rane\s fire w\ld necess>ily imply m9]al fusion z its natural effect4 ,?us we h1 9 our physical inve/igation1 sev]al po9ts 9 view4 ,fir/1 f ! pres5t /ate ( ?+s1 to inf] a =m] /ate ( fusion among m9]al bodies4 ,secondly1 f t =m] fusion1 to inf] ! actual exi/5ce ( m9]al fire 9 ! sy/em ( ! e>?4 ,&1 la/ly1 f ! ackn[l$g$ fact ( subt]rane\s fire z a cause1 to reason ) reg>d to ! effects ( t p[] 9 m9]al bodies4 ,b besides ! p[] or effect ( subt]rane\s heat 9 bodies :i* are unorganis$1 & )\t sy/em1 9 ! con/ruction ( _! diff]5t p>ts1 we h to inve/igate ! prop] purpose ( ?is great ag5t 9 ! sy/em ( ?is _w1 :i* may be consid]$ z a species ( organis$ body4 ,"h1 !re=e1 f9al causes are to be br\ght into view1 z well z ^? :i* are effici5t4 ,n[1 9 a subject involv$ ) s mu* obscurity1 z mu/ be = u ! int]nal regions ( ! globe1 ! consid]ation ( effici5t & f9al causes may contribute mutually to ea* o!rs evid5ce1 :5 sep>ately ! inve/igation ( ei!r might be ?\ght unsatisfactory or insuffici5t4 ,s f> x seem$ necess>y to premise ) reg>d to ! great m9]al p[] :i* we are to employ z an ag5t 9 ! sy/em ( ?is e>?2 & x may be n[ obs]v$1 t x is 9 ! prop] relation ( ?is p[] ( heat & ! fluidity or s(tness ( bodies1 z cause & effect1 t we are to f9d a physical pr9ciple or argum5t = detect+ ^? false !ories ( ! e>? t h be5 only imag9$1 & n prop]ly f\nd$ on fact or obs]vation4 ,x is also by means ( ?is pr9ciple1 t we %all be enabl$ to =m a true !ory ( ! m9]al region1 9 g5]alis+ p>ticul> effects to a common cause4 ,let u n[ proce$ 9 endeav\r+ to decide ?is important "q1 viz4 ,by :at active pr9ciple is x1 t ! pres5t /ate ( ?+s1 :i* we obs]ve 9 ! /rata ( ! e>?1 a /ate s v diff]5t f t 9 :i* ^? bodies _h be5 =m$ orig9ally1 has be5 br\ght ab\t8 ,two causes h be5 n[ propos$ = ! consolidat+ ( loose mat]ials :i* _h be5 9 an incoh]5t /ate2 ^! are1 on ! "o h&1 fire2 or1 on ! o!r1 wat]1 z ! means ( br++ ab\t t ev5t4 ,we are1 !re=e1 to consid] well1 :at may be ! consequ5ces ( consolidation by ! "o or o!r ( ^? ag5ts2 & :at may be ! respective p[]s ( ^? ag5ts ) respect to ?is op]ation4 ,if we are n in=m$ 9 ?is bran* ( sci5ce1 we may gaze )\t in/ruction ^u ! mo/ conv9c+ pro(s ( :at we want to atta94 ,if our k is imp]fect1 we may =m errone\s pr9ciples1 & deceive ourselves 9 reason+ ) reg>d to ^? works ( nature1 :i* are wisely calculat$ = our in/ruction4 ,! /rata1 =m$ at ! bottom ( ! sea1 are to be consid]$ z hav+ be5 consolidat$1 ei!r by aque\s solution & cry/allization1 or by ! effect ( heat & fusion4 ,if x is 9 ! fir/ ( ^! two ways t ! solid /rata ( ! globe h atta9$ to _! pres5t /ate1 !re w be a c]ta9 uni=mity obs]vable 9 ! effects2 & !re w be g5]al laws1 by :i* ?is op]ation mu/ h be5 conduct$4 ,!re=e1 kn[+ ^? g5]al laws1 & mak+ j obs]vations ) reg>d to ! natural appe>ances ( ^? consolidat$ masses1 a philosoph]1 9 8 closet1 %\ld be able to det]m9e1 :at may1 & :at may n h be5 transact$ 9 ! b[els ( ! e>?1 or bel[ ! bottom ( ! ocean4 ,let u n[ endeav\r to asc]ta9 :at may h be5 ! p[] ( wat]1 act+ "u fix$ circum/ances1 op]at+ ^u kn[n sub/ances1 & conduct+ to a c]ta9 end4 ,! action ( wat] ^u all diff]5t sub/ances is an op]ation ) :i* we are famili>4 ,we h x 9 our p[] to apply wat] 9 diff]5t degrees ( heat = ! solution ( bodies1 & "u v>i\s degrees ( compression2 consequ5tly1 !re is no reason to conclude any ?+ my/]i\s 9 ! op]ations ( ! globe1 :i* are to be p]=m$ by means ( wat]1 unless an imm5se compress+ p[] %\ld alt] ! nature ( ^? op]ations4 ,b compression alt]s ! relation ( evaporation only ) reg>d to heat1 or x *anges ! degree ( heat :i* wat] may be made to su/a92 consequ5tly1 we are to look = no occult quality 9 wat] act+ ^u bodies at ! bottom ( ! deepe/ ocean1 m ?an :at c be obs]v$ 9 exp]im5ts :i* we h x 9 our p[] to try4 ,) reg>d aga9 to ! effect ( "t3 ,?\gh ! cont9uance ( "t may d mu* 9 ^? op]ations :i* are extremely sl[1 :]e no *ange1 to our obs]vation1 _h appe>$ to take place1 yet1 :]e x is n 9 ! nature ( ?+s to produce ! *ange 9 "q1 ! unlimit$ c\rse ( "t w\ld be no m effectual1 ?an ! mom5t by :i* we measure ev5ts 9 our obs]vations4 ,wat] be+ ! g5]al m$ium 9 :i* bodies collect$ at ! bottom ( ! sea are always conta9$1 if ^? masses ( collect$ matt] are to be consolidat$ by solution1 x mu/ be by ! dissolution ( ^? bodies 9 t wat] z a m5/ruum1 & by ! concretion or cry/allization ( ?is dissolv$ matt]1 t ! spaces1 fir/ occupi$ by wat] 9 ^? masses1 are aft]w>ds to be fill$ ) a h>d & solid sub/ance2 b )\t "s o!r p[]1 by :i* ! wat] conta9$ 9 ^? cavities & endless labyr9?s ( ! /rata1 %\ld be sep>at$ 9 proportion z x _h p]=m$ its task1 x is inconceivable h[ ^? masses1 h[ev] *ang$ f ! /ate ( _! fir/ subsid5ce1 %\ld be absolutely consolidat$1 )\t any visible or fluid wat] 9 _! composition4 ,besides ?is difficulty ( hav+ ! wat] sep>at$ f ! por\s masses :i* are to be consolidat$1 !re is ano!r ) :i*1 ^u ?is supposition1 we h to /ruggle4 ,?is is1 ,f :5ce %\ld come ! matt] ) :i* ! numb]less cavities 9 ^? masses are to be fill$8 ,! wat] 9 ! cavities & int]/ices ( ^? bodies compos+ /rata1 mu/ be 9 a /agnat+ /ate2 consequ5tly1 x c only act ^u ! surfaces ( ^? cavities :i* are to be fill$ up4 ,b ) :at are !y to be fill$8 ,n ) wat]2 !y are full ( t already3 ,n ) ! sub/ance ( ! bodies :i* conta9 t wat]2 ?is w\ld be only to make "o cavity 9 ord] to fill up ano!r4 ,if1 !re=e1 ! cavities ( ! /rata are to be fill$ ) solid matt]1 by means ( wat]1 !re mu/ be made to pass ?r\gh ^? por\s masses1 wat] impregnat$ ) "s o!r sub/ances 9 a dissolv$ /ate2 & ! aque\s m5/ruum mu/ be made to sep>ate f ! dissolv$ sub/ance1 & to deposit ! same 9 ^? cavities ?r\gh :i* ! solution moves4 ,by su* a supposition z ?is1 we might p]haps expla9 a p>tial consolidation ( ^? /rata2 b ?is is a supposition1 ( :i* ! case "u consid]ation does n admit2 = 9 ! pres5t case1 :i* is t ( mat]ials accumulat$ at ! bottom ( ! ocean1 !re is n prop] means = sep>at+ ! dissolv$ matt] f ! wat] includ$ 9 ^? enorm\s masses2 nor are !re any means by :i* a circulation 9 ^? masses may be =m$4 ,9 ?is case1 !re=e1 :]e ! means are n naturally 9 ! supposition1 a philosoph]1 :o is to expla9 ! ph5om5on by ! natural op]ation ( wat] 9 ?is situation1 mu/ n h rec\rse to ano!r ag5t1 /ill m p[]ful1 to assi/ 8 supposition :i* _c be admitt$4 ,?us1 x w appe>1 t1 to consolidate /rata =m$ at ! bottom ( ! sea1 9 ! mann] n[ consid]$1 op]ations are requir$ unnatural to ?is place2 consequ5tly1 n to be suppos$1 9 ord] to support a hypo!sis4 ,b n[1 in/ead ( inquir+ h[ f> wat] may be suppos$ in/rum5tal 9 ! consolidation ( /rata :i* 7 orig9ally ( a loose texture1 we are to consid] h[ f> !re may be appe>ances 9 ^? consolidat$ bodies1 by :i* x might be conclud$1 :e!r or n ! pres5t /ate ( _! consolidation has be5 actually br\ght ab\t by means ( t ag5t4 ,if wat] _h be5 ! m5/ruum by :i* ! consolidat+ matt] 0 introduc$ into ! int]/ices ( /rata1 masses ( ^? bodies c\ld only be f\nd consolidat$ ) su* sub/ances z wat] is capable ( dissolv+2 & ^! sub/ances w\ld be f\nd only 9 su* a /ate z ! simple sep>ation ( ! solv5t wat] might produce4 ,9 ?is case1 ! consolidation ( /rata w\ld be extremely limit$2 = we _c all[ m p[] to wat] ?an we f9d x has 9 nature2 nor are we to imag9e to ourselves unlimit$ p[]s 9 bodies1 on purpose to expla9 ^? appe>ances by :i* we %\ld be made to "k ! p[]s ( nature4 ,let u1 !re=e1 att5d1 ) e possible circumspection1 to ! appe>ances ( ^? bodies1 by means ( :i* we are to inve/igate ! pr9ciples ( m9]alogy1 & "k ! laws ( nature4 ,! "q n[ be=e u conc]ns ! consolidat+ sub/ances ( /rata4 ,are ^! su* z w correspond to ! dissolv+ p[] ( wat]1 & to ! /ate 9 :i* ^! sub/ances might be left by ! sep>ation ( _! m5/ruum8 ,no2 f>1 f> f ?is supposition is ! conclusion t necess>ily foll[s f natural appe>ances4 ,we h /rata consolidat$ by calc>e\s sp>1 a ?+ p]fectly di/+ui%able f ! /alactical concretion ( calc>e\s e>?1 9 consequ5ce ( aque\s solution4 ,we h /rata made solid by ! =mation ( fluor1 a sub/ance n soluble1 s f> z we "k1 by wat]4 ,we h /rata consolidat$ ) sulphure\s & bitum9\s sub/ances1 :i* d n correspond to ! solution ( wat]4 ,we h /rata consolidat$ ) silice\s matt]1 9 a /ate diff]5t f t "u :i* x has be5 obs]v$1 on c]ta9 occasions1 to be deposit$ by wat]4 ,we h /rata consolidat$ by feld-sp>1 a sub/ance insoluble 9 wat]4 ,we h /rata consolidat$ by almo/ all ! v>i\s metallic sub/ances1 ) _! almo/ endless mixtures & sulphure\s compositions2 t is to say1 we f9d1 p]haps1 e diff]5t sub/ance introduc$ into ! int]/ices ( /rata :i* _h be5 =m$ by subsid5ce at ! bottom ( ! sea4 ,if x is by means ( wat] t ^? int]/ices h be5 fill$ ) ^? mat]ials1 wat] mu/ be1 l fire1 an univ]sal solv5t1 or cause ( fluidity1 & we mu/ *ange entirely our op9ion ( wat] 9 relation to its *emical "*4 ,b !re is no necessity ?us to violate our *emical pr9ciples1 9 ord] to expla9 c]ta9 natural appe>ances2 m especially if ^? appe>ances may be expla9$ 9 ano!r mann]1 consi/5tly ) ! kn[n laws ( nature4 ,if1 aga91 x is by means ( heat & fusion t ! loose & por\s /ructure ( /rata %all be suppos$ to h be5 consolidat$1 !n e difficulty :i* _h occurr$ 9 reason+ ^u ! p[] or ag5cy ( wat] is at once remov$4 ,! loose & discont9u\s body ( a /ratum may be clos$ by means ( s(tness & compression2 ! por\s /ructure ( ! mat]ials may be consolidat$1 9 a simil> mann]1 by ! fusion ( _! sub/ance2 & =eign matt] may be introduc$ into ! op5 /ructure ( /rata1 9 =m ( /eam or exhalation1 z well z 9 ! fluid /ate ( fusion2 consequ5tly1 heat is an ag5t compet5t = ! consolidation ( /rata1 :i* wat] alone is n4 ,if1 !re=e1 su* an ag5t c\ld be f\nd act+ 9 ! natural place ( /rata1 we mu/ pron\nce x prop] to br+ ab\t t end4 ,! exam9ation ( nature gives c\nt5ance to ?is supposition1 s f> z /rata are f\nd consolidat$ by e species ( sub/ance1 & almo/ e possible mixture ( ^? diff]5t sub/ances2 consequ5tly1 h[ev] difficult x may appe> to h ?is application ( heat1 = ! purpose ( consolidat+ /rata =m$ at ! bottom ( ! ocean1 we _c1 f natural appe>ances1 suppose any o!r cause1 z hav+ actually produc$ ! effects :i* are n[ exam9$4 ,?is "q1 ) reg>d to ! means ( consolidat+ ! /rata ( ! globe1 is1 to natural hi/ory1 ( ! greate/ importance2 & x is ess5tial 9 ! !ory n[ propos$ to be giv5 ( ! m9]al sy/em4 ,x w\ld1 !re=e1 require to be discuss$ ) "s degree ( precision 9 exam9+ ! p>ticul>s2 b ( ^!1 !re is s great a field1 & ! subject is s complicat$ 9 its nature1 t volumes might be writt5 ^u p>ticul> bran*es only1 )\t exhau/+ :at might be laid ^u ! subject2 because ! evid5ce1 ?\gh /rong 9 _m p>ticul>s1 is *iefly to be en=c$ by a multitude ( facts1 conspir+1 9 a div]sity ( ways1 to po9t out "o tru?1 & by ! impossibility ( reconcil+ all ^! facts1 except by means ( "o supposition4 ,b1 z x is necess>y to give "s pro( ( t :i* is to be a pr9ciple 9 our reason+ aft]w>ds1 ,i %all n[ endeav\r to g5]alise ! subject z mu* z possible1 9 ord] to answ] t end1 &1 at ! same "t1 to po9t out ! p>ticul> me?od ( inquiry4 ,!re are to be f\nd1 among ! v>i\s /rata ( ! globe1 bodies =m$ ( two diff]5t k9ds ( sub/ances1 silice\s bodies1 & ^? :i* may be t]m$ sulphure\s or phlogi/ic4 ,) "o or o!r1 or bo? ( ^? we sub/ances1 e diff]5t consolidat$ /ratum ( ! globe w be f\nd s intimately mix$1 or closely connect$1 t x mu/ be conclud$1 by :atev] cause ^? bodies ( silice\s & sulphure\s matt] _h be5 *ang$ f a fluid to a concret$ /ate1 ! /rata mu/ h be5 simil>ly affect$ by ! same cause4 ,^! two species ( bodies1 !re=e1 ! silice\s & ! sulphure\s1 may n[ be exam9$1 9 relation to ! causes ( _! concretion1 ) a view to det]m9e1 :at has be5 ! g5]al concret+ or consolidat+ p[]1 :i* has op]at$ univ]sally 9 ! globe2 & p>ticul>ly to %[1 x has n be5 by means ( any fluid solution1 t /rata 9 g5]al h be5 consolidat$1 or t ^? p>ticul> sub/ances h be5 cry/alliz$ & concret$4 ,silice\s matt]1 physically speak+1 is n soluble 9 wat]2 t is to say1 9 no mann] ( way h we be5 enabl$ to le>n1 t wat] has ! p[] ( dissolv+ ?is matt]4 ,_m o!r sub/ances1 :i* are s little soluble 9 wat]1 t _! solubility c\ld n be o!rwise detect$ ( !mselves1 are made to appe> soluble by means ( silice\s matt]2 su* is feld-sp>1 "o ( ! compon5t p>ts ( rock-granite4 ,feld-sp> is a comp\nd ( silice\s1 argillace\s1 & calc>e\s e>?1 intimately unit$ toge!r4 ,?is comp\nd silice\s body be+1 = ages1 expos$ to ! wea!r1 ! calc>e\s "p ( x is dissolv$1 & ! silice\s "p is left 9 =m ( a s(t :ite e>?4 ,b :e!r ?is dissolution is p]=m$ by pure wat]1 or by means also ( an acid1 may p]haps be que/ion$4 ,?is1 h[ev]1 is c]ta91 t we mu/ consid] silice\s sub/ances z insoluble 9 wat]4 ,! wat] ( ,glez] 9 ,icel& und\bt$ly conta9s ?is sub/ance 9 solution2 b !re is no reason to believe1 t x is "h dissolv$ by any o!r ?an ! natural means2 t is1 an alkal9e sub/ance1 by :i* silice\s bodies may be r5d]$ soluble 9 wat]#e4 ,note #e3 ,?is conjecture1 :i* ,i _h ?us =m$1 has be5 fully confirm$ by ! accurate analysis ( ^? wat]s4 ,see vol4 #c;d4 ( ! ,phil4 ,trans4 ( ,ed94 ,x may be1 !re=e1 ass]t$1 t no silice\s body hav+ ! h>dness ( fl9t1 nor any cry/allization ( t sub/ance1 has ev] be5 =m$1 except by fusion4 ,if1 by any art1 ?is sub/ance %all be dissolv$ 9 simple wat]1 or made to cry/allise f any solution1 9 t case1 ! ass]tion :i* has be5 "h made may be d5i$4 ,b :]e !re is n ! ve/ige ( any pro(1 to au?orise ! supposition ( fl9ty matt] be+ dissolv$ by wat]1 or cry/alliz$ f t solution1 su* an hypo!sis _c be admitt$1 9 opposition to g5]al & evid5t appe>ances#f4 ,note #f3 ,! ,*evali] de ,dolomieu has imag9$ an +5i\s !ory = ! solution ( silice\s sub/ances 9 wat] ,j\rnal de ,physique1 ,mai #agib44 ,?is !ory has n be5 tak5 up m]ely at a v5ture1 b is f\nd$ ^u v accurate & int]e/+ *emical exp]im5ts4 ,hi!rto1 h[ev]1 ! nature ( ! silice\s sub/ance is n suffici5tly kn[n1 to enable u to f\nd1 ^u *emical pr9ciples1 ! m9]al op]ations ( nature4 ,t silice\s sub/ance may be dissolv$1 or r5d]$ soluble 9 wat]1 by means ( alkal9e salt1 & t x may be also volatilis$ by means ( ! fluor acid1 is almo/ all t we "k ^u ! subject4 ,b ?is is say+ no m 9 relation to ! m9]al op]ations employ$ ^u ! silice\s sub/ance1 ?an x w\ld be1 9 relation to ^? ^u gold1 to say t ?is metal is dissolv$ by aqua regia4 ,x is to be admitt$1 t e simple sub/ance may h its m5/ruum1 by means ( :i* x may be reta9$ ) wat] 9 a dissolv$ /ate2 b f ?is x does n foll[1 t x is by ! means ( aque\s solutions ( all ^? m9]al bodies1 t nature op]ates ! consolidation ( bodies1 :i* we f9d actually accompli%$ ) all ^? diff]5t sub/ances4 ,x is ! bus9ess ( ?is "w to %[1 t f all appe>ances 9 ! m9]al regions1 z well z ^? ^u ! surface 9 ! atmosph]e1 ! supposition1 ( t mann] ( consolidat+ bodies by solution1 is inconsi/5t bo? ) natural appe>ances1 & also ) *emical pr9ciples4 ,our +5i\s au?or1 :o has1 )1 great dilig5ce z well z an enlight5$ m9d1 obs]v$ ! op]ations ( nature ^u ! surface ( ! e>?1 "h says1 ce n'e/ pas sans tonnem5t que je rem>que depuis long-temps que jamais aucune eau qui c\le la surface de la t]re n'attaque le qu>tz1 aucune n'en ti5t en dissolution1 p5dant que celles qui circul5t intrieurem5t le corrod5t aussi s\v5t qu'elles le dpos5t4--,h[ dang]\s x is 9 sci5ce = +5i\s m5 to all[ !mselves to =m conclusions1 :i* ! pr9ciples on :i* !y reason d n /rictly w>rant1 we h a rem>kable example 9 ! pres5t case4 ,m4 de ,dolomieu sees no corrosion ( qu>tz1 or solution ( t sub/ance1 ^u ! surface ( ! e>?2 f ?is1 !n1 he concludes1 t silice\s sub/ance is n dissolv$ 9 t situation ( ?+s4 ,on ! o!r h&1 he f9ds silice\s bodies v>i\sly concret$ among ! solid /rata ( ! e>?2 &1 f ?is he concludes1 t silice\s sub/ance has be5 bo? dissolv$ by wat] 9 ! /rata1 & also !re aga9 concret$ & cry/allis$ 9 hav+ be5 sep>at$ f ! wat]4 ,?is is c]ta9ly :at we all p]ceive2 b we d n all all[ ourselves to draw su* inconclusive inf]5ces f our premises4 ,not)/&+ ! greate/ accuracy ( our obs]vations1 qu>tz may be dissolvable 9 a m9ute degree by wat]1 ^u ! surface ( ?is e>?2 &1 all ! appe>ances ( silice\s bodies1 9 ! m9]al regions1 :]e we _c imm$iately see ! op]ation1 may be bett] expla9$ by fusion ?an by aque\s solution4 ,b1 f 8 *emical exp]im5ts1 our au?or has conjectur$ t !re may be a phlogi/ic sub/ance1 by means ( :i* ! silice\s e>? is dissolv$ :5 9 d>kness2 & t ?is solv5t loses its p[]1 if expos$ to ! light ( day4 ,i h "o obs]vation to oppose to ?is +5i\s !ory4 ,"u deep black mosses1 ?r\gh :i* no ray ( light c p5etrate1 e condition = dissolv+ silice\s bodies %\ld be f\nd1 accord+ to ! supposition 9 "q2 nei!r w suffici5t "t be f\nd want+1 9 ^? deep mosses1 ^u ! summits ( our m\nta9s2 yet1 exam9e ! matt] ( fact8 n ! smalle/ solution is to be p]ceiv$ 9 ! silice\s p>ts ( ! /ones :i* are f\nd "u ^? mosses1 b e p>ticle ( iron is dissolv$1 s t ! surface ( e /one is :ite1 & no?+ b ! silice\s e>? ( ! feld-sp>1 & p]haps ! argillace\s1 is left4 ,"h we h 9 ?is au?or an in/ructive example3 ,no p]son1 9 my op9ion1 has made su* enlight5$ or sci5tific exp]im5ts1 or su* judici\s obs]vations ) reg>d to ! nature ( silice\s sub/ance1 z a comp\nd ?+2 no p]son reasons m di/9ctly 9 g5]al1 or sees m cle>ly ! importance ( 8 pr9ciples2 yet1 ) reg>d to m9]al concretions1 h[ (t5 has he be5 drawn ?us inadv]t5tly into improp] g5]alization6 ,i appeal to ! analogy :i*1 9 ?is treatise1 he has =m$1 betwe5 ! /alactical concretions ^u ! surface ( ! e>?1 & ! m9]al concretions ( silice\s sub/ance4 ,z an example ( ! great lights1 & p5etrat+ g5ius1 ( ?is assidu\s /udi] ( nature1 ,i ref] to ! judici\s obs]vations :i* he has made ^u ! subject ( alum9\s e>?1 9 ?is diss]tation4 ,i am surpris$ to f9d ?is enlight5$ naturali/ seek+1 9 ! orig9 ( ?is globe ( our e>?1 a g5]al pr9ciple ( fluidity or solution 9 wat]1 l ! alkahe/ ( ! al*ymi/s1 by means ( :i* ! diff]5t sub/ances 9 ! *emical con/itution ( preci\s /ones might h be5 unit$ z well z cry/allis$4 ,"o w\ld h ?\ght1 t a philosoph]1 s conv]sant 9 ! op]ations ( subt]rane\s fire1 w\ld h p]ceiv$1 t !re is b "o g5]al pr9ciple ( fluidity or dissolution1 & t ?is is heat4 ,besides ?is pro( = ! fusion ( silice\s bodies1 :i* is indirect1 aris+ f ! 9 dissolubility ( t sub/ance 9 wat]1 !re is ano!r1 :i* is m direct1 be+ f\nd$ ^u appe>ances :i* are pla9ly inconsi/5t ) any o!r supposition1 except t ( simple fluidity induc$ by heat4 ,! pro( ,i mean is1 ! p5etration ( _m bodies ) a fl9ty sub/ance1 :i*1 accord+ to e collat]al circum/ance1 mu/ h be5 p]=m$ by ! fl9ty matt] 9 a simply fluid /ate1 & n 9 a /ate ( dissolution by a solv5t4 ,^! are fl9ty bodies p]fectly insulat$ 9 /rata bo? ( *alk & s&4 ,x requires b inspection to be conv9c$4 ,x is n possible t fl9ty matt] c\ld be convey$ into ! middle ( ^? /rata1 by a m5/ruum 9 :i* x 0 dissolv$1 & ?us deposit$ 9 t place1 )\t ! smalle/ trace ( deposition 9 ! surr\nd+ p>ts4 ,b1 besides ?is argum5t tak5 f :at does n appe>1 ! actual =m 9 :i* ^? fl9ty masses are f\nd1 demon/rates1 fir/1 ,t !y h be5 introduc$ among ^? /rata 9 a fluid /ate1 by injection f "s o!r place4 #b;dly1 ,t !y h be5 disp]s$ 9 a v>iety ( ways among ^? /rata1 !n deeply imm]s$ at ! bottom ( ! sea2 &1 la/ly1 ,t !y h be5 !re congeal$ f ! /ate ( fusion1 & h rema9$ 9 t situation1 :ile ^? /rata h be5 remov$ f ! bottom ( ! ocean to ! surface ( ! pres5t l&4 ,to describe ^? p>ticul> appe>ances w\ld draw ?is pap] beyond ! b\nds ( an essay4 ,we mu/1 !re=e1 ref] ^? :o w\ld inquire m m9utely into ! subject1 to exam9e ! *alk-c\ntries ( ,france & ,engl&1 9 :i* ! fl9t is f\nd v>i\sly =m$2 ! l&-hills int]sp]s$ among ^? *alk-c\ntries1 :i* h be5 also inject$ by melt$ fl9t2 & ! pudd+-/one ( ,engl&1 :i* ,i h n se5 9 its natural situation4 ,m p>ticul>ly1 ,i w\ld recomm5d an exam9ation ( ! insulat$ masses ( /one1 f\nd 9 ! s&-hills by ! city ( ,brussels2 a /one :i* is =m$ by an injection ( fl9t among s&1 simil> to t :i*1 9 a body ( gravel1 _h =m$ ! pudd+-/one ( ,engl&#g4 ,note #g3 ,accurate descriptions ( ^? appe>ances1 ) draw+s1 w\ld be1 to natural hi/ory1 a valuable acquisition4 ,all ^! examples w\ld require to be exam9$ ^u ! spot1 z a great "p ( ! pro( = ! fusion ( ! fl9ty sub/ance1 arises1 9 my op9ion1 f ! =m 9 :i* ^? bodies are f\nd1 & ! /ate ( ! surr\nd+ p>ts4 ,b !re are specim5s br\ght f _m diff]5t places1 :i* conta91 9 !mselves1 ! mo/ evid5t m>ks ( ?is injection ( ! fl9ty sub/ance 9 a fluid /ate4 ,^! are pieces ( fossil wood1 p5etrat$ ) a silice\s sub/ance1 :i* are br\ght f ,engl&1 ,g]many1 & ,lo*neagh 9 ,irel&4 ,x appe>s f ^! specim5s1 t !re has sometimes be5 a prior p5etration ( ! body ( wood1 ei!r ) irony matt]1 or calc>e\s sub/ance4 ,sometimes1 aga91 :i* is ! case ) t ( ,lo*neagh1 !re does n seem to h be5 any p5etration ( ^? two sub/ances4 ,! inject$ fl9t appe>s to h p5etrat$ ! body ( ?is wood1 imm]s$ at ! bottom ( ! sea1 "u an imm5se compression ( wat]4 ,?is appe>s f ! wood be+ p5etrat$ p>tially1 "s p>ts n be+ p5etrat$ at all4 ,n[1 9 ! limits betwe5 ^? two p>ts1 we h ! mo/ conv9c+ pro(s1 t x _h be5 fl9t 9 a simple fluid /ate :i* _h p5etrat$ ! wood1 & n 9 a /ate ( solution4 ,fir/1 ,because1 h[ev] little ( ! wood is left unp5etrat$1 ! division is always di/9ct betwe5 ! inject$ "p & t :i* is n p5etrat$ by ! fluid fl9t4 ,9 ?is case1 ! fl9ty matt] has proce$$ a c]ta9 l5g?1 :i* is m>k$1 & no f>!r2 &1 beyond ?is b\nd>y1 !re is no p>tial impregnation1 nor a gradation ( ! fl9tify+ op]ation1 z mu/ h be5 ! case if silice\s matt] _h be5 deposit$ f a solution4 #b;dly1 ,! t]m9ation ( ! fl9ty impregnation has assum$ su* a =m1 precisely1 z w\ld naturally happ5 f a fluid fl9t p5etrat+ t body4 ,9 o!r specim5s ( ?is m9]alis+ op]ation1 fossil wood1 p5etrat$1 m or less1 ) f]rug9\s & calc>e\s sub/ances1 has be5 aft]w>ds p5etrat$ ) a fl9ty sub/ance4 ,9 ?is case1 ) :atev] diff]5t sub/ances ! woody body %all be suppos$ to h be5 p5etrat$ 9 a /ate ( solution by wat]1 ! regul> /ructure ( ! plant w\ld /ill h rema9$1 ) its vacuities1 v>i\sly fill$ ) ! petrify+ sub/ances1 sep>at$ f ! aque\s m5/ruum1 & deposit$ 9 ! vascul> /ructure ( ! wood4 ,!re _c be a d\bt ) reg>d to ! tru? ( ?is proposition2 =1 z x is1 we frequ5tly f9d p>ts ( ! consolidat$ wood1 ) ! vascul> /ructure rema9+ p]fectly 9 its natural %ape & situation2 b if x _h be5 by aque\s solution t ! wood _h be5 p5etrat$ & consolidat$1 all ! p>ts ( t body w\ld be f\nd 9 ! same natural %ape & situation4 ,?is1 h[ev]1 is f> f be+ ! case2 = :ile1 9 "s p>ts1 ! vascul> /ructure is pres]v$ entire1 x is also evid5t1 t1 9 g5]al1 ! woody /ructure is v>i\sly brok5 & dissolv$ by ! fusion & cry/allization ( ! fl9t4 ,!re are s _m & su* v>i\s conv9c+ examples ( ?is1 t1 to attempt to describe !m1 w\ld be to exce$ ! b\nds prescrib$ = ?is diss]tation2 b su* specim5s are 9 my possession1 ready = ! inspection ( any p]son :o may desire to /udy ! subject4 ,we may n[ proce$ to consid] sulphure\s sub/ances1 ) reg>d to _! solubility 9 wat]1 & to ! "p :i* ^! bodies h act$ 9 consolidat+ ! /rata ( ! globe4 ,! sulphure\s sub/ances "h meant to be consid]$1 are sub/ances n soluble 91 wat]1 s f> z we "k1 b fusible by heat1 & inflammable or combu/ible by means ( heat & vital air4 ,^! sub/ances are ( two k9ds2 ! "o m simple1 ! o!r m comp\nd4 ,! mo/ simple k9d is compos$ ( two diff]5t sub/ances1 viz4 phlogi/on1 ) c]ta9 specific sub/ances2 f :i* result1 on ! "o h&1 sulphur1 &1 on ! o!r1 prop] coal & metals4 ,! m comp\nd sort1 aga91 is oily matt]1 produc$ by vegetables1 & =m+ bitum9\s bodies4 ,! fir/ ( ^! is f\nd naturally comb9$ ) almo/ all metallic sub/ances1 :i* are !n said to be m9]alis$ ) sulphur4 ,n[1 x is well kn[n1 t ?is m9]alis+ op]ation is p]=m$ by means ( heat or fusion2 & !re is no p]son skill$ 9 *emi/ry t w pret5d to say1 ?is may be done by aque\s solution4 ,! comb9ation ( iron & sulphur1 = example1 may easily be p]=m$ by fusion2 b1 by aque\s solution1 ?is p>ticul> comb9ation is aga9 resolv$1 & =ms an acido-metallic1 t is1 a vitriolic sub/ance1 aft] ! phlogi/on 7by means ( :i* x is insoluble 9 wat]7 has be5 sep>at$ f ! composition1 by ! assi/ance ( vital air4 ,! v>iety ( ^! sulphureo-metallic sub/ances1 9 po9t ( composition1 is almo/ indef9ite2 b1 unless !y 7 all soluble 9 wat]1 ?is c\ld n h happ5$ by ! action ( t solv5t4 ,if we %all all[ any "o ( ^? bodies to h be5 =m$ by ! fluidity ( heat1 !y mu/ all h be5 =m$ 9 ! same mann]2 = !re is su* a *a9 ( connection among ^? bodies 9 ! m9]al regions1 t !y mu/ all h be5 compos$1 ei!r1 on ! "o h&1 by aque\s solution1 or1 on ! o!r1 by means ( heat & fusion4 ,"h1 = example1 are cry/allis$ toge!r 9 "o mass1 #a/1 ,pyrites1 conta9+ sulphur1 iron1 copp]2 #b;dly1 ,bl5d1 a composition ( iron1 sulphur1 & calam9e2 #c;dly1 ,gal5a1 consi/+ ( lead & sulphur2 #d?ly1 ,m>mor metallicum1 be+ ! t]ra pond]osa1 saturat$ ) ! vitriolic acid2 a sub/ance insoluble 9 wat]2 #e?ly1 ,fluor1 a saturation ( calc>e\s e>?1 ) a peculi> acid1 call$ ! acid ( sp>1 also insoluble 9 wat]2 #f?ly1 ,calc>e\s sp>1 ( diff]5t k9ds1 be+ calc>e\s e>? saturat$ ) fix$ air1 & some?+ besides1 :i* =ms a v>iety 9 ?is sub/ance2 la/ly1 ,silice\s sub/ance1 or ,qu>tz cry/als4 ,all ^! bodies1 ea* possess+ its prop] %ape1 are mix$ 9 su* a mann] z x w\ld be endless to describe1 b :i* may be express$ 9 g5]al by say+1 t !y are mutually conta9$ 91 & conta9 ea* o!r4 ,unless1 !re=e2 e "o ( ^! diff]5t sub/ances may be dissolv$ 9 wat]1 & cry/allis$ f x1 x is 9 va9 to look = ! explanation ( ^! appe>ances 9 ! op]ations ( nature1 by ! means ( aque\s solution4 ,on ! o!r h&1 heat be+ capable ( r5d]+ all ^! sub/ances fluid1 !y may be1 ) ! greate/ simplicity1 transport$ f "o place to ano!r2 & !y may be made to concrete altoge!r at ! same "t1 & di/9ctly sep>ate 9 any place4 ,h5ce1 = ! explanation ( ^? natural appe>ances1 :i* are s g5]al1 no fur!r conditions are requir$1 ?an ! supposition ( a suffici5t int5sity ( subt]rane\s fire or heat1 & a suffici5t degree ( compression ^u ^? bodies1 :i* are to be subject$ to t viol5t heat1 )\t calc9ation or *ange4 ,b1 s f> z ?is supposition is n gratuit\s1 ! appe>ances ( nature w be ?us expla9$4 ,i %all only m5tion "o specim51 :i* mu/ appe> mo/ decisive ( ! "q4 ,x is1 ,i believe1 f an ,hung>ian m9e4 ,9 ?is specim51 petro-silex1 pyrites1 & c9nab>1 are s mix$ toge!r1 & cry/allis$ ^u ea* o!r1 t x is impossible to conceive any "o ( ^? bodies to h _h its fluidity & concretion f a cause :i* _h n affect$ ! o!r two4 ,n[1 let ^? :o w\ld d5y ! fusion ( ?is silice\s body expla9 h[ wat] c\ld dissolve ^! ?ree diff]5t bodies1 & deposit !m 9 _! pres5t %ape4 ,if1 on ! contr>y1 !y h n ! lea/ %ad[ ( reason = su* a gratuit\s supposition1 ! pres5t argum5t mu/ be admitt$ 9 its full =ce4 ,sulphur & metals are commonly f\nd comb9$ 9 ! m9]al regions4 ,b ?is rule is n univ]sal2 = !y are also frequ5tly 9 a sep>ate /ate4 ,!re is n1 p]haps1 a metal1 among ! great numb] :i* are n[ discov]$1 t may n be f\nd native1 z !y are call$1 or 9 _! metallic /ate4 ,metallic sub/ances are also ?us f\nd 9 "s proportion to ! disposition ( ! p>ticul> metals1 to resi/ ! m9]alis+ op]ations1 & to _! facility ( be+ metallis$ by fire & fusion4 ,gold1 :i* refuses to be m9]alis$ ) sulphur1 is f\nd g5]ally 9 its native /ate4 ,iron1 aga91 :i* is s easily m9]alis$ & scorifi$1 is seldom f\nd 9 its malleable /ate4 ,! o!r metals are all f\nd m or less m9]alis$1 ?\gh "s ( !m b r>ely 9 ! native /ate4 ,besides be+ f\nd ) circum/ances ?us correspond+ to ! natural facility1 or to ! imp$im5ts att5d+ ! metallization ( ^? diff]5t calces1 ! native metals are also f\nd 9 su* a %ape1 & ) su* m>ks1 z c only agree ) ! fusion ( ^? bodies2 t is to say1 ^? appe>ances are p]fectly irreconcilable ) any mann] ( solution & precipitation4 ,= ! tru? ( ?is ass]tion1 among a ?\s& o!r examples1 ,i appeal to t fam\s mass ( native iron discov]$ by ,mr ,pallas 9 ,sib]ia4 ,?is mass be+ s well kn[n to all ! m9]ali/s ( ,europe1 any comm5t ^u its %ape & /ructure w be unnecess>y#h4 ,note #h3 ,s9ce ?is ,diss]tation 0 writt51 ,m4 de la ,peyr\se has discov]$ a native manganese4 ,! circum/ances ( ?is m9]al are s well adapt$ = illu/rat+ ! pres5t doctr9e1 & s well relat$ by ,m4 de la ,peyr\se1 t ,i %\ld be want+ to ! int]e/ ( m9]al k1 7 ,i n to give "h t "p ( 8 ,memoir4 ,lorsque je fis insr] dans le j\rnal de physique de l'anne #aghj1 au mois de ,janvi]1 une ,diss]tation cont5ant la classification des m9es de manganse1 je ne connoissois po9t1 cette poque1 la m9e de manganse native4 ,elle a la c\leur de son rgule3 ,elle salit les doigts de la mme te9te4 ,son tissu p>ait aussi lamelleux1 et les lames sembl5t affect] une sorte de div]g5ce4 ,elle a a9si que lui1 l'clat mtallique2 comme lui elle se laisse aplatir s\s le m>teau1 et s'exfolie si l'on r$\ble les c\ps2 mais une circon/ance qui e/ trop frappante p\r que je l'omette1 c'e/ la figure de la manganse native1 si prodigieusem5t con=me celle du rgule1 qu'on s'y laiss]oit tromp]1 si la m9e n'toit encore dans sa gangue3 ,figure trs-ess5tielle obs]v] ici1 p>ce qu'elle e/ due la nature mme de la manganse4 ,en effet1 p\r rduire t\tes les m9es en gnral1 il faut employ] div]s flux appropris4 ,p\r la rduction de la manganse1 bi5 lo9 d'us] de ce moy51 il faut1 au contraire1 loign] t\t flux1 produire la fusion1 p> la seule viol5ce et la promptitude du feu4 ,et telle e/ la prop5sion naturelle et prodigieuse de la manganse la vitrification1 qu'on n'a pu p>v5ir encore rduire son rgule en un seul culot2 on tr\ve dans le creuset plusieurs petits b\tons1 qui =m5t autant de culots sp>s4 ,dans la m9e de manganse native1 elle n'e/ po9t en une seule masse2 elle e/ dispose galem5t en plusieurs culots sp>s1 et un peu aplatis1 comme ceux que l'art produit2 beauc\p plus gros1 la vrit1 p>ce que les ag5s de la nature doiv5t avoir une autre n]gie1 que ceux de nos laboratoires2 et cette ressemblance si exacte1 semble devoir v\s faire p5s] que la m9e native t produite p> le feu1 t\t comme son rgule4 ,la prs5ce de la *aux arg5te de la manganse1 me p]mettroit de croire que la nature n'a fait que rduire cette *aux4 ,du re/e1 cette m9e native e/ trs-pure1 et ne conti5t aucune p>tie attirable l'aimant4 ,cette m9e1 unique jusqu' ce mom5t1 vi5t1 t\t comme les autres manganse que j'ai dcrites1 des m9es de f] de ,sem1 dans la valle de ,vi$]sos1 en ,comt de ,foix4--,j\rnal de ,physique1 ,janvi] #aghf4 ,we come n[ to ! second species ( inflammable bodies call$ oily or bitum9\s4 ,^! sub/ances are also f\nd v>i\sly mix$ ) m9]al bodies1 z well z =m+ /rata ( !mselves2 !y are1 !re=e1 a prop] subject = a p>ticul> exam9ation4 ,9 ! process ( vegetation1 !re are produc$ oily & res9\s sub/ances2 &1 f ! collection ( ^! sub/ances at ! bottom ( ! ocean1 !re are =m$ /rata1 :i* h aft]w>ds und]gone v>i\s degrees ( beat1 & h be5 v>i\sly *ang$1 9 consequ5ce ( ! effects ( t heat1 accord+ z ! di/illation ( ! m volatile p>ts ( ^? bodies has be5 suff]$ to proce$4 ,9 ord] to und]/& ?is1 x mu/ be consid]$1 t1 :ile imm]s$ 9 wat]1 & "u insup]able compression1 ! vegetable1 oily1 & res9\s sub/ances1 w\ld appe> to be unalt]able by heat2 & x is only 9 proportion z c]ta9 *emical sep>ations take place1 t ^! inflammable bodies are *ang$ 9 _! sub/ance by ! application ( heat4 ,n[1 ! mo/ g5]al *ange ( ?is k9d is 9 consequ5ce ( evaporation1 or ! di/illation ( _! m volatile p>ts1 by :i* oily sub/ances become bitum9\s1 & bitum9\s sub/ances become coaly4 ,!re is "h a gradation :i* may be be/ und]/ood1 by comp>+ ! extremes4 ,on ! "o h&1 we "k by exp]im5t1 t oily & bitum9\s sub/ances c be melt$ & p>tly *ang$ into vap\r by heat1 & t !y become h>d] & d5s]1 9 proportion z ! m volatile p>ts h evaporat$ f !m4 ,on ! o!r h&1 coaly sub/ances are de/itute ( fusibility & volatility1 9 proportion z !y h be5 expos$ to great] degrees ( heat1 & to o!r circum/ances fav\rable to ! dissipation ( _! m volatile & fluid p>ts4 ,if1 !re=e1 9 m9]al bodies1 we f9d ! two extreme /ates ( ?is combu/ible sub/ance1 & also ! int]m$iate /ates1 we mu/ ei!r conclude1 t ?is p>ticul> op]ation ( heat has be5 ?us actually employ$ 9 nature1 or we mu/ expla9 ^? appe>ances by "s o!r means1 9 z satisfactory a mann]1 & s z %all be consi/5t ) o!r appe>ances4 ,9 ?is case1 x w avail no?+ to h rec\rse to ! false analogy ( wat] dissolv+ & cry/allis+ salts1 :i* has be5 s mu* employ$ = ! explanation ( o!r m9]al appe>ances4 ,! op]ation "h 9 "q is ( a diff]5t nature1 & necess>ily requires bo? ! p[]s ( heat & prop] conditions = evaporation4 ,!re=e1 9 ord] to decide ! po9t1 ) reg>d to :at is ! p[] 9 nature by :i* m9]al bodies h become solid1 we h b to f9d bitum9\s sub/ance 9 ! mo/ complete /ate ( coal1 intimately connect$ ) "s o!r sub/ance1 :i* is m g5]ally f\nd consolidat+ ! /rata1 & assi/+ 9 ! concretion ( m9]al sub/ances4 ,b ,i h 9 my possession ! mo/ und\bt$ pro( ( ?is k9d4 ,x is a m9]al ve91 or cavity1 9 :i* are bl5d$ toge!r coal ( ! mo/ fix$ k9d1 qu>tz & m>mor metallicum4 ,nor is ?is all2 = ! specim5 n[ ref]r$ to is conta9$ 9 a rock ( ?is k9d1 :i* e naturali/ n[-a-days w all[ to h congeal$ f a fluid /ate ( fusion4 ,i h also simil> specim5s f ! same place1 9 :i* ! coal is n ( t fix$ & infusible k9d :i* burns )\t flame or smoke1 b is bitum9\s or inflammable coal4 ,we h hi!rto be5 re/+ ! argum5t ^u a s+le po9t1 = ! sake ( simplicity or cle>ness1 n = want ( ^? circum/ances :i* %all be f\nd to corroborate ! !ory4 ,! /rata ( fossil coal are f\nd 9 almo/ e int]m$iate /ate1 z well z 9 ^? ( bitum5 & *>coal4 ,( ! "o k9d is t fossil coal :i* melts or becomes fluid ^u receiv+ heat2 ( ! o!r1 is t species ( coal1 f\nd bo? 9 ,wales & ,scotl&1 :i* is p]fectly infusible 9 ! fire1 & burns l coals1 )\t flame or smoke4 ,! "o species ab\nds 9 oily matt]1 ! o!r has be5 di/ill$ by heat1 until x has become a caput mortuum1 or p]fect coal4 ,! m volatile p>ts ( ^! bitum9\s bodies are f\nd 9 _! sep>ate /ate on "s occasions4 ,!re is a /ratum ( lime/one 9 ,fife%ire1 ne> ,rai?1 :i*1 ?\gh b slightly t+$ ) a black col\r1 conta9s bitum9\s matt]1 l pit*1 9 _m cavities1 :i* are l9$ ) calc>e\s sp> cry/allis$4 ,i h a specim5 ( su* a cavity1 9 :i* ! bitum5 is 9 sph]icles1 or r\nd$ drops1 imm]s$ 9 ! calc>e\s sp>4 ,n[1 x is to be obs]v$1 t1 if ! cavity 9 ! solid lime/one or m>ble1 :i* is l9$ ) calc>e\s cry/als conta9+ pyrites1 _h be5 ?us encru/$ by means ( ! filtration ( wat]1 ?is wat] mu/ h dissolv$ calc>e\s sp>1 pyrites1 & bitum54 ,b ^! natural appe>ances w\ld n ev5 be expla9$ by ?is dissolution & suppos$ filtration ( ^? sub/ances4 ,!re is also requir$1 fir/1 ,a cause = ! sep>ation ( ^? diff]5t sub/ances f ! aque\s m5/ruum 9 :i* !y _h be5 dissolv$2 #b;dly1 ,an explanation ( ! way 9 :i* a dissolv$ bitum5 %\ld be =m$ into r\nd h>d bodies ( ! mo/ solid /ructure2 &1 la/ly1 ,"s probable means = ?is complicat$ op]ation be+ p]=m$1 bel[ ! bottom ( ! ocean1 9 ! close cavity ( a m>ble /ratum4 ,?us1 ! additional pro(1 f ! facts relat+ to ! bitum9\s sub/ances1 conspir+ ) t f ! ph5om5a ( o!r bodies1 af=ds ! /ronge/ corroboration ( ?is op9ion1 t ! v>i\s concretions f\nd 9 ! int]nal p>ts ( /rata h n be5 occasion$ by means ( aque\s solution1 b by ! p[] ( heat & op]ation ( simple fusion1 prep>+ ^? diff]5t sub/ances to concrete & cry/allise 9 cool+4 ,! argum5ts :i* h be5 n[ employ$ = prov+ t /rata h be5 consolidat$ by ! p[] ( heat1 or by ! means ( fusion1 h be5 drawn *iefly f ! insoluble nature ( ^? consolidat+ sub/ances 9 relation to wat]1 :i* is ! only g5]al m5/ruum t c be all[$ = ! m9]al regions4 ,b !re are f\nd1 9 ! m9]al k+dom1 _m solid masses ( saltgem1 :i* is a soluble sub/ance4 ,x may be n[ inquir$1 ,h[ f> ^! masses1 :i* are n infrequ5t 9 ! e>?1 t5d ei!r to confirm ! pres5t !ory1 or1 on ! contr>y1 to give c\nt5ance to t :i* supposes wat] ! *ief in/rum5t 9 consolidat+ /rata4 ,! =mation ( salt at ! bottom ( ! sea1 )\t ! assi/ance ( subt]ranean fire1 is n a ?+ unsupposable1 z at fir/ sight x might appe>4 ,let u b suppose a rock plac$ across ! gut ( ,gibralt>1 7a case n[ise unnatural71 & ! bottom ( ! ,m$it]ranean w\ld be c]ta9ly fill$ ) salt1 because ! evaporation f ! surface ( t sea exce$s ! measure ( its supply4 ,b /rata ( salt1 =m$ 9 ?is mann] at ! bottom ( ! sea1 are z f> f be+ consolidat$ by means ( aque\s solution1 z a b$ ( s& 9 ! same situation2 & we _c expla9 ! consolidation ( su* a /ratum ( salt by means ( wat]1 )\t suppos+ subt]ranean heat employ$1 to evaporate ! br9e :i* w\ld successively occupy ! int]/ices ( ! sal9e cry/als4 ,b ?is1 x may be obs]v$1 is equally dep>t+ f ! natural op]ation ( wat]1 z ! means = consolidat+ ! s$im5t ( ! ocean1 z if we 7 to suppose ! same ?+ done by heat & fusion4 ,= ! "q is n1 ,if subt]ranean heat be ( suffici5t int5sity = ! purpose ( consolidat+ /rata by ! fusion ( _! sub/ances2 ! "q is1 ,:e!r x be by means ( ?is ag5t1 subt]ranean heat1 or by wat] alone1 )\t ! op]ation ( a melt+ heat1 t ^? mat]ials h be5 v>i\sly consolidat$4 ,! example n[ "u consid]ation1 consolidat$ m9]al salt1 w s]ve to ?r[ "s light ^u ! subject2 =1 z x is to be %[n1 t ?is body ( salt _h be5 consolidat$ by p]fect fusion1 & n by means ( aque\s solution1 ! consolidation ( /rata ( indissoluble sub/ances1 by ! op]ation ( a melt+ heat1 w meet ) all t confirmation :i* ! consi/5cy ( natural appe>ances c give4 ,! salt rock 9 ,*e%ire lies 9 /rata ( r$ m>l4 ,x is horizontal 9 its direction4 ,i d n "k its ?ickness1 b x is dug ?irty or =ty feet deep4 ,! body ( ?is rock is p]fectly solid1 & ! salt1 9 _m places1 pure1 col\rless1 & transp>5t1 break+ ) a sp>ry cubical /ructure4 ,b ! greate/ "p is t+$ by ! admixture ( ! m>l1 & t 9 v>i\s degrees1 f ! slighte/ t+e ( r$1 to ! mo/ p]fect opacity4 ,?us1 ! rock appe>s z if x _h be5 a mass ( fluid salt1 9 :i* _h be5 float+ a quantity ( m>ly sub/ance1 n uni=mly mix$1 b e :]e sep>at+ & subsid+ f ! pure sal9e sub/ance4 ,!re is also to be obs]v$ a c]ta9 regul>ity 9 ?is sep>ation ( ! t++ f ! col\rless sub/ance1 :i*1 at a prop] di/ance1 gives to ! p]p5dicul> section ( ! rock a di/+ui%able figure 9 its /ructure4 ,:5 look+ at ?is appe>ance ne> ! bottom ( ! rock1 x1 at fir/1 pres5t$ me ) ! figure ( regul> /ratification2 b1 ^u exam9+ ! :ole mass ( rock1 ,i f\nd1 t x 0 only t[>ds ! bottom t ?is /ratifi$ appe>ance took place2 & t1 at ! top ( ! rock1 ! mo/ beautiful & regul> figure 0 to be obs]v$2 b a figure ! mo/ opposite to t ( /ratification4 ,x 0 all compos$ ( conc5tric circles2 & ^! appe>$ to be ! section ( a mass1 compos$ altoge!r ( conc5tric sph]es1 l ^? beautiful sy/ems ( configuration :i* agates s frequ5tly pres5t u ) 9 m9iature4 ,9 ab\t eight or t5 feet f ! top1 ! circles gr[+ l>ge1 7 bl5d$ toge!r1 & gradually lo/ _! regul> appe>ance1 until1 at a great] dep?1 !y aga9 appe>$ 9 resemblance ( a /ratification4 ,?is regul> arrangem5t ( ! float+ m>ly sub/ance 9 ! body ( salt1 :i* is t ( ! /ructure ( a coat$ pebble1 or t ( conc5tric sph]es1 is altoge!r inexplicable ^u any o!r supposition1 ?an ! p]fect fluidity or fusion ( ! salt1 & ! attractions & repulsions ( ! conta9$ sub/ances4 ,x is 9 va9 to look1 9 ! op]ations ( solution & evaporation1 = t :i* no?+ b p]fect fluidity or fusion c expla94 ,?is example ( a m9]al salt congeal$ f a melt$ /ate1 may be confirm$ f ano!r :i* ,i h f ,dr ,black1 :o sugge/$ x to me4 ,x is an alkal9e salt1 f\nd 9 a m9]al /ate1 & describ$ 9 ! ,philosophical ,transactions1 anno #agga4 ,b to und]/& ?is specim51 some?+ mu/ be premis$ ) reg>d to ! nature ( fossil alkali4 ,! fossil alkali cry/allises f a dissolv$ /ate1 9 comb9+ itself ) a l>ge portion ( ! wat]1 9 ! mann] ( alum2 &1 9 ?is case1 ! wat] is ess5tial to ! con/itution ( t transp>5t cry/all9e body2 =1 ^u ! evaporation ( ! wat]1 ! transp>5t salt loses its solidity1 & becomes a :ite p[d]4 ,if1 in/ead ( be+ g5tly dri$1 ! cry/all9e salt is sudd5ly expos$ to a suffici5t degree ( heat1 t is1 some:at m ?an boil+ wat]1 x ent]s into ! /ate ( aque\s fusion1 & x boils1 9 emitt+ ! wat] by means ( :i* x _h be5 cry/allis$ 9 ! cold1 & r5d]$ fluid 9 t heat$ /ate4 ,x is n possible to cry/allise ?is alkal9e salt f a dissolv$ /ate1 )\t ! comb9ation ( t quantity ( wat]1 nor to sep>ate t wat] )\t de/roy+ its cry/all9e /ate4 ,b 9 ?is m9]al specim51 we h a solid cry/all9e salt1 ) a /ructure :i*1 ^u fracture1 appe>s to be sp>ry & radiat$1 some?+ resembl+ t ( zeolite4 ,x conta9s no wat] 9 its cry/allization1 b melts 9 a suffici5t heat1 )\t any aque\s fusion4 ,!re=e1 ?is salt mu/ h be5 9 a fluid /ate ( fusion1 imm$iately be=e its congelation & cry/allization4 ,x w\ld be endless to give examples ( p>ticul> facts1 s _m are ! diff]5t natural appe>ances t occur1 att5d$ ) a v>iety ( diff]5t circum/ances4 ,!re is "o1 h[ev]1 :i* is peculi>ly di/9ct1 admits ( suffici5tly accurate description1 & conta9s circum/ances f :i* conclusions may be drawn ) cle>ness4 ,?is is ! iron/one1 :i* is commonly f\nd among ! argillace\s /rata1 att5dant ^u fossil coal1 bo? 9 ,scotl& & 9 ,engl&4 ,?is /one is g5]ally f\nd among ! bitum9\s s*i/us1 or black argillace\s /rata1 ei!r 9 sep>ate masses ( v>i\s %apes & sizes1 or =m+ ( itself /rata :i* are m or less cont9u\s 9 _! direction among ! s*i/\s or argillace\s b$s4 ,?is m9]al conta9s1 9 g5]al1 f #dj to #ej p] c5t4 ( iron1 & x loses ne> "o ?ird ( its weight 9 calc9ation4 ,be=e calc9ation x is ( a grey col\r1 is n p5etrable by wat]1 & takes a poli%4 ,9 ?is /ate1 !re=e1 x is p]fectly solid2 b be+ calc9$1 x becomes r$1 por\s1 & t5d]4 ,! fact to be prov$ ) reg>d to ^! iron-/ones is ?is1 ,t !y h acquir$ _! solid /ate f fusion1 & n 9 concret+ f any aque\s solution4 ,to abridge ?is disquisition1 no argum5t is to be tak5 f cont+5t circum/ances1 7:i*1 h[ev]1 are (t5 f\nd "h z well z 9 ! case ( m>bles72 su* only are to be employ$ z are g5]al to ! subject1 & arise necess>ily f ! nature ( ! op]ation4 ,x w be prop] to describe a species ( ^! /ones1 :i* is rem>kably regul> 9 its =m4 ,x is t f\nd at ,ab]lady1 9 ,ea/ ,lo?ian4 ,! =m ( ^! iron-/ones is t ( an oblate or mu* compress$ sph]e1 & ! size f two or ?ree in*es diamet] to m ?an a foot4 ,9 ! circul> or horizontal section1 !y pres5t ! mo/ elegant sept>ium#i2 &1 f ! exam9ation ( ?is p>ticul> /ructure1 ! foll[+ conclusions may be drawn4 ,fir/1 ,t1 ! septa h be5 =m$ by ! uni=m contraction ( ! int]nal p>ts ( ! /one1 ! volume ( ! c5tral p>ts dim9i%+ m ?an t ( ! circumf]5ce2 by ?is means1 ! sep>ations ( ! /one dim9i%1 9 a progression f ! c5t] t[>ds ! circumf]5ce4 #b;d1 ,t !re are only two ways 9 :i* ! septa mu/ h receiv$ ! sp> or spat?ose ore ) :i* !y are fill$1 m or less1 ei!r1 fir/ ,by ins9uation into ! cavity ( ! septa aft] ^! 7 =m$2 or1 #b;dly1 ,by sep>ation f ! sub/ance ( ! /one1 at ! same "t t ! septa 7 =m+4 ,note #i3 ,plate ,i4 ,7 ! fir/ supposition true1 appe>ances w\ld be obs]vable1 %[+ t ! sp>ry sub/ance _h be5 admitt$1 ei!r ?r\gh ! por\s /ructure ( ! /one1 or ?r\gh prop] ap]tures communicat+ f )\t4 ,n[1 if ei!r "o or o!r ( ^! _h be5 ! case1 & t ! /one _h be5 consolidat$ f no o!r cause ?an concretion f a dissolv$ /ate1 t p>ticul> /ructure ( ! /one1 by means ( :i* ! sp> _h be5 admitt$1 mu/ appe> at pres5t ^u an accurate exam9ation4 ,?is1 h[ev]1 is n ! case1 & we may re/ ! argum5t "h4 ,! septa rea* n ! circumf]5ce2 ! surface ( ! /one is solid & uni=m 9 e "p2 & !re is n any appe>ance ( ! sp> 9 ! argillace\s b$ ar\nd ! /one4 ,x1 !re=e1 necess>ily foll[s1 t ! contraction ( ! iron-/one1 9 ord] to =m septa1 & ! fill+ ( ^! cavities ) sp>1 _h proce$$ p>i passu2 & t ?is op]ation mu/ h be5 br\ght ab\t by means ( fusion1 or by congelation f a /ate ( simple fluidity & expansion4 ,x is only fur!r to be obs]v$1 t all ! argum5ts :i* h be5 already employ$1 conc]n+ m9]al concretions f a simply fluid /ate1 or t ( fusion1 "h take place4 ,i h sept>ia ( ?is k9d1 9 :i*1 besides pyrites1 iron-ore1 calc>e\s sp>1 & ano!r t is f]rug9\s & comp\nd1 !re is conta9$ silice\s cry/als2 a case :i* is n s common4 ,i h !m also att5d$ ) circum/ances ( concretion & cry/allization1 :i*1 besides be+ extremely r>e1 are equally curi\s & int]e/+4 ,!re is "o fact m :i* is well wor? our att5tion1 be+ "o ( ^? :i* are s g5]al 9 ! m9]al regions4 ,x is ! cry/allizations :i* are f\nd 9 close cavities ( ! mo/ solid bodies4 ,no?+ is m common ?an ?is appe>ance4 ,cavities are e :]e f\nd closely l9$ ) cry/allizations1 ( e diff]5t sub/ance :i* may be suppos$ 9 ^? places4 ,^! concretions are well kn[n to naturali/s1 & =m "p ( ! beautiful specim5s :i* are pres]v$ 9 ! cab9ets ( collectors1 & :i* ! ,g]man m9]ali/s h t]m$ ,drus54 ,i %all only p>ticul>ise "o species1 :i* may be describ$ ^u pr9ciple1 & !re=e may be a prop] subject on :i* to reason1 = asc]ta9+ ! ord] ( production 9 c]ta9 bodies4 ,?is body1 :i* we are n[ to exam9e1 is ( ! agate species4 ,we h n[ be5 consid]+ ! means employ$ by nature 9 consolidat+ /rata :i* 7 orig9ally ( an op5 /ructure2 b 9 p]fectly solid /rata we f9d bodies ( agate1 :i* h evid5tly be5 =m$ 9 t place :]e !y n[ are f\nd4 ,?is fact1 h[ev]1 is n /ill t ( :i* we are n[ p>ticul>ly to inquire2 = ?is1 ( :i* we are to treat1 conc]ns only a cavity )9 ?is agate2 n[1 :atev] may h be5 ! orig9 ( ! agate itself1 we are to %[1 f :at appe>s )9 its cavity1 t ! cry/allizations :i* are f\nd 9 ?is place _h aris5 f a simply fluid /ate1 & n f t ( any mann] ( solution4 ,! agates n[ 9 "q are ^? ( ! coat$ k9d1 s frequ5t 9 ?is c\ntry1 call$ pebbles4 ,_m ( ^! are fill$ ) a silice\s cry/allization1 :i* evid5tly proce$s f ! circumf]5ce t[>ds ! c5tre4 ,_m ( !m1 aga91 are holl[4 ,^? cavities are v>i\sly l9$ ) cry/alliz$ sub/ances2 & ^! are ! object ( ! pres5t exam9ation4 ,b be=e describ+ :at is f\nd )91 x is necess>y to att5d to ?is p>ticul> circum/ance1 t ! cavity is p]fectly inclos$ ) _m solid coats1 imp]vi\s to air or wat]1 b p>ticul>ly ) ! ext]nal cortical "p1 :i* is extremely h>d1 takes ! highe/ poli%1 & is ( ! mo/ p]fect solidity1 admitt+ ! passage ( no?+ b light & heat4 ,)9 ^! cavities1 we f9d1 #a/1 ,! coat ( cry/als ) :i* ?is cavity is always l9$2 & ?is is g5]al to all sub/ances concret+1 9 simil> circum/ances1 f a /ate ( fusion2 = :5 ?us at lib]ty !y naturally cry/allise4 #b;dly1 ,we h frequ5tly a subsequ5t cry/allization1 re/+ on ! fir/1 & m or less imm]s$ 9 x4 #c;dly1 ,!re is also sometimes a ?ird cry/allization1 sup]9cumb5t on ! second1 9 l mann] z ! second 0 on ! fir/4 ,i %all m5tion "s p>ticul>s4 ,i h "o specim51 9 :i* ! prim>y cry/als are silice\s1 ! second>y ?9 foliace\s cry/als ( deep r$ b transp>5t iron-ore1 =m+ elegant figures1 t h ! =m ( roses4 ,! t]ti>y cry/allization is a fro/+ ( small silice\s cry/als ^u ! edges ( ! foliace\s cry/als4 ,9 o!r specim5s1 !re is fir/ a l9+ ( col\rless silice\s cry/als1 !n ano!r l9+ ( ame?y/9e cry/als1 & sometimes )9 t1 fulig9\s cry/als4 ,^u ^! fulig9\s & ame?y/9e cry/als are _m sph]icles or hemisph]es ( r$ compact iron-ore1 l haematites4 ,9 o!rs1 aga91 ! prim>y cry/als are silice\s1 & ! second>y calc>e\s4 ,( ?is k9d1 ,i h "o :i* has1 ^u ! calc>e\s cry/als1 beautiful transp>5t silice\s cry/als1 & iron sph]icles bo? ^u all ^! cry/als1 & )9 !m4 ,la/ly1 ,i h an agate =m$ ( v>i\s r$ & :ite coats1 & beautifully figur$4 ,! cavity )9 ! coat$ "p ( ! pebble is fill$ up )\t vacuity1 fir/1 ) col\rless silice\s cry/als2 secondly1 ) fulig9\s cry/als2 &1 la/ly1 ) :ite or col\rless calc>e\s sp>4 ,b betwe5 ! sp> & cry/als !re are _m sph]icles1 seem+ly ( iron1 half sunk into ea* ( ^! two diff]5t sub/ances4 ,f ^! facts1 ,i may n[ be all[$ to draw ! foll[+ conclusions3 #a/1 ,t concretion _h proce$$ f ! surface ( ! agate body inw>ds4 ,?is necess>ily foll[s f ! nature ( ^? figur$ bodies1 ! figures ( ! ext]nal coats always det]m9+ ! %ape ( ^? )91 & nev]1 contr>ily1 ^? )9 affect+ ^? )\t4 #b;dly1 ,t :5 ! agate 0 =m$1 ! cavity !n conta9$ e ?+ :i* n[ is f\nd )9 x1 & no?+ m4 #c;dly1 ,t ! conta9$ sub/ances mu/ h be5 9 a fluid /ate1 9 ord] to _! cry/alliz+4 ,la/ly1 ,t z ?is fluid /ate _h n be5 ! effect ( solution 9 a m5/ruum1 x mu/ h be5 fluidity f heat & fusion4 ,let u n[ make "o g5]al obs]vation & argum5t ) reg>d to ! =mation ( ^? v>i\s coat$1 concret$1 cry/alliz$1 & configur$ bodies4 ,7 ! cry/allization & configuration f\nd to proce$ f a c5tral body1 & to be direct$ f t c5tre outw>ds1 !n1 )\t inquir+ into collat]al appe>ances1 & o!r pro(s ) reg>d to ! natural concretion ( ^? sub/ances1 we might suppose t ^! concretions might h proce$$ f t c5tral body gradually by accretion1 & t ! concret+ & cry/alliz+ sub/ances might h be5 suppli$ f a fluid :i* _h be=e reta9$ ! concret+ sub/ance 9 solution2 9 l mann] z ! cry/allizations ( sug>1 :i* are =m$ 9 ! solution ( t sac*>9e sub/ance1 & are t]m$ c&ies1 are =m$ ^u ! ?reads :i* are ext5d$ 9 ! cry/alliz+ vessel = t purpose4 ,b if1 on ! contr>y1 we are to consid] ^? m9]al bodies z sph]es ( alt]nate coats1 compos$ ( agate1 cry/al1 sp>s1 etc42 & if all ^? cry/allizations h _! bases ^u ! uncry/alliz$ coat :i* is imm$iately ext]nal to x1 & _! apices turn$ inw>ds into ! next int]nal solid coat1 x is n possible to conceive t a /ructure ( ?is k9d c\ld h be5 =m$ 9 any mann] f a solution4 ,b ?is la/ mann] is ! way )\t exception 9 :i* ^? m9]al bodies are f\nd2 !re=e we are to conclude1 t ! concretion ( ^? bodies _h proce$$ imm$iately f a /ate ( fusion or simple fluidity4 ,9 granite ^! cavities are commonly l9$ ) ! cry/al correspond+ to ! con/itu5t sub/ances ( ! /one1 viz4 qu>tz1 feld-sp>1 & mica or talk4 ,m4 de ,saussure1 7,voyages dans les ,alpes1 tom4 ii4 #gbb471 says1 ,on tr\ve frquemm5t des amas considrables de spa? calcaire1 cry/allis dans les grottes ou se =me le cry/al de ro*e2 quoique ces grottes soi5t r5f]mes dans le coeur des montagnes d'un granit vif1 qu'on ne voie aucun roc calcaire au dessus de ces montagnes4 ,s accurate an obs]v]1 & s complete a naturali/1 mu/ h obs]v$ h[ ! extrane\s sub/ance _h be5 introduc$ into ?is cavity1 _h !y n be5 =m$ toge!r ! cavity & ! calc>e\s cry/als4 ,t ,m4 de ,saussure p]ceiv$ no means = t introduction1 w appe> f :at imm$iately foll[s 9 t p>agraph4 ,ces rocs auroi5t-ils t dtruits1 ou bi5 ce spa? n'e/ il que le produit d'une scrtion des p>ties calcaires que l'on fait tres disp]ses entre les div]s lm5s du granit8 ,_h ,m4 de ,saussure all[$ himself to suppose all ^? sub/ances 9 fusion1 ( :i* !re _c be a d\bt1 he w\ld soon h resolv$ bo? ?is difficulty1 & also t ( f9d+ molybd5a cry/alliz$ along ) feld-sp>1 9 a cavity ( ?is k9d4 #gah4 ,to ?is argum5t1 tak5 f ! close cavities 9 our agates1 ,i am n[ to add ano!r demon/ration4 ,x is ! case ( ! calc$ony agate1 conta9+ a body ( calc>e\s sp>2 "h x is to be %[n1 t1 :ile ! calc>e\s body 0 altoge!r inclos$ )9 ! calc$ony nodul> body1 ^! two sub/ances _h be5 p]fectly s(t1 & _h mutually affect$ ea* o!rs %ape1 9 concret+ f a fluid /ate4 ,9 ord] to see ?is1 we are to consid] t bo? ^? sub/ances h specific %apes 9 :i* !y concrete f ! ?ird /ate2 ! sp>ry /ructure ( ! "o is well kn[n2 ! sph]ical or mammelat$ cry/allization ( ! calc$ony1 is no less conspicu\s2 ?is la/ is1 9 ! pres5t case1 sph]ical figures1 :i* are "s ( !m hemisph]es1 or ev5 m4 ,! figures :i* we h n[ 9 contemplation are s di/9ctly diff]5t z _c be mi/ak52 ! "o is a rhombic figure b\nd$ by planes2 ! o!r is a mo/ p]fect sph]ical =m2 & bo? ^! are specific figures1 belong+ respectively to ! cry/allization ( ^? two sub/ances4 ,! argum5t n[ to be employ$ = prov+ t ^? two bodies _h concret$ f ! fluid /ate ( fusion1 & n f any mann] ( solution1 is ?is3 ,t1 7 ! "o ( ^? bodies to be f\nd impress+ ! o!r ) its specific figure1 we mu/ conclude t ! impress+ body _h concret$ or cry/alliz$ :ile ! impress$ body 0 9 a s(t or fluid /ate2 & t1 if !y are bo? f\nd mutually impress+ & impress$ by ea* o!r1 !y mu/ h bo? be5 9 ! fluid & concret+ /ate toge!r4 ,n[ ! fact is1 t ! calc>e\s body is p]fectly inclos$ )9 ! solid calc$ony1 & t !y are mutually impress$ by ea* o!rs specific figure1 ! sp>ry /ructure ( ! calc>e\s body impress+ ! calc$ony ) its type ( planes & angles1 at ! same "t t1 9 o!r p>ts1 ! sph]ical figures ( ! calc$ony ent] ! solid body ( ! sp>1 & ?us impress _! mammelat$ figures into t "p :i* is contigu\s4 ,x is !re=e inconceivable1 t ^! appe>ances c\ld h be5 produc$ 9 any o!r mann] ?an by ^? two bodies concret+ f a simply fluid /ate4 ,!re are 9 jasp]s & agates _m o!r appe>ances1 f :5ce ! fusion ( ^? sub/ances may be conclud$ ) great c]ta9ty & precision2 b x is hop$1 t :at has be5 n[ giv5 may suffice = e/abli%+ t proposition )\t any d\bt4 ,x mu/ n be "h object$1 ,t !re are frequ5tly f\nd silice\s cry/als & ame?y/s conta9+ wat]2 & t x is impossible to conf9e wat] ev5 9 melt$ glass4 ,x is true1 t "h1 at ! surface ( ! e>?1 melt$ glass _c1 9 ord9>y circum/ances1 be made to receive & inclose cond5s$ wat]2 b let u only suppose a suffici5t degree ( compression 9 ! body ( melt$ glass1 & we c easily imag9e x to receive & conf9e wat] z well z any o!r sub/ance4 ,b if1 ev5 9 our op]ations1 wat]1 by means ( compression1 may be made to endure ! heat ( r$ hot iron )\t be+ conv]t$ into vap\r1 :at may n ! p[] ( nature be able to p]=m8 ,! place ( m9]al op]ations is n on ! surface ( ! e>?2 & we are n to limit nature ) our imbecility1 or e/imate ! p[]s ( nature by ! measure ( our own4#aj ,note #aj3 ,?is is s mat]ial a pr9ciple 9 ! !ory ( consolidat+ ! /rata ( ! e>? by ! fusion ( m9]al sub/ances1 t ,i beg ! p>ticul> att5tion ( ! read] to t subject4 ,! effect ( compression ^u comp\nd sub/ances1 submitt$ to increas$ degrees ( heat1 is n a matt] ( supposition1 x is an e/abli%$ pr9ciple 9 natural philosophy4 ,?is1 l e o!r physical pr9ciple1 is f\nd$ ^u matt] ( fact or exp]i5ce2 we f9d1 t _m comp\nd sub/ances may ) heat be easily *ang$1 by hav+ _! m volatile p>ts sep>at$ :5 "u a small compression2 b ^! sub/ances are pres]v$ )\t *ange :5 suffici5tly compress$4 ,our exp]im5ts ( ?is k9d are necess>ily extremely limit$2 !y are n1 h[ev]1 = t reason1 ! less conclusive4 ,! effects ( increas+ degrees ( heat are c]ta9ly prev5t$ by increas+ degrees ( compression2 b ! rate at :i* ! diff]5t effects ( ^? p[]s proce$1 or ! measure ( ^? diff]5t degrees ( increase t may be made )\t *ang+ ! con/itution ( ! comp\nd sub/ance1 are n kn[n2 nor is !re any limit to be set to t op]ation1 s f> z we "k4 ,consequ5tly1 x is a physical pr9ciple1 ,t ! evaporation ( volatile sub/ances by heat1 or ! rep>ation ( !m f a comp\nd sub/ance1 consequ5tly ! effect ( fire 9 *ang+ t comp\nd sub/ance1 may be absolutely prev5t$ by means ( compression4 ,x n[ rema9s to be consid]$1 h[ f> !re is reason to conclude t !re _h be5 suffici5t degrees ( compression 9 ! m9]al regions1 = ! purpose ( melt+ ! v>i\s sub/ances ) :i* we f9d /rata consolidat$1 )\t *ang+ ! *emical con/itution ( ^? comp\nd sub/ances4 ,_h ,i1 9 reason+ a priori1 ass]t$1 ,t all m9]al bodies might h be5 melt$ )\t *ange1 :5 "u suffici5t compression1 !re might h aris51 9 ! m9ds ( reason+ m51 "s d\bt ) reg>d to ! c]ta9ty ( t proposition1 h[ev] probable x 7 to be e/eem$3 ,b :51 9 reason+ a po/]iori1 x is f\nd t all m9]al bodies h be5 actually melt$1 !n1 all t is requir$ to e/abli% ! proposition on :i* ,i h f\nd$ my !ory1 is to see t !re mu/ h be5 imm5se degrees ( compression ^u ! subjects 9 "q2 = we nei!r "k ! degree ( heat :i* _h be5 employ$1 nor t ( compression by :i* ! effect ( ! heat mu/ h be5 modifi$4 ,n[1 9 ord] to see t !re _h be5 imm5se compression1 we h b to consid] t ! =mation ( ! /rata1 :i* are to be consolidat$1 0 at ! bottom ( ! ocean1 & t ?is place is to u unfa?omable4 ,if x be f>!r necess>y to %[ t x _h be5 at su* unfa?omable dep? /rata 7 consolidat$1 x w be suffici5t to obs]ve1 x is n ^u ! surface ( ! e>?1 or above ! level ( ! sea1 t ?is m9]al op]ation c take place2 =1 x is !re t ^? consolidat$ bodies are r$issolv$1 or necess>ily go+ into decay1 :i* is ! opposite to t op]ation :i* we are n[ inquir+ aft]2 !re=e1 if !y 7 consolidat$ 9 any o!r place ?an at ! bottom ( ! sea1 x mu/ h be5 betwe5 t place ( _! =mation & ! surface ( ! sea2 b t is a supposition :i* we h n any reason to make2 !re=e1 we mu/ conclude t x 0 at ! bottom ( ! ocean ^? /ratifi$ bodies _h be5 consolidat$4 ,to conclude ?is long *emico-m9]al disquisition1 ,i h specim5s 9 :i* ! mixture ( calc>e\s1 silice\s1 & metallic sub/ances1 9 almo/ e species ( concretion :i* is to be f\nd 9 m9]al bodies1 may be obs]v$1 & 9 :i* !re is exhibit$1 9 m9iature1 almo/ e species ( m9]al transaction1 :i*1 9 nature1 is f\nd ^u a scale ( gr&eur & magnific5ce4 ,!y are nodules conta9$ 9 ! :9-/one1 porphyry1 or basaltes ( ! ,calton-hill1 by ,ed9burgh2 a body :i* is to be aft]w>ds exam9$1 :5 x w be f\nd to h fl[$1 & to h be5 9 fusion1 by ! op]ation ( subt]rane\s heat4 ,?is evid5ce1 ?\gh mo/ conclusive ) reg>d to ! application ( subt]rane\s heat1 z ! means employ$ 9 br++ into fusion all ! diff]5t sub/ances ) :i* /rata may be f\nd consolidat$1 is n directly a pro( t /rata _h be5 consolidat$ by ! fusion ( _! prop] sub/ance4 ,x 0 necess>y to see ! g5]al nature ( ! evid5ce1 = ! univ]sal application ( subt]rane\s heat1 9 ! fusion ( e k9d ( m9]al body4 ,n[1 t ?is has be5 done1 we may give examples ( /rata consolidat$ )\t ! introduction ( =eign matt]1 m]ely by ! s(t5+ or fusion ( _! own mat]ials4 ,= ?is purpose1 we may consid] two diff]5t species ( /rata1 su* z are p]fectly simple 9 _! nature1 ( ! mo/ di/9ct sub/ances1 & ^: orig9 is p]fectly und]/ood1 consequ5tly1 ^: subsequ5t *anges may be reason$ ^u ) c]ta9ty & cle>ness4 ,^! are ! silice\s & calc>e\s /rata2 & ^! are ! two prevail+ sub/ances ( ! globe1 all ! re/ be+1 9 comp>ison ( ^!1 z no?+2 = unless x be ! bitum9\s or coal /rata1 !re is h>dly any o!r :i* does n necess>ily conta9 m or less ( "o or o!r ( ^! two sub/ances4 ,if1 !re=e1 x c be %[n1 t bo? ( ^? two g5]al /rata h be5 consolidat$ by ! simple fusion ( _! sub/ance1 no desid]atum or d\bt w rema91 ) reg>d to ! nature ( t op]ation :i* has be5 transact$ at great dep?s ( ! e>?1 places to :i* all access is d5i$ to mortal eyes4 ,we are n[ to prove1 fir/1 ,t ^? /rata h be5 consolidat$ by simple fusion2 &1 #b;dly1 ,t ?is op]ation is univ]sal1 9 relation to ! /rata ( ! e>?1 z hav+ produc$ ! v>i\s degrees ( solidity or h>dness 9 ^! bodies4 ,i %all fir/ rem>k1 t a =tuit\s collection ( h>d bodies1 su* z gravel & s&1 c only t\* 9 po9ts1 & _c1 :ile 9 t h>d /ate1 be made to correspond s precisely to ea* o!rs %ape z to consolidate ! mass4 ,b if ^! h>d bodies %\ld be s(t5$ 9 _! sub/ance1 or br\ght into a c]ta9 degree ( fusion1 !y might be adapt$ mutually to ea* o!r1 & ?us consolidate ! op5 /ructure ( ! mass4 ,!re=e1 to prove ! pres5t po9t1 we h b to exhibit specim5s ( silice\s & calc>e\s /rata :i* h be5 evid5tly consolidat$ 9 ?is mann]4 ,( ! fir/ k9d1 great v>ieties occur 9 ?is c\ntry4 ,x is1 !re=e1 ne$less to describe ^! p>ticul>ly4 ,!y are ! consolidat$ /rata ( gravel & s&1 (t5 conta9+ abundance ( feld-sp>1 & ?us graduat+ into granite2 a body1 9 ?is respect1 p]fectly simil> to ! m regul> /rata :i* we n[ exam9e4 ,! second k9d1 aga91 are n s common 9 ?is c\ntry1 unless we consid] ! %ells & corall9e bodies 9 our lime-/ones1 z exhibit+ ! same example1 :i* inde$ !y d4 ,b ,i h a specim5 ( m>ble f ,spa91 :i* may be describ$1 & :i* w af=d ! mo/ satisfactory evid5ce ( ! fact 9 "q4 ,?is ,spani% m>ble may be consid]$ z a species ( pudd+-/one1 be+ =m$ ( calc>e\s gravel2 a species ( m>ble :i*1 f ,mr ,b[les' ,natural ,hi/ory1 appe>s to be v common 9 ,spa94 ,! gravel ( :i* ?is m>ble is compos$1 consi/s ( fragm5ts ( o!r m>bles ( diff]5t k9ds4 ,among ^!1 are diff]5t species ( oolites m>ble1 "s %ell m>bles1 & "s compos$ ( a *alky sub/ance1 or ( undi/+ui%able p>ts4 ,b x appe>s1 t all ^! diff]5t m>bles _h be5 consolidat$ or made h>d1 !n brok5 into fragm5ts1 roll$ & worn by attrition1 & ?us collect$ toge!r1 along ) "s s& or small silice\s bodies1 into "o mass4 ,la/ly1 ,?is comp\nd body is consolidat$ 9 su* a mann] z to give ! mo/ di/9ct evid5ce1 t ?is _h be5 execut$ by ! op]ation ( heat or simple fusion4 ,! pro( ,i give is ?is1 ,t besides ! g5]al con=mation ( ^? h>d bodies1 s z to be p]fectly adapt$ to ea* o!r's %ape1 !re is1 9 "s places1 a mutual ind5tation ( ! diff]5t pieces ( gravel into ea* o!r2 an ind5tation :i* resembles p]fectly t junction ( ! diff]5t bones ( ! cranium1 call$ sutures1 & :i* mu/ h necess>ily requir$ a mixture ( ^? bodies :ile 9 a s(t or fluid /ate4 ,?is appe>ance ( ind5tation is by no means s+ul>1 or limit$ to "o p>ticul> specim54 ,i h sev]al specim5s ( diff]5t m>bles1 9 :i* f9e examples ( ?is species ( mixture may be p]ceiv$4 ,b 9 ?is p>ticul> case ( ! ,spani% pudd+-/one1 :]e ! mutual ind5tation is made betwe5 two pieces ( h>d /one1 worn r\nd by attrition1 ! s(t5+ or fusion ( ^! two bodies is n simply r5d]$ probable1 b demon/rat$4 ,hav+ ?us prov$1 t ^? /rata _h be5 consolidat$ by simple fusion1 z propos$1 we n[ proce$ to %[1 t ?is m9]al op]ation _h be5 n only g5]al1 z be+ f\nd 9 all ! regions ( ! globe1 b univ]sal1 9 consolidat+ our e>? 9 all ! v>i\s degrees1 f loose & incoh]5t %ells & s&1 to ! mo/ solid bodies ( ! silice\s & calc>e\s sub/ances4 ,to exemplify ?is 9 ! v>i\s collections & mixtures ( s&s1 gravels1 %ells1 & corals1 7 endless & sup]flu\s4 ,i %all only take1 = an example1 "o simple homog5e\s body1 9 ord] to exhibit x 9 ! v>i\s degrees ( consolidation1 f ! /ate ( simple incoh]5t e>? to t ( ! mo/ solid m>ble4 ,x mu/ be evid5t t ?is is *alk2 naturally a s(t calc>e\s e>?1 b :i* may be also f\nd consolidat$ 9 e diff]5t degree4 ,?r\gh ! middle ( ! ,isle ( ,wight1 !re runs a ridge ( hills ( indurat$ *alk4 ,?is ridge runs f ! ,isle ( ,wight directly we/ into ,dorset%ire1 & goes by ,corsca/le t[>ds ,dor*e/]1 p]haps beyond t place4 ,! sea has broke ?r\gh ?is ridge at ! we/ end ( ! ,isle ( ,wight1 :]e columns ( ! indurat$ *alk rema91 call$ ! ,ne$les2 ! same appe>ance be+ f\nd ^u ! opposite %ore 9 ,dorset%ire4 ,9 ?is field ( *alk1 we f9d e gradation ( t s(t e>?y sub/ance to ! mo/ consolidat$ body ( ?is indurat$ ridge1 :i* is n solid m>ble1 b :i* has lo/ its *alky prop]ty1 & has acquir$ a k9d ( /ony h>dness4 ,we want only fur!r to see ?is cretace\s sub/ance 9 its mo/ indurat$ & consolidat$ /ate2 & ?is we h 9 ! nor? ( ,irel&1 n f> f ! ,giants ,causeway4 ,i h exam9$ c>goes ( ?is lime-/one br\ght to ! we/ ( ,scotl&1 & f9d ! mo/ p]fect evid5ce ( ?is body hav+ be5 once a mass ( *alk1 :i* is n[ a solid m>ble4 ,?us1 if x is by means ( fusion t ! /rata ( ! e>? h be51 9 _m places1 consolidat$1 we mu/ conclude1 t all ! degrees ( consolidation1 :i* are indef9ite1 h be5 br\ght ab\t by ! same means4 ,n[1 t all ! /rata ( ! m9]al regions1 :i* are ^? only n[ exam9$1 h be5 consolidat$ 9 "s degree1 is a fact = :i* no pro( c be (f]$ "h1 b mu/ be submitt$ to exp]i5ce & inquiry2 s f>1 h[ev]1 z !y %all be consid]$ z consolidat$ 9 any degree1 :i* !y c]ta9ly are 9 g5]al1 we h inve/igat$ ! means :i* _h be5 employ$ 9 t m9]al op]ation4 ,we h n[ consid]$ ! concretions ( p>ticul> bodies1 & ! g5]al consolidation ( /rata2 b x may be alleg$1 t !re is a great "p ( ! solid mass ( ?is e>? n prop]ly compreh5d$ among ^? bodies :i* h be5 ?us prov$ to be consolidat$ by means ( fusion4 ,! body "h allud$ to is granite2 a mass :i* is n g5]ally /ratifi$1 & :i*1 be+ a body p]fectly solid1 & =m+ "s "p 9 ! /ructure ( ?is e>?1 des]ves to be consid]$4 ,! nature ( granite1 z a "p ( ! /ructure ( ! e>?1 is too intricate a subject to be "h consid]$1 :]e we only seek to prove ! fusion ( a sub/ance f ! evid5t m>ks :i* are to be obs]v$ 9 a body4 ,we %all1 !re=e1 only n[ consid] "o p>ticul> species ( granite2 & if ?is %all appe> to h be5 9 a fluid /ate ( fusion1 we may be all[$ to ext5d ?is prop]ty to all ! k9d4 ,! species n[ to be exam9$ comes f ! nor? c\ntry1 ab\t f\r or five miles we/ f ,portfoy1 on ! road to ,huntly4 ,i h n be5 ^u ! spot1 b am in=m$ t ?is rock is imm$iately connect$ or cont9u\s ) ! common granite ( ! c\ntry4 ,?is inde$ appe>s 9 ! specim5s :i* ,i h got2 =1 9 "s ( ^!1 !re is to be p]ceiv$ a gradation f ! regul> to ! irregul> sort4 ,?is rock may inde$ be consid]$1 9 "s respects1 z a porphyry2 = x has an evid5t gr\nd1 :i* is feld-sp>1 9 its sp>ry /ate2 & x is1 9 "o view1 di/9ctly maculat$ ) qu>tz1 :i* is transp>5t1 b some:at d>k-col\r$#aa4 ,note #aa3 ,plate ,,ii4 fig4 #a4 #b4 #c4 ,consid]$ z a porphyry1 ?is specim5 is no less s+ul> ?an z a granite4 ,=1 in/ead ( a silice\s gr\nd1 maculat$ ) ! rhombic feld-sp>1 :i* is ! common /ate ( porphyry1 ! gr\nd is uni=mly cry/allis$1 or a homog5e\s regul> feld-sp>1 maculat$ ) ! transp>5t silice\s sub/ance4 ,b z1 besides ! feld-sp> & qu>tz1 :i* are ! con/itu5t p>ts ( ! /one1 !re is also mica1 9 "s places1 x may1 ) propriety1 be t]m$ a granite4 ,! s+ul>ity ( ?is specim5 consi/s1 n 9 ! nature or proportions ( its con/itu5t p>ts1 b 9 ! uni=mity ( ! sp>ry gr\nd1 & ! regul> %ape ( ! qu>tz mixture4 ,?is silice\s sub/ance1 view$ 9 "o direction1 or longitud9ally1 may be consid]$ z column>1 prismatical1 or cont9u$ 9 l9es runn+ ne>ly p>allel4 ,^! column> bodies ( qu>tz are beautifully impress$ ) a figure on ! sides1 :]e !y are 9 contact ) ! sp>4 ,?is figure is t ( furr[s or *annels1 :i* are p]fectly p>allel1 & run across ! longitud9al direction ( ! qu>tz4 ,?is is repres5t$ 9 fig4 #d4 ,?is /riat$ figure is only se5 :51 by fracture1 ! qu>tz is sep>at$ f ! contigu\s sp>4 ,b :at ,i w\ld "h m p>ticul>ly repres5t is1 ! transv]se section ( ^? longitud9al silice\s bodies ,^! are se5 9 fig4 #a4 #b4 & #c4 ,!y h n only sep>ately ! =ms ( c]ta9 typographic *>act]s1 b collectively give ! regul> l9eal appe>ance ( types set 9 writ+4 ,x is evid5t f ! inspection ( ?is fossil1 t ! sp>ry & silice\s sub/ances _h be5 mix$ toge!r 9 a fluid /ate2 & t ! cry/allization ( ! sp>ry sub/ance1 :i* is rhombic1 _h det]m9$ ! regul> /ructure ( ! qu>tz1 at lea/ 9 "s directions4 ,?us1 ! silice\s sub/ance is to be consid]$ z includ$ 9 ! sp>1 & z figur$1 accord+ to ! laws ( cry/allization prop] to ! sp>ry gr\nd2 b ! sp> is also to be f\nd includ$ 9 ! qu>tz4 ,x is n1 inde$1 always p]fectly includ$ or inclos$ on all sides2 b ?is is sometimes ! case1 or x appe>s s 9 ! section4 ,fig4 #e4 #f4 #g4 #h4 #i4 & #aj4 are ^? cases magnifi$1 & repres5t ! diff]5t figur$ qu>tz inclos+ ! feld-sp>4 ,9 "o ( !m1 ! feld-sp>1 :i* is conta9$ )9 ! qu>tz1 conta9s also a small triangle ( qu>tz1 :i* x incloses4 ,n[1 x is n possible to conceive any o!r way 9 :i* ^? two sub/ances1 qu>tz & feld-sp>1 c\ld be ?us concret$1 except by congelation f a fluid /ate1 9 :i* !y _h be5 mix$4 ,!re is "o ?+ m to be obs]v$ ) reg>d to ?is curi\s species ( granite4 ,x is ! diff]5t ord] or arrangem5t ( ! cry/allization or int]nal /ructure ( ! feld-sp> gr\nd1 9 two contigu\s p>ts ( ! same mass4 ,?is is to be p]ceiv$ 9 ! poli%$ surface ( ! /one1 by means ( ! reflection ( light4 ,!re is a c]ta9 direction 9 :i*1 view+ ! /one1 :5 ! light falls ) a prop] obliquity1 we see a lum9\s reflection f ! int]nal p>ts ( ! /one4 ,?is arises f ! reflect+ surfaces ( ! sp>ry /ructure or m9ute cracks1 all turn$ 9 "o direction1 consequ5tly1 giv+ t lum9\s appe>ance only 9 "o po9t ( view4 ,n[1 all ! p>ts ( ! /one 9 :i* ! figur$ qu>tz is direct$ 9 ! same mann]1 or regul>ly plac$ 9 relation to ea* o!r1 pres5t t %9+ appe>ance to ! eye at "o "t1 or 9 ! same po9t ( direction4 ,b !re are p>ts ( ! mass1 :i*1 ?\gh imm$iately contigu\s & prop]ly cont9u\s1 h a diff]5t disposition ( ! figur$ qu>tz2 & ^! two di/+ui%$ masses1 9 ! same surface ( ! poli%$ /one1 give to ! eye _! %9+ appe>ance 9 v diff]5t directions4 ,fig4 #c4 %[s two ( ^? figur$ & %9+ masses1 9 ! same plane or poli%$ surface4 ,x mu/ be evid5t1 t1 z ! cry/allization ( ! sp>ry /ructure is ! figur+ cause ( ! qu>tz bodies1 !re mu/ be obs]v$ a c]ta9 correspond5cy betwe5 ^? two ?+s1 ! al9em5t 7if ,i may be all[$ ! expression7 ( ! qu>tz1 & ! %9+ ( ! sp>ry gr\nd4 ,x mu/ also appe>1 t at ! "t ( congelation ( ! fluid sp>1 ^? two contigu\s portions _h be5 diff]5tly dispos$ 9 ! cry/allization ( _! sub/ance4 ,?is is an obs]vation :i* ,i h _h frequ5t opportunities ( mak+1 ) respect to masses ( calc>e\s sp>4 ,^u ! :ole1 !re=e1 :e!r we %all consid] granite z a /ratum or z an irregul> mass1 :e!r z a collection ( sev]al mat]ials1 or z ! sep>ation ( sub/ances :i* _h be5 mix$1 !re is suffici5t evid5ce ( ?is body hav+ be5 consolidat$ by means ( fusion1 & 9 no o!r mann]4 ,we are ?us l$ to suppose1 t ! p[] ( heat & op]ation ( fusion mu/ h be5 employ$ 9 consolidat+ /rata ( loose mat]ials1 :i* _h be5 collect$ toge!r & amass$ at ! bottom ( ! ocean4 ,x w1 !re=e1 be prop] to consid]1 :at are ! appe>ances 9 consolidat$ /rata t naturally %\ld foll[1 on ! "o h&1 f fluidity hav+ be51 9 ?is mann]1 introduc$ by means ( heat1 &1 on ! o!r1 f ! int]/ices be+ fill$ by means ( solution2 t s we may comp>e appe>ances ) ! "o & o!r ( ^? two suppositions1 9 ord] to "k t ) :i* !y may be only f\nd consi/5t4 ,! consolidation ( /rata ) e diff]5t k9d ( sub/ance 0 f\nd to be inconsi/5t ) ! supposition1 t aque\s solution _h be5 ! means employ$ = ?is purpose4 ,?is appe>ance1 on ! contr>y1 is p]fectly consi/5t ) ! idea1 t ! fluidity ( ^! bodies _h be5 ! effect ( heat2 =1 :e!r we suppose ! introduction ( =eign matt] into ! por\s mass ( a /ratum = its consolidation1 or :e!r we %all suppose ! mat]ials ( ! mass acquir+ a degree ( s(tness1 by means ( :i*1 toge!r ) an imm5se compression1 ! por\s body might be r5d]$ solid2 ! p[] ( heat1 z ! cause ( fluidity & vap\r1 is equally prop] & p]fectly compet5t4 ,"h1 !re=e1 appe>ances are z decid$ly 9 fav\r ( ! la/ supposition1 z !y _h be5 inconsi/5t ) ! fir/4 ,b if /rata h be5 consolidat$ by means ( aque\s solution1 ^! masses %\ld be f\nd precisely 9 ! same /ate z :5 !y 7 orig9ally deposit$ f ! wat]4 ,! p]p5dicul> section ( ^? masses might %[ ! compression ( ! bodies includ$ 9 !m1 or ( :i* !y are compos$2 b ! horizontal section c\ld n conta9 any sep>ation ( ! p>ts ( ! /ratum f "o ano!r4 ,if1 aga91 /rata h be5 consolidat$ by means ( heat1 act+ 9 su* a mann] z to s(t5 _! sub/ance1 !n1 9 cool+1 !y mu/ h =m$ r5ts or sep>ations ( _! sub/ance1 by ! unequal degrees ( contraction :i* ! contigu\s /rata may h suff]$4 ,"h is a mo/ decisive m>k by :i* ! pres5t "q mu/ be det]m9$4 ,!re is n 9 nature any appe>ance m di/9ct ?an ?is ( ! p]p5dicul> fissures & sep>ations 9 /rata4 ,^! are g5]ally kn[n to workm5 by ! t]ms ( ve9s or backs & cutt]s2 & !re is no consolidat$ /ratum t wants ^! appe>ances4 ,"h is1 !re=e1 a cle> decision ( ! "q1 ,:e!r x has be5 by means ( heat1 or by means ( aque\s solution1 t collections ( loose bodies at ! bottom ( ! sea h be5 consolidat$ into ! h>de/ rocks & mo/ p]fect m>bles#ab4 ,note #ab3 ,?is subject is extremely int]e/+1 bo? to ! !ory ( ! e>?1 & to ! sci5ce cf ! m9+ art2 ,i w n[ illu/rate t !ory1 ) an au?ority :i* ,i receiv$ aft] giv+ ?is diss]tation to ! ,royal ,society4 ,x is 9 ! second volume ( ,m4 de ,saussure's voyages dans les ,alpes4 ,"h ,i f9d prop] examples = illu/rat+ t subject ( m9]alogy2 & ,i am happy to h ?is opportunity ( giv+ ! reason+ ( a man ( sci5ce ^u ! subject1 & ! op9ion ( a p]son :o is 9 e respect s well qualifi$ to judge ^u a po9t ( ?is k9d4 ,! fir/ example is ( a m>ble 9 ! ,alps1 7voyages dans les ,alpes47 tom4 #b4 page #bga4 ,la pte de ces br*es e/ tantt blan*e1 tantt grise1 et les fragm5s qui y font r5f]ms font1 les uns blancs1 les autres gris1 d'autres r\x1 et presque t\j\rs d'une c\leur diffr5te de celle de la pte qui les lit4 ,ils sont t\s de nature calcaire2 tels tai5t au mo9s t\s ceux que j'ai pus obs]v]2 et ce qu'il-y-a de rem>quable1 c'e/ qu'ils sont t\s poss dans le s5s des feuillets de la pi]re2 on diroit en les voyant1 qu'ils ont t\s t comprims et crass dans le mme s5s4 ,cette mme pi]re e/ mle de mica1 sur-t\t dans les int]/ices des c\*es et entre les fragm5s et la pte qui les runit2 mais on ne voit po9t de mica dans les fragm5s eux-mmes4 ,on tr\ve aussi dans ces br*es des infiltrations de qu>tz4 ,cette pi]re e/ c\pe p> des frqu5tes fissures p]p5diculaires aux plans des c\*es4 ,on voit clairem5t que ces f5tes out t =mes p> l'9gal affaissem5t des c\*es1 et non p> une retraite spontane3 c> les morceaux ou fragm5s trang]s sont t\s p>tags et c\ps net p> ces fissures au lieu que dans les divisions naturelles des c\*es1 ces mmes fragm5s sont enti]s et saillans au dehors de la surface4 ,les noeuds de qu>tz et les div]s cry/aux1 que r5f]m5t les ro*es feuilletes1 prs5t5t le mme phnomne1 et l'on peut en tir] la mme consqu5ce2 ils font p>tags dans les f5tes1 et enti]s dans les sp>ations des c\*es4 ,he f9ds ^? p>ticul> /rata 9 ! o!r side ( ! m\nta9 col de la ,seigne1 & gives u ! foll[+ obs]vations3 ,plus bas on passe entre deux bancs de ces mmes br*es1 entre lesquels sont int]poses des c\*es d'ardoises noires et de grs feuillets micacs1 dont la situation e/ la mme4 ,on retr\ve encore ces br*es v]s le has de la desc5te1 au pi$ de pyramides calcaires dont j'ai p>l plus haut4 ,je tr\vai en #aggd de trs-jolis cry/aux de ro*e qui s'tai5t =ms dans les f5tes de cette br*e4 ,il y avoit mme un mlange de qu>tz et de mica qui s'toit m\l dans quelques-une de ces f5tes4 ,c'toit donc une ro*e semblable aux primitives1 et p\rtant d'une =mation po/rieure celle de la pi]re calcaire4 ,et quel sy/me p\rroit n\s p]suad] que la nature ne puisse encore produire ce qu'elle a produit autrefois6 ,m4 de ,saussure has "h giv5 u an example ( a calc>e\s ,braccia1 z he calls x1 b :i* is r a pudd+ /one1 ) ve9s or contractions ( ! mass4 ,he does n seem to und]/& ^! z consequ5ces ( ! consolidation ( ^? /rata2 ?is1 h[ev]1 is ! only light 9 :i* ^! appe>ances may be expla9$1 :5 ^? bodies are ?us divid$ )\t any o!r sep>ation 9 ! mass4 ,! second example is f\nd 9 ! v]tical /rata ( ^? m\nta9s ?r\gh :i* ! ,rhne has made its way 9 runn+ f ! great valley ( ! ,vallais t[>ds ! lake ( ,g5eva4 7,*apitre xlviii47 ,c'e/ une espce de ptrosilex gris1 dur1 sonore1 un peu transp>5t1 qui se dbite en feuillets m9ces p>faitem5t plans et rguli]s4 ,ces feuillets1 ou plutt ces c\*es1 c\r5t #ce degrs du nord p> e/1 en montant du cot de l'oue/ s\s un angle de #hj degrs4 ,ces c\*es sont c\pes p> des f5tes qui leur sont -peu-prs p]p5diculaires et qui le sont aussi l'horizon4 ,cette pi]re s'emploie aux mmes usage que l'ardoise1 mais elle e/ beauc\p plus =te et plus durable1 p>ce qu'elle e/ plus dure et mo9s accessible aux impressions de l'eau et de l'air4 #ajdg4 ,ces ptrosilex feuillets *ang5t peu--peu de nature1 en admettant dans les int]/ices de leurs feuillets des p>ties de feldspa?4 ,ils out alors l'app>5ce d'une ro*e feuillete1 qu>tzeuse et micace1 7qu>tzum =nacum ,w474 ,mais cette app>5ce e/ trompeuse2 c> on n'y tr\ve pas un atome de qu>tz3 t\tes les p>ties blan*es qui donn5t du feu contre l'aci]1 font du feldspa?2 et les p>ties grise cailleuses ne font po9t du mica1 ce sont de lames m9ces du ptrosilex dont j'ai dj p>l4 ,"h is evid5tly :at ,i w\ld call petuntze /rata1 or porcelane /one1 t is1 /rata =m$ by ! deposits ( su* mat]ials z might come f ! detritus ( granite1 arrang$ at ! bottom ( ! sea1 & consolidat$ by heat 9 ! m9]al regions4 ,we h precisely su* /ratifi$ masses 9 ! ,p5tl& hills ne> ,ed9burgh4 ,i h also a specim5 ( ! same k9d1 br\ght f ! ,ea/ ,indies1 9 :i* !re is ! pr9t ( an organiz$ body4 ,i believe x to be ( "s corall9e or zoophite4 #ajdh4 ,cette ro*e mlange cont9ue jusqu' ce que le ro*] s'loigne un peu du gr& *em94 ,l1 ce ro*] se prs5te c\p pic dans une gr&e t5due1 et divis p> de gr&es f5tes obliques1 -peu-prs p>allles entr'elles4 ,ces f5tes p>tag5t la montagne en gr&es tran*es de #ej #fj pi$s d'paisseur1 que de lo9 sembl5t tre des c\*es4 ,mais lorsqu'on s'en appro*e1 on voit1 p> le tissu mme de la pi]re feuillete1 que ses vraies c\*es font avec l'horizon des angles de #gj #ge degr1 et que ces gr&es divisions sont de vraies f5tes p> lesquelles un gr& nombre de c\*es conscutives sont c\pes presque p]p5diculairem5t leurs plans4 ,les masses de ro*]1 comprises entre ces gr&es f5tes1 sont encore divises p> d'autres f5tes plus petites1 dont la plup>t sont p>alleles aux gr&es1 d'autres leur sont obliques2 mais t\tes sont trs-peu-prs p]p5diculaires aux plans des c\*s dont la montagne e/ compose4 ,"h is a di/9ct view ( t :i* may be f\nd to take place 9 all consolidat$ /rata1 :atev] be ! composition ( ! /ratum2 & x is ?is appe>ance :i* is "h ma9ta9$ to be a physical demon/ration1 t ^? /rata _h be5 consolidat$ by means ( heat s(t5+ _! mat]ials4 ,9 t case1 ^? /ratifi$ bodies1 contract+ 9 cool+1 =m ve9s & fissures trav]s+ p]p5dicul>ly _! planes2 & ^! ve9s are aft]w>ds fill$ ) m9]al sub/ances4 ,^! are :at ,i h "h di/+ui%$ z ! p>ticul> ve9s ( m9]al masses2 ?+s p]fectly diff]5t f prop] m9]al or metallic ve9s1 :i* are m g5]al1 z belong+ to imm5se masses ( ^? /rata2 & :i* _h be5 =m$1 n f ! contraction1 b f ! disrupture ( ^? masses1 & by ! =cible injection ( fluid m9]al sub/ances f bel[4 ,n[ ^! two species ( ve9s1 ! p>ticul> & ! g5]al1 al?\gh occasionally connect$1 mu/ be 9 sci5ce c>efully di/+ui%$2 9 ! "o1 we see ! means :i* _h be5 employ$ = ! consolidation ( ! /rata2 9 ! o!r1 we see t p[] by :i* ! /rata h be5 rais$ f ! bottom ( ! sea & plac$ 9 ! atmosph]e4 ,error nev] c be consi/5t1 nor c tru? fail ( hav+ support f ! accurate exam9ation ( e circum/ance4 ,x is n en\gh to h f\nd appe>ances decisive ( ! "q1 ) reg>d to ! two suppositions :i* h be5 n[ consid]$1 we may f>!r seek confirmation ( t supposition :i* has be5 f\nd alone consi/5t ) appe>ances4 ,if x be by means ( heat & fusion t /rata h be5 consolidat$1 !n1 9 proportion to ! degree ( consolidation !y h und]gone f _! orig9al /ate1 !y %\ld1 caet]is p>ibus1 ab\nd m ) sep>ations 9 _! mass4 ,b ?is conclusion is f\nd consi/5t ) appe>ances4 ,a /ratum ( por\s s&-/one does n ab\nd s mu* ) ve9s & cutt]s z a simil> /ratum ( m>ble1 or ev5 a simil> /ratum ( s&-/one t is m consolidat$4 ,9 proportion1 !re=e1 z /rata h be5 consolidat$1 !y are 9 g5]al int]sect$ ) ve9s & cutt]s2 & 9 proportion z /rata are deep 9 _! p]p5dicul> section1 ! ve9s are wide1 & plac$ at great] di/ances4 ,9 l mann]1 :5 /rata are ?91 ! ve9s are _m1 b proportionally n>r[4 ,x is ?us1 ^u *emical pr9ciples1 to be demon/rat$1 ,t all ! solid /rata ( ! globe h be5 cond5s$ by means ( heat1 & h>d5$ f a /ate ( fusion4 ,b ?is proposition is equally to be ma9ta9$ f pr9ciples :i* are me*anical4 ,! /rata ( ! globe1 besides be+ =m$ ( e>?s1 are compos$ ( s&1 ( gravel1 & fragm5ts ( h>d bodies1 all :i* may be consid]$ z1 9 _! nature1 simple2 b ^! /rata are also f\nd compos$ ( bodies :i* are n simple1 b are fragm5ts ( =m] /rata1 :i* _h be5 consolidat$1 & aft]w>ds 7 brok5 & worn by attrition1 s z to be made gravel4 ,/rata compos$ 9 ?is mann] h be5 aga9 consolidat$2 & n[ ! "q is1 ,by :at means8 ,if /rata compos$ ( su* v>i\s bodies _h be5 consolidat$1 by any mann] ( concretion1 f ! fluidity ( a dissolution1 ! h>d & solid bodies mu/ be f\nd 9 _! entire /ate1 :ile ! int]/ices betwe5 ^? con/itu5t p>ts ( ! /ratum are fill$ up4 ,no p>tial fracture c be conceiv$ z introduc$ into ! middle ( a solid mass ( h>d matt]1 )\t hav+ be5 communicat$ f ! surr\nd+ p>ts4 ,b su* p>tial sep>ations are f\nd 9 ! middle ( ^? h>d & solid masses2 !re=e1 ?is comp\nd body mu/ h be5 consolidat$ by o!r means ?an t ( concretion f a /ate ( a solution4 ,! ,spani% m>ble already describ$1 z well z _m consolidat$ /rata ( silice\s gravel1 ( :i* ,i h specim5s1 af=d ! cle>e/ evid5ce ( ?is fact4 ,^! h>d bodies are p]fectly unit$ toge!r1 9 =m+ ! mo/ solid mass2 ! contigu\s p>ts ( "s ( ! r\nd$ fragm5ts are int]lac$ toge!r1 z has already be5 obs]v$2 & !re are p>tial %r9k+s ( ! mass =m+ ve9s1 trav]s+ sev]al fragm5ts1 b p]fectly fill$ ) ! sp>ry sub/ance ( ! mass1 & sometimes ) p>ts ( ! /one di/9ctly float+ 9 ! transp>5t body ( sp>4 ,n[1 !re is n1 besides heat or fusion1 any kn[n p[] 9 nature by :i* ^! effects might be produc$4 ,b su* effects are g5]al to all consolidat$ masses1 al?\gh n always s well illu/rat$ 9 a cab9et specim54 ,?us we h discov]$ a tru? t is confirm$ by e appe>ance1 s f> z ! nature ( ! subject n[ exam9$ admits4 ,we n[ return to ! g5]al op]ation1 ( =m+ cont95ts ( ^? mat]ials :i* _h be5 deposit$ at ! bottom ( ! sea4 ,,section ,,iii4 ,inve/igation ( ! ,natural ,op]ations employ$ 9 ! ,production ( ,l& above ! ,surface ( ! ,sea4 ,we seek to "k t op]ation by means ( :i* masses ( loose mat]ials1 collect$ at ! bottom ( ! sea1 7 rais$ above its surface1 & trans=m$ into solid l&4 ,we h f\nd1 t !re is n 9 ?is globe 7z a planet revolv+ 9 ! sol> sy/em7 any p[] or motion adapt$ to ! purpose n[ 9 view2 nor1 7 !re su* a p[]1 c\ld a mass ( simply collect$ mat]ials h cont9u$ any consid]able "t to resi/ ! waves & curr5ts natural to ! sea1 b mu/ h be5 quickly c>ri$ away1 & aga9 deposit$ at ! bottom ( ! ocean4 ,b we h f\nd1 t !re _h be5 op]ations1 natural to ! b[els ( ?is e>?2 by :i* ^? loose & unconnect$ mat]ials h be5 cem5t$ toge!r1 & consolidat$ into masses ( great /r5g? & h>dness2 ^? bodies are ?us enabl$ to resi/ ! =ce ( waves & curr5ts1 & to pres]ve !mselves1 = a suffici5t "t1 9 _! prop] %ape & place1 z l& above ! g5]al surface ( ! ocean4 ,we n[ desire to "k1 h[ f> ^? int]nal op]ations ( ! globe1 by :i* solidity & /ability are procur$ to ! b$s ( loose mat]ials1 may h be5 also employ$ 9 rais+ up a cont95t ( l&1 to rema9 above ! surface ( ! sea4 ,!re is no?+ s prop] = ! erection ( l& above ! level ( ! ocean1 z an expansive p[] ( suffici5t =ce1 appli$ directly "u mat]ials 9 ! bottom ( ! sea1 "u a mass t is prop] = ! =mation ( l& :5 ?us erect$4 ,! "q is n1 h[ su* a p[] may be procur$2 su* a p[] has probably be5 employ$4 ,if1 !re=e1 su* a p[] %\ld be consi/5t ) t :i* we f\nd _h actually be5 employ$ 9 prep>+ ! erect$ mass2 or1 if su* a p[] is to be reasonably conclud$ z accompany+ ^? op]ations :i* we h f\nd natural to ! globe1 & situat$ 9 ! v place :]e ?is expansive p[] appe>s to be requir$1 we %\ld ?us be l$ to p]ceive1 9 ! natural op]ations ( ! globe1 a p[] z efficaci\s = ! elevation ( :at _h be5 at ! bottom ( ! sea into ! place ( l&1 z x is p]fect = ! prep>ation ( ^? mat]ials to s]ve ! purpose ( _! elevation4 ,9 opposition to ?is conclusion1 x w n be all[$ to allege2 t we are ignorant h[ su* a p[] might be ex]t$ "u ! bottom ( ! ocean2 =1 ! pres5t "q is n1 :at _h be5 ! cause ( heat1 :i* has appe>$ to h be5 produc$ 9 t place1 b if ?is p[] ( heat1 :i* has c]ta9ly be5 ex]t$ at ! bottom ( ! ocean = consolidat+ /rata1 _h be5 employ$ also = ano!r purpose1 t is1 = rais+ ^? /rata into ! place ( l&4 ,we may1 p]haps1 acc\nt = ! elevation ( l&1 by ! same cause ) t ( ! consolidation ( /rata1 already inve/igat$1 )\t expla9+ ! means employ$ by nature 9 procur+ ! p[] ( heat1 or %[+ f :at g5]al s\rce ( action ?is p>ticul> p[] _h be5 d]iv$2 b1 by f9d+ 9 subt]ranean heat a cause = any o!r *ange1 besides ! consolidation ( por\s or incoh]5t bodies1 we %all g5]alise a fact1 or ext5d our k 9 ! explanation ( natural appe>ances4 ,! p[] ( heat = ! expansion ( bodies1 is1 s f> z we "k1 unlimit$2 b1 by ! expansion ( bodies plac$ "u ! /rata at ! bottom ( ! sea1 ! elevation ( ^? /rata may be effect$2 & ! "q n[ to be resolv$ reg>ds ! actual ex]tion ( ?is p[] ( expansion4 ,h[ f> x is to be conclud$ z hav+ be5 employ$ 9 ! production ( ?is e>? above ! level ( ! sea4 ,be=e attempt+ to resolve t "q1 x may be prop] to obs]ve1 !re has be5 ex]t$ an extreme degree ( heat bel[ ! /rata =m$ at ! bottom ( ! sea2 & ?is is precisely ! action ( a p[] requir$ = ! elevation ( ^? heat$ bodies into a high] place4 ,!re=e1 if !re is no o!r way 9 :i* we may conceive ?is ev5t to h be5 br\ght ab\t1 consi/5t ) ! pres5t /ate ( ?+s1 or :at actually appe>s1 we %all h a "r to conclude1 t su* _h be5 ! ord] ( proc$ure 9 natural ?+s1 & t ! /rata =m$ at ! bottom ( ! sea _h be5 elevat$1 z well z consolidat$1 by means ( subt]rane\s heat4 ,! consolidation ( /rata by means ( fusion or ! p[] ( heat1 has be5 conclud$ f ! exam9ation ( nature1 & f f9d+1 t ! pres5t /ate ( ?+s is inconsi/5t ) any o!r supposition4 ,n[1 aga91 we are consid]+ ! only p[] t may be conceiv$ z capable ( elevat+ /rata f ! bottom ( ! sea1 & plac+ su* a mass above ! surface ( ! wat]4 ,x is a tru? unque/ionable1 t :at _h be5 orig9ally at ! bottom ( ! sea1 is at pres5t ! highe/ ( our l&4 ,9 expla9+ ?is appe>ance1 !re=e1 no o!r alt]native is left1 b ei!r to suppose /rata elevat$ by ! p[] ( heat above ! level ( ! pres5t sea1 or ! surface ( ! ocean r$uc$ _m miles bel[ ! height at :i* x _h subsi/$ dur+ ! collection & induration ( ! l& :i* we inhabit4 ,n[1 if1 on ! "o h&1 we are to suppose no g5]al p[] ( subt]rane\s fire or heat1 we leave to our !ory no means = ! retreat ( ! sea1 or ! l[]+ ( its surface2 if1 on ! o!r h&1 we are to all[ ! g5]al p[] ( subt]rane\s heat1 we _c h mu* difficulty 9 suppos+1 ei!r ! surface ( ! sea to h subsid$1 or ! bottom ( ! ocean1 9 c]ta9 p>ts1 to h be5 rais$ by a subt]ranean p[] above ! level ( its surface1 accord+ z appe>ances %all be f\nd to require ! "o or o!r ( ^? conclusions4 ,"h1 !re=e1 we are aga9 remitt$ to ! hi/ory ( nature1 9 ord] to f9d matt] ( fact by :i* ?is "q may be prop]ly decid$4 ,if ! pres5t l& _h be5 discov]$ by ! subsid+ ( ! wat]s1 !re has n be5 a =m] l&1 f :5ce mat]ials _h be5 procur$ = ! con/ruction ( ! pres5t1 :5 at ! bottom ( ! sea2 =1 !re is no ve/ige rema9+ ( t l&1 ! :ole l& ( ! pres5t e>? hav+ be5 =m$ evid5tly at ! bottom ( ! sea4 ,nei!r c\ld ! natural productions ( ! sea h be5 accumulat$1 9 ! %ape 9 :i* we n[ f9d !m1 on ! surface ( ?is e>?2 =1 ,h[ %\ld ! ,alps & ,&es h be5 =m$ )9 ! sea f ! natural productions ( ! wat]8 ,consequ5tly1 ?is is a supposition inconsi/5t ) e natural appe>ance4 ,! supposition1 !re=e1 ( ! subsid5ce ( ! =m] ocean1 = ! purpose ( discov]+ ! pres5t l&1 is beset ) m difficulty ?an ! simple erection ( ! bottom ( ! =m] ocean2 =1 fir/1 ,!re is a place to provide = ! retirem5t ( ! wat]s ( ! ocean2 &1 #b;dly1 ,!re is requir$ a "w ( equal magnitude2 ?is is1 ! swall[+ up ( t =m] cont95t1 :i* _h procur$ ! mat]ials ( ! pres5t l&4 ,on ! "o h&1 ! subsid+ ( ! surface ( ! ocean w\ld b make ! =m] l& appe> ! high]2 &1 on ! o!r1 ! s9k+ ! body ( ! =m] l& into ! solid globe1 s z to swall[ up ! great] "p ( ! ocean aft] x1 if n a natural impossibility1 w\ld be at lea/ a sup]flu\s ex]tion ( ! p[] ( nature4 ,su* an op]ation z ?is w\ld discov] z little wisdom 9 ! end elect$1 z 9 ! means appropriat$ to t end2 =1 if ! l& be n wa/$ & worn away 9 ! natural op]ations ( ! globe1 ,:y make su* a convulsion 9 ! _w 9 ord] to r5ew ! l&8 ,if1 aga91 ! l& naturally decays1 ,:y employ s extraord9>y a p[]1 9 ord] to hide a =m] cont95t ( l&1 & puzzle man8 ,let u n[ consid] h[ f> ! o!r proposition1 ( /rata be+ elevat$ by ! p[] ( heat above ! level ( ! sea1 may be confirm$ f ! exam9ation ( natural appe>ances4 ,! /rata =m$ at ! bottom ( ! ocean are necess>ily horizontal 9 _! position1 or ne>ly s1 & cont9u\s 9 _! horizontal direction or ext5t4 ,!y may *ange1 & gradually assume ! nature ( ea* o!r1 s f> z conc]ns ! mat]ials ( :i* !y are =m$2 b !re _c be any sudd5 *ange1 fracture1 or displacem5t1 naturally 9 ! body ( a /ratum4 ,b1 if ^! /rata are cem5t$ by ! heat ( fusion1 & erect$ ) an expansive p[] act+ bel[1 we may expect to f9d e species ( fracture1 dislocation1 & contortion1 9 ^? bodies1 & e degree ( dep>ture f a horizontal t[>ds a v]tical position4 ,! /rata ( ! globe are actually f\nd 9 e possible position3 ,=1 f horizontal1 !y are frequ5tly f\nd v]tical2 f cont9u\s1 !y are brok5 & sep>at$ 9 e possible direction2 &1 f a plane1 !y are b5t & d\bl$4 ,x is impossible t !y c\ld h orig9ally be5 =m$1 by ! kn[n laws ( nature1 9 _! pres5t /ate & position2 & ! p[] t has be5 necess>ily requir$ = _! *ange1 has n be5 inf]ior to t :i* might h be5 requir$ = _! elevation f ! place 9 :i* !y _h be5 =m$4 ,9 ?is cafe1 natural appe>ances are n anomal\s4 ,!y are1 inde$1 inf9itely v>i\s1 z !y ought to be1 accord+ to ! rule2 b all ^? v>ieties 9 appe>ances conspire to prove "o g5]al tru?1 viz4 ,t all :i* we see _h be5 orig9ally compos$ accord+ to c]ta9 pr9ciples1 e/abli%$ 9 ! con/itution ( ! t]raque\s globe2 & t ^? regul> compositions _h be5 aft]w>ds greatly *ang$ by ! op]ations ( ano!r p[]1 :i* _h introduc$ app>5t confusion among ?+s fir/ =m$ 9 ord] & by rule4 ,x is conc]n+ ! op]ation ( ?is second p[] t we are n[ inquir+2 & "h ! app>5t irregul>ity & disord] ( ! m9]al regions are z in/ructive1 ) reg>d to :at _h be5 transact$ 9 a =m] p]iod ( "t1 z ! ord] & regul>ity ( ^? same regions are conclusive1 9 relation to ! place 9 :i* a =m] /ate ( ?+s _h produc$ t :i*1 9 its *ang$ /ate1 we n[ p]ceive4 ,we are n[ to conclude1 t ! l& on :i* we dwell _h be5 elevat$ f a l[] situation by ! same ag5t :i* _h be5 employ$ 9 consolidat+ ! /rata1 9 giv+ !m /ability1 & prep>+ !m = ! purpose ( ! liv+ _w4 ,?is ag5t is matt] actuat$ by extreme heat1 & exp&$ ) amaz+ =ce4 ,if ?is has be5 ! case1 x w be reasonable to expect1 t "s ( ! exp&$ matt] might be f\nd cond5s$ 9 ! bodies :i* h be5 heat$ by t igne\s vap\r2 & t matt]1 =eign to ! /rata1 may h be5 ?us introduc$ into ! fractures & sep>ations ( ^? indurat$ masses4 ,we h b to op5 our eyes to be conv9c$ ( ?is tru?4 ,look into ! s\rces ( our m9]al treasures2 ask ! m9]1 f :5ce has come ! metal into 8 ve98 ,n f ! e>? or air above1--n f ! /rata :i* ! ve9 trav]ses2 ^! d n conta9 "o atom ( ! m9]als n[ consid]$4 ,!re is b "o place f :5ce ^! m9]als may h come2 ?is is ! b[els ( ! e>?1 ! place ( p[] & expansion1 ! place f :5ce mu/ h proce$$ t int5se heat by :i* loose mat]ials h be5 consolidat$ into rocks1 z well z t enorm\s =ce by :i* ! regul> /rata h be5 brok5 & displac$4 ,our att5tion is "h peculi>ly call$ ^u1 :]e we h ! opportunity ( exam9+ ^? m9]al bodies1 :i* h imm$iately proce$$ f ! unkn[n region1 t place ( p[] & en]gy :i* we want to explore2 =1 if su* is ! sy/em ( ! e>?1 t mat]ials are fir/ deposit$ at ! bottom ( ! ocean1 !re to be prep>$ 9 a c]ta9 mann]1 9 ord] to acquire solidity1 & !n to be elevat$ into ! prop] place ( l&1 ^! m9]al ve9s1 :i* conta9 matt] absolutely =eign to ! surface ( ! e>?1 af=d ! mo/ au!ntic in=mation ) reg>d to ! op]ations :i* we want to und]/&4 ,x is ^! ve9s :i* we are to consid] z1 9 "s measure1 ! cont9uation ( t m9]al region1 :i* lies necess>ily out ( all possible rea* ( our exam9ation4 ,x is1 !re=e1 peculi>ly int]e/+ to "k ! /ate 9 :i* ?+s are to be f\nd 9 ?is place1 :i* may be consid]$ z int]m$iate betwe5 ! solid l&1 ^u ! "o h&1 & ! unkn[n regions ( ! e>?1 ^u ! o!r4 ,we are n[ to exam9e ^? m9]al ve9s2 & ^! may be consid]$1 fir/1 9 relation to _! =m1 indep5d5t ( _! sub/ance or p>ticul> cont5ts2 &1 secondly1 9 relation to ! conta9$ bodies1 indep5d5t ( _! =m4 ,9 exam9+ consolidat$ /rata1 we rem>k$ ve9s & cutt]s z a pro( ( ! means by :i* ^? bodies _h be5 consolidat$4 ,9 t case1 ! =mation ( ^! ve9s is a regulat$ process1 det]m9$ by ! degree ( fusion1 & ! circum/ances ( cond5sation or refrig]ation4 ,9 respect ( ^!1 ! m9]al ve9s n[ to be exam9$ are anomal\s4 ,!y are2 b we "k n :y or h[4 ,we see ! effect2 b1 9 t effect1 we d n see ! cause4 ,we c say1 negatively1 t ! cause ( m9]al ve9s is n t by :i* ! ve9s & fissures ( consolidat$ /rata h be5 =m$2 consequ5tly1 t x is n ! measur$ contraction & regulat$ cond5sation ( ! consolidat$ l& :i* has =m$ ^? g5]al m9]al ve9s2 h[ev]1 ve9s1 simil> 9 _m respects1 h be5 =m$ by ! coop]ation ( ?is cause4 ,hav+ ?us tak5 a view ( ! evid5t di/9ction betwe5 ! ve9s or contractions t are p>ticul> to ! consolidat$ body 9 :i* !y are f\nd1 & ^? m g5]al ve9s :i* are n limit$ to t cause1 we may n[ consid] :at is g5]al 9 ! subject1 or :at is univ]sal 9 ^! effects ( :i* we wi% to inve/igate ! cause4 ,! ev5t ( highe/ g5]alization or univ]sality1 9 ! =m ( ^? m9]al ve9s1 is fracture & dislocation4 ,x is n1 l t ( ! ve9s ( /rata1 simple sep>ation & measur$ contraction2 x is viol5t fracture & unlimit$ dislocation4 ,9 ! "o case1 ! =m+ cause is 9 ! body :i* is sep>at$2 =1 aft] ! body _h be5 actuat$ by heat1 x is by ! reaction ( ! prop] matt] ( ! body1 t ! *asm :i* con/itutes ! ve9 is =m$4 ,9 ! o!r case1 aga91 ! cause is extr9sic 9 relation to ! body 9 :i* ! *asm is =m$4 ,!re has be5 ! mo/ viol5t fracture & divulsion2 b ! cause is /ill to seek2 & x appe>s n 9 ! ve92 = x is n e fracture & dislocation ( ! solid body ( our e>?1 9 :i* m9]als1 or ! prop] sub/ances ( m9]al ve9s1 are f\nd4 ,we are n[ exam9+ matt] ( fact1 real effects1 f :5ce we w\ld inve/igate ! nature ( c]ta9 ev5ts :i* d n n[ appe>4 ,( ^!1 two k9ds occur2 "o :i* has relation to ! h>dness & solidity1 or ! natural con/itution ( ! body2 ! o!r1 to its %ape or local situation4 ,! fir/ has be5 already consid]$2 ! la/ is n[ ! subject ( inquiry4 ,b1 9 exam9+ ^? natural appe>ances1 we f9d two diff]5t k9ds ( ve9s2 ! "o necess>ily connect$ ) ! consolidat+ cause2 ! o!r ) t cause ( :i* we n[ p>ticul>ly inquire4 ,=1 9 ^? great m9]al ve9s1 viol5t fracture & dislocation is ! pr9ciple2 b !re is no o!r pr9ciple ^u :i* /rata1 or masses =m$ at ! bottom ( ! sea1 c be plac$ at a height above its surface4 ,h5ce1 9 ^? two diff]5t op]ations1 ( =m+ m9]al ve9s1 & erect+ /rata f a l[] to a high] place1 ! pr9ciple is ! same2 =1 nei!r c be done )\t viol5t fracture & dislocation4 ,we n[ only want to "k1 h[ f> x is by ! same p[]1 z well z ^u ! same pr9ciple1 t ^! two op]ations h be5 made4 ,an expansive =ce1 act+ f bel[1 is ! p[] mo/ prop] = erect+ masses2 b :e!r x is a p[] ( ! same nature ) t :i* has be5 employ$ 9 =m+ m9]al ve9s1 w be/ appe> 9 kn[+ ! nature ( _! cont5ts4 ,^!1 !re=e1 may be n[ consid]$4 ,e species ( fracture1 & e degree ( dislocation & contortion1 may be p]ceiv$ 9 ! =m ( m9]al ve9s2 & !re is no o!r g5]al pr9ciple to be obs]v$ 9 exam9+ _! =m4 ,b1 9 exam9+ _! cont5ts1 "s o!r pr9ciple may appe>1 s f> z1 to ! dislocat+ p[] or =ce1 !re may be sup]add$ matt]1 by :i* some?+ 9 relation to ! nature ( ! p[] may be kn[n4 ,if1 = example1 a tree or a rock %all be f\nd simply split asund]1 al?\gh !re be no d\bt ) reg>d to "s p[] hav+ be5 appli$ 9 ord] to produce ! effect1 yet we are left m]ely to conjecture at ! p[]4 ,b :5 w$ges ( wood or iron1 or froz5 wat]1 %\ld be f\nd lodg$ 9 ! cleft1 we might be enabl$1 f ?is appe>ance1 to =m a c]ta9 judgm5t ) reg>d to ! nature ( ! p[] :i* _h be5 appli$4 ,?is is ! case ) m9]al ve9s4 ,we f9d !m conta9+ matt]1 :i* indicates a cause2 & e in=mation 9 ?is case is int]e/+ to ! !ory4 ,! sub/ances conta9$ 9 m9]al ve9s are precisely ! same ) ^? :i*1 9 ! =m] section1 we h consid]$ z be+ made in/rum5tal 9 ! consolidation ( /rata2 & !y are f\nd mix$ & concret$ 9 e mann] possible4 ,b1 besides ?is evid5ce = ! ex]tion ( extreme heat1 9 t process by :i* ^? ve9s 7 fill$1 !re is ano!r important obs]vation to be ga!r$ f ! inspection ( ?is subject4 ,!re appe>s to h be5 a great me*anical p[] employ$ 9 ! fill+ ( ^! ve9s1 z well z t necess>ily requir$ 9 mak+ ! fir/ fracture & divulsion4 ,?is appe>s f ! ord] ( ! cont5ts1 or fill+ ( ^! ve9s1 :i* is a ?+ (t5 obs]v$ to be v>i\s & successive4 ,b :at x is *iefly n[ 9 view to illu/rate1 is t imm5se =ce :i* is manife/$ 9 ! fracture & disp]sion ( ! solid cont5ts :i* _h =m]ly fill$ ^? ve9s4 ,"h we f9d fragm5ts ( rock & sp> float+ 9 ! body ( a ve9 fill$ ) metallic sub/ances2 !re1 aga91 we see ! v>i\s fragm5ts ( metallic masses float+ 9 ! sp>ry & silice\s cont5ts4 ,"o ?+ is demon/rable f ! inspection ( ! ve9s & _! cont5ts2 ?is is1 ! successive irruptions ( ^? fluid sub/ances break+ ! solid bodies :i* !y meet1 & float+ ^? fragm5ts ( ! brok5 bodies 9 ! ve94 ,x is v common to see ?ree successive s]ies ( ^? op]ations2 & all ?is may be p]ceiv$ 9 a small fragm5t ( /one1 :i* a man ( sci5ce may exam9e 9 8 closet1 (t5 bett] ?an desc5d+ to ! m9e1 :]e all ! examples are f\nd on an enl>g$ scale4 ,let u n[ consid] :at p[] w\ld be requir$ to =ce up1 f ! mo/ unfa?omable dep? ( ! ocean1 to ! ,&es or ! ,alps1 a column ( fluid metal & ( /one4 ,?is p[] _c be mu* less ?an t requir$ to elevate ! highe/ l& ^u ! globe4 ,:e!r1 !re=e1 we %all consid] ! g5]al ve9s z hav+ be5 fill$ by m9]al /eams1 or by fluid m9]als1 an elevat+ p[] ( imm5se =ce is /ill requir$1 9 ord] to =m z well z fill ^? ve9s4 ,b su* a p[] act+ "u ! consolidat$ masses at ! bottom ( ! sea1 is ! only natural means = mak+ ^? masses l&4 ,if su* h be5 ! op]ations t are necess>y = ! production ( ?is l&2 & if ^! op]ations are natural to ! globe ( ?is e>?1 z be+ ! effect ( wisdom 9 its contrivance1 we %all h reason to look = ! actual manife/ation ( ?is tru? 9 ! pha5om5a ( nature1 or ^? appe>ances :i* m imm$iately discov] ! actual cause 9 ! p]ceiv$ effect4 ,to see ! evid5ce ( m>ble1 a body t is solid1 hav+ be5 =m$ ( loose mat]ials collect$ at ! bottom ( ! sea1 is n always easy1 al?\gh x may be made abundantly pla92 & to be conv9c$ t ?is calc>e\s /one1 :i* calc9es s easily 9 our fires1 %\ld h be5 br\ght into fusion by subt]rane\s heat1 )\t suff]+ calc9ation1 mu/ require a *a9 ( reason+ :i* e "o is n able to atta9#ac4 ,b :5 fire bur/s =? f ! bottom ( ! sea1 & :5 ! l& is heav$ up & d[n1 s z to demoli% cities 9 an in/ant1 & split asund] rocks & solid m\nta9s1 !re is nobody b mu/ see 9 ?is a p[]1 :i* may be suffici5t to accompli% e view ( nature 9 erect+ l&1 z x is situat$ 9 ! place mo/ advantage\s = t purpose4 ,note #ac3 ,mr le ,*evali] de ,dolomieu1 9 consid]+ ! diff]5t effects ( heat1 has made ! foll[+ obs]vation2 ,j\rnal de ,physique1 ,mai #agib4 ,je dis le feu tel que n\s l'employons p\r di/+u] le feu naturel des volcans1 du feu de nos f\rneaux et de celui de nos *alumeaux4 ,n\s sommes obligs de donn] une gr&e activit son action p\r suppler et au volume qui ne s]oit pas notre disposition et au tems que n\s sommes =cs de mnag]1 et cette manire d'appliqu] une *aleur trs-active1 communique le m\vem5t et le dsordre jusques dans les molcules con/ituantes4 ,agrgation et composition1 t\t e/ tr\bl4 ,dans les volcans la gr& masse du feu supple son int5sit1 le tems remplace son activit1 de manire qu'il t\rm5te mo9s les corps f\rnis son action2 il mnage leur composition en rel*ant leur agrgation1 et les pi]res qui eut t r5dues fluides p> l'embrasem5t volcanique peuv5t repr5dre leur tat primitif2 la plup>t des sub/ances qu'un feu plus actif auroit expulses y re/5t encore4 ,voil p\rquoi les laves ressembl5t tellem5t aux pi]res naturelles des espces analogues1 qu'elles ne peuv5t en tre di/+ues2 voil galem5t p\rquoi les v]res volcaniques eux-mme r5f]m5t encore des sub/ances la/iques qui les font b\rs\fl] lorsque n\s les fondons de n\veau1 et p\rquoi ces v]res blan*iss5t aussi1 p\r lors1 p> la dissipation1 d'une sub/ance grasse qui a rsi/ la *aleur des volcans1 et que volatilise la *aleur p> laquelle n\s obt5ons leur second fusion4 ,no d\bt1 ! long application ( heat may produce *anges 9 bodies v diff]5t f ^? :i* are occasion$ by ! sudd5 application ( a m int5se heat2 b /ill !re mu/ be suffici5t int5sity 9 t p[]1 s z to cause fluidity1 )\t :i* no *emical *ange c be produc$ 9 bodies4 ,! ess5tial diff]5ce1 h[ev]1 betwe5 ! natural heat ( ! m9]al regions1 & t :i* we excite ^u ! surface ( ! e>?1 consi/s 9 ?is2 t nature applies heat "u circum/ances :i* we are n able to imitate1 t is1 "u su* compression z %all prev5t ! decomposition ( ! con/itu5t sub/ances1 by ! sep>ation ( ! m volatile f ! m fix$ p>ts4 ,?is is a circum/ance :i*1 s f> z ,i "k1 no *emi/ or naturali/ has hi!rto consid]$2 & x is t by :i* ! op]ations ( ! m9]al regions mu/ c]ta9ly be expla9$4 ,)\t att5d+ to ?is great pr9ciple 9 ! m9]aliz+ op]ations ( subt]rane\s fire1 x is impossible to conceive ! fusion & concretion ( ^? v>i\s bodies1 :i* we exam9e :5 br\ght up to ! surface ( ! e>?4 ,! only "q1 !re=e1 :i* x conc]ns u to decide at pres5t1 is1 ,:e!r ^? op]ations ( extreme heat1 & viol5t me*anic =ce1 be only 9 ! sy/em z a matt] ( accid5t2 or if1 on ! contr>y1 !y are op]ations natural to ! globe1 & necess>y 9 ! production ( su* l& z ?is :i* we inhabit8 ,! answ] to ?is is pla93 ,^! op]ations ( ! globe rema9 at pres5t ) undim9i%$ activity1 or 9 ! fullness ( _! p[]4 ,a /ream ( melt$ lava fl[s f ! sides ( ,m\nt ,aetna4 ,"h is a column ( weighty matt] rais$ f a great dep? bel[1 to an imm5se height above1 ! level ( ! sea1 & rocks ( an enorm\s size are project$ f its orifice "s miles into ! air4 ,e "o ackn[l$ges t "h is ! liquefy+ p[] & expansive =ce ( subt]ranean fire1 or viol5t heat4 ,b1 t ,sicily itself _h be5 rais$ f ! bottom ( ! ocean1 & t ! m>ble call$ ,sicilian ,jasp]1 _h its solidity ^u ! same pr9ciple ) ! lava1 w\ld /umble _m a naturali/ to ackn[l$ge4 ,nev]!less1 ,i h 9 my possession a table ( ?is m>ble1 f :i* x is demon/rable1 t ?is calc>e\s /one _h fl[$1 & be5 9 su* a /ate ( fusion & fluidity z lava4 ,"h is a comp>ison =m$ ( two m9]al sub/ances1 to :i* x is ( ! highe/ importance to att5d4 ,! solidity & pres5t /ate ( ! "o ( ^! is commonly ?\ght to be ! op]ation ( fire2 ( ! o!r1 aga91 x is ?\ght to be t ( wat]4 ,?is1 h[ev]1 is n ! case4 ,! imm$iate /ate & condition ( bo? ^! bodies is n[ to be consid]$ z equally ! effect ( fire or heat4 ,! reason ( our =m+ su* a diff]5t judgm5t ) reg>d to ^! two subjects is ?is2 we see1 9 ! "o case1 ! m imm$iate connection ( ! cause & ! effect1 :ile1 9 ! o!r1 we h only ! effects f :5ce we are 9 sci5ce to inve/igate ! cause4 ,b1 if x 7 necess>y always to see ?is imm$iate connection1 9 ord] to ackn[l$ge ! op]ation ( a p[] :i*1 at pres5t1 is ext+ui%$ 9 ! effect1 we %\ld lose ! b5efit ( sci5ce1 or g5]al pr9ciples1 f :5ce p>ticul>s may be d$uc$1 & we %\ld be able to reason no bett] ?an ! brute4 ,man is made = sci5ce2 he reasons f effects to causes1 & f causes to effects2 b he does n always reason )\t error4 ,9 reason+1 !re=e1 f appe>ances :i* are p>ticul>1 c>e mu/ be tak5 h[ we g5]alise2 we %\ld be cauti\s n to attribute to nature1 laws :i* may p]haps be only ( our own inv5tion4 ,! imm$iate "q n[ be=e u is n1 ,if ! subt]rane\s fire1 or elevat+ p[]1 :i* we p]ceive sometimes z op]at+ ) su* en]gy1 be ! consolidat+ cause ( /rata =m$ at ! bottom ( ! sea2 nor1 if t p[] be ! means ( mak+ l& appe> above ! g5]al surface ( ! wat]8 =1 ?\gh ?is be ! end we want to arrive at ultimately1 ! "q at pres5t 9 agitation respects ! laws ( nature1 or ! g5]ality ( p>ticul> appe>ances4 ,has ! globe )9 x su* an active p[] z fits x = ! r5ovation ( t "p ( its con/itution :i* may be subject to decay8 ,are ^? p[]ful op]ations ( fire1 or subt]rane\s heat1 :i* s (t5 h fill$ u ) t]ror & a/oni%m5t1 to be consid]$ z hav+ always be58 ,are !y to be conclud$ z prop] to e "p ^u ! globe1 & z cont9ual 9 ! sy/em ( ?is e>?8 ,if ^! po9ts 9 "q %all be decid$ 9 ! affirmative1 we c be at no loss 9 asc]ta9+ ! p[] :i* has consolidat$ /rata1 nor 9 expla9+ ! pres5t situation ( ^? bodies1 :i* _h _! orig9 at ! bottom ( ! sea4 ,?is1 !re=e1 %\ld be ! object ( our pursuit2 & 9 ord] to h demon/ration 9 a case ( physical inquiry1 we mu/ aga9 h rec\rse to ! book ( nature4 ,! g5]al t5d5cy ( heat is to produce fluidity & s(tness2 z t ( cold is1 on ! contr>y1 to h>d5 s(t & fluid bodies4 ,b ?is s(t5+ p[] ( heat is n uni=m 9 its nature2 x is made to act ) v diff]5t effect1 accord+ to ! nature ( ! sub/ance to :i* x is appli$4 ,we are b limit$ 9 ! art ( increas+ ! heat or ! cold ( bodies2 we f9d1 h[ev]1 extreme diff]5ce 9 _! sub/ances ) respect to fusibility4 ,a fusible sub/ance1 or m9]al composition 9 a fluid /ate1 is emitt$ f ^? places ( ! e>? at :i* subt]rane\s fire & expansive =ce are manife/$ 9 ^? eruptive op]ations4 ,9 exam9+ ^! emitt$ bodies1 m5 ( sci5ce f9d a "* = su* productions1 9 g5]alis+ ! sub/ance1 & und]/&+ ! natural con/itution ( ^? bodies4 ,x is 9 ?is mann] t su* a p]son1 f9d+ a piece ( lava 9 any place ( ! e>?1 says ) c]ta9ty1 ,"h is a /one :i* _h congeal$ f a melt$ /ate4 ,hav+ ?us f\nd a di/+ui%+ "* = ^? fus$ sub/ances call$1 9 g5]al1 ,lavas1 & hav+ ! mo/ visible m>ks = t :i* _h be5 actually a volcano1 naturali/s1 9 exam9+ diff]5t c\ntries1 h discov]$ ! mo/ und\bt$ pro(s ( _m anci5t volcanos1 :i* _h n be5 be=e suspect$4 ,?us1 volcanos w appe> to be n a matt] ( accid5t1 or z only happ5+ 9 a p>ticul> place1 !y are g5]al to ! globe1 s f> z !re is no place ^u ! e>? t may n h an eruption ( ?is k9d2 al?\gh x is by no means necess>y = e place to h _h ^? eruptions4 ,volcanos are natural to ! globe1 z g5]al op]ations2 b we are n to consid] nature z hav+ a burn+ m\nta9 = an end 9 h] int5tion1 or z a pr9cipal purpose 9 ! g5]al sy/em ( ?is _w4 ,! end ( nature 9 plac+ an int]nal fire or p[] ( heat1 & a =ce ( irresi/ible expansion1 9 ! body ( ?is e>?1 is to consolidate ! s$im5t collect$ at ! bottom ( ! sea1 & to =m !re( a mass ( p]man5t l& above ! level ( ! ocean1 = ! purpose ( ma9ta9+ plants & animals4 ,! p[] appo9t$ = ?is purpose is1 z on all o!r occasions1 :]e ! op]ation is important1 & :]e !re is any dang] ( a %ortcom+1 wisely provid$ 9 abundance2 & !re are contriv$ means = dispos+ ( ! r$undancy4 ,^!1 9 ! pres5t case1 are our volcanos4 ,a volcano is n made on purpose to fright5 sup]/iti\s p into fits ( piety & devotion1 nor to ov]:elm devot$ cities ) de/ruction2 a volcano %\ld be consid]$ z a spiracle to ! subt]ranean furnace1 9 ord] to prev5t ! unnecess>y elevation ( l&1 & fatal effects ( e>?quakes2 & we may re/ assur$1 t !y1 9 g5]al1 wisely answ] ! end ( _! int5tion1 )\t be+ 9 !mselves an end1 = :i* nature _h ex]t$ su* amaz+ p[] & excell5t contrivance4 ,let u take a view ( ! mo/ elevat$ places ( ! e>?2 if ! pres5t !ory is j1 x is !re t we %\ld f9d volcanos4 ,b is n ?is ! case8 ,!re are volcanos 9 ! ,&es2 & r\nd ! ,alps we f9d _m volcanos1 :i* are 9 ,france ^u ! "o side1 & 9 ,g]many ^u ! o!r1 z well z ^u ! ,italian side1 :]e ,vesuvius /ill cont9ues to exhibit viol5t eruptions4 ,x is n meant to allege1 t x is only ^u ! summit ( a cont95t volcanos %\ld appe>4 ,subt]rane\s fire has sometimes made its appe>ance 9 bur/+ f ! bottom ( ! sea4 ,b1 ev5 9 ?is la/ case1 l& 0 rais$ f ! bottom ( ! sea1 be=e ! eruption made its exit into ! atmosph]e4 ,x mu/ also be evid5t1 t1 9 ?is case ( ! new isl& ne> ,santor9i1 _h ! expansive p[] be5 reta9$1 in/ead ( be+ dis*>g$1 mu* m l& might h be5 rais$ above ! level ( ! ocean4 ,n[1 ! eruption ( t ela/ic =ce ?r\gh ! bottom ( ! sea1 may be consid]$ z a wa/e ( p[] 9 ! op]ations ( ! globe1 :]e ! elevation ( indurat$ /rata is an object 9 ! ex]tion ( t p[]2 :]eas1 9 ! c5tre ( a cont95t suffici5tly elevat$ above ! level ( ! sea1 ! eruption ( t fi]y vap\r calculat$ to elevate ! l&1 :ile x may occasionally de/roy ! habitations ( a few1 provides = ! security & quiet possession ( ! _m4 ,9 ord] to see ! wisdom ( ?is contrivance1 let u consid] ! two extreme places at :i* ?is eruption ( ignit$ matt] may be p]=m$4 ,^! are1 on ! "o h&1 )9 a cont95t ( l&1 &1 on ! o!r1 at ! bottom ( ! ocean4 ,9 ! "o case1 ! free eruption ( ! exp&+ p[] %\ld be p]mitt$2 because ! purpose = :i* x _h be5 calculat$ to exi/ has be5 accompli%$4 ,9 ! o!r1 aga91 ! free eruption ( t p[]ful matt] %\ld be repress$2 because !re is res]v$ = t p[] mu* ( ano!r op]ation 9 t place4 ,b1 accord+ to ! wise con/itution ( ?+s1 ?is mu/ necess>ily happ54 ,! eruption ( ! fi]y vap\r f volcanos on ! cont95t or l&1 is int]rupt$ only occasionally1 by ! melt$ bodies fl[+ 9 ! subt]rane\s *imney2 :]eas1 at ! bottom ( ! ocean1 ! contact ( ! wat] necess>ily t5ds to close ! orifice1 by accumulat+ cond5s$ matt] ^u ! weake/ place4 ,if ?is be a j !ory ( ! natural op]ations ( ! globe1 we %all h reason to expect1 t great quantities ( ?is melt$ matt]1 or fusible sub/ance1 may be f\nd 9 =m ( lava1 among ! /rata ( ! e>?1 :]e !re are no visible m>ks ( any volcano1 or burn+ m\nta91 hav+ exi/$4 ,"h1 !re=e1 is an important po9t to be det]m9$2 =1 if x %all appe> t mu* ( ?is melt$ matt]1 analog\s to lava1 has be5 =c$ to fl[ among ! /rata :i* _h be5 =m$ at ! bottom ( ! sea1 & n[ are f\nd =m+ dry l& above its surface1 x w be all[$1 t we h discov]$ ! secret op]ations ( nature concoct+ future l&1 z well z ^? by :i* ! pres5t habitable e>? _h be5 produc$ f ! bottom ( ! abyss4 ,"h1 !re=e1 we %all at pres5t re/ ! argum5t1 ) endeav\r+ to %[ t su* is actually ! case4 ,x appe>s f ,cron/$t's ,m9]alogy1 t ! rock-/one1 call$ trap by ! ,sw$es1 ! amygdaloides & ! s*w>ts-/e9 ( ! ,g]mans1 are ! same ) ! :9-/one ( ?is c\ntry4 ,?is is also fully confirm$ by specim5s f ,sw$51 s5t me by my fri5d ,dr ,gahn4 ,:atev]1 !re=e1 %all be asc]ta9$ ) reg>d to our :9-/one1 may be s f> g5]aliz$ or ext5d$ to ! c\ntries ( ,norway1 ,sw$51 & ,g]many4 ,! :9-/one ( ,scotl& is also ! same ) ! toad-/one ( ,d]by%ire1 :i* is ( ! amygdaloides species2 x is also ! same ) ! flag/one ( ! s\? ( ,/af=d%ire1 :i* is a simple :9-/one1 or p]fect trap4 ,engl&1 !re=e1 mu/ be includ$ 9 ?is great space ( l&1 ! m9]al op]ations ( :i* we explore2 & also ,irel&1 ( :i* ! ,giant's ,causeway1 & _m o!rs1 are suffici5t pro(4 ,9 ! s\? ( ,scotl&1 !re is a ridge ( hills1 :i* ext5ds f ! we/ side ( ! isl& 9 ,gall[ay to ! ea/ side 9 ,b]wick%ire1 compos$ ( granite1 ( s*i/us1 & ( silice\s /rata4 ,! ,grampians on ! nor?1 aga91 =m ano!r range ( m\nta9s ( ! same k9d2 & betwe5 ^! two great fields ( brok51 tumbl$1 & di/ort$ /rata1 !re lies a field ( less] h>dness & consolidation1 9 g5]al2 b a field 9 :i* !re is a great manife/ation ( subt]rane\s fire1 & ( ex]t$ =ce4 ,! /rata 9 ?is space consi/1 9 g5]al1 ( s&-/one1 coal1 lime-/one or m>ble1 iron-/one1 & m>l or argillace\s /rata1 ) /rata ( analog\s bodies1 & ! v>i\s compositions ( ^!4 ,b :at is to ! pres5t purpose is ?is1 t1 ?r\gh all ?is space1 !re are int]sp]s$ imm5se quantities ( :9/one2 a body :i* is to be di/+ui%$ z v diff]5t f lava2 & n[ ! disposition ( ?is :9-/one is to be consid]$4 ,sometimes x is f\nd 9 an irregul> mass or m\nta91 z ,mr ,cron/$t has prop]ly obs]v$2 b he has also said1 t ?is is n ! case 9 g5]al4 ,8 words are3 ,x is (t5] f\nd 9 =m ( ve9s 9 m\nta9s ( ano!r k9d1 runn+ commonly 9 a s]p5t9e mann]1 contr>y or across to ! direction ( ! rock itself4 ,! orig9 ( ?is =m1 9 :i* ! trap or :9-/one appe>s1 is mo/ evid5t to inspection1 :5 we consid] t ?is solid body _h be5 9 a fluid /ate1 & introduc$1 9 t /ate1 among /rata1 :i* pres]v$ _! prop] =m4 ,! /rata appe> to h be5 brok51 & ! two correspond5t p>ts ( ^? /rata are sep>at$ to admit ! fl[+ mass ( :9-/one4 ,a f9e example ( ?is k9d may be se5 ^u ! s\? side ( ! ,e>n1 on ! road to ,crief4 ,x is tw5ty-f\r y>ds wide1 /&s p]p5dicul>1 & appe>s _m feet above ! surface ( ! gr\nd4 ,x runs f t ea/w>d1 & w\ld seem to be ! same ) t :i* crosses ! riv] ,tay1 9 =m+ ,campsy-l9 above ,/anley1 z a less] "o ( ! same k9d does bel[ x4 ,i h se5 x at ,l$noc ^u ! ,ammon1 :]e x =ms a cascade 9 t riv]1 ab\t five or six miles we/ ( ,campsy-l94 ,x appe>s to run f ! ,tay ea/ ?r\gh ,/ra?more1 s t x may be consid]$ z hav+ be5 trac$ = tw5ty or ?irty miles1 & we/w>ds to ,drummond ca/le1 p]haps mu* f>!r4 ,two small ve9s ( ! same k9d1 only two or ?ree feet wide1 may be se5 9 ! b$ ( ! ,wat] ( ,lei?1 trav]s+ ! horizontal /rata1 ! "o is above ,/ ,b]n>d's well1 ! o!r imm$iately bel[ x4 ,b1 m p>ticul>ly1 9 ! %ire ( ,ayr1 to ! nor? ( ,irv9e1 !re are to be se5 ^u ! coa/1 betwe5 t & ,sc>morly1 9 ! space ( ab\t tw5ty miles1 m ?an tw5ty or ?irty su* dykes 7z !y are call$7 ( :9-/one4 ,"s ( !m are ( a great ?ickness2 &1 9 "s places1 !re is p]ceiv$ a %ort "o1 runn+ at "r angles1 & communicat+ ) o!r two t run p>allel4 ,!re is 9 ?is c\ntry1 & 9 ,d]by%ire#ad1 ano!r regul> appe>ance ( ?is /one1 :i* ,cron/$t has n m5tion$4 ,9 ?is case1 ! /rata are n brok5 9 ord] to h ! :9-/one introduc$1 !y are sep>at$1 & ! :9-/one is int]ject$ 9 =m ( /rata1 hav+ v>i\s degrees ( regul>ity1 & be+ ( diff]5t ?ickness4 ,on ! s\? side ( ,ed9burgh1 ,i h se51 9 little m ?an ! space ( a mile f ea/ to we/1 n9e or t5 masses ( :9-/one int]ject$ among ! /rata4 ,^! masses ( :9-/one are f ?ree or f\r to an hundr$ feet ?ick1 runn+ p>allel 9 planes incl9$ to ! horizon1 & =m+ ) x an angle ( ab\t tw5ty or ?irty degrees1 z may be se5 at all times 9 ! hill ( ,salisbury ,craggs4 ,note #ad3 ,see ,mr ,:itehur/'s ,!ory ( ! ,e>?4 ,hav+ ?us describ$ ^! masses1 :i* h fl[$ by means ( heat among ! /rata ( ! globe1 /rata :i* _h be5 =m$ by subsid5ce at ! bottom ( ! sea1 x w n[ be prop] to exam9e ! diff]5ce t subsi/s betwe5 ^! subt]rane\s lavas1 z !y may be t]m$1 & ! analog\s bodies :i* are prop] lavas1 9 hav+ issu$ out ( a volcano4#ae ,note #ae3 ,! ,*evali] de ,dolomieu1 9 8 accurate exam9ation ( ,aetna & ! ,lip>i isl&s1 has v well obs]v$ ! di/9ction ( ^! two diff]5t species ( lavas2 b )\t seem+ to "k ! pr9ciple ^u :i* ?is ess5tial diff]5ce dep5ds4 ,no bias ( sy/em1 !re=e1 c "h be suppos$ z p]v]t+ ! ,*evali]'s view1 9 tak+ ^? obs]vations2 & ^! are int]e/+ to ! pres5t !ory1 z correspond+ p]fectly ) ! facts f :5ce x has be5 =m$4 ,x w be prop] to give ! acc\nt ( ^! 9 8 own words4 ,la zolite e/ trs-commune dans c]ta9s laves de l',e?na2 il s]oit peut-tre possible d'y en r5contr] des morceaux aussi gros que ceux que f\rnit l'isle de ,f]ro4 ,quoique cette sub/ance semble ici app>t5ir aux laves1 je ne dirai cep5dant po9t que t\tes les zolites soi5t volcaniques1 ou unies des matires volcaniques2 celles que l'on tr\ve en ,allemagne sont1 dit-on1 dans des circon/ances diffr5tes2 mais je doit annonc] que je n'ai tr\v cette sub/ance en ,sicile1 que dans les seules laves qui videmm5t ont c\l dans la m]1 et qui out t rec\v]tes p> ses eaux4 ,la zolite des laves n'e/ po9t une djection volcanique1 ni une production du feu1 ni mme un matire que les laves ai5t enveloppe lorsqu'elles toi5t fluides2 elle e/ le rsultat d'une opration et d'une comb9aison po/rieure1 auxquelles les eaux de la m] ont conc\ru4 ,les laves qui n'ont pas t subm]ges1 n'en conti5n5t jamais4 ,j'ai tr\v ces obs]vations si con/antes1 que p>-t\t o je r5controis de la zolite1 j'tois sr de tr\v] d'autres preuves de subm]sion1 et p>t\t o je voyois des laves rec\v]tes des dpts de l'eau1 j'tois sr de tr\v] de la zolite1 et un de ces faits m'a t\j\rs indiqu l'autre4 ,je me suis s]vi avec succs de cette obs]vation p\r dirig] mes re*]*es1 et p\r connotre l'antiquit des laves4 ,m9ralogie de ,volcans1 p> ,m4 ,faujas de ,sa9t-,fond4 ,"h w\ld appe> to be ! di/9ction ( subt]rane\s lava1 9 :i* zeolite & calc>e\s sp> may be f\nd1 & t :i* has fl[$ f a volcano1 9 :i* nei!r ( ^! are ev] obs]v$4 ,!re c be no d\bt t ^! two diff]5t species ( bodies h _h ! same orig91 & t !y are compos$ ( ! same mat]ials ne>ly2 b f ! diff]5t circum/ances ,( _! production1 !re is =m$ a "* to ^! bodies1 by :i*1 !y may be p]fectly di/+ui%$4 ,! diff]5ce ( ^? circum/ances consi/s 9 ?is2 ! "o has be5 emitt$ to ! atmosph]e 9 its fluid /ate ! o!r only came to be expos$ to ! light 9 a long c\rse ( "t1 aft] x _h congeal$ "u ! compression ( an imm5se load ( e>?1 & aft] c]ta9 op]ations1 prop] to ! m9]al regions1 _h be5 ex]cis$ ^u ! indurat$ mass4 ,?is is ! cause ( ! diff]5ce betwe5 ^? erupt$ lavas1 & our :9-/one1 toad-/one1 & ! ,sw$i% trap1 :i* may be t]m$ subt]rane\s lava4 ,! visible effects ( ^? diff]5t op]ations may n[ be m5tion$4 ,9 ! erupt$ lavas1 ^? sub/ances :i* are subject to calc9e & vitrify 9 our fires1 suff] simil> *anges1 :5 deliv]$ f a compression :i* _h r5d]$ !m fix$1 ?\gh 9 an extremely heat$ /ate4 ,?us1 a lava 9 :i* !re is mu* calc>e\s sp>1 :5 x comes to be expos$ to ! atmosph]e1 or deliv]$ f ! compress+ =ce ( its conf9em5t1 eff]vesces by ! explosion ( its fix$ air2 ! calc>e\s e>?1 at ! same "t1 vitrifies ) ! o!r sub/ances4 ,h5ce su* viol5t ebullition 9 volcanos1 & h5ce ! emission ( s mu* pumice-/one & a%es1 :i* are ( ! same nature4 ,9 ! body ( our :9-/one1 on ! contr>y1 !re is no m>k ( calc9ation or vitrification4 ,we frequ5tly f9d 9 x mu* calc>e\s sp>1 or ! t]ra calc>ea a]ata1 :i* _h be5 9 a melt$ /ate by heat1 & _h be5 cry/alliz$ by congelation into a sp>ry =m4 ,su* is ! lapis amygdaloides1 & _m ( our :9-/one rocks1 :i* conta9 pebbles cry/alliz$ & v>i\sly figur$1 bo? calc>e\s1 silice\s1 & ( a mixture 9 :i* bo? ^! sub/ances =m di/9ct p>ts4 ,! specim5s ( ?is k9d1 :i* ,i h f ! :9-/one or porphyry rock ( ! ,calton-hill1 exhibit e species ( m9]al op]ation1 9 =m+ jasp]1 figur$ agate1 & m>ble2 & !y demon/rate1 t ?is _h be5 p]=m$ by heat or fusion4 ,i d n mean to say1 t ?is demon/ration is direct2 x is conditional1 & proce$s ^u ! supposition1 t ! basaltic or porphyry rock1 9 :i* ^? specim5s are f\nd1 is a body :i* _h be5 9 a melt$ /ate4 ,n[1 ?is is a supposition = :i* ,i h abundance ( evid5ce1 7 x requir$2 b naturali/s are n[ suffici5tly dispos$ to admit t proposition2 !y ev5 draw conclusions f ?is fact1 :i*1 ,i ?9k1 !y are n suffici5tly w>rant$ 9 do+2 t is1 f ?is appe>ance1 !y inf] ! =m] exi/5ce ( volcanos 9 ^? places4 ,= my "p1 ?\gh ,i h made ! mo/ /rict exam9ation1 ,i nev] saw any ve/ige ( su* an ev5t4 ,t !re are1 9 o!r c\ntries1 evid5t m>ks ( volcanos :i* h be5 long ext+ui%$1 is unque/ionably true2 b naturali/s1 imag9+ t !re are no o!r m>ks ( subt]rane\s fire & fusion1 except 9 ! production ( a lava1 attribute to a volcano1 z a cause1 ^! effects1 :i* only indicate ! ex]tion ( t p[] :i* might h be5 ! cause ( a volcano4 ,if ! !ory n[ giv5 be j1 a rock ( m>ble is no less a m>k ( subt]rane\s fire & fusion1 ?an t ( ! basaltes2 & ! fl[+ ( basaltic /reams among /rata brok5 & displac$1 af=ds ! mo/ satisfactory evid5ce ( ^? op]ations by :i* ! body ( our l& _h be5 elevat$ above ! surface ( ! sea2 b x gives no pro( t ! eruptive =ce ( m9]al vap\rs _h be5 dis*>g$ 9 a burn+ m\nta94 ,n[1 ?is dis*>ge is ess5tial 9 ! prop] idea ( a volcano4 ,besides ?is int]nal m>k ( an un]upt$ lava 9 ! sub/ance ( ! /one or body ( ! fl[+ mass1 !re are o!rs :i* belong to x 9 common ) all o!r m9]al /rata1 consolidat$ by subt]rane\s fire1 & *ang$ f ! place ( _! orig9al =mation2 ?is is1 ! be+ brok5 & dislocat$1 & hav+ ve9s ( =eign matt] =m$ 9 _! sep>ations & contractions4 ,if ^! are m9]al op]ations1 prop] to ! l[] regions ( ! e>?1 & ex]t$ ^u bodies "u imm5se compression1 su* ?+s w be sometimes f\nd 9 ! un]upt$ lavas1 z well z 9 ! contigu\s bodies ) :i* !y are associat$4 ,if1 on ! contr>y1 ^! are op]ations prop] to ! surface ( ! e>?1 :]e ! dissolv+ p[] ( wat] & air take place1 & :]e c]ta9 /alactical & f]rug9\s concretions are produc$ by ^! means2 !n1 9 erupt$ lavas1 we %\ld f9d m9]al concretions1 :i* concretions %\ld be d5i$ to bodies :i* _h be5 consolidat$ at ! bottom ( ! sea2 t is to say1 :]e1 )\t ! op]ation ( subt]rane\s fire1 no *anges ( t k9d c\ld h tak5 place1 z has already be5 obs]v$4 ,b 9 ! un]upt$ species ( lava1 t is to say1 9 our :9-/one1 e species ( m9]al appe>ance is occasionally to be f\nd4 ,let ^? :o h ! opportunity to exam9e1 say1 :at arc to be f\nd 9 prop] lavas1 t is1 ^? ( ! erupt$ k9d4 ,sir ,william ,hamilton in=m$ me1 :5 ,i %[$ him ^? m9]al ve9s & sp>s 9 our :9-/one1 t he _h nev] obs]v$ ! l1 9 lavas ,we h n[ =m$ "s conclusions ) reg>d to ! nature & production ( ^? p>ts ( ! l& ( ?is globe :i* we h _h ! means ( exam9+ p]fectly2 b2 f ! acc\nts ( travell]s1 & f1 ! specim5s :i* are br\ght to u f di/ant p>ts1 we h reason to believe1 t all ! re/ ( ! e>? is ( ! same nature ) t :i* has be5 n[ consid]$4 ,! great masses ( ! e>? are ! same e :]e2 & all ! diff]5t species ( e>?s1 ( rocks or /one1 :i* h z yet appe>$1 are to be f\nd 9 ! little space ( ?is our isl&4 ,x is true1 t !re are peculi> productions 9 ! m9]al k+dom :i* are r>e1 z be+ f\nd only 9 few places2 b ^! ?+s are m]ely accid5tal 9 relation to ! l&1 = !y belong 9 prop]ty to ^? p>ts ( ! m9]al region :i* we nev] see4 ,su* are1 ! diamond ( ! ea/1 ! plat9a ( ! we/1 & ! t9 ( ,cornwall1 ,g]many1 & ,sumatra4 ,gold & silv]1 ?\gh f\nd 9 _m c\ntries1 d n appe> to be imm$iately necess>y 9 ! production ( a habitable c\ntry4 ,iron1 aga91 is univ]sal 9 ! op]ations ( ! globe1 & is f\nd (t5 9 t pr(usion :i* equals its utility4 ,betwe5 ^! two extremes1 we f9d all o!r m9]als1 t is to say1 "h & !re 9 mod]ate quantity1 & app>5tly 9 "s proportion to _! use4 ,b all ^! sub/ances are to be consid]$ z ! vap\rs ( ! m9]al regions1 cond5s$ occasionally 9 ! crevices ( ! l&2 & x is only ! rocks & /rata 79 :i* ^? m9]al ve9s are f\nd7 t are n[ exam9$ ) reg>d to _! orig9al composition1 at ! bottom ( ! sea1 z well z to t1 op]ation by :i* ^? bodies _h be5 indurat$ 9 _! sub/ance1 & elevat$ f ! place 9 :i* !y _h be5 =m$4 ,?us1 we h suffici5t reason to believe1 t1 9 kn[+ ! con/ruction ( ! l& 9 ,europe1 we "k ! con/itution ( ! l& 9 e "p ( ! globe4 ,!re=e1 we may proce$ to =m g5]al conclusions1 f ! k ( ! m9]al region1 ?us acquir$ 9 /udy+ ^? p>ts :i* are se54 ,hav+ ?us f\nd1 fir/1 ,t ! consolidat$ & indurat$ masses ( our /rata _h suff]$ ! effects ( viol5t heat & fusion2 #b;dly1 ,t ^? /rata1 :i* _h be5 =m$ 9 a regul> mann] at ! bottom ( ! sea1 h be5 viol5tly b5d$1 brok51 & remov$ f _! orig9al place & situation2 &1 la/ly1 ,hav+ n[ f\nd ! mo/ indubitable pro(1 t ! melt+1 break+1 & remov+ p[] ( subt]rane\s fire1 has be5 actually ex]t$ ^u ?is l& :i* we exam9e1 we _c hesitate 9 ascrib+ ^! op]ations z a cause to ^? effects :i* are expos$ to our view4 ,n[1 ^! may be consid]$ z consi/+ 9 ! solid /ate & pres5t situation ( ^? /ratifi$ bodies1 orig9ally =m$ by subsid5ce 9 ! ocean2 appe>ances :i* _c1 9 reason1 be ascrib$ to any o!r cause1 & :i*1 ^u ?is pr9ciple1 are p]fectly expla9$4 ,x is n meant to specify e p>ticul> 9 ! means employ$ by nature = ! elevation ( our l&4 ,x is suffici5t to h %[n1 t !re is1 9 nature1 means employ$ = ! consolidat+ ( /rata1 =m$ orig9ally ( loose & incoh]5t mat]ials2 & t ^? same means h also be5 employ$ 9 *ang+ ! place & situation ( ^? /rata4 ,b h[ describe an op]ation :i* man _c h any opportunity ( p]ceiv+8 ,or h[ imag9e t1 = :i*1 p]haps1 !re are n prop] data to be f\nd8 ,we only "k1 t ! l& is rais$ by a p[] :i* has = pr9ciple subt]rane\s heat2 b1 h[ t l& is pres]v$ 9 its elevat$ /ation1 is a subject 9 :i* we h n ev5 ! means to =m conjecture2 at lea/1 we ought to be cauti\s h[ we indulge conjecture 9 a subject :]e no means occur = try+ t :i* is b supposition4 ,we n[ proce$1 f ! facts :i* h be5 prop]ly e/abli%$1 to reason ) reg>d to ! duration ( ?is globe1 or ! g5]al view ( its op]ations1 z a liv+ _w1 ma9ta9+ plants & animals4 ,,section ,,iv4 ,sy/em ( ,decay & ,r5ovation obs]v$ 9 ! ,e>?4 ,philosoph]s obs]v+ an app>5t disord] & confusion 9 ! solid p>ts ( ?is globe1 h be5 l$ to conclude1 t !re =m]ly exi/$ a m regul> & uni=m /ate1 9 ! con/itution ( ?is e>?2 t !re _h happ5$ "s de/ructive *ange2 & t ! orig9al /ructure ( ! e>? _h be5 brok5 & di/urb$ by "s viol5t op]ation1 :e!r natural1 or f a sup]-natural cause4 ,n[1 all ^! appe>ances1 f :i* conclusions ( ?is k9d h be5 =m$1 f9d ! mo/ p]fect explanation 9 ! !ory :i* we h be5 endeav\r+ to e/abli%2 = !y are ! facts f :5ce we h reason$1 9 discov]+ ! nature & con/itution ( ?is e>?3 ,!re=e1 !re is no occasion = hav+ rec\rse to any unnatural supposition ( evil1 to any de/ructive accid5t 9 nature1 or to ! ag5cy ( any pret]natural cause1 9 expla9+ t :i* actually appe>s4 ,x is necess>y = a liv+ or inhabit$ _w1 t ?is %\ld consi/ ( l& & wat]4 ,x is also necess>y1 t ! l& %\ld be solid & /able1 refill+1 ) great p[]1 ! viol5t ef=ts ( ! ocean2 &1 at ! same "t1 t ?is solid l& %\ld be resolv$ by ! influ5ce ( ! sun & atmosph]e1 s z to decay1 & ?us become a soil = vegetation4 ,b ^! g5]al int5tions are p]fectly fulfill$ 9 ! con/itution ( our e>?1 :i* has be5 n[ inve/igat$4 ,?is great body be+ =m$ ( diff]5t mix$ masses1 hav+ v>i\s degrees ( h>dness & solubility1 prop] soil = plants is suppli$ f ! gradual resolution ( ! solid p>ts2 f]tility 9 ^? soils arises f ! mixture ( diff]5t elem5t>y sub/ances2 & /ability is procur$ to t vegetable _w1 by ! induration ( c]ta9 bodies1 ^? rocks & /ones1 :i* protect ! s(t] masses ( clay & soil4 ,9 ?is mann]1 also1 w easily be expla9$ ^? natural appe>ances :i* div]sify ! surface ( ! e>? = ! use ( plants & animals1 & ^? objects :i* beautify ! face ( nature = ! contemplation ( mank9d4 ,su* are1 ! di/9ctions ( m\nta9s & valleys1 ( lakes & riv]s1 ( dry b>r5 des]ts & ri* wat]$ pla9s1 ( rocks :i* /& app>5tly unimpair$ by ! lapse ( "t1 & s&s :i* fluctuate ) ! w9ds & tides4 ,all ^! are ! effects ( /eady causes2 ea* ( ^! has its prop] purpose 9 ! sy/em ( ! e>?2 & 9 t sy/em is conta9$ ano!r1 :i* is t ( liv+ gr[+ bodies1 & ( animat$ be+s4 ,b1 besides ?is1 man1 ! intellectual be+1 has1 9 ?is subject ( ! m9]al k+dom1 ! means ( gratify+ ! desire ( k1 a faculty by :i* he is di/+ui%$ f ! animal1 & by :i* he improves 8 m9d 9 kn[+ causes4 ,man is n satisfi$1 l ! brute1 9 see+ ?+s :i* are2 he seeks to "k h[ ?+s h be51 & :at !y are to be4 ,x is ) pleasure t he obs]ves ord] & regul>ity 9 ! works ( nature1 in/ead ( be+ disgu/$ ) disord] & confusion2 & he is made happy f ! appe>ance ( wisdom & b5evol5ce 9 ! design1 in/ead ( be+ left to suspect 9 ! ,au?or ( nature1 any ( t imp]fection :i* he f9ds 9 himself4 ,let u n[ take a view ( t sy/em ( m9]al economy1 9 :i* may be p]ceiv$ e m>k ( ord] & design1 ( provid5t wisdom & b5evol5ce4 ,we h be5 endeav\r+ to prove1 t all ! cont95ts & isl&s ( ?is globe _h be5 rais$ above ! surface ( ! ocean2 we h also aim$ at po9t+ out ! cause ( ?is translation ( matt]1 z well z ( ! g5]al solidity ( t :i* is rais$ to our view2 b h[ev] ?is !ory %all be receiv$1 no p]son ( obs]vation c ent]ta9 a d\bt1 t all1 or almo/ all we see ( ?is e>?1 _h be5 orig9ally =m$ at ! bottom ( ! sea4 ,we h n[ ano!r object 9 our view2 ?is is to inve/igate ! op]ations ( ! globe1 at ! "t t ! f\ndation ( ?is l& 0 lay+ 9 ! wat]s ( ! ocean1 & to trace ! exi/5ce & ! nature ( ?+s1 be=e ! pres5t l& appe>$ above ! surface ( ! wat]s4 ,we %\ld ?us acquire "s k ( ! sy/em accord+ to :i* ?is _w is rul$1 bo? 9 its pres]vation & production2 & we might be ?us enabl$ to judge1 h[ f> ! m9]al sy/em ( ! _w %all appe> to be contriv$ ) all ! wisdom1 :i* is s manife/ 9 :at are t]m$ ! animal & vegetable k+doms4 ,x mu/ n be imag9$ t ?is und]tak+ is a ?+ unreasonable 9 its nature2 or t x is a "w necess>ily beset ) any unsurm\ntable difficulty2 =1 h[ev] imp]fectly we may fulfill ?is end propos$1 yet1 s f> z x is to natural causes t are to be ascrib$ ! op]ations ( =m] "t1 & s f> z1 f ! pres5t /ate ( ?+s1 or k ( natural hi/ory1 we h x 9 our p[] to reason f effect to cause1 !re are1 9 ! con/itution ( ! _w1 :i* we n[ exam9e1 c]ta9 means to read ! annals ( a =m] e>?4 ,! object ( inquiry be+ ! op]ations ( ! globe1 dur+ ! "t t ! pres5t e>? 0 =m+ at ! bottom ( ! sea1 we are n[ to take a v g5]al view ( nature1 )\t desc5d+ into ^? p>ticul>s :i* s (t5 occupy ! speculations ( naturali/s1 ab\t ! pres5t /ate ( ?+s4 ,we are n at pres5t to ent] into any discussion ) reg>d to :at are ! prim>y & second>y m\nta9s ( ! e>?2 we are n to consid] :at is ! fir/1 & :at ! la/1 9 ^? ?+s :i* n[ are se52 :atev] is mo/ anci5t 9 ! /rata :i* we n[ exam9e1 is suppos$ to be collect+ at ! bottom ( ! sea1 dur+ ! p]iod conc]n+ :i* we are n[ to inquire4 ,we h already consid]$ ^? op]ations :i* _h be5 necess>y 9 =m+ our solid l&1 a body consi/+ ( mat]ials orig9ally deposit$ at ! bottom ( ! ocean2 we are n[ to inve/igate ! s\rce f :5ce _h come all ^? mat]ials1 f ! collection ( :i* ! pres5t l& is =m$2 & f kn[+ ! /ate 9 :i* ^? mat]ials _h exi/$1 previ\sly to _! ent]+ ! composition ( our /rata1 we %all le>n some?+ conc]n+ ! natural hi/ory ( ?is _w1 :ile ! pres5t e>? 0 =m+ 9 ! sea4 ,we h already obs]v$1 t all ! /rata ( ! e>? are compos$ ei!r f ! calc>e\s relicts ( sea animals1 or f ! collection ( su* mat]ials z we f9d ^u our %ores4 ,at a gross computation1 !re may p]haps be a f\r? "p ( our solid l&1 :i* is compos$ f ! matt] t _h belong$ to ^? animals4 ,n[1 :at a multitude ( liv+ creatures1 :at a quantity ( animal economy mu/ h be5 requir$ = produc+ a body ( calc>e\s matt] :i* is int]sp]s$ ?r\gh\t all ! l& ( ! globe1 & :i* c]ta9ly =ms a v consid]able "p ( t mass6 ,!re=e1 9 kn[+ h[ ^? animals _h liv$1 or ) :at !y _h be5 f$1 we %all h le>n$ a mo/ int]e/+ "p ( ! natural hi/ory ( ?is e>?2 a "p :i* x is necess>y to h asc]ta9$1 9 ord] to see ! =m] op]ations ( ! globe1 :ile prep>+ ! mat]ials ( ! pres5t l&4 ,b1 be=e ent]+ ^u ?is subject1 let u exam9e ! o!r mat]ials ( :i* our l& is =m$4 ,gravel =ms a "p ( ^? mat]ials :i* compose our solid l&2 b gravel is no o!r ?an a collection ( ! fragm5ts ( solid /ones worn r\nd1 or hav+ _! angul> =m de/roy$ by agitation 9 wat]1 & ! attrition ^u ea* o!r1 or ^u simil> h>d bodies4 ,consequ5tly1 9 f9d+ masses ( gravel 9 ! composition ( our l&1 we mu/ conclude1 t !re _h exi/$ a =m] l&1 on :i* !re _h be5 transact$ c]ta9 op]ations ( w9d & wat]1 simil> to ^? :i* are natural to ! globe at pres5t1 & by :i* new gravel is cont9ually prep>$1 z well z old gravel consum$ or dim9i%$ by attrition ^u our %ores4 ,s& is ! mat]ial :i* ent]s1 p]haps 9 greate/ quantity1 ! composition ( our l&4 ,b s&1 9 g5]al1 is no o!r ?an small fragm5ts ( h>d & solid bodies1 worn or r\nd$ m or less by attrition2 consequ5tly1 ! same natural hi/ory ( ! e>?1 :i* is inve/igat$ f ! masses ( gravel1 is also applicable to ^? masses ( s& :i* we f9d =m+ s l>ge a portion ( our pres5t l& ?r\gh\t all ! e>?#af4 ,note #af3 ,s& is a t]m t d5otes no p>ticul> sub/ance2 al?\gh by x is commonly meant a silice\s sub/ance1 z be+ by f> ! mo/ preval5t4 ,s& is "o ( ! modifications1 ( size & %ape1 9 a h>d body or solid sub/ance1 :i* may be inf9itely div]sifi$4 ,! next modification to be di/+ui%$ 9 m9]al bodies is t ( gravel2 & ?is diff]s 9 no respect f s&1 except 9 po9t ( size4 ,next aft] gravel1 9 ! ord] ( asc5t1 come /ones2 & ^! be> ne>ly ! same relation to gravel z gravel does to s&4 ,n[1 by /ones is to be und]/ood ! fragm5ts ( rocks or solid m9]al bodies2 & !re is a p]fect gradation f ^? /ones to s&4 ,i h already endeav\r$ to expla9 ! =mation ( ^? /ony sub/ances2 & n[ ,i am treat+ ( a c]ta9 sy/em ( circulation1 :i* is to be f\nd among m9]als4 ,m4 de ,luc c5sures me = n giv+ ! orig9 ( s&1 ( :i* ,i =m ! /rata ( ! e>?4 ,he seems to h misund]/ood my treatise4 ,i d n pret5d1 z he does 9 8 !ory1 to describe ! beg9n+ ( ?+s2 ,i take ?+s su* z ,i f9d !m at pres5t1 & f ^! ,i reason ) reg>d to t :i* mu/ h be54 ,:51 f a ?+ :i* is well kn[n1 we expla9 ano!r :i* is less s1 we !n inve/igate nature2 b :5 we imag9e ?+s )\t a patt]n or example 9 nature1 !n1 in/ead ( natural hi/ory1 we write only fable4 ,m4 de ,luc1 9 ! lett] already m5tion$1 says1 t s& may be1 & ,i ?9k x is1 a sub/ance :i* has =m$ /rata by precipitation 9 a liquid4 ,?is is b an op9ion1 :i* may be ei!r true or false4 ,if x be true1 x is an op]ation ( ! m9]al k+dom ( :i* ,i am ignorant4 ,9 all ! s& :i* ,i h ev] exam9$1 ,i h nev] se5 any t might n be ref]r$ to ! species ( m9]al sub/ance f :i* x _h be5 =m$4 ,:5 ?is au?or %all h giv5 u any k9d ( in=mation ) reg>d to ! production ( s& by precipitation 9 a liquid1 x w !n be "t en\gh to ?9k ( =m+ ! /rata ( ! e>? ) t s&4 ,clay is n[ to be consid]$ z ! la/ ( ^? mat]ials ( :i* our /rata are compos$2 b1 9 ord] to und]/& ! nature ( ?is +r$i5t1 some?+ mu/ be premis$4 ,clay is a mixture ( diff]5t e>?s or h>d sub/ances1 9 an impalpable /ate4 ,^? sub/ances are *iefly ! silice\s & alum9\s e>?s4 ,o!r e>?s are occasionally mix$ 9 clays1 or p]haps always to be f\nd 9 "s small portion4 ,b ?is does n affect ! g5]al "* ( clay2 x only =ms a special v>iety 9 ! subject4 ,a s5sible or consid]able portion ( calc>e\s e>?1 9 ! composition ( clay1 con/itutes a m>l1 & a suffici5t admixture ( s&1 a loam4 ,an indef9ite v>iety ( ^? compositions ( clay =m a l>ge portion ( ! pres5t /rata1 all indurat$ & consolidat$ 9 v>i\s degrees2 b ?is great quantity ( silice\s1 argillace\s1 & o!r comp\nd sub/ances1 9 =m ( e>? or impalpable s$im5t1 corresponds p]fectly ) t quantity ( ^? same sub/ances :i* mu/ h be5 prep>$ 9 ! =mation ( s mu* gravel & s&1 by ! attrition ( ^? bodies 9 ! mov+ wat]s4 ,!re=e1 f ! consid]ation ( ^? mat]ials :i* compose ! pres5t l&1 we h reason to conclude1 t1 dur+ ! "t ?is l& 0 =m+1 by ! collection ( its mat]ials at ! bottom ( ! sea1 !re _h be5 a =m] l& conta9+ mat]ials simil> to ^? :i* we f9d at pres5t 9 exam9+ ! e>?4 ,we may also conclude1 t !re _h be5 op]ations simil> to ^? :i* we n[ f9d natural to ! globe1 & necess>ily ex]t$ 9 ! actual =mation ( gravel1 s&1 & clay4 ,b :at we h n[ *iefly 9 view to illu/rate is ?is1 t !re _h !n be5 9 ! ocean a sy/em ( animat$ be+s1 :i* propagat$ _! species1 & :i* h ?us cont9u$ _! sev]al races to ?is day4 ,9 ord] to be conv9c$ ( t tru?1 we h b to exam9e ! /rata ( our e>?1 9 :i* we f9d ! rema9s ( animals4 ,9 ?is exam9ation1 we n only discov] e g5us ( animal :i* at pres5t exi/s 9 ! sea1 b probably e species1 & p]haps "s species ) :i* at pres5t we are n acqua9t$4 ,!re are1 inde$1 v>ieties 9 ^? species1 comp>$ ) ! pres5t animals :i* we exam9e1 b no great] v>ieties ?an may p]haps be f\nd among ! same species 9 ! diff]5t qu>t]s ( ! globe4 ,!re=e1 ! sy/em ( animal life1 :i* _h be5 ma9ta9$ 9 ! anci5t sea1 _h n be5 diff]5t f t :i* n[ subsi/s1 & ( :i* x belongs to naturali/s to "k ! hi/ory4 ,x is ! nature ( animal life to be ultimately support$ f matt] ( vegetable production4 ,inflammable matt] may be consid]$ z ! pabulum ( life4 ,?is is prep>$ 9 ! bodies ( liv+ plants1 p>ticul>ly 9 _! leaves expos$ to ! sun & light4 ,?is inflammable matt]1 on ! contr>y1 is consum$ 9 animal bodies1 :]e x produces heat or light1 or bo?4 ,!re=e1 h[ev] animal matt]1 or ! pabulum ( life1 may circulate ?r\gh a s]ies ( dige/+ p[]s1 x is con/antly impair$ or dim9i%+ 9 ! c\rse ( ?is economy1 &1 )\t ! productive p[] ( plants1 x w\ld f9ally be ext+ui%$4#ag ,note #ag3 ,see ,diss]tations on diff]5t subjects ( ,natural ,philosophy1 "p ,,ii4 ,! animals ( ! =m] _w mu/ h be5 su/a9$ dur+ indef9ite successions ( ages4 ,! mean quantity ( animal matt]1 !re=e1 mu/ h be5 pres]v$ by vegetable production1 & ! natural wa/e ( inflammable sub/ance repair$ ) cont9ual addition2 t is to say1 ! quantity ( inflammable matt] necess>y to ! animal consumption1 mu/ h be5 provid$ by means ( vegetation4 ,h5ce we mu/ conclude1 t !re _h be5 a _w ( plants1 z well z an ocean repl5i%$ ) liv+ animals4 ,we are n[1 9 reason+ f pr9ciples1 come to a po9t decisive ( ! "q1 & :i* w ei!r confirm ! !ory1 if x be j1 or confute our reason+1 if we h err$4 ,let u1 !re=e1 op5 ! book ( ,nature1 & read 9 h] records1 if !re _h be5 a _w be>+ plants1 at ! "t :5 ?is pres5t _w 0 =m+ at ! bottom ( ! sea4 ,"h ! cab9ets ( ! curi\s are to be exam9$2 b "h "s caution is requir$1 9 ord] to di/+ui% ?+s p]fectly diff]5t1 :i* sometimes are conf\nd$4 ,fossil wood1 to naturali/s 9 g5]al1 is wood dug up f "u gr\nd1 )\t inquir+ :e!r ?is _h be5 ! production ( ! pres5t e>?1 or t :i* _h prec$$ x 9 ! circulation ( l& & wat]4 ,! "q is important1 & ! solution ( x is1 9 g5]al1 easy4 ,! vegetable productions ( ! pres5t e>?1 h[ev] deep !y may be f\nd buri$ b5ea? its surface1 & h[ev] anci5t !y may appe>1 comp>$ ) ! records ( our kn[n times1 are new1 comp>$ ) ! solid l& on :i* !y grew2 & !y are only cov]$ ) ! produce ( a vegetable soil1 or ! alluvion ( ! pres5t l& on :i* we dwell1 & on :i* !y _h gr[n4 ,b ! fossil bodies :i* =m ! pres5t subject ( inquiry1 belong$ to =m] l&1 & are f\nd only 9 ! sea-born /rata ( our pres5t e>?4 ,x is to ^! alone t we appeal1 9 ord] to prove ! c]ta9ty ( =m] ev5ts4 ,m9]alis$ wood1 !re=e1 is ! object n[ inquir$ aft]2 t wood :i* _h be5 lodg$ 9 ! bottom ( ! sea1 & !re compos$ "p ( a /ratum1 :i* hi!rto we h consid]$ z only =m$ ( ! mat]ials prop] to ! ocean4 ,n[1 :at a pr(usion ( ?is species ( fossil wood is to be f\nd 9 ! cab9ets ( collectors1 & ev5 9 ! h&s ( lapid>ies1 & su* artific]s ( poli%$ /ones6 ,9 "s places1 x w\ld seem to be z common z ! agate4 ,i %all only m5tion a specim5 9 my own collection4 ,x is wood petrifi$ ) calc>e\s e>?1 & m9]alis$ ) pyrites4 ,?is specim5 ( wood conta9s 9 itself1 ev5 )\t ! /ratum ( /one 9 :i* x is emb$d$1 ! mo/ p]fect record ( its g5ealogy4 ,x _h be5 eat5 or p]=at$ by ^? sea worms :i* de/roy ! bottoms ( our %ips4 ,!re is ! cle>e/ evid5ce ( ?is tru?4 ,!re=e1 ?is wood _h gr[n ^u l& :i* flood above ! level ( sea1 :ile ! pres5t l& 0 only =m+ at ! bottom ( ! ocean4 ,wood is ! mo/ sub/antial "p ( plants1 z %ells are ! m p]man5t "p ( m>9e animals4 ,x is n1 h[ev]1 ! woody "p alone ( ! anci5t vegetable _w t is transmitt$ to u 9 ! record ( our m9]al pages4 ,we h ! type ( _m species ( foliage1 & ev5 ( ! mo/ delicate fl[]2 =1 9 ?is way1 naturali/s h det]m9$1 accord+ to ! ,l9naean sy/em1 ! species1 or at lea/ ! g5us1 ( ! plant4 ,?us1 ! exi/5ce ( a vegetable sy/em at ! p]iod n[ 9 contemplation1 s f> f be+ d\btful1 is a matt] ( physical demon/ration4 ,! pr(usion ( ?is vegetable matt]1 deliv]$ into ! ocean1 :i* !n g5]at$ l&1 is also evid5c$ 9 ! amaz+ quantities ( m9]al coal :i* is to be f\nd 9 p]haps e region ( ! e>?4 ,no?+ c be m c]ta91 ?an t all ! coaly or bitum9\s /rata h _h _! orig9 f ! sub/ance ( vegetable bodies t grew ^u ! l&4 ,^? /rata1 ?o'1 9 g5]al1 p]fectly consolidat$1 (t5 sep>ate horizontally 9 c]ta9 places2 & !re we f9d ! fibr\s or vascul> /ructure ( ! vegetable bodies4 ,consequ5tly1 !re is no d\bt ( fossil coal be+ a sub/ance ( vegetable production1 h[ev] animal sub/ances also may h contribut$ 9 =m+ ?is collection ( oleag9\s or inflammable matt]4 ,hav+ ?us asc]ta9$ ! /ate ( a =m] e>?1 9 :i* plants & animals _h liv$1 z well z ! gradual production ( ! pres5t e>?1 compos$ f ! mat]ials ( a =m] _w1 x mu/ be evid5t1 t "h are two op]ations :i* are necess>ily consecutive4 ,! =mation ( ! pres5t e>? necess>ily involves ! de/ruction ( cont95ts 9 ! anci5t _w2 &1 by pursu+ 9 our m9d ! natural op]ations ( a =m] e>?1 we cle>ly see ! orig9 ( t l&1 by ! f]tility ( :i*1 we1 & all ! animat$ bodies ( ! sea1 are f$4 ,x is 9 l mann]1 t1 contemplat+ ! pres5t op]ations ( ! globe1 we may p]ceive ! actual exi/5ce ( ^? productive causes1 :i* are n[ lay+ ! f\ndation ( l& 9 ! unfa?omable regions ( ! sea1 & :i* w1 9 "t1 give bir? to future cont95ts4 ,b ?\gh1 9 g5]alis+ ! op]ations ( nature1 we h arriv$ at ^? great ev5ts1 :i*1 at fir/ sight1 may fill ! m9d ) wond] & ) d\bt1 we are n to suppose1 t !re is any viol5t ex]tion ( p[]1 su* z is requir$ 9 ord] to produce a great ev5t 9 little "t2 9 nature1 we f9d no defici5cy 9 respect ( "t1 nor any limitation ) reg>d to p[]4 ,b "t is n made to fl[ 9 va92 nor does !re ev] appe> ! ex]tion ( sup]flu\s p[]1 or ! manife/ation ( design1 n calculat$ 9 wisdom to effect "s g5]al end4 ,! ev5ts n[ "u consid]ation may be exam9$ ) a view to see ?is tru?2 = x may be inquir$1 ,:y de/roy "o cont95t 9 ord] to erect ano!r8 ,! answ] is pla92 ,nature does n de/roy a cont95t f hav+ we>i$ ( a subject :i* _h giv5 pleasure1 or *ang$ h] purpose1 :e!r = a bett] or a worse2 nei!r does %e erect a cont95t ( l& among ! cl\ds1 to %[ h] p[]1 or to amaze ! vulg> man2 ,nature has contriv$ ! productions ( vegetable bodies1 & ! su/5ance ( animal life1 to dep5d ^u ! gradual b sure de/ruction ( a cont95t2 t is to say1 ^! two op]ations necess>ily g h& 9 h&4 ,b ) su* wisdom has nature ord]$ ?+s 9 ! economy ( ?is _w1 t ! de/ruction ( "o cont95t is n br\ght ab\t )\t ! r5ovation ( ! e>? 9 ! production ( ano!r2 & ! animal & vegetable bodies1 = :i* ! _w above ! surface ( ! sea is level$ ) its bottom1 are among ! means employ$ 9 ^? op]ations1 z well z ! su/5ance ( ^? liv+ be+s is ! prop] end 9 view4 ,?us1 9 und]/&+ ! prop] con/itution ( ! pres5t e>?1 we are l$ to "k ! s\rce f :5ce _h come all ! mat]ials :i* nature _h employ$ 9 ! con/ruction ( ! _w :i* appe>s2 a _w contriv$ 9 consummate wisdom = ! gr[? & habitation ( a great div]sity ( plants & animals2 & a _w peculi>ly adapt$ to ! purposes ( man1 :o inhabits all its climates1 :o measures its ext5t1 & det]m9es its productions at 8 pleasure4 ,! :ole ( a great object or ev5t fills u ) wond] & a/oni%m5t1 :5 all ! p>ticul>s1 9 ! succession ( :i* ! :ole _h be5 produc$1 may be consid]$ )\t ! lea/ emotion4 ,:51 = example1 we behold ! pyramids ( ,egypt1 our m9d is agitat$ ) a cr[d ( ideas t highly ent]ta9s ! p]son :o und]/&s ! subject2 b ! c>ry+ a heavy /one up to ! top ( a hill or m\nta9 w\ld give t p]son little pleasure or conc]n4 ,we wond] at ! :ole op]ation ( ! pyramid1 b n at any "o p>ticul> "p4 ,! rais+ up ( a cont95t ( l& f ! bottom ( ! sea1 is an idea t is too great to be conceiv$ easily 9 all ! p>ts ( its op]ations1 _m ( :i* are p]haps unkn[n to u2 &1 )\t be+ prop]ly und]/ood1 s great an idea may appe> l a ?+ t is imag9>y4 ,9 l mann]1 ! co-relative1 or correspond+ op]ation1 ! de/ruction ( ! l&1 is an idea t does n easily ent] into ! m9d ( man 9 its totality1 al?\gh he is daily witness to "p ( ! op]ation4 ,we nev] see a riv] 9 a flood1 b we mu/ ackn[l$ge ! c>ry+ away ( "p ( our l&1 to be sunk at ! bottom ( ! sea2 we nev] see a /orm ^u ! coa/1 b we are in=m$ ( a ho/ile attack ( ! sea ^u our c\ntry2 attacks :i* mu/1 9 "t1 we> away ! bulw>ks ( our soil1 & sap ! f\ndations ( our dwell+s4 ,?us1 great ?+s are n und]/ood )\t ! analys+ ( _m op]ations1 & ! comb9ation ( "t ) _m ev5ts happ5+ 9 succession4 ,let u n[ consid] :at is to be ! subject ( exam9ation1 & :]e x is t we are to obs]ve ^? op]ations :i* mu/ det]m9e ei!r ! /ability or ! in/ability ( ?is l& on :i* we live4 ,our l& has two extremities2 ! tops ( ! m\nta9s1 on ! "o h&1 & ! sea-%ores1 on ! o!r3 ,x is ! int]m$iate space betwe5 ^! two1 t =ms ! habitation ( plants & animals4 ,:ile !re is a sea-%ore & a high] gr\nd !re is t :i* is requir$ 9 ! sy/em ( ! _w3 ,take ^! away1 & !re w\ld rema9 an aque\s globe1 9 :i* ! _w w\ld p]i%4 ,b1 9 ! natural op]ations ( ! _w1 ! l& is p]i%+ cont9ually2 & ?is is t :i* n[ we want to und]/&4 ,^u ! "o extremity ( our l&1 !re is no increase1 or !re is no accession ( any m9]al sub/ance4 ,t place is ! m\nta9-top1 on :i* no?+ is obs]v$ b cont9ual decay4 ,! fragm5ts ( ! m\nta9 are remov$ 9 a gradual succession f ! highe/ /ation to ! l[e/4 ,be+ arriv$ at ! %ore1 & hav+ ent]$ ! dom9ion ( ! waves1 9 :i* !y f9d p]petual agitation1 ^! h>d fragm5ts1 :i* _h elud$ ! resolv+ p[]s natural to ! surface ( ! e>?1 are incapable ( resi/+ ! p[]s "h employ$ = ! de/ruction ( ! l&4 ,by ! attrition ( "o h>d body ^u ano!r1 ! mov+ /ones & rocky %ore1 are mutually impair$4 ,& t solid mass1 :i* ( itself _h pot5tial liability aga9/ ! viol5ce ( ! waves1 af=ds ! in/rum5ts ( its own de/ruction1 & ?us gives occasion to its actual in/ability4 ,9 ord] to und]/& ! sy/em ( ! heav5s1 x is necess>y to connect toge!r p]iods ( measur$ "t1 & ! di/+ui%$ places ( revolv+ bodies4 ,x is ?us t sy/em may be obs]v$1 or wisdom1 9 ! prop] adapt+ ( p[]s to an int5tion4 ,9 l mann]1 we _c und]/& ! sy/em ( ! globe1 )\t see+ t progress ( ?+s :i* is br\ght ab\t 9 "t1 ?us measur+ ! natural op]ations ( ! e>? ) ^? ( ! heav5s4 ,?is is prop]ly ! bus9ess ( ! pres5t und]tak+4 ,our object is to "k ! "t :i* _h elaps$ s9ce ! f\ndation ( ! pres5t cont95t _h be5 laid at ! bottom ( ! ocean1 to ! pres5t mom5t 9 :i* we speculate on ^! op]ations4 ,! space is long2 ! data = ! calculations are1 p]haps1 defici5t3 ,no matt]2 s f> z we "k our error1 or ! defici5cy 9 our op]ation1 we proce$ 9 sci5ce1 & %all conclude 9 reason4 ,x is n giv5 to man to "k :at ?+s are truly 9 !mselves1 b only :at ^? ?+s are 9 8 ?\ght4 ,we seek n to "k ! precise measure ( any ?+2 we only und]/& ! limits ( a ?+1 9 kn[+ :at x is n1 ei!r on ! "o side or ! o!r4 ,we are inve/igat+ ! age ( ! pres5t e>?1 f ! beg9n+ ( t body :i* 0 9 ! bottom ( ! sea1 to ! p]fection ( its nature1 :i* we consid] z 9 ! mom5t ( our exi/5ce2 & we h necess>ily ano!r a]a1 :i* is collat]al1 or correspond5t1 9 ! progress ( ^? natural ev5ts4 ,?is is ! "t requir$1 9 ! natural op]ations ( ?is globe1 = ! de/ruction ( a =m] e>?2 an e>? equally p]fect ) ! pres5t & an e>? equally productive ( gr[+ plants & liv+ animals4 ,n[1 x mu/ appe>1 t1 if we _h a measure = ! "o ( ^? correspond+ op]ations1 we w\ld h an equal k ( ! o!r4 ,! =mation ( a future e>? be+ 9 ! bottom ( ! ocean1 at dep?s unfa?omable to man1 & 9 regions f> beyond ! rea* ( 8 obs]vation1 "h is a "p ( ! process :i* _c be tak5 z a pr9ciple 9 =m+ an e/imate ( ! :ole4 ,b1 9 ! de/ruction ( ! pres5t e>?1 we h a process t is p]=m$ )9 ! limits ( our obs]vation2 !re=e1 9 kn[+ ! measure ( ?is op]ation1 we %all f9d ! means ( calculat+ :at _h pass$ on a =m] occasion1 z well z :at w happ5 9 ! composition ( a future e>?4 ,let u1 !re=e1 n[ attempt to make ?is e/imate ( "t & lab\r4 ,! highe/ m\nta9 may be levell$ ) ! pla9 f :5ce x spr+s1 )\t ! loss ( real t]ritory 9 ! l&2 b :5 ! ocean makes encroa*m5t on ! basis ( our e>?1 ! m\nta91 unsupport$1 tumbles ) its weight2 & ) ! accession ( h>d bodies1 moveable ) ! agitation ( ! waves1 gives to ! sea ! p[] ( und]m9+ f>!r & f>!r into ! solid basis ( our l&4 ,?is is ! op]ation :i* is to be measur$2 ?is is ! mean proportional by :i* we are to e/imate ! age ( worlds t h t]m9at$1 & ! duration ( ^? t are b beg9n+4 ,b h[ %all we measure ! decrease ( our l&8 ,e revolution ( ! globe we>s away "s "p ( "s rock ^u "s coa/2 b ! quantity ( t decrease1 9 t measur$ "t1 is n a measurable ?+4 ,in/ead ( a revolution ( ! globe1 let u take an age4 ,! age ( man does no m 9 ?is e/imate ?an a s+le ye>4 ,he sees1 t ! natural c\rse ( ?+s is to we> away ! coa/1 ) ! attrition ( ! s& & /ones ^u ! %ore2 b he _c f9d a measure = ?is quantity :i* %all correspond to "t1 9 ord] to =m an e/imate ( ! rate ( ?is decrease4 ,b man is n conf9$ to :at he sees2 he has ! exp]i5ce ( =m] m54 ,let u !n g to ! ,romans & ! ,greeks 9 se>* ( a measure ( our coa/s1 :i* we may comp>e ) ! pres5t /ate ( ?+s4 ,"h1 aga91 we are disappo9t$2 _! descriptions ( ! %ores ( ,greece & ( ,italy1 & _! works ^u ! coa/1 ei!r give no measure ( a decrease1 or are n accurate en\gh = su* a purpose4 ,x is 9 va9 to attempt to measure a quantity :i* escapes our notice1 & :i* hi/ory _c asc]ta92 & we might j z well attempt to measure ! di/ance ( ! />s )\t a p>allax1 z to calculate ! de/ruction ( ! solid l& )\t a measure correspond+ to ! :ole4 ,! description :i* ,polybius has giv5 ( ! ,pontus ,eux9us1 ) ! two opposite ,bosphori1 ! ,meotis1 ! ,propontis1 & ! ,port ( ,byzantium1 are z applicable to ! pres5t /ate ( ?+s z !y 7 at ! writ+ ( t hi/ory4 ,! fill+ up ( ! b$ ( ! ,meotis1 an ev5t :i*1 to ,polybius1 appe>$ n f> (f1 mu/ also be consid]$ z remov$ to a v di/ant p]iod1 ?\gh ! causes /ill cont9ue to op]ate z be=e4 ,b !re is a ?+ 9 :i* hi/ory & ! pres5t /ate ( ?+s d n agree4 ,x is ^u ! coa/ ( ,spa91 :]e ,polybius says !re 0 an isl& 9 ! m\? ( ! h>b\r ( ,new ,c>?age4 ,at pres5t1 9 place ( ! isl&1 !re is only a rock "u ! surface ( ! wat]4 ,x mu/ be evid5t1 h[ev]1 t ! loss ( ?is small isl& af=ds no prop] gr\nd ( calculation = ! measure or rate ( wa/+ :i* c\ld correspond to ! coa/ 9 g5]al2 z nei!r ! quantity ( :at is n[ lo/ _h be5 measur$1 nor its quality asc]ta9$4 ,let u exam9e places mu* m expos$ to ! fury ( ! waves & curr5ts ?an ! coa/ ( ,c>?ag5a1 ! n>r[ fretum1 = example1 betwe5 ,italy & ,sicily4 ,x does n appe>1 t ?is passage is s5sibly wid] ?an :5 ! ,romans fir/ _h kn[n x4 ,! ,i/hmus ( ,cor9? is also app>5tly ! same at pres5t z x _h be5 two or ?ree ?\s& ye>s ago4 ,scilla & ,*>ibdis rema9 n[1 z !y _h be5 9 anci5t times1 rocks haz>d\s = coa/+ vessels :i* _h to pass t /rait4 ,x is n meant by ?is to say1 ^! rocks h n be5 wa/$ by ! sea1 & worn by ! attrition ( mov+ bodies1 dur+ t space ( "t2 7 ?is true1 & t ^? rocks1 ! bulw>ks ( ! l& ^u ^? coa/s1 _h n be5 at all impair$ f t p]iod1 !y might rema9 = ev]1 & ?us ! sy/em ( int]*ang+ ! place ( sea & l& ^u ?is globe might be fru/rat$4 ,x is only meant to affirm1 t ! quantity :i* ^? rocks1 or t coa/1 h dim9i%$ f ! p]iod ( our hi/ory1 has ei!r be5 too small a ?+ = human obs]vation1 or1 :i* is m probable1 t no accurate measurem5t ( ! subject1 by :i* ?is quantity ( decrease might h be5 asc]ta9$1 _h be5 tak5 & record$4 ,x mu/ be also evid5t1 t a v small op]ation ( an e>?quake w\ld be suffici5t to r5d] e means ( in=mation1 9 ?is mann] ( m5suration1 unsatisfactory or prec>i\s4 ,pl9y says ,italy 0 di/ant f ,sicily a mile & a half2 b we _c suppose t ?is measure 0 tak5 any o!rwise ?an by computation1 & su* a measure is b little calculat$ to af=d u ! j means ( a comp>ison ) ! pres5t di/ance4 ,he also says1 inde$1 t ,sicily _h be5 once jo9$ ) ,italy4 ,8 words are3 ,quondam ,brutio agro coha]5s1 mox int]fuso m>i avulsa4#ah ,b all t we c conclude f ?is hi/ory ( ,pl9y is1 t1 9 all times1 to p consid]+ ! appe>ances ( ^? two approa*$ coa/s1 x _h seem$ probable1 t ! sea =m$ a passage betwe5 ! two c\ntries :i* _h be5 once unit$2 9 l mann] z is /ill m imm$iately p]ceiv$1 9 t small] disjunction :i* is made betwe5 ! isl& ( ,anglesey & ! cont95t ( ,wales4 ,note #ah3 ,lib4 #c4 cap4 #h4 ,! port ( ,syracuse1 ) ! isl& :i* =ms ! great] & less]1 & ! f\nta9 ( ,are?usa1 ! wat] ( :i* ! anci5ts divid$ f ! sea ) a wall1 d n seem to be alt]$4 ,f ,sicily to ! coa/ ( ,egypt1 !re is an un9t]rupt$ c\rse ( sea = a ?\s& miles2 consequ5tly1 ! w9d1 9 su* a /ret* ( sea1 %\ld br+ p[]ful waves aga9/ ^? coa/s3 ,b1 on ?is coa/ ( ,egypt1 we f9d ! rock on :i* 0 =m]ly built ! fam\s t[] ( ,ph>os2 & also1 at ! ea/]n extremity ( ! port ,euno/e1 ! sea-ba?1 cut 9 ! solid rock ^u ! %ore4 ,bo? ^? rocks1 buffet$ imm$iately ) ! waves ( ! ,m$it]ranean sea1 are1 to all appe>ance1 ! same at ?is day z !y 7 9 anci5t times4#ai ,note #ai3 ,lettres sur l',egypte1 ,m4 ,sav>y4 ,_m o!r su* pro(s w c]ta9ly occur1 :]e ! diff]5t p>ts ( ^? coa/s are exam9$ by p ( obs]vation & intellig5ce4 ,b x is en\gh = our pres5t purpose1 t ?is decrease ( ! coa/s 9 g5]al has n be5 obs]v$2 & t x is z g5]ally ?\ght1 t ! l& is ga9+ ^u ! sea1 z t ! sea is ga9+ ^u ! l&4 ,to sum up ! argum5t1 we are c]ta91 t all ! coa/s ( ! pres5t cont95ts are wa/$ by ! sea1 & con/antly we>+ away ^u ! :ole2 b ?is op]ation is s extremely sl[1 t we _c f9d a measure ( ! quantity 9 ord] to =m an e/imate3 ,!re=e1 ! pres5t cont95ts ( ! e>?1 :i* we consid] z 9 a /ate ( p]fection1 w\ld1 9 ! natural op]ations ( ! globe1 require a "t indef9ite = _! de/ruction4 ,b1 9 ord] to produce ! pres5t cont95ts1 ! de/ruction ( a =m] vegetable _w 0 necess>y2 consequ5tly1 ! production ( our pres5t cont95ts mu/ h requir$ a "t :i* is indef9ite4 ,9 l mann]1 if ! =m] cont95ts 7 ( ! same nature z ! pres5t1 x mu/ h requir$ ano!r space ( "t1 :i* also is indef9ite1 be=e !y _h come to _! p]fection z a vegetable _w4 ,we h be5 repres5t+ ! sy/em ( ?is e>? z proce$+ ) a c]ta9 regul>ity1 :i* is n p]haps 9 nature1 b :i* is necess>y = our cle> conception ( ! sy/em ( nature4 ,! sy/em ( nature is c]ta9ly 9 rule1 al?\gh we may n "k e circum/ance ( its regulation4 ,we are "u a necessity1 !re=e1 ( mak+ regul> suppositions1 9 ord] to come at c]ta9 conclusions :i* may be comp>$ ) ! pres5t /ate ( ?+s4 ,x is n necess>y t ! pres5t l& %\ld be worn away & wa/$1 exactly 9 proportion z new l& %all appe>2 or1 conv]sely1 t an equal proportion ( new l& %\ld always be produc$ z ! old is made to disappe>4 ,x is only requir$1 t at all times1 !re %\ld be a j proportion ( l& & wat] ^u ! surface ( ! globe1 = ! purpose ( a habitable _w4 ,nei!r is x requir$ 9 ! actual sy/em ( ?is e>?1 t e "p ( ! l& %\ld be dissolv$ 9 its /ructure1 & worn away by attrition1 s z to be float$ 9 ! sea4 ,p>ts ( ! l& may (t5 s9k 9 a body bel[ ! level ( ! sea1 & p>ts aga9 may be re/or$1 )\t wait+ = ! g5]al circulation ( l& & wat]1 :i* proce$s ) all ! c]ta9ty ( nature1 b :i* advances ) an imp]ceptible progression4 ,_m ( su* app>5t irregul>ities may appe> )\t ! lea/ infr+em5t on ! g5]al sy/em4 ,t sy/em is compreh5d$ 9 ! prep>ation ( future l& at ! bottom ( ! ocean1 f ^? mat]ials :i* ! dissolution & attrition ( ! pres5t l& may h provid$1 & f ^? :i* ! natural op]ations ( ! sea af=d4 ,9 ?us accompli%+ a c]ta9 end1 we are n to limit nature ) ! uni=mity ( an equable progression1 al?\gh x be necess>y 9 our computations to proce$ ^u equalities4 ,?us also1 9 ! use ( means1 we are n to prescribe to nature ^? alone :i* we ?9k suitable = ! purpose1 9 our n>r[ view4 ,x is our bus9ess to le>n ( nature 7t is by obs]vation7 ! ways & means1 :i* 9 h] wisdom are adopt$2 & we are to imag9e ^! only 9 ord] to f9d means = fur!r in=mation1 & to increase our k f ! exam9ation ( ?+s :i* actually h be54 ,x is 9 ?is mann]1 t int5tion may be f\nd 9 nature2 b ?is int5tion is n to be suppos$1 or va9ly imag9$1 f :at we may conceive to be4 ,we h be5 n[ suppos+1 t ! beg9n+ ( our pres5t e>? _h be5 laid 9 ! bottom ( ! ocean1 at ! completion ( ! =m] l&2 b ?is 0 only = ! sake ( di/9ctness4 ,! j view is ?is1 t :5 ! =m] l& ( ! globe _h be5 complete1 s z to beg9 to wa/e & be impair$ by ! encroa*m5t ( ! sea1 ! pres5t l& began to appe> above ! surface ( ! ocean4 ,9 ?is mann] we suppose a due proportion to be always pres]v$ ( l& & wat] ^u ! surface ( ! globe1 = ! purpose ( a habitable _w1 su* z ?is :i* we possess4 ,we ?us1 also1 all[ "t & opportunity = ! translation ( animals & plants to occupy ! e>?4 ,b1 if ! e>? on :i* we live1 began to appe> 9 ! ocean at ! "t :5 ! la/ began to be resolv$1 x c\ld n be f ! mat]ials ( ! cont95t imm$iately prec$+ ?is :i* we exam9e1 t ! pres5t e>? _h be5 con/ruct$2 = ! bottom ( ! ocean mu/ h be5 fill$ ) mat]ials be=e l& c\ld be made to appe> above its surface4 ,let u suppose t ! cont95t1 :i* is to succe$ our l&1 is at pres5t beg9n+ to appe> above ! wat] 9 ! middle ( ! ,pacific ,ocean1 x mu/ be evid5t1 t ! mat]ials ( ?is great body1 :i* is =m$ & ready to be br\ght =?1 mu/ h be5 collect$ f ! de/ruction ( an e>?1 :i* does n n[ appe>4 ,consequ5tly1 9 ?is true /atem5t ( ! case1 !re is necess>ily requir$ ! de/ruction ( an animal & vegetable e>? prior to ! =m] l&2 & ! mat]ials ( t e>? :i* is fir/ 9 our acc\nt1 mu/ h be5 collect$ at ! bottom ( ! ocean1 & begun to be concoct$ = ! production ( ! pres5t e>?1 :5 ! l& imm$iately prec$+ ! pres5t _h arriv$ at its full ext5t4 ,?is1 h[ev]1 alt]s no?+ ) reg>d to ! nature ( ^? op]ations ( ! globe4 ,! sy/em is /ill ! same4 ,x only protracts ! indef9ite space ( "t 9 its exi/5ce1 :ile x gives u a view ( ano!r di/9ct p]iod ( ! liv+ _w2 t is to say1 ! _w :i* we inhabit is compos$ ( ! mat]ials1 n ( ! e>? :i* 0 ! imm$iate pr$ecessor ( ! pres5t1 b ( ! e>? :i*1 9 asc5d+ f ! pres5t1 we consid] z ! ?ird1 & :i* _h prec$$ ! l& t 0 above ! surface ( ! sea1 :ile our pres5t l& 0 yet b5ea? ! wat] ( ! ocean4 ,"h are ?ree di/9ct successive p]iods ( exi/5ce1 & ea* ( ^! is1 9 our measurem5t ( "t1 a ?+ ( indef9ite duration4 ,we h n[ got to ! end ( our reason+2 we h no data fur!r to conclude imm$iately f t :i* actually is3 ,b we h got en\gh2 we h ! satisfaction to f9d1 t 9 nature !re is wisdom1 sy/em1 & consi/5cy4 ,= hav+1 9 ! natural hi/ory ( ?is e>?1 se5 a succession ( worlds1 we may f ?is conclude t !re is a sy/em 9 nature2 9 l mann] z1 f see+ revolutions ( ! planets1 x is conclud$1 t !re is a sy/em by :i* !y are int5d$ to cont9ue ^? revolutions4 ,b if ! succession ( worlds is e/abli%$ 9 ! sy/em ( nature1 x is 9 va9 to look = any ?+ high] 9 ! orig9 ( ! e>?4 ,! result1 !re=e1 ( ?is physical inquiry is1 t we f9d no ve/ige ( a beg9n+1--no prospect ( an end4 ,,*apt] ,,ii4 ,an ,exam9ation ( ,mr ,,kirwan',s ,objections to ! ,igne\s ,orig9 ( ,/ony ,sub/ances4 ,a !ory :i* is f\nd$ on a new pr9ciple1 a !ory :i* has to make its way 9 ! public m9d by ov]turn+ ! op9ions commonly receiv$ by philosophis+ m51 & "o :i* has no?+ to recomm5d x b ! tru? ( its pr9ciples1 & ! view ( wisdom or design to :i* x leads1 nei!r ( :i* may p]haps be p]ceiv$ by ! g5]ality ( p1 su* a !ory1 ,i say1 mu/ meet ) ! /ronge/ opposition f ! prejudices ( ! le>n$1 & f ! sup]/ition ( ^? :o judge n = !mselves 9 =m+ _! notions1 b look up to m5 ( sci5ce = au?ority4 ,su* is ! case ) "s "p ( ! ,!ory ( ! ,e>?1 :i* ,i h giv51 & :i* w probably give (f5ce to naturali/s :o h esp\s$ an opposite op9ion4 ,9 ord]1 !n1 to obta9 ! approbation ( ! public1 x may n be en\gh to give a !ory t %\ld be true1 or altoge!r unexceptionable x may be necess>y to def5d e po9t t %all be ?\ght exceptionable by o!r !ori/s1 & to %[ ! fallacy ( e le>n$ objection t may be made aga9/ x4 ,x is ?us1 9 g5]al1 t tru? & error are =c$ to /ruggle toge!r1 9 ! progress ( sci5ce2 & x is only 9 proportion z sci5ce removes errone\s conceptions1 :i* are necess>ily 9 ! con/itution ( human k1 t tru? w f9d itself e/abli%$ 9 natural philosophy4 ,mr ,kirwan has writt5 a diss]tation1 entitl$1 ,exam9ation ( ! ,suppos$ ,igne\s ,orig9 ( ,/ony ,sub/ances1 :i* 0 read 9 ! ,royal ,iri% ,academy4 ,! object ( t diss]tation is to /ate c]ta9 objections1 :i* h occurr$ to him1 aga9/ ! ,!ory ( ! ,e>? publi%$ 9 ! ,transactions ( ! ,ed9burgh ,royal ,society2 & he has attack$ t !ory 9 all ! po9ts :]e x appe>s to him to be vuln]able4 ,x is to ^! objections t ,i am n[ to give an answ]4 ,! au?ority giv5 to ?is diss]tation1 by ! ,royal ,iri% ,academy1 z well z ! reputation ( ! au?or1 make x necess>y = me to endeav\r to put 9 _! true light ! facts alleg$ 9 t p]=mance1 & to analyse ! argum5ts employ$1 9 ord] to judge ( ! reason+ by :i* ! !ory ( m9]al fusion is refut$ 9 ?is ,exam9ation4 ,a !ory f\nd$ on tru?1 & =m$ accord+ to ! prop] rules ( sci5ce1 c ev] suff] f a /rict exam9ation1 by :i* x w\ld be b ! m & m confirm$4 ,b1 :]e causes are to be trac$ ?r\gh a *a9 ( v>i\s complicat$ effects1 an exam9ation n prop]ly conduct$ ^u accurate analytical pr9ciples1 in/ead ( giv+ light ^u a subject 9 :i* !re _h be5 obscurity & d\bt1 may only s]ve to p]plex ! und]/&+1 & br+ confusion into a subject :i* 0 be=e suffici5tly di/9ct4 ,to r$ress t evil1 !n1 mu/ require m lab\r & "s address2 & ?is is an inconv5i5cy t may be look$ =1 m or less1 9 e controv]sial discussion4 ,i d n mean to ent] any f>!r into ! def5ce ( my !ory 9 ?is *apt]1 ?an :at is necess>y to answ] a man ( sci5ce & respectability1 :o has /at$ 8 objections4 ,! obs]vations :i* he has made appe> to me to be f\nd$ on no?+ m ?an common prejudice1 & misconceiv$ notions ( ! subject4 ,i am !re=e to po9t out t errone\s tra9 ( reason+1 into :i* a ha/y sup]ficial view ( ?+s1 p]haps1 has l$ ! patron ( an opposite op9ion to see my !ory 9 an unfav\rable light4 ,?is1 h[ev]1 is n all2 =1 t tra9 ( inconsequ5tial reason+ is s cong5ial ) ! crude & inconsid]ate notion g5]ally ent]ta9$1 ( solid m9]al bodies hav+ be5 =m$ by ! infiltration ( wat] into ! e>?1 t no opportunity %\ld be lo/ ( expos+ an errone\s mann] ( reason+1 :i* is employ$ 9 support+ a hypo!sis f\nd$ ^u c]ta9 op]ations ( ! surface ( ?is e>? t _c be prop]ly appli$ to ! =mation ( m9]al bodies4 ,?is object1 !re=e1 s f> z x may come 9 ! way1 w be att5d$ to 9 ?is discussion1 al?\gh ,i %all h ano!r opportunity ( f>!r enl>g+ ^u t subject4 ,our au?or beg9s by exam9+ a geological op]ation1 ! v opposite to t ( m9]al consolidation1 & :i* w\ld seem to h little connection ) ! subject ( ?is diss]tation4 ,9 my !ory1 ,i advanc$ two propositions ) reg>d to ! economy ( ?is _w3 ,fir/1 ,t ! solid masses ( ?is e>?1 :5 expos$ to ! atmosph]e1 decay1 & are resolv$ into loose mat]ials1 ( :i* ! vegetable soil ^u ! surface is 9 "p compos$2 &1 secondly1 ,t ^! loose mat]ials are wa%$ away by ! curr5ts ( wat]1 & ?us c>ri$ at la/ into ! sea4 ,our au?or says ,"h are two suppositions1 nei!r ( :i* is gr\nd$ on facts2 & yet he has b ! mom5t be=e made ! foll[+ confession3 ,t ! soil1 h[ev]1 receives an increase f "s species ( /ones t m\ld] by exposition to ! air _c be d5i$1 b !re is no pro( t all soil has aris5 f decomposition4--,surely all soil1 t is made f ! h>d & compact body ( ! l&1 :i* is my proposition1 mu/ h aris5 f decomposition2 & ,i h no :]e said1 t all ! soil ( ?is e>? is made f ! decomposition or detritus ( ^? /ony sub/ances2 =1 masses ( loos] s& & s(t] sub/ances contribute /ill m to ! =mation ( vegetable soils4 ,) reg>d to ! o!r proposition1 our au?or says1 ,soil is n con/antly c>ri$ away by ! wat]1 ev5 f m\nta9s4--,i h n said t x is con/antly wa%$ away2 =1 :ile x is soil 9 :i* plants gr[1 x is n travell+ to ! sea1 al?\gh x be on ! road1 & mu/ !re arrive 9 "t4 ,i h said1 t x is necess>ily wa%$ away1 t is1 occasionally4 ,m4 de ,luc's au?ority is !n ref]r$ to1 z refut+ ?is op]ation ( wat] & "t ^u ! soil4 ,n[1 ,i _c help "h obs]v+1 t our au?or seems to h z mu* misappreh5d$ ,m4 de ,luc's argum5t z he has done m9e4 ,t philosoph]1 9 8 lett]s to ! ,que51 has describ$ mo/ accurately ! decay ( ! rocks & solid m\nta9s ( ! ,alps & ,jura1 & ! travell+ ( _! mat]ials by wat]1 al?\gh he does n c>ry !m to ! sea4 ,x is true1 inde$1 t ?is au?or1 :o supposes ! pres5t e>? on :i* we dwell v "y1 is anxi\s to make an e>?1 9 "t1 t %all n decay nor be wa%$ away at all2 b t "t is n come yet2 !re=e ! au?ority1 "h giv5 aga9/ my !ory1 is ! speculative supposition1 or m]e op9ion1 ( a natural philosoph]1 ) reg>d to an ev5t :i* may nev] come to pass1 & :i* ,i %all h occasion to consid] fully 9 ano!r place4 ,our au?or _h j n[ said1 t ,i h advanc$ two suppositions1 nei!r ( :i* is gr\nd$ on facts3 ,n[1 ) reg>d to ! "o1 he has ackn[l$g$1 t ! m\ld]+ ( /ones takes place1 :i* is ! fact on :i* t proposition is gr\nd$2 & ) reg>d to ! o!r1 ! only au?ority giv5 aga9/ x is f\nd$ expressly ^u ! mov+ ( soil by means ( ! ra9 wat]1 9 ord] to make slop+ pla9s ( m\nta9s4 ,"h1 !re=e1 ,i h gr\nd$ my propositions ^u facts2 & our au?or has f\nd$ 8 objections1 fir/1 ^u a difficulty :i* he has himself remov$2 &1 secondly1 ^u no?+ b a vision>y op9ion1 ) reg>d to an e>? :i* is n yet made1 & :i*1 :5 once made1 is nev] m to *ange4 ,aft] mak+ "s unimportant obs]vations1--( all wat] n fl[+ into ! sea1--& ( ! travell$ mat]ials be+ also deposit$ ^u ! pla9s1 etc4 our au?or ?us proce$s3 ,h5ce ! conclusion ( our au?or relative to ! imp]fect con/itution ( ! globe falls to ! gr\nd2 & ! pa9s he takes to le>n1 by :at means a decay$ _w may be r5ovat$1 are sup]flu\s4--,! object ( my !ory is to %[1 t ?is decay+ nature ( ! solid e>? is ! v p]fection ( its con/itution1 z a liv+ _w2 !re=e1 x 0 mo/ prop] t ,i %\ld take pa9s to le>n by :at means ! decay$ p>ts might be r5ovat$4 ,x is true1 inde$1 t ?is w be sup]flu\s1 :5 once t con/itution ( ! e>?1 :i* ,m4 de ,luc ?9ks is prep>+1 %all be f9i%$2 b1 9 ! mean "t1 :ile riv]s c>ry ! mat]ials ( our l&1 & :ile ! sea impairs ! coa/1 ,i may be all[$ to suppose t ?is is ! actual con/itution ( ! e>?4 ,i _c help "h animadv]t+ ^u :at seems to be our au?or's plan1 9 mak+ ^! objections1 :i* h no?+ to d ) 8 exam9ation4 ,he accuses me ( giv+ ?is _w a false or imp]fect con/itution1 79 :i* ! solid l& is consid]$ z resolvable1 & ! mat]ials ( t l& z be+ wa%$ away into ! sea17 = no o!r reason1 t ,i c see1 b because ?is may imply ! =mation ( a future e>?1 :i* he is n dispos$ to all[2 &1 he is n[ to d5y ! /ratifi$ con/ruction ( ?is pres5t e>? to h be5 made by ! deposits ( mat]ials at ! bottom ( ! sea1 because t w\ld prove ! exi/5ce ( a =m] e>?1 :i* is repugnant to 8 notion ( ! orig9 ( ?+s1 & is contr>y1 z he says1 to reason1 & ! t5or ( ! ,mosaic hi/ory4 ,let me obs]ve1 9 pass+1 t ,m4 de ,luc1 ( ^: op9ions our au?or expresses mu* approbation1 ?9ks t he proves1 f ! express words & t5or ( ! ,mosaic hi/ory1 t ! pres5t e>? 0 at ! bottom ( ! sea n _m ye>s ago1 & t ! =m] e>? _h !n disappe>$4 ,b1 :at does our au?or propose to himself1 9 refus+ to admit my view ( ! op]ations :i* are daily transact+ ^u ! surface ( ?is e>?1 :]e !re is no?+ d>k or 9 ! lea/ my/]i\s1 z !re may be 9 ! m9]al regions8 ,does he mean to say1 t x is n ! purpose ( ?is _w to provide soil = plants to gr[ 98 ,does he suppose t ?is soil is n moveable ) ! runn+ wat] ( ! surface8 &1 ,does he ?9k t x is n necess>y to replace t soil :i* is remov$8 ,?is is all t ,i requir$ 9 t con/itution ( ! _w :i* he has ?us attack$2 & ,i wi% t he or any p]son w\ld po9t out1 9 :at respect ,i _h dem&$ any ?+ unreasonable1 or any ?+ t is n actually to be obs]v$ e day4 ,?us ,i h endeav\r$ to %[1 t our au?or has attack$ my !ory 9 a "p :]e ,i believe x mu/ be ?\ght invuln]able2 b ?is is only1 ,i presume1 9 ord] t he may make an attack ) m advantage ^u ano!r "p1 viz4 ! composition ( /rata f ! mat]ials ( an e>? ?us worn out 9 ! s]vice ( vegetation1--mat]ials :i* are necess>ily remov$ 9 ord] to make way = t *ange ( ?+s 9 :i* consi/s ! active & liv+ sy/em ( ?is _w4 ,if he succe$ 9 ?is attempt to refute my !ory ( ! orig9al =mation ( /rata1 he w\ld !n d\btless f9d x m easy to p]suade philosoph]s t ! means :i* ,i employ 9 br++ ^? mat]ials aga9 to light1 :5 trans=m$ into su* solid masses z ! sy/em ( ?is e>? requires1 are extravagant1 unnatural1 & unnecess>y4 ,let u !n see h[ he sets ab\t ?is und]tak+4 ,) reg>d to ! composition ( ! e>?1 x is quot$ f my !ory1 t ! solid p>ts ( ! globe are 9 g5]al compos$ ( s&1 gravel1 argillace\s & calc>e\s /rata1 or ( v>i\s compositions ( ^! ) o!r sub/ances2 our au?or !n adds1 ,?is c]ta9ly _c be affirm$ z a fact1 b r ! contr>y2 x holds only true ( ! surface1 ! basis ( ! great] "p ( ,scotl& is evid5tly a granitic rock1 to say no?+ ( ! cont95ts1 bo? ( ! ,old & ,new ,_w1 accord+ to ! te/imony ( all m9]alogi/s4 ,?is proposition1 ) reg>d to ! g5]al composition ( ! e>?1 ,i h c]ta9ly n assum$1 ,i h ma9ta9$ x z a fact1 aft] ! mo/ scrupul\s exam9ation ( all t1 ) ! mo/ dilig5t se>*1 ,i h be5 able to see1 & ( all t au?ors h wrote intelligibly ^u ! subject4 ,if1 !re=e1 ,i h s misrepres5t$ ?is great geological fact on :i* my !ory is absolutely f\nd$1 ,i mu/ h err$ ) op5 eyes2 & my !ory ( ! e>?1 l o!rs :i* h gone be=e x1 w1 ^u close exam9ation1 appe> to be unf\nd$1 z ! diss]tation n[ be=e u is endeav\r+ to repres5t x4 ,our au?or "h1 ,i ?9k1 alleges t ! contr>y to ?is1 my fundam5tal proposition1 is ! tru?2 & he has giv5 u ,scotl& z an example 9 :i* 8 ass]tion 7f\nd$ ^u ! te/imony ( all m9]alogi/s71 is illu/rat$4 ,n[ my geological proposition %\ld c]ta9ly be applicable to ,scotl&1 :i* is ! c\ntry t ,i ought to be be/ acqua9t$ )2 consequ5tly1 if :at our au?or "h ass]ts be true1 ,i w\ld h des]v$ t blame :i* he is will+ to ?r[ on me4 ,let me !n beg ! read]s att5tion = a mom5t1 t ,i may ju/ify myself f t *>ge1 & place 9 its prop] light ?is au?ority1 ^u s mat]ial a po9t 9 geology4 ,i _h exam9$ ,scotl& f ! "o end to ! o!r be=e ,i saw "o /one ( granite 9 its native place1 ,i h moreov] exam9$ almo/ all ,engl& & ,wales1 7except+ ,devon%ire & ,cornwall7 )\t see+ m ( granite ?an "o spot1 n _m hundr$ y>ds ( ext5t2 ?is is at ,*ap2 & ,i "k1 f in=mation1 t !re is ano!r small spot 9 ! middle ( ,engl& :]e x is j se54 ,b1 let me be m p>ticul> ) reg>d to ,scotl&1 ! example giv5 9 pro(4 ,i _h travell$ e road f ! bord]s ( ,nor?umb]l& & ,we/morel& to ,ed9burgh2 f ,ed9burgh1 ,i _h travell$ to ,port-,patrick1 & f t along ! coa/ ( ,gall[ay & ,air%ire to ,inv]>y 9 ,argyle%ire1 & ,i _h exam9$ e spot betwe5 ! ,grampians & ! ,twe$ale m\nta9s f sea to sea1 )\t see+ granite 9 its place4 ,i _h also travell$ f ,ed9burgh by ,grief1 ,rannock1 ,dal:9y1 ,=t ,augu/us1 ,inv]ness1 ?r\gh ea/ ,ross & ,cai?ness1 to ! ,p5tl&-,fri? or ,orkney isl&s1 )\t see+ "o block ( granite 9 its place4 ,x is true1 ,i met ) x on my return by ! ea/ coa/1 :5 ,i j saw x1 & no m1 at ,pet]head & ,ab]de52 b t 0 all ! granite ,i _h ev] se5 :5 ,i wrote my ,!ory ( ! ,e>?4 ,i h1 s9ce t "t1 se5 x 9 diff]5t places2 because ,i w5t on purpose to exam9e x1 z ,i %all h occasion to describe 9 ! c\rse ( ?is "w4 ,i may n[ ) "s confid5ce affirm1 f my own obs]vation1 & f good in=mation ) reg>d to ^? places :]e ,i h n be51 except ! nor?we/ corn]1 ,i may affirm1 ,i say1 t in/ead ( ! basis ( ! greate/ "p ( ,scotl& be+ a granitic rock1 :i* our au?or has ma9ta9$ z an evid5t ?+1 !re is v little ( x t is s2 n p]haps "o five hundr$ "p4 ,s f> also z ,i am to judge f my k ( ! m9]al con/ruction ( ,engl& & ,wales1 :i* ,i h exam9$ ) ! greate/ c>e1 & f ! m9]al *>t :i* my fri5d ,mr ,watt made = me f 8 k ( ,cornwall1 ,i w\ld say t !re is sc>cely "o five hundr$ "p ( ,brita9 t has granite = its basis4 ,all ! re/1 except ! porphyry & basaltes1 consi/s ( /ratifi$ bodies1 :i* are compos$ m or less ( ! mat]ials :i* ,i m5tion$1 g5]ally1 9 ! above quotation1 & :i* our au?or w\ld dispute4 ,b d n let me take ! advantage ( ?is error ( our au?or ) reg>d to ! m9]alogy ( ,scotl&1 & ?us draw :at may be ?\ght an undue conclusion 9 fav\r ( my g5]al !ory2 let u g ov] & exam9e ! cont95t ( ,europe1 & see if x is any o!rwise !re ?an 9 ,brita94 ,f ! granite ( ! ,ural m\nta9s1 to t :i* we f9d 9 ! ,pyr5ees1 !re is no reason1 s f> z ,i h be5 able to le>n1 to conclude t ?+s are =m$ ei!r ^u any o!r pr9ciple1 or ^u a diff]5t scale4 ,b1 in/ead ( "o five hundr$ "p1 let u suppose !re to be "o fiftie? "p ( ! e>? 9 g5]al re/+ ^u granite1 ,i c\ld n h express$ myself o!rwise ?an ,i h done2 =1 :5 ,i ma9ta9$ t ! e>? 9 g5]al consi/$ ( /ratifi$ bodies1 ,i said t ?is 0 only n9e t5?s1 or p]haps n9ety-n9e hundr$?s ( ! :ole1 & ,i m5tion$ t !re 7 o!r masses ( a diff]5t orig91 :i* %\ld be consid]$ sep>ately4 ,our au?or1 on ! contr>y1 ass]ts t ! ,old & ,new ,worlds1 z well z ,scotl&1 are plac$ ^u granite z a basis1 :i* he says is accord+ to ! te/imony ( all m9]alogi/s4 ,i %all h occasion to exam9e ?is op9ion ( m9]alogi/s1 9 comp>+ x ) ^? masses ( granite :i* appe> to u2 & ,i hope fully to refute ! geological1 z well z m9]alogical notions ) reg>d to t body4 ,9 ! mean "t1 let me make ! foll[+ reflection1 :i* "h naturally occurs4 ,my ,!ory ( ! ,e>? is "h exam9$1--n ) ! sy/em ( nature1 or actual /ate ( ?+s1 to :i* x c]ta9ly %\ld h correspond$1--b ) ! sy/ematic views ( a p]son1 :o has =m$ 8 notions ( geology f ! vague op9ion ( o!rs1 & n f :at he has se54 ,_h ! "q be51 ,h[ f> my !ory agre$ ) o!r !ories1 our au?or might v prop]ly h in=m$ 8 read]s t x 0 diametrically opposite to ! op9ions ( m9]alogi/s2 b1 ?is 0 no reason = conclud+ x to be errone\s2 on ! contr>y1 x is r a presumption t ,i may h correct$ ! error ( m9]alogi/s :o h gone be=e me1 9 l mann] z x is mo/ reasonable to presume t our au?or may h correct$ m9e4 ,let u !n proce$ to exam9e h[ f> ?is %all appe> to be ! case4 ,our au?or has /at$ v fairly f ! ,!ory1 viz4 ,t all ! /rata ( ! e>?1 n only ^? consi/+ ( calc>e\s masses1 b o!rs sup]9cumb5t on ^!1 h _h _! orig9 at ! bottom ( ! sea1 by ! collection ( s&1 gravel1 %ells1 corall9e1 & cru/ace\s bodies1 & ( e>?s & clays v>i\sly mix$1 sep>at$1 & accumulat$4 ,he !n adds1 ,v>i\s geological obs]vations contradict ?is conclusion4 ,!re are _m /ratifi$ m\nta9s ( argillace\s slate1 gneiss1 s]p5t9e1 jasp]1 & ev5 m>ble1 9 :i* ei!r s&1 gravel1 %ells1 corall9e1 or cru/ace\s bodies are nev]1 or sc>ce ev] f\nd4 ,"h our au?or seems to h deceiv$ himself1 by tak+ a v p>tial view ( ?+s :i* %\ld be fully exam9$1 & well und]/ood1 be=e g5]al conclusions are to be drawn f ^? appe>ances2 =1 al?\gh ^? p>ticul> objects may n be visible 9 ! /rata :i* he has enum]at$1 or _m o!rs1 !y are f\nd 9 ^? /rata :i* are ei!r imm$iately connect$ & alt]nat$ ) !m1 or ) simil> /rata2 some?+ to t purpose ,i ?9k ,i h said2 &1 if ,i _h n1 x c]ta9ly requires no deep p5etration to h se5 ?is cle> solution ( t appe>ance ( ^? objects n be+ f\nd 9 e p>ticul> /ratum4 ,he says t ^? m>ks ( kn[n mat]ials are nev] or sc>ce ev] f\nd2--by sc>ce ev] he surely means t !y are sometimes f\nd2 b if !y %all only once be f\nd1 8 argum5t is lo/4 ,i h n drawn my geological conclusion f e p>ticle 9 /rata be+ di/+ui%able1 b f !re be+ c]ta9 di/+ui%able p>ticles 9 /rata1 & f our kn[+ :at _h be5 ! =m] /ate & circum/ances ( ^? di/+ui%$ p>ts4 ,if e /one or "p ( a /ratum1 9 :i* ^? kn[n objects are n imm$iately visible1 mu/ be consid]$ z s _m geological obs]vations t contradict my !ory1 7( /rata be+ =m$ f ! mat]ials ( a =m] e>?71 !n1 surely e /one & e /ratum :i* visibly conta9s any ( ^? mat]ials1 mu/ prove my !ory4 ,b if e /ratum1 :]e ^! are f\nd 9 any "p ( x1 is to be conclud$ z hav+ _h its orig9 at ! bottom ( ! sea2 &1 if e concomitant /ratum1 ?\gh n hav+ ^? objects visible or suffici5tly di/9ct1 mu/ be consid]$ z hav+ _h ! same or a simil> orig91 t pret5d$ contradiction ( my !ory comes to no m ?an ?is1 t e individual /one does n be> 9 x ! same or equal evid5ce ( t g5]al proposition :i* necess>ily results f ! att5tive consid]ation ( ! :ole1 includ+ e "p4 ,b to see h[ necess>y x is to judge 9 ?is mann]1 n p>tially1 b ^u ! :ole1 we may obs]ve1 t !re are two ways by :i* ! visible mat]ials or di/+ui%able bodies ( a =m] e>?1 n only may be r5d]$ invisible 9 ! composition ( our pres5t e>?1 b mu/ be s ^u _m occasions4 ,^! are1 fir/1 by me*anical comm9ution1 :i* necess>ily happ5s1 m or less1 9 t op]ation by :i* bodies are mov$ aga9/ "o ano!r1 & ?us transport$ f ! l& to ! bottom ( ! deepe/ seas2 secondly1 by *emical op]ations1 7:atev] ^! may be1 :e!r ! action ( wat] or ( fire1 or bo?71 :i* are also necess>ily employ$ = consolidat+ ^? loose mat]ials1 t are to =m ! rocks & /ones ( ?is e>?1 & by means ( :i* ^? mat]ials are to h _! di/+ui%able %apes affect$ 9 all degrees & oblit]at$4 ,!re=e1 to dem& ! visible appe>ance ( ^? mat]ials 9 e /ratum ( ! e>?1 or 9 e "p ( a /ratum1 is no o!r ?an to misund]/& ! subject altoge!r4 ,! geological obs]vations1 :i* h be5 ?us alleg$ z contradict+ my !ory1 are /ratifi$ bodies1 conta9+ pro(s ( ! g5]al orig9 :i* ,i attribute to ! e>?1 b pro(s :i* may n always be se5 ) equal facility z ^? :i* ev5 conv9ce ! vulg>4 ,our au?or has surely p]plex$ himself ) :at writ]s ( late h said conc]n+ primitive m\nta9s z !y are call$1 a subject ( deep] se>*1 ?an is commonly imag9$1 z ,i hope to %[ 9 ! c\rse ( ?is "w4 ,x is an int]e/+ subject ( inve/igation1 z giv+ u ! actual view ( ^? op]ations ( nature :i*1 9 =m+ my ,!ory ( ! ,e>?1 m g5]al pr9ciples _h l$ me to conclude might be4 ,b1 x is a subject :i*1 ,i am afraid1 w lead me to give f>!r (f5ce to our au?or1 h[ev] innoc5t ,i may be 9 giv+ no?+ b :at ,i h f nature4 ,! reason = say+ s is ?is2 ,i am blam$ = hav+ endeav\r$ to trace back ! op]ations ( ?is _w to a remote p]iod1 by ! exam9ation ( t :i* actually appe>s1 contr>y1 z is alleg$1 to reason1 & ! t5or ( ! ,mosaic hi/ory1 ?us lead+ to an abyss1 f :i* human reason recoils1 etc4 ,9 a ^w1 7says our au?or71 to make use ( 8 own expression1 ,we f9d no ve/ige ( a beg9n+4 ,!n ?is sy/em ( successive worlds mu/ h be5 et]nal4 ,su* is ! logic by :i*1 ,i suppose1 ,i am to be accus$ ( a!ism4 ,our au?or might h add$1 t ,i h also said--we see no prospect ( an end2 b :at has all ?is to d ) ! idea ( et]nity8 ,are we1 ) our ideas ( "t1 7or m]e succession71 to measure t ( et]nity1 :i* nev] succe$$ any ?+1 & :i* w nev] be succe$$8 ,are we ?us to measure et]nity1 t b\ndless ?\ght1 ) ^? physical notions ( ours :i* necess>ily limit bo? space & "t8 &1 because we see n ! beg9n+ ( creat$ ?+s1 ,are we to conclude t ^? ?+s :i* we see h always be51 or be5 )\t a cause8 ,our au?or w\ld ?us1 inadv]t5tly inde$1 lead himself into t gulf ( irreligion & absurdity into :i*1 he alleges1 ,i h boldly plung$4 ,9 exam9+ ?is pres5t e>?1 we f9d t x mu/ h _h its orig9 at ! bottom ( ! sea1 al?\gh our au?or seems will+ to d5y t proposition4 ,f>!r1 9 exam9+ ! int]nal con/ruction ( ?is /ratifi$ & sea-born mass1 we f9d t x _h be5 compos$ ( ! mov$ mat]ials ( a =m] e>?2 &1 f ! mo/ accurate & ext5sive exam9ation ( ^? mat]ials1 :i* 9 _m places are inde$ mu* disguis$1 we are l$ necess>ily to conclude1 t !re _h be5 a _w exi/+1 & conta9+ an animal1 a vegetable1 & a m9]al sy/em4 ,b1 9 ?us trac+ back ! natural op]ations :i* h succe$$ ea* o!r1 & m>k to u ! c\rse ( "t pa/1 we come to a p]iod 9 :i* we _c see any f>!r4 ,?is1 h[ev]1 is n ! beg9n+ ( ^? op]ations :i* proce$ 9 "t & accord+ to ! wise economy ( ?is _w2 nor is x ! e/abli%+ ( t1 :i*1 9 ! c\rse ( "t1 _h no beg9n+2 x is only ! limit ( our retrospective view ( ^? op]ations :i* h come to pass 9 "t1 & h be5 conduct$ by supreme intellig5ce4 ,my pr9cipal anxiety 0 to %[ h[ ! con/itution ( ?is _w _h be5 wisely contriv$2 & ?is ,i endeav\r$ to d1 n f supposition or conjecture1 b f its answ]+ s effectually ! end ( its int5tion1 viz4 ! pres]v+ ( animal life1 :i* we _c d\bt ( be+ its purpose4 ,"h !n is a _w t is n et]nal1 b :i* has be5 ! effect ( wisdom or design4 ,) reg>d aga9 to ! prospective view ( ! creation1 ,h[ are we to see ! end ( t wise sy/em ( ?+s :i* s prop]ly fulfils ! b5evol5t int5tion ( its mak]1--9 giv+ su/5ance to ! animal "p1 & in=mation to intellectual be+s1 :o1 9 ^! works ( nature1 read :at mu* conc]ns _! peace ( m9d1--_! intellectual happ9ess8 ,:at !n does our au?or mean1 9 condemn+ t compreh5sive view :i* ,i h endeav\r$ to take ( nature8 ,w\ld he d5y t !re is to be p]ceiv$ wisdom 9 ! sy/em ( ?is _w1 or t a philosoph]1 :o looks into ! op]ations ( nature1 may n pla9ly read ! p[] & wisdom ( ! ,creator1 )\t recoil+1 z he says1 f ! abyss8 ,! abyss1 f :i* a man ( sci5ce %\ld recoil1 is t ( ignorance & error4 ,i h ?us %[n1 t1 f n p]ceiv+ ! wise disposition ( ?+s ^u ! surface ( ?is e>? = ! pres]vation ( vegetable bodies1 our au?or has be5 l$ to d5y ! necess>y wa/e ( ! pres5t e>?1 & ! consequ5t prep>ation ( mat]ials = ! con/ruction ( ano!r2 ,i h also %[n1 t he d5ies ! orig9 :i* ,i _h attribut$ to ! /ratifi$ p>ts ( ?is e>?1 z hav+ be5 ! collection ( mov+ mat]ials f a =m] e>?2 & n[ ,i am come to consid] ! pr(ess$ purpose ( ?is pap]1 viz4 ! exam9ation ( solid /ony sub/ances :i* we f9d 9 ^? /rata ( our e>?1 z well z 9 m irregul> masses4 ,"h1 no d\bt1 my !ory w\ld h be5 attack$ ) great] success1 _h our au?or succe$$ 9 po9t+ out its error ) reg>d to ! orig9al composition ( ^? indurat$ bodies1 to :i* ,i ascribe fusion z ! cause ( _! solidity4 ,=1 if we %\ld1 accord+ to our au?or's proposition1 consid] ^? consolidat$ bodies z hav+ be5 orig9ally =m$ 9 t solid /ate1 "h ! door might be %ut aga9/ any f>!r inve/igation2--,b to :at purpose8--,surely n to refute my !ory1 b to explode e physical inquiry f>!r on ! subject1 & ?us to lead u back into ! sci5ce ( d>kness & ( scepticism4 ,b let u proce$ to see our au?or's s5tim5ts on ?is subject4 ,z ,i _h prov$ f matt] ( fact1 or ! actual appe>ances ( nature1 t all ! /rata ( ! e>? _h be5 =m$ at ! bottom ( ! sea1 by ! subsid5ce ( ^? mat]ials :i* ei!r come f ! decay+ l&1 or are =m$ 9 ! sea itself1 x 0 necess>y t ,i %\ld consid] 9 :at mann] ^? spongy or por\s bodies ( loose mat]ials1 ga!r$ toge!r at ! bottom ( ! sea1 c\ld h acquir$ t consolidat$ /ate 9 :i* we f9d !m1 n[ t !y are br\ght up to our exam9ation4 ,^u ?is occasion1 our au?or says1 ,! p>ticles :i* n[ =m ! solid p>ts ( ! globe ne$ n be suppos$ to h orig9ally be5 ei!r spongy or por\s1 ! int]ior p>ts at ! dep? ( a few miles might h be5 orig9ally1 z at pres5t1 a solid mass4 ,if1 inde$1 we %all make t supposition1 we may !n save ourselves ! tr\ble ( consid]+ ei!r h[ ! /rata ( ! e>? h be5 =m$ or consolidat$2 =1 !y might h be5 s orig9ally4 ,b1 h[ c a naturali/ :o _h ev] se5 a piece ( ,d]by%ire m>ble1 or any o!r %ell lime/one1 make t supposition8 ,"h are1 to ! satisfaction ( e body ( common und]/&+ :o looks at !m1 bodies :i* are p]fectly consolidat$1 bodies :i* h evid5tly be5 =m$ at ! bottom ( ! sea1 & !re=e :i* 7 n orig9ally a solid mass4 ,mr ,b]tr&1 x is true1 wrote a book to prove t ^? appe>ances 7 no?+ b a lusus naturae2 &1 ,i suppose he meant1 ) our au?or1 t ^? /rata _h be5 also orig9ally1 z at pres5t1 a solid mass4 ,) reg>d to ! consolidation ( /rata1 t c>d9al po9t = discussion1 our au?or gives ! foll[+ answ]3 ,ab/ract+ f 8 own gratuit\s hypo!sis1 x is v easy to satisfy our au?or on ?is head2 ! concret+ & consolidat+ p[] 9 mo/ cases arises f ! mutual attraction ( ! compon5t p>ticles ( /ones to ea* o!r4 ,?is is an answ] ) reg>d to ! concret+ p[]1 a subject ab\t :i* we c]ta9ly are n "h inquir+4 ,our au?or1 inde$1 has m5tion$ a consolidat+ p[]2 b t is an improp] expression2 we are "h inquir+1 ,h[ ! int]/ices1 betwe5 ! collect$ mat]ials ( /rata1 deposit$ at ! bottom ( ! sea1 h be5 fill$ ) a h>d sub/ance1 in/ead ( ! fluid wat] :i* _h orig9ally occupi$ ^? spaces4 ,our au?or !n cont9ues2 ,if ^! p>ticles leave any int]/ices1 ^! are fill$ ) wat]1 :i* no ways ob/ructs _! solidity :5 ! po9ts ( contact are num]\s2 h5ce ! decrepitation ( _m species ( /ones :5 heat$4 ,if ,i und]/& our au?or's argum5t1 ! p>ticles ( /one are1 by _! mutual attractions1 to leave ^? h>d & solid bodies :i* compose ! /rata1 t is to say1 ^? h>d bodies are to dissolve !mselves2 b1 ,to :at purpose8 ,?is mu/ be to fill up ! int]/ices1 :i* we mu/ suppose occupi$ by ! wat]4 ,9 t case1 we %\ld f9d ! orig9al int]/ices fill$ ) ! sub/ances :i* _h compos$ ! /rata1 & we %\ld f9d ! wat] translat$ into ! places ( ^? bodies2 "h w\ld be prop]ly a transmutation1 b no consolidation ( ! /rata1 su* z we are "h to look =1 & su* z we actually f9d among ^? /rata4 ,x may be v easy = our au?or to =m ^? explanations ( natural ph5om5a2 x co/s no t$i\s obs]vation ( facts1 :i* are to be ga!r$ ) lab\r1 pati5ce1 & att5tion2 he has b to look into 8 own fancy1 z philosoph]s did 9 =m] times1 :5 !y saw ! abhorr5ce ( a vacuum & expla9$ ! pump4 ,x is ?us t we are "h told ! consolidation ( /rata arises f ! mutual attraction ( ! compon5t p>ticles ( /ones to ea* o!r2 ! p[]1 by :i* ! p>ticles ( solid /ony bodies reta9 _! places 9 relation to ea* o!r1 & resi/ sep>ation f ! mass1 may1 no d\bt1 be prop]ly en\gh t]m$ _! mutual attractions2 b we are n "h inquir+ aft] t p[]2 we are to inve/igate ! p[] by :i* ! p>ticles ( h>d & /ony bodies _h be5 sep>at$1 contr>y to _! mutual attractions1 9 ord] to =m new concretions1 by be+ aga9 br\ght )9 ! sph]es ( action 9 :i* _! mutual attractions might take place1 & make !m "o solid body4 ,n[1 to say t ?is is by _! mutual attraction1 is ei!r to misund]/& ! prop] "q1 or to give a mo/ prepo/]\s answ]4 ,x is n e "o :o is fit to reason ) reg>d to ab/ract g5]al propositions2 ,i w n[1 !re=e1 /ate a p>ticul> case1 9 illu/ration ( t proposition :i* has be5 "h s improp]ly answ]$4 ,! /rata ( ,d]by%ire m>bles 7 orig9ally imm5se collections at ! bottom ( ! sea1 ( calc>e\s bodies consi/+ almo/ :olly ( v>i\s fragm5ts ( ! entro*i2 & !y 7 !n cov]$ ) an indef9ite numb] ( o!r /rata "u :i* ^! entro*i mu/ h be5 buri$4 ,9 ?is orig9al /ate ( ^? /rata1 ,i suppose ! int]/ices betwe5 ! fragm5ts ( ! corall9e bodies to h be5 left full ( sea-wat]2 at pres5t we f9d ^? int]/ices completely fill$ ) a mo/ p]fectly solid body ( m>ble2 & ! "q is1 :e!r t consolidat+ op]ation has be5 ! "w ( wat] & solution1 by our naturali/'s t]m$ infiltration2 or if x has be5 p]=m$1 z ,i h ma9ta9$1 by ! s(t5+ p[] or heat1 or introduction ( matt] 9 ! fluid /ate ( fusion4 ,our au?or does n propose any o!r me?od = ! consolidation ( ^? loose & incoh]5t bodies1 b he speaks ( ! mutual attraction ( ! compon5t p>ticles ( /one to ea* o!r2 ,w t fill ! int]/ices betwe5 ! corall9e bodies ) solid m>ble1 z well z consolidate ! corall9e bodies !mselves8 or1 if x %\ld1 ,h[ are ^? int]/ices to be ?us fill$ ) a sub/ance p]fectly diff]5t f ! deposit$ bodies1 :i* is also frequ5tly ! case8 ,b1 h[ reason ) a p]son :o1 ) ?is consolidation ( /rata1 conf\nds ! well kn[n op]ation by :i* ! mort>1 made ) cau/ic lime & s&1 becomes a h>d body6 ,"o w\ld imag9e t he 7 writ+ to p ( ! la/ age1 & n to *emical philosoph]s :o "k s well h[ t mort> is concret$4 ,to my argum5t1 ,t ^! por\s /rata are f\nd consolidat$ ) e diff]5t species ( m9]al sub/ance1 our au?or makes ! foll[+ obs]vation3 ,"h ! difficulties to ! supposition ( an aque\s solution are plac$ 9 ! /ronge/ light2 yet x mu/ be own$ t !y p>tly arise f ! au?or's own gratuit\s supposition1 t /rata exi/$ at ! bottom ( ! sea previ\s to _! consolidation2--gratuit\s supposition6--s f> f be+ a supposition ( any k9d1 x is a self evid5t proposition2 ! t]ms necess>ily imply ! conclusion4 ,i beg ! read]s att5tion = a mom5t to ?is "p ( our au?or's animadv]sion1 be=e proce$+ to consid] ! :ole2 =1 ?is is a po9t s ess5tial 9 my !ory1 t if x be a gratuit\s supposition1 z is "h ass]t$1 x w\ld c]ta9ly be 9 va9 to attempt to build ^u x ! sy/em ( a _w4 ,t /rata may exi/1 :e!r at ! bottom ( ! sea1 or any o!r :]e1 )\t be+ consolidat$1 w h>dly be disput$2 =1 !y are actually f\nd consolidat$ 9 e diff]5t degree4 ,b1 :5 /rata are f\nd consolidat$1 at :at "t is x t we are to suppose ?is ev5t to h tak5 place1 or ?is accid5t to h happ5$ to !m8--,/rata are =m$ at ! bottom ( wat]1 by ! subsid5ce or successive deposits ( c]ta9 mat]ials2 x c\ld n !re=e be dur+ _! =mation t su* /rata _h be5 consolidat$2 consequ5tly1 we mu/ necess>ily conclude1 )\t any degree ( supposition1 t /rata _h exi/$ at ! bottom ( ! sea previ\s to _! consolidation1 unless our au?or c %[ h[ !y may h be5 consolidat$ previ\s to _! exi/+4 ,?is !n is :at our au?or has t]m$ a gratuit\s supposition ( m9e1 & :i*1 he adds1 is a circum/ance :i* w n be all[$ by ! patrons ( ! aque\s orig9 ( /ony sub/ances1 z we h already se54--,i am p]fectly at a loss to guess at :at is "h allud$ to by hav+ be5 already se51 unless x be t :i* ,i h already quot$1 conc]n+ ?+s :i* h be5 nev] se51 t is1 ^? int]ior p>ts ( ! e>? :i* 7 orig9ally a solid mass4--,i h h>dly pati5ce to answ] su* reason+2--a reason+ :i* is n f\nd$ ^u any pr9ciple1 :i* holds up no?+ b *im]a to our view1 & :i* ends 9 no?+ t is intelligible2--b1 o!rs1 p]haps1 may see ?is diss]tation ( our au?or's 9 a diff]5t light2 !re=e1 x is my duty to analyse ! argum5t1 h[ev] insignificant x may seem to me4 ,i h m9utely exam9$ all ! /ratifi$ bodies :i* ,i h be5 able1 dur+ a lifetime1 to procure1 bo? 9 ?is c\ntry ( ,brita91 & f all ! qu>t]s ( ! globe2 & ! result ( my inquiry has be5 to conclude1 t !re is no?+ among !m 9 an orig9al /ate1 z ! read] w see 9 ! prec$+ *apt]4 ,) reg>d aga9 to ! masses :i* are n /ratifi$1 ,i h also giv5 pro( t !y are n 9 _! orig9al /ate1 su* z granite1 porphyry1 s]p5t9e1 & basaltes2 & ,i %all give f>!r satisfaction1 ,i hope1 ^u t head1 9 ! c\rse ( ?is "w4 ,i h !re=e conclud$1 ,t !re is no?+ to be f\nd 9 an orig9al /ate1 s f> z we see1 9 ! con/ruction ( ?is e>?4 ,b1 our au?or answ]s1 ,t ! int]ior p>ts might h be5 9 an orig9al /ate ( solidity4--,s might !y h be5 ^u ! surface ( ! e>?1 or on ! summits ( our m\nta9s2 b1 we are n inquir+ ,:at !y might h be51 b ,:at !y truly are4 ,x is f ?is actual /ate 9 :i* ! solid p>ts ( ! e>? are f\nd1 t ,i h endeav\r$ to trace back ! diff]5t /ates 9 :i* !y mu/ h be52 &1 by g5]alis+ facts1 ,i h =m$ a !ory ( ! e>?4 ,if ?is be a wrong pr9ciple or mann] ( proce$+ 9 a physical inve/igation1 or if1 proce$+ ^u t pr9ciple1 ,i h made ! induction by reason+ improp]ly on any occasion1 let ?is be correct$ by philosoph]s1 :o may reason m accurately ^u ! subject4 ,b to oppose a physical inve/igation ) ?is proposition1 t ?+s might h be5 o!rwise1 is to proce$ ^u a v diff]5t pr9ciple1--a pr9ciple :i*1 in/ead ( t5d+ to br+ light out ( d>kness1 is only calculat$ to ext+ui% t light :i* we may h acquir$4 ,i %all aft]w>ds h occasion to exam9e h[ f> ! philosoph]s1 :o attribute to aque\s solution ! orig9 ( /ony sub/ances1 h proce$$ 9 ! same inductive mann] ( reason+ f effect to cause1 z !y ought to d 9 physical subjects1 & n by feign+ causes1 or foll[+ a false analogy2 9 ! mean "t1 ,i am to answ] ! objections :i* h be5 made to ! !ory ( ! e>?4 ,9 opposition to ! !ory ( consolidat+ bodies by fusion1 our au?or has tak5 great pa9s to %[1 t ,i _c provide mat]ials = su* a fire z w\ld be necess>y1 nor f9d ! means to make x burn _h ,i ^? mat]ials4 ,_h our au?or read att5tively my !ory he w\ld h obs]v$1 t ,i give myself little or no tr\ble ab\t t fire1 or take no *>ge ) reg>d to ! procur+ ( t p[]1 z ,i h n f\nd$ my !ory on ! supposition ( subt]rane\s fire1 h[ev] t fire prop]ly foll[s z a conclusion f ^? appe>ances on :i* ! !ory is f\nd$4 ,my !ory is f\nd$ ^u ! g5]al appe>ances ( m9]al bodies1 & ^u ?is1 t m9]al bodies mu/ necess>ily h be5 9 a /ate ( fusion4 ,i d n pret5d to prove1 demon/ratively1 t !y _h be5 ev5 hot1 h[ev] t conclusion also naturally foll[s f _! hav+ be5 9 fusion4 ,x is suffici5t = me to demon/rate1 ,t ^? bodies mu/ h be51 m or less1 9 a /ate ( s(tness & fluidity1 )\t any species ( solution4 ,i d n say t ?is fluidity _h be5 )\t heat2 b1 if t _h be5 ! case1 x w\ld h answ]$ equally well ! purpose ( my !ory1 s f> z ?is w5t to expla9 ! consolidation ( /rata or m9]al bodies1 :i*1 ,i /ill repeat1 mu/ h be5 by simple fluidity1 & n by any species ( solution1 or any o!r solv5t ?an t univ]sal "o :i* p]meates all bodies1 & :i* makes !m fluid4 ,our au?or has ju/ly rem>k$ ! difficulty ( fire burn+ bel[ ! e>? & sea4 ,x is n my purpose "h to endeav\r to remove ^? difficulties1 :i* p]haps only exi/ 9 ^? suppositions :i* are made on ?is occasion2 my purpose is to %[1 t he _h no imm$iate conc]n ) t "q1 9 discuss+ ! subject ( ! consolidation :i* we actually f9d 9 ! /rata ( ! e>?1 unless my !ory1 ) reg>d to ! igne\s orig9 ( /ony sub/ances1 _h proce$$ ^u ! supposition ( a subt]rane\s fire4 ,x is surely "o ?+ to employ fire & heat to melt m9]al bodies1 9 suppos+ ?is to be ! cause ( _! consolidation1 & ano!r ?+ to ackn[l$ge fire or heat z hav+ be5 ex]t$ ^u m9]al bodies1 :5 x is cle>ly prov$1 f actual appe>ances1 t ^? bodies _h be5 9 a melt$ /ate1 or t ( simple fluidity4 ,"h are di/9ctions :i* w\ld be ?r[n away ^u ! vulg>2 b1 to a man ( sci5ce1 :o analyses argum5ts1 & reasons /rictly f effect to cause1 ?is is1 ,i believe1 ! prop] way ( com+ at ! tru?4 ,if ! patrons ( ! aque\s orig9 ( /ony sub/ances c give u any mann] ( sci5tifical1 i4e4 intelligible inve/igation ( t process1 x %all be att5d$ to ) ! mo/ rigid imp>tiality1 ev5 by a patron ( ! igne\s orig9 ( ^? sub/ances1 z he wi%es above all ?+s to di/+ui%1 9 ! m9]al op]ations1 ^? :i*1 on ! "o h&1 _h be5 ! effect ( wat]1 f ^? :i*1 on ! o!r h&1 _h be5 ! imm$iate effect ( fire or fusion2--?is has be5 my greate/ /udy4 ,b1 :ile m9]ali/s or geologi/s give u only m]e op9ions1 ,:at is sci5ce pr(it$ by su* inconsequ5tial obs]vations1 z are f\nd$ ^u no?+ b our vulg> notions8 ,is ! figure ( ! e>?1 e4g4 to be d\bt$1 because1 accord+ to ! common notion ( mank9d1 ! exi/5ce ( an antipod is c]ta9ly to be d5i$8 ,i am n avoid+ to meet t "q ) reg>d to ! provid+ ( mat]ials = su* a m9]al fire z may be requir$2 no "q ,i desire m to be ask$ to resolve2 b x mu/ n be 9 ! mann] t our au?or has put t "q4 ,he has includ$ ?is suppos$ difficulty among a /r+ ( o!r argum5ts by :i* he w\ld refute my !ory ) reg>d to ! igne\s orig9 ( /ony sub/ances1 z if ,i _h made t fire a necess>y condition or a pr9ciple 9 =m+ my !ory ( consolidation4 ,n[1 x is precisely ! rev]se2 & ?is is :at ,i beg t m9]al philosoph]s w p>ticul>ly att5d to1 & n give !mselves s mu* unnecess>y tr\ble1 & me s disagreeable a talk4 ,i h prov$ t ^? /ony sub/ances h be5 9 ! fluid /ate ( fusion2 & f ?is1 ,i h inf]r$ ! =m] exi/5ce ( an int]nal heat1 a subt]rane\s fire1 or a c]ta9 cause ( fusion by :atev] "n x %all be call$1 & by :atev] means x %all h be5 procur$4 ,! nature ( t op]ation by :i* /rata _h be5 consolidat$1 l t by :i* !y _h be5 compos$1 mu/1 accord+ to my philosophy1 be decid$ by ocul> demon/ration2 f exam9+ ! int]nal evid5ce :i* is to be f\nd 9 ^? bodies z we see !m 9 ! e>?2 because ! consolidat+ op]ation is n p]=m$ 9 our sight1 no m ?an _! /ratification :i* our au?or has also d5i$ to h be5 made1 z ,i h said1 by ! deposits ( mat]ials at ! bottom ( ! sea4 ,n[1 ) reg>d to ! means ( procur+ subt]rane\s fire1 if ! consolidat+ op]ation %all be ?us decid$ to h be5 t ( fusion1 z ,i ?9k ,i h fully %[n1 & = :i* ,i h z _m witnesses1 p]haps z !re are m9]al bodies1 !n our au?or's "q1 7h[ ,i am to procure a fire7 9 ! way t he has put x1 z an argum5t aga9/ ! fusion1 w\ld be at lea/ useless2 =1 ?\gh ,i %\ld "h confess my ignorance ) reg>d to ! means ( procur+ fire1 ! evid5ce ( ! melt+ op]ation1 or =m] fluidity ( ^? m9]al bodies1 w\ld n be !reby 9 ! lea/ dim9i%$4 ,if aga9 no su* evid5ce = ! fusion ( ^? bodies %all appe>1 & x be conclud$ t !y _h be5 consolidat$ by ! action ( wat] alone1 z our au?or seems incl9$ to ma9ta91 he w\ld h no occasion to />t difficulties ab\t ! procur+ ( fire1 9 ord] to refute a !ory :i* !n w\ld fall ( itself z hav+ no f\ndation4 ,b 9 ord] to see ?is au?or's notion ( ! !ory :i* he is "h exam9+1 x may be prop] to give a specim5 ( 8 reason+ ^u ?is subject ( heat4 ,he says1 ,t my supposition ( heat necess>y = consolidat+ /rata is gratuit\s1 n only because x is unnecess>y1 z we h already %[n1 b also because x is inconsi/5t ) our au?or's own !ory4 ,let u n[ consid] ^? two propositions4 ,fir/1 x is unnecess>y1 z we h already %[n2--,i h already tak5 p>ticul> notice ( :at we h be5 %[n on ?is occasion1 viz4 ,t ! e>? at a c]ta9 dep? may h be5 orig9ally 9 a solid /ate2 &1 t1 :]e x is to be consolidat$1 ?is is done by ! mutual attraction ( ! /ony p>ticles4 ,"h is all t we h be5 %[n to make subt]rane\s heat1 = ! consolidation ( /rata1 unnecess>y2 & n[ ,i humbly submit1 if ?is is suffici5t evid5ce1 t m9]al heat is a gratuit\s supposition4 ,secondly1 x is inconsi/5t ) our au?or's own !ory4 ,"h ,i w\ld beg ! read]s att5tion to ! reason+ employ$ on ?is occasion4 ,he says1 accord+ to him ^! /rata1 :i* 7 consolidat$ by heat1 7 compos$ ( mat]ials gradually worn f a prec$+ cont95t1 casually & successively deposit$ 9 ! sea2 ,:]e !n w he f9d1 & h[ w he suppose1 to h be5 =m$ ^? enorm\s masses ( sulphur1 coal1 or bitum51 necess>y to produce t imm5se heat necess>y = ! fusion ( ^? va/ m\nta9s ( /one n[ exi/+8 ,all ! coal1 sulphur1 & bitum51 n[ kn[n1 does n =m ! #ajj1jjj "p ( ! mat]ials deposit$ )9 "o qu>t] ( a mile "u ! surface ( ! e>?2 if1 !re=e1 !y 71 z 8 hypo!sis dem&s1 c>ri$ (f & mix$ ) ! o!r mat]ials1 & n =m$ 9 va/ & sep>ate collections1 !y c\ld nev] occasion1 by _! combu/ion1 a heat capable ( produc+ ! smalle/ effect1 mu* less ^? gigantic effects :i* he requires4 ,"h is a comp>ative e/imate =m$ betwe5 two ?+s :i* h n any necess>y relation2 ^! are1 ! quantity ( combu/ible mat]ials f\nd 9 ! e>?1 on ! "o h&1 & ! quantity :i* is suppos$ necess>y = h>d5+ & consolidat+ /rata1 on ! o!r4 ,if ?is e>? has be5 consolidat$ by ! burn+ ( combu/ible mat]ials1 !re mu/ h be5 a sup]fluity1 s f> z !re is a c]ta9 quantity ( ^! actually f\nd unconsum$ 9 ! /rata ( ! e>?4 ,our au?or's conclusion is ! v opposite2 let u !n see h[ he is to =m 8 argum5t1 by :i* he proves t ! supposition ( subt]rane\s heat = h>d5+ bodies is gratuit\s & unnecess>y1 z be+ inconsi/5t ) my !ory4 ,accord+ to my !ory1 ! /rata ( ?is e>? are compos$ ( ! mat]ials :i* came f a =m] e>?2 p>ticul>ly ^! combu/ible /rata t conta9 plants :i* mu/ h gr[n ^u ! l&4 ,let u !n suppose ! subt]rane\s fire suppli$ ) its combu/ible mat]ials f ?is s\rce1 ! vegetable bodies gr[+ ^u ! surface ( ! l&4 ,"h is a s\rce provid$ = ! supply+ ( m9]al fire1 a s\rce :i* is inexhau/ible or unlimit$1 unless we are to circumscribe x ) reg>d to "t1 & ! necess>y +r$i5ts2 su* z ! matt] ( light1 c>bonic matt]1 & ! hydrog5\s pr9ciple4 ,b x is n ^u any defici5cy ( ?is k9d t our au?or f\nds 8 e/imate2 x is ^u ! sup]fluity ( combu/ible mat]ials :i* is actually f\nd 9 ?is e>?1 aft] x _h be5 prop]ly consolidat$ & rais$ above ! surface ( ! sea4 ,?is is a me?od ( reason+ calculat$ to conv9ce only ^? :o d n und]/& x2 x is z if we %\ld conclude t a p]son _h di$ ( want1 because he _h left provision beh9d him4 ,our au?or c]ta9ly means to employ no?+ b ! combu/ible m9]als ( ! pres5t e>?1 9 fe$+ ! subt]rane\s fire :i* is to concoct a future e>?2 9 t case1 ,i w all[ t 8 provision is defici5t2 b ?is is n my !ory4 ,i am n "h to ent] into any argum5t conc]n+ subt]rane\s fire2 ! read] w f9d1 9 ! =ego+ !ory1 my reasons = conclud+1 ,t subt]rane\s fire _h exi/$ previ\s to1 & ev] s9ce1 ! =mation ( ?is e>?1--t x exi/s 9 all its vig\r at ?is day1--t !re is1 9 ! con/itution ( ?is e>?1 a sup]fluity ( subt]ranean heat1--& t !re is wisely provid$ a prop] rem$y aga9/ any de/ructive effect to ! sy/em1 t might arise f t sup]abundant provision ( ?is necess>y ag5t4 ,_h our au?or att5d$ to ! ocul> pro( t we h ( ! actual exi/5ce ( subt]rane\s fire1 & to ! physical demon/rations :i* ,i h giv5 ( ! effects ( heat 9 melt+ m9]al bodies1 he mu/ h se5 t ^? argum5ts ( 81 ) reg>d to ! difficulty or impossibility ( procur+ t fire1 c only %[ ! error ( 8 reason+4 ,i am f> f suppos+ t my !ory may be free f inconsi/5cy or error2 ,i am only ma9ta9+ t1 9 all 8 confid5t ass]tions1 ?is au?or has n hi!rto po9t$ any ( ^! out4 ,s f> ,i h answ]$ our au?or's objections z to consolidation1 & ,i h giv5 a specim5 ( 8 reason+ ^u t subject2 b ) reg>d to my ,!ory ( ! ,e>?1 al?\gh simple fluidity1 )\t heat1 w\ld h answ]$ ! purpose ( consolidat+ /rata t _h be5 =m$ at ! bottom ( ! sea1 x 0 necess>y to provide a p[] = rais+ ^? consolidat$ /rata f t l[ place to ! summits ( ! cont95ts2 n[1 9 suppos+ heat to be ! cause ( t fluidity :i* _h be5 employ$ 9 ! consolidation ( ^? subm>9e masses1 we f9d a p[] capable ( erect+ cont95ts1 & ! only p[]1 s f> z ,i see1 :i* natural philosophy c employ = t purpose4 ,?us ,i 0 l$1 f ! consolidation ( /rata1 to und]/& ! nature ( ! elevat+ p[]1 &1 f ! nature ( t p[]1 aga9 to und]/& ! cause ( fluidity by :i* ! rocks & /ones ( ?is e>? _h be5 consolidat$4 ,hav+ ?us1 )\t employ+ ! evid5ce ( any fire or burn+1 be5 necess>ily l$ to conclude an extreme degree ( heat ex]t$ 9 ! m9]al regions1 ,i next inquire h[ f> !re are any appe>ances f :5ce we might conclude :e!r t active subt]rane\s p[] /ill subsi/s1 & :at may be ! nature ( t p[]4 ,:5 fir/ ,i conceiv$ my !ory1 naturali/s 7 f> f suspect+ t basaltic rocks 7 ( volcanic orig92 ,i c\ld n !n h employ$ an argum5t f ^! rocks z ,i may d n[1 = prov+ t ! fires1 :i* we see almo/ daily issu+ ) su* =ce f volcanos1 are a cont9uation ( t active cause :i* has s evid5tly be5 ex]t$ 9 all times1 & 9 all places1 s f> z h be5 exam9$ ( ?is e>?4 ,) reg>d to ! degree ( heat 9 t subt]rane\s fire1 our au?or1 aft] prov+ t combu/ible mat]ials w\ld n burn 9 ! m9]al regions1 !n says1 t suppose !y 7 to burn1 ?is w\ld be incapable ( =m+ a heat ev5 equal to t ( our common furnaces1 z ,mr ,dolomieu has cle>ly %[n to be ! case ) respect to volcanic heat4 ,! place to :i* he alludes1 ,i believe to be t :i* ,i h quot$ f ! ,j\rnal de ,physique 7,"p ,i4 page #aci7 to :i* ,i "h beg leave to ref] ! read]4 ,aft] :at ,i h already said1 ?is subject w appe> to be ( little conc]n to me2 b1 x mu/ be consid]$1 t my object1 9 ^! answ]s1 is n s mu* to ju/ify ! !ory :i* ,i h giv51 z x is to remove t prejudice :i*1 to ^? :o are n ma/] ( *emical & m9]al subjects1 w naturally arise f ! op9ion or au?ority ( a sci5tific man1 & a *emi/2 !re=e1 ,i ?9k x my bus9ess to %[ h[ mu* he has misconceiv$ ! matt] :i* he treats (1 & h[ mu* he misund]/&s ! subject ( my !ory4 ,mr ,dolomieu alleges t ! volcanic fire op]ates 9 ! melt+ ( bodies1 n by ! int5sity ( its heat1 :i* is ! means employ$ by u 9 our op]ations1 b 9 ! long cont9uance ( its action4 ,b 9 t proposition1 ?is philosoph] is m]ely giv+ u 8 op9ion2 &1 ?is op9ion our au?or mi/akes1 ,i suppose1 = ! fact on :i* t op9ion _h be5 7p]haps reasonably7 f\nd$4 ,! read] w see1 9 ! place quot$1 or 9 ! avant-propos to 8 ,mmoire sur les ,iles ,ponces1 ! fact to be ?is2 ,t ! ,*evali] ,dolomieu f9ds ^? bodies :i* we ei!r _c melt 9 our fires1 or :i* we _c melt )\t *ang+ !m by calc9ation & vitrification1 he f9ds1 ,i say1 ^! sub/ances _h actually be5 melt$ ) 8 lavas2 he also f9ds ^? sub/ances1 :i* are necess>ily dissipat$ 9 our fires1 to h be5 reta9$ 9 ^? melt$ m9]al sub/ances4 ,_h our au?or quot$ ! text1 in/ead ( giv+ u 8 own int]pretation1 he c\ld n h (f]$ a /rong] confirmation ( my !ory2 :i* c]ta9ly is n conc]n$ ) ! p>ticul> int5sity ( volcanic fire1 & f> less ) :at may be ! op9ion ( any naturali/ ) reg>d to t int5sity1 b only ) ! efficacy ( t volcanic heat = ! melt+ ( m9]al sub/ances4 ,n[ ?is efficacy ( volcanic fire1 s f> z we are to f\nd ^u ! au?ority giv5 on ?is occasion1 is cle>ly confirm$ by ! obs]vations ( a mo/ intellig5t m9]ali/1 & "o :o is actually a patron ( ! opposite !ory to t :i* ,i h giv54 ,?is be+ ! /ate ( ! case1 ,mu/ ,i n conclude1 t our au?or has misund]/ood ! subject1 & t he has be5 l$ to give a mutilat$ op9ion ( ,mr ,dolomieu1 9 ord] to refute my !ory1 :5 ei!r ! entire op9ion1 or ! facts on :i* ! op9ion _h be5 f\nd$1 w\ld h confirm$ x8 ,i h ?us endeav\r$ to put 9 its true light a species ( reason+1 :i*1 :ile x assumes ! air & =m ( t inductive tra9 ( ?\ght employ$ by m5 ( sci5ce = ! inve/igation ( nature1 is only fit to mislead ! unw>y1 &1 :5 closely exam9$1 w appe> to be inconsequ5tial or unf\nd$4 ,h[ mortify+ !n to f9d1 t "o may be employ$ almo/ a lifetime 9 g5]alis+ ! ph5om5a ( nature1 or 9 ga!r+ an inf9ity ( evid5ce = ! =m+ ( a !ory1 & t ! consequ5ce ( ?is %all only be to give (f5ce1 & to receive reproa* f ^? :o see n ?+s 9 ! same light6--,:ile man has to le>n1 mank9d mu/ h diff]5t op9ions4 ,x is ! pr]ogative ( man to =m op9ions2 ^! inde$ are (t51 commonly ,i may say1 errone\s2 b !y are commonly correct$1 & x is ?us t tru? 9 g5]al is made to appe>4 ,i wrote a g5]al ,!ory = ! inspection ( philosoph]s1 :o d\btless w po9t out its errors2 b ?is requires ! /udy ( nature1 :i* is n ! "w ( a day2 &1 9 ?is political age1 ! /udy ( nature seems to be b little pursu$ by our philosoph]s4 ,9 ! mean "t1 !re are1 on ! "o h&1 sceptical philosoph]s1 :o ?9k !re is no?+ c]ta9 9 nature1 because !re is misconception 9 ! m9d ( man2 on ! o!r h&1 !re are _m cr$ul\s amateurs1 :o g to nature to be ent]ta9$ z we g to see a pantomime3 ,b !re are also sup]ficial reason+ m51 :o ?9k !mselves qualifi$ to write on subjects on :i* !y may h read 9 books1--subjects :i* !y may h se5 9 cab9ets1 & :i*1 p]haps1 !y h j le>n$ to "n2 )\t truly kn[+ :at !y see1 !y ?9k !y "k ^? regions ( ! e>? :i* nev] c be se52 & !y judge ( ! great op]ations ( ! m9]al k+dom1 f hav+ k9dl$ a fire1 & look$ into ! bottom ( a little crucible4 ,9 ! ,!ory ( ! ,e>? :i* 0 publi%$1 ,i 0 anxi\s to w>n ! read] aga9/ ! notion t subt]rane\s heat & fusion c\ld be comp>$ ) t :i* we induce by our *emical op]ations on m9]al sub/ances "h ^u ! surface ( ! e>?2 yet1 not)/&+ all ! precaution ,i _h tak51 our au?or has be/[$ f\r qu>to pages 9 prov+ to me1 t our fires h an effect ^u m9]al sub/ances diff]5t f t ( ! subt]rane\s p[] :i* ,i w\ld employ4 ,he !n sets ab\t comb9+ metals ) sulphur 9 ! moi/ way1 z if t 7 any m to 8 purpose ?an is ! mak+ ( a /alactite = ! explanation ( m>ble4 ,silv] & lead may be sulphurat$1 z he says1 ) hepatic gas2 b1 ,has ! sulphurat$ solid ores ( ^? metals1 & t ( iron1 be5 =m$ 9 ! moi/ way1 z 9 "s measure !y may be by ! fusion ( our fires8 ,b1 ev5 suppose t ?is 7 ! case1 ,c\ld t expla9 a ?\s& o!r appe>ances :i* are inconsi/5t ) ! op]ation ( wat]8 ,we see a]at$ lead dissolv$ 9 ! excavations ( our m9es1 & aga9 concret$ by ! sep>ation ( ! evaporat$ solv5t1 9 l mann] z /alactical concretions are made ( calc>e\s e>?2 b1 s f> f expla9+ m9]al appe>ances1 z hav+ _h _! concretions =m$ 9 ! same mann]1 "h is ! mo/ conv9c+ argum5t aga9/ x2 =1 among ! inf9ite v>iety ( m9]al productions :i* we f9d 9 nature1 ,:y does no o!r example ( aque\s concretion ev] occur ^u ! surface ( ! e>? except ^? :i* we und]/& s well1 & :i* we !re=e "k _c be p]=m$ 9 ! bodies ( /rata n expos$ to ! evaporation ( ! solv5t1 a circum/ance :i* is necess>y4 ,i h giv5 a v rem>kable example ( m9]al fusion1 9 regul9e manganese1 7z ! read] w see 9 page #fh47 ,x is n t ?is example is m to ! purpose ( my !ory ?an :at may be f\nd 9 e species ( /one2 b ?is example speaks s imm$iately to ! common s5se ( mank9d1 7:o are (t5 conv9c$ by a g5]al resemblance ( ?+s1 :5 !y may n see ! =ce ( demon/ration f an ab/ract pr9ciple7 t ,i ?\ght x des]v$ a place on t acc\nt1 z well z be+ a curi\s example1 ,b m p>ticul>ly to my antagoni/1 :o has be5 pleas$ 7v improp]ly inde$7 to try "s "p ( my !ory 9 ! fire1 "h is an example :i* %\ld h be5 absolutely 9 po9t1 & )\t any mann] ( exception3--,has he ackn[l$g$ ?is8--,no2 he has1 on ! contr>y1 endeav\r$ to set ?is v example aside4 ,on ?is occasion1 he says1 ,manganese has be5 f\nd 9 a regul9e /ate by ,m4 de la ,peyr\se1 & 9 small gra9s1 z :5 produc$ by fire4 ,true2 b x 0 mix$ ) a l>ge quantity ( iron1 :i* is (t51 f\nd 9 t =m )\t any suspicion ( fusion4 ,a fire capable ( melt+ qu>tz might surely produce x 9 l>g] masses4 ,we h "h a k9d ( two argum5ts1 = remov+ ! effect ( ?is example2 & ,i %all consid] !m sep>ately4 ,! fir/ ( ^! is1 ! n be+ suspect$ ( hav+ be5 9 fusion2 n[1 if ?is 7 to be admitt$ z an argum5t aga9/ ! igne\s orig9 ( /ony sub/ances1 x might h sup]s$$ ! adduc+ ( any o!r1 = x is applicable p]haps to e m9]al2 b we mu/ "h exam9e ! case m m9utely4 ,?is argum5t1 ( ! manganese be+ 9 a m9e ( iron1 if ,i und]/& x rightly1 am\nts to ?is1 t1 z iron ore is n suspect$ ( hav+ be5 melt$1 !re=e1 we %\ld d\bt ! manganese hav+ be5 s4 ,if ?is be our au?or's mean+1 x is n ! fair conclusion :i* ! case admits (2 =1 s f> z ! manganese appe>s evid5tly to h be5 9 a melt$ /ate1 ! iron ore %\ld be suspect$ ( hav+ be5 also 9 fusion1 7 !re no o!r evid5ce ( t fact4 ,9 sci5ce1 h[ev]1 x is n suspicion t %\ld be employ$ 9 physical inve/igation2 ! "q at pres5t is2 ,if ! ph5om5a ( ! case correspond to ! conclusion :i* ! intellig5t m9]ali/1 :o exam9$ !m1 has =m$8 &1 to ?is "q1 our au?or gives no direct answ]4 ,he says1 iron is (t5 f\nd 9 t =m )\t any suspicion ( fusion4 ,?is is :at ,i am n[ to answ]4 ,! =m 9 :i* ! manganese appe>s is "o ( ! /ronge/ pro(s ( ^? masses hav+ be5 9 fusion2 &1 if iron %\ld ev] be f\nd 9 t =m1 x mu/ give ! same pro( ( m9]al fusion z ?is example ( manganese2 let u !n see ! nature ( ?is evid5ce4 ,! =m ( ! manganese is t ( a fluid body collect+ itself into a sph]ical figure by ! cohesion or attraction ( its p>ticles1 s f> z may be admitt$ by o!r circum/ances2 b1 be+ "h refill$ by ! solid "p on :i* x re/s1 ?is sph]ical body is flatt5$ by ! gravitation ( its sub/ance4 ,n[ "h is a regul> =m1 :i* demon/rates ! masses to h be5 9 ! /ate ( fusion2 =1 !re is no o!r way 9 :i* t =m ( ^? regul9e masses c\ld h be5 induc$4 ,!re n[ rema9s to be consid]$ :at our au?or has obs]v$ respect+ ! int5sity ( ! fire & size ( ! masses4 ,a fire capable ( melt+ qu>tz might surely produce x 7mean+ ! manganese7 9 l>g] masses4 ,m4 de la ,peyr\se says1 t ^? masses 7 9 all respects z if =m$ by art1 only mu* l>g]1 z ! p[]s ( nature exce$ ^? ( our laboratories4 ,:at !n is x t is "h meant to be disput$8 ,we are comp>+ ! op]ation ( nature & t ( art1 & ^! are to be judg$ ( by ! product :i* we exam9e2 b ! quantity1 9 ?is case1 or ! size ( ! masses1 makes no "p ( ! evid5ce1 & !re=e is "h mo/ improp]ly m5tion$ by our au?or4 ,) reg>d aga9 to ! nature ( ! fire by :i* ! fusion _h be5 produc$1 he is mu* mi/ak5 if he imag9es t ! r$uction ( ! regul9e or metallic manganese dep5ds ^u ! int5sity ( ! heat2 x dep5ds ^u circum/ances prop] = ! sep>ation ( ! oxyg5at+ pr9ciple f ! calx1 9 l mann] z ! calc9ation ( calc>e\s sp> mu/ dep5d ^u circum/ances prop] = all[+ ! sep>ation ( ! c>bonic acid or fix$ air4 ,b d n let u lose sight ( our prop] subject1 by exam9+ ?+s =eign or n s imm$iately to ! purpose4 ,we are only inquir+ if ^? flatt5$ sph]es ( native manganese _h be5 =m$ by wat]1 or if x 7 by fusion2 =1 our au?or agrees t !re is no o!r way4 ,:y !n does he endeav\r to evade giv+ a direct answ]1 & fly away to consid] ! quantity ( ! product1 z if t _h any ?+ to d )1 ! "q1 or z if t quantity 7 n suffici5t1 nei!r ( :i* is ! case4 ,9 %ort1 our au?or's :ole obs]vation1 on ?is occasion1 looks z if he 7 will+ to de/roy1 by ins9uation1 ! =ce ( an argum5t :i* proves ! !ory ( m9]al fusion2 & t he wi%es to r5d] d\btful1 by a species ( sophi/ry1 :at 9 fair reason+ he _c d5y4 ,our au?or has writt5 ^u ! subject ( phlogi/on2 "o w\ld suppose t he %\ld be well acqua9t$ ) inflammable bodies at lea/2 let u see !n :at he has to obs]ve ^u t subject4 ,he quotes f my ,!ory1 t sp>1 qu>tz1 pyrites1 cry/allis$ ^u or ne> ea* o!r1 & adh]+ to coal1 or mix$ ) bitum51 etc4 are f\nd2 circum/ances t _c be expla9$ 9 ! hypo!sis ( solution 9 ! moi/ way4--,he !n answ]s2--,n exactly1 nor ) c]ta9ty2 :i* is n wond]ful3 ,b !y are /ill less explicable 9 ! hypo!sis ( dry solution1 z mu/ be app>5t f :at has be5 already said4 ,h[ coal1 an infusible sub/ance1 c\ld be spread into /rata by m]e heat1 is to me incompreh5sible4--,x is only ^u ! la/ s5t5ce t ,i am "h to rem>k3 ,?is1 ,i believe1 w be a suffici5t specim5 ( our au?or's und]/&+1 ) reg>d at lea/ to my ,!ory :i* he is "h exam9+4 ,! read] w see :at ,i h said ^u ! subject ( coal1 by turn+ back to ! second section ( ! prec$+ *apt]4 ,i _h giv5 almo/ ?ree qu>to pages ^u t subject1 endeav\r+ to expla9 h[ all ! diff]5t degrees ( infusibility 7 produc$1 by means ( heat & di/illation1 9 /rata :i* _h be5 orig9ally m or less oily1 bitum9\s1 & fusible2 & n[ our au?or says1 t x is incompreh5sible to him1 h[ coal1 an infusible sub/ance1 c\ld be spread into /rata by m]e heat4--,s x truly may1 ei!r to him or to any o!r p]son2 b1 x appe>s to me almo/ z incompreh5sible1 h[ a p]son ( common und]/&+ %\ld read my ,diss]tation1 & impute to x a ?+ s contr>y to its doctr9e4 ,no?+ c bett] illu/rate ! misconceiv$ view t our au?or seems to h tak5 ( ! two opposite !ories1 7i4 e4 ( consolidation by means ( heat1 & by means ( wat] alone17 ?an 8 obs]vation ^u ! case ( m9]al alkali4 ,to t irrefragable argum5t 7:i* ,dr ,black sugge/$7 9 pro( ( ?is sub/ance hav+ be5 9 a /ate ( fusion 9 ! m9]al regions1 our au?or makes ! foll[+ reply2 ,:at !n w our au?or say ( ! va/ masses ( ?is salt :i* are f\nd ) _! full quantity ( wat] ( cry/allization8--,!re is 9 ?is proposition1 insignificant z x may seem1 a confusion ( ideas1 :i* x c]ta9ly _c be ?\ght wor? :ile to inve/igate2 b1 s f> z ! doctr9e ( ! aque\s !ory may be consid]$ z "h conc]n$1 x w be prop] t ,i %\ld give "s answ] to ! "q s triumphantly put to me4 ,our au?or is 9 a mi/ake 9 suppos+ t ,dr ,black _h writt5 any ?+ ^u ! subject2 he _h only sugge/$ ! argum5t ( ?is example ( m9]al alkali to me1 z ,i h m5tion$2 &1 ! use ,i made ( t argum5t 0 to corroborate ! example ,i _h giv5 ( sal gem4 ,if1 !re=e1 our au?or does n d5y ! inf]5ce f ! /ate ( t m9]al alkali1 8 obs]vation ^u x mu/ ref] to some?+ :i* ?is o!r example ( 8 is to prove on ! opposite side1 or to support ! aque\s in/ead ( ! igne\s !ory2 &1 ?is is a subject :i* ,i am always will+ to exam9e 9 ! mo/ imp>tial mann]1 hav+ a desire to "k ! true effect ( aque\s solution 9 ! consolidation ( m9]al bodies1 & hav+ no objection to all[ x any ?+ :i* x c possibly produce1 al?\gh d5y+ t x c d e ?+1 z _m m9]ali/s seem to ?9k4 ,! "q1 ) reg>d to ?is example ( our au?or's ( a m9]al alkali ) its wat] ( cry/allization1 mu/ be ?is1 ,:e!r ^? sal9e bodies _h be5 concret$ by ! evaporation ( ! aque\s solv5t ) :i* !y _h be5 introduc$1 or by ! congelation ( t sal9e sub/ance f a fluid /ate ( fusion2 =1 surely1 we are n to suppose ^? bodies to h be5 creat$ 9 ! place & /ate 9 :i* we f9d !m4 ,) reg>d to ! evaporation or sep>ation ( ! aque\s solv5t1 ?is may be easily conceiv$ accord+ to ! igne\s !ory2 b1 ! aque\s !ory has n any means = ! produc+ ( t effect 9 ! m9]al regions1 :i* is ! only place we are "h conc]n$ )4 ,!re=e1 ?is example ( a concret$ body ( salt1 :atev] x may prove 9 o!r respects1 c nei!r dim9i% ! evid5ce ( my ,!ory ) reg>d to ! igne\s orig9 ( /ony sub/ances1 nor c x contribute to support ! opposite supposition ( an aque\s orig9 to !m4 ,b to %[ h[ little reason our au?or _h = exult+ 9 t "q :i* he s confid5tly propos$ 9 ord] to defeat my argum5t1 let u consid] ?is matt] a little f>!r4 ,i w = a mom5t all[ ! aque\s !ory to h ! means = sep>at+ ! wat] f ! sal9e solution1 & ?us to concrete ! sal9e sub/ance 9 ! b[els ( ! e>?2 ?is concretion !n is to be exam9$ ) a view to inve/igate ! la/ /ate ( ?is body1 :i* is to in=m u ) reg>d to ^? m9]al op]ations4 ,b1 our au?or has n m5tion$ :e!r ^? masses appe> to h be5 cry/allis$ f ! aque\s solution1 or if !y appe> to h be5 congeal$ f ! melt$ /ate ( _! aque\s fusion4--,has he ev] ?\ght ( ?is8 ,n[ ?is is s mat]ial a po9t 9 ! view ) :i* t example has be5 held out to u1 t1 )\t %[+ t ?is salt _h cry/allis$ f ! solution1 he has no "r to employ x z an example2 & if1 on ! o!r h&1 x %\ld appe> to h simply congeal$ f ! /ate ( aque\s fusion1 !n1 in/ead ( answ]+ ! purpose = :i* our au?or gave x1 x w\ld refute 8 supposition1 z c]ta9ly z ! example :i* ,i h giv54 ,s f> ,i h reason$ ^u ! supposition ( ?is alkali1 ) its wat] ( cry/allization1 be+ truly a m9]al concretion2 b1 ,i see no au?ority = su* a supposition3 ,x c]ta9ly may be o!rwise2 &1 9 t case1 our au?or w\ld h no m "r to give x z an example 9 opposition to ,dr ,black's argum5t1 ?an he w\ld h to give ! cry/allization ( sea-salt1 on ,turk's ,isl&1 9 opposition to ! example :i* ,i _h giv51 ( ! salt rock1 at ,nor?wy* 9 ,*e%ire1 hav+ be5 9 ! /ate ( fusion4 ,x c]ta9ly 0 incumb5t on our au?or to h in=m$ u1 if ^? masses ( salt 7 f\nd 91 :at may be prop]ly t]m$1 _! m9]al /ate2 or1 if ! /ate 9 :i* !y are f\nd at pres5t _h be5 produc$ by ! influ5ces ( ! atmosph]e1 trans=m+ t sal9e sub/ance f its m9]al /ate1 z happ5s ^u s _m o!r occasions2 ,i am incl9$ to suspect t ?is la/ is truly ! case4 ,x may be ?\ght illib]al 9 me to suppose a natural philosoph] ?us hold+ out an example t c\ld only s]ve to lead u into error1 or to mislead our judgm5t ) reg>d to ^? two !ories :i* is ! subject ( consid]ation4 ,?is c]ta9ly w\ld be ! case1 almo/ on any o!r occasion2 b1 :5 ,i f9d e argum5t & example1 employ$ 9 ?is diss]tation1 to be ei!r unf\nd$ or misjudg$1 ,:e!r am ,i to conclude our au?or1 on ?is occasion1 to be consi/5t ) himself1 or n8 ,i h b "o article m to obs]ve ^u4 ,i _h giv51 z ,i ?\ght1 a k9d ( demon/ration1 f ! int]nal evid5ce ( ! /one1 t granite _h be5 9 ! fluid /ate ( fusion1 & _h concret$ by cry/allization & congelation f t melt$ /ate4 ,?is no d\bt mu/ be a /umbl+ block to ^? :o ma9ta9 t granite m\nta9s are ! primitive p>ts ( our e>?2 & :o1 l our au?or1 suppose t ?+s may h be5 orig9ally1 z at pres5t1 9 a solid /ate4 ,x mu/ also be a great1 if n an inv9cible ob/acle 9 ! way ( ! aque\s !ory1 :i* ?us endeav\rs to expla9 ^? granite ve9s t are f\nd trav]s+ /rata1 & !re=e necess>ily ( a po/]ior =mation4 ,to remove t ob/acle 9 ! way ( ! aque\s !ory1 or to c>ry t !ory ov] ! ob/acle :i* he _c remove1 our au?or und]takes to refute my !ory ) reg>d to ! igne\s orig9 ( /ony sub/ances1 by giv+ an example ( granite =m$ ^u ! surface ( ! e>? by means ( wat]1 or 9 :at is call$ ! moi/ way2 & he closes 8 ,diss]tation ) ?is example z an exp]im5tum crucis4 ,x is !re=e necess>y t ,i take ?is demon/ration ( our au?or into p>ticul> consid]ation2 =1 surely1 indep5d5t ( our controv]sy1 :i* is p]haps ( little mom5t1 "h is ! mo/ int]e/+ exp]im5t1 z x is ann\nc$1 t m9]alogy c\ld be enri*$ )4 ,to close ?is controv]sy1 says our au?or1 ,i %all only add1 t granite1 rec5tly =m$ 9 ! moi/ way1 has be5 frequ5tly f\nd4--,( t rem>kable ev5t1 h[ev]1 he has select$ only "o example4 ,?is is to be f\nd ^u ! ,od]2 & ! au?ority ^u :i* our au?or has giv5 x1 is t ( ,lasius ,h>tz4 ,! =mation ( a granite /one1 f granite s&1 by means ( wat]1 is inconsi/5t ) our *emical k ( ^? m9]al sub/ances :i* con/itute t /one2 x is repugnant to ! ph5om5a :i* appe> f ! inspection ( ! natural bodies ( ?is k9d2 & x is directly contr>y to ! univ]sal exp]i5ce 9 granite c\ntries1 :]e1 in/ead ( any ?+ concret+1 e ?+ is go+ into decay1 f ! loose /ones & s& ( granite1 to ! solid rock & m\nta9s :i* are always 9 a /ate ( degradation4 ,!re=e1 to h any cr$it giv5 to su* a /ory1 w\ld require ! mo/ sci5tific evid5ce 9 its fav\r4 ,n[1 9 ord] t o!rs may judge :e!r ?is has be5 ! case 9 ?is example1 ,i w transcribe :at our au?or has said ^u ! subject2 & !n ,i w give ! view 9 :i* x appe>s to me4 ,he says1 a mole hav+ be5 con/ruct$ 9 ! ,od] 9 ! ye> #agbc1 #cej feet long1 #ed feet 9 height1 #add feet broad at bottom1 & #ed at ! top1 its sides only 7 granite1 )\t any o!r cem5t ?an moss2 ! middle space 0 entirely fill$ ) granite s&4 ,9 a %ort "t ?is concret$ into a sub/ance s compact z to be imp5etrable by wat]4--,"h is an example1 accord+ to our au?or1 ( granite =m$ 9 ! moi/ way4 ,b n[1 ,i mu/ ask to see ! evid5ce ( t fact2 =1 f :at our au?or has told u1 ,i d n ev5 see reason to conclude t !re 0 ! lea/ concretion1 or any /one =m$ at all4 ,a body ( s& w be s compact$ z to be imp5etrable by wat]1 ) ! introduction ( a v little mud1 & )\t any degree ( concretion2 muddy wat]1 inde$1 _c be made to pass ?r\gh su* a body )\t compact+ x s2 & ?is e body f9ds1 to _! co/1 :o h attempt$ to make a filt] ( t k9d4 ,b ,i %all suppose ,lasius has in=m$ our au?or t !re _h be5 a petrifaction 9 ?is case2 &1 be=e ,i admit ?is example ( ! =mation ( granite1 ,i mu/ ask :at sort ( a granite x 02--:e!r ( two1 ?ree1 or f\r +r$i5ts2 &1 h[ ^! 7 dispos$4 ,if1 aga91 x 7 n prop]ly a granite1 b a /one =m$ ( granite s&1 ,:at is ! cem5t+ sub/ance8--,is x qu>tz1 felt-sp>1 mica1 or s*orl8--or1 ,0 x calc>e\s8 ,if our au?or kn[s any ?+ ab\t ^! necess>y que/ions1 ,:y has he n in=m$ u1 z m9utely z he has done ) reg>d to ! dim5sions ( ! mole1 ) :i* we c]ta9ly are less conc]n$8 ,if1 aga91 he kn[s no m ab\t ! matt] ?an :at he has in=m$ u (1 he mu/ h /rangely impos$ ^u himself1 to suppose t he 0 giv+ u an example ( ! =mation ( granite 9 ! moi/ way1 :5 he has only describ$ an effectual way ( reta9+ wat]1 by means ( s& & mud4 ,,*ap4 ,,iii4 ,( ,physical ,sy/ems1 & ,geological ,!ories1 9 g5]al4 ,9 ! fir/ *apt] ,i h giv5 a g5]al !ory ( ! e>?1 ) su* pro(s z ,i ?\ght 7 suffici5t = ! in=mation ( intellig5t m51 :o might satisfy !mselves by exam9+ ! facts on :i* ! reason+ 9 t !ory _h be5 f\nd$4 ,9 ! second *apt]1 ,i h endeav\r$ to remove ! objections :i* h be5 made to t !ory1 by a /r5u\s patron ( ! commonly receiv$ op9ion ( m9]alogi/s & geologi/s1--an op9ion :i*1 if n diametrically opposite1 diff]s ess5tially f m9e4 ,b n[ ,i am to exam9e nature m p>ticul>ly1 9 ord] to comp>e ^? diff]5t op9ions ) ! actual /ate ( ?+s1 on :i* e physical !ory mu/ be f\nd$4 ,!re=e1 ! op9ions ( o!r geologi/s %\ld be cle>ly /at$1 t s a fair comp>ison may be made ( !ories :i* are to repres5t ! sy/em ( ?is e>?4 ,n[1 if ,i am to comp>e t :i* ,i h giv5 z a !ory ( ! e>?1 ) ! !ories giv5 by o!rs "u t d5om9ation1 ,i f9d s little simil>ity1 9 ! ?+s to be comp>$1 t no o!r judgm5t c\ld h5ce be =m$1 p]haps1 ?an t !y _h little or no resemblance4 ,i see c]ta9 treatises nam$ ,!ories ( ! ,e>?2 b1 ,i f9d n any ?+ t entitles !m to be consid]$ z su*1 unless x be _! endeav\r+ to expla9 c]ta9 appe>ances :i* are obs]v$ 9 ! e>?4 ,t a prop] !ory ( ! e>? %\ld expla9 all ^? appe>ances is true2 b1 x does n hold1 conv]sely1 t ! explanation ( an appe>ance %\ld con/itute a !ory ( ! e>?4 ,s f> z ! !ory ( ! e>? %all be consid]$ z ! philosophy or physical k ( ?is _w1 t is to say1 a g5]al view ( ! means by :i* ! end or purpose is atta9$1 no?+ c be prop]ly e/eem$ su* a !ory unless x lead1 9 "s degree1 to ! =m+ ( t g5]al view ( ?+s4 ,b n[1 let u see :at we h to exam9e 9 t respect4 ,we h1 fir/1 ,burnet's ,!ory ( ! ,e>?4 ,?is surely _c be consid]$ 9 any o!r light ?an z a dream1 =m$ ^u ! poetic fiction ( a gold5 age1 & t ( iron :i* _h succe$$ x2 at ! same "t1 !re are c]ta9 appe>ances 9 ! e>? :i* w\ld1 9 a p>tial view ( ?+s1 seem to ju/ify t imag9ation4 ,9 ,telliam$1 aga91 we h a v +5i\s !ory1 ) reg>d to ! production ( ! e>? above ! surface ( ! sea1 & ( ! orig9 ( ^? l& animals :i* n[ inhabit t e>?4 ,?is is a !ory :i* has some?+ 9 x l a regul> sy/em1 su* z we might expect to f9d 9 nature2 b1 x is only a physical romance1 & _c be consid]$ 9 a s]i\s view1 al?\gh app>5tly bett] f\nd$ ?an mo/ ( t :i* has be5 wrote ^u ! subject4 ,we h !n a !ory ( a v diff]5t k9d2 ?is is t ( ! ,c\nt de ,buffon4 ,"h is a !ory1 n f\nd$ on any regul> sy/em1 b ^u an irregul>ity ( nature1 or an accid5t suppos$ to h happ5$ to ! sun4 ,b1 are we to consid] z a !ory ( ! e>?1 an accid5t by :i* a planet>y body _h be5 made to increase ! numb] ( ^! 9 ! sol> sy/em8 ,! circumvolution ( a planet>y body 7all[+ x to h happ5$ 9 t mann]7 _c =m ! sy/em ( a _w1 su* z our e>? exhibits2 &1 9 =m+ a !ory ( ! e>?1 x is requir$ to see ! aptitude ( e "p ( ?is complicat$ ma*9e to fulfil ! purpose ( its int5tion1 & n to suppose ! wise sy/em ( ?is _w to h aris5 f1 ! cool+ ( a lump ( melt$ matt] :i* _h belong$ to ano!r body4 ,:5 we consid] ! p[] & wisdom t mu/ h be5 ex]t$ 9 ! contriv+1 creat+1 & ma9ta9+ ?is liv+ _w :i* su/a9s su* a v>iety ( plants & animals1 ! revolution ( a mass ( dead matt] accord+ to ! laws ( projectiles1 al?\gh 9 p]fect wisdom1 is b l a unite among an inf9ite s]ies ( asc5d+ numb]s4 ,aft] ! !ory ( t eloqu5t writ]1 f\nd$ on a m]e accid5t1 or r ! error ( a comet :i* produc$ ! beautiful sy/em ( ?is _w1 ,m4 de ,luc1 9 8 ,!ory ( ! e>?1 has giv5 u ! hi/ory ( a disa/] :i* befell ?is well contriv$ _w2--a disa/] :i* caus$ ! g5]al deluge1 & :i*1 )\t a miracle1 mu/ h undone a sy/em ( liv+ be+s t are s well adapt$ to ! pres5t /ate ( ?+s4 ,b1 surely1 g5]al deluges =m no "p ( ! !ory ( ! e>?2 =1 ! purpose ( ?is e>? is evid5tly to ma9ta9 vegetable & animal life1 & n to de/roy !m4 ,besides ^! imag9>y great op]ations 9 ! natural hi/ory ( ?is e>?1 we h also c]ta9 suppositions ( geologi/s & m9]ali/s ) reg>d to ! effect ( wat]1 = expla9+ to u ! consolidation ( ! loose mat]ials ( :i* ! /rata ( ! e>? _h be5 compos$1 & also = produc+ e o!r appe>ance1 or any :i* %all happ5 to occur 9 ! exam9ation ( ! e>?1 & require to be expla9$4 ,t ?is is no exagg]at$ repres5tation1 & t ?is is all we h z a !ory1 9 ! suppositions ( ^? geologi/s1 w appe> f ! foll[+ /ate ( ! case4 ,!y suppose wat] ! ag5t employ$ 9 =m+ ! solid bodies ( ! e>?1 & 9 produc+ ^? cry/allis$ bodies :i* appe> 9 ! m9]al k+dom4 ,t ?is is a m]e supposition w appe> by consid]+2 fir/1 t !y d n "k h[ ?is ag5t wat] is to op]ate 9 produc+ ^? effects2 nor h !y any direct pro( ( ! fact :i* is alleg$1 f a v fallace\s analogy2 &1 secondly1 t !y _c tell u :]e ?is op]ation is to be p]=m$4 ,!y _c say t x is 9 ! e>? above ! level ( ! sea3 =1 ! same appe>ances are f\nd z deep z we c exam9e bel[ t level2 besides1 we see t wat] has ! opposite effect ^u ! surface ( ! e>?1 ?r\gh :i* x p]colates dissolv+ soluble sub/ances1 & ?us resolv+ solid bodies 9 prep>+ soil = plants4 ,if1 aga91 x be bel[ ! level ( ! sea1 t /rata ( ! e>? are suppos$ to be consolidat$ by ! infiltration ( t wat] :i* falls f ! heav5s2 ?is _c be all[$1 s f> z :atev] ( ! e>? is bibul\s1 9 t place1 mu/ h be5 always full ( wat]1 consequ5tly _c admit ( t suppos$ infiltration4 ,b all[+ ^? suppositions to be true1 !re is no?+ 9 !m l a !ory ( ! e>?1--a !ory t %\ld br+ ! op]ations ( ! _w into ! regul>ity ( ends & means1 &1 by g5]aliz+ ^! regul> ev5ts1 %[ u ! op]ation ( p]fect intellig5ce =m+ a design2 !y are only an attempt to %[ h[ c]ta9 ?+s1 :i* we see1 h happ5$ )\t any p]ceivable design1 or )\t any f>!r design ?an ?is p>ticul> effect :i* we p]ceive4 ,if we believe t !re is almighty p[]1 & supreme wisdom employ$ = su/a9+ t beautiful sy/em ( plants & animals :i* is s int]e/+ to u1 we mu/ c]ta9ly conclude1 t ! e>?1 on :i* ?is sy/em ( liv+ ?+s dep5ds1 has be5 con/ruct$ on pr9ciples t are adequate to ! end propos$1 & procure x a p]fection :i* x is our bus9ess to explore4 ,!re=e1 a prop] sy/em ( ! e>? %\ld lead u to see t wise contraction1 by :i* ?is e>? is made to answ] ! purpose ( its int5tion & to pres]ve itself f e accid5t by :i* ! design ( ?is liv+ _w might be fru/rat$ z ?is _w is an active sc5e1 or a mat]ial ma*9e mov+ 9 all its p>ts1 we mu/ see h[ ?is ma*9e is s contriv$1 z ei!r to h ^? p>ts to move )\t we>+ & decay1 or to h ^? p>ts1 :i* are wa/+ & decay+1 aga9 repair$4 ,a rock or /one is n a subject t1 ( itself1 may int]e/ a philosoph] to /udy2 b1 :5 he comes to see ! necessity ( ^? h>d bodies1 9 ! con/itution ( ?is e>?1 or = ! p]man5cy ( ! l& on :i* we dwell1 & :5 he f9ds t !re are means wisely provid$ = ! r5ovation ( ?is necess>y decay+ "p1 z well z t ( e o!r1 he !n1 ) pleasure1 contemplates ?is manife/ation ( design1 & ?us connects ! m9]al sy/em ( ?is e>? ) t by :i* ! heav5ly bodies are made to move p]petually 9 _! orbits4 ,x is n1 !re=e1 simply by see+ ! concretion ( m9]al bodies t a philosoph] is to be gratifi$ 9 8 8 intellectual pursuit1 b by ! contemplation ( t sy/em 9 :i* ! necess>y resolution ( ?is e>?1 :ile at pres5t x s]ves ! purpose ( vegetation1 or ! f]tility ( our soil1 is ! v means employ$ 9 furni%+ ! mat]ials ( future l&4 ,x is su* a view z ?is t ,i h endeav\r$ to repres5t 9 ! !ory :i* ,i h giv54 ,i h !re /at$ ! pres5t situation ( ?+s1 by :i* we are l$ to p]ceive a =m] /ate2 &1 f t necess>y progress ( actual ?+s1 ,i h conclud$ a c]ta9 sy/em accord+ to :i* ?+s w be *ang$1 )\t any accid5t or error4 ,x is by trac+ ?is regul> sy/em 9 nature t a philosoph] is to p]ceive ! wisdom ) :i* ?is _w has be5 contriv$2 b1 he mu/ see t wisdom f\nd$ ^u ! aptitude ( all ! p>ts to fulfil ! int5tion ( ! design2 & t int5tion is to be d$uc$ f ! end :i* is kn[n to be atta9$4 ,?us we are fir/ to reason f effect to cause1 9 see+ ! ord] ( t :i* has already happ5$2 & !n1 f ^? kn[n causes1 to reason =w>ds1 s z to conceive t :i* is to come to pass 9 "t4 ,su* w\ld be ! philosophy ( ?is e>?1 =m$ by ! highe/ g5]alisation ( ph5om5a1 a g5]alisation :i* _h requir$ ! p>ticul> inve/igation ( inductive reason+4 ,t no su* !ory z ?is1 f\nd$ ^u wat] z an ag5t op]at+ 9 ! *anges ( ?is e>?1 has yet appe>$1 w1 ,i believe be easily all[$4 ,) reg>d aga9 to fire z an ag5t 9 ! m9]al op]ations ( ?is e>?1 geologi/s h =m$ no consi/5t !ory4 ,!y see volcanoes 9 all ! qu>t]s ( ! globe1 & f ^? burn+ m\nta9s1 !y conjecture o!r m\nta9s h be5 =m$4 ,b a burn+ m\nta9 is only a matt] ( fact2 &1 !y h n on ?is =m$ any g5]al pr9ciple1 = e/abli%+ :at may be call$ a !ory ( ! e>?4 ,^? :o h consid]$ subt]rane\s fires z produc+ c]ta9 effects1 nei!r "k h[ ^! h be5 procur$1 nor d !y see ! prop] purpose = :i* !y are employ$ 9 ! sy/em ( ?is _w4 ,9 ?is case1 ! ag5t fire is only se5 z a de/ructive elem5t1 9 l mann] z deluges ( wat] h be5 attribut$ by o!rs to *anges :i* h happ5$ 9 ! natural /ate ( ?+s4 ,^! op]ations are se5 only z ! accid5ts ( nature1 & n z "p ( t design by :i* ! e>?1 :i* is necess>ily wa/$ 9 ! op]ations ( ! _w1 is to be repair$4 ,s f> f employ+ heat or subt]rane\s fire z an ag5t 9 ! m9]al op]ations ( ! e>?1 ! volcanic philosoph]s d n ev5 attempt to expla9 ^u t pr9ciple ! frequ5t nodules ( calc>e\s1 zeolite1 & o!r spatose & agaty sub/ances1 9 ^? basaltic bodies :i* !y consid] z lavas4 ,in/ead !n ( le>n+ to see ! op]ation ( heat z a g5]al pr9ciple ( m9]al consolidation & cry/allization1 ! volcanic philosoph]s endeav\r to expla9 ^? p>ticul> appe>ances1 :i* !y ?9k inconsi/5t ) fusion1 by aque\s infiltration1 no o!rwise ?an o!r m9]ali/s :o d n admit ! igne\s orig9 ( ^? basaltic bodies4 ,?us1 t great ag5t1 subt]rane\s heat1 has nev] be5 employ$ by geologi/s1 z a g5]al pr9ciple 9 ! !ory ( ! e>?2 x has be5 only consid]$ z an occasional circum/ance1 or z ! accid5t ( hav+ c]ta9 m9]al bodies1 :i* are inflammable1 k9dl$ 9 ! e>?1 )\t s mu* z see+ h[ t may be done4 ,?is ag5t heat1 !n1 is a new pr9ciple to be employ$ 9 =m+ a !ory ( ! e>?2 a pr9ciple t mu/ h be5 9 ! con/itution ( ?is globe1 :5 contriv$ to subsi/ z a _w1 & to ma9ta9 a sy/em ( liv+ bodies p]petuat+ _! species4 ,x is !re=e necess>y to connect ?is great m9]al pr9ciple1 subt]rane\s fire or heat1 ) ! o!r op]ations ( ! _w1 9 =m+ a g5]al !ory4 ,=1 :e!r we are to consid] ^? great & con/ant explosions ( m9]al fire z a pr9cipal ag5t 9 ! design1 or only z a casual ev5t dep5d+ ^u circum/ances :i* give occasion to an op]ation ( su* magnitude1 "h is an object t mu/ surely h its place 9 e g5]al !ory ( ! e>?4 ,9 exam9+ ?+s :i* actually exi/1 & :i* h proce$$ 9 a c]ta9 ord]1 x is natural to look = t :i* _h be5 fir/2 man desires to "k :at _h be5 ! beg9n+ ( ^? ?+s :i* n[ appe>4 ,b :51 9 =m+ a !ory ( ! e>?1 a geologi/ %all indulge 8 fancy 9 fram+1 )\t evid5ce1 t :i* _h prec$$ ! pres5t ord] ( ?+s1 he !n ei!r misleads himself1 or writes a fable = ! amusem5t ( 8 read]4 ,a !ory ( ! e>?1 :i* has = object tru?1 c h no retrospect to t :i* _h prec$$ ! pres5t ord] ( ?is _w2 =1 ?is ord] alone is :at we h to reason ^u2 & to reason )\t data is no?+ b delusion4 ,a !ory1 !re=e1 :i* is limit$ to ! actual con/itution ( ?is e>?1 _c be all[$ to proce$ "o /ep beyond ! pres5t ord] ( ?+s4 ,b1 hav+ survey$ ! ord] ( ?is liv+ _w1 & hav+ inve/igat$ ! progress ( ?is active sc5e ( life1 dea? & circulation1 we f9d ample data on :i* to f\nd a tra9 ( ! mo/ conclusive reason+ ) reg>d to a g5]al design4 ,x is ?us t !re is to be p]ceiv$ ano!r sy/em ( active ?+s = ! contemplation ( our m9d2--?+s :i*1 ?\gh n imm$iately )9 our view1 are n ! less c]ta9 9 be+ out ( our sight2 & ?+s :i* mu/ necess>ily be compreh5d$ 9 ! !ory ( ! e>?1 if we are to give /ability to x z a _w su/a9+ plants & animals4 ,?is is a m9]al sy/em1 by :i* ! decay$ con/itution ( an e>?1 or fruitful surface ( habitable l&1 may be cont9ually r5ew$ 9 proportion z x is wa/$ 9 ! op]ations ( ?is _w4 ,x is 9 ?is m9]al sy/em t ,i h occasion to comp>e ! explanations1 :i* ,i give ( c]ta9 natural appe>ances1 ) ! !ories or explanations :i* h be5 giv5 by o!rs1 & :i* are g5]ally receiv$ z ! prop] !ory ( ^? m9]al op]ations4 ,i am1 !re=e1 to exam9e ^? diff]5t op9ions1 respect+ ! means employ$ by nature = produc+ p>ticul> appe>ances 9 ! con/ruction ( our l&1 appe>ances :i* mu/ be expla9$ 9 "s consi/5t m9]al !ory4 ,^! appe>ances may all be compreh5d$ "u two heads1 :i* are n[ to be m5tion$1 9 ord] to see ! importance ( _! explanation1 or purpose :i* su* an explanation is to s]ve 9 a !ory ( ! e>?4 ,! fir/ k9d ( ^! appe>ances is t ( kn[n bodies :i* we f9d compos+ "p ( ! masses ( our l&1 bodies ^: natural hi/ory we "k1 z hav+ exi/$ 9 ano!r /ate previ\s to ! composition ( ?is e>? :]e !y n[ are f\nd2 ^! are ! relicts or p>ts ( animal & vegetable bodies1 & v>i\s /ony sub/ances brok5 & worn by attrition1 all :i* _h belong$ to a =m] e>?4 ,by means ( ^! kn[n objects1 we are to le>n a great deal ( ! natural hi/ory ( ?is e>?2 &1 x is 9 trac+ t hi/ory1 f :]e we fir/ p]ceive x1 to ! pres5t /ate ( ?+s1 t =ms ! subject ( a geological & m9]alogical !ory ( ?is e>?4 ,b1 we are m especially enabl$ to trace ^? op]ations ( ! e>?1 by means ( ! second k9d ( appe>ances1 :i* are n[ to be m5tion$4 ,^! aga9 are ! evid5t *anges :i* ^? kn[n bodies h und]gone1 & :i* h be5 induc$ ^u su* collect$ masses ( :i* ^? bodies con/itute a "p4 ,^! *anges are ( ?ree sorts2 fir/1 ! solid /ate1 & v>i\s degrees ( x1 9 :i* we n[ f9d ^? masses :i* _h be5 orig9ally =m$ by ! collection ( loose & incoh]5t mat]ials2 secondly1 ! subsequ5t *anges :i* h evid5tly happ5$ to ^? consolidat$ masses :i* h be5 brok5 & displac$1 & :i* h _h o!r m9]al sub/ances introduc$ into ^? brok5 & disord]$ p>ts2 &1 la/ly1 t great *ange ( situation :i* has happ5$ to ?is comp\nd mass =m$ orig9ally at ! bottom ( ! sea1 a mass :i*1 aft] be+ consolidat$ 9 ! m9]al region1 is n[ situat$ 9 ! atmosph]e above ! surface ( ! sea4 ,9 ?is mann] we are l$ to ! sy/em ( ! _w1 or !ory ( ! e>? 9 g5]al2 =1 t great *ange ( situation1 :i* our l& has und]gone1 _c be consid]$ z ! "w ( accid5t1 or any o!r ?an an ess5tial "p 9 ! sy/em ( ?is _w4 ,x is !re=e a prop] view ( ! necess>y connection & mutual dep5d5ce ( all ^? diff]5t sy/ems ( *ang+ ?+s t =ms ! !ory ( ?is e>? z a _w1 or z t active "p ( nature :i* ! philosophy ( ?is e>? has to explore4 ,! animal sy/em is ! fir/ or la/ ( ^!2 next comes ! vegetable sy/em1 on :i* ! life ( animals dep5ds2 !n comes ! sy/em ( ?is e>?1 compos$ ( atmosph]e1 sea1 & l&1 & compreh5d+ ! v>i\s *emical1 me*anical1 & meteorologically op]ations :i* take place ^u t surface :]e vegetation mu/ proce$2 &1 la/ly1 we h ! m9]al sy/em to contemplate1 a sy/em 9 :i* ! wa/+ surface ( ! e>? is employ$ 9 lay+ ! f\ndation ( future l& )9 ! sea1 & a sy/em 9 :i* ! m9]al op]ations are employ$ 9 concoct+ t future l&4 ,n[1 su* mu/ surely be ! !ory ( ?is e>?1 if ! l& is cont9ually wa/+ 9 ! op]ations ( ?is _w2 =1 to ackn[l$ge ! p]fection ( ^? sy/ems ( plants & animals p]petuat+ _! species1 & to suppose ! sy/em ( ?is e>? on :i* !y mu/ dep5d1 to be imp]fect1 & 9 "t to p]i%1 w\ld be to reason inconsi/5tly or absurdly4 ,?is is ! view ( nature t ,i w\ld wi% philosoph]s to take2 b1 !re are c]ta9 prejudices ( education or prepossession ( op9ion among !m to be ov]come1 be=e !y c be br\ght to see ^? fundam5tal propositions1--! wa/+ ( ! l&1 & ! necessity ( its r5ovation by ! co-op]ation ( ! m9]al sy/em4 ,let u !n consid] h[ m5 ( sci5ce1 9 exam9+ ! m9]al /ate ( ?+s1 & reason+ f ^? appe>ances by :i* we are to le>n ! physiology ( ?is e>?1 h misl$ !mselves ) reg>d to physical causes1 & =m$ c]ta9 m9]alogical & geological !ories1 by :i* _! judgm5t is s p]v]t$1 9 exam9+ nature1 z to exclude !m f ! prop] means ( correct+ _! fir/ errone\s notions1 or r5d] !m bl9d to ! cle>e/ evid5ce ( any o!r !ory t is propos$4 ,:5 m5 ( sci5ce reason ^u subjects :]e ! ideas are di/9ct & def9ite1 ) t]ms appropriat$ to ! ideas1 !y come to conclusions 9 :i* !re is no diff]5ce ( op9ion4 ,x is o!rwise 9 physical subjects1 :]e ?+s are to be assimilat$1 9 be+ prop]ly comp>$2 !re1 ?+s are n always comp>$ 9 simil> & equal circum/ances or conditions2 & !re1 philosoph]s (t5 draw conclusions beyond ! analogy ( ! ?+s comp>$1 & ?us judge )\t data4 ,:51 = example1 !y w\ld =m ! physical induction1 ) reg>d to ! effect ( fire or wat] ^u c]ta9 sub/ances 9 ! m9]al regions1 f ! analogy ( su* ev5ts z may be obs]v$ ^u ! surface ( ! e>?1 !y are apt to judge ( ?+s act+ "u diff]5t circum/ances or conditions1 consequ5tly n produc+ simil> effects2 9 :i* case1 !y are judg+ )\t reason1 t is1 in/ead ( inductive reason+ f actual data or physical tru?1 !y are =m+ data to !mselves purely by supposition1 consequ5tly1 s f> z ^!1 imag9$ data may be wrong1 ! physical conclusion1 ( ^! philosoph]s may be errone\s4 ,x is ?us t philosoph]s h judg$1 ) reg>d to ! effects ( fire & wat] ^u m9]al sub/ances bel[ ! bottom ( ! sea1 f :at _! *emi/ry _h taught !m to believe conc]n+ bodies expos$ to ^? ag5ts 9 ! atmosph]e or on ! surface ( ! e>?4 ,if 9 ^? two cases ! circum/ances 7 ! same1 or simil>1 consequ5tly ! conditions ( ! action n *ang$1 !n1 ! inductive reason+1 :i* !y employ 9 t comp>ison1 w\ld be j2 b1 s f> z x is evid5tly o!rwise1 to h employ$ t inductive conclusion = ! explanation ( m9]al appe>ances1 )\t hav+ reason to believe t ^? *ang$ circum/ances ( ! case %\ld n make any diff]5ce 9 ! action or effect1 is pla9ly to h transgress$ ! rules ( sci5tific reason+2 consequ5tly1 in/ead ( be+ a prop] physical conclusion1 x is only t imp]fect reason+ ( ! vulg> :i*1 by comp>+ ?+s n prop]ly analys$ or di/+ui%$1 is s subject to be errone\s4 ,?is vague reason+1 !re=e1 _c be admitt$ z a "p ( any geological or m9]al !ory4 ,n[ ,i "h ma9ta91 t philosoph]s h judg$ 9 no o!r mann] ?an by ?is false analogy1 :5 !y conclude t wat] is ! ag5t by :i* m9]al concretions h be5 =m$4 ,b x w be prop] to /ate m p>ticul>ly ! case ( t misund]/&+ among m9]al philosoph]s4 ,9 =m+ a geological !ory1 ! g5]al con/ruction ( ?is e>?1 & ! mat]ials ( :i* x is compos$1 are su* visible objects1 & s evid5t to ^? :o w take ! pa9s to exam9e nature1 t "h is a subject 9 :i* !re _c be any d\bt or diff]5ce ( op9ion4 ,nei!r c !re be any dispute conc]n+ ! place & situation ( mass :5 x 0 fir/ =m$ or compos$2 =1 ?is is cle>ly prov$1 f e concomitant circum/ance1 to h be5 at ! bottom ( ! sea4 ,! only "q 9 ?is case1 t c be made1 is1 ,h[ t mass comes n[ to be a solid body1 & above ! surface ( ! sea 9 :i* x _h be5 =m$8 ,) reg>d to ! la/1 ! op9ions ( philosoph]s h be5 s dissonant1 s vague1 & s unreasonable1 z to draw to no conclusion4 ,"s suppose ! l& to be discov]$ by ! gradual retreat ( ! ocean1 )\t propos+ to expla9 to u f :5ce _h come ! kn[n mat]ials ( a =m] e>?1 :i* compose ! highe/ summits ( ! m\nta9s 9 ! highe/ cont95ts ( ! e>?4 ,o!rs suppose ! :ole ( a =m] e>? to h subsid$ bel[ ! bottom ev5 ( ! pres5t sea1 & toge!r ) x all ! wat] ( ! =m] sea1 f above ! summits ( ! pres5t m\nta9s1 :i* _h !n be5 at ! bottom ( ! =m] sea4 ,! plac+ ( ! bottom ( ! sea1 or any "p ( x1 9 ! atmosph]e s z to be dry l&1 is no d\bt a great op]ation to be p]=m$1 & a difficult task to be expla9$2 b ?is is only an argum5t ! m = philosoph]s to agree 9 adopt+ ! mo/ reasonable means4 ,b ?\gh philosoph]s diff] s widely 9 t po9t1 ?is is n ! case ) reg>d to ! concretion ( m9]al bodies2 "h m9]ali/s seem to be almo/ all ( "o m9d1 at ! same "t )\t any reason1 at lea/1 )\t any o!r reason ?an t false analogy :i* !y h inconsid]ately =m$ f ! op]ations ( ! surface ( ?is e>?4 ,?is great misund]/&+ ( m9]ali/s has su* an ext5sive & baneful effect 9 ! judg+ ( geological !ories1 t x w be prop] "h to expla9 h[ t has happ5$1 & to %ew ! necessity ( correct+ t errone\s pr9ciple be=e any j op9ion c be =m$ ^u ! subject4 ,fire & wat] are two great ag5ts 9 ! sy/em ( ?is e>?2 x is !re=e mo/ natural to look = ! op]ation ( ^? ag5ts 9 ! *anges :i* are made on bodies 9 ! m9]al regions2 & z ! consolidat$ /ate ( ^? bodies1 :i* _h be5 collect$ at ! bottom ( ! sea1 may h be5 suppos$ to be induc$ ei!r by fusion1 or by ! concretion f a solution1 we are to consid] h[ f> natural appe>ance lead to ! conclusion ( ! "o or o!r ( ^? two diff]5t op]ations4 ,"h1 no d\bt1 we are to reason analogically f ! kn[n p[] & effects ( ^? great ag5ts2 b1 we mu/ take c>e n to reason f a false analogy1 by misund]/&+ ! circum/ances ( ! case1 or n att5d+ to ! necess>y conditions 9 :i* ^? ag5ts act4--,we mu/ n conclude t fire _c burn 9 ! m9]al regions because our fires require ! v5tilation ( ! atmosph]e2 =1 besides ! actual exig5ce ( m9]al fire be+ a notori\s matt] ( fact1 we "k t mu* m p[]ful means may be employ$ by nature1 = t m9]al purpose ( excit+ heat1 ?an ^? :i* we practise4--,we mu/ n conclude t m9]al m>ble is =m$ 9 ! same mann] z we see a simil> /ony sub/ance produc$ ^u ! surface ( ! e>?1 unless we %\ld h reason to suppose ! analogy to be complete4 ,b1 ?is is ! v error into :i* m9]al philosoph]s h fall52 & ?is is ! subject :i* ,i am n[ to endeav\r to illu/rate4 ,! mann] 9 :i* ^? philosoph]s h deceiv$ !mselves :5 reason+ ^u ! subject ( m9]al concretion1 is ?is3 ,!y see1 t by means ( wat] a /ony sub/ance is produc$2 &1 ?is /ony body s mu* resembles m9]al m>ble z to be h>dly di/+ui%able 9 c]ta9 cases4 ,^! m9]al philosoph]s !n1 reason+ 9 ! mann] ( ! vulg>1 or )\t analys+ ! subject to its pr9ciple1 naturally attribute ! =mation ( ! m9]al m>ble to a cause ( ! same sort2 &1 ! m9]al m>ble be+ f\nd s intimately connect$ ) all o!r m9]al bodies1 we mu/ necess>ily conclude1 9 reason+ accord+ to ! s\nde/ pr9ciples1 t all ^? diff]5t sub/ances _h be5 concret$ 9 ! same mann]4 ,?us1 hav+ once dep>t$ "o /ep f ! pa? ( j inve/igation1 our physical sci5ce is necess>ily bewild]$ 9 ! labyr9? ( error4 ,let u !n1 9 re-exam9+ our data1 po9t out :]e lies t fir/ devi\s /ep :i* _h be5 impregnat$ ) fix$ air1 or c>bonic acid gas1 7z x is call$71 dissolves a c]ta9 portion ( mild calc>e\s e>? or m>ble2 consequ5tly su* acidulat$ wat]1 t is1 wat] impregnat$ ) ?is gas1 w1 by filtrat+ ?r\gh calc>e\s sub/ances1 become saturat$ ) t solution ( m>ble2 &1 ?is solution is :at is call$ a petrify+ wat]4 ,:5 ?is solution is expos$ to ! action ( ! atmosph]e1 ! acid gas1 by means ( :i* ! /ony sub/ance is dissolv$1 evaporates f ! solution1 9 hav+ a /rong] attraction = ! atmosph]ic air2 x is !n t ! m>ble1 or calc>e\s sub/ance1 concretes & cry/allises1 sep>at+ f ! wat] 9 a sp>ry /ate1 & =m+ a v solid /one by ! successive accretion f ! solution1 z x comes to be expos$ to ! influ5ce ( ! atmosph]e 9 fl[+ ov] ! accumulat+ body4 ,"h is ! s\rce ( _! delusion2 =1 !y d n di/+ui% prop]ly ! case ( ?is solution ( a /ony sub/ance concret+ by means ( ! sep>ation ( its solv5t1 & ! case ( su* a solution be+ 9 a place :]e t necess>y condition _c be suppos$ to exi/2 su* z1 e4g41 ! int]/ices among ! p>ticles ( s&1 clay1 etc4 deposit$ at ! bottom ( ! sea1 & accumulat$ 9 imm5se /ratifi$ masses4 ,no example c bett] illu/rate h[ p]nici\s x is to sci5ce to h admitt$ a false pr9ciple1 on :i* a *a9 ( reason+ is to proce$ 9 =m+ a !ory4 ,m9]al philosoph]s h f\nd$ _! !ory ^u t deceitful analogy1 :i* !y _h conclud$ betwe5 ! /alactical concretions ( petrify+ wat]s & ! m>ble =m$ 9 ! m9]al regions2 ?us1 bl9d$ by prejudice1 !y %ut ! door aga9/ ! cle>e/ evid5ce2 & x is mo/ difficult to make !m see ! error ( _! pr9ciple4 ,b ?is is n to be wond]$ at1 :5 we consid] h[ few among philosophis+ m5 rem\nt to ! fir/ pr9ciples ( _! !ory2 &1 unless !y %all ?us rem\nt to t fir/ /ep1 9 :i* ! concret+ op]ation ( a dissolv$ /ony sub/ance is suppos$ to take place )\t ! necess>y conditions = ! petrify+ op]ation1 x is impossible to be conv9c$ t _! !ory1 ?us =m$ ) reg>d to m9]al concretion1 is m]ely supposition1 & has no f\ndation 9 matt] ( fact f :5ce x %\ld proce$4 ,b ?is is n all2 =1 ev5 suppos+ _! !ory to be well f\nd$ & j1 x is pla9ly contradict$ by natural appe>ances4 ,accord+ to t !ory ( aque\s consolidation1 all ! /ratifi$ bodies1 ( :i* ?is e>? 9 g5]al consi/s1 %\ld be f\nd 9 ! natural ord] ( _! regul> =mation2 b1 in/ead ( ?is1 !y are f\nd e :]e di/urb$ 9 t ord] m or less2 9 _m places ?is ord] & regul>ity is s di/urb$ z h>dly to be ackn[l$g$2 9 mo/ places we f9d ^? /ratifi$ bodies brok51 dislocat$1 & contort$1 & ?is aque\s !ory ( m9]ali/s has nei!r ! means = atta9+ t end1 7 x requir$ 9 _! !ory1 nor h !y any su* purpose 9 _! !ory1 7 t end atta9able by ! means :i* !y employ4 ,?us bl9d$ by ! prejudice ( a false analogy1 !y d n ev5 endeav\r to gratify ! human und]/&+ 7:i* naturally goes 9 que/ ( wisdom & design7 by =m+ a hypo!tical or speci\s !ory ( ! m9]al sy/em2 & !y only amuse !mselves ) ! supposition ( an unkn[n op]ation ( wat] = ! explanation ( _! cab9et specim5s1 a supposition altoge!r ineffectual = ! purpose ( =m+ a habitable e>?1 & a supposition :i* is c]ta9ly contradict$ by e natural appe>ance4 ,?us1 9 exam9+ geological & m9]alogical !ories1 ,i am laid "u ! disagreeable necessity ( po9t+ out ! errors ( physical pr9ciples :i* are assum$1 ! prejudices ( !oretical op9ions :i* h be5 receiv$1 & ! misconceiv$ notions :i* philosoph]s ent]ta9 ) reg>d to ! sy/em ( nature1 9 :i* may be p]ceiv$ no ineffectual op]ation1 nor any de/ructive int5tion1 b ! wise & b5evol5t purpose ( pres]v+ ! pres5t ord] ( ?is _w4 ,b1 ?\gh ?us misl$ ) reg>d to ! cause ( ?+s1 naturali/s are e :]e mak+ int]e/+ obs]vations 9 ! m9]al k+dom1 ,i %all !re=e avail myself ( t in/ructive in=mation1 = ! confirmation ( my !ory4 ,x may n[ be prop] to consid] :at mu/ be requir$1 9 ord] to h a geological & m9]al !ory e/abli%$ ^u sci5tific pr9ciples1 or on su* gr\nds z mu/ give conviction to ^? :o w exam9e ! subject2 =1 unless we may cle>ly see t !re are means = atta9+ t desirable end1 few philosoph]s w be p]suad$ to pursue ?is bran* ( k4 ,a !ory is no?+ b ! g5]alization ( p>ticul> facts2 &1 9 a !ory ( ! e>?1 ^? facts mu/ be tak5 f ! obs]vations ( natural hi/ory4 ,nature is consid]$ z absolutely true2 no error or contradiction c be f\nd 9 nature4 ,=1 if su* contradiction 7 truly f\nd1 if ! /one1 = example1 :i* fell to day 7 to rise aga9 to-morr[1 !re w\ld be an end ( natural philosophy1 our pr9ciples w\ld fail1 & we w\ld no long] inve/igate ! rules ( nature f our obs]vations4 ,e natural appe>ance1 !re=e1 :i* is expla9$1 i4e4 :i* is made to come into ! ord] ( ?+s t happ51 mu/ s f> confirm ! !ory to :i* x !n belongs4 ,b is x necess>y1 t e p>ticul> appe>ance1 among m9]als1 %\ld be ?us expla9$ 9 a g5]al !ory ( ! e>?8 ,&1 is any appe>ance1 :i* is n expla9$ by x1 to be consid]$ z suffici5t to discr$it or confute a !ory :i* correspond$ ) e o!r appe>ance8 ,"h is a "q :i* x w\ld require "s accuracy to resolve4 ,if we knew all ! p[]s ( nature1 & all ! diff]5t conditions 9 :i* ^? p[]s may h _! action v>i$1 t is to say1 if we 7 acqua9t$ ) e physical cause1 !n e natural effect1 or all appe>ances ^u ! surface ( ?is e>?1 might be expla9$ 9 a !ory t 7 j4 ,b1 see+ t ?is is f> f be+ ! case1 & t !re may be _m causes ( :i* we are z yet ignorant1 z well z c]ta9 conditions 9 :i* ! kn[n action ( p[]s may be v>i$1 x mu/ be evid5t1 t a !ory ( ! e>? is n to be confut$ by ?is argum5t alone1 ,t !re are1 among natural bodies1 c]ta9 appe>ances :i* are n expla9$ by ! !ory4 ,we mu/ admit1 t1 n hav+ all ! data :i* natural philosophy requires1 we _c pret5d to expla9 e ?+ :i* appe>s2 & t our !ories1 :i* necess>ily are imp]fect1 are n to be consid]$ z errone\s :5 n expla9+ e ?+ :i* is 9 nature1 b only :5 !y are f\nd contr>y to or inconsi/5t ) ! laws ( nature1 :i* are kn[n1 & ) :i* ! case 9 "q may be prop]ly comp>$4 ,b we may h diff]5t !ories to comp>e ) nature2 &1 9 t case1 ! "q is n1 ,h[ f> any ( ^? !ories %\ld expla9 all natural appe>ances8 b1 ,h[ f> any "o p>ticul> !ory might expla9 a ph5om5on bett] ?an ano!r8 ,9 ?is case ( comp>ison1 x w be evid5t1 t if "o !ory expla9s natural appe>ances1 !n ! opposite to t !ory _c be suppos$ to expla9 ! same appe>ances4 ,if = example1 granite1 porphyry1 or basaltes1 %\ld be f\nd naturally =m$ by fusion1 ! =mation ( ^? /ones c\ld n be suppos$ 9 any case z =m$ by wat]1 al?\gh x c\ld n be demon/rat$ t wat] is incapable ( =m+ ^? m9]al productions4 ,9 l mann]1 if ^? ?ree bodies 7 prov$ to h be5 actually =m$ by wat] alone1 !n1 9 o!r cases :]e we %\ld h no pro(1 !y c\ld n be suppos$ z hav+ be5 =m$ by fire or fusion4 ,x mu/ be evid5t1 t an equal degree ( pro( ( ^? two diff]5t propositions w\ld leave our judgm5t 9 susp5ce1 unless t pro( 7 p]fect1 9 :i* case1 we w\ld h two diff]5t causes produc+ simil> effects4 ,b1 if we %all h a suffici5t pro( ^u ! "o side1 & only a presumptive pro( or probability ^u ! o!r1 we mu/ reject t probability or presumption1 :5 oppos$ by a pro(1 al?\gh t pro( 7 only an induction by reason+ f simil> effects z foll[+ simil> causes4 ,a =tiori1 if !re be on "o side a fair induction1 )\t ! lea/ suspicion ( error1 & on ! o!r no?+ b a m]e presumption f\nd$ ^u a di/ant analogy1 :i* c\ld n ev5 prop]ly apply1 !n1 ! inductive pro( w\ld be z satisfactory z if !re _h n be5 any supposition on ! opposite side4 ,s f> z a !ory is =m$ 9 ! g5]alization ( natural appe>ances1 t !ory mu/ be j1 al?\gh x may n be p]fect1 z hav+ compreh5d$ e appe>ance2 t is to say1 a !ory is n p]fect until x be f\nd$ ^u e natural appe>ance2 9 :i* case1 ^? appe>ances w be expla9$ by ! !ory4 ,! !ory ( gravitation1 ?\gh no ways d\btful1 0 n s p]fect be=e ! %ape ( ?is globe _h be5 det]m9$ by actual measurem5t1 & be=e ! direction ( ! plummet _h be5 tri$ ^u ,%ihallion1 z aft] ^? obs]vations _h be5 made4 ,b a !ory :i* %\ld be m]ely hypo!tical1 or f\nd$ ^u a few appe>ances1 c only be receiv$ z a !ory1 aft] x has be5 f\nd to correspond prop]ly ) nature2 x w\ld !n be held a prop] explanation ( ^? natural appe>ances ) :i* x correspond$2 &1 ! m ( ^? ph5om5a t 7 ?us expla9$ by ! !ory1 ! m w\ld t1 :i* _h be5 fir/ conjectural1 be conv]t$ into a !ory legitimately f\nd$ ^u natural appe>ances4 ,matt] ( fact is t ^u :i* sci5ce proce$s1 by g5]alization1 to =m !ory1 = ! purpose ( philosophy1 or ! k ( all natural causes2 & x is by ! companion ( ^! matt]s ( fact ) any !ory1 t su* a !ory w be tri$4 ,b1 9 judg+ ( matt] ( fact1 let u be cauti\s ( deceiv+ ourselves1 by sub/itut+ speculative reason+ 9 place ( actual ev5ts4 ,nature1 z ! subject ( our obs]vation1 consi/s ( two sorts ( objects2 =1 ?+s are ei!r active1 :5 we p]ceive *ange to take place 9 consequ5ce ( su* action1 or !y are quiesc5t1 :5 we p]ceive no *ange to take place4 ,n[1 x is evid5t1 t 9 judg+ ( ! active p[]s ( nature f ! quiesc5t objects ( our in=mation1 we are liable to error1 9 mis9t]pret+ ! objects :i* we see2 we ?us =m to ourselves false or errone\s op9ion conc]n+ ! g5]al laws ( action1 & ! p[]s ( nature4 ,9 comp>+1 !re=e1 g5]alis$ facts1 or !ory1 ) p>ticul> obs]vations1 !re is requir$ ! greate/ c>e1 nei!r1 on ! "o h&1 to /ra9 ! appe>ances1 s z to br+ 9 to ! !ory a fact belong+ to ano!r class ( ?+s2 nor1 on ! o!r1 to condemn a prop] !ory1 m]ely because t !ory has n be5 ext5d$ to ! explanation ( e natural appe>ance4 ,b1 besides ! mis9t]pretation ( matt]s ( fact1 we are also to gu>d aga9/ ! misrepres5tation ( natural appe>ances4 ,:e!r w>p$ by ! prejudice ( p>tial & errone\s !ory1 or deceiv$ by ! inaccuracy ( sup]ficial obs]vation1 naturali/s are apt to see ?+s 9 an improp] light1 & ?us to reason f pr9ciples :i* _c be admitt$1 &1 :i* (t5 lead to false conclusions4 ,a naturali/1 = example1 comes to exam9e a cavity 9 ! m9es1 he !re f9ds wat] dropp+ d[n all ar\nd him1 & he sees ! cavity all hung ) silice\s cry/als2 he !n concludes1 )\t hesitation1 t "h is to be p]ceiv$ cause & effect1 or t he actually sees ! =mation ( ^? cry/allizations f ! op]ation ( wat]4 ,x is ?us t ,i h be5 told by m5 ( great m9]al k1 m5 :o mu/ h _h ! be/ education ^u t subject ( m9]alogy1 & :o h ! sup]9t5dance ( great m9]al conc]ns 9 ,g]many1 t !y _h actually se5 nature at "w 9 t op]ation ( =m+ rock-cry/al2--!y saw :at ,i h n[ describ$2 !y c\ld see no m2 b1 !y saw :at _h conv9c$ !m ( t :i*1 !re is e reason to believe1 nev] happ5$4 ,) reg>d to my !ory1 ,i wi% = ! mo/ rigor\s exam9ation2 & d n ask = any indulg5ce :atev]1 :e!r ) reg>d to ! pr9ciples on :i* ! !ory is built1 or = ! application ( ! !ory to ! explanation ( natural appe>ances4 ,b1 let n geologi/s judge my !ory by _! imp]fect notions ( nature1 or by ^? n>r[ views :i* !y take ( ! pres5t /ate ( ?+s2--let n m9]alogi/s condemn my !ory1 = no o!r reason b because x does n correspond ) _! false pr9ciples1 & ^? gratuit\s suppositions by :i* !y _h be5 pleas$ to expla9 to !mselves e ?+ be=e4 ,fir/ let !m look into _! own !ory1 & correct t errone\s pr9ciple1 ) reg>d to ! action ( wat]1 or ! assumption ( unkn[n causes1 ^u :i* !y h reason$ 9 =m+ _! vague notions ( ! m9]al region1 be=e !y c be prop]ly qualifi$ to exam9e1 imp>tially1 a !ory :i* employs ano!r pr9ciple4 ,e ?+ :i* has come "u my obs]vation %all be1 z f> z ,i c1 fai?fully relat$2 nor %all ,i )hold ^? :i* nei!r ! pres5t !ory1 nor any o!r t ,i am acqua9t$ )1 c1 ,i ?9k1 expla94 ,appe>ances _c well be describ$ except 9 relation to "s !ory or g5]al arrangem5t ( ! subject2 because ! p>ticul> detail1 ( e "p 9 a complicat$ appe>ance1 w\ld be endless & insignificant4 ,:51 h[ev]1 any "q 9 a !ory dep5ds ^u ! nature ( an appe>ance1 we _c be too p>ticul> 9 describ+ t by :i* ! "q is to be decid$4 ,b ?\gh x be sometimes prop] to be m9ute 9 a p>ticul>1 x is always1 & above all ?+s1 necess>y to be di/9ct2 & n to conf\nd toge!r ?+s :i* are ( diff]5t natures4 ,=1 ?\gh x be by f9d+ simil>ity1 9 ?+s :i* at fir/ sight may seem diff]5t1 t sci5ce is promot$ & philosophy atta9$1 yet1 we mu/ h a di/9ct view ( ^? ?+s :i* are to be assimilat$2 & surely ! l[e/ /ate ( k 9 any subject1 is ! n di/+ui%+ ?+s :i*1 ?\gh n to common obs]vation diff]5t1 are n truly ! same4 ,to conf\nd1 = example "o /one ) ano!r1 because !y 7 bo? h>d1 friable1 & heavy1 w\ld be to describe1 ) ! sup]ficial views ( vulg> obs]vation2 :]eas sci5ce specifies ! weight & h>dness1 & ?us accurately di/+ui%es ! /one4 ,be=e naturali/s _h le>n$ to di/+ui% :at !y saw1 & to describe1 9 kn[n t]ms1 ^? natural appe>ances1 a !ori/ mu/ h g5]alis$ only f 8 prop] obs]vation4 ,?is has be5 my case4 ,:5 ,i fir/ conceiv$ my !ory1 few naturali/s c\ld write intelligibly ^u ! subject2 b t is long ago1 & ?+s are mu* alt]$ s9ce2 n[ !re are mo/ enlight5$ m5 mak+ obs]vations1 & communicat+ natural k4 ,i h ! satisfaction1 almo/ e day1 to comp>e ! !ory1 :i* ,i _h =m$ f my prop] obs]vations1 ) ! actual /ate ( ?+s 9 almo/ e qu>t] ( ! globe4 ,:e!r1 !re=e1 we mean to try a !ory by its application to su* ph5om5a z are well und]/ood1 or to le>n some?+ f ! application ( p>ticul> ph5om5a to a well e/abli%$ !ory1 we %all always f9d x int]e/+ to h appe>ances describ$2 p>ticul>ly su* z may be ref]r$ to "s g5]al rule1 z circumscrib+ x to c]ta9 conditions1 or z f9d+ rule 9 rule1 t is to say1 discov]+ ^? p>ticul> conditions 9 :i* ! g5]al laws ( action may be affect$4 ,in/ead1 = example1 ( ! rule :i* we f9d 9 ! application ( heat = ! fusion & evaporation ( m9]al sub/ances ^u ! surface ( ?is e>?1 we may f9d x necess>y to consid] ! effect :i* *ang$ circum/ances produce 9 ! m9]al regions1 & occasion a *ange ( t rule ( action :i* we h le>n$ f exp]i5ce1 :5 melt+ & evaporat+ ^? sub/ances 9 ! atmosph]e or on ! surface ( ! e>?4 ,x is 9 ?is mann] t a !ory1 :i* 0 =m$ by ! g5]alization ( p>ticul> facts1 comes to be a s\rce ( in=mation1 by expla9+ to u c]ta9 appe>ances :i* o!rwise we c\ld n und]/&4 ,?us1 x 0 n ! appe>ance ( ! tides t taught ! !ory ( gravitation2 x 0 ! !ory ( gravitation t made u und]/& ! appe>ance ( ! tides4 ,9 l mann]1 ! law ( gravitation1 :i* 0 demon/rat$ f ! motion ( ! moon 9 h] orbit r\nd ?is e>?1 :5 appli$ to ! pa?s ( comets1 expla9$ t appe>ance4 ,our !ory1 ( a c5tral fire1 has be5 =m$ ^u ! consolidation ( ! /rata ( ?is e>?2 b ?is !ory is to be appli$ = ! explanation ( v>i\s diff]5t appe>ances4 ,9 ?is mann]1 two diff]5t purposes w be s]v$2 ! try+ ( ! !ory by its application to ph5om5a2 & ! explanation ( ph5om5a by ! pr9ciples laid op5 9 ! !ory4 ,i may repeat x2 a !ory ( ! e>? mu/ ultimately dep5d ^u matt] ( fact or p>ticul> obs]vation2 b ^? obs]vations mu/ be di/9ct1 & ^? di/+ui%$ ?+s mu/ be g5]alis$4 ,we h j n[ giv5 = an example1 a di/9ction among /ones1 9 kn[+ !m by _! s5sible qualities4 ,b1 besides di/+ui%+ ^? objects1 we are also to inquire into ! orig9 & cause ( ^? ?+s :i* are di/+ui%$4 ,"h1 aga91 we take into our aid ! *emical z well z ! me*anical prop]ties ( ^! sev]al ?+s2 & h5ce le>n to "k on :at _! natural =m & con/itution may dep5d4 ,hav+ ?us atta9$ ! natural philosophy ( /ones1 we next inquire into ! place & application ( ^? ?+s 9 nature2 & 9 ?is mann] we acquire "s k ) reg>d to ! natural con/itution ( ?is e>?4 ,we f9d ?is e>? compos$ ( kn[n ?+s2 x is !re=e ! op]ations1 requir$ 9 ^! compositions1 :i* =m ! natural philosophy ( ?is e>?1 consid]$ z a body ( solid l&4 ,b1 ! solid l& is only "o "p ( ! globe2 !re=e1 ! philosophy ( ! globe proce$s /ill f>!r by kn[+ ! con/itution ( ?is planet>y body1 z consi/+ ( diff]5t p>ts unit$ = a purpose1 :i* is t ( a _w4 ,! g5]al !ory ( ?is e>? z a _w1 w ?us appe> to be a complex ?+1 :i* h[ev] f\nd$ ^u simple pr9ciples1 conta9s _m subjects ( discussion1 & requires att5tion to a v>iety ( p>ticul>s4 ,=1 n only ! great features ( ?is e>? are to be expla9$ by ! !ory1 b also ! mo/ m9ute appe>ance1 su* z are to be f\nd1 ev5 ) microscopic obs]vation1 9 e p>ticul> "p4 ,?us ! nature1 con/itution1 & cause ( e p>ticul> appe>ance 9 ! con/ruction ( ?is e>?1 are to be inve/igat$ 9 a geological !ory1 z well z t g5]al con/itution ( ! _w 9 :i* all ! p>ticul> p>ts are to be employ$ = a purpose4 ,if ! subject "h exam9$ %all be f\nd prop]ly expla9$1 !re w rema9 little d\bt ) reg>d to ! ju/ness ( ! !ory1 :i* w !n be applicable to o!r appe>ances t may occur2 al?\gh e appe>ance is n to be expla9$1 9 a mann] equally satisfactory1 by any !ory :i* is n p]fect4 ,! fir/ subject to be exam9$ is ! mod]n !ory ( primitive m\nta9s4 ,i h writt5 sev]al *apt]s ^u t subject1 hav+ successively acquir$ m light 9 ?is int]e/+ "p ( ! !ory1 by obs]vations ( my own 9 sev]al places ( ?is c\ntry1 z well z f ! natural hi/ory ( o!r c\ntries4 ,i %all give ^! ne>ly 9 ! ord] 9 :i* !y occurr$1 or _h be5 writt54 ,,*ap4 ,,iv4 ,! ,supposition ( ,primitive ,m\nta9s refut$4 ,9 ! !ory n[ giv51 ! e>? has be5 repres5t$ z a composition ( diff]5t mat]ials1 :i* _h exi/$ 9 ano!r =m1 & z ! effect ( natural op]ations2 !re=e1 h[ev] v>i\s may be f\nd ! /ructure ( our e>?1 & h[ev] dissimil> "s p>ts ( its composition may be 9 comp>ison ) o!rs1 no "p %\ld be consid]$ z orig9al1 9 relation to ! globe1 or z primitive1 9 relation to second causes1 i4e4 physical op]ations by :i* ^? p>ts %\ld h be5 =m$4 ,b x is pret5d$ by naturali/s1 t !re are c]ta9 primitive m\nta9s 9 ! e>?1 bodies :i* h _h ano!r orig9 ?an t ( ! g5]al /rata ( ! globe & subsequ5t masses2 an orig91 !re=e1 :i* _c be consid]$ z hav+ be5 produc$ f natural op]ations1 or z effect$ 9 ! c\rse ( kn[n causes4 ,n[1 if x c be made to appe>1 t !re is no solid gr\nd = ?is di/9ction2 & if x c be %[n1 t !re is truly no m9]al body 9 ?is e>? :i* may n h be5 produc$ by op]ations natural to ! globe1 we %\ld ?us procure a c]ta9 confirmation ( ! doctr9e4 ,?is also w be ! m int]e/+1 9 be+ d$uc$ f a "p ( natural appe>ances1 :i* seem$ to be inconsi/5t ) ! !ory4 ,c]ta9 masses or m\nta9s ( granite1 are ! only bodies ( ?is e>? :i* h app>5tly a c]ta9 pret5sion to ?is species ( orig9ality4 ,^!1 !re=e1 mu/ be n[ ! subject ( our exam9ation4 ,granite1 consid]$ by itself1 does n appe> to h any claim to orig9ality 9 its nature4 ,x is compos$ ( bodies :i* are capable ( be+ analyz$2 & ^! are !n f\nd to be compositions ( diff]5t sub/ances1 :i* are also sometimes v>i\sly proportion$4 ,! feldsp> & ! mica1 = example1 z well z ! s*orl1 are f\nd v>i\sly col\r$ 9 diff]5t granites1 & col\r$ 9 v>i\s proportions4 ,besides ! v>iety 9 ! composition1 or *emical mixture ( ! diff]5t bodies :i* compose granite1 ?is rock admits ( a great div]sity1 f ! v>iety ( its me*anical mixture1 or f ! diff]5t species ( bodies :i* are its con/itu5t p>ts4 ,m4 de ,saussure1 :o has exam9$ ?is subject p]haps m ?an any o!r p]son1 & :o has _h ! v be/ opportunities = ?is purpose1 says1 t ?is composition may be f\nd 9 all ! diff]5t comb9ations :i* may be produc$ by e possible composition ( #g or #h diff]5t k9ds ( /one1 7page #ajh1 ,voyage dans les ,alpes1 etc474 ,nei!r does ?is fill up ! measure ( its v>iety2 =1 ano!r s\rce ( *ange is f\nd 9 ! gra9 ( ?is rock /one2 ,i h a specim5 ( ?is v>iety f ! size almo/ ( s& to t ( "s in*es4 ,7 granite1 !re=e1 to be suppos$ z 9 ! orig9al /ate ( its creation1 nature w\ld be consid]$ z hav+ op]at$ 9 an indef9ite div]sity ( ways1 )\t t ord] & wisdom :i* we f9d 9 all h] works2 = "h w\ld be *ange )\t a pr9ciple1 & v>iety )\t a purpose4 ,!re is no reason1 h[ev]1 to suppose granite orig9al1 m ?an any o!r composite rock1 al?\gh we may be ignorant ( ! p>ticul> process 9 :i* x is =m$1 & al?\gh1 comp>atively 9 relation to c]ta9 o!r rocks1 granite1 or c]ta9 masses ( ?is composition1 may be f\nd ( a m anci5t date4 ,if granite be truly /ratifi$1 & ^? /rata connect$ ) ! o!r /rata ( ! e>?1 x c h no claim to orig9ality2 & ! idea ( primitive m\nta9s1 ( late s mu* employ$ by natural philosoph]s1 mu/ vani%1 9 a m ext5sive view ( ! op]ations ( ! globe2 b x is c]ta9 t granite1 or a species ( ! same k9d ( /one1 is ?us f\nd /ratifi$4 ,x is ! granit feuillete ( ,m4 de ,saussure1 &1 if ,i mi/ake n1 :at is call$ gneis by ! ,g]mans4 ,we h x also 9 our nor? alp9e c\ntry ( ,scotl&2 ( ?is ,i h specim5s1 b h n se5 x 9 its place4 ,granite be+ ?us f\nd /ratifi$1 ! masses ( ?is /one _c be all[$ to h any "r ( priority ov] ! s*i/us1 its companion 9 ! alp9e c\ntries1 al?\gh ,m4 de ,saussure1 ^: au?ority ,i w\ld rev]e1 has giv5 x = ! foll[+ reason2 t x is f\nd ! mo/ c5trical 9 ! *a9s ( high m\nta9s1 or 9 alp9e c\ntries4 ,n[1 suppos+ ?is fact to be g5]al1 z he has f\nd x 9 ! ,alps1 no argum5t = ! priority ( ^? masses c be f\nd$ ei!r ^u ! height or ! situation ( ^? granite m\nta9s2 = ! height ( ! m\nta9 dep5ds ^u ! solidity & /r5g? ( ! /one4 ,n[ ?\gh x is n to be "h ma9ta9$ t granite is ! mo/ durable ( ^? alp9e rocks1 yet z a m\nta91 ei!r granite 9 g5]al1 or 9 p>ticul>1 c]ta9 species ( x1 may be e/eem$ su*1 consequ5tly1 ?is massy /one1 rema9+ highe/ 9 ! m\nta9\s region1 w naturally be consid]$ z ! c5tre1 & accord+ to ?is rule1 z hav+ ! pre-em95ce 9 po9t ( s5iority4 ,! rock :i* /&s 9 competition ) granite = ! title ( primitive 9 ! ord] ( m\nta9s1 is t micace\s /ratifi$ /one :i* is =m$ *iefly ( qu>tz1 b :i* admits ( great v>iety l ! granite4 ,! diff]5ce betwe5 ^? two bodies does n consi/ 9 ! mat]ials ( :i* !y are compos$1 =1 9 _! v>ieties1 !y may be 9 ?is respect ! same1 b 9 a c]ta9 regul>ity ( composition1 9 ?is alp9e /one1 :i* evid5tly arises f /ratification or subsid5ce 9 wat]4 ,if we %all ?us consid] all ! v>ieties ( ?is alp9e /one z be+ ( "o k9d1 & call x granite1 !n we %all di/+ui% 9 ?is body two diff]5t species1 f :5ce p]haps "s int]e/+ conclusion may be =m$ ) reg>d to ! op]ations ( ! globe4 ,^! two species are1 fir/1 granite regul> 9 its composition1 or /ratifi$ 9 its con/ruction2 &1 secondly1 granite 9 mass1 or irregul> 9 its con/ruction4 ,let u n[ endeav\r to make use ( ^! g5]alizations & di/9ctions4 ,9 exam9+ ! great div]sity ( our :9/one1 trap1 or basaltes1 x is f\nd at la/ to granulate into granite2 at ! same "t ^? two diff]5t species ( rock-/one may be di/+ui%$4 ,a p]fect granite has n 9 its composition necess>ily any argillace\s e>?1 f>!r ?an may be 9 ! natural con/itution ( its di/9ct p>ts2 :]eas1 a p]fect basalt may h abundance ( ?is sub/ance1 )\t any qu>tz or any silice\s body4 ,a p]fect granite1 is1 !re=e1 an extremely h>d /one1 hav+ qu>tz & feldsp> = its basis2 b a p]fect :9 or basaltes may be extremely s(t1 s z to cut easily ) a knife4 ,9 l mann] granite is a composition :i* graduates into porphyry2 b porphyry is only :9/one ( a h>d] species4 ,!re=e1 ?\gh p]fectly di/9ct1 ^? ?ree ?+s graduate into ea* o!r1 & may be consid]$ z ! same4 ,granite & :9/one1 or basaltes1 ?\gh di/9ct compositions1 ?us graduat+ into ea* o!r2 & :9/one1 z well z porphyry1 be+ )\t d\bt a species ( lava1 we may consid] ! granite :i* is f\nd 9 mass )\t /ratification1 9 l mann] z we d ! masses ( :9/one1 basaltes1 or ,sw$i% trap1 z hav+ fl[$ 9 ! b[els ( ! e>?1 & ?us be5 produc$ by ! *ance ( place1 )\t any prop] =m ( its own1 or 9 an irregul> %ape & con/ruction4 ,9 ?is mann] w\ld be expla9$ ! irregul> %ape or /ructure ( ^? granite masses2 & ?us great light w\ld be ?r[n ^u ! wav$ /ructure ( ! /ratifi$ alp9e /one1 :i*1 ?\gh x has n be5 made to fl[1 has be5 br\ght to a great degree ( s(tness1 s z to h ! orig9al /raight l9es ( its /ratification *ang$ to ^? undulat$ or wav+ l9es :i* are 9 "s cases extremely mu* incurvat$4 ,x rema9s only to confirm ?is reason+1 ^u our pr9ciples1 by br++ actual obs]vation to its support2 & ?is we %all d f two ( ! be/ au?orities4 ,! ,*evali] de ,dolomieu1 9 describ+ ! volcanic productions ( ,etna1 m5tions a lava :i* _h fl[$ f t m\nta91 & :i* may be consid]$ z a granite4 ,b ,m4 de ,saussure has put ?is matt] out ( d\bt by describ+ mo/ accurately :at he _h se5 bo? 9 ! ,alps & at ! city ( ,lyons4 ,^! are ve9s ( granite :i* h fl[$ f ! contigu\s mass into ! /ratifi$ /one1 & leave no d\bt ) reg>d to ?is proposition1 t ! granite _h fl[$ 9 =m ( subt]ranean lava1 al?\gh ,m4 de ,saussure has drawn a v diff]5t conclusion f ?is appe>ance4 ,i h also a specim5 f ?is c\ntry ( a ve9 ( granite 9 a granite /one1 ! ve9 be+ ( a small] gra9 ?an t ( ! rock :i* x trav]ses4#bj ,note #bj3 ,?is is :at ,i _h wrote ^u1 ! subject ( granite1 be=e ,i _h acquir$ su* ample te/imony f my own obs]vations ^u t species ( rock4 ,i h giv5 "s notice1 9 ! #c;d vol4 ( ! ,transactions ( ! ,ed9burgh ,r4,s4 conc]n+ ! g5]al result ( ^? obs]vations1 :i* w be giv5 p>ticul>ly 9 ! c\rse ( ?is "w4 ,x w ?us appe>1 t ! doctr9e :i* ( late has prevail$1 ( primitive m\nta9s1 or some?+ :i* %\ld be consid]$ z orig9al 9 ! con/ruction ( ?is e>?1 mu/ be giv5 up z a false view ( nature1 :i* has =m$ ! granite ^u ! same pr9ciple ) t ( any o!r consolidat$ /ratum2 s f> z ! collection ( diff]5t mat]ials1 & ! subsequ5t fusion ( ! comp\nd mass1 are necess>y op]ations 9 ! prep>ation ( all ! solid masses ( ! e>?4 ,:atev] op]ations ( ! globe1 !re=e1 may be conclud$ f ! composition ( granite masses1 z well z ( ! alp9e /rata1 ^! mu/ be consid]$ z giv+ u in=mation ) reg>d to ! natural hi/ory ( ?is e>?2 & !y w be consid]$ z important1 9 proportion z !y disclose to u tru?s1 :i* f o!r /rata might n be s evid5t1 or at all made kn[n4 ,let u n[ exam9e ! argum5ts1 :i*1 may be employ$ 9 fav\r ( t supposition ( primitive m\nta9s4 ,! obs]vations1 on :i* naturali/s h f\nd$ t op9ion ( orig9ality 9 "s ( ! compon5t p>ts ( our e>?1 are ^!2 fir/1 ,!y obs]ve c]ta9 great masses ( granite 9 :i* /ratification is n to be p]ceiv$2 ?is !n !y say is an orig9al mass1 & x is n to be d]iv$ f any natural op]ation ( ! globe2 secondly1 ,!y obs]ve consid]able tracts ( ! e>? compos$ ( matt] 9 ! ord] ( /ratification z to its g5]al composition1 b n z to its p>ticul> position1 ! v]tical position "h prevail+1 in/ead ( ! horizontal :i* is prop] to /rata =m$ 9 wat]2 ?is1 !re=e1 !y also t]m primitive1 & suppose x to be f ano!r orig9 ?an t ( ! subsid5ce ( mat]ials mov$ 9 ! wat]s ( ! globe2 la/ly1 ,!y obs]ve bo? /rata & masses ( calc>e\s matt] 9 :i* !y _c di/+ui% any m>9e body z is usual 9 o!r /rata ( ! same sub/ance2 & ^! calc>e\s masses be+ g5]ally connect$ ) _! primitive m\nta9s1 !y h also includ$ ^! collections ( calc>e\s matt]1 9 :i* m>9e bodies are n obs]v$1 among ! primitive p>ts :i* !y suppose to be ! orig9al con/ruction ( ?is globe4 ,x may be prop] to see ! description ( a calc>e\s alp9e m\nta94 ,m4 de ,saussure gives u ! foll[+ obs]vations conc]n+ a m\nta9 ( ?is k9d 9 ! middle ( ! ,alps1 :]e ! wat] divides 9 runn+ diff]5t ways t[>ds ! sea4 ,x is 9 describ+ ! passage ( ! ,bon-,homme1 7,tom4 #b4 ,v4 dans les ,alpes74 #gei4 ,sur la droite ou au c\*ant de ces ro*]s1 on voit une montagne calcaire tonnante dans ce g5re p> la h>diesse avec laquelle elle lve contre le ciel ses cimes aigues et tran*antes1 tailles angles vifs dans le co/ume des hautes cimes de granit4 ,elle e/ p\rtant bi5 srem5t calcaire1 je l'ai obs]ve de prs1 et on r5contre sur cette r\te les blocs qui s'en dta*5t4 ,cette pi]re porte les c>actres des calcaires les plus anci5nes2 sa c\leur e/ grise1 son gra9 assez f91 on n'y app]oit aucun ve/ige de corps organiss2 ses c\*es sont peu paisses1 ondes et c\pes frquemm5t p> des f5tes p>allles entr'elles et p]p5diculaires leurs plans4 ,on tr\ve aussi p>mi ces fragm5s des br*es calcaires grises4 ,"h is a m\nta9 :i* w rank ) ! mo/ primitive ( ! e>?2 ,b :y8 only because x is extremely consolidat$ )\t any m>k ( organis$ body4 ,_h !re be5 9 ?is m\nta9 b "o s+le %ell1 we %\ld n !n h scrupl$ to conclude t ! orig9 ( ?is l(ty m\nta9 _h be5 ! same ) e m>ble or lime/one 9 ! e>?4 ,b ?\gh1 f ! /ructure ( ?is /one1 !re is no m>k ( its hav+ be5 =m$ imm$iately ( ! calc>e\s p>ts ( animals1 !re is e m>k ( ^? calc>e\s /rata hav+ be5 =m$ l o!r m>bles by deposit 9 ! wat]s ( ! globe4 ,^! two ?+s are also homologat$ by ! equal or p]fect consolidation ( _! sub/ance2 =1 z x is to be prov$ t all /ratifi$ m>bles h be5 consolidat$ by ! fusion ( _! sub/ance1 we mu/ attribute ! same consolidat+ cause to ^? alp9e masses2 ! frequ5t ve9s t divide ^? calc>e\s /rata :i* ,m4 de ,saussure has "h describ$1 also prove ! nature ( ! consolidat+ cause1 7see ,*ap4 #a4 page #aaa474 ,?is m\nta91 consid]$ by itself1 may p]haps af=d no data by :i* a naturali/ might read ! circum/ances ( its orig94 ,b1 ,is a !ory ( ! e>? to be =m$ ^u su* a negative obs]vation8 &1 ,is !re any p>ticul> 9 ?is m\nta91 t may n be %[n 9 o!rs ( :i* ! orig9 is n 9 any degree d\btful8 ,x is n to be disput$1 t !re are p>ts ( ! solid body ( our e>? :i* may be consid]$ z prim>y or prior1 comp>$ ) o!rs t are po/]ior1 9 relation to ! "t ( _! =mation1 & mu* less *ang$ ) reg>d to ! /ate 9 :i* !y _h be5 orig9ally =m$3--,b x is "h d5i$1 t !re are any p>ts ( ! e>? :i* d n appe> to h _h ! same orig9 ) all ! re/1 s f> z ?is consi/s 9 ! collection ( mat]ials deposit$ at ! bottom ( ! wat]s#ba2 = !re is no solid mass ( l& t may n be trac$ to ?is orig91 ei!r f its composition1 or f its local connection ) o!r masses1 ! nature ( :i* 9 ?is respect are kn[n4 ,we h already giv5 examples ( ?is f suffici5t au?ority4 ,! evid5ce1 !re=e1 ( ^? prim>y masses be+ orig9al 9 relation to ! natural op]ations ( ! globe1 is r$uc$ to ?is ass]tion1 t !re are no ve/iges ( organis$ bodies to be f\nd 9 ^? prim>y masses4 ,let u n[ exam9e h[ f> ?is te/imony = ! orig9ality ( ^? masses is to be admitt$ 9 fact & s\nd reason+4 ,note #ba3 ,!re are no collection ( ^? alp9e masses 9 :i* may n be f\nd 9 "s ( !m s&1 mica1 & gravel2 b ^! mat]ials prove ! exi/5ce ( an e>?1 on :i* ^? fragm5ts ( great] masses _h be5 =m$1 & m or less worn by attrition4 ,! matt] 9 "q at pres5t is ?is1 t !re are c]ta9 tracts ( c\ntries 9 :i* no ve/ige ( organis$ bodies are f\nd2 n[1 let u suppose ! fact to be true or well gr\nd$1 ,c we conclude f ?is t !re _h be5 orig9ally no organis$ bodies 9 ! composition ( ^? masses8--,su* a conclusion c\ld only be =m$ 9 mak+ a supposition1 t e organis$ body deposit$ 9 a mass ( matt]1 :e!r homog5e\s or het]og5e\s1 %\ld be pres]v$ )\t *ange1 :ile ! collect$ mass1 9 :i* x _h be5 deposit$1 *anges z mu* z possible by ! op]ation bo? ( fire & wat]4 ,b ?is supposition is errone\s1 & _c be admitt$2 & ! /udy ( m>bles w demon/rate ?is tru?1 t ! calc>e\s relics ( organis$ bodies are *ang$1 9 ! consolidat+ op]ations ( ! globe1 9 e degree1 f ! smalle/ alt]ation to ! greate/1 :5 !y become indi/+ui%able any f>!r to our sight4 ,!re=e1 f ! supposition ( no appe>ance ( m>9e bodies 9 ! pret5d$ primitive masses1 !re is no suffici5t evid5ce or reason to conclude1 t ^? masses h n _h a m>9e orig92 because1 ! traces ( organis$ bodies may be oblit]at$ by ! _m subsequ5t op]ations ( ! m9]al region2 & :i* op]ations1 ! pres5t /ate ( ^? masses c]tify beyond dispute4 ,we are n[ to exam9e ! fact1 h[ f> ! gr\nd on :i* t false reason+ _h be5 f\nd$ is /rictly true4 ,9 ! fir/ place1 !n1 x mu/ be consid]$1 t ! all$g$ fact is no?+ b a negative ass]tion1 import+ t no m>k ( organis$ bodies _h be5 obs]v$1 9 c]ta9 /ones & /rata :i* "s naturali/s h exam9$ ) t view4 ,b1 ?\gh _m naturali/s h look$ = !m )\t success1 x does n foll[ t su* m>ks may n be f\nd2 x inde$ proves t su* a task is difficult1 & ! success ( x1 to a p>ticul>1 mo/ prec>i\s2 accid5t1 h[ev]1 may br+ ab\t :at ! greate/ indu/ry has n be5 able to atta94 ,secondly1 !re is good reason to believe t ?is ass]t$ negation is n absolutely true2 = ,i h 9 my possession :at ,i consid] z pro( ( ! contr>y2 ,i f\nd x 9 ,wales1 & ,i ?9k x is 9 :at may be consid]$ z primitive m\nta9s2--x is ! m>k ( %ells 9 a /one ( t k9d4 ,?us1 ,i _h =m$ my op9ion ) reg>d to ?is alleg$ fact1 long be=e ,i _h se5 any description ei!r ( ! ,alps or ,pyr5nean m\nta9s2 & n[ ,i h no reason to *ange t op9ion4 ,x may inde$ be alleg$1 t ! /rata ( m>ble or lime/one1 conta9+ m>9e bodies f\nd 9 ^? m\nta9s1 are second>y /rata1 & n ! primitive4 ,to ?is ,i c give no reply1 z ! descriptions giv5 ( ^? /rata d n enable me to decide ?is po9t4 ,at ! village ( ,mat1 "u ! ,mont ,blatt5 = example1 !re is a qu>ry ( s*i/us or black slate1 9 :i* are (t5 f\nd ! pr9t & ! bones ( fi%es4 7,disc\rs sur l',hi/oire ,naturelle de la ,suisse1 page #bbe474 ,if ?is may be consid]$ z an alp9e or primitive s*i/us1 x w\ld be decisive ( ! "q3 ,b x w\ld require to h x well asc]ta9$ t ?is s*i/us is truly "o ( ^? :i* are e/eem$ primitive1 or t x is prop]ly connect$ ) !m4 ,b ?\gh ,i _c f9d 9 ^? int]e/+ descriptions :i* we n[ h got1 any "o :i* is demon/rative ( ?is tru?1 t calc>e\s m>9e objects are f\nd 9 ! primitive /rata1 ?is is n ! case ) reg>d to ano!r object equally important 9 decid+ ?is "q1 ,:e!r ! primitive /rata are f\nd conta9+ ! m>ks ( organis$ bodies8 ,m4 de ,dellanc\rt1 9 8 ,obs]vations ,m9ralogiques1 ,j\rnal de ,physique ,juillet #aghf1 9 describ+ ! m\nta9s ( ,dauph91 gives u ! foll[+ fact ) reg>d to ^? alp9e v]tical /rata4 ,la pi]re con/ituante de la montagne d',oris e/ en gnral le ,kneifs ou la ro*e feuillete mica et qu>tz c\*es plus ou mo9s f]res quelquefois le s*orl en ro*e pntr de /atite4 ,les c\*es v>i5t inf9im5t quant leur direction et leur incl9aisons4 ,cette montagne e/ cultive et ri*e dans c]ta9 cantons1 surt\t aut\r du village d',oris1 mais elle e/ trs-esc>pe dans beauc\p d'autres4 ,entre le village d',oris et celui du ,tresnay e/ une espce de combe assez creuse =me p> la *ute des eaux des cimes suprieures des ro*]s4 ,cette combe (fre beauc\p de s*i/e dont les c\*es font ou trs-incl9es ou p]p5diculaires4 ,entre ces c\*es il s'en e/ tr\v de plus noires que les autres et capable de brl]1 mais difficilem5t4 ,les habitans ont extrait beauc\p de cette matire t]reuse1 et lui ont donn le nom de *>bon de t]re4 ,ils vi5n5t mme b\t de la faire brl]1 et de s'en s]vir l'hiv] en la mlant avec du bois4 ,ce s*i/e noir p>ticuli] m'a p>u exi/] pr9cipalem5t dans les endroits ou les eaux se sont infiltres entre les c\*es p]p5diculaires1 et y ont entran div]se matires1 et sur-t\t des dbris de vgtaux que j'ai encore retr\vs demi-noirs1 pulvrul5s et comme dans un tat *>bonneux4 ,?is =mation ( coal1 by ! infiltration ( wat] & c>ry+ 9 ( vegetable bodies1 c]ta9ly _c be admitt$ (2 consequ5tly1 f ?is description1 !re w\ld seem to be /rata ( coal alt]nat$ ) ! alp9e s*i/i4 ,b ! =mation ( m9]al coal requires vegetable matt] to h be5 deposit$ along ) ^? e>?y sub/ances1 at ! bottom ( ! sea4 ,! production ( vegetable bodies1 aga91 requires ! con/itution ( sea & l&1 & ! sy/em ( a liv+ _w1 su/a9+ plants at lea/1 if n animals4 ,9 ?is natural hi/ory ( ! alp9e s*i/i1 !re=e1 we h a mo/ int]e/+ fact1 an example :i* is extremely r>e4 ,seldom are calc>e\s organis$ bodies f\nd among ^? alp9e /rata1 b /ill m r>ely1 ,i believe1 are ! m>ks ( vegetable bodies hav+ contribut$ 9 ! =mation ( ^? masses4 ,b h[ev] r>e ?is example1 x is equally decisive ( ! "q1 ,:e!r ! alp9e s*i/i h _h a simil> orig9 z ! o!r /rata ( ! globe1 9 :i* are f\nd abundance ( animal & vegetable bodies1 or _! relics8 & we are au?oris$ to say1 t s9ce ^? p]fect alp9e /rata ( ,dauph9 h _h t orig91 all ! alp9e s*i/i ( ! globe h be5 orig9ally =m$ 9 a simil> mann]4 ,b to put ?is matt] out ( d\bt3 ,9 ?is summ] #aghh1 com+ f ! ,isle ( ,man1 ,mr ,cl]k & ,i travel$ ?r\gh ! alp9e s*i/us c\ntry ( ,cumb]l& & ,we/morel&4 ,we f\nd a lime/one qu>ry ^u ! banks ( ,w9d]m]e1 ne> ! ,l[-wood ,inn4 ,i exam9$ ?is lime/one closely1 b despair$ ( f9d+ any ve/ige ( organis$ body4 ,! /rata ( lime/one seem to graduate into ! slate or s*i/us /rata1 betwe5 :i* ! calc>e\s are plac$4 ,=tunately1 h[ev]1 ,i at la/ f\nd a fragm5t 9 :i* ,i ?\ght to p]ceive ! works ( organis$ bodies 9 a sp>ry /ate2 ,i told ,mr ,cl]k s1 & our l&lord ,mr ,wright1 :o _h accompani$ u4 ,i h br\ght home ?is specim51 :i* ,i h n[ gr\nd & poli%$2 & n[ x is mo/ evid5tly full ( fragm5ts ( entro*i4 ,mr ,wright !n told me he _h se5 evid5t impressions ( m>9e objects1 z ,i und]/ood f ! description1 9 ! slate ( ^? m\nta9s2 & he 0 to s5d me specim5s s soon z he c\ld procure !m4 ,"h is "o specim5 :i* at once ov]turns all ! speculations =m$ ^u t negative proposition4 ,! s*i/us m\nta9s ( ,cumb]l& 71 9 ?is respect1 z p]fect primitive m\nta9s z any ^u ! e>?1 be=e ?is obs]vation2 n[ !y h no claim ^u t score1 no m ?an any lime/one =m$ ( %ells4 ,:5 ,i fir/ ann\nc$ my belief t su* objects 9 natural hi/ory might be f\nd1 ,i little ?\ght to h se5 x realis$1 to su* a degree z has n[ happ5$ 9 ! little circle ( my k4 ,9 ! summ] #agia1 ,pr(essor ,playfair 0 to pass ?r\gh ,cumb]l&4 ,i begg$ t he w\ld inquire ( ,mr ,wright1 at ! ,l[-wood ,inn1 = ^? objects :i* he 0 to endeav\r to procure = me1 & to exam9e ! lime/one qu>ry 9 :i* ,i _h f\nd ! specim5 ) entro*i4 ,he w5t ?r\gh ano!r "p ( ^? prim>y m\nta9s1 & has f\nd examples ( ?is k9d 9 ! s*i/i2 conc]n+ :i* he has writt5 me ! foll[+ acc\nt4 ,9 a visit :i* ,i made to ! ,lakes ( ,cumb]l& 9 ,septemb] #agia1 9 company ) ! ,hon4 ,francis ,*>t]is1 ,i met ) a lime/one full ( m>9e objects1 ?\gh f its position x is c]ta9ly to be reckon$ among ! prim>y /rata4 ,! place :]e we f\nd ?is /one 0 9 ! di/rict ( ,lanca%ire1 t is we/ ( ,w9d]m]e ,lake1 on ! road f ,ambleside to ! nor? end ( ,coni/on ,lake1 & n f> f ! po9t :5 y come 9 sight ( ! latt]4 ,j ab\t ?is spot we happ5$ to meet ) "o ( ^? p :o s]ve z guides to travel]s 9 ^? p>ts1 & :o told u1 among o!r ?+s1 t /ones ) %ells 9 !m 7 (t5 f\nd n f> f :]e we 7 !n walk+4 ,we imm$iately began to look ab\t = specim5s ( t k9d1 & soon met ) sev]al2 ! mo/ rem>kable ( :i* 0 9 a rock t rose a little above ! surface1 ab\t #cjj or #djj y>ds to ! "r ( ! road4 ,x 0 a "p ( a lime/one /ratum1 ne>ly v]tical1 & 0 full ( bivalves ) ! impressions z /rong z 9 a common second>y lime/one4 ,! /rata on bo? sides _h ! same incl9ation1 & 7 decid$ly prim>y1 consi/+ ( ! ord9>y micace\s s*i/us4 ,?is h[ev] ,i ne$ n rem>k to y1 :o "k s well f y\r own obs]vations t ! :ole ( ! c\ntry ,i am n[ speak+ ( has e "* ( a prim>y "o4 ,i1 only m5tion x1 t x may n be suppos$ t ! rock 9 "q 0 "s fragm5t ( a second>y /ratum t rema9$1 aft] ! re/ 0 wa%$ away1 sup]9cumb5t on ! prim>y4 ,aft] ,i _h se5 ?is rock1 ,i recollect$ t y _h told me ( some?+ ( ! same k9d t y saw 9 a qu>ry at ,l[-wood ,inn2 & x may be t bo? belong$ to ! same /ratum or body ( /rata2 = ! direction ( ! /rata1 z ne>ly z ,i c\ld obs]ve1 0 f ,s4,w4 to ,n4,e42 & ?is also is ne>ly ! be>+ ( ,l[-wood f ! place :]e we n[ 74 ,i s5d y a specim51 :i* y c comp>e ) ^? y br\ght f ! lime qu>ry at ,l[-wood4 ,i h exam9$ ?is specim51 & f9d x to be ! common s*i/us ( t c\ntry1 only conta9+ _m bivalve %ells & fragm5ts ( entro*i & madrapore bodies1 & mix$ ) pyrites4 ,i h already obs]v$ t "o s+le example ( a %ell1 or ( its pr9t1 9 a s*i/us1 or 9 a /one /ratifi$ among ^? v]tical or erect$ masses1 suffices to prove ! orig9 ( ^? bodies to h be51 :at ,i _h ma9ta9$ !m to be1 wat] =m$ /rata erect$ f ! bottom ( ! sea1 l e o!r consolidat$ /ratum ( ! e>?4 ,b n[1 ,i ?9k1 ,i may affirm1 t !re is n1 or r>ely1 any consid]able ext5t ( c\ntry ( t prim>y k9d1 9 :i* "s m>k ( ?is orig9 w n be f\nd1 ^u c>eful exam9ation2 & n[ ,i w give my reason = ?is ass]tion4 ,i h be5 exam9+ ! s\? alp9e c\ntry ( ,scotl&1 occasionally1 = m ?an =ty ye>s back1 & ,i nev] c\ld f9d any m>k ( an organis$ body 9 ! s*i/us ( ^? m\nta9s4 ,x is true t ,i "k ( only "o place :]e lime/one is f\nd among ! /rata2 ?is is ^u ,twe$-side ne> ! ,crook4 ,?is qu>ry ,i _h c>efully exam9$ long ago1 b c\ld f9d no m>k ( any organis$ body 9 x4 ,i suppose !y n[ are work+ "s o!r ( ! v]tical /rata ne> ^? :i* ,i _h exam9$2 =1 9 ! summ] #agib1 ,i receiv$ a lett] f ,sir ,james ,hall1 :i* ,i %all n[ transcribe4 ,x is dat$ at ,m(fat1 ,june #b4 #agib4 ,z ,i 0 rid+ ye/]day betwe5 ,noble-h\se & ,crook1 on ! road to ?is place1 ,i fell 9 ) a qu>ry ( alp9e lime/one2 x consi/s ( f\r or five /rata1 ab\t ?ree feet ?ick1 "o ( !m s+le1 & ! re/ contigu\s2 !y all /& betwe5 ! /rata ( slate & s*i/ t are at ! place ne>ly v]tical4 ,9 ! neighb\rhood1 a slate qu>ry is work$ ( a pure blue slate2 sev]al ( ! /rata ( slate ne> ! lime/one are fill$ ) fragm5ts ( lime/one scatt]$ ab\t l ! fragm5ts ( s*i/ 9 ! s&/one 9 ! neighb\rhood ( ! junction on our coa/4#bb ,note #bb3 ,?is has a ref]5ce to v curi\s obs]vations :i* we made ^u ! ea/ coa/ :]e ^! m\nta9s t]m9ate1 & :i* ,i am to describe 9 ! c\rse ( ?is "w4 ,among ! masses ( lime/one lately brok5 (f = use1 & hav+ ! fractures fre%1 ,i f\nd ! =ms ( cockles q di/9ct2 & 9 great abundance4--,i s5d y ?ree pieces ( ?is k9d1 etc4 ,x may p]haps be alleg$ t ^? m\nta9s ( ,cumb]l& & ,twe$ale are n ! prim>y m\nta9s1 b compos$ ( ! second>y s*i/us1 :i* is e :]e kn[n to conta9 ^? objects belong+ to a =m] e>?4 ,naturali/s :o h n ! opportunity ( conv9c+ !mselves by _! prop] exam9ation1 mu/ judge ) reg>d to t geological fact by ! description ( o!rs4 ,n[ x is mo/ =tunate = natural hi/ory1 t x has be5 9 ?is range ( m\nta9s t we h discov]$ ^? m>ks ( a m>9e orig92 =1 ,i %all aft]w>ds h occasion to give ! cle>e/ light into ?is subject1 f obs]vations made 9 o!r p>ts ( ^? same m\nta9s ( s*i/1 by :i* x w be prov$ t !y are ! prim>y /rata2 & ?us no mann] ( d\bt w !n rema9 9 ! m9ds ( naturali/s1 :o might o!rwise suspect t we 7 deceiv+ ourselves1 by mi/ak+ ! second>y = ! primitive s*i/us4 ,i h only f>!r to obs]ve1 t ^? s*i/i m\nta9s ( ,wales1 ( ,cumb]l&1 & ( ! s\? alp9e "p ( ,scotl&1 :]e ^! m>9e objects h be5 f\nd1 consi/1 ( t species ( /one :i* 9 "s places makes ! mo/ admirable slate = cov]+ h\ses2 &1 9 o!r p>ts1 x breaks into blocks t s mu* resemble wood 9 appe>ance1 t1 )\t n>r[ inspection1 x might pass = petrifi$ wood4 ,we are !re=e to conclude t ! m>ks ( organis$ bodies 9 ^? prim>y m\nta9s are c]ta9ly f\nd2 at ! same "t ! g5]al obs]vation ( naturali/s has "s f\ndation1 s f> z ! m>ks ( organis$ bodies are bo? r>ely to be met ) 9 ^? masses1 & n easily di/+ui%$ z su* :5 !y are f\nd4 ,b ?is sc>city ( m>9e objects is n conf9$ to ^? prim>y m\nta9s1 z !y are call$2 = among ! mo/ horizontal /rata1 or ^? ( ! late/ production1 !re are _m 9 :i*1 x is commonly ?\ght1 no m>9e calc>e\s objects are to be f\nd2 & ?is is a subject t des]ves to be m p>ticul>ly consid]$1 z ! !ory may ?us receive "s illu/ration4 ,s&/one1 coal1 & _! accompany+ /rata1 are ?\ght to be de/itute ( calc>e\s m>9e productions1 al?\gh _m ve/iges ( plants or vegetable productions are !re p]ceiv$4 ,b ?is g5]al op9ion is nei!r accurate nor true2 = ?\gh x be true t 9 ! coal & s&/one /rata x is mo/ common to f9d m>ks ( vegetable production1 & r>ely ^? calc>e\s bodies :i* are s frequ5t 9 ! lime/one1 yet x is n unusual = coal to be accompani$ ) lime/one =m$ ( %ells & corals1 & also ) iron/one conta9+ _m ( ^? m>9e objects z well z wood4 ,besides1 s&/one frequ5tly conta9s objects :i* h be5 organis$ bodies1 b :i* d n belong to ! vegetable k+dom1 at lea/ to no plant :i* gr[s ^u ! l&1 b w\ld seem to h be5 "s species ( zoophite p]haps unkn[n4 ,i h also frequ5tly se5 ! ve/ige ( %ells 9 s&/one1 al?\gh 9 ^! /rata ! calc>e\s bodies are 9 g5]al n p]ceiv$4 ,! reason ( ?is is evid5t4 ,:5 !re is a small proportion ( ! calc>e\s matt] 9 ! mass ( s& :i* is p]vi\s to /eam & to ! p]colation ( wat]1 ! calc>e\s bodies may be easily dissolv$1 & ei!r c>ri$ away or disp]s$ 9 ! mass2 or ev5 )\t be+ ?us disp]s$ by means ( solution1 ! calc>e\s matt] may be absorb$ by ! silice\s sub/ance ( ! /ratum by means ( fusion1 or by heat & cem5tation4 ,! fact is1 t ,i h se5 9 s&/one ! empty m\ld ( m>9e %ells ) "s silice\s cry/allization1 s f> z ,i rememb]1 :i* correspond$ p]fectly ) t idea4 ,! place ,i saw ?is 0 9 a f9e :ite s&/one accompany+ ! coal1 ^u ! sea side at ,brora 9 ,su!rl&4 ,m9]alogy is mu* indebt$ to ,mr ,pallas = ! valuable obs]vations :i* he has giv5 ( c\ntries s di/ant f ! habitations ( le>n$ m54 ,! physiology ( ! globe has also be5 enri*$ ) "s int]e/+ obs]vations f ! lab\rs ( ?is le>n$ travell]4 ,b besides giv+ u facts1 ,mr ,pallas has also reason$ ^u ! subject1 & ?us ent]$ deep into ! sci5ce ( ,cosmog5y2 "h x is t ,i am afraid he has introduc$ "s confusion into ! natural hi/ory ( ! e>?1 9 n prop]ly di/+ui%+ ! m9]al op]ations ( ! globe1 & ^? aga9 :i* belong entirely to ! surface ( ! e>?2 p]haps also 9 conf\nd+ ! natural effects ( wat] ^u ! surface ( ! e>?1 ) ^? convulsions ( ! sea :i* may be prop]ly consid]$ z ! accid5tal op]ations ( ! globe4 ,?is subject be+ /rictly connect$ ) ! op9ions ( t philosoph] ) reg>d to primitive m\nta9s1 ,i am oblig$ to exam9e 9 ?is place matt]s :i* o!rwise might h come m prop]ly to be consid]$ 9 ano!r4 ,m4 ,pallas 9 8 ,obs]vations sur la =mation des montagnes1 7page #dh7 makes ! foll[+ obs]vations4 ,j'ai dj dit que la b&e de montagnes primitives s*i/euses htrognes1 qui1 p> t\te la t]re1 accompagne les *anes granitiques1 et compr5d les ro*es qu>tzeuses et talceuses mixtes1 trapzodes1 s]p5t9es1 le s*i/e corne1 les ro*es spa?iques et cornes1 les grais purs1 le porphyre et le jaspre1 t\s rocs fls en c\*es1 ou presque p]p5diculaires1 ou du mo9s trs-rapidem5t incl9es1 7les plus favorables la filtration des eaux71 semble aussi-bi5 que le granit1 antrieure la cration organise4 ,une raison trs-=te p\r appuy] cette supposition1 c'e/ que la plup>t de ces ro*es1 quoique lamelleuse en faon d'ardoise1 n'a jamais produit aux curieux la mo9dre trace de ptrifactions ou empre9tes de corps organiss4 ,s'il s'en e/ tr\v1 c'e/ app>emm5t dans des f5tes de ces ro*es o ces corps ont t apports p> un deluge1 et enca/res apres dans une matire infiltre1 de mme qu'on a tr\v des re/es d',elphans dans le filon de la m9e d'arg5t du ,s*lang5b]g4#bc ,les c>actres p> lesquels plusieurs de ces ro*es sembl5t avoir s\ff]t des effets d'un feu-trs-viol5t1 les puissantes ve9es et amas des m9raux les plus ri*es qui se tr\v5t pr9cipalem5t dans la b&e qui en e/ compose1 leur position immdiate sur le granit1 et mme le passage1 p> lequel on voit s\v5t en gr&1 *ang] le granit en une des autres espces2 t\t cela indique une orig9e bi5 plus anci5ne1 et des causes bi5 diffr5tes de celles qui ont produit les montagnes secondaires4 ,note #bc3 ,?is is a v natural way ( reason+ :5 a philosoph] f9ds a fact1 relat$ by "s naturali/s1 t does n correspond ) 8 !ory or sy/ematic view ( ?+s4 ,"h our au?or foll[s ! g5]al op9ion 9 conclud+ t no organis$ body %\ld be f\nd 9 _! primitive /rata2 :51 !re=e1 su* an object is said to h be5 obs]v$1 x is suppos$ t !re may h be5 "s mi/ake ) reg>d to ! case1 & t all ! circum/ances may n h be5 consid]$4 ,?is caution ) reg>d to ! inaccurate repres5tation ( facts1 9 natural hi/ory1 is c]ta9ly extremely necess>y2 ! relicts ( an elephant f\nd 9 a m9]al ve91 is c]ta9ly a fact ( t k9d1 :i* %\ld n be giv5 z an example 9 geology )\t ! mo/ accurate sci5tifical exam9ation ( ! subject4 ,"h ,m4 ,pallas gives 8 reason = suppos+ ^? m\nta9s primitive or ant]ior to ! op]ations ( ?is globe z a liv+ _w2 fir/1 because !y h n1 9 g5]al1 m>ks ( animals or plants2 & t x is d\btful if !y ev] prop]ly conta9 ^? m>ks ( organis$ bodies2 secondly1 because _m ( ^? rocks h ! appe>ance ( hav+ suff]$ ! effects ( ! mo/ viol5t fire4 ,n[1 ,:at are ^? effects8 ,is x 9 _! hav+ be5 br\ght into a fluid /ate ( fusion4 ,9 t case1 no d\bt1 !y may h be5 mu* *ang$ f ! orig9al /ate ( _! =mation2 b ?is is a v good reason :y1 9 ?is *ang$ /ate1 ! m>ks ( organis$ bodies1 :i* may h be5 9 _! orig9al con/itution1 %\ld be n[ effac$4 ,! ?ird reason = suppos+ ^? m\nta9s primitive1 is tak5 f ! metallic ve9s1 :i* are f\nd s pl5tifully 9 ^! masses4 ,n[1 _h ^! masses be5 ! only bodies 9 ?is e>? 9 :i* ^? m9]al ve9s 7 f\nd1 !re might be "s species ( reason = draw+ ! conclusion1 :i* is "h =m$ by our philosoph]4 ,b no?+ is s common 7at lea/ 9 ,engl&7 z m9]al ve9s 9 ! /rata ( ! late/ =mation1 & 9 ^? :i* are pr9cipally =m$ ( m>9e productions2 consequ5tly s f> f s]v+ ! purpose = :i* ?is argum5t 0 employ$1 ! m9]al ve9s 9 ! primitive m\nta9s t5d to de/roy _! orig9ality1 by assimilat+ !m 9 "s respect ) e o!r mass ( /rata or m\nta9 ^u ! globe4 ,la/ly1 ,m4 ,pallas "h employs an argum5t tak5 f an appe>ance = :i* we are p>ticul>ly indebt$ to him1 & by :i* ! argum5ts :i* h be5 already employ$ 9 d5y+ ! orig9ality ( granite is abundantly confirm$4 ,x has be5 already alleg$1 t granite1 porphyry1 & :9/one1 or trap1 graduate into ea* o!r2 b "h ,m4 ,pallas in=ms u t he has f\nd ! granite n only *ang$ into porphyry1 b also into ! o!r alp9e compositions4 ,h[ an argum5t = ! orig9ality ( ^! m\nta9s c be e/abli%$ ^u ^? facts1 ,i am n a little at a loss to conceive4 ,! g5]al m9]alogical view ( ! ,russian dom9ions1 :i* we h1 9 ?is treatise1 may n[ be consid]$ ) reg>d to t di/9ction made by naturali/s1 ( primitive1 second>y1 & t]ti>y m\nta9s1 9 ord] to see h[ f> ! obs]vations ( ?is well in=m$ naturali/ %all be f\nd to confirm ! !ory ( ! e>? :i* has be5 already giv51 or n4 ,! ,oural m\nta9s =m a v long *a91 :i* makes ! natural division betwixt ,europe & ,asia1 to ! nor? ( ! ,caspian4 ,if 9 ?is ridge1 z a c5tre ( elevation1 & ( m9]al op]ations1 we %all f9d ! greate/ manife/ation ( ! viol5t ex]tion ( subt]rane\s fire1 or ( consolidat+ & elevat+ op]ations2 & if we %all p]ceive a regul> appe>ance ( dim9ution 9 ! viol5ce or magnitude ( ^? op]ations1 z ! places gradually rec$e f ?is c5tre ( active =ce2 we may f9d "s explanation ( ^? appe>ances1 )\t hav+ rec\rse to conjectures :i* c>ry no sci5tific mean+1 & :i* are m calculat$ to conf\nd our acquir$ k1 ?an to =m any valuable di/9ction ( ?+s4 ,let u consult ,m4 ,pallas h[ f> ?is is ! case1 or n4 ,aft] hav+ told u t all ^? v>i\s alp9e s*i/i1 jasp]s1 porphyries1 s]p5t9es1 etc4 9 ^? m\nta9s1 are f\nd mutually conv]tible ) granite1 or graduat+ into ea* o!r1 our au?or ?us cont9ues1 7p4 #ej74 ,on entrevoit de c]ta9es loix a l'g>d de l'arrangem5t respectif de cet ordre secondaire d'anci5nes ro*es1 p> t\s les sy/mes de montagnes qui app>ti5n5t l',empire ,russe4 ,la *ane ,ouralique1 p> exemple1 a du ct de l',ori5t sur t\t sa longueur1 une trs-gr&e abondance de s*i/es corns1 s]p5t9s et talceux1 ri*es en filons de cuivre1 qui =m5t le pr9cipal accompagnem5t du granite1 et en jaspres de div]ses c\leurs plus extrieurs et s\v5t comme entrelacs avec les premi]s1 mais =mant des suites de montagnes entires1 et occupant de trs-gr&s espaces4 ,de ce mme ct1 il y p>at beauc\p de qu>tz en gr&es ro*es t\tes pures1 tant dans la pr9cipale *ane que dans le noyau des montagnes de jaspre1 et jusques dans la pla9e4 ,les m>bres spateux et ve9s1 p]c5t en beauc\p d'endroits4 ,la plup>t de ces espces ne p>aiss5t po9t du t\t la lisire occid5tale de la *ane1 qui n'e/ presque que de ro*e mlange de s*i/es argileux1 alum9eux1 phlogi/ique1 etc4 ,les filons des m9es d'or mles1 les ri*es m9es de cuivre en ve9es et *ambres1 les m9es de f] et d'aimant p> amas et montagnes entires1 sont l'apanage de la b&e s*i/euse ori5tale2 t&is que l'occid5tale n'a p\r elle que des m9es de f] de dpts1 et se montre gnralem5t trs-pauvre en mtaux4 ,le granit de la *ane qui borde la ,sibrie1 e/ rec\v]t du ct que n\s connaissons de ro*es cornes de la nature des pi]res fusil1 quelquefois t5dant la nature d'un grais f9 et de s*i/es trs-mtallires de diffr5te composition4 ,le jaspre n'y e/ qu'en filons1 ou plans obliques1 ce qui e/ trs-r>e p\r la *ane ,ouralique1 et s'obs]ve dans la plus gr&e p>tie de la ,sibrie1 l'exception de cette p>tie de sa *ane qui passe prs de la m] d',okhotsk1 ou le jaspre =me d]e*ef des suites de montagnes1 a9si que n\s v5ons de le dire des monts ,ourals2 mais comme cette ro*e ti5t ici le ct mridionale de la *ane ,sibri5ne1 et que n\s ne lui connaissons po9t ce ct sur le re/e de sa longueur1 il se p\rrait que le jaspre y ft aussi abondant4 ,il faudrait1 au re/e1 bi5 plus de f\illes et d obs]vations p\r tablir quelque *ose de c]ta9 sur l'ordre respectif qu'obs]v5t ces ro*es4 ,i w\ld n[ ask1 if 9 all ?is acc\nt ( ! gradation ( rock f ! ,oural m\nta9s to ! s&y coa/ ( ! ,baltic1 !re is to be obs]v$ any cle> & di/9ctive m>k ( primitive1 second>y1 & t]ti>y1 m\nta9s1 f>!r ?an z "o /ratum may be consid]$ z ei!r prior or po/]ior to ano!r /ratum1 accord+ to ! ord] ( sup]position 9 :i* !y are f\nd4 ,we h e :]e evid5t m>ks ( ! =mation ( /rata by mat]ials deposit$ orig9ally 9 wat]2 = ! mo/ "p1 !re is suffici5t pro( t ?is wat] 9 :i* ^? mat]ials _h be5 deposit$ 0 ! sea2 we are likewise assur$ t ! op]ations ( ?is liv+ _w produc+ animals1 mu/ h1 = a c\rse ( "t1 altoge!r inconceivably be5 ex]t$1 9 prep>+ mat]ials = ?is mass2 &1 la/ly1 f ! *ang$ con/itution ( ^? masses1 we may inf] c]ta9 m9]al op]ations t melt ! sub/ance & alt] ! position ( ^? horizontal bodies4 ,su* is ! in=mation :i* we may collect f ?is m9]al description ( ! ,russian ,dom9ions4 ,if we comp>e "s ( ! ,oural m\nta9s ) ! g5]al /rata ( ! ,russian pla9s1 !n1 z to ! conta9$ m9]als1 we may f9d a c]ta9 div]sity 9 ^? two places2 at ! same "t1 no great] p]haps ?an may be f\nd betwixt two diff]5t bodies 9 ^? same pla9s1 = example1 *alk & fl9t4 ,b :5 we consid] ^? bodies ( ! e>?1 or solid /rata ( ! globe1 9 relation to _! prop] /ructure & =mation1 we surely c f9d 9 ?is description no?+ on :i* may be f\nd$ any solid op9ion ) reg>d to a diff]5t orig9al1 h[ev] important conclusions may p]haps be =m$ ) reg>d to ! op]ations ( ! globe1 f ! peculi> appe>ances f\nd 9 alp9e4 ,f ?is detail ( :at is f\nd 9 ! ,oural m\nta9s1 & 9 ! gradation ( c\ntry f ^? m\nta9s to ! pla9s ( ,russia1 we h sev]al facts t are wor?y ( obs]vation4 ,fir/ ext5sive m\nta9s ( jasp]4 ,i h a specim5 ( ?is /one2 x is /rip$ r$ & gre5 l "s ( our m>ly /rata4 ,x has evid5tly be5 =m$ ( su* argillace\s & silice\s mat]ials1 n only indurat$1 s z to lose its "*1 z an argillace\s /one1 b to h be5 br\ght into t degree ( fusion :i* produces p]fect solidity4 ,( ! same k9d are ^? horn/e9 rocks ( ! nature ( fl9t1 sometimes t5d+ to ! nature ( a f9e s&/one4 ,"h is ! same induration ( s&/one by means ( fusion1 t 9 ! argillace\s /rata has produc$ jasp]4 ,b oblique ve9s ( jasp] are repres5t$ z trav]s+ ^! la/ /rata2 n[ ?is is a fact :i* is n conceivable 9 any o!r way1 ?an by ! injection or transfusion ( ! fluid jasp] among ^? masses ( indurat$ /rata4 ,all ?is belongs to ! ea/ side ( ! m\nta9s4 ,on ! we/1 aga91 we f9d ! same species ( /rata2 only ^! are n *ang$ to su* a degree z to lose _! orig9al "* or con/ruction1 & ?us to be t]m$ diff]5tly 9 m9]alogy4 ,our au?or !n proce$s4 7p4 #ec47 ,n\s p\rrons p>l] plus dcisivem5t sur les montagnes secondaires et t]tiaires de l',empire1 et c'e/ de celles-l1 de la nature1 de l'arrangem5t et du cont5u de leurs c\*es1 des gr&es 9galits et de la =me du cont95t d',europe et d',asie1 que l'on peut tir] avec plus de confiance quelques lumires sur les *angem5s arrivs aux t]res habitables4 ,ces deux ordres de montagnes prs5t5t la *ronique de notre globe la plus anci5ne1 la mo9s sujette aux falsifications1 et en mme-tems plus lisible que le c>actre des *anes primitives2 ce font les ar*ives de la nature1 antrieures aux lettres et aux traditions les plus recules1 qu'il toit rs]v notre sicle obs]vateur de feuill]1 de comm5t]1 et de mettre au j\r1 mais que plusieurs sicles aprs le ntre n'puis]ont pas4 ,dans t\te l't5due de va/es dom9ations ,russes1 aussi bi5 que dans l',europe entire1 les obs]vateurs att5tifs ont rem>qu que gnralem5t la b& s*i/euse des gr&es *anes se tr\ve immdiatem5t rec\v]te ou cotte p> la b&e calcaire4 ,celle-ci =me deux ordres de montagnes1 trs-diffr5tes p> la hauteur1 la situation de leurs c\*es1 et la composition de la pi]re calcaire qui les compose2 diffr5ce qui e/ trs-vid5te dans cette b&e calcaire qui =me la lisire occid5tale de t\te la *ane ,ouralique1 et dont le plan s't5d p> t\t le plat pays de la ,russie4 ,l'on obs]v]ait la mme *ose l'ori5t de la *ane1 et dans t\te l't5due de la ,sibrie1 si les c\*es calcaires horizontales n'y tai5t rec\v]tes p> les dpts po/rieures1 de faon qu'il ne p>at la surface que les p>ties les plus faillantes de la b&e1 et si ce pays n'toit trop n\vellem5t cultiv et trop peu exploit p> des f\illes et autres oprations1 que des hommes indu/rieux ont pratiqu dans les pays anci5nem5t habits4 ,ce que je vais expos] sur les deux ordres de montagnes calcaires1 se rapport]a donc pr9cipalem5t celles qui sont l'occid5t de la *ane ,ouralique4 ,ce ct de la dite *ane consi/e sur c9quante c5t v]/es de l>geur1 de ro*e calcaire solide1 d'un gra9 uni1 qui tantt ne conti5t aucune trace de productions m>9es1 tantt n'en cons]ve que des empre9tes aussi lgres qu'p>ses4 ,cette ro*e s'lve en montagnes d'une hauteur trs-considrable1 irrgulires1 rapides1 et c\pes de vallons esc>ps4 ,ses c\*es1 gnralem5t paisses1 ne sont po9t de niveau1 mais trs-incl9es l'horizon1 p>alleles1 p\r la plup>t1 la direction de la *ane1 qui e/ aussi ord9airem5t celle de la b&e s*i/euse2--au lieu que du ct de l'ori5t les c\*es calcaires sont au s5s de la *ane en direction plus ou mo9s appro*ante de l'angle droite4 ,l'on tr\ve dans ces hautes montagnes calcaires de frqu5tes grottes et cav]nes trs-rem>quables1 tant p> leur gr&eur que p> les belles conglations et cry/allizations /alactiques dont elles s'orn5t4 ,quelques-unes de ces grottes ne peuv5t tre attribues qu' quelque b\lev]sem5t des c\*es2 d'autres sembl5t devoir leur orig9e l'c\lem5t des s\rces s\t]ra9es qui ont amolli1 rong et *>ri une p>tie de la ro*e qui en toit susceptible4 ,en s'loignant de la *ane1 on voit les c\*es calcaires s'aplanir assez rapidem5t1 pr5dre une position horizontale1 et dev5ir abondantes en t\te =te de coquillages1 de madrpores1 et d'autres dp\illes m>9es4 ,telles on les voit p>-t\t dans les valles les plus basses qui se tr\v5t aux pi$s des montagnes 7comme aux environs de la rivire d',oufa72 telles aussi1 elles occup5t t\t l't5due de la gr&e ,russie1 tant en coll9es qu'en plat pays2 solides tantt et comme semes de productions m>9es2 tantt t\tes composes de coquilles et madrpores brises1 et de ce gravi] calcaire qui se tr\ve t\j\rs sur les p>ages ou la m] abonde en p>eilles productions2 tantt1 enf91 diss\tes en craie et en m>9es1 et s\v5t entremles de c\*es de gravi] et de caill\x r\ls4 ,h[ valuable = sci5ce to h naturali/s :o c di/+ui% prop]ly :at !y see1 & describe intelligibly t :i* !y di/+ui%4 ,9 ?is description ( ! /rata1 f ! *a9 ( m\nta9s "h consid]$ z primitive1 to ! pla9s ( ,russia1 :i* are suppos$ to be ( a t]ti>y =mation1 our naturali/ pres5ts u ) ano!r species ( /rata1 :i* he has di/+ui%$1 on ! "o h&1 9 relation to ! m\nta9s at pres5t 9 "q1 & on ! o!r1 ) reg>d to ! /rata 9 ! pla9s1 conc]n+ :i* !re is at pres5t no "q at all4 ,n[1 let u see h[ ^! ?ree ?+s are s connect$ 9 _! nature1 z to =m prop]ly ! contigu\s l9ks ( ! same *a94 ,! prim>y & t]ti>y masses are bodies p]fectly disconnect$2 &1 )\t a m$ium by :i* !y might be approa*$1 !y w\ld be consid]$ z ?+s diff]+ 9 all respects1 consequ5tly z hav+ _! orig9s ( z opposite a nature z are _! appe>ances4 ,b ! nature & =mation ( ^? bodies are n left 9 ?is obscurity2 =1 ! second>y masses1 :i* are int]pos$1 p>ticipate s precisely ( :at is truly opposite & *>act]i/ic 9 ! prim>y & t]ti>y masses1 t x requires no?+ m ?an to see ?is di/9ction ( ?+s 9 its true light1 to be p]suad$1 t 9 ^? ?ree diff]5t ?+s we may p]ceive a c]ta9 gradation1 :i* "h takes place among ! works ( nature1 & =ms ?ree /eps di/+ui%able by a naturali/1 al?\gh 9 reality no?+ b ! v>iable measure ( simil> op]ations4 ,we are n[ to assimilate ! prim>y & t]ti>y masses1 :i* are s extremely diff]5t1 by means ( ! second>y masses1 :i* is ! mean4 ,! prim>y & t]ti>y diff] 9 ! foll[+ respects3 ,! "o ( ^! conta9s ! relicts ( organis$ bodies :i* are n obs]v$ 9 ! o!r4 ,b 9 ! species conta9+ ^! di/+ui%able bodies1 ! natural /ructure & position ( ! mass is little affect$1 or n s mu* z to be call$ into d\bt4 ,?is1 h[ev]1 is n ! case ) ! o!r2 ! species 9 :i* organis$ bodies d n appe>1 is 9 g5]al s indurat$ or consolidat$ 9 its /ructure1 & *ang$ 9 its position1 t ?is common orig9 ( ^? masses is by good naturali/s1 :o h also c>efully exam9$ !m1 actually d5i$4 ,n[1 ! second>y masses may be consid]$1 n only z int]m$iate ) respect to its actual place1 z ,m4 ,pallas has repres5t$ x1 b z unit+ toge!r ! prim>y & t]ti>y1 or z p>ticipat+ ( ! di/+ui%+ *>act]s ( ! o!r two4 ,x is homologat$ ) ! primitive m\nta9s1 9 ! solidity ( its sub/ance & 9 ! position ( its /rata2 ) ! t]ti>y species1 aga91 9 its conta9+ m>ks ( organis$ bodies4 ,h[ f> ?is view ( ?+s is consi/5t ) ! !ory ( ! e>? n[ giv51 is submitt$ to ! consid]ation ( ! unprejudic$4 ,let u see :at our le>n$ au?or has said f>!r on ?is subject1 7page #fe74 ,je dois p>l] d'un ordre de montagnes trs-c]ta9em5t po/rieur aux c\*es m>9es1 puisque celles-ci1 gnralem5t lui s]v5t de base4 ,on n'a po9t jusqu'ici obs]v une suite de ces montagnes t]tiaires1 effet des cata/rophes les plus mod]nes de notre globe1 si m>que et si puissante1 que celle qui accompagne la *a9e ,ouralique ou ct occid5tale fur t\t la longueur4 ,cette suite de montagnes1 p\r la plup>t composes de grais1 de m>nes r\getres1 entremles de c\*es div]sem5t mixtes1 =me une *ane p>-t\t sp>e p> une valle plus ou mo9s l>ge de la b&e de ro*e calcaire1 dont n\s avons p>l4 ,sillonne et entrec\pe de frqu5s vallons1 elles s'lve s\v5t plus de c5t toises p]p5diculaires1 se rp& v]s les pla9es de la ,russie en tranes de coll9es1 qui sp>5t les rivires1 en accompagnant gnralem5t la rive borale ou occid5tale1 et dgnre enf9 en ds]ts sableux qui occup5t de gr&s espaces1 et s't5d5t surt\t p> longues b&es p>allles aux pr9cipales traces qui suiv5t les c\rs des rivi]es4 ,la pr9cipale =ce de ces montagnes t]tiaires e/ plus prs de la *ane primitive p>-t\t le g\v]nem5t d',or5b\rg et la ,p]mie1 ou elle consi/e pr9cipalem5t en grais1 et conti5t un fond 9puisable de m9es de cuivre sableuses1 argileuses1 et autres qui se voi5t ord9airem5t dans les c\*es horizontales4 ,plus lo91 v]s la pla9e1 sont des suites de coll9es t\tes m>neuses1 qui abond5t autant en pi]res gypseuses1 que les autres en m9]ais cuivreux4 ,je n'entre pas dans le dtail de celles-ci1 qui indiqu5t sur-t\t les s\rces sal9es2 mais je dois dire des premires1 qui abond5t le plus et dont les plus hautes lvations des pla9es1 mme celle de ,mosc\1 sont =mes1 qu'elles conti5n5t trs-peu de traces de productions m>9es1 et jamais des amas enti]s de ces corps1 tels qu'une m] repose p5dant des sicles de suite a pu les accumul] dans les bancs calcaires4 ,ri51 au contraire1 de plus abondant dans ces montagnes de grais /ratifi sur l'anci5 plan calcaire1 que des troncs d'arbres entires et des fragm5s de bois ptrifi1 s\v5t m9ralis p> le cuivre ou le f]2 des impressions de troncs de palmires1 de tiges de plantes1 de roseau1 et de quelques fruits trang]s2 enf9 des ossem5s d'animaux t]re/res1 si r>es dans les c\*es calcaires4 ,les bois ptrifis se tr\v5t jusques dans les coll9es de sable de la pla9e2 l'on en tire1 entr'autres1 des hauteurs sablonneuses aux environs de ,sysran sur la ,volga1 *angs en queux trs-f91 qui a cons]v jusqu' la texture organique du bois1 et rem>quables sur-t\t p> les traces trs-vid5tes de ces v]s rongeurs qui attaqu5t les vaisseaux1 les pilotis et autres bois tremps dans la m]1 et qui sont proprem5t orig9aires de la m] des ,indes4 ,?is philosoph] has n[ giv5 u a view ( :at1 accord+ to ! pres5t fa%ion ( m9]al philosophy1 he has t]m$ montagnes primitives1 secondaires1 et t]tiaires4 ,! fir/ consi/s 9 masses & /rata1 mu* indurat$ & consolidat$1 & greatly displac$ 9 _! position2 b ! "* ( :i* is *iefly tak5 f ?is1 t !y conta9 n any visible m>k ( animal or vegetable bodies4 ,! second are =m$ 9 a great measure ( m>9e productions1 are (t5 no less consolidat$ ?an ^? ( ! fir/ class1 & frequ5tly no less *ang$ 9 _! natural %ape & situation4 ,! ?ird aga9 h = "*1 accord+ to ?is le>n$ !ori/1 ! conta9+ ( ^? organis$ bodies :i* are prop] to ! e>?1 in/ead ( ^? :i* 9 ! second class _h belong$ to ! sea2 9 o!r respects1 surely !re is no ess5tial diff]5ce4 ,x is n pret5d$ t ^! t]ti>y /rata _h any o!r orig91 ?an t ( hav+ be5 deposit$ 9 wat]2 x is n s mu* z suspect$1 t ?is wat] _h be5 any o!r ?an t ( ! sea2 ! few m>9e bodies :i* ,m4 ,pallas "h ackn[l$ges1 goes at lea/ to prove ?is fact3 & ) reg>d to ! m9]al op]ations :i* _h be5 employ$ 9 consolidat+ ^? wat] =m$ /rata1 x is impossible n to be conv9c$ t e effect visible 9 ! o!r two are "h also to be p]ceiv$4 ,f ?is view ( m9]al bodies1 tak5 f ! ext5sive obs]vations ( ! ,russian dom9ions1 & f ! suppositions ( geologi/s 9 relation to ^? appe>ances1 we %\ld be l$ to conclude t ! globe ( ?is e>? _h be5 orig9ally no?+ b an ocean1 a _w conta9+ nei!r plant nor animal to live1 to gr[ & propagate its species4 ,9 foll[+ a sy/em f\nd$ on ^? appe>ances1 we mu/ next suppose1 t to ! /]ile unorganis$ _w !re _h succe$$ an ocean /or$ ) fi% ( e species4 ,"h x w\ld be prop] to inquire :at su/a9$ ^? aquatic animals2 =1 9 su* a sy/em z ?is1 !re is no provision made = cont9u+ ! life ev5 ( ! individuals1 f> less ( fe$+ ! species :ile1 9 an almo/ inf9ite succession ( individuals1 !y %\ld =m a cont95t ( l& almo/ compos$ ( _! exuviae4 ,if fi% c be f$ ^u wat] & /one2 if silice\s bodies c1 by ! dige/+ p[]s ( animals1 be conv]t$ into argillace\s & calc>e\s e>?s2 & if inflammable matt] c be prep>$ )\t ! int]v5tion ( vegetable bodies1 we might erect a sy/em 9 :i* ?is %\ld be ! natural ord] ( ?+s4 ,b to =m a sy/em 9 direct opposition to e ord] ( nature t we "k1 m]ely because we may suppose ano!r ord] ( ?+s diff]5t f ! laws ( nature :i* we obs]ve1 w\ld be z inconsi/5t ) ! rules ( reason+ 9 sci5ce1 by :i* ! speculations ( philosophy are direct$1 z x w\ld be contr>y to common s5se1 by :i* ! affairs ( mank9d are conduct$4 ,/ill1 h[ev]1 to pursue our vision>y sy/em1 aft] a cont95t _h be5 =m$ f ! relicts ( ^? animals1 liv+1 gr[+1 & propagat+1 dur+ an indef9ite s]ies ( ages1 plants at la/ are =m$2 &1 :at is no less wond]ful1 ^? animals :i* _h =m$ ! e>? !n disappe>2 b1 9 comp5sation1 we are to suppose1 ,i presume1 t t]re/rial animals began4 ,let u n[ reason f ^? facts1 )\t ei!r con/ra9+ nature1 :i* we "k1 or =m+ vision>y sy/ems1 ) reg>d to ?+s :i* are unkn[n4 ,x w\ld appe>1 t at "o p]iod ( "t1 or 9 "o place1 ! matt] ( ! globe may be deposit$1 9 /rata1 )\t conta9+ any organis$ bodies2 at ano!r "t1 or 9 ano!r place1 mu* animal matt] may be deposit$ 9 /rata1 )\t any vegetable sub/ance !re appe>+2 b at ano!r p]iod1 or at ano!r "t1 /rata may be =m$ ) mu* vegetable matt]1 :ile !re is h>dly to be obs]v$ any animal body4 ,:at !n are we to conclude ^u ! :ole8 ,t nature1 =m+ /rata1 is subject to vicissitudes2 & t x is n always ! same regul> op]ation ) respect to ! mat]ials1 al?\gh always =m+ /rata ^u ! same pr9ciples4 ,consequ5tly1 ^u ! same spot 9 ! sea1 diff]5t mat]ials may be accumulat$ at diff]5t p]iods ( "t1 &1 conv]sely1 ! same or simil> mat]ials may be collect$ 9 diff]5t places at ! same "t4 ,no?+ m foll[s /rictly f ! facts on :i* we n[ are reason+2 & ?is is a conclusion :i* w be v]ifi$ by e appe>ance1 s f> z ,i "k4 ,( ?is ,i am c]ta91 t 9 a v little space ( ?is c\ntry1 9 _m places1 su* a c\rse ( ?+s is to be p]ceiv$4 ,no?+ s common z to f9d alt]nat$1 ov] & ov] aga91 b$s ( s&-/one )\t animal bodies1 b$s ( coal & s*i/us ab\nd+ ) vegetable bodies1 b$s ( lime-/one =m$ ( %ells & corals1 & b$s or p>ticul> /rata ( iron-/one conta9+ sometimes vegetable sometimes animal bodies1 or bo?4 ,"h1 inde$1 ! /rata are mo/ commonly incl9$2 x is seldom !y are horizontal2 consequ5tly1 z across ! :ole c\ntry1 all ! /rata come up to ! day1 & may be se5 9 ! b$s ( our riv]s1 we h an opportunity ( obs]v+ t great v>iety :i* is 9 nature1 & :i* we are n able to expla94 ,?is only is c]ta91 f :at we see1 t !re is no?+ =m$ 9 "o epo* ( nature1 b :at has be5 repeat$ 9 ano!r1 h[ev] dissimil> may be ! op]ations :i* _h int]v5$ betwe5 ^? sev]al epo*s4 ,x mu/ n be alleg$1 t ! heights ( ! ,oural m\nta9s1 or ! h>dness ( _! rocks1 make an ess5tial di/9ction betwe5 !m & ! argillace\s or ar5ace\s /rata ( ! pla9s2 solidity & h>dness1 z well z *anges 9 _! height & natural position1 has be5 sup]9duc$ 9 op]ations po/]ior to ! collection ( ^? masses1--op]ations :i* may be =m$ 9 v>i\s degrees1 ev5 9 ! diff]5t p>ts ( ! same mass4 ,if ?is is ! case1 !re c be no difficulty 9 conceiv+ a /ratum1 :i* appe>s to be argillace\s or m>ly 9 ! pla9s1 to be f\nd jasp] 9 ! ,oural m\nta9s4 ,b !re is no?+ 9 ! ,oural m\nta9s1 t may n be f\nd "s :]e or o!r 9 ! pla9s1 al?\gh ! s(t & easily decompos+ argillace\s /rata be n f\nd ^u ! ,oural m\nta9s1 or ! ,alps1 = ?is reason1 t _h ^? m\nta9s be5 =m$ ( su* mat]ials1 !re _h n be5 a m\nta9 !re at ?is day4 ,b surely ! greate/ possible error1 ) reg>d to ! philosophy ( ?is e>?1 w\ld be to conf\nd ! s$im5t ( a riv] ) ! /rata ( ! globe2 bodies deposit$ ^u ! surface ( ! e>?1 ) ^? sunk at ! bottom ( ! sea2 & ?+s :i* only =m ! travell$ or transport$ soil1 ) ^? :i* con/itute ! sub/ratum or ! solid e>?4 ,h[ f> ,m4 ,pallas has committ$ ?is ov]sight1 ,i leave o!rs to det]m9e4 ,aft] m5tion+ ^? /rata 9 :i* wood is f\nd petrifi$1 & metallic m9]als =m$1 he ?us proce$s1 7page #fi74 ,dans ces mmes dpts sableux et s\v5t limoneux1 gis5t les re/es des gr&s animaux de l',inde3 ces ossem5s d'lphans1 de rh9ocros1 de buffles mon/rueux1 dont on dt]re t\s les j\rs un si gr& nombre1 et qui font l'admiration des curieux4 ,en ,sibrie1 o l'on dc\v]t le long de presque t\tes les rivires ces re/es d'animaux trang]s1 et l'ivoire mme bi5 cons]v en si gr&e abondance1 qu'il =me un article de comm]ce1 en ,sibrie1 dis je1 c'e/ aussi la c\*e la plus mod]ne de limon sablonneux qui leur s]t de spulture1 et nulle "p ces monum5s trang]s sont si frequ5s1 qu'aux endroits o la gr&e *a9e1 qui dom9e surt\t la frontire mridionale de la ,sibrie1 (fre quelque dpression1 quelque ouv]ture considrable4 ,ces gr&s ossem5s1 tantt p>s tantt entasss p> squelettes1 et mme p> hcatombes1 considre dans leurs sites naturels1 m'ont sur-t\t conva9cu de la ralit d'un dluge arriv sur notre t]re1 d'une cata/rophe1 dont j'av\e n'avoir pu concevoir la vraisemblance avant d'avoir p>c\ru ces places1 et vu1 p> moi-mme1 t\t ce qui peut y s]vir de preuve cet vnem5t mmorable#bd4 ,une inf9it de ces ossem5s c\*s dans des lits mls de petites tell9es calc9es1 d'os de poissons1 de glossoptres1 de bois *>gs d'ocre1 etc4 pr\ve dj qu'ils ont t transports p> des inondations4 ,mais la c>casse d'un rh9ocros1 tr\v avec sa peau entire1 des re/es de t5dons1 de ligam5s1 et de c>tilages1 dans les t]res glaces des bords du ,viloi1 dont j'ai dpos les p>ties les mieux cons]ves au cab9et de l',acadmie1 =me encore une preuve conva9cante que ce devait tre un m\vem5t d'inondation des plus viol5s et des plus rapides1 qui entrana jadis ces cadavres v]s nos climats glacs1 avant que la corruption et le tems1 d'en dtruire les p>ties molles4 ,il s]oit s\hait] qu'un obs]vateur p>v9t aux montagnes qui occup5t l'espace entre les fleuves ,indighirka et ,koylma o selon le rapport des *asseurs1 de semblables c>casses d'lphans et d'autres animaux gigantesques encore revtues de leurs peaux1 ont t rem>ques plusieurs reprises4 ,note #bd3 ,voyez le ,mmoire1 imprim dans le ,,xvii4 volume des n\veaux ,comm5taires de l',acadmie ,imp]iale de ,pet]sb\rgh4 ,! "q "h turns ^u ?is1 ,are ! sea %ells & glossopetrae1 :i* are ?us f\nd deposit$ along ) ^? skeletons1 9 _! natural /ate1 or are !y petrifi$ & m9]alis$4 ,if ! productions ( ! sea %all "h be f\nd collect$ along ) bodies belong+ to ! surface ( ! e>?1 & :i* _h nev] be5 )9 ! limits ( ! sea1 ?is w\ld surely ann\nce to u "s /range cata/rophe1 ( :i* x w\ld be difficult1 p]haps1 to =m a notion2 if1 on ! contr>y1 ^? m>9e productions belong to ! solid /rata ( ! e>?1 9 ! resolution or decay ( :i* !y _h be5 set at lib]ty1 & 7 transport$ 9 ! floods1 our au?or w\ld h no reason f ^? appe>ances to conclude1 !re _h exi/$ any o!r deluge ?an ^? produc$ by ! wat]s ( ! l&#be4 ,note #be3 ,s9ce writ+ ?is1 ,i f9d my d\bts 9 a great measure resolv$1 9 read+ ,m4 ,pallas's ,j\rnal1 translat$ f ! ,g]man by ,m4 ,gau?i] de la ,peyronie4 ,:at ,i _h suspect$ is1 ,i ?9k1 confirm$ 9 ! di/9ct acc\nt :i* ,m4 ,pallas has giv5 ( ^? occasions 9 :i* ! bones ( l& animals & m>9e objects are f\nd buri$ toge!r4 ,! m>9e objects are m9]alis$2 consequ5tly1 !y h proce$$ f ! decomposition ( ! solid /rata2 &1 hav+ be5 travell$ 9 ! runn+ wat] ( ! surface ( ! e>?1 !y mu/ h be5 deposit$ 9 ^? b$s ( riv]s1 :i* n[ are dry1 along/ ) ! bones1 or ! entire bodies ( t]re/rial animals1 ! rema9s ( :i* are n[ f\nd !re4 ,?is argum5t1 f ! /ate ( ^? m>9e bodies w n be all[$1 p]haps by ! g5]ality ( m9]ali/s1 :o attribute to ! op]ations ( wat] e species ( petrifaction or m9]alisation2 b1 until "s species ( pro( be giv5 ) reg>d to ! tru? ( t !ory1 :i* vulg> error fir/ sugge/$1 ,i mu/ reason f a !ory1 9 pro( ( :i* ,i h giv5 cle> examples1 &1 ,i ?9k1 irrefragable argum5ts1 :i* %all be m & m illu/rat$4 ,?us may be remov$ ! necessity ( a g5]al deluge1 or any great cata/rophe1 9 ord] to br+ toge!r ?+s s =eign to ea* o!r2 b at ! same "t we w\ld asc]ta9 ?is fact1 ,t =m]ly ! ,elephant & ,rh9oc]os _h liv$ 9 ,sib]ia4 7,see ,voyage de ,pallas1 ,tom4 ,,ii4 p4 #cgg & #djc47 ,hav+ ?us endeav\r$ to remove ?is prevail+ prejudice1 ( !re be+ primitive p>ts 9 ?is e>?1 p>ts ( :i* ! composition & con/itution are n to be expla9$ ^u ! pr9ciples ( natural philosophy1 x w be prop] to inquire1 h[ f> !re may be 9 ! !ory1 :i* has n[ be5 giv51 pr9ciples by :i* may be expla9$ ^? appe>ances t h l$ natural philosoph]s to =m conclusions1 ( !re be+ 9 ?is e>? p>ts ^: orig9 may n be trac$2 & ( !re be+ p>ts ^: orig9 may n be expla9$ ^u ! same pr9ciples :i* apply s well to all ! re/4 ,,*ap4 ,v4 ,conc]n+ t :i* may be t]m$ ! ,prim>y ,"p ( ! ,pres5t ,e>?4 ,9 ! pres5t !ory1 x is ma9ta9$1 t !re is no "p ( ! e>? :i* has n _h ! same orig91 s f> z ?is consi/s 9 t e>? be+ collect$ at ! bottom ( ! sea1 & aft]w>ds produc$1 z l&1 along ) masses ( melt$ sub/ances1 by ! op]ation ( m9]al causes4 ,b1 ?\gh all ^? ?+s be simil>1 or equal1 z to ! mann] ( _! production1 !y are f> f be+ s ) reg>d to ! p]iods ( _! orig9al composition1 or to ! subsequ5t op]ations :i* !y may h und]gone4 ,!re is a c]ta9 ord] e/abli%$ = ! progress ( nature1 = ! succession ( ?+s1 & = ! circulation ( matt] ^u ! surface ( ?is globe2 &1 ! ord] ( "t is associat$ ) ?is *ange ( ?+s4 ,b x is n 9 equal portions t "t is ?us comb9$ ) dissimil> ?+s1 nor always f\nd1 9 our e/imation1 z equally accompany+ ^? :i* we reckon simil>4 ,! succession ( light & d>kness is t :i*1 9 ^? op]ations1 appe>s to u mo/ /eady2 ! alt]nation ( heat & cold comes next1 b n ) equal regul>ity 9 its p]iods4 ,! succession ( wet & dry ^u ! surface ( ! e>?1 ?\gh equally ! "w ( nature & ! effect ( regul> causes1 is (t5 to u irregul>1 :5 we look = equal p]iods 9 ! c\rse ( ?+s :i* are unequal4 ,x is by equalities t we f9d ord] 9 ?+s1 & we wi% to f9d ord] e :]e4 ,! pres5t object ( our contemplation is ! alt]nation ( l& & wat] ^u ! surface ( ?is globe4 ,x is only 9 kn[+ ?is succession ( ?+s1 t natural appe>ances c be expla9$2 & x is only f ! exam9ation ( ^? appe>ances1 t any c]ta9 k ( ?is op]ation is to be obta9$4 ,b h[ %all we acquire ! k ( a sy/em calculat$ = millions1 n ( ye>s only1 nor ( ! ages ( man1 b ( ! races ( m51 & ! successions ( empires8 ,!re is no "q "h ) reg>d to ! memory ( man1 ( any human record1 :i* cont9ues ! memory ( man f age to age2 we mu/ read ! transactions ( "t pa/1 9 ! pres5t /ate ( natural bodies2 &1 = ! read+ ( ?is "*1 we h no?+ b ! laws ( nature1 e/abli%$ 9 ! sci5ce ( man by 8 inductive reason+4 ,x has be5 9 reason+ aft] ?is mann]1 t ,i h endeav\r$ to prove1 t e ?+ :i* we n[ behold1 ( ! solid p>ts ( ?is e>?1 _h be5 =m]ly at ! bottom ( ! sea2 & t !re is1 9 ! con/itution ( ?is globe1 a p[] = int]*ang+ sea & l&4 ,if ?is %all be admitt$ z a j view ( ! sy/em ( ?is globe1 we may next exam9e1 h[ f> !re are to be f\nd any m>ks ( c]ta9 p>ts ( our e>? hav+ m ?an once und]gone t *ange ( po/ure1 or vicissitude ( ?+s1 & ( hav+ _h reit]at$ op]ations ( ! m9]al k+dom *ang+ _! sub/ance1 z well z alt]+ _! positions 9 relation to ! atmosph]e & sea4 ,besides ! gradual decay ( solid l&1 expos$ to ! sil5t influ5ces ( ! atmosph]e1 & to ! viol5t op]ations ( ! wat]s mov+ ^u ! surface ( ! e>?1 !re is a m sudd5 de/ruction t may be suppos$ to happ5 sometimes to our cont95ts ( l&4 ,9 ord] to see ?is1 x mu/ be consid]$1 t ! cont95ts ( our e>? are only rais$ above ! level ( ! sea by ! expansion ( matt]1 plac$ bel[ t l&1 & r>ifi$ 9 t place3 ,we may ?us consid] our l& z plac$ ^u pill>s1 :i* may break1 & ?us re/ore ! anci5t situation ( ?+s :5 ?is l& _h be5 orig9ally collect$ at ! bottom ( ! ocean4 ,x is n "h inquir$ by :at me*anism ?is op]ation is to be p]=m$2 x is c]ta9ly by ! ex]tion ( a subt]ranean p[] t ! l& is elevat$ f ! place 9 :i* x _h be5 =m$2 & no?+ is m natural ?an to suppose ! supports ( ! l& 9 "t to fail1 or be de/roy$ 9 ! c\rse ( m9]al op]ations :i* are to u unkn[n4 ,9 t case1 :atev] 7 rema9+ ( t l&1 :i* _h = millions ( ages pa/ su/a9$ plants & animals1 w\ld aga9 be plac$ at ! bottom ( ! sea2 & /rata ( e diff]5t species might be deposit$ aga9 ^u t mass1 :i*1 f an atmosph]ic situation1 is n[ suppos$ to be l[] ?an ! surface ( ! sea4 ,su* a comp\nd mass might be aga9 resuscitat$1 or re/or$ ) ! new sup]9cumb5t /rata1 consolidat$ 9 _! texture & incl9$ 9 _! position4 ,9 t case1 ! inf]ior mass mu/ h und]gone a d\ble c\rse ( m9]al *anges & displacem5t2 consequ5tly1 ! effect ( subt]ranean heat or fusion mu/ be m app>5t 9 ?is mass1 & ! m>ks ( its orig9al =mation m & m oblit]at$4 ,if1 9 exam9+ our l&1 we %all f9d a mass ( matt] :i* _h be5 evid5tly =m$ orig9ally 9 ! ord9>y mann] ( /ratification1 b :i* is n[ extremely di/ort$ 9 its /ructure1 & displac$ 9 its position1--:i* is also extremely consolidat$ 9 its mass1 & v>i\sly *ang$ 9 its composition1--:i* !re=e has ! m>ks ( its orig9al or m>9e composition extremely oblit]at$1 & _m subsequ5t ve9s ( melt$ m9]al matt] int]ject$2 we %\ld !n reason to suppose t "h 7 masses ( matt] :i*1 ?\gh n diff]5t 9 _! orig9 f ^? t are gradually deposit$ at ! bottom ( ! ocean1 h be5 m act$ ^u by subt]ranean heat & ! exp&+ p[]1 t is to say1 h be5 *ang$ 9 a great] degree by ! op]ations ( ! m9]al region4 ,if ?is conclusion %all be ?\ght reasonable1 !n "h is an explanation ( all ! peculi> appe>ances ( ! alp9e s*i/us masses ( our l&1 ^? p>ts :i* h be5 errone\sly consid]$ z primitive 9 ! con/itution ( ! e>?4 ,we are ?us l$ to suppose1 t "s p>ts ( our e>? may h und]gone ! vicissitudes ( sea & l& m ?an once1 hav+ be5 *ang$ f ! summit ( a cont95t to ! bottom ( ! sea1 & aga9 erect$1 ) ! re/ ( t bottom1 into ! place ( l&4 ,9 t case1 appe>ances might be f\nd to induce natural philosoph]s to conclude t !re 7 9 our l& prim>y p>ts1 :i* _h n ! m>9e orig9 :i* is g5]ally to be ackn[l$g$ 9 ! /ructure ( ?is e>?2 &1 by f9d+ o!r masses1 ( m>9e orig91 sup]9cumb5t ^u ^? prim>y m\nta9s1 !y might make /range suppositions 9 ord] to expla9 ^? natural appe>ances4 ,let u n[ see :at has be5 advanc$ by ^? philosoph]s :o1 ?\gh !y t]m ^! p>ts ( ! e>? primordial1 & n primitive1 at ! same "t appe> to d5y to ^? p>ts an orig9 analog\s to t ( _! second>y m\nta9s1 or /rata t are aqui=m 9 _! con/ruction4 ,m4 de ,luc1 aft] hav+ long believ$ t ! /rata ( ! ,alps _h be5 =m$ l ^? ( ! l[ c\ntries1 at ! bottom ( ! sea1 gives an acc\nt ( ! occasion by :i* he 0 fir/ confirm$ 9 ! opposite op9ion4#bf ,l a true philosoph]1 he gives u ! reason ( ?is *ange4 ,note #bf3 ,lettres ,physique et ,morales sur l',hi/oire de la ,t]re1 tom4 #b4 pag4 #bjf4 ,ce fut une espce de montagne trs commune1 et que j'avois s\v5t exam9e qui dessilla mes yeux4 ,la pi]re qui la compose e/ de la classe appelle s*i/e2 son c>actre gnrique e/ d'tre feuillete2 elle r5f]me l'ardoise dont on c\vre les toits4 ,ces feuillets m9ces1 qu'on peut pr5dre p\r des c\*es1 et qui le font en effet dans quelques pi]res de ce g5re1 rappelloi5t t\j\rs l'ide vague de dpts des eaux4 ,mais il y a des masses dont la composition e/ plutt p> fibres que p> feuillets1 et dont le mollon ressemble aux copeaux de bois d'un *anti]4 ,le plus s\v5t aussi les feuillets sont situs en t\te suite de s5s dans une mme montagne1 et quelquefois mme v]ticalem5t1 ,enf9 il s'en tr\ve de si tortills1 qu'il e/ impossible de les reg>d] comme des dpts de l'eau4 ,ce fut donc cette espce de montagne qui me p]suada la premire que t\tes les montagnes n'avoi5t pas une mme orig9e4 ,le lieu o j'abjurai mon erreur1 toit un de ces gr&s *anti]s ptrifis1 qui1 p> la v>it du tortillem5t1 et des zig-zags des fibres du mollon qui le composoit1 attira s+ulirem5t mon att5tion4 ,c'toit un sort gr& talus qui v5oit d'une face esc>pe2 j'y montai p\r m'appro*] du ro*]1 et je rem>quai1 avec tonnem5t1 des multitudes de paquets en*evtrs les uns dans les autres1 sans ordre ni direction fixe2 les uns presqu'en r\leaux2 les autres en zig-zag2 et mme ce qui1 sp> de la montagne1 et peu tre pris p\r des c\*es1 le tr\voit incl9 de t\te manire dans cette mme face de ro*]4 ,non1 me dis-je alors moi-mme2 non1 l'eau n'a pu faire cette montagne4444 ,ni celle-l donc1 aj\tai-je en reg>dant ailleurs4444 ,et p\rquoi mieux celle-l8 ,p\rquoi t\tes les montagnes devroi5t-elles tre le produit des eaux1 seulem5t p>ce qu'il y en a quelques-unes qui annonc5t cette orig9e8 ,en effet1 puis qu'on n'a song aux eaux1 comme cause des montagnes1 que p> les preuves vid5tes que quelques-unes (froi5t de cette =mation2 p\rquoi t5dre cette consqu5ce t\tes1 s'il y en a beauc\p qui manqu5t de ces c>actres8 ,c'e/ comme le dit ,mr4 d',alemb]t1 qu'on gnralise ses premires rem>ques l'in/ant d'apres qu'on ne rem>quoit ri54 ,sci5ce is indebt$ to ?is au?or = giv+ u s cle> a picture ( natural appe>ances1 & ( 8 own reason+ ^u ^? facts1 9 =m+ 8 op9ion2 he ?us leads a/ray no p]son ( s\nd judgm5t1 al?\gh he may be 9 error4 ,! disposition ( ?+s 9 ! pres5t case are su*1 t1 reason+ f 8 pr9ciples1 ?is au?or c\ld n see ! tru?2 because he _h n be5 p]suad$1 t aqui=m /rata c\ld h be5 s *ang$ by ! *emical p[] ( fusion1 & ! me*anical =ce ( b5d+ :ile 9 a c]ta9 /ate ( s(tness4 ,b ?\gh1 9 ?is case1 ! reason+ ( ?is philosoph] is to be ju/ifi$1 s f> z he proce$$ ^u pr9ciples :i* c\ld n lead him to ! tru?1 8 conduct is n s irreproa*able 9 apply+ !m to cases by :i* _! fallacy might h be5 detect$4 ,?is au?or ackn[l$ges calc>e\s /rata to be aqui=m 9 _! orig9al2 b1 9 ^? m\nta9s :i* he has s mu* exam9$1 he w f9d ^? aqui=m bodies h und]gone ! same species ( *anges1 :i* made him conclude t ^? s*i/us m\nta9s _h n be5 truly aqui=m1 z he at fir/ _h ?\ght !m4 ,?is w\ld h l$ him to reason back ^u 8 pr9ciples1 & to say1 ,if "o species ( /rata may be ?us *ang$ 9 its texture1 & its %ape1 may n ano!r be equally s8 ,!re=e1 may n ! orig9 ( bo? be simil>8 ,b lea/ ,i %\ld d inju/ice to ?is au?or1 to :om we are indebt$ = _m valuable obs]vations 9 natural hi/ory1 ,i %all transcribe :at he has said ^u ! subject1 be+ p]suad$ t my read]s w n ?9k ?is improp] 9 me1 or imp]t95t to ! argum5t4 ,qu& n\s fumes une fois p]suads que la m] n'avoit pas fait t\tes les montagnes1 n\s entreprmes de dc\vrir les c>actres di/9ctifs de celles qui lui devoi5t leur orig9e2 et s'il toit1 p> exemple1 des matires qui leur fuss5t propres4 ,mais n\s y tr\vmes les mmes difficults qu'on r5contre dans t\t ce qu'on veut class] dans la nature4 ,on peut bi5 di/+u] entr'elles les *oses qui ont =tem5t l'empre9te de leur classe2 mais les conf9s *app5t t\j\rs4 ,c'e/ l1 p\r le dire en passant1 ce qui a pu conduire quelques philosophes imag9] cette *ane des tres o ils suppos5t1 que1 de la pi]re l'homme et plus haut1 les nuances sont rellem5t imp]ceptibles4 ,comme si1 quoique les limites soy5t ca*es nos s5s1 notre intellig5ce ne n\s disoit pas1 qu'il y a un saut1 une di/ance mme inf9ie1 entre le plus petit degr d'organization propageante1 et la matire unie p> la simple cohsion3 entre le plus petit degr de s5sibilit1 et la matire ins5sible3 entre la plus petite capacit d'obs]v] et de transmettre ses obs]vations1 et l'in/9ct con/amm5t le mme dans l'espce4 ,t\tes ces diffr5ces tran*es exi/5t dans la nature2 mais notre incapacit de ri5 connotre fond1 et la necessit o n\s sommes de jug] de t\t sur des app>5ces1 n\s fait p]dre presque t\tes les limites1 p>ce que sur ces bords1 la plup>t des phnomnes sont quivoques4 ,a9si la plante n\s p>ot se rappro*] de la pi]re1 mais n'en appro*e jamais rellem5t4 ,on pr\ve la mme difficult class] les montagnes2 et quoique depuis quelque tems plusieurs naturali/es ay5t aussi obs]v qu'elles n'ont pas t\tes la mme orig9e1 je ne vois pas qu'on soit p>v5u fix] des c>actres infaillibles1 p\r les plac] srem5t t\tes dans leurs classes p>ticulires4 ,aprs avoir exam9 att5tivem5t cet objet1 d'aprs les phnomnes que j'ai moi-mme obs]vs1 et ce que j'ai appris p> les obs]vations des autres2 j'ai vu que c'toit l un *amp trs va/e1 qu& on v\loit l'embrass] en enti]1 et trop va/e p\r moi1 qui n'toit pas libre d'y consacr] t\t le tems qu'il exige4 ,je me suis donc repli sur mon objet pr9cipal1 savoir la cause qui a laiss des dp\illes m>9es dans nos cont95s1 et l'exam5 des hypo?ses sur cette matire4 ,les phnomnes a9si limits1 se rduis5t ceci3 qu'il y a dans nos cont95s des montagnes visiblem5t =mes p> des dpts successifs de la m] et a l'g>d des quelles il n'y a beso9 de ri5 imag9]1 si ce n'e/ la manire dont elles en sont sorties3 qu'il y en a d'autres au contraire1 qui ne port5t aucun des c>actres de cette cause1 et qui1 si elles ont t produites dans la m]1 doiv5t tre l'effet de t\te autre cause que de simples dpts successifs1 et avoir mme prcd l'exi/5ce des animaux m>9s4 ,j'ab&onne donc les classes confuses o ces c>actres sont quivoques1 jusqu' ce qu'elles s]v5t fond] quelque hypo?se2 ayant assez de ces deux classes trs di/9ctes p\r exam9] d'apres elles t\s les sy/mes qui me sont connus4 ,l o ces deux classes de montagnes sont mles1 on rem>que que celles qui sont =mes p> c\*es1 et qui r5f]m5t des corps m>9s1 rec\vr5t s\v5t celles de l'autre classe1 mais n'en sont jamais rec\v]tes4 ,on a donc naturellem5t conclu1 que lors mme que la m] auroit en quelque "p la =mation des montagnes o l'on ne reconnot pas son c>actre1 celles auxquelles elle a travaill seule1 en enlevant des matires dans c]ta9es p>ties de son fond et les dposant dans d'autres1 font au mo9s les d]nires =mes4 ,on les a donc nommes secondaires1 et les autres primitives4 ,j'adopt]ai la premire de ces expressions2 c> c'e/ la mme qui n\s toit v5u l'esprit mon frre1 et moi longtemps avant que n\s l'eussions vue employ]2 mais je sub/itu]ai celle de primordiales primitives p\r l'autre classe de montagnes1 af9 de ne ri5 dcid] sur leur orig9e4 ,il e/ des montagnes1 dont jusqu' pres5t on n'a pu dml] la cause3 voila le fait4 ,je ne dirai donc pas qu'elles ont t cres a9si1 p>ce qu'en physique je ne dois pas employ] des expressions sur lesquelles on ne s'ent5d pas4 ,sans d\te cep5dant1 que l'hi/oire naturelle ni la physique ne n\s conduis5t nullem5t croire que notre globe ait exi/ de t\te t]nit2 et lorsqu'il prit naissance1 il fallut bi5 que la matire qui le composa fut de quelque nature1 ou s\s quelque premire =me intgrante4 ,ri5 donc jusqu'ici n'emp*e d'admettre que ces montagnes que je nomm]ai primordiales1 ne soi5t rellem5t primitives2 je p5*e mme p\r cette op9ion l'g>d de quelques unes4 ,mais il y a une trs gr&e v>it entr'elles2 et quoiqu'elles soy5t t\tes galem5t exclues de la classe secondaire1 elles ne sont pas t\tes semblables3 il y en a mme un gr& nombre dont les matires ont une c]ta9e configuration qui semble annonc] qu'elles ay5t t molles et durcies ensuite1 quoique p> une t\te autre cause que celle qui a agi p\r =m] les montagnes secondaires4 ,"h ,i w\ld beg leave to call ! att5tion ( philosoph]s to ?is obs]vation ( a naturali/ :o expla9s all petrification1 & ! consolidation ( /rata by aque\s infiltration4 ,if he has "h f\nd reason to conclude t1 9 ^? primordial p>ts ( ! e>?1 !re are a great numb] :i*1 f _! pres5t configuration1 mu/ h be5 9 a s(t /ate & !n h>d5$1 & ?is by a q diff]5t cause f t :i* he supposes _h produc$ ! consolidation & h>dness ( ! second>y p>ts2 ?is is ent]+ precisely into my views ( ! subject1 9 ascrib+ all ! consolidation ( ! e>?1 :e!r prim>y or second>y1 to "o g5]al cause1 & 9 trac+ ?is cause1 f its effects1 to be no o!r ?an ! fusion ( ^? bodies4 ,x mu/ be evid5t1 t if ?is philosoph] has se5 good reason = conclud+ su* a s(t5+ cause1 :i* _h op]at$ ^u ! prim>y p>ts1 to be q diff]5t f t :i* he ascribes to ! consolidation ( ! second>y1 :i* is ! effect ( wat]1 x mu/ !n1 ,i say1 be evid5t t ! s(t5+ cause ( ! prim>y p>ts1 if n heat1 by :i* e degree ( fusion may be produc$1 mu/ be an occult cause1 "o :i* _c be admitt$ into natural philosophy4 ,by ?us *oos+ to consid] m\nta9s z ( two di/9ct k9ds1 "o aqui=m :i* is und]/ood1 & ! o!r primordial :i* is n to be kn[n1 we sup]s$e ! necessity ( reconcil+ a !ory ) _m appe>ances 9 nature :i* o!rwise might be extremely inconv5i5t to our explanation1 if n inconsi/5t ) our sy/em4 ,our au?or no d\bt has ?us reliev$ himself f a consid]able difficulty 9 ! philosophy ( ?is e>?1 by say+ "h is a great "p :i* is n to be expla9$4 ,b ,i w\ld beg leave to obs]ve1 t ?is =m ( discussion1 ) reg>d to a physical subject1 is b a m]e confession ( our ignorance1 & has no t5d5cy to cle> up ano!r "p ( ! subject ( :i* "o treats1 h[ev] x may impress u ) a fav\rable op9ion ( ! !ori/1 9 all[+ him all ! c&\r ( ! ackn[l$gem5t4 ,! g5]al result ( ! reason+ :i* we n[ h quot$1 & :at foll[s 9 8 exam9ation1 seems to t]m9ate 9 ?is2 t !re are v>i\s diff]5t compositions ( m\nta9s :i* ?is au?or _c all[ to be ! production ( ! sea2 b x is n ^u acc\nt ( ! matt] ( :i* !y are =m$1 or ( ! p>ticul> mixture & composition ( ^? species ( matt]1 ( :i* ! v>iety is almo/ indef9ite4 ,accord+ to ?is philosoph]1 ! di/9ction t we are to make ( ^? primordial & second>y competitions1 consi/s 9 ?is1 t ! fir/ are 9 su* a %ape & /ructure z _c be conceiv$ to be =m$ by subsid5ce 9 wat]4 ,m4 de ,saussure has c>efully exam9$ ^? same objects2 & he seems incl9$ to ?9k t !y mu/ h be5 ! op]ation ( ! ocean2 n 9 ! common mann] ( deposit+ /rata1 b 9 "s o!r way by cry/allization4 ,! pres5t !ory supposes all ^? masses =m$ orig9ally 9 ! ord9>y mann]1 by ! deposits or subsid5ce ( mat]ials transport$ 9 ! wat]s1 & t ^? /rata 7 aft]w>ds *ang$ by op]ations prop] to ! m9]al regions4 ,b ! subject ( ! pres5t inve/igation goes f>!r1 by inquir+ if1 9 ! op]ations ( ! globe1 a prim>y & second>y class ( bodies may be di/+ui%$1 s f> z ! "o may h und]gone ! op]ations ( ! globe1 or ! vicissitudes ( sea & l&1 (t5] ?an ! o!r1 consequ5tly mu/ be ant]ior to ! lat] productions bo? 9 "t & op]ation1 al?\gh ! orig9al ( all ^? bodies be ! same1 & ! op]ations ( ! e>?1 s f> z we see 9 ! effects1 always proce$ ^u ! same pr9ciples4 ,?is is an ext5sive view ( nature to :i* few h turn$ _! ?\ghts4 ,b ?is is a subject to :i* ! obs]vations describ$ by ?is au?or h evid5tly a ref]5ce4 ,9 8 #aac? lett]1 he has giv5 u a view ( "o ( ^? p>ts ( ! e>? t are prop] to be exam9$ 9 det]m9+ ?is "q s important 9 ! g5ealogy ( l&1 al?\gh no ways conc]n$ 9 alt]+ ! pr9ciples ^u :i* nature 9 =m+ cont95ts mu/ proce$4 ,x is 9 describ+ ! nature ( ! m\nta9s ab\t ,elb+]ode2 & he beg9s 9 asc5d+ f ,hefeld4 ,cette p>tie extrieure de la *ane e/ primordiale3 c'e/ du granit ,h]eld et au comm5cem5t de la r\te2 puis qu& on passe dans d'autres valles1 on tr\ve les s*i/es et la ro*e grise dans t\t le pi$ des montagnes3 mais des qu'on e/ arriv une c]ta9 hauteur1 on voit de la pi]re *aux p> c\*es t5due sur ces matires2 et c'e/ elle qui =me le sommet de ces mmes montagnes2 tellem5t que la pla9e leve1 qui conduit ,elb+]ode1 e/ entirem5t de pi]re *aux1 except dans sa p>tie la plus haute ou cette pi]re e/ rec\v]te des mmes grs et sables vitrescibles qui sont sur le s*i/e du ,bru*b]g et sur la pi]re *aux dans la ,hesse et le pays de ,gott+ue4 ,les environs d',elb+]ode tant plus bas que ces p>ties rec\v]tes de matires vitrescibles1 montr5t la pi]re *aux nud2 et l'on y tr\ve de trs beaux m>bres1 dont les nuances jaunes1 r\ges et v]tes sont s\v5t trs vives1 et embellies p> les c\pes des corps m>9s4 ,cep5dant le s*i/e n'e/ pas enseveli p>t\t s\s ces dpts de la m]2 on le retr\ve en quelques endroits1 et mme avec de filons4 ,a9si au milieu de ces matires calcaires qui =m5t le sol montueux des environs d',elb+]ode1 p>ot encore le s*i/e sur lequel elles ont t dposes3 ,et en montant la p>tie la plus leve de ces mmes environs1 on tr\ve que la pi]re *aux e/ rec\v]te elle-mme d'une pi]re sableuse grise p> c\*es1 dans laquelle on voit quantit de petits fragm5s de s*i/e poss de plat4 ,c'e/ la que se tr\ve une des m9es de f] dont le m9]ai va en p>tie la ,kon+%utte1 mais en plus gr&e p>tie la ,ro!*utte1 qui n'e/ qu' une lieue de di/ance4 ,on p]ce d'abord la c\*e sableuse2 s\s elle se tr\ve de la pi]re *aux grise2 puis une c\*e de pi]re *aux f]rug9euse1 remplie de corps m>9s1 et surt\t d'entroques3 ,c'e/ cette c\*e qui e/ ici le m9]ai2 et elle app>ti5t la =mation de cette m95ce comme t\tes les autres c\*es4 ,cette m9e se nomme bom%ey3 elle n'e/ pas ri*e2 mais elle s]t de fondant aux matires f]rug9euses tires des filons des montagnes primordiales en mme tems qu'elle leur aj\te son f] dans la fonte4 ,a quelque di/ance de l on a p]c un autre puits2 qui a transv]s d'abord une sorte de pi]re1 que je ne saurois nomm]1 mais qui ressemble =t une lave poreuse4 ,au dess\s de cette c\*e on a retr\v la pi]re *aux ord9aire2 puis la c\*e f]rug9euse y cont9ue2 mais elle diffre un peu de ce qu'elle e/ dans l'autre m9e1 une p>tie de sa sub/ance tant conv]tie en jaspe4 ,mais ce qui e/ digne de la plus gr&e att5tion dans cette contre1 e/ un filon peu di/ant nomme ,bu*5b]g1 qui app>ti5t en p>tie au ,roi1 et en p>tie ,mr4 le ,comte de ,w]nig]ode4 ,la montagne en cette endroit montre une valle artificielle de #gj #hj pi$s de pr(ondeur1 de #bj #cj de l>geur dans le haut1 et de #djj toises en t5due4 ,c'e/ le creusem5t qu'on a dj fait en suivant ce filon de f]1 que l'on cont9ue exploit] de la mme manire sur les t]res de ,mr4 le ,comte de ,w]nig]ode4 ,la matire propre de la montagne e/ de s*i/e2 et la valle qui se =me de n\veau mesure qu'on enlve la gangue du filon1 a srem5t dj exi/ dans la m] s\s la =me d'une f5te1 qui a t remplie1 et en p>ticuli] des +rdi5s dont on fait auj\rd'hui le f]4 ,"h is a supposition ( our au?or t corresponds to no?+ :i* has yet be5 obs]v$ any :]e else1 s f> z ,i "k4 ,x is conc]n+ a m9]al ve91 "o :i* does n appe> to diff] 9 any respect f o!r m9]al ve9s1 except 9 be+ work$ 9 t op5 mann] :i* has giv5 our au?or an idea ( its be+ a valley4 ,he !n supposes t valley 7or r empty ve97 to h be5 9 ?is m\nta9 :5 at ! bottom ( ! sea1 & t ?is m9]al ve9 _h !n be5 fill$ ) ^? mat]ials :i* n[ are f\nd 9 t space betwe5 ! two sides ( ! sep>at$ rock4 ,?is is a v diff]5t op]ation f t ( infiltration1 :i* is commonly suppos$ to be ! me?od ( fill+ m9]al ve9s2 b1 we %all soon see ! reason :y our au?or has "h des]t$ ! common hypo!sis1 & has adopt$ ano!r to s]ve ! occasion1 )\t appe>+ to h consid]$ h[ p]fectly inconsi/5t ^? two suppositions are to ea* o!r4 ,t m9]al ve9s h be5 fill$ ) matt] 9 a fluid /ate1 is ackn[l$g$ by e body :o has ei!r look$ at a m9]al ve9 9 ! e>?1 or 9 a cab9et specim52 m9]ali/s & geologi/s1 9 g5]al1 suppose ?is to h be5 done by means ( solutions & concretions1 a supposition by no means w>rant$ by appe>ances1 :i*1 on ! contr>y1 9 g5]al demon/rate t ! mat]ials ( ^? ve9s _h be5 introduc$ 9 ! fluid /ate ( fusion4 ,b "h is a new idea ) reg>d to ! fill+ ( ^? ve9s2 &1 ,i w\ld n[ beg ! read]'s att5tion to ! facts :i* foll[ 9 ?is int]e/+ description1 & :i* h sugge/$ t idea to our au?or4 ,qu& cette matire accid5telle e/ enleve1 on voit la c\pe du s*i/e des deux ctes de la f5te1 faisant un toit et un mur1 p>ce que la f5te n'e/ pas absolum5t v]ticale3 des qu'il y a un peu d'incl9aison1 on di/+ue un toit et un mur1 comme j'ai l'honneur de l'expliqu] ,v4,m4 ,on ne connot po9t encore l't5due de ce filon1 ni dans sa pr(ondeur1 o l'on ne peut pas s'enfonc] beauc\p de cette manire1 ni dans la longueur1 selon laquelle on cont9ue l'exploit]4 ,voil donc un filon1 la rigueur de la df9ition que j'en ai donn ,v4,m4 c'e/ dire1 une f5te dans la montagne naturelle1 comble de matire trangre4 ,mais ce qu'il y a d'extraord9aire ici1 c'e/ que cette matire vi5t de la m]3 ce sont diffr5tes c\*es aqui=mes1 dont quelques unes sont remplies de corps m>9s4 ,il y a des c\*es d'une t]re m>tiale =t brune et sans liaison3 d'autres1 au contraire t\j\rs m>tiales1 sont trs dures et r5f]m5t de trs beau jaspe sangu93 d'autres enf9 sont de vrai m>bre gris ve9es de r\ge4 ,c'e/ dans ce m>bre que font les corps m>9s1 savoir des coquillages et des spongites2 et il e/ lui-mme m>tial comme t\t le re/e3 les m9eurs le nomm5t ,kubrim51 et ne l'employ5t que comme un fondant p\r d'autres m9raux de f]4 ,a ce filon1 s'en joign5t d'autres plus emb>rassans4 ,ils vi5n5t du toit1 qu'ils divis5t p> de l>ges f5tes combles1 ab\tissantes au filon pr9cipale4 ,ils font de mme calcaires et m>9s faits p> c\*es2 mais ces c\*es ont une si gr&e incl9aison1 que je ne puis les compr5dre3 il faut qu'il y ait eu d'tranges b\lev]sem5s dans ces endroits-l#bg4 ,note #bg3 ,"h1 no d\bt1 are appe>ances :i* x is impossible to expla9 by ! !ory ( infiltration2 x is ! fill+ ( m9]al ve9s1 & _! bran*es or ramifications1 ) m>ble conta9+ m>ks ( m>9e objects4 ,b1 if we %all suppose ?is m>ble to h be5 9 ! fluid /ate ( fusion1 z well z ! iron-ore & jasp]1 we may easily conceive x introduc$ into ! pr9cipal ve9 & its bran*es4 ,! description "h giv5 ( ^? appe>ances is by no means su* z to enable u to judge p>ticul>ly ( ?is case1 :i* surely m]its ! mo/ accurate inve/igation1 & :i*1 ,i d\bt n1 w give physical demon/ration ( ! fusion ( ^? m9]al sub/ances4 ,i "k t %ells h be5 f\nd )9 ! body ( ve9s 9 ,g]many2 b1 a /ratification ( ^? mat]ials 9 a ve9 0 nev] he>d ( be=e1 s f> z ,i "k4 ,ces f5tes se sont faites1 et ont t remplies1 dans la m]2 puisque les matires qui les rempliss5t sont de la classe de ses dpts trs connoissables1 et qu'il conti5n5t des dp\illes m>9es4 ,mais ce qui emb>rasse alors c'e/ que les autres filons ne soy5t pas dans le mme cas4 ,n'e/ ce po9t l encore un indice1 que ces f5tes out t d'abord et pr9cipalem5t remplies de matires1 p\sses du fond p> la mme =ce qui sec\oit les montagnes#bh4 ,note #bh3 ,b :at is ?is p[] by :i* matt] is to be =c$ f ! bottom ( ! sea to ! top ( ! m\nta9s8 ,=1 unless we c =m "s idea ( t p[] :i*1 z a cause1 we ascribe to ! p]ceiv$ effect1 we ei!r say no?+ to ! purpose1 or we employ a pret]natural cause4 ,x is n suffici5t to imag9e a p[] capable ( rais+ f ! bottom ( ! sea ! mat]ials deposit$ 9 ! abyss2 x is also necess>y to f9d a p[] capable ( s(t5+ bodies :i* are h>d1 & ( ?us consolidat+ ^? masses :i* are =m$ ( loose or unconnect$ mat]ials4 ,su* a p[]1 inde$1 ! pres5t !ory assumes2 &1 s f> z ?is %all be impli$ 9 ! supposition ( our au?or1 x w ?us h receiv$ a c]ta9 con=mation4 ,ce filon n'e/ pas le seul dans le ,h>tz qui donne des signes m>9s4 ,il y en a un autre1 qui mme se rappro*e davantage de la nature du commun des filons1 et o l'on tr\ve aussi des coquillages4 ,c'e/ celui de ,haus-,h>tzb]g]zug1 pres de ,clau/hal1 o1 dans les ,halles de quelques m9es de plomb ab&onnes1 et dans une =te d'ardoise1 on tr\ve de petites m\les ou tell9es /ries1 d'une espce p>ticulire que j'ai vue dans des ardoises secondaires d',arotz5 en ,waldek et de ,somb]non en ,b\rgogne4 ,il y a donc c]ta9em5t quelques filons faits p> les dpts de la m] dans les f5tes de montagnes primordiales2 comme au contraire il y a des filons mtalliques sans indices m>9s1 dans des montagnes videmm5t secondaires1 telles que celles de ,d]by%ire1 ou les filons de plomb trav]s5t des c\*es de pi]re *aux4 ,"h aga9 our au?or seems to me to refute 8 own supposition1 ,t a *asm 9 ! s*i/us rock may h exi/$ at ! bottom ( ! sea1 & be5 !n fill$ f above ) su* mat]ials z 7 transport$ by ! mov+ wat] to t place1 is n impossible2 b nobody1 :o kn[s ! nature ( a common metallic ve91 c ev] suppose x to h be5 fill$ 9 t mann]4 ,our au?or !n adds1 ,on ne fait rellem5t que comm5c] dans ce g5re d'obs]vations1 considres quant la ,cosmologie2 a9si il ne faut po9t dsespr] que t\t cela ne se dvoile un j\r1 et que n\s n'acqu]rions a9si un peu plus de connoissance sur ce qui se passoit dans la m] anci5ne4 ,en rev5ant v]s ,elb+]ode1 n\s retr\vmes ces s*i/es1 qui p>oiss5t au trav]s des m>bres3 ils sont donc la cont9uation de la masse s*i/euse laquelle app>ti5t le filon1 dont je vi5s de p>l]4 ,ce filon t =m dans une f5te1 re/e ouv]te et vide3 les dpts de la m] l'ont comble1 en mme tems qu'ils =moi5t les c\*es de m>bre1 qui sont l'extrieur4 ,en effet1 ce filon conti5t des c\*es m>9es f]rug9euses1 de la mme nature que celles des coll9es calcaires vois9es =mes sur le s*i/e4 ,n\s "pmes d',elb+]ode dans l'aprs midi p\r n\s rappro*] de ,clau/hal4 ,notre *em9 fut encore quelque tems sur des sommits calcaires2 et avant que d'en sortir1 n\s tr\vmes une autre m9e s+ulire ,ar5feld4 ,c'e/ encore un vrai filon2 mais dans une montagne de pi]re *aux3 ,c'e/ -dire1 que cette montagne a aussi t f5due1 et que la f5te a t remplie d'une gangue4 ,la matire de ce filon e/ encore calcaire en plus gr&e p>tie2 mais cette pi]re *aux di/9cte e/ f]rug9euse1 et p>seme de concrtions de jaspe comme celles d',elb+]ode3 on y tr\ve aussi une matire v]dtre1 qui1 comme le jaspe1 ne fait pas eff]vesc5ce avec l'eau =te4 ,"h is a ph5om5on :i* is altoge!r incompatible ) ! !ory t ?is au?or has giv5 u = ! explanation ( ^? appe>ances4 ,he supposes empty crevices 9 ! s*i/us m\nta9s at ! bottom ( ! sea2 ^! crevices he supposes fill$ by ! deposits ( ! sea1 at ! same "t1 & ) ! same mat]ials ) :i* ! lime-/one /rata 7 =m$ above ! s*i/us m\nta9s2 b we f9d "o ( ^? same ve9s 9 ^! second>y calc>e\s /rata4 ,n[1 ?o' we %\ld be dispos$ to all[1 t1 9 ! primordial m\nta91 ( :i* we are suppos$ n to "k ! orig91 !re might h be5 empty crevices :i* 7 aft]w>ds fill$ ) mat]ials transport$ by ! sea1 ?is _c be admitt$ z tak+ place 9 ! loose or incoh]5t mat]ials deposit$ above ! s*i/us4 ,consequ5tly1 ?is !ory ( our au?or1 :i* is evid5tly errone\s ) reg>d to ! ve9s 9 ! lime-/one1 mu/1 9 ! o!r case1 be at lea/ exam9$ ) a jeal\s eye4 ,le haut de cette p>tie des montagnes calcaires toit encore rec\v]t de sable et de grs vitrescibles3 et cont9uant m>*]1 sans aucune inflexion s5sible1 n\s n\s tr\vmes subitem5t sur les s*i/es2 d'o n\s montmes plus rapidem5t4 ,puis trav]sant quelques petites valles n\s arrivmes sur les montagnes qui app>ti5n5t au prolongem5t du ,brock5 ou ,blocksb]g4 ,la matire dom9ante e/ alors le granit2 mais il e/ t\t en blocs le long de cette r\te1 et ces blocs se tr\v5t une telle di/ance de t\t sommit intacte de cette pi]re1 qui e/ ais de jug] non seulem5t qu'ils ne sont pas dans leur place orig9aire1 mais encore qu'il ne sont arrivs l p> aucune des causes naturelles qui agiss5t dans les montagnes2 savoir1 la pesanteur1 la p5te1 et le c\rs des eaux4 ,ce sont donc de viol5tes explosions qui ont disp]s ces blocs2 et alors ils devi5n5t un n\veau trait cosmologique de quelque importance3 c> ri5 ne se meut1 ni ne p>ot s'tre mu depuis bi5 des sicles1 dans ces lieux qui montr5t tant de dsordre3 un tapis de v]dure c\vre t\t1 en cons]vant les cont\rs b>oques du sol4 ,le btail ne sauroit ptur] dans de telles prairies2 mais l'indu/rieux montagn>d fait y fau*]#bi4 ,note #bi3 ,m4 de ,saussure endeav\rs to expla9 ^? appe>ances ( transport$ blocks ( granite by ano!r cause2 ?is is a c]ta9 debacle ( ! wat]s ( ! e>?1 :i* ,i d n und]/&4 ,m4 de ,luc aga9 attempts to expla9 x by viol5t explosions2 ,i suppose he means ^? ( a volcano4 ,b he has n giv5 u ! evid5ce ^u :i* su* an op9ion may be f\nd$1 f>!r ?an by say+ t ^? blocks c\ld n h come !re by ! natural op]ations ( ! surface4 ,by ?is mu/ be meant1 t1 f ! ne>e/ summit ( granite1 !re is n1 at pres5t1 any natural means by :i* ^! blocks might be transport$ to t place4 ,b x is n ) ! pres5t /ate ( ?+s t we are conc]n$1 9 expla9+ ! op]ations ( a di/ant p]iod4 ,if ! natural op]ations ( ! surface *ange ! %ape ( ?+s1 z is cle>ly prov$ by e natural appe>ance1 ,:y =m an argum5t aga9/ a =m] transaction1 ^u ! circum/ances ( ! pres5t /ate ( ?+s8 ,our au?or does n seem to p]ceive1 t1 f ?is mode ( reason+1 !re is is an insup]able objection to 8 viol5t explosions hav+ be5 employ$ 9 produc+ ^? effects4 ,=1 _h !re be5 su* a cause1 ! evid5ce ( ?is mu/ h rema9$2 if ! surface ( ! e>? does n und]go great *anges3 ,if1 aga91 ?is surface be 9 "t mu* *ang$1 ,h[ c we judge f ! pres5t %ape1 :at might h be5 ! =m] po/ure ( ?+s8 ,?is au?or1 inde$1 does n all[ mu* "t = ! natural op]ations ( ! globe to *ange its surface2 b1 if ?+s be n greatly remov$ f ! /ate 9 :i* ! viol5t op]ations ( ! globe _h plac$ !m1 ,:y does he n po9t out to u ! s\rce ( ?is great disord] :i* he !re p]ceives8 ,f :at explosion w be expla9$ ! blocks ( granite :i* are f\nd ^u ! ,jura1 & :i* mu/ h come f ! mass ( ,mont ,blanc8 ,if ^! disp]s$ blocks ( /one are to be expla9$ by explosion1 !re mu/3 h be5 simil> explosions 9 o!r c\ntries :]e !re is n ! smalle/ appe>ance ( volcanic eruptions2 =1 ar\nd all our granite m\nta9s1 & ,i believe all o!rs1 !re are f\nd _m blocks ( granite1 travel$ at a great di/ance1 & 9 all directions4 ,ob]bruck1 ou n\s avions t la prcd5te fois1 se tr\va sur notre r\te1 et n\s y passames aussi la nuit1 dans l'esprance de p\voir mont] le l5dema9 sur le ,brock52 mais il fut encore envelopp de nuages2 a9si n\s cont9umes m>*] v]s ,clau/hal1 passant de n\veau p> le ,bru*b]g1 o le sable et ses gres rec\vr5t le s*i/e2 puis arrivant une autre sommit1 n\s y tr\vmes la mme pi]re sableuse p> c\*es1 mle de p>celles de s*i/e1 que n\s avions vue sur les montagnes calcaires d',elb+]ode4 ,il e/ donc t\j\rs plus c]ta9 que le sol primordial de t\tes ces montagnes exi/oit s\s les eaux de l'anci5ne m]2 puisqu'il e/ rec\v]t de div]ses =tes de dpts1 connus p\r app>t5ir la m]2 et que les f5tes des filons exi/oi5t dans cette m] anci5ne2 puisqu'elle en a rempli elle-mme quelques unes1 et qu'elle a rec\v]t de ses dpts quelques autres filons t\t =ms4 ,quant celles des matires de ces filons1 qui ne p>oiss5t pas tre m>9es 7et c'e/ de beauc\p la plus gr&e quantit71 j'ai t\j\rs plus de p5*ant d'en attribu] une p>tie l'opration des feux s\t]re9s1 mesure que je vois dim9u] la probabilit de les assign] entirem5t l'eau4 ,mais quoi-qu'il en soit1 ces gangues ne font pas de mme date que les montagnes#cj4 ,note #cj3 ,i mo/ will+ly admit ! ju/ness ( our au?or's view1 if he ?us p]ceives ! op]ation ( fire 9 ! solids ( our e>?2 b x is n = ! reasons he has giv5 u = discov]+ x "h m ?an 9 o!r places2 = !re is n a m9]al ve91 7s f> at lea/ z ,i h se571 9 :i* ! appe>ances may be expla9$ by any ?+ else besides ! op]ation ( fire or fusion4 ,x is n easy to conceive 9 :at mann] our au?or _h conceiv$ ! op9ions :i* he has display$ 9 ^! lett]s4 ,he _h no op9ion ( ?is k9d1 or r he 0 p]suad$ t subt]rane\s fire _h no h& 9 ! =mation ( ?is e>? be=e he came to ?is place ( ! ,h>tz2 "h he f9ds c]ta9 appe>ances1 by :i* he is confirm$ 9 8 =m] op9ion1 t wat] _h op]at$ 9 =m+ m9]al ve9s2 & !n he =ms ! idea t subt]rane\s fire may h op]at$ also4 ,b1 be=e ! discov]y ( ! *asms 9 ! s*i/us m\nta9s hav+ be5 fill$ ) ! /ratifi$ mat]ials ( ! sea1 ,h[ _h he suppos$ ve9s to be fill$8 ,if ?is philosoph] _h be=e no op9ion ( subt]rane\s fire1 z in/rum5tal 9 t op]ation1 ,h[ comes he n[ to *ange t =m] op9ion8 ,=1 unless x be ! extraord9>y mann] ( fill+ ^! op5 crevices 9 ! m\nta9s by matt] deposit$ imm$iately f ! sea1 !re is c]ta9ly no o!r appe>ance 9 ?is m9]al c\ntry ( ! ,h>tz1 t may n be f\nd 9 any o!r1 only p]haps ^u a small] scale4 ,le l5dema9 de notre arrive a ,clau/hal1 qui toit le #ac;e1 n\s allmes visit] d'autres m9es de f] en montagnes secondaires1 situes au ct oppos du ,h>tz4 ,elles sont auprs de ,grund l'une des villes de m9es1 et prs du lieu ou sortira la n\velle gal]ie d'c\lem5t laquelle on travaille1 etc4 ,arrivs ,grund les (fici]s m9eurs v9r5t1 comme l'ord9aire1 accompagn] ,mons4 de ,r$5 aux m9es de leur dp>tem5t4 ,celles-ci1 sans tre plus extraord9aires que celles qui n\s avions vues ,elb+]od1 ou sans aid] mieux jusqu'ici expliqu] ce qu'elles ont t\tes d'extraord9aire1 n\s donn5t au mo9s des indices probables de gr&s accid5s4 ,ces montagnes de ,grund sont encore de l'espce rem>quable1 dont la base e/ de s*i/e1 et le haut de pi]re *aux4 ,les m9es qu'on y exploit sont de f]1 et se tr\v5t dans cette matire calcaire2 mais elles y sont s\s des app>5ces t\t--fait tranges4 ,la montagne o n\s les vmes pr9cipalem5t le nomme ,ib]g4 ,on y p\rsuit des masses de pi]re f]1 de l'ensemble desquelles les m9eurs ne peuv5t encore se r5dre compte d'une manire claire4 ,ils ont tr\v dans cette montagne des cav]nes1 qui ressembl5t l'encaissem5t de sillons dj exploits1 ou non =ms2 c'e/--dire1 que ce sont des f5tes presque v]ticales1 et vides1 ,le m9]ai qu'ils p\rsuiv5t e/ en ,rognons2 c'e/ dire1 en gr&es masses sans cont9uit dcide4 ,cep5dant ces masses sembl5t se succd] dans la montagne suivant une c]ta9e direction2 tellem5t que les m9eurs sav5t dj les *]*]1 p> des indices d'habitude4 ,la sub/ance de cette pi]re f] p>ticulire r5f]me des cry/allizations de div]ses espces4 ,il y a des druses de qu>tz1 ou de petits cri/aux de qu>tz qui tapiss5t des cavits2 il y a aussi du spa? commun1 et de celui qu'on nomme pesant2 on y tr\ve enf9 une =te de cry/allization nomme ,eis5man 7homme de f]7 p> les m9eurs2 se sont des amas de cri/aux noir-tres1 qui ressembl5t des gr\pes de gr&es l5tilles plattes1 et ces cri/aux sont f]rug9eux4 ,entre les signes de b\lev]sem5t que r5f]me ce lieu1 e/ un ro*] nomm ,gebi*5/51 qui e/ en pi]re *aux1 ce que l',ebr5breit/e9 de ,cobl5tz e/ en pi]re sableuse3 c'e/--dire1 que ses c\*es1 remplies de corps m>9s1 sont presque v]ticales2 ceux de ces corps qu'on y tr\ve en plus gr&e quantit1 sont des madrpores4 ,ce ro*] s'lve comme un gr& oblisque1 au-dessus des cav]nes1 dont j'ai p>l2 montrant p> le ct ses c\*es1 qui se tr\v5t1 comme je l'ai dit1 dans une situation presque v]ticale4 ,sa base e/ dj bi5 m9e1 tant p> les cav]nes1 que p> la pi]re f] qu'on en tire2 et je ne me has>dai dessus1 que p>ce que je me dis1 qu'il y a des millions contre un p>i]1 que ce n'e/ pas le mom5t o il s'enfonc]ait4 ,mais je n'en dirois pas autant1 s'il s'agissoit de m'y log] demeure4 ,quoique t\t ce lieu l soit =t rem>quable1 il se p\rrait que ce ne fut qu'un phnomne p>ticuli]4 ,les cav]nes peuv5t devoir leur orig9e la mme cause que celle de ,s*>tzfeld2 et le drangem5t des ro*]s suprieurs des enfoncem5s occasionns p> ces cav]nes4 ,ri5 n'e/ si difficile que de retrac] auj\rd'hui ces =tes d'accid5s cause des *angem5s que le tems y a oprs4 ,s'ils sont arrivs s\s les eaux de la m]1 on conoit aism5t les altrations qui ont d succd]2 et si c'e/ depuis que nos cont95s sont sec1 les eaux encore1 tant intrieures qu'extrieures1 et la vgtation1 en ont beauc\p *ang l'aspect4 ,?is au?or has a !ory by :i* he expla9s to himself ! =m] resid5ce ( ! sea1 above ! summits ( our m\nta9s2 ?is1 h[ev]1 is n ! !ory by :i* we are n[ endeav\r+ to expla9 appe>ances2 we mu/ !re=e be all[$ to reason f our own pr9ciples1 9 consid]+ ! facts "h set =? by our au?or4 ,no?+1 ,i ?9k1 is m evid5t1 ?an t 9 ?is m9]al c\ntry ( ! ,h>tz1 we may f9d ! cle>e/ m>ks ( fracture1 elevation1 & dislocation ( ! /rata1 & ( ! introduction ( =eign matt] among ^? sep>at$ bodies4 ,all ^? appe>ances1 our au?or w\ld h to be no?+ b "s p>ticul> accid5t1 :i* is n to ent] into ! physiology ( ! e>?4 ,i wi% aga9 to g5]alise ^! facts1 by f9d+ !m univ]sal 9 relation to ! globe1 & necess>ily to be f\nd 9 all ! consolidat$ p>ts ( our l&4 ,x 0 n to refute our au?or's reason+ t ,i h "h introduc$ s mu* ( 8 obs]vations1 b to give an ext5sive view ( ! m9]al /ructure ( ?is int]e/+ c\ntry4 ,?is !re=e be+ done1 we n[ proce$ to :at is m peculi>ly our bus9ess 9 ?is place1 or ! imm$iate subject ( inve/igation1 viz4 ! di/9ction ( prim>y & second>y /rata4 ,dans le vois9age de cette montagne1 il y a une autre =t intressante1 que je vis le j\r suivant4 ,quoiqu'en traitant des volcans1 j'aie dmontr que la =mation des montagnes1 p> s\lvem5t1 toit sans exemple dans les faits1 et sans fondem5t dans la ?orie1 je ne laiss]oi pas de m'arrt] au phnomne que prs5te cette montagne2 p>ce qu'il pr\v]a directem5t que les c\*es calcaires au mo9s1 ont t =mes la hauteur ou elles sont2 c'e/-a-dire qu'elles n'ont pas t s\leves4 ,v\lant pr5dre l'occasion de mon ret\r ,hanovre1 p\r trav]s] les avant-corps du ,h>tz1 dans quelque n\velle direction2 je rsolus de faire ce voyage *eval1 et de pr5dre ma r\te droite v]s ,hanovre1 au-trav]s des coll9es2 ce qui me conduisit encore ,grund puis ,mn*eh( ,brun%aus51 ,engelade1 ,w9s5burg et ,alfeld1 o enf91 trav]sant la ,le9e j'entrai dans la gr&e r\te4 ,je quittai donc ,clau/hal 7et avec bi5 du regret7 le #ad au mat92 et rev5ant d'abord ,grund1 je le laissai sur ma droite1 a9si que l',ib]g2 et plus lo91 du mme ct1 une autre montagne nomme ,w9t]b]g dont la base e/ s*i/e1 et le sommet plus haut que ,clau/hal1 entirem5t compos de c\*es calcaires4 ,de ,grund je montai v]s une montagne nomme ,o/ ,kamp2 et je comm5ai l donn] une att5tion p>ticulire au sol4 ,le long de mon *em91 je ne tr\vai longtemps que des s*i/es1 qui montroi5t leurs po9ts en haut1 comme l'ord9aire1 et avec t\s leurs tortillem5s de feuillets4 ,mais arriv au haut de la montagne1 j'y vis des c>rires de pi]re *aux1 o les c\*es absolum5t rgulires1 et qui ont peu d'paisseur sur le s*i/e suiv5t p>faitem5t les cont\rs du sommet4 ,ces lits de pi]re *aux n'ont c]ta9em5t pas t s\levs du fond de la m] sur le dos des s*i/es2 lors mme qu' cause de la gr&e incl9aison des feuillets de ceux-ci on v\droit le attribu] quelque rvolution telle que le s\lvem5t2 7ce que je n'admettrois po9t74 ,c> si ces lits calcaires1 ayant t faits au fond de la m]1 avoy5t t s\levs avec les s*i/es1 ne f]oi5t-ils pas briss et b\lev]ss comme eux8 ,il e/ donc evid5t1 que quoiqu'il soi arriv au s*i/e qui les porte1 ces lits1 et t\s les autres de mme g5re qui sont au haut de ces montagnes1 ont t dposes au niveau o ils sont2 et que p> consqu5t la m] les surpassoit alors4 ,a9si le sy/me de s\lvem5t p]d son b1 s'il t5d expliqu] p\rquoi n\s avons des c\*es1 =mes p> la m]1 qui se tr\v5t ma9t5ant si =t au dessus de son niveau4 ,il e/ vid5t que ces c\*es n'ont pas t s\leves2 mais que la m] s'e/ abaisse4 ,or c'e/ l le gr& po9t cosmologique expliqu]3 t\s les autres1 qui ti5n5t la /ructure de c]ta9es montagnes in9telligibles1 n'app>ti5dront qu' l'hi/oire naturelle1 tant qu'ils ne se li]ont pas avec celui-la4 ,"h are two ?+s to be consid]$2 ! int]e/+ facts describ$ by our au?or1 & ! inf]5ce t he w\ld h u draw f ^? facts4 ,x w\ld appe> f ! facts1 t ! body ( s*i/us bel[1 & t ( lime-/one above1 _h n und]gone ! same disord]+ op]ations1 or by no means 9 ! same degree4 ,b our au?or has =m$ ano!r conclusion2 he says1 t ^! lime-/one /rata mu/ h be5 =m$ precisely 9 ! place & ord] 9 :i* !y lie at pres5t2 & ! reason = ?is is1 because ^! /rata appe>$ to him to foll[ p]fectly ! cont\r ( ! summit ( ?is m\nta94 ,n[1 _h !re be5 9 ! top ( ?is m\nta9 a deep holl[ encompass$ ab\t ) ! s*i/us rock2 & _h ?is cavity be5 n[ f\nd fill$ ) horizontal /rata1 !re might h be5 "s %ad[ ( reason = suppos+ ^? /rata to h be5 deposit$ ^u ! top ( ! m\nta94 ,b to suppose1 fir/1 t %ells & corals %\ld be deposit$ ^u ! convex summit ( a m\nta9 :i* 0 !n cov]$ by ! sea2 secondly1 t ^! moveable mat]ials %\ld rema9 ^u ! summit1 :ile ! sea _h *ang$ its place2 &1 la/ly1 t ^? %ells & corals left by ! sea ^u ! top ( a m\nta9 %\ld become /rata ( solid lime/one1 & h also metallic ve9s 9 x1 c]ta9ly holds ( no pr9ciple ( natural philosophy t ,i am acqua9t$ )4 ,if1 !re=e1 su* an appe>ance z ?is 7 to be employ$ ei!r 9 illu/ration or confirmation ( a !ory1 x w\ld itself require to be expla9$2 b ?is is a task t ?is cosmologi/s does n seem will+ to und]take4 ,he has =m$ a hypo!sis = expla9+ ! g5]al appe>ance ( t :i* 0 once ! bottom ( ! sea be+ n[ f\nd =m+ ! summits ( our m\nta9s2 b surely ?is philosoph] w ackn[l$ge1 t ^? natural appe>ances1 9 any p>ticul> place1 w be ! same1 :e!r we suppose ! bottom ( ! sea to h be5 rais$1 z 9 ! pres5t !ory1 or ! surface ( ! sea to h sunk accord+ to 8 hypo!sis4 ,=1 x is equally easy to suppose a portion ( ! e>? to h be5 rais$ all ?is height1 z to suppose all ! re/ ( ! surface ( ! globe to h sunk an equal space1 :ile a small portion ( ! bottom ( ! sea1 rema9+ "h & !re fix$ 9 its place1 became ! highe/ portion ( ! globe4 ,consequ5tly1 :atev] evid5ce ?is philosoph] %all f9d 9 support ( 8 !ory ( ! pres5t e>?1 7a subject :i* x is n our purpose to exam9e7 x _c be all[$ t he has "h br\ght any argum5t capable ( disprov+ ! elevation ( ! bottom ( ! sea2 a supposition :i* o!r !ories may require4 ,i w\ld n[ obs]ve1 9 relation to ! pres5t !ory1 t s f> z ?is au?or has reason$ ju/ly f natural appe>ances1 8 conclusions w be f\nd to confirm ! pres5t supposition1 t !re is to be p]ceiv$ ! di/9ction ( primordial1 & t ( second>y1 9 ! masses ( ?is e>?1 )\t alt]+ ! g5]al !ory ei!r ) respect to ! orig9al =mation ( ^? masses1 or to _! po/]ior production4 ,"h "o ( two ?+s mu/ be all[$2 ei!r t ^? /rata ( s*i/us _h be5 brok5 & di/ort$ "u a mass ( o!r sup]9cumb5t /rata2 or t ^? sup]9cumb5t /rata _h be5 deposit$ ^u ! brok5 & di/ort$ /rata at ! bottom ( ! sea4 ,our au?or1 :o has exam9$ ! subject1 incl9es to ?9k1 t ?is la/ has be5 ! case4 ,if1 !re=e1 /rata _h be5 deposit$ ^u brok5 & b>e rocks ( s*i/us1 x is probable t ^! _h be5 sunk 9 ! sea aft] hav+ be5 expos$ to ! atmosph]e1 & s]v$ ! purpose ( l& ^u ! globe4#ca ,note #ca3 ,?is is also support$ by ano!r v int]e/+ obs]vation conta9$ 9 ?is lett]4 ,m4 de ,luc obs]ves1 t 9 ?is c\ntry ! s*i/us is g5]ally cov]$ by /rata ( lime-/one1 & t ^! lime-/one /rata are aga9 cov]$ ) ^? ( s&-/one1 9 :i* are f\nd a great _m fragm5ts ( s*i/us ly+ flat4 ,!re=e1 :ile ^? s&-/one /rata 7 collect+ at ! bottom ( ! sea1 !re _h be5 rocks ( s*i/us 9 "s o!r place1 f :5ce ^? fragm5ts bad be5 deta*$4 ,an example ( ! same k9d also occurs 9 ! ,disc\rs sur l',hi/oire ,naturelle de la ,suisse2 & ?is au?or ( ! ,tableaux de la ,suisse has giv5 a v di/9ct description ( t appe>ance1 :i* is p]haps ! m to be valu$ z a piece ( natural hi/ory1 z ?is intellig5t au?or does n pret5d to any geological !ory1 b simply n>rates :at he has se51 ) su* p]t95t obs]vations on ! subject z naturally mu/ occur to a ?9k+ p]son on ! spot4--7,disc\rs1 etc4 page #bbh4 ,entre au pays de ,grisons74 ,du village d',el5 on cont9ue mont] le re/e du petit vallon p5dant une lieue et demie p>mi les mmes espces de pi]res qu'on vi5t de dcrire2 en passant au trav]s de bois et de =ts de sap9s et de quelques pturages dont ce haut e/ c\v]t1 on p>vi5t au pi$ du ,bundn]b]g1 montagne des grisons1 qui =me la tte du vallon4 ,on laisse droite un fond ou espce d'entonnoir1 ent\r de trs-hautes montagnes inaccessibles1 p\r s'enf\rr] gau*e entre des ro*]s qui font =t ress]rs1 o c\le un torr5t4 ,ce lieu s]oit horreur si on ne se tr\voit acc\tum1 p> degrs1 voir de ces positions effrayantes3 t\t y e/ aride1 il n'y a plus d'arbres ni de vgtaux ce sont des ro*]s entasss les un sur les autres2 ce lieu p>oit d'autant plus affreux que le passage a t subit1 et qu'en sortant de bois et des =ts1 on se tr\ve t\t--c\p p>mi ces ro*]s qui s'lv5t comme des murailles1 et dont on ne voit pas la cime2 cette gorge ou cette entre qui se nomme ,jetz1 e/ la communication du ,canton du ,gl>is aux ,gritons2 on a dit prcdemm5t qu'il y en avoit une plus aise p> le ,gros-,?al ou le gr& vallon4 ,ce passage e/ trs-curieux p\r la ,li?ogeognosie1 il e/ r>e de tr\v] autant de phnomnes intressans rassembls1 et des sub/ances aussi v>ies p> rapport leurs positions2 c'e/ le local qui mrite le plus d'tre exam9 en ,suisse1 et la plus difficile que n\s ayons p>c\ru4 ,on se s\vi5dra que n\s avons cont9uellem5t mont depuis ,gl>is1 et que n\s n\s tr\vons au pi$ de ces montagnes ou de ces pics tonnans qui dom95t les hautes ,alpes2 on tr\ve ici la facilit peu commune de p\voir exam9]1 et voir le pi$ ou les fondem5s de ces colosses qui c\ronn5t le globe1 p>ce qu'ils sont ord9airem5t ent\rs de leurs dbris et de leurs b\lem5s qui en ca*5t le pi$4 ,ici c'e/ une ro*e de s*i/e bleutre1 dure et compact1 trav]se de filons de qu>tz blanc1 et quelquefois jauntre1 dans laquelle on a taill un s5ti] p\r p\voir en fran*ir le pi$4 ,cette ro*e s'lve une hauteur prodigieuse1 e/ presque v]ticale1 et ces c\*es sont quatre-v+t degrs d'incl9aison4 ,l'imag9ation e/ effraye de voir que de p>eilles masses ay5t pu tre branles et dplaces au po9t d'avoir fait presque un qu>t de conv]sion4 ,aprs avoir mont et suivi cette ro*e p>mi les pi]res et les dcombres1 une heure et demie1 on tr\ve cette ro*e de s*i/e surmonte d'autres ro*]s =t hauts qui sont calcaires1 et dont les lits sont =t horizontaux4 ,les s*i/es1 qui sont directem5t s\s les ro*es calcaires1 cons]v5t la mme incl9aison qu'elles ont leur pi$4 ,"h is an obs]vation :i* c]ta9ly agrees ) t giv5 by ,m4 de ,luc1 & w\ld seem to confirm ?is conclusion1 t /rata _h be5 deposit$ ^u ^? s*i/i aft] !y _h be5 *ang$ f _! natural or horizontal position1 & become v]tical2 at ! same "t1 ?is conclusion is n ( necess>y consequ5ce1 )\t exam9+ concomitant appe>ances1 & f9d+ p>ticul> m>ks by :i* ?is op]ation might be trac$2 = ! simply f9d+ horizontal /rata1 plac$ above v]tical or mu* incl9$ s*i/e1 is n suffici5t1 ( itself1 to con/itute t fact1 :ile x is ackn[l$g$ t e species ( fracture1 dislocation1 & contortion1 is to be f\nd among ! displac$ /rata ( ! globe4 ,s9ce writ+ ?is *apt]1 ,i am enabl$ to speak m decisively ^u t po9t1 hav+ acquir$ m light ^u ! subject1 z w appe> 9 ! next *apt]4 ,,*ap4 ,,vi4 ,! ,!ory ( int]*ang+ ,sea & ,l& illu/rat$ by an ,inve/igation ( ! ,prim>y & ,second>y ,/rata4 ,,sect4 ,i4--,a di/9ct ,view ( ! ,prim>y & ,second>y ,/rata4 ,hav+ giv5 a view ( :at seems to be ! prim>y & second>y /rata1 f ! obs]vations ( au?ors1 & hav+ giv5 :at 0 my op9ion :5 ,i fir/ wrote t *apt]1 ,i am n[ to treat ( ?is subject f obs]vations ( my own1 :i* ,i made s9ce =m+ t op9ion4 ,f ,portpatrick1 on ! we/ coa/1 to ,/ ,abb's ,head1 on ! ea/1 !re is a tract ( s*i/us m\nta9s1 9 :i* ! /rata are g5]ally mu* incl9$1 or approa*+ to ! v]tical situation2 & x is 9 ^! incl9$ /rata t geologi/s allege t !re is n to be f\nd any ve/ige ( organis$ body4 ,?is op9ion1 h[ev]1 ,i h n[ prov$ to be errone\s4 ,!re _c be any d\bt ) reg>d to ! orig9al =mation ( ^? /ratifi$ bodies1 z hav+ be5 =m$ ( ! mat]ials t are natural to ?is e>?1 viz4 ! detritus ( =m] bodies2 & z hav+ be5 deposit$ 9 wat]1 l ! horizontal /rata3 ,= ! sub/ances & bodies ( :i* !y are visibly compos$ are no o!r ?an ^? :i* =m ! mo/ regul> horizontal /rata1 & :i* are cont9ually travel+1 or transport$ at ! bottom ( ! sea1 su* z gravel1 & s&1 argillace\s & micace\s bodies4 ,on ea* side ( ?is ridge ( m\nta9s1 :i* t[>ds ! ea/ end is b n>r[1 !re is a l[] c\ntry compos$ ( /rata 9 g5]al m horizontal2 & among :i* /rata1 besides coal1 !re are also f\nd ! relics ( organis$ bodies4 ,ab/ract+ at pres5t f any consid]ation ( organis$ bodies among ! mat]ials ( ^? /rata1 x may be affirm$1 t ! mat]ials :i* =m ! /rata 9 ! m\nta9s & 9 ! l[ c\ntry1 are simil>1 or ( ! same nature2 t !y h1 9 bo? places1 be5 consolidat$ by ! same means1 viz4 heat & fusion2 & t ! same or simil> accid5ts h happ5$ to !m1 su* z *ange f _! orig9al position1 & m9]al ve9s trav]s+ !m 9 v>i\s %apes4 ,yet /ill !re is a di/9ctive "* = ^? two bodies1 ! alp9e & ! horizontal /rata2 =1 :ile ! horizontal position appe>s natural to ! "o1 & ! *anges f t p>ticul> /ate to be only an accid5t1 ! v]tical position appe>s to be m natural to ! o!r1 :i* is seldom f\nd horizontal4 ,!re=e1 al?o' x is unque/ionable t ! /rata 9 ! alp9e & l[ c\ntries _h ! same or a simil> orig9al1 yet1 z ! v]tical position1 :i* is ! greate/ possible *ange 9 t respect1 is m natural to ! alp9e /rata1 or only necess>y 9 ! natural ord] ( ^? bodies1 we are to consid] ?is great disord] or *ange f ! natural /ate ( _! orig9al =mation1 z ! prop] "* ( ^? alp9e /rata4 ,b !n x is also necess>y to include 9 ?is "* a g5]al h>dness & solidity 9 ^? v]tical /rata1 o!rwise !y w\ld n h be5 prop]ly alp9e1 or h resi/$ ! we>+ & wa%+ p[]s ( ! globe1 s z to h rema9$ high] ?an ! o!rs2 =1 ! v]tical position1 or great incl9ation ( ^? /rata1 %\ld r h dispos$ !m ! m to dissolution & decay4 ,let u n[ see h[ f> we %all be ju/ifi$ 9 t g5]al conclusion1 by ! exam9ation ( ^? bodies4 ,! fact is c]ta91 t ^? alp9e bodies are mu* h>d]1 or less subject to dissolution & decay1 ?an ! horizontal /rata4 ,b ?is mu/ be tak5 9 ! g5]al1 & w by no means apply to p>ticul> cases :i* might be comp>$4 ,no?+1 = example1 m solid ?an ! lime-/ones1 or m>bles1 & iron-/ones2 no?+ m h>d or solid ?an ! *irt or fl9t2 & all ^! are f\nd among ! horizontal /rata4 ,b1 :ile "s /rata among ^? horizontal b$s are ?us p]fectly solid1 o!rs are f\nd ) s slight degrees ( consolidation1 t we %\ld n be able to ascribe x to ! prop] cause1 )\t t gradation ( ! effect1 :i* leads u to impute ! slighte/ degree ( consolidation to ! same op]ations t h produc$ ! complete solidity4 ,:ile1 !re=e1 ! mo/ p]fect solidity is f\nd 9 c]ta9 /rata1 or occasionally among ! horizontal bodies1 ?is =ms no "p ( _! "* 9 g5]al1 or _c be consid]$ z a di/9ctive m>k1 z x truly is ) reg>d to ! alp9e /rata4 ,^! la/ h a g5]al "* ( consolidation & indissolubility1 :i* is 9 a mann] univ]sal4 ,we are1 !re=e1 n[ to inquire into ! cause ( ?is di/9ction1 & to =m "s hypo!sis t may be tri$ by ! actual /ate ( ?+s1 9 be+ comp>$ ) natural appe>ances4 ,z ! g5]al cause ( consolidation among m9]al bodies1 =m$ orig9ally ( loose mat]ials1 has be5 f\nd to consi/ 9 c]ta9 degrees ( fusion or cem5tation ( ^? mat]ials by means ( heat2 & z1 9 ! exam9ation ( ! horizontal /rata we actually f9d v diff]5t degrees ( consolidation 9 ! sev]al /rata1 indep5d5t ( _! positions 9 relation to height or dep?1 we h reason to believe t ! heat1 or consolidat+ op]ation1 has n be5 equally employ$ 9 relation to !m all4 ,we are n n[ inquir+ h[ an inf]ior /ratum %\ld h be5 heat$ 9 a less] degree1 or n consolidat$1 :ile a sup]ior /ratum _h be5 consolidat$ 9 ! mo/ p]fect mann]2 we are to reason ^u a fact1 :i* is1 t ! horizontal /rata 9 g5]al appe> n to h be5 equally or univ]sally consolidat$2 & ?is we mu/ attribute to an insuffici5t ex]tion ( ! consolidat+ cause4 ,b1 s f> z ! erect+ cause is consid]$ z ! same ) t by :i* ! elevat$ bodies 7 consolidat$1 & s f> z ! v]tical situation is a pro( ( ! great ex]tion ( t subt]rane\s p[]1 ! /rata :i* are mo/ erect$1 %\ld 9 g5]al be f\nd mo/ consolidat$4 ,no?+ m c]ta9 ?an t !re h be5 sev]al repeat$ op]ations ( ! m9]alis+ p[] ex]t$ ^u ! /rata 9 p>ticul> places2 & all ^? m9]al op]ations t5d to consolidation3 ,!re=e1 ! m ! op]ations h be5 repeat$ 9 any place1 ! m we %\ld f9d ! /rata consolidat$1 or *ang$ f _! natural /ate4 ,v]tical /rata h e appe>ance f :5ce we %\ld be l$ to conclude1 t mu* ( ! m9]al p[] _h be5 ex]t$ ^u !m1 9 *ang+ _! orig9al con/itution or appe>ance4 ,b ! "q n[ to be consid]$ is ?is1 ,h[ f> x may appe> t ^! masses ( matt]1 :i* n[ seem to be s diff]5t f ! ord9>y /rata ( ! globe1 _h be5 twice subject$ to ! m9]al op]ations1 9 hav+ be5 fir/ consolidat$ & erect$ into ! place ( l&1 & aft]w>ds sunk bel[ ! bottom ( ! sea1 9 ord] a second "t to und]go ! process ( subt]rane\s heat1 & aga9 be elevat$ into ! place :]e !y n[ are f\nd4 ,x mu/ be evid5t1 "h is a "q t may n be easy to decide4 ,x is n to ! degree ( any *ange to :i* bodies may be subject1 t we are to appeal1 9 ord] to cle> up ! po9t 9 "q1 b to a regul> c\rse ( op]ations1 :i* mu/ appe> to h be5 successively transact$1 & by :i* ! diff]5t circum/ances or situations ( ^? masses are to be discov]$ 9 _! pres5t /ate4 ,n[1 ?\gh x does n conc]n ! pres5t !ory t ?is "q be decid$1 z x is no?+ b a repetition ( ! same op]ations t we look =2 nev]!less1 x w\ld be an int]e/+ fact 9 ! natural hi/ory ( ?is e>?2 & x w\ld add great lu/re to a !ory by :i* s great1 s _m op]ations 7 to be expla9$4 ,i am f> f be+ sangu9e 9 my expectations ( giv+ all ! satisfaction 9 relation to ?is subject t ,i c\ld wi%2 b x w be prop] to /ate :at ,i h lately le>n$ ) reg>d to s curi\s a "q1 t o!rs1 :o %all h ! opportunity1 may be l$ to inquire1 & t ?us ! natural hi/ory ( ! e>? may be enl>g$1 by a prop] inve/igation ( its m9]al op]ations4 ,) ?is view ,i h (t5 consid]$ our s*i/us m\nta9s1 bo? 9 ! nor? & s\?2 b ,i nev] f\nd any satisfactory appe>ance f :5ce conclusions c\ld be =m$1 :e!r = ! "q or aga9/ x4 ,! places ,i exam9$ 7 ^? betwe5 ! alp9e c\ntries & ! horizontal /rata2 "h1 inde$1 ,i h frequ5tly f\nd a confus$ mass1 =m$ ( ! fragm5ts ( ^? alp9e /rata mix$ ) ! mat]ials ( ! horizontal bodies2 b n hav+ se5 ! prop] %ape & connection ( ^? sev]al deposits1 ,i always susp5d$ my judgm5t ) reg>d to ! p>ticul> op]ations :i* might h be5 employ$ 9 produc+ ^? appe>ances4 ,i _h long look$ = ! imm$iate junction ( ! second>y or l[ c\ntry /rata ) ! alp9e s*i/us1 )\t f9d+ x2 ! fir/ place 9 :i* ,i obs]v$ x 0 at ! nor? end ( ! isl& ( ,arran1 at ! m\? ( ,lo* ,ranza2 x 0 ^u ! %ore1 :]e ! incl9$ /rata appe>$ b>e1 be+2 wa%$ by ! sea4 ,x 0 b a v small "p t ,i c\ld see2 b :at appe>$ 0 mo/ di/9ct4 ,"h ! s*i/us & ! s&/one /rata bo? rise incl9$ at an angle ( ab\t #de2 b ^! prim>y & second>y /rata 7 incl9$ 9 almo/ opposite directions2 & ?us !y met toge!r l ! two sides ( a lambda1 or ! rigg+ ( a h\se1 be+ a little 9 disord] at ! angle ( _! junction4 ,f ?is situation ( ^? two diff]5t masses ( /rata1 x is evid5tly impossible t ei!r ( !m c\ld h be5 =m$ orig9ally 9 t position2 !re=e1 ,i c\ld n "h le>n 9 :at /ate ! s*i/us /rata _h be5 9 :5 ^? ( ! s&-/one1 c1 _h be5 sup]9duc$4 ,su* 0 ! /ate ( my m9d1 9 relation to t subject31 :5 at ,j$burgh ^u a visit to a fri5d1 aft] ,i _h return$ f ,arran1 & wrote ! hi/ory ( t j\rney2 ,i !re consid]$ myself z among ! horizontal /rata :i* _h fir/ appe>$ aft] pass+ ! ,twe$1 & be=e arriv+ at ! ,tiviot4 ,! /rata !re1 z 9 ,b]wick%ire1 :i* is _! cont9uation to ! ea/1 are rem>kably horizontal = ,scotl&2 & !y consi/ ( alt]nat$ b$s ( s&-/one & m>l1 or argillace\s & micace\s /rata4 ,^! horizontal /rata are trav]s$ 9 places ) small ve9s ( :9-/one1 z well z great] masses =m+ rocks & hills ( t mat]ial2 b1 except x be ^!1 7( :i* !re are "s curi\s examples71 ,i ?\ght !re c\ld be no?+ m ( an int]e/+ nature to obs]ve4 ,*ance1 h[ev]1 discov]$ to me :at ,i c\ld n h expect$ or =ese54 ,! riv] ,twe$1 bel[ ,melrose1 discov]s 9 its b$ ! v]tical /rata ( ! s*i/us m\nta9s1 & ?\gh "h ^! indurat$ bodies are n ve9$ ) qu>tz z 9 _m places ( ! m\nta9s1 ,i did n hesitate to consid] !m z ! same species1 t is to say1 ! m>ly mat]ials indurat$ & consolidat$ 9 ^? op]ations by :i* !y _h be5 s mu* *ang$ 9 _! place & natural position4 ,aft]w>ds 9 travell+ s\?1 & see+ ! horizontal s(t] /rata1 ,i conclud$ t ,i _h got out ( ! alp9e c\ntry1 & suppos$ t no m ( ! v]tical /rata 7 to be obs]v$4 ,! riv] ,tiviot has made a wide valley z might h be5 expect$1 9 runn+ ov] ?ole horizontal /rata ( m>ly or decay+ sub/ances2 & ! banks ( ?is riv] decl9+ gradually are cov]$ ) gravel & soil1 & %[ little ( ! solid /rata ( ! c\ntry4 ,?is1 h[ev]1 is n ! case ) ! ,j$1 :i* is to ! s\?w>d ( ! ,tiviot2 t riv]1 9 _m places1 runs ^u ! horizontal /rata1 & und]m9es /eep banks1 :i* fall+ %[s high & beautiful sections ( ! regul> horizontal /rata4 ,! little rivulets also :i* fall into ! ,j$ h holl[$ out deep gullies 9 ! l&1 & %[ ! uni=mity ( ! horizontal /rata4 ,9 ?is mann] ,i 0 dispos$ to look = no?+ m ?an :at ,i _h se5 among ^? m9]al bodies1 :5 "o day1 walk+ 9 ! beautiful valley above ! t[n ( ,j$burgh1 ,i 0 surpris$ ) ! appe>ance ( v]tical /rata 9 ! b$ ( ! riv]1 :]e ,i 0 c]ta9 t ! banks 7 compos$ ( horizontal /rata4 ,i 0 soon satisfi$ ) reg>d to ?is ph5om5on1 & rejoic$ at my good =tune 9 /umbl+ ^u an object s int]e/+ to ! natural hi/ory ( ! e>?1 & :i* ,i _h be5 long look+ = 9 va94 ,"h ! v]tical /rata1 simil> to ^? t are 9 ! b$ ( ! ,twe$1 appe>2 & above ^? v]tical /rata1 are plac$ ! horizontal b$s1 :i* ext5d along ! :ole c\ntry4 ,! "q :i* we w\ld wi% to h solv$ is ?is2 if ! v]tical /rata _h be5 brok5 & erect$ "u ! sup]9cumb5t horizontal /rata2 or if1 aft] ! v]tical /rata _h be5 brok5 & erect$1 ! horizontal /rata _h be5 deposit$ ^u ! v]tical /rata1 !n =m+ ! bottom ( ! sea4 ,t /rata1 :i* are regul> & horizontal 9 "o place1 %\ld be f\nd b5d$1 brok51 or disord]$ at ano!r1 is n uncommon2 x is always f\nd m or less 9 all our horizontal /rata4 ,n[1 to :at l5g? ?is disord]+ op]ation might h be5 c>ri$1 among /rata "u o!rs1 )\t di/urb+ ! ord] & cont9uity ( ^? above1 may p]haps be difficult to det]m9e2 b "h1 9 ?is pres5t case1 is ! greate/ di/urbance ( ! "u /rata1 & a v great regul>ity among ^? above4 ,"h at lea/ is ! mo/ difficult case ( ?is k9d to conceive1 if we are to suppose t ! upp] /rata _h be5 deposit$ be=e ^? bel[ _h be5 brok5 & erect$4 ,let u n[ suppose t ! "u /rata _h be5 disord]$ at ! bottom ( ! sea1 be=e ! sup]9cumb5t bodies 7 deposit$2 x is n to be well conceiv$1 t ! v]tical /rata %\ld 9 t case appe> to be cut (f abruptly1 & pres5t _! regul> edges imm$iately "u ! uni=mly deposit$ sub/ances above4 ,b1 9 ! case n[ "u consid]ation1 !re appe>s ! mo/ uni=m section ( ! v]tical /rata1 _! ends g up regul>ly to ! horizontal deposit$ bodies4 ,n[1 9 :atev] /ate ! v]tical /rata _h be5 9 at ! "t ( ?is ev5t1 we c h>dly suppose t !y c\ld h be5 s p]fectly cut (f1 )\t any relict be+ left to trace t op]ation4 ,x is mu* m probable to suppose1 t ! sea _h wa%$ away ! relics ( ! brok5 & disord]$ /rata1 be=e ^? t are n[ sup]9cumb5t _h be5 begun to be deposit$4 ,b we _c suppose two su* contr>y op]ations 9 ! same place1 z t ( c>ry+ away ! relics ( ^? brok5 /rata1 & ! deposit+ ( s& & subtile e>? 9 su* a regul> ord]4 ,we are !re=e l$ to conclude1 t ! bottom ( ! sea1 or surface ( ^? erect$ /rata1 _h be5 9 v diff]5t situations at ^? two p]iods1 :5 ! relics ( ! disord]$ /rata _h be5 c>ri$ away1 & :5 ! new mat]ials _h be5 deposit$4 ,if ?is %all be admitt$ z a j view ( ! subject1 x w be fair to suppose1 t ! disord]$ /rata _h be5 rais$ m or less above ! surface ( ! ocean2 t1 by ! effects ( ei!r riv]s1 w9ds1 or tides1 ! surface ( ! v]tical /rata _h be5 wa%$ b>e2 & t ?is surface _h be5 aft]w>ds sunk bel[ ! influ5ce ( ^? de/ructive op]ations1 & ?us plac$ 9 a situation prop] = ! opposite effect1 ! accumulation ( matt] prep>$ & put 9 motion by ! de/roy+ causes4 ,i w n pret5d to say t ?is has all ! evid5ce t %\ld be requir$1 9 ord] to con/itute a physical tru?1 or pr9ciple f :5ce we 7 to reason f>!r 9 our !ory2 b1 z a simple fact1 !re is m probability = ! ?+ hav+ happ5$ 9 t mann] ?an 9 any o!r2 & p]haps ?is is all t may be atta9$1 ?\gh n all t 7 to be wi%$ on ! occasion4 ,let u n[ see h[ f> any confirmation may be obta9$ f ! exam9ation ( all ! att5d+ circum/ances 9 ^? op]ations4 ,i h already m5tion$1 t ,i _h long obs]v$ great masses ( debris1 or an extremely co>se species ( pudd+-/one1 situat$ on ! s\? z well z nor? sides ( ^? s*i/us m\nta9s1 :]e ! alp9e /rata t]m9ate 9 our view1 & :]e ,i _h be5 look+ = ! connection ( ^? ) ! s(t] /rata ( ! l[ c\ntry4 ,x has surely be5 su* appe>ances z ^! :i* h (t5 l$ naturali/s to see ! =mation ( second>y & t]ti>y /rata =m$ by ! simple conge/ion ( debris f ! m\nta9s1 & to suppose ^? masses consolidat$ by ! op]ation ( t v elem5t by :i* !y _h be5 torn (f f "o place & deposit$ 9 ano!r4 ,i nev] be=e _h data f :5ce to reason ) reg>d to ! natural hi/ory ( ^? masses ( gravel & s& :i* always appe>$ to me 9 an irregul> %ape1 & n att5d$ ) su* circum/ances z might give light into _! natural hi/ory2 b n[ ,i h f\nd :at ,i ?9k suffici5t to expla9 ^? obscure appe>ances1 & :i* at ! same "t w 9 "s respect illu/rate or confirm ! conjecture :i* has n[ be5 =m$ ) reg>d to ! op]ations ( ! globe 9 ^? regions4 ,9 describ+ ! v]tical & horizontal /rata ( ! ,j$1 no m5tion has be5 made ( a c]ta9 pudd+-/one1 :i* is int]pos$ betwe5 ! two1 ly+ imm$iately ^u ! "o & "u ! o!r4 ,?is pudd+/one corresponds entirely to t :i* ,i _h f\nd along ! skirt ( ! s*i/us m\nta9s ^u ! s\? side1 9 diff]5t places1 almo/ f "o end to ! o!r4 ,x is a confus$ mass ( /ones1 gravel1 & s&1 ) r$ m>ly e>?2 ^! are consolidat$ or cem5t$ 9 a consid]able degree1 & ?us =m a /ratum extremely unlike any ?+ :i* is to be f\nd ei!r above or bel[4 ,:5 we exam9e ! /ones & gravel ( :i* x is compos$1 ^! appe> to h belong$ to ! v]tical /rata or s*i/us m\nta9s4 ,!y are 9 g5]al ! h>d & solid p>ts ( ^? indurat$ /rata1 worn & r\nd$ by attrition2 p>ticul>ly s& or m>l-/one consolidat$ & ve9$ ) qu>tz1 & _m fragm5ts ( qu>tz1 all r\nd$ by attrition4 ,9 ?is pudd+-/one ( ! ,j$1 ,i f9d also r\nd$ lumps ( porphyry1 b h n p]ceiv$ any ( granite4#cb ,?is h[ev] is n ! case 9 ! pudd+-/one ( ! s*i/us m\nta9s1 =1 :]e !re is granite 9 ! neighb\rhood1 !re is also granite 9 ! pudd+-/one4 ,note #cb3 ,a view ( ?is object is se5 9 plate #c;d4 ,x is f a draw+ tak5 by ,mr ,cl]k ( ,eld94 ,f ?is x w appe>1 t ! s*i/us m\nta9s or ! v]tical /rata ( indurat$ bodies _h be5 =m$1 & _h be5 wa/$ & worn 9 ! natural op]ations ( ! globe1 be=e ! horizontal /rata 7 begun to be deposit$ 9 ^? places2 ! gravel =m$ ( ^? indurat$ brok5 bodies worn r\nd by attrition ev9ce t fact4 ,b x also appe>s t ! m9]al op]ations ( ! globe1 melt+ & consolidat+ bodies1 _h be5 ex]t$ ^u ^? deposit$ /rata above ! v]tical bodies4 ,?is appe>s evid5tly f ! exam9ation ( our pudd+-/one4 ,! v]tical /rata "u x are mu* brok5 & inject$ ) f]rug9\s sp>2 & ?is same sp> has greatly p5etrat$ ! pudd+-/one above1 9 :i* are f\nd ! v>i\s m9]al appe>ances ( t sp> & iron ore4 ,b ^? inject+ op]ations rea* no f>!r up among ! m>l /rata 9 ?is place2 & !n w\ld appe> to h be5 conf9$ to ! pudd+-/one4 ,b 9 ano!r place1 ab\t half a mile f>!r up ! riv]1 :]e a v deep section ( ! /rata is discov]$1 !re are two injections f bel[2 ! "o is a ?9 ve9 ( :9-/one or basaltes1 full ( r\nd p>ticles ( /eatites impregnat$ ) copp]2 x is b a few in*es wide1 & proce$s 9 a k9d ( zigzag4 ,! o!r appe>s to h be5 calc>e\s sp>1 b ! greate/ "p ( x is n[ dissolv$ out4 ,! /rata "h desc5d to ! bottom ( ! riv]1 :i* is above ! place ( ! pudd+-/one & v]tical /rata4 ,nei!r are ^! la/ discov]able bel[ ! t[n ( ,j$burgh1 at lea/ s f> z ,i h se52 & ! l9e ( division1 or plane ( junction ( ! v]tical & horizontal /rata1 appe>s to decl9e m ?an ! b$ ( ! riv]4 ,b x may be ask$1 h[ ! horizontal /rata above1 among :i* are _m v /rong b$s1 h be5 consolidat$4 ,! answ] to ?is "q is pla94 ,^? /rata h be5 indurat$ or consolidat$ 9 no o!r mann] ?an ! g5]al /rata ( ! e>?2 ^! be+ actually ! common /rata ( ! globe2 :ile ! v]tical or s*i/us /rata are ! ord9>y /rata /ill f>!r manufactur$1 7if we may be all[$ ! expression7 9 ! vicissitude ( ?+s1 & by ! m9]al op]ations ( ! globe4 ,t ^? op]ations h be5 p]=m$ by subt]rane\s heat has be5 already prov$2 b ,i w\ld n[ m5tion "s p>ticul> appe>ances :i* are common or g5]al to ^? /rata1 & :i* c only be expla9$ ^u t pr9ciple4 ,! r$ m>ly e>? is preval5t among ^? /rata2 & x is ) ?is r$ f]rug9\s sub/ance t _m ( ! s&-/one /rata are t+$4 ,x is pla9 t !re _h be5 an uni=m1 deposits ( t s& & t++ e>?2 & t1 h[ev] diff]5t matt] might be successively deposit$1 yet t ea* individual /ratum %\ld be ne>ly ( ! same col\r or appe>ance1 s f> z x _h be5 =m$ uni=mly ( ! same subsid+ matt]4 ,b1 9 ! mo/ uni=m /rata ( r$ s&-/one1 ! fracture ( ! /one pres5ts u ) circul> spots ( a :ite or blui% col\r2 ^? little sph]es are 9 all respects ! same ) ! re/ ( ! /one1 !y only want ! t++ matt]2 & n[ x may be inquir$ h[ ?is has come ab\t4 ,to say t sph]icles ( :ite s& %\ld h be5 =m$ by subsid+ along ) ! r$ s& & e>? :i* compos$ ! uni=m /ratum :e!r ( s&-/one or m>l1 7= x happ5s equally 9 bo?17 is pla9ly impossible1 accord+ to our notion ( t op]ation 9 :i* !re is no?+ my/]i\s4 ,^? foliat$ /rata1 :i* are ( ! mo/ uni=m nature1 mu/ h be5 gradually accumulat$ f ! subsid+ s& & e>?2 & ! :ite or col\rless places mu/ h _h _! col\r de/roy$ 9 ! subsequ5t cem5t+ op]ations4 ,x is (t5 app>5t1 t ! dis*>g+ op]ation _h proce$$ f a c5tre1 z "s small matt] may be p]ceiv$ 9 t place4 ,i "k n :at species ( sub/ance ?is has be51 :e!r sal9e or phlogi/ic1 b x mu/ h _h ! p[] ( ei!r volatilis+ or *ang+ ! f]rug9\s or r$ t++ sub/ance s z to make x lose its col\r4 ,i h only m5tion$ sph]ical spots = di/9ctness sake2 b ?is dis*>g+ op]ation is f\nd div]sify+ ^? /rata 9 v>i\s ways1 b always ref]able to ! same or simil> causes4 ,?us1 9 _m ( ! ve9s or natural cracks ( ^? /rata1 we f9d ! col\r dis*>g$ = a c]ta9 space )9 ! /rata2 & we (t5 see sev]al ( ^? spots unit$1 ea* ( !m hav+ proce$$ f its own c5tre1 & unit+ :]e !y approa*$4 ,9 ! two ve9s above m5tion$1 ( :9-/one & sp> trav]s+ ! /rata1 ! col\r ( ! /rata is1 dis*>g$ m or less 9 ! places contigu\s ) ! ve9s4 ,i am n[ to m5tion ano!r appe>ance ( a diff]5t k9d4 ,^? /rata ( m>l are 9 g5]al n mu* consolidat$2 b among1 !m !re are sometimes f\nd ?9 calc>e\s /rata extremely consolidat$1 consequ5tly mu* divid$ by ve9s4 ,x is 9 ! solid p>ts ( ^? /rata1 p]fectly disconnect$ f ! ve9s1 t !re are frequ5t cavities curi\sly l9$ ) cry/als ( diff]5t sorts1 g5]ally calc>e\s1 sometimes conta9+ also ^? t are silice\s1 & (t5 accompani$ ) pyrites4 ,i am p]suad$ t ! orig9 ( ^? cavities may h be5 "s holl[ %ells1 su* z e*9i or "s m>9e object2 b t calc>e\s body has be5 s *ang$1 t x is n n[ di/+ui%able2 !re=e1 at pres5t1 ,i hold ?is op9ion only z conjecture4 ,hav+1 9 my return to ,ed9burgh1 travel$ up ! ,tiviot1 ) a view to inve/igate ?is subject ( prim>y & second>y op]ations ( ! e>?1 ,i f\nd ! v]tical /rata1 or alp9e s*i/us1 9 ! b$ ( ! riv] ab\t two miles bel[ ,hawick4 ,?is 0 ! ?ird "t ,i _h se5 ^? v]tical bodies aft] leav+ ! m\nta9s ( ,laud]dale4 ,! fir/ place 0 ! b$ ( ! riv] ,twe$1 at ! new bridge bel[ ,melrose2 b "h no o!r cov]+ is to be se5 above ^? v]tical /rata besides ! soil or travel$ e>? :i* conceals e ?+ except ! rock 9 ! b$ ( ! riv]4 ,! second place 0 ,j$burgh1 :]e ,i f\nd ! v]tical /rata cov]$ ) ! horizontal s&/one & m>l1 z has be5 n[ describ$4 ,! ?ird place 0 ! ,tiviot1 & ?is is t :i* n[ rema9s to be consid]$4 ,see+ ! v]tical /rata 9 ! b$ ( ! riv]1 ,i 0 desir\s to "k if ^? 7 imm$iately cov]$ ) ! horizontal /rata4 ,?is c\ld n be discov]$ 9 ! b$ ( ! riv] :]e ! rock 0 cov]$ ^u ! banks ) travell$ e>?4 ,i !re=e left ! riv]1 & foll[$ ! c\rse ( a brook :i* comes f ! s\? side4 ,i _h n gone f> up ! bank1 or =m] b\nd>y ( ! ,tiviot1 :5 ,i _h ! satisfaction to f9d ! v]tical /rata cov]$ ) ! pudd+-/one & m>ly b$s z 9 ! valley ( ! ,j$4 ,x w n[ be reasonable to suppose t all ! s*i/us :i* we p]ceive1 :e!r 9 ! m\nta9s or 9 ! valleys1 expos$ to our view _h be5 once cov]$ ) ^? horizontal /rata :i* are obs]v$ 9 ,b]wick%ire & ,tiviotdale2 & t1 bel[ all ^? horizontal /rata 9 ! level c\ntry1 !re is at pres5t a body or basis ( v]tical or incl9$ s*i/us1 on :i* ! horizontal /rata ( a second>y ord] _h be5 deposit$4 ,?is is ! conclusion t ,i _h =m$ at ,j$burgh1 be=e ,i _h se5 ! confirmation ( x 9 ! ,tiviot2 x is ! only "o t c be =m$ accord+ to ?is view ( ?+s2 & x mu/ rema9 9 ! pres5t /ate until m evid5ce be f\nd by :i* ! probability may be ei!r increas$ or dim9i%$4 ,s9ce writ+ ?is1 ,i h read1 9 ! ,esprit de ,j\rnaux1 an ab/ract ( a memoir ( ,m4 ,voigt1 ^u ! same subject1 :i* ,i %all n[ transcribe4 ,la m] a comm5c p> m9] les montagnes primitives dont les dbris se sont prcipits au fond4 ,ces dbris =m5t la premi]e c\*e qui e/ pose immdiatem5t sur les montagnes primitives4 ,d'aprs l'anci5 langage de m9eurs1 n\s avons jusqu'auj\rd'hui appell cette c\*e le sol mort r\ge1 p>ce qu'il y a beauc\p de r\ge dans son mlange1 qu'elle =me le sol ou la base d'autres c\*es1 et peut-tre de t\tes1 qu'elle e/ enti]em5t inutile et1 en quelque facon1 morte p\r l'exploitation des m9es4 ,plusieurs se sont ef=cs de lui donn] un nom h>monieux2 mais ils ne l'ont pu sans occasionn] des quivoques4 ,les mots ,br*e ,pudd9/one ,conglomrations1 c4 dsign5t t\j\rs des sub/ances autres que cette espce de pi]re4 ,il e/ trs agrable de l'exam9] dans les endroits o elle =me des montagnes entires4 ,cette c\*e e/ compose d'une quantit prodigieuse de pi]res arrondies1 agglut9es ensemble p> une sub/ance argileuse r\ge et mme grise1 et le t\te a acquis assez de duret4 ,on ne tr\ve dans sa composition aucune espce de pi]re qui1 en jug] p> les meilleures obs]vations1 puisse avoir t =me plus t>d qu'elle2 on n'y voit p>-t\t que des p>ties et des produit des montagnes primitives pr9cipalem5t de celles qui abond5t le plus dans ces contres4 ,le sol mort1 p> exemple1 qui compose les montagnes des environs de ,walb\rg1 prs d',eis5a*1 conti5t une quantit de gros morceaux de granit et de s*i/e micac2 c'e/ vraisemblablem5t p>ce que les montagnes primitives les plus vois9es de ,rhula1 etc4 sont1 p\r la plus "p1 =mes de ces deux espces de pi]res4 ,prs de ,goldlaut]1 le sol mort consi/e presque t\t en porphyre1 sub/ance dont sont =mes les montagnes primitives qui y dom95t2 et le ,kiffaus]b]g dans la ,?ur+e a probablem5t reu ces morceaux arrondis de s*i/e argileux des montagnes vois9e du ,h>tz4 ,v\s tr\v]ez ici que le s*i/e argileux exi/oit dj lorsque la m] a jett les premi]s fondem5s de nos montagnes /ratifies4 ,je s]ois =t tonn que quelqu'un me montrt un sol mort qui contnt un morceaux de gypse1 de m>ne1 de pi]re puante et autres4 ,quoiqu'il en soit il n'e/ pas ais d'expliqu] p\rquoi on ne tr\ve po9t de corps m>9s ptrifis dans cette espce de pi]re4 ,c'e/ peut-tre que1 p> l'imm5se quantit de pi]res dures r\les dans le fond de la m]1 ils ont t briss avant qu'ils ai5t comm5c de s'agglut9] ensemble4 ,mais on r5contre sur-t\t au ,kiffhaus]b]g des troncs d'arbres enti]s ptrifis2 preuve qu'il y avoit dj ou de la vgtation avant que l'ocan de/ructeur se ft emp> de ces cantons1 ou du mo9s que quelques isles avoi5t exi/ au-dessus de la surface4 ,"h we f9d ! same obs]vations 9 ! m\nta9s ( ,g]many t ,i h be5 mak+ ) reg>d to ^? ( ,scotl&4 ,i h =m]ly obs]v$ masses ( ! same k9d 9 ! we/ ( ,engl&1 to ! ea/ ( ! ,sev]n2 b ,i c\ld n discov] any prop] connection ( t mass ) ! regul> /rata4 ,i h also long obs]v$ x 9 _m p>ts ( ,scotl&1 )\t be+ able to atta9 a suffici5tly satisfactory idea ) reg>d to ^? p>ticul>s by :i* ! alt]nation ( l& & wat]1 ( ! sup]ficial & int]nal m9]al op]ations ( ! globe1 might be inve/igat$4 ,x w be v rem>kable if simil> appe>ances are always f\nd ^u ! junction ( ! alp9e ) ! level c\ntries4 ,su* an appe>ance1 ,i am incl9$ to ?9k1 may be f\nd 9 ! ,val d',ao/e1 ne> ,yvre4 ,m4 de ,saussure describes su* a /one z hav+ be5 employ$ 9 build+ ! triumphal ar* erect$ 9 hon\r ( ,augu/us4 ,cet arc qui toit anci5nem5t revtu de m>bre1 e/ con/ruit de gr&s qu>ti]s d'une espce assez s+ulire de p\d+ue ou de grs gros gra9s4 ,c'e/ une assemblage de fragm5s1 presque t\ts angulaires1 de t\tes sortes de ro*es primitives feuilletes1 qu>tzeuses1 micaces2 les plus gros de ces fragm5s n'atteign5t pas le volume1 d'une noisette4 ,la plup>t des difices antiques de la cit l',ao/e et de ses environs1 sont con/ruits de cette matire2 et les g5s du pays sont p]suads que c'e/ une composition2 mais j'en ai tr\v des ro*]s en place dans les montagnes au nord et au-dessus de la r\te d',yvre4 ,we may n[ come to ?is g5]al conclusion1 t1 9 ?is example ( horizontal & po/]ior /rata plac$ ^u ! v]tical s*i/i :i* are prior 9 relation to ! =m]1 we obta9 a fur!r view into ! natural hi/ory ( ?is e>?1 m ?an :at appe>s 9 ! simple succession ( "o /ratum above ano!r4 ,we "k1 9 g5]al1 t all ! solid p>ts ( ?is e>?1 :i* come to our view1 h ei!r be5 =m$ orig9ally by subsid5ce at ! bottom ( ! sea1 or be5 transfus$ 9 a melt$ /ate f ! m9]al regions among ^? solid bodies2 b "h we fur!r le>n1 t ! indurat$ & erect$ /rata1 aft] be+ brok5 & wa%$ by ! mov+ wat]s1 _h aga9 be5 sunk bel[ ! sea1 & _h s]v$ z a bottom or basis on :i* to =m a new /ructure ( /rata2 & also1 t ^? new or po/]ior /rata _h be5 indurat$ or cem5t$ by ! consolidat+ op]ations ( ! m9]al region1 & elevat$ f ! bottom ( ! sea into ! place ( l&1 or consid]ably above ! g5]al surface ( ! wat]s4 ,x is ?us t we may inve/igate p>ticul> op]ations 9 ! g5]al progress ( nature1 :i* has = object to r5ovate ! surface ( ! e>? necess>ily wa/$ 9 ! op]ation ( a _w su/a9+ plants & animals4 ,x is necess>y to comp>e toge!r e ?+ ( ?is k9d :i* occurs2 x is fir/ necess>y to asc]ta9 ! fact ( _! be+ a prior & po/]ior =mation ( /rata1 ) ! m9]al op]ations = consolidat+ ^? bodies =m$ by collection ( ! moveable mat]ials2 &1 secondly1 x is int]e/+ to acquire all ! data we c 9 ord] to =m a di/9ct judgm5t ( t progress ( nature 9 :i* ! solid body ( our l& is alt]nately remov$ f ! bottom ( ! sea into ! atmosph]e1 & sunk aga9 at ! bottom ( ! sea4 ,i %all n[ transcribe :at ,m4 ,s*reib] has wrote 9 relation to ?is subject4 ,x is 9 a memoir conc]n+ ! gold m9e ( ,g>dette1 publi%$ 9 ! ,j\rnal de ,physique4 ,avant de quitt] la montagne de la ,g>dette qu'il me soit p]mis de rapport] une obs]vation qui peut-tre n'e/ pas dnue de t\t intrt p\r les naturali/es2 je l'ai faite dans une gal]ie environ c9quante-trois toises l'oue/ du pr9cipal puit laquelle a t p\sse sur la ligne de runion de la pi]re calcaire1 et du granit feuillet ou gneiss p\r fond] le filon dans cet endroit4 ,ce filon a six p\ces d'paisseur1 et consi/e en qu>tz entre-ml d'o*re m>tiale1 de pyrite cuivreuse et galne4 ,cette d]nire e/ s\v5t rec\v]te de *aux de plomb grise1 et de petits cri/aux de m9e de plomb jaune donnant dans l'analyse un indice d'or4 ,ce filon f9it la runion de la pi]re calcaire au gneiss4 ,cette runion se fait ici dans la direction d'une heure #f_/h de la b\ssole de ra9eur1 et s\s un incl9aison1 occid5tale de #bf degrs4 ,mais ce qu'il y a de rem>quable1 c'e/ que le gneis ne p>ticipe en ri5 de la pi]re calcaire quoiqu'il n'en soit sp> que p> une c\*e d'une p\ce d'paisseur de t]re argileuse et calcaire1 t&is que le ro*] calcaire r5f]me beauc\p de fragm5s de granit et de gneis1 dans le vois9age de cette runion4 ,cette obs]vation pr\ve inconte/ablem5t que le granit et le gneis avoi5t dj acquis une duret capable de rsi/] aux infiltration des p>ties calcaire1 et qu'ils exi/oi5t -peu-prs tels qu'ils sont auj\rd'hui lorsque la pi]re calcaire comm5a se =m]2 autrem5t elle n'auroit pu saisir et envelopp] des morceaux dta*s de ces ro*]s auxquels on donne avec raison l'pi?te de primitif ou de premire =mation4 ,m4 ,s*reib] cont9ues 8 reason+ ^u ^? m9]al appe>ances1 9 adduc+ ano!r argum5t1 :i* ,i d n ?9k equally conclusive4 ,he says1 ,le filon de la ,g>dette devoit p>eillem5t exi/] avant la montagne calcaire1 c> s'il s'toit =m apres1 je ne voit pas la raison p\r laquelle il s'y s]oit arrt c\rt1 et p\rquoi il ne se s]oit pas prolong dans cette espce de ro*]4 ,x is n necess>y1 9 ! =mation ( a ve91 t x %\ld proce$ 9 trav]s+ all ! /rata :i* !n are sup]9cumb5t2 x is reasonable to suppose1 & consi/5t ) obs]vation to f9d !m /op %ort 9 proce$+ f "o /ratum to ano!r4 ,_h ,m4 ,s*reib] f\nd any pieces ( ! ve9 conta9$ 9 ! calc>e\s rock1 he w\ld h _h good reason = t ass]tion2 b1 to conclude t fact f gr\nds :i* d n necess>ily imply x1 is n to be p]mitt$ 9 s\nd reason+1 if c]ta9ty is ! object1 & n m]e probability4 ,,sect4 ,,ii4--,! ,!ory confirm$ f ,obs]vations made on purpose to elucidate ! subject4 ,hav+ got a di/9ct view ( ! prim>y & second>y m9]al bodies or /rata ( ! globe1 & hav+ ?us acquir$ a p>ticul> object to inquire aft]1 ) a view to inve/igate or illu/rate ?is piece ( natural hi/ory1 ,i 0 consid]+ :]e we might mo/ probably succe$ 9 f9d+ ! junction ( ! l[ c\ntry /rata & alp9e s*i/us4 ,i inquir$ ( ,mr ,hall ( ,:itehall1 :o _h frequ5t opportunities ( trav]s+ ^? m\nta9s :i* lie betwe5 8 h\se 9 ! ,m]se & ,ed9burgh2 & ,i p>ticul>ly entreat$ him to exam9e ! b$ ( ! ,:ittat]1 :i* he execut$ to my satisfaction4 ,mr ,hall hav+ _h occasion to exam9e ! ,pease & ,t\r burns1 9 plann+ & sup]9t5d+ ! great improvem5t ( ! po/ road ^u ,sir ,james ,hall's e/ate :ile ,sir ,james 0 abroad1 he in=m$ me t ! junction ( ! s*i/us & s&-/one /rata 0 to be f\nd 9 ! ,t\r burn4 ,pr(essor ,playfair & ,i _h be5 int5d+ a visit to ,sir ,james ,hall at ,dunglass2 & ?is 0 a motive1 n s mu* to ha/5 our visit1 z to *ose ! mo/ prop] "t = a m9]al exp$ition bo? ^u ! hills & along ! sea %ore4 ,x 0 late 9 ! spr+ #aghh :5 ,sir ,james left t[n1 & ,mr ,playfair & ,i w5t to ,dunglass ab\t ! beg9n+ ( ,june4 ,we _h exce$+ fav\rable wea!r dur+ ! mo/ "p ( our exp$ition2 & ,i n[ propose to give an acc\nt ( ! result ( our obs]vations4 ,dunglass burn is ! b\nd>y betwe5 ! c\nties ( ,ea/ ,lo?ian & ,b]wick%ire2 & x is almo/ ! b\nd>y betwe5 ! v]tical & horizontal /rata4 ,to ! nor?-we/ ( ?is burn & beautiful dean are situat$ ! coal1 lime-/one1 m>l1 & s&-/one /rata2 !y are f\nd /ret*+ away along ! %ore 9 a v horizontal direction = "s "t1 b become m & m incl9$ z !y approa* ! s*i/us ( :i* ! hills ( ,lamm]muir to ! s\? are compos$4 ,?\gh ! b\nd>y betwe5 ! two ?+s "h 9 "q be easily p]ceivable f ! nature ( ! c\ntry at ! fir/ inspection1 by ! ris+ ( ! hills1 yet ?is does n lead "o precisely to ! junction2 & 9 ! ext5sive common b\nd>y ( ^? two ?+s1 ! junction itself is only to be p]ceiv$ 9 few places1 :]e ! rock is wa%$ b>e by ! riv]s or ! sea1 & :]e ?is junction is expos$ nak$ to our view4 ,! sea is "h we>+ away ! coa/2 & ! bank1 ab\t #bjj feet high1 is gradually fall+ d[n1 mak+ 9 "s places a /eep declivity1 9 o!rs a p]p5dicul> cliff4 ,/ ,abb's ,head & ,fa/ ,ca/le are head l&s project+ into ! sea1 & are ! bulw>ks ( ?is %ore1 :i* is embay$ to ! we/w>d1 :]e ! sea preys ^u ! horizontal /rata4 ,! solid /rata are e :]e expos$ ei!r 9 ! cliff or on ! %ore2 we 7 !re=e c]ta9 ( meet+ ) ! junction 9 go+ f ,dunglass to ,fa/ ,ca/le1 :i* is ^u ! s*i/us4 ,b ?is j\rney c only be made by sea2 & we fir/ set out to exam9e ! junction 9 ! ,t\r & ,pease burns1 :]e we _h be5 in=m$ x 0 to be f\nd4 ,9 ! bottom ( ^? rivulets ! s&-/one & m>ly /rata appe> pretty mu* incl9$1 ris+ t[>ds ! s*i/us c\ntry4 ,! two burns unite be=e !y come to ! %ore2 & x is ab\t midway betwe5 ?is junction & ! bridges :i* are ?r[n ov] ^? two holl[s1 t ! junction is to be f\nd4 ,! s*i/us /rata "h approa* t[>ds v]tical2 & ! s&-/one /rata are greatly incl9$4 ,b ?is incl9ation ( ^? two diff]5t /rata are 9 opposite directions2 nei!r does ! horizontal section ( ^? two diff]5t /rata run p>allel to ! junction2 t is to say1 ! int]section ( ^? two diff]5t /rata is a l9e incl9$ to ! horizon4 ,at ,j$burgh ! s*i/us 0 v]tical1 & ! /rata horizontal2 & !re 0 int]pos$ a comp\nd b$ ( pudd+-/one1 =m$ ( v>i\s wat]-worn bodies1 ! gravel ( ! s*i/us /rata1 & porphyries4 ,"h aga91 ?\gh we h n a regul> pudd+-/one1 we h t :i* corresponds to x1 z hav+ be5 ! effect ( simil> circum/ances4 ,^! are ! fracture & detritus ( ! s*i/us1 :ile ! /rata 7 deposit$ ^u ! brok5 ends ( ! s*i/us at ! bottom ( ! sea4 ,mo/ ( ! fragm5ts ( ! s*i/us h _! angles %>p2 consequ5tly1 !y _h n travell$ f>1 or be5 mu* worn by attrition4 ,b m or less does n alt] ! nature ( an op]ation2 & ! pudd+-/one1 :i* at ,j$burgh is int]pos$ betwe5 ! v]tical s*i/us & horizontal /rata1 is "h prop]ly repres5t$ by ! includ$ fragm5ts ( s*i/us 9 ! incl9$ /rata4 ,! l9e ( ?is junction runn+1 on ! "o h&1 t[>ds ,fa/ ,ca/le ea/w>d1 &1 on ! o!r1 t[>ds ! head ( ,dunglass burn we/w>d1 our bus9ess 0 to pursue ?is object 9 ^? two diff]5t directions4 ,b x 0 *iefly 9 ! sea coa/ t 0 plac$ our expectations1 hav+ recollection ( ! great banks ( gravel "u :i* ! /rata are buri$ ab\t ,oldham/ocks1 ne> :i*1 f all appe>ances1 ! junction 0 to be expect$4 ,hav+ tak5 boat at ,dunglass burn1 we set out to explore ! coa/2 &1 we obs]v$ ! horizontal s&-/one turn up ne> ! ,pease burn1 lift+ t[>ds ! s*i/us4 ,we f\nd ! junction ( t s*i/us ) ! r$ s&-/one & m>ly /rata on ! %ore & sea bank1 at ,/4 ,hel5s1 correspond+ 9 g5]al ) :at we _h obs]v$ 9 ! burns to ! we/w>d4 ,b1 at ,sicc> ,po9t1 we f\nd a beautiful picture ( ?is junction wa%$ b>e by ! sea4 ,! s&-/one /rata are p>tly wa%$ away1 & p>tly rema9+ ^u ! ends ( ! v]tical s*i/us2 &1 9 _m places1 po9ts ( ! s*i/us /rata are se5 /&+ up ?r\gh among ! s&-/one1 ! greate/ "p ( :i* is worn away4 ,beh9d ?is aga9 we h a natural section ( ^? s&-/one /rata1 conta9+ fragm5ts ( ! s*i/us4 ,aft] ?is no?+ appe>s b ! s*i/us rocks1 until s&-/one & m>l aga9 are f\nd at ,r$-heugh above ! v]tical /rata4 ,f t bay to ,fa/ ,ca/le we _h no?+ to obs]ve b ! s*i/us1 :i* is cont9u$ )\t int]ruption to ,/ ,abb's ,head4 ,beyond ?is1 inde$1 !re appe>s to be some?+ above ! s*i/us2 & great blocks ( a r$ :9-/one or basaltes come d[n f ! height & lie ^u ! %ore2 b we c\ld n p]ceive di/9ctly h[ ! upp] mass is connect$ ) ! v]tical s*i/us :i* is cont9u$ bel[4 ,our att5tion 0 n[ direct$ to :at we c\ld obs]ve ) respect to ! s*i/i1 ( :i* we _h mo/ beautiful views & mo/ p]fect sections4 ,"h are two objects to be held 9 view1 9 mak+ ^? obs]vations2 ! orig9al =mation or /ratification ( ! s*i/i1 & ! po/]ior op]ations by :i* ! pres5t /ate ( ?+s has be5 procur$4 ,we _h rem>kable examples = ! illu/ration ( bo? ^? subjects4 ,) reg>d to ! fir/1 we h e :]e among ! rocks _m surfaces ( ! erect$ /rata laid b>e1 9 be+ sep>at$4 ,"h we f\nd ! mo/ di/9ct m>ks ( /rata ( s& modifi$ by mov+ wat]4 ,x is no o!r ?an t :i* we e day obs]ve ^u ! s&s ( our own %ore1 :5 ! sea has ebb$ & left !m 9 a wav$ figure1 :i* _c be mi/ak54 ,su* figures z ^! are extremely common 9 our s&-/one /rata2 b ?is is an object :i* ,i nev] _h di/9ctly obs]v$ 9 ! alp9e s*i/i2 al?\gh1 consid]+ t ! orig9al ( ^? s*i/i 0 /rata ( s&1 & =m$ 9 wat]1 !re 0 no reason to d\bt ( su* a ?+ be+ f\nd4 ,b "h ! examples are s _m & s di/9ct1 t x c\ld n fail to give u great satisfaction4 ,we 7 no less gratifi$ 9 our views ) respect to ! o!r object1 ! m9]al op]ations by :i* s(t /rata1 regul>ly =m$ 9 horizontal planes at ! bottom ( ! sea1 _h be5 h>d5$ & displac$4 ,fig4 #d4 repres5ts "o ( ^? examples2 x 0 drawn by ,sir ,james ,hall f a p]fect section 9 ! p]p5dicul> cliff at ,lumesd5 burn4 ,"h is n only a f9e example ( ! b5d+s ( ! /rata1 b also ( a horizontal %ift or hit* ( ^? erect$ /rata4 ,/ ,abb's ,head is a promontory :i*1 at a di/ance1 "o w\ld naturally conclude to be compos$ ( ! s*i/i1 z is all ! %ore to t place2 b1 z we approa*$ x1 !re 0 "s diff]5ce to be p]ceiv$ 9 ! ext]nal appe>ance1 x hav+ a m r\nd$ & irregul> aspect4 ,accord+ly1 ^u our arrival1 we f\nd ?is head-l& compos$ ( a diff]5t sub/ance4 ,x is a great mass ( r$ :9-/one1 ( a v irregul> /ructure & composition4 ,"s ( x is full ( small pebbles ( calc>e\s sp>1 surr\nd$ ) a coat ( a col\r$ sub/ance1 diff]5t bo? f ! :9-/one gr\nd & ! inclos$ pebble4 ,"h end$ our exp$ition by wat]4 ,hav+ ?us f\nd ! junction ( ! s&-/one ) ! s*i/us or alp9e /rata to run 9 a l9e direct$ f ,fa/ ,ca/le to ,oldham/ocks1 or ! heads ( ,dunglass burn1 we set out to trace ?is burn1 n only ) a view to obs]ve ! junction1 if x %\ld !re appe>1 b p>ticul>ly to discov] ! s\rce ( _m blocks ( :9-/one1 ( all sizes1 ) :i* ! b$ ( ?is burn ab\nds4 ,! s&-/one & coal /rata1 :i* are ne>ly horizontal at ! m\? ( ?is burn1 or on ! coa/1 become incl9$ z we g up ! c\rse ( ! rivulet2 & ( ?is we h f9e sections 9 ! bank4 ,! ,dean ( ,dunglass is =m$ ( precipit\s & p]p5dicul> rocks1 ?r\gh :i* ! runn+ wat] has worn its way m ?an a hundr$ feet deep2 above ?is ,dean ! banks are /eep & v high1 b cov]$ ) soil1 :i* "h is a deep gravel4 ,! burn runs all ! way up to ,oldham/ocks ^u ! s&-/one /rata2 b !re1 ^! are trav]s$ by a high :9-/one dyke1 :i* crosses ! burn obliquely1 z we f\nd x on bo? banks ?\gh n 9 ! b$ ( ! burn2 x is 9 ! s\? bank bel[ ! village1 & on ! nor? above x4 ,"h is ! s\rce ( ! :9-/one :i* we 7 look+ =2 x is ! common blue basaltes1 ( ! same nature ) ! ,giant's ,causeway1 b ) no regul> column] appe>ance4 ,above ,oldham/ocks we aga9 f\nd ! s&-/one 9 ! bank1 b x soon disappe>$ "u a deep cov] ( gravel1 & ! burn !n divid$ into sev]al rivulets :i* come f ! hills4 ,we trac$ ! "o :i* l$ mo/ directly up to ! m\nta9s1 9 expectation ( meet+ ) ! s*i/us1 at lea/1 if n ! junction ( x ) ! s&/one4 ,b 9 ?is we 7 disappo9t$4 ,we did n h[ev] lose our lab\r2 =1 ?\gh ! junction :i* we pursu$ be n "h visible1 we met ) :at made x suffici5tly evid5t1 & 0 at ! same "t an object f> m int]e/+ 9 our eyes4 ,i h already quot$ ,mr ,voigt's description ( ! sol mort r\ge2 he says1 t 9 places x =ms entire m\nta9s2 "h we h a p]fect example ( ! same ?+2 & ! mom5t we saw x1 we said1 "h is ! sol mort r\ge4 ,we asc5d$ to ! top ( ! m\nta9 ?r\gh a gully ( solid pudd+-/one go+ into decay1 & furni%+ ! c\ntry bel[ ) t great cov]+ ( gravel1 soil1 & wat] worn /ones4 ,we 7 n[ well acqua9t$ ) ! pudd+-/one1 :i* is int]pos$ betwe5 ! horizontal & alp9e /rata2 b f :at we _h se5 to ! ea/w>d1 we nev] %\ld h dream$ ( meet+ ) :at we n[ p]ceiv$4 ,:at we _h hi!rto se5 ( ?is pudd+-/one 0 b a few fragm5ts ( ! s*i/us 9 ! l[] b$s ( s&-/one2 "h a m\nta9 ( wat]-worn s*i/i1 imb$d$ 9 a r$ e>? & consolidat$1 pres5t$ itself to our view4 ,x 0 evid5t t ! s*i/i m\nta9s1 f :5ce ^? fragm5ts _h come1 _h be5 prior to ?is second>y mass2 b "h is a second>y m\nta9 equal 9 height to ! prim>y1 or s*i/i m\nta9s1 at ! basis ( :i* we _h se5 ! /rata sup]9duc$ on ! %ore4 ,/ill1 h[ev]1 e ?+ "h is =m$ ^u ! same pr9ciple1 & no?+ "h is alt]$ except ! scale on :i* ! op]ation _h be5 p]=m$4 ,^u ! coa/1 we h b a specim5 ( ! pudd+-/one2 mo/ ( ! fragm5ts _h _! angles entire2 & few ( !m are r\nd$ by attrition4 ,"h1 on ! contr>y1 ! m\nta9 is "o pudd+-/one2 & mo/ ( ! fragm5ts are /ones mu* r\nd$ by attrition4 ,b ! diff]5ce is only 9 degree1 & n 9 k9d2 ! /ones are ! same1 & ! nature ( ! composition simil>4 ,_h we se5 ! mass ( :i* ?is m\nta9 is only a relict1 7hav+ be5 degrad$ by ! h&s ( "t71 we %\ld h f\nd ?is pudd+-/one at ! bottom ( our s&-/one /rata2 c\ld we h p5etrat$ bel[ ?is mass ( pudd+-/one1 we %\ld h f\nd our s*i/us :i* we left on ! %ore at ,/4 ,hel5s & 9 ! ,t\r burn4 ,9 ,tiviotdale ! v]tical s*i/i are cov]$ ) a b$ ( pudd+-/one1 ! gravel ( :i* _h be5 mu* worn by attrition1 b ! ?ickness ( t b$ is small2 "h aga9 ! we>+ op]ation has be5 great1 & ! quantity ( ^? mat]ials ev5 m ?an 9 proportion to ^? op]ations4 ,we return$ p]fectly satisfi$2 & ,sir ,james ,hall is to pursue ?is subject f>!r :5 he %all be 9 ^? m\nta9s %oot+ muir game4 ,we _h n[ only "o object m to pursue2 ?is 0 to exam9e ! s\? side ( ^? m\nta9s ( ,lamm]muir ^u ! sea %ore1 9 ord] to see ! junction ( ! prim>y s*i/us ) ! coal /rata ( ,b]wick%ire4 ,mr ,hall 0 to meet u at ! ,press1 & we 7 aft]w>ds to g ) him to ,:itehall4 ,we met accord+ly2 b ! wea!r 0 ra9y2 & we w5t directly to ,:itehall4 ,i _h (t5 se5 ! pudd+-/one 9 great masse2 9 ! banks ( ! ,:itead]1 z x comes out ( ! m\nta9s1 b !n ,i _h n se5 its connection nei!r1 on ! "o h&1 ) ! s*i/i1 nor1 on ! o!r1 ) ! s&-/one /rata4 ,we knew t at ,lamm]ton ^u ! sea coa/ !re 0 coal1 & consequ5tly ! s&-/one /rata2 & reason+ ^u ^? data we 7 sure t our prop] c\rse ( inve/igation 0 to trace ! riv] ,ey to ! %ore1 & !n g s\? ! coa/ 9 se>* ( ! junction ( ! s*i/us ) ! horizontal /rata4 ,?is we execut$ z well z ! wea!r w\ld p]mit2 b _h x to regret1 t ! ra9y season 0 n s fav\rable = our views1 z x 0 agreeable to ! c\ntry :i* _h be5 suff]+ ) ! dr\ght4 ,x is ne$less n[ to enl>ge ^u ?is subject4 ,i %all only m5tion t we f\nd ! r$ m>ly /rata above ! pudd+-/one 9 ! b$ ( ! ,ey & its bran*es2 we !n trac$ ! s*i/us d[n ! ,ey1 & f\nd a mass ( ! mo/ consolidat$ pudd+-/one ^u ! coa/ to ! nor? ( ! h>b\r ( ,eym\?4 ,b ?is mass did n re/ on ! s*i/us2 x is imm$iately ^u a mass ( :9-/one2 & ! s*i/us is 9 ! h>b\r1 s t ?is :9-/one mass seems to be "h int]pos$ betwe5 ! pudd+-/one & s*i/us4 ,we !n pursu$ ! coa/ s\?w>ds until we f\nd ! junction ( ! s*i/us & s&-/one /rata ab\t two miles f ,eym\?2 b "h ! junction 0 n att5d$ ) any pudd+-/one t we c\ld p]ceive4 ,hav+ f\nd ! same or simil> appe>ances f ! "o end to ! o!r1 & on bo? sides ( t range ( m\nta9s :i* run f sea to sea 9 ! s\? ( ,scotl&1 we may n[ ext5d our view ( ?is m9]al op]ation 9 compreh5d+ e ?+ ( ! same k9d :i* we meet ) 9 our isl& or any o!r di/ant c\ntry4 ,?us p]haps ! pudd+-/one ( ! s\? ( ,engl& w be consid]$ 9 ! same light z hav+ be5 =m$ ( ! dbri & dtritus ( ! fl9ty bodies4 ,9 ! isl& ( ,arran1 !re is also a pudd+-/one1 ev5 9 "s ( ! summits ( ! isl&1 exactly ^u ! bord] ( ! s*i/us di/rict1 z w be describ$ 9 ! natural hi/ory ( t isl&4 ,?is pudd+-/one is compos$ ( gravel =m$ ( ! h>de/ p>ts ( ! s*i/us & granite or porphyry m\nta9s4 ,t comp\nd p>asitical /one has be5 also aga9 cem5t$ by heat & fusion2 ,i h a specim5 9 :i* !re is a cle> demon/ration ( t fact4 ,"o ( ! wat]-worn /ones :i* _h be5 r\nd$ by attrition1 has 9 ?is pudd+-/one be5 brok5 & %ift$1 ! "o half slipp+ ov] ! o!r1 ?ree qu>t]s ( an in*1 besides o!r small] slips 9 ! same /one4 ,b ! two pieces are aga9 cem5t$2 or !y _h be5 %ift$ :5 ! /one 0 9 t s(t /ate1 by :i* ! two pieces are made p]fectly to coh]e4 ,^? %ifts & ve9s1 9 ?is species ( /one1 are extremely in/ructive1 illu/rat+ ! m9]al op]ations ( ! globe4 ,9 l mann] to ! nor? ( ! ,grampians1 along ! s\? side ( ,lo* ,ness1 !re are m\nta9s =m$ ( ! debris ( s*i/us & granite m\nta9s1 fir/ manufactur$ into s& & gravel1 & !n consolidat$ into a pudd+-/one1 :i* is always =m$ ^u ! same pr9ciple4 ,! same is also f\nd ^u ! s\? side ( ^? m\nta9s 9 ! %ire ( ,angus4 ,i may also give = example ! ,african ,bre*ia1 :i* is a pudd+-/one ( ! same nature4 ,?is /one is compos$ ( granites or porphyries1 s]p5t9es & s*i/i1 extremely indurat$ & p]fectly consolidat$4 ,x is also demon/rable f ! appe>ance 9 ?is /one t x has be5 9 a s(t5$ /ate1 f ! %ape & application ( its con/itu5t p>ts2 & 9 a specim5 ( x :i* ,i h 9 my cab9et1 !re is also a demon/ration ( calc>e\s sp> fl[+ among ! gravel ( ! consolidat$ rock4 ,?is fact !re=e ( pudd+-/one m\nta9s1 is a g5]al fact1 s f> z x is f\nd$ ^u obs]vations t are made 9 ,africa1 ,g]many1 & ,brita94 ,we may n[ reason ^u ?is g5]al fact1 9 ord] to see h[ f> x c\nt5ances ! idea ( primitive m\nta9s1 on ! "o h&1 or on ! o!r supports ! pres5t !ory1 :i* admits ( no?+ primitive 9 ! visible or exam9able p>ts ( ! e>?4 ,to a p]son :o exam9es accurately ! composition ( our m\nta9s1 :i* occupy ! s\? ( ,scotl&1 no argum5t ne$s be us$ to p]suade him t ! bodies 9 "q are n primitive2 ! ?+ is evid5t f inspection1 z mu* z w\ld be ! ru9s ( an anci5t city1 al?\gh !re 7 no record ( its hi/ory4 ,! visible mat]ials1 :i* compose = ! mo/ "p ! /rata ( our s\? alp9e s*i/i1 are s di/9ctly ! debris & detritus ( a =m] e>?1 & s simil> 9 _! nature ) ^? :i* = ! mo/ "p compose ! /rata on all h&s ackn[l$g$ z second>y1 t !re c rema9 no "q ^u t head4 ,! consolidation1 aga91 ( ^? /rata1 & ! erection ( !m f _! orig9al position1 & f ! place 9 :i* !y _h be5 =m$1 is ano!r "q4 ,b ! ackn[l$g+ /rata1 :i* _h be5 =m$ 9 ! sea ( loose mat]ials1 to be consolidat$ & rais$ into ! place ( l&1 is pla9ly giv+ up ! idea ( primitive m\nta9s4 ,! only "q1 !re=e1 :i* rema9s to be solv$1 mu/ respect ! ord] ( ?+s1 9 comp>+ ! alp9e s*i/i ) ! second>y /rata2 & ?is inde$ =ms a curi\s subject ( inve/igation4 ,x is pla9 t ! s*i/i _h be5 indurat$1 elevat$1 brok51 & worn by attrition 9 wat]1 be=e ! second>y /rata1 :i* =m ! mo/ f]tile p>ts ( our e>?1 _h exi/$4 ,x is also c]ta9 t ! tops ( our s*i/us m\nta9s _h be5 9 ! bottom ( ! sea at ! "t :5 our second>y /rata _h begun to be =m$2 = ! pudd+-/one on ! top ( our ,lamm]muir m\nta9s1 z well z ! second>y /rata ^u ! v]tical s*i/i ( ! ,alps & ,g]man m\nta9s1 af=ds ! mo/ irrefragable evid5ce ( t fact4 ,x is fur!r to be affirm$1 t ?is :ole mass ( wat]-=m$ mat]ials1 z well z ! basis on :i* x re/$1 _h be5 subject$ to ! m9]al op]ations ( ! globe1 op]ations by :i* ! loose & incoh]5t mat]ials are consolidat$1 & t :i* 0 ! bottom ( ! sea made to occupy ! /ation ( l&1 & s]ve ! purpose = :i* x is de/9$ 9 ! _w4 ,?is also w appe> evid5t1 :5 x is consid]$ t x has be5 f ! appe>ances 9 ?is v l&1 indep5d5t ( ^? ( ! alp9e s*i/i1 t ! pres5t !ory has be5 e/abli%$4 ,by ?us admitt+ a prim>y & second>y 9 ! =mation ( our l&1 ! pres5t !ory w be confirm$ 9 all its p>ts4 ,=1 no?+ b ^? vicissitudes1 9 :i* ! old is worn & de/roy$1 & new l& =m$ to supply its place1 c expla9 t ord] :i* is to be p]ceiv$ 9 all ! works ( nature2 or give u any satisfactory idea ) reg>d to t app>5t disord] & confusion1 :i* w\ld disgrace an ag5t possess$ ( wisdom & work+ ) design4 ,,*ap4 ,,vii4 ,op9ions exam9$ ) reg>d to ,petrifaction1 or ,m9]al ,concretion4 ,! ideas ( naturali/s ) reg>d to petrifaction are s vague & indi/9ct1 t no prop] answ] c be giv5 to !m4 ,!y 9 g5]al suppose wat] to be ! solv5t ( bodies1 & ! vehicle ( petrify+ sub/ances2 b !y nei!r say :e!r wat] be an univ]sal m5/ruum1 nor d !y %[ 9 :at mann] a solid body has be5 =m$ 9 ! b[els ( ! e>?1 f t solution4 ,x may n[ be prop] to exam9e ?is subject1 n ) a view to expla9 all ^? petrifactions ( bodies :i* is p]=m$ 9 ! m9]al regions ( ! e>?1 ^? regions t are inaccessible to man1 b to %[ t :at has be5 wrote by naturali/s1 ^u ?is subject1 has only a t5d5cy to corrupt sci5ce1 by admitt+ ! grosse/ supposition 9 place ( j pr9ciple or tru?1 & to d>k5 natural hi/ory by introduc+ an ill conceiv$ !ory 9 place ( matt] ( fact4 ,m4 le ,comte de ,buffon has attempt$ to expla9 ! cry/allization ( bodies1 or production ( m9]al =ms1 by ! accretion or juxtaposition ( elem5t>y bodies1 :i* h only =m 9 two dim5sions1 l5g? & bread?2 t is to say1 t m9]al concretions are compos$ ( surfaces alone1 & n ( bodies4 ,?is h[ev] is only an attempt to expla91 :at we d n und]/&1 by a proposition :i* is ei!r evid5tly contradictory1 or pla9ly inconceivable4 ,x is true t ?is eloqu5t & +5i\s au?or endeav\rs to correct ! palpable absurdity ( ! proposition1 by repres5t+ ! con/itu5t p>ts ( ! m9]al bodies z de lames inf9im5t m9ces2 b :o is x does n see1 t ^! inf9itely ?9 plates are no o!r ?an bodies ( ?ree dim5sions1 contr>y to ! supposition2 =1 inf9itely ?91 means a c]ta9 ?ickness2 b ! smalle/ possible or assignable ?ickness diff]s z mu* f a p]fect sup]ficies z ! greate/4 ,m4 de ,luc has giv5 u 8 ideas ( petrifaction ) suffici5t precision ( t]m & cle>ness ( expression2 8 op9ion1 !re=e1 des]ves to be exam9$2 &1 z 8 !ory ( petrifaction is equally applicable to e species ( sub/ance1 x is necess>y aga9 to exam9e ?is subject1 not)/&+ ( :at has be5 already said1 9 ! fir/ "p ( ?is "w1 conc]n+ consolidation & m9]al concretion f ! fluid /ate ( fusion4 ,?is au?or has p]haps prop]ly expos$ ,woodw>d's ,!ory ( ,petrification 9 say+#cc1 ,son erreur cet g>d vi5t de ce qu'il n'a po9t rfl*i sur la manire dont se fait la ptrifaction4 ,il ramollit d'abord les pi]res p\r y faire entr] les coquilles1 sans bi5 connotre l'ag5t qu'il y employe2 et il les duroit ensuite1 sans rfl*ir au comm5t4 ,to avoid ?is error or defect1 ,m4 de ,luc1 9 8 ,!ory ( ,petrifaction1 sets out ) ! ackn[l$g$ pr9ciple ( cohesion2 &1 9 ord] to consolidate /rata ( a por\s texture1 he supposes wat] c>ry+ m9ute bodies ( all %apes & sizes1 & deposit+ !m 9 su* close contact z to produce solidity & concretion4 ,n[1 if ,dr ,woodw>d s(t5$ /ones )\t a prop] cause1 ,m4 de ,luc1 9 employ+ ! speci\s pr9ciple ( cohesion1 has consolidat$ !m ^u no bett] gr\nds2 =1 ! application ( ?is pr9ciple is z =eign to 8 purpose1 z is t ( magnetism4 ,bodies1 x is true1 coh]e :5 _! surfaces are closely appli$ to ea* o!r2 ,b h[ apply ?is pr9ciple to consolidation8--only by suppos+ all ! sep>ate bodies1 ( :i* ! solid is to be compos$1 to be 9 p]fect contact 9 all _! surfaces4 ,b ?is1 9 o!r words1 is suppos+ ! body to be solid2 &1 to suppose ! ag5t1 wat]1 capable ( ?us mak+ h>d bodies solid1 is no o!r ?an hav+ rec\rse to ! =tuit\s conc\rse ( atoms to make a _w2 a ?\ght :i* ?is au?or w\ld surely hold 9 great contempt4 ,note #cc3 ,lettres ,physiques et ,morales4 ,he !n illu/rates ?is op]ation ( nature by ^? ( art1 9 build+ walls :i* c]ta9ly become h>d1 & :i*1 z our au?or seems to ?9k1 become solid4 ,b ?is is only an imp]fect or errone\s repres5tation ( ?is subject2 =1 mort> does n become h>d ^u ! pr9ciple ( petrification adopt$ by our au?or4 ,mort>1 made ( clay1 in/ead ( lime1 w n acquire a /ony h>dness1 nor ev]1 by means ( wat]1 w x be m indurat$ ?an by simply dry+2 nei!r w ! mo/ subtile p[d] ( *alk1 ) wat] & s&1 =m any solid body1 or a prop] mort>4 ,! induration ( mort> arises f ! solution ( a /ony sub/ance1 & ! subsequ5t concretion ( t dissolv$ matt]1 op]ations purely *emical4 ,n[1 if ?is philosoph]1 9 8 ,!ory ( ,petrifaction1 means only to expla9 a *emical op]ation ^u me*anical pr9ciples1 :y h rec\rse1 = an example 9 ?is subject1 to m9]al bodies1 ! orig9 ( :i* is que/ion$8 ,:y does he n r expla91 ^u ?is pr9ciple1 ! kn[n concretion ( "s body1 f a fluid /ate1 or1 conv]sely1 ! kn[n solution ( "s concret$ body8 ,if aga9 he means to expla9 petrifaction 9 ! usual way1 by a *emical op]ation1 9 t case1 ! application ( 8 poli%$ surfaces1 s z to coh]e1 _c take place until ! dissolv$ body be sep>at$ f ! fluid1 by means ( :i* x is transport$ f place to place 9 ! m9]al regions4 ,b x is 9 ?is prelim9>y /ep t lies all ! difficulty2 =1 c\ld we see h[ e diff]5t sub/ance might be dissolv$1 & e dissolv$ sub/ance sep>at$ f its solv5t at our pleasure1 we %\ld f9d no difficulty 9 admitt+ ! cohesion ( h>d bodies1 :e!r by means ( ?is doctr9e ( poli%$ surfaces1 or by ! pr9ciple ( g5]al attraction1 a pr9ciple :i* surely compreh5ds ?is p>ticul>1 t]m$ a cohesive p[]4 ,x mu/ n be alleg$1 t see+ we "k n h[ wat] dissolves sal9e bodies1 !re=e1 ?is fluid1 = any ?+ t we "k1 may also dissolve cry/al2 &1 if wat] ?us dissolves a m9]al sub/ance 9 a mann] unkn[n to u1 x may 9 l mann] deposit x1 al?\gh we may n be able to imag9e h[4 ,?is k9d ( reason+ is only calculat$ to keep u 9 ignorance2 at ! same "t1 ! reason+ ( philosoph]s1 conc]n+ petrifaction1 does n 9 g5]al appe> to be f\nd$ on any pr9ciple t is m s\nd4 ,t wat] dissolves salt is a fact4 ,t wat] dissolves cry/al is n a fact2 !re=e1 ^? two propositions1 ) reg>d to ! p[] ( wat]1 are inf9itely remov$1 & _c be assimilat$ 9 s\nd physical reason+4 ,x is no m a tru? t wat] is able to dissolve salt1 ?an t we nev] h be5 able to detect ! smalle/ disposition 9 wat] to dissolve cry/al1 fl9t1 qu>tz1 or metals4 ,!re=e1 to allege ! possibility ( wat] be+ capable ( dissolv+ ^? bodies 9 ! m9]al regions1 & ( ?us *ang+ ! sub/ance ( "o body into ano!r1 z naturali/s h suppos$1 contr>y to _! k1 or 9 ord] to expla9 appe>ances1 is s f> f t5d+ to increase our sci5ce1 t x is ab&on+ ! human intellect to be bewild]$ 9 an error2 x is ! va9 attempt ( lull+ to sleep ! sci5tific consci5ce1 & mak+ ! s\l ( man ins5sible to ! natural di/ress ( consci\s ignorance4 ,b besides t negative argum5t conc]n+ ! insolubility ( cry/al1 by :i* ! errone\s suppositions ( naturali/s are to be reject$1 cry/al 9 g5]al is f\nd regul>ly concret$ 9 ! cavities ( ! mo/ solid rock1 9 ! he>t ( ! close/ agate1 & 9 ! mid/ ( granite m\nta9s4 ,b ^! masses ( granite 7 =m$ by fusion2 ,i hope t ,i %all give ! mo/ satisfactory pro( ( t tru?3 ,consequ5tly1 "h at lea/ !re is no occasion = ! action ( wat] 9 dissolv+ silice\s sub/ances 9 "o place1 9 ord] to concrete & cry/allise x 9 ano!r4 ,9 ^! cavities ( ! solid granite rock1 :]e cry/al is f\nd regul>ly %oot+ f a basis :i* is ! int]nal surface ( ! cavity1 we f9d ! o!r con/itu5t sub/ances ( ! granite also cry/allis$4 ,i h ^? small cavities1 9 ?is rock1 f ! isl& ( ,arran1 conta9+ cry/al1 felt-sp>1 & mica1 all cry/allis$ 9 ! same cavity#cd4 ,b ?is is no?+ to ! druz5 or cry/all9e concretions1 :i* are f\nd 9 a simil> mann] among metallic & m9]al sub/ances 9 ! ve9s & m9es2 !re1 e species ( m9]al & metallic sub/ance1 ) e v>iety ( mixture & composition1 are f\nd bo? concret$ & cry/allis$ toge!r 9 e imag9able %ape & situation4 ,note #cd3 ,! ,*evali] ,dolomieu makes ! foll[+ obs]vation4 ,j\rnal de ,physique1 ,juillet #agia4 ,j'ai t tonn de tr\v] au c5tre d'un norme massif de granit1 que l'on avoit ouv]t avec la p\dre p\r pratiqu] un *em91 des morceaux1 gros comme le po+ et au dess\s1 de spa? calcaire blanc1 trs-eff]vesc5t1 en gr&es cailles1 ou lames entrecroises4 ,il n'occupoit po9t des cavits p>ticulires1 il n'y p>oissoit le produit d'une infiltration qui auroit rempli des cavits1 mais il toit incorpor avec les feld-spa?1 le mica1 et le qu>tz1 faissoit masse avec eux1 et ne p\voit se rompre sans les entran] avec lui4 ,?is great naturali/ is conv9c$ t ! sp> _h n be5 "h introduc$ by infiltration1 al?\gh t is ! v me?od :i* he employs to =m concretions1 n only ( sp> b ( cry/al1 zeolite1 & pyrites1 9 ! close/ cavities ( ! mo/ solid rocks ( basaltes4 ,^! f\r sub/ances 9 ?is /one 7 s mix$ toge!r t no?+ b ! fusion ( ! :ole mass c\ld expla9 ! /ate 9 :i* !y appe>$2 b1 ?9k+ t su* a supposition c\ld n be all[$1 ?is naturali/1 l a man ( sci5ce :5 8 data fail1 leaves ! matt] )\t any int]pretation ( 8 own4 ,?is h[ev] is :at he has n done 9 ! case ( basaltes1 or t :i* he mi/akes = prop] lavas1 z ,i %all h occasion to %[4 ,"h is an inf9ite op]ation1 b an op]ation :i* is easily p]=m$ by ! natural arrangem5t ( sub/ances act+ freely 9 a fluid /ate1 & concret+ toge!r1 ea* sub/ance1 :e!r m simple or m comp\nd1 direct+ itself by its int]nal pr9ciple ( attraction1 & affect+ me*anically ^? t are concret+ ar\nd x4 ,we see ! v same ?+ happ5 "u our eye1 & precisely 9 ! same mann]4 ,:5 a fluid mass ( any m9]al or metallic sub/ance is made to congeal by sudd5 cool+ on ! outside1 :ile ! mass )9 is fluid1 a cavity is ?us sometimes =m$ by ! contraction ( ! conta9$ fluid2 & 9 ?is cavity are f\nd artificial druz51 z !y may be call$1 be+ cry/allizations simil> to ^? :i* ! m9]al cavities exhibit 9 su* beauty & p]fection4 ,petrification & consolidation1 9 "s degree1 may d\btless be p]=m$1 9 c]ta9 circum/ances1 by means ( ! solution ( calc>e\s e>?2 b ! examples giv5 by ,m4 de ,luc1 ( ^? bodies ( lime-/one & agate petrifi$ 9 ! middle ( /rata ( loose or s&y mat]ials1 are c]ta9ly inexplicable ^u any o!r pr9ciple except ! fusion ( ^? sub/ances ) :i* ! bodies are petrifi$#ce4 ,note #ce3 ,vid4 ,lettre #bh et ,lettre #ajc4 ,lettres ,physiques et ,morales4 ,?is subject des]ves ! /ricte/ att5tion2 ,i propose x z a t\*/one = e !ory ( petrification or p]fect consolidation4 ,fir/1 ,!re are f\nd1 among argillace\s /rata1 insulat$ bodies ( iron-/one1 p]fectly consolidat$2 secondly1 ,!re are f\nd1 9 /rata ( *alk & lime-/one1 masses ( insulat$ fl9ts2 ?irdly1 ,!re are f\nd1 9 /rata ( sea s&1 masses ( t s& cem5t$ by a silice\s sub/ance2 f\r?ly1 ,9 ! mid/ ( blocks ( s&-/one1 !re are f\nd masses ( loose or pure s& inclos$ 9 cry/allis$ cavities2 & 9 ?is s& are f\nd insulat$ masses ( cry/allis$ sp>1 includ+ )9 !m ! s&1 b )\t hav+ ! sp>ry or calc>e\s cry/allization di/urb$ by x4 ,!re are also o!r globul> masses ( ! same k9d1 :]e ! sp>ry cry/allization is ei!r n to be obs]v$1 or appe>s only p>tially#cf3 ,& n[1 la/ly1 ,9 /rata ( %ell-s&1 !re are f\nd masses ( consolidat$ lime-/one or m>ble4 ,9 all ^? cases1 ! consolidat$ bodies are p]fectly insulat$ 9 ! middle ( /rata1 9 :i* !y mu/ ( necessity h be5 petrifi$ or consolidat$2 ! /ratum ar\nd ! bodies has n be5 affect$ by ! petrify+ sub/ance1 z !re is n any ve/ige ( x !re2 & "h are examples ( diff]5t sub/ances1 all conspir+ to prove "o uni=m tru?4 ,!re=e1 a g5]al !ory ( petrification or consolidation ( m9]al bodies mu/ expla9 ?is di/9ct fact1 & n suff] x any long] to rema9 a lusus naturae4 ,note #cf3 ,mem4 de l',acadmie ,royale des ,sci5ces1 an4 #agge4 ,let u n[ consid] :at x is t we h to expla91 ^u ! supposition ( ^? concretions be+ =m$ f a solution4 ,we h1 fir/1 ,to und]/& :at sort ( a solution _h be5 employ$ = ! introduc+ ( ^? v>i\s sub/ances2 secondly1 ,h[ ^? concretions _h be5 =m$ f su* solutions )9 ^? bodies ( /rata2 &1 la/ly1 ,h[ su* concretions c\ld h be5 =m$1 )\t any ve/ige appe>+ ( ! same sub/ance1 or ( ! same op]ation1 9 ! surr\nd+ "p ( ! /ratum4 ,:atev] may be ! difficulty ( expla9+ ^? p>ticul> appe>ances by means ( fusion & me*anical =ce1 x is pla9ly impossible to conceive ^? bodies =m$ 9 ^? places by infiltration1 or any mann] ( concretion f a /ate ( solution4 ,naturali/s1 9 expla9+ ! =mation ( /ones1 (t5 use a *emical language :i* ei!r has no prop] mean+1 or :i* w n apply to ! subject ( m9]al op]ations4 ,we "k ! *emical process by :i* "o or two /ony concretions may be =m$ among bodies pass+ f "o /ate to ano!r4 ,:51 !re=e1 a *ange f a =m] /ate ( ?+s 9 m9]al bodies is judg$ by naturali/s to h happ5$1 ! pres5t /ate is commonly expla9$1 or ! *ange is suppos$ to h be5 made by means ( a simil> process1 )\t inquir+ if ?is _h truly be5 ! case or n4 ,?us _! k ( *emi/ry has l$ naturali/s to reason errone\sly1 9 expla9+ ?+s ^u false pr9ciples4 ,x w\ld be ne$less to give an example ( any "o p>ticul> au?or 9 ?is respect2 =1 s f> z ,i h se51 x appe>s to be almo/ g5]al1 e "o copy+ ! language ( ano!r1 & no "o und]/&+ t language :i* has be5 employ$4 ,^! naturali/s suppose e ?+ done by means ( solution 9 ! m9]al k+dom1 & yet !y are ignorant ( ^? solv5ts4 ,!y conceive or !y imag9e concretions & cry/allizations to be =m$ ( e diff]5t sub/ance1 & 9 e place )9 ! solid body ( ! e>?1 )\t consid]+ h[ f> ! ?+ is possible :i* !y suppose4 ,!y are con/antly talk+ ( op]ations :i* c\ld only take place 9 ! cavities ( ! e>? above ! level ( ! sea1 & :]e ! influ5ce ( ! atmosph]e 7 felt2 & yet ?is is ! v place :i* we h x 9 our p[] to exam9e1 & :]e1 besides ! /alactite1 & "o or two m ( ! same k9d1 or =m$ on ! same pr9ciple1 !y h nev] be5 able to discov] "o ( ! _m :i*1 accord+ to _! !ory1 ought always to be 9 action or effect4 ,s f> f kn[+ t g5]al consolidat+ op]ation1 :i* !y suppose to be ex]t$ 9 fill+ up ! ve9s & cavities ( ! e>? by means ( ! infiltrat+ wat] ( ! surface1 !y d n seem fully to und]/& ! only op]ation ( ?is k9d :i* !y see4 ,! concretion ( calc>e\s matt] ^u ! surface ( ! e>? is p]haps ! only example ^u :i* _! !ory is f\nd$2 & yet no?+ c be m aga9/ x ?an ! g5]al hi/ory ( ?is transaction4 ,calc>e\s matt]1 ! great v9culum ( _m m9]al bodies1 is 9 a p]petual /ate ( dissolution & decay1 9 e place :]e ! influ5ces ( air & wat] may p]vade4 ,! g5]al t5d5cy ( ?is is to dissolve calc>e\s matt] out ( ! e>?1 & deliv] t solution into ! sea4 ,7 x possible to d5y t tru?1 ! v =mation ( /alactite1 t op]ation :i* has bewild]$ naturali/s1 w\ld prove x2 = x is ^u ! g5]al solubility ( calc>e\s matt] expos$ to wat] t ^? cavities are =m$1 9 :i* may be f\nd su* collections ( /alactical concretion2 & ! g5]al t5d5cy ( ^? op]ations is to wa/e ! calc>e\s bodies ?r\gh :i* wat] p]colates4 ,b h[ is ! g5]al petrifaction or consolidation ( /rata1 bel[ ! surface ( ! sea1 to be expla9$ by ! g5]al dissolution ( t consolidat+ sub/ance 9 ! e>? above t level8 ,in/ead ( f9d+ a g5]al petrify+ or consolidat+ op]ation 9 ! "p ( ! e>? :i* we are able to exam9e1 we f9d ! contr>y op]ation1 s f> at lea/ z relates to calc>e\s sp>1 & _m o!r m9]al bodies :i* are decompos$ & dissolv$ ^u ! surface ( ! e>?4 ,?us 9 ! surface ( ! e>?1 above ! level ( ! sea1 no petrify+ op]ation ( a durable nature is f\nd2 &1 7 su* an op]ation !re f\nd1 x c\ld n be g5]al1 z affect+ e k9d ( sub/ance4 ,b1 ev5 suppose t su* a g5]al op]ation 7 f\nd to take place 9 ! e>? above ! level ( ! sea1 :]e !re might be a circulation ( air & p]colation ( wat]1 ,h[ c\ld ! /rata ( ! e>? bel[ ! level ( ! sea be petrifi$8 ,?is is a "q t does n seem to h ent]$ into ! heads ( our naturali/s :o attempt to expla9 petrifaction or m9]al concretion f aque\s solutions4 ,b ! consolidation ( loose & incoh]5t ?+s1 ga!r$ toge!r at ! bottom ( ! sea1 & aft]w>ds rais$ into rocks ( v>i\s sorts1 =ms by f> ! greate/ example ( petrification or m9]al op]ation ( ?is globe4 ,x is ?is t mu/ be expla9$ 9 a m9]al !ory2 & x is ?is great process ( petrifaction to :i* ! doctr9e ( infiltration1 :e!r = ! me*anical purpose ( apply+ cohesive surfaces1 or ! *emical "o ( =m+ cry/allizations & concretions1 w n by any means apply4 ,no?+ %[s m h[ little true sci5ce has be5 employ$ = ! explanation ( ph5om5a1 ?an ! language ( mod]n naturali/s1 :o attribute1 to /alactical & /alagmical op]ations1 e sup]ficial or di/ant resemblance to ^? calc>e\s bodies1 ! orig9 ( :i* we "k s well4 ,x is n a m]e resemblance t %\ld homologate diff]5t ?+s2 !re %\ld be a specific "* 9 e ?+ t is to be g5]alis$4 ,x w be our bus9ess to %[ t1 9 ! false /alactites1 !re is n ! di/9ctive "* ( ^? wat] =m$ bodies to be f\nd4 ,9 ! =mation ( /alactical concretions1 besides ! incru/ation z well z cry/allization ( ! /ony sub/ance f ! aque\s vehicle by :i* x _h be5 c>ri$ 9 ! dissolv$ /ate1 we h ! o!r necess>y accompanym5ts ( ! op]ation1 or collat]al circum/ances ( ! case4 ,su*1 = example1 is t tubul> con/ruction ( ! /alactite1 fir/ =m$ by ! concretion ( ! calc>e\s sub/ance ^u ! outside ( ! p5dant gut ( wat] expos$ to ! evaporation ( ! atmosph]e2 we !n see ! gradual fill+ up ( t p]vi\s tube ?r\gh :i* ! petrify+ wat] _h pass$ = a c]ta9 "t2 &1 la/ly1 we see ! cont9ual accretion :i* ?is conduct+ body _h receiv$ f ! wat] runn+ successively ov] e "p ( x4 ,b among ! inf9ite numb] ( silice\s concretions & cry/allizations1 z well z ^? ( an almo/ indef9ite v>iety ( o!r sub/ances1 all ( :i* are attribut$ to solution1 !re is n ! lea/ ve/ige ( any collat]al op]ation1 by :i* ! nature ( t concretion might be asc]ta9$ 9 ! same mann]4 ,9 all ^? cases1 we see no?+ b ! concret$ sub/ances or _! cry/allizations2 b1 no m>k ( any solv5t or incru/+ process is to be p]ceiv$4 ,on ! contr>y1 almo/ all1 or ! greate/ "p ( !m1 are s situat$1 & att5d$ ) su* circum/ances1 z demon/rate ! physical impossibility ( t be+ ! mann] 9 :i* !y _h be5 concret$2 =1 !y are situat$ )9 close cavities1 ?r\gh :i* no?+ c p]vade b heat1 electricity1 magnetism1 etc42 & !y fill ^? cavities m or less1 f ! ?9ne/ incru/ation ( cry/als to ! full cont5t ( ^? cavities ) v>i\s sub/ances1 all regul>ly concret$ or cry/allis$ accord+ to an ord] :i* _c apply to ! concretion ( any mann] ( solution4 ,t !re is1 9 ! m9]al sy/em1 an op]ation ( wat] :i* may ) great propriety be t]m$ infiltration1 ,i make no d\bt4 ,b ?is op]ation ( wat]1 t may be employ$ 9 consolidat+ ! /rata 9 ! m9]al regions1 is ess5tially diff]5t f t :i* is inconsid]ately employ$ or suppos$ by m9]ali/s :5 !y talk ( infiltration2 ^! two op]ations h no?+ 9 common except employ+ ! wat] ( ! surface ( ! e>? to p]colate a por\s body4 ,n[1 ! p]colation ( wat] may increase ! por\sness ( t body :i* x p]vades1 b nev] c ?us *ange x f a por\s to a p]fect solid body4 ,b ev5 ! p]colation ( wat] ?r\gh ! /rata deposit$ at ! bottom ( ! sea1 necess>ily requir$1 accord+ to ! supposition ( naturali/s1 mu/ be refus$2 =1 ! int]/ices ( ^? /rata are1 f ! supposition ( ! case1 already fill$ ) wat]2 consequ5tly1 )\t fir/ remov+ t /agnant wat]1 x is 9 va9 to propose ! infiltration ( any fluid f ! surface4 ,?is is a difficulty :i* does n occur 9 our !ory1 :]e ! /rata1 deposit$ at ! bottom ( ! sea1 are to be aft]w>ds heat$ by ! int]nal fires ( ! e>?4 ,! natural consequ5ce ( ^? heat+ op]ations may be consid]$ z ! conv]t+ ( ! wat] conta9$ 9 ! /rata into /eam1 & ! expulsion ( /eam or vap\r1 by rais+ x up aga9/ ! p[] ( gravity1 to be deliv]$ ^u ! surface ( ! e>? & aga9 cond5s$ to ! /ate ( wat]4 ,let u n[ conceive ! /rata1 :i* _h be5 deposit$ at ! bottom ( ! sea1 z exhau/$ ( _! wat]1 & z communicat+ ) ! surface ( ! e>? impregnat$ ) wat]4 ,"h aga9 we h ! p[] ( gravity to op]ate 9 c>ry+ d[n wat] to t place :i* _h be5 be=e exhau/$ by ! p[] ( heat2 & 9 ?is mann]1 by alt]nately employ+ ^? two great physical ag5ts1 we _c d\bt t nature may convey soluble sub/ances f above1 & deposit !m bel[ = ! purpose ( consolidat+ por\s bodies1 or ( fill+ ) sal9e & e>?y matt] ^? int]/ices :i* _h be5 orig9ally fill$ ) wat]1 :5 ! /rata 7 deposit$ at ! bottom ( ! sea4 ,h[ f> any m>ks ( ?is op]ation may be p]ceiv$1 by c>efully exam9+ our m9es & m9]als1 ,i "k n2 ,i c only say t1 on ! contr>y1 :5ev] ^? exam9$ objects 7 cle> & di/9ct1 ) ! concomitant circum/ances1 s z to be und]/ood1 ,i h always f\nd ! mo/ c]ta9 m>ks ( ! solid bodies hav+ concret$ f ! fluid /ate ( fusion4 ,?is1 h[ev]1 does n exclude ! case ( infiltration hav+ be5 previ\sly employ$2 & ,i w\ld intreat m9]ali/s1 :o h ! opportunity ( exam9+ ! solid p>ts ( ! e>?1 to att5d p>ticul>ly to ?is di/9ction4 ,b d n let !m suppose t infiltration c be made to fill ei!r ! pores or ve9s ( /rata )\t ! op]ation ( m9]al heat1 or "s su* process by :i* ! aque\s vehicle may be dis*>g$4 ,n only are m9]al philosoph]s s inconsid]ate1 9 =m+ geological !ories ^u a m]e supposition or false analogy1 !y h ev5 proce$$1 ^u t errone\s !ory1 to =m a geological supposition = expla9+ ! appe>ances ( /rata & o!r /ony masses 9 employ+ a p>ticul> physical op]ation1 :i* is1 t ( cry/allization#cg4 ,n[ cry/allization may be consid]$ z a species ( elective concretion1 by :i* e p>ticul> sub/ance1 9 pass+ f a fluid to a solid /ate1 may assume a c]ta9 peculi> ext]nal %ape & int]nal arrangem5t ( its p>ts1 by :i* x is (t5 di/+ui%$4 ,b1 to suppose ! solid m9]al /ructure ( ! e>? expla9$1 l an enigma1 by ! ^w cry/allization1 is to misund]/& ! sci5ce by :i* we w\ld expla9 ! subject ( rese>*2 &1 to =m a g5]al m9]al !ory ?us ^u t t]m1 is an attempt to g5]alise )\t a reason4 ,=1 :5 x 7 ev5 admitt$ t e solid body is cry/allis$1 we ?us "k no m ( ! geology ( ?is e>?1 or und]/& z little ( ! g5]al !ory ( m9]al concretion1 z we did be=e2--we _c1 f t1 say :e!r x be by ! op]ation ( solution or ( fusion :i* _h produc$ ! p]ceiv$ effect4 ,note #cg3 ,j\rnal de ,physique2 ,avril #agec4 ,m4 de ,c>osi has wrote a treatise ^u c]ta9 petrifactions#ch4 ,9 ! doctr9e ( ?is treatise !re is some?+ new or extraord9>y4 ,x w !re=e be prop] to make "s obs]vations on x4 ,note #ch3 ,sur la ,gnration du ,silex et du ,qu>tz en p>tie4 ,obs]vations faites en ,pologne #aghc1 ,cracovie4 ,! object ( ?is treatise is to describe ! g5]ation ( silex & qu>tz1 ) _! modifications or compositions1 =m$ )9 m9]al bodies ( a diff]5t sub/ance4 ,! natural hi/ory conta9$ 9 ?is little treatise is well describ$ & suffici5tly int]e/+4 ,b ,x is *iefly 9 ord] to exam9e ! means :i*1 accord+ to ! !ory ( ?is treatise1 are employ$ 9 petrify+ bodies1 t ,i consid] x 9 ?is place4 ,! fir/ section ( ?is treatise has = title1 ,gnration du ,caill\ et du ,qu>tz de la t]re calcaire pure4 ,x may be wor? :ile to comp>e ! natural hi/ory ( ?is "p ( ! e>? ) ! fl9t & *]t f\nd 9 our *alk & lime-/one c\ntries4 ,i %all !re=e transcribe :at is wor? obs]v+ ^u t subject 7p4 #e474 ,n\s r5controns *ez n\s dans les p>ties le plus montagneuses1 et les mo9s c\v]tes de t]reau1 ou t\t-au plus de sable1 entre de purs ro*]s calcaires une quantit incroyable de caill\x 7silex7 tant en b\les1 que ve9es1 c\*es1 et dbris4 ,au premi] c\p d'oeil l'on s'imag9e que ce font des dbris de montagnes loignes1 qui y fur5t am5s p> les eaux1 mais1 en exam9ant la *ose de plus pres1 on e/ conva9cu1 que ce sont t\t au contraire1 des p>ties dta*es des montagnes de la contre4 ,c> il y a sur presque t\te l't5due de nos montagnes calcaires une c\*e1 ou p\r mieux dire1 un banc compos de plusieurs c\*es de base calcaire1 mais qui ou sont p>semes irrgulirem5t de b\les1 de rognons1 de ve9es1 et de petits filons de silex1 ou qui conti5n5t cette pi]re en filon1 ve9es1 et c\*es p>allles1 et rgulirem5t disposes4 ,les b\les et rognons de silex y font depuis mo9s de la gr&eur d'une petite noisette1 jusqu'au diamtre de plus de six p\ces de ntre mesure4 ,la plup>t de ces b\les tant qu'elles sont dans l'intrieur ca* de la ro*e vive1 et qu'elles n'ont ri5 s\ff]t de l'impression de l'air1 ont1 p\r l'ord9aire1 une crote de spa? calcaire1 au moy5 de la quelle elles sont accrues la ro*e m]e2 ou p\r mieux dire la crote spa!use fait l'int]mde entre le silex1 et la ro*e calcaire1 p> o se fait le passage de l'une l'autre4 ,mais ceci ne vaut que de b\les de silex entirem5t =mes4 ,c'e/ dont on peut mme se conva9cre la vue1 p> beauc\p de pi]res dont le pav de la ville de ,cracovie e/ compos4 ,mais l1 ou le silex n'e/ pas encore entirem5t a*ev1 la crote spa!use manque1 en revan*e on y voit videmm5t le passage p> degrs successifs de la ro*e calcaire au silex qui y e/ cont5u1 et les nuances de ce passage sont s\v5t si peu m>ques que mme les acides m9raux ne suffis5t pas les dt]m9]1 ce n'e/ que le briquet1 qui n\s aide les dc\vrir4 ,on voit bi5 ou la pi]re calcaire s'enfonce en c\leur1 l'on s'app]oit1 o sa duret1 ses cassures *ang5t1 mais1 comme elle y s\ffre encore quelque impression des acides1 l'on ne sauroit dt]m9] au ju/e le po9t1 ou elle a dj plus de la nature du silex1 que de celle de la *aux1 qu'en la frappant du briquet4 ,tels sont les caill\x en b\les et rognons avant leur tat de p]fection1 il y aura mme au milieu une p>tie de pi]re calcaire non *ange4 ,ceux au contraire1 ou la nature a*ev son ouvrage1 ont une crote de *aux endurcie1 et sont purem5t du silex f9i1 mais de t\tes c\leurs1 d'un gra9 et d'une texture plus ou mo9s f9e1 qui passe assez s\v5t p> degrs dans les diffr5tes v>its du noble silex4 ,ils ont1 p\r l'ord9aire1 dans leur intrieur une cavit1 mais pas t\j\rs au c5tre1 et qui vi5t app>emm5t de la consommation de cette p>tie calcaire qui y re/a la d]nire1 et n'en fut *ange ou dissolute et sp>e1 que lorsque le re/e du silex toit dj entirem5t f9i4 ,ces cavits sont t\j\rs1 ou enduites de calcdo9e en c\*e conc5triques rec\v]te de petits cri/aux =t brillans et durs de qu>tz1 ou bi5 seulem5t de ces d]ni]s-ci4 ,p>-fois il y a aussi du spa? calcaire cry/allis1 mais cela e/ extrmem5t r>e4 ,quelque-fois enf9 ces cavits sont remplies d'une noix de calcdo9e4 ,je n'ai russi qu'une seule fois en cassant un p>eil silex en b\le d'y tr\v] encore le re/e de l'eau de cry/allisation4 ,! only rem>k t ,i w\ld "h make is ?is1 t1 if ! cry/allization ( ^? close cavities 9 ! silex _h at any "t requir$ wat] ( solution1 x mu/ always h requir$ x4 ,b1 if !re _h be5 wat] ( solution conta9$ 9 ^? close cavities1 = ! cry/allization ( ! v>i\s ?+s :i* are (t5 f\nd )9 !m1 ,h[ comes x t ?is wat] is almo/ nev] f\nd8 ,i h good reason to believe t wat] conta9$ )9 a solid fl9t w n make its escape1 z does t conta9$ 9 ! anhydrites ( ,m\nt ,b]ico1 :i* are compos$ ( a por\s calc$ony4 ,b ! silice\s cry/allizations )9 close cavities is a curi\s subject1 :i* we %all h occasion to exam9e m p>ticul>ly 9 treat+ ( agates4 ,we n[ proce$ to ! next section1 :i* is ! g5]ation ( silex & qu>tz 9 m>l1 7p4 #ai47 ,il y a des contres1 *ez n\s1 qui out des t5dus assez considrables en long et en l>ge1 de montagnes de pi]re de m>ne calcaire1 dans lesquelles on r5contre le mme phnomne que dans celles de *aux pure2 c4 a4 d4 n\s y tr\vons du silex de diffr5tes v>its1 et dans t\s les degrs successifs de leur =mation1 et de leur p]fection4 ,outre cela1 n\s y voyons encore quelque *ose1 qui semble n\s conduire la dc\v]te des moy5s1 dont se sort la nature p\r effecteur cette opration1 et qui n\s toit ca* dans les montagnes de *aux pure3 ces bancs de pi]re m>nesilicieuse1 conti5n5t une p>tie considrable de pyrites sulfureuses1 qui non seulem5t y =m5t une gr&e quantit de petits sillons1 mais t\te la masse de la montagne e/ rempli de p>celles s\v5t presqu'imp]ceptibles de ce m9ral4 ,ces pyrites sont videmm5t des productions du phlogi/ique et de l'acide cont5u dans la montagne4 ,l'eau1 qui s'y tr\ve ord9airem5t en assez gr&e abondance1 en dta*a1 extraha d'un et l'autre1 et les comb9a aprs t\s les deux ensemble4 ,cette mme eau les diss\t d]e*ef1 et en fait de n\velles comb9aisons4 ,c'e/ ce qu'on voit videmm5t l1 ou la nature1 ayant comm5c ses oprations1 il n'y e/ re/ de la pyrite1 qu'une portion de la p>tie inflammable lie une base t]re/re4 ,dans ces endroits la m>ne n'e/ que =t peu s5sible aux acides1 et de blan*e qu'elle toit1 sa c\leur e/ dev5ue presque noire4 ,c'e/ l qu'on obs]ve les diffr5s degrs du *angem5t de la m>ne en silex1 cont5ant1 mme encore1 p> fois1 de p>ties pyritiques non dtruites dans son intrieur4 ,et comme la nature =me ici1 de mme1 que dans la *aux pure les silex1 la plup>t en b\les ou rognons2 comme les diffr5t degrs de mtamorphoses de la m>ne en silex1 sont ici beauc\p plus nombreuses que l1 de sorte qu'il y a des b&es entires1 qui mrit]oi5t plutt d'tre appells b&es silicieuses1 que m>neuses2 comme il y a1 enf91 une gr&e quantit de pyrites1 qu'ailleurs1 il e/ trs probable qu'elle se s]ve l du mme moy5 qu'ici p\r opr] la mtamorphose en "q4 ,ne n\s prcipitons1 cep5dant1 pas en tir] plus de consqu5ces2 p\rsuivons plutt le fil de notre rcit4 ,le silex1 qui se tr\ve ici1 e/ non seulem5t de diffr5ts degrs de p]fection1 il e/ de plus d'une espce4 ,il y a de la pi]re feu1 #b de la calcdo9e1 #c des aga!s1 et #d diffr5tes nuances et passages des espces ord9aires aux f9es du silex4 ,la pi]re feu1 e/1 ord9airem5t dans son tat de p]fection d'un gra9 assez f91 d'une c\leur grise plus ou mo9s fonce1 et mme donnant1 dans le noirtre1 plus ou mo9s diaphane2 ses cassures sont conc5triques ou coquilles1 et sa masse e/ assez compacte4 ,outre sa con=mation ord9aire en b\les et rognons1 elle fait presque t\j\rs la noix de urs9s m>9s1 qui y font en gr& nombre1 et dont la coquille e/ le plus s\v5t1 et presque t\j\rs de spa? calcaire1 mme au milieu d'une b\le de silex p>fait4 ,les calcdo9es et aga!s de ces c\*es sont t\j\rs 7au mo9s1 je ne les ai pas encore vues autrem5t7 de coraux et autres corps m>9s ptrifis4 ,donc1 il faut que les c\*es de pi]res r\les1 d'o j'ai tir ma collection cite plus haut1 soy5t des dbris de montagne dtruites de cette espce4 ,il y en a qui sont trs p>faites comme celles qui compos5t ma collection1 d'autres mrit5t plutt d'tre ranges p>mi les passages du silex ord9aire1 et ses espces plus f9es2 d'autres encore sont1 en effet1 de vraies aga!s1 mais qui r5f]m5t dans leur intrieur plus ou mo9s de p>ties non p>faites presque calcaires1 qui s'annonc5t d'abord p> leur c\leur blan*e1 p> leur gros gra9s relativem5t au re/e1 p> leur opacit1 p> leur mollesse respective1 et s\v5t mme p> leur s5sibilit p\r les acides m9raux4 ,mais celles1 qui sont f9ies1 quoiqu'elles ay5t1 p\r la plup>t1 une c\leur presque noire1 ne laiss5t1 cep5dant1 pas d'avoir aussi des te9tes plus claires comme bruntres1 v]dtres1 r\getres1 jauntres1 bleutres1 ta*etes1 ve9es1 etc4 ,leur cl>t n'e/ pas mo9s v>iable1 que leur c\leur1 il y en a de presqu'opaques1 comme aussi de presque transp>5tes1 sur t\t l1 ou la calcdo9e prdom9e4 ,le qu>tz s'y tr\ve comme dans les pi]res de la premire section1 c1 a1 d1 cry/allis1 en gr\pes dans de petites cavits2 quelquefois aussi en ve9es4 ,la calcdo9e y e/ de mme1 ou bi5 en mamelons1 ou bi5 en /alactites1 lorsqu'elle a de la place p\r s'y dpos]4 ,un phnomne encore plus curieux que cela e/ cette belle pyrite sulphureuse jaune1 comme de l'or1 qui e/ quelquefois p>seme p> t\t la sub/ance de ptrifications aga?ises1 et qui app>emm5t y fut dpose aprs la dite mtamorphose la faveur des petits pores1 qui y toi5t re/s ouv]ts4 ,i w\ld beg t m9]ali/s1 :o use su* language z ?is1 w\ld consid] if x conta9s a di/9ct idea ( ! op]ation :i* !y w\ld !reby describe1 or if x does n conta9 ei!r a contradiction or an inconceivable proposition4 ,x supposes a calc>e\s body to be metamorphos$1 someh[ by means ( ! m\nta9 acid1 into a silice\s body4 ,b1 f9d+ _m bodies ( pyrites conta9$ )9 t solid fl9t1 x is said1 t1 :5 ! calc>e\s body 0 fl9tifi$1 !re 7 left 9 x cavities :i* 7 aft]w>ds fill$ ) pyrites4 ,let u reflect a mom5t ^u ?is doctr9e4 ,^! cavities 7 fir/ op5 to ! outside ( ! fl9ty body2 b n[ ! pyrites ) :i* !y _h be5 fill$ is insulat$ 9 ! solid fl9t4 ,"h ?ree ?+s are requir$2 fir/1 ,! calc>e\s body is to be fl9tifi$1 at ! same "t leav+ ! body full ( small cavities op5 to ! outside2 secondly1 ,^! cavities are to be fill$ ) pyrites2 la/ly1 ,^! m9]al bodies are to be s inclos$ )9 ! fl9t1 z to leave no ve/ige ( ! =m] processes4 ,?is m>ly m\nta9 itself1 :i* _h be5 =m$ ( loose mat]ials ga!r$ toge!r at ! bottom ( ! sea1 0 fir/ to be fill$ ) pyrites1 9 v>i\s %apes1 by means ( ! phlogi/ic & ! acid ( ! m\nta94 ,"h is propos$ to u an op]ation :i* is totally unkn[n1 or ( :i* we h no k9d ( idea4 ,b1 let u suppose pyrites =m$ 9 ?is m\nta91 7( :atev] *emical sub/ances71 by means ( wat]2 ,:y %\ld wat] aga9 undo t pyrites1 9 ord] to =m o!r concretions8 ,&1 ,:y %\ld ! fl9t be =m$ fir/ ) cavities1 & !n made solid1 aft] pyrites _h be5 introduc$ into ^? cavities ( ! agate1 &1 z our au?or expresses x1 p>seme p\r t\te la sub/ance8 ,"h are suppositions :i* are n only p]fectly gratuit\s1 b are also inconsi/5t ) any ?+ t we und]/&4 ,?is is n expla9+ nature2 x is only feign+ causes#ci4 ,note #ci3 ,! description ( ^? insulat$ silice\s bodies1 conta9+ 9 _! clos$ cavities all ! usual concretions ( calc$ony & cry/als1 z well z full ( small pyrites float+ 9 ! solid fl9t1 are extremely int]e/+ to a m9]al sy/em1 or su* a geological !ory z %\ld expla9 ! pres5t /ate ( ?+s 9 ^? /rata t _h be5 =m$ by deposits ( kn[n mat]ials at ! bottom ( ! sea2 !y are inde$ su* appe>ances z may be f\nd1 m or less1 9 all consolidat$ /rata4 ,b x is ?is au?or's explanation ( t petrifaction :i* is our pres5t object to consid]2 &1 z he is s p>ticul> 9 giv+ u 8 !ory ^u ! subject1 x is easy to detect ! error ( 8 reason+4 ,7 ^? naturali/s :o expla9 ?+s only 9 g5]al1 by say+ t wat] is ! ag5t1 & infiltration ! means employ$ by nature2--7 ^! naturali/s1 ,i say1 to give u z p>ticul> a description ( _! process1 x w\ld appe> z inconsi/5t ) ! nature ( ?+s z t :i* we h f ?is au?or1 :o exam9es nature v m9utely1 & :o sees di/9ctly t ! infiltrat+ !ory is inapplicable = ! explanation ( ^? petrifactions4 ,! ?ird section has = title1 ,g5]ation du ,silex et ,qu>tz de la ,pi]re ,puante4 ,"h we f9d an example wor?y ( be+ record$1 z contribut+ to ?r[ great light ^u ^? m9]al op]ations2 h[ev]1 ! op9ion ( our au?or & m9e1 ^u ?is subject1 diff] widely4 ,he proce$s ?us3 ,cette pi]re n'e/1 comme *acun le sait1 qu'une pi]re calcaire cont5ant du bitume4 ,nos montagnes n'en conti5n5t seulem5t pas de simples c\*es1 mais il y en a mme de gr&es bancs =t pais4 ,le caill\1 ou silex qui s'y gnre1 =me1 tantt de gros blocs in=mes1 qui occup5t des cavits dans l'intrieure des montagnes1 tantt1 enf91 en =me de filons4 ,j'ai rem>qu cette mtamorphose sur trois endroits diffr5s1 dans *acun des quels la nature a autrem5t opr4 ,sur l'un1 la pi]re puante fait un banc horizontal dans une montagne de pi]re calcaire cry/all9e1 ou d'une espce de m>bre1 qui conti5t des c\*es et filons de mtal4 ,ce banc de pi]re puante y fait le toit d'une c\*e de galne de plomb et de pi]re calam9aire1 et dans ses cavits et f5tes il y a non seulem5t des blocs de gr&eur diffr5te1 mais aussi des ve9es et petites b&es c\rtes de silex1 tant ord9aire1 que noble c1 a1 d1 de la pi]re feu1 de calcdo9e1 d'aga!s1 et mme d'une espce de cornal9e jaune et r\ge ple4 ,je ne m'arrt]ai pas en dtaill] les v>its1 p>ce qu'elles sont trop accid5telles4 ,je ne les connois pas mme t\tes1 il s'en faut de beauc\p1 p>ce qu'elles se tr\v5t dans des anci5nes m9es ngliges1 peut tre depuis plus d'un sicle1 et p> consqu5t peu accessibles4 ,je ne d\te1 cep5dant pas1 que1 si l'on p\voit mieux sond] le t]ra91 on y tr\v]oit bi5 plus encore du peu que j'ai cit4 ,p>mi ce silex1 il y a aussi de petites gr\pes et de petites ve9es de qu>tz solide et cry/allis4 ,au second endroit la pi]re puante fait un filon1 ou si l'on veut1 une c\*e ou b&e v]ticale1 qui p>tage la montagne en deux p>ties presqu'gales de l'paisseur de trois aunes peu prs4 ,la montagne1 ou cela se voit e/ aussi une anci5ne m9e de cuivre et de plomb1 consi/ant en plusieurs v>its de m>bre1 diffr5t en c\leur et en gra91 dposes p> c\*es les unes sur les autres4 ,le filon de silex e/ =m de feuilles alt]natives de pi]re puante et de silex1 t\s les deux de c\leur brun de bois peu prs2 mais le silex e/ plus fonc que sa compagne4 ,ces feuilles alt]natives1 consi/5t d'autres bi5 plus m9ces encore1 qui s\v5t n'ont pas l'paisseur d'une ligne1 mais ce qu'il y a de plus curieux1 c'e/ que la mme feuille e/ d'un b de pi]re porque1 qui1 v]s le milieu1 passe successivem5t en silex1 qui1 son t\r1 v]s l'autre b1 qui toit expos l'air repasse p> les mmes gradations en une espce de tuffe calcaire4 ,ce qui n\s fait voir videmm5t la gnration et la de/ruction du silex1 mme avec une p>tie des moy5s p> lesquels elle s'opre4 ,comme l'endroit de cette dc\v]te n'e/ accessible qu' la sup]ficie1 je ne saurois dire s'il y a d'autres v>its de silex outre la dite4 ,il l'e/ suppos] autant p> analogie1 que p> quelques morceaux qui ont de petites ve9es transv]sales d'une espce de calcdo9e1 et qui sont1 mme1 sur leur f5tes1 g>nis de petits cri/aux de ro*e4 ,mais ce qu'il y a de sur c'e/ que ce filon1 p>v5u une c]ta9e pr(ondeur1 s'ennoblit et conti5t du mtal1 c4 a4 d4 de la galne de plomb1 et de la pyrite cuivreuse1 j'y en ai tr\vs de morceaux1 qui en font de preuves inconte/ables4 ,le caill\ d'ici e/ un gra9 f9 d'une texture =te1 peu transp>5t1 donne beauc\p d't9celles au briquet1 mais ses cassures sont cailleuses4 ,la montagne calcaire du troisime lieu a une c\*e de pi]re puante paisse de plusieurs aunes1 qui1 d]e*ef conti5t de petites c\*es irrgulires et des b&es transv]sales de silex1 qui ont jusques six p\ces passs d'paisseur4 ,la pi]re puante e/ d'une c\leur gris-brune1 d'un gra9 assez f91 et d'un tissu assez dur2 ses cassures sont irrgulires1 mais plus la pi]re s'appro*e du silex1 plus elles donn5t dans le coquill4 ,le silex ord9aire e/ d'un brun de bois1 d'un gra9 assez f91 et d'un tissu rsi/ant1 et ses cassures sont gales la pi]re porque4 ,ce n'e/ pas l la seule v>it1 il y a1 aussi1 de la calcdo9e et des aga!s de c\leurs diffr5tes4 ,mme la pi]re feu e/ assez s\v5t trav]se de ve9es de calcdo9e1 de qu>tz cry/allis1 et de spa? calcaire blanc en feuilles et en cry/aux4 ,il arrive que la mme ve9e e/ compose de ces trois espces de pi]res la fois1 de sorte que l'une semble pass] dans l'autre1 p>ce que les limites rciproques sont1 s\v5t1 assez indi/9ctes4 ,il e/ vid5t1 que le silex e/ =m de la pi]re puante1 p>ce qu'on rem>que ici les mmes phnomnes dont j'ai p>l plus haut1 c4 a4 d4 les passages successifs de l'une dans l'autre pi]re1 tant en montant qu'en desc5dant4 ,!re is no?+ p>ticul> 9 ! silice\s mixture 9 ?is species ( lime-/one1 except ! ve9 ( t sub/ance4 ,x is evid5t t ?is ve91 trav]s+ ! m\nta91 _h be5 introduc$ 9 ! fluid /ate ( fusion4 ,i d n mean to say1 t1 9 ?is p>ticul> case n[ describ$1 ! evid5ce ( t tru? peculi>ly appe>s2 b t1 f ! g5]al nature ( m9]al ve9s break+ & trav]s+ ! solid /rata ( ! globe1 no o!r conclusion c be =m$2 & t 9 ! p>ticul>s ( ?is example !re is no?+ t c\ld lead u to suppose any o!r orig9 to ! petrifactions conta9$ 9 ?is ve9 ( /9k+ lime-/one4 ,x is pla91 t our au?or has imag9$ to himself an unkn[n mann] ( execut+ 8 m9]al metamorphoses4 ,he sees pla9ly t ! common notion ( infiltration w n at all expla9 ! evid5t confusion ( ^? calc>e\s & silice\s bodies :i* appe> to him to be metamorphos+ into ea* o!r4 ,no?+1 inde$1 c expla9 ^? ph5om5a b a g5]al cause ( fluidity2 & !re is no su* g5]al cause besides t ( heat or fusion4 ,b to %[ h[ m9]ali/s ( great m]it1 g5tlem5 :o h exam9$ sy/ematically & ) "s accuracy1 may impose ^u !mselves 9 reason+ = ! explanation ( m9]al appe>ances f limit$ notions ( ?+s1 & f ! supposition ( ^! hav+ be5 =m$ :]e !y n[ are f\nd1 t is1 ^u ! surface ( ! e>?1 ,i w\ld beg leave to transcribe :at ?is au?or has said ^u ?is species ( petrifaction4 ,x is n t he is ignorant ( :at m9]ali/s h already said ^u ! subject2 x is because he sees ! incompet5cy ( _! explanations 9 ^? p>ticul> cases2 & t he w\ld employ "s o!r m effectual means4 7p4 #ej47 ,t\te t]re calcaire *ang] dans une autre doit1 avant t\te *ose1 tre r5due rfractaire ce qui ne peut se faire qu'en la saturant avec un acide4 ,mais une t]re simplem5t1 sature d'un acide1 e/ d'une rduction =t aise1 vu que l'acide n'y ti5t pas trop =t1 d'ailleurs ce n'e/ qu'un sel neutre t]reux =t facile diss\dre dans une quantit suffisante d'eau4 ,or p\r r5dre cette union plus con/ante1 il faut que la t]re alcal9e s'assimile intimem5t l'acide1 ce qui ne se s]a jamais sans un int]m$eliant1 qui homogne les p>ties de ce n\veau corps1 et p\r que cela ce fasse il e/ indisp5sable1 qu'il s'opre une dissolution foncire des p>ties t]re/res de la *aux1 qui facilite l'+ress l'acide1 et l'int]mde p\r qu'ils s'y lie bi5 =tem5t4 ,supposons qu'il se =me une liqueur savonneuse de l'acide et du phlogi/ique1 que l'air fixe1 mis en lib]t1 ouvre les int]/ices des p>ties qui con/itu5t la t]re alcal9e1 qu'apres cela cette liqueur savonneuse ayant l'entre libre s'assimile la t]re en proportion requise1 que l'eau1 qui s]voit de vhicule dans cette op]ation1 s'vapore successivem5t1 et emporte le sup]flu des +r$i5s1 p\r qu'il se puisse opr] le rappro*em5t le plus exacte des p>celles ou molcules homognes de n\veau corps qu'enf9 les molcules les plus pures et les mieux aff9es soy5t runies en =me liquide dans des cavits1 et que p> l'vaporation et sp>ation de l'eau1 ou elles nageoi5t1 il s'en =me des cry/aux n'aurons-n\s pas une b\le de silex1 avec de cry/aux de qu>tz dans ses creux intrieurs4 ,! suppos$ case is ?is2 a calc>e\s body is to be metamorphos$ into a silice\s nodule1 hav+ a cavity )9 x l9$ ) qu>tz1 cry/als1 etc4 ,m4 de ,c>osi means to in=m u h[ ?is may be done4 ,n[1 z ?is process requires no o!r conditions ?an ^? t may be f\nd ^u ! surface ( ?is e>?1 ! prop] way to prove ?is hypo!tical !ory1 w\ld be to exhibit su* a m9]al body produc$ by ^? means4 ,b1 ev5 suppos+ t su* a process 7 to be exhibit$1 /ill x w\ld rema9 to be expla9$1 h[ ?is process1 :i* requires conditions c]ta9ly n be f\nd at ! bottom ( ! sea1 c\ld be accompli%$ 9 t place1 :]e ! /rata ( ! e>? _h be5 deposit$1 accumulat$1 consolidat$1 & metamorphos$4 ,?is m9]al process1 :i* has be5 n[ describ$1 w no d\bt revolt ! op9ions ( _m ( our *emi/s z well z naturali/s2 & ,i %\ld n h ?\ght ( transcrib+ x1 b z an example ( t inconclusive reason+ :i* prevails 9 m9]alogical writ+s ^u ?is subject4 ,b ?is is n all4 ,we h1 ^u ?is occasion1 a mo/ rem>kable example ( ! fallace\s views t may be tak5 ( ?+s2 & ( ! dang] to sci5ce :5 m5 ( s5se & obs]vation =m suppositions = ! explanation ( appe>ances )\t t /rict con=mity ) ! pr9ciples ( natural philosophy :i* is requit$ on all occasions4 ,bo? ,m4 de ,c>osi1 & also ,m4 ,macqu>t#dj1 to :om our au?or communicat$ 8 ideas & prop] specim5s1 ass]t1 t f _! accurate exp]i5ce1 !y f9d calc$ony gr[+ daily1 n only 9 ! solid body ( gypsum1 etc4 :ile 9 ! m9e1 b also 9 ! solid /one :5 taktn out ( ! m9e1 & pres]v$ 9 _! cab9et4 ,note #dj3 ,vid4 ,essais de ,m9ralogie p> ,m4 ,macqu>t4 ,:at answ] c be made to ?is positive te/imony ( ^! g5tlem51 by a p]son :o has n se5 any su* a ?+1 & :o has n ! opportunity ( exam9+ ! cases 9 :i* ^? naturali/s may h p]haps be5 l$ into "s delusion8 ,7 ,i h[ev] to conjecture ^u a subject 9 :i* ,i h n any positive in=mation1 ,i %\ld suppose t "s "p ( ! calc$ony1 l ! oculus mundi :5 dipp$ 9 wat]1 may be s transp>5t1 :ile conta9+ "s portion ( humidity1 t x is n easily di/+ui%able f ! gypsum 9 :i* x is concret$2 b t 9 hav+ ! humidity evaporat$1 by be+ tak5 out ( ! m9e & expos$ to ! dry air1 ^? portions ( calc$ony1 :i* did n be=e appe>1 may be p]ceiv$ by becom+ m opaque#da4 ,note #da3 ,f ! description giv5 9 ?is treatise1 & f ! draw+s bo? ( ,m4 de ,c>osi & ,m4 ,macqu>t1 ,i f9d a v valuable inf]5ce to be made1 s mu* ! m int]e/+1 z ,i h n f\nd any example ( ! l be=e4 ,?is arises f ! intimate connection :i* is "h to be p]ceiv$ betwe5 agate & gypsum4 ,n[1 ^u ?is pr9ciple1 t ! agate-calc$ony _h be5 =m$ by fusion1 a tru? :i*1 f ! g5]al te/imony ( m9]als1 ,i mu/ presume1 x is pla91 t ^? nodules ( gypsum _h be5 9 ! fluid /ate ( fusion among ^? m>ly /rata1 & t ! gypse\s bodies _h be5 p5etrat$ v>i\sly ) ! silice\s sub/ance ( ! calc$ony4 ,! description ( ^? silice\s p5etrations ( gypsum is foll[$ by ?is conclusion3 ,en voila assez1 je crois p\r faire voir que le silex ci-dcrit e/ effectivem5t une manation du gypse1 et non pas une matire htrogne am5e d'autre "p et dpose1 ou n\s la voyons4 ,9 ?is in/ance our au?or _h conv9c$ himself t ! calc$ony concretions _h n be5 =m$1 z he & o!r m9]ali/s _h be=e suppos$1 by means ( infiltration2 he has n1 h[ev]1 sub/itut$ any ?+ m intelligible 9 its /ead4 ,i d n pret5d t we und]/& m9]al fusion2 b only t su* m9]al fusion is a ?+ demon/rable ^u a ?\s& occasions2 & t ?us is to be expla9$ ! petrification & consolidation ( ! por\s & naturally incoh]5t /rata ( ! e>?4 ,!re is1 h[ev]1 a subject 9 :i* ,i c m freely accuse ?is au?or ( be+ deceiv$4 ,?is naturali/ says1 t calc>e\s /ones become silex by a c]ta9 *emical op]ation2 & t ^? fl9ty bodies1 9 be+ expos$ ^u ! surface ( ! e>?1 out ( _! natural b$1 are aga91 by a contr>y *emical op]ation1 *ang$ f fl9t to a calc>e\s sub/ance4 ,i w give x 9 8 own words1 7p4 #ef47 ,cela dit1 v5ons au fait4 ,t\t silex prognr de *aux1 dta* de son lieu natal1 et expos aux *angem5s de saisons1 s'amollit1 reoit de crevasses1 p]d sa transp>5ce1 devi5t1 enf91 t\t--fait opaque1 le phlogi/ique s'en vapore1 l'acide en e/ dta*1 lav1 et de t]re vitrescible1 qu'il toit1 il r$evi5t *aux1 comme il toit aup>avant4 ,"h is no "q ) reg>d to m]e op9ion1 b to matt] ( fact2 &1 9 ?is case1 no?+ is m evid5t1 ?an t ^u ! surface ( ?is e>?1 t is1 9 ! exam9able p>ts above ! level ( ! sea1 !re is no transition ei!r ( calc>e\s bodies into fl9t1 nor ( fl9ty bodies into calc>e\s sub/ance4 ,calc>e\s matt] is con/antly dissolv$ by wat]1 :5 x is expos$ to ! wa%+ ( t fluid2 & x is ev5 dissolv$ out ( ! mo/ p]fect union or comb9ation ) silice\s sub/ance1 & ! mo/ solid composition ( an insoluble body1 z may be p]ceiv$ 9 ! decay+ ( feld-sp>4 ,a sup]ficial view ( fl9ts1 :i* h come out ( a body ( *alk1 may h creat$ su* an op9ion1 :i* w n ei!r be> ! light ( *emical or m9]al inve/igation4 ,! subject ( ^! *alk fl9ts w be m9utely exam9$ 9 its prop] place4 ,our au?or has c>efully exam9$ ! subject ( fl9tification2 & ! c\ntry :]e he makes 8 obs]vations w\ld seem to be well dispos$ = su* a rese>*4 ,he has _h great opportunity & incl9ation to exam9e ! subject :i* he writes ^u2 & he has giv5 a di/9ct acc\nt ( :at be has se54 ,8 description ( ! fl9tification ( s&-/one is extremely int]e/+4 ,i w !re=e transcribe x1 bo? z a valuable portion ( natural hi/ory1 & also 9 ord] to contra/ ?is au?or's op9ion1 ) reg>d to ! means employ$ by nature 9 petrify+ bodies1 & t :i* ,i ma9ta9 to be ! g5]al consolidat+ op]ation ( ! globe4 ,x is ,section ,v4 ,g5]ation du ,caill\ du ,silex du ,grs1 ou ,pi]re ,sablonneuse4 ,t\t grs e/ susceptible de cette mtamorphose quant au gra9 et quant la c\leur2 depuis la brccia qu>tzeuse jusqu' la pi]re rasoir2 et depuis le grs blanc jusqu'au brun et presque noirtre1 ti5t ou non ti5t1 dur1 ou presque friable1 c'e/ indiffr5t1 t\tes ces v>its donn5t du silex1 et surt\t de la calcdo9e1 de la cornal9e1 et des aga!s4 ,quant au cim5t je l'y ai t\j\rs rem>qu calcaire et faisant eff]vesc5ce avec les acides dans les endroits de la pi]re qui n'toi5t po9t encore *angs2 et jamais je n'ai vu ce *angem5t dans du grs dont le cim5t fut ou qu>tzeux ou argileux et rfractaire4 ,a9si le cim5t entre p\r quelque *ose dans ce *angem5t4 ,le comm5cem5t de cette mtamorphose p>oit 7autant que j'ai pu l'obs]v] dans mes dbris r\ls7 se faire p> le cim5t1 qui diss\t l1 o les ag5s eur5t l'accs libre1 r5d les gra9s en qu>tz mobiles1 les emporte1 les mle avec sa masse d5se-liquide1 les diss\t1 mme en p>tie1 et =me1 dans cet tat1 des ve9es et de masses calcdonieuse1 c>neoliques1 ou d'une autre espce de silex1 au milieu du grs peu1 ou pas du t\t1 *ang4 ,c> autant que je puis voir1 ce n'e/ pas p> c\*es ou ve9es qu'elle s'opre1 mais p> b\les et masses rond-oblongues4 ,au comm5cem5t ces ve9es et t*es sont =t m9ces1 et le re/e du grs n'e/ po9t du t\t1 ou pe9e s5siblem5t *ang hormis qu'il gagne1 plus de consi/5ce1 proportion du *angem5t s\ff]t4 ,mais mesure que le silex y augm5te et se p]fectionne1 on y app]oit les degrs p> lesquels a pass cette op]ation4 ,les nuance du passage d'une pi]re l'autre devi5n5t plus visibles1 les ve9es et masses de silex gr&iss5t au po9t1 mme1 qu'il y a jusqu'aux trois qu>t du grs *ang en silex clair comme de l'eau n'ayant que =t peu de gra9s de sable nageants dans sa masse4 ,des morceaux de cette espce sont r>es la vrit1 mais j'en ai1 cep5dant1 tr\v quelques uns4 ,ord9airem5t1 dans les beaux morceaux1 le silex fait la base1 et le sable y e/1 comme nageant tantt en gra9s sp>s tantt en p>ties et flocons4 ,dans les pieces mo9s belles1 le sable fait la base1 et le silex s]t la fois de cim5t1 et =me aussi plus ou mo9s de ve9es1 qui trav]s5t la masse en ma9tes et ma9tes directions4 ,mais si c'e/ un grs gros gra9s1 ou de la brccia1 alors le re/e pr5d la nature silicieuse ml de sable f91 et les gros gra9s de qu>tz re/5t tels1 qu'ils toi5t1 sans *ang]4 ,j'ai dj rem>qu que cette mtamorphose semble s'opr]1 comme celle des caill\x d'orig9e calcaire en =me appro*ans la sphrique1 il faut encore y a j\t]1 que j'ai lieu de croire1 qu'elle se fasse aussi du d$ans en dehors1 t\t1 comme la dcomposition se fait du dehors au d$ans4 ,il arrive dans cette pi]re1 comme dans t\te autre1 qu'il se =me des cry/allisations dans les cavits4 ,lorsqu'elles sont de silex1 leur figure e/ t\j\rs mamelonne1 mais leur eau ou puret1 leur gr&eur et leur c\leur n'e/ pas p> t\t gale4 ,il y en a qui sont gr&s1 et de la plus pure calcdo9e1 d'autres sont petits et *aque g\tte ou mamelon conti5t un gra9 de sable1 de facon que cela a l'air d'un grs cry/allis en mamelons ou /alagmitique4 ,d'autres encore sont1 de calcdo9e1 mais rec\v]ts d'une crote1 tantt blan*e qui fait eff]vesc5ce avec l'acide m9ral1 et qui e/1 p> consqu5t1 de nature calcaire2 tantt cette crote e/ bleue fonce nuance de bleu-cele/e2 tantt1 enf91 elle e/ noire1 mais t\tes les deux rfractaires4 ,outre ces cry/allisations silicieuses1 il y en a1 quoique r>em5t1 de qu>tzeuses1 qui ou =m5t de petites ve9es de cry/al1 ou bi5 des gr\pes de cry/aux qu>tzeux1 ou qui enf91 enduis5t les mamelons de silex4 ,our au?or !n makes a specification ( ! diff]5t v>ieties2 aft] :i* he cont9ues1 p4 #fi4 ,aprs t\t ceci1 l'on convi5dra j'espre1 que ntre grais e/ une pi]re bi5 s+ulire1 et surpassant1 bi5 des g>ds1 le grais1 faussem5t dit cry/allis1 de ,fonta9ebleau4 ,la raison de la figure du grais ,franois e/ =t vid5te1 c'e/ le spa? calcaire1 qui lui s]t de cim5t1 qui la lui fit pr5dre2 mais qu'e/-ce qui opre les mtamorphoses racontes dans notre grais siliceux8 ,s]oit-ce son cim5t calcaire ou m>neux p> les mmes raisons1 qui font *ang] la m>ne en silex8 ,la *ose e/ trs-probable1 et je n'en saurois pas mme1 dev9] d'autre4 ,en ce cas la nature auroit un moy5 d'opr] p> la voie humide1 ce que n\s faisons dans nos laboratoires en quelque faon1 p> la voie s*e1 c1 a1 d1 de fondre et liqufi] la t]re vitrescible1 au moy5 des alcalis2 secret que n\s lui avons dj arra* en p>tie1 en faisant la liqueur silicieuse4 ,je n'ose1 cep5dant1 dcid] pas mme hypo?tiquem5t1 sur cette matire1 p\r n'avoir pu obs]v] la nature dans ses ateli]s1 et p>ce que je ne possde que des pices1 qui dta*es de leur lieu natal1 depuis un trs long-tems1 fur5t exposes aux intempries des saisons1 o elles peuv5t avoir s\ff]t bi5 de *angem5s4 ,!re _c be a m fair exposition ( facts2 & x is only our au?or's op9ion ( ?is m9]al transmutation t ,i w\ld controv]t4 ,i d n pret5d to und]/& ! mann] ( op]at+ t our au?or "h supposes nature to take4 ,i only ma9ta91 t "h1 z e :]e 9 g5]al1 ! loose & incoh]5t /rata ( ! globe h be5 petrifi$1 t is1 consolidat$1 by means ( ! fusion ( _! sub/ances2 & ?is ,i ?9k is confirm$ f ! accurate description "h giv5 ( ! fl9tification ( s&-/one4 ,"h is describ$ v di/9ctly an appe>ance :i* is v common or g5]al on ^? occasions2 ?is is ! p>ts or p>ticles ( /one float+ 9 ! fluid silice\s sub/ance1 & !re dissolv+ m or less4 ,m4 de ,c>osi describes v sy/ematically ! g5]ation ( silex1 calc$ony1 onyx1 & qu>tz1 9 calc>e\s e>?1 m>l1 gypsum1 s&-/one1 & also :at he t]ms t]re glaise1 ou de l',argile4 ,x is 9 ?is la/ t we f9d a p]fect analogy ) :at is s frequ5t 9 ?is c\ntry ( ,scotl&4 ,^! are ! agates1 calc$onies1 calc>e\s & zeolite nodules1 :i* are f\nd produc$ 9 our :9-/one or subt]rane\s lavas1 t is1 ! amygdaloides ( ,crond/$t4 ,naturali/s expla9 ! =mation ( ^? nodul> bodies diff]5tly4 ,! ,*evali] de ,dolomieu supposes ^! rocks to h be5 erupt$ lavas1 orig9ally conta9+ cavities2 & t ^! cavities 9 ! solid rock _h be5 aft]w>ds fill$ & cry/allis$1 by means ( infiltration1 ) ! diff]5t sub/ances :i* are f\nd v>i\sly concret$ & cry/allis$ )9 ! solid rocks4 ,our au?or1 on ! contr>y1 supposes ^! =m$ by a species ( *emical transmutation ( calc>e\s & argillace\s e>?s1 :i*1 if n altoge!r incompreh5sible1 is at lea/ n 9 any degree1 s f> z ,i "k1 a ?+ to be und]/ood4 ,?is is n ! place :]e t subject ( ^! p>ticul> rocks1 :i* is extremely int]e/+1 is to be exam9$4 ,we %all aft]w>ds h occasion to treat ( t matt] at l>ge4 ,x is suffici5t "h to obs]ve1 t our au?or f9ds occasion to g5]alise ! =mation ( ^? petrifactions ) ! fl9tifications 9 calc>e\s & gypse\s bodies4 ,:51 !re=e1 ! =mation ( any ( !m %all be demon/rat$1 z hav+ tak5 its orig9 9 ! fusion ( ^? sub/ances1 ?is mode ( op]ation1 :i* is g5]alis$ 9 ! consolidation ( /rata1 w be prop]ly inf]r$ 9 all ! re/4 ,petrifaction is a subject 9 :i* m9]alogi/s h p]haps w&]$ m widely f ! tru? ?an 9 any o!r "p ( natural hi/ory2 & ! reason is pla94 ,! m9]al op]ations ( nature lie 9 a "p ( ! globe :i* is necess>ily inaccessible to man1 & :]e ! p[]s ( nature act "u v diff]5t conditions f ^? :i* we f9d take place 9 ! only situation :]e we c live4 ,naturali/s1 !re=e1 f9d+ 9 /alactical incru/ation a cause = ! =mation ( /one1 9 _m respects analog\s to :at is f\nd 9 ! /rata ( ! e>?1 & :i* _h come f ! m9]al region 9 a consolidat$ /ate1 h1 )\t due consid]ation1 attribut$ to ?is cause all ! appe>ances ( petrifaction or m9]al concretion4 ,x has be5 "o ( ! objects ( ?is "w to %[ t ?is op]ation ( incru/ation1 or petrifaction by means ( solution1 is altoge!r ineffectual = produc+ m9]al concretions2 & t1 ev5 7 x capable ( =m+ ^? m9]al bodies1 yet t1 9 ! solid p>ts ( ?is e>?1 =m$ by a deposit ( travell$ mat]ials at ! bottom ( ! sea1 ! conditions necess>y to ?is incru/at+ process d n take place4 ,^? enlight5$ naturali/s :o h ( late be5 employ$ 9 c>efully exam9+ ! evid5ces ( m9]al op]ations1 are (t5 /agg]$ 9 f9d+ appe>ances inconsi/5t ) ! receiv$ doctr9e ( infiltration2 !y !n h rec\rse to +5i\s suppositions1 9 ord] to expla9 t enigma4 ,9 giv+ examples ( ?is k9d4 ,i h 9 view bo? to repres5t ! natural hi/ory ^! m9]ali/s furni% u )1 :i* is extremely int]e/+1 & also to %[ ! v>i\s %apes 9 :i* error w proce$1 :5 +5i\s m5 are oblig$ to reason )\t "s necess>y pr9ciple 9 _! sci5ce4 ,we h j n[ _h an example 9 ,europe2 ,i w next pres5t ! read] ) "o f ,asia4 ,m4 ,patr91 9 8 ,notice ,m9ralogique de la ,da\rie1 7,j\rnal de ,physique1 ,m>s #agia7 gives u a v di/9ct acc\nt ( :at he met ) 9 t region4 ,describ+ ! c\ntry ( ,d\t*]sk ^u ! riv] ,argun1 9 ,sib]ia1 he proce$s ?us3 ,ces col9es sont =mes d'un horn/e9 gris qui p>oit se conv]tir en pi]re calcaire p> l'action des mtores2 c> t\t celui qu'on pr5d hors du contact de l'air donne les plus vives t9celles1 et ne fait pas la mo9dre eff]vesc5ce avec les acides1 mme aprs avoir t calc92 et l'on obs]ve celui qui e/ dc\v]t1 pass]1 p> nuances ins5sibles1 jusqu' l'tat de pi]re calcaire p>faite de c\leur blan*tre4 ,"h ,m4 ,patr9 has p]suad$ himself1 probably f an imp]fect exam9ation ( ! subject1 t !re takes place a m9]al metamorphosis1 :i* c]ta9ly is n f\nd 9 any o!r "p ( ! e>?1 & = :i* he does n f9d any p>ticul> cause4 ,! natural effect ( ! meteors1 9 o!r p>ts ( ! e>?1 is to dissolve ! calc>e\s sub/ance out ( bodies expos$ to ^? ag5ts2 & ! gradation f ! "o ( ^? two ?+s to ! o!r1 :i* seems to be ! data on :i* he _h proce$$ 9 =m+ 8 conclusion1 is n suffici5t to prove ! metamorphosis1 ev5 7 !re n s /rong a physical objection to x2 =1 x is by no means unusual = m9]al bodies to graduate ?us f "o sub/ance to ano!r4 ,h[ev] t be1 ?is is n ! pr9cipal object ( ! example#db4 ,note #db3 ,"h we h well in=m$ naturali/s reason+ ) all ! light ( our pres5t m9]alogy1 & ma9ta9+1 on ! "o h&1 t gypsum is trans=m$ into calc$ony1 by ! op]ation ( ! meteors1 or "s su* cause2 &1 on ! o!r1 t a silice\s sub/ance is by ! same means conv]t$ into lime-/one4 ,:at %\ld we n[ conclude f ?is8--,t calc>e\s & silice\s sub/ances 7 mutually conv]tible4 ,b !n ?is is only 9 c]ta9 di/ricts ( ,pol& & ,sib]ia4 ,e :]e1 inde$1 we f9d /range mixtures ( calc>e\s & silice\s bodies2 b nei!r m9]ali/s nor *emi/s h1 f ^! examples1 v5tur$ to affirm a metamorphosis1 :i* might h sp>$ !m mu* difficulty 9 expla9+ ^? appe>ances4 ,?is is a subject t may be tak5 9 v diff]5t lights4 ,9 "o view1 no d\bt1 !re w\ld appe> to be absurdity 9 ! doctr9e ( metamorphosis1 z !re is n[ a days ackn[l$g$ to be 9 t ( lusus naturae2 & ^? reason+ m9]ali/s might ?us1 9 ! op9ion ( "s philosoph]s1 expose _! !ory to contempt & ridicule4 ,?is is n ! light 9 :i* ,i view ! subject4 ,i give ^? g5tlem5 cr$it = dilig5tly obs]v+ nature2 & ,i applaud !m = hav+ ! m]it to reason = !mselves1 :i* w\ld seem to be ! case ) few ( ! _m naturali/s :o n[ speak & write ^u ! subject4 ,let u n[ draw an inf]5ce1 ) reg>d to ?is1 9 judg+ ( ! diff]5t !ories4 ,ei!r ! receiv$ sy/em conc]n+ m9]al op]ations is j1 9 :i* case ^? g5tlem51 :o employ a secret metamorphosis1 may be to blame 9 lay+ x aside2 or x is errone\s & defici5t2 &1 9 t case1 !y h ! m]it ( di/+ui%+ ! error or defici5cy ( ! prevail+ sy/em4 ,h[ f> !y h se5 ! sy/em ( nature1 9 ^? examples :i* !y h describ$1 is ano!r "q4 ,9 ! mean "t1 ,i am to avail myself ( ! te/imony ( ^? g5tlem5 ( obs]vation1 by :i* ! insuffici5cy at lea/ ( ! receiv$ m9]al sy/em is ackn[l$g$4 ,aft] speculat+ ^u ! effect ( ! anci5t ocean ^u ! m\nta9s ( t c\ntry1 he proce$s z foll[s3 ,je laisse ces conjectures p\r rem>qu] un fait s+uli]3 la coll9e1 qui e/ au nord de l'glise de la fond]ie1 a son arrte compose de ce horn/e9 qui se dcompose en pi]re calcaire2 mais ici1 les p>ties1 qui sont a9si dcomposes1 (fr5t une sub/ance calcdonieuse disposes p> zones conc5triques1 comme on l'obs]ve dans les agates d'ob]/e92 mais ce ne sont po9t ici des corps p>asites =ms p> infiltration dans des cavits pr-exi/antes comme les agates2 on voit que ce sont les p>ties con/ituantes de la ro*e qui1 p> un travail int]ne1 et p> une sorte de cry/allisation1 out pris cette disposition rgulire 7que ce mot de cry/allisation ne rvolte po9t1 j'appelle a9si t\te t5dance pr5dre une =me con/ante1 polydre ou non polydre47 ,les c\*es les plus vois9e du c5tre sont nettes et di/9ctes2 peu--peu elles le sont mo9s1 et enf9 elles s'van\iss5t et se confond5t avec le fond de la ro*e4 ,*aque assemblage de ces zones a une =me ronde ou ovale plus ou mo9s rgulire de sept huit p\ces de diamtre4 ,cela ressemble en gr& ce qu'on obs]ve dans les pi]res oeilles1 et la cause e/ vraisemblablem5t la mme4 ,je le rpte1 je reg>de cette disposition rgulire comme une vritable cri/allisation1 qui peut s'opr] et qui s'opre en effet dans l'intrieur des corp les plus solide1 tant qu'ils sont f\rnis l'action des ag5s de la nature4 ,t\s ceux qui visit5t l'intrieur de la t]re sav5t que les ro*es mmes le plus compactes y sont intimem5t pntres d'humidit1 et ce fluide n'e/ c]ta9em5t pas l'eau pure2 c'e/ l'ag5t qui opre t\tes les agrgations1 t\tes les cri/allisations1 t\s les travaux de la nature dans le rgne m9ral4 ,on peut donc aism5t concevoir qu' la faveur de ce fluide1 il rgne1 dans les p>ties les plus intimes des corps s\t]ra9s1 une circulation qui fait cont9uellem5t *ang] de place aux lm5s de la matire1 jusqu'a ce que runis p> la =ce des aff9its1 les corpuscules similaires pr5n5t la =me que la nature leur a assigne4 ,^? nodul> bodies or figur$ p>ts :i* are "h inclos$ 9 ! rock1 are evid5tly :at may be call$ calc$ony agates4 ,m4 ,patr9 is p]suad$1 f ! exam9ation ( !m1 t !y _h n be5 =m$ 9 ! mann] ( ,g]man agates1 :i* he supposes is by mean ( infiltration2 & he has endeav\r$ to conceive ano!r mann] ( op]at+1 /ill h[ev] by means ( wat]1 :i* ,i suppose1 accord+ to ?is hypo!sis1 is to dissolve sub/ances 9 "o "p1 & deposits !m 9 ano!r1 ,!re mu/ c]ta9ly be "s great desid]atum 9 t m9]al philosophy :i* is oblig$ to h rec\rse to su* viol5t suppositions4 ,fir/1 wat] is n an univ]sal solv5t1 z x w\ld require to be1 ^u ?is supposition2 secondly1 7 wat] all[$ to be an univ]sal m5/ruum1 "h is to be e/abli%$ a circulation t does n naturally arise f ! mixture ( wat] & e>?2 &1 la/ly1 7 ?is circulation to be all[$1 x w\ld n expla9 ! v>iety :i* is f\nd 9 ! consolidation & concretion ( m9]al bodies4 ,s long1 !re=e1 z we are to expla9 natural appe>ances by reason+ f kn[n pr9ciples1 & n by ascrib+ ^? effects to pret]natural causes1 we _c all[ ( ?is regul> op]ation :i* ,m4 ,patr9 alleges to be act+ 9 ! int]ior p>ts ( ! mo/ solid bodies4 ,?is is inde$ evid5t1 t !re has be5 a cause op]at+ 9 ! int]nal p>ts ( ! mo/ solid bodies1 a cause by :i* ! elem5ts1 or con/itu5t p>ts ( ^? solid bodies1 h be5 mov$ & regul>ly dispos$1 z ?is au?or v well obs]ves mu/ h be5 ! case 9 our agates or ey$ /ones2 b to ascribe to wat] ?is effect1 or to employ ei!r an ineffectual or an unkn[n cause1 is n to reason philosophically ) reg>d to ! hi/ory ( nature2 x is to reason phanta/ically1 & to imag9e fable4 ,m4 ,monnet has imag9$ a petrify+ p[] 9 wat] v diff]5t f any t has hi!rto be5 conceiv$1 ,i believe1 by natural philosoph]s1 & ,i also believe1 altoge!r inconsi/5t ) exp]i5ce or matt] ( fact2 b z x is n )\t good reason t ?is naturali/ has be5 induc$ to look out = a petrify+ cause diff]5t f any hi!rto suppos$1 & z he has endeav\r$ v prop]ly to refute ! sy/ems ( petrification hi!rto receiv$1 ,i w\ld beg leave to transcribe 8 reason+ ^u ! subject 9 corroboration ( ! pres5t !ory ( consolidation by ! means ( fusion4 ,x is ^u occasion ( describ+ "o ( ! species ( alp9e /one or s*i/us :i* conta9s qu>tzy p>ticles4 ,n\veau voyage m9ralogique1 etc4 ,j\rnal de ,physique ,a\/ #aghd4 ,il y a lo9 de cette pi]re1 que je reg>de comme une v>it de ro*es ardoises1 aux vritable ardoises4 ,la composition de t\tes ces pi]res e/ due aux t]res qu>tzeuses et argileuses1 et la t]re talqueuse1 que je dmontr]ai un j\r tre une espce p>ticulire et di/9cte des autres1 qui con/itue les bonnes ardoises1 et fait1 a9si que le qu>tz1 qu'elles rsi/5t aux injures de l'air1 sans s'effleurir1 comme je f]ai voir que cette t]re1 qu'on dsign]a s\s la dnom9ation de t]re talqueuse1 si l'on veut1 rsi/e au gr& feu sans se fondre4 ,les diffr5ces de t\tes ces pi]res1 quoique composes des mmes matires1 mais dans des proportions diffr5tes1 sont frappantes1 et p\rroi5t faire croire qu'elles n'app>ti5n5t pas ce g5re4 ,mais qui ne voit ici que t\tes ces diffr5ces1 ou ces v>its1 ne sont dues qu'aux modifications de la matire premire1 qu'elle a pr\ves1 soit en se mlant avec des matires htrognes1 prv5antes du dbris des tres qui ont exi/1 comme l'argile1 p> exemple1 qui1 de l'aveu de presque t\s les naturali/es1 e/ le produit de l'organization des plantes1 ou soit en se mlant avec de la matire dj solidifie depuis long-temps8 ,or n\s ne craignons pas de dire1 ce que n\s avons dit plusieurs fois qu& l'occasion s'en e/ prs5te1 que cette matire unique1 que se modifie selon les occasions et les circon/ances1 et qui pr5d un c>actre analogue au matires qu'elle r5contre1 e/ l'eau1 que beauc\p de naturali/es *]*5t va9em5t ailleurs4 ,ils ne peuv5t compr5dre1 malgr les exemples frappans qui p\rroi5t les port] adopt] cette op9ion1 que ce fluide gnral soit l'lm5t des corps solides du rgne m9ral1 comme il e/ de ceux du rgne vgtal et du rgne animal4 ,l'on *]*e srieusem5t1 p> des expri5ces *imiques1 dc\vrir si l'eau e/ susceptible de se conv]tir en t]re comme si la nature n'avoit pas d'autre moy5 que n\s de la faire pass] de l'tat fluide l'tat solide4 ,voyez le spa? calcaire et le qu>tz transp>5s2 e/ il prsum] qu'ils ne sont que le rsultat du dpt des matires t]reuses fait p> les eaux8 ,mais1 dans ce ca-l encore1 il faut suppos] que l'eau qui e/ re/e entre ces p>tie s'e/ solidifie2 c>1 qu'e/-elle donc dev5ue1 et quel e/ donc le li5 qui a uni ces p>ties et leur a fait pr5dre une =me rgulire8 ,il e/ vrai qu'on n\s p>le d'un suc lapidifique2 mais c'e/-la un tre de raison1 dont il s]oit bi5 plus difficile d'tablir l'exi/5ce1 que de croire la solidification de l'eau4 ,on n\s donne cep5dant comme un pr9cipe c]ta9 que l'eau *>ie d'un lieu un autre les matires qu'il a diss\tes1 et qu'elle les dpose la mani]e des sels4 ,mais c'e/ suppos] une *ose dm5tie p> l'exp]i5ce2 savoir1 que l'eau ait la proprit de diss\dre les matires t]reuses1 telles que la qu>tzeuse4 ,a la vrit1 ,m4 ,au*>d de ,b]l9 y jo9t de l'air fixe2 mais cet air fixe ne sauroit t5ir en dissolution un atome de qu>tz dans l'eau2 et quelle qu'ait t l'exactitude de ceux qui ont rpt les expri5ces de ,m4 ,au*>d1 on n'a pu russir imit] la nature1 c'e/--dire1 =m] des cri/aux qu>tzeux1 comme il a annonc4 ,que l'eau ait la facult de t5ir en dissolution quelques petites p>ties de t]re calcaire1 au moy5 de cet air fixe1 il n'en faut pas conclure qu'elle puisse =m] de cette mani]e t\s les cri/aux calcaires1 sans que l'eau elle-mme y conc\re p\r sa "p2 c> ce s]oit conclure quelque fois que la p>tie s]oit gale au t\t4 ,voyez ces godes calcaire et argileuses1 qui r5f]m5t des cri/aux nombreux de qu>tz ou de spa? calcaire2 ne sont ils que le rsultat du dpt de l'eau qui y a t r5f]me1 ou que la cri/allization pure et simple des molcules que v\s supposez avoir t t5ues en dissolution p> cette eau8 ,il natroit de cette op9ion une f\le d'objections qu'il s]oit impossible de rs\dre4 ,cep5dant ,m4 ,guett>d1 dans la m9ralogie du ,dauph91 qui vi5t de p>otre1 ouvrage trs-e/imable beauc\p d'g>ds1 explique1 selon cette mani]e de p5s]1 la =mation de cri/allizations qu>tzeuses qu'on tr\ve dans c]ta9es godes de cette prov9ce1 et celle des m9es de cri/al des hautes montagnes4 ,en supposant mme comme vraie l'explication qu'il en donne1 on tr\v]oit en cela un des plus gr&s problme1 et des plus difficiles rs\dre qu'il y ait en m9ralogie2 c> d'abord il faudroit expliqu] comm5t un si petite quantit d'eau que celle qui a t r5f]me dans les godes1 et celle qui e/ p>v5ue dans les f5tes des ro*]s1 ont pu f\rnir un si gr&e quantit de matire que celle qui con/itue ces cri/allisations1 et ce qui n'e/ pas le mo9s difficile concevoir1 comm5t l'eau a pu *>ri] cette matire trav]s tant de matires diffr5tes1 et la cons]v] prcism5t p\r cette de/9ation2 comm5t1 p> exemple1 l'eau e/ v5ue dpos] de la t]re qu>tzeuse dans les masses normes de pi]res calcaires1 qui =m5t la ct qui dom9e le village de ,*ampigny1 quatre lieues de ,p>is1 au del de ,sa9t-maur2 c> s'il n\s faut cit] un exemple frappant de cette s+ul>it1 et porte d'tre vue des naturali/es qui sont dans la capitale1 je ne puis mieux faire que de cit] cette ct1 une des plus curieuses de la ,france1 et que je me propose de fair connotre en dtail dans la troisime p>tie de la m9ralogie de la ,france4 ,on v]ra1 dis-je1 dans cette bonne pi]re *aux1 et une de plus pure des environs de ,p>is1 de trs-abondantes cri/allisations de qu>tz transp>5t1 et quelque fois de belle eau1 que les ouvri]s sont =cs de sp>] de la p>tie calcaire1 laquelle elles adhr5t =tem5t4 ,mais c'e/ trop n\s arrt] combattre une op9ion qui doit son orig9e aux premires ides qu'ont eues les premi]s obs]vateurs en m9ralogie1 qui se dtruira d'elle mme comme tant d'autres dont il n\s re/e pe9e le s\v5ir4 ,we f9d "h an accurate naturali/1 & a dilig5t obs]v]1 :o1 9 con=mity ) :at my s5tim5ts are ^u ! subject1 ?9ks x impossible t ! cry/allizations 9 close cavities1 & concretions ( diff]5t solid sub/ances )9 ea* o!r1 :i* s frequ5tly occur 9 ! m9]al regions1 c\ld h be5 produc$1 by means ( solution & cry/allization1 f a fluid vehicle4 ,b :at has he n[ sub/itut$ 9 place ( ?is solution1 9 ord] to expla9 appe>ances8--a m]e supposition1 viz4 t nature may h ! p[] ( conv]t+ wat]1 9 ^? secret places1 into "s o!r ?+2 or r t ! sub/ance ( wat] is "h conv]t$ into e o!r ?+2 =1 ?\gh he has only m5tion$ qu>tz & calc>e\s sp>1 :at m9]al sub/ance is !re t may n be f\nd 9 ^? close cavities8 ,!y are actually almo/ all1 n ev5 except+ gold2 =1 small gra9s ( gold are inclos$ )9 ! cavities ( a por\s /one1 9 ! ,sib]ian m9e4 ,n[1 = :at purpose %\ld nature1 7to ! p[] ( :i* we are n to set a limit7 h su* an object 9 view z to conv]t wat] into e ?+1 unless x 7 to conf\nd human und]/&+8 ,=1 s f> z human exp]i5ce has be5 z yet able to rea*1 !re w\ld appe> to be c]ta9 elem5t>y sub/ances2 & among ^! is wat]1 or ! pr9ciples ( t fluid#dc4 ,b because wat] is s g5]ally f\nd 9 bodies1 & s necess>ily 9 mo/ ( ! op]ations ( ?is _w1 :y conv]t x into e o!r ?+8 ,surely1 = no bett] reason ?an t !re has n occurr$ to ?is m9]ali/ any o!r way ( expla9+ c]ta9 natural appe>ances :i* aque\s solution c\ld n produce4 ,"h is no dispute ab\t a matt] ( fact2 x is on all h&s all[$1 t 9 c]ta9 cavities1 inaccessible to any ?+ b heat & cold1 we f9d m9]al concretions1 :i* conta9 no wat]1 & :i*1 accord+ to ! kn[n op]ations ( nature1 wat] c\ld n h produc$2 mu/ we !re=e h rec\rse to wat] act+ accord+ to no kn[n pr9ciple1 t is to say1 are we to expla9 nature by a pret]natural cause8 ,note #dc3 ,wat] is n[ consid]$ by m5 ( sci5ce1 z a comp\nd sub/ance2 ?is doctr9e1 :i* seems to foll[ s necess>ily f ! exp]im5ts ( ! ,fr5* philosoph]s1 mu/ be tri$ by ! gr[+ light ( *emical sci5ce4 ,9 ! oxyg5at+ op]ation ( inflammable & combu/ible bodies :5 burn+1 ^? +5i\s *emi/s ov]look$ ! op]ation ( phlogi/ic matt]1 :i* has no weight1 & :i* escapes on t occasion1 z ,i h _h occasion to %[ 9 a diss]tation ^u phlogi/on1 & 9 ! ,philosophy ( ,light1 ,heat1 & ,fire4 ,h[ f> ?is view1 :i* ,i h giv5 ( ^? int]e/+ exp]im5ts1 may lead to ! explanation ( o!r collat]al ph5om5a1 su* z t ( ! wat] produc$1 ,i w n pret5d to conjecture4 ,"o ?+ is evid5t1 t if ! weight ( ! wat]1 procur$ 9 burn+ inflammable & vital air1 be equal to t ( ^? two gasses1 we w\ld !n h reason to conclude1 ei!r t wat] 7 a comp\nd sub/ance1 or t vital air1 & inflammable vap\r 7 comp\nds ( wat] & ! matt] ( light1 or sol> sub/ance4 ,i d>e say t ?is is n ! view t ,m4 ,monnet takes ( ! subject1 :5 he ?9ks to expla9 to himself ! concretion ( ^? diff]5t sub/ances by means ( wat]2 b1 accord+ to my appreh5sion ( ! matt]1 8 !ory1 :5 sift$ to ! bottom1 w be> no o!r con/ruction2 &1 unless he %all consid] wat] l ! matt] ( heat1 z capable ( produc+ ! fluidity ( fusion1 & ( be+ also aga9 ab/ract$ f ! fluid1 by p]vad+ ! mo/ solid body1 :i* w\ld !n be a sub/ance diff]5t f wat]1 he mu/ employ ?is aque\s sub/ance z a m5/ruum or solv5t = solid bodies1 9 ! same mann] z has be5 done by ^? naturali/s :om he he ju/ly c5sure1 & con=m to ^? errone\s ideas :i* fir/ obs]vations1 or inaccurate k ( m9]als1 may h sugge/$ to =m] naturali/s4 ,x is ! dissolution & concretion ( silice\s sub/ance1 no d\bt1 t gives su* difficulty to our naturali/s 9 expla9+ petrifaction3 !y h1 h[ev]1 some?+ app>5tly 9 _! fav\r1 :i* x may be prop] n[ to m5tion4 ,9 ! fir/ place1 al?\gh silice\s sub/ance is n soluble1 s f> z we "k1 by simple wat]1 x is soluble by means ( alkal9e sub/ance2 consequ5tly1 x is possible t x may be dissolv$ 9 ! e>?4 ,secondly1 ,! wat] ( ,giez] 9 ,icel&1 actually petrifies bodies :i* are alt]nately imbib$ ) t hot wat] & expos$ to ! air4 ,?is wat]1 !re=e1 n only conta9s silice\s sub/ance 9 a dissolv$ /ate1 b deposits ?is aga91 ei!r by means ( cool+1 or be+ a]at$1 or ( evaporat+4 ,consequ5tly1 )\t kn[+ ! pr9ciple ^u :i* x proce$s1 we "h p]ceive a natural op]ation by :i* silice\s petrifaction may be p]=m$4 ,la/ly1 ,we h ano!r pr9ciple = ! dissolution ( silice\s sub/ance4 ,?is is ! fluor acid :i* volatilises ! silice\s sub/ance4 ,?is1 h[ev]1 requires c]ta9 conditions1 :i* _c be f\nd z a g5]al cause 9 ! m9]al regions4 ,?us we w\ld seem to h e ?+ necess>y = expla9+ ! concretion & cry/allization ( silice\s bodies1 provid$ we c\ld f9d ! prop] conditions requisite = t op]ation2 = :e!r x %all be by means ( acid or alkal9e sub/ances t silice\s matt] is to be dissolv$1 volatilis$1 & transport$ f "o place to ano!r1 x is necess>y t ^? dissolv+ sub/ances %\ld be pres5t ^u ^? occasions4 ,nor is x suffici5t only to dissolve ! silice\s sub/ance :i* is to be transport$2 ! necess>y conditions = ! concretion aga9 ( ! dissolv$ sub/ances1 :atev] ^! may be1 are also absolutely requir$ = ?is op]ation4 ,n[1 ?\gh ^? requisite conditions may be1 ^u _m occasions1 all[$ 9 ! e>?1 x is n accord+ to ! !ory ( our mod]n naturali/s1 :o expla9 petrifaction ^u ! pr9ciples ( simple infiltration ( wat]1 t any advantage c be tak5 ( ^? conditions2 nor are natural appe>ances to be expla9$ )\t employ+ m complicat$ *emical ag5ts 9 ! m9]al regions4 ,to ?is subject ( ! petrifactions ( ,giezi]1 ,i may n[ add ! in=mation :i* we h receiv$ 9 consequ5ce ( a new voyage f ?is c\ntry to ,icel&4 ,:5 ,sir ,joseph ,banks return$ f 8 exp$ition to ,icel&1 he l&$ at ?is place2 &1 hav+ br\ght specim5s ( ! petrifications ( ,giez]1 ,dr ,black & ,i fir/ discov]$ t ^! 7 ( a silice\s sub/ance4 ,i h always conjectur$ t ! wat] ( ,giez] mu/ be impregnat$ ) fl9ty matt] by means ( an alkal9e sub/ance1 & s express$ my op9ion 9 ! ,!ory ( ! ,e>? publi%$ 9 ! ,transactions ( ! ,ed9burgh ,royal ,society4 ,we h !re=e be5 v desir\s ( procur+ "s ( t wat]1 9 ord] to h x analys$4 ,an opportunity fav\rable to our views has occurr$ ?is summ]4 ,mr ,/anley set out f ?is place ) ! same purpose ( exam9+ ,icel&4 ,he 0 s good z to ask ( ,dr ,black & ,i :at inquiries we w\ld incl9e t he %\ld make4 ,we h n[1 by ! fav\r ( ?is g5tleman1 obta9$ specim5s ( ! petrifactions ( ,giez]2 &1 :at is /ill m int]e/+1 we h procur$ "s ( ! wat] ( ^? petrify+ boil+ spr+s4 ,x appe>s f ^! specim5s1 t ! boil+ wat] :i* is eject$ f ^? aque\s volcanoes1 if we may use ! expression1 is endu$ ) ! quality ( =m+ two diff]5t species ( petrifaction or incru/ation2 =1 besides ! silice\s bodies1 ( :i* we _h be=e receiv$ specim5s1 ! same /ream ( wat] incru/ates its *annel ) a calc>e\s sub/ance4 ,all ! specim5s :i* ,i h se5 consi/ ( incru/ation1 "s purely silice\s1 "s calc>e\s1 & o!rs mix$ ( ^? two1 m or less4 ,dr ,black has be5 analys+ ! wat]2 & he f9ds 9 x silice\s matt] dissolv$ by an alkal9e sub/ance1 9 ! mann] ( liquor silicum#dd4 ,my conjecture has ?us be5 v]ifi$4 ,note #dd3 ,see ,trans4 ( ! ,ed94 ,royal ,society4 ,x mu/ n be alleg$ t nature may op]ate 9 ! m9]al regions1 z %e does "h ^u ! surface 9 ! case ( ,giez]4 ,su* an argum5t z ?is1 h[ev] s\nd x may be 9 g5]al1 w n apply to ! subject ( :i* we treat at pres5t4 ,!re is no "q ab\t ! limit+ ! p[]s ( nature2 we are only consid]+ nature z op]at+ 9 a c]ta9 det]m9$ mann]1 viz4 by wat] act+ simply ^u ! loose mat]ials ( ! l& deposit$ at ! bottom ( ! sea1 & accumulat$ 9 regul> /rata1 "o ^u ano!r1 to ! mo/ enorm\s dep? or ?ickness4 ,?is is ! situation & condition ( ?+s 9 :i* nature is to op]ate2 & we are to f9d ! means ( consolidat+ ^? /rata1 & concret+ e species ( sub/ance 9 almo/ e possible composition1 accord+ to "s kn[n physical pr9ciple4 ,"h is an op]ation :i* is limit$2 =1 we mu/ reason /rictly1 accord+ to ! laws ( nature1 9 ! case :i* we h "u consid]ation2 & we _c suppose nature z ev] transgress+ ^? laws4 ,x is ackn[l$g$1 t1 by means sometimes ( an a]i=m1 sometimes ( an alkal9e1 p]haps also ( an acid sub/ance1 calc>e\s matt] is dissolv$ 9 ! e>?1 & c]ta9 metallic sub/ances1 su* z lead & iron4 ,?is solution also1 ^u p>ticul> occasions1 7:]e ! prop] conditions = sep>at+ ! solv5t f ! dissolv$ sub/ance exi/71 =ms c]ta9 concretions2 ^! are sometimes a m]e incru/ation1 z 9 ! case ( ! silice\s incru/ation ( ,giez]1 sometimes aga9 9 a cry/allis$ or sp>ry =m1 z 9 ! case ( /alactical concretions4 ,b "h is no "q ( ^? cases :]e ! prop] conditions may be f\nd2 fir/1 ( dissolv+ ! sub/ance :i* is aft]w>ds to be concret$2 secondly1 ( sep>at+ ! m5/ruum f ! dissolv$ sub/ance2 &1 la/ly1 ( remov+ ! fluid depriv$ ( its solution1 & ( supply+ a new solution 9 its room2 ! "q is1 h[ f> ^? concretions are =m$ :]e ^? conditions d n take place4 ,n[1 ?is la/ case is t ( almo/ all m9]al concretions4 ,x mu/ n be "h alleg$ t c]ta9 concretions h be5 f\nd 9 m9es po/]ior to ^! hav+ be5 work$ by man2 consequ5tly1 t ^? concretions h be5 =m$ by no?+ b ! infiltration ( wat]4 ,9 ^? cases1 :]e su* concretions are truly f\nd1 ,i am p]suad$ t all ! conditions prop] to t op]ation w also be f\nd2 & x is only1 ,i believe1 9 ^? cases :]e su* prop] conditions may be f\nd1 t ?is aque\s concretion ev] appe>s4 ,n[1 if we %all except calc>e\s /alactite1 & ! bog ore ( iron1 ,h[ seldom is x t any appe>ance ( ^? aque\s m9]al concretion ev] is f\nd8 ,^? v few cases 9 :i* !y are f\nd1 af=d ! /ronge/ pro( aga9/ ^! be+ op]ations g5]al to ! globe1 or prop] m9]al concretions2 because x is only :]e all ! necess>y conditions conspire 9 ea* contribut+ its "p1 t ! effect is accompli%$2 & ?is is a ?+ :i* _c possibly take place 9 ! aqui=m /rata bel[ ! surface ( ! sea4 ,b1 )\t att5d+ to ?is cle> di/9ction ( ?+s p]fectly diff]5t1 naturali/s are apt to see false analogies1 & ?us 9 g5]alis+ to =m ! mo/ errone\s !ories4 ,i %all n[ give an example ( ?is fallace\s mann] ( reason+2 x is 9 ! case ( c]ta9 m9]al appe>ances :i* are errone\sly consid]$ z /alactical concretions4 ,! only true /alactical bodies are ( a calc>e\s sub/ance2 !y are =m$ by wat] conta9+ ?is sub/ance 9 a dissolv$ /ate2 & ! pr9ciples ^u :i* ?is p>ticul> concretion is =m$ are well kn[n4 ,x is !re=e easy to comp>e o!r concretions1 :i* may h "s sup]ficial resemblance to ^! /alactical bodies1 9 ord] to see if !y h proce$$ ^u ! same pr9ciple ( concretion f a dissolv$ /ate1 or by wat] deposit+ its dissolv$ sub/ance 9 a simil> mann]4 ,!re are two diff]5t m9]al sub/ances :i* give appe>ances ( ?is sort4 ,^! are c]ta9 concretions ( calc$ony1 & also ( iron-ore1 :i* are ?\ght to h su* resemblance to /alactical concretions z1 by "s sup]ficial obs]v]s1 to be reckon$ ( ! same k9d4 ,x is n[ propos$ to %[ t ^? conclusions are n well f\nd$2 & t1 9 ?is case ( calc$ony & iron-ore1 x c\ld n be ^u ! pr9ciple ( /alactical concretion t ! bodies n[ 9 "q _h _! =ms4 ,! pr9ciple ^u :i* calc>e\s sub/ance is dissolv$ 9 wat]1 & made to concrete by ! evaporation ( ! acid sub/ance1 or fix$ air by :i* x _h be5 dissolv$1 is too well kn[n to require any explanation 9 ?is place2 we are only to consid] ! s5sible effects ( ^? op]ations ( :i* we "k s well ! prop] conditions4 ,!re are j two di/9ct views "u :i* we may consid] all /alactical concretions =m$2 ^! are ! incru/ation ( ! calc>e\s sub/ance concret+ ^u a =eign body1 & ! incru/ation ( ! same sub/ance ^u itself4 ,by ! fir/ any mann] ( %ape may be =m$1 provid$ !re be a solid body1 ^u ! surface ( :i* ! calc>e\s solution is made to pass4 ,by ! second1 aga91 we h v>i\s =ms2 b we "k ! pr9ciples ^u :i* !y _h be5 made4 ,^! are ! %ape & motions ( ! fluid :i* gives ! calc>e\s concretion4 ,n[1 ^! pr9ciples are always to be p]ceiv$1 m or less1 9 all ! biz>re or fanta/ical1 z well z regul> %apes :i* are produc$ by /alactical concretions4 ,at pres5t1 we %all conf9e our views to "o p>ticul> %ape1 :i* is simple1 regul>1 & p]fectly und]/ood :]ev] x is =m$4 ,drops ( wat] fall+ f a ro(1 & =m+ /alactite1 produce fir/ tubul> bodies1 & !n gradually consolidate & increase ^? p5dul\s bodies by incru/ation4 ,^! appe>ances are ?\ght to be obs]v$ 9 ! calc$ony & f]rug9\s concretions1 :i* has l$ "s m9]ali/s to conclude1 t ^? concretions _h be5 =m$ 9 ! same mann]1 by means ( wat]4 ,we are n[ to %[ t ^! m9]al appe>ances are n analog\s to /alactites 9 _! =mation1 & t !y h evid5tly be5 =m$ 9 a diff]5t mann]4 ,x mu/ be evid5t1 t1 9 ! =mation ( ^? p5dul\s bodies1 ea* di/9ct /alactite mu/ be =m$ by a sep>ate drop ( wat]2 consequ5tly1 t no m /alactites c be =m$ 9 a giv5 space1 ?an !re c\ld h subsi/$ sep>ate drops ( wat]4 ,n[1 a drop ( wat] is a v det]m9$ ?+2 & ?us we h a pr9ciple by :i* to judge ( ^? mi/ak5 appe>ances4 ,let u suppose ! gut ( wat] to be b "o eigh? ( an in*1 al?\gh x is a great deal m1 we %\ld h no /alactites =m$ ne>] to ea* o!r ?an t measure ( space4 ,b ^? m9]al concretions1 :i* are suppos$ to be /alactical1 are conta9$ 9 half t space1 or are ne>] to ea* o!r ?an ! t5? or tw5tie? ( an in*4 ,i h !m l ne$les1 & 9 e degree ( proximity or contiguity1 at ! same "t t !y are p]fectly solid4 ,!re=e1 x is pla9ly impossible t !y c\ld h be5 =m$ ^u ?is pr9ciple ( calc>e\s /alactite4 ,b1 x is only by ?is false resemblance1 t any argum5t c be =m$ = ! concretion ( ^? bodies f an aque\s solution2 9 e o!r respect !y are true m9]al concretions2 &1 t ^! h _h a v diff]5t orig91 has be5 already ! subject ( inve/igation1 & w be m p>ticul>ly exam9$ 9 ! c\rse ( ?is "w4 ,! t]m infiltration1 :i* has be5 mu* employ$ = expla9+ m9]al appe>ances1 is too vague1 imp]fect1 or unexplicit1 = sci5ce1 :e!r z ! means ( kn[+ nature1 or ! subject ( confutation4 ,?is is n ! case ) t ( /alactite2 "h is a t]m t implies a c]ta9 natural op]ation1 or a mo/ di/9ct process = atta9+ a c]ta9 end2 & we "k ! pr9ciples ^u :i* x proce$s1 z well z ! sev]al /eps t may be trac$ 9 ! g5]al result4 ,x is an op]ation :i* has n only be5 analys$ to its pr9ciples2 x is also a process :i* is p]=m$ by man1 proce$+ on 8 acquir$ k4 ,n[1 7 ?is op]ation common to ! m9]al regions1 z x is prop] to ! surface ( ?is e>?2 we c\ld n rema9 9 any degree ( susp5se ) reg>d to ! orig9 ( ^? m9]al bodies2 =1 hav+ ! true clue ( k1 we %\ld be able to unravel ! mo/ intricate & my/]i\s appe>ance4 ,b1 s f> f ?is be+ ! case1 ! m we come to inquire into nature1 & employ ?is pr9ciple1 ! less we f9d x applicable1 & ! m involv$ 9 d>kness is our sci5ce4 ,! places :]e ^! false appe>ances ( /alactite are f\nd1 are precisely ^? 9 :i*1 f ! nature ( ?+s1 all possibility = su* an op]ation is exclud$4 ,=1 ,h[ c ?is take place )9 a closs cavity 9 ! m9]al regions8 ,! t]m vegetation may z well be employ$ = ! explanation ( ^? appe>ances3 ,b :at w\ld n[ be said ( su* an explication8 ,x is high "t t sci5ce 7 prop]ly appli$ to ! natural hi/ory ( ?is e>?1 & m9]ali/s n all[$ to impose ^u !mselves ) false reason+1 or to please !mselves ) ! va9 attempt ( expla9+ visible effects by unkn[n causes4 ,su* v>i\s inconsi/5t op9ions1 respect+ petrifaction or m9]al concretion1 z ,i h n[ expos$1 op9ions t are n f\nd$ on any s\nd physical pr9ciple1 au?orise me to conclude t !y are all errone\s4 ,if ?is be admitt$1 x w foll[ t we h no pro( ( any prop] m9]al concretion except t :i* _h proce$$ by congelation f ! fluid /ate ( fusion4 ,?is has be5 ! doctr9e :i* ,i h held out 9 my ,!ory ( ! ,e>?2 & ?is w be m & m confirm$ z we come to exam9e p>ticul> m9]al appe>ances4 ,,*ap4 ,,viii4 ,! ,nature ( ,m9]al ,coal1 & ! ,=mation ( ,bitum9\s ,/rata1 inve/igat$4 ,,sect4 ,i4--,purpose ( ?is ,inquiry4 ,9 ! fir/ *apt]1 ,i h giv5 a p]fect m>k by :i* to judge1 ( e consolidat$ /ratum1 h[ f> t _h be5 ! op]ation or effect ( wat] alone1 or if x _h be5 t ( heat & fusion4 ,?is is ! p>ticul> ve9s or divisions ( ! consolidat$ /ratum1 aris+ f ! contraction ( ! mass1 di/5d$ by heat1 & contract$ 9 cool+4 ,x is n an argum5t ( great] or less] probability2 x is a physical demon/ration2 b1 s f> z ,i see1 x w\ld appe> to be = mo/ m9]ali/s an un9telligible proposition4 ,"t1 h[ev]1 w op5 ! eyes ( m52 sci5ce w "s day f9d admittance into ! cab9et ( ! curi\s4 ,i w !re=e n[ give ano!r pro(1--n ( ! consolidation ( m9]al bodies by means ( fusion1 = !re is no m9]al body 9 :i* t pro( is n f\nd1--b ( ! inconsi/5cy ( aque\s infiltration ) ! appe>ances ( bodies1 :]e n only fusion _h be5 employ$ = ! consolidation1 b :]e ! application ( heat is necess>y1 & along ) x ! circum/ances prop] = di/illation4 ,%ort-sight$ naturali/s see spr+s ( wat] issu+ f ! e>?1 "o =m+ calc>e\s incru/ations1 ! o!r deposit+ bitum9\s sub/ances4 ,"h is en\gh = !m to make ! !ory ( a _w2 on ! "o h&1 solid m>ble is expla9$1 on ! o!r1 solid coal4 ,ignorance suspects n error2 _! fir/ /ep is to reason ^u a false pr9ciple2--no matt]1 7 !y only to reason f> en\gh1 !y w\ld soon f9d _! error by ! absurdity into :i* x l&s !m4 ,! mis=tune is1 !y reason no f>!r2 !y h expla9$ m9]alogy by infiltration2 & !y cont5t !mselves ) view+ ! beautiful specim5s 9 _! cab9et1 ! suppos$ product ( solution & cry/alization4 ,h[ %all we in=m su* obs]vators2 ,h[ reason ) ^? :o att5d n to an argum5t6 ,z naturali/s h expla9$ all m9]al concretions f aque\s or o!r solution1 & attribut$ to infiltration ! =mation ( ^? /ony bodies 9 :i* !re are m>ks ( _! orig9al composition1 s h !y expla9$ to !mselves1 ,i suppose1 ! orig9 ( ^? bitum9\s bodies :i* are f\nd among ! /rata ( ! e>?4 ,9 ! case ( /ony sub/ances1 ,i h %[n h[ unf\nd$ all _! !ories are = ! production ( ^? concretions1 cry/allizations1 & consolidat$ bodies4 ,i am "h to exam9e ! subject ( inflammable & combu/ible bodies1 :i* ,i believe h be5 little consid]$ by ^? !ori/s :o suppose m9]al bodies consolidat$ by infiltration4 ,x is "h t we %all f9d an inf9ite diff]5ce betwe5 ! aque\s & igne\s !ories2 =1 we %all f9d x impossible to expla9 by ! "o c]ta9 op]ations :i* mu/ h necess>ily requir$ ! great ag5t g5]ally employ$ 9 ! o!r4 ,! subject ( ?is *apt] is a t\*-/one = e !ory ( ! e>?4 ,9 e qu>t] ( ?is globe1 p]haps 9 e ext5sive c\ntry1 bitum9\s /rata are to be f\nd2 !y are alt]nat$ ) ^? :i* are call$ aqui=m1 or :i* _h be5 evid5tly =m$ by subsid5ce ( c]ta9 mov$ mat]ials at ! bottom ( ! sea2 s f>1 !re=e1 all ^? /rata h _h ! same orig94 ,9 ?is po9t ,i ?9k ,i may ass]t1 t all ! diff]5t !ories at pres5t are agre$2 & x is only conc]n+ c]ta9 trans=mations ( ^? /rata1 s9ce _! orig9al collection1 t h be5 ascrib$ to diff]5t causes4 ,( ^! trans=mations1 :i* ! /rata mu/ h und]gone1 !re are two k9ds2 "o 9 relation to *ange ( place & position2 ! o!r 9 relation to solidity or consi/5ce4 ,x is only ! la/ ( ^? two *anges :i* is "h to be ! subject ( consid]ation2 because1 ) reg>d to ! fir/1 !re is no?+ peculi> 9 ^! bitum9\s /rata to ?r[ any light1 9 t respect1 ^u ! o!rs4 ,?is is n ! case ) reg>d to ! trans=mation 9 _! *emical "* & consi/5ce2 bitum9\s bodies may n be affect$ by *emical ag5ts1 su* z fire & wat]1 9 ! same mann] z ! argillace\s1 silice\s1 micace\s1 & su* o!r /rata t are alt]nat$ ) ! bitum9\s2 & ?us we may f9d ! means = inve/igat+ ! nature ( t ag5t by :i* ^? /rata 9 g5]al h be5 trans=m$ 9 _! sub/ance2 or we may f9d means = ! detect+ ( false !ories :i* may h be5 =m$ ) reg>d to ^? op]ations 9 :i* ! orig9al deposits ( wat] _h be5 *ang$4 ,we h _h b two !ories1 ) reg>d to ! trans=mation ( ^? bodies :i* h _h a kn[n orig91 or to ! *ange ( _! sub/ance & consi/5ce2 ! "o ( ^! :i* ,i h giv5 is t ( heat or fusion2 ! o!r1 :i* ,i wi% to be comp>$ ) m9e1 is t ( wat] & infiltration4 ,x is by ?is la/ t all au?ors hi!rto1 9 "o %ape or ano!r1 h endeav\r$ to expla9 ! *anges t ^? /rata mu/ h und]gone s9ce ! "t ( _! fir/ =mation at ! bottom ( ! sea4 ,!y indiscrim9ately apply ! doctr9e ( infiltration to ^? /rata ( m9]al coal z to any o!r2 !y say t bitum9\s matt] is infiltrat$ ) ! wat]1 impregnates c]ta9 /rata ( e>? ) bitum9\s matt]1 & ?us conv]ts !m into m9]al coal1 & bitum9\s /rata4 ,?is is n reason+ physically1 or by ! inductive me?od ( proce$+ ^u matt] ( fact2 x is reason+ fanta/ically1 or by mak+ gratuit\s supposition f\nd$ m]ely on imag9ation4 ,x 0 ?us t natural philosoph]s reason$ be=e ! age ( sci5ce2 ! wond] n[ is1 h[ m5 ( sci5ce1 9 ! pres5t enlight5$ age1 %\ld suff] su* language ( ignorance & cr$ulity to pass unc5sur$4 ,! subject :i* ,i am n[ to treat ( consi/s ( peculi> /rata ( ! e>?1 bodies :i* we may inve/igate ?r\gh all ! /ages ( _! *ange1 :i* is extreme2 =1 f vegetable bodies produc$ ^u ! habitable e>?1 !y are n[ become a m9]al body1 & ! mo/ p]fect coal1--a ?+ extremely diff]5t f :at x _h be51 & a ?+ :i* _c be suppos$ to h be5 accompli%$ by ! op]ation ( wat] alone1 or any o!r ag5t 9 nature ) :i* we are acqua9t$1 except ! action ( fire or heat4 ,x is !re=e impossible = a philosoph]1 reason+ ^u actual physical pr9ciples1 n to ackn[l$ge 9 ?is a complete pro( ( ! !ory :i* has be5 giv51 & a complete refutation ( t aque\s op]ation :i* has be5 s inconsid]ately suppos$ z consolidat+ ! /rata ( ! e>?1 & =m+ ! v>i\s m9]al concretions :i* are f\nd 9 t great body4 ,to see ?is1 x w be suffici5t to trace ! progress ( vegetable & animal sub/ances1 7bodies :i* _h c]ta9ly liv$ by means ( a =m] e>?71 to ?is *ang$ /ate 9 :i* !y h become p]fect m9]al bodies1 & con/itute a "p ( ! pres5t e>?4 ,=1 z ^! *anges are p]fectly expla9$ by ! "o !ory1 & absolutely inconsi/5t ) ! o!r1 !re arises f ?is a conviction t mu/ be irresi/ible to a p]son :o c give prop] att5tion to a *a9 ( reason+ f effect to cause4 ,b if we ?us succe$ to illu/rate ! !ory ( ! e>? by ! natural hi/ory ( ^? p>ticul> /rata1 we h b "o /ep f>!r to make 9 ord] to br+ all ! o!r p>ts ( ! e>?1 :e!r /ratifi$ or n1 into ! mo/ p]fect consi/5ce ) ! !ory2 n[ ?is /ep1 x w be mo/ easy to make2 & ,i %all n[ m5tion x1 t s ! read] may keep x 9 8 view3 ,pyrites is a sulphureo-metallic sub/ance1 :i* _c be produc$ by means ( wat]1 a sub/ance :i* ! influ5ces ( ! atmosph]e decomposes or sep>ates into its elem5ts1 & :i* ev5 our imp]fect art may be consid]$ z able to produce1 by means ( fusion 9 our fires4 ,!re=e1 ! f9d+ ( ?is creature ( fire intimately connect$ ) ^? consolidat$ /rata ( m9]al coal1 adds ! greate/ confirmation1 7 x necess>y1 to ! doctr9e ( ^? m9]al bodies hav+ be5 consolidat$ by fusion4 ,?is confirmation1 h[ev]1 is n necess>y1 & x is n ! only ?+ :i* ,i am at pres5t to illu/rate 9 t doctr9e4 ,:at ,i h n[ 9 view is1 to homologate ! orig9 ( ^? coal /rata1 ) ! production ( e o!r m9]al sub/ance1 by heat or fusion2 & ?is is :at ! intimate connection ( pyrites ) ^? /rata w c]ta9ly accompli%4 ,?is w be done 9 ! foll[+ mann]3 ,pyrites is n only f\nd 9 great masses along ) ! coal /rata2 x is conta9$ 9 ! ve9s :i* trav]se ^? /rata1 & 9 ! m9ute ramifications ( ^? ve9s1 :i* are occasion$ by ! contraction ( ! mass1 & g5]ally divide x into small cubical pieces2 b besides t extr9sic connection1 7z x may be call$17 ) ! /ratum ( coal1 pyrites is f\nd intimately connect$ ) t solid body1 9 be+ mix$ ) its sub/ance4 ,if1 !re=e1 x 7 prov$1 t ei!r ! "o or o!r ( ^? two sub/ances _h be5 consolidat$ by fusion1 ! o!r mu/ be ackn[l$g$ z hav+ _h ! same orig92 b n[ ,i am to prove1 f ! natural hi/ory ( m9]al coal1 t pyrites _h be5 !re =m$ by fusion2 & !n1 by means ( ! kn[n orig9 ( t sulphureo-metallic sub/ance1 we %all ext5d our k to ! orig9 ( e o!r m9]al body4 ,! process ( ?is argum5t is z foll[s3 ,e m9]al body1 ,i believe1 )\t exception1 w be f\nd s intimately connect$ ) pyrites1 t ^! two ?+s mu/ be conclud$ z hav+ be5 toge!r 9 a fluid /ate1 & t1 :atev] may h be5 ! cause ( fluidity 9 ! "o1 ?is mu/ h also caus$ ! fluidity 9 ! o!r2 consequ5tly1 :atev] %all be prov$ ) reg>d to ! m9]al op]ations ( pyrites1 mu/ be consid]$ z prov$ ( e o!r m9]al sub/ance4 ,b1 f ! connection ( pyrites ) m9]al coal1 x is to be prov$ t ! orig9 ( ?is metallic body _h be5 fusion2 & !n x w appe>1 t all o!r m9]al bodies mu/ h be5 m or less 9 fusion1 or t !y mu/ h be5 consolidat$ by means ( heat1 & n by any mann] ( solution or aque\s infiltration4 ,i !re=e n[ proce$ to take a view ( ! natural hi/ory ( coal /rata1--a subject :i* m9]alogi/s seem n incl9$ to engage )1 al?\gh ! mo/ ample data are to be f\nd = t inve/igation4 ,,sect4 ,,ii4--,natural ,hi/ory ( ,coal ,/rata1 & ,!ory ( ?is ,geological ,op]ation4 ,fossil coal is ! species ( /ratum be/ und]/ood ) reg>d to its accid5ts1 z be+ mu* s\ght aft]2 at lea/1 ?is is ! case 9 _m p>ts ( ,brita91 :]e x supplies ! place ( wood = burn+4 ,?is fossil body has ! mo/ di/+ui%$ "*2 =1 be+ inflammable or combu/ible 9 its nature1 !re is no o!r species ( /ratum t may be conf\nd$ ) x4 ,b1 ?\gh coal be ?us ! mo/ di/+ui%able m9]al1 & t :i* is be/ und]/ood 9 ! sci5ce ( m9+1 x is p]haps ! mo/ difficult to be treat$ ( 9 ! sci5ce ( m9]alogy2 =1 n hav+ prop]ly any di/+ui%able p>ts1 we h no?+ 9 ! natural con/itution ( ?is body1 z we h 9 mo/ o!r /rata1 to lead u to ! k ( its orig9al /ate or fir/ =mation4 ,! v>ieties ( coal are di/+ui%$ by _! diff]5t mann] ( burn+2 b1 f appe>ances ( ?is k9d1 no p]fect judgem5t c be =m$ ) reg>d to ! specific mann] 9 :i* ^? /rata _h be5 made2 al?\gh1 f *emical pr9ciples1 "s conclusion may be drawn conc]n+ c]ta9 *anges :i* !y h und]gone s9ce !y _h be5 =m$4 ,?us we h "o species ( coal :i* is extremely fusible1 ab\nds ) oil1 & consequ5tly is inflammable2 we h ano!r species aga9 :i* is p]fectly fix$ & infusible 9 ! fire2 !re=e1 we may conclude ^u pr9ciple1 t1 h[ev]1 bo? ^? coals mu/ h und]gone ! op]ation ( heat & fusion1 9 br++ !m to _! pres5t /ate1 x is only ! la/ t has become s mu* evaporat$ z to become p]fectly fix$1 or s p]fectly di/ill$1 z to h be5 r$uc$ to a caput mortuum4 ,! argum5t "h employ$ is f\nd$ ^u ?is fact2 t1 f ! fusible species ( coal1 a caput mortuum may be =m$ by di/illation1 & t ?is *emical production has e ess5tial quality1 or e peculi> prop]ty1 ( ! fix$ & infusible species2 al?\gh1 f ! circum/ances ( our op]ation1 ?is caput mortuum may n h precisely ! ext]ior appe>ance ( ! natural coal4 ,b1 we h reason to believe1 x is n 9 ! nature ( ?+s to *ange ! infusible species1 s z to make x fusible or oily4 ,n[1 t ?is body 0 n =m$ orig9ally 9 its pres5t /ate1 mu/ appe> f ?is1 t ! /ratum "h consid]$ is p]fectly solid2 b1 )\t fusion1 ?is c\ld n h be5 atta9$2 & ! coal is n[ suppos$ to be infusible4 ,consequ5tly1 ?is fix$ sub/ance1 :i* is n[1 prop]ly speak+1 a p]fect coal1 _h be5 orig9ally an oily bitum9\s or fusible sub/ance4 ,x is n[ a fix$ sub/ance1 & an infusible coal2 !re=e1 x mu/ h be5 by means ( heat & di/illation t x _h be5 *ang$1 f ! orig9al /ate 9 :i* ?is /ratum _h be5 =m$4 ,we h ?us1 9 ! exam9ation ( coal /rata ^u *emical pr9ciples1 receiv$ a c]ta9 lesson 9 geology1 al?\gh ?is does n =m a prop] di/9ction by :i* to specify ^? /rata 9 g5]al1 or expla9 ! v>iety ( t m9]al4 ,=1 9 ?is mann]1 we c\ld only di/+ui% prop]ly two species ( ^? /rata2 ! "o bitum9\s or inflammable2 ! o!r prop] coal1 burn+ )\t smoke or flame4 ,?us x w appe> t1 z ?is quality ( be+ p]fectly *>r$ is n orig9ally 9 ! con/itution ( ! /ratum1 b an accid5t to :i* "s /rata ( e species may h be5 subject$1 we c\ld n class !m by ?is prop]ty )\t conf\nd+ toge!r /rata :i* _h diff]5ces 9 _! composition or =mation4 ,!re=e1 we are l$ to inquire aft] "s o!r di/9ction1 :i* may be g5]al to /rata ( fossil coal1 indep5d5t ( ^? *anges :i* ?is sub/ance may h und]gone aft] x _h be5 =m$ 9 a /ratum4 ,p]fect m9]al coal be+ a body ( undi/+ui%able p>ts1 x is only 9 its resolution t we may analyse x1 & ?is is done by burn+4 ,?us1 9 analys+ coal by burn+1 we h1 9 ! a%es alone1 t by :i* "o species ( coal may be di/+ui%$ f ano!r2 &1 if we %\ld consid] pure coal z hav+ no a%es ( itself1 we %\ld !n1 9 ! weight ( its a%es1 h a measure ( ! purity ( ! coal1 ?is be+ inv]sely z ! quantity ( ! a%es4 ,n[1 ?\gh ?is be n accurately true1 z ! pure/ coal mu/ h "s a%es prop] to itself1 yet1 z ?is is a small matt] comp>$ ) ! quantity ( e>?y matt] t may be left 9 burn+ "s species ( coal1 ?is me?od ( analysis may be consid]$ z n f> remov$ f ! tru?4 ,b1 9 di/+ui%+ fossil coal by ?is species ( *emical analysis1 n only is !re to be f\nd a p]fect or indef9ite gradation f a body :i* is p]fectly combu/ible to "o t is h>dly combu/ible 9 any s5sible degree1 we %\ld also fall into an inconv5i5cy simil> to t already m5tion$1 ( conf\nd+ two ?+s extremely diff]5t 9 _! nature1 a bitum9\s body1 & a p]fect *>coal4 ,?us1 if we %all f\nd our di/9ction ^u ! fusibility & diff]5t degree ( hav+ be5 *>r$1 we %all conf\nd fossil coals ( v diff]5t degrees ( value 9 burn+1 or ( v diff]5t compositions z /rata2 if1 aga91 we f\nd x ^u ! purity ( composition1 9 judg+ f ! a%es1 we %all conf\nd fossil bodies ( v diff]5t qualities1 ! "o burn+ ) mu* smoke & flame1 ! o!r )\t any2 ! "o fusible almo/ l wax1 ! o!r fix$ & infusible z *>coal4 ,x w n[ appe>1 t :at _c be done 9 ei!r ! "o or o!r ( ^? two me?ods1 may 9 a great degree1 or ) consid]able propriety1 be p]=m$ 9 employ+ bo?4 ,?us1 :e!r = ! economical purposes ( life1 or ! natural hi/ory ( fossil coal1 ^? /rata %\ld be consid]$ bo? ) reg>d to ! purity ( _! composition z inflammable matt] deposit$ at ! bottom ( ! sea1 & to ! *anges :i* !y h aft]w>ds und]gone by ! op]ation ( subt]ranean heat & di/illation4 ,we h n[ consid]$ ! orig9al matt] ( :i* coal /rata are compos$ to be ( two k9ds2 ! "o pure bitum5 or coal1 z be+ p]fectly inflammable or combu/ible2 ! o!r an e>?y matt]1 ) :i* prop] coal may be v>i\sly mix$ 9 its composition1 or intimately connect$1 9 subsid+ f t susp5d$ /ate by :i* x _h be5 c>ri$ 9 ! ocean4 ,x is a matt] ( great importance1 9 ! physiology ( ?is globe1 to "k t ! prop] sub/ance ( coal may be ?us mix$ ) het]og5e\s bodies2 =1 suppos+ t ?is e>?y matt]1 :i* has subsid$ 9 ! wat] along ) coal1 be no f>!r connect$ ) ! combu/ible sub/ance ( ^? /rata1 ?an t x _h float$ 9 ! wat]s ( ! ocean1 & subsid$ p>i passu ) ! prop] mat]ials ( ! coal1 we h5ce le>n a great deal ) reg>d to ! /ate 9 :i* ! inflammable matt] mu/ h be5 at ! "t ( its =mation into /rata4 ,?is w appe> by consid]+1 t we f9d s*i/us mix$ ) coal 9 ! mo/ equal or uni=m mann]1 & 9 almo/ e conceivable degree1 f ! pure/ coal to ! mo/ p]fect s*i/us4 ,h5ce we h reason to conclude1 t1 at ! =mation ( ^? /rata1 ! bitum9\s matt]1 highly subtilis$1 _h be5 uni=mly mix$ ) ! e>? subsid+ 9 ! wat]4 ,n only is ! bitum9\s matt] ( coal f\nd mix$ 9 e diff]5t proportion ) ! e>?y or un9flammable mat]ials ( /rata1 b ! coaly or bitum9\s composition is f\nd ) p]haps e diff]5t species ( sub/ance belong+ to /rata4 ,?is is c]ta91 t we h ! coaly matt] intimately mix$ ) argillace\s & ) calc>e\s /rata4 ,?us x w appe>1 t x is no prop] explanation ( ! =mation ( coal /rata1 to say t vegetable matt] is ! basis ( ^? /rata2 = ?\gh1 9 vegetation1 a sub/ance prop] = ! =mation ( bitum9\s matt] is produc$1 x rema9s to "k by :at means1 f a vegetable body1 ?is bitum9\s matt] is produc$1 & h[ x comes to be diffus$ 9 t subtile /ate by :i* x may be uni=mly mix$ ) ! mo/ impalpable e>? 9 wat]4 ,c\ld we once resolve ?is "q1 e o!r appe>ance might be easily expla9$4 ,let u !re=e n[ endeav\r to discov] a pr9ciple = ! resolv+ ( ?is problem4 ,!re are two ways 9 :i* vegetable bodies may be1 9 "p at lea/1 resolv$ into t subtilis$ /ate ( bitum9\s matt] aft] :i* we inquire2 ! "o ( ^! is by means ( fire1 ! o!r by wat]4 ,we %all n[ consid] ^! sev]ally z ! means ( =m+ bitum9\s /rata1 al?\gh !y may be bo? employ$ by nature 9 ?is "w4 ,:5 vegetable bodies are made to burn1 !re is always m or less ( a fulig9\s sub/ance =m$2 b ?is fulig9\s sub/ance is no o!r ?an a bitum9\s body 9 t subtilis$ /ate 9 :i* x is indef9itely divid$1 & may be mix$ uni=mly ) any mass ( matt] equally subtilis$ ) itself4 ,b ?is is precisely :at we want1 9 ord] to compose ! /rata ( coal 9 "q4 ,if1 !re=e1 !re 7 to be f\nd 9 ! ocean su* a fund ( ?is fulig9\s sub/ance z might suffice = ! =mation ( bitum9\s /rata1 no difficulty w\ld be left 9 expla9+ ! orig9al ( fossil coal4 ,b ?o' suffici5t quantity ( ?is fulig9\s matt] might n be f\nd = ! explanation ( natural appe>ances1 yet !re _c be a d\bt t m or less ( ?is matt] mu/ be produc$ 9 ! m9]al op]ations ( ! globe1 & be f\nd precisely 9 t place :]e x is requir$ = ! =m+ ( ^? /rata ( coal4 ,9 ord] to conceive ?is1 we are to consid]1 t !re are actually great quantities ( coal /rata 9 a *>r$ /ate1 :i* indicates t all _! m volatile oleag9\s or fulig9\s matt] _h be5 sep>at$ by =ce ( subt]ranean heat2 &1 we are to suppose t ?is _h be5 transact$ at ! bottom ( ! ocean3 ,consequ5tly1 a subtile oleag9\s1 bitum9\s1 or fulig9\s sub/ance1 mu/ h be5 diffus$ 9 t ocean2 & ?is bitum9\s matt] w\ld be employ$ 9 =m+ o!r /rata1 :i* 7 !n deposit$ at ! bottom ( ! wat]s4 ,b besides ?is quantity ( bitum9\s matt] :i* is necess>ily =m$ 9 ! m9]al op]ations ( ! e>?1 & ) reg>d to ! quantity ( :i* we c nev] =m a prop] e/imate1 !re mu/ ent] into ?is same calculation all ! fulig9\s matt] t is =m$ 9 burn+ bodies ^u ! surface ( ?is e>?4 ,?is bitum9\s matt] ( smoke is fir/ deliv]$ into ! atmosph]e1 b ultimately x mu/ be settl$ at ! bottom ( ! sea4 ,h5ce ?\gh1 comp>$ ) ! quantity t we ?9k requir$1 ea* revolution ( ! globe produces b a little 9 our e/imation1 yet ! progress ( "t1 9 re=m+ worlds1 may produce all t is necess>y 9 ! =mation ( our /rata4 ,!re n[ rema9s to expla9 ! o!r way 9 :i* bitum9\s matt] may be obta9$ f vegetable bodies1 t is1 by means ( wat]4 ,= ?is purpose we mu/ beg9 ) a "p ( natural hi/ory t w ?r[ "s light ^u ! subject4 ,all ! riv]s 9 ,scotl& run into ! sea t+$ ) a br[n sub/ance2 ?is is mo/ evid5t 9 "s ( !m aft] a flood1 & :ile yet ! riv] is swell$2 b1 9 travell+ to ! nor? ( ,scotl& 9 ! summ] season1 )\t any ra91 ,i saw all ! riv]s1 )\t exception1 ( a br[n col\r1 comp>$ ) a riv] ( m cle> wat]4 ,?is col\r proce$s f ! moss wat]1 z x is call$1 :i* runs into ! riv]s1 or ! infusion ( t vegetable sub/ance :i* =ms combu/ible turf1 call$ peat4 ,n[1 ?is moss wat] leaves1 ^u evaporation1 a bitum9\s sub/ance1 :i* v mu* resembles fossil coal4 ,!re=e1 9 ord] to employ ?is vegetable infusion1 deliv]$ into ! ocean = ! purpose ( =m+ bitum9\s /rata at its bottom1 x is only requir$ to make ?is bitum9\s matt] sep>ate & subside4 ,if n[ we consid] ! imm5se quantity ( inflammable vegetable sub/ance1 dissolv$ 9 wat]1 t is c>ri$ into ! sea by all ! riv]s ( ! e>?1 & ! indef9ite space ( "t dur+ :i* ^? riv]s h be5 p\r+ 9 t oily matt] into ! sea2 & if we consid]1 t ! cont9ual action ( ! sun & atmosph]e ^u ?is oily sub/ance t5ds1 by inspissation1 to make x m & m d5se or bitum9\s1 we _c hesitate 9 suppos+ a cont9ual sep>ation ( ?is bitum9\s matt] or inspissat$ oil f ! wat]1 & a precipitation ( x to ! bottom ( ! sea4 ,?is argum5t is corroborat$ by consid]+1 t1 if x 7 o!rwise1 ! wat] ( ! sea mu/ h1 dur+ ! imm5se "t t riv]s are prov$ to h run1 be /rongly impregnat$ ) t oily or bitum9\s sub/ance2 b ?is does n appe>2 !re=e we are to conclude1 t !re mu/ be ! means ( sep>at+ t sub/ance f ! wat] 9 :i* x _h be5 dissolv$4 ,if !re is ?us1 f ! cont9ual p]i%+ ( animal & vegetable bodies ^u ! surface ( ?is e>? & 9 ! sea1 a c]ta9 supply ( oily or bitum9\s matt] giv5 to ! ocean1 !n1 h[ev] small a portion ( ?is %all be suppos$ ! :ole oily or inflammable matt] produc$ ^u ! surface ( ! e>?1 or h[ev] long "t x may require = ?us produc+ a /ratum or consid]able body ( coal1 we mu/ /ill see 9 ?is a s\rce ( ! mat]ials prop] = ! production ( t species ( /rata 9 ! bottom ( ! sea4 ,we h n[ consid]$ ! prop] mat]ials ( :i* pure fossil coal is *iefly =m$2 we h at pres5t to consid] :at %\ld be ! appe>ances ( su* a sub/ance z ?is collect$ at ! bottom ( ! sea1 & cond5s$ or consolidat$ by compression & by heat4 ,we %\ld ?us h a body ( a mo/ uni=m /ructure1 black1 break+ ) a poli%$ surface1 & m or less fusible 9 ! fire1 or burn+ ) m or less smoke & flame1 9 proportion z x %\ld be di/ill$ or inspissat$1 less or m1 by subt]ranean heat4 ,b ?is is ! description ( our pure/ fossil coals1 :i* burn 9 giv+ ! greate/ quantity ( heat1 & leave ! smalle/ quantity ( a%es4 ,9 ord] to =m ano!r regul> species ( coal1 let u suppose t1 along ) ! bitum9\s sub/ance n[ consid]$1 !re %all be float+ 9 ! wat] ( ! ocean a subtile e>?y sub/ance1 & t ^! two diff]5t sub/ances %all subside toge!r 9 an uni=m mann]1 to produce a /ratum :i* %all be cov]$ ) imm5se weight1 compress$1 cond5s$1 & consolidat$ z be=e1 we %\ld ?us h produc$ a mo/ homog5e\s or uni=m body to appe>ance1 b n s 9 reality4 ,! mixture ( het]og5e\s matt]1 9 ?is case1 is too m9ute to be discov]$ simply by inspection2 x mu/ require deep reflection ^u ! subject1 ) ! help ( *emical analysis1 to und]/& ! con/itution ( ?is body1 & judge ( all ! circum/ances or p>ticul>s 9 :i* x diff]s f ! =m]4 ,x is wor? :ile to exam9e ?is subject ) "s att5tion1 z x w give ! mo/ in/ructive view ( ! composition ( bitum9\s /rata1 bo? ^? :i* are n consid]$ z coal1 & also ! diff]5t species ( t m9]al body4 ,9 ! fir/ place !n1 if ! mixture ( ^? two diff]5t sub/ances _h be5 suffici5tly p]fect1 & ! precipitation uni=m1 ! solid body ( coal result+ f ?is mixture1 w\ld n only appe> homog5e\s1 b might break equally or regul>ly 9 all directions2 b ! fracture ( ?is coal mu/ visibly diff] f ! =m]1 s f> z ! fracture ( ?is het]og5e\s coal _c h ! poli%$ surface ( ! pure bitum9\s body2 =1 ! e>?y matt] t is int]pos$ among ! bitum9\s p>ticles mu/ affect ! fracture 9 prev5t+ its surface f be+ p]fectly smoo?4 ,?is imp]fect plane ( ! fracture may be improv$ by poli%+2 9 :i* case ! body might be suffici5tly smoo? to h an agreeable poli%2 b x _c h a p]fect poli% l a homog5e\s body1 or appe> ) t glassy surface :i* is naturally 9 ! fracture ( ! pure bitum9\s coal4 ,b ?is is also a p]fect description ( t species ( coal :i* is call$ 9 ,engl& ,k5nel coal1 & 9 ,scotl& ,p>rot coal4 ,x is s uni=m 9 its sub/ance t x is capable ( be+ =m$ on ! turn+ loom2 & x receives a c]ta9 degree ( poli%1 resembl+ bodies ( jet4 ,?us1 we h a species ( coal 9 :i* we %all f9d b a small degree ( fusibility1 al?\gh x may n be *>r$ 9 any degree4 ,su* an infusible coal may !re=e conta9 a great deal ( aque\s sub/ance1 & volatile oily matt]2 consequ5tly may burn ) smoke & flame4 ,b ?is same species ( coal may also occasionally be *>r$ m or less by ! op]ation ( subt]ranean heat2 &1 9 t case1 we %\ld h a v>iety ( coal :i* c\ld only be di/+ui%$1 f a simil> /ate ( pure bitum9\s coal1 by ! a%es :i* !y leave 9 burn+4 ,at lea/1 ?is mu/ be ! case1 :5 bo? species are1 by suffici5t di/illation1 r$uc$ to ! /ate ( :at may be prop]ly t]m$ a *emical coal4 ,b 9 ! natural /ate ( its composition1 we f9d ^? /rata ( k5nel or p>rot coal1 possess+ a peculi> prop]ty1 :i* des]ves to be consid]$1 z /ill ?r[+ m light ^u ! subject4 ,we h be5 repres5t+ ^! /rata ( coal z homog5e\s to appe>ance1 & z break+ indiff]5tly 9 all directions2 ?is la/1 p]haps1 is n s accurate2 = !y w\ld seem to break *iefly into two directions1 t is1 ei!r p>allel or p]p5dicul> to ! b$4 ,?us we h ?is coal commonly 9 rectangul> pieces1 9 :i* x is extremely difficult to di/+ui% ! direction ( ! b$1 or /ratification ( ! mass4 ,by an exp]t eye1 h[ev]1 ?is may be 9 g5]al1 or at lea/ sometimes1 di/+ui%$1 & !n1 by kn[+ ! habit ( ! coal 9 burn+1 a p]son p]fectly ignorant ( ! philosophy ( ! matt] may exhibit a wond]ful sagacity1 or ev5 ( p[] ov] future ev5ts1 9 apply+ ?is body to fire2 =1 at 8 pleasure1 & unkn[n to ^? :o are n 9 ! secret2 he may app>5tly1 9 equal circum/ances1 make ?is coal ei!r k9dle quietly1 or ) viol5t crack+ & explosions1 ?r[+ its spl9t]s at a di/ance4 ,! explanation lies 9 ?is1 t1 ?\gh ! rectangul> mass ( coal appe>s extremely uni=m 9 its /ructure1 x is truly a /ratifi$ mass2 x is !re=e affect$1 by ! sudd5 approa* ( fire 9 a v diff]5t mann]1 accord+ z ! edge ( ! /ratum1 :i* is se5 9 f\r ( ! sides ( ?is suppos$ cube1 %all be appli$ to ! fire1 or ! o!r two sides1 :i* are 9 ! l9e ( ! /ratum1 or p>allel to ! b$ ( coal4 ,! reason ( ?is ph5om5on n[ rema9s to be consid]$4 ,:5 ! edge ( ! coal is expos$ to ! fire1 ! /ratification ( ! coal is op5$ gradually by ! heat & exp&+ vap\rs1 z a piece ( wood1 ( a simil> %ape1 w\ld be by means ( w$ges plac$ 9 ! end way ( ! timb]4 ,! coal !n k9dles quietly1 & quickly flames1 :ile ! mass ( ?is bitum9\s s*i/us is op5+ l ! leaves ( a book1 & ?us exhibits an appe>ance 9 burn+ extremely l wood4 ,b let ! fire be appli$ to ! middle ( ! b$1 in/ead ( ! edge ( ! leaves1 & we %all see a v diff]5t appe>ance2 = "h ! exp&$ aque\s vap\rs1 conf9$ betwe5 ! lam9ae1 =m explosions1 9 ?r[+ (f spl9t]s f ! k9dl+ mass2 & ?is mass ( coal takes fire ) mu* noise & di/urbance4 ,! a%es ( ?is coal may be det]m9$ z to quality1 be+ 9 g5]al a subtile :ite e>?2 b1 z to quantity1 ! measure ( t e>? produces an indef9ite v>iety 9 ?is species ( coal2 =1 f ! k5nel or p>rot coal1 :i* is valuable = its burn+ ) mu* flame1 to t black s*i/us :i* our masons use 9 draw+ ^u /one1 & :i*1 ?\gh combu/ible 9 "s degree1 is n ?\ght to be a coal1 !re is a p]fect gradation1 9 :i* coal may be f\nd ) e proportion ( ?is e>?y alloy4 ,among ! l[e/ species ( ?is combu/ible s*i/us are ^? argillace\s /rata 9 ,york%ire f :5ce !y procure alum 9 burn+ great heaps ( ?is /one1 :i* also conta9s sulphur1 to impregnate ! alum9\s e>? ) its acid4 ,we h also1 9 ?is c\ntry1 /rata :i* diff] f ^? alum9\s s*i/i only 9 ! nature ( ! e>?1 ) :i* ! bitum9\s s$im5t is mix$4 ,9 ! /rata n[ consid]$1 ! e>?1 precipitat$ ) ! bitum9\s matt]1 be+ calc>e\s1 has produc$ a lime/one1 :i*1 aft] burn+ especially1 is p]fectly fissile4 ,!re=e1 ) reg>d to ! composition ( m9]al coal1 ! !ory is ?is4 ,t inflammable1 vegetable1 & animal sub/ances1 9 a subtilis$ /ate1 _h subsid$ 9 ! sea1 be+ mix$ m or less ) argillace\s1 calc>e\s1 & o!r e>?y sub/ances 9 an impalpable /ate4 ,n[1 ! *emical analysis ( fossil coal ju/ifies t !ory2 =1 9 ! di/illation ( ! inflammable or oily coal1 we procure volatile alkali1 z might be naturally expect$4 ,?us we h consid]$ fossil coal z v>i\s1 bo? 9 its /ate & composition2 we h describ$ coal :i* is ( ! pure/ composition1 z well z t :i* is mo/ impure or e>?y2 & we h %[n t !re is a gradation1 f ! mo/ bitum9\s /ate 9 :i* ^? /rata _h be5 =m$ 9 be+ deposit$ at ! bottom ( ! sea1 to ! mo/ p]fect /ate ( a *emical coal1 to :i* !y h be5 br\ght by ! op]ation ( subt]ranean fire or heat4 ,we h be5 hi!rto consid]+ fossil coal z =m$ ( ! impalpable p>ts ( inflammable bodies1 unit$ toge!r by pressure1 & made to approa* 9 v>i\s degrees to ! nature ( a *emical coal1 by means ( subt]ranean heat2 because1 f ! exam9ation ( ^? /rata1 _m ( !m h evid5tly be5 =m$ 9 ?is mann]4 ,b vegetable bodies mac]at$ 9 wat]1 & !n consolidat$ by compression1 =m a sub/ance ( ! same k9d1 almo/ undi/+ui%able f "s species ( fossil coal4 ,we h an example ( ?is 9 our turf pits or peat mosses2 :5 ?is vegetable sub/ance has be5 compress$ "u a great load ( e>?1 :i* sometimes happ5s1 x is mu* consolidat$1 & h>d5s1 by dry+1 into a black body1 n aft]w>ds dilutable or p5etrat$ by wat]1 & almo/ undi/+ui%able 9 burn+ f m9]alis$ bodies ( ! same k9d4 ,also1 :5 fossil wood has be5 cond5s$ by compression & *ang$ by ! op]ation ( heat1 z x is frequ5tly f\nd 9 argillace\s /rata1 p>ticul>ly 9 ! alum9\s rock ^u ! coa/ ( ,york%ire1 x becomes a jet almo/ undi/+ui%able f "s species ( fossil coal4 ,!re _c !re=e be a d\bt1 t if ?is vegetable sub/ance1 :i* is =m$ by ! collection ( wood & plants 9 wat] ^u ! surface ( ! e>?1 7 to be f\nd 9 ! place ( fossil coal1 & to und]go ! m9]al op]ations ( ! globe1 x mu/ at lea/ augm5t ! quantity ( ^? /rata1 ?\gh x %\ld n =m di/9ct /rata by itself4 ,x may p]haps be ?\ght t vegetable bodies & _! impalpable p>ts are ?+s too f> di/ant 9 ! scale ( magnitude to be suppos$ z subsid+ toge!r 9 ! ocean2 & ?is w\ld c]ta9ly be a j obs]vation ) reg>d to any o!r species ( bodies3 ,b ! nature ( vegetable bodies is to be floatant 9 wat]2 s t we may suppose !m c>ri$ at any di/ance f ! %ore2 consequ5tly1 ! size ( ! body "h makes no diff]5ce ) reg>d to ! place or ord] 9 :i* ^! are to be deposit$4 ,! exam9ation ( fossil coal fully confirms ^? reasonable suppositions4 ,=1 fir/1 ,! /rata t att5d coal1 :e!r ! s&/one or ! argillace\s /rata1 commonly1 almo/ univ]sally1 ab\nd ) ! mo/ di/9ct evid5ce ( vegetable sub/ances2 ?is is ! impressions ( plants :i* are f\nd 9 _! composition4 ,secondly1 ,!re is mu* fossil coal1 p>ticul>ly t t]m$ 9 ,engl& clod coal1 & employ$ 9 ! iron f\ndry1 t %[s abundance ( vegetable bodies 9 its composition4 ,! /rata ( ?is coal h _m horizontal int]/ices1 at :i* ! m solid %9+ coal is easily sep>at$2 "h ! fibr\s /ructure ( ! compress$ vegetable bodies is extremely visible2 & ?us no mann] ( d\bt rema9s1 t at lea/ a "p ( ?is coal _h be5 compos$ ( ! vegetable bodies !mselves1 :atev] may h be5 ! orig9 ( ! m compact p>ts :]e no?+ is to be di/+ui%$4 ,! /ate 9 :i* we (t5 f9d fossil wood 9 /rata gives reason to conclude t ?is body ( vegetable production1 9 its cond5s$ /ate1 is 9 appe>ance undi/+ui%able f fossil coal1 & may be also 9 great quantity2 z1 = example1 ! ,bovey coal 9 ,devon%ire4 ,?us ! /rata ( fossil coal w\ld appe> to be =m$ by ! subsid5ce ( inflammable matt] ( e species at ! bottom ( ! sea1 9 places di/ant f ! %ore1 or :]e !re _h be5 mu* repose1 & :]e ! lighte/ & mo/ floatant bodies h be5 deposit$ toge!r4 ,?is is confirm$ 9 exam9+ ^? bodies ( fossil coal2 =1 ?\gh !re are (t5 f\nd b$s ( s&-/one imm$iately above & bel[ ! /ratum ( ! coal1 we d n f9d any s& mix$ 9 ! /rata ( ! coal itself4 ,hav+ f\nd ! composition ( coal to be v>i\s1 b all includ$ )9 c]ta9 rules :i* h be5 inve/igat$1 we may p]ceive 9 ?is an explanation ( t div]sity :i* is (t5 obs]v$ among ! v>i\s /rata ( "o b$ ( coal4 ,ev5 ! mo/ opposite species ( composition may be f\nd 9 ! ?ickness ( "o b$1 al?\gh ( v little dep?1 t is to say1 ! pure/ bitum9\s coal may1 9 ! same b$1 be conjo9$ ) t :i* is mo/ e>?y4 ,fossil coal is commonly alt]nat$ ) regul> s&-/one & argillace\s /rata2 b ^! are v diff]5t bodies2 !re=e1 x may p]haps be inquir$ h[ su* diff]5t sub/ances came to be deposit$ 9 ! same place ( ! ocean4 ,! answ] to ?is is easy2 we d n pret5d to trace ?+s f _! orig9al to ! place 9 :i* !y _h be5 ultimately deposit$ at ! bottom ( ! sea4 ,x is en\gh t we f9d ! sub/ance ( :i* we treat deliv]$ into ! sea1 & regul>ly deposit$ at ! bottom1 aft] hav+ be5 transport$ by ! curr5ts ( ! ocean4 ,n[ ! curr5ts ( ! ocean1 h[ev] regul> !y may be = a c]ta9 p]iod ( "t1 & h[ev] long ?is p]iod may be protract$1 naturally *ange2 & !n ! curr5ts1 :i* _h giv5 bir? to "o species ( /ratum 9 "o place1 w c>ry x to ano!r2 & ! s$im5t :i* ! mom5t be=e _h =m$ a coal /ratum1 or a b$ ( t bitum9\s matt]1 may be succe$$ ei!r ) ! s$im5t ( an argillace\s /ratum1 or cov]$ ov] ) a b$ ( s&1 br\ght by ! *ang$ curr5t ( ! sea4 ,we h n[ consid]$ all ! appe>ances ( coal /rata1 s f> z ^! dep5d ^u ! mat]ials1 & _! orig9al collection4 ,b1 z ^? bitum9\s /rata h be5 *ang$ 9 _! sub/ance by ! op]ation ( subt]ranean heat & inspissation1 we are n[ to look = ! necess>y consequ5ces ( ?is *ange 9 ! body ( ! /ratum2 & also = o!r m9]al op]ations common to fossil coal ) consolidat$ /rata ( :atev] species4 ,if coal1 l o!r m9]al /rata1 h be5 inspissat$ & consolidat$ by subt]ranean heat1 we %\ld f9d !m trav]s$ ) ve9s & fissures2 &1 if ! matt] f\nd 9 ^? ve9s & fissures corresponds to t f\nd 9 simil> places ( o!r /rata1 e confirmation w be h5ce giv5 to ! !ory t c be expect$ f ! consid]ation ( ^? bitum9\s /rata4 ,b ?is is ! case2 we f9d ^? fissures fill$ bo? ) calc>e\s1 gypse\s1 & pyrit\s sub/ances4 ,!re=e1 we h reason to conclude1 t ! /rata ( fossil coal1 l e o!r indurat$ or consolidat$ body 9 ! e>?1 has be5 produc$1 fir/1 by means ( wat] prep>+ & collect+ mat]ials prop] = ! con/ruction ( l&2 &1 secondly1 by ! op]ation ( int]nal fire or subt]ranean heat melt+ & ?us consolidat+ e kn[n sub/ance ( ! globe4 ,n only are ^? sp>ry & pyrit\s sub/ances1 :i* are m natural to coal /rata1 f\nd =m+ ve9s trav]s+ ^? /rata 9 v>i\s directions1 b also e o!r m9]al ve9 may occasionally be f\nd p]vad+ coal m9es1 or trav]s+ bitum9\s /rata4 ,gold1 silv]1 copp]1 lead1 calam9e1 h all1 9 ?is mann]1 be5 f\nd 9 coal4 ,!re rema9s n[ only to consid] ^? bitum9\s /rata ( fossil coal 9 relation to t *ange ( situation :i* has happ5$ m or less to e /ratum :i* we exam9e2 b :i* is s mu* bett] kn[n 9 ^? ( coal1 by hav+1 f _! great utility 9 ! arts ( life1 become a subject = m9+1 & ?us be5 trac$ 9 ! e>? at great exp5se1 & = a long ext5t4 ,coal /rata1 :i* _h be5 orig9ally 9 a horizontal position1 are n[ f\nd sometimes /&+ 9 an erect po/ure1 ev5 almo/ p]p5dicul> to ! plane 9 :i* !y _h be5 =m$4 ,m9]s !re=e di/+ui% coal /rata accord+ z !y deem !m to approa* to ! "o or o!r ( ^? two extremes1 9 t]m+ !m ei!r flat or edge seams or ve9s4 ,?us1 x w appe>1 t e possible *ange f ! orig9al position ( ^? /rata may h happ5$1 & are daily f\nd f our exp]i5ce 9 ^? m9es4 ,b besides ! *ang$ position ( ^? /rata1 9 dep>t+ f ! horizontal l9e or flat position 9 :i* !y _h be5 =m$1 !re is ano!r rem>kable *ange1 t]m$ by m9]s a tr\ble 9 ! coal4 ,! consid]ation ( ?is *ange w fur!r illu/rate ! op]ations ( nature 9 plac+ t :i* _h be5 at ! bottom ( ! sea above its surface4 ,/rata1 t are 9 "o place regul>ly incl9$1 may be f\nd b5d$1 or irregul>ly incl9$1 9 foll[+ _! c\rse4 ,"h !n is a s\rce ( irregul>ity :i* (t5 mat]ially effects ! e/imates ( m9]s1 judg+ f :at !y see1 ( ^? p>ts :i* are to be explor$2 & ?is is an accid5t :i* !y frequ5tly exp]i5ce4 ,b1 )\t any *ange 9 ! g5]al direction ( ! /ratum1 m9]s (t5 f9d _! coal broke (f abruptly1 ^? two p>ts be+ plac$ ^u a high] & l[] situation 9 respect to ea* o!r1 if flat b$s1 or sep>at$ lat]ally if !y are edge seams4 ,?is is by m9]s t]m$ a slip1 hit*1 or dyke4 ,^! irregul>ities may ei!r be att5d$ ) an inject$ body ( subt]rane\s lava or basaltes1 "h t]m$ :9-/one1 or !y may n be att5d$1 at lea/ app>5tly1 i4e4 imm$iately1 ) any su* accid5t4 ,b exp]i5c$ m9]s "k1 t1 9 approa*+ to any ( ^? inject$ masses ( /one1 :i* are s frequ5t 9 ?is c\ntry1 _! coal is m & m subject to be tr\bl$4 ,z !re is1 9 ?is c\ntry ( ,scotl&1 two diff]5t species ( m\nta9s or hills1 "o compos$ bo? 9 matt] & mann] exactly simil> to ! ,alps ( ,switz]l&1 ! o!r ( :9-/one1 basaltic rock1 or subt]rane\s lava2 & z ! fossil coal1 argillace\s & s&-/one /rata1 are f\nd v>i\sly connect$ ) ^? hills1 no?+ c t5d m to give a prop] und]/&+1 ) reg>d to ! con/ruction ( ! l& 9 g5]al1 ( ! globe ?an a view ( ^? diff]5t bodies1 :i* are "h f\nd mu* mix$ toge!r 9 a little space ( c\ntry1 ?us exhibit+1 z x 7 9 m9iature1 :at may be f\nd 9 o!r p>ts ( ! _w1 ^u a l>g] scale1 b n ^u any o!r pr9ciple4 ,i w !re=e endeav\r to give a %ort description ( ! m9]al /ate ( ?is c\ntry ) reg>d to coal1 s f> z my exp]i5ce & memory w s]ve4 ,?is c\ntry might v prop]ly be consid]$ z consi/+ ( prim>y & second>y m\nta9s2 n z suppos+ ! prim>y m\nta9s orig9al & inexplicable 9 _! =mation1 any m ?an ^? ( ! late/ production1 b z consid]+ ! "o to be lat] 9 po9t ( "t1 or po/]ior 9 ! progress ( ?+s4 ,! fir/ are ^? :i* commonly =m ! alp9e c\ntries1 consi/+ ( v>i\s s*i/i1 ( qu>tzy /one1 & granites4 ,! second1 aga91 are ! :9/one or basaltic hills scatt]$ up & d[n ! l[ c\ntry1 & evid5tly po/]ior to ! /rata ( t c\ntry1 :i* !y break1 elevate1 & displace4 ,?us !re are 9 ?is c\ntry1 z well z e :]e else1 ?ree ?+s to be di/+ui%$2 fir/1 ! alp9e or elevat$ c\ntry2 secondly1 ! flat or l[ c\ntry2 &1 ?irdly1 t :i* has be5 ( po/]ior =mation to ! /rata :i* x trav]ses1 9 :atev] %ape or quality2 :e!r z a m\nta91 or only z a ve92 :e!r z a basaltes1 a porphyry1 or a granite1 or only z a metal1 a silice\s sub/ance1 or a sp>4 ,^? ?ree ?+s :i* are "h di/+ui%$ d n diff] ) reg>d to ! *emical "* ( _! sub/ances2 =1 9 ea* ( ^!1 e diff]5t sub/ance is to be f\nd1 m or less2 & x is n 9 be+ compos$ ( mat]ials peculi> to itself1 t makes an alp9e c\ntry be di/+ui%$ f a flat c\ntry2 x is *iefly 9 ! *anges :i* ! /rata ( ! alp9e c\ntry h be5 made to und]go1 po/]ior to _! orig9al collection1 t ! rocks ( ! alp9e c\ntry diff] f ^? ( ! flat c\ntry4 ,b ! obs]vation t is mo/ to ! purpose ( ! pres5t subject ( bitum9\s /rata1 is ?is2 x is *iefly 9 ! /rata ( ! flat c\ntry t fossil coal are f\nd2 !re are none t ,i "k ( 9 all ! alp9e c\ntries ( ,scotl&2 & x is always among ! /rata peculi> to ! flat c\ntry t fossil coal is f\nd4 ,n[1 ?is appe>ance _c be expla9$ by say+ t ! mat]ials ( m9]al coal _h n exi/$ 9 ! _w :ile ^? prim>y /rata 7 =m$ 9 ! sea4 ,i h already %[n1 7*ap4 #d47 t !re _h be5 ! same sy/em ( a _w1 produc+ plants1 & ?us ma9ta9+ animals1 :ile ! prim>y /rata 7 =m$ 9 ! sea2 ,i h ev5 adduc$ an example ( coal /rata among ^? prim>y s*i/i1 al?\gh ?is be an extremely r>e occurr5ce3 ,consequ5tly1 we are "u ! necessity ( look+ out = "s o!r cause4 ,if ! *anges :i* h be5 evid5tly sup]9duc$ 9 ! /rata ( alp9e c\ntries arise f ! repeat$ op]ations ( subt]ranean fire1 or to ! extreme degree 9 :i* ^? /rata h be5 affect$ by ?is consolidat+ & elevat+ cause1 x w be natural to suppose t ! bitum9\s or combu/ible "p among ^? /ratifications1 may h be5 mo/ly consum$ ^u "s occasion dur+ ^? v>i\s & long cont9u$ op]ations2 :]eas1 9 ! flat b$s ( ! l[ c\ntry1 al?\gh !re is ! mo/ p]fect evid5ce = ! ex]tion ( heat 9 ! consolidation ( ^? /rata1 ! g5]al quantity ( ?is has be5 a little ?+1 comp>$ ) ! univ]sal manife/ation ( ?is cause 9 ! op]ations ( ! alp9e c\ntries1 ! /rata ( :i* h be5 s mu* displac$ 9 _! situations & positions4 ,to illu/rate ?is1 /rata ( s&-/one are f\nd 9 bo? ! alp9e & flat c\ntries ( ,scotl&4 ,ab\t ,leadhills1 = example1 !re are abundance ( ^? /rata2 b1 9 ! flat c\ntry1 ! g5]ality ( ! s&-/one is s little *ang$ z to appe> to e enlight5$ naturali/ aqui=m /rata2 :]eas ! mo/ enlight5$ ( ^? philosoph]s w n p]haps attribute ! same orig9al to a simil> composition 9 ! alp9e c\ntry1 :i* is s mu* *ang$ f its orig9al /ate4 ,x is n because !re _h be5 want+ a suffici5t degree ( heat to consolidate ! s&-/one 9 ! coal c\ntry2 = ,i c %[ specim5s ( s&-/one almo/ contigu\s ) coal1 t h be5 extremely mu* consolidat$ 9 ?is mann]4 ,b ?is is only a p>ticul> /ratum2 & ! g5]al appe>ance ( ! s&-/one1 z well z o!r /rata 9 ! coal c\ntries1 is t ( hav+ be5 little affect$ by ^? subt]ranean op]ations ( heat by :i* ^? bodies 9 ! alp9e c\ntry h be5 *ang$ 9 _! /ructure1 %ape1 & position4 ,if we %all ?us all[ ! pr9ciple ( consolidation1 consequ5tly also ( induration1 to h be5 mu* ex]t$ ^u ! /rata ( ! alp9e c\ntry1 & b mod]ately or little ^u ^? ( ! l[ c\ntry ( ,scotl&1 we %all evid5tly see "o reason1 p]haps ! only "o1 = ! less] elevation ( ! "o c\ntry above ! level ( ! sea1 ?an ! o!r4 ,?is is because ! "o resi/s ! p[]s :i* h be5 employ$ 9 level+ :at has be5 rais$ f ! bottom ( ! sea1 m ?an ! o!r2 consequ5tly1 we f9d m ( ! "o rema9+ above ! level ( ! sea ?an ( ! o!r4 ,let u n[ take ! map ( ,scotl&1 9 ord] to obs]ve ! mixture ( ^? two diff]5t species ( c\ntries1 :]e( ! "o is g5]ally l[ & flat1 ! o!r high & m\nta9\s2 ! "o m or less provid$ ) fossil coal1 ! o!r n4 ,f ,/ ,abb's ,head1 on ! ea/ ( ,scotl&1 to ! ,mull ( ,gall[ay1 on ! we/1 !re runs a ridge ( m\nta9s ( granite1 qu>tz1 & s*i/us /rata1 :i* conta9 n coal4 ,on ea* side ( ?is ridge we f9d coal c\ntries2 ,nor?umb]l&1 on ! "o side1 &1 on ! o!r1 ! %ires ( ,ayr1 ,lan>k1 & ! ,lo?ians2 ! "o is a m\nta9\s c\ntry1 ! o!rs are comp>atively l[ or flat c\ntries4 ,let u n[ draw ano!r alp9e l9e f ,bu*an & ,cai?ness1 ^u ! ea/1 to ! isl& ( ,jura1 on ! we/2 ?is trav]ses a m\nta9\s c\ntry de/itute ( coal1 &1 s f> z ,i "k1 ( any m>ks ( m>9e bodies4 ,b1 on ea* side ( ?is great alp9e ridge1 we f9d ! h>d c\ntry skirt$ ) "o :i* is l[]1 flatt]1 or ( a s(t] nature1 9 :i* coal is f\nd1 ^u ! "o side1 9 ! %ires ( ,fife1 ,clackmannan1 & ,/irl+2 &1 on ! o!r1 9 t holl[ :i* runs f ! ,murray ,fri? s\?-we/1 9 a /raight l9e1 direct$ ^u ! end ( ,mull1 & compos$1 = ! mo/ "p1 ( wat] v little above ! level ( ! sea4 ,"h1 to be sure1 ! coal is sc>ce1 or n s evid5t2 b !re is coal ^u ! sea coa/ 9 sev]al places ( ?is great ,bay betwixt ,bu*an & ,cai?ness2 & ! l[ness ( ! c\ntry1 across ?is "p ( ! isl&1 is almo/ suffici5t te/imony t x _h be5 compos$ ( s(t] mat]ials4 ,?us ! coal c\ntry ( ,scotl& may be consid]$ z 9 "o b& across ! isl&1 & includ$ 9 ! c\nties ( ,ayr1 ,lan>k1 & all ^? :i* bord] ^u ! ,fri? ( ,=?4 ,n[1 9 all ?is tract ( coal & t5d] /rata1 we d n f9d ridges ( alp9e /one or prim>y m\nta9s1 b we f9d _m hills ( solid rock1 little m\nta9s1 f #ejj to #ajjj feet high2 su* z t beautiful conical hill ,nor? ,b]wick ,law1 ,torp5d] ,law1 ,ar?ur's ,seat1 ! ,l[m&s1 & o!rs ( inf]ior note4 ,t is to say1 ! :ole ( ?is includ$ space1 bo? sea & l&1 has be5 invad$ f bel[ ) melt$ masses ( :9-/one1 break+ up ?r\gh ! natural /rata ( ! c\ntry1 & v>i\sly emboss+ ! surface ( ! e>? at pres5t1 :5 all ! s(t] mat]ials1 ) :i* ^? subt]ranean lavas _h be5 cov]$1 are wa%$ away or remov$ f ^? summits ( ! c\ntry4 ,h5ce !re is sc>cely a consid]able tub]cle1 ) :i* ?is c\ntry also ab\nds1 t may n be f\nd conta9+ a mass ( :9-/one z a nucleus4 ,b besides ^? insulat$ masses ( :9/one t =m a gradation f a m\nta9 to a s+le rock1 su*1 = example1 z t on :i* ! ,ca/le ( ,ed9burgh is built1 we f9d imm5se quantities ( ! same basaltic rock int]ject$ among ! natural /rata1 always break+ & disord]+ !m1 b (t5 app>5tly foll[+ _! directions = a consid]able space ) "s regul>ity4 ,we also f9d dykes ( ! same sub/ance bisect+ ! /rata l p]p5dicul> ve9s ( rock2 &1 9 "s places1 we see ! connection ( ^! rocks ( ! same sub/ance1 :i* ?us appe> to be plac$ 9 su* a diff]5t =m 9 relation to ! /rata4 ,x w ?us appe>1 t ! regul> =m1 & horizontal direction ( /rata ?r\gh\t ?is c\ntry ( coal1 n[ "u contemplation1 has be5 brok5 & disord]$ by ! eruption & int]jection ( ^? masses ( basaltic /one or subt]rane\s lava2 & ?us may be expla9$ n only ! disord]s & irregul>ities ( coal /rata1 b also ! diff]5t qualities ( ?is bitum9\s sub/ance f its m natural /ate to t ( a p]fect coal or fix$ infusible & combu/ible sub/ance burn+ )\t smoke4 ,?is happ5s sometimes to a "p ( a coal /ratum :i* approa*es ! :9-/one4 ,hav+ ?us /at$ ! case ( combu/ible or bitum9\s /rata1 ,i w\ld ask ^? naturali/s1 :o adh]e to ! !ory ( infiltration & ! op]ation ( wat] alone1 h[ !y are to conceive ^? /rata =m$ & consolidat$4 ,!y mu/ consid]1 t "h are imm5se bodies ( ^? combu/ible /rata1 "u hundr$s1 p]haps ?\s&s1 ( fa?oms ( s&-/one1 iron-/one1 argillace\s & calc>e\s /rata4 ,if !y are to suppose bitum9\s bodies collect$ at ! bottom ( ! sea1 !y mu/ say f :5ce t bitum5 _h come2 =1 ) reg>d to ! /rata bel[ ^? bitum9\s bodies1 above !m1 & betwe5 !m1 we see p]fectly f :5ce _h come ! mat]ials ( :i* !y are =m$4 ,!y _c say t x is f a collection ( e>?y matt] :i* _h be5 aft]w>ds bitum9iz$ by infiltration2 =1 al?\gh we f9d _m ( ^? e>?y /rata v>i\sly impregnat$ ) ! bitum9\s & coaly matt]1 ,i h %[n t ! e>?y & ! bitum9\s matt] _h subsid$ toge!r2 besides1 !re are _m ( ^? coaly & bitum9\s /rata 9 :i* !re is no m ?an two or ?ree p] c5t4 ( e>?y matt] or a%es aft] burn+2 !re=e ! /rata mu/ h be5 =m$ ( bitum9\s matt]1 & n simply impregnat$ ) x4 ,to avoid ?is difficulty1 we %all all[ !m to =m _! /rata1 :i* c]ta9ly is ! case 9 great "p1 by ! collection ( vegetable bodies2 !n1 ,i desire !m to say1 9 :at mann] !y are to consolidate ^? bodies4 ,if !y %all allege t x is by simple pressure1 ,h[ %all we conceive ! num]\s ve9s ( sp> & pyrites1 :i* trav]se ^? /rata 9 all directions1 to be =m$ 9 ^? bodies consolidat$ by ! compression ( ! sup]9cumb5t masses8--,"h is a manife/ inconsi/5cy1 :i* proves t x c\ld n be4 ,b1 ev5 7 we to suppose all ^? difficulties to be ov] come1 !re is /ill an impossibility 9 ! way ( t inconsid]ate !ory1 & ?is w appe> m fully 9 ! foll[+ *apt]4 ,,sect4 ,,iii4--,! ,m9]alogical ,op]ations ( ! ,e>? illu/rat$ f ! ,!ory ( ,fossil ,coal4 ,!re is n p]haps a great] diff]5ce among ! v>i\s qualities ( bodies ?an t :i* may be obs]v$ to subsi/ betwe5 ! burn+ ( ^? two sub/ances1 t is1 ! inflammable bodies on ! "o h&1 & ^? t are combu/ible on ! o!r4 ,i h treat$ ( t di/9ction 9 ,diss]tations ^u subjects ( ,natural ,philosophy1 "p #c;d4 :]e ,i h consid]$ ! diff]5t effects ( ^? two k9ds ( bodies ^u ! incid5t light2 &1 9 a ,diss]tation ^u ! ,philosophy ( ,fire1 etc4 ,i h di/+ui%$ ^? two k9ds ( sub/ances 9 relation to _! emitt+1 9 burn+1 ! fix$ light :i* _h con/itut$ a "p ( ^? inflammable & combu/ible bodies4 ,all animals & vegetable bodies conta9 bo? ^? diff]5t *emical sub/ances unit$2 & ?is phlogi/ic composition is an ess5tial "p 9 e animal & vegetable sub/ance4 ,!re are to be f\nd 9 ^? bodies p>ticul> sub/ances1 :i* ab\nd m or less ) "o ( ^? species ( phlogi/ic matt]1 b nev] is ! "o species ( ^? burn+ sub/ances to be f\nd naturally1 9 animal & vegetable bodies1 )\t be+ associat$ ) ! o!r2 & x is all t ! *emical art c d to sep>ate !m 9 a great degree ^u occasion4 ,pure ard5t _s may p]haps be consid]$ z conta9+ ! "o1 & ! mo/ p]fect coal ! o!r2 ! *emical pr9ciple ( ! "o is prop] c>bonic matt]2 & ( ! o!r x is ! hydrog5e\s pr9ciple1 or t ( inflammable air4 ,?us we s f> und]/& ! composition ( animal & vegetable sub/ances :i* burn or ma9ta9 our fires2 we also und]/& ! *emical analysis ( ^? bodies1 9 sep>at+ ! inflammable f ! combu/ible sub/ance1 or ! volatile f ! fix$ matt]1 ! oil f :at is ! prop] coal4 ,x is by di/illation or evaporation1 ! effect ( heat1 t ?is sep>atory op]ation is p]=m$2 & we "k no o!r means by :i* ?is may be done4 ,!re=e1 :]ev] we f9d peculi> effects ( t sep>atory op]ation1 we h a "r to inf] ! prop] cause4 ,! subject1 :i* we are to consid] 9 ?is section1 is n ! composition ( /rata 9 ^? ( m9]al coal1 b ! trans=mation ( ^?1 :i* _h be5 orig9ally inflammable bodies1 into bodies :i* are only combu/ible1 an end :i* is to be atta9$ by ! sep>ation ( _! volatile or inflammable sub/ances4 ,9 ! la/ section1 ,i h %[n ( :at mat]ials ! /rata ( m9]al coal _h be5 orig9ally =m$2 ^! are sub/ances conta9+ abundance ( inflammable oil or bitum51 z well z c>bonic matt] :i* is prop]ly combu/ible2 & ?is is confirm$ by ! g5]ality ( ^? /rata1 :i*1 ?\gh p]fectly consolidat$ by fusion1 reta9 /ill _! inflammable & fusible qualities4 ,b n[ ! object ( inve/igation is t m9]al op]ation by :i* "s ( ^? /rata1 or "s p>ts ( a fusible & inflammable /ratum1 h be5 s *ang$ z to become infusible & only combu/ible4 ,we h n[ exam9$ ^? /rata :i* may be consid]$ z ei!r prop] m9]al coal1 or z only a bitum9\s s*i/us2 we are n[ to class along ) ^! ano!r species ( ?is k9d ( matt]1 :i* has _h a simil> orig91 al?\gh x may assume a diff]5t "*4 ,accord+ to ! common obs]vations ( mank9d1 ! em95t quality by :i* coal is to be di/+ui%$1 is ! burn+ ( t sub/ance1 or its capacity = mak+ a fire4 ,!re=e1 h[ev] simil> 9 o!r respects1 a sub/ance :i* _h n t em95t quality ( coal c\ld h>dly be consid]$ z be+ alli$ to x2 f> less c\ld x be suppos$1 z be+ 9 e o!r respect ! same4 ,we are h[ev] to endeav\r to %[1 t !re are truly sub/ances ( ?is k9d1 sub/ances :i* to common obs]vation1 hav+ none ( ! prop]ties ( coal ) respect to fire1 consequ5tly1 no utility = ! purpose ( burn+1 might be consid]$ z ano!r species ( m9]al1 :ile at ! same "t !y are truly at bottom a composition v little diff]5t f ^? :i* we h consid]$ z ! mo/ p]fect coal4 ,x mu/ be recollect$ t we h di/+ui%$ coal 9 g5]al z ( two diff]5t species1 "o p]fect or prop] coal1 conta9+ no p]ceptible quantity ( ei!r oil or phlegm2 ! o!r z burn+ ) smoke & flame1 consequ5tly conta9+ bo? aque\s & oleag9\s sub/ances :i* x emits 9 di/illation4 ,x is ! fir/ ( ^! :i* we are n[ to consid] m p>ticul>ly1 9 ord] to see ! v>ieties :i* may be f\nd 9 ?is species ( m9]al sub/ance4 ,:5 t bitum9\s fossil1 :i* is ! common coal ( ?is c\ntry1 is submitt$ to heat x is subject to melt m or less1 & emits smoke :i* is compos$ ( wat] & oil4 ,if x be ?us completely di/ill$1 x becomes a p]fect coal ( a por\s or spongy texture4 ,su* a sub/ance z ?is is extremely r>e among m9]als2 ,i h h[ev] f\nd x4 ,x is 9 ! h>b\r ( ,ayr1 :]e a :9/one dyke trav]ses ! coal /rata1 & includes "s ( t sub/ance 9 ! /ate ( coals or c9d]4 ,i po9t$ ?is out _m ye>s ago to ,dr ,black2 & lately ,i %[$ x to ,pr(essor ,playfair4 ,b ! culm ( ,s\? ,wales1 ! ,kilk5ny coal ( ,irel&1 & ! bl9d coal ( ,scotl&1 not)/&+ t ^! are a p]fect coal1 or *>r$ to a coal1 h no?+ ( ! por\s con/ruction ( ! specim5 :i* ,i h j n[ m5tion$2 !y are p]fectly solid1 & break ) a smoo? %9+ surface l ^? :i* emit smoke & flame4 ,"h is !re=e a m9]al op]ation 9 ! prep>ation ( ^? coals :i* we _c imitate2 & "h is ! cle>e/ evid5ce ( ! op]ation ( m9]al fire or heat1 al?\gh we are ignorant ( ! reason :y "s coal /rata are *>r$1 :ile o!rs are n1 & :y1 9 "s p>ticul> cases1 ! *>r$ coal may be por\s or spongy l our coals1 :ile 9 g5]al ^? bl9d coals 7z !y are call$7 are p]fectly solid 9 _! /ructure4 ,b to :at ,i w\ld call m p>ticul>ly ! att5tion ( m9]al philosoph]s is ?is1 t x is inconceivable to h ?is effect produc$ by means ( wat]2 we might z well say t heat 7 to be ! cause ( ice4 ,! production ( coal f vegetable bodies1 9 :i* t phlogi/ic sub/ance is orig9ally produc$1 or f animal bodies :i* h x f t s\rce1 is made by heat1 & by no o!r means1 s f> z we "k4 ,b1 ev5 heat alone is n suffici5t to effect t end1 or make a p]fect coal2 ! phlogi/ic body1 :i* is naturally comp\nd1 consi/+ ( bo? inflammable & combu/ible sub/ances1 mu/ be sep>at$ *emically1 & ?is mu/ be ! op]ation ( heat "u ! prop] circum/ances = di/illation or evaporation4 ,"h is ! impossibility :i* 9 ! la/ *apt] ,i h alleg$ ! aque\s !ory has to /ruggle aga9/2 & "h is "o ( ! absolute pro(s ( ! igne\s !ory4 ,n only mu/ ! aque\s "p ( ^? natural phlogi/ic bodies be evaporat$1 9 ord] to _! becom+ coal1 b ! oily p>ts mu/ also1 by a /ill increas$ degree ( heat1 be evaporat$1 or sep>at$ by di/illation f ! combu/ible "p4 ,"h1 !re=e1 is evid5tly ! op]ation ( heat1 n simply t ( fusion 9 contradiction to ! fluidity ( aque\s solution1 b 9 opposition to any effect ( wat]1 z requir+ ! abs5ce or sep>ation ( t aque\s sub/ance4 ,b ^? natural appe>ances g /ill f>!r to confirm our !ory1 :i*1 ^u all occasions1 consid]s ! compression ^u ! bodies t are submitt$ to ! op]ation ( heat1 9 ! m9]al regions1 z hav+ ! greate/ efficacy 9 modify+ t op]ation4 ,coal /rata1 :i* are 9 ! neighb\rhood ( ea* o!r1 be+ ( ^? two opposite species1 ! "o fusible & inflammable1 ! o!r infusible & combu/ible1 af=d ! cle>e/ pro( ( ! efficacy ( compression2 =1 x is evid5t1 t ! coal1 :i* 0 once bitum9\s or fusible1 _c be *>r$ )\t ! di/illation ( t sub/ance2 !re=e1 prev5t ! di/illation by compression & ! *>r+ op]ation _c proce$1 :atev] %\ld be ! int5sity ( ! heat2 & !n1 fusion alone mu/ be ! effect ^u ! bitum9\s body4 ,b n[1 z we h bo? ^? species ( coal 9 ! vic9ity ( ea* o!r1 & ev5 ! same /rata ( coal "p *>r$1 :ile ! re/ is n1 ?is natural appe>ance1 s f> f be+ a /umbl+ block1 z x mu/ be to ! opposite !ory1 is mo/ cle>ly expla9$ by ! p>tial escape ( vap\rs f ! m9]al regions1 & ?us confirms ! !ory ) reg>d to ! efficacy ( compression4 ,x is ow+ to ! solidity ( ^? natural *>r$ coals1 & ! want ( oil1 t !y are s v difficult ( k9dl+2 b1 :5 once k9dl$ 9 suffici5t quantity1 !y make a fire :i* is v durable4 ,!re are ev5 "s ( !m :i*1 to common obs]vation1 seem to be altoge!r incombu/ible4 ,i h ( ?is k9d a specim5 f a /ratum at ,/air1 :i* %all be aft]w>ds m5tion$4 ,m4 ,/ruve1 9 ! ,j\rnal de ,physique = ,janu>y #agij1 describes a m9]al :i* he calls plombag9e *>bonneuse ou hexadre2 & gives = reason1 p>ce qu'elle ressemble extrmem5t au *>bon de pi]re s*i/eux1 ou d'hexadre4 ,he says f>!r1 ,il e/ trs commun1 dans une ro*e qui =me un passage entre les granits et les br*es1 qu'on n'a tr\ve jusqu'a prs5t qu'on masses r\les dans le pays de ,vaud4 ,he concludes 8 pap] ?us3 ,ce fossile s+uli] ne p>ot pas app>t5ir la ,suisse seule4 ,j'ai dans ce mom5t devant les yeux une sub/ance p>faitem5t semblable1 si on excepte la c\leur qui ti5t le milieu entre le gris de f] et le r\ge modr2 elle vi5t du pays de ,go?a de la ,fri$ris*s-grube1 pro*e d',umneau4 ,on le reg>de comme un eis5rahm uni du *>bon de pi]re4 ,! specim5 :i* ,i h f ,/air ^u ! wat] ( ,ayr1 s f> z ,i c und]/&1 p]fectly resembles ?is plombag9e ( ,m4 ,/ruve4 ,x consumes v sl[ly 9 ! fire1 & deflagrates l plumbago ) nitre4 ,n[ ?is comes f a regul> coal /ratum2 & :at is m rem>kable1 9 ?is /ratum is conta9$ a true plumbago1 ,f>!r up ! c\ntry1 ! ,e>l ( ,dumfries has also a m9e conta9+ plumbago along ) o!r coal /rata2 & ?\gh ! plumbago ( ^! two m9es h n all ! s(tness & beauty ( ! m9]al ( ! same species f ,cumb]l&1 !y are nev]!less p]fect plumbago4 ,i h a specim5 ( /eatetical :9/one or basaltes f "s "p ( ,cumb]l&1 9 :i* is conta9$ _m nodules ( ! mo/ p]fect & beautiful plumbago4 ,x is disp]s$ ?r\gh ?is /one 9 r\nd$ masses ( all sizes f a nut to a p9's head2 & _m ( ^! are mix$ ) pyrites4 ,!re is !re=e reason to believe t ?is plumbago _h be5 9 fusion4 ,n[1 if we consid] t e species ( coal & e species ( plumbago are equally1 t is1 p]fectly combu/ible1 & yield1 9 burn+1 ! same volatile pr9ciples1 diff]+ only p]haps a little 9 ! small quantity ( fix$ matt] :i* rema9s1 we %all be incl9$ to believe1 t !y h all ! same orig9 9 a vegetable sub/ance2 & t !y are div]sifi$ by "s v small composition ( o!r matt]4 ,?is be+ all[$1 "o ?+ is c]ta91 t x is by ! op]ation ( m9]al fire or heat t ^? combu/ible sub/ances1 h[ev] compos$1 h be5 br\ght to _! pres5t /ate ( coal1 al?\gh we are ignorant ( ! circum/ances by :i* _! diff]5ces & _! peculi> *emical & me*anical qualities h be5 produc$4 ,let u resume 9 a few words4 ,!re is n p]haps "o sub/ance 9 ! m9]al k+dom by :i* ! op]ation ( subt]rane\s heat is1 to common und]/&+1 bett] exemplifi$ ?an t ( m9]al coal4 ,^? /rata are evid5tly a deposit ( inflammable sub/ances :i* all come orig9ally f vegetable bodies4 ,9 ?is /ate ( _! =mation1 ^? coal /rata mu/ all be oleag5\s or bitum9\s4 ,9 _m ( !m1 h[ev]1 ^! volatile p>ts are f\nd want+2 &1 ! /ratum is f\nd 9 ! /ate ( ! mo/ p]fect coal or caput mortuum4 ,!re1 is1 ,i presume1 no o!r means to be f\nd by :i* ?is em95t effect c\ld be produc$1 except by di/illation2 &1 ?is di/illation p]haps proce$$ "u ! re/ra9+ =ce ( an imm5se compression4 ,to ?is !ory x mu/ n be object$1 t all ! /rata ( coal1 :i* are f\nd 9 ! same place or neighb\rhood1 are n r$uc$ to t caput mortuum or p]fect coaly /ate4 ,! *ange f a bitum9\s to a coaly sub/ance c only take place 9 proportion z ! di/illation ( ! volatile p>ts is p]mitt$4 ,n[ ?is di/illation mu/ be p]mitt$1 if any passage c be procur$ f ! inflammable body submitt$ to ! op]ation ( subt]rane\s heat2 &1 "o /ratum ( coal may f9d v5t = ! passage ( ^? vap\rs1 ?r\gh "s crevice :i* is n op5 to ano!r4 ,9 ?is way1 d\btless1 "s ( ^? bodies h be5 inspissat$ or r$uc$ to a fix$ coal1 :ile o!rs1 at a little di/ance1 h reta9$ mo/ ( _! volatile p>ts4 ,we _c d\bt ( ?is di/ill+ op]ation 9 ! m9]al regions1 :5 we consid] t 9 mo/ places ( ! e>? we f9d ! evid5t effects ( su* di/illation ( oily sub/ances 9 ! naphta & petroleum t are con/antly emitt$ along ) wat] 9 c]ta9 spr+s4 ,^! oily sub/ances are no o!r ?an su* z may be procur$1 9 a simil> mann]1 f ! fusible or inflammable coal /rata2 we h !re=e e pro( ( ?is m9]al op]ation t ! nature ( ?+s admit (4 ,we h also suffici5t evid5ce t ^? fusible & inflammable coals1 :i* h n be5 di/ill$ to a caput mortuum1 _h be5 subject$ to ! op]ation ( subt]rane\s heat1 because we f9d ^? fusible coals subject to be inject$ ) pyrites1 z well z ! m p]fect coal4 ,if we n[ consid] ^? v>i\s appe>ances ( m9]al bodies :i* are ?us expla9$ by ! !ory ( m9]al fire1 or ex]tion ( subt]rane\s heat1 appe>ances :i* x is impossible to reconcile by any supposition ( aque\s solution1 or t un9telligible language ( m9]al infiltration :i* has ( late prevail$1 we %all be fully satisfi$1 t !re is a uni=m sy/em 9 nature ( provid+ a p[] 9 ! m9]al regions1 = consolidat+ ! loose mat]ials deposit$ at ! bottom ( ! sea1 & = erect+ ^? masses ( m9]aliz$ sub/ances into ! place ( l&2 we %all ?us be l$ to admire ! wisdom ( nature1 provid+ = ! cont9uation ( ?is liv+ _w1 & employ+ ^? v means by :i*1 9 a m p>tial view ( ?+s1 ?is beautiful /ructure ( an inhabit$ e>? seems to be necess>ily go+ into de/ruction4 ,,end ,,( ,,volume ,,fir/4