,! ,r5aissance ( ! ,vocal ,art    ,a    
,practical ,/udy ( ,vitality1 ,vitaliz$ 
,en]gy1 ( ! ,physical1 ,m5tal  &        
,emotional ,p[]s ( ! ,s+]1 ?r\gh        
,flexible1 ,ela/ic ,bodily  ,movem5ts   
,,by ,,edmund ,j4 ,,my]  ,f4,s4 ,sc4    
7,london7    ,au?or ( ,tru?s (          
,importance to ,vocali/s1 ,! ,voice f a 
,practical ,/&-,po9t1 ,voice-,tra9+     
,ex]cises 7a /udy ( ! natural  movem5ts 
( ! voice71 ,vocal ,re9=cem5t1 ,position
 & ,action 9  ,s++1 etc41 etc4    #aijb 
,:5 y see some?+ new to y 9 art1 or he> 
a proposition 9  philosophy y nev] he>d 
be=e1 d n make ha/e to ridicule1 d5y or 
refute4 ,possibly ! tr\ble is )         
y\rself--:o kn[s8          ,,preface4   
,to my read]s once aga9 ?r\gh ?is little
 "w1 greet+s4 ,= ! _m  k9d ?+s said ( my
 =m] works by my fri5ds1 my pupils1 !   
critic  & ! pr(ession1 ?anks6 ,to ^? :o 
h und]/ood & appreciat$  ! pr9ciples    
laid d[n 9 my la/ book1 ,position &     
,action 9 ,s++1  ,i w say t ?is little  
"w w be an additional help4 ,to my      

read]s  9 g5]al1 :o may n h fully       
und]/ood or appreciat$ ! pr9ciples  (   
vitality1 ( vitaliz$ en]gy1 ar\s$ &     
develop$ ?r\gh !  movem5ts set =? 9 my  
la/ book1 to su* ,i w say t ,i hope ?is 
little "w w make cle>] ^? pr9ciples4 ,i 
hope t x may lead  !m to a bett] und]/&+
 ( ! fundam5tal pr9ciples ( ! sy/em1    
pr9ciples :i* are f\nd$ ^u natural laws 
& common s5se4 ,9 ?is  "w ,i h endeavor$
 to logically =mulate my sy/em4    ,z x 
is n possible to fully /udy & develop   
any "o fundam5tal  pr9ciple ( s++ )\t "s
 und]/&+ or ma/]y ( all o!rs1  s x is n 
possible to write a "w l ?is )\t m or   
less  repetition4 ,c]ta9 subjects are s 
closely relat$1 are s int]dep5d5t1  t   
repetition _c be avoid$4 ,i am n (f]+ an
 apology = ?is2 ,i  am simply /at+ t a  
c]ta9 am\nt ( repetition is necess>y4   
,,cont5ts4      ,,preface  ,,exordium   
,,"p ,,fir/4    ,,evolution4            
,,article #a4 ,,! ,,old ,,italian       
,,s*ool ,,( ,,s++         #b4 ,,! ,,d>k 
,,ages ,,( ,,! ,,vocal ,,art         #c4

 ,,! ,,two ,,prevail+ ,,sy/ems          
#d4 ,,! ,,r5aissance ,,( ,,! ,,vocal    
,,art         #e4 ,,! ,,com+ ,,s*ool    
,,or ,,sy/em         #f4 ,,conditions   
#g4 ,,! ,,influ5ce ,,( ,,"r ,,bodily    
,,action    ,,raison ,d',,tre      ,,"p 
,,second4    ,,vitality4    ,,article   
#a4 ,,! ,,fir/ ,,pr9ciple ,,( ,,arti/ic 
,,tone-,,production         #b4 ,,!     
,,second ,,pr9ciple ,,( ,,arti/ic       
,,tone-,,production         #c4 ,,!     
,,?ird ,,pr9ciple ,,( ,,arti/ic         
,,tone-,,production      ,,"p ,,?ird4   
,,ae/hetics4    ,,article #a4 ,,! ,,f\r?
 ,,pr9ciple ,,( ,,arti/ic ,,s++         
#b4 ,,! ,,fif? ,,pr9ciple ,,( ,,arti/ic 
,,s++         #c4 ,,! ,,six? ,,pr9ciple 
,,( ,,arti/ic ,,s++         #d4 ,,!     
,,sev5? ,,pr9ciple ,,( ,,arti/ic ,,s++  
,,exordium4      ,man1 to see f> &      
cle>ly1 mu/ rise above 8 surr\nd+s4 ,to 
w9 great  possessions1 to ma/] great    
tru?s1 we mu/ climb all ! hills1 all !  
m\nta9s1 :i* confront u4 ,un=tunately ! 
vocal pr(ession dwells too  mu* ^u !    

l[l&s ( tradition1 or is buri$ too deep 
9 ! valleys  ( prejudice4 ,bett] ?+s1   
h[ev]1 w come4 ,!y mu/ come4 ,!  curr5t 
( ! advanc$ ?\ght1 ! high] ?\ght1 ( ?is1
 ! op5+  ye> ( ! tw5tie? c5tury1 w sl[ly
 b surely increase 9 p[] &  influ5ce1 w 
sl[ly b surely broad5 & deep51 until !  
light (  reason breaks ^u ! vocal _w4   
,we may confid5tly look1 9 ! ne>        
future1 = ! ,r5aissance ( ! ,vocal ,art4
          ,,"p ,,fir/4    ,,evolution4  
,,article ,,"o4    ,,! ,,old ,,italian  
,,s*ool ,,( ,,s++4      ,! ,%ibbole?1 or
 trade cry1 ( ! av]age mod]n vocal tea*]
 is ,!  ,old ,italian ,s*ool ( ,s++4 ,h[
 mu* ( value !re is 9 ?is may be        
surmis$ :5 we /op to consid] t ( ! _m :o
 claim to tea* !  true ,old ,italian    
me?od no two ( !m tea* at all alike1    
unless !y  happ5 to be pupils ( ! same  
ma/]4    ,a sy/em1 a me?od1 or a !ory is
 n true simply because x is old4 ,x  may
 be old & true2 x may be old & false4 ,x
 may be new & false2 or1  :at is m      
important1 x may be new & yet true2 age 

alone _c /amp  x ) ! m>k ( tru?fulness4 
,! tru? is1 we "k b little ( ! ,old     
,italian ,s*ool ( ,s++4 ,we  d "k1      
h[ev]1 t ! old ,italians 7 an emotional 
& impulsive  p4 ,_! /yle ( s++ 0 !      
flexible1 florid1 coloratura /yle4  ,?is
 dem&$ fre$om ( action & emotional      
expression1 :i* m  l>gely ?an any?+ else
 acc\nts = _! success4    ,! old        
,italians knew little or no?+ ( ! sci5ce
 ( voice z we "k  x to-day4 ,!y did "k1 
h[ev]1 ! great fundam5tal pr9ciples (   
s++1 :i* are fre$om ( =m & action1      
spontaneity & naturalness4  ,!y /udi$   
,nature1 & le>n$ ( h]4 ,_! /yle ( s++1 x
 is  true1 w\ld be consid]$ sup]ficial  
at ! pres5t day1 b x is  g5]ally conc$$ 
t !y did make a few great s+]s4 ,if !   
pr9ciples ( ! old s*ool _h n be5 *ang$  
or lo/1 if !y _h be5  reta9$ & develop$ 
up to ! pres5t day1 :at a wond]ful      
legacy !  vocal pr(ession might h       
inh]it$ 9 ?is age1 ! beg9n+ ( !  tw5tie?
 c5tury4 ,adv]sity1 h[ev]1 develops art 
z well z  individuality2 h5ce ! vocal   

art has mu* to expect 9 ! future4       
,,article ,,two4    ,,! ,,d>k ,,age ,,( 
,,! ,,vocal ,,art4      ,ev5 9 ! palmie/
 days ( ! ,old ,italian ,s*ool1 !re 7   
=ces at  "w :i* 7 de/9$ to influ5ce !   
entire vocal _w4 ,! subtle  influ5ce (  
^! =ces 0 felt s gradually1 & yet s     
surely &  p[]fully1 t :ile ! pr(ession1 
z "o might say1 peacefully slept1  art 0
 *ang$ to artificiality4 ,?us arose t   
:i* may be call$ !  d>k ages ( ! vocal  
art1--an age :5 error ov]%ad[$ tru? &   
reason2 = :ile real sci5ti/s1 aft] great
 /udy & rese>*1  discov]$ mu* ( ! true  
sci5ce ( voice1 _m :o /yl$ !mselves     
sci5ti/s discov]$ mu* t !y imag9$ 0 !   
true sci5ce (  voice4    ,^u ! !ories   
advanc$ by self-/yl$ sci5ti/s1 _m sy/ems
 (  s++ 7 bas$1 )\t def9ite pro( z to _!
 be+ true or false4  ,^! sy/ems 7       
exploit$ = ! b5efit ( ^? :o =mulat$ !m4 
,?is condition ( ?+s prevail$1 n only   
?r\gh ! latt] "p ( !  eighte5? c5tury & 
! fir/ half ( ! n9ete5?1 b /ill         
manife/s itself at ! pres5t day1 & no   

d\bt w cont9ue to d s  = _m ye>s to     
come4    ,! vocal _w und\bt$ly owes mu* 
to ! /udy & rese>* ( ! true  sci5ti/4   
,all true art is bas$ ^u sci5ce1 & none 
m ?an ! art  ( voice & ( s++4    ,sci5ce
 is k ( facts co-ord9at$1 arrang$1 &    
sy/ematiz$2  h5ce sci5ce is tru?4 ,!    
object ( sci5ce is k2 ! object (  art is
 works4 ,9 art1 tru? is ! means to an   
end2 9 sci5ce1 tru? is  ! end4    ,!    
sci5ce ( voice is a k ( c]ta9 ph5om5a or
 movem5ts :i*  are f\nd "u c]ta9        
conditions to occur regul>ly4 ,! object 
( !  true art ( voice is to /udy !      
conditions :i* all[ ^! ph5om5a to       
occur4    ,! greate/ mi/ake ( ! _m      
sy/ems ( s++1 =mulat$ ^u !  !ories ( !  
sci5ti/s1 & ( ! s-call$ sci5ti/s1 0 n s 
mu* 9 _! be+ bas$ ^u !ories :i* (t5times
 7 wrong1 z 9  ! misund]/&+ &           
misapplication ( true !ories4 ,! g5]al  
mi/ake ( ^! sy/ems 0 & is t !y attempt  
by direct local  ef=t1 by direct        
manipulation ( muscle1 to compel !      
ph5om5a ( voice1  in/ead ( /udy+ !      

conditions :i* all[ !m to occur4 ,9 ?is 
way  !y attempt to d by direct control1 
t :i* ,nature alone c d  correctly4     
,:ile x is true t ! vocal _w owes mu* to
 sci5ce & !  sci5ti/s1 yet ! highe/     
sci5ce c nev] fully expla9 ! true       
ph5om5a ( ! voice1 :i* are truly !      
ph5om5a ( ,nature4 ,!  ph5om5a ( ! voice
 no d\bt int]e/ ! sci5ti/s f an         
anatomical  /&po9t1 b ^! ?+s are (      
little practical value to ! s+]4  ,z    
someone has said1 ,to exam9e into !     
anatomical con/ruction ( !  l>ynx1 to   
wat* x physiologically1 & le>n to und]/&
 ! motions (  ! vocal cords 9 _!        
relation to vocal s\nds1 is n mu* m ?an 
look+ at ! dial ( a clock2 ! movem5ts ( 
! h&s w give y no  idea ( ! con/ruction 
( ! intricate works hidd5 beh9d ! face (
  ! clock4    ,we %\ld nev] lose sight (
 ! fact t !re is a true sci5ce (  voice1
 & t ! art ( song is bas$ ^u ?is sci5ce4
 ,! true art (  song1 h[ev]1 is n s mu* 
a direct /udy ( ! physical or me*anical 
action ( ! p>ts1 z x is a /udy ( !      

spirituelle side2 a /udy (  ! =ces :i*  
move ! p>ts automatically1 9 accordance 
) ! laws  ( nature4 ,9 o!r words1 voice1
 true voice1 is m psy*ological ?an      
physiological2 is m an expression ( m9d 
& s\l ?an a physical  expression or a   
physical =ce4 ,x is true1 ! body is !   
m$ium ?r\gh  :i* ! s\l1 ! real man1     
gives expression to ?\ght & feel+2 &    
yet voice t is simply me*anical or      
physical is always common &  mean+less &
 z a rule unmusical4 ,! normal condition
 ( true arti/ic  voice is emotional &   
s\lful4        ,,article ,,?ree4    ,,! 
,,two ,,prevail+ ,,sy/ems4      ,!      
misund]/&+ or ! misapplication ( any    
pr9ciple1 !ory or  device1 always leads 
to error4 ,?is 0 em95tly true ( !       
misund]/&+ & misapplication on ! "p ( _m
 writ]s &  tea*]s :o bas$ _! sy/ems ^u !
 !ories ( ! sci5ti/s &  ! self-/yl$     
sci5ti/s4 ,! result is evid5t2 x is t   
:i* is  kn[n z ! local-ef=t1 muscul>    
s*ool ( ! n9ete5? c5tury2 !  s*ool :i*  
to ?is day s l>gely prevails2 ! s*ool   

:i* makes ( man  a m]e vocal ma*9e1     
in/ead ( a liv+1 emotional1 ?9k+ s\l4   
,! local-ef=t s*ool attempts1 by direct 
control & manipulation (  muscle & ( !  
vocal p>ts1 to compel ! ph5om5a ( voice4
 ,9 ?is  respect x is unique2 9 ?is     
respect x /&s alone4 ,! tru? ( ?is      
/atem5t becomes evid5t :5 we /op to     
consid] t 9 no?+ kn[n  :i* requires     
muscul> developm5t1 z does ! art ( s++1 
is ?is  developm5t or tra9+ secur$ by   
direct manipulation & control (  muscle4
 ,!re is no?+ 9 ! arts or sci5ces1 no?+ 
9 ! broad  field ( a?letics or physical 
culture1 no?+ 9 ! wide _w t  requires   
physical developm5t1 9 :i* ! attempt is 
made to develop by  direct ef=t z does !
 local-ef=t s*ool4 ,h5ce we say ! mi/ake
  !y make is 9 attempt+ to compel !     
ph5om5a ( voice1 in/ead (  /udy+ !      
conditions :i* all[ !m to occur4 ,x     
might be int]e/+1  x c]ta9ly w\ld be v  
amus+1 to enum]ate & illu/rate ! _m  ?+s
 done "u ! "n ( sci5ce1 to compel !     
ph5om5a ( voice2  b space w n p]mit4 ,_m

 ( !m are well kn[n2 _m m are too       
ridicul\s to consid] except t !y %\ld be
 expos$ = ! good (  ! pr(ession4    ,!  
result ( all ?is direct manipulation (  
muscle is  ugl9ess--ev]y:]e h>d1        
unmusical1 unsympa!tic voices4 ,! public
 is  s us$ to he>+ h>d1 muscul> voices t
 ! dem& = beautiful tone  is n :at x    
%\ld be4 ,9 fact1 x is n g5]ally kn[n t 
x is  possible to make almo/ any voice m
 or less beautiful t is at all  wor?    
tra9+4 ,! h>d1 unmusical voice ( ! day  
is a hybrid1 unnatural  & altoge!r      
unnecess>y voice4 ,physical ef=t 9 s++  
develops  physical tone & physical      
effect4 ,common tone makes common s++4  
,a  great arti/ mu/ be great 9 tone z   
well z 9 int]pretation4    ,! disciples 
( ! local-ef=t s*ool lose sight ( ! fact
 t :5 a  muscle is set & rigid1 ei!r 9  
attempt+ to hold ! brea? or to  =ce !   
tone1 x is virtually out ( action2 t    
in/ead ( actually  help+ ! voice x is   
really prev5t+ a free1 natural          
production1 &  t o!r p>ts are !n        

compell$ to d its "w2 ?is acc\nts = _m  
ru9$ voices4 ,to make a "p rigid is     
equal to ! extirpation ( su*  "p4 ,:ile 
x is 9 a /ate ( rigidity x ceases to    
take "p 9 any  action :atsoev]3 x is    
in]t & ! same z if x _h ceas$ to exi/4  
,! local-ef=t s*ool is acc\ntable = _m  
errors ( ! day4 ,!  incubus ( ?is s*ool 
is fa/5$ ^u ! vocal pr(ession )         
octopus-l t5tacles :i* rea* out 9 e     
direction1 & :i* /rive  to /rangle !    
tru? 9 e possible way2 b1 :ile life is  
%ort1 art  is long2 ! tru? mu/ prevail4 
99       99       99       99       99  
,z an outgr[? ( ! local-ef=t s*ool1 & z 
an attempt to c\nt]act  its evil        
t5d5cies1 !re is to-day 9 exi/5ce ano!r 
s*ool or sy/em  kn[n z ! limp or relax$ 
s*ool1 or ! sy/em ( complete relaxation4
  ,! object ( ?is relaxation is to      
ov]come muscul> t5sion & rigidity4  ,?is
 is ! o!r extreme4 ,! foll[]s ( ?is     
s*ool =get t !re  c be no tonicity )\t  
t5sion4 ,flexible firmness )\t rigidity1
 !  result ( flexible1 vitaliz$ position

 & action1 is ! only true  condition4 ,!
 tone ( ! s*ool ( relaxation is ne>ly   
always depress$  & brea?y2 x always     
lacks vitality4        ,,article ,,f\r4 
,,! ,,r5aissance ,,( ,,! ,,vocal ,,art4 
,we are 9 ! habit ( measur+ "t by days1 
weeks1 mon?s1 ye>s1  decades & c5turies4
 ,! _w at l>ge measures "t by epo*s &   
eras4  ,:ile ?is is true 9 ! physical   
_w1 x is equally true ( ! arts  &       
sci5ces1 & x is especially true ( ! art 
( song4 ,?us we h  _h ! p]iod kn[n z ,! 
,old ,italian ,s*ool ( ,s++4 ,?is 0     
foll[$ by ! mod]n s*ool1 or ,!          
,local-,ef=t ,s*ool ( !  n9ete5? c5tury1
 ! p]iod :i* may be call$ ,! ,d>k ,ages 
( !  ,vocal ,art4    ,!re is a con/ant  
evolution 9 all ?+s progressive1 & ?is  
evolution  is felt v p]ceptibly to-day 9
 ! vocal _w4 ,great pr9ciples1 great    
tru?s1 are ( sl[ gr[?1 sl[ developm5t4  
,times *ange1 h[ev]1 & we  *ange ) !m4  
,:ile ! *anges may be sl[ & almo/       
imp]ceptible to  ! obs]v]1 !y are sure1 
& f9ally become evid5t by ! accumulation

  ( ev5t aft] ev5t4    ,! prevail+      
sy/ems ( ! n9ete5? c5tury tri$ to       
develop voice by  direct local muscul>  
ef=t4 ,^! sy/ems h prov$ !mselves       
failures4 ,! vocal _w is look+ = & dem&+
 some?+ bett]4 ,we  may say t we are n[ 
on ! eve ( great ev5ts 9 ! vocal art4   
,:5  ! morn comes1 & ! light breaks1 we 
may confid5tly expect t  awak5+ or      
reawak5+ :i* may prop]ly be call$ ,!    
,r5aissance (  ! ,vocal ,art4    ,?is is
 ! age ( physical culture 9 all its =ms4
 ,!re is a t5d5cy  f ! artificial habits
 ( life1 back1 or r "o %\ld say =w>d1   
to ,nature & ,nature's laws4 ,a?letes   
appreciate ! value ( physical  tra9+3   
bra9-work]s appreciate ! value ( m5tal  
tra9+1 (  ?9k+ be=e act+1 & if y w\ld   
become ei!r y mu/ foll[ !  me?ods ( bo?4
    ,_m ( our =emo/ educators 9 all     
bran*es ( developm5t1 physical1  m5tal &
 musical1 are n[ mak+ a bold /& =       
natural me?ods (  education4 ,h[ev]1 all
 vocal tra9+ & developm5t 9 ! pa/1 we   
are  glad to say1 has n be5 on ! wrong  

side ( ! "q4    ,!re h be51 at all ages 
& "u all circum/ances & conditions1  m5 
:o h be5 at ! root or ! bottom (        
?+s1--m5 :o h  pres]v$ ! tru? 9 spite ( 
_! surr\nd+s4 ,s 9 ! vocal art1  !re h  
be5 at e decade a few m5 :o h kn[n !    
tru?1 & :o  h h&$ x d[n ?r\gh ! d>k ages
 ( ! vocal art4 ,! "w (  ^! m5 has n be5
 lo/4 ,its influ5ce has be5 felt1 & is  
today m  p[]ful ?an ev]4 ,h5ce ! tr5d ( 
! be/ ?\ght ( ! pr(ession  is away f !  
ideas ( ! local-ef=t s*ool1 away f      
rigidity &  artificiality1 & m 9 !      
direction ( naturalness & common s5se4  
,i  believe we are n[1 z a pr(ession1   
sl[ly b surely awak5+ to tru?s  :i* w   
gr[1 & :i* w 9 "t br+ to pass t :i* mu/ 
come  soon] or lat]1 ! new s*ool ( !    
tw5tie? c5tury4    ,!re is to-day t :i* 
is kn[n z ,! ,new ,movem5t 9 ! ,vocal   
,art--a movem5t bas$ ^u natural laws &  
common s5se & oppos$ to  ! ideas ( !    
local-ef=t s*ool2--movem5t 9 ! direction
 ( fre$om  ( action1 spontaneity &      
flexible /r5g? z oppos$ to rigidity &   

direct ef=t2--a movem5t :i* advocates   
vitaliz$ en]gy in/ead (  muscul>        
ef=t2--a movem5t :i* _h its orig9 9 !   
belief t no man  ev] le>n$ to s+ because
 he locally fix$ or puck]$ 8 lips2      
because  he held d[n 8 tongue ) a       
spatulum or a spoon2 because he locally 
l[]$ or rais$ 8 s(t palate2 because he  
consci\sly mov$ or locally  fix$ 8      
l>ynx2 because he consci\sly1 rigidly   
set or firmly pull$ 9  "o direction or  
ano!r1 8 brea?+ muscles2 because he     
c>ri$ an  unnaturally high *e/ at !     
sacrifice ( =m1 position & /r5g? 9  e   
o!r way2 because he sang ) a /ick or a  
p5cil or a cork 9 8  m\?2 or because he 
did a hundr$ o!r unnatural ?+s too      
fooli% to  m5tion4 ,no man ev] le>n$ or 
ev] w le>n to s+ because ( ^!  ?+s4 ,x  
is true he may h le>n$ to s+ 9 spite (  
!m1 :i*  %[s t ,nature is k9d2 b z      
comp>$ to ! :ole1 he is "o 9 a  ?\s&4   
,! ,new ,movem5t has come to /ay4 ,x w1 
( c\rse1 meet ) bitt]  opposition4 ,:y  
n8 ,! cu/om ( _m has be51 & is1 to      

condemn  )\t inve/igation2 to condemn   
because x does n happ5 to be 9 !  l9e ( 
_! tea*+ & /udy4 ,someone has said1 ,he 
:o condemns  )\t k or inve/igation is   
di%one/4    ,! ,new ,movem5t is simply a
 /udy ( ! conditions :i* all[ !  ph5om5a
 ( voice to occur naturally &           
automatically4 ,! day w come1  :5 a "r  
tra9+ ( ! voice w be recogniz$ z a      
flexible1  arti/ic1 physical tra9+ ( !  
human body1 & a consequ5t "r use  ( !   
voice1 z a s\lful expression ( !        
emotional nature4 ,matt] or  muscle w be
 taught to obey m9d or w spontane\sly4  
,! ?\ght  be=e ! ef=t1 or r be=e !      
action1 w be ! controll+  influ5ce1 &   
vitaliz$ emotional en]gy w be ! true    
motor p[] (  ! voice4 ,! elocutioni/s & 
! physical culturi/s und]/& ?is  f>     
bett]1 z a rule1 ?an ! vocali/s4        
,abuse br+s re=m 9 art z well z 9 all   
o!r ?+s4 ,s ! abuse (  ,nature's laws & 
! lack ( common s5se 9 ! tra9+ ( ! s++  
voice has l$1 ?r\gh a gradual evolution1
 to ,! ,new ,movem5t4 ,?is  movem5t is !

 outgr[? ( ! be/ or advanc$ ?\ght ( !   
pr(ession  rebell+ aga9/ unnatural      
me?ods4    ,9 ! fundam5tal pr9ciples (  
,! ,new ,movem5t1 !re is no?+ new       
claim$ by its advocates4 ,all is f\nd$  
^u ! sci5ce ( voice1 z are  all true    
sy/ems ( tea*+4 ,! claims are made )    
reg>d to !  devices us$ to /udy natural 
laws1 to develop ! ,god-giv5 p[]s ( !   
s+]4 ,rememb] t ,nature inc>nates or    
reflects ,god's ?\ghts &  desires & n   
man's ideas or inv5tions4 ,someone has  
said t !re 0  no?+ new1 nor c\ld !re be 
any?+ new1 9 ! art ( s++4 ,!re  are _m1 
alas6 :o talk & write z did ?is man4 ,is
 n ?is simply  pro( ( ! fact t ignorance
 *eap5s & belittles t :i* wisdom  views 
) awe & admiration8 ,& ?is is true (    
no?+ s mu* z x is  ( ! arts & sci5ces4  
,is1 !n1 ours 9 all ! _w1 ! only        
pr(ession bas$ ^u sci5ce &  art t mu/ /&
 /ill1 t mu/ accept bl9dly ! traditions 
h&$  d[n to u1 )\t inve/igation8 ,are we
 to feel & believe t ) u  progress is   
impossible1 t we may n & _c keep up ) ! 

_s  ( ! age8 ,god =bid4 ,is x n true t  
ea* age refutes mu* :i* a  previ\s age  
believ$1 & all ?+s human wax old & vani%
 away to make  room = new developm5ts1  
new ideals1 new possibilities8 ,is x    
possible  ?is is true ( all pr(essions b
 ours8 ,! signs ( ! times indicate      
diff]5tly4 ,h5ce we may confid5tly      
expect ! ,r5aissance ( ! ,vocal  ,art 9 
?is1 ! fir/ half ( ! new c5tury4        
,,article ,,five4    ,,! ,,com+ ,,s*ool1
 ,,or ,,sy/em4      ,?is is an age (    
progress2 &1 z we h said1 _m educators  
are mak+  a bold /& = natural1          
common-s5se me?ods4 ,! tr5d ( ! high]   
?\ght ( ! vocal pr(ession is away f     
artificiality1 & 9 !  direction (       
naturalness4    ,! com+ s*ool1 or sy/em1
 ( ! tw5tie? c5tury w und\bt$ly  f9d its
 =m1 its p[]1 its expressional & arti/ic
 =ce & value1  its home1 its life1 9    
,am]ica4 ,! old c\ntry is too mu* 9 !   
toils1  too mu* 9 ! ruts ( tradition2   
h5ce natural =ces are suppress$1 &      
artificiality reigns supreme 9 ! tra9+ (

 ! voice4 ,:ile ?is is  n true 9 reg>d  
to ! /rictly ae/hetic side ( ! "q1 x is 
pa9fully true z f> z ! fundam5tal       
pr9ciples ( voice developm5t  are       
conc]n$4 ,( c\rse we are glad to say !re
 are bright & %9+  exceptions to ?is    
rule 9 all l&s1 b to ! new c\ntry we mu/
  und\bt$ly look = ! new s*ool4    ,s f>
 ! _w has produc$ b two great tea*]s4 ,!
 fir/ ( ^! is  ,nature2 ! second is     
,common ,s5se4 ,nature lays d[n !       
fundam5tal  pr9ciples ( voice2 ,common  
,s5se =mulates ! devices = developm5t   
accord+ to ^! pr9ciples4 ,!re=e we say1 
,g to ,nature & le>n (  h]1 & use       
,common ,s5se 9 /udy+ & develop+ h]     
pr9ciples4 ,!  ne>] ! approa* to        
,nature1 ! high] ! art2 h5ce ! new s*ool
  mu/ be f\nd$ ^u arti/ic laws :i* are  
,nature's laws1 & n ^u  artificiality4  
,! com+ s*ool mu/ tea* ! idealiz$ tone4 
,! ideal 9 its  complet5ess means !     
tru?1--all ! tru?1--& n1 z _m suppose1  
an  exagg]at$ =m ( expression4 ,! tru? 9
 tone1 or ! idealiz$ tone1  is beautiful

 & s\lful1 & dem&s = its production &   
use all !  =ces t ,nature has giv5 to ! 
s+]1--physical1 m5tal1 &  emotional or  
spirituelle4 ,unmusical1 muscul> tone is
 n ! true tone4 ,x  conta9s mu* t x %\ld
 n h on ! physical side1 & lacks mu*  t 
x %\ld h on ! spirituelle4 ,z a rule1 x 
means no?+2 9  fact1 x is (t5 simply a  
noise4 ,! idealiz$ tone always repres5ts
 a  ?\ght1 an idea1 an emotion2 x is !  
expression ( ! inn]--!  high]--man2 x   
is1 9 reality1 self-expression4    ,!   
human voice is ! mo/ delicately attun$  
musical in/rum5t t ,god  has creat$4 ,x 
is capable ( a cultivation beyond !     
dreams ( ^? :o  h giv5 x no ?\ght4 ,x   
maybe made to express e emotion 9 !     
gamut ( human s5sation1 f abject mis]y  
to b\ndless ec/asy4 ,x m>ks  ! man )\t 8
 cons5t2 x makes ! man if he w b        
cultivate x4    ,! com+ s*ool mu/ be    
f\nd$ ^u fre$om ( =m & action1 ^u       
flexible bodily movem5ts1 ! result (    
vitaliz$ en]gy in/ead (  muscul> ef=t4  
,!re mu/ be no set1 rigid1 /atic        

condition ( !  muscles4 ,arti/ic s++ is 
a =m ( self-expression2 &               
self-expression1 to be natural &        
beautiful1 mu/ be ! result ( correct    
position & action4    ,! fir/ pr9ciple (
 arti/ic s++ is ! removal ( all re/ra9t4
  ,?is is a fundam5tal law ( ,nature &  
_c be *ang$4 ,"u !  influ5ce ( direct   
local muscul> ef=t1 ! removal ( all     
re/ra9t is  impossible4 ,h5ce ! com+    
s*ool mu/ be bas$ ^u free flexible      
action4 ,9 ?is respect x w be mu* l !   
old ,italian s*ool1 except  t x w be z  
f> 9 advance ( ! old s*ool 9 ! sci5ce ( 
voice  z ! tw5tie? c5tury is 9 advance (
 ! eighte5?4 ,x mu/ also be  f> 9       
advance ( ! old s*ool 9 ! devices us$ to
 develop !  fundam5tal pr9ciples (      
voice4    ,9 ?is age ( progress & k (   
laws & facts1 ! new s*ool1  "u !        
influ5ce ( ,nature's laws & common s5se1
 ) ! aid (  flexible movem5ts & vitaliz$
 en]gy1 mu/ d z mu* = !  developm5t ( ! 
s++ voice 9 ?ree or f\r ye>s z ! old    
s*ool  0 able to d 9 eight or t54 ,?is  

is necess>y1 bo? because ! s++  _w dem&s
 x1 & ,nature & common s5se tea* u t x  
does n  take ye>s & ye>s ( h>d /udy &   
practice simply to develop !  voice4 ,f 
a /rictly musical /&po9t1 h[ev]1 x does 
take ye>s to  rip5 a great s+]1 to make 
a great arti/4 ,_m voices are ru9$      
musically by ye>s ( h>d1 muscul>        
practice4 ,h5ce we say ! new s*ool  mu/ 
give ! voice fre$om1 & remove all       
muscul> re/ra9t by or  ?r\gh natural1   
common-s5se1 vitaliz$ movem5ts4         
,,article ,,six4    ,,conditions4       
,nature's laws are ,god's laws4 ,all    
nature1 ! univ]se itself1 is an         
expression ( ,god's ?\ghts or desires 9 
accordance ) ,8 laws4 ,?is  "o controll+
 =ce1 ?is pr9ciple ( law1 is at ! bottom
 (  ev]y?+ 9 nature & art4 ,ev]y?+ :i*  
man says or does "u  normal1 free       
conditions1 is self-expression1 an      
expression ( 8 inn]  nature2 b ?is      
expression mu/ be "u ! law4 ,if n1 !    
expression  is unnatural & !re=e        
artificial4 ,?is pr9ciple1 :i* holds    

true 9  all ( man's expression1 9 all   
art1 is 9 no?+ m evid5t ?an 9 !  use ( !
 s++ voice4    ,nature does no?+ = man  
except :at %e enables him to d =        
himself4 ,nature gives him mu*1 b nev]  
compels him to use :at %e  gives4 ,man  
is a free ag5t4 ,he c obey or violate ! 
laws ( ,nature at  w2 b he _c violate   
,nature's laws1 & n pay ! p5alty4 ,?is  
?\ght or pr9ciple con/antly /&s out z a 
w>n+ to ! vocal _w4  ,! /ud5t ( ! voice 
:o violates ,nature's laws mu/ n expect 
to  escape ! p5alty1 :i* is h>d1 h>%1   
unmusical tone or ru9$ voice4  ,nature  
dem&s c]ta9 conditions 9 ord] to produce
 beautiful1 arti/ic  tone4 ,if ! /ud5t (
 ! voice desires to develop beautiful1  
arti/ic  tone he is compell$ to /udy !  
conditions1 ! fundam5tal pr9ciples  "u !
 law2 & ?is c be done only by ! use (   
common-s5se  me?ods4    ,all arti/ic    
tone is ! result ( c]ta9 conditions1    
conditions dem&$  by ,nature & n man's  
ideas or fancies4 ,^! conditions are    
dep5d5t  ^u =m & adju/m5t1 or we might  

bett] say adju/m5t & =m1 z  =m is !     
result ( ! adju/m5t ( ! p>ts4 ,s f> all 
writ]s on  ! voice1 & all tea*]s1 agree2
 b "h comes ! p>t+ ( ! ways4  ,"o man   
attempts =m & adju/m5t by locally       
influ5c+ ! p>ts1--!  tongue1 ! lips1 !  
s(t palate1 ! l>ynx1 etc4 ,?is results 9
  muscul> s++ & artificiality4 ,we h    
f\nd t =m & adju/m5t1  to be "r1 mu/ be 
automatic4 ,?is condition _c be secur$  
by any  sy/em ( direct local ef=t1 b mu/
 be ! result ( flexible1  vitaliz$      
bodily movem5ts--movem5ts :i* ar\se &   
develop all ! true  conditions ( tone2  
movem5ts :i* all[ ! voice to s+         
spontane\sly4    ,! fundam5tal          
conditions ( s++ dem&$ by ,nature we f9d
 are z  foll[s3      ,natural or        
automatic adju/m5t ( ! organ ( s\nd1 & (
 all !    p>ts4      ,approximation ( ! 
brea? b&s4      ,inflation ( all !      
cavities4      ,non-int]f]5ce above !   
organ ( s\nd4      ,automatic           
brea?-control4      ,fre$om ( =m &      
action ( all ! p>ts above ! l>ynx4      

,high plac+ & l[ resonance4             
,automatic articulation4      ,m5tal &  
emotional vitality or en]gy4      ,free1
 flexible1 vitaliz$ bodily position &   
action4    ,x is n my int5tion "h to    
enl>ge ^u ^! conditions to any ext5t4   
,i h already done s 9 my la/ book1      
,position & ,action 9 ,s++4 ,i  "k _m   
writ]s on ! voice1 & _m tea*]s1 d n     
agree ) me on  ?is subject ( conditions2
 b facts are /ubborn ?+s1 & ,a physical 
fact is z sacr$ z a moral pr9ciple4 ,!  
s\rces ( all ph5om5a1 !  s\rces ( all   
life1 intellig5ce & love1 are to be     
s\ght 9 !  int]nal--! spiritual realm2 n
 9 ! ext]nal or mat]ial4 ,a man is      
consid]ably out ( date :o says he does n
 believe a ?+1 simply  because he _c d t
 ?+ or does n und]/& h[ ! ?+ is  done4  
,!re are ?ree classes ( p--! 'wills1' ! 
'won'ts1' & !  'c'ts'3 ! fir/ accompli% 
ev]y?+1 ! second oppose ev]y?+1  & !    
?ird fail 9 ev]y?+4 ,^! ?+s ^!          
conditions c be  und]/ood & fully       
appreciat$ by inve/igation only4 ,!re is

 no  absolute def9ite k 9 ?is _w except 
t ga9$ f  exp]i5ce4    ,! voice 9       
correct use is always tun$ l an         
in/rum5t4 ,?is mu/ be  9 ord] to h      
resonance & fre$om1 & ?is is done only  
?r\gh  natural or automatic adju/m5t (  
all ! p>ts4 ,9 s++ !re are  always two  
=ces 9 action1 pressure & resi/ance1 or 
motor p[] &  control4 ,9 ord] to h      
automatic adju/m5t ^! two =ces mu/      
prevail4 ,:5 ! organ ( s\nd is          
automatically adju/$1 ! brea?  b&s      
approximate3 ,?is gives ! true resi/+ or
 controll+ =ce4 ,:5  ! brea? b&s        
approximate we h inflation ( ! v5tricles
 ( !  l>ynx1 ! mo/ important ( all !    
resonance cavities1 = :5 ?is  condition 
prevails we h fre$om ( tone1 & !        
inflation ( all o!r  cavities4 ,& n only
 ?is2 x also enables u to remove all    
re/ra9t or  int]f]5ce f ! p>ts above !  
l>ynx1 & especially f !  intr9sic &     
extr9sic muscles ( ! ?roat4 ,?is        
automatic adju/m5t1  approximation ( !  
brea? b&s & inflation ( ! v5tricles1    

gives u  a yet m important condition1   
namely1 automatic brea? control2 ?is is 
beyond "q ! mo/ important ( all problems
 solv$ = ! s+]  ?r\gh ?is sy/em (       
flexible vitaliz$ movem5ts4    ,!       
removal ( all int]f]5ce or direct local 
control ( ! p>ts above  ! l>ynx1 gives  
absolute fre$om ( =m & action2 & :5 ! =m
  & action are free1 articulation       
becomes automatic & spontane\s4 ,:5  all
 re/ra9t is ?us remov$1 ! air curr5t    
comes to ! front1 & we  secure !        
important condition ( high plac+4       
,fur!rmore1 "u ^!  conditions1 :5 ! air 
curr5t /rikes ! ro( ( ! m\? freely1 x   
is reflect$ into ! inflat$ cavities1 &  
!re is he>d & felt1  ?r\gh sympa!tic    
vibration ( ! air 9 ! cavities1 add$    
resonance  or ! wond]ful re9=c+ p[] (   
inflation3 9 ?is way is secur$ n  only !
 add$ resonance ( all o!r cavities1 b   
especially !  resonance ( ! *e/1 !      
greate/ ( all resonance or re9=c+  p[]s4
    ,:5 ! voice is ?us fre$ "u true     
conditions1 x is possible to  ar\se     

easily & quickly ! m5tal & emotional p[]
 & vitality (  ! s+]4 ,9 ?is way is     
ar\s$ t :i* ,i h call$ ! s+]'s          
s5sation1 or1 = want ( a bett] "n1 !    
?ird p[] ( ! voice4  ,?is p[] is n a m]e
 fancy4 ,x is n imag9ation2 = x is      
absolutely  necess>y to ! complete m5tal
 & emotional expression ( ! s+]1 to  !  
developm5t ( all 8 p[]s4 ,?is life or   
vital =ce is to !  s+] a def9ite1       
controllable p[]4 ,v>i\s t]ms h be5     
appli$ to  ?is my/]i\s =ce4 ,plato call$
 x '! s\l ( ! _w4' ,o!rs  call$ x !     
'pla/ic _s ( ! _w1' :ile ,desc>tes gave 
x !  aft]w>d popul> "n ( 'animal        
spirits4' ,! ,/oics call$ x simply      
'nature1' :i* is n[ g5]ally *ang$ to    
'n]v\s pr9ciple4' ,!  f>-rea*+ results (
 s quiet & yet s trem5d\s a =ce may be  
se5  9 ! lives ( ! m5 & wom5 :o h !     
m5tal acum5 to und]/&  :at is meant by  
x4 ,! s+] :o has develop$ & controll$ ! 
?ird p[] ?r\gh ! true conditions (      
voice1 nev] d\bts its  reality2 & he1 & 
he only1 is able to fully appreciate x4 

,! developm5t ( all ! above conditions  
dep5ds ^u "o important  ?+1 ! education 
( ! body2 ^u a free1 flexible1 vitaliz$ 
body4        ,,article ,,sev54    ,,!   
,,influ5ce ,,( ,,"r ,,bodily ,,action4  
,9 art1 z 9 all ?+s else1 man mu/ be "u 
! law until he becomes a  law unto      
himself4 ,9 o!r words1 he mu/ /udy 8    
te*nique1 8 me?od1  8 art1 until all    
becomes a "p ( himself1 becomes1 z x 71 
second  nature4 ,!re is a wide diff]5ce 
betwe5 art & artificiality4 ,true art   
is bas$ ^u ,nature's laws4              
,artificiality1 9 almo/ e in/ance1 is a 
violation ( ,nature's laws1 & at be/ is 
b a poor imitation4    ,! impression    
prevails t art is some?+ f> (f1 some?+ t
 is  )9 ! grasp ( ! favor$ few only4 ,we
 say ( a man1 he is a g5ius1  & we b[   
d[n to him accord+ly4 ,! g5ius is an    
arti/ by ! grace (  ,god & 8 own ef=ts4 
,nature has giv5 "s m5 ! p[] to easily &
  quickly grasp & und]/& ?+s :i* p]ta9  
to art1 b if su* m5  d n apply _!       
und]/&+ !y nev] become great or useful  

arti/s4  ,tal5t is ! ability to /udy &  
apply1 & is ( a little l[] ord]  ?an    
g5ius2 b ! g5ius ( application1 & !     
tal5t to apply t  :i* is le>n$1 h made !
 great & useful m51 ! great arti/s (  ! 
_w4 ,z someone has said1 ,art is n a ?+ 
sep>ate & ap>t2 art  is only ! be/ way (
 do+ ?+s2 & :ile ?is is true ( all !    
arts1 x is em95tly s ( ! art ( voice & (
 song4    ,arti/ic tone1 z we h f\nd1 is
 ! result ( c]ta9 conditions  dem&$ by  
,nature4 ,^! conditions are dep5d5t ^u  
=m &  adju/m5t2 & =m & adju/m5t1 to be  
"r1 mu/ be automatic4 ,all  writ]s &    
tea*]s agree t correct tone is ! result 
( =m &  adju/m5t2 b "h1 z we h said1    
comes ! p>t+ ( ! ways4 ,"o  man         
attempts1 by directly controll+ & adju/+
 ! p>ts1 to d t  :i* nature alone c d   
correctly2 result--h>d1 muscul> tone4   
,ano!r  attempts1 by relaxation1 to     
secure ! conditions ( tone2             
result--vocal  depression1 or depress$1 
relax$ tone4    ,if arti/ic tone be !   
result ( conditions due to =m &         

adju/m5t1  & if =m & adju/m5t1 to be "r1
 mu/ be automatic1 if ^! ?+s  are true1 
& !y are z true z ! fact t ! _w moves1  
!n !re  is only "o way "u heav5 by :i* x
 is possible to secure ^!  conditions2 t
 way is ?r\gh a flexible1 vitaliz$ body1
 ?r\gh  flexible bodily position &      
action4    ,! rigid1 muscul> s*ool _c   
secure ^! conditions1 = !y make         
flexible fre$om impossible4 ,! limp1    
relax$ s*ool _c secure !m1  = !re is no 
tone )\t tonicity & vitality ( muscle4  
,vitaliz$  en]gy c secure ^! true       
conditions1 b ?r\gh flexible bodily     
position & action only4    ,! rigid     
s*ool is muscle-b\nd1 & lacks life &    
vitality4 ,! limp  s*ool1 ( c\rse1 is   
depress$ & lacks en]gy4 ,! _w is full ( 
dead  s+]s1--dead s f> z vitality &     
emotional en]gy are conc]n$4  ,s++ is a 
=m ( emotional or self-expression1 &    
requires life &  vitality4 ,life is     
action4 ,life is vital =ce ar\s$4 ,life 
9 s++ is  emotional en]gy4 ,life is a   
,god-giv51 et]nal condition1 & is a     

fundam5tal pr9ciple ( ! true art ( song4
    ,x is wond]fully /range t ?is idea  
or pr9ciple ( flexible1  vitaliz$ bodily
 position & action is n bett] und]/ood  
by ! vocal  pr(ession4 ,t a "r use or   
tra9+ ( ! body1 automatically  influ5ces
 =m & adju/m5t1 & secures "r conditions 
( tone1 has  be5 & is be+ demon/rat$ day
 by day4 ,?is is a revelation to _m :o  
h tri$ to s+ by ! rigid or limp me?ods4 
,!re is really no?+  new claim$ = x1 = x
 is z old z ! hills4 ,tru? is et]nal1 & 
yet a great tru? may be lo/ to ! _w = a 
"t4 ,! only ?+s new  :i* we claim1 are !
 movem5ts & ! simple & effective devices
 us$  to /udy & apply !m4 ,^! movem5ts h
 a wond]ful influ5ce on !  voice1 = !   
simple reason t !y are bas$ ^u ,nature's
 laws &  common s5se4 ,^! tru?s are     
de/9$ to influ5ce1 soon] or lat]1 !     
entire vocal _w4    ,a great tru? _c    
always be suppress$1 & "s day someone w 
pres5t ^! tru?s 9 a way t w compel _!   
recognition4 ,!y are  nev] d\bt$ n[ by  
^? :o und]/& !m1 & !y are appreciat$ by 

su* to a degree ( en?usiasm4 ,i am well 
aw>e t :5 ^! movem5ts  are spok5 ( 9 !  
pres5ce ( ! foll[]s ( ! prevail+ rigid  
or  limp s*ools1 !y exclaim1 ,:y1 we d !
 same ?+4 ,we use ! body  too4 ,( c\rse 
!y use ! body1 b x is by no means !     
same4 ,_!  use ( ! body is (t5 abuse1 & 
n only ( ! body1 b ( ! voice  z well4   
,! influ5ce on ! s++ voice ( a rightly  
us$ or rightly tra9$  body is almo/     
beyond ! ability ( man to put 9 words4  
,all s++ %\ld be rhy?mical4 ,^! flexible
 bodily movem5ts develop  rhy?m4    ,all
 s++ %\ld be ! result ( vitaliz$ en]gy &
 nev] ( muscul>  ef=t4 ,^! movem5ts     
ar\se en]gy & make direct ef=t          
unnecess>y4    ,s++ %\ld be re/ful1 %\ld
 be ! result ( p[] 9 repose or "u       
control4 ,^! movem5ts1 & ^! movem5ts    
alone1 make su* conditions  possible4   
,all s++ %\ld be idealiz$1 %\ld be !    
result ( self-expression1  ( an         
expression ( ! emotions4 ,?is is        
impossible except ?r\gh correct  bodily 
action4 ,by nature ! expression ( man is

 8 voice1 & ! :ole  body ?r\gh ! ag5cy (
 t invisible =ce1 s\nd1 expresses !     
nobility1 dignity1 & intellectual       
emotions1 f ! foot to ! head1  :5       
prop]ly produc$ & balanc$4 ,no?+ %ort ( 
! :ole body c  express ?is =ce p]fectly 
9 man or woman4    ,^! movem5ts develop 
9 a common-s5se way ! p[] ( natural     
=ces1  ( all ! =ces :i* ,nature has giv5
 to man = ! production & use  ( ! voice4
 ,rigid1 set muscles1 or relax$1 limp   
muscles dw>f & limit  9 e way ! p[]s ( !
 s+]1 physical1 m5tal1 & emotional2 !   
physical action is wrong1 ! ?\ght is    
wrong1 & ! expression is  wrong4 ,a     
tra9$1 develop$ muscle responds to      
?\ght1 to "r ?\ght1  9 a free1 natural  
mann]4 ,a rigid or limp muscle is1 9 a  
c]ta9 s5se1  = ! "t be+1 actually out ( 
use4    ,an important po9t to consid] 9 
?is connection is ! fact t !re is  no   
/r5g? prop]ly appli$ )\t movem5t2 b :5  
"r movem5ts are  n us$1 ! voice is pu%$ 
& =c$ by local ef=t & by contraction  ( 
! lung cells & ( ! ?roat4 ,?is ( c\rse  

means physical  re/ra9t1 & physical     
re/ra9t prev5ts self-expression4 ,s++ is
 m  psy*ological ?an physiological2 h5ce
 ! importance ( free  self-expression4  
,direct physical ef=t produces physical 
effect2  relaxation produces depression4
    ,all arti/ic tone is re9=c$ s\nd4   
,!re are two ways ( re9=c+  tone4 ,fir/1
 by direct muscul> ef=t1 ! wrong way2   
second1 by expansion  & inflation1 !    
add$ resonance ( air 9 ! cavities1 ! "r 
way4  ,?is condition ( expansion &      
inflation is ! di/+ui%+ feature (  _m   
great voices1 & is possible only ?r\gh  
"r bodily position &  action4 ,^!       
movem5ts are us$ by _m great arti/s1 :o 
develop !m z  !y !mselves develop1 ?r\gh
 giv+ expression to ?\ght1 feel+1 &     
emotion1 ?r\gh us+ ! impressive1        
p]suasive tone1 ! f]v5t voice4  ,?is    
br+s into action ! entire vocal         
me*anism1 9 fact all ! p[]s  ( ! s+]2   
h5ce ^! movem5ts become a "p ( ! great  
arti/4 ,he  may n be able to give a     
reason = !m1 b he kn[s _! value4 ,!     

p]suasive1 f]v5t voice dem&s spontaneity
 & automatic =m &  adju/m5t2 ^!         
conditions are impossible )\t flexible1 
vitaliz$  movem5ts4 ,! great arti/ f9ds 
by exp]i5ce t ! ?roat 0 made to  s+ & n 
to s+ )2 t he mu/ s+ f ! body ?r\gh !   
?roat4 ,he f9ds t ! tone mu/ be all[$ & 
n made to s+4 ,h5ce  9 ! mo/ natural way
 he develops vitaliz$ bodily en]gy4     
,next 9 importance to absolute fre$om ( 
voice1 :i* ^! movem5ts  give1 is ! fact 
t ?r\gh !m absolute1 automatic1 p]fect  
brea?-control is develop$ & ma/]$4 ,^!  
movem5ts give ! brea?  )\t a ?\ght (    
brea?+1 = !y are all brea?+ movem5ts4 ,!
  s+] _c lift & exp& )\t fill+ ! lungs  
naturally &  automatically1 unless he   
purposely resi/s ! brea?4 ,! consci\s   
brea?  unseats ! voice1 t is1 di/urbs or
 prev5ts correct adju/m5t1 &  ?us       
compels him to consci\sly hold x2 b ?is 
v act makes x  impossible to give !     
voice fre$om4 ,?r\gh ^! movem5ts1 ?r\gh 
correct position1 we secure automatic   
adju/m5t1 :i* means approximation  ( !  

brea? b&s1 ! pr9ciple ( ! d\ble valve 9 
! ?roat1 :i*  secures automatic         
brea?-control4 ,9 o!r words1 ! s+] ^:   
position  & action are correct ne$ nev] 
give 8 brea?+ a ?\ght4 ,?is is  consid]$
 by _m z ! greate/ problem--= !         
s+]--solv$ 9 !  n9ete5? c5tury4    ,to  
/udy & ma/] ^! movem5ts & apply !m      
practically1 ! s+]  ne$s to "k          
absolutely no?+ ( ! me*anism ( 8 vocal  
organs4 ,he  ne$ n consid] at all !     
physiological side ( ! "q4 ,( c\rse  !  
/udy ( ^! movem5ts mu/ at fir/ be m or  
less me*anical1  until !y respond       
automatically to ?\ght or w4 ,!n !y are 
controll$ m5tally1 ! ?\ght be=e !       
action1 z %\ld be ! case  9 all s++2 &  
f9ally ! :ole me*anism1 or all movem5ts1
 respond  naturally & freely to         
emotional or self-expression4    ,^!    
flexible1 vitaliz$ movem5ts are n       
g5]ally und]/ood or us$1  because !y h n
 be5 9 ! l9e ( ?\ght or /udy ( ! rigid  
muscul> s*ool or ! limp relax$ s*ool2 & 
yet !y are de/9$ to  influ5ce soon] or  

lat] all sy/ems ( s++4 ,!y h be5 us$ m  
or less 9 all ages by great arti/s4 ,x  
is /range t !y are n  bett] und]/ood by 
! pr(ession4    99       99       99    
99       99    ,9 ?is connection x might
 be well to speak ( ! importance (      
physical  culture = ! s+]4 ,a s]ies (   
simple b effective ex]cises %\ld  be    
us$1 ex]cises t w develop & vitalize e  
muscle ( ! body4  ,!re are also n]ve    
cali/h5ics1 n]vo-muscul> movem5ts1 :i*  
/r5g!n & control ! n]v\s sy/em4 ,^! n]ve
 cali/h5ics  g5]ate electrical vitality 
& give life & confid5ce4 ,! body by     
c]ta9 ex]cises & regime may be educat$  
to draw a con/antly  increas+ am\nt (   
vitality f gr[+ nature4    ,a s+] to be 
successful mu/ be heal?y & /rong4 ,he   
%\ld take pl5ty  ( out-door ex]cise4    
,ex]cise1 fre% air1 & sunlight are !    
?ree great  physicians ( ! _w4 ,b beside
 ?is1 all s+]s ne$ physical  tra9+ &    
developm5t1 :i* t5se & h>d5 ! muscles1 &
 increase  ! lung capacity2 t tra9+ :i* 
exp&s all ! resonance cavities1         

especially ! *e/1 & :i* directly        
develops & /r5g!ns ! vocal  muscles     
!mselves1 p>ticul>ly ! extr9sic &       
intr9sic muscles ( !  ?roat4 ,z we h    
le>n$1 a tra9$ muscle responds m        
spontane\sly to  ?\ght or w ?an an      
un$ucat$ "o2 flexible spontaneity ! s+] 
always ne$s4 ,beyond a d\bt1 ! s+] :o   
takes a simple b effective  c\rse (     
physical tra9+ 9 connection ) vocal     
tra9+ w  accompli% twice z mu* 9 a giv5 
"t1 9 reg>d to tone1 p[] &  control1 z  
he c\ld possibly d ) ! vocal tra9+      
alone4 ,?is is !  day ( physical tra9+1 
( physical culture 9 all ?+s2 & !       
av]age vocal tea*] w h to awake to !    
fact t 8 pupils ne$  x z mu* z1 or m    
?an1 !y ne$ ! con/ant practice ( tone4  
,( c\rse x is n possible to give a sy/em
 ( physical tra9+ 9 a  small "w l ?is4  
,! /ud5t ( ! voice c get physical tra9+ 
& physical culture f _m tea*]s & _m     
books4 ,x may n be  tra9+ t w s directly
 & def9itely develop & /r5g!n !  vocal  
muscles & ! organ ( s\nd itself1 or     

tra9+ t w s  directly influ5ce ! voice z
 does our sy/em1 :i* is especially      
arrang$ = ! s+]2 b any good sy/em (     
physical developm5t1 any  sy/em t gives 
! /ud5t heal? & /r5g?1 is good = ! s++  
voice4 ,activity is ! s\rce ( gr[?1 bo? 
physical & m5tal4  ,/r5g? to be         
develop$1 mu/ be us$4 ,/r5g? to be      
reta9$1 mu/ be  us$4        ,,raison    
,d',,tre4      ,s9ce writ+ my la/ book1 
,position & ,action 9 ,s++1 & aft]  f\r 
or five ye>s m ( exp]i5ce1 ,i h be5     
d\bly impress$ &  m ?an conv9c$ ( ! p[] 
& influ5ce ( c]ta9 ?+s necess>y  to a "r
 tra9+ & use ( ! voice4 ,h]b]t ,sp5c]   
says1 ,exp]i5ce  is ! sole orig9 ( k2 & 
my exp]i5ce has conv9c$ me1 n  only t   
c]ta9 ?+s are necess>y 9 ! tra9+ ( !    
voice1 b  t c]ta9 ( ! mo/ important     
pr9ciples or conditions dem&$ by        
,nature1 are entirely want+ 9 mo/ sy/ems
 ( s++4    ,s+]s1 z a rule1 are         
artificial & unnatural4 ,!y d n use all 
!  p[]s ) :i* ,nature has end[$ !m4 ,?is
 has be5 mo/ =cibly  impress$ ^u my m9d 

by ! g5]al lack ( vitality1 or vital    
en]gy1  among s+]s2 by a g5]al lack (   
physical vitality1 &1 ,i v5ture to  say1
 l>gely ( m5tal vitality1 & und\bt$ly ( 
emotional vitality1  (t51 b mi/ak5ly1   
call$ temp]am5t4 ,^! ?+s h be5 =c$  ^u  
me by ! g5]al condition ( depression :i*
 prevails4 ,vitality1  h[ev]1 or        
vitaliz$ en]gy1 is 9 fact ! true means  
or device :]eby  ! s+] is enabl$ to     
ar\se 8 temp]am5t1 be x great or        
o!rwise2  to ar\se x1 to use x1 & to    
make x felt easily & naturally4    ,out 
( e hundr$ voices tri$ ,i am safe 9 say+
 t at lea/ n9ety  are physically        
depress$1 are physically bel[ ! /&>d (  
arti/ic  s++4 ,s++1 x is true1 is m     
m5tal ?an physical1 & m  emotional ?an  
m5tal2 b a "r physical condition is     
absolutely  necess>y1 & ! developm5t ( x
 dep5ds ^u ! way ! pupil is  taught to  
?9k4 ,s++ is a =m ( self-expression1 (  
an expression (  ! emotions4 ,?is is    
impossible :5 !re is physical           
depression4 ,!  s+] mu/ put himself &   

keep himself ^u a level ) ! tone &  ^u a
 level ) 8 song1 ! atmosph]e ( 8 song2  
^u a level )  ! s5tim5t to be express$1 
physically1 m5tally & emotionally4 ,?is 
_c be done1 or ^! conditions _c prevail1
 :5 !re is  depression4    ,!re is1 to  
my m9d1 b "o way to acc\nt = ?is        
condition (  depression among s+]s4 ,t  
is1 ! way !y ?9k1 or are taught to  ?9k1
 9 reg>d to ! use ( _! bodies 9 s++4 ,! 
way 9 :i*  !y brea! & control ! brea?1 !
 way 9 :i* !y drive &  control ! tone4  
,x is ! result ( rigid muscul> ef=t or  
relaxation1  & bo? depress n only !     
voice b ! s+] z well4 ,! tonal  result  
is indisputable evid5ce ( ?is4    ,k    
comes ?r\gh exp]i5ce2 & my exp]i5ce 9   
/udy+ bo?  sides ( ?is "q has conv9c$ me
 t !re is b "o way to  develop physical1
 m5tal & emotional vitality 9 ! s+]1 & t
 is  ?r\gh "s sy/em ( flexible1 vitaliz$
 bodily movem5ts4 ,!re mu/ be  flexible 
firmness1 firmness )\t rigidity4 ,!     
movem5ts z giv5 9 my  book1 ,position & 
,action 9 ,s++1 & z "h giv51 develop ^! 

conditions4 ,!y give ! s+] physical     
vitality1 fre$om ( voice1  spontaneity1 
absolute automatic brea? control1 & make
 self-expression1  emotional expression1
 & tone-color1 n only possible b        
comp>atively  easy4 ,s++ is             
self-expression1 an expression ( ?\ght &
 feel+4  ,!re mu/ be a m$ium1 h[ev]1 = !
 expression ( feel+ ar\s$  ?r\gh ?\ght2 
t m$ium is ! body & ! body alone4 ,!re=e
 x  is easy to see ! importance ( s     
tra9+ ! body t x w respond              
automatically to ! ?\ght & w ( ! s+]4   
,! opposite ( depression1 :i* local ef=t
 develops1 is vitaliz$  en]gy1 ! s+]'s  
s5sation1 t :i* ,i h call$ ! ?ird p[]1  
& :i* is a revelation to ^? :o h /udi$  
bo? sides ( !  "q4 ,^! ?+s1 z ,i h said1
 h be5 giv5 to ! vocal _w  9 my book1   
,position & ,action 9 ,s++4 ,_m h       
und]/ood !m1  h us$ !m1 & are en?usia/ic
 advocates ( ! idea4 ,o!rs h n  fully   
und]/ood !m1 z 0 & is to be expect$4 ,= 
t reason ,i h  writt5 ?is little book 9 
! hope t x might make ?+s pla9] to  all4

 ,i h endeavor$ to embody ^! practical1 
natural1 necess>y  movem5ts 9 ! =mula ( 
/udy giv5 9 ?is book4    ,! =mula :i*   
foll[s is sy/ematically & logically     
arrang$ = !  /udy & developm5t (        
fundam5tal pr9ciples ?r\gh or by ! means
 (  ^! flexible vitaliz$ movem5ts4 ,9   
?is way ,i hope to make ^! ideas  pla9] 
& m def9ite to pupil & tea*]4    ,e     
correct sy/em ( voice-tra9+ is bas$ ^u  
pr9ciple1 !ory1 &  ! devices us$ to     
develop ! pr9ciples4 ,!re are c]ta9     
fundam5tal  pr9ciples ( voice1 :i* are  
,nature's laws laid d[n to man1 & :i*   
_c be violat$4 ,^u ^! pr9ciples we      
=mulate !ories4 ,!  !ories may be "r or 
wrong1 z !y are b ! works ( man4 ,if !y 
are "r1 ! devices us$ are m apt to be   
"r4 ,if !y are wrong1  wrong ef=t is    
sure to foll[1 & ! result is disa/r\s4  
,aft] all1 ! mo/ important "q =         
consid]ation is t ( !  devices us$ to   
develop & tra9 ! voice4 ,all dep5ds ^u  
:e!r !  writ]1 ! tea*]1 & ! pupil /udy  
,nature's laws ?r\gh common-s5se  me?ods

 or resort to artificiality4 ,if !      
devices us$ are "r1 if !y  develop      
vitality1 emotional en]gy1 if !y avoid  
rigidity & depression1  !n ! s+] ne$ n  
"k s mu* ab\t pr9ciple & !ory4 ,b )  !  
tea*] x is diff]5t4 ,he mu/ "k :at to   
?9k & h[ to ?9k x  be=e he c            
intellig5tly imp>t ! ideas to 8 pupils4 
,h5ce a sy/em  bas$ ^u correct pr9ciple1
 !ory1 & device is absolutely necess>y  
= ! tea*] :o hopes to succe$4    ,!     
foll[+ sy/em1 z =mulat$1 is l>gely !    
outgr[? ( my summ]  "w at ,po9t         
,*autauqua1 on ,lake ,*autauqua4 ,!re we
 h a s*ool e  summ]1 n only = !         
pr(essional s+] & tea*]1 b = ^? :o      
desire to become su*4 ,beside ! private 
lessons we give a practical  normal     
c\rse 9 class lessons4 ,!re ! pr9ciples1
 ! !ory1 & !  devices us$ are /udi$ &   
work$ out 9 a practical way by lecture1 
by  illu/ration1 & by ! /udy ( all k9ds 
( voices4 ,_m :o h taught  = ye>s h !re 
obta9$ = ! fir/ "t an idea1 ! true idea1
 (  flexible vitaliz$ movem5ts1 !       

devices dem&$ by nature = giv+ !  voice 
vitality1 fre$om1 ease1 etc4 ,^! tea*]s 
:o are ?us ar\s$  become ! mo/          
en?usia/ic support]s (1 & believ]s 91   
our sy/em (  flexible vitaliz$ movem5ts4
    ,x is1 !re=e1 ?r\gh ! ,*autauqua "w 
t ,i h be5 impress$  ) ! importance (   
plac+ ?is sy/em 9 a pla9] & m def9ite   
way1 if possible1 be=e ! vocal _w4      
,,"p ,,second4    ,,vitality4           
,,article ,,"o4    ,,! ,,fir/ ,,pr9ciple
 ,,( ,,arti/ic ,,tone--,,production4    
,! fir/ pr9ciple ( arti/ic              
tone-production is      ,! ,removal (   
,all ,re/ra9t4    ,! !ory f\nd$ ^u ?is  
pr9ciple is z foll[s3 ,correct tone is !
  result ( c]ta9 conditions dem&$ by    
,nature1 n man's ideas4 ,^!  conditions 
are dep5d5t ^u =m & adju/m5t2 & =m &    
adju/m5t1  to be "r1 mu/ be automatic1 &
 n ! result ( direct or local  ef=t4    
,! devices us$ = develop+ ! above       
conditions are simple vocal  ex]cises   
:i* are favorable to correct =m &       
adju/m5t1 & are  /udi$ & made to        

influ5ce ! voice ?r\gh correct position 
&  action4    ,a correct sy/em = tra9+ &
 develop+ ! voice mu/ be bas$ ^u        
pr9ciple1 !ory1 & device2 ^u ! pr9ciples
 ( voice :i* are  ,nature's laws1 ^u !  
!ories bas$ ^u ^! pr9ciples1 & ^u !     
devices = ! /udy & developm5t ( su*     
pr9ciples4    ,my purpose 9 ?is little  
"w is to give j en\gh musical figures or
  ex]cises to enable u to /udy & apply !
 movem5ts1 ! practical "p  ( our sy/em4 
,! fir/ pr9ciple ( arti/ic              
tone-production is ! removal ( all      
re/ra9t4 ,?is no "o c d5y )\t /ultify+  
himself4 ,! removal (  all re/ra9t means
 absolute fre$om1 n only ( =m & action1 
b (  tone4 ,x is evid5t1 !n1 t any local
 h>d5+ or contract+ (  muscle1 any      
t5sion or contraction :i* w\ld prev5t   
ela/icity1 w\ld  make ! removal ( all   
re/ra9t impossible4 ,h5ce we f9d t ?is  
fir/  pr9ciple is an impossibility ) !  
rigid local-ef=t s*ool4 ,on !  o!r h&1  
relaxation1 :ile x may remove re/ra9t1  
makes arti/ic  control & tonicity       

impossible4 ,h5ce arti/ic tone1 bas$ ^u 
?is fir/  pr9ciple1 is an impossible    
condition ) ! limp or relax$ s*ool4     
,t tone is ! result ( c]ta9 conditions  
dem&$ by ,nature1 & t  ^! conditions are
 dep5d5t ^u =m & adju/m5t1 _c be d5i$2  
b unless =m & adju/m5t give fre$om to ! 
voice1 unless !y  result 9 ! removal (  
all re/ra9t1 !n ! mann] or me?od 9 :i*  
!y are secur$ mu/ surely be wrong4      
,local ef=t or contraction _c  d ?is4   
,relaxation _c secure ! true conditions4
 ,!re is & c be  b "o pr9ciple :i* makes
 true =m & adju/m5t possible3 ,all =m  &
 adju/m5t mu/ be automatic1 & n ! result
 ( direct or local  ef=t4    ,?is br+s u
 to a /udy ( devices2 & devices1 to     
influ5ce correctly  n only ! voice b !  
individual1 mu/ be 9 accordance )       
natural  & n artificial conditions4 ,!  
s+] mu/ put himself & keep himself  ^u a
 level ) ! tone--^u a level ) ! tone    
physically1 m5tally  & emotionally4 ,!  
device :i* we use1 or ! =mula1 is1 lift1
  exp&1 & let g4    ,) ! s+] :o         

contracts ! ?roat muscles dur+ ! act (  
s++1  t :i* may be call$ ! c5t] (       
gravity or ( ef=t is at !  ?roat4 ,) !  
s+] :o c>ries a consci\sly high *e/ & a 
drawn-9  or contract$ diaphragm1 ! c5t] 
( gravity is at ! *e/4 ,) !  s+] :o     
takes a consci\s full brea?1 & h>d5s &  
sets !  diaphragm to hold x1 ! c5t] (   
gravity is at ! diaphragm4 ,9 none (  ^!
 cases is x possible to remove all      
re/ra9t2 = !y all result 9  contraction1
 especially ( ! ?roat muscles1 & make   
flexible  expansion--a condition        
necess>y to absolute fre$om--impossible4
    ,place ! c5t] ( gravity1 by ?\ght & 
action1 at ! hips4 ,ev]y?+  above ! hips
 mu/ be free1 flexible1 ela/ic &        
vitaliz$ :5 s++4  ,we say1 lift1 exp&1 &
 let g1 :i* mu/ be 9 ! foll[+           
proportion3 ,lift a little1 exp& m ?an y
 lift1 & let g entirely4  ,! lift is f !
 hips up1 & mu/ be done 9 a free1       
flexible mann]1  ) a con/ant /udy to    
make ! body light] & light]1 & !        
movem5t m ela/ic & flexible4 ,d n lift z

 ?\gh lift+ a weight1  b lift lightly z 
?\gh 9 response to ?\ght or sugge/ion4  
,exp& ! entire body 9 a flexible1 ela/ic
 mann]4 ,?is w br+ into  action e muscle
 ( ! body1 & apply /r5g? & support to ! 
voice2 =1 z we h f\nd1 !re is no /r5g?  
correctly appli$ except  ?r\gh "r       
movem5t4 ,:5 we lift & exp& prop]ly1 we 
exp& !  body z a :ole1 & n ! *e/ alone1 
nor ! diaphragm1 nor ! sides4  ,^! all  
come into action & exp& ) prop] movem5t2
 b !re mu/  be no consci\s ?\ght (1 nor 
consci\s local ef=t (1 any p>ticul>  "p 
( ! body4 ,:5 we lift & exp& prop]ly !  
*e/ becomes  active1 ! diaphragm goes   
into a s++ position1 & e muscle ( !     
body is on ! al]t & ready to respond to 
! ?\ght or desire ( !  s+]4 ,n only ?is2
 :5 we lift & exp& prop]ly1 we influ5ce 
directly ! =m & adju/m5t ( all ! vocal  
muscles1 & especially  ! organ ( s\nd   
itself4 ,9 ?is way ! voice is actually &
  arti/ically tun$ = ! production (     
correct tone1 z is ! viol9 9  ! h&s ( ! 
ma/] be=e play+4    ,lift1 exp&1 & let  

g4 ,?is br+s u to a consid]ation ( !    
?ird "p ( ?is expression1 let g4 ,?is is
 9 "s respects !  mo/ important ( !     
?ree2 = unless ! s+] kn[s h[ to let g   
prop]ly1 absolute fre$om or ! removal ( 
all re/ra9t is impossible1  & ! true    
conditions ( tone are lack+4 ,! let g   
does n  mean relaxation1 = !re mu/ be   
flexible firmness )\t rigidity4 ,)  !   
beg9n] ! t5d5cy is to lift1 exp&1 & h>d5
 or contract all  ! muscles4 ,?is1 (    
c\rse1 means re/ra9t4 ,! correct idea ( 
let  g may be /udi$ & bett] und]/ood by 
! foll[+ exp]im5t or  illu/ration4      
,/& ) ! "r arm hang+ limp by ! side4    
,lift x to a horizontal  position1 !    
back ( ! h& upw>d4 ,:ile lift+1 grip &  
contract  e muscle ( ! arm & h& out to !
 f+]-tips4 ,?is is mu* l  ! contraction 
plac$ ^u ! muscles ( ! body & ( ! ?roat 
by  ! consci\s-brea?+1 local-ef=t s*ool4
 ,lift ! arm aga9 f !  side1 & 9 lift+ h
 ! ?\ght or s5sation ( lett+ g all      
contraction ( ! muscles4 ,make ! arm    
light & flexible1 & use j  en\gh /r5g?  

to lift x1 & hold x 9 a horizontal      
position4 ,?is  %\ld be ! condition (   
all ! muscles ( ! body "u ! influ5ce  ( 
correct1 lift1 exp&1 & let g4 ,lift !   
arm ! ?ird "t  )\t contraction or ) !   
s5sation ( lett+ g1 hold x 9 a          
horizontal position1 ! back ( ! h&      
upw>d4 ,n[ w to devitalize  ! entire h& 
f ! wri/ to ! f+]-tips4 ,let ! h& drop  
or  droop1 ! arm rema9+ 9 a horizontal  
position4 ,?is condition ( !  h& is !   
let g1 or ! condition ( devitalization1 
:i* %\ld  be ^u ! muscles ( ! face1 !   
m\?1 ! tongue1 ! jaw1 & !  extr9sic     
muscles ( ! ?roat dur+ ! act ( s++4     
,?us1 :5 we say1 lift1 exp&1 & let g1 we
 mean lift f !  hips1 ! c5t] ( gravity1 
9 an easy1 flexible mann]2 exp& ! body  
) a free movem5t )\t consci\s ?\ght (   
any "p ( x2 h !  s5sation ( lett+ g all 
contraction or rigidity1 & absolutely   
release  ! muscles ( ! ?roat & face4 ,! 
let g is 9 reality m a  negative ?an a  
positive condition1 & virtually means1  
:5 y lift &  exp&1 d n locally grip1    

h>d51 or set any muscle ( ! body1 ?roat1
  or face4    ,! lift1 exp&1 & let g mu/
 be 9 proportion to ! pit* &  p[] ( !   
tone4 ,?is1 if done prop]ly1 w result 9 
automatic =m  & adju/m5t1 ! removal (   
all re/ra9t1 & op51 free ?roat &  voice4
 ,?is is ! only way 9 :i* x is possible 
to truly vitalize1 to  ar\se ! physical1
 m5tal & emotional p[]s ( ! s+]4 ,?is is
 !  only way 9 :i* x is possible to put 
y\rself & keep y\rself ^u a  level ) !  
tone--^u a level1 physically1 m5tally & 
emotionally4  ,?is is 9 tru? & 9 fact ! 
s+]'s true position & true condition2   
?is is 9 tru? & 9 fact self-ass]tion2 & 
?is1 & ?is only1 makes  x possible to   
easily & naturally ar\se ! s+]'s        
s5sation1  ! true s5sation ( arti/ic    
s++4    ,we w take = our fir/ /udy a    
simple arpeggio1 us+ ! syllables ,ya    
ha1 ?us3    ,illu/ration3 ,,fir/ ,,/udy4
 ,ya1 ha4444    ,we use ,ya on ! fir/   
tone1 because :5 sung freely x helps to 
place !  tone well =w>d4 ,ya is pron\nc$
 z ! ,g]man ,ja4 ,we use ha on  all o!r 

tones ( ?is /udy = ! reason t x is !    
natural  /accato ( ! voice4 ,?9k x & s+ 
x 9 glossic or phonetically1  ?us3 h,a1 
v little h b full1 inflat$1 exp&$ ,a4 ,a
 full explanation  = ! use ( ,ya & ha   
may be f\nd 9 ,position & ,action 9     
,s++1  page #aag4 ,all ! /udies giv5 9  
?is little "w = ! illu/ration  & /udy ( 
! movem5ts ( our sy/em %\ld be sung on  
all keys z high  & z l[ z !y c be us$   
)\t ef=t & )\t /ra94    ,x has be5 said 
t ! production ( ! human voice is !     
effect ( a  muscul> ef=t born ( a m5tal 
cause4 ,!re=e x is important to "k  :at 
to ?9k & h[ to ?9k x4    ,we say1 put   
y\rself & keep y\rself con/antly ^u a   
level ) !  tone1 m5tally1 physically &  
emotionally4 ,= ! pres5t we h to d  ) ! 
m5tal & physical only4    ,/& 9 an easy1
 natural mann]1 ! h&s & arms hang+      
loosely by !  sides4 ,y desire to s+ !  
above ex]cise4 ,turn ! palms ( ! h&s  up
 9 a free1 flexible mann]1 & lift ! h&s 
up & out a little1 n  high1 n above !   
wai/ l9e4 ,:5 mov+ ! h&s up & out1 move 

!  body f ! hips up & out 9 exactly !   
same mann] & proportion4  ,! h&s & arms 
mu/ n move fa/] ?an ! body2 ! body mu/  
move  rhy?mically ) ! arms4 ,?is        
rhy?mical movem5t ( body & arms is      
highly important4 ,9 mov+1 ! s5sation is
 z ?\gh ! body 7  lift$ lightly & freely
 ^u ! palms ( ! h&s4 ,! h&s say to !    
body1 ,foll[ u4 ,9 ?is way1 lift1 exp&1 
& let g4 ,d n  raise ! %\ld]s locally4  
,! movem5t is f ! hips up4 ,! entire    
body exp&s easily & freely by lett+ g   
all contraction ( muscle4 ,d  n fir/    
lift1 & aft] lift+ exp&1 & !n f9ally try
 to let g1  z is ! habit ( _m2 b lift1 &
 :5 lift+ exp&1 & :5  lift+ & exp&+ let 
g z direct$4 ,?ree ?\ghts 9 "o          
movem5t--?ree movem5ts 9 "o--lift+1     
exp&+1 & lett+ g  simultane\sly z "o    
movem5t1 :i* 9 fact x mu/ f9ally become4
 ,?is  is ! only way 9 :i* x is possible
 to secure all true conditions (  tone4 
,) ?is ?\ght 9 m9d1 & hav+ tri$ !       
movem5t )\t s++1  s+ ! above ex]cise4   
,/>t f repose1 z describ$1 & by us+ !   

h&s & body 9 a free1 flexible mann]1    
move to :at y might ?9k  %\ld be ! level
 ( ! fir/ tone4 ,j :5 y rea* ! level ( !
  fir/ tone let ! voice s+4 ,move up ) !
 arpeggio to ! highe/  note1 us+ h&s1   
body1 & voice ) free1 flexible action2  
!n move  body & h&s ) ! voice d[n to !  
l[e/ note ( ! arpeggio2 :5  ! la/ tone  
is sung g into a position ( repose4     
,! movem5t f repose to ! level ( ! fir/ 
tone is highly  important1 = ! reason t 
x ar\ses ! en]gies ( ! s+]1 &  secures  
all true conditions ?r\gh automatic =m &
 adju/m5t4 ,d n  hesitate1 d n hurry4   
,all movem5t mu/ be rhy?mical &         
spontane\s1  & nev] ! result ( ef=t4 ,9 
s++ ! arpeggio ! tones ( !  voice mu/ be
 /rictly /accato2 b ! movem5t ( ! h&s & 
body  mu/ be v smoo?1 ev51 &            
cont9u\s--no %ort1 j]ky movem5ts4    ,! 
movem5t ( ! body is v slight1 & at no   
"t1 9 /udy+ ^!  fir/ ex]cises1 %\ld !   
h&s be rais$ above ! level ( ! hips or  
( ! wai/ l9e4 ,( c\rse ) beg9n]s ^!     
movem5ts may be m or  less exagg]at$4   

,:5 s++ songs1 h[ev]1 !y d n %[1 at lea/
  n ne>ly z mu* z wrong brea?+ & wrong  
ef=t4 ,!y simply give  ! s+] ! appe>ance
 ( prop] dignity1 position1 &           
self-ass]tion4  ,by all means use ! h&s 
9 tra9+ ! movem5ts ( ! body4 ,y c  tra9 
! body by ! use ( ! h&s 9 "o-f\r? ( ! "t
 t x is  possible to d x )\t us+ !m4 ,be
 c>eful1 h[ev]1 n to raise !  h&s too   
high1 z is ! t5d5cy2 :5 lift$ too high !
 en]gy is  (t5 put into ! h&s & arms    
in/ead ( ! body2 9 ?is way ! body  is n 
prop]ly ar\s$ & influ5c$1 & ( c\rse true
 conditions are  n secur$4    ,practical
 rules mu/ re/ ^u !ory1 & !ory ^u       
nature1 & nature  is asc]ta9$ by        
obs]vation & exp]i5ce4 ,n[1 if y w      
practice  ?is arpeggio ) a free1        
flexible movem5t ( h&s & body1 gett+  "u
 ! tone1 z x 71 & mov+ to a level ( e   
tone1 y w  soon f9d by practice &       
exp]i5ce t ^! movem5ts are p]fectly     
natural1 t !y ar\se all ! =ces :i*      
nature gave u = !  production ( tone1 t 
!y vitalize ! s+] & give fre$om to !    

voice4 ,by mov+ prop]ly to a level ( !  
fir/ tone y secure all true  conditions 
( tone2 & if y h plac$ y\rself prop]ly  
^u a level  ) ! high tone1 :5 t is rea*$
 y w h ma9ta9$ ^?  true conditions--y w 
h fre$om1 inflation & vitality in/ead ( 
contraction & /ra94    ,by mov+ ) !     
voice 9 ?is flexible mann] we br+ e "p (
 !  body into action1 & apply /r5g? z   
nature dem&s x1 )\t ef=t  or /ra94      
,rememb]1 !re is no /r5g? prop]ly appli$
 9 s++  )\t movem5t4 ,9 ?is way ! voice 
is an outw>d manife/ation ( an  inw>d   
feel+ or emotion4 ,! voice is y\r inn]  
or high] self1  express$ n at or by b   
?r\gh ! vocal organs1  aid$ by ! :ole   
body z a s\nd-bo>d4    ,our next /udy w 
be a simple arpeggio sung ) ! la s\nd1  
?us3    ,illu/ration3 ,,second ,,/udy4  
,la4444    ,?is movem5t1 ( c\rse1 mu/ be
 sung ) ! same action ( h&s &  body1    
/>t+ f repose to ! level ( ! fir/ tone1 
& keep+  con/antly ^u a level ) ! voice 
by asc5d+ & desc5d+4 ,s+  ?is ex]cise   
fir/ semi /accato1 aft]w>ds legato4     

,! special object ( ?is ex]cise is to   
relax ! jaw1 ! face1 & !  ?roat muscles4
 ,a /iff1 set jaw always means ?roat    
contraction4 ,9 ?is  ex]cise1 if sung 9 
e o!r respect accord+ to directions1 a  
/iff  jaw w\ld defeat ! :ole ?+1 & make 
impossible a correct production  ( e    
high tone4    ,9 s++ ! la s\nd1 ! tip ( 
! tongue t\*es ! ro( (  ! m\?1 j back ( 
! upp] front tee?4 ,?9k ! tone =w>d at  
?is po9t1 & let ! jaw rise & fall ) !   
tongue4 ,devitalize !  jaw & ! muscles (
 ! face1 move up 9 a free1 flexible     
mann] to !  level ( e tone1 & y w be    
surpris$ at ! fre$om & ease )  :i* !    
high tones come4 ,! mov+ up 9 ! prop]   
way applies  /r5g?1 & secures automatic 
=m & adju/m5t2 develops or  /r5g!ns !   
resi/+ or controll+ muscles ( ! voice2 9
 fact1  gives ! voice expansion1        
inflation1 & tonicity4    ,rememb] t "o 
c act 9 s++2 & by act+ ,i mean !        
movem5ts z  "h describ$1 lift+1 exp&+1  
etc41 )\t influ5c+ ! voice or  ! tone1  
)\t apply+ ! movem5ts to ! voice2 (     

c\rse su*  action is simply an imitation
 ( ! real ?+4 ,h]e91 h[ev]1 lies !      
importance ( correct ?9k+4 ,! ?\ght mu/ 
prec$e ! action4 ,!  s+] mu/ h "s idea (
 :at he wants to s+ & h[ he wants to  s+
 x4 ,a simple *ance1 a simple hit or    
miss idea1 w n d4 ,make y\r  tone mean  
some?+4 ,ar\se ! s+]'s s5sation1 & y c  
soon tell  :e!r ! movem5t is influ5c+ ! 
tone or n4 ,( c\rse ^!  movem5ts are all
 m easily appli$ on ! middle & l[ tones 
?an on  ! high] tones1 b ^! are ! great 
successful movem5ts = !  /udy &         
developm5t ( ! high tones4    ,z we h   
le>n$ 9 our =m] publications1 !re are b 
?ree  movem5ts 9 s++1--asc5d+1 desc5d+1 
& level movem5ts4 ,we h  s f> /udi$     
asc5d+ & desc5d+ movem5ts or arpeggios4 
,we w n[  /udy level movem5ts on a s+le 
tone1 ?us3    ,illu/ration3 ,,?ird      
,,/udy4 ,ah4    ,place y\rself 9 a free1
 flexible mann] ^u a level ) ! tone by !
  use ( ! movem5ts z be=e describ$2     
lift1 exp&1 & let g )\t  hurry+ or )\t  
hesitation1 & j :5 y rea* t :i* y feel  

to be ! level ( ! tone let ! voice s+4  
,all mu/ be done 9 a  mom5t1 rhy?mically
 & )\t local ef=t4 ,s+ spontane\sly1 s+ 
) ab&on1 tru/ ! movem5ts4 ,!y w always  
s]ve y if y tru/  !m4 ,if y d\bt !m1 !y 
are d\btful2 = y\r v d\bt br+s          
hesitation1 & hesitation br+s           
contraction4 ,s+ f c5t] to  circumf]5ce1
 ) ! ?\ght ( expansion & inflation1 & n 
f  outside to c5t]4 ,! fir/ gives fre$om
 & fullness ( =m1 ! latt]  results 9    
local ef=t & contraction4 ,! fir/ s5ds !
 voice out full  & free1 ! latt] re/ra9s
 x4 ,expansion ?r\gh flexible movem5t is
  ! important po9t to consid]4 ,:5 !    
tone is ?us sung1 x %\ld  result 9 !    
removal ( all re/ra9t1 especially f !   
face1 jaw1 &  ?roat4 ,9 ?is way ! tone w
 come freely to ! front1 & w fl[  or    
float z long z ! level ( ! tone is      
ma9ta9$ )\t ef=t4    ,rememb] ! mo/     
important po9t is ! movem5t f repose to 
! level  ( ! tone4 ,if ?is is done      
accord+ to directions1 all re/ra9t w be 
remov$ & all true conditions w prevail4 

,nev] influ5ce =m4 ,let  =m & adju/m5t  
be automatic1 ! result ( "r ?\ght1      
position1  & action4 ,/udy to con/antly 
make ^! movem5ts ( ! body easi] &  m    
natural4 ,take (f all ef=t4 ,d n "w h>d4
 ,x is n h>d "w4  ,x is play4 ,x is a   
delight :5 prop]ly done4 ,make no       
consci\s1 direct  ef=t ( any "p ( !     
body4 ,nev] exagg]ate ! movem5t or      
action (  "o "p ( ! body at ! sacrifice 
( ! true position ( ano!r4 ,!  t5d5cy is
 to locally raise ! *e/ s high t !      
abdom5 is  unnaturally drawn 94 ,?is1 ( 
c\rse1 is ! result ( local ef=t1 &  is n
 ! int5tion ( ! movem5ts4 ,! c5t] (     
gravity mu/ be at !  hips2 & all movem5t
 above t mu/ be free1 flexible1 &       
uni=m4#a    ,footnote #a3 ,9 ?is        
connection1 see ,supplem5t>y ,note1 page
 #ace4    ,d n give a ?\ght to any wrong
 ?+ y may be 9 ! habit ( do+  9 s++1 b  
place y\r m9d ^u free+ ! voice1 ^u !    
removal (  all re/ra9t ?r\gh ^! flexible
 vitaliz$ movem5ts3 ?9k ! ideal  tone & 
s+4 ,:5 ! "r beg9s to come ?r\gh ^!     

movem5ts !  wrong mu/ g4 ,ov] & aga9/ e 
wrong !re is a "r4 ,we remove !  wrong  
by develop+ ! "r4 ,s+ 9 a free1 flexible
 mann]1 ! natural  p[] ( ! voice4 ,make 
no ef=t to suppress ! tone or increase  
its  p[]4 ,aft] ! movem5ts are und]/ood 
& all re/ra9t is remov$1  !n /udy ! tone
 on all degrees ( p[]1 b rememb] :5 s++ 
s(t  & l\d1 & especially l\d1 t ! fir/  
pr9ciple ( arti/ic s++  is ! removal (  
all re/ra9t4        ,,article ,,two4    
,,! ,,second ,,pr9ciple ,,( ,,arti/ic   
,,tone-,,production4      ,! second     
pr9ciple ( arti/ic tone-production is   
,automatic ,brea?+ & ,automatic         
,brea?-,control4    ,!ory4--,! s++ brea?
 %\ld be z unconsci\s1--or1 r1  z       
sub-consci\s1--z involunt>y1 z ! vital  
or liv+ brea?4 ,x %\ld  be ! result (   
flexible action1 & nev] ( local muscul> 
ef=t4 ,!  muscul> brea? compels muscul> 
control2 h5ce ?roat contraction4 ,!     
n]v\s brea?1 n]v\s control2 h5ce        
relaxation & loss ( brea?4              
,devices4--,exp& to brea!4 ,d n brea! to

 exp&4 ,exp&  by flexible1 vitaliz$     
movem5ts2 control by position ! level ( 
!  tone1 & ?us balance ! two =ces1      
pressure & resi/ance4 ,9 ?is  way is    
secur$ automatic adju/m5t & absolute    
automatic brea?-control4    ,m has      
probably be5 writt5 & said ^u ?is       
important "q (  brea?+ 9 s++ ?an ^u any 
o!r "q 9 ! broad field ( !  vocal art2 &
 yet ! fact rema9s t x is less und]/ood 
?an any (  ! really great pr9ciples (   
correct s++4 ,?is is due to ! fact  t   
mo/ writ]s1 tea*]s1 & s+]s believe t !y 
mu/ d  some?+--some?+ out ( ! ord9>y--to
 develop ! brea?+ p[]s4  ,! result is1 t
 mo/ sy/ems ( brea?+ are artificial2    
!re=e  unnatural4 ,mo/ sy/ems ( brea?+  
attempt to d by direct ef=t t  :i*      
,nature alone c d correctly4 ,mo/ brea?+
 9 s++ is !  result ( direct consci\s   
ef=t4    ,! consci\s or artificial brea?
 is a muscul> brea?1 & compels  muscul> 
control4 ,! consci\s brea?--! brea? t is
 tak5 locally  & delib]ately 7"o might  
almo/ say malici\sly7 be=e s++--exp&s  !

 body unnaturally1 & ?us creates a      
desire to at once expel x4 ,9  ord] to  
avoid ?is1 ! s+] is compell$ to h>d5 &  
tight5 e  muscle ( ! body2 & n only ( ! 
body1 b ( ! ?roat z well4  ,"u ^!       
conditions ! fir/ pr9ciple ( arti/ic    
tone-production--!  removal ( all       
re/ra9t--is impossible4    ,z ! brea? is
 tak51 s mu/ x be us$4 ,nature          
dem&s--aye1  compels--?is4 ,if we take  
7z we are s (t5 told to d7 a good brea?1
  & get ready1 x means entirely too mu* 
brea? = com=t1 to say  no?+ ( arti/ic   
s++4 ,x means a h>d1 set diaphragm1 an  
undue  t5sion ( ! abdom9al muscles1 & an
 unnatural position & condition  ( !    
*e/4 ,?is ( c\rse compels ! h>d5+ &     
contraction ( !  ?roat muscles4 ,?is    
virtually means ! unseat+ ( ! voice2 =  
"u  ^! conditions free1 natural s++ is  
impossible4 ,! consci\s1 full1  muscul> 
brea? compels consci\s1 local muscul>   
ef=t to hold x &  control x4 ,result3 a 
/iff1 set1 condition ( ! face muscles1 !
 jaw1  ! tongue & ! l>ynx4 ,?is makes   

automatic v[el =m1 plac+1 &  ev5 fre$om 
( expression1 impossible4 ,! consci\s1  
artificial brea? is  a h&icap 9 e way4  
,x compels ! s+] to directly & locally  
control ! p>ts4 ,9 ?is way x is n       
possible to easily & freely use  all !  
=ces :i* ,nature has giv5 to man = !    
production (  beautiful tone4    ,n[    
note ! contra/4 ,! arti/ic brea? mu/ be 
z unconsci\s or z  involunt>y z ! vital 
or liv+ brea?4 ,x mu/ be ! result (     
free1  flexible action1 & nev] (        
consci\s ef=t4 ,! arti/ic1 automatic    
brea? is ! result ( do+ ! ?+ :i* gives !
 brea? & controls  ! brea? )\t ?\ght (  
brea?4 ,! automatic brea? is got ?r\gh  
! movem5ts sugge/$ :5 we say1 ,lift1    
exp&1 & let g4    ,:5 ! s+] lifts &     
exp&s 9 a free1 flexible mann] ! body   
fills  ) brea?4 ,"o w\ld h to consci\sly
 resi/ ?is to prev5t !  fill+ ( ! lungs4
 ,! brea? tak5 9 ?is way means          
expansion1  inflation1 ease1 fre$om4    
,!re is no desire to expel ! brea? got 9
  ?is way2 x is controll$ easily &      

naturally f position--! level (  ! tone4
 ,:5 ! brea? is ?us got ?r\gh "r        
position & action1 we  secure automatic 
=m & adju/m5t2 & correct adju/m5t means 
approximation ( ! brea? b&s1 inflation (
 ! cavities--9 fact1 all  true          
conditions ( tone4 ,nature has plac$ )9 
! organ ( s\nd !  pr9ciple ( a d\ble    
valve1--"o ( ! /ronge/ =ces kn[n 9      
me*anics1--= ! control ( ! brea? dur+ ! 
act ( s++4 ,?is  is :at we mean by      
automatic brea?-control--us+ ! =ces :i* 
,nature  has giv5 u = t purpose1 us+ !m 
9 ! prop] mann]4    ,if ! read] is      
famili> ) my la/ two works1 ,vocal      
,re9=cem5t &  ,position & ,action 9     
,s++1 he w h le>n$ ?r\gh !m t we  h n   
direct1 correct control ( ! =m &        
adju/m5t ( ! p>ts  :i* secure ! true    
conditions ( tone & automatic           
brea?-control4  ,^! conditions1 z we h  
le>n$1 are secur$ ?r\gh ! flexible      
movem5ts :i* are ! gr\nd-"w ( our sy/em4
 ,!re=e we say1  ,tru/ ! movem5ts4 ,if y
 h confid5ce 9 !m1 !y w  always s]ve y4 

,if y d\bt !m1 !y are d\btful2 = ! lea/ 
d\bt  on ! "p ( ! s+] means m or less   
contraction & re/ra9t2  h5ce !y fail to 
produce ! true conditions4    ,?is      
automatic brea?+1 ! result ( ! movem5ts 
describ$1 does n  %[ ef=t or action half
 s mu* z ! old-fa%ion$1 consci\s muscul>
  brea?4 ,brea?+ 9 ?is way means ! use (
 all ! =ces :i* ,nature  has giv5 u4    
,brea?+ 9 ?is way is ,nature's dem&1 & !
 rew>d is  ,nature's help4    ,! devices
 we use to develop automatic brea?+ &   
automatic  brea?-control are ! simple/  
possible ex]cises1 /udi$ & develop$     
?r\gh ! movem5ts1 z be=e describ$4 ,9   
?is way ?r\gh "r  action we exp& to     
brea!1 or r we brea! ?r\gh flexible     
expansion1 & we control by position1 by 
! true level ( ! tone4 ,9  ?is way1 z we
 h f\nd1 all true conditions are secur$ 
& ma9ta9$4    ,we w take = our fir/ /udy
 a s+le tone ab\t ! middle ( !  voice4  
,ex]cise ?ree 9 ,article ,"o ( ?is      
second "p ( ! book w  sugge/ ! idea4    
,s+ a tone ab\t ! middle ( ! voice ) !  

syllable ah4  ,lift1 exp&1 & let g1 by !
 use ( ! h&s & ! body1 z be=e  sugge/$4 
,! lift+ & exp&+ 9 a free1 flexible     
mann] w give  y all ! brea? t is ne$$2 &
 ! position1 ! level ( ! tone1  w hold  
or control ! brea? if y h confid5ce4    
,rememb] t  automatic brea?+ dep5ds ^u  
fir/ action1 ! movem5t f repose to  !   
level ( ! tone4 ,if ! action is z       
describ$1 suffici5t brea?  w be !       
result4 ,if ! position1 ! level ( !     
tone1 is ma9ta9$  )\t contraction1      
absolute automatic brea?-control w be ! 
result  s sure z ! sun %9es4    ,!      
t5d5cy ) beg9n]s & ) ^? :o h =m$ wrong  
habits (  brea?+1 is to take a volunt>y 
brea? be=e com+ into action4 ,?is (     
c\rse defeats ! :ole ?+4 ,aga91 ! t5d5cy
 ( beg9n]s or (  ^? :o h =m$ wrong      
habits1 is to s+ be=e f9d+ ! level (  ! 
tone ?r\gh ! movem5ts1 or to />t ! tone 
be=e ! action4  ,?is ( c\rse compels    
local ef=t & contraction1 & makes       
success  impossible4 ,! s+] mu/ h brea?2
 & if he does n get x  automatically    

?r\gh ! flexible movem5ts h]e9 describ$1
 or "s su*  movem5ts1 he is compell$ to 
take x consci\sly & locally4 ,!         
consci\s local brea? 9 s++ is always an 
artificial brea?1 &  compels local      
control4 ,"u ^! conditions ease & p]fect
 fre$om are  impossible4    ,z we h     
said1 ! important ?+ to consid] 9 ?is   
/udy is !  movem5t f repose to ! level (
 ! fir/ tone4 ,move 9 a free1  flexible 
mann] z be=e describ$1 & give no ?\ght  
to brea?-tak+4  ,:5 y h f\nd ! level ( !
 tone1 all ( :i* is done  rhy?mically & 
9 a mom5t1 let ! voice s+1--s+          
spontane\sly4 ,make  no ef=t to hold or 
control ! brea?4 ,ma9ta9 correct        
position !  level ( ! tone1 9 a free1   
flexible mann]1 & s+ ) p]fect  fre$om1 )
 ab&on4 ,z ! movem5t or action gave y ! 
brea?1 s  w ! position hold x4 ,! m y   
let g all contraction ( body &  ?roat   
muscles1 ! m fre$om y give ! voice1 ! m 
w !  brea? be controll$1--controll$     
?r\gh automatic =m & adju/m5t4  ,?is is 
a wond]ful revelation to _m :o h tri$ x 

& ma/]$ x4  ,^? :o h con/antly ?\ght 9 !
 old way1 & attempt$ to brea!  & control
 9 ! old way1 _c ( c\rse und]/& x4 ,!   
t5d5cy (  su* is to condemn x1--to      
condemn x1 we are sorry to say1 )\t     
inve/igation4    ,k is ga9$ ?r\gh       
exp]i5ce4 ,! s+] or pupil :o tries ?is  
sy/em ( brea?+ & succe$s1 ne$s no       
argum5t to conv9ce him t x  is true1    
natural & correct4 ,! greate/ drawback  
to ! ma/]+ ( x  on ! "p ( _m s+]s &     
tea*]s1 is ! artificial habits acquir$  
by ye>s ( wrong ?9k+ & wrong ef=t4 ,) ! 
beg9n] x is !  simple/1 ! easie/1 & !   
mo/ quickly acquir$ ( all sy/ems (      
brea?+2 = automatic brea?+ is a         
fundam5tal1 natural law (  arti/ic s++4 
,= fur!r illu/ration ( ?is pr9ciple (   
brea?+ we w use !  foll[+ ex]cise3      
,illu/ration3 ,,f\r? ,,/udy4 ,ah4444    
,place y\rself 9 a free1 flexible mann] 
on a level ) ! fir/ tone4  ,if ?is is   
done prop]ly1 y w h secur$ automatically
 a s++  brea? & all true conditions (   
tone4 ,:5 s++ ?is ex]cise move !  h&s & 

body ) ! tone or voice1 asc5d+ &        
desc5d+4 ,9  asc5d+ op5 freely &        
naturally by lett+ g4 ,d n influ5ce !   
=m by attempt+ locally to op54 ,d n     
influ5ce ! =m by locally  prev5t+ fre$om
 or expansion4 ,let g all p>ts ( ! face1
 m\? &  ?roat1 & y w be surpris$ at !   
p[] ( ! tone1 ( ! brea?1  & ( !         
brea?-control on ! upp] tone4 ,y w be   
surpris$ to f9d  t y w h secur$ or      
develop$ ?ree or f\r times z mu*  su/a9+
 brea? p[] z y imag9$ y _h4 ,9 desc5d+1 
c>e mu/  be tak5 n to droop or depress1 
b to c>ry ! voice by controll+ !        
movem5ts ( ! body1 & only aft] ! la/    
tone is f9i%$ %\ld !  body g into a     
position ( repose4    ,s+ ?is ex]cise 9 
all degrees ( p[]1 s(t1 m$ium & l\d1    
ma9ta9+ ! same true conditions on all4  
,! t5d5cy ( mo/ s+]s  is to relax &     
depress on s(t tone1 or to p9* &        
contract4 ,s(t tone  %\ld nev] be small 
9 =m1 & x %\ld always h ! same vitality 
& en]gy z ! l\d] tone4    ,illu/ration3 
,,fif? ,,/udy4 ,ah4444    ,?is ex]cise  

%\ld be /udi$ & practic$ 9 e way sugge/$
 =  ! /udy ( ! prec$+ ex]cises4 ,place  
y\rself ^u a level ) !  fir/ tone1 9 !  
mann] be=e describ$1 & ?us secure !     
automatic  brea?4 ,d n =get to use ! h&s
 to sugge/ ! movem5t to ! body4  ,! h&s 
%\ld be us$ until ! body is ?or\ghly    
tra9$ to flexible  action4 ,x is always 
a "q ( ! ?\ght be=e ! action4 ,d n  all[
 a consci\s or local brea? be=e !       
movem5t4    ,place y\rself ^u a level ) 
! fir/ tone1 & all[ or let ! voice  />t 
spontane\sly & freely4 ,make no ef=t to 
hold ! brea?4 ,hold  f position4 ,s+    
d[n1 mov+ ) ! voice1 b d n let ! body or
  ! tone droop or relax4 ,nei!r mu/ !re 
be /iffness or contraction4 ,if  y f9d x
 impossible to control ! voice 9 ?is    
way1 or to prev5t  depression ( body & (
 tone1 !n try ! foll[+ way4    ,place   
y\rself ^u a level ) ! fir/ tone 9 !    
prop] mann]1 s+  d[n1 b lift & exp& ) an
 asc5d+ movem5t ( ! h&s & body4  ,op5 ! 
m\? freely & naturally1 & let ! tone    
roll out4 ,y w be  surpris$ to f9d n    

only great brea? p[] & control1 b a p[] 
9  ! tone t mo/ s+]s imag9e c be got    
?r\gh physical =ce alone4  ,?is p[] is !
 result ( expansion & inflation1 ! true 
re9=c+  p[]4 ,! increas$ vitaliz$ en]gy 
( ! tone is ! result ( !  upw>d & outw>d
 movem5t4 ,?is movem5t ( expansion &    
inflation  ?r\gh flexible action1 is !  
true application ( /r5g? or ( p[]4  ,x  
is t :i* we call ! rev]se movem5t4 ,we  
s+ d[n & move up4 ,x  is ! great movem5t
 = develop+ ! l[ tones ( all voices4    
,?is  rev]se movem5t may be appli$ at w 
to all ! /udies giv52 x w  dep5d ^u !   
effect we may desire to produce4 ,if 9  
desc5d+1 a quiet  effect is desir$1 !   
movem5t is ) ! voice4 ,if we want p[] we
  rev]se ! action4 ,! body1 :5 prop]ly  
tra9$1 becomes ! s]vant (  ! w1 &       
responds in/antly to ?\ght & desire4    
,h5ce !  importance ( correct ?\ght4    
,9 pres5t+ ^! ideas to my read]s1 ,i    
realize h[ difficult x is to  put !m 9  
words1 & h[ mu* !y lose :5 !y appe> 9   
cold pr9t4  ,9 work+ ) a liv+1 vitaliz$ 

voice1 ! effect is s diff]5t4 ,!  read] 
:o may desire to exp]im5t ) ^! ideas    
%\ld place himself  be=e a mirror1 &    
make 8 image 8 pupil1 8 subject4 ,9 ?is 
way he  c bett] /udy ! movem5ts1 !      
action1 ! position1 ! level ( !  tone1 &
 ! brea?+4    ,9 private tea*+1 ( c\rse1
 we d n take up "o subject or pr9ciple  
& f9i% t1 & !n take up ! next "o2 b "o  
idea is con/antly  built ^u ano!r to =m 
! h>moni\s :ole4 ,! =mula :i* we use    
"h1 z we h said1 is ! "o adopt$ = !     
normal class at ! ,po9t  ,*autauqua     
summ] s*ool4 ,?is we d 9 ord] to h !    
sy/em prop]ly  arrang$ = lecture1       
illu/rations1 & = a practical /udy ( !  
devices1 n only f ! s+]'s1 b f ! tea*]'s
 /&po9t z  well4    ,! tea*] or s+] :o  
/udies & ma/]s ?is c\rse nev] que/ions  
or d\bts ! tru? & p[] ( automatic brea?+
 & automatic  brea?-control2 or !       
wond]ful influ5ce on ! voice ( ^!       
movem5ts1  :i* we call true position &  
action 9 s++4#a    ,footnote #a3 ,! few 
ex]cises or /udies "h giv51 z well z a  

numb]  ( o!rs1 may be f\nd fully c>ri$  
out ) accompanim5t1 9 ,ex]cises  = !    
,tra9+ & ,developm5t ( ! ,voice1 by !   
au?or ( ?is "w4  ,publi%$ by ,william   
,a4 ,pond & ,company4        ,,article  
,,?ree4    ,,! ,,?ird ,,pr9ciple ,,(    
,,arti/ic ,,tone-,,production4      ,!  
?ird pr9ciple ( arti/ic tone-production 
is      ,high ,plac+ & ,l[ ,resonance4  
,!ory4--,tone1 to be arti/ic1 mu/ be    
plac$ =w>d & high1 &  mu/ be re9=c$ by !
 l[ cavities & *e/ resonance2 x mu/ be  
plac$ high1 & re9=c$ or built d[n by    
add$ resonance ?r\gh  expansion &       
inflation4    ,devices4--,place high by 
remov+ all re/ra9t1 all ob/ruction1     
?r\gh flexible movem5ts4 ,! high1 =w>d  
plac+ is ! natural focus  ( ! voice4 ,:5
 ! voice is ?us plac$ & automatic       
control prevails1  reaction & reflection
 occur1 & ! sympa!tic l[ resonance ( !  
inflat$ cavities is add$ to ! tone4     
,also /udy ! naturally high  plac+ ( ,e 
& ! naturally l[ color ( oo2 !n equalize
 all !  v[els ?r\gh _! influ5ce1 & ?us  

develop uni=m color & quality  9 all4   
,?is ?ird pr9ciple ( arti/ic s++ is a v 
important "o1 & means  mu* m ?an "o     
might1 at fir/ ?\ght1 suppose4 ,_m s+]s 
?9k (  plac+ simply z ! po9t ( contact  
or impact ( ! air curr5t4  ,plac+1      
h[ev]1 means m ?an ?is4 ,x means n only 
! correct focus  ( tone =w>d & high1 b x
 also means reaction & reflection ( !   
air curr5t2 9 %ort1 sympa!tic add$      
vibration ( air 9 ! l[  inflat$         
cavities4 ,?is be+ true1 we f9d t       
correct plac+ means ev5  mu* m4 ,x means
 ! true =m & adju/m5t ( all ! p>ts--all 
true  conditions ( tone4    ,! prevail+ 
idea ( plac+ is ! ?\ght ( con/antly pu%+
 up !  tone4 ,result1 ! organ ( s\nd is 
pu%$ out ( place & all true  conditions 
di/urb$4 ,! pu%$-up tone means local1   
muscul> ef=t1  contraction1 & a h>d1    
unmusical voice4 ,! voice ?us plac$ may 
be l\d  & brilliant1 b nev] s\lful or   
beautiful4 ,! pu%$-up tone means  s++ f 
! l>ynx up4 ,x means head-resonance     
only2 &  head-resonance is b "o side1 & 

t ! smalle/ side1 ( ?is great  "q4      
,tone mu/ be plac$ spontane\sly1 )      
reaction & reflection4 ,?is %[s  at once
 ! importance ( ! fir/ two great        
pr9ciples (  voice-production1--fre$om &
 automatic brea?-control2 = )\t ^!  true
 plac+ is impossible4 ,tone plac$ 9 ?is 
way means ! r+ ( !  =w>d high plac+ & ! 
add$ resonance ( ! inflat$ cavities &   
especially ( ! *e/4    ,9 s++1 z we h   
le>n$1 !re are two =ces con/antly 9     
action1--pressure & resi/ance1 or motor 
p[] & control4 ,^! two  =ces mu/        
prevail1 & 9 ord] to produce ! voice    
arti/ically1 !y  mu/ be balanc$4 ,?is is
 done1 indirectly1 ?r\gh ! movem5ts we  
advocate1 ?r\gh ! position & action ( ! 
body4 ,! motor p[] lies  9 ! diaphragm &
 9 ! abdom9al & int]co/al muscles4 ,!   
controll+ =ce lies 9 ! *e/1 9 a prop]ly 
adju/$ l>ynx & !  approximat$ brea?-b&s4
 ,^! two =ces mu/ be balanc$ dur+ ! act 
( s++4 ,mo/ s+]s are mu* /rong] 9 !     
driv+ or motor p[]  ?an 9 reaction or ! 
controll+ =ce2 & ) _m1 ! weakness 9     

control1 reaction or adju/m5t1 is an    
absolute b> to success4 ,h5ce !         
importance ( /r5g!n+ ! *e/1 & ! position
 ( ! organ (  s\nd1 ?r\gh physical      
culture4    ,:5 ^! two =ces1 motor p[] &
 control1 are n equal1 ! balance  ( =ce 
is plac$ ^u ! ?roat & ?roat muscles4    
,?is ! s+] c  no m avoid do+ ?an he c   
avoid balanc+ himself to keep f  fall+4 
,:51 9 ord] to place1 ! voice is pu%$   
up1 delib]ately &  malici\sly pu%$1 bo? 
=ces are ex]t$ 9 ! same direction4 ,!y  
are  !n virtually b "o =ce--a driv+ =ce4
 ,z !re mu/ be two =ces  9 s++1 z       
,nature compels ?is1 !re is no?+ left = 
! s+] to  d b to use ! ?roat & ?roat    
muscles z a controll+ =ce4 ,"u  ^!      
conditions1 z be=e /at$1 ! tone may be  
brilliant1 b x w  always be unsympa!tic 
& unmusical4    ,i hope no "o w ?9k = a 
mom5t1 9 consid]+ ! movem5ts we         
advocate1 t we d n believe 9 /r5g? &    
p[]4 ,we d believe 9  appli$ p[]1 appli$
 indirectly2 n by local grip &          
contraction1 b  indirectly ?r\gh        

vitaliz$ en]gy1 expansion1 &            
flexibility1 ?r\gh  ! true position &   
action ( ! s+]4 ,!re is no /r5g? prop]ly
  appli$ 9 s++ except ?r\gh movem5t2    
?r\gh correct movem5t all  ! =ces :i*   
nature has giv5 ! s+] are indirectly    
br\ght into  action2 9 ?is way !re is   
con/ant physical & vocal developm5t4    
,e tone sung1 z we h le>n$1 is a re9=c$ 
s\nd4 ,!re are two  ways ( re9=c+ tone4 
,fir/1 by muscul> t5sion1 muscul>       
contraction1  muscul> ef=t--! wrong way4
 ,second1 by vitaliz$ en]gy1 by         
expansion1  & by add$ resonance ( air 9 
! inflat$ cavities--! "r way4 ,(  c\rse 
to produce expansion & inflation1 true  
conditions ( =m &  adju/m5t mu/ prevail1
 ?r\gh ! movem5ts giv54    ,=m has mu*  
to d ) det]m9+ ! quality & "* ( ! tone4 
,muscul> ef=t1 ei!r 9 plac+ or re9=c+ ! 
tone1 results 9  muscul> contraction1 & 
9 mo/ cases 9 elliptical =m ( voice1    
?us3  drawn horizontal oval ,?is means  
depress$ s(t palate1 high l>ynx1        
contraction ( ! fauces1 clos$ ?roat1 &  

spread op5 m\?4  ,result--high plac+    
impossible1 no l[ color or re9=cem5t2 9 
%ort1  h>d muscul> tone4 ,! tone may be 
l\d b x _c be musical4    ,! true       
musical =m ( ! voice is elongation1 ?us3
 drawn v]tical  oval ,?is means high    
plac+ & l[ resonance2 x means t ! tone  
has  ! r+ ( =w>d high plac+ & !         
re9=cem5t1 color1 & beauty  ( add$ l[   
resonance4 ,elongation is a di/+ui%+    
feature ( all truly  great voices4    ,=
 arti/ic tone1 ! s(t palate mu/ be high1
 ! l>ynx mu/ be l[1  & ! ?roat & m\?    
all[$ to =m1 n made or compell$4 ,! =m  
mu/ be flexible & ela/ic4 ,! l>ynx mu/  
be l[ 9 adju/m5t = !  production (      
beautiful tone1 b x mu/ nev] be locally 
adju/$4 ,x  mu/ always be influ5c$      
indirectly ?r\gh ! movem5ts we advocate1
  ?r\gh ! true position & action ( s++4 
,9 ?is way are secur$  op5 ?roat1 fre$om
 ( voice1 all true conditions4 ,9 ?is   
way ! tone  may be plac$ by impulse1 by 
flexible action1 may be />t$ high &     
in/antly reflect$ into ! inflat$        

cavities4 ,?is means p]fect poise (     
voice2 x means ! focus ( ! tone high &  
=w>d ) ! sympa!tic  add$ vibration ( !  
l[ cavities & especially ( ! *e/4 ,?is  
is  ! only true plac+ ( voice1--!       
comb9ation ( head & *e/  resonance ?r\gh
 automatic =m & adju/m5t4 ,a tight ?roat
 ?r\gh  local1 muscul> ef=t makes ^!    
conditions impossible4    ,! true       
resonance-*amb] !n1 z we h f\nd1 is f   
head to *e/2  sympa!tically ! resonance 
( ! entire body mu/ be add$4 ,! true    
arti/ s+s ) ! body1 ?r\gh ! ?roat1 &    
nev] ) ! ?roat4  ,9 ?is way ! entire s+]
 is ! in/rum5t4 ,fill ! body ) s\nd4  ,!
 high] ! tone ! m elongat$ ! =m4 ,nature
 dem&s ?is4 ,if  ?is does n occur       
contraction & depression are sure to    
foll[4 ,also !  high] ! tone ! l[] !    
add$ resonance1 :5 ! conditions are  "r4
 ,9 ?is way ! =m elongates & ! compass  
exp&s )\t  ef=t or /ra94 ,^! ideas /udi$
 ?r\gh flexible movem5ts are truly      
wond]ful1 b natural means = exp&+ !     
compass ( ! voice4    ,mu* has be5      

writt5 lately on ! subject ( op5 tones4 
,%\ld ! tones  be op5$ or clos$1 is !   
"q4 ,tone %\ld nev] be clos$4 ,x  %\ld  
always be op51 b nev] out4 ,if x is out 
( ! m\? x is n a  s++ s\nd4 ,ev5 ! real 
cov]$ tones ( ! voice %\ld nev] be      
clos$4 ,! tru? is1 ! =m ( ! cov]$ tones 
( ! voice1 ?r\gh  elongation1 is l>g]   
?an ! =m ( ^? :i* we call ! op5 tones1  
9 contradi/9ction to ! cov]$4    ,9 !   
cle> timbre ( ! voice1 ! bright tone1 ! 
r+ ( high  plac+1 pr$om9ates4 ,9 somb]  
timbre1 ! d>k tone1 l[ resonance1 or  l[
 color1 pr$om9ates4 ,9 m$ium tone bo?   
are he>d or felt m  equally4 ,none ( ?is
 color+ or re9=c+ mu/ be done by locally
  influ5c+ =m or plac+4 ,! voice mu/ be 
p]fectly free2 & !  result mu/ be due to
 s5tim5t1 feel+1 emotion1 to ! effect x 
may be  desir$ to produce4 ,if all      
re/ra9t is remov$1 if true conditions   
prevail1 ?is c always be done ?r\gh !   
s+]'s s5sation1 ?r\gh  ! use ( ! ?ird   
p[]4 ,x is m>vel\s h[1 "u "r conditions1
  ! voice w respond to ?\ght1 to        

s5tim5t1 to feel+4    ,! tone ?us       
produc$ & ?us deliv]$1 ) p]fect         
brea?-control1  w set ! :ole body       
sympa?iz+1 f ! sole ( ! foot to  ! cr[n 
( ! head4 ,& x is only tones l ^!--t x  
is  possible to s adorn1 & decorate1 &  
beautify1 ) ! due am\nt (  emphasis1 &  
accurate int5sity ( emotional feel+s1 & 
exquisitely  %ad$ & ev]-v>y+ t+es (     
color 9 expression--t c prove  capable (
 captivat+ ! he>t ( ! he>]1 t c         
graphically  impress ! li/5] ) su*      
s5tim5ts z ! vocali/ desires to  convey4
    ,we w take = our fir/ /udy a s+le   
tone ab\t ! middle ( !  voice4 ,9 /udy+ 
plac+ & resonance1 we mu/ ( c\rse obs]ve
 all !  rules laid d[n 9 reg>d to !     
action1 position1 etc4 ,d n take a      
volunt>y brea? be=e act+--d n />t ! tone
 be=e ! action1  two ?+s :i* require    
con/ant wat*+ on ! "p ( ! beg9n]4  ,ei!r
 ( !m w virtually cause defeat4         
,remove all ob/ruction by seek+ ! level 
( ! tone ?r\gh flexible  action4 ,?9k ! 
tone =w>d & high4 ,place by impulse1 &  

nev] by  local ef=t4 ,h ! s5sation z    
?\gh ! tone />t$ =w>d &  high1 z ?\gh x 
imp+$ aga9/ ! ro( ( ! m\?1 & in/antly   
reflect$ into ! l[ cavities1 &          
especially into ! *e/4 ,9 do+  ?is1     
relax ! jaw1 let g all face & ?roat     
contraction1 exp& !  body1 & ?9k & feel 
! *e/ vibrant & fill$ ) tone4 ,9 ?is    
way ! tone may be />t$ high & re9=c$ or 
built d[n by ! add$  resonance ( all !  
inflat$ cavities4    ,ano!r way to d    
?is1 is to />t ! tone spontane\sly by   
impulse  ?r\gh correct action2 9 do+ s1 
?9k & feel z ?\gh ! tone  plac$ &       
reflect$ at ! same in/ant1 =w>d aga9/ ! 
ro( ( !  m\? & on ! *e/1--z ?\gh !      
contact or imp+em5t ( ! tone  7 felt at 
bo? places simultane\sly4 ,( c\rse !    
high =w>d plac+  9 m\? & face is ! true 
plac+1 & ! s5sation on ! *e/ is  !      
action or reflection ( ! true plac+4    
,?is c be done ?r\gh  flexible vitaliz$ 
action alone4 ,) a tight ?roat or local 
muscul>  ef=t x is impossible4 ,?is is  
p]fect attack1 & 9 ?is way all =ce  &   

pu% are avoid$4 ,9 ?is way fre$om &     
inflation are secur$1 t  condition :i*  
unites head & *e/ resonance4    ,?9k ( a
 rubb] p\* fill$ ) air4 ,imag9e y grasp 
x 9 ! middle  ) ! h&1 & close ! h&      
tight4 ,! upp] "p ( ?is p\*  repres5ts !
 face & high =w>d plac+4 ,t bel[ ! h&1  
or !  l[] "p1 ! *e/ resonance4 ,! h&    
hold+ ! middle ( ! p\*  repres5ts !     
?roat4 ,s long z ! h& contracts tightly 
! middle (  ! p\*1 !re is no connection 
betwe5 ! air 9 ! upp] & l[]  p>ts ( !   
p\*4 ,if ! desire is to connect ^! two  
p>ts1 relax !  h& a little1 & all[ an   
op5+ or a free passage betwe5 !m4 ,9    
s++1 ! same relaxation or op5+ mu/ occur
 at ! ?roat1 if !  desire is to connect 
! r+ ( high plac+ ) ! resonance ( ! l[  
cavities4 ,if ! desire is to re9=ce1 to 
build d[n1 ! extr9sic  muscles ( ! ?roat
 mu/ relax1 & ! ?roat mu/ exp&4    ,9   
?us plac+ & re9=c+ tone1 ! pupil is     
guid$ or assi/$ n  only by ! s5se ( he>+
 b by ! s5se ( feel+4 ,!re w be !       
s5sation ( fre$om1 ( ease1 ( p[]2 a     

feel+ z ?\gh ! entire  body f ! head d[n
 to ! wai/ 7 op5 & fill$ ) tone4        
,rememb]1 h[ev]1 ?is important fact1 t x
 is possible to lift &  exp&1 & ev5 to  
let g1 & yet n to influ5ce ! tone4 ,we c
 act  well & yet s+ ) a common tone4 ,! 
pupil mu/ ?9k & feel !  tone1 mu/ ?9k & 
feel ! effect desir$4 ,! ?\ght mu/      
prec$e !  action4    ,?is po9t is wor?y 
( all consid]ation1--"r ?\ght or "r     
feel+  assi/s ! tone 9 e way1 has1 9    
fact1 a wond]ful influ5ce 9  develop+ "r
 action4 ,! idealiz$ tone br+s into     
action m ( !  true p[]s ( ! s+] ?an x is
 possible to d 9 any o!r way4           
,illu/ration3 ,,six? ,,/udy4 ,ya1 ah4   
,?is /udy l5ds itself easily &          
naturally1 n only to ! developm5t  (    
high plac+1 b to correct bodily action4 
,s+ ! fir/ tone /accato1 plac+ ! body ^u
 a level ) ! tone  z describ$4 ,!n f !  
level ( ?is fir/ tone1 ?r\gh flexible   
vitaliz$ action1 c>ry ! body            
spontane\sly or by impulse to ! level  (
 ! upp] tone2 ! air curr5t or ! tone    

%\ld /rike ! ro( (  ! m\? well =w>d &   
in/antly reflect into ! l[ cavities4 ,9 
?is  way all true conditions are secur$1
 & ! voice is all[$ to s+  in/ead ( be+ 
made or compell$4 ,!re mu/ be a v free  
lift1  expansion1 & let g betwe5 ! fir/ 
& ! upp] tone4 ,d n let !  second tone  
/>t until its level is rea*$1 or !      
effect w be  spoil$1 or at lea/ modifi$4
 ,all ?is mu/ be done rhy?mically1 :i*  
means )\t ! lea/ hesitation1 or )\t !   
s5sation ( ha/e4 ,to  hesitate compels  
local ef=t4 ,to hurry di/urbs all true  
conditions4 ,?is  is a v valuable       
ex]cise1 if und]/ood4    ,illu/ration3  
,,sev5? ,,/udy4 ,ah4444    ,?is /udy is 
virtually ! same z ! six?1 except t !   
voice is n  susp5d$ or arre/$ betwe5 !  
fir/ & second tones4 ,?is ex]cise  mu/  
be /udi$ ) ! same action & ! same       
impulse z ! six?  /udy4 ,"s s+]s c get  
plac+ & reaction bett] on ?is /udy ?an  
on ! six?4    ,illu/ration3 ,,eigh?     
,,/udy4 ,ah4444    ,f9d ! level ( ! fir/
 tone z sugge/$1 us+ h&s & body2 move   

d[n1 h&s & body go+ ) ! tone1 :ile s++ !
 fir/ ?ree  notes ( ?is ex]cise2 !n1 )\t
 /opp+ or hesitat+1 rev]se !  action or 
! movem5t1 by lift+ h&s & body1 & op5+  
wide by  dropp+ ! l[] jaw1 :ile s++ !   
la/ ?ree notes4 ,( c\rse !  voice mu/ s+
 f ! highe/ to ! l[e/ note ) a cont9u\s 
legato fl[4 ,! movem5t ( ! body d[n ) ! 
fir/ ?ree notes &  ! rev]se action1 mov+
 up & out on ! la/ ?ree1 mu/ be smoo? & 
cont9u\s4 ,if ?is is done prop]ly !     
rev]se action w give a  wond]ful        
s5sation ( fre$om1 op5ness1 & ! p[] ( l[
 add$  resonance4 ,x demon/rates =cibly 
:at is meant by plac+ up &  build+ d[n4 
,?is is ! great idea or ! great movem5t 
= develop+ ! l[ tones  9 all voices4 ,:5
 ! l[ tones are ?us develop$ by         
expansion1 b  )\t ef=t1 ! same idea (   
fre$om & l[ resonance c be c>ri$  into !
 high tones4 ,?is c be done especially  
well & easily on  ex]cises six & sev54  
,! high] ! tone ! l[] ! resonance %\ld  
be if ! object be a full beautiful1 free
 tone4    ,illu/ration3 ,,n9? ,,/udy4   

,ah4444    ,place y\rself ^u a level ) !
 fir/ tone z sugge/$1 & all[ !  tone to 
/>t spontane\sly1 /rik+1 z x 71 ! ro( ( 
! m\?  & ! *e/ simultane\sly4 ,move body
 & h&s d[n ) ! voice to  ! l[ tone1 & !n
 in/antly b rhy?mically1 lift back to ! 
level  ( ! upp] tone4 ,feel z ?\gh y 7  
"u ! tone ) body &  h&s 9 mov+ up1 & let
 ! tone /rike by impulse1 ! ro( ( !     
m\?1 & in/antly reflect into ! *e/4     
,practice ?is ex]cise until  x c be done
 ) p]fect fre$om ( =m & action4    ,9   
/>t+ ! fir/ tone 9 all ^! ex]cises1 feel
 ! vibration 9  ! face1 on ! =ehead1 &  
on ! *eek-bones4 ,if ?is is done )\t    
pu%+1 b by flexible action1 a sympa!tic 
vibration c be felt  ?r\gh ! entire     
body4    ,a v effective & successful    
/udy ( high plac+ & l[ resonance may  be
 got ?r\gh a consid]ation ( ! natural   
plac+ & resonance ( !  v[el s\nds4 ,z ,i
 h writt5 s fully on ! v[el s\nds 9 my  
=m]  works1 ,i %all simply t\* ^u t     
important "q "h4    ,e z 9 re$ is       
naturally ! highe/ plac$ v[el 9 !       

,engli%  language4 ,u or oo z 9 y or d  
is naturally ! l[e/ 9  color4 ,s+ ,e ) !
 fre$om ( action z sugge/$1 & ?9k x high
 9  ! face4 ,make no ef=t to influ5ce ! 
=m4 ,! =m ( ,e is naturally  v small4 ,e
 w be f\nd 9 ?is way to be free &       
bright1 n h>d &  wiry4 ,s+ oo 9 ! same  
way4 ,! =m ( oo is also v small4 ,oo    
%\ld  h a flute-l s\nd4 ,x w be f\nd t 9
 ,e high resonance  pr$om9ates4 ,9 oo l[
 color4 ,9 /udy+ ! v[els ! aim %\ld be  
to  equalize !m by plac+1 re9=c+1 &     
color+ !m z ne>ly alike z  possible4 ,9 
?is way !y are equaliz$ in/ead (        
diff]5tiat$4    ,place ,e z sugge/$1 &  
color x by ! ?\ght & influ5ce ( ! l[    
resonance ( oo4 ,s+ oo z sugge/$1 &     
bright5 x by ! ?\ght1  influ5ce1 & high 
plac+ ( ,e4 ,9 ?is way /udy all o!r     
v[els1  influ5c+ !m by ! high plac+ ( ,e
 & ! l[ resonance ( oo4 ,!  high r+ &   
brightness ( ! re$ s\nds ( ! voice1 mu/ 
be modifi$  & influ5c$ by ! color & l[  
resonance ( ! flute s\nds4 ,!  flute    
s\nds ( ! voice mu/ be made m brilliant 

& free by !  influ5ce ( ! high plac+ &  
high resonance ( ! re$ s\nds4 ,9  ?is   
way we equalize all ! v[els until1 9 a  
c]ta9 s5se1 !y all  h ! same color &    
quality & s\nd1 z ?\gh !y belong$ to "o 
& ! same voice4 ,= a fur!r /udy ( high  
plac+1 use ! second  s\nd ( ,o1 or1 z "s
 writ]s classify ! v[els1 ! second s\nd 
(  ,u1--! s\nd ( uh z he>d 9 up4 ,?is is
 ! highe/1 n>r[e/1 &  mo/ elongat$ ar*  
=m 9 ! ,engli% language2 consequ5tly x  
is1 =  _m voices1 ! mo/ favorable s\nd =
 ! /udy ( high plac+4    ,all v[el      
s\nds1 l all tones ( ! voice1 are re9=c$
 s\nds4 ,!  t5d5cy ( mo/ s+]s is to s+ !
 re$ s\nds too :ite & ! flute  s\nds too
 d>k4 ,by prop]ly di/ribut+ brilliancy &
 color we influ5ce  & modify all ! v[els
 )\t los+ _! "* or individuality4       
,,"p ,,?ird4    ,,ae/hetics4            
,,article ,,"o4    ,,! ,,f\r? ,,pr9ciple
 ,,( ,,arti/ic ,,s++4      ,! f\r?      
pr9ciple ( arti/ic s++ is    ,emotional 
or ,self-,expression4                   
,!ory4--,vitaliz$ emotional en]gy1 !    

,s+]'s ,s5sation1 is  ! true motor p[] (
 ! voice4    ,devices4--,a /udy (       
tone-color & tone-"*2 ! idealiz$  tone1 
appli$ & develop$ by ! use ( words &    
s5tim5t4    ,! /ud5t ( ! voice :o has   
/udi$1 und]/ood1 &1 to a c]ta9  ext5t1  
ma/]$ ! fir/ ?ree great pr9ciples (     
voice production--!  removal ( all      
re/ra9t1 automatic brea?+1 high plac+1 &
 l[  resonance--has c]ta9ly accompli%$  
mu*4 ,he has ar\s$ & develop$  !        
physical & m5tal vitality ( ! s+]1 !    
vitality & en]gy (  body & m9d4 ,?is is 
! limit ( progress or developm5t ) _m1  
at  lea/ s f> z actual tone /udy is     
conc]n$4    ,!re comes a "t1 h[ev]1 9 ! 
exp]i5ce ( e /ud5t ( !  voice1 a /age ( 
! /udy1 :51 if he expects to be an      
arti/1 he mu/  take a /ep 9 advance1 a  
/ep high]2 he mu/ place himself ^u a    
high]  plane or level2 he mu/ ar\se 8   
true inn] nature1 ! s+]'s  s5sation1 t  
:i* we h call$ ! ?ird p[]4 ,?is is done 
by a  /udy ( emotional1 or              
self-expression4 ,x is done ?r\gh ar\s+ 

&  vitaliz+ ! emotional en]gy4 ,vitaliz$
 emotional en]gy1 ! s+]'s  s5sation1 is 
und\bt$ly ! true motor p[] ( ! arti/4   
,at j :at /age ( developm5t !           
consid]ation ( ?is high] =m (  /udy or  
expression %\ld be plac$ be=e ! m9d ( ! 
pupil1 is a  "q4 ,s+]s are s diff]5t1   
physically1 m5tally1 & emotionally4  ,) 
"s ,i h f\nd x be/ n to consid] ?is side
 ( ! "q  until !y h develop$ a fair     
vocal te*nique4 ,?is %\ld be ! case  )  
emotional1 n]v\s1 excitable temp]am5ts4 
,) h>d1 cold1 /iff1  me*anical pupils1  
?is is (t5 ! only way 9 :i* x is        
possible to  ar\se !m1 9 ord] to give !m
 a />t1 )\t wa/+ weeks or mon?s  (      
preci\s "t4    ,! developm5t ( ?is      
pr9ciple ( vitaliz$1 emotional en]gy1   
dep5ds1  z a rule1 ^u fre$om ( voice & !
 true conditions ( tone z be=e          
describ$4 ,!re=e1 9 ord] to /udy ?is    
great "q1 9 ord] to  fully develop ?is  
high] =m ( expression1 ! s+] mu/ h ma/]$
  ! flexible1 vitaliz$ movem5ts giv5 9  
?is "w1 mu/ h acquir$  ?r\gh ^! movem5ts

 absolute fre$om ( tone4 ,exp]i5ce      
tea*es u1  h[ev]1 t !re are ^? :o1 :ile 
!y le>n1 9 a c]ta9 way1 to  d ! movem5ts
 comp>atively well1 yet d n entirely let
 g1--!y d  n free ! voice4 ,) su* ! /udy
 ( tone color1 & especially !  /udy (   
s(t color1 n s(t tone necess>ily1 b s(t1
 emotional tone  color1 is _! only      
salvation4 ,x releases & relaxes all !  
rigid local  t5d5cies4    ,!re is a /age
 ( /udy1 z we h said1 9 ! exp]i5ce ( all
  /ud5ts ( ! voice1 :51 9 ord] to become
 arti/s1 ,nature dem&s (  !m m ?an m]e  
s\nd4 ,!re comes a "t :5 e tone ( !     
voice  mu/ mean some?+1 mu/ express     
some?+1 ?r\gh ! "* ( !  tone1 ! idealiz$
 tone4 ,9 ?is way ! p]sonal magnetism ( 
! s+]  is imp>t$1 he>d1 & felt4 ,?is    
means ! expression ( ?\ght &  feel+     
?r\gh ! color & "* ( ! tone1 ! highe/   
kn[n =m  ( expression4 ,?is pr9ciple is 
! greate/ kn[n ag5cy = !  developm5t (  
all ! p[]s ( ! s+]1 n only ! emotional &
  m5tal p[]s1 b ! physical z well4 ,!   
/ud5t ( ! voice :o  /udies or :o is     

tra9$ 9 ?is way1 develops1 n only 9 "* &
  beauty ( tone1 b 9 actual physical p[]
 & control4 ,?is /udy (  tone color &   
tone "* develops new p[] 9 e way4 ,!    
me*anical & m5tal alone are b half      
developm5t1 b ?is is full &  complete   
developm5t ( ! entire be+4 ,9 pro( (    
?is1 s+ a light1  bright1 happy ?\ght or
 tone1 us+ ! cle> timbre1 ab\t ! middle 
(  ! voice4 ,x w require b little /r5g?4
 ,!n s+ a m emotional  ?\ght1 s5t5ce1 or
 tone2 express deep] feel+1 & x w be    
f\nd  t m /r5g? is requir$4 ,aga91 give 
utt]ance to tone or words  :i* express  
sadness1 sorr[1 or int5se plead+1 us+ ! 
somb] timbre  ( ! voice1 & mu* m /r5g? w
 be requir$4 ,?is w be  especially      
noticeable 9 ! action or en]gy ( !      
diaphragm &  abdom9al muscles4 ,x w be  
f\nd t ! l[ muscles ( ! body ex]t  m    
/r5g? on somb] timbre ?an on cle> tone4 
,?is1 9 ord] to induce  ! deep1 l[ sett+
 ( ! voice at ! organ ( s\nd1 necess>y =
 !  production ( somb] or d>k tone1 & ! 
expression ( deep1 emotional  feel+4 ,x 

is easy to see t ?is means great]       
physical z well z  emotional developm5t2
 physical developm5t1 n only ( e muscle 
(  ! body1 b ( ! organ ( s\nd itself2 a 
developm5t :i* c be  atta9$ ?r\gh ! /udy
 ( tone color & emotional expression    
only4    ,! p[] ( vitaliz$ emotional    
en]gy1 ,i might say ! p[] ( !  emotional
 p[]1 _c be ov]e/imat$4 ,! p[] ( an     
emotional climax1  imp>t$ ?r\gh ! s(t   
color ( ! voice1 is (t5 great] ?an t (  
! dramatic climax2 x w (t5 influ5ce &   
affect an audi5ce 9 !  mo/ />tl+ way4   
,we f9d t ?\ght & w control all physical
  action 9 s++4 ,if ! ?\ght is "r1 !    
action w be "r2 if  wrong1 ! action w   
surely be wrong4 ,:5 "r ?\ght & action h
  develop$ absolute fre$om1 !n !        
emotional en]gy1 ! s+]'s  s5sation1 !   
true p[] ( ! voice1 %\ld dom9ate ev]y?+4
 ,!  m9d or w controls ! body ?r\gh     
?\ght1 b ! ?\ght mu/ be  ar\s$ ?r\gh    
feel+ or emotion2 & ! feel+ or emotion  
is inspir$  by ! s5tim5t to be express$4
 ,?is means1 ( c\rse1 ! high] =m (      

expression1 means ! p[] ( tone color &  
tone "*2 b x  dep5ds fir/ ^u all true   
conditions ( tone1 m5tal & physical1 &  
!n ^u ! temp]am5t1 ^u ! he>t1 & s\l ( ! 
s+]4    ,s++1 z we h said1 is m         
psy*ological ?an physiological4 ,?is    
:ole sy/em ( flexible1 vitaliz$         
movem5ts1 is fir/ ar\s$ by "r  ?\ght1 & 
f9ally appli$ & controll$ ?r\gh ! m9d or
 w1 9  response to feel+ or emotional   
impulse4 ,9 ?is way we are able to ar\se
  & use at w ! p]suasive1 ! impressive1 
! f]v5t voice2 !  voice t is some?+ m   
?an m]e s\nd2 ! voice t has "*  &       
magnetism4    ,comp>e two voices t are  
equal 9 e way 9 reg>d to p[] ( tone1    
compass1 & control4 ,! "o v>ies ! color 
& "* ( ! tone  cont9ually ) ! *ange (   
?\ght & s5tim5t1 & is enabl$  !reby n   
only to avoid monotony1 b to use !      
impressive1 p]suasive  voice1 ! tone !  
s5tim5t dem&s4 ,9 ?is way he has        
magnetic p[]  & influ5ce ov] an audi5ce4
 ,! o!r voice may be bright1 free1 &    
cle>1 yet may use ! same quality or     

color ( tone con/antly on all  /yles (  
s++1 & on all degrees ( p[]1 x matt]s n 
:at !  ?\ght or s5tim5t may be2 & ?is   
/yle ( voice is by no means  uncommon1  
ev5 among _m ( our public s+]s4 ,n[     
consid] !  diff]5ce 9 ! comm]cial value 
( ^! two voices1 :i* %\ld be>  at lea/  
"s relation to _! arti/ic value4 ,no    
arti/ c be truly  great or fully        
develop$ )\t ! p[] ( vitaliz$1 emotional
 en]gy1  & v>iety ( tone color & "*4    
,s+ a tone1 ab\t ! middle ( ! voice1 )\t
 o!r ?\ght ?an t  ( simply pure1 free   
tone4 ,x w be f\nd t 9 ! mo/ beautiful  
voice ! tone w be common-place1         
mean+less2 9 _m voices x w be  simply   
s\nd4 ,n[ place y\rself 9 e way ^u a    
high]1 a m l(ty  plane4 ,?9k ( high]    
ideas & ideals4 ,9 o!r words1 idealize !
 tone4  ,rememb]1 ! ideal is ! tru?1 & n
 exagg]ation4 ,appeal to y\r  emotional 
en]gy1 ! s+]'s s5sation1 & give         
expression to ?\ght  & feel+ ar\s$ 9 ?is
 way4 ,give expression to an actual     
life-?rob1  :e!r x be ( love or hate1 ( 

joy or sadness1 ( ec/asy or despair4  ,!
 result1 ! *ange ( tone1 "*1 & quality1 
w be  a/oni%+1 w (ttimes be electrify+4 
,9 ?is way make ! tone  actually mean   
some?+4 ,feel l a s+]1 ass]t y\rself1   
express  ?\ght1 s5tim5t1 feel+1 emotion1
 & n simply s\nd4    ,simple s\nd1 z a  
rule1 is mean+less & unnatural4 ,nature 
dem&s1 =  ! expression ( beautiful1     
arti/ic tone1 t all ! p[]s %e has  giv5 
! s+]--! p[]s1 physical1 m5tal1 &       
emotional--be br\ght  into action & put 
into ! tone4 ,"* & magnetism ( tone mu/ 
be  ar\s$ 9 mo/ voices4 ,?is _c be done 
?r\gh ! me*anical &  m5tal p[]s alone4  
,x requires ! /udy & developm5t ( !     
emotional  en]gies ( ! s+]4 ,9 o!r      
words1 ! s+] mu/ put himself1 n  only ^u
 a physical & m5tal level1 b ^u !       
emotional level ( !  tone z well4       
,all voices h two di/9ct color or "*    
effects1 ! re$ & !  flute4 ,^! effects  
are ! result ( v[el =ms1 & ( !          
pr$om9at+ influ5ce ( high plac+ or ( l[ 
resonance4 ,:5 we desire  brilliancy1 ! 

re$ effect %\ld pr$om9ate4 ,:5 we desire
 d>k color  or m somb] effects1 ! flute 
quality %\ld prevail4 ,9 cle> tone or   
timbre !re is m re$ effect ?an flute4 ,9
 m$ium tone or color !  effect ( bo? is 
he>d & felt4 ,9 ! somb] tone ! flute    
pr$om9ates4 ,to express joy or happ9ess 
we use ! cle> timbre1 & !  r+ ( high    
=w>d plac+ pr$om9ates4 ,to express a    
deep] feel+1 a  m s]i\s b n a sad tone1 
t :i* we call ! emotional =m1  bo? !    
cle> & ! somb] are he>d 9 v>i\s         
proportions2 ! high  plac+ & ! l[       
resonance are ab\t equally balanc$4 ,to 
express  sadness ! somb] color or l[    
resonance pr$om9ates4    ,apply ^! ideas
 on all ! ex]cises giv54 ,use s5t5ces   
:i* conta9  ?\ght or s5tim5t t w enable 
y to ar\se a def9ite feel+4 ,=  example1
 to /udy ! cle> timbre1 s+1 ,my he>t is 
glad4 ,to  express ! emotional tone1 !  
tone :i* is n sad b s]i\s1 s+1  ,my he>t
 is ?9e4 ,to express a somb] s\nd or    
sadness1 s+1 ,my  he>t is sad4 ,to      
express a r++1 dramatic tone1 s+1 ,?y   

he>t is false4 ,?us we express f\r      
diff]5t effects on ! "o  ^w1 he>t4      
,?is subject ( emotional expression     
?r\gh tone color & tone "*  is s great1 
s important1 t x is impossible to d x   
ju/ice 9 ?is  little "w4 ,i h writt5 m  
fully on ?is & k9dr$ subjects 9 my  o!r 
works1 !re=e ,i %all "h t\* b lightly ^u
 ! ae/hetics  ( ! vocal art4    ,x %\ld 
be rememb]$ t ! prime object = :i* ?is  
book 0  writt51 0 to place m cle>ly1 if 
possible1 be=e my read]s1 !  importance 
& wond]ful influ5ce ( ! flexible1       
vitaliz$ movem5ts (  our sy/em4    ,^!  
movem5ts1 we f9d1 s directly influ5ce ! 
voice1 ! s+]1 &  ! results 9 e way1 t we
 feel ju/ifi$ 9 aga9 call+ att5tion  to 
!m4 ,too mu* _c be said ( !m1 = ! av]age
 /ud5t ( !  voice is incl9$ to neglect  
!m4 ,if !y h be51 to a c]ta9 ext5t1     
und]/ood & ma/]$1 !n ! /udy ( ?is1 !    
f\r? pr9ciple (  arti/ic s++1 becomes a 
comp>atively easy matt]4 ,) ! /ud5t :o  
does n und]/& !m1 emotional or          
self-expression is always a  difficult  

matt]1 & ) _m an impossibility2 :i*     
l>gely acc\nts  = ! great numb] (       
me*anical s+]s4 ,at lea/ tw5ty ye>s' h>d
  "w & /udy h be5 put ^u ^! movem5ts 9  
ord] to r$uce !m  to ! simple/ & mo/    
effective =m4 ,!y are bas$ ^u common    
s5se  & ,nature's laws4 ,( c\rse no "o c
 or %\ld expect to und]/& or  fully     
appreciate !m )\t m or less             
inve/igation4        ,,article ,,two4   
,,! ,,fif? ,,pr9ciple ,,( ,,arti/ic     
,,s++4      ,! fif? pr9ciple ( arti/ic  
s++ is      ,automatic ,articulation4   
,!ory4--,articulation mu/ be spontane\s1
 ! result (  ?\ght1 & ( ! effect desir$1
 nev] ( direct or local ef=t4 ,!  ?\ght 
be=e ! action1 nev] ! action be=e !     
?\ght4    ,devices4--,! developm5t ( !  
consonantal s\nds ?r\gh !  /udy ( ! ?ree
 po9ts or places ( articulation1 & !    
application by  ! use ( words1 s5t5ces1 
& s5tim5t1 vitaliz$ & int5sifi$4    ,9  
our c\rse ( /udy or 9 ! =mula "h giv51 x
 w be evid5t to  ! read] t we lay mu*   
/ress ^u ! pr9ciple ( vitality or       

vitaliz$ en]gy4 ,9 ! second "p ( ?is "w 
we h consid]$ !  pr9ciples & ! devices t
 develop physical & m5tal vitality4 ,9  
! article :i* directly prec$es ?is1     
special emphasis is plac$ ^u  emotional 
vitality4 ,vitality or vitaliz$ en]gy1 x
 w be f\nd1 holds  good also 9 ?is1 !   
fif? fundam5tal pr9ciple ( arti/ic voice
  production4    ,articulation1 to be   
arti/ic1 mu/ be automatic & spontane\s2 
mu/ be  ! result ( ?\ght & effect       
desir$1 & nev] ( direct or local  ef=t4 
,?is be+ true1 we mu/ recognize !       
importance ( fre$om (  =m & action1 ( ! 
removal ( all re/ra9t1 9 fact1 !        
importance  ( all true conditions (     
tone4 ,?is br+s u back aga9 to our      
orig9al  position1 z d all ! fundam5tal 
pr9ciples ( s++2 namely1--!  importance 
( ! free1 flexible movem5ts ( our sy/em1
 ^u :i*  fre$om ( =m & action1 9 fact1  
all true conditions ( tone1 dep5d4      
,language1 spok5 language1 has be5      
consid]$ by _m a vocal weakness4        
,sci5ti/s h cont5d$ t ! consonantal     

s\nds weak5 ! resonance  & p[] ( !      
v[els4 ,we h f\nd ! opposite to be true4
 ,we h  f\nd t ! consonantal s\nds 9 _m 
ways are a wond]ful help 9  develop+ !  
voice4 ,?is proves t :i* "s "o has s    
well said1  ,! demon/rations ( ye/]day  
are ! falsehoods ( to-day4    ,a free1  
flexible articulation ( ! consonantal   
s\nds helps to place !  voice1 & gives x
 life & fre$om4 ,articulation1 "u "r    
conditions1  w n int]f]e ) ! legato fl[ 
( voice4 ,x is n necess>y1 z  _m        
suppose1 to sacrifice di/9ct utt]ance 9 
song = ! sake ( !  legato fl[ ( voice1 !
 mo/ desir$ mode ( s++4 ,on ! o!r h&1  !
 free legato fl[ ( ! v[els ne$ n int]f]e
 at all ) di/9ct  articulation4 ,! voice
 is compos$ ( two sep>ate & di/9ct      
in/rum5ts1 ! organ :i* produces s\nds or
 v[els1 & !  articulat+ organ :i*       
produces consonants4 ,^! two in/rum5ts1 
:5  prop]ly tra9$1 /r5g!n1 complem5t1 & 
support ea* o!r1 &  toge!r !y mold v[els
 & consonants into spee*4    ,x is true 
t ) _m1 articulation is a difficult     

matt]1 & ?is is  especially true on !   
high tones ( ! voice4 ,no "o :o has he>d
 !  majority ( ! av]age op]a & conc]t   
s+]s ( ! day1 w\ld be  ju/ifi$ 9 hold+ t
 articulation is n a lo/ art4 ,a free1  
di/9ct  articulation & use ( words 9    
song1 is ! exception & n ! rule4  ,?is  
is due l>gely to ! foll[+ fact--) mo/   
s+]s !re is  direct or local ef=t on    
face1 jaw1 tongue & ?roat1 dur+ ! act ( 
s++2 9 o!r words1 !y grip ! p>ts to hold
 ! tone1 & !  high] or l\d] !y s+1 !    
firm] ! grip or contraction4 ,?is       
virtually p>alyzes action1 & makes      
flexible articulation impossible4       
,articulation kn[s no pit*4 ,x %\ld be z
 easy on a high tone z on a  middle or  
l[ tone4 ,if !re 7 no direct or local   
ef=t ( !  articulat+ muscles to hold !  
tone1 articulation on ! high tone w\ld  
be z easy z on ! middle or l[ tone4 ,?is
 is a fact :i* has be5  demon/rat$ aga9 
& aga94 ,( c\rse x is m difficult to    
le>n to  su/a9 ! high tone )\t plac+ m  
or less ef=t ^u ! face1  jaw1 & ?roat2 b

 "u "r conditions1 ! result ( "r        
position  & action1 ?is c be done1 & has
 be5 done _m times4    ,articulation1 to
 be arti/ic1 mu/ be spontane\s1--! ?\ght
 be=e !  action4 ,?9k & feel ! effect   
desir$1 & give no ?\ght to !  action (  
articulation4 ,! action1 "u "r          
conditions1 if !re is no  re/ra9t1 w    
respond to ?\ght & feel+2 x w be        
automatic &  spontane\s4 ,j z ! s+]1    
aft] a c]ta9 /age ( /udy1 %\ld  nev]    
produce a tone t does n mean some?+1 t  
has n "*1  s 9 ! use ( words1 he %\ld   
always s+ !m 9 a p]suasive1  impressive 
mann]1 & ) free1 flexible action4 ,z1 "u
 ?is sy/em1  we nev] locally influ5ce   
v[el =m1 s1 aft] a c]ta9 /age ( /udy  we
 nev] locally influ5ce consonantal      
action4 ,to be "r1 x mu/ be  automatic &
 spontane\s4    ,( c\rse we recognize ! 
fact t 9 all vocal /udy !re mu/ be a    
beg9n+4 ,! pupil mu/ be taught to "k &  
?9k correct physical or  me*anical      
action 9 s++4 ,he mu/ "k :at x is1 :at x
 means1 &  h[ to ?9k x4 ,!n x mu/ be    

tra9$ to respond to ?\ght & w4  ,?is we 
call ! fir/ two /ages ( /udy1 or !      
physical & m5tal4 ,!  m5tal1 z ! /ud5t  
progresses1 mu/ dom9ate & control !     
physical2  & f9ally1 z we h be=e /at$1 !
 true motor p[] is emotional  en]gy or !
 s+]'s s5sation4 ,?is ord] ( /udy &     
developm5t holds  good 9 ?is fif?       
pr9ciple ( arti/ic s++1 z 9 all o!rs4   
,! device to :i* we fir/ resort = !     
und]/&+ & developm5t  ( articulation1 is
 a /udy ( ! ?ree po9ts or places (      
contact4 ,on  page #ahc ( ,vocal        
,re9=cem5t 7by ! au?or ( ?is "w7 w be   
f\nd a full explanation ( ^! ?ree po9ts4
    ,a v[el s\nd is ! result ( an       
un9t]rupt$ fl[ ( ! vibratory air        
curr5t4 ,a consonantal s\nd1 on ! o!r   
h&1 is ! result ( a  complete ob/ruction
 & explosion1 ( a p>tial ob/ruction &   
explosion1  or ( a p>tial ob/ruction    
only4 ,! place & mann] ( ! ob/ruction  &
 explosion1 or ( ! ob/ruction only1     
det]m9e ! "* ( !  s\nd4 ,!re are ?ree   
po9ts ( ob/ruction or articulation3     

#a4 ,! po9t ( contact ( ! base or back (
 ! tongue & ( ! s(t  palate4    #b4 ,!  
contact ( ! tip ( ! tongue & ( ! h>d    
palate1 ! ro( (  ! m\?4    #c4 ,!       
contact ( ! lips1 or ( ! l[] lip & !    
tee?4    ,almo/ any fir/-class "w on !  
elem5ts ( ! ,engli% language w  give !  
divisions & ! location ( ! consonantal  
s\nds4 ,= !  s++ voice x is always be/  
to simplify1 h5ce we divide !           
consonantal s\nds into two g5]al        
divisions3 ! aspirates1 ^? :i*  are !   
result ( complete ob/ruction &          
explosion1 or ( p>tial  ob/ruction only1
 brea? & v[el s\nd2 ! sub-vocals1 ^? :i*
 are  ! result ( p>tial ob/ruction &    
explosion1 or ( p>tial ob/ruction  only1
 sub-vocal & v[el s\nd4 ,! sub-vocals1 z
 end+ or f9al  consonants1 are ! mo/    
difficult ( all to give _! prop] value &
  effect4    ,! /ud5t ( ! voice %\ld    
/udy1 und]/&1 & practically tra9  !     
action ( ^! ?ree po9ts or places (      
articulation2 = at ^!  ?ree po9ts1 ) a  
few exceptions1 all consonantal s\nds   

are made4 ,take  all ! consonants1 &    
classify !m 9 two columns1 ! aspirates  
or  brea? s\nds 9 "o column1 & !        
sub-vocals 9 ano!r4 ,we w give  "o      
example ( ea* k9d1 z made at ea* po9t or
 place ( articulation4  ,by ! aid (     
v[els we =m syllables1 & ?us simplify ! 
/udy1 &  make x m def9ite4 ,! /udy (    
consonantal s\nds )\t ! use (  v[el     
s\nds is v indef9ite & unsatisfactory4  
,we give ! =mula = ! /udy (             
articulation1 z f\nd 9 ,ex]cises  = !   
,tra9+ & ,developm5t ( ! ,voice 7by !   
au?or ( ?is  "w71 on page #ah4          
,ko-,ok--,aspirate4  ,?us3   #a/ ,po9t4 
,g-,og--,sub-vocal4                     
,to-,ot--,aspirate4          #b;d ,po9t4
                                        
,d-,od--,sub-vocal4                     
,po-,op--,aspirate4          #c;d ,po9t4
                                        
,bo-,ob--,sub-vocal      ,exagg]ate !   
consonantal s\nds 9 e in/ance1 & ! po9ts
 (  contact or places ( articulation w  
be v evid5t4 ,x w also be  evid5t t !   

po9t ( contact or articulation is mu* m 
positive on  c]ta9 aspirates ?an on !   
sub-vocals2 :ile on a few o!r aspirates 
! action or ob/ruction is s slight t x  
is almo/ impossible to tell  :]e or h[  
!y are made4 ,!y are ! exception to !   
g5]al rule4 ,to  su*1 h[ev]1 v little   
att5tion or /udy ne$ be giv54 ,hav+     
/udi$  ! =mula z giv51 classify !       
consonants 9 ?ree columns1 "u !  head+s 
( #a/1 #b;d1 & #c;d po9ts or places (   
articulation4    ,at a c]ta9 /age (     
/udy1 :5 ! /ud5t ( ! voice has acquir$  
fre$om & control1 :5 he is able to      
release ! face1 jaw1 tongue1 &  ?roat f 
all local ef=t or contraction1--at ?is  
/age ( /udy x is  wond]ful :at c be done
 9 ! way ( articulation 9 a few days1 by
  ?is sy/em4 ,i h kn[n _m s+]s :o c\ld  
produce beautiful tones1  b :o c\ld n   
make !mselves und]/ood at all 9 ! s++ ( 
a  song2 yet 9 a few lessons on ^! ?ree 
po9ts or places ( articulation1         
practically appli$ by ! use ( words &   
s5t5ces1 !y c\ld s+ !  words ( a song z 

di/9ctly z x 0 possible to speak !m4    
,= ! practical application ( ! above    
pr9ciples ( articulation1 =m  gr\ps (   
v[el s\nds1 & make syllables by add+    
consonants1 & s+  !m on s+le or level   
tones4 ,fir/ place ! consonant be=e !   
v[el1  mak+ ! articulation ! initial    
s\nd ( ! syllable4 ,!n place !          
consonant aft] ! v[el1 mak+ !           
articulation ! f9al s\nd ( !  syllable4 
,also s+ s5t5ces on s+le tones or level 
movem5ts4 ,analyze  all ! consonantal   
elem5ts ( ! s5t5ce4 ,take = example !   
foll[+ s5t5ce1 ,we praise ,!e1 ,o ,god1 
& notice at :i* po9t or  place (        
articulation ea* & e consonant is made4 
,let all  articulation be free1         
flexible1 & light 9 movem5t1 n heavy or 
labor$4 ,nev] "w ) articulation2 play ) 
x1 b let x be di/9ct  & def9ite4 ,make  
no ef=t ( face1 lips1 or tongue2 let all
 be free &  pliable4 ,%[ no ef=t or     
contraction ( ! face 9 su/a9+ voice or  
pron\nc+ words4 ,9 o!r words1 nev] s+ on
 ! outside ( ! face4  ,m\? & face mu/ be

 left free & pliable = ! outl9e ( =m &  
= expression4 ,use words & s5t5ces 9 an 
impulsive1 impressive mann]  )\t local  
ef=t4    ,articulation mu/ be           
rhy?mically 9 sympa?y ) ! movem5t or !  
rhy?m ( ! song4 ,ev5 ?\gh ! voice may   
fl[ freely on ! v[els1  ! articulation  
mu/ n be hurri$1 n]v\s or spasmodic4    
,?is /yle (  articulation (t5 di/urbs ! 
legato fl[ & spoils ! g5]al effect4     
,:ile ( c\rse x is n possible to s+ !   
consonantal s\nds1 a  beautiful effect  
is (t5 ! result ( play+ ^u ! consonant  
rhy?mically1 ) ! movem5t ( ! song4      
,,article ,,?ree4    ,,! ,,six?         
,,pr9ciple ,,( ,,arti/ic ,,s++4      ,! 
six? pr9ciple ( arti/ic s++ is      ,!  
,elocution ( ,s++4    ,!ory4--,! words &
 _! mean+1 9 mod]n song1 are1 z a  rule1
 m important ?an ! music4               
,devices4--,a /udy to comb9e ela/ic v[el
 =m & flexible  articulation1 appli$ by 
! emphasis & acc5t ( important words &  
phrases2 also appli$ ?r\gh ! color & "* 
( tone1 & !  impressive1 p]suasive1     

f]v5t voice4 ,9 %ort1 a /udy ( pure     
diction4    ,e s+] & tea*] ( s++ %\ld1 9
 a c]ta9 s5se1 be an  elocutioni/ z     
well4 ,n an elocutioni/ f ! /&po9t ( _m 
:o  are call$ elocutioni/s1 :o are      
/agey1 full ( mann]isms1 & :o  exagg]ate
 ev]y?+ p]ta9+ to elocution4 ,( c\rse ! 
bett] class  ( elocutioni/s are n guilty
 ( ^! ?+s2 b !y d idealize  ev]y?+1 :e!r
 !y read1 recite1 or declaim1 & ?is 9 _!
  pr(ession is a m>k ( true art4 ,s mu/ 
! tea*] & s+] le>n to  idealize n only !
 tone or ! voice1 b ev]y?+ p]ta9+ to !  
s++ ( a song4 ,?is mu/ be done ?r\gh !  
mann] 9 :i* !  s5tim5t1 ! ?\ght1 !      
c5tral idea is br\ght out & pres5t$ to  
! he>]2 ?r\gh ! impressive way 9 :i* !  
/ory is told4    ,! elocution ( s++     
dep5ds ^u a k & control ( all !         
pr9ciples consid]$ up to ?is po9t (     
/udy1--a k & control  ( physical1 m5tal1
 & emotional p[]1 ( fre$om ( =m &       
action1 (  arti/ic v[el =m & automatic  
articulation1 ( ! removal ( all         
re/ra9t1 9 fact1 ( all true conditions (

 tone4 ,to int]pret well1 !  s+] mu/ h  
ma/]$ ! elocution ( s++1 mu/ be able to 
br+  out e v[el & consonantal elem5t ( !
 words1 mu/ "k h[ to use  & apply tone  
color & tone "*1 ! impressive1          
p]suasive1  f]v5t voice4 ,! s+] mu/     
idealize n only ! tone1 b ! words (  !  
song2 j z ! pa9t] idealizes ! l&scape1 s
 ! musical  arti/ mu/ use 8 p[]s (      
idealization 9 int]pret+ ! "w ( !       
compos]4 ,to be able to d ?is1 8 diction
 mu/ be z pure1 8 language  z poli%$1 z 
t ( ! mo/ accompli%$ orator4    ,! p[] (
 ^w vitality 9 ! s++ ( a mod]n song1 is 
"o ( !  great elem5ts ( success1 if n ! 
greate/4 ,n an exagg]at$ =m (           
pronunciation1 b an int5se1 e>ne/1      
impressive way ( br++ out !  ?\ght4 ,x  
w\ld be int]e/+ to "k :at p] c5t (      
tea*]s &  s+]s c read prop]ly ! words ( 
a song2 to "k h[ _m ( !m1 or  r h[ few (
 !m1 h ev] giv5 ?is phase ( ! /udy1     
?\ght or  att5tion4 ,mo/ ( !m act z ?\gh
 !y 7 really a%am$ to try1 :5  y ask !m 
to read ! words ( a song1 & :5 !y read  

!m1 !y  app>5tly h no ?\ght ( express+1 
or no idea ( h[ to express !  elevat$   
?\ght or feel+1 necess>y to br+ out !   
au?or's ideas4 ,x  is almo/ impossible  
to make !m idealize ! words ?r\gh !     
elocution  ( s++2 & yet 9 ! arti/ic     
r5dition ( a song1 a ballad1 or a       
dramatic aria1 ! words are (t5 ( m      
importance ?an ! music4 ,!  s+] %\ld    
/udy ! /ory ( a song by read+ x al\d ^u 
!  highe/ plane or level ( emotional or 
dramatic expression4 ,to d ?is1 he  mu/ 
"k & apply ! elocution ( s++4 ,!n he    
%\ld endeavor to  br+ out ! same l(ty   
ideals :5 apply+ ! words to ! music4    
,:y d n s+]s read or talk z !y s+8 0 a  
"q once ask$  by a prom95t elocutioni/4 
,:y d n elocutioni/s s+ z !y talk or    
read8 ,i repli$4 ,?is1 ( c\rse1 at once 
sugge/s an int]e/+ subject  =           
discussion4 ,to give ! reason 9 a g5]al 
way1 is simply to /ate  t s+]s1 z a     
rule1 d n apply ! pr9ciples ( _! art to 
!  talk+ voice4 ,h5ce !y (t5 read & talk
 badly4 ,! same is true1 z a  rule1 (   

elocutioni/s4 ,!y d n apply ! pr9ciples 
( _! art :5  !y attempt to s+4    ,!    
devices we use are a /udy ( ela/ic v[el 
=m & flexible  articulation1 appli$ by !
 emphasis & acc5t ( important words 9   
phrases & s5t5ces4 ,!n a /udy ( ! "* &  
tone color  necess>y to express ! mean+ 
( ! words4 ,!n a use ( ! e>ne/1         
impressive1 p]suasive voice1 z ! text   
may dem&4 ,by us+ ^! =ces  or pr9ciples1
 z sugge/$ by ! ?\ght & s5tim5t ( !     
words1 we  ar\se ! emotional p[]1 !     
magnetism ( ! voice1 & ?us influ5ce  !  
he>]4 ,?r\gh ! elocution ( s++ we place 
our emotional1 our  p]sonal expression  
^u a high & l(ty plane4 ,we ?us express 
!  c5tral ?\ght1 ! high ideals ( !      
compos]1 & ?r\gh ! e>ne/1  impressive   
voice imp>t !m to ! he>]4               
,,article ,,f\r4    ,,! ,,sev5?         
,,pr9ciple ,,( ,,arti/ic ,,s++4      ,! 
sev5? pr9ciple ( arti/ic s++ is         
,int]pretation4    ,!ory4--,s++ means   
inf9itely m ?an ! use ( words &  music2 
x means ! expression ( ! au?or's idea z 

a :ole4    ,devices4--,! application (  
all true pr9ciples by draw+1 z x  71 a  
m5tal & emotional tone-picture1 z       
sugge/$ by words & music4    ,! foll[+  
article ^u ?is subject 0 k9dly writt51  
especially =  ?is book1 by my fri5d &   
pupil1 ! well kn[n tea*]1 ,mr4 ,john    
,r&olph4    ,int]pretation 9 song is !  
fai?ful reproduction ( ! int5tion (  bo?
 poet & compos]4 ,?is reproduction      
includes ! revelation ( !  *>act]i/ics (
 ! poem itself1 :e!r lyric1 dramatic1 or
 9 o!r  ways di/9ctive4 ,x also reveals 
! musical significance ( !  composition 
to :i* ! words are set4 ,! melodic1     
rhy?mic1 & ev5  h>monic values mu/ be   
made cle> to ! he>]4 ,b int]pretation   
includes m ?an ?is reproduction1        
ess5tial ?\gh x may be4 ,if !           
expression ( ! int5tion ( poet & compos]
 fulfill$ ! sum total (  int]pretation1 
"o p]=mance w\ld diff] little f ano!r4  
,a  cle>-cut1 automatic precision w\ld  
be ! result1 p]haps z p]fect z  !       
repetition giv5 out by a music-box &    

c]ta9ly no m int]e/+4  ,ano!r elem5t    
ent]s into int]pretation4 ,! mean+ ( !  
poem & its  accompany+ music mu/ be     
display$ ?r\gh ! m$ium ( a temp]am5t    
capable ( self-expression4 ,a p]sonal   
subjective quality mu/ ent] into  !     
p]=mance4 ,! s+] mu/ reveal n only !    
significance ( words  & music1 b 8 own  
intellectual & emotional comm5t ^u !m4  
,^u  ?is acceptance ( ! inn] mean+ (    
words & music1 & ^u 8  ability to weave 
ar\nd !m "s /r&s ( 8 individuality1     
dep5d !  "* & orig9ality ( ! s+]'s      
int]pretation z a :ole4 ,let u  see h[  
?is compreh5sion ( ! mean+ ( songs may  
be acquir$2 ^u  :at f\ndations re/s !   
ability to make ! mean+ cle>2 & if we c 
d s1 let u discov] ! spr+s ( t elusive  
quality commonly call$  temp]am5t :i*   
gives ! p]sonal note to "o r5dition z   
di/9ct  f ano!r1 & )\t :i* ! cle>e/     
exposition ( vocal mean+s  becomes tame 
& colorless4    ,! s+] is a speciali/1 b
 all successful specialization re/s ^u  
! broad f\ndations ( g5]al culture4 ,!  

reason :y !re are s _m  s+]s & s few    
arti/s :o ?rill u ) ! revelation ( !    
intimate beauties ( ! songs ( ,franz1   
,grieg1 & ,mac,dowell1 to take only  a  
few names f ! ri* li/ ( song writ]s1 is 
because p s+  )\t acquir+ ! range (     
vision :i* makes su* int]pretation      
possible4 ,h[ c "o s+1 let u say1 a     
,g]man song1 imbu$ ) ,g]man  romanticism
 & melan*oly1 unless he kn[s some?+ ( ! 
,g]man art1  ! ,g]man _s1 ! ,g]man      
language1 ! ,g]man national             
*>act]i/ics8 ,a k ( lit]ature1 art 9    
g5]al1 & !  ,humanities1 to use an      
old-fa%ion$ ^w1 is absolutely necess>y  
to  int]pretation ( a high ord]4 ,too   
(t51 alas1 ! s+] imag9es t  ! /udy (    
tone production1 or acqua9tance )       
musical lit]ature1 or a  poli%$ diction1
 w make him s+ ) ! comb9ation (         
qualities  call$ /yle4 ,n s6 ,^u ! broad
 f\ndations ( g5]al culture1 :i*        
di/+ui%es ! man ( ref9em5t f 8 less     
=tunate bro!r1 re/s  also ! specific    
ability to s+ ) di/9ction4 ,moreov]1 !  

s+]  mu/ h def9ite musical ability1     
natural & develop$ by /udy4 ,he mu/     
?or\ghly compreh5d rhy?m1 melody1 &     
h>mony 9 ord] t 8  att5tion may n be    
di/ract$ f int]pretative values to      
ignoble  necessities ( "t & tune4 ,x is 
n possible to s+ ,moz>t1 n to say       
,bee?ov5 & ,wagn]1 )\t acqua9tance ) !  
vocabul>y & gramm>  ( ! wond]ful        
language 9 :i* !y wrote4 ,famili>ity ) !
  traditions ( diff]5t s*ools (         
composition & p]=mance is necess>y  also
 9 ord] n to s+ ! songs ( ,ba* & ,h&el l
 ^? (  ,s*ub]t & ,s*umann1 or ,brahms l 
! mod]n ,fr5* compos]s2 9 ord]  n to    
int]pret ) l effects indiscrim9ately    
songs ( ! oratorio  & op]a1 ( ,italian1 
,g]man1 ,fr5*1 ,engli% & mod]n ,russian 
s*ools4    ,unque/ionably ! s+] mu/ h   
control ( ! physiological &  te*nical   
possibilities ( 8 voice4 ,no "o c make  
words & music mean  any?+ :ile he is    
wond]+ :at 8 voice may d next4 ,develop$
  intellig5ce1 emotional ri*ness &      
ref9em5t1 musical k1 a  prop]ly plac$   

voice capable ( flexibility & color1    
di/9ct  articulation1 poli%$ diction1 ^!
 are "s ( ! prelim9>ies to  successful  
int]pretation 9 song4    ,let u see :at 
special qualifications assi/ 9 ! actual 
p]=mance (  song1 9 ! attempt to give   
pleasure or arti/ic gratification by s++
  songs = o!rs to he>4 ,9 ! fir/ place  
let u consid] !  limitations z well z ! 
advantages ( ! human voice4 ,i mu/ ask y
 to  rememb] t consid]$ z an in/rum5t x 
is small] 9 p[] ?an "s  in/rum5ts1 %ort]
 9 range ?an _m o!rs1 (t5 less beautiful
 ?an  ! tones ( ! viol94 ,b 9 "o respect
 x transc5ds all o!rs4 ,x is  capable ( 
reveal+ ! m9d & s\l ( ! "o :o plays ^u  
x4 ,!  speak+ voice1 z well z ! voice 9 
song1 reveals ?\ght & feel+  to ! he>]2 
^? subtl] %ades ( mean+ :i* di/+ui% man1
 made  9 ! image ( ,god1 f 8 humble     
companions1 are made cle> to ^?  ab\t   
him by ?is in/rum5t--?is wond]ful1      
p]suasive1 cajol+1  besee*+1 en?rall+1  
excit+1 ?rill+1 t]rify+ in/rum5t6 ,h  y 
n be5 mov$ by ! tones ( ! speak+ voice8 

,h[ c we tra9 !  voice 9 song to express
 ^! v>y+ %ades ( mean+1 & c we le>n  to 
use !m sy/ematically in/ead (           
accid5tally or :5 we are impell$  by    
/rong emotion8 ,i "k t !re is a popul>  
impression t "s  s+]s possess a my/]i\s 
quality kn[n z temp]am5t1 & t  o!rs d n4
 ,hav+ ?is unc]ta9 quality1 "o s+] /irs 
an audi5ce2  hav+ x n1 ! he>] rema9s    
unmov$4 ,if by temp]am5t1 intellig5ce  &
 emotional ri*ness ( nature are meant1  
,i d n believe t anyone  :o is n to "s  
ext5t possess$ ( ^! faculties c /ir !   
feel+s ( 8 he>]s to any consid]able     
degree4 ,b surely _m1 almo/  all p      
capable ( conqu]+ ! physiological1      
psy*ological1  te*nical1 & musical      
difficulties to be ov]come be=e le>n+ to
 s+  at all well1 possess ^! qualities4 
,& ev5 if mod]n songs ( ! be/  type     
ab\nd 9 subtle1 emotional expression &  
v>y+ %ades (  intellectual significance1
 x is1 ,i believe1 possible = mo/ s+]s  
to  ga9 9 int]pretative facility by     
le>n+ to connect ! ?\ght &  feel+       

und]ly+ ! song ) ! spok5 words :i* are  
_! natural  outlet & expression4    ,i  
say spok5 words2 = spee* is ! m         
spontane\s expression (  ?\ght & feel+1 
?r\gh :i* individuality atta9s its      
simple/ &  mo/ complete expression4     
,spee* is ! normal me?od ?r\gh :i* we   
make  cle> our ord9>y ?\ghts1 feel+s1   
desires1 repulsions1 & attractions  to  
^? ab\t u4 ,song is ! f9] fl[] ( arti/ic
 expression1 "o (  ! means ?r\gh :i*    
imag9ation & ! creative & int]pretative 
faculties f9d an adequate m$ium &       
outlet4 ,b ! words ( ! poem1  :e!r spok5
 or sung1 mu/ fir/ be ?or\ghly und]/ood 
be=e !  read] or s+] attempts to make   
anyone else compreh5d or feel !m4 ,too  
(t5 an app>5t lack ( temp]am5t is only !
 failure to h a  def9ite und]/&+ ( !    
mean+ ( ! words ! s+] is va9ly          
endeavor+ to impress ^u 8 audi5ce4 ,let 
! s+] recite or read  al\d ! words ( 8  
songs4 ,?is is a natural =m (           
expression1 &  requires a less complex  
process ( ?\ght ?an s++1 :i* dem&s      

sev]al automatic reflexes 9 secur+ tone 
production2 let him read al\d1  try+ to 
give out e %ade ( ?\ght & feel+ ! poem  
conta9s1 9  a tone :i* is p]suasive &   
appeal+4 ,lat]1 :5 he c d ?is )         
appropriate emphasis 9 spee*1 let him   
try to express ! same mean+s 9  8 s++   
voice4 ,9 all probability he w f9d t he 
is mu* assi/$  by ! music1 if 8 tone    
production is reasonably correct &      
au?oritative1 & he be en\gh ( a musician
 to grasp readily tonal  values4 ,! s5se
 ( ! words1 ! emotion & ?\ght und]ly+ ! 
words1 w sugge/ ! color & "* ( voice    
appropriate to !  expression &          
int]pretation ( ! song z a :ole4 ,(     
c\rse1 if he  tries to impress ^u 8 he>]
 t he ?9ks x r weak & fooli%  to give up
 completely to ! full significance ( !  
words1 & to  imp]sonate _! n>rative or  
dramatic significance1 !re is no help = 
him4 ,i am incl9$ to ?9k t ! fe> ( seem+
 exub]ant or fooli%1  ! unwill+ness to  
give "o's inn] self to o!rs1 or a       
self-consci\sness :i* prev5ts x1 is at !

 root ( mu* app>5t lack  ( temp]am5t4 ,!
 s+] mu/ be bo? ! n>rator ( ! /ory ( !  
poem & ! imp]sonator ( ! pr9cipal       
*>act]s 9 t /ory4 ,^u  ! complet5ess ( 8
 und]/&+ ( ! mean+ ( ! poem1 & 8        
revelation ( its mean+s1 z well z ^u !  
abs5ce ( /iffness or  self-consci\sness 
9 sugge/+ ! moods or *>act]i/ics        
display$1  w dep5d ! impression (       
temp]am5tal =ce ^u 8 audi5ce4    ,!     
foll[+ sugge/ions may be ( "s value z   
devices 9 mak+ songs  mean some?+2 &    
?is1 aft] all1 is ! object ( all        
attempts at  int]pretation4    ,suppose 
y take a new song--"o y h nev] se5 be=e4
 ,d n sit at  ! pian(orte1 & play at x &
 s+ at x until1 aft] a fa%ion1 y  "k x4 
,?is way ( le>n+ leads to ! k9d (       
/atem5t rec5tly he>d  aft] a peculi>ly  
bad p]=mance1 ,:y1 ,i nev] ?9k ( ! words
 at all  :5 ,i s+6 ,in/ead ( do+ ?is1 if
 y h be5 taught to d s1 read  ! song    
?r\gh1 obs]v+ its g5]al "*4 ,if ?9k+    
music  )\t play+ or s++ be impossible = 
y1 play x ov]1 c>efully  not+ tempo &   

o!r g5]al *>act]i/ics1 until y h an     
und]/&+ ( ! melody1 rhy?m1 & musical    
cont5t4 ,obs]ve h[ !  words fit ! music1
 /ill )\t s++4 ,!n read ! poem sil5tly &
  c>efully1 & decide :e!r x is n>rative1
 lyric1 dramatic1 *ur*ly1  or 9 o!r ways
 di/9ctive4 ,next read ! poem al\d1 giv+
 ! voice  "* appropriate to its s5tim5t1
 phras+ x intelligibly1 obs]v+  !       
emotional port5t1 & color+ x accord+ly4 
,if ! poem be  n>rative1 tell ! /ory )  
life & vitality2 if x be dramatic1      
attempt to imp]sonate ! *>act]s conc]n$2
 if x be devotional1  recite ) dignity &
 devotional quality4 ,f9ally1 :5 bo?    
words &  music are well 9 ! m9d1 if     
possible ) an accompanim5t1 b  c]ta9ly  
/&+1 s+ ! song4 ,s+1 mak+ a compromise  
betwe5 !  /rict rhy?mical value ( !     
notes & ! dem&s ( ! s5se ( !  words4    
,keep ! g5]al outl9es ( ! music s f> z  
phras+ & rhy?m  are conc]n$2 b :5ev] a  
sacrifice mu/ be made1 sacrifice !      
musical  value & emphasize ! emotion1 ! 
mean+1 ! poetry1 ! dramatic or  n>rative

 significance ( ! words4 ,phrase ) ?is  
end 9 view2  sacrifice any?+ except     
tone-production to ?is end4 ,d n di/ort 
!  rhy?m1 b b5d x suffici5tly to        
emphasize important words &  syllables1 
by hold+ !m a little1 at ! exp5se (     
unimportant words or  syllables4        
,f9ally1 rememb] t misguid$ en?usiasm is
 n  int]pretation4    ,no real          
int]pretation is possible )\t a full    
compreh5sion ( !  mean+ ( bo? words &   
music4 ,/udy ! voice4 ,/udy its         
possibilities  & its limitations4 ,/udy 
music until ! musical elem5t (          
difficulty is  r$uc$ to a m9imum1 &     
until ! "*1 /yle1 & traditions ( !      
v>i\s song =ms are well )9 y\r grasp4   
,no matt] h[ beautiful may  be ! voice1 
or h[ well plac$1 no am\nt ( en?usiasm  
or temp]am5t  c atone = a mean+less or  
un9tellig5t treatm5t ( ! intellectual1  
emotional1 & musical *>act]i/ics ( !    
song z a :ole4          ,,supplem5t>y   
,,note4      ,! t5d5cy ( _m is to raise 
! h&s & arms too high2 ! h&s  %\ld n be 

rais$ above ! wai/-l9e4 ,if rais$ too   
high1 ! en]gy  is (t5 put 9 ! action ( !
 arms in/ead ( ! body2 or ! upp]  "p ( !
 body only is mov$1 & ?us ! mo/         
important effect or  influ5ce = p[] &   
control is want+4 ,! action mu/ be f !  
hips up1 & n only f ! hips1 b ! hips mu/
 act & exp& )  ! body4 ,rememb] ! c5t] (
 gravity mu/ be at ! hips4 ,if x is     
f\nd t ! t5d5cy is to raise ! h&s too   
high1 !n try or /udy  ! action z foll[s3
    ,place ! h&s ^u ! hips1 & :5 com+   
into action1 :5 seek+  ! level ( ! tone1
 or dur+ ! act ( s++1 see t ! hips  exp&
 freely & ev5ly ) ! body4 ,?is %\ld be  
tri$ & practic$  frequ5tly by all 9 ord]
 t ! movem5t may be f ! hips up &  n    
above ! hips only4 ,:5 ! hips are ?us   
br\ght into action1 !  abdom9al muscles 
& ! diaphragm are /r5g!n$1 & _! position
  & action are correct4 ,:5 ! upp] "p ( 
! body only is br\ght  into action !    
position ( ! diaphragm & abdom9al       
muscles is (t5  weak5$4 ,rememb] t !    
basic law or f\ndation pr9ciple ( our   

:ole  sy/em ( movem5ts is movem5t f !   
hips up1 includ+ ! action or  expansion 
( ! hips 9 connection ) ! movem5ts ( !  
entire body4