,! ,t+uian ,social1 ,religi\s1 & ,economic ,life ( a ,philipp9e ,tribe ,by ,fay-,coop] ,cole ,assi/ant ,curator ( ,malayan ,e?nology #aibb ,,cont5ts ,li/ ( ,illu/rations ,introduction ,i4 ,geographical ,relations & ,hi/ory ,,ii4 ,physical ,type & ,relation%ips ,,iii4 ,! ,cycle ( ,life ,bir? ,*ildhood ,engagem5t & ,m>riage ,dea? & ,burial ,! ,layog ,,iv4 ,religion & ,magic ,v4 ,! ,c]emonies #a4 ,! ,m9or ,c]emonies #b4 ,! ,great ,c]emonies #c4 ,special ,c]emonies ,,vi4 ,social ,organization4 ,gov]nm5t4 ,! ,village ,,vii4 ,w>f>e1 ,hunt+1 & ,fi%+ ,,viii4 ,economic ,life ,rice ,culture ,cultivat$ ,plants & ,trees ,wild ,plants & ,trees ,plants & ,trees ,us$ 9 ! ,treatm5t ( ,disease ,use ( ,betel-,nut1 ,tobacco1 & ,/imulants ,dome/ic ,animals ,,ix4 ,products ( ,indu/ry ,iron-,work+ ,sp9n+ & ,weav+ ,manufacture ( ,rope & ,/r+ ,b>k ,clo? ,basket ,mak+ ,mats ,dyes ,net ,mak+ ,manufacture ( ,pott]y ,pipe ,mak+ ,me?od ( ,dry+ ,hides ,x4 ,decorative ,art ,,xi4 ,p]sonal ,adornm5t1 ,dances1 & ,musical ,in/rum5ts ,,xii4 ,music1 ,by ,alb]t ,gale ,conclusions ,,li/ ,,( ,,illu/rations ,text-,figures #a4 ,*ild's ,cradle & ,jump] #b4 ,diagram ( a ,game #c4 ,cross ,sections ,%[+ ,types ( ,graves #d4 ,c]emonial ,p>aph]nalia #e4 ,h\sehold ,objects #f4 ,spoons & ,ladles #g4 ,types ( ,knives #h4 ,head-axes #i4 ,spe>s #aj4 ,%ields #aa4 ,*ick5 ,sn>e #ab4 ,bird ,sn>es #ac4 ,fi%+ ,devices #ad4 ,grass ,knife2 ,root ,adze2 ,rice ,cutt] #ae4 ,agricultural ,implem5ts #af4 ,devices ,us$ 9 ,sp9n+ & ,weav+ #ag4 ,rope-,mak+ ,appliances #ah4 ,b>k ,beat] #ai4 ,basket ,weaves #bj4 ,net ,ne$le & ,me% ,/ick #ba4 ,tobacco-,pipes #bb4 ,designs on ,pipes & ,pott]y #bc4 ,decorative ,designs #bd4 ,patt]ns ,us$ 9 ,weav+ #be4 ,blanket ,designs #bf4 ,musical ,in/rum5ts ,,plates ,frontispiece3 ,map ( ,nor?we/]n ,luzon4 ,i4 ,! ,prov9ce ( ,abra1 ,look+ ,inl& f ! ,coa/ ,range4 ,,ii4 ,abra1 ,look+ t[>d ! ,sea f ! ,top ( ! ,cordill]a ,c5tral4 ,,iii4 ,manabo ,man4 ,,iv4 ,man ( ,ba-ak4 ,v4 ,manabo ,woman4 ,,vi4 ,woman ( ,patok4 ,,vii4 ,a ,m\nta9 ,t+uian f ,likuan4 ,,viii4 ,a ,"y ,man f ,likuan4 ,,ix4 ,girl f ! ,m\nta9 ,village ( ,lamaw 7,photograph f ,philipp9e ,bureau ( ,sci5ce74 ,x4 ,a ,woman f ,lamaw 7,photograph f ,philipp9e ,bureau ( ,sci5ce74 ,,xi4 ,a ,typical ,small ,boy 7,photograph f ,philipp9e ,bureau ( ,sci5ce74 ,,xii4 ,! ,baby ,t5d]4 ,,xiii4 ,a ,betro!d ,maid54 ,,xiv4 ,! ,w$d+4 ,,xv4 ,mo!rs & ,babies4 ,,xvi4 ,fun]al ( ,malakay4 ,,xvii4 ,! ,:ipp+ at a ,fun]al4 ,,xviii4 ,inapapaiag4 ,an ,(f]+ to ! ,spirits4 ,,xix4 ,! ,m$ium's ,outfit4 ,,xx4 ,c]emonial ,h\ses4 ,,xxi4 ,balaua4 ,! ,greate/ ( ! ,_s ,/ructures4 ,,xxii4 ,_s ,h\ses 9 a ,g>d54 ,,xxiii4 ,! ,kalangan3 ,a ,_s ,h\se2 ,second 9 ,importance4 ,,xxiv4 ,! ,saloko4 ,a ,split ,bamboo1 9 :i* ,(f]+s are ,plac$4 ,c]emonies4 ,,xxv4 ,! ,saloko4 ,a ,_s ,bamboo1 9 :i* ,(f]+s are ,plac$4 ,,xxvi4 ,ready to ,laun* ! ,_s ,raft on ! ,riv]4 ,,xxvii4 ,! ,tangpap4 ,an ,important ,_s ,/ructure4 ,,xxviii4 ,gateway at ,likuan4 ,,xxix4 ,pott]y ,h\ses1 = ! ,_s ( ! ,rice4 ,,xxx4 ,a ,m$ium ,mak+ an ,(f]+ to ! ,gu>dian ,/ones4 ,,xxxi4 ,c]emonial ,p\nd+ ( ! ,rice4 ,,xxxii4 ,r5ew+ ! ,(f]+ on ! ,_s ,%ield4 ,,xxxiii4 ,s+e+ a ,pig at a ,c]emony4 ,,xxxiv4 ,(f]+ ( ! ,pigs to ! ,spirits4 ,,xxxv4 ,! ,sayang ,c]emony4 ,,xxxvi4 ,pott]s at ,"w4 ,,xxxvii4 ,a ,family ( ,laba-an4 ,,xxxviii4 ,! ,village ( ,sallapad94 ,,xxxix4 ,typical ,h\ses4 ,,xl4 ,h\se ,build+4 ,,xli4 ,ro(+ a ,h\se4 ,,xlii4 ,wat] ,c>ri]s 7,photograph f ,philipp9e ,bureau ( ,sci5ce74 ,,xliii4 ,a ,t+uian ,h\sewife 7,photograph f ,philipp9e ,bureau ( ,sci5ce74 ,,xliv4 ,a ,w>rior4 ,,xlv4 ,hunt] ,fitt$ = ! ,trail4 ,,xlvi4 ,hunt+ ,p>ty on ,mt4 ,posoey4 ,,xlvii4 ,%oot+ ! ,bl[gun4 ,,xlviii4 ,highl& ,field & ,t]races at ,patok4 ,,xlix4 ,! ,rice ,t]races ne> ,likuan4 ,l4 ,pl[+ 9 ! ,l[] ,t]races4 ,,li4 ,tak+ ,rice ,spr\ts f ! ,se$ ,b$s4 ,,lii4 ,transplant+ ! ,rice4 ,,liii4 ,bird ,sc>]s 9 ! ,fields4 ,,liv4 ,h>ve/+ ! ,rice4 ,,lv4 ,! ,rice ,gran>y4 ,,lvi4 ,p\nd+ ,rice 7,photograph f ,philipp9e ,bureau ( ,sci5ce74 ,,lvii4 ,w9n[+ & ,sift+ 7,photograph f ,philipp9e ,bureau ( ,sci5ce74 ,,lviii4 ,dry+ ,corn4 ,,lix4 ,break+ ! ,corn betwe5 ,two ,/ones4 ,,lx4 ,prep>+ ,tobacco4 ,,lxi4 ,fe$+ ! ,pigs4 ,,lxii4 ,a ,typical ,=ge ( ! ,iron ,work]s4 ,,lxiii4 ,g9n+ ,cotton & ,siz+ ! ,?read4 ,,lxiv4 ,beat+ ,cotton on a ,c>abao ,hide4 ,,lxv4 ,sp9n+ 7,photograph f ,philipp9e ,bureau ( ,sci5ce74 ,,lxvi4 ,weav+ a ,blanket4 ,,lxvii4 ,basket ,mak+4 ,,lxviii4 ,basket ,types4 ,,lxix4 ,basket ,types4 ,,lxx4 ,! ,net ,mak]4 ,,lxxi4 ,c]emonial ,blanket4 ,,lxxii4 ,blankets ,%[+ ,designs4 ,,lxxiii4 ,blankets ,%[+ ,designs4 ,,lxxiv4 ,wov5 ,belts & ,cl\ts4 ,,lxxv4 ,m5 ( ,sallapad94 ,,lxxvi4 ,typical ,dress ( ! ,man4 ,,lxxvii4 ,wom5 9 ,full ,dress4 ,,lxxviii4 ,cu/om>y ,dress ( ! ,woman4 ,,lxxix4 ,wom5's ,arm ,beads4 ,,lxxx4 ,woman ,we>+ ,girdle & ,cl\t 7,photograph f ,philipp9e ,bureau ( ,sci5ce74 ,,lxxxi1 #a4 ,danc+ ,tadek at a ,c]emony4 ,,lxxxi1 #b4 ,beat+ ! ,copp] ,gongs4 ,,lxxxii4 ,! ,nose ,flute4 ,,lxxxiii4 ,play+ on ,bamboo ,guit>s4 ,,! ,,t+uian ,,introduction ,x seems desirable1 at ! outset1 to set =? c]ta9 g5]al conclusions reg>d+ ! ,t+uian & _! neighbors4 ,probably no pagan tribe ( ! ,philipp9es has receiv$ m frequ5t notice 9 lit]ature1 or has be5 ! subject ( m !ories reg>d+ its orig91 despite ! fact t in=mation conc]n+ x has be5 exce$+ly scanty1 & c>eful obs]vations on ! language & physical types h be5 totally lack+4 ,accord+ to v>i\s writ]s1 ^! p are desc5d$ f ,*9ese1 ,japanese1 or ,arabs2 are typical ,malay2 are id5tical ) ! ,igorot2 are pacific1 hospitable1 & indu/ri\s2 are invet]ate head-hunt]s1 inhospitable1 lazy1 & dirty4 ,! detail$ discussion ( ^! ass]tions w foll[ lat] 9 ! volume1 b at ?is po9t ,i wi% to /ate briefly ! racial & cultural situation1 z ,i believe x to exi/ 9 nor?we/]n ,luzon4 ,i am "u ! impression t at "o "t ?is :ole region 0 inhabit$ by pygmy blacks1 kn[n z ,aeta or ,negrito1 small gr\ps ( :om /ill reta9 _! id5tity4 ,) ! com+ ( an ali5 p !y 7 press$ back f ! coa/s to ! less hospitable regions ( ! int]ior1 :]e !y 71 = ! mo/ "p1 ext]m9at$1 b !y int]m>ri$ ) ! invad]s to su* an ext5t t to-day !re is no tribe or gr\p 9 nor?we/]n ,luzon b %[s evid5ce ( int]mixture ) !m4 ,i believe t ! newcom]s 7 drawn f ! s-call$ primitive ,malay peoples ( s\!a/]n ,asia2 t 9 _! movem5t ea/w>d & nor?w>d !y met ) & absorb$ remnants ( an e>li] migration made up ( a p closely relat$ to ! ,polynesians1 & t ! results ( ?is int]mixture are /ill evid5t1 n only 9 ,luzon1 b 9 e "p ( ! ,ar*ipelago4 ,9 nor!rn ,luzon1 ,i hold1 we f9d evid5ces ( at lea/ two s]ies ( waves & p]iods ( migration1 ! memb]s ( :i* are simil> physical type & language4 ,x appe>s1 h[ev]1 t !y came f some:at diff]5t localities ( s\!a/]n ,asia & _h1 9 _! old homes1 develop$ social organizations & o!r elem5ts ( culture radically diff]5t f "o ano!r--in/itutions & gr\p+s :i* !y br\ght ) !m to ! ,philipp9es1 & :i* !y h ma9ta9$ up to ! pres5t "t4 ,to ! fir/ s]ies belong ! ,igorot #a ) _! in/itutions ( trial m>riage2 division ( _! settlem5ts into social & political units kn[n z ato2 sep>ate dormitories = unm>ri$ m5 & wom52 gov]nm5t by ! f$]at$ divisions ( a village z repres5t$ by ! old m52 & a peculi> & *>act]i/ic type ( dwell+4 ,9 ! second wave s]ies we f9d ! ,apayo1 ! we/]n division at lea/ ( ! p kn[n z ,kal+a1 ! ,t+uian1 & ,ilocano4 #b ,9 none ( ^! gr\ps d we f9d ! in/itutions j m5tion$4 ,trial unions are unkn[n1 & m>riage re/rictions are bas$ solely on blood relation%ip2 gov]nm5t is ?r\gh ! headman aid$ by ! eld]s ( 8 village1 or is a pure democracy4 ,consid]able v>iation exi/s betwe5 ! dwell+s ( ^! f\r peoples1 yet !y con=m to a g5]al type :i* is radically diff]5t f t ( ! ,igorot4 ,! ,apayao & ,kal+a divisions ( ?is second wave s]ies1 by reason ( _! environm5t1 _! m isolat$ localities & consequ5t lack ( frequ5t communication ) ! coa/1 h a simpl] culture ?an t ( ! ,t+uian2 yet !y h1 dur+ _m g5]ations1 develop$ c]ta9 traits & in/itutions n[ app>5tly peculi> to !m4 ,! ,t+uian & ,ilocano1 on ! o!r h&1 h _h ! advantages ( outside communication ( ext5sive trade1 & ! admixture ( a c]ta9 am\nt ( =eign blood4 ,^! la/ two gr\ps evid5tly left _! anci5t home z a unit1 at a "t prior to ! ,h9du dom9ation ( ,java & ,sumatra1 b probably n until ! influ5ce ( t civilization _h begun to make itself felt4 ,traces ( ,indian culture are /ill to be f\nd 9 ! language1 folklore1 religion1 & economic life ( ?is p1 :ile ! native script :i* ! ,spani% f\nd 9 use among ! ,ilocano seems1 )\t d\bt1 to owe its orig9 to t s\rce4 ,aft] rea*+ ,luzon1 ?is p sl[ly broke up into gr\ps :i* spread out ov] ! prov9ces ( ,ilocos ,sur & ,norte1 ,union & ,abra4 ,! p>tial isolation ( "s ( ^! divisions1 local feuds1 ! univ]sal cu/om ( head-hunt+1 & ! ne$ ( human victims to accompany ! spirits ( ! dead1 all d\btless aid$ 9 sep>at+ ! tribe into a numb] ( dialect gr\ps1--gr\ps :i* nev]!less reta9$ ! old culture to a surpris+ degree4 ,long be=e ! arrival ( ! ,spani%1 ,*9ese & ,japanese trad]s 7 visit+ ! ,ilocos coa/s4 ,we are also in=m$ t m]*ants f ,macao & ,india w5t !re f "t to "t1 :ile trade relations ) ,pangas9an & ! ,tagalog prov9ces 7 well develop$4 ,! leav5+ influ5ce ( trade & contact ) o!r peoples result$ 9 su* advancem5t t ?is p 0 e>ly m5tion$ z "o ( ! six civiliz$ tribes ( ! ,philipp9es4 ,^u ! arrival ( ,salc$o1 ! great] portion ( ! coa/ p accept$ ! rule ( ,spa9 & ! ,*ri/ian religion1 :ile ! m cons]vative elem5t retir$ to ! int]ior1 & !re became m]g$ ) ! m\nta9 p4 ,to ! ,spani>ds1 ! ,*ri/ianiz$ natives became kn[n z ,ilocano1 :ile ! p ( ! m\nta9 valleys 7 call$ ,t+uian1 or m\nta9 dwell]s4 ,if ! =ego+ sket* is correct1 z ,i believe ! data :i* foll[ prove x to be1 we f9d 9 ! ,t+uian ( to-day a p liv+ mu* ! same sort ( life z did ! memb]s ( ! m advanc$ gr\ps at ! "t ( ! ,spani% invasion1 & we c /udy 9 !m e>ly ,philipp9e society /ripp$ ( its ,european v5e]4 ,?is second & conclud+ section ( ,volume ,,xiv gives ! great] "p ( ! results ( an inve/igation c>ri$ on by me ) ! assi/ance ( ,mrs4 ,cole among ! ,t+uian1 f ,janu>y1 #aijg1 to ,june1 #aijh2 ! funds = :i* 7 furni%$ ,field ,museum ( ,natural ,hi/ory by ! late ,rob]t ,f4 ,cumm+s4 ,! fur!r g5]osity ( ,mrs4 ,cumm+s1 9 contribut+ a fund t[>d ! pr9t+ ( ?is publication is also gratefully ackn[l$g$4 ,a collection ( texts & a /udy ( ! language are contemplat$ = a sep>ate volume1 z is also ! detail$ treatm5t ( ! an?ropometric data4 ,= ! transcription ( ! phonograph records & ! *apt] on ,music1 ,i am indebt$ to ,mr4 ,alb]t ,gale4 ,8 pa9/ak+ analysis e/abli%es beyond "q ! value ( ! phonograph z an aid 9 e?nographic rese>*4 ,! photographs1 unless o!rwise not$1 7 tak5 by ! au?or 9 ! field4 ,,*apt] ,i ,,geographical ,,relations ,,& ,,hi/ory ,! ,t+uian are a pagan ,philipp9e p :o inhabit *iefly ! m\nta9 prov9ce ( ,abra 9 nor?we/]n ,luzon4 ,f ?is c5t] _! settlem5ts radiate 9 all directions4 ,to ! nor? & we/1 !y ext5d into ,ilocos ,sur & ,norte z f> z ,kabittaoran4 ,manabo1 on ! s\?1 is _! la/ settlem5t2 b ,b>it1 ,amtuagan1 ,gayaman1 & ,luluno are ,t+uian mix$ ) ,igorot f ,agawa & ,sagada4 ,villaviciosa is an ,igorot settlem5t f ,sagada1 b ,bulilis+1 /ill f>!r s\?1 is pr$om9antly ,t+uian4 ,sigay 9 ,amburayan is said to be made up ( emigrants f ,abra1 :ile a few ran*]ias 9 ,lepanto are likewise mu* influ5c$4 ,! non-,*ri/ian population ( ,ilocos ,sur1 s\? ( ,vigan1 is commonly call$ ,t+uian1 b only sev5 villages are prop]ly s class$2 #c f\r o!rs are inhabit$ by a mix$ population1 :ile ! balance are ,igorot colonies f ,titipan1 ,sagada1 & ,fidilisan4 ,along ! ,cordill]a ,c5tral1 f ! head-wat]s ( ! ,saltan 7,malokbot7 riv] z f> s\? z ,balatok1 is f\nd a population ( mix$ ,t+uian1 ,kal+a1 & ,igorot blood4 ,kal+a pr$om9ates nor? ( ,balbalasang & along ! ,gobang riv]1 :ile ! ,igorot is dom9ant 9 ,gu9a-an1 ,lubuagan1 & ,balatok4 ,t+uian int]m>riage has n ext5d$ f> beyond ,balbalasang1 b _! culture & dress h affect$ ! :ole region4 #d ,f ?is belt !re h be5 ext5sive migrations into ,abra1 ! newcom]s = ! mo/ "p m>ry+ ) ! ,t+uian1 b 9 ! ,ikm9 riv] valley emigrants f ,balatok =m$ ! t[ns ( ,danok1 ,amti1 & ,doa-angan1 :i* h rema9$ q isolat$ up to ! pres5t "t4 ,agsimao & o!r t[ns ( ! ,t9eg gr\p1 9 ! extreme nor!rn end ( ,abra1 are made up *iefly ( ,apayao mix$ ) ,kal+a1 :ile all ! villages on ! headwat]s ( ! ,b9ongan h receiv$ emigrants f ! ,kagayan side4 ,! population ( ! t[ns prop]ly class$ z ,t+uian is approximately tw5ty ?\s& individuals4 #e ,f ! =ego+ x is se5 t1 ) ! exception ( a few villages ( mix$ desc5t1 all _! t]ritory lies on ! we/]n side ( ! ,cordill]a ,c5tral1 #f ! great m\nta9 range :i* runs f nor? to s\? ?r\gh nor!rn ,luzon4 ,z "o em]ges f ! jungle1 :i* cov]s ! ea/]n slopes ( ^! m\nta9s1 & looks d[n ov] ! prov9ce ( ,abra1 he sees an exce$+ly brok5 l& 7,plates ,i & ,,ii71 ! subord9ate ranges succe$+ "o ano!r l ! waves ( ! sea4 ,! fir/ impression is "o ( b>r5ness4 ,! =e/ vani%es1 & 9 its place are long grassy slopes1 brok5 "h & !re by scatt]$ p9es & l[] d[n by d5se gr[?s ( ! graceful1 fea!ry bamboo4 ,b ?is lack ( trees is m fanci$ ?an real1 = z "o proce$s d[n any ( ! valleys he meets ) side canyons1 :]e ! tropical jungle /ill holds sway1 :ile _m a m\nta9 side is cov]$ ) a d5se und]gr[? ( %rubs1 plants1 & v9es4 ,x seems probable t ! =e/ once cov]$ ! we/]n slopes ( ! m\nta9s1 b accid5t & int5tion on ! "p ( man has cle>$ broad sections4 ,z soon z ! %ade is remov$1 ! l& is invad$ by a co>se grass 7! cogon71 & ?is is burn$ ov] ea* ye> 9 ord] to provide fe$ = ! /ock & to make good hunt+ gr\nds4 ,! "y trees are kill$ (f & re=e/+ prev5t$4 ,num]\s /reams plunge f ! high m\nta9s t[>d ! coa/4 ,9 places !y ru% ?r\gh deep gorges betwe5 high m\nta9s1 aga9 !y pass peacefully ?r\gh m\nta9 valleys4 ,ev]y:]e !y are f$ by m9or /reams & wat]falls until at la/1 z !y em]ge into ! broad] valleys ( ! ,abra & its tribut>ies1 !y are riv]s ( respectable size4 ,! great c5tral valley ( ,abra is f> f be+ a level pla94 ,9 places1 z ab\t ,manabo1 ,bukay1 & ,bangu$1 !re are /ret*es ( level l&2 b1 = ! mo/ "p1 ! c\ntry is r\gh & brok54 ,?is valley is cut (f f ! sea by ! ,coa/ ,range ( m\nta9s :i* =ms ! prov9cial l9e betwe5 ,abra & ,ilocos ,sur1 :ile ano!r heavy spur =ms ! nor!rn limits ( ,abra f ,ilocos ,sur to ! ,cordill]a ,c5tral4 ,two small & r difficult passes af=d entrance f ! coa/al pla9 into ! valley1 b ! *ief av5ue ( communication is ! cut ?r\gh :i* ! ,abra riv] rea*es ! sea4 ,s n>r[ is ?is entrance t1 at high wat]1 ! riv] completely cov]s ! floor & (t5 raises its wat]s t5 or fifte5 feet up ! canyon side4 ,9 rec5t ye>s a road has be5 cut 9 ! rocks above ! flood wat]s1 b ev5 to-day mo/ ( ! traffic betwe5 ,abra & ! coa/ is c>ri$ on by means ( rafts :i* are pol$ up ! riv]4 #g ,! ra9fall av]ages ab\t "o hundr$ in*es1 & mo/ ( ?is precipitation takes place betwe5 ,may & ! end ( ,septemb]4 ,?is1 c\pl$ ) ! lack ( =e/1 causes ! riv]s to become ru%+ torr5ts dur+ ! ra9y season1 :ile dur+ ! balance ( ! ye> mo/ ( !m are m]e rivulets4 ,"u ^! conditions !re has be5 no developm5t ( navigation by ! m\nta9e]s4 ,on occasion !y may con/ruct a bamboo raft1 b !y possess no boats ( any description4 ,! great fluctuation ( ! /reams makes fi%+ an unc]ta9 occupation2 yet at lea/ a doz5 v>ieties ( fi% are kn[n1 & en\gh are tak5 to add mat]ially to ! food supply4 ,de] & pig are fairly abundant1 & a consid]able numb] is kill$ ea* ye>2 wild c>abao roam ! m\nta9 sides & un9habit$ valleys1 b !y are dang]\s animals1 & c seldom be tak5 ) ! primitive weapons ( ! natives4 ,wild *ick5s are pl5tiful1 & _m are sn>$1 toge!r ) small] birds4 ,9 fact1 !re is suffici5t game & fi% to support a consid]able population1 if ! p w\ld turn s]i\sly to _! capture1 s t ! (t repeat$ /atem5t t ! m\nta9e]s ( ,abra 7 =c$ to agriculture is n entirely accurate4 ,x seems mu* m probable t1 at ! "t ( _! entrance into ! int]ior valleys1 ! ,t+uian 7 already acqua9t$ ) t]rac$ hillside fields1 & t !y develop$ !m z ne$$4 ,! soil is fairly f]tile1 ! ra9fall abundant dur+ ! gr[+ season1 & ! climate w>m en\gh to insure good crops4 ,! !rmomet] ranges betwe5 #hj deg4 & #he deg4 dur+ ! day1 b !re is g5]ally a l& or sea breeze1 s t actual discom=t f ! heat is unusual4 ,! nights are some:at cool]1 b a drop ( a few degrees is felt s ke5ly t a p]son may be uncom=t>ble at #gj deg44 ,fogs & cold ra9s are n uncommon dur+ ! wet season1 :ile "o or m typhoons c be expect$ ea* ye>4 ,e>?quakes are likewise ( occasional occurr5ce1 b ! con/ruction ( ! h\ses is su* t /orms & e>?quakes d mu* less damage ?an along ! coa/4 ,!re is no d\bt t ! natural rugg$ness ( ! c\ntry & ! long ra9y season h _h a /rong influ5ce on ! p1 b ?is has be5 *iefly 9 isolat+ !m 9 small gr\ps4 ,! high m\nta9s sep>at+ ! n>r[ valleys1 ! lack ( wat] transportation1 ! difficulty ( ma9ta9+ trails1 h all t5d$ to keep ! p 9 small communities1 :ile ! practice ( head-hunt+ has likewise rais$ a b>ri] to free communication4 ,?us1 ! settlem5ts )9 a limit$ area h become self-su/a9+ gr\ps2 a condition :i* has exi/$ long en\gh to all[ = ! developm5t ( five dialects4 ,! traditions ( ! ,t+uian furni% u ) no /ories ( an e>li] home ?an ,luzon1 b !re are _m acc\nts ( migrations f ! coa/ back into ! m\nta9s1 aft] ! arrival ( ! ,spani>ds & ! ,*ri/ianization ( ! ,ilocano4 ,! fact t !re is an hi/orical backgr\nd = ^! tales is amply prov5 by fragm5ts ( pott]y & ! l1 :i* ! writ] has recov]$ f ! report$ sites ( anci5t settlem5ts4 ,! "p play$ by ?is p 9 ,philipp9e hi/ory is small inde$1 & mo/ ( ! ref]5ces to !m h be5 ( an incid5tal nature4 ,app>5tly1 !y fir/ came 9 contact ) ! ,spani% 9 #aegb :5 ,salc$o 0 entru/$ ) ! task ( subdu+ t "p ( ,luzon n[ kn[n z ! ,ilocano prov9ces4 ,! p he enc\nt]$ are describ$ z be+ m b>b>\s ?an ! ,tagalog1 n s light complexion$1 nor s well clad1 b husb&m5 :o possess$ l>ge fields1 & ^: l& ab\nd$ 9 rice & cotton4 ,_! villages 7 ( consid]able size1 & ea* 0 rul$ ov] by a local headman :o ow$ allegiance to no c5tral au?ority1 ,!re 0 a uni=m1 well recogniz$ code ( law or cu/om1 & a consid]able "p ( ! population c\ld read & write 9 a native script simil> to t ( ! ,tagalog4 ,!y also possess$ gold1 :i* 0 report$ to h come f ri* m9es 9 ! int]ior1 & on primitive =ges 7 turn+ out excell5t /eel weapons1 b ! use ( fire-arms 0 unkn[n4 ,accord+ to ,reyes1 _! weapons consi/$ ( lances1 b[s & arr[s1 bolos1 great %ields :i* protect$ !m f head to foot1 bl[ guns & poison$ arr[s4 ,! newcom]s also f\nd a fl\ri%+ trade be+ c>ri$ on ) ,manila & ! settlem5ts 9 ,pangas9an1 z well z ) ! ,*9ese4 ,?is trade 0 ( su* importance t1 z e>ly z #aehj pirate fleets f ,japan frequ5tly sc\r$ ! coa/ 9 se>* ( ,*9ese vessels & goods1 :ile f "t to "t ,japanese trad]s visit$ ! ,ilocos ports4 ,app>5tly trade relations 7 n int]rupt$ = a consid]able "t aft] ! arrival ( ! ,spani>ds1 = 9 #afbi ,m$9a /ates t %ips f ,*9a1 ,macao1 & ,india are accu/om$ to an*or 9 ^! ports--& all to ! advantage ( ?is di/rict4 #h ,t pre-,spani% trade 0 n re/rict$ to ! ,ilocos prov9ces1 b 0 active along ! :ole nor!rn coa/ ( ,luzon has be5 amply prov$ by _m writ]s4 ,9 fact1 ! inhabitants ( ,pangas9an n only _h trade relations ) ,borneo1 ,japan1 & ,*9a1 #i b x n[ seems probable t !y c be id5tifi$ z ! ,p+-ka-%i-lan :o1 z e>ly z #adjf1 s5t an embassy to ,*9a ) gifts ( horses1 silv]1 & o!r objects = ! emp]or ,yung-lo4 #aj ,trade relations ( an ev5 e>li] date are evid5t ?r\gh\t all ?is area1 9 ! pres5ce f> 9 ! int]ior ( ,*9ese pott]y ( ! f\rte5? c5tury & possibly ( ! t5?4 #aa ,) fri5dly relations s long e/abli%$1 x is to be expect$ t _m evid5ces ( ,*9ese mat]ial culture w\ld be f\nd 9 all ! nor!rn prov9ces2 & x is n unlikely t a consid]able am\nt ( ,*9ese blood may h be5 introduc$ into ! population 9 anci5t times1 z x has be5 dur+ ! hi/oric p]iod4 ,x does n seem probable1 h[ev] t ei!r ! influ5ce ( ,*9ese blood or culture ne$ h be5 /rong] 9 ! ,ilocos prov9ces ?an 9 ! o!r regions :i* !y visit$4 ,:5 ,salc$o attempt$ a l&+ at ,vigan1 he 0 at fir/ oppos$2 b ! sup]ior weapons ( ! ,spani>ds quickly ov]came all resi/ance1 & ! invad]s took possession ( ! city1 :i* !y re*ri/5$ ,f]n&9o4 ,f ?is c5t] !y c>ri$ on an en]getic campaign ( r$uction & ,*ri/ianization4 ,z fa/ z ! natives accept$ ! rule ( ,spa91 !y 7 baptiz$ & tak5 into ! *ur*1 & s rapid 0 ! process t by #aehg ! ,ilocano 7 report$ to be ,*ri/ianiz$4 #ab ,9 fact1 =ce play$ su* a "p t ,fray ,m>t9 de ,h]rada1 :o wrote f ,ilocos 9 ,june1 #aegd1 prote/$ t ! r$uction 0 accompli%$ ?r\gh fe>1 = if ! p rema9$ 9 _! villages & receiv$ ! rule ( ,spa9 & ! ,*ur*1 !y 7 accept$ z fri5ds & =?) compell$ to pay tribute2 b if !y resi/$ & fl$ to o!r settlem5ts1 ! troops foll[$ & pillag$ & laid wa/e _! new dwell+s4 #ac ,p>allel+ ! coa/1 a few miles inl&1 is a range ( m\nta9s on ! f> side ( :i* lie ! broad valleys ( ! ,abra riv] & its tribut>ies4 ,! m cons]vative elem5ts ( ! population retreat$ to ! m\nta9 valleys1 & f ^! secure retreats bade defiance to ! newcom]s & _! religion4 ,to ^! m\nta9e]s 0 appli$ ! "n ,t+uianes--a t]m at fir/ us$ to designate ! m\nta9 dwell]s ?r\gh\t ! ,isl&s1 b lat] usually re/rict$ to 8 tribe4 #ad ,! ,t+uian !mselves d n use or "k ! appellation1 b call !mselves ,itneg1 a "n :i* %\ld be us$ = !m b = ! fact t !y are already e/abli%$ 9 lit]ature "u ! =m] t]m4 ,al?\gh !y 7 9 con/ant feuds among !mselves1 ! m\nta9 p d n appe> to h giv5 ! newcom]s mu* tr\ble until t[>d ! end ( ! sixte5? c5tury1 :5 ho/ile raids aga9/ ! coa/ settlem5ts became r frequ5t4 ,to protect ! ,*ri/ianiz$ natives1 z well z to aid 9 ! conv]sion ( ^! hea!ns1 ! ,spani%1 9 #aeih1 ent]$ ! valley ( ! ,abra & e/abli%$ a g>rison at ! village ( ,bangu$4 #ae ,z be=e1 ! natives ab&on$ _! homes & retreat$ sev]al miles f>!r up ! riv]1 :]e !y e/abli%$ ! settlem5t ( ,lagangilang4 ,f ,bangu$ z a c5t]1 ! ,augu/9ian fri>s work$ tirelessly to conv]t ! pagans1 b ) s little success t ,san ,antonio1 #af writ+ 9 #agch1 says ( ! ,t+uian1 t little fruit 0 obta9$1 despite ext5sive missions1 & t al?\gh he _h made extraord9>y ef=ts1 he _h ev5 fail$ to le>n _! numb]4 ,9 ! m\nta9s ( ,ilocos ,sur1 ! mission>ies met ) some:at bett] success1 & 9 #agjd ,ol>te /ates t 9 ! two prec$+ ye>s "o hundr$ & fifty-six infidel ,t+uianes _h be5 conv]t$ & baptiz$4 ,aga91 9 #agfj1 f\r hundr$ & fifty-f\r conv]ts are report$ to h be5 =m$ into ! villages ( ,santiago1 ,mags+al1 & ,batak4 #ag ,ab\t ?is "t ! "w 9 ,abra also took on a m favorable aspect2 by #agec ?ree ,t+uian villages1 ) a comb9$ population ( m ?an "o ?\s&1 _h be5 e/abli%$ ne> ,bangu$1 & 9 ! next c5tury five m settlem5ts 7 add$ to ?is li/4 #ah ,9 g5]al ! relations betwe5 ! pagan & ,*ri/ianiz$ natives 7 n cordial1 & (t5times !y 7 op5ly ho/ile2 b despite mutual di/ru/ ! coa/ p h on sev]al occasions enli/$ ! aid ( ! m\nta9e]s aga9/ outside enemies4 ,9 #affj a s]i\s revolt occurr$ 9 ,pangas9an & ,zambales1 & ! rebels1 aft] ga9+ control ( ^! prov9ces1 />t$ on a loot+ exp$ition 9 ! nor!rn di/ricts4 ,9 ! face ( /rong resi/ance !y proce$$ z f> nor? z ,badok1 9 ,ilocos ,sur1 burn+ & pillag+ _m villages includ+ ! capital city ( ,vigan 7,f]n&9o74 ,! ,t+uian came to ! aid ( ! h>d-press$ ,ilocano1 & _! comb9$ =ces fell ^u ! enemy j outside ! village ( ,n>bacan4 ,! tribesm5 _h previ\sly made ! road almo/ impassable by plant+ x ?ickly ) %>p5$ /icks2 &1 :ile ! invad]s 7 endeavor+ to remove ^! ob/acles1 !y set ^u !m ) great fury &1 x is said1 succe$$ 9 kill+ m ?an f\r hundr$ ( ! ,zambal1 a "p ( :om !y behead$4 #ai ,z ,spani% rule 0 ext5d$ into ! ,t+uian t]ritory1 ,ilocano settl]s press$ 9 & acquir$ hold+s ( l&4 ,?is l$ to _m bitt] disputes :i* 7 consi/5tly settl$ 9 favor ( ! conv]ts2 b at ! same "t _m inducem5ts 7 (f]$ ! pagans to get !m into ! ,*ri/ianiz$ village4 ,all conv]ts 7 to be exempt$ f pay+ tribute1 :ile _! villages receiv$ _m favors )held f ! pagan settlem5ts4 ,?is fail+ to br+ ! desir$ results1 all ! ne>by villages ( ! ,t+uian 7 incorporat$ ) ! civiliz$ pueblos1 & !reaft] !y _h to furni% ! major "p ( all taxes & mo/ ( ! =c$ labor4 ,foll[+ ! appo9tm5t ( ,gov4 ,e/eban de ,p5n>ubia 9 #ahfh1 ! tribesm5 suff]$ /ill great] h>d%ips4 ,"u 8 ord]s all ^? :o refus$ baptism 7 to be expell$ f ! organiz$ communities1 an edict :i* meant virtual bani%m5t f _! old homes & confiscation ( _! prop]ty4 ,fur!r1 no ,t+uian 9 native dress 0 to be all[$ to ent] ! t[ns4 ,conv]sions increas$ ) amaz+ rapidity1 b :5 x 0 le>n$ t _m ( ! new conv]ts /ill practic$ _! old cu/oms1 ! gov]nor _h ! apo/ates seiz$ & imprison$4 ,! ho/ile attitude ( ,p5n>ubia enc\rag$ adv5tur]s f ! coa/ 9 ! seizure ( l&s & ! exploitation ( ! pagans1 & ?us a deep res5tm5t 0 add$ to ! dislike ! ,t+uian already held = ! ,*ri/ians4 ,yet1 despite ! _m causes = ho/ility1 /eady trade relations h be5 ma9ta9$ betwe5 ! two gr\ps1 & ! influ5ce ( ! ,ilocano has be5 increas+ly /rong4 ,a little m ?an a half c5tury ago head-hunt+ 0 /ill common ev5 9 ! valley ( ,abra1 :]e x is n[ practically unkn[n4 ,z a matt] ( dire necessity ! m\nta9 p made raids ( reprisal aga9/ ! ho/ile ,igorot villages on ! ea/]n side ( ! great m\nta9 range1 & x is /ill ! pr\d boa/ ( _m a man 9 ! vic9ity ( ,manabo t he took "p 9 ! raid :i* nett$ t village a score ( heads f ! t[ns ( ,balatok & ,lubuagan4 ,b1 z w be se5 lat]1 head-hunt+ 0 by no means limit$ to =ays aga9/ o!r tribes2 local feuds1 fun]al obs]vances1 & ! desire = r5[n1 all enc\rag$ ! w>riors to seek heads ev5 f ne>by settlem5ts4 ,^? inc5tives h n be5 entirely remov$1 & an occasional head is /ill tak5 9 ! m\nta9 di/ricts1 b ! influ5ce ( ! ,ilocano1 back$ by ,spani% & ,am]ican au?ority1 is rapidly mak+ ?is sport a ?+ ( ! pa/4 ,! rule ( ,gov]nor ,p5n>ubia _h s embitt]$ ! ,t+uian aga9/ ! :ite man t a consid]able numb] jo9$ ! insurrecto troops to fight aga9/ ! ,spani>ds & ,am]icans4 ,^! w>riors1 arm$ ) spe>s1 %ields1 & head-axes1 made _! way to ,malolos1 :]e !y jo9$ ! ,filip9o troops ! day ( ! fir/ ,am]ican bomb>dm5t4 ,! boom+ ( cannon & ! bur/+ ( %ells 0 too mu* = ! w>riors1 &1 z !y express x1 ! fir/ gun 0 ! beg9n+ ( _! go+ home4 ,fri5dly relations ) ! insurg5ts 7 e>ly de/roy$ by b&s ( arm$ robb]s :o1 pos+ z ,filip9o troops1 loot$ a numb] ( ,t+uian villages4 ,9 sev]al localities ! tribesm5 retaliat$ by levy+ tribute on ! ,*ri/ianiz$ villages1 & 9 "s in/ances took a toll ( heads to squ>e acc\nts4 ,at ?is juncture ! ,am]icans appe>$ 9 ,abra1 & ! consid]ate treatm5t ( ! pagans by ! soldi]s soon won = !m a fri5dly reception4 ,lat]1 z ! result ( ! ef=ts ( ,commission] ,worce/]1 ! ,t+uian villages 7 made indep5d5t ( ,ilocano control1 & ! p 7 giv5 ! full "r to conduct _! own affairs1 s long z !y did n di/urb ! peace & welf>e ( ! prov9ce4 ,"u ,am]ican rule ! ,t+uian h prov$ !mselves to be quiet1 peaceable citiz5s2 a few m9or di/urbances h occurr$1 b none ( suffici5t importance to necessitate ! pres5ce ( troops 9 _! di/rict4 ,!y h receiv$ less att5tion f ! ,gov]nm5t ?an mo/ ( ! pagan tribes1 b1 ev5 s1 a measure ( progress is disc]nible4 ,!y /ill /\tly resi/ ! advances ( ! mission>ies1 b ! few s*ools :i* h be5 op5$ = _! *ildr5 h always be5 cr[d$ to ov]fl[+2 trade relations are mu* fre] & m fri5dly ?an a decade ago2 & ) ! removal ( unequal taxes & labor requirem5ts1 ! feel+s ( ho/ility t[>ds ! ,*ri/ians are rapidly vani%+4 ,x n[ seems probable t )9 "o or two g5]ations ! ,t+uian w aga9 m]ge ) ! ,ilocano4 ,,*apt] ,,ii ,,physical ,,type ,,& ,,relation%ips ,f ! "t ( ! ,spani% invasion up to ! pres5t1 ne>ly e au?or :o has m5tion$ ! p ( nor!rn ,luzon has describ$ ! ,t+uian z be+ diff]5t f o!r ,philipp9e tribes4 ,! majority ( ^! writ]s has pictur$ !m z be+ ( l>g] /ature ?an _! neighbors2 z light] 9 color1 possess+ aquil9e features & mongoloid eyes2 z be+ tranquil & pacific 9 "*1 & hav+ a great aptitude = agriculture4 ,f ^! *>act]i/ics !y h conclud$ t !y are probably desc5d$ f e>ly ,*9ese trad]s1 emigrants1 or ca/aways1 or are d]iv$ f ! remnants ( ! pirate b& ( ! ,*9ese corsair ,limahon 7,l9-fung71 :i* fl$ into ! m\nta9s ( ,pangas9an aft] 8 defeat by ,salc$o 9 #aegd4 ,^! conjectures are /r5g!n$ by ! report$ discov]y1 9 e>ly times1 ( graves 9 nor?we/]n ,luzon1 :i* conta9$ bodies ( m5 ( l>ge /ature accompani$ by ,*9ese & ,japanese jewels4 ,! undisput$ fact t hundr$s ( anci5t ,*9ese j>s & di%es are /ill among ! *]i%$ possessions ( ! ,t+uian is also cit$ z a fur!r pro( ( a close relation%ip betwe5 ^! peoples4 ,f9ally x is said t ! head-b&s1 jackets1 & wide tr\s]s ( ! m5 resemble closely ^? ( ! fi%]m5 ( ,fuki51 "o ( ! ne>e/ ( ! ,*9ese prov9ces4 #bj ,two writ]s1 #ba bas+ _! obs]vations on color1 physical resemblances1 & ! fact t ! ,t+uian black5 _! tee? & tattoo _! bodies1 are conv9c$ t !y are ! desc5dants ( ,japanese ca/aways2 :ile ,moya #bb /ates t ! features1 dress1 & cu/oms ( ?is p indicate _! migration f ! region ( ! ,r$ ,sea 9 pre-,mohamm$an times4 ,f9ally1 ,quatrefages & ,hamy are quot$ z reg>d+ ! ,t+uian z mod]n examples ( ! ,indonesian1 an allophylic bran* ( ! pure :ite race1 non-,aryan1 !re=e1 :o w5t =? f ,india ab\t #ejj ,b4,c4 #bc ,dr4 ,b>r[s #bd classes all ! pagan tribes ( nor!rn ,luzon--! pygmies except$--) ! ,igorot1 a position assail$ by ,worce/]1 #be p>ticul>ly 9 reg>d to ! ,t+uian2 b ! latt] writ] is conv9c$ t ! ,apayao & ,t+uian are divisions ( ! same p1 :o h be5 sep>at$ only a comp>atively %ort "t4 ,9 ! introduction to ! pres5t volume 7p4 #bcf7 ,i h express$ ! op9ion t ! ,t+uian & ,ilocano are id5tical1 & t !y =m "o ( ! waves ( a s]ies :i* br\ght ! ,apayao & we/]n ,kal+a to nor!rn ,luzon1 a wave :i* rea*$ ! ,isl&s at a lat] p]iod ?an t repres5t$ by ! ,igorot1 & :i* orig9at$ 9 a some:at diff]5t region ( s\!a/]n ,asia4 #bf ,9 ord] to come to a def9ite decision conc]n+ ^! v>i\s !ories1 we %all inquire into ! cultural1 l+ui/ic1 & physical types ( ! p conc]n$4 ,! mo/ /rik+ cultural diff]5ces betwe5 ! ,igorot & ! ,t+uian1 indicat$ 9 ! introduction1 w be br\ght out 9 m detail 9 ! foll[+ pages1 z w also ! evid5ce ( ,*9ese influ5ce 9 ?is region4 ,"h x ne$s only to be re/at$1 t !re are radical diff]5ces 9 social organization1 gov]nm5t1 h\se-build+1 & ! l1 betwe5 ! ,igorot-,ifugao gr\ps1 & ! ,ilocano-,t+uian-,apayao-,kal+a divisions4 ,all ! tribes ( nor?we/]n ,luzon belong to ! same l+ui/ic /ock :i*1 9 turn1 is closely relat$ to ! o!r ,philipp9e languages4 ,!re are local diff]5ces suffici5tly great to make x impossible = p to communicate :5 fir/ br\ght toge!r1 b ! vocabul>ies are suffici5tly alike1 & ! morphology ( ! dialects is s simil> t x is ! task ( only a %ort "t = a p]son conv]sant ) "o idiom to acquire a speak+ & und]/&+ k ( any o!r 9 ?is region4 ,x is important to note t ^! dialects belong to ! ,philipp9e gr\p1 & !re seems to be v little evid5ce ( ,*9ese influ5ce #bg ei!r 9 /ructure or vocabul>y4 #bh ,! v>i\s descriptions ( ! physical types h be5 ( su* a conflict+ nature t x seems be/ at ?is po9t to pres5t r detail$ descriptions ( ! ,t+uian1 ,ilocano1 & ,apayao1 & to comp>e ^! ) ! pr9cipal measurem5ts ( ! o!r tribes & peoples "u discussion4 ,= purposes ( comp>ison1 ! ,t+uian h be5 divid$ into a valley & m\nta9 gr\p2 =1 z already indicat$1 !re has be5 a consid]able movem5t ( ! mix$ ,kal+a-,igorot p ( ! upp] ,saltan 7,malokbot7 riv]1 ( ,gu9aan ,lubuagan & ,balatok1 into ! m\nta9 di/ricts ( ,abra1 & ^! immigrants becom+ m]g$ into ! population h modifi$ ! physical type to a c]ta9 ext5t4 ,9 ! detail$ description ( ! ,ilocano1 all ! subjects h be5 drawn f ! cities ( ,bangu$ 9 ,abra1 & ,vigan 9 ,ilocos ,sur1 9 ord] to elim9ate1 s f> z possible1 ! results ( rec5t int]mixture ) ! ,t+uian1--a process :i* is cont9ually tak+ place 9 all ! bord] t[ns4 ,! m g5]al tabulation includes ,ilocano f all ! nor!rn prov9ces4 ,ag$ & immature individuals h be5 elim9at$ f all ! descriptions "h pres5t$4 #bi ,ilocano ,obs]vations on #ai ,males f ,vigan & ,bangu$ ,range ,av]age ,height1 /&+ met]s #a4eaj to #a4gad #a4fjg ,l5g? ( head 4#afd to 4#aia 4#aghg ,bread? ( head 4#adf to 4#aeh 4#aebb ,height ( head 4#abj to 4#add 4#acaf ,bread? ( zygomatic ar*es 4#abi to 4#adh 4#acgc ,l5g? ( nose 4#jdc to 4#jed 4#jdhe ,bread? ( nose 4#jcd to 4#jdf 4#jchb ,cephalic index #he4a ,l5g?-,height index #gc4j ,bread?-,height index #hf4b ,nasal index #gh4g ,eyes--,d>k br[n1 #c-d ( ,m>t9 scale4 ,hair--,(t5 black1 b usually br[n-black4 #ej p] c5t /raight & ab\t #ej p] c5t slightly wavy4 ,"o case closely curl$4 ,=ehead--,usually high1 broad1 & mod]ately retreat+1 b sometimes vault$4 ,cr[n & back ( head--,middle ar*$4 ,two cases flat4 ,face--,mod]ately high2 broad & oval4 ,?ree cases angul>4 ,eye-slit--,g5]ally slightly oblique1 mod]ately op51 almond %ape4 ,mongolian fold pres5t 9 #de p] c5t4 ,nose--,root3--,middle broad & mod]ately high4 ,bridge3--,incl9$ to be concave1 b (t5 /raight4 ,w+s3--,middle ?ick & slightly ar*$ or swell$4 ,lips3--,middle ?ick & d\ble b[$ 7slightly74 ,e>s3--,out/&+4 ,lobes g5]ally small & close gr[+1 b are sometimes free4 ,ilocano #cj ,obs]vations ,made ,by ,folkm> 7,see ,album ( ,philipp9e ,types1 ,manila1 #aijd7 #cg ,males ( ,ilocos ,norte ,av]age ,height1 /&+ met]s #a4eic ,l5g? ( head 4#ahj ,bread? ( head 4#aea ,l5g? ( nose 4#jee ,bread? ( nose 4#jdj ,cephalic index #hd4ci ,nasal index #gc4ab #ei ,males ( ,ilocos ,sur ,av]age ,height1 /&+ met]s #a4eif ,l5g? ( head 4#agg ,bread? ( head 4#aej ,l5g? ( nose 4#jec ,bread? ( nose 4#jci ,cephalic index #he4jf ,nasal index #gb4ie #ca ,males ( ,union ,prov9ce ,av]age ,height1 /&+ met]s #a4eij ,l5g? ( head 4#agf ,bread? ( head 4#aea ,l5g? ( nose 4#jej ,bread? ( nose 4#jci ,cephalic index #he4gb ,nasal index #gh4fc #aic ,males f ,all ,prov9ces ,av]age ,height1 /&+ met]s #a4fjb ,l5g? ( head 4#agh ,bread? ( head 4#aea ,l5g? ( nose 4#jeb ,bread? ( nose 4#jdj ,cephalic index #hd4ha ,nasal index #ge4dd ,valley ,t+uian ,obs]vations on #hc ,males 7,see ,plates ,,iii1 ,,iv7 ,range ,av]age ,height1 /&+ met]s #a4dh to #a4gj #a4egb ,l5g? ( head #a4fe to 4#aie 4#ahaa ,bread? ( head 4#adj to 4#afd 4#aejg ,height ( head1 #ci cases 4#aaf to 4#add 4#accg ,bread? ( zygomatic ar*es 4#abi to 4#adh 4#achg ,l5g? ( nose 4#jdb to 4#jfj 4#jdii ,bread? ( nose 4#jcj to 4#jdc 4#jchd ,cephalic index #hc4b ,l5g?-,height index #gb4e ,bread?-,height index #hf4e ,nasal index #gf4i ,eyes--,d>k br[n1 #c-d ( ,m>t9 table4 ,hair--,v>ies f black to br[ni% black4 ,usually wavy1 b /raight 9 ab\t "o ?ird4 ,=ehead--,mod]ately high & broad2 slightly retreat+1 b sometimes vault$4 ,supra-orbital ridges /rongly develop$ 9 ?ree cases4 ,cr[n & back ( head--,middle ar*$4 ,two cases ( flatt5+4 ,face--,mod]ately high & broad2 *eek bones suffici5tly out/&+ to give face angul> appe>ance1 tap]+ f above1 b oval faces are common4 ,eye-slit--,/raight or slightly oblique2 mod]ately wide op5 & incl9$ to be almond %ap$2 ,mongolian fold slightly develop$ 9 ab\t #bj p] c5t4 ,nose--,root3--middle broad & high1 seldom small or flat4 ,bridge3--middle broad & usually /raight1 b #be p] c5t are slightly concave1 :ile two cases are convex4 ,w+s3--,9 mo/ cases are ?91 b are commonly ?ick2 bo? are slightly ar*$4 ,lips--,middle ?ick & d\ble b[$ 7slightly74 ,e>s--,out/&+1 ) small close-gr[+ lobes4 ,valley ,t+uian ,obs]vations on #ce ,females 7,see ,plates ,v1 ,,vi7 ,range ,av]age ,height1 /&+ met]s #a4db to #a4eh #a4dgd ,l5g? ( head 4#afa to 4#ahf 4#agdc ,bread? ( head 4#acf to 4#aee 4#adfj ,height ( head 7#bb cases7 4#aai to 4#ach 4#acja ,bread? ( zygomatic ar*es 4#abc to 4#aci 4#acjd ,l5g? ( nose 4#jci to 4#jef 4#jdf ,bread? ( nose 4#jcj to 4#jdb 4#jced ,cephalic index #hc4g ,l5g?-,height index #gd4f ,bread?-,height index #hh4f ,nasal index #gf4i ,eyes--,d>k br[n1 #c-d ( ,m>t9 table4 ,hair--,usually br[n black1 b black is common4 ,sometimes /raight1 b g5]ally slightly wavy4 ,=ehead--,consid]able v>iation4 ,usually mod]ately high1 broad1 & vault$1 b is sometimes l[ & mod]ately retreat+4 ,cr[n & back ( head--,middle ar*$4 ,two cases ( flatt5+4 ,face--,mod]ately high & oval4 ,9 a few cases angul>1 tap]+ f above4 ,eye-slit--,g5]ally oblique1 mod]ately op5 & almond %ape4 ,is sometimes /raight & n>r[ly op54 ,mongolian fold slightly develop$ 9 ab\t #be p] c5t4 ,nose--,root3--,mod]ately broad & ei!r flat or slightly elevat$4 ,bridge3--,middle broad & slightly concave4 ,9 five cases is /raight & 9 two is convex4 ,w+s3--,equally divid$ betwe5 ?ick & ?94 ,slightly ar*$4 ,lips--,middle ?ick & d\ble b[$ 7slightly74 ,e>s--,out/&+1 ) small1 close gr[+ lobes4 ,m\nta9 ,t+uian ,obs]vations on #fb ,males 7,see ,plates ,,vii-,,viii7 ,range ,av]age ,height1 /&+ met]s #a4de to #a4ga #a4eg ,l5g? ( head 4#aga to 4#bjc 4#ahef ,bread? ( head 4#adj to 4#afa 4#adic ,height ( head 7#ei cases7 4#aae to 4#aed 4#acaf ,bread? ( zygomatic ar*es 4#abi to 4#adi 4#ache ,l5g? ( nose 7#fj cases7 4#jdc to 4#jei 4#jeab ,bread? ( nose 7#fj cases7 4#jcc to 4#jdf 4#jcii ,cephalic index #hj4d ,l5g?-,height index #gj4i ,bread?-,height index #hg4d ,nasal index #gg4i ,eyes--,d>k br[n1 #c-d ( ,m>t9 table4 ,hair--,br[n black1 & slightly wavy4 ,=ehead--,middle high to high1 mod]ately broad1 mod]ately retreat+1 b sometimes vault$4 ,supra-orbital ridges /rongly develop$ 9 five cases4 ,cr[n & back ( head--,middle or /rongly ar*$4 ,face--,mod]ately high4 ,*eek bones mod]ately out/&+ giv+ face angul> appe>ance1 tap]+ f above4 ,9 sev5 cases face is oval4 ,eye-slit--,sometimes /raight1 b usually slightly oblique1 mod]ately op51 almond %ape4 ,mongolian fold 9 five cases4 ,nose--,root3--,middle broad & mod]ately high1 b sometimes high4 ,bridge3--,middle broad & /raight4 ,sev5 cases concave & ?ree convex4 ,w+s3--,middle ?ick & ar*$4 ,lips--,middle ?ick1 sometimes ?92 d\ble b[$4 ,e>s--,out/&+2 lobes g5]ally small & close gr[+4 ,m\nta9 ,t+uian ,obs]vations on #af ,females 7,see ,plates ,,ix-,x7 ,range ,av]age ,height1 /&+ met]s #a4ch to #a4ec #a4dhb ,l5g? ( head 4#afc to 4#ahh 4#aghb ,bread? ( head 4#acg to 4#aee 4#adeb ,height ( head 4#aai to 4#acg 4#acjc ,bread? ( zygomatic ar*es 4#abe to 4#ach 4#acbg ,l5g? ( nose 4#jci to 4#jed 4#jdfa ,bread? ( nose 4#jcd to 4#jdb 4#jcfh ,cephalic index #hj4a ,l5g?-,height index #gc4a ,bread?-,height index #ij4j ,nasal index #gi4h ,eyes--,d>k br[n1 #c-d ( ,m>t9 table4 ,hair--,br[n-black & slightly wavy4 ,=ehead--,mod]ately high & broad2 mod]ately retreat+4 ,cr[n & back ( head--,middle ar*$4 ,face--,mod]ately high & g5]ally oval2 sometimes angul> tap]+ f above4 ,eye-slit--,ab\t equally divid$ betwe5 /raight & oblique2 mod]ately op54 ,mongolian fold slightly develop$ 9 "o ?ird ( cases4 ,nose--,root3--,mod]ately broad & ne>ly flat1 b sometimes mod]ately high4 ,bridge3--,middle broad & incl9$ to be concave4 ,/raight noses occur4 ,w+s3--,usually ?9 & incl9$ to be swell$4 ,lips--,middle ?ick & incl9$ to be d\ble b[$4 ,e>s--,out/&+4 ,lobes small & close gr[+4 ,apayao ,obs]vations on #cb ,males ,range ,av]age ,height1 /&+ met]s #a4dh to #a4gj #a4ehg ,l5g? ( head 4#age to 4#aii 4#ahgg ,bread? ( head 4#acg to 4#aeh 4#adib ,height ( head 4#aai to 4#aee 4#acca ,bread? ( zygomatic ar*es 4#acj to 4#adi 4#adah ,l5g? ( nose 4#jdj to 4#jed 4#jdff ,bread? ( nose 4#jce to 4#jdd 4#jcij ,cephalic index #gi4e ,l5g?-,height index #gj4i ,bread?-,height index #hi4b ,nasal index #hc4f ,eyes--,d>k br[n1 #a to #d 9 ,m>t9 table4 ,hair--,br[n black & wavy4 ,=ehead--,high & g5]ally mod]ately retreat+1 b 9 ab\t "o ?ird is vault$4 ,supra-orbital ridges /rongly develop$ 9 six cases4 ,cr[n & back ( head--,r /rongly ar*$4 ,six cases 7all f "o village7 %[$ slight flatt5+ ( occipital region4 ,face--,usually high4 ,! *eek bones are mod]ately out/&+ giv+ face angul> appe>ance1 tap]+ f above4 ,9 eight cases face tap]s f bel[1 & 9 n9e is oval4 ,eye-slit--,usually oblique1 mod]ately op51 almond %ape4 ,mongolian fold 9 ab\t #ej p] c5t4 ,nose--,root3--,middle broad & flat or slightly elevat$4 ,bridge3--,middle broad & slightly or /rongly concave4 ,sev5 in/ances ( /raight noses occur4 ,w+s3--,middle ?ick1 ar*$ or swell$4 ,lips--,middle ?ick & slightly d\ble b[$4 ,e>s--,out/&+4 ,lobes small & close gr[+4 ,bontoc ,igorot #ca ,obs]vations ,by ,j5ks 7,see ,! ,bontoc ,igorot1 ,manila1 #aije7 #cb males ,av]age ,range ,height1 /&+ met]s #a4fjbh ,l5g? ( head 4#aiba ,bread? ( head 4#aebj ,l5g? ( nose 4#jebe ,bread? ( nose 4#jdfb ,cephalic index #gi4ac #fg4dh to #ia4dh ,nasal index #gi4ai #eh4ah to #ajd4ed ,9 ?is gr\p #i are bra*ycephalic #bj are mesaticephalic #c are doli*ocephalic ,color--,ranges f light br[n1 ) /rong saffron und]tone1 to v d>k br[n or bronze4 ,eyes--,black to hazel br[n4 ,malayan fold 9 l>ge majority4 ,hair--,co>se1 /raight & black4 ,a few individuals possess curly or wavy hair4 ,nose--,j5ks gives no /atem5t1 b 8 photos %[ ! root ( ! nose to be r high2 ! bridge appe>s to be broad & /raight1 al?\gh 9 "s individuals x t5ds t[>d concave4 #bi females ,av]age ,range ,height1 /&+ met]s #a4dehj ,l5g? ( head 4#ahei ,bread? ( head 4#adgj ,l5g? ( nose 4#jdeh ,bread? ( nose 4#jcfj ,cephalic index #gi4ji #fd4hi to #hg4fd ,nasal index #gh4gd #eh4ec to #ig4ef ,9 ?is gr\p #ab are bra*ycephalic #ab are mesaticephalic #e are doli*ocephalic ,v diff]5t results 7 obta9$ by ,kroeb] #cb f ! gr\p ( ,igorot exhibit$ 9 ,san ,francisco 9 #aijf4 ,8 figures may possibly be acc\nt$ = by ! fact t ab\t "o ?ird ( ! p>ty came f ,alap ne> ! s\!rn end ( ! ,bontoc area1 also1 z he has sugge/$1 by ! prepond]ance ( v "y m54 ,! figures = ?is gr\p are z foll[s3 ,obs]vations on #ah ,males ,av]age height #a4eej ,range #a4df to #a4fcj l5g? ( head 4#ahf 4#agf to 4#aid bread? ( head 4#adf 4#ach to 4#aec bizygomatic wid? 4#ace 4#abi to 4#adb l5g? ( nose 4#jda 4#jca to 4#jdf bread? ( nose 4#jdj 4#jcf to 4#jdf cephalic index #gh4dc nasal index #ii4h ,obs]vations on #g ,females ,av]age height #a4dhf ,range #a4ddj to #a4ecj l5g? ( head 4#ahb 4#aga to 4#aia bread? ( head 4#adc 4#acf to 4#aej bizygomatic wid? 4#aca 4#abg to 4#acf l5g? ( nose 4#jcg 4#jcc to 4#jdb wid? ( nose 4#jcg 4#jcf to 4#jch cephalic index #gh4ei nasal index #ii4g ,f ^! descriptive %eets x is obvi\s t ea* tribe is made up ( v het]og5e\s elem5ts1 & ea* ov]laps ! o!r to a consid]able ext5t2 h[ev]1 ! numb] ( individuals measur$ is suffici5tly great = u to draw c]ta9 g5]al conclusions f ! av]ages ( ea* gr\p4 ,x is at once evid5t t ! diff]5ces betwe5 ! ,ilocano & ! ,valley ,t+uian are v slight1 9 fact are less ?an ^? betwe5 ! valley & m\nta9 p ( ! latt] tribe4 ,! ,ilocano appe> to be slightly tall]1 ! l5g? ( head a little less1 & ! bread? a bit m2 yet !re is an av]age diff]5ce ( only two po9ts 9 ! cephalic indices ( ! two gr\ps4 ,! only o!r po9ts ( div]g5ce are3 ! great] p]c5tage among ! ,ilocano ( eyes %[+ ! ,mongolian fold1 & ! occurr5ce ( /raight hair 9 ab\t half ! individuals measur$4 ,h[ev]1 ?is latt] feature may be m app>5t ?an real2 = ! ,ilocano cut ! hair %ort1 & a slight degree ( wav9ess might readily pass unobs]v$4 ,z we pass f ! ,valley to ! ,m\nta9 ,t+uian1 & f !m to ! ,apayao1 we f9d ! av]age /ature almo/ con/ant1 b ! head becomes long]2 !re is a great] t5d5cy = ! *eekbones to protrude & ! face to be angul>1 & !re is a m frequ5t developm5t ( ! supra-orbital ridges4 ,! root ( ! nose is (t5 flat & ! bridge concave2 :ile wavy hair becomes ! rule 9 ! m\nta9s4 ,!re is a slight decrease1 9 ! ,t+uian gr\ps1 ( eyes %[+ ! ,mongolian fold1 b 9 ! ,apayao ! p]c5tage aga9 equals t ( ! ,ilocano4 ,! ,apayao pres5t no radical diff]5ces to ! ,m\nta9 ,t+uian2 yet1 z already not$1 ! l5g? & height ( ! head are slightly great]2 ! zygomatic ar*es m /rongly develop$2 ! face m angul>2 & ! nose is broad] z comp>$ ) its l5g?4 ,evid5ces ( =m] ext5sive int]mixture are "h app>5t1 :ile at ! pres5t "t !re is r free m>riage ) ! neighbor+ ,kal+a & ,negrito4 ,comp>+ ^! f\r gr\ps ) ! ,igorot1 we f9d t ! latt] av]ages slightly tall] ?an all b ! ,ilocano4 ,! bread? ( ! head is ab\t ! same z ! ,ilocano2 b ! l5g? is mu* great]1 & !re is1 9 consequ5ce1 a consid]able diff]5ce 9 ! cephalic index4 ,ref]5ce to our tables w %[ ! ,ilocano & bo? ,t+uian divisions to be bra*ycephalic1 :ile ! ,igorot is mesaticephalic4 ,! av]age index ( ! ,apayao also falls 9 ! latt] classification2 b ! v>iation f ,igorot is great] ?an is indicat$1 = ! ,apayao skull is actually consid]ably %ort] & n>r[]4 ,9 ! l5g? & bread? ( ! nose1 ! ,igorot exce$s any ( ! gr\ps /udi$1 :ile ! ,malayan 7,mongolian87 fold ( ! eye is report$ 9 ! great majority ( cases4 ,! bodily appe>ance ( ! ,t+uian & ,bontoc ,igorot diff]s little1 al?\gh ! latt] are g5]ally ( a slightly heavi] build4 ,bo? are li! & well proportion$1 _! full r\nd$ muscles giv+ !m ! appe>ance ( tra9$ a?letes2 nei!r is z /ocky or heavy set z are ! ,igorot ( ,amburayan1 ,lepanto1 & ,b5guet4 ,!re is great v>iation 9 color among ! memb]s ( all ^! tribes1 ! tones v>y+ f a light olive br[n to a d>k r$di% br[n2 b 9 g5]al ! ,ilocano & ,valley ,t+uian are ( a light] hue ?an ! m\nta9 p4 ,obs]vations on ! ,s\!rn ,*9ese & ! ,s\? ,p]ak ,malay are giv5 bel[1 n ) ! int5tion ( connect+ !m ) any "o ( ! tribes ( ,luzon1 b 9 ord] to te/1 by comp>ison1 ! !ory ( ! ,*9ese orig9 ( ! ,t+uian1 & also to secure1 if possible1 "s clue z to ! relation%ips ( bo? peoples4 ,! ,s\!rn ,*9ese ,dr4 ,gir>d1 #cc z a result ( 8 /udies on ! ,*9ese ( ,kwang-si1 a prov9ce ( s\!rn ,*9a1 expresses ! belief t ! population is greatly mix$1 b all consid]$ !y appe> m l ,indo-,*9ese ?an l ! ,*9ese prop] 7t is1 ,nor!rn ,*9ese74 ,d5ik] #cd comes to a simil> conclusion f a /udy ( ! results obta9$ by _m obs]v]s4 ,gir>d gives ! foll[+ measurem5ts = #be males ( ,kwang-si3 ,range ,av]age ,height1 /&+ met]s #a4ebh to #a4gdh #a4faf ,l5g? ( head 4#ahae ,bread? ( head 4#adce ,height ( head 4#abgj ,l5g? ( nose 4#jdfdh ,bread? ( nose 4#jchgf ,cephalic index #gc4 to #he4 #gi4eb ,l5g?-,height index #fi4i ,bread?-,height index #hh4e ,nasal index #fg4 to #ie4 #hb4ih ,d5ik] 7p4 #egh7 gives ! av]age height ( #ae1ehb males1 mo/ly ,hakka ( ,kwang-tung1 z #a4fbb4 ,! cephalic index ( #fa liv+ subjects & #hd crania1 pr9cipally f ,canton1 he f9ds to be--,liv+ #ha4b2 crania #gh4b4 ,m>t9 #ce pres5ts ! foll[+ data3 ,av]age height ( males--#a4fad2 av]age height ( females--#a4dih4 ,cephalic index 7#di males7--#ha4h4 ,l5g?-,height index 7#di males7--#ff4e4 ,nasal index 7#di males7--#gg4g4 #cf ,s\? ,p]ak ,malay #cg ,obs]vations by ,ann&ale & ,rob9son 7,fasciculi ,malay5ses1 ,pt4 ,i1 pp4 #aje et seq41 ,london1 #aijc74 #cg males ,range ,av]age ,height1 /&+ met]s #a4dhh to #a4gfc #a4eid ,l5g? ( head 4#agc to 4#aih 4#ahb ,bread? ( head 4#ada to 4#afb 4#adi ,height ( head 7tragus to v]tex7 4#aai to 4#adf 4#ace ,bread? ( zygomatic ar*es 4#abj to 4#aej 4#aci ,l5g? ( nose 4#jdac to 4#jebe 4#jdgg ,bread? ( nose 4#jccg to 4#jdcg 4#jceh ,cephalic index #hb4c ,l5g?-,height index #gc4i ,nasal index #ha4b ,color--,v>ies f d>k olive to r$2 less commonly olive or yell[i% :ite4 ,eyes--,black1 sometimes r$di% br[n4 ,hair--,appe>s to be /raight 9 mo/ cases1 b be+ cut %ort a slight wav9ess might n be notic$4 ,black4 ,a comp>ison ( ^! figures ) ^? ( our ,luzon gr\ps br+s out sev]al int]e/+ po9ts4 ,x %[s t ! ,t+uian are n relat$ to ! ,*9ese1 because ( _! tall /ature2 = !y are1 z a matt] ( fact1 %ort] ?an ei!r ! ,*9ese or ,igorot4 ,x is also evid5t t !y resemble ! s\!rn ,*9ese no m ?an d ! p ( ,bontoc4 ,fur!r x is se5 t bo? ! ,t+uian-,ilocano & ! ,*9ese %[ great] lik5ess to ! ,p]ak ,malay ?an !y d to ea* o!r4 ,z a matt] ( fact1 we f9d no radical diff]5ces betwe5 any ( ! peoples discuss$2 despite evid5t m9or v>iations1 ! tribes ( nor?we/]n ,luzon approa* a common type1 & ?is type appe>s n to be f> remov$ f ! dom9ant elem5t 9 s\!rn ,*9a1 ,indo-,*9a1 & ,malaysia g5]ally1 a fact :i* probably c be attribut$ to a common ance/ry 9 times f> pa/4 #ch ,) ?is data be=e u1 we might readily dismiss mo/ ( ! !ories ( e>ly writ]s z int]e/+ speculations bas$ on sup]ficial obs]vation2 b ! /atem5t t ! ,t+uian are d]iv$ f ! pirate b& ( ,limahon has receiv$ su* wide curr5cy t x des]ves fur!r notice4 ,x %\ld be borne 9 m9d t ! sc5e ( ! ,*9ese disa/] 0 9 ,pangas9an1 a m>* ( ?ree days to ! s\? ( ! ,t+uian t]ritory4 ,x is unlikely t a =ce suffici5tly l>ge to impress its type on ! local population c\ld h made its way into ,abra1 )\t hav+ be5 report$ to ,salc$o1 :o !n _h 8 headqu>t]s at ,vigan4 ,z e>ly z #aeih ! ,t+uian 7 s p[]ful & aggressive t active /eps _h to be tak5 to protect ! coa/ p f _! raids4 ,_h !y be5 recogniz$ z be+ ess5tially ,*9ese--a =eign1 ho/ile population--"s m5tion ( t fact mu/ c]ta9ly h crept into ! ,spani% records ( t p]iod4 ,su* data are entirely want+1 :ile ! exce$+ly ri* traditions ( ! ,t+uian #ci likewise fail to give any evid5ce ( su* an invasion4 ,! pres5ce ( l>ge quantities ( anci5t ,*9ese pott]y 9 ,abra mu/ be ascrib$ to trade1 = x is inconceivable t a fugitive b& ( w>riors w\ld h c>ri$ ) !m ! hundr$s ( j>s--_m ( l>ge size--:i* are n[ f\nd 9 ! int]ior4 ,! reput$ simil>ity ( ! g>m5ts ( ! m5 to ^? ( ,fuki5 fi%]m5 is likewise )\t value1 = at ! "t ( ! ,spani% invasion bo? ,ilocano & ,t+uian 7 innoc5t ( tr\s]s4 ,x 0 n until ! ord] ( ,gov4 ,p5n>ubia1 9 #ahfh1 b>r+ all unclad pagans f ! ,*ri/ianiz$ t[ns1 t ! latt] donn$ su* g>m5ts4 ,to-day _m ( ! m5 possess full suits1 b ! ord9>y dress is /ill ! head-b&1 bree*-clo?1 & belt4 ,f9ally1 x seems curi\s t ! ,t+uian %\ld be ( a pacific "* because ( ! fact t !y are desc5d$ f a b& ( ,*9ese pirates4 ,summ>iz+ our mat]ial1 we c say ( ! ,t+uian1 t !y are a r %ort1 well-built p ) mod]ately high1 bra*ycephalic heads1 fairly high noses1 & angul> faces4 ,_! hair is br[n black & incl9$ to be wavy1 :ile ! sk9 v>ies f a light olive br[n to a d>k r$di% br[n4 ,a /udy ( our tables %[s t )9 ?is gr\p !re are great extremes 9 /ature1 head & nasal =m1 color1 & ! l1 indicat+ v het]og5e\s elem5ts 9 its make-up4 ,we also f9d t physically ! ,t+uian con=m closely to ! ,ilocano1 :ile !y m]ge )\t a %>p break into ! ,apayao ( ! ea/]n m\nta9 slopes4 ,:5 comp>$ to ! ,igorot1 great] diff]5ces are manife/2 b ev5 "h1 ! simil>ities are s _m t we _c classify ! two tribes z memb]s ( diff]5t races4 ,we h se5 t ?is p approa*es ! s\!rn ,*9ese 9 _m respects1 b ?is is likewise true ( all ! o!r tribes "u discussion &1 h5ce1 we are n ju/ifi$1 on anatomic gr\nds1 9 consid]+ ! ,t+uian z di/9ct1 because ( ,*9ese orig94 ,! te/imony ( hi/orical data & language leads u to ! same conclusions4 ,*9ese influ5ce1 ?r\gh trade1 has be5 active = _m c5turies along ! nor? & we/ coa/ ( ,luzon1 b x has n be5 ( a suffici5tly intimate nature to introduce su* common articles ( conv5i5ce & necessity z ! composite b[1 ! pott]'s :eel1 :eel$ vehicles1 & ! l4 ,! anatomical data likewise prev5t u f sett+ ?is tribe ap>t f ! o!rs1 because ( ,japanese or ,indonesian orig94 ,,*apt] ,,iii ,,! ,,cycle ,,( ,,life ,bir?4--,! natural cause ( pregnancy is und]/ood by ! ,t+uian1 b c\pl$ ) ?is k is a belief 9 its close relation%ip to ! _s _w4 ,sup]natural conception & unnatural bir?s are frequ5tly m5tion$ 9 ! traditions1 & are accept$ z true by ! mass ( p2 :ile ! possibility ( increas+ ! f]tility ( ! husb& & wife by magical acts1 p]=m$ 9 connection ) ! m>riage c]emony1 is unque/ion$4 ,likewise1 ! wife may be affect$ if %e eats peculi> articles ( food1 #dj & unappeas$ desires = fruits & ! l may result disa/r\sly bo? = ! expectant "m & ! *ild4 #da ,! close relation%ip :i* exi/s betwe5 ! fa!r & ! unborn babe is cle>ly br\ght out by v>i\s facts2 = in/ance1 ! husb& ( a pregnant woman is nev] :ipp$ at a fun]al1 z are ! o!r gue/s1 le/ x result 9 injury to ! *ild4 ,! fact t ^! my?ical happ5+s & magical practices d n agree ) 8 actual k 9 no way di/urbs ! ,t+uian4 ,x is d\btful if he is consci\s ( a conflict2 & %\ld x be br\ght to 8 att5tion1 he w\ld expla9 x by ref]5ce to ! tales ( =m] times1 or to ! activities ( sup]ior be+s4 ,l man 9 civiliz$ society1 he seldom rationalizes ab\t ! well-kn[n facts--religi\s or o!rwise--g5]ally held by 8 gr\p to be true4 ,x is ?\ght t1 :5 a mortal woman conceives1 an anito woman likewise becomes pregnant1 & ! two give bir? at ! same "t4 ,o!rwise1 ! lives ( ! two *ildr5 d n seem to be closely relat$1 ?\gh1 z we %all see lat]1 ! mo!rs foll[ ! same proc$ure = a "t aft] deliv]y 7cf4 p4 #bfh74 ,accord+ to common belief1 sup]natural be+s h become possess$ at times1 ) m5/rual blood or ! aft]bir? :i* "u _! c>e develop$ into human (fspr+1 "s ( :om occupy a prom95t place 9 ! tribal my?ology4 #db ,9 ! tales we are told t a frog became pregnant1 & gave bir? to a *ild aft] hav+ lapp$ up ! spittle ( ,aponitolau1 #dc a maid conceiv$ :5 ! head-b& ( h] lov] re/$ on h] skirt1 #dd :ile ! cu/om>y deliv]y ( *ildr5 dur+ ! my?ical p]iod seems to h be5 f betwe5 ! f+]s ( ! expectant "m4 #de ,anitos &1 9 a few cases1 ! %ades ( ! dead h _h int]c\rse ) ,t+uian wom51 #df b *ildr5 ( su* unions are always born prematurely4 ,z a rule1 a misc>riage is ?\ght to be ! result ( union ) ! inhabitants ( ! _s realm1 ?\gh an expectant woman is (t5 w>n$ n to become angry or sorr[ful le/ h] blood become /rong & ! *ild be born4 ,abortion is said to be practis$ occasionally by unm>ri$ wom52 b su* in/ances are exce$+ly r>e1 z (fspr+ is mu* desir$1 & ! *ance ( mak+ a satisfactory mat* w\ld be 9 no way injur$ by ! possession ( an illegitimate *ild4 #dg ,except = ! di/rict ab\t ,manabo1 x is n cu/om>y to make any (f]+s or to cause any *anges 9 ! daily life ( ! pregnant woman until ! "t ( h] deliv]y is ne> at h&4 ,9 ,manabo a family ga!r+ is held ab\t a mon? be=e ! anticipat$ ev5t1 at :i* "t ! woman eats a small *ick51 :ile h] relatives look on4 ,aft] complet+ ?is meal1 %e places two bundles ( grass1 "s b>k & beads 9 a small basket & ties x beside ! w9d[4 ,! significance ( ! act is n cle> to ! p1 b x is an old cu/om1 & is pleas+ to ! spirits4 ,%ortly be=e ! *ild is expect$1 two or ?ree m$iums are summon$ to ! dwell+4 ,spread+ a mat 9 ! c5t] ( ! room1 !y place on x _! outfits 7cf4 p4 #cjb7 & gifts #dh = all ! spirits :o are apt to att5d ! c]emony4 ,n9e small j>s cov]$ ) al9 leaves are di/ribut$ ab\t ! h\se & y>d2 "o sits on a head-axe plac$ ^u an inv]t$ rice-mort> ne> ! dwell+1 ano!r /&s ne> by 9 a w9n[]1 & is cov]$ ) a bundle ( rice2 f\r g to a corn] ( ! room2 :ile ! balance is plac$ on ei!r side ( ! doorway4 ,^! j>s are lat] us$ to hold ! cook$ rice :i* is (f]$ to ! ,+9laod1 spirits ( ! we/4 ,at ! foot ( ! h\se ladd] a spe> is plant$1 & to x is atta*$ a long n>r[ clo? ( _m colors4 ,la/ ( all1 a b\nd pig is laid j outside ! door ) its head t[>d ! ea/4 ,:5 all is ready1 ! m$iums bid ! m5 to play on ! tong-a-tong 7cf4 p4 #cad72 !n1 squatt+ beside ! pig1 !y /roke its side ) oil$ f+]s1 mean:ile *ant+ appropriate diams 7cf4 p4 #bif74 ,?is done1 !y beg9 to summon spirits into _! bodies1 & f !m le>n :at mu/ be done to insure ! heal? & happ9ess ( ! *ild4 ,lat]1 wat] is p\r$ into ! pig's e>1 t z x %akes out ! wat]1 s may ! evil spirits be ?r[n out ( ! place4 #di ,!n an old man cuts op5 ! body ( ! animal &1 ?ru/+ 9 8 h&1 draws out ! /ill palpitat+ he>t1 :i* he gives to ! m$ium4 ,) ?is %e /rokes ! body ( ! expectant woman1 s t ! bir? may be easy1 & z a protection aga9/ h>m1 & also t\*es ! o!r memb]s ( ! family4 #ej ,%e next directs h] att5tion to ! liv]1 = by its condition x is possible to =etell ! *ild's future 7cf4 p4 #cjg74 ,:ile ! m$ium has be5 busy ) ! imm$iate family1 fri5ds & relatives h be5 prep>+ ! fle% = food1 :i* is n[ s]v$4 ,no "p is res]v$1 except ! boil$ entrails :i* are plac$ 9 a wood5 di% & set among o!r gifts int5d$ = ! sup]ior be+s4 ,foll[+ ! meal1 ! m$iums cont9ue summon+ spirits until late aft]noon :5 ! c]emony kn[n z ,gipas--! divid+--is held4 #ea ,! *ief m$ium1 :o is n[ possess$ by a p[]ful _s1 cov]s h] %\ld] ) a sacr$ blanket1 #eb & 9 company ) ! olde/ male relative ( ! expectant woman goes to ! middle ( ! room1 :]e a b\nd pig lies ) a n>r[ clo? ext5d+ along its body f head to tail4 ,aft] mu* debat+ !y decide on ! exact c5t] ( ! animal1 & !n ) h] left h& ea* seizes a leg4 ,!y lift ! victim f ! floor1 & ) ! head-axes1 :i* !y hold 9 _! free h&s1 !y cut x 9 two4 ,9 ?is way ! mortals pay ! spirits = _! %>e 9 ! *ild1 & h5ce=? !y h no claims to x4 ,! _s & ! old man dr9k basi1 to cem5t _! fri5d%ip2 & ! c]emony is at an end4 ,! small pots & o!r objects us$ z (f]+s are plac$ on ! sacr$ blanket 9 "o corn] ( ! room1 :]e !y rema9 until ! *ild is born1 s t all ! spirits may "k t ,gipas has be5 held4 ,a portion ( ! slaught]$ animals & "s small pres5t are giv5 to ! m$iums1 :o !n dep>t4 ,9 ,san ,juan a clo? is plac$ on ! floor1 & on x are laid betel-nuts1 f\r beads1 & a lead s9k]4 ,^! are divid$ ) ! head-axe 9 ! same mann] z ! pig1 b ! m$ium reta9s = h] own use ! %>e giv5 to ! spirits4 ,9 ! bett] class ( dwell+s1 con/ruct$ ( bo>ds1 !re is g5]ally a small section 9 "o corn]1 :]e ! floor+ is ( bamboo2 & x is "h t ! deliv]y takes place1 b 9 ! ord9>y dwell+s !re is no specifi$ location4 ,! pati5t is 9 a kneel+ or squatt+ position ) h] h&s on a rope or bamboo rod1 :i* is susp5d$ f a raft] ab\t ! height ( h] %\ld]s4 #ec ,%e draws on ?is1 :ile "o or m old wom51 skill$ 9 matt]s p]ta9+ to *ildbir?1 knead & press d[n on ! abdom51 & f9ally remove ! *ild4 ,! naval cord is cut ) a bamboo knife1 #ed & is ti$ ) b>k clo?4 ,%\ld ! deliv]y be h>d1 a pig w be kill$ b5ea? ! h\se1 & its blood & fle% (f]$ to ! spirits1 9 ord] to ga9 _! aid4 ,if ! *ild is app>5tly /ill-born1 ! midwife places a ,*9ese di% close to its e>1 & /rikes aga9/ x sev]al times ) a lead s9k]4 ,if ?is fails to ga9 a response1 ! body is wrapp$ 9 a clo?1 & is soon buri$ b5ea? ! h\se4 ,!re is no belief "h1 z is common 9 _m o!r p>ts ( ! ,philipp9es1 t ! spirits ( unborn or /ill-born *ildr5 =m ! *ief recruits = ! army ( evil spirits4 ,! aft]-bir? is plac$ 9 a small j> toge!r ) bamboo leaves1 s t ! *ild w gr[ l t lu/y plant1 & is !n intru/$ to an old man1 usually a relative4 ,he mu/ ex]cise ! greate/ c>e 9 8 mission1 = %\ld he squ9t1 :ile ! j> is 9 8 possession1 ! *ild w be likewise afflict$4 ,if x is desir$ t ! infant %all become a great hunt]1 ! j> is hung 9 ! jungle2 if he is to be an exp]t swimm] & a successful fi%]man1 x is plac$ 9 ! riv]2 b ill =tune is 9 /ore = ! baby if ! pot is buri$1 = he w always be afraid to climb a tree or to asc5d a m\nta94 ,^! close ties betwe5 ! infant & ! aft]-bir? are easily compreh5d$ by a p :o also believe 9 ! close relation%ip betwe5 a p]son & any object rec5tly h&l$ by him 7cf4 p4 #cje74 ,9 g5]al x is ?\ght t ! aft]-bir? soon disappe>s & no long] influ5ces ! *ild2 yet c]ta9 ( ! folk-tales reflect a firm conviction t a gr\p ( spirits1 kn[n z alan1 sometimes take ! plac5ta1 & trans=m x into a real *ild1 :o is !n m p[]ful ?an ord9>y mortals4 #ee ,imm$iately foll[+ ! bir? ! fa!r con/ructs a %all[ bamboo framework 7baitk571 #ef :i* he fills ) a%es1 & places 9 ! room close to ! "m4 ,on ?is a fire is kept burn+ con/antly = tw5ty-n9e days #eg ,= ?is fire he mu/ c>efully prep>e ea* /ick ( wood1 = %\ld x h r\gh places on x1 ! baby w\ld h lumps on its head4 ,a d\ble explanation is (f]$ = ?is fire2 fir/ly1 to keep ! "m w>m2 secondly1 z a protection aga9/ evil spirits4 ,! idea ( protection is evid5tly ! orig9al & dom9ant "o2 =1 z we %all see1 evil spirits are wont to frequ5t a h\se1 :]e a bir? or dea? has occurr$1 & a fire is always kept burn+ bel[ ! h\se or beside ! ladd] at su* a "t4 #eh ,:5 ! *ild has be5 wa%$1 x is plac$ on an inv]t$ rice-w9n[]1 & an old man or woman gives x ! "n x is to be>4 ,! w9n[] is rais$ a few in*es above ! gr\nd1 & ! woman asks ! *ild its "n1 !n drops x4 ,aga9 %e raises x1 pron\nces ! "n1 & lets x fall4 ,a ?ird "t x is rais$ & dropp$1 ) ! injunction1 ,:5 y\r "m s5ds y1 y g1 or ,y mu/ n be lazy4 ,if x is a boy1 x may be in/ruct$1 ,:5 y\r fa!r s5ds y to pl[1 y g4 ,among ! ,t+uian ( ,ilocos ,norte x is cu/om>y = ! p]son :o is giv+ ! "n to wave a burn+ tor* b5ea? ! w9n[]1 mean:ile say+1 if to a boy1 ,"h is y\r light :5 y g to fight4 ,"h is y\r light :5 y g to o!r t[ns4 ,if ! *ild is a girl1 %e says1 ,"h is y\r light :5 y g to sell ?+s4 ,9 ! ,san ,juan di/rict1 ! fire is made ( p9e /icks2 = ! burn+ p9e gives a bright light1 & ?us makes x cle> to ! spirits t ! *ild is born4 ,! heat & smoke make ! *ild h>d & /urdy4 ,j be=e ! nam+1 ! rice w9n[] is circl$ above ! fire & ! p]son (ficiat+ calls to ! spirits1 say+1 ,come & take ?is *ild1 or ,i %all take x4 ,!n1 z ! infant /ill rema9s alive1 %e proce$s to give x its "n4 #ei ,a ,t+uian *ild is ne>ly always nam$ aft] a dead ance/or2 (t5 x receives two names--"o = a relative 9 ! fa!r's family1 & "o 9 ! "m's4 ,a ?ird "n commemorat+ ! day or "s ev5t1 or p]haps ! "n ( a _s1 is frequ5tly add$4 #fj ,c]ta9 names1 su* z ,abacas 7wor?less71 ,inaknam 7tak5 up71 & ,dolso 7rice-*aff7 are common4 ,if ! infant is ail+1 or if ! family has be5 un=tunate 9 rais+ *ildr51 ! newborn is nam$ 9 ! regul> way1 !n is plac$ on an old rice w9n[]1 & is c>ri$ to a refuse heap & left4 ,evil spirits witness+ ?is w ?9k t ! *ild is dead1 & w pay no m he$ to x4 ,aft] a "t1 a woman f ano!r h\se w pick ! *ild up & c>ry x back to ! dwell+1 :]e x is r5am$4 ,9 su* a case x is probable t ! new "n w recall ! ev5t4 #fa ,if a =m] *ild has di$1 x is possible t ! infant w receive its "n1 b if s1 x w be r5am$ )9 a few days4 ,9 ?is mann]1 respect is %[n bo? = ! deceas$ *ild & ! ance/or = :i* x 0 nam$2 yet ! newborn is n =c$ to be> a title :i* is app>5tly displeas+ to ! spirits4 ,cont9u$ sickness may also result 9 ! giv+ ( a new "n4 #fb ,9 su* a case a small plot ( rice is plant$ z an (f]+ to ! spirits1 :i* h caus$ ! illness4 ,accord+ to ,reyes1 ! *ild to be nam$ is c>ri$ to a tree1 & ! m$ium says1 ,y\r "n is ----2 at ! same "t %e /rikes ! tree ) a knife4 ,if ! tree sweats1 ! "n is satisfactory2 o!rwise1 o!r names are m5tion$ until a favorable sign is obta9$4 #fc ,! writ] f\nd no trace ( su* proc$ure 9 any "p ( ! ,t+uian belt4 ,= a mon? succe$+ ! bir?1 ! "m mu/ foll[ a v /rict set ( rules4 ,ea* day %e is ba!d ) wat] 9 :i* c]ta9 h]bs & leaves1 di/a/eful to evil spirits1 are boil$4 #fd ,beg9n+ ) ! second day & until ! t5? %e mu/ add "o ba? ea* day1 at lea/ "o ( :i* is 9 cold wat]4 ,f ! t5? to ! tw5ty-f\r? day %e takes "o hot & "o cold ba?1 & f !n to ! end ( ! mon? %e cont9ues ! "o hot ba?4 ,until ^! are complet$1 ! family mu/ keep a /rip ( ayabong b>k burn+ b5ea? ! h\se1 9 ord] to protect ! baby f evil spirits4 ,z an additional def5ce1 a m9iature b[ & arr[1 & a bamboo %ield1 ) a leaf atta*$1 z hung above ! infant's head 7,fig4 #d1 ,no4 #a74 ,on ! fif? day ! "m makes a r+ out ( old clo?1 rice /alks1 & a v9e1 & puts x on h] head2 ov] h] %\ld]s is an old blanket1 :ile 9 "o h& %e holds a re$ /aff1 :i* helps h] 9 h] weakness1 & protects h] f evil be+s4 ,%e c>ries a coconut %ell fill$ ) a%es1 a basket & a j>1 & ?us equipp$ %e goes to ! village spr+4 ,arriv+ !re1 %e cleans ! di%es z a sign t h] weakness has pass$1 & t %e c n[ c>e = h]self2 !n %e sets fire to a piece ( b>k1 & leaves x burn+ beside ! wat]1 z a fur!r sign ( h] recov]y4 ,:5 %e returns to ! dwell+1 ! cleans$ di%es & ! /aff are plac$ above ! spot1 :]e %e & ! baby sleep4 ,on ! #bi? day ! fire is ext+ui%$1 & ! bamboo frame is fa/5$ "u ! floor ( ! h\se1 bel[ ! "m's mat1 s t all c see t ! family has foll[$ ! cu/om4 ,z ! frame is c>ri$ out1 ! "m calls to ! anito "m 7cf4 p4 #bfa7 to ?r[ out h] fire4 ,9 ! m\nta9 di/ricts ab\t ,lakub1 a c]emony 9 :i* ! spirits are bes\ght to look to ! *ild's welf>e is held ab\t ! ?ird day aft] ! bir?4 ,! m$iums summon sev]al spirits2 a *ick5 or a pig is kill$1 & its blood mix$ ) rice is (f]$ up4 ,at ! conclusion a small saloko #fe conta9+ an egg is atta*$ to "o end ( ! ro(4 ,9 ,ba-ak ?is is g5]ally a ?ree to six day ev5t att5d$ by all ! fri5ds & relatives ( ! family4 ,"h1 9 place ( ! egg1 a j> conta9+ p9e-/icks is atta*$ to ! ro(1 = ! p9e :i* burns brightly makes x pla9 to ! spirits :at ! p are do+4 ,9 ! light ( ! ext5d$ & r complex proc$ure j relat$1 x is int]e/+ to note t ! ,t+uian woman is "o ( ^? my?ical be+s :om c>eless or un9=m$ writ]s h be5 wont to describe z giv+ bir? to h] *ildr5 )\t bodily discom=t4 ,reyes #ff tells u t %e cuts ! umbilical cord1 aft] :i* %e proce$s to ! ne>e/ brook1 & wa%es ! clo?+ soil$ dur+ ! bir?4 ,l]5a likewise cr$its h] ) deliv]+ h]self )\t aid1 at :atev] spot %e may !n *ance to be2 !n1 )\t fur!r ado or inconv5i5ce1 %e cont9ues h] duties z be=e4 ,if %e happ5s to be ne> to a riv]1 %e ba!s ! *ild2 or1 if wat] is n h&y1 %e cleans x ) grass or leaves1 & !n gives x su* a "n z /one1 roo/]1 or c>abao4 #fg ,?r\gh\t ! great] "p ( ! ,t+uian t]ritory1 no?+ fur!r ( importance takes place = ab\t two ye>s1 provid+ ! *ild progresses normally1 b %\ld x be ail+1 a m$ium w be summon$ to conduct ! ,ibal c]emony4 #fh ,= ?is a pig or roo/] is prep>$ = sacrifice1 b be=e x is kill$1 ! m$ium squats be=e x &1 /rok+ its side ) oil$ f+]s1 %e *ants ! foll[+ diam4 ,^? :o live 9 ! same t[n g to raid1 to take heads4 ,aft] !y arrive1 ^? :o live 9 ! same t[n1 ',we g & dance ) ! heads1' said ! p1 :o live 9 ! same t[n1 'because !y make a celebration1 ^? :o w5t to kill4' ',:5 ! sun goes d[n1 y come to jo9 u1' said ! "m & baby 7to h] husb& :o goes to ! celebration74 ,aft] t ! sun truly w5t d[n2 %e w5t truly to jo9 h] husb&2 aft] t !y 7 n 7!re71 ! "m & ! baby 7i4e41 :5 ! fa!r arriv$ :]e !y _h agre$ to meet1 ! "m & *ild 7 n !re74 ,he saw _! hats ly+ on ! gr\nd4 ,he look$ d[n2 ! "m & ! baby 7 9 7! gr\nd71 :i* gr\nd swall[$ !m4 ',:y 7are7 ! "m & ! baby 9 ! gr\nd8 ,h[ c ,i get !m8' ,:5 he raises ! "m & ! baby1 !y g 7back7 into ! gr\nd4 ,aft] t ,kaboniyan above1 look+ d[n 7said71 ',:at c y d8 ,! spirits ( ,ibal 9 ,daem are ! cause ( _! tr\ble4 ,x is bett] t y g to ! home ( y\r p>5ts-9-law1 & y g & prep>e ! ?+s ne$$ 9 ,ibal1' said ,kaboniyan4 ,!y w5t truly & prep>$2 aft] t !y br\ght 7! ?+s7 to ! gate4 ,aft] t ! "m & *ild came out ( ! gr\nd4 ',aft] ?is :5 !re is a happ5+ l ?is1 ( :i* y ,ipogau are 9 dang]1 y d l ?is 7i4 e41 make ! ,ibal c]emony72 & ,i alone1 ,kaboniyan am ! "o y summon1' said ,kaboniyan4 ,aft] t !y got well because !y came up1 ! "m & ! baby4 ,:5 ! *ant is f9i%$1 ! animal is slaught]$1 & food is prep>$ bo? = gue/s & spirits4 ,foll[+ ! in/ructions ( ,kaboniyan1 ! latt] is plac$ at ! entrance to ! village2 aft] :i* x is possible t ?is p[]ful _s w visit ! ga!r+ 9 ! p]son ( ! m$ium1 & give fur!r in/ructions = ! c>e ( ! infant4 ,9 ! village ( ,lakub ! writ] witness$ a v>iation ( ?is c]emony :i*1 x is said1 is also foll[$ 9 case ! pregnancy is n progress+ favorably4 ,a piece ( banana /alk1 wr\ght into ! =m ( a *ild1 & we>+ a b>k head-b&1 0 plac$ on ! mat beside ! m$ium4 ,%e1 act+ = a _s1 seiz$ ! m9iature %ield & b[ & arr[ :i* hung above ! baby1 & attempt$ to %oot ! figure4 ,imm$iately two old wom5 came to ! rescue ( ! image1 & aft] a %>p tussel compell$ ! _s to desi/4 ,!y !n secur$ ! weapons1 & 9 _! turn tri$ to %oot ! figure1 :i* 0 n[ def5d$ 9 va9 by ! m$ium4 ,x 0 lat] expla9$ t1 9 ! fir/ place1 ! figure repres5t$ ! *ild1 & _h ! _s succe$$ 9 %oot+ x1 ! babe w\ld h di$2 lat]1 x imp]sonat$ ! *ild ( ! _s1 & :5 t be+ saw its own (fspr+ 9 dang]1 x imm$iately dep>t$ f ! village4 ,sev]al o!r spirits !n ent]$ ! body ( ! m$ium1 & aft] receiv+ food & dr9k1 gave fri5dly advice4 ,:5 ! *ild is ab\t two ye>s old1 a c]emony kn[n z ,olog #fi is held4 ,! m$iums :o are summon$ prep>e a _s mat1 #gj & at once beg9 to recite diams ov] ! body ( a b\nd pig4 ,z soon z ! animal is kill$1 its he>t is remov$1 & is rubb$ aga9/ ! brea/ ( ea* memb] ( ! family4 ,! m$ium !n resumes h] place at ! mat1 & soon is possess$ by a _s :o takes *>ge ( ! proce$+s4 ,at 8 sugge/ion1 ! *ild is rubb$ f head to foot ) ! ?read f ! m$ium's outfit1 s t x w n cry any m2 next1 he ord]s t ! inte/9es ( ! pig be clean$1 plac$ on a wood5 di%1 & be c>ri$ to ! gate ( ! t[n4 ,:5 !y arrive at ! designat$ spot1 ! m$iums make a /ove by driv+ ?ree /icks into ! gr\nd1 s z to outl9e a triangle1 & )9 ^! !y burn a bundle ( rice-/raw4 ,beside ! /ove is plac$ a bran*1 ea* leaf ( :i* is pi]c$ ) a *ick5 fea!r4 ,?is complet$1 ! *ild is br\ght up to ! fire1 & is cr[n$ ) ! inte/9es2 :ile "o ( ! m$iums /rikes ! gr\nd vigor\sly ) a split /ick1 #ga to attract ! att5tion ( ! spirits4 ,next1 %e secures a roo/]1 & ) ?is 9 "o h& & a spe> 9 ! o!r1 %e m>*es five times ar\nd ! fire mean:ile recit+ a diam4 ,at ! conclusion ( ?is p]=mance ! f[l is kill$2 & its blood1 mix$ ) rice1 is scatt]$ on ! gr\nd4 ,at ! same "t ! m$ium calls to all ! spirits to come & eat1 to be satisfi$1 & n cause ! *ild to become ill4 ,! fle% & rice cakes are likewise (f]$1 b aft] a few mom5ts h elaps$1 !y are eat5 by all ! p4 ,at ! conclusion ( ! meal1 a wrea? ( v9es is sub/itut$ = ! inte/9es1 :i* are hung beside ! fire4 ,?is concludes ! c]emony2 b1 z ! "m & *ild rea* ! ladd] ( _! home1 ! p above spr9kle !m ) wat]1 mean:ile call+ out eight times1 ,y are 9 a heavy /orm4 ,! significance ( ?is spr9kl+ is n kn[n1 b ! cu/om is widespread1 & is evid5tly v anci5t4 ,9 ! m\nta9 village ( ,likuan1 a man :o we>s a v l>ge hat takes ! *ild to a ne>by saloko4 ,z he returns1 he is spr9kl$ by a m$ium1 :o says1 ,y are wet f ! ra92 9 :at place did y get wet8 ,he replies1 ,yes1 we are wet f ! ra92 we 7 wet 9 ,inakban 7a t[n ( ! spirits72 !n plac+ two small baskets 9 ! saloko1 he c>ries ! *ild into ! dwell+4 ,soon ! fa!r appe>s & goes ab\t inquir+ = 8 wife & *ild2 sudd5ly spy+ ! baskets1 he seizes !m & takes !m into ! h\se1 say+1 ,"h are ! "m & ! *ild4 ,! foll[+ morn+1 ! wom5 place rice cakes & betel-nuts1 ready to *ew1 9 leaves1 & tie !m to a bamboo /alk ) _m bran*es4 ,?is is !n plant$ beside ! spr+1 s t ! *ild w gr[ & be /rong l ! bamboo4 ,! sight ( all ^! good ?+s is also pleas+ to ! spirits1 & !y w ?us be incl9$ to grant to ! *ild _m favors4 ,:5 ! wom5 return to ! h\se1 !y c>ry ) !m a coconut %ell fill$ ) wat]1 & ) ?is !y wa% ! infant's face to keep x f cry+1 & to keep x well4 ,?is done1 !y tie a knot ( banana leaves to ! h\se ladd] z a sign t no p]son may ent] ! dwell+ until aft] its removal ! next day4 #gb ,a c]emony1 n witness$ by ! writ]1 is said to take place :5 evil spirits h p]si/5tly annoy$ ! "m & ! *ild1 :5 ! deliv]y is long ov]due1 or :5 an anito *ild #gc has be5 born to a human "m4 ,! husb& & 8 fri5ds arm !mselves ) long knives or head-axes1 & ent] ! dwell+1 :]e !y kill a roo/]4 ,! blood is mix$ ) rice2 & ?is1 toge!r ) n9e coconut %ells fill$ ) basi1 is plac$ b5ea? ! h\se = ! anitos to eat4 ,:ile ! spirits are busy ) ?is repa/1 ! "m1 wrapp$ 9 a blanket1 is secretly pass$ out a w9d[ & tak5 to ano!r h\se4 ,!n ! m5 beg9 %\t+1 & at ! same "t sla% "r & left aga9/ ! h\se-po/s ) _! weapons4 ,9 ?is way ! evil spirits are n only kept f notic+ ! abs5ce ( ! "m1 b are also driv5 to a di/ance4 ,?is proc$ure is repeat$ "u n9e h\ses1 aft] :i* !y return to ! dwell+ ) ! woman4 ,z soon z !y rea* ! top ( ! ladd]1 an old woman ?r[s d[n a%es to bl9d ! eyes ( ! anitos1 s t !y _c see to come up4 #gd ,%e likewise breaks a numb] ( small j>s1 :i* look l heads1 z a ?reat ( ! treatm5t :i* awaits !m if !y attempt to return to ! h\se4 ,)9 ! dwell+ food & pres5ts are (f]$ to ! good spirits1 & all :o h p>ticipat$ 9 ! anito driv+ are fea/$4 ,next morn+1 a wa%1 said to be p>ticul>ly di/a/eful to ! evil anito1 is prep>$4 ,x consi/s ( wat] 9 :i* are plac$ lemon1 bamboo1 & atis leaves1 a cig> /ub1 & a%es f burn$ rice /raw4 ,! family wa% 9 ?is mixture1 & are !n fully protect$ aga9/ any evil spirits1 :i* may /ill rema9 aft] ! t]rify+ ev5ts ( ! previ\s night4 ,*ildhood4--,:5 outside ! h\se1 small babies are always c>ri$ by _! mo!rs or old] si/]s 7,plate ,,xv74 ,! little "o ei!r sits a/ride its "m's hip or fits aga9/ ! small ( ! back1 & is held 9 place by h] arm or by a blanket :i* passes ov] "o %\ld]4 ,f ?is position ! infant is readily %ift$1 s t x c nurse :5ev] x is hungry4 ,!re are no regul> p]iods = fe$+1 nei!r is !re a def9ite "t = wean+4 ,mo/ *ildr5 cont9ue to nurse until q l>ge1 or until !y are displac$ by newcom]s4 ,h[ev]1 !y are giv5 "s solid food1 su* z rice1 :ile v "y1 & soon !y are all[$ to suck sug>-cane & sweet potatoes4 ,x is also a common ?+ to see a "m take ! pipe f h] m\?1 & place x 9 t ( h] nurs+ infant4 ,!y ?us acquire ! habit ( us+ tobacco at a v e>ly age1 & cont9ue x ?r\gh life1 b app>5tly )\t evil effects4 ,wean+ is accompli%$ by rubb+ ! brea/s ) p[d]$ *ile pepp]s1 or plants ) s\r flavor4 ,a crib or sleep+ basket is made out ( bamboo or rattan1 & ?is is atta*$ to ! c5t] ( a long bamboo pole1 :i* is susp5d$ across "o corn] ( ! room 7,fig4 #a1 ,no4 #b74 ,! pole b5ds ) ea* movem5t ( ! *ild1 & ?us x rocks itself to sleep4 ,ano!r device 9 :i* small *ildr5 are kept is kn[n z galong-galong4 ,?is consi/s ( a bo>d seat atta*$ to a /rip ( split rattan at ea* corn]4 ,slid+ up & d[n on ^! /rips are v]tical & horizontal pieces ( re$ or bamboo1 :i* =m an op5 box-l frame 7,fig4 #a1 ,no4 #a74 ,! re$s are rais$1 ! *ild is put 91 & !n !y are slipp$ back 9 place4 ,?is device is susp5d$ f a raft]1 at su* a height t x c s]ve ei!r z a sw+ or walk]1 z desir$4 ,:5 ! "m goes to ! village spr+ or to ! riv]1 %e c>ries h] baby ) h]1 & inv>iably gives x a ba? 9 ! cold wat]4 ,?is %e applies ) h] h& or a coconut %ell1 & frequ5tly %e ends ! process by dipp+ ! small body into ! wat]4 ,app>5tly1 ! *ildr5 d n enjoy ! ordeal any m ?an ,european y\ng/]s2 b ?is e>ly dislike = ! wat] is soon ov]come1 & !y g to ! /reams to paddle & play1 & quickly become excell5t swimm]s4 ,!y le>n t c]ta9 sluggi% fi% hide b5ea? l>ge rocks2 & (t5times a :ole troop ( nak$ y\ng/]s may be se5 go+ up /ream1 c>efully feel+ "u ! /ones1 & occasionally %\t+ ) glee1 z a slipp]y trophy is drawn out ) ! b>e h&s4 ,!y also ga!r %ell fi% & %rimps1 & _! cat* (t5 adds v>iety to ! family meal4 ,*ildr5 are seldom puni%$ or scold$4 ,all ! family exhibit real affection = ! y\ng/]s1 & f9d "t to devote to !m4 ,a man is nev] too old or too busy to take up & amuse or c>ess ! babies4 ,kiss+ seems to be unkn[n1 b a simil> sign ( affection is giv5 by plac+ ! lips to ! face & draw+ ! brea? 9 sudd5ly4 ,a "m is (t5 he>d s++ to h] babes1 b ! songs are usually improvis$1 & g5]ally consi/ ( a s+le s5t5ce repeat$ ov] & ov]4 ,aside f ! daily ba?1 ! *ild has little to di/urb x dur+ ! fir/ five or six ye>s ( its life4 ,x has no bir?days1 its hair is nev] cut1 unless x be t x is trimm$ ov] ! eyes to =m bangs1 & x we>s clo?+ only on v special occasions4 ,! *ildr5 are by no means innoc5t 9 sexual matt]s2 b absolute famili>ity ) nudity has remov$ all curiosity & false mode/y1 & ! relations betwe5 ! sexes are no fre] ?an 9 civiliz$ communities4 ,:5 g>m5ts are put on1 !y are id5tical ) ^? worn by ! eld]s4 ,at all ages ! p w disc>d _! clo?+ )\t any s5se ( %ame1 :5ev] ! occasion dem&s2 z1 = in/ance1 ! =d+ ( a /ream1 or :5 a numb] ( bo? sexes happ5 to be ba?+ at ! same "t 9 ! village pool4 ,?is does n lead to immode/y or lewdness1 & a p]son :o is c>eless ab\t ! acts1 :i* are n consid]$ prop] 9 ,t+uian society1 is an object ( scorn q z mu* z he w\ld be 9 a m advanc$ community4 ,! fir/ toys g5]ally consi/ ( pigs1 c>abao1 or horses made by /ick+ bamboo legs into a sweet potato or mango4 ,a m elaborate play?+ is an imitation snake made ( %ort bamboo /rips fa/5$ toge!r ) cords at top1 c5t]1 & bottom4 ,:5 ?is is held ne> ! middle by ! ?umb & =ef+]1 x w9ds & curls ab\t z if alive4 ,/ilts ( bamboo1 simil> to ^? us$ 9 ,am]ica1 are sometimes us$ by ! old] *ildr51 b ! m popul> local v>iety is made by fa/5+ cords ?r\gh ! tops ( half coconut %ells4 ,! y\? holds a cord 9 ea* h&1 /&s on ! %ells ) ! l9es pass+ betwe5 ! fir/ two toes1 & !n walks4 ,flat bo>ds ) cords atta*$ become c>abao sl$s1 & 9 ^! imm5se loads ( imag9>y rice are haul$ to ! gran>ies4 ,a simil> device s]ves z a h>r[1 :ile a /ick is conv]t$ into a pl\gh or horse1 z is desir$4 ,imitation c>abao yokes are mu* priz$1 & ! *ildr5 pass _m h\rs s]v+ z draught animals or driv]s4 ,! bull-ro>]1 made by putt+ a ?9 piece ( bamboo on a cord & :irl+ x ab\t ! head1 makes a pleas+ noise1 & is excell5t to use 9 fright5+ /ray horses4 ,bl[-guns1 made out ( bamboo or ! holl[ tubes ( plants1 vie 9 popul>ity ) a pop-gun ( simil> con/ruction4 ,a wad ( leaves is driv5 ?r\gh ) a plung]1 & gives a %>p report1 z x is expell$4 ,tops are among ! priz$ possessions ( ! boys4 ,!y are spun1 or are w\nd ) cord1 & are ?r[n ov]h& at ^? ( o!r play]s1 ) ! int5tion ( splitt+ or m>k+ !m4 ,q z popul>1 ) ! small girls1 are t9y pe/les ) :i* !y indu/ri\sly p\nd rice *aff1 9 imitation ( _! mo!rs4 ,:ile /ill m]e babies1 ! boys beg9 to play ) toy knives made ( wood1 b by ! "t !y are sev5 or eight ye>s ( age1 !y are p]mitt$ to c>ry long bolos1 & be=e pub]ty !y are exp]t ) ! weapons us$ by ! tribe 7,plate ,,xi74 ,9 ! m\nta9 regions 9 p>ticul>1 x is a common occurr5ce = gr\ps ( y\ng/]s1 arm$ ) re$ spe>s & palm-b>k %ields1 to c>ry on mock battles4 ,!y also le>n to make traps & nets1 & (t5times !y return to ! village ) a good cat* ( small birds4 ,full gr[n dogs are seldom fri5dly or consid]$ z pets2 b puppies1 small *ick5s1 p>rakeets1 pigs1 & baby c>abao make excell5t playfell[s1 & suff] accord+ly4 ,f ! day ( its bir?1 ! "y c>abao is tak5 possession ( by ! *ildr51 :o w fondle & tease x1 ride on its back1 or slide (f ov] its head or tail4 ,soon !y ga9 confid5ce1 & f9d simil> amusem5ts ) ! full gr[n animals4 ,^! huge bea/s are (t5 surly or vici\s1 especially ar\nd :ite m51 b !y recognize _! ma/]s 9 ! little br[n folk1 & submit meekly to _! antics4 ,9 fact1 ! great] "p ( ! c>e ( ^! animals is entru/$ to "y boys4 ,:5 n engag$ 9 "s ( ! amusem5ts already m5tion$1 x is probable t ! y\ng/] is "o ( ! gr\p ( nak$ little savages1 :i* races ?r\gh ! village on ! way to ! swimm+ hole1 or climbs tall trees f ! top ( :i* sleep+ pigs c be easily bomb>d$4 ,%\ld ! *ildr5 be s =tunate z to possess a t9 c1 secur$ f "s visit+ travell]1 !y quickly conv]t x into a drum or gansa1 & =?) />t a celebration4 ,all c dance & s+1 play on nose flutes1 bamboo guit>s1 or ,jew's h>ps4 ,9 addition to songs ( _! own composition1 !re are o!r songs1 :i* are he>d :5ev] ! *ildr5 are at play4 ,!y make a sw+ by ty+ ropes to a c>abao yoke1 & atta* x to a limb2 !n1 z !y sw+1 !y s+3 ,pull sw+4 ,my sw+ is a snake4 ,d n wri! l a snake4 ,my sw+ is a big snake4 ,d n turn & twi/4 ,my sw+ is a liz>d4 ,d n tremble or %ake4 ,:5 a gr\p ga!rs "u a h\se to pop corn 9 ! burn+ rice *aff1 !y *ant3 ,pop1 pop1 become l ! privates ( a woman4 ,make a noise1 make a noise1 l ! clay j>4 ,pop1 pop1 l ! coconut %ell di%4 ,sagai1 sagai1 #ge make a noise l ! big j>4 ,:5 ! smoke bl[s t[>d a "p ( ! *ildr51 ! o!rs s+ ov] & ov]3 ,deep wat] "h2 high l& !re4 ,a favorite game is play$ by a numb] ( *ildr54 ,"p /& on ! edge ( a bank1 "p bel[4 ,^? above s+1 ,jump d[n1 :]e ! big /one is1 ! big /one :i* swall[s p4 ,big /one1 :i* swall[s p1 :]e are y8 ,to ?is ! *ildr5 bel[ reply1 ,i am "h4 ,i am ! big rock :i* swall[s m54 ,come d[n "h4 ,z ^? on ! bank jump d[n1 !y are pil$ ^u1 & a free-=-all tussel ensues4 ,9 ! mid/ ( ?is1 "o ( ! play]s sudd5ly s+s out1 ,i am a de] 9--1 ,i am v fat4 ,) ?is he />ts (f on a run1 & ! re/ ( ! p>ty1 n[ sudd5ly trans=m$ into dogs1 take up ! *ase1 yelp+ & b>k+4 ,:5 ! de] becomes tir$1 he makes = ! wat]1 :]e he is consid]$ safe2 b if he is caught1 he is roll$ & bitt5 by ! dogs4 ,ano!r game play$ by bo? boys & girls is kn[n z maysansani1 & is mu* l hide-&-g-seek4 ,"o boy holds out an op5 h&1 & ! o!rs lay _! f+]s 9 8 palm1 :ile ! lead] c\nts1 maysansani1 duan-nani1 mataltali1 #gf ocop4 ,z ocop 7f\r or ready7 is pron\nc$1 ! boy quickly closes 8 h& 9 ord] to cat* a f+]4 ,if he succe$s1 ! prison] puts 8 h&s ov] 8 eyes1 & ! lead] holds him1 :ile ! o!rs run & hide4 ,:5 all are ready1 he is releas$1 & !n mu/ f9d all ! play]s2 or he is beat5 on ! =e>m ) ! fir/ & second f+]s ( all ! p>ticipants1 or !y may pick him up by 8 head & feet1 & :irl him ab\t4 ,l ,european *ildr51 !y h a set ( small say+s or acts = use on appropriate occasions4 ,a y\ng/] may come up to ano!r :o is eat+ a lusci\s mango2 :5 reque/$ = a bite1 he is apt to draw d[n ! l[] lid ( 8 eye & coolly answ]1 ,i w make a s\nd l swall[+ = y1 & !n g on ) ! fea/4 ,he may ev5 hold out ! tempt+ fruit1 z if to comply ) ! reque/1 !n sudd5ly j]k x back & %\t kilat4 #gg ,?is is (t5 ! signal = a scuffle4 ,z ! *ildr5 gr[ old]1 !y beg9 m & m to take _! place 9 ! village life4 ,! little girl becomes ! *ief gu>dian ( a new arrival 9 ! family2 & ) ! little "o /rapp$ on h] back1 %e romps & plays1 :ile ! baby enjoys x all or sleeps s]5ely 7,plate ,,xii74 ,! boy also assi/s 8 fa!r & "m 9 ! fields1 b /ill he f9ds "s "t = games ( a m def9ite "* ?an ^? j describ$4 ,probably ! mo/ popul> ( ^! is kn[n z agbita or lipi4 ,?is is play$ ) ! l>ge disk-%ap$ se$s ( ! lipi plant 7,ilocano lipai74 ,ea* play] puts two disks 9 l9e1 !n all g to a di/ance & %oot t[>d !m4 ,! %oot] is held betwe5 ! ?umb & fir/ f+] ( ! left h&1 & is propell$ =w>d by ! index f+] ( ! "r4 ,! "o ^: se$ goes ! f>!/ gets fir/ %ot1 & ! o!rs foll[ 9 ord]4 ,all se$s knock$ d[n belong to ! play]1 & if any are /ill 9 l9e aft] ea* has _h 8 turn1 ! lead] %oots aga94 ,:5 ea* boy has _h two %ots1 or :5 all ! disks are d[n1 a new l9e is made2 & he ^: se$ lies at ! greate/ di/ance %oots fir/4 ,ano!r common game is patpat+lad1 :i* has c]ta9 resemblances to cricket4 ,a small cyl9d]-%ap$ missel1 call$ papa-anak 7little duck71 ab\t f\r in*es long1 is set 9 a %all[ groove1 s t "o end /&s free2 x is !n /ruck & batt$ ) a bamboo /ock--papa-ina 7"m duck74 ,! lad :o has driv5 8 missel ! f>!/ is ! w9n]1 & h5ce has ! privilege ( batt+ away ! papa-anak ( ! o!r play]s1 s t !y w h to *ase !m4 ,if he likes1 he may take hold ( ! feet ( a loos] & compel him to walk on 8 h&s to secure ?is missel4 ,a los] is sometimes tak5 by ! head & feet1 & is swung 9 a circle1 ,a game frequ5tly se5 9 ! l[l& valleys is also common to ! ,ilocano *ildr51 :o call x ,san ,p$ro4 ,l9es are drawn on ! gr\nd to enclose a space ab\t ?irty feet squ>e 7see diagram ,fig4 #b74 ,! boys at d try to run betwe5 ! l9es1 & at ! same "t evade ! gu>ds a1 b1 & c4 ,gu>d a c run along l9e #a1 or #d z f> z #b4 ,gu>d b mu/ /ay on l9e #b2 & c mu/ keep on #c4 ,:5 ! runn]s are captur$1 !y become ! gu>ds4 ,f ! prec$+ p>agraphs x may be surmiz$ t ! y\? is q untra9$ & untaught4 ,x is true t he sp5ds no "t 9 a class-room2 he passes ?r\gh no initiation at ! "t ( pub]ty1 nei!r are !re c]emonies or obs]vances ( any k9d :i* reveal to him ! secret k ( ! tribe1 yet he quickly le>ns 8 place 9 society1 & at an e>ly age beg9s to absorb its cu/oms & beliefs4 ,he sits ab\t ! village fires 9 ! ev5+s1 & li/5s to ! tales ( long ago1 or he>s ! eld]s discuss ! problems ( _! daily life4 ,dur+ ! hot midday h\rs1 he l\nges 9 ! field-h\ses1 :ile 8 p>5ts relate ! fate ( lazy *ildr52 or tell ( puni%m5ts s5t by ! spirits on ^? :o fail to foll[ ! cu/oms ( ! ance/ors1 or give he$ to ! om5s4 ,he att5ds ! c]emonies1 :]e he n only le>ns ! details ( ^! important ev5ts1 b ) 8 own eyes sees ! bodies ( ! m$iums possess$ by sup]ior be+s1 & ?us ! close relation%ip ( ! _s _w to 8 p is =cibly br\ght to 8 notice4 ,he is nev] deb>r$ f ! dances or o!r activities2 9 fact1 he is enc\rag$ to take "p 9 !m or to imitate 8 eld]s4 ,soon cu/om ga!rs him into its net1 & unless he is ! exceptional individual1 or comes 9 intimate contact ) outsid]s1 he nev] escapes4 ,x has already be5 se5 t he beg9s v e>ly to take an active "p 9 ! village life1 b x is _m ye>s be=e he assumes a position ( importance 9 ! gr\p4 ,x is only :5 age & exp]i5ce h ga9$ = him ! respect ( 8 fell[s t he beg9s to h a voice 9 ! m weighty affairs ( ,t+uian life4 ,engagem5t & ,m>riage4--,s9ce !re are no clans or o!r gr\p+s to limit ! numb] ( families 9 :i* unions may be contract$1 ! only imp$im5ts are =m] m>riage ties or blood relation%ip4 ,c\s9s may n m>ry1 nei!r is a man all[$ to w$ 8 /ep-si/]1 8 wife's si/]1 or h] "m4 ,engagem5t takes place :ile ! *ildr5 are v "y1 sometimes :ile !y are /ill babes-9-arms2 b usually ! contract is made :5 !y are six or eight ye>s ( age4 ,! boy's p>5ts take ! initiative1 & hav+ select$ a suitable girl1 !y broa* ! subject to h] family4 ,?is is n done directly1 b ?r\gh an int]m$i>y1 g5]ally a relative1 :o c talk mu* & well4 ,he c>ries ) him ?ree beads--"o r$1 "o yell[1 & "o agate1 #gh :i* he (f]s z an evid5ce ( affection1 & !n proce$s to relate ! _m desirable qualities ( ! groom & 8 family1 z well z ! advantages to be ga9$ by ! union4 ,if ! suit is favor$1 ! beads are atta*$ to ! girl's wri/ z a sign ( h] engagem5t1 & a day is set = ! pakalon #gi or price fix+4 ,on ! appo9t$ day1 fri5ds & relatives ga!r at ! girl's home &1 aft] sev]al h\rs ( fea/+ & dr9k+1 settle d[n to ! real bus9ess on h&4 ,a l>ge pig is slaught]$1 & its liv] is c>efully exam9$2 =1 %\ld ! om5s be unfavorable1 x w\ld be useless to cont9ue ! negotiations fur!r at t "t 7cf4 p4 #cjg74 ,if ! signs are good1 ! happy cr[d =ms a circle1 & !n beg9s a long & noisy discussion ( ! price :i* ! girl %\ld br+4 ,!oretically1 ! paym5t is made 9 horses1 c>abao1 j>s1 blankets1 & rice1 b z ea* article is consid]$ z hav+ a value ( five pesos 7#b4ej71 ! money is frequ5tly sub/itut$1 especially by p 9 poor circum/ances4 ,a portion ( ! agre$ price is paid at once1 & is di/ribut$ betwe5 ! girl's p>5ts & h] relatives1 :o ?us become vitally int]e/$ 9 ! successful t]m9ation ( ! mat*2 = %\ld x fail ( consummation1 !y mu/ return ! gifts receiv$4 ,! balance ( ! paym5t is (t5 delay$ = a consid]able "t1 & x n infrequ5tly happ5s t !re is /ill a balance due :5 ! man dies4 ,9 su* a case no division ( 8 prop]ty c be made until ! m>riage agreem5t is settl$ 9 full4 ,! completion ( ! li/ is ! signal = great rejoic+2 liquor circulates freely1 ! m5 s+ dal5g 7cf4 p4 #ddj71 & tadek 7cf4 p4 #ddj7 is danc$ f> into ! night4 ,9 ! y>d :]e ! danc+ takes place1 ?ree inv]t$ rice-mort>s are plac$ "o above ! o!r1 to s]ve z a table = ! spirits :o always att5d4 ,a di% ( liquor is plac$ on x1 :ile at its side is a spe> decorat$ ) a man's belt4 ,^! engagem5t-p>ties are ! great social affairs ( ! ye>1 & fri5ds w j\rney long di/ances to be pres5t1 b ! betro!d c\ple is seldom 9 evid5ce1 & 9 _m in/ances ! groom is abs5t4 ,foll[+ _! engagem5t ! *ildr5 live ) _! p>5ts until su* a "t z !y are consid]$ old en\gh to ma9ta9 _! own home4 ,if ! lad comes f a well-to-d family1 x is probable t ! f9al c]emony w take place be=e ei!r ( ! c\ple rea*es pub]ty2 b1 if ! groom mu/ e>n a liv+1 ! m>riage may be delay$ until he is eighte5 or n9ete5 ye>s old 7,plate ,,xiii74 ,:5 ! "t = ! fulfillm5t ( ! agreem5t arrives1 ! boy goes1 9 company1 at night to ! girl's h\se4 ,he has a headaxe hang+ f 8 belt1 b he is ! only "o s arm$4 ,an e>li] writ] #hj has describ$ a feign$ attack on ! h\se ( ! bride z a "p ( ! m>riage c]emony1 b ! pres5t writ] did n witness any?+ ( ! sort1 nor c\ld he le>n ( any su* action4 ,! groom c>ries ) him a small "p ( ! m>riage paym5t & a valuable j>2 ^! he pres5ts to 8 p>5ts-9-law1 & f t "t on he may nev] call !m or _! ne> relatives by "n4 ,%\ld he d s1 he w h boils & ! fir/ *ild w be insane4 ,! bride's p h provid$ a coconut %ell fill$ ) wat] & a wood5 di% #ha conta9+ cook$ rice4 ,^! are plac$ betwe5 ! c\ple1 z !y sit 9 ! c5t] ( ! room 7,plate ,,xiv74 ,! boy's "m drops two beads into ! %ell cup1 & bids !m dr9k2 =1 z ! two beads always g toge!r at ! bottom1 s y w g toge!r & w n "p4 ,! cool wat] w keep y f becom+ angry4 ,great c>e mu/ be ex]cis$ 9 h&l+ ! cup2 = %\ld ! cont5ts be %ak5 ! c\ple w become dizzy1 & 9 old age _! heads & h&s w %ake4 ,aft] !y h drunk1 ea* takes a h&ful ( rice1 & squeezes x into a ball4 ,! girl drops h]s ?r\gh ! slits 9 ! bamboo floor z an (f]+ to ! spirits1 b ! boy tosses 8 into ! air4 ,if x breaks or rolls1 x is a bad sign1 & ! c\ple is apt to "p1 or _! *ildr5 die4 ,9 su* a circum/ance1 ! m>riage is usually def]r$1 & tri$ aga9 at a lat] date2 b repeat$ scatt]+ ( ! rice g5]ally results 9 ! annull+ ( ! agreem5t4 #hb ,%\ld any?+ 9 ! dwell+ fall or be brok5 dur+ ! c]emony1 x is halt$ at once2 to proce$ fur!r t night w\ld be to c\rt mis=tune4 ,h[ev]1 x may be und]tak5 aga9 a few days lat]4 ,! gue/s dep>t imm$iately aft] ! rice c]emony4 ,no food or dr9k is (f]$ to !m1 nor is !re any k9d ( celebration4 #hc ,t night ! c\ple sleep ) a pill[ betwe5 !m1 #hd & "u ! groom's pill[ is a head-axe4 ,e>ly 9 ! morn+1 ! girl's "m or "s o!r eld]ly female ( h] family awak5s !m1 & leads ! way to ! village spr+4 ,arriv+ !re1 %e p\rs wat] 9 a coconut %ell1 :i* conta9s a cig> f :i* ! c\ple h drawn smoke2 #he %e adds leaves ( bamboo & agiwas1 & wa%es _! faces ) ! liquid1 to %[ t !y n[ h all 9 common2 t ! tobacco may keep !m & _! *ildr5 f becom+ insane2 t ! agiwas w keep !m 9 heal?2 & ! bamboo w make !m /rong & insure _m *ildr51 ! same z x has _m spr\ts4 ,on _! way home1 ! boy cuts a dangla %rub 7,vitex negundo ,l47 ) 8 head-axe1 & lat] atta*es x to ! door ( _! home1 s t !y may h _m *ildr54 ,?r\gh\t t day ! doors & w9d[s are kept tightly clos$2 = %\ld ! "y p see birds or *ick5s hav+ int]c\rse1 !y are apt to become insane1 & _! fir/ born h sore or cross$ eyes4 ,! next morn+ is kn[n z sipsipot 7! wat*+74 ,accompani$ by ! girl's p>5ts1 ! c\ple goes to ! fa!r's fields4 ,on ! way !y c>efully obs]ve any signs :i* animals1 birds1 or nature1 may give !m4 ,:5 !y rea* ! fields1 ! boy %[s 8 respect = 8 eld]s by cutt+ ! grass along ! bord]s ) 8 head-axe4 ,?is s]vice also c\nt]acts any bad sign :i* !y may h receiv$ t morn+4 ,he next takes a little ( ! soil on 8 axe1 & bo? he & 8 bride ta/e ( x1 s t ! gr\nd w yield good h>ve/s = !m1 & !y w become ri*4 #hf ,n[adays ! c\ple goes to ! home1 prep>$ by ! groom & 8 p>5ts1 z soon z x is ready1 b ! tales indicate #hg t 9 =m] times !y liv$ = a "t ) ! boy's p>5ts4 ,!y are accompani$ by ! groom's "m1 & g v e>ly 9 ! morn+1 z !y are !n less apt to receive bad signs f ! birds4 ,! girl c>ries h] sleep+ mat & two pill[s2 b be=e %e has deposit$ ^! 9 h] new dwell+1 %e seats h]self on ! bamboo floor ) h] legs /ret*$ out 9 front4 ,x !n becomes necess>y = ! groom to pres5t h] ) a /r+ ( agate beads equal 9 l5g? to ! comb9$ wid? ( ! bamboo slats :i* %e cov]s4 ,be=e %e c eat ( h] husb&'s rice1 he mu/ give h] a /r+ ( beads1 or %e w become ill2 %e may n op5 8 gran>y until a l pres5t has be5 giv51 or ! resid5t _s w make h] bl9d2 nei!r may %e take food f ! pots or wat] f ! j>s1 until o!r beads h be5 pres5t$ to h]4 ,if ! girl comes f ano!r village1 x is cu/om>y to make a paym5t to h] p>5ts = ea* /ream cross$ on ! j\rney to ! new home2 ano!r is dem&$ be=e %e goes up ! h\se ladd]1 & /ill o!rs :5 %e ent]s ! h\se1 & h] belong+s are br\ght 94 #hh ,a common occurr5ce 9 ,ba-ak & ! ,san ,juan di/rict is = ! p>5ts ( ! girl to spread r[s ( baskets1 ,*9ese plates or j>s on ! floor & to (f] !m to ! groom4 ,be=e he c accept !m1 he mu/ make a return gift ( money1 beads1 & ! l = ea* "o4 ,x is expla9$ by ! eld]s t1 :5 ! "y p see all ! gifts spread out on ! floor1 !y w appreciate ! exp5se involv$1 & w be less likely to sep>ate4 ,if at any "t ! relatives ( ! girl h reason to d\bt ! husb&'s affection1 !y g to 8 home1 & hold a ga!r+ kn[n z nagkakalo-nan4 ,!y place a pig1 a j>1 & a numb] ( baskets on ! floor2 & ! husb& is oblig$ to ex*ange money & o!r gifts = !m1 if he desires to conv9ce ! p ( 8 cont9u$ love4 ,aft] ! pig has be5 s]v$ z food1 ! old m5 delib]ate2 & %\ld !y decide t ! relatives h err$1 !y assess ! :ole co/ ( ! ga!r+ to ! pla9tiffs1 & return ! gifts4 ,if ! *>ge is su/a9$1 ! relatives recov] ! price ( ! pig1 & reta9 ! articles receiv$ 9 ex*ange = ! baskets & di%es4 ,divorce is n uncommon1 & is effect$ by a c\ncil simil> to t j describ$4 ,an attempt to reconcile ! c\ple is made1 b if t fails1 ! old m5 decide :o is at fault1 & assess ! exp5ses ( ! ga!r+ to t "o4 ,if blame atta*es to ! husb&1 he mu/ complete any "p ( ! m>riage price /ill due2 b if ! woman is guilty1 h] p>5ts & relatives mu/ return ! gifts di/ribut$ at ! "t ( ! engagem5t4 ,! *ief causes = divorce are cruelty or laz9ess on ! "p ( ! man1 or unfai?fulness ( ! woman4 ,small *ildr5 are g5]ally left ) ! "m1 b :5 !y are old en\gh to decide1 !y may *oose betwe5 _! p>5ts4 ,h[ev]1 ! fa!r mu/ aid 9 ! support ( 8 (fspr+1 & !y %>e 9 8 prop]ty :5 he dies4 ,ei!r p>ty to a divorce may rem>ry at any "t4 ,! ,t+uian recognize only "o wife1 b a man may h z _m concub9es 7pota71 z he c secure4 ,! pota lives 9 a h\se ( h] own1 b %e is held some:at 9 contempt by ! o!r woman1 & is seldom se5 9 ! social ga!r+s or 9 o!r homes4 ,h] *ildr5 belong to ! fa!r1 & %e has no "r ( appeal to ! old m51 except 9 cases ( cruelty4 ,m5 ) concub9es d n suff] 9 ! e/imation ( _! fell[s1 b are consid]$ clev] to h won two or ?ree wom54 ,! pota is g5]ally fai?ful to "o man1 & pro/itution is almo/ unkn[n4 ,unfai?fulness on ! "p ( a betro!d girl1 or wife1 or ev5 a pota is almo/ c]ta9 to cause s]i\s tr\ble1 & is likely to end 9 a murd]4 ,! e>ly pl$g+ & m>riage ( ! *ildr5 has r$uc$ illicit sexual int]c\rse to a m9imum2 nev]!less1 x sometimes happ5s t an unbetro!d girl1 n a pota1 is f\nd to be pregnant4 ,9 su* a case ! man is expect$ to make a gift ( ab\t "o hundr$ pesos to ! girl's p1 & he mu/ support ! *ild :5 f9ally x comes into 8 keep+4 ,nei!r p>ty to su* an occurr5ce loses /&+ 9 ! community unless ! fa!r %\ld fail to r$eem ! *ild4 ,%\ld ?is happ51 he w\ld be a subject ( ridicule 9 ! community1 & a f9e might also result4 ,! usual outcome ( su* an illicit union is t ! girl becomes ! pota ( h] *ild's fa!r4 ,dea? & ,burial4--,sickness & dea? are usually caus$ by unfri5dly spirits2 #hi sometimes ,kadaklan himself ?us puni%es ^? :o refuse to obey ! cu/oms2 sometimes !y are br\ght ab\t by mortals :o practise magic1 or by individuals !mselves z puni%m5t = violat$ taboos2 & f9ally viol5t dea? is recogniz$ z com+ f human ag5cy4 ,! me?ods ( cajol+ ! spirits1 ( ov]com+ magic1 & ?w>t+ evil designs are discuss$ 9 ano!r *apt] 7cf4 pp4 #bie et seq474 ,if all ^! fail1 & ! pati5t dies1 ! family & relatives at once don old g>m5ts1 & ent] on a p]iod ( m\rn+1 :ile fri5ds & relatives assi/ 9 ! disposal ( ! corpse4 ,a fun]al is a great ev5t 9 a ,t+uian village4 ,! dead is ba!d1 s t 8 _s #ij may be clean1 & is plac$ 9 a bamboo seat at ! end ( ! h\se4 ,?is seat1 :i* is kn[n z sangadel1 is con/ruct$ by plac+ ?ree long bamboo poles aga9/ ! wall & re/+ a frame ( bamboo slats on !m1 to a height ( ab\t ?ree feet4 ,a mat is atta*$ to ! top1 & is /ret*$ onto ! floor 9 front4 ,! corpse is dress$ 9 its be/ g>m5ts1 beads & silv] wire surr\nd its neck1 :ile above & ab\t x are _m valuable blankets1 belts1 cl\ts1 wov5 skirts1 & ! l1 :i* ! _s is to take ) him to ! ance/ors 9 ,maglawa1 8 future home4 ,a live *ick5 is plac$ beh9d ! *air z an (f]+1 b foll[+ ! fun]al x becomes ! prop]ty ( ! fri5d1 :o removes ! poles f ! h\se4 ,! fle% ( a small pig is also (f]$ to ! spirits1 :ile ! inte/9es are hung j outside ! door1 until ! body is buri$4 ,9 ! y>d at ! nor?-ea/ corn] ( ! h\se /&s an inv]t$ rice-mort> on :i* is a di% ( basi1--an (f]+ to ! _s ,al-lot1 :o 9 return prev5ts ! p f becom+ angry4 ,! ne$s ( ! _s ( ! deceas$ are look$ aft] by ! memb]s ( ! family4 ,x is _! duty to place two small j>s ( liquor ne> to ! corpse & to br+ food to x1 :5 ! o!rs are eat+4 ,up to ?is po9t only ^? spirits :o att5d ! c]emony ) fri5dly int5t h be5 provid$ =1 b ! ,t+uian realize t !re are o!rs :o mu/ be kept at a di/ance or at lea/ be compell$ to leave ! body unh>m$4 ,! fir/ ( ^! evil be+s to be gu>d$ aga9/ is ,kadongayan1 #ia :o 9 =m] times us$ to att5d ea* fun]al & amuse himself by slit+ ! m\? ( ! corpse1 s t x ext5d$ f e> to e>4 ,?r\gh ! fri5dly in/ruction ( ,kaboniyan x 0 le>n$ t1 if a live *ick51 ) its m\? split d[n to its ?roat1 7 fa/5$ to ! door ( ! h\se1 its suff]+ w\ld be notic$ by ! evil _s1 :o1 fe>+ simil> treatm5t1 w\ld n attempt to ent] ! dwell+4 #ib ,! _s ,ibwa is also mu* fe>$4 #ic ,long ago he us$ to m+le ) ! p 9 human =m1 )\t h>m+ !m1 b ! ?\ghtless act ( a m\rn] />t$ him on ! evil c\rse he has s9ce pursu$4 ,9 ^? times1 x is said1 ! corpse 0 kept 9 ! dwell+ sev5 days2 &1 z ! body decompos$1 ! liquid :i* came f x 0 caught 9 di%es1 & 0 plac$ 9 ! grave4 ,on ! occasion ref]r$ to1 he 0 h&$ a cup ( ! l>d to dr9k4 ,he imm$iately acquir$ a great lik+ = ?is disgu/+ di%1 & frequ5tly ev5 dev\r$ ! body z well4 ,s9ce he fe>s iron1 x is possible to drive him away by us+ metal weapons4 ,x is also necess>y to gu>d ! grave aga9/ him & ! _s ,selday1 :o dem&s blood or ! corpse4 ,akop is ano!r evil _s1 :o has a head1 long slimy arms & legs1 b no body4 ,he is always ne> ! place ( dea?1 await+ an opportunity to embrace ! sp\se ( ! deceas$1 & once let ! liv+ feel 8 cold embrace1 dea? is sure to foll[4 ,s a b>ricade ( pill[s is erect$ at "o corn] ( ! room1 & beh9d ?is ! wife is compell$ to rema9 dur+ ! ?ree days ! body is kept 9 ! h\se1 :ile ?r\gh\t ! night %e sleeps "u a fi% net1 9 ! me%es ( :i* ! long f+]s ( ! _s are sure to become entangl$4 ,mean:ile1 two or ?ree old wom5 sit ne> ! corpse fann+ x & wail+ cont9ually1 at ! same "t keep+ close wat* to prev5t ! spirits f approa*+ ! body or ! wid[ 7,plate ,,xvi74 ,f "t to "t ! wife may creep ov] to ! corpse1 & wail+ & c>ess+ x beg ! _s n to dep>t4 #id ,accord+ to cu/om1 %e has already tak5 (f h] beads1 has put on old g>m5ts & a b>k head-b&1 & has plac$ ov] h] head a l>ge :ite blanket1 :i* %e we>s until aft] ! burial4 #ie ,likewise all ! relatives don old g>m5ts1 & are b>r$ f all "w4 ,! imm$iate family is "u /ill /rict] rules4 ,corn is _! only food2 !y may n t\* any?+ bloody1 nei!r c !y sw+ _! arms z !y walk4 ,!y are prohibit$ f m\nt+ a horse1 & "u no circum/ances are !y all[$ to leave ! village or jo9 9 m]ry-mak+4 ,failure to obey ^! rules is foll[$ by swift puni%m5t1 g5]ally met$ out by ! _s ( ! dead4 #if ,except = ! wife1 ^! re/rictions are rais$ aft] ! blood & oil c]emony 7describ$ 9 a lat] p>agraph71 b ! wid[ cont9ues 9 m\rn+ until ! ,layog is celebrat$1 at ! end ( a ye>4 ,accord+ to _m in=mants among ! old] m51 x 0 =m]ly necess>y1 foll[+ ! dea? ( an adult1 = ! m5 to put on :ite head-b&s & g out on a head-hunt4 ,until _! return x 0 impossible to hold ! c]emony :i* releas$ ! relatives f ! taboo4 #ig ,dur+ ! fir/ two days t ! body is 9 ! h\se1 ! fri5ds & relatives ga!r to d honor to ! dead & to p>take ( ! food & dr9k1 :i* are always freely giv5 at su* a "t2 b !re is nei!r music1 s++1 or danc+4 #ih ,on ! morn+ ( ! ?ird day1 ! male gue/s assemble 9 ! y>d1 & aft] dr9k+ basi !y select "o ( _! numb] & proce$ to beat him across ! wri/ or ?igh1 ) a light rod 7,plate ,,xvii74 ,two hundr$ bl[s are requir$1 b s9ce ! /ick is split at "o end only1 "o hundr$ /rokes are giv54 ,?is :ipp+ is n sev]e1 b ! repeat$ bl[s are suffici5t to cause ! fle% to swell4 ,z soon z ! fir/ man is beat51 he takes ! rod & !n proce$s to apply "o hundr$ & fifty /rokes #ii to ea* man pres5t1 except+ only ^? ^: wives are pregnant4 ,%\ld "o ( ! latt] be puni%$1 8 wife w\ld suff] a misc>riage4 ,! av[$ purpose ( ?is :ipp+ is to make all ! p feel z sorry z ! relatives ( ! dead man4 ,burial 9 mo/ ( ! valley t[ns is b5ea? ! h\se1 z x is mu* easi] to def5d ! body aga9/ evil spirits1 & ! grave is also protect$ aga9/ ! ra94 ,9 ,manabo & _m m\nta9 villages1 h[ev]1 burial is 9 ! y>d4 ,x is cu/om>y to op5 a grave already occupi$ by sev]al ( ! relatives ( ! deceas$4 ,t[>d noon ( ! la/ day1 "s ( ! m5 beg9 cle>+ away ! bamboo1 :i* protects ! old burial1 & to remove ! dirt4 ,! grave is g5]ally ( "o ( ! =ms indicat$ 9 ,fig4 #c1 & :5 a dep? ( ab\t ?ree feet has be5 rea*$1 ! work]s enc\nt] /one slabs :i* protect a l[] *amb]4 #ajj ,:5 ^! are rea*$1 ! digg]s make an op5+ & ?ru/+ 9 burn+ p9e-/icks1 !y call to ! dead )91 ,y mu/ light y\r pipes ) ^!4 ,z soon z ! slabs are rais$1 ! olde/ female relative ( ! deceas$ goes into ! grave1 ga!rs up ! bones ( ! la/ p]son int]r$1 ties !m into a bundle1 & reburies !m 9 "o corn]4 ,!re is at pres5t no su* type ( burial *amb]1 z is describ$ by ,la ,gironi]e1 #aja nor is !re a memory or tradition ( su* an arrangem5t4 ,z 8 visit took place less ?an a c5tury ago1 x is unlikely t all trace ( x w\ld h be5 lo/4 ,! heavy ra9fall 9 ?is di/rict w\ld make ! con/ruction & ma9t5ance ( su* a *amb] almo/ impossible1 :ile ! dread ( leav+ ! corpses ?us expos$ to ho/ile spirits & ! raids ( enemies 9 se>* ( heads w\ld also argue aga9/ su* a practice4 ,8 description ( ! mummify+ or dry+ ( ! corpse by means ( fires built ar\nd x #ajb is likewise d5i$ by ! old m5 ( ,manabo1 :o insi/ t !y nev] _h su* a cu/om4 ,x c]ta9ly does n exi/ to-day4 ,9 a culture1 9 :i* ! influ5ce ( cu/om is z /rong z x is "h1 x w\ld seem t ! c>e ( ! corpse1 :i* is intimately relat$ to ! condition ( ! _s 9 its f9al abode1 w\ld be "o ( ! la/ ?+s to *ange1 :ile ! proce$+s foll[+ a dea? are to-day s uni=m ?r\gh\t ! ,t+uian belt1 t !y argue = a consid]able antiquity4 ,:5 ! grave is ready1 ! fact is ann\nc$ 9 ! dwell+1 & is ! signal = r5ew$ lam5tation4 ,! wife & ne> relatives ?r[ !mselves on ! corpse1 c>ess+ x & cry+ wildly4 ,:atev] !re may h be5 ( duty or respect 9 ! wail+ ( ! fir/ two days1 ?is p>t+ bur/ ( sorr[ is g5u9e4 ,te>s /& 9 ! eyes ( _m1 :ile o!rs cease _! wail+ & sob convulsively4 ,aft] a "t an old woman br+s 9 "s oldot se$s1 ea* /rung on a ?read1 & fa/5s "o on ! wri/ ( ea* p]son1 z a protection aga9/ ! evil _s ,akop1 :o1 hav+ be5 defeat$ 9 8 designs aga9/ ! wid[1 may seek to v5t 8 ang] on o!rs4 ,:5 ?is has be5 done1 a m$ium seats h]self 9 front ( ! body2 &1 cov]+ h] face ) h] h&s1 beg9s to *ant & wail1 bidd+ ! _s to ent] h] body4 ,sudd5ly %e falls back 9 a fa9t1 :ile suppress$ excitem5t is manife/$ by all ! onlook]s4 ,aft] a mom5t or two1 fire & wat] are plac$ at h] head & feet1 9 ord] to fright5 ! _s away1 & !n ! m$ium gives ! la/ message ( ! dead man to 8 family4 ,?is is1 except = v r>e exceptions1 ! only "t t ! spirits ( ! deceas$ communicate ) mortals2 & x is1 s f> z ! writ] has be5 able to le>n1 ! only occasion :5 ! m$ium repeats messages giv5 to h]4 ,at o!r times %e is possess$ by natural spirits1 #ajc :o !n talk directly ) mortals4 ,z a la/ prep>ation = ! grave1 a small hole is burn$ 9 ea* g>m5t worn by ! dead p]son1 = o!rwise ! _s ,ibwa w envy him 8 clo?+ & attempt to /eal !m4 ,! corpse is !n wrapp$ 9 a mat1 & is c>ri$ f ! h\se4 #ajd ,! be>]s g directly to ! balaua1 #aje & re/ ! body 9 x = a mom5t4 ,unless ?is is done1 ! _s w be poor 9 its future life & unable to build balaua4 ,! body is deposit$ full l5g? 9 ! grave1 ! /one slabs are relaid1 ! *9ks betwe5 !m fill$ 9 ) damp clay1 & ! grave is refill$4 #ajf ,z ! la/ e>? is pu%$ 91 a small pig is kill$1 & its blood is spr9kl$ on ! loose soil4 ,mean:ile ,selday is bes\ght to respect ! grave & leave x unt\*$4 ,! animal is cut up1 & a small piece is giv5 to ea* gue/1 :o w /op on ! way to 8 home1 & place ! meat on ! gr\nd z an (f]+1 mean:ile repeat+ a diam4 ,%\ld he fail to d ?is1 sickness or dea? is c]ta9 to visit 8 home or village4 ,z a fur!r protection aga9/ evily dispos$ spirits1 especially ,ibwa1 an iron pl\gh-po9t is plac$ ov] ! grave1 = mo/ evil spirits fe> iron2 & dur+ ?is night & ! n9e succe$+1 a fire is kept burn+ at ! grave & at ! foot ( ! h\se-ladd]4 #ajg ,t night ! m5 sp5d ab\t an h\r 9 ! h\se ( m\rn+1 s++ sang-sangit1 a song 9 :i* !y praise ! dead man1 enc\rage ! wid[1 & bespeak ! welf>e ( ! family4 ,! wail]s /ill rema9 9 ! dwell+ to protect ! wid[1 & a male relative is detail$ to see t ! fire at ! foot ( ! ladd] is kept burn+ brightly4 ,e>ly ! next morn+1 ! wid[1 closely gu>d$ by ! wail]s1 goes to ! riv]1 ?r[s h] headb& into ! wat]1 & !n goes 9 h]self4 ,z %e s9ks 9 ! wat]1 an old man ?r[s a bundle ( burn+ rice-/raw on h]4 ,! wat] w wa% away "s ( ! sorr[1 & ! fire w make h] ?\ghts cle>4 ,^u h] return to ! village1 ! grave is enclos$ ) a bamboo f5ce1 & above x is hung a %all[ box-l frame1 kn[n z patay1 9 :i* are plac$ ! articles ne$$ by ! _s4 #ajh ,)9 ! h\se ! mat & pill[ ( ! dead are laid ready = use1 & at meal "t food is plac$ beside x4 ,! l5g? ( "t t ! mat is left spread out diff]s some:at betwe5 t[ns & families4 ,9 "s cases x is tak5 up at ! end ( ! p]iod ( taboo1 :ile 9 o!rs x is n roll$ up2 nor are ! w9d[s ( ! h\se op5$ until aft] ! celebration ( ! ,layog c]emony1 a ye> lat]4 ,! taboo is usually /rictly obs]v$ ?r\gh t5 days2 b %\ld !re be "s urg5t reason1 su* z plant+ or reap+1 x may be rais$ some:at e>li]4 ,x is conclud$ by ! blood & oil c]emony4 ,! lakay1 ! o!r old m5 ( ! settlem5t1 & all ! relatives1 ga!r 9 ! h\se ( m\rn+1 :ile ! m$iums prep>e = ! c]emony4 ,!y kill a small pig & collect its blood 9 a di%2 9 ano!r receptacle !y place oil4 ,a bru% has be5 made out ( a v>iety ( leaves1 & ?is ! m$ium dips into ! blood & oil1 !n draws x ov] ! wri/s or ankles ( ea* p]son pres5t1 mean:ile say+1 ,let ! lew-lew 7,fiscus hauili ,blanco7 leaves take ! sickness & dea? to ano!r t[n2 let ! kawayan 7bamboo7 make !m gr[ fa/ & be /rong z x is1 & h _m bran*es2 let ! atilwag 7,breynia acum9ata ,nuell4 ,arg47 turn ! sickness to o!r t[ns4 ,a little oil is rubb$ on ! head ( ea* p]son pres5t2 & all1 except ! wid[1 are !n fre$ f re/rictions4 ,%e mu/ /ill refra9 f we>+ h] beads1 ornam5ts1 or good clo?+2 & %e is b>r$ f tak+ "p 9 any m]ry-mak+ until aft] ! ,layog c]emony4 #aji ,at ! conclusion ( ! ano9t+1 ! old m5 discuss ! disposal ( ! prop]ty & o!r matt]s ( importance 9 connection ) ! dea?4 ,! ,layog4 #aaj--,sev]al mon?s aft] ! burial 7g5]ally aft] ! lapse ( a ye>71 ! fri5ds & relatives are summon$ 9 ! ,layog1--a c]emony held ) ! av[$ int5tion to %[ respect = ! dead & to cause ! family to =get _! sorr[4 ,fri5ds come f ne> & f>2 & rice1 pigs1 c[s or c>abaos are prep>$ = food1 :ile basi fl[s freely4 ,x is said t ! liquor s]v$ at ?is "t is l te>s = ! dead4 ,a m$ium goes to ! gu>dian /ones ( ! village1 & !re (f]s rice mix$ ) blood2 %e oils ! /ones1 places new yell[ headb&s on ea* "o1 & aft] danc+ tadek1 returns to ! ga!r+4 ,(t5 %e is accompani$ by a numb] ( m51 :o %\t on _! return trip to fright5 away evil spirits4 ,ne> ! h\se a *air is made ready = ! deceas$1 & 9 x are plac$ clo?+ & food4 ,9 ! y>d f\r cross$ spe>s =m ! frame-"w on :i* a %ield re/s 7,plate ,,xviii7 #aaa & on ?is are beads1 food1 & g>m5ts--(f]+s = ! spirits2 :ile ne> ! h\se ladd] is ! spirits' table made ( inv]t$ rice mort>s4 ,! duration ( ?is c]emony dep5ds l>gely on ! weal? ( ! family1 = ! relatives mu/ furni% ev]y?+ ne$$ at ?is "t4 ,games are play$1 & !re is mu* dr9k+ & s++2 b be=e ! memb]s ( ! family may take "p1 !y are dress$ 9 good g>m5ts1 & ! blood & oil c]emony is repeat$ on !m4 ,at ! conclusion ( ! danc+1 !y g into ! h\se1 roll up ! mat us$ by ! dead1 op5 ! doors & w9d[s1 & all are aga9 free to d z !y wi%4 ,%\ld !y fail to roll up ! mat at ?is "t1 x mu/ rema9 until ano!r ,layog is held2 & dur+ ! int]val all ! =m] re/rictions are 9 =ce4 #aab ,ab\t tw5ty ye>s ago1 a great numb] ( p 9 ,patok di$ ( *ol]a2 & s9ce !n ! p ( t village h held a ,layog 9 _! honor ea* ,novemb]1 to ! exp5se ( :i* all contribute4 ,z ?is is j be=e ! rice-h>ve/1 a "t :5 all ! p we> _! be/ g>m5ts1 x is cu/om>y = ! old m5 to all[ b]eav$ families to p>ticipate 9 ?is c]emony & !n release !m f m\rn+4 ,beliefs ,conc]n+ ! ,_s ( ! ,dead4--,direct que/ion+ br+s out "s diff]5ces ( op9ion1 9 ! v>i\s di/ricts1 conc]n+ ! _s ( ! dead4 ,9 ,manabo1 a t[n influ5c$ bo? by ! ,igorot ( ! ,upit ,riv] valley & ! ,*ri/ianiz$ ,ilocano ( ,san ,jose1 ! _s is said to g at once to ! great _s ,kadaklan1 & !n to cont9ue on to ! t[n :]e x lives4 ,x is l a p]son1 b is s light t x c be c>ri$ along by ! w9d :5 x bl[s4 #aac ,! p ( ,ba-ay1 a m\nta9 village p>tially made up ( immigrants f ! ea/]n side ( ! ,cordill]a ,c5tral1 claim t ! spirits ( ! dead g to a m\nta9 call$ ,s+et1 :]e !y h a great t[n4 ,"h1 x is also /at$1 ! good are rew>d$ ) f9e h\ses1 :ile ! bad h to be cont5t ) hovels4 ,! g5]al belief1 h[ev]1 is t ! _s 7kalad+7 has a body l t ( ! liv+ p]son1 b is usually invisible1 al?\gh spirits h appe>$1 & h ev5 s\ght to injure liv+ be+s4 ,imm$iately foll[+ dea?1 ! _s /ays ne> to its old home1 ready to take v5geance on any relative1 :o fails to %[ 8 body prop] respect4 ,aft] ! blood & oil c]emony1 he goes to 8 future home1 ,maglawa1 c>ry+ ) him gifts = ! ance/ors1 :i* ! p h plac$ ab\t 8 corpse4 ,9 ,maglawa he f9ds conditions mu* ! same z on e>?2 p are ri* & poor2 !y ne$ h\ses2 !y plant & reap2 & !y conduct c]emonies = ! sup]ior be+s1 j z !y _h done dur+ _! life on e>?4 ,beyond ?is1 ! p d n pret5d to be po/$1 = ,kaboniyan did n tell4 ,) ! exception ( ! p ( ,ba-ay & a few individuals influ5c$ by ,*ri/ianity1 ! ,t+uian has no idea ( rew>d or puni%m5t 9 ! future life1 b he does believe t ! position ( ! _s 9 its new home c be affect$ by ! acts ( ! liv+ 7cf4 p4 #bhi74 ,no trace ( a belief 9 re-inc>nation 0 f\nd 9 any di/rict inhabit$ by ?is tribe4 ,life & ,dea?4--,! =ego+ details conc]n+ bir?1 *ildhood1 sickness1 & dea?1 seem to give u an insight into ! ,t+uian conception ( life & dea?4 ,= him life & dea? d n appe> to be b incid5ts 9 an endless cycle ( bir?1 dea?1 & re-inc>nation ad inf9itum1 su* z pictur$ by ,levy-,bruhl2 #aad yet1 9 _m in/ances1 8 acts & beliefs fit 9 closely ) ! !ory outl9$ by t au?or4 ,9 ?is society1 !re is only a weak l9e ( dem>cation betwe5 ! liv+ & ! dead1 & ! dead = a "t at lea/ p>ticipate m or less 9 ! life ( ! liv+4 ,?is is equally true ( ! unborn *ild1 ^: future condition1 physical & m5tal1 may be l>gely m\ld$ by ! acts ( o!rs4 ,accord+ to ,levy-,bruhl1 ?is w\ld indicate t ! *ild at deliv]y is n fully born1 is n z yet a memb] ( ! gr\p2 & ! succe$+ c]emonies are necess>y to its full p>ticipation 9 life4 ,dea? is likewise ( long duration4 ,foll[+ ! la/ brea?1 ! _s rema9s ne> by until ! magic p[] ( ! fun]al sev]s1 to an ext5t1 8 p>ticipation ) society4 ,! purpose ( ! f9al c]emony is to complete ! rupture betwe5 ! liv+ & ! dead4 ,to ! writ]1 ! facts ( ,t+uian life & beliefs sugge/ a some:at diff]5t explanation4 ,we h se5 h[ /rong individuals may be affect$ by magical practices4 ,! close connection betwe5 an individual1 8 g>m5ts1 or ev5 8 "n1 mu/ be consid]$ to apply ) q z mu* =ce to ! helpless infant & ! aft]bir?4 ,s /rong is ?is bond1 t ev5 un9t5tional acts may injure ! babe4 ,evil spirits are always ne>2 &1 unless great precautions are tak51 !y w injure adults if !y c get !m at a disadvantage1 p>ticul>ly :5 !y are asleep4 ,! *ild is n able to protect itself f ^! be+s2 !re=e ! adults p]=m su* acts1 z !y ?9k w secure ! good w & help ( fri5dly spirits1 :ile !y bribe or buy up ^? :o might o!rwise be ho/ile2 & la/ly !y make use ( su* magical objects & c]emonies1 z w compel ! evil spirits to leave ! infant alone4 ,z ! *ild gr[s 9 size & /r5g?1 he is less 9 ne$ ( protection2 & at an e>ly age he is treat$ l ! o!r y\ng] memb]s ( ! community4 ,nam+ foll[s almo/ imm$iately aft] bir?1 :ile pub]ty & initiation c]emonies are entirely lack+4 ,app>5tly !n1 a *ild is consid]$ z be+ fully alive at bir?1 & at no "t does he und]go any rites or c]emonies :i* make him m a "p ( ! community ?an he 0 on ! fir/ day he saw ! light4 ,:5 dea? occurs1 ! _s rema9s ne> to ! corpse until aft] ! fun]al1 & ev5 !n is close by until ! t5 days ( taboo are ov]4 ,he /ill f9ds ne$ ( n\ri%m5t1 & h5ce food is plac$ ne> to 8 mat4 ,z at bir?1 he is n 9 a position to protect 8 body f ! designs ( evil spirits1 & if 8 relatives fail to give ! corpse prop] c>e1 x is c]ta9 to be mutilat$2 likewise c]ta9 acts ( ! liv+ t[>ds ! corpse c affect ! position ( ! _s 9 ,maglawa4 ,h5ce x is ( supreme importance t ! =m] own] gu>ds aga9/ any possible neglect or injury to ! body1 & x seems plausible t ! pres5ce ( ! _s ne> its old haunts may be = ! purpose ( see+ t its body is c>efully att5d$ to4 ,! folktales tell ( sev]al in/ances1 9 :i* ! spirits took v5geance on relatives :o neglect$ _! bodies1 or violat$ ! p]iod ( taboo4 #aae ,:5 ! dang] p]iod is pa/1 ! _s at once leaves its old home1 & returns aga9 only at ! "t ( ! ,layog4 ,f t "t on1 he cont9ues 8 exi/5ce 9 ! upp] _w1 nei!r tr\bl+1 nor be+ tr\bl$ by mortals on e>?4 #aaf ,ance/or wor%ip does n occur "h1 nor are (f]+s made to ! dead1 o!r ?an ^? describ$ above4 ,,*apt] ,,iv ,,religion ,,& ,,magic ,! ,t+uian has be5 taught by 8 eld]s t he is surr\nd$ by a great body ( spirits1 "s good1 "s malevol5t4 ,! folk-tales h&$ d[n f anci5t times add _! au?ority to ! tea*+s ( old] g5]ations1 :ile ! individual himself has se5 ! bodies ( ! m$iums possess$ by ! sup]ior be+s2 he has communicat$ ) !m direct1 has se5 !m cure ! sick & pr$ict com+ ev5ts4 ,at _m a fun]al1 he has se5 ! m$ium squat be=e ! corpse1 *ant+ a weird song1 & !n sudd5ly become possess$ by ! _s ( ! deceas$2 &1 f9ally1 he or "s ( 8 fri5ds or t[nspeople are confid5t t !y h se5 & talk$ to gho/s ( ! rec5tly dep>t$4 ,all ^! be+s are real to him2 he is s c]ta9 ( _! exi/5ce t he seldom speculates ab\t !m or _! acts4 ,"s ( ^! spirits are always ne>2 & a "p ( !m1 at lea/1 take m ?an an ord9>y int]e/ 9 human affairs4 ,?anks to ! tea*+s ( ! eld]s1 ! ,t+uian kn[s h[ to propitiate !m2 &1 if necess>y1 he may ev5 compel fri5dly action on ! "p ( _m4 ,t[>d ! less p[]ful ( ! evily dispos$ be+s1 he %[s indiff]5ce or insol5ce2 he may make fun (1 or lie to1 & *eat !m dur+ ! day1 b he is c>eful to gu>d himself at night aga9/ _! ma*9ations4 ,to ! m p[]ful he %[s ! utmo/ respect2 he (f]s !m gifts ( food1 dr9k1 & mat]ial objects2 & conducts c]emonies 9 ! mann] dem&$ by !m4 ,hav+ done ^! ?+s1 he feels t he is a p>ty to a b>ga92 & ! spirits mu/1 on _! "p1 repay by grant+ ! b5efits desir$4 ,n entirely cont5t ) ^! precautions1 he p]=ms c]ta9 magical acts :i* prev5t evil spirits f do+ h>m to an individual or a community1 & by ! same means he is able to control /orms1 ! rise ( /reams1 & ! gr[? ( crops4 ,x is d\btful if ! ,t+uian has ev] speculat$ 9 reg>d to ?is magical =ce1 yet he cle>ly sep>ates x f ! p[] resid5t 9 ! _s _w4 ,x appe>s to be a great undiff]5tiat$ =ce to :i* spirits1 nature1 & m5 are subject alike4 ,if a tr\blesome "q arises1 or an evid5t inconsi/5cy 9 8 beliefs is call$ to 8 att5tion1 he disposes ( x by ! simple /atem5t t x is kadauyan 7cu/om71 0 taught by ! ance/ors1 & h5ce is n subject to "q4 ,8 religion holds =? no ?reat ( puni%m5t 9 a future _w1 nei!r are !re rew>ds 9 t exi/5ce to urge m5 to bett] de$s4 ,! *ief tea*+ is t ! cu/oms ( anci5t times mu/ be fai?fully foll[$2 to *ange is to %[ disrespect = ! dead1 = ! spirits :o are responsible = ! cu/oms1 :i* are synonym\s ) law4 ,cu/om & religion h become s closely int]wov5 9 ?is society t x is well-nigh impossible to sep>ate !m4 ,! build+ ( a h\se1 ! plant+1 h>ve/+ & c>e ( ! rice1 ! proc$ure at a bir?1 w$d+1 or fun]al1 9 %ort1 all ! ev5ts ( ! social & economic life1 are s gov]n$ by cu/om & religi\s beliefs1 t x is safe to say t ne>ly e act 9 ! life ( ! ,t+uian is direct$ or affect$ by ^! =ces4 ,two classes ( spirits are recogniz$2 fir/1 ^? :o h exi/$ ?r\gh all "t1 :om we %all call natural spirits2 second1 ! spirits ( deceas$ mortals4 ,! latt] reside =ev] 9 ,maglawa1 a place midway betwe5 e>? & sky2 b a small numb] ( !m h jo9$ ! company ( ! natural spirits4 ,except = ^! few1 !y are n wor%ip$1 & no (f]+s are made to !m1 aft] ! p]iod ( m\rn+ is pa/4 ,! memb]s ( ! fir/ class cov] a wide range1 f ,kadaklan1 ! great _s :o resides above1 to ,kaboniyan1 ! tea*] & help]1 to ^? resid5t 9 ! gu>dian /ones1 to ! half human1 half bird-l alan1 to ! l[1 mean spirits :o delight to annoy mortals4 ,^! be+s are usually invisible1 b at times ( c]emonies !y ent] ! bodies ( ! m$iums1 possess !m1 & ?us communicate ) ! p4 ,on r>e occasions !y are visible 9 _! own =ms1 z :5 ,kaboniyan appe>$ z ! antagoni/ & lat] z ! fri5d ( ,say54 #aag ,^! be+s are address$1 fir/ ?r\gh c]ta9 semi-magical =mulas1 "k z diams4 ,^! are seldom pray]s or supplications1 b are a "p ( a def9ite ritual1 ! :ole ( :i* is expect$ to ga9 def9ite favors4 ,at ! beg9n+1 & dur+ ! c\rse ( all c]emonies1 animals are kill$4 ,a "p ( ! fle% & ! blood is mix$ ) rice1 & is (f]$ to ! spirits2 b ! bulk ( ! (f]+ is eat5 by ! p>ticipants4 ,liquor is consum$ 9 great quantities at su* a "t1 b a small am\nt is always p\r$ out = ! use ( ! sup]ior be+s4 ,f9ally1 ! m$iums summon ! spirits into _! bodies2 &1 :5 possess$1 !y are no long] consid]$ z p]sons1 b are ! spirits !mselves4 ,! be+s :o appe> 9 ?is way talk directly ) ! p2 !y (f] advice1 give in=mation conc]n+ affairs 9 ! _s _w1 & (t5times !y m+le ) ! p on equal t]ms1 jo9+ 9 _! dances & tak+ a lively int]e/ 9 _! daily affairs4 ,! p seldom pray to or supplicate ! invisible spirits2 b :5 !y are pres5t 9 ! bodies ( ! m$iums1 !y make reque/s1 & ask advice1 z !y w\ld f any fri5d or acqua9tance4 ,) _m1 ! ,t+uian is on amicable t]ms1 :ile t[>d ,kaboniyan he exhibits a degree ( respect & gratitude :i* is close to affection4 ,he realizes t !re are _m unfri5dly spirits1 b he has means ( controll+ or ?w>t+ _! evil designs2 & h5ce he does n live 9 t /ate ( p]petual fe> :i* is s (t5 pictur$ z ! condition ( ! savage4 ,! ,spirits4--,a great ho/ ( unnam$ spirits are kn[n to exi/2 !y (t5 att5d ! c]emonies & sometimes ent] ! bodies ( ! m$iums1 & 9 ?is way new figures appe> f "t to "t4 ,9 addition to ^!1 !re are c]ta9 sup]ior be+s :o are well kn[n1 & :o1 z already indicat$1 ex]cise a pot5t influ5ce on ! daily life ( ! p4 ,! foll[+ li/ w s]ve to give "s idea ( ^! spirits & _! attributes2 :ile ! names ( ! less important w be f\nd 9 connection ) ! detail$ description ( ! c]emonies4 ,kadaklan 7! greate/71 a p[]ful male _s1 :o lives 9 ! sky1 creat$ ! e>?1 sun1 moon1 & />s4 ,! />s are only /ones1 b ! sun & moon are lights4 ,at times ,kadaklan ent]s ! body ( a favor$ m$ium1 & talks directly ) ! p2 b m frequ5tly he takes o!r means ( communication4 ,(t5times he s5ds 8 dog ,kimat1 ! light5+1 to bite a tree or /rike a field or h\se1 & 9 ?is way makes kn[n 8 wi% t ! own] celebrate ! ,padiam c]emony 7cf4 p4 #dja74 ,all o!r be+s are 9 a measure subs]vi5t to him1 & 8 wi%es are frequ5tly made kn[n ?r\gh !m4 ,?und] is 8 drum ) :i* he amuses himself dur+ /ormy wea!r1 b sometimes he plays on x ev5 on cle> days4 ,agemem is ! wife ( ,kadaklan4 ,%e lives 9 ! gr\nd4 ,little is kn[n ( h] except t %e has giv5 bir? to two sons1 #aah ^: *ief duty is to see t ! comm&s ( _! fa!r are obey$4 ,adam & ,baliy5 are ! sons ( ,kadaklan4 ,! "n ( ! fir/ boy is sugge/ive ( ,*ri/ian influ5ce1 b !re are no traditions or fur!r details to l9k him ) ! ,biblical "*4 ,kaboniyan is ! fri5d & help] ( ! p1 & by _m is class$ above or id5tifi$ ) ,kadaklan4 ,at times he lives 9 ! sky2 aga9 9 a great cave ne> ,patok4 #aai ,f ?is cave came ! j>s :i* c\ld talk & move1 "h 7 f\nd ! copp] gongs us$ 9 ! dances1 & "h too grew ! wond]ful tree :i* bore ! agate beads s priz$ by ! wom54 ,?is _s gave ! ,t+uian rice & sug>-cane1 taught !m h[ to plant & reap1 h[ to foil ! designs ( ill-dispos$ spirits1 ! words ( ! diams & ! details ( _m c]emonies4 ,fur!r to b9d himself to ! p1 x is said1 he m>ri$ 9 ! fir/ times a woman f ,manabo4 ,he is summon$ 9 ne>ly e c]emony1 & !re are sev]al acc\nts ( 8 hav+ appe>$ 9 8 own =m4 ,accord+ to "o ( ^!1 he is ( imm5se proportions2 8 spe> is z l>ge z a tree1 & 8 head-axe ! size ( ! end ( ! h\se4 #abj ,apdel is ! _s :o resides 9 ! gu>dian /ones 7p9a+7 at ! gate ( ! t[n4 ,dur+ a c]emony1 or :5 ! m5 are away = a fight1 x becomes 8 special duty to protect ! village f sickness & enemies4 ,he has be5 kn[n to appe> z a r$ roo/] or z a :ite dog4 ,idadaya1 :o lives 9 ! ea/ 7daya71 is a p[]ful _s :o att5ds ! ,pala-an c]emony4 ,he rides a horse1 :i* he ties to ! little /ructure built dur+ ! rite4 ,t5 gr&-*ildr5 reside ) him1 & !y all we> 9 _! hair ! igam 7not*$ fea!rs atta*$ to a /ick74 ,:5 ^! fea!rs lose _! lu/re1 !y c only be re/or$ by ! celebration ( ,pala-an7cf4 p4 #cbh74 ,h5ce ! own]s cause "s mortal1 :o has ! "r to conduct ! c]emony1 to become ill1 & !n in=m him ?r\gh ! m$iums z to ! cause ( 8 affliction4 ,! names ( ! gr&-*ildr5 are z foll[s3 ,p5sip5ondosan1 ,logos51 ,bakod51 ,b+-gasan1 ,bakdangan1 ,gilig51 ,idomalo1 ,agkabkabayo1 ,ebloyan1 & ,agtabtabokal4 ,kaiba-an is ! _s :o lives 9 ! little h\se or saloko 9 ! rice-fields1 & :o protects ! gr[+ crops4 ,(f]+s are made to him1 :5 a new field is con/ruct$1 :5 ! rice is transplant$1 & at h>ve/ "t4 ,! gr\nd :i* gr[s 7t is ! ne/ ( ! :ite ant7 is said to be made by him4 ,makabot5g1 also call$ ,sanadan1 is ! gu>dian ( ! de] & wild hogs4 ,8 good w is necess>y if ! dogs are to be successful 9 ! *ase2 consequ5tly he is summon$ to _m c]emonies1 :]e he receives ! mo/ c\rte\s treatm5t4 ,9 "o c]emony he decl>$1 ,i c become ! sunset sky4 ,sabian or ,isabian is ! gu>dian ( ! dogs4 ,bisangolan 7! place ( op5+ or te>+7 is a gigantic _s1 :o lives ne> ! riv]1 & :o 9 "t ( floods uses 8 head-axe & walk+-/ick to keep ! logs & refuse f jamm+4 ,he is v old1 l ! _w1 & he pulls out 8 be>d ) 8 f+] nails & 8 knife4 ,8 seat is a wood5 plate4 ,he appe>s 9 ! ,dawak1 ,tangpap1 & ,sayang c]emonies1 hold+ a roo/] & a bundle ( rice4 ,9 ,ba-ak he is call$ ,ibal9sogoan1 & is ! fir/ _s summon$ 9 ,dawak4 ,kakalonan1 also kn[n z ,boboyonan1 is ! "o :o makes fri5ds1 & :o le>ns ! s\rce ( tr\bles4 ,:5 summon$ at ! beg9n+ ( a c]emony1 he tells :at ne$s to be done1 9 ord] to insure ! results desir$4 ,sasagang51 sometimes call$ ,+alit1 are spirits ^: bus9ess x is to take heads & put !m on ! saga or 9 ! saloko 7cf4 p4 #caj74 ,heada*e is caus$ by !m4 ,abat are num]\s spirits :o cause sore feet & heada*e4 ,salono & bawi are built = !m 7cf4 pp4 #cji-caj74 ,! spirits ( ,ibal1 :o live 9 ,daem1 are responsible = mo/ sickness among *ildr51 b !y are easily appeas$ ) blood & rice4 ,! ,ibal c]emony is held = !m4 ,maganawan1 :o lives 9 ,nagbotobotan 7! place ne> :i* ! riv]s empty into ! hole1 :]e all /reams g7 is "o ( ! spirits1 call$ 9 ! ,sangasang c]emony1 & = :om ! blood ( ! roo/] mix$ ) rice is put into ! saloko1 :i* /&s 9 ! y>d4 ,inaw5 is a pregnant female _s1 :o lives 9 ! sea1 & :o dem&s ! blood ( a *ick5 mix$ ) rice to satisfy h] caprici\s appetite4 ,%e also att5ds ! ,sangasang4 ,kid5g is a tall1 fat _s ) n9e heads4 ,he is ! s]vant ( ,inaw51 & c>ries ! gifts ( mortals to 8 mi/ress4 ,ibwa is an evil _s1 :o once m+l$ ) ! p 9 human =m4 ,due to ! ?\ghtless act ( a m\rn] at a fun]al1 he became s addict$ to ! ta/e ( human fle%1 t x has s9ce !n be5 necess>y to protect ! corpse f him4 ,he fe>s iron1 & h5ce a piece ( t metal is always laid on ! grave4 ,holes are burn$ 9 ea* g>m5t plac$ on ! body to keep him f /eal+ !m4 ,akop is likewise evil4 ,he has a head1 long slimy arms & legs1 b no body4 ,he always frequ5ts ! place ( dea?1 & seeks to embrace ! sp\se ( ! deceas$4 ,%\ld he succe$1 dea? foll[s quickly4 ,to defeat 8 plans1 ! wid[ is closely gu>d$ by ! wail]s2 %e also sleeps "u a fi% net z an additional protection aga9/ 8 long f+]s1 & %e we>s se$s :i* are dislik$ by ?is be+4 ,kadongayan indulges 9 ! malici\s sport ( slitt+ ! m\? ( ! corpse back to ! e>s4 ,9 ord] to fright5 him away1 a live *ick51 ) its m\? split to its ?roat1 is plac$ by ! door1 dur+ ! "t ! body is 9 ! h\se4 ,:5 he sees ! suff]+s ( ! bird1 he fe>s to ent] ! dwell+ le/ ! p treat him 9 ! same mann]4 ,selday is an ill-dispos$ be+4 ,he causes p to h sore feet1 & only relieves !m1 :5 (f]+s are made to him 9 ! saloko or bawi4 ,he lives 9 ! wood$ hill1 b quickly le>ns ( a dea?1 & appe>s at ! op5 grave4 ,unless he is b\ght (f ) an (f]+1 ! blood ( a small pig1 he is almo/ c]ta9 to make away ) ! body1 or cause a great sickness to visit ! village4 ,z ! m\rn]s return home1 aft] ! burial1 !y place bits ( ! slaught]$ animal by ! trail1 s t he w n make !m ill4 ,bayon is a male _s1 :o dwells 9 ! sky1 & :o comes to e>? z a fre% breeze4 ,he once /ole a girl f ,layogan1 *ang$ h] two brea/s into "o1 plac$ ?is 9 ! c5t] ( h] *e/1 & m>ri$ h]4 ,lokadaya is ! human wife ( ,bayon4 ,%e n[ appe>s to h jo9$ ! company ( ! natural spirits & to be immortal4 ,at times1 bo? %e & h] husb& ent] ! bodies ( ! m$iums4 ,agonan is ! _s :o kn[s _m dialects4 ,he lives 9 ,d+ol[an4 ,gil5 att5ds _m c]emonies1 & occupies an important place 9 ,tangpap2 yet little is kn[n ( him4 ,+9laod are spirits :o live 9 ! we/4 ,g9obayan is a female _s1 always pres5t 9 ! ,tangpap c]emony4 ,sangalo is a _s :o gives good & bad signs4 ,dapeg1 ,bal+5-ng51 ,b5isalsal1 & ,kikiba-an1 are all di/urb]s & mis*ief-mak]s4 ,!y cause illness1 sore feet1 heada*e1 & bad dreams4 ,!y are important only because ( ! frequ5cy ) :i* !y appe>4 ,al-lot att5ds fe/ivals & prev5ts qu>rels4 ,liblibayan1 ,banbanayo1 & ,banbantay1 are less] spirits1 :o =m]ly aid$ ! p ( ! fir/ times4 ,! t]m ,alan comprises a l>ge body ( spirits ) half human1 half bird-l =ms4 ,!y h w+s & c fly2 _! toes are at ! back ( _! feet1 & _! f+]s atta* to ! wri/s & po9t backw>d4 ,(t5 !y hang f ! bran*es ( trees1 l bats1 b !y are also pictur$ z hav+ f9e h\ses & great ri*es4 ,!y are sometimes ho/ile or mis*iev\s1 b m frequ5tly are fri5dly4 ,!y play a v important "p 9 ! my?ology1 b n 9 ! cult4 #aba ,komau is a giant _s1 :o1 accord+ to tradition1 0 kill$ by ! h]o ,say54 ,among ! ,ilocano & "s ( ! ,t+uian1 ! ,komau is kn[n z a great invisible bird1 :i* /eals p & _! possessions4 ,he does n visit ! p ?r\gh ! bodies ( ! m$iums4 ,anito is a g5]al t]m us$ to designate memb]s ( ! _s _w4 ,a survey ( ! =ego+ li/ br+s out a noticeable lack ( nature-spirits2 ( trees1 rocks1 & natural =mations consid]$ z animate2 & ( gu>dian spirits ( families & indu/ries4 ,!re is a /rong sugge/ion1 h[ev]1 9 ! folk-tales to ! effect t ?is has n always be5 ! case2 & ev5 to-day !re are "s conflicts reg>d+ ! /atus ( c]ta9 spirits4 ,9 ! village ( ,manabo1 ?und] is kn[n z ,kidol2 9 ,likuan & ,bakaok1 z ,kido-ol2 & 9 ea* place he is recogniz$ z a p[]ful _s4 ,9 ,ba-ay1 two types ( lightn+ are kn[n to be spirits4 ,! fla% f ! sky is ,salit1 t f ! gr\nd is ,kilawit4 ,"h ?und] is ,kadaklan1 b ! sun is ! all p[]ful be+4 ,he is male1 & is s p[]ful t he does n ne$ or desire c]emonies or h\ses4 ,! moon is likewise a p[]ful _s1 b female4 ,9 ! discussion ( ! tales #abb x 0 sugge/$ t ^! & o!r ideas1 :i* diff] f ^? held by ! majority ( ! tribe1 may repres5t old] conceptions1 :i* h be5 swamp$1 or may h be5 introduc$ into ,abra by emigrants f ! nor? & ea/4 ,! ,m$iums4--,! sup]ior be+s talk ) mortals ?r\gh ! aid ( m$iums1 kn[n individually & collectively z alopogan 7%e :o cov]s h] face74 #abc ,^! are g5]ally wom5 pa/ middle life1 ?\gh m5 are n b>r$ f ! pr(ession1 :o1 :5 *os51 are made aw>e ( ! fact by hav+ trembl+ fits :5 !y are n cold1 by w>n+s 9 dreams1 or by be+ in=m$ by o!r m$iums t !y are desir$ by ! spirits4 ,a woman may live ! great] "p ( h] life )\t any idea ( becom+ a m$ium1 & !n because ( su* a notification w und]take to qualify4 ,%e goes to "o already v]s$1 & f h] le>ns ! details ( ! v>i\s c]emonies1 ! gifts suitable = ea* _s1 & ! *ants or diams :i* mu/ be us$ at c]ta9 times4 ,?is is a consid]able task1 = ! diams mu/ be le>n$ ^w = ^w2 &1 likewise1 ea* c]emony mu/ be conduct$1 j z x 0 taught by ! spirits to ! p ( ! fir/ times4 ,! tra9+ occupies sev]al mon?s2 & :5 all is ready1 ! c&idate secures h] pil+4 ,?is is a collection ( l>ge sea-%ells atta*$ to cords1 :i* is kept 9 a small basket toge!r ) a ,*9ese plate & a hundr$ fa?oms ( ?read 7,plate ,,xix74 ,new %ells may be us$1 b x is pref]able to secure1 if possible1 ! pil+ ( a dead m$ium4 ,be+ ?us suppli$1 ! novice seeks ! approval ( ! spirits & acceptance z a m$ium4 ,! wi%es ( ! high] be+s are le>n$ by means ( a c]emony1 9 ! c\rse ( :i* a pig is kill$1 & its blood mix$ ) rice is scatt]$ on ! gr\nd4 ,! liv] ( ! animal is eag]ly exam9$2 =1 if c]ta9 m>ks appe> on x1 ! c&idate is reject$1 or mu/ cont9ue h] p]iod ( probation = sev]al mon?s1 be=e ano!r trial c be made4 ,dur+ ?is "t %e may aid 9 c]emonies1 b %e is n possess$ by ! spirits4 ,:5 f9ally accept$1 %e may beg9 to summon ! spirits into h] body4 ,%e places (f]+s on a mat1 seats h]self 9 front ( !m1 & calls ! att5tion ( ! spirits by /rik+ h] pil+1 or a bit ( lead1 aga9/ a plate2 !n cov]+ h] face ) h] h&s1 %e beg9s to *ant4 ,sudd5ly %e is possess$2 & !n1 no long] z a human1 b z ! _s itself1 %e talks ) ! p1 ask+ & answ]+ que/ions1 or giv+ directions1 z to :at %all be done to av]t sickness & tr\ble1 or to br+ good =tune4 ,c]ta9 m$iums are visit$ only by l[1 mean spirits2 o!rs1 by bo? good & bad2 :ile /ill o!rs may be possess$ ev5 by ,kadaklan1 ! greate/ ( all4 ,x is cu/om>y = ! _s ( a deceas$ mortal to ent] ! body ( a m$ium1 j be=e ! corpse is to be buri$1 to give messages to ! family2 b he seldom comes aga9 9 ?is mann]4 ,! pay ( a m$ium is small1 usually a portion ( a sacrific$ animal1 a few bundles ( rice1 & "s beads2 b ?is paym5t is m ?an (fset by ! re/rictions plac$ on h]4 ,at no "t may %e eat ( c>abao1 wild pig1 wild *ick51 or %rimp2 nor may %e t\* pepp]s--all priz$ articles ( food4 ,! inducem5ts = a p]son to ent] ?is vocation are s few t a c&idate beg9s h] tra9+ ) reluctance2 b1 once accept$ by ! spirits1 ! m$ium yields h]self fully & s9c]ely to _! wi%es4 ,:5 possess$ by a _s1 h] own p]sonality is subm]g$1 & %e does _m ?+s ( :i* %e is app>5tly ignorant1 :5 %e em]ges f ! spell4 ,(t5times1 z %e squats by ! mat1 summon+ ! spirits1 h] eyes take on a f>-away />e2 ! ve9s ( h] face & neck /& out prom95tly1 :ile ! muscles ( h] arms & legs are t5se2 !n1 z %e is possess$1 %e assumes ! "* & habits ( ! sup]ior be+4 ,if x is a _s suppos$ to dwell 9 ,igorot or ,kal+a l&1 %e speaks 9 a dialect unfamili> to h] he>]s1 ord]s !m to dance 9 ,igorot fa%ion1 & !n in/ructs !m 9 dances1 :i* %e or h] t[nspeople c\ld nev] h se54 #abd ,at times %e c>ries on sleight-(-h& tricks1 z :5 %e places beads 9 a di% ( oil1 & dances ) x high above h] head1 until ! beads vani%4 ,a day or two lat] %e w recov] !m f ! hair ( "s p>ticipant 9 ! c]emony4 ,mo/ ( h] acts are 9 accordance ) a set proc$ure2 yet at times %e goes fur!r1 & does ?+s :i* seem q inexpla9able4 ,"o ev5+1 9 ! village ( ,manabo1 we 7 att5d+ a c]emony4 ,_s aft] _s _h appe>$1 & at _! ord] dances & o!r acts _h tak5 place4 ,ab\t t5 o'clock a brilliant fla% ( lightn+ occurr$1 al?\gh x 0 n a /ormy ev5+4 ,! body ( ! m$ium 0 at t "t possess$ by ,amangau1 a head-hunt+ _s4 ,he at once /opp$ 8 dance1 & ann\nc$ t he _h j tak5 ! head ( a boy f ,luluno1 & t ! p ( 8 village 7 ev5 !n danc+ ab\t ! skull4 ,e>li] 9 ! ev5+ we _h notic$ ?is lad 7evid5tly a consumptive7 among ! spectators4 ,:5 ! _s made ?is claim1 we look$ = him1 b he _h vani%$4 ,a little lat] we le>n$ t he _h di$ ( a hemorrhage at ab\t ! "t ( ! fla%4 ,su* occurr5ces make a deep impression on ! m9d ( ! p1 & /r5g!n _! belief 9 ! _s _w2 b1 s f> z c\ld be obs]v$1 ! pre/ige ( ! m$ium 0 9 n[ise enhanc$4 ,s9ce mo/ ( ! c]emonies are held to keep ! family or individual 9 good heal?1 ! m$ium takes ! place ( a physician4 ,%e (t5 makes use ( simple h]bs & m$ic9al plants1 b always ) ! idea t ! treatm5t is di/a/eful to ! be+1 :o has caus$ ! tr\ble1 & n ) any idea ( its curative prop]ties4 ,s9ce magic & religion are practically ! same 9 ?is society1 ! m$ium is ! "o :o usually conducts or ord]s ! magic rites2 & = ! same reason %e1 bett] ?an all o!rs1 c read ! signs & om5s s5t by memb]s ( ! _s _w4 ,magic & ,om5s4--,! folk-tales are fill$ ) acc\nts ( magical acts1 p]=m$ by ! p ( ! fir/ times4 ,!y annihilat$ "t & space1 comm&$ inanimate objects to d _! w1 creat$ human be+s f pieces ( betel-nut1 & caus$ ! magical increase ( food & dr9k4 ,^? days h pass$1 yet magical acts /ill p]vade all ! c]emonies2 nature is ov]come1 :ile ! p[] to "w evil by o!r ?an human means is a recogniz$ fact ( daily life4 ,9 ! detail$ acc\nts ( ! c]emonies w be f\nd _m examples ( ^! magical acts1 b ! few "h m5tion$ w give a good idea ( all4 ,9 "o c]emony1 a blanket is plac$ ov] ! family1 & on _! heads a coconut is cut 9 two1 & ! halves are all[$ to fall2 =1 z !y drop to ! gr\nd1 s does sickness & evil fall away f ! p4 ,a b\nd pig is plac$ 9 ! c5t] ( ! floor1 & wat] is p\r$ into its e> t1 z x %akes out ! wat]1 s may evil spirits & sickness be ?r[n out ( ! place4 ,at "o po9t 9 ! ,tangpap c]emony1 a boy takes ! sacrificial blood & rice f a l>ge di%1 & puts x 9 a numb] ( small] ones1 !n returns x aga9 to ! fir/2 =1 :5 ! spirits make a man sick1 !y take a "p ( 8 life4 ,:5 !y make him well1 !y put x back1 j z ! boy takes away a "p ( ! food1 gives x to ! spirits1 & !n replaces x1 ,! same idea appe>s 9 ! dance :i* foll[s4 ,! boy & ! m$ium take hold ( a w9n[]1 raise x 9 ! air1 & dance half way ar\nd a rice-mort>2 !n return1 z !y came1 & replace x1 j z ! spirits took away a "p ( ! pati5t's life1 b n[ w put x back4 ,! :ole life ( a *ild c be det]m9$1 or at lea/ l>gely influ5c$1 by ! treatm5t giv5 ! aft]bir?1 :ile ! use ( bamboo & o!r prolific plants1 at ?is "t & at a w$d+1 promote gr[? & f]tility4 ,a piece ( *>coal atta*$ to a c]ta9 type ( not*$ /ick is plac$ 9 ! rice-se$ b$s1 & ?us ! new leaves are compell$ to turn ! d>k gre5 color ( /urdy plants4 ,if a riv] is ov]fl[+ its banks1 x c be controll$ by cutt+ (f a pig's head & ?r[+ x into ! wat]s4 ,an ev5 m c]ta9 me?od is to h a woman1 :o 0 born on ! o!r side ( ! riv]1 take h] weav+ baton & plant x on ! bank4 ,! wat] w n rise pa/ ?is b>ri]4 ,black5+ ( ! tee? is a semi-magical proc$ure4 ,a mixture ( tan-b>k & iron salts is twice appli$ to ! tee?1 & is all[$ to rema9 sev]al h\rs2 b1 9 ord] to obta9 ! desir$ result1 x is necess>y to use ! mixture aft] nightfall & to remove x1 be=e ! cocks beg9 to cr[1 9 ! morn+4 ,if ! f[ls are he>d1 :ile ! tee? are be+ treat$1 !y w rema9 :ite2 likewise !y w refuse to take ! color1 %\ld _! own] approa* a corpse or grave4 ,on well-travell$ trails "o (t5 sees1 at ! tops ( high hills1 piles ( /ones1 :i* h be5 built up dur+ _m ye>s4 ,z he asc5ds a /eep slope1 ea* travell] picks up a small /one1 & c>ries x to ! top1 :]e he places x on ! pile4 ,z he does s1 he leaves 8 we>9ess beh9d him1 & cont9ues 8 j\rney fre% & /rong4 ,! use ( love-*>ms is widespread3 c]ta9 roots & leaves1 :5 oil$ or damp5$ ) saliva1 give =? a pleasant odor1 :i* compels ! affection ( a woman1 ev5 9 spite ( h] wi%es4 #abe ,evil magic1 kn[n z gamot 7poison7 is also ext5sively us$4 ,a little du/ tak5 f ! footpr9t ( a foe1 a bit ( clo?+1 or an article rec5tly h&l$ by him1 is plac$ 9 a di% ( wat]1 & is /irr$ viol5tly4 ,soon ! victim beg9s to feel ! effect ( ?is treatm5t1 & )9 a few h\rs becomes insane4 ,to make him lame1 x is only necess>y to place poison on articles rec5tly t\*$ by 8 feet4 ,dea? or impot5cy c be produc$ by plac+ poison on 8 g>m5ts4 ,a fly is nam$ aft] a p]son1 & is plac$ 9 a bamboo tube4 ,?is is set ne> ! fire1 & 9 a %ort "t ! victim ( ! plot is seiz$ ) fev]4 ,likewise magical *ants & dances1 c>ri$ on b5ea? a h\se1 may br+ dea? to all ! p ( ! dwell+4 ,a comb9ation ( true poison+ & magical practice is also f\nd4 ,to cause consumption or "s wa/+ disease1 a snake is kill$1 & its head cut (f2 !n ! body is hung up1 & ! liquor com+ f ! decompos+ fle% is caught 9 a %ell cup4 ,?is fluid is introduc$ into ! victim's food1 or "s ( 8 belong+s are treat$ ) x4 ,if ! subject dies1 8 relatives may get rev5ge on ! poison]4 ,?is is accompli%$ by tak+ out ! he>t ( a pig & ins]t+ x 9 ! m\? or /oma* ( ! victim4 ,?is mu/ be done "u ! cov] ( d>kness1 & ! corpse be buri$ at once4 ,a high bamboo f5ce is !n built ar\nd ! grave1 s t no "o c rea* x4 ,! p]son responsible = ! dea? w fall ill at once1 & w die unless he is able to secure "o ( ! victim's g>m5ts or dirt f ! grave4 ,! actual introduction ( poison 9 food & dr9k is ?\ght to be v common4 ,! writ] att5d$ "o c]emony foll[+ :i* a l>ge numb] ( ! gue/s fell sick4 ,! illness 0 ascrib$ to magic poison+1 yet x 0 evid5t t ! cause 0 ov]-indulg5ce 9 fre% pork by p1 :o = mon?s _h eat5 little if any meat4 ,om5s4--,! ability to =etell future ev5ts by ! flight or calls ( birds1 actions ( animals1 by ! condition ( ! liv] & gall ( sacrific$ pigs1 or by ! movem5ts ( c]ta9 articles "u ! que/ion+ ( a m$ium1 is an und\bt$ fact 9 ?is society4 ,a small bird kn[n z labeg1 is ! mess5g] ( ! spirits1 :o control ! ,bakid & ,sangasang c]emonies4 ,:5 ?is bird ent]s ! h\se1 x is caught at once1 its fea!rs are oil$2 beads are atta*$ to its feet1 & x is releas$ ) ! promise t ! c]emony w be celebrat$ at once4 ,?is bird accompanies ! w>riors1 & w>ns or enc\rages !m ) its calls4 ,if x flies across _! pa? f "r to left1 all is well2 b if x comes f ! left1 !y mu/ return home1 or tr\ble w befall ! p>ty4 ,! spirits ( ,sangasang make use ( o!r birds & animals to w>n ! build]s ( a h\se1 if ! location select$ does n please !m4 ,all ! ,t+uian "k t ! arrival ( snakes1 big liz>ds1 de]1 or wild hogs at ! site ( a new h\se is a bad sign4 ,if a p>ty or an individual is />t+ on a j\rney1 & ! k+fi%] 7salaksak7 flies f 9 front t[>d ! place j left1 x is a comm& to return at once2 else illness 9 ! village or family w compel a lat] return4 #abf ,%\ld ! kol+ cry awit1 awit 7to c>ry1 to c>ry71 an imm$iate return is necess>y1 or a memb] ( ! p>ty w die1 & w be c>ri$ home4 ,:5 a snake crawls across ! trail1 & goes into a hole1 x is a c]ta9 w>n+ t1 unless ! trip is giv5 up1 "s ( ! p>ty w die1 & be buri$ 9 ! gr\nd4 ,! fall+ ( a tree across ! trail1 :5 ! groom is on 8 way to ! home ( 8 bride1 ?reat5s dea? = ! c\ple1 :ile ! break+ or fall+ ( an object dur+ ! m>riage c]emony presages mis=tune4 ,n all ! signs are evil2 =1 if a man is />t+ to hunt1 or trade1 & he sees a hawk fly 9 front ( him & cat* a bird or *ick51 he may on t day secure all ! game he c c>ry1 or c trade on 8 own t]ms4 ,all ! =ego+ are important1 b ! mo/ con/antly employ$ me?od ( =etell+ ! future is to exam9e ! gall & liv] ( sla9 pigs4 ,^! animals are kill$ 9 all great c]emonies1 at ! conclusion ( a m$ium's probation p]iod1 at bir?1 dea?1 & fun]al obs]vances1 & = o!r important ev5ts4 ,if a head-hunt is to be attempt$1 ! gall sack is remov$1 & is c>efully exam9$1 = if x is l>ge & full1 & ! liquor 9 x is bitt]1 ! enemy w be p[]less2 b if ! sack is small1 & only p>tially fill$ ) a weak liquor1 x w f>e ill ) ! w>riors :o g into battle4 ,= all o!r ev5ts1 ! liv] itself gives ! signs4 ,:5 x is full & smoo?1 ! om5s are favorable2 b if x is pitt$1 has black specks on x1 is wr9kl$1 or has cross l9es on x1 ! spirits are ill-dispos$1 & ! project %\ld be delay$4 ,if1 h[ev]1 ! matt] is v urg5t1 ano!r pig or a f[l may be (f]$ 9 ! hope t ! attitude ( ! spirits may be *ang$4 ,if ! liv] ( ! new sacrifice is good1 ! c]emony or raid may cont9ue4 ,! blood ( ^! animals is always mix$ ) rice1 & is scatt]$ ab\t = ! sup]ior be+s1 b ! fle% is cook$1 & is consum$ by ! mortals4 #abg ,to recov] /ol5 & misplac$ articles or animals1 "o ( ?ree me?ods is employ$4 ,! fir/ is to atta* a cord to a j>-cov] or ! %ells us$ by a m$ium4 ,?is is susp5d$ s t x hangs freely1 & que/ions are put to x4 ,if ! answ] is yes1 x w sw+ to & fro4 ,! second me?od is to place a bamboo /ick horizontally on ! gr\nd & !n to /& an egg on x4 ,z ! "q is ask$1 ! egg is releas$4 ,if x falls1 ! answ] is 9 ! negative2 if x /&s1 x replies yes4 ,! ?ird & m common way is to place a head-axe on ! gr\nd1 !n to bl[ on ! end ( a spe> & put x po9t d[n on ! blade ( ! axe4 ,if x balances1 ! answ] is yes4 ,c]emonial ,/ructures & ,p>aph]nalia4--,z has be5 indicat$1 ! ,t+uian holds _m c]emonies 9 honor ( ! sup]ior be+s2 &1 9 connection ) ^!1 builds num]\s small /ructures1 & employs v>i\s p>aph]nalia1 mo/ ( :i* be> def9ite names1 & h well e/abli%$ uses4 ,s9ce a k ( ^! /ructures & devices is necess>y to a full und]/&+ ( ! c]emonies1 an alphabetical li/ is "h furni%$1 be=e proce$+ to ! detail$ discussion ( ! rites4 ,alalot3 ,two ar*es ( bamboo1 :i* support a grass ro(4 ,a small j> ( basi /&s 9 ?is /ructure = ! use ( visit+ spirits4 ,is g5]ally con/ruct$ dur+ ! ,sayang c]emony1 b 9 ,bakaok x is built alone to cure sickness or to *ange a bad disposition 7,plate ,,xx1 ,no4 #d74 ,aligang3 ,a f\r-prong$ =k ( a bran* 9 :i* a j> ( basi & o!r (f]+s are plac$ = ! ,igorot spirits ( ,talegteg 7,salegseg74 ,x is plac$ at ! corn] ( ! h\se dur+ ,sayang4 ,ansisilit3 ,! framework plac$ beside ! gu>dian /ones on ! sixte5? morn+ ( ,sayang4 ,x closely resembles ! ,inapapayag4 ,balabago 7kn[n 9 ,manabo z ,talagan73 ,a long bamboo b5* ) a ro(+ ( betel leaves4 ,x is int5d$ z a seat = gue/s1 bo? _s & human1 dur+ important c]emonies4 ,balag3 ,a seat ( wood or bamboo1 plac$ close to ! h\se-ladd] dur+ ! ,sayang c]emony4 ,above & beside x are alangt9 leaves1 bran*es ( ! lanoti tree1 sug>-cane1 & a leafy bran* ( bamboo4 ,"h also are f\nd a net equipp$ ) lead s9k]s1 a top-%ap$ device1 & %ort sections ( bamboo fill$ ) liquor4 ,9 "s t[ns ?is is ! seat ( ! honor$ gue/1 :o dips basi = ! danc]s4 ,9 ,san ,juan ?is seat is call$ ,patogau4 ,balaua3 ,?is1 ! l>ge/ & mo/ important ( ! _s /ructures1 is built dur+ ! ,sayang c]emony4 ,! ro(+ is ( plait$ bamboo1 cov]$ ) cogon grass4 ,?is is support$ by eight uprights1 :i* likewise furni% atta*m5t = ! bamboo floor+4 ,!re are no sides to ! build+1 b x is s /urdily con/ruct$ t x la/s ?r\gh sev]al seasons4 ,except = ! times ( c]emony1 x is us$ z a l\ng+ place = ! m51 or z a loom-room by ! wom54 ,q commonly poles are run l5g?wise ( ! /ructure1 at ! l[] level ( ! ro(2 & ?is attic1 z well z ! space b5ea? ! floor1 is us$ = ! /orage ( f>m+ implem5ts1 bundles ( rattan & ?at*+ 7,plate ,,xxi74 ,balitang3 ,a l>ge seat l ! ,balabago1 b ) a grass ro(+4 ,x is us$ z a seat = visitors dur+ great c]emonies & fe/ivals4 ,?is "n is appli$1 9 ,manabo1 to a little h\se1 built among ! bananas = ! _s ,imalbi4 ,bani-x or ,bunot3 ,consi/s ( a coconut husk susp5d$ f a pole4 ,! fea!rs ( a roo/] are /uck into ! sides4 ,x is made z a cure = sick-heada*e1 also = lam5ess4 ,bangbangsal3 ,f\r long bamboo poles are set 9 ! gr\nd1 & are ro($ ov] to make a %elt] = ! spirits ( ,sayaw1 :o come 9 ! ,tangpap c]emony4 ,batog3 ,an unhusk$ coconut1 re/+ on ?ree bamboo /icks1 goes by ?is "n4 ,x always appe>s 9 ! ,sayang c]emony1 close to ! ,balag1 b its use & mean+ are n cle>4 ,bawi1 also call$ ,babawi1 ,ab>ong1 & ,s9aba-an3 ,a "n appli$ to any "o ( ! small h\ses1 built 9 ! fields or g>d5s z a home = ! spirits ,kaiba-an1 ,abat1 ,selday1 & "s o!rs ( less] importance 7,plate ,,xxii74 ,idasan3 ,a seat or b5* :i* /&s ne> ! h\se-ladd] dur+ ! ,sayang4 ,a ro( ( cogon grass protects t5 bundles ( un?re%$ rice1 :i* lie on x4 ,?is rice is lat] us$ z se$4 ,9 ! ,san ,juan di/rict1 ! place ( ! ,idasan seems to be tak5 by ?ree bamboo poles1 plac$ 9 tripod fa%ion1 s z to support a basket ( rice4 ,?is is kn[n z ,p9alasang4 ,inapapayag3 ,two-=k$ sapl+s or f\r re$s are arrang$ s z to support a %ield or a clo? ro( 7,plate ,,xviii74 ,dur+ ,sayang & "s o!r c]emonies1 x /&s 9 ! y>d1 or ne> to ! t[n gate2 & on x food & dr9k are plac$ = visit+ spirits4 ,dur+ ! celebration ( ,layog 7cf4 p4 #bij71 x is built ne> to ! danc+ space1 & conta9s (f]+s = ! _s ( ! dead4 ,a spe> ) a color$ cl\t is /uck into ! gr\nd close by2 & usually an inv]t$ rice mort> also /&s "h1 & supports a di% ( basi4 ,9 ! m\nta9 village ( ,likuan x is built alone z a cure = sickness4 ,a pig is kill$ & ! m$iums summon ! spirits z 9 ,dawak 7cf4 p4 #caf74 ,kalang3 ,a wood5 box1 ! sides ( :i* are cut to resemble ! head & horns ( a c>abao4 ,! spirits are n ?\ght to reside "h1 b d come to p>take ( ! food & dr9k plac$ 9 x4 ,x is atta*$ to ! ro( ( ! dwell+ or 9 ! balaua or kalangan4 ,new (f]+s are plac$ 9 ! kalang1 be=e ! m5 g to fight1 or :5 ! ,sayang c]emony is held4 ,x also holds ! head-b&s worn by ! m$iums1 :5 mak+ ,dawak 7,fig4 #d1 ,no4 #b74 ,kalangan3 ! place ( ! kalang4 ,?is is simil> to ! balaua1 b is small] &1 z a rule1 has only f\r support+ timb]s 7,plate ,,xxiii74 ,pala-an3 ,f\r long poles1 usually ?ree ( bamboo1 & "o ( a res9\s tree kn[n z ant5g 7,can>ium villosum ,bl47 are set 9 a squ>e & support1 ne> ! top1 a plat=m ( bamboo 7,plate ,,xxiv74 ,(f]+s are made bo? on & bel[ ! ,pala-an dur+ ! c]emony ( t "n1 & 9 ! m important rites4 ,pangkew3 ,?ree bamboo poles are plant$ 9 ! gr\nd 9 a triangle1 b !y lean away f ea* o!r at su* an angle1 z to admit ( a small plat=m midway ( _! l5g?4 ,a ro(+ ( cogon grass completes ! /ructure4 ,x is built dur+ ,sayang1 & conta9s a small j> ( basi4 ,! ro( is always adorn$ ) coconut blossoms 7,plate ,,xx74 ,sagang3 ,%>p5$ bamboo poles ab\t eight feet 9 l5g? on :i* ! skulls ( enemies 7 =m]ly exhibit$4 ,! po9t$ end 0 pu%$ ?r\gh ! =am5 magnum1 & ! pole 0 !n plant$ ne> ! gate ( ! t[n4 ,saloko1 also call$ ,salokang & ,sabut3 ,?is is a bamboo pole ab\t t5 feet long1 "o end ( :i* is split into sev]al /rips2 ^! are =c$ ap>t1 & are int]wov5 ) o!r /rips1 ?us =m+ a sort ( basket4 ,:5 su* a pole is erect$ ne> to a h\se1 or at ! gate ( ! t[n1 x is g5]ally 9 connection ) a c]emony made to cure heada*e4 ,x is also us$ 9 ! fields z a dwell+ place = ! _s ,kaiba-an 7,plate ,,xxv74 ,! ,saloko c]emony & ! diam1 :i* accompanies x1 seem to indicate t ?is pole orig9at$ 9 connection ) head-hunt+2 & its pres5ce 9 ! fields gives a h9t t 9 =m] times a head-hunt may h be5 a necess>y prelim9>y to ! rice-plant+4 ,sogayob3 ,a cov]$ por*1 :i* is built along "o side ( ! h\se dur+ ! ,sayang c]emony4 ,9 x hang ! v9es & o!r articles1 us$ by ! female danc]s 9 "o "p ( ! rite4 ,a portion ( "o ( ! slaught]$ pigs is plac$ "h = ! spirits ( ,bangu$4 ,9 ,lumaba ! ,sogayob is built alone z a "p ( a "o-day c]emony2 :ile 9 ,sallapadan x foll[s ,kalangan aft] an int]val ( ab\t ?ree mon?s4 ,taltalabong3 ,foll[+ _m c]emonies a small bamboo raft ) ar*$ cov]+ is con/ruct$4 ,9 x (f]+s are plac$ = spirits1 :o h be5 unable to att5d ! rite4 ,9 ,manabo x is said t ! raft is int5d$ p>ticul>ly = ! sons ( ,kadaklan 7,plate ,,xxvi74 ,tangpap3 ,two types ( /ructure appe> "u ?is "n4 ,:5 x is built z a "p ( ! ,tangpap c]emony1 x is a small h\se ) a slant+ ro( re/+ on f\r poles4 ,ab\t ?ree feet above ! gr\nd1 an int]wov5 bamboo floor is la%$ to ! uprights 7,plate ,,xxvii74 ,9 ! ,sayang c]emony1 !re are two /ructures :i* g by ?is "n 7,plate ,,xx1 ,nos4 #b & #c74 ,! l>g] has two floors1 ! small] only "o4 ,on ea* floor is a small pot ( basi1 daub$ ) :ite4 ,taboo ,gateway3 ,at ! gate ( a t[n1 "o sometimes f9ds a def5sive wall ( bamboo1 betwe5 ! uprights ( :i* are ?ru/ bamboo spe>s 9 ord] to cat* evil spirits1 :ile on ! gate prop] are v9es & leaves pleas+ to ! good spirits4 ,likewise 9 ! saloko1 :i* /&s close by1 are food & dr9k or betel-nut4 ,all ?is g5]ally appe>s :5 an epidemic is 9 a ne>by village1 9 ord] to fright5 ! be>]s ( ! sickness away1 & at ! same "t ga9 ! aid ( well-dispos$ spirits4 ,at su* a "t _m ( ! p we> wri/lets & anklets ( bamboo1 int]wov5 ) roots & v9es :i* are displeas+ to ! evil be+s 7,plate ,,xxviii74 ,c]emonial ,p>aph]nalia4--,akosan 7,fig4 #d1 ,no4 #d73 ,a priz$ %ell1 ) top & bottom cut (f1 is slipp$ ov] a belt-l clo?4 ,above x are a s]ies ( wood5 r+s & a wood5 imitation ( ! %ell4 ,?is1 :5 hung beside ! dead1 is bo? pleas+ to ! _s ( ! deceas$1 & a protection to ! corpse aga9/ evil be+s4 ,aneb 7,fig4 #d1 ,no4 #a73 ,! "n usually giv5 to a protective necklace plac$ ab\t ! neck ( a "y *ild to keep evil spirits at a di/ance4 ,! same "n is also giv5 to a m9iature %ield1 b[ & arr[1 :i* hang above ! infant4 ,dakidak 7,fig4 #d1 ,nos4 #c-c;a73 ,long poles1 "o a re$1 ! o!r bamboo1 split at "o end s !y w rattle4 ,! m$ium /rikes !m on ! gr\nd to attract ! spirits to ! food s]v$ on ! talapitap4 ,igam3 ,not*$ fea!rs1 (t5 ) color$ y>n at ! ends1 atta*$ to /icks4 ,^! are worn 9 ! hair dur+ ! ,palaan & ,sayang c]emonies1 to please ! spirits ( ! ea/1 call$ ,idadaya4 ,inalson3 ,a sacr$ blanket made ( :ite cotton4 ,a blue or blue & r$ design is =m$1 :]e ! bread?s jo91 & also along ! bord]s4 ,x is worn ov] ! %\ld]s ( ! m$ium dur+ ! ,gipas c]emony 7cf4 p4 #bfc74 ,lab-labon3 ,also call$ ,adug4 ,9 ,buneg & ne>by t[ns1 ^: inhabitants are ( mix$ ,t+uian & ,kal+a blood1 small incis$ pott]y h\ses are f\nd among ! rice j>s1 & are said to be ! resid5ces ( ! spirits1 :o multiply ! rice4 ,!y are sometimes replac$ ) incis$ j>s decorat$ ) v9es4 ,! idea seems to be an intrusion into ! ,t+uian belt4 ,! "n is probably d]iv$ f labon1 pl5ty or abundance 7,plate ,,xxix74 ,pil+ 7,plate ,,xix73 ,a collection ( l>ge sea-%ells atta*$ to cords4 ,!y are kept 9 a small basket toge!r ) "o hundr$ fa?oms ( ?read & a ,*9ese plate1 usually ( anci5t make4 ,! :ole makes up ! m$ium's outfit1 us$ :5 %e is summon+ ! spirits4 ,p9apa3 ,a l>ge silk blanket ) yell[ /rips runn+ l5g?wise4 ,su* blankets are worn by c]ta9 wom5 :5 danc+ da-eng1 & !y are also plac$ ov] ! feet ( a corpse4 ,sado 7,fig4 #d1 ,no4 #c73 ,! %all[ clay di%es 9 :i* ! spirits are f$ on ! talapitap4 ,salogeygey3 ,! outside b>k ( a re$ is cut at two po9ts1 f opposite directions1 s t a d\ble fr+e ( n>r[ /rips /&s out4 ,"o end is split1 saklag leaves are ins]t$1 & ! :ole is dipp$ or spr9kl$ 9 sacrificial blood1 & plac$ 9 ea* h\se dur+ ! ,sagobay c]emony4 ,! same "n is appli$ to ! magical /icks1 :i* are plac$ 9 ! rice se$-b$s to insure lu/y plants 7cf4 p4 #cii74 ,sangadel3 ,! bamboo frame on :i* a corpse is plac$ dur+ ! fun]al4 ,tab+3 ,a l>ge :ite blanket ) :i* "o corn] ( ! room is scre5$ (f dur+ ! ,sayang & o!r c]emonies4 ,9 ?is room food & o!r (f]+s are made = ! black1 de=m$1 & timid spirits :o wi% to att5d ! c]emony unobs]v$4 ,takal3 ,armlets made ( bo>'s tusks1 :i* are worn dur+ c]ta9 dances 9 ,sayang4 ,talapitap 7,fig4 #d1 ,no4 #c73 ,a r\ghly plait$ bamboo frame on :i* ! spirits are f$ dur+ ! m important rites4 ,us$ 9 connection ) ! dakidak & clay di%es 7sado74 ,tongatong 7,fig4 #d1 ,no4 #e73 ,! musical in/rum5t1 :i* appe>s 9 _m c]emonials4 ,x consi/s ( six or m bamboo tubes ( v>i\s l5g?s4 ,! play]s hold a tube 9 ea* h&1 & /rike _! ends on a /one1 :i* lies betwe5 !m1 ! v>y+ l5g?s ( ! cyl9d]s giv+ out diff]5t notes4 ,,*apt] ,v ,,! ,,c]emonies ,a visitor1 :o ent]s ! ,t+uian t]ritory 9 ! p]iod foll[+ ! rice-h>ve/1 quickly ga9s ! impression t ! c]emonial life ( ?is p is dom9ant4 ,9 ne>ly e village1 he f9ds "o or m c]emonies 9 progress1 :ile "w is almo/ =gott54 ,?is condition exi/s until ! com+ ( ! ra9s 9 ,may1 :5 all is *ang$4 ,m5 & wom5 g to ! fields be=e daybreak1 & return only :5 d>kness =ces !m to cease _! toil4 ,dur+ ! p]iod :5 ! fields are 9 prep>ation1 or ! rice is gr[+1 few c]emonials are held1 except ^? int5d$ to promote ! gr[? ( ! crops1 to cure sickness1 or to w>d (f imp5d+ mis=tune4 ,aside f ! rites1 :i* att5d bir?1 m>riage1 & simil> ev5ts1 ! c]emonies may be plac$ 9 two divisions3 fir/1 ^? :i* may be celebrat$ by all p2 second1 ^? re/rict$ to c]ta9 families4 ,! fir/ class we %all designate z ! m9or c]emonies4 ,,section #a ,! ,m9or ,c]emonies ,dawak 7also call$ ,boni & ,alopag74--,! "n ,dawak is appli$ to t "p ( important c]emonies 9 :i* ! spirits ent] ! bodies ( ! m$iums4 ,x is also giv5 z a sep>ate c]emony1 usually to cure sickness1 b 9 "s settlem5ts x foll[s a bir?4 ,accord+ to tradition1 x 0 taught1 toge!r ) ! ,sayang c]emony1 by ! _s ,kaboniyan to a woman ,dayapan2 & %e1 9 turn1 taught x to o!rs1 :o 7 !n able to cure sickness4 ,x is probable t ! "n comes f dawat 7a reque/ or petition72 yet !re is little 9 x :i* corresponds to pray] or entreaty4 ,z !re 0 consid]able v>iation 9 ea* ,dawak witness$ by ! writ]1 ! complete c]emony is giv5 = ! village ( ,ba-ak1 toge!r ) /rik+ v>iations f o!r t[ns4 ,9 ?is in/ance1 ! rite 0 held to effect ! cure ( a sick woman & to le>n ! desires ( ! spirits4 ,two m$iums1 assi/$ by sev]al m5 & wom51 sp5t ! fir/ aft]noon prep>+ ! ?+s to be us$4 ,fir/1 a %ort cane 0 fa%ion$ out ( black wood1 rattan r+s 7 slipp$ ov] ?is1 & all 7 plac$ inside a ,*9ese j>4 ,a di% ( cook$ rice 0 put ov] ! top1 z a cov]1 & a blanket spread ov] ! :ole4 ,?is 0 br\ght close to ! pati5t1 ! m$ium recit$ a dam ov] x1 #abh & !n ord]$ t x rema9 !re ?r\gh\t ! c]emony4 ,on a l>ge mat 9 ! c5t] ( ! room 7 plac$ betel-nuts1 coconuts1 & leaves1 two j>s--"o empty1 ! o!r fill$ ) basi--1 a l>ge & small head-axe1 two spe>s1 & "s %ells4 ,an empty j> _h a /r+ ( beads ti$ ar\nd its neck1 & inside x 0 plac$ a swit*1 c>e be+ tak5 t a portion ( x hung outside4 ,beside ! j> 0 a basket conta9+ five bundles ( un?re%$ rice1 on :i* 0 a ske9 ( ?read support+ a new j>4 ,all ?is 0 cov]$ ) a woman's skirt4 ,f9ally a b\nd pig 0 laid j inside ! door4 ,:5 all 0 complete1 ?ree m5 play$ on ! tongatong 7cf4 p4 #cad71 until "o ( ! m$iums took h] place beside ! mat4 ,rais+ a plate above h] head1 %e /ruck x repeat$ly ) a small head-axe1 to call att5tion ( ! spirits4 #abi ,!n %e began to *ant & wail call+ ! spirits to ent] h] body4 ,aft] two or ?ree mom5ts ( song1 %e 0 possess$ by a _s1 :o ann\nc$ t 8 "n 0 ,ibal9sogwan4 ,he plac$ a roo/] at "o end ( a spe>1 & a bundle ( rice at ! o!r1 did a %ort dance1 & dep>t$4 ,! m$iums !n seat$ !mselves on opposite sides ( ! j> ( basi2 ea* drank ( ! liquor1 & ! *ant began aga94 ,_s aft] _s took possession ( "o ( ! m$iums1 :o !n conv]s$ ) ! o!r1 ask$ que/ions conc]n+ ! pati5t1 or o!r matt]s1 & occasionally (f]$ advice4 ,be=e 8 dep>ture1 ea* _s w\ld dr9k ( ! basi4 ,! memb]s ( ! family 7 pres5t dur+ mo/ ( ! day2 fri5ds came1 & w5t z !y pleas$1 /opp$ to li/5 to or talk ) ! spirits1 drank basi1 & !n w5t ab\t _! "w4 ,e>ly ! second morn+1 ! m$iums w5t to a b\nd pig 9 ! h\se1 & aft] plac+ betel-nut on its back1 !y p\r$ wat] into its e>4 ,?is caus$ ! animal to %ake its head2 &1 z ! wat] 0 ?r[n out1 "o ( ! m$iums caught x 9 h] h&1 & appli$ x to ! sick woman1 at ! same "t *ant+1 ,g away sickness1 be ?r[n out l ?is wat]2 let ?is p]son be well1 = %e is n[ foll[+ ! cu/om4 ,z soon z %e _h f9i%$1 two m5 c>ri$ ! animal to ! riv] bank1 :]e !y kill$ & s+$ x4 ,^u _! return to ! h\se1 !y remov$ & c>efully exam9$ its liv]2 =1 by ! m>k+s on x1 ! p 7 assur$ t ! spirits 7 pleas$ ) ! mann] 9 :i* ! c]emony 0 be+ conduct$1 & h5ce ! prospects = ! pati5t's recov]y 7 v bright4 ,gipas1 ! divid+1 foll[$4 ,an old man divid$ ! pig ) ! m$ium1 b by sly manipulation manag$ to get a little m ?an %e did4 ,a betel-nut1 beeswax1 & a lead net-s9k] 7 ti$ toge!r ) a /r+1 & 7 divid$1 b aga9 ! old man receiv$ a little m ?an 8 %>e4 ,betel-nut 0 (f]$ to ! pair4 ,app>5tly ea* piece 0 ! same1 b only "o 0 suppli$ ) lime1 & ! mortal secur$ t4 ,he !n *all5g$ ! m$ium to see ^: spittle 0 ! r$de/4 ,bo? expectorat$ on ! head-axe1 b s9ce ! spittle ( ! m$ium 0 n mix$ ) lime1 x 0 uncolor$4 ,9 all in/ances ! human be+ came out victor ov] ! _s1 :o s\ght to take ! woman's life4 ,h5ce h] recov]y 0 assur$4 ,a new _s possess$ ! m$ium1 & "u h] directions ! family 0 plac$ b5ea? a blanket1 & a coconut 0 cut 9 two ov] _! heads4 ,9 addition to ! fluid ( ! nut1 wat] 0 empti$ ov] !m1 s t ! sickness w\ld be wa%$ away4 ,z soon z ! family em]g$ f ! blanket1 !y w5t to _! balaua1 #acj & (f]$ food1 aft] :i* ! m$ium aga9 summon$ sev]al spirits4 ,f ?is "t until well into ! ev5+1 ! gue/s danc$ tadek1 /opp+ only to be s]v$ ) food & dr9k4 ,! morn+ ( ! ?ird & la/ day 0 sp5t 9 prep>+ food & o!r (f]+s1 :i* 7 plac$ on a mat & left1 = a "t1 to be us$ by ! immortals4 ,lat] ! (f]+s 7 consum$ by ! gue/s1 & ! m$ium summon$ ! _s ,agkabkabayo4 ,?is be+ direct$ f\r m5 to c>ry ! blanket on :i* ! m$ium 0 seat$ to ! balaua1 :5 !y 7 met by ano!r m$ium1 possess$ by ! _s ,bali54 ,= a "t !y busi$ !mselves mak+ repairs to ! _s /ructure1 !n decorat$ x by ty+ /rips ( %r$d$ coconut leaves to ! slats ( ! floor4 ,!y also atta*$ leaves to ! kalang 7cf4 p4 #caj71 & ins]t$ betel-nut & leaf4 ,! f9al act ( ! c]emony 0 to prep>e f\r soloko 7cf4 p4 #caj74 ,9 ! fir/ 0 plac$ a half coconut2 9 ! second 0 rice mix$ ) blood2 9 ! ?ird cook$ fle% ( a f[l2 & 9 ! la/ 7 f\r /alks ( rice1 & "s p9e-/icks4 ,"o 0 plac$ at ea* gate ( ! t[n z an (f]+1 & ! p return$ to _! homes4 ,z paym5t = _! s]vices1 ! m$iums receiv$ a small portion ( ! pig1 "s rice1 beads1 a little money1 & clo?4 ,! acts & conv]sation ( ! spirits :5 summon$ 9 ,dawak are well illu/rat$ by ! foll[+4 ,a woman ( ,lagangilang 0 ill ) dys5t]y2 & a m$ium1 9 ?is in/ance1 a man1 0 in/ruct$ to make ,dawak4 ,he began summon+ ! spirits by /rik+ a di% ) 8 head-axe4 ,soon he cov]$ 8 face ) 8 h&s1 began to sway to & fro1 & to *ant un9telligible words4 ,sudd5ly he /opp$ & ann\nc$ t he 0 ! _s ,labotan1 & t x 0 8 wi% t blood & rice be plac$ on a head-axe1 & be laid on ! woman's abdom54 ,next he ord]$ t !y %\ld fe$ "s rice to ! small pig :i* lay b\nd on ! floor4 ,if he eats1 ?is is ! "r c]emony1 & y w get well1 he said4 ,! pig refus$ ! food1 &1 aft] express+ regret t he 0 unable to help1 ! _s dep>t$1 to be succe$$ by ,b9ongon4 ,he at once direct$ t ! pig be kill$1 & ! palpitat+ he>t be put on ! woman's /oma*1 & !n be press$ aga9/ ea* p]son 9 ! room1 z a protection aga9/ illness4 ,at fir/ he refus$ to dr9k ! liquor :i* 0 (f]$ to him1 = x 0 new & raw2 b :5 he le>n$ t no o!r c\ld be obta9$1 he drank1 & !n address$ ! pati5t4 ,y ate some?+ =bidd54 ,x is easy to cure y if ! spirits h made y ill2 b if "s "o is practis+ magic1 p]haps y w die4 ,) ?is *e]+ message ! _s dep>t$1 & ,ayaonwan appe>$4 ,he direct$ an old woman to fe$ rice & wat] to ! pati5t1 & !n1 )\t fur!r advice1 he said1 ,! o!r spirits d n l me v well1 s ,i _c g to _! places4 ,i w5t to _! places1 b !y said _m bad words to me4 ,i (f]$ !m basi1 b !y did n wi% to take2 s ,i ask$ ! way1 & !y %[$ me to ! o!r spirits' place4 ,i 0 poor1 & _h no?+ to eat = noon or night4 ,:5 ,i 0 9 ! road1 ,i met _m long snakes1 & ,i _h to pu% !m ap>t s ,i c\ld walk4 ,& ,i met _m eels1 & ask$ ( !m ! road2 b ! eels bit me1 & took me into _! /oma*s1 & c>ri$ me to ,luluaganan to ! well !re2 !n ,i di$4 ,! p1 :o g to ! well1 say1 ',:y is ,ayaonwan dead8 ,we h a bad odor n[2' & ! eels say1 ',^: son is ?is8' & !y rubb$ my dead _s1 & ,i receiv$ life aga94 ,!n ,i took blood & rice ) me to ! sky to ! o!r eels to make ,sayang4 ,! eels gave me gold = my wri/s2 ! monkeys gave me gold = my tee? & hair2 ! wild pig gave me bracelets4 ,!re is mu* m ,i c tell y1 b n[ ,i mu/ g4 ,! _s dep>t$1 & a new "o 0 summon$4 ,?is _s took ! spe> 9 8 h&1 & aft] *ant+ ab\t ! illness ( ! woman1 he drank basi out ( a di%1 sitt+ on ! head-axe4 ,!n s++ aga9 he dipp$ ! spe> 9 ! oil1 & all[$ x to fall drop by drop on ! /oma* ( ! sick woman2 lat] he t\*$ ! heads ( all pres5t ) ! spe>1 say+1 ,y w n be sick any m1 & dep>t$4 ,p9a+ or ,p9ad+ 7,plate ,,xxx74--,at ! gate or entrance ( ne>ly e village w be f\nd a numb] ( peculi>ly %ap$1 wat]-worn /ones1 ei!r b5ea? a small %elt]1 or ne/l+ among ! roots ( "s great tree4 ,^! are ! gu>dian /ones1 & 9 !m lives ,apdel 7! _s :o gu>ds ! t[n74 ,_m /ories clu/] ab\t ^! p9a+1 #aca b all agree t1 if prop] (f]+s are made to !m at ! beg9n+ ( a great c]emony2 :5 ! m5 are ab\t to und]take a raid2 or1 :5 sickness is 9 a ne>by village1 ! resid5t _s w protect ! p "u 8 c>e4 ,?us x happ5s t sev]al times ea* ye> a gr\p ( p may be se5 e>ly 9 ! morn+1 ga!r$ at ! /ones4 ,!y ano9t ! head ( ea* "o ) oil1 put new b>k b&s on _! necks1 aft] :i* !y kill a small pig4 ,! m$ium mixes ! blood ( ! sla9 animal ) rice1 & scatt]s x on ! gr\nd :ile %e recites ! /ory ( _! orig94 ,!n %e bids ! spirits f ne> & f> to come & eat1 & to be k9dly dispos$4 ,9 ,bakaok & "s o!r villages x is cu/om>y = ! m$ium to summon sev]al spirits at ?is "t1 & ?is is foll[$ by ! danc+ ( tadek4 ,! p ( ,luluno always hold a c]emony at ! p9a+ be=e ! plant+ ( ! rice & aft] ! h>ve/4 ,foll[+ ?is c]emony 9 ! village ( ,san ,juan1 a m9iature raft 7taltalabong7 0 load$ ) food & o!r pres5ts1 & 0 set afloat1 to c>ry provisions to any _s1 :o might h be5 prev5t$ f enjoy+ ! fea/4 ,^! /ones are ( p>ticul> int]e/1 9 t !y pres5t "o ( ! few in/ances 9 :i* ! ,t+uian associates sup]natural be+s ) natural objects4 ,saloko 7,plate ,,xxv74--,besides ! h\ses1 9 ! fields1 & at ! gate ( _m villages1 "o (t5 sees long bamboo poles ) "o end conv]t$ into a basket-l receptacle4 ,(f]+s ( food & betel-nut are n[ f\nd 9 !m2 b1 accord+ to "s ( ! old] m51 ^! 71 until rec5tly1 us$ to hold ! heads ( sla9 enemies1 z is /ill ! case among ! neighbor+ ,apayao4 ,! ritual ( ! ,saloko c]emony seems1 9 "p1 to be> out ?is claim2 yet ! folk-tales & equally good in=mants assure u t ! heads 7 plac$ on %>p5$ bamboo poles1 :i* pass$ ?r\gh ! =am5 magnum4 ,x is probable t bo? me?ods ( exhibit+ skulls 7 employ$ 9 ! ,t+uian belt4 ,n[adays ! saloko f\nd ne> to ! villages are usually erect$1 dur+ a %ort c]emony ( ! same "n1 z a cure = heada*e4 ,a m$ium is summon$2 &1 aft] secur+ a *ick51 %e /rokes x1 z %e *ants3 ,y spirits ( ! sagang1 #acb :o live above4 ,y spirits ( ! sagang1 :o live on ! level gr\nd4 ,y spirits ( ! sagang1 :o live 9 ! ea/4 ,y spirits ( ! sagang1 :o live 9 ! we/4 ,y ,lalaman #acc above4 ,y ,lalaman on ! wood$ hill4 ,y ,lalaman 9 ! we/4 ,if y took ! head ( ! sick man1 ,y mu/ n[ grant him heal?1 z y please4 ,! f[l is kill$2 & its blood1 toge!r ) rice & "s o!r gift1 is plac$ 9 ! saloko1 & is plant$ ne> ! h\se or gate4 ,(t5times a /r+ ( fea!rs runs f ! pole to ! dwell+1 or to ! opposite side ( ! gate4 ,! family cooks & eats ! *ick51 & ! affect$ memb] is expect$ to recov] at once4 ,%\ld ! tr\ble p]si/1 a m elaborate c]emony1 probably ,dawak1 w foll[4 ,9 "s in/ances betel-nut prep>$ = *ew+ takes ! place ( ! f[l2 rice-/alks hang f ! sides ( ! basket1 & bits ( p9e are add$ to make bright & cle>4 ,all ( ?is is rubb$ on ! pati5t's head1 :ile ! m$ium recites ! diam4 ,bawi1 also call$ ,s9aba-an & ,ababong4--,?is "n is (t5 appli$ to ! small h\ses built 9 ! rice-fields = ! _s ,kaiba-an1 b m commonly x ref]s to ! little /ructures ( bamboo & grass1 :i* ne/le among ! banana plant+s ne> ! village 7,plate ,,xxii74 ,:5 su* a /ructure is built or repair$1 x is accompani$ by a c]emony ( ! same "n4 ,! usual purpose ( ?is ev5t is to cure sore feet1 b 9 ,patok & o!r valley t[ns x is celebrat$ be=e ! rice h>ve/ & ! press+ ( ! sug>-cane1 s t ! spirits w keep ! work]s 9 good heal?1 & save !m f injury4 ,"o ( ! mo/ common ailm5ts is sore or crack$ feet caus$1 no d\bt1 by /&+ = long p]iods 9 ! mud & wat] ( ! rice-fields1 & !n tramp+ ov] ! r\gh1 hot trails to ! village4 ,! ,t+uian1 h[ev]1 "k t ! spirits1 call$ ,abat & ,selday br+ ab\t ?is affliction1 unless !y are kept 9 good humor1 & h some?+ to occupy _! "t o!r ?an di/urb+ human be+s2 h5ce ^! h\ses are built = !m1 suitable (f]+s are plac$ inside1 & f9ally a few banana suck]s are plant$ close by1 s t ! spirits w be kept busy c>+ = !m4 ,! orig9 ( ! c]emony is ascrib$ to a woman ( anci5t times1 nam$ ,bagutayka1 :o1 lack+ c]ta9 organs1 appe>s z an outca/4 ,%e at fir/ caus$ pass]s-by to h tr\ble ) _! feet & limbs1 b lat] taught !m h[ to effect a cure by build+ ! bawi & p]=m+ ! c]emony4 #acd ,to-day1 :5 a p]son is afflict$1 he summons a m$ium1 ! _s-h\se is built1 & !n ! foll[+ diam is recit$ ov] a roo/]3 ,y abat above1 ,y abat 9 ! gr\nd1 ,y abat 9 ! corn] ( ! h\se1 ,y abat 9 ! c5t] pole1 ,y abat bel[ ! /air1 ,y abat 9 ! door1 ,y ,selday 9 ! wood$ hill1 ,y ,selday above1 ,make ! sick p]son well1 if y please6 #ace ,:5 ! recital is f9i%$1 ! f[l is kill$1 & its blood mix$ ) rice is plac$ 9 n9e di%es & "o poli%$ coconut %ell4 ,f ^! x is transf]r$ to n9e o!r di%es & "o bamboo basket4 ,^! are plac$ 9 a r[1 & n9e di%es & "o unpoli%$ %ell are fill$ ) wat]1 & plac$ opposite4 ,9 ! c5t] ( ?is d\ble l9e is a di%1 conta9+ ! cook$ fle% ( ! roo/]1 also "s rice1 & "o hundr$ fa?oms ( ?read1 :ile betwe5 ! di%es are laid t5 half betel-nuts1 prep>$ = *ew+4 ,lat]1 all ^! ?+s are return$ to a s+le receptacle1 except ^? 9 ! %ell cups & basket1 :i* are plac$ 9 ! _s-h\se4 ,! und]ly+ idea 9 ?is proc$ure seems to be t frequ5tly f\nd 9 o!r c]emonies1 namely1 t food & wat] symbolizes ! life ( ! pati5t1 :i* is p>tially tak5 away by ! spirits2 b :5 !y are return$ to "o place1 ! life mu/ be replac$ 9 a l mann]4 ,9 ,manabo a piece ( banana b>k is tak5 f "o ( ! plant+s beside a bawi2 &1 aft] be+ wa%$ 9 ! wat]1 is appli$ to ! affect$ limb4 ,! f9al act is to take a coconut husk1 /ick fea!rs 9 its sides1 & hang x beside ! bawi z a sign to all t ! c]emony has be5 held4 ,no spirits are summon$ at ?is "t1 nei!r is !re s++ or danc+4 ,bakid4 #acf--,?is c]emony is held to celebrate ! completion ( a new dwell+1 or to remove any bad sign1 :i* may h be5 receiv$ dur+ ! build+ op]ations4 ,! m$ium & h] assi/ants fa/5 a bamboo pole or rattan cord across "o portion ( ! room1 & on x place num]\s pieces ( clo?-skirts1 blankets1 belts1 a fi%-net1 & a quantity ( false hair4 ,?is s]ves fir/ z an (f]+ to ! spirits1 b x is also expla9$ t1 if ! immortals are unable to c\nt all ! gifts1 !y w be p[]less to injure ! occupants ( ! dwell+4 ,%\ld an evilly dispos$ be+ desire to make tr\ble = ! own]1 he mu/ c\nt e hair 9 ! swit*es1 z well z e hole 9 ! fi%-net4 ,fail+ 9 ?is1 he w be compell$ by ! o!r spirits to celebrate ! ,bakid c]emony five times at 8 own exp5se4 ,b5ea? ! l9e ( (f]+s1 a b\nd pig is laid2 &1 z %e /rokes ! side ( ! animal1 ) oil$ f+]s1 ! m$ium repeats a diam #acg 9 :i* %e tells ( mis=tunes ( a family1 :i* fail$ to obs]ve ! signs s5t by ,kaboniyan1 & ( 8 in/ructions z to h[ be/ to ov]come _! tr\bles4 ,! family li/5s respectfully until ! /ory is f9i%$1 !n !y lift a door f its socket1 place x 9 ! middle ( ! floor1 & proce$ to sacrifice ! pig ^u x4 ,"s ( ! blood is imm$iately spr9kl$ on ! h\se timb]s1 p>ticul>ly ^? :i* may h giv5 ! build]s tr\ble1 ei!r 9 transportation1 or dur+ ! erection ( ! /ructure4 ,! great] "p ( ! blood is mix$ ) rice1 & is dropp$ ?r\gh ! slits 9 ! floor1 or scatt]$ ab\t = ! spirits2 :ile = an h\r or m a portion ( ! meat1 ! he>t1 & ! head1 are plac$ bel[ ! (f]+s on ! cord or on ! h\se-beams4 ,lat]1 ^! portions w be cook$ & s]v$ to ! gue/s4 ,imm$iately aft] ! kill+1 ! liv] is remov$1 & is exam9$ = a sign4 ,%\ld ! om5s be unfavorable1 ano!r animal w be kill$1 or ! family w celebrate ,sangasang )9 a few days4 ,if ! signs are satisfactory1 ! ho/ beg9s to di/ribute basi1 & soon good fell[%ip reigns4 ,"o aft] ano!r ( ! gue/s s+s ! dal5g1 9 :i* !y bespeak = ! own] a long & prosp]\s life 9 8 new home4 ,! ,bakid always ends ) a fea/1 9 :i* ! fle% ( slaught]$ animals plays ! important "p4 ,^u its completion1 ! m$ium is giv5 a portion ( ! meat1 "s un?re%$ rice1 & o!r small gifts1 z paym5t = h] s]vices4 ,! gue/s return to _! homes1 & = two or ?ree days foll[+ are b>r$ f ent]+ ! new dwell+4 ,dur+ ?is p]iod ! family mu/ rema9 indoors4 ,sangasang4--,sangasang is (t5 s simil> to ! ,bakid1 t "o description might cov] bo?4 ,?is is p>ticul>ly true1 if x is held to remove a bad sign4 ,%\ld a l>ge liz>d or a bird ent] a new build+1 x is consid]$ z a mess5g] ( ,kaboniyan2 & ! =ego+ c]emony is c>ri$ out1 ! only v>iation be+ t ! bird or liz>d is caught1 if possible1 is ano9t$ ) oil1 a bead is atta*$ to a leg1 & x is !n releas$ to g back to its ma/]4 ,cont9u$ mis=tunes to ! memb]s ( a h\sehold w\ld also be an excuse = ! c]emony4 ,9 ?is in/ance1 ! only v>iation f ! proc$ure j giv5 w\ld be 9 ! diams4 ,! fir/ to be recit$ tells h[ ! _s ,maganawan s5t _m snakes & birds to ! gate ( a t[n to dem& ! blood ( a roo/] mix$ ) rice4 ,! p celebrat$ ,sangasang1 & s5t blood & rice to ,maganawan1 :o1 9 turn1 spat x out on ! gr\nd4 ,z he did s1 ! sickness & mis=tunes ( ! mortals vani%$4 ,! second diam #ach relates a qu>rel betwe5 ! v>i\s p>ts ( ! h\se1 ea* insi/+ on its own importance4 ,at la/ !y recognize _! mutual dep5d5ce1 & ! p ( ! dwell+ are aga9 9 good heal?4 #aci ,9 ,lumaba & ne>by villages1 unpleasant dreams1 or a bad disposition are ov]come by a c]emony call$ ,sangasang2 b1 z ?is v>ies some:at f ! o!rs1 x is giv5 9 detail4 ,! m$ium1 :o is summon$ = ?is ev5t1 calls = oil & a roo/] ) long spurs4 ,:5 ^! are br\ght1 %e /rokes ! f[l ) ! oil1 & *ants ! foll[+ diam4 ,!re is a v old woman 9 ! sea1 & %e says to h] spirits1 :o are ,dapeg 7a _s :i* kills p71 ,bal+5ng5 7a _s :i* causes bad dreams71 & ,b5isalsal 7a _s :i* ?r[s ?+s & is unpleasant71 ',g beyond ! sea & spread y\r sickness1' ,! spirits are go+4 ,!y arrive & beg9 _! "w1 & if ! p d n make ,sangasang1 _m w die4 ,n[ x is morn+1 & ! spirits are go+ to ! riv] to see :at ! p h (f]$ to ! old woman1 :o is ,inaw54 ,if !y d n f9d any?+1 !y w say1 ',all ! p 9 ?is t[n %all die1' & !n !y w g on to ano!r place4 ,inaw51 :o is wait+1 s5ds ,kid5g 7a s]vant7 to se>* = ! spirits1 :o are kill+ p1 to tell !m to return4 ,dapeg leaves ! fir/ t[n4 ,he goes to ano!r1 & ! dogs b>k s t ! p _c sleep4 ,a man op5s ! door1 to le>n ! cause ( ! b>k+1 & he sees a man1 fat & tall1 ) n9e heads1 & he c>ries _m k9ds ( cakes4 ,! man says1 ',n[ take ^! cakes1 & if y d n make ,sangasang = my mi/ress1 at ! riv]1 y %all die4 ,y mu/ f9d a roo/] ) long tail & spurs2 y mu/ mix its blood ) rice1 & put x 9 ! riv] at dawn :5 no "o c see y1' ,! man makes ,sangasang ! next night1 & puts ! blood1 mix$ ) rice1 9 a well dug by ! riv]1 s t ! spirits may take x to _! mi/ress4 ,kid5g also arrives & says1 'y mu/ come ) me n[1 = %e awaits y :o are be>+ ?is (f]+4' ,!y g & arrive4 ,_! mi/ress eats & says1 ',i did n ?9k t ! blood ( p ta/$ s badly1 n[ ,i %all n s5d y aga91 = y h already kill$ _m p4' ,:5 ?is *ant is complet$1 ! *ick5 is kill$1 z direct$ 9 ! song2 & at night ! blood & rice are (f]$ beside ! /ream4 #adj ,! *ick5 is eat5 by ! family1 & its fea!rs are ti$ to a /r+1 /ret*$ across ! room4 ,leaves are atta*$ to ! h\se-ladd] z a w>n+ t all visitors are b>r$1 & = ?ree days ! family rema9s quietly indoors4 ,sagobay4 #ada--,?is is "o ( ! mo/ widespread ( ! c]emonies1 = x n only cov]s ! entire ,t+uian belt1 b ext5ds into ! ,igorot villages ( ! ,upit riv] region & ,ilocos ,sur1 z well z into ! ,kal+a villages ( ! ,malokbot valley4 ,its occurr5ce 9 connection ) ! rice-culture is fully1 describ$ else:]e 7cf4 p4 #djj71 s t at ?is place only its second function1 t ( keep+ illness f ! t[n1 is describ$4 ,:5 an epidemic appe>s 9 a ne>by settlem5t1 ! lakay summons ! old m5 9 c\ncil1 & !y decide on ! numb] ( pigs1 & ! am\nt ( rice1 basi1 & o!r articles requir$1 aft] :i* ! necess>y funds are secur$ by levy+ a tax on all ! p ( ! village4 ,to keep ! evil spirits1 :o be> ! sickness1 out ( ! t[n1 a cord ( bamboo or rattan is /ret*$ ar\nd ! :ole settlem5t1 :ile at ! gate a high f5ce is erect$4 ,?r\gh ! uprights ( ?is f5ce are /uck bamboo spikes ) ! %>p5$ ends fac+ outw>d1 s z to cat* or pi]ce ! intrud]s 7,plate ,,xxviii72 :ile 9 ! saloko & along ! gateway are plac$ leaves1 roots1 & o!r (f]+s acceptable to ! fri5dly spirits4 ,simil> cords & leaves are also /rung ar\nd ! entrances to ! h\ses4 ,! cord & gateway =m an adequate protection1 & no human be+ or _s w violate ?is taboo4 ,%\ld a human d s1 ! lea/ p5alty w\ld be a tax suffici5t to pay all ! exp5se ( ! c]emony2 b %\ld ! sickness aft]w>ds invade ! t[n1 x is q possible t m s]i\s puni%m5t might be exact$ by ! families ( ! victims4 ,:5 all is prep>$1 ! m5 & boys arm !mselves1 & ) %\ts & ho/ile demon/rations drive ! sickness t[>d ! t[n :5ce x is ?\ght to come4 #adb ,return+ to ! c5t] ( ! village1 ! p dance tadek1 & ! m$iums may summon sev]al spirits4 ,next1 ! pigs are kill$1 & _! liv]s are exam9$ = a sign4 ,%\ld ! om5s be unfavorable1 "o or m f[ls w be sacrific$1 until x seems c]ta9 t ! help ( ! spirits is assur$1 aft] :i* ! fle% is cook$ & eat54 ,!n a small cov]$ raft 7taltalabong7 is con/ruct$1 & a portion ( ! food is plac$ inside4 ,late 9 ! aft]noon1 ?is is c>ri$ ?r\gh ! village1 :ile "o or m drumm]s keep up a d9 to fright5 evil spirits away4 ,j z ! sun is s9k+1 ! raft is c>ri$ to ! riv]1 & is set afloat1 9 ord] t any int]e/$ spirits1 :o may h be5 prev5t$ f att5d+ ! c]emony1 may /ill receive _! %>e ( ! (f]+4 ,9 ,likuan a diff]5t explanation is (f]$ = ! taltalabong4 ,"h !y say t ! (f]+s are plac$ on ! raft1 s z to induce any ho/ile spirits :o may be ne> to ent]1 & !n !y are c>ri$ out & away f ! t[n4 ,! blood ( ! slaught]$ animals has be5 sav$1 & ^u _! return f ! riv] ! p dip leaves into x1 & atta* ^! ne> to ! doors ( _! dwell+s4 ,= at lea/ "o day foll[+1 no "w is done1 & all visitors are b>r$4 ,dur+ ?is "t ! p only conv]se 9 l[ tones1 & take special precautions aga9/ ev5 animals mak+ a noise4 ,! beaks ( roo/]s are ti$1 or !y are plac$ 9 small baskets1 s t !y _c /& up to cr[4 ,9 ,lakub a new h\se or protection is plac$ above ! gu>dian /ones1 & (f]+s are made to !m at ! "t ( ! ,sagobay1 :ile 9 ,likuan ! p>ticipants we> neck & ankle b&s ( bamboo z a fur!r protection f ! sickness4 ,ngorong-or4--,lumaba & ! ,t+uian villages ( ,ilokos ,sur hold ?is c]emony1 :5ev] a p]son is s]i\sly ill ) /oma* tr\ble4 ,z ! rite does n ext5d f> into ! ,t+uian belt1 b is f\nd 9 ! ,igorot villages f>!r s\?1 x seems likely t x is an importation f t region4 ,! memb]s ( ! family ga!r 9 ! aft]noon1 & kill a small pig by cutt+ (f its head4 ,a "p ( ! blood is sav$1 & ! balance is spr9kl$ aga9/ ! h\se po/s & ladd]4 ,! pig itself is hung f "o r\nd ( ! ladd]1 s t its blood w drip to ! gr\nd4 ,! m$ium has be5 /&+ quietly to "o side wat*+1 b n[ %e calls ^u ! spirits1 ,y 7call+ "o or m by "n71 come out2 be vomit$ up1 = n[ y are be+ f$4 ,%e all[s !m a few m9utes = _! repa/1 !n cuts op5 ! c>cass & removes ! liv]4 ,a bit is cut f ! top1 !n %e splits op5 ! animal's skull1 & removes a little ( ! bra94 ,?is %e places on a banana leaf2 &1 aft] add+ a small piece ( gold1 wraps x up & buries x beside ! c5t] po/ ( ! dwell+4 ,! animal is n[ cook$ & s]v$ to ! gue/s1 b lib]al portions are plac$ on ! h\se raft]s & o!r places conv5i5t = ! spirits4 ,next morn+ a piece is cut f a dog's e>1 is sme>$ ) blood1 & is plac$ 9 a small split bamboo1 toge!r ) two /alks ( rice4 ,a cl\t is ti$ to a spe>1 & all are rubb$ on ! body ( ! pati5t1 :ile ! m$ium expla9s t ?is is ! betel-nut ( ! spirits1 & t1 :5 %e takes x f ! village1 !y w g also1 & ! recov]y be assur$4 ,! family foll[s h] to ! gate ( ! t[n1 & wat*es closely1 z %e ?ru/s ! spe> & pole into ! gr\nd2 = if !y are firmly set 9 ! gr\nd1 yet lean away f ! village1 x is c]ta9 t ! spirits h dep>t$1 & ! sick w recov]4 ,foll[+ ! c]emony1 memb]s ( ! family may n "w = five days1 nei!r may !y lead a horse or c>abao1 or eat ( wild meat4 ,%\ld !y d any ( ! ?+s =bidd51 !y w be /ruck by lightn+4 ,sapata ! ,oa?4--,if a !ft has be5 committ$1 & x has be5 impossible to detect ! guilty p]son1 ! foll[+ proc$ure takes place4 ,a rice-mort> is plac$ 9 ! y>d1 & on x a di% ( basi4 ,all ! p are summon$ to ga!r1 & "o by "o !y dr9k ( ! liquor1 mean:ile call+ on ! snakes to bite !m1 ! lightn+ to /rike !m1 or _! abdom5s to swell up & bur/ if !y are guilty4 ,soon ! p w "k ! culprit1 = "o ( ^! disa/]s w befall him4 ,:5 t occurs1 8 family w be compell$ to make good ! !ft1 z well z ! exp5se ( ?is ga!r+4 ,,section #b ,! ,great ,c]emonies ,9 addition to ! c]emonies & rites :i* may be celebrat$ by all ! p !re are a numb] ( m elaborate obs]vances1 :i* c only be giv5 by ^? :o h ! h]$it>y "r1 or :o h ga9$ ! privilege by a c]ta9 def9ite proc$ure4 ,9 g5]al ^! c]emonies are re/rict$ to ! villages 9 or close to ! valley ( ! ,abra1 ! l[] rea*es ( ! ,t9eg1 ,malanas1 & ,s9along riv]s4 ,z "o proce$s up ! tribut>y /reams into su* settlem5ts z ,baay1 ,likuan1 & ,lakub1 x is noticeable t ! typical _s h\ses become few] 9 numb]1 :ile ! p>ticipants 9 ! accompany+ c]emonies are limit$ to rec5t emigrants f ! l[] valleys4 ,! same ?+ is f\nd to be true on ! we/]n side ( ! coa/ range ( m\nta9s1 z "o goes nor? or s\? f ! ,abra riv]1 al?\gh !re is evid5ce "h t "s ( ! settlem5ts =m]ly _h ^! rites1 b h all[$ !m to fall into disuse1 z a result ( ,ilocano influ5ce4 ,?is di/ribution ( ! great c]emonies seems to give a h9t t !y are intrusive2 t !y probably 7 at "o "t re/rict$ to ! families ( emigrants & ev5 to-day are b>r$ f a "p ( ! p4 ,!y h n yet ext5d$ f> into ! int]ior1 despite ! fact t 9 ! l[] valleys !y almo/ completely dom9ate ! life ( ! p dur+ a portion ( ! ye>4 ,9 all ! valley t[ns "o sees little h\ses & plat=ms1 app>5tly ( no practical value1 yet occupy+ important places1 :ile 9 ! p]iod foll[+ ! rice-h>ve/ elaborate fe/ivals are c>ri$ on ab\t !m4 ,soon x develops t ea* ( ^! /ructures has a def9ite "n1 is associat$ ) a p>ticul> c]emony1 & is built & kept 9 repair 9 honor ( c]ta9 p[]ful spirits4 ,! culm9ation ( ^! rites is ! great ,sayang c]emony :i* ext5ds ov] sev5te5 days & nights4 ,:5 ?is is held1 x includes all ! m9or ev5ts ( ?is class1 & ! small] _s /ructures are !n built or repair$4 ,?is supreme ev5t c only be celebrat$ by a few families1 b all ! t[npeople are welcome gue/s1 & all1 reg>dless ( age & sex1 may witness or take "p 9 ! proce$+s4 ,s9ce all ! great ev5ts occur aft] ! h>ve/1 a "t ( leisure & pl5ty1 !y become ! great social ev5ts ( ! ye>4 ,a p]son :o does n h ! h]$it>y "r to ! c]emonies may ga9 ! lib]ty if he be w>n$ 9 a dream or be notifi$ by ! spirits t x is _! wi%4 ,s9ce all ! exp5ses ( su* a ga!r+ fall on ! giv]1 x is imp]ative t he be well-to-d4 ,su* a "o gives ! c]emonies1 9 ord]1 dur+ a t]m ( ye>s1 & ev5tually obta9s ! "r to ! ,sayang1 ! greate/ social & religi\s ev5t 9 ,t+uian life4 ,adoption entitles an individual to all ! privileges ( ! family1 & z ! writ] & 8 wife 7 adopt$ into a family possess+ ! "r to all ! c]emonies1 !y became at once p>ticipants 9 all ! ev5ts :i* are "h describ$4 ,9 ?is way x 0 possible to obta9 in=mation & in/ruction on _m po9ts :i* obs]vation alone c\ld sc>cely af=d4 ,! ,pala-an c]emony is ! fir/ r\nd on ! social & religi\s ladd]4 ,x is "h giv5 9 "s detail1 & is !n foll[$ by o!rs1 9 ! ord] ( _! importance4 ,pala-an4--,! ,pala-an is held :5 "s memb] ( ! family is ill1 or :5 ! /ructure ( t "n ne$s repair4 ,_m spirits visit ! p dur+ ?is rite1 b ! "o *iefly int]e/$ is ,idadaya1 ! _s ( ! ea/4 ,he & 8 t5 gr&*ildr5 we> 9 _! hair ! not*$ tail-fea!rs ( a roo/]1 :i* are kn[n z igam4 ,f "t to "t ^! lose _! lu/]1 & !y c only be refre%$ by hav+ "s mortal celebrate ,pala-an4 ,:5 x appe>s t ^! ornam5ts ne$ att5tion1 ! ,idadaya w notify "s family1 ei!r ?r\gh a m$ium or by s5d+ illness to !m4 ,a family hav+ receiv$ su* a notification summons a m$ium1 & %e at once beg9s to ga!r saklag 7,ju/icia g5d>ussa ,l47 & sikag 7,lygodium sp4 ne> sc&5s7 & a grass kn[n z bildis1 :ile ! m5 secure ! bamboo & o!r mat]ials us$ 9 build+ ! _s /ructure4 ,"o corn] ( ! liv+ room is scre5$ (f ) a l>ge :ite blanket call$ tab+1 & beh9d x ! m$ium places un?re%$ rice & j>s :i* %e has deck$ ) v9es & leaves4 ,:ile %e is ?us engag$1 ! m5 are busy build+ ! pala-an 7,plate ,,xxiv74 ,?is consi/s ( f\r long poles--?ree ( bamboo & "o ( a res9\s tree1 ant5g1 #adc set 9 a squ>e & support+1 ne> ! top1 a plat=m ( bamboo4 ,a numb] ( wom5 h be5 invit$ to assi/ ! family1 & !y n[ proce$ to beat out suffici5t rice to s]ve ! gue/s4 ,:5 ! p\nd+ is f9i%$1 a rice-mort> is set out 9 ! op51 & a little rice is plac$ 9 x4 ,! wom51 arm$ ) long pe/les1 ga!r ar\nd &1 keep+ "t to ! music ( copp] gongs1 !y circle ! mort> contra-clockwise1 /rik+ its edge ?ree times 9 regul> beats ( #a1 #b1 #c2 on ! next beat ! lead] /rikes ! bottom ( h] pe/le aga9/ t ( h] neighbor1 on ! fir/ & second beats1 b on ! ?ird %e p\nds ! rice 9 ! mort>4 ,?is is repeat$ by ! woman on h] "r & s on ar\nd ! circle4 ,!n ! lead] /rikes ! top ( h] pe/le aga9/ ! top ( ! "o held by ! wom5 next h] on two beats & on ! ?ird p\nds rice1 & ?is is repeat$ by all4 ,! music n[ becomes mu* fa/]1 &1 keep+ "t ) x1 ! lead] /rikes fir/ into ! rice1 !n :irls cle> ar\nd & /rikes ! pe/le ( ! woman on h] left2 aga9 %e turns & /rikes t ( ! woman on h] "r4 ,ea* foll[s h] 9 turn1 & soon all are 9 motion ab\t ! mort>1 alt]nately p\nd+ ! rice & cla%+ pe/les4 ,?is is kn[n z kitong1 & is ! me?od prescrib$ by ! great _s ,kaboniyan = ! break+ ( a "p ( ! rice to be us$ 9 ?is & o!r c]emonies 7,plate ,,xxxi74 ,z soon z ! p\nd+ is f9i%$1 ! m$ium places "s ( ! newly brok5 rice 9 a bamboo di%1 & places ?is on a rice w9n[]4 ,%e also adds a skirt1 five pieces ( betel-nut1 two pip] leaves1 & a little di% ( oil1 & c>ries ! collection bel[ ! pala-an1 :]e a b\nd pig lies4 ,! betel-nut & leaf are plac$ on ! animal1 !n ! m$ium dips h] f+]s 9 ! oil1 & /rokes its side :ile %e recites ! foll[+ diam3-- ,! _s :o lives 9 ,dadaya lies 9 b$2 he looks at 8 igam1 & !y are dull4 ,he looks aga91 ',:y are my igam dull8 ,ala1 let u g to ,sudipan1 :]e ! ,t+uian live1 & let u take our igam1 s t "s "o may make !m bright aga94' ,aft] t !y laid !m 7! igam7 on ! h\se ( ! ,ipogau1 & !y are all sick :o live 9 t h\se4 ,kaboniyan look$ d[n on !m4 ',ala1 ,i %all g d[n to ! ,ipogau1' ,he truly w5t d[n to !m1 ',:at is ! matt] ) y8' ',we are all sick :o live 9 ! same place1' said ^? sick ones4 ',t is true1 & ! cause ( y\r sickness is t !y 7! spirits7 laid d[n _! igam on y4 ,x is be/ t y make ,pala-an1 s9ce y h receiv$ _! igam1 = t is ! cause ( y\r illness1' ,aft] t !y made ,pala-an1 & !y recov]$ f _! sickness1 ^? :o liv$ 9 ! same place4 7,"h ! m$ium calls ! spirits ( ,dadaya by "n & !n cont9ues47 ',n[ ^? :o live 9 ! same place make bright aga9 ^? igam :i* y left 9 _! h\se4 ,make !m well aga91 if y please'4 ,z soon z %e f9i%es h] recital1 ! pig is /abb$ 9 ! ?roat1 its blood is collect$1 & is mix$ ) cook$ rice4 ,! c>cass is s+$ at once4 ,five m5 !n c>ry x to ! top ( ! pala-an1 :]e x is cut up4 ,! suet & ! h9d legs are h&$ to ! m$ium1 :o places !m beh9d ! scre5 9 ! room1 & ! family may !n re/ assur$ t ! spirits ?us rememb]$ w free !m f heada*e & sore eyes4 ,aft] ! fle% has be5 cut into small pieces1 mo/ ( x is c>ri$ into ! dwell+ to be cook$ = ! gue/s1 b a portion is plac$ 9 a bamboo tube1 & is cook$ b5ea? ! pala-an4 ,:5 x is ready to s]ve1 ! five m5 aga9 g to ! top ( ! /ructure & eat x1 toge!r ) cook$ rice1 !n !y take ! bamboo cook+ tube1 tie "s ( ! sacr$ v9es f beh9d ! curta9 ab\t x1 & fa/5 x to "o pole ( ! pala-an4 ,! m5 9 ! h\se are free to eat1 & :5 !y are f9i%$1 ! wom5 d9e4 ,9 ! cool ( ! aft]noon1 ! p beg9 to assemble 9 ! y>d1 :]e !y are soon jo9$ by ! m$ium c>ry+ a spe> 9 "o h&1 a roo/] 9 ! o!r1 & ) a rice w9n[] atop h] head4 ,%e places ! latt] on a rice-mort> close to ! pala-an1 & uncov]+ x reveals a small head-axe1 not*$ *ick5 fea!rs1 h] %ells1 five pieces ( betel-nut & two leaves1 a j> cov]1 a di% ( oil1 & a coconut %ell fill$ ) rice & blood4 ,at ! comm& ( ! m$ium1 f\r or five m5 beg9 to play on copp] gongs1 :ile ! wife ( ! ho/ comes =w>d & receives ! spe> & roo/] 9 "o h&4 ,! m$ium takes ! head-axe1 & !n ! two wom5 take hold ( ! w9n[] ) _! free h&s4 ,keep+ "t to ! music1 !y lift x f ! mort>1 take "o /ep1 !n /op1 /rike ! spe> & head-axe toge!r1 !n /ep & /op aga94 ,at ea* halt ! m$ium takes a little ( ! rice & blood f ! w9n[] & spr9kles x on ! gr\nd = ! spirits to eat4 #add ,:5 !y h made half ! circuit ( ! mort>1 !y *ange places & retrace _! /eps2 = z !y take ! gifts p>tly away & !n replace !m1 9 ! same mann] ! spirits w return t "p ( ! pati5t's life :i* !y _h remov$1 & he w become well & /rong aga94 ,! blood & rice :i* rema9 aft] ?is dance is plac$ on n9e pieces ( banana b>k4 ,five ( ^! are c>ri$ to ! pala-an2 "o to ! ea/ & "o to ! we/ gate ( ! t[n2 "o is put on ! talagan1 a m9iature seat erect$ ne> by = ! conv5i5ce ( visit+ spirits1 & "o 9 a little _s h\se kn[n z tangpap 7cf4p4#caa74 ,= an h\r or m1 ! m$ium makes dawak1 & summons _m spirits into h] body4 ,:5 ! la/ ( sup]ior be+s has made 8 call1 ! m$ium goes to h] home1 c>ry+ h] paym5t = ! day's "w1 #ade b ! t[nspeople rema9 to dr9k basi & to s+ da-eng until well into ! night4 ,e>ly ! next morn+1 ! m$ium goes to ! h\se1 & remov+ ! j>s & ! bundle ( decorat$ rice f ! tab+1 c>ries !m to ! family's rice gran>y1 & places !m 9 ! c5t] ( t /ructure1 cov]+ !m ) six bundles ( rice4 ,?is is an (f]+ to ! _s resid+ !re1 & = ! next five days ! gran>y mu/ n be op5$4 ,no?+ m ( importance takes place dur+ ! morn+1 b late 9 ! aft]noon ! p assemble 9 ! dwell+ to dr9k basi1 :ile "o or m m$iums summon ! spirits4 ,aft] a "t a /]ile female pig is br\ght 9 & plac$ 9 ! c5t] ( ! room4 ,two m5 arm$ ) long knives slice ! animal op5 along ! l5g? ( its /oma*4 ,an old man quickly slips 9 8 h&1 draws out ! /ill palpitat+ he>t1 & h&s x to a m$ium1 :o 9 turn /rokes ! /oma*s ( memb]s ( ! family1 ?us protect+ !m f inte/9al tr\bles4 ,%e also t\*es ! gue/s & ! articles :i* h be5 us$ dur+ ! day4 ,= ?is second day ?is m$ium receives1 z pay1 ! head & two legs ( ! pig1 a hundr$ fa?oms ( ?read1 a di% ( brok5 rice1 & five bundles ( un?re%$ rice4 ,%e also is giv5 a small pres5t 9 ex*ange = ea* bead %e receiv$ :5 ! spirits ent]$ h] body4 ,foll[+ ! c]emony1 ! memb]s ( ! family are b>r$ f "w1 usually = "o moon1 & dur+ ?is p]iod !y may n eat ( wild pig or c>abao1 ( lob/]s or eels4 ,an infraction ( ?is rule w\ld incur1 ! wra? ( ! spirits & result 9 sickness & disa/]4 ,tangpap4--,9 _m ( ! valley t[ns ,tangpap is only a "p ( ,sayang 7cf4p4#cde71 & is nev] giv5 alone1 b 9 ,manabo1 ,lagangilang1 & ne>by settlem5ts x is recogniz$ z "o ( ! c]emonies :i* mu/ be celebrat$ be=e a family acquires ! "r to ,sayang4 ,9 ^! villages x foll[s ,pala-an aft] a lapse ( two or ?ree ye>s4 ,x 0 dur+ ! progress ( ?is c]emony 9 ! village ( ,manabo1 9 #aijh1 t ! writ] & 8 wife 7 made memb]s ( ! tribe1 & s9ce ! m$iums 7 p>ticul>ly anxi\s t we "k all ! details1 ! in=mation 9 ?is in/ance is unusually complete4 ,x is "h giv5 9 full1 z an excell5t example ( h[ all are conduct$4 ,a ,manabo woman1 ! wife ( ,sagasag1 0 seiz$ ) an illness :i* depriv$ h] ( ! use ( h] limbs1 & :5 o!r means ( relief fail$1 0 told by ! spirits to give ! ,tangpap c]emony1 to :i* %e already _h a h]$it>y "r4 ,a m$ium 0 summon$1 & %e1 ) two assi/ants1 began to prep>e _m pres5ts = ! spirits :o 7 expect$ to att5d ! c]emony4 ,f previ\s exp]i5ce x 0 kn[n ! sort ( gift ea* w\ld appreciate1 & by ! end ( ! second day ! foll[+ ?+s 7 9 read9ess4 ,= ! spirits ,bakod & ,olak1 #adf a rice w9n[] 0 load$ ) a %ield1 a clay di%1 a coconut %ell fill$ ) basi1 a /r+ ( beads1 a small basket1 two bundles ( rice1 & leaves ( ! atilwag 7,breynia acum9ata71 lat] ! half ( a sla9 pig 0 also add$4 ,cords 7 atta*$ at ea* corn] ( ! liv+ room1 & b5ea? ! po9ts :]e !y cross$ 0 a mat on :i* ! m$iums 7 to sit :5 summon+ ! spirits4 ,on ! cords 7 leaves1 grasses1 & v9es1 ! :ole =m+ a decoration pleas+ to ! sup]ior be+s1 ,i-anayan & ,i-angawan4 ,= ,gapas !y provid$ two small baskets ( rice1 a %ell call$ gosip5g1 & a rattan-l v9e1 tanobong1 betel-nuts & pip]-leaf4 ,bogewan receiv$ a basket ( rice1 "s :ite ?read1 sections ( posel--a v>iety ( bamboo--1 atilwag leaves1 & "s beads4 ,= ,bognitan1 a j> 0 p>tly fill$ ) tanobong1 & = ,gil91 a j> ( basi4 ,cook$ rice 0 m\ld$ into ! =m ( an alligator1 & 0 spott$ ) r$1 betel saliva4 ,?is1 :5 plac$ on a basket ( rice1 0 int5d$ = ,bol&an4 ,soyan 0 provid$ ) a basket :i* conta9$ ! m$ium's %ells & a clo?1 :ile ,ibaka receiv$ a j> cov] fill$ ) salt4 ,d&awila _h to be cont5t ) a /em ( "y betel-nuts1 & ,bakoki ) two fi% baskets fill$ ) p\nd$ rice1 also a spe>4 ,a l>ge :ite blanket 0 fold$ into a neat squ>e1 & on x 0 laid a lead s9k] = ! use ( ,mamonglo4 ,z a rule1 ?ree spirits nam$ ,mabeyan att5d$ ?is c]emony4 ,= ! fir/1 a bamboo frame 0 con/ruct$1 & on x 0 plac$ a female pig1 runo 7a re$71 & prep>$ betel nut4 ,= ! second1 a %ield1 fi% net1 rice & a rice w9n[]1 & a bit ( /r+2 :ile = ! ?ird1 a rice w9n[] 0 set ) eight coconut %ells1 a small di%1 & a g\rd dipp]4 ,dur+ a consid]able portion ( ! "t t ^! articles 7 be+ prep>$1 sev]al m5 sat 9 ! y>d & play$ on ! tongatong1 b :5 ! m$iums f9ally gave ! signal t ev]y?+ 0 9 read9ess1 !y mov$ _! in/rum5t up on ! por* ( ! dwell+1 :]e !y cont9u$ play+ s(tly4 ,"o ( ! m$iums took h] place 9 ! mat 9 ! middle ( ! room1 & rais+ a ,*9ese plate above h] head1 began to /rike aga9/ x ) h] %ells1 9 ord] to notify ! spirits t ! c]emony 0 ab\t to beg94 ,next %e plac$ two di%es on ! mat 9 front ( h]1 & z %e sang a monoton\s *ant1 %e t\*$ ea* "o ) a small /ick4 ,! ho/ 0 !n ord]$ to %uffle 8 feet betwe5 ! l9es ( di%es & to /ep ov] ea* "o4 ,z soon z he did s1 ! m$ium pull$ ! mat f b5ea? !m1 roll$ x up1 & us$ x z a :ip ) :i* %e /ruck ! head ( ea* memb] ( ! family4 ,! _s :o _h caus$ ! woman's illness 0 suppos$ to be ne> by1 & aft] he witness$ ?is :ipp+1 he w\ld be afraid to rema9 long]4 ,z a promise ( future rew>d to ! well-dispos$ immortals1 a b\nd pig 0 !n plac$ beside ! door ( ! dwell+4 ,go+ to ! he>?1 ! m$ium )drew burn+ /icks1 & plac$ !m 9 a j>1 & held ?is ov] ! head ( ! sick woman1 = a _s has made h] sick1 b ! fire w fright5 him away1 & %e w get well4 ,aft] %e _h made ! circuit ( ! family1 %e held a bundle ( rice above ! flames1 & ) x aga9 w5t to ea* p]son 9 ! room2 !n %e did ! same ?+ ) brok5 rice & ) ! atilwag v9e4 ,two m$iums !n seat$ !mselves on ! mat1 & cov]+ _! faces ) _! h&s1 began to *ant & wail1 besee*+ ! spirits to ent] _! bodies4 ,"o aft] ano!r ! spirits came & posses$ ! m$iums1 s t !y 7 no long] reg>d$ z human be+s1 b z ! spirits !mselves4 ,fir/ came ,kakalonan1 also kn[n z ,boboyonan1 a fri5dly be+ ^: *ief duty x is to f9d ! cause ( tr\bles4 ,address+ ! sick woman1 he said1 ,n[ y make ?is c]emony1 & ,i come to make fri5ds & to tell y ! cause ( y\r tr\ble4 ,i d n ?9k x 0 necess>y = y to hold ?is c]emony n[1 = y built y\r balaua only two ye>s ago2 yet x is be/ t y d s1 = y c d no?+ else4 ,y are n l ! spirits4 ,if we die1 we come to life aga92 if y die1 y d n4 ,at ?is po9t an old man int]rupt$1 & (f]$ him a dr9k ( basi4 ,at fir/ ,kakalonan refus$1 say+ he did n want to accept any paym5t2 b f9ally he yield$ & dra9$ ! coconut %ell ( liquor4 ,aft] assur+ ! family t all w\ld be well ) !m :5 ! c]emony 0 complete1 he took 8 dep>ture4 ,! next _s to come 0 ,sagangan #adg ( ,anayan4 ,he appe>$ to be 9 a rage1 because ! prop] pres5t _h n be5 prep>$ = 8 com+1 & 0 express+ himself vigor\sly :5 a pass+ woman happ5$ to t\* him1 & he at once dep>t$4 ,! m$ium *ant$ = a long "t1 urg+ him to return1 & f9ally he did s4 ,at once he dem&$ t two bundles ( rice h wax heads m\ld$ on !m1 & t black beads be ins]t$ = eyes4 ,^!1 he assur$ !m1 w\ld s]ve him z well z ! woman's life1 s he w\ld make ! ex*ange1 & %e w\ld get well4 ,:5 ! dolls 7 prep>$1 he address$ ! husb&1 ,my o!r "n is ,+alit1 & ,i live 9 ! sky4 ,:at is ! matt] ) ! woman8 ,i d n "k1 repli$ ! man4 ,we ask y4 ,y ask me1 :at is ! matt] ) ?is woman1 & ,i w tell y4 ,h[ does x happ5 t ,am]icans are att5d+ ! c]emony8 ,! husb& repli$ t ! ,am]icans wi%$ to le>n ! ,t+uian cu/oms1 & ?is f9ally seem$ to satisfy ! sup]ior be+4 ,turn+ t[>d ! door :]e ! m5 7 /ill s(tly play+ on ! tongatong1 he call$ out peevi%ly1 ,tell ! p n to play on ! tongatong1 = ! spirits :o wi% to he> x are n pres5t1 & we are a%am$ to h ! ,am]icans he> x4 ,y make ?is c]emony n[ because y are sick & d n wi% to die1 b y c\ld h wait$ two ye>s4 ,:ile ?is _s 0 talk+1 ano!r1 :o said he liv$ 9 ,langbosan1 & _h be5 s5t by ,gil51 came to ! body ( ! second m$ium4 ,pay+ no att5tion to ! o!r _s1 he began to give in/ructions = ! conduct ( ! c]emony4 ,! tangpap 0 to be build ! next morn+1 also two balags 7p4#cjh71 & = !m !y 7 to prep>e "o pig4 ,d n fail to prep>e ?is pig1 b y may use x = bo? tangpap & balag4 ,y w also make a taltalabong 7p4#caa74 ,= ?is y mu/ prep>e a diff]5t pig1 = ?is is = ! sons & s]vants ( ,kadaklan4 ,aft] ! dep>ture ( ^! be+s1 t5 o!r spirits came 9 quick succession4 ,two ( ! latt] claim$ to be ,igorot spirits1 & bo? talk$ ) ! peculi> /acatto acc5t ( ! p :o live along ! ,kal+a-,igorot bord]4 #adh ,aft] ! dep>ture ( ! ,igorot spirits1 bo? m$iums 7 possess$1 "o by ,sanadan1 a male _s1 & ! o!r by ! female _s ( ,pangpangdan4 ,at _! reque/ ! m5 began aga9 to play on ! tongatong1 & ! spirits danc$4 ,soon ,sanadan began to fondle ! woman1 to rub h] face ) 81 to feel ( h] body & at la/ ( h] privates4 ,o!r spirits1 :o /ay$ only long en\gh to dr9k1 foll[$ !m1 & !n ,gonay appe>$4 ,! spectators _h be5 op5ly bor$ by ! la/ few visitors1 b ! "n ( ,gonay quickly reviv$ _! int]e/4 ,%e began to s+ a wail+ song 9 :i* %e told ( h] sad plight4 ,"t aft] "t %e repeat$ ! s5t5ce1 ,gongay has no husb&1 = h] "m put a /one 9 h] vag9a1 yet %e loves all "y m54 ,f "t to "t %e w\ld pause1 & make ludicr\s attempts to fondle ! "y boys1 & !n :5 !y resi/$ h]1 %e aga9 took up h] pla9t4 ,at la/ %e succe$$ 9 gett+ "o "y fell[ to ex*ange cig>s & headb&s ) h]1 & began to rub h] h&s on 8 body1 urg+ him n to leave h]4 ,j :5 %e seem$ on ! v]ge ( success 9 w9n+ him1 ano!r _s ,baliwaga came to ! m$ium1 & ! fun-mak] _h to dep>t4 ,! newcom] plac$ an agate bead 9 a di%1 & held x high above 8 head :ile he danc$4 ,f9ally he call$ out t ! bead _h vani%$1 b :5 he l[]$ ! plate1 x 0 /ill !re1 & he left 9 *agr94 ,he 0 succe$$ by a dumb female _s nam$ ,damolan1 :o und]took to d ! trick 9 :i* h] pr$ecessor _h fail$4 ,hold+ ! plate high above h] head1 %e danc$ furi\sly1 & f "t to "t /ruck aga9/ ! side ( ! di% ) ! m$ium's %ells4 ,twice :5 %e l[]$ ! di%1 ! bead 0 !re1 b on ! ?ird attempt x _h vani%$4 ,! trick 0 s clev]ly done t1 al?\gh we 7 beside h] & wat*+ closely1 we did n detect ! f9al movem5t4 ,) mu* satisfaction1 ! m$ium assur$ u t ! bead w\ld be f\nd 9 ! hair ( ! man :o broke ! fir/ gr\nd = ! tangpap1 a boa/ :i* 0 made good ! foll[+ morn+4 ,adadog came next1 & n f9d+ ! *ick5 :i* %\ld h be5 plac$ on ! mat = him1 he broke out 9 a great fury & tri$ to seize a man 9 its place4 ,he 0 re/ra9$ f do+ injury to 8 victim1 & soon left1 /ill highly indignant4 ,sev5 o!r spirits /opp$ only = a dr9k1 & !n ,daliwaya appe>$4 ,^u h] arrival1 "o ( ! headm5 gravely in=m$ h] t ! p wi%$ to adopt f\r ,am]icans1 b t only "o 0 !n pres5t4 ,! _s bade ! writ] to arise f ! mat1 :]e he 0 ly+1 & aft] /rok+ 8 head = a "t1 said1 ,y wi% to make ?is ,am]ican an ,itneg1 #adi b be=e y c d any?+1 ! spirits mu/ approve & give him a "n4 ,i w give him a "n n[1 & !n to-morr[ all ! p mu/ say if !y wi% to give him ano!r "n & make him ,ipogau4 #aej ,8 "n %all be ,agonan1 = t is ! "n ( ! _s :o kn[s _m languages4 ,aga9 %e /rok$ ! writ]'s head1 & !n tak+ a l>ge porcela9 platt]1 %e fill$ x ) basi1 & toge!r we drank ! liquor1 alt]nately1 a swall[ at a "t4 ,aft] h] dep>ture1 an ,alzado #aea came & danc$ ) high knee action1 meantime say+1 %e 0 !re to make "s "o ill1 & t %e w\ld d s unless ! ,am]ican gave h] a clo? = h] cl\t :5 %e return$ ! foll[+ day4 ,! next visitor 0 ,sanadan1 ! _s :o owns & gu>ds ! de] & wild pig4 ,up to ?is "t ! p _h be5 mildly int]e/$ 9 ! arrivals1 b :5 ?is important be+ appe>$1 ! m5 at once became al]t2 !y told him ( _! tr\bles 9 ! hunts1 ( ! sc>city ( de]1 & urg$ him to s5d m ( !m to ,mt4 ,posoey1 :]e !y 7 accu/om$ to hunt4 ,he (f]$ mu* good advice conc]n+ ! me?ods ( hunt+1 b refus$ to take any action reg>d+ ! game on ! ne>by m\nta91 =1 he said1 ! _s ,dapwanay :o owns ,posoey 0 wat*+ ! game !re4 ,j be=e he dep>t$1 he call$ to ! headm51 ,i am v ri* & v bold4 ,i am n afraid to g any:]e4 ,i c become ! sunset sky4 ,i am go+ to ,asb9an 9 ,kalaskigan to h him make me a %oe ( gold4 ,to-morr[ y mu/ n use any ( ! ?+s y h _h out-(-doors1 b y may make use ( !m :5 y build ! taltalabong4 ,! la/ _s to come t night 0 ,ablalansa :o keeps gu>d ov] ! sons ( ,kadaklan4 ,he paus$ only = a dr9k & to tell ! p t ,am]ica 0 v ne> to ! place1 :]e ! big birds live :o eat p4 ,x 0 midnight :5 ! m$ium in=m$ u t no m spirits w\ld come t ev5+1 & we w5t to re/4 ,ab\t six o'clock ! next morn+1 ! wom5 began ! c]emonial p\nd+ ( ! rice kn[n z kitong 7cf4 p4 #cbi7 9 ! y>d1 :ile "o ( ! m$iums w5t to ! b\nd pig ly+ 9 ! dwell+ & recit$ a diam z %e /rok$ its side2 %e also p\r$ a little basi ?r\gh ! slits 9 ! floor = ! use ( any visit+ spirits4 ,:ile ! wom5 7 ?us engag$1 ! m5 7 busy con/ruct+ _s h\ses 9 ! y>d4 ,( greate/ importance 0 ! tangpap 7,plate ,,xxvii71 a small bamboo /ructure ) a slant+ ro(1 re/+ on f\r poles1 & an int]wov5 bamboo floor fa/5$ ab\t ?ree feet above ! gr\nd4 #aeb ,ne> "o ( ! h\se poles a funnel-%ap$ basket 0 ti$1 & 9 x 0 set a =k$ /ick1 )9 ! crot* ( :i* 0 a little floor & ro(1 ! :ole =m+ a re/+ place = ! ,igorot spirits ( ,talegteg4 ,! pala-an ne$$ a few repairs1 & two ( ! old m5 look$ aft] ^!1 :ile o!rs made two long cov]$ bamboo b5*es :i* might be us$ ei!r by visit+ m5 or spirits4 #aec ,f\r long bamboo poles 7 set 9 ! gr\nd1 & a ro( plac$ ov] !m to =m ! bang-bangsal1 a %elt] always provid$ = ! spirits ( ,soyau4 ,by t5 o'clock all 0 9 read9ess1 & ! p !n ga!r$ 9 ! dwell+1 :]e ! m$iums began summon+ ! spirits4 ,! fir/ to arrive 0 ,omgbawan1 a female _s ^: conv]sation ran z foll[s3 ,i come n[ because y p ought to make ?is c]emony4 ,i did n come la/ night1 = !re 7 _m spirits "h1 & ,i 0 busy4 ,y p :o build tangpap mu/ provide all ! necess>y ?+s1 ev5 ?\gh !y are co/ly4 ,x is good t ! ,am]icans are "h4 ,i nev] talk$ ) "o be=e4 ,manaldek #aed 0 ! next arrival1 & z he 0 "o ( ! spirits :o 0 suppos$ to h caus$ ! pati5t's illness1 8 visit 0 ( consid]able importance4 ,he 0 pres5t$ ) a spe> & prep>$ betel-nut4 ,! latt] 0 atta*$ to ! po9t ( ! weapon1 & ?is 0 press$ aga9/ ! body ( ! pig1 !n ! _s t\*$ ea* memb] ( ! family 9 ord] to drive ! sickness f !m4 ,mamonglo ord]$ ! family "u a :ite blanket1 & !n t\*$ ! head ( ea* p]son ) a lead s9k]1 :ile 8 companion _s wav$ a bundle ( rice & a firebr& ov] !m1 ,to take away ! sickness :i* !y _h s5t4 ,six o!r spirits came long en\gh to dr9k1 !n ,bisangolan occupi$ ! att5tion ( all = a "t4 ,he is an old man1 a giant :o lives ne> ! riv]1 & ) 8 head-axe keeps ! trees & driftwood f jamm+1 & ?us prev5ts floods4 ,= q a "t he *att$ ab\t himself1 !n f9ally blew smoke ov] ! p1 at ! same "t assur+ !m t ! sickness w\ld n[ vani% l ! smoke4 ,j be=e dep>t+ he in=m$ ! family t a _s nam$ ,imalbi _h caus$ ! tr\ble 9 ! pati5t's eyes1 & t on ! next morn+ !y mu/ build a little h\se1 call$ balitang1 among ! banana trees1 & place 9 x a live *ick54 ,gayangayan1 a female _s f ,lagayan1 foll[$1 rubb$ ! head ( ea* p]son1 blew smoke ov] !m1 & !n ann\nc$ ?us3 ,! p ( ,layogan #aee mu/ n close _! doors :5 x ra9s1 or x w /op4 ,! attitude ( ! p t[>d ! weak] & less important spirits 0 well %[n :5 ,ambayau1 a wild female _s1 arriv$4 ,%e dem&$ to "k :]e %e c\ld secure heads1 & imm$iately ! p began to tell h] all sorts ( impossible places1 & made je/s ab\t h] & h] family4 ,f9ally !y told h] to take ! head ( a c]ta9 ,*ri/ianiz$ native2 b %e refus$1 s9ce %e _h %ort hair1 & x w\ld be h>d = h] to c>ry ! skull4 ,:ile %e 0 /ill talk+1 ! m5 />t$ to c>ry ! pig f ! room1 b %e deta9$ !m1 to expla9 t ! p cut ! meat into too l>ge pieces1 = we spirits eat only s mu*1 indicat+ a p9*4 ,! _s ,soyau came = a dr9k1 & !n all ! p w5t out to ! tangpap1 :]e ! pig 0 kill$1 s+$1 & cut up4 ,a small pig 0 laid beside ! pala-an1 & = a "t 0 gu>d$ by ! son ( ! sick woman1 :o = ?is ev5t _h plac$ ! not*$ *ick5-fea!rs 9 8 hair1 & _h put on bracelets ( bo>'s tusks4 ,z soon z %e _h f9i%$ at ! tangpap1 ! m$ium came to ! pala-an1 & hav+ recit$ ! prop] diam ov] ! pig ly+ !re1 ord]$ x kill$ 9 ! mann] already describ$ = ?is /ructure 7cf4 p4 #cbi74 ,bo? animals 7 !n cook$1 & soon all ! gue/s 7 eat+1 dr9k+ & je/+4 ,late 9 ! aft]noon1 ! _s mat 0 spread 9 ! y>d ne> to ! tangpap1 & ! m$iums began summon+ ! spirits4 ,! fir/ to come 0 ,mamabeyan1 an ,igorot _s = :om ! p %[$ ! utmo/ contempt4 ,!y guy$ him1 ?rew dirty wat] on 8 body1 & 9 o!r ways insult$ him1 until 9 8 fury he tri$ to climb ! h\se po/s to puni% a gr\p ( girls1 ! wor/ (f5d]s1 b m5 & wom5 ru%$ up ) /icks & clubs1 & drove him back4 ,aft] a "t he calm$ d[n1 & go+ to a b\nd pig1 he address$ x z a pretty lady1 & tri$ to c>ess x4 ,:ile ?is cl[n _s 0 amus+ ! cr[d1 a second m$ium br\ght out t5 coconut %ells1 "o ( :i* 0 fill$ ) blood & rice4 ,^! %e plac$ on a w9n[]1 :i* 9 turn 0 set on a rice-mort>4 ,soon ! _s ,ilongbosan ent]$ h] body1 & comm&$ ! son ( ! pati5t to take "s ( ! blood & rice f ! "o di%1 place x 9 all ! o!rs1 & !n put x back aga91 = :5 ! spirits make a man sick1 !y take "p ( 8 life1 & :5 !y make him well1 !y put x back4 ,s ! boy takes a "p ( ! blood & rice away1 & gives x to ! spirits1 !n puts x back4 ,! _s 0 foll[$1 by ,gil51 :o bade ! lad take hold ( "o side ( ! w9n[]1 :ile he held ! o!r4 ,rais+ x 9 ! air1 !y danc$ half way r\nd ! mort>1 !n retrac$ _! /eps4 ,?is is because ! spirits only p>tially took ! life away4 ,n[ !y put x back4 ,z !y f9i%$ danc+1 ,gil5 /ruck 8 spe> aga9/ ! boy's head-axe & dep>t$4 ,! m$ium1 n[ ) h] own p]sonality1 lean$ a %ield aga9/ ! rice-mort>1 & 9 ! ,lambda ?us =m$ %e hung a small bundle ( rice & a burn+ cord1 :ile ov] ! :ole %e spread a fi% net4 ,sc>cely _h %e complet$ ?is task1 :5 %e 0 possess$ by ! _s ( ,kibay51 ?is be+ walk$ r\nd & r\nd ! net1 seek+ = an op5+1 b )\t success4 ,lat] ! m$ium expla9$1 ,! rice & fire repres5t ! woman's life1 :i* ! _s wi%es to take2 b %e _c1 s9ce %e is unable to pass ?r\gh ! fi% net4 ,! next visitor 0 ,yangayang1 :o began to boa/ ( 8 p[] to make p]sons ill4 ,sudd5ly ! m$ium fell to ! gr\nd 9 convulsions1 & !n /ret*$ out 9 a dead fa9t4 ,! writ] exam9$ h] closely1 b c\ld n detect h] brea?+4 ,aft] a mom5t1 ! second m$ium seiz$ a roo/] & wav$ x ov] ! pro/rate =m1 :ile an old man gave a %>p /roke on a gong close to h] head4 ,! m$ium awoke f h] fa9t & ?us ! dea? 0 fright5$ away4 ,mamonglo1 :o _h be5 pres5t dur+ ! morn+1 return$ = a mom5t to aga9 rub ! family & gue/s ) 8 lead s9k]4 ,:ile he 0 ?us engag$1 ! second m$ium 0 possess$ by ,baniyat1 a female :o made a bit ( fun by try+ to /eal ! beads ( ! "y girls1 s ! m5 w\ld love h]4 ,sev]al times %e tri$ to scale ! h\se ladd]1 b 0 always repuls$1 & ea* failure 0 greet$ ) je]s & ridicule4 ,gomogopos1 :o causes /oma* tr\bles1 came1 & aft] danc+ be=e ! rice-mort>1 dem&$ t a small pig be laid be=e ! tangpap4 ,sc>cely _h ! animal be5 deposit$1 :5 ! _s seiz$ a head-axe & cut x 9 two at "o bl[4 ,!n he dipp$ ! weapon 9 its blood & appli$ x to ! /oma* ( ea* memb] ( ! family4 ,! pig is 8 pay1 & n[ he takes away 8 k9d ( sickness4 ,! second m$ium secur$ a live roo/]1 & us+ its w+s z a bru%1 %e took up ! blood & ! two halves ( ! pig1 & put !m 9 ! tangpap4 ,! roo/] is ! spirits' bru%1 & :5 ! dirt ,9 front ( ! tangpap is clean$ up1 !n ! p w be clean & well inside _! bodies4 ,at ! comm& ( ! m$ium1 ! husb& ( ! pati5t w5t to ! opposite side ( ! tangpap2 !n %e ?rew a bundle ( rice ov] ! /ructure to him4 ,he caught x1 & imm$iately ?rew x back4 ,?is 0 repeat$ six times1 b on ! sev5? ! bundle light$ on ! ro(1 :]e x 0 all[$ to rema94 ,! _s ?rew away ! lives ( ! p1 b ! man return$ !m4 ,! bundle is n[ on ! tangpap1 s n[ ! p's lives w rema9 safe4 ,an unnam$ _s 0 next to appe>1 & at 8 comm& ! =e "p ( ! pig 0 /ood upright 9 ! w9n[]1 & a /ick 0 plac$ 9 ea* no/ril4 ,^! 7 seiz$ by ! _s1 :o pump$ !m up & d[n1 !n )drew !m1 & /rok$ ea* memb] ( ! family1 :ile he *ant$1 ,i did ?is to y\r lives1 s n[ ,i mu/ d x to y4 ,sak+1 a lame _s1 call$ = "o ( ! pig's legs1 & ) x rubb$ ! limbs ( ea* memb] ( ! family1 s t !y w n become ill 9 _! legs4 ,"o ( ! m$iums n[ became possess$ by ,mangamian1 :o c>ri$ a fea!r :i* he us$ z a fight+ knife4 ,! onlook]s seiz$ simil> weapons & def5d$ !mselves1 or drove ! _s away by ?reat5+ him ) a small dog4 ,a fire _h be5 built ne> ! tangpap1 & f "t to "t ! _s w\ld ru% up to ?is1 ?ru/ 8 fea!r into ! flames1 & !n put x into 8 m\?4 ,lat] x 0 expla9$1 ,he is an evil _s :o tries to kill p4 ,! fea!r is 8 bolo4 ,he is l a blacksmi?1 & :5 8 knife gets dull1 he puts x 9 ! fire1 !n puts x 9 8 m\? to wet x1 s z to make x r+4 ,?ree spirits n[ appe>$ 9 quick succession1 & discuss$ ) ! old m5 ! advisability ( adopt+ ! ,am]icans #aef z ,ipogau4 ,f9ally ! lead] ,ilabdangan call$ !m to ! mat be=e him & told !m _! names1 & also recit$ a li/ ( _! relations4 ,!n1 fill+ a coconut %ell ) basi1 he drank half & pres5t$ ! %ell to ea* c&idate1 :o _h to dra9 x to ! la/ drop4 ,a circle 0 =m$1 & = ! balance ( ! aft]noon ! new memb]s ( ! tribe _h to dance tadek ) _! relations4 ,j be=e dusk1 ! ,igorot _s ,daliwaya1 :o _h be5 pres5t ! night be=e1 appe>$ & dem&$ t ! ,am]ican give h] clo? = h] cl\t4 ,:5 %e receiv$ ?is1 %e sang & !n in/ruct$ ! m5 h[ to dance 9 ,igorot fa%ion4 ,:5 f9ally !y 7 do+ h] bidd+1 %e danc$ beside !m ) out/ret*$ arms 9 ! mann] ( ! ,igorot wom54 ,lat]1 :5 ! m$ium 0 aga9 h]self1 we que/ion$ h] conc]n+ h] k ( ?is dance1 b %e pr(ess$ absolute ignorance4 ,t ev5+ ! p danc$ tadek1 = a %ort "t1 ne> to ! pala-an1 !n a fire 0 built beside ! tangpap1 & by its light ! visitors danc$ da-eng until f> into ! night 7cf4p4 #ddj74 ,e>ly ! next morn+1 ! m5 w5t to "s banana trees ne> to a rice gran>y1 & !re con/ruct$ a little _s h\se1 :i* resembl$ ! pala-an1 except t x 0 only ab\t f\r feet high4 ,?is 0 call$ balitang1 & 0 made 9 fulfilm5t ( ! ord]s giv5 by ! _s ,imalbi on ! previ\s ev5+4 ,:5 x 0 f9i%$1 ! m$ium plac$ a di% ( brok5 rice on x1 & !n ti$ a roo/] ) a belt close en\gh1 s t ! f[l c\ld eat ( ! rice4 ,return+ to ! dwell+1 %e took d[n a small %ield :i* 0 atta*$ to ! wall1 plac$ new leaves & a di% ( oil on x4 ,!n z %e /irr$ ! oil1 %e sang ! ,talatal 7,plate ,,xxxii74 ,! significance ( ?is song1 :i* consi/s only ( m5tion+ ! names ( prom95t m5 ( v>i\s villages1 seems to be lo/4 ,! kalang1 or _s box1 0 !n r$ecorat$1 food 0 dropp$ ?r\gh ! slits 9 ! floor = visit+ spirits1 & f9ally ! m$ium held ! %ield ov] ! heads ( ! family1 beat ^u x ) a head-axe1 :ile 9 a l\d voice %e ask$ ! spirits t1 s9ce ! family 0 n[ celebrat+ tangpap1 !y w\ld please make !m well aga94 ,! %ield 0 fa/5$ to ! wall1 new (f]+s ( basi 7 plac$ 9 ! kalang1 & aft] x _h be5 swung ov] ! head ( ! pati5t1 x 0 aga9 fa/5$ above ! h\se beam ne> to ! ro(4 ,= ! next h\r ! m$iums summon$ spirits to !m4 ,! fir/ five _h little ( int]e/ to (f]1 except t ea* dem&$ t 8 liquor be s]v$ to him on a head-axe4 ,:5 ! _s ,amangau arriv$1 he sp5t ! "t boa/+ ( 8 head-hunt+ exploits2 he told ( h[ he _h gone to "o village1 & _h kill$ all ! p1 except "o pregnant woman1 & ( ! dance :i* foll[$4 ,f9ally he claim$ ! cr$it ( hav+ kill$ a man :o _h rec5tly di$ 9 ,manabo1 & assur$ ! p t 8 fri5ds 7 !n danc+ ab\t ! head4 ,! _s ,banbanyalan1 :o foll[$1 disclaim$ any "p 9 ! kill+ j m5tion$1 b v]ifi$ ! /atem5t ( 8 pr$ecessor4 ,tomakdeg came1 & aft] fill+ 8 m\? ) rice1 blew x out ov] ! p1 9 ! same way t ! sickness 0 to be spit out4 ,mean:ile ,bebeka-an1 arm$ ) a wood5 spoon1 tri$ to dig up ! floor & ! p on x1 = t is ! way %e digs up sickness4 ,awa-an1 a _s ( ! wat]1 came to in=m ! p t ! _s ( a man rec5tly dr[n$ 0 j pass+ ! h\se4 ,ev]y?+ else 0 ab&on$ = a few mom5ts1 :ile basi 0 p\r$ out ( ! w9d[1 s t ! dead might receive dr9k4 ,two female spirits1 ,dalimayawan & ,g9lawan1 came at ! same "t & danc$ toge!r1 :ile !y in=m$ ! p ( _! beauty & _! exp]tness 9 danc+4 ,sudd5ly !y /opp$1 & said t ,&ayau1 ! "m ( ,lakgangan1 0 ne> by2 !n !y in/ruct$ ! ho/ t he %\ld wrap a g\rd 9 a clo? & tell ,&ayau t x 0 h] son's head1 & t he _h be5 kill$1 because he _h /ol5 c>abao4 ,sc>cely _h ! two visitors dep>t$1 :5 ! "m appe>$1 & be+ in=m$ ( h] son's dea?1 %e began to wail1 ,he is lo/4 ,no "o works ! fields1 :]e we plant$ calabasa4 ,lakgangan is lo/1 he :o has be5 kill$4 ,:y did y g to /eal c>abao8 ,we h put ,lakgangan 9 a hammock2 we take him to ,tomakdang4 ,! basi put out = ,lakgangan is good4 ,he is lo/ :om !y w5t to kill4 ,lakgangan is lo/4 ,we take him to ,tomakdang4 ,! song 0 int]rupt$ by a head-hunt+ _s1 :o dem&$ ! heads ( two visit+ girls f ,patok1 b %e f9ally w5t away satisfi$ ) a piece ( clo? :i* !y gave h]4 ,blood & oil 7 spr9kl$ lib]ally ov] ! gr\nd & ! ga!r+ brok5 up = ! morn+4 ,all ! =5oon1 a small gr\p ( m5 & wom51 _h be5 con/ruct+ a small cov]$ bamboo raft1 & _h plac$ 9 x a sack ( rice1 :i* _h be5 contribut$ by all ! p4 #aeg ,by f\r o'clock a l>ge numb] ( p _h ga!r$ 9 ! y>d ne> ! h\se1 & soon ! _s mats 7 spread on an old b$/ead1 & ! m$iums />t$ aga9 to summon ! sup]ior be+s4 ,! fir/ two to appe> 7 ,e/eban f ,cagayan & ,m>ia f ,spa94 ,!y wore gay h&k]*iefs ab\t _! %\ld]s1 & :5 !y danc$1 gave an imitation ( ! ,spani% dances n[ se5 among ! ,*ri/ianiz$ natives ( ! coa/4 ,x 0 q evid5t t ^! =eign spirits 7 n popul> ) ! p1 & !y 7 di/9ctly reliev$ :5 ,mananako replac$ !m4 ,?is _s has ! reputation ( be+ a ?ief1 & ! gue/s _h great sport prev5t+ him f /eal+ ! gifts int5d$ = o!r spirits4 ,9 ! mid/ ( ?is revelry1 ! o!r m$ium 0 sudd5ly possess$ by ,kadaklan--! supreme be+4 ,! laught] & je/+ ceas$1 & brea?lessly ! p li/5$1 :ile ! mo/ p[]ful be+ said1 ,i am ,kadaklan4 ,"h 9 ?is t[n :]e ,i talk1 y mu/ d ! ?+s y ought to d4 ,i he> :at y say y desire1 & ,i see :at y are able to d4 ,some?+ ill w befall y unless y quickly celebrate ,sagobay 7cf4 p4 #cbd71 :5 !re are no /rang]s or ,*ri/ians 9 y\r t[n4 ,:]e is ! basi :i* %\ld h be5 9 ! place :]e ,i fir/ came8 #aeh ,)\t await+ an answ] he vani%$1 & 8 wife ,agemem took 8 place & repeat$ 8 rem>ks ) little v>iation4 ,sopo1 a gambl]1 next appe>$ & toss$ h&fuls ( co9s into a blanket4 ,he /at$ t if heads came up1 ! p won & w\ld h good heal?1 b if !y lo/1 _! lives 7 84 ,z soon z he ?rew1 ! p ru%$ up1 & if !y saw any tails !y 7 quickly turn$1 & ! _s 0 in=m$ t he _h lo/4 ,kimat1 lightn+1 came & dem&$ a dr9k1 :i* 0 giv54 ,z he is usually consid]$ z a dog1 ! writ] inquir$ :y he _h appe>$ z a man1 b 0 rew>d$ only by a %rug ( ! %\ld]s & ! ^w--kadauyan 7cu/om74 ,ano!r _s1 ,&eles1 quickly replac$ lightn+1 & ) ,sopo danc$ on ! _s raft1 :ile ! old m5 put di%es ( wat] & co9s inside1 & fa/5$ a small live *ick5 to ! ro(4 ,! p !n tri$ to induce ! spirits to leave1 b !y refus$4 ,sudd5ly !y 7 flung aside1 & two /rong m5 seiz$ ! raft & />t$ to run ) x4 ,imm$iately ! two spirits gave *ase & f\ght vici\sly all :o tri$ to get 9 _! way1 b :51 f9ally1 _! oppon5ts 7 jo9$ by an old woman c>ry+ a bundle ( burn+ rice /raw & an old man beat+ a drum1 !y gave up ! *ase & vani%$4 ,! p>ty proce$$ on to ! ,abra riv]1 :]e !y wad$ out into deep wat] & set ! raft afloat 7,plate ,,xxvi74 ,t ev5+ ! gue/s danc$ da-eng1 & ! c]emony 0 ov]4 ,?r\gh\t ! ?ree days1 ! m$iums _h be5 con/antly dr9k+ ( basi1 & :ile "u ! /ra9 ( ! c]emony1 !y _h n appe>$ intoxicat$1 b at its conclusion bo? 7 hopelessly drunk4 ,! paym5t = ! s]vice 0 "o half ( ! l>ge/ pig1 un?re%$ rice1 & ab\t two pesos 9 money1 :i* 0 giv5 9 ex*ange = ! beads :i* diff]5t spirits _h dem&$4 ,kalangan4--,9 ,manabo & ! villages ( t vic9ity a p]iod ( ab\t sev5 ye>s elapses betwe5 ! build+ ( tangpap & ! celebration ( ,kalangan1 b 9 mo/ ( ! valley t[ns ! latt] c]emony foll[s ,pala-an aft] two or ?ree ye>s4 #aei ,! c]emony is s simil> to ! ,tangpap j describ$ t only ! b>e/ outl9e w be giv5 "h4 ,! *ief diff]5ce 9 ! two is ! type ( /ructure built = ! spirits4 ,kalangan has f\r support+ timb]s to :i* ! floor+ is la%$1 & f :i* k+po/s g to ridge poles4 ,a bamboo frame re/s on ?is &1 9 turn1 supports an ov]hang+ grass ro( 7,plate ,,xxiii74 ,! proc$ure is z foll[s3 ,late 9 ! aft]noon1 all ! necess>y articles are br\ght to ! h\se1 !n ! m$iums dance = a "t to ! music ( ! tongatong4 ,basi is s]v$ to ! gue/s1 & = an h\r or m ! spirits are summon$4 ,next morn+ ! kalangan is built1 & two pigs are sacrific$ beside x4 ,_! blood mix$ ) oil is (f]$ to ! spirits1 & _m acts1 su* z di/ribut+ ! rice into t5 di%es & !n replac+ x 9 ! orig9al conta9]1 ! *urn+ ( /icks 9 ! nose ( a slaught]$ animal & ! l1 are p]=m$4 ,spirits are summon$ 9 ! aft]noon1 & 9 ! ev5+ da-eng is danc$4 ,on ! ?ird day new (f]+s are plac$ on ! _s %ield & hang]2 (f]+s are made at ! new /ructure1 num]\s spirits appe>1 talk to & amuse ! p1 & f9ally da-eng is danc$ until late ev5+4 ,foll[+ ! c]emony1 all memb]s ( ! family are b>r$ f "w = ab\t "o mon?4 ,!y may n eat ! meat ( ! wild c>abao1 wild hog1 beef1 eels1 nor may !y use pepp]s 9 _! food4 ,wild f[l are b>r$ = a p]iod ( "o ye>4 ,kalangan is mu* m widespread ?an ei!r ,tangpap or ! ,sayang c]emony1 & ?is _s /ructure is (t5 f\nd 9 villages1 :]e ! o!r great c]emonies are lack+4 ,sayang4--,! greate/ ( all ! c]emonies is ! ,sayang1 ! ability to celebrate :i* proclaims ! family z "o ( weal? & importance4 ,9 mo/ cases ! "r is h]$it>y1 b1 z already indicat$1 a p]son may ga9 ! privilege by giv+1 9 ord]1 & ?r\gh a t]m ( ye>s1 all ! m9or c]emonies4 ,9 su* circum/ances ,sayang foll[s ,kalangan aft] a lapse ( f f\r to eight ye>s4 ,o!rwise ! c]emony w be held ab\t once 9 sev5 ye>s1 or :5 ! _s /ructure kn[n z balaua is 9 ne$ ( repairs4 ,orig9ally ?is appe>s to h be5 a sev5te5-day c]emony1 z x /ill is 9 ,manabo1 ,patok1 ,lagangilang1 & neighbor+ villages1 b 9 ,san ,juan1 ,lagayan1 ,danglas1 & "s o!r settlem5ts x n[ la/s only five or sev5 days4 ,h[ev]1 ev5 9 ^? t[ns :]e x occupies full "t1 ! fir/ twelve days are prelim9>y 9 nature4 ,on ! fir/ day1 ! m$iums g to ! family dwell+ & take great pa9s to see t all =bidd5 articles are remov$1 = wild g+]1 pepp]s1 %rimps1 c>abao fle%1 & wild pork are taboo$1 bo? dur+ ! c]emony & = ! mon? foll[+4 ,! next duty is to con/ruct a wov5 bamboo frame kn[n z talapitap on :i* ! spirits are f$1 & to prep>e two /icks kn[n z dakidak1 "o be+ a ?9 sl5d] bamboo call$ bolo1 ! o!r a re$4 ,^! are split at "o end1 s !y w rattle :5 /ruck on ! gr\nd1 & ?us call ! att5tion ( ! _s = :om food is plac$ on ! rack4 ,t ev5+ a fire is built 9 ! y>d1 & beside x ! m$iums dance da-eng alone4 ,mean:ile a numb] ( wom5 ga!r 9 ! y>d & p\nd rice out ( ! /raw4 ,?is p\nd+ ( rice cont9ues ea* ev5+ ( ! fir/ five days4 ,! fir/ night !y beat out t5 bundles1 ! second1 tw5ty1 & s on1 until !y clean fifty on ! fif? day4 ,little occurs dur+ ! second & ?ird days1 b on ^! ev5+s ! "y m5 & girls jo9 ! m$iums & dance da-eng by ! fire 9 ! y>d4 ,! f\r? & fif? nights are kn[n z g9itbet 7d>k71 = !n no fires are light$1 & ! m$iums dance alone4 ,x is suppos$ t ! black spirits1 ^? :o are de=m$1 or :o are too %y to appe> be=e ! p1 w come out at ?is "t & enjoy ! c]emony4 ,beg9n+ ) ! six? day ! wom5 p\nd rice 9 ! e>ly morn+4 ,/>t+ ) t5 bundles1 !y increase ! numb] by t5 ea* day until on ! ?irte5? morn+ !y p\nd out eighty bundles4 ,a fire is light$ 9 ! y>d on ! six? day1 & is kept burn+ cont9u\sly ?r\gh ! eigh?1 b ! n9? & t5? are nights ( d>kness4 ,:5 ! fire is burn+1 x is a sign = all :o wi%1 to come & dance1 & ea* ev5+ f9ds a jolly p>ty ( "y p ga!r$ 9 ! y>d1 :]e !y take "p 9 ! fe/ivities1 or wat* ! m$iums1 z !y (f] rice to ! sup]ior be+s4 ,on ! elev5? day1 a long :ite blanket 7tab+7 is /ret*$ across "o corn] ( ! room1 mak+ a private comp>tm5t = ! use ( visit+ spirits4 ,t ev5+1 z x gr[s d>k1 a j> ( basi is c>ri$ up into ! h\se4 ,all lights are ext+ui%$ bo? 9 ! y>d & ! dwell+1 s t ! gue/s h to grope _! way ab\t4 ,aft] ! liquor is consum$1 !y g d[n into ! y>d1 :]e1 9 d>kness1 !y jo9 ! m$ium 9 danc+ da-eng4 ,! twelf? day is kn[n z ,pasa-ad--! build+4 ,dur+ ! prelim9>y days1 ! m5 h be5 br++ mat]ials = use 9 con/ruct+ ! great _s-h\se call$ balaua1 & on ?is morn+ ! actual "w is />t$4 ,9 =m ! balaua resembles ! kalangan1 b x is l>ge en\gh to accommodate a doz5 or m p1 & ! support+ po/s are trunks ( small trees 7,plate ,,xxi74 ,aft] ! framework is complete1 "o side ( ! ro( is cov]$ ) cogon grass1 b ! o!r is left incomplete4 ,mean:ile ! wom5 ga!r ne> by & p\nd rice 9 ! c]emonial mann] describ$ 9 ! ,pala-an c]emony 7cf4 p4 #cbi74 ,z soon z ! build+ is ov] = ! day1 a j> ( basi is c>ri$ into ! /ructure1 a little ( ! liquor is p\r$ into bamboo tubes & ti$ to ea* ( ! corn] poles4 ,! balance ( ! liquor is !n s]v$ to ! m5 :o sit 9 ! balaua & play on copp] gongs4 ,next1 a b\nd pig is br\ght 91 & is ti$ to a po/ decorat$ ) leaves & v9es4 ,soon ! m$ium appe>s1 & aft] plac+ prep>$ betel-nut & lime on ! animal1 %e squats beside x1 dips h] f+]s into coconut oil1 & /rokes its side1 !n lat] dips a m9iature head-axe into ! oil1 & aga9 /rokes ! animal1 :ile %e repeats a diam4 ,?is is a recital ( h[ 9 anci5t times ,kadaklan & ,agem5 in/ruct$ ! ,t+uian z to ! prop] me?od ( celebrat+ ! ,sayang c]emony4 #afj ,a little lat] ! pig is remov$ f ! balaua1 & its ?roat is cut1 fir/ ) a metal blade1 b ! deep1 mortal ?ru/ is made ) a bamboo spike4 ,! animal is !n s+$1 b its blood is c>efully sav$ = future use 7,plate ,,xxxiii74 ,:ile all ?is is tak+ place1 ! m5 9 ! balaua dr9k basi & s+ dal5gs 9 :i* !y praise ! lib]ality ( _! ho/s1 tell ( ! importance ( ! family1 & express hope = _! cont9u$ prosp]ity4 ,z !y s+1 ! *ief m$ium goes f "o to ano!r ( ! gue/s1 & aft] dipp+ a piece ( lead 9 coconut oil1 holds x to _! no/rils z a protection aga9/ evil4 ,:5 f9ally ! pig has be5 s+$ & scrap$1 x is aga9 br\ght into ! balaua1 & its body is op5$ by a transv]se cut at ! ?roat & two slits l5g?wise ( its abdom54 ,! inte/9es are remov$ & plac$ 9 a tray1 b ! liv] is c>efully exam9$ = an om54 ,if ! signs are favorable1 ! liv] is cook$ & is cut up1 a "p is eat5 by ! old m51 & ! balance is atta*$ to ! corn] pole ( ! _s /ructure4 ,! head1 "o ?igh1 & two legs are laid on a crossbeam = ! spirits1 aft] :i* ! balance ( ! meat is cook$ & s]v$ ) rice to ! gue/s4 ,t ev5+ _m fri5ds ga!r 9 ! y>d to dance da-eng1 to dr9k basi1 or to s+ dal5g4 ,accord+ to tradition1 x 0 =m]ly ! cu/om to s5d gold5 betel-nuts to invite gue/s :om !y wi%$ especially to honor4 #afa ,n[adays "o or m lead+ m5 f o!r villages may be especially invit$ by be+ pres5t$ ) a bit ( gold1 a gold5 e>r+ or bead4 ,:5 su* a "o arrives at ! edge ( ! y>d1 he is plac$ 9 a *air1 is cov]$ ) a blanket1 & is c>ri$ to ! c5t] ( ! danc+ space by a numb] ( wom5 s++ diwas 7cf4 p4 #deb74 ,at frequ5t int]vals ! m]ry-mak+ is int]rupt$ by "o ( ! m$iums :o places ! talapitap on ! gr\nd1 puts rice & wat] on x1 & !n summons ! spirits ) ! split /icks4 ,once dur+ ! ev5+1 %e places eight di%es & two coconut %ells ( wat] on ! rack4 ,rea*+ into "o ( ! di%es :i* conta9s rice1 %e takes out a h&ful & transf]s x1 a little at a "t1 into ea* ( ! o!rs1 !n extract+ a few gra9s f ea*1 %e ?r[s x on ! gr\nd & spr9kles x ) wat] f ! two cups4 ,! rema9+ rice is return$ to ! orig9al hold]1 & ! act is repeat$ eight times4 ,! significance ( ?is seems to be ! same z 9 ! ,tangpap c]emony1 :]e ! life ( ! individual is symboliz$ by ! rice1 :i* is only p>tially tak5 away & is aga9 return$4 ,! next act is always c>ri$ out1 b its mean+ appe>s to be lo/4 ,! eight di%es are fill$ ) rice1 & are plac$ on ! frame toge!r ) sixte5 coconut %ells ( wat]1 & eight m5 & eight wom5 seat !mselves on opposite sides4 ,fir/ !y eat a little ( ! food1 !n tak+ a small am\nt 9 _! f+]s1 !y dip x into ! wat] & place x 9 ! m\? ( ! p]son opposite4 ,! f\rte5? day is kn[n z ,palay-lay--! season+--& dur+ ! next tw5ty-f\r h\rs ! p rema9 quietly 9 ! village :ile ! bamboo us$ 9 ! balaua becomes good4 ,next day is "o ( great activity4 ,! ro(+ ( ! balaua is complet$1 all necess>y repairs are made to ! dwell+1 = dire results w\ld foll[ %\ld any "p ( ! h\se break ?r\gh dur+ ! conclud+ days ( ! c]emony4 ,! balance ( ! day is tak5 up 9 danc+ & 9 ! con/ruction ( ! foll[+ _s-h\ses3 ! ,aligang1 ,balabago1 ,talagan1 ,idasan1 ,balag1 ,batog1 ,alalot1 ,pangkew & ,sogayob 7cf4 pp4 #cjh-caa74 ,also a little b5* is built ne> ! he>?1 & on x are plac$ coconut %ell cups & dr9ks = ! use ( ! ,igorot spirits :o usually come ?is night4 ,! ev5+ ( ?is day is kn[n z ,libon--pl5ty or abundance4 ,t[>d nightfall ! m$iums1 & _! help]s ent] ! dwell+ & decorate x 9 a mann] already describ$ = ! great c]emonies4 ,cords cross ! room f opposite corn]s & b5ea?1 :]e !y meet1 ! m$ium's mat is spread4 ,on ! cords are hung grasses1 fl[]s1 girdles1 & wrea?s ( "y coconut leaves4 ,:5 all is ready1 a small pig is br\ght into ! room1 :ile ! m5 play frantically on _! gongs & drums4 ,on ! m$ium's mat are _m articles1 alangt9 leaves1 a roo/]1 a bran* fill$ ) "y betel-nuts1 cook$ rice m\ld$ into ! =m ( an alligator1 b ) a wax head & se$s = eyes1 a spe>1 & a bundle ( rice /raw4 ,tak+ up a di% ( wat]1 ! m$ium p\rs a "p ( x into ! pig's e>2 !n1 z ! animal %akes its head1 %e aga9 cat*es x 9 ! di%4 ,roll+ up a mat1 %e dips x into ! wat]1 & ) x t\*es ! heads ( all memb]s ( ! family1 = 9 ! same mann] t ! pig has ?r[n ! wat] out ( its e>1 s 9 a l fa%ion w illness & mis=tune be ?r[n f all ! family :o h be5 spr9kl$ ) x4 ,?is act f9i%$1 ! m$ium dances be=e ! doors & w9d[s1 :ile %e waves ! *ick51 betel-nuts1 or o!r objects tak5 f ! mat4 ,at h] invitation1 ! ho/ & 8 wife jo9 h]1 b previ\sly !y h dress$ !mselves 9 good g>m5ts1 & on _! heads & at _! wai/s !y we> girdles & wrea?s ( alangt91 or wild grasses4 ,! ho/ is h&$ a long knife1 & is in/ruct$ to cut ! ?roat ( ! pig4 ,8 wife takes a rice w9n[] & a /ick1 & go+ to ea* w9d[ /rikes ! w9n[] five times1 !n drops x to ! floor1 at ! same "t cry+1 ,wa-hui4 ,next1 %e /rikes a j> ( liquor ) ! w9n[]1 !n %akes a coconut %ell fill$ ) rice aga9/ h] abdom52 :5 f9i%$ %e is h&$ a live *ick5 & aga9 %e approa*es ! j>4 ,soon %e is jo9$ by h] husb&1 arm$ ) a spe> & head-axe4 ,z he passes ! liquor1 he /amps on ! gr\nd1 :ile 8 wife waves ! f[l1 & all ?is "t ! m$ium cont9ues to spr9kle !m ) a grass bru% dipp$ 9 wat]4 ,no explanation is giv5 = ! individual acts1 b ! purpose ( ! :ole is to drive away sickness1 j z ! roo/] flaps 8 w+s4 ,t5 di%es are plac$ on ! _s mat1 & z ! m$ium s+s1 %e t\*es ea* "o 9 turn ) a split bamboo2 aft] :i* %e piles ! di%es up & has ! ho/ come & squat ov] !m ?ree times4 ,ano!r spr9kl+ ) wat] foll[s ?is act1 & !n ! m$ium sw+s a bundle ( rice & a light$ tor* ov] ! head ( ea* memb] ( ! family1 :ile %e assures !m t all evil spirits w n[ dep>t4 ,! gue/s g d[n to ! y>d1 :]e !y are s]v$ ) liquor1 & :]e !y dance da-eng & tadek4 ,on all =m] occasions1 ! liquor has be5 s]v$ 9 %ell cups1 b on ?is night a sort ( pan-pipe1 made ( bamboo tubes1 is fill$ ) liquor4 ,! gue/ dr9ks f ! l[e/ ( ! s]ies1 & z he does s1 ! liquor falls f "o to ano!r1 s t he really dr9ks f all at "o "t4 ,bamboo tubes atta*$ to poles by means ( cords are likewise fill$ ) basi & s]v$ to ! danc]s4 ,:ile ! o!rs are enjoy+ !mselves1 ! m$iums & ! ho/s are att5d+ /rictly to ! bus9ess 9 h&4 ,dress$ 9 _! be/ g>m5ts1 ! husb& & wife g to ea* "o ( ! _s h\ses1 & t\* !m ) _! feet1 a circuit :i* has to be repeat$ t5 times4 ,ea* "t z !y pass ! little por*-l addition1 kn[n z sogayob1 ! m$iums spr9kle !m ) wat]4 ,:5 !y h complet$ _! task1 ! m$iums spread a mat 9 front ( ! pig1 :i* lies bel[ ! sogayob1 & on x !y dance1 paus+ n[ & !n to give ! animal a vici\s kick or to ?r[ brok5 rice ov] x4 ,& s ! night is pass$ )\t sleep or re/ = any ( ! pr9cipals 9 ! c]emony4 ,! sixte5? day is ,kadaklan1--! greate/4 ,soon aft] daybreak1 ! p accompany ! m$ium to ! gu>dian /ones ne> ! gate ( ! village1 & wat* h] 9 sil5ce1 :ile %e ano9ts ! head ( ea* /one ) oil1 & places a new yell[ b>k b& ar\nd its neck4 ,z soon z %e f9i%es1 ! musicians beg9 to play vigor\sly on _! gongs & drums1 :ile two old m5 kill a small pig & collect its blood4 ,! c>cass is br\ght to ! m$ium1 :o places x beside f\r di%es1 "o fill$ ) basi1 "o ) salt1 "o ) v9eg>1 & ! la/ ) ! pig's blood4 ,%e dr9ks ( ! liquor1 dips h] f+]s 9 coconut oil1 & /rokes ! pig's /oma*1 aft] :i* x is cut up 9 ! usual mann]4 ,! liv] is /udi$ eag]ly1 = by ! m>k+s on x ! fate ( ! ho/ c be =etold4 ,%\ld ! signs be unfavorable1 a *ick5 w be sacrific$ 9 ! hope t ! additional (f]+ may induce ! spirits to *ange _! v]dict2 b if ! om5s are good1 ! c]emony proce$s )\t a halt4 ,! inte/9es & "s pieces ( meat are plac$ on ! ansi-silit1--a small _s frame or table ne> ! /ones4 ,! ho/1 :o has be5 wat*+ f a di/ance1 is summon$1 & is giv5 a piece ( ! fle% to take back to 8 h\se = food1 & !n ! re/ ( ! meat is cook$ & s]v$ to ! gue/s4 ,b be=e any?+ is eat51 ! m$ium places prep>$ betel-nuts be=e ! /ones1 mixes blood ) rice1 & scatt]s x broadca/1 mean:ile call+ ! spirits f ne> & f> to come & eat1 & to g ) h] to ! village1 :]e %e is to cont9ue ! c]emony4 ,z ! company approa*es ! balaua1 ! musicians beg9 to beat on _! gongs1 :ile wom5 9 ! y>d p\nd rice 9 c]emonial fa%ion4 ,:5 !y h f9i%$1 ! family goes up into ! balaua & dances to ! music ( ! gongs until ! m$ium bids !m /op4 ,! pig :i* has be5 ly+ 9 front ( ! sogayob1 & ano!r f ! y>d1 are kill$1 & are laid side by side ne> to ! balaua 9 a spot indicat$ by ! m$ium4 ,%e places a bamboo tube ( wat] betwe5 !m1 on _! backs %e lays sev]al pieces ( prep>$ betel-nut1 !n /rokes _! sides ) oil$ f+]s4 ,h] next duty is to spr9kle basi f ! j> onto ! gr\nd ) a small head-axe1 at ! same "t call+ ! spirits to come & dr9k4 7,plate ,,xxxiv74 ,a bundle :i* has be5 ly+ beside ! animals is op5$1 & f x ! m$ium takes a r$ & yell[ headb& ) *ick5 fea!rs atta*$1 & bo>'s tusk armlets4 ,^! %e places on ! ho/1 !n h&s him a blanket4 ,hold+ ! latt] 9 8 out/ret*$ arms1 z he w\ld d if danc+ tadek1 he squats repeat$ly ov] a di% ( wat]4 ,z he f9i%es1 ! m$ium takes ! tube ( wat] f betwe5 ! pigs1 & p\r+ a little ( x on h] h&1 %e applies x to ! abdom5 ( ! man's wife & *ildr54 ,! animals are n[ cook$ 9 y>d1 :ile a quantity ( rice is made ready 9 ! h\se4 ,dur+ ! prep>ation ( ! meal1 ! musicians play incessantly1 b z ! food is br\ght out1 !y cease & jo9 ! o!rs 9 ! fea/4 ,x is late 9 ! aft]noon be=e mu* activity is aga9 manife/4 ,at fir/ a few ga!r & beg9 to dance tadek2 little by little o!rs come 9 until by nightfall ! y>d is full4 ,basi is s]v$ to all1 & soon1 above ! noisy laught] ( ! cr[d1 is he>d ! voice ( "s lead+ man s++ ! dal5g4 ,! visitors li/5 respectfully to ! song & to ! reply1 !n resume ! music & danc+4 ,aft] a "t a huge fire is built 9 ! y>d1 & by ! flick]+ light two l9es ( boys & girls or old] p w =m to s+ & dance ! da5g4 #afb ,on ! morn+ ( ! sev5te5? day1 ! m5 kill two pigs1 usually by *as+ !m ?r\gh ! bru% & spe>+ !m to dea?4 ,!y are prep>$ 9 ! usual way1 & are plac$1 "o 9 ! balaua1 ! o!r 9 ! sogayob1 :]e !y are cut up4 ,a bit ( ! fle% is left 9 ea* /ructure1 ! =e half ( "o animal is c>ri$ into ! y>d1 b ! re/ is prep>$ = food4 ,on an inv]t$ rice-mort>1 9 ! y>d1 is plac$ a j> ( basi1 not*$ *ick5 fea!rs1 & bo>'s tusks4 ,! man & 8 wife are summon$ be=e ?is1 are decorat$ z on ! day be=e1 & are in/ruct$ to dance ?ree times ar\nd ! mort>4 ,:ile ?is is go+ on1 a %ield & a rice w9n[] are lean$ aga9/ ea* o!r s z to =m an ar* on :i* lies a %eaf ( rice4 ,f ! middle hangs a piece ( burn+ wood1 :ile ov] all a fi% net is ?r[n4 ,z 9 a =m] c]emony 7cf4 p4 #cdg71 ! rice & fire repres5t ! life ( "s memb] ( ! family1 :i* ! evil spirits may desire to seize1 b !y are prev5t$1 s9ce !y are unable to pass ?r\gh ! me%es ( ! net4 ,go+ to ! half ( ! pig1 :i* /&s upright 9 a rice w9n[]1 ! m$ium places a /r+ ( beads--agate & gold--ar\nd its neck & atta*es bits ( gold to its legs4 ,!n %e places a ?9 /ick 9 ea* no/ril & pumps !m alt]nately up & d[n1 z a smi? w\ld "w 8 =ge4 ,aft] a little %e removes ! plung]s1 & ) !m /rokes ! bodies ( memb]s ( ! family4 ,ne> to ! pig /&s a di% ( wat] 9 :i* ! he>t is ly+4 ,! ho/ goes to ?is1 removes ! he>t1 & plac+ x on 8 head-axe1 takes x 9 front ( ! animal1 :]e x lies1 :ile he pumps ! no/ril-/icks up & d[n t5 times4 ,mean:ile 8 wife is decorat$ ) wrea!s ( leaves & v9es2 a leaf conta9+ ! pig's tail & "s ( ! fle% is plac$ on h] head1 & a spe> is put 9 h] left h&4 ,z h] husb& completes 8 task1 %e goes to ! mort>1 :]e %e f9ds "o di% full ( blood & rice & ! empty coconut %ells4 ,! rice & blood repres5t ! lives ( ! family1 & foll[+ ! in/ructions ( ! m$ium1 %e takes ^! lives & places !m little by little on ! %ells1 b be=e all is gone1 ! m$ium bids h] return !m to ! big di%4 ,9 a l mann] ! spirits may take a "p ( ! life ( ! family1 b w return x aga94 ,?is act is repeat$ t5 times4 ,next %e takes a piece ( wov5 bamboo1 %ap$ l two triangles set end on end #afc1 & goes to ! batog1 :]e h] daught] sits "u a fi%-net hold+ a simil> %ield4 ,!y press ^! toge!r1 & ! "m returns to ! mort> eight times4 ,! m$iums :o h ga!r$ b5ea? ! sogayob beg9 to s+1 :ile "o ( !m beats "t ) a split bamboo /ick4 ,at ! conclusion ( ! song1 "o ( !m (f]s basi to ! spirits & gue/s1 & !n plac+ a bundle ( gre5 leaves on ! gr\nd1 %e p\rs wat] ov] x1 :ile ! ho/ & 8 wife are made to tramp 9 ! mud4 ,! man is n[ c>ry+ ! spe>1 :ile ! woman holds a cock 9 "o h&1 & an empty di% 9 ! o!r4 ,z !y are /amp+ on ! damp leaves1 old wom5 /& ne> by %[]+ !m ) rice & wat]4 ,s9ce e>ly morn+ a dog has be5 ti$ at ! end ( ! h\se4 ,x is n[ br\ght up to ! bundle ( leaves1 & is knock$ on ! head ) a club1 its ?roat is cut1 & "s ( its blood is appli$ ) a head-axe to ! backs ( ! man & woman4 ,m wat] is p\r$ on ! bundle1 aga9 !y tramp 9 ! mud1 & aga9 !y are %[]$ ) rice & wat]4 ,! man goes to "o side ( ! balaua1 & ?r[s a bundle ( rice ov] x to 8 wife1 :o returns x eight times4 ,a /range procession n[ =ms & w9ds its way to ! /ream4 ,9 ! lead is ! ho/ arm$ ) spe>1 %ield1 & head-axe2 next comes ! m$ium c>ry+ ! bamboo rack--talapitap--l a %ield1 & ! split bamboo--dakidak--z a spe>2 next is an old woman ) a coconut %ell di%1 !n ano!r ) a bundle ( burn+ rice /raw2 beh9d h] is ! wife foll[$ by a man :o drags ! dead dog4 ,!y /op outside ( ! village1 :ile ! m$ium hides ! rack & split bamboo ne> ! trail4 ,soon ! man ) ! dog leaves ! l9e & drags ! animal to a di/ant tree1 :]e he ties x 9 ! bran*es4 ,z !y arrive at ! /ream1 ! p pause1 :ile ! m$ium holds ! %ell cup beside ! burn+ /raw1 & recites a diam4 ,! writ] tri$ on two occasions to get ?is diam1 b x 0 giv5 s l[ & indi/9ctly t its full cont5t 0 n secur$1 nei!r 0 x possible to get ! m$ium to repeat x aft] ! c]emony4 ,f :at 0 he>d x seems probable x is ! dawak diam1 #afd a guess made m probable by ! kill+ ( ! dog & ! ba?+ :i* foll[s4 ,z soon z ! m$ium f9i%es1 ! :ole p>ty disrobes & ba!s4 ,^u _! return to ! village1 !y are met by a company ( m5 & boys :o assail !m by ?r[+ small gre5 nuts4 ,! ho/ secures ! _s rack :i* ! m$ium _h hidd51 & ) x attempts to w>d (f ! missiles4 ,despite ?is %[ ( ho/ility1 ! company proce$s to ! sogayob1 :]e ! man & 8 wife wa% _! faces 9 wat] conta9+ pieces ( coconut leaves4 ,dur+ all ! morn+ a numb] ( wom5 h be5 prep>+ food1 & ?is is n[ s]v$ to ! gue/s1 a consid]able company ( :om h collect$4 ,late 9 ! aft]noon1 all ! spirits are rememb]$ 9 a great (f]+ ( food4 ,a framework is con/ruct$ 9 ! y>d1 #afe & on x are plac$ eggs1 meat1 fi%1 rice cakes1 sug>1 betel-nut1 tobacco1 basi1 & rice mix$ ) blood4 ,aft] all[+ ! sup]ior be+s a few mom5ts to f9i% _! repa/1 ! vi&s are remov$1 & f !n until sunset all ! gue/s dance tadek4 ,z d>kness comes1 a great fire is light$ 9 ! y>d1 & )9 ! circle ( its light ! company ga!rs1 :ile ! m important m5 s+ dal5g4 ,9 "s ( ! villages m5 ga!r ! next morn+ to d any necess>y "w on ! balaua1 & !n ! m$iums celebrate ! dawak1 #aff :i* always =ms a "p ( ?is c]emony4 ,9 ,manabo ! dawak foll[s aft] an int]val ( ?ree days4 ,?is great & f9al ev5t is s mu* l ! proc$ure :i* makes up ! ,tangpap c]emony t x seems necess>y to give x only 9 skeleton =m1 add+ explanations :5ev] !y appe> to be necess>y4 ,9 ! balaua is spread a mat cov]$ ) gifts = ! spirits :o are expect$4 ,"h also is ! _s %ield f ! dwell+1 & a great heap ( refuse made up ( ! leaves1 v9es & o!r articles us$ 9 ! prec$+ days4 ,:5 all is ready1 a m$ium seats h]self by ! mat1 dips oil f a %all[ di% ) a small head-axe1 & lets x drip onto ! gr\nd2 !n %e does ! same ) basi1 & f9ally /rokes a roo/] :i* lies beside ! j>1 all ! :ile recit+ ! prop] diam4 ,tak+ ! _s %ield1 :i* belongs 9 ! dwell+1 %e puts oil at ea* corn]1 & !n t\*es ! heads ( all ! family ) x4 ,beads & betel-leaf are add$1 & ! %ield is c>ri$ to ! h\se1 :]e x is aga9 fa/5$ to ! wall1 z a te/imony to all pass+ spirits t ! c]emony has be5 made1 & food provid$ = !m4 ,! "t has n[ arriv$ = ! spirits to appe>4 ,seat+ h]self beside ! mat1 ! m$ium /rikes on a plate ) h] %ells or a piece ( lead1 & !n />ts h] song4 ,%e rubs h] h&s toge!r ) a revolv+ motion1 sw+s h] arms1 & beg9s to tremble f head to foot4 ,sudd5ly %e is possess$ by a _s1 & "u 8 direction holds oil to ! no/rils ( ! ho/1 & beats him ) a small :ip ( braid$ betel-leaf4 ,?is done1 %e dr9ks = ! _s1 & x dep>ts4 ,aga9 %e s+s1 & aga9 %e is possess$4 ,"o _s takes ! roo/]1 & ) its w+s cleans up ! rubbi% 9 ! balaua & 9 ! y>d1 empties x 9 a tray1 & ord]s x tak5 f ! village4 ,9 ! same way all sickness & mis=tune w be remov$ f ! settlem5t4 ,sev]al spirits foll[1 & z ! morn+ we>s on1 ! m$ium becomes m & m int5se4 ,! muscles ( h] neck & ! ve9s ( h] =ehead /& out l cords1 :ile p]spiration /reams f h] bod4 ,tak+ a %ield & head-axe 9 h] h&1 %e does a sort ( muscle dance1 !n goes to ea* memb] ( ! family1 & /rikes ! weapons toge!r ov] _! heads2 f !m %e goes to ! doors & w9d[s1 & /rikes at !m ) ! axe4 ,f9ally %e returns to ! mat1 balances a cup ( basi on ! weapon1 & causes ! ho/ to dr9k4 ,ano!r attack on ! doors foll[s1 & !n 9 exhau/ion %e s9ks beside ! mat4 ,aft] a %ort re/1 %e dips beads 9 oil1 & ) !m t\*es ! heads ( ! family4 ,! musicians /rike up a lively tattoo at ?is po9t1 & aga9 seiz+ h] weapons1 ! m$ium dances 9 front ( ! _s %ield4 ,go+ to ! roo/] on ! mat1 %e cuts (f a "p ( its comb1 & presses ! bloody f[l aga9/ ! back or leg ( ea* p]son 9 ! room4 ,! _s dr9ks & disappe>s4 ,! next visitor dances ) ! ho/1 & !n wre/les ) him1 b ^u gett+ ! wor/ ( ! mat* takes leave4 ,z 9 ! ,tangpap1 l>ge numb] ( m9or be+s call = a mom5t or two & pass on4 ,"o _s places ! family b5ea? a blanket1 cuts a coconut 9 two above _! heads1 & fir/ all[s ! wat] to run ov] !m2 !n f9ally ! halves are all[$ to drop4 ,%e waves burn+ rice-/raw above !m1 & removes ! blanket4 ,x is expla9$ t ! wat] wa%es all evil away1 & t z ! %ells fall f ! family1 s w sickness leave !m4 ,evil spirits are afraid ( ! fire1 & leave :5 ! burn+ rice-/raw is wav$ ab\t ! blanket4 ,z a f9al act ! memb]s ( ! family are in/ruct$ to hold1 9 _! h&s ! head-axe1 *ick5 fea!rs1 agate beads1 & o!r articles1 & !n to m\nt ! rice-mort> 9 ! y>d4 ,soon "o or m ( ! m$iums is possess$ by spirits1 :o ru% t[>d ! mort>1 & /rive to seize ! priz$ objects4 ,be=e !y c accompli% _! design1 !y are met by old m5 & wom51 :o fight !m (f4 ,at la/ !y ab&on ! attempt &1 toge!r ) ! ho/ & 8 wife1 g to ! edge ( ! t[n1 :]e !y pick sweet smell+ leaves & v9es4 ,^! !y c>ry back to ! village to give to ! gue/s1 & to place 9 ! h\se & _s dwell+s4 ,z a f9al act basi is s]v$ to all1 & tadek is danc$ until ! gue/s are ready to return to _! homes4 ,9 ,san ,juan !y make ! _s raft--taltalabong--z 9 ,tangpap1 & set x afloat at sunset4 ,! m$iums are paid (f 9 rice1 a portion ( ! slaught]$ animals1 beads1 "o or two blankets1 & p]haps a weapon or piece ( money4 ,dur+ ! succe$+ mon? ! family is prev5t$ f do+ any "w1 f approa*+ a dead body1 or ent]+ ! h\se ( dea?4 ,wild c>abao1 pig1 beef1 eels1 & wild pepp]s may n be eat5 dur+ ?is p]iod1 & wild *ick5s are taboo = "o ye>4 ,,section #c ,special ,c]emonies ,! two c]emonies :i* foll[ d n h a wide di/ribution1 nei!r are !y h]$it>y4 ,!y are giv5 at ?is "t because ( _! simil>ity to ! great c]emonies j describ$4 ,p9asal4--,?is r elaborate rite seems to be conf9$ to ,san ,juan & ne>by settlem5ts4 ,! "r to x is n h]$it>y1 & any "o :o c af=d ! exp5se involv$ may celebrate x4 ,h[ev]1 x usually foll[s ! ,sayang1 if "s memb] ( ! family is ill1 & is n b5efit$ by t c]emony1 = all ! spirits are n pres5t at ea* c]emony1 & s x may be necess>y to give o!rs1 until ! "o :o caus$ ! sickness is f\nd4 ,on ! fir/ day ! h\se is decorat$ z 9 ,tangpap & ,sayang2 a b\nd pig is plac$ beside ! door1 & ov] x ! m$iums recite a diam & lat] summon sev]al spirits4 ,liquor is s]v$ to ! gue/s1 :o dance tadek or s+ songs 9 praise ( ! family4 ,e>ly ! next day1 ! pig is kill$ &1 aft] its inte/9es h be5 remov$1 x is cov]$ ) a color$ blanket1 & is c>ri$ into ! dwell+4 ,"h x is met by ! m$iums :o wave ra9 coats above ! animal1 & !n wail ov] ! c>cass4 ,! pig & its cov]+ are 9 "p paym5t = ! life ( ! sick p]son4 ,!y cry = ! pig1 s !y w n ne$ to cry = ! pati5t4 ,lat] ! pig is cut up & prep>$ z food1 only ! head & feet be+ left = ! spirits4 ,gipas1 ! divid+1 foll[s4 ,a ,*9ese j> is plac$ on its side1 & on ea* end a spe> is laid1 s t !y ne>ly meet above ! c5t] ( ! j>4 ,next a roll$ mat is laid on ! spe>s1 & f9ally f\r beads & a headb& are add$4 ,! mat !n is cut ?r\gh ! middle1 s z to leave equal p>ts ( ! headb& & two beads on ea* half4 ,?is %[s t ! _s is n[ paid1 & is sep>at$ f ! h\se4 ,! next act is to /ret* a rattan cord across ! c5t] ( ! room & to place on x _m blankets & skirts4 ,a man & a woman1 :o repres5t ! good spirits ,iwag9an & ,gimbagon1 are dress$ 9 f9e g>m5ts1 & hold 9 _! h&s pieces ( gold1 a f9e spe>1 & o!r priz$ articles4 ,!y are plac$ on "o side ( ! cord1 & 9 front ( !m /& a numb] ( m5 ) _! h&s on ea* o!rs' %\ld]s4 ,n[ ! m$iums ent] ! o!r end ( ! room1 spread a mat1 & beg9 to summon ! spirits4 ,soon !y are possess$ by evil be+s :o notice ! c\ple repres5t+ ! good spirits1 & seiz+ /icks or o!r objects1 ru% t[>d !m endeavor+ to seize _! weal?4 ,:5 !y rea* ! l9e ( m51 !y /rive to break ?r\gh1 b to no avail4 ,f9ally !y give ?is up1 b n[ attempt to seize ! objects hang+ on ! l9e4 ,aga9 !y are ?w>t$4 ,if ! evil spirits get ^! ?+s1 !y w come (t51 _! *ildr5 w m>ry1 & !y also w h>m ! family2 b if ! good be+s keep _! weal?1 _! *ildr5 w m>ry1 & w aid ! own] ( ! h\se4 ,lat] "o ( ! m$iums & an old woman c\nt ! colors 9 a f9e blanket4 ,usually !re are five colors1 s ! _s is p[]less to injure ! p = five ye>s4 ,next ! c\ple gamble1 b ! m$ium always loses4 ,f9ally ! _s becomes disc\rag$ & dep>ts4 ,! decorations are n[ tak5 f ! room1 & ! sick p]son is c>ri$ d[n to ! riv] by ! memb]s ( ! family4 ,arriv$ at ! wat]'s edge1 ! olde/ relative w cut (f a dog's head z f9al paym5t = ! life ( ! invalid4 ,s9ce ! act is c>ri$ on beside ! riv]1 ! spirits w ei!r witness ! act1 or see ! blood z x floats away1 & h5ce w n ne$ to visit ! t[n4 ,! rattan cord & v9es us$ 9 ! dwell+ are ?r[n onto ! wat] = ! same reason4 ,! :ole family is cov]$ ) a l>ge blanket1 & a m$ium sw+s a coconut ov] !m1 !n re/+ ! halves on ! head ( ea* "o = a mom5t1 %e releases !m1 mean:ile call+ to ! _s1 ,y see ?is2 ?is is y\r %>e2 d n come any m4 ,aft] assur+ !m t ! sickness w n[ fall away f !m1 %e waves burn+ cogon grass ov] _! heads :ile %e cries1 ,g away1 sickness4 ,! blanket is remov$1 & ! family ba!s4 ,:ile !y are /ill 9 ! wat]1 ! m$ium takes a spe> & %ield 9 h] h&s1 & go+ to ! edge ( ! /ream1 %e beg9s to summon spirits1 b all ! :ile %e keeps %>p wat* ( ! old man :o kill$ ! dog1 = he is n[ arm$ & appe>s to be h] enemy4 ,h[ev]1 %e is n mole/$ until %e />ts t[>d ! village4 ,:5 q ne> to ! settlem5t1 %e is sudd5ly attack$ by _m p c>ry+ banana /alks :i* !y hurl at h]4 ,%e succe$s 9 w>d+ ^! (f1 b :ile %e is ?us engag$1 an old man runs 9 & t\*es h] ) a spe>4 ,imm$iately %e falls z if dead1 & x is sev]al mom5ts be=e %e aga9 rega9s consci\sness4 ,?is attack is made to %[ ! _s h[ unwelcome x is1 & 9 hopes t su* bad treatm5t w induce x to /ay away4 ,aft] ! return ( ! family to ! village1 ! gue/s dr9k basi1 s+ & dance1 & usually sev]al spirits are summon$ by ! m$iums4 ,! next morn+ two ,p9alasang #afg are con/ruct$ 9 ! y>d4 ,ea* supports a plate conta9+ beads1 a /r+ ( beads is susp5d$ f "o ( ! poles1 & a j> ( basi is plac$ b5ea?4 ,9 front ( !m ! m$iums call ! spirits1 !n (f] ! he>t1 liv]s1 & inte/9es1 :ile !y call out1 ,take me & d n injure ! p4 ,! f9al act ( ! c]emony is to con/ruct ! _s raft taltalabong1 load x ) food1 & set x afloat on ! riv]1 s t all ! spirits may see & "k :at has be5 done4 ,9 addition to ! regul> pay = _! s]vices1 ! m$iums divide ! jaw ( a pig & c>ry ! portions home ) !m1 z _! protection aga9/ lightn+1 & ! spirits ^: ho/ility !y may h incurr$4 ,b9ikwau4--,?is c]emony1 l ! "o j describ$1 seems to be limit$ to ! ,san ,juan region1 & is giv5 "u simil> circum/ances4 ,! room is decorat$ z usual1 & a b\nd pig is laid 9 ! c5t]4 ,?is is kn[n z ! ex*ange1 s9ce x is giv5 9 place ( ! pati5t's life4 ,two m$iums place betel-nut on ! animal1 !n /roke x ) oil1 say+1 ,y make ! liv] favorable1 i4e41 give a good om54 ,aft] a "t !y beg9 summon+ ! spirits1 & f !n until late ev5+ ! gue/s divide _! "t betwe5 ! m$iums & ! liquor j>s4 ,soon all are 9 a jovial mood1 & be=e long are s++ ! praises ( _! ho/s1 or are greet+ visit+ spirits z old "t fri5ds4 ,! pig is kill$ e>ly next morn+1 & its liv] is eag]ly exam9$ to le>n :e!r or no ! pati5t is de/9$ to recov]4 ,a "p ( ! fle% is plac$ on ! h\se raft]s1 = ! use ( ! spirits1 :ile ! balance is cook$ & s]v$4 ,foll[+ ! meal1 ! gongs & drums are br\ght up into ! h\se1 & ! p dance or s+ until ! m$iums appe>1 ready to summon ! spirits4 ,! fir/ to come is ,sabian1 ! gu>dian ( ! dogs4 ,he dem&s t eight plates & a coconut %ell be fill$ ) blood & rice2 ano!r %ell is to be fill$ ) uncook$ rice1 9 :i* a silv] co9 is hidd52 & f9ally a bamboo dog-tr\gh mu/ be provid$4 ,:5 8 dem&s are met1 he beg9s to call1 ,come1 my dogs1 come & eat4 ,lat] ! blood & rice are plac$ 9 ! tr\gh1 & are c>ri$ to ! edge ( ! t[n1 :]e !y are left4 ,?is done1 ! _s pi]ces ! pig's liv] ) a spe> &1 plac+ x on a %ield1 dances ab\t ! room4 ,f9ally1 /opp+ beside ! mat1 he lays !m on ! pati5t's /oma*4 ,! next & f9al act is to scrape up a little ( ! liv] ) a small head-axe1 & to place ?is1 mix$ ) oil1 on ! sick p]son4 ,on ! ?ird & la/ day1 ! m$ium leads a big dog to ! edge ( ! village1 & !n kills x ) a club4 ,a piece ( ! animal's e> is cut (f1 is wrapp$ 9 a clo?1 & is hung ar\nd ! pati5t's neck z a protection aga9/ evil1 & z a sign to all spirits t ?is c]emony has be5 held4 ,?r\gh\t ! re/ ( ! day _m spirits visit ! m$iums1 & at su* a "t ,kakalonan is sure to appe> to give fri5dly advice4 ,! f9al act is to set ! _s raft afloat on ! /ream4 ,,*apt] ,,vi ,,social ,,organization4 ,,gov]nm5t4 ,,! ,,village ,! village is ! social unit )9 :i* !re are no clans1 no political1 or o!r divisions4 ,! ,t+uian are famili> ) ! ,igorot t[n1 made up ( sev]al ato #afh b !re is no indication t !y h ev] _h su* an in/itution4 ,! head ( ! village is kn[n z lakay4 ,he is usually a man pa/ middle age ^: weal? & sup]ior k h giv5 him ! confid5ce ( 8 p4 ,he is *os5 by ! old] m5 ( ! village1 & holds 8 position = life unless he is remov$ = cause4 ,x is possible t1 at 8 dea?1 8 son may succe$ him1 b ?is is by no means c]ta94 ,! lakay is suppos$ to be well v]s$ 9 ! cu/oms ( ! ance/ors1 & all matt]s ( dispute or que/ions ( policy are br\ght to him4 ,if ! case is "o ( special importance he w summon ! o!r old m51 :o w delib]ate & decide ! "q at issue4 ,!y h no means ( en=c+ _! decisions o!r ?an ! =ce ( public op9ion1 b s9ce an (f5d] is o/racis$1 until he has met ! conditions impos$ by ! eld]s1 _! au?ority is actually v great4 ,%\ld a lakay deal unju/ly ) ! p1 or attempt to alt] long e/abli%$ cu/oms1 he w\ld be remov$ f (fice & ano!r be select$ 9 8 /ead4 ,no sal>y or fees are connect$ ) ?is (fice1 ! hold] receiv+ 8 rew>d solely ?r\gh ! e/eem 9 :i* he is held by 8 p4 ,9 =m] times two or ?ree villages w\ld occasionally unite to =m a loose union1 ! bett] to resi/ a p[]ful enemy1 b ) ! com+ ( m peaceful times su* beg9n+s ( conf$]acies h vani%$4 ,dur+ ! ,spani% regime attempts 7 made to organize ! pagan communities & to give titles to _! (fic]s1 b ^! ef=ts met ) little success4 ,"u ,am]ican rule local self gov]nm5t1 accompani$ by sev]al elective (fices1 has be5 e/abli%$ 9 _m t[ns4 ,! conte/ = (fice & gov]nm5t recognition ( ! (ficials is t5d+ to break d[n ! old sy/em & to conc5trate ! p[] 9 ! presid5te or mayor4 ,x is probable t ! e>ly ,t+uian settlem5t consi/$ ( "o or m closely relat$ gr\ps4 ,ev5 to-day ! family ties are s /rong t x 0 f\nd possible1 9 compil+ ! g5ealogical tables1 to trace back ! family hi/ory five or six g5]ations4 ,^! families are n di/+ui%$ by any totems1 gu>dian spirits1 or /ories ( sup]natural orig91 b ! "r to conduct ! m important c]emonies is h]$it>y4 ,desc5t is trac$ ?r\gh bo? ! male & female l9es1 & inh]itance is likewise ?r\gh bo? sexes4 ,!re are no di/+ui%+ t]ms = relations on ! fa!r's or "m's side1 nor are !re o!r traces ( matri>*al in/itutions4 ,families ( means atta9 a social /&+ above t ( _! less =tunate t[nsm51 b !re is no %>p /ratification ( ! community into noble & s]f1 su* z 0 com+ into vogue along _m p>ts ( ! coa/ at ! "t ( ! ,spani% conque/1 nei!r has slav]y ev] ga9$ a foo?old ) ?is p4 ,! weal?y (t5 loan rice to ! poor1 & exact usury ( ab\t fifty p] c5t4 ,paym5t is made 9 s]vice dur+ ! p]iod ( plant+ & h>ve/+1 s t ! labor problem is1 to a l>ge ext5t1 solv$ = ! l&-hold]s4 ,h[ev]1 !y cu/om>ily jo9 ! work]s 9 ! fields & take _! %>e 9 all k9ds ( labor4 ,! concub9es1 kn[n z pota 7cf4 p4 #bhc71 are depriv$ ( c]ta9 rights1 & !y are held some:at 9 contempt by ! o!r wom51 b !y are 9 no s5se slaves4 ,!y may possess prop]ty1 & _! *ildr5 may become lead]s 9 ,t+uian society4 ,! only gr\p :i* is %>ply sep>at$ f ! mass is compos$ ( ! m$iums1 & !y are di/9ctive only dur+ ! c]emonial p]iods4 ,at o!r times !y are treat$ 9 all respects z o!r memb]s ( ! community4 ,on ?ree occasions ! writ] has f\nd m5 dress+ l wom51 do+ wom5's "w1 & sp5d+ _! "t ) memb]s ( t sex4 ,in=mation conc]n+ ^! individuals has always come by accid5t1 ! p seem+ to be exce$+ly retic5t to talk ab\t !m4 ,9 ,plate ,,xxxvi is %[n a man 9 woman's dress1 :o has become an exp]t pott]4 ,! explanation giv5 = ! disav[al ( 8 sex is t he donn$ wom5's clo!s dur+ ! ,spani% regime to escape road "w1 & has s9ce !n reta9$ _! g>b4 ,equally unsatisfactory & unlikely reasons 7 advanc$ = ! o!r cases m5tion$4 ,x %\ld be not$ t simil> individuals h be5 describ$ f ,zambales1 ,panay1 f ! ,subanun ( ,m9danao1 & f ,borneo4 #afi ,x has be5 sugge/$1 ) consid]able probability1 t at lea/ a "p ( ^! are h]maphrodites1 b 9 ,borneo1 :]e !y act z prie/s1 ,ro? /ates t !y are unsex$ be=e assum+ _! roles4 ,laws4--,law1 gov]nm5t1 & cu/om are synonym\s4 ,:atev] ! ance/ors did is "r1 & h5ce has religi\s sanction4 ,! lakay & 8 advisors w give _! decisions accord+ to ! decrees ( ! pa/1 if t is possible1 b :5 prec$5t is lack+1 !y w delib]ate & decide on a c\rse4 ,! foll[+ may be tak5 z typical ( ! laws or cu/oms :i* regulate ! actions ( ! p1 )9 a gr\p1 t[>d "o ano!r4 ,rules gov]n+ ! family4--,a man may h only "o wife1 b he may keep concub9es4 ,if ! wife's relatives suspect t a mi/ress is caus+ ! husb&'s affections to wane1 !y may hold ! ,nagkakalonan or trial ( affection 7cf4 p4 #bhb71 & if _! *>ges are su/a9$1 ! husb& mu/ pay !m a consid]able am\nt1 &1 9 addition1 /& all ! exp5ses ( ! ga!r+4 ,if x is %[n t !y are n ju/ifi$ 9 _! suspicions1 ! exp5se falls on ! accus]s4 ,! wife may br+ a *>ge ( cruelty or laz9ess aga9/ h] husb&1 & if x is sub/antiat$1 he w be compell$ to complete ! m>riage agreem5t & give ! woman h] fre$om4 ,unfai?fulness on ! "p ( a wife1 or a betro!d girl1 ju/ifies ! aggriev$ 9 kill+ "o or bo? ( ! (f5d]s4 ,he may1 h[ev]1 be satisfi$ by hav+ ! m>riage gift return$ to him1 toge!r ) a f9e & a decree ( divorce4 ,a man :o has a *ild by an unm>ri$ woman1 n a pota1 mu/ give ! girl's p ab\t "o hundr$ pesos1 & mu/ support ! infant4 ,lat] ! *ild comes into 8 keep+1 & is recogniz$ z an heir to 8 e/ate4 ,m>riage is prohibit$ betwe5 c\s9s1 betwe5 a man & 8 adopt$ si/]1 8 si/]-9-law1 or "m-9-law4 ,union ) a second c\s9 is also taboo$4 ,x is said t (f5d]s w\ld be cut (f f ! village2 no "o w\ld associate ) !m1 & _! *ildr5 w\ld be dis9h]it$4 ,a wid[ may rem>ry aft] ! ,layog c]emony 7cf4 p4 #bij71 b all ! prop]ty ( h] fir/ husb& goes to 8 *ildr54 ,if a wife has neglect$ h] husb& dur+ 8 f9al illness1 %e may be compell$ to rema9 "u two blankets1 :ile ! body is 9 ! h\se 7cf4 p4 #bhf71 unless %e pays a f9e ( t5 or fifte5 pesos to 8 family4 ,*ildr5 mu/ c>e = & support infirm p>5ts4 ,%\ld !re be no *ildr51 ?is duty falls ^u ! ne>e/ relative4 ,inh]itance4--,al?\gh a price is paid = ! bride1 ! ,t+uian woman is 9 no s5se a slave4 ,%e may inh]it prop]ty f h] p>5ts1 hold x ?r\gh life1 & pass x on to h] *ildr54 ,foll[+ ! dea? ( a man1 en\gh is tak5 f 8 e/ate to pay up any "p ( ! m>riage agreem5t :i* may /ill be due1 & ! balance is divid$ among 8 *ildr54 ,if !re are no *ildr51 x is probable t 8 p]sonal possessions w g to 8 fa!r or "m1 if !y are /ill liv+2 o!rwise1 to 8 bro!rs & si/]s4 ,h[ev]1 ! old m5 9 c\ncil may decide t ! wife is entitl$ to a %>e4 ,%\ld %e rem>ry & be> *ildr5 to h] second husb&1 %e _c give any "p ( ?is prop]ty to !m1 b ^u h] dea? x goes to ! (fspr+ ( ! fir/ m>riage1 or rev]ts to ! relatives4 ,l& is divid$ ab\t equally betwe5 boys & girls1 b ! boys receive ! major "p ( ! animals1 & ! girls _! "m's beads4 ,(t5times ! old m5 w give ! olde/ *ild ! l>ge/ %>e1 s9ce he has help$ 8 p>5ts longe/4 ,:atev] ! husb& & wife h accumulat$ 9 common dur+ _! m>ri$ life is divid$1 & ! man's portion is dispos$ (1 z j indicat$4 ,illegitimate *ildr5 & ^? ( a pota receive a %>e ( _! fa!r's prop]ty1 b n 9 ! same proportion z ! *ildr5 ( ! wife4 ,no "p ( ! e/ate goes to a concub9e unless1 9 ! judgm5t ( ! old m51 x is necess>y to provide = h]1 because ( sickness or infirmity4 ,transf] & %>+ ( prop]ty4--,l& & h\ses are seldom transf]r$1 except at ! dea? ( ! own]1 b %\ld a sale or trade be desir$1 ! p>ties to ! contract w make ! b>ga9 be=e ! lakay & old m51 :o ?us become witnesses4 ,a fea/ is giv5 at su* a "t1 & is paid = by ei!r ! sell] or ! buy]4 ,! sale or b>t] ( c>abao1 horses1 valuable j>s1 & beads may be witness$ 9 ?is mann]1 b ! transf] ( p]sonal prop]ty is purely a matt] betwe5 ! p>ties conc]n$4 ,if a man works ! prop]ty ( ano!r1 he furni%es ! se$ & labor1 & ! crop is divid$4 ,if an own] places 8 animals 9 ! c>e ( ano!r1 ! fir/ ( ! increase goes to him1 ! second to ! c>etak]4 ,%\ld an animal die1 ! c>etak] mu/ sk9 x1 & give ! hide to ! own]1 aft] :i* he is fre$ f responsibility1 b he is liable = ! loss1 !ft1 or injury to 8 *>ges4 ,murd] & ,!ft4--,! relatives ( a murd]$ man may kill 8 assailant )\t fe> ( puni%m5t1 b1 if !y are will+1 ! guilty p>ty may settle ) !m by pay+ 9 ,*9ese j>s1 c>abao1 or money4 ,! usual paym5t v>ies f fifty to "o hundr$ pesos4 ,a ?ief is compell$ to make re/itution1 & is also subject to a small f9e4 ,! practice ( evil magic1 & ! break+ ( a taboo1 are consid]$ s]i\s crimes1 b z !y h be5 treat$ "u ,religion & ,magic1 !y w n be repeat$ "h4 ,ly+1 ,*eat+1 ,brea*es ( ,etiquette4--,fall+ outside ! realm ( law are ^? ?+s :i* may be consid]$ "r & wrong1 b ! infraction ( :i* c>ries ) x no p5alty4 ,ly+1 = in/ance1 is n bad1 if x is done to protect y\rself or a fri5d1 b falsify+ )\t purpose is mean & to be despis$4 ,*eat+ is n wrong4 ,y\r ability to outwit ! o!r p]son is pro( t y are ! sm>t] man4 ,x is bad mann]s = a man to sit ) 8 legs f> ap>t or to expose all ( 8 cl\t1 or = a woman to sit on ! floor ) "o leg drawn up4 ,a p]son %\ld n walk ab\t :ile o!rs are s++ or danc+4 ,basi %\ld nev] be drunk1 until x has be5 (f]$ to e "o pres5t1 especially ! eld]s4 ,be=e eat+1 a p]son %\ld invite all 9 ! room to jo9 him1 ev5 ?\gh he does n expect !m to accept4 ,a visitor %\ld nev] eat ) ! wife ( ano!r dur+ 8 abs5ce4 ,always call be=e ent]+ a h\se4 ,nev] ent] a dwell+1 :5 ! own] is away1 & has remov$ ! ladd] f ! door4 ,nev] ent] a village dirty2 /op & ba! at ! spr+ be=e go+ up4 ,only dogs ent] ! h\ses )\t ba?+4 ,! ,village 7,plate ,,xxxviii74--,a village g5]ally consi/s ( two or ?ree settlem5ts1 situat$ ne> toge!r1 & "u ! au?ority ( a s+le lakay or headman4 ,!re is no plan or set arrangem5t = ! dwell+s or o!r /ructures1 b1 z a rule1 ! h\se1 _s /ructure1 & p]haps corrals are clu/]$ closely toge!r1 :ile at ! edge ( ! settlem5t are ! rice gran>ies & g>d5 plots4 ,=m]ly a d\ble bamboo /ockade surr\nd$ ea* settlem5t1 b 9 rec5t ye>s ^! h disappe>$1 & at ! "t ( our visit only "o t[n1 ,abang1 0 s protect$4 ,! dwell+s v>y 9 size & %ape4 ,!y con=m 9 g5]al to two types4 ,! fir/ & mo/ common is a s+le room ) a door at "o end op5+ (f f an uncov]$ por* 7,plate ,,xxxix74 ,! second consi/s ( ?ree rooms1 or r two rooms1 betwe5 :i* is a por* or entry way1 all "u "o ro(4 ,!re is seldom an out] door to ?is entry way1 b ea* room has its own door1 & (t5times w9d[s op5+ on to x1 s t "o has ! feel+ t we h "h two h\ses jo9$ by ! cov]$ por*4 ,9 su* build+s ?is entry way is a conv5i5t place = hang+ nets or = dry+ tobacco4 ,9 "o room is ! he>?1 ! wat] pots1 & di%es1 :ile ! o!r is ! family sleep+-room4 ,! con/ruction ( ! dwell+ is %[n 9 ,plates ,,xl-,,xli4 ,a numb] ( heavy h>d-wood po/s are sunk deeply into ! gr\nd & project upw>d #aj or m feet4 ,at a height ( #d or #e feet above ! gr\nd1 crossbeams are la%$ or pegg$ to =m ! floor supports1 :ile at ! tops are o!r beams on :i* ! ro( re/s4 ,plate ,,xl %[s ! skeleton ( ?is ro( s pla9ly t fur!r description is unnecess>y4 ,?is framework1 g5]ally con/ruct$ on ! gr\nd1 is rais$ on to ! upright timb]s1 & is la%$ 9 place4 ,a closely wov5 mat ( bamboo /rips1 or ( bamboo beat5 flat1 cov]s ea* side ( ! ro(1 & on ?is ! ?at* is laid4 ,bundles ( cogon grass are spread cle> across ! ro(1 a /rip ( bamboo is laid at ! upp] ends1 & is la%$ to ! mat bel[4 ,a second r[ ( ?at* ov]laps ! top ( ! fir/1 & ?us a wat]pro( cov]+ is provid$4 ,ano!r type ( ro(+ is made by splitt+ long bamboo poles1 remov+ ! sectional divisions & !n la%+ !m to ! framework4 ,! fir/ set is plac$ ) ! concave sides up1 & runs f ! ridge pole to a po9t a few in*es bel[ ! framework1 s z to ov]hang x some:at4 ,a second s]ies ( halv$ bamboos is laid convex side up1 ! edges re/+ 9 ! concavity ( ^? bel[1 ?us mak+ an arrangem5t simil> to a til$ ro(4 ,= ! side walls ?is til$ type ( con/ruction is commonly us$ 7,plate ,,lxxviii74 ,a co>se bamboo mat is likewise employ$1 :ile a crude int]weav+ ( bamboo /rips is by no means uncommon4 ,su* a wall af=ds little protection aga9/ a driv+ ra9 or w9d1 b ! o!rs are q effective4 ,well-to-d families (t5 h ! side walls & floors ( _! h\ses made ( h>d-wood bo>ds4 ,s9ce planks are1 or h be5 until rec5tly1 cut out ) knives1 head-axes1 or adzes1 mu* "t & weal? is consum$ 9 con/ruct+ su* a dwell+4 ,:5 complet$1 x is less well adapt$ to ! ne$s ( ! p ?an ! /ructures j describ$1 b its possession is a s\rce ( gratification to ! own]1 & aids 9 e/abli%+ him z a man ( affairs 9 8 t[n4 ,! floor is made ( poles ti$ to ! side-beams1 & on ^! /rips ( bamboo are laid s z to leave small cracks betwe5 !m4 ,?is assi/s 9 ! h\se-clean+1 z all dirt & refuse is swept ?r\gh ! op5+s on to ! gr\nd4 ,:5 ! floor is made ( wood1 x is cu/om>y to leave "o corn] to be f9i%$ (f 9 ! bamboo slits1 & x is "h t ! "m gives bir? to h] *ildr54 ,?is is n compulsory1 b x is cu/om1 & indicates cle>ly t ! plank$ floor is a rec5t introduction4 ,entrance to ! dwell+ is by means ( a bamboo ladd] :i* is rais$ at night1 or :5 ! family is away4 ,w9d[s are m]ely squ>e holes ov] :i* a bamboo mat is fitt$ at night1 b ! door is a bamboo-cov]$ framework :i* turns 9 wood5 sockets4 ,su* a h\se (f]s no b>ri]s to mosquitoes1 flies1 fly+ roa*es1 or :ite ants1 :ile rats1 scorpions1 & c5tip$es f9d fri5dly %elt] 9 ! ?at* ro(4 ,q commonly l>ge b h>mless snakes are enc\rag$ to take up _! resid5ce 9 ! cook room1 z _! pres5ce induces ! rats to move else:]e4 ,little h\se liz>ds are always pres5t1 & n infrequ5tly a l>ge liz>d makes its home on ! ridge pole1 & f "t to "t gives its weird cry4 ,! gr\nd b5ea? ! h\se is (t5 enclos$ ) bamboo slats1 & is us$ = /orage purposes1 or a portion may be us$ z a *ick5 coop4 ,x is also cu/om>y to bury ! dead b5ea? ! dwell+1 & above ! grave are ! boxes 9 :i* are plac$ supplies = ! spirits ( ! deceas$4 ,) "s modification ?is description ( ! ,t+uian h\se & village w\ld apply to ^? ( ! we/]n ,kal+a & ! ,apayao1 #agj & likewise ! ,*ri/ian natives ( ! coa/1 b a v diff]5t type ( dwell+ & gr\p+ is f\nd among ! neighbor+ ,igorot4 #aga ,x is also to be not$ t we d n f9d to-day any trace ( tree dwell+s1 su* z 7 describ$ by ,la ,gironi]e #agb at ! "t ( 8 visit sc>cely a c5tury ago4 ,elevat$ wat*-h\ses are plac$ ne> to ! m\nta9 fields1 & x is possible t 9 times ( great dang] p might h _h simil> places ( refuge 9 or ne> to _! villages1 b ! old m5 emphatically d5y t !y 7 ev] tree-dwell]s1 & !re is no?+ 9 ! folk-tales to ju/ify su* a belief2 on ! contr>y1 ! tales-indicate t ! type ( dwell+ f\nd to-day1 0 t ( =m] times4 #agc ,h\se ,furni%+s4--,! av]age h\se has only "o room4 ,inside ! door1 at ! left1 "o usually f9ds ! /ove1 ?ree /ones sunk 9 a box ( a%es or dirt1 or a simil> device ( clay 7,fig #e1 ,no4 #a74 ,above ! fire is susp5d$ a hang] on :i* are plac$ di%es & food1 9 ord] t !y may n be di/urb$ by insects4 ,along ! wall /&s a small caldron1 j>s = wat] & rice1 & ! l>ge ,*9ese j>s1 tke latt] z a g5]al rule heirlooms or m>riage gifts4 ,^! are sometimes us$ = basi1 b m (t5 !y conta9 brok5 rice1 cotton1 or small articles4 ,above ! j>s is a rack or hang> on :i* di%es or coconut %ells are plac$4 ,at "o end ( ! room a set ( pegs1 de] horns1 or a cord supports a v>iety ( clo!s1 blankets1 a woman's swit*1 & p]haps a man's belt4 ,! sleep+-mats ei!r hang "h or occupy a rack ( _! own4 ,bel[ ! cord /& *e/s secur$ 9 e>ly ye>s ?r\gh trade ) ! ,*9ese4 ,9 ^! are ! family treasures1 valuable beads1 co9s1 blankets1 c]emonial objects1 & ! l4 ,pil$ on ! boxes is a v>iety ( pill[s1 = no ,t+uian h\se is complete )\t a numb] ( ^! 7,plate ,,lxvi74 ,! o!r h\se furni%+s1 consi/+ ( a sp9n+ :eel1 loom1 coconut rasp1 & clo!s beat] 7,fig4 #e1 ,no4 #aj7 f9d space along ! o!r wall4 ,beh9d ! door1 except 9 ! valley t[ns1 /& ! man's spe> & %ield2 above or ne> ! door w be ! _s (f]+ 9 ! =m ( a small hang] or a m9iature %ield fa/5$ aga9/ ! wall4 ,! c5t] ( ! floor af=ds a place = work+1 eat+1 & sleep+4 ,if !re are small *ildr5 9 ! family a cradle or jump] w be f\nd susp5d$ f a beam or a bamboo pole plac$ across "o corn] ( ! room 7cf4 p4 #bgb74 ,! type ( j>s made by ! ,t+uian is %[n 9 ,fig4 #e1 ,no4 #g1 :ile ^? ( =eign introduction h be5 fully describ$ 9 a previ\s publication4 #agd ,! native j>s are us$ bo? = cook+ & z wat] conta9]s4 ,) !m w be f\nd pot r+s & lift]s4 ,! fir/ is a simple r+ ( plait$ bamboo1 :i* fits on ! head or sets on ! floor1 & =ms a support = ! r\nd$ bottom ( ! j>4 ,! second 7,figure #e1 ,no4 #c7 consi/s ( a l>ge rattan loop1 :i* is plac$ ov] ! neck ( ! j>4 ,! h&s are drawn ap>t1 & ! weight closes ! loop1 caus+ x to grip ! j>4 ,long bamboo tubes ) sections remov$ are us$ z wat] conta9]s1 :ile small] sections (t5 s]ve z cups or dipp]s4 ,g\rds are also us$ 9 ?is mann] 7,fig4 #e1 ,nos4 #h-i74 ,food is remov$ f ! j>s ) spoons & ladles 7,fig4 #f7 made ( wood or coconut %ells1 b !y are nev] put to ! m\?4 ,meat is cut up into small pieces1 & is s]v$ 9 its own juice4 ,! d9] takes a little cook$ rice 9 8 f+]s1 & ) ?is dips or scoops ! meat & bro? into 8 m\?4 ,gre5s are eat5 9 ! same mann]4 ,halv$ coconut %ells s]ve bo? z cups & z di%es 7,fig4 #e1 ,no4 #f74 ,wood5 di%es are likewise us$1 b !y are employ$ *iefly 9 c]emonies = ! fe$+ ( ! spirits or to hold ! rice f :i* a bride & groom receive ! augury ( ! future 7,fig4 #e1 ,nos4 #d-e74 ,baskets1 v>y+ consid]ably 9 mat]ial1 size & type1 are mu* us$1 & are (t5 scatt]$ ab\t ! dwell+ or1 z 9 ! case ( ! m5's c>ry+ baskets1 are hung on pegs set into ! walls4 ,some:]e ab\t ! h\se w be f\nd a coconut rasp 7,fig4 #e1 ,no4 #aa74 ,:5 ?is is us$1 ! op]ator kneels on ! wood5 /&>d1 & draws ! half coconut t[>d h] ov] ! tee? ( ! blade4 ,! inside ( ! %ell is ?us clean$ & prep>$ = use z an eat+ or dr9k+ di%4 ,tor*es or bamboo lamps =m]ly suppli$ ! dwell+s ) light4 ,lamps consi/+ ( a section ( bamboo fill$ ) oil & fitt$ ) a cord wick are /ill 9 use1 b = ! mo/ "p !y h be5 sup]s$$ by t9 lamps ( ,*9ese manufacture4 ,oil = !m is extract$ f cru%$ se$s ( ! tau-tau 7,jatropha gr&ulif]a ,roxb47 ,a v necess>y article ( h\se furni%+ is ! fire-mak+ device4 ,9 _m in/ances1 ! h\sewife w g to a neighbor+ dwell+ & borr[ a light r ?an g to ! tr\ble ( build+ a fire1 b if t is n conv5i5t1 a light may be secur$ by "o or two me?ods4 ,! fir/ is by fl9t & /eel1 a me?od :i* is probably ( comp>atively rec5t introduction4 ,! second & old] is "o :i* ! ,t+uian %>es ) all ! neighbor+ tribes4 ,two not*es are cut ?r\gh a section ( bamboo1 & tree cotton is plac$ bel[ !m4 ,a second section ( bamboo is cut to a %>p edge1 & ?is is rubb$ rapidly back & =? 9 ! not*es until ! friction produces a sp>k1 :i* :5 caught on t9d] c be bl[n into a flame4 #age ,at ! door ( ! h\se w be f\nd a foot wip] 7,fig4 #e1 ,no4 #ab7 made ( rice-/raw drawn ?r\gh an op5+ cut 9 a /ick1 or x may consi/ ( coconut husks fa/5$ toge!r to make a crude mat1 :ile ne> by is ! broom made ( rice-/raw or grass4 ,rice-mort>s1 pe/les1 & simil> objects are f\nd b5ea? ! dwell+s4 ,! ,village ,spr+4--,ea* village is situat$ ne> to a spr+ or on ! banks ( a /ream4 ,9 ! latt] case deep holes are dug 9 ! s&s1 & ! wat] t seeps 9 is us$ = h\sehold purposes4 ,9 ! morn+1 a numb] ( wom5 & girls ga!r at ! spr+s1 c>ry+ ) !m ! plates & di%es us$ 9 ! meals1 also g>m5ts :i* ne$ to be laund]$4 ,! pots & di%es are ?or\ghly sc\r$ ) s& & wat]1 appli$ ) a bundle ( rice-/raw or grass4 ,! g>m5ts to be wa%$ are laid 9 ! wat]1 g5]ally 9 a little pool ne> to ! ma9 spr+ or beside ! /ream4 ,a%es f rice-/raw are !n mix$ ) wat] &1 aft] be+ /ra9$ ?r\gh a bun* ( grass1 are appli$ to ! clo? 9 place ( soap4 ,aft] be+ ?or\ghly soak$1 ! clo? is laid on a clean /one1 & is beat5 ) a /ick or wood5 paddle4 ,! g>m5t is aga9 r9s$1 & lat] is hung up on ! f5ce ne> ! dwell+ to dry4 ,be=e return+ to h] home1 ! woman fills h] pots ) wat]1 & !n takes h] ba? 9 a pool bel[ ! ma9 spr+ 7,plate ,,xlii74 ,all g>m5ts are remov$ except ! girdle & cl\t1 & !n wat]1 dipp$ up 9 a coconut %ell1 is p\r$ on to ! face1 %\ld]s1 & body4 ,9 "s cases s& is appli$ to ! body1 & is rubb$ 9 ) ! h& or a /one2 r9s+ wat] is appli$ & ! g>m5ts are put back on )\t dry+ ! body4 ,e "o1 m51 wom51 & *ildr51 takes a daily ba?1 & visitors w always /op to ba! at ! spr+ or riv] be=e ent]+ a village4 ,promiscu\s ba?+ is common1 & is accept$ z a matt] ( c\rse1 b !re is no indication ( emb>rassm5t or self-consci\sness4 ,:5 %e returns to ! village1 ! woman w (t5 be se5 c>ry+ "o or two j>s ( wat] on h] head1 h] wa%+ "u h] arm1 :ile a *ild sets a/ride h] hip or lies aga9/ h] back 7,plate ,,xliii74 ,,*apt] ,,vii ,,w>f>e1 ,,hunt+1 ,,& ,,fi%+ ,head-hunt+ & w>f>e are practically synonym\s4 ,to-day bo? are suff]+ a rapid decl9e1 & a head is seldom tak5 9 ! valley ( ! ,abra4 ,9 ! m\nta9 di/rict old feuds are /ill ma9ta9$1 & sometimes lead to a kill+1 & "h too ! anci5t fun]>y rites are /ill c>ri$ out 9 _! entirety on r>e occasions4 ,h[ev]1 ?is peaceful condition is n ( long /&+4 ,9 e village ! old] m5 tell ) pride ( _! y\?ful exploits1 ( ! raids !y indulg$ 91 ! heads !y captur$2 & !y are /ill held 9 high e/eem z m5 :o f\ght 9 ! villages ( _! enemies4 ,dur+ ! "t ( our /ay 9 ,abra1 ! villages ( ! ,buklok valley 7 on bad t]ms ) ! p ( ! neighbor+ ,ikm9 valley1 & 7 op5ly ho/ile to ! ,igorot on ! ea/]n side ( ! m\nta9 range4 ,manabo & ,abang 7 likewise ho/ile to _! ,igorot neighbors1 & ! latt] village 0 surr\nd$ ) a d\ble bamboo /ockade1 to gu>d aga9/ a surprise attack4 ,manabo at ?is "t anticipat$ tr\ble ) ! w>riors ( ,balatok & ,besao1 z a result ( _! hav+ kill$ six m5 f ^? t[ns4 ,! victims _h o/5sibly come d[n to ! ,abra riv] to fi%1 b1 judg+ by previ\s exp]i5ce1 ! ,t+uian believ$ !m to be 9 se>* ( heads1 & act$ accord+ly4 ,?is feud is ( old /&+ & appe>s to h gr[n out ( a dispute ov] ! hunt+ gr\nds on ,mt4 ,posoey1 ! great peak :i* rises only a few miles f ,manabo4 ,!re h be5 _m cla%es betwe5 ! rival hunt]s1 ! mo/ s]i\s ( :i* occurr$ 9 #ahhi1 :5 ! ,t+uian _h tw5ty-n9e ( _! numb] kill$1 & lo/ tw5ty-five heads to ! ,igorot ( ,besao4 ,! p ( ,agsimo & ,balantai suff]$ defeat 9 a raid c>ri$ on aga9/ ,dag>a 9 #aijg1 & at ! "t ( our visit a numb] ( ! w>riors /ill bore op5 w\nds receiv$ 9 t fight4 ,9 ! same ye> at lea/ ?ree unsuccessful attacks1 probably by lone w>riors1 7 made aga9/ individuals ( ,lagangilang1 ,likuan1 & ,lakub4 ,acc\nts ( e>li] travel]s (f] und\bt$ pro( t head-hunt+ 0 rampant a g5]ation ago2 :ile ! folk-tales feature ! tak+ ( heads z "o ( ! mo/ important ev5ts 9 ,t+uian life4 ,! fir/ inc5tive = head-tak+ is 9 connection ) fun]al rites4 ,accord+ to anci5t cu/om x 0 necess>y1 foll[+ ! dea? ( an adult1 = ! m5 ( ! village to g out on a headhunt1 & until !y _h done s1 ! relatives ( ! deceas$ 7 b>r$ f we>+ good clo?+1 f tak+ "p 9 any pa/imes or fe/ivals1 & _! food 0 ( ! poore/ & meane/ quality4 ,to remove ?is ban1 ! w>riors w\ld don :ite head-b&s1 arm !mselves1 & sally =? ei!r to attack a ho/ile village or to ambu% an unsuspect+ foe4 ,neighbor+ villages 71 out ( necessity1 usually on good t]ms1 b fri5dly relations seldom ext5d$ beyond ! second or ?ird settlem5t1 a di/ance ( t5 or fifte5 miles4 ,beyond ^! limits mo/ ( ! p 7 consid]$ enemies & subject to attack4 ,:ile su* a raid 0 bo? ju/ifiable & necess>y to ! village 9 :i* a dea? _h occurr$1 x 0 consid]$ an unprovok$ attack by ! raid$ settlem5t2 a *all5ge & an insult :i* _h to be av5g$4 ,?us feuds 7 e/abli%$1 "s ( :i* ran ?r\gh _m ye>s1 & result$ 9 consid]able loss ( life4 ,a t[n1 :i* _h lo/ to ano!r a great] numb] ( heads ?an !y _h secur$1 0 9 honor b\nd to ev5 ! score1 & ?us ano!r cause = battle 0 furni%$4 ,! man :o actually succe$$ 9 tak+ a head 0 receiv$ ) great acclaim ^u 8 return to ! village2 he 0 ! h]o 9 ! fe/ival :i* foll[$1 & !reaft] 0 held 9 high e/eem1 & s ano!r motive 0 furni%$4 #agf ,!re is an indication 9 ! ,saloko c]emony t heads may h be5 tak5 to cure heada*e & simil> ills 7cf4 p4 #cai72 :ile ! pres5ce ( ! head-basket1 ( ! same "n1 9 ! fields sugge/s a possible connection betwe5 head-hunt+ & ! rice culture1 su* z /ill exi/s among ! neighbor+ ,kal+a4 #agg ,! ,t+uian d n n[1 & app>5tly nev] h practis$ human sacrifice1 b ?is cu/om & head-hunt+ seem to be closely relat$1 & to h z a prim>y cause ! desire to furni% slaves or companions = ! dead4 ,?is idea 0 f\nd among ! anci5t ,tagalog1 ,visayan1 & ,zambal1 & /ill exi/s among ! ,apayao ( ,nor!rn ,luzon2 ! ,bagobo1 ,m&aya1 ,bila-an1 & ,tagakaola ( ,m9danao2 z well z 9 ,borneo & ! isl&s to ! s\?4 #agh ,t x once _h a /rong hold on ! ,ilocano ( ! coa/ is made evid5t by ! my/]i\s cult kn[n z axibrong1 :i* at times t]rifies :ole communities4 ,9 #aijg ! region ab\t ,bangui1 9 ,ilocos ,norte1 0 greatly excit$ ov] sev]al attempts to kill p ( t settlem5t1 & x 0 :isp]$ t :5 a lead+ man1 :o _h rec5tly di$1 0 plac$ 9 8 c(f91 8 "r h& _h sudd5ly rais$ up ) f\r f+]s ext5d$4 ,?is1 x 0 said1 0 a dem& on ! "p ( ! dead = f\r companions1 & ! subsequ5t attacks on ! villag]s 7 ?\ght to be due to ! activities ( ! b]eav$ family 9 comply+ ) ! wi%es ( ! deceas$4 ,! raids foll[+ a dea? 7 usually c>ri$ out z a village affair1 & _m w>riors p>ticipat$1 b x seems t by f> ! great] numb] ( heads 7 secur$ by individuals or c\ples1 :o w\ld lie 9 ambu% ne> to ! trails1 or to ! places1 :]e ! wom5 _h to pass 9 c>ry+ wat] f ! /reams to ! village4 ,:ile ! ,t+uian always *ose to attack f ambu%1 yet he did n hesitate to fight 9 ! op5 :5 occasion dem&$ x4 ,= a di/ance ( fifte5 or tw5ty feet he dep5d$ on 8 spe>1 b = close qu>t]s he reli$ on 8 %ield & head-axe4 ,an exam9ation ( ,plate ,,xliv w %[ t ! %ield has ?ree prongs at ! top4 ,^! ! w>rior seeks to slip betwe5 ! legs ( 8 enemy to trip him up1 !n "o /roke d[nw>d ) ! axe1 & ! oppon5t is put out ( ! fight4 ,! two l[] prongs are meant to be slipp$ ab\t ! neck4 ,"o m /roke ( ! head-axe1 & ! victor takes 8 trophy & />ts = home1 :ile ! relatives ( ! dead man seek to secure ! rema9s to c>ry !m back to _! village4 ,z ! loss ( a head reflects on ! :ole p>ty1 & 9 a l mann] its acquisition adds di/9ction to ! victors1 a hot fight usually develops ov] a man :o is /rick5 d[n1 & only ceases :5 ! enemy is beat5 (f1 or has be5 successful 9 gett+ away ) ! trophy4 ,if a w> p>ty f9ds x necess>y to make a night camp1 or if !y are h>d press$ by ! foe1 !y plant long1 ?9 /rips ( bamboo or palma brava #agi 9 ! grass4 ,! ends ( ^! are cut to %>p po9ts1 & !y are s clev]ly conceal$ t pursu]s mu/ use great c>e1 & consequ5tly lose mu* "t1 or !y w h _! legs & feet pi]c$ ) ^! ne$le-l blades4 ,^u _! return to ! village1 ! w>riors 7 =m]ly met at ! gate by _! relatives1 :o held two ladd]s 9 ,a %ape1 ?us =m+ a pa?way ov] :i* ea* _h to climb4 ,once inside ! t[n1 ! heads 7 plac$ on a bamboo spike kn[n z sagang 7cf4 p4 #caj71 or 9 ! saloko 7cf4 p4 #caj71 & = ?ree days 7 exhibit$ beside ! gate4 ,9 ! meantime messages 7 s5t to fri5dly villages to invite ! p to ! celebration4 ,on ! morn+ ( ! la/ day1 ! heads 7 c>ri$ up to ! c5t] ( ! village1 :]e1 amid great rejoic+1 ! m5 sang ! praises ( ! victors or exam9$ ! skulls ( ! victims4 ,sometime dur+ ! morn+1 ! m5 :o _h tak5 ! heads split !m op5 ) _! axes & remov$ ! bra9s4 ,to ^! !y add$ ! lobes ( ! e>s & jo9ts ( ! little f+]s1 & !y plac$ ! :ole 9 ! liquor :i* 0 aft]w>ds s]v$ to ! danc]s4 ,!re seems to be no idea "h ( eat+ ! bra9s ( ! sla9 z food4 ,!y are consum$ solely to secure a "p ( _! valor1 an idea widespread among ! tribes ( ,m9danao4 #ahj ,! writ] does n believe t any p ( ! ,philipp9es indulges 9 cannibalism1 if t t]m is us$ to signify ! eat+ ( human fle% z food4 ,sev]al1 l ! ,t+uian1 h or /ill d eat a portion ( ! bra91 ! he>t or liv] ( brave w>riors1 b always1 x appe>s1 ) ! idea ( ga9+ ! valor1 or o!r desirable qualities ( ! victims4 ,! balance ( ! head fe/ival consi/$ 9 ! dr9k+ ( sug> cane rum1 ( songs ( praise by ! headm51 & f9ally all jo9$ 9 danc+ da-eng4 ,j be=e ! gue/s 7 ready to dep>t1 ! skulls 7 brok5 into small bits1 & ! fragm5ts 7 di/ribut$ to ! gue/s s t !y might tak5 !m to _! homes1 & ?us be rem9d$ ( ! valor ( ! tak]s4 #aha ,?is disposition ( ! skull agrees ) t ( _m ,apayao t[ns1 #ahb b x does n con=m ) ! description ( anci5t times af=d$ u 9 ! tales1 #ahc nor ) ! practices ( ! ,kal+a & ,igorot p1 bo? ( :om pres]ve ! trophy4 ,! weapons ( ! w>riors consi/s ( a spe>1 head-axe1 & %ield1 & ! small bamboo spikes kn[n z soga4 ,!y d n make use ( ! b[ & arr[1 al?\gh !y h be5 cr$it$ z possess+ !m4 #ahd ,! old m5 claim x has n be5 us$ 9 _! lifetime1 nor is m5tion made ( x 9 ! folk-tales4 ,! only "t x appe>s is 9 ! crude weapons us$ 9 %oot+ fi% 9 ! rice-fields1 & 9 ! m9iature b[ & arr[1 :i* hang above ! heads ( a newborn *ild4 ,bolos1 or long knives1 are c>ri$ at ! side susp5d$ f ! belt1 & ^u occasion may be us$ z weapons4 ,h[ev]1 !y are g5]ally consid]$ z tools 7,fig4 #g74 ,! ,head-,axe1 aliwa or gaman 7see ,fig4 #h74--,! axes made by ! ,t+uian & ,kal+a are id5tical1 probably due to ! fact t ! c5t] ( di/ribution1 z well z ! be/ iron "w ( ?is region1 is f\nd 9 ,balbalasang--a t[n ( mix$ ,t+uian & ,kal+a blood4 ,! blade is long & sl5d] ) a cresc5t-%ape cutt+ edge on "o end1 & a long project+ sp9e on ! o!r4 ,?is projection is /rictly utilit>ian4 ,x is driv5 into ! gr\nd s z to support ! blade upright1 :5 x is desir$ to h bo? h&s free to draw meat or o!r articles ov] ! cutt+ edge4 ,x is also driv5 into ! soil1 & acts z a support :5 its own] is climb+ /eep or slipp]y banks4 ,! blade fits into a long /eel f]rule :i*1 9 turn1 slips onto a wood5 h&le4 ,! latt] may be /raight or pla91 b commonly x has a %ort projection midway ( its l5g?1 :i* s]ves z a f+]-hold & z a hook = atta*m5t to ! belt4 ,q frequ5tly ! h&le is decorat$ ) ?9 circles or b&s ( brass1 :ile ornam5tal designs sometimes appe> on ! blade4 ,:ile ! axe is prim>ily a weapon1 its use is by no means conf9$ to w>f>e4 ,x is us$ 9 h\se & f5ce build+1 9 cutt+ up game & =e/ products1 & 9 _m o!r ways4 ,fig4 #h %[s ?ree types ( head-axes1 ! fir/ two1 ! ,t+uian-,kal+a axe2 ?ird1 ! ,igorot2 f\r?1 ! ,apayao4 ,!re is a noticeable diff]5ce betwe5 ! sl5d] blades ( ! fir/ gr\p & ! %ort1 ?ick blade ( ! ,igorot1 yet !y are ( ! same g5]al type4 ,! ,apayao weapon1 on ! o!r h&1 pres5ts a radical diff]5ce 9 =m4 ,despite ^! v>iations1 ! axes ( ^! ?ree tribes pres5t an int]e/+ problem4 ,s f> z x kn[n1 ^! are ! only tribes 9 ! ,philipp9es :i* make use ( a head-axe1 & x is believ$ t no simil> weapon is f\nd 9 ! ,malayan ,isl&s4 ,h[ev]1 blades ( /rik+ resemblance d occur among ! ,naga ( ,assam4 #ahe ,x is possible t ! weapons ( ^! f> sep>at$ regions may h>k back to a common s\rce1 f :i* !y receiv$ _! in/ruction 9 iron work+4 ,! ,spe>1 pika4--,! v>i\s types ( spe>s us$ by ! ,t+uian are %[n 9 ,fig4 #i4 ,a consid]able "p ( ^! are made 9 ! villages along ! upp] rea*es ( ! ,buklok riv] & 9 ,balbalasang1 b _m come into ,abra ?r\gh trade ) ! ,igorot & ,kal+a4 ,!y are us$ = hunt+ & fight+1 & are int5d$ bo? z ?ru/+ & ?r[+ weapons4 ,9 ! l[l&s ! old] type ( spe>-head is a modifi$ leaf %ape1 atta*$ to a f]rule :i* slips ov] ! %aft4 ,9 ! m\nta9s1 heads ) two or m b>bs are set into ! h&les1 & are held 9 place by means ( wood5 w$ges & by metal r+s :i* surr\nd ! ends ( ! %afts4 ,a metal end or %oe cov]s ! butt end ( ! weapon1 ?us conv]t+ x into an excell5t /aff = m\nta9 climb+4 ,occasionally a hunt+ spe> is fitt$ ) a deta*able head1 :i* w pull out ( ! socket :5 an animal is /ruck4 ,! %aft is atta*$ to ! po9t by means ( a heavy l9e1 & z ?is drags ?r\gh ! und]gr[?1 x becomes entangl$ & ?us delays ! flight ( ! game4 ,%ields1 kalasag4--,m5tion has already be5 made ( ! typical ,t+uian-,kal+a %ield 7cf4 p4 #cgc74 ,:ile ?is is ! common type ( ! region 7,fig4 #aj1 ,nos4 #a-a;a71 o!rs1 :i* approa* ^? ( ! ,bontoc ,igorot1 are frequ5tly us$ 7,fig4 #aj1 ,no4 #b74 ,z a rule1 ^! come f ,balatok1 ,lubuagan1 ,gu9aan & ! villages along ! ,malokbot riv]1 all ( :i* are /rongly influ5c$ 9 blood & culture by ! ,igorot4 ,9 ! latt] %ields we f9d ! prongs at ! top & bottom1 b !y are no long] ( suffici5t size & op5+ to be ( practical value4 ,! clue to _! orig9 is probably af=d$ u 9 _! use by ! ,t+uian4 ,across ! top & bottom ( ea* %ield1 ne> to ! prongs1 are two or ?ree braid$ b&s :i* appe> to be ornam5tal1 or to /r5g!n ! weapon4 ,_! real use1 h[ev]1 is to hold ! soga1 ! po9t$ bamboo /icks :i* are plant$ 9 ! grass to delay pursu]s4 ,a half doz5 or m ( ^! are usually to be f\nd "u ! braid+ at ! back ( ! %ield4 ,all %ields are ( v light wood1 & c easily be pi]c$ by a spe>4 ,!y are int5d$ to be us$ 9 deflect+ missels r ?an actually to /op !m4 ,to aid 9 ?is purpose1 !re is a h& grip cut into ! c5t] ( ! back4 ,?is is l>ge en\gh to admit ! fir/ ?ree f+]s1 :ile ! ?umb & little f+] are left outside to tilt ! %ield to ! prop] angle4 ,hunt+ 7,plates ,,xlv-,,xlvi74--,hunt+ mu/ be consid]$ m 9 ! nature ( a sport ?an z a necessity1 =1 :ile a consid]able am\nt ( game is tak5 ea* ye>1 x is n en\gh to furni% an important "p ( ! food supply4 ,z we h already not$1 a great "p ( ! c\ntry occupi$ by ?is tribe is devoid ( =e/s4 ,d5se gr[?s d occur 9 "s valleys & rav9es1 & a few ( ! m\nta9s1 l ,posoey1 are heavily =e/$1 b = ! mo/ "p ! we/]n slopes ( ! ,cordill]a ,c5tral are cov]$ ) rank cogon grass4 ,9 ! rav9es & on ! wood$ slopes are de]1 pig1 wild c>abao1 & wild *ick5s1 & dur+ ! dry season ( ! ye> x is no uncommon ?+ to see a consid]able numb] ( m5 leav+ ! village at daybreak ) _! dogs1 spe>s1 & nets4 ,! cu/om>y me?od ( hunt+ ! l>g] animals is to /ret* long nets across ! runway ( ! game4 ,a numb] ( ! hunt]s1 arm$ ) spe>s1 conceal !mselves ne> by1 :ile ! balance ( ! p>ty take ! dogs to a di/ance & !n1 spread+ out fan-%ape1 w conv]ge on ! net1 beat+ ! bru% & %\t+ 9 ord] to /ir up ! game4 ,! dogs1 sull51 half-/>v$ brutes1 take little int]e/ 9 ! *ase until an animal is />t$1 !n !y beg9 to bay1 & ! :ole pack is 9 pursuit4 ,z ! qu>ry ru%es into ! net1 ! conceal$ hunt]s fall ^u x & spe> x to dea?1 at ! same "t fight+ back ! hungry dogs :i* w\ld quickly dev\r x4 ,sometimes an animal escapes f ! net1 b if w\nd$1 x is almo/ c]ta9 to fall a prey to ! pack4 ,_m de] are tak5 by ?is me?od 9 ! c\rse ( a ye>4 ,sometimes a wild pig is nett$1 & on exce$+ly r>e occasions a c>abao4 ,h[ev]1 ! wild c>abao is a dang]\s animal1 & hunt]s w n attack x unless x is s entangl$ 9 ! nets t x is practically helpless4 ,/ill hunt+ = de]1 ne> to ! fe$+ gr\nds1 yields a few animals ea* ye>1 & dur+ ! p]iod :5 ! lumboy 7,eug5ia jambolana ,lam47 are 9 fruit1 ! hunt]s (t5 hide !mselves 9 ! trees at night1 & spe> ! pigs :i* come bel[ !m to fe$4 ,wild hogs are also secur$ by plac+ a close f5ce ab\t a field4 ,"o or two small entrances are left op5 & inside ( ^!1 deep pits are dug1 & are cov]$ ) bru%4 ,z ! animal pu%es 91 x /eps on ! frail cov]+1 & is hurl$ to ! bottom ( ! pit1 :]e x is easily dispat*$ ) ! spe>4 ,among ! small] game1 ! wild *ick5 is ! mo/ important4 ,^! f[ls seldom fly1 b seek safety by runn+ ?r\gh ! und]bru%4 ,! ,t+uian takes advantage ( ?is trait1 & /ret*es nets loosely 9 ! probable runway ( ! birds1 & !n drives !m t[>d x 9 ! same mann]1 z he does ! de]4 ,z ! f[l runs full spe$ into ! loose net1 x folds ab\t him1 & he is easily tak54 ,! mo/ common me?od ( secur+ wild roo/]s is by means ( a s]ies ( slip nooses atta*$ to a ma9 cord or b& 7,fig4 #aa74 ,?is is set up s z to enclose a squ>e or triangul> space1 & a tame roo/] is put inside4 ,! cr[+ ( ?is bird attracts ! att5tion ( ! wild f[l :o comes 9 to fight4 ,soon1 9 ! excitem5t ( ! combat1 "o is caught 9 a noose1 & ! h>d] x pulls1 ! m securely x is held4 ,at times ! trap is bait$ ) worms or gra94 ,! sn>e is c>ri$ 9 a basket-l case1 :i* is (t5 fitt$ ) a comp>tm5t = ! decoy roo/]4 #ahf ,ano!r type ( *ick5 sn>e consi/s ( a s+le noose1 :i* re/s on two elevat$ /rips ( bamboo4 ,! o!r end ( ! cord is atta*$ to a b5t limb1 held d[n by means ( a small trigg]1 :i* slips "u a cross /rip4 ,! game is l$ onto ! trap by scatt]+ gra94 ,! weight ( ! bird releases ! trigg]1 ! b5t twig flies up1 & ! noose is drawn tightly4 ,small birds are captur$ 9 consid]able numb]s by ! boys :o1 = ?is purpose1 make use ( ?ree types ( sn>es4 ,! fir/ & mo/ common is a simple slip noose made ( human or horse hair atta*$ to a /ick4 ,sev]al ( ^! are driv5 into ! gr\nd close toge!r1 & gra9 is scatt]$ betwe5 !m4 ,a second type ( noose trap is %[n 9 ,fig4 #ab1 ,no4 #a4 ,a ,bamboo pole a ) %>p5$ end has a spr+ b ( ! same mat]ial atta*$ to its side4 ,a cord f ?is passes ?r\gh a small hole 9 ! top ( a1 & !n =ms a slip noose4 ,a small /ick or trigg] c is =c$ into ! hole until firm en\gh to keep ! l9e held taut1 & ! noose is spread on x4 ,bait is plac$ on ! po9t ( a 9 su* a mann] t ! bird has to alight on c to secure x4 ,its weight releases ! trigg]1 & ! noose is drawn tightly ar\nd its legs4 ,ano!r trap ( ?is nature is illu/rat$ by ,fig4 #ab1 ,no4 #b4 ,"h a bran* is b5t d[n & a l9e is atta*$4 ,! trigg] /ick a slips outside b1 & ! pressure holds ! free /ick c 9 place aga9/ ! crot*4 ,bait is s plac$ on d t a bird com+ to secure x mu/ /& inside ! slip noose :i* is spread on c4 ,! weight & movem5t ( ! victim releases ! trigg]1 draws ! l9e taut1 & closes ! noose ab\t its legs4 ,9 ! l[l& villages1 bl[guns 7salbalana7 are us$ to a limit$ ext5t 9 hunt+ birds4 ,two long /rips ( palm wood are groov$ & fitt$ toge!r4 ,ov] ^! ! inte/9es ( a c>abao are drawn1 & ! :ole is wrapp$ tightly ) cord & cov]$ ) beeswax4 ,! guns v>y f #ab to #af feet 9 l5g?1 & are (t5 excell5tly made1 yet !y are little bett] ?an toys1 = ! missels us$ are only clay balls4 ,poison d>ts are unkn[n 9 ?is region1 & ! weapon is conf9$ to ! villages ne> to ! coa/4 ,?is1 toge!r ) ! fact t ! bl[gun does n appe> 9 ! lore or c]emonies1 sugge/s t x ( rec5t introduction 7,plate ,,xlvii74 ,locu/s are consid]$ excell5t food1 & :5 !y are fly+ 9 great numb]s1 are tak5 by means ( small nets4 ,^! are atta*$ to poles1 & are swung into ! sw>m4 ,sometimes ne>ly ! :ole village w unite 9 su* a hunt1 ! cat* be+ /or$ 9 l>ge bottle-%ap$ baskets until ne$$4 ,bats & rats are n eat51 b ! latt] are trapp$ & kill$ because ( ! gra9 !y de/roy & ! injury !y d to ! h\ses & _! cont5ts4 ,! mo/ common trap is made f a section ( bamboo 9 "o side ( :i* a spr+ is ins]t$4 ,a l9e atta*$ to ?is leads to a slip noose :i* fits inside ! tube4 ,bait is atta*$ to a trigg] :i*1 :5 di/urb$1 releases ! spr+ & closes ! loop ar\nd ! intrud]4 ,fi%+4--,m5tion has already be5 made ( ! capture ( fi% by ! *ildr54 ,old] p likewise devote "s "t to fi%+1 b n to ! ext5t ( mak+ x an occupation4 ,ne>ly e family has a collection ( traps & l9es1 & at times q a numb] ( fi% & eels are secur$4 ,! common trap is %[n 9 ,fig4 #ac1 ,no4 #a4 ,! entrance is made ( %>p bamboo spl9ts1 :i* conv]ge t[>d a small hole op5+ into ! trap prop]4 ,! device is !n plac$ 9 ! wat] 9 su* a way t fi% com+ d[n/ream w be div]t$ into ! op5+4 ,! curr5t & ! natural incl9ation ( ! fi% to g into a d>k hid+-place causes !m to =ce _! way into ! trap1 & once 9 !y _c em]ge4 ,! wat] escapes ?r\gh ! bamboo slits1 b ! fi% c only be releas$ by op5+ ! small end ( ! trap4 ,_m ( ! wom5 c>ry baskets atta*$ to ! belt at ! hip4 ,! tops ( ^! baskets h funnel-%ap$ op5+s1 & are imm$iately available = use z traps1 if a good cat* is 9 prospect 7,fig4 #ac1 ,no4 #b74 ,^! are usually employ$ = %rimps & m9n[s4 ,eels are caught 9 long1 r\nd traps ( rattan & bamboo4 ,a frog is fa/5$ 9 ! f> end ( ! tube1 usually ) a fi%-hook4 ,?is is atta*$ to a rattan spr+1 :i* is connect$ ) ! door ( ! trap4 ,! eel ent]s & seizes ! frog1 b z x />ts to back out1 x releases ! b5t rattan1 & ! door is pull$ %ut4 ,small h& nets1 spread ap>t by means ( /icks held 9 ! h&s1 are us$ by wom5 9 scoop+ up small fi%4 ,ord9>ily1 x is scoop$ away f ! body1 b if a fi% takes refuge "u a rock1 ! net is plac$ "u ! opposite side1 & ! /one is turn$ ov] ) ! foot4 ,! mo/ effective fi%+-device is a l>ge ?r[ net made cornucopia %ape4 ,! l>ge net is op5 & weight$ ) _m s9k]s ( lead4 ,! man ?r[s ! net ) a full arm sweep+ motion1 s t x spreads to its full ext5t1 & all ! s9k]s /rike ! wat] at ! same "t4 ,! spla% causes all ! fi% inside ! circle to d>t inw>d1 & z x s9ks1 ! net settles ov] !m4 ,! fi%]man draws 9 ! cord atta*$ to ! small end1 caus+ ! s9k]s to drag along to ! bottom until directly b5ea? him1 :5 _! weight closes ! net4 ,x requires mu* skill & practice to ?r[ ?is net prop]ly1 b once ! art is ma/]$1 ! fi%]man is v successful4 ,blanket fi%+ simil> to t 9 use by ! neighbor+ ,igorot is f\nd "h4 ,a l>ge blanket is weigh$ d[n ) /ones1 & is plac$ 9 ! riv]4 ,aft] "o or two h\rs h elaps$1 a numb] ( m5 =m a wide circle ar\nd x4 ,(t5 !y drag betwe5 !m a rope to :i* _m corn husks are atta*$4 ,z !y advance t[>d ! blanket1 !y turn ! l>g] /ones ) _! feet s t any fi% hid+ b5ea? !m w be fright5$ away4 ,! circle ( m5 & corn husks causes ! fi% to g t[>d ! blanket1 & f9ally to take refuge "u ! /ones pil$ ^u x4 ,:5 ! blanket is rea*$1 ! m5 seize ! corn]s & lift x out ( ! wat] on to ! bank1 :]e ! /ones are ?r[n out & ! fi% secur$4 ,a some:at simil> idea is f\nd 9 ! lama4 ,quantities ( leaf bran*es are sunk into a /ill pool1 & are left = a few days until ! fi% h come to use !m z a hid+-place4 ,a numb] ( m5 make a close f5ce ( bamboo /icks ab\t !m1 !n g inside1 ?r[ out ! bran*es1 & cat* ! fi% ) _! h&s or ) ! nets4 ,/reams are (t5 div]t$ f _! c\rse1 = a "t1 & !n return$1 leav+ ! fi% 9 ! artificial *annels /r&$4 ,a curi\s me?od ( fi%+ 0 se5 9 ! ,ikm9 riv]4 ,a hook 0 fa/5$ 9 ! end ( a bamboo pole1 & close to ?is a m9n[ 0 atta*$ to a %ort l9e1 to act z a lure4 ,:5 ! o!r fi% approa*$ ! captive1 ! pole 0 j]k$ %>ply1 9 an attempt to snag !m4 ,on "o occasion ! writ] saw fifty fi% tak5 by ?is me?od 9 less ?an an h\r4 ,%ort l9es atta*$ to /icks are (t5 bait$1 & are set along ! embankm5ts ( ! flood$ rice-fields4 ,small fi% spe>s ) deta*able heads are also us$ 9 ! rice l&s1 z well z 9 ! cle> pools4 ,! only occasion :5 ! b[ & arr[ is us$ 9 ?is region is :5 ! rice fields are flood$4 ,at su* times a %ort b[ & an arr[ ) =k-%ap$ head are employ$ 7,fig4 #ac1 ,nos4 #c-c;a74 ,a fi% poison or /upifi] is occasionally us$4 ,a small r$ b]ry kn[n z baiyat9 is cru%$1 & ! p[d] is ?r[n into or j above quiet pools1 :]e fi% ab\nd4 ,"s ( ! fi% become /upifi$ & float on ! surface1 :]e !y are quickly spe>$ or scoop$ up4 ,!y are eat5 )\t any ill effects4 ,,*apt] ,,viii ,,economic ,,life ,rice ,culture4--,! mo/ important crop rais$ by ! ,t+uian is rice1 & to its cultivation he devotes a consid]able portion ( 8 "t4 ,two di/9ct me?ods ( gr[+ are n[ f\nd ?r\gh\t ! di/rict--! m\nta9 or upl& fields1 9 :i* ! rice is rais$ )\t irrigation2 & ! rice t]races ) irrigation #ahg 7,plate ,,xlviii74 ,to prep>e ! fir/ type ( field1 a piece ( =e/ l& is *os5 if possible1 or lack+ ?is1 a plot cov]$ ) second gr[? is select$4 ,! purpose 9 us+ timb] l& is to escape ! cogon grass 7,imp]ata ko5igii71 :i* quickly invades all op5 fields1 & fl\ri%es until ! trees aga9 %ut out ! sunlight4 ,! trees & und]bru% are cut d[n dur+ ! dry season1 s t !y may be ready = burn+ be=e ! arrival ( ! fir/ ra9s4 ,%\ld no timb] l& be available1 an op5 piece w be select$1 & aft] ! grass is burn$1 ! soil w be p>tially cle>$ ( its /ubborn roots by means ( a l>ge knife or adze-l in/rum5t kn[n z pal'lek 7,fig4 #ad1 ,no4 #b74 ,aft] ! cle>+1 ! field is f5c$ 9 s z to protect x f de]1 wild pigs1 & c>abao4 ,! rude/ type ( protection consi/s ( a b>ricade ( bru%1 /r5g!n$ ) =k$ /icks1 9 ! crot*es ( :i* poles are laid4 ,! m common me?od is to set bamboo tubes1 at int]vals1 ar\nd ! :ole plot & to la% to !m o!r tubes :i* h be5 split 9 half4 ,a /ill bett] f5ce is made by cutt+ ?ree holes1 ab\t a foot ap>t1 ?r\gh ea* upright & to ins]t small] bamboo ?r\gh ^!4 ,:5 ! ra9s beg91 ! m5 g to ! fields1 ea* ) two h>dwood /icks :ittl$ to tap]+ r\nd$ ends4 ,^! are driv5 alt]nately into ! soil mak+ %all[ holes an in* or s 9 dep?1 into ea* ( :i* ! wom5 drop sev]al se$ rice4 ,! :ole field is gone ov] 9 ?is way2 soil is pu%$ into ! holes ) ! feet1 & frequ5tly ! task is f9i%$ by s[+ a few h&fuls ( se$ broadca/ & di/ribut+ x by bru%+ back & =? ) a leafy bran*4 #ahh ,9 ! valley di/ricts ! plant+ /icks are cut z ne$$1 b 9 ! m\nta9s1 :]e ! upl& rice is m important1 /rong bamboo poles fitt$ ) h>dwood po9ts are 9 g5]al use4 ,^! implem5ts1 kn[n z tepon 7,fig4 #ae1 ,no4 #a71 are inv>iably c>efully decorat$ ) incis$ designs1 & are pres]v$ f ye> to ye>4 ,commonly1 ! divisions betwe5 ! sections ( ! bamboo are knock$ out & ! tube us$ z a receptacle = ! se$ rice4 ,z ! m\nta9 fields ne$ special protection1 x is cu/om>y to build ne> !m little elevat$ h\ses 9 :i* ! work]s may re/1 & 9 :i* ! wat*]s c live dur+ ! "t ! gra9 mu/ be gu>d$4 ,if ! plots are ne> to a village1 su* a h\se seldom consi/s ( m ?an a rude framework ( poles1 :i* support a grass ro(1 & to :i* a bamboo floor is la%$1 two or ?ree feet above ! gr\nd2 b if ! fields are at a di/ance1 ^! /ructures are provid$ ) sides1 & are rais$ high on /rong logs4 ,su* high1 well built h\ses are necess>y1 bo? to protect ! occupants f surprise attacks ( enemies1 & to af=d %elt] aga9/ driv+ w9ds or ra9s4 ,x is n an uncommon occurr5ce = a :ole family to g to "o ( ^! isolat$ m\nta9 dwell+s & reside = a consid]able p]iod1 p>ticul>ly :5 ! rice is approa*+ maturity4 ,^! upl& fields produce mu* small] crops ?an d ! wet l&s1 & z !y are quickly exhau/$1 x is n cu/om>y to plant !m to rice = m ?an two seasons4 ,at ! end ( ?is "t1 !y may be us$ = camotes 7,convolvulus batatas71 sug>-cane1 or cotton1 b 9 ! majority ( cases !y are all[$ to lie unus$ = sev]al seasons1 :5 ! grass or und]gr[? is aga9 remov$ & ! fields replant$4 ,! wet fields produce by f> ! great] "p ( ! rice1 & x is ab\t !m t mo/ ( ! agricultural labors c5t]4 ,9 ! broad valleys1 l[ embankm5ts1 ( suffici5t height to ma9ta9 ! wat] at a dep? ( two or ?ree in*es1 sep>ate ! fields4 ,! l[] plots are (t5 ( consid]able l5g? & wid?1 "s cov]+ z mu* z an acre ( gr\nd1 b z !y beg9 to asc5d ! slopes1 ! walls rise high]1 & ! fields become n>r[] until !y may be only a few feet 9 wid?4 ,9 ! rugg$ m\nta9 di/ricts1 ! t]races (t5 beg9 j above ! flood wat] ( ! /ream4 ,at ?is po9t1 a /one wall1 f\r or five feet 9 height1 is erect$1 & back ( ?is ! m\nta9 side is cut away & fill$ 9 until x =ms a /ep or t]race4 ,back ( ?is ano!r wall is rais$1 & ! process is repeat$ until at la/ ! t]races ext5d = two or ?ree hundr$ feet up ! m\nta9 side 7,plate ,,xlix74 ,:5 ! field is fir/ made1 top soil1 enri*$ ) vegetable gr[?1 is laid on ! surface1 (t5 to a dep? ( sev]al in*es1 b f ?is "t on no f]tiliz]1 o!r ?an ! decay+ /raw ( ! previ\s crop1 is add$1 al?\gh ! field is us$ cont9u\sly = _m ye>s4 ,wat] is conduct$ to _m ( ! fields by means ( dit*es1 usually by div]t+ ! fl[ ( "s ( ! num]\s spr+s or /reams b 9 a few in/ances1 /one dams h be5 ?r[n across ! riv]s & ! wat] c>ri$ = consid]able di/ances by flumes & dit*es4 ,! highe/ t]races are fir/ inundat$ to ! desir$ dep?1 & !n op5+s are made 9 ! side walls--s z to all[ ! l[] fields to be flood$4 ,?is me?od ( irrigation provides = ! maximum use ( ! wat]1 & also supplies a con/ant curr5t :i* prev5ts ! =mation ( /agnant pools4 ,"s ( ! fields are situat$ too f> up ! m\nta9 side to be rea*$ by dit*es1 & 9 su* cases ! gr[? ( ! rice is entirely dep5d5t on ! ra9fall2 h[ev]1 9 normal ye>s1 ! precipitation is suffici5t to mature ! crop4 ,at ! beg9n+ ( ! ra9y season1 "s ( ! se$ rice is spr\t$ 9 specially prep>$ b$s 9 ! villages4 ,9 su* cases a small plot is surr\nd$ ) l[ dirt walls1 ! soil is enri*$ ) manure1 wat] is add$1 & ! :ole is work$ until x becomes a ?9 mud1 on :i* ! rice is ?ickly s[n4 ,ar\nd ?is b$1 a bamboo frame is erect$ to keep out pigs & *ick5s1 :ile f "t to "t wat] is p\r$ on ! gr[+ %oots4 ,! m common me?od ( spr\t+1 h[ev]1 is to select a piece ( l&1 :i* w receive ! full b5efit ( ! ra9fall & to break ?is ) a pl[ drawn by a c>abao4 ,:5 ! se$ b$s h be5 plant$1 ! p g to ! fields1 repair ! embankm5ts1 & admit ! wat]4 ,! /raw rema9+ f ! previ\s crop is all[$ to rot1 = a "t1 & !n ! gr\nd is gone ov] ) a bamboo h>r[ 7pali-id71 #ahi z %[n 9 ,fig4 #ae1 ,no4 #c1 to remove we$s1 bran*es1 & ! l4 ,:]ev] x is possible1 ! soil is brok5 ) a pl[1 alado 7,plate ,l71 b 9 fields to :i* animals _c be tak51 ! gr\nd is turn$ by means ( %>p5$ /icks1 or poles tipp$ ) iron1 :i* are driv5 into ! soil & =c$ =w>d1 ?us pu%+ ! e>? above !m into ! wat]4 #aij ,z w be se5 f ! accompany+ draw+ 7,fig4 #ae1 ,nos4 #b-b;a71 ! pl[ is con/ruct$ entirely ( wood except = ! iron %>e1 & con=ms closely to t us$ 9 ,java1 ,celebes1 ,sumatra1 ,burma1 & ,annam4 #aia ,)9 a few days aft] ! pl[+1 ! soil is fur!r brok5 by dragg+ x ) a h>r[1 made by driv+ wood5 pegs into a heavy bo>d1 or into l>ge bamboo tubes 7,fig4 #ae1 ,no4 #d74 ,a work] /&s on ?is1 & is dragg$ ab\t ! field1 level+ x1 & at ! same "t pull+ out /icks1 roots1 & any o!r matt] ( suffici5t bulk to int]f]e ) ! plant+4 ,two types ( sl$s 7,fig4 #ae1 ,nos4 #e-f7 are us$ 9 connection ) ! rice culture1 z well z 9 g5]al transportation4 ,! fir/ consi/s ( rude wood5 runn]s on :i* a bamboo floor+ is laid4 ,! second has n>r[ runn]s1 :i* are hewn ) consid]able c>e1 :ile sides ( flatt5$ bamboo conv]t ! sl$ into an op5 box4 ,! fir/ type 7pasagad7 is us$ pr9cipally dur+ ! wet season = ! transportation ( pl[s1 h>r[s1 & ! l1 ! wide runn]s slipp+ ?r\gh ! mud )\t becom+ mir$4 ,! use ( ! latt] 7kalison7 is re/rict$ to ! dry-season1 :5 x is ( p>ticul> advantage 9 mov+ ! rice4 ,:eel$ vehicles are n employ$ 9 any "p ( ! ,t+uian belt1 al?\gh _! use is n[ fairly common among ! ,ilocano4 ,x requires a mon? or six weeks to make ready ! fields1 & 9 ! meantime ! rice 9 ! se$ b$s has gr[n to a height ( twelve or f\rte5 in*es4 ,! %oots are !n pull$ up by ! roots1 are ti$ into bundles1 & ! tops are cut (f 7,plate ,,li74 ,! bundles are di/ribut$ ab\t ! fields at conv5i5t di/ances1 & ! work]s !n transplant ! "y rice--?ree or f\r toge!r--9 ! s(t ooze1 us+ ! ?umb & =e-f+] ( ! "r h& = t purpose 7,plate ,,lii74 ,! prep>ation ( ! field is look$ aft] by ! m5 & boys1 & (t5times !y aid 9 transplant+1 b ! latt] is consid]$ to be wom5's "w1 & is g5]ally left to !m4 ,! rice is set s ?ickly t :5 a plot is plant$ x pres5ts to ! eye a solid mass ( gre54 ,x is h>d to imag9e a m beautiful sight ?an to look d[n on ^! fields1 :i* rise 9 wave above wave ( brilliant gre51 until at la/ !y give way to ! yell[] bill[s ( cogon grass :i* cov] ! m\nta9 slopes4 ,aft] ! transplant+1 ! gra9 ne$s con/ant att5tion2 at fir/1 to keep x prop]ly we$$ & flood$2 lat]1 to protect x f animals & birds4 ,h5ce _m work]s are always 9 ! fields1 b x is1 nev]!less1 ! happy "t = ! p1 & if "o approa*es a gr\p ( work]s unaw>es1 he w he> "o or m s++ ! dal5g1 a song 9 :i* !y complim5t or *ide ! o!r work]s1 or relate "s incid5t ( ! hunt or ( village life4 ,t[>d midday little gr\ps w ga!r 9 ! field %elt]s to p>take ( _! lun*es1 to smoke1 or to re/1 & usually 9 su* a ga!r+ w be a good /ory-tell] :o amuses ) fables1 or tales ( adv5ture4 #aib ,:5 ! rice beg9s to mature1 an ev5 /rict] wat* mu/ be kept1 =1 9 addition to its o!r enemies1 ! rice birds #aic n[ seek to fe$ on ! crop &1 :ile !y are small 9 size1 !y (t5 appe> 9 su* numb]s t !y "w great havoc4 ,! usual device employ$ 9 fright5+ bo? birds & animals is a bamboo pole cut into /rips at ! top1 s t1 z x is %ak51 ^! /rike toge!r1 produc+ a great clatt]4 ,_m ( ^! poles are plant$1 & !n all are connect$ by means ( rattan l9es :i* f9ally lead to ! little wat* h\se4 ,"h a man or boy sits & occasionally gives ! l9es a sudd5 j]k1 :i* sets up a clapp+ ov] ! :ole field 7,plate ,,liii74 ,a clev] developm5t ( ?is device 0 se5 by ! writ] 9 ! ,ikm9 riv] valley4 ,"h ! /ream fl[s swiftly & plunges headlong into pools e few y>ds4 ,! rattan cord atta*$ to ! clapp]s is fa/5$ to a small raft :i* is !n set afloat 9 ! pool4 ,aft] a :irl 9 ! eddy x is caught by ! swift curr5t1 & is c>ri$ a few feet d[n /ream1 at ! same "t b5d+ ! clapp]s ne>ly to ! gr\nd2 !n z ! raft ent]s calm] wat]1 ! t5sion is releas$1 & x is ?r[n viol5tly back into ! pool f :i* x has j drift$2 at ! same "t ! clapp]s fly back into place ) a great noise4 ,ano!r contrivance1 us$ 9 keep+ small birds f ! fields1 is a bird-l =m cut f ! b>k ( a banana or palm tree4 ,_m ( ^! are susp5d$ by l9es f bamboo poles1 &1 z ! w9d bl[s !m to & fro1 !y appe> l giant birds hov]+ ov] ! rice4 ,a simple protection aga9/ de] is made by b5d+ ! :ite inn] b>k ( bamboo into ar*es & plant+ ^! at int]vals along possible places ( entry1 = x is said t ^! animals w n approa* su* a contrivance4 ,soon aft] ! wat] is turn$ into ! fields1 %ells & fi% beg9 to appe> ev5 9 ! high] t]races4 ,d\btless a consid]able "p ( ^! come 9 ?r\gh ! dit*es1 b ! natives insi/ t mo/ ( ! fi% bury !mselves deep 9 ! mud at ! approa* ( ! dry season & hib]nate until wat] aga9 appe>s 9 ! fields4 #aid ,^! intrud]s are priz$ z food1 & to secure !m1 %ort bait$ l9es are plac$ along ! edges ( ! t]races1 :ile ea* woman has1 atta*$ to h] belt1 a small basket into :i* %e places %ells discov]$ dur+ h] "w4 ,! m5 likewise secure fi% by means ( hooks & l9es1 & also pi]ce !m ) %ort spe>s fitt$ ) deta*able po9ts1 b m commonly !y %oot !m ) a small b[ & peculi> arr[s1 ! heads ( :i* resemble flatt5$ spoons cut into f\r or five tee?4 #aie ,z ! gra9 beg9s to rip51 ! l& is all[$ to dry1 & :5 all is ready = ! cutt+1 ! p put on _! be/ g>m5ts & g to ! fields4 ,ea* /alk is cut sep>ately by means ( a cresc5t-%ap$ blade 7lakom or lakem7 atta*$ to a small wood5 cyl9d] 7,fig4 #ad1 ,nos4 #c-c;a74 ,?is h&le is held betwe5 ! ?umb1 fir/ & fif? f+]s1 :ile ! /alk is caught by ! second & ?ird f+]s1 & is pull$ inw>d aga9/ ! /eel blade4 #aif ,_m work]s grasp ! /alk ne> ! head ) ! left h&1 :ile ! cutt+ blade is us$ ) ! "r4 ,bo? m5 & wom5 may engage 9 cutt+ ! rice1 b z ! latt] are mu* ! m dext]\s work]s1 ?is task is g5]ally assign$ to !m 7,plate ,,liv74 ,! gra9 is cut s z to leave /alks ab\t t5 in*es 9 l5g?2 ^! are laid 9 ! free h& until a bun* ( consid]able size has accumulat$1 :5 !y are b\nd toge!r ) /rips ( b>k4 #aig ,at ! end ( ! day ^! bundles are c>ri$ to ! dry+ y>ds1 :]e !y rema9 until ! :ole crop is h>ve/$4 ,a dry+ y>d is a plot ( gr\nd surr\nd$ by a bamboo f5ce ( su* a height t x is impossible = f[ls & ! l to ga9 entrance4 ,:5 all ! bundles are ?or\ghly dri$1 !y are plac$ 9 ! gran>y1 & f t "t on ! h&l+ ( ! rice is giv5 ov] to ! wom54 ,! gran>ies1 or /ore-h\ses1 ( ! ,t+uian & ,ilocano are id5tical 7,plate ,,lv71 b1 b>r+ ! ,apayao1 are diff]5t f any ( ! surr\nd+ gr\ps1 except :5 _! influ5ce may h spread ?is peculi> type to a limit$ degree4 ,x is wor?y ( note1 h[ev]1 t ! gran>ies ( "s ,sumatran gr\ps are ( simil> design & con/ruction4 ,su* a /ore-h\se is rais$ high above ! gr\nd on f\r h>d-wood poles2 ! framework is ( bamboo1 & ! sides fl>e %>ply f ! floor to ! grass ro(4 ,)9 ! framework is a closely wov5 matt+ ( flatt5$ bamboo1 :i* is ne>ly wat]-tight2 b to secure /ill fur!r protection f moi/ure1 & also to all[ = free circulation ( air1 a rack is built 9 su* a way t ! rice is kept sev]al in*es f ! outside walls4 ,j bel[ ! floor1 ea* po/ supports a close-fitt+ pott]y j>--)\t top or bottom--or a broad disk ( wood1 :i* effectually prev5ts ! entrance ( rod5ts4 ,to ?ra% ! gra91 ! woman places a bundle on a piece ( c>abao hide1 &1 z %e rolls x b5ea? h] feet1 %e p\nds x ) a long wood5 pe/le 7hala7 until all ! k]nels are beat5 loose f ! /raw4 #aih ,x is !n plac$ 9 a wood5 mort> 7luson7 ( h\rglass =m or ) /raight sides1 :]e x is aga9 beat5 until ! outside husks are loos5$1 & ! gra9 is some:at brok5 7,plate ,,lvi74 ,w9n[+ is accompli%$ by toss+ ! cont5ts ( ! mort> 9 %all[ traps 7igau71 s t ! *aff is bl[n away1 :ile ! gra9 falls back into ! w9n[] 7,plate ,,lvii74 ,! rice is n[ ready = cook+2 ! *aff is collect$1 & is us$ z food = ! pigs & dogs1 :ile ! /alks are sav$ to be burn$1 = ! a%es are commonly us$ 9 lieu ( soap4 ,rice has also come to h great importance1 bo? z a /&>d ( value & z a m$ium ( ex*ange4 ,a s+le /alk is kn[n z sanga dawa4 ,:5 ! /alks are equal 9 size to ! leg1 j above ! ankle1 ! bundle is call$ sang-abtek4 #aii ,t5 sang-abtek equal sanga-baal4 ,"o hundr$ sang-abtek make sanga-oyon4 ,! measure ( clean$ rice is z foll[s3 ,two full h&s 7"o coconut %ell full7--#a sopa 7,ilocano supa2 ,spani% #a_/h ganta74 #h sopa--#a salop 7,spani% ganta or ab\t #b qu>ts74 #be salop--#a kaban4 ,x is cu/om>y to pay labor]s 9 rice2 likewise ! value ( animals1 beads1 & ! l are reckon$ & paid 9 ?is m$ium4 ,dur+ ! dry season rice is loan$1 to be repaid aft] ! h>ve/ ) int]e/ ( ab\t fifty p] c5t4 ,accord+ to tradition1 ! ,t+uian 7 taught to plant & reap by a girl nam$ ,dayapan4 ,?is woman1 :o 0 an invalid1 0 "o day ba?+ 9 ! /ream1 :5 ! great _s ,kaboniyan ent]$ h] body4 ,he c>ri$ ) him sug>-cane & un?re%$ rice :i* he gave to ! girl ) explicit directions = its use4 ,likewise he taught h] ! details ( ! ,sayang1 ! mo/ important ( ! c]emonies4 ,dayapan foll[$ in/ructions fai?fully1 & aft] ! h>ve/ & conclusion ( ! c]emony1 %e f\nd h]self to be completely cur$4 ,aft] t %e taught o!rs1 & soon ! ,t+uian became prosp]\s f>m]s4 #bjj ,9 ,"p ,i ( ?is volume a recon/ruction ( ! e>ly life ( ?is p 0 attempt$ f _! my?ology4 ,! results seem$ to indicate t ! tales reflect a "t be=e ! ,t+uian possess$ t]rac$ rice-fields1 :5 dome/ic "w animals 7 /ill unkn[n1 & ! horse _h n yet be5 introduc$ into ! l&4 ,b x 0 also not$ t we are n ju/ifi$ 9 consid]+ ^! z rec5t ev5ts4 ,at ?is "t1 ) ! m complete data be=e u1 x may be well to aga9 subject ! rice culture to c>eful scrut9y1 9 ! hope t x may af=d "s clue z to ! s\rce f :i* x spread into ?is region4 ,x is possible t ! ,t+uian may h br\ght x ) !m f _! e>ly home1 :i* may be suppos$ to h be5 9 s\!a/]n ,asia2 !y may h acquir$ x ?r\gh contact ) ,*9ese or ,japanese trad]s1 or ?r\gh comm]cial relations ) ! isl&s to ! s\?2 or aga9 x may h develop$ locally 9 ! ,t+uian1 ,igorot1 & ,ifugao t]ritory4 ,x %\ld be not$ at ! outset t highly develop$ t]race cultivation is f\nd 9 ,japan & ,*9a to ! nor?2 9 p>ts ( ,borneo1 9 ! ,nias ar*ipelago1 9 ,java1 ,bali1 ,lombok1 ,sumatra1 ,burma1 & ,india prop]1 & x is probable t all )9 ?is broad belt develop$ f a s+le orig94 ,:5 we comp>e ! con/ruction ( ,igorot & ,t+uian t]races & ! me?ods ( irrigation1 we f9d !m q simil>1 al?\gh ^? ( ! =m] are some:at sup]ior & ( mu* great] ext5t4 ,! plant+ ( ! se$ rice & ! break+ ( ! soil 9 ! high fields are also mu* alike1 b "h ! resemblances cease4 ,9 ! l[] fields1 ! ,t+uian employ ! c>abao1 toge!r ) ! pl[ & h>r[2 ! ,igorot d n4 ,! ,igorot f]tilize _! fields1 ! ,t+uian nev]4 ,9 h>ve/+1 ! ,t+uian make use ( a peculi> cresc5t-%ap$ blade to cut ! /alk1 ! ,igorot pull ea* head (f sep>ately4 ,! ,t+uian & ,ilocano gran>ies are ( a di/9ctive type radically diff]5t f ! ,igorot1 :ile ! me?ods ( ?ra%+ 9 ! two gr\ps are entirely diff]5t4 ,f9ally1 ! c]emonial obs]vances ( ! ,t+uian1 s f> z ! rice is conc]n$1 are mu* m ext5sive & intricate ?an h be5 describ$ = ! ,igorot4 ,9 a l mann] !re are _m /rik+ diff]5ces betwe5 ! me?ods ( h&l+ ! gra9 by ! ,t+uian & ^? f\nd 9 ,japan & ,*9a4 ,on ! o!r h&1 :5 we come to comp>e ! rice culture ( ?is region ) ! isl&s to ! s\?1 ! simil>ities are v /rik+4 ,! %ort description giv5 by ,m>sd5 = ,sumatra #bja w\ld1 ) a few modifications1 apply to ! situation 9 ,abra4 ,! use ( ! pl[ & h>r[ drawn by c>abao is f\nd 9 ,java & ,sumatra2 ! common reap+ knife ( bo? ^! isl&s is id5tical ) ! ,t+uian1 al?\gh !re is a slight diff]5ce 9 ! way x is utiliz$2 ! peculi> type ( gran>y f\nd 9 ,abra aga9 appe>s 9 ,sumatra1 :ile ! ,t+uian c]emonial acts associat$ ) ! cultivation & c>e ( ! rice-recall1 9 sev]al in/ances1 details ( su* c]emonies 9 ,java4 ,if ,t+uian rice culture did come f ! s\?1 ?r\gh trade or migration1 9 comp>atively rec5t times we %\ld expect to f9d evid5ces ( ! same culture di/ribut$ along ! r\te by :i* x mu/ h travel$4 ,we f9d1 h[ev]1 t few t]races exi/ 9 ,m9danao & nor!rn ,borneo2 & ! =m]1 at lea/1 are ( rec5t introduction4 #bjb ,!re is also negative evid5ce t su* fields 7 r>e along ! coa/s at ! "t ( ! ,spani% invasion4 ,9 ! e>ly docum5ts we meet ) frequ5t /atem5ts t ! p 7 agriculturi/s & rais$ consid]able quantities ( rice & vegetables 9 _! cle>+s2 b ! writ] has discov]$ only two in/ances 9 :i* m5tion is made ( t]rac$ fields4 #bjc ,_h ext5sive t]races exi/$ on ! coa/1 x seems c]ta9 t "s notice mu/ h be5 tak5 ( !m4 ,yet 9 ! m\nta9s ( c5tral & nor?we/]n ,luzon1 9 di/ricts remote f coa/ influ5ces1 are f\nd "s ( ! mo/ rem>kable fields ( ?is type 9 ,malaysia2 t]races repres5t+ su* an exp5diture ( labor t !y argue = a long p]iod ( con/ruction4 ,! pro( is n absolute1 b1 9 view ( ! =ego+1 ! writ] is incl9$ to ! belief t ! ,igorot & ! ,t+uian br\ght _! rice culture ) !m f ! s\?1 & t ! latt] receiv$ x f a s\rce common to !m & to ! p ( ,java & ,sumatra4 ,_m writ]s :o h discuss$ ! rice culture ( ! ,ea/ ,indies are incl9$ to cr$it its introduction to ,indian coloni/s1 #bjd b ,campbell #bje holds to ! belief t x 0 practis$ c5turies be=e ! ,*ri/ian era & prior to ! ,h9du invasion ( ,java4 ,!re seems to be no diss5t1 h[ev]1 among ^! writ]s to ! belief t its introduction ant$at$ ! arrival ( ! ,european 9 ! ,ori5t by sev]al c5turies4 ,! fact t dry l& f>m+1 c>ri$ on ) plant+ /icks & ! l1 is /ill f\nd among ! ,igorot & ,t+uian1 & = t matt] all ov] ! ,philipp9es1 _c be advanc$ z an argum5t t ! irrigat$ fields are ( rec5t date1 = upl& fields & primitive tools are /ill us$ 9 ,java & ,sumatra1 :]e1 z we h j se51 ! wet field culture is an old possession4 ,magical ,rites & ,c]emonies ,connect$ ) ! ,rice4--,! importance ( rice to ?is p is n[h]e bett] evid5c$ ?an 9 ! num]\s &1 9 "s cases1 elaborate rites ) :i* its cultivation & c>e is att5d$4 ,"s ( ^! obs]vances appe> to be purely magical1 :ile o!rs are associat$ ) ! consult+ ( om5s1 acts ( sacrifice1 propitiation1 & f9ally ( ?anksgiv+4 ,all are int]wov5 ) tribal law & cu/om to su* an ext5t t neglect1 on ! "p ( ! individual1 am\nts to a crime aga9/ ! community1 & h5ce is puni%$ ) public indignation & o/racism4 ,:5 a new field is to be prep>$1 or a gran>y erect$1 /rict wat* mu/ be kept = om5s1 = %\ld ! inhabitants ( ! _s _w be unfavorable to ! project1 !y w indicate _! feel+s by s5d+ snakes1 l>ge liz>ds1 de]1 wild hogs1 or c]ta9 birds to visit ! work]s4 ,%\ld any ( ^! appe>1 z ! task is begun1 ! place is g5]ally ab&on$ at once1 b if d\bt /ill exi/s1 or x is deem$ abvisable to try to p]suade ! spirits to reconsid]1 a small pig w be sacrific$4 ,its blood1 mix$ ) rice1 is scatt]$ ab\t on ! gr\nd z an (f]+1 :ile ! m$ium recites a prop] diam4 #bjf ,aft] a suitable "t has elaps$ = ! spirits to p>take1 ! liv] ( ! animal is remov$1 & is c>efully exam9$ 7cf4 p4 #cjg74 ,if ! om5s are n[ favorable1 ! "w may be resum$1 b %\ld !y /ill be unpropiti\s1 x is folly to proce$1 = disa/] is c]ta9 to foll[4 ,! next anxiety is to secure a lu/y gr[? ( plants 9 ! se$ b$s1 & to accompli% ?is1 /icks kn[n z salogegey1 are /uck 9 ea* plot4 ,! surface ( su* a /ick has be5 p>$ s t %av+s /& out on x 9 opposite directions1 = su* a decoration is pleas+ to ! spirits2 :ile a piece ( *>coal1 plac$ 9 ! not*$ end1 compels ! new leaves to turn ! d>k gre5 ( /urdy plants4 ,! fir/ se$s to be plant$ mu/ always be s[$ by ! wife ( ! own]1 s t !y w be f]tile & yield a good crop4 ,:5 a field has be5 con/ruct$1 or :5 ! t]races are ready to receive ! plants1 a c]emony kn[n z ,dalau1 #bjg is held4 ,! purpose ( ?is is to secure ! good w ( ! spirits 9 g5]al1 b m p>ticul>ly to provide a dwell+ place = ! p[]ful be+ ,kaiba-an1 :o gu>ds ! crops4 ,a m$ium1 accompani$ by ! family & any o!rs :o may be int]e/$1 goes to ! field c>ry+ a l>ge bamboo pole1 bolo #bjh bran*es1 /alks ( lono #bji bakon1 & saklak4 #baj ,! end ( ! bamboo is split op51 & a saloko #baa is con/ruct$ to :i* are atta*$ ! o!r leaves & /alks4 ,! saloko is !n plac$ on ! divid+ ridge ( ! field1 & all is ready = ! c]emony1 unless x is consid]$ wise to also con/ruct a small h\se 7baubauwi74 ,if ! field is ne> ! village1 ! latt] is g5]ally disp5s$ )1 b if x is di/ant1 ! h\se is erect$ s t ! _s w accept x z its dwell+1 :ile x is gu>d+ ! crop4 ,x is fur!r expla9$ t ! _s !n /ays 9 ! small h\se or saloko in/ead ( 9 ! rice /alks1 & s !y are able to gr[4 ,a female pig is pres5t$ to ! m$ium :o1 aft] recit+ a prop] diam above x1 /abs ! animal & collects its blood4 ,?is is mix$ ) rice1 & a "p is at once deposit$ 9 ! saloko1 :ile ! balance is plac$ on a head-axe1 & is c>ri$ ab\t ! field4 ,:5 ! :ole plot has be5 trav]s$1 ?is rice & blood is scatt]$ 9 all directions1 :ile ! spirits are bes\ght to come & eat4 ,a "p ( ! company has mean:ile be5 cook+ ! fle% ( ! sla9 animal1 b be=e any ( x is s]v$1 a skirt 7k9omayan7 is spread at ! foot ( ! saloko1 & on x are plac$ di%es ( oil & ( cook$ rice4 ,aft] ! meal has be5 eat51 ! family ga!rs up ! skirt & di%es1 to return !m to ! village1 b ! o!r (f]+s rema94 ,ra91 l all o!r ?+s ne$$1 is s5t by ,kadaklan or ,kaboniyan4 ,if x does n come z desir$1 or if ! crop is n progress+ favorably1 a c]emony kn[n z ,komon or ,ubaiya #bab is held4 ,ea* p]son ( ! village is assess$ a sopa ( rice1 a bundle ( palay1 or a small co9 ) :i* pigs1 basi1 & o!r ?+s necess>y1 c be pur*as$4 ,e>ly 9 ! morn+ ( ! appo9t$ day1 ! m$iums1 accompani$ by _m p1 g to ! gu>dian /ones1 oil ! head ( ea*1 & place a b>k b& ar\nd x4 ,!n hav+ recit$ a prop] diam ov] a small pig1 !y slaught] x & scatt] its blood mix$ ) rice among ! /ones4 ,likewise !y place a di% ( basi among !m = ! use ( ! spirits4 ,a "p ( ! sla9 animal is !n cook$ & eat51 aft] :i* all g back to ! village4 ,at "s appo9t$ place1 rice1 eggs1 betel-nuts1 & a l>ge pig h be5 assembl$1 & to ?is spot ! m$iums g to conduct ! rite kn[n z ,dawak4 #bac ,be=e its conclusion a diam is recit$ ov] ! pig1 :i* is !n kill$ & prep>$ = food4 ,mean:ile ! *ief m$ium besee*es ! supreme be+ ,kadaklan to ent] h] body4 ,he comes1 & aft] tell+ ! p :at mu/ be done to insure ! crop1 he designates "s "o man :o mu/1 on ! foll[+ morn+1 celebrate ,padiam4 ,aft] all ! visit+ spirits h be5 giv5 food & dr9k1 a small cov]$ raft 7taltalabong7 is con/ruct$1 & 9 x are plac$ a live *ick1 a cook$ roo/]1 & o!r articles ( food4 ,f\r /urdy m5 c>ry ?is to ! riv] & set x afloat1 :ile ! p %\t & beat on gongs to drive away evil spirits :o might wi% to /eal ! raft & its cont5ts4 ,! purpose ( ?is (f]+ is to supply food to any spirits :o may be unable to att5d ! c]emony4 ,e>ly ! next morn+1 ! man :o has be5 designat$ by ,kadaklan to p]=m ! ,padiam makes ready1 at 8 own exp5se1 a l>ge pig & cook$ rice1 & c>ries ^! to ! fields4 ,he mu/ be dress$ 9 /rip$ g>m5ts kn[n z g9alit1 mu/ c>ry a headaxe1 & we> on 8 head ! clo? b& ( ! m$ium1 b5ea? :i* are ?ru/ two igam1 t is1 *ick5 fea!rs not*$ or decorat$ ) bits ( color$ ?read 7cf4 p4 #cac74 ,he is accompani$ by 8 wife1 attir$ 9 a r$ jacket 7s9asaya7 & a skirt 7p9apa71 & by a m$ium :o also we>s ! igam b5ea? a headb& ( sikag2 #bad :ile ! t[nspeople foll[ beh9d4 ,arriv$ at ! field1 ! m$ium squats be=e ! b\nd pig1 & hold+ a spe>1 betel-nuts1 & oil1 beg9s to recite a diam1 mean:ile %e /rokes ! animal f "t to "t ) oil$ f+]s4 ,?is conclud$1 %e /abs ! pig1 & hav+ mix$ its blood ) rice1 scatt]s x ov] ! field1 call+ to ! spirits to come & eat1 & !n to grant a full h>ve/4 ,! p eat "p ( ! animal :ile 9 ! field1 b be=e return+ home1 ! head ( ea* family receives a small /rip ( uncook$ fle%1 :i* he fa/5s above ! door z a sign t ! c]emony has be5 held4 #bae ,! foll[+ day1 ! own] & ! m$ium return to ! field & break a little soil ) a spe>1 & ! c]emony is complete1 b = "s days ^! two are b>r$ f eat+ %rimp1 c>abao1 or wild pig4 ,! own] mu/ also pay ! m$ium t5 bundles ( rice = h] assi/ance 9 insur+ 8 own crops1 z well z ^? ( ! community4 ,%\ld lightn+ /rike a field or a tree 9 x1 ?is c]emony is repeat$1 ) ! exception t ! /rips ( fle% are n di/ribut$1 nor is ! soil brok5 ) a spe>4 #baf ,9 ,lumaba1 a t[n /rongly influ5c$ by ! ,igorot1 ! ,ubaiya regul>ly prec$es ! rice plant+1 z well z ! fir/ use ( a newly con/ruct$ field4 ,:ile con=m+1 9 g5]al1 to t already describ$1 a "p ( ! proc$ure is some:at diff]5t4 ,on ! day be=e ! c]emony1 ! m5 g to ! m\nta9s & ga!r lono /alks1 "o = ea* h\se & two = ! t[n gate4 ,! two re$s are plac$ crosswise ( ! entrance to ! village & s]ve z a sign ( taboo1 & !reaft] no "o may ent] until !y are (ficially remov$4 ,to d s w\ld necessitate ! repetition ( ! c]emony1 & ! (f5d] w\ld be oblig$ to provide all ! ?+s necess>y = x4 ,likewise1 no "o may we> a hat or prep>e food dur+ ! p]iod ( taboo4 ,! next day is kn[n z ,bignas1 & at dawn all ! m5 arm !mselves ) bamboo poles4 ,) ^! !y beat ab\t "u ! h\ses & ?r\gh\t ! t[n1 9 ord] to drive away any evil spirits :o may be lurk+ ab\t4 ,hav+ effectively rid ! t[n1 !y =ce ! invisible be+s ahead ( !m to ! riv]1 :]e !y deposit ! poles4 ,!y return to ! village s++ & %\t+1 & are met at ! gate by ! wom51 :o hold ladd]s1 "o on ea* side ( ! entrance1 s t !y meet at ! top & ?us =m a pa? by :i* ! m5 may ent] )\t break+ ! int]dict4 ,at ! gu>dian /ones1 !y pause long en\gh to sacrifice a pig & a roo/]1 & (f] blood & rice to ! spirits1 & !n !y proce$ to ! c5t] ( ! village1 :]e !y dance tadek & da-eng until dusk4 ,at nightfall a pig is kill$1 its fle% is divid$ among ! p1 & a lono /alk1 aft] be+ dipp$ 9 ! blood1 is giv5 to a memb] ( ea* family4 ,?is is c>ri$ home1 & is plac$ on ! outside wall z a sign t ! c]emony has be5 held4 ,if ! sun is %9+ ! foll[+ morn+1 ! lakay w g outside ! t[n to ga!r wood4 ,^u 8 return ! p are aga9 free to fi% & hunt1 b "w is =bidd5 until ev5+4 ,%\ld ! sun fail to appe>1 all rema9 quietly 9 ! village until ! lakay c remove ! taboo by 8 wood ga!r+4 ,9 ,manabo ! c]emony is a mixture ( ! two types j describ$1 & is always held at ! "t ( plant+ & :5 dr\ghts occur4 #bag ,! proc$ure at h>ve/ "t v>ies consid]ably 9 diff]5t di/ricts1 b ! usual cu/om is = a woman1 f ea* family1 to g to ! fields & cut alone until %e has h>ve/$ "o hundr$ bundles4 ,dur+ ?is "t %e may use no salt1 b a little s& is plac$ 9 h] food z a sub/itute4 ,no outsid] may ent] ! dwell+ dur+ ?is prelim9>y cutt+4 ,s /rictly is ?is rule obs]v$ t ! writ] has be5 absolutely exclud$ f homes :]e1 on o!r occasions1 he 0 a welcome gue/4 ,9 ,lumaba & vic9ity x is ! cu/om to sacrifice a *ick5 two days be=e ! h>ve/ beg9s1 & to cook its neck & inte/9es )\t salt4 ,^! are !n divid$ into n9e p>ts1 are plac$ 9 di%es1 & are c>ri$ to ! _s h\se 9 ! field4 ,at ! end ( ! second day1 ! fea!rs ( ! f[l are /uck into ! sides ( ! /ructure1 & ! spirits are entreat$ to grant a good h>ve/ & heal? = ! work]s4 ,! di%es are !n return$ to ! village1 & on ! foll[+ morn+ ! wom5 may beg9 cutt+4 ,:5 ! rice is ready to be /or$1 ! ,palpalaem #bah c]emony is held 9 honor ( ! _s ( ! gran>y4 ,v9es & %rubs #bai are ti$ to ea* support+ po/ ( ! gran>y & above ! door1 :ile a bit ( sikag is also hidd5 inside a bundle ( rice1 :i* has be5 plac$ at ea* corn] pole4 ,ne> "o po/ is a small pig ) its head t[>d ! ea/1 & ov] x ! m$ium recites a diam4 ,z usual1 ! animal is kill$1 & its blood mix$ ) rice is (f]$ to ! spirits4 ,a "p ( ! fle% is wrapp$ 9 banana leaves1 & a bundle is buri$ at ! foot ( ea* po/4 ,! skull is cook$1 & aft] be+ clean$1 is hung up inside ! ro(4 ,! re/ ( ! meat is cook$1 & is s]v$ ) rice to ! little company ( fri5ds :o h ga!r$4 ,ea* gue/ is also giv5 a few /alks ( ! rice f ! bundles at ! corn] po/s4 ,j be=e ! new rice is plac$ 9 ! gran>y1 a j> ( basi is plac$ 9 ! c5t] ( ! /ructure1 & beside x a di% fill$ ) oil & ! dung ( worms4 ,five bundles ( palay are pil$ ov] ^!1 & ! :ole is pres5t$ to ! _s1 :o w n[ all[ ! rice to multiply until x is z pl5tiful z ! dung4 ,9 ,buneg & ne>by villages1 all ( :i* are /rongly influ5c$ by immigrants f ! ,cagayan valley1 a small clay h\se kn[n z lablabon or adug is plac$ ) ! rice1 & f "t to "t (f]+s are put 9 !m = ! _s :o multiplies ! rice 7,plate ,,xxix74 ,c]ta9 re/rictions always apply to ! gran>y4 ,x may nev] be op5$ aft] d>k1 = evil spirits are c]ta9 to ent]1 & ! crop w vani% quickly4 ,x c be op5$ only by a memb] ( ! family :om ! _s kn[s2 & %\ld ano!r attempt to remove ! gra91 sickness or bl9dness w befall him4 ,s rigor\sly is ?is en=c$ t a bride nev] op5s h] husb&'s gran>y until he has pres5t$ h] ) a /r+ ( beads1 :i* %e we>s ab\t h] neck to id5tify h]4 ,x is fur!r necess>y t %e receive a simil> gift be=e %e eats ( 8 rice1 o!rwise %e w become ill4 ,h[ev]1 ?is does n apply to o!rs1 ev5 /rang]s be+ f$ )\t ?is gift be+ made4 ,a cu/om :i* =m]ly prevail$1 b is n[ fall+ into disuse1 0 = ! bride & groom to visit ! family fields1 :]e ! y\? cut a little grass along ! divid+ ridges4 ,he !n took up a bit ( e>? on 8 head-axe1 & bo? ta/$ ( x1 s t ! gr\nd w\ld yield !m good h>ve/s1 & !y w\ld become weal?y1 ,cultivat$ ,plants & ,trees4--,ne> e settlem5t w be f\nd a numb] ( small g>d5s1 9 :i* a v>iety ( vegetables are gr[n4 ,occasionally a consid]able plant+ ( bananas w be f\nd1 :ile _m villages are buri$ b5ea? ! %ade ( coconut trees1 b 9 comp>ison ) rice ! cultivation ( o!r crops becomes insignificant4 ,nev]!less1 a consid]able am\nt ( food /uff1 z well z ( plants & trees us$ 9 h\sehold indu/ries1 are plant$ 9 prep>$ l&2 :ile _m ( wild gr[?s are utiliz$4 ,! foll[+ li/ is d\btless incomplete1 b /ill conta9s ^? ( special value to ?is p4 #bbj ,next to rice ! camote 7,convolvulus batatas7 is ! mo/ important food product4 ,occasionally x is rais$ 9 ! g>d5s or rice t]races1 b1 z a rule1 x is plant$ 9 hillside cle>+s f :i* "o or two crops ( rice h be5 remov$4 ,! tub] is cut into pieces1 or runn]s f old plants are /uck into ! gr\nd1 & ! plant+ is complete4 ,! v9e soon becomes v /urdy1 its l>ge gre5 leaves s c>pet+ ! gr\nd t x ev5 competes successfully ) ! cogon grass4 ,if all[$1 ! plants multiply by _! runn]s f> beyond ! space orig9ally allott$ to !m4 ,! tub]s1 :i* are ab\t ! size ( our sweet potatoes1 are dug up z ne$$1 to replace or supplem5t rice 9 ! daily m5u4 ,bo? roots & plants are also cook$ & us$ z food = ! pigs & dogs4 ,aba 7,colocasia antiquorum ,s*ott7 is rais$1 #bba b z x requires a moi/ soil1 & h5ce w\ld occupy l& adapt$ to rice1 x is *iefly limit$ to ! g>d5s4 ,x has l>ge fle%y roots :i* are us$ l ^? ( ! camote1 :ile ! leaves & "y %oots are also cook$ & eat54 ,o!r tub]s kn[n z obi 7,dioscorea sp471 gakad 7,dioscorea div>icata ,blanco71 annaeg 7,dioscorea fasciculata71 & kamas 7,pa*yrhizus angulatus ,d4,c47 are rais$ to a limit$ ext5t 9 ! g>d5s4 ,corn1 mais1 bukel1 & r$ corn1 gasilan 7,zea mays ,l47 seems to h be5 introduc$ into ,abra 9 comp>atively late times1 = despite ! fact t x is "o ( ! mo/ important crops1 x has nei!r ga!r$ to itself c]emonial proc$ure1 nor has x acquir$ a place 9 ! folk-lore4 ,a consid]able am\nt is rais$ 9 ! village g>d5s1 b g5]ally x is plant$ by dibbl+ 9 ! high l&4 ,:5 ripe1 ! e>s are brok5 f ! /alk1 ! husks are turn$ back1 & sev]al are ti$ toge!r4 ,^! bun*es are !n plac$ ov] horizontal poles1 rais$ sev]al feet f ! gr\nd 7,plate ,,lviii71 & aft] be+ ?or\ghly dri$1 are hung f ! h\se raft]s4 ,! common me?od ( gr9d+ is to place ! corn on a l>ge /one1 ov] :i* a small] /one is rock$ until a f9e fl\r is produc$ 7,plate ,,lix74 ,/one disk gr9d]s1 import$ f ! coa/1 are also 9 use4 ,^! consi/ ( groov$ /ones1 ! upp] ( :i* revolves on ! l[]4 ,gra9 is f$ into an op5+ at ! top z ne$$4 ,dri$ corn1 popp$ 9 ! emb]s ( a fire1 is mu* reli%$ by ! *ildr54 ,sev]al v>ieties ( squa%1 #bbb & beans1 z well z peanuts 7mani7 are among ! common products ( ! g>d54 ,! =m] are tra9$ to run ov] a l[ trellis or frame to prev5t injury to ! blossoms f a driv+ ra94 ,bo? blossoms & ! mature vegetables are us$ z food4 ,among ! m9or products are g+]1 laya 7,z+ib] (fic9ale ,rosc47 & a small melon1 locally kn[n z melod1 :i* is us$ z a sweet5+4 ,sug> cane1 onas 7,sac*>um71 is rais$ 9 consid]able quantity1 & is us$ 9 mak+ an intoxicat+ dr9k kn[n z basi4 ,x is also eat5 raw 9 place ( a sweetmeat1 b is nev] conv]t$ into sug>4 ,n[adays ! juice is extract$ by pass+ ! cane betwe5 two cyl9d]s ( wood ) int]me%+ tee?4 ,motive p[] is furni%$ by a c>abao atta*$ to a long sweep4 ,?is is d\btless a rec5t introduction1 b x has entirely sup]s$$ any old] me?od4 ,! cane is rais$ f cutt+s :i* are set 9 mud-b$s until ready to be transf]r$ to ! m\nta9-side cle>+s4 ,^! l&s are prep>$ 9 ! same mann] z ! upl& rice fields already describ$4 ,! m5 dig %all[ holes & set ea* plant upright1 :ile ! wom5 foll[1 fill+ ! hole ) wat] & !n press+ e>? 9 ) f+]s or toes4 ,9 addition to ^! food crops1 consid]able plant+s ( cotton or kapas 7,gossypium sp47 & tobacco or taba-o 7,nicotiana tabacum7 are rais$ 9 ! cle>+s4 ,! =m] is plant$ on ! hillsides1 :]e x matures 9 ?ree or f\r mon?s4 ,! plant seldom rea*es a height ( two feet1 & ! bolls are small1 d\btless due to lack ( c>e & suitable f]tilization4 #bbc ,tobacco se$s are spr\t$ 9 b$s simil> to ^? us$ = ! rice1 & ! same magical device is us$ to insure a lu/y gr[?4 ,! "y plants are c>efully wat]$ & %ad$ until !y rea* a height ( five or six in*es4 ,!y are !n transplant$ to hillside cle>+s1 or to unus$ rice fields1 :]e !y are set out ab\t ?ree to a foot4 ,?is transf] g5]ally takes place ne> ! beg9n+ ( ! dry season1 s t ! crop w be sure to mature )\t ! damag+ effect ( wat] on ! leaves4 ,! plants :ile lu/y d n atta9 ! size ( ^? gr[n 9 ! valley regions ( ! int]ior4 ,z soon z ! leaves beg9 to turn a d>k yell[1 !y are cut (f & are /rung on sl5d] bamboo /icks 7,plate ,,lx71 :i* are !n hung up 9 ! h\se4 ,:5 ne>ly dry1 !y are laid 9 piles1 & are occasionally turn$ to prev5t ru/ or mildew f =m+4 ,a small am\nt ( indigo1 tayum 7,indig(]a t9ctoria7 is rais$1 g5]ally 9 op5 spots ne> ! villages4 ,! plants receive little or no att5tion1 yet /ill atta9 a height ( ab\t ?ree feet4 ,! leaves & bran*es are plac$ 9 wat] = a few days1 & are !n boil$1 toge!r ) a little lime1 ! resultant liquor be+ us$ z a dye = cotton ?read4 ,no product receives m att5tion 9 ! lore ( ! ,t+uian ?an ! climb+ v9e kn[n z law$ 7,pip] sp474 #bbd ,x 0 =m]ly 9 univ]sal use 9 connection ) ! *ew+ ( betel-nut4 ,to-day betel-nut is less common 9 ?is region1 b ?is leaf & ! areca-nut /ill play an important "p 9 all c]emonies4 ,accord+ to tradition1 x 0 possible 9 ! old times to tell ! fate ( an abs5t fri5d by not+ ! condition ( a law$ v9e plant$ by him prior to 8 dep>ture4 #bbe ,! v9e is n[ tra9$ on poles & trellises1 ne> to _m h\ses4 ,among ! l>g] cultivat$ plants & trees1 ! banana 7,musa p>adisiaca71 coconut 7,cocos nucif]a71 & bamboo 7,bambusa sp47 are ! mo/ important4 ,at lea/ tw5ty v>ieties ( bananas are rais$ 9 ,abra4 ,! fruit ( "s ( ^! is sc>cely l>g] ?an ! =ef+]1 :ile o!rs are q l>ge4 ,! common type be>s a r small1 yell[ fruit locally kn[n z saba4 ,9 ,manabo & sev]al o!r villages1 plant+s cov]+ ?ree or f\r acres are to be f\nd1 b ! usual plot is small1 & is situat$ ne> to ! h\se ( ! own]4 ,suck]s1 :i* spr\t f ! roots ( mature plants1 are set out z ne$$1 ei!r to make new groves or to replace ! old /alks1 :i* are cut d[n aft] be>+4 ,bo? bud & fruit are eat54 ,! latt] are cut on ! /em :ile /ill gre51 & are hung 9 ! h\se to rip51 9 ord] to protect !m f bats & fruit-fe$+ birds4 ,! coconut 7niog7 is n rais$ 9 groves1 z 9 ! ,*ri/ianiz$ di/ricts1 b 9 _m villages e h\se has two or ?ree trees t[]+ above x4 ,ev5 ! int]ior m\nta9 settlem5ts1 l ,l+ey1 ,ba-ay1 & ,likuan1 are hidd5 b5ea? ^! trees1 ?us incid5tally dispos+ ( ! fable t ! coconut tree w n gr[ out ( sight ( ! sea4 ,"y trees h to be protect$ by f5ces dur+ ! fir/ two or ?ree ye>s ( gr[?1 or !y w be uproot$ by ! pigs1 b f t "t on !y require little or no c>e4 ,!y are n tapp$ = sap1 z is cu/om>y 9 mo/ p>ts ( ! ,philipp9es1 b not*es are cut 9 ! tree trunks 9 ord] to supply foo?old = ! fruit ga!r]4 ,! nuts are cut (f ) a knife z soon z ripe1 else !y may fall & cause dea? or injury to p bel[4 ,no o!r fruit s]ves ! p 9 s _m ways4 ,! juice is reli%$ z a dr9k1 ! meat z a food1 ! oil z a food & hair dress+2 ! %ells s]ve z di%es & cups1 or are c>v$ into ladles1 :ile ! fibr\s cov]+ ( ! nut is conv]t$ into foot wip]s1 ?read bru%es1 & ! l4 ,! betel-nut1 bwa 7,areca cate*u ,l471 is also f\nd 9 "s villages1 p>ticul>ly 9 ! m\nta9s4 ,x is a tall1 sl5d] palm :i* yields ! nut s priz$ ?r\gh\t ! ,isl&s = *ew+4 ,mango-treees1 mangga 7,mangif]a indica ,l47 appe> "h & !re 9 valleys & on m\nta9 sides1 :]e ! se$s h d\btless be5 c>ri$ by birds or travel]s1 b consid]able groves are f\nd 9 _m di/ricts4 ,! fruit is pick$ be=e x is ripe1 & is eat5 z x becomes mell[4 ,o!r trees & %rubs :i* are occasionally plant$ are3 ,atis 7,anona squamosa ,l41 an ,am]ican plant7 priz$ bo? = its fruit & b>k--! latt] be+ us$ 9 rope-mak+4 ,atatawa 7,ja?ropha multifida ,l474 ,also f\nd 9 a wild /ate4 ,! fruit is us$ z a purgative4 ,! ,ja?ropha curcas ,l4 is also us$4 ,daligan 7,av]rhoa c>ambola ,l47 or ,corom&el gooseb]ry4 ,! fruit is eat5 )\t cook+4 ,lanka 7,artoc>pus integrifola ,l474 ,jackfruit4 ,mal+-kapas or kapas to insit 7,ceiba pantadra ,ga]tn471 also kn[n by ! ,ilocano z kapas sanglay4 ,?is s-call$ ,*9ese cotton is a small tree ) few1 b p]fectly /raight1 bran*es1 :i* radiate f ! trunk 9 horizontal l9es4 ,x produces elliptical pods :i* bur/ op5 :5 ripe1 expos+ a silky :ite cotton4 ,! fib] is too %ort = sp9n+1 b is us$ z t9d] & z /uff+ = pill[s4 ,orange 7lokban7 & lime 7lolokis57 trees are greatly priz$1 b appe> only occasionally4 ,!y receive no c>e1 & consequ5tly yield only inf]ior fruit4 ,! pias 7,av]rhoa bilimbi ,l47 is a g>d5 tree :i* produces an acid fruit us$ 9 cook+4 ,santol 7,s&oricum indicum ,cav47 trees are rais$ bo? = ! fruit & = timb]4 ,x is said t h\se po/s ( ?is wood are n attack$ by :ite ants4 ,wild ,plants & ,trees4--,few ( ! wild gr[?s h escap$ ! att5tion ( ?is p1 & _m are us$ z food & m$ic9e1 z well z = fib] mat]ials & b>k clo?4 ,among ^? us$ = food1 ! foll[+ are ! mo/ important3-- ,apang or sapang 7,bixa orellana ,l474 ,alloseup 7,antidesma ghesaembilla ,ga]tn474 ,bayabas1 or lemon guava 7,psidium guayava ,l471 an ,am]ican %rub :i* n[ gr[s wild1 & 9 great abundance1 9 ! m\nta9s4 ,balatong 7,phaseolus mungo ,l474 ,only ! se$s are us$4 ,damokes 7,pi!colobium dulce ,b5?471 an ,am]ican tree :i* n[ gr[s spontane\sly 9 nor!rn ,luzon4 ,! fruit is eat51 :ile ! b>k is sometimes us$ = tann+4 ,ipako 7,psophoc>pus tetragonolobus ,d4,c471 a h]bace\s v9e infrequ5tly se5 9 ! g>d5s4 ,! "y pods are us$ z a condim5t4 ,ko*ai 7,alliuni tricoccum7 or wild leek4 ,katodai 7,sesbania gr&iflora ,p474 ,only ! fl[]s are eat54 ,kama-al 7,allaean?us luzonicus ,blanco4 ,vill474 ,kalot 7,dioscorea daemona ,roxb471 a tub]1 poison\s if eat5 )\t special prep>ation4 ,x is cut into small pieces1 & is plac$ 9 runn+ wat] = sev]al days1 aft] :i* x is cook$4 ,kamatis 7,lycop]sicum escul5tum ,mill471 t9y tomatoes :i* are eat5 raw or cook$4 ,labok 7,colocasia antiquorum ,s*ott74 ,longboy 7,eug5ia jambolana ,lam474 ,olo 7,cissus sp471 a l[ climb+ h]b1 ! /ems & leaves ( :i* are us$ 9 place ( v9eg>4 ,palda 7,phaseolus lunatus ,l471 civet bean4 ,sili 7,capsicum frutesc5s ,l471 small r$ pepp]s4 ,! ,am]ican *ile4 ,us$ z a condim5t4 ,specim5s ( ab\t tw5ty o!r food plants & trees 7 obta9$1 b _! id5tification 0 impossible4 ,! wild gr[?s us$ z m$ic9es1 or 9 ! manufacture ( /r+1 rope1 & b>k clo?1 w be m5tion$ "u ^? head+s4 ,plants & ,trees ,us$ 9 ! ,treatm5t ( ,disease4--,mo/ sickness is ?\ght to be caus$ by spirits1 ei!r ) evil int5t or to puni% "s wrong-do+ or ov]sight on ! "p ( ! p4 ,to placate or bribe ^! sup]ior be+s1 elaborate c]emonies are held1 b 9 addition to ^! a numb] ( simple rem$ies are made use (4 ,! efficacy ( "s ( ^! m$ic9es is expla9$ by ! fact t c]ta9 leaves or infusions are di/a/eful to ! spirits ( disease1 :i*1 consequ5tly1 take _! dep>ture4 ,aga91 a tr\ble su* z a too?-a*e is caus$ by a small worm :i* is gnaw+ at ! too?4 ,to ov]come ?is1 ! b>k & leaves ( ! alem tree are ?or\ghly beat51 & are appli$ to ! face4 ,! worm smells ! cru%$ leaves1 & /raightway ent]s ! p\ltice :i* is !n burn$4 ,! spirits :i* br+ ! *ol]a c be driv5 away by burn+ ! leaves ( sobosob 7,blumea balsamif]a71 bangbangsit 7,hyptis suavol5s ,poir47 & dala 787 b5ea? ! h\se2 likewise1 ! b>k ( ! bani 787 keeps ! be>]s ( con/ipation at a di/ance4 ,bangbangsit is also consid]$ z a cure = /oma*a*e1 di>rhoea1 & is an aid 9 br++ on m5/ruation4 ,:5 us$ = ^! purposes1 ! root is boil$1 & ! liquor is drunk4 ,! fre% leaves w also relieve a pa9 9 ! /oma* if appli$ to x1 :ile ! fruit is eat5 to cure di>rhoea4 ,if ! pati5t is already affect$ ) *ol]a or dys5t]y1 ! leaves ( ! sobosob are plac$ 9 a j> ( wat] at ! m\? ( :i* a clay ball is susp5d$1 & ! :ole is !n completely cov]$ ) banana leaves4 ,! pot x plac$ ov] a fire1 & ! /eam be+ unable to escape is absorb$ by ! clay4 ,lat] ?is is cru%$1 is mix$ ) wat]1 & is swall[$ by ! pati5t4 ,l>d burn$ to a crisp is likewise mix$ ) wat]1 & is drunk to relieve di>rhoea4 ,fev] is a frequ5t ailm5t1 & sev]al m$ic9es are employ$ aga9/ x4 ,! mo/ common is to cru% ! leaves ( ! dangla 7,vitex negundo ,l47 9 v9eg> made f basi1 & to add to ?is a f\r? "p ( ur9e4 ,! pati5t dr9ks a %ell cup ( ! liquor1 is wa%$ 9 cold wat]1 & !n is briskly rubb$ ) f9e salt4 ,"y banana leaves are appli$ to ! fle%1 & ov] ^! blankets are plac$4 ,?is is repeat$ twice daily until ! fev] is brok54 ,wild tomato leaves1 p\nd$ & appli$ to ! abdom51 are also consid]$ valuable 9 caus+ ! pati5t to sweat4 ,if ! tr\ble is unusually sev]e1 a hot ba? is prep>$ by boil+ ! leaves ( ! lemon1 atis 7,anona squamosa ,l471 & toltolang 787 trees 9 wat]4 ,aft] ! pati5t has be5 ba!d 9 ?is1 he is wrapp$ 9 blankets4 ,! same rem$y is us$ to cure fits4 ,snake bite is treat$ by *ew+ ! b>k ( ! alon5 7,/reblus asp] ,l\r471 or kasabong 7,argemone mexicana ,l471 or ! root ( ! talabatab 7,capp>is micracan?a ,d4,c471 all ( :i* cause vomit+4 ,! fruit ( ! soloyot 7,cor*orus olitorius ,l471 :5 bak$ & gr\nd to a p[d]1 likewise produces vomit+1 & is us$ = any k9d ( poison+4 ,to relieve ! it*1 ! juice ( ! kabatiti 7,luffa acutangula ,roxb471 ,bayabas 7,psidium guajava ,l47 or lew-lew 7,ficus haulili ,blanco7 is mix$ ) v9eg> & soot1 & is appli$ to ! sk94 ,! milky exudation ( ! kal9bwaya 7,euphorbia n]uefolia ,l47 is also plac$ on ! affect$ p>ts4 ,dur+ ! ra9y season ! p are greatly tr\bl$ ) small bli/]s :i* =m betwe5 ! toes & quickly break d[n1 leav+ op5 sores4 ,to h>d5 ! feet1 !y hold !m ov] burn+ /raw4 ,c]ta9 o!r aids aga9/ disease are also employ$4 ,crack$ feet are treat$ ) c>abao dung2 ! ne/ ( a small cave bird 7nido7 is cru%$ 9 wat]1 & is drunk z a cure = c\ghs2 :ile ! fle% ( ! %ell fi% 7kool7 is appli$ to boils4 ,a fur!r cure = ! it* is made by p\nd+ a coconut %ell into a f9e p[d]4 ,?is is plac$ 9 a j>1 ov] a hot fire1 & a piece ( iron is laid ov] ! top4 ,! sweat :i* collects on ! iron is said to give in/ant relief4 ,an infect$ 7bad7 f+] or limb is tightly b\nd to keep ! sickness f go+ up4 ,use ( ,betel-,nut1 ,tobacco1 & ,/imulants4--,a /udy ( ! tales & c]emonies makes x evid5t t ! betel-nut 7bwa7 0 at "o "t ext5sively us$4 ,to-day x occupies an exce$+ly important place 9 ! religi\s rites1 b is seldom *ew$4 ,:5 x is (f]$ to ! spirits1 x is /ill prep>$ 9 ! way t is univ]sal ?r\gh\t ,malaysia4 ,! nut ( ! areca palm 7,areca cate*u ,l47 is split into f\r pieces1 fre% lime is spread on a pip] leaf 7,pip] betel ,l471 ?is is wrapp$ ab\t ! piece ( nut1 & is ready = *ew+4 ,! areca palm gr[s well 9 ?is t]ritory1 & q an ext5sive grove is to be f\nd ne> ! village ( ,bakaok1 yet ?is is ! only place :]e any numb] ( ! p are addict$ to its use4 ,tobacco 7tabao71 on ! o!r h&1 is 9 univ]sal use1 al?\gh x c]ta9ly 0 introduc$ aft] ! arrival ( ! ,spani>ds4 ,! leaf is dri$1 & is roll$ into ?9 cig>s :i* are plac$ 9 t9y pipes 7,fig4 #ba74 ,! cig> itself is nev] held 9 ! lips1 nor is ! leaf *ew$4 ,"y & old ( bo? sexes smoke frequ5tly1 b n a great deal at a "t4 ,aft] tak+ a few puffs1 ! pipe is /uck into ! hair1 or "u ! inn] b& ( ! hat1 until aga9 ne$$4 ,! only intoxicat+ dr9k made & us$ by ?is p is ! f]m5t$ juice ( ! sug>-cane1 kn[n z basi4 ,! juice :5 extract$ f ! cane is boil$ ) wat] = f\r or five h\rs4 ,x is plac$ 9 a l>ge j> toge!r ) c9namon b>k1 & is tightly cov]$ ov] ) leaves4 ,f]m5tation beg9s almo/ at once1 b = a mon? ! dr9k is raw & little priz$4 ,9 ?ree or f\r mon?s1 x becomes q mell[ & pleasant to ! ta/e4 ,j>s are sometimes /or$ away to be op5$ only = "s important ev5t1 su* z a m>riage fe/ival or ! celebration ( a great c]emony4 ,at su* a "t a v def9ite proc$ure is foll[$4 ,! mo/ honor$ gue/ is invit$ to d ! s]v+4 ,he removes ! cov]+1 dips into ! liquor1 p\rs a little on ! sides ( ! j>1 & !n a few drops on ! gr\nd z an (f]+ to ! spirits4 ,a coconut %ell cup is !n dipp$ out1 & is c>ri$ to ! lakay or "s o!r old man4 ,be=e he dr9ks1 he raises ! cup to ! level ( 8 face1 &1 beg9n+ at 8 "r1 (f]s x to ea* p]son 9 ! circle4 ,! "o salut$ makes a ge/ure away f 8 body ) 8 "r h&1 ! palm upturn$4 ,:5 all h refus$ ! cup1 ! man dr9ks1 (t5 he /ops to s+ ! dal5g1 an improvis$ song 9 :i* he complim5ts 8 ho/1 bespeaks ! welf>e ( 8 family1 or praises ! o!r memb]s ( ! ga!r+4 ,"o aft] ano!r ! gue/s are s]v$1 b always accord+ to age & importance1 ! wom5 & "y p be+ left to ! la/4 ,! liquor is q intoxicat+1 two or ?ree dr9ks be+ suffici5t to put ! company 9 a jovial mood4 ,x (t5 happ5s t "o or m w become glori\sly drunk1 b1 z a rule1 !y are n qu>relsome1 & !re seems to be no unpleasant aft]-effects4 #bbf ,dome/ic ,animals4--,dogs1 pigs1 *ick5s1 & c>abao appe> to h be5 long 9 ! possession ( ?is tribe4 ,horses1 goats1 & cattle are n[ own$ by "s ( ! p1 b only ! =m] are ( suffici5t numb] to be consid]$ important4 ,! dogs 7aso7are surly1 ill-kept creatures ( mongrel bre$4 ,!y are seldom treat$ z pets1 b are kept = hunt+4 ,well-f$ dogs are consid]$ lazy1 & h5ce !y are f$ only ) a rice gruel1 :i* seems to be nei!r fatt5+ nor satisfactory4 ,:5 9 ! village1 ! mis]able creatures w&] ab\t "u ! h\ses1 !re to pick up & fight ov] morsels :i* may drop f above1 or !y lie 9 ! a%es ( ! bonfires1 ! bett] to protect !mselves f fleas & o!r enemies4 ,:5 us$ 9 hunt+1 !y are kept 9 lea% until ! game is />t$4 ,:5 releas$1 !y foll[ ! qu>ry at full cry1 & if ! game has be5 injur$1 !y w seldom give up ! *ase4 ,x is necess>y = ! hunt]s to foll[ ! dogs closely & beat !m (f a sla9 animal1 o!rwise !y w quickly dev\r x4 ,!y are always rew>d$ ) a "p ( ! inte/9es & "s o!r portions1 s t !y may be ke5 = ! next hunt4 ,pigs 7babuy7 run at l>ge ?r\gh\t ! villages or 9 ! neighbor+ und]bru%4 ,!y are f$ at night close to ! dwell+s1 & ?us become at lea/ half tame 7,plate ,,lxi74 ,_m sp5d ! hot h\rs ( mid-day b5ea? ! h\ses1 f :i* !y are occasionally driv5 by ! irate h\sewives1 :5 _! squeal+ & fight+ become unbe>able4 ,! dome/ic pigs are probably all desc5d$ f ! wild /ock ) :i* !y /ill con/antly mix4 ,mo/ ( ! "y pigs are born ) yell[ /ripes l ! "y ( ! wild1 b !y lose ^! m>ks 9 a %ort "t4 ,ca/ration ( ! "y males is usually accompli%$ :5 ! animals are ab\t two mon?s old4 ,consid]able numb]s ( *ick5s 7manok7 are rais$4 ,nets or coops are arrang$ = !m b5ea? ! h\ses1 b !y run at l>ge dur+ ! day "t4 ,eggs are an important "p ( ! food supply1 b ! f[ls !mselves are seldom kill$ or eat51 except 9 connection ) ! c]emonies4 ,! dome/ic birds closely resemble ! wild f[l ( ! neighborhood1 & probably are desc5d$ f !m4 ,except = a few /rongly influ5c$ settlem5ts1 cock-fight+ has no hold ^u ?is p4 ,! c>abao or wat] buffalo 7nuang7 is ! mo/ priz$ & valuable animal possess$ by ?is tribe4 ,z a rule1 x is h&l$ & pett$ by ! *ildr5 f ! "t ( its bir?1 & h5ce its tam+ & break+ is a matt] ( little mom5t4 ,9 ! m\nta9 region ab\t ,lakub1 :]e mo/ ( ! animals are all[$ to run half wild1 only ! /ronge/ are brok54 ,! animal is driv5 into a ,a-%ap$ p51 & a heavy pole is fa/5$ across its neck j beh9d ! horns4 ,x is ?us prev5t$ f us+ its /r5g?1 & is load$ or ridd5 until x becomes accu/om$ to ! treatm5t4 ,c>abao are us$ = draw+ ! sl$s & = pl\gh+ & h>r[+ 9 ! l[] fields4 ,%\ld "o be s]i\sly injur$1 x w\ld be kill$ & eat52 b /rong animals are slaught]$ only on v r>e occasions4 ,wild c>abao are fairly abundant 9 ! m\nta9s4 ,!y closely resemble ! tame /ock1 & are g5]ally consid]$ to be d]iv$ f animals :i* h escap$4 ,,*apt] ,,ix ,,products ,,( ,,indu/ry ,iron-,work+4--,little iron "w is n[ done 9 ! valley ( ! ,abra = ! competition ( ! ,ilocano smi?s ( ,santa & ,n>vacan1 9 ,ilocos ,sur1 & ! *eap products br\ght to ! coa/1 & z f> inl& z ,bangu$1 by ,*9ese trad]s1 h swamp$ ! native indu/ry4 ,=ges are /ill f\nd 9 _m villages ( ea/]n ,abra1 p>ticul>ly ^? ( ! upp] ,buklok riv]1 b ! real c5t] ( ! indu/ry is 9 & ar\nd ,balbalasang1 on ! ea/]n side ( ! m\nta9 range4 ,we h 9 nor!rn ,luzon a situation simil> to t f\nd ?r\gh\t ! ar*ipelago1 namely1 t ! mo/ fl\ri%+ smi?ies are usually ^? f>!/ remov$ f ! coa/ trad]s4 ,:]e communication is easy & trade unre/rict$1 ! native indu/ry has vani%$1 or is on ! wane4 ,to-day ! =ges ( ! ,bontoc ,igorot1 ( ! ,t+uian-,kal+a bord] villages1 & ( ,apayao1 are turn+ out sup]ior weapons1 b else:]e 9 ! nor?we/]n di/ricts ! pagan p h ei!r lo/ ! art1 or make only v inf]ior articles4 ,x is c]ta9 t iron-work+ has long be5 kn[n1 n only 9 ! ,philipp9es1 b ?r\gh\t ,malaysia1 & x is likewise evid5t t ^! regions secur$ ! art f ! same s\rce z did ! p ( ,assam1 ,burma1 & ea/]n ,madagasc>1 = ! description ( ! ,t+uian =ge & iron-work+ :i* foll[s w\ld1 ) v little modification1 apply equally well to ^? 9 use 9 ,s\!rn ,m9danao1 ,borneo1 ,java1 ,sumatra1 ,assam1 ,burma1 & ,madagasc>4 #bbg ,long be=e ! arrival ( ! ,spani% 9 ! ,philipp9es1 ! ,*9ese _h built up su* a lively trade 9 iron b>s & caldrons t x 0 no long] necess>y = ! natives to smelt _! own iron ore2 if inde$ !y ev] did s4 #bbh ,?is trade metal 0 widely di/ribut$1 & !n rework$ by ! local smi?s4 ,ev5 to-day ! p ( ,balbalasang make ! long j\rney to ,bangu$1 or ev5 to ,vigan1 to secure ,*9ese iron1 :i* !y c>ry back to _! m\nta9 =ges4 ,!re is no positive pro( t ! ,filip9os =m]ly m9$ & smelt$ iron1 b !re is a /rong probability t !y did s1 prior to ! introduction ( trade metal4 ,x has already be5 not$ t ! ,t+uian type ( =ge & ! me?od ( h&l+ & temp]+ iron is widespread 9 ,malaysia2 &1 z w be se5 lat]1 ?is process is n t 9 use among ! ,*9ese1 s t x is unlikely t ! art 0 introduc$ by !m4 ,9 furni%+ iron ready = =g+1 !y 7 simply supply+ 9 a conv5i5t =m an article already 9 use1 & = :i* !re 0 an urg5t dem&4 ,9 ! isl&s to ! s\? we f9d t _m ( ! pagan tribes d n[1 or did until rec5tly1 m9e & smelt ! ore4 ,becc>i #bbi tells u t ! ,kayan ( ,borneo extract iron ore f\nd 9 _! own c\ntry4 ,hose & ,mc,dougall say t ?irty ye>s ago ne>ly all ! iron work$ by ! tribes ( ! int]ior ( ,borneo 0 f ore f\nd 9 ! riv] b$s4 ,at pres5t mo/ ( ! pagans obta9 ! metal f ! ,*9ese & ,malay trad]s1 b native ore is /ill smelt$ 9 ! f> int]ior4 #bcj ,=eign iron is n[ us$ by ! ,battak ( ,sumatra1 b des]t$ iron-works are kn[n to exi/ 9 _! c\ntry1 :ile ! ,m5angkabau /ill possess smelt+ furnaces4 #bca ,x seems probable t ! :ole indu/ry _h a common s\rce1 & 0 spread or c>ri$ z a unit1 b :5 trade relations made ! ardu\s "w ( m9+ & smelt+ unnecess>y1 x 0 quickly giv5 up4 ,t native iron might h suppli$ ! ne$s ( _m ,philipp9e tribes1 includ+ ! ,t+uian1 is c]ta91 = important deposits ( magnetite & hematite are f\nd 9 ,abra1 9 ,ilocos ,norte1 ,angat1 ,bulacan1 ,albay1 & o!r p>ts ( ! ,isl&s4 #bcb ,on sev]al occasions1 :5 on ! trail1 ! natives h call$ our att5tion to b\ld]s1 app>5tly ( hematite1 :i* !y recogniz$ z iron4 ,! smi?ies are small /ructures ) grass ro(s1 b no sides or floors 7,plate ,,lxii74 ,at "o end is a rais$ bamboo b5* 9 front ( :i* /&s ! =ge4 ,?is consi/s ( two upright wood5 cyl9d]s1 usually logs holl[$ out1 kn[n z po-opan4 ,9 ea* ( ^! is a pi/on or plung] 7doeydoyog7 at ! l[] end ( :i* is a wood5 r+ pack$ ) corn husks & *ick5 fea!rs4 ,:5 ?is is pu%$ d[nw>d 9 ! cyl9d]1 x compresses ! air & =ces x out ( ! small op5+ 9 ! base1 b :5 x is drawn up1 ! pack+ collapses & all[s ! plung] to be rais$ )\t ef=t4 ,^! pi/ons are work$ s t "o is ris+1 :ile ! o!r is fall+4 ,! cyl9d]s /& 9 a wood5 block out ( :i* bamboo tubes 7tolongon7 conduct ! air into a tube ( fire clay 7ibong71 & ?is 9 turn c>ries x into ! *>coal fire4 ,!re are no valves1 z 9 ! ,*9ese bell[s1 b ! bamboo tubes fit loosely1 & ! fire is n drawn back4 ,ne> to ! he>? is a /one anvil 7dalisdisan71 :ile a heavy /one hamm]1 a small iron hamm]1 & iron p9*]s complete ! outfit4 ,! fire is light$1 & ! op]ator sitt+ on ! b5* alt]nately raises & l[]s ! plung]s 9 ! cyl9d]s until ! fire burns brightly2 !n ! smi? puts metal into ! coals & all[s x to rema9 until x rea*es a :ite heat4 ,x is !n remov$ & plac$ on ! anvil1 :]e 8 help] beats x out ) ! l>ge hamm]4 ,?is is a /one weigh+ tw5ty or m p\nds1 fitt$ inside ! h&les s t x c be us$ ) bo? h&s4 ,z a rule1 x is swung betwe5 ! legs1 & is all[$ to /rike ! metal z x desc5ds1 b "s ( ! m5 raise x above ! %\ld] & /rike a mu* m p[]ful bl[4 ,if two pieces ( metal are to be weld$ toge!r1 z is (t5 ! case :5 brok5 caldrons are us$1 !y are laid1 "o ov]lapp+ ! o!r1 & are held toge!r ) damp fire-clay4 ,9 ?is condition !y are plac$ 9 ! fire & heat$1 & are !n beat5 toge!r4 ,x (t5 takes sev]al fir+s to br+ ab\t a p]fect weld4 ,aft] ! initial %ap+1 ! smi? completes ! "w ) ! small hamm]1 & ! blade is ready = temp]+4 ,a bamboo tube ( wat] is plac$ ne> by1 & ! blade is aga9 ins]t$ 9 ! fire & br\ght to a :ite heat4 ,!n ! smi? )draws x & wat*es x int5tly until ! :ite tone beg9s to turn to a gre5i%-yell[1 :5 he plunges x into ! wat]4 ,! temp]$ blade is n[ smoo!d d[n ) s&/one1 & is :ett$ to a ke5 edge4 ,head-axes1 spe>-heads1 adzes1 a few knives1 & ! metal ends = ! spe>-%afts are ! pr9cipal products ( ! =ge4 ,! blades are by no means ( equal temp] or p]fection1 b ! smi?s ( ! ,t+uian-,kal+a bord] villages seldom turn out poor weapons1 & z a result1 _! spe>s & head-axes h a wide di/ribution ov] nor?we/]n ,luzon4 ,9 view ( ! wide di/ribution ( ?is type ( =ge & me?od ( iron-work+2 ( its p]si/5ce 9 isolat$ communities1 :ile x has vani%$ f ! coa/1 or has be5 sup]s$$ by ! ,*9ese me?ods ( "w2 z well z ( o!r details "h describ$1 ! writ] is ( ! op9ion t ! art has n be5 introduc$ into ! ,philipp9es ?r\gh trade1 b is a possession :i* _m or all ( ! tribes br\ght ) !m f _! anci5t home1 probably some:]e 9 s\!a/]n ,asia4 ,! effects ( trade1 9 hi/oric times1 are evid5t ?r\gh\t ! ,*ri/ianiz$ regions1 9 ,*9ese & ,european =ges & 9 =eign types ( ut5sils4 ,likewise ! influ5ce ( ! ,mohamm$aniz$ tribes is v m>k$ 9 ! ,sulu ar*ipelago1 ! we/]n coa/s ( ,m9danao1 & ev5 among _m ( ! pagan tribes ( t isl&1 b ! isolat$ =ges ?r\gh\t ,malaysia & ! me?ods describ$ by e>ly explor]s 9 ?is field1 are practically id5tical ) ^? j review$4 ,sp9n+ & ,weav+4--,t cotton 7kapas7 0 be+ rais$ & ! fibre spun into clo? at ! "t ( ! ,spani% occupation ( ! ,isl&s1 is amply prov$ by _m ref]5ces 9 ! e>ly *ronicles4 ,also !re 0 a consid]able trade 9 cotton1 silk1 & ! l1 c>ri$ on by ! ,*9ese & ! ,brunei ,moro4 #bcc ,! weav+ indu/ry seems to h rea*$ its height 9 ! ,ilocos prov9ces1 :]e ! processes ( g9n+1 c>d+1 sp9n+1 & weav+ 71 = ! mo/ "p1 id5tical ) ^? f\nd 9 ,borneo1 ,java1 ! ,malay ,p59sula1 ,burma1 & a l>ge "p ( ,india4 #bcd ,! same me?ods & ut5sils are us$ among ! ,t+uian1 b side by side ) ! m complicat$ devices1 su* z ! g9n+ ma*9e & sp9n+ :eel1 are f\nd m simple contrivances2 s x w\ld appe> t we are "h deal+ ) old] & m primitive me?ods ( "w ?an are f\nd on ! coa/4 #bce ,e /ep 9 ! manufacture ( clo? is look$ aft] by ! wom51 :o raise a limit$ am\nt ( cotton 9 ! upl& fields1 pick & dry ! crop1 & prep>e x = weav+4 ,! bolls are plac$ on racks1 & are sun-dri$1 aft] :i* ! husks are remov$ by h&4 ,g9n+ is accompli%$ by two me?ods4 ,! simple/1 & d\btless ! old]1 is to place ! cotton on a smoo? wood5 block & to roll ov] x a wood5 cyl9d] :i* tap]s slightly t[>d ea* end 7,fig4 #af1 ,no4 #a74 ,! palm ( ! h&1 at ! base ( ! f+]s1 is plac$ on ! roll] & ! weight ( ! body appli$1 z ! cyl9d] is mov$ sl[ly =w>d1 =c+ ! se$s f ! floss4 #bcf ,! m common in/rum5t 7lilidsan7 acts on ! pr9ciple ( a clo!s wr+] 7,plate ,,lxiii74 ,two horizontal cyl9d]s ( wood are ge>$ toge!r at "o end1 & are m\nt$ 9 a wood5 frame 9 su* a mann] t !y are q close toge!r1 yet n 9 contact4 ,a h&le is atta*$ to ! l[] roll] at ! end opposite ! ge>s1 & z x is turn$1 x rotates ! cyl9d]s 9 opposite directions4 ,a piece ( cotton is press$ betwe5 ! roll]s1 :i* seize ! fibres & c>ry !m ?r\gh1 :ile ! se$s are =c$ back & fall to ! gr\nd4 ,! clean$ cotton is nev] b[$ or o!rwise sep>at$ ) a vibrat+ /r+1 z is ! case 9 ,java1 ,india1 & ,*9a1 b ! same result is obta9$ by plac+ x on a piece ( c>abao hide & beat+ x ) two rattan /icks until x becomes s(t & fluffy 7,plate ,,lxiv74 ,aft] ! c>d+1 ! cotton is spun by plac+ x 9 a holl[ cyl9d] ( palm b>k atta*$ to a bamboo /ick 7tibtibean74 ,a bit ( ?read is twi/$ f ! cotton at ! bottom ( ! cyl9d]1 & is atta*$ to a sp9dle1 :i* is rubb$ rapidly aga9/ ! nak$ ?igh1 & is !n all[$ to turn 9 %all[ basket1 or on a piece ( hide4 ,z x sp9s x twi/s out new ?read & ! arm ( ! op]ator rises high] & high]1 until at la/ ! sp9dle /ops4 ,! position ( ! ext5d$ arm is !n alt]$1 & ! sp9dle aga9 set 9 motion 9 ord] to w9d up ! new ?read on ! %aft4 ,:ile ! sp9n+ is progress+1 ! free h& ( ! op]ator is pass$ rapidly up & d[n ! ?read1 keep+ ! t5sion uni=m & rubb+ out any inequalities 7,plate ,,lxv74 ,9 _m sections ! sp9n+ :eel us$ by ! coa/ natives is beg9n+ to replace ! h& outfit 7,fig4 #af1 ,no4 #e74 ,! mass ( fib] is held 9 ! left h&1 & a ?read f x is atta*$ to a horizontal sp9dle1 :i* is turn$ by a cord pass+ ov] a l>ge :eel4 ,?is me?od is mu* m rapid ?an ! h& device1 b ! ?read is less uni=m1 & x is seldom utiliz$ :5 a f9e fabric is to be wov54 ,bamboo bobb9s1 consi/+ ( small tubes1 are also w\nd by atta*+ !m to ! sp9dle %aft1 s t ! ?read is transf]r$ by ! revolution ( ! :eel4 ,z soon z ! ?read is spun1 x is plac$ on a bamboo frame 7lalabayan71 ,fig4 #af1 ,no4 #b1 on :i* x is measur$ & made ready = ! comb+ & siz+4 ,z x is tak5 f ! measur+ frame1 a bamboo rod is pass$ ?r\gh ea* end ( ! loop1 & ^! are fa/5$ tightly inside ! comb+ device 7agtatagodan7 by means ( rattan b&s4 ,! ?read is !n c>efully comb$ d[nw>d ) a coconut husk :i* is dipp$ 9 a size ( rice wat] 7,plate ,,lxiii74 ,aft] dry+ x is transf]r$ to ! %uttles & bobb9s by means ( ! :eel describ$ 9 ! previ\s p>agraph or by a m primitive device1 call$ ololau 7,fig4 #af1 ,nos4 #d & #d;a74 ,?is consi/s ( f\r horn hooks atta*$ to bamboo /icks1 :i* pass ?r\gh op5+s 9 a bamboo tube 9 su* a mann] t !y slip on ea* o!r1 & ?us produce a :eel ( any size desir$4 #bcg ,! tube fits loosely ov] a wood5 peg su/a9+ ! :eel 9 a horizontal position1 yet turn+ readily4 ,! loop ( ?reads f ! siz+ frame is laid on ! hooks1 f :i* x is drawn by h& onto ! bobb9s & %uttles4 ,! next /ep is to prep>e ! w>p = ! loom4 ,! ?read is drawn f bobb9s on ! floor1 & is fir/ fa/5$ to peg ,no4 #a ( ! w>p w9d] 7gaganayan71 z %[n 9 ,fig4 #af1 ,no4 #c4 ,f "h x is c>ri$ ! l5g? ( ! bo>d1 ar\nd #e1 !nce to #f & back to #a1 aft] aga9 pass+ ar\nd #e4 ,! peg ,a1 :i* lat] s]ves z a lease rod 9 ! loom1 is encircl$ ea* "t by ! ?reads pass+ betwe5 #f & #e4 ,z ! w>p is c>ri$ f #a t[>d #e1 x passes outside #b1 #c & #d1 b :5 x is return$ to #a1 x is inside ^! pegs4 ,^! are ! h$dle rods ( ! loom1 & loops f !m enclose c]ta9 ( ! ?reads1 ?us det]m9+ ! ord] 9 :i* ! w>p is to be rais$ 9 op5+ ! %$4 #bch ,! loom1 :ile primitive1 is f> f simple 9 its op]ation4 ,! w>p is atta*$ at bo? ends to /icks or roll]s1 ! f> "o ( :i* is fa/5$ to a cross timb] ( ! liv+ room 7,plate ,,lxvi74 ,! web is kept /ret*$ by means ( a /rap or belt1 :i* atta*es to ! ne> roll] & !n passes ar\nd ! wai/ ( ! op]ator1 :o sits on ! floor ) h] feet aga9/ a bamboo brace4 #bci ,! arrangem5t ( ! lease rod & h$dle /icks has be5 already describ$2 9 addition to ^! ! ?reads are fur!r controll$ by a re$ bo>d :i* acts bo? z w>p spac] & beat]-94 ,all be+ ready = ! weav+1 ! %$ is op5$ by rais+ "o ( ! h$dle /icks1 & a heavy knife-%ap$ batt5 ( wood is slipp$ into ! op5+4 ,?is is turn$ sideways to enl>ge ! %$1 & a %uttle be>+ ! weft ?read is %ot ?r\gh4 ,by rais+ & l[]+ ! h$dle rods ! position ( ! w>p is *ang$ z desir$1 :ile f "t to "t ! weft ?reads are =c$ up aga9/ ! fabric by means ( ! re$ bo>d1 & are beat5 9 ) ! batt54 ,tangl+ is prev5t$ by means ( sev]al flat /icks :i* cross ! w>p at "s di/ance f ! op]ator2 :ile ?reads :i* %[ signs ( loos5+ are c>efully rubb$ ) a wax$ /ick4 ,on ?is loom ! woman produces head-b&s1 belt1 & n>r[ /rips ( clo? :i* are made up into blankets & ! l4 ,^! fabrics are (t5 9 sev]al colors & exhibit _m ta/y & intricate designs1 "s ( :i* w be describ$ 9 ! *apt] on ,decorative ,art4 ,manufacture ( ,rope & ,/r+4--,at lea/ eighte5 trees1 %rubs1 & v9es are us$ 9 ! mak+ ( cordage4 #bdj ,:5 small trees or limbs are us$1 & ! b>k does n adh]e too tightly to ! wood1 sections ab\t an arm's l5g? are cut1 & two or f\r splices are made at ! top4 ,^! are loos5$ ) a knife until !re is en\gh = ! h& to grasp1 :5 ! b>k c be turn$ back l a glove4 ,v l>ge sections are held by two m51 :ile a ?ird peels (f ! b>k4 ,) "s v>ieties ( trees & %rubs x is f\nd be/ to place ! sections 9 ! sun to dry1 !n a %>p b5d 9 ! /alk causes ! b>k to sep>ate f ! wood s t x is easily peel$ (f4 ,:5 l>ge trees are us$1 ! b>k is slit l5g?wise e six ( eight in*es1 & ! log is beat5 ) h>d wood /icks4 ,9 a %ort "t ! cov]+ loos5s f ! wood & is pull$ (f4 ,! outside lay] is wor?less1 b ! rema9d] is cut into /rips ab\t a half in* 9 wid?1 & is !n split l5g?wise into ?9 lay]s4 ,9 rope-mak+ ?ree /rips are laid side by side on ! ?igh or on a bo>d1 b ) _! ends at unequal di/ances 7,fig4 #ag1 ,no4 #a74 ,^! are twi/$ toge!r1 t[>d ! "r1 until a few in*es h be5 turn$1 !n ! cord is put ov] "o end ( a d\ble =k$ /ick 7sikwan71 leav+ an equal l5g? on ei!r side 7,fig4 #ag1 ,no4 #c74 ,! two halves are twi/$ toge!r until ! end ( "o /rip ( b>k is rea*$2 a new piece is laid on top ( ! o!rs1 & z !y are turn$1 x becomes "p ( ! twi/4 ,z o!r ends are met )1 new /rips are add$ 9 a l mann] until all ! ba/ desir$ has be5 made4 ,x is !n w\nd up on ! =k$ /ick until ne$$4 ,! rope ma*9e 7agtatalian7 consi/s ( ?ree wood5 :irls1 :i* con/itute ! =m+ device1 & a s+le :irl = ! travel]1 :ile a groov$ block s]ves to keep ! /r&s ap>t 7,fig4 #ag1 ,no4 #b74 ,?ree equal l5g?s ( ! prep>$ ba/ are measur$1 & an end is atta*$ to ea* ( ! :irls ( ! =m+ ma*9e 7,fig4 #ag1 ,no4 #b;a74 ,h[ev]1 only "o cut is made 9 ! ba/1 = /r& #c4 ,all are atta*$ to ! s+le :irl ( ! travel]1 & ! process beg9s4 ,! op]ator at ea* end turns 8 :irl1 or set ( :irls1 rapidly t[>d ! "r1 ! "o ) ! travel] brac+ 8 foot aga9/ ! l[] end1 to keep ! twi/+ ba/ "u t5sion4 ,a ?ird op]ator guides ! groov$ piece ( wood f ! travel] t[>d ! =m+ ma*9e1 z ! ?ree /r&s twi/ r\nd ea* o!r into rope4 ,! ba/ is kn[n z g9isgis1 ! rope z tali4 ,v9es1 rattan1 & /rips ( bamboo are likewise twi/$ toge!r to =m crude1 b /rong cordage4 ,! mak+ ( ?read is describ$ "u sp9n+ & weav+1 b ! cords us$ 9 sn>es & ! l are prep>$ 9 a diff]5t mann]4 ,! op]ator squats on ! gr\nd1 & tak+ a /rip ( fib]1 places x on 8 ?igh2 !n ) op5 palm he rolls x t[>d ! knee4 ,! twi/$ ba/ is b5t at ! c5t]2 ! ?umb & =ef+] ( ! left h& hold ! loop1 & ! two /r&s are plac$ toge!r4 ,^! are n[ roll$ t[>d ! knee z be=e1 ! h& giv+ extra pressure on ! uln> side1 & !n are roll$ back t[>d ! body ) pressure on ! radial side4 ,:5 ! end ( a b& is rea*$1 a new "o is roll$ 91 & ! process is cont9u$4 ,a tie at ! end keeps ! cord f untwi/+4 ,:5 v long /rips ( fib] are us$1 two m5 w "w toge!r4 ,"o holds ! end ( ! loop1 :ile ! o!r twi/s ea* half ( ! /rip 9 ! same direction4 ,!n plac+ !m toge!r on 8 ?igh1 he turns !m1 "u pressure1 9 ! opposite direction1 ?us mak+ a cord4 ,b>k ,clo?4--,b>k clo? is /ill 9 common use = m5's headb&s & = cl\ts4 ,x is secur$ f ! same trees z ! rope mat]ial1 b wid] /rips are tak51 & x is cu/om>y to beat ! b>k ?or\ghly be=e x is remov$ f ! wood4 ,x is !n split to ! desir$ ?ickness1 aft] :i* x is beat5 ) wood5 or bone mallets 7gikai71 :i* are g5]ally groov$ transv]sely 7,fig4 #ah74 ,! clo? produc$ is s(t & pliable1 b is n ( ! f95ess ( tapa1 & x is always 9 comp>atively n>r[ pieces4 ,9 no in/ance 0 ! op]ator se5 to beat two /rips toge!r to ga9 great] bread? or to repair breaks4 ,basket ,mak+4--,9 mo/ di/ricts ! m5 are ! basket weav]s1 b 9 "s t[ns1 especially ( ,ilocos ,norte1 ! wom5 are skill$ 9 ?is indu/ry 7,plate ,,lxvii74 ,! mat]ials us$ are rattan1 :i* may be ga!r$ at any "t1 or bamboo1 :i* is cut only dur+ ! dry season & "u ! wan+ moon4 ,x is firmly believ$ t bor+ insects w n injure bamboo cut at ?is "t1 & x is kn[n t ! dry p]iod /alks are ! /ronge/4 ,! tools employ$ are a %ort knife or a m9iature head-axe & an awl4 ,) ! =m] ! op]ator scrapes ! out] surface1 & !n splits ! tube into /rips ( ! desir$ wid? & ?ickness4 ,a c]ta9 numb] ( ^! /rips1 :i* are to be us$ = decoration1 are rubb$ ) oil1 & are held 9 ! smoke ( burn+ p9e or ( rice-/raw until a p]man5t black is obta9$4 #bda ,five weaves are recogniz$ by ! ,t+uian1 b !y are really v>iations ( two--*eck]work & ! diagonal or twill$4 ,! fir/ & mo/ simple is kn[n z laga1 ! te*nic ( :i* is ! pass+ ( ea* elem5t ( ! weft "u "o & ov] "o ( ! w>p elem5ts4 ,:]e ! w>p & weft are ( uni=m size1 z 9 mats1 x is impossible to di/+ui% ! "o f ! o!r1 b 9 _m cases ! weft is ! small]4 ,fi% traps & /orage baskets = mangoes & cotton are g5]ally ( ?is type 7,fig4 #ai1 ,nos4 #a & #b74 ,a v>iation ( ! laga kn[n z m9m9ata--_m eyes--7,fig4 #ai1 ,no4 #c71 is f\nd 9 c]ta9 types ( c>ry+ baskets1 ! wov5 tops ( hats1 & ! l4 ,"h ! w>p is cross$1 & ! weft passes ?r\gh x 9 regul> ord] s z to produce hexagonal op5+s4 ,ano!r v>iant is kn[n z kalawat #bdb 7,fig4 #ai1 ,no4 #d74 ,9 ?is ! w>p /ems are 9 ?rees4 ,/>t+ f ,a !y are b5t d[n1 pass ov] & "u simil> sets ( ?ree1 curve on !mselves or o!r w>p /ems s z to leave op5 spaces betwe54 ,! rattan wall-hang]s = coconut %ell di%es are usually 9 ?is weave4 ,! great] "p ( ! baskets are 9 ! diagonal or twill$ weave1 9 :i* ea* elem5t ( ! weft passes ov] two or m w>p elem5ts4 ,v>iations are num]\s1 ei!r to produce c]ta9 effects or to accommodate designs4 ,( ^! ! mo/ common are #a "u #b ov] #b etc4 #b "u #b ov] #b etc4 #b "u #d ov] #d etc4 ,! weav] also frequ5tly con/ructs ! bottom ) #b ov] #d "u #d2 !n :5 ! sides are made he *anges to #a ov] #b "u #b1 until ! c5t] is rea*$2 !n #a ( ! w>p passes ov] #c ( ! weft2 = ! balance ! /it* is #a ov] #b "u #b4 ,?is v>iation produces a *evron-l patt]n :i*1 9 g5]al1 is kn[n z b9akol2 b :5 x is desir$ to designate m closely1 ?is "n is appli$ to ! weav+ hav+ an oblique effect 7,fig4 #ai1 ,no4 #e71 :ile ! horizontal is kn[n z d9apalig 7,fig4 #ai1 ,no4 #f74 ,types ( ,baskets3--,plates ,,lxviii & ,,lxix %[ ! mo/ common types ( baskets made & us$ 9 ?is t]ritory4 ,o!rs ( ,igorot & ,kal+a orig9 sometimes appe>1 b are seldom imitat$ by ! local basket-mak]s4 ,baskets #a & #b ( ,plate ,,lxviii are kn[n z kaba1 & are us$ pr9cipally to hold un?re%$ rice1 corn1 & vegetables4 ,small] baskets ( ! same =m are = brok5 rice & cook$ vegetables4 ,! l>g] specim5s are (t5 made ( rattan1 :ile ! small] are usually ( bamboo4 ,%all[ bamboo baskets1 pidas5 or alodan 7,plate ,,lxix1 ,no4 #b7 are us$ z eat+ di%es = cook$ rice4 ,clo?+ is put away 9 cov]$ oval or rectangul> baskets1 opigan 7,plate ,,lxix1 ,no4 #d71 :ile cotton is /or$ 9 long cyl9drical baskets kolang 7,plate ,,lxviii1 ,no4 #c74 ,! pasik5g or lagpi7,plate ,,lxix1 ,no4 #c71 commonly call$ ! head basket1 is ! *ief basket ( ! m54 ,x is made ( rattan1 & is support$ on ! back by means ( b&s :i* pass ov] ! %\ld]s4 ,9 x are c>ri$ extra g>m5ts & all necessities = ! trail4 ,rec5tly "s ( ! m5 h jo9$ toge!r two ( ^! baskets by means ( a wide1 flat b&1 & ?is is fitt$ ov] ! back ( a horse or c>abao1--an evid5t imitation ( ! saddle bags us$ by ,spani>ds & ,am]icans4 ,m5 also c>ry small conta9]s = _! pipes & tr9kets1 or else make use ( a travel+ basket1 su* z is %[n 9 ,plate ,,lxix1 ,no4 #e4 ,rice w9n[]s & sieves 7,plate ,,lvii7 & ! fi%-traps %[n 9 ,fig4 #ac conclude ! li/4 ,no coil$ baskets are made4 ,aside f ! decoration produc$ by v>iations 9 ! weave1 little ornam5tation is f\nd 9 ! basketry f ,abra1 b ! ,t+uian ( ,ilocos ,norte make & di/ribute l>ge quantities ( baskets ) color$ patt]ns4 ,color$ v9es are sometimes wov5 91 b ! common me?od is to employ black5$ bamboo1 bo? 9 w>p & weft4 ,! top ( ! basket is /r5g!n$ by two hoops ( rattan or bamboo4 ,"o is plac$ outside1 ! o!r inside2 on !m is laid a small /rip ( ! same mat]ial1 & all ?ree are sew$ d[n by pass+ a ?9 /rip ( rattan ?r\gh two holes pun*$ 9 m>g94 ,?is /rip d\bles on itself1 encircles ! rim1 & aft] an int]val aga9 passes ?r\gh two m holes1 & s on ar\nd ! entire basket4 ,a squ>e base1 atta*$ 9 ! same mann] z ! rim1 g5]ally completes ! basket4 ,9 ! m\nta9 di/ricts ne> to ,apayao1 ! bases ( ! small] eat+ di%es are drawn 9 t[>d ! c5t] at f\r po9ts1 giv+ ! effect ( a f\r-po9t$ />4 ,mats 7ikam974--,mats are us$ z b$s1 nev] z floor cov]+s4 ,!y are rectangul> 9 =m1 usually ab\t six feet long & ?ree wide1 & are undecorat$4 ,!y are made f /rips ( p&anus 9 ! laga weave 7cf4 p4 #dbc74 ,dyes4--,9 rec5t ye>s anal9e dyes h come into favor 9 "s villages1 & a v>iety ( colors appe>s 9 ! articles made by _! weav]s1 b ! vegetable dyes us$ by ! ance/ors are /ill employ$ by mo/ ( ! wom54 ,! commone/ colors are blue1 p9k--black r$--1 r$1 & yell[4 ,blue is ord9>ily produc$ by plac+ ! leaves & bran*es ( ! indigo plant1 tayuni 7,indig(]a t9ctoria79 wat] = a few days2 !n to boil !m1 toge!r ) a little lime4 ,! ?read is dipp$ 9 ! liquid4 ,p9k is secur$ by cru%+ lynga 7,sesamum indicum ,l47 se$s & boil+ !m 9 wat]4 ,?reads are plac$ 9 ?is = five nights1 :ile dur+ ! day !y are dri$ 9 ! sun4 ,! root ( ! apatot 7,mor9da citrifolia or umbellata7 is next cru%$1 & wat] is add$4 ,! ?reads are n[ transf]r$ to ?is liquid1 & = t5 days & nights are alt]nately soak$ & sunn$4 ,a copp] color results1 b ?is soon *anges to p9k4 ,x is said t ! apatot alone produces a r$ dye4 ,x is also claim$ t ! se$s ( ! apang 7,bixa ,orellana ,l47 & ( a v>iety ( rattan1 :5 boil$1 give a p]man5t r$4 #bdc ,a yell[ dye is produc$ by boil+ ! leaves ( ! ,tam>9dus indica ,l4 9 wat] until a /rong liquor is obta9$4 ,b>k head-b&s are /a9$ a purpli%-r$ by apply+ a liquid secur$ ?r\gh boil+ kelyan 7,diospyros cunalon ,d4,c487 b>k4 ,= c]emonial purposes !y are also color$ yell[ by apply+ ! juice ( ! konig 7,curcuma longa71 b z ?is has a disagreeable odor1 & ! color is n p]man5t1 x is n mu* us$ 9 e-day g>m5ts4 ,lemon juice is also appli$ to b>k to give x a yell[ hue4 ,fi% nets are color$ br[n by dipp+ !m into a dye made by cru%+ ! katakot v9e 9 wat]1 or by /a9+ ) ! juice ( ! taotawa 7,jatropha curcas ,l174 ,! bamboo /rips us$ 9 decorat+ basketry are black5$ by hold+ !m 9 ! smoke ( burn+ rice-/raw4 ,black designs1 su* z appe> 9 ! ornam5tation ( lime hold]s & ! l1 are secur$ by rubb+ oil & soot into incis$ l9es1 & !n hold+ ! object 9 ! smoke ( burn+ rice-/raw4 ,net ,mak+4--,nets are us$ 9 fi%+1 9 cat*+ wild *ick5s & gras%opp]s1 & 9 hunt+ de] & pigs4 ,! fir/ ?ree types are made ( tw9e1 b ! f\r? is ( /rong rope4 ,all net "w is done by ! man :o1 = ?is purpose1 employs a me% /ick & a ne$le ( bamboo or c>abao horn 7,fig4 #bj74 ,! ne$le 7,no4 #a7 also s]ves z a %uttle1 s9ce x c>ries a consid]able am\nt ( ?read betwe5 ! tongue & not*4 ,! size ( ! loop is det]m9$ by ! wid? ( ! me% /ick or spread] 7,no4 #b74 ,! op]ator g5]ally sits on a rice w9n[] or squats on ! gr\nd ) a net susp5d$ above him 7,plate ,,lxx74 ,he =ms ! me% by runn+ ! ne$le ov] & ar\nd ! spread]1 & up & ?r\gh ! loop above1 ?us =m+ a loop on ! me% /ick4 ,?is is drawn tightly1 ! ne$le is aga9 pass$ ?r\gh1 b )\t encircl+ ! /ick1 & ?us a knot is ti$4 ,?is is repeat$ until a r[ ( loops has be5 complet$1 :5 ano!r s]ies is />t$4 ,manufacture ( ,pott]y4--,9 ne>ly e village !re are two or ?ree wom5 :o make j>s & di%es1 b ! pott]s ( ,abang & ,lakub are ! only ones ^: w>es h a wide di/ribution4 ,! clay is damp5$1 & is c>efully knead$ ) ! h&s to remove lumps & gravel1 & to r$uce x to ! prop] consi/5cy4 ,a h&ful is tak5 f ! mass1 & is r\ghly model$ ) ! f+]s to =m ! base ( ! pot4 ,?is is set on a wood5 plate :i*1 9 turn1 is plac$ 9 a rice w9n[] 7,plate ,,xxxvi74 ,! plate takes ! place ( a pott]'s :eel1 = x is turn$ ) ! "r h& :ile ) ! left ! woman %apes ! clay1 & smoo!s x (f ) a damp5$ clo?4 ,f "t to "t1 %e rolls out a coil ( clay betwe5 ! palms ( h] h&s1 lays x along ! top ( ! vessel1 & works & p9*es x 94 ,fur!r %ap+ & ?9n+ is done ) a wood5 paddle & ! damp5$ h&1 & !n ! j> is all[$ to dry slightly4 ,be=e ! dry+ has progress$ f> en\gh to r5d] ! sides rigid1 a smoo? /one is plac$ inside1 & ! sides are tapp$ g5tly ) a paddle until prop]ly ?9n$ & %ap$4 ,aft] all[+ a c\ple ( days = dry+1 ! pott] rubs ! j> inside & out ) smoo? /ones or lipi se$s1 s z to give x an ev5 surface4 ,:5 sev]al j>s or di%es h be5 prep>$1 !y are plac$ 9 c>abao dung or o!r sl[ burn+ mat]ial & fir$4 ,?is g5]ally takes place at night1 & ! j>s are left undi/urb$ until morn+1 :5 !y are ready = s]vice4 ,occasionally res9 is rubb$ ov] a j> :ile x is hot1 ?us giv+ x a glaz$ surface2 ?is1 h[ev]1 is n common1 z ! res9 quickly melts (f ! cook+ ut5sils1 :ile por\s j>s are pref]r$ z wat] conta9]s1 s9ce ! seepage l[]s ! temp]ature ( ! cont5ts4 ,vessels made 9 ,lakub are (t5 decorat$ ) incis$ patt]ns 7,fig4 #bb1 ,no4 #h71 b o!rwise ! ,t+uian w>e is pla94 ,*9ese j>s are f\nd 9 e village1 & are highly priz$1 b ! native pott]s d n imitate !m 9 =m or decoration4 ,_h ,*9ese blood or influ5ce ev] be5 /rong 9 ! region1 we might expect to f9d ! pott]'s :eel & traces ( true glaz+1 b bo? are lack+4 ,pipe ,mak+4--,bo? m5 & wom5 smoke pipes1 consi/+ ( a %ort re$ h&le & a small b[l4 ,m5 are ! pipe mak]s1 & (t5 %[ consid]able skill 9 ! decoration ( _! product4 ,! common pipe-b[l is ( clay1 :i* has be5 c>efully %ap$ ) ! f+]s & a %ort bamboo spatula4 ,designs are incis$1 & ! rais$ portions are fur!r embelli%$ by ! addition ( small pieces ( brass wire 7,fig4 #ba1 ,nos4 #d-e74 ,! b[ls are bak$ 9 a sl[ fire1 & ! m\?pieces are add$4 ,a second type ( pipe1 or cig> hold]1 is made ( bamboo 7,fig4 #ba1 ,nos4 #a-c74 ,designs are incis$ 9 ! sides1 oil is appli$1 & ! pipe is held 9 ! smoke ( burn+ rice-/raw until ! l9es become p]man5tly black5$ 7,fig4 #bb1 ,nos4 #a-c74 ,9 rec5t ye>s1 ,ilocano jewel]s h introduc$ silv] pipes1 made f co9s4 ,"o ,t+uian pipe mak] has le>n$ ! trade1 & does a lively bus9ess4 ,he has fur!r beautifi$ 8 product by atta*+ p5dants repres5t+ fi% 7,fig4 #ba1 ,no4 #f74 ,brass pipes ( ,igorot orig9 are sometimes se51 b are n made 9 ?is region4 ,me?od ( ,dry+ ,hides4--,hides ( c>abao1 & sometimes ( o!r animals1 are /ret*$ on bamboo frames & are sun-dri$ 7,plate ,,lv74 ,lat] !y are plac$ 9 wat] conta9+ tanb>k1 & are r\ghly cur$4 ,su* lea!r is us$ 9 ! manufacture ( ! back /raps us$ by ! weav]s1 & 9 mak+ %ea!s = knives1 b m commonly x is plac$ on ! gr\nd1 & on x rice & cotton are beat5 out4 ,,*apt] ,x ,,decorative ,,art ,9 decorative art ! ,t+uian (f]s %>p contra/ to ! ,igorot & ,ifugao1 bo? ( :om h develop$ wood c>v+ to a consid]able ext5t4 ,!y also h _! bodies tattoo$1 :ile ! color$ la%+s on spe> %afts1 pipe /ems1 & o!r objects %[ a nice appreciation = color & design4 ,9 all ^! ! ,t+uian is defici5t or lack+2 he does no wood c>v+1 tattoo+ is scanty1 :ile 8 basket "w1 except t f two small regions1 is pla94 ,at times he does make "s simple designs on canes1 on bamboo rice-plant]s & weav+ /icks1 on lime boxes & pipe /ems1 b ^! are exceptions r ?an ! rule4 ,9 ! region ab\t ,lakub1 he decorates 8 j>s by cutt+ ! ends ( /icks to =m small dies :i* he presses into ! newly fa%ion$ clay 7,fig4 #bb1 ,no4 #h71 :ile 9 ,manabo & "s o!r villages ! pipe mak]s cut ! b[ls ( ! clay pipes 9 floral designs or inlay small pieces ( brass to =m scroll patt]ns 7,fig4 #bb1 ,nos4 #d-g74 ,^! la/ m5tion$ designs are s re/rict$ 9 _! manufacture1 & are s diff]5t f ^? f\nd else:]e 9 ,abra1 t !y _c be consid]$ z typical4 ,! figures incis$ 9 bamboo %[ "s reali/ic motives1 su* z ! fi%1 birds1 & fl[]s 9 ,fig4 #bc1 ,no4 #a2 ! snake & liz>d 9 ,no4 #b2 ! man 9 ,no4 #e2 b ! /rictly geometrical is dom9ant 9 ne>ly e case4 ,probably ! mo/ typical ( ?is class ( "w is %[n 9 ,nos4 #c & #d & ,fig4 #bb1 ,nos4 #a1 #b1 & #c4 ,x %\ld be not$1 h[ev]1 t1 :]e "o decorat$ object is se51 _m m entirely pla9 w be f\nd4 ,9 %ort1 ornam5tation is uncommon & ( m9or importance4 ,! "o place :]e decoration is dom9ant is 9 ! weav+1 & ?is is done entirely by ! wom54 ,figures #bd & #be %[ typical designs :i* occur 9 ! blankets4 ,except = ,no4 #h 9 ,fig4 #bd1 !y d n appe> to be copies f nature1 b all h reali/ic int]pretations4 ,fig4 #bd %[s eight designs drawn by native weav]s1 :i* are id5tifi$ z foll[s3 #a4 ,a fi%4 #b4 ,weav+ on a ,spani% b$ or *air seat4 #c4 ,p9eapple4 #d4 ,a he>t4 #e4 ,fi%hooks4 #f4 ,a crab4 #g4 ,cross section ( a p9eapple4 #h4 ,a horse4 ,9 ,fig4 #be are five typical patt]ns tak5 f blankets1 :ile ,no4 #f is ! ornam5tal /it*+ :i* unites two bread?s ( clo?1 ! latt] is id5tifi$ z f+]s & f+] nails4 ,no4 #a is ! turtle1 ,no4 #b a crab1 ,no4 #c a rice-mort>1 ,no4 #d ! bobb9 w9d] %[n 9 ,fig4 #af1 ,no4 #d2 ,no4 #e p9eapple4 ,plate ,,lxxi is a c]emonial blanket1 su* z is hung up ov] ! dead4 ,! figures are id5tifi$ z a a de]1 b horse1 c c>abao calf1 d man4 ,! textile 9 ,plate ,,lxxii1 ,no4 #a is likewise us$ *iefly z a c]emonial piece1 ! designs repres5t+ a man1 b horse1 c />4 ,a v pleas+ blanket is %[n 9 ,plate ,,lxxii1 ,no4 #b 9 :i* ! designs are id5tifi$ z a rice cake1 & b z a />1 :ile ! :ole patt]n is kn[n z kalayan--! riv]4 ,! textile 9 ,plate ,,lxxiii1 ,no4 #a imitates a mat1 :ile ,no4 #b is kn[n z kosikos--! circle4 ,a "p ( ^! designs are evid5tly copies f real objects1 o!rs appe> to be m]ely patt]n names1 :ile ! weav]s d n hesitate to borr[ any likely patt]ns :i* /rike _! fancy4 ,"o q frequ5tly sees a blanket :i* %[s a lion1 or "s o!r animal or object1 ) :i* ! p c\ld only become acqua9t$ ?r\gh pictures or descriptions f outside s\rces4 ,9 addition to ^! designs already m5tion$1 !re are c]ta9 common types ( decoration effect$ ?r\gh weav+ or embroid]y1 = :i* no explanations are giv54 ,!y are said to be only to make pretty4 ,among ^! are ! ends ( belts & cl\ts1 z %[n 9 ,plate ,,lxxiv1 or ! rais$ diamond patt]n %[n 9 ,no4 #b ( ! same ,plate1 or ! plaid effect 9 colors1 :i* appe> 9 "s ( ! skirts4 ,x has already be5 not$ 7cf4 p4 #daf7 t ! weav+ me?ods ( ! ,t+uian are simil> to ^? ( ! ,ilocano1 & ! same is true ( a consid]able "p ( ! decorative patt]ns4 ,! ,*ri/ianiz$ natives h less ( ! reali/ic1 a great] v>iety ( geometrical designs1 & a great] fondness = bright colors1 made possible by ! use ( anal9e dyes1 ?an ! m\nta9e]s4 ,x seems probable t ! ,t+uian-,ilocano peoples br\ght ! weav+ indu/ry ) !m into nor!rn ,luzon1 t ! ,ilocano bran* has borr[$ improv$ me?ods ( manufacture1 z well z decorative motives f ! p ) :om !y h be5 9 contact ?r\gh trade4 ,! ,t+uian 9 turn h borr[$ f !m1 b1 9 ! ma91 !y /ill reta9 ! m primitive me?ods ( weav+1 & x is probable _! types ( ornam5tation likewise approximate m closely ^? 9 use 9 e>li] times4 ,,*apt] ,,xi ,,p]sonal ,,adornm5t1 ,,dances1 ,,& ,,musical ,,in/rum5ts ,! dress ( ! man is ! cl\t 7ba-al71 ei!r ( beat5 b>k or ( clo?1 & a wov5 belt 7balikes7 9 :i* he keeps small articles 7,plates ,,lxxv-,,lxxvi74 ,on special occasions he we>s a long-sleev$ jacket 7bado71 op5 9 front1 & 9 a few in/ances1 tr\s]s4 ,bo? ^! g>m5ts are rec5t acquisitions1 & ! latt]1 9 p>ticul>1 are n 9 favor1 except :]e ,ilocano influ5ce is v /rong4 ,! man is n incl9$ to adorn himself ) brass & gold1 nei!r does he use tattoo+ to any ext5t1 z d 8 ,kal+a & ,igorot neighbors4 ,"s h small patt]ns on an arm or ?igh1 b ^! are usually prop]ty m>ks ) :i* he br&s 8 animals or o!r possessions4 ,tattoo+ z an evid5ce ( a successful head-hunt is n f\nd 9 ?is region1 nor are !re o!r m>ks or g>m5ts to id5tify ! w>riors4 ,! hair is worn long1 & is p>t$ /raight d[n ! middle2 ! two /r&s are twi/$1 cross$ 9 ! back1 !n c>ri$ to ! =ehead1 :]e !y are aga9 cross$1 & ! ends are fa/5$ by int]tw9+ on ea* side ( ! head4 ,a b>k b& 7ayabong7 holds ! hair 9 place1 b at times x is replac$ by a clo? or a n>r[ r+ ( int]wov5 grass & rattan4 ,r\nd bamboo hats1 ) l[ dome-%ap$ tops1 are commonly worn 7,plate ,,xlv71 b ^! are sometimes displac$ by hats :i* g to a %>p peak1 or by ^? made ( a g\rd or ( wood4 ,! woman's hair is p>t$ 9 ! middle1 & is comb$ /raight d[n to ! nape ( ! neck1 :]e x is caught by /r+s ( beads2 ^! are cross$ 9 ! back & encircle ! head2 ! /r& ( hair is !n twi/$ & a loop =m$ :i* is c>ri$ to ! left side1 :]e x is aga9 caught "u ! beads1 ne> to or above ! e>4 ,mo/ ( ! ,t+uian h luxuriant heads ( hair1 b1 nev]!less1 swit*es are commonly us$ by bo? sexes4 ,! hair is (t5 wa%$ ) ! a%es ( rice-/raw1 or ) ! b>k ( ! gogo tree 7,entada purseta71 & is moi/5$ ) coconut oil4 ,/r+s ( beads encircle ! wom5's necks1 b ! typical ornam5t consi/s ( /r&s above /r&s ( beads rea*+ f ! wri/ to ! elb[1 & if ! weal? ( ! own] p]mits1 ev5 cov]+ ! upp] arm z well 7,plate ,,lxxix74 ,! /r&s are fa/5$ tightly above ! wri/1 caus+ t portion ( ! arm to swell4 ,slits ( bamboo are usually plac$ "u ! beads1 & may be remov$ if ! pa9 or annoyance ( ! con/riction is too sev]e4 ,! upp] arm beads are remov$ ) little difficulty2 b ^? on ! =e>m are tak5 (f only once or twice a ye>1 :5 new ?reads are sub/itut$1 or :5 ! own] is 9 m\rn+4 ,b5ea? ^! ornam5ts a delicate fretwork ( blue l9es is tattoo$1 s t ! woman's arms may n be :ite & unsightly :5 %e is )\t h] beads4 #bdd ,mo/ ( ! wom5 h _! e>s pi]c$1 b 9 ! valley t[ns only a small proportion we> e>r+s4 ,9 ! m\nta9 sections heavy ornam5ts ( gold or copp] are worn1 ! weight (t5 draw+ ! lobe ( ! e> f> d[n on ! neck4 ,:5 at "w1 ! woman disc>ds all clo?+ f ! upp] portion ( h] body1 b at o!r times we>s a %ort-sleev$ jacket :i* rea*es to h] wai/ 7,plate ,,lxxvii74 ,! wai/ is cut s l[ 9 ! neck t ! head c pass ?r\gh4 ,!re is no %\ld] seam4 ,a /raight piece set ov] ! %\ld] ext5ds d[n 9 squ>e1 bo? front & back1 to a l9e ab\t ev5 ) ! brea/1 :]e x is sew$ to ! g>m5t prop]4 ,a n>r[ skirt 7d+wa71 ) color$ bord]1 ext5ds f ! wai/ to ! knees4 ,x is held 9 place by draw+ x tightly & !n tuck+ "o corn] "u ! upp] edge1 or by press+ x b5ea? ! girdle 7,plate ,,lxxviii74 ,:5 a girl becomes a woman1 %e dons a girdle 7pal+tan7 ( braid$ grass or rattan :i* fits ov] ! hips1 & to :i* a cl\t is atta*$ 7,plate ,,lxxx74 ,z a rule1 ! girdle & cl\t are n remov$ :5 ba?+1 z are ! o!r g>m5ts4 ,! woman seldom we>s a hat1 except :5 %e is work+ 9 ! fields1 :]e sun%ades l>ge en\gh to protect ! entire body are us$ 7,plate ,,liv74 ,frequ5tly a clo? or a skirt is twi/$ ab\t ! head z a protection aga9/ ! sun4 ,on *illy morn+s "o (t5 sees ! p cov]$ f head to ankles ) _! sleep+ blankets1 or a woman may draw a p>ticul>ly wide skirt ab\t h] body j bel[ ! armpits s t %e is protect$ f h] brea/s to ! knees4 ,! tee? ( bo? sexes are black5$ ) iron salts & tan b>k1 #bde b !y are n cut or mutilat$1 z is common ) _m ,philipp9e peoples4 ,:ile bo? sexes are pr\d ( heavy heads ( hair1 !y d n look ) equal favor on face & body hairs4 ,^! are pluck$ out ei!r by grasp+ !m betwe5 a knife blade & ! ?umb nail1 or ) a bamboo device kn[n z im+4 ,?is consi/s ( a section ( bamboo split into sev]al /rips at "o end4 ,a hair is plac$ 9 "o end ( ! slits1 & ! bamboo is b5t into a half circle1 caus+ x to take a firm hold1 :5 x is j]k$ outw>ds4 ,priz$ necklaces 7paliget7 made ( small /r&s ( twi/$ silv] wire1 are plac$ on ! neck ( a corpse1 & on "s occasions are worn by ! liv+4 ,dur+ dances ! hair is adorn$ ) not*$ *ick5 fea!rs atta*$ to /icks1 :ile circlets made ( bo>'s tusks are plac$ on ! arms4 ,dances4--,two dances1 "o c]emonial1 ! o!r suitable = all occasions1 are v popul>4 ,! c]emonial dance kn[n z da-eng takes place at night1 & is c>ri$ on to ! accompanim5t ( a song4 #bdf ,an equal numb] ( m5 & wom5 take "p4 ,! wom5 =m a l9e fac+ a simil> r[ ( m51 ab\t tw5ty feet di/ant4 ,lock+ arms ab\t "o ano!r's wai/s & ) "o foot advanc$1 !y beg9 to sway _! bodies backw>ds & =w>ds4 ,sudd5ly !y bur/ into song1 at ! same "t /epp+ =w>d ) ! left foot4 ,keep+ p]fect "t to ! music1 !y take ?ree /eps t[>d ! m51 !n retreat to _! orig9al positions4 ,! m5 !n take up ! song & 9 a simil> mann] advance & retreat4 ,?is is repeat$ sev]al times1 aft] :i* ! two l9es jo9 to =m a circle4 ,) arms int]lock$ beh9d "o ano!r's backs1 & s++ 9 unison1 !y beg9 to move contra-clockwise4 ,! left foot is ?r[n slightly backw>d & to ! side1 & ! "r is br\ght quickly up to x1 caus+ a ris+ & fall+ ( ! body4 ,! /ep1 at fir/ sl[1 becomes fa/] & fa/] till ! danc]s h rea*$ ! limit ( _! vocal & physical p[]s4 ,! da-eng is sacr$ 9 "*1 is danc$ only at night & !n "u ! direction ( ! m$iums4 ,x is1 h[ev]1 9 great favor1 & (t5 s _m ( ! y\ng] p wi% to take "p t d\ble l9es1 or two or m gr\ps1 may be danc+ at ! same "t4 ,x sometimes happ5s1 :5 ! basi has be5 fl[+ freely1 t ! p>ticipants become s boi/]\s & ! pace s fa/ t spectators are run d[n or ! danc]s are pil$ 9 a heap1 f :i* !y em]ge laugh+ & %\t+4 ,! common dance1 ! tadek1 is a "p ( ne>ly all ga!r+s ( a social & religi\s nature4 ,! music = ?is dance usually is made ) ?ree gansas #bdg & a drum4 ,! gansas are press$ aga9/ ! ?ighs ( ! play]s :o kneel on ! gr\nd4 ,two ( ! copp]s are beat5 ) a /ick & ! palm ( ! h&1 :ile ! ?ird is play$ by ! h&s alone 7,plate ,,lxxxi1 ,fig4 #b74 ,! /ick or left h& gives ! initial beat :i* is foll[$ by ?ree rapid /rokes ) ! "r palm4 ,a man & a woman ent] ! circle1 ea* hold+ a clo? ab\t ! size ( a skirt4 ,! man ext5ds 8 clo? t[>d ! woman1 & br++ x sudd5ly d[n1 causes x to snap1 :i* is ! signal to beg94 ,) almo/ imp]ceptible movem5t ( ! feet & toes & a b5d+ at ! knees1 he approa*es ! woman1 :o 9 a l mann] goes t[>d him4 ,!y pass & cont9ue until at a di/ance ab\t equal to ! />t1 :5 !y aga9 turn & pass4 ,occasionally ! man w take a few rapid /eps t[>d ! woman1 ) exagg]at$ high knee action & mu* /amp+ ( feet1 or he w dance backw>d a few /eps4 ,at times ! clo? is held at arm's l5g? 9 front or at ! side2 aga9 x is wrapp$ ab\t ! wai/1 ! woman always foll[+ ! actions ( ! man4 ,at la/ !y meet2 ! man ext5ds 8 h&1 ! woman does likewise1 b in/ead ( tak+ 81 %e moves h] own 9 a circle ab\t 81 avoid+ contact4 ,aga9 !y dance away1 only return+ to repeat ! p]=mance4 ,f9ally %e accepts ! pr(f]$ h&1 ! headman br+s basi = ! c\ple to dr9k1 & ! dance is ov]4 ,! man sometimes ends ! dance by ! %>p snapp+ ( 8 clo?1 or by putt+ x on 8 ext5d$ arms & danc+ t[>d ! woman1 :o places h] clo? ^u 8 7,plate ,,lxxxi1 ,fig4 #a74 ,musical ,in/rum5ts1 ,songs1 & ,dances4--,! ,t+uian is naturally musical4 ,he s+s at 8 "w1 he beats "t ) 8 head-axe aga9/ 8 %ield z he tramps ! m\nta9 trails1 he *ants ! /ories ( long ago z ! work]s ga!r ab\t ! fires ea* ev5+ ( ! dry season1 he s+s ! praises ( 8 ho/ at fea/s & fe/ivals1 #bdh jo9s ) o!rs 9 ! dirge :i* foll[s a burial1 & he & _m o!rs w s+ toge!r z !y dance ! da-eng4 ,b 8 music does n /op ) 8 vocal accompli%m5ts4 ,9 ! folk-tales ! pan pipe 7dew-dew-z7 occupies a mo/ important place1 & to-day ! maid5s /ill play !m 9 ! ev5+ h\rs4 ,x is a simple device made ( re$s ( v>i\s l5g?s la%$ toge!r 7,fig4 #bf1 ,no4 #a74 ,! play] holds ! in/rum5t j 9 front ( h] lips1 & bl[s into ! re$s1 mean:ile mov+ !m to & fro1 produc+ a s]ies ( l[ notes )\t tune4 ,ano!r in/rum5t ( great importance 9 ! leg5ds is ! nose flute 7kalal5g74 ,?is is a long re$ ) holes cut 9 ! side1 to be /opp$ by ! f+]s 9 produc+ ! notes4 ,! play] closes "o no/ril ) a bit ( cotton1 & !n =ces ! air f ! o!r into a small hole cut 9 ! end ( ! tube4 ,! in/rum5t is popul> ) ! m51 & (t5 "o c he> ! pla9tive note ( ! nose flute f> into ! night 7,plate ,,lxxxii74 ,! m\? flute 7tulali7 is simil> to t f\nd 9 civiliz$ l&s1 b is con/ruct$ f a re$4 ,a peculi> device us$ solely by ! wom5 is ! bunkaka 7,fig4 #bf1 ,no4 #b74 ,?is consi/s ( a bamboo tube ) "o end cut away s z to leave only two ?9 vibrat+ /rips4 ,^!1 :5 /ruck aga9/ ! palm ( ! left h&1 give out a note :i* c be *ang$ by plac+ a f+] ov] ! op5+ at x4 ,a ,jew's h>p is con/ruct$ l a nett+ ne$le1 b ) a tongue ( bamboo cut s t x w vibrate :5 /ruck1 or :5 a cord atta*$ to ! end is j]k$ %>ply 7,fig4 #bf1 ,no4 #c74 ,if made ( bamboo1 ! in/rum5t is kn[n z kolibau2 if brass1 agiw5g4 ,x is (t5 m5tion$ 9 ! tales1 & to-day is play$ by ne>ly all ! m54 ,bamboo guit>s 7kulit5g7 are made by cutt+ n>r[ /rips ?r\gh\t ! l5g? ( a section ( bamboo1 b n deta*+ !m at ! ends4 ,!y are rais$ & tun$ by ins]t+ small w$ges ( wood at ! ends4 ,small sections ( ?9 bamboo are sometimes fitt$ ov] two /r+s1 & are beat5 ) /icks1 or ! /r+s c be f+]$ l a guit> 7,plate ,,lxxxiii74 ,music = dances is furni%$ by an or*e/ra consi/+ ( f\r m51 ?ree ) copp] gongs 7gangsas71 & "o ) a drum4 ,! gongs are tamb\r9e %ape1 ) sides ab\t an in* & a half high4 ,!y are plac$ aga9/ ! ?ighs ( ! play]s :o kneel on ! gr\nd1 & are beat5 ) a /ick & ! palm ( ! h& or by ! h&s alone4 #bdi ,!y d\btless came into ?is region ?r\gh trade1 b at a "t s remote t _! orig9 is n[ cr$it$ to ! spirits4 ,! drum 7tambor7 is made ( a %ort section ( a tree holl[$ out4 ,! ends are cov]$ ) c['s hide or pig's sk94 ,,*apt] ,,xii ,,music ,introduction4--,t ! songs might be deliv]$ z ne>ly z possible at ! same pit* :i* ! s+]s us$ :5 mak+ ! records1 inve/igation 0 made z to ! usual spe$ us$ by manufactur]s :ile record+4 ,x 0 f\nd to be #afj revolutions p] m9ute4 ,accord+ly ! phonograph 0 c>efully set at ?is spe$ dur+ transcription4 ,9 det]m9+ ! keys 9 :i* to transcribe ! v>i\s songs1 ! pit*-pipe us$ 0 t ( ! ,int]national1 :i* 0 adopt$ at ! ,vi5na ,congress 9 ,nov4 #ahhg4 ,?is congress e/abli%$ c#b #ebb d\ble vibrations p] second4 ,all ! records prov$ to be a %ade flat by ?is /&>d1 b 7 f\nd to be almo/ exactly 9 accord ) an in/rum5t ( fix$ pit*1 :i* 9 turn 0 f\nd to be approximately elev5 beats at v>iance ) ! pit*-pipe on c#b4 ,assum+ t ! record+ & transcrib+ spe$s ( ! ma*9es 7 ! same1 ?is w\ld place ! orig9al s++ almo/ exactly 9 accord ) ! old philosophical /&>d ( pit* :i* places c#b at #eab d\ble vibrations p] second4 ,?\gh ! s++ 0 n always 9 p]fect accord ) ! notes set d[n 9 transcriptions1 ) ! exception ( ^? v m>k$ dep>tures especially indicat$ 9 ! music1 ! v>iations 7 s slight t1 s f> z true intonation goes1 ! p]=mances 7 fully up to ! /&>d ( ^? ( ! av]age natural s+]4 ,special e> tubes 7 us$ :ile transcrib+ ! records1 & resort made to a special device :]e) any ord] ( :ole1 or ev5 "p measures c\ld be consecutively play$4 ,?us x 0 possible to closely comp>e p>ts :i* 7 simil> 9 ei!r words or music4 ,9 "s ( ! records two or m voices c be di/+ui%$ s++ 9 unison4 ,su* unisons are %[n 9 ! transcription by s+le notes4 ,no attempt has be5 made to indicate ! sev]al voices4 ,b :5 su* s+le notes are %[n accompani$ by ! ^w solo1 x is to be und]/ood t all ( ! p]=m]s h dropp$ out b "o1 probably ! lead]4 ,:5 ! voices split up into p>ts1 x is s notat$ 9 ! music4 ,primitive p display m or less timidity 9 giv+ _! songs = sci5tific purposes4 ,su* timidity is especially apt to be manife/$ 9 _! attacks4 ,9 ! ,da-eng1 ,girls' ,"p 7,record ,j71 ! delay$ attack at ! beg9n+ ( ea* new v]se is v m>k$4 ,! delay v>ies consid]ably f v]se to v]se1 z indicat$ by ! numb] ( beats re/ %[n at ! ends ( ! l9es4 ,simil> pauses are f\nd 9 ! ,boys' ,"p ( ! same c]emony 7see ,record ,a74 ,^! beats re/ or pauses are n to be tak5 z "p ( ! legitimate rhy?m1 = x is m ?an likely t if ! s+]s 7 giv+ _! songs 9 _! regul> c]emonial & ! p]=m]s unconsci\s ( obs]vation1 ^! pauses w\ld n occur4 ,9 transcrib+ ^? songs :i* h sev]al v]ses on ! record1 ! notation has be5 s arrang$ on ! page t ! measures l9e up v]tically1 mak+ comp>ison easy betwe5 correspond+ measures ( ! diff]5t v]ses4 ,to indicate peculi> qualities1 special signs are us$ 9 connection ) ! regul> musical symbols4 ,! table :i* foll[s %[s ^! signs & also li/s ! qualities = :i* !y /&4 ,"s ( ^! qualities c\ld h be5 repres5t$ by regul> musical symbols1 b x 0 ?\ght be/ to use ! special signs to make !m /& out m prom95tly4 ,! qualities ?us indicat$ z well z ^? :i* are repres5t$ by ! regul> musical notation w be f\nd li/$ & def9$ aft] ! tabulation ( qualities4 ,words ( ! ,da-,eng ,"p ,i4 ,sung 9 l9e4 #bej ,ma-li-dom ag-dag-da-gi yo-ma-yom ,yom-ma-yom ta yom-ma-yom ag-dag-da-gi yo-ma-yom4 ,ma-la-nas ag-dag-da-gi na-sa-nas ,ma-sa-nas ta ma-sa-nas ag-dag-da-gi na-sa-nas4 ,si ,on-na-i 9-no-bi-yan ki-n-ko-tan ,na-to-tan ,na-to-tan ta na-to-tan ki-n ko-tan na-to-tan4 ,kol-kol-dong si gi-nol-bat nga ag-moli-moli-yat ,mo-li-yat ta mo-li-yat ag-mo-li mo-li-yat4 ,ka-lan-tag kal-la-yan-n5 ag-ka-idig-na-yan dig-na-yan ta dig-na-yan ag-ka-i dig-na-yan4 ,a-na-on si ,tak-la-yan na-is-ti-lo ai bolo ,b9-no-lo ta b9-no-lo na-is-ti-lo ai bo-lo4 ,sok-bot ni ka-b9-b9-an adi ma-sil-si-li-ban si-li-ban ta si-li-ban adi ma-sil-si-liban ,ba-gai-ba-yem dem-ma-ng5 si-nol-bo-dan ni kolat4 ki-no-lat ta ki-no-lat ai ag-ki-no ki-no-lat4 ,sabak ni am-mo-ga-w5 mimog-g-mog di-kai-w5 di-kai-w5 ta ki-kai w5 mimog-g-mog di-kai-w54 ,sabak ni an-na-a-w5 mi-ka-li-ya li-ya-w54 ,li-ya-w5 ta li-ya-w5 ai ag-li-ya li-ya-w5 ,"p ,,ii4 ,sung 9 l9e4 al9-to-bo ni ni-og ag-lam-pi-yok lam-pi-yok ta lam-pi-yok ag-lam-pi lam-pi-yok4 al-9-to-bo ni aba ai adi nag-pada pi-na-da ta pi-na-da ai adi nag-pa-da4 al-9-to-bo ni no-nang ag-ba-li ba-li-yang ba-li-yang ta ba-li-yang ai ag-ba-li ba-li-yang4 al-9-to-bo ni lamai um-al-ali ma-ya-mai ma-ya-mai ta ma-ya-mai umal ali ma-ya-mai4 al-9-to-bo ni bang-on ag-ba-la ba-la-ngon ba-la-ngon ta ba-la-ngon ag-ba-la ba-la-ngon4 al-9-to-bo ni oway pel-sa-tem ket i-nom-lai i-nom-lai ta i-nom-lai pel-sa-tem ket i-nom-lai4 al-9-to-bo ni ol+ bog-yo-ngem ket boom-li-s+ boom-li-s+ ta boom-li-s+ bog-yo-ngem ket boom-li-s+4 al-9-to-bo ni ba-kan umal ali ka-na-kan ka-na-kan ta ka-na-kan umal ali ka-na-kan4 al-9-to-bo ni anis ai adi na-gi-nis gi-ni-nis ta gi-ni-nis ai adi n$ey na-gi-nis4 ,"p ,,iii4 ,sung z !y dance 9 circle4 ,a-ya-mem si pa-ni-ki ag-sol-sol-wap si la-bi ni la-bi ta ni labi ag-sol-sol-wap si la-bi4 ,a-ya-mem si bat-ta-t5g ag-tiya ti ya-d5g ti-ya-d5g ta ti-ya-d5g ag-ti-ya ti-ya-d5g4 ,a-ya-mem si bang-nga-an nga dum-ang-dang-lap si da-lan d9-na-lan ta d9-na-lan dum-ang-dang-lap si da-lan4 ,a-ya-mem si om-om-bek nga ag-ma-si ma-sim-bek si nim-bek ta si-nim-bek nga ag-ma-si ma-sim-bek4 ,a-ya-mem si po-na-y5 nga omas-asi gai-ga-y5 gai-ga-y5 ta gai-ga-y5 om-z asi gai-ga-y54 ,a-ya-mem si la-ga-dan nga tomal-la tal-la-dan tal-la-dan ta tal-la-dan nga ag-ta-la tal-la-dan4 ,a-ya-mem si bal-ga-si nga agka-a ka-a-si ka-a-si ta ka-a-si nga ag-ka-a ka-a-si4 ,"p ,,iv4 ,bwa di la-od to-mo-bo nga lo-mok-bot lo-mok-bot ta lo-mok-bot to-mo-bo wa lo-mok-bot4 ,bwa di ,ba-li-la-si-bis nga gi-i-tem ket ma-i-mis i-ni-mis ta i-ni-mis gi-i-tem ket ma-i-mis4 ,bwa di ,mal-la-pa-ai gi-i-tem ket tom-ga-ey te-ga-ey ta te-ga-ey gi-i-tem ket tom ga-ey4 ,bwa di ,mal-lo-sa-ak gi-i-tem ket tom-ga-ak te-ga-ak ta te-ga-ak gi-i-tem ket tom-ga-ak4 ,bwa di ,tom-mo nga kom-ma-lab ket tom-mo-bo tom-mo-bo ta tom-mo-bo kom-ma-la-lab ket tom-mo-bo4 ,"p ,v4 ,adi yo pai lau-lau-d5 law$-ko nga d-la-w5 d-la-w5 ta d-la-w5 adi yo pai lau-lau-d54 ,la-w$ ngaita di al-yo pang-lau-lau-dan ta ba-o bi-na-o ta bi-na-o pang-lau-lau-dan ta ba-o4 ,la-w$ di po-dok pang-lau-lau-dan ta bo-kod bi-no-kod ta bi-no-kod pang-lau-lau-dan ta bo-kod4 ,la-w$ di ,sab-lang1 pang-lau-lau-dan ta ba-sang bi-na-sang ta bi-na-sang pang-lau-lau-dan ta ba-sang4 ,la-w$ di ,pa-wai pang-lau-lau-dan ta a-wai 9-na-wai ta 9-na-wai pang-lau-lau-dan ta a-wai4 ,"p ,,vi4 ,ka-wa-yan di ,po-da-yan na-tong-dan ta na-tong-dan na-tong-dan ta na-tong-dan ka-wa-yan di ,po-da-yan4 ,ka-wa-yan di ,bal-li-weyan om-mi-weyan ,om-mi-weyan ta om-mi-weyan ka-wa-yan di ,bal-li-weyan4 ,ka-wa-yan di ,ba-ta-an ko-ma omi-na-lan i-na-lan ta i-na-lan ka-wa-yan di ,ba-ta-an4 ,sol-kod-ko nga ka-wa-yan na-kak-la-ang di dem-mang di dem-mang ta di dem-mang na-kak-la-ang di dem-mang4 ,kawayan di ,pa-la-i ag-ka-i dong-la don-la-li dong-la-li ta dong-la-li ag-ka-i dong-la dong-la-li4 ,"p ,,vii4 ,da-num di la-od kom-mog-nod ket kom-mog-nod ,kom-mog-nod ta kom-mog-nod danum di la-od4 ,dagsi-yan di ,pa-la-wang ko-ma ta sum-mi na-wang si-na-wang ta si-na-wang ko-ma ta sum-mi-na-wang4 ,dagsi-yan di ,langid5 mi-ka si-li si-li-t5 sili-t5 ta si-li-t5 dag-si-yan di ,lang-i-d54 ,dagsi-yan di ,ka-ba-lang-gan na-kal kalong g-kong-an ga-kong-an taga-kong-an na-kal ka-long ga-kong-an4 ,danum di ,pa-da-ngi-tan ki-na-dang ta ka-witan ka-wi-tan ta ka-wi-tan ki-na-dang ta ka-wi-tan4 ,dag-si-yan di ,lai-og-an nan-gol la-ol la-yo-san la-yo-san ta la-yo-san o-mal-la al-lo-yo-san4 ,danum di ,abang sum-mol-wai ta sum-mol-wai ,sum-mol-wai ta sum-mol-wai da-num di ,a-bang4 ,danum di ,abas inum-bas ket inum-bas inum-bas ta i-num-bas da-num di ,a-bas4 ,danum di ,ba-ai nag-kat-lo nga sa-long-ai ,sa-long-ai ta sa-long-ai nag-kat-lo nga sa-long-ai4 ,danum di ,da-ya nag-kil-la-yos nga si-pa ,si-ni-pa ta si-ni-pa nag-kil-la-yos nga sipa4 ,danum di ngato ti-nung-dai ta a-nito ,a-nito ta a-nito ti-nun-dai ta a-nito4 ,danum di ag+ ti-nung-dai ta ka-la-d+ ,ka-lad-+ ta ka-la-d+ ti-nung-dai ta ka-la-d+4 ,danum di ,a-y5g ti-nung-dai ta ba-y5g-y5g ba-y5g-y5g ta ba-y5g-y5g ti-nung-dai ta ba-y5g-y5g4 ,adi ka-pai man-gi-mon na-sal-li-bon ai bo-bon b9-no-bon ta b9-no-bon na-sal-li-bon ai bo-bon4 ,approximate ,translation ( ! ,da-,eng #bea ,i 8 8 ,! ,malanus fl[s4 ,fl[s1 fl[s1 fl[s onw>d4 ,si 7,mr47 ,on-na-i & ,na-to-tan dig obi 7t>o7 ) _! h&s4 ,dig1 dig1 dig ) ! h&s4 ,! firefly 9 ! woods op5s 8 eyes4 ,op5s1 op5s1 op5s 8 eyes4 ,! bank caves into ! riv]4 ,caves1 caves1 caves 94 ,"h1 y\r arm pretty bamboo 787 ,bamboo1 bamboo1 pretty bamboo4 ,d n di/urb ! re/ ( ! kabib9an 7a bird74 ,di/urb1 di/urb1 d n di/urb4 ,help ! kolat 7a plant7 to gr[4 ,become kolat1 become kolat1 /ir up to become kolat4 ,! fl[] ( ! ,amogaw5 falls on y4 ,on y1 on y1 falls on y4 ,! fl[] ( ! ,ana-an plays ) y4 ,plays1 plays1 x plays4 ,,ii4 ,! "y leaves ( ! coconut wave4 ,wave1 wave1 !y wave4 ,! leaves ( ! aba are n alike4 ,alike1 alike1 are n alike4 ,! leaves ( ! nonang turn back & =?4 ,back & =?1 back & =?1 turn back & =?4 ,! leaves ( ! lamay quake4 ,quake1 quake1 !y quake4 ,! leaves ( ! bangon arise7874 ,arise1 arise1 !y arise4 ,! leaves ( ! rattan cut & twi/4 ,twi/1 twi/1 cut1 & twi/4 ,! leaves ( ! ol+ ru/le & rattle4 ,rattle1 rattle1 ru/le & rattle4 ,! leaves ( ! bakan fall be=e "t4 ,fall1 fall1 fall be=e "t4 ,! leaves ( ! anis 7a l[ %rub7 are n clean4 ,clean1 clean1 n clean4 ,,iii4 ,y play ,mr4 bat :o fly by night4 ,night1 night1 fly by night4 ,y play gras%opp] ^: back is concave4 ,concave1 concave1 ^: back is concave4 ,y play ,bang-nga-an :o %9es l gold by ! trail4 ,by ! trail1 by ! trail1 %9es l gold by ! trail4 ,y play onombek :o hicc\ghs4 ,hicc\gh1 hicc\gh1 :o hicc\ghs4 ,y play dove :o falls4 ,falls1 falls1 :o falls4 ,y play lagadan 7a bird7 :o flees7874 ,flees1 flees1 :o flees4 ,y play balgasi 787 :o m\rns = ! dead4 ,m\rns1 m\rns1 m\rns = ! dead4 ,,iv4 ,betel-nut ( ! we/ :i* gr[s up l ! g\rd4 ,gr[s up1 gr[s up l ! g\rd4 ,betel-nut ( ,balasibis :i* smiles :5 x is cut4 7,lit]ally--is cut & smiles47 ,x smiles1 x smiles1 is cut1 & smiles4 ,betel-nut ( ,malapay :i* *uckles 7l a woman7 :5 x is cut4 ,*uckles1 *uckles1 is cut1 & *uckles4 ,betel-nut ( ,malosak :i* laughs 7l a man7 :5 x is cut4 ,laughs1 laughs1 is cut1 & laughs4 ,betel-nut ( ,tomo :i* climbs & gr[s4 ,gr[s1 gr[s1 climbs1 & gr[s4 ,v4 ,d n take ! leaves ( my law$1 :o am ri*4 ,ri*1 ri*1 d n take law$ leaves4 ,! wid[] takes (t5 ! top 7be/7 law$ ( ,alyo4 ,! wid[]1 ! wid[]1 ! wid[] takes (t54 ,! law$ ( ! wood$ hill ! wid[ takes (t54 ,! wid[1 ! wid[1 ! wid[ takes (t54 ,! law$ ( ,sablang ! maid5 takes (t54 ,! maid51 ! maid51 ! maid5 takes (t54 ,! law$ ( ,paway ! h]mit 7c\ntry man7 takes (t54 ,! h]mit1 ! h]mit1 ! h]mit takes (t54 ,,vi4 ,bamboo ( ,podayan1 ev] liv+1 ev] liv+4 ,ev] liv+1 ev] liv+1 bamboo ( ,podayan4 ,bamboo ( ,baliweyan sigh 7lit]ally g wey7 :5 ! w9d bl[s4 ,sigh1 sigh1 bamboo ( ,baliweyan4 ,bamboo ( ,bataan1 l ! sun%9e4 ,sun%9e1 sun%9e1 bamboo ( ,bataan4 ,my cane ( bamboo gives out a clang4 ,clang1 clang1 gives out a clang4 ,bamboo ( ,palai wave up & d[n4 ,wave1 wave1 wave up & d[n4 ,,vii4 ,wat] ( ! we/1 become less & less4 ,less1 less1 wat] ( ! we/4 ,spr+ ( ,palawang ov]fl[4 ,ov]fl[1 ov]fl[1 be l ! ov]fl[4 ,spr+ ( ,langid5 fl[ fa/4 7,lit]ally l lightn+47 ,fl[1 fl[1 spr+ ( ,langid54 ,spr+ ( ,ka-ba-lang1 fl[ l a *a94 ,*a91 *a91 fl[ l a *a94 ,wat] ( ,padangitah be knee deep to ! roo/]4 ,roo/]1 roo/]1 knee deep to ! roo/]4 ,spr+ ( ,layogan fl[ on4 ,fl[1 fl[1 fl[ on4 ,wat] ( ,abang 787 8 ,wat] ( ,abas1 become dry4 ,become dry1 become dry1 wat] ( ,abas4 ,wat] ( ,ba-ay has ?ree bran*es4 ,bran*es1 bran*es1 has ?ree bran*es4 ,wat] ( ! ,ea/ %ap$ l a ball4 ,ball1 ball1 %ap$ l a ball4 ,wat] f above ! anito holds 7/ops74 ,anito1 anito1 ! anito holds4 ,wat] ( ! un9habit$ place ! gho/ holds4 ,gho/1 gho/1 ! gho/ holds4 ,wat] ( ,ay5g ! bamboo tube holds4 ,bamboo tube1 bamboo tube1 ! bamboo tube holds4 ,d n be jeal\s1 pretty spr+4 ,spr+1 spr+1 pretty spr+4 ,da-,eng4 ,boys' "p4 ,record ,a4 ,sung :ile danc+ 9 a religi\s c]emony4 ,!re are at lea/ two voices 9 ?is record4 ,possibly !re 7 ?ree or m s+]s tak+ "p1 ?\gh x is n possible to di/+ui% m ?an two4 ,! song is ca/ 9 ! p5tatonic scale ( ,a major4 ,! notes ,g-natural & ,d-flat d n belong to ?is scale4 ,at ^? places :]e !y are put d[n 9 ! notation1 !y are us$ to bett] def9e ! gliss&os4 ,! s+]s pass ov] !m rapidly1 slid+ f ! topmo/ note ( ! gr\p to ! l[e/ ) no p]ceptible dwell+ on any ( ! int]m$iate tones4 ,! gliss&os are indicat$ by /raight l9es drawn obliquely und]nea? su* gr\ps 7see ,def9ition ( ,qualities1 p4 #dgh74 ,9 ea* ( measures #b & #f ( v]ses #a1 #b1 & #c2 & 9 measure #f ( v]se #d1 is %[n a gr\p ( ?ree notes ) an a/]isk above4 ,^! gr\ps1 z %[n 9 ! notation1 are ,b1 ,a1 ,g2 b 9 measure #b ( v]se #d1 ! correspond+ gr\p is ,c1 ,b1 ,a4 ,9 ^? measures m>k$ 991 ! s+]s are v pla9ly /riv+ to rea* ! tones ,c1 ,b1 ,a4 ,!re is t quality ( t5sion 9 ! voices ) ! accompany+ =c+ ( tone :i* is peculi> to untra9$ s+]s /riv+ = a tone ne> ! limit ( _! highe/ range4 ,z ! tones actually s\nd$ are nei!r ,b1 ,a1 ,g1 nor ,c1 ,b1 ,a1 b are in/ead a sort ( compromise betwe5 ! two1 x is q evid5t t ! succession int5d$ 9 ea* ( ! sev5 measures is ! same z 9 ! eigh? or odd "o1 viz4 ,c1 ,b1 ,a4 ,if we assume ?is to be ! case1 x elim9ates sev5 ( ! =eign ,g naturals %[n 9 ! notation4 ,if1 h[ev]1 ?is conjecture is wrong1 & ! p]=m]s really feel t ! gr\ps 9 "q all />t on ,b1 !n ! ,g naturals are elim9at$ by ! gliss&os4 ,! only o!r ,g-natural is %[n 9 measure #g ( v]se #d4 ,by comp>+ ?is measure ) ! correspond+ measure 9 ea* ( ! o!r ?ree v]ses1 x w be se5 t ! s+]s h tak5 great pa9s 9 ^? v]ses to avoid ?is note :i* does n belong to ! p5tatonic scale :i* !y are us+1--evid5ce t !y d n s5se ! tone 9 ! f\r? v]se1 :]e x is tak5 gliss&o4 ,! ,d-flat1 also =eign to ! scale1 occurs b once4 ,x is 9 measure #c ( ! top l9e4 ,! gliss&o "h elim9ates ?is tone also1 b1 by comp>+ ?is measure ) ! correspond+ measure ( ea* ( ! o!r v]ses1 we f9d ! same avoidance z 9 ! case ( ! ,g-natural1--evid5ce t ! p]=m]s d n s5se ?is o!r =eign tone4 ,! song is !re=e v m>k$ly p5tatonic 9 "*4 ,! assumption t ! sev5 gr\ps m>k$ ) a/]isks d n repres5t ! real int5t ( ! s+]s1 is bas$ entirely on ! /ress he>d 9 ! record4 ,?is /ress _c be repres5t$ 9 notation4 ,rely+ on ! notation alone1 "o w\ld be w>rant$ 9 draw+ a contr>y conclusion & assum+ t ! odd measure %\ld be made to con=m to ! o!r sev5 & all read1 ,b1 ,a1 ,g2 or1 f ! phonographic record1 "o might assume t ! compromise1 previ\sly m5tion$1 0 ! intonation really int5d$4 ,primitive peoples frequ5tly d s+ & play1 q int5tionally1 tones out ( con=mity ) scale tones ( pres5t-day conc]t music4 ,su* tones _c be repres5t$ by our musical notation )\t resort to special signs4 ,?is is n necess>y 9 ! pres5t case1 z ! fall+ %ort ( true intonation does n appe> to be f delib]ate int5t on ! "p ( ! s+]s1 b seems to be due to lack ( ability4 ,9 eight ( ! measures1 at lea/ "o ( ! voices dep>ts f ! melody prop]1 produc+ ! h>mony-int]vals s frequ5tly he>d 9 ! music ( primitive peoples1 namely1 t ( a #e? )\t ! #crd to complete ! triad1 & t ( a #d? )\t ! #f? to complete ! *ord4 ,su* ?irdless #e?s are f\nd 9 measures #e 7v]se #a71 #a & #h 7v]se #b71 #e 7v]se #c71 & #a & #e 7v]se #d72 & ! int]val ( a #d? )\t ! #f? is f\nd 9 measures #c & #h ( v]se #d4 ,9 ! la/ measure ( ! notation1 h[ev]1 ! int]val ( a #d? !re %[n is caus$ by ! lead]'s voice dep>t+ f ! regul> melodic succession in/ead ( ! accompany+ voice or voices1 z is ! case 9 ea* ( ! o!r measures m5tion$4 ,9 measures #a & #e ( ea* ( ! f\r v]ses ( ! song1 & also 9 measure #c ( ! second v]se1 ! sign1 44444 7mezzo /accato m>ks71 is us$ to indicate ! pulsat+ ( ! voice ( "o ( ! s+]s1 probably ! lead]1 m>k+ ! rhy?m ( ! song4 ,! metronome tempo is mo/ly #hh1 b v>ies at times & runs z-high z #ib p] m9ute 9 ! la/ half ( ! #d? v]se4 ,betwe5 v]ses #b & #c ! phonograph %[s t ! s+]s paus$ eight beats 7two :ole measures71 & betwe5 v]ses #c & #d !re 0 a simil>1 ?\gh %ort]1 pause ( two beats 7"o-half measure74 ,^! pauses are n %[n 9 ! notation4 ,!re 0 no special *ange 9 dynamics ?r\gh\t ! song except z indicat$ by ! s=z&o m>ks 9 measures #a1 #b1 #e1 #f1 #g1 & #h ( v]se #d4 ,9 g5]al "* ?is song resembles mo/ ! ,dang-dang-ay 7,record ,m74 ,diwas ,record ,b4 ,sung at night by ! fri5ds ( a sick man4 ,!re are two s+]s on ?is record1 bo? m5 ) bass voices4 ,"o seems to be ! lead]1 ! accompany+ s+] dragg+ along beh9d4 ,z ! tempo is v sl[ & _m ( ! tones long drawn out1 ?is unc]ta9ty on ! "p ( ! second p]=m] is n s noticeable1 except on ! quick runs z ! lead] passes to ano!r pr9cipal tone4 ,! song is ca/ 9 ! natural m9or scale ( ,d4 ,! ,e-flat ne> ! beg9n+ ( ! second l9e does n belong to ! scale4 ,x is n well def9$ on ! record1 & s is indicat$ 9 ! transcription ) an int]rogation-m>k b5ea?4 ,al?\gh n conf9$ to ! int]vals ( ! p5tatonic scale1 ! numb] is di/9ctly p5tatonic 9 "*4 ,x is made up mo/ly ( ! tones ,a1 ,c1 ,d1 & ,e4 ,^! tones belong to ! p5tatonic scales ( ,c major & its relative m9or ,a4 ,9 tonality1 ! song _c be consid]$ z belong+ to ei!r ( ^! keys1 z !re is a v di/9ct feel+ ( ,b-flat 9 x1 not)/&+ t ! tone is seldom dwelt ^u1 b pass$ ov] quickly1 almo/ gliss&o1 9 ne>ly e place :]e x occurs4 ,! song ends on ,a4 ,?is is n ! key note1 h[ev]1 b is ! fif? ( ! key4 ,! song is l a m\rnful *ant4 ,?r\gh\t !re is a peculi> wail+ :i* leaves a /range1 haunt+ impression4 ,! music admirably suits ! h\r :5 x is us$4 ,x w\ld be decid$ly incongru\s giv5 9 broad daylight4 ,^! untutor$ savages c\ld h>dly h conjur$ up a m typical tone-picture ( ! %ad[y valley ?an ! song he>d on ?is record4 ,! peculi>ly weird "* is due 9 l>ge "p to ! swell+ out & dy+ away ( ! tones on c]ta9 syllables4 7,= comp>ison to effects f\nd 9 ,igorot music1 see ,swell$ ,tones "u ,def9ition ( ,qualities1 p4 #dgi74 ,sang-,sangit ,record ,c4 ,sung dur+ ! ev5+ foll[+ a fun]al4 ,9 ?is record we he> b "o voice--a man's4 ,! song is ca/ 9 ! m9or scale ( ,g1 b :e!r ! natural m9or or ! h>monic1 _c be det]m9$1 z ! s+] does n use ! #g? ( ! scale4 ,x is n p5tatonic 9 "*4 ,! song is giv5 9 ! recitative /yle4 ,!re are sev]al v]ses :i* v>y b little 9 ! music1 except = ! *anges 9 ! reit]at$ /accato tones :i* are made great] or less 9 numb] to accommodate ! diff]5ce 9 numb] ( syllables4 ,) ! exception ( ^? />t+ ! gliss&os or trills1 ! repeat$ tones 7 giv5 ) a v decid$ /accato pun*4 ,mu* ( ! intonation is vague4 ,9 tak+ ! gliss&os %[n ne> ! middle ( ! top l9e1 ! upp] tone is sung ab\t half way betwe5 ,b-flat & ,b-natural4 ,!re is "s ab&on 9 ! rhy?m also4 ,! gr\p ( six notes m>k$ ) an a/]isk are trill$ on ! semitone int]val4 ,dawak ,record ,d4 ,! song ( a m$ium :5 call+ spirits into h] 787 body4 ,?is song is d\btless ! inv5tion ( ! s+]4 ,x has t ab&on :i* usually *>act]izes ! songs ( work]s 9 ! occult among primitive folk4 ,! song is ca/ mo/ly 9 ! relative m9or 7,g-%>p7 ( ! p5tatonic scale ( ,b-natural major4 ,a-%>p does n belong to ?is scale4 ,!re are five measures1 :]e ?is note appe>s1 b 9 ea* in/ance ! tonality ( ! phrase mom5t>ily re/s 9 ,d-%>p m9or1 ! relative ( ! p5tatonic major ( ,f-%>p4 ,a-%>p belongs to ?is scale1 b ,b-natural does n4 ,! s+]1 ) 8 in/9ct = ! five-note scale1 avoids ! ,b-natural until ! tonality %ifts back to ! orig9al key4 ,! song is !re=e class$ z p5tatonic 9 "*4 ,! melody is di/9ctly h>monic 9 /ructure1 z ne>ly all ( ! successions are made up ( triad int]vals4 ,?\gh ! song runs b a m9ute & a half1 ! tempo *anges eight times4 ,! p]=m] takes ne>ly e new tempo ) a well-def9$ rhy?m4 ,!re is consid]able fre$om %[n 9 ! fir/ movem5t :5 ! tremolos betwe5 ,b-natural & ! ,g-%>p bel[ are tak54 ,! s+] %[s q rem>kable flexibility ( voice1 excell5t brea? control1 & a r surpris+ quality ( tone & accuracy ( intonation4 ,z a demon/ration ( flexibility1 ab\t ! middle ( ! fir/ movem5t1 he takes ! qu>t] note ,b-natural 9 falsetto & imm$iately drops into ! wav] a t5? bel[1 at ! same "t assum+ 8 natural voice4 ,! falsetto tone is indicat$ 9 ! transcription by a t9y circle above ! note4 ,all ( ! wav]$ tones1 z well z ! falsetto at ! beg9n+ & ! turn at ! end are sung ) "o brea? to a s+le syllable4 ,?is is q a rem>kable p]=mance consid]+ t ! s+] _h no voice tra9+4 ,ne> ! op5+ ( ! fir/ #b_/d movem5t is %[n a gr\p ( five notes giv5 9 ! "t ( f\r1--a rhy?mic effect few tra9$ musicians c execute well4 ,( ! v>i\s p]=m]s :o took "p 9 mak+ ! f\rte5 records1 ?is s+] %[s ! be/ voice te*nic & control4 ,! fact t ! s+] sc>cely repeats a s+le motive ?r\gh\t ! ext5t ( ! song1 b is con/antly introduc+ new tonal ideas argues an extempore p]=mance4 ,x w\ld be int]e/+ to h = comp>ison ano!r record ( ! same song made at ano!r "t4 ,song ( a ,_s ,record ,e4 ,sung by a m$ium :5 possess$ by a _s4 ,melodically ?is song is q 9 contra/ ) ! ,dawak4 ,?is "o is di/9ctly melodic 9 /ructure1 ?\gh !re are sugge/$ h>monies4 ,^! h>monies are mo/ly tonic & dom9ant alt]nat+ "o ) ! o!r4 ,us+ a two-measure motive1 :i* he ann\nces at ! v />t1 ! s+] works ! mat]ial ov] & ov]1 fir/ 9 "o h>monic mode & !n 9 ! o!r1 frequ5tly *ang+ ! =m ( ! motive ?r\gh embelli%m5ts or alt]$ metric values1 b always leav+ an impression :i* h>ks back to ! orig9al motive4 ,arrange ! v>i\s tones ( ?is melody 9 any ord] t we w1 we _c make !m con=m to any diatonic scale us$ 9 mod]n music4 ,if1 h[ev]1 we ignore ! ,c-flat1 :i* occurs twice 9 ! song1 x gives u an incomplete asc5d+ melodic-m9or scale 9 ,d-flat4 ,b ! song is n m9or 9 mode4 ,x is di/9ctly major 9 tonality4 ,x is =m$ mo/ly ( ! f\r tones ,d-flat1 ,e-flat1 ,a-flat1 & ,b-flat4 ,all ( ^! belong to ! p5tatonic major scale ( ,d-flat4 ,?is gives a v m>k$ p5tatonic flavor1 yet ! song is n 9 ! p5tatonic scale1 = ! s+] introduces half /eps1 & !re are no su* int]vals 9 ! p5tatonic scale4 ,ca/+ ab\t among ! scales us$ by v>i\s peoples1 ! ne>e/ approa* ,i f9d to ! tonal succession ( ?is song is "o ( ! num]\s scales or tun+s us$ by ! ,japanese4 ,x is t kn[n z ! ,hirajo%i4 ,to make comp>ison easy1 ,i h transpos$ ?is ,japanese koto-tun+ into ! same key z t ( ! song4 ,along ) x ,i %[ ! tonal mat]ial ( ! ,t+uian song arrang$ 9 correspond+ sequ5ce4 ,x w be se5 t e note 9 ! ,japanese scale is f\nd also 9 ! ,t+uian1 ?\gh n always 9 ! same octave4 ,all ( ! ,t+uian tones are f\nd 9 ! ,japanese scale except ! ,c-flat & ,d-flat4 ,^! exceptions are %[n ) _! /ems turn$ d[n4 ,! notes %[n 9 :ite 9 ! ,t+uian scale are n sung at ! pit* indicat$1 b occur 9 ! song z octaves ( ^! tones4 ,! black notes !re=e %[ ! actual tones sung4 ,x w be notic$ t 9 ! arrangem5t ( ! notes ! op5+ tone is repeat$ a few notes lat] on4 ,?is is because ! ,japanese usually tune ! koto ) ! fir/ & fif? /r+s 9 unison to facilitate ! execution ( c]ta9 passages 9 _! music4 ,! ,jog1 he>d s frequ5tly 9 ! ,igorot songs1 occurs eight times 9 ?is numb]4 ,x is n q s well def9$ "h1 h[ev]1 z 9 ! ,dang-dang-ay1 be+ modifi$ 9 ?is song ei!r by syncopation1 by phras+1 or by lack ( acc5t4 ,x is int]e/+ to note h[ev]1 t x is always giv5 on ! tonic or ! dom9ant1 & also t x is repeat$ 9 true ,igorot /yle4 ,! unconc]n & skill ) :i* ! p]=m] ( ?is song unravels ! mix$ up duplet & triplet gr\ps1 is evid5ce ( 8 inh]5t s5se ( rhy?m1 z x p]ta9s to ! symetry ( note gr\ps & _! embodim5t z beat-units into l>g]1 v>y+ measure-units2 b 8 indiff]5ce1 z he juggles 8 metric values ( #b_/d1 #c_/h1 & #c_/d "t1 %[s an entire abs5ce ( appreciation = =m z reveal$ 9 ev5-measur$ sections1 phrases1 & p]iods ( mod]n music4 ,consid]$ 9 ! light ( an oracle f ! _s himself speak+ ?r\gh ! m$ium1 ! music w\ld indicate t ! spectre is n "o ( ! g5tle & k9d disposition1 b on ! contr>y is v dom9e]+4 ,he is ( frightful mi51 & tries to t]rorize all :o come "u 8 sway4 ,song ( a ,_s ,record ,f4 ,sung by a m$ium :5 possess$ by a _s4 ,?is song is v simil> 9 g5]al "* to ! ,dawak1 & _m qualities 9 x indicate t x is giv5 by ! same p]=m]4 ,x has ! same g5]al =mation z ! ,dawak4 ,x is h>monic 9 con/ruction4 ,ne>ly all ( its tones foll[ ! triad int]vals ( ei!r ! m9or or its relative major tonic *ords or ! m9or dom9ant *ord4 ,!re is no well-m>k$ motive developm5t b in/ead a succession ( tones fir/ f "o triad1 !n f ano!r1 & s on1 gr\p$ 9 ev] v>y+ fa%ion4 ,! key is ,g m9or1 b closes 9 ! relative major ,b4 ,:ile s++ 9 ! m9or1 ! p]=m] foll[s mod]n me?ods & raises 8 sev5? or lead+ tone1 :5 ! progression is upw>ds into ! tonic 7see measures #aj1 #ac1 #be1 & #bg74 ,! tempo is mo/ly #ajh1 b at ! t5? measure ! movem5t sl[s d[n to #hj4 ,at ?is po9t is %[n a note ) a l>ge circle above4 ,?is tone 0 tak5 ) a v wide op5 m\? q 9 contra/ ) ! "o prece$+4 ,! next measure foll[+ %[s two tones tak5 falsetto4 ,l ! ,dawak1 ?is song is probably ! composition ( ! s+]4 ,al?\gh v primitive 9 its g5]al aspect1 x has absorb$ f "s s\rce a bit ( mod]n influ5ce4 ,if ! surmise is correct t ! p]=m] ( ?is song is ! same z ! "o :o made ! record ( ! ,dawak1 & if ! two songs 7 made at di/9ct times ) a consid]able p]iod elaps+ 9 :i* o!r records 7 made1 x w\ld indicate1 z is frequ5tly ! case among primitive s+]s1 t ?is p]=m] almo/ inv>iably s+s at ! same pit*4 ,9 o!r words1 he has to "s degree ! s5se ( absolute pit*4 ,bagoyas ,record ,g4 ,a song ( praise & complim5t sung by a gue/ at a fea/ or p>ty4 ,words are extempore1 b music con/ant4 ,! s+] is a t5or ) consid]able dramatic quality 9 8 voice4 ,! words ( ! song mu/ be extemporiz$ to suit ea* new occasion2 s also1 mu/ ! elem5tal tonal =ms be extemporane\sly comb9$1 = ! music mu/ fit ! words1 & ^! w v>y 9 rhy?m & met] ) ea* p]=mance4 ,! music may be consid]$ con/ant1 h[ev]1 9 t ! =m ( ea* compon5t motive is m or less fix$4 ,! foll[+ five gr\p-+r$i5ts1 us$ ei!r 9 ! pure =m z %[n1 or ) slight alt]ations1 make up approximately "o-half ( ! entire song4 ,reit]at$ tones & gliss&os pad out betwe5 ^! & make up practically ! rema9d] ( ! numb]4 ,turn+ our att5tion to ! fir/ ( ! above gr\ps1 :i* ,i h m>k$ ,m4,m4#a4 7melodic motive71 we f9d t x is us$ ne>ly a score ( times ?r\gh\t ! ext5t ( ! song4 ,a motive may be modifi$ 9 t5 diff]5t recogniz$ ways & ea* =m ( modification employ$ 9 v>y+ degrees1 )9 c]ta9 limits1 & yet ! motive w n loose its id5tity4 ,z an example ( ?is we f9d 9 ?is song ! fir/ melodic motive transpos$ f ! f\r? degree ( ! scale 7:]e x is orig9ally ann\nc$7 to ! fir/1 ! fif?1 & ! six? degrees4 ,we f9d ! same motive giv5 ) omissions1 ) additions1 ) augm5tations1 ) contractions1 & ) alt]$ rhy?mic values2 9 %ort1 ! compos] has turn$ ?is motive ov] & ov]1 & unwitt+ly develop$ x mu* aft] ! mann] us$ by musicians tra9$ 9 ! art ( composition4 ,! fact t ?is motive is giv5 f\r times rhy?mically & melodically intact1 besides recurr+ frequ5tly ?r\gh\t ! composition 9 "o or ano!r ( ! accept$ =ms ( modification1 argues t ?is melodic g]m 0 a famili> tone-figure to ! s+]1 "o t he c\ld apply to mo/ any syllable on :i* he wi%$ to dwell4 ,9 ?is connection x is int]e/+ to note t ?is motive1 9 its pure/ =m1 is always us$ 9 a transitional way1 n only musically1 b rhetorically1 ?us m>k+ "t1 z x 71 :ile ! improvisator *ooses 8 next words ( praise4 ,! second melodic motive 7,m4,m4#b47 occurs at lea/ five times1 ) "s trans=mations to be sure1 & sometimes ev5 ov]lapp+ ! fir/ motive4 ,! ?ird 7,r4,m47 is purely rhy?mic1 b seems to be a pet device ( ! s+] & helps him out ) syllables ne$+ special emphasis4 ,! f\r? c h>dly be dignifi$ by ! "n ( motive1 9 ?is case1 b is simply a musical device 7,m4,d471 us$ by ! s+] mo/ly 9 8 t]m9ations4 ,i surmise t ! song 9 its entirety1 includ+ ! above elem5tal gr\ps1 is ! inv5tion ( ! s+]4 ,he has equipp$ himself ) ^! p>ticul> tonal fragm5ts1 because !y n only suit 8 fancy1 b lie well )9 ! range ( 8 vocal atta9m5ts4 ,he has us$ !m s frequ5tly & 9 su* v>i$ =ms t he c in/antly twi/1 turn1 or alt] !m to fit ! requirem5ts ( ! v>i\s syllables ( 8 ev] *ang+ flatt]ies4 ,) a few su* elem5tal gr\ps ( 8 own inv5tion at comm&1 any s+] w\ld be well equipp$ to extemporize = ! delectation ( 8 ho/ & ! ent]ta9m5t ( ! o!r gue/s4 ,! song is exceptional = /rongly acc5t$ notes4 ,! triplets giv+ ! value ( ?ree qu>t] notes 9 ! "t ( two are r unusual 9 mod]n music4 ,x is ca/ 9 ! natural m9or scale ( ,b-flat4 ,! s+] nev] uses ei!r ! rais$ #f? or #g? 9 asc5d+1 z d mod]ns 9 ! melodic m9or1 b adh]es /rictly to ! old normal or natural m9or =m4 ,al?\gh diatonic1 9 t bo? ! ,g-flat & ,c-natural appe> frequ5tly1 yet ! numb] savors mu* ( ! p5tatonic4 ,at ?ree places :]e ! s+] uses "o or ! o!r ( ! tones =eign to ! p5tatonic scale1 he makes half-/ep progressions4 ,9 ! f\r? l9e ( ! song we f9d ! s+le in/ance 9 ^! records1 :]e ! p]=m] takes an upw>d gliss&o4 ,x is on ! two-note embelli%m5t ,f-natural ,g-flat %[n 9 ! la/ measure ( t l9e4 ,x is imm$iately foll[$ by a d[nw>d gliss&o4 ,balalognimas ,record ,,ii4 ,two s+]s are he>d on ?is record4 ,!y seem to be wom54 ,possibly !re are m ?an ! two voices4 ,z ! song has su* a well-def9$ sw+ & su* a m>tial "*1 x mu/ be wond]fully inspir+ :5 giv5 by a l>ge company ( s+]s4 ,x is ca/ 9 ! natural m9or diatonic scale ( ,c-%>p1 ?\gh x is /rongly p5tatonic 9 "*4 ,! rhy?m is p>tly #e_/h & p>tly #d_/h1 b x sw+s along s naturally t x seems z if x c\ld n be o!rwise4 ,! di/ribution ( ! acc5ts1 sometimes fall+ on ! fir/ & ?ird beats & aga9 on ! second & f\r?1 helps to give x a "* :i* puts x 9 a class by itself4 ,x has ! mo/ "* ( any ( ! wom5's songs 9 ?is gr\p4 ,!re are sev]al v]ses to ! song almo/ precisely alike 9 words & music4 ,da-,eng4 ,boys & ,girls ,alt]nat+4 ,record ,i4 ,sung :ile danc+ 9 a religi\s c]emony4 ,?is song is 9 two di/9ct movem5ts or p>ts v>y+ "o f ! o!r 9 met]1 9 tempo1 & 9 g5]al /yle4 ,"p #a ,!re are at lea/ two voices disc]nible 9 ?is "p4 ,!y seem to be ! voices ( girls or wom54 ,x is ca/ 9 ! relative m9or 7,c7 ( ! p5tatonic scale ( ,e-flat major4 ,! tones ( ?is scale giv5 9 ord] are ,c1 ,e-flat1 ,f1 ,g1 ,b-flat1 & !n ! octave ,c4 ,! tones ,d-natural & ,a-flat are miss+1 ?us avoid+ ! half /ep betwe5 ,d & ,e-flat1 & betwe5 ,g & ,a-flat 7see rem>ks 9 p5tatonic scale "u ,def9ition ( ,qualities1 p4 #dhj74 ,! ,a-flat %[n 9 ! ?ird f ! la/ measure ( ?is "p is writt5 !re to def9e m cle>ly t p>ticul> gliss&o :i* seems to be ( slightly diff]5t rhy?mic con/ruction ?an ! "o 9 ! correspond+ measure above4 ,! fact t ! tone is pass$ ov] gliss&o elim9ates x f ! scale4 ,9 ! f\r? measure ( ea* l9e we f9d a peculi> splitt+ up ( ! p>ts1 "o voice hold+ ! ,c1 :ile ! o!r skips to ! ,e-flat above1 ?us produc+ ! h>mony-int]val ( a m9or ?ird4 ,?is behavior seems to be int5tional on ! "p ( ! p]=m]s1 z x occurs precisely ! same 9 ea* ( ! f\r l9es ( ! song1 ?\gh n q s well def9$ ! la/ "t ow+ to ! fact t ! upp] voice does n come out s /rong on ! ,e-flat4 ,?is is indicat$ 9 ! notation by a small squ>e note4 ,"p #a is 9 ! v unusual rhy?m ( #e_/d4 ,! rhy?m is n well def9$1 h[ev]1 z !re is consid]able ab&on 9 ! /yle ( r5dition4 ,! metronome tempo ( #fi applies practically ?r\gh\t4 ,sometimes ! s+]s are a trifle 9 advance ( ! c\nt & at o!rs drag beh9d1 b always soon] or lat] drop into ! regul> beat4 ,a /ress on ea* fif? c\nt gives ! numb] a rhy?m ( five4 ,x is unique also 9 t ea* l9e has b five measures4 ,"p #b ,9 ?is1 ! same numb] ( voices is he>d z 9 ! fir/ "p4 ,! p]=m]s seem to be ! same ones :o sang f ! beg9n+4 ,! scale is ! same z t ( "p #a4 ,! intonation is v di/9ct & ! "* unmi/akably p5tatonic4 ,9 measure #b !re is ! h>mony-int]val ( a p]fect f\r? foll[$ imm$iately by t ( a m9or ?ird1 ! same succession z 0 us$ 9 ! ,da-eng1 ,girls' "p 7,record ,j74 ,9 ! f\r? & fif? measures ( ?is "p are f\nd unprep>$ m9or ?irds1 :i* also appe> 9 ,record ,j4 ,^! h>monies are n s primitive z ^? f\nd 9 ! boys' "p ( ! same c]emony 7see ,record ,a74 ,! tempo ?r\gh\t ?is "p is #hj & ! rhy?m /rongly m>k$4 ,!re is a wait betwe5 ! two l9es4 ,! ma*9e 0 evid5tly /opp$ at ?is po9t or ! ne$le rais$ & />t$ aga94 ,ea* l9e has ! uncommon numb] ( five measures ! same z ! fir/ "p1 b metrically ! "p is 9 #d_/d rhy?m4 ,! second "t ?r\gh1 ! s+]s seem to be /riv+ to repeat ! fir/ l9e ( ! movem5t ) embelli%m5ts consi/+ ( inv]t$ mord5ts1 appogiature1 & trills4 ,musically1 !re seems to be absolutely no connection betwe5 ?is song & ! o!r two ( ! same c]emony4 ,9 _m ways ?is song is ! mo/ int]e/+ ( ^? submitt$4 ,9 orig9 x probably dates betwe5 ! o!r two4 ,x is n giv5 consecutively on ! record1 z !re 7 breaks betwe5 ea* two l9es :ile ! ne$le 0 rais$4 ,da-,eng4 ,girls' "p4 ,record ,j4 ,sung :ile danc+ 9 a religi\s c]emony4 ,! record %[s b two voices "o ( :i* is greatly pr$om9ant 9 /r5g? & confid5ce z if x 7 ! lead]'s voice4 ,! song is ca/ 9 ! scale ( ,b m9or4 ,x is n p5tatonic4 ,! s+]s w\ld employ1 s an int]rogation-m>k is2 plac$ bel[ t be ei!r ,a-natural or ,a-%>p1 accord+ to :e!r ! scale is ! natural m9or or ! h>monic m9or1 x is n possible to det]m9e :i* tone ! s+]s w\ld employ1 s an int]rogation m>k is plac$ bel[ t note4 ,! rais$ f\r? 7,e-%>p71 %[n 9 ! fif? measure ( f\r out ( ! six v]ses1 is p]fectly int5tional on ! "p ( ! s+]s1 b musically1 is to be int]pret$ z an accid5tal1 & does n affect ! scale ( ! song4 ,9 ?is song we aga9 h ! int]val ( a f\r? )\t ! six? above4 ,x occurs f\r times1 ea* "t foll[$ imm$iately by ! less primitive & m h>moni\s int]val ( a m9or ?ird4 ,! m9or ?ird h>mony also occurs 9 ?ree o!r measures1--9 ^! )\t prep>ation4 ,^! m9or ?irds are all ! same1--,b-,d1 ! f\ndation ( ! tonic *ord ( ! key1--evid5ce t ! s+]s h a ke5 s5se ( ! m9or tonality4 ,! tempo alt]nates betwe5 #if & #ajh4 ,! fir/ half ( ea* l9e is giv5 at #if1 b ! second half is tak5 m rapidly at #ajh beats p] m9ute4 ,ea* ( ^! rhy?ms is v ev5ly pres]v$1 ! "t be+ well m>k$ by acc5t$ notes & pulsations ( ! voice z %[n 9 ! score4 ,! figures at ! ends ( ! l9es indicate ! numb] ( beats re/ actually tak5 by ! p]=m]s4 ,twice !y take ! normal numb] f\r1 :i*1 if pres]v$ ?r\gh\t1 w\ld place ! song 9 ! regul> eight-measure =m4 ,"s ( ! measures are #d_/d1 & "s are #c_/d4 ,9 ea* v]se ( ?is song we f9d an example ( ! *>act]i/ic :i* ,i h t]m$ a jog4 ,x is se5 9 ea* next-to-la/ measure ) special sign b5ea?4 ,! jogs 9 ! #bnd1 #d?1 & #f? measures are ! be/ def9$ 7see table ( special signs "u ,introduction1 p4 #ddd74 ,!re are ?ree qualities 9 ?is song1 :i* indicate t x is ( m mod]n orig9 ?an ei!r ( ! o!r two :i* belong to ! same c]emony4 ,! frequ5t & und\bt$ly int5tional use ( ! rais$ f\r? giv+ ! half /ep ,e-%>p to ,f-%>p2 ! p]si/5t recurr5ce ( ! h>dly primitive1 m9or-?ird h>mony2 & ! fact t ! song is n ca/ 9 ! p5tatonic scale1 z are ! o!r two records ( ! same c]emony1 po9t to a m mod]n orig94 ,x may be t 9 ! e>lie/ practice ( ?is c]emony ! girls or wom5 did n p>ticipate1 _! p>ts hav+ be5 a lat] addition4 ,?is c\ld n be det]m9$ musically1 h[ev]1 )\t exam9+ m records ( songs f ?is or simil> c]emonies4 ,bogoyas ,record ,k4 ,sung by a woman4 ,?is is a woman's song ( praise1 complim5t>y to ! ho/ at a p>ty4 ,! s+] makes use ( all ! scale tones ( ! major key ( ,e-flat1 except ! ,d-natural4 ,! ,b-natural f\nd 9 ! next-to-la/ measure is a pass+ tone1 & does n affect ! scale or tonality4 ,at t po9t ! sugge/$ support+ h>mony is an augm5t$ triad ^u ! tonic lead+ into ! subdom9ant4 ,) ! exception ( ?is "o measure1 ! song is 9 ! five-note scale4 ,not)/&+ t ?is measure conta9s two ,a-flats & also ! pass+ tone ,b-natural1 bo? ( :i* tones are =eign to ?is p>ticul> five-note scale1 ! song is n robb$ ( its p5tatonic "*4 ,! rhy?m ( ?is song is int]e/+4 ,x alt]nates ?r\gh\t betwe5 #d_/d & #e_/d4 ,x might h be5 notat$ 9 #i_/d "t in/ead1 9 :i* case x w\ld h b five measures4 ,! s+] uses ! d[nw>d gliss&os1 s *>act]i/ic ( ne>ly all ( ! ,t+uian songs ( ?is gr\p4 ,^! gliss&os are indicat$ by oblique l9es drawn b5ea? ! tones cov]$ by ! slide4 ,9 ! second measure !re is an almo/ inaudible tone at ! end ( ! gliss&o4 ,x is indicat$ by a small1 squ>e note4 ,c>eful li/5+ to ! record at ?is po9t %[s t ! s+] really leaves ! pr9cipal tone ,e-flat & slides ) a sudd5 dy+-d[n ( volume4 ,! abruptness ) :i* ! s\nd ( ! voice fades z x />ts ! gliss&o1 leaves ! impression ( ,e-flat /ill s\nd+4 ,"o tone 9 ?is song is giv5 on ! inhal$ brea?4 ,x is indicat$ by a circle ) a dot 9 ! c5t] plac$ b5ea? ! note4 ,?is tone 0 produc$ well back 9 ! ?roat1 :ile ! s+] %>ply inhal$ ! brea?4 ,?is artifice1 occasionally us$ by ! ,t+uian1 is seldom1 if ev]1 he>d 9 ! s++ ( civiliz$ peoples 7= o!r examples1 see analysis ( ,record ,m1 ,dang-dang-ay74 ,?is song1 giv5 by a woman1 has n ! well-m>k$ motive developm5t %[n 9 ! o!r ,bogoyas1 sung by a man4 ,h[ev]1 we f9d two q di/9ct1 prevail+ ideas set =?4 ,! fir/ includes ! :ole ( ! fir/ measure & ! fir/ beat ( ! second4 ,x seems to be 9 ! nature ( a "q :i* f9ds its answ] 9 ! rema9d] ( ! second measure1 & aga9 9 ! ?ird1 & aga9 9 ! f\r? measure4 ,x is ! same answ]1 b express$ ea* "t 9 a little diff]5t mann]4 ,9 ! fif? measure & c>ry+ ov] into ! six?1 ! que/ion+ is he>d aga94 ,al?\gh put =? 9 a diff]5t arrangem5t ( tones1 x is ! same musical ?\ght z t express$ 9 ! fir/ measure4 ,?is "t x is answ]$ b once4 ,! answ] takes p>ts ( two measures4 ,n[ foll[s ano!r qu]y simil> to ! fir/1 & aga9 comes ! answ] fully express$ 9 ea* ( ! two conclud+ measures4 ,! pr9cipal int]e/ 9 ?is c5t]s ar\nd ! ,b-natural1 indicat+ t ! s+] has a v decid$ appreciation ( ! half /ep & ( ! upw>d lead+ t5d5cy ( a tone rais$ a semitone by an accid5tal4 ,na-,way ,record ,l4 ,sung at ! celebration :i* closes ! p]iod ( m\rn+ = ! dead4 ,!re are two voices he>d 9 ! record1 probably wom54 ,9 t5 ( ! measures !re is a splitt+ up ( ! p>ts4 ,9 ! fir/ measure ( ea* ( ! second & ?ird l9es1 & also 9 ! ?ird measure ( ! ?ird l9e1 ! diff]5ce 9 ! p>ts is ow+ to unc]ta9ty ( attack1 "o ( ! s+]s1 usually ! lead]1 />t+ ! syllable ahead ( ! o!r p]=m]4 ,9 ! second measure ( ! la/ l9e1 ! fir/ div]g5ce is caus$ by ! lead] tak+ ,e by way ( embelli%m5t2 & ! second div]g5ce1 produc+ a m9or ?ird1 is caus$ by ! o!r voice dropp+ to ,b too soon4 ,^! are n int5tional h>monies4 ,! o!r six dep>tures f unison are caus$ by ! lead] embelli%+ h] "p4 ,! appogiatura1 %[n ) a t9y circle above1 has ! quality ( falsetto4 ,! s+] yodles d[n to ! pr9cipal tone ,b4 ,! song is /rictly p5tatonic4 ,peculi>ly en\gh1 x may be consid]$ z belong+ to any "o ( ! foll[+ tonalities1 ,b m9or1 ,e m9or1 or ,g major1 ?\gh !re is no ,g 9 ! melody4 ,! song seems ! mo/ primitive1 h[ev]1 :5 consid]$ 9 ! key ( ,e m9or1 = ! h>monies requir$ to place x 9 ?is tonality c>ry m ( ! primitive atmosph]e ?an d ! *ords :i* are requir$ 9 ei!r ( ! o!r tonalities4 ,9 ?is connection x w\ld be int]e/+ to "k j h[ ^! v>i\s h>monizations w\ld appeal to ! ,t+uian4 ,x is a well-kn[n fact among musicians :o h record$ ! songs ( primitive peoples1 t ?\gh ! songs are us$ ) practically no h>monies1 yet ! s+]s feel an h>monic support :i* !y d n express4 ,exp]im5ts along ?is l9e h be5 tri$ ) ! ,am]ican ,indians4 ,v>i\s h>monizations ( a giv5 melody h be5 play$ = !m1 a melody :i* !y !mselves s+ only 9 unison1 & !y h be5 v quick to *oose ! p>ticul> h>monic support :i* appeals to !m z be+ an audible expression ( ! vague some?+ :i* !y feel )91 b d n attempt to voice4 ,! tones ( ?is song :5 arrang$ to repres5t ! scale ( ,e m9or co9cide exactly ) ! scale tones ( two ( ! tun+s ( ! ,japanese #ac /r+$ koto4 ,^! tun+s 7 bo? borr[$ by ! ,japanese f ! ,*9ese by :om !y 7 us$ z special tun+s ( ! *'91 or k91 "o ( ! mo/ anci5t ( musical in/rum5ts4 ,9 ea* ( ! elev5 gliss&os %[n 9 ! notation1 ! voices drop sudd5ly to approximately ! tone %[n by ! small squ>e note4 ,! glides are tak5 dim9u5do1 ! tone dy+ away completely4 ,! sudd5 dim9uation ( tone tak5 ) a gliss&o gives an effect some?+ l a %ort groan4 ,! song is 9 sev5-measure p]iods4 ,dang-,dang-,ay ,record ,m4 ,sung by wom5 :ile p\nd+ rice out ( ! /raw & husks4 ,only "o voice c be di/+ui%$ 9 ! record4 ,x is t ( a woman4 ,?\gh /rongly p5tatonic 9 "*1 ! song is ca/ 9 ! diatonic scale ( ,f major4 ,metrically !re is consid]able fre$om4 #c_/d1 #d_/d1 & #e_/d rhy?ms are ?r[n 9 ) ! mo/ haphaz>d ab&on1 yet x has ! ev5 puls+ :i* %\ld dom9ate a song ( ?is "*4 ,! song is 9 two r di/9ct movem5ts4 ,! fir/1 9 spite ( ! two triplets ?r[n 9 at ! fir/ & ?ird measures1 has a /raight-away motion :i* (f]s a /rik+ contra/ to ! m graceful1 sway+ second "p :i* is mo/ly 9 triplets4 ,! *ange f "o /yle to ! o!r is made by ! s+] ) no v>iation 9 tempo4 ,x is !re=e admirably adapt$ to accompany ! regul> fall+ ( ! pe/les :ile beat+ out ! rice4 ,ne> ! close ( ! song are two notes ) ,sun ov] !m4 ,^! 7 vocaliz$ on ! inhal$ bread? 7= o!r examples ( ,inhal$ ,tones1 see analysis ( ,record ,k1 ,bogoyas74 ,?is song conta9s sev5 examples ( ! ,jog 7see ,def9ition ( ,qualities1 p4 #dgi74 ,^? 9 ! second "p ( ! song are ! be/ def9$4 ,"o ( ^! is %[n ) op5 head4 ,?is jog is giv5 ! mo/ ne>ly l ! ,igorot mann] ( execution ( any ( ! examples f\nd 9 ^! f\rte5 songs4 ,9 g5]al "*1 ?is song some:at resembles ! ,boys' ,"p ( ! ,da-eng c]emony 7,record ,a74 ,kuilay-,kuilay ,record ,n4 ,sung by wom5 :ile pass+ liquor4 ,!re is "o s+] only on ?is record4 ,x is a woman4 ,! song is giv5 9 a lively1 jolly1 rollick+ /yle4 ,x is ca/ 9 ! ,f major scale4 ,! melody has good v>iety4 ,at times x def9es q cle>ly ! h>monic outl9e by foll[+ ! tonal framework ( ! tonic1 dom9ant1 or subord9ant *ords4 ,pass+ tones are us$ m freely & naturally 9 ?is song ?an 9 any ( ! o!rs4 ,9 ! ?ird measure ( ! fif? l9e1 ! s+] v pla9ly vocalizes a half /ep f ,f to ,e4 ,! second & f\r? l9es also %[ semitones1 ?\gh ^! are n s di/9ctly giv5 on ! record z ! o!r example4 ,9 ! la/ measure ( ! ?ird l9e !re is a modulation into ! tonality ( ,b-flat :i* c>ries ?r\gh two measures4 ,9 ! fif? l9e are ?ree acc5ts :i* make ! met] r elusive at t po9t4 ,! two small notes %[n at ! beg9n+ ( ! ?ird l9e seem to be spok5 ) no attempt at vocalization4 ,!y are notat$1 h[ev]1 at ! pit* ( ! speak+ voice4 ,! small note %[n 9 ! bottom l9e is giv5 v fa9tly 9 ! record & seems m l a muffl$ exclamation ?an an int5tionally vocaliz$ tone4 ,! tempo ?r\gh\t is q regul>1 foll[+ ! indicat$ pulse ( #ib 9 bo? ! #f_/h & #b_/d rhy?ms4 ,9 ! latt] "p ( ! song !re are a numb] ( *anges betwe5 duple & triple rhy?m4 ,! s+] makes ^! *anges ) p]fect ease & s+s ! gr\ps ) t exactness ( proportion :i* *>act]izes ! p]=mance ( mo/ ( ! s+]s 9 ^! records4 ,musically ?is song is /rik+ly adapt$ to ! purpose = :i* x is int5d$4 ,tabulation ( ,qualities & ,*>act]i/ics4--,! qualities f\nd 9 ! records h be5 tabulat$ "u two ma9 head+s4 ,"u ! caption1 ,r>ely or ,nev] ,he>d 9 ,mod]n ,music1 are li/$ ^? qualities :i*1 s f> z pres5t rese>* goes1 are s v unusual t !y may be t]m$ musical idiosyncrasies ( ! race4 ,^! qualities are s ecc5tric t if f\nd 9 sev]al ( ! songs1 ev5 if ! numb] ( songs be mu* 9 ! m9ority1 ! qualities may be accept$ z *>act]i/ics4 #beb ,to receive recognition z a *>act]i/ic1 any quality f\nd "u ! o!r head+1 ,commonly ,he>d1 w\ld necess>ily h to %[ t x q p]si/5tly occurr$ ?r\gh\t a l>ge majority ( ! songs4 ,! columns ( ! l>ge table1 :5 read horizontally1 %[ :i* qualities appe> 9 a giv5 song4 ,read v]tically !y %[ ! degrees ( dom9ance ( ! v>i\s qualities4 ,! songs are gr\p$ "u two heads1 ^? giv5 by m5 & boys1 & ^? giv5 by wom5 & girls4 ,?is w facilitate comp>ison ( ! degrees ( dom9ance ( ! qualities f\nd 9 ! songs ( ea*4 #bec ,numb]s h be5 put d[n 9 "s ( ! columns ( ! table4 ,^! figures indicate ! numb] ( times ! quality appe>$ 9 ! song4 ,if ! song has sev]al v]ses on ! record1 & ! quality appe>s ! same numb] ( times 9 ea*1 !n ! tabulation gives ! numb] ( times 9 b a s+le v]se4 ,if ! v]ses v>y 9 ! use ( ! quality1 !n an av]age has be5 /ruck & figure put d[n 9 ! tabulation4 ,9 ^? songs :]e a c]ta9 quality occurs ) su* irregul>ity t x 0 impossible to repres5t ! av]age )\t fractions1 only ! m>k ,x has be5 put d[n 9 ! table1 simply to indicate t ! quality 0 pres5t4 ,su* qualities z ,tonality1 ,"*1 ,/ructure1 ,scale1 etc41 naturally1 ) few exceptions1 run ?r\gh ! :ole song1 & !y are indicat$ by ! ,x4 ,"s songs h bo? ( two oppos$ qualities4 ,:5 ?is occurs1 x is %[n by *eck+ bo? qualities4 #bed ,"s qualities :i* 7 pres5t1 b indet]m9able are indicat$ by an int]rogation-po9t4 #bee ,foll[+ ! tabulation is giv5 a detail$ explanation or def9ition ( ea* ( ! qualities li/$ at ! heads ( ! v]tical columns4 ,dy+ ,tones4--,f\nd only at ! end ( "s few gliss&os4 ,on ! glide1 ! volume ( s\nd dim9i%es s rapidly t :5 ! f9al tone ( ! gr\p is rea*$1 ! s\nd has practically di$ out4 ,! effect is some?+ l a %ort groan ) no angui% 9 x4 ,sign1--same z a mut$ note1 b writt5 at ! end ( a gliss&o4 ,mut$ ,tones4--,sort ( half-articulat$ tones1 if ,i may use t expression4 ,)\t m records ( ! same songs 9 :i* ^! are %[n1 x is n possible to det]m9e :e!r !y are int5d$ by ! s+]s z necess>y p>ts ( ! records4 ,sign1--note ) small squ>e head4 ,inhal$ ,tones4--,tones produc$ well back 9 ! ?roat :ile %>ply inhal+ ! brea? r ?an exhal+ x1 z practic$ almo/ univ]sally by s+]s4 ,sign1--circle ) dot 9 c5t]4 ,pulsat$ ,tones4--,tones ( m ?an "o beat sung ) a ry?mic /ress+ usually 9 accord ) ! "t met] or "s multiple ( t met]4 ,pulsation is r>ely he>d among mod]n musicians1 except 9 drill+ ensemble s++4 ,x is he>d q frequ5tly 9 ! s++ ( our ,am]ican ,indians & 9 ! songs ( sev]al o!r primitive peoples4 ,x occurs to "s ext5t 9 ne>ly e "o ( ! ,t+uian m5's songs4 ,x is f\nd 9 b "o ( ^? sung by wom54 ,?\gh pusation does s]ve to def9e ! rhy?m1 ,i believe x is us$ by primitive peoples mo/ly z a purely ae/hetic t\*4 ,x is indicat$ 9 ! notation by ! usual musical /accato sign ?us1 --44444 ,swell$ ,tones4--,tones usually ( f two to f\r beats :i* are sung ) increas+ volume to ! c5t]1 f9i%+ ) a decresc5do to ! end4 ,! ,swell is sometimes appli$ to tones ( m ?an f\r beats1 b :5 s us$1 x looses "s ( its "*4 ,swell$ tones mu/ be giv5 to s+le syllables only1 & !y are ! mo/ effective :5 introduc$ sev]al times 9 succession ) b few1 if any1 int]v5+ tones4 ,! sign :i* ,i h us$ is d\ble div]g+ l9es foll[$ by d\ble conv]g+ l9es plac$ "u ! note4 ,9 #aije x 0 my privilege to transcribe a numb] ( native songs f ! s++ ( a gr\p ( ,igorot4 ,9 ^! songs !y made frequ5t use ( swell$ tones4 ,d[nw>d ,gliss&os4--,an ev5 slid+ ( ! voice f ! topmo/ tone ( a gr\p to ! l[e/ ) no p]ceptible dwell+ on any int]m$iate tone & )\t 9 any mann] def9+ any ( ! tones ly+ betwe5 ! extremes4 ,sign1--a /raight l9e drawn obliquely d[nw>d b5ea? ! gr\p4 ,upw>d ,gliss&os4--,an ev5 slid+ ( ! voice upw>d )\t s\nd+ any ( ! int]m$iate tones4 ,sign1--a /raight l9e drawn obliquely upw>d b5ea? ! gr\p4 ,notes 9 ,gr\p1 ,beats 9 ,measure1 or ,measures 9 ,p]iod4--,gr\ps ( five seem to h no t]rors = ^! p4 ,9 mod]n music x is extremely unusual to f9d notes gr\p$ 9 fives1 or measures hav+ ! rhy?mic value ( five beats1 or p]iods made up ( measures 9 fives4 ,a /udy ( ! tabulation %[s t ! ,t+uian h a r natural b5t = gr\p+s 9 ?is numb]4 ,x seems easy = !m to drop into t metric =m4 ,i consid] ?is trait1 evid5c$ 9 _! melodies1 "o ( ! m>k$ *>act]i/ics ( _! music4 #bef ,gr\ps ( notes1 beats1 or measures 9 sev5 are s few 9 ^! records t we are n w>rant$ 9 accept+ x z a *>act]i/ic4 ,jog4--,an ov]-emphasiz$ %ort-appoggiatura ) always ei!r ! tonic or dom9ant ( ! key z ! pr9cipal tone4 ,! fir/ tone is usually an eigh? or sixte5? 9 value1 & mu/ /& on ! next degree above ! pr9cipal tone4 ,! pr9cipal tone is usually a qu>t] note or long] 9 value4 ,9 s++ ! jog1 ! %ort note is giv5 a v po9t$ acc5t1 ! voice dropp+ quickly ) a sort ( j]k to ! second1 unacc5t$1 su/a9$ tone4 ,x is execut$ )\t slid+1 bo? tones be+ well-def9$4 ,to be mo/ effective1 x %\ld be giv5 two1 ?ree1 or f\r times consecutively )\t int]v5+ tones4 ,?is device 0 he>d v frequ5tly 9 ! ,igorot songs2 9 fact1 "s ( _! songs consi/$ ( little else ?an ! jog s\nd$ fir/ on tonic two or ?ree times1 !n ! same numb] ( times on ! dom9ant1 !n aga9 on ! tonic1 !n on ! dom9ant1 & s on back & =?4 ,x w\ld be int]e/+ to "k j h[ commonly ?is device is us$ 9 ! s++ ( ! ,t+uian & also 9 ! music ( o!r tribes ( ^! ,isl&s4 ,f x we might le>n some?+ ( ! contact ( o!r tribes ) ! ,igorot4 ,japanese ,scales4--,= /ructure ( ^! scales1 see analysis ( ^? songs us+ "o or ano!r ( ! ,japanese tun+s or approximations to !m4 ,tonality4--,t entire gr\p ( h>monies :i*1 intimately relat$ to a f\ndation or tonic *ord1 may be consid]$ z clu/]$ ar\nd & drawn to x4 ,major ,tonality4 ,t tonality 9 :i* ! upp] two ( ! ?ree tones con/itut+ its tonic *ord1 :5 rang$ upw>d f its f\ndation tone1 are f\nd at di/ances ( f\r & sev5 semitones respectively f x4 ,m9or ,tonality4 ,t tonality 9 :i* ! upp] two ( ! ?ree tones con/itut+ its tonic *ord1 :5 rang$ upw>d f its f\ndation tone1 are f\nd at di/ances ( ?ree & sev5 semitones respectively f x4 ,p5tatonic ,"*4 ,t peculi> ess5ce or quality :i* a melody has :5 x is built up entirely or almo/ :olly ( ! tones ( ! p5tatonic or five-note scale4 ,! melody may employ sp>+ly "o or bo? ( ! two tones =eign to ! p5tatonic scale1 & yet its p5tatonic "* w n be de/roy$4 ,diatonic ,"*4 ,t quality :i* a melody takes on :5 ! two tones :i* are =eign to ! p5tatonic scale ( ! same key or tonality are freely employ$4 ,i use ?is t]m 9 contradi/9ction to ,p5tatonic ,"*1 & n 9 contradi/9ction to ,*romatic1 z x is usually employ$ 9 musical lit]ature4 ,melodic ,/ructure4 ,t =m ( fl[+ succession ( tones 9 :i* ! acc5t$ tones1 if consid]$ 9 sequ5ce1 %[ dom9ant non-adh]5ce to *ord int]vals4 ,h>monic ,/ructure4 ,t =m ( tonal succession 9 :i* ! tones ( ! melody foll[ r p]si/5tly ! /ructural outl9e ( *ords4 ,major ,p5tatonic ,scale4 ,t scale 9 :i* ! con/itu5t tones1 if consid]$ 9 upw>d sequ5ce1 w\ld %[ ! foll[+ arrangem5t ( :ole & :ole-&-a-half-/ep int]vals1--7:ole7 7:ole7 7:ole-&-a-half7 7:ole7 7:ole-&-a-half74 ,m9or ,p5tatonic ,scale4 ,t scale 9 :i* ! con/itu5t tones1 if consid]$ 9 upw>d sequ5ce1 w\ld %[ ! foll[+ arrangem5t ( :ole & :ole-&-a-half /ep int]vals1--7:ole-&-a-half7 7:ole7 7:ole7 7:ole-&-a-half7 7:ole74 ,! p5tatonic scale is m>k$ly primitive 9 "*4 ,x is kn[n to h be5 9 use ant]ior to ! "t ( ,guido d',arezzo1 :i* w\ld give x a date prior to ! beg9n+ ( ! #aa? c5tury4 #beg ,r[bo?am ascribes ! inv5tion ( scales to ^? primitive musicians :o1 /riv+ = great] v>iety 9 _! "o-ton$ *ants1 add$ fir/ "o newly-discov]$ tone1 !n ano!r1 & ano!r4 #beh ,! p5tatonic scale might h result$ f su* *ant+4 ,mo/ ( ! primitive peoples ( ! pres5t day d n seem to feel or he> m5tally ! half /ep4 ,if musicians ( e>ly days _h ?is same fail+1 x 0 only natural = !m to avoid t int]val by elim9at+ f _! songs "o or ! o!r ( ea* c\plet ( tones :i* if sung w\ld =m a half /ep1 ?us _! *ants w\ld be p5tatonic4 ,n only d p 9 ! primitive /ate fail to s5se ! half /ep1 b also p 9 mod]n environm5t :o h he>d v infrequ5tly ?is smalle/ int]val ( mod]n music4 ,inability to s5se ?is int]val may be bett] und]/ood :5 we /op to consid] t mo/ ( u f9d x unnatural & difficult to he> m5tally ! /ill small] qu>t]-/ep int]val or "o ( ! ev5-yet-small] sub-divisions ( ! octave :i* "s peoples h come to recognize ?r\gh cultivation1 & h embodi$ 9 _! music4 ,?is t5d5cy to avoid ! half /ep & develop along ! l9e ( p5tatonic "* is sometimes se5 9 our own *ildr5 :5 !y foll[ _! natural b5t 9 s++4 ,x has be5 my obs]vation t *ildr5 ) "s musical creative ability1 b unaccu/om$ to he>+ mod]n music ) its half /eps1 almo/ inv>iably hum _! bits ( improvis$ melody 9 ! p5tatonic scale4 ,major ,diatonic ,scale4 ,t scale 9 :i* ! con/itu5t tones if consid]$ 9 upw>d sequ5ce w\ld %[ ! foll[+ arrangem5t ( :ole & half /ep int]vals1--7:ole7 7:ole7 7half7 7:ole7 7:ole7 7:ole7 7half74 ,natural ,m9or ,diatonic ,scale4 ,t scale 9 :i* ! con/itu5t tones1 if consid]$ 9 upw>d sequ5ce1 w\ld %[ ! foll[+ arrangem5t ( :ole & half /ep int]vals1--7:ole7 7half7 7:ole7 7:ole7 7half7 7:ole7 7:ole74 ,h>monic ,m9or ,diatonic ,scale4 ,t scale 9 :i* ! con/itu5t tones1 if consid]$ 9 upw>d sequ5ce1 w\ld %[ ! foll[+ arrangem5t ( half1 :ole & :ole-&-a-half /ep int]vals1--7:ole7 7half7 7:ole7 7:ole7 7half7 7:ole-&-a-half7 7half74 ,melodic ,m9or ,diatonic ,scale 7,asc5d+74 ,t scale 9 :i* ! con/itu5t tones1 if consid]$ 9 upw>d sequ5ce1 w\ld %[ ! foll[+ arrangem5t ( :ole & half /ep int]vals1--7:ole7 7half7 7:ole7 7:ole7 7:ole7 7:ole7 7half74 ,falsetto4 ,artificial or /ra9$ head-tones :i* s\nd an octave above ! natural tone4 ,sign1--a t9y circle above ! note4 ,9 record ,l4 ,naway is %[n "o falsetto tone4 ,x is unusual to f9d ?is effect 9 a woman's voice4 ,semitones ,sung4 ,?is ne$s no def9ition4 ,! classification is put d[n to %[ to :at ext5t ^! s+]s appreciate ! half-/ep int]vals1 & are able to vocalize x 7see prece$+ def9ition ( ,p5tatonic ,scale = footnote relative to appreciation ( ?is int]val74 ,sign1--curv$ bracket above or bel[ ! notes4 ,9 ^! records ! m5 use ! half-/ep int]val 9 six ( _! sev5 songs1 :ile ! wom5 make use ( x 9 b ?ree ( _! eight songs4 ,appoggiature4 ,^!1 ) ! exception ( "o d\ble "o %[n 9 ! ,bagoyas 7,record ,g71 are all ( ! s+le1 %ort v>iety4 ,! s+]s execute !m ) ! usual quickness he>d 9 mod]n music1 b ) ! acc5t ab\t equally divid$ betwe5 ! appoggiatura & ! pr9cipal tone4 ,9 ! transcription !y are indicat$ by ! usual musical symbol1--a small eigh? note ) a slant+ /roke ?r\gh ! hook4 ,mord5ts4 ,^? us$ 9 ^! songs are all ( ! inv]t$ k9d1 & 7 execut$ by ! s+]s 9 ! mann] us$ by mod]n musicians2 t is1 by giv+ a quick1 s+le alt]nation ( ! pr9cipal tone ) ! next scale tone above4 ,indicat$ 9 ! score by ! usual musical symbol4 ,trills & ,wav]s4 ,^! ne$ no comm5t except to call att5tion to ! fact t !re are none f\nd 9 ! regul> songs ( ! wom54 ,! "o %[n 9 ,record ,i 7,da-eng1 ,boys & ,girls alt]nat+7 is 9 ! boys' "p4 ,*ang+ ,betwe5 ,duple & ,triple ,rhy?m4 ,i consid] ?is q a /rik+ quality 9 ^! songs4 ,"s primitive peoples %[ little conc]n ov] su* rhy?mic *anges1 9 fact1 among "s races :]e p]cussive in/rum5ts are us$ to accompany ! s++1 we frequ5tly he> ! two rhy?ms at ! same "t fitt$ p]fectly "o aga9/ ! o!r4 ,?is is especially true among our ,am]ican ,indians4 ,:ile x is n uncommon to f9d compositions 9 mod]n music us+ ^! two rhy?ms alt]nately1 !y are alt]nat$ r sp>+ly4 ,a great _m musicians h difficulty 9 pass+ smoo?ly f "o to ! o!r1 pres]v+ p]fect proportions 9 ! note values4 ,9 not+ d[n 9 ! table ! f9d+s "u ?is head1 ,i h put d[n "u ea* song1 n ! numb] ( duple or triple or quadruple gr\ps 9 ! song1 b r ! numb] ( *anges :i* occur4 ,aft] "o has made ! transition f "o /yle ( rhy?m to ! o!r1 & has ! new sw+ e/abli%$1 manife/ly x is no special feat to foll[ along 9 t same k9d ( measure2 b ! real te/ is ! *ange to ! rhy?m ( ! o!r sort4 ,= in/ance1 9 ! ,song ( ! ,_s 7,record ,e71 ,i f9d b #ca measures & p>ts ( measures :i* are 9 triple rhy?m1 yet ! s+] _h to *ange 8 met] #dg times to execute ^!4 ,on ! o!r h&1 ! ,dang-dang-ay 7,record ,m71 has 9 x #ba triple-"t measures & triplet gr\ps ( notes1 b because ( ! p]si/5ce ( ! triple rhy?m1 :5 once e/abli%$ 9 ! second "p1 ! song requires a *ang+ ( sw+ b #ag times4 ,because ( ! frequ5cy ( *anges f\nd ?r\gh\t ^! songs1 & not+1 z he>d 9 ! records1 ! precision ) :i*1 9 ne>ly e in/ance1 a new rhy?m is tak51 ,i conclude t ! ,t+uian h a rem>kable grasp ( diff]5t metric values1 :i* enables !m to *ange readily f "o to ! o!r4 ,naturally ?is trait w\ld /amp itself ^u _! music1 & ,i consid] ! use ( su* frequ5t metric *anges a dom9ant *>act]i/ic4 ,al?\gh frequ5t rhy?mic *ange is also /rongly *>act]i/ic ( ! music ( "s o!r peoples1 z ,i h indicat$ else:]e1 x is important to tabulate x "h to diff]5tiate ! ,t+uian f ^? peoples :o d n make use ( x4 ,m9or #crds1 ,p]fect #d?s1 & ,p]fect #e?s4 ,^! are ! only int5tional h>monies f\nd 9 ^! songs4 ,x is int]e/+ to note t ! only examples are 9 ! ,da-eng c]emony1 :]e all ?ree are us$1 "s 9 "o "p & "s 9 ano!r4 ,among "s primitive peoples1 only ! m5 take "p 9 ! songs4 ,! e>ly *ant+ ( all peoples 0 q likely by m54 ,probably ! mo/ primitive h>mony 0 a p]fect fif? result+ f ! attempt ( m5 ) diff]5t ranges to s+ toge!r4 ,! diff]5ce betwe5 a bass & a t5or voice is j ab\t a fif?4 ,betwe5 an alto & a soprano x is ab\t a f\r?4 ,! diff]5ce 9 ^! voices made x impossible to s+ melodies ( wide range 9 unison1 & s ! basses & t5ors sang 9 consecutive fif?s4 ,:5 wom5 took up ! *ant+1 !y sang ei!r 9 fif?s or 9 f\r?s4 ,^! h>monies appeal$ to !m1 & s cont9u$ 9 use ev5 :5 !re 0 no exig5cy on acc\nt ( re/rict$ range4 ,ref]r+ aga9 to ! ,da-eng c]emony1 x is int]e/+ to obs]ve t ! ?ree diff]5t p>ts ( ?is c]emony are 9 di/9ct scales1 & t ! "p sung by ! girls alone1 is diatonic 9 "* :ile ! o!r two p>ts are p5tatonic4 ,conclusion4--,i h long be5 ( ! op9ion t ! music ( diff]5t peoples %\ld be giv5 m consid]ation by sci5ti/s 9 _! endeavor to trace cultural relation%ips4 ,9 ye>s gone by1 e?nologi/s h atta*$ too little importance to ! be>+ :i* music has on _! sci5ce4 ,i am ( ! op9ion t e peculi>ity1 ev5 to ! smalle/ elem5t t ent]s into ! make-up ( a giv5 melody1 has "s influ5ce back ( x :i* has det]m9$ ! elem5t & %ap$ x into comb9ation4 ,x is n unlikely t a ?or\gh /udy ( ! music w\ld reveal ^! influ5ces1 & ?r\gh !m e/abli% hi!rto unkn[n e?nological facts4 ,i believe t a c>eful /udy ( a l>ge numb] ( ! songs or in/rum5tal pieces ( a p w reveal a q def9ite g5]al s*eme ( con/ruction :i* c be accept$ z repres5tative ( t p alone2 & if su* an analysis be made ( ! music ( _m peoples & ! f9d+s s tabulat$ t ! mat]ial w be compreh5sible to e?nologi/s tra9$ to t bran* ( musical rese>*1 _m int]e/+ & in/ructive side-lights w be ?r[n on ! "q ( tribal relation%ip4 ,i realize t to exam9e exhau/ively & !n tabulate ! *>act]i/ics f\nd 9 ! music ( j "o ( ! _m peoples ( ! globe w\ld be some?+ ( an und]tak+2 b nev]!less ,i believe ! "w %\ld be und]tak5 9 ?is l>ge way1 & :5 x is1 ,i am sure ! results w ju/ify ! exp]im5t4 ,i appreciate t !re is an intangible some?+ ab\t music1 :i* may prove baffl+ :5 x comes to r$uc+ x to cold sci5tific symbols & descriptions4 ,take1 = in/ance1 quality ( tone4 ,ea* "o ( u kn[s p]fectly ! v>i\s qualities ( ! diff]5t speak+ voices ( fri5ds & acqua9tances1 yet h[ _m ( u c s accurately describe ^? qualities to a /rang] t he also may be able to id5tify ! voices among a ?\s& o!rs4 ,! tabulation ( su* elusive qualities w\ld h to be 9 v g5]al t]ms4 ,su* indef9able *>act]i/ics w\ld1 to "s ext5t1 h to dep5d = comp>ison ^u ! memory ( ^? work]s :o _h receiv$ fir/-h& impressions4 ,x w\ld be some?+ l a pres5t-day musician id5tify+ an unfamili> composition z belong+ to ! ,fr5* s*ool1 ! ,italian s*ool1 or ! ,russian s*ool2 & yet1 ?is same musician might n be able to po9t out ) def9it5ess a s+le *>act]i/ic ( t p>ticul> s-call$ s*ool4 ,?\gh ,i h held ^! op9ions = sev]al ye>s1 ,i am m ?an ev] conv9c$1 s9ce exam9+ ^! few ,t+uian records1 t some?+ really tangible & wor? :ile c be d$uc$ f ! music ( v>i\s primitive peoples1 & ,i tru/ ?is bran* ( e?nology w soon receive m s]i\s recognition4 ,manife/ly x w\ld be unwise to draw any unalt]able conclusions f ! exam9ation ( b f\rte5 records ( a p4 ,b ev5 9 ?is comp>atively small numb] ( songs1 rang+ z !y d ov] su* a v>iety ( applications & uses1 x is possible to see t5d5cies :i* ! exam9ation ( m records may confirm z def9ite *>act]i/ics4 ,:ile x w\ld be presumptu\s at ?is "t to attempt to =mulate a ,t+uian /yle1 ,i tru/ t :at ,i h tabulat$ may prove valuable 9 summ+ up ! total evid5ce1 :i* w accumulate z o!r surveys are made2 & if p]*ance1 ! f9d+s "h set d[n & ! conclusions t5tatively drawn f !m help to cle> up any obscure e?nological po9t1 ! ef=t has be5 well sp5t4 ,alb]t ,gale4 ,,conclusions ,! fir/ impression ga9$ by ! /ud5t ( ,philipp9e e?nology is t !re is a fundam5tal unity ( ! ,philipp9e peoples1 ! ,negrito except$1 n only 9 blood & spee*1 b 9 religi\s beliefs & practices1 9 lore1 9 cu/oms1 & indu/ries4 ,x is realiz$ t contact ) outside nations has 9 _m ways obscur$ ! old] modes ( ?\ght1 & has (t5 swamp$ native crafts1 :ile ea* gr\p has d\btless develop$ _m ( its pres5t cu/oms on ,philipp9e soil2 yet x seems t en\gh ( ! old /ill rema9s to proclaim !m z a p ) a common ance/ry4 ,to :at ext5t ?is belief is ju/ifi$ c be answ]$1 9 "p1 by ! mat]ial 9 ! prec$+ pages4 ,a /udy ( ! physical types has %[n t ea* gr\p consid]$ is made up ( het]og5e\s elem5ts4 ,pigmy blood is ev]y:]e evid5t1 b aside f ?is !re is a well-m>k$ bra*ycephalic & a doli*ocephalic elem5t4 ,) ! latt] is a great] t5d5cy ?an ) ! fir/ = ! face to be angul>2 ! *eek bones are m out/&+1 :ile !re is a great] l5g? & bread? ( ! nose4 ,individuals ( ea* type are f\nd 9 all ! gr\ps consid]$1 b tak5 9 ! av]age1 x is f\nd t ! ,ilocano & ,valley ,t+uian fall into ! fir/ or r\nd-head$ class1 ! ,bontoc ,igorot are mesaticephalic1 :ile betwe5 !m are ! m\nta9 ,t+uian & ,apayao4 ,judg+ f _! habitat & ! physical data1 x appe>s t ! ,igorot gr\ps 7 ! fir/ com]s2 t ! bra*ycephalic ,ilocano-,t+uian arriv$ lat] & took possession ( ! coa/1 & t ! two gr\ps h int]m>ri$ to =m ! int]m$iate peoples4 ,h[ev]1 a comp>ison ( our ,luzon measurem5ts ) ! p ( s\!rn ,*9a & ! ,p]ak ,malay leads u to believe t ! tribes ( nor?we/]n ,luzon are all closely relat$ to ! dom9ant peoples ( s\!rn ,*9a1 ,indo-,*9a1 & ,malaysia 9 g5]al1 9 all ( :i* ! int]m+l+ ( ^! types is app>5t4 ,! dialects ( nor?we/]n ,luzon1 :ile n mutually intelligible1 are simil> 9 morphology1 & h a consid]able "p ( _! vocabul>ies 9 common4 ,"h aga9 ! ,igorot is at "o extreme1 ! ,ilocano & ,valley ,t+uian at ! o!r1 :ile ! int]v5+ gr\ps are int]m$iate1 b ) a /rong lean+ t[>d ! coa/ tongue4 ,consid]+1 = ! mom5t1 ! ,bontoc ,igorot & ! ,t+uian1 x is f\nd t bo? h c]ta9 elem5ts ( culture :i* are d\btless old possessions1 z1 = in/ance1 head-hunt+1 t]rac$ rice-fields1 iron-work+1 a peculi> type ( %ield1 & a battle-axe :i* !y %>e ) ! ,apayao ( ,luzon & ! ,naga ( ,assam4 ,a "p or all ( ^! may be due to a common h]itage1 at any rate1 !y help to /r5g!n ! feel+ t 9 remote times ^! peoples 7 closely relat$4 ,b a detail$ /udy ( _! social organizations2 ( _! c]emonies1 songs1 & dances2 ( _! cu/oms at bir?1 m>riage1 dea?1 & burial2 ( _! h\se-build+2 z well z ! details ( c]ta9 occupations1 su* z ! rice culture1 pott]y mak+1 & weav+1 indicates t n only h !y be5 long sep>at$1 b t !y h be5 subject$ to v diff]5t outside influ5ces1 probably prior to _! entry into ! ,philipp9es4 ,x is n 9 ! prov9ce ( ?is monograph to deal ) ! probable affiliations ( ! ,igorot1 nei!r is x our int5tion to attempt to locate ! anci5t home ( ! ,t+uian1 nor to connect !m ) any exi/+ gr\ps4 ,h[ev]1 our in=mation seems to ju/ify u 9 c]ta9 g5]al conclusions4 ,x %[s t ! (t repeat$ ass]tions ( ,*9ese ance/ry are )\t f\ndation4 ,x %[s t1 :ile trade ) ,*9a _h introduc$ hundr$s ( pieces ( pott]y & "s o!r objects into ?is region1 yet ,*9ese influ5ce _h n be5 ( an intimate en\gh nature to influ5ce ! language or cu/oms1 or to introduce any indu/ry4 ,on ! o!r h&1 we f9d abundant evid5ce t 9 ne>ly e phase ( life ! ,t+uian 7 at "o "t /rongly influ5c$ by ! peoples to ! s\?1 & ev5 to-day %[ mu* 9 common ) ,java1 ,sumatra1 ! ,malay ,p59sula1 & ?r\gh !m ) ,india4 ,z a case 9 po9t we f9d 9 ! proc$ure at bir? t ! ,t+uian are 9 accord ) ! ,p59sul> ,malay 9 at lea/ eight p>ticul>s1 "s ( :i*1 su* z ! burn+ ( a fire beside ! "m & newborn babe = a mon? or m1 ! frequ5t ba?+ ( bo? 9 wat] conta9+ leaves & h]bs1 ! fumigat+ ( ! baby1 ! ?r[+ ( a%es to bl9d evil spirits1 are suffici5tly di/9ctive to indicate a common s\rce1 p>ticul>ly :5 !y /ill occur toge!r 9 connection ) "o ( ! great ev5ts ( life4 ,frequ5t ref]5ce has be5 made to ! p>allels betwe5 ,t+uian cu/oms & ^? practic$ 9 ,sumatra1 :ile ! me?ods ( rice-culture are s simil> t !y c h come only f ! same s\rce4 ,9 ! weav+ ! influ5ce ( ,india seems evid5t1 despite ! fact t cotton is n b[$ 9 ,abra1 & ! ,t+uian me?od ( sp9n+ seems unique4 ,^! me?ods1 app>5tly di/9ctive1 may once h be5 practis$ m broadly1 b 7 sup]s$$ by m effici5t in/rum5ts4 ,! primitive me?od ( g9n+ cotton by roll+ x b5ea? a tap]+ rod appe>s to be f\nd n[h]e 9 ! ,philipp9es outside ( ,abra1 b x is us$ 9 "s remote sections ( ,burma4 ,"p ,i ( ?is volume pres5t$ a body ( tales :i* %[$ _m resemblances to ! ,isl&s ( ! s\?1 z well z incid5ts ( ,indian lore4 ,!re is1 9 fact1 a di/9ct feel+ ( ,indian influ5ce 9 ! tales ( ! my?ical p]iod2 yet !y lack ! epics ( t p1 & ! typical trick/] tales are b poorly repres5t$4 ,! vocabul>y %[s comp>atively little ( ,indian influ5ce2 yet1 at ! "t ( ! conque/1 ! ,ilocano 0 "o ( ! coa/ gr\ps mak+ use ( a native script :i* 0 d\btless ( ,h9du orig94 ,! _m in/ances ( ,indian influ5ce d n ju/ify ! supposition t ! ,t+uian 7 ev] directly 9 contact ) t p4 ,! ,malay isl&s to ! s\? 7 pretty ?or\ghly "u ,h9du dom9ation by ! second c5tury ( ! ,*ri/ian era1 & x is probable t !y 7 influ5c$ ?r\gh trade at a consid]ably e>li] date4 ,judg+ f our data1 x w\ld seem t ! ,ilocano-,t+uian gr\p _h left its s\!rn home at a "t aft] ?is influ5ce 0 beg9n+ to make itself felt1 b be=e x 0 ( a suffici5tly intimate nature to /amp itself indelibly on ! lore1 ! c]emonial & economic life ( ?is p1 z x did 9 ,java & "s p>ts ( ,sumatra4 ,x is possible t ^! po9ts ( simil>ity may be due to trade1 b if s1 ! contact 0 at a p]iod ant$at+ ! f\rte5? c5tury1 = 9 hi/oric times ! sea trade ( ! s\!rn isl&s has be5 9 ! h&s ( ! ,mohamm$aniz$ ,malay4 ,_! influ5ce is v m>k$ 9 ! s\!rn ,philipp9es1 b is n evid5t 9 nor?we/]n ,luzon4 ,conc]n+ ! "t ( _! arrival 9 ,luzon1 & ! c\rse pursu$ by !m1 we h no def9ite pro(2 b x is evid5t t ! ,t+uian did n beg9 to press inl& until comp>atively rec5t times4 ,hi/orical ref]5ces & local traditions indicate t mo/ ( ?is movem5t has tak5 place s9ce ! arrival ( ! ,spani>ds1 :ile ! di/ribution ( ! great c]emonies gives a fur!r sugge/ion t ! dom9ant elem5t 9 ! ,t+uian population has be5 settl$ 9 ,abra = no great p]iod4 ,! probable explanation = ?is di/ribution is t ! int]ior valleys 7 sp>sely settl$ ) a population m ak9 to ! ,igorot ?an to ! ,t+uian1 prior to ! inl& movem5t ( ! latt] p2 t ! ,t+uian 7 already possess$ ( ! highly develop$ c]emonial life1 be=e !y ent]$ ,abra1 & t ?is has be5 spread sl[ly1 ?r\gh int]m>riage & migration1 to ! p on ! outskirts ( _! t]ritory4 ,^! c]emonies are /ill practis$ by "s families n[ resid+ 9 ,*ri/ianiz$ settlem5ts 9 ,abra & ,ilocos ,sur1 :ile discreet que/ion+ soon br+s out ! fact t !y 7 =m]ly pres5t 9 t[ns :i* h long be5 recogniz$ z ,ilocano4 ,! relation%ip ( ! ,t+uian & ,ilocano has already be5 %[n by ! physical data & hi/orical ref]5ces2 b 7 ^! lack+1 x requires b a little inquiry & ! compilation ( g5eaological tables to %[ t _m ,ilocano families are relat$ to ! ,t+uian4 ,x is a matt] ( common obs]vation t ! *ief b>ri] betwe5 ! two gr\ps is religion1 &1 once let ! pagan accept ,*ri/ianity1 he & 8 family are quickly absorb$ by ! ,ilocano4 ,un9t]rupt$ trade ) ! coa/ 9 rec5t ye>s1 ,spani% & ,am]ican influ5ce1 h d\btless affect$ consid]able *anges 9 ! ,t+uian4 ,if1 h[ev]1 we subtract rec5t introductions1 x is probable t we h 9 ! life ( ?is tribe an approximate picture ( conditions among ! m advanc$ ( ! nor!rn ,philipp9e gr\ps prior to ! entry ( ! ,european into _! isl&s4 ,,notes #a ,! ,bontoc ,igorot is tak5 z "o ( ! lea/ influ5c$ & mo/ typical ( ! ,igorot gr\ps4 #b ,on ?is po9t see ,cole1 ,! ,di/ribution ( ! ,non-,*ri/ian ,tribes ( ,nor?we/]n ,luzon 7,am]ican ,an?ropologi/1 ,n4,s41 ,vol4 ,,xi1 #aiji1 pp4 #cbi-cdg74 #c ,^! are ,ballasio1 ,nagbuquel1 ,v&rell1 ,rizal1 ,mision1 ,mambog1 & ,mas+it4 ,kadangla-an1 ,pila1 ,kolongbuyan 7,sapang7 & ,mont]o are mix$ ,t+uian & ,igorot4 #d ,see ,cole1 ,! ,t+uian 7,philipp9e ,j\rnal ( ,sci5ce1 ,vol4 ,,iii1 ,no4 #d1 ,sect4 ,a1 #aijh1 pp4 #aig1 et seq474 #e ,bey] 7,population ( ! ,philipp9e ,isl&s 9 #aiaf1 p4 #gd1 ,manila1 #aiag7 gives ! population z #bg1fdh4 #f ,nor? ( ,abra x is kn[n z ! ,cordill]a ,norte4 #g ,?is riv] traffic is entirely 9 ! h&s ( ! ,*ri/ianiz$ ,ilocano4 ,rafts seldom proce$ up ! riv] beyond ,bangu$1 ! capital1 & at l[ wat] ev5 ?is di/ance is negotiat$ ) difficulty4 #h ,hi/orical ref]5ces to ?is trade1 z well z to ! ,spani% invasion ( ,ilocos1 w be f\nd 9 ,reyes1 ,hi/oria de ,ilocos1 ,manila1 #ahij2 ,fray ,gasp> ,de ,s4 ,augu/91 ,conqui/a de las ,islas ,filip9as 7,manila1 #afih71 p4 #bfg2 ,m$9a1 ,hi/oria1 translat$ 9 ,blair & ,rob]tson1 ,! ,philipp9e ,isl&s1 ,vol4 ,,xxiii1 pp4 #bgi1 et seq4 ,see also translation ( ,lo>ca & o!rs 9 same publication1 ,vol4 ,,iii1 p4 #gc1 note2 ,vol4 ,v1 p4 #aji2 ,vol4 ,,xv1 p4 #ea2 ,vol4 ,,xvii1 p4 #bhe4 #i ,loraca1 #aehb1 translat$ 9 ,blair & ,rob]tson1 op4 cit41 ,vol4 ,v1 p4 #aje4 #aj ,lauf]1 ,relations ( ! ,*9ese to ! ,philipp9e ,isl&s 7,smi?sonian ,miscellane\s ,collections1 ,vol4 ,i1 pp4 #bef1 et seq47 #aa ,cole & ,lauf]1 ,*9ese ,pott]y 9 ! ,philipp9es 7,field ,museum ( ,natural ,hi/ory1 ,vol4 ,,xii1 ,no4 #a74 #ab ,blair & ,rob]tson1 op4 cit41 ,vol4 ,,xvii1 p4 #bhe2 also ,,iii1 p4 #gc1 note2 ,v1 p4 #aji2 ,,xv1 p4 #ea4 #ac ,blair & ,rob]tson1 op4 cit41 ,vol4 ,,xxxiv1 pp4 #bhg1 et seq4 #ad ,col9 7,labor ,evangelica1 ,*ap4 ,,iv1 ,madrid #affc71 calls ! ,manguian ( ,m9doro & ! ,zambal1 ,t+ues4 ,morga1 ,*ir9o1 & ,rib]a also use ! same "n = ! natives ( ,basilan1 ,bohol1 & ,m9danao 7see ,blair & ,rob]tson1 op cit41 ,vols4 ,,iv1 p4 #cjj2 ,x1 p4 #ga2 ,,xiii1 pp4 #acg1bje74 ,lat] writ]s h d\btless drawn on ^! acc\nts to produce ! weird descriptions sometimes giv5 ( ! ,t+uian n[ "u discussion4 ,x is said 7op4 cit41 ,vol4 ,,xl1 p4 #ig1 note7 t ! radical ngian1 9 ,pampanga1 indicates anci5t1 a mean+ =m]ly held 9 o!r ,philipp9e languages1 & h5ce ,t+uian w\ld probably mean old or anci5t1 or aborig9al m\nta9 dwell]s4 #ae ,reyes1 ,hi/oria de ,ilocos1 p4 #aea 7,manila1 #ahij71 also ,filip9as articulos v>ios1 p4 #cde 7,manila1 #ahhg72 ,blair & ,rob]tson1 op4 cit41 ,vol4 ,,xiv1 pp4 #aeh-aei2 ,vol4 ,,xxviii1 p4 #afg4 #af ,blair & ,rob]tson1 op4 cit41 ,vol4 ,,xxviii1 p4 #aeh4 #ag ,antonio ,mozo1 ,noticia hi/orico-natural 7,madrid1 #agfc71 9 ,blair & ,rob]tson1 ,vol4 ,,xlviii1 p4 #fi4 #ah ,^! 73 ,tayum #ahjc2 ,pidigan #ahbc2 ,la ,paz & ,san ,gregorio #ahcb2 ,bukay 7,labon7 #ahdg4 ,= fur!r details ( ?is mission see ,villacorta1 ,breve resum5 de los progresos de la ,religion ,catolica en la admirable conv]sion de los indios ,igorotes y ,t+uianes 7,madrid1 #ahca74 #ai ,blair & ,rob]tson1 op4 cit41 ,vol4 ,,xxxviii1 p4 #aii4 #bj ,discussions conc]n+ ! ,*9ese orig9 ( ! ,t+uian w be f\nd 9 ,mallat1 ,les ,philipp9es1 ,vol4 ,i1 pp4 #bab-bac2 ,vol4 ,,ii1 pp4 #ajd-g1 #cde 7,p>is1 #ahdf72 ,plau*et1 ,l',ar*ipel des ,philipp9es 7,revue des deux ,mondes1 #ahhg1 p4 #ddb72 ,buzeto y ,bravo1 ,diccion>io geografico e/adi/ico hi/orico2 ,semp]1 ,die ,philipp95 und ihre ,bewohn] 7,wu]zburg1 #ahfi72 ,blum5tritt1 ,v]su* e9] ,e?nographie d] ,philipp95 7,pet]man's ,mit!ilung51 #ahhb1 ,no4 #fg72 ,reyes1 ,die ,t+uian5 7,mit!ilung5 ,k4 ,k4 ,geogr4 ,gesells*aft 9 ,wi51 #ahhg1 p4 #e1 et seq472 ,reyes1 ,filip9as articulos v>ios 7,manila1 #ahhg72 ,san*ez y ,ruiz1 ,razas de ,filip9as1 usos y cu/ombres1 ,memoria ,exposicion ,g5]al1 pp4 #ea1 #fj1 #ach 7,manila1 #ahhg72 ,montblanc1 ,les ,isles ,philipp9es1 p4 #bb 7,p>is1 #ahhg72 ,mont]o y ,vidal1 ,el ,ar*ipelago ,filip9o1 p4 #bhi 7,manila1 #ahhf72 ,b[r+1 ,a ,visit to ! ,philipp9es1 p4 #aga 7,london1 #ahei72 ,sawy]1 ,! ,inhabitants ( ! ,philipp9es1 p4 #bgf 7,london1 #aijj72 ,zuniga1 ,hi/oria1 pp4 #ai-ch 7,sampaloc1 #ahjc72 ,col91 ,labor evangelica1 ,vol4 ,i1 *aps4 #d1 #ab-ad 7,madrid1 #affc72 ,blair & ,rob]tson 7,! ,philipp9e ,isl&s1 ,vol4 ,,xl1 pp4 #caf1 et seq47 give a translation ( ,san ,antonio ,*ronicas1 writt5 9 ,manila betwe5 #agch-dd1 also ( ,col91 ,labor evangelica1 ( #affc2 ,br9ton1 ,! ,peoples ( ! ,philipp9es 7,am4 ,an?ropologi/1 ,vol4 ,,xi1 #ahih1 p4 #cjb74 #ba ,paul ,de ,la ,gironi]e1 ,v+t annees aux ,philipp9es 7,p>is1 #ahec72 ,/untz1 ,! ,philipp9es & ! ,f> ,ea/1 p4 #cf 7,new ,york1 #aijd74 #bb ,quot$ by ,pat]no1 ,la antigua civilizacion ,tagalog1 pp4 #abb-abc 7,madrid1 #ahhg74 #bc ,br9ton1 ,! ,peoples ( ! ,philipp9es 7,am4 ,an?ropologi/1 ,vol4 ,,xi1 #ahib1 p4 #big74 ,see also ,de ,quatrefages1 ,hi/oire g5]ale des races huma9es1 pp4 #eae-eag1 #ebg-ebh4 #bd ,c5sus ( ! ,philipp9e ,isl&s ( #aijc1 pp4 #dec-dgg4 #be ,! ,non-,*ri/ian ,tribes ( ,nor!rn ,luzon 7,philipp9e ,j\rnal ( ,sci5ce1 ,vol4 ,i1 pp4 #gih1 #hea1 ,manila1 #aijf74 #bf ,blum5tritt 7,e?nographie d] ,philipp951 ,introduction2 also ,am]ican ,an?ropologi/1 ,vol4 ,,xi1 #ahih1 p4 #bif7 has advanc$ ! !ory ( ?ree ,malay invasions into ! ,philipp9es4 ,to ! fir/1 :i* is put at ab\t #bjj ,b4,c41 belong ! ,igorot1 ,apayao1 & ,t+uian1 b ! la/ are consid]$ z ( a lat] p]iod4 ,! second invasion occurr$ ab\t ,a4,d4 #ajj-ejj1 & includes ! ,tagalog1 ,visaya1 ,ilocano1 & o!r alphabet-us+ peoples4 ,! ?ird is repres5t$ by ! ,mohamm$an gr\ps :i* began to ent] ! ,isl&s 9 ! f\rte5? c5tury4 #bg ,br9ton 7,am4 ,an?ropologi/1 ,vol4 ,,xi1 #ahih1 p4 #cjb7 /ates t ! ,ilocano ( nor?we/]n ,luzon are m>k$ly ,*9ese 9 appe>ance & spee*1 b he fails to give ei!r au?orities or examples to sub/antiate ?is claim4 ,= ,indian influ5ce on ,philipp9e dialects1 see ,p>do ,de ,tav]a1 ,el sanscrito e la l+ua tagalog 7,p>is1 #ahhg72 also ,williams1 ,manual & ,diction>y ( ,ilocano 7,manila1 #aijg74 #bh ,a detail$ /udy ( ! language is n pres5t$ 9 ?is volume4 ,! au?or has a l>ge collection ( texts :i* w be publi%$ at a lat] date1 toge!r ) a /udy ( ! pr9cipal ,t+uian dialects4 ,a %ort description ( ! ,ilocano language1 by ! writ]1 w be f\nd 9 ! ,new ,int]national ,encyclopa$ia4 #bi ,a m detail$ /udy ( ^! tribes w be giv5 9 a =?com+ volume on ,philipp9e ,physical ,types4 #cj ,obs]vations on #ac ,ilocano skulls are tabulat$ by ,koeze 7,crania ,e?nica ,philipp9ica1 pp4 #ef-eg1 ,ha>lem1 #aija-d74 #ca ,a %ort s]ies ( ,igorot skull measurem5ts is giv5 by ,koeze 7,crania ,e?nica ,philipp9ica1 pp4 #db-dc1 ,ha>lem1 #aija-d74 #cb ,am4 ,an?ropologi/1 #aijf1 pp4 #aid-aie4 #cc ,notes sur les ,*9ois du ,quang-si 7,l',an?ropologie1 ,vol4 ,,ix1 #ahih1 pp4 #add-agj74 #cd ,! ,races ( ,man1 pp4 #chd1 #egg1 et seq47,london1 #aijj74 #ce ,m>t91 ,inl&/aemme d] ,malayis*5 ,halb9sel1 pp4 #bcg1 #cea1 #ceh1 #chf 7,j5a1 #aije74 #cf ,= measurem5ts on ! ,nor!rn ,*9ese & ! ,=mosa ,*9ese see ,koganei1 ,messung5 an *9esis*5 ,soldat5 7,mitt4 m$4 ,fak4 k4 japan4 ,univ4 ,tokio1 #aijc1 ,vol4 ,,vi1 ,no4 #b71 und ,messung5 an ma5nli*5 ,*9es5-,s*a$eln 7,int]nat4 ,c5tralblatt fu] ,an?ropologie1 #aijb1 pp4 #abi1 et seq474 #cg ,= o!r obs]vations on ,malaysia1 9 g5]al1 see ,ann&ale & ,rob9son 7,j\r4 ,an?4 ,in/41 ,vol4 ,,xxxii1 #aijb72 ,keane1 ,e?nology 7,cambridge1 #aijg72 ,duckwor? 7,j\r4 ,an?4 ,in/41 ,vol4 ,,xxxii72 ,hose & ,mc,dougall 7,! ,pagan ,tribes ( ,borneo1 ,vol4 ,,ii1 pp4 #caa1 et seq47 give results by ,haddon2 ,hamy 7,l',an?ropologie1 ,vol4 ,,vii1 ,p>is1 #ahif72 ,hag51 ,an?ropologis*e ,/udi5 aus ,insul9de 7,am/]dam1 #ahij72 ,sullivan1 ,racial ,types 9 ! ,philipp9e ,isl&s 7,an?4 ,pap]s1 ,am]ican ,museum ( ,nat4 ,hi/41 ,vol4 ,,xiii1 pt4 #a1 ,new ,york1 #aiah74 #ch ,sullivan 7,an?ropological ,pap]s1 ,am]ican ,museum ,nat4 ,hi/ory1 ,vol4 ,,xxiii1 pt4 #a1 p4 #db7 gives a graphic correlation ( ,/ature1 ,cephalic & ,nasal ,indices1 :i* %[s a /rik+ simil>ity betwe5 ! ,tagalog & ,pangas9an ( ! ,philipp9es1 & ! ,s\!rn ,*9ese4 ,_h he made use ( ,j5ks's measurem5ts ( ! ,bontoc ,igorot1 t gr\p w\ld also h approa*$ q closely to ^? already m5tion$4 ,! same me?od appli$ to ! ,ilocano & ,t+uian %[s !m to con=m to ?is type4 #ci ,see ,traditions ( ! ,t+uian 7?is volume1 ,no4 #a74 #dj ,! eat+ ( d\ble bananas or vegetables is avoid$1 z x is ?\ght to result 9 ! bir? ( tw9s4 ,! bir? ( tw9 girls is a p>ticul> mis=tune2 = _! p>5ts are c]ta9 to f>e badly 9 any trades or sales to :i* !y may be p>ties4 #da ,! importance ( gratify+ ! long+s ( pregnant wom5 appe>s 9 ! leg5ds ( ! ,malay ,p59sula4 ,see ,wilk9son1 ,malay ,beliefs1 p4 #df 7,london1 #aijf74 ,hildebr&t /ates t ! ,indian law books su* z ,yajnavalkya 7,,iii1 #gi7 make x a duty to fulfill ! wi%es ( a woman at ?is "t1 s9ce o!rwise ! embryo w\ld be expos$ to injury4 ,encyclopa$ia ( ,religion & ,e?ics1 ,vol4 ,,ii1 p4 #fej4 #db ,see ,traditions ( ! ,t+uian1 ?is volume1 ,no4 #a1 pp4 #abd1 #ahe4 #dc ,see op4 cit41 p4 #aje4 #dd ,see op4 cit41 pp4 #add1 et seq4 #de ,see op4 cit41 p4 #ah4 #df ,see ,traditions ( ! ,t+uian1 ?is volume1 ,no4 #a1 p4 #ahj4 #dg ,to produce a misc>riage1 a secret liquor is made f ! b>k ( a tree4 ,aft] sev]al dr9ks ( ! brew1 ! abdom5 is knead$ & pu%$ d[nw>d until ! foetus is dis*>g$4 ,a canvass ( =ty wom5 pa/ ! *ild-be>+ age %[$ an av]age1 to ea*1 ( five *ildr51 ab\t #dj p] c5t ( :om di$ 9 infancy4 ,app>5tly ab\t ! same ratio ( bir?s is be+ ma9ta9$ at pres5t4 #dh ,! gifts v>y accord+ to ! c]emony4 ,= ?is ev5t1 ! (f]+s consi/ ( a ,*9ese j> ) e>r+s fa/5$ into ! h&les--e>s--1 a necklace ( beads & a silv] wire ab\t its neck2 a wood5 spoon1 a weav+ /ick1 & "s bone beads4 #di ,?is is kn[n z palwig4 #ej ,?is action is call$ tolgi4 #ea ,9 ! ,san ,juan di/rict ,gipas is a sep>ate two-day c]emony1 :i* takes place ab\t n9e mon?s aft] ! bir?4 ,9 ,baak a "p ( ! ,dawak c]emony goes by ?is "n4 #eb ,?is is kn[n z inalson1 & is su* a blanket z is always possess$ by a _s4 ,see p4 #cac4 #ec ,?is is also ! me?od ( deliv]y among ! ,kayan ( ,borneo4 ,see ,hose & ,mc,dougall1 ,! ,pagan ,tribes ( ,borneo1 ,vol4 ,,ii1 p4 #aed 7,london1 #aiab71 also ,cole1 ,! ,wild ,tribes ( ,davao ,di/rict1 ,m9danao 7,field ,museum ( ,natural ,hi/ory1 ,vol4 ,,xii4 ,no4 #b1 p4 #ajj74 ,skeat 7,malay ,magic1 p4 #ccd1 ,london1 #aijj7 describes a simil> me?od among ! ,malay4 #ed ,among ! ,bukidnon & ,bila-an ( ,m9danao a bamboo blade is always employ$ = ?is purpose4 ,! same is true ( ! ,kayan ( ,borneo4 ,hose & ,mc,dougall1 op4 cit41 ,vol4 ,,ii1 p4 #aee2 ,cole1 op4 cit41 p4 #adc4 #ee ,traditions ( ! ,t+uian1 ?is volume1 ,no4 #a1 p4 #ahe4 ,x is also ! belief ( ! ,p59sul> ,malay t ! incid5tal products ( a conf9em5t may be end[$ ) life 7,wilk9son1 ,malay ,beliefs1 p4 #cj74 #ef ,! "* e1 :i* appe>s frequ5tly 9 ! native names1 is us$ to indicate a s\nd betwe5 ! obscure v[el e1 z 9 sun1 & ! ur1 9 burr[4 #eg ,! numb] ( days v>ies some:at 9 diff]5t sections1 & is g5]ally long] = ! fir/ *ild ?an = ! succe$+4 #eh ,! cu/om ( build+ a fire beside ! "m is practis$ among ! ,malay1 ,jakun & ,mantri ( ! ,p59sula4 ,9 ,india1 ! practice ( keep+ a fire beside ! newborn infant1 9 ord] to protect x f evil be+s1 is widespread4 ,see ,tawney1 ,ka?a ,s>it ,sag>a1 ,vol4 ,i1 pp4 #bdf1 #cje1 note2 ,vol4 ,,ii1 p4 #fca 7,calcutta1 #ahhj74 ,accord+ to ,skeat 7,malay ,magic1 p4 #cdc71 ! ,malay keep ! fire burn+ =ty-f\r days4 ,! cu/om is call$ ! roa/+ ( ! "m4 ,! same cu/om is f\nd 9 ,cambodia 7see ,encyclopa$ia ( ,religion & ,e?ics1 ,vol4 ,,iii1 pp4 #cb1 #afd1 #cdg2 ,vol4 ,,viii1 p4 #cb74 #ei ,?is may be relat$ to ! ,malay cu/om ( fumigat+ ! infant 7see ,skeat1 op4 cit41 p4 #cch74 #fj ,! foll[+ names are typical ( ?is la/ class4 ,= boys3 ,ab'b5g1 a *ild's song2 ,agdalp51 "n ( a _s2 ,baguio1 a /orm2 ,bakileg1 a glutton2 ,kabato1 f bato1 a /one2 ,tabau1 ?is "n is a slur1 yet is n uncommon2 x signifies a man :o is a little crazy1 :o is sexually impot5t1 & :o w m9d all ! wom5 say2 ,otang1 ! spr\t ( a v9e2 ,zapalan1 f zapal1 ! crot* ( a tree4 ,= girls3 ,bangonan1 f bangon1 to rise1 to get up2 ,igai1 f nigai1 a fi%2 ,giab51 a song2 ,magilai1 f gilai ! id5tify+ slit made 9 an animal's e>2 ,sabak1 a fl[]2 ,ugot1 ! new leaf4 #fa ,9 ,madagasc> *ildr5 are (t5times call$ depreciative names1 su* z ,rat1 ) ! hope t evil spirits w leave tranquil an infant = :i* ! p>5ts h s little consid]ation 7,gr&idi]1 ,e?nologie de ,madagasc>1 ,vol4 ,,ii74 #fb ,9 ,selangor1 a sick infant is re-nam$ 7,skeat1 op4 cit41 p4 #cda74 #fc ,reyes1 ,filip9as articulos v>ios1 #a/ ed41 pp4 #add-e 7,manila1 #ahhg74 #fd ,! ,malay ( ! ,p59sula ba! bo? "m & *ild morn+ & ev5+1 9 hot wat] to :i* c]ta9 leaves & blossoms are add$4 ,x is "h describ$ z an act ( purification 7,skeat1 op4 cit41 pp4 #ccd-e74 #fe ,also call$ salokang 7cf4 p4 #caj74 #ff ,filip9as articulos v>ios1 p4 #add4 #fg ,f4 ,de ,l]5a1 ,ilu/racion ,filip9a1 ,no4 #bb1 p4 #bed 7,manila1 ,nov4 #ae1 #ahfj74 ,an equally int]e/+ acc\nt ( ,t+uian proc$ure at ! "t ( bir? w be f\nd 9 ! acc\nt ( ,polo ,de ,l>a1 ,islas ,filip9as1 tipos y co/umbres1 pp4 #bac1 et seq4 #fh ,9 ,san ,juan4 ,ibal is always held 9 six mon?s1 unless illness has caus$ an e>li] celebration4 ,at ?is "t ! liv] ( a pig is c>efully exam9$1 9 ord] to le>n ( ! *ild's future4 #fi ,9 ,likuan ?is takes place five days aft] ! bir?2 9 ,sallapadan x occurs on ! fir/ or second day4 #gj ,on ! mat are plac$1 9 addition to ! m$ium's regul> outfit1 a small j> ( basi1 five pieces ( betel-nut & pepp]-leaf1 two bundles ( rice 7palay7 9 a w9n[]1 a head-axe1 & a spe>4 #ga ,?is is a dakidak 7cf4 p4 #caa74 #gb ,su* a taboo sign is "h kn[n z kanyau4 ,x is n always us$ at ! conclusion ( ?is c]emony1 b is /rictly obs]v$ foll[+ ! cutt+ ( ! fir/ rice4 #gc ,t is1 a premature *ild4 #gd ,a%es are us$ aga9/ evil spirits by ! ,p59sul> ,malay 7,skeat1 ,malay ,magic1 p4 #cbe74 #ge ,sagai is ! s\nd made :5 scrat*+ away ! emb]s ( a fire4 #gf ,f maysa1 "o2 dua1 two2 talo1 ?ree4 #gg ,?is is also us$ z mock]y4 ,x has no exact ,engli% equival5t1 b is simil> to our slang rubb]4 #gh ,9 ,patok only ! agate bead 7napodau7 is us$4 #gi ,! less pret5ti\s ga!r+1 held by ! v poor1 is kn[n z polya4 #hj ,worce/]1 ,! ,non-,*ri/ian ,tribes ( ,nor!rn ,luzon 7,philipp9e ,j\r4 ( ,sci5ce1 ,vol4 ,i1 ,no4 #h1 #aijf1 p4 #heh74 #ha ,x is necess>y to use a %all[ di% ) a high p$e/al kn[n z dias 7,fig4 #e1 ,no4 #e74 #hb ,9 ,ba-ak ! break+ & scatt]+ ( ! rice ball is consid]$ a good om51 z x presages _m *ildr54 ,9 ,san ,juan ! y\? ?r[s a rice ball at ! ridge pole ( ! h\se1 & ! girl's "m does ! same4 ,9 ?is in/ance1 ea* gra9 ( rice :i* adh]es to ! pole repres5ts a *ild to be born4 #hc ,! simil>ity ( ! ,t+uian rice c]emony to t ( _m o!r ,philipp9e tribes is s great t x _c be due to m]e *ance4 ,cu/oms ( a l nature 7 obs]v$ by ! writ] among ! ,bukidnon1 ,bagobo1 ,bila-an1 ,kulaman1 & ,m&aya ( ,m9danao1 & ! ,batak ( ,palawan2 !y are also describ$ by ,re$ & ,worce/] = ! ,negrito ( ,zambales & ,bataan2 :ile ,lo>ca1 writ+ late 9 ! sixte5? c5tury1 records a v l c]emony practis$ by a coa/ gr\p1 probably ! ,p9tados4 ,at ! same "t x is wor?y ( note t ,j5ks f\nd among ! ,bontoc ,igorot a great div]g5ce bo? 9 c\rt%ip & m>riage4 ,among ! ,dusun ( ,briti% ,nor? ,borneo ! m>riage ( *ildr5 ( ! well-to-d is consummat$ by ! eat+ ( rice f ! same plate4 ,o!r in/ances ( eat+ toge!r1 z a "p ( ! m>riage c]emony 9 ,malaysia1 are giv5 by ,crawley4 ,see ,cole1 ,! ,wild ,tribes ( ,davao ,di/rict1 ,m9danao 7,field ,museum ( ,natural ,hi/ory4 ,vol4 ,,xii1 ,no4 #b1 pp4 #ajb1 #add1 #aeg1 #aib72 ,re$1 ,negritos ( ,zambales 7,pub4 ,e?nological ,survey1 ,vol4 ,,ii1 pt4 #a1 p4 #eh 7,manila1 #aijd772 ,worce/]1 ,philipp9e ,j\rnal ( ,sci5ce1 ,vol4 ,i1 p4 #haa 7,manila1 #aijf72 ,lo>ca1 ,relacion de las ,yslas ,filip9as1 ,*ap4 ,x 7,arevalo1 #aehj71 translat$ 9 ,blair & ,rob]tson1 ,! ,philipp9e ,isl&s1 ,vol4 ,v1 pp4 #aeg1 et seq42 ,j5ks1 ,! ,bontoc ,igorot 7,pub4 ,e?nological ,survey1 ,vol4 ,i1 pp4 #fh1 et seq41 ,manila1 #aije72 ,evans1 ,j\rn4 ,royal ,an?4 ,in/41 ,vol4 ,,xlvii1 p4 #aei2 ,crawley1 ,! ,my/ic ,rose 7,london1 #aijb71 pp4 #cgi1 et seq4 #hd ,9 ,manabo an old woman sleeps betwe5 !m4 ,among ! ,bagobo & ,kulaman1 ( ,m9danao1 a *ild is plac$ betwe5 ! pair4 ,see ,cole1 op4 cit41 pp4 #ajb1 #aeg4 #he ,9 ,likuan !y *ew ( ! same betel-nut4 ,among ! ,batak ( ,palawan !y smoke ( ! same cig>4 #hf ,?is "p ( ! c]emony is n[ fall+ into disuse4 #hg ,see ,traditions ( ! ,t+uian1 ?is volume1 ,no4 #a1 p4 #ab4 #hh ,"h aga9 ! ,t+uian c]emony closely resembles ! anci5t cu/om describ$ by ,lo>ca4 ,9 8 acc\nt1 ! bride 0 c>ri$ to ! h\se ( ! groom4 ,at ! foot ( ! /airway %e 0 giv5 a pres5t to induce h] to proce$2 :5 %e _h m\nt$ ! /eps1 %e receiv$ ano!r1 z %e look$ 9 ^u ! gue/s1 ano!r4 ,be=e %e c\ld be induc$ to set d[n1 to eat & dr9k1 %e 0 likewise giv5 "s priz$ object4 ,lo>ca1 ,relacion de las ,yslas ,filip9as1 ,*ap4 ,x2 also ,blair & ,rob]tson1 op4 cit41 ,vol4 ,v1 p4 #aeg4 #hi ,see ,traditions ( ! ,t+uian1 ?is volume1 ,no4 #a1 p4 #agb4 ,! orig9 ( dea? is also giv5 9 ! tales1 ibid41 p4 #agg4 #ij ,! _s ( ! dead is g5]ally kn[n z kalad+1 b 9 ,manabo x is call$ kal-kolayo & 9 ,likuan alalya2 9 ,ilokano1 al-alia means phantom or gho/4 #ia ,9 "s villages ,selday is ! _s aga9/ :om ?is precaution is tak54 #ib ,9 ,daligan & "s o!r villages 9 ,ilocos ,norte1 a *ick5 is kill$1 is burn$ 9 a fire1 & !n is fa/5$ beside ! door 9 place ( ! live bird4 #ic ,see ,traditions ( ! ,t+uian1 ?is volume1 ,no4 #a1 p4 #aha4 #id ,dur+ ! fun]al ( ,malakay1 9 ,patok1 ,augu/ #af1 #aijg1 ! wife kept wail+1 ,malakay1 ,malakay1 take me ) y :]e y g4 ,malakay1 ,malakay1 take me ) y4 ,i h no bro!r4 ,we 7 toge!r "h1 d n let u "p4 ,malakay1 take me ) y :]e y g4 #ie ,9 ,manabo ! wife is cov]$ at night ) a :ite blanket1 b dur+ ! day %e we>s x b&ole] fa%ion ov] "o %\ld]4 ,9 ,ba-ak a :ite blanket ) black bord] is us$ 9 a simil> way4 ,if ! wife has neglect$ h] husb& dur+ 8 illness1 8 relatives may dem& t %e be puni%$ by hav+ a second blanket plac$ ov] h]1 unless %e pays !m a small am\nt4 ,x sometimes occurs t ! ,lakay or old m5 impose bo? f9e & puni%m5t4 ,9 ,likuan ! blanket is plac$ ov] ! corpse & ! wife4 #if ,see ,traditions ( ! ,t+uian1 ?is volume1 ,no4 #a1 p4 #ahj4 #ig ,?is is /ill ! case among ! ,apayao :o live to ! nor? ( ! ,t+uian 7,cole1 ,am4 ,an?ropologi/1 ,vol4 ii1 ,no4 #c1 #aiji1 p4 #cdj74 ,! cu/om is reflect$ 9 ! folk-tales 7,traditions ( ! ,t+uian1 ?is volume1 ,no4 #a1 p4 #aij2 cf4 also p4 #cgb74 #ih ,! writ] has kn[n ( in/ances1 :]e t[ns 7 des]t$ foll[+ an epidemic ( smallpox1 & ! dead 7 left unburi$ 9 ! h\ses4 ,su* in/ances are unusual ev5 = ?is dread disease1 & ! fun]al obs]vances usually expose l>ge numb]s ( ! p to infection4 #ii ,9 ,san ,juan only ?irty /rokes are giv54 #ajj ,9 ,manabo a rectangul> hole is dug to ab\t five feet1 !n at "r angles to ?is a *amb] is cut to receive ! body4 ,?is is cut (f f ! ma9 grave by a /one4 ,a simil> type ( grave is f\nd 9 ,sumatra 7,m>sd51 ,hi/ory ( ,sumatra1 #c;d ed41 p4 #bhg1 ,london1 #ahaa74 #aja ,accord+ to ?is au?or1 ! ,t+uian put ! dri$ rema9s ( _! dead 9 subt]ranean tombs or gall]ies1 six or sev5 y>ds 9 dep?1 ! entrance be+ cov]$ ) a sort or trap door 7,la ,gironi]e1 ,tw5ty ,ye>s 9 ! ,philipp9es1 p4 #aae1 ,london1 #ahec74 #ajb ,op4 cit41 p4 #aba4 #ajc ,z di/+ui%$ f ^? ( ! dead4 #ajd ,sev]al times ! writ] has se5 fri5ds place money inside ! mat1 s t ! _s may h some?+ to sp5d4 #aje ,! l>ge _s h\se1 built only by well-to-d families hav+ ! h]$it>y "r4 #ajf ,9 ! folk tales a v diff]5t me?od ( dispos+ ( ! dead is indicat$ 7,traditions ( ! ,t+uian1 ?is volume1 ,no4 #a1 pp4 #bc-bd1 & note74 #ajg ,among ! ,tu>an ,dusun ( ,briti% ,nor? ,borneo1 a fire is built ne> ! mat on :i* ! corpse lies1 to protect ! body f evil spirits1 :o are fe>$ z body snat*]s 7,evans1 ,j\r4 ,ant4 ,in/41 ,vol4 ,,xlvii1 #aiag1 p4 #aei74 #ajh ,^! consi/ ( di%es1 food1 tobacco1 fire-mak+ outfit1 weapons1 clo?+1 & ! l4 #aji ,9 ,ilocos ,sur a c]emony :i* lifts ! ban (f ! relatives is held ab\t five days aft] ! fun]al4 ,?ree mon?s lat]1 ! blood & oil are appli$ to ! sp\se1 :o is !n releas$ f all re/rictions4 ,9 ,san ,juan & ,lakub1 a c]emony kn[n z ,kilyas is held five days aft] ! fun]al4 ,! ano9t+ is done z describ$ above1 & !n ! m$ium drops a ball ( rice "u ! h\se1 say+1 ,g away sickness & dea?1 d n come to our relatives4 ,:5 %e has f9i%$1 drums are br\ght out1 all ! relatives dance & =get ! sorr[1 & are !n releas$ f all taboos4 ,! ,layog is celebrat$ z 9 ! valley t[ns4 #aaj ,also kn[n z ,waxi 9 ,san ,juan1 & ,bagongon 9 ,sallapad94 ,9 ! latt] village1 z well z 9 ,manabo & ,ba-ak1 ?is c]emony occurs a few days aft] ! fun]al4 #aaa ,?is is kn[n z ,apapayag or ,inapapayag 7p4 #cji74 #aab ,! =ego+ c]emonies foll[ ! dea? ( any adult1 male or female1 b n ( newborn *ildr54 ,if ! fir/-born dies 9 infancy1 x is buri$ 9 ! middle ( ! night :5 no "o c see ! corpse1 o!rwise o!r babies w die4 ,! p>5ts don old g>m5ts1 & are b>r$ f leav+ ! t[n or engag+ 9 pa/imes1 until ! t5-day p]iod has pass$4 ,no fire is built at ! grave1 nor are (f]+s plac$ ov] x4 ,:5 "s "o else is hold+ a ,layog1 ! p>5ts may jo9 !m to relieve _! sorr[ & %[ respect = ! dead4 #aac ,a folk-tale record$ 9 ?is t[n gives q a diff]5t idea ( ! abode ( ! spirits 7,traditions ( ! ,t+uian1 ?is volume1 ,no4 #a1 p4 #ahe2 also p4 #bh1 note #b74 #aad ,functions m5tales dans les societes inf]ieures 7,p>is1 #aiaj74 #aae ,see ,traditions ( ! ,t+uian1 ?is volume1 ,no4 #a1 pp4 #ahj-ahb #aaf ,= a full discussion ( ?is subject1 see ,cole1 ,relations betwe5 ! ,liv+ & ! ,dead 7,am4 ,j\r4 ( ,sociology1 ,vol4 ,,xxi1 ,no4 #e1 #aiaf1 pp4 #faj1 et seq474 #aag ,see ,traditions ( ! ,t+uian1 ?is volume1 ,no4 #a1 p4 #ahe4 #aah ,9 ,manabo x is said t !re are five sons1 :o reside 9 ! _s h\ses kn[n z tangpap1 alalot1 & pungkew4 #aai ,! p ( ,manabo say1 he resides 9 ! _s-/ructures kn[n z balaua1 sogayab1 batog1& balag 7cf4 pp4 #cjh1 et seq47 #abj ,among ! ,ifugao1 ,kabunian is ! l[e/ ( ! ?ree lay]s :i* make up ! heav5s 7,bey]1 ,orig9 ,my?s among ! ,m\nta9 ,peoples ( ! ,philipp9es1 ,phil4 ,j\r4 ( ,sci5ce1 ,vol4 viii1 ,no4 #b1 #aiac1 p4 #ii74 #aba ,traditions ( ! ,t+uian1 ?is volume1 ,no4 #a1 p4 #ae4 #abb ,traditions ( ! ,t+uian1 ?is volume4 ,no4 #a1 p4 #cb4 #abc ,! m$ium is also sometimes call$ manganito4 #abd ,simil> m$iums & possession 7 obs]v$ among ! anci5t ,visayans4 ,see ,blair & ,rob]tson1 ,! ,philipp9e ,isl&s1 ,vol4 ,v1 p4 #acc2 ,p]ez writ+ conc]n+ ,zambales says ( _! m$iums1 ,he comm5ces to %iv]1 8 :ole body trembl+1 & mak+ _m faces by means ( 8 eyes2 he g5]ally talks1 sometimes betwe5 8 tee?1 )\t any "o und]/&+ him4 ,sometimes he cont5ts himself ) wry faces :i* he makes ) 8 eyes & ! trembl+ ( all 8 body4 ,aft] a few mom5ts he /rikes himself on ! knee1 & says he is ! anito to :om ! sacrifice is be+ made4 ,see ,blair & ,rob]tson1 op4 cit41,vol4 ,,xlvii1 p4 #cja4 #abe ,among ! anci5t ,tagalog1 *>ms made ( h]bs1 /ones1 & wood1 7 us$ to infuse ! he>t ) love 7,blair & ,rob]tson1 ,! ,philipp9e ,isl&s1 ,vol ,,vii1 p4 #aid74 ,simil> practices are f\nd 9 ,india1 among ! ,selangor ( ! ,malay ,p59sula1 among ! ,bagobo ( ,m9danao & 9 ,japan3 see ,roy1 ,j\r4 ,royal ,an?1 ,in/41,vol4 ,,xliv1 #aiad1 p4 #ccg2 ,skeat & ,blagd51 ,pagan ,races ( ! ,malay ,p59sula1 p4 #cab2 ,b5$ict1 ,bagobo ,c]emonial1 ,magic & ,my?1 p4 #bbj 7,annals ,n4 ,y4 ,academy ( ,sci5ces1 ,vol4 ,,xxv1 #aiaf72 ,hildburgh1 ,man1 ,nov4 #aiae1 pp4 #afh1 et seq42 ,trans4 ,japan ,soc1 ,vol4 ,,viii1 pp4 #acb1 et seq4 #abf ,! salaksak 0 also ! om5 bird ( ! ,zambales 7,blair & ,rob]tson1 ,philipp9e ,isl&s1 ,vol4 ,,xlvii1 p4 #cjg74 #abg ,pr$ict+ ( ! future ?r\gh ! flight ( birds1 or by means ( ! entrails ( sla9 animals1 is widespread1 n only 9 ! ,philipp9es & ,malaysia g5]ally1 b 0 equally important 9 anci5t ,babylonia & ,rome4 ,! resemblances are s _m t c]ta9 writ]s1 namely1 ,hose & ,mc,dougall1 ,kroeb]1 & ,lauf] are incl9$ to cr$it !m to common hi/orical influ5ces4 ,see ,hose & ,mc,dougall1 ,pagan ,tribes ( ,borneo1 ,vol4 ,,ii1 p4 #bee 7,london1 #aiab72 ,kroeb]1 ,peoples ( ! ,philipp9es 7,am]ican ,museum ( ,natural ,hi/ory1 ,h&book ,s]ies1 ,no4 #h1 p4 #aib1 ,new ,york1 #aiai72 ,lauf]1 ,t\ng ,pao1 #aiad1 pp4 #a-ea4 #abh ,= ! diam recit$ at ?is "t1 see ,traditions ( ! ,t+uian1 ?is volume1 ,no4 #a1 p4 #aga4 #abi ,m frequ5tly ! m$ium uses a piece ( lead or "o ( ! %ells ( h] pil+ = ?is purpose4 ,9 _m villages ! m$ium1 :ile call+ ! spirits1 we>s "o head-b& = ea* "t ! family has made ?is c]emony4 #acj ,_h !y n possess$ a balaua1 !y w\ld h made ?is (f]+ 9 ! dwell+4 #aca ,see ,traditions ( ! ,t+uian1 ?is volume1 ,no4 ,i1 pp4 #agh-agi4 #acb ,! sagang is ! %>p5$ pole1 :i* 0 pass$ ?r\gh ! =am5 magnum ( a captur$ skull4 #acc ,female spirits1 :o always /ay 9 "o place4 #acd ,see ,tradition ( ! ,t+uian1 ?is volume1 ,no4 #a1 p4 #agh4 #ace ,?is diam is sometimes repeat$ = ! saloko 7see p4 #cai74 #acf ,kn[n z ,palasod 9 ,bakaok4 #acg ,see ,traditions ( ! ,t+uian1 ?is volume1 ,no4 #a1 p4 #age4 #ach ,see ,traditions ( ! ,t+uian1 ?is volume1 ,no4 #a1 p4 #agd4 #aci ,op4 cit41 p4 #age4 #adj ,9 ,patok ?is (f]+ is plac$ 9 a saloko1 :i* is plant$ close to ! /ream4 #ada ,kn[n 9 ,ba-ak & ,langid5 z ,daya1 9 ,patok & vic9ity z ,komon or ,ubaiya4 #adb ,?is "p ( ! c]emony is (t5 omitt$ 9 ! valley t[ns4 #adc ,can>ium villosum ,bl4 ,! res9\s prop]ties ( ?is tree are suppos$ to make bright or cle>1 to ! spirits1 t ! c]emony has be5 prop]ly conduct$4 ,accord+ to "s in=mants1 ! pala-an is int5d$ z a /able = ! horse ( ,idadaya :5 he att5ds ! c]emony1 b ?is seems to be a rec5t explanation4 #add ,?is fe$+ ( ! spirits ) blood & rice is kn[n z pisek1 :ile ! :ole ( ! proc$ure ab\t ! mort> is call$ sangba4 #ade ,?is consi/s ( two bundles ( rice1 a di% ( brok5 rice1 a hundr$ fa?oms ( ?read1 "o leg ( ! pig1 & a small co94 #adf ,_m spirits :i* appe> "h & 9 ,sayang are n m5tion$ 9 ! alphabetical li/ ( spirits1 z !y play only a local or m9or role 9 ! life ( ! p4 #adg ,! _s :o lives 9 ! sagang1 ! %>p5$ bamboo /icks on :i* ! skulls ( enemies 7 display$4 #adh ,?is is ( p>ticul> int]e/1 z ! ,t+uian are ho/ile to ! p ( ?is region1 & x is unlikely t ei!r ( ! m$iums _h ev] se5 a native ( t region4 #adi ,! "n by :i* ! ,t+uian designate _! own p4 #aej ,! spirits' "n = ! ,t+uian4 #aea ,! t]m ,alzado is appli$ to ! wild] head-hunt+ gr\ps nor? & ea/ ( ,abra4 #aeb ,:5 ! tangpap is built dur+ ! ,sayang c]emony1 x is a little h\se ) two rais$ floors4 ,on ! l[] are small pott]y j>s1 daub$ ) :ite1 & fill$ ) basi 7,plate ,,xx74 #aec ,! talagan 7see p4 #cjh74 #aed ,?is be+ lives 9 ,b9ogan4 ,8 bro!rs are ,gil51 ,ilongbosan1 ,idodosan1 ,iyangayang1 & ,sagolo4 #aee ,! site ( ! old village ( ,bukay4 #aef ,9 addition to ! writ] & 8 wife1 ,lieut4 & ,mrs4 ,h4,b4 ,r[ell 7 initiat$ at ?is "t4 ,! ,lieut5ant _h long be5 a fri5d & advis] ( ! tribe1 & 0 held 9 great e/eem by !m4 ,! writ]'s full "n 0 ,agonan ,dumalawi1 ,mrs4 ,cole's--,g9obayan ,gimpayan1 ,lieut4 ,r[ell's--,&onan ,dogyawi1 & ,mrs4 ,r[ell's--,gayankayan ,gidonan4 #aeg ,?is raft is ! ,taltalabong1 & is int5d$ = ! sons & s]vants ( ,kadaklan4 #aeh ,x is cu/om>y to place a j> ( basi "u or ne> ! h\se1 s t ,kadaklan may dr9k1 be=e he rea*es ! function4 ,?is (f]+ _h be5 neglect$1 h5ce 8 compla9t4 #aei ,?is is ! case if a p]son is j acquir+ ! "r to ! c]emony4 ,if ! family is already privileg$ to give ?is rite1 x w occur 9 ab\t ?ree ye>s1 & ,sayang w foll[ "s f\r ye>s lat]4 #afj ,see ,traditions ( ! ,t+uian1 ?is volume1 ,no4 #a1 p4 #aga4 #afa ,see ibid41 p4 #bd4 #afb ,9 ,patok1 diwas is sung z a "p ( da-eng on ! night ( ,libon4 #afc ,?is is ! same =m z ! %ield1 :i* hangs above ! newborn infant 7p4 #cab74 #afd ,see ,traditions ( ! ,t+uian1 ?is volume1 ,no4 #a1 p4 #agg4 #afe ,on two occasions an old b$/ead ( ,spani% type s]v$ in/ead ( ! frame4 #aff ,see p4 #cae4 ,9 "s t[ns ! spirits are summon$ at diff]5t times dur+ ! c]emony1 z 9 ,tangpap4 #afg ,see "u ,idasan1 p4 #cji4 #afh ,ea* ) its dormitory = ba*elors1 & usually = unm>ri$ girls4 ,see ,j5ks1 ,! ,bontoc ,igorot1 p4 #di 7,manila1 #aije74 #afi ,combes1 ,hi/oria de las islas de ,m9danao 7,madrid1 #affg71 translat$ by ,blair & ,rob]tson1 ,vol4 ,,xl1 p4 #afj2 ,vol4 ,,xlvii1 p4 #cjj4 ,l+ ,ro?1 ,natives ( ,s>awak & ,briti% ,nor? ,borneo1 ,vol4 ,,ii1 p4 #bgj1 et seq47,london1 #ahif74 #agj ,= description ( ^! villages1 see ,cole1 ,di/ribution ( ! ,non-,*ri/ian ,tribes ( ,nor?we/]n ,luzon 7,am4 ,an?ropologi/1 ,vol4 ,,xi1 p4 #cbi74 #aga ,see ,j5ks1 ,! ,bontoc ,igorot 7,manila1 #aijf74 #agb ,tw5ty ye>s 9 ! ,philipp9es1 p4 #aji 7,london1 #ahec74 #agc ,see ,traditions ( ! ,t+uian1 ?is volume1 ,no4 #a1 p4 #h4 #agd ,see ,cole & ,lauf]1 ,*9ese ,pott]y 9 ! ,philipp9es 7,field ,museum ( ,natural ,hi/ory1 ,vol4 ,,xii1 ,no4 #a74 #age ,despite frequ5t ass]tions to ! contr>y1 ! fire syr+e is n us$ by ! ,t+uian4 ,x is f\nd among ! ,tiagan ,igorot1 ! simil>ity ( ^: "n has d\btless giv5 rise to ! error4 #agf ,head-hunt+ is widespread 9 ?is "p ( ! _w4 ,x is f\nd 9 ,assam1 9 ! ,solomon ,isl&s1 9 ,borneo1 ,=mosa1 &1 x is said1 0 =m]ly practic$ 9 ,japan4 ,see ,hodson 7,folklore1 ,june1 #aiji1 p4 #aji72 ,riv]s1 ,hi/ory ( ,melanesian ,society1 ,vol4 ,,ii1 p4 #bei 7,cambridge1 #aiad72 ,hose & ,mc,dougall1 ,pagan ,tribes ( ,borneo1 ,vols4 ,i-,,ii 7,london1 #aiab72 ,%9ji ,i%ii 7,transactions ,japan ,soc4 ( ,london1 ,vol4 ,,xiv1 pp4 #g1 et seq474 #agg ,see ,worce/]1 ,! ,non-,*ri/ian ,tribes ( ,nor!rn ,luzon 7,philipp9e ,j\rnal ( ,sci5ce1 ,vol4 ,i1 p4 #hbd1 ,manila1 #aijf74 #agh ,see ,blair & ,rob]tson1 ,! ,philipp9e ,isl&s1 ,vols4 ,v1 p4 #acg2 ,,xxi1 p4 #adj2 ,,xxxiv1 p4 #cgg2 ,,xl1 pp4 #hj-ha2 ,,xlvii1 p4 #cac2 ,,xlviii1 p4 #eg4 ,cole1 ,di/ribution ( ! ,non-,*ri/ian ,tribes ( ,nor?we/]n ,luzon 7,am4 ,an?41 ,n4 ,s41 ,vol4 ,,xi1 #aiji1 p4 #cdj72 ,cole1 ,! ,wild ,tribes ( ,davao ,di/rict1 ,m9danao 7pub4 ,field ,museum ( ,natural ,hi/ory1 ,vol4 ,,xii ,no4 #b1 p4 #aad1 et seq474 #agi ,^! are call$ soga4 ,_! use is widespread 9 ! ,philipp9es1 9 ,malaysia g5]ally1 & ev5 ext5ds into upp] ,burma4 ,see ,%akespe>1 ,hi/ory ( ,upp] ,assam1 ,upp] ,burmah & ,nor!a/]n ,fronti]1 pp4 #ahf1 et seq47,london1 #aiad74 ,m>sd51 ,hi/4 ( ,sumatra1 p4 #caj 7,london1 #ahaa74 #ahj ,see ,cole1 ,wild ,tribes ( ,davao ,di/rict 7,field ,museum ( ,nat4 ,hi/41 ,vol4 ,,xii1 ,no4 #b1 p4 #id74 #aha ,?is description is p>tially tak5 f ! acc\nt ( ,paul ,p4 de ,la ,gironi]e1 probably ! "o :ite man1 :o has witness$ ?is rite 7see ,tw5ty ,ye>s 9 ! ,philipp9es1 p4 #ajh1 ,london1 #ahec71 & f ! /ories ( _m old m51 :o !mselves h p>ticipat$ 9 ! head-hunts & subsequ5t celebrations4 #ahb ,see ,cole1 ,di/ribution ( ! ,non-,*ri/ian ,tribes ( ,nor?we/]n ,luzon 7,am4 ,an?ropologi/1 ,n4 ,s41 ,vol4 ,,xi1 ,no4 #c1 #aiji1 p4 #cdj74 #ahc ,traditions ( ! ,t+uian1 ?is volume1 ,no4 #a1 p4 #bb4 #ahd ,j5ks1 ,! ,bontoc ,igorot1 p4 #abc 7,manila1 #aije72 ,kroeb]1 ,! ,peoples ( ! ,philipp9es 7,am4 ,museum ,nat4 ,hi/41 ,h&book ,s]ies1 ,no4 #c1 p4 #afe1 ,new ,york1 #aiai74 #ahe ,eg]ton1 ,h&book ( ,indian ,arms 7,wm4 ,all5 & ,co41 ,london1 #ahhj71 p4 #hd2 ,%akespe>1 ,hi/ory ( ,upp] ,assam1 ,burma & ,nor!a/]n ,fronti] 7,mac,millan1 ,london1 #aiad71 p4 #aig1 illu/ration4 #ahf ,?is type ( sn>e is us$ by ne>ly all ,philipp9e tribes1 & x is also widespread 9 ,malaysia4 #ahg ,! m\nta9 rice is kn[n z langpadan1 ! l[l& rice z pagey 7,ilocano palay74 #ahh ,?is is simil> to ! me?od foll[$ 9 ,sumatra4 ,see ,m>sd51 ,hi/ory ( ,sumatra1 #c;d ed41 pp4 #ga-gb 7,london1 #ahaa74 #ahi ,a simil> device is employ$ 9 ,java4 ,see ,freeman & ,*&l]1 ,! ,_w's ,comm]cial ,products1 p4 #cf 7,bo/on1 #aiaa74 #aij ,! latt] is ! cu/om>y me?od among ! ,bontoc ,igorot4 ,see ,j5ks1 ,! ,bontoc ,igorot1 p4 #id4 #aia ,raffles1 ,hi/ory ( ,java1 #b;d ed41 ,vol4 ,i1 p4 #abe1 also plate ,,viii 7,london1 #ahbj72 ,m>sd51 op4 cit41 p4 #gd2 ,freeman & ,*&l]1 op4 cit41 p4 #bi4 ,bo? ,raffles & ,m>sd5 consid] ?is type ( pl[ ( ,*9ese orig94 ,! ,t+uian "n alado is d\btless a corruption ( ! ,spani% arado1 b ?is ( c\rse w\ld n prove t ! pl[ itself 0 d]iv$ f ! ,spani>ds4 #aib ,see ,traditions ( ! ,t+uian1 ?is volume1 ,no4 #a1 pp4 #aie1 et seq4 #aic ,munia jagori 7m>t5s74 ,locally kn[n z tikgi4 #aid ,probably ! ophiocephalus4 ,see ,dean1 ,am]ican ,museum ,j\rnal1 ,vol4 ,,xii1 #aiab1 p4 #bb4 #aie ,?is is ! only occasion :5 m5 use ! b[ & arr[4 #aif ,! neighbor+ ,igorot d n use a cutt]1 b break ! /alks ) ! f+]s2 h[ev]1 ! same in/rum5t is us$ by ! ,apayao1 9 p>ts ( ,m9danao1 9 ,java & ,sumatra4 ,see ,m>sd51 ,hi/ory ( ,sumatra1 p4 #gc2 ,raffles1 ,hi/ory ( ,java1 pp4 #abe-f1 also ,plate #h2 ,may]1 ,e5 ,blik 9 het ,javaans*e ,volkslev51 ,vol4 ,,ii1 p4 #deb1 7,leid51 #ahig72 ,van d] ,li?1 ,n$]l&s* ,oo/ ,indie1 ,vol4 ,,ii1 p4 #cec1 7,leid51 #ahid74 #aig ,rice 9 ! bundle is kn[n z palay or pagey4 #aih ,! ,igorot woman pulls ! gra9 f ! /raw ) h] h&s4 #aii ,ilocano sanga-reppet or ! ,spani% monojo4 #bjj ,see ,traditions ( ! ,t+uian1 ?is volume1 ,no4 #a1 p4 #agg4 #bja ,hi/ory ( ,sumatra1 pp4 #fe1 et seq4 #bjb ,hose & ,mc,dougall 7,pagan ,tribes ( ,borneo1 ,vol4 ,,ii1 pp4 #bdf-g7 consid] ! t]rac$ rice culture ( ! ,murut1 ( nor!rn ,borneo1 a rec5t acquisition ei!r f ! ,philipp9es or f ,annam4 #bjc ,lavez>is1 writ+ 9 #aefi-gf1 /ates t ! natives1 ( no specifi$ di/rict1 h great quantities ( provisions :i* !y ga!r$ f irrigat$ fields 7,blair & ,rob]tson1 ,philipp9e ,isl&s1 ,vol4 ,,iii1 p4 #bfi74 ,9 ,vol4 ,,viii1 pp4 #bej-bea1 ( ! same publication1 is a record ( ! exp$ition to ,tue1 9 ! m\nta9s at ! s\!rn end ( ,nueva ,viscaya4 ,accord+ to ?is acc\nt1 ! natives ( t section 71 9 #aeib1 ga!r+ two crops ( rice1 "o be+ irrigat$1 ! o!r all[$ to gr[ by itself4 #bjd ,= ! hi/ory & ext5t ( t]rac$ field rice-culture1 see ,freeman & ,*&l]1 ,! ,_w's ,comm]cial ,products 7,bo/on1 #aiaa72 ,ratzel1 ,hi/ory ( ,mank9d1 ,vol4 ,i1 pp4 #dbf1 et seq4 7,london1 #ahif72 ,f]r>s1 ,burma1 pp4 #dh1 et seq4 7,london1 #aija72 ,bezem]1 ,door ,n$]l&s* ,oo/-,indie1 p4 #bcb 7,gron+51 #aijf72 ,hose & ,mc,dougall1 ,pagan ,tribes ( ,borneo1 ,vol4 ,,ii1 p4 #bdf2 ,p]ry1 ,man*e/] ,memoirs1 ,vol4 ,,lx1 pt4 #b1 #aiae-af2 ,wallace1 ,! ,malay ,ar*ipelago1 pp4 #aag1 #abf 7,london1 #ahid72 ,cabaton1 ,java & ! ,dut* ,ea/ ,indies1 p4 #bac1 note 7,london1 #aiaa72 ,meyi]1 ,irrigation 9 ,java1 ,transactions ( ! ,am]ican ,soc4 ( ,civil ,eng9e]s1 ,vol4 ,,liv1 pt4 #f 7,new ,york1 #aijh72 ,b]n>d1 ,am5agem5t des eaux a ,java1 irrigation des rizi]es 7,p>is #aijc72 ,crawfurd1 ,hi/ory ( ! ,indian ,ar*ipelago1 ,vol4 #a1 pp4 #ceh1 et seq4 7,ed9burgh1 #ahbj74 #bje ,campbell1 ,java ,pa/ & ,pres5t1 ,vol4 ,,ii1 p4 #igg 7,london1 #aiae74 #bjf ,see ,traditions ( ! ,t+uian1 ?is volume1 ,no4 #a1 p4 #agg4 #bjg ,also kn[n z ,s+a & ,baubauwi4 ,9 ,likuan x is held only 9 case ! crops are n gr[+ z !y %\ld2 b 9 ,sisikan1 ,patikian1 & o!r t[ns ( ! ,saltan ,riv] valley x is celebrat$ bo? be=e ! plant+ & aft] ! h>ve/+4 #bjh ,a sl5d] cane simil> to bamboo1 b ne>ly :ite 9 color4 #bji runo1 a re$4 #baj ,ju/icia g5d>ussa ,l4 #baa ,also call$ salokang4 ,see p4 #caj4 #bab ,! same c]emony may be held 9 ord] to /op ! ra9fall if x is too abundant4 #bac ,at ?is "t ! spirits ent] ! bodies ( ! m$iums & ?r\gh !m talk ) ! p4 #bad ,lygodium ne> sc&5s4 #bae ,9 ,manabo leaves & grass dipp$ 9 ! blood are atta*$ to split /icks1 7s9obung71 & are fa/5$ to a side wall ( ! h\se4 #baf ,lightn+ is recogniz$ z ! mess5g] ( ,kadaklan4 #bag ,! ,igorot villages ( ,lukuban & vic9ity h a simil> c]emony4 ,x is "h foll[$ by a ?ree-day p]iod ( taboo4 ,%\ld ! bird kn[n z kol+ fly ov] ! t[n dur+ ?is p]iod1 utt]+ its peculi> cry1 ! c]emony w be repeat$2 o!rwise1 all is well4 #bah ,lit]ally1 to give a ta/e4 #bai ,^? us$ are sikag 7,lygodium ne> sc&5s71 talabibatab 7,capp>is micracan?a ,d4,c47 & p$p$ 7874 #bbj ,mo/ ( ! id5tifications "h giv5 7 made by ,dr4 ,elm] ,d4 ,m]rill1 botani/ ( ! ,philipp9e ,bureau ( ,sci5ce1 f specim5s collect$ by ! writ]4 #bba ,kn[n g5]ally ?r\gh\t ! ,philipp9es z gabi4 #bbb ,! ?ree common v>ieties ( squa% are kalabasa 7,b59casa c]tif]a71 tabongau & tankoy 7,curcubita sp474 #bbc ,9 ! vic9ity ( ,bakaok a small am\nt ( maguey 7,agave cantula ,roxb47 is rais$4 ,x is employ$ 9 ! mak+ ( cords4 #bbd ,a less e/eem$ species is kn[n z lalaw$ ta aso 7dog law$74 #bbe ,see ,traditions ( ! ,t+uian1 ?is volume1 ,no4 #a1 p4 #ajj4 #bbf ,a simil> dr9k 0 us$ c]emonially 9 ,pangas9an 9 #afdj4 ,see ,adu>te1 ,hi/oria2 ,blair & ,rob]tson1 ,vol4 ,,xxx1 p4 #ahf4 ,x is /ill f\nd 9 _m portions ( ! ar*ipelago4 #bbg ,cole1 ,! ,wild ,tribes ( ,davao ,di/rict1 ,m9danao 7,field ,museum ( ,natural ,hi/ory1 ,vol4 ,,xii1 ,no4 #b1 pp4 #hb-hc72 ,hose & ,mc,dougall1 ,! ,pagan ,tribes ( ,borneo1 ,vol4 ,i1 pp4 #aid-aie 7,mac,millan & ,co41 ,london1 #aiab72 ,raffles1 ,hi/ory ( ,java1 ,vol4 ,i1 pp4 #aib-aic2 ,m>sd51 ,hi/ory ( ,sumatra1 #crd edition 7,london1 #ahaa71 p4 #aha2 ,f]rais1 ,burma1 p4 #aje 7,l[1 ,m>/on & ,co41 ,london1 #aija72 ,peal 7,j\rn4 ,an?4 ,in/4 ( ,great ,brita9 & ,irel&1 ,vol4 ,,xxii1 p4 #bej1 also ,plate ,,xiv1 fig4 ,no4 #b74 #bbh ,rockhill1 ,t'oung ,pao1 ,vol4 ,,xvi1 #aiae1 pp4 #bfh-bfi2 ,blair & ,rob]tson1 op4 cit41 ,vols4 ,,ii1 p4 #aaf2 ,,iii1 p4 #bji2 ,,iv1 p4 #gd2 ,,xxix1 p4 #cjg2 ,,xl1 p4 #dh1 note2 ,philipp9e ,c5sus1 ,vol4 ,i1 p4 #dhb 7,wa%+ton1 #aije74 ,de ,morga1 ,sucesos de las ,islas ,philip9as 7#afji71 see ,hakluyt ,soc4 edition1 pp4 #cch1 et seq4 7,london1 #ahfh74 #bbi ,w&]+s 9 ! ,great ,=e/s ( ,borneo 7,con/able1 ,london1 #aijd71 pp4 #bhb-bhc4 ,see also ,l[1 ,s>awak--,its ,inhabitants & ,productions1 pp4 #aeh1 #bji 7,london1 #ahdh74 #bcj ,op4 cit41 ,vol4 ,i1 pp4 #aic-aid4 #bca ,ratzel1 ,hi/ory ( ,mank9d1 ,vol4 ,i1 p4 #dcd2 ,m>sd51 op4 cit41 pp4 #agc1 #aha1 #cdg note4 #bcb ,fif? ,annual ,report ( ! ,m9+ ,bureau ( ! ,philipp9e ,isl&s1 p4 #ca2 ,(ficial ,catalogue ( ! ,philipp9e ,exhibit1 ,univ]sal ,exposition1 p4 #bca 7,/4 ,l\is1 #aijd74 #bcc ,blair & ,rob]tson1 ,! ,philipp9e ,isl&s1 ,vol4 ,,ii1 pp4 #aaf1 #bjg2 ,vol4 ,,iii1 pp4 #bjc1 #bgj2 ,vol4 ,,iv1 p4 #ih2 ,vol4 ,v1 p4 #ade2 ,vol4 ,,viii1 p4 #hd2 ,vol4 ,,xii1 p4 #ahg2 ,vol4 ,,xvi1 p4 #ajf4 ,zuniga1 ,e/adismo 7,retana's edition71 ,vol4 ,,ii1 pp4 #da1 #id4 #bcd ,=eman1 ,! ,philipp9e ,isl&s1 p4 #cfa 7,london1 #ahib72 ,bezem]1 ,door ,n$]l&s* ,oo/-,indie1 p4 #cjh 7,gron+51 #aijf72 ,skeat1 ,man1 ,vol4 ,i4 #aija1 p4 #agh2 ,raffles1 ,hi/ory ( ,java1 #b;d ed41 ,vol4 ,i p4 #ahf 7,london1 #ahcj72 ,br5don 7,j\rnal ( ,indian ,art & ,indu/ry1 ,vol4 ,x1 ,no4 #hb1 pp4 #ag1 et seq474 #bce ,weav+ 9 cotton is a rec5t introduction among ! neighbor+ ,bontoc ,igorot4 ,=m]ly _! g>m5ts 7 made ( flay$ b>k1 or 7 wov5 f local fib] plants4 ,! ?reads f ! latt] 7 spun or twi/$ on ! nak$ ?igh "u ! palm ( ! h&4 ,cf4 ,j5ks1 ,! ,bontoc ,igorot1 p4 #aac 7,manila1 #aije74 #bcf ,a simil> device is us$ 9 ,burma4 #bcg ,! same type ( :eel is f\nd 9 ,java4 ,see ,may]1 ,e5 ,blik 9 het ,javaans*e ,volkslev51 ,vol4 ,,ii1 p4 #dfi 7,leid51 #ahig74 #bch ,a simil> w>p w9d] is describ$ = ,bombay 7,br5don1 ,j\rnal ( ,indian ,art & ,indu/ry1 ,vol4 ,x1 ,no4 #hb1 #aijc1 pp4 #ag1 et seq474 #bci ,= ! di/ribution ( ?is semi-girdle or back /rap1 see ,l+ ,ro?1 ,/udies 9 ,primitive ,looms 7,j\rnal ,royal ,an?rop4 ,in/41 ,vol4 ,,xlvi1 #aiaf1 pp4 #bid1 #bii74 #bdj ,^! are3 al9au 7,grewia multiflora ,juss472 babaket 7,helict]es hirsuta ,l\r472 laynai--a l>ge tree1 unid5tifi$2 lapnek 7,abroma sp47 ka'a-ka'ag1 an unid5tifi$ %rub2 losoban 7grewia72 pakak1 unid5tifi$2 anabo 7,hibiscus pung5s ,roxb472 bangal 7,/]culia foctida ,l472 saloyot 7,cor*oeus olitorius ,l47 labtang 7,anamirta cocculus72 atis 7,anona squamosa ,l472 alagak 7anona72 mal+-kapas 7,ceiba p5t&ra ,ga]tn472 betn+ & daldalopang1 unid5tifi$2 maguey 7,agave cantula ,roxb472 bayog--a v>iety ( bamboo4 #bda ,x is n ess5tial t ! oil be appli$1 & (t5times :ole sections are color$ be=e be+ split4 #bdb ,f kawat1 ! twi/+ ( v9es ab\t a tree4 #bdc ,?is is ! ,arnatto dye1 an ,am]ican plant4 ,watt1 ,diction>y1 ,vol4 ,i1 p4 #ded4 #bdd ,?is tattoo+ is accompli%$ by mix+ oil & ! black soot f ! bottom ( a cook+ pot1 or ! pulv]iz$ a%es ( blue clo?4 ,! pa/e is spread ov] ! place to be treat$1 & is driv5 9 ) an in/rum5t consi/+ ( ?ree or f\r ne$les set 9 a piece ( bamboo4 ,sometimes ! pi]c+ ( ! sk9 is done be=e ! color is appli$2 ! latt] is !n rubb$ 94 #bde ,black5+ ( ! tee? 0 practis$ by ! ,zambal1 also 9 ,sumatra & ,japan4 ,blair & ,rob]tson1 ,vol4 ,,xvi1 p4 #gh2 ,m>sd51 ,hi/ory ( ,sumatra1 ,p4 #ec4 #bdf ,see pp4 #dde1 #def = words & music4 #bdg ,%all[ copp] gongs4 #bdh ,reyes says t ?is song1 dal5g1 is simil> to ! dallot ( ! ,ilocano 7,articulos v>ios1 p4 #cb74 #bdi ,simil> in/rum5ts are us$ by ! ,igorot :o susp5d !m free & beat !m z !y dance4 #bej ,! fir/ l9e is sung by ! girls1 ! second by ! boys4 ,= ! music see p4 #dde4 #bea ,! fir/ l9e is sung by ! girls1 ! second by ! boys4 #beb ,i use ! ^w mod]n 9 ?is connection1 z x p]ta9s to ! music ( ^? peoples :o h develop$ music z an art1 & among :om we f9d con=mity to ! same rules & sy/em ( notation4 #bec ,by ref]5ce to ! analysis ( ,record ,i1 ,da-eng 7,boys & girls alt]nat+71 x w be se5 t ! record seems to h be5 made by "o set ( s+]s1 app>5tly wom5 & girls1 :o sang toge!r on bo? p>ts4 ,! entire record has !re=e be5 tabulat$ ) ! wom5's songs4 #bed ,record ,f1 ,song ( a ,_s1 %[s bo? major & m9or tonality 7= explanation see analysis ( ?is song1 p4 #dff74 #bee ,record ,j1 ,da-eng 7,girls' "p71 %[s ?is m>k 9 ! ,scale giv5 bel[ ! transcription 7= explanation see analysis ( ?is song1 p4 #dga74 #bef ,i f9d gr\ps ( five us$ occasionally 9 ! s++ ( our ,am]ican ,indians4 ,burton 7,primitive ,am]ican ,music7 %[s its frequ5t use among ! ,*ippeway4 ,miss ,flet*] also %[s gr\ps 9 five 9 h] ,omaha ,music1 & ,miss ,d5smore gives simil> gr\p+ 9 h] transcriptions ( ,am]ican ,indian songs4 #beg ,grove1 ,diction>y ( ,music & ,musicians1 ,vol4 ,,iv4 #beh ,r[bo?am1 ,hi/ory ( ,music4