,transcrib$ f ! #aijb ,macmillan & ,co4 8,hi/orical ,lectures & ,essays0 edition by ,david ,price1 email ccx#jgdpglaf4org ,picture3 ,book cov] ,,alex&ria ,,& ,,h] ,,s*ools4 #c ,,preface4 ,i ,,%\ld n h presum$ to *oose = any lectures ( m9e su* a subject z t :i* ,i h tri$ to treat 9 ?is book4 ,! subject 0 *os5 by ! ,in/itution :]e ! lectures 7 deliv]$4 ,/ill less %\ld ,i h presum$ to pr9t !m ( my own accord1 kn[+ h[ fragm5t>y & crude !y are4 ,!y 7 pr9t$ at ! special reque/ ( my audi5ce4 ,lea/ ( all1 p]haps1 ought ,i to h presum$ to publi% !m1 z ,i h done1 at ,cambridge1 :]e any inaccuracy or sciolism 7& t su* defects exi/ 9 ^! pages1 ,i _c b fe>7 w\ld be in/antly detect$1 & sev]ely c5sur$3 b nev]!less1 x seem$ to me t ,cambridge 0 ! fitte/ place 9 :i* !y c\ld see ! light1 because to ,cambridge ,i ma9ly owe :at little "r me?od or s\nd ?\ght may be f\nd 9 !m1 or inde$1 9 any?+ :i* ,i h ev] writt54 ,9 ! heyday ( y\?ful gre$9ess & ambition1 :5 ! m9d1 dazzl$ by ! va/ness & v>iety ( ! univ]se1 mu/ ne$s "k ev]y?+1 or r "k ab\t ev]y?+1 at once & on ! spot1 too _m are apt1 z ,i h be5 9 pa/ ye>s1 to compla9 ( ,cambridge /udies z too dry & n>r[3 b z "t tea*es ! /ud5t1 ye> by ye>1 :at is really requir$ = an und]/&+ ( ! objects ) :i* he meets1 he beg9s to f9d t 8 ,univ]sity1 9 z f> z he has really receiv$ h] tea*+ into himself1 has giv5 him1 9 h] criticism1 h] ma!matics1 above all1 9 ,plato1 some?+ :i* all ! popul> k1 ! lectures & in/itutions ( ! day1 & ev5 good books !mselves1 _c give1 a boon m preci\s ?an le>n+2 namely1 ! art ( le>n+4 ,t in/ead ( ca/+ into 8 lazy lap treasures :i* he w\ld n h kn[n h[ to use1 %e has taught him to m9e = !m himself2 & has by h] wise refusal to gratify 8 intellectual gre$9ess1 excit$ 8 hung]1 only t he may be ! /rong] to hunt & till = 8 own subsi/5ce2 & ?us1 ! deep] he dr9ks1 9 aft] ye>s1 at f\nta9s wisely =bidd5 to him :ile he 0 a ,cambridge /ud5t1 & sees 8 old companions gr[+ up into s\nd-head$ & s\nd-he>t$ practical m51 lib]al & expansive1 & yet ) a firm /&+-gr\nd = ?\ght & action1 he le>ns to compla9 less & less ( ,cambridge /udies1 & m & m ( t conceit & ha/e ( 8 own1 :i* kept him f reap+ ! full advantage ( h] tra9+4 ,^! ,lectures1 z ,i h said1 are altoge!r crude & fragm5t>y--h[1 inde$1 c\ld !y be o!rwise1 deal+ ) s va/ a subject1 & s long a p]iod ( "t8 ,!y are meant nei!r z ,essays nor z ,orations1 b simply z a collection ( h9ts to ^? :o may wi% to "w out ! subject = !mselves2 &1 ,i tru/1 z giv+ "s glimpses ( a c5tral idea1 9 ! light ( :i* ! spiritual hi/ory ( ,alex&ria1 & p]haps ( o!r c\ntries also1 may be se5 to h 9 itself a coh]5ce & organic me?od4 ,i 0 ( c\rse compell$1 by ! circum/ances "u :i* ^! ,lectures 7 deliv]$1 to keep cle> ( all po9ts :i* are commonly call$ 8controv]sial40 ,i _c b feel t ?is 0 a ga91 r ?an a loss2 because x =c$ me1 if ,i wi%$ to give any int]pretation at all ( ,alex&rian ?\ght1 any ,!odicy at all ( h] fate1 to ref] to laws :i* ,i _c b believe to be deep]1 wid]1 m truly et]nal ?an ! po9ts :i* cause mo/ ( our mod]n controv]sies1 ei!r !ological or political2 laws :i* w1 ,i _c b believe also1 reass]t !mselves1 & h to be reass]t$ by all wise tea*]s1 v soon inde$1 & x may be "u mo/ novel embodim5ts1 b )\t any *ange 9 _! et]nal _s4 ,= ,i may say1 ,i hope1 n[ 7:at if said t5 ye>s ago w\ld h only excit$ laught]71 t ,i _c b subscribe to ! op9ion ( ! _m wise m5 :o believe t ,europe1 & ,engl& z an integral "p !re(1 is on ! eve ( a revolution1 spiritual & political1 z va/ & awful z t :i* took place at ! ,re=mation2 & t1 b5eficial z t revolution w d\btless be to ! de/9ies ( mank9d 9 g5]al1 x dep5ds ^u ! wisdom & c\rage ( ea* nation individually1 :e!r t great deluge %all issue1 z ! ,re=mation did1 9 a fre% outgr[? ( ,european nobl5ess & /r5g? or u%] 91 aft] pitiable confusions & sorr[s1 a second ,byzant9e age ( /]eotyp$ effem9acy & imbecility4 ,= ,i h z little sympa?y ) ^? :o prate s l\dly ( ! progress ( ! species1 & ! adv5t ( ,i "k-n-:at ,cockaigne ( univ]sal peace & pl5ty1 z ,i h ) ^? :o believe on ! /r5g? ( 8unfulfill$ prophecy10 ! d[nfall ( ,*ri/ianity1 & ! end ( ! human race to be at h&4 ,nev]!less1 "o may well believe t prophecy w be fulfill$ 9 ?is great crisis1 z x is 9 e great crisis1 al?\gh "o be unable to conceive by :at me?od ( symbolism ! dry+ up ( ! ,euphrates c be twi/$ to signify ! fall ( ,con/ant9ople3 & "o c well believe t a day ( judgm5t is at h&1 9 :i* = e nation & in/itution1 ! :eat w be sift$ out & ga!r$ into ,god's g>n]1 = ! use ( future g5]ations1 & ! *aff burnt up ) t fire unqu5*able :i* w try e man's "w1 )\t be+ ( op9ion t aft] a few m ye>s are ov]1 ! great majority ( ! human race w be consign$ hopelessly to nev]-end+ torm5ts4 ,if prophecy be inde$ a div9e message to man2 if x be any?+ b a cabbala1 useless ei!r to ! simple-m9d$ or to ! logical1 int5d$ only = ! play?+ ( a few dev\t fancies1 x mu/ decl>e ! un*angeable laws by :i* ! un*angeable ,god is gov]n+1 & has always gov]n$1 ! human race2 & !re=e only by und]/&+ :at has happ5$1 c we und]/& :at w happ52 only by und]/&+ hi/ory1 c we und]/& prophecy2 & t n m]ely by pick+ out--too (t5 arbitr>ily & unfairly--a few names & dates f ! records ( all ! ages1 b by try+ to discov] its organic laws1 & ! causes :i* produce 9 nations1 cre$s1 & sy/ems1 heal? & disease1 gr[?1 *ange1 decay & dea?4 ,if1 9 "o small corn] ( ?is va/ field1 ,i %all h ?r[n a s+le ray ( light ^u ^! subjects--if ,i %all h done any?+ 9 ^! pages t[>ds illu/rat+ ! pa?ology ( a s+le p1 ,i %all believe t ,i h done bett] s]vice to ! ,ca?olic ,fai? & ! ,scriptures1 ?an if ,i did really 8"k ! times & ! seasons1 :i* ! ,fa!r has kept 9 ,8 own h&40 ,= by ! =m] act ,i may h help$ to make "s "o man m prud5t & brave to see & to d :at ,god requires ( him2 by ! latt] ,i c\ld only add to t p>alysis ( sup]/iti\s fe>1 :i* is already b too common among u1 & b too likely to h9d] u f do+ our duty manfully aga9/ our real foes1 :e!r x be pe/il5ce at home or tyranny abroad4 ,^! la/ words lead me to ano!r subject1 on :i* ,i am b\nd to say a few words4 ,i h1 at ! end ( ^! ,lectures1 made "s allusion to ! pres5t w>4 ,to h ent]$ fur!r into political que/ions w\ld h be5 improp] 9 ! place :]e ^? ,lectures 7 deliv]$3 b ,i _c refra9 f say+ "h some?+ m on ?is matt]2 & t1 fir/1 because all political que/ions h _! real root 9 moral & spiritual ones1 & n 7z too _m fancy7 9 que/ions m]ely relat+ to ! balance ( p[] or comm]cial economy1 & are 7! _w be+ "u ! guidance ( a spiritual1 & n a physical ,be+7 f9ally decid$ on ^? spiritual gr\nds1 & accord+ to ! j laws ( ! k+dom ( ,god2 &1 !re=e1 ! future political horoscope ( ! ,ea/ dep5ds entirely on ! pres5t spiritual /ate ( its inhabitants1 & ( u :o h 7& rightly7 tak5 up _! cause2 9 %ort1 on _m ( ^? que/ions on :i* ,i h t\*$ 9 ^! ,lectures3 & next1 because ,i feel b\nd1 9 ju/ice to myself1 to gu>d aga9/ any mi/ake ab\t my mean+ or supposition t ,i consid] ! ,turki% empire a righte\s ?+1 or "o likely to /& mu* long] on ! face ( ,god's e>?4 ,! ,turki% empire1 z x n[ exi/s1 seems to me an altoge!r unrighte\s & wor?less ?+4 ,x /&s no long] ^u ! ass]tion ( ! great tru? ( ,islam1 b on ! m]e/ brute =ce & oppression4 ,x has long s9ce lo/ ! only excuse :i* "o race c h = hold+ ano!r 9 subjection2 t :i* we h = tak+ on ourselves ! tutelage ( ! ,h9doos1 & :i* ,rome _h = its tutelage ( ! ,syrians & ,egyptians2 namely1 ! gov]n+ ) tol]able ju/ice ^? :o _c gov]n !mselves1 & mak+ !m bett] & m prosp]\s p1 by compell+ !m to submit to law4 ,i d n "k :5 ?is excuse is a suffici5t "o4 ,god %[$ t x 0 s = sev]al c5turies 9 ! case ( ! ,romans2 ,god w %[ :e!r x is 9 ! case ( our ,indian empire3 b ?is ,i say1 t ! ,turki% empire has n ev5 t excuse to plead2 z is prov$ by ! pat5t fact t ! :ole ,ea/1 ! v g>d5 ( ! old _w1 has become a des]t & a ru9 "u ! upas-blight ( _! gov]nm5t4 ,z = ! reg5]ation ( ,turkey1 x is a "q :e!r ! reg5]ation ( any nation :i* has sunk1 n into m]e valiant savag]y1 b into effete & pr(ligate luxury1 is possible4 ,/ill m is x a "q :e!r a reg5]ation c be effect$1 n by ! rise ( a new spiritual idea 7z 9 ! case ( ! ,korei%71 b simply by m p]fect mat]ial appliances1 & comm]cial prud5ce4 ,hi/ory gives no in/ance1 x seems to me1 ( ei!r case2 & if our attempt to reg5]ate ,greece by free+ x has be5 an utt] failure1 mu* m1 x seems to me1 w\ld any su* attempt fail 9 ! case ( ! ,turki% race4 ,= :at c be done ) a p :i* has lo/ ! "o great quality :i* 0 ! t5ure ( its exi/5ce1 its milit>y skill8 ,let any "o read ! acc\nts ( ! ,turki% armies 9 ! fifte5?1 sixte5?1 & sev5te5? c5turies1 :5 !y 7 ! tutors & models ( all ,europe 9 ! art ( w>1 & !n consid] ! fact t ^? v armies require n[ to be (fic]$ by =eign adv5tur]s1 9 ord] to make !m capable ( ev5 keep+ toge!r1 & let him ask himself s]i\sly1 :e!r su* a fall c ev] be recov]$4 ,:51 9 ! age ( ,!odosius1 & aga9 9 t ( ,ju/9ian1 ! ,roman armies _h fall5 into ! same /ate2 :5 ! ,italian legions requir$ to be l$ by ,/ili*o ! ,v&al1 & ! ,byzant9e by ,belis> ! ,sclav & ,n>ses ! ,p]sian1 ! end ( all ?+s 0 at h&1 & came2 z x w come soon to ,turkey4 ,b if ,turkey des]ves to fall1 & mu/ fall1 x mu/ n fall by our trea*]y4 ,its s9s w surely be av5g$ ^u x3 b wrong mu/ n av5ge wrong1 or ! p5alty is only pass$ on f "o s9n] to ano!r4 ,:atsoev] elem5t ( good is left 9 ! ,turk1 to t we mu/ appeal z our only means1 if n ( sav+ him1 /ill ( help+ him to a quiet eu?anasia1 & absorption into a wor?i] race ( successors4 ,he is said 7,i "k n h[ truly7 to h "o virtue left2 t ( fai?fulness to 8 ^w4 ,only by %[+ him t we too abhor trea*]y & bad fai?1 c we ei!r d him good1 or take a safe /&+-gr\nd 9 our own p]il4 ,& ?is we h done2 & = ?is we %all be rew>d$4 ,b ?is is surely n all our duty4 ,ev5 if we %\ld be able to make ! civil & religi\s fre$om ( ! ,ea/]n ,*ri/ians ! price ( our assi/ance to ! ,mussulman1 ! /ruggle w n be ov]2 = ,russia w /ill be :at %e has always be51 & ! nor!rn ,an>* w be *eck$1 only to return to ! conte/ ) fi]c] lu/ ( aggr&isem5t1 to enact ! "p ( a new ,mac$on1 aga9/ a new ,greece1 divid$1 n unit$1 by ! trea*]\s bond ( t balance ( p[]1 :i* is b w> "u ! guise ( peace4 ,europe ne$s a holi] & m spiritual1 & !re=e a /rong] union1 ?an c be giv5 by arm$ neutralities1 & ! s-call$ cause ( ord]4 ,%e ne$s su* a bond z 9 ! ,elizabe?an age unit$ ! free /ates ( ,europe aga9/ ! ,an>* ( ,spa91 & deliv]$ ! ,we/]n nations f a ris+ _w-tyranny1 :i* promis$ to be ev5 m hide\s ?an ! eld] "o ( ,rome4 ,if1 z !n1 ,engl& %all proclaim h]self ! *ampion ( fre$om by acts1 & n by words & pap]1 %e may1 z %e did !n1 defy ! rul]s ( ! d>kness ( ?is _w1 = ! ,god ( ,light w be ) h]4 ,b1 z yet1 x is impossible to look )\t sad =ebod+s ^u ! de/9y ( a w>1 begun ^u ! express und]/&+ t evil %all be left triumphant ?r\gh\t ,europe1 :]esoev] t evil does n seem1 to our own selfi% %ort-sight$ness1 to ?reat5 u ) imm$iate dang]2 ) promises1 t "u ! holl[ "n ( ! ,cause ( ,ord]--& t promise made by a revolution>y ,an>*--! wrongs ( ,italy1 ,hung>y1 ,pol&1 ,sw$51 %all rema9 unr$ress$1 & t ,prussia & ,au/ria1 two tyrannies1 ! "o f> m false & hypocritical1 ! o!r ev5 m rott5 ?an t ( ,turkey1 %all1 if !y w b obs]ve a holl[ & unc]ta9 neutrality 7= :o c tru/ ! li> & ! oppressor87--be all[$ n only to keep _! ill-gott5 spoils1 b ev5 n[ to play into ! h&s ( our foe1 by gu>d+ 8 ,poli% fronti] = him1 & keep+ d[n ! victims ( 8 cruelty1 "u pret5ce ( keep+ d[n ^? ( _! own4 ,x is true1 ! alt]native is an awful "o2 "o f :i* /atesm5 & nations may well %r9k3 b x is a "q1 :e!r t alt]native may n be =c$ ^u u soon] or lat]1 :e!r we mu/ n f ! fir/ look x boldly 9 ! face1 z t :i* mu/ be "s day1 & = :i* we mu/ prep>e1 n c[>dly1 & ) cries ab\t ,god's wra? & judgm5ts aga9/ u--:i* w\ld be abject1 7 !y n express$ 9 su* second-h& /ock-phrases z to make "o altoge!r d\bt _! s9c]ity1 b *ivalr\sly1 & ) awful joy1 z a noble call+1 an hon\r put ^u u by ! ,god ( ,nations1 :o dem&s ( u1 z "s small return = all ,8 free b\nties1 t we %\ld be1 9 ?is great crisis1 ! *ampions ( ,fre$om & ( ,ju/ice1 :i* are ! cause ( ,god4 ,at all ev5ts1 we %all n escape our duty by be+ afraid ( x2 we %all n escape our duty by inv5t+ to ourselves "s o!r duty1 & call+ x 8,ord]40 ,elizabe? did s at fir/4 ,%e tri$ to keep ! peace ) ,spa92 %e %rank f injur+ ! cause ( ,ord] 7!n a nobl] "o ?an n[1 because x 0 ! cause ( ,loyalty1 & n m]ely ( ,mammon7 by assi/+ ! ,scot* & ! ,ne!rl&]s3 b h] duty 0 =c$ ^u h]2 & %e did x at la/1 *e]fully1 boldly1 utt]ly1 l a h]o2 %e put h]self at ! head ( ! battle = ! fre$om ( ! _w1 & %e conqu]$1 = ,god 0 ) h]2 & s t seem+ly mo/ fe>ful ( all ,engl&'s p]ils1 :5 ! real mean+ ( x 0 se51 & ,god's w 9 x obey$ manfully1 became ! f\ndation ( ,engl&'s naval & colonial empire1 & laid ! f\ndation ( all h] future glories4 ,s x 0 !n1 s x is n[2 s x w be = ev]3 he :o seeks to save 8 life w lose x3 he :o will+ly ?r[s away 8 life = ! cause ( mank9d1 :i* is ! cause ( ,god1 ! ,fa!r ( mank9d1 he %all save x1 & be rew>d$ a hundr$-fold4 ,t ,god may grant u1 ! *ildr5 ( ! ,elizabe?an h]oes1 all wisdom to see our duty1 & c\rage to d x1 ev5 to ! dea?1 %\ld be our e>lie/ pray]4 ,our /atesm5 h done wisely & well 9 refus+1 9 spite ( hot-head$ clam\rs1 to appeal to ! sword z long z !re 0 any *ance ( a peaceful settlem5t ev5 ( a s+le evil4 ,!y are do+ wisely & well n[ 9 decl9+ to ?r[ away ! scabb>d z long z !re is hope t a det]m9$ front w awe ! (f5d] into submission3 b ! day may come :5 ! scabb>d mu/ be ?r[n away2 & ,god grant t !y may h ! c\rage to d x4 ,x is report$ t our rul]s h said1 t ,engli% diplomacy c no long] recognise 8nationalities10 b only exi/+ 8gov]nm5ts40 ,god grant t !y may see 9 "t t ! ass]tion ( national life1 z a spiritual & indefeasible exi/5ce1 0 = c5turies ! c5tral idea ( ,engli% policy2 ! idea by fai? 9 :i* %e deliv]$ fir/ h]self1 & !n ! ,prote/ant nations ( ! ,cont95t1 successively f ! yokes ( ,rome1 ( ,spa91 ( ,france2 & t !y may reass]t t mo/ ,engli% ( all tru?s aga91 let ! app>5t co/ be :at x may4 ,x is true1 t ?is end w n be atta9$ )\t :at is call$ n[adays 8a de/ruction ( human life40 ,b we h yet to le>n 7at lea/ if ! doctr9es :i* ,i h tri$ to illu/rate 9 ?is little book h any tru? 9 !m7 :e!r %ot or %ell has ! p[] ( tak+ away human life2 & to believe1 if we believe our ,bibles1 t human life c only be de/roy$ by s91 & t all :i* is lo/ 9 battle is t animal life ( :i* x is writt51 8,fe> n ^? :o c kill ! body1 & aft] t h no m t !y c d3 b ,i w =ew>n y :om y %all fe>2 him :o1 aft] he has kill$1 has p[] to de/roy bo? body & s\l 9 hell40 ,let a man fe> him1 ! de/roy+ devil1 & fe> !re=e c[>dice1 disloyalty1 selfi%ness1 sluggi%ness1 :i* are 8 works1 & to be utt]ly afraid ( :i* is to be truly brave4 ,god grant t we ( ! cl]gy may rememb] ?is dur+ ! com+ w>1 & in/ead ( weak5+ ! righte\s c\rage & hon\r ( our c\ntrym5 by in/ill+ into !m selfi% & sup]/iti\s fe>s1 & a !ory ( ! future /ate :i* repres5ts ,god1 n z a savi\r1 b a torm5tor1 may boldly tell !m t 8,he is n ! ,god ( ! dead b ( ! liv+2 = all live unto ,him20 & t he :o r5d]s up 8 animal life z a wor?less ?+1 9 ! cause ( duty1 commits 8 real & human life1 8 v s\l & self1 into ! h&s ( a j & m]ciful ,fa!r1 :o has promis$ to leave no good de$ unrew>d$1 & lea/ ( all t mo/ noble de$1 ! dy+ l a man = ! sake n m]ely ( ?is l& ( ,engl&1 b ( ! fre$om & national life ( half ! _w4 ,,lecture ,i4 ,,! ,,ptolemaic ,,era4 ,,be=e ,i beg9 to lecture ^u ! ,physical & ,metaphysical s*ools ( ,alex&ria1 x may be bett]1 p]haps1 to def9e ! mean+ ( ^! two epi!ts4 ,physical1 we %all all agree1 means t :i* belongs to 2 natura2 nature1 t :i* 1 nascitur1 gr[s1 by an organic life1 & !re=e decays aga92 :i* has a beg9n+1 & !re=e1 ,i presume1 an end4 ,& ,metaphysical means t :i* we le>n to ?9k ( aft] we ?9k ( nature2 t :i* is sup]natural1 9 fact1 hav+ nei!r beg9n+ nor end1 imp]i%able1 immovable1 & et]nal1 :i* does n become1 b always is4 ,^!1 at lea/1 are ! wise/ def9itions ( ^! two t]ms = u j n[2 = !y are ^? :i* 7 receiv$ by ! :ole ,alex&rian s*ool1 ev5 by ^? comm5tators :o say t ,ari/otle1 ! inv5tor ( ! t]m ,metaphysics1 nam$ 8 treatise s only on acc\nt ( its foll[+ 9 philosophic sequ5ce 8 book on ,physics4 ,b1 accord+ to ^! def9itions1 ! :ole hi/ory ( ,alex&ria might be to u1 f "o po9t ( view1 a physical s*ool2 = ,alex&ria1 its society & its philosophy1 7 born1 & grew1 & f$1 & rea*$ _! vig\r1 & _h _! old age1 _! dea?1 ev5 z a plant or an animal has2 & aft] !y 7 dead & dissolv$1 ! atoms ( !m =m$ food = new creations1 ent]$ into new organisations1 j z ! atoms ( a dead plant or animal might d4 ,0 ,alex&ria !n1 f beg9n+ to end1 m]ely a natural & physical ph5om5on8 ,x may h be54 ,& yet we _c d5y t ,alex&ria 0 also a metaphysical ph5om5on1 va/ & deep en\gh2 see+ t x held = "s eighte5 hundr$ ye>s a population ( sev]al hundr$ ?\s& s\ls2 ea* ( :om1 at lea/ accord+ to ! ,alex&rian philosophy1 /ood 9 a v intimate relation to ^? metaphysic ?+s :i* are imp]i%able & immovable & et]nal1 & inde$1 conta9$ !m m or less1 ea* man1 woman1 & *ild ( !m 9 !mselves2 hav+ wills1 reasons1 consci5ces1 affections1 relations to ea* o!r2 be+ p>5ts1 *ildr51 helpmates1 b\nd toge!r by laws conc]n+ "r & wrong1 & numb]less o!r unse5 & spiritual relations4 ,surely su* a body 0 n m]ely natural1 any m ?an any o!r nation1 society1 or sci5tific s*ool1 made up ( m5 & ( ! spirits1 ?\ghts1 affections ( m54 ,x1 l !m1 0 surely spiritual2 & c\ld be only liv+ & heal?y1 9 z f> z x 0 9 h>mony ) c]ta9 spiritual1 unse51 & ev]la/+ laws ( ,god2 p]haps1 z c]ta9 ,alex&rian philosoph]s w\ld h held1 9 z f> z x 0 a patt]n ( t ideal con/itution & polity aft] :i* man 0 creat$1 ! city ( ,god :i* is et]nal 9 ! ,heav5s4 ,if s1 may we n suspect ( ?is ,alex&ria t x 0 its own fault if x became a m]ely physical ph5om5on2 & t x /oop$ to become a "p ( nature1 & took its place among ! ?+s :i* are born to die1 only by break+ ! law :i* ,god _h appo9t$ = x2 s fulfill+1 9 its own case1 ,/4 ,paul's great words1 t dea? ent]$ into ! _w by s91 & t s9 is ! transgression ( ! law8 ,be t z x may1 !re mu/ h be5 metaphysic en\gh to be le>nt 9 t1 or any city ( ?ree hundr$ ?\s& inhabitants1 ev5 ?\gh x _h nev] conta9$ lecture-room or philosoph]'s *air1 & _h nev] he>d ! names ( ,ari/otle & ,plato4 ,metaphysic en\gh1 inde$1 to be le>nt !re1 c\ld we b ent] into ! he>t ( ev5 ! mo/ bruti% negro slave :o ev] 0 br\ght d[n ! ,nile out ( ! des]t by ,nubian m]*ants1 to build pi]s & docks 9 ^: comm]ce he did n %>e1 temples ^: wor%ip he did n compreh5d1 libr>ies & !atres ^: le>n+ & civilisation 7 to him z mu* a seal$ book z !y 7 to 8 c\ntryman1 & fell[-slave1 & only fri5d1 ! ape4 ,!re 0 metaphysic en\gh 9 him truly1 & ?+s et]nal & immutable1 ?\gh 8 d>k-sk9n$ desc5dants 7 ?ree hundr$ ye>s 9 discov]+ ! fact1 & 9 prov+ x satisfactorily to all mank9d = ev]4 ,y mu/ p>don me if ,i seem obscure2 ,i _c help look+ at ! "q ) a some:at ,alex&rian eye1 & talk+ ( ! poor negro dock-work] z c]ta9 ,alex&rian philosoph]s w\ld h talk$1 ( :om ,i %all h to speak h]eaft]4 ,i %\ld h be5 glad1 !re=e1 _h "t p]mitt$ me1 in/ead ( conf9+ myself /rictly to :at are n[ call$ 8! physic & metaphysic s*ools0 ( ,alex&ria1 to h tri$ z well z ,i c\ld to make y und]/& h[ ! :ole va/ ph5om5on grew up1 & support$ a peculi> life ( its own1 = fifte5 hundr$ ye>s & m1 & 0 felt to be ! ?ird1 p]haps ! second city ( ! kn[n _w1 & "o s important to ! great _w-tyrant1 ! ,cs> ( ,rome1 t no ,roman ( di/9ction 0 ev] s5t !re z prefect1 b ! ,alex&rian national vanity & pride ( race 0 all[$ to ! la/ to pet itself by hav+ its tyrant *os5 f its own p4 ,b1 ?\gh ?is _c be1 we may f9d human elem5ts en\gh 9 ! s*ools ( ,alex&ria1 /rictly s call$1 to int]e/ u = a few ev5+s2 = ^! s*ools 7 s*ools ( m52 :at 0 discov]$ & taught 0 discov]$ & taught by m51 & n by ?9k+-ma*9es2 & :e!r !y w\ld h be5 incl9$ to confess x or n1 _! own p]sonal *>act]s1 likes & dislikes1 hopes & fe>s1 /r5g? & weakness1 beliefs & disbeliefs1 det]m9$ _! metaphysics & _! physics = !m1 q en\gh to enable u to feel = !m z m5 ( l passions ) ourselves2 & = t reason only1 m5 ^: ?\ghts & speculations are wor?y ( a mom5t's att5tion f u4 ,= :at is really int]e/+ to man1 save m51 & ,god1 ! ,fa!r ( m58 ,9 ! ye> #cca ,b4,c4 "o ( ! greate/ intellects ^: influ5ce ! _w has ev] felt1 saw1 ) 8 eagle glance1 ! unrivall$ advantage ( ! spot :i* is n[ ,alex&ria2 & conceiv$ ! mighty project ( mak+ x ! po9t ( union ( two1 or r ( ?ree worlds4 ,9 a new city1 nam$ aft] himself1 ,europe1 ,asia1 & ,africa 7 to meet & to hold communion4 ,a glance at ! map w %[ y :at an 1 a c5tre ( ! _w1 ?is ,alex&ria is1 & p]haps ar\se 9 y\r m9ds1 z x has (t5 done 9 m9e1 ! suspicion t x has n yet fulfill$ its :ole de/9y1 b may become at any "t a prize = cont5d+ nations1 or ! c5tre ( "s _w-wide empire to come4 ,communicat+ ) ,europe & ! ,levant by ! ,m$it]ranean1 ) ,india by ! ,r$ ,sea1 c]ta9 ( b\ndless supplies ( food f ! des]t-gu>d$ valley ( ! ,nile1 to :i* x =m$ ! only key1 ?us keep+ all ,egypt1 z x 71 = its own private f>m1 x 0 weak only on "o side1 t ( ,judea4 ,t small /rip ( f]tile m\nta9 l&1 conta9+ innum]able milit>y positions f :i* an enemy might annoy ,egypt1 be+1 9 fact1 "o natural *a9 ( =tresses1 0 ! key to ,pho5icia & ,syria4 ,x 0 an eagle's eyrie by ! side ( a p5 ( f[ls4 ,x mu/ n be left def5celess = a s+le ye>4 ,tyre & ,gaza _h be5 tak52 s no dang] 0 to be appreh5d$ f ! seabo>d3 b to subdue ! ,judean m\nta9e]s1 a race ^: pa/ suff]+s _h h>d5$ !m 9 a dogg$ fanaticism ( c\rage & endurance1 w\ld be a long & sangu9>y task4 ,x 0 bett] to make t]ms ) !m2 to employ !m z fri5dly w>d]s ( _! own m\nta9 walls4 ,_! v fanaticism & isolation made !m sure allies4 ,!re 0 no fe> ( _! frat]nis+ ) ! ,ea/]n invad]s4 ,if ! c\ntry 0 left 9 _! h&s1 !y w\ld hold x aga9/ all com]s4 ,t]ms 7 made ) !m2 & = sev]al c5turies !y fulfill$ _! tru/4 ,?is ,i appreh5d to be ! explanation ( t conciliatory policy ( ,alex&]'s t[>d ! ,jews1 :i* 0 pursu$ /eadily by ! ,ptolemies1 by ,pompey1 & by ! ,romans1 z long z ^! same ,jews cont9u$ to be endurable ^u ! face ( ! l&4 ,at lea/1 we %all f9d ! hi/ory ( ,alex&ria & t ( ,judea inextricably unit$ = m ?an ?ree hundr$ ye>s4 ,s arose1 at ! comm& ( ! great conqu]or1 a mighty city1 ar\nd ^? two h>b\rs1 ( :i* ! we/]n "o only is n[ 9 use4 ,! ,ph>os 0 !n an isl&4 ,x 0 connect$ ) ! ma9l& by a great mole1 furni%$ ) =ts & drawbridges4 ,on ! ru9s ( t mole n[ /&s ! great] "p ( ! mod]n city2 ! va/ site ( ! anci5t "o is a wild]ness4 ,b ,alex&] 0 n de/9$ to c>ry out 8 own magnific5t project4 ,t 0 left = ! g5]al :om he mo/ e/eem$1 & to ^: p]sonal pr[ess he _h once ow$ 8 life2 a man ?an :om hi/ory kn[s few great]1 ,ptolemy1 ! son ( ,lagus4 ,he 0 an adv5tur]1 ! son ( an adv5tur]1 8 "m a ca/-(f concub9e ( ,philip ( ,mac$on4 ,!re 7 ^? :o said t he 0 9 reality a son ( ,philip himself4 ,h[ev]1 he rose at c\rt1 became a private fri5d ( "y ,alex&]1 & at la/ 8 ,somatophylax1 "s sort ( ,colonel ( ! ,life ,gu>ds4 ,& f !nce he rose rapidly1 till aft] 8 great ma/]'s dea? he f\nd himself despot ( ,egypt4 ,8 face1 z x appe>s on 8 co9s1 is ( ! l(tie/ & mo/ ,jove-l type ( ,greek beauty4 ,!re is a possibility ab\t x1 z ab\t mo/ old ,greek faces1 ( b\ndless cunn+2 a l(ty irony too1 & a contemptu\sness1 especially ab\t ! m\?1 :i* puts "o 9 m9d ( ,goe!'s expression2 ! face1 altoge!r1 ( "o :o knew m5 too well to respect !m4 ,at lea/1 he 0 a man ( cle> en\gh vision4 ,he saw :at 0 ne$$ 9 ^? /range times1 & he w5t /raight to ! ?+ :i* he saw4 ,x 0 8 wisdom :i* p]ceiv$ t ! huge amorph\s empire ( ,alex&] c\ld n be kept toge!r1 & advis$ its p>tition among ! g5]als1 tak+ c>e to obta9 himself ! lion's %>e2 n 9 size1 inde$1 b 9 capability4 ,he saw1 too 7:at e man does n see71 t ! only way to keep :at he _h got 0 to make x bett]1 & n worse1 ?an he f\nd x4 ,8 fir/ ,egyptian act 0 to put to dea? ,cleom5es1 ,alex&]'s lieut5ant1 :o _h amass$ va/ treasures by extortion2 & :o 01 moreov]1 7= ,ptolemy 0 a prud5t man7 a dang]\s p>tisan ( 8 great enemy1 ,p]diccas4 ,we d n read t he refund$ ! treasures3 b ! ,egyptians surnam$ him ,sot]1 ! ,savi\r2 & on ! :ole he des]v$ ! title4 ,in/ead ( ! wret*$ misrule & slav]y ( ! conqu]+ ,p]sian dyna/y1 !y _h at lea/ law & ord]1 reviv+ comm]ce1 & a sy/em ( adm9i/ration1 we are told 7,i confess to speak+ "h q at second-h&71 especially adapt$ to ! peculi> ca/e-society1 & ! religi\s prejudices ( ,egypt4 ,b ,ptolemy's political g5ius w5t beyond su* m]ely mat]ial & ,w>burtonian c>e = ! cons]vation ( body & goods ( 8 subjects4 ,he effect$ ) complete success a feat :i* has be5 attempt$1 be=e & s9ce1 by v _m pr9ces & pot5tates1 b has always1 except 9 ,ptolemy's case1 prov$ some:at ( a failure1 namely1 ! mak+ a new deity4 ,my?ology 9 g5]al 0 9 a ru/y /ate4 ,! old ,egyptian gods _h gr[n 9 8 dom9ions v unfa%ionable1 "u ! summ>y iconoclasm to :i* !y _h be5 subject$ by ! ,mono!i/ ,p]sians--! ,puritans ( ! old _w1 z !y h be5 well call$4 ,inde$1 all ! dolls1 & ! treasure ( ! dolls' temples too1 _h be5 c>ri$ (f by ,cambyses to ,babylon4 ,& z = ! ,greek gods1 philosoph]s _h sublim$ !m away sadly dur+ ! la/ c5tury3 n to m5tion t ,alex&]'s ,mac$onians1 dur+ _! w&]+s ov] ! _w1 _h probably become r remiss 9 _! religi\s ex]cises1 & _h possibly giv5 up m5tion+ ! ,unse5 _w1 except = ^? hortatory purposes = :i* x us$ to be employ$ by ,nelson's vet]ans4 ,b1 z ,ptolemy felt1 p 7wom5 especially7 mu/ h some?+ :]e9 to believe4 ,! 8,religi\s ,s5tim5t0 9 man mu/ be satisfi$4 ,b1 h[ to d x8 ,h[ to f9d a deity :o w\ld meet ! aspirations ( conqu]ors z well z conqu]$--( 8 mo/ irreligi\s ,mac$onians1 z well z ( 8 mo/ religi\s ,egyptians8 ,x 0 a great problem3 b ,ptolemy solv$ x4 ,he seems to h tak5 ! same me?od :i* ,br9dley ! eng9e] us$ 9 8 p]plexities1 = he w5t to b$4 ,& !re he _h a dream3 ,h[ ! =eign god ,s]apis1 ( ,pontus 7some:]e ne> ?is pres5t hapless ,s9ope71 appe>$ to him1 & express$ 8 wi% to come to ,alex&ria1 & !re try 8 influ5ce on ! ,religi\s ,s5tim5t4 ,s ,s]apis 0 s5t =1 & came--at lea/ ! idol ( him1 &--accommodat+ p]sonage6--he actually fitt$4 ,aft] he _h be5 !re a:ile1 he 0 f\nd to be q an old acqua9tance--to be1 9 fact1 ! ,greek ,jove1 & two or ?ree o!r ,greek gods1 & also two or ?ree ,egyptian gods beside--inde$1 to be no o!r ?an ! bull ,apis1 aft] 8 dea? & deification4 ,i c tell y no m4 ,i nev] c\ld f9d t any?+ m 0 kn[n4 ,y may see him among ,greek & ,roman /atues z a "y man1 ) a sort ( high basket-%ap$ ,p]sian turban on 8 head4 ,b1 at lea/1 he 0 f\nd s pleasant & accommodat+ a consci5ce-keep]1 t he spread1 ) ,isis1 8 newly-f\nd "m1 or wife1 ov] ! :ole ,ea/1 & ev5 to ,rome4 ,! ,consuls !re--#ej ye>s ,b4,c4--f\nd ! pair n too respectable1 & pull$ d[n _! temples4 ,b1 s popul> 7 !y1 9 spite ( _! bad fame1 t sev5 ye>s aft]1 ! ,triumvirs _h to build ! temples up aga9 else:]e2 & f t "t =?1 ,isis & ,s]apis1 9 spite1 poor ?+s1 ( mu* p]secution1 7 ! fa%ionable deities ( ! ,roman _w4 ,surely ?is ,ptolemy 0 a man ( g5ius6 ,b ,ptolemy _h ev5 m important "w to d ?an mak+ gods4 ,he _h to make m52 = he _h few or none ready made among 8 old vet]ans f ,issus & ,arbela4 ,he _h no h]$it>y ari/ocracy3 & he want$ none4 ,no ari/ocracy ( weal?2 t might gr[ ( itself1 only too fa/ = 8 despotic p[]4 ,b z a despot1 he mu/ h a knot ( m5 r\nd him :o w\ld d 8 "w4 ,& "h came out 8 deep insight into fact4 ,x _h n escap$ t man1 :at 0 ! secret ( ,greek supremacy4 ,h[ _h he come !re8 ,h[ _h 8 great ma/] conqu]$ half ! _w8 ,h[ _h ! little semi-b>b>\s m\nta9 tribe up !re 9 ,pella1 ris5 "u ,philip to be ! ma/]-race ( ! globe8 ,h[1 inde$1 _h ,x5ophon & 8 ,t5 ,?\s&1 h[ _h ! h&fuls ( ,salamis & ,m>a?on1 held out triumphantly c5tury aft] c5tury1 aga9/ ! va/ weight ( ! b>b>ian8 ,! simple answ] 03 ,because ! ,greek has m9d1 ! b>b>ian m]e brute =ce4 ,because m9d is ! "l ( matt]2 because ! ,greek be+ ! cultivat$ man1 is ! only true man2 ! re/ are 1 m]e ?+s1 clods1 tools = ! wise ,greeks' use1 9 spite ( all _! mat]ial phantom-/r5g? ( elephants1 & treasures1 & tribut>ies by ! million4 ,m9d 0 ! secret ( ,greek p[]2 & = t ,ptolemy w\ld "w4 ,he w\ld h an ari/ocracy ( intellect2 he w\ld ga!r r\nd him ! wise m5 ( ! _w 7glad en\gh mo/ ( !m to leave t mis]able ,greece1 :]e e man's life 0 9 8 h& f h\r to h\r71 & he w\ld develop to its highe/ ! conception ( ,philip1 :5 he made ,ari/otle ! tutor ( 8 son ,alex&]4 ,! consequ5ces ( t attempt 7 writt5 9 lett]s ( blood1 ov] half ! _w2 ,ptolemy w\ld attempt x once m1 ) g5tl] results4 ,= ?\gh he f\ght long1 & (t51 & well1 z ,despot ( ,egypt1 no less ?an z g5]al ( ,alex&]1 he 0 n at he>t a man ( blood1 & made peace ! end ( all 8 w>s4 ,s he beg9s4 ,ari/otle is gone3 b 9 ,ari/otle's place ,philetas ! sweet s+] ( ,cos1 & ,z5odotus ! gramm>ian ( ,ephesus1 %all educate 8 fav\rite son1 & he w h a lit]>y c\rt1 & a lit]>y age4 ,demetrius ,phal]eus1 ! ,admirable ,cri*ton ( 8 "t1 ! la/ ( ,attic orators1 /atesman1 philosoph]1 poet1 w>rior1 & ea* ( !m 9 ! mo/ graceful1 ins9uat+1 c\rtly way1 migrates to ,alex&ria1 aft] hav+ _h ! ?ree hundr$ & sixty /atues1 :i* ! ,a!nians _h too ha/ily erect$ to 8 hon\r1 z ha/ily pull$ d[n aga94 ,"h 0 a prize = ,ptolemy6 ,! *>m+ man became 8 bosom fri5d & fell[1 ev5 revis$ ! laws ( 8 k+dom1 & fir$ him1 if report says true1 ) a mighty ?\ght--no less a "o ?an ! great public ,libr>y ( ,alex&ria2 ! fir/ su* in/itution1 x is said1 :i* ! _w _h ev] se54 99 99 99 99 99 ,s a libr>y is begun by ,sot]1 & organis$ & complet$ by ,philadelphus2 or r two libr>ies1 = :ile "o "p 0 kept at ! ,s]apeium1 t va/ temple on ! inl& ris+ gr\nd1 ( :i*1 z f> z we c discov]1 ,pompey's ,pill> alone rema9s1 "o column out ( f\r hundr$1 ! re/ 0 9 ! ,bru*eion adjo9+ ! ,palace & ! ,museum4 ,philadelphus buys ,ari/otle's collection to add to ! /ock1 & ,eu]getes *eats ! ,a!nians out ( ! orig9al ,,mss4 ( s*ylus1 ,sophocles1 & ,euripides1 & adds l>gely to x by m hone/ me?ods4 ,eum5es1 ,k+ ( ,p]gamus 9 ,asia ,m9or1 fir$ ) emulation1 comm5ces a simil> collection1 & is s successful1 t ! reign+ ,ptolemy has to cut (f 8 rival's supplies by prohibit+ ! exportation ( papyrus2 & ! ,p]gam5ian books are h5ce=? transcrib$ on p>*m5t1 p>*em91 ,p]gam5e1 :i* ?us has its "n to ?is day1 f ,p]gamus4 ,t collection1 too1 f\nd its way at la/ to ,alex&ria4 ,= ,antony hav+ become possessor ( x by "r ( ! /rong]1 gave x to ,cleopatra2 & x rema9$ at ,alex&ria = sev5 hundr$ ye>s4 ,b we mu/ n anticipate ev5ts4 ,!n !re mu/ be besides a ,m\seion1 a ,temple ( ! ,muses1 ) all due appliances1 9 a va/ build+ adjo9+ ! palace itself1 "u ! v w+ ( royalty2 & x mu/ h porticos1 :]e9 sages may conv]se2 lecture-rooms1 :]e !y may display !mselves at _! w to _! rapt s*ol>s1 ea* l a turkey-cock be=e 8 brood2 & a l>ge d9+-hall1 :]e !y may enjoy !mselves 9 mod]ation1 z befits sages1 n )\t puns & rep>tees1 epigrams1 anagrams1 & ,attic salt1 to be fatal1 alas1 to poor ,diodorus ! dialectician4 ,= ,/ilpo1 pr9ce ( sophi/s1 hav+ sil5c$ him by "s quibbl+ puzzle ( logic1 ,ptolemy surnam$ him ,*ronos ! ,sl[4 ,poor ,diodorus w5t home1 took p5 & ink1 wrote a treatise on ! awful no?+1 & di$ 9 despair1 leav+ five 8dialectical daught]s0 beh9d him1 to be ?orns 9 ! sides ( "s five hapless m5 ( ,mac$onia1 z 8emancipat$ wom520 a class b too common 9 ! lat] days ( ,greece1 z !y w always be1 p]haps1 9 civilisations :i* are decay+ & crumbl+ to pieces1 leav+ _! memb]s to seek 9 bewild]m5t :at !y are1 & :at bonds connect !m ) _! fell[-be+s4 ,b to return3 funds %all be provid$ = ! ,museum f ! treasury2 a prie/ ( rank1 appo9t$ by royalty1 %all be curator2 botanical & zoological g>d5s %all be atta*$2 collections ( wond]s made4 ,9 all ?+s ! presid+ g5ius ( ,ari/otle %all be wor%ipp$2 = ^!1 l ,alex&]1 7 8 pupils4 ,_h he n mapp$ out all heav5 & e>?1 ?+s se5 & unse51 ) 8 entele*ies1 & en]gies1 & dunameis1 & put e creat$ & uncreat$ ?+ h5ce=? into its prop] place1 f ! ascidians & polypes ( ! sea to ! virtues & ! vices--yea1 to t ,great ,deity & ,prime ,cause 7:i* inde$ 0 all ?+s71 ,noesis ,noeseon1 8! ,?\ght ( ,?\ghts10 :om he discov]$ by irrefragable processes ( logic1 & 9 :om ! philosoph]s believe privately1 leav+ ,s]apis to ! wom5 & ! sailors8 ,all !y _h to d 0 to foll[ 9 8 /eps2 to take ea* ( !m a bran*1 ( sci5ce or lit]ature1 or z _m bran*es z "o man conv5i5tly c2 & work+ !m out on ! approv$ me?ods1 end 9 a few ye>s1 z ,alex&] did1 by weep+ on ! utmo/ %ore ( creation t !re are no m worlds left to conqu]4 ,alas6 ! ,muses are %y & wild2 & ?\gh !y w haunt1 l skyl>ks1 on ! bleake/ nor!rn moor z *e]fully z on ! sunny hills ( ,greece1 & rise !nce s++ into ! heav5 ( heav5s1 yet !y are h>d to tempt into a gild$ cage1 h[ev] amus+ly made & pl5tifully /or$ ) com=ts4 ,royal societies1 associations ( savants1 & ! l1 are good = _m ?+s1 b n = ! bre$+ ( art & g5ius3 = !y are ?+s :i* _c be br$4 ,su* in/itutions are excell5t = physical sci5ce1 :51 z among u n[1 physical sci5ce is go+ on ! "r me?od3 b :]e1 z 9 ,alex&ria1 x 0 go+ on an utt]ly wrong me?od1 !y /]eotype ! errors ( ! age1 & inve/ !m ) ! pre/ige ( au?ority1 & produce m]e ,sorbonnes1 & s*ools ( p$ants4 ,to lit]ature1 too1 !y d "s good1 t is1 9 a lit]>y age--an age ( reflection r ?an ( production1 ( antiqu>ian rese>*1 criticism1 imitation1 :5 book-mak+ has become an easy & respectable pursuit = ! _m :o _c dig1 & are a%am$ to beg4 ,& yet1 by add+ t same pre/ige ( au?ority1 n to m5tion ( good society & ,c\rt fav\r1 to ! popul> mania = lit]ature1 !y help on ! gr[+ evil1 & increase ! multitude ( prophets :o prophesy out ( _! own he>t & h se5 no?+4 ,& ?is 01 x mu/ be said1 ! outcome ( all ! ,ptoleman appliances4 ,9 ,physics !y did little4 ,9 ,art no?+4 ,9 ,metaphysics less ?an no?+4 ,we w fir/ exam9e1 z ! m pleasant spectacle ( ! two1 t bran* ( ?\ght 9 :i* "s progress 0 really made1 & 9 :i* ! ,ptolemaic s*ools help$ =w>d ! developm5t ( m5 :o h become _w-fam\s1 & w rema9 s1 ,i suppose1 until ! end ( "t4 ,f\r names at once attract u3 ,euclid1 ,ari/>*us1 ,erato/h5es1 ,hipp>*us4 ,ar*im$es1 also1 %\ld be includ$ 9 ! li/1 = he 0 a pupil ( ! ,alex&rian s*ool1 hav+ /udi$ 7if ,proclus is to be tru/$7 9 ,egypt1 "u ,conon ! ,samian1 dur+ ! reigns ( two ,ptolemies1 ,philadelphus & ,eu]getes4 ,( ,euclid1 z ! f\nd] 7accord+ to ,proclus7 ( ! ,alex&rian ,ma!matical s*ool1 ,i mu/ ( c\rse speak fir/4 ,^? :o wi% to atta9 to a ju/] conception ( ! man & 8 "w ?an !y c d f any o!r s\rce1 w d well to read ,pr(essor ,de ,morgan's admirable article on him 9 8,smi?'s ,classical ,diction>y20 :i* includes1 also1 a valuable little sket* ( ! rise ( ,geometric sci5ce1 f ,py?agoras & ,plato1 ( ^: s*ool ,euclid 01 to ! great ma/] himself4 ,i %all conf9e myself to "o obs]vation on ,euclid's g5ius1 & on ! imm5se influ5ce :i* x ex]t$ on aft] g5]ations4 ,x seems to me1 speak+ "u correction1 t x ex]t$ ?is1 because x 0 s complete a type ( ! g5]al t5d5cy ( ! ,greek m9d1 d$uctive1 r ?an inductive2 ( unrivall$ subtlety 9 obta9+ results f pr9ciples1 & results aga9 f !m ad inf9itum3 defici5t 9 t /urdy moral pati5ce :i* is requir$ = ! exam9ation ( facts1 & :i* has made ,brita9 at once a l& ( practical craftsm51 & ( e>ne/ sci5tific discov]]s4 ,volatile1 re/less1 8always *ildr5 long+ = some?+ new10 z ! ,egyptian prie/ said ( !m1 !y 7 too ready to believe t !y _h atta9$ laws1 & !n1 tir$ ) _! toy1 ?r[ away ^? ha/ily assum$ laws1 & w&] (f 9 se>* ( o!rs4 ,gift$1 beyond all ! sons ( m51 ) ! mo/ exquisite p]ception ( =m1 bo? physical & metaphysical1 !y c\ld become geomet]s & logicians z !y became sculptors & arti/s2 beyond t !y c\ld h>dly rise4 ,! 7 consci\s ( _! p[] to build2 & x made !m a%am$ to dig4 ,f\r m5 only among !m seem1 z f> z ,i c judge1 to h _h a great inductive p[]3 ,socrates & ,plato 9 ,metaphysics2 ,ar*im$es & ,hipp>*us 9 ,physics4 ,b ^! m5 ran s f> c\nt] to ! national g5ius1 t _! examples 7 n foll[$4 ,z y w he> pres5tly1 ! discov]ies ( ,ar*im$es & ,hipp>*us 7 all[$ to rema9 :]e !y 7 = c5turies4 ,! ,dialectic ( ,plato & ,socrates 0 degrad$ into a m]e art = mak+ any?+ appe> alt]nately true & false1 & among ! ,meg>ic s*ool1 = und]m9+ ! gr\nd ( all sci5ce1 & pav+ ! way = scepticism1 by d5y+ ! natural _w to be ! object ( c]ta9 k4 ,! only elem5t ( ,plato's ?\ght to :i* !y clung 01 z we %all f9d f ! ,neoplatoni/s1 8 physical speculations2 9 :i*1 des]t+ 8 inductive me?od1 he has fall5 bel[ himself into ! popul> cacoe!s1 & ,py?agorean d$uctive dreams ab\t ! my/]i\s p[]s ( numb]s1 & ( ! regul> solids4 ,su* a p1 :5 !y took to /udy+ physical sci5ce1 w\ld be1 & 9 fact 71 incapable ( ,*emi/ry1 ,geognosy1 ,comp>ative ,anatomy1 or any ( t noble *oir ( si/] sci5ces1 :i* are n[ build+ up ! mat]ial z well z ! intellectual glory ( ,brita94 ,to ,a/ronomy1 on ! o!r h&1 ! pupils ( ,euclid turn$ naturally1 z to ! sci5ce :i* requir$ ! greate/ am\nt ( _! fav\rite geometry3 b ev5 t !y 7 cont5t to let pass f its inductive to its d$uctive /age--n z we h done n[1 aft] two c5turies ( inductive se>* = ! true laws1 & _! f9al discov]y by ,kepl] & ,newton3 b z soon z ,hipp>*us _h prop\nd$ any !ory :i* w\ld d in/ead ( ! true laws1 cont5t !re to /op _! exp]im5ts1 & return to _! fav\rite "w ( comm5t+1 d$uc+1 sp9n+ notion out ( notion1 ad inf9itum4 ,/ill1 !y 7 n all ( ?is temp]4 ,_h !y be51 !y w\ld h discov]$1 n m]ely a little1 b absolutely no?+4 ,= aft] all1 if we w consid]1 induction be+ ! "r pa? to k1 e man1 :e!r he kn[s x or n1 uses induction1 m or less1 by ! m]e fact ( 8 hav+ a human reason1 & kn[+ any?+ at all2 z ,m4 ,j\rda9 talk$ prose all 8 life )\t be+ aw>e ( x4 ,ari/>*us is pr9cipally fam\s = 8 attempt to discov] ! di/ance ( ! sun z comp>$ ) t ( ! moon4 ,8 me?od 0 +5i\s en\gh1 b too r\gh = success1 z x dep5d$ pr9cipally on ! belief t ! l9e b\nd+ ! bright "p ( ! moon 0 an exact /raight l9e4 ,! result 0 ( c\rse errone\s4 ,he conclud$ t ! sun 0 #ah times z f> z ! moon1 & n1 z we n[ "k1 #djj2 b 8 conclusion1 l 8 conception ( ! va/ ext5t ( ! sph]e ( ! fix$ />s1 0 f> en\gh 9 advance ( ! popul> doctr9e to subject him1 accord+ to ,plut>*1 to a *>ge ( impiety4 ,erato/h5es1 aga91 contribut$ 8 mite to ! treasure ( human sci5ce--8 "o mite2 & yet by t he is bett] kn[n ?an by all ! volumes :i* he seems to h p\r$ out1 on ,e?ics1 ,*ronology1 ,criticism on ! ,old ,attic ,com$y1 & :at n1 spun out ( 8 we>y bra9 dur+ a long life ( rese>* & m$itation4 ,!y h all p]i%$1--l n9ety-n9e hundr$?s ( ! lab\rs ( t great lit]>y age2 & p]haps ! _w is no poor] = ! loss4 ,b "o ?+1 :i* he attempt$ on a s\nd & practical philosophic me?od1 /&s1 & w /& = ev]4 ,& aft] all1 is n t en\gh to h liv$ =8 to h f\nd out "o true ?+1 &1 !re=e1 "o imp]i%able ?+1 9 "o's life8 ,if ea* "o ( u c\ld b say :5 he di$3 8,?is "o ?+ ,i h f\nd out2 ?is "o ?+ ,i h prov$ to be possible2 ?is "o et]nal fact ,i h rescu$ f ,hela1 ! realm ( ! =mless & unkn[n10 h[ ri* "o su* g5]ation might make ! _w = ev]6 ,b su* is n ! appo9t$ me?od4 ,! f9d]s are few & f> betwe51 because ! true seek]s are few & f> betwe52 & a :ole g5]ation has (t5 no?+ to %[ = its exi/5ce b "o solit>y gem :i* "s "o man--(t5 unnotic$ 9 8 "t--has pick$ up = !m1 & s giv5 !m 8a local habitation & a "n40 ,erato/h5es _h he>d t 9 ,sy5e1 9 ,upp] ,egypt1 deep wells 7 enlight5$ to ! bottom on ! day ( ! summ] sol/ice1 & t v]tical objects ca/ no %ad[s4 ,he _h be=e sugge/$1 z is suppos$1 to ,ptolemy ,eu]getes1 to make him ! two great copp] armill1 or circles = det]m9+ ! equ9ox1 :i* /ood = c5turies 9 8t :i* is call$ ! ,squ>e ,por*0--probably some:]e 9 ! ,museum4 ,by ^! he _h calculat$ ! obliquity ( ! ecliptic1 closely en\gh to s]ve = a ?\s& ye>s aft]4 ,t 0 "o "w done4 ,b :at _h ! ,sy5e %ad[s to d ) t8 ,sy5e mu/ be "u t ecliptic4 ,on ! edge ( x4 ,9 %ort1 j "u ! tropic4 ,n[ he _h asc]ta9$ exactly ! latitude ( "o place on ! e>?'s surface4 ,he _h 8 kn[n po9t f :5ce to />t on a _w-j\rney1 & he w\ld use x2 he w\ld calculate ! circumf]5ce ( ! e>?--& he did x4 ,by obs]vations made at ,alex&ria1 he asc]ta9$ its latitude comp>$ ) t ( ,sy5e2 & s asc]ta9$ :at proportion to ! :ole circumf]5ce 0 borne by ! #ejjj /adia betwe5 ,alex&ria & ,sy5e4 ,he fell into an error1 by suppos+ ,alex&ria & ,sy5e to be "u ! same m]idians ( longitude3 b t did n prev5t 8 arriv+ at a fair r\gh result ( #beb1jjj /adia--#ca1ejj ,roman miles2 consid]ably too mu*2 b /ill1 be=e him1 ,i suppose1 none knew :e!r x 0 #aj1jjj1 or #aj1jjj1jjj4 ,! "r me?od hav+ once be5 f\nd1 no?+ rema9$ b to employ x m accurately4 ,"o o!r great m]it ( ,erato/h5es is1 t he fir/ rais$ ,geography to ! rank ( a sci5ce4 ,8 ,geographica 7 an organic collection1 ! fir/ ! _w _h ev] se51 ( all ! travels & books ( e>?-description heap$ toge!r 9 ! ,great ,libr>y1 ( :i* he 0 = _m ye>s ! keep]4 ,he began ) a geogno/ic book1 t\*$ on ! traces ( ,cataclysms & ,*ange visible on ! e>?'s surface2 foll[$ by two books1 "o a ma!matical book1 ! o!r on political geography1 & complet$ by a map--:i* "o w\ld l to see3 b--n a trace ( all rema9s1 save a few quot$ fragm5ts-- ,we are su* /uff ,z dreams are made (4 ,b if ,erato/h5es _h hold ( et]nal fact & law on "o po9t1 !re 0 a contempor>y :o _h hold ( x 9 m ?an "o4 ,i mean ,ar*im$es2 ( :om1 z ,i h said1 we mu/ speak z ( an ,alex&rian4 ,x 0 z a me*anician1 r ?an z an a/ronom]1 t he ga9$ 8 reputation4 ,! /ories ( 8 ,hydraulic ,screw1 ! ,great ,%ip :i* he built = ,hi]o1 & laun*$ by means ( ma*9]y1 8 crane1 8 w>-eng9es1 above all 8 some:at my?ical arrangem5t ( mirrors1 by :i* he set fire to %ips 9 ! h>b\r--all ^!1 l ! /ory ( 8 detect+ ! alloy 9 ,hi]o's cr[n1 :ile he himself 0 9 ! ba?1 & runn+ home undress$ %\t+ --all ^! are s*oolboys' tales4 ,to ! ?\ghtful p]son x is ! me?od ( ! man :i* con/itutes 8 real greatness1 t p[] ( insight by :i* he solv$ ! two great problems ( ! nature ( ! lev] & ( hydro/atic pressure1 :i* =m ! basis ( all /atic & hydro/atic sci5ce to ?is day4 ,& yet on t v "q ( ! lev] ! great m9d ( ,ari/otle babbles--nei!r sees ! ?+ itself1 nor ! way t[>ds see+ x4 ,b s9ce ,ar*im$es spoke1 ! ?+ seems self-evid5t to e s*oolboy4 ,!re is some?+ to me v solemn 9 su* a fact z ?is4 ,x br+s u d[n to "s ( ! v deepe/ que/ions ( metaphysic4 ,?is m5tal insight ( :i* we boa/ s mu*1 :at is x8 ,is x altoge!r a process ( our own bra9 & w8 ,if x be1 :y h s few ! p[]1 ev5 among m5 ( p[]1 & !y s seldom8 ,if bra9 alone 7 :at 0 want$1 :at c\ld n ,ari/otle h discov]$8 ,or is x t no man c see a ?+ unless ,god %[s x him8 ,is x t 9 ea* sep>ate act ( induction1 t my/]i\s & transc5d5tal process :i* _c1 let logicians try z !y w1 be express$ by any m]ely logical =mula1 ,ari/otelian or o!r--is x ,i say1 t 9 ea* sep>ate act ( induction we d n f9d ! law1 b ! law is %[n to u1 by ,him :o made ! law8 ,bacon ?\ght s4 ,( t y may f9d cle> pro( 9 8 writ+s4 ,may n ,bacon be "r8 ,may x n be true t ,god does 9 sci5ce1 z well z 9 e?ics1 hide ?+s f ! wise & prud5t1 f ! pr\d1 complete1 self-conta9$ sy/ematis] l ,ari/otle1 :o mu/ ne$s expla9 all ?+s 9 heav5 & e>? by 8 own =mul1 & 8 entele*ies & en]gies1 & ! re/ ( ! notions :i* he has made = himself out ( 8 own bra91 & !n pack ea* ?+ away 9 its prop] ni*e 9 8 great cl\d-univ]se ( conceptions8 ,is x t ,god hides ?+s f su* m5 _m a "t1 & reveals !m to babes1 to g5tle1 affectionate1 simple-he>t$ m51 su* z we "k ,ar*im$es to h be51 :o d n try to give an explanation = a fact1 b feel h[ awful & div9e x is1 & wre/le rev]5tly & /$fa/ly ) x1 z ,jacob ) ! ,angel1 & w n let x g1 until x bless !m8 ,sure ,i am1 f :at ,i h se5 ( sci5tific m51 t !re is an intimate connection betwe5 ! heal? ( ! moral faculties & ! heal? ( ! inductive ones2 & t ! pr\d1 self-conceit$1 & passionate man w see no?+3 p]haps because no?+ w be %[n him4 ,b we mu/ leave ,ar*im$es = a man n p]haps s well kn[n1 b to :om we owe z mu* z to ! great ,syracusan--,hipp>*us ! a/ronom]4 ,to 8 case mu* :i* ,i h j said applies4 ,9 him a/ronomic sci5ce seem$ to awak5 sudd5ly to a true inductive me?od1 & aft] him to fall into its old slumb] = #cjj ye>s4 ,9 ! meantime ,timo*>is1 ,ari/yllus1 & ,conon _h ea* add$ _! mites to ! discov]ies ( ,erato/h5es3 b to ,hipp>*us we owe t !ory ( ! heav5s1 commonly call$ ! ,ptolemaic sy/em1 :i*1 />t+ f ! assumption t ! e>? 0 ! c5tre ( ! univ]se1 attempt$ to expla9 ! motions ( ! heav5ly bodies by a complex sy/em ( suppos$ ecc5trics & epicycles4 ,?is has ( c\rse n[ vani%$ be=e mod]n discov]ies4 ,b its value z a sci5tific attempt lies 9 ?is3 t ! me?od be+ a correct "o1 correct results 7 obta9$1 ?\gh />t+ f a false assumption2 & ,hipp>*us & 8 successors 7 enabl$ by x to calculate & pr$ict ! *anges ( ! heav5s1 9 spite ( _! clumsy in/rum5ts1 ) almo/ z mu* accuracy z we d n[4 ,= ! purpose ( work+ out ?is !ory he requir$ a sci5ce ( trigonometry1 plane & sph]ical3 & ?is he accord+ly seems to h inv5t$4 ,to him also we owe ! discov]y ( t va/ gradual *ange 9 ! position ( ! fix$ />s1 9 fact1 ( ! :ole cele/ial sy/em1 n[ kn[n by ! "n ( ! precession ( ! equ9oxes2 ! fir/ great catalogue ( fix$ />s1 to ! numb] ( #ajhj2 attempts to asc]ta9 :e!r ! l5g? ( ye>s & days 7 con/ant2 ) :i*1 ) 8 *>act]i/ic love ( tru?1 he seems to h be5 h>dly satisfi$4 ,he too inv5t$ ! planisph]e1 or mode ( repres5t+ ! />ry heav5s ^u a plane1 & is ! fa!r ( true geography1 hav+ =m$ ! happy notion ( mapp+ out ! e>?1 z well z ! heav5s1 by degrees ( latitude & longitude4 ,/range x is1 & some:at sad1 t we %\ld "k no?+ ( ?is great man1 %\ld be h>dly able to di/+ui% him f o!rs ( ! same "n1 b ?r\gh ! works ( a comm5tator1 :o wrote & obs]v$ 9 ,alex&ria #cjj ye>s aft]1 dur+ ! age ( ! ,anton9es4 ,i mean1 ( c\rse1 ! fam\s ,ptolemy1 ^: "n s long bore ! hon\r ( t sy/em :i* really belong$ to ,hipp>*us4 ,?is s+le fact speaks volumes = ! real weakness ( ! great artificial s*ool ( lit]ature & sci5ce f\nd$ by ! k+s ( ,egypt4 ,f ! fa!r ( ,a/ronomy1 z ,delambre calls him1 to ,ptolemy1 ! fir/ man :o seems really to h appreciat$ him1 we h n a discov]y1 h>dly an obs]vation or a "n1 to fill ! gap4 ,physical sages !re 72 b !y 7 geomet]s & ma!maticians1 r ?an a/ronomic obs]v]s & inquir]s4 ,& 9 spite ( all ! huge appliances & advantages ( t great ,museum1 its inhabitants 7 cont5t1 9 physical sci5ce1 z 9 all o!r bran*es ( ?\ght1 to comm5t1 to exp\nd1 to d ev]y?+ b op5 _! eyes & obs]ve facts1 & le>n f !m1 z ! pr$ecessors :om !y pret5d$ to hon\r _h done4 ,b s x is always4 ,a g5ius1 an orig9al man appe>s4 ,he puts himself boldly 9 contact ) facts1 asks !m :at !y mean1 & writes d[n _! answ] = ! _w's use4 ,& !n 8 disciples mu/ ne$s =m a s*ool1 & a sy/em2 & fancy t !y d hon\r to _! ma/] by refus+ to foll[ 9 8 /eps2 by mak+ 8 book a fix$ dogmatic canon2 atta*+ to x "s magical infallibility2 decl>+ ! v lie :i* he disprov$ by 8 :ole exi/5ce1 t discov]y is h5ce=? impossible1 & ! sum ( k complete3 in/ead ( go+ on to discov] z he discov]$ be=e !m1 & 9 foll[+ 8 me?od1 %[ t !y hon\r him1 n 9 ! lett]1 b 9 _s & 9 tru?4 ,= ?is1 if y w consid]1 is ! true mean+ ( t great comm&1 8,hon\r ?y fa!r & "m1 t ?y days may be long 9 ! l&40 ,on rev]5ce = ! au?ority ( bygone g5]ations dep5ds ! p]man5ce ( e =m ( ?\ght or belief1 z mu* z ( all social1 national1 & family life3 b on rev]5ce ( ! _s1 n m]ely ( ! lett]2 ( ! me?ods ( our ance/ors1 n m]ely ( _! conclusions4 ,ay1 & we %all n be able to pres]ve _! conclusions1 n ev5 to und]/& !m2 !y w die away on our lips into skeleton notions1 & s\lless phrases1 unless we see t ! greatness ( ! mighty dead has always consi/$ 9 ?is1 t !y 7 seek]s1 improv]s1 inv5tors1 endu$ ) t div9e p[] & "r ( discov]y :i* has be5 be/[$ on u1 ev5 z on !m2 unless we become su* m5 z !y 71 & g on to cultivate & develop ! preci\s h]itage :i* !y h bequea!d to u1 in/ead ( hid+ _! tal5t 9 a napk9 & bury+ x 9 ! e>?2 mak+ _! greatness an excuse = our own littl5ess1 _! indu/ry = our laz9ess1 _! fai? = our despair2 & prat+ ab\t ! old pa?s1 :ile we =get t pa?s 7 made t m5 might walk 9 !m1 & n /& /ill1 & try 9 va9 to /op ! way4 ,x may be said1 c]ta9ly1 z an excuse = ^! ,alex&rian ,greeks1 t !y 7 a p 9 a /ate ( old age & decay2 & t !y only exhibit$ ! common & natural faults ( old age4 ,= z ) individuals1 s ) races1 nations1 societies1 s*ools ( ?\ght--y\? is ! "t ( free fancy & poetry2 manhood ( calm & /rong induction2 old age ( d$uction1 :5 m5 settle d[n ^u _! lees1 & cont5t !mselves ) reaffirm+ & v]ify+ ! conclusions ( _! e>li] ye>s1 & too (t51 alas6 ) d5y+ & ana!matis+ all conclusions :i* h be5 arriv$ at s9ce _! own m]idian4 ,x is sad3 b x is pat5t & common4 ,x is sad to ?9k t ! day may come to ea* ( u1 :5 we %all h ceas$ to hope = discov]y & = progress2 :5 a ?+ w seem priori false to u1 simply because x is new2 & we %all be say+ qu]ul\sly to ! ,div9e ,light :i* light5s e man :o comes into ! _w3 8,hi!rto %alt ?\ come1 & no fur!r4 ,?\ ha/ taught m5 en\gh2 yea r1 ?\ ha/ exhau/$ ?9e own inf9itude1 & ha/ no m to tea* !m40 ,surely su* a temp] is to be f\ght aga9/1 pray$ aga9/1 bo? 9 ourselves1 & 9 ! g5]ation 9 :i* we live4 ,surely !re is no reason :y su* a temp] %\ld ov]take old age4 ,!re may be reason en\gh1 89 ! nature ( ?+s40 ,= t :i* is ( nature is born only to decay & die4 ,b 9 man !re is m ?an dy+ nature2 !re is _s1 & a capability ( spiritual & ev]la/+ life1 :i* r5ews its y\? l ! eagle's1 & goes on f /r5g? to /r5g?1 & :i*1 if x h its autumns & its w9t]s1 has no less its ev]-recurr+ spr+s & summ]s2 if x has its ,sabba?s1 f9ds 9 !m only re/ & refre%m5t = com+ lab\r4 ,& :y n 9 nations1 societies1 sci5tific s*ools8 ,^! too are n m]ely natural3 !y are spiritual1 & are only liv+ & heal?y 9 z f> z !y are 9 h>mony ) spiritual1 unse51 & ev]la/+ laws ( ,god4 ,may n !y1 too1 h a capability ( ev]la/+ life1 z long z !y obey ^? laws 9 fai?1 & pati5ce1 & humility8 ,we _c d5y ! analogy betwe5 ! individual man & ^! societies ( m54 ,we _c1 at lea/1 d5y ! analogy betwe5 !m 9 gr[?1 decay1 & dea?4 ,may we n h hope t x holds good also = t :i* c nev] die2 & t if !y d die1 z ?is old ,greek society did1 x is by no brute natural necessity1 b by _! own unfai?fulness to t :i* !y knew1 to t :i* !y ought to h kn[n8 ,x is always m hopeful1 always1 z ,i ?9k1 m philosophic1 to ?r[ ! blame ( failure on man1 on our own selves1 r ?an on ,god1 & ! p]fect law ( ,8 univ]se4 ,at lea/ let u be sure = ourselves1 t su* an old age z befell ?is ,greek society1 z befalls _m a man n[adays1 ne$ n be our lot4 ,let u be sure t e>? %[s no fair] sight ?an ! old man1 ^: worn-out bra9 & n]ves make x pa9ful1 & p]haps impossible1 to produce fre% ?\ght himself3 b :o c yet welcome smil+ly & joyfully ! fre% ?\ghts ( o!rs2 :o keeps unwe>i$ 8 fai? 9 ,god's gov]nm5t ( ! univ]se1 9 ,god's cont9ual education ( ! human race2 :o draws ar\nd him ! "y & ! sangu9e1 n m]ely to *eck _! ra%ness by 8 wise cautions1 b to inspirit _! slo? by ! memories ( 8 own pa/ victories2 :o h&s ov]1 )\t envy or rep9+1 ! lamp ( tru? to y\ng] runn]s ?an himself1 & sits cont5t$ by1 bidd+ ! new g5]ation ,god spe$ along ! pa?s untrodd5 by him1 b se5 af> (f by fai?4 ,a few su* old p]sons h ,i se51 bo? m5 & wom52 9 :om ! "y he>t beat pure & fre%1 b5ea? ! cauti\s & practis$ bra9 ( age1 & gray hairs :i* 7 inde$ a cr[n ( glory4 ,a few su* h ,i se52 & f !m ,i seem$ to le>n :at 0 ! lik5ess ( our ,fa!r :o is 9 heav54 ,to su* an old age may ,he br+ y & me1 & all = :om we are b\nd to pray4 ,,lecture ,,ii4 ,,! ,,ptolemaic ,,era4 7,cont9u$47 ,i ,,said 9 my fir/ ,lecture1 t ev5 if royal influ5ce be pr(itable = ! prosecution ( physical sci5ce1 x _c be pr(itable = art4 ,x c only produce a lit]>y age1 z x did 9 ! ,ptolemaic era2 a g5]ation ( innum]able c\rt-poets1 artificial epigrammati/s1 artificial idylli/s1 artificial dramati/s & epici/s2 above all1 a g5]ation ( critics4 ,or r %all we say1 t ! dyna/y 0 n ! cause ( a lit]>y age1 b only its correlative8 ,t :5 ! old ,greeks lo/ ! p[] ( be+ free1 ( be+ any?+ b ! slaves ( ori5tal despots1 z ! ,ptolemies 9 reality 71 !y lo/ also ! p[] ( produc+ true works ( art2 because !y _h lo/ t y\?ful vig\r ( m9d f :i* bo? art & fre$om sprang8 ,let ! case be z x w1 ,alex&rian lit]ature ne$ n deta9 u long--?\gh1 alas6 x has deta9$ e boy :o ev] trembl$ ov] 8 ,greek gramm>1 = _m a we>y ye>2 &1 ,i _c help suspect+1 has be5 ! ma9 cause t s _m "y m5 :o h sp5t sev5 ye>s 9 le>n+ ,greek1 "k no?+ ab\t x at ! end ( ! sev54 ,= ,i mu/ say1 t z f> z we c see1 ^! ,alex&rian p$ants 7 ?or\gh p$ants2 v poli%$ & le>n$ g5tlem51 no d\bt1 &1 l ,callima*us1 ! pets ( pr9ces3 b aft] all1 m5 :o ?\ght t !y c\ld make up = n writ+ great works !mselves1 by %[+1 ) c>eful analysis & comm5tation1 h[ m5 us$ to write !m ( old1 or r h[ !y fanci$ m5 us$ to write !m2 =1 consid]1 if !y _h really kn[n h[ ! ?+ 0 done1 !y mu/ ne$s h be5 able to d x !mselves4 ,?us ,callima*us1 ! fav\rite ( ,ptolemy ,philadelphus1 & libr>ian ( 8 ,museum1 is ! mo/ di/+ui%$ gramm>ian1 critic1 & poet ( 8 day1 & has = pupils ,erato/h5es1 ,apollonius ,rhodius1 ,ari/ophanes ( ,byzantium1 & a goodly li/ m4 ,he is an encyclopdia 9 himself4 ,!re is no?+ ! man does n "k1 or probably1 if we spoke m correctly1 no?+ he does n "k ab\t4 ,he writes on hi/ory1 on ! ,museum1 on b>b>\s names1 on ! wond]s ( ! _w1 on public games1 on colonisation1 on w9ds1 on birds1 on ! riv]s ( ! _w1 &--om9\s subject--a sort ( compreh5sive hi/ory ( ,greek lit]ature1 ) a c>eful classification ( all au?ors1 ea* "u 8 own head+4 ,greek lit]ature 0 r 9 ! s]e & yell[ leaf1 be sure1 :5 m5 ?\ght ( writ+ t sort ( ?+ ab\t x4 ,b /ill1 he is an encyclopdic man1 &1 moreov]1 a poet4 ,he writes an epic1 8,aitia10 9 f\r books1 on ! causes ( ! my?s1 religi\s c]emonies1 & s =?--an om9\s sign = ! my?s also1 & ! belief 9 !m2 also a ,hecate1 ,galata1 ,glaucus--f\r epics1 besides com$ies1 trag$ies1 iambics1 *oriambics1 elegies1 hymns1 epigrams sev5ty-?ree--& ( ^! la/ alone c we say t !y are 9 any degree readable2 & !y are c\rtly1 f>-fet*$1 neat1 & t is all4 ,six hymns rema91 & a few fragm5ts ( ! elegies3 b ! mo/ fam\s elegy1 on ,b]5ice's hair1 is pres]v$ to u only 9 a ,lat9 p>aphrase ( ,catullus4 ,x is curi\s1 z ! e>lie/ in/ance we h ( g5u9ely ung5u9e ,c\rt poetry1 & ( ! complim5t>y lie :i* does n ev5 pret5d to be true2 ! flatt]y :i* w n take ! tr\ble to prev5t y\r see+ t x is laugh+ 9 y\r face4 ,b]5ice ! que51 on ,ptolemy's dep>ture to ! w>s1 v[s h] beautiful tresses to h] fav\rite goddess1 z ! price ( h] husb&'s safe return2 & duly pays h] v[4 ,! hair is hung up 9 ! temple3 9 a day or two aft] x has vani%$4 ,dire is ! wra? ( ,ptolemy1 ! con/]nation ( ! prie/s1 ! sc&al to religion2 :5 ,conon1 ! c\rt-a/ronom]1 luckily se>*+ ! heav5s1 f9ds ! miss+ tresses 9 an utt]ly unexpect$ place--z a new con/ellation ( />s1 :i* to ?is day be>s ! title ( ,coma ,b]5ices4 ,x is s conv5i5t to believe ! fact1 t ev]ybody believes x accord+ly2 & ,callima*us writes an elegy !reon1 9 :i* ! con/ellifi$1 or inde$ deifi$ tresses1 address 9 mo/ melodi\s & highly-f9i%$ ,greek1 b$iz5$ ) concetto on concetto1 t fair & sacr$ head :]eon !y grew1 to be %orn f :i* is s dire a sorr[1 t apo!osis itself c h>dly reconcile !m to ! p>t+4 ,wor?y1 0 n all ?is1 ( ! desc5dants ( ! m5 :o f\ght at ,m>a?on & ,!rmopyl8 ,! old ,greek civilisation 0 rott+ swiftly d[n2 :ile a fire ( ,god 0 prep>+1 sl[ly & dimly1 9 t unnotic$ ,italian t[n ( ,rome1 :i* 0 de/9$ to burn up t dead _w1 & all its works4 ,callima*us's hymns1 ^? may read :o li/4 ,!y are highly f9i%$ en\gh2 ! "w ( a man :o knew ?or\ghly :at sort ( article he int5d$ to make1 & :at 7 ! mo/ approv$ me?ods ( mak+ x4 ,curi\s & cumbr\s my?ological lore comes out 9 e o!r l9e4 ,! sm>tness1 ! f9e epi!ts1 ! recondite conceits1 ! bits ( effect1 are beyond all praise2 b z = "o sp>k ( life1 ( poetry1 ( real belief1 y w f9d none2 n ev5 9 t fam\s ,lavacrum ,palladis :i* ,angelo ,poliziano ?\ght wor? translat+ into ,lat9 elegiacs1 ab\t ! same "t t ! le>n$ ,flor5t9e1 ,antonio ,m>ia ,salviano1 f\nd ,b]5ice's ,hair wor?y to be p>aphras$ back f ,catullus' ,lat9 into ,greek1 to give ! _w "s fa9t notion ( ! ine/imable & incomp>able orig9al4 ,!y mu/ h _h mu* "t on _! h&s4 ,b at ! ,revival ( ,lett]s1 z 0 to be expect$1 all works ( ! anci5ts1 good & bad1 7 dev\r$ alike ) y\?ful eag]ness by ! ,m$icis & ! ,popes2 & x 0 n1 we %all see1 = m ?an "o c5tury aft]1 t m5's ta/e got suffici5tly matur$ to di/+ui% betwe5 ,callima*us & ! ,hom]ic hymns1 or betwe5 ,plato & ,proclus4 ,yet ,callima*us & 8 fell[s _h an effect on ! _w4 ,8 writ+s1 z well z ^? ( ,philetas1 7 ! model on :i* ,ovid1 ,prop]tius1 ,tibullus1 =m$ !mselves4 ,& s ,i leave him1 ) two h9ts4 ,if any "o wi%es to see ! ju/ice ( my c5sure1 let him read "o ( ! ,alex&rian hymns1 & imm$iately aft] x1 "o ( ^? glori\s old ,hom]ic hymns to ! v same deities2 let him contra/ ! ins9c]e & fulsome idolatry ( ,callima*us ) ! rev]5t1 simple & manful an?ropomorphism ( ! ,hom]i/--& let him =m 8 own judgm5t4 ,! o!r h9t is ?is4 ,if ,callima*us1 ! f\nd] ( ,alex&rian lit]ature1 be su* z he is1 :at are 8 pupils likely to become1 at lea/ )\t "s infusion ( heal?i] blood1 su* z 9 ! case ( 8 ,roman imitators produc$ a new & n altoge!r ignoble s*ool8 ,( ,lycophron1 ! fell[-gramm>ian & poet ( ,callima*us1 we h no?+ left b ! ,cass&ra1 a long iambic poem1 /uff$ ) tradition>y le>n+1 & s obscure1 t x obta9$ = him ! surname ( 1 ! d>k "o4 ,i h tri$ 9 va9 to read x3 y1 if y w1 may d ! same4 ,philetas1 ! rema9+ memb] ( ! ,alex&rian ,triad1 seems to h be5 a m simple1 g5ial1 & graceful _s ?an ! o!r two1 to :om he 0 accord+ly e/eem$ inf]ior4 ,only a few fragm5ts are left2 b he 0 n altoge!r )\t 8 influ5ce1 = he 01 z ,i h j said1 "o ( ! models on :i* ,prop]tius & ,ovid =m$ !mselves2 & "s1 inde$1 call him ! ,fa!r ( ! ,lat9 elegy1 ) its t]s5ess1 grace1 & cle> epigrammatic =m ( ?\ght1 &1 !re=e1 9 a great degree1 ( our mod]n eighte5? c5tury poets2 n a useless excell5ce1 see+ t x is1 on ! :ole1 good = him :o writes to see cle>ly :at he wants to say1 & to be able to make 8 read]s see x cle>ly also4 ,& yet "o natural /ra9 is he>d amid all ?is artificial j+le--t ( ,!ocritus4 ,x is n altoge!r ,alex&rian4 ,its sweete/ notes 7 le>nt amid ! *e/nut groves & or*>ds1 ! volcanic gl5s & sunny pa/ures ( ,sicily2 b ! int]c\rse1 betwe5 ! c\rts ( ,hi]o & ! ,ptolemies seems to h be5 cont9ual4 ,poets & philosoph]s mov$ freely f "o to ! o!r1 & f\nd a l atmosph]e 9 bo?2 & 9 "o ( ,!ocritus' idyls1 two ,sicilian g5tlem51 cross$ 9 love1 agree to sail = ,alex&ria1 & volunte] into ! army ( ! great & good k+ ,ptolemy1 ( :om a sket* is giv5 wor? read+2 z a man noble1 g5]\s1 & /ately1 8kn[+ well :o loves him1 & /ill bett] :o loves him n40 ,he has ano!r encomium on ,ptolemy1 m lab\r$1 ?\gh n less int]e/+3 b ! real value ( ,!ocritus lies 9 8 p[] ( l&scape-pa9t+4 ,"o c well conceive ! delight :i* 8 idyls mu/ h giv5 to ^? du/y ,alex&rians1 p5t up =ev] betwe5 sea & s&-hills1 dr9k+ ! tank-wat]1 & nev] he>+ ! s\nd ( a runn+ /ream--:irl+1 too1 =ev]1 9 all ! bu/le & intrigue ( a great comm]cial & lit]>y city4 ,refre%+ inde$ x mu/ h be5 to !m to he> ( ^? simple joys & simple sorr[s ( ! ,sicilian %eph]d1 9 a l& :]e toil 0 b ex]cise1 & m]e exi/5ce 0 enjoym5t4 ,to !m1 & to u also4 ,i believe ,!ocritus is "o ( ! poets :o w nev] die4 ,he sees m5 & ?+s1 9 8 own light way1 truly2 & he describes !m simply1 hone/ly1 ) little c>eless t\*es ( pa?os & hum\r1 :ile he floods 8 :ole sc5e ) t gorge\s ,sicilian air1 l "o ( ,titian's pictures2 ) /ill sun%9e1 :isp]+ p9es1 ! liz>d sleep+ on ! wall1 & ! sunburnt cicala %riek+ on ! spray1 ! pe>s & apples dropp+ f ! or*>d b\gh1 ! goats clamb]+ f crag to crag aft] ! ci/us & ! ?yme1 ! br[n y\?s & wanton lasses s++ "u ! d>k *e/nut b\ghs1 or by ! leafy ar* ( "s ,grot nymph-haunt$1 ,g>l&$ ov] ) v9e1 & acan?us1 & clamb]+ roses1 ,cool 9 ! fi]ce /ill noon1 :]e ! /reams glance cle> 9 ! moss-b$s2 & "h & !re1 beyond ! braes & meads1 blue glimpses ( ! f>-(f summ] sea2 & all ?is told 9 a language & a metre :i* %apes itself almo/ unconsci\sly1 wave aft] wave1 into ! mo/ lusci\s song4 ,d\bt n t _m a s\l !n1 0 ! simpl]1 & pur]1 & bett]1 = read+ ! sweet s+] ( ,syracuse4 ,he has 8 immoralities2 b !y are ! immoralities ( 8 age3 8 naturalness1 8 sunny calm & *e]fulness1 are all 8 own4 ,& n[1 to leave ! poets1 & speak ( ^? gramm>ians to ^: corrections we owe1 ,i suppose1 ! texts ( ! ,greek poets z !y n[ /&4 ,!y seem to h set to "w at _! task me?odically en\gh1 "u ! direction ( _! mo/ lit]>y mon>*1 ,ptolemy ,philadelphus4 ,alex&] ! tolian collect$ & revis$ ! trag$ies1 ,lycophron ! com$ies1 ,z5odotus ! poems ( ,hom]1 & ! o!r poets ( ! ,epic cycle1 n[ lo/ to u4 ,:e!r ,hom] prosp]$ "u all 8 expung+s1 alt]ations1 & transpositions--:e!r1 9 fact1 he did n treat ,hom] v mu* z ,b5tley want$ to treat ,milton1 is a suspicion :i* "o has a "r to ent]ta91 ?\gh x is long pa/ ! possibility ( pro(4 ,let t be z x may1 ! critical bus9ess grew & prosp]$4 ,ari/ophanes ( ,byzantium wrote gloss>ies & gramm>s1 collect$ editions ( ,plato & ,ari/otle1 /hetic disquisitions on ,hom]--"o wi%es !y 7 pres]v$1 = ! sake ( ! je/1 t "o might h se5 an ,alex&rian cockney's views ( ,a*illes & ,ulysses6 ,moreov]1 9 a hapless mom5t1 at lea/ = u mod]ns1 he inv5t$ ,greek acc5ts2 !reby1 ,i fe>1 s complicat+ & confus+ our notions ( ,greek rhy?m1 t we %all nev]1 to ! end ( "t1 be able to guess :at any ,greek v]se1 sav+ ! old ,hom]ic ,hexamet]1 s\nd$ l4 ,aft] a :ile1 too1 ! p$ants1 accord+ to _! wont1 began qu>rell+ ab\t _! acc5ts & _! recessions4 ,moreov]1 !re 0 a rival s*ool at ,p]gamus :]e ! fame ( ,crates all b equall$ ! ,egyptian fame ( ,ari/>*us4 ,insol5t6 ,:at "r _h an ,asiatic to "k any?+8 ,s ,ari/>*us flew furi\sly on ,crates1 be+ a man ( pla9 common s5se1 :o felt a correct read+ a f> m important ?+ ?an any ( ,crates's illu/rations1 /hetic1 hi/orical1 or my?ological2 a pref]5ce n yet q ext9ct1 9 "o1 at lea/1 ( our ,univ]sities4 8,sir10 said a clev] ,cambridge ,tutor to a philosophically incl9$ fre%man1 8rememb]1 t our bus9ess is to translate ,plato correctly1 n to discov] 8 mean+40 ,&1 p>adoxical z x may seem1 he 0 "r4 ,let u fir/ h accuracy1 ! m]e/ me*anical accuracy1 9 e bran* ( k4 ,let u "k :at ! ?+ is :i* we are look+ at4 ,let u "k ! exact words an au?or uses4 ,let u get at ! exact value ( ea* ^w by t sev]e induction ( :i* ,buttmann & ! great ,g]mans h set su* noble examples2 & !n1 & n till !n1 we may beg9 to talk ab\t philosophy1 & /hetics1 & ! re/4 ,v ,probably ,ari/>*us 0 "r 9 8 dislike ( ,crates's pref]5ce ( :at he call$ criticism1 to gramm>4 ,v probably he connect$ x ) ! o!r object ( 8 especial hatr$1 t fa%ion ( int]pret+ ,hom] allegorically1 :i* 0 spr++ up 9 8 "t1 & :i* aft]w>ds "u ! ,neoplatoni/s rose to a frantic height1 & help$ to de/roy 9 !m1 n only _! p[] ( s\nd judgm5t1 & ( ask+ ea* ?+ pati5tly :at x 01 b also any real rev]5ce =1 or und]/&+ (1 ! v au?ors ov] :om !y declaim$ & s5tim5talis$4 ,yes--! ,cambridge ,tutor 0 "r4 ,be=e y c tell :at a man means1 y mu/ h pati5ce to f9d out :at he says4 ,s f> f wi%+ our grammatical & philological education to be less sev]e ?an x is1 ,i ?9k x is n sev]e en\gh4 ,9 an age l ?is--an age ( lectures1 & ( popul> lit]ature1 & ( self-culture1 too (t5 r&om & caprici\s1 h[ev] e>ne/1 we _c be too c>eful 9 ask+ ourselves1 9 compell+ o!rs to ask !mselves1 ! mean+ ( e ^w :i* !y use1 ( e ^w :i* !y read2 9 assur+ !m1 :e!r !y w believe u or n1 t ! moral1 z well z ! intellectual culture1 acquir$ by translat+ accurately "o dialogue ( ,plato1 by mak+ out ?or\ghly ! s5se ( "o *apt] ( a /&>d au?or1 is great] ?an !y w get f skimm+ :ole folios ( ,s*legelian /hetics1 resumes1 hi/ories ( philosophy1 & ! l second-h& in=mation1 or att5d+ sev5 lectures a-week till _! lives' end4 ,x is bett] to "k "o ?+1 ?an to "k ab\t t5 ?\s& ?+s4 ,i _c help feel+ pa9fully1 aft] read+ ^? mo/ int]e/+ ,memoirs ( ,m>g>et ,full] ,ossoli1 t ! especial dang] ( ?is "t is intellectual sciolism1 vagu5ess1 s5tim5tal eclecticism--& feel+1 too1 z ,socrates ( old believ$1 t intellectual vagu5ess & %all[ness1 h[ev] glib1 & gr&1 & eloqu5t x may seem1 is inevitably ! p>5t ( a moral vagu5ess & %all[ness1 :i* may leave our age z x left ! lat] ,greeks1 )\t an absolute /&>d ( "r or ( tru?1 till x tries to escape f its own scepticism1 z ! lat] ,neoplatoni/s did1 by plung+ desp]ately into any feti%-wor%ipp+ sup]/ition :i* holds out to its we>i$ & yet impati5t intellect1 ! bait ( decisions already made = x1 ( objects ( admiration already =m$ & sy/ematis$4 ,!re=e let u hon\r ! gramm>ian 9 8 place2 &1 among o!rs1 ^! old gramm>ians ( ,alex&ria2 only be+ sure t z soon z any man beg9s1 z !y did1 display+ himself peacock-fa%ion1 boa/+ ( 8 sci5ce z ! great pursuit ( humanity1 & insult+ 8 fell[-craftsm51 he becomes1 ipso facto1 unable to discov] any m tru? = u1 hav+ put on a habit ( m9d to :i* induction is impossible2 & is !nce=? to be pass$ by ) a k9dly b a pity+ smile4 ,& s1 inde$1 x happ5$ ) ^! qu>relsome ,alex&rian gramm>ians1 z x did ) ! ,casaubons & ,scalig]s & ,daci]s ( ! la/ two c5turies4 ,z soon z !y began qu>rell+ !y lo/ ! p[] ( discov]+4 ,! want ( ! inductive faculty 9 _! attempts at philology is utt]ly ludicr\s4 ,mo/ ( _! d]ivations ( words are ab\t on a p> ) ,jacob ,bhm5's etymology ( sulphur1 :]e9 he makes sul1 if ,i recollect "r1 signify "s active pr9ciple ( combu/ion1 & phur ! passive "o4 ,x 0 left = m pati5t & less noisy m51 l ,grimm1 ,bopp1 & ,buttmann1 to f\nd a sci5ce ( philology1 to discov] = u ^? great laws :i* connect mod]n philology ) hi/ory1 e?nology1 physiology1 & ) ! v deepe/ que/ions ( !ology itself4 ,& 9 ! mean:ile1 ^! ,alex&rians' wor?less criticism has be5 utt]ly swept away2 :ile _! real "w1 _! accurate editions ( ! classics1 rema9 to u z a preci\s h]itage4 ,s x is ?r\gh\t hi/ory3 no?+ dies :i* is wor?y to live4 ,! :eat is surely ga!r$ into ! g>n]1 ! *aff is burnt up by t et]nal fire :i*1 happily = ?is univ]se1 _c be qu5*$ by any art ( man1 b goes on =ev]1 dev\r+ )\t indulg5ce all ! folly & ! falsehood ( ! _w4 ,z yet y h he>d no?+ ( ! metaphysical s*ools ( ,alex&ria2 = z yet none h exi/$1 9 ! mod]n acceptation ( t ^w4 ,inde$1 ,i am n sure t ,i mu/ n tell y frankly1 t none ev] exi/$ at all 9 ,alex&ria1 9 t same mod]n acceptation4 ,ritt]1 ,i ?9k1 x is :o compla9s navely en\gh1 t ! ,alex&rian ,neoplatoni/s _h a bad habit1 :i* grew on !m m & m z ! ye>s roll$ on1 ( mix+ up philosophy ) !ology1 & s defil+1 or at all ev5ts col\r+1 its pure transp>5cy4 ,!re is no d5y+ ! imputation1 z ,i %all %[ at great] l5g? 9 my next ,lecture4 ,b "o w\ld h ?\ght1 look+ back ?r\gh hi/ory1 t ! ,alex&rians 7 n ! only philosoph]s guilty ( ?is %ameful act ( syncretism4 ,plato1 "o w\ld h ?\ght1 0 z great a s9n] z !y4 ,s 7 ! ,h9doos4 ,9 spite ( all _! logical & metaphysical acut5ess1 !y 71 y w f9d1 unable to get rid ( ! notion t !ological inquiries conc]n+ ,brahma1 ,atma1 ,cree%na1 7 indissolubly mix$ up ) t same logic & metaphysic4 ,! ,p>sees c\ld n sep>ate que/ions ab\t ,ahriman & ,ormuzd f ,kant's ?ree great philosophic problems3 ,:at is ,man8--,:at may be kn[n8--,:at %\ld be done8 ,nei!r1 inde$1 c\ld ! e>li] ,greek sages4 ,n "o ( !m1 ( any s*ool :atsoev]--f ! semi-my?ic ,sev5 ,sages to ,plato & ,ari/otle--b f9ds x necess>y to consid] n 9 pass+1 b z ! great object ( rese>*1 que/ions conc]n+ ! gods3--:e!r !y are real or n2 "o or _m2 p]sonal or imp]sonal2 cosmic1 & p>ts ( ! univ]se1 or organis]s & rul]s ( x2 9 relation to man1 or )\t relation to him4 ,ev5 9 ^? :o flatly d5y ! exi/5ce ( ! gods1 ev5 9 ,lucretius himself1 ^! que/ions h to be consid]$1 be=e ! "q1 ,:at is man8 c get any solution at all4 ,on ! answ] giv5 to !m is f\nd to dep5d intimately ! answ] to ! "q1 ,:at is ! immat]ial "p ( man8 ,is x a "p ( nature1 or ( some?+ above nature8 ,has he an immat]ial "p at all8--9 "o ^w1 ,is a human metaphysic possible at all8 ,s x 0 ) ! ,greek philosoph]s ( old1 ev51 z ,asclepius & ,ammonius say1 ) ,ari/otle himself4 8,! object ( ,ari/otle's metaphysic10 "o ( !m says1 8is !ological4 ,h]e9 ,ari/otle !ologises40 ,& !re is no d5y+ ! ass]tion4 ,we mu/ n !n be h>d on ! ,neoplatoni/s1 z if !y 7 ! fir/ to mix ?+s sep>ate f ! f\ndation ( ! _w4 ,i d n say t !ology & metaphysic are sep>ate /udies4 ,t is to be asc]ta9$ only by see+ "s "o sep>ate !m4 ,& :5 ,i see !m sep>at$1 ,i %all believe !m sep>able4 ,only ! sep>ation mu/ n be produc$ by ! simple exp$i5t ( d5y+ ! exi/5ce ( ei!r "o ( !m1 or at lea/ ( ignor+ ! exi/5ce ( "o /eadily dur+ ! /udy ( ! o!r4 ,if !y c be p>t$ )\t injury to ea* o!r1 let !m be p>t$2 & till !n let u susp5d h>d judgm5ts on ! ,alex&rian s*ool ( metaphysic1 & also on ! s*ools ( t curi\s p ! ,jews1 :o _h at ?is p]iod a /eadily increas+ influ5ce on ! ?\ght1 z well z on ! comm]cial prosp]ity1 ( ,alex&ria4 ,y mu/ n suppose1 9 ! mean:ile1 t ! philosoph]s :om ! ,ptolemies collect$ 7z !y w\ld h any o!r m>ketable article7 by lib]al (f]s ( pay & patronage1 7 su* m5 z ! old ,sev5 ,sages ( ,greece1 or z ,socrates1 ,plato1 & ,ari/otle4 ,9 ^! ?ree la/ inde$1 ,greek ?\ght rea*$ n m]ely its greate/ height1 b ! edge ( a precipice1 d[n :i* x roll$ headlong aft] _! decease4 ,! intellectual defects ( ! ,greek m9d1 ( :i* ,i h already spok51 7 d\btless "o great cause ( ?is decay3 b1 to my m9d1 moral causes _h /ill m to d ) x4 ,! m cultivat$ ,greek /ates1 to judge f ! writ+s ( ,plato1 _h n be5 an ov]-righte\s p dur+ ! g5]ation 9 :i* he liv$4 ,& 9 ! g5]ations :i* foll[$1 !y became an altoge!r wick$ p2 immoral1 unbeliev+1 hat+ good1 & delight+ 9 all :i* 0 evil4 ,& x 0 9 consequ5ce ( ^! v s9s ( !irs1 z ,i ?9k1 t ! old ,hell5ic race began to die out physically1 & population ?r\gh\t ,greece to decrease ) frightful rapidity1 aft] ! "t ( ! ,a*an league4 ,! facts are well kn[n2 & f\l en\gh !y are4 ,:5 ! ,romans de/roy$ ,greece1 ,god 0 j & m]ciful4 ,! eagles 7 ga!r$ toge!r only because ! c>rion ne$$ to be remov$ f ! face ( ,god's e>?4 ,& at ! "t ( :i* ,i n[ speak1 ! signs ( approa*+ dea? 7 fe>fully app>5t4 ,hapless & hopeless en\gh 7 ! clique ( m5 out ( :om ! fir/ two ,ptolemies hop$ to =m a s*ool ( philosophy2 m5 c]ta9ly clev] en\gh1 & amus+ )al1 :o might give ! k+s ( ,egypt _m a %rewd lesson 9 k+-craft1 & ! ways ( ?is _w1 & ! art ( pr(it+ by ! folly ( fools1 & ! selfi%ness ( ! selfi%2 or :o might amuse !m1 9 default ( fight+-cocks1 by puns & rep>tees1 & battles ( logic2 8h[ "o ?+ _c be pr$icat$ ( ano!r10 or 8h[ ! wise man is n only to ov]come e mis=tune1 b n ev5 to feel x10 & o!r su* mighty que/ions1 :i* 9 ^? days hid t deep unbelief 9 any tru? :atsoev] :i* 0 spread+ fa/ ov] ! m9ds ( m54 ,su* ^w-splitt]s 7 ,/ilpo & ,diodorus1 ! slay] & ! sla94 ,!y 7 ( ! ,meg>an s*ool1 & 7 nam$ ,dialectics2 & also1 ) m tru?1 ,eri/ics1 or qu>rell]s4 ,_! clique _h pr(ess$ to foll[ ,z5o & ,socrates 9 decl>+ ! in/ability ( s5sible presumptions & conclusions1 9 prea*+ an absolute & et]nal ,be+4 ,b !re 0 ?is deep gulf betwe5 !m & ,socrates2 t :ile ,socrates pr(ess$ to be seek+ = ! ,absolute & ,et]nal1 = t :i* is1 !y 7 cont5t ) affirm+ t x exi/s4 ,) him1 z ) ! old] sages1 philosophy 0 a se>* = tru?4 ,) !m x 0 a s*eme ( doctr9es to be def5d$4 ,& ! dialectic on :i* !y prid$ !mselves s mu*1 diff]$ f 8 accord+ly4 ,he us$ x inductively1 to seek out1 "u ! notions & conceptions ( ! m9d1 c]ta9 absolute tru?s & laws ( :i* !y 7 only ! embodim5t4 ,words & ?\ght 7 to him a field = c>eful & rev]5t induction1 z ! ph5om5a ( nature are to u ! disciples ( ,bacon4 ,b ) ^! hapless ,meg>ans1 :o ?\ght t !y _h f\nd t = :i* ,socrates pr(ess$ only to seek dimly & af> (f1 & _h got x safe 9 a dogma1 pres]v$ z x 7 9 spirits1 & put by 9 a museum1 ! great use ( dialectic 0 to confute oppon5ts4 ,delight 9 _! own subtlety grew on !m1 ! wor%ip n ( objective tru?1 b ( ! =ms ( ! intellect :]eby x may be demon/rat$2 till !y became ! v]ie/ ^w-splitt]s1 rivals ( ! old sophi/s :om _! ma/] _h attack$1 & ju/ifi$ too (t5 ,ari/ophanes' calumny1 :i* conf\nd$ ,socrates ) 8 oppon5ts1 z a man ^: aim 0 to make ! worse appe> ! bett] reason4 ,we h "h1 9 bo? p>ties1 all ! m>ks ( an age ( exhau/ion1 ( scepticism1 ( despair ab\t f9d+ any real tru?4 ,no wond] t !y 7 sup]s$$ by ! ,pyrrhoni/s1 :o d\bt$ all ?+s1 & by ! ,academy1 :i* prid$ itself on sett+ up ea* ?+ to knock x d[n aga92 & s by prud5t & well-br$ & tol]ant qualify+ ( e ass]tion1 nei!r affirm+ too mu*1 nor d5y+ too mu*1 keep _! m9ds 9 a :olesome--or un:olesome--/ate ( equilibrium1 z /agnant pools are kept1 t ev]y?+ may h free tol]ation to rot undi/urb$4 ,^! hapless c>icaturi/s ( ! dialectic ( ,plato1 & ! logic ( ,ari/otle1 c>eless ( any vital pr9ciples or real results1 ready en\gh to use fallacies ea* = _! own p>ty1 & op5ly pr\d ( _! success 9 do+ s1 7 assi/$ by wor?y compe]s ( an outw>dly opposite tone ( ?\ght1 ! ,cyr5aics1 ,!odorus & ,hegesias4 ,) _! clique1 z ) _! ma/] ,ari/ippus1 ! s5ses 7 ! only av5ues to k2 man 0 ! measure ( all ?+s2 & 8happ9ess our be+'s end & aim40 ,!odorus 0 surnam$ ! ,a!i/2 &1 x seems1 n )\t good reason2 = he taught t !re 0 no absolute or et]nal diff]5ce betwe5 good & evil2 no?+ really disgraceful 9 crimes2 no div9e gr\nd = laws1 :i* accord+ to him _h be5 inv5t$ by m5 to prev5t fools f mak+ !mselves disagreeable2 on :i* !ory1 laws mu/ be confess$ to h be5 9 all ages some:at ( a failure4 ,he seems to h be51 l 8 ma/]1 an impud5t light-he>t$ fell[1 :o took life easily en\gh1 laugh$ at patriotism1 & all o!r high-fl[n notions1 boa/$ t ! _w 0 8 c\ntry1 & 0 no d\bt excell5t aft]-d9n] company = ! great k+4 ,hegesias1 8 fell[ ,cyr5aic1 0 a man ( a d>k] & m melan*olic temp]am5t2 & :ile ,!odorus cont5t$ himself ) prea*+ a com=table selfi%ness1 & obta9+ pleasure1 made x r 8 /udy to avoid pa94 ,d\btless bo? _! !ories 7 popul> en\gh at ,alex&ria1 z !y 7 9 ,france dur+ ! analog\s p]iod1 ! ,sicle ,l\is ,qu9ze4 ,! 8,contrat ,social10 & ! re/ ( _! doctr9es1 moral & metaphysical1 w always h _! admir]s on e>?1 z long z t v>iety ( ! human species exi/s = ^: especial beho( ,!odorus held t laws 7 made2 & ! :ole =m ( ?\ght met ) great approbation 9 aft] ye>s at ,rome1 :]e ,epicurus c>ri$ x to its highe/ p]fection4 ,aft] t1 "u ! pressure ( a tra9 ( r sev]e lessons1 :i* ,gibbon has detail$ 9 8 8,decl9e & ,fall ( ! ,roman ,empire10 little or no?+ 0 he>d ( x1 save sotto voce1 p]haps1 at ! ,papal c\rts ( ! sixte5? c5tury4 ,to revive x publicly1 or at lea/ z mu* ( x z c\ld be borne by a _w n[ = sev5te5 c5turies ,*ri/ian1 0 ! glory ( ! eighte5? c5tury4 ,! moral s*eme ( ,!odorus has n[ ne>ly vani%$ among u1 at lea/ z a confess$ cre$2 &1 9 spite ( ! au?ority ( ,mr4 ,locke's great & good "n1 8 metaphysical s*eme is %[+ signs ( a l approa*+ disappe>ance4 ,let u hope t x may be a spe$y "o2 = if ! s5ses be ! only av5ues to k2 if man be ! measure ( all ?+s2 & if law h n1 z ,hook] says1 h] f\nt & home 9 ! v bosom ( ,god himself1 !n 0 ,hom]'s ,zeus "r 9 decl>+ man to be 8! mo/ wret*$ ( all ! bea/s ( ! field40 ,& yet "o _c help look+ ) a sort ( awe 7,i d>e n call x respect7 at t melan*olic fai?less ,hegesias4 ,d\btless he1 l 8 compe]s1 & inde$ all ,alex&ria = ?ree hundr$ ye>s1 cultivat$ philosophy ) no m real purpose ?an x 0 cultivat$ by ! graceless beaux-esprits ( ,l\is ,,xv4's c\rt1 & ) z little practical effect on morality2 b ( ?is ,hegesias alone x /&s writt51 t 8 tea*+ actually made m5 d some?+2 & moreov]1 d ! mo/ solemn & important ?+ :i* any man c d1 except+ always do+ "r4 ,i mu/ confess1 h[ev]1 t ! result ( 8 tea*+ took s unexpect$ a =m1 t ! reign+ ,ptolemy1 app>5tly ,philadelphus1 _h to int]f]e ) ! sacr$ "r ( e man to talk z mu* nons5se z he likes1 & =bade ,hegesias to tea* at ,alex&ria4 ,= ,hegesias1 a ,cyr5aic l ,!odorus1 b a r m morose p$ant ?an t saucy & happy sc(f]1 hav+ discov]$ t ! great end ( man 0 to avoid pa91 also discov]$ 78 dige/ion be+ probably 9 a disord]$ /ate7 t !re 0 s mu* m pa9 ?an pleasure 9 ! _w1 z to make x a ?or\ghly disagreeable place1 ( :i* man 0 well rid at any price4 ,:]eon he wrote a book call$1 1 9 :i* a man :o _h det]m9$ to />ve himself1 prea*$ ! mis]ies ( human life1 & ! bless+s ( dea?1 ) su* ov]p[]+ =ce1 t ! book actually drove _m p]sons to commit suicide1 & escape f a _w :i* 0 n fit to dwell 94 ,a fe>ful pro( ( h[ rott5 ! /ate ( society 0 becom+1 h[ desp]ate ! m9ds ( m51 dur+ ^? frightful c5turies :i* imm$iately prec$$ ! ,*ri/ian era1 & h[ fa/ 0 approa*+ t d>k *aos ( unbelief & unrighte\sness1 :i* ,paul ( ,t>sus s analyses & describes 9 ! fir/ *apt] ( 8 ,epi/le to ! ,romans--:5 ! old light 0 lo/1 ! old fai?s ext9ct1 ! old rev]5ce = ! laws ( family & national life1 de/roy$1 yea ev5 ! natural in/9cts !mselves p]v]t$2 t *aos ^: d>kness ,juv5al1 & ,petronius1 & ,tacitus h prov$1 9 _! fe>ful pages1 n to h be5 exagg]at$ by ! m compassionate ?\gh m righte\s ,jew4 ,& n[ obs]ve1 t ?is selfi%ness--?is :olesome /ate ( equilibrium--?is philosophic calm1 :i* is really only a lazy pride1 01 z f> z we c tell1 ! ma9 object ( all ! s*ools f ! "t ( ,alex&] to ! ,*ri/ian era4 ,we "k v little ( ^? ,sceptics1 ,cynics1 ,epicureans1 ,academics1 ,p]ipatetics1 ,/oics1 ( :om !re has be5 s mu* talk1 except at second-h&1 ?r\gh ! ,romans1 f :om ,/oicism 9 aft] ages receiv$ a new & n ignoble life4 ,b ?is we d "k ( ! lat] sets1 t !y gradually gave up ! se>* = tru?1 & prop\nd$ to !mselves z ! great type = a philosoph]1 ,h[ %all a man save 8 own s\l f ?is evil _w8 ,!y may h be5 "r2 x may h be5 ! be/ ?+ to ?9k ab\t 9 ^? exhau/$ & decay+ times3 b x 0 a "q ( e?ics1 n ( philosophy1 9 ! s5se :i* ! old ,greek sages put on t latt] ^w4 ,_! object 01 n to get at ! laws ( all ?+s1 b to =tify !mselves aga9/ all ?+s1 ea* accord+ to 8 s*eme1 & s to be self-suffici5t & alone4 ,ev5 9 ! ,/oics1 :o boldly & righte\sly ass]t$ an immutable morality1 ?is 0 ! lead+ conception4 ,z has be5 well said ( !m3 8,if we reflect h[ deeply ! feel+ ( an int]c\rse betwe5 m5 & a div9e race sup]ior to !mselves _h work$ itself into ! ,greek "*--:at a numb] ( fables1 "s beautiful1 "s impure1 x _h impregnat$ & procur$ cr$5ce =--h[ x su/a9$ e =m ( polity & e sy/em ( laws1 we may imag9e :at ! effects mu/ h be5 ( its disappe>ance4 ,if x is possible = any man1 x 0 n1 c]ta9ly1 possible = a ,greek1 to feel himself connect$ by any real bonds ) 8 fell[-creatures ar\nd him1 :ile he felt himself utt]ly sep>at$ f any be+ above 8 fell[-creatures4 ,b ! s5se ( t isolation w\ld affect diff]5t m9ds v diff]5tly4 ,x drove ! ,epicurean to consid] h[ he might make a _w 9 :i* he %\ld live com=tably1 )\t di/ract+ visions ( ! pa/ & future1 & ! dread ( ^? upp] p[]s :o no long] awak5$ 9 him any feel+s ( sympa?y4 ,x drove ,z5o ! ,/oic to consid] :e!r a man may n f9d en\gh 9 himself to satisfy him1 ?\gh :at is beyond him be ev] s unfri5dly4 4 4 4 ,we may trace 9 ! productions :i* are attribut$ to ,zone a v cle> indication ( ! feel+ :i* 0 at "w 9 8 m9d4 ,he und]took1 = in/ance1 among o!r tasks1 to answ] ,plato's #8,republic4' ,! tru? t a man is a political be+1 :i* in=ms & p]vades t book1 0 "o :i* mu/ h be5 p>ticul>ly h>ass+ to 8 m9d1 & :i* he felt mu/ be got rid (1 be=e he c\ld hope to ass]t 8 doctr9e ( a man's solit>y dignity40 ,woe to ! nation or ! society 9 :i* ?is individualis+ & sep>at+ process is go+ on 9 ! human m9d6 ,:e!r x take ! =m ( a religion or ( a philosophy1 x is at once ! sign & ! cause ( s5ility1 decay1 & dea?4 ,if man beg9s to =get t he is a social be+1 a memb] ( a body1 & t ! only tru?s :i* c avail him any?+1 ! only tru?s :i* are wor?y objects ( 8 philosophical se>*1 are ^? :i* are equally true = e man1 :i* w equally avail e man1 :i* he mu/ proclaim1 z f> z he c1 to e man1 f ! pr\de/ sage to ! meane/ outca/1 he ent]s1 ,i believe1 into a lie1 & helps =w>d ! dissolution ( t society ( :i* he is a memb]4 ,i c>e little :e!r :at he holds be true or n4 ,if x be true1 he has made x a lie by appropriat+ x pr\dly & selfi%ly to himself1 & by exclud+ o!rs f x4 ,he has d>k5$ 8 own p[] ( vision by t act ( self-appropriation1 s t ev5 if he sees a tru?1 he c only see x refract$ly1 discol\r$ by ! m$ium ( 8 own private likes & dislikes1 & fulfils t great & truly philosophic law1 t he :o love? n 8 bro!r is 9 d>kness1 & kn[e? n :i!r he goe?4 ,& s x befell ^? old ,greek s*ools4 ,x is out ( our pa? to foll[ !m to ,italy1 :]e /urdy old ,roman patriots curs$ !m1 & ) good reason1 z corrupt+ ! morals ( ! "y4 ,our bus9ess is ) ,alex&ria2 & !re1 c]ta9ly1 !y did no?+ = ! elevation ( humanity4 ,:at culture !y may h giv51 probably help$ to make ! ,alex&rians1 :at ,cs> calls !m1 ! mo/ +5i\s ( all nations3 b righte\s or valiant m5 x did n make !m4 ,:51 aft] ! ?ree great reigns ( ,sot]1 ,philadelphus1 & ,eu]getes1 ! race ( ! ,ptolemies began to we> itself out1 ,alex&ria fell morally1 z its sov]eigns fell2 & dur+ a mis]able & %ameful decl9e ( a hundr$ & eighty ye>s1 sophi/s wrangl$1 p$ants f\ght ov] acc5ts & read+s ) ! true odium gammaticum1 & k+s plung$ deep] & deep] into ! abysses ( luxury & ince/1 laz9ess & cruelty1 till ! flood came1 & swept !m all away4 ,cleopatra1 ! ,hel5 ( ,egypt1 betray$ h] c\ntry to ! ,roman2 & !nce=? ! ,alex&rians became slaves 9 all b "n4 ,& n[ t ,alex&ria has become a tribut>y prov9ce1 is x to %>e ! usual lot ( enslav$ c\ntries & lose all orig9ality & vig\r ( ?\ght8 ,n s4 ,f ?is po9t1 /rangely en\gh1 x beg9s to h a philosophy ( its own4 ,hi!rto x has be5 import+ ,greek ?\ght into ,egypt & ,syria1 ev5 to ! fur!/ b\nd>ies ( ,p]sia2 & ! :ole ,ea/ has become ,greek3 b x has receiv$ little 9 return4 ,! ,indian ,gymnosophi/s1 or ,brahm9s1 _h little or no effect on ,greek philosophy1 except 9 ! case ( ,pyrrho3 ! ,p]sian ,dualism /ill less4 ,! ,egyptian symbolic nature-wor%ip _h be5 too gross to be reg>d$ by ! cultivat$ ,alex&rian z any?+ b a b>b>ic sup]/ition4 ,"o ea/]n nation _h int]m+l$ closely ) ! ,mac$onian race1 & f x ,alex&rian ?\ght receiv$ a new impulse4 ,i m5tion$ 9 my fir/ lecture ! conciliatory policy :i* ! ,ptolemies _h pursu$ t[>d ! ,jews4 ,sot] _h n only all[$ b enc\rag$ !m to settle 9 ,alex&ria & ,egypt1 grant+ !m ! same political privileges ) ! ,mac$onians & o!r ,greeks4 ,soon !y built !mselves a temple !re1 9 ob$i5ce to "s suppos$ prophecy 9 _! sacr$ writ+s1 :i* seems mo/ probably to h be5 a wilful int]polation4 ,:atsoev] value we may atta* to ! v>i\s my?s conc]n+ ! translation ( _! ,scriptures into ,greek1 !re c be no d\bt t !y 7 translat$ 9 ! reign ( ,sot]1 & t ! exce$+ly valuable ,septuag9t v]sion is ! "w ( t p]iod4 ,moreov]1 _! numb]s 9 ,alex&ria 7 v great4 ,:5 ,amr\ took ,con/ant9ople 9 ,a4,d4 #fdj1 !re 7 #dj1jjj ,jews 9 x2 & _! numb]s dur+ ! ,ptolemaic & ,roman p]iods1 be=e _! tempor>y expulsion by ,cyril ab\t #dab1 7 probably great]2 & ,egypt altoge!r is said to h conta9$ #bjj1jjj ,jews4 ,!y _h s*ools !re1 :i* 7 s e/eem$ by _! :ole nation ?r\gh\t ! ,ea/1 t ! ,alex&rian ,rabbis1 ! ,light ( ,israel1 z !y 7 call$1 may be fairly consid]$ z ! c5tre ( ,jewi% ?\ght & le>n+ = sev]al c5turies4 ,we are accu/om$1 & n )\t reason1 to ?9k ) "s contempt ( ^! old ,rabbis4 ,rabb9ism1 ,cabbalism1 are become by-words 9 ! m\?s ( m54 ,x may be in/ructive = u--x is c]ta9ly necess>y = u1 if we wi% to und]/& ,alex&ria--to exam9e a little h[ !y became s fall54 ,_! philosophy took its /&1 z y all "k1 on c]ta9 anci5t books ( _! p2 hi/ories1 laws1 poems1 philosophical treatises1 :i* all h "o elem5t peculi> to !mselves1 namely1 ! ass]tion ( a liv+ p]sonal ,rul] & ,tea*]1 n m]ely ( ! ,jewi% race1 b ( all ! nations ( ! e>?4 ,aft] ! return ( _! race f ,babylon1 _! own records give abundant evid5ce t ?is /range p became ! mo/ exclusive & sect>ian :i* ! _w ev] saw4 ,into ! causes ( t exclusiv5ess ,i w n n[ ent]2 suffice x to say1 t x 0 p>donable en\gh 9 a p ass]t+ ,mono!ism 9 ! mid/ ( idolatr\s nations1 & :o knew1 f exp]i5ce ev5 m bitt] ?an t :i* taught ,plato & ,socrates1 h[ directly all ^? popul> idolatries l$ to e =m ( bas5ess & immorality4 ,b we may trace 9 !m1 f ! date ( _! return f ,babylon1 especially f _! settlem5t 9 ,alex&ria1 a s+ul> *ange ( op9ion4 ,9 proportion z !y began to d5y t _! unse5 p]sonal ,rul] _h any?+ to d ) ! ,g5tiles--! nations ( ! e>?1 z !y call$ !m--9 proportion z !y consid]$ !mselves z ,8 only subjects--or r1 ,him & ,8 guidance z _! own private prop]ty--exactly 9 t proportion !y began to lose all liv+ or practical belief t ,he did guide !m4 ,he became a be+ ( ! pa/2 "o :o _h taught & gov]n$ _! =efa!rs 9 old times3 n "o :o 0 tea*+ & gov]n+ !m n[4 ,i beg y to pay att5tion to ?is curi\s result2 because y w see1 ,i ?9k1 ! v same ?+ occurr+ 9 two o!r ,alex&rian s*ools1 ( :i* ,i %all speak h]eaft]4 ,! result to ^! ,rabbis 01 t ! inspir$ books :i* spoke ( ?is ,div9e guidance & gov]nm5t became objects ( sup]/iti\s rev]5ce1 j 9 proportion z !y lo/ all und]/&+ ( _! real value & mean+4 ,nev]!less1 ?is too produc$ good results2 = ! greate/ possible c>e 0 tak5 to fix ! ,canon ( ^! books2 to settle1 z f> z possible1 ! exact "t at :i* ! ,div9e guidance 0 suppos$ to h ceas$2 aft] :i* x 0 impi\s to claim a ,div9e tea*+2 :5 _! sages 7 left to !mselves1 z !y fanci$1 ) a complete body ( k1 on :i* !y 7 h5ce=? only to comm5t4 ,?us1 :e!r or n !y 7 "r 9 suppos+ t ! ,div9e ,tea*] _h ceas$ to tea* & inspire !m1 !y did inf9ite s]vice by m>k+ out = u c]ta9 writ]s :om ,he _h c]ta9ly taught & inspir$4 ,no d\bt !y 7 "r 9 _! s5se ( ! awful *ange :i* _h pass$ ov] _! nation4 ,!re 0 an inf9ite diff]5ce betwe5 !m & ! old ,hebrew writ]s4 ,!y _h lo/ some?+ :i* ^? old prophets possess$4 ,i invite y to pond]1 ea* = himself1 on ! causes ( ?is /range loss2 be>+ 9 m9d t !y lo/ _! =efa!rs' heirloom1 exactly 9 proportion z !y began to believe x to be _! exclusive possession1 & to d5y o!r human be+s any "r to or %>e 9 x4 ,x may h be5 t ! light giv5 to _! =efa!rs _h1 z !y ?\ght1 really dep>t$4 ,x may h be51 also1 t ! light 0 !re all ar\nd !m /ill1 z bright z ev]1 b t !y w\ld n op5 _! eyes & behold x2 or r1 c\ld n op5 !m1 because selfi%ness & pride _h seal$ !m4 ,x may h be51 t inspiration 0 /ill v ne> !m too1 if _! spirits _h be5 will+ to receive x4 ,b ( ! fact ( ! *ange !re 0 no d\bt4 ,= ! old ,hebrew se]s 7 m5 deal+ ) ! l(tie/ & deepe/ laws3 ! ,rabbis 7 %all[ p$ants4 ,! old ,hebrew se]s 7 righte\s & virtu\s m53 ! ,rabbis became1 9 due "t1 "s ( ! wor/ & wick$e/ m5 :o ev] trod ?is e>?4 ,?us !y too _h _! %>e 9 t d[nw>d c>e] ( p$antry :i* we h se5 *>act]ise ! :ole pa/ ,alex&r9e age4 ,!y1 l ,z5odotus & ,ari/>*us1 7 comm5tators1 gramm>ians1 sect>ian disput]s3 !y 7 n ?9k]s or actors4 ,_! inspir$ books 7 to !m no m ! words ( liv+ human be+s :o _h s\ght = ! ,absolute ,wisdom1 & f\nd x aft] _m s9s & d\bts & sorr[s4 ,! human writ]s became 9 _! eyes ! puppets & m\?pieces ( "s magical influ5ce1 n ! disciples ( a liv+ & lov+ p]son4 ,! book itself 01 9 _! belief1 n 9 any true s5se inspir$1 b magically dictat$--by :at p[] !y c>$ n to def9e4 ,8 "* 0 unimportant to !m1 provid$ ,he _h inspir$ no nation b _! own4 ,b1 ?\ght !y1 if ! words 7 dictat$1 ea* ( !m mu/ h "s my/]i\s value4 ,& if ea* ^w _h a my/]i\s value1 :y n ea* lett]8 ,& h[ c\ld !y set limits to t my/]i\s value8 ,might n ^! words1 ev5 re>rangem5ts ( ! lett]s ( !m1 be useful 9 protect+ !m aga9/ ! sorc]ies ( ! hea!n1 9 driv+ away ^? evil spirits1 or evok+ ^? good spirits1 :o1 ?\gh seldom m5tion$ 9 _! e>ly records1 _h aft] _! return f ,babylon begun to =m an important "p ( _! unse5 _w8 ,= z !y _h lo/ fai? 9 ! ,"o ,pres]v] ( _! race1 !y _h fill$ up ! void by a pond]\s demonology ( innum]able pres]v]s4 ,?is process ( ?\ght 0 n conf9$ to ,alex&ria4 ,dr4 ,lay>d1 9 8 la/ book on ,n9eveh1 gives "s curi\s in/ances ( its preval5ce among !m at an e>li] p]iod1 well wor? y\r c>eful /udy4 ,b x 0 at ,alex&ria t ! ,jewi% ,cabbalism =m$ itself into a sy/em4 ,x 0 !re t ! ,jews le>nt to become ! juggl]s & magic-mong]s ( ! :ole ,roman _w1 till ,claudius _h to expel !m f ,rome1 z pe/s to rational & moral society4 ,& yet1 among ^! hapless p$ants !re l+]$ nobl] ?\ghts & hopes4 ,!y c\ld n read ! glori\s heirlooms ( _! race )\t f9d+ 9 !m records ( antique greatness & virtue1 ( old deliv]ances work$ = _! =efa!rs2 & :at seem$ promises1 too1 t t greatness %\ld return4 ,! notion t ^? promises 7 conditional2 t !y express$ et]nal moral laws1 & decl>$ ! consequ5ces ( obey+ ^? laws1 !y _h lo/ long ago4 ,by look+ on !mselves z exclusively & arbitr>ily fav\r$ by ,heav51 !y 7 ru9+ _! own moral s5se4 ,?+s 7 n "r or wrong to !m because ,"r 0 et]nal & div9e1 & ,wrong ! transgression ( t et]nal "r4 ,h[ c\ld t be8 ,= !n ! "r ?+s ! ,g5tiles seem$ to d w\ld be "r & div9e2--& t supposition 9 _! eyes 0 all b impi\s4 ,none c\ld d "r b !mselves1 = !y only knew ! law ( ,god4 ,s1 "r ) !m _h no absolute or univ]sal gr\nd1 b 0 r$uc$ 9 _! m9ds to ! p]=mance ( c]ta9 acts comm&$ exclusively to !m--a =m ( e?ics :i* rapidly sank into ! mo/ petty & frivol\s casui/ry z to ! outw>d p]=mance ( ^? acts4 ,! sequel ( ^? e?ics is kn[n to all ! _w1 9 ! spectacle ( ! mo/ unrivall$ religiosity1 & scrupul\s respectability1 comb9$ ) a m utt] abs5ce ( moral s5se1 9 _! mo/ cultivat$ & le>n$ m51 ?an ! _w has ev] beheld be=e or s9ce4 ,9 su* a /ate ( m9d x 0 impossible = !m to look on _! old prophets z true se]s1 behold+ & apply+ et]nal moral laws1 &1 !re=e1 see+ ! future 9 ! pres5t & 9 ! pa/4 ,!y mu/ be ! m]e utt]]s ( an irrev]sible arbitr>y fate2 & t fate mu/1 ( c\rse1 be fav\rable to _! nation4 ,s n[ arose a s*ool :o pick$ out f _! old prophets e passage :i* c\ld be made to pr$ict _! future glory1 & a sci5ce :i* settl$ :5 t glory 0 to return4 ,by ! arbitr>y rules ( criticism a prophetic day 0 def9$ to mean a ye>2 a week1 sev5 ye>s4 ,! mo/ simple & human utt]ances 7 f\nd to h recondite mean+s relative to _! future triumph ov] ! hea!ns :om !y curs$ & hat$4 ,if any ( y ev] come across ! popul> ,jewi% int]pretations ( ,! ,song ( ,solomon1 y w !re see ! folly 9 :i* acute & le>n$ m5 c indulge !mselves :5 !y h lo/ hold ( ! belief 9 any?+ really absolute & et]nal & moral1 & h made ,fate1 & ,"t1 & ,self1 _! real deities4 ,b ?is dream ( a future re/oration 0 9 no wise ennobl$1 z f> z we c see1 ) any desire = a moral re/oration4 ,!y believ$ t a p]son w\ld appe> "s day or o!r to deliv] !m4 ,ev5 !y 7 happily pres]v$ by _! sacr$ books f ! notion t deliv]ance 0 to be f\nd = !m1 or = any man1 9 an ab/raction or notion end+ 9 -ation or -ality4 ,9 ju/ice to !m x mu/ be said1 t !y 7 too wise to believe t p]sonal qualities1 su* z p[]1 w1 love1 righte\sness1 c\ld reside 9 any b 9 a p]son1 or be manife/$ except by a p]son4 ,& among ! e>li] ( !m ! belief may h be51 t ! anci5t unse5 ,tea*] ( _! race w\ld be _! deliv]]3 b z !y lo/ ! ?\ght ( ,him1 ! expect$ ,deliv]] became a m]e human be+3 or r n a human be+2 = z !y lo/ _! moral s5se1 !y lo/ 9 ! v deepe/ mean+ _! humanity1 & =got :at man 0 l till !y le>n$ to look only = a conqu]or2 a manife/ation ( p[]1 & n ( goodness2 a de/roy] ( ! hat$ hea!n1 :o 0 to e/abli% !m z ! tyrant race ( ! :ole e>?4 ,on t fe>ful day on :i*1 = a mom5t1 !y ca/ away ev5 t la/ dream1 & cri$1 8,we h no k+ b ,cs>10 !y spoke ! secret ( _! he>ts4 ,x 0 a ,cs>1 a ,jewi% ,cs>1 = :om !y _h be5 long+ = c5turies4 ,& if !y c\ld n h su* a deliv]]1 !y w\ld h none3 !y w\ld take up ) ! be/ embodim5t ( brute ,titanic p[] :i* !y c\ld f9d1 & crucify ! embodim5t ( ,righte\sness & ,love4 ,amid all ! metaphysical s*ools ( ,alex&ria1 ,i "k none s deeply in/ructive z t s*ool ( ! ,rabbis1 8! glory ( ,israel40 ,b y w say3 8,?is does n look l a s*ool likely to reg5]ate ,alex&rian ?\ght40 ,true3 & yet x did reg5]ate x1 bo? = good & = evil2 = ^! m5 _h among !m & pres]v$ fai?fully en\gh = all practical purposes1 ! old lit]ature ( _! race2 a lit]ature :i* ,i firmly believe1 if ,i am to tru/ ! exp]i5ce ( #aijj ye>s1 is de/9$ to expla9 all o!r lit]atures2 because x has firm hold ( ! "o et]nal root-idea :i* gives life1 mean+1 ,div9e sanction1 to e g]m or fragm5t ( human tru? :i* is 9 any ( !m4 ,x did s1 at lea/1 9 ,alex&ria = ! ,greek lit]ature4 ,ab\t ! ,*ri/ian era1 a cultivat$ ,alex&rian ,jew1 a disciple ( ,plato & ( ,ari/otle1 did seem to himself to f9d 9 ! sacr$ books ( 8 nation t :i* agre$ ) ! deepe/ discov]ies ( ,greek philosophy2 :i* expla9$ & corroborat$ !m4 ,& 8 ann\ncem5t ( ?is fact1 weak & defective z x 01 _h ! mo/ enorm\s & unexpect$ results4 ,! fa!r ( ,new ,platonism 0 ,philo ! ,jew4 ,,lecture ,,iii4 ,,neoplatonism4 ,,we n[ approa* ! p]iod 9 :i* ,alex&ria began to h a philosophy ( its own--to be1 inde$1 ! lead] ( human ?\ght = sev]al c5turies4 ,i %all ent] on ?is bran* ( my subject ) "s fe> & trembl+2 n only on acc\nt ( my own ignorance1 b on acc\nt ( ! great difficulty ( h&l+ x )\t tr5*+ on c]ta9 controv]sial subjects :i* are rightly & wisely =bidd5 "h4 ,= !re 0 n "o s*ool ( ,metaphysic at ,alex&ria3 !re 7 two2 :i*1 dur+ ! :ole p]iod ( _! exi/5ce1 7 9 int]nec9e /ruggle ) ea* o!r1 & yet mutually borr[+ f ea* o!r2 ! ,hea!n1 namely1 & ! ,*ri/ian4 ,& y _c contemplate1 /ill less c y und]/&1 ! "o )\t ! o!r4 ,"s ( late ye>s h become all b unaw>e ( ! exi/5ce ( t ,*ri/ian s*ool2 & ! ^w ,philosophy1 on ! au?ority ( ,gibbon1 :o1 h[ev] excell5t an au?ority = facts1 knew no?+ ab\t ,philosophy1 & c>$ less1 has be5 us$ exclusively to express hea!n ?\ght2 a misnom] :i* 9 ,alex&ria w\ld h a/oni%$ ,plot9us or ,hypatia z mu* z x w\ld ,clem5t or ,orig54 ,i d n say t !re is1 or ought to be1 a ,*ri/ian ,metaphysic4 ,i am speak+1 z y "k1 m]ely z a hi/orian1 deal+ ) facts2 & ,i say t !re 0 "o2 z pr(\nd1 z sci5tific1 z sev]e1 z t ( ! ,pagan ,neoplatoni/s2 />t+ inde$1 z ,i %all %[ h]eaft]1 on _m po9ts f common gr\nd ) !irs4 ,"o c h>dly d\bt1 ,i %\ld fancy1 t _m p>ts ( ,/4 ,john's ,gospel & ,epi/les1 :atev] view we may take ( !m1 if !y are to be call$ any?+1 are to be call$ metaphysic & philosophic4 ,& "o c no m d\bt t be=e writ+ !m he _h /udi$ ,philo1 & 0 exp&+ ,philo's ?\ght 9 ! direction :i* seem$ fit to him1 ?an we c d\bt x ( ! e>li] ,neoplatoni/s4 ,! te*nical language is (t5 id5tical2 s are ! prim>y ideas f :i* he />ts1 h[soev] widely ! conclusions may diff]4 ,if ,plot9us consid]$ himself an intellectual disciple ( ,plato1 s did ,orig5 & ,clem5s4 ,& ,i mu/1 z ,i said be=e1 speak ( bo?1 or ( nei!r4 ,my only hope ( escap+ delicate gr\nd lies 9 ! curi\s fact1 t rightly or wrongly1 ! =m 9 :i* ,*ri/ianity pres5t$ itself to ! old ,alex&rian ?9k]s 0 s utt]ly diff]5t f ! popul> conception ( x 9 mod]n ,engl&1 t "o may v likely be able to tell :at little "o kn[s ab\t x1 almo/ )\t m5tion+ a s+le doctr9e :i* n[ influ5ces ! religi\s _w4 ,b f> great] is my fe>1 t to a mod]n ,briti% auditory1 tra9$ 9 ! s*ool ( ,locke1 mu* ( anci5t ?\ght1 hea!n z well z ,*ri/ian1 may seem s utt]ly ! product ( ! imag9ation1 s utt]ly )\t any correspond+ reality 9 ! univ]se1 z to look l m]e un9telligible madness4 ,/ill1 ,i mu/ try2 only entreat+ my he>]s to consid]1 t h[ mu* soev] we may hon\r ,locke & 8 great ,scot* foll[]s1 we are n b\nd to believe !m ei!r infallible1 or altoge!r _w-embrac+2 t !re h be5 o!r me?ods ?an !irs ( conceiv+ ! ,unse52 t ! common gr\nd f :i* bo? ,*ri/ian & hea!n ,alex&rians />t1 is n m]ely a private vag>y ( _! own1 b "o :i* has be5 accept$ und\bt+ly1 "u s _m v>i\s =ms1 by s _m diff]5t races1 z to give some?+ ( an inductive probability t x is n a m]e dream1 b may be a "r & true in/9ct ( ! human m9d4 ,i mean ! belief t ! ?+s :i* we see--nature & all h] ph5om5a--are temporal1 & born only to die2 m]e %ad[s ( "s unse5 realities1 f :om _! laws & life are d]iv$2 :ile ! et]nal ?+s :i* subsi/ )\t gr[?1 decay1 or *ange1 ! only real1 only truly exi/+ ?+s1 9 %ort1 are c]ta9 ?+s :i* are n se52 inappreciable by s5se1 or und]/&+1 or imag9ation1 p]ceiv$ only by ! consci5ce & ! reason4 ,& t1 aga91 ! problem ( philosophy1 ! highe/ good = man1 t = ! sake ( :i* dea? 7 a ga91 )\t :i* life is wor?less1 a drudg]y1 a degradation1 a failure1 & a ru91 is to discov] :at ^? unse5 et]nal ?+s are1 to "k !m1 possess !m1 be 9 h>mony ) !m1 & !reby alone to rise to any real & solid p[]1 or safety1 or nobl5ess4 ,x is a /range dream4 ,b y w see t x is "o :i* does n be> mu* ^u 8po9ts ( controv]sy10 any m ?an on 8,locke's philosophy20 nev]!less1 :5 we f9d ?is same /range dream aris+1 app>5tly )\t int]communion ( ?\ght1 among ! old ,h9doos1 among ! ,greeks1 among ! ,jews2 & la/ly1 :5 we see x spr++ aga9 9 ! ,middle ,age1 9 ! m9d ( ! almo/ =gott5 au?or ( ! 8,deuts*e ,!ologie10 & s becom+ ! p>5t1 n m]ely ( ,lu!r's deepe/ belief1 or ( ! ,g]man my/ic s*ools ( ! sev5te5? & eighte5? c5turies1 b ( ! great ,g]man ,philosophy itself z develop$ by ,kant1 & ,fi*te1 & ,s*ell+1 & ,hegel1 we mu/ at lea/ confess x to be a popul> delusion1 if no?+ bett]1 va/ en\gh & common en\gh to be wor? a little pati5t inve/igation1 :]esoev] we may f9d x /irr+ ! human m9d4 ,b ,i h hope1 /ill1 t ,i may f9d sympa?y & compreh5sion among "s1 at lea/1 ( my audi5ce1 z ,i proce$ to exam9e ! anci5t reali/ s*ools ( ,alex&ria1 on acc\nt ( _! k ( ! mod]n reali/ s*ools ( ,g]many4 ,= ,i _c b see1 t a revulsion is tak+ place 9 ! ?\ghts ( our nation ^u metaphysic subjects1 & t ,scotl&1 z usual1 is tak+ ! lead !re94 ,t mo/ illu/ri\s ,scot*man1 ,mr4 ,?omas ,c>lyle1 fir/ v9dicat$ ! great ,g]man ,reali/s f ! vulg> misconceptions ab\t !m :i* 7 s common at ! beg9n+ ( ?is c5tury1 & br\ght ! m9ds ( /udi\s m5 to a m j appreciation ( ! philosophic sev]ity1 ! moral gr&eur1 ( su* ?9k]s z ,emmanuel ,kant1 & ,gottlieb ,fi*te4 ,to ano!r ,scot* g5tleman1 :o1 ,i believe1 has hon\r$ me by 8 pres5ce "h to-night1 we owe mo/ valuable translations ( "s ( ,fi*te's works2 to be foll[$1 ,i tru/1 by m4 ,& ?\gh1 z a humble disciple ( ,bacon1 ,i _c b ?9k t ! me?od bo? ( ,kant & ,fi*te possesses some:at ( ! same inh]5t defect z ! me?od ( ! ,neoplatoni/ s*ool1 yet ,i %\ld be mo/ unfair did ,i n express my deep obligations to !m1 & advise all ^? to /udy !m c>efully1 :o wi% to ga9 a cle> conception ei!r ( ! old ,alex&rian s*ools1 or ( ^? intellectual movem5ts :i* are agitat+ ! mod]n m9d1 & :i* w1 ,i d\bt n1 issue 9 a cle>] light1 & 9 a nobl] life1 if n = u1 yet /ill = our *ildr5's *ildr5 = ev]4 ,! "n ( ,philo ! ,jew is n[ all b =gott5 among u4 ,he 0 laugh$ out ( sight dur+ ! la/ c5tury1 z a dream] & an allegori/1 :o tri$ eclectically to pat* toge!r ,plato & ,moses4 ,! pres5t age1 h[ev]1 is rapidly beg9n+ to suspect t all :o ?\ght be=e ! eighte5? c5tury 7 n altoge!r ei!r fools or impo/ors2 old wisdom is obta9+ a fair] he>+ day by day1 & is f\nd n to be s contradictory to new wisdom z 0 suppos$4 ,we are beg9n+1 too1 to be m incl9$ to ju/ify ,provid5ce1 by believ+ t lies are by _! v nature impot5t & doom$ to die2 t ev]y?+ :i* has _h any great or p]man5t influ5ce on ! human m9d1 mu/ h 9 x "s g]m ( et]nal tru?2 & sett+ ourselves to sep>ate t g]m ( tru? f ! mi/akes :i* may h di/ort$ & ov]laid x4 ,let u believe1 or at lea/ hope1 ! same = a few m9utes1 ( ,philo1 & try to f9d out :at 0 ! secret ( 8 p[]1 :at ! secret ( 8 weakness4 ,fir/3 ,i _c ?9k t he _h to treat 8 own sacr$ books unfairly1 to make !m agree ) ! root-idea ( ,socrates & ,plato4 ,socrates & ,plato ackn[l$g$ a ,div9e tea*] ( ! human _s2 t 0 ! gr\nd ( _! philosophy4 ,s did ! lit]ature ( ! ,jews4 ,socrates & ,plato1 ) all ! ,greek sages till ! ,sophi/ic era1 held t ! object ( philosophy 0 ! se>* aft] t :i* truly exi/s3 t he :o f\nd t1 f\nd wisdom3 ,philo's books taught him ! same tru?3 b !y taught him also1 t ! se>* = wisdom 0 n m]ely ! se>* = t :i* is1 b = ,him :o is2 n = a ?+1 b = a p]son4 ,i d n mean t ,plato & ! eld] ,greeks _h n t object also 9 view2 = ,i h said already t ,!ology 0 ) !m ! ultimate object ( all metaphysic sci5ce3 b ,i d ?9k t !y saw x inf9itely less cle>ly ?an ! old ,jewi% sages4 ,^? sages 7 utt]ly unable to conceive ( an absolute tru?1 except z resid+ 9 an absolutely true p]son2 ( absolute wisdom1 except 9 an absolutely wise p]son2 ( an absolute ord] & law1 except 9 a lawgiv]2 ( an absolute good1 except 9 an absolutely good p]son3 any m ?an ei!r !y or we c conceive ( an absolute love1 except 9 an absolutely lov+ p]son4 ,i say boldly1 t ,i ?9k !m "r1 on all gr\nds ( ,baconian induction4 ,= all ^! qualities are only kn[n to u z exhibit$ 9 p]sons2 & if we believe !m to h any absolute & et]nal exi/5ce at all1 to be objective1 & indep5d5t ( u1 & ! mom5t>y moods & s5tim5ts ( our own m9d1 !y mu/ exi/ 9 "s absolute & et]nal p]son1 or !y are m]e notions1 ab/ractions1 words1 :i* h no c\nt]p>ts4 ,b "h arose a puzzle 9 ! m9d ( ,philo1 z x 9 reality _h1 we may see1 9 ! m9ds ( ,socrates & ,plato4 ,h[ c\ld he reconcile ! idea ( t absolute & et]nal "o ,be+1 t ,zeus1 ,fa!r ( ,gods & m51 self-p]fect1 self-conta9$1 )\t *ange or motion1 9 :om1 z a ,jew1 he believ$ ev5 m firmly ?an ! ,platoni/s1 ) ! ,dmon ( ,socrates1 ! ,div9e ,tea*] :om bo? ,plato & ,solomon confess$8 ,or h[1 aga91 c\ld he reconcile ! idea ( ,him ) ! creative & provid5tial en]gy1 work+ 9 space & "t1 work+ on matt]1 & app>5tly affect$ & limit$1 if n baffl$1 by ! imp]fection ( ! m9ds :i* he taught1 by ! imp]fection ( ! matt] :i* he m\ld$8 ,?is1 z all /ud5ts ( philosophy mu/ "k1 0 "o ( ! great puzzles ( old ,greek philosophy1 z long z x 0 e>ne/ & c>$ to h any puzzles at all3 x has be51 s9ce ! days ( ,sp9oza1 ! great puzzle ( all e>ne/ mod]n philosoph]s4 ,philo (f]$ a solution 9 t idea ( a ,logos1 or ,^w ( ,god1 ,div9ity articulate1 speak+ & act+ 9 "t & space1 & !re=e by successive acts2 & s do+1 9 "t & space1 ! w ( ! timeless & spaceless ,fa!r1 ! ,abysmal & ,et]nal ,be+1 ( :om he 0 ! p]fect lik5ess4 ,9 call+ ?is p]son ! ,logos1 & mak+ him ! s\rce ( all human reason1 & k ( et]nal laws1 he only translat$ f ,hebrew into ,greek ! "n :i* he f\nd 9 8 sacr$ books1 8,! ,^w ( ,god40 ,z yet we h f\nd no unfair allegoris+ ( ,moses1 or twi/+ ( ,plato4 ,h[ !n has he incurr$ ?is accusation8 ,i _c ?9k1 aga91 t he 0 unfair 9 suppos+ t he might hold at ! same "t ! ,jewi% belief conc]n+ ,creation1 & ! ,platonic doctr9e ( ! real exi/5ce ( ,ar*etypal ideas1 bo? ( moral & ( physical ph5om5a4 ,i d n mean t su* a conception 0 pres5t consci\sly to ! m9d ( ! old ,jews1 z x 0 mo/ c]ta9ly to ! m9d ( ,/4 ,paul1 a practis$ ,platonic dialectician2 b x seems to me1 z to ,philo1 to be a fair1 p]haps a necess>y1 coroll>y f ! ,g5etic ,philosophy1 bo? ( ,moses & ( ,solomon4 ,b 9 "o ?+ he 0 unfair2 namely1 9 8 allegoris+4 ,b unfair to :om8 ,to ,socrates & ,plato1 ,i believe1 z mu* z to ,moses & to ,samuel4 ,= :at is ! "p ( ! old ,jewi% books :i* he evaporates away into m]e my/ic symbols ( ! private exp]i5ces ( ! dev\t philosoph]8 ,its practical ev]yday hi/ories1 :i* deal ) ! common human facts ( family & national life1 ( man's outw>d & physical lab\r & craft4 ,^! to him h no mean+1 except an allegoric "o4 ,b has he ?r[n !m away = ! sake ( gett+ a /ep ne>] to ,socrates1 or ,plato1 or ,ari/otle8 ,surely n4 ,to !m1 z to ! old ,jewi% sages1 man is mo/ important :5 reg>d$ n m]ely z a s\l1 b z a man1 a social be+ ( fle% & blood4 ,ari/otle decl>es politics to be ! ar*itectonical sci5ce1 ! family & social relations to be ! et]nal ma/]-facts ( humanity4 ,plato1 9 8 ,republic1 sets be=e himself ! ,con/itution ( a ,/ate1 z ! cr[n+ problem ( 8 philosophy4 ,e "w ( 81 l e say+ ( 8 ma/] ,socrates1 deals ) ! common1 outw>d1 vulg> facts ( human life1 & ass]ts t !re is a div9e mean+ 9 !m1 & t rev]5t induction f !m is ! way to obta9 ! deepe/ tru?s4 ,socrates & ,plato 7 z little incl9$ to sep>ate ! man & ! philosoph] z ,moses1 ,solomon1 or ,isaiah 74 ,:5 ,philo1 by allegoris+ away ! simple human p>ts ( 8 books1 is untrue to ,moses's tea*+1 he becomes untrue to ,plato's4 ,he becomes untrue1 ,i believe1 to a high] tea*+ ?an ,plato's4 ,he loses sight ( an et]nal tru?1 :i* ev5 old ,hom] might h taught him1 :5 he treats ,moses z "o section ( 8 disciples 9 aft] ye>s treat$ ,hom]4 ,= :at is ! secret ( ! et]nal fre%ness1 ! et]nal beauty1 ay1 ,i may say boldly1 9 spite ( all _! absurdities & immoralities1 ! et]nal righte\sness ( ^? old ,greek my?s8 ,:at is x :i* made ,socrates & ,plato cl+ lov+ly & rev]5tly to !m1 !y sc>ce knew :y1 :ile !y deplor$ ! immoralities to :i* !y _h giv5 rise8 ,:at is x :i* made ^? my?s1 alone ( all old my?ologies1 ! p>5ts ( truly beautiful sculpture1 pa9t+1 poetry8 ,:at is x :i* makes u love !m /ill2 f9d1 ev5 at times aga9/ our consci5ces1 new mean+1 new beauty 9 !m2 & br+s home ! /ory ( ,p]seas or ( ,h]cules1 alike to ! practis$ reason ( ,niebuhr1 & ! untutor$ in/9cts ( ,niebuhr's little *ild1 = :om he ?rew !m into simple/ =ms8 ,:y is x t 9 spite ( our disagree+ ) _! cre$ & _! morality1 we /ill p]si/--& long may we p]si/1 or r be compell$--z x 7 by bl9d in/9ct1 to tra9 our boys ^u ^? old ,greek dreams2 & confess1 :5ev] we try to f9d a sub/itute = !m 9 our educational s*emes1 t we h z yet none8 ,because ^? old ,greek /ories d repres5t ! ,deities z ! ar*etypes1 ! k9sm51 ! tea*]s1 ! fri5ds1 ! inspir]s ( m54 ,because :ile ! s*oolboy reads h[ ! ,gods 7 l to m51 only bett]1 wis]1 great]2 h[ ! ,h]oes are ! *ildr5 ( ! ,gods1 & ! slay]s ( ! mon/]s :i* dev\r ! e>?2 h[ ,a!ne taught m5 weav+1 & ,phbus music1 & ,vulcan ! cunn+ ( ! /i?y2 h[ ! ,gods took pity on ! noble-he>t$ son ( ,danae1 & l5t him cele/ial arms & guid$ him ov] des]t & ocean to fulfil 8 v[--t boy is le>n+ deep lessons ( metaphysic1 m 9 accordance ) ! re9e v]nunft1 ! pure reason :]eby man p]ceives t :i* is moral1 & spiritual1 & et]nal1 ?an he w\ld f all disquisitions ab\t be+ & becom+1 ab\t actualities & pot5tialities1 :i* ev] torm5t$ ! we>y bra9 ( man4 ,let u n despise ! gem because x has be5 brok5 to fragm5ts1 obscur$ by silt & mud4 ,/ill less let u fancy t "o lea/ fragm5t ( x is n m preci\s ?an ! mo/ brilliant pa/e jewel ( our own comp\nd+1 ?\gh x be poli%$ & facet$ nev] s completely4 ,= :at are all ^! my?s b fragm5ts ( t great metaphysic idea1 :i*1 ,i boldly say1 ,i believe to be at once ! ju/ifi] & ! h>monis] ( all philosophic tru? :i* man has ev] discov]$1 or w discov]2 :i* ,philo saw p>tially1 & yet cle>ly2 :i* ! ,hebrew sages p]ceiv$ f> m deeply1 because m humanly & practically2 :i* ,sa9t ,paul ! ,platoni/1 & yet ! ,apo/le1 rais$ to its highe/ p[]1 :5 he decl>$ t ! immutable & self-exi/5t ,be+1 = :om ! ,greek sages s\ght1 & did n altoge!r seek 9 va91 has ga!r$ toge!r all ?+s bo? 9 heav5 & 9 e>? 9 "o inspir+ & creat+ ,logos1 :o is bo? ,god & ,man8 ,be ?is z x may1 we f9d t f ! "t ( ,philo1 ! deepe/ ?\ght ( ! hea!n _w began to fl[ 9 a !ologic *annel4 ,all ! great hea!n ?9k]s h5ce=? are !ologians4 ,9 ! times ( ,n]o1 = in/ance1 ,epictetus ! slave1 ! reg5]ator ( ,/oicism1 is no m]e speculator conc]n+ entities & quiddities1 correct or incorrect4 ,he is a slave se>*+ = ! secret ( fre$om1 & f9d+ t x consi/s 9 escap+ n f a ma/]1 b f self3 n to weal? & p[]1 b to ,jove4 ,he discov]s t ,jove is1 9 "s mo/ my/]i\s1 b mo/ real s5se1 ! ,fa!r ( m52 he le>ns to look up to t ,fa!r z 8 guide & fri5d4 ,num5ius1 aga91 9 ! second c5tury1 0 a man :o _h evid5tly /udi$ ,philo4 ,he p]ceiv$ s deeply1 ,i may say s exagg]at$ly1 ! analogy betwe5 ! ,jewi% & ! ,platonic ass]tions ( an ,absolute & ,et]nal ,be+1 side by side ) ! ass]tion ( a ,div9e ,tea*] ( man1 t he is said to h utt]$ ! />tl+ say+3 8,:at is ,plato b ,moses talk+ ,attic80 ,d\btless ,plato is n t3 b ! expression is rem>kable1 z %[+ ! t5d5cy ( ! age4 ,he too looks up to ,god ) pray]s = ! guidance ( 8 reason4 ,he too ent]s into speculation conc]n+ ,god 9 ,8 absolut5ess1 & 9 ,8 connection ) ! univ]se4 8,! ,prim>y ,god10 he says1 8mu/ be free f works & a ,k+2 b ! ,demiurgus mu/ ex]cise gov]nm5t1 go+ ?r\gh ! heav5s4 ,?r\gh ,him comes ?is our condition2 ?r\gh ,him ,reason be+ s5t d[n 9 efflux1 holds communion ) all :o are prep>$ = x3 ,god !n look+ d[n1 & turn+ ,himself to ea* ( u1 x comes to pass t our bodies live & are n\ri%$1 receiv+ /r5g? f ! out] rays :i* come f ,him4 ,b :5 ,god turns u to ! contemplation ( ,himself1 x comes to pass t ^! ?+s are worn out & consum$1 b t ! reason lives1 be+ p>tak] ( a bless$ life40 ,?is passage is exce$+ly int]e/+1 z conta9+ bo? ! m>r[ ( old ,hebrew metaphysic1 & also c]ta9 notional elem5ts1 ( :i* we f9d no trace 9 ! ,scripture1 & :i* may lead--z we %all f9d !y aft]w>ds did lead--to confus+ ! moral ) ! notional1 & f9ally ! notional ) ! mat]ial2 9 pla9 words1 to ,pan!ism4 ,y f9d ?is t5d5cy1 9 %ort1 9 all ! philosoph]s :o fl\ri%$ betwe5 ! age ( ,augu/us & ! rise ( ,alex&rian ,neoplatonism4 ,gibbon1 :ile he gives an approv+ pat on ! back to 8 pet 8,philosophic ,emp]or10 ,m>cus ,aurelius1 bl9ks ! fact t ,m>cus's philosophy1 l t ( ,plut>*1 conta9s z an integral elem5t1 a belief :i* to him w\ld h be51 ,i fe>1 simply ludicr\s1 f its /range analogy ) ! belief ( ,john1 ! ,*ri/ian ,apo/le4 ,:at is ,m>cus ,aurelius's c>d9al doctr9e8 ,t !re is a ,god )9 him1 a ,^w1 a ,logos1 :i* 8has hold ( him10 & :o is 8 tea*] & gu>dian2 t ov] & above 8 body & 8 s\l1 he has a ,reason :i* is capable ( 8he>+ t ,div9e ,^w1 & obey+ ! monitions ( t ,god40 ,:at is ,plut>*'s c>d9al doctr9e8 ,t ! same ,^w1 ! ,dmon :o spoke to ! he>t ( ,socrates1 is speak+ to him & to e philosoph]2 8com+ into contact10 he says1 8) him 9 "s wond]ful mann]20 address+ ! reason ( ^? :o1 l ,socrates1 keep _! reason pure1 n "u ! dom9ion ( passion1 nor mix+ itself greatly ) ! body1 & !re=e quick & s5sitive 9 respond+ to t :i* enc\nt]$ x4 ,y see f ^! two extracts :at que/ions 7 aris+ 9 ! m9ds ( m51 & h[ !y t\*$ on e?ical & !ological que/ions4 ,i say aris+ 9 _! m9ds3 ,i believe t ,i ought to say r1 /irr$ up 9 _! m9ds by ,"o great] ?an !y4 ,at all ev5ts1 !re !y appe>$1 utt]ly indep5d5t ( any ,*ri/ian tea*+4 ,! belief 9 ?is ,logos or ,dmon speak+ to ! ,reason ( man1 0 "o :i* nei!r ,plut>* nor ,m>cus1 nei!r ,num5ius nor ,ammonius1 z f> z we c see1 le>nt f ! ,*ri/ians2 x 0 ! common gr\nd :i* !y held ) !m2 ! common battlefield :i* !y disput$ ) !m4 ,nei!r h we any reason to suppose t !y le>nt x f ! ,h9doos4 ,t mu* ,h9doo ?\ght mix$ ) ,neoplatoni/ speculation we _c d\bt2 b !re is n a jot m evid5ce to prove t ,alex&rians borr[$ ?is conception f ! ,mahabh>avata1 ?an t ,george ,fox ! ,quak]1 or ! au?or ( ! 8,deuts*e ,!ologie10 did s4 ,!y may h gone to ,h9doo philosophy1 or r1 to second & ?ird h& traditions !re(1 = corroborations ( ! belief2 b be sure1 x mu/ h exi/$ 9 _! own he>ts fir/1 or !y w\ld nev] h gone ?i!r4 ,believe x2 be sure ( x4 ,no e>ne/ ?9k] is a plagi>i/ pure & simple4 ,he w nev] borr[ f o!rs t :i* he has n already1 m or less1 ?\ght out = himself4 ,:5 once a great idea1 in/9ctive1 inductive 7= ! two expressions are ne>] ak9 ?an mo/ fancy71 has dawn$ on 8 s\l1 he w welcome lov+ly1 awfully1 any corroboration f =eign s*ools1 & cry ) joy3 8,behold1 ?is is n altoge!r a dream3 = o!rs h f\nd x also4 ,surely x mu/ be real1 univ]sal1 et]nal40 ,no2 be sure !re is f> m orig9ality 79 ! common s5se ( ! ^w71 & f> less 79 ! true s5se ( ! ^w71 ?an we fancy2 & t x is a paltry & %all[ doctr9e :i* repres5ts ea* succe$+ s*ool z m]ely ! puppets & dupes ( ! prec$+4 ,m orig9ality1 because ea* e>ne/ man seems to ?9k out = himself ! deepe/ gr\nds ( 8 cre$4 ,less orig9ality1 because1 z ,i believe1 "o common ,logos1 ,^w1 ,reason1 reveals & unveils ! same et]nal tru? to all :o seek & hung] = x4 ,!re=e we c1 z ! ,*ri/ian philosoph]s ( ,alex&ria did1 rejoice ov] e tru? :i* _! hea!n adv]s>ies beheld1 & attribute !m1 z ,clem5t does1 to ! highe/ s\rce1 to ! inspiration ( ! "o & univ]sal ,logos4 ,) ,clem5t1 philosophy is only hurtful :5 x is untrue to itself1 & philosophy falsely s call$2 true philosophy is an image ( ! tru?1 a div9e gift be/[$ on ! ,greeks4 ,! ,bible1 9 8 eyes1 ass]ts t all =ms ( art & wisdom are f ,god4 ,! wise 9 m9d h no d\bt "s peculi> end[m5t ( nature1 b :5 !y h (f]$ !mselves = _! "w1 !y receive a _s ( p]ception f ! ,highe/ ,wisdom1 giv+ !m a new fitness = x4 ,all sev]e /udy1 all cultivation ( sympa?y1 are ex]cises ( ?is spiritual end[m5t4 ,! :ole intellectual discipl9e ( ! ,greeks1 ) _! philosophy1 came d[n f ,god to m54 ,philosophy1 he concludes 9 "o place1 c>ries on 8an inquiry conc]n+ ,tru? & ! nature ( ,be+2 & ?is ,tru? is t conc]n+ :i* ! ,"l ,himself said3 #8,i am ! ,tru?4' ,& :5 ! initiat$ f9d1 or r receive1 ! true philosophy1 !y h x f ! ,tru? itself2 t is f ,him :o is true40 ,:ile1 !n1 ^! two s*ools _h s _m gr\nds 9 common1 :]e 0 _! po9t ( div]g5ce8 ,we %all f9d x1 ,i believe1 fairly express$ 9 ! dy+ words ( ,plot9us1 ! great fa!r ( ,neoplatonism4 8,i am /riv+ to br+ ! ,god :i* is 9 u into h>mony ) ! ,god :i* is 9 ! univ]se40 ,:e!r or n ,plot9us actually s spoke1 t 0 :at 8 disciples n only said t he spoke1 b :at !y w\ld h wi%$ him to speak4 ,t "o s5t5ce expresses ! :ole object ( _! philosophy4 ,b to t ,pantnus1 ,orig51 ,clem5t1 & ,augu/9e w\ld h answ]$3 8,& we1 on ! o!r h&1 ass]t t ! ,god :i* is 9 ! univ]se1 is ! same z ! ,god :i* is 9 y1 & is /riv+ to br+ y into h>mony ) ,himself40 ,!re is ! exp]im5tum crucis4 ,!re is ! va/ gulf betwe5 ! ,*ri/ian & ! ,hea!n s*ools1 :i* :5 any man _h ov]leap$1 ! :ole problem ( ! univ]se 0 f t mom5t inv]t$4 ,) ,plot9us & 8 s*ool man is seek+ = ,god3 ) ,clem5t & 81 ,god is seek+ = man4 ,) ! =m]1 ,god is passive1 & man active3 ) ! latt]1 ,god is active1 man is passive--passive1 t is1 9 s f> z 8 bus9ess is to li/5 :5 he is spok5 to1 to look at ! light :i* is unveil$ to him1 to submit himself to ! inw>d laws :i* he feels reprov+ & *eck+ him at e turn1 z ,socrates 0 reprov$ & *eck$ by 8 inw>d ,dmon4 ,:e!r ( ^! two !orems gives ! high] conception ei!r ( ! ,div9e ,be+1 or ( man1 ,i leave x = y to judge4 ,to ^? old ,alex&rian ,*ri/ians1 a be+ :o 0 n seek+ aft] e s+le creature1 & try+ to raise him1 c\ld n be a ,be+ ( absolute ,righte\sness1 ,p[]1 ,love2 c\ld n be a ,be+ wor?y ( respect or admiration1 ev5 ( philosophic speculation4 ,human righte\sness & love fl[s =? dis9t]e/$ly to all ar\nd x1 h[ev] unconsci\s1 h[ev] unwor?y !y may be2 human p[] associat$ ) goodness1 seeks = objects :i* x may raise & b5efit by t p[]4 ,we mu/ confess ?is1 ) ! ,*ri/ian s*ools1 or1 ) ! ,hea!n s*ools1 we mu/ all[ ano!r !ory1 :i* br\ght !m into awful dep?s2 :i* may br+ any g5]ation :i* holds x into ! same dep?s4 ,if ,clem5t _h ask$ ! ,neoplatoni/s3 8,y believe1 ,plot9us1 9 an absolutely ,good ,be+4 ,d y believe t x desires to %$ =? its goodness on all80 8,( c\rse10 !y w\ld h answ]$1 8on ^? :o seek = x1 on ! philosoph]40 8,b n1 x seems1 ,plot9us1 on ! h]d1 ! brutal1 ignorant mass1 wall[+ 9 ^? f\l crimes above :i* y h ris580 ,& at t "q !re w\ld h be5 n a little hesitation4 ,^! brutes 9 human =m1 ^! s\ls wall[+ 9 e>?ly mire1 c\ld h>dly1 9 ! ,neoplatoni/s' eyes1 be objects ( ! ,div9e desire4 8,!n ?is ,absolute ,good1 y say1 ,plot9us1 has no relation ) !m1 no c>e to raise !m4 ,9 fact1 x _c raise !m1 because !y h no?+ 9 common ) x4 ,is t y\r notion80 ,& ! ,neoplatoni/s w\ld h1 on ! :ole1 all[$ t argum5t4 ,& if ,clem5t _h answ]$1 t su* 0 n 8 notion ( ,goodness1 or ( a ,good ,be+1 & t !re=e ! goodness ( _! ,absolute ,good1 c>eless ( ! degradation & mis]y ar\nd x1 mu/ be some?+ v diff]5t f 8 notions ( human goodness2 ! ,neoplatoni/s w\ld h answ]$--inde$ !y did answ]--8,aft] all1 :y n8 ,:y %\ld ! ,absolute ,goodness be l our human goodness80 ,?is is ,plot9us's own belief4 ,x is a "q ) him1 x 0 /ill m a "q ) ^? :o came aft] him1 :e!r virtues c\ld be pr$icat$ ( ! ,div9e nature2 c\rage1 = in/ance1 ( "o :o _h no?+ to fe>2 self-re/ra9t1 ( "o :o _h no?+ to desire4 ,& ?us1 by sett+ up a diff]5t /&>d ( morality = ! div9e & = ! human1 ,plot9us gradually arrives at ! conclusion1 t virtue is n ! end1 b ! means2 n ! ,div9e nature itself1 z ! ,*ri/ian s*ools held1 b only ! purgative process by :i* man 0 to asc5d into heav51 & :i* 0 necess>y to arrive at t nature--t nature itself be+--:at8 ,& h[ to answ] t la/ "q 0 ! abysmal problem ( ! :ole ( ,neoplatonic philosophy1 9 se>*+ = :i* x we>i$ itself out1 g5]ation aft] g5]ation1 till tir$ equally ( seek+ & ( speak+1 x fairly lay d[n & di$4 ,9 proportion z x refus$ to ackn[l$ge a common div9e nature ) ! degrad$ mass1 x des]t$ its fir/ heal?y in/9ct1 :i* told x t ! spiritual _w is id5tical ) ! moral _w1 ) "r1 love1 ju/ice2 x tri$ to f9d new def9itions = ! spiritual2 x conceiv$ x to be id5tical ) ! intellectual4 ,t did n satisfy its he>t4 ,x _h to repeople ! spiritual _w1 :i* x _h empti$ ( its prop] d5iz5s1 ) gho/s2 to re9v5t ! old dmonologies & poly!isms--f !nce to desc5d into l[] dep?s1 ( :i* we w speak h]eaft]4 ,b 9 ! mean:ile we mu/ look at ano!r qu>rel :i* arose betwe5 ! two tw9 s*ools ( ,alex&ria4 ,! ,neoplatoni/s said t !re is a div9e elem5t 9 man4 ,! ,*ri/ian philosoph]s ass5t$ f]v5tly1 & rais$ ! old disagreeable "q3 8,is x 9 e man8 ,9 ! publicans & h>lots z well z 9 ! philosoph]s8 ,we say t x is40 ,& !re aga9 ! ,neoplatoni/ f9ds x ov] h>d to ass5t to a doctr9e1 equally contr>y to outw>d appe>ance1 & gall+ to ,ph>isaic pride2 & ent]s into a hundr$ hone/ self-puzzles & self-contradictions1 :i* seem to ju/ify him at la/ 9 say+1 ,no4 ,x is 9 ! philosoph]1 :o is ready by nature1 z ,plot9us has x1 & z x 7 furni%$ ) w+s1 & n ne$+ to sev] himself f matt] l ! re/1 b dispos$ already to asc5d to t :i* is above4 ,& 9 a degree too1 x is 9 ! 8lov]10 :o1 accord+ to ,plot9us1 has a c]ta9 innate recollection ( beauty1 & hov]s r\nd x1 & desires x1 :]ev] he sees x4 ,him y may raise to ! appreh5sion ( ! "o incorporeal ,beauty1 by tea*+ him to sep>ate beauty f ! v>i\s objects 9 :i* x appe>s scatt]$ & divid$4 ,& x is ev5 9 ! ?ird class1 ! l[e/ ( :om !re is hope1 namely1 ! musical man1 capable ( be+ passively affect$ by beauty1 )\t hav+ any active appetite = x2 ! s5tim5tali/1 9 %ort1 z we %\ld call him n[adays4 ,b = ! h]d1 ,plot9us _c say t !re is any?+ div9e 9 !m4 ,& ?us x gradually comes out 9 all ,neoplatoni/ writ+s :i* ,i h yet exam9$1 t ! ,div9e only exi/s 9 a man1 9 proportion z he is consci\s ( its exi/5ce 9 him4 ,f :i* spr+ two conceptions ( ! ,div9e 9 man4 ,fir/1 is x a "p ( him1 if x is dep5d5t = its exi/5ce on 8 consci\sness ( x8 ,or is x1 z ,philo1 ,plut>*1 ,m>cus ,aurelius w\ld h held1 z ! ,*ri/ians held1 some?+ indep5d5t ( him1 )\t him1 a ,logos or ,^w speak+ to 8 reason & consci5ce8 ,) ?is "q ,plot9us grapples1 e>ne/ly1 %rewdly1 fairly4 ,if y wi% to see h[ he does x1 y %\ld read ! f\r? & fif? books ( ! six? ,ennead1 especially if y be lucky en\gh to light on a copy ( t r>e book1 ,taylor's fai?ful ?\gh crabb$ translation4 ,n t ! result ( 8 se>* is altoge!r satisfactory4 ,he ent]s into subtle & sev]e disquisitions conc]n+ s\l4 ,:e!r x is "o or _m4 ,h[ x c be bo? "o & _m4 ,he has ! /ronge/ p]ception t1 to use ! noble say+ ( ! ,g]mans1 8,"t & ,space are no gods40 ,he sees cle>ly t ! s\l1 & ! :ole unse5 _w ( truly exi/+ be+1 is indep5d5t ( "t & space3 & yet1 aft] he has wre/l$ ) ! two ,titans1 ?r\gh page aft] page1 & app>5tly conqu]$ !m1 !y slip 9 aga9 unaw>es into ! battle-field1 ! mom5t 8 back is turn$4 ,he d5ies t ! "o ,reason has p>ts--x mu/ exi/ z a :ole :]esoev] x exi/s3 & yet he _c express ! relation ( ! individual s\l to x1 b by say+ t we are p>ts ( x2 or t ea* ?+1 d[n to ! l[e/1 receives z mu* s\l z x is capable ( possess+4 ,ritt] has work$ out at l5g?1 ?\gh 9 a some:at dry & lifeless way1 ! hundr$ contradictions ( ?is k9d :i* y meet 9 ,plot9us2 contradictions :i* ,i suspect to be insep>able f any philosophy />t+ f 8 gr\nds4 ,is he n look+ = ! spiritual 9 a region :]e x does n exi/2 9 ! region ( logical conceptions & ab/ractions1 :i* are n realities1 b only1 aft] all1 symbols ( our own1 :]eby we express to ourselves ! processes ( our own bra98 ,may n 8 ,*ri/ian contempor>ies h be5 ne>] sci5tific tru?1 z well z ne>] ! common s5se & practical belief ( mank9d1 9 hold+ t t :i* is spiritual is p]sonal1 & c only be se5 or conceiv$ ( z resid+ 9 p]sons2 & t t :i* is p]sonal is moral1 & has to d1 n ) ab/ractions ( ! intellect1 b ) "r & wrong1 love & hate1 & all :i*1 9 ! common in/9cts ( m51 involves a free w1 a free judgm5t1 a free responsibility & des]t8 ,& t1 !re=e1 if !re 7 a ,_s1 a ,dmonic ,elem5t1 an univ]sal ,reason1 a ,logos1 a ,div9e ,elem5t1 closely connect$ ) man1 t "o ,reason1 t "o ,div9e ,elem5t1 mu/ be a p]son also8 ,at lea/1 s /rong 0 ! in/9ct ( ev5 ! ,hea!n s*ools 9 ?is direction1 t ! foll[]s ( ,plot9us _h to fill up ! void :i* yawn$ betwe5 man & ! invisible ?+s aft] :i* he ye>n$1 by reviv+ ! :ole old ,pagan ,poly!ism1 & add+ to x a ,dmonology borr[$ p>tly f ! ,*aldees1 & p>tly f ! ,jewi% rabbis1 :i* =m$ a desc5d+ *a9 ( p]sons1 d[nw>d f ! highe/ ,deities to h]oes1 & to ! gu>dian angel ( ea* man2 ! me$ ( ! philosoph] be+1 t by self-culture & self-re/ra9t he c\ld rise above ! tutelage ( "s l[] & m e>?ly dmon1 & become ! pupil ( a ,god1 & f9ally a ,god himself4 ,^! contradictions ne$ n l[] ! great ,fa!r ( ,neoplatonism 9 our eyes1 z a moral be+4 ,all acc\nts ( him seem to prove him to h be5 :at ,apollo1 9 a l5g?y oracle1 decl>$ him to h be51 8good & g5tle1 & b5ignant exce$+ly1 & pleasant 9 all 8 conv]sation40 ,he gave good advice ab\t e>?ly matt]s1 0 a fai?ful /ew>d ( moneys deposit$ ) him1 a gu>dian ( wid[s & orphans1 a righte\s & lov+ man4 ,9 8 practical life1 ! ascetic & gno/ic elem5t comes out /rongly en\gh4 ,! body1 ) him1 0 n evil1 nei!r 0 x good2 x 0 simply no?+--:y c>e ab\t x8 ,he w\ld h no portrait tak5 ( 8 p]son3 8,x 0 humiliat+ en\gh to be oblig$ to c>ry a %ad[ ab\t ) him1 )\t hav+ a %ad[ made ( t %ad[40 ,he refus$ animal food1 ab/a9$ f ba?s1 decl9$ m$ic9e 9 8 la/ illness1 & s di$ ab\t #bjj ,a4,d4 ,x is 9 8 foll[]s1 z "o g5]ally sees 9 su* cases1 t ! weakness ( 8 conceptions comes out4 ,plot9us 0 an e>ne/ ?9k]1 slavi%ly en\gh rev]5c+ ! op9ion ( ,plato1 :om he quotes z an infallible oracle1 ) a 8,he says10 z if !re 7 b "o he 9 ! univ]se3 b he tri$ hone/ly to develop ,plato1 or :at he conceiv$ to be ,plato1 on ! me?od :i* ,plato _h laid d[n4 ,8 dialectic is f> sup]ior1 bo? 9 quantity & 9 quality1 to t ( ^? :o come aft] him4 ,he is a seek]4 ,8 foll[]s are n4 ,! great "w :i* m>ks ! second /age ( 8 s*ool is n an inquiry1 b a ju/ification1 n only ( ! ,egyptian1 b ( all possible !urgies & sup]/itions2 p]haps ! be/ attempt ( ! k9d :i* ! _w has ev] se52 t :i* m>ks ! ?ird is a m]e cl\d-ca/le1 an inv]t$ pyramid1 n ( speculation1 b ( dogmatic ass]tion1 pat*$ toge!r f all accessible rags & bones ( ! dead _w4 ,"s "h w1 p]haps1 guess f my r\gh descriptions1 t ,i speak ( ,iambli*us & ,proclus4 ,:e!r or n ,iambli*us wrote ! fam\s "w usually attribut$ to him1 :i* describes itself z ! lett] ( ,abamnon ! ,tea*] to ,porphyry1 he became ! head ( t s*ool ( ,neoplatoni/s :o fell back on !urgy & magic1 & utt]ly swall[$ up ! m rational1 ?\gh m hopeless1 s*ool ( ,porphyry4 ,n t ,porphyry1 too1 ) all 8 dislike ( magic & ! vulg> sup]/itions--a dislike intimately connect$ ) 8 l\dly express$ dislike ( ! common h]d1 & !re=e ( ,*ri/ianity1 z a religion = ! common h]d--did n believe a fact or two1 :i* looks to u1 n[adays1 some:at unphilosophical4 ,f him we le>n t "o ,ammonius1 try+ to cru% ,plot9us by magic arts1 _h 8 weapons s completely turn$ aga9/ himself1 t all 8 limbs 7 contract$4 ,f him we le>n t ,plot9us1 hav+ summon$ 9 ! temple ( ,isis 8 famili> _s1 a god1 & n a m]e dmon1 appe>$4 ,he writes s5sibly en\gh h[ev] to "o ,anebos1 an ,egyptian prie/1 /at+ 8 d\bts z to ! popul> notions ( ! ,gods1 z be+s subject to human passions & vices1 & ( !urgy & magic1 z mat]ial means ( compell+ !m to appe>1 or allur+ !m to fav\r man4 ,! answ] ( ,abamnon1 ,anebos1 ,iambli*us1 or :oev] ! real au?or may h be51 is wor?y ( p]usal by e metaphysical /ud5t1 z a curi\s phase ( ?\ght1 n conf9$ to t "t1 b rife1 "u "s %ape or o!r1 9 e age ( ! _w's hi/ory1 & 9 ?is z mu* z 9 any4 ,!re are _m passages full ( eloqu5ce1 _m m full ( true & noble ?\ght3 b on ! :ole1 x is ! sew+ ( new clo? into an old g>m5t2 ! attempt to suit ! old sup]/ition to ! new "o1 by eclectically pick+ & *oos+1 & special plead+1 on bo? sides2 b ! r5t is only made worse4 ,!re is no base sup]/ition :i* ,abamnon does n unconsci\sly ju/ify4 ,& yet he is rapidly los+ sight ( ! real et]nal human g]ms ( tru? r\nd :i* ^? sup]/itions clu/]$1 & is really fur!r f tru? & reason ?an old ,hom] or ,hesiod1 because fur!r f ! simple1 univ]sal1 ev]yday facts1 & relations1 & duties ( man1 :i* are1 aft] all1 among ! mo/ my/]i\s1 & also among ! mo/ sacr$ objects :i* man c contemplate4 ,x 0 n wond]ful1 h[ev]1 t ,neoplatonism took ! c\rse x did4 ,_s1 !y felt rightly1 0 meant to rule matt]2 x 0 to be fre$ f matt] only = t v purpose4 ,no "o c\ld well d5y t4 ,! philosoph]1 z he rose & became1 accord+ to ,plot9us1 a god1 or at lea/ approa*$ t[>d ! gods1 mu/ p>take ( "s my/]i\s & transc5d5tal p[]4 ,no "o c\ld well d5y t conclusion1 grant+ ! premiss4 ,b ( :at p[]8 ,:at _h he to %[ z ! result ( 8 intimate communion ) an unse5 ,be+8 ,! ,*ri/ian ,s*ools1 :o held t ! spiritual is ! moral1 answ]$ accord+ly4 ,he mu/ %[ righte\sness1 & love1 & peace 9 a ,holy ,_s4 ,t is ! lik5ess ( ,god4 ,9 proportion z a man has !m1 he is p>tak] ( a ,div9e nature4 ,he c rise no high]1 & he ne$s no m4 ,platoni/s _h said--,no1 t is only virtue2 & virtue is ! means1 n ! end4 ,we want pro( ( hav+ some?+ above t2 some?+ m ?an any man ( ! h]d1 any ,*ri/ian slave1 c p]=m2 some?+ above nature2 port5ts & wond]s4 ,s !y set to "w to p]=m wond]s2 & succe$$1 ,i suppose1 m or less4 ,= n[ "o ent]s into a :ole fairyl& ( ^? v ph5om5a :i* are puzzl+ u s n[adays--ec/asy1 clairvoyance1 ins5sibility to pa91 cures produc$ by ! effect ( :at we n[ call mesm]ism4 ,!y are all !re1 ^! mod]n puzzles1 9 ^? old books ( ! long bygone seek]s = wisdom4 ,x makes u love !m1 :ile x sadd5s u to see t _! difficulties 7 ! same z ours1 & t !re is no?+ new "u ! sun4 ,( c\rse1 a great deal ( x all 0 8imag9ation40 ,b ! "q !n1 z n[ is1 :at is ?is wond]-work+ imag9ation8--unless ! ^w be us$ z a m]e euphemism = ly+1 :i* really1 9 _m cases1 is h>dly fair4 ,we _c wond] at ! old ,neoplatoni/s = attribut+ ^! /range ph5om5a to spiritual influ5ce1 :5 we see "s :o ought to "k bett] do+ ! same ?+ n[2 & o!rs1 :o m wisely believe !m to be /rictly physical & n]v\s1 s utt]ly unable to give reasons = !m1 t !y feel x exp$i5t to ignore !m = a:ile1 till !y "k m ab\t ^? physical ph5om5a :i* c be put "u "s sort ( classification1 & attribut$ to "s sort ( inductive law4 ,b aga94 ,^! ec/asies1 cures1 & s =?1 br\ght !m rapidly back to ! old prie/crafts4 ,! ,egyptian prie/s1 ! ,babylonian & ,jewi% sorc]]s1 _h practis$ all ?is z a trade = ages1 & r$uc$ x to an art4 ,x 0 by sleep+ 9 ! temples ( ! deities1 aft] due mesm]ic manipulations1 t cures 7 ev5 !n effect$4 ,surely ! old prie/s 7 ! p to :om to g = in=mation4 ,! old philosoph]s ( ,greece 7 v5]able4 ,h[ mu* m ^? ( ! ,ea/1 9 comp>ison ) :om ! ,greeks 7 *ildr58 ,besides1 if ^! dmons & deities 7 s ne> !m1 might x n be possible to behold !m8 ,!y seem$ to h giv5 up c>+ mu* = ! _w & its c\rse-- ,effug]ant adytis templisque relictis ,d quibus imp]ium /et]at4 ,! old prie/s us$ to make !m appe>--p]haps !y might d x aga94 ,& if _s c\ld act directly & pret]naturally on matt]1 9 spite ( ! laws ( matt]1 p]haps matt] might act on _s4 ,aft] all1 7 matt] & _s s absolutely diff]5t8 ,0 n _s "s sort ( p]vad+ ess5ce1 "s subtle e!real fluid1 diff]+ f matt] pr9cipally 9 be+ less gross & d5se8 ,?is 0 ! po9t to :i* !y w5t d[n rapidly en\gh2 ! po9t to :i* all philosophies1 ,i firmly believe1 w desc5d1 :i* d n keep 9 sight t ! spiritual means ! moral4 ,9 try+ to make x mean exclusively ! intellectual1 !y w degrade x to mean ! m]ely logical & ab/ract2 & :5 t is f\nd to be a b>r5 & lifeless phantom1 a m]e projection ( ! human bra91 attribut+ reality to m]e conceptions & names1 & confus+ ! subject ) ! object1 z logicians say truly ! ,neoplatoni/s did1 !n 9 despair1 ! s*ool w try to make ! spiritual some?+ real1 or1 at lea/1 some?+ conceivable1 by re9ve/+ x ) ! prop]ties ( matt]1 & talk+ ( x z if x 7 "s mann] ( gas1 or heat1 or electricity1 or =ce1 p]vad+ "t & space1 condition$ by ! accid5ts ( brute matt]1 & a "p ( t nature :i* is born to die4 ,! culm9ation ( all ?is confusion we see 9 ,proclus4 ,! un=tunate ,hypatia1 :o is ! mo/ important p]sonage betwe5 him & ,iambli*us1 has left no writ+s to our times2 we c only judge ( h] doctr9e by t ( h] in/ructors & h] pupils4 ,proclus 0 taught by ! m5 :o _h he>d h] lecture2 & ! gold5 *a9 ( ! ,platonic succession desc5d$ f h] to him4 ,8 ?rone1 h[ev]1 0 at ,a!ns1 n at ,alex&ria4 ,aft] ! murd] ( ! maid5 philosoph]1 ,neoplatonism prud5tly retir$ to ,greece4 ,b ,proclus is s ess5tially ! *ild ( ! ,alex&rian s*ool t we _c pass him ov]4 ,inde$1 accord+ to ,m4 ,c\s91 z ,i am cr$ibly in=m$1 he is ! ,greek philosoph]2 ! fl[] & cr[n ( all its s*ools2 9 :om1 says ! le>n$ ,fr5*man1 8are comb9$1 & f :om %9e =?1 9 no irregul> or unc]ta9 rays1 ,orpheus1 ,py?agoras1 ,plato1 ,ari/otle1 ,z5o1 ,plot9us1 ,porphyry1 & ,iambli*us20 & :o 8_h s compreh5d$ all religions 9 8 m9d1 & paid !m su* equal rev]5ce1 t he 01 z x 71 ! prie/ ( ! :ole univ]se60 ,i h n ! hon\r ( kn[+ mu* ( ,m4 ,c\s9's works4 ,i nev] came across !m b on "o small matt] ( fact1 & on t ,i f\nd him copy+ at second h& an ana*ronism :i* "o w\ld h conceiv$ palpable to any read] ( ! orig9al au?orities4 ,?is is all ,i "k ( him1 sav+ ^! 8 raptures ov] ,proclus1 ( :i* ,i h quot$ only a small portion1 & ( :i* ,i c only say1 9 ,mr4 ,?omas ,c>lyle's words1 8,:at ?+s m5 w wor%ip1 9 _! extreme ne$60 ,o!r mod]ns1 h[ev]1 h express$ _! admiration ( ,proclus2 &1 no d\bt1 _m neat say+s may be f\nd 9 him 7= aft] all he 0 a ,greek71 :i* w be bo? pleas+ & useful to ^? :o consid] philosophic me?od to consi/ 9 putt+ =? /r+s ( brilliant apoph!gms1 c>eless ab\t ei!r _! consi/5cy or coh]5ce3 b ( ! me?od ( ,plato or ,ari/otle1 any m ?an ( t ( ,kant or ,mill1 y w f9d no?+ 9 him4 ,he seems to my simplicity to be at once ! mo/ timid & s]vile ( comm5tators1 & ! mo/ cl\dy ( declaim]s4 ,he c rave symbolism l ,jacob ,bhm51 b )\t an atom ( 8 orig9ality & e>ne/ness4 ,he c develop an inv]t$ pyramid ( dmonology1 l ,fa!r ,newman himself1 b )\t an atom ( 8 art1 8 k ( human crav+s4 ,he comb9es all s*ools1 truly1 ,*aldee & ,egyptian z well z ,greek2 b only scraps f _! mummies1 drops f _! qu9tess5ces1 :i* satisfy ! he>t & consci5ce z little z !y d ! logical faculties4 ,8 ,greek gods & h]oes1 ev5 8 ,alcibiades & ,socrates1 are 8ideas20 t is1 symbols ( c]ta9 notions or qualities3 _! fle% & bones1 _! he>t & bra91 h be5 di/ill$ away1 till no?+ is left b a ^w1 a notion1 :i* may pat* a hole 9 8 huge heav5-&-e>?-embrac+ sy/em4 ,he1 too1 is a comm5tator & a d$uc]2 all has be5 discov]$2 & he tries to discov] no?+ m4 ,^? :o foll[$ him seem to h comm5t$ on 8 comm5ts4 ,) him ,neoplatonism prop]ly ends4 ,is its la/ utt]ance a culm9ation or a fall8 ,h ! ,titans seal$ heav51 or di$ ( old age1 8exhibit+10 z ,gibbon says ( !m1 8a deplorable in/ance ( ! s5ility ( ! human m9d80 ,read ,proclus1 & judge = y\rselves3 b fir/ contrive to f9i% ev]y?+ else y h to d :i* c possibly be useful to any human be+4 ,life is %ort1 & ,art--at lea/ ! art ( obta9+ practical guidance f ! la/ ( ! ,alex&rians--v long4 ,& yet--if ,proclus & 8 s*ool became gradually unfai?ful to ! great root-idea ( _! philosophy1 we mu/ n imitate !m4 ,we mu/ n believe t ! la/ ( ! ,alex&rians 0 "u no div9e tea*+1 because he _h be-sy/em$ himself into confus$ notions ( :at t tea*+ 0 l4 ,yes1 !re 0 good 9 poor old ,proclus2 & x too came f ! only s\rce :5ce all good comes4 ,7 !re no good 9 him ,i c\ld n laugh at him z ,i h done2 ,i c\ld only hate him4 ,!re are mom5ts :5 he rises above 8 !ories2 mom5ts :5 he recurs 9 _s1 if n 9 ! lett]1 to ! fai? ( ,hom]1 almo/ to ! fai? ( ,philo4 ,:e!r ^! are ! passages ( 8 :i* 8 mod]n admir]s prize mo/1 ,i _c tell4 ,i %\ld fancy n3 nev]!less ,i w read y "o ( !m4 ,he is ab\t to comm5ce 8 disc\rses on ! ,p>m5ides1 t book 9 :i* we g5]ally n[ consid] t ,plato has be5 mo/ untrue to himself1 & fall5 f 8 usual inductive me?od to ! gr\nd ( a m]e priori !oris]--& yet ( :i* ,proclus is report$ to h said1 &1 ,i %\ld conceive1 said hone/ly1 t if x1 ! ,timu1 & ! ,orphic fragm5ts 7 pres]v$1 he did n c>e :e!r e o!r book on e>? 7 de/roy$4 ,b h[ does he comm5ce8 8,i pray to all ! gods & goddesses to guide my reason 9 ! speculation :i* lies be=e me1 & hav+ k9dl$ 9 me ! pure light ( tru?1 to direct my m9d upw>d to ! v k ( ! ?+s :i* are1 & to op5 ! doors ( my s\l to receive ! div9e guidance ( ,plato1 &1 hav+ direct$ my k into ! v brightness ( be+1 to )draw me f ! v>i\s =ms ( op9ion1 f ! app>5t wisdom1 f ! w&]+ ab\t ?+s :i* d n exi/1 by t pure/ intellectual ex]cise ab\t ! ?+s :i* d exi/1 :]eby alone ! eye ( ! s\l is n\ri%$ & bright5$1 z ,socrates says 9 ! ,phdrus2 & t ! ,noetic ,gods w give to me ! p]fect reason1 & ! ,no]ic ,gods ! p[] :i* leads up to ?is1 & t ! rul]s ( ! ,univ]se above ! heav5 w imp>t to me an en]gy un%ak5 by mat]ial notions & emancipat$ f !m1 & ^? to :om ! _w is giv5 z _! dom9ion a w+$ life1 & ! angelic *oirs a true manife/ation ( div9e ?+s1 & ! good dmons ! fulness ( ! inspiration :i* comes f ! ,gods1 & ! h]oes a gr&1 & v5]able1 & l(ty fix$ness ( m9d1 & ! :ole div9e race toge!r a p]fect prep>ation = %>+ 9 ,plato's mo/ my/ical & f>-see+ speculations1 :i* he decl>es to u himself 9 ! ,p>m5ides1 ) ! pr(undity befitt+ su* topics1 b :i* he 7i4e4 8 ma/] ,syrianus7 complet$ by 8 mo/ pure & lum9\s appreh5sions1 :o did mo/ truly %>e ! ,platonic fea/1 & 0 ! m$ium = transmitt+ ! div9e tru?1 ! guide 9 our speculations1 & ! hi]ophant ( ^! div9e words2 :o1 z ,i ?9k1 came d[n z a type ( philosophy1 to d good to ! s\ls t are "h1 9 place ( idols1 sacrifices1 & ! :ole my/]y ( purification1 a lead] ( salvation to ! m5 :o are n[ & :o %all be h]eaft]4 ,& may ! :ole b& ( ^? :o are above u be propiti\s2 & may ! :ole =ce :i* !y supply be at h&1 k9dl+ be=e u t light :i*1 proce$+ f !m1 may guide u to !m40 ,surely ?is is an int]e/+ docum5t4 ,! la/ ,pagan ,greek pray]1 ,i believe1 :i* we h on record2 ! dea?-wail ( ! old _w--n )\t a t\* ( melody4 ,"o _c altoge!r admire ! /yle2 x is inflat$1 p$antic1 writt51 ,i fe>1 ) a consid]able consci\sness t he 0 say+ ! "r ?+ & 9 ! v f9e/ way3 b /ill x is a pray]4 ,a cry = light--by no means1 c]ta9ly1 l t noble "o 9 ,t5nyson's 8,9 ,memoriam30 ,s runs my dream4 ,b :at am ,i8 ,an infant cry+ 9 ! night2 ,an infant cry+ = ! light2 ,& ) no language b a cry4 ,yet he asks = light3 p]haps he _h settl$ already = himself--l too _m m ( u--:at sort ( light he *ose to h3 b /ill ! eye is turn$ upw>d to ! sun1 n inw>d 9 conceit$ fancy t self is its own illum9ation4 ,he asks--surely n 9 va94 ,!re 0 light to be _h = ask+4 ,t pray] c]ta9ly 0 n answ]$ 9 ! lett]3 x may h be5 ere n[ 9 ! _s4 ,& yet x is a sad pray] en\gh4 ,poor old man1 & poor old philosophy6 ,?is he & 8 tea*]s _h ga9$ by despis+ ! simpl] & yet f> pr(\nd] doctr9e ( ! ,*ri/ian s*ools1 t ! ,logos1 ! ,div9e ,tea*] 9 :om bo? ,*ri/ians & ,hea!ns believ$1 0 ! v ar*etype ( m51 & t ,he _h prov$ t fact by be+ made fle%1 & dwell+ bodily among !m1 t !y might behold ,8 glory1 full ( grace & tru?1 & see t x 0 at once ! p]fection ( man & ! p]fection ( ,god3 t t :i* 0 mo/ div9e 0 mo/ human1 & t :i* 0 mo/ human1 mo/ div9e4 ,t 0 ! outcome ( _! metaphysic1 t !y _h f\nd ! ,absolute ,"o2 because ,"o exi/$ 9 :om ! app>5t antagonism betwe5 t :i* is et]nally & t :i* becomes 9 "t1 betwe5 ! ideal & ! actual1 betwe5 ! spiritual & ! mat]ial1 9 a ^w1 betwe5 ,god & man1 0 expla9$ & reconcil$ = ev]4 ,& ,proclus's pray]1 on ! o!r h&1 0 ! outcome ( ! ,neoplatoni/s' metaphysic1 ! end ( all _! se>* aft] ! ,"o1 ! ,indivisible1 ! ,absolute1 ?is cry to all mann] ( innum]able phantoms1 gho/s ( ideas1 gho/s ( traditions1 nei!r ?+s nor p]sons1 b ?\ghts1 to give ! philosoph] ea* some?+ or o!r1 accord+ to ! nature ( ea*4 ,n t he v cle>ly def9es :at ea* is to give him2 b /ill he feels himself 9 want ( all mann] ( ?+s1 & x is z well to h z _m fri5ds at c\rt z possible--,noetic ,gods1 ,no]ic ,gods1 rul]s1 angels1 dmons1 h]oes--to enable him to d :at8 ,to und]/& ,plato's mo/ my/ical & f>-see+ speculations4 ,! ,et]nal ,n\s1 ! ,intellectual ,tea*] has vani%$ fur!r & fur!r (f2 fur!r (f /ill "s dim vision ( a supreme ,goodness4 ,inf9ite spaces above t looms ?r\gh ! mi/ ( ! abyss a ,primval ,"o4 ,b ev5 t has a pr$icate1 = x is "o2 x is n pure ess5ce4 ,mu/ !re n be some?+ beyond t aga91 :i* is n ev5 "o1 b is nameless1 inconceivable1 absolute8 ,:at an abyss6 ,h[ %all ! human m9d f9d any?+ :]eon to re/1 9 ! va/ n[h]e betwe5 x & ! object ( its se>*8 ,! se>* aft] ! ,"o issues 9 a wail to ! innum]able2 & k9d gods1 angels1 & h]oes1 n human inde$1 b /ill conceivable en\gh to satisfy at lea/ ! imag9ation1 /ep 9 to fill ! void1 z !y h done s9ce1 & may d aga92 & s1 z ,mr4 ,c>lyle has x1 8! bottomless pit got ro($ ov]10 z x may be aga9 ere long4 ,are we !n to say1 t ,neoplatonism 0 a failure8 ,t ,alex&ria1 dur+ f\r c5turies ( pr(\nd & e>ne/ ?\ght1 add$ no?+8 ,heav5 =bid t we %\ld say s ( a philosophy :i* has ex]cis$ on ,european ?\ght1 at ! crisis ( its noble/ life & action1 an influ5ce z great z did ! ,ari/otelian sy/em dur+ ! ,middle ,ages4 ,we mu/ nev] =get1 t dur+ ! two c5turies :i* comm5ce ) ! fall ( ,con/ant9ople1 & end ) our civil w>s1 n m]ely almo/ all great ?9k]s1 b c\rti]s1 /atesm51 w>riors1 poets1 7 m or less ,neoplatoni/s4 ,! ,greek gramm>ians1 :o migrat$ into ,italy1 br\ght ) !m ! works ( ,plot9us1 ,iambli*us1 & ,proclus2 & _! gorge\s rev]ies 7 welcom$ eag]ly by ! ,european m9d1 j revell+ 9 ! free ?\ght ( y\?ful manhood4 ,& yet ! ,alex&rian impot5ce = any practical & social purposes 0 to be manife/$1 z utt]ly z x 0 9 ,alex&ria or 9 ,a!ns ( old4 ,fic9us & ,picus ( ,mir&ola work$ no deliv]ance1 ei!r = ,italian morals or polity1 at a "t :5 su* deliv]ance 0 ne$$ bitt]ly en\gh4 ,neoplatonism 0 pett$ by luxuri\s & hea!n popes1 z an elegant play ( ! cultivat$ fancy1 :i* c\ld d _! real p[]1 _! practical sy/em1 nei!r good nor h>m4 ,& "o _c help feel+1 :ile read+ ! magnific5t oration on ,supra-s5sual ,love1 :i* ,ca/iglione1 9 8 admirable book 8,! ,c\rti]10 puts into ! m\? ( ! pr(ligate ,bembo1 h[ ne> my/icism may lie n m]ely to dilettantism or to ,ph>isaism1 b to s5suality itself4 ,b 9 ,engl&1 dur+ ,elizabe?'s reign1 ! practical weakness ( ,neoplatonism 0 comp5sat$ by ! noble practical life :i* m5 7 compell$ to live 9 ^? great times2 by ! /rong hold :i* !y _h ( ! ideas ( family & national life1 ( law & p]sonal fai?4 ,& ,i _c b believe x to h be5 a mighty ga9 to su* m5 z ,sidney1 ,raleigh1 & ,sp5s]1 t !y _h drunk1 h[ev] slightly1 ( ! wells ( ,proclus & ,plot9us4 ,"o _c read ,sp5s]'s 8,fairy ,que510 above all 8 ,g>d5 ( ,adonis1 & 8 cantos on ,mutability1 )\t feel+ t 8 ,neoplatonism mu/ h kept him safe f _m a d>k es*atological sup]/ition1 _m a n>r[ & bitt] dogmatism1 :i* 0 ev5 !n torm5t+ ! ,engli% m9d1 & mu/ h help$ to give him altoge!r a fre] & m lov+ conception1 if n a consi/5t or accurate "o1 ( ! wondr\s h>mony ( t my/]i\s analogy betwe5 ! physical & ! spiritual1 :i* alone makes poetry 7& ,i _h almo/ said philosophy also7 possible1 & h taught him to behold alike 9 suns & planets1 9 fl[]s & insects1 9 man & 9 be+s high] ?an man1 "o glori\s ord] ( love & wisdom1 l9k+ !m all to ,him f :om !y all proce$1 rays f ,8 cl\dless sunlight1 mirrors ( ,8 et]nal glory4 ,b z ! ,elizabe?an age1 exhau/$ by its own f]tility1 gave place to ! ,c>ol9e1 ,neoplatonism ran ?r\gh mu* ! same *anges4 ,x 0 good = u1 aft] all1 t ! pla9 /r5g? ( ! ,puritans1 unphilosophical z !y 71 swept x away4 ,"o feels 9 read+ ! lat] ,neoplatoni/s1 ,h5ry ,m1 ,smi?1 ev5 ,cudwor? 7valuable z he is71 t ! old accurs$ di/9ction betwe5 ! philosoph]1 ! s*ol>1 ! illum9ate1 & ! pla9 righte\s man1 0 gr[+ up aga9 v fa/4 ,! s*ool f :i* ! 8,religio ,m$ici0 issu$ 0 n likely to make any bad m5 good1 or any fooli% m5 wise4 ,besides1 z long z m5 7 cont9u+ to quote poor old ,proclus z an irrefragable au?ority1 & believ+ t he1 =soo?1 repres5t$ ! s5se ( ,plato1 ! new-born ,baconian philosophy _h b little *ance 9 ! _w4 ,bacon _h be5 "r 9 8 dislike ( ,platonism ye>s be=e1 ?\gh he 0 unju/ to ,plato himself4 ,x 0 ,proclus :om he 0 really revil+2 ,proclus z ,plato's comm5tator & repres5tative4 ,! lion _h = once got into ! ass's sk91 & 0 treat$ accord+ly4 ,! true ,platonic me?od1 t dialectic :i* ! ,alex&rians gradually ab&on$1 rema9s yet to be tri$1 bo? 9 ,engl& & 9 ,g]many2 & ,i am mu* mi/ak51 if1 :5 fairly us$1 x be n f\nd ! ally1 n ! enemy1 ( ! ,baconian philosophy2 9 fact1 ! inductive me?od appli$ to words1 z ! expressions ( ,metaphysic ,laws1 in/ead ( to natural ph5om5a1 z ! expressions ( ,physical ones4 ,if y wi% to see ! highe/ in/ances ( ?is me?od1 read ,plato himself1 n ,proclus4 ,if y wi% to see h[ ! same me?od c be appli$ to ,*ri/ian tru?1 read ! dialectic passages 9 ,augu/9e's 8,confessions40 ,:e!r or n y %all agree ) _! conclusions1 y w n be likely1 if y h a truly sci5tific habit ( m9d1 to compla9 t !y want ei!r pr(undity1 sev]ity1 or simplicity4 ,s concludes ! hi/ory ( "o ( ! ,alex&rian s*ools ( ,metaphysic4 ,:at 0 ! fate ( ! o!r is a subject :i* ,i mu/ po/pone to my next ,lecture4 ,,lecture ,,iv4 ,,! ,,cross ,,& ,,! ,,cresc5t4 ,i ,,tri$ to po9t out1 9 my la/ ,lecture1 ! causes :i* l$ to ! decay ( ! ,pagan metaphysic ( ,alex&ria4 ,we h n[ to consid] ! fate ( ! ,*ri/ian s*ool4 ,y may h rem>k$ t ,i h said little or no?+ ab\t ! positive dogmas ( ,clem5t1 ,orig51 & _! disciples2 b h only br\ght out ! especial po9ts ( dep>ture betwe5 !m & ! ,hea!ns4 ,my reason = s do+ 0 tw(old3 fir/1 ,i c\ld n h exam9$ !m )\t ent]+ on controv]sial gr\nd2 next1 ,i am v desir\s to excite "s ( my he>]s1 at lea/1 to exam9e ^! que/ions = !mselves4 ,i entreat !m n to li/5 to ! ha/y sne] to :i* _m ( late h giv5 way1 t ! ,alex&rian div9es 7 m]e my/ics1 :o corrupt$ ,*ri/ianity by an admixture ( ,ori5tal & ,greek ?\ght4 ,my own belief is t !y exp&$ & corroborat$ ,*ri/ianity1 9 spite ( great errors & defects on c]ta9 po9ts1 f> m ?an !y corrupt$ x2 t !y pres5t$ x to ! m9ds ( cultivat$ & sci5tific m5 9 ! only =m 9 :i* x w\ld h satisfi$ _! philosophic aspirations1 & yet contriv$1 ) wond]ful wisdom1 to gr\nd _! philosophy on ! v same tru?s :i* !y taught to ! meane/ slaves1 & to appeal 9 ! philosoph]s to ! same inw>d faculty to :i* !y appeal$ 9 ! slave2 namely1 to t inw>d eye1 t moral s5se & reason1 :]eby ea* & e man c1 if he w1 8judge ( himself t :i* is "r40 ,i boldly say t ,i believe ! ,alex&rian ,*ri/ians to h made ! be/1 p]haps ! only1 attempt yet made by m51 to proclaim a true _w-philosophy2 :]eby ,i mean a philosophy common to all races1 ranks1 & intellects1 embrac+ ! :ole ph5om5a ( humanity1 & n an arbitr>ily small portion ( !m1 & capable ( be+ und]/ood & appreciat$ by e human be+ f ! highe/ to ! l[e/4 ,& :5 y he> ( a sy/em ( res]ve 9 tea*+1 a discipl9a arcani1 ( an esot]ic & exot]ic1 an inn] & out] s*ool1 among ^! m51 y mu/ n be fright5$ at ! words1 z if !y spoke ( prie/craft1 or an intellectual ari/ocracy1 :o kept ! k]nel ( ! nut = !mselves1 & gave ! husks to ! mob4 ,x 0 n s ) ! ,*ri/ian s*ools2 x 0 s ) ! ,hea!n ones4 ,! ,hea!ns 7 cont5t t ! mob1 ! h]d1 %\ld h ! husks4 ,_! av[$ int5tion & wi% 0 to leave ! h]d1 z !y call$ !m1 9 ! m]e outw>d obs]vance ( ! old idolatries1 :ile !y !mselves1 ! cultivat$ philosoph]s1 _h ! monopoly ( ^? deep] spiritual tru?s :i* 7 conta9$ "u ! old sup]/itions1 & 7 too sacr$ to be pr(an$ by ! vulg> eyes4 ,! ,*ri/ian me?od 0 ! exact opposite4 ,!y boldly call$ ^? vulg> eyes to ent] into ! v holy ( holies1 & !re gaze on ! v deepe/ root-ideas ( _! philosophy4 ,!y own$ no gr\nd = _! own speculations :i* 0 n common to ! h>lots & ! slaves ar\nd4 ,& ?is 0 :at enabl$ !m to d ?is2 ?is 0 :at br\ght on !m ! *>ge ( demagogism1 ! hatr$ ( philosoph]s1 ! p]secution ( pr9ces--t _! gr\nd 0 a moral gr\nd1 & n a m]ely intellectual "o2 t !y />t$1 n f any notions ( ! und]/&+1 b f ! inw>d consci5ce1 t truly pure ,reason 9 :i* ! intellectual & ! moral sph]es are unit$1 :i* !y believ$ to exi/1 h[ev] dimm$ or cru%$1 9 e human be+1 capable ( be+ awak5$1 purifi$1 & rais$ up to a noble & h]oic life4 ,!y conceal$ no?+ moral f _! disciples3 only !y =bade !m to m$dle ) intellectual matt]s1 be=e !y _h _h a regul> intellectual tra9+4 ,! witnesses ( reason & consci5ce 7 suffici5t guides = all m51 & at !m ! _m might well /op %ort4 ,! tea*] only ne$$ to proce$ fur!r1 n into a high] region1 b into a l[] "o1 namely1 into ! region ( ! logical und]/&+1 & !re make d$uctions f1 & illu/rations (1 ^? high] tru?s :i* he held 9 common ) e slave1 & held on ! same gr\nd z !y4 ,& ! consequ5ce ( ?is me?od ( philosophis+ 0 pat5t4 ,!y 7 enabl$ to produce1 9 ! lives ( millions1 g5]ation aft] g5]ation1 a m imm5se moral improvem5t ?an ! _w _h ev] se5 be=e4 ,_! disciples did actually become righte\s & good m51 j 9 proportion z !y 7 true to ! lessons !y le>nt4 ,!y did1 = c5turies1 "w a di/9ct & palpable deliv]ance on ! e>?2 :ile all ! solemn & e>ne/ m$itation ( ! ,neoplatoni/s1 h[ev] good or true1 work$ no deliv]ance :atsoev]4 ,plot9us long$ at "o "t to make a practical attempt4 ,he ask$ ! ,emp]or ,galli5us1 8 patron1 to rebuild = him a city 9 ,campania2 to all[ him to call x ,platonopolis1 & put x into ! h&s ( him & 8 disciples1 t !y might !re realise ,plato's ideal republic4 ,luckily = ! reputation ( ,neoplatonism1 ! s*eme 0 swamp$ by ! c\rti]s ( ,galli5us1 & ! e>? 0 sav$ ! sad & ludicr\s sight ( a realis$ ,laputa2 probably a v qu>relsome "o4 ,t 0 8 highe/ practical conception3 ! f\ndation ( a new society3 n ! reg5]ation ( society z x exi/$4 ,t "w 0 left = ! ,*ri/ian s*ools2 & up to a c]ta9 po9t !y p]=m$ x4 ,!y made m5 good4 ,?is 0 ! te/1 :i* ( ! s*ools 0 9 ! "r3 ?is 0 ! te/1 :i* ( ! two _h hold ( ! et]nal roots ( metaphysic4 ,cic]o says1 t he _h le>nt m philosophy f ! ,laws ( ! ,twelve ,tables ?an f all ! ,greeks4 ,clem5t & 8 s*ool might h said ! same ( ! ,hebrew ,t5 ,comm&m5ts & ,jewi% ,law1 :i* are s m>vell\sly analog\s to ! old ,roman laws1 f\nd$1 z !y are1 on ! belief 9 a ,supreme ,be+1 a ,jupit]--lit]ally a ,heav5ly ,fa!r--:o is ! s\rce & ! sanction ( law2 ( ^: ju/ice man's ju/ice is ! patt]n2 :o is ! av5g] ( crimes aga9/ m>riage1 prop]ty1 life2 on :om dep5ds ! sanctity ( an oa?4 ,& s1 to comp>e great ?+s ) small1 !re 0 a truly practical human elem5t "h 9 ! ,*ri/ian tea*+2 purely e?ical & metaphysical1 & yet palpable to ! simple/ & l[e/1 :i* gave to x a reg5]at+ =ce :i* ! highe/ ef=ts ( ,neoplatonism c\ld nev] atta94 ,& yet ,alex&rian ,*ri/ianity1 notori\sly en\gh1 rott$ away1 & p]i%$ hide\sly4 ,mo/ true4 ,b :at if ! causes ( its decay & dea? 7 ow+ to its be+ untrue to itself8 ,i d n say t !y _h no excuses = be+ untrue to _! own fai?4 ,we are n "h to judge !m4 ,t peculi> subtlety ( m9d1 :i* r5d]$ ! ,alex&rians ! great ?9k]s ( ! !n _w1 _h ) ,*ri/ians1 z well z ,hea!ns1 ! effect ( allur+ !m away f practice to speculation4 ,! ,*ri/ian s*ool1 z 0 to be expect$ f ! moral gr\nd ( _! philosophy1 yield$ to x f> m sl[ly ?an ! ,hea!n1 b !y did yield1 & especially aft] !y _h conqu]$ & expell$ ! ,hea!n s*ool4 ,moreov]1 ! long battle ) ! ,hea!n s*ool _h /irr$ up 9 !m habits ( exclusiv5ess1 ( d5unciation2 ! _s :i* _c ass]t a fact1 )\t dogmatis+ ra%ly & h>%ly on ! consequ5ces ( d5y+ t fact4 ,_! m9ds assum$ a p]man5t habit ( combativ5ess4 ,hav+ no m ,hea!ns to fight1 !y began fight+ ea* o!r1 excommunicat+ ea* o!r2 d5y+ to all :o diff]$ f !m any %>e ( t light1 to claim :i* = all m5 _h be5 ! v gr\nd ( _! philosophy4 ,n t !y w\ld h refus$ ! ,logos to all m5 9 words4 ,!y w\ld h curs$ a man = d5y+ ! exi/5ce ( ! ,logos 9 e man2 b !y w\ld h equally curs$ him = act+ on 8 exi/5ce 9 practice1 & treat+ ! h]etic z "o :o _h t )9 him to :i* a prea*] might appeal4 ,?us !y became ,dogmati/s2 t is1 m5 :o ass]t a tru? s fi]cely1 z to =get t a tru? is meant to be us$1 & n m]ely ass]t$--if1 inde$1 ! fi]ce ass]tion ( a tru? 9 frail man is n g5]ally a sign ( "s secret d\bt ( x1 & 9 inv]se proportion to 8 practical liv+ fai? 9 x3 j z he :o is always tell+ y t he is a man1 is n ! mo/ likely to behave l a man4 ,& :y did ?is befall !m8 ,because !y =got practically t ! light proce$$ f a ,p]son4 ,!y c\ld argue ov] notions & dogmas d$uc$ f ! notion ( ,8 p]sonality3 b !y 7 %ut up 9 ^? notions2 !y _h =gott5 t if ,he 0 a ,p]son1 ,8 eye 0 on !m1 ,8 rule & k+dom )9 !m2 & t if ,he 0 a ,p]son1 ,he _h a "*1 & t t "* 0 a righte\s & a lov+ "*3 & !re=e !y 7 n a%am$1 9 def5d+ ^! notions & dogmas ab\t ,him1 to commit acts abhorr5t to ,8 "*1 to lie1 to sl&]1 to intrigue1 to hate1 ev5 to murd]1 = ! sake ( :at !y madly call$ ,8 glory3 b :i* 0 really only _! own glory--! glory ( _! own dogmas2 ( propositions & conclusions 9 _! own bra91 :i*1 true or false1 7 equally h]etical 9 _! m\?s1 because !y us$ !m only z wat*words ( division4 ,or?odox or unor?odox1 !y lo/ ! k ( ,god1 = !y lo/ ! k ( righte\sness1 & love1 & peace4 ,t ,div9e ,logos1 & !ology z a :ole1 rec$$ fur!r & fur!r al(t into abysmal heights1 z x became a m]e dre>y sy/em ( dead sci5tific t]ms1 hav+ no practical be>+ on _! he>ts & lives2 & !n !y1 z ! ,neoplatoni/s _h done be=e !m1 fill$ up ! void by ^? dmonologies1 images1 base ,feti% wor%ips1 :i* made ! ,mohamm$an invad]s reg>d !m1 & ,i believe ju/ly1 z poly!i/s & idolat]s1 base z ! pagan ,arabs ( ! des]t4 ,i _c b believe !m1 moreov]1 to h be5 untrue to ! tea*+ ( ,clem5t & 8 s*ool1 9 t co>se & mat]iali/ admiration ( celibacy :i* ru9$ ,alex&rian society1 z _! dogmatic f]ocity ru9$ ,alex&rian ?\ght4 ,! ,cre$ :i* taught !m t 9 ! p]son ( ! ,inc>nate ,logos1 t :i* 0 mo/ div9e _h be5 prov$ to be mo/ human1 t :i* 0 mo/ human _h be5 prov$ to be mo/ div9e1 ought surely to h giv5 to !m1 z x has giv5 to mod]n ,europe1 nobl]1 cle>]1 simpl] views ( ! true relation ( ! sexes4 ,h[ev]1 on ?is matt] !y did n see _! way4 ,p]haps1 9 s debas$ an age1 s pr(ligate a _w1 z t out ( :i* ,*ri/ianity _h ris51 x 0 impossible to see ! true beauty & sanctity ( ^? prim>y bonds ( humanity4 ,& :ile ! relation ( ! sexes 0 look$ on 9 a wrong light1 all o!r social relations 7 necess>ily also misconceiv$4 8,! v ideas ( family & national life10 z x has be5 said1 8^? two div9e roots ( ! ,*ur*1 sev]$ f :i* %e is c]ta9 to )] away into t mo/ cruel & mo/ godless ( spectres1 a religi\s _w1 _h p]i%$ 9 ! ,ea/1 f ! evil influ5ce ( ! univ]sal practice ( slave-hold+1 z well z f ! degradation ( t ,jewi% nation :i* _h be5 = ages ! great witness = ^! ideas2 & all classes1 l _! =efa!r ,adam--l1 inde$1 ! ,old ,adam--! selfi%1 c[>dly1 brute nature 9 e man & 9 e age--7 %ift+ ! blame ( s9 f _! own consci5ces to human relation%ips & duties1 & !re91 to ! ,god :o _h appo9t$ !m2 & say+1 z ( old1 #8,! woman :om ,?\ gave/ to be ) me1 %e gave me ( ! tree1 & ,i did eat4'0 ,mu* z ,*ri/ianity did1 ev5 9 ,egypt1 = woman1 by ass]t+ h] moral & spiritual equality ) ! man1 !re seems to h be5 no suspicion t %e 0 ! true complem5t ( ! man1 n m]ely by s(t5+ him1 b by /r5g!n+ him2 t true manhood c be no m develop$ )\t ! influ5ce ( ! woman1 ?an true womanhood )\t ! influ5ce ( ! man4 ,!re is no trace among ! ,egyptian celibates ( t *ivalr\s woman-wor%ip :i* our ,go?ic =efa!rs br\ght ) !m into ! ,we/1 :i* %$ a s(t5+ & ennobl+ light r\nd ! m$ival conv5t life1 & w>d$ (f = c5turies ! wor/ effects ( mona/icism4 ,among ! religi\s ( ,egypt1 ! monk reg>d$ ! nun1 ! nun ! monk1 ) dread & av]sion2 :ile bo? look$ on ! m>ri$ population ( ! opposite sex ) a co>se contempt & disgu/ :i* is h>dly cr$ible1 did n ! f\l records ( x /& writt5 to ?is day1 9 ,rosweyde's extraord9>y 8,vit ,patrum ,eremiticorum20 no b>r5 s*ool ( metaphysic1 truly1 = ^? :o are philosophic en\gh to believe t all ph5om5a :atsoev] ( ! human m9d are wor?y matt] = sci5tific induction4 ,& ?us grew up 9 ,egypt a mona/ic _w1 ( su* va/ness t x 0 said to equal 9 numb] ! laity4 ,?is produc$1 no d\bt1 an enorm\s increase 9 ! actual am\nt ( moral evil4 ,b x produc$ ?ree o!r effects1 :i* 7 ! ru9 ( ,alex&ria4 ,fir/1 a cont9ually gr[+ en]vation & num]ical decrease ( ! population2 next1 a c>elessness (1 & contempt = social & political life2 & la/ly1 a mo/ brutalis+ effect on ! lay population2 :o1 told t !y 71 & believ+ !mselves to be1 be+s ( a l[] ord]1 & liv+ by a l[] /&>d1 sank d[n m & m g5]ation aft] g5]ation4 ,!y 7 ( ! _w1 & ! ways ( ! _w !y mu/ foll[4 ,political life _h no inh]5t sanctity or nobl5ess2 :y act holily & nobly 9 x8 ,family life _h no inh]5t sanctity or nobl5ess2 :y act holily & nobly 9 x ei!r1 if !re 7 no holy1 noble1 & div9e pr9ciple or gr\nd = x8 ,& ?us grew up1 bo? 9 ,egypt1 ,syria1 & ,byzantium1 a *aos ( pr(ligacy & *ican]y1 9 rul]s & p1 9 ! home & ! m>ket1 9 ! !atre & ! s5ate1 su* z ! _w has r>ely se5 be=e or s9ce2 a *aos :i* rea*$ its culm9ation 9 ! sev5? c5tury1 ! age ( ,ju/9ian & ,!odora1 p]haps ! two mo/ hide\s sov]eigns1 wor%ipp$ by ! mo/ hide\s empire ( p>asites & hypocrites1 c[>ds & wantons1 t ev] insult$ ! long-suff]+ ( a righte\s ,god4 ,b1 = ,alex&ria at lea/1 ! cup 0 n[ full4 ,9 ! ye> #fdj ! ,alex&rians 7 te>+ ea* o!r 9 pieces ab\t "s ,jacobite & ,mel*ite controv]sy1 to me incompreh5sible1 to y unimportant1 because ! fight]s on bo? sides seem to h lo/ 7z all p>ties d 9 _! old age7 ! k ( :at !y 7 fight+ =1 & to h s bewild]$ ! "q ) p]sonal intrigues1 spites1 & qu>rels1 z to make x ne>ly z enigmatic z t fam\s contempor>y w> betwe5 ! blue & gre5 factions at ,con/ant9ople1 :i* began by back+ 9 ! !atre1 ! *>iote]s :o drove 9 blue dresses1 aga9/ ^? wild drove 9 gre52 !n w5t on to id5tify !mselves ea* ) "o ( ! prevail+ !ological factions2 gradually develop$1 ! "o into an ari/ocratic1 ! o!r into a democratic1 religi\s p>ty2 & end$ by a civil w> 9 ! /reets ( ,con/ant9ople1 accompani$ by ! mo/ horrible excesses1 :i* _h ne>ly1 at "o "t1 giv5 up ! city to ! flames1 & driv5 ,ju/9ian f 8 ?rone4 ,9 ! mid/ ( ^! ,jacobite & ,mel*ite controv]sies & riots1 appe>$ be=e ! city ! armies ( c]ta9 wild & unlett]$ ,arab tribes4 ,a %ort & fruitless /ruggle foll[$2 &1 /range to say1 a few mon?s swept away f ! face ( ! e>?1 n only ! weal?1 ! comm]ce1 ! ca/les1 & ! lib]ty1 b ! philosophy & ! ,*ri/ianity ( ,alex&ria2 cru%$ to p[d] by "o fe>ful bl[1 all t _h be5 built up by ,alex&] & ! ,ptolemies1 by ,clem5t & ! philosoph]s1 & made void1 to all appe>ance1 n9e hundr$ ye>s ( human toil4 ,! p1 hav+ no real hold on _! h]$it>y ,cre$1 accept$1 by t5s ( ?\s&s1 t ( ! ,mussulman invad]s4 ,! ,*ri/ian remnant became tribut>ies2 & ,alex&ria dw9dl$1 f t "t =?1 into a petty seaport t[n4 ,& n[--c we pass ov] ?is new metaphysical s*ool ( ,alex&ria8 ,c we help inquir+ 9 :at ! /r5g? ( ,islamism lay8 ,i1 at lea/1 _c4 ,i _c help feel+ t ,i am b\nd to exam9e 9 :at relation ! cre$ ( ,om> & ,amr\ /&s to ! ,alex&rian speculations ( five hundr$ ye>s1 & h[ x _h p[] to sweep ^? speculations utt]ly f ! ,ea/]n m9d4 ,x is a difficult problem2 to me1 z a ,*ri/ian prie/1 a v awful problem4 ,:at m awful hi/oric problem1 ?an to see ! l[] cre$ de/roy+ ! high]8 to see ,god1 z x 71 undo+ 8 own "w1 & rep5t+ ,him t ,he _h made man8 ,awful inde$3 b ,i c hone/ly say1 t x is "o f ! inve/igation ( :i* ,i h le>nt--,i _c yet tell h[ mu*3 & ( ?is ,i am sure1 t )\t t old ,alex&rian philosophy1 ,i %\ld n h be5 able to d ju/ice to ,islam2 )\t ,islam ,i %\ld n h be5 able to f9d 9 t ,alex&rian philosophy1 an ev]-liv+ & practical elem5t4 ,i mu/1 h[ev]1 fir/ entreat y to dismiss f y\r m9ds ! vulg> notion t ,mohamm$ 0 9 anywise a bad man1 or a consci\s deceiv]1 pret5d+ to "w miracles1 or to d ?+s :i* he did n d4 ,he s9n$ 9 "o in/ance3 b1 z f> z ,i c see1 only 9 t "o--,i mean aga9/ :at he mu/ h kn[n to be "r4 ,i allude to 8 relax+ 9 8 own case ^? wise re/rictions on polygamy :i* he _h proclaim$4 ,& yet1 ev5 9 ?is case1 ! desire = a *ild may h be5 ! true cause ( 8 weakness4 ,he did n see ! :ole tru?1 ( c\rse3 b he 0 an inf9itely bett] man ?an ! m5 ar\nd3 p]haps1 all 9 all1 "o ( ! be/ m5 ( 8 day4 ,_m "h may h read ,mr4 ,c>lyle's v9dication ( ,mohamm$ 9 8 ,lectures on ,h]o ,wor%ip2 to ^? :o h n1 ,i %all only say1 t ,i entreat !m to d s2 & t ,i assure !m1 t ?\gh ,i diff] 9 _m ?+s utt]ly f ,mr4 ,c>lyle's inf]5ces & d$uctions 9 t lecture1 yet t ,i am conv9c$1 f my own acqua9tance ) ! orig9al facts & docum5ts1 t ! picture !re drawn ( ,mohamm$ is a true & a j description ( a mu*-calumniat$ man4 ,n[1 :at 0 ! /r5g? ( ,islam8 ,! common answ] is1 fanaticism & en?usiasm4 ,to su* answ]s ,i c only rejo93 ,su* t]ms mu/ be def9$ be=e !y are us$1 & we mu/ be told :at fanaticism & en?usiasm are4 ,till !n ,i h no m priori respect = a long ^w end+ 9 -ism or -asm ?an ,i h = "o end+ 9 -ation or -ality4 ,b :ile fanaticism & en?usiasm are be+ def9$--a "w m difficult ?an is commonly fanci$--we w g on to consid] ano!r answ]4 ,we are told t ! /r5g? ( ,islam lay 9 ! hope ( _! s5su\s ,p>adise & fe> ( _! s5su\s ,geh5na4 ,if s1 ?is is ! fir/ & la/ "t 9 ! _w's hi/ory t ! /r5g? ( any l>ge body ( p--p]haps ( any s+le man--lay 9 su* a hope4 ,hi/ory gives u innum]able pro(s t su* m]ely selfi% motives are ! p>5ts ( slavi% impot5ce1 ( p$antry & conceit1 ( pi\s frauds1 (t5 ( ! mo/ devili% cruelty3 b1 z f> z my read+ ext5ds1 ( no?+ bett]4 ,moreov]1 ! ,*ri/ian ,greeks _h mu* ! same hopes on ^? po9ts z ! ,mussulmans2 & simil> causes %\ld produce simil> effects3 b ^? hopes gave !m no /r5g?4 ,besides1 accord+ to ! ,mussulmans' own acc\nt1 ?is 0 n _! great inspir+ idea2 & x is absurd to consid] ! wild battle-cries ( a few imag9ative y\?s1 ab\t black-ey$ & gre5-k]*ief$ ,h\ris call+ to !m f ! skies1 z repres5t+ ! av]age feel+s ( a g5]ation ( sob] & self-re/ra9+ m51 :o %[$ !mselves actuat$ by f> high] motives4 ,ano!r answ]1 & "o v popul> n[1 is t ! ,mussulmans 7 /rong1 because !y believ$ :at !y said2 & ! ,greeks weak1 because !y did n believe :at !y said4 ,f ?is notion ,i %all appeal to ano!r doctr9e ( ! v same m5 :o put x =?1 & ask !m1 ,c any man be /rong by believ+ a lie8 ,h y n told u1 nobly en\gh1 t e lie is by its nature rott51 doom$ to dea?1 c]ta9 to prove its own impot5ce1 & be %att]$ to atoms ! mom5t y try to use x1 to br+ x into rude actual contact ) fact1 & ,nature1 & ! et]nal laws8 ,fai? to be /rong mu/ be fai? 9 some?+ :i* is n "o's self2 fai? 9 some?+ et]nal1 some?+ objective1 some?+ true1 :i* w\ld exi/ j z mu* ?\gh we & all ! _w disbeliev$ x4 ,! /r5g? ( belief comes f t :i* is believ$ 92 if y sep>ate x f t1 x becomes a m]e self-op9ion1 a s5sation ( positiv5ess2 & :at sort ( /r5g? t w give1 hi/ory w tell u 9 ! trag$ies ( ! ,jews :o oppos$ ,titus1 ( ! rabble :o foll[$ ,walt] ! ,p5niless to ! ,crusades1 ( ! ,mun/] ,anabapti/s1 & _m ano!r sad page ( human folly4 ,x may give ! fury ( idiots2 n ! delib]ate might ( valiant m54 ,let u pass ?is by1 !n2 believ+ t fai? c only give /r5g? :]e x is fai? 9 some?+ true & "r3 & g on to ano!r answ] almo/ z popul> z ! la/4 ,we are told t ! might ( ,islam lay 9 a c]ta9 innate =ce & savage virtue ( ! ,arab "*4 ,if we h discov]$ ?is 9 ! foll[]s ( ,mohamm$1 !y c]ta9ly _h n discov]$ x 9 !mselves4 ,!y spoke ( !mselves1 rightly or wrongly1 z m5 :o _h receiv$ a div9e light1 & t light a moral light1 to tea* !m to love t :i* 0 good1 & refuse t :i* 0 evil2 & to t div9e light !y /$fa/ly & hone/ly attribut$ e "r action ( _! lives4 ,mo/ noble & affect+1 9 my eyes1 is t answ] ( ,saad's ag$ envoy to ,yezdegird1 k+ ( ,p]sia1 :5 he reproa*$ him ) ! pa/ savag]y & pov]ty ( ! ,arabs4 8,:atsoev] ?\ ha/ said10 answ]$ ! old man1 8reg>d+ ! =m] condition ( ! ,arabs is true4 ,_! food 0 gre5 liz>ds2 !y buri$ _! infant daught]s alive2 nay1 "s ( !m fea/$ on dead c>cases1 & drank blood2 :ile o!rs slew _! k9sfolk1 & ?\ght !mselves great & valiant1 :5 by s do+ !y became possess$ ( m prop]ty4 ,!y 7 clo!d ) hair g>m5ts1 !y knew n good f evil1 & made no di/9ction betwe5 t :i* 0 lawful & unlawful4 ,su* 0 our /ate2 b ,god 9 8 m]cy has s5t u1 by a holy prophet1 a sacr$ volume1 :i* tea*es u ! true fai?40 ,^! words1 ,i ?9k1 %[ u ! secret ( ,islam4 ,!y are a j comm5t on t %ort & rugg$ *apt] ( ! ,koran :i* is said to h be5 ,mohamm$'s fir/ attempt ei!r at prophecy or writ+2 :51 aft] long fa/+ & m$itation among ! des]t hills1 "u ! glori\s ea/]n />s1 he came d[n & told 8 good ,kadijah t he _h f\nd a great ?+1 & t %e mu/ help him to write x d[n4 ,& :at 0 ?is :i* seem$ to ! unlett]$ camel-driv] s priceless a treasure8 ,n m]ely t ,god 0 "o ,god--va/ z t discov]y 0--b t he 0 a ,god 8:o %[e? to man ! ?+ :i* he knew n20 a 8mo/ m]ciful ,god20 a ,god1 9 a ^w1 :o c\ld be tru/$2 a ,god :o w\ld tea* & /r5g!n2 a ,god1 z he said1 :o w\ld give him c\rage to set 8 face l a fl9t1 & w\ld put an answ] 9 8 m\? :5 8 idolatr\s c\ntrym5 cavill$ & sne]$ at 8 message to !m1 to turn f _! idols ( wood & /one1 & become righte\s m51 z ,abraham _! =efa!r 0 righte\s4 8,a ,god :o %[e? to man ! ?+ :i* he knew n40 ,t idea gave might to ,islam1 because x 0 a real idea1 an et]nal fact2 ! result ( a true insight into ! "* ( ,god4 ,& t idea alone1 believe me1 w give conqu]+ might ei!r to cre$1 philosophy1 or he>t ( man4 ,ea* w be /rong1 ea* w endure1 9 proportion z x believes t ,god is "o :o %[s to man ! ?+ :i* he knew n3 z x believes1 9 %ort1 9 t ,logos ( :i* ,sa9t ,john wrote1 t ,he 0 ! light :o light5s e man :o comes into ! _w4 ,9 a ^w1 ! wild ,korei% _h discov]$1 m or less cle>ly1 t end & object ( all metaphysic :]e( ,i h already spok5 s (t52 t ext]nal & imp]i%able beauty = :i* ,plato s\ght ( old2 & _h se5 t its "n 0 righte\sness1 & t x dwelt absolutely 9 an absolutely righte\s p]son2 & moreov]1 t ?is p]son 0 no c>eless self-cont5t$ epicurean deity2 b t ,he 01 z !y lov$ to call ,him1 ! mo/ m]ciful ,god2 t ,he c>$ = m52 t ,he desir$ to make m5 righte\s4 ,( t !y c\ld n d\bt4 ,! fact 0 palpable1 hi/oric1 pres5t4 ,to !m ! degrad$ ,korei% ( ! des]t1 :o z !y believ$1 & ,i ?9k believ$ rightly1 _h fall5 f ! old ,mono!ism ( _! =efa!rs ,abraham & ,ismael1 into ! l[e/ feti%ism1 & ) t into ! l[e/ brutality & wret*$ness--to !m1 :ile !y 7 mak+ idols ( wood & /one2 eat+ dead c>cases2 & bury+ _! daught]s alive2 c>eless ( *a/ity1 ( ju/ice1 ( prop]ty2 sunk 9 unnatural crimes1 dead 9 trespasses & s9s2 hateful & hat+ "o ano!r--a man1 "o ( _! own p _h come1 say+3 8,i h a message f ! "o righte\s ,god4 ,8 curse is on all ?is1 = x is unlike ,himself4 ,he w h y righte\s m51 aft] ! patt]n ( y\r =efa!r ,abraham4 ,be t1 & arise1 body1 s\l1 & _s1 out ( y\r savag]y & bruti%ness4 ,!n y %all be able to trample "u font ! pr(ligate idolat]s1 to sweep ! ,greek tyrants f ! l& :i* !y h be5 oppress+ = c5turies1 & to recov] ! ,ea/ = its rightful heirs1 ! *ildr5 ( ,abraham40 ,0 ?is n1 9 e s5se1 a message f ,god8 ,i mu/ d5y ! philosophy ( ,clem5t & ,augu/9e1 ,i mu/ d5y my own consci5ce1 my own reason1 ,i mu/ outrage my own moral s5se1 & confess t ,i h no immutable /&>d ( "r1 t ,i "k no et]nal s\rce ( "r1 if ,i d5y x to h be5 "o2 if ,i d5y :at seems to me ! palpable hi/oric fact1 t ^? wild ,korei% _h 9 !m a reason & a consci5ce1 :i* c\ld awak5 to t message1 & p]ceive its b\ndless beauty1 its b\ndless importance1 & t !y did accept t message1 & liv$ by x 9 proportion z !y receiv$ x fully1 su* lives z no m5 9 ^? times1 & few 9 aft] times1 h be5 able to live4 ,if ,i feel1 z ,i d feel1 t ,abubekr1 ,om>1 ,abu ,obeidah1 & ,amr\1 7 bett] m5 ?an ,i am1 ,i mu/ ?r[ away all t ,philo--all t a ,high] au?ority--has taught me3 or ,i mu/ attribute _! l(ty virtues to ! "o s\rce ( all 9 man :i* is n selfi%ness1 & fancy1 & fury1 & bl9dness z ( ! bea/s :i* p]i%4 ,:y1 !n1 has ,islamism become "o ( ! mo/ pat5t & complete failures ^u e>?1 if ! true te/ ( a sy/em's success be ! gradual progress & amelioration ( ! human be+s :o are "u its influ5ce8 ,fir/1 ,i believe1 f its all[+ polygamy4 ,i d n judge ,mohamm$ = hav+ all[$ x4 ,he f\nd x "o ( ! ance/ral & immemorial cu/oms ( 8 nation4 ,he f\nd x ?r\gh\t ! ,hebrew ,scriptures4 ,he f\nd x 9 ! case ( ,abraham1 8 ideal man2 &1 z he believ$1 ! div9ely-inspir$ ance/or ( 8 race4 ,x seem$ to him t :at 0 "r = ,abraham1 c\ld n be wrong = an ,arab4 ,god %all judge him1 n ,i4 ,moreov]1 ! ,*ri/ians ( ! ,ea/1 divid$ into ei!r monks or pr(ligates2 & ) f> l[] & m brutal notions ( ! m>ri$ /ate ?an 7 to be f\nd 9 ,arab poetry & leg5d1 7 ! v la/ m5 on e>? to make him feel ! et]nal & div9e beauty ( t pure w$d$ love :i* ,*ri/ianity has n only proclaim$1 b comm&$1 & !reby emancipat$ woman f h] old slav]y to ! /rong] sex4 ,& ,i believe1 f 8 *ivalr\s fai?fulness to 8 good wife ,kadijah1 z long z %e liv$1 t ,mohamm$ 0 a man :o c\ld h accept$ t great tru? 9 all its fulness1 _h he b be5 taught x4 ,he c]ta9ly felt ! evil ( polyamy s /rongly z to re/rict x 9 e possible way1 except ! only "r way--namely1 ! proclamation ( ! true ideal ( m>riage4 ,b 8 ignorance1 mi/ake1 s91 if y w1 0 a deflection f ! "r law1 f ! true con/itution ( man1 & !re=e x av5g$ itself4 ,t *ivalr\s respect = woman1 :i* 0 s /rong 9 ! e>ly ,mohamm$ans1 di$ out4 ,! wom5 !mselves--:o1 9 ! fir/ few ye>s ( ,islamism1 rose z ! m5 rose1 & became _! helpmates1 c\nsellors1 & fell[-w>riors--deg5]at$ rapidly into m]e play?+s4 ,i ne$ n ent] into ! pa9ful subject ( woman's pres5t position 9 ! ,ea/1 & ! social consequ5ces !re(4 ,b ,i firmly believe1 n m]ely z a !ory1 b z a fact :i* may be prov$ by abundant evid5ce1 t to polygamy alone is ow+ n9e-t5?s ( ! pres5t decay & old age ( e ,mussulman nation2 & t till x be utt]ly aboli%$1 all ,we/]n civilisation & capital1 & all ! civil & religi\s lib]ty on e>?1 w n avail "o jot t[>d _! revival4 ,y mu/ reg5]ate ! family be=e y c reg5]ate ! nation1 & ! relation ( husb& & wife be=e ! family2 because1 z long z ! root is corrupt1 ! fruit w be corrupt also4 ,b !re is ano!r cause ( ! failure ( ,islamism1 m intimately connect$ ) ^? metaphysical que/ions :i* we h be5 hi!rto pr9cipally consid]+4 ,among ! fir/ ,mussulmans1 z ,i h said1 !re 0 g5]ally ! mo/ int5se belief 9 ea* man t he 0 p]sonally "u a div9e guide & tea*]4 ,b _! cre$ conta9$ no?+ :i* c\ld keep up t belief 9 ! m9ds ( succe$+ g5]ations4 ,!y _h de/roy$ ! good ) ! evil1 & !y paid ! p5alty ( _! undi/+ui%+ wra?4 ,9 sweep+ away ! idolatries & feti% wor%ips ( ! ,syrian ,ca?olics1 ! ,mussulmans _h swept away also t doctr9e :i* alone c deliv] m5 f idolatry & feti% wor%ips--if n outw>d & mat]ial ones1 yet ! /ill m subtle1 & !re=e m dang]\s idolatries ( ! intellect4 ,= !y _h swept away ! belief 9 ! ,logos2 9 a div9e tea*] ( e human s\l1 :o 01 9 "s my/]i\s way1 ! patt]n & antitype ( human virtue & wisdom4 ,& m1 !y _h swept away t belief 9 ! inc>nation ( ! ,logos1 :i* alone c make man feel t 8 div9e tea*] is "o :o c ent] into ! human duties1 sorr[s1 d\bts1 ( ea* human _s4 ,&1 !re=e1 :5 ,mohamm$ & 8 p]sonal fri5ds 7 dead1 ! belief 9 a pres5t div9e tea*]1 on ! :ole1 di$ ) !m2 & ! ,mussulmans began to put ! ,koran 9 ! place ( ,him ( :om ! ,koran spoke4 ,!y began to wor%ip ! book--:i* aft] all is n a book1 b only an irregul> collection ( ,mohamm$'s m$itations1 & notes = s]mons--) ! mo/ slavi% & ridicul\s idolatry4 ,!y fell into a cabbalism1 & a sup]/iti\s rev]5ce = ! m]e lett]s & words ( ! ,koran1 to :i* ! cabbalism ( ! old ,rabbis 0 mod]ate & rational4 ,!y surr\nd$ x1 & ! hi/ory ( ,mohamm$1 ) all ridicul\s my?s1 & prodigies1 & ly+ wond]s1 :]e( ! book itself conta9$ n a ^w2 & :i* ,mohamm$1 dur+ 8 exi/5ce1 _h d5i$ & repudiat$1 say+ t he work$ no miracles1 & t none 7 ne$$2 because only reason 0 requir$ to %[ a man ! h& ( a good ,god 9 all human affairs4 ,nev]!less1 ^! lat] ,mussulmans f\nd ! miracles necess>y to confirm _! fai?3 & :y8 ,because !y _h lo/ ! s5se ( a pres5t ,god1 a ,god ( ord]2 & !re=e hank]$1 z m5 9 su* a mood always w1 aft] prodigi\s & unnatural pro(s ( ,8 hav+ be5 once pres5t ) _! f\nd] ,mohamm$4 ,& 9 ! mean:ile t absolute & omnipot5t ,be+ :om ,mohamm$1 aris+ out ( 8 great d>kness1 _h s nobly prea*$ to ! ,korei%1 rec$$ 9 ! m9ds ( _! desc5dants to an unapproa*able & abysmal di/ance4 ,= !y _h lo/ ! s5se ( ,8 pres5t guidance1 ,8 p]sonal c>e4 ,!y _h lo/ all :i* c\ld connect ,him ) ! work+ ( _! own s\ls1 ) _! human duties & /ruggles1 ) ! belief t ,8 m]cy & love 7 c\nt]p>ts ( human m]cy & human love2 9 pla9 ,engli%1 t ,he 0 lov+ & m]ciful at all4 ,! *ange came v gradually1 ?ank ,god2 y may read ( noble say+s & de$s "h & !re1 = _m c5turies aft] ,mohamm$3 b x came2 & !n _! belief 9 ,god's omnipot5ce & absolut5ess dw9dl$ into ! mo/ d>k1 & slavi%1 & b5umb+ fatalism4 ,8 un*angeabl5ess became 9 _! m9ds n an un*angeable purpose to tea*1 =give1 & deliv] m5--z x seem$ to ,mohamm$ to h be5--b a m]e brute necessity1 an un*angeable purpose to h ,8 own way1 :atsoev] t way might be4 ,t d>k fatalism1 also1 has help$ t[>d ! decay ( ! ,mohamm$an nations4 ,x has made !m c>eless ( self-improvem5t2 fai?less ( ! possibility ( progress2 & has kept1 & w keep1 ! ,mohamm$an nations1 9 all intellectual matt]s1 :ole ages beh9d ! ,*ri/ian nations ( ! ,we/4 ,h[ f> ! /ory ( ,om>'s comm&+ ! ba?s ( ,alex&ria to be heat$ ) ! books f ! great libr>y is true1 we %all nev] "k4 ,"s h d\bt$ ! /ory altoge!r3 b s _m fre% corroborations ( x are said to h be5 lately discov]$1 9 ,arabic writ]s1 t ,i c h>dly d\bt t x _h "s f\ndation 9 fact4 ,"o _c b believe t ,john ,philoponus1 ! la/ ( ! ,alex&rian gramm>ians1 :5 he ask$ 8 patron ,amr\ ! gift ( ! libr>y1 took c>e to save "s1 at lea/1 ( its treasures2 & h[soev] /rongly ,om> may h felt or said t all books :i* agre$ ) ! ,koran 7 useless1 & all :i* disagre$ ) x only fit to be de/roy$1 ! g5]al feel+ ( ! ,mohamm$an lead]s 0 v diff]5t4 ,z !y settl$ 9 ! v>i\s c\ntries :i* !y conqu]$1 education seems to h be5 consid]$ by !m an important object4 ,we ev5 f9d "s ( !m1 9 ! same g5]ation z ,mohamm$1 obey+ /rictly ! ,prophet's comm& to s5d all captive *ildr5 to s*ool--a fact :i* speaks z well = ! ,mussulmans' good s5se1 z x speaks ill = ! /ate ( education among ! degrad$ desc5dants ( ! ,greek conqu]ors ( ! ,ea/4 ,gradually philosophic ,s*ools arose1 fir/ at ,bagdad1 & !n at ,cordova2 & ! ,arabs c>ri$ on ! task ( comm5t+ on ,ari/otle's ,logic1 & ,ptolemy's ,megi/e ,syntaxis--:i* la/ acquir$ f !m ! "n ( ,almage/1 by :i* x 0 s long kn[n dur+ ! ,middle ,ages4 ,b !y did little b comm5t1 ?\gh !re 0 no ,neoplatonic or my/ic elem5t 9 _! comm5t>ies4 ,x seems z if ,alex&ria 0 preorda9$1 by its v c5tral position1 to be ! city ( comm5tators1 n ( orig9ators4 ,x is wor?y ( rem>k1 t ,philoponus1 :o may be consid]$ z ! man :o fir/ introduc$ ! simple w>riors ( ! ,korei% to ! treasures ( ,greek ?\ght1 seems to h be5 ! fir/ rebel aga9/ ! ,neoplatoni/ eclecticism4 ,he ma9ta9$1 & truly1 t ,porphyry1 ,proclus1 & ! re/1 _h entirely misund]/ood ,ari/otle1 :5 !y attempt$ to reconcile him ) ,plato1 or incorporate 8 philosophy into ,platonism4 ,ari/otle 0 h5ce=? ! text-book ( ,arab savants4 ,x 0 natural en\gh4 ,! ,mussulman m9d 0 tra9$ 9 habits ( absolute ob$i5ce to ! au?ority ( fix$ dogmas4 ,all ^? attempts to foll[ out metaphysic to its highe/ object1 !ology1 w\ld be useless if n wrong 9 ! eyes ( a ,mussulman1 :o _h already 8 simple & %>ply-def9$ cre$ on all matt]s relat+ to ! unse5 _w4 ,) him metaphysic 0 a /udy altoge!r divorc$ f man's high] life & aspirations4 ,s also 7 physics4 ,:at ne$ _h he ( ,cosmogonies8 :at ne$ to trace ! relations betwe5 man & ! univ]se1 or ! univ]se & its ,mak]8 ,he _h 8 def9ite mat]ial ,elysium & ,t>t>us1 z ! only ultimate relation betwe5 man & ! univ]se2 8 dogma ( an absolute fiat1 creat+ arbitr>y & once = all1 z ! only relation betwe5 ! univ]se & its ,mak]3 & fur!r x 0 n lawful to speculate4 ,! idea :i* ,i believe unites bo? physic & metaphysic ) man's highe/ inspirations & wide/ speculations--! ,alex&ria idea ( ! ,logos1 ( ! ,deity work+ 9 "t & space by successive ?\ghts--he _h n he>d (2 = x 0 dead1 z ,i h said1 9 ,alex&ria itself2 & if he _h he>d ( x1 he w\ld h spurn$ x z detract+ f ! absolut5ess ( t abysmal "o ,be+1 ( :om he s nobly yet s p>tially bore witness4 ,s x 0 to be2 d\btless x 0 "r t x %\ld be s4 ,man's eye is too n>r[ to see a :ole tru?1 8 bra9 too weak to c>ry a :ole tru?4 ,bett] = him1 & bett] = ! _w1 is p]haps ! me?od on :i* man has be5 educat$ 9 e age1 by :i* to ea* s*ool1 or p>ty1 or nation1 is giv5 "s "o great tru?1 :i* !y are to "w out to its highe/ developm5t1 to exemplify 9 actual life1 leav+ "s happi] age--p]haps1 alas6 only "s future /ate--to reconcile t too fav\r$ dogma ) o!r tru?s :i* lie beside x1 & )\t :i* x is always incomplete1 & sometimes altoge!r b>r54 ,b su* s*ools ( sci5ce1 f\nd$ on su* a gr\nd z ?is1 on ! m]e in/9ct ( curiosity1 _h little *ance ( orig9ality or vitality4 ,all ! great s*ools ( ! _w1 ! eld] ,greek philosophy1 ! ,alex&rian1 ! pres5t ,baconian s*ool ( physics1 h _h a deep] motive = _! se>*1 a f> high] object :i* !y hope to discov]4 ,b inde$1 ! ,mussulmans did n s mu* wi% to discov] tru?1 z to cultivate _! own intellects4 ,= t purpose a %>p & subtle sy/emati/1 l ,ari/otle1 0 ! v man :om !y requir$2 & f ! de/ruction ( ,alex&ria may date ! rise ( ! ,ari/otelian philosophy4 ,translations ( 8 works 7 made into ,arabic1 fir/1 x is said1 f ,p]sian & ,syriac translations2 ! =m] ( :i* _h be5 made dur+ ! six? & sev5? c5turies1 by ! wreck ( ! ,neoplatoni/ p>ty1 dur+ _! visit to ! philosophic ,*ozroos4 ,a c5tury aft]1 !y fill$ ,alex&ria4 ,aft] !m ,almansoor1 ,hair\n ,alras*id1 & _! successors1 :o patronis$ ! ,ne/orian ,*ri/ians1 obta9$ f !m translations ( ! philosophic1 m$ical1 & a/ronomical ,greek works2 :ile ! la/ ( ! ,omniades1 ,abdalrahman1 _h introduc$ ! same lit]>y ta/e into ,spa91 :]e1 9 ! ?irte5? c5tury1 ,av]ros & ,maimonides rivall$ ! fame ( ,avic5na1 :o _h fl\ri%$ at ,bagdad a c5tury be=e4 ,b1 z ,i h said already1 ^! ,arabs seem to h inv5t$ no?+2 !y only comm5t$4 ,& yet n only comm5t$2 = !y pres]v$ = u ^? works ( ^: real value !y 7 s little aw>e4 ,av]ros1 9 quality ( comm5tator on ,ari/otle1 became 8 rival 9 ! m9ds ( ! m$ival s*oolm52 ,avic5na1 9 quality ( comm5tator on ,hippocrates & ,gal51 0 = c5turies ! text-book ( all ,european physicians2 :ile ,albatani & ,ab\l ,wefa1 z a/ronom]s1 comm5t$ on ,ptolemy1 n h[ev] )\t mak+ a few important additions to 8 k2 = ,ab\l ,wefa discov]$ a ?ird inequality ( ! moon's motion1 9 addition to ! two m5tion$ by ,ptolemy1 :i* he did1 accord+ to ,pr(essor ,:ewell1 9 a truly philosophic mann]--an app>5tly solit>y in/ance1 & "o :i*1 9 its own day1 _h no effect2 = ! fact 0 =gott51 & r$iscov]$ c5turies aft] by ,ty*o ,brahe4 ,to ,albatani1 h[ev]1 we owe two really valuable heirlooms4 ,! "o is ! use ( ! s9e1 or half-*ord ( ! d\ble arc1 in/ead ( ! *ord ( ! arc itself1 :i* _h be5 employ$ by ! ,greek a/ronom]s2 ! o!r1 ( ev5 m practical b5efit1 0 ! introduction ( ! pres5t decimal ari?metic1 in/ead ( ! tr\blesome sexagesimal ari?metic ( ! ,greeks4 ,^! t5 digits1 h[ev]1 seem1 says ,pr(essor ,:ewell1 by ! confession ( ! ,arabians !mselves1 to be ( ,indian orig91 & ?us =m no exception to ! /]ility ( ! ,arabian g5ius 9 sci5tific inv5tions4 ,nev]!less we are b\nd1 9 all fairness1 to set aga9/ 8 condemnation ( ! ,arabs ,pr(essor ,de ,morgan's op9ion ( ! ,moslem1 9 8 article on ,euclid3 8,"s writ]s speak slight+ly ( ?is progress1 ! results ( :i* !y are too apt to comp>e ) ^? ( our own "t4 ,!y ought r to place ! ,s>ac5s by ! side ( _! own ,go?ic ance/ors2 & mak+ "s all[ance = ! m advantage\s circum/ances "u :i* ! fir/ />t$1 !y %\ld view ! second sy/ematically disp]s+ ! rema9s ( ,greek civilisation1 :ile ! fir/ 7 conc5trat+ ! geometry ( ,alex&ria1 ! ari?metic & algebra ( ,india1 & ! a/ronomy ( bo?1 to =m a nucleus = ! pres5t /ate ( sci5ce40 ,to ?is article ( ,pr(essor ,de ,morgan's on ,euclid1 #abg & to ,pr(essor ,:ewell's excell5t 8,hi/ory ( ! ,inductive ,sci5ces10 f :i* ,i1 be+ nei!r ,arabic s*ol> nor a/ronom]1 h drawn mo/ ( my facts ab\t physical sci5ce1 ,i mu/ ref] ^? :o wi% to "k m ( ! e>ly rise ( physics1 & ( _! pres]vation by ! ,arabs1 till a great & unexpect$ ev5t br\ght !m back aga9 to ! qu>t] ( ! globe :]e !y _h _! bir?1 & :]e alone !y c\ld be reg5]at$ into a new & practical life4 ,t great ev5t 0 ! ,crusades4 ,we h he>d little ( ,alex&ria lately4 ,its intellectual glory _h dep>t$ we/w>d & ea/w>d1 to ,cordova & to ,bagdad2 its comm]cial greatness _h left x = ,cairo & ,damietta4 ,b ,egypt 0 /ill ! c5tre ( communication betwe5 ! two great /ations ( ! ,moslem p[]1 & inde$1 z ,mr4 ,lane has %[n 9 8 mo/ valuable translation ( ! 8,arabian ,nights10 possess$ a peculi> life & "* ( its own4 ,x 0 ! ra% object ( ! ,crusad]s to ext+ui% t life4 ,pale/9e 0 _! fir/ po9t ( attack3 b ! lat] ,crusad]s seem to h f\nd1 l ! re/ ( ! _w1 t ! de/9ies ( ,pale/9e c\ld n be sep>at$ f ^? ( ,egypt2 & to ,damietta1 accord+ly1 0 direct$ t la/ disa/r\s attempt ( ,/4 ,l\is1 :i* all may read s graphically describ$ 9 ! pages ( ,jo9ville4 ,! ,crusad]s fail$ utt]ly ( ! object at :i* !y aim$4 ,!y succe$$ 9 an object ( :i* !y nev] dream$2 = 9 ^? ,crusades ! ,moslem & ! ,*ri/ian _h met face to face1 & f\nd t bo? 7 m51 t !y _h a common humanity1 a common et]nal /&>d ( nobl5ess & virtue4 ,s ! ,*ri/ian knights w5t home humbl] & wis] m51 :5 !y f\nd 9 ! ,s>ac5 emirs ! same g5]osity1 tru?1 m]cy1 *ivalr\s self-sacrifice1 :i* !y _h fanci$ _! own peculi> possession1 & add$ to t1 a civilisation & a le>n+ :i* !y c\ld only admire & imitate4 ,& ?us1 f ! era ( ! ,crusades1 a k9dli] feel+ sprang up betwe5 ! ,cresc5t & ! ,cross1 till x 0 aga9 brok5 by ! fe>ful invasions ( ! ,turks ?r\gh\t ,ea/]n ,europe4 ,! le>n+ ( ! ,moslem1 z well z _! comm]ce1 began to p\r rapidly into ,*ri/5dom1 bo? f ,spa91 ,egypt1 & ,syria2 & ?us ! ,crusad]s 71 inde$1 rew>d$ accord+ to _! de$s4 ,!y _h fanci$ t !y 7 b\nd to v9dicate ! possession ( ! e>? = ,him to :om !y believ$ ! e>? belong$4 ,he %[$ !m--or r ,he has %[n u1 _! *ildr5--t ,he c v9dicate ,8 own dom9ion bett] f> ?an man c d x = ,him2 & _! cruel & unju/ aim 0 utt]ly foil$4 ,t 0 n ! way to make m5 "k or obey ,him4 ,!y took ! sword1 & p]i%$ by ! sword4 ,b ! truly noble elem5t 9 !m--! elem5t :i* our he>ts & reasons recognise & love1 9 spite ( all ! l\d words ab\t ! folly & fanaticism ( ! ,crusades1 :5soev] we read 8,! ,talisman0 or 8,ivanhoe0--! elem5t ( loyal fai? & self-sacrifice--did n g unrequit$4 ,!y le>nt wid]1 ju/] views ( man & virtue1 :i* ,i _c help believ+ mu/ h _h great effect 9 weak5+ 9 _! m9ds _! old1 exclusive1 & bigot$ notions1 & 9 pav+ ! way = ! great outbur/ ( free ?\ght1 & ! great ass]tion ( ! dignity ( humanity1 :i* ! fifte5? c5tury beheld4 ,!y op5$ a pa? = t influx ( sci5tific k :i* has produc$1 9 aft] c5turies1 ! mo/ enorm\s effects on ! welf>e ( ,europe1 & made life possible = millions :o w\ld o!rwise h be5 p5t )9 ! n>r[ b\nds ( ,europe1 to dev\r ea* o!r 9 ! /ruggle = room & bread4 ,b ^? ,arabic translations ( ,greek au?ors 7 a fatal gift = ,egypt1 & sc>cely less fatal gift = ,bagdad4 ,9 t ,almage/ ( ,ptolemy1 9 t ,organon ( ,ari/otle1 :i* ! ,crusad]s are said to h br\ght home1 lay1 rude & embryotic1 ! g]ms ( t physical sci5ce1 t geographical k :i* has op5$ to ! ,european ! comm]ce & ! colonisation ( ! globe4 ,)9 ?ree hundr$ ye>s aft] 8 works rea*$ ,europe1 ,ptolemy _h taught ! ,portuguese to sail r\nd ,africa2 & f t day ! /ream ( ea/]n weal? fl[$ no long] ?r\gh ! ,r$ ,sea1 or ! ,p]sian ,gulf1 on its way to ! new c\ntries ( ! ,we/2 & n only ,alex&ria1 b ,damietta & ,bagdad1 dw9dl$ d[n to _! pres5t insignificance4 ,& yet ! :irligig ( "t br+s ab\t its rev5ges4 ,! /ream ( comm]ce is n[ rapidly turn+ back to its old *annel2 & ,briti% sci5ce bids fair to make ,alex&ria once m ! inn ( all ! nations4 ,x is ) a feel+ ( awe t "o looks ^u ! huge possibilities ( h] future4 ,h] own physical capacities1 z ! great m9d ( ,napoleon saw1 are :at !y always h be51 inexhau/ible2 & sci5ce has le>nt to set at naught ! only defect ( situation :i* has ev] injur$ h] prosp]ity1 namely1 ! %ort l& passage f ! ,nile to ! ,r$ ,sea4 ,! fate ( ,pale/9e is n[ m ?an ev] b\nd up ) h] fate2 & a ,briti% or ,fr5* colony might1 hold+ ! two c\ntries1 develop itself into a nation z va/ z sprang f ,alex&]'s h&ful ( ,mac$onians1 & become ! meet+ po9t = ! nations ( ! ,we/ & ^? great ,anglo-,saxon peoples :o seem de/9$ to spr+ up 9 ! ,au/ralian ocean4 ,wide z ! dream may appe>1 /eam has made x a f> n>r[] "o ?an ! old actual fact1 t = c5turies ! ,pho5ician & ! ,arabian int]*ang$ at ,alex&ria ! produce ( ,brita9 = t ( ,ceylon & ,h9do/an4 ,& z = intellectual developm5t1 ?\gh ,alex&ria wants1 z %e has always want$1 t insul> & exclusive position :i* seems almo/ necess>y to develop orig9al ?\ght & orig9al national life1 yet %e may /ill act z ! po9t ( fusion = di/9ct s*ools & polities1 & ! "y & buoyant vig\r ( ! new-born nations may at once tea*1 & le>n f1 ! prud5ce1 ! exp]i5ce1 ! traditional wisdom ( ! anci5t ,europeans4 ,?is vision1 h[ev] possible1 may be a f>-(f "o3 b ! fir/ /ep t[>ds x1 at lea/1 is be+ laid be=e our eyes--& t is1 a fre% reconciliation betwe5 ! ,cresc5t & ! ,cross4 ,ap>t f all political consid]ations1 :i* w\ld be out ( place "h1 ,i hail1 z a /ud5t ( philosophy1 ! s*ool :i* is n[1 bo? 9 ,alex&ria & 9 ,con/ant9ople1 tea*+ to ,moslem & to ,*ri/ians ! same lesson :i* ! ,crusad]s le>nt 9 ,egypt five hundr$ ye>s ago4 ,a few ye>s' m p]sev]ance 9 ! valiant & righte\s c\rse :i* ,brita9 has n[ *os51 w rew>d itself by op5+ a va/ field = capital & ent]prise1 = ! introduction ( civil & religi\s lib]ty among ! d[n-trodd5 peasantry ( ,egypt2 z ! ,gia\r becomes an object ( respect1 & tru/1 & gratitude to ! ,moslem2 & z ! feel+ t ,moslem & ,gia\r own a common humanity1 a common et]nal /&>d ( ju/ice & m]cy1 a common sacr$ obligation to p]=m our promises1 & to succ\r ! oppress$1 %all h tak5 place ( ! old brute wond] at our c>eless audacity1 & awkw>d ass]tion ( p[]1 :i* n[ expresses itself 9 ! some:at left-h&$ ,alex&rian complim5t--8,!re is "o ,satan1 & !re are _m ,satans3 b !re is no ,satan l a ,frank 9 a r\nd hat40 99 99 99 99 99 ,x w\ld be bo? unc\rte\s & unfair ( me to close ^! my ha/y ,lectures1 )\t express+ my he>ty ?anks = ! great c\rtesy & k9dness :i* ,i h receiv$ 9 ?is my fir/ visit to y\r mo/ noble & beautiful city2 & (t51 ,i am pr\d to say1 f ^? :o diff] f me deeply on _m important po9ts2 & also = ! att5tion ) :i* ,i h be5 li/5$ to :ile try+1 clumsily en\gh1 to expla9 dry & repulsive subjects1 & to express op9ions :i* may be new1 & p]haps />tl+1 to _m ( my he>]s4 ,if my imp]fect h9ts %all h /irr$ up b "o he>] to inve/igate ?is obscure & yet mo/ important subject1 & to exam9e = himself ! orig9al docum5ts1 ,i %all feel t my words 9 ?is place h n be5 spok5 9 va92 = ev5 if su* a seek] %\ld arrive at conclusions diff]5t f my own 7& ,i pret5d to no infallibility71 he w at lea/ h le>nt new facts1 ! p>5ts ( new ?\ght1 p]haps ( new action2 he w h come face to face ) new human be+s1 9 :om he w h be5 compell$ to take a human int]e/2 & w surely rise f 8 rese>*es1 let !m lead him :]e !y w1 at lea/ some:at ( a wid]-m9d$ & a wid]-he>t$ man4 ,,footnotes4 #c ,^! ,lectures 7 deliv]$ at ! ,philosophical ,in/itution1 ,ed9burgh1 9 ,febru>y1 #ahed1 at ! comm5cem5t ( ! ,crimean ,w>4 #abg ,smi?'s 8,classical ,diction>y40