,emphasis italics h a 99 m>k4 footnotes mov$ to ,e,o,paragraphs b n r5umb]$4 ,g]man spell+ ( words ne$ to *eck$ p>ticul>ly6 ,scann$ by ,*>les ,kell] ) ,omni,page ,pr(essional ,,ocr s(tw>e ,,! ,,riddle ,,( ,,! ,,rh9e ,,*emical ,,/rategy ,,9 ,,peace ,,& ,,w> ,an acc\nt ( ! critical /ruggle = p[] & = ! decisive w> initiative4 ,! campaign fo/]$ by ! great ,rh9e factories1 & ! press+ problems :i* !y repres5t4 ,a matt] ( pre-em95t public int]e/ conc]n+ ! s9c]ity ( dis>mam5t1 ! future ( w>f>e1 & ! /ability ( peace4 ,,by ,,victor ,,lefebure ,(fic] ( ! ,ord] ( ! ,briti% ,empire 7,mil47 ,*evali] de la ,legion d',honneur1 ,(fic] ( ! ,cr[n ( ,italy ,fell[ ( ! ,*emical ,society1 etc4 ,,) ,a ,,preface ,,by ,,m>%al ,,fo* ,,& ,,an ,,introduction ,,by ,,field-,,m>%al ,,sir ,,h5ry ,,wilson1 ,,b>t4 ,*ief ( ! ,imp]ial ,g5]al ,/aff ,,! ,,*emical ,,f\ndation1 ,,inc4 #ha ,,fulton ,,/reet ,,new ,,york ,,city ,publi%$1 #aibc1 ,by ,,! ,,*emical ,,f\ndation1 ,,inc4 ---- ,all ,rights ,res]v$ ,pr9t$ 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates ( ,am]ica ,,preface ,my motives 9 writ+ ?is book are suffici5tly expla9$ 9 ! fir/ *apt]4 ,! sil5ce surr\nd+ ! true facts ( ! *emical campaign1 ! t>dy realisation ( ! real =ces beh9d x 9 ,g]many1 & our failure to grasp ! significance ( ! matt] 9 ! ,treaty1 all po9t$ to ! ne$ = an e>ly /atem5t4 ,m rec5tly1 ?is ne$ has be5 emphasis$ by inaccurate public utt]ances on ! matt]1 & by its vital importance = ! full & fair treatm5t ( c]ta9 legislative measures be=e ,alli$ c\ntries4 ,a unique exp]i5ce ( *emical w>f>e 9 all its aspects1 fir/ ) a combatant gas unit on ! ,briti% front 9 ,france1 !n z ,liaison ,(fic] ) ,france & o!r ,allies on all ,*emical ,w>f>e & alli$ que/ions1 has af=d$ me an exceptionally complete survey ( ! subject4 ,lat] po/-armi/ice exp]i5ce 9 ,p>is1 & ! occupi$ t]ritories1 assi/+ ,"l ,m\lton on v>i\s *emical que/ions 9 connection ) ! ,treaty1 & survey+ ! great *emical munition factories ( ! ,rh9e1 has provid$ a c5tral view ( ! :ole matt] :i* c h be5 ! privilege & opportunity ( v few4 ,fur!r1 my association ) ! dye indu/ry1 s9ce comm5c+ ?is book1 leaves me ) a deep conviction ( ! critical importance = dis>mam5t1 ( a _w r$i/ribution ( organic *emical production4 ,x is inevitable t su* a /ep %\ld b5efit ! gr[+ organic *emical indu/ries ( c\ntries o!r ?an ,g]many1 b ?is issue ne$ n be %irk$4 ,! importance ( ! matt] is s vital t x eclipses all reproa* t ! dis>mam5t argum5t = ! ma9t5ance ( ! dye indu/ry is us$ on selfi% gr\nds4 ,su* reproa* _c1 9 fairness1 be he>d unless x de/roys ! case :i* we h e/abli%$4 ,we are fac$ ) ! foll[+ alt]natives4 ,safety dem&s /rong organic *emical indu/ries or cumb]some & burd5some *emical w>f>e e/abli%m5ts4 ,! /ability ( future peace dep5ds ^u ! =m]1 & ! ext5t to :i* we mu/ e/abli%1 or c ab&on1 ! latt] dep5ds entirely on ! activity & success ( ^? ^: special duty x is to organise aga9/ w>4 ,a rec5t visit to ,am]ica reveal$ ! consid]able publicity & public int]e/ surr\nd+ *emical w>f>e1 /r5g!n+ my conviction t ! facts1 n[ nois$ abroad1 %\ld be pres5t$ 9 _! prop] sett+4 ,!y are supremely significant at ! pres5t "t & = ! future1 h5ce ! *apt]s :i* foll[4 ,v4 ,,lefebure4 ,,hamp/ead1 ,octob] #ab1 #aibj4 ,,preface ,,by ,,field ,,m>%al ,,fo* ,9 #aiah1 *emical w>f>e _h develop$ consid]ably 9 our army4 ,be=e #aiad ,g]many possess$ *emical factories :i* p]mitt$ h] to manufacture 9 great quantities *emicals us$ at ! front1 & to develop on a l>ge scale ?is new =m ( fight+4 ,! ,allies1 to retaliate1 _h to exp]im5t & organise important c5tres = production4 ,only 9 ?is way1 ?\gh />t+ late1 7 !y able to put !mselves 9 a position to supply ! gr[+ necessities ( _! armies4 ,to-day1 ! ability = aviation to c>ry increas+ weight furni%es a new me?od = abundantly spread+ poison gases ) ! aid ( /rong] & /rong] bombs1 & to rea* armies1 ! c5tres ( population 9 ! re>1 or to r5d] regions un9habitable4 ,*emical w>f>e is !re=e 9 a condition to produce m =midable results ov] m ext5d$ areas4 ,x is inconte/able on ! o!r h& t ?is gr[? w f9d an easy realisation 9 "o c\ntry1 ,g]many1 addict$ 9 times ( peace1 to :olesale manufacture ( *emical products1 :i* a simple modification 9 reactions c trans=m into w> products4 ,?is c\ntry1 depriv$1 p>tially at lea/1 ( its =m] me?ods ( fight+1 & its num]\s =ces ( specially tra9$ soldi]s1 regul>ly organis$ & /rongly arm$1 w be m drawn t[>d ! new sy/ems ( attack-- t ( *emical w>f>e4 ,*emical w>f>e mu/ !re=e ent] into our future provisions & prep>ations1 if we d n wi% to exp]i5ce "s t]rible surprises4 ,! "w ( ,major ,lefebure gives an exact idea ( ! possibilities he f9ds to-day 9 ,g]many1 & ?r\gh !m ! dang]s ) :i* %e ?reat5s u4 ,9 ?is =m x con/itutes a w>n+2 & in=mation ( ! highe/ ord]1 = ! m9ds :o rema9 anxi\s = ! fate ( _! c\ntry confront$ by ! ineffici5ce ( ! old fight+ me?ods :i* ! progress ( indu/ry out ( date r5d]s daily4 ,by s\nd+ ! al>m 9 bo? our c\ntries1 ,i f9d myself 9 company ) my fai?ful fri5d ,field ,m>%al ,sir ,h5ry ,wilson4 ,?is is an old habit1 contract$ by bo? ( u1 _m ye>s ago1 :i* we /ill ma9ta9 at ! pres5t "t to insure = ourselves once aga91 peace 9 ! future4 ,toge!r1 we say1 read ?is "w ( ,major ,lefebure4 ,f4 ,,fo*4 ,,cont5ts ,,page ,,*apt] ,i-,,explanatory ,! ,riddle ( ! ,rh9e-,a ,critical ,po9t 9 ,dis>mam5t-,ne$ = a ,balanc$ ,view ( ,*emical ,w>f>e-,"s ,prelim9>y ,explanation--,poison ,gas a ,mislead+ ,t]m-,! ,fr5* ,physiological ,classification-,asphyxiat+ ,sub/ances-,toxic ,sub/ances-,la*rymators-,vesicant or ,bli/]+ ,comp\nds-,sneez+ or ,/]nutatory ,sub/ances-,! ,tactical ,classification-,p]si/5t ,sub/ances-,non-p]si/5t ,sub/ances-,p5etrants-,special ,gas ,weapons & ,appliances-,gas ,%ell4 #ag ,,*apt] ,,ii-,,! ,,g]man ,,surprise ,! ,fir/ ,cl\d ,gas ,attack-,! ,elem5t ( ,surprise -,"l ,kit*5]'s ,prote/-,g]man ,prep>ations-- ,rese>*-,production-,field ,prep>ations-,g]man ,op9ion ( ,results-,g]many ,prompt$ by ,production ,monopoly-,/&>d ,uses = ,gas-,gas ,%ell-,fur!r ,g]man ,cl\d ,attacks-,hill #fj-,orig9 ( ,g]man ,gas ,%ell-,e>ly ,g]man ,gas ,%ell-,a ,successful ,exp]im5t-,la*rymators at ,loos1 #aiae-,! ,flamm5w]f]-,g]man ,phosg5e ,cl\ds-,gas & ! ,ea/]n ,!atre-,conclusion4 #ca ,,*apt] ,,iii-,,! ,,alli$ ,,reaction ,! ,ne$ ( ,retaliation-,fir/ ,signs-,! ,loos ,attack1 ,septemb]1 #aiae-,! ,somme ,battle1 #aiaf--,reasons = ,briti% ,cl\d ,gas ,success-,our ,casualties-,exhau/+ ,prep>ations = ,cl\d ,attack-,! ,liv5s ,projector-,briti% ,gas ,%ell-,g]man ,gas ,%ell ,developm5t1 #aiaf-,ma9 ,features ( ! ,p]iod4 #dh ,,*apt] ,,iv-,,int5sive ,,*emical ,,w>f>e ,! ,mu/>d ,gas ,surprise-,blue ,cross-,g]man ,emphasis on ,gas ,%ell-,! ,g]man ,projector-,g]man ,projector ,improvem5ts-,dyes 9 ,gas ,%ell--,g]man ,flame ,projectors-,_! ,orig9-,fur!r ,flame ,developm5t-,! #aiah ,(f5sive-,lud5dorff's ,te/imony-,prep>ations = ,assault-,gas ,def5sive ,flank at ,arm5ti]es-,fix$ ,gas ,b>rage at ,kemmel-,p]c5tage ( ,*emical ,%ell-,gas ,re-,cont5ts ,,page treat ,tactics-,g5]al ,h>tley's ,analysis-,p]c5tage ( ,g]man ,gas ,%ell 9 ,enemy ,dumps-,=c$ ,exhau/ion ( ,/ocks-,yp]ite1 ,fr5* ,mu/>d ,gas-,effect on ,g]man ,gas ,discipl9e-,alli$ ,gas ,/ati/ics-,critical ,importance ( ,rapid ,g]man ,production4 #ff ,,*apt] ,v-,,*emical ,,w>f>e ,,organisations ,g]man ,rese>*-,lev]kus5-,ho*/-,ludwig%av5-,e>l y ,=mulation ( ,policy-,movem5ts ( ,p]sonnel-,g]man ,simplicity ( ,organisation-,g]man ,organisation at ! ,front-,! ,gas ,regim5t--,e>ly ,g]man ,gas ,s*ool-,new ,gas ,regim5ts-,gas ,%ell ,exp]ts-,inspection ( ,protective ,masks & ,me?od-,briti% ,field ,organisation-- ,brea* ,organisations-,c5tral ,laboratory-,new ,type ( ,casualty,directorate ( ,gas ,s]vices-,briti% ,home ,organisations-,! ,royal ,society-,royal ,society ,*emical ,sub-,committee-,! ,tr5* ,w>f>e ,dep>tm5t-,sci5tific ,advisory ,committee -,comm]cial ,advisory ,committee-,split ,betwe5 ,rese>* & ,supply-,munitions ,inv5tions ,dep>tm5t-,imp]ial ,college ( ,sci5ce-,! ,*emical ,w>f>e ,dep>tm5t-,! ,anti-,gas ,dep>tm5t -,designs ,committee ,fr5* ,organisation-,italian ,developm5ts-,supply ,organisations-,briti% ,supply ,organisation-,alli$ ,h&icaps-,! ,g]man ,solution--,dep>tm5tal ,difficulties-- ,alli$ ,success ,aga9/ ,odds-,alli$ ,lack ( ,vision 9 ,production-,briti% ,lag 9 ,organisation-,fr5* & ,am]ican ,*>act]i/ics-,int]-,alli$ ,*emical ,w>f>e ,liaison-,int]-,alli$ ,supply-,nature ( ,*emical ,w>f>e ,rese>*-,discov]y ( ,new ,sub/ances-,te*nical ,me?od ( ,prep>ation-,fill+ ,problem-,protection-,half ,scale ,inve/igation-,two ,classes ( ,rese>*-,conclusion-,! ,out] & ,inn] ,l9es4 #he ,,*apt] ,,vi-,,! ,,/ruggle ,,= ,,! ,,initiative ,mean+ ( ! ,*emical ,initiative-,controll+ ,factors--,rapid ,manufacture ,rapid ,id5tification ,ess5tial-,propag&a & ,morale-,peculi> ,peace-"t ,dang]-,w> ,fluctuations ( ,initiative-,! ,t5se ,protective ,/ruggle-,! ,g]man ,mask-,en=c$ ,g]man ,modifications-,%ortage ( ,rubb]-,gas ,discipl9e-,summ>y-,new ,g]man ,attempts-,yell[ & ,blue ,cross-,yell[ ,cross-,blue ,cross-,p>ticulate ,cl\ds-,pot5tial ,production & ,peace4 lit ,cont5ts ,,page ,,*apt] ,,vii-,,review ,,( ,,production ,critical ,importance ( ,production-,significance ( ! ,g]man ,dye ,indu/ry--,! ,int]ess5 ,geme9s*aft-,w> ,production by ! ,i4,g4-,alli$ ,difficulties-,conclusion4 #adc ,,*apt] ,,viii-,,am]ican ,,developm5ts ,special ,att5tion ju/ifi$-,special ,value ( ,am]ican ,op9ion-,e>ly ,am]ican ,activities-,field ,activities -,special ,difficulties-,edgewood ,ars5al-,rese>*--,production-,po/-,armi/ ice ,developm5ts-,views ( ,g5]al ,fries-,! ,gas ,cl\d ,inescapable-,importance ( ,smoke-,casualty ,p]c5t ages-,%ort ,range ,projectors-,va/ ,expansion 9 ,p]sonnel4 #agc ,,*apt] ,,ix-,,g]man ,,*emical ,,policy ,orig9 ( ,g]man ,*emical ,monopolies-,g]man ,*emical ,comm]cial ,policy-,evid5ce ( ! ,u4 ,s4 ,a4 ,ali5 ,prop]ty ,cu/odian-,pre-w> ,am]ican ,situation--,g]man ,price ,cutt+--,salicylic ,acid-- ,full ,l9e ,=c+--,brib]y & ,corruption--,g]man ,pat5t ,policy--,propag&a & ,in=mation--,espionage-,activities ( ! ,dye ,ag5cies-,manoeuvr+ ,raw ,mat]ials-,*emical ,ex*ange ,association -,doctor ,alb]t's ,lett]-,dye ,ag5cy ,in=mation ,sy/em-,dr4 ,alb]t on ,*emical ,w>f>e-,! ,moral ,aspect-,report ( ! ,new ,york ,_w-,g]man ,policy ,reg>d+ ,dye ,supplies to ! ,u4 ,s4 ,a4--,pr(essor ,/ieglitz's ,evid5ce ,ehrli*'s ,discov]y--,drugs & ,m$ic9al ,products-,! ,g]man ,monopoly-,national ,heal? ,insurance ,commission-,! ,royal ,society--,novoca9--,beta-,euca9e--,phot ographic ,*emicals-,w> ,activities ( ! ,i4,g4-,! ,rh9e ,factories & ! ,armi/ice-,w> ,m5tality ( ! ,i4,g4-,g]man ,attitude t[>ds ,inspection-,! ,rh9e & ,*aulny ,contra/-,g]man ,revolution & ! ,indu/rial ,lead]s-,! ,g]man ,peace ,delegation -,rec5t ,signs ( ,gov]nm5t ,int]e/-,nitrog5 ,fixation-,! ,g]man ,nitrog5 ,syndicate-,hab] ,process ,prom95t-,! ,new ,g]man ,dye ,comb9e -,aggressive ,nationali/ ,policy4 #ahf ,,*apt] ,x-,,l9es ,,( ,,future ,,developm5t ,! ,elem5t ( ,speculation-,*emical ,tactics & ,/rategy-,new ,w> ,*emicals--,cam\flage ,*emicals-,functions ,hi!rto ,immune-,*emical ,con/itution & ,physiological ,action-,unsolv$ ,prob- ,cont5ts ,,page lems ( ,mu/>d ,gas-,a ,new ,type ( ,ob/acle-- ,! ,p]si/5t ,le?al ,sub/ance-,! ,critical ,range-,! ,new ,no-,man's-,l&-,! ,al]t ,gas ,zone--,gas & ,aircraft-,protective ,developm5t -,individual ,protection-,collective ,protection-,conclusion4 #bae ,,*apt] ,,xi-,,humane ,,or ,,inhumane8 ,nature ( ,gas ,casualties-,s>g5t's ,picture-,ne$ = ,safegu>ds4 #bch ,,*apt] ,,xii-,,*emical ,,w>f>e ,,& ,,dis>mam5t ,! ,treaty ( ,v]sailles-,g]man ,in=mation-,limitation ( ,armam5t-,report ( ! ,h>tley ,mission -,new ,conceptions 9 ,*emical ,dis>mam5t-,limitation ,me*anical & ,*emical-,tank ,dis>mam5t -,*emical ,limitation-,rese>*-,production-,me*anic al & ,*emical ,prep>ations = ,w>-,rec5t ,dis>mam5t ,proposals-,! ,cov5ant ( ! ,league ,ne$ = ,gu>antees-,visc\nt ,grey1 ,g]many mu/ dis>m fir/'-- ,sugge/$ ,me?ods--,ve/$ ,int]e/s--,h&+ ,ov] ,inv5tions-,neglect ( ,*emical ,dis>mam5t 9 ! ,treaty4 #bdb ,,conclusion-,,! ,,treaty ,,( ,,! ,,future4 #bfd ,,illu/rations ,,! ,,liv5s ,,projector-,i4 ,frontispiece ,a complet$ batt]y ( projectors 9 ! =egr\nd1 ) a batt]y on ! left re>1 half dug 94 ,suitably cam\flag$ ) bru%1 ! batt]ies are n obs]vable by aircraft1 &1 be+ 9 ,no-,man's-,l&1 nei!r p>ty c detect !m by day4 ,,fac+ ,,page ,,typical ,,gas ,,%ell ,,bur/+4 #cj ,,! ,,liv5s ,,projector-,,ii #fa ,a work+ p>ty fitt+ electric leads & adju/+ bombs prior to dis*>ge4 ,?is "w occurs at night4 ,,! ,,liv5s ,,projector-,,iii4 #acc ,explosion ( ,liv5s bombs on ! objective4 ,,smoke ,,b>rage4 #aha ,note ! %>p curta9 :i* is =m$1 beh9d :i* ! infantry advance4 ,,introduction ,no "o :o has ! welf>e ( ! c\ntry at he>t c fail to %>e ,major ,lefebure's anxiety t a cle>1 accurate1 & unbias$ acc\nt ( *emical w>f>e %\ld be pres5t$ to ! public1 s t ! _m errone\s ideas n[ preval5t 9 reg>d to poison gas & its uses may be dispell$4 ,! :ole subject ( *emical w>f>e is at pres5t sub judice1 & !re is great dang] t ! future safety ( ?is c\ntry may be jeop>dis$ by ! almo/ univ]sal ignorance ( ! peculi>ities & pot5tialities ( ?is class ( w>f>e4 ,rec5t publications 9 ! ,press h %[n a t5d5cy to deal ) ! subject on purely s5tim5tal gr\nds1 & attempts h be5 made to decl>e ?is =m ( w>f>e illegitimate )\t full & c>eful consid]ation ( all ! facts & _! significance = ! future4 ,major ,lefebure has !re=e attempt$ 9 8 book to make x q cle> t no conv5tion1 gu>antee1 or dis>mam5t safegu>d w prev5t an unscrupul\s enemy f employ+ poison gas1 especially if t enemy has discov]$ "s new p[]ful ag5t1 or possesses1 z ,g]many does 9 h] well-organis$ & /rong *emical indu/ry1 a ready means = produc+ su* *emicals 9 bulk at practically a mom5t's notice2 fur!r1 t ! safety ( ?is c\ntry makes x imp]ative t ! /udy & inve/igation ( ! subject %\ld be cont9u$ & t our *emical & dye indu/ry %\ld be develop$1 s t :5 an em]g5cy arises we may h ! necess>y facilities = supply ready to h&4 ,x is n = me to express any op9ion "h ei!r z to ! desirability ( us+ gas z a weapon or z to ! possibility ( prev5t+ an enemy f us+ x4 ,b ,i am conv9c$ t a decision come to )\t full k ( ! facts may involve grave dang] & heavy prev5table loss ( life4 ,i am fur!r conv9c$ t ,major ,lefebure1 by 8 special k & long exp]i5ce z *emical liaison (fic] dur+ ! w>1 is well qualifi$ to speak1 & t 8 op9ion is entitl$ to full consid]ation4 ,= ^! reasons ,i ?9k t 8 book w d a mu* ne$$ public s]vice4 ,i wi% x e success1 & ! greate/ possible numb] ( read]s4 ,,h5ry ,,wilson1 ,f4,m4 ,,*apt] #a ,,explanatory ,! ,riddle ( ! ,rh9e4--,! ,great ,w> *all5g$ our v exi/5ce4 ,b ) ! t5sion releas$1 & ! ,allies victori\s1 ! *eck to ! ,g]man m5ace appe>s cru%+ & complete4 ,few realise t "o =midable *all5ge has n be5 answ]$4 ,sil5tly m5ac+1 ! *emical ?reat rema9s unrecognis$4 ,h[1 asks ! read]1 c ?is be8 ,are we n aw>e ( ! poison gas campaign8 ,inde$1 we h n yet grasp$ ! simple te*nical facts ( ! case1 & ^! are m]ely ! outw>d signs ( a deep-root$ m5ace ^: nature1 activities1 & pot5tialities are d\bly important because s utt]ly unsuspect$ by ^? :om !y mo/ ?reat54 ,h[ _m ( u1 = example1 realise t ! ,g]mans reli$ ma9ly on gas = success 9 ! great ,m>* assault ( #aiah1 :i* ?reat5$ to influ5ce ! de/9ies ( ! _w4 ,yet ,lud5dorff goes out ( 8 way to tell u h[ mu* he c\nt$ ^u x4 ,h[ _m und]/& t ! #aiah ho/ilities 7 no long] a w> ( explosives4 ,g]man guns 7 fir+ m ?an fifty p] c5t4 ( gas & w> *emical4 ,b a deep /udy ( su* w> facts reveals a mu* m significant matt]4 ,all are aw>e ( ! enorm\s national ent]prises built to fulfil our explosives programme4 ,) mu%room-l gr[? *emical e/abli%m5ts ( a magnitude hi!rto unkn[n 9 ,engl& arose to meet our cry+ ne$s4 ,:at 0 ! ,g]man equival5t1 & :]e 7 ! huge res]voirs ( gas & w> *emical :i* fill$ ^? c\ntless %ells8 ,krupp1 ( ,ess51 loom$ l>ge 9 ! m9d ( e ,alli$ citiz5 & soldi]4 ,!re lay ! s9ews ( w> 9 ! mak+4 ,b ! guns 7 useless )\t _! message4 ,:o provid$ x8 ,a satisfactory answ] to ?is "q dem&s an exam9ation ( ! great ,g]man ,i4,g41 ! ,int]ess5 ,geme9s*aft1 ! _w p[] 9 organic *emical ent]prise1 ^: monopoly exi/5ce ?reat5$ to turn ! tide ( w> aga9/ u4 ,?is organisation em]ges f ! w> ) r5ew$ & great] /r5g?4 ,our spl5did b improvis$ factories dra9$ ! vital =ces ( ! nation1 & n[ lie idle1 :ile ,g]man w> *emical production f$ new life blood & graft$ new tissue to ! great pre-w> factories ( ! ,i4,g41 :i*1 if %e w1 %e c use aga9/ u 9 ! future4 ,i d n claim t ?is ,g]man comb9e has at pres5t any direct economic or milit>y policy aga9/ _w peace4 ,9 any case1 ! facts mu/ speak = !mselves4 ,b ! foll[+ pages w prove t ! m]e exi/5ce ( ! complete ,g]man monopoly1 repres5t$ by ! =ces ( ! ,i4,g41 h[ev] free f suspicion might be ! m5tality & morals ( ^? direct+ its activities1 con/itutes1 9 itself1 a s]i\s m5ace4 ,x is1 if y w1 a mon/] cam\flag$ float+ m9e 9 ! tr\bl$ sea ( _w peace1 :i* ! =ces ( recon/ruction h left unswept4 ,! exi/5ce ( ?is giant monopoly raises vital milit>y & economic que/ions1 :i* are1 inde$1 ,! ,riddle ( ! ,rh9e4 ,imp]sonal ,exam9ation ( ,fact4--,9 a s\nd exam9ation ( ! subject x becomes necess>y to exam9e ! activities ( our =m] enemies v closely4 ,ev5 adopt+ a mild view ( ! case1 _! reputation has n be5 unattack$1 & is n left unt>ni%$4 ,we1 h[ev]1 h no desire to r5ew su* attacks1 b we wi% our /atem5t to be coldly reliable4 ,national & int]national issues are at /ake :i* require a backgr\nd unprejudic$ by w> emotion4 ,plac$ 9 a simil> pr$icam5t1 9 report+ to 8 ,gov]nm5t ( ! me?ods ( ,g]man economic aggression 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates ( ,am]ica1 ,mr4 ,mit*ell ,palm]1 ! ,ali5 ,prop]ty ,cu/odian1 express$ himself z foll[s3 ,i d n advocate any trade boycott out ( _s ( rev5ge or 9 retaliation = injuries done to ! ,unit$ ,/ates4 ,i d n want to cont9ue ! w> aft] ! w>4 ,i am = peace4 ,i believe t ! great ov]%ad[+ result :i* has come f ?is w> is ! assurance ( peace almo/ ev]la/+ among/ ! peoples ( ! e>?4 ,i w\ld help to make t an absolute c]ta9ty by refus+ to p]mit ,g]many to prosecute a w> aft] ! w>4 ,! milit>y arm ( h] w> ma*9e has be5 palsi$ by ! trem5d\s hamm]+ ( ! alli$ p[]s4 ,b h] t]ritory 0 n invad$1 & if %e c get out ( ! w> ) h] home t]ritory intact1 rebuild a /able gov]nm5t1 & /ill h h] =eign m>kets subject to h] exploitation1 by means no less f\l & unfair ?an ^? :i* %e has employ$ on ! field ( battle1 we %all n be safe f future onslaughts diff]5t 9 me?ods1 b ) ! same purpose t mov$ h] on t fateful day 9 ,july :5 %e set out to conqu] ! _w4 ,ours is a fair /&po9t4 ,let u "k ! facts ( ! *emical w> into :i* ,g]many impell$ u4 ,let u exam9e its ma9spr+s1 9 conception & action1 see h[ f> !y c be expla9$ 9 t]ms ( pre-w> ,g]many1 & h[ f> !y rema9 ready to function 9 ! mu* desir$ peace :i* !y ?reat54 ,if ! result be unpleasant1 let u n hide our heads 9 ! s&1 b ex]cise a wise vigilance1 *oose :at precautions are available & consi/5t ) our plans = _w peace4 ,a ,critical ,po9t 9 ,dis>mam5t4--,probably nev] be=e 9 ! hi/ory ( man has ,dis>mam5t figur$ z su* a vitally urg5t national & int]national measure4 ,discussions & (ficial utt]ances reveal a v disquiet+ t5d5cy4 ,:5 comp>$ ) ! me?ods1 armam5t & mat]ials ( ! w> 9 #aiad1 ^? ( #aiah reveal basic *anges :i* a hundr$ ye>s ( =m] peace c\ld n h br\ght ab\t4 ,^! developm5ts are n m]ely ( fact1 b !y repres5t ! op5+ ( new fields1 visions ( possibilities previ\sly undream$ ( by ! practical soldi]4 ,by ! conc5trat$ application ( electricity1 *emi/ry1 & o!r sci5ces to w> two dom9at+ factors h em]g$1 ^: importance to w>1 & dang] = _w peace1 c only ga9 mom5tum ) "t4 ,! sci5tific or te*nical initiative1 ! inv5tion ( a deadly new *emical1 wireless-direct$ a]oplane1 or o!r w> appliance & _! incid5ce on w> ?r\gh l>ge scale production 9 ! conv]tible indu/ries ( peace con/itute a *all5ge :i*1 if unansw]$ by practical s*emes = _w dis>mam5t1 w r5d] ! latt] worse ?an useless1 by aggravat+ ! dang] ( sudd5 decisive attack 9 an o!rwise dis>m$ _w4 ,!re is a t5d5cy to ignore ?is aspect ( dis>mam5t4 ,we appe> to be ?9k+ 9 t]ms ( a _w /ill organis$ = w> on #aiad l9es4 ,! disb&+ ( ! ,g]man army & semi-milit>y organisations1 & ! r$uction ( h] artill]y & small arms seem to occupy all our att5tion4 ,su*1 x might be urg$1 is ! imm$iate ne$2 we c leave ! future to f9d answ]s to ! o!r problems4 ,?is answ] is dang]\s1 = x ignores ! dis>mam5t aspect ( :at is p]haps ! mo/ important developm5t 9 ! mod]n (f5sive campaign4 ,we ref] to poison gas or *emical w>f>e4 ,?is1 ! crux ( all dis>mam5t1 is dealt ) at "s l5g? 9 ! *apt]s :i* foll[4 ,a curi\sly illogical attitude ( m9d has aris5 9 c]ta9 qu>t]s4 ,!re is a t5d5cy among /rong adh]5ts to ! ideal ( _w peace to reg>d !mselves z its sole possessors4 ,e ?9k+ civilian & soldi] mu/ adh]e to su* an ideal2 ! only po9t at issue is ! me?od ( approa*+ x4 ,! m]e fact t a ,league ( ,nations is call$ into be+ to atta9 _w peace implies recognition ( ! fact t a def9ite me*anism & def9ite measures are requir$ = ! purpose2 ?is is self-evid5t4 ,!re are ^? :o1 hav+ e/abli%$ _! ,league ( ,nations1 feel t !y c atta9 *emical peace by m]ely prohibit+ *emical w>1 9 o!r words1 !y expect _! me*anism to a*ieve its object )\t function+1 to atta9 peace by its m]e exi/5ce4 ,j z special measures are requir$ to control dis>mam5t 9 ! old] bran*es ( w>f>e1 9 ! same way special measures1 b n ! same measures1 are requir$ to control ! *emical peace4 ,*emical peace gu>ante$ by a m]e signature is no peace at all4 ,9 a rec5t ,press utt]ance we f9d an appeal to prohibit *emical w>f>e & to tru/ ! g5]al s5tim5t ( ! civilis$ _w to say t ! lesson has be5 le>nt 9 t s5se4 ,!re is ! ,league ( ,nations to furni% t s5tim5t ) a m\?piece & a sanction4 ,we agree1 b to /op !re is dang]\s1 ! mo/ important ?+ :i* x mu/ furni% is a me*anism ( control1 a *eck1 or gu>antee4 ,?is "q is "o ( ! mo/ important :i* confronts u = _w peace4 ,x m]its ! mo/ c>eful consid]ation4 ,ev5 responsible & relevant (ficials :o admit t _! ,league mu/ d m ?an issue edicts1 t _! me*anism mu/ function1 are ignor+ ! specific te*nical aspect ( ! w> me?ods ^: use we wi% to limit4 ,?is matt] w receive lat] att5tion4 ,! foll[+ pages1 !re=e1 are an attempt to repres5t ! sali5t po9ts 9 ! developm5t ( *emical w>f>e1 its causes1 results1 & future4 ,su* an attempt _c limit itself to m]ely ,briti% developm5ts1 & ?is is n a f9al detail$ memoir ( ,briti% *emical w>f>e4 ,fur!r1 9 consid]+ ! future1 we exam9e ano!r aspect ( *emical w>f>e4 ,facts lead u to believe t x 0 purely ! mo/ op5 & obvi\s activity 9 a :ole campaign ( *emical aggression :i* _h effective unity ( conception & direction long be=e ! w> />t$4 ,ne$ = a ,balanc$ ,view ( ,*emical ,w>f>e4--,! facts ( *emical w>f>e h probably be5 less v5tilat$ ?an ^? ( any o!r important w> developm5t4 ,yet no subject has ar\s$ m g5]al & int5se feel+4 ,tanks1 aircraft1 ! diff]5t campaigns1 enemy memoirs1 & a v>iety ( w> subjects1 h receiv$ a consid]able measure ( publicity1 "s m ?an full measure4 ,grave que/ions are p5d+ 9 :i* ! *emical aspect ( national def5ce is a prom95t factor4 ,h[ev] will+ ! individual conc]n$1 he _c make a s\nd judgm5t on ! brief te*nical or popul> g>bl$ v]sions :i* h appe>$4 ,"o se>*es 9 va9 = balanc$ & detail$ /atem5ts on ! "q4 ,?is may be due 9 no way to lack ( int5tion1 b to lack ( opportunity4 ,!re=e1 no excuse is ne$$ = ?is contribution1 b r an apology = ! obscurity :i* has s f> surr\nd$ ! subject4 ,:at is ! cause ( ?is emotional or almo/ hy/]ical backgr\nd f :i* a cle> def9ition ( ! matt] is only n[ beg9n+ to em]ge8 ,circum/ances are to blame2 ! fir/ op5 act ( *emical w>f>e decid$ ! matt]4 ,?is ev5t1 ! fir/ ,g]man cl\d gas attack at ,ypres1 arriv+ at ! peak ( alli$ indignation aga9/ a s]ies ( ,g]man abuses1 9 p>ticul> ) reg>d to ! treatm5t ( prison]s1 left ! _w agha/ at ! new atrocity4 ,fur!r1 its use aga9/ entirely unprotect$ troops 0 p>ticul>ly revolt+4 ,! fact t su* a cl\d ( *lor9e w\ld h pass$ ! #aiah armies unt\*$ beh9d _! mod]n respirators1 c\ld n be kn[n to1 nor appreciat$ by ! relatives ( ! #aiae casualties4 ,b ! emotion & indignation call$ =? by ! fir/ use ( gas has surviv$ a p]iod ( ye>s1 at ! end ( :i* ! te*nical facts w\ld no long]1 ( !mselves1 ju/ify su* feel+4 ,we w\ld hesitate to d any?+ :i* might dispel ?is emotional mom5tum 7 we n conv9c$ t1 unaccompani$ by k1 x becomes a v grave dang]4 ,if we felt t ! ann\ncem5t ( an edict 0 suffici5t to suppress *emical w>f>e we w\ld gladly /imulate any public emotion to create su* an edict4 ,b !re9 lies ! dang]4 ,ow+ to c]ta9 te*nical peculi>ities1 :i* c be cle>ly reveal$ by exam9ation ( ! facts1 x is impossible to suppress *emical w>f>e 9 ?is way4 ,z well try to suppress disease by =bidd+ its recurr5ce4 ,b we c take precaution aga9/ disease1 & ! foll[+ exam9ation w %[ cle>ly t we c take simil> precautions aga9/ ! o!rwise p]man5t m5ace ( *emical w>4 ,fur!r1 back$ by su* precautions1 a p[]ful int]national edict has value4 ,x is1 !re=e1 our int5tion to pres5t a reason$ acc\nt ( ! developm5t ( poison gas1 or *emical w>f>e1 dur+ ! rec5t w>4 ,b to leave ! matt] !re w\ld be mislead+ & culpable1 =1 h[ev] int]e/+ ! simple facts ( ! *emical campaign1 !y ow$ _! be+ to a comb9ation ( =ces1 ^: nature & significance = ! future are inf9itely m important4 ,! *ief cause ( ! *emical w> 0 an uns\nd & dang]\s _w di/ribution ( indu/rial organic *emical =ces4 ,unless "s readju/m5t occurs1 ?is w rema9 ! po9t faible 9 _w dis>mam5t4 ,we1 !re=e1 propose to exam9e ! relation%ips betwe5 *emical indu/ry1 w>1 & dis>mam5t4 ,"s ,prelim9>y ,explanation4--,! *emi/ry ( w>1 develop$ "u ! /ress ( ! poison gas campaign1 is ( absorb+ *emical & te*nical int]e/1 b x has none ! less a g5]al appeal4 ,:5 its app>5tly disconnect$ & =midable facts are reveal$ z an ess5tial "p ( a t5se /ruggle 9 :i* move & c\nt]-move foll[$ swiftly "o ^u ! o!r1 its appeal becomes mu* wid]4 ,!re=e1 9 ord] n to confuse ! ma9 issue 9 ! foll[+ *apt]s by ent]+ ^u tiresome def9itions1 x is propos$ to conclude ! pres5t *apt] by expla9+1 simply1 a numb] ( *emical w>f>e conceptions ) :i* ! exp]t is probably well acqua9t$4 ,poison ,gas a ,mislead+ ,t]m--,poison gas is a mislead+ t]m1 &4 our subject is mu* bett] describ$ z *emical1 w>f>e4 ,let u sub/antiate ?is by exam9+ briefly ! types ( *emicals :i* 7 us$4 ,9 ! fir/ place !y 7 n all gases2 ! t5d5cy dur+ ! w> 0 t[>ds ! use ( liquids & solids4 ,ev5 ! *emicals :i* appe>$ z gases on ! field ( battle 7 transport$ & project$ z liquids1 produc$ by compression4 ,z ! poison w> develop$1 a l>ge numb] ( diff]5t *emicals became available = use by ! oppos+ armies4 ,^! c he classifi$1 ei!r accord+ to _! tactical use1 or accord+ to _! physiological effects on man4 ,! ,briti%1 ,fr5*1 ,am]ican1 & ,g]man armies all t5d$ to ! f9al adoption ( a tactical classification1 b ! ,fr5* emphasis$ ! physiological side4 ,let u use _! classification z a basis = a review ( ! *ief *emicals conc]n$4 ,! ,fr5* ,physiological ,classification2--,asphyxiat+ ,sub/ances2-- ,toxic ,sub/ances2--,*emicals or poison gases 7 ei!r asphyxiat+1 toxic1 la*rymatory1 vesicant1 or /]nutatory4 ,x is p]fectly true t ! asphyxiat+ & toxic sub/ances1 us$ dur+ ! w>1 produc$ a high] p]c5tage ( dea?s ?an ! o!r ?ree classes1 b ! latt] 7 responsible = _m m casualties4 ,! s-call$ asphyxiat+ gases produc$ _! effect by produc+ lesions & conge/ion 9 ! pulmon>y sy/em1 caus+ dea? by suffocation4 ,! be/ kn[n sub/ances ( ?is type 0 *lor9e1 employ$ 9 ! liquid /ate 9 cyl9d]s on ! occasion ( ! fir/ ,g]man gas attack1 b ! mo/ =midable 7 phosg5e 7an important sub/ance requir$ 9 ! manufacture ( dyes71 diphosg5e1 *lor-picr91 made f blea*+ p[d] & picric acid1 brom-acetone1 :i* 0 also a p[]ful la*rymator1 & diph5yl*lor>s9e1 kn[n z sneez+ gas1 ! fir/ /]nutatory or sneez+ comp\nd to appe> on ! front 9 l>ge quantities4 ,! toxic comp\nds 7 s call$ because ( _! specific effect ^u p>ticul> p>ts ( ! organism su* z1 = example1 ! n]v\s sy/em4 ,! *ief example1 ) reg>d to ! milit>y value ( :i* !re has be5 mu* dispute1 0 prussic1 or hydrocyanic1 acid4 ,! ,fr5* _h def9ite evid5ce ( ! mortal effect ( ?is comp\nd ^u ,g]man gunn]s1 b x 0 d\bt$ by o!r ,allies :e!r ,fr5* gas %ell produc$ a suffici5t conc5tration ( gas to be ( milit>y value4 ,x 0 a kill or cure comp\nd1 = recov]y 0 rapid f any conc5tration :i* did n produce dea?4 ,a prom95t ,cambridge physiologi/1 9 ! heat ( ! controv]sy on ?is matt]1 made a v brave & self-sacrific+ exp]im5t4 ,he ent]$ a *amb] ( prussic acid :i* 0 suffici5tly conc5trat$ to cause ! dea? ( o!r animals :i* 7 pres5t4 ,!y 7 remov$ 9 "t1 & he escap$ because ! conc5tration 0 n a mortal "o = man4 ,?is 01 9 a s5se1 an exp]im5tum crucis &1 al?\gh x did n disprove ! extreme dang] ( prussic acid1 if employ$ 9 high conc5trations1 x %[$1 on ! o!r h&1 t x 0 difficult to gauge ! milit>y value by field exp]im5ts2 battle results 7 necess>y4 ,! ,g]mans' disappo9tm5t ) ! use ( ars5ic comp\nds confirms ?is ne$ = battle evid5ce4 ,la*rymators4--,!re is h>dly ne$ to dwell on ! next class1 ! la*rymator4 ,^! comp\nds 7 employ$ on a l>ge scale to produce tempor>y bl9dness by la*rymation1 or weep+4 ,we give lat] "s int]e/+ examples ( _! use on ! front4 ,x is an arre/+ ?\ght t ev5 z e>ly z #ahhg ,pr(essor ,baey]1 ! r5[n$ organic *emi/ ( ,muni*1 9 8 lectures to advanc$ /ud5ts1 includ$ a ref]5ce to ! milit>y value ( ^! comp\nds4 ,vesicant or ,bli/]+ ,comp\nds4--,x 0 ! introduction ( ! f\r?1 ! vesicant class1 :i* reveal$1 m ?an any o!r enemy move1 ! great possibilities inh]5t 9 *emical w>f>e4 ,^! comp\nds1 ! *ief ( :i* 0 mu/>d gas1 produc$ vesicant1 or sk9 burn+1 effects1 :i*1 al?\gh r>ely mortal1 7 suffici5t to put a man out ( action = a numb] ( mon?s4 ,mu/>d gas result$ f pure sci5tific inve/igation z e>ly z #ahfj4 ,victor ,mey]1 ! fam\s ,g]man *emi/1 describ$ ! sub/ance 9 #ahhd1 indicat+ its sk9-bli/]+ effects4 ,!re is evid5ce ( fur!r inve/igation 9 ,g]man laboratories a ye> be=e ! outbreak ( w>1 & :atev] ! motive = ?is "w1 we "k t mu/>d gas mu/ h receiv$ ! e>ly att5tion ( ! ,g]man ,w> ,(fice1 = x 0 approv$ & 9 production e>ly 9 #aiag4 ,al?\gh ! ,m$ec9 aide-major ,*evali] ( ! ,fr5* s]vices drew att5tion to its importance 9 #aiaf1 ! ,fr5* _h no s]i\s ?\ght ( us+ mu/>d gas1 & did n realise its possibilities until ! ,g]man battle exp]im5t ( ,july1 #aiag4 ,x is n g5]ally kn[n1 h[ev]1 t o!r vesicant comp\nds 7 employ$1 notably "s ( ! ars5ic comp\nds1 & ! ,g]mans 7 rese>*+ on sub/ances ( ?is nature :i* gave great promise ( success4 ,mu/>d gas provides a /rik+ example ( ! organic way 9 :i* *emical w>f>e is b\nd up ) ! dye indu/ry4 ,! comp\nds requir$ = its manufacture 7 ^? :i* _h be5 made on a l>ge scale by ! ,i4,g4 = ! production ( indigo4 ,_w indigo monopoly meant possession ( a pot5tial mu/>d gas surprise on ! outbreak ( w>4 ,sneez+ or ,/]nutatory ,sub/ances4--,! la/ class1 ! /]nutatory sub/ances1 produc$ ! famili> sneez+ effect :i* 0 accompani$ by int5se pa9 & irritation ( ! nose1 ?roat1 & respiratory *annels4 ,!y 7 mo/ly ars5ic comp\nds & 7 n only /]nutatory b also toxic1 produc+ ! aft] effects ( ars5ic poison+4 ,! ,tactical ,classification4--,f ! po9t ( view ( our acc\nt ( *emical w>f>e1 h[ev]1 ! physiological classification ( ^! sub/ances is n s important z ! tactical &1 inde$1 once ?is gr\p+ ( ! sub/ances is und]/ood1 a pr(\nd k ( _! *emical nature is n necess>y4 ,p]si/5t ,sub/ances4--,two ma9 classes exi/ f ! tactical ,po9t ( view4 ,!re are ^? p]si/5t sub/ances :i* rema9 = a long "t on ! soil or on ! object on :i* !y are spray$ by %ell1 :ile reta9+ _! dang]\s effect4 ,mu/>d gas 0 ! *ief example1 b "s ( ! la*rymators 7 j z p]si/5t4 ,by _! use x is possible to r5d] gr\nd un9habitable or ineffective = milit>y movem5t4 ,! comb9ation ( ! vesicant & p]si/5t prop]ties ( mu/>d gas r5d]$ x a p[]ful milit>y factor4 ,non-,p]si/5t ,sub/ances4--,on ! o!r h&1 !re are ! relatively volatile sub/ances1 su* z phosg5e1 :i* c be us$ imm$iately be=e an attack4 ,! *ief /]nutatory comp\nd1 diph5yl*lor>s9e1 al?\gh n volatile1 c\ld also be us$ 9 ?is way1 =1 be+ a solid & 9 a v f9ely pulv]is$ /ate1 its pres5ce on ! gr\nd 0 n a di/9ct dang]1 & x invit$ *emical decomposition4 ,p5etrants4--,! ,g]mans introduc$ an additional tactical gr\p4 ,?is compris$ pulv]is$ sub/ances able to p5etrate ! mask on acc\nt ( _! exi/5ce z m9ute p>ticles4 ,! ,g]mans express$ ^! tactical conceptions by _! %ell m>k+s4 ,! famili> ,gre5 ,cross repres5t$ ! slightly p]si/5t1 volatile1 le?al comp\nds1 su* z phosg5e & diphosg5e4 ,! ,g]man gunn] _h no ne$ to "k ! cont5t ( 8 gas %ell s long z he c\ld id5tify ! cross4 ,yell[ ,cross1 repres5t+ mu/>d gas1 0 ! mo/ highly p]si/5t type4 ,x is int]e/+ to speculate :e!r a new p]si/5t comp\nd1 ^: milit>y value 0 due to "s o!r prop]ty ?an ! bli/]+1 w\ld h be5 gr\p$ "u ,yell[ ,cross4 ,logically1 ?is %\ld h be5 done4 ,blue ,cross cov]$ ! ars5ic gr\p ( comp\nds1 :i* 7 non-p]si/5t & 7 expect$ to p5etrate ! mask4 ,s /rong 0 ?is tactical conception t ! ,allies 7 on ! v]ge ( adopt+ a uni=m %ell m>k+ bas$ on ?is pr9ciple ?r\gh\t _! armies4 ,special ,gas ,weapons & ,appliances4--,x is a popul> misconception t gas 0 only dis*>g$ f cyl9d]s 9 huge cl\ds1 or us$ z artill]y %ell4 ,a numb] ( special weapons develop$1 :i* 7 p>ticul>ly adapt$ = gas4 ,?us1 ! ,liv5s projector1 :i* 0 a great ,alli$ advance1 produc$ a gas cl\d a long di/ance f ! po9t ( dis*>ge1 :ile ! ,/okes & o!r %ort range guns 7 us$ = rapid fire ( l>ge numb]s ( gas %ell4 ,! prim>y conceptions ) reg>d to protection h be5 br\ght home to s _m1 ?r\gh ! fact t ! mask 0 a "p ( ! equipm5t ( e soldi]1 t we ne$ n dwell on !m "h4 ,x is n g5]ally realis$1 h[ev]1 t e modification introduc$ by ei!r side 0 a vital & direct c\nt] to "s enemy move plann$ to r5d] ! protection ( ! oppon5t ineffective4 ,gas ,%ell4--,a ^w is necess>y to def9e ! use ( gas %ell4 ,! po9t :i* mu/ be realis$ is t gas1 & 9 p>ticul> gas %ell1 fulfill$ a special purpose 9 w>f>e1 f :i* x 0 mu* m suitable ?an explosives4 ,! use = neutralis+ batt]ies1 cross roads1 & r5d]+ :ole areas un9habitable1 is develop$ fully 9 our ref]5ce to ! great ,g]man attacks 9 #aiah4 ,) ?is brief sket* to cle> ! gr\nd1 we c emb>k m freely ^u ! acc\nt ( *emical w>f>e :i* foll[s4 ,,*apt] ,,ii ,,! ,,g]man ,,surprise ,ypres1 ,april1 #aiae1 to ! ,somme1 ,augu/1 #aiaf4 ,! ,fir/ ,cl\d ,gas ,attack4--,! critical factor ( surprise 9 w> 0 nev] ne>] decisive success ?an on ,april #bbnd1 #aiae4 ,( ?is1 ! occasion ( ! fir/ ,g]man gas attack at ,ypres1 ,field-,m>%al ,sir ,j4 ,d4 ,p4 ,fr5* ,/at$3 ,foll[+ a heavy bomb>dm5t1 ! enemy attack$ ! ,fr5* ,division at ab\t #e p4m41 us+ asphyxiat+ gases = ! fir/ "t4 ,aircraft report$ t at ab\t #e p4m4 ?ick yell[ smoke _h be5 se5 issu+ f ! ,g]man tr5*es betwe5 ,langem>ck & ,bixs*oote4 ,:at foll[s almo/ defies description4 ,! effect ( ^! poison\s gases 0 s virul5t z to r5d] ! :ole ( ! l9e held by ! ,fr5* ,division m5tion$ above practically incapable ( any action at all4 ,x 0 at fir/ impossible = any "o to realise :at _h actually happ5$4 ,! smoke & fumes hid ev]y?+ f sight1 & hundr$s ( m5 7 ?r[n into a comatose or dy+ condition1 & )9 an h\r ! :ole position _h to be ab&on$1 toge!r ) ab\t fifty guns4 ,i wi% p>ticul>ly to repudiate any idea ( atta*+ ! lea/ blame to ! ,fr5* ,division = ?is un=tunate incid5t4 ,! ,elem5t ( ,surprise4--,! enemy j miss$ colossal success r5d]$ possible by ! use ( an entirely new w> me?od2 "o contr>y to engagem5ts ent]$ into by !m at ! ,hague ,conv5tion4 ,!re 7 elem5ts 9 ?is fir/ gas attack :i* 7 abs5t ev5 f ! situation creat$ by our fir/ use ( tanks4 ,unfamili>ity among/ ! troops1 or ! /aff1 = t matt]1 creat$ an atmosph]e ( unp>allel$ confusion4 ,m5 attempt$ to protect !mselves by bury+ _! m\?s & no/rils 9 ! loose e>?4 ,^? *emi/s1 on ! spot1 n imm$iately /ruck d[n1 made frantic ef=ts to br+ up supplies ( any suitable & available *emical or mat]ial :i* might assi/ resi/ance & movem5t 9 ! affect$ zone4 ,pay+ e homage to ! h]oic sacrifices & brave actions :i* *>act]is$ ! ,alli$ resi/ance1 we _c ignore ! fact t morale mu/ h be5 v sev]ely %ak5 locally1 & t a g5]al disquiet & uneas9ess mu/ h p]meat$ ! :ole front until measures 7 kn[n to be effectively 9 progress1 n only = protection1 b = retaliation4 ,! enemy _h b to exploit ! attack fully to break ?r\gh to ! *annel ports1 b fail$ to d s4 ,! ma/] m9d beh9d ?is new & deadly attack 0 n1 let u rememb]1 t ( a soldi]4 ,x 0 v /rongly rum\r$ t ?is mon/r\s conception & its execution 7 due to "o or1 at ! mo/1 two r5[n$ ,g]man ,pr(essors4 ,! fir/ hamm] bl[ 9 ! enemy *emical campaign 0 a two-p>ty conspiracy1 l$ by _w-fam\s sci5ti/s & ! p[]ful ,i4,g4 ) ! ,g]man army unconv9c$ b expectant1 little m ?an a will+ dupe4 ,"l ,kit*5]'s ,prote/4--,9 8 spirit$ prote/ 9 ! ,h\se ( ,lords1 ,"l ,kit*5] /at$3 ,! ,g]mans h1 9 ! la/ week1 introduc$ a me?od ( plac+ _! oppon5ts hors de combat by ! use ( asphyxiat+ & delet]i\s gases1 & !y employ ^! poison\s me?ods to prevail :5 _! attack1 accord+ to ! rules ( w>1 might h o!rwise fail$4 ,on ?is subject ,i w\ld rem9d y\r ,lord%ips t ,g]many 0 a signatory to ! foll[+ article 9 ! ,hague ,conv5tion3 ,! ,contract+ ,p[]s agree to ab/a9 f ! use ( projectiles ! object ( :i* is ! diffusion ( asphyxiat+ or delet]i\s gases4' ,?is prote/ circulat$ among/ neutrals prompt$ num]\s attempts at v9dication 9 ! ,g]man ,press4 ,9 sev]al cases we f9d important newspap]s argu+ t ! ,g]man attack 0 n contr>y to ! ,hague ,conv5tion1 :ile o!rs admitt$ ! brea*1 b claim$ t ! ,g]mans m]ely foll[$ ,alli$ example4 ,! ma9 te*nical excuse 0 t ! effect ( ! ,g]man gas 0 m]ely /upefy+ 7,colni*e ,zeitung1 ,june1 #aiae74 ,x is incr$ible t ! ,g]man nation 01 or c\ld all[ itself to be1 s hoodw9k$4 ,sci5tific ,g]many 0 c]ta9ly aw>e ( ! true nature ( ! gases us$4 ,ev5 sci5tific neutrals 9 ,b]l9 at ! outbreak ( w>1 & dur+ ! ensu+ w9t]1 7 aw>e ( ! ,g]man poison gas "w1 :i* comm5c$1 9 an organis$ way1 almo/ z soon z w> broke out4 ,! ,g]mans h argu$ t !y only ent]ta9$ ! idea ( gas aft] ,alli$ use4 ,! facts reveal$ bel[ are a suffici5t answ]4 ,:atev] legal argum5ts may be involv$1 !re is no d\bt z to ,g]man int5tion4 ,we d n wi% to ent] into a compreh5sive exam9ation ( ! legal aspect ( ! fir/ use ( cl\d & %ell gas by ,g]many4 ,:atev] complicat$ argum5ts may turn ^u ! /rict read+ ( a phrase 9 ! records ( ! ,hague ,conv5tion1 we h no d\bt :atev] z to ! desires & int5tions ( ! ,assembly1 & we reg>d ,g]many 7& ! ,allies7 z morally engag$ n to v5ture ^u ! s]ies ( *emical ent]prises :i* %e op5ly comm5c$ ) ! ,ypres cl\d attack4 ,! ,v]sailles ,treaty also r5d]s fruitless any su* discussion4 ,article #aga1 accept$ by ,g]many1 is delib]ately bas$ on h] brea* ( ,int]national ,conv5tion4 ,g]man ,prep>ations4--,a significant phrase occurs 9 ! ,field-,m>%al's despat*4 ,! bra9 p[] & ?\ght :i* has evid5tly be5 at "w be=e ?is unwor?y me?od ( mak+ w> rea*$ ! pit* ( effici5cy :i* has be5 demon/rat$ 9 its practice %[s t ! ,g]mans mu/ h h>b\r$ ^! designs = a long "t4 ,?is is a mo/ important po9t4 ,x 0 argu$ by _m g5]\s & fairm9d$ p 9 ,april1 #aiae1 t ! ,g]man use ( gas 0 ! result ( a sudd5 decision1 only arriv$ at 9 a desp]ate ef=t to t]m9ate ! w>4 ,?is po9t ( view w\ld give u maximum hope = ! future4 ,b ! actual tru?8 ,:at d we "k ab\t ,g]man prep>ations1 & h[ f> back d !y date8 ,any prep>ations :i* occurr$ mu/ h cov]$ rese>* on ! comp\nds to be employ$ & on ! protection requir$ = ! ,g]man troops1 _! tra9+ = ! cl\d attack1 & ! design & production ( ! special appliances to be us$4 ,f9ally1 ! production ( ! *emicals !mselves _h to be fac$4 ,rese>*4--,we h obta9$ an insight into ! ,g]man rese>* prep>ations1 :i* leaves no d\bt z to _! int5tion4 ,!re is evid5ce t ! ,kais] ,wilhelm ,in/itute & ! physico-*emical in/itute ne> by 7 employ$ = ?is purpose z e>ly z ,augu/1 #aiad4 ,reliable au?ority exi/s = ! /atem5t t soon aft] ?is date !y 7 work+ ) cacodyl oxide & phosg5e1 bo? well kn[n be=e ! w> = _! v poison\s nature1 = use1 x 0 believ$1 9 h& gr5ades4 ,our quotations are f a /atem5t by a neutral !n work+ at ! ,in/itute4 ,we c\ld he> ! te/s t ,pr(essor ,hab] 0 c>ry+ out at ! back ( ! ,in/itute1 ) ! milit>y au?orities1 :o 9 _! /eel-grey c>s came to ,hab]'s ,in/itute e morn+4 ,! "w 0 pu%$ day & night1 & _m times ,i saw activity 9 ! build+ at elev5 o'clock 9 ! ev5+4 ,x 0 common k t ,hab] 0 pu%+ ^! m5 z h>d z he c\ld4 ,sa*ur 0 ,pr(essor ,hab]'s assi/ant4 ,"o morn+ !re 0 a viol5t explosion 9 ! room 9 :i* mo/ ( ?is w> "w 0 c>ri$ out4 ,! room 0 in/antly fill$ ) d5se cl\ds ( ars5ic oxide4 ,! janitors began to cle> ! room by a hose & discov]$ ,pr(essor ,sa*ur4 ,he 0 v badly hurt & di$ soon aft]4 ,aft] t accid5t ,i believe ! "w on cacodyl oxide & phosg5e 0 susp5d$ & ,i believe t "w 0 c>ri$ out on *lor9e or *lor9e comp\nds4 ,!re 7 sev5 or eight m5 work+ 9 ! ,in/itute on ^! problems1 b we he>d no?+ m until ,hab] w5t to ! ,battle ( ,ypres4 ,rum\rs to ?is effect circulat$ 9 #aiae4 ,production4--,prep>ations1 = production c easily be imag9$4 ,! ,g]mans fir/ us$ *lor9e = cl\d gas1 & c]ta9 la*rymators = %ell4 ,! *lor9e 0 readily available4 ,at ab\t ?is "t ,briti% liquid *lor9e capacity _h a maximum daily output ( ab\t "o ton1 :ile along ! ,rh9e alone ! production 0 m ?an =ty times great]4 ,! "q ( ,g]man *lor9e production 01 !re=e1 already solv$4 ,! la*rymators 7 ma9ly raw mat]ials & int]m$iates ( ! dye indu/ry submitt$ to a process1 ! te*nique ( :i* ! ,g]man dye factories readily ma/]$4 ,"h1 aga91 production pres5t$ no real difficulties4 ,cyl9d]s 7 also probably available f ! indu/ry4 ,field ,prep>ations4--,!re rema9s ! la/ "q ( gas attack te*nique & p]sonnel4 ,^? ( u :o rememb] ! difficulties involv$ 9 creat+ our own organisation 9 ! summ] ( #aiae h no illusions on ! "q ( ,g]man prep>ation4 ,giv+ ! ,g]mans e cr$it = _! te*nical & milit>y effici5cy1 "s mon?s mu/ h be5 occupi$ 9 e/abli%+ & tra9+ ! special companies requir$1 & 9 arriv+ at a satisfactory design = ! dis*>ge appliances4 ,s*w>te's book1 ,die ,te*nik ,im ,weltkriege1#a tells u specially organis$ & tra9$ troops 7 requir$ = ! purpose4 ,prison]s tak5 lat] reveal$ ! ,g]man me?ods4 ,gas (fic]s & ,n4,c4,o4's1 aft] mak+ a c>eful survey ( ! front l9e tr5*1 organis$ ! digg+ ( deep n>r[ tr5*es at suitable places bel[ ! surface ( ! ma9 tr5*1 j und]nea? ! p>apet4 ,! heavy gas cyl9d]s1 weigh+ z mu* z n9ety p\nds1 7 c>ri$ to ! front l9e by ! un=tunate infantry4 ,! dis*>ge valves 7 c>efully protect$ by domes :i* screw$ on to ! cyl9d]4 ,! latt] 7 introduc$ into ! holes1 tops flu% ) ! tr5* bottom1 & cov]$ by a bo>d on :i* repos$ ! ,salzdecke1 a k9d ( long bag /uff$ ) "s su* mat]ial z peat moss & soak$ 9 pota% solution to absorb any slight gas leakages4 ,?ree lay]s ( s&bags 7 built above ! salzdecke to protect ! cyl9d] f %ell fragm5ts & to =m a fire/ep = ! infantry4 ,?is conceal$ ! cyl9d]s s effici5tly t1 9 our own tr5*es1 ,i h (t5 f\nd ! new occupants ( a sector ignorant ( ! pres5ce ( gas cyl9d]s "u _! own fire/eps4 ,on ! fav\rable night ! dome 0 remov$ & a lead pipe 0 connect$ to ! cyl9d] & direct$ ov] ! p>apet into ,no ,man's ,l&1 ) ! nozzle weigh$ d[n by a s&bag4 ,! pione]s /ood by ! batt]ies ( tw5ty cyl9d]s ea* & let (f ! gas a fix$ few m9utes aft] a rocket signal1 at :i* ! infantry retir$ to leave ! front l9e free = ! pione]s1 :o n only ran ! risk ( gass+ f defective appliances b 7 subject$ to almo/ imm$iate viol5t bomb>dm5t f ! oppos+ artill]y4 ,:5 surprise 0 complete artill]y retaliation 0 v late 9 develop+4 ,?is gives a fa9t idea ( ! elaborate prep>ations requir$4 ,!y mu/ h be5 d\bly ardu\s & l5g?y on ! v fir/ occasion ( cl\d gas attack4 #a ,die ,te*nik ,im ,weltkriegre4 ,publi%]3 ,mittl]1 ,b]l91 #aibj4 ,g]man ,op9ion ( ,results4--,we c n[ reg>d ! *lor9e attack ( ,april #bb1 #aiae1 z ! fir/ & successful result ( a huge ,g]man exp]im5t on a new me?od ( w>1 ! pione] "w ( :i* actually began at 7if n be=e7 ! outbreak ( w>4 ,quot+ aga9 f ,s*w>te3 ,g4,h4,q4 consid]$ ! attack ne> ,ypres to he a successful exp]im5t4 ,! impression creat$ 0 colossal & ! result n inconsid]able1 al?\gh x 0 n fully utilis$ f ! tactical po9t ( view4 ,x 0 obvi\s t we _h ga9$ a great advantage2 ! enemy 0 n suffici5tly prep>$ ) def5sive measures aga9/ gas4 ,inde$1 we 7 absolutely unprep>$1 s mu* s1 t aft] ! ,g]man attack ne>ly e h\sehold 9 ,engl& contribut$ to our fir/ ineffici5t & improvis$ mask4 ,is n ?is sugge/ion ( our prep>ation a delib]ate attempt to deceive ! ,g]man public8 ,!y seem to h be5 z easily hoodw9k$ on gas que/ions z on _m o!rs4 ,g]many ,prompt$ by ,production ,monopoly4--,an important po9t arises4 ,! ,g]mans fail$ to exploit _! initial success4 ,?is is n v surpris+4 ,:atev] ! op9ion ( ! *emi/s beh9d ! movem5t1 ! ,g]man ,g5]al ,/aff mu/ h reta9$ ! elem5ts ( precaution 9 its op9ion4 ,x c\ld n h tak5 = grant$ ! =midable success :i* ! *emi/s prov$ ju/ifi$ 9 prophesy+4 ,?is be+ s1 we c fairly assume t _h !re be5 v s]i\s difficulties 9 c>ry+ out ?is huge w> exp]im5t x might nev] h mat]ialis$4 ,su* difficulties might h be5 f\nd 9 production4 ,b z we h se51 ! "q ( production 0 ! mo/ easily =g$ l9k 9 ! *a9 ( ev5ts :i* l$ to ! use ( poison gas by ,g]many4 ,9 o!r words1 ?is monopoly 9 ease ( production 0 an inducem5t to ! ,g]mans to proce$ ) _! exp]im5t4 ,! e>lie/ ,g]man cl\d gas attacks e/abli%$ beyond a d\bt ! enorm\s value ( gas aga9/ unprotect$ troops1 9 o!r words1 its value z a complete surprise4 ,^! conditions 7 aga9 approa*$ 9 ! fir/ ,g]man use ( mu/>d gas4 ,! mo/ tell+ examples w probably be f\nd 9 ! future1 unless ! correct precautions are tak54 ,! :ole hi/ory ( *emical w>f>e dur+ ! w> 0 a /ruggle = ?is initiative1 a /ruggle betwe5 gas protection & aggression4 ,/&>d ,uses = ,gas2--,gas ,%ell4--,b gas f\nd an important use besides t ( /rategic surprise4 ,x became a /&>d weapon = c]ta9 cle> & def9ite tactical purposes4 7,= "s ( ^!1 inde$1 ! factor ( local surprise 0 important47 ,we ref] to ! specific use ( gas %ell = ! neutralisation ( batt]ies1 roads1 & areas1 & to ! use ( cl\d gas1 prior to (f5sives = ! production ( casualties1 & we>+ d[n ( res]ves4 ,! ,ypres attack _h n by any means e/abli%$ ! use ( gas = su* purposes4 ,!re is no d\bt t1 f ?is po9t ( view1 ! exp]im5tal p]iod c>ri$ on = _m mon?s4 ,naturally1 9 "s respects1 !re 0 always an exp]im5tal elem5t 9 ! use ( gas4 ,fur!r ,g]man ,cl\d ,attacks4--,two days aft] ! fir/ cl\d gas attack ! ,g]mans laun*$ a second aga9/ ! ,canadians1 ) simil> results4 ,quot+ f (ficial despat*es3 ,on ! e>ly morn+ ( ! #bd? a viol5t outbur/ ( gas aga9/ ne>ly ! :ole front 0 v>i$ by heavy %ell fire1 & a mo/ det]m9$ attack 0 deliv]$ aga9/ our position ea/ ( ,ypres4 ,! real attack comm5c$ at #b4de a4m4 ,a l>ge proportion ( ! m5 7 asleep1 & ! attack 0 too sudd5 to give !m "t to put on _! respirators4 ,^! latt] 7 hurri$ly improvis$ aft] ! fir/ ,ypres attack4 ,hill #fj4--;,f\r m attacks occurr$ 9 ,may1 notably 9 ! region ( ,hill #fj4 ,on ,may #a/ ano!r attempt to recapture ,hill #fj 0 support$ by great volumes ( asphyxiat+ gas :i* caus$ ne>ly all ! m5 along a front ( ab\t #djj y>ds to be imm$iately /ruck d[n by its fumes4 ,a second & m sev]e gas attack "u mu* m fav\rable wea!r conditions enabl$ ! enemy to recapture ?is position on ,may #e?4 ,! enemy owes 8 success 9 ?is la/ attack entirely to ! use ( asphyxiat+ gas4 ,x 0 only a few days lat] t ! means :i* h s9ce prov$ s effective ( c\nt]act+ ^! me?ods ( mak+ w> 7 put into practice4 7,(ficial despat*es1 #aiae47 ,! despat* fur!r describ$ h[ viol5t bomb>dm5ts1 ! confusion & demoralisation f ! fir/ great gas surprise1 & subsequ5t almo/ daily gas attacks1 prev5t$ ! prop] reorganisation ( ! l9e 9 "q4 ,orig9 ( ,g]man ,gas ,%ell4--,aft] ,may a long p]iod elaps$ dur+ :i* ! ,g]mans conf9$ _! w> *emical activities on ! front to ! use ( gas %ell4 ,s*w>te's book describes _! orig9 z foll[s3--,! ma9 idea :i* influ5c$ ! ,,fir/ con/ruction ( a ,g]man projectile conta9+ *emicals 7,octob]1 #aiad7 0 t ( add+ to ! *>ge an irritant sub/ance1 :i* w\ld be pulv]is$ by ! explosion ( ! projectile1 & w\ld ov]:elm ! enemy ) a cl\d ( du/4 ,?is cl\d w\ld hov] 9 ! air & h su* an effect ^u ! muc\s membranes t1 = ! "t be+1 ! enemy w\ld be unable to fight 9 su* an atmosph]e4 ,by alt]+ ! con/ruction ( ! #aj4e c4m4 univ]sal %ell = light field h[itz]s1 ! ,n4i' projectile 0 creat$ 9 ! =m ( #aj4e c4m4 %rapnel1 ! bullets ( :i* 7 emb$d$ 9 a /]nutatory p[d] 7d\ble salts ( dianisid9e7 well /amp$ d[n1 in/ead ( an explosive4 ,by means ( ! propell+ *>ge & ! gr9d+ effect ( ! bullets1 ?is p[d] 0 pulv]is$ on explosion4 ,! irritation caus$ 0 n v int5se1 la/$ only a %ort1 "t & affect$ only a limit$ area & !re=e x 0 ( no importance 9 ! field1 b ! initial /ep _h be5 tak54 ,liquid irritants soon came to ! front--xylyl bromide & xylyl5e dibromide--a mixture us$ lat] "u ! "n ( ,t4 /uff1 bromo-acetone & brom9at$ me?yl e?yl ketone1 lat] introduc$ "u ! "n ( ,b4 /uff & ,bn4 /uff4 ,dur+ exp]im5ts !y gave su* improv$ results 9 int5sity1 9 p[] ( la/+ & ( affect+ an increas$ area1 t practical results 9 ! field 7 ensur$4 ,! use ( ^! liquids 9 projectiles1 h[ev]1 0 contr>y to ! accept$ idea ) reg>d to artill]y1 accord+ to :i* liquid mat]ials %\ld n be us$ = balli/ic reasons4 ,specially arrang$ %oots 7 requir$ to prove t ! projectiles 9 use 9 ! ,g]man ,army c\ld also be us$ f ! balli/ic po9t ( view :5 fill$ ) liquids4 ,9 ?is way ! fir/ effective ,g]man gas projectile1 ! ,t4 %ell = heavy field h[itz]s1 0 evolv$ 7,janu>y1 #aiae74 ,e>ly ,g]man ,gas ,%ell4--,! fir/ important use ( ,g]man gas 9 %ell 0 t ( brom9at$ & *lor9at$ organic comp\nds1 ,t4 & ,k4 /uffs4 ,s*w>te's book tells u ! use ( ^! projectiles 0 cont9ually hamp]$ by lack ( und]/&+ on ! "p ( ! troops :i* x 0 difficult to ov]come4 ,9 ! summ] ( #aiae x 0 practically 9 ! ,argonne alone t any consid]able results 7 atta9$ by ! new projectiles4 ,& he describes h[ ! fir/ elem5ts ( ! new gas tactics 7 develop$ !re4 ,a ,successful ,exp]im5t4--,! developm5t ( ! gas %ell1 ! use ( :i*1 g5]ally speak+1 is indep5d5t (1 b co-ord9at$ )1 w9d direction1 may h receiv$ /imulus f ! fact t ! prevail+ w9d1 s important = cl\d gas1 fav\r$ ! ,allies4 ,x is cle> t ?is p]iod 0 an exp]im5tal "o1 b we "k t by ,augu/1 #aiae1 ,g]man milit>y op9ion _h cry/allis$ out to ! ext5t ( =mulat+ c]ta9 rules1 issu$ z ,falk5hayn's ord]s = ! employm5t ( gas %ell4 ,^! e>ly ord]s def9$ two types ( %ell1 "o p]si/5t1 = h>ass+ purposes1 & ! o!r non-p]si/5t1 to be us$ imm$iately be=e an attack4 ,!y specifi$ ! numb] ( %ell to be us$ = a giv5 task4 ,b 9 ?is !y 7 uns\nd & x is cle> t ! ,g]mans _h an exagg]at$ op9ion ( :at c\ld be a*iev$ ) a small numb] ( %ell4 ,!y adh]$ too closely to high explosive practice4 ,v>i\s docum5ts reveal ! fact t ! ,g]mans 7 mu* m satisfi$ ) _! gas tactics ?an !y w\ld h be5 _h !y possess$ in=mation ) reg>d to our losses f _! %ell4 ,!y atta*$ insuffici5t importance to ! value ( surprise & highly conc5trat$ %oots1 & _h a mi/ak5 idea ( ! actual specific aggressive value ( _! e>ly types4 ,la*rymators at ,loos1 #aiae4--;,g]many comm5c$ ! manufacture ( la*rymators1 crude brom9at$ xyl5e or brom9at$ ketones1 e>ly 91 or p]haps be=e #aiae4 ,^! sub/ances caus$ great inconv5i5ce ?r\gh tempor>y bl9dness by la*rymation1 b 7 n highly toxic4 ,9 ,june1 #aiae1 h[ev]1 !y began to produce le?al gas = %ell4 ,falk5hayn's ord]s = ! use ( gas %ell1 m5tion$ above1 al?\gh !y repres5t by no means ! be/ f9al practice1 7 def9ite evid5ce t gas _h come to /ay ) ! ,g]mans4 ,! writ] has vivid recollections ( _! use ( la*rymators 9 ! ,loos ,battle4 ,batt]ies 9 ! op51 "u ! cre/ ne> ! ,l5s road1 7 9 position s t ! w9d direction practically enfilad$ !m1 sweep+ along f ! direction ( ,le ,rutoire f>m4 ,gas f ,g]man %ell1 borne on ! w9d1 0 cont9ually envelop+ ! l9e ( batt]ies1 b !y rema9$ 9 action4 ,x 0 on ?is occasion :ile wat*+ ! bur/+ gas %ells f ! outskirts ( ! m9+ village ( ,philosophe t ,major-,g5]al ,w+ 0 kill$ outright by a high explosive %ell4 ,^! gas %ells c]ta9ly did n a*ieve ! results :i* ! ,g]mans expect$1 al?\gh !y 7 n )\t effect4 ,demoli%$ villages1 ! only %elt] = troops 9 a desolate area1 h be5 r5d]$ un9habitable = days by a conc5trat$ la*rymator enemy %oot ( less ?an "o h\r4 ,aga91 walk+ into gas pockets up a tr5* "o has be5 /opp$ z by a fi]ce bl[ across ! eyes1 ! la*rymatory effect 0 s pi]c+ & sudd54 ,! great inconv5i5ce :i* 0 occasion$ to p>ties engag$ 9 ! r\t9e ( tr5* w>f>e1 on ration or eng9e]+ duties1 & ! effect on movem5t 9 ! re> aft] an assault1 tak5 cumulatively1 repres5t$ a big milit>y factor4 ,! ,flamm5w]f]4--,!re c be no d\bt t ?is p]iod m>ks increas+ ,g]man will+ness to live up to _! blood & iron !ories ( w>1 &1 9 ,july1 #aiae1 ano!r device ) a consid]able surprise value 0 us$ aga9/ u3 ! flame projector1 or ! ,g]man flamm5w]f]4 ,field-,m>%al ,sir ,john ,fr5* signall$ ! entry ( ?is new weapon z foll[s3 ,s9ce my la/ despat* a new device has be5 adopt$ by ! enemy = driv+ burn+ liquid into our tr5*es ) a /rong jet4 ,?us support$1 an attack 0 made on ! tr5*es ( ! ,second ,army at ,hooge1 on ! ,m59 ,road1 e>ly on #cj? ,july4 ,mo/ ( ! infantry occupy+ ^! tr5*es 7 driv5 back1 b _! retirem5t 0 due f> m to ! surprise & tempor>y confusion caus$ by ! burn+ liquid ?an to ! actual damage inflict$4 ,gallant endeav\rs 7 made by repeat$ c\nt]-attacks to recapture ! lo/ section ( tr5*es4 ,^!1 h[ev]1 prov+ unsuccessful & co/ly1 a new l9e ( tr5*es 0 consolidat$ a %ort di/ance f>!r back4 ,al?\gh ?is weapon cont9u$ to be us$ "r ?r\gh ! campaign1 x did n ex]t t influ5ce :i* fir/ acqua9tance ) x might h l$ "o to conclude4 ,at ! same "t1 !re exi/s a mi/ak5 notion t ! flame projector 0 a negligible quantity4 ,?is may be fairly true ( ! huge non-portable types1 b x is c]ta9ly n true ( ! v effici5t portable flame projector :i* 0 ! =m (ficially adopt$ by ! ,g]man1 & lat] by ! ,fr5*1 armies4 ,on a numb] ( occasions ,g]many ga9$ local successes purely ow+ to ! mom5t>y surprise effect ( ! flame projector1 & ! ,fr5* made "s use ( x = cle>+ out captur$ tr5* sy/ems ov] :i* successful waves ( assault _h pass$4 ,fur!r1 ! idea ( flame projection is n )\t c]ta9 possibilities = w>4 ,g]man ,phosg5e ,cl\ds4--,g]many _h by no means ab&on$ cl\d gas1 h[ev]4 ,%e _h m]ely be5 plann+ to rega9 :at ! ,ypres attacks _h lo/ = h]1 ! cl\d gas initiative4 ,we h se5 h[ phosg5e _h occupi$ ! att5tion ( ! ,g]man rese>* organisation 9 ! fir/ mon?s ( ! w>4 ,once alive to its great importance1 !y mu/ h /ra9$ all ef=ts to obta9 an effici5t me?od ( us+ x at ! front4 ,phosg5e 0 rem>kable = its peculi> delay$ effect4 ,relatively small quantities1 inhal$ & foll[$ by vigor\s or ev5 normal ex]cise1 l$ to sudd5 collapse & fatal effects sometimes m ?an tw5ty-f\r h\rs aft] ! attack4 ,! case ( a ,g]man prison] 9 a ,fir/ ,army raid aft] a ,briti% gas attack 0 (t5 quot$ on ! front4 ,he pass$ ?r\gh ! v>i\s ,intellig5ce headqu>t]s z f> z ! ,army1 expla9+ ! feeble effect ( ! ,briti% gas & 8 own complete recov]y4 ,b he di$ f delay$ action )9 tw5ty-f\r h\rs ( 8 la/ int]rogation4 ,?is effect impos$ /rict conditions ( discipl9e1 & m5 m]ely suspect$ ( exposure to phosg5e 7 compell$ to report z s]i\s casualties & c>ri$ z su* ev5 f ! front l9e4 ,! successful developm5t ( ! phosg5e cl\d probably arriv$ too late = ! ,ypres attacks1 & a v>iety ( reasons mu/ h l$ to ! po/ponem5t ( its use until su* "t z x might once aga9 give ,g]many ! real initiative4 ,accord+ly1 on ,decemb] #ai1 #aiae1 a =midable cl\d gas attack 0 made on ! nor?-ea/ ( ! ,ypres sali5t1 us+ a mixture ( phosg5e & *lor9e 9 a v high conc5tration4 ,=tunately1 by ?is "t we _h e/abli%$ an anti-gas organisation1 :i* _h =e/all$ ! production ( cl\d phosg5e by special modifications 9 ! ,briti% respirator4 ,! conditions 7 simil> to ^? ( ,april #bbnd1 #aiae4 ,in/ead ( ! fir/ use ( cl\d gas1 we _h ! fir/ use ( ! new gas 9 highly conc5trat$ cl\d4 ,9 bo? cases ! ,g]mans reckon$ on our lack ( protection1 correctly 9 ! fir/ case1 b incorrectly 9 ! second4 ,9 bo? cases !y 7 sure t great difficulties 9 production w\ld meet our attempts at retaliation4 ,9 g5]al ?is prov$ true1 b 9 ?is case & increas+ly ?r\gh\t ! w>1 !y reckon$ )\t ,alli$ adaptability4 ,! ,fr5* developm5t ( phosg5e manufacture 0 inde$ rem>kable4 ,v int]e/+ light is ?r[n on ?is attack by ,major ,b>ley1 ,d4,s4,o41 ,*emical ,advis] to ! ,briti% ,second ,army4 ,x appe>s t 9 ,novemb]1 #aiae1 ! ,fr5* captur$ a prison] :o _h att5d$ a gas s*ool 9 "o ( ! factories ( ! ,i4,g4 ,"h lectur]s expla9$ t a new gas 0 to be us$ aga9/ ! ,briti% =ces1 _m ?\s&s ( casualties 7 expect$1 & an attack w\ld foll[1 :i*1 correct+ ! errors ( ! ef=t at ,ypres1 w\ld lead to ! capture ( ! ,*annel ports4 ,ef=ts 7 at once made to obta9 in=mation on gas prep>ation by ! ,g]mans 9 front ( ! ,briti% sectors4 ,9 ?is way a s]geant-major 0 captur$ on ! morn+ ( ,decemb] #af?1 & he reveal$ ! date & front on :i* ! cyl9d]s 7 in/all$4 ,ab\t #ce1jjj ,briti% troops 7 f\nd to be 9 ! direct l9e ( ! gas1 b ow+ to ! timely w>n+ & to ! protection :i* _h rec5tly be5 adopt$1 we exp]i5c$ v few casualties4 ,! ,g]mans _h prep>$ a huge infantry attack1 & us$ a new type ( gas %ell on ?is occasion4 ,g]man troops mass+ mu/ h receiv$ huge casualties ow+ to our prep>ation & ! failure ( _! gas attack4 ,! la/ ,g]man cl\d attack on ! ,briti% front occurr$ on ,augu/ #h1 #aiaf4 ,!re 7 lat] attacks aga9/ ! ,fr5*1 b ! ,g]mans 7 replac+ ! cl\d me?od by o!r me?ods :i* !y consid]$ m suitable4 ,^! w be discuss$ lat] on1 :5 consid]+ our own reaction aga9/ ! *emical (f5sive4 ,gas & ! ,ea/]n ,!atre4--,! ,g]man surprise 0 n limit$ to activities on ! ,we/]n front4 ,9 fact1 ap>t f ! fir/ ,ypres attack1 cl\d gas probably reap$ m casualties 9 ! ,ea/ aga9/ ,russia4 ,we le>n f ,s*w>te's book3 ,f reliable descriptions we "k t our gas troops caus$ an unusual am\nt ( damage to ! enemy--especially 9 ! ,ea/-- ) v little exp5diture ( ef=t4 ,! special battalion =m$ by ,au/ria-,hung>y 01 un=tunately1 ( no special importance = v>i\s reasons4 ,_h ! nature ( ! ,russian campaign be5 diff]5t1 ) a small] front1 & ne>] critical objectives to ! front ( attack1 we h no d\bt t gas w\ld h assum$ enorm\s importance 9 ! ,ea/4 ,russia1 ev5 m feebly organis$ = production ?an ourselves1 w\ld h be5 at a trem5d\s disadvantage1 bo? f ! po9t ( view ( protection & ( ! ret5tion ( satisfactory morale by retaliation4 ,conclusion4--,?is1 !n1 0 ! p]iod ( ! ,g]man surprise1 dur+ :i* ! fir/ big %ock occurr$1 & :i* promis$ mo/ success = fur!r attempts ow+ to ! lack ( compreh5sive protection by ! ,allies4 ,look+ at ! matt] 9 a v broad way1 ignor+ ! moral & legal aspects ( ! case1 we c describe ?is p]iod z an example ( brilliant *emical opportunism4 ,accord+ to plan or o!rwise1 conditions = ?is exp]im5t 7 ripe 9 ,g]many z 9 no o!r c\ntry4 ,ov]com+ :atev] prejudices may h exi/$1 ! ,g]man au?orities realis$ ?is1 seiz$ ! opportunity1 & v ne>ly succe$$4 ,,*apt] ,,iii ,,! ,,alli$ ,,reaction ,loos1 ,septemb]1 #aiae1 to ,ypres1 ,july1 #aiag4 ,! ,ne$ ( ,retaliation4--,! conclusive sign ( ! ,alli$ reaction to ! ,g]man poison gas attack appe>$ at ! battle ( ,loos4 ,ow+ to ! repeat$ use by ! enemy ( asphyxiat+ gas 9 _! attacks on our positions1 says ,field-,m>%al ,fr5* 9 8 despat* ( ,octob] #ae1 #aiae1 ,i h be5 compell$ to resort to simil> me?ods1 & a deta*m5t 0 organis$ = ?is purpose1 :i* took "p 9 ! op]ations comm5c+ on ! #be? ,septemb] = ! fir/ "t4 ,five mon?s ?us elaps$ be=e retaliation4 ,f a milit>y po9t ( view _! c be no d\bt z to ! wisdom1 9 fact ! absolute necessity1 ( us+ gas 9 ord] to reply to ! _m ,g]man attacks ( ?is nature4 ,! "q ( morale 0 b\nd up 9 ?is retaliation4 ,_h ! ,g]mans cont9u$ _! *emical attacks 9 v>iety & ext5t z !y did1 & _h x be5 realis$ t = "s reason or o!r we 7 n able to retaliate 9 k9d1 none b ! grave/ consequ5ces c\ld h result$ ) reg>d to morale4 ,x mu/ be rememb]$ t ! e>li] use ( cl\d & %ell gas by ! ,g]mans 0 ( local incid5ce1 :5 comp>$ ) its trem5d\s use along ! :ole ( ! front 9 ! lat] /ages ( ! w>4 ,fir/ ,signs4--,our prep>atory p]iod 0 "o ( fev]i%1 if some:at unco-ord9at$1 activity4 ,! production ( a protective appliance1 ! gas mask1 0 vital4 ,?is developm5t w be consid]$ lat]4 ,alli$ *emical w>f>e organisations arose1 to become an important factor 9 ! lat] /ages ( ! w>4 ,! hi/ory ( ,alli$ gas organisation is "o ( ! gradual recognition t *emical w>f>e repres5t$ a new weapon ) new possibilities1 new specific uses1 & new requirem5ts f ! re>4 ,its beg9n+s are se5 9 ! ,engli% & ,fr5* ,sci5tific ,advisory ,committees appo9t$ to exam9e ! new ,g]man me?od4 ,"o c\ld always trace an elem5t ( reluctance1 h[ev]1 9 ,alli$ developm5t1 signs t ea* move 0 =c$ ^u u by "s new ,g]man surprise4 ,we f9d ! o!r extreme1 ! logical outcome ( w> exp]i5ce1 9 ! completely indep5d5t ,*emical ,w>f>e ,s]vice n[ actually adopt$ 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates ( ,am]ica4 ,?is is dealt ) 9 a sep>ate *apt]4 ,! decision to retaliate once made1 our difficulties comm5c$4 ,we requir$ gas1 weapons1 & me?ods = its use1 tra9$ p]sonnel1 & ! association ( c]ta9 sci5tific ) milit>y /&>ds )\t los+ ! field effici5cy ( ! latt]4 ,! ,g]man /aff f\nd ?is 9 _! co-op]ation ) em95t sci5ti/s1 notably ,pr(essor ,hab]4 ,)\t draw+ invidi\s di/9ctions betwe5 pre-w> milit>y & public appreciation ( *emical sci5ce 9 ,engl& & ,g]many1 x w\ld be m]ely untrue to /ate t ! ,g]mans 7 n 9 a position ( advantage 9 ?is respect4 ,h[ev]1 *emical mobilisation & co-op]ation proce$$ suffici5tly rapidly to provide u ) p]sonnel & mat]ial = ! ,loos attack4 ,! assembly & organisation ( p]sonnel occurr$ 9 ?ree directions4 ,9 ! fir/ place ! ,royal ,society _h already begun to mobilise prom95t sci5ti/s = o!r w> purposes4 ,9 ! second place1 diff]5t =mations 9 ! field1 realis+ ! ne$ = speciali/ treatm5t ( ! gas "q1 aft] ! fir/ ,g]man attack1 creat$ /aff appo9tm5ts = c]ta9 *emi/s *os5 f infantry regim5ts & o!r =mations on ! front4 ,?irdly1 m5 7 collect$ at a depot 9 ,france to =m ! nucleus ( ! (f5sive gas troops4 ,= ?is purpose *emi/s 7 specially enroll$ & *os5 m5 f infantry & o!r front l9e units 7 add$4 ,e>ly gas attacks & gas organisation did n appe> to ju/ify ! immobilisation ( s mu* *emical tal5t 9 ! (f5sive gas troops1 :5 *emi/s 7 ne$$ all ov] ,engl& = munition production s vital to w>4 ,b lat] ev5ts ju/ifi$ ! mobilisation & milit>y tra9+ ( ^! speciali/s4 ,! expansion ( ! advisory & (f5sive organisations at ! front necessitat$ a l>ge numb] ( (fic]s1 ^: *emical tra9+ 0 ( great value4 ,x is difficult to see :]e !y w\ld h be5 f\nd _h !y n be5 mobilis$ ) ! ,special ,companies4 ,moreov]1 _! (f5sive & battle exp]i5ce ga9$ ) ! latt] 0 ( great value4 ,six or sev5 weeks' tra9+ witness$ ! conv]sion ( a few hundr$ m5 ( ! above type into "o or two s call$ ,special ,companies4 ,! _s & "w ( ^! m5 9 ! ,loos attack _c be spok5 ( too highly4 ,! ,loos ,attack1 ,septemb]1 #aiae4--,! ,field-,m>%al be>s te/imony to its success z foll[s3 ,al?\gh ! enemy 0 kn[n to h be5 prep>$ = su* reprisals1 our gas attack met ) m>k$ success1 & produc$ a demoralis+ effect 9 "s ( ! oppos+ units1 ( :i* ample evid5ce 0 =?com+ 9 ! captur$ tr5*es4 ,! m5 :o und]took ?is "w c>ri$ out _! unfamili> duties dur+ a heavy bomb>dm5t ) conspicu\s gallantry & coolness2 & ,i feel confid5t 9 _! ability to m ?an hold _! own %\ld ! enemy aga9 resort to ?is me?od ( w>f>e4 ,!re is evid5ce1 h[ev]1 t ?is e>ly attack1 ineffici5t z x appe>$ to be to p>ticipants1 met ) consid]able success4 ,s*w>te's book tells u3 ,! ,engli% succe$$ 9 releas+ gas cl\ds on a l>ge scale4 ,_! success on ?is occasion 0 due to ! fact t !y took u by surprise4 ,our troops refus$ to believe 9 ! dang] & 7 n suffici5tly adept 9 ! use ( def5sive measures z prescrib$ by ,g4,h4,q4 ,on ! occasion ( a cl\d attack a few weeks lat]1 at ! /orm+ ( ! ,hoh5zoll]n r$\bt1 ,s]geant-,major ,dawson1 9 *>ge ( a sector ( gas emplacem5ts 9 ! front l9e tr5*1 won ! ,victoria ,cross4 ,! ,g]man reply to our bomb>dm5t 0 v sev]e & "u /ress ( x a batt]y ( our cyl9d]s1 ei!r ?r\gh a direct hit or faulty connections1 began to p\r gas into our own tr5*es4 ,9 ord] to prev5t panic & casualties among our own troops at ?is critical "t1 a few m9utes be=e z]o1 ! mom5t ( assault1 ,s]geant-,major ,dawson climb$ on to ! p>apet "u a hail ( %ell1 rifle1 & ma*9e-gun fire1 &1 haul+ up ! cyl9d]s 9 "q1 c>ri$ !m to a safe di/ance into ! poison$ atmosph]e ( ,no ,man's ,l& & ensur$ _! complete dis*>ge by bor+ !m ) a rifle bullet4 ,9 addition to ! ,hoh5zoll]n attack cl\d gas 0 us$ 9 ,decemb]1 #aiae1 9 ! region ( ,giv5*y4 ,! ,somme ,battle1 #aiaf4--,my impression z an eyewitness & p>ticipator1 h[ev]1 0 t ! real ,briti% gas (f5sive began aft]1 & z a result (1 ! ,loos exp]i5ce4 ,mat]ial1 organisation1 & numb]s ( p]sonnel1 bo? at ! front & at home1 co-op]ation ) /affs & tactical conceptions all improv$ va/ly 9 "t to contribute l>gely to ! effici5cy ( prep>ations = ! ,somme (f5sive 9 ,july1 #aiaf4 ,dur+ ! e>ly mon?s ( #aiaf1 a ,special ,brigade 0 creat$ by exp&+ ! f\r ,special ,companies1 & ! #d-;in* ,/okes mort> 0 adopt$1 tra9+ be+ vigor\sly pursu$4 ,z _m z #aaj cl\d gas dis*>ges1 ma9ly ( a phosg5e mixture1 occurr$ dur+ ! ,somme battle1 & evid5ce ( _! success is se5 9 ,g]man reports4 ,^! successes 7 due n only to ! magnitude ( our op]ations1 b to ! c>efully develop$ cl\d attack tactics :i* aim$ at obta9+ maximum results f ! gas employ$4 ,! factor ( surprise gov]n$ all o!r consid]ations4 ,attacks occurr$ at night & dep5d$ = success ^u ! conc5tration ( ! maximum am\nt ( gas 9 ! giv5 sector = a %ort1 %>p dis*>ge "u ! be/ w9d conditions4 ,!re is abundant evid5ce ( our success 9 ^! attacks4 ,probably ! mo/ m>k$ feature ( ! captur$ docum5ts or ( prison]s' /atem5ts dur+ ! lat] /ages ( ! ,somme battle 0 ! cont9ual ref]5ce to ! deadly effect ( ,briti% cl\d gas4 ,! captur$ lett] ( a ,g]man soldi] writ+ home /at$3 ,s9ce ! beg9n+ ( ,july an unp>allel$ slaught] has be5 go+ on4 ,n a day passes b ! ,engli% let (f _! gas waves at "o place or ano!r4 ,i w give y only "o in/ance ( ?is gas2 m5 #g & #h kilometres beh9d ! front l9e became unconsci\s f ! tail ( ! gas cl\d1 & its effects are felt #ab kilometres beh9d ! front4 ,x is deadly /uff4 ,! accuracy ( ?is ref]5ce to ! long range effect ( our gas cl\ds is borne out 9 a numb] ( o!r /atem5ts4 ,= example1 we le>nt f a prison] exam9$ by ! ,fr5*3 ,! m5 7 ?r[n into disord] & rais$ _! masks because !y 7 suffocat$4 ,_m fell 9 runn+ to ! re>2 a numb] did n become ill until ! next day4 ,vegetation 0 burnt up to a dep? ( #h kilometres4 ,aga91 prison]s tak5 at ,maurepas /at$ t "o ( ! ,engli% gas attacks 0 effective #aj kilometres back4 ,!re are also m>k$ ref]5ces to ! surprise nature ( our gas attacks1 :i* are an unconsci\s tribute to ! successful tactical developm5ts :i* h already be5 ref]r$ to1 & also num]\s o!r ref]5ces to ! delay$ action ( phosg5e4 ,! prison] m5tion$ above1 tak5 at ,maurepas1 gave te/imony t "s 7 only tak5 ill aft] sev]al days1 & "o di$ sudd5ly two days aft]1 :il/ writ+ a lett]4 ,"o prison]1 po9t+ to ,les ,ayettes on ! map1 /at$ t ab\t ! beg9n+ ( ,septemb] :5 gas came ov] sudd5ly 9 ! late ev5+1 !y ?\ght x 0 f artill]y fire because x 0 s sudd54 ,no "o 0 expect+ gas & v few 7 c>ry+ _! masks4 ,ano!r "o /at$3 ,! attack 0 a surprise & ! cl\d came ov] & pass$ fairly quickly4 ,! :ole ?+ did n occupy m ?an t5 m9utes4 ,m ?an ?irty p] c5t4 ( ! battalion 0 put out ( action4 ,f9ally1 to %[ :at a s]i\s imposition ?is con/ant cl\d gas attack 0 ^u ! ,g]man ,army1 we w quote f ! ,special ,correspond5t ( ! ,vossi*es ,zeitung4 ,he said3 ,i devote a special *apt] to ?is plague ( our ,somme w>riors4 ,x is n only :5 sy/ematic gas attacks are made t !y h to /ruggle ) ?is devili% & intangible foe4 ,he ref]s to ! use ( gas %ell1 & says3 ,?is invisible & p]il\s spectre ( ! air ?reat5s & lies 9 wait on all roads lead+ to ! front4 ,9 a despat* dat$ ,decemb] #bcrd1 #aiaf1 f ,field-,m>%al ,sir ,d\glas ,haig1 ,g4,c4,b41 ! situation is ably summ>is$3 ,! employm5t by ! enemy ( gas & ( liquid flame z weapons ( (f5ce compell$ u n only to discov] ways to protect our troops f _! effects b also to devise means to make use ( ! same in/rum5ts ( de/ruction4 ,great f]tility ( inv5tion has be5 %[n1 & v great cr$it is due to ! special p]sonnel employ$ = ! rapidity & success ) :i* ^! new arms h be5 develop$ & p]fect$1 & = ! v great devotion to duty !y h display$ 9 a difficult & dang]\s s]vice4 ,! army owes its ?anks to ! *emi/s1 physiologi/s1 & physici/s ( ! highe/ rank :o devot$ _! en]gies to enable u to surpass ! enemy 9 ! use ( a means ( w>f>e :i* took ! civilis$ _w by surprise4 ,our own exp]i5ce ( ! num]\s exp]im5ts & trials necess>y be=e gas & flame c\ld be us$1 ( ! prep>ations :i* _h to be made = _! manufacture1 & ( ! special tra9+ requir$ = ! p]sonnel employ$1 %[s t ! employm5t ( su* me?ods by ! ,g]mans 0 n ! result ( a desp]ate decision1 b _h be5 prep>$ = delib]ately4 ,s9ce we h be5 compell$1 9 self-def5ce1 to use simil> me?ods1 x is satisfactory to be able to record1 on ! evid5ce ( prison]s1 ( docum5ts captur$1 & ( our own obs]vation1 t ! enemy has suff]$ heavy casualties f our gas attacks1 :ile ! means ( protection adopt$ by u h prov$ ?or\ghly effective4 ,"o ( ! causes :i* leads to a lack ( und]/&+ ( ! *emical weapon is ! fact t ! results ( *emical attack are n1 l ^? ( a huge assault1 obvi\s to ! m]e visual obs]v]4 ,a p]iod ( mon?s (t5 elaps$ dur+ ! w> be=e ! imm$iate effect ( a gas attack 0 kn[n4 ,x 0 inspir+ to witness ! assault ( ! #ah? ,division ne> ,montauban on ,july #a/1 #aiaf4 ,b few realis$ ! "p play$ by ! prep>atory gas attacks 9 t & o!r sectors ( ! l9e1 9 weak5+ ! num]ical /r5g? & battle morale ( effective res]ves4 ,x is1 !re=e1 ( great int]e/ to foll[ up a p>ticul> case & to obta9 a connect$ idea ( ! s]ies ( ev5ts associat$ ) "s p>ticul> attack4 ,! e>ly /ages ( ! ,somme battle 7 *>act]is$ by a numb] ( cl\d gas attacks :i* s]v$ ! d\ble purpose ( a fe9t1 & r$uc+ ! /r5g? ( available res]ves4 ,^! attacks occurr$ *iefly along ! "p ( ! l9e nor? ( ! ,somme battle zone1 & !y ext5d$ z f> z ! sea4 ,"o ( !m occurr$ on ! #cj? ,augu/1 #aiaf1 at ,mon*y1 betwe5 ,arras & ,bapaume4 ,ab\t "o ?\s& cyl9d]s 7 dis*>g$ dur+ ! night4 ,! usual c>eful organisation prec$$ ! attack & x is q likely t x %>$ ! advantage ( surprise common to a l>ge numb] ( ^! attacks4 ,?ree ,g]man regim5ts 7 hold+ ! l9e directly 9 front ( ! ,briti% sector conc]n$4 ,be=e ,decemb]1 #aiaf1 ! foll[+ reliable in=mation 0 collect$ f prison]s & confirm$ by cross-exam9ation4 ,"o ,company ( ! #bcrd regim5t1 0 9 tra9+ & _h no gas masks ) x4 ,! gas came along quickly & ab\t half ! ,company 7 kill$4 ,aft] t !re 7 m /r+5t rules ab\t c>ry+ masks4 ,!y _h no recollection ( a gas al>m be+ s\nd$4 ,ano!r man said t 9 8 ,company no special drill or tra9+ 0 be+ done1 & a l>ge numb] ( m5 7 put out ( action ?r\gh n be+ able to adju/ _! respirators 9 "t4 ,!re 0 no w>n+1 al?\gh aft] ?is gas al>ms 7 giv5 by r++ *ur* bells4 ,o!r prison]s1 f ! #fcrd1 regim5t1 _h su* vivid recollections ( ! attack t !y said3 ,! effects ( ! ,engli% gas are said to be appall+4 ,collect+ in=mation f prison]s belong+ to ?is or t ,company1 & c>efully *eck+ by cross-exam9ation1 x is cle> t ?is attack mu/ h be5 responsible = _m hundr$s ( casualties4 ,reasons = ,briti% ,cl\d ,gas ,success4--,! fact t ! ,briti% p]si/$ ) cl\d gas attack & atta9$ s mu* m success ?an ! ,g]mans1 aft] ! fir/ surprise1 0 due to a curi\s comb9ation ( causes1 q ap>t f ! prevail+ fav\rable w9d4 ,our ,casualties4--,9 ! fir/ place1 we knew f bitt] exp]i5ce ! deadly effect ( a successfully op]at$ cl\d gas attack4 ,we knew1 = example1 t 9 ! fir/ attack at ,ypres !re 7 m ?an #ejjj dead ) _m m times t numb] ( casualties4 ,on ! o!r h&1 ! ,g]mans1 left to speculate on our casualties1 reta9$ ! conviction1 f app>5t non-success1 t cl\d gas 0 n a suitable =m ( prep>ation beh9d :i* to develop big infantry attacks4 ,quot+ f ,s*w>te3 ,l>ge ga9s ( gr\nd c\ld h>dly be atta9$ by means ( an attack :i* foll[$ ! use ( gas cl\ds1 !re=e su* cl\ds 7 soon m]ely employ$ z a means ( injur+ ! enemy1 & 7 n foll[$ up by an attack4 ,?is repres5t$ ,g]man policy1 & x lack$ vision4 ,!y did n realise t _! difficulty 0 ! me?od ( =m+ ! cl\d1 & t if a m mobile & long range me?od ( cl\d =mation mat]ialis$1 ) correspond+ly less dep5d5ce on w9d direction1 ! object :i* !y once s\ght & fail$ to atta9 w\ld aga9 be )9 _! rea*4 ,exhau/+ ,prep>ations = ,cl\d ,attack4--,! second reason acc\nt+ = ! relatively e>ly cessation ( ,g]man cl\d attacks is "o con/antly ref]r$ to 9 ! ,g]man w> memoirs4 ,x 0 ! enorm\s me*anical & muscul> ef=t requir$ 9 prep>+ = su* an attack4 ,few p realise :at h\rs ( agonis$ ef=t 7 involv$ 9 prep>+ & execut+ a cl\d gas attack4 ,! cyl9d]s _h to be 9 position 9 specially *os5 emplacem5ts 9 ! front l9e )9 c]ta9 "t limits4 ,! c>ry+ 9 c\ld n be spread ov] an indef9ite p]iod & usually took f two to six nights1 accord+ to ! magnitude ( ! attack & ! local difficulties4 ,naturally1 all ! "w occurr$ 9 ! d>k4 ,picture ! am\nt ( organisation & lab\r requir$ to in/all #bjjj cyl9d]s on1 say1 a two mile front4 ,^! cyl9d]s w\ld h to be assembl$ at a numb] ( po9ts 9 ! re> ( ! giv5 l9e :]e ! roads met ! communication tr5*es4 ,no horse or lorry transport c\ld assemble at su* po9ts be=e d>k1 nor be left /&+ !re aft] dawn4 ,to c>ry ?is numb] ( cyl9d]s m ?an fifty lorries w\ld be requir$ or1 say1 p]haps1 g ,g4,s4 wagons4 ,all ! po9ts ( assembly w\ld be "u possible enemy %ell fire4 ,^! po9ts w\ld be normally 9 use = ! unload+ ( rations & tr5* eng9e]+ mat]ials1 etc41 ) :i* cyl9d] transport w\ld h to be co-ord9at$4 ,once arriv$ at ! unload+ po9ts1 p>ties _h to be provid$ = unload+ ! lorries & = convey+ ! cyl9d]s up to ! front l9e tr5*4 ,9 a normally difficult tr5* sy/em1 = a c>ry ( a mile to a mile & a half ( communication tr5*1 at lea/ f\r m5 p] cyl9d] are requir$ to give ! necess>y m>g9 = casualties & reliefs1 etc4 ,?is implies ! organisation ( m ?an #hjjj (fic]s & m5 = ! in/allation1 ) a fundam5tal condition t only small gr\ps ( ^! m5 be assembl$ at any "o po9t at any giv5 "t4 ,! in/allation ( gas = an attack on ?is scale w\ld h be5 a matt] ( va/ & complicat$ organisation if !re 7 no o!r activities 9 ! tr5* sy/em1 & no enemy to h>ass ! "w4 ,b to co-ord9ate su* an ent]prise ) ! busy night life ( ! tr5* sy/em & to leave ! enemy unaw>e ( y\r activities 0 a task :i* tri$ ! pati5ce1 n only ( ! ,special ,companies1 :o organis$1 guid$1 & controll$ ^! op]ations1 b mu* m s ( ! ,infantry ,brigades & ,divisions ^: dispositions 7 int]f]$ )1 & :o _h to provide ! m5 = ! "w4 ,add to ?is ev5 m acute difficulties4 ,! front l9e tr5* is no?+ b a s]ies ( trav]ses1 ?us to avoid ! enfilade effect ( %ell & ma*9e-gun fire4 ,a /raight tr5* is a dea?-trap4 ,b to c>ry hundr$s ( pole-slung cyl9d]s1 already weigh+ z lead1 r\nd trav]ses on a d>k night1 is a feat requir+ sup]human endurance4 ,!re=e _m c>ries f9i%$ ) a hundr$ y>ds ov] ! top ?r\gh ! p>ados wire1 to ! ne> locality ( ! appropriate emplacem5t 9 ! front l9e4 ,?is la/ c>ry 0 critical2 a false /ep1 ! clatt] ( fall+ metal1 meant draw+ ! fire ( "s curi\s & al]t ,g]man ma*9e gunn]4 ,! sudd5 turn+ ( d>kness into day by enemy ,v lights impos$ in/antane\s immobility4 ,yet all ! "t tir$ m5 7 /ra9+ at _! heavy burd5 & any mom5t a cyl9d] might be pi]c$ by int5tional or unaim$ rifle fire4 ,b ! _s ( ! infantry 9 ?is "w1 z 9 all !y und]took1 is to _! ev]la/+ cr$it4 ,^! tasks 7 an enemy *all5ge & !y accept$ x successfully1 albeit ) mu* curs+4 ,! "w 0 inde$ beyond description & ! c\ntry1 colonial1 & ,london troops express$ _! op9ion equally emphatically 9 _! own peculi> way4 ,?9k aga9 ( ! ne$ ( sy/ematic w9d obs]vation along ! :ole front ( attack1 ! disorganisation & gas al]t conditions impos$ on ! fav\rable night1 ! possibility ( po/ponem5t1 & we c only draw "o conclusion4 ,!re mu/ h be5 "s imp]ative ne$ or ju/ification ( cl\d gas attack = ! army to h enc\rag$ or ev5 tol]at$ its cont9uance4 ,!re is no difficulty 9 und]/&+ :y gas attack 0 s exce$+ly unpopul> among ! /affs 9 ! e>ly /ages ( ! w>4 ,lat]1 h[ev]1 :5 !y realis$ ! enemy casualties t 7 be+ creat$ by ! gas1 & :at a l>ge "p x 0 tak+ 9 ! w> ( attrition1 ! opposition & lack ( appreciation vani%$4 ,fur!r1 :5 ! projector arriv$ to produce simil> effects ) less dem& ^u infantry p]sonnel1 & less dep5d5ce on ! w9d1 ! :ole tone ( ! army t[>ds gas 0 *ang$1 & x became almo/ popul>4 ,! peculi>ity ( cl\d gas attack 0 ! conc5tration ( all ?is ef=t ( prep>ation )9 a few days4 ,9 t]ms ( milit>y effici5cy1 ! am\nt ( en]gy exp5d$ 0 fully ju/ifi$ by ! casualties produc$4 ,we "k t "s ( our cl\d attacks 7 responsible on "o night = _m ?\s&s ( casualties1 & ! am\nt ( artill]y ef=t to give su* a result w\ld probably h be5 consid]ably l>g]4 ,b "u normal conditions ( w>f>e1 su* artill]y ef=t w\ld h be5 exp5d$ ov] a mu* long] p]iod ( "t4 ,! ,liv5s ,projector4--,! ,somme (f5sive witness$ ! use ( a new ,briti% gas weapon :i* became ( ! utmo/ importance4 ,?is 0 ! mort> kn[n z ! ,liv5s ,projector4 ,its orig9 dates back _m mon?s1 h[ev]1 & is ( consid]able int]e/4 ,a ,briti% eng9e]1 ,lt4 ,liv5s 7aft]w>ds ,major1 ,d4,s4,o41 ,m4,c47 ( ! ,signal ,corps1 0 inspir$ to con/ructive & aggressive ?\ght on ! gas "q by a d\ble motive4 ,he quickly realis$ ! tactical weakness ( ! ,g]man me?od at ,ypres1 once %orn ( its va/ initial possibilities ( surprise4 ,he saw ! advantage ( be+ able to comm& ! po9t or locality ( incid5ce ( ! cl\d1 in/ead ( be+ limit$ to ! actual tr5* front4 ,prompt$ by a direct p]sonal int]e/ 9 ! huge loss su/a9$ by ! ,lusitania outrage1 he det]m9$ to f9d a practical outlet = 8 feel+s by develop+ 8 views on ! future ( gas cl\ds4 ,9 a few mon?s ! g5]al pr9ciples ( ! projector 7 def9$ & a crude specim5 result$4 ,caught up1 h[ev]1 9 ! gas organisation1 prep>ations = ! cl\d attack at ,loos absorb$ all 8 att5tion & en]gies & ! consequ5t reorganisation f\nd him develop+ a flamm5w]f] & tra9+ a company = its use4 ,x 0 really ! ,somme battle :i* gave him ! fir/ opportunity to c>ry 8 idea into (f5sive practice4 ,?is arose 9 front ( ,high ,wood1 :i* 0 a v]itable ne/ ( ,g]man ma*9e gunn]s 9 su* a critical tactical position z to hold up our advance 9 t region4 ,! huge /ation>y flamm5w]f] _h rec5tly be5 us$ by ,major ,liv5s & 8 company aga9/ a /rong po9t 9 front ( ,c>noy 9 ! assault ( ,july #a/4 ,"h aga9 ! effect ( flame 0 limit$ ev5 m ?an t ( cl\d gas by dep5d5ce on a fix$ emplacem5t4 ,x 0 quickly grasp$ t ! solution 0 to be f\nd 9 ! application ( ! projector pr9ciple to ! use ( oil = flame & a crude projector 0 devis$ = ! em]g5cy1 us+ oil cans z mort>s1 bury+ !m 9 ! e>? = two-?irds ( _! l5g? & employ+ wat] cans z bombs4 ,z soon z ! possibilities ( ! weapon 7 se5 its developm5t 0 press$4 ,! usual ,liv5s ,projector consi/$ ( a simple tube mort> or projector clos$ at "o end1 & fitt$ ) a *>ge box on :i* re/$ ! projectile4 ,by an electrical arrangem5t & suitable communications1 l>ge numb]s1 sometimes ?\s&s1 ( ^! projectors c\ld be dis*>g$ at a giv5 mom5t4 ,9 ?is way quantities ( gas1 comp>able ) ! huge tonnages employ$ 9 ! normal /ation>y cl\d attack1 c\ld be us$ to produce a cl\d :i* w\ld orig9ate1 z cl\d1 z f> z a mile away f ! po9t ( dis*>ge4 ,9 o!r words1 ! advantages ( cl\d attack c\ld be us$ ) a mu* small] dep5d5ce on w9d direction1 & ) a mu* great] factor ( local surprise4 ,?us :5 ! p>tially p]fect$ & effici5t weapon 0 us$ 9 l>ge quantities dur+ ! ,briti% ,arras (f5sive 9 ,april1 #aiag1 ! ,g]man ,army 0 ?r[n into great con/]nation4 ,b = ! fact t protection _h develop$ s /rongly on bo? sides1 ! use ( ! ,liv5s ,projector w\ld h gone f> t[>ds a decision4 ,! simple/ way to illu/rate ! peculi> value ( ! projector w be to quote f "o or two ( ! _m ,intellig5ce reports collect$4 ,?us f a captur$ docum5t dat$ ,july1 #aiag1 belong+ to ! #aaa? ,g]man ,division1 sign$ ,von ,busse1 we h3 ,! enemy has comb9$ 9 ?is new process ! advantages ( gas cl\ds & gas %ells4 ,! d5sity is equal to t ( gas cl\ds1 & ! surprise effect ( %ell fire is also obta9$4 ,= ! bomb>dm5t ! latt] "p ( ! night is g5]ally *os51 9 a calm or light w9d 7! direction ( ! latt] is immat]ial74 ,! enemy aims ess5tially at surprise4 ,our losses h be5 s]i\s up to n[1 z he has succe$$1 9 ! majority ( cases1 9 surpris+ u1 & masks h (t5 be5 put on too late4 4 4 4 ,z soon z a l\d report l a m9e is he>d #ajjj-aejj metres away1 give ! gas al>m4 ,x does n matt] if sev]al false al>ms are giv54 ,masks mu/ n be tak5 (f )\t ord]s f an (fic]4 ,m5 affect$1 ev5 if app>5tly only slightly1 mu/ be treat$ z s]i\s cases1 laid flat1 kept /ill1 & tak5 back z soon z possible = m$ical treatm5t4 ,anti-gas (fic]s & ,company ,comm&]s w g ?r\gh a fre% c\rse ( tra9+ on ! above pr9ciples4 ,! influ5ce ( gas discipl9e is borne out by ano!r captur$ /atem5t t !y c\ld only attempt to r$uce _! losses to a m9imum by ! /ricte/ gas discipl9e4 ,aga91 f a prison] we le>n t e "t a battalion goes into re/1 masks are inspect$ & a lecture is deliv]$ by ! gas (fic] on ,briti% gas projectors1 :i* are /at$ to be ! mo/ deadly =m ( w>f>e4 ,s great 0 ! impression =m$ by ! introduction ( ! projector t uneas9ess at ! front 0 reflect$ lat] on 9 ! ,press4 ,?us1 quot+ f ref]5ce to ! milit>y discussion be=e ! ma9 committee ( ! ,rei*/ag4 ,casualties f enemy poison gas admit on ! :ole ( a fav\rable judgm5t1 z ! h>m involv$ is only tempor>y1 & 9 mo/ cases no ill aft]-effects p]si/ 7,tagli*e ,runds*au1 #bd4d4ah74 ,cases ( gas poison+ are n z a rule accompani$ by h>mful consequ5ces1 ev5 ?\gh ! treatm5t ext5ds sometimes ov] a long p]iod 7,vorw>ts1 #be4d4ah71 ,bas$ on ! lat] mu/>d gas casualties ^! /atem5ts w\ld h be5 m tru?ful4 ,z x 01 !y af=d$ poor consolation to ! ,g]man p4 ,briti% ,gas ,%ell4--,! ,briti% fir/ us$ %ell gas z la*rymators1 9 tr5* mort> bombs1 9 small quantities1 dur+ ! battle ( ! ,somme1 b = ! fir/ "t1 dur+ ! battle ( ,arras1 #aiag1 our supplies ( gas = %ell 7 suffici5t = ext5sive & effective use4 ,our success c be measur$ by ! report dat$ ,april #aa?1 #aiag1 f ! ,g5]al ,comm&+ ! fir/ ,g]man ,army1 on ,exp]i5ces 9 ! ,battle ( ,arras1 9 :i* he says3 ,! enemy made ext5sive use ( gas ammunition aga9/ our front positions z well z aga9/ batt]ies4 ,! fight+ resi/ance ( ! m5 suff]$ consid]ably f we>+ ! mask = _m h\rs4 ,artill]y activity seems to h be5 p>alys$ by ! effects ( ! gas4 ,9 a g5]al comp>ison ( ,briti% & ,g]man me?ods ( gas w>f>e1#a ,g5]al ,h>tley tells u our me?ods improv$ rapidly dur+ #aiag4 ,at fir/ we neglect$1 almo/ entirely1 ! "q ( rate ( fir+1 b we soon arriv$ at ! me?od ( cra%es ( le?al %ell4 ,^! got ! surprise conc5trations ( gas :i* prov$ s effective1 & we realis$ t ! numb] ( %ells requir$ to produce an effect 0 mu* bigg] ?an we ?\ght orig9ally4 ,at ,mess9es gas 0 us$ 9 mu* ! same way z at ,arras4 #a ,j\rnal ( ! ,royal ,artill]y1 ,febru>y1 #aibj4 ,g]man ,gas ,%ell ,developm5t1 #aiaf4--,! ma9 evid5ce ( ,alli$ reaction 0 to be f\nd 9 ! int5sive developm5t ( cl\d gas attacks1 b dur+ ! same p]iod ! ,g]mans1 :o appe>$ to be ab&on+ ! use ( cl\d gas1 7 mak+ /eady ef=ts to rega9 _! initiative by ! compreh5sive developm5t ( %ell gas4 ,?us1 to quote f ,g5]al ,h>tley's report to ! ,briti% ,association1 ,9 ! ,summ] ( #aiaf *lor-me?yl-*lor(ormate ) toxic prop]ties simil> to ^? ( phosg5e 0 us$ aga9/ u 9 l>ge quantities dur+ ! battle ( ! ,somme4 ,lat] ?is 0 replac$ by tri*lor-me?yl-*loro-=mate1 a simil> liquid1 :i* 0 us$ until ! end ( ! w> z ! well-kn[n ,gre5 ,cross %ell fill+4 ,! use ( phosg5e 9 tr5* mort> bombs also began 9 #aiaf4 ,_m ( ^? on ! front 9 #aiaf w rememb] ! surprise gas %ell attack ( ,decemb] ( t ye>1 on ! ,baudimont gate at ,arras4 ,we 7 =tunately let (f lightly ) little ov] #ajj casualties1 b ! effect 0 to tight5 up gas discipl9e all along ! l9e4 ,! appe>ance ( ! new sub/ances repres5t$ def9ite ,g]man progress & _h def9ite milit>y results1 b !y lo/ decisive value ow+ to ! relative ineffici5cy ( ,g]man gas %ell tactics4 ,consid]ation ( ! ,alli$ reaction mu/ include "s ref]5ce to ! appe>ance ( ! ,am]ican ,army 9 ! field4 ,! ,am]icans dur+ _! m or less educational p]iod gave s]i\s att5tion to ! gas "q1 & %[$ almo/ imm$iately1 by _! prep>ations1 t !y atta*$ enorm\s importance to ! new weapon4 ,ma9 ,features ( ! ,p]iod4--,x is difficult to g5]alise4 ,b ! foll[+ features appe> to *>act]ise ! p]iod "u discussion4 ,9 ! fir/ place we see ,g]man policy t5d+ t[>ds ! use ( gas projectiles conta9+ a v>iety ( organic sub/ances4 ,secondly1 we h ! ,briti% exploitation ( cl\d gas attack bo? 9 magnitude & me?od4 ,! ,liv5s ,projector provides ! ?ird important feature4 ,f\r?ly1 we note ! some:at t>dy developm5t ( ! ,briti% use ( gas %ell4 ,a numb] ( causes1 no d\bt1 unite 9 responsibility = ! above4 ,b :e!r due to def9itely fram$ policy on our "p1 or m]ely to ! h>d facts ( ! case1 "o important factor seems l>gely responsible4 ,x is ! relative ease ( production by ,g]many z comp>$ ) ourselves4 ,:5 ,g]man milit>y op9ion t5d$ t[>ds ! developm5t ( gas %ell1 a v>iety ( sub/ances came quickly to h&1 n only f ,g]man rese>* s\rces1 b 9 quantity f ! dye factories4 ,no su* quick response c\ld h met1 or actually did meet1 ! dem&s ( ,alli$ milit>y policy4 ,:atev] ideas emanat$ f our rese>* organisations1 !re 0 no quick means ( conv]t+ !m into ,g]man casualties4 ,x is true t we c\ld obta9 *lor9e & lat] phosg5e 9 bulk & devote !m to ! exploitation ( ! old] gas appliances 9 cl\d me?ods4 ,b ,briti% *emical supply 0 weak1 ow+ to ! abs5ce ( a /rong organic *emical indu/ry4 ,9 o!r words1 ,g]man flexibility ( supply meant flexibility 9 meet+ ! requirem5ts ( milit>y policy1 &1 giv5 s\nd milit>y policy1 ?is flexibility meant surprise1 ! ess5ce ( successful w>4 ,,*apt] ,,iv ,,int5sive ,,*emical ,,w>f>e ,! *emical /ruggle became v int5se 9 ! ,summ] & ,autumn ( #aiag4 ,projector attacks multipli$1 ! use ( *emical %ell increas$ on bo? sides1 alli$ & enemy gas discipl9e 0 tight5$ up1 (fic]s & m5 acquir$ a k9d ( gas s5se1 a peculi> al]tness t[>ds gas4 ,! home front 0 /r5g!n$ 9 ,engl& & ,france by re9=c$ & s\nd] organisations1 & by ! vigor\s /eps tak5 by ,am]ica4 ,! ,g]mans began to reap ! b5efit ( _! gas %ell policy4 ,at ! end ( #aiaf1 z a result ( a review ( ! production situation1 !y _h arriv$ at ! s-call$ ,h9d5burg ,programme4 ,?is includ$ a l>ge output ( gas = %ell1 & f its realisation ! ,g]mans acquir$ a mom5tum :i* kept !m ahead well into #aiah4 ,x is a v cle> indication ( ! progress made by ,g]many 9 rese>*1 t ! sudd5 expansion 9 manufacture requir$ by ! ,h9d5burg ,programme f\nd a numb] ( new effici5t w> *emicals ready = production4 ,! ,mu/>d ,gas ,surprise4--,! next big surprise came f ,g]many4 ,units 9 ! l9e at ,nieuport & ,ypres 9 ,july1 #aiag1 7 ! fir/ to exp]i5ce x4 ,"s 7 spr9kl$ & "s delug$ ) a new type ( ,g]man %ell *emical :i*1 9 _m cases1 evad$ ! ,briti% gas discipl9e1 & mu/>d gas1 unrecognis$1 caus$ _m s]i\s casualties4 ,ev5 ^? :o wore ! mask 7 attack$ by ! vesicant or bli/]+ influ5ce ( ! gas4 ,! matt] is vividly express$ 9 a lett]1 giv5 bel[1 :i* ,i receiv$ f an (fic] w\nd$ 9 ! ,nieuport attack3 ,i 0 gass$ by di*lor-die?yl sulphide1 commonly kn[n z mu/>d /uff1 on ,july #bbnd4 ,i 0 digg+ 9 7,liv5s ,projectors71 to fire on ,lamb>tzyde4 ,go+ up we met a t]rible /rafe ( ,h4,e4 & gas %ells 9 ,nieuport4 ,:5 ?+s quiet5$ a little ,i w5t up ) ! ?ree ,g4,s4 wagons1 all t 7 left1 & ! c>ry+ p>ties4 ,i mu/ say t ! gas 0 cle>ly visible & _h exactly ! same smell z hors]adi%4 ,x _h no imm$iate effect on ! eyes or ?roat4 ,i suspect$ a delay$ action & my p>ty all put _! masks on4 ,on arriv+ at ! emplacem5t we met a v ?ick cl\d ( ! same /uff drift+ f ! front l9e sy/em4 ,z x seem$ to h no effect on ! eyes ,i gave ord]s = all to put on _! m\?pieces & noseclips s z to brea! none ( ! /uff1 & we c>ri$ on4 ,com+ back we met ano!r t]rific gas %ell attack on ,nieuport4 ,next morn+1 myself1 & all ! eighty m5 we _h up !re 7 absolutely bl9d4 ,! horrid /uff _h a delay$ action on ! eyes1 caus+ tempor>y bl9dness ab\t sev5 h\rs aft]w>ds4 ,ab\t #cjjj 7 affect$4 ,"o or two ( our p>ty nev] recov]$ _! sight & di$4 ,! casualty cle>+ /ations 7 cr[d$4 ,on ,augu/ #crd1 ) my eyes /ill v blood%ot & weak & we>+ blue glasses1 ,i came home1 & w5t into ,millbank ,hospital on ,augu/ #ae?4 ,^! e>ly mu/>d gas attacks caus$ s]i\s gaps among/ ! troops assembl+ = ! ,nor!rn (f5sives4 ,! gas 0 di/9ctly a new dep>ture4 ,effective 9 l[ conc5trations1 ) v little od\r1 & no imm$iate sign ( discom=t or dang]1 v p]si/5t1 rema9+ on ! gr\nd = days1 x caus$ huge casualties4 ,=tunately1 its mo/ fatal effects c\ld be prev5t$ by we>+ a respirator1 & only a v small proportion ( mu/>d gas casualties 7 fatal4 ,! insidi\s nature ( ! gas & ! way 9 :i* x evad$ ! gas discipl9e is %[n 9 ! foll[+ example f an (ficial report3 ,a batt]y 0 bomb>d$ by ! new gas %ell f #aj p4m4 to #ab midnight & f #a4cj to #c4cj on ! night ( #bcrd-#bd? ,july4 ,! %ell+ !n ceas$ & at #f a4m41 :5 ! batt]y _h to c>ry out a %oot1 ! ,batt]y ,comm&] consid]$ ! air free f gas1 & ,box ,respirators 7 accord+ly remov$4 ,%ortly aft]w>ds sev]al m5 w5t sick f gas poison+1 includ+ ! ,batt]y ,comm&]4 ,on previ\s nights !y _h be5 fir$ at ) gas %ell 9 ! same way1 b f\nd x safe to remove ,box ,respirators aft] a c\ple ( h\rs4 ,on ! occasion 9 "q ! air 0 v /ill & damp4 ,9 ano!r case an (fic] 9 ! ,boes+he sector1 dur+ ! gas bomb>dm5t on ! night ( ! #bb-bc ,july1 adju/$ ! m\?piece & nose-clip1 b left ! eyes uncov]$4 ,8 eyes 7 s]i\sly affect$1 b he _h no lung symptoms on ! morn+ ( ! #bd?4 ,mu/>d gas 7or ,yell[ ,cross1 z x 0 call$ (ficially by ! ,g]mans7 0 ! w> gas p> excell5ce = ! purpose ( caus+ casualties4 ,inde$1 x produc$ ne>ly eight times m ,alli$ casualties ?an all ! v>i\s o!r k9ds ( ,g]man gas4 ,x 0 us$ = prep>ation a consid]able "t be=e ! attack1 or dur+ ! attack1 on localities & objects ) :i* ! attack]s w\ld h no contact4 ,blue ,cross4--,ano!r new type1 ! ,g]man ,blue ,cross1 0 introduc$ ab\t ! same "t4 ,?is repres5t$ at diff]5t times diph5yl*lor>s9e1 diph5ylcyan>s9e & o!r ars5ic comp\nds4 ,! ,blue ,cross comp\nd 0 conta9$ 9 a %ell ) high explosive4 ,! enemy expect$ t ! %ell bur/ w\ld create su* a f9e diffusion ( ! comp\nd t x w\ld p5etrate our respirator me*anically1 & !n ex]cise its effects4 ,^!1 viol5t irritation ( ! nose & ?roat1 nausea & int5se pa91 w\ld cause ! removal ( ! respirator & all[ o!r le?al gases to h full play4 ,=tunately1 ! ,g]man hopes ( p5etration 7 n realis$1 b !y 71 no d\bt1 cont9u+ to develop ! va/ possibilities ( ! new me?od4 ,g]man ,emphasis on ,gas ,%ell4--,! ,gre5 ,cross or le?al fill+ 0 ano!r type ( ,g]man gas %ell4 ,gre5 ,cross cov]$ su* comp\nds z phosg5e & *lor-me?yl *lor(ormate4 ,al?\gh ^! caus$ few] casualties ?an mu/>d gas1 !y 7 relatively m fatal4 ,s*w>te's book tells u t1 ,aft] ! introduction ( ! ,gre5 ,cross %ell 9 ! summ] ( #aiaf1 at ,v]dun ov] #ajj1jjj gas %ell 7 us$ to a s+le bomb>dm5t4 ,f ! "t ( ! fir/ use ( mu/>d gas until ! t]rific gas %ell attack ( ,m>*1 #aiah1 ! ,g]mans p]si/5tly us$ _! new types aga9/ u ) consid]able effect4 ,ev5 :5 ! p]iod ( surprise effect ) mu/>d gas 0 ov]1 ! numb] ( casualties caus$ by x 0 consid]ably great] ?an dur+ ! mon?s :5 ! ,g]mans 7 fir+ only non-p]si/5t le?al %ell ( ! ,gre5 ,cross type4 ,! ,g]mans reg>d$ ^! %ell gas developm5ts z l>gely responsible = our failure to break ?r\gh 9 ! ,autumn ( #aiag4 ,! ,g]man ,projector4--,dur+ ?is p]iod !y also develop$ a projector4 ,_! fir/ use ( x 0 aga9 co-ord9at$ ) an attempt at surprise4 ,=tunately1 protection & gas discipl9e _h rea*$ su* an effici5t /ate t normal al]t conditions ( ! front l9e sy/em 7 l>gely able to c\nt] ! use ( ?is new device by ,g]many4 ,! fir/ attack 0 aga9/ ! ,fr5* at ,re*ic\rt on ! night ( ,decemb] #e?-#f?4 ,on ! night ( ,decemb] #aj?-#aa?1 #aiag1 !y fir$ sev]al hundr$ projectiles on ! ,cambrai & ,giv5*y sectors ( ! ,briti% l9e4 ,9 bo? cases ! gas bombs 7 fir$ almo/ simultane\sly into a small area includ+ our front & support l9es4 ,! bombs appe>$ to h be5 fir$ f ! enemy support l9e1 z obs]v]s /ate t !y saw a %eet ( flame run along ?is l9e1 foll[$ by a l\d explosion4 ,! bombs1 :i* emitt$ a trail ( sp>ks1 7 se5 9 ! air 9 l>ge numb]s & made a l\d :irr+ noise4 ,!y bur/ ) a l>ge detonation1 produc+ a ?ick1 :ite cl\d4 ,! dis*>ge 0 foll[$ imm$iately by a bomb>dm5t ) ,h4,e4 %rapnel & gas %ell1 & a raid 0 attempt$ s\? ( ,giv5*y4 ,we le>n t s /rong 0 ! gas discipl9e t 9 _m cases respirators 7 adju/$ be=e ! arrival ( ! bombs1 ! resemblance to our projector attacks hav+ be5 e/abli%$ at once4 ,:5 ?is 0 done practically no casualties occurr$4 ,aga91 to %[ ! effici5cy ( ,briti% protection aga9/ projector gas1 we le>n f (ficial reports t1 ,at "o po9t five bombs bur/ 9 a tr5* )\t h>m+ ! occupants4 ,x %\ld be rememb]$ t ! ,briti% box respirator protects aga9/ v high conc5trations ( gas :i* pass at once ?r\gh ! ,g]man mask4 ,simil> dis*>ges 7 made aga9/ ! ,fr5* on two occasions 9 ,decemb]1 & aga9/ ! ,l5s sector on ,decemb] #cj?4 ,! comp\nds us$ 9 ! bombs 7 phosg5e & a mixture ( phosg5e & *lorpicr94 ,^! attacks increas$ 9 numb] dur+ ! ensu+ mon?s4 ,g]man ,projector ,improvem5ts4--,! ,g]mans develop$ a long] range modification & w\ld und\bt$ly h exploit$ ?is weapon v consid]ably b = ! tr5d ( ! campaign4 ,! ,alli$ advance 9 #aiah uncov]$ a numb] ( enemy dumps4 ,among/ ! mo/ int]e/+ 0 "o :i* conta9$ a numb] ( a new type ( projector4 ,a prison] ( ! #cg? pione] gas battalion1 captur$ on ,augu/ #bf?1 _h said t !y 7 to practise ) a new type ( projector ) a range ( #c kilometres1 ! increas$ range be+ obta9$ by rifl+ ! bore ( ! projector4 ,he /at$ t ! int5tion 0 to use ! long] range weapons 9 conjunction ) ! old %ort range projector1 us+ ! new type to deal ) ! res]ve positions4 ,! capture ( ! dumps ref]r$ to above reveal$ ! tru? ( 8 /atem5t4 ,two k9ds ( bombs 7 us$1 "o conta9+ ,h4,e4 & ! o!r small pumice granules impregnat$ ) phosg5e4 ,?is 0 an +5i\s attempt to produce a p]si/5t b highly le?al gas by physical means1 = hi!rto ! highly le?al gases _h only be5 slightly p]si/5t4 ,! new projector _h a calibre ( #aeh mm4 & 0 t]m$ ! ,gasw]f]1 #aiah4 ,! importance ( ?is new projector _c be ov]e/imat$4 ,its l>ge scale use w\ld1 und\bt$ly1 h result$ 9 impos+ /r+5t gas al]t conditions at great] di/ances f ! front l9e4 ,dyes 9 ,gas ,%ell4--,ano!r int]e/+ ,g]man developm5t ( ?is p]iod 0 ! use ( c]ta9 dyes or /a9s 9 gas %ell4 ,aft] gas bomb>dm5ts 9 ! w9t] ( #aiaf-ag1 ! sn[ 0 se5 to be cov]$ ) col\r$ pat*es4 ,^! co9cid$ ) ! bur/s ( ! %ell4 ,analysis ( ! e>? %[$ t ! col\r 0 due to ! pres5ce ( an actual dye/uff4 ,a numb] ( explanations 7 advanc$ to acc\nt = ! use ( ! col\r1 ( :i* ! mo/ probable claim$ its employm5t = ! id5tification ( affect$ localities sev]al h\rs or ev5 days aft] ! bomb>dm5t4 ,?is 0 especially ! case ) p]si/5t types4 ,z ! explosive *>ge ( *emical %ell 0 feeble1 "s su* means ( id5tification 0 necess>y4 ,x may be t ! ,g]mans expect$ t troops advanc+ aft] su* bomb>dm5ts w\ld be help$ by ! spla%es ( col\r1 & t ^! e>li] attempts 7 purely exp]im5tal4 ,g]man ,flame ,projectors4--,we h already ref]r$ to ! use ( flame projectors by ! enemy1 & a picturesque acc\nt ( _! developm5t & use 9 ! lat] /ages ( ! campaign is f\nd 9 an extract f ! ,hamburg] ,na*ri*t5 ( ! #i? ( ,june1 #aiah3 ,_! ,orig94--,our ,flamm5w]f] troops owe _! orig9 to a m]e incid5t4 ,_! pres5t comm&]1 ,major ,r41 :5 an (fic] ( ! ,res]ve1 receiv$ ! ord]1 dur+ peace manoeuvres1 to hold a c]ta9 =t at all co/s4 ,dur+ ! %am fight1 hav+ employ$ all means at 8 disposal1 he f9ally al>m$ ! fire brigade unit1 :i* 0 "u 8 ord]s z comm&] ( ! =t1 & direct$ ! wat] jets on ! attack+ =ce4 ,aft]w>ds1 dur+ ! criticism ( op]ations 9 ! pres5ce ( ! ,kais]1 he claim$ t he _h subject$ ! attack]s to /reams ( burn+ oil4 ,! ,kais] !reupon inquir$ :e!r su* a ?+ w\ld be possible1 & he receiv$ an answ] 9 ! affirmative4 ,long s]ies ( exp]im5ts 7 necess>y be=e ,eng9e] ,l4 succe$$ 9 produc+ a comb9ation ( v>i\s oils1 :i* mixture is project$ z a flame on ! enemy by means ( pres5t day ,flamm5w]f]4 ,major ,r4 occupi$ himself 9 peace "t ) fight+ fire z comm&] ( ! ,muni* ,fire ,brigade4 ,! ,pr9ce ( ,hades1' z he is call$ by 8 fire sp\t]s1' enjoys great popul>ity among 8 m5 z well z among ! troops to ^: assi/ance he may be call$4 ,he c look back on an important developm5t ( 8 units4 ,:]eas 9 ,janu>y1 #aiae1 ,flamm5w]f] troops consi/$ ( a gr\p ( #cf m51 to-day !y con/itute a =mation ) special assault & bomb+ deta*m5ts1 & are furni%$ ) all requisites = indep5d5t action4 ,9 read+ ,army ,communiques1 we (t5 f9d m5tion ( ^! troops4 ,if difficulty is exp]i5c$ 9 cle>+ up an ,engli% or ,fr5* ,infantry ne/1 ! ,pr9ce ( ,hades' appe>s ) 8 ho/s & smokes ! enemy out4 ,t conditions ( memb]%ip ( ?is unit h>dly con/itute a life insurance policy is obvi\s2 nor is e man suitable4 ,special m5 :o are physically adapt$ & :o h giv5 pro( ( ke5ness 9 assault are necess>y = su* "w4 ,fur!r ,flame ,developm5t4--,specim5s ( a v neat portable ,g]man ,flamm5w]f] 7 captur$ 9 ,augu/1 #aiag4 ,x conta9$ ?ree ess5tial p>ts3 a r+-%ap$ oil conta9] surr\nd+ a sph]ical vessel conta9+ compress$ nitrog51 :i* 0 us$ to expel ! oil1 & a flexible tube ( rubb] & canvas c>ry+ ! jet4 ,! :ole 0 arrang$ to be c>ri$ on ! back4 ,at ab\t ?is "t prison]s /at$ t m5 7 transf]r$ to ! ,flamm5w]f] companies z a =m ( puni%m5t4 ,! ,g]mans 7 fond ( us+ ! ,flamm5w]f] dur+ c\nt]-attacks & raids 9 :i* ! morale factor is s important4 ,?us 9 ,septemb]1 #aiae1 9 a raid aga9/ ! ,briti% dur+ our great (f5sive1 ! ,g]man raid+ p>ty 0 h]ald$ by a %[] ( /ick bombs & ! ,flamm5w]f] m5 foll[$4 ,! bomb+ p>ty advanc$ "u cov] ( ^! m51 ! smoke f ! flame ?r[]s act+ z a scre54 ,briti% exp]i5ce 0 t ! calm use ( ma*9e-gun fire soon put ,g]man flame ?r[]s out ( action1 & x is cle> t ! ,g]mans !mselves realis$ ?is weakness ( isolat$ flame attacks =1 9 "o ( _! docum5ts issu$ by ,g]man ,g4,h4,q4 9 ,april1 #aiah1 !y said3 ,flamm5w]f] h be5 usefully employ$ 9 combats aga9/ villages4 ,!y mu/ be engag$ 9 great numb]s & mu/ fight 9 close liaison ) ! infantry1 :i* helps !m ) ! fire ( its ma*9e-guns & its gr5ades4 ,! #aiah ,(f5sive4--,"s idea ( ! importance ( ^! developm5ts & ( ! scale on :i* !y 7 exploit$ 9 ! lat] campaigns ( ! w> c be obta9$ by briefly exam9+ ! ,g]man plans = ! use ( gas 9 _! #aiah (f5sive1 & _! execution3 ,die ,te*nik im ,weltkriege tells u3 ,dur+ ! big ,g]man attacks 9 #aiah1 gas 0 us$ aga9/ artill]y & infantry 9 quantities :i* _h nev] be5 se5 be=e1 & ev5 9 op5 w>f>e ! troops 7 soon ask+ = gas4 ,! ,yell[ & ,blue ,cross %ells fir/ introduc$ into op]ation 9 ,july1 #aiag1 7 n incorporat$ into compreh5sive (f5sives until ,m>*1 #aiah4 ,ow+ to ! exig5cies ( ! campaign1 ! initial surprise value ( ^! gases 0 subord9at$ to ! lat] l>ge scale use 9 ! great (f5sive4 ,9 ,decemb]1 #aiag1 ! ,g]man ,army 0 in/ruct$ anew reg>d+ ! use ( ! new gas %ell types = diff]5t milit>y purposes1 lay+ great /ress on ! use ( non-p]si/5t gas = ! attack4 ,=tunately = u1 ! gas %ells de/9$ = ?is purpose 7 n relatively s effici5t z ! ,g]man p]si/5t types1 :i* 7 devot$ to ! m remote prep>ation = attack & to def5sive purposes4 ,_! p5etrat+ ,blue ,cross types 7 a comp>ative failure4 ,al?\gh plans emphasis$ ! importance ( ?is gas = ! attack1 facts lat] gave great] prom95ce to ! use ( ! p]si/5t ,yell[ ,cross %ell = def5sive purposes 9 ! great ,g]man retreat4 ,lud5dorffs ,te/imony4--,lud5dorff1 himself1 emphasis$ ! great importance :i* 0 atta*$ to gas 9 ?is (f5sive4 ,he says#a3 ,& yet our artill]y reli$ on gas = its effect1 & t 0 dep5d5t on ! direction & /r5g? ( ! w9d4 ,i _h to rely on ! =eca/ submitt$ to me at #aa a4m1 by my meteorologi/1 ,lieut5ant ,dr4 ,s*maus4 ,up till ! morn+ ( ! #bj? /r5g? & direction 7 by no means v fav\rable2 inde$1 x seem$ almo/ necess>y to put (f ! attack4 ,x w\ld h be5 v h>d to d4 ,s ,i 0 v anxi\s to see :at sort ( report ,i %\ld get4 ,x 0 n /rik+ly fav\rable1 b x did indicate t ! attack 0 possible4 ,at #ab noon ! ,army ,gr\ps 7 told t ! programme w\ld be c>ri$ out4 ,n[ x c\ld no long] be /opp$4 ,ev]y?+ mu/ run its c\rse4 ,g4,h4,q4 high] comm&]s & troops _h all done _! duty4 ,! re/ 0 9 ! h&s ( fate1 unfav\rable w9d dim9i%$ ! effectiv5ess ( ! gas1 fog ret>d$ our movem5ts & prev5t$ our sup]ior tra9+ & lead]%ip f reap+ its full rew>d4 #a ,my ,w> ,memories4 ,hut*9son ,co41 #aiai4 ,prep>ations = ,assault2--,gas ,def5sive at ,arm5ti]es4--,= twelve days prior to _! ,m>* assault ! ,g]mans us$ mu/>d gas ov]1 c]ta9 areas1 & ! non-p]si/5t types = o!r localities4 ,z an example ( ! fir/ me?od1 we c /ate t ne>ly #bjj1jjj r\nds ( ,yell[ ,cross %ell 7 us$ on ! #i? ,m>*1 & caus$ u heavy casualties4 ,! actual attack at once confirm$ our suspicions ( enemy int5tion to break ?r\gh on ! t]ritories :i* 7 n infect$ by ! p]si/5t mu/>d gas4 ,9 ! second case1 ( ! non-p]si/5t types ( ,blue & ,gre5 ,cross1 bomb>dm5ts ( trem5d\s int5sity occurr$ = sev]al h\rs be=e ! assault1 on all def5sive positions & organisations = sev]al miles beh9d ! front l9e4 ,millions ( r\nds mu/ h be5 us$4 ,al?\gh n )\t s]i\s effect on ! campaign1 ?is furi\s gas attack did n fully ju/ify expectations4 ,! failure ( mask p5etration by ! ,blue ,cross %ell prev5t$ ! full possibilities ( ,gre5 ,cross com+ into play4 ,to illu/rate ! specific use ( gas 9 ?is great (f5sive1 & ! organic way 9 :i* x 0 co-ord9at$ 9 ! plan ( attack1 we quote f a rec5t /atem5t by ,g5]al ,h>tley4#a ,ref]r+ to ! gas %ell+ imm$iately be=e ! ext5sion ( ! attack to ! nor? ( ,l5s on #i? ,april1 he expla9s1 ,betwe5 ! #g? ,april & #i? ,april !re 0 no gas %ell+ betwe5 ! ,la ,bassee ,canal & ,arm5ti]es1 :ile !re 0 heavy ,yell[ ,cross %ell+ imm$iately s\? ( ! ,canal1 & ,arm5ti]es _h su* a heavy bomb>dm5t t ! gutt]s 7 runn+ ) mu/>d gas4 ,?is indicat$ ! probability ( an attack on ! front held by ! ,portuguese1 :i* occurr$ on #i? ,april1 ,blue & ,gre5 ,cross be+ us$ 9 ! prelim9>y bomb>dm5t4 ,! ,portuguese front lay betwe5 ! two ,yell[ ,cross regions4 #a ,j\rnal ( ! ,royal ,artill]y1 ,febru>y1 #aibj4 ,fix$ ,gas ,b>rage at ,kemmel4--,ano!r mo/ int]e/+ example is also quot$1 deal+ ) ! %ell+ prec$+ ! attack on ,kemmel on #be? ,april4 ,?is is an int]e/+ case1 z non-p]si/5t ,blue ,cross %ell 7 us$ )9 ! objective & ,yell[ ,cross j beh9d x1 indicat+ t on #be? ,april ! enemy did n int5d to g beyond ! l9e !y ga9$4 ,p]c5tage ( ,*emical ,%ell4--,"s idea ( ! importance :i* ! ,g]mans atta*$ to _! *emical ammunition1 z di/9ct f explosives1 c be ga!r$ f ! foll[+ extract f a captur$ ord] ( ! ,sev5? ,g]man ,army1 dat$ ,may #h?1 #aiah1 giv+ ! proportion ( *emical %ell to be us$ 9 ! artill]y prep>ation = ! attack on ! ,aisne on #bg? ,may1 #aiah4 7a7 ,c\nt]-batt]y & long range bomb>dm5ts4 ,= #g4g c_/m field guns1 #aj4e c_/m & #ae c_/m1 h[itz]s & #aj c_/m guns2 ,blue ,cross #gj1 ,gre5 ,cross1 #aj2 ,h4,e4 #bj1 long #ae c_/m guns fire only ,h4,e4 7b7 ,bomb>dm5t ( infantry positions4 7i7 ,creep+ ,b>rage4 ,= #g4g c_/m field guns1 #aj4e c_/m & #ae c_/m h[itz]s2 ,blue ,cross #cj1 ,gre5 ,cross #aj1 ,h4,e4 #fj1 #ba c_/m h[itz]s fire only ,h4,e4 7ii7 ,box ,b>rage4 ,= #g4g c_/m field guns1 #aj4e c_/m h[itz]s & #aj c_/m guns2 ,blue ,cross #fj1 ,gre5 ,cross #aj1 ,h4,e4 #cj4 ,:at m /rik+ demon/ration is ne$$ ?an ^! extraord9>ily high p]c5tages8 ,gas ,retreat ,tactics2--,g5]al ,h>tley's ,analysis4--,no ,yell[ ,cross %ell 7 to be us$ 9 ! bomb>dm5t1 b1 z m5tion$ above1 !re 0 a complete *ange ( tactics 9 _! retreat1 dur+ :i* !y attempt$ to create a s]ies ( b>ri]s by lit]ally flood+ areas ) mu/>d gas4 ,?is def5sive use ( mu/>d gas 0 mo/ important4 ,aga91 quot+ ,g5]al ,h>tley1 ,yell[ ,cross %ell 7 us$ mu* f>!r =w>d ?an previ\sly1 bomb>dm5ts ( ! front l9e sy/em & ( =w>d po/s 7 frequ5t1 & possible assembly positions 7 also %ell$ ) ?is gas4 ,on m ?an "o occasion :5 an attack 0 expect$ ! enemy attempt$ to create an impassable zone 9 front ( our =w>d positions by means ( mu/>d gas4 ,_! gas bomb>dm5ts usually occurr$ on fronts :]e !y _h reason to fe> an attack1 ) ! idea ( inflict+ casualties 9 areas :]e troops might be mass+4 ,x 0 in/ructive to note h[ supplies ( ,yell[ ,cross %ell 7 swit*$ f ! ,?ird to ! ,fir/ ,army front late 9 ,augu/ :5 !y became n]v\s ab\t ! latt] sector4 ,9 ,yell[ ,cross !y _h an extremely f9e def5sive weapon1 :i* !y did n use to ! be/ advantage1 = in/ance1 !y neglect$ its use on roads & did n hamp] our communications ne>ly z mu* z !y might h done4 ,z our (f5sive progress$ _! gas %ell+ became less organis$1 & "o saw v cle>ly ! sup]ior value ( a big gas bomb>dm5t z comp>$ ) a numb] ( small ones4 ,9 ! latt] case x 0 usually possible to evacuate ! contam9at$ gr\nd & take up alt]native positions1 :ile 9 ! case ( a bomb>dm5t ( a l>ge area su* z ! ,cambrai sali5t1 ! difficulty ( do+ s 0 greatly increas$1 & consequ5tly casualties 7 high]4 ,dur+ our (f5sive x 0 n possible to ex]cise ! same precautions aga9/ gas z dur+ /ation>y w>f>e1 & ! casualties 7 increas$ on ?is acc\nt4 ,p]c5tage ( ,g]man ,gas ,%ell 9 ,enemy ,dumps4--,a te/ ( ! importance atta*$ by any army to ! diff]5t types ( ammunition :i* x uses c be made by exam9+ ! p]c5tage ( su* types ( %ell 9 a numb] ( ammunition dumps assembl$ beh9d ! front l9e = "s specific op]ation1 or "p ( a campaign4 ,an exam9ation ( ,g]man production f ?is po9t ( view is v int]e/+1 & also br+s out a significant po9t4 ,! normal e/abli%m5t ( a ,g]man divisional ammunition dump 9 ,july1 #aiah1 conta9$ ab\t #ej p] c5t4 ( gas %ell4 ,! dumps captur$ lat] 9 ! ye> conta9$ f #cj p] c5t4 to #dj p] c5t4 ,^! figures are significant1 = !y %[ h[ mu* importance ! ,g]man ,army atta*$ to gas %ell4 ,:5 we ?9k ( ! millions ( %ell & ( ! huge quantities ( explosives turn$ out by our own factories to fill !m1 & :5 we realise t = a l>ge numb] ( gun calibres ! ,g]mans us$ z _m %ell fill$ ) gas z ) explosive1 "s idea ( ! importance ( gas 9 ! rec5t w> & ( its future possibilities c be obta9$4 ,fur!r1 :5 we realise t ! production ( explosives c be controll$ & inspect$ dur+ peace1 b t no su* control c exi/ = *emical w>f>e products1 ! significance = ! future /&s reveal$4 ,=c$ ,exhau/ion ( ,/ocks4--,x might be ?\ght t ! l[] p]c5tages f\nd lat] on 9 ! ye> 7 an indication ( ! decreas+ importance ( *emical %ell4 ,exam9+ ! case less sup]ficially1 h[ev]1 we soon see t ?is l[] p]c5tage has an entirely diff]5t mean+4 ,9 ! fir/ place1 we "k t ! ,g]man factories 7 /ill press+ on to _! maximum output at ! "t ( ! ,armi/ice4 ,new units 7 be+ br\ght into op]ation4 ,secondly1 we h se5 h[ huge quantities ( mu/>d gas 7 div]t$ to ^? p>ticul> ,g]man armies :i* 7 mo/ ?reat5$ by ! f9al ,alli$ (f5sive1 indicat+ t c]ta9 portions ( ! ,g]man front 7 be+ />v$ = *emical %ell4 ,! tru? ( ! matt] is t ! ,g]mans _h accumulat$ enorm\s /ocks = _! great (f5sive & t !y _h exp5d$ ^! /ocks at a great] rate ?an _! factories c\ld replace !m4 ,we le>n f ,s*w>te's book t1 ,al?\gh ! production ( ,yell[ ,cross almo/ rea*$ #ajjj tons a mon?1 yet f9ally ! possibilities ( use & ! am\nt requir$ 7 s great t only a mu* increas$ mon?ly output w\ld h be5 suffici5t4 ,yp]ite1 ,fr5* ,mu/>d ,gas4--,dur+ ?is p]iod ! volume ( alli$ gas activities also increas$ consid]ably4 ,b until ,june1 #aiah1 our success 0 due to ! developm5t ( m successful tactical me?ods r ?an to any specific *emical surprise4 ,v great cr$it is due to ! ,fr5* = hav+ produc$ l>ge quantities ( mu/>d gas by ! above date4 ,judg+ f ! ,g]man ,intellig5ce ,reports ! surprise effect ( ! ,fr5* production 0 almo/ z great z t obta9$ by ! e>li] ,g]man use4 ,x aga9 evad$ ! gas discipl9e ( ! troops1 & we f9d ! ,g]man /aff lay+ enorm\s emphasis on ?is "q1 :i* 0 already v prom95t 9 _! g5]al & op]ation ord]s4 ,! occasion provid$ a v /rik+ example ( ,g]man belief 9 _! absolute pr$om9ance 9 production4 ,!y 7 l>gely ju/ifi$ 9 ?is belief1 b x c>ri$ !m too f>4 ,!y expla9$ ! use ( mu/>d gas by ! ,fr5* z due to ! use ( ,g]man mu/>d gas obta9$ f bl9d ,g]man %ell6 ,effect on ,g]man ,gas ,discipl9e4--,briti% mu/>d gas 0 n 9 use 9 ! field until ,septemb]1 #aiah1 b ! ,fr5* 0 a great success1 & probably contribut$ to no small ext5t to ! f9al alli$ success 9 ! #aiah campaign4 ,! ,fr5* t]m$ mu/>d gas ,yp]ite aft] ,ypres1 ! place :]e x 0 fir/ us$4 ,z f> z su* t]ms c be appli$ to any weapon1 ,yp]ite arriv$ to spread panic1 & t]ror among/ ! ,g]man =mations4 ,a docum5t captur$ by ! ,six? ,fr5* ,army %[s t ,yp]ite us$ on ! #ac? ,june aga9/ ! #aa? ,bav>ian ,division 0 ! *ief cause ( ! precipitate retreat ( ?is ,division4 ,! ,sev5? ,g]man ,army ref]s to ano!r bomb>dm5t on ! #i? ( ,june1 9 :i* ! casualties exce$$ five hundr$4 ,x is curi\s to note t al?\gh ! ,g]mans _h s prea*$ ! sup]iority ( _! gases & gas me?ods1 s]i\s bl[s by ! ,allies f\nd ! ,g]man gas discipl9e unequal to !m4 ,x is no exagg]ation to say t ! use ( mu/>d gas by ! ,fr5*1 & lat] by ! ,briti%1 & ! ,briti% projector1 produc$1 on ea* occasion1 9 ! ,g]man ranks feel+s alli$ to panic4 ,?is is reflect$ 9 ! _m ord]s :i* h be5 captur$ f army & o!r headqu>t]s en=c+ & ev5 appeal+ = gas discipl9e among/ ! troops4 ,?us1 almo/ imm$iately aft] ! fir/ ,fr5* use1 ,lud5dorff1 *ief ( ! ,g]man ,g5]al ,/aff1 issu$ a special detail$ ord] on ! subject1 & ! ,g]man docum5t captur$ by ! ,fr5* c be tak5 z repres5tative4 ,our ,yell[ ,cross has caus$ mu* damage to ! enemy1 =m]ly less protect$ ?an n[4 ,b z a natural sequ5ce he _h develop$ ?r\gh x a gas discipl9e :i* c c]ta9ly be tak5 z model4 ,on ?is acc\nt enemy troops h be5 able to cross1 at once & )\t loss1 areas :i* _! artill]y _h j bomb>d$ ) gas4 ,we also mu/ tra9 our troops to an excell5t /&>d ( gas discipl9e if we expect to avoid ! grave dang]s :i* ?reat5 ! fight+ =ces ( our army4 ,by ! "t ( ! ,armi/ice ,france _h produc$ ne>ly #bjjj tons ( mu/>d gas1 ,briti% & ,am]ican production 0 rapidly increas+1 s t ! output 0 atta9+ /up5d\s proportions4 ,"s idea ( ! importance ( *emical w>f>e 9 ! campaigns ( #aiag-aiah c be obta9$ f ! foll[+ figures3 ,alli$ ,gas ,/ati/ics4--,betwe5 ,novemb]1 #aiag1 & ,novemb]1 #aiah1 ,france produc$ m ?an five millions ( h] late/ type ( respirator4 ,! ,briti% figure 0 probably high]4 ,f ,april to ,novemb]1 #aiah1 ! ,fr5* fill$ ne>ly two & a half million %ell ) mu/>d gas4 ,f ! #a/ ( ,july1 #aiae1 to ! latt] date m ?an sev5te5 million gas %ell 7 complet$ by ! ,fr5*4 ,9 addition to ^! huge gas %ell figures we mu/ rememb] ! *emical op]ations f projectors & z cl\d gas4 ,dur+ ! p]iod ! ,briti% av]ag$ fifty l>ge scale op]ations ( ?is type p] mon?1 sometimes dis*>g+ mon?ly ?ree hundr$ tons ( gas4 ,! total ,fr5* production ( *lor9e & poison gas = *emical w>f>e approa*$ #ej1jjj tons1 a l>ge proportion ( :i* production occurr$ dur+ #aiag & #aiah4 ,! ,briti% 0 ( ! same ord]1 b ,g]man production 0 at lea/ m ?an twice z high1 %[+ :at great use !y made ( gas %ell4 ,! huge ,am]ican programme might h r$uc$ ! m>g91 b no limits c be plac$ on ,g]man possibilities & ela/icity 9 production4 ,critical ,importance ( ,rapid ,g]man ,production4--,^! figures are mislead+ inasmu* z !y give no indication :atev] ( ! relative difficulties & correspond+ rapidity ( action on bo? sides4 ,z a g5]al rule1 :]e ! ,g]man lag betwe5 ! approval ( a sub/ance & its use 9 ! field cov]$ weeks1 our lag cov]$ mon?s4 ,ow+ to effici5t production1 *emical w>f>e 0 an inf9itely m flexible weapon 9 ,g]man h&s ?an 9 ours4 ,?is w be readily und]/ood :5 we analyse1 lat]1 ! me?ods ( production ( "s ( ! *ief ,g]man w> gases4 ,9 g5]al1 ,g]man developm5t ( ^! complicat$ sub/ances provid$ a s]ies ( examples ( ! ease & rapidity ( production ( organic sub/ances by ! dye indu/ry4 ,on ! o!r h&1 except 9 v few exceptional cases1 ,briti% & ,fr5* production1 al?\gh we ca/ no reflection on ! en]gy or skill ( any conc]n$1 0 exce$+ly sl[ & co/ly by comp>ison4 ,! ,g]mans us$ mu/>d gas 9 ,july1 #aiag4 ,we id5tifi$ x a few days aft]w>ds4 ,b ! fir/ fruits ( alli$ production 7 n 9 ! field = elev5 mon?s4 ,briti% mat]ial 0 n us$ until a mon? or two be=e ! ,armi/ice4 ,fur!r1 9 ?is case1 we 7 conv9c$ ( ! value ( ! sub/ance almo/ f ! fir/ day ( its use by ! enemy4 ,we w endeav\r to ?r[ light ^u ?is 9 our review ( production4 ,! p]iod ( int5sive *emical w>f>e may be reg>d$ z ! pro( ( ! ,g]man exp]im5t ( #aiae-aiaf4 ,%$ ( _! trial nature1 ! *emical weapons play$ a logical & increas+ly dom9at+ "p 9 ! campaign4 ,!y 7 surely de/9$ to play a mu* m prom95t "p _h ! p]iod ( /abilis$ w>f>e cont9u$4 ,projector cl\d gas w\ld h assum$ great] importance z a casualty produc]4 ,b we w leave su* consid]ations = a future *apt]4 ,,*apt] ,v ,,*emical ,,w>f>e ,,organisations ,we h no desire nor int5tion to give a detail$ hi/orical acc\nt ( ! above4 ,! ramifications1 ( ,alli$ organisations 7 s num]\s1 ! numb] ( p]sons conc]n$ s great1 ! sacrifices made s heavy1 t only an exce$+ly l5g?y acc\nt c\ld hope to d ju/ice to individuals4 ,9 addition1 su* an acc\nt w\ld n s]ve our purpose4 ,we wi% to %[1 z briefly z possible1 h[ ! diff]5t ,alli$ organisations 7 b\nd up 9 an organic way ) ! campaign1 h[ !y comp>$ ) ^? ( ! enemy1 & :at lesson ! comp>ison may conta9 = ! future4 ,two facts /& out 9 su* a comp>ison4 ,we are /ruck ) ! extreme simplicity ( ! ,g]man organisations1 z we "k !m1 & ! great complexity & multiplicity ( ! ,alli$ dep>tm5ts z we saw !m4 ,we mu/ admit f ! beg9n+ t we "k lea/ ( ! ,g]man home organisations = rese>* & production1 b our k is suffici5t to reveal _! simplicity4 ,! ,int]-,alli$ ,commission ( ,control may1 & c]ta9ly %\ld1 obta9 full in=mation1 b at pres5t ! matt] /&s z foll[s4 ,g]man ,rese>*4--,! ,g]mans reli$ ^u two ma9 & v /rong c5tres = rese>*4 ,!y h already be5 indicat$ z ! ,kais] ,wilhelm ,in/itute1 "u ! direction ( ,pr(essor ,hab]1 & ! enorm\s rese>* organisations ( ! ,i4,g4 ,!re are v>i\s ref]5ces to int]nal gas organisation 9 captur$ docum5ts4 ,x appe>s t !y receiv$ _! f9al =m late 9 #aiag4 ,a great gas s*ool 7,he]es-,gas*ule7 0 in/itut$ 9 ,b]l9 :]e !re 7 also c5tral depots = anti-gas inspection & mat]ial4 ,r e>li] ?an ?is ! ,kais] ,wilhelm ,in/itute 0 def9itely appo9t$ z ! (ficial rese>* c5tre4 ,! ,w> ,m9i/ry _h a *emical section nam$ ,a4#aj1 :i* dealt ) gas que/ions4 ,x is rum\r$1 & !re is /rong reason to believe1 t ! ,i4,g4 0 l>gely /aff$ by (fic]s ( ! ,res]ve be=e ! w>4 ,:atev] _! pre-w> associations1 if any1 ) ! ,w> ,m9i/ry1 ho/ilities mu/ h f\nd !m ke5ly alive to ! possibilities ( _! unique rese>* & organic *emical produc+ facilities4 ,x is inconceivable t ?is milit>y p]sonnel %\ld n h greatly assi/$ ! ,i4,g4 9 its op]ations1 inv5tions & g5]al assi/ance = ! army4 ,x appe>s t ! subdivision ( "w left !1 direction ( *emical rese>* 9 ,b]l91 possibly at ! above ,in/itute1 :ile ! bulk ( ! "w ( prep>+ ! new comp\nds1 & develop+ manufactur+ processes = approv$ sub/ances1 occurr$ 9 ! laboratories ( ! ,i4,g4 ,lev]kus54--,we "k1 = example1 t a v l>ge numb] ( sub/ances 0 produc$ at ,lev]kus5 & samples =w>d$ to ,b]l91 ( :i* only a few 7 f9ally approv$ = production4 ,! physiological "w & field te/s 7 c]ta9ly associat$ ) ! ,b]l9 organisation1 b x is n cle> h[ mu* ( ?is "w occurr$ )9 ! ,i4,g4 ,an ,alli$ mission to ,lev]kus5 report$ z foll[s3--,x 0 emphatically /at$ t no means ( te/+ ! products 7 resort$ to beyond inhala-tion & te/+ ! effect ( ! sub/ances on ! /aff1 b ?is /atem5t mu/ be accept$ ) res]ve4 ,?is is p>ticul>ly s z we "k t l>ge numb]s ( respirator-drums _h be5 made 9 ?is factory1 & t a gas s*ool exi/$ at ,lev]kus5 9 #aiae4 ,a memb] ( ano!r ,alli$ mission 0 in=m$ by "o ( ! /aff at ,lev]kus5 t ! au?orities !re 7 well aw>e ( ! difficulties 9 *emical w>f>e1 ap>t f production1 = !y _h "s exp]i5ce 9 ! design+ & te/+ ( *emical %ell4 ,x maybe t ! ,g]man ,gov]nm5t reli$ ^u ! ,i4,g4 = su* "w 9 ! e>ly /ages ( ! *emical w>1 p5d+ ! developm5t ( (ficial organisation4 ,:5 we rememb]1 h[ev]1 t at ,lev]kus5 alone !re 0 a /aff ( #aejj te*nical & comm]cial speciali/s1 ap>t f ?\s&s ( workpeople1 be=e ! w>1 & t ! latt] 7 increas$ by #aejj dur+ ! w>1 we f9d x difficult to place a limit on ! s]vices :i* might h be5 r5d]$ by ?is rese>* c5tre alone4 ,! op9ion ( ! memb]s ( ! ,h>tley ,commission#a 01 t mu* ?\ght & att5tion _h be5 giv5 to *emical w>f>e by ! *emi/s ( ! ,company4 #a ,a po/-armi/ice int]-alli$ mission ( exp]ts1 to ! ,rh9e *emical factories1 ,m>*1 #aiai4 ,ho*/4--,a great volume ( *emical w>f>e rese>* occurr$ also at ,ho*/4 ,! admission 0 made t ! rese>* dep>tm5t ( ! factory 0 cont9u\sly employ$ dur+ ! w> on ! prep>ation ( sub/ances suitable = *emical w>f>e1 _m hundr$s be+ prep>$ & s5t to ,b]l9 = exam9ation4 ,! firm employ$ #cjj academically tra9$ *emi/s 9 peace "t1 b dur+ ! w> _m m 7 engag$1 p>tly = rese>* & p>tly because all %ell fill+ 0 c>ri$ out "u ! sup]vision ( tra9$ *emi/s4 ,ludwig%af54--,! mo/ influ5tial bran* ( ! ,i4,g4 01 und\bt$ly1 ! ,badis*e ,anil9 und ,soda ,fabrik4 ,x might h be5 expect$1 z !y %>$ l>gely 9 production1 t a consid]able am\nt ( *emical w>f>e rese>* w\ld occur at ^! works1 b ?is 0 emphatically d5i$ to ,alli$ missions4 ,x may be1 h[ev]1 t z ! nitrog5 fixation ent]prise 0 develop$ !re1 requir+ a l>ge am\nt ( te*nical developm5t & control1 ?is 0 consid]$ a suffici5t contribution to ! g5]al cause4 ,e>ly ,=mulation ( ,policy4--,9 exam9+ :at signs we h ( ! organisation & policy und]ly+ *emical w>f>e rese>* & production 9 ,g]many1 we are /ruck by ! fact t all ! sub/ances us$ ) su* dire effect aga9/ u dur+ ! w> mu/ h be5 approv$ = production by ! ,gov]nm5t at a relatively e>ly date4 ,! foll[+ table1 assembl$ f in=mation suppli$ by ! ,g]man factories1 br+s ?is po9t out v cle>ly4 ,fir/ ,use ,w> ,*emical4 ,factory4 ,production ,began4 9 ! ,field1 ,diphosg5e ,ho*/ ,sept41 #aiaf ,summ]1 #aiae 7,gre5 ,cross7 ,lev]kus5 ,june1 #aiae ,mu/>d ,gas ,lev]kus5 ,spr+1 #aiag ,july1 #aiag 7,yell[ ,cross7 ,diph5yl- ,ho*/ ,may1 #aiag ,july1 #aiag *lor>s9e 7,blue ,cross7 ,diph5yl- ,a4,g4,f4,a4 8 ,feb41 #aiah ,june1 #aiaa cyan>s9e 7,blue ,cross7 ,e?yl-di*lor- ,ho*/ ,aug41 #aiag ,m>*1 #aiah ars9e 7,blue ,cross7 ,we h *os5 ! lat] products to e/abli% ! po9t1 = x is self-evid5t = ! e>li] products1 "s ( :i* 7 made be=e ! w>4 ,movem5ts ( ,p]sonnel4--,! movem5ts ( ,g]man *emical p]sonnel give u a clue z to ! ma9 t5d5cies 9 _! *emical w>f>e policy4 ,! factories 7 call$ ^u to produce1 z we h already %[n1 t[>ds ! end ( #aiad1 b ?is production l>gely involv$ ! use ( sub/ances already manufactur$ on a c]ta9 scale4 ,l>ge scale production ( ! m advanc$ types ( w> *emical seems to h be5 directly /imulat$ by ! ,h9d5burg programme1 9 connection ) :i* ! ,companies )drew l>ge numb]s ( _! skill$ work]s f ! front4 ,g]man ,simplicity ( ,organisation4--,we c safely conclude f ! above t ,g]many requir$ no cumb]some gov]nm5t me*anism = ! prep>ation ( new w> *emicals1 = ! semi-indu/rial "w 9 develop+ processes = approv$ sub/ances1 nor = _! production4 ,by rely+ on ! ,i4,g41 ! ,kais] ,wilhelm ,in/itute1 & probably "s o!r organisation = field & physiological te/s1 ,g]many escap$ ! necessity = compreh5sive gov]nm5t organisation1 ! developm5t ( :i* 0 su* a h&icap to ,alli$ c\ntries4 ,x is c]ta9ly v sugge/ive t we only met1 9 ! field1 sub/ances approv$ be=e ! summ] ( #aiag4 ,x is ) great int]e/ & a c]ta9 am\nt ( appreh5sion t we speculate ^u ! rese>* developm5ts aft] t p]iod ) :i* ! w> did n make u imm$iately acqua9t$4 ,if ?is e>ly p]iod produc$ su* effective results z mu/>d gas1 ,blue ,cross comp\nds1 & ! diff]5t cl\d sub/ances1 :at hidd5 surprises 7 matur$ 9 ! lat] p]iod8 ,?is feature ( simplicity1 ( l9k+ up a new w> ) an old peace1 activity 0 p>allel$ some:at 9 ! field organisation4 ,we h se5 h[ ,g]many creat$ special =mations = cl\d attacks1 b = a "t practically ab&on$ !m1 ?r[+ mo/ ( h] *emical w>f>e production into %ell4 ,9 o!r words1 %e sub/itut$ a normal weapon1 ! artill]y4 ,we1 on ! o!r h&1 l>gely impell$ by ! en=c$ simplicity ( our production1 t5d$ m t[>ds ! developm5t ( special =mations & special weapons = cl\d production1 b ) su* success t ! ,g]man ,pione] =mations1 aft] be+ practically dropp$1 f\nd a use 9 develop+ & us+ our new weapon1 ! ,liv5s ,projector4 ,g]man ,organisation at ! ,front2--,! ,gas ,regim5t4--,x is probable t ! e>lie/ =m ( ,g]man organisation at ! front consi/$ 9 ! liaison betwe5 ,pr(essor ,hab] & ! ,g]man ,g4,h4,q4 ,x w be rememb]$ t ,lud5dorff1 discuss+ cl\d & %ell gas1 ref]s to ?is co-op]ation1 /at+3#a ,geheimrat ,hab] prov$ ( valuable s]vice 9 ?is connection ) ! use ( gas4 ,x 0 also rum\r$ soon aft] ! fir/ ,g]man attack t ! organisation & prep>ation ( ! latt] 7 "u ! sci5tific guidance ( ?is r5[n$ ,pr(essor4 ,! attack 0 c>ri$ out by ! #ce? & #cf? ,pione] ,regim5ts1 ea* furni%$ ) *emically tra9$ (fic]s :o 7 specially detail$ = gas w>f>e4 ,! importance ( protection 0 realis$ v e>ly1 & a gas s*ool = (fic]s ( all armies 0 organis$ at ,lev]kus5 = tra9+ 9 protection4 ,we _c b reg>d x z significant t ,lev]kus5 is also ! site ( ! enorm\s ,bay]#b organic *emical works :i* play$ su* a l>ge "p 9 poison gas production4 ,! s*ool dealt ma9ly ) protection4 #a ,my ,w> ,memories1 page #cch4 #b ,a bran* ( ! great ,g]man dye comb9e1 ! ,int]ess5 ,geme9s*aft1 kn[n z ! ,i4,g4 ,e>ly ,g]man ,gas ,s*ool4--,app>5tly1 at ! end ( ,novemb]1 #aiaf1 special gas /affs 7 creat$ & atta*$ provisionally to ! headqu>t]s ( =mations entru/$ ) l>ge scale gas op]ations4 ,9 addition1 ^! /affs _h ! normal r\t9e function ( sup]vis+ inspection & in/ruction 9 gas w>f>e at ! front4 ,at ab\t ?is "t ea* regim5t or l>g] unit 0 giv5 a gas (fic] 7gass*utz(fizi]7 ) simil> duties to ^? outl9$ above4 ,9 o!r words1 ! arrangem5t 0 g5]alis$ ?r\gh\t ! army4 ,?is (fic] 0 assi/$ by non-commission$ (fic]s & m5 specially *os5 = ! purpose 9 ! small] units4 ,! great ne$ = ^! /affs is br\ght out 9 ,g]man (ficial docum5ts4 ,new ,gas ,regim5ts2--,gas ,%ell ,exp]ts4--,9 #aiag two new ,pione] battalions1 ! #cg? & #ch? respectively1 7 creat$ = ! express purpose ( c>ry+ out projector attacks4 ,^! developm5ts 9 organisation1 bo? advisory & combatant1 l$1 at ab\t ?is "t1 to ! c5tralisation ( ! gas s]vices at ! front "u a ,komm&eur d] ,ga/rupp5 at ,g4,h4,q4 ,x w\ld ?us appe> t ! ,g]mans a*iev$ ! c5tralisation ( _! gas s]vices "s mon?s lat] ?an ourselves4 ,fur!r developm5ts 9 organisation1 ( :i* we are aw>e1 7 connect$ ) two ma9 t5d5cies 9 ,g]man gas w>f>e4 ,9 ! fir/ place1 ! va/ employm5t ( gas %ell l$ ! ,g]mans to create special gas exp]ts on ! ,divisional artill]y /affs4 ,we h ?is on ! au?ority ( an ord] by ,lud5dorff dat$ ,june #af?1 #aiah4 ,?is gas %ell exp]t 0 n necess>ily an import$ speciali/1 b 0 usually a specially tra9$ (fic] *os5 f ! /aff 9 "q4 ,?is 0 a v important move1 = x gave ! artill]y a pat]nal int]e/ 9 gas %ell4 ,?is artill]y speciali/ ma9ta9$ a v close liaison ) ! ,divisional ,gas ,(fic]4 ,inspection ( ,protective ,masks & ,me?od4--,! second t5d5cy 0 t[>ds /rict] protective /&>ds & inspection4 ,! gas inspection c5tre at ,b]l9 0 giv5 m responsibilities 9 ! field & ! protection ( horses1 dogs & c>ri] pigeons receiv$ great emphasis4 ,briti% ,field ,organisation2--,brea* ,organisations4--,our own field developm5t foll[$ v simil> l9es4 ,! imm$iate ne$ 9 ,april1 #aiae1 0 = organisations on ! front to advise =mations on tempor>y me?ods ( protection1 to asc]ta9 quickly ! nature ( any new ,g]man *emical attack1 & to provide special means ( exam9+ ! treatm5t ( ! new k9d ( casualty4 ,^! 7 brea* organisations1 s to speak1 c\nt]+ ! imm$iate effects ( enemy attacks :ile m compreh5sive & p]man5t cadres 7 creat$ to absorb !m4 ,! p]sonnel ( ^! brea* organisations 0 l>gely compos$ ( *emi/s already at ! front :o _h 9 "s cases tak5 "p 9 ! fir/ ,g]man attacks4 ,ef=ts 7 soon on foot to mobilise ,briti% *emi/s = (f5sive purposes4 ,s remote f ! old army /&>ds & tra9+ 7 ! conceptions ( ! new sci5tific w>f>e1 t !re 0 no sci5tific cadre or out/&+ sci5tific soldi] to take ov] ! direction & organisation ( ^! matt]s at ! front or at home4 ,accord+ly1 9 ,june1 #aiae1 ,brigadi]-,g5]al ,c4 ,h4 ,f\lkes1 ,c4,m4,g41 ,d4,s4,o4 7!n ,major1 ,r4,e47 0 giv5 ! difficult task ( assembl+ & tra9+ an (f5sive gas =mation1 & act+ z ,gas ,advis] to ,g4,h4,q4 ,! ,special ,companies ?us creat$ h already be5 ref]r$ to 9 quotations f despat*es4 ,9 addition to ?is combatant p]sonnel a numb] ( speciali/s & advisory organisations came into be+4 ,additional gas (fic]s 7 appo9t$ by v>i\s divisions1 & *emical advis]s by high] =mations4 ,c5tral ,laboratory4--,a c5tral laboratory 0 in/itut$ at ,g4,h4,q4 "u ! late ,colonel ,w4 ,watson1 ,c4,m4,g41 ,f4,r4,s41 :i* did p>ticul>ly valuable "w 9 connection ) ! rapid id5tification ( new enemy *emicals4 ,) ! developm5t ( gas %ell1 ! *emical advis]s includ$ ?is subject 9 _! prov9ce4 ,ref]5ce mu/ also be made to ! m$ical & physiological side4 ,new ,type ( ,casualty4--,aft] ! introduction ( gas w>f>e ! army 0 always fac$ ) ! possibility t "s entirely new *emical w\ld produce a new type ( casualty :i* w\ld require special & sometimes unusual treatm5t4 ,a new elem5t 0 ?us introduc$ into army m$ical "w4 ,! effects ( a new gas us$ 9 l>ge quantities on ! front 0 (t5 j z s]i\s a ?reat to organisation z ! sudd5 developm5t ( a /range epidemic4 ,reaction to meet ^! new conditions took ! =m ( ! developm5t ( m$ical rese>* organisations at home1 & ( ! appo9tm5t ( a special m$ical & physiological advisory /aff incorporat$ lat] 9 ! ,directorate ( ,gas ,s]vices4 ,x 0 ?us possible1 aft] any enemy gas attack1 & ) little delay1 to in/itute inquiries ) reg>d to treatm5t ( casualties1 /imulate special inve/igations1 & prep>e = any reorganisation 9 p]sonnel & equipm5t1 &1 9 g5]al1 introduce satisfactory al]t conditions ?r\gh\t ! m$ical organisation along ! :ole ( ! ,alli$ front4 ,9 ?is connection ! effective liaison betwe5 ! m$ical speciali/s ( ! ,briti% & ,fr5* armies mu/ be m5tion$4 ,directorate ( ,gas ,s]vices4--,^! v>i\s s]vices 7 c5tralis$ 9 ! ,directorate ( ,gas ,s]vices1 9 ! ,spr+ ( #aiaf1 "u ,major-,g5]al ,h4 ,f4 ,?uilli]1 ,c4,b41 ,c4,m4,g41 ,r4,e4 ,x is int]e/+ to note t al?\gh 9 _! re> organisations = rese>* & supply ! ,fr5* prec$$ u 9 ! adoption ( a logical symmetrical arrangem5t1 yet 9 ! field we 7 ! fir/ to produce ! c5tralis$ *emical w>f>e s]vice :i* 0 s ess5tial4 ,briti% ,home ,organisations2--,! ,royal ,society4--,aft] ! battle ( ! ,m>ne1 ,g]many rapidly realis$ ! ne$ = sci5tific & indu/rial mobilisation = ! new /age into :i* ! w> _h pass$4 ,_m signs & def9ite /atem5ts by ,falk5hayn & o!rs 9 au?ority h %[n u h[ ?is realisation f\nd outlet 9 v>i\s s*emes = rese>* & production4 ,! ne$ = sci5tific att5tion to v>i\s w> problems 0 also realis$ 9 ,engl&1 & f\nd expression 9 ! mobilisation ( prom95t sci5ti/s by ! ,royal ,society1 :i* con/itut$ a numb] ( committees to deal ) specific activities & to assi/ v>i\s ,m9i/ries or adm9i/rative gov]nm5t dep>tm5ts 9 connection ) sci5tific matt]s4 ,royal ,society ,*emical ,sub-,committee4--,! ,*emical ,sub-,committee includ$ su* prom95t names z ,"l ,rayleigh1 ,sir ,william ,ramsay & ,sir ,oliv] ,lodge4 ,retaliation1 decid$ on e>ly 9 ,may1 #aiae1 0 reflect$ 9 organisation4 ,"l ,kit*5] entru/$ ,colonel ,jackson1 ,c4,m4,g41 ,r4,e4 7lat] ,major-,g5]al ,sir ,l\is ,jackson1 ,k4,b4,e41 ,c4,b41 ,c4,m4,g41 ,r4,e471 !n 9 *>ge ( a =tification section ( ! ,w> ,(fice1 ) ! task ( exam9+ & tak+ action on ! possibilities ( retaliation1 & a liaison ) ! above *emical committee ( ! ,royal ,society 0 soon e/abli%$4 ,protection became a "p ( ! duties ( ! ,m$ical ,s]vices & 0 plac$ "u ! direct control ( ,colonel1 aft]w>ds ,sir ,william ,horrocks1 :o became *airman ( ! specially appo9t$ ,anti-,gas ,committee4 ,fur!r1 a little lat]1 ! ,*emical ,sub-,committee above ref]r$ to became an advisory body to ,colonel ,jackson4 ,?is 0 ! orig9 ( ! ,*emical ,w>f>e ,dep>tm5t1 b x 0 de/9$ to pass ?r\gh _m difficult & hamp]+ trans=mations be=e rea*+ its f9al1 m or less effici5t & symmetrical =m4 ,! ,tr5* ,w>f>e ,dep>tm5t4--,) ! =mation ( ! ,m9i/ry ( ,munitions late 9 ,may1 #aiae1 ,colonel ,jackson's section 0 transf]r$ to x4 ,at ?is /age !re 0 def9ite recognition ( ! absolute ne$ ( keep+ *emical w>f>e rese>*1 design1 & supply "u "o head4 ,probably ?is 0 ! *ief reason :i* prompt$ ,"l ,kit*5]1 !n ,secret>y ( ,/ate = ,w>1 to agree to ! transf]5ce ( ?is section to ano!r ,m9i/ry1 & cons5t to ! bir? ( ! ,tr5* ,w>f>e ,dep>tm5t4 ,sci5tific ,advisory ,committee2--,comm]cial ,advisory ,committee4--,ev5 at ?is /age activities 7 gr[+ & gov]nm5t organisation 0 f\nd necess>y to cov] su* functions z 9 ,g]many 7 r5d]$ unnecess>y by ! exi/5ce ( ! ,i4,g4 ,x became cle> t ! new dep>tm5t w\ld require /rong p]man5t sci5tific advice1 & ?is 0 f\nd 9 ! =mation ( ! ,sci5tific ,advisory ,committee4 ,?is includ$ ! mo/ active memb]s ( ! =m] relevant ,royal ,society ,committee1 among/ :om 7 ,pr(essor ,a4 ,w4 ,crossley1 ! ,secret>y1 & ,pr(essors ,h4 ,b4 ,bak]1 ,j4 ,f4 ,?orpe1 & ,sir ,george ,beilby1 all ( :om r5d]$ great s]vices 9 ! lat] developm5t ( ?is new bran* ( w>f>e4 ,a p>allel ,comm]cial ,advisory ,committee 0 appo9t$1 compos$ ( repres5tatives ( "s ( ! lead+ manufactur]s ( ! c\ntry4 ,split ,betwe5 ,rese>* & ,supply4--,we _c foll[ 9 detail ! _m fluctuations exp]i5c$ 9 ! organisation ( ! dep>tm5t4 ,!y repres5t a con/ant /ruggle betwe5 a def9itely express$ policy ( c5tralisation & symmetry = supply & rese>*1 & circum/ances impos$ ^u ! dep>tm5t by ! reorganisation & fusion ( ,m9i/ries & dep>tm5ts4 ,!re 7 brief p]iods1 notably at ! comm5cem5t & 9 ! f9al /ages1 :5 ! desir$ c5tralis$ organisation 0 approa*$1 b !re 7 also p]iods :5 !re 0 a complete split betwe5 rese>* & supply ) feeble & unsatisfactory liaison betwe5 ! two4 ,speak+ g5]ally1 ! break betwe5 rese>* & supply occurr$ 9 ,decemb]1 #aiae1 :5 ! ,tr5* ,w>f>e ,dep>tm5t 0 split up into two p>ts4 ,^! 7 ! ,tr5* ,w>f>e ,rese>* ,dep>tm5t1 9 :i* 0 includ$ ! ,sci5tific ,advisory ,committee1 &1 %ortly aft]w>ds1 *ang$ its "n to t ( ! ,*emical ,advisory ,committee1 & ! ,tr5* ,w>f>e ,supply ,dep>tm5t4 ,! relation%ips betwe5 ^? two dep>tm5ts rema9$ practically un*ang$ until ! =mation ( ! ,*emical ,w>f>e ,dep>tm5t 9 ,octob]1 #aiag4 ,?is /atem5t mu/ be qualifi$1 h[ev]1 by a ref]5ce to ! s]vices r5d]$ by ,pr(essor1 lat] ,sir ,john ,cadman1 ,k4,c4,m4,g41 9 br++ ab\t ?is liaison1 n only ) supply 9 ,engl&1 b also ) t 9 ,france4 ,dur+ ! e>ly p]iod ! ,royal ,society ,committee ( ,physiology became active & 0 lat] v closely co-ord9at$ ) ! ,*emical ,w>f>e ,dep>tm5t1 z ! ,*emical ,w>f>e ,m$ical ,committee4 ,munitions ,inv5tions ,dep>tm5t4--,ano!r feature :i* is wor?y ( notice because x 0 common to ,alli$ organisations o!r ?an ! ,briti%1 & because x =m$ "p ( ! sl[ realisation ( ! ess5tial unity ( *emical w>f>e activities1 0 ! duplication ( ef=t by ! ,munitions ,inv5tions ,dep>tm5t4 ,sugge/ions :i* c\ld only h value :5 consid]$ z "p ( ! def9itely direct$ *emical w>f>e policy 7 con/antly rais$ ) ! ,inv5tions ,dep>tm5t1 b ?is difficulty 0 ov]come lat] by ! gr[+ importance ( *emical w>f>e & ! effect+ ( a liaison betwe5 ! two dep>tm5ts by ,colonel ,crossley4 ,imp]ial ,college ( ,sci5ce4--,dur+ ! e>ly p]iod ! ,imp]ial ,college ( ,sci5ce r5d]$ great s]vices by assi/+ 9 rese>*4 ,x cont9u$ to d s dur+ ! re/ ( ! w>1 b 0 lat] associat$ ) a l>ge numb] ( ,briti% univ]sity *emical & sci5tific dep>tm5ts 9 pursu+ a huge programme ( *emical w>f>e rese>*4 ,we c only make pass+ ref]5ce to ! developm5t ( ! tra9+ & exp]im5tal gr\nds :i* =m$ su* an important "p 9 assi/+ decisions on *emical w>f>e policy4 ,! ,porton gr\nd1 h[ev]1 0 a model ( its k9d1 a pione] among/ ,alli$ exp]im5tal gr\nds1 & a tribute to ! creative & adm9i/rative ef=ts ( ,lt4-,colonel ,crossley1 ,c4,m4,g41 ,c4,b4,e41 :o 0 its comm&ant f its inception to ! end ( ! w>4 ,! ,*emical ,w>f>e ,dep>tm5t4--,! gr[+ importance ( *emical w>f>e1 ! vigor\s *emical initiative assum$ by ,g]many 9 ! summ] ( #aiag1 & v>i\s o!r reasons l$ to reorganisation ( ! ,*emical ,w>f>e s]vices 9 ?is c\ntry 9 ,octob]1 #aiag1 & ! ,*emical ,w>f>e ,dep>tm5t1 "u ,major-,g5]al ,?ulli]1 =m]ly ,director ( ,gas ,s]vices1 ,b4,e4,f41 0 con/itut$4 ,?is reorganisation witness$ a great increase 9 rese>* & o!r activities ( ! dep>tm5t & a /ill great] mobilisation ( ! *emi/s ( ! c\ntry4 ,al?\gh ?is *ange witness$ fur!r c5tralisation by ! incorporation ( ! ,anti-,gas ,dep>tm5t1 !reby settl+ once & = all ! inh]5t association betwe5 (f5sive & def5sive rese>*1 a fact :i* _h be5 app>5t to _m long be=e1 yet x /ill ignor$ ! fundam5tal connection betwe5 (f5sive rese>* & supply4 ,?is _h be5 recognis$ 9 ,fr5* organisation z e>ly z #aiae1 yet we did n rea* ! ideal solution ev5 at ! end ( ! w>4 ,! ,anti-,gas ,dep>tm5t4--,we h m5tion$ ! orig9 ( ! ,anti-,gas ,dep>tm5t4 ,al?\gh sep>ate 9 organisation f *emical w>f>e rese>*1 yet ! rem>kable "w & p]sonality ( ! late ,lt4-,colonel ,e4 ,f4 ,h>rison1 ,c4,m4,g41 ov]came ! disadvantages by en]getic liaison & a great capacity = ! int]nal organisation4 ,g5]al ,h>tley has paid a tribute :i* we _c refra9 f repeat+3 ,colonel ,h>rison 0 "o ( ! great discov]ies ( ! w>4 ,x is (t5 /at$ t he 0 ! inv5tor ( ! box respirator1 b ?is he w\ld h be5 ! fir/ to d5y4 ,8 great m]it 0 z an organis]4 ,he ga!r$ r\nd him an en?usia/ic gr\p ( "y *emi/s & physici/s1 & ! box respirator repres5ts ! jo9t result ( _! rese>*es1 c>ri$ out "u 8 inspiration & controll$ by 8 admirable practicable judgm5t4 ,he organis$ ! manufacture ( ! respirator on a l>ge scale1 & x is a great te/imony to 8 =esight & en]gy t 9 spite ( all ! difficulties ( production1 ! supplies promis$ to ,france nev] fail$4 ,fifty million respirators 7 produc$ by ! dep>tm5t1 & ( ^! n9ete5 million 7 box respirators4 ,anti-gas rese>* 0 at fir/ c5tr$ 9 ! ,r4,a4,m4 ,college1 ,millbank1 & f ! beg9n+ ( #aiag 9 ! ,physiological ,in/itute1 ,univ]sity ,college1 ,london4 ,! "w done 9 rese>* & production n only protect$ ! :ole ( ! ,briti% ,army1 b =m$ ! backbone ( ,am]ican & a l>ge "p ( ,italian protection4 ,fur!r1 ! sacrifices made 9 connection ) ?is "w are n suffici5tly kn[n4 ,numb]s ( "y sci5ti/s sacrific$ _! heal? & sometimes life1 9 c>ry+ out ! critical te/s ^u :i* ! safety ( millions ( ,engli%m5 & ,allies dep5d$4 ,designs ,committee4--,we _c leave ?is bran* ( ! subject )\t ref]r+ to ! ,*emical ,w>f>e ,designs ,committee4 ,an important tr5d 9 *emical w>f>e 0 its gr[+ indep5d5ce ( ! normal weapons ( w>1 & its special requirem5ts :5 adapt$ = use ) bo? ! normal & new] types4 ,?is t5d5cy f\nd expression 9 ! above ,committee "u ! direction ( ,pr(essor ,jocelyn ,field ,?orpe4 ,! developm5t ( satisfactory *emical %ell 0 an enorm\s problem1 & ! importance ( entirely new =ms ( ! *emical weapon w be br\ght out 9 deal+ ) ! limitation ( armam5ts4 ,fr5* ,organisation4--,fr5* developm5t foll[$ v simil> l9es4 ,f ,april #bh?1 #aiae1 a ,commission ( milit>y repres5tatives & sci5ti/s 0 organis$ "u ,g5]al ,curm]4 ,?is gave place 9 ,june to a ,*emical ,w>f>e ,rese>* ,committee "u ,m4 ,weiss1 ,directeur des ,m9es au ,m9i/]e des ,traveaux ,publics4 ,9 ,augu/1 #aiae1 ?ree special ,committees 7 =m$2 "o "u ,m4 ,kl+ = problems f ! front1 ^: organisation 0 responsible = a volume ( exce$+ly reliable id5tifications ( enemy *emicals ( great use to ! ,allies2 ano!r "u ,m4 ,m\reu = (f5sive rese>*1 ^: brilliant organic inve/igation *>act]is$ lat] ,fr5* developm5ts1 & ! o!r "u ,m4 ,v9c5t1 = rese>* on protection4 ,b1 9 ! meantime1 ! importance ( gas %ell 0 impress$ ^u ! ,fr5* &1 on ! #a/ ,july1 #aiae1 ?is organisation pass$ into ,m4 ,alb]t ,?omas's new ,m9i/]e de ,l',artill]ie et des ,munitions4 ,manufacture pass$ into ! h&s ( ! ,directeur du ,mat]iel ,*imique de ,gu]re4 ,9 ,septemb]1 #aiae1 ^! sections 7 c5tralis$ "u ,g5]al ,ozil1 atta*$ to ! same ,m9i/ry4 ,g5]al ,ozil's s]vice 0 /rongly support$ by a numb] ( em95t ,fr5* sci5ti/s1 & a*iev$ unusual success 9 ! face ( great practical difficulties4 ,a v close liaison 0 ma9ta9$ ) ! army1 & ! initiative1 en]gy1 & devotion ( all conc]n$ _c be too highly prais$4 ,9 production alone ! difficulties 7 enorm\s4 ,!re 0 no highly organis$ dye indu/ry available4 ,! prew> ,g]man monopoly _h se5 to t4 ,elaborate organisations & cont9u\s rese>* "w "u difficult conditions 7 necess>y to replace ! smoo?1 runn+ normal activities ( ! great ,g]man dye comb9e4 ,! sali5t po9ts 9 ,fr5* production are dealt ) m fully 9 ano!r *apt]4 ,9 rese>* & protection ,fr5* activities 7 no less h&icapp$ & j z cr$itable4 ,! protection ( ! ,fr5* armies 0 l>gely a*iev$ ?r\gh ! g5ius & tireless indu/ry ( ,pr(essor ,paul ,lebeau4 ,quick to realise ! ne$ ( retaliation aga9/ ! new ,g]man weapon1 ! ,fr5* develop$ _! *emical (f5sive & def5sive ) *>act]i/ic elan & intuition4 ,contribut+ l>gely to ,alli$ rese>*1 !y took ! lead 9 ,int]-,alli$ co-op]ation & liaison1 & _! activities 9 ?is field 7 due to mu* wor?i] causes ?an m]e geographical position4 ,italian ,developm5t4--,! ,italians 7 alive to ! importance ( *emical w>f>e4 ,_w fam\s names su* z ^? ( ,s5ator ,pat]no & ,pr(essor ,villavec*ia 7 associat$ ) _! organisation4 ,once aga91 h[ev]1 al?\gh n lack+ 9 inv5tion & initiative1 !y 7 cont9ually hamp]$ by production1 :i* impos$ su* grave disadvantages ^u !m z to endang] s]i\sly ! success ( _! campaign4 ,! success ( ! great ,g]man (f5sive aga9/ ,italy 9 ! autumn ( #aiag 0 l>gely ascrib$ to ! ,g]man use ( gas ( su* types & 9 su* am\nts t ! ,italian protective appliances 7 outmanoeuvr$4 ,fur!r1 9 spite ( ! (f5sive qualities ( ! ,italian gas organisation "u ,col4 ,p5na1 lack ( supplies prev5t$ l>ge scale gas retaliation1 s ess5tial 9 ma9ta9+ gas morale4 ,t[>ds ! end ( ! w>1 :5 ! ,fr5* & ,briti% production improv$1 & ) ! entry ( ,am]ica & ! promise ( supplies !refrom1 x 0 possible to assi/ ! ,italians f ,alli$ s\rces1 & arrangem5ts 7 made to supply !m ) ! ,briti% ,respirator1 to assi/ !m 9 ! developm5t ( ! ,liv5s ,projector1 to supply l>ge quantities ( mu/>d & o!r gases1 & to assi/ !m 9 production4 ,! use ( ! ,briti% box respirator 0 und\bt$ly a great factor 9 repell+ ! ,au/rian (f5sive ( ,june1 #aiah4 ,_! exp]im5tal fields & rese>* organisations 7 p>ticul>ly well /aff$1 &1 back$ by production1 ,italian *emical g5ius w\ld h be5 capable ( produc+ v s]i\s results4 ,supply ,organisations4--,:at a m>k$ contra/ betwe5 ! organisation requir$ = ,g]man & ,alli$ *emical w>f>e production6 ,su* organisation implies cadres & arrangem5ts = co-op]ation ) rese>* organisations1 = semi-scale "w1 comm]cial functions1 priority1 raw mat]ial supply1 transport1 & all _! concomitants4 ,9 ,g]many1 ! self-conta9$ dye indu/ry simplifi$ all ^! functions4 ,! ,gov]nm5t address$ itself to "o produc+ organisation :i* 0 responsible = mo/ ( ! relevant rese>*4 ,:ole ,gov]nm5t dep>tm5ts 7 r5d]$ unnecess>y by ?is c5tralis$ production4 ,briti% ,supply ,organisation4--,9 ,engl& ! situation 0 entirely diff]5t4 ,ev5 be=e ! adv5t ( mu/>d gas ! ,gov]nm5t 0 compell$ to apply to at lea/ tw5ty contractors4 ,! products requir$ 7 =eign to ! normal activities ( _m ( ^!4 ,!y requir$ assi/ance 9 raw mat]ials1 transport1 te*nical me?ods1 ei!r ! result ( ! "w ( o!r factories or ( rese>*4 ,! latt] aga9 involv$ complex (ficial organisation1 cumbr\s ev5 if effici5tly c>ri$ out4 ,?is at once introduc$ difficulties4 ,! c5tre ( gravity ( supply 0 9 gov]nm5t (fices in/ead ( 9 ! c5tres ( production4 ,mu* dep5d$ ^u ! co-ord9ation ( ! (ficial dep>tm5ts4 ,q ap>t f ! ,gov]nm5t plants f9ally engag$ 9 *emical w>f>e production1 m ?an fifty plants 7 us$ 9 private organisations1 ( :i* a v high p]c5tage 7 entirely new4 ,alli$ ,h&icaps4--,! functions ( ! alli$ ,gov]nm5t supply dep>tm5ts 7 or %\ld h be5 mu* m ?an ^? ( an individual negotiat+ a contract4 ,ow+ to ! fact t ^! 7 new plants1 & t ! products 7 =eign to ! production ( _m ( ! firms conc]n$1 two alt]natives _h to be fac$4 ,ei!r ! te*nical & s]vice dep>tm5ts ( ea* firm _h to be consid]ably /r5g!n$1 or else a special organisation _h to cov] ^! functions by employ+ a consid]able gov]nm5t te*nical & liaison p]sonnel4 ,= reasons ( secrecy & g5]al effici5cy ! latt] proc$ure evolv$1 b nei!r repres5t$ ! ideal solution4 ,! ,g]man ,solution4--,?is 0 ! ,g]man arrangem5t 9 :i* ^! functions 7 all embodi$ 9 ! c5tralis$ produc+ organisation1 ! ,i4,g4 ,! ,g]man ,gov]nm5t took ! role ( a pure contractor1 ! only additional function be+ ! *oice ( product & me?od1 a "q ( policy4 ,?is impli$ ! exi/5ce ( a ,gov]nm5t exp]im5tal organisation1 b purely = ?is purpose4 ,dep>tm5tal ,difficulties4--,! ,alli$ task w\ld h be5 mu* simpl] if ! only w> weapon _h be5 a *emical "o1 9 :i* case an effici5t organisation c\ld h be5 decid$ ^u at fir/1 & ne$ h suff]$ no v radical *anges4 ,z x 01 h[ev]1 ! ,briti% supply organisation _h to adm9i/] "s sev5ty plants1 :i* 7 really 9 private h&s1 & f\nd its *ief difficulties q ap>t f ! ext]nal p]plexities ( ! problem4 ,!y arose 9 its relation%ips ) o!r ,gov]nm5t dep>tm5ts4 ,alli$ ,success ,aga9/ ,odds4--,tak+ a broad view ( ! case1 al?\gh nobody :o knew ! facts c\ld reg>d our poison gas production ) any?+ b dismay1 except 9 a few cases1 yet ! ma9 feel+ 0 "o ( amazem5t t we succe$$ z well z we did ) ^! entirely new sub/ances4 ,! :ole /ory ( *emical w>f>e supply among/ ! ,allies is "o ( devot$ ef=t by all conc]n$1 aga9/ ov]:elm+ odds1 & al?\gh ! level ( results 0 poor comp>$ ) ,g]many1 yet we f9d "h & !re brilliant examples ( ,alli$ adaptability & t5acity among/ :i* ! ,fr5* developm5t ( mu/>d gas /&s pre-em95t4 ,:at we h already said ab\t supply organisation may be summ$ up 9 "o s5t5ce4 ,! ,g]mans 7 already organis$ to produce4 ,we _h to create ,gov]nm5t dep>tm5ts to adm9i/] a l>ge numb] ( plants 9 private h&s1 & !y _h to cope n only ) ! ext]nal difficulties ( ! situation b ) ! almo/ ov]:elm+ difficulties ( int]nal organisation4 ,! *ecqu]$ c>e] ( ! ,briti% supply dep>tm5t provides a good example4 ,! ,fr5* & ,am]icans suff]$ less ?an ourselves f ^! tr\bles1 ! latt] hav+ ! b5efit ( ! comb9$ exp]i5ce ( ! o!r ,allies4 ,alli$ ,lack ( ,vision 9 ,production4--,a survey ( ! e>lie/ supply organisation ( ?is c\ntry reveals ano!r difficulty :i* lat] ev5ts h obscur$4 ,few p realis$ ! developm5ts :i* *emical w>f>e w\ld produce4 ,! e>ly production ( *emicals = gas w>f>e 0 gr\p$ "u "s su* designation z tr5* w>f>e /ores1 & grad$ 9 ord] ( importance1 f ! po9t ( view ( supply organisation ) catapults & spr+ guns1 flame projectors & body %ields6 ,x is no unfair criticism to /ate t h>d facts r ?an vision =c$ ! importance ( *emical w>f>e ^u ^? responsible = munition production 9 ! e>ly /ages ( ! w>4 ,*emical w>f>e production rema9$ "u ! ,tr5* ,w>f>e ,supply ,dep>tm5t = _m mon?s1 :]e x 0 "o ( t5 ,tr5* ,w>f>e sections4 ,! vicissitudes ( tr5* w>f>e supply are too num]\s & complicat$ to be dealt ) "h1 b *emical w>f>e supply has suff]$ accord+ly4 ,briti% ,lag 9 ,organisation4--,exam9+ ,alli$ organisations1 we f9d t ! ,fr5* & ,am]icans approa*$ ?is ideal solution m rapidly ?an ourselves1 & we c trace 9 our own developm5t a numb] ( unsuccessful attempts to rea* ?is c5tralis$ control1 al?\gh ! la/ configuration1 "u ! direction ( ,major-,g5]al ,h4 ,f4 ,?uilli]1 0 ! ne>e/ approa*4 ,fr5* organisation = supply provides ano!r example ( _! national *>act]i/ic ( logical ?9k+ & love ( symmetry4 ,z e>ly z ,septemb]1 #aiae1 ! ,fr5* c5tralis$ _! rese>* organisation1 ! ,inspection des ,etudes et ,exp]i5ce ,*imiques1 & _! supply organisation1 ! ,direction du ,mat]iel ,*imique de ,gu]re1 9 _! ,s]vice ,*imique de ,gu]re "u ,g5]al ,ozil4 ,fr5* & ,am]ican ,*>act]i/ics4--,_! e>ly conc5tration on gas %ell %[s t ?is symmetrical organisation 0 due n only to ! above *>act]i/ic b also to vision 9 w> developm5t4 ,am]ican supply organisation aga9 provides evid5ce ( ! national *>act]i/ic4 ,!y _h no ,i4,g4 b !y _h pl5ty ( money & mat]ial1 & ! total ( ,alli$ exp]i5ce 9 production4 ,!y !re=e proce$$ at once to build an enorm\s produc+ c5tre kn[n z ,edgewood ,ars5al4 ,we ref] to ?is lat]4 ,! trem5d\s pot5tialities ( ?is ,ars5al w readily he se51 al?\gh !y did n become effective dur+ ! w>4 ,x w\ld be poor te/imony to ! trem5d\s ef=ts & sacrifices made by ! v>i\s firms & (ficials connect$ ) *emical w>f>e to leave ! matt] at ?is /age1 or to make a m9ute analysis ( ! diff]5t int]nal causes = lack ( success4 ,we may say t al?\gh ! ef=ts ( all conc]n$ 7 beyond praise1 yet !y 7 s initially h&icapp$ t x 0 practically impossible ev5 to approa* ! ,g]man effici5cy4 ,9 ,france & ,engl& we 7 suff]+ f ! faults ( pa/ ye>s1 our lack ( att5tion to ! application ( sci5ce to indu/ry4 ,! ,am]icans w\ld also h suff]$1 = !y 7 9 ! same plight1 b !y adopt$ ! dra/ic solution ( ,edgewood ,ars5al4 ,z we %[ lat]1 h[ev]1 ?is solution 0 really only a v necess>y & valuable attempt to treat ! symptom r ?an ! disease4 ,we _c reg>d ! problem z settl$ = any ( ^! c\ntries4 ,if x is1 !n ! outlook is v poor4 ,int]-,alli$ ,*emical ,w>f>e ,liaison4--,*emical w>f>e (f]$1 9 !ory1 a spl5did opportunity = co-ord9ation among/ ! ,allies1 ,! new me?ods1 unhamp]$ by tradition1 seem$1 at fir/ sight1 admirably suit$ = exploitation aga9/ ! enemy by an alli$ ,g5]alissimo & /aff4 ,co-ord9ation nev] rea*$ ?is /age1 al?\gh /rong liaison organisations 7 develop$4 ,int]-alli$ rese>* conf]5ces occurr$ p]iodically 9 ,p>is1 :]e decisions = co-op]ation 7 tak5 aft] full discussion ( alli$ "w4 ,! cont9uity ( ^! relation%ips 0 ma9ta9$ by an active secret>iat on :i* ea* ally 0 repres5t$4 ,! contact1 s close betwe5 actual alli$ sci5tific work]s 9 ?is field1 became less evid5t 9 ! application ( _! results to field w>f>e1 = sev]al reasons4 ,9 ! fir/ place1 close sci5tific contact 9 rese>* 0 replac$ by ! actual field relation%ips ( ! armies1 &1 z is well kn[n1 ! c5tral int]-alli$ comm& did n mat]ialise until ! spr+ ( #aiah1 & ev5 !n x 0 only possible to apply ! new pr9ciple to ! actual battlefield4 ,! traditional diff]5ces betwe54 ! me?ods ( ! diff]5t s]vices ( ea* ally /ill exi/$ to a l>ge ext5t1 & !y f\nd expression 9 type ( armam5t1 equipm5t1 & milit>y /&>ds1 su* z1 = example1 gun calibres & %ell design1 to :i* *emical w>f>e _h to con=m4 ,no int]-alli$ gas mask mat]ialis$1 al?\gh ?is w\ld h be5 ( ine/imable advantage4 ,probably ! example ( mo/ complete co-ord9ation occurr$ on ! supply side1 :]e abs5ce ( ! above traditional difficulties & ! cry+ ne$ to make ! mo/ ( available raw mat]ials compell$ a v close co-ord9ation4 ,int]-,alli$ ,supply4--,! writ] 0 responsible = initiat+1 9 #aiag1 an ,int]-,alli$ ,*emical ,supply ,committee1 ^: function 0 to pool effectively ! alli$ raw mat]ials1 & to arrange _! di/ribution 9 accordance ) alli$ programmes1 ! ex*ange ( :i* impli$ a consid]able /ep4 ,lat] ?is ,committee became "o ( a numb]1 simil>ly con/itut$1 =m+ "p ( ! ,int]-,alli$ ,munitions ,c\ncil4 ,?9k+ ov] ! difficulties ( ! int]-alli$ supply1 n[ t ! em]g5ices ( ! situation h pass$1 an important contra/ em]ges4 ,aft] ?ree ye>s ( w>1 & al?\gh protect$ by ! p[]ful arm ( ! blockade1 we 71 /ill resort+1 = *emical w>f>e supply1 to measures :i*1 comp>$ ) ! ,g]man me?ods1 7 complicat$1 clumsy1 & ineffici5t4 ,?is 01 9 a s5se1 =c$ ^u u by ! numb] ( ! allies1 & ! fact t !y held ! out] l9es4 ,b x is easily =gott5 t ,g]many also _h a numb] ( allies1 & t ,g]many supply organisation 0 suffici5t to fe$ !m all4 ,nature ( ,*emical ,w>f>e ,rese>*4--,s1 mu* has be5 vaguely said1 & is vaguely kn[n1 ab\t rese>* 9 *emical w>f>e t a brief analysis w be ( value4 ,discov]y ( ,new ,sub/ances4--,rese>* = ?is purpose has a numb] ( v di/9ct functions1 ,! mo/ obvi\s is ! discov]y ( new sub/ances4 ,b !re are o!rs 9 connection ) :i* rese>* "w repres5ts a mu* great] volume4 ,v few new sub/ances :i* f\nd valuable application dur+ ! w> 7 reveal$ by *emical w>f>e rese>*4 ,! bulk ( ! important sub/ances 7 already kn[n z su*1 al?\gh _! importance = w> 0 probably n realis$4 ,x is mo/ important to emphasise ! fact t ev5 9 ! future1 %\ld !re be no direct attempts to reveal new *emical w>f>e sub/ances1 !y w und\bt$ly arise z a normal outcome ( rese>*1 ev5 if1 )\t exception1 e *emi/ 9 ! _w became a mo/ pron\nc$ pacifi/4 ,a valuable sub/ance once discov]$ or decid$ ^u1 h[ev]1 :ole s]ies ( rese>* inve/igations become necess>y4 ,te*nical ,me?od ( ,prep>ation2--,fill+ ,problem2--,protection2-- ,half-,scale ,inve/igation4--,! sub/ance mu/ be prep>$ 9 ! mo/ effici5t mann] = manufacture1 :i* may n be ! mode ( its discov]y4 ,x mu/ be us$ 9 %ells1 cyl9d]s1 or "s o!r w> *emical device4 ,ea* device repres5ts a diff]5t fill+ problem1 diff]5t difficulties ) reg>d to contact ( ! w> *emical & ! envelope ( ! conta9]4 ,if a projectile is 9 "q ! balli/ics become ( importance4 ,m important ?an any ( ^!1 except production1 is ! "q ( protection4 ,x is axiomatic t an army propos+ to use a new (f5sive *emical mu/ be protect$ aga9/ x4 ,x may1 !re=e1 be necess>y to modify ! exi/+ mask or protective appliance1 or to create an entirely new "o4 ,if rese>* reveals ! necessity = ! latt] c\rse ( action x may provide suffici5t reason = ab&on+ ! sub/ance4 ,9 addition1 accord+ to productive difficulties1 x may be necess>y to und]take compreh5sive & v exp5sive rese>* on half-scale me?ods = production4 ,x is impossible 9 _m cases to proce$ directly f ! laboratory process to l>ge scale manufacture )\t s]i\s risk ( failure4 ,two ,classes ( ,rese>*4--,broadly1 ^! rese>* functions =m two classes1 ^? conc]n$ ) policy & approval ( a sub/ance & ^? conc]n$ ) "w :i* foll[s automatically ^u su* approval4 ,!re mu/ be1 ( c\rse1 a c]ta9 am\nt ( ov]lapp+ & liaison betwe5 ! two classes4 ,h]e9 lay "o ( ! great advantages enjoy$ by ! ,g]mans4 ,_! great produc+ organisation1 ! ,i4,g41 0 able to take ov] automatically c]ta9 ( ^! rese>* functions1 9 p>ticul> all ^? ) reg>d to prep>ation & production1 ev5 ( protective appliances4 ,! ,gov]nm5t res]v$ :at we h call$ ! policy functions1 & 0 responsible1 we assume1 = ! mass1 ( physiological & design rese>* :i* mu/ always prec$e approval or a decision on policy4 ,signs 7 n lack+1 fur!r1 t ! ,i4,g4 0 ev5 employ$ on c]ta9 occasions = ?is latt] type ( rese>*4 ,conclusion4--,f ! facts at our disposal !re c be no d\bt t ! total mat]ial facilities at ! disposal ( ! ,allies = *emical w>f>e inve/igation 7 consid]ably m ext5sive & exp5sive ?an ^? ( ,g]many ) ! "o notable exception ( tra9$ te*nical organic *emi/s4 ,x is v d\btful :e!r ! ,g]man field exp]im5ts 7 z l>gely provid$ = z ^? ( ! ,allies4 ,:5 we ?9k ( ! ,fr5* gr\nds at ,v]sailles & ,entress91 ! ,briti% at ,porton1 ! ,am]ican gr\nds 9 ,france & 9 ,am]ica1 & ! ,italian organisations1 !re c h>dly be any d\bt t ! total ,g]man facilities 7 mu* small]4 ,"u ! actual circum/ances ( ! w>1 h[ev]1 x 0 difficult to develop m co-op]ation ?an 0 possible by a v close liaison4 ,! fact t all ! exp]im5tal developm5ts f ^! gr\nds requir$ special modification to meet ! peculi> ne$s ( artill]y & o!r equipm5t = ea* ally1 prev5t$ ! adoption ( uni=m types ( projectile or o!r appliances4 ,ev5 uni=m %ell m>k+ 0 f\nd impracticable4 ,! ,out] & ,inn] ,l9es4--,! ,alli$ situation compell$ ! multiplication ( cumb]some organisations 9 ! diff]5t c\ntries4 ,lack ( a /rong organic *emical indu/ry plac$ ea* ally at a consid]able disadvantage1 comp>$ ) ,g]many1 9 ! developm5t ( su* organisations4 ,us+ a /rategic comp>ison1 we c say t ,g]many n only possess$ ! inn] l9es 9 ! *emical w>1 b an exceptionally effici5t sy/em to exploit !m1 9 ! %ape ( ! great ,i4,g4 ,,*apt] ,,vi ,,! ,,/ruggle ,,= ,,! ,,initiative ,mean+ ( ! ,*emical ,initiative4--,! ,g]man invasion ( ,belgium 9 #aiad 0 a direct appeal to ! critical factor ( surprise 9 w>4 ,by disreg>d+ _! pl$ge1 a scrap ( pap]1 !y automatically introduc$ into ?is attack ! elem5ts ( milit>y surprise4 ,we1 ! enemy1 7 unprep>$1 & a complete re>rangem5t ( dispositions became necess>y4 ,a rec5t writ] has admirably summ>is$ ! facts4#a #a ,a4 ,f4 ,poll>d4 ,a ,%ort ,hi/ory ( ! ,great ,w>4 ,me?u51 #aibj4 ,g]many began ! w> on ! ,we/]n front be=e x 0 decl>$1 & on #a-b ,augu/1 ,g]man cavalry cross$ ! ,fr5* fronti] betwe5 ,luxemb\rg & ,switz]l& at ?ree po9ts 9 ! direction ( ,longwy1 ,luneville1 & ,bel=t4 ,b ^! 7 only fe9ts design$ to prolong ! delusion t ,g]many w\ld attack on ! only front legitimately op5 to w>f>e & to delay ! recon/ruction ( ! ,fr5* def5ce requir$ to meet ! real (f5sive4 ,! reasons = ,g]man /rategy 7 conclusive to ! ,g5]al ,/aff1 & !y 7 frankly expla9$ by ,be?mann-,hollweg to ! ,briti% ,ambassador4 ,!re 0 no "t to lose if ,france 0 to be defeat$ be=e an effective ,russian move1 & "t w\ld be lo/ by a frontal attack4 ,! be/ railways & roads f ,b]l9 to ,p>is ran ?r\gh ,belgium2 ! ,vosges protect$ m ?an half ( ! ,fr5* fronti] s\? ( ,luxemb\rg1 ,bel=t def5d$ ! n>r[ gap betwe5 !m & ,switz]l&1 & ev5 ! wid] ?irty miles' gap betwe5 ! nor!rn slopes ( ! ,vosges & ,luxemb\rg 0 too n>r[ = ! deploym5t ( ,g]many's /r5g?2 ! way 0 also b>r$ by ! elaborate =tifications ( ,v]dun1 ,t\l1 & ,nancy4 ,/rategy po9t$ conclusively to ! ,belgium r\te1 & its advantages 7 cl9*$ by ! fact t ,france 0 rely+ on ! illusory scrap ( pap]4 ,! fir/ ,g]man cl\d gas attack 0 ! second attempt to ga9 ! decisive initiative1 by ! unau?oris$ use ( a surprise ( an entirely diff]5t nature4 ,mod]n writ]s are at great pa9s to e/abli% h[ ! _w w>1 al?\gh leav+ ! f9al function ( ! infantry un*ang$1 r5d]$ !m & _! /aff subs]vi5t to mass munition production4 ,mr4 ,h4 ,g4 ,wells expla9s ?is to ! ,kais] 9 a delightful imag9>y int]view betwe5 t augu/ p]son & an hypo!tical manufactur]4#a ,pr(essor ,poll>d tells u h[1 :5 ! fir/ ,g]man surprise _h fail$1 ! w> became a te/ ( endurance r ?an g5]al%ip4 ,we w leave a cle> field = any milit>y *all5ge to su* a po9t ( view4 ,our objection is t x is n fully develop$4 ,! w> 0 /ill a te/ ( g5]al%ip1 t ( direct$ production4 ,?is w> has %[n1 & future w>s may un=tunately confirm1 t ! type & secrecy ( production is z important z its volume4 ,!re w /ill be ! purely milit>y surprise & manoeuvre1 b sup]impos$1 co-ord9at$1 & sometimes pr$om9ant w appe> ! te*nical surprise1 ! result ( ! g5]al%ip ( production4 #a ,w> & ! ,future4 ,cassel1 #aiag4 ,su* a surprise is a*iev$ by ! sudd5 introduction on a l>ge scale ( "s entirely new w> weapon1 capable ( a*iev+ a /rategic or tactical objective 9 an unsuspect$ mann]4 ,al?\gh ! g5]al idea ( ?is second type ( surprise exi/$ be=e ! w>1 p>ticul>ly 9 naval w>f>e1 x requir$ ! co9cid5ce ( ! ,great ,european ,w> & mod]n sci5tific developm5t to demon/rate its great importance on l&4 ,?us ! fir/ ,g]man gas attack f\nd ! oppos+ troops entirely unprotect$1 n m]ely ?r\gh ! abs5ce ( a mask1 b 9 tra9+ & te*nical discipl9e4 ,! case is quot$ ( an indignant gass$ soldi] :o1 9 an e>ly gas attack1 :5 reproa*$ = n protect+ himself1 !reupon op5$ 8 tunic & reveal$ a mask firmly ti$ r\nd 8 *e/6 ,x is a f> cry f su* a case to ! inculcation ( /rict gas discipl9e into an army ( millions4 ,! attack reap$ ! correspond+ results 9 casualties & morale4 ,x f\nd ! oppos+ m$ical s]vices unequipp$1 n only to treat ! new type ( casualty1 b ev5 to det]m9e its nature rapidly & effici5tly4 ,9 %ort1 x f\nd ! enemy utt]ly unprep>$1 ei!r 9 !ory or practice1 to c\nt] its effect4 ,! importance ( ?is second type ( surprise lies 9 its peculi> pot5tialities4 ,x may affect a giv5 milit>y result ) an extraord9>ily small exp5diture ( mat]ial1 en]gy1 & ev5tually human life1 :5 comp>$ ) ! old] milit>y weapons4 ,*emical w>f>e is a weapon1 p> excell5ce1 to a*ieve ?is second type ( surprise4 ,!re9 lies its *ief importance4 ,z a result1 ! hi/ory ( *emical w>f>e becomes "o ( cont9ual attempts1 on bo? sides1 to a*ieve surprise & to c\nt] x by "s accurate =eca/ 9 protective me?ods4 ,x is a /ruggle = ! initiative4 ,m ?an ?is1 z ! use ( *emical w>f>e becomes an organic "p ( op]ations1 z x did dur+ ! w>1 ^! op]ations become correspond+ly dep5d5t ^u conditions impos$ by ! *emical campaign4 ,"o c imag9e ! case ( an army unprotect$ aga9/ a new gas1 aw>e t ! enemy is ready to employ ! latt]1 compell$ to po/pone "s huge (f5sive until its protective me?ods 7 equal to c\nt]+ ! new *emical4 ,g5]al ,fries1 ! ,am]ican au?ority1 /ates1 9 ref]5ce to mu/>d gas1 & ! ,nor!rn (f5sives 9 #aiag3 ,x is no disp>agem5t ( ! ,briti%1 nor ( any "o else1 to say t !y held up ! date ( _! attack = two weeks p5d+ fur!r inve/igations into ! effects ( ?is new gas4 ,lud5dorff1 ref]r+ to ! ,g]man (f5sive 9 ,m>*1 #aiah1 tells u1 ,our artill]y reli$ on gas = its effect4 ,up till ! morn+ ( ! #bj? /r5g? & direction 7( ! w9d7 7 by no means fav\rable1 & x seem$ almo/ necess>y to put (f ! attack4 ,su* a po9t becomes ( great] importance z ! influ5ce ( o!r arms decreases4 ,if we assume int]national arrangem5ts = ! limitation ( o!r types ( armam5t 9 ! future1 *emical w>f>e at once /&s out z decisive4 ,controll+ ,factors2--,rapid ,manufacture4--,c]ta9 well-def9$ factors hold a controll+ position 9 ! *emical initiative4 ,be=e any *emical discov]y c be us$ = surprise on ! front a second /ep mu/ occur2 ?is is l>ge scale manufacture4 ,?is p]iod is vital to surprise4 ,success 9 *emical w>f>e is l>gely dep5d5t on secrecy1 :i* means a*iev+ production 9 ! %orte/ possible "t1 & ?is is p>ticul>ly important at ! comm5cem5t ( ho/ilities4 ,?r\gh\t ! w> ! ,g]mans possess$ ?is advantage &1 9 ! future1 unless c]ta9 /eps are tak51 x w be !irs aga94 ,a v simple example w suffice to %[ ! importance ( ! comb9ation ( ^! two factors4 ,let u assume ! n remote possibility t ,g]many _h refra9$ f us+ poison gas until %e _h rea*$ ! /age ( developm5t :i* exi/$ at ! "t ( h] #aiah (f5sive4 ,!re is little room = d\bt t ! big scale use ( cl\d attacks :i* w\ld !n h be5 available1 & ( %ell gas1 9 p>ticul> mu/>d gas1 w\ld h a*iev$ decisive success4 ,! ,allies w\ld h be5 totally unprotect$1 ! moral effect w\ld h be5 enorm\s1 &1 ev5 if we ignore ! latt]1 ! numb] ( casualties w\ld h produc$ a gap ! size ( :i* 0 only dep5d5t on ,g]man wi%es4 ,rapid ,id5tification ,ess5tial4--,x is important to rememb]1 h[ev]1 t once a *emical campaign has comm5c$1 c]ta9 factors may militate aga9/ any l5g?y ret5tion ( ! initiative by ei!r p>ty4 ,organisations develop ^: function is to asc]ta9 ! nature ( new enemy *emical devices s t protective rese>* & production c comm5ce ) ! m9imum delay4 ,?is assumes ! exi/5ce ( a protective appliance & organisation4 ,! v effici5t collaboration ( ! ,briti% ,c5tral ,laboratory 9 ,france = ! exam9ation ( new gas %ell ) ! ,fr5* organisation c5tr$ 9 ,p>is provides num]\s examples ( ! function+ ( ?is safegu>d4 ,no "t 0 lo/ 9 id5tify+ ! nature ( ! v>i\s *emicals employ$ by ,g]many 9 h] %ell fill+s4 ,spe$ 0 vital4 ,! use ( a new type ( *emical 9 %ell1 bomb1 or o!r contrivance1 9 any sector ( ! front1 on :atev] scale1 h[ev] small1 0 report$ )\t delay4 ,!n foll[$ in/antane\s collection & exam9ation1 aft] :i* all front l9e =mations1 o!r =mations1 allies1 & re> organisations 7 exp$iti\sly w>n$4 ,! h>mless trial flight ( ! few %ell ( a new type might be foll[$ by ! use ( hundr$s ( ?\s&s 9 a deadly attack "o hundr$ miles away or on ano!r alli$ front4 ,n only 7 captur$ (f5sive contrivances ( value = ?is purpose1 b ! rapid exam9ation ( new enemy masks 0 ( prime importance1 = x c\ld be assum$ t ! enemy w\ld be protect$ aga9/ 8 own surprises 9 /ore = o!rs4 ,attempts to asc]ta9 ! enemy's gas activities 7 n conf9$ to exam9+ captur$ mat]ial aft] _! fir/ use4 ,raids & artill]y fire 7 bo? us$ to obta9 intellig5ce reg>d+ prep>ations1 or to break up ! gas emplacem5ts4 ,! ,g]mans h provid$ u ) a p>ticul>ly gallant & int]e/+ attempt4 ,ne> ,nieuport ! front p5etrat$ a region inundat$ by ! ,belgians dur+ ! desp]ate ,g]man (f5sives ( #aiad4 ,! tr5* sy/em1 w9d+ ?r\gh a mile or s ( s& dunes1 pass$ 9 a s\!a/]ly direction ?r\gh ! m>%y sector kn[n z ,lomb>tzyde4 ,"h ! bogg$ front l9es 7 int]sect$ by ! ,ys] canal1 ! ,g]man front tr5* be+ "s #hj y>ds away4 ,alli$ gas 0 in/all$ 9 ! ,lomb>tzyde & neighb\r+ sectors ready = dis*>ge on ! fir/ fav\rable opportunity4 ,= "s reason or o!r ! ,g]mans suspect$ ?is1 & at night a raid+ p>ty swam d[n ! ice cold ,ys]1 &1 negotiat+ ! subm]g$ wire1 l&$ 9 ! ,alli$ support l9e4 ,/unn+ ! s5try ) a bomb :i*1 =tunately1 refus$ to explode1 !y proce$$ to ! front l9e to seek gas emplacem5ts4 ,ei!r ?r\gh unexpect$ di/urbance1 or = "s o!r reason1 !y 7 compell$ to leave be=e complet+ _! inspection1 & successfully swam ! ,ys] canal back to _! own tr5*es4 ,?is haz>d\s ent]prise repres5ts b "o ( _m raids ^: function x 0 to asc]ta9 ! pres5ce ( enemy gas4 ,propag&a & ,morale4--,ano!r factor int5d$ to facilitate ! atta9m5t ( ! *emical initiative 0 ! ,g]man use ( propag&a4 ,rum\rs1 reflect$ 9 ! ,press1 7 (t5 curr5t at ! ,front1 at home1 & 9 neutral c\ntries1 t "s p>ticul>ly fi5di% *emical contrivance 0 ab\t to be laun*$ aga9/ ! ,allies by ,g]many4 ,?us1 9 ,janu>y & ,febru>y ( #aiaf1 vigor\s propag&a activity ( ?is k9d 9 ,switz]l& prec$$ ! great ,g]man (f5sive at ,v]dun4 ,! new gas 0 h]ald$ by fanta/ic /ories4 ,c]ta9 dea? 0 ?reat5$ = all )9 "o hundr$ y>ds ( ! %ell bur/4 ,! orig9 ( ! report 0 trac$ to v>i\s s\rces4 ,9 "o case rum\rs conc]n$ a consci5ti\s work] 9 a ,g]man factory1 desir\s ( w>n+ ! ,fr5* ?r\gh ,swiss fri5ds1 9 o!r cases ,g]man sci5ti/s 7 report$ to be influ5c+ ,francophile neutrals 9 ord] t !y might w>n ! ,fr5*4 ,b an analysis ( ! propag&a reveals some?+ m ?an its s5sational nature4 ,! in=mation arriv$ at well-def9$ p]iods1 :i* usually prec$$ ! actual use ( a new gas or *emical device by ,g]many4 ,b :5 ! actual ef=t is comp>$ ) ! prophecy we f9d t 9 no case 0 !re any real clue z to ! nature ( ! gas4 ,?us1 be=e ! use ( phosg5e by ! ,g]mans at ! end ( #aiae1 def9ite reports rea*$ ! ,allies reg>d+ ! project$ use ( at lea/ t5 new gases by ,g]many1 :i* 7 describ$ n only *emically1 b z be+ col\rless1 od\rless1 p[]ful1 bl9d+1 & in/antane\sly deadly6 ,no su* volume ( propag&a 0 exp]i5c$ be=e ! fir/ ,g]man cl\d attack at ,ypres4 ,inde$1 "o w\ld n h expect$ x1 = ! m]e fact ( ! use ( cl\d gas 0 !n new to w>1 & ( milit>y value4 ,?is propag&a 0 n )\t its effect1 &1 b = ! excell5t ,alli$ gas discipl9e1 w\ld h be5 an effective precursor to ! gas itself4 ,cases 7 n abs5t1 at ! ,battle ( ,loos1 = example1 9 :i* ! ,g]man use ( la*rymators f\nd ,briti% soldi]s s m5tally unprep>$1 or r let u say prep>$ by propag&a1 z to spread ridicul\s rum\rs on ! battlefield z to ! all-p[]ful nature ( ! new ,g]man gas %ell4 ,^! 71 9 fact1 bur/+ a few y>ds away1 ) no m s]i\s results ?an la*rymation & vomit+4 ,! ext5d$ use ( %ell gas by ! ,g]mans 9 ! summ] ( #aiaf 0 aga9 prec$$ by int5sive propag&a dur+ ! e>ly mon?s ( t ye>1 9 :i* ! promise ( prussic acid 0 prom95t4 ,! influ5ce ( a "n is v curi\s4 ,prussic acid probably acc\nt$ = few] casualties ?an any o!r gas4 ,?is fact became app>5t ) ! increas+ use ( ! ,fr5* ,v9c5nite1 :i* conta9$ prussic acid4 ,yet ,g]man propag&a r$\bl$ its ef=ts z "t w5t on to inspire fe> 9 ! ,alli$ soldi]s by ! ?reat to use prussic acid4 ,x is cle> t armies _c ab&on gas discipl9e1 & t an important factor 9 /r5g!n+ ?is discipl9e is a wise di/ribution ( gas k4 ,! use ( mu/>d gas & new] %ell gases 9 #aiag 0 aga9 prec$$ by a bur/ ( propag&a4 ,9 ?is p]iod we f9d ! fir/ ref]5ce to long-range gas %ell & aircraft gas bomb1 &1 curi\sly en\gh1 a c]ta9 am\nt ( propag&a ) reg>d to a bl9d+ *emical1 :i* p>tially describ$ mu/>d gas4 ,z fur!r confirmation ( ! ,g5]al ,/aff orig9 ( ?is propag&a we f9d t ! #aiah outbur/ occurr$ two or ?ree mon?s e>li] 9 ! ye> ?an 9 #aiag4 ,?is 0 acc\nt$ =1 no d\bt1 by its int5d$ influ5ce ^u ,alli$ morale 9 ! great ,g]man (f5sive ( e>ly #aiah4 ,?is la/ wave ( propag&a includes "o v int]e/+ example4 ,x is bett] kn[n ?an o!r cases ?r\gh its association ) ! ,int]national ,r$ ,cross at ,g5eva4 ,?is body repres5t$ 9 ,febru>y1 #aiah1 t ,g]many 0 ab\t to use a really t]rible gas :i* w\ld h su* disa/r\s effects t x 0 absolutely ess5tial to make a la/ attempt to get bo? sides to ab&on gas w>f>e4 ,! (ficial wire reads z foll[s3--,prote/ ( ,int]national ,r$ ,cross aga9/ ! use ( ,poison ,gas4 ,i h receiv$ private lett] f ,monsieur ,x41 ,presid5t ( ,int]national ,r$ ,cross1 :i* ,i ?9k t ,i ought to lay be=e y4 ,he says t ,r$ ,cross 7 induc$ to make prote/ by :at !y _h he>d ( new gas ,g]mans are prep>+ al?\gh ,r$ ,cross und]/&s t ! ,allies are aw>e ( ! gas & are tak+ _! precautions4 ,z !y did n wi% to draw an indictm5t ( ,g]many !y appeal$ to bo? gr\ps ( bellig]5ts to pl$ge !mselves n to use ?is weapon4 ,r$ ,cross asks :e!r ! ,ent5te lead]s ?r\gh ,int]-,alli$ ,c\ncil at ,v]sailles c\ld n make a l\d decl>ation :i* w\ld rea* ! peoples ( ! ,c5tral ,empires z well z _! rul]s1 pl$g+ !mselves n to use su* gas on condition t ! two ,emp]ors simil>ly b9d !mselves n to employ x4 ,if ! latt] refuse1 all ! guilt w re/ ) !m4 ,al?\gh !re c be no d\bt t ! ,int]national ,r$ ,cross & ! ,swiss involv$ 9 ?is move 7 absolutely bona fide1 yet :oev] 0 responsible = initiat+ ! move on ! ,g]man side play$ 8 h& v well4 ,if1 z actually occurr$1 ! prote/ did n result 9 ! cessation ( gas ho/ilities1 x /ill s]v$ its purpose z propag&a aim$ at ,alli$ morale4 ,kn[+ 8 dispositions = gas def5ce1 & our own (f5sive prep>ations1 x is probable t ! enemy 0 will+ to )draw be=e be+ ov]:elm$ by ,alli$ & ,am]ican production4 ,aft] ?ree ye>s ( co/ly improvis$ production by ! ,allies1 ,g]many c\ld no long] securely enjoy ! fruits ( ! initiative provid$ by ! plants & factories ( ! ,i4,g4 ,peculi> ,peace-,"t ,dang]4--,!re c be no d\bt !re=e t ! m]e contact ( two armies dur+ w> acts z a *eck aga9/ ! decisive use ( *emical w>f>e1 except 9 ! v e>ly /ages4 ,dur+ peace ?is contact w be practically non-exi/5t1 & x w\ld be possible = any c\ntry s to div]ge 9 its l9es ( rese>* & discov]y t1 giv5 rapid means ( production1 x c\ld repeat ! ,g]man surprise ( #aiae1 ?is "t ) decisive results4 ,%\ld su* a nation possess a monopoly 9 ! means ( rapid production1 ! _w is practically at h] m]cy4 ,%\ld %e be prep>$ to break h] ^w1 ! usual means ( controll+ dis>mam5t are impot5t aga9/ ^! developm5ts4 ,w> ,fluctuations ( ,initiative4--,9 ! light ( ! above rem>ks ! fluctuations 9 ! initiative dur+ ! rec5t w> are v significant4 ,! fir/ m>k$ feature 0 ! developm5t ( ,briti% & ,alli$ protection to c\nt] ! enemy attacks :i* w\ld presumably foll[ ! fir/ ,g]man use ( cl\d gas4 ,imm$iately aft] ! ,g]man *emical surprise1 & :ile ! ,allies 7 /ill undecid$ :e!r to retaliate1 "w proce$$ fev]i%ly on ! developm5t ( "s =m ( protection = ! hi!rto unprotect$ soldi]4 ,9 response to ,"l ,kit*5]'s dramatic appeal to ! wom5 ( ,engl& & ,france1 masks 7 s5t to ,france 9 suffici5t quantity )9 a few days4 ,!y 7 ( a v primitive type1 & consi/$ ( a pad ( cotton wool impregnat$ ) c]ta9 *emicals1 to be held 9 place ov] ! m\?1 :i* 0 sup]s$$1 9 ,may1 by a v simil> contrivance1 slightly m effici5t ) reg>d to ! l5g? ( "t ( protection4 ,dr4 ,haldane & c]ta9 o!r prom95t *emi/s & physiologi/s work$ on ! diff]5t improvis$ types4 ,) ?is feeble protection1 or1 9 ! fir/ case1 ) none at all1 our armies _h to face ! fir/ ,g]man cl\d gas attacks4 ,! idea ( ! gas helmet :i* cov]$ ! :ole head 0 br\ght to ,engl& by ,capta9 ,macph]son ( ! ,newf\ndl& ,corps1 e>ly 9 ,may4 ,suitably impregnat$1 x made satisfactory te/s4 ,! helmet type ( respirator made ( flannel 0 fir/ te/$ 9 ! ,anti-,gas laboratories on ,may #aj?1 #aiae1 & 0 a great success comp>$ ) previ\sly sugge/$ types4 ,arrangem5ts = its manufacture 7 accord+ly made1 & ?is began 9 ,june1 #aiae4 ,?is protective device consi/$ ( a flannel helmet ) a celluloid film eyepiece1 & 0 call$ ! hypo helmet4 ,! fabric 0 impregnat$ ) ! same solution z ! cotton wa/e pads describ$ above1 ! dipp+ be+ c>ri$ out l>gely at ,ox=d ,works1 b p>tly 9 ! ,royal ,army ,clo?+ ,dep>tm5t1 ,pimlico4 ,its manufacture 0 cont9u$ until ,septemb]1 #aiae1 ab\t two & a half millions be+ made 9 all4 ,f ,june1 #aiae1 we nev] really lo/ ! initiative 9 ! matt] ( def5ce1 al?\gh1 at diff]5t times1 ! /ruggle 0 v int5se4 ,x 0 ?is helmet1 ) ! modifi$ ph5ate impregnation1 :i*1 kn[n z ! ,p4 helmet1 =m$ ! fir/ l9e ( def5ce aga9/ ! probable employm5t ( phosg5e by ,g]many4 ,x became kn[n z ! ,tube ,helmet :5 fitt$ ) a m\?piece = exhal$ air1 &1 9 ?is =m1 c\nt]$ ! =midable enemy phosg5e attack 9 ,decemb]1 #aiae4 ,! lat] addition ( hexam9e1 sugge/$ f ,russia1 greatly improv$ ! effici5cy aga9/ phosg5e & l$ to ! ,p4,h4 helmet1 :i* 0 issu$ f ,janu>y1 #aiaf4 ,x 0 n )drawn until ,febru>y1 #aiah1 b 9 ! lat] /ages 0 us$ z a second l9e ( def5ce4 ,! magnitude ( ?is manoeuvr+ = protection c be judg$ f ! facts t two & a half millions ( hypo helmets1 n9e millions ( ,p4 helmets1 & f\rte5 millions ( ,p4,h4 helmets 7 issu$ dur+ ! campaign4 ,!re is no d\bt t ?is e>ly p]iod1 h[ev]1 0 a v co/ly exp]im5t on ! use ( ! diff]5t masks1 ! success ( :i* involv$ ! loss ( numb]s ( m5 :o 7 compell$1 ?r\gh reasons ( supply or unc]ta9 design1 to use ! less effici5t types4 ,9 "o case1 = example1 ! trial ( mica eyepieces r5d]$ o!rwise effici5t masks absolutely useless by break+1 & caus$ losses4 ,we _c af=d to repeat su* exp]im5ts 9 future4 ,failure to develop protective appliances fatally implies l>ge-scale exp]im5ts 9 future w>s 9 :i* unnecess>y loss ( life is b\nd to occur4 ,if /eady rese>* 9 peace c dim9i% ?is possible loss1 %all x be /opp$8 ,! urg5cy ( ^! developm5ts c be und]/ood f a case quot$ by ,g5]al ,h>tley3#a ,a c]ta9 modification ( ! respirator 0 consid]$ necess>y 9 ,france1 & (fic]s 7 s5t home to expla9 :at 0 ne$$4 ,)9 =ty-eight h\rs ( _! arrival arrangem5ts 7 made to modify ! respirators1 & )9 a few weeks ! fight+ troops _h be5 re-equipp$ ) ! new patt]n4 ,less ?an ?ree mon?s aft] ! *ange _h be5 recomm5d$ ?ree attacks 7 made by ! ,g]mans :i* w\ld c]ta9ly h _h v s]i\s consequ5ces if our troops _h n be5 9 possession ( ! improv$ respirator1 z ! old] patt]n w\ld n h )/ood ! conc5tration ( gas employ$4 ,?is 0 only "o ( _m *anges t 7 made 9 ! respirator to meet new developm5ts4 #a ,report be=e ! ,briti% ,association1 #aiai4 ,h[ urg5t 0 ! ne$ = ^! developm5ts8 ,x 0 vital4 ,"h is a case %[+ frightful losses su/a9$ by p>tially or ineffici5tly protect$ troops4 ,betwe5 ,may & ,july ( #aiae ! ,g]mans made at lea/ ?ree cl\d gas attacks ^u ! ,russians1 imm$iately we/ ( ,w>saw4 ,9 all ^! attacks1 tak5 toge!r1 gas 0 dis*>g$ = a total "t ( n m ?an "o h\r1 & !y 7 all practically f ! same position1 on a front ( ab\t six miles4 ,! affair seems relatively small1 yet :at 0 ! result8 ,! ,russians lo/ n less ?an #ejjj dead on ! field1 & _! total casualties 7 ( ! ord] ( #be1jjj (fic]s & m54 ,a ,sib]ian regim5t _h1 be=e ! la/ attack1 a ration /r5g? ( ab\t =ty (fic]s & #djjj m54 ,?is 0 r$uc$ by a tw5ty m9utes gas dis*>ge to f\r (fic]s & f\r hundr$ m54 ,no o!r weapon c\ld h reproduc$1 "u ! mo/ fav\rable conditions = its use1 9 z _m days1 :at gas 0 able to d 9 z _m m9utes4 ,al?\gh our protection _h c\nt]$ ! lat] ,g]man attacks ) cl\d gas1 yet x ?reat5$ to fail to meet ! situation creat$ by ! use ( a v>iety ( organic *emicals 9 %ell4 ,9 ord] to c\nt] ! use ( la*rymatory comp\nds by ! enemy1 comp\nds :i* p5etrat$ ! helmet insuffici5tly to cause s]i\s casualties b suffici5tly to hamp] ! individual by la*rymation1 goggles 7 introduc$ 9 :i* ! eyes 7 protect$ by rims ( rubb] sponge4 ,?is rem$i$ ! weakness ( ! ,p4,h4 helmet & produc$ ! ,p4,h4,g4 helmet1 ( :i* m ?an "o & a half millions 7 issu$ dur+ #aiaf-aiag4 ,t[>ds ! end ( #aiae ! /&>d protection 0 ! ,p4 & ,p4,h4 helmet1 b ! use ( la*rymators compell$ u to use ! ,p4,h4,g4 ,ev5 ?is helmet 0 n satisfactory aga9/ ! high conc5trations ( phosg5e or la*rymators1 & aft] mu* rese>* ! op9ion ga9$ gr\nd t fur!r developm5t mu/ be on o!r l9es4 ,9 addition1 ! ne$ = a m g5]al =m ( protection 0 emphasis$ by ! ,g]man adoption ( a mask ( c>tridge design4 ,9 o!r words1 ! fabric ( ! helmet1 or facial portion ( ! mask1 0 made imp]meable1 & ! filtration ( ! poison$ air occurr$ ?r\gh a c>tridge1 or filt]+ box1 atta*$ to ! fabric 9 ! =m ( a sn\t4 ,! c>tridge provid$ a mu* great] protective range & capacity4 ,x 0 cle> t su* ,g]man protection 0 evid5ce ( _! plans = ! fur!r use ( gas4 ,! new ,g]man c>tridge mask appe>$ 9 ! autumn ( #aiae4 ,doctor ,h4 ,pick1 review+ ,g]man protective measures 9 ,s*w>te's book1 enum]ates ! v>i\s desid]ata ( ! ideal mask & expla9s1 ,x 0 only our e>ly recognition ( ^! requirem5ts :i* gave u an advantage ov] ! enemy f ! fir/ 9 ! sph]e ( def5sive measures aga9/ gas1 & :i* sp>$ u f hav+ to und]take radical alt]ations 9 ! app>atus z ! ,engli%1 ,fr5*1 & ,russians _h to d m ?an once4 ,?is e>ly adoption ( a compreh5sive view on protection by ,g]many is a te/imony to bo? ,g]man ?or\ghness & _! def9ite int5tion to proce$ ) a vigor\s *emical w>4 ,! latt] is n m]e inf]5ce1 = x is borne out by ! dates at :i* !y comm5c$ production 9 _! dye factories4 ,fur!r1 ev5 if ! ,g]man c>tridge mask 0 only decid$ ^u aft] ,loos1 :i* is n probable1 our feeble reply 9 t battle w\ld h>dly h ju/ifi$ su* a radical advance 9 protection4 ,x 0 ?us =eca/$ t n only w\ld new ranges ( comp\nds be employ$ :i* x w\ld be mo/ difficult to c\nt] individually1 b aggressive me?ods w\ld arise1 ei!r entirely new or modifications ( ! cl\d me?od1 :i* w\ld enable mu* high] conc5trations to be obta9$ ?an ^? 9 evid5ce hi!rto4 ,accord+ly ! fir/ type ( ! well-kn[n ,briti% ,box ,respirator 0 design$1 giv+ a big capacity ( highly effici5t filt]+ mat]ial1 or granule1 conta9$ 9 a cani/]1 ) an improv$ face-piece & brea?+ arrangem5ts4 ,)\t go+ into details1 x may be said t ,colonel ,h>rison & ,major ,lamb]t 7 associat$ ) a numb] ( o!r en?usia/ic work]s 9 develop+ ! ,box ,respirator4 ,"h aga9 ! "q ( *emical supply ?reat5$ to influ5ce our ret5tion ( ! initiative4 ,)\t go+ into ! developm5t ( ! granule 9 ! respirator1 ! supply ( potassium p]manganate 0 ( prime importance1 & ! c\ntry 0 woefully defici5t 9 ! production ( ?is sub/ance4 ,! det]m9$ ef=ts ( ,briti% manufactur]s ov]came ?is difficulty4 ,x 0 n[ possible to "w on g5]al l9es = ! improvem5t ( ?is cani/] to increase its protective range1 & to modify ! cani/] specifically 9 accordance ) intellig5ce z to :at ! enemy _h rec5tly done or 0 ab\t to d4 ,9 ?is way1 & successively1 ! army 0 successfully protect$ aga9/ ! high] conc5trations employ$ & ! new] sub/ances introduc$4 ,! issue ( ! l>ge ,box ,respirator comm5c$ 9 ,febru>y1 #aiaf4 ,x 0 replac$ by ! small ,box ,respirator :i* came out 9 ,augu/1 #aiaf1 & ( :i* ov] sixte5 millions _h be5 issu$ be=e ! sign+ ( ! ,armi/ice4 ,at "o "t ov] a qu>t] ( a million small ,box ,respirators 7 produc$ weekly4 ,! *ief modifications 7 ! use ( a small] box or cani/]1 ! m>g9 ( protection be+ unnecess>ily l>ge 9 ! =m] type4 ,x became necess>y 9 ! spr+ ( #aiag to provide m effici5t protection aga9/ irritat+ smokes :i* t5d$ to p5etrate ! respirator z m9ute p>ticles1 & ! fir/ =m consi/$ 9 ! use ( two lay]s ( cotton wadd+ 9 ! cani/] ( ! small ,box ,respirator4 ,! use ( ,blue ,cross comp\nds by ,g]many 9 ! summ] ( #aiag r5d]$ ?is matt] m urg5t1 & a special filt] jacket 0 design$ :i* fitt$ r\nd ! ,small ,box ,respirator4 ,a million 7 made & s5t to ,france4 ,developm5ts proce$$ on ^! l9es4 ,altoge!r1 m ?an fifty million masks & respirators ( diff]5t k9ds 7 manufactur$ by ! ,briti% ,anti-,gas ,dep>tm5t = our own & ,alli$ armies4 ,we ?us h "s idea ( ! importance ( protection 9 *emical w>f>e & ( ! absolutely imp]ative ne$ ( decid+ :e!r or no "w on protection mu/ g on4 ,!re c be no d\bt z to ! answ] to ?is "q4 ,x is n only 9 ! int]e/ ( ! army1 :e!r a ,league ( ,nations or a national army1 b also 9 ^? ( ! civil population4 ,! ,t5se ,protective ,/ruggle4--,few p realise h[ ! developm5t ( ,alli$ & enemy gas masks & protective measures 0 =c$ ^u ea* side 9 a numb] ( critical /eps4 ,at ea* ( ^!1 _h rese>* & production be5 unequal to ! task1 ! armies w\ld h f\nd !mselves m uncov]$ & expos$ ?an if ! :ole tr5* & dug-out sy/em _h be5 sudd5ly r5d]$ unusable 9 "s peculi> way1 ?us remov+ cov] f high explosive & %rapnel1 rifle1 & ma*9e-gun fire4 ,! army has an apt expression4 ,an (fic] or man p>ad+ incompletely equipp$ is dubb$ half nak$4 ,to be )9 rea* ( enemy gas )\t a mask 0 true nak$ness4 ,a mod]n army )\t a gas mask is mu* m helpless & beat5 ?an "o )\t boots4 ,m ?an ?is1 x mu/ be cle>ly und]/ood t a gas mask ( effici5t design & production w rema9 ( v little use unless1 support$ by compreh5sive rese>* :i*1 itself1 ga9s enorm\sly 9 effici5cy if relat$ to enemy (f5sive activities4 ,! ,g]man ,mask4--,consid] ! ,g]man mask = a mom5t4 ,we h se5 h[ ,g]many adopt$ ! cani/] drum or c>tridge =m be=e any ( ! o!r bellig]5ts1 & 9 good "t to protect h] own m5 aga9/ _! own use ( phosg5e1 at ! end ( #aiae4 ,inde$1 ,g]many probably held up ! use ( phosg5e until h] own protection aga9/ x 0 develop$1 al?\gh ,s*w>te's book claims t ! ,g]man mask issue 9 #aiae 0 ma9ly a protection aga9/ *lor9e4 ,! fill+ consi/$ ( "s su* mat]ial z p[d]$ pumice-/one saturat$ ) a solution ( pota%1 & p[d]$ ov] ) f9e absorb5t *>coal 9 ord] to protect aga9/ organic irritants & phosg5e4 ,^! 7 ! famili> "o-lay] drums4 ,!n came ! ,briti% conc5trat$ cl\d gas (f5sive 9 ! summ] ( #aiaf1 :i* und\bt$ly f\nd ! ,g]man mask unequal to "s ( ! high] conc5trations :i* 7 obta9$ "u mo/ fav\rable conditions4 ,! ,gas ,(fic] ( ! ,six? ,g]man ,army /at$ 9 a docum5t issu$ 9 ,novemb]1 #aiaf3 ,consid]able losses 7 caus$ by ! gas attacks :i* h tak5 place latt]ly4 ,! casualties 7 ma9ly due to ! m5 be+ surpris$ 9 dug\ts1 to ! neglect ( gas discipl9e1 masks n be+ at h&1 to faulty masks1 & to ! use ( old patt]n drums 99:i* c\ld n af=d protection aga9/ ! type ( gas employ$ by ! enemy4 7,! italics are our own4--,v4,l47 ,evid5ce is f\nd 9 ! introduction ( ! ,g]man ?ree-lay] drum 9 ! autumn ( #aiaf4 ,an army does n und]take ! manufacture ( millions ( new appliances )\t v good reason4 ,?is new drum 0 specially aim$ at phosg5e protection4 ,! middle lay] consi/$ ( granulat$ absorb5t *>coal1 :i* _h ! prop]ty ( absorb+ l>ge quantities ( organic irritants & phosg5e4 ,9 ! ?ree-lay] drum ! latt] gas 0 adequately gu>d$ aga9/ = mo/ field purposes1 al?\gh we h reason to believe t ! ,g]man /aff 0 always appreh5sive1 & ,g]man soldi]s suspici\s ( ! actual p5etration ( _! mask obta9$ 9 ! imm$iate locality ( projector dis*>ges4 ,dr4 ,pick expla9s 9 ,s*w>te's book :at is already well kn[n1 t ! *>coal lay] has a wide1 non-specific effect1 & x reta9s almo/ all mat]ials ( :i* ! molecul> weight is n too small1 ev5 if v /rongly neutral 9 "* 7z1 = example1 *lorpicr974 ,he goes on to say ! progressive developm5t ( gas w>f>e l$ to ! use ( ^! v mat]ials1 :il/ sub/ances ) acid prop]ties1 su* z *lor9e1 fell m & m into disuse4 ,! ?ree-lay] drum w5t ?r\gh all sorts ( *anges 9 consequ5ce4 ,:5 ! use ( *lorpicr9 mixtures ga9$ 9 importance 9 #aiag1 ! lay] ( *>coal 0 increas$ at ! exp5se ( ! o!r two lay]s4 ,?is /age ( developm5t end$ 9 #aiah1 :5 ! o!r lay]s 7 done away ) altoge!r1 & ! entire ?ree sets 7 fill$ ) ,a' *>coal4 ,a' *>coal 0 a p>ticul>ly effici5t =m4 ,we le>n f ! same s\rce t ! increas$ protection aga9/ phosg5e 0 v welcome to ! ,g]mans 9 view ( ! dang] aris+ f gas projector attacks4 ,fur!r1 ! capacity = absorption ( ! ,g]man *>coal 0 nev] equall$ by any ( =eign production4 ,?is 0 c]ta9ly true = ! great] "p ( ! w>4 ,b ,dr4 ,pick cont9ues1 9 a s5t5ce :i* is full ( significance3 ,9 consequ5ce ( ! high quality ( ! drum's absorption1 we 7 able to c>ry on to ! end ( ! w> ) a drum ( relatively small proportions4 ,?is po9t is s important z to dem& fur!r explanation4 ,en=c$ ,g]man ,modifications4--,! mo/ important disadvantage ( a gas mask is its resi/ance to brea?+4 ,m5 und]tak+ ardu\s & dang]\s duties 9 ! pres5ce ( gas mu/ we> a mask1 b !y _c und]take ^! duties if _! brea?+ is s]i\sly int]f]$ )4 ,?is is p>ticul>ly s 9 tr5* eng9e]+ & 9 ! heavy "w ( ! artill]y4 ,n[ ! resi/ance dep5ds1 = a giv5 type ( fill+1 ^u ! area ( ! cross-section ( ! drum4 ,brea?+ w be easi] ?r\gh a v l>ge area ?an ?r\gh a v small "o4 ,! ,briti% appliance 0 a frank admission t1 ) its fill+1 a l>ge drum 0 necess>y1 s l>ge t ! weight ( x c\ld n be borne by ! mask itself1 b by atta*m5t to ! *e/1 ! actual mask be+ connect$ ) ! drum or box by a flexible rubb] tube4 ,b ! ,g]mans adopt$ f ! beg9n+ a =m ( protective appliance 9 :i* ! drum or c>tridge 0 atta*$ to & support$ by ! mask4 ,9 o!r words1 _! developm5t 0 limit$ by ! weight ( _! drum1 unless !y completely *ang$ _! type on ,briti% l9es4 ,x is q cle> t !y realis$ ?is1 = ,doctor ,pick tells u1 ref]r+ to ! l>ge size ( ! ,briti% box3 ,= ?is reason ! weight ( ! box is s great t x is no long] possible to atta* x directly to ! mask4 ,x is1 !re=e1 c>ri$ on ! *e/ & jo9$ to ! m\?piece ( ! mask by a flexible tube4 ,! developm5t ( ,briti% cl\d gas compell$ ! ,g]mans s to modify _! fill+ t ! resi/ance to brea?+ increas$ consid]ably4 ,!y c\nt]$ ?is1 h[ev]1 by introduc+ an exce$+ly active *>coal1 realis+ t ! weight ( _! drum _h already rea*$ ! limit possible ) t type ( app>atus1 & t !y c\ld n1 !re=e1 get bett] brea?+ capacity by increas+ its size4 ,:51 h[ev]1 ! ,blue ,cross comp\nds 7 introduc$1 x 0 necess>y = bo? armies to take special precautions4 ,^! precautions involv$ introduc+ a lay] ( filt]+ mat]ial into ! cani/] or drum4 ,dr4 ,pick tells u3 ,:5 ! mat]ial ( ! ,blue ,cross type became ( great] importance1 a supplem5t>y app>atus _h to be issu$4 ,a ?9 disc filt] prep>$ by a special me?od f ?reads ( cotton 0 fa/5$ to ! tube ( ! drum by means ( a spr+ lid4 ,?is arrangem5t provid$ adequate protection aga9/ mat]ials ( ! ,blue ,cross type us$ by ! enemy1 z1 = in/ance1 /annic *loride1 :il/ ! ,g]man ,blue ,cross gas1 :i* 0 m p5etrat+1 0 only reta9$ to a mod]ate degree4 ,?is is a direct admission t1 9 ord] to c\nt] ! ,alli$ use ( ,blue ,cross gas1 fur!r filt]+ arrangem5ts w\ld h be5 necess>y4 ,b ! resi/ance to brea?+ ( ! ,g]man app>atus 0 already /ra9$ to ! utmo/4 ,x is exce$+ly improbable t ! ,g]mans1 hav+ already rea*$ ! limit ( size ( ! cani/] or drum1 & be+ unable to obta9 bett] brea?+ by increase 9 size1 c\ld h introduc$ any su* device )\t c>ry+ _! resi/ance beyond ! possible limit4 ,9 o!r words1 ! use ( ,blue ,cross by ! ,allies w\ld h compell$ !m to adopt ! ,briti% type ( app>atus1 t is1 a bigg] box support$ by ! *e/ & connect$ to ! mask by a flexible rubb] tube4 ,?is w\ld h l$ !m into an impasse4 ,%ortage ( ,rubb]4--,we "k h[1 9 ! beg9n+ ( #aiag1 !y 7 compell$ to sub/itute lea!r 9 ! sub/ance ( ! mask4 ,dr4 ,pick admits t ?is 0 due to lack ( raw mat]ial1 rubb]1 & !re are _m o!r signs t ?is 0 s4 ,al?\gh lea!r 0 n altoge!r a bad sub/itute = ?is purpose1 rubb] w\ld h be5 ess5tial = ! flexible tube1 & ! millions requir$ to refit ! army w\ld h completely brok5 ! ,g]man rubb] res\rces4 ,_m facts1 includ+ _! fev]i% developm5t ( syn!tic rubb]1 small quantities ( :i* !y obta9$ at enorm\s co/1 g to prove ?is conclusion4 ,! subm>9e1 ,deuts*l&1 return+ to ,g]many 9 #aiaf1 f its hi/oric trip to ,am]ica1 c>ri$ %ipm5ts ( ! mo/ sorely ne$$ commodities1 includ+ l>ge quantities ( raw rubb]4 ,/r+5t measures 7 adopt$ lat] to collect wa/e rubb] & prev5t its use = su* purposes z billi>d tables & tyres = private vehicles4 ,! fir/ naval exp$ition to ,baltic ports aft] ! ,armi/ice f\nd ! hospitals 9 a pitiable plight = lack ( rubb]4 ,! ,g]mans 7 be+ driv5 into an impossible position4 ,9 o!r words1 ! ,allies1 by a prop] use ( ,blue ,cross comp\nds1 c\ld h rega9$ ! gas initiative4 ,!re is no d\bt t !y 7 )9 a few mon?s ( do+ s4 ,once aga9 we see ! importance ( production4 ,lack ( raw mat]ials = protective purposes 0 endang]+ ! ,g]man position1 b delay 9 (f5sive production by ! ,allies remov$ t dang]4 ,al?\gh _! press+ ne$ 0 obvi\s1 ! ,blue ,cross ars5ic comp\nds 7 n available4 ,! *emical w> involves manoeuvr+ = position j z def9itely z ! old] =ms1 b 9 x production1 =m]ly a r\t9e activity1 assumes critical /rategic importance4 ,gas ,discipl9e4--,?is con/ant vigilance aga9/ enemy surprise impos$ m conditions ^u ! troops ?an ! p]man5t adoption ( a protective appliance :i*1 9 itself1 0 a v big ?+4 ,giv5 ! mask1 ! army _h to be taught h[ & :5 to use x4 ,a gas s5se _h to be develop$ :i* ensur$ rapid use ( ! mask at ! "r "t ) ! lea/ hamp]+ ( op]ations4 ,gas discipl9e ?us became "o ( ! mo/ important features ( g5]al tra9+1 a feature :i* c nev] be ab&on$ by ! armies ( civilis$ nations 9 ! future )\t disa/r\s results4 ,?is discipl9e1 l all o!r protective "w1 0 dep5d5t 9 its nature & int5sity ^u ! /ruggle = ! initiative4 ,"o example out ( _m is f\nd 9 ! num]\s ,g]man ,army ,ord]s :i* foll[$ our introduction ( ! ,liv5s projector4 ,?is weapon gave ! possibility ( mu* high] conc5trations at mu* great] ranges f ! front l9e ?an 7 =m]ly possible & = a "t ,g]man gas discipl9e 0 sev]ely %ak51 & ! /affs _h to react viol5tly to meet ! situation4 ,! introduction ( ?is weapon1 9 fact1 0 ! fir/ cle> case ( ! ga9+ ( ! *emical initiative by ! ,allies4 ,a telegram f ,g]man ,g5]al ,headqu>t]s /at$3 ,! ,engli% h a*iev$ consid]able success by fir+ gas m9es simultane\sly f a consid]able numb] ( projectors on to "o po9t4 ,casualties occurr$ because ! gas 0 fir$ )\t w>n+1 & because its conc5tration 0 s great t a s+le brea? w\ld incapacitate a man4 ,?is is a fur!r example ( ! fact t ! decisive initiative 0 v difficult to obta9 aft] two ye>s ( w>1 :]eas by ! same means x w\ld h be5 ensur$ at ! comm5cem5t4 ,! g5]al developm5t ( ,g]man protection 0 a p>tial safegu>d1 b ! value ( ! weapon c\ld be se5 f ! fact t an ord] 0 issu$ = all ,g]man work+ p>ties to we> gas masks :5 )9 #ajjj y>ds ( ! front l9e on nights n obvi\sly unsuitable = ,alli$ gas dis*>ges4 ,x is difficult to exagg]ate ! milit>y importance ( su* an imposition4 ,summ>y4--,we h ?us cov]$ a p]iod1 ! ma9 features ( :i* 7 attempts at ! cl\d initiative by ,g]many & our rapid & successful protective reaction4 ,! conditions surr\nd+ ! fir/ attack 7 entirely peculi>4 ,! complete surprise att5d+ x c\ld only be repeat$ at ! comm5cem5t ( ano!r w>4 ,x fail$ = entirely diff]5t reasons f ^? :i* prev5t$ ! decisive use ( phosg5e by ! ,g]mans4 ,b our reaction c>ri$ u fur!r1 & we develop$ ! f9al =m ( cl\d gas attack1 ! ,liv5s projector1 :i*1 9 its turn1 tax$ ! ,g]man protection to ! utmo/1 & ?reat5$ to ov]come x4 ,hi/ory repeat$ itself ) a v5geance 9 ?is protective /ruggle4 ,two attempts at ! cl\d initiative1 ! ,g]man phosg5e attempt & ! ,liv5s projector1 7 bo? p>tially successful4 ,_h ei!r ( ^? attempts %>$ ! surprise ( ,april #bbnd1 #aiae1 _! success w\ld h be5 _m times great]4 ,x 0 contact on ! battle front t develop$ a protective appliance & organisation1 by giv+ u an insight into enemy appliances & projects4 ,we _c emphasise too /rongly ! significance ( ?is = ! future4 ,ap>t f remote exceptions1 contact w be entirely abs5t4 ,we c h no gu>antee :atev] t new devices w be reveal$1 ei!r betwe5 nations or to a c5tral body4 ,suppose ! ,g]mans _h be5 m fully aw>e ( ! possibilities ( cl\d gas1 &1 realis+ ! dep5d5ce ( _! "o me?od ^u w9d direction & caprice1 _h develop$ our me?od ( produc+ cl\d at a di/ance4 ,! comb9ations ( ! two me?ods at ,ypres c\ld h>dly h left a m>g9 ( *ance = failure4 ,?is is a feeble example ( :at may occur4 ,new ,g]man ,attempts4--,by ?is "t x 0 n easy to see h[ ei!r side c\ld obta9 a decisive surprise by ! use ( *emicals aim$ at ! respiratory sy/em4 ,x appe>$ v difficult to p5etrate ! diff]5t =ms ( respirators by conditions obta9able 9 ! field4 ,pr(essor ,f4 ,p4 ,kirs*baum1 writ+ on gas w>f>e1 9 ,s*w>te's book1 reveals h[ ,g]many c\nt$ on obta9+ ! gas initiative aga9/ ! ,fr5* at ,v]dun4 ,he expla9s h[ ! decision to use ,gre5 ,cross on a l>ge scale co9cid$ ) c]ta9 modifications 9 ! design ( ! ,g]man gas %ell1 :i* made its l>ge-scale manufacture mu* simpl] & m rapid4 ,! manufacture ( ,gre5 ,cross1 he also tells u1 0 assur$ 9 ! special progress 9 te*nical *emi/ry1 & ! output 0 adequate1 & goes on to expla91 ,! fir/ use ( p] /uff#a f\nd ! enemy unprep>$ ) any suitable protection4 ,! ,fr5* _h equipp$ _! troops ) protection aga9/ *lor9e1 b _h provid$ no protection aga9/ phosg5e1--! results ( ,gre5 ,cross ammunition 7 recognis$ by ! troops4 ,dur+ ! big op]ations be=e ,v]dun1 h[ev]1 ! enemy did _! v utmo/ to sub/itute ! gas mask ,m#b = ! respirator ,,xtx4 ,gas mask ,m#b 0 a protection aga9/ ,gre5 ,cross4 ,= ?is reason ,gre5 ,cross ammunition alone c\ld n be expect$ to h an effect1 z soon z ! enemy c>ri$ out def5sive measures by means ( gas mask ,m#b or "s bett] app>atus4 ,?is rev]se spurr$ on ! ,g]mans to r5ew$ ef=ts4 ,! writ] proce$s to expla9 h[ 9 #aiaf ^! ef=ts result$ 9 f9d+ two important sub/itutes1 mu/>d gas or ,yell[ ,cross & ! ars5ic comp\nds ( ! ,blue ,cross type4 #a ,diphosg5e or ,gre5 ,cross con/itu5ts4 ,yell[ & ,blue ,cross4--,! ,g]mans _h1 some:at ha/ily1 laid aside _! cl\d activities4 ,b !y 7 v ke5ly pursu+ ano!r l9e1 ! developm5t ( %ell gas4 ,?us1 9 ,july1 #aiag1 !y made two di/9ct attempts to rega9 _! initiative by ! use ( %ell gas1 & 7 v l>gely successful 9 "o case4 ,we ref] to ! ,yell[ & ,blue ,cross %ell1 conta9+ mu/>d gas & diph5yl-*lor>s9e respectively4 ,capta9 ,gey]1 writ+ 9 ,s*w>te's book1 relates3 ,gas 0 us$ to a mu* great] ext5t1 ov] #ajj1jjj %ells to a bomb>dm5t aft] ! introduction ( ! ,gre5 ,cross %ell 9 ! summ] ( #aiaf at ,v]dun4 ,f t "t ! use ( gas became mu* m v>i$ z ! numb] ( types ( guns fir+ gas projectiles 0 increas$1 field guns hav+ also be5 provid$ ) gas projectiles4 ,! mo/ trem5d\s advance 9 ! use ( gas by ! artill]y1 & inde$ 9 ! use ( gas 9 g5]al1 came 9 ! summ] ( #aiag ) ! introduction ( ! ?ree elem5ts1 ,gre51 ,yell[1 & ,blue1 "o aft] ano!r4 ,?is introduc$ ! mo/ v>i$ possibilities ( employ+ gas1 :i* 7 utilis$ to ! full 9 _m places on ! front dur+ ! successful def5sive op]ations ( #aiag1 above all 9 ,fl&]s & at ,v]dun4 ,! h>dly p]ceptible poison+ ( an area by means ( ,yell[ ,cross %ell & ! surprise gas attack became two ( ! new regulation me?ods ( us+ gas4 ,yell[ ,cross4--,! respirator af=d$ complete protection aga9/ ! attacks ( mu/>d gas on ! respiratory sy/em1 b ?is gas evad$ protection 9 o!r ways4 ,9 ! fir/ place1 its e>ly unfamili>ity evad$ ! gas discipl9e ( ! ,allies1 & x 0 n realis$ 9 _m cases t ! respirator 0 necess>y4 ,?is 0 spe$ily correct$1 b its second l9e ( attack 0 n easily1 & nev] f9ally c\nt]$4 ,we ref] to its vesicant action4 ,mu/>d gas c\ld produce sev]e bli/]+ & sk9 w\nds 9 su* slight conc5trations1 ev5 ?r\gh clo?+1 t x 0 a trem5d\s casualty produc]1 putt+ m5 out ( action = sev]al weeks or mon?s1 ) a v l[ rate ( mortality4 ,us$ 9 l>ge quantities aga9/ an entirely unprotect$ army1 its results might well h be5 decisive4 ,?is 0 ! fir/ example ( *emical attack ^u a new function4 ,we _h too readily assum$ t gas1 or *emical attack1 w\ld be re/rict$ to ! respiratory sy/em1 or to ! eyes4 ,we _h assum$ t if our mask protection 0 ahead ( enemy respiratory attacks our situation 0 safe4 ,mu/>d gas 0 a rude awak5+4 ,x 0 impossible to protect fully aga9/ mu/>d gas1 unless we protect$ ! :ole body1 & x 0 nev] possible to d ?is dur+ ! w> )\t too s]i\sly influ5c+ ! movem5ts ( ! soldi]4 ,blue ,cross4--,! ,blue ,cross ,%ell 0 a delib]ate attempt to pi]ce ! respirator4 ,x repres5t$ to ! ,g]man m9d su* an advance ( aggression ov] protection t ! effect on ! enemy w\ld be almo/ z if he 7 entirely unprotect$4 ,"s idea ( ! ,g]man e/imate ( its importance c be f\nd 9 ! foll[+ quotation f ,capta9 ,gey]3 ,! se>* = new irritants 9 ! sph]e ( ars5ic comb9ations l$ to ! discov]y ( a s]ies ( effective sub/ances4 ,9 view ( ! obvi\s importance ( highly irritant comp\nds capable ( exi/+ 9 a v f9ely divid$1 pulv]is$1 or p>ticulate =m1 rese>* 0 made 9 ! doma9 ( little volatile sub/ances ) boil+ po9ts up to #djj'j4 ,?is l$ to ! a/oni%+ discov]y t diph5yl>s5i\s *loride :5 scatt]$ w\ld p5etrate all gas masks !n 9 use1 ev5 ! ,g]man1 practically unweak5$1 & w\ld h s]i\s irritant effects on ! we>]s4 ,?is discov]y c\ld only be expla9$ by ! supposition t ! irritant works 9 ! =m ( p>ticles :i* x is difficult to keep back by means ( a respirator1 ev5 a completely protect+ respirator1 su* z ! ,g]man & ,engli% gas masks 7 at t "t4 ,fur!r analysis %[$ t ! mixture ( air & gas exam9$ reveal$ a conc5tration ( gas greatly 9 excess ( ! po9t ( saturation = ! vap\r giv5 (f by ?is /uff4 ,f9ally1 ultra microscopic exam9ation %[$ ! exi/5ce ( smoke p>ticles4 ,a new type ( fight+ mat]ial _h be5 discov]$4 ,he also tells u h[1 foll[+ ?is discov]y1 production rose to #fjj tons mon?ly1 & us$ up all ! ars5ic obta9able 9 ,g]many4 ,! ,allies 7 fully alive to ! importance ( ?is matt]1 & we h already expla9$ t1 _h !y be5 9 possession ( l>ge quantities ( ,blue ,cross comp\nds1 !y might h =c$ ,g]man protection into an impossible position4 ,no bett] example c\ld be f\nd ( ! imm5se sup]iority enjoy$ by ,g]many ow+ to h] flexible & effici5t produc+ organisation4 ,capta9 ,gey] goes on to expla9 h[ ! milit>y value ( ^! projectiles 0 consid]able1 &1 !re=e1 ! mon?ly production rea*$ a figure ( ov] "o million %ell4 ,we h already emphasis$ ! "q ( design 9 *emical w>f>e1 & its importance is borne out by ! comp>ative failure ( ^! ,g]man projectiles4 ,gey] expla9s h[ only m9ute p>ticles less ?an #a_/aj1jjj ( a millimetre 9 diamet] are ( any use to p5etrate a mask1 & he develops ! difficulties exp]i5c$ by ,g]many 9 obta9+ su* f9e pulv]isation )\t decompos+ ! sub/ance4 ,he expla9s ! difficulties :i* !y _h 9 arriv+ at a suitable %ell1 & _! unsuccessful /ruggle to ov]come ! necessity ( a glass conta9]1 :i*1 he says1 dem&$ a consid]able advance 9 ! te*nical "w ( %ell production4 ,?is attempt at ! *emical initiative by ! use ( ,blue ,cross illu/rates ano!r me?od ( attack4 ,gey] says1 ,blue & ,gre5 ,cross ammunition 7 us$ simultane\sly 9 ! field--call$ col\r$ cross 7,buntkreuz7 9 ord]1 by ! use ( ,blue ,cross1 to =ce ! enemy to remove gas masks1 :]eby !y expos$ !mselves to ! poison\s effects ( ,gre5 ,cross4 ,matt]s seldom rea*$ t po9t1 h[ev]1 = z soon z ! enemy realis$ ! effect ( col\r$ cross' ammunition1 !y )drew troops :i* 7 be+ bomb>d$ ) x f _! positions to a zone beyond ! range ( artill]y fire4 ,! ,engli% 9 p>ticul> _h tri$ to protect ! troops aga9/ ! effects ( diph5yl>s5i\s *loride1 & ( diph5yl>s5i\s cyanide 7:i* foll[$ x & 0 ev5 m effective7 by ! use ( filt]s made ( wooll5 mat]ial & wadd+4 ,!y 7 to a great ext5t te*nically successful1 b ! mo/ effective def5sive app>atus1 ! jacket' to ! box1 0 unsatisfactory f ! milit>y po9t ( view1 z ! troops c\ld only make a limit$ use ( x ow+ to ! difficulty ( brea?+ or suffocation :i* x occasion$4 ,! ref]5ce to ! )drawal ( troops is a picturesque misrepres5tation4 ,! relative ineffici5cy ( ! ,g]man %ell r5d]$ ?is unnecess>y4 ,9 addition1 z ,capta9 ,gey] expla9s1 our troops 7 specially protect$ 9 anticipation ( ! use ( p>ticulate cl\ds4 ,an exam9ation ( our protective device by ! ,g]mans obvi\sly l$ !m to believe t resi/ance to brea?+ 0 too great = ! protective appliance to be practicable4 ,b "h ! exceptional gas discipl9e ( ! ,briti% troops became effective4 ,!re is no d\bt t ! new mask 0 worn j z con/antly & satisfactorily z ! old4 ,capta9 ,gey]'s rem>ks are also int]e/+ f a po9t ( view to :i* we h already ref]r$3 !y %[ h[ mu* ?is "q ( resi/ance to brea?+ 0 ex]cis+ ! m9ds ( ^? responsible = ,g]man protection4 ,p>ticulate ,cl\ds4--,! pr9ciple ( p>ticulate cl\ds 0 n entirely new1 bo? sides hav+ us$ smoke comb9$ ) le?al gases ) ! object ( =c+ ! removal ( ! respirator4 ,x 0 ?\ght t ! p>ticulate =m ( ! smoke w\ld p5etrate a respirator design$ purely to hold up vap\rs & gases4 ,! reason+ 0 p]fectly s\nd4 ,x 0 only a "q ( us+ ! "r smoke 9 ! "r way4 ,!re 7 good gr\nds to believe t su* sub/ances w\ld p5etrate ! respirator1 & ei!r produce a casualty or compel ! removal ( ! respirator by ! p>oxysms produc$1 to all[ "s le?al gas to complete ! "w on ! unprotect$ soldi]4 ,=tunately = u1 ^! objectives 7 n atta9$1 b ?is 0 r due to "s hit* or miscalculation 9 ! ,g]man prep>ations ?an to any inh]5t impossibility4 ,aft] ?is p]iod1 al?\gh *emical w>f>e became increas+ly an organic "p ( ,g]man 7& ,alli$7 op]ations1 yet !re is no s]i\s field evid5ce ( a delib]ate attempt at ! gas initiative4 ,x mu/ be rememb]$1 h[ev]1 t gas figur$ v l>gely inde$ 9 ! ,m>*1 #aiah1 attempt1 by ,g]many1 to rega9 ! g5]al initiative4 ,x is /at$ au?oritatively1 = example1 t 9 ,july1 #aiah1 ! ,g]man ,divisional ,ammunition ,dump conta9$ normally #ej p] c5t4 ( gas %ell &1 9 ! prep>ation1 9 ,may1 #aiah1 = ,g]man attacks on ! ,aisne1 artill]y programmes includ$ z mu* z #hj p] c5t4 gas %ell = c]ta9 objectives4 ,pot5tial ,production & ,peace4--,en\gh has be5 said to %[ ! g5]al nature ( ! *emical w>f>e /ruggle4 ,! "q ( ! *emical initiative is vital at ! comm5cem5t ( ho/ilities4 ,unless1 !n1 we completely rule out any possibility :atev] ( a future w>1 x is vital = t occasion4 ,we h indicat$ suffici5tly cle>ly ! factors ^u :i* su* initiative dep5ds1 to %[ ! critical importance ( manufactur+ capacity1 & protective prep>$ness4 ,a fur!r quotation f ,s*w>te's book is v mu* to ! po9t4 ,x tells u3 ,:il/ on our side only a few gases 7 introduc$1 b ) successful results1 ! use ( gas by ! enemy pres5ts q ano!r picture4 ,we "k ( no less ?an tw5ty-five gases us$ by ! enemy1 & ( fifte5 types ( gas projectile us$ by ! ,fr5* alone1 & we "k1 f bl9d' 7dud7 %ells :i* h be5 f\nd1 :at !y conta94 ,! only effective gases among/ !m 7 phosg5e & di*lorodie?yl sulphide4 ,! o!r sub/ances are h>mless prep>ations1 us$ mo/ probably = purposes ( cam\flage1 a me?od highly e/eem$ by ! enemy1 b :i* did n ent] into ! "q ) u1 ow+ to ! capacity ( our *emical indu/ry = ! production ( effective mat]ials4 ,?is is true to a consid]able ext5t4 ,our dep5d5ce on improvis$ & relatively ineffici5t production impos$ conditions ^u ,alli$ policy1 :]eas1 9 ,g]many1 !y _h b to comm& a flexible & highly effici5t produc+ ma*9e4 ,! _w movem5t t[>ds dis>mam5t w h>dly c\nt5ance ! ma9t5ance ( p]man5t *emical ars5als4 ,9 ! face ( w> exp]i5ce & fur!r rese>* developm5ts ! labori\s w> improvisation ( ^! ars5als w n save u z x did 9 ! la/ /ruggle4 ,any nation devoid ( ! means ( production invites enemy *emical aggression & is helpless aga9/ x4 ,?is1 & ! ne$ to keep abrea/ ( *emical w>f>e developm5t--p>ticul>ly 9 protection-- are ! *ief lessons ( ! /ruggle = ! *emical initiative4 ,,*apt] ,,vii ,,review ,,( ,,production ,critical ,importance ( ,production4--,our analysis ( ! /ruggle = ! initiative reveals ! critical importance ( production4 ,9 ! *emical m ?an 9 any o!r =m ( w>f>e1 production has a tactical & /rategic importance & functions z an organic "p ( ! (f5sive s*eme4 ,a t5d5cy 9 mod]n w> is to displace ! incid5ce ( initiative t[>ds ! re>4 ,/affs _c leave ! discov]ies ( ! te*nical work%op or sci5tific laboratory out ( _! calculations1 = _! sudd5 introduction into a campaign may h m influ5ce on its result ?an ! mass+ ( a million m5 ) _! arms & equipm5t = a surprise assault4 ,! use ( a new w> device may %ake ! oppos+ =mations m ?an ! mo/ cunn+ly devis$ attack ( ?is sort4 ,:51 aft] ! fir/ brilliant assault on ! ,somme on ,july #a/1 we began to lose m51 mat]ial1 & ! initiative1 9 an endless s]ies ( local attacks1 we 7 ev5 !n rega9+ x by ! home developm5t ( ! tank4 ,ev5 be=e ! colossal ,g]man ef=t 0 fru/rat$ by ! fir/ ,m>ne battle & ! developm5t ( tr5* w>f>e1 ! ,g]man laboratories 7 )9 an ace ( rega9+ ! initiative by _! "w on cl\d gas4 ,aft] ! lull 9 _! gas attacks1 :5 ! ,g]mans s\ght to ga9 ! initiative & a decision by ! use ( phosg5e1 ! quiet "w ( our def5sive organisations at home _h completely c\nt]$ ! move weeks be=e4 ,b 9 all ^! cases ! c\nt] idea c\ld n become effective )\t l>ge-scale production4 ,?is 0 absolutely fundam5tal4 ,_h we tak5 six ye>s to produce ! fir/ type ( tank1 _h ! ,g]mans fail$ to manufacture mu/>d gas )9 a p]iod ( ye>s in/ead ( succe$+ 9 weeks1 & _h ! box respirator tak5 long] to produce1 all ! brilliant ?9k+ & rese>* und]ly+ ^! developm5ts w\ld h _h practically no influ5ce on ! campaign1 = !y w\ld h _h no incid5ce ^u x4 ,we c\ld g on multiply+ examples4 ,b :at is ! conclusion8 ,f ?is rapid developm5t ( me?ods a new pr9ciple em]ges4 ,! initiative no long] rema9s ! sole prop]ty ( ! /affs1 unless we enl>ge ! /aff conception4 ,vital moves c be eng9e]$ f a po9t v remote 9 organisation & di/ance f ! ,g4,h4,q4 ( armies 9 ! field4 ,b !re is a critical /ep betwe5 ! inv5tion & its effect on milit>y initiative4 ,?is is production1 :i* = ^! new] me?ods becomes an organic "p ( ! campaign4 ,b ! future is our *ief preoccupation4 ,:at w\ld be ! supreme *>act]i/ics ( ! e>ly /ages ( a future w>8 ,x w\ld be di/+ui%$ by attempts ( bellig]5ts to w9 imm$iate & decisive success by l>ge scale use ( v>i\s types ( surprise4 ,?ree factors w\ld be pre-em95t1 ! nature ( ! idea or inv5tion1 ! magnitude on :i* x is employ$1 & its actual "t ( incid5ce1 t is1 ! delay betwe5 ! actual decl>ation ( w> & its use4 ,n[ ! inv5tion is ( no use :atev] )\t ! la/ two factors1 :i* are entirely dep5d5t on production4 ,:51 9 #aiag1 ! ,alli$ /affs press$ repeat$ly = gases ) :i* to reply to ,g]man ,yell[ ,cross1 _! urg5t repres5tations met ) no satisfactory response until ne>ly a ye> _h elaps$4 ,?is 0 n due to lack ( inv5tion1 = we _h simply to copy ! ,g]man discov]y4 ,failure to meet ! cry+ dem&s ( ! ,front 0 due to delay 9 production4 ,any ev5tual *emical surprise w1 "u g5u9e conditions ( dis>mam5t1 dep5d on peace indu/ry1 = no su* conditions w tol]ate ! exi/5ce ( huge milit>y ar5sals4 ,we h already indicat$ ! type ( peace-"t indu/ry p> excell5ce1 :i* c rapidly & sil5tly mobilise = w>4 ,x is ! organic *emical indu/ry4 ,!re=e1 :atev] ! w> may h taught u z to ! value ( *emical indu/ry1 its importance f ! po9t ( view ( a future w> is magnifi$ _m times4 ,! surprise factor is responsible4 ,! next w> w only comm5ce once1 h[ev] long x may drag on1 & x is to ! />t t all ef=ts ( a nation plann+ w> w be direct$4 ,x is1 !re=e1 ( importance to exam9e 9 detail ! developm5t ( *emical production dur+ ! rec5t w>4 ,a close exam9ation is ( m ?an hi/orical significance1 & %\ld provide answ]s to c]ta9 vital que/ions4 ,g]man *emical indu/ry 0 ! critical factor 9 ?is new me?od ( w> :i* almo/ l$ to our d[nfall4 ,h[ did ! activities ( ?is indu/ry comp>e ) our own production8 ,to ?is an answ] is attempt$ bel[1 b grav] que/ions foll[4 ,0 our inf]ior position due to m ?an a comb9ation ( normal economic conditions1 & 7 we ! victims ( a consid]$ policy8 ,if s1 :o direct$ x1 & :5 did x fir/ give evid5ce ( activity8 ,an answ] to ^! que/ions w be attempt$ 9 a lat] *apt]4 ,significance ( ! ,g]man ,dye ,indu/ry4--,at ! end ( #aiad ! nation began to realise :at x meant to be at ! m]cy ( ! ,g]man dye monopoly4 ,ap>t f ! imm$iate economic w> disadvantages1 ! v>iety & s9i/] peace ramifications ( ?is monopoly _h n be5 cle>ly reveal$4 ,mr4 ,runciman1 !n ,presid5t ( ! ,bo>d ( ,trade1 /at$ ) reg>d to ! dye indu/ry3 ,! inquiries ( ! ,gov]nm5t h l$ !m to ! conclusion t ! excessive dep5d5ce ( ?is c\ntry on a s+le =eign c\ntry = mat]ials ( su* vital importance to ! indu/ry 9 :i* millions ( our workpeople 7 employ$1 con/itutes a p]man5t dang] :i* c only be rem$i$ by a comb9$ national ef=t on a scale :i* requires & ju/ifies an exceptional measure ( ,/ate enc\ragem5t4 ,measures 7 def9$ lat]4 ,9 ! debate 9 ! ,h\se ( ,commons 9 ,febru>y1 #aiae1 on ! anil9e dye indu/ry1 a memb] prom95t 9 ! discussion1 ref]r+ to tak+ sides on ! "q ( ,free ,trade1 /at$ t1 ,x 0 a great pity t ?is %\ld occur :5 ! att5tion ( ! ,h\se is occupi$ ) reg>d to ,,matt]s ,,connect$ ,,) ,,! ,,w>1 & proce$$ to draw a comp>ison betwe5 ! national importance ( ! manufacture ( dyes & t ( lead p5cils4 ,=tunately he prefac$ 8 rem>ks by expla9+ 8 ignorance ( ! te*nical matt]s involv$ 9 ?is anil9e dye indu/ry4 ,^! are two out ( _m ref]5ces to ! pressure due to ! abs5ce ( ,g]man dyes1 :i* illu/rate ! purely economic gr\nds on :i* ! issue 0 be+ discuss$1 on ! "o h&1 & reveal ! prevail+ ignorance ( its importance on ! o!r4 ,exactly "o mon? lat] came ! fir/ ,g]man gas %ock4 ,su* /atem5ts z ! above tempt u to ask :o1 at ?is "t1 realis$ ! common s\rce ( ! direct milit>y & indirect economic attack4 ,x c h>dly be d\bt$ t ! exi/5ce ( ! ,g]man dye factories 0 l>gely responsible = ! fir/ ,g]man use ( gas on ! front4 ,we h already se5 h[1 f ! fir/ mon? ( ! w>1 ! *emical weapon 0 ! subject ( def9ite rese>*4 ,falk5hayn leaves u 9 no d\bt z to ! *ief factor :i* f9ally det]m9$ its use4 ,ref]r+ to difficulties ( production1 he says1 ,only ^? :o held responsible po/s 9 ! ,g]man ,g4,h4,q4 9 ! w9t] ( #aiad-ae 4 4 4 c =m any e/imate ( ! difficulty :i* _h to be ov]come at t "t4 ,! adju/m5t ( sci5ce & eng9e]+ 4 4 4 took place almo/ noiselessly1 s t !y 7 accompli%$ be=e ! enemy q knew :at 0 happ5+4 ,p>ticul> /ress 0 laid ^u ! promotion ( ! production ( munitions 4 4 4 z well z ! developm5t ( gas z a means ( w>f>e4 ,ref]r+ to protective me?ods ( tr5* w>f>e1 he cont9ues1 ,:]e "o p>ty _h ga9$ "t 4 4 4 ! ord9>y me?ods ( attack (t5 fail$ completely4 ,a weapon _h1 !re=e1 to be f\nd :i* 0 sup]ior to !m b :i* w\ld n excessively tax ! limit$ capacity ( ,g]man w> indu/ry 9 its production4 ,su* a weapon exi/$ 9 gas4 ,! ,g]mans _h !mselves %[n u :]e ?is production occurr$1 & ,lud5dorff supplem5ts our in=mation by tell+ u h[ he discuss$ ! supply ( w> mat]ial ) ,h]r ,duisburg & ,h]r ,krupp von ,bohl5 9 ,halba*1 :om ,i _h ask$ to jo9 ! tra9 9 ! autumn ( #aiaf4 ,! =m] 0 ! ,*airman ( ! ,i4,g41 ! great dye comb9e4 ,^? produc+ a new weapon ( w> mu/ always consid] ! possibilities possess$ by _! oppon5ts to exploit ! same weapon aft] ! fir/ %ock4 ,= ! ,g]mans ! answ] 0 obvi\s4 ,! ,allies w\ld be held at a mat]ial disadvantage = mon?s1 if n ye>s4 ,)\t ! means ( production available 9 ,g]many1 we are n at all1 conv9c$ t ! gas exp]im5t w\ld h be5 made1 & _h x n be5 made1 & its =midable success reveal$1 ,g]many's hesitation to use ?is new weapon w\ld probably h c>ri$ ! day4 ,?is1 at lea/1 is ! mo/ g5]\s po9t ( view4 ,9 o!r words1 ! ,g]man poison gas exp]im5t ow$ a l>ge "p ( its initial mom5tum to ease ( production by a monopoly4 ,! comb9ation ( ?is factor ) ! will+ness to use gas l$ to ! great exp]im5t4 ,! future may aga9 provide ?is comb9ation1 unless ! monopoly is remov$4 ,foll[+ up ?is l9e ( ?\ght1 we c see h[ tempt+ 0 ! ,g]man c\rse ( action4 ,falk5hayn has told u :at a viol5t /ra9 0 impos$ ^u ,g]many by ! /abilisation ( ! ,we/]n ,front e>ly 9 #aiae4 ,! t5sion betwe5 ! ,great ,g5]al ,headqu>t]s & ! ,home ,gov]nm5t 0 already 9 evid5ce1 & w\ld h caus$ difficulty 9 atta9+ suitable home & liaison organisations1 9 p>ticul> ) reg>d to supply4 ,we c well und]/& ?is :5 we rememb] ! dra/ic *anges :i* occurr$ 9 our own m9i/ries & dep>tm5ts4 ,b :at organisation 0 requir$ = *emical w>f>e supply8 ,v little6 ,quot+ f ! report ( ! ,h>tley ,mission to ! *emical factories 9 ! occupi$ zone1 we "k t :5 ! ,gov]nm5t wi%$ to produce a new gas a conf]5ce ) ! v>i\s firms 0 held at ,b]l9 to det]m9e h[ manufacture %\ld be subdivid$ 9 ord] to use ! exi/+ plant to ! be/ advantage4 ,! firms ref]r$ to 7 ! con/itu5t memb]s ( ! highly organis$ ,i4,g4 ,!re 0 no ne$ to create a clumsy & complicat$ organisation ) an effici5t "o exi/+ 9 ! ,i4,g4 ready to meet ! ,gov]nm5t dem&s4 ,! pa? c\ld n h be5 smoo!r4 ,lud5dorff /ates 9 8 memoirs t ! ,h9d5burg programme made a special feature ( gas production4 ,increas$ supply ( explosives 0 also provid$ =4 ,he says3 ,we aim$ at approximately d\bl+ ! previ\s production4 ,& aga93 ,gas production1 too1 _h to keep pace ) ! increas$ output ( ammunition4 ,! dis*>ge ( gas f cyl9d]s 0 us$ less & less4 ,! use ( gas %ells increas$ correspond+ly4 ,?is programme repres5t$ a det]m9$ ef=t to spe$ up munitions production 9 ! autumn ( #aiaf4 ,x includ$ n only gas b explosives1 bo? ( :i* c\ld be suppli$ by ! ,i4,g4 ,explosives dem&$ oleum1 nitric acid1 & nitrat+ plants1 :i* already exi/$1 /&>dis$1 9 ! factories ( ! dye comb9e4 ,! unusual spe$ ) :i* /&>d dye-produc+ plant 0 conv]t$ = ! production ( explosives is in/anc$ 9 ! op]ation ( a ,t4,n4,t4 plant at ,lev]kus51 produc+ #bej tons p] mon?4 ,! conv]sion only took six weeks4 ,! factories ( ! ,i4,g4 suppli$ a consid]able proportion ( ! high explosives us$ by ,g]many4 ,9 ! field ( *emical w>f>e ! relation%ip betwe5 w> & peace production 0 ev5 m intimate4 ,*emical w>f>e products are closely alli$ & 9 "s cases almo/ id5tical ) ! f9i%$ organic *emicals & int]m$iates produc$ by ! dye indu/ry4 ,!re=e1 9 mo/ cases1 ev5 :5 ! sugge/ion ( ! new *emical may come f a rese>* organisation entirely ap>t f ! dye rese>* laboratories1 ! products fall automatically into ! class h&l$ by ! dye indu/ry4 ,is !re any d\bt t ! ,i4,g4 0 a t]ribly effective ars5al = ! mass production ( ! old] w> *emicals1 explosives1 & ! new] types1 poison gases8 ,is !re ev5 a %ad[ ( exagg]ation 9 our claims8 ,!re may be ^? :o w\ld see a spe$y resumption ( fri5d%ip ) ,g]many at all co/s1 reg>dless ( ! hon\rable settl+ ( h] debts1 reg>dless ( h] dis>mam5t & due rep>ation = wrongs committ$4 ,c ev5 su* concoct mat]ial to :itewa% ! milit>y front ( ! ,i4,g48 ,if !y w\ld1 !y mu/ expla9 away ^! facts4 ,! plants ( ! ,i4,g4 produc$ m ?an two ?\s& tons ( explosives p] week1 at _! av]age pre-w> rate4 ,?is is an enorm\s quantity4 ,h[ c we be/ visualise x8 ,9 view ( ! *apt]s on ,dis>mam5t :i* foll[1 we w use ! foll[+ comp>ison4 ,! ,treaty ( ,v]sailles all[s ,g]many to hold a /ock ( ab\t half a million %ell ( diff]5t /at$ calibres4 ,h[ mu* explosive w ^! %ell require8 ,!y c\ld be fill$ by less ?an two days' explosives production ( ! ,i4,g4 at its av]age w> rate4 ,betwe5 two & ?ree million %ell c\ld be fill$ by ! result ( a week's production 9 ?is organisation4 ,fur!r1 ! av]age rate ( poison gas production )9 ! ,i4,g4 0 at lea/ ?ree ?\s& tons p] mon?1 suffici5t to fill m ?an two million %ell ( ,treaty calibres4 ,unless dra/ic action has be5 tak51 ! bulk ( ?is capacity w rema91 & ,g]many w be able to produce en\gh poison gas 9 a week to fill ! ,treaty /ock ( %ell2 ?is 9 a c\ntry :]e ! manufacture & use ( su* sub/ances are specially prohibit$4 ,x is appropriate at ?is /age to describe z briefly z possible ! orig9 & composition ( ?is great ,g]man comb9ation1 ! ,int]ess5 ,geme9s*aft1 kn[n z ! ,i4,g4 ,!re is no ne$ to g into ! gradual self-neglect1 & ! ev5tual root+ out by ,g]many1 ( ! dye-produc+ indu/ry 9 o!r c\ntries1 notably ,engl&1 ,france1 & ,am]ica4 ,! ,int]ess5 ,geme9s*aft4--,by ! end ( ! n9ete5? c5tury ! manufacture ( dyes on a l>ge scale 0 conc5trat$ almo/ exclusively 9 six great firms4 ,^! 7 ! ,badis*e ,anil9 und ,soda ,fabrik1 ,ludwig%af5 on ! ,rh9e1 kn[n z ! ,badis*e2 ! ,f>b5fabrik5 vorm4 ,fri$r4 ,bay]1 ,co41 9 ,lev]kus51 kn[n z ,bay]2 ,akti5-,gesells*aft fur ,anil9-,fabrikation 9 ,b]l92 ,f>bw]ke vorm4 ,mei/] ,lucius ,brun+ 9 ,ho*/ am ,ma91 ref]r$ to z ,ho*/2 ,leopold ,cassella ,g4m4b4,h4 9 ,frank=t2 & ,kalle ,co41 ,akti5-,gesells*aft 9 ,biebri*4 ,ea* ( ^! six great companies _h atta9$ enorm\s proportions long be=e ! w>4 ,only two o!r conc]ns _h c>ri$ on manufacture on a comp>able scale4 ,^! 7 ! ,*emis*e ,fabrik ,grei%eim-,elektron ( ,frank=t ,a4,m41 a company :i* has absorb$ a numb] ( small] manufactur]s1 & ! ,*emis*e ,fabrik5 vormals ,weil]-t] ,me]1 ,u]d+54 ,! position ( all ^! e/abli%m5ts1 ) "o s+le exception1 along ! ,rh9e & its tribut>ies is well kn[n4 ,_! gr[? has be5 illu/rat$ 9 _! own prospectuses4 ,ho*/ 0 organis$ 9 #ahfc & />t$ ) five workm54 ,9 #aiab x employ$ #gfhj workm51 #cgd =em51 #cjg academically tra9$ *emi/s1 & #gd highly qualifi$ eng9e]s4 ,! works ( ! ,badis*e1 :i* 0 organis$ 9 #ahfe1 cov]$1 9 #aiad1 #ejj acres1 ) a wat] front ( a mile & half on ! ,rh9e4 ,!re 7 #ajj acres ( build+s1 #aa1jjj workm51 & ! company 0 capitalis$ at fifty-f\r million m>ks4 ,! e/abli%m5t ( ,bay] 0 on a scale entirely comp>able4 ,quot+ f an (ficial ,am]ican report1#a ,grie%eim ,elektron1 prior to ! w>1 _h enorm\s works *iefly devot$ to ! manufacture ( electrolytic *emicals & became an important factor 9 ! dye/uff bus9ess only )9 rec5t ye>s1 :5 by absorption ( ! ,oehl] ,works & ! ,*emikali5 ,w]ke ,grie%eim1 its col\r production rea*$ a scale approa*+ t ( ! l>g] h\ses4 ,?is move on ! "p ( ! ,grie%eim ,elektron is int]e/+ z an example ( ! g5]al t5d5cy :i* has *>act]is$ ! developm5t ( ! ,g]man dye indu/ry4 ,?is firm1 produc+ inorganic mat]ials & int]m$iates1 absorb$ ! ,oehl] ,works 9 ord] to f9d an indep5d5t outlet = its int]m$iate products1 ?us becom+ directly int]e/$ 9 dye/uffs production4 ,?is move t[>ds indep5d5ce 9 ! :ole range ( products involv$ is ref]r$ to else:]e1 ow+ to ! mann] 9 :i* x simplifi$ ,g]man production = *emical w>f>e4 ,comb9ation1 h[ev]1 did n cease 9 ! creation ( ^! enorm\s e/abli%m5ts4 ,! c>tel fev] rag$ "h z 9 o!r ,g]man indu/ries4 ,by #aijd two imm5se comb9ations _h be5 =m$ 9 ! dye/uff indu/ry4 ,"o ( ^! compris$ ,bay]1 ,badis*e1 & ,b]l92 ! o!r ,ho*/1 ,cassella1 & ,kalle4 ,by pool+ pr(its1 by s arrang+ capitalisation t ea* company held /ock 9 ! o!r companies ( its own c>tel1 & by o!r famili> means1 ! risks incid5t to ! enorm\s expansion ( ! bus9ess & ! imm5se increases ( export trade 7 m9imis$4 ,! c5tripetal t5d5cy1 h[ev]1 did n /op "h4 ,9 #aiaf1 ! two pre-exi/+ c>tels 7 comb9$ ) ,grie%eim ,elektron1 ,weil]t] ,me]1 & v>i\s small] companies 9 "o gigantic c>tel1 repres5t+ a nationalisation ( ! entire ,g]man dye & ph>maceutical indu/ry4 ,! comb9ation 0 extremely close4 ,pr(its ( ! companies 7 pool$1 & aft] be+ asc]ta9$ ea* ye> on common pr9ciples 7 divid$ accord+ to agre$ p]c5tages4 ,ea* factory ma9ta9$ an indep5d5t adm9i/ration1 b !y kept ea* o!r in=m$ z to processes & exp]i5ces4 ,!re 0 also an agreem5t t 9 ord] to circumv5t t>iff ob/acles 9 o!r c\ntries mat]ials 7 to he produc$ outside ( ,g]many by common action & at common exp5se :5ev] & :]ev] desirable4 #a ,ali5 ,prop]ty ,cu/odian's ,report1 #aiai4 ,at ! "t ( ! =mation ( ?is enorm\s organisation ! capitalisation ( ea* ( ! pr9cipal compon5t companies 0 l>gely increas$4 ,ho*/1 ,badis*e1 & ,bay] ea* increas$ _! capitalisation by #cf1jjj1jjj m>ks1 br++ ! capital ( ea* up to #ij1jjj1jjj m>ks4 ,b]l9 increas$ its capital f #ai1hjj1jjj to #cc1jjj1jjj m>ks4 ,o!r increases br\ght ! total nom9al capital ( ! gr\p to ov] #chc1jjj1jjj m>ks4 ,= _m ye>s a l>ge "p ( ! enorm\s pr(its ( ^! conc]ns has be5 put back into ! works ) ! result indicat$ by ! /ock quotations4 ,! real capitalisation is ?us mu* great] ?an ?is nom9al figure4 ,9 fact1 x is e/imat$ t ! actual inve/m5t 9 ! works compris+ ! c>tel is n less ?an #djj1jjj1jjj4 ,x _c be d\bt$ t ?is enorm\s eng9e ( comm]cial w>f>e has be5 creat$ expressly = ! expect$ w> aft] ! w>1 & t x is int5d$ to und]take /ill m effici5tly & on a l>g] scale ! v>i\s me?ods by :i* ,g]man attacks ^u all competition 7 c>ri$ on4 ,two additional features mu/ be indicat$4 ,a policy to :i* we h ref]r$ 0 mo/ actively foll[$1 aim+ at complete indep5d5ce & self-suffici5cy 9 all matt]s relevant to production1 especially reg>d+ raw mat]ials4 ,we m5tion lat] h[ ! w> has /r5g!n$ ! /rong prew> position ( ! ,i4,g4 9 heavy *emicals ne$$ z raw mat]ials = ! int]m$iates & f9i%$ dyes4 ,rec5t in=mation reveals a fur!r wid5+ ( _! basis ( op]ation1 includ+ a /rong hold on ! electro-*emical indu/ry & on ! new syn!tic processes f c>bide1 = acetic acid & ! o!r products normally obta9$ by wood di/illation4 ,aga91 ! policy ( ! ,i4,g4 appe>s to h mov$ t[>ds m complete unity s9ce ! w>4 ,ex*anges ( direct+ p]sonnel & ( capital among/ ! bran*es h be5 record$ = :i* ! t]m c>tel is no long] a fair description4 ,9 addition1 consid]able increases 9 capital h occurr$ :i* n only reveal ! vision & activity ( ! ,i4,g4 b :i* indicate its close contact ) ! ,g]man ,gov]nm5t4 ,) su* an organisation 9 exi/5ce & ) ! complete liaison :i* _h develop$ betwe5 ! directors & ! ,g]man ,gov]nm5t = o!r purposes ?an *emical w>f>e1 & 9 agreem5t ) ! pat]nal policy adopt$ by ! latt] t[>ds ?is *emical indu/ry1 production became simplicity itself4 ,w> ,production by ! ,i4,g4--,let u1 !re=e1 exam9e 9 "s detail ! actual production ( w> gases & *emicals by ! ,i4,g4 ,9 ord] to obta9 an idea reg>d+ case ( production1 we w lat] make a comp>ison ) ! magnitude & rapidity ( t ( ! ,allies4 ,f ! po9t ( view ( ?is /atem5t1 !re are two ma9 classes ( production1 t 9 :i* ! majority ( ! /eps involv$ 7 actual processes employ$ = ! manufacture ( "s dye1 ph>maceutical or o!r *emical product1 &1 9 ! second place1 t 9 :i* no su* co9cid5ce occurr$1 b 9 :i* ! g5]al te*nique develop$1 & ! v>ieties ( exi/+ plant cov]$ ! ne$s ( ! case4 ,)\t /ret*+ ! po9t1 e w> *emical employ$ came easily "u "o ( ^! two categories4 ,9 ord] to assi/ ! less te*nical read]1 we w consid] ! production ( ! *ief w> *emicals 9 ! ord] 9 :i* !y appe>$ aga9/ u on ! front4 ,*lor9e4--,?is important raw mat]ial1 us$ 9 a v>iety ( op]ations1 notably = ! production ( indigo & sulphur black1 two highly important dyes1 0 produc$ along ! ,rh9e be=e ! w> to ! ext5t ( ne>ly =ty tons a day4 ,! only s]i\s expansion requir$ = w> 0 an increase ( already exi/+ plant at ! l>ge factory ( ,ludwig%av54 ,! foll[+ table ( production illu/rates ! po9t3 ,,*lor9e 7,,metric ,,tons ,,p] ,,day7 #aiad #aiah ,lev]kus5 #bj #bj ,ho*/ #d #h ,ludwig%af5 #ac #ce ---- ---- ,total #cg #fc ,*lor9e 0 important1 nor only z a raw mat]ial = mo/ ( ! kn[n *emical w>f>e products1 b also1 9 ! liquid =m1 = cl\d attack4 ,ow+ to ! developm5t ( protection1 ! use ( liquid *lor9e = ! latt] purpose became obsolete4 ,phosg5e4--,?is 0 produc$ 9 consid]able quantity be=e ! w> at ,lev]kus5 & ,ludwig%af51 lead+ to _m exce$+ly important dyes1 among/ ! mo/ commonly us$ at pres5t be+ ! brilliant acid fa/ cotton sc>lets s l>gely us$ 9 ,engl&4 ,m expansion ( plant 0 necessitat$4 ,at ,lev]kus5 ! exi/+ plant c produce at lea/ ?irty tons a mon?1 & we le>n ! plant rema9s intact ready = use4 ,at ,ludwig%af5 ! capacity 0 consid]ably high]1 am\nt+ to #fjj tons p] mon?4 ,z production 0 comm5c$ be=e ! w>1 !re 7 no difficulties 9 develop+ ! process1 expansion alone be+ necess>y4 ,xylyl ,bromide4--,?is 0 "o ( ! e>ly la*rymators1 & 0 produc$ at ,lev]kus5 9 a plant ) a maximum mon?ly output ( sixty tons4 ,production began1 accord+ to a /atem5t on ! works1 9 ,m>*1 #aiae4 ,its case c be judg$ f ! fact t ?is comp\nd 0 us$ almo/ z soon z ! fir/ *lor9e cl\d attack at ,ypres4 ,! ,g]mans und\bt$ly atta*$ consid]able importance to _! brom9at$ la*rymators4 ,9 ?is connection _! p]si/5t ef=ts to reta9 ! brom9e monopoly ) _! ,/assfurt product & to cru% ! ,am]ican indu/ry be=e ! w> are significant4 ,! success ( ^! ef=ts c]ta9ly plac$ u 9 a difficult situation dur+ ! w>1 bo? ) reg>d to production ( drugs & la*rymators4 ,g]man brom9e 0 associat$ ) pota% 9 ! ,/assfurt m9]al deposits1 :]eas ! ,am]ican product 0 produc$ f num]\s salt spr+s & rock salt m9es4 ,al?\gh ,g]many _h n succe$$ 9 cru%+ ! ,am]ican indu/ry1 yet ! outbreak ( w> f\nd h] 9 a pr$om9ant position1 = h] two *ief oppon5ts1 ,france & ,engl&1 7 cut (f f _! supplies1 :i* 7 ,g]man2 & ,am]ican production 0 ( little use1 ow+ to ! great excess ( dem& ov] supply1 & ! manipulation ( output by ,g]man ag5ts 9 ,am]ica4 ,a possible s\rce ( brom9e exi/$ 9 ! ,fr5* ,tunisian salt lagoons1 ^: pre-w> exploitation _h be5 consid]$ by an ,au/rian comb9ation4 ,! ,fr5* wisely develop$ a ,tunisian brom9e indu/ry suffici5t = _! own ne$s1 &1 on diff]5t occasions1 suppli$ u ) small quantities4 ,b ! developm5t ( su* an ent]prise 9 "t ( w> 0 a sev]e h&icap4 ,diphosg5e or ,tri*lorme?yl ,*lor(ormate4--,?is sub/ance 0 toxic1 a la*rymator1 & slightly p]si/5t4 ,x atta9$ a maximum mon?ly ,output ,( #cjj tons at ,lev]kus51 & ab\t #bej tons at ,ho*/4 ,?is 0 n a simple comp\nd to make1 & _h no direct relation%ip ) ! /able product ( ! peace-"t indu/ry4 ,at ! same "t1 x provides an example ( ! way 9 :i* g5]al te*nique develop$ by ! indu/ry 0 rapidly us$ to ma/] ! new process4 ,9 p>ticul> _! me?od ( l9+ reaction vessels 0 ( value "h4 ,! reaction occurs 9 two /ages by ! production ( me?yl =mate & its subsequ5t *lor9ation4 ,! me?yl-=mate plant 0 "p ( an exi/+ in/allation1 b ! *lor9ation & di/illation plant 7 specially in/all$4 ,*lorpicr94--,?is 0 mix$ ) diphosg5e & us$ 9 ! famili> ,gre5 ,cross %ell4 ,! production 0 v readily ma/]$ & atta9$ ! rate ( #bjj tons p] mon?4 ,picric acid1 *lor9e1 & lime 7 requir$1 all ?ree be+ normal raw mat]ials or products ( ! indu/ry4 ,at ,ho*/ no new plant 0 in/all$1 ! manufacture be+ c>ri$ out 9 ! syn!tic indigo plant4 ,ph5ylc>bylam9e ,*loride4--,?is 0 us$ 9 ,g]man *emical %ell1 & 0 n p>ticul>ly effective aga9/ u1 al?\gh produc$ 9 l>ge quantities by ! ,g]mans1 9 vessels us$ 9 peace "t = a v common int]m$iate1 mono*lorb5z5e4 ,! ease ( production ( ?is sub/ance may acc\nt = its use 9 l>ge quantities by ! ,g]mans1 9 ord] to increase _! gas %ell programme4 ,mu/>d ,gas or ,di*lordie?yl ,sulphide4--,?is 0 prep>$ 9 f\r /ages3 7#a7 ,prep>ation ( ,e?yl5e--by heat+ alcohol ) an alum9ium oxide cataly/ at #djj'j ,c4 7#b7 ,prep>ation ( ,e?yl5e-*lor-hydr91 by pass+ e?yl5e & c>bon dioxide into a #aj p] c5t4 solution ( blea*+ p[d] at a temp]ature bel[ z]o c5tigrade1 & subsequ5t conc5tration ( ! product to a #bj p] c5t4 solution4 7#c7 ,conv]sion ( ! *lor-hydr9 into ?iodiglycol by treatm5t ) sodium sulphide4 7#d7 ,conv]sion ( ! ?iodiglycol into mu/>d gas 7di*lordie?yl-sulphide71 us+ gase\s hydro*loric acid4 ,! ?iodiglycol 0 produc$ at ,ludwig%af5 & provides "o ( ! be/ examples ( ! adaptation ( ! ,g]man dye works = ! purpose ( produc+ w> *emical4 ,te*nically1 e?yl5e is a fairly difficult gas to produce 9 l>ge quantities1 b1 = ! ,ludwig%af5 works1 ^! difficulties 7 a ?+ ( ! pa/4 ,!re 7 twelve big units be=e ! w>1 &1 by ! "t ( ! ,armi/ice1 ^! _h be5 increas$ to sev5ty-two 9 connection ) mu/>d gas manufacture4 ,9 a simil> way1 ! numb] ( ! units = *lorhydr91 ! next /ep1 0 increas$ f ?ree to eighte54 ,^! two processes _h all be5 work$ out v ?or\ghly 9 connection ) ! production ( indigo4 ,^! new plants 7 id5tical ) ! peace-"t units4 ,! expansion 0 a m]e "q ( repetition requir+ no new designs or exp]im5ts & risk+ no failure or delay4 ,success 0 assur$4 ,! la/ /ep1 ! production ( ?iodiglycol1 occurr$ 9 ! cau/icis+ h\se1 to :i* no sub/antial alt]ations or additions appe> to h be5 made = ! purpose4 ,z sodium sulphide is us$ 9 l>ge quantities z a raw mat]ial 9 ! dye indu/ry1 & 0 already produc$ )9 ! ,i4,g41 no difficulty 0 pres5t$ 9 connection ) its supply4 ,! ?iodiglycol 0 =w>d$ to two o!r factories1 "o ( :i* 0 ,lev]kus51 :]e #cjj tons ( mu/>d gas 7 produc$ mon?ly4 ,! reaction betwe5 ?iodiglycol & hydro*loric acid 0 "o :i* requir$ v consid]able c>e4 ,at "o /age ( ! w> ! ,allies view$ ) mu* misgiv+ ! possibility ( hav+ to adopt ?is me?od4 ,b ! te*nique ( ! ,g]man dye indu/ry solv$ ?is z satisfactorily & z /eadily z o!r *emical w>f>e problems1 br++ its te*nical exp]i5ce to be> on ! diff]5t difficulties involv$4 ,diph5y*lor>s9e4--,?is 0 ! e>lie/ & ma9 con/itu5t ( ! famili> ,blue ,cross %ell4 ,x 0 prep>$ 9 f\r /ages3 7#a7 ,! prep>ation ( ph5yl ars9ic acid4 7#b7 ,! conv]sion ( ! above to ph5yl ars5i\s oxide4 7#c7 ,! conv]sion ( ! latt] into diph5yl ars9ic acid4 7#d7 ,! conv]sion ( ! latt] into diph5yl-*lor-ars9e4 ,?is is ano!r example ( a highly complicat$ product :i* might h pres5t$ great difficulties ( production1 b ! problem ( ^: manufacture 0 solv$1 almo/ automatically1 by ! ,g]man organisation4 ,! fir/ /ep1 t ( ! manufacture ( ph5yl ars9ic acid1 0 c>ri$ out at ,ludwig%af5 9 "o ( ! exi/+ azo dye %$s )\t any alt]ation ( plant1 j z a new azo dye might h be5 produc$ 9 ! same %$4 ,x is believ$ t ano!r dye factory also produc$ ?is sub/ance4 ,at ,ludwig%af5 ! conv]sion to diph5yl ars9ic acid occurr$4 ,?is 0 aga9 c>ri$ out 9 ! azo col\r %$1 ) no m modification ?an t involv$ 9 pass+1 f "o azo dye to ano!r4 ,?is *emical mobilisation ( a huge dye unit 01 & c\ld /ill be1 practically invisible 9 op]ation4 ,n only 0 ! process practically ! same z azo dye production1 b1 z ! comp\nds 7 n p>ticul>ly poison\s 9 ! int]m$iate /ages1 !re 0 no risk to ! work]s1 & no ne$ to violate secrecy by indicat+ special precautions4 ,! f9al /age1 ! prep>ation ( diph5yl*lor>s9e1 ! actual ,blue ,cross %ell con/itu5t1 occurr$ at ,ho*/1 :i* also c>ri$ out ! fir/ ?ree /ages1 already outl9$ z occurr+ at ,ludwig%af5 & ,lev]kus54 ,! la/ /age 0 a simple "o & 0 c>ri$ out 9 plant & build+s previ\sly us$ = peace purposes4 ,! o!r sub/ances employ$ provide fur!r examples ( ?is ease ( production4 ,e?yl-di*lor-ars9e 0 produc$ 9 homog5e\sly lead-l9$ vessels1 id5tical ) ^? us$ = diphosg5e4 ,di*lor-me?yl-e!r pres5t$ difficulties :i* 7 solv$ by apply+ ! ,g]man me?od ( us+ til$ vessels4 ,! "p play$ by ! ,i4,g4 9 ! ,g]man *emical w>f>e organisation has already be5 outl9$1 & we h se5 h[ ! ,g]man ,gov]nm5t 0 cont5t simply to place its dem&s be=e ! directors ( ! dye comb9e4 ,! latt] 7 left to *oose ! process & exploit x by mak+ ! be/ use ( _! organisation1 :i* 0 done aft] review+ ! plant at _! disposal 9 ! diff]5t bran*es4 ,an int]e/+ feature ( ! production ( w> *emicals by ! ,i4,g4 is ?us reveal$ by exam9+ ! actual locality ( ! sep>ate op]ations lead+ to any "o ( ! individual poison gases4 ,! atta*$ table %[s u h[ ! production ( any p>ticul> w> *emical involv$ a numb] ( /ages1 ea* ( :i* occurr$ 9 a diff]5t factory4 ,! directors ( ! ,i4,g4 simply *ose a p>ticul> plant 9 a p>ticul> factory :i* 0 mo/ suit$ = ! op]ation conc]n$4 ,!y ,! table 7spread ov] pages #afb-afc7 are raw ,,ocr fe$6 ,,ne$s ,,fix$666 ,,fir/ ,,/age ,,raw ,,w> ,,*emical ,,mat]ials ,,f ,,! ,i4,g4 ,,process ,,factory ,ph5yl ,c>bylam9e #a4 ,anil9e ,cond5sation ( anil9e ,kalle ,*loride #b4 ,*lor9e ) c>bon bisul #c4 ,cau/ic phide to ph5yldi?io soda c>bamic acid ,mu/>d ,gas #a4 ,c>bon ,prep>ation ( ,e?yl-,ludwigs dioxide l5e f ,alcohol haf5 #b4 ,blea*+ p[d] #c4 ,sodium sulphide #d4 ,hydro *loric acid ,diph5yl*lor>s9e ,i4 ,anil9e ,conv]sion ( ,diazo- ,ludwigs #b4 ,sodium b5z5e to ,ph5yl>- haf5 nitrite s9ic acid ,kalle #c4 ,sodium ,ho*/ bisulphite #d4 ,sodium hydrate #e4 ,sulphur dioxide #f4 ,hydro *loric acid ,e?yl -di*l or a rs9e #a4 ,e?yl ,production ( ,e?yl>-,ludwigs *loride s9ic acid f ,e?yl haf5 #b4 ,cau/ic *loride soda #c4 ,sulphur dioxide #d4 ,hydro *loric acid gas #e4 ,iod9e ,sym-di*lor-me?yl- ,i4 ,*lorsul- ,production ( ,=mal- ,ma9z e!r phonic dehyde f ,me?yl#aaf;*/ acid alcohol ,z4 ,sulphuric acid #afb ,review ( ,production ,,second ,,/age ,,?ird ,,/age ,,f\r? ,,/age ,,process ,,factori ,,process ,f,a,c,t,o,ri ,,process ,,factory ,conv]sion ( ,kalle ,*lor9ation ( ,ho*/ ,ph5yidi?io- ,ph5yl ,mus c>bamic acid t>d ,oil giv+ to ,ph5yl ,mus- ,ph5yl ,c>by t>d ,oil by lam9e ,*lo z9c *loride ride ,conv]sion ( ,lud- ,conv]sion ( ,lud- ,conv]sion ( ,lev] ,e?yl5e into wigs- ,*lorhydr9 wigs- ,?iodiglycol kus5 ,e?yl5e haf5 to ,?io-di- haf5 to ,mu/>d ,*lorhydr9 glycol ,gas ,r$uction ( ,lev]- ,conv]sion to ,lev]- ,r$uction ( ,a4,g4,f4,a4 ,ph5yl arj9ic kus5 ,diph5yl>- kus5 ,diph5yl>- ,ho*/ acid to ,ph5yl & s9ic acid by & s9ic acid to ars5i\s oxide ,ho*/ treatm5t ,hij*/ ,diph5yl3 ) ,diazo *lor-ars9e b5z5e by ,sulphur dioxide 9 ,h,cl solution ,r$uction ( ,lud- ,conv]sion ( ,w7*/ ,e?yl ars9ic wigs- ,e?yl ars5i acid to ,e?yl haf5 ous ,oxide to ars5i\s oxide ,e?yl di*lor by sulphur ars9e by dioxide ,h,cl & iod9e ,conv]sion ( ,h#h;*/ p>a=malde hyde to sym di*lor me?yl e!r by means ( *lorsul phonic acid ,,end ,,( ,,table ,,ne$+ ,,fix$6 aim$ at ! m9imum conv]sion1 & 9 a numb] ( cases none 0 requir$4 ,! above analysis c leave u ) no d\bt 9 our m9ds t ! organic *emical indu/ry is ! logical place = effici5t *emical w>f>e production4 ,x _c leave u unconv9c$ z to ! vital importance ( ! dye indu/ry 9 national def5ce4 ,alli$ ,difficulties4--,our own production 0 no?+ b a s]ies ( sl[ & relatively ineffici5t improvisations4 ,we h already ref]r$ to ! fluctuations 9 *emical w>f>e organisation = rese>* & supply dur+ ! w>4 ,^! add$ to ! difficulties ( ! supply dep>tm5t1 j z !y did to its complem5t1 ! rese>* dep>tm5t4 ,only great patriotic endeav\r c\ld h made possible ! relative success a*iev$1 n only by ! dep>tm5ts1 b 9 p>ticul> by ! firms ) :om !y 7 call$ ^u to co-ord9ate4 ,we want$ mu/>d gas1 & realis$ its ne$ 9 ,july1 #aiag4 ,rese>* "w began almo/ f t date1 yet successful l>ge scale production did n mat]ialise 9 ,engl& until m ?an a ye> lat]4 ,we mu/ admit1 h[ev]1 t ! ,fr5* 7 9 a position to use _! product on ! front 9 ,july1 #aiah4 ,let u exam9e "s ( our difficulties4 ,! fir/ ef=ts 7 direct$ t[>ds ! process by :i*1 z we ev5tually asc]ta9$1 ! ,g]mans produc$ ! :ole ( _! mu/>d gas4 ,! actual *emical laboratory details ( ! process pres5t$ no s]i\s ob/acle1 b difficulties multipli$ z soon z we attempt$ l>ge scale "w4 ,we want$ e?yl5e-mono*lor-hydr94 ,"s "w _h be5 done on ?is dur+ ! w> = ! ,national ,heal? ,insurance ,commission]s 9 connection ) ! production ( novoca94 ,half scale "w _h occurr$ at ! works ( a ,midl& *emical firm1 & exp]i5ce s ga9$ 0 freely (f]$ & us$ 9 a s*eme = ! l>ge scale production ( mu/>d gas by ! co-op]ation ( a numb] ( big *emical manufactur]s4 ,press+ reque/s = ! mat]ial 7 cont9ually com+ f ,g4,h4,q41 ! programmes outl9$ be+ m & m ambiti\s4 ,we _h to reproduce ! result ( ye>s ( ,g]man ef=t sp5t 9 develop+ _! mono*lor-hydr9 process = indigo4 ,z a consequ5ce1 l>ge sums ( money 7 exp5d$ on ! process1 al?\gh x nev] ev5tually op]at$4 ,its difficulties1 & o!r reasons1 l$ u to rese>* on o!r & m direct me?ods :i* ! ,fr5* 7 also inve/igat+4 ,! successful outcome ( ?is e>ly rese>* 0 due1 9 p>ticul>1 to ,sir ,william ,pope & ^? associat$ ) him 9 ! "w4 ,! process 0 s promis+ t ! long & cumb]some *lor-hydr9 me?od 0 ab&on$4 ,z a result our five or six mon?s' "w on ! ,g]man me?od meant s mu* "t lo/4 ,! new direct1 sulphur mono*loride me?od 0 tak5 up actively & sev]al private firms attempt$ to develop ! small scale manufacture4 ,! "w 0 dang]\s4 ,lack ( t highly develop$ organic *emical te*nique1 :i* 0 practically a ,g]man monopoly1 r5d]$ ! task mu* m dang]\s ?an x w\ld h be5 if und]tak5 by "o ( ! ,i4,g4 factories4 ,! ,fr5*1 realis+ ! importance ( ! new me?ods1 sp>$ no?+ 9 _! attempts to develop !m4 ,_! casualties multipli$ at ! works1 b ! only reply 0 to put ! factories conc]n$ "u ! same regime z ! front1 & ! /affs 7 /r5g!n$ by well-*os5 milit>y p]sonnel4 ,! ,fr5* realis$ ! nature ( _! task1 & organis$ = x4 ,:5 ! difficulties ( production 7 po9t$ out 9 ,augu/1 #aiag1 9 ! ,briti% ,m9i/ry ( ,munitions1 reports 7 in/anc$ t ! ,g]mans _h us$ =c$ lab\r4 ,! ,fr5* 9 _! production at ,r\sillon1 on ! ,rhone1 employ$ volunte] ,g]man prison]s4 ,x 0 a curi\s contra/ to see m+l+ toge!r among/ ! produc+ plants repres5tatives ( ! ,am]ican1 ,italian1 & ,briti% ,missions1 ) ,fr5* (fic]s1 ,fr5* te*nical m51 & ,g]man prison]s4 ,! latt] appe>$ to be p]fectly satisfi$ 9 _! "w4 ,!y 7 us$ = c]ta9 limit$ purposes1 su* z h&l+ raw mat]ials1 & 7 n1 z a rule1 expos$ to ! dang]\s op]ations aga9/ :i* ! ,fr5* /ruggl$ s h]oically & successfully4 ,x 0 z ?\gh a small section ( ! front _h be5 transf]r$ to ! he>t ( ,france4 ,we saw ! m9i/] visit+ a factory & p9n+ ! ,legion ( ,hon\r on to ! brea/ ( a work] bl9d$ by yp]ite4 ,we saw messages ( congratulation f ! front to ! factories !mselves4 ,! morale 0 wond]ful4 ,z a result1 ! ,fr5* ma/]$ ! te*nical difficulties ( mu/>d gas production & %ell fill+ by ,june1 #aiah4 ,!y %>$ in=mation ) u1 b ! race _h />t$ neck & neck1 & x 0 impossible to disc>d completely ! l>ge plants to :i* we 7 already committ$4 ,)\t disp>ag+ our own ef=ts1 we mu/ pay a tribute to ! a*ievem5t ( ! ,fr5* yp]ite produc+ & fill+ factories4 ,x is impossible to give p]sonal cr$it 9 ?is matt] )\t go+ beyond our scope1 & we c only draw g5]al comp>isons4 ,b we mu/ draw att5tion to ! foll[+4 ,! ,g]man factories pass$ ) ease to mu/>d gas production by a process :i*1 comp>$ ) ! f9al ,alli$ me?od1 0 clumsy & complicat$1 b :i* suit$ _! pre-w> plant4 ,_! policy 01 !re=e1 s\nd f ! po9t ( view ( ! campaign4 ,! ,allies exp]i5c$ great difficulty & dang] 9 atta9+ l>ge scale manufacture ) a simpl] process4 ,! same self-sacrific+ zeal & patriotic endeav\r 0 %[n 9 ?is c\ntry1 b we 7 h&icapp$ 9 mu/>d gas production by ! en]getic way 9 :i* we _h press$ =w>d ! indu/rial realisation ( ! mono*lor-hydr9 me?od4 ,! ,fr5*1 less committ$ 9 t]ms ( plant & f9ance1 c\ld m readily adju/ _! en]gy1 mat]ials1 & money to ! new me?od4 ,x mu/ n be =gott51 also1 t1 at ?is p]iod1 *emical w>f>e supply organisation 0 exp]i5c+ c]ta9 critical *anges :i* c\ld n b reflect ^u our effici5cy4 ,"h aga9 ! e>li] c5tralisation ( rese>* & production by ,france 0 a great factor 9 h] fav\r4 ,our difficulties ) phosg5e1 & 9 p>ticul> ) ! ars5ic comp\nds describ$ above1 7 ( ! same nature1 involv+ u 9 casualties1 great exp5diture1 & little success1 :5 comp>$ ) ,g]man production4 ,! great ne$ = ^! ars5ic comp\nds 0 realis$ z e>ly z ,febru>y1 #aiah1 & inve/igations began ev5 at t date1 b !y _h n appe>$ 9 ! field by ! "t ( ! ,armi/ice4 ,:atev] mi/akes we may h made locally dur+ ! w>1 !y are small comp>$ ) ! big mi/ake :i* 0 responsible = our comp>ative failure 9 *emical w>f>e production4 ,we 7 almo/ completely lack+ 9 organic *emical indu/rial exp]i5ce4 ,x is int]e/+ to note t ! activities ( ^? elem5ts ( organic *emical indu/ry :i* did exi/ 9 ,france & ,engl& fully ju/ifi$ ! conclusions we h drawn4 ,?us1 al?\gh ent]+ late into ! field ( *emical w>f>e production1 ,doctor ,h]b]t ,lev9/e91 ,pr(essor ,a4 ,g4 ,gre51 & _! collaborators ( ! firm ( ,lev9/e9 ,limit$ 7 able to develop rapidly a successful indu/rial mu/>d gas process :i* 0 ( consid]able assi/ance to ,engl& & ,am]ica4 ,?is "w1 bo? 9 rese>* & production1 des]ves ! greate/ cr$it4 ,aga91 ! dye factories 7 call$ ^u mu* e>li] to assi/ 9 ,fr5* production & 7 ( consid]able assi/ance4 ,x w\ld be well at ?is juncture to review v briefly ! o!r w> activities ( our own dye indu/ries4 ,! outbreak ( w> f\nd !m by no means inactive4 ,9 ?is c\ntry1 = example1 our own dye factories 7 able to keep pace ) ! increas+ dem& = dyes creat$ by ! rapid mobilisation ( milit>y & naval equipm5t4 ,9 p>ticul> ! rapid l>ge-scale production ( indigo by ! ,lev9/e9 firm1 at ,ellesm]e ,port1 0 a consid]able a*ievem5t4 ,9 addition1 ! new ,/ate-aid$ ent]prise at ,hudd]sfield 0 l>gely div]t$ to explosives production1 & r5d]$ v valuable s]vices 9 ! supply ( ,tetryl1 ,t4,n4,t41 syn!tic ph5ol1 picric acid1 & oleum4 ,= su* reasons1 ! ne$ = ess5tial dyes1 & ! use ( dye capacity = explosives1 ! important "p :i* ! rapidly exp&+ indu/ry c\ld h play$ 9 *emical w>f>e production 0 n recognis$ quickly en\gh by ! relevant au?orities4 ,?is is n surpris+1 = ! w> significance ( ! ,g]man dye indu/ry 0 n fully realis$ until ! ,armi/ice4 ,x requir$ ! ,h>tley ,mission to drive ?is fact home4 ,:51 h[ev]1 ! brilliant rese>*es1 ref]r$ to above1 on ! mu/>d gas me?od _h decid$ our policy1 ! dye factory ( ,lev9/e9 ,limit$ vigor\sly conv]t$ ! process into a te*nical success1 & :at 0 /ill a laboratory reaction 9 ! spr+ ( #aiag became a successful manufactur+ process 9 ,july ( t ye>4 ,releas$ f its w> responsibilities at ! "t ( ! ,armi/ice1 ! ,briti% indu/ry develop$ s rapidly t ,"l ,m\lton1 9 a spee* to ! ,col\r ,us]s ,association on ,novemb] #bh?1 #aiai1 /at$3 ,a few mon?s be=e ! w> broke out ,engl& produc$ only "o-t5? ( ! dyes %e ne$$1 b ! am\nt :i* ,i am in=m$ we %all be able to turn out at ! end ( ?is ye> w\ld1 9 weight1 be )9 "o-fif? ( ! am\nt :i* ,engl& us$ be=e ! w>4 ,b ! ,allies 7 n only 9 difficulties ) reg>d to ! lack ( suitable peace-"t plant1 & indu/rial organic *emical exp]i5ce-- !y 7 h9d]$ at almo/ e turn by difficulties ) reg>d to raw mat]ials & int]m$iates1 ! products ( o!r *emical manufacture4 ,!y _h to create a liquid *lor9e indu/ry4 ,9 ,april1 #aiae1 ! only liquid *lor9e plant 9 ,engl& 0 9 ! h&s ( ! firm ( ,ca/n] ,kelln]1 ^: maximum output 0 n m ?an a few tons p] day4 ,increase 9 capacity 0 r5d]$ necess>y by *emical w>f>e developm5ts4 ,*lor9e 0 a raw mat]ial = mu/>d gas &--practically e important sub/ance employ$ 9 *emical w>f>e includ+ blea*+ p[d]4 ,trem5d\s tonnages ( blea* 7 involv$ 9 ! manufacture ( *lorpicr9 & = use z an antidote aga9/ mu/>d gas on ! front4 ,we ref] else:]e to ! develop+ use ( blea* 9 ord] to create lanes = troops & transport ?r\gh areas infect$ by mu/>d gas4 ,a v simple calculation w %[ :at quantities w\ld be requir$ = su* an op]ation4 ,x is true t1 z reg>ds *lor9e1 we 7 m fav\rably situat$ ?an ,france1 & =w>d$ h] consid]able supplies 9 ex*ange = phosg5e4 ,?is *lor9e 0 ess5tial = phosg5e production4 ,new plants 7 br\ght into be+ at diff]5t places1 l>gely ?r\gh ! en]gy & exp]i5ce ( ! above-m5tion$ firm1 b s great 0 ! dem& t x f9ally became necess>y1 9 ord] to protect ! trade us]s & w> int]e/s at ! same "t1 to in/itute a control ( *lor9e4 ,m ?an #bj1jjj tons ( liquid *lor9e 7 produc$ "u ! adm9i/ration ( ! supply dep>tm5t conc]n$4 ,:5 we consid] ! ef=t :i* su* an increase 9 production mu/ h involv$1 & ! fact t expansions occurr+ did n d s "u ! /eady & well-regulat$ influ5ce ( a simple dem&1 b 7 cont9ually be+ modifi$ to meet expansions or dim9utions ( programme1 we c realise :at a great advantage 0 possess$ by ! ,g]mans ow+ to _! l>ge initial exp]i5ce & production4 ,we h no hesitation 9 /at+ t great cr$it is due to ! old ,tr5* ,w>f>e ,supply ,dep>tm5t & ! firms ) :i* x 0 9 contact1 notably ! "o ref]r$ to above1 9 connection ) ! ,loos attack4 ,b = !m1 we w\ld n h be5 9 a position to retaliate1 ev5 at t date4 ,! ,alli$ la*rymator campaign 0 t]ribly h&icapp$ by lack ( brom9e4 ,! ,fr5* p]=m$ ! ph5om5al task ( creat+ a brom9e indu/ry 9 ,tunis1 ! developm5t ( :i* reads l a romance4 ,app>5tly ?is indu/ry is dy+ out1 & ,g]man pr$om9ance 9 brom9e is aga9 ass]t$4 ,fr5* mu/>d gas production1 = :i* !y made su* huge sacrifices1 0 ?reat5$ by ! lack ( c>bon-tetra-*loride1 & examples c be multipli$4 ,! ,g]mans 7 9 a v diff]5t position4 ,! developm5t ( _! dye indu/ry _h foll[$ ! policy ( absolute indep5d5ce ( ext]nal *emical indu/ry4 ,?is indep5d5ce 0 acquir$ ei!r by ! absorption ( o!r ent]prises or by ! def9ite developm5t ( processes & plant = raw mat]ials & int]m$iates4 ,9 e case ! w> has /r5g!n$ ^! factories = ! manufacture ( ^! products4 ,9 #aiah !y produc$ ne>ly ?irty times z mu* ammonia z 9 #aiad1 ?ree times z mu* nitric acid1 fifty p] c5t4 z mu* aga9 ( sulphuric acid1 & twice z mu* liquid *lor9e4 ,?is 0 n purely a comm]cial "q4 ,our lack ( su* products 0 due to ! fact t ! ,allies1 9 pre-w> times1 possess$ few or feeble indu/ries ^: consumption w\ld /imulate ! production ( ^! raw mat]ials4 ,!y lack$ ^! indu/ries because ( a blamewor?y disreg>d = ! fundam5tal importance ( sci5ce1 & p>ticul>ly *emical sci5ce1 9 indu/ry4 ,conclusion4--,we h %[n h[1 dur+ ! w>1 *emical w>f>e prov$ its surprise value & h[ manufacture figur$ repeat$ly z a critical factor4 ,we h also %[n h[ ! importance ( production is magnifi$ f ! po9t ( view ( ! future4 ,! only logical conclusion is t ! c\ntry :i* does n possess a /rong dye indu/ry1 or enorm\sly compreh5sive & exp5sive *emical ars5als1 _c hope to escape s]i\s milit>y results1 possibly defeat1 f enemy *emical surprises4 ,! situation is aggravat$ by ! fact t ?is critical produc+ capacity exi/s z a monopoly 9 ! h&s ( ,g]many4 ,no patriotic & ?9k+ p]son c1 !re=e1 conclude o!rwise ?an to enc\rage ! creation ( dye indu/ries 9 c\ntries o!r ?an ,g]many1 p>ticul>ly 9 our own4 ,x is true1 h[ev]1 t patriotic s5tim5t & political views d n always lead to ! same solution4 ,b we mu/ insi/ t !re c be no two op9ions on ! national def5ce aspect ( ?is "q1 & any political =ces oppos+ ! logical outcome ( patriotic s5tim5t 9 ?is case are incurr+ an exce$+ly grave responsibility4 ,fur!r1 !re is a def9ite t5d5cy to obscure ! :ole issue by inaccurate ?9k+4 ,:5 we f9d a ,memb] ( ,p>liam5t s]i\sly discuss+ dis>mam5t1 endeav\r+ to deal ) ! matt] 9 detail1 & yet class+ gas z "o ( ^? me?ods ( w>f>e 9 connection ) :i* production c he easily prev5t$1#a we c only /& 9 amazem5t be=e our traditional fault1 delib]ate sidetrack+ ( exp]t guidance4 ,:5 we realise t x 0 n until aft] ! ,armi/ice t ! ,h>tley ,commission op5$ our eyes to ! w> importance ( ! ,g]man dye indu/ry1 we see h[ bl9d a nation may be 9 matt]s vital to its def5ce4 #a ,! ,flaw 9 ! ,cov5ant & ! ,rem$y1 ,major ,david ,davies1 ,m4,p4 ,f ! po9t ( view ( results on ! front1 = :i* all 7 work+1 ! ,g]man dye factories1 :5 consid]$ z a w> weapon1 7 z mu* 9 advance ( ,alli$ improvis$ plants z a milit>y quick-fir+ gun is ahead ( ! old muzzle-load]4 ,fur!r1 = progressive & flexible organic *emical production1 "s su* diff]5ce w always exi/ betwe5 ! mod]n dye indu/ry & factories or ars5als improvis$ or ma9ta9$ to meet specific em]g5cies4 ,,*apt] ,,viii ,,am]ican ,,developm5ts ,special ,att5tion ,ju/ifi$2--,special ,value ( ,am]ican ,op9ion4--,v>i\s reasons prompt u to pay special att5tion to ! developm5t ( *emical w>f>e by ! ,unit$ ,/ates ( ,am]ica4 ,9 ! prec$+ *apt]s we h attempt$ a m or less connect$ acc\nt ( its developm5t dur+ ! campaign4 ,su* an acc\nt mu/ necess>ily make con/ant ref]5ce to ,fr5* & ,briti% developm5ts4 ,b ,am]ican prep>ations1 al?\gh on a colossal scale1 7 n 9 "t to influ5ce ! campaign s]i\sly & directly4 ,!re=e1 purely = ! symmetry ( our acc\nt1 special ref]5ce %\ld be made to ,am]ica4 ,b a m s]i\s reason is to be f\nd 9 ! great importance atta*$ by ,am]ica to ?is bran* ( w>f>e4 ,z ev]ybody kn[s1 ! arrival ( ! ,am]ican troops 9 l>ge numb]s 0 prec$$ by an educational p]iod1 dur+ :i* ,am]ican /affs1 (fic]s1 & m5 became acqua9t$ ) ,alli$ /affs1 op]ations1 & me?ods on ! ,we/]n ,front4 ,!y 7 less bias$ by milit>y tradition1 & n "u ! same necessity z ! ,european ,allies to organise 9 an improvis$ way = diff]5t viol5t em]g5cies4 ,_! op9ions ( w> me?ods on ! ,we/]n ,front are1 !re=e1 ( great int]e/4 ,*emical w>f>e at once assum$ a place ( prime importance 9 _! s*emes1 receiv+ a /imulus & a mom5tum :i*1 r ?an los+ =ce dur+ peace1 appe>s to h ga!r$ int5sity4 ,!re 0 at fir/ no p>ticul> backgr\nd ( emotion1 or desire = specific retaliation 9 ?is ,am]ican developm5t4 ,x 0 purely a "q ( decid+ on te*nical gr\nds ! relative importance ( diff]5t me?ods ( w>f>e4 ,solid facts det]m9$ ! matt] lat]4 ,we h x on ! be/ au?ority t #ge1jjj out ( ! total #bge1jjj ,am]ican casualties 7 due to gas4 ,e>ly ,am]ican ,activities4--,! e>lie/ ,am]ican activities1 consi/$ 9 atta*+ v>i\s (fic]s to ! ,briti% =mations 9 ,france & to ! ,fr5* rese>* & produc+ organisations c5tr$ 9 ,p>is4 ,a p]iod ensu$ ( rem>kably rapid & effici5t assimilation ( ! be/ developm5ts 9 alli$ *emical w>f>e4 ,two ,am]ican gas companies 7 atta*$ to ours = in/ruction 9 ! fir/ mon? ( #aiah1 & !y assi/$ 9 sev]al gas attacks on ! ,briti% front4 ,field ,activities4--,9 a s5se ! developm5t ( *emical w>f>e organisations by ! ,am]icans 0 depriv$ ( its promis$ success4 ,! ,allies rega9$ ! g5]al & f9al (f5sive be=e ,am]ican plans matur$4 ,b if ! latt] 7 prev5t$ f p>ticipat+ 9 v>i\s types ( cl\d & /ation>y attack along ! front1 yet ! co9cid5ce ( _! organisation ) ! developm5t ( m op5 w>f>e gave !m an opportunity1 :i* !y readily seiz$1 to demon/rate ! possibilities ( mobile *emical attack4 ,two gas companies1 kn[n z ! #cj? ,eng9e]s1 7 assembl$1 p>tially tra9$1 & emb>k$ = ,france at ! end ( #aiag4 ,!y ent]$ ^u a c\rse ( tra9+ ) ! ,briti% ,special ,brigade ,r4,e4 :ile fur!r units 7 be+ organis$ 9 ,am]ica4 ,! projector at-tract$ ! ,am]icans1 & !y 7 ready1 z ,g5]al ,fries in=ms u1 to laun* a big projector gas attack1 :5 ,m>%al ,fo*'s c\nt] attack disorganis$ ! front conc]n$4 ,!y !n turn$ _! att5tion to ! use ( ! f\r-in* ,/okes mort> 9 an attempt to neutralise ! ,g]man ma*9e-gun ne/s1 us+ phosphorus = smoke & !rmit %ell1 & cont9u$ to assi/ ! infantry ei!r by tak+ "p 9 ! prep>ations = attack or 9 subsequ5t op]ations4 ,special ,difficulties4--,! great l5g? ( ! ,am]ican l9es ( communication l$ !m to develop c]ta9 rese>* & exp]im5tal organisations ne> to ! front4 ,^! _h to deal ) ! %ort range problems1 ^? ( imm$iate importance1 )\t ref]r+ !m back to ,am]ica4 ,! #cjjj miles ( ocean repres5t$ a necess>y loss ( contact :i* prev5t$ ! home work]s1 h[ev] will+1 f fully realis+ ! ne$s ( ! problems conc]n$4 ,accord+ly a /rong exp]im5tal /ation1 ,hanlon ,field1 0 develop$ ne> ,*aumont1 & a well-equipp$ laboratory 0 e/abli%$ at ,puteaux1 ne> ,p>is4 ,edgewood ,ars5al4--,! organisations develop$ 9 ,am]ica 7 ( v great int]e/4 ,! ,am]ican (fic]s 9 ! field1 ?r\gh _! contact ) ! ,briti% & ,fr5*1 realis$ e>ly t we 7 ext5d$ to ! utmo/ 9 ! matt] ( production1 t our dem&s & programmes 7 f> ahead ( our output1 & t !y c\ld n reasonably expect s]i\s help f u1 ei!r ) reg>d to ! results or ! mat]ial means ( production4 ,!y1 !re=e1 made surveys ( our me?ods & wisely det]m9$ to conc5trate on production 9 ,am]ica4 ,z a result1 !y develop$ ! ph5om5al *emical w>f>e ars5al ( ,edgewood4 ,_h ! w> la/$ long]1 !re c be no d\bt t ?is c5tre ( production w\ld h repres5t$ "o ( ! mo/ important contributions by ,am]ica to ! _w w>4 ,probably _h production be5 conceiv$ on a small] scale1 h[ev]1 its results w\ld h mat]ialis$ soon] & produc$ great] actual influ5ce4 ,a few facts ) reg>d to ,edgewood suffice to confirm its pot5tialities4 ,we le>n#a t ! ars5al organisation compris$ a huge *lor9e plant1 probably ! l>ge/ 9 ! _w1 v>i\s *emical plants = ! manufacture ( ! *ief *emical w>f>e sub/ances adopt$ by ! ,european bellig]5ts1 & %ell-fill+ plant capable ( fill+ a total ( m ?an #bjj1jjj %ell & bomb daily4 #a ,j\rnal ( ,indu/rial & ,eng9e]+ ,*emi/ry1 ,janu>y1 #aiai4 ,rese>*4--,support+ ?is production1 & 9 connection ) ! o!r bran*es ( *emical w>f>e1 a trem5d\s rese>* organisation develop$ :i*1 ) ! exception ( ! comb9$ rese>* facilities ( ! ,i4,g4#b 0 probably ! l>ge/ rese>* organisation ev] assembl$ = "o specific object4 ,x grew until x conta9$ #abjj te*nical m5 & #gjj s]vice assi/ants1 & we are told t its "w cov]$ exhau/ive rese>* on m ?an #djjj diff]5t mat]ials4 ,nor 7 ! ,am]icans less ambiti\s on protection4 ,wisely adopt+ ! ,briti% ,box ,respirator dur+ ! e>ly /ages1 !y made vigor\s attempts at ! same "t1 ) consid]able success1 to develop a =m ( _! own4 #b ,! great ,g]man organic *emical comb9e4 ,production4--,an ,am]ican op9ion on ! importance ( ,edgewood ,ars5al at ! "t ( ! ,armi/ice is wor? quot+4#c ,"h is a mammo? plant1 con/ruct$ 9 record "t1 effici5tly mann$1 capable ( an enorm\s output ( toxic mat]ial1 & j rea*+ its full possibilities ( dea?-deal+ at ! mom5t :5 news is h\rly expect$ ( ! sign+ ( ! ,armi/ice4 ,:at a pity we did n possess ?is great eng9e ( w> f ! day ,am]ican troops fir/ sail$ = ,france1 =1 _h we be5 s prep>$1 h[ _m ( our boys :o h gone ,we/' c\ld h return$ = ! welcome home6 ,%all we =get ?is lesson ( prep>$ness8 ,is ?is great plant to be scrapp$8 ,possibly wise heads may f9d a solution ( ! problem :i* w add ?is great res\rce to ,am]ican *emical indu/ry1 at ! same "t pres]v+ its value to ! nation z a great] asset1 9 case ( future w>1 ?an a /&+ army4 #c ,j\rnal ( ,indu/rial & ,eng9e]+ ,*emi/ry1 ,janu>y1 #aiai4 ,al?\gh ma9ly dep5d5t on ,edgewood ,ars5al = _! w> s*emes1 x is p]fectly cle> t ! ,am]icans realis$ t !irs 0 n ! ideal way1 9 fact 0 a v wa/eful & ineffici5t way to produce poison gases or *emical w>f>e sub/ances4 ,inde$1 ev5 dur+ ! w>1 9 spite ( _! huge ars5al !y e/abli%$ contact ) v>i\s ,am]ican *emical produc]s4 ,at ! pres5t "t1 except 9 connection ) its use = em]g5cies dur+ ! next few ye>s1 ?is huge s\rce ( production at ,edgewood mu/ be reg>d$ z an unnecess>y burd5 ^u ! ,/ate4 ,to be ( any use1 x requires co/ly ma9t5ance4 ,x is only capable ( produc+ a limit$ numb] ( organic sub/ances4 ,"s ( ^! are likely to become obsolete z "t goes on4 ,?is reliance ^u a huge fix$ ars5al is n only out ( accord ) any int]national s*eme = dis>mam5t1 b x is altoge!r too pond]\s1 & n suffici5tly flexible = reliance 9 future em]g5cies4 ,?is is fully realis$ 9 ,am]ica4 ,g5]al ,fries1 address+ ! ,am]ican ,*emical ,society1 said3 ,! magnific5t plant at ,edgewood may soon be a ?+ ( ! pa/4 ,we d n believe ! ,gov]nm5t %\ld attempt to manufacture poison\s gases on a huge scale4 ,he expla9s h[1 by reliance ^u normal *emical indu/ry1 ,we believe we c build up m quickly & to a great] ext5t ?an by any o!r me?od ! necess>y l>ge output ( poison\s gases requir$ 9 a w> ) a fir/-class ,p[]4 ,ref]r+ to ! mobilisation ( indu/ry = ?is purpose1 he says3 ,we believe t if ?is is done satisfactorily x w be "o ( ! greate/ possible gu>antees ( future peace4 ,po/-,armi/ice ,developm5ts4--,b p]haps ! mo/ int]e/+ & significant aspect ( ,am]ican *emical w>f>e developm5t conc]ns :at has occurr$ s9ce ! ,armi/ice4 ,valuable & successful attempts h be5 made to educate n only ! public b also political lead]s to its real mean+4 ,no "o exam9+ ! ,am]ican daily & sci5tific press1 or read+ ! records ( ! v>i\s ,gov]nm5t ,committees on ! propos$ bills ( *emical1 or *emical w>f>e1 int]e/ c d\bt t ! ,am]icans are probably z a :ole mu* m alive to ! importance ( ?is matt] ?an any o!r ally4 ,discussions on ! ,longwor? ,bill & on ! new *emical w>f>e s]vice h provid$ full v5tilation = ! facts ( ! case1 9 _! prop] sett+4 ,x 0 a /rik+ contra/ to l& 9 ,am]ica e>ly 9 #aibj & f9d ,new ,york pla/]$ ) recruit+ po/]s sett+ =? ! v>i\s reasons :y ,am]icans %\ld jo9 _! ,*emical ,w>f>e ,s]vice4 ,x 0 n only a sign ( ,am]ican me?ods b also "o ( _! appreciation ( ! importance ( ! matt]4 ,?is is amply borne out by _! f9al /ep 9 recon/ruction dur+ ! la/ few mon?s4 ,a sep>ate ,*emical ,w>f>e ,s]vice has be5 reorgan-is$ 9 ,am]ica 9 su* a way z to give x a position ( indep5d5ce equival5t to t ( ! old] bran*es ( ! s]vice4 ,! specific possibilities 9 ! developm5t ( ?is =m ( w>f>e are ackn[l$g$ by ! action ( ! ,am]ican ,congress1 & ?is result is v l>gely due to ! creation ( an intellig5tly in=m$ political & public op9ion4 ,l>ge grants ( money h be5 plac$ at ! disposal ( ! new ,*emical ,w>f>e ,s]vice1 & its rese>* facilities promise to equal ! w> e/abli%m5ts ( ! old] s]vices ( o!r ,alli$ c\ntries4 ,views ( ,g5]al ,fries4--,9 view ( ! creation ( ?is indep5d5t ,*emical ,w>f>e ,s]vice 9 ,am]ica & ( its importance :5 measur$ 9 t]ms ( f9ancial & mat]ial facilities1 x is ( int]e/ to summ>ise "s ( ! views already express$ by ,g5]al ,fries1#a ! head ( ! new s]vice4 ,) reg>d to ! g5]al function ( *emical w>f>e1 he tells u3 ,9 ! fir/ place1 *emical w>f>e is a complete sci5ce 9 itself4 ,no o!r inv5tion s9ce t ( gunp[d] has made s pr(\nd a *ange 9 w>f>e z gas is mak+1 or w make1 9 ! future4 #a ,j\rnal ( ,indu/rial & ,eng9e]+ ,*emi/ry1 #aibj4 ,to-day !re are only f\r really di/9ct arms ( ! ,s]vice1 viz43 ! ,infantry1 ! ,artill]y1 ,aviation1 & ,*emical ,w>f>e4 ,all o!r =ms ( w>f>e are a comb9ation1 m or less complete1 ( ^!4 ,! gases1 smoke1 & inc5di>y mat]ials t make up *emical w>f>e are us$ to a great] or less] ext5t by o!r arms1 b :]ev] gas is us$ x compels precaution>y measures t are f\nd 9 no o!r bran* ( ! ,s]vice4 ,consid]+ its p[]1 x has no equal4 ,physical vig\r is "o ( ! greate/ assets 9 any army4 ,gas1 us$ prop]ly & 9 quantities t w be easily obta9able 9 future w>s1 w make ! we>+ ( ! mask a cont9u\s affair = all troops )9 two to five miles ( ! front l9e1 & 9 c]ta9 places = _m miles beyond4 ,if x nev] kill$ a man1 ! r$uction 9 physical vig\r1 &1 !re=e1 9 effici5cy ( an army =c$ at all times to we> masks1 w\ld am\nt to at lea/ #be p] c5t41 equival5t to disabl+ a qu>t] ( a million m5 out ( an army ( a million4 ,! ,gas ,cl\d ,inescapable4--,he goes on to expla9 "s ( ! m specific milit>y ne$s :i* c be met by *emical means1 & ref]s indep5d5tly to a po9t :i* ! ,g]mans h m5tion$ repeat$ly 9 _! memoirs4 ,"o great reason :y *emical w>f>e w cont9ue is t x fills a long-felt want on ! "p ( ! soldi]1 t ( %oot+ successfully ar\nd a /ump or rock4 ,! gas cl\d is inescapable4 ,x sweeps ov] & into ev]y?+ 9 its pa?4 ,no tr5* is too deep = x1 no dug-out1 unless h]metically seal$1 is safe f x4 ,night & d>kness only height5 its effect4 ,x is ! only weapon t is z effective 9 a fog or 9 ! inky blackness ( a moonless night z 9 ! mo/ brilliant sun%9e4 ,only ! mask & ! tra9+ t g ) x protect4 ,t]ror1 confusion1 lack ( discipl9e & control are fatal4 ,importance ( ,smoke4--,g5]al ,fries is insi/5t on ! future importance ( smoke 9 w>f>e3 ,*emical w>f>e includes gas1 smoke1 & inc5di>y mat]ials1 & !y c't well be subdivid$4 ,z be=e /at$1 all ! e>ly gas attacks 7 9 ! =m ( cl\ds4 ,! value ( t cl\d1 n only = c>ry+ gas b = scre5+ purposes1 began to be realis$ 9 ! fall ( #aiag4 ,cl\ds ( smoke may or may n be poison\s1 & !y w or w n be poison\s1 at ! w ( ! "o produc+ ! smoke4 ,= t reason e cl\d ( smoke 9 ! future mu/ be look$ ^u z possibly conta9+ "s deadly =m ( gas4 ,:5 y consid] ?is = a mom5t1 y c realise ! trem5d\s possibilities = +5uity t gas & smoke af=d ! attack]4 ,! ,am]ican1 tra9$ = #cjj ye>s 9 meet+ nature on h] great pla9s & 9 h] va/ =e/s1 0 e>ly appeal$ to by ?is side ( *emical w>f>e4 ,z e>ly z ,novemb] #c1 #aiag1 ! ,unit$ ,/ates 0 urg$1 9 a cablegram f ! ,*emical ,w>f>e ,s]vice 9 ,france1 to pu% ! developm5t ( a l>ge phosphor\s supply = use 9 smokes4 ,n only 7 ! e>ly intuitions ( ! value ( gas borne out by lat] ev5ts1 b to-day ! future ( smoke appe>s great] /ill4 ,! battle-field ( ! future w be cov]$ ) smoke-- n ! all-p]vad+ black smoke ( ! battles ( ! ,civil ,w> & ( e>li] w>s be=e smokeless p[d] came into use1 b a field cov]$ ) dots & pat*es ( smoke1 big & little1 "h & !re & ev]y:]e4 ,e man :o has hunt$ ducks & be5 caught 9 a d5se fog ) ducks quack+ all r\nd1 & :o has tri$ to get ducks by fir+ at ! quack 9 ! fog1 c realise ! difficulty ( hitt+ a man on ! battlefield :5 y _c see him1 & h only a quack1 or less1 by :i* to locate him4 ,! smoke w be g5]at$ 9 c&les ( two or ?ree-p\nd cans t c be ?r[n out 9 front ( tr5*es2 by knapsacks t c be c>ri$ & :i* w give (f d5se :ite smoke 9 l>ge volume = _m m9utes2 by gr5ades :i*1 :ile !y may be ?r[n by h&1 w g5]ally be fir$ f rifles2 by artill]y %ells rea*+ t51 fifte51 tw5ty miles back ( ! ma9 battle l9e2 & f9ally1 f a]oplane bombs ^: radius ( action is limit$ only by ! size ( ! e>?4 ,& ?us smoke becomes "o ( ! great elem5ts ( w> 9 ! future4 ,x is m or less :olly protective 9 its nature1 b z x co/s m & takes long] to tra9 a man 9 ! v>i\s problems involv$ 9 mod]n w> ?an ev] be=e 9 ?is hi/ory ( ! _w1 x is wor? :ile tak+ e precaution to protect him1 once y h him tra9$4 ,casualty ,p]c5tages4--,he also br+s out v de>ly ! unique possibility possess$ by gas w>f>e ( increas+ its milit>y effici5cy1 :ile decreas+ its relative atrocity3 ,! dea? rate 9 ! fir/ gas attack 0 probably 9 ! neighb\rhood ( #ce p] c5t4 ( all casualties-- & ev]ybody 9 front ( ! wave 0 a casualty4 ,) ! developm5t ( masks & tra9+ 9 ! use ( ! mask & 9 tak+ advantage ( ! gr\nd1 ! dea? rate fell4 ,at ! same "t ! total numb] ( casualties fell1 b n at all 9 ! same ratio z ! decrease 9 ! dea? rate4 ,f a probable dea? rate ( #ce p] c5t4 9 ! fir/ attack x fell to #bd p] c5t41 !n to #ah p] c5t41 &1 z gas attacks by artill]y became g5]al1 to #f p] c5t41 & f9ally1 ) ! ext5d$ use ( mu/>d gas1 ! rate fell to #b4e p] c5t4 or less4 ,aga9 ref]r+ to casualties1 he gives u ! />tl+ fact t #ge1jjj out ( ! #bge1jjj ,am]ican casualties 7 caus$ by gas1 ,& yet1 he says ! ,g]mans us$ x 9 a halt+1 comp>atively feeble mann]4 ,%ort ,range ,projectors4--,v mu* alive to ! future ( ! %ort-range projectors develop$ 9 connection ) gas w>f>e1 he tells u1 ,! ,gas ,regim5t 9 ! ,/4 ,mihiel battle fir$ on ! ,cote des ,esp>ges "o hundr$ ( ^! high explosive bombs at ! z]o h\r on ! morn+ ( ! attack4 ,t hill1 fam\s = its /r5g? ?r\gh f\r ye>s ( /ruggle betwe5 ! ,fr5* & ,g]mans1 dis-appe>$ completely z an enemy /&po9t4 ,no?+ rema9$ b torn & brok5 b>b$ wire1 bits ( concrete pill-boxes1 & tr5*es fill$ ) debris1 & a few scatt]$ fragm5ts ( clo?+4 ,! gas troops w1 9 ! future1 h&le all %ort-range me?ods ( fir+ gas1 smoke1 or high explosive4 ,!y w deliv] ! greate/ quantities ( mat]ial possible up to ranges ( a mile & a half or a mile & ?ree-qu>t]s4 ,s effective & s effici5t are ^! %ort-range me?ods ( projection t ! ,no-,man's-,l& ( ! future w be ! wid? cov]$ by ^! projectors & mort>s4 ,!y c't1 & nev] w1 compete ) ! artill]y1 :]e range & great accuracy are ! mo/ important factors4 ,! effici5cy ( artill]y gas %ell or artill]y smoke or high explosive %ell is only "o-fif? t ( ! projector4 ,h5ce1 = economy & effici5cy1 ! artill]y w be us$ to fire gas1 smoke1 high explosive1 & inc5di>y mat]ials only at ranges beyond ^? rea*$ by ! gas troops4 ,aga91 %[+ h[ ! ,am]ican au?orities 7 seiz$ ) ! importance ( ! matt]1 we read3 ,va/ ,expansion 9 ,p]sonnel4--,s greatly 7 ^! possibilities appreciat$ 9 ! summ] ( #aiah t ! numb] ( gas troops au?oris$ = use aga9/ ! ,g]mans 0 increas$ f six companies to fifty-f\r4 ,back ( all ?is1 h[ev]1 0 ! productive capacity ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 :i* ensur$ t ^? troops w\ld be able to fight day & night1 summ]1 w9t]1 & fall1 until ! w> 0 ov]4 ,no wond] ! ,g]man quit--x 0 "t1 & he knew x4 ,& 9 conclusion ,g5]al ,fries tells u3 ,! univ]sal adoption ( gas w>f>e on sea & l& & 9 ! air1 comb9$ ) its p]si/5t quality1 w make t nation able to produce & use gas 9 ! l>ge/ quantity sup]ior 9 w> to any o!r nation on ! globe4 ,! ,unit$ ,/ates c rea* t position & ma9ta9 x1 & ,i believe t we are go+ to get su* enc\ragem5t f ! ,w> ,dep>tm5t t we c d x4 ,i feel sure t ! army appreciates ! value ( *emical w>f>e1 & t x appreciates also ! value ( ! *emi/s to *emical w>f>e4 ,s long z !re is any dang] ( o!r nations cont9u+ ^! me?ods ( w>f>e1 rese>* & exp]im5t 9 *emical w>f>e mu/ be pursu$4 ,rese>* mu/ n only be direct$ t[>ds ! gases & app>atus1 likely to be employ$ 9 ! future1 b also t[>ds protection aga9/ all possible gases4 ,tra9+ 9 ! use ( gas w be conf9$ to appropriate bran*es1 b tra9+ 9 def5sive measures w include ! :ole army4 ,we mu/ cont9ue our /udies ( :at is kn[n z *emical w>f>e4 ,no nation has r5\nc$ ! use ( poison gases z ! result ( ! ,peace ,conf]5ce4 ,!re are nations ^: ^w we c\ld n respect if !y did r5\nce x4 ,x is ess5tial to /udy ! (f5sive side ( *emical w>f>e if we are to be prep>$ = def5ce4 ,! great importance ( adequate def5sive appliances arises f ! fact t prep>ations = ! (f5sive use ( gas c be made 9 peace-"t ) great secrecy1 & may h f>-rea*+ & ev5 fatal results 9 ! e>ly /ages ( a w>4 4 4 4 ,= ^! reasons x is necess>y to make adequate provision = rese>*1 exp]im5t1 & design 9 connection ) w> mat]ial4 ,x is equally necess>y to avoid ov]lap1 duplication ( ef=t1 & ! sett+ up ( milit>y in/itutions = sci5tific rese>* :i* c bett] be done by exi/+ civil in/itutions4 ,he also quotes f a /atem5t f ,g5]al ,deb5ey1 ,director ( ! ,fr5* ,college ( ,w>f>e3 ,%\ld w> beg9 n[1 aviation1 & especially gas1 w\ld play "o ( ! mo/ important p>ts4 ,! progress ( aviation w\ld make ! re> ( ea* front1 & v f> 9 re>1 extremely dang]\s1 & ! progress ( *emi/ry w\ld p]mit ! use ( gas on zones ( su* an ext5t z _c be imag9$4 ,mak+ gas is naturally rapidly done1 because all ! manufactur]s ( *emical product--/ill s num]\s 9 ,g]many--c be requisition$1 b to make airplanes is mu* sl[]4 ,! def5ce aga9/ gas seems to be m difficult ?an aga9/ airplanes4 ,i believe t aga9/ airplanes1 ! anti-aircraft artill]y is susceptible ( mak+ rapid progress1 & p]haps 9 t v in/ance gas w be "o ( ! be/ ways1 if ) appropriate %ells 99! air c be poison$ all ar\nd ! attack+ airplanes4 ,x w\ld be mu* m effective to create1 = example1 a sph]e ( poison$ air a mile r\nd ! airplane1 in/ead ( try+ to hit ! ma*9e directly ) bits ( ! %ell4 ,briti%1 ,fr5*1 & ev5 ,g]man op9ion1 :ile n und]e/imat+ ! importance ( ! matt]1 may n agree 9 an unqualifi$ way ) all ! above /atem5ts4 ,b we claim t !y %[ vision 9 a bran* ( w> :i*1 on acc\nt ( its sci5tific basis1 may1 m ?an any o!r1 spe$ily prove ! vision>y a true prophet4 ,,*apt] ,,ix ,,g]man ,,*emical ,,policy ,! prec$+ acc\nt ( *emical w>f>e leaves ! impression ( a successful ,alli$ /ruggle aga9/ p]si/5tly unfav\rable circum/ances4 ,we 7 con/antly compell$ to accel]ate to atta9 ! pace set by ! enemy4 ,!re 7 exceptions1 und\bt$ly1 b 9 ! ma9 ,g]many kept ahead 9 ! *emical /ruggle4 ,s f>1 9 exam9+ ! root ( our tr\bles1 we h be5 cont5t to ref] to ! exi/5ce ( ! ,i4,g41 to describe its *emical w>f>e activities1 & to indicate1 briefly1 its unique p[] to produce l>ge quantities ( organic *emical products at %ort notice4 ,! close connection betwe5 ! ,g]man dye indu/ry & *emical w>f>e is n[ well recognis$ 9 (ficial circles1 &1 to "s ext5t1 by ! g5]al public4 ,its belat$ exposure 0 almo/ entirely due to ! facts reveal$ by ! ,int]-,alli$ ,mission to ! ,g]man *emical factories "s mon?s aft] ! ,armi/ice4 ,b ! situation ?us reveal$ 0 n creat$ 9 a day1 nor by *ance4 ,inde$1 "o ( ! milit>y features ( indu/rial *emical developm5t 9 ! ,i4,g4 has already be5 trac$ to pre-w> activities4 ,i ref] to ! ,hab] process = ! production ( syn!tic ammonia4 ,x w\ld be %ort-sight$ policy to accept ! set ( conditions aga9/ :i* we /ruggl$1 & to expla9 !m 9 t]ms ( ! ,i4,g41 )\t look+ m closely into ! pre-w> activities ( ?is organisation4 ,su* an exam9ation may reveal ! basic =ces :i* det]m9$ our inf]ior position 9 *emical w>f>e at ! outbreak ( w>4 ,x is true t we c expla9 away our inf]iority by ref]r+ to ! ,g]man brea* ( fai?1 :i* automatically creat$ conditions = :i* we 7 unprep>$4 ,?is is a com=table solution4 ,b _h *emical w>f>e be5 a /rongly develop$ & accept$ me?od ( w> be=e ! outbreak ( ho/ilities1 w\ld we !n h be5 prep>$8 ,! records ( ! pa/1 be=e ,april1 #aiae1 mu/ be consult$ to answ] ?is "q4 ,we may f9d t our position is due to m ?an a m]e negative attitude1 to m ?an our simple neglect ( ! organic *emical indu/ry4 ,x maybe t !re 7 =ces :i* def9itely exploit$ ?is national *>act]i/ic to our disadvantage4 ,! pre-w> policy & activities ( ! ,i4,g4 mu/ be exam9$ f ?is po9t ( view4 ,9 no c\ntry has su* an inve/igation be5 m complete ?an 9 ,am]ica1 & (ficial /atem5ts h be5 issu$ by ! ,am]ican ,ali5 ,prop]ty ,cu/odian#a :i* ?r[ a flood ( light on ! pre-w> activities ( ! con/itu5t bran*es ( ! ,i4,g4 ,!y conclusively reveal ! exi/5ce ( a c>efully direct$ ,g]man *emical policy mak+ = _w dom9ation 9 ! organic *emical indu/ry1 :i* greatly hamp]$ ! milit>y effectiv5ess ( o!r c\ntries1 & directly /r5g!n$ ! milit>y res\rces ( ,g]many4 ,on broad l9es1 ! pre-w> & w> activities ( ! ,i4,g4 produc$ ! same result z an attempt to /rangle ! economic life ( possible oppon5ts1 enfeebl+ _! resi/ance to ! subsequ5t deliv]y ( a hamm] bl[ design$ to take maximum advantage ( ! situation ?us creat$4 ,tw5ty ye>s or m "u ! regime ( a =ceful economic policy1 n )\t its s9i/] aspects1 prep>$ ! gr\nd by weak5+ u 9 ! conc5trat$ *emical w>f>e :i*1 ensu$4 ,! success ( ?is policy manoeuvr$ u into su* a position t we b>ely escap$ defeat "u ! hamm] bl[s ( ,g]man *emical aggression4 ,?is1 9 fact1 appe>s to h be5 ! ,g]man conception ( mod]n w> 9 its relation to indu/ry1 & ,am]ican reports h %[n t x 0 c>ri$ ?r\gh ) typical ?or\ghness by famili> ,g]man me?ods4 #a ,ali5 ,prop]ty ,cu/odian ,report1 ,wa%+ton4 ,gov]nm5t ,pr9t+ ,(fice1 #aiai4 ,orig9 ( ,g]man ,*emical ,monopolies4--,! complet5ess ( our organic *emical defici5cies1 & ! ?or\gh way 9 :i* we _h fail$ to develop organic *emical indu/ries1 creates su* a %>p impression1 :5 ?r[n into relief by ! outbreak ( w>1 t we are l$ to inquire into ! me?ods by :i* ^! monopolies 7 e/abli%$4 ,let u admit1 )\t any fur!r delay1 t ,g]many ow$ ! orig9 & ass]tion ( ^! monopolies 9 "p to h] sci5tific developm5t1 fo/]$ by a vigor\s policy ( apply+ sci5tific rese>* to indu/rial ent]prise4 ,s f> z h] success dep5d$ ^u su* factors1 x m]its our unqualifi$ admiration & envy4 ,b /imulat+ ^! developm5ts 0 a v def9ite g5]al & comm]cial policy :i* requires close exam9ation4 ,g]man ,*emical ,comm]cial ,policy2--,evid5ce ( ! ,u4,s4,a4 ,ali5 ,prop]ty ,cu/odian4--,giv+ e cr$it to ,g]man initiative & ?or\ghness 9 ! application ( sci5ce to indu/ry1 we are /ill prompt$ to inquire h[ ?is monopoly came to be s complete4 ,we c rely on m ?an m]e rum\r1 :5 exam9+ ! comm]cial me?ods ( ! great ,i4,g4 ,! ,am]ican ,ali5 ,prop]ty ,cu/odian1 ,mr4 ,mit*ell ,palm]1 &1 lat]1 ,mr4 ,francis ,p4 ,g>van1 _h occasion & opportunity to make m9ute exam9ation ( ! ,g]man dye ag5cies 9 ,am]ica 9 connection ) g5]al inve/igations on ! reorganisation ( ali5 prop]ty4 ,_! revelations truly m]it ! t]m1 %[+ rem>kably cle>ly ! unity ( conception1 det]m9ation ( purpose1 & co-op]ation ) ! ,g]man ,gov]nm5t :i* *>act]is$ ! policy ( ! ,i4,g4 ,pre-w> ,am]ican ,situation4--,let u briefly consid] ! relevant aspects ( ! pre-w> ,am]ican situation4 ,accord+ to fairly well-kn[n facts1 confirm$ by ! reports ( ! two ,am]ican (ficials m5tion$ above1 ! ,am]ican pre-w> organic *emical indu/ry consi/$ ( little m ?an a s]ies ( small assembl+ plants4 ,al?\gh enorm\s supplies ( coal-t> products 7 available1 yet ! dye int]m$iates d]iv$ f !m 7 n made 9 ,am]ica1 b import$ f ,g]many4 ,aft] v>i\s attempts to e/abli% ! dye indu/ry1 x seem$1 at "o "t1 ab\t #ahhj1 to h def9itely tak5 root1 b1 )9 ! space ( five ye>s1 !re 7 only f\r dye produc+ e/abli%m5ts rema9+4 ,g]man ,price-cutt+2--,salicylic ,acid4--,9 e in/ance ! manufacture 0 almo/ imm$iately br\ght to an end by ,g]man price-cutt+4 ,! same s\rce reveals ! direct & indirect me?ods us$ by ,g]many to prev5t1 at all co/s1 ! developm5t ( an indep5d5t organic *emical indu/ry4 ,!re are _m po9t$ examples ( ! direct me?od1 & we w glance at ! case ( salicylic acid4 ,?is is a v important *emical1 us$ n only = c]ta9 important drugs b also z 9 int]m$iate = dyes & photographic *emicals4 ,9 #aijc ! ,unit$ ,/ates possess$ five manufactur]s ( ?is product4 ,9 t5 ye>s' "t ?ree ( ^! _h fail$1 & "o ( ! survivors 0 a m]e bran* ( a ,g]man h\se4 ,dur+ ?is fatal t5 ye>s1 ! product 0 be+ sold 9 t c\ntry at a price tw5ty-five p] c5t4 l[] ?an 9 ,g]many4 ,! manipulation ( ! prices ( ! o!r products ( ! ,g]man monopoly enabl$ !m1 by su* me?ods1 to ma9ta9 x4 ,_m o!r examples1 includ+ su* important products z brom9e1 oxalic acid1 & anil9e1 c\ld be quot$ to %[ ! results ( ! ,g]man price-cutt+ policy4 ,! direct significance ( brom9e = *emical w>f>e mu/ be borne 9 m9d4 ,full ,l9e ,=c+4--,besides directly attack+ ! production ( raw mat]ials & int]m$iates1 ! ,g]mans us$ an indirect me?od :i* has be5 describ$ z full l9e =c+4 ,!y 7 ! sole produc]s ( c]ta9 specialities1 su* z aliz>9e col\rs1 an?rac5e col\rs1 & syn!tic indigo4 ,^! 7 indisp5sable to ! textile manufactur]s1 & by refus+ to supply !m1 except to h\ses :i* w\ld buy _! o!r supplies f ,g]man manufactur]s1 ! latt] c\ld squeeze out home produc]s ( simple dyes1 h[ev] effici5t _! production4 ,brib]y & ,corruption2--,g]man ,pat5t ,policy4--,! dye+ indu/ry 0 peculi>ly susceptible to corruption4 ,x 0 s simple = ! head dy] ( a mill to %[ a p>tiality = dyes f any p>ticul> s\rce ( supply4 ,! ,am]ican ,ali5 ,prop]ty ,cu/odian v frankly tells u#a3 ,! me?ods ( ! great ,g]man h\ses 9 c>ry+ on _! bus9ess 9 ?is c\ntry 7 f ! fir/ honeycomb$ ) corruption4 ,brib]y ( dy]s 0 c>ri$ on almo/ univ]sally on a l>ge scale4 4 4 4 ,s ext5sive 0 ?is corruption t ,i came across only "o ,am]ican consum] t _h escap$ its ill effects4 ,su* 7 h>dly ! me?ods ( dec5t comm]cial competition1 al?\gh x appe>s t ! /rong patriotic s5se ( ! ,g]man 0 able to ju/ify1 9 8 own eyes1 :at might be reg>d$ z repreh5sible me?ods4 ,?is is n a "q ( br++ up old reproa*es1 b m]ely ( coldly exam9+ facts4 ,we h already ref]r$ to _! pat5t policy1 :]eby ?\s&s ( pat5ts 7 tak5 out1 ! only value ( _m ( !m1 be+ to cramp ! productive initiative ( possible rivals4 ,pr(essor ,/ieglitz expla9s h[ ! ,g]man pat5ts 7 useless 9 develop+ l>ge scale manufacture4 ,! pat5t protects ! product1 b does n reveal ! me?od4 ,sir ,william ,pope has also br\ght out ?is po9t1 %[+ h[ ! ,g]mans use ?\s&s ( bogus pat5ts to protect _! *emical indu/ry4 ,he tells u1#a;b ,9 fact1 "s ,g]man pat5ts are drawn up = ! purpose ( disc\rag+ inve/igation by m practical me?ods2 ?us1 any "o :o attempt$ to repeat ! me?od = manufactur+ a dye/uff protect$ by ,salzman ,krug] 9 ! ,g]man pat5t ,no4 #ab1jif w\ld be pretty c]ta9 to kill himself dur+ ! op]ation4 #a ,ali5 ,prop]ty ,cu/odian ,report1 #aiai1 p4 #cd4 #a;b ,sci5ce & ! ,nation4 ,a4 ,c4 ,sew>d1 ,f4,r4,s4 ,cambridge ,univ]sity ,press1 #aiag4 ,propag&a & ,in=mation2--,espionage2 ,activities ( ! ,dye ,ag5cies4--,b ano!r me?od :i* 0 us$ 9 ?is comm]cial (f5sive1 to :i* we mu/ draw fur!r att5tion1 dealt ) propag&a & in=mation4 ,9 8 compreh5sive report1 ! ,am]ican ,m5 ,prop]ty ,cu/odian exam9es a numb] ( l>ge indu/ries & reveals h[ ! ,g]man int]e/ 9 ^! indu/ries ?r\gh _! ,am]ican ramifications 7 active1 s[+ ! se$s ( ,g]man propag&a1 & collect+ in=mation1 bo? comm]cial & milit>y1 = ! use ( ! ,g]man ,gov]nm5t & its ag5ts4 ,quot+ aga9 f ?is report1 ,9 _m ( ! l>ge ,g]man-own$ companies tak5 ov] by ! ,ali5 ,prop]ty ,cu/odian1 aft] inve/igation x 0 f\nd t espionage 0 "o ( ! *ief functions4 ,e scrap ( in=mation ( comm]cial or milit>y value to ,g]many 0 c>efully ga!r$ by ! repres5tatives ( ^! conc]ns 9 ?is c\ntry & quickly =w>d$ to ! home (fice 9 ,g]many4 ,! ,g]man ag5ts 7 p>ticul>ly ke5 on ga!r+ in=mation t w\ld be helpful to ,g]many's comm]cial w>f>e4 ,once 9 ,g]many1 ?is in=mation 0 c>efully c>d-index$ = ! use ( ! manufactur]s4 ,bullet9s ( comm]cial in=mation 7 also prep>$ & plac$ at _! disposal4 ,9 ,g]many1 ! collection ( all comm]cial in=mation is "u a bureau :i* is controll$ & f9anc$ by ! great ,g]man banks1 su* z ! ,dresdn]1 ,disconto1 & ,rei*s ,bank4 ,?is /atem5t is n m]e g5]alisation1 b is back$ by innum]able examples4 ,?us we f9d a light railway equipm5t manufactur]1 a projectile company1 a wireless company1 v>i\s magneto companies1 insurance companies1 & ,g]man %ipp+ companies1 all engag$ 9 spread+ propag&a1 acquir+ in=mation1 & influ5c+ public op9ion 9 fav\r ( ,g]many4 ,b1 und\bt$ly m important ?an any ( ^!1 & tak+ a lead+ "p 9 ! g5]al s*eme1 0 ! ,g]man dye organisation4 ,! ,am]ican publications make ?is q cle>4 ,mr4 ,g>van goes s f> z to say3 ,z long z y 7 suppli$ by ! big six 7i4e4 ! ,i4,g471 y\r bus9ess _h no secret unkn[n to ,b]l94 ,9 ,b]l9 y w f9d ! c>d index sy/em :i* recites e fact connect$ ) ea* & e "o ( y\r s\rces :i* c be ( any possible value to y\r rivals ov] !re4 ,ref]r+ to assi/ance r5d]$ by v>i\s ,am]ican & ,alli$ dep>tm5ts1 includ+ ,milit>y1 ,naval1 & ,w> ,trade ,intellig5ce1 we le>n f ! same s\rces3 ,all ^! bodies work$ 9 close co-op]ation & _! mutual assi/ance 0 ( ine/imable value4 ,in=mation d]iv$ f ^! s\rces demon/rat$ t ! *emical indu/ry 0 a natural c5tre = espionage & t ?is _h be5 true long be=e we ent]$ ! w>--inde$1 be=e ! w> began4 ,! relation betwe5 ! ,g]man ,gov]nm5t & ! great ,g]man *emical h\ses 0 s close t repres5tatives ( ! indu/ry 7 naturally almo/ direct repres5tatives ( ! ,gov]nm5t1 & _! "w 9 ?is c\ntry gave !m unequall$ opportunities = exam9+ our indu/ries f )94 ,) ! outbreak ( w>1 ?is organisation became m cle>ly def9$4 ,x 01 p]haps1 difficult be=e ! w> to "k :]e to draw ! l9e betwe5 purely comm]cial & actual gov]nm5tal ,g]man activities4 ,! outbreak ( w> left no room = d\bt4 ,! ,g]man dye ag5cies became1 at once1 ! active ag5ts ( _! ,gov]nm5t 9 v>i\s s*emes1 ! nature ( :i* we %all outl9e1 & _! in=mation functions became v def9itely describable z espionage4 ,manoeuvr+ ,raw ,mat]ials4--,9 ! fir/ place1 ! ,ali5 ,prop]ty ,cu/odian f\nd unexampl$1 evid5ce ( a def9ite ,g]man s*eme to corn] & div]t c]ta9 important w> mat]ials de/9$ = ! ,allies4 ,*emical ,ex*ange ,association2--,doctor ,alb]t's ,lett]4--,_m su* plots c\ld be quot$1 b we w limit ourselves to "o1#a *os5 because on its /age move ! *ief figures ( ?is espionage sy/em4 ,?is case has be5 describ$ "u ! "n ( ! ,*emical ,ex*ange ,association1 & is mu* m fitt$ = ! p5 ( a ,conan ,doyle4 ,! move appe>s to h be5 initiat$ by ,dr4 ,alb]t1 ! f9ancial advis] ( ! ,g]man ,gov]nm5t 9 ,am]ica1 9 collaboration ) von ,b]n/orff4 ,its purpose 0 to corn] ! imm$iate supplies ( ,am]ican ph5ol 9 ord] to prev5t its manufacture into high explosives1 includ+ ! well-kn[n picric acid4 ,! outbreak ( w> in/antly /opp$ ! entry ( ph5ol into ! c\ntry4 ,fur!r1 ?is product 0 n manufactur$ !re to any ext5t be=e4 ,l>ge supplies 7 requir$ = ! production ( syn!tic res9s1 = ! gramophone indu/ry1 ,?is l$ to ! developm5t ( a ph5ol indu/ry by ! ,edison works1 & !re appe>$1 automatically1 a ph5ol surplus4 ,dr4 ,alb]t1 aw>e ( ! probable fate ( ?is surplus z raw mat]ial = alli$ munitions1 det]m9$ to seize x = ! ,g]man ,gov]nm5t1 & he did ?is ?r\gh ,dr4 ,hugo ,s*weitz]1 "o ( ! mo/ prom95t memb]s ( ! ,am]ican ag5cy ( ! great ,bay] works4 ,9 ,june1 #aiae1 ,dr4 ,s*weitz] contract$ ) ! sell+ ag5ts ( ! ,edison ,co4 = ! entire surplus ( ph5ol available = sale1 (f]+ a l>ge ca% security :i* 0 furni%$ by ,dr4 ,alb]t4 ,a lapse ( a week witness$ ano!r contract ) ! ,heyd5 ,*emical ,works1 a bran* ( ! ,g]man h\se1 by :i* ?is ph5ol 0 pur*as$ = conv]sion into salicylic acid & o!r products4 ,to avoid expos+ ! nature ( ! deal1 ,dr4 ,s*weitz] regi/]$ z ! ,*emical ,ex*ange ,association4 ,! pr(its am\nt$ to ne>ly a million doll>s1 half ( :i* belong$ to ,dr4 ,s*weitz]4 ,?is1 we are told1 w5t imm$iately to ! ,g]man ,gov]nm5t4 ,z a suitable climax to su* a v5ture1 a d9n] 0 giv5 at ! ,hotel ,a/or by ,dr4 ,s*weitz] 9 hon\r ( ,dr4 ,alb]t1 & is describ$ z a typical ga!r+ ( ! mo/ active ,g]man propag&i/s 9 ! c\ntry4 ,x 0 z a result ( ?is deal t ,dr4 ,alb]t s5t ,dr4 ,s*weitz] a memorable lett] 9 :i* he praises 8 bread? ( highm9d$ness1 & comp>es 8 "w ) a milit>y c\p accompli%$ by an army lead] 9 de/roy+ ?ree railroad tra9s ( =ty c>s conta9+ f\r & a half million p\nds ( explosives4 #a ,ali5 ,prop]ty ,cu/odian ,report1 #aiai1 p4 #dc4 ,dye ,ag5cy ,in=mation ,sy/em2--,dr4 ,alb]t on ,*emical ,w>f>e4-- ,al?\gh a great deal has be5 said 9 ,am]ica ) reg>d to ! activities ( ,dr4 ,s*weitz] & 8 foll[]s1 v little has be5 he>d on ?is side4 ,expla9+ ! complete in=mation sy/em possess$ by ! ,g]mans1 ,mr4 ,f4 ,p4 ,g>van in=ms u t ! head ( ! sy/em 9 ,am]ica = ye>s be=e ! w> 0 ,dr4 ,hugo ,s*weitz]1 ,presid5t ( ! ,bay] ,company !re1 & he ev5 quotes 8 secret s]vice numb] giv5 him by ! ,imp]ial ,m9i/] ( ,w>1 /at+ t he came to ,am]ica1 became a citiz5 on ! in/ruction ( ! ,g]man ,gov]nm5t1 & l$ ! espionage & propag&i/ movem5ts d[n to ! day ( 8 sudd5 dea? 9 ,novemb]1 #aiag4 ,! relation%ips betwe5 ,dr4 ,alb]t & ,dr4 ,s*weitz]1 :5 ! =m] 0 leav+ = ,g]many 9 #aiag1 are v illum9at+4 ,we le>n f ! same s\rce h[ ,dr4 ,s*weitz] receiv$ f ! =m] ne>ly "o & a half million doll>s1 all to be sp5t 9 espionage & propag&a4 ,dr4 ,alb]t1 leav+ ,dr4 ,s*weitz] a lett] ( appreciation1 to :i* we h ref]r$ 9 connection ) ! ,*emical ,ex*ange1 makes a v significant ref]5ce to *emical w>f>e4 ,( /ill great] & m b5eficial effect is ! support :i* y h af=d$ to ! pur*ase ( brom9e4 ,we h a well-f\nd$ hope t1 ) ! exclusion ( p]haps small quantities1 we %all be 9 a position to buy up ! total production ( ! c\ntry4 ,brom9e1 toge!r ) *loral1 is us$ 9 mak+ nitric gases1 :i* are ( su* great importance 9 tr5* w>f>e4 ,)\t brom9e ^! nitric gases are ( slight effect3 9 connection ) brom9e !y are ( t]rible effect4 ,brom9e is produc$ only 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates & ,g]many4 ,:ile1 !re=e1 ! mat]ial is on h& 9 satisfactory quantities = ! ,g]mans1 ! ,allies are entirely dep5d5t ^u importation f ,am]ica4 ,mak+ due all[ance = ! fact t ,dr4 ,alb]t 0 n a te*nical man1 ?is in=mation possesses an elem5t ( tru?1 inde$ ,france 0 driv5 to ! extreme ( e/abli%+ a brom9e indu/ry 9 ! wilds ( ,tunis 9 ord] to c\nt] ! ,g]man attack4 ,! ,moral ,aspect4--,su* facts tempt u to ?9k h>dly ( ^! repres5tatives ( ,g]man culture4 ,b !y 71 no d\bt1 fi]cely patriotic ,g]mans1 & x is n difficult = u to und]/& _! activities aft] ! outbreak ( w>4 ,an ,am]ican1 h[ev]1 c h>dly adopt su* a l5i5t view1 if1 z has be5 claim$1 _m ( ^! ag5ts 7 naturalis$ ,am]icans1 = !y 7 abus+ ! privileges & ! confid5ce ( _! adopt$ c\ntry4 ,we h no wi%1 h[ev]1 to dwell on ?is aspect ( ! matt]1 & h no d\bt :atev] t _m good ,g]mans c\ld ju/ify all ^! activities accord+ to _! own codes4 ,x w\ld h be5 bett] n to h giv5 ?is in=mation ! light ( day1 7 x n ( "s value = ! future4 ,report ( ! ,new ,york ,_w2--,g]man ,policy ,reg>d+ ,dye ,supplies to ! ,u4,s4,a4--,h[ f> c ! p>5t organisation ( ^! dye ag5cies be reg>d$ z aw>e ( _! activities8 ,!y 7 l>gely responsible = _! inspiration4 ,mr4 ,g>van says1 ,practically all ! dye salesm5 7 only nom9ally 9 ! employ ( ! bran*es "h2 all _h secret & p]sonal contracts ) ! ,home ,(fice4 ,f ^! facts alone !re c h>dly be any d\bt z to ! connivance ( ! home organisation4 ,aga91 on ,april #bh1 #aiae1 ! ,new ,york ,_w pr9t$ an editorial expla9+ t two l>ge ,g]man *emical & anil9e dye conc]ns are report$ to be e/abli%+ factories 9 ,new ,j]sey1 to supply ,am]ican dem&s hi!r to suppli$ f ,g]many4 ,?is /atem5t app>5tly al>m$ ,capta9 ,boy-,ed1 ! ,g]man ,naval ,atta*e1 & he communicat$ ) ,dr4 ,alb]t1 ! f9ancial repres5tative 9 ,new ,york1 = ! e/abli%m5t ( ^! factories w\ld h c\nt]$ ! ,g]man policy ( br++ political pressure by refus+ dye %ipm5ts4 ,dr4 ,alb]t's reply to ,boy-,ed conta9s ! foll[+ phrase3 ,) reg>d to ! dyes1 ,i got into t\* ) local exp]ts 9 ord] to det]m9e :at tru? !re is 9 ! news4 ,accord+ to my k ( ?+s1 ! matt] is a fake1 inasmu* z 99our factories h b\nd !mselves orally & by ^w ( hon\r to d no?+ 9 ! pres5t situation :i* might help ! ,unit$ ,/ates4 ,z fur!r evid5ce ( ?is def9ite policy1 witness a lett] f ,consul-,g5]al ,hoss5feld] to ! ,imp]ial ,g]man ,*ancellor1 ,dr4 von ,be?mann-,hollweg4 ,?is lett] is dat$ ,new ,york1 ,m>* #c1 #aiaf1 &1 aft] a detail$ exam9ation ( ! economic relation%ips betwe5 ,g]many & ,am]ica1 /ates3 ,fur!r1 we %\ld1 accord+ to my conviction1 hold ourselves absolutely passive 9 relation to ! proposals = ! exportation ( pota%1 *emicals1 & dye/uffs1 & if ! opportunity arises1 make ! sanction = !m1 n dep5d5t ^u ! cons5t = an ex*ange ( articles1 b ^u ! abolition en bloc ( all h9drances to int]c\rse contr>y to int]national laws :i* h be5 in/itut$ by ,engl&4 ,fur!r1 ,dr4 ,alb]t1 cabl+ to ! ,g]man ,gov]nm5t 9 ,april1 #aiaf1 on ! export ( dye/uffs1 tells u3 ,! hope 0 ent]ta9$ ( br++ ,am]ican indu/ries :i* 7 solely dep5d5t ^u ,g]man deliv]ies ( dye/uffs into a position t !y w\ld h to insi/ on ! importation ( dye/uffs "u ! conditions dem&$ by ,g]many4 ,!re c !n be no d\bt t ! p>5t organisation ( ! ,i4,g4 0 9 close t\* ) ! activities ( its ag5cies4 ,?is1 !n1 is a brief acc\nt ( ! me?ods by :i* ,g]many creat$ ! monopoly ^: exi/5ce ?reat5$ our success 9 ! _w w>4 ,be=e leav+ ! "q ( ! monopoly1 let u inquire a little m closely into its exact nature & range4 ,v>i\s ,am]ican (ficial reports h reveal$ ! desp]ate measures necessitat$ 9 t c\ntry 9 ord] to meet defici5cies 9 vital products :5 ! ,g]man s\rce ( supply 0 remov$4 ,pr(essor ,/ieglitz's ,evid5ce4--,pr(essor ,/ieglitz1 ( ! ,univ]sity ( ,*icago1 giv+ evid5ce be=e ! ,unit$ ,/ates ,s5ate1 /at$3#a #a ,he>+s be=e ! ,committee on ,f9ance1 ,u4 ,s4 ,s5ate1 #aibj4 ,i h come to ! conclusion t we w\ld h sav$ a great deal ( suff]+ & a great _m lives 9 ?is c\ntry1 if we _h _h an organic *emical indu/ry1 z !y h 9 ,g]many1 be=e we />t$ ! w>4 ,*>act]is+ ! dye indu/ry z ! s\rce ( w> *emicals1 includ+ explosives & poison gas1 he emphasises ! drug "q & %[s h[ _! developm5t dep5ds absolutely ^u ! exi/5ce ( c]ta9 raw mat]ials1 & facilities = compreh5sive organic *emical rese>*1 :i* only f9d a raison d'etre 9 ! exi/5ce ( a fl\ri%+ dye indu/ry1 ,ehrli*'s ,discov]y4--,po9t+ out ! difficulties 9 develop+ ! manufacture ( salv>san1 he expla9s h[ ! process 0 orig9ally discov]$ by an organic *emi/1 ,dr4 ,paul ,ehrli*1 co-op]at+ ) a ,g]man dye company1 ! crude mat]ial com+ f ! dye plants1 ! product itself /rongly resembl+ dyes1 conta9+ ars5ic in/ead ( "p ( _! nitrog54 ,! great importance ( ?is drug is br\ght out by ano!r witness be=e ! same committee1 ,mr4 ,francis ,p4 ,g>van1 :o expla9s h[1 by refus+ or neglect+ to %ip salv>san1 ,g]many want$ ! ,unit$ ,/ates to />ve to dea? = lack ( x1 & he cont9ues3 ,?9k :at an ext5sion ( disease & t an int5sification ( suff]+ & di/ress ,g]many 0 will+ to impose ^u h] be/ m>ket 9 ord] to obta9 h] imp]ial w4 ,g]many _h monopolis$ ! production ( ! important syn!tic drugs1 includ+ ! d]ivatives ( salicylic acid1 ( :i* aspir9 _h develop$ wide use 9 ,alli$ c\ntries4 ,aft] e h\sehold _h le>nt ! value ( ,g]man produc$ aspir91 its supply 0 cut (f at ! outbreak ( w>4 ,! same disadvantages appli$ 9 ! field ( anae/hetics4 ,= a long p]iod ,am]ica _h no local anae/hetics = hospital surgical "w1 be+ compell$ to use :at 7 t]m$ ,bulg>ian ,op]ations1 t is1 op]ations )\t anae/hetics4 ,pr(essor ,/ieglitz claims t ! lack ( drugs & anae/hetics ?rew back ,am]ican surg]y "s fifty to sev5ty ye>s 9 civilisation4 ,b :at ( ?is c\ntry8 ,we h already outl9$ h[ ! outbreak ( w> f\nd u )1 at ! mo/1 two or ?ree relatively small produc+ c5tres1 :i* did valiant s]vice dur+ ! w> & amply prov$ ! importance ( ! dye indu/ry by reveal+ :at c\ld h be5 done _h we be5 _m times /rong]4 ,0 ! same ,g]man *emical policy responsible = our pre-w> position8 ,z f> z we "k (ficial inve/igations h n be5 pursu$ to ! same l5g? z 9 ,am]ica1 b x is beyond d\bt t ! ,g]man dye companies took e possible /ep to /ifle ! developm5t ( our organic *emical production4 ,:5 ! w> broke out1 our com=table comm]cial contact ) ! ,i4,g4 became a /rangle-hold4 ,x c\ld n be o!rwise4 ,:atev] ! ,g]man attitude1 & we c\ld h>dly expect x to be fri5dly1 ! /rangle-hold at ! outbreak ( w> 0 inevitable4 ,b ?is dye m5ace fac+ our textile indu/ries1 & weak5+ our p[] ( retaliation 9 ! *emical w>1 0 n ! only dang] f ! ,i4,g4 ,we 7 9 a critical position ?r\gh failure to produce o!r commodities ?an dyes4 ,drugs & ,m$ic9al ,products2--,! ,g]man ,monopoly2--,national ,heal? ,insurance ,commission4--,! "q ( drugs assum$ critical importance at ! outbreak ( w>4 ,g]many _h be5 ass]t+ h] monopoly = ye>s 9 ! field ( m$ic9al *emicals4 ,cessation ( supplies at ! outbreak ( w> caus$ grave appreh5sion ( a s]i\s %ortage 9 ^! products1 s important = ! adequate treatm5t ( disease4 ,9 "s cases we possess$ nei!r ! raw mat]ials nor ! te*nical k to und]take rapid home production4 ,b 9 ! important gr\p ( ! syn!tic drugs d]iv$ f coal-t> products1 ! raw mat]ials 7 produc$ 9 quantity 9 ! ,unit$1 ,k+dom1 only to be export$ to ,g]many1 ?us contribut+ to h] monopoly4 ,briti% manufactur]s1 on ! o!r h&1 held _! own 9 ! production ( c]ta9 k9ds ( drugs1 su* z ! alkaloids1 gase\s anae/hetics1 & "s inorganic salts ( bismu? & m]cury4 ,9 a summ>y ( c]ta9 w> activities ( ! ,national ,heal? ,insurance ,commission1 we read3 ,x 0 *iefly 9 ! mak+ ( ! coal-t> syn!tic rem$ies t ,g]many 0 pre-em95t1 & t position 0 due n to any lack ( skill or inv5tion on ! "p ( ! ,briti% *emi/s1 b to ! high degree ( organisation atta9$ by ! ,g]man *emical indu/ry1 :i* made x possible to conv]t ! by-products ( ! anil9e factories into m$icam5ts ( high !rapeutic & comm]cial value4 ,! ,royal ,society2--,novoca94--,s s]i\s 0 ! situation t = "s "t we exi/$ on feeble /ocks4 ,b dur+ ?is p]iod ! utmo/ ef=ts 7 made to develop our own production4 ,! ,royal ,society promptly came =w>d ) a s*eme to l9k up w\ld-be produc]s ) appropriate c5tres ( rese>*4 ,! latt] n only assi/$ production b actually produc$ suffici5t quantities ( important drugs to tide u ov] ! difficult p]iod4 ,?us1 = example1 = ! production ( novoca9 ! assi/ance ( ab\t =ty univ]sity laboratories ?r\gh\t ! c\ntry 0 invok$1 & !y proce$$ to produce ! int]m$iates1 die?ylam9e & e?yl5e-mono*lor-hydr94 ,^! sub/ances 7 conv]t$ into die?yl-am9o-e?anol1 & ! f9al /ep1 ! production ( novoca91 0 und]tak5 by manufactur]s1 includ+ a prom95t dye firm4 ,we h ref]r$ to "o ( ^! sub/ances 9 connection ) ! ,g]man production ( mu/>d gas1 & ne$ only say t 9 ,engl&1 9 a "t ( national em]g5cy1 ! ,gov]nm5t _h to dep5d on ! improvis$ assi/ance ( =ty tea*+ & rese>* in/itutions = ! production ( small quantities ( drug int]m$iates4 ,fur!r1 ?is "w1 al?\gh to ! p]man5t cr$it ( ^? :o und]took x1 did n enable u lat] to produce rapidly w> quantities ( mu/>d gas1 itself dep5d5t on ! same important int]m$iate1 e?yl5e-mono*lor-hydr94 ,g]many settl$ ! drug & mu/>d gas "q by a simple dem& to ! ,i4,g41 because ! latt]1 hold+ ! indigo monopoly1 possess$ actual l>ge-scale e?yl5e-*lor-hydr9 production4 ,o!r cases1 al?\gh equally cr$itable to ^? actually engag$ 9 ! "w1 also reflect our national unprep>$ness & neglect ( *emical indu/ry4 ,beta-,euca9e4--,beta-euca9e is a v important local anae/hetic4 ,be=e ! w> we obta9$ x almo/ exclusively f ,g]many4 ,:5 urg5tly ne$$ 9 #aiae = ! ,w> ,(fice & ,admiralty1 ! ,gov]nm5t discov]$ t x c\ld n obta9 ?is sub/ance f comm]cial s\rces4 ,sev5te5 laboratories co-op]at$ to produce two hundr$ & sixte5 p\nds ( ! mat]ial4 ,su* examples w\ld be ludicr\s did !y n possess su* a s]i\s national aspect4 ,our position 0 almo/ z desp]ate reg>d+ *loral-hydrate1 ! important hypnotic1 & ! r>e c>bo-hydrates requir$ = bact]iological purposes4 ,sir ,william ,pope's compreh5sive /atem5t#a supplies fur!r examples4 #a ,sci5ce & ! ,nation1 ,a4 ,c1 ,sew>d4 ,f4,r4,s4 ,cambridge ,univ]sity ,press1 #aiag4 ,photographic ,*emicals4--,our dep5d5ce ^u ,g]man monopoly1 s dra/ically reveal$ at ! outbreak ( w>1 0 n limit$ to dyes & drugs1 ,photographic *emicals 7 ( special importance = w> purposes1 yet1 :5 ! developm5t ( aviation increas$ our dem&s = photographic *emicals1 we _h no normal suffici5t s\rce to :i* to turn4 ,we ne$$ n only ! ess5tial bulk *emicals1 su* z amidol1 metol1 p>a-amidoph5ol1 & glyc9e1 b also c]ta9 r>] sub/ances1 su* z ! photographic s5sitis]s1 :i* 7 s ess5tial = ! ,air ,=ce4 ,by call+ ^u *emical indu/ry & rese>* in/itutions bo? ne$s 7 satisfactorily met1 b ! contra/ ) ,g]many leads p]=ce to ! same conclusion1 _! case & spe$ ( production z comp>$ ) ours4 ,?is exam9ation %[s ! f9e texture ( ! t5aci\s web by :i* ,g]many _h entangl$ & /ifl$ ! organic *emical indu/ries ( o!r c\ntries4 ,al?\gh at ! outbreak ( w> ! ,allies 7 sl[ to realise ! w> significance ( ! dye indu/ry1 yet !y 7 quick to det]m9e t ! resumption ( peace w\ld n f9d !m 9 su* an ignom9i\s position4 ,/eps 7 tak5 to e/abli% dye indu/ries 9 ,engl&1 ,france1 & ,am]ica4 ,n only did plants spr+ up to meet ! imm$iate ne$s ( ! textile indu/ries ( ! _w outside ,g]many1 b ! "q receiv$ consid]able ,gov]nm5t att5tion4 ,promises 7 made & /eps tak5 to enc\rage ! gr[+ indu/ries4 ,b ^! _c be exam9$ 9 detail "h1 & ! ma9 facts are common k4 ,two po9ts em]ge1 h[ev]1 :i* are ( prime importance f ! po9t ( view ( our discussion4 ,9 ! fir/ place1 ! acute ne$s ( ! armies prev5t$ ! maximum use ( ! w> opportunity = develop+ ,alli$ dye indu/ries on a s\nd basis4 ,no soon] 0 produc+ capacity in/all$1 ?an x 0 tak5 ov] = ! production ( urg5tly ne$$ organic *emicals = explosives4 ,dye en?usia/s w\ld h reg>d$ ! w> z a supreme opportunity = a p]iod ( conc5trat$ organic *emical rese>* to make up ! leeway :i* exi/$1 ow+ to =ty ye>s ( ,g]man developm5t4 ,b ! rese>* en]gies ( ! c\ntry 7 occupi$ on m press+ problems4 ,9 ,g]many1 ! w> *emical activities ( ! dye factories all contribut$ to _! future po/-w> /r5g?4 ,9 ,engl& & ,france x 0 o!rwise4 ,our equival5t en]gies 7 conc5trat$ on develop+ improvis$ processes & plant1 absolutely necess>y to c\nt] ! ,g]man attacks1 b almo/ )\t exception ( no direct ultimate value to our peace organic *emical indu/ries4 ,?is is a po9t :i* m]its c>eful consid]ation4 ,^! indu/ries volunt>ily ?rew aside :at 01 logically1 a great opportunity = !m to pu% _! rese>* inve/igations s necess>y = ev5tual success4 ,! /ate-aid$ ,hudd]sfield factory repres5t$ national vision1 ^: fruits 7 /ol5 by our ceaseless ne$ to improvise c\nt]s to ,g]man aggression4 ,b we owe to our dye indu/ry ! national recognition ( ^! facts4 ,/ress ( w> gave u true vision1 b prev5t$ its logical outcome4 ,w> ne$s are n[ remov$1 & ev]y?+ %\ld be done to place at ! disposal ( ! dye indu/ries ^? facilities :i* !y necess>ily1 b gladly1 sacrific$ 9 "t ( em]g5cy4 ,! brief survey ( ! prec$+ pages reveals ! exi/5ce ( a ,g]man *emical policy pursu$ vigor\sly = _m ye>s be=e ! w>4 ,x also %[s h[ ?is policy develop$ 9 ,am]ica1 ! *ief neutral c\ntry1 dur+ ! w> p]iod1 = two ye>s be=e h] entry4 ,! ,am]icans h also e/abli%$ beyond d\bt ! active co-op]ation betwe5 ! ,g]man ,gov]nm5t & ! ,i4,g4 ,b1 if ! policy ( ! ,g]man ,gov]nm5t & ( ! organic *emical indu/ry _h _m po9ts 9 common be=e ! w>1 !y became "o be=e ho/ilities 7 _m mon?s old4 ,! "p play$ by ! ,i4,g4 9 munitions production1 9 :i* x 0 virtually a tool ( ! ,gov]nm5t1 has already be5 se54 ,x mu/ be rememb]$ t1 aft] ! fir/ ,battle ( ! ,m>ne1 ! ,g]man ,gov]nm5t turn$ to ! ,i4,g4 = a l>ge "p ( its explosives & practically all its poison gas1 &1 z has be5 /at$ on _m occasions1 & ) reason1 ,g]many w\ld n h be5 able to cont9ue ! w> aft] ! summ] ( #aiae b = ! comm]cial developm5t ( ! ,hab] process by ! ,i4,g4 ,! /ory is too well kn[n to repeat at l5g?4 ,! basic elem5t ( explosives is nitrog51 :i* is introduc$ by nitric acid4 ,?is 0 produc$ f import$ ,*ili saltpetre1 b ! blockade cut %ort ^! imports1 & b = ! ,hab] me?od1 ! vital /ep 9 produc+ nitric acid f ! air1 ,g]many w\ld h be5 compell$ to ab&on ! /ruggle4 ,!re is /rik+ co9cid5ce betwe5 ! comm5cem5t ( ! ,great ,w> & ! successful completion ( c]ta9 vital ,g]man *emical developm5ts4 ,z late z #aiab ,g]many /ill dep5d$ on o!r c\ntries1 *iefly ,engl&1 = h] ph5ol1 ! basic raw mat]ial = picric acid z well z a dye necessity4 ,soon aft] t date ! developm5t ( ! ,bay] plant made h] indep5d5t 9 t product1 & gave h]1 9 fact1 an exportable surplus4 ,w> ,activities ( ! ,i4,g4--,review+ all ^! activities & realis+ h[ !y all emanate f ?is "o organisation1 we are ov]:elm$ by its =midable nature z an (f5sive & def5sive weapon 9 "t ( w>4 ,"h we h an organisation1 ! ,i4,g41 ^: s9i/] pre-w> ramifications dom9at$ ! _w by _! hold on ! supply ( organic *emicals vital = peace & w>4 ,?is organisation function$1 9 a s5se1 z ! life blood ( ,g]man (f5sive w>f>e4 ,g]man s\rces tell u v little ( ! w> activities & future significance ( ! ,i4,g4 ,a veil ( secrecy seems to be ca/ ov] ! :ole matt]1 b beh9d ?is veil mu/ exi/ an acute realisation ( ! value ( ! ,i4,g4 z a trump c>d = ! future4 ,krupp is uncov]$1 ! :ole _w 0 al>m$ at its mean+ = w>1 b he>d ) a com=table s5se ( security h[ ,krupp 0 ex*ang+ ! sword = ! pl\gh4 ,b ! gigantic ,i4,g4 controls 9 its great h& a sword or pl\gh = w> or peace at w4 ,?is is no f>-fet*$ metaphor4 ,! ,rh9e ,factories & ! ,armi/ice1--,x !re=e becomes important to inquire into ! attitude & activities ( ! ,i4,g4 s9ce ! ,armi/ice1 & to exam9e its position 9 _w recon/ruction4 ,= "o brief p]iod1 ! few weeks foll[+ ! ,armi/ice1 ! ,g]man dye indu/ries appe> to h be5 )\t policy1 its lead]s 9 confusion4 ,b ) ! confid5ce inspir$ by ! ,alli$ ,rh9el& occupation1 ) ! assi/ance provid$ by ! ,alli$ controll+ organisations1 ) reg>d to lab\r1 fuel1 & comm]cial transactions1 ! indu/rial morale spe$ily recov]$4 ,! tide ( revolution :i* accompani$ ! ,g]man debacle 9 ! autumn ( #aiah swept ov] ! ,rh9el& *emical factories4 ,colonel ,norris1 writ+ on 8 visit 9 ,febru>y1 #aiai1 tells u t aft] peace 0 re/or$ by ! ,alli$ =ces3#a-- ! manag]s ( sev]al factories agre$ t ! occupation ( ! t]ritory 0 ! be/ ?+ t c\ld h happ5$4 ,on ! o!r side ( ! ,rh9e1 lab\r refus$ to "w1 & dem&$ unhe>d-( pay--ev]y?+ 0 topsy-turvy4 ,9 fact1 be=e ! ,alli$ armies arriv$1 revolution>y notions 7 gr[+ rapidly along ! ,rh9e4 ,"o director ( a well-kn[n *emical plant is said to h escap$ by night ) 8 life by way ( ! riv]1 :5 8 employees 7 especially m5ac+4 ,:5 ! ,briti% ,army came he return$1 & is n[ at 8 old po/4 ,?us1 al?\gh ! ,i4,g4 0 model 9 its in/itutions = ! welf>e ( employees1 at lea/ "o ( its mo/ prom95t directors 0 compell$ to take refuge f infuriat$ lab\r4 ,:at ) dang] f ! latt]1 & ! unc]ta9ty ( action by ! oncom+ ,alli$ troops1 ! future ( ! factories appe>$ v gloomy4 ,9 fact1 !re are fairly cr$ible rum\rs t ! ,g]man directors 7 will+ to dispose ( _! assets to ! ,allies :ile !y rema9$ intact4 ,b ! same ,alli$ troops1 ^: adv5t 0 fe>$1 roll$ back ! tide ( revolution f ! banks ( ! ,rh9e1 & re/or$ indu/rial security4 ,x is d\btful :e!r ! inve/+ armies realis$ ! full w> significance ( ^! factories1 except ! ,fr5*4 ,! latt] in/itut$ a fairly ?or\gh control almo/ at once4 ,b1 judg+ f reports ( diff]5t missions to ^! factories1 we 7 ev5 backw>d 9 organis+ inspection ( ! purely munitions plants4 ,?us ! ,h>tley ,mission did n mat]ialise until ?ree mon?s _h elaps$4 #a ,j\rnal ( ,indu/rial & ,eng9e]+ ,*emi/ry1 ,vol4 ,,xi41 #aiai1 ,page #hag4 ,w> ,m5tality ( ! ,i4,g4--,we wat* a vivid impression ( ! w> m5tality ( ! ,i4,g4 9 a few phrases f ,colonel ,norris's acc\nt3 ,ar\nd ! walls ( ! director's room 0 a beautifully pa9t$ & arti/ic frieze :i* pictur$ ! v>i\s plants ( ! ,bay] ,company & _! activities4 ,dr4 ,duisb]g1 ! director1 po9t$ out pr\dly to ! ,am]icans ! view ( ! company's plant on ! ,hudson ,riv]4 ,we 7 n surpris$ to see x1 al?\gh pre-w> adv]tisem5ts _h assur$ u at home t ,bay] aspir9 _h be5 made on ! ,hudson = ye>s by an ,am]ican company4 ,dur+ ! w> an ante-room _h be5 decorat$ 9 a simil> way1 ) pictures illu/rat+ ! activity ( ! plant 9 ! prep>ation ( w>-gas mat]ials4 ,"o saw h[ gas 0 made1 %ells 7 fill$1 & gas masks assembl$4 ,! "w 0 done by an arti/1 & has a p]man5t value4 ,! fact t ! ?+ 0 conceiv$ & execut$ dur+ ! /ress ( w> ?r[s an int]e/+ sidelight on ,g]man "*4 ,incid5tally1 x also ?r[s a fur!r sidelight ^u ! "p play$ by ,lev]kus5 9 ! *emical w>f>e campaign4 ,g]man ,attitude t[>ds ,inspection4--,z 0 q to be expect$1 ! ,g]man factories did n receive our missions ) op5 arms1 & !y 7 p>ticul>ly jeal\s ( any inspection at ,oppau1 ! site ( ! wond]ful ,hab] syn!tic ammonia plant4 ,lieut4 ,mc,connel1 ( ! ,u4,s4 ,navy1 tells u3#a ,^u arrival at ! plant ! ,g]mans display$ a polite b sull5 attitude4 ,!y seem$ will+ to af=d ! opportunity ( a cursory inspection1 b /rongly object$ to a detail$ exam9ation4 ,on ! ?ird day ( ! visit ! writ] 0 in=m$ t 8 pres5ce _h become a s\rce ( s]i\s objection & t if 8 exam9ation 7 prolong$ a =mal compla9t w\ld be submitt$ to ! ,peace ,conf]5ce4 ,! ,allies _h only !mselves to blame4 ,_! facile yield+ to ! argum5t t ?is great ars5al 0 pr9cipally ( peace significance1 ow+ to ! f]tilis]s :i* x w\ld ev5tually make1 & ! feeble back+ provid$ = inspect+ missions1 7 reflect$ 9 ! semi-resi/ant attitude ( ! ,i4,g4 p]sonnel4 #a ,j\rnal ( ,indu/rial & ,eng9e]+ ,*emi/ry1 ,vol4 ,,xi41 #aiai1 page #hcg4 ,! ,rh9e & ,*aulny ,contra/4--,x 0 a curi\s contra/1 h[ev]1 to pass ?r\gh ,*aulny on ! way to ! ,rh9e4 ,at ,*aulny1 ! olde/ *emical works 9 ,france1 quot+ aga9 f ,colonel ,norris1 :]e ,gay-,lussac did 8 fam\s "w on ! manufacture ( sulphuric acid1 :]e ,c\rtois discov]$ iod9e1 & :]e plate glass 0 fir/ made1 _h gr[n ) ! times1 & 0 among/ ! l>ge/ factories 9 ,france4 ,ar\nd x 0 a ?riv+ t[n ( ab\t #ac1jjj inhabitants1 ) "s excell5t public mod]n build+s4 ,:5 ! ,g]mans 9 _! fir/ retreat 7 =c$ to leave ! place1 !y dismantl$ ! factory & c>ri$ away ev]y?+ t 0 portable4 ,! =tunes ( w> br\ght !m back1 & be=e !y left a second "t a regim5t ( soldi]s 0 put to "w to de/roy sy/ematically ! factory & ! entire t[n4 ,=1 a mon? !y kept at "w1 & :5 !y )drew b a few bricks 7 left /&+4 ,e boil] _h be5 bl[n up ) dynamite1 & e tank too heavy to be c>t$ away r5d]$ useless4 ,ab\t half an acre 0 cov]$ ) *emical /onew>e ( all k9ds2 ea* piece _h be5 brok5 ) a sl$gehamm]4 ,no?+ 0 too small or too l>ge to escape de/ruction4 ,& to make sure ( a good job1 ev]y?+ t w\ld burn 0 set on fire4 ,yet )9 tw5ty-f\r h\rs "o met ,g]mans1 9-directly or directly responsible = ?is policy ( de/ruction1 res5t+ peaceful ,alli$ inquiries on ! munition activities ( _! own plants4 ,we h>dly "k :e!r to attribute su* effects ( ,alli$ policy to our own integrity 9 respect+ ! peace activities ( ^! ars5als or to (ficial ignorance ( _! w>-l nature4 ,g]man ,revolution & ! ,indu/rial ,lead]s4--,x is curi\s h[ ! lead]%ip ( ! capta9s ( ,g]man indu/ry 0 left unt\*$ by ! revolution>y di/urbances ( ! po/-,armi/ice p]iod4 ,evid5ce is to be f\nd 9 ! composition ( ! ma9 ,g]man delegation to ,p>is = ! settlem5t ( ! ,v]sailles ,treaty4 ,_m ( ! memb]s 7 big indu/rial magnates1 sev]al _h direct connection ) *emical indu/ry1 & at lea/ "o 0 a prom95t director ( ! ,i4,g4 ,! ,g]man ,peace ,delegation4--,comm5t+ on ! composition ( ! ma9 ,g]man delegation 9 ! spr+ ( #aiai1 we f9d ! ,g]man press deplor+ ! omission ( any visible repres5tative ( ,army or ,navy4 ,does ?is imply ! pres5ce ( invisible repres5tation8 ,:e!r int5d$ or n1 !re is tru? 9 ! implication4 ,! li/ conta9s ! "n ( "o ( ! lead+ repres5tatives ( ! big dye comb9e4 ,o!rs ( ! delegates h *emical int]e/s4 ,?is is significant4 ,x m ?an implies ! ,g]man (ficial ackn[l$gm5t ( ! importance ( ! dye indu/ry 9 g5]al = ! future ( ,g]many1 & ( its prime importance = w>4 ,rec5t ,signs ( ,gov]nm5t ,int]e/4--,rec5t developm5ts h m]ely /r5g!n$ ! dye comb9e & provid$ fur!r evid5ce ( ,gov]nm5t int]e/ 9 its welf>e4 ,! *ief signs ( reviv+4 ,g]man ,gov]nm5t int]e/ 9 ! ,i4,g4 are to be f\nd 9 ! loan = ! nitrog5 ent]prise & 9 ! privileges :i* x enjoys ) reg>d to ,gov]nm5t taxes4 ,an ,am]ican s\rce1#a a witness be=e a ,s5ate ,committee1 reveals t ! dye plants h to pay no direct ,gov]nm5t taxes4 ,accord+ to an und]/&+ ) ! pres5t ,gov]nm5t1 all organic *emical productions1 ! companies !mselves1 z well z all dep5d5cies1 )\t exception1 = ! next t5 ye>s1 are fre$ f all direct ,/ate tax4 ,9 s f> z community taxes come into consid]ation1 ,i believe we w obta9 a remission = our pr(ession4 ,! late/ sign ( ,gov]nm5t support is to be f\nd 9 ! pref]5tial treatm5t obta9$ by ! ,g]man dye indu/ry 9 coal deliv]ies4 ,coal is a critical factor 9 ! ,g]man attempt to rega9 _! monopoly4 ,nitrog5 ,fixation4--,! indu/rial fixation ( nitrog5 by ,g]many to =m ammonia has great importance f ! po9t ( view ( our discussion4 ,/atem5ts by v>i\s prom95t ,g]mans1 su* z ,dr4 ,max ,s]+1 ( ! ,univ]sity ( ,b]l91 & ,dr4 ,hugo ,s*weitz]1 already ref]r$ to1 leave no d\bt4 ,! =m]1 writ+ 9 #aiae1 tells u3 ,! complete cutt+ (f ( ! supply ( ,*ili saltpetre dur+ ! w> has be5 made good by our n[ tak+ nitrog5 directly out ( ! air 9 l>ge factories built dur+ & be=e ! w>4 ,) extraord9>y rapidity ! "q has be5 solv$ h[ ! enorm\s quantities ( ! ne$$ ammunition 7 to be produc$1 a "q :i* 9 ,engl& /ill meets ) difficulties1 9 spite ( ! help f ,am]ica4 #a ,he>+s be=e ,committee on ,f9ance1 ,u4 ,s4 ,s5ate1 #aibj1 page #aie4 ,! ,g]man ,nitrog5 ,syndicate4--,! two great ,hab] plants at ,oppau & ,m]seburg are bo? con/itu5t p>ts ( ! ,i4,g41 & !y introduce a new elem5t ( ,gov]nm5t int]e/ into ! ,i4,g4 policy4 ,giv+ evid5ce be=e ! ,committee on ,agriculture & ,=e/ry ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates ,s5ate1 ,colonel ,joyce develops ?is "q ( ,gov]nm5t int]e/ 9 detail4 ,he tells u h[ w> nitrog5 supply 0 en]getically & specifically fo/]$ by ! ,g]man ,gov]nm5t ?r\gh an ,imp]ial ,commission] "u ! ,w> ,dep>tm5t4 ,"o ( ! ?ree advis]s ( ?is campaign 0 ,doctor ,bueb1 repres5t+ ! ,badis*e ,anil9- und ,soda-,fabrik4 ,colonel ,joyce tells u3 ,t 0 a /rictly w> control organisation1 b ev5 be=e ! w> clos$1 ,g]many1 ) h] usual =esight1 0 giv+ consid]ation to ! future comm]cial aspects ( h] nitrog5 works1 & 9 ,augu/1 #aiai1 !re 0 def9itely =m$ an association ( ! produc]s :i* 0 call$ ! ,/ick/(f ,syndikat ,g4m4b4,h4 or ,nitrog5 ,syndicate4 ,?is designation is a comm]cial "o1 & ! organisation is along comm]cial l9es1 b x is1 reliably /at$ t ! e/abli%m5t ( ?is syndicate 0 l>gely due to gov]nm5tal influ5ce4 ,?is w be m easily und]/ood if x be realis$ t ! ,g]man ,gov]nm5t _h giv5 f9ancial assi/ance to _m ( ! new plants & plant increases :i* ! w> _h necessitat$4 ,hab] ,process ,prom95t4--,! ,badis*e ,co4 holds a l>ge "p ( ! capital /ock ( ?is syndicate1 ^: ,bo>d conta9s a ,gov]nm5t nom9ee4 9 addition ! ,bo>d ( ,manag]s w h a ,gov]nm5t *airman4 ,?r\gh su* arrangem5ts1 ,gov]nm5t int]e/ 9 ! ,i4,g4 nitrog5 ent]prise is cle>ly reveal$4 ,9 conclusion1 ,colonel ,joyce in=ms u1 ,?is in=mation1 :i* comes f mo/ reliable s\rces & is n to be disput$1 %[s t1 beyond "q1 any "o outside ( ,g]many produc+ or desir+ to pur*ase nitrog5\s f]tilis]s or simil> comp\nds1 w h to deal ) a s+le organisation1 ess5tially a bran* ( ! ,g]man ,gov]nm5t1 :i* w h an absolute monopoli/ic control ( all su* products produc$ 9 ,g]many or :atev] surplus !re may be = export 7,he>+ be=e ! ,committee on ,agriculture & ,=e/ry1 ,u4,s4 ,s5ate1 ,s4 #ccij1 ,m>4 #bbnd1 #aibj1 p4 #eb74 ,x is report$ t ! prelim9>y allotm5t ( production to ! ,badis*e ,co4 9 ! ,syndicate is ?ree hundr$ ?\s& tons p] annum1 :i* %\ld leave a consid]able exportable surplus4 ,?is w\ld con/itute a =midable weapon 9 any price-cutt+ campaigns ent]$ ^u by ! ,i4,g4 9 ord] to pres]ve h] v>i\s monopolies4 ,we le>n f ! ,col\r ,trade ,j\rnal ( ,augu/1 #aibj1 t ! ,g]man ,gov]nm5t has advanc$ some?+ ov] t5 million p\nds = ! con/ruction & op]ation ( ! ,hab] plant4 ,! ,new ,g]man ,dye ,comb9e4--,int]nal *anges h accompani$ ! developm5t ( ^! ext]nal relation%ips4 ,! int]*ange ( capital & directors betwe5 ! diff]5t bran*es1 ! use ( all assets = a common purpose1 & ! pool+ ( all pr(its effect$ 9 #aiai1 has br\ght ab\t a clos] union4 ,f ! relatively loose pre-w> comb9ation held toge!r by common price int]e/s1 ! organisation has pass$ ?r\gh ! c>tel to :at is n[ practically a =m ( tru/4 ,! ,g]man dye indu/ry is n[ a closely wov51 almo/ homog5e\s in/itution4 ,x has add$ economic cohesion to te*nical effici5cy1 & is to-day ! l>ge/ te*nically effici5t pot5tial in/rum5t ( w> 9 ! _w4 ,we h ?us reveal$ ! exi/5ce1 & indicat$ ! nature1 ( ! resultant activities ( ! *emical policy guid+ ! pre-w> ,g]man comb9ation ( organic *emical or dye produc]s4 ,fur!r1 x is se5 h[ ! w> /imulat$ & seal$ clos] relation%ips betwe5 ! con/itu5t firms1 & betwe5 ! resultant organisation1 ! ,i4,g41 & ! ,g]man ,gov]nm5t4 ,cont9u+1 we f9d ! above t5d5cies int5sifi$ s9ce ! ,armi/ice1 f unmi/akable signs briefly ref]r$ to above4 ,aggressive ,nationali/ic ,policy4--,bo? 9 peace & w>1 ! comb9ation ( int]e/s1 kn[n z ! ,i4,g41 has successfully pursu$ an int5sely nationali/ic & aggressive *emical policy4 ,we might ignore :at "s h reg>d$ z ! s9i/] side ( ! ,i4,g4 activities1 consid]+ ! :ole z a wond]ful monum5t to ,g]man sci5ce1 ?or\ghness & patriotism1 :i* x und\bt$ly is 9 _m respects4 ,b ! significance to ! ,allies & associat$ c\ntries rema9s ! same4 ,ev5 )\t any ?\ght or int5tion on ! "p ( pres5t day ,g]many to use ?is ?+ = w>1 x rema9s a s]i\s m5ace4 ,b ! direct evid5ce :i* we possess does n actually support su* a peaceful view4 ,h] press confid5tly prophesies ! resumption ( ! pre-w> ,g]man monopoly1 reassur+ its read]s by c>eful analysis ( ! causes ( ! ev5tful failure to e/abli% organic *emical indu/ries 9 ,alli$ c\ntries4 ,are we to yield 9 ?is field ( economic w>8 ,if s1 !n "o ( ! *ief lessons ( ! ,great ,w> w rema9 unhe$$1 & ! future _c fall to prove ?is to ! hilt1 to our co/4 ,,*apt] ,x ,,l9es ,,( ,,future ,,developm5t ,! ,elem5t ( ,speculation4--,x is ( consid]able int]e/ to ,introduce an elem5t ( speculation into our discussion ( *emical w>f>e4 ,9 glanc+ at future possibilities1 we c adopt "o ( two c\rses1 foll[ up ! cle>ly m>k$ l9es ( rec5t developm5t1 or give ! imag9ation play )9 ! :ole field ( sci5tific possibility4 ,! =m] c\rse lies m )9 ! scope ( ?is book4 ,*emical ,tactics & ,/rategy4--,two basic milit>y conceptions come to our assi/ance 9 attempt+ to *>act]ise types ( *emical w>f>e developm5t4 ,) a little explanation x is possible to place ?is or t me?od 9 ! tactical or /rategic class4 ,any new *emical w>f>e developm5t capable1 "u a giv5 sy/em ( individual protection1 ( successfully attack+ ! hi!rto protect$ individual1 may be t]m$ /rategic4 ,! me?od may be aim$ at a protect$ or hi!rto immune human function1 b if x ov]comes protection x is !n capable ( effect+ /rategic results by its use on a suffici5tly l>ge scale4 ,?us we reg>d ! fir/ introduction ( cl\d gas by ,g]many1 or _! use ( mu/>d gas1 z examples ( /rategic *emical w>f>e moves4 ,any fundam5tal discov]y ( ?is sort1 applicable to *emical w>f>e1 is capable ( /rategic effects4 ,us$ only on a small scale1 h[ev]1 ^! possibilities may be lo/ & tactical advantages may alone accrue4 ,! tactical type ( *emical w>f>e me?od involves ! use ( "s new or old w> *emical device 9 a*iev+ a tactical objective :i* may1 itself1 =m "p ( a l>g] s*eme ) /rategic significance4 ,examples 7 pl5tiful dur+ ! rec5t w>4 ,we may ref] to ! use ( smoke1 ( gas %ell = neutralisation1 or ( cl\d gas z prep>ation = a local infantry advance4 ,! same classification c be appli$ to ! protective z to ! (f5sive side ( *emical w>f>e4 ,! equipm5t ( an army ( millions ) a gas mask has a /rategic value1 if x c\nt]s ! l>ge-scale use ( gas by ! enemy4 ,! m]e fact ( ?is protection may s]ve ! same purpose z a viol5t resi/ance to a huge enemy attack4 ,x may r5d] ! attack1 &1 !re=e1 ! resi/ance1 out ( ! "q4 ,by p]mitt+ ! individual soldi] to reta9 ! effici5t use ( 8 weapons 9 gas1 ! mask1 or o!r =m ( individual protection1 may r5d] a co/ly c\nt]-attack unnecess>y4 ,9 ?is way protective me?ods 9 *emical w>f>e may be ! det]m9+ factor 9 "s /rategic campaign or tactical activity4 ,! di/9ction betwe5 tactics & /rategy 9 *emical w>f>e _c be made by gr\p+ sub/ances1 or _! me?ods ( application to w>1 any m ?an "o c say t c]ta9 infantry or artill]y =mations or weapons h a purely /rategic or tactical function4 ,! di/9ction lies r 9 ! magnitude & incid5ce ( use ( ! *emical appliance on ! battle-field1 :ile dep5d+ on its novel nature4 ,a new sub/ance1 possess+ pot5tial /rategic value1 may be wa/$1 & its surprise effect lo/1 9 "s local affair4 ,?is applies to ! use ( mu/>d gas by ! ,g]mans & to our own use ( ! ,liv5s projector4 ,our armies 7 surpris$ & our plans modifi$ by ! ,g]man use ( mu/>d gas at ,ypres & ,nieuport4 ,we 7 n cle> :]e ?is new ?+ 0 t5d+4 ,?9k ( its /rategic & psy*ological value _h x be5 us$ on a scale & front tw5ty times l>g]4 ,leav+ ! *emical field1 we c say t ! fir/ ,briti% use ( ! tank provid$ ano!r example4 ,new ,w> ,*emicals4--,! "q ( entirely new w> *emicals is ( g5]al int]e/4 ,! fir/ ma9 gr\p ( sub/ances ) :i* we 7 fac$ dur+ ! w> conta9$ su* types z *lor9e & phosg5e1 ^: *ief l9e ( attack 0 direct$ t[>ds ! respiratory sy/em4 ,specific protection rapidly develop$ &1 once obta9$1 l$ to viol5t attempts to p5etrate x or break x d[n4 ,9 o!r words1 ! attempts to p5etrate ! mask by us+ high] conc5trations ( phosg5e 7 analog\s1 f our po9t ( view1 to simil> attempts by ! use ( an entirely new sub/ance aim$ aga9 at ! respiratory sy/em4 ,! introduction ( mu/>d gas confirm$1 :at ! use ( la*rymators _h sugge/$1 t ! mo/ fruitful l9e w\ld be f\nd by attack+ human functions hi!rto immune4 ,fir/ ! lungs1 !n ! eyes1 !n ! sk9 ( ! human be+ came "u fire1 s to speak4 ,:at fur!r developm5ts appe> possible on ^! l9es8 ,assum+ t means are f\nd to protect satisfactorily ! respiratory sy/em1 & ! eyes1 :at o!r vuln]able po9ts c ! w> *emical f9d 9 ! human organism8 ,"s m specific vesicant1 "s modification ( mu/>d gas1 might arise1 limit$ 9 attack to c]ta9 portions ( ! human be+4 ,! ,g]mans 7 already at "w on ^! l9es4 ,cam\flage ,*emicals4--,x is by no means vision>y to picture ! loss ( ! s5se ( ta/e & smell by ! use ( "s *emical4 ,p>tially successful ef=ts 7 made by bo? sides dur+ ! w> to mask ! od\r ( ! h>mful con/itu5t ( a %ell fill+ by introduc+ an appropriate cam\flage comp\nd4 ,:ole s]ies ( *emicals 7 exam9$ f ?is po9t ( view by ! ,am]ican field laboratory at ,puteaux ne> ,p>is4 ,! /ep f specific cam\flage comp\nds to a s+le g5]al type is by no means unbridgeable 9 !ory4 ,an insight into "w ( ?is k9d has be5 giv5 by ,colonel ,r4 ,f4 ,bacon ( ! ,am]ican ,*emical ,w>f>e ,s]vice4 ,he says3 ,! gas-cam\flage is ( p>ticul> int]e/4 ,x has be5 f\nd t malodor\s comp\nds 7butyl m]captan1 dime?yl tric>bonate1 etc471 are useful to mask ! pres5ce ( o!r gases' or to =ce ! enemy to we> respirators :5 no o!r gases' are pres5t4 ,z 9 ! case ( la*rymators1 su* /9k gases' mu/ frequ5tly be accompani$ by o!r gases1' 9 ord] t ! enemy may nev] "k :5 toxic gases are actually abs5t4 ,cam\flage gases are also useful 9 t !y save mu/>d gas' & ! highly le?al gases4 ,_! value has be5 demon/rat$ 9 trials at ,hanlon ,field & also at ! front4 ,! use ( su* comp\nds has an obvi\s value4 ,by remov+ ! possibility ( detect+ ! dang]\s *emical1 !y en=ce ! p]man5t use ( ! protective appliance or enc\rage a fatal c>elessness 9 ! individual soldi]4 ,functions ,hi!rto ,immune4--,9 ?is field ( *emical attack ^u hi!rto immune human functions1 x is p>ticul>ly easy to class sugge/ions z vision>y & to be wise only aft] ! ev5t4 ,b x mu/ be borne 9 m9d t any nation 9 a position to effect su* a surprise w\ld be 9 a comm&+ position4 ,x is believ$1 = example1 t ! human be+ ma9ta9s 8 equilibrium ?r\gh ! prop] function+ ( ! semi-circul> canals1 organs situat$ beh9d ! inn] e>4 ,x does n appe> possible to atta9 !m *emically directly1 b !y might be rea*$ by ! absorption ( "s suitable *emical into ! sy/em 9 ! v small conc5trations n[ possible on ! field ( battle4 ,we d\bt :e!r any physiologi/ w\ld g fur!r ?an to say t su* a mode ( attack is improbable 9 ! ne> future4 ,no qualifi$ p]son w\ld class x z impossible4 ,x has be5 advanc$ t ! control ( equilibrium occurs ?r\gh ! movem5t ( c]ta9 hairs ?r\gh a liquid )9 ^! canals4 ,if ?is be s1 !n "o w\ld simply require to solidify or *ange ! viscosity ( ?is liquid4 ,w\ld ?is be difficult8 ,probably n1 = mo/ ( ! body fluids are ( t colloidal nature 9 :i* coagulation occurs 9 ! pres5ce ( small quantities ( special ag5ts4 ,su* a result might cause ! individual to lose 8 equilibrium4 ,?is w\ld prohibit all organis$ movem5t4 ,an army ?us atta9$ w\ld be less mobile ?an a colony ( cripples4 ,picture = a mom5t su* a battle z ! great ,g]man attack ( ,m>*1 #aiah--millions ( m5 urg$ =w>d f fix$ positions "u highly c5tralis$ control--!y advance1 say1 two or ?ree miles beyond ?is control & are l>gely dep5d5t on local initiative = ! attack4 ,!y !n ent] cl\ds ( %ell *emical & 9 less ?an fifte5 m9utes a fair p]c5tage becomes incapable ( advanc+ 9 a fix$ direction1 ( obey+ local ord]s1 or ( any?+ m ?an a sort ( drunk5 movem5t4 ,by ?is "t _! support+ artill]y w\ld h be5 id5tifi$ & atta9$1 & ! :ole attack r$uc$ to almo/ f>cical conditions4 ,su* a comp\nd may nev] develop1 b :o w class x z beyond ! realm ( ev5tual possibility8 ,e "o is acqua9t$ ) ! peculi> effects produc$ by v>i\s anae/hetics4 ,! em]g5cy uses to :i* !y are put & our p]sonal acqua9tance ) !m may h dull$ ! imag9ation4 ,?9k = a mom5t ( ! possibilities :i* !y unfold4 ,gase\s anae/hetics1 9 c]ta9 conc5trations1 produce tempor>y unconsci\sness1 o!r anae/hetics1 s call$ local1 produce absolute immobility )\t loss ( consci\sness4 ,*lor(orm & e!r are common =ms ( ! fir/ type1 b !y are requir$ 9 su* conc5trations z to r5d] _! battle use impracticable4 ,b ! second type1 ( :i* /ova9e1 ! new syn!tic drug1 is a good example1 produces its effects 9 v small conc5tration4 ,a few drops inject$ into ! sp9al column are suffici5t to prev5t all movem5t = a numb] ( h\rs4 ,we _c expect to obta9 ! conditions ( ! op]at+ table on ! battle-field1 b *emicals :i* are effective 9 v small quantities or conc5trations may f9d ano!r *annel into ! human sy/em4 ,= ?is reason ! developm5t ( ! mask1 ! protection ( ! respiratory *annels1 is ( great importance1 = x blocks ! way to sub/ances :i* by m]e absorption might produce valuable milit>y results4 ,*emical ,con/itution & ,physiological ,action4--,x is impossible to adopt a m ?an speculative outlook 9 ?is field4 ,s little is kn[n reg>d+ ! relation%ips betwe5 *emical con/itution & physiological action & v few s\nd g5]alisations h be5 made4 ,a consid]able am\nt ( sci5tific "w occurr$ on ^! l9es 9 v>i\s c\ntries be=e ! w> on ! connection betwe5 ! *emical nature ( comp\nds & _! ta/e & smell1 b ! relation%ips are /ill obscure4 ,unsolv$ ,problems ( ,mu/>d ,gas4--,! use ( a *emical :i* attacks "s unexpect$ human function introduces _m di/urb+ & disorganis+ factors4 ,?us ! introduction ( mu/>d gas has left u ) a numb] ( unsolv$ problems4 ,by employ+ ?is sub/ance ,g]many dep>t$ f h] usual caution & violat$ "o ( ! fir/ pr9ciples ( *emical w>f>e4 ,x is uns\nd = any nation to introduce a new weapon1 unless t nation is1 itself1 furni%$ ) ! means ( protection aga9/ its ev5tual employm5t by ! enemy4 ,! ,g]mans h1 !mselves1 expla9$ ?is brea* ( ! pr9ciples ( w>4 ,!y 7 conv9c$ t we c\ld n retaliate ) mu/>d gas1 because we c\ld n produce x4 ,x 0 a miscalculation b bas$ on gr\nds ( :i* !y 7 sure1 hav+ be5 l>gely in/rum5tal 9 det]m9+ !m ?r\gh _! aggressive *emical policy4 ,mu/>d gas attacks ! respiratory sy/em & ! out] sk9 ( man4 ,! armies 7 effici5tly protect$ aga9/ ! fir/ l9e ( attack1 b !y nev] develop$ effici5t protection aga9/ ! second4 ,protection ( ! sk9 ( ! individual soldi] aga9/ mu/>d gas 0 !oretically possible 9 ?ree ways4 ,9 ! fir/ place a numb] ( *emical solutions 7 devis$ :i*1 appli$ to ! affect$ sk91 w\ld de/roy ! poison\s *emical4 ,?is 0 a bad me?od1 & 0 nev] effici5tly employ$4 ,g]man army ord]s aft] ! ,fr5* introduction ( mu/>d gas 7 bri/l+ ) ref]5ces to *loride ( lime or blea*+ p[d]4 ,x 0 to be kept 9 e conceivable place :]e ! gas 0 likely to p5etrate4 ,soldi]s 7 provid$ ) boxes ( blea* call$ ,gelbol94 ,p]manganate ( pota% 0 c>ri$ z an alt]native = a brief p]iod4 ,a wire f ! ,?ird ,g]man ,army to ! ,w> ,m9i/ry1 ,b]l91 dat$ #ag? ,july1 #aiah1 /at$3 ,*loride ( lime has all be5 issu$ 9 boxes to ! troops4 ,res]ves exhau/$4 ,"o _h ! impression ( a dr[n+ man cat*+ at a /raw4 ,supply on a suffici5t scale to cov] mo/ cases 0 practically impossible4 ,ea* soldi] w\ld h to c>ry ! protective *emical z "p ( 8 equipm5t1 & its prop] use dep5d$ on tra9+4 ,!re 0 no "t to id5tify & assemble ! ?\s&s ( affect$ cases = c5tral treatm5t4 ,mu/>d gas p5etrat$ ?ick clo?+1 ev5 boots4 & 0 (t5 only id5tifi$ h\rs aft] ! damage 0 done4 ,! second me?od :i* 0 attempt$ on a l>ge scale 0 ! protection ( ea* soldi] by special mu/>d-gas-pro( clo?+1 b a man1 fight+ = 8 life on ! battle-field1 w n tol]ate su* a h&icap to movem5t1 &1 al?\gh hundr$s ( ?\s&s ( oil$ suits 7 prep>$ & 7 ( def9ite use 9 c]ta9 special cases1 = example 9 c]ta9 artill]y =mations1 yet ! me?od mu/ be reject$ z unsuitable f a milit>y po9t ( view4 ,! ?ird solution1 :i* 0 tri$ exp]im5tally on a l>ge scale1 0 to cov] soldi]s go+ into action ) a cream or pa/e ( protective *emical4 ,?is1 aga91 c\ld only be appli$ 9 special cases1 prior to an assault1 = example1 & c\ld n be reg>d$ z a p]man5t =m ( protection4 ,z we h se51 mu/>d gas infect$ :ole areas = _m days1 ow+ to its great p]si/5cy4 ,x 0 (t5 necess>y to cross su* zones = attack or c\nt]-attack4 ,h[ 0 ?is to be effect$ )\t huge losses8 ,x 0 f\nd possible1 lit]ally by creat+ roads ( blea*1 t is1 by spr9kl+ blea*+ p[d] on *os5 lanes ?r\gh ! infect$ area1 to pass columns ( troops ?r\gh su* areas1 b ?is _c be view$ z a practicable solution4 ,c>ri$ to its logical conclusion1 x w\ld h tax$ ! possibilities ( supply beyond _! utmo/ capacity4 ,"h1 !n1 we h a case 9 :i* x is n possible to protect a soldi] by "s specific appliance1 & ! w> f\nd u emb>k+ on s*emes ( protection by ! use ( *emicals 9 quantities :i* ?reat5$ to c>ry u out ( ! range ( possible manufacture4 ,a ,new ,type ( ,ob/acle4--,*emical w>f>e has introduc$ a new type ( /rategic & tactical ob/acle4 ,m$iaeval me?ods ( w> reli$ l>gely on natural & man-built b>ri]s4 ,riv]s1 moats1 =ts 71 & /ill are1 to a c]ta9 ext5t1 critical factors 9 w>4 ,! conceptions ( a ,vauban c\ld det]m9e ! issue ( a campaign4 ,su* ob/acles 7 only effective1 h[ev]1 :5 prop]ly mann$ & arm$4 ,! ,h9d5burg ,l9e & ! ,canal du ,nord 7 trem5d\s ob/acles :5 back$ by ,g]man artill]y1 rifles1 & ma*9e-guns1 b1 )\t ! latt]1 !y w\ld h be5 m]e inconv5i5ces = ! passage ( an army4 ,! mass+ ( a multitude ( guns1 us$ = ! fir/ "t dur+ ! rec5t w>1 produc$ ano!r =m ( tempor>y ob/acle1 b troops c\ld be tra9$ to1 & actually did1 advance ?r\gh ! b>rage4 ,fur!r1 ! ultimate limits ( supply & ! use ( c\nt] artill]y introduces "t & quantitative limitations to ! use ( ! really int5sive b>rage4 ,*emical w>f>e1 h[ev]1 has introduc$ a me?od ( block+ out *os5 areas ( ! battle-field 9 su* a way z to prev5t _! effective use = milit>y def5ce1 communications1 or o!r purposes4 ,x is n[ possible1 by *emical means1 to give a normal piece ( c\ntry ! same value z a natural ob/acle1 or "o organis$ = def5ce by =midable eng9e]+ con/ruction1 & mann$ by rifles & ma*9e-guns4 ,?is c be a*iev$ by ! use ( a highly p]si/5t dang]\s gas or w> *emical ( :i*1 s f>1 mu/>d gas is ! mo/ effective example4 ,we h se5 h[ ! ,g]mans =m$ def5sive flanks dur+ _! ,m>*1 #aiah1 (f5sive1 by spray+ c]ta9 areas betwe5 _! fronts ( attack ) mu/>d gas4 ,x is true t1 9 ! quantities 9 :i* x has1 s f>1 be5 us$1 mu/>d gas has n conv]t$ op5 areas into absolute ob/acles aga9/ ! movem5t ( a det]m9$ individual1 platoon1 or ev5 l>g] unit4 ,b ev5 9 ! quantities :i* h already appe>$ on ! battle-field1 x has r5d]$ :ole zones practically unusable = huge masses ( m51 ow+ to ! c]ta9ty ( a v high p]c5tage ( casualties4 ,up to ! pres5t its value has be5 r z a s]i\s factor 9 ,/aff consid]ation ( losses ?an z an actual physical b>ri]4 ,_m ( ! casualties are only incurr$ a few h\rs aft] contact ) ! gas4 ,?is may n det] a man f cross+ an affect$ zone1 b x may det] ! ,/affs f us+ t zone1 :5 !y realise t ?is w\ld imply ! c]ta9ty ( _m ?\s&s ( casualties among/ ! troops4 ,! *oice is betwe5 two evils1 tactical acquiesc5ce to ! enemy's plan1 block+ out a c]ta9 area1 or ! c]ta9ty ( huge casualties4 ,a v int]e/+ case occurr$ 9 ! ,g]man attack ne> ,mt4 ,kemmel 9 ! spr+ ( #aiah1 :]e l>ge quantities ( ,g]man mu/>d gas 7 us$ "s di/ance 9 front ( ! orig9al l9e ( ,g]man attack4 ,9 ?is case1 n only 0 x cle> t ! ,g]mans w\ld n attempt to advance beyond a limit$ objective 7& !y did n71 b ! developm5t ( _! attack left !m organis+ _! def5ces beh9d _! own mu/>d gas b>rage4 ,! ,p]si/5t ,le?al ,sub/ance4--,! importance ( ^! consid]ations c h>dly be exagg]at$ :5 we realise t1 at any "t1 a sub/ance possess+ ! same /rategic value z mu/>d gas1 b mu* m viol5t casualty effects1 may be discov]$4 ,! ,g]mans 7 c]ta9ly aw>e ( ^! possibilities4 ,accord+ to ! /atem5t ( an app>5tly reliable prison] ( ! #cj? ,r4,i4,r41 ,july1 #aiah1 ! ,regim5tal ,gas ,(fic] /at$ 9 a lecture t1 z ! ,allies _h us$ a new gas1 ! ,g]mans 7 go+ to employ a ,:ite ,cross gas %ell4 ,?is gas 0 /rong] ?an any ( ! gases at pres5t 9 use2 x possess$ a p]si/5ce up to eight days1 & c\ld1 !re=e1 n be us$ on ! front = an assault4 ,its p]si/5ce 0 fav\r$ by damp or mi/y wea!r & by ! nature ( ! gr\nd4 ,nei!r ! ,g]man drum nor ! masks ( ! ,allies af=d$ protection aga9/ x4 ,! la/ important ,g]man developm5t consi/$ 9 ! use ( pumice impregnat$ ) phosg5e 9 _! ,liv5s bombs4 ,x 0 cle> t ! ,g]mans 7 attempt+ to produce a gas :i* 0 n only highly le?al b p]si/5t4 ,foll[+ up ?is idea1 we c =eca/ ! use ( a *emical :i* w n only p]mit ! =mation ( def5sive flanks1 or pockets1 9 ! enemy front1 or 9 our own def5sive positions1 ?r\gh _! influ5ce on ,/aff consid]ations ) reg>d to casualties1 b1 by replac+ ! relatively mild casualty effect ( mu/>d gas by a highly & rapidly le?al effect1 w r5d] ^! areas n only /rategically1 b physically1 impassable4 ,"o ( ! mo/ significant possibilities 9 *emical w>f>e developm5t is ! arrival ( ?is type ( ! comp\nd1 ! highly le?al1 highly p]si/5t *emical4 ,! ,critical ,range4--,^! consid]ations are v int]e/+ f ! milit>y po9t ( view4 ,consid] ! ph5om5al am\nt ( muscul> en]gy requir$ to organise any captur$ /ret* ( t]ritory aga9/ c\nt]-attack4 ,! type ( comp\nd we h outl9$ is likely to *ange completely ! aspect ( attack & c\nt]-attack4 ,! ,somme battlefield1 = example1 gave ! impression ( a s]ies ( def5sive positions organis$ by ! "o side or ! o!r aft] attack or c\nt]-attack1 9 ord] to hold small ga9s ( gr\nd1 :i* 7 nev] int5d$ to repres5t ! f9al advance4 ,successful progress f "o tr5* sy/em meant build+ ano!r1 "u ! p\nd+ ( ! enemy's artill]y1 & ! deadly fire ( ma*9e-guns1 expos+1 9 ?is improvis$ sy/em1 l>ge numb]s ( troops1 among :i* casualties con/itut$ a cont9u\s dra9 ^u ev5tual res]ves4 ,! arrival ( ! highly p]si/5t le?al comp\nd %\ld provide an effective sub/itute = ?is labori\s con/ructional protection 9 ! %ape ( ! p]si/5t le?al b>rage4 ,?is w r5d] imm$iate c\nt]-attack & ne> ma*9e-gun fire v difficult4 ,automatically1 few] m5 w be ne$$ to hold ! advanc$ positions4 ,x is true t1 ) ! next attack1 kick+ (f & assembly positions w be requir$1 = ^! c be mu* m effici5tly develop$ beh9d a deep *emical b>rage & w dem& ! exposure ( few] m5 :]e m "t is available = prep>ation4 ,su* conditions1 h[ev]1 c only occur if "o1 side possesses "s di/9ct advantage ) reg>d to surprise by1 or effici5t protection aga9/1 ! p]si/5t le?al comp\nd4 ,:5 bo? sides are equally mat*$ 9 ?is respect1 a duel w arise 9 :i* ! w9n] w be ! "o :o c ?r[ ! critical conc5trations ( *emical into a giv5 area at ! greate/ range4 ,?is might be call$ ! critical range4 ,h]e9 lies ! importance ( ! developm5t ( su* weapons z ! ,liv5s projector1 & ! ,g]mans _h c]ta9ly grasp$ an important pr9ciple1 :5 !y us$ our own modifi$ weapon aga9/ u ) a mu* great] range ?an our own4 ,if we admit ! possibility ( a p]si/5t le?al comp\nd1 ?is "q ( critical range assumes out/&+ importance4 ,! ,new ,no-,man's-,l&4--,! rec5t w> witness$ a r sudd5 adoption ( tr5* w>f>e1 dur+ a p]iod 9 :i* ! artill]y /r5g?s ( bo? sides 7 relatively feeble1 :5 comp>$ ) ! lat] /ages ( ! w>4 ,accord+ly1 !re arose v def9ite l9es ( field =tifications1 & /rongly held tr5* sy/ems1 sep>at$ f ea* o!r by a comp>atively n>r[ ,no-,man's-,l&1 ,) ! developm5t ( ! =midable artill]y /r5g?s ( bellig]5ts1 !re 0 a t5d5cy to =m a mu* wid] ,no-,man's-,l&1 & ! front l9e sy/ems 7 lightly held1 approximat+1 9 _m cases1 to an outpo/ l9e4 ,! discov]y & mass production ( a p]si/5t le?al sub/ance is likely to conv]t ,no-,man's-,l& into a p]man5tly infect$ gas zone1 mann$ by special outpo/s ( p]man5tly protect$ troops4 ,comb9$ ) ! developm5t ( smoke1 ?is may r5d] unnecess>y ! highly organis$ tr5* assembly sy/ems ( ! rec5t w>1 us$ be=e ! assault1 &1 ) ! developm5t ( ! tank z a fa/ fight+ ma*9e1 & = ! transport ( troops1 "o c obta9 a glimpse ( ! nature ( ! new attack & c\nt]-attack4 ,a rec5t writ]#a has %[n u ! future tank c>ry+ w> into ! enemy's c\ntry & de/roy+ 8 n]ve c5tres by actually rea*+ & p>alys+ ! ,g4,h4,q4s4 ( armies & small] =mations4 ,su* op]ations w h to occur ?r\gh a wide zone ( ! new gas & w necessitate ! anti-gas tank4 ,inde$1 "o ( ! mo/ important functions ( ! tank w be to c>ry ! advance gu>d ( an army beyond ! infect$ ,no-,man's-,l&1 & su* an advance w occur beh9d a s]ies ( smoke b>rages creat$1 9 ! fir/ place1 by ! artill]y1 &1 lat]1 by ! advance ( tanks !mselves4 #a ,tanks 9 ! ,great ,w>1 ,col4 ,j4 ,f4 ,c4 ,full]41 ,d4,s4,o4 ,! ,al]t ,gas ,zone4--,! developm5t ( ! gas al]t idea has def9ite int]e/ = ! future ( *emical w>f>e4 ,x is well kn[n h[ ! developm5t ( gas %ell & surprise gas %oots by ! ,g]mans l$ to ! necessity = gas al]t conditions betwe5 c]ta9 times & )9 c]ta9 di/ances ( ! front l9e4 ,! mask _h to be worn 9 ! s-call$ ready position1 9 ord] t swift adju/m5t might be possible 9 case ( surprise attack4 ,! summ] ( #aiag witness$ a great increase 9 gas %ell activity4 ,?is 0 reflect$ 9 important *anges 9 ! gas al]t regulations4 ,9 ! autumn ( t ye> all p]iods ( read9ess 7 aboli%$ & replac$ by a con/ant /ate ( read9ess4 ,9 ! =w>d area absolute read9ess 0 requir$ )9 two miles ( ! front l9e1 & special precautions 7 tak5 z f> back z twelve miles4 ,t ! ,g]mans suff]$ "u ! same re/ra9ts is witness$ by _m captur$ docum5ts4 ,9 p>ticul>1 a divisional ord] tak5 9 ,decemb]1 #aiag1 gave ! gas dang] zone z )9 fifte5 kilometres ( ! front l9e1 & )9 ?is region e "o mu/ c>ry a mask4 ,! al]t position ( ! mask 0 insi/$ ^u )9 two kilometres ( ! front l9e4 ,by ,july ! al]t zone _h increas$ 9 dep? 9 bo? armies4 ,?is t5d5cy mu/ h increas$1 _h ! w> cont9u$1 = bo? sides 7 employ+ gas 9 guns ( l>g] calibres1 & weapons 7 be+ devis$1 su* z ! improv$ ,g]man ,liv5s projector1 :i* gave high conc5trations at mu* great] di/ances f ! front l9e1 i4e4 ) great] critical ranges4 ,we h se5 h[ ! possible developm5t ( a p]si/5t le?al comp\nd may produce an infect$ & wide ,no-,man's-,l&4 ,impos$ on ?is1 !re w1 no d\bt1 be gas al]t conditions ( great dep?s4 ,h[ d ^! conceptions "w out = ! w> ( movem5t8 ,x w\ld appe> t ! possession ( su* a comp\nd & ! means ( produc+ & us+ x on a v l>ge scale c\ld det]m9e ! /ation>y or op5 nature ( w>f>e1 if o!r =ces 7 n too unequal4 ,a new milit>y factor em]ges1 ! artificial1 p]man5t1 unmann$ ob/acle1 :i* c be laid d[n at w on areas ^: magnitude dep5ds f9ally on manufactur+ capacity4 ,! g]m ( ! idea appe>$ dur+ ! w> at ,kemmel & 9 ! v>i\s mu/>d gas b>rages =m$ by artill]y or delay$ m9es us$ by ! ,g]mans 9 _! great retreat4 ,! sudd5 developm5t ( su* b>ri]s w be equival5t 9 effect to ! creation ( /rong tr5* sy/ems1 b ^! c\ld nev] result1 "u w> conditions1 9 "t to approa* ! /rategic flexibility & importance ( ! p]si/5t le?al infect$ b>ri]4 ,gas & ,aircraft4--,! comb9ation ( gas & aircraft pres5ts ! possibility ( atta9+ /rategic effects by *emical means4 ,_m rum\rs 7 afloat1 t[>ds ! end ( ! w>1 reg>d+ ! use ( gas by enemy aircraft1 & !re 0 appreh5sion among/ ! civil populations1 :i* has be5 reflect$ 9 num]\s public utt]ances4 ,evid5ce on ! matt] is v scanty4 ,9 ,july1 #aiag1 ! use ( gas 9 a]oplane bombs by ! ,g]mans 0 report$1 b n confirm$4 ,fur!r reports 9 ,augu/ indicat$ ! use ( ,blue ,cross1 ow+ to ! sneez+ effects :i* 7 produc$ on ^? )9 rea* ( ! air bomb4 ,9 ,octob]1 ! evid5ce 0 m conclusive4 ,b ! ,g]man a]oplanes left no bl9d or dud %ell1 &1 beyond ! viol5t nasal & sneez+ effects ( ,blue ,cross1 evid5ce 0 aga9 abs5t4 ,?is report 0 v p]si/5t1 =1 9 ,july1 #aiah1 !re 7 aga9 rum\rs t ,blue ,cross bombs _h be5 dropp$ on ! ,briti% ne> ,fi*eux4 ,! ,air ,=ces ( ! diff]5t armies 71 p]haps1 ! la/ to feel ! effects ( ! gas campaign1 b ! pilots ( l[-fly+ a]oplanes 9 ! #aiah (f5sive 7 con/antly cross+ pockets ( gas1 & ?is1 add$ to ! fact t ! pilots 7 (t5 compell$ to l& 9 gas1 l$ to _! equipm5t ) gas masks4 ,a respirator ( special type 0 tak5 f a ,g]man aviator 9 ,april1 #aiah1 aft] ! fight+ at ,pass*5daele4 ,b ! w> gave u no direct evid5ce ( ! successful use ( gas & w> *emicals f aircraft4 ,?is1 h[ev]1 is no crit]ion z to its ev5tual importance4 ,! ,allies def9itely refra9$ f employ+ ! comb9ation until ,g]many %\ld give !m ! />t 9 :at 0 reg>d$ z a new atrocity4 ,! ma9 reason = _! lack ( developm5t on ^! l9es 0 probably ! fact t ! mo/ suitable type ( gas only develop$ dur+ ! lat] /ages ( ! w>1 :5 x 0 requir$ exce$+ly urg5tly on ! front4 ,no really h>mful p]si/5t comp\nd appe>$ be=e ! adv5t ( mu/>d gas1 & ! dang]\s non-p]si/5t types1 su* z phosg5e1 c\ld n h be5 us$ ) great success1 ow+ to ! fact t v consid]able quantities w\ld h be5 requir$ to produce any s]i\s effect4 ,mu/>d gas1 h[ev]1 :i* c\ld h haunt$ a city = days1 w\ld n h be5 requir$ 9 su* l>ge quantities4 ,b its m urg5t ne$ on ! front1 & ! fact t soon aft] x arriv$ ! ,g]mans 7 s5d+ out feel]s to see :e!r ! ,allies w\ld consid] ! cessation ( *emical w>f>e1 7 probably suffici5t reasons to expla9 _! failure to use x f a]oplanes4 ,ano!r po9t mu/ be rais$ 9 connection ) ! use ( gas f aircraft :i* has n yet receiv$ mu* att5tion4 ,we mu/ rememb] t ! use ( projectiles f aircraft ov] a city 0 a v diff]5t proposition f _! use ov] a battle-field4 ,"o ( ! advantages ( gas ov] explosives on ! field ( battle 0 its great] range ( action4 ,x produc$ effects at long] di/ances f ! po9t ( impact1 b no su* inc5tive exi/$ = ! use ( gas f a]oplanes ov] l>ge cities4 ,explosives1 :i* might miss _! objective on ! field ( battle1 c\ld n d s 9 a city4 ,!y 7 b\nd to hit some?+4 ,! load ( ! a]oplane is always important1 & ! ess5tial is to c>ry1 weight = weight1 ! mat]ial :i* w produce ! mo/ effect4 ,!re is no d\bt :at ?is w he :5 ! p]si/5t le?al comp\nd arrives1 & mu/>d gas w\ld probably h be5 sup]ior to explosives = use by ,g]man aircraft on ,briti% cities4 ,protective ,developm5t2--,individual ,protection4--,! "q ( protection aga9/ *emical attack pres5ts "s knotty problems = ! future4 ,let u glance at ! broad l9es ( w> developm5t 9 ?is field & =eca/ _! future 9 a speculative way4 ,protection develop$ along two ma9 l9es4 ,individual protection cov]$ ! mask & any o!r protective appliance us$ by ! individual soldi]1 :ile ! t]m collective protection 0 appli$ to any me?od or appliance :i* af=d$ simultane\s protection = a numb] ( individuals4 ,9 g5]al1 ! =m] repres5t$ an attempt to purify ! poison$ air actually inspir$ by ! soldi]1 :]eas ! latt] 0 an attempt to purify ! atmosph]e ( a locality or to prev5t its initial poison+4 ,h[ f> c ! individual =m ( protection develop to meet ! possibilities ( ! *emical attack8 ,x c]ta9ly seems to h c\nt]$ satisfactorily all ! w> attacks ^u ! respiratory sy/em1 al?\gh1 z we h po9t$ out1 ! ,g]mans might h fail$1 _h we be5 suffici5tly prompt 9 introduc+ our ars5ic comp\nds4 ,b we h =eca/$ ! use ( *emicals :i* may attack human functions hi!rto immune4 ,= ! sake ( our argum5t1 we c divide ^! into two classes1 ^? atta9$ ?r\gh ! respiratory & dige/ive sy/ems & ^? atta9$ ?r\gh contact ) "s o!r "p ( ! body4 ,! =m] c probably be satisfactorily met by developm5ts 9 ! mask4 ,ev5 t does n appe> c]ta91 :5 we rememb] ! emphasis laid by ,g]many ^u ! possibility ( p5etrat+ ! mask by us+ a p>ticulate cl\d4 ,! la/ ^w has c]ta9ly n be5 spok5 9 ! /ruggle betwe5 ! mask & ! *emical attempt+ to p5etrate x4 ,b bo? ! introduction ( mu/>d gas & g5]al speculative gr\nds ju/ify u 9 conclud+ t attacks may mat]ialise ^u o!r p>ts ( ! human organism1 ,we _c =esee ! actual po9t ( attack & c1 !re=e1 only view ) assurance "s =m ( protection :i* cov]s ! :ole body4 ,collective ,protection4--,all p>ties dabbl$ 9 su* a =m ( protection1 b ! ,fr5* 7 ! only ones to make a l>ge-scale exp]im5t on ! front4 ,x 0 n v successful1 = ! burd5 ( ^! oilsk9 suits 0 intol]able4 ,x may be t "s successful =m ( protection = ! :ole body w mat]ialise1 b on g5]al gr\nds we c assume t developm5t w foll[ o!r l9es4 ,:at are ! possibilities8 ,!y all lie 9 ! direction ( collective protection4 ,! individual _c be satisfactorily protect$ f ! new gas & rema9 an effici5t soldi]4 ,we mu/1 !re=e1 see :e!r x is n possible to protect numb]s ( m5 by remov+ !m f contact ) ! poison$ atmosph]e4 ,a /ation>y =m ( su* protection 0 us$ by all ! armies1 b emphasis$ by ! ,fr5*1 by ! creation ( a l>ge numb] ( enorm\s und]gr\nd *amb]s1 "s capable ( hold+ m ?an a ?\s& m51 ! entries to :i* 7 c>efully protect$ by special filt]+ devices to prev5t ! entry ( ! poison$ ext]nal atmosph]e4 ,on ! ,briti% front ^! enorm\s dug-outs1 al?\gh n abs5t1 7 l>gely replac$ by ! effici5t gas-pro( organisation ( ! small] dug\ts4 ,! use ( impregnat$ blankets = ?is purpose mu/ be well kn[n to any :o visit$ ! front or took "p 9 ho/ilities4 ,b y _c imprison a :ole army 9 ?is way4 ,! value ( ^! collective protective *amb]s dep5d$ on ! fact t a c]ta9 numb] ( m5 7 always on ! al]t 9 ! def5sive sy/ems outside & ar\nd ! *amb]s1 expos$ to ^? gases aga9/ :i* ! latt] *amb]s 7 devis$4 ,9 my op9ion1 ! fur!r int5sive developm5t ( gas w>f>e1 su* z w\ld h accompani$1 say1 ! d\bl+ or quadrupl+ ( ! ,g]man factory output1 w\ld h =c$ u into realis+ ! limit ( ?is collective protection4 ,x w\ld h compell$ u to immobilise1 9 ^! %elt]s1 m m5 ?an 0 consi/5t ) ! safety ( ! zone 9 "q4 ,und\bt$ly1 ! future ( collective protection lies 9 "s =m :i* w leave ! soldi] 8 combatant p[]s1 9 o!r words "s mobile =m4 ,?is has already be5 =eca/$ by ,colonel ,full] 9 8 book on ,tanks 9 ! ,great ,w>4 ,b he passes lightly ov] ! protection ( ! tank aga9/ gas4 ,) ! increase 9 dep? ( infect$ zones1 ?r\gh ! increas+ly le?al nature ( ! p]si/5t comp\nd1 ! tank w he compell$ to rely on filtration me?ods ( protection1 in/ead ( ! use ( compress$ oxyg5 9 a gas-tight comp>tm5t4 ,once committ$ to ! use ( oxyg51 ! only safe proc$ure w be to close up ! tank & employ ! oxyg5 :ile !re is any suspicion ( ! pres5ce ( gas1 &1 "u ^! conditions1 oxyg5 transport w\ld become a factor militat+ aga9/ ! prime purpose ( ! tank1 ! transport ( troops & arms4 ,x is safe to =eca/ a t5se /ruggle betwe5 *emical weapons & protective tank devices 9 ! ev5t ( future w>s4 ,conclusion4--,! facts :i* we h survey$ 9 e>ly *apt]s1 & ! developm5t =e%ad[$ above1 =m "p ( a mu* wid] subject1 = !y are b "o aspect ( sci5tific w>f>e4 ,9 :at ma9 directions has sci5ce modifi$ or revolutionis$ mod]n w>8 ,its influ5ce has t\*$ practically e weapon 9 manufacture or design1 introduc+ pr(\nd modifications 9 _m cases4 ,! sum total ( su* *anges may be claim$ to h revolutionis$ w>f>e1 b ! t]m revolution %\ld be res]v$1 = "s m specific sci5tific innovation1 :i* ?reat5s to *ange ! nature ( w> r ?an m]ely improve exi/+ weapons4 ,mod]n w>s h all e*o$ ! popul> cry = "s new sci5tific pr9ciple or device to settle ho/ilities ) "o %>p /roke4 ,?is conception has be5 ! sport ( writ]s ( fiction & o!rs = _m ye>s4 ,! electric dea?-deal+ ray1 ! all-p[]ful gas1 ! deadly bact]ia1 & ! explosion wave h all %>$ 9 buoy+ up ! hopes or quick5+ ! fe>s ( w>r+ peoples4 ,contr>y to popul> supposition1 a decisive sci5tific milit>y surprise ( ?is nature is n likely to foll[ close on ! heels ( ! discov]y ( a new ph5om5on4 ,x is m ?an eighty ye>s s9ce ! m9d ( a ,f>aday delv$ s fruitfully into electrical sci5ce1 yet ! (t prophesi$ l>ge scale direct use ( high voltage electricity1 or "s o!r =m 9 w> has n mat]ialis$4 ,organic *emi/ry 0 a well-f\nd$ bran* ( sci5ce e>ly 9 ! n9ete5? c5tury1 & fl\ri%+ indu/ries1 fo/]$ by x1 7 9 exi/5ce ?irty ye>s ago1 yet x 0 n until ! e>ly tw5tie? c5tury1 & ! rec5t w>1 t we witness$ ! rapid gr[? ( organic *emical w>f>e1 :i*1 ,i claim1 0 z revolution>y z any o!r w> developm5t4 ,! physical sci5ces1 h left _! m>k on e weapon & me*anical appliance1 & ! cumulative effect ( ^! *anges is inde$ l>ge1 b ! mo/ revolution>y upheaval 9 w>f>e1 ) p]man5t results1 came f *emi/ry4 ,! flexible nature ( organic *emi/ry mu/ n be lo/ sight (4 ,9 ! physical sci5ces1 electricity1 = example1 ye>s ( co-ord9at$ _w progress are requir$ to produce an epo*-mak+ discov]y :i* might h critical & direct w> significance4 ,radioactivity has %[n u :at undreamt-( en]gy is b\nd up 9 ! atom1 & _m are ! prophesies reg>d+ ! h>ness+ ( ^! =ces = con/ructive activities4 ,at lea/ "o prom95t noveli/ has pictur$ _! de/ructive use 9 ! radioactive bomb4 ,b ! use ( ?is wond]ful /ore ( en]gy = peace & w> c only result f ye>s ( co/ly & volum9\s rese>*1 & we h no idea ( ! difficulties involv$ 9 production1 )\t :i* any inv5tion1 h[ev] tell+ & revolution>y1 has no incid5ce on w>4 ,b 9 organic *emi/ry a s+le work]1 foll[+ up "s r>e family ( comp\nds1 may /umble ^u a sub/ance pot f> remov$ *emically f relat$ comp\nds yet inf9itely m pot5t = w>4 ,mu/>d gas1 or ,b3,b di*lordie?ylsulphide1 is a memb] ( a gr\p ( comp\nds diff]+ only slightly 9 *emical /ructure ! "o f ! o!r4 ,yet its ne>e/ *emical relative is comp>atively h>mless4 ,! p]si/5t le?al comp\nd :i* w va/ly *ange ! nature ( w>f>e w probably be b a slight *emical modification ( "s h>mless sub/ance1 ,?us1 by comp>ison ) o!r bran*es ( sci5ce z ! h&maids ( w>1 organic *emi/ry is sympa!tic1 flexible1 & !oretically capable ( yield+ revolution>y discov]ies 9 a relatively %ort "t4 ,we c only base su* speculations on g5]al gr\nds4 ,circum/ances may disprove our cont5tion ov] a %ort hi/orical p]iod1 b x w be borne out 9 ! long run4 ,?is is n ! only reason1 h[ev]1 = ! unique w> importance ( organic *emicals4 ,x s happ5s t _m ( !m are ess5tial to our daily life1 z dyes1 drugs1 photographic & o!r syn!tic products4 ,indu/ries1 !re=e1 h aris5 = _! manufacture4 ,& ?is is n all4 ,organic *emical factories h prov$ to be n only ars5als 9 disguise b end[$ ) ! flexibility ( _! p>5t1 ! sci5ce itself4 ,! factories & plants ignore ! w> significance ( ! problems put to !m4 ,!y c develop ! production ( practically any *emical :i* rese>* c produce4 ,! w ( man c ?us sil5tly & swiftly conv]t ! dye factory into an ars5al4 ,^! inh]5t possibilities ( organic *emi/ry1 flexibility 9 rese>* & production1 make *emical w>f>e ! mo/ important w> problem 9 ! future recon/ruction ( ! _w4 ,,*apt] ,,xi ,,humane ,,or ,,inhumane8 ,a good deal ( abuse has be5 %[]$ on *emical w>f>e me?ods by ^? :o und]/& v little ab\t !m4 ,x has be5 claim$ by su* t gas is p>ticul>ly atroci\s4 ,feel+ on ! matt] has be5 s /rong 9 c]ta9 qu>t]s t ! fact t all w> is p>ticul>ly vile & atroci\s seems to h be5 completely lo/ sight (4 ,let u take up ?is matt] 9 a rational way4 ,9 ! fir/ place1 :at d we mean by ! atrocity or inhumanity ( a weapon8 ,we c ei!r appeal to ! imag9ation or ! reason1 9 ! fir/ case1 by visualis+ ! battlefields1 or1 9 ! second1 by mak+ a cold analysis ( ! casualties caus$ by gas4 ,nature ( ,gas ,casualties4--,e normal p]son :o exp]i5c$ & surviv$ ! ?roes ( ! diff]5t /ages ( ! w>1 & ( ! diff]5t gas surprises1 ma9ly ,g]man1 :i* 7 sprung ^u u1 f9ds x difficult to ?9k out1 or express1 a cool & balanc$ view on ! "q ( poison gas4 ,b su* a balanc$ view is mo/ important = ! future4 ,x mu/ be rememb]$ t ! (ficial prote/s 9 #aiae arose on ! gr\nds1 to use ,"l ,kit*5]'s words1 t !y employ$ ^! poison\s me?ods to prevail :5 _! attack1 accord+ to ! rules ( w>1 might h o!rwise fail$4 ,_h ! rules ( w> p]mitt$ _! use1 we %\ld1 no d\bt1 h be5 protect$4 ,b ^! prote/s1 subm]g$ 9 popul> s5tim5t1 became an outcry aga9/ ! atrocity ( ! new weapon4 ,?is1 a j criticism at ! "t1 became inaccurate :5 ! ,allies react$1 me?ods ( protection develop$1 & ! specific tactical uses ( gas 7 realis$4 ,! view ( ! peculi> atrocity ( gas has outliv$ ! tru? ( w> exp]i5ce ) reg>d to x4 ,we agree t *emical w>f>e is atroci\s4 ,b x is no exception1 = ?us are all ! aggressive me?ods ( w>f>e4 ,inde$1 :5 we attempt to int]pret atrocity 9 t]ms ( available casualty /ati/ics1 we f9d t gas is slightly less atroci\s ?an ! o!r weapons4 ,we mu/ ei!r incl9e to ?is view or dispute ! figures1 :i* are au?oritative4 ,consid] ! ,am]ican figures4 ,^! w he m truly repres5tative ?an our own1 because _! troops 7 only expos$ dur+ ! lat] & m develop$ phases ( ! w>4 ,( ! total /r5g? ( ! ,a4,e4,f41 ! numb] gass$ 0 ab\t six p] c5t41 w\nd$ by rifle & ma*9e-gun fire ab\t "o p] c5t41 w\nd$ by high explosive "o & a half p] c5t41 %rapnel w\nds ?ree p]c5t41 & bayonet w\nds less ?an "o half p] c5t4 ,b al?\gh enemy gas caus$ m ?an #gj1jjj casualties1 yet ( ^! only "o & a half p] c5t4 7 fatal1 :ile ! total numb] ( dea?s = all types ( casualties 0 ?irty p] c5t4 ,?us aga9/ ! ,am]ican army1 measur$ by casualties produc$1 gas 0 by f> ! mo/ effective1 & yet by f> ! lea/ deadly weapon4 ,:at c be m atroci\s ?an ! actual cone ( t5s or ev5 hundr$s ( dead & w\nd$ inv>iably left be=e an unt\*$ ma*9e-gun emplacem5t 9 an assault8 ,:at is m horrible ?an ! captur$ fir/ l9e tr5* aft] its treatm5t by ! prep>atory bomb>dm5t1 or ! mutilation ( m5 peacefully sleep+ 9 billets beh9d ! battle front & ?r[n1 brok5 & bloody1 ?r\gh _! billet walls "u ! :eels ( pass+ transport1 z "o has se5 !m8 ,! :ole exp]i5ce ( real w> is beyond adjectives4 ,b1 leav+ impressions1 let u turn to facts4 ,) reg>d to ! future & f ! po9t ( view ( atrocity1 gas has a hopeful outlook z comp>$ ) o!r weapons4 ,?is may seem a curi\s /atem5t to make1 b consid] ! foll[+4 ,we _c envisage advances 9 ! use ( explosives 9 %ell or bomb to r5d] !m m humane4 ,explosives1 if _! developm5t be press$1 c only become m viol5t1 ) a wid] range ( action4 ,*emical w>f>e may foll[ ! same l9es1 b x has ! unique possibility ( develop+ on m humane l9es4 ,! vesicant action ( mu/>d gas produc$ huge casualties ) relatively little p]man5t h>m4 ,*emicals may be f\nd :i* tempor>ily influ5ce human functions1 enabl+ milit>y objectives to be atta9$ ) a rem>kably small am\nt ( pa9 & dea?4 ,9 a fair review ( ! :ole situation1 ?is possibility _c be ov]look$4 ,x is m ?an possible t a ,league ( ,nations1 compell$ to employ an elem5t ( =ce 9 its ev5tual control ( peace1 may f9d its mo/ effective & humane weapon 9 "s *emical developm5t4 ,h[ev] vision>y ^! views may appe>1 !y are n unju/ifi$ z sci5tific possibilities4 ,analysis ( w> gas casualties reveal two ma9 tr5ds4 ,z ! /ruggle became m int5se ! numb] ( casualties multipli$4 ,!y 7 consid]able dur+ ! fir/ p]iod ( cyl9d] attack1 & ! rate rema9$ /eady until ! beg9n+ ( ! mu/>d gas p]iod4 ,f ! summ] ( #aiag to ,novemb]1 #aiah1 !re 7 m ?an t5 times z _m gas casualties z = ! prec$+ ?ree ye>s ( w>4 ,b ! p]c5tage mortality1 ! numb] ( dea?s among/ ea* hundr$ m5 atta9$1 decreas$ consid]ably4 ,z high z tw5ty-five p] c5t4 dur+ ! e>ly cyl9d] attacks1 x decreas$ to two & a half p] c5t4 = ! huge numb] ( mu/>d gas cases4 ,yet mu/>d gas 0 an exce$+ly important milit>y factor4 ,x illu/rates ! possibility ( developm5t on ^! l9es1 b we mu/ by no means disreg>d ! atrocity ( *emical w>f>e1 & safegu>ds are requir$ = ! future4 ,we _c d bett] ?an conclude by quot+ f ,g5]al ,h>tley's report to ! ,briti% ,association4 ,he says3 ,! g5]al impression t gas is an inhumane weapon is d]iv$ p>tly f ! ,g]man brea* ( fai? 9 us+ x contr>y to ! ,hague ,conv5tion1 & p>tly f ! nature & numb] ( casualties 9 ! e>lie/ cl\d attacks :i* 7 made aga9/ unprotect$ troops4 ,"u ! /ress ( a long w> ! individual is apt to =get ! physical & m5tal suff]+s x involves1 unless he is daily 9 contact ) !m1 b a dramatic occurr5ce su* z t ( ! fir/ gas attack =ces on ! imag9ation ! brutal significance ( w>--! /ruggle = victory by kill+--& ! new weapon is judg$ z inhumane1 l gunp[d] 9 ! fifte5? c5tury4 ,if we accept w> z a possibility1 ! mo/ humane weapon is t :i* leads to a decision ) ! smalle/ am\nt ( human suff]+ & dea?4 ,judg$ f ?is /&po9t1 gas comp>es fav\rably ) o!r weapons dur+ ! p]iod :5 bo? sides 7 fully equipp$ = (f5ce & def5ce4 ,! dea?-rate among gas casualties 0 mu* l[] ?an t among casualties f o!r causes1 & n only 0 ! dea?-rate l[]1 b a mu* small] proportion ( ! injur$ suff]$ any p]man5t disability4 ,!re is no comp>ison betwe5 ! p]man5t damage caus$ by gas1 & ! suff]+ caus$ to ^? :o 7 maim$ & bl9d$ by %ell & rifle fire4 ,x is n[ g5]ally admitt$ t 9 ! lat] /ages ( ! w> _m milit>y objects c\ld be atta9$ ) less suff]+ by us+ gas ?an by any o!r means4 ,s>g5t's ,picture4--,! judgm5t ( future g5]ations on ! use ( gas may well be influ5c$ by ! pa!tic appeal ( ,s>g5t's picture ( ! fir/ ,mu/>d ,gas' casualties at ,ypres1 b x mu/ n be =gott5 9 look+ at t picture t #ge p] c5t4 ( ! bl9d$ m5 he drew 7 fit = duty )9 ?ree mon?s1 & t _h _! limbs & n]ves be5 %att]$ by ! effects ( high explosive1 _! fate w\ld h be5 inf9itely worse4 ,ne$ = ,safegu>ds4--,we h cont9ually ref]r$ to ! ne$ = safegu>ds in/ead ( m]e reliance on prohibition4 ,su* views & facts z ! above %\ld be m g5]ally kn[n 9 ord] t v wor?y s5tim5ts may n impel u to adopt an uns\nd solution = future peace4 ,h[ev] al>m$ & revolt$ we may h be5 9 #aiae & lat] dur+ ! w>1 x is ess5tial to take a balanc$ view 9 ! pres5t critical p]iod ( recon/ruction4 ,,*apt] ,,xii ,,*emical ,,w>f>e ,,& ,,dis>mam5t ,prec$+ *apt]s h %[n h[ *emical w>f>e has n[ become a normal1 te*nical1 & increas+ly important "p ( ! sci5ce ( w>4 ,fur!r1 x has op5$ va/ possibilities1 ! limits ( :i* x is v difficult to fix4 ,! ,treaty ( ,v]sailles4--,*emical w>f>e receiv$ def9ite att5tion 9 ! =mulation ( ! ,treaty ( ,v]sailles4 ,"l ,m\lton1 "o ( ! few ,alli$ repres5tatives :o realis$ ! full importance ( ! matt]1 has drawn att5tion to its ,treaty aspect 9 a rec5t spee*4 ,he lays emphasis on ! fact t ! full significance ( ! ,g]man dye indu/ry 0 n realis$ dur+ ! w>4 ,ref]r+ to its *ameleon-l nature 9 peace & w>1 ,"l ,m\lton says3 ,all ?is 0 imp]fectly pres5t to my m9d ?r\gh\t ! w>1 & ,i 0 aw>e ( ! gravity ( ! matt]1 b until ,i le>nt :at _h pass$ 9 ,g]many ,i c\ld n appreciate x fully4 ,i h spok5 to y ( ! ext5t to :i* ! ,g]mans turn$ _! *emical works into g5]al works = supply+ explosives4 ,i h n t\*$ ! "p 9 :i* !y play$ ! mo/ deadly game aga9/ u1 & t 0 :]e !y us$ _! *emical works to produce ^? toxic gases4 ,! same /atem5t tells u1 ,! k t ,i h glean$ z to :at 0 go+ on 9 ,g]many dur+ ! w> makes me feel t all my anticipa-tions ( ! importance ( *emical indu/ries 9 "t ( w>1 all ! views t ,i express$ ( t importance1 did n ne>ly approa* :at has be5 prov$ to h gone on 9 ! enemy's c\ntry dur+ ! w>4 ,he !n proce$s to expla9 h[ a clause 0 ins]t$ 9 ! treaty--:]eby ! ,g]mans h to tell u all ! secrets ( _! manufacture ( explosives1 all _! me?ods ( mak+ toxic gases-- 9 fact1 all ! milit>y secrets t made !m s t]rible4 ,?is clause 0 a v j "o4 ,x is n fair t :5 we h gone ?r\gh ?is agonis+ /ruggle1 & :5 we are /ill suff]+ f ! consequ5ces ( all ! weal? ( k & +5uity :i* !y employ$ = _! infam\s purposes-- x is n fair1 ,i say1 to all[ !m to keep ^! secrets to !mselves1 & ,i ?9k y w agree ) me x 0 9 ! highe/ degree consonant ) ju/ice t we %\ld make !m reveal !m all to u4 ,small wond] t we miss$ ?is vital po9t1 t we fail$ to fa?om ! =ce beh9d ! ,g]man *emical w>1 if su* an em95t au?ority 0 left grop+ = ! tru?4 ,!re 0 no "t = mature reflection ) ! problems ( w> supply press+ =w>d 9 an endless /ream4 ,"l ,m\lton 0 himself responsible = ! brilliant solution ( ! mo/ important1 ! problem ( explosives supply4 ,! realisation ( ! facts 9 "q l$ to ! direct admission ( _! importance 9 ! ,treaty4 ,article #agb1 ! "o 9 "q1 /ates3 ,)9 a p]iod ( ?ree mon?s f ! com+ into =ce ( ! pres5t ,treaty1 ! ,g]man ,gov]nm5t w disclose 4 4 4 ! nature & mode ( manufacture ( all explosives1 toxic sub/ances or o!r l *emical prep>ations us$ by !m 9 ! w>1 or prep>$ by !m = ! purpose ( be+ s us$4 ,g]man ,in=mation4--,?is clause %\ld be fulfill$ 9 detail4 ,9 any giv5 p]iod ( ! /age ( int5sive *emical w>f>e & at ! end1 ! ,g]mans1 9 addition to ^? devices 9 op]ation1 mu/ h _h a l>ge numb] ( m tell+ & m novel ones 9 prep>ation4 ,x is important to get z mu* in=mation z possible on ?is developm5t4 ,a /rik+ fact em]ges4 ,! ye>s #aiae1 #aiaf1 & ! e>ly "p ( #aiag witness$ ! actual manufacture ( ! w> *emicals :i* 7 us$ by ,g]many on ! front4 ,all ! rese>* & o!r "w :i* prec$es *emical manufacture mu/ h be5 complet$ mu* e>li]4 ,:at surprises1 !n1 _h ! ,g]man laboratories 9 /ore = u aft] #aiag8 ,h ^! be5 reveal$ "u au?ority ( ! ,treaty8 ,probably ! mo/ important po9t 9 ! clause is its int]pretation ) reg>d to ! ,hab] process4 ,its critical importance 9 ! manufacture ( explosives is s great t our neglect to use ! ,treaty to remove ! monopoly is a direct m5ace to peace4 ,?is process und\bt$ly sav$ ,g]many 9 #aiae & is l>gely responsible = ! ?ree ye>s ( w> agony :i* foll[$4 ,x c only h miss$ specific ref]5ce 9 ! ,treaty on acc\nt ( its claim to repres5t ! f]tilis] r ?an ! explosives indu/ry4 ,to yield to su* views1 h[ev] ideal ! motives1 is to ?reat5 ! great] ideal ( _w peace4 ,limitation ( ,armam5t4--,?is clause1 cov]+ only w> developm5t1 _c be reg>d$ z a s]i\s safegu>d = ! future4 ,x is r ! fruits ( victory1 ! logical outcome ( ,alli$ success & ! ,g]man brea* ( fai?4 ,b ! ,treaty ( ,v]sailles conta9s an admission ( ! importance ( *emical w>f>e = ! future4 ,article #aga /ates3 ,! use ( asphyxiat+1 poison\s1 or o!r gases & ( analog\s liquids1 mat]ials1 or devices be+ prohibit$1 _! manufacture & importation are /rictly =bidd5 9 ,g]many4 ,! same applies to mat]ials specially int5d$ = ! manufacture1 /orage1 & ! use ( ! same products or devices4 ,:at k9d ( gu>antee is ?is8 ,h[ f> is x support$ by o!r dis>mam5t8 ,x is v important to answ] ^! que/ions4 ,9 a s5se ! full execution ( ! o!r relevant ,treaty clauses w\ld provide a p>tial answ]4 ,we deal ) ^! 9 ! next *apt]4 ,report ( ! ,h>tley ,mission4--,*emical w>f>e is ! po9t faible 9 _w dis>mam5t4 ,judg+ f ! above clause ( ! ,treaty1 x is cle> t ?is is n fully recognis$4 ,once aga9 our tru/ is invit$ 9 m]e prohibition4 ,! lesson ( ! w> is n le>nt4 ,! *emical m5ace is n c\nt]$4 ,:y %\ld ?is be8 ,!re are two ma9 reasons4 ,9 ! fir/ place1 v few _h any conception ( ! trem5d\s gr[? 9 ?is bran* ( w>f>e1 = facts _h r>ely be5 disclos$1 & ^? ) no direct contact ) *emical w>f>e 7 rely+ on impressions4 ,! vivid recollection ( ! fir/ ,g]man cl\d attack1 & ( ! introduction ( mu/>d gas1 h1 = mo/ p1 obscur$ ! solid facts ( ! case4 ,! great importance ( ! projector1 ! high p]c5tage ( *emical %ell us$ by ! enemy artill]y1 & ! trem5d\s und]tak+ involv$ 9 protect+ an army ( millions ) a mod]n gas mask1 h n be5 grasp$4 ,! ,h>tley report cle>ly reveal$ ! importance ( ! ,g]man dye factories = *emical w>f>e production4 ,b we h a %rewd idea t x left _m ( its (ficial read]s mu* bett] in=m$ on production ?an on ! use ( ! mat]ials conc]n$1 t is1 on ! milit>y value ( *emical w>f>e4 ,new ,conceptions 9 ,*emical ,dis>mam5t4--,! second difficulty prev5t+ a full und]/&+ ( ! case lies 9 ! fact t *emical dis>mam5t involves c]ta9 conceptions :i* are remote f ! normal milit>y outlook4 ,let u exam9e ! matt] z simply z possible4 ,dur+ ! _m discussions on dis>mam5t 9 ,p>is1 v>i\s pr9ciples 7 sugge/$ z a basis4 ,"o :i* receiv$ recognition 9 ! ,treaty 0 ! limitation ( ! numb] ( projectors or guns1 us+ ! t]m projector 9 a g5]al way to cov] all projectile-?r[+ weapons4 ,?us1 9 ! s5se impli$1 rifles1 ma*9e-guns1 field & heavy guns are projectors4 ,rec5t writ]s h t]m$ gas a projectile1 "o :i*1 on acc\nt ( its fluid nature1 ignores ! limitations ( explosive %ell & multiplies _! radius ( action indef9itely4 ,?is is true--) "o mo/ important qualification4 ,gas has nev] entirely dep5d$ ^u ! usual =m ( projector1 ! gun1 & ) ! limitation ( ! latt] its dep5d5ce w decrease4 ,new =ms ( *emical weapon w evolve4 ,n[ x is true t almo/ e =m ( w>f>e :i* "o c conceive dep5ds = success on "s sort ( projector1 & x is also true t ! manufacture ( ^! projectors c be controll$1 because x is usually s complicat$4 ,^! rem>ks apply1 = example1 to ! manufacture ( a field or heavy gun4 ,b !re is "o s]i\s exception to ! cov]+ p[] ( ?is me?od ( limitation4 ,y _c c>ry on tank w>f>e )\t ord9>y projectors1 b y c run a *emical campaign )\t !m4 ,fac+ ! difficulties :i* are be=e any ,league ( ,nations or int]national body plann+ _w dis>mam5t1 let u assume armam5t r$uc$ to a police basis4 ,9 o!r words1 ! use ( =ce is n entirely rul$ out1 b is limit$ to ! m9imum requir$ = r$uc+ local disord]1 ma9ta9+ ! peace1 & contribut+ to any g5]al s*eme = prev5t+ w>4 ,! nations1 !n1 agree to limit _! p]sonnel & mat]ial )9 c]ta9 prescrib$ b\nds4 ,! "w ( ! ,league ( ,nations1 or c5tral organisation1 does n f9i% "h4 ,we _c assume t p]man5t purity ( national int5tions1 9 o!r words1 "s *eck or gu>antee mu/ be in/itut$4 ,?is may take ! simple =m ( sy/ematic report+ by nations & _! inspection by ! ,league4 ,"h we meet ) consid]able difficulty4 ,unless "s simple cov]+ pr9ciple = inspection c be det]m9$ ^u1 we %all end up ) "o-half ! _w inspect+ ! adm9i/ration & organisation ( ! o!r4 ,! matt] becomes an absurdity4 ,limitation1 ,me*anical & ,*emical4--,consid]+ ! pres5t tr5d ( w> developm5t1 we c divide ! factors requir+ limitation into ?ree classes--! combatants1 & weapons ( a me*anical & *emical nature4 ,tank ,dis>mam5t4--,a little ?\ght w %[ t ! limitation ( ! numb] ( projectile-?r[+ weapons cov]s ! fir/ two types1 & is a matt] :i* is n !oretically beyond ! possibility ( inspection4 ,p]iodic inspection c\ld reasonably be reg>d$ z a *eck aga9/ v big scale production beyond ! normal scope ( indu/ry1 = su* weapons z rifles1 ma*9e-guns1 field & heavy guns4 ,if we consid] ! mo/ important new me*anical w> appliance1 ! tank1 we f9d x no exception to ! above rem>ks4 ,)\t projectors1 t is1 ma*9e-guns1 rifles1 etc41 x m]ely becomes a means ( convey+ troops & mat]ial f "o place to ano!r4 ,two possibilities !n arise4 ,! numb] ( tanks requir$ might be s small t !y c\ld be suitably arm$ ) light projectors )\t ent]+ ^u l>ge-scale production4 ,secondly1 ! tank might become an (f5sive weapon )\t projectors1 by ! use ( "s *emical contrivance4 ,?is m]ely goes to prove t /eps mu/ be tak5 to limit ! output ( ! tank itself4 ,are su* /eps possible8 ,we assume t ! mod]n tank is1 & w increas+ly become1 a weapon practically z specific z a big gun1 requir+ a numb] ( special p>ts :i* normal indu/ry does n provide1 & t ! production conc]n$ c be controll$ by inspection ) ! same ord] ( difficulty z t ( ! bigg] projectors4 ,we n[ come to ! ?ird type requir+ limitation "u a dis>mam5t s*eme4 ,*emical ,limitation4--,c we limit *emical armam5t8 ,our review ( production has %[n ! impossibility ( do+ s1 unless we completely wipe out ! organic *emical indu/ry :i* is ess5tial = _w progress by its contribution ( dyes1 drugs1 & o!r syn!tic commodities4 ,! factories ( ! organic *emical indu/ries are m sil5tly conv]t$ into ars5als ?an any o!r type4 ,x is true t1 "u normal conditions ( w>f>e1 ! decisive success ( a *emical campaign might be re/rict$ by ! use ( o!r weapons1 su* z artill]y4 ,b1 "u conditions :]e ! latt] are s]i\sly limit$1 ! *emical weapon becomes1 relatively1 ( mu* great] importance4 ,"o ( ! ma9 tr5ds 9 *emical w>f>e 0 ! developm5t ( devices :i* w\ld give long-range *emical effects )\t a complicat$ =m ( projector1 or ) none at all4 ,hav+ ?us %[n ! indep5d5ce ( ! *emical weapon1 "u conditions ( limitation ( armam5t1 we are fac$ ) an important "q4 ,:at c be ! gu>antees = ! limitation ( *emical w>f>e8 ,rese>*4--,9 ! fir/ place1 c any rese>* results accrue "u ,treaty or ,league conditions8 ,! *ief poison gases us$ dur+ ! w> ow$ _! discov]y1 z individuals1 to pre-w> rese>* :i* 0 n /imulat$ by ! ne$ = an (f5sive *emical4 ,phosg5e 0 discov]$ 9 #ahaa by ,j4 ,davy1 :ile exp]im5t+ on ! action ( sunlight on a mixture ( c>bon monoxide & *lor9e4 ,gu?rie1 9 #ahfj1 try+ to ?r[ light on "s !oretical aspects ( organic *emi/ry1 exam9+ ! nature ( c]ta9 s-call$ radicles or gr\ps ( atoms1 came across a family ( comp\nds ( :i* mu/>d gas1 or ,b3,b di*lordie?ylsulphide1 0 a memb]4 ,?is he f\nd to be a dang]\s sub/ance1 b ! ne>e/ memb]s ( ! s]ies 7 h>mless4 ,^! sub/ances w arise z a result ( normal *emical rese>*4 ,we admit !y may multiply mu* m quickly if "w is specially direct$ t[>ds _! discov]y1 b x is practically impossible to control su* "w4 ,! rese>* work]'s ne>e/ confidante & laboratory companion might be unaw>e t he 0 develop+ "s new vitally important *emical = w>f>e4 ,no s]i\s p]son c claim ! possibility ( a *eck ^u su* rese>*4 ,if1 !n1 ! ,gov]nm5t ( any c\ntry desires to provide its *emical factories ) suitable subjects = *emical w>f>e production1 ^! c be produc$ "u ,,any int]national arrangem5ts1 h[ev] prohibitive4 ,production4--,b :at ( production8 ,"h1 aga91 we h an entirely diff]5t problem comp>$ ) t ( limit+ ! output ( a gun4 ,let u assume t ! production ( "s vitally important new organic comp\nd involves f\r diff]5t /eps1 & t ! la/ /ep produces ! toxic sub/ance4 ,?is is a fair assumption4 ,let u fur!r assume ! mo/ fav\rable condition = detection1 i4e4 the f9al product is a liquid or gas ) obvi\sly toxic prop]ties4 ,giv5 a big organic *emical indu/ry1 !re is no possibility ( detection by op5 me?ods ( control4 ,) reg>d to ! fir/ ?ree /eps1 9 practically e case !y w be relat$ to "s new or exi/+ dye1 drug1 photographic1 or o!r comm]cial organic product4 ,! products ( ^! fir/ reactions c ei!r be /or$1 ready = ! rapid realisation ( ! la/ reaction1 9 :i* case !re is no possibility ( detection1 or ! reaction c be complet$ & ! mat]ials pass$ )\t exposure ?r\gh a /&>d type ( plant to an easily conceal$ conta9]4 ,! only type ( inspection :i* c\ld possibly cope ) su* a problem w\ld require to probe deeply into ! te*nical & comm]cial secrets ( ! factories & plants1 & c\ld ev5 !n be misl$ ow+ to ! con/antly develop+ nature ( ! comp\nds produc$4 ,! inspectors w\ld require to be num]\s & z closely 9 t\* ) ! plants & processes z ! actual factory /affs4 ,consid] ! ,lev]kus5 works = a mom5t4 ,!y cov] a v wide range ( products1 are admirably plann$ on a well ?\ght out & rational s*eme1 & !re is a reason = ! position ( e unit4 ,_! me?odical arrangem5t w\ld be ( m assi/ance to inspection 9 ?is ?an 9 any o!r l>ge organic *emical works ) :i* we are acqua9t$4 ,ev5 "u su* fav\rable conditions satisfactory inspection w\ld be mo/ difficult4 ,ea* "o ( ! tw5ty huge blocks conta9s _m units ( plant1 & is devot$ to ! production ( prim>y1 int]m$iate or f9i%$ mat]ials4 ,= ! inspection ( suspect$ poison gas production1 an exam9ation ( ! fir/ two w\ld be ( no assi/ance1 = ! w> & peace mat]ials w\ld be id5tical4 ,diff]5tiation w\ld occur 9 ! dye & f9i%$ product blocks4 ,ea* "o ( ^! blocks may be produc+ z _m z "o hundr$ diff]5t comp\nds at ! same "t1 & ea* "o ( ^! comp\nds may1 itself1 involve two1 ?ree1 or f\r diff]5t /ages4 ,! memb]s ( "o (ficial mission1 :5 ask+ to be %[n ! plant = ! manufacture ( p-amidoph5ol1 an important dye & photographic *emical1 7 tak5 to a l>ge build+ fill$ ) assort$ plant1 & 7 told by ! guides1 ,we h no special plant = ! product y m5tion2 we make x 9 ?is build+ ) a great _m o!r products1 = x is our pr9ciple n to h plant :i* makes "o product only1 b is readily adaptable = mak+ a v>iety4 ,9 _m ( ! processes ! mat]ials d n appe> to ! nak$ eye aft] _! introduction into ! fir/ plant unit1 be+ f$ by gravity or pressure f "o enclos$ app>atus to ano!r4 ,x w\ld be absolutely ess5tial = any inspection to conduct *emical te/s at ! diff]5t /ages4 ,! difficulty ( inspection is inconte/able4 ,x c\ld be done ) a l>ge /aff1 b we mu/ rememb] t ! ,rh9e plants are1 !mselves1 b a small corn] ( ! :ole _w ( indu/ry requir+ inspection4 ,ev5 "u ! mo/ fav\rable conditions = detection1 ! *ances are exce$+ly small4 ,b1 9 mo/ cases1 an enemy ) a /rong organic *emical indu/ry ne$ n und]take manufacture dur+ peace4 ,he c\ld rely on ! pot5tialities ( 8 *emical indu/ry1 :i* w\ld enable him to comm5ce production 9 8 exi/+ plant imm$iately on ! outbreak ( w>4 ,! "q ( ! use ( ! *emical !n arises4 ,if ( an exce$+ly novel & decisive nature1 x c\ld take its %>e ( use 9 ! limit$ numb] ( guns available2 on ! o!r h&1 x might be capable ( use 9 "o ( ! v simple weapons already devis$ = *emicals1 or to be devis$ 9 ! future4 ,consid] ! ,liv5s projector1 by no means a fav\rable case4 ,! late/ ,g]man designs h a range well ov] a mile4 ,?is range maybe increas$4 ,yet ! ,liv5s projector c be made )\t s]i\s or obvi\s w> modification ( plant1 9 a tube works1 :]e ! bomb c also be produc$4 ,! v nature ( *emical w>f>e is su* t great accuracy is n requir$1 & simplification ( production ( ! gas projector foll[s naturally4 ,we conclude f ! above t :atev] treaty or int]national arrangem5ts exi/ = prohibit+ *emical w>f>e1 we c f9d no safegu>d 9 practicable me?ods ( control1 & mu/ f9d safety 9 "s o!r measure4 ,me*anical & ,*emical ,prep>ations = ,w>4--,!re is a fundam5tal diff]5ce 9 prep>ation = ! me*anical & *emical me?ods ( w>4 ,?is diff]5ce necessitates special consid]ation = ! *emical me?od f ! po9t ( view ( dis>mam5t4 ,all ! mod]n me*anical types ( w> appliances are *>act]is$ by _! great /ructural intricacy1 witness ! ,lewis gun ) its innum]able complicat$ p>ts1 ! heavy & field guns ) _! wond]ful me*anism1 & ! future tank ) its anti-gas1 anti-wat]1 & g5]al anti devices4 ,?is *>act]i/ic ( great /ructural developm5t has c]ta9 concomitants :i* are ( consid]able milit>y importance4 ,x imposes c]ta9 conditions on production1 involv+ special factories = special p>ts & o!r factories = ! assembly ( ^? p>ts4 ,x implies l>ge scale exp]im5tation = ! improvem5t ( ! appliance4 ,all ?is br+s control & inspection )9 ! region ( ! !oretically possible1 & militates aga9/ sudd5 surprise4 ,! /ructural *>act]i/ic also imposes c]ta9 important conditions 9 milit>y tra9+4 ,x takes a def9ite p]iod ( "t to create a ma*9e-gunn] :o w hum\r ! wond]ful me*anism :i* he s]ves4 ,he mu/ "k ! diff]5t jambs1 & simple repairs4 ,he mu/ be tra9$4 ,! same rem>ks apply to any o!r /ructurally intricate appliance1 su* z ! tank4 ,9 o!r words1 ?is *>act]i/ic is a di/9ct *eck on any nation aim+ at a sudd5 expansion f limit$ to w> armam5t4 ,b consid] ! *emical me?od4 ,! specific prop]ty ( ! *emical :i* gives x its milit>y value is ultimately its influ5ce on ! human organism1 :i* causes casualties or imposes heavy milit>y h&icaps on protect$ troops4 ,!re is1 aga91 a "q ( /ructure1 ! *emical /ructure ( ! sub/ance 9 "q4 ,?is1 h[ev]1 does n involve ! same aids to armam5t limitation z = ! me*anical type1 unless x be 9 a v re/rict$ s5se4 ,9 rese>*1 ! discov]y ( ! mo/ effective *emical ! _w w ev] see c occur by ! use ( a few beak]s1 pots & pans1 & common *emicals1 direct$ by a tra9$ m9d4 ,be+ atomic or molecul>1 ! /ructure imposes no l>ge scale conditions on ! rese>*4 ,nor is x fair to say t f ! po9t ( view ( production !re is a p>allel betwe5 ! complexity ( ! molecule & ! plant requir$ to make x4 ,! *emically complicat$ ,blue ,cross ars5ic comp\nds 7 produc$ by ,g]many 9 a plant :i* 0 simplicity itself :5 comp>$ ) ! m>vell\s in/allation develop$ to produce oleum1 a conc5trat$ =m ( ! relatively simple sulphuric acid1 a fundam5tal sub/ance 9 explosives production4 ,in/ead ( manipulat+ a huge la!1 or =ge1 or exce$+ly complicat$ multiple me*anical device1 y manipulate temp]atures & pressures & v>y ! reaction m$ium4 ,naturally1 *emical eng9e]+ is v important1 b its magnitude & complexity is 9 no s5se p>allel ) ! intricacy ( ! *emical molecule1 :]eas a di/9ct p>allel exi/s = ! me*anical w> appliance4 ,m ?an ?is1 we believe t developm5ts 9 bo? fields w exagg]ate r ?an dim9i% ! diff]5ce4 ,we see ?us h[1 on g5]al gr\nds1 ! *emical weapon t5ds to evade any normal condition ( limitation :i* might be p]fectly adequate = ! me*anical type4 ,rec5t ,dis>mam5t ,proposals4--,a sup]ficial exam9ation ( rec5t dis>mam5t spee*es by prom95t ,league ( ,nations advocates leaves "o ) ! gl[ ( inspiration produc$ by homage to a great ideal4 ,b lat] reflection1 9 ! cold light ( reason1 produces a critical1 b n cynical1 frame ( m9d4 ,dis>mam5t dep5ds = success on ! way 9 :i* we tackle c]ta9 critical cases1 ,! c>ry+ out ( ! m commonly consid]$ =ms ( dis>mam5t w give imm5sely add$ importance to o!r =ms ( w>f>e :i* h already *all5g$ supremacy 9 ! ke5 competitive atmosph]e ( ! great _w w>4 ,! out/&+ example is ! *emical arm1 ^: peculi> requirem5ts 9 any s*eme ( dis>mam5t h be5 b vaguely und]/ood4 ,! great case & rapidity ) :i* ! ,g]man dye factories mobilis$ = poison gas production on a sup]-indu/rial scale has already be5 demon/rat$4 ,x took =ty ye>s & m to develop ^? factories4 ,yet =ty days saw _m ( _! plants produc+ huge tonnages ( poison gas1 & z _m h\rs 7 suffici5t = o!rs4 ,9 "s cases1 inde$1 !y 7 already produc+ ev5tual munitions long be=e ! outbreak ( w>4 ,we mu/ n rema9 ins5sible to ! d\ble-edg$ nature ( ?is indu/rial weapon4 ,:5 ) "o h& ,g]many )drew life-giv+ drugs f ,am]ica1 ) ! o!r %e p\r$ ^u u an endless /ream ( deadly poison made 9 ! same factories4 ,ev5 :5 our textile indu/ries 7 ?reat5$ ?r\gh lack ( indigo1 f ! v plants on :i* we _h dep5d$ !re issu$ a /eady /ream ( mu/>d gas1 ea* ounce ( :i* ?reat5$ ,alli$ limb & life4 ,b h[ does ?is t\* dis>mam5t8 ,v simply4 ,a few quotations f "s rec5tly publi%$ dis>mam5t utt]ances w %[ t we are n press+ ! po9t )\t ne$4 ,b let u foll[ ! matt] ?r\gh 9 a logical way4 ,! ,cov5ant ( ! ,league2--,ne$ = ,gu>antees4--,we />t f ! sure gr\nd ( ! ,cov5ant ( ! ,league ( ,nations4 ,article #h1 recognis+ ! r$uction ( armam5ts to ! l[e/ po9t consi/5t ) national safety1 ref]s to ! =mulation & revision ( plans = su* r$uction & /ates3 ,! memb]s ( ! ,league und]take to int]*ange full & frank in=mation z to ! scale ( _! armam5ts1 _! milit>y & naval programmes1 & ! conditions ( su* ( _! indu/ries z are adaptable to w>like purposes4 ,"h is ! frank admission ( ! importance ( su* indu/ries4 ,b lat] expon5ts ( ! ,league express dissatisfaction ) ,article #h1 claim+ ! word+ to be vague4 ,?us1 f ,major ,david ,davies1 ,m4,p41#a ,! :ole word+ ( ,article #h is vague4 ,^! proposals w\ld n eradicate ! old atmosph]e ( suspicion :i* has br\ght ab\t s _m w>s4 ,nations :o put _! tru/ 9 ! ,league are entitl$ to an assurance t ! ,league w be able to en=ce its decisions ) promptitude4 ,! proposals conc]n+ armam5ts 9 ,article #h & else:]e d n give ?is assurance4 ,some?+ m def9ite is requir$1 & he proce$s to lay d[n ?ree aims :i* mu/ be cov]$ by an effici5t dis>mam5t s*eme4 #a ,! ,flaw 9 ! ,cov5ant & ! ,rem$y4 ,major ,david ,davies1 ,m4,p4 7a7 ,all[ ea* nation an army suffici5t to ma9ta9 int]nal ord] )9 its own b\nd>ies1 & suffici5t also to furni% its quota = ! ,league ( ,nations :5 requir$4 7b7 ,ensure t ! quota ( any nation %all n be r5d]$ useless by ! employm5t ( a new weapon ( w> by ano!r nation4 7c7 ,provide ! ,league ( ,nations ) an adequate =ce = imm$iate use4 ,all ! above ess5tials are incorporat$ 9 a s*eme = an ,int]national ,police ,=ce4 ,?is s*eme1 :i* is giv5 9 ! m]e/ outl9e1 is bas$ on ! assumption t our national security mu/ always be absolutely safegu>d$1 & t be=e we decide on any relaxation ( our armam5t policy we mu/ be c]ta9 t ! alt]native (f]s complete protection4 ,o!r expon5ts emphasise ?is la/ ess5tial4 ,?is ref]5ce to an ,int]national ,police ,=ce raises an important issue4 ,su* a =ce mu/ draw its p]sonnel f ! diff]5t nations4 ,)\t any d\bt1 "o ( ! mo/ important contributions f ! nations is ! fo/]+ ( organic *emical rese>* & te*nical cadres :i* c only be ma9ta9$ "u true dis>mam5t conditions by ! r$i/ribut$ organic *emical indu/ries4 ,visc\nt ,grey--,g]many ,mu/ ,dis>m ,fir/4--,visc\nt ,grey1 at ! public meet+ 9 support ( ! ,league ( ,free ,nations on ,octob] #aj?1 #aiah1 /at$3 ,g]many mu/ dis>m fir/4 ,%e l$ ! way up ! hill 9 increas+ exp5diture on armam5ts4 ,%e mu/ lead ! way d[n ! hill4 ,t z a fir/ condition1 f our po9t ( view1 goes )\t say+4 ,!re c be no talk ( dis>mam5t until ,g]many1 z ! great] arm]1 is dis>m$4 ,"o c only he>tily agree ) su* expressions1 b ! d5\em5t br+s a s5se ( disappo9tm5t4 ,!re is a feel+ t ^? :o %\ld be ne>e/ are b grop+ = a solution4 ,! peculi> significance ( *emical w>f>e = ! future is freely admitt$ 9 ^! utt]ances4 ,?us ,major ,david ,davies /ates3 ,if !y _h kept _! int5tions secret until !y c\ld utilise a ?or\ghly deadly gas 9 ! g5]al attack1 x 0 m ?an possible t !y w\ld h completely brok5 ! ,alli$ l9e1 & ,"l ,grey1 ,y _c limit ! am\nt ( m]*ant %ips or comm]cial a]oplanes1 & ! few] ! armam5ts1 fight+ a]oplanes1 & %ips ( w>1 ! m pot5tial z weapons ( w> become ! ?+s :i* y use 9 comm]ce-%ips1 a]oplanes1 *emicals ( all k9ds4 ,left 9 ?is /ate ! case is true b n complete4 ,! ess5tial po9t is t ! new & tell+ types ( armam5t w develop f ^! v peace indu/ries4 ,we are n m]ely conc]n$ ) _! relative magnitude 9 a /ate ( dis>mam5t1 b ) ! critical types :i* may develop f !m4 ,s f>1 s good1 b :at /eps are propos$ to c\nt] ! m5ace8 ,9 review+ :at has be5 sugge/$ by diff]5t responsible individuals1 we f9d t ! me?ods int5d$ to cov] armam5t limitation = ! new] weapons fall into two classes4 ,sugge/$ ,me?ods4--,9 ! fir/ place1 x is sugge/$ t w>'s newe/ weapons--poison gas1 a]oplanes1 subm>9es1 heavy artill]y1 & tanks1 %\ld be c$$ to ! ,league to =m ! ,headqu>t]'s ,=ce1 & t no /ate %\ld be all[$ to own !m or to make use ( any new inv5tion = w>like purposes4 ,!re %\ld be no delay 9 h&+ ov] ! new arms be=e !y c claim long traditions4 ,ve/$ int]e/s h n yet be5 creat$ on a p]man5t foot+4 ,great di/urbance w\ld n be caus$ at pres5t by ! sugge/ion ( d5ationalisation4 ,?is really claims ! advisability ( v]bal prohibition1 :i* is absolutely useless1 unless support$ by ! second class ( safegu>d1 p]iodic inspection4 ,major ,davies sugge/s all ars5als & munition factories w\ld be op5 to inspection by ! ,g5]al ,/aff1 :o w\ld use !m1 :5 necess>y1 = arm+ ! quota ( a nation o!r ?an t 9 ^: t]ritory !y 7 situat$4 ,we "k ( no practical me?od by :i* inspection c\ld be reli$ ^u to give satisfactory w>n+ ( ! conv]sion ( ! plants ( ! ,i4,g4 = w> purposes4 ,a di/9ction mu/ be made betwe5 ^? weapons ^: production c & _c be practically controll$ by inspection4 ,9 attempt+ su* a classification1 ,major ,davies claims1 ,x is difficult to prev5t ! secret manufacture ( rifles1 b x is easy to prev5t ! manufacture ( tanks1 a]oplanes1 gas1 or subm>9es4 ,no "o hav+ witness$ ! l>ge scale op]ations ( assembl+ tanks & heavy guns1 & aw>e1 at ! same "t1 ( ! ,g]man me?ods ( produc+ mu/>d gas or ,blue ,cross comp\nds1 c\ld make su* an elem5t>y mi/ake 9 classification1 & any int]national dis>mam5t arrangem5ts bas$ on su* an error c only produce a false security4 99,gas is ! out/&+ case ( a weapon ^: manufacture x is difficult to prev5t4 ,ve/$ ,int]e/s4--,) reg>d to ! ve/$ int]e/s 9 ! new me?od ( w>f>e1 ! mo/ /rik+ example is aga9 ! ,i4,g4 ,we f9d ,lud5dorff consult+ ,krupp & ! ,i4,g4 repres5tative :5 =mulat+ 8 plans = a va/ munition programme4 ,few p h realis$ ! exi/5ce ( ano!r ,krupp 9 ! ,i4,g4 ,x w\ld1 inde$1 be a revelation to f9d ,g]many %>+ 9 ^! s*emes ( dis>mam5t to ! ext5t ( volunt>ily ab&on+ h] dye monopoly4 ,= su* a situation is ! only "o consi/5t ) safety4 ,:ile ! sole big s\rce ( production ( ^! sub/ances exi/s 9 ,g]many or 9 any "o c\ntry = t matt]1 no s*eme ( dis>mam5t is on sure gr\nd4 ,h&+ ,ov] ,inv5tions4--,c]ta9 dis>mam5t advocates h +5u\s ideas ) reg>d to new w> inv5tions1 & _! h&+ ov] to ! ,league4 ,h[ c an inv5tion be h&$ ov]8 ,if e c\ntry in=m$ ! ,league ( its new sci5tific w> developm5ts1 ^? c\ntries w\ld /ill be aw>e ( !m4 ,x is possible1 comm]cially1 to h& ov] any inv5tion by assign+ a pat5t1 b ?is is ( no use = w> purposes4 ,:at c\ntry w\ld reg>d pat5t law z a b>ri] to ! use ( a valuable w> inv5tion8 ,secondly1 ! cession ( an inv5tion to ! ,league dep5ds entirely on ! goodwill ( ! nation conc]n$4 ,no c\ntry c be suffici5tly inspect$ to root out its new inv5tions4 ,suppose a gas t5 times m useful1 f a milit>y po9t ( view1 ?an mu/>d gas 7 discov]$ 9 ! laboratories ( ! ,i4,g4 ,an inspector1 or ,secret ,s]vice ag5t1 at ! next b5* 9 ! laboratory might nev] "k t ! rese>* 0 n aim$ at ! discov]y ( a new dye4 ,_w equilibrium may at ?is mom5t be ?reat5$ by ! discov]ies ( "s absorb$ sci5ti/ work+1 say1 9 a gre5h\se 9 ,/4 ,john's ,wood4 ,we come back to ! same po9t1 t ! crux ( ! situation lies 9 ! possession ( ! means ( production4 ,!re is hope ( controll+ ?is = a weapon l a tank1 b x _c be controll$ = *emical w>f>e4 ,if ! ,league requires ^! weapons x _c rely on obta9+ !m f a monopoly s\rce s complete z ! ,i4,g4 ,fur!r1 ) or )\t a ,league ! m]e exi/5ce ( ?is monopoly is a p]man5t m5ace to peace4 ,neglect ( ,*emical ,dis>mam5t 9 ! ,treaty4--,let u face ! facts4 ,our treatm5t ( *emical indu/ry dur+ ! ,treaty negotiations & 9 ! ,treaty itself p]si/5tly ignor$ its *ameleon nature4 ,we knew t ! nitrog5 plants at ,oppau & ,m]seburg 7 ! mo/ m5ac+ munition plants 9 exi/5ce4 ,we knew ! grave dang]s ( leav+ ,g]many1 a guilty c\ntry1 9 possession ( ! poison gas monopoly4 ,yet1 deaf to su* argum5ts1 ! ,treaty opportunity 0 ignor$4 ,ev5 n[ ! lesson is only half le>nt by ^? :om x vitally conc]ns4 ,"h is a new weapon ^: exploitation dem&s rese>* & l>ge scale production4 ,! =m] _c be *eck$1 & ! latt] _c be de/roy$ or suitably controll$ to prev5t conv]sion = w> purposes4 ,yet ?ree di/9ct features ( ?is weapon make ! dis>mam5t ne$ imp]ative4 ,9 ! fir/ place1 ev]y?+ po9ts to *emical dis>mam5t z a key measure to control ! l>ge scale use ( all o!r weapons4 ,! aggressive ag5t 9 w> is ! *emical4 ,all weapons1 except ! bayonet1 dep5d ^u x4 ,9 ! second place1 *emical w>f>e is itself s ov]:elm+ly important t x is f>cical to con-template any dis>mam5t s*eme :i* does n1 fir/ & =emo/1 tackle ?is "q4 ,?irdly1 no nation ev] held a m complete monopoly = any weapon ?an did ,g]many = *emical w>f>e4 ,yet ! levell+ up process :i* occurr$ dur+ ! w>1 t5d+ t[>ds armam5t equilibrium1 t[>ds removal ( enorm\s disp>ity1 fail$ to t\* ! *emical arm4 ,g]many ?r\gh h] guilty ex]cise ( ! new weapon1 has /ill fur!r increas$ h] enorm\s manufactur+ sup]iority = w>4 ,?is age has witness$ ! gr[? ( an indu/ry critical = w> & dis>mam5t4 ,o!rs w foll[ z sci5ce progresses4 ,)\t !m1 ! possibility ( sudd5 decisions1 & !re=e w> inc5tive w be remov$4 ,sir ,oliv] ,lodge prophesies ! w> use ( ! newly controll$ atomic en]gy4 ,! fulfilm5t dep5ds on ! gr[? ( ano!r critical w> indu/ry ^: nature x w\ld be difficult to =etell4 ,x is ^! critical indu/ries :i* rational dis>mam5t mu/ h>ness4 ,at pres5t ! *emical indu/ry holds ! field4 ,surely ! fir/ & cry+ ne$ is to effect a r$i/ribution ( ^! organic *emical =ces4 ,?is1 inde$1 is ! "o solid *emical dis>mam5t measure :i* c & mu/ he br\ght ab\t4 ,! c]ta9 e/abli%m5t ( ^! indu/ries 9 ! *ief c\ntries outside ,g]many mu/ be fix$ f> beyond ! haz>d ( local politics & ! rea* ( organis$ ,g]man attack4 ,true1 x is ess5tial t no su* support %\ld 9 any way drug ! w1 weak5 ! initiative & impov]i% ! s]vice ( ! fo/]$ indu/ries4 ,?is mu/ dep5d ^u wise organisation & control 9 ! c\ntry conc]n$4 ,i claim1 h[ev]1 t x is "o ( ! ma9 duties ( any ,league ( ,nations or o!r organisation deal+ ) dis>mam5t to proce$ two /eps beyond ! p>agraph 9 ,article #h ( ! ,cov5ant4 ,?is runs z foll[s3 ,! memb]s ( ! ,league und]take to int]*ange full & frank in=mation z to ! scale ( _! armam5ts1 _! milit>y1 naval1 & air programmes1 & ! conditions ( su* ( _! indu/ries z are adaptable to w>like purposes4 ,su* an ex*ange ( in=mation mu/ be us$1 fir/1 to isolate t indu/ry :i* is ( a vital or key nature to ! armam5t ( ! p]iod1 ei!r on acc\nt ( its value z a univ]sal *eck1 or because x fo/]s "s p>ticul>ly deadly new type ( weapon or aggressive ag5t4 ,! *emical indu/ry at pres5t fulfils bo? conditions1 = )\t x1 all weapons except ! bayonet become sil5t1 & x includes ! organic *emical indu/ry :i* fo/]s ! deadly weapon ( ! p]iod4 ,secondly1 rational dis>mam5t mu/ prev5t ! exi/5ce ( monopoly 9 ?is critical indu/ry4 ,x may be object$ t we are int]f]+ ) ! play ( ord9>y economic laws4 ,b we mu/ face ! possibility t ! w> ( ! future c nev] be av]t$ )\t su* int]f]5ce4 ,inde$1 if we accept ! reports ( ! ,am]ican ,ali5 ,prop]ty ,cu/odian1 ?is v monopoly :i* n[ ?reat5s u 0 e/abli%$ by me?ods op5 to ! same objections4 ,x is inde$ an int]e/+ "q :e!r ! ,g]man dye monopoly result$ f =ces :i* directly oppos$ ! play ( economic law4 ,fur!r1 ! "q is n s simple z x appe>s1 =1 9 ! indu/ries :i* dis>mam5t mo/ conc]ns1 gov]n+ te*nical *anges are con/antly occurr+1 & ! normal home = ! production ( a :ole range ( *emical products may be %ift$ by a *ange ( process :i* dem&s new raw mat]ials or new types ( en]gy & p[]4 ,we mu/ be ready1 9 c]ta9 critical cases1 to reg>d dis>mam5t z ! p>am\nt ne$4 ,int]national agreem5t1 ?r\gh ! ,league or o!rwise1 mu/ f9d a suitable me?od to control ! critical indu/ry & prev5t its use aga9/ _w peace4 ,to be ! ard5t possessor ( an ideal1 to be its (ficial gu>dian1 does n all[ u to ignore ! te*nical aspect ( an int]national & national issue4 ,aft] our gigantic praisewor?y1 b wa/eful1 attempts at *emical armam5t1 let u at lea/ dis>m on rational l9es4 ,,conclusion ,,! ,,treaty ,,& ,,! ,,future ,i h endeav\r$ to pres5t ! facts ( *emical w>f>e z briefly yet z truly z possible1 giv+ a glimpse ( ! w> possibilities inh]5t 9 ?is bran* ( appli$ *emical sci5ce4 ,nor h ,i ignor$ ! hidd5 =ces :i* inspir$1 /imulat$1 & support$ ! huge w> *emical exp]im5t4 ,! great ,rh9e factories ( ! ,i4,g4 /ill ca/ _! %ad[ on ! out] _w1 obscur+ ! issues ( recon/ruction4 ,?is loom+ m5ace1 its %>e 9 ! pa/ & future ( *emical w>f>e1 & ! fatal gr[? ( ! latt] pres5t que/ions dem&+ an imp]ative answ]4 ,x is ! weak po9t ( _w dis>mam5t4 ,! ,treaty ( ,v]sailles answ]s ! riddle 9 pr9ciple1 b h ! actual clauses be5 unfulfill$8 ,article #afh dem&s ! limitation ( munitions production to factories or works approv$ by ! ,alli$ & ,associat$ ,gov]nm5ts4 ,all o!r e/abli%m5ts = ! manufacture ( any w> mat]ial :atev] %all be clos$ d[n4 ,true1 ! plants ( ! ,i4,g41 l mo/ o!r munition plants1 h a dual function = peace & w>4 ,b _! rec5t vital use = ! latt] br+s !m )\t d\bt )9 ! scope ( ! above clause4 ,are !y /ill equipp$ = w> purposes8 ,v dra/ic action w h be5 necess>y by ! ,int]-,alli$ ,commission ( ,control to ju/ify a negative answ]4 ,has t action be5 tak58 ,if n1 ! ,i4,g41 a second ,krupp1 rema9s 9 spl5did isolation1 secure beh9d our m$iaeval b g5]\s conception ( munitions1 = fifty p] c5t4 ( ! ,g]man %ell fill+s1 ! message ( _! guns1 7 ev5tually provid$ by ! ,i4,g4 ,x is true t !y 7 manufactur$ 9 syn!tic dye & f]tilis] plants1 b ! explosives 7 none ! less viol5t & ! poison gases none ! less poison\s4 ,d we und]/& t ! ,alli$ & ,associat$ ,gov]nm5ts volunt>ily leave ,g]many 9 unque/ion$ possession ( ?is va/ s\rce ( munitions 9 ! face ( ! ,treaty ,article #afh8 ,article #afi wisely requires t any special plant int5d$ = ! manufacture ( milit>y mat]ial1 except su* z may be recognis$ z necess>y = equipp+ ! au?oris$ /r5g? ( ! ,g]man ,army1 mu/ be surr5d]$ to be de/roy$ or r5d]$ useless4 ,! mo/ =midable examples ( su* excess production 71 & rema91 ! nitrog5 fixation & ! nitric acid plants ( ! ,i4,g4 ,! factories ( ! latt] repres5t explosives & poison gas capacity f> 9 excess ( ! au?oris$ ne$s ( ! ,g]man ,army4 ,:y1 !n1 %\ld !y be left4 intact8 ,:at is ! au?oris$ equipm5t ( ! ,g]man ,army8 ,9 ! fir/ place ! manufacture & use ( poison gas is specifically =bidd5 by ! ,treaty4 ,! plants 9 "q are !re=e all 9 excess ( au?oris$ production1 & %\ld be de/roy$ or r5d]$ useless4 ,at pres5t1 to ! be/ ( our belief1 !y /& ready to produce at %ort notice at ! rate ( m ?an #cjjj tons ( ,poison gas p] mon?4 ,does ?is mean t we admit !m z au?oris$ equipm5t8 ,if s1 we are ourselves contrav5+ ano!r clause ( ! ,treaty4 ,! ,treaty tabulates ! au?oris$ equipm5t 9 /ock ( %ell4 ,bas$ on ! figures1 we f9d t ! actual w> explosives production ( ! ,i4,g41 :i*1 we believe1 /ill l>gely rema9s available1 c\ld meet ! total /ock all[$ to ,g]many by ! curr5t production ( little m ?an "o day6 ,ev5 if ! ,treaty provid$ au?ority1 c\ld ^! plants evade _! j p5alties on ! gr\nd ( comm]cial _w ne$8 ,consid] ! "q ( ,g]man poison gas1 all produc$ )9 ! ,i4,g41 & its use & manufacture 9 ,g]many =bidd5 by ! ,treaty4 ,x 0 made 9 conv]t$ or multipli$ dye plants1 or 9 special plants ( ! same type4 ,g]many's great advantage 0 due1 unque/ionably1 to h] pre-w> dye monopoly4 ,! #aiac figures = production & home consumption are giv5 bel[1 "u 7,a7 & 7,b7 3 ,a ,b ,c ,c\ntry4 ,dye ,production1 ,home ,dye ,dye ,production1 #aiac4 ,consumption4 #aiah1 ,tons ,tons ,tons ,g]many #ace1jjj #bj1jjj #ace1jjj 7probably m7 ,switz]l& #aj1jjj #c1jjj #ab1jjj ,france #g1ejj #i1dcj #ah1jjj ,u4,k 4 #d1ejj #ca1gcj #be1jjj ,u4,s4,a #c1jjj #bf1jbj #bg1jjj ,o!r ,c\ntries #c1jjj #gb1hbj #d1jjj ---- ---- ---- ,total #afc1jjj #afc1jjj #bba1jjj ,! complet5ess ( ! ,g]man monopoly /&s cle>ly reveal$4 ,if1 !re=e1 any plants capable ( mak+ dyes 7 built = poison gas or explosives dur+ w>1 !y c\ld f9d no po/-w> raison d'etre unless ! feeble production ( o!r c\ntries _h ev5 fur!r dim9i%$4 ,d ! above figures 7,c7 ju/ify su* an assumption8 ,!re is an increase ( production outside ,g]many ( ne>ly #fj1jjj tons p] annum4 ,almo/ all ( ?is1 repres5t+ developm5t "u def9itely express$ national policy1 mu/ be ma9ta9$ unless we wi% to rev]t to ! exce$+ly dang]\s situation ( a ,g]man dye & poison gas monopoly4 ,mu* ( ?is #fj1jjj tons p] annum ,g]man excess c\ld be cov]$ by plants us$ or built specially = poison gas or explosives4 ,!re is e reason1 = _w peace1 to elim9ate su* excess plants4 ,!re is no important reason1 = comm]ce1 to ma9ta9 !m4 ,9 addition1 _m ( !m repres5t excess capacity :i* %\ld be de/roy$ because !y orig9at$ solely = ! exploitation ( a =bidd5 weapon4 ,ev5 if a g5]\s rul+1 sup]impos$ on ! ,treaty1 (f]$ ^! guilty plants a new lease ( life because ( _! urg5t peace-"t use1 ! claim c\ld n be support$ be=e neutral exp]ts4 ,! ,treaty provides au?ority = ! dis>m+ ( c]ta9 *emical munition plants4 ,no?+ b ! mo/ dra/ic economic ne$ c ju/ify dep>ture f ?is critical dis>mam5t measure4 ,! ne$ may ju/ify ,treaty exemption = o!r types ( munition production 9 :i* ! dis>mam5t aspect is n s ov]:elm+ly important4 ,! matt] dem&s exam9ation4 ,we c h>dly conceive t ?is has n be5 done4 ,are our missions equipp$ to meet ! be/ ,g]man comm]cial m9ds on su* a matt]8 ,9 any case1 ,alli$ ,gov]nm5ts h already wisely adopt$ a dye indu/ry policy inconsi/5t ) ! special ,treaty immunity ( ! excess ,i4,g4 munition plants4 ,our figures remove any gr\nd = ! economic argum5t4 ,! nitrog5 fixation plants ( ! ,i4,g4 und\bt$ly dem& ! same critical exam9ation4 ,^! plants 7 built almo/ entirely = w> purposes1 = ! production ( ammonia to be oxidis$ to nitric acid4 ,ammonium nitrate also result$4 ,^! sub/ances are ! ma9/ay ( explosives w>f>e1 &1 z a matt] ( fact1 _! production 9 ^! v plants 0 ! *ief factor :i* enabl$ ,g]many to cont9ue ! w> beyond #aiae4 ,"u ! simple read+ ( ! ,treaty clauses1 ! plants %\ld be de/roy$ or r5d]$ useless4 ,"h1 possibly1 /rong argum5ts w be advanc$ by ,g]many = ! ret5tion ( ! plants = ! purpose ( f]tilis+ h] own soil4 ,! argum5t is /rong1 = ! impov]i%m5t ( ,g]man soil has be5 su* z to dem&1 !oretically1 enorm\s tonnages ( ammonium sulphate4 ,b x is vital1 = ! /ability ( peace1 t ?is unique capacity = produc+ explosives mu/ n rema9 ! monopoly ( any "o c\ntry4 ,x is ! express$ int5tion ( c]ta9 gov]nm5ts outside ,g]many to fo/] ! nitrog5 fixation ent]prise4 ,if1 !n1 we admit ! immunity ( ^! ,g]man plants f ! ,treaty1 = /rong agricultural reasons1 we mu/ n all[ ,g]many to use ?is privilege z a milit>y advantage4 ,9 o!r words1 if we yield to su* argum5ts x mu/ be on two conditions4 ,9 ! fir/ place1 ! plants to evade ! ,treaty clauses mu/ be prov$ necess>y = ,g]man agriculture4 ,secondly1 ! products ( ! unt\*$ plants mu/ be us$ = ?is purpose & no o!r4 ,z f> z we "k1 no attempt has be5 made to apply ! ,treaty to ! nitrog5 fixation plants1 & _! products1 in/ead ( be+ ma9ly us$ = agriculture on ,g]man soil1 h s]v$ z a delib]ate weapon aga9/ ! gr[+ *emical indu/ries ( o!r c\ntries4 ,inde$1 ! figures at our disposal w\ld indicate t ev5 if ! full dem&s ( ,g]man agriculture 7 met1 ! plants built & project$ leave a big m>g9 :i* c only f9d outlet by export or milit>y use4 ,accord+ to ! ,frankfurt] ,zeitung ( ,novemb] #bcrd1 #aiai1 ! total consumption ( nitrog5\s mat]ial by ,g]many 01 9 #aiac1 z foll[s3 ,tons ,s\rce & ,nature ,tons ,calculat$ z ,nitrog5 ,*ili ,saltpetre #gej1jjj #aaf1jjj ,ammonium ,sulphate #dfj1jjj1 #ib1jjj ,norwegian ,nitrate #ce1jjj #d1ejj ,calcium ,cyanamide #cj1jjj #f1jjj ,hab] ,ammonium ,sulphate 7by ,fixation7 #bj1jjj #d1jjj ------- ,total #bbb1ejj ,! same j\rnal1 ,octob] #ah1 #aiai1 /ates ! capacity ( ! f9i%$ ,hab] plants to be equival5t to #cjj1jjj tons ( nitrog5 p] annum1 & ! total consumption ( ! old ,g]man ,empire 0 ?us less ?an ! am\nt available f "o s\rce alone1 i4e4 nitrog5 fixation by ! ,hab] process4 ,b o!r pre-w> ,g]man s\rces ( nitrog51 exp&$ by ! w>1 w easily contribute _! pre-w> quota4 ,we c !re=e v safely assume ,g]man capacity ( above #djj1jjj tons ( nitrog5 p] annum1 approximately twice ! pre-w> consumption4 ,x is exce$+ly unlikely t ,g]many w actually consume su* a quantity4 ,9 any case1 a l>ge excess is n[ delib]ately us$ to recapture _w *emical m>kets1 & ?is1 z expla9$ above1 %\ld be dealt ) "u ! ,treaty ev5 if special immunity be af=d$ ! capacity requir$ = home purposes4 ,we are inde$ entitl$ to ask1 :at is be+ done on ?is vital matt]8 ,article #agj prohibits ! importation ( munitions ( e k9d into ,g]many4 ,consid]$ f ! po9t ( view ( *emical munitions1 ?is clause %[s a complete failure to und]/& ! situation4 ,f> f import+1 possession ( ! ,i4,g4 leaves ,g]many ! greate/ pot5tial export] ( *emical munitions 9 ! :ole _w4 ,fur!r1 x is n improbable t c\ntries outside ,g]many may enc\rage h] 9 munitions production = export4 ,"l ,m\lton /at$ 9 a spee* at ,man*e/] 9 ,decemb]1 #aiad3 ,suppos+ our ,w> ,m9i/] _h be5 9 ! la/ few ye>s buy+ 9 ! *eape/ m>ket = ! sake ( *eapness1 & t he _h _h ! munitions ( w> manufactur$ by ,krupp's ( ,ess54 ,g5tlem51 ,i ?9k he w\ld h be5 lyn*$ ab\t ?ree mon?s ago4 ,we h fall5 f> f ! inspir$ resolution ( ^? days6 ,kn[+ ! true w> significance ( ! ,i4,g4 z a second ,krupp1 if we fail to e/abli% our own organic *emical indu/ries1 t w>n+ may become a prophecy4 ,article #aga =bids ! manufacture ( asphyxiat+ gases & analog\s mat]ials 9 ,g]many4 ,has ?is clause any value unsupport$ by def9ite measures ( control8 ,) su* an enorm\s capacity ( rapidly conv]tible production1 ne$ ,g]many consid] ! production ( ^! *emicals dur+ peace8 ,once engag$ 9 w>1 :at is ! value ( ! prohibition8 ,true1 failure w\ld imply p5alties = ! specific brea* ( ! ,treaty4 ,b a simil> brea* ( ,int]national ,conv5tion is already involv$1 & admitt$ 9 ! fir/ phrase ( ,article #aga3 ,! use ( poison gases be+ prohibit$1 etc4 ,x is difficult to see1 !re=e1 unless p5alties be actually incurr$ = ! exi/+ brea*1 :y ,article ,,iv w\ld be a s]i\s det]r5t = ! future4 ,a tr5*ant comp>ison is af=d$ by ! motive = ?is ,treaty ,article1 & ! actual op]ation ( o!r ,articles :i* %\ld support x4 ,! ,treaty mak]s ?\ght x necess>y to give direct ref]5ce to *emical w>f>e4 ,!y issu$ a special edict aga9/ its use4 ,?is alone %\ld h guid$ ^? responsible = ! execution ( ! ,dis>mam5t ,clauses ( ! ,treaty1 measures ( g5]al application to ! means ( production ( ! diff]5t types ( weapon4 ,h ! special plants erect$ = poison gas receiv$ dra/ic action "u ! ,treaty8 ,x is to be fe>$ t !y & o!r w> *emical plants ( ! ,i4,g4 h receiv$ undes]v$ immunity4 ,:]e lies our help ap>t f ! ,treaty8 ,_w peace dep5ds ^u dis>mam5t4 ,true peace mu/ come f a radical *ange 9 ! outlook & s5tim5t ( individuals4 ,! =ces work+ ?r\gh ^! *annels are ! real peacemak]s4 ,b a ,league ( ,nations c =w>d ! cause by wise measures ( dis>mam5t1 & ?is implies limit+ w> produc+ capacity4 ,! weak po9t 9 su* a s*eme is ! organic *emical indu/ry4 ,!re mu/ be a r$i/ribution ( capacity1 = :ile ,g]many reta9s a va/ _w monopoly ( pot5tial organic *emical munitions1 :i* f$ ! armam5ts ( ! pa/ ) explosives & poison gas1 & to :i* ! weapons ( ! future are look+ = inspiration & su/5ance1 dis>mam5t w be a holl[ f>ce4 ,! ,league ( ,nations may succe$ 9 root+ out ! means ( production ( c]ta9 munitions4 ,b organic *emical factories mu/ survive = ! sake ( _! mat]ial contribution to ! welf>e ( humanity4 ,!y _c be inspect$ & controll$1 z we h %[n1 & !re is only "o s\nd solution4 ,! ob/acle to peace mu/ be remov$ by dec5tralis+ ! organic *emical factories4 ,we _c leave ?is monopoly 9 ! h&s ( any c\ntry4 ,x n[ lies a weapon ready to ! h&s ( ^? :o creat$ & wield$ x ) su* success4 ,r$i/ribut$1 ?is dang]\s productive gr\p+ w create a s\rce ( /ability & /r5g? to a ,league ( ,nations1 & w invite a national s5se ( security1 s ess5tial to peace & dis>mam5t "u ! pres5t regime4 ,?is has only "o mean+1 ! e/abli%m5t ( dye indu/ries 9 ,alli$ c\ntries4 ,?is may cla% ) c]ta9 political s*ools ( ?\ght develop$ be=e ! w> )\t a due realisation ( ! organic way 9 :i* production l9ks up ) national def5ce4 ,b let !re be no misund]/&+4 ,! refusal to support ?is critical indu/ry is a def9ite sacrifice ( vital national issues4 ,political pr9ciples responsible = su* opposition no long] m]it ! "n2 !y h become a feti%4 ,our armies repell$ ! ,g]man *emical attack4 ,!y /ood & fell unprotect$ be=e ! e>ly ,g]man cl\ds & unprotect$ aga9 be=e ! vile contact ( mu/>d gas4 ,! awful price !y paid = our safety dem&s t we d m ?an re/ cont5t$ ) ! sacrifice4 ,x is an imp]ative & patriotic duty to ! fall51 to ! future ( ! race1 & to ! ,empire1 t1 fac$ once aga9 ) mod]n w>1 we %\ld be able to say1 e possible precaution 0 tak54 ,b ! *ief precaution w h be5 neglect$ unless organic *emical indu/ries are fo/]$ on ,imp]ial soil4 ,b :at ( *emical w>f>e itself8 ,x is a gr[?1 malignant or o!rwise1 accord+ to our cre$s1 :i* w cont9ue until v def9ite /eps be tak5 to suppress x1 ) all w>4 ,!re=e1 urg5t gu>antees = national safety are absolutely ess5tial until ! web ( peace is /rongly organis$1 :i* _c be until ! imm$iate m5ace ( ! monopoly 9 production is remov$4 ,b ev5 !n1 until ! g5]al peace is fairly implant$1 we mu/ be ready = any surprise f an unscrupul\s enemy4 ,rese>* & tra9+ 9 *emical protection mu/ be cont9u$1 & ?is c only be ensur$ by keep+ abrea/ ) (f5sive *emical w>f>e4 ,! ,/ruggle = ! ,initiative has at lea/ e/abli%$ ?is4 ,ea* nation & any ,league ( ,nations mu/ s]i\sly face ! "q ( ! e/abli%m5t ( elaborate & complex *emical w>f>e organisations4 ,x seems to me t ! logical c\rse ( ?\ght & action is z foll[s4 ,if gu>antees are =?com+1 int]nationally1 remov+ ?is grave ,g]man *emical w>f>e ?reat ?r\gh h] manufactur+ monopoly1 !n ! ne$ = a def9ite *emical /rik+ =ce & organisation w be greatly r$uc$4 ,national safety is itself a coroll>y ( _w dis>mam5t4 ,b if satisfactory gu>antees 7 =?com+ x w\ld be consi/5t ) national safety to limit ! *emical w>f>e equipm5t ( ea* nation to :at w\ld actually repres5t a sci5tific milit>y bra94 ,s long z national m9i/ries = w> or def5ce exi/1 !y mu/ possess ev5 "u ! mo/ /r+5t dis>mam5t conditions1 fully accr$it$ )9 _! regul> /affs1 an individual or individuals ) sci5tific & milit>y tra9+1 :o repres5t k1 vision1 & ! p[] to exp& 9 *emical w>f>e4 ,:at w\ld be said ( a great nation n equipp$ to ?9k = ! future on naval or artill]y que/ions8 ,te*nical naval & milit>y m9ds h evolv$ = ^! purposes4 ,we are n sl[ to judge & act on ! value ( a new %ip1 tank1 or ma*9e-gun4 ,! *emical arm is ev5 m specialis$ & dem&s ! same comb9ation ( sci5tific & milit>y ?9k+ & tra9+4 ,:atev] int]national dis>mam5t decisions may be =?com+1 unless !y s]i\sly dismemb] ! ,def5ce ,m9i/ries1 we %\ld ensure t ! pre-w> position is correct$ & t our /aff conception & organisation cov]s ! *emical weapon4 ,"o alone ( ! ,alli$ & ,associat$ ,p[]s 0 able to see ! *emical m5ace ) cle> & unprejudic$ vision4 ,?is 0 ,am]ica1 = %e n only ent]$ ! w> less hamp]$ by traditions ?an ! re/1 b at a p]iod :5 ! *emical w> 0 9 full bla/4 ,m ?an a qu>t] ( all h] casualties 7 due to gas1 & no o!r arm produc$ z _m 9 h] ranks4 ,z a result1 we see ,am]ica e/abli%+ an indep5d5t peace ,*emical ,w>f>e ,s]vice1 z si/] s]vice to ! ,infantry & ,artill]y4 ,?is c only be int]pret$ z a frank realisation ( ! place ( *emical w>f>e & ( ! ne$ = s]i\s int]national gu>antees 9 ! pres5t situation4 ,let u take a balanc$ view ( ! facts1 realise ! unique significance ( *emical w>f>e & *emical indu/ry1 = w> & dis>mam5t1 & act accord+ly4 ,,index ,raw ,,ocr1 ne$s fix$ or /ripp$ out444 ,a4 *>coal1 #abi4 ,aircraft1 gas &1 #aha1 #ahe1 #bbi1 #bcj1 #bca4 ,aisne1 ,g]man attacks on1 #gg1 #ada4 ,akti5 ,gesells*aft fur ,anil9 ,fabrikation1 #aea4 ,al]t ,gas ,zone1 #bbi4 ,ali5 ,prop]ty ,cu/odian1 report (1 ,y#i1 #aeb1 #ahg1 #ahi7 #aij1 #aia1 #aid #bfb4 ,alli$ ,gas ,/ati/ics1 #hb4 -,missions1 #hf1 #hg-,reaction1 #dh4 ,am]ican activities1 #fd1 #agca #agd4 -*emical w>f>e developm5t1 #aje1 #agc,p #agd1 #agh1 #bgc;f #bgd4 *emical w>f>e s]vice1 #di1 #agh,p #cagi7 #bgd4 ,amidol1 #bjc4 ,ammonia1 syn!tic1 see ,nitrog5 ,fixation4 ,anae/hetics1 #bja1 #bbj4 -local1 #aii1 #bjb1 #bbj4 ,anti-,gas ,committee1 ,briti%1 #ie4 -,dep>tm5t1 ,briti%1 #ih1 #abg4 ,arm5dires1 bomb>dm5t (1 #gg4 ,arras1 ,battle (1 #fc-1 ,briti% #aiag (f5sive1 #fa4 ,ars5ic ,comp\nds1 #bf1 #bh1 #fi1 #acf1 #acg7 #aci1 x#fo1 x#fc- ,see also ,blue ,cross4 ,artill]y ,gas exp]ts1 #ia4 ,asphyxiat+ ,comp\nds1 #be4 ,aspir91 #aii1 #bjh4 ,au/ria-,hung>y1 gas battalion (1 #dg4 ,azo ,dyes1 #afo4 ,badis*e ,anil9 und ,soda ,fabrik1 #hh1 #aaea,p #bjg,p #bab4 ,blea*+ ,p[d]1 x#f;g1 #bba1 #bbb4 ,blue ,cross1 #bi1 #fi1 #gd-gga #hi1 #abf1 #aca,p #acb1 #acfp #acg1 z#fo1 #bbi1 #bec1 #beh4 ,bn4 ,/uff1 #db4 ,box ,respirator1 ,briti%1 #fi1 #ii1 #aaja,p #abe1 x#bft #agf4 ,brib]y & ,corruption1 x#io4 ,briti% ,association1 ,g5]al ,h>tley's report1 #fd1 #abc1 #bdj4-- ,c5tral ,laboratory1 #ic1aaae4 -,dyes ,limit$1 #aaf;g1 x#f;g4 ,brom9at$ m e?yl -e?ylketone1 #db4 ,brom9e1 ,am]ican ,indu/ry1 #aeg7 #aij1 #aia4 -,fr5*1 #aaeg1 #aga,p z#if4 -,monopoly1 ,g]man1 #aeg4 ,bromoacetone1 #bf1 #da4 ,b4 ,/uff1 #dr4 ,buntkreuz1 ii#cq4 ,cacodyl oxide1 #ce4 ,cambrai sector1 attack ,or'1 #gj1 #gi4 ,cam\flage *emicals1 #ada1 #bag1 #bah4 ,canadians1 gas attack on1 #ai4 ,captur$ ,docum5ts1 #eb1 #ect #gd1 #hb1 #abh1 #acc1 #bba1 #bbb1 #bbi4 ,c>noy1 attack at1 #fa4 #bg,s ,index ,c>tridge ,mask1 ,g]man1 #abd1 #cabh4 ,ca/n] ,kelln]1 #afi4 ,casualties1 gas1 #ef1 #ic1 ,x#gd1 #ahb1 #bcg-bda1 #bgd4 ,*aulny1 #bji4 ,*emical ,advisory ,committee1 #if4 -,ex*ange ,association1 x#id1 z#if4 -,initiative1 see ,initiative1 /ruggle =4 -,policy1 ,g]man1 z#hf-;i#h,s1 #bjj1 #bje4 -,w>f>e ,dep>tm5t1 ,briti%1 #if-ih4--;,designs ,committee1 #ii4--,m$ical ,committee1 #ig4 -,organisations1 #he1 #bae1 #bag1 #bbh1 #bci1 #bfd4 ngli,sh1 #ib1 #i'1--' ,e #ajc #aje1 #afe4--1 ,fr5*1 #id1 #ii1 #ajj1 #aje4--1 ,g]man1 #he1 #hi1 #ajb1 #ajc1 #adi4 ,italian1 iox4 ,policy1 #hh1 #bdip #bej4 ,production1 see ,production4 ,rese>*1 see ,rese>*4--,s]vice1 ,am]ican1 see ,am]ican ,*emical ,w>f>e ,s]vice4 ,*emis*e ,fabrik ,grie%eim ,elektron1 i,si1 #aeb4--;,fabrik5 ,yorm4 ,weil]t]-,me]1 x#ex4 ,*loral ,hydrate1 #aif1 #bjb4 ,*lor9e1 #bc1 ,z#e1 #ce1 #cf1 x#ee1 #aef1 #afi1 #agap #bag4 #bgf ,chlormethylch,ioroform ate1 #fd1f #i4 ,*lor(orm1 z#bj4 ,*lorpicr91 #be1 #aeh1 #afi4 ,cl\d ,gas attacks1 #bc1 #df ,szy #ef1 #eg1 #fe1 #bae4 ,col\r$ ,cross1 x#ci4 ,col\r ,us]s ,association1 ,y#fi4 ,comm]cial ,advisory ,committee1 ,briti%1 #if4 ,critical ,indu/ries1 #bfa-z#fc1 #bgb4 -,range1 #bbf1 #bbi4 ,def5ce1 national1 see ,dye ,indu/ry & ,national ,def5ce4 ,dianisid9e1 d\ble salts ,(1 #da4 ,di*lor-die?yl-sulphide1 see ,mu/>d ,gas4 ,di*lor-me?yle!r1 x#fc4 ,die?fiam9e1 #bja4 ,diph5yl*lor>s9e1 see ,ars5ic comp\nds4 ,diph5ylcyan>s9e1 see ,ars5ic comp\nds4 ,diphosg5e1 #be1 #bi1 #aeg1 #afc4 ,directeur du ,mat#friel ,*imique de ,gu]re1 ioo4 ,director ( ,gas ,s]vices1 #id1 #ih4 ,dis>mam5t1 #bj1 #b11 #adb1 #ade1 #aej1 #agbt #agg1 #bdb1 #bde1 #bdf1 #beb1 #bed-bfb1 #bfg1 #bga-bgd4 ,see also ,limitation ( ,armam5ts4 ,drugs1 igg-#bor4 ,dumps1 enemy1 #gi #ada4 ,dye ,ag5cy1 ,g]man in=mation sy/em1 r#ib1 x#ic1 #aieg #aig4 -,indu/ry & ,national ,def5ce1 #afc1 #agat #agbt #aih1 #bjc1 #bjd1 #bgb4 -,indu/ry1 ,briti%1 #adf1 #afh1 #bjc #bjd- ,index ,dye ,indu/ry1 ,g]man1 #adf1 #adg1 #aec x#hf1 #bdb1 #be -,monopoly1 ,g]man1 see ,monopoly1 ,g]man ,dye4 supplies to ,am]ica1 #aig4 ,dyes1 use 9 ,gas ,%ell1 #gb4 ,edgewood ,ars5al1 xo#e1 xo#f1 #age-agh;,entress9 exp]im5tal gr\nds1 #aaj4 ,espionage1 #aib1 #aic;,e!r1 #bbj4 ,f?yldi*lor>s9e1 x#fc4 ,e?yl5emono*lorhydr91 x#fd1 #bjb4 ,p-,euca9e1 #bjb4 ,exhau/ion ( ,/ocks1 =c$1 g4 ,explosives1 ,engli% ,production1 x#f;g4 ,g]man ,production1 i#dq1 #aaej7 #aaea4 ,f>b5 fabrik5 vorm4 ,fr4 ,bay] & ,,co41 #ij1 #ae,t1 #aid1 #bjh4 ,f>bw]ke vorm4 ,mei/] ,lucius & ,bri9+1 #hg1 #aea;,field ,organisation1 ,briti%1 g4--,g]man1 g4 -,te/s1 #hf1 xio4 ,flame ,projector1 see ,flamm5w]f]4 ,flamm5w]f]1 #dc1 #fca1 #gb7 #gc;,flexibility ( ,supply1 ,g]man1 #fe1 #ach4 ,fr5* ,college ( ,w>f>e1 #ahe4 ,full ,l9e ,=c+1 x#io4 ,future ( ,*emical ,w>f>e1 #ad-d1 #ahc4 ,gas & ,aircraft1 see ,aircraft4 -,casualties1 see ,casualties1 gas4 -,discipl9e1 #fb1 #ha-hb1 #acb,p #acc1 #adj- ,gas ,exp]ts on ,artill]y /affs1 see ,artill]y ,gas ,exp]ts4 -,mask1 see ,mask1 gas1 & ,helmet1 gas4--,p]sonnel1 #hi4--,regim5t g1 gi4--,s*ool1 ,g]man1 #hf1 g1 gi4 -,%ell1 see ,%ell1 gas4 -,specific uses ,(1 #ci;,gasw]f]1 #aiah1 #ga;,gelbol91 #bba4 ,g]man ,dye ,indu/ry1 see ,dye ,indu/ry1 ,g]man4 ,pat5t ,policy1 see ,pat5t ,policy1 ,g]man4 ,press1 #cc1 #ed4 -,production1 see ,production1 ,g]man4 ,giv5*y1 attack ne>1 #ea1 #gj;,gre5 ,cross1 #bi1 #fi,p #gg1 #ace1 1#cf1 i#e;g4 ,hab] ,process1 see ,nitrog54 ,fixation4 ,hague ,conv5tion1 #cb1 #cc1 #bdj;,hanlon ,field1 exp]im5tal /a tion1 #age1 #bcah;,h>tley ,mission1 #hg1 #ad #adi1 #agb1 #bjg1 #bde4 ,he]es-,gass*ule1 see ,gas ,s*ool1 ,g]man4 ,helmet1 ,gas1 ,x#ba1 #abb1 #abd- ,see also ,mask4 ,hexam9e1 x#bb4 ,hill #fo1 attack on1 #dj4 ,h9d5burg ,programme1 #ff1 #hi1 #adi4 #aaf;*/1 ,y#g1 #aea1 #aeb1 #aef1 #aeg1 #aeh1 x#fx4 ,hoh5zoll]n ,r$\bt1 /orm+ ,(1 #ea4 ,hooge1 attack on #bnd ,army1 #dd4 #bgg ,i ndex ,hydrocyanic acid1 see ,prussic acid1 ,i4,g41 see ,int]ess5 ,geme9s*aft4 ,immune ,functions1 #bag1 #bx#h1 #bcb4 ,imp]ial ,college ( ,sci5ce1 #ig;,indigo1 #bh1 #aeet #aeh1 #aei1 #afe1 x#fh1 #bjb1 #bee4 ,initiative1 ,/ruggle =1 #aaa1 #aba1 #acdg #bgc;,int]ess5 ,geme9s*aft1 #ah1 #cb1 #hf1 #hi1 #aji,p #adh1 #adi-aea1 z#ed1 #afc1 x#hf1 #ahg1 #aib1 #aih1 #bjj1 #bjb1 #bje1 #bad1 #beh-bfo1 #bfd-bfg1 #bg,p4 ,int]-,alli$ ,*emical ,supply ,committee1 #ajg-;,commission ( ,control1 #e1 #bfd4--,liaison1 xo#f4--,munitions ,c\ncil1 #ajg4 ,int5sive ,*emical ,w>f>e1 #ff4 ,int]national ,police ,=ce1 #bef4 ,kais] ,wilhelm ,in/itute1 #ce1 #he1 #i4 ,kalle & ,co41 #aea1 ,k]nmel1 attack on1 #gg1 #bbd1 #bbi4 ,k4 ,/uff1 #da,kornmandeurder,gastruppen1gi1 ,krupp's ,works1 #bjf4 ,la ,bassie ,canal1 #gf4 ,lachrymator,s1 #bf1 #db1 x#ah1 #abd1 #aef1 #agj1 #baga #bah4 ,league ( ,nations1 #br1 #abg1 #bei1 #bdf1 #bdg1 #bee1 #bef1 #beh1 #bfo1 #bfa1 #bfb1 #bfca #bga-bgc,l5s1 attack at1 #gg1 #gf4 ,le ,rutoire ,f>m1 #dc1 ,leopold ,cassella1 ,g4m4b4,h41 #caea4 ,lev]kus51 #hf1 g1 z#d;g1 r#elt #aef-aeh1 ,l#ei1 z#fa1 #bjh1 #bej4 ,lev9/e9 ,limit$1 x#fh1 #afq4 #bgh ,lewis ,gun1 #beb4 ,limitation ( ,armam5t1 #aad1 #bdd-bdh1 #bed1 #bfd1 #bfe1 #bfg,see also ,dis>mam5t4 ,liv5s ,projector1 #bi1 #fo1 #da1 #fe1 #ij7 ,,iot1 #acc1 #age1 #bx#f1 #bbg7 #bbh1 #bde1 #beb4 ,longwor? ,bill1 #agh4 ,loos1 ,battle ,(1 #dc1 #ej1 ix#h;f #agj,ludwig%af51 #hh1 #aea1 i#efp #aei r#fo1 x#fa4 ,m#b1 ,fr5* ,mask1 #ace4 ,m>*1 #aix#h1 ,g]man ,(f5sive1 #ag1 #fi1 #gf1 #bai1 #bbd,m>ne1 ,battle (1 #id1 #adc1 #bje,mask1 fir/ improvis$ gas1 #aba4 ,see also ,helmet1 gas4--,g]man c>tridge1 see ,c>tridge ,mask1 ,g]man4--,m#b ,fr5*1 see ,m#b1 ,fr5* ,mask4 resi/ance (1 to brea?+1 #acj1 #acaa #adj,met,ol1 #bjc4 ,m9i/#fre de ,i',artill]ie et des ,munitions1 #bjj4 ,mon*y1 attack at1 #ee4 ,monopoly1 ,g]many ,dye1 z#h1 #ch1 #adh1 i#h;g1 #aih1 #bad1 #bff4 ,montauban attack1 #ee4 ,munitions ,inv5tions ,dep>tm5t1 #ig4 ,mu/>d ,gas1 #bg-bi1 #bh1 #fg1 #fh1 #gd1 #ge1 #gg1 #gh1 #hr1 #hi1 xig1 #acft #aacg1 #ada1 #aeh1 #agj1 #baf1 #bag1 #bba1 #bbd1 #bcj1 #bcf1 #bdj1 #bdia #bee1 #beh1 #bgb4--;,alli$ ,production1 #ho1 #ha1 zo1#d1 #afd,y #afe1 x#fh1 #aga-;casualties1 #fi'1 #bbd ,index ,mu/>d ,gas1 def5sive use (1 #bbi4--- fir/ use (1 #ff #fg1 #bae4 ,g]man production1 #aeh1 #bjb4 protection a g a i n ,i t1 #acg1 #bba1 #bbb4 ,surprise1 #ff1 #fg1 #fi4 ,national ,heal? ,insurance ,commission1 #afd1 #bja4 ,neglect ( ,*emical ,indu/ry1 #aga1 #ahg,new ,w> ,*emicals1 see ,w> ,*emicals4 ,nieuport1 #ff1 #fg1 #bag,nitric ,acid1 #aga4 ,nitrog5 ,fixation1 #hh1 #agas z#hf1 #bje1 #bjh1 #baa-bac1 #bdd1 #bfo1 #bfe1 #bfga #bfh1 #bfi4 ,no-,man's-,l&1 fvture1 #bbg1 #bbi,non-p]si/5t sub/ances1 #bh1 #bi4 ,novoca91 #bja4 ,ob/acle1 new type ,(1 #bbc1 #bbi4 ,organic ,*emical ,indu/ry1 #ade1 #bce1 #b,s#f1 #bej1 #bea1 #bga,oxalic ,acid1 igo4 ,p>ticulate ,cl\ds1 #adj1 #bcb4 ,pat5t ,policy1 ,g]man1 x#ia4 ,p5etrants1 #bi4 ,p]si/5t le?al sub/ance1 #bbebbg1 #bbi1 #bca4 -sub/ances1 #bi1 #bi4 ,ph5ol1 ,g]man corn]+ (1 #aid4 ,ph5ylca rbyl am9e *loride1 #aeh4 ,phosg5e1 #be1 #bi1 #fd1 #fi1 #abd1ada1 #aef1 z#fg1 #bag1 #bcj1 #bdi4 #d1;delay$ action1 #de1 #ec;,fr5* developm5t (1 ,t #gj ,g]man cl\d1 #dd-df4 ,phosphorus1 r#ge1 #aha- ,photographic *emicals1 #ahi1 #bjc4 ,physiological classification1 #be4 ,poison gas1 #be1 #aejg #aea4 ,porton1 exp]im5tal /ation1 #ig1 #aaj4 ,portuguese front1 attack on1 #gg4 ,potassium p]manganate1 #abf1 #b,m ,price cutt+ policy1 ,g]man1 #ahi1 #bac4 ,production1 #hc1 #adi1 #afb1 #afc1 #bdi1 #bej4 critical importance (1 #adc,y #add1 #aga1 #bfo4 /ati/ics1 #hb1 #hc1 #hh4 ,projector1 ,g]man developm5t ,(1 #gj7 #gaa4 -,liv5s1 see ,liv5s ,projector4 -%ort range1 #ahb4 ,propag&a by ,g]man dye ag5ts1 igr4 -1,g]man use (1 #aac4 ,protection1 #ch1 #ij1 #ib1 #ie1 #ii1 loop #aji1 #aacp #aad7 #aba1 #abd #abe1 #abg #abh1 #agf1 #baf1 #bag1 #bbj1 #bba4 -collective1 #bca1 #bcc4 -future deinclopment,s1 #bca4 -,individual1 #bca1 #bcb4 -( animals1 #ib4 ,prussic acid1 #bf1 ix,s4 ,puteaux1 ,am]ican laboratory1 #age1 #ba,s4 ,re*ic\rt1 attack on ,fr5*1 #g7,red,cross appeal to5dw>1 i ig4 ,rese>*1 #ce1he1 #ajh,y#agf1ahd1bdi4 ,respirator1 ,box1 see ,box ,respirator4 -drurns1 #ig4--,,xtxy #ac #e4 ,rh9cl& occupation1 ,alli$1 #bjf4 #bgi ,index ,royal ,society1 #ej1 #id-ig4 ,rubb]1 ,g]man %ortage (1 x#cb4 ,russia1 gas attacks aga9/1 #dg1 #abcp #abd4 ,/4 ,mihiel ,battle1 z#hb4 ,salicylic acid1 igg1 x#id1 igg4 ,salv>san1 igg4 ,sci5tific ,advisory ,committee1 #dii #ie1 #if4 ,s]ni-,circul> ,canals1 #bx#e4 ,s5sitis]s1 photographic1 #bjc4 ,s]vice ,*emique de ,gu]re1 io,s4 ,%ell1 ,gas1 #cj1 #dj1 #da1 #fd41 #acf1 ,a#c1 #baf4 -,falk5hayn's ord]s1#c4--p]c5tage ,(1 #gg1 #gi1 #hj1 #ada1 #bde4 ,smoke1 future importance (1 ,,iso1 #aha1 #b;,a4 -use ) le?al gases1 i#dj1 #ahj4 ,somme (f5sive1 #eb1ee1 #fr1 #fd1adc4 ,speculative elem5t1 #baae1 #bbj4 ,special ,brigade ,r4,e41 #eb1 x#gd4 -,companies1 #ej1 #ic4 ,/]nutatory comp\nds1 a#f1 #bh1 #da4 ,/okes ,mort>1 #bi1 #eb1 #age4 ,/ova9e1 #bbj4 ,/rategy1 *emical1 see ,tactics & ,/rategy4 ,sulphur ,black1 #aee4 ,sulphuric acid1 #aga1 #bec4 ,supply ,dep>tm5t1 ,briti%1 iox1 #aje4 -,organisations1 ioz4 ,surprise1 critical factor (1 #ca1 #cb1 #ec1 #aaa4 #aac1 #aad1 #add4 ,tactics & ,/rategy1 #bae1 #baf1 #bbe4 ,tactical classification1 #be1 #bh4 #bhj ,tanks1 #adc1 #bag1 #bbg7 #bec,p #bed1 #bdg1 #bdh4 ,te*nik im ,weltkriege1 ,die1 #cf #cga #dj7 #dag #dg1 #ea1 #eg1 #fi1 #gd3 #hj1abe1abh1abi1ace1 #acf1ada4 ,!rmite %ell1 #age4 ,?iodiglycol1 #aei4 ,toxic comp\nds1 #bf4 ,treaty ,/ocks1 #aej4 ,tr5* ,w>f>e ,dep>tm5t1 ,briti%1 #ie1 #if4 ,ree>* ,dep>tm5t1 #if4 ,supply ,dep>tm5t1 #if1 io#e1 #agj,tri-*lor-me?yl-*loro-=mate1 #fd1 #aeg4 ,t4 ,/uffy #da4 ,v]dun1 gas attack at1 #fi4 ,v]sailles1 ,treat,y',(1 #cd1aej1baj1 #bdb-bdd1 #bfd-bfg1 #bgj1 #bga4 ,vesicant ,comp\nds1 #bg1 #acg7 #bag1 #bci,ve/$ ,int]e/s1 #beh1 #bei4 ,v9c5nite1 zi#h4 ,w> *emicals1 new1 #bag1 #bbe4--,physiological classification1 see ,physiological classification4--,tactical classification1 see ,tactical ,classification4 ,w>saw1 cl\d attacks1 #abc4 ,:ite ,cross %ell1 #bbe4 ,xylyl bromide1 #da1 #aef4 ,xylyl5e dibromide1 #da4 ,yell[ ,cross1 see ,mu/>d ,gas4 ,yp]ite1 #ho1 z#ff4 ,ypres1 fir/ ,g]man gas attack1 #bc #ca1 #cb1 #ch-;fir/ ,mu/>d gas1 #ff1 #bag4 ,ys]1 raid by ,g]mans1 #aag4 ,,"n ,,index ,alb]t1 ,dr41 x#id-x#if1 #aigt #aih- ,bacon1 ,colonel ,r4 ,f41 #bah4 ,baey]1 ,pr(essor1 #bg;,bak]1 ,pr(essor ,h4 ,b41 #ie;,b>ley1 ,major1 ,d4,s4,o41 #df4 ,beilby1 ,sir ,george1 #if4 ,b]n/orff1 von1 #aid4 ,be?mann-,hollweg1 ,dr4 von1 #aaa1 #aig4 ,boy-,ed1 ,capta91 #aig4 ,bueb1 ,dr41 #bab4 ,cadman1 ,sir ,john1 #if4 ,*evali]1 ,m$ec9 aide-major1 #bg;,crossley1 ,pr(essor ,a4 ,w41 #ie1 #ig;,curm]1 ,g5]al1 #ii4 ,davies1 ,major ,david1 ,m4,p41 #aagb1 #bee1 #beg1 #beh4 ,davy1 ,j41 #bdi4 ,dawson1 ,s]geant-,major1 #ez4 ,deb5ey1 ,g5]al1 #ahe4 ,duisb]g1 ,h]r1 #ag1 #bjh- ,ehrli*1 ,dr4 ,paul1 x#i;g4 ,falk5hayn1 ,g5]al1 #id1 #adg7 #adh4 ,fo*1 ,m>%al1 #age4 ,f\lkes1 ,brig4--,g5]al ,c4 ,h41 #ib4 ,fr5*1 ,field-,m>%al ,sir #cat #dc1 #dh;,fries1 ,brig4--,g5]al ,a4 ,a41 #aad1 #ag,s#i #aggt #agia #ahji #ahc;,full]1 ,colonel ,j4 ,f4 ,c41 #bbg1 #bcc- ,g>van1 ,francis ,p41 i#hq1 #aie1 #aig1 #aii;,gey]1 ,capta91 #acf-adj4 ,gre51 ,pr(4 ,a4 ,g41 #afh4 ,grey1 ,visc\nt1 #bef1 #beg4 ,gu?rie1 #bdi4 ,hab]1 ,pr(essor1 #ce1 #di1 #he1 #ij;,haig1 ,field-,m>%al ,sir ,d\glas1 #ed4 ,haldane1 ,dr41 #aba4 ,h>rison1 ,lieut4--,colonel ,e4 ,f41 #ih1 x#bf4 ,h>tley1 ,brig4--,g5]al ,h41 #fc1 #gf1 #ih1 #abc1 #bdj4 ,horrocks1 ,sir ,william1 #ie;,hoss5f eld]1 ,consul-,g5]al1 #aig- ,jackson1 ,colonel ,l41 #idb #ie;,joyce1 ,colonel1 #bab4 ,kirs*baum1 ,pr(4 ,f4 ,p41 #aace4 ,kit*5]1 ,"l1 #cc1 #id #ie7 #aba7 #bcg4 ,kl+1 ,m41 i#jo4 ,krupp1 von ,bohl51 ,h]r1 #adg1 #bei #bha ,"n ,index ,lamb]t1 ,major1 #abf4 ,lebeau1 ,pr(essor ,p41 iot4 ,lev9/e91 ,dr4 ,h41 #afh4 ,liv5s1 ,major1 #fo4 ,lodge1 ,sir ,oliv]1 #id1 ,lud5dorff1 ,g5]al1 #gj1 #hb,p #ij1 #ia7 #aad7 #adg1 #adi1 #bei4 ,mey]1 ,victor1 #bg ,macph]son1 ,capta91 z#b;i4 ,mc,connel1 ,lieut41 #bjh4 ,m\lton ( ,bank1 ,rt4 ,hon4 ,"l1 #e1 #afq1 #bdb7 #bdc1 #bgj4 ,m\reu1 ,m4 ,*>les1 #bjj4 ,norris1 ,colonel1 #bjf1 #bjh1 #bji4 ,ozil1 ,g5]al1 #bjj1 #aje4 ,palm]1 ,mit*ell1 ig1 z#h;g4 ,pat]no1 ,s5ator1 zoi4 ,p5na1 ,colonel1 zoi4 ,pick1 ,dr4 ,h41 iz#e1 i#bq1 #acj1 #aca4 ,poll>d1 ,pr(essor ,a4 ,f41 zz#b4 ,pope1 ,sir ,william1 z#fe1 #aia1 #bjb4 ,ramsay1 ,sir ,william1 #i4 ,rayleigh1 ,"l1 #id4 ,runciman1 ,w41 #adf- ,sa*ur1 ,pr(essor1 #ce4 ,s*maus1 ,lieut4 ,dr41 #ge1 ,s*w>te1 see ,te*nik im ,weltkriege 7,subject ,index74 ,s*weitz]1 ,dr4 ,hugo1 #aid1 #aie1 #baa4 ,s]+1 ,dr4 ,max1 zii4 ,/ieglitz1 ,pr(essor ,julius1 x#ir1 #aih1 #bjj4 ,?omasl ,alb]t1 #bjj4 ,?orpe1 ,pr(4 ,j4 ,f41 #if1 #ii4 ,?uilli]1 ,major-,g5]al ,h4 ,f41 #id1 #ih,p #aje- ,villavecehia1 ,pr(4 zot4 ,v9c5t1 ,monsieur1 #bjj4 ,watson1 ,colonel1 #ie4 ,weiss1 ,m41 #bjj4 ,wells1 ,h4 ,g41 izz4 ,w+1 ,major-,g5]al1 #dc4 #bhb