,,dewey ,,decimal ,,classification ,,centennial #ahgf-aigf ,facsimile reprinted by ,forest ,press ,division ,lake ,placid ,educational ,foundation 99 99 99 ,printed and ,bound ,kingsport ,press1 ,inc4 ,,kingsport1 ,,tennessee ,a ,,classification ,,and ,,subject ,,index ,,for ,,cataloguing ,,and ,,arranging ,,the ,,books ,,and ,,pamphlets ,,of ,a ,,library4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,amherst1 ,,mass4 #ahgf4 ,,copyrighted #ahgf ,,melvil ,,dewey ,,preface4 ,the plan of the following ,classification and ,index was developed early in #ahgc4 ,it was the result of several months' study of library economy as found in some hundreds of books and pamphlets1 and in over fifty personal visits to various ,american libraries4 ,in this study1 the author became convinced that the usefulness of these libraries might be greatly increased without additional expenditure4 ,three years practical use of the system here explained1 leads him to believe that it will accomplish this result2 for with its aid1 the catalogues1 shelf lists1 indexes1 and cross-references essential to this increased usefulness1 can be made more economically than by any other method which he has been able to find4 ,the system was devised for cataloguing and indexing purposes1 but it was found on trial to be equally valuable for numbering and arranging books and pamphlets on the shelves4 ,the library is first divided into nine special libraries which are called ,classes4 ,these ,classes are ,philosophy1 ,theology1 c41 and are numbered with the nine digits4 ,thus ,class #i is the ,library of ,history2 ,class #g1 the ,library of ,fine ,art2 ,class #b1 the ,library of ,theology4 ,these special libraries or ,classes are then considered independently1 and each one is separated again into nine special ,divisions of the main subject4 ,these ,divisions are numbered from #a to #i as were the ,classes4 ,thus #ei is the #ith ,division 7,zoology7 of the #eth ,class 7,natural ,science74 ,a final division is then made by separating each of these ,divisions into nine ,sections which are numbered in the same way1 with the nine digits4 ,thus #eac is the #c;d ,section 7,geometry7 of the #ast ,division 7,mathematics7 of the #eth ,class 7,natural ,science74 ,this number1 giving ,class1 ,division1 and ,section1 is called the ,classification or ,class ,number1 and is applied to every book or pamphlet belonging to the library4 ,all the ,geometries are thus numbered #eac1 all the ,mineralogies #edi1 and so throughout the library1 all the books on any given subject bear the number of that subject in the scheme4 ,where a #j occurs in a class number1 it has its normal zero power4 ,thus1 a book numbered #eaj1 is ,class #e1 ,division #a1 but no ,section4 ,this signifies that the book treats of the ,division #ea 7,mathematics7 in general1 and is not limited to any one ,section1 as is the ,geometry1 marked #eac4 ,if marked #ejj1 it would indicate a treatise on ,science in general1 limited to no ,division4 ,a zero occurring in the first place would in the same way show that the book is limited to no ,class4 ,the classification is mainly made by subjects or content regardless of form2 but it is found practically useful to make an additional distinction in these general treatises1 according to the form of treatment adopted4 ,thus1 in ,science we have a large number of books treating of ,science in general1 and so having a #j for the ,division number4 ,these books are then divided into ,sections1 as are those of the other ,classes according to the form they have taken on4 ,we have the ,philosophy and ,history of ,science1 ,scientific ,compends1 ,dictionaries1 ,essays1 ,periodicals1 ,societies1 ,education1 and ,travels1--all having the common subject1 ,,natural ,,science1 but treating it in these varied forms4 ,these form distinctions are introduced here because the number of general works is large1 and the numerals allow of this division1 without extra labor for the numbers from #eja to #eji would otherwise be unused4 ,they apply only to the general treatises1 which1 without them1 would have a class number ending with two zeros4 ,a ,dictionary of ,mathematics is #eaj1 not #ejc1 for every book is assigned to the most specific head that will contain it1 so that #ejc is limited to ,dictionaries or ,cyclopedias of ,science in general4 ,in the same way a ,general ,cyclopedia or ,periodical treats of no one class1 and so is assigned to the ,class #j4 ,these books treating of no special class1 but general in their character1 are divided into ,cyclopedias1 ,periodicals1 etc4 ,no difficulty is found in following the arithmetical law and omitting the initial zero1 so these numbers are printed #ca1 #cb1 etc41 instead of #jca1 #jcb1 etc4 ,the selection and arrangement of the thousand headings of the classification cannot be explained in detail for want of space4 ,in all the work1 philosophical theory and accuracy have been made to yield to practical usefulness4 ,the impossibility of making a satisfactory classification of all knowledge as preserved in books1 has been appreciated from the first1 and nothing of the kind attempted4 ,theoretical harmony and exactness has been repeatedly sacrificed to the practical requirements of the library or to the convenience of the department in the college4 ,as in every scheme1 many minor subjects have been put under general heads to which they do not strictly belong4 ,in some cases these headings have been printed in a distinctive type1 e4 g41 #dbi ,anglo-,saxon1 under ,,english ,,philology4 ,the rule has been to assign these subjects to the most nearly allied heads1 or where it was thought they would be most useful4 ,the only alternative was to omit them altogether4 ,if any such omission occurs1 it is unintentional and will be supplied as soon as discovered4 ,wherever practicable the heads have been so arranged that each subject is preceded and followed by the most nearly allied subjects and thus the greatest convenience is secured both in the catalogues and on the shelves4 ,theoretically1 the division of every subject into just nine heads is absurd4 ,practically1 it is desirable that the classification be as minute as possible without the use of additional figures1 and the decimal principle on which our scheme hinges allows nine divisions as readily as a less number4 ,this principle has proved wholly satisfactory in practice though it appears to destroy proper co-ordination in some places4 ,it has seemed best in our library to use uniformly three figures in the class number4 ,this enables us to classify certain subjects very minutely1 giving1 for example1 an entire section to ,chess4 ,but the ,history of ,england has only one section1 as our scheme is developed1 and thus the two might be said to be co-ordinated4 ,the apparent difficulty in such cases is entirely obviated by the use of a fourth figure1 giving nine sub-sections to any subject of sufficient importance to warrant closer classification4 ,in history where the classification is made wholly by countries1 a fourth figure is added to give a division into periods4 ,as the addition of each figure gives a ten-fold division1 any desired degree of minuteness may be secured in the classing of special subjects4 ,the apparent lack of co-ordination arises from the fact that only the first three figures of these more important heads are as yet printed1 the fourth figure and the sub-sections being supplied on the catalogues in manuscript4 ,should the growth of any of these sub-sections warrant it1 a fifth figure will be added1 for the scheme admits of expansion without limit4 ,the arrangement of headings has been sometimes modified to secure a mnemonic aid in numbering and finding books without the ,index4 ,for instance1 the scheme is so arranged that ,china has always the number #a4 ,in ,ancient ,history1 it has the first section1 #ica3 in ,modern ,history1 under ,asia1 it has #iea3 in ,philology1 the ,chinese language appears as #dia4 ,after the same manner the ,indian number is #b2 ,egyptian1 #d2 ,english1 #b2 ,german1 #c2 ,french1 #d2 ,italian1 #e2 ,spanish1 #f2 ,european1 #d2 ,asian1 #e2 ,african1 #f2 ,north ,american1 #g2 ,south ,american1 #h2 and so for all the divisions by languages or countries4 ,the ,italian #e1 for instance1 will be noticed in #ce1 #ee1 #dej1 #gee1 #hej1 and #ide4 ,this mnemonic principle is specially prominent in ,philology and ,literature and their divisions1 and in the form distinctions used in the first #i sections of each class4 ,materials1 ,methods1 or ,theory occurring anywhere as a head1 bears always the number #a4 ,dictionaries and ,cyclopedias1 #c2 ,essays1 #d2 ,periodicals1 #e2 ,associations1 ,institutions1 and ,societies1 #f2 ,education1 #g2 ,collections1 #i4 ,in the numerous cases where several minor heads have been grouped together under the head ,other1 it always bears the number #i4 ,wherever practicable1 this principle is carried out in sub-dividing the sections4 ,for instance1 the ,geology of ,north ,america1 which bears the number #eeg is sub-divided by adding the sections of #igj 7,history of ,north ,america74 ,the ,geology of ,mexico then bears the number #eegh3 mnemonically1 the first #e is the ,science number2 the second #e1 ,geology2 the #g1 ,north ,america2 and the #h1 ,mexico4 ,any library attendant or reader after using the scheme a short time will recognize at a glance1 any catalogue or ledger entry1 book or pamphlet1 marked #eegh as something on the ,geology of ,mexico4 ,users of the scheme will notice this mnemonic principle in several hundred places in the classification1 and will find it of great practical utility in numbering and finding books without the aid of ,catalogue or ,index1 and in determining the character of any book simply from its call number as recorded on the book1 on all its catalogue and cross reference cards1 on the ledger1 and in the check box4 ,in naming the headings1 brevity has been secured in many cases at the sacrifice of exactness4 ,it was thought more important to have short1 familiar titles for the headings than that the names given should express with fullness and exactness the character of all books catalogued under them4 ,many subjects1 apparently omitted1 will be found in the ,index1 assigned1 with allied subjects1 to a heading which bears the name of the most important only4 ,reference to this ,subject ,index will decide at once any doubtful points4 ,in arranging books in the classification1 as in filling out the scheme1 practical usefulness has been esteemed the most important thing4 ,the effort has been to put each book under the subject to the student of which it would be most useful4 ,the content or the real subject of which a book treats1 and not the form or the accidental wording of the title1 determines its place4 ,following this rule1 a ,philosophy of ,art is put with ,art1 not with ,philosophy2 a ,history of ,mathematics1 with ,mathematics1 not with ,history2 for the philosophy and history are simply the form which these books have taken4 ,the true content or subject is ,art1 and ,mathematics1 and to the student of these subjects they are most useful4 ,the predominant tendency or obvious purpose of the book1 usually decides its class number at once2 still many books treat of two or more different subjects1 and in such cases it is assigned to the place where it will be most useful1 and underneath the class number are written the numbers of any other subjects on which it also treats4 ,these ,cross ,references are given both on the plate and the subject card as well as on the cross reference card4 ,if a book treats of a majority of the sections of any division1 it is given the ,division number instead of the most important ,section number with cross references4 ,collected works1 libraries1 etc41 are either kept together and assigned like individual books to the most specific head that will contain them2 or assigned to the most prominent of the various subjects on which they treat with cross references from the others2 or are separated and the parts classed as independent works4 ,translations are classed with their originals4 ,the ,alphabetical ,subject ,index is designed to guide1 both in numbering and in finding the books4 ,in numbering1 the most specific head that will contain the book having been determined1 reference to that head in the ,index will give the class number to which it should be assigned4 ,in finding books on any given subject1 reference to the ,index will give the number under which they are to be sought on the shelves1 in the ,shelf ,catalogue1 or in the ,subject ,catalogue4 ,the ,index gives after each subject the number of the class to which it is assigned4 ,most names of countries1 towns1 animals1 plants1 minerals1 diseases1 c1 have been omitted1 the aim being to furnish an ,index of ,subjects on which books are written1 and not a ,gazetteer or a ,dictionary of all the nouns in the language4 ,such subjects will be found as special chapters or sections of books on the subjects given in the ,index4 ,the names of individual subjects of biographies will be found in the ,class ,list of ,biography4 ,omissions of any of the more general subjects will be supplied when brought to notice4 ,in arranging the books on the shelves1 the absolute location by shelf and book number is wholly abandoned1 the relative location by class and book number being one of the most valuable features of the plan4 ,the class number serves also as the location number and the shelf number in common use is entirely dispensed with4 ,accompanying the class number is the book number1 which prevents confusion of different books on the same subject4 ,thus the first ,geometry catalogued is marked #eac-a2 the second #eac-b1 and so on to any extent1 the last number showing how many books the library has on that subject4 ,the books of each section are all together1 and arranged by book numbers1 and these sections are also arranged in simple numerical order throughout the library4 ,the call number #eac-aa signifies not the #aath book on shelf #eac2 or alcove #e1 range #a1 shelf #c1 as in most libraries1 but signifies the #aath book in subject #eac or the #aath ,geometry belonging to the library4 ,in finding the book1 the printed numbers on the backs are followed1 the upper being the class and the lower the book number4 ,the class is found in its numerical order among the classes as the shelf is found in the ordinary system3 the book in its numerical order in the class4 ,the shelves are not numbered1 as the increase of different departments1 the opening of new rooms1 and any arrangement of classes to bring the books most circulated nearest to the delivery desk1 will bring different class numbers on a given shelf4 ,new books as received are numbered and put into place1 in the same way that new titles are added to the card catalogue4 ,the single digit occasionally prefixed to the book number1 e4g4 the #c in #dba-c-g is the nearest height in decimeters of books too large to be put on the regular library shelves1 which are only #b-a_/b decimeters apart4 ,the great mass of the library consists of #b-;decimeter books1 the size numbers of which are omitted4 ,books from #b-a_/b to #c-a_/b decimeters in height have #c prefixed to the book number1 and are found on the bottom shelf of each range4 ,the larger sizes are prefixed with #d1 #e1 c41 and are found on the special shelves provided1 in order to avoid the great waste of space otherwise occasioned by the relative location4 ,by this use of the size numbers a close economy of space is secured4 ,thus all the books on any given subject are found standing together1 and no additions or changes ever separate them4 ,not only are all the books on the subject sought1 found together1 but the most nearly allied subjects precede and follow1 they in turn being preceded and followed by other allied subjects as far as practicable4 ,readers not having access to the shelves find the short titles arranged in the same order on the ,shelf ,catalogue1 and the full titles1 imprints1 cross references1 notes1 c41 on the ,subject ,catalogue4 ,the uncatalogued pamphlets treating of any subject bear the same class number and are arranged on the shelves immediately after the books of each section4 ,in both the ,authors' ,catalogue and the ,subject ,index1 brevity has been studied because of the economy1 but more because of the much greater ease of reference to a short title catalogue4 ,the custom of giving full titles1 etc41 under authors1 and only references or very brief titles under subjects1 has been reversed4 ,a reader seeking a book of a known author1 in the vast majority of cases1 wants simply the number by which to call for it1 and can find it much sooner in a brief title catalogue4 ,in the rare cases where more is needed the class number refers instantly to all these facts on the cards4 ,on the other hand1 a reader seeking books on a known subject1 needs the full title1 imprint1 cross-references1 and notes1 to enable him to choose the book best suited to his wants4 ,the ,subject ,catalogue is a full title ,shelf ,list on cards and is for the use of the public4 ,the ,shelf ,list is a short title ,subject ,catalogue in book form1 made of separate sheets laced into an ,emerson binder1 and is for official use4 ,we thus have without extra labor1 both full and short title ,subject ,catalogues and ,shelf ,lists4 ,the public ,authors' ,catalogue is a printed volume2 the official ,authors' ,catalogue or ,index is on cards4 ,as a result each of the public ,catalogues is checked by an official ,catalogue2 each of the card ,catalogues by a book ,catalogue2 each of the brief title catalogues by a full title catalogue--an advantage that will be appreciated by all librarians desiring accuracy of administration and catalogues4 ,the ,arabic numerals can be written and found more quickly1 and with less danger of confusion or mistake1 than any other symbols whatever4 ,therefore the ,roman numerals1 capitals and small letters1 and similar symbols usually found in systems of classification are entirely discarded and by the exclusive use of ,arabic numerals in their regular order throughout the shelves1 classifications1 indexes1 catalogues and records1 there is secured the greatest accuracy1 economy1 and convenience4 ,this advantage is specially prominent in comparison with systems where the name of the author or the title must be written in calling for or charging books and in making references4 ,throughout the catalogues the number of a book shows not only where it is but what it is4 ,on the library accounts the character of each person's reading is clearly indicated by the numbers charged1 and the minutest statistics of circulation in any subject are made by simply counting the call slips in the check box1 and recording the number against the class number in the record4 ,by the use of size numbers the greatest possible economy of space may be secured1 for the size distinction may be made for every inch or even less if desired1 and this without additional labor1 as it will be seen that the size figure1 when introduced1 requires one less figure in the book number1 and so does not increase the number of digits as would at first appear4 ,parts of sets1 and books on the same or allied subjects1 are never separated as they are sure to be1 sooner or later1 in every library arranged on the common plan1 unless it be frequently re-arranged and re-catalogued4 ,the great expense of this re-cataloguing makes it impracticable except for a few very wealthy libraries4 ,in this system the catalogue and book numbers remain unchanged through all changes of shelving1 buildings1 or arrangement4 ,in addition to its own peculiar merits1 this plan has all the advantages of the card catalogue principle and of the relative location1 which have been used and very strongly approved by prominent libraries4 ,as in the card catalogue system1 there is room for indefinite expansion without devices or provisions4 ,space is the only requisite and if the shelf room is exhausted1 the floor space is equally good1 except for the inconvenience of stooping4 ,some prominent opponents of classed catalogues have admitted that the ,subject ,index1 in deciding where to class a book at first1 and where to look for it ever afterwards1 has removed their strongest objections4 ,certainly it would be impossible to make an ,index more cheaply or more easy of reference1 it being a single alphabet1 of single words1 followed by single numbers4 ,these class numbers applied to pamphlets have proved specially satisfactory4 ,the number is written on the upper left corner and the pamphlets are arranged either in pamphlet cases with the books on the same subject or on special shelves divided every decimeter by perpendicular sections4 ,as each pamphlet is examined when received into the library1 it is the work of a single moment to pencil on it its class number4 ,there is no expense whatever incurred1 and yet the entire pamphlet resources of the library on any subject can be produced almost instantly4 ,the immense advantages of this plan over those in common use1 both in economy and usefulness1 will be appreciated by every librarian caring for a pamphlet collection4 ,a catalogue of authors may be made on slips if desired4 ,the pamphlets themselves are the best ,subject ,catalogue4 ,though designed wholly for library use1 the plan has proved of great service in preserving newspaper clippings in large envelopes arranged by class numbers2 and more especially in taking the place of the common note-book and ,index ,rerum4 ,slips of uniform size are used with the class number of the subject written on the corner4 ,minute alphabetical headings are used under each class number1 the slips being arranged in numerical order like the ,subject ,card ,catalogue4 ,clippings and notes arranged in this way are at all times their own complete index1 and have the same advantages over the common scrap and note-books that the ,subject ,catalogue has over the ,accessions ,book1 in looking up the resources of the library on any given subject4 ,those who have tried this method are so enthusiastic in its praise that it seemed worthy of mention in this place4 ,the plan was adopted in the ,amherst ,college ,library in #ahgc1 and the work of transferring the entire library to the new catalogue at once commenced4 ,it was found entirely practicable to make the change gradually1 as means allowed1 without interfering in any appreciable degree with the circulation of the books4 ,the three years trial to which it has been there subjected has more than justified the claims of its friends1 and it is now printed with the more confidence on this account4 ,it has been kept in manuscript up to this time1 in order that the many minor details might be subjected to actual trial and modified where improvement was possible4 ,the labor involved in preparing the ,classification and ,index has been wholly beyond the appreciation of any who have never attempted a similar task4 ,much valuable aid has been rendered by specialists in many departments1 and nearly every member of the ,faculty has given advice from time to time4 ,among the many to whom thanks are due1 special mention should be made of ,mr4 ,c4,a4 ,cutter1 the librarian of the ,boston ,athenum1 and ,mr4 ,john ,fiske1 of the ,harvard ,university library1 for valuable suggestions and appreciative criticism4 ,while these friends are in no way responsible for any remaining imperfections in the scheme1 they should have credit for many improvements which have been made during these three years of revision4 ,the essential character of the plan has remained unchanged from the first4 ,doubtless other improvements are still possible1 and it is hoped that users of the scheme will call attention to any proposed change in the naming or arrangement of the headings1 or to any omission which should be supplied in the ,subject ,index4 ,before printing1 the plan was submitted to quite a number of librarians for criticism4 ,among the hundreds of points raised as to its practical workings and usefulness there was only one in which it was not shown to be equal or superior to any other system known4 ,this objection applied only to the arrangement on the shelves2 not at all to the catalogues or indexes4 ,it was1 that in this relative location1 a book which this year stands1 e4g41 at the end of a certain shelf2 may not be on that shelf at all another year1 because of the uneven growth of the parts of the library4 ,this slight objection inheres in any system where the books are arranged by subjects rather than by windows1 doors1 shelves1 and similar non-intellectual distinctions4 ,in this hurriedly prepared account of his plan1 the author has doubtless failed to meet many objections which may be raised and which he could easily answer4 ,he would therefore ask the privilege of replying personally to any such objections1 where they arise1 believing that it will be possible to answer1 if not all1 at least a very large proportion4 ,in his varied reading1 correspondence1 and conversation on the subject1 the author doubtless received suggestions and gained ideas which it is now impossible for him to acknowledge4 ,perhaps the most fruitful source of ideas was the ,nuovo ,sistema di ,catalogo ,bibliografico ,generale of ,natale ,battezzati1 of ,milan4 ,certainly he is indebted to this system adopted by the ,italian publishers in #ahga1 though he has copied nothing from it4 ,the plan of the ,st4 ,louis ,public ,school ,library1 and that of the ,apprentices' ,library of ,new ,york1 which in some respects resemble his own1 were not seen till all the essential features were decided upon1 though not given to the public4 ,in filling the nine classes of the scheme the inverted ,baconian arrangement of the ,st4 ,louis ,library has been followed4 ,the author has no desire to claim original invention for any part of his system where another has been before him1 and would most gladly make specific acknowledgment of every aid and suggestion were it in his power to do so4 ,with these general explanations and acknowledgments he submits the scheme1 hoping it may prove as useful to others as it has to himself4 ,,amherst ,,college ,,library1 ,june #ajth1 #ahgf4 99 99 99 99 99 ,those interested will find fuller explanations and remarks in the ,library volume now being printed by the ,bureau of ,education at ,washington4 7,,general7 ,,philosophy1 ,,theology1 ,,sociology1 ,,philology1 ,,natural ,,science1 ,,useful ,,arts1 ,,fine ,,arts1 ,,literature1 ,,history4 ,,divisions4 7,,general7 #j #aj ,,bibliography4 #bj ,,book ,,rarities4 #cj ,,general ,,cyclopedias4 #dj ,,polygraphy4 #ej ,,general ,,periodicals4 #fj ,,general ,,societies4 #gj #hj #ij #ajj ,philosophy4 #aaj ,,metaphysics4 #abj #acj ,,anthropology4 #adj ,,schools ,,of ,,psychology4 #aej ,,mental ,,faculties4 #afj ,,logic4 #agj ,,ethics4 #ahj ,,ancient ,,philosophies4 #aij ,,modern ,,philosophies4 #bjj ,theology4 #baj ,,natural ,,theology4 #bbj ,,bible4 #bcj ,,doctrinal ,,theology4 #bdj ,,practical ,,and ,,devotional4 #bej ,,homiletical ,,and ,,pastoral4 #bfj ,,institutions ,,and ,,missions4 #bgj ,,ecclesiastical ,,history4 #bhj ,,christian ,,sects4 #bij ,,non-,,christian ,,religions4 #cjj ,sociology4 #caj ,,statistics4 #cbj ,,political ,,science4 #ccj ,,political ,,economy4 #cdj ,,law4 #cej ,,administration4 #cfj ,,associations ,,and ,,institutions4 #cgj ,,education4 #chj ,,commerce ,,and ,,communication4 #cij ,,customs ,,and ,,costumes4 #djj ,philology4 #daj ,,comparative4 #dbj ,,english4 #dcj ,,german4 #ddj ,,french4 #dej ,,italian4 #dfj ,,spanish4 #dgj ,,latin4 #dhj ,,greek4 #dij ,,other ,,languages4 #ejj ,natural ,science4 #eaj ,,mathematics4 #ebj ,,astronomy4 #ecj ,,physics4 #edj ,,chemistry4 #eej ,,geology4 #efj ,,paleontology4 #egj ,,biology4 #ehj ,,botany4 #eij ,,zoology4 #fjj ,useful ,arts4 #faj ,,medicine4 #fbj ,,engineering4 #fcj ,,agriculture4 #fdj ,,domestic ,,economy4 #fej ,,communication ,,and ,,commerce4 #ffj ,,chemical ,,technology4 #fgj ,,manufactures4 #fhj ,,mechanic ,,trades4 #fij ,,building4 #gjj ,fine ,arts4 #gaj ,,landscape ,,gardening4 #gbj ,,architecture4 #gcj ,,sculpture4 #gdj ,,drawing ,,and ,,design4 #gej ,,painting4 #gfj ,,engraving4 #ggj ,,photography4 #ghj ,,music4 #gij ,,amusements4 #hjj ,literature4 #haj ,,treatises ,,and ,,collections4 #hbj ,,english4 #hcj ,,german4 #hdj ,,french4 #hej ,,italian4 #hfj ,,spanish4 #hgj ,,latin4 #hhj ,,greek4 #hij ,,other ,,languages4 #ijj ,history4 #iaj ,,geography ,,and ,,description4 #ibj ,,biography4 #icj ,,ancient ,,history4 #idj ,,europe4 #iej ,,asia4 #ifj ,,africa4 ,modern4 #igj ,,north ,,america4 #ihj ,,south ,,america4 #iij ,,oceanica ,,and ,,polar ,,regions4 7,,general7 #j #a #b #c #d #e #f #g #h #i #aj ,bibliography4 #aa ,general ,bibliographies4 #ab ,special ,forms4 #ac ,manuscripts4 #ad ,anonyms1 ,pseudonyms1 c4 #ae ,special ,countries4 #af ,special ,subjects4 #ag ,subject ,catalogues4 #ah ,authors' ,catalogues4 #ai ,library ,economy and ,reports4 #bj ,book ,rarities4 #ba ,manuscripts4 #bb ,block ,books4 #bc ,early ,printed4 #bd ,celebrated ,printers4 #be ,celebrated ,binders4 #bf ,materials4 #bg ,ownership4 #bh ,prohibited4 #bi ,other4 #cj ,general ,cyclopedias4 #ca ,american4 #cb ,english4 #cc ,german4 #cd ,french4 #ce ,italian4 #cf ,spanish4 #cg ,slavic4 #ch ,scandinavian4 #ci ,other4 #dj ,polygraphy4 #da ,american4 #db ,english4 #dc ,german4 #dd ,french4 #de ,italian4 #df ,spanish4 #dg ,slavic4 #dh ,scandinavian4 #di ,other4 #ej ,general ,periodicals4 #ea ,american4 #eb ,english4 #ec ,german4 #ed ,french4 #ee ,italian4 #ef ,spanish4 #eg ,slavic4 #eh ,scandinavian4 #ei ,other4 #fj ,general ,societies4 #fa ,american4 #fb ,english4 #fc ,german4 #fd ,french4 #fe ,italian4 #ff ,spanish4 #fg ,slavic4 #fh ,scandinavian4 #fi ,other4 #gj #ga #gb #gc #gd #ge #gf #gg #gh #gi #hj #ha #hb #hc #hd #he #hf #hg #hh #hi #ij #ia #ib #ic #id #ie #if #ig #ih #ii ,,philosophy4 #ajj ,philosophy4 #aja #ajb ,compends4 #ajc ,dictionaries4 #ajd ,essays4 #aje ,periodicals4 #ajf ,societies4 #ajg ,education4 #ajh #aji ,history4 #aaj ,metaphysics4 #aaa ,ontology4 #aab ,methodology4 #aac ,cosmology4 #aad #aae #aaf #aag #aah #aai #abj #aba #abb #abc #abd #abe #abf #abg #abh #abi #acj ,anthropology4 #aca ,mental physiology and hygiene4 #acb ,mental derangements4 #acc ,delusions1 witchcraft1 magic4 #acd ,mesmerism4 #ace ,sleep1 dreams1 somnambulism4 #acf ,sexes4 #acg ,temperaments4 #ach ,physiognomy4 #aci ,phrenology4 #adj ,schools of ,psychology4 #ada ,idealistic4 #adb ,critical4 #adc ,intuitive4 #add ,empirical4 #ade ,sensational4 #adf ,materialistic4 #adg ,pantheistic4 #adh ,eclectic4 #adi ,other4 #aej ,mental ,faculties4 #aea ,intellect4 #aeb ,sense4 #aec ,understanding4 #aed ,memory4 #aee ,reason4 #aef ,imagination4 #aeg ,susceptibility4 #aeh ,instincts4 #aei ,will4 #afj ,logic4 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#ife ,algeria4 #iff ,central ,africa4 #ifg ,guinea4 #ifh ,south ,africa4 #ifi ,other4 #igj ,north ,america4 #iga ,british ,america4 #igb ,canada4 #igc ,united ,states and ,territories4 #igd ,eastern4 #ige ,middle4 #igf ,southern4 #igg ,western4 #igh ,mexico4 #igi ,other4 #ihj ,south ,america4 #iha ,brazil4 #ihb ,argentine ,republic4 #ihc ,chili4 #ihd ,bolivia4 #ihe ,peru4 #ihf ,new ,granada4 #ihg ,venezuela4 #ihh ,guiana4 #ihi ,other4 #iij ,oceanica and ,polar ,regions4 #iia ,malaysia4 #iib ,sunda4 #iic ,australasia4 #iid ,australia4 #iie ,new ,guinea4 #iif ,polynesia4 #iig ,isolated islands4 #iih ,arctic regions4 #iii ,antarctic regions4 ,,subject ,,index4 99 99 99 99 99 ,find the subject in this ,alphabetical ,,index4 ,the number following it is its ,class ,number4 ,the entire resources of the library on this subject will be found under this number either in the ,subject ,catalogue1 the ,shelf ,catalogue1 or on the shelves4 ,where a class number ends in a cipher1 the subject will be found1 on reference to the prefixed classification1 to be subdivided4 99 99 99 99 99 ,abolition #cbf ,aborigines ,north ,america #igj ,abortion #fah ,abyssinia #ifc ,abyssinia language #dic ,academies #cgh ,academies of science #ejf ,accounts #feg ,acoustics #ecd ,acrostics #hai1 #hbi1 #hci1 etc4 ,acts and ,resolves #cbh ,acts of the ,apostles #bbf ,addresses #hae1 #hbe1 #hce1 etc4 ,administration #cej ,administrative law #cdb ,admiralty ,law #cdf ,adultery #agf1 #cde ,advent1 second #bcf ,aeronautics #ecc sthetics #gja thiopia #iff ,afghanistan #ieh ,africa---botany #ehf customs and costumes #cif description #iaf ecclesiastical history #bgf geography #iaf geology #eef history #ifj statistics #caf travels #iaf ,agricultural chemistry #fca ,agriculture #fcj ,air #ecc ,alabama #igf ,alaska #igg ,albania #idi ,albertypes #ggd ,albigenses #bgb1 #idd ,alchemy #edj ,alcoholic liquors #agh1 #fae1 #ffc ,ales #ffc ,alg #ehb ,algebra #eab ,algeria #ife ,aliens #cdc ,allegories #hai1 #hbi1 #hci1 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notes #cdc ,pronunciation1 #daa1 #dba1 #dca1 etc4 ,property #cca ,property law #cdb1 #cdc ,property tax #ccf ,prophecy #bca ,prophetical books of ,bible #bbd ,prose composition1 ,greek #dhe ,prose composition1 ,latin #dge ,prosody1 comparative #daf ,english #dbf ,french #ddf ,german #dcf ,greek #dhf ,italian #def ,latin #dgf ,spanish #dff ,prostitution #fah1 #agf ,protection #ccg ,protestant episcopal #bhc ,protestantism #bhc-bhi ,protestantism and ,romanism #bhb ,protoplasm #egf ,protozoa #eic paleontology #efc ,provenal language #ddi ,proverbs1 and quotations #hai ,proverbs1 ,bible #bbc ,providence #bl#d ,provincialisms #dbg1 #dcg1 etc4 ,pruning #fcd1 #gae ,prussia #idc ,psalms #bbc ,pseudonyms #ad ,psychology #adj ,public accounts #ccf ,public buildings #gbe ,public charities #cfa ,public documents #cbh ,public education #cgj ,public funds #ccf ,public health #fad ,public houses #cij ,public lands #cec ,public meetings #cfj ,public schools #cgh ,public speaking #hae ,public worship #bdf ,pulpit oratory #bej ,pumps #ecb ,punctuation1 ,english #dba ,punishment #cde ,puritans #bgg1 #bhi ,puseyism #bdd1 #bhc ,pygmies #eii ,pyramids #iaf1 #icb ,pyrites #edi ,pyrotechnics #ffb ,pyrrhonism #ahf ,pythagorean philosophy #ahb ,quadrumana #eii ,quadrupeds #eii ,quakers #bhi ,qualitative analysis #edd ,quantitative analysis #ede ,quarantine #fad ,quaternions #eah ,quotations #hai1 #hbi1 etc4 ,race-horse #gih ,races1 history #egb ,racing #gih ,radiates #eic ,radiates paleontology #efc ,railroad engineering #fbe ,railroad locomotives #fba ,railroads #che ,railways1 laws of #cdc ,rain #eea ,rank #cbb ,rationalism #baa1 #aee ,readers #dah1 #dbh1 #dch1 etc4 ,reading1 art of #hae ,reading courses #ae1 #af ,reading for self-education #cgd ,real estate law #cdc ,reason #aee ,rebellion1 ,southern #igc ,recipe books #fdj ,recreation #gij ,reformation #bgd ,reformatory associations #cfd ,reformatory institutions #cfd ,reformed church #bhi ,regeneration #bcd ,regimen #fac ,regulations of armies #cee ,regulations of navies #cei ,religion and science #bae ,religion and sermons #bee ,religions1 ,non-,christian #bij ,religious anecdotes #bdi ,religious associations #cfb ,religious biography #ibb ,religious education #cgg ,religious fiction #bdi ,religious institutions #cfb ,religious orders #bga ,religious philosophy #bja ,remains #efj ,rents #ccc ,repentance #bcd1 #bda ,reptiles #eih ,reptiles paleontology #efh ,republican institutions #cbd ,resistance of materials #fia ,resurrection #bcf ,retribution #bcg ,revealed religion #bca ,revelation #bca ,revenue #ccf ,reviews1 see ,periodicals4 ,revivals #bfi ,revolution1 ,american #igc ,revolution1 ,french #idd ,rhetoric #hae ,rhetoric sacred #bea ,rhode ,island #igd ,rhododendron #ehb ,riddles #hai1 #hbi1 etc4 ,riding #gih ,right of search #cda ,rights and liberties #cdb ,riots #cdc ,ritualism #bdd ,river transportation #chg ,rivers #eea ,roads #fbe ,rocky mountains #eeg1 #iag ,rodentia #eii ,roman antiquities #icg ,roman architecture #gbb ,roman ,catholics #bhb ,roman history1 ancient #icg ,roman history1 modern #ide ,roman literature #hgj ,roman law #cdh ,roman mythology #bib ,roman sculpture #gcc ,romance #hac ,english #hbc ,french #hdc ,german #hcc ,italian #hec ,religious #bdi ,spanish #hfc ,romanic languages #ddj-dfi ,romansh language #dei ,rome1 ancient #icg ,rome1 modern #ide ,romish church #bhb ,rope-making #fgg ,rowing #gig ,rubber manufactures #fge ,ruminants #eii ,rural architecture #gbh ,rural sports #gif ,russia #idg ,russian ,america #igg ,russian language #dig ,sabbatarians #bhi ,sabbath #bfc ,sabbath reform #bfc ,sabbath schools #bfh ,sacrament of baptism #bfd ,sacrament of ,lord's ,supper #bfe ,sacred biography #ibb ,sacred rhetoric #bea ,sacrifices #bba ,saddlery #fhe ,sailors #chg ,st4 ,domingo #igi ,sale catalogues of books #ag1 #ah ,salt manufacture #ffd ,salvation #bcd ,sandwich ,islands #iig ,sanitary commissions #cfd ,sanitary commissions ,u4,s4 #cfa ,sanitary measures #fad ,sanskrit language #did ,sardinia #ide ,satan #bce ,satire #hag ,english #hbg ,french #hdg ,german #hcg ,italian #heg ,latin #hgg ,spanish #hfg ,savings banks #ccb ,saxon language #dbi ,saxons #idc ,scandinavia #idh ,scandinavian language #dih ,scandinavian literature #hih ,scepticism #baa ,scholastic philosophy #aih ,schools #cgh ,schools ,sunday #bfh ,school architecture #gbg ,school houses #gbg ,schools of art #gjg ,schools of painting #gec-gef ,schopenhauer's philosophy #aic ,schleswig-,holstein #idc ,science1 ,natural #ejj biography of #ibe ,scientific societies #ejf ,scientific travels #ejh ,scotland #ida ,scotch language #dif ,scotch philosophy #aib ,scriptures #bbj ,scrofulous diseases #faf ,sculpture #gcj ,sculptors' lives #ibg ,seamanship #fef1 #ebg ,secession #cdb ,second advent #bcf ,second sight #acc ,secret societies #cff ,sects1 ,christian #bhj ,secular education #cgg ,self-culture #cgd ,self-education #cgd ,semitic languages #dic ,semitic literature #hic ,sensation #aeb ,sensational psychology #ade ,sense #aeb ,sepulchres #gah ,sepulture #fad ,sermons #beb-bei ,serpents #eih ,servants #fdg ,servia #idi ,sewerage #fad ,sewing #fhg ,sewing machine #fhg ,sex in education #cgf ,sexual ethics #agf ,sexual science #fah ,sexes #acf ,shades and shadows #gdd ,shakers #bhi ,shakesperiana #hbb ,sheep #fcf ,shells #eid ,shells fossil #efd ,shemitic languages #dic ,ship-building #fii ,ship-canals #fbf1 #chg ,shipping laws #cdf ,shoemaking #fhe1 #fge ,shooting #gii ,short-hand #fec ,shrubbery #gaf ,siam #iei ,siberia #ieg ,sicily #ide ,sick-room #fdi ,sieges #cee1 #fbc ,sight #ecf ,sight hygiene #fac ,signals #fed ,sign painting #fih ,silk culture #fch ,silk manufacture #fgg ,silk worm #fch1 #eie ,silver metal #edi ,silver mines #fbh ,silver money #ccb ,sin #bcc ,singing #ghd ,sisters of ,mercy #cfb ,skating #gif ,skepticism #baa ,skin diseases #faf ,skye #ida ,slander #agg1 #cde ,slang #dbg1 #dcg1 etc4 ,slating #fie ,slavery #cbf ,slavic language #dig ,slavic literature #hig ,sleep #ace ,sleep walking #ace ,small-pox #faf1 #fad ,soap-making #ffd ,social ethics #agg ,social science #cjj ,social worship #bdg ,socialisms #cce ,societies1 fine arts #gjf ,societies1 general #fj ,societies1 history #ijf ,societies1 literature #hjf ,societies1 natural science #ejf ,societies1 philology #djf ,societies1 philosophy #ajf ,societies1 science #ejf ,societies1 secret #cff ,societies1 sociology #cjf ,societies1 theology #bjf ,societies1 useful arts #fjf ,society #agg ,sociology #cjj ,sociology biography of #ibc ,socratic philosophy #ahc ,soils #fca ,solar system #ebc ,soldiers #cee ,somnambulism #ace ,songs #ghd ,sonnets #haa1 #hba1 etc4 ,sophist philosophy #ahc ,sorcery #acc ,soul #bcc ,sound #ecd ,south ,africa #ifh botany #ehf geography #iaf ,south ,america #ihj botany #ehh customs and costumes #cih ecclesiastical history #bgh geography #iah geology #eeh history #ihj statistics #cah travels #iah ,south ,carolina #igf ,south seas #iii ,southern ,states #igf ,spain #idf ,spanish language #dfj ,spanish literature #hfj ,spanish philosophy #aif ,specie payment #ccb ,specifications for building #fib ,specters #acc ,spectroscope #ece ,spectrum analysis #edd ,speeches1 see ,oratory4 ,spherical astronomy #eba ,spherical geometry #eac ,spherical trigonometry #ead ,spiders #eie ,spinoza's philosophy #adg ,spiritualism #acc ,spontaneous generation #egg ,sports #gif ,stables #fcf ,stage #gib ,stained glass #gde ,stammering #faf ,stamps #chc ,standing army #cee ,starch manufacture #ffd ,stars #ebc ,state #cbj ,state ethics #agb ,state papers #cbh ,state rights #cdb ,state trials #cde ,statesmen1 lives #ibc ,statics #eca ,statistical methods #caa ,statistics #caj ,statuary #gcj ,statute law #cdc ,steam-engine #fba ,steam-fitting #fif ,steam-navigation #ebg1 #fef ,steam-transportation #che1 #fef ,steel #ffi ,steel engraving #gfb ,stenography #fec ,stereotyping #fee ,stereoscopes and views #ggf ,stethoscope #faf ,stipple engraving #gfe ,stock1 live #fcf ,stocks #ccc ,stoic philosophy #ahh ,stoneware #fgc ,storms #eea ,stills #ffc ,strategy #cee ,strawberries #fcd ,stringed instruments #ghg ,study1 methods of #cga ,stuttering #faf ,sublime and beautiful #gja ,submarine telegraph #chd ,succession #cbc ,suffrage #cbd ,sugar-cane #fcc ,sugar manufacture #ffd ,sugar planting #fcc ,suicide #aca ,sumatra #iib ,summer-houses #gag ,sun #ebc ,sunda #iib ,sunday-schools #bfh ,supernaturalism #acc ,superstition #acc ,surgery #fag ,surnames #ibi ,surveying #fbb ,susceptibility #aeg ,sweden #idh ,swedenborgians #bhi ,swimming #gif ,swine #fcf ,switzerland #idi ,syllogism #afj ,symbolism #bai ,synonyms1 ,english #dbd ,synonyms1 ,french #ddd ,synonyms1 ,german #dcd ,synonyms1 ,greek #dhd ,synonyms1 ,italian #ded ,synonyms1 ,latin #dgd ,synonyms1 ,spanish #dfd ,syphilis #faf ,syria #ief ,syriac language #dic ,syro-,chaldaic #dic ,systematic botany #ehb ,tableaux #gia ,tables1 dining #fdc ,tables1 mathematical #ead ,tachygraphy #fec ,tactics #cee ,tailoring #fhg ,takigrafy #fec ,tales1 see ,romance4 ,talmud #bif ,tanning #fge ,tariffs #ccg ,tartary #iea1 #iei ,taste and criticism #gja ,taxation #ccf ,taxidermy #egi ,tea cultivation #fcc ,teachers and teaching #cga ,technology1 chemical #ffj ,teeth #faa1 #fag ,tehuantepec #igh ,telegraph #chd ,telegraphy #fed ,telescope #ece1 #ebb ,temperaments #acg ,temperance #agh ,temperature #eea1 #ecf ,templars #cff ,tennessee #igf ,testacea #eid ,testament1 ,new #bbe ,testament1 ,old #bba ,testamentary law #cdi ,testimony #cdi ,texas #igf ,textile fabrics #fgg ,texts1 comparative #dah ,texts1 ,english #dbh ,texts1 ,french #ddh ,texts1 ,german #dch ,texts1 ,greek1 with notes #dhh ,texts1 ,greek1 without notes #hhj ,texts1 ,italian #deh ,texts1 ,latin1 with notes #dgh ,texts1 ,latin1 without notes #hgj ,texts1 ,spanish #dfh ,thanksgiving #bdd ,theater1 see ,drama4 ,theater1 ethics #age ,theaters #gib ,theatricals #gib ,theft #cde ,theism #baa ,theodicy #bca1 #bad ,theological doctrine #bcj ,theological essays #bjd ,theology #bjj ,theology biography of #ibb ,theology devotional #bdj ,theology natural #baj ,theology practical #bdj ,theoretical astronomy #eba ,theoretical chemistry #eda ,theoretical ethics #aga ,therapeutics #fae ,thibet #iea ,thirty-nine articles #bhc ,thomsonianism #fae ,thought #aec ,throat diseases #faf ,thunder #ecg ,tides #eba ,tiling #fie ,timber #fia ,tin manufacture #fga ,tin mineral #edi ,tithes #ccf ,tobacco #fae1 #agh1 #fcc ,toilet #fdf ,tolls #ccf ,tombs #gah ,topographical engineering #fbb ,topography #iaj ,total abstinence #agh ,toxicology #fae ,tractarianism #bdd1 #bhc ,tract society #cfb ,trade #chj ,trade marks #fjh ,trades1 mechanic #fhj ,trades1 unions #cfg1 #fjf1 #cca ,tragedies1 see ,drama4 ,transactions #ajf1 #bjf1 #cjf1 etc4 ,transcendentalism #adb ,translation1 ,greek authors #hhj ,translation1 ,latin authors #hgj ,transportation #chj1 #fef1 #cde ,transubstantiation #bhb ,transylvania #idc ,trapping #fci ,travels #iaj ,travels scientific #ejh ,treason #cde ,treasury #ceb ,trees #ehj ,trees1 ornamental #gae ,trespass #cde ,trials #cdj ,trigonometry #ead ,trilobites #efe ,trinity #bcb ,troubadours #ddi1 #hda ,trunk-making #fhe ,trusts and trustees #cdd ,tungusic language #dii ,tunnels #fbe ,turkey #idi ,turkey in ,asia #ief ,turkish baths #fac ,turkish language #dii ,turning #fgd ,tuscany #ide ,type founding #fga ,typography #fee ,tyrol #idc ,understanding #aec ,uniforms #cee ,unitarians #bhh ,united ,states #cbd1 #igc botany #ehg customs and costumes #cig ecclesiastical history #bgg geography #iag geology #eeg history #igc statistics #cag travels #iag ,universal ,history #iji ,universal language #djh ,universalism #bhh ,universities #cgh ,university education #cgc ,upholstering #fde ,uruguay #ihi ,useful arts #fjj biography of #ibf ,usury #ccd ,utah #igg ,vases #gch ,vaudois #bgb1 #idi ,vegetable physiology #eha ,vegetable practice #fae ,vegetables #fce ,vegetarianism #fac ,venereal diseases #faf ,venezuela #ihg ,venice #ide ,ventilation #fig ,ventriloquism #acc ,vermont #igd ,versification #haa ,vertebrates #eif ,vertebrates paleontology #eff ,veterinary medicine #fai ,villas #gbh ,violin #ghg ,virginia #igf ,virtue #agj ,vision #ece ,visions and dreams #ace ,vital principle #egf1 #fab ,vocal culture #ghd1 #hae ,vocal music #ghd ,voice #ghd ,volcanoes #eec ,voyages #iaj ,wages #cca ,wakefulness #ace ,waldenses #bgb1 #ide ,wales #idb ,walks #gac ,wallachian language #dei ,war ethics #agb ,war science #cee-cei ,warehouses #chj ,warming #fig ,washing #fdh ,washington territory #igg ,watch-making #fha ,water1 artificial ponds1 etc4 #gad ,water colors #gea ,water cure #fae ,water wheels #eca1 #fba ,water works #fbh ,watering-places #fac ,wax flowers #gde ,wealth #cca ,weather #eea ,weaving #fgg ,weights and measures #chi ,welsh language #dif ,west ,indies #igi ,west ,virginia #igf ,western ,states #igg ,whale #eii ,whale fisheries #fci ,wheat #fcc ,whigs #cbd ,whigs ,english #cbc ,whist #gie ,will #aei ,wills #cdc ,wind instruments #ghh ,wine #ffc ,wisconsin #igg ,wit #hai1 #hbi1 #hci1 etc4 ,witchcraft #acc ,woman1 education #cgf ,woman1 suffrage #cbd ,wood engraving #gfa ,wood manufactures #fgd ,wool #fcf ,wool manufactures #fgg ,working classes #cca ,worship #bdf-bdh ,writing #fea ,writing short-hand #fec ,xylography #fee ,yachting #gig ,year books #cac ,yellow fever #faf ,young men's association #cfb ,zend #bie ,zend ,avesta #bie ,zodiac #eba ,zology #eij ,zophytes #eic ,zoroaster #bie 99 99 99 99 99 ,,explanations4 99 99 99 99 99 ,the titles of the subject catalogue are exact transcriptions of the title page1 neither amended1 translated1 or in any way altered1 except that mottoes1 titles of authors1 repetitions1 or matter of any kind not essential to a clear titular description1 are omitted4 ,omissions of mottoes are indicated by three stars 799 99 9972 of other matter by three dots 744474 ,the phraseology1 spelling1 and punctuation of the title are exactly copied2 but capitals are given only to proper names and adjectives1 and initial words of sentences4 ,any additions needed to make the title clear are supplied and enclosed by brackets4 ,after the titles1 are given in order3 the place of publication2 the year2 the year of copyright1 if different1 in brackets2 the edition2 the number of volumes1 or of pages if in only one volume2 the illustrations1 maps1 plates1 or portraits2 and the size nearest in the arbitrary scale1 regardless of the fold of the sheet4 ,this scale gives the heights in decimeters4 ,square and oblong books have the size prefixed by sq4 or ob4 ,books #a decimeter high are called #cb2 #a4e deci41 #af2 #b deci41 #ab2 #b4e deci41 #h2 #c deci41 #d2 and all others are marked simply by the nearest height1 i4e4 a book marked #d is between #c4e and #d4e decimeters high4 ,in books having more than one pagination the number of pages is indicated by giving the last number of each pagination connected by a 2 an added indicates additional matter unpaged4 ,these imprint entries give the facts regardless of the title page1 and are left blank only when they can be ascertained neither from the book itself or other sources4 ,the contents of volumes are given when on title pages1 or when necessary to properly identify the volume1 but no analysis is attempted4 ,necessary notes are given at the bottom of the subject card after the imprint entries4 ,duplicates are simply marked copy #b1 copy #c1 etc41 and bear the same class and book number1 but editions of the same book distinct in character are catalogued separately4 ,in all the catalogues1 books are entered under the surnames of authors when known2 under the initials of author's names1 when these only appear1 the last initial being put first2 under the pseudonyms of the writers1 when the real names are not ascertained2 under the names of editors of collections2 under the names of countries1 cities1 societies1 or other bodies which are responsible for their publication2 under the first word not an article of the titles of periodicals and of anonymous books the names of whose authors are not ascertained4 ,commentaries with the text1 and translations are entered under the heading of the original work1 but commentaries without the text are entered under the name of the commentator4 ,the ,bible or any part of it in any language is entered under the word ,bible4 ,books having more than one author are entered under the first named on the title4 ,in the headings of titles1 the names of authors are given in their vernacular form4 ,in ,english and ,french surnames beginning with a prefix 7except the ,french de and d'7 the name is recorded under the prefix4 ,in other languages and in ,french names beginning with de and d'1 the name is recorded under the word following the prefix4 ,compound surnames are entered under the first part of the name4 ,noblemen and ecclesiastical dignitaries are entered under their family names1 but sovereigns1 princes1 oriental writers1 friars1 persons canonized1 and all other persons known only by their first name1 are entered under this first name4 ,the catalogue is not a biographical dictionary1 so only gives the names of authors with sufficient fullness to distinguish them from each other in practical use4 ,names in full face type are the ruling headings under which the books are entered in the various catalogues4 ,entries not beginning with this type are in addition to the first or main entry1 and are made under the names of translators1 editors1 commentators1 continuators1 etc41 as participators in the authorship2 also in the case of books having more than one author1 or having both generic and specific titles1 or published by societies or other bodies1 and having also the name of the individual author4 ,these additional entries are made in order to carry out the plan of the ,authors' ,catalogue1 which aims to give under each author's name all his works which the library contains4 ,the works of an author known by more than one name are given all together1 under the form of name chosen4 ,any other name or title by which he may be known1 if it differs in the first three letters1 is entered in its alphabetical place1 followed by the word see and the name under which the books are entered4 ,such cross references have no titles given under them1 but are simply guides to the name chosen4 ,a single dash indicates the omission of the preceding heading2 a subsequent dash indicates the omission of a subordinate heading or of a title4 ,a dash connecting numbers signifies to and including2 following a number it signifies continuation4 ,a 8 following a word or entry signifies probably4 ,brackets enclose words added to titles or changed in form4 ,the ,german diphthongs 1 1 are written1 ae1 oe1 ue4 ,dates are all given in years of the common calendar1 and ,arabic numerals are uniformly used for all numbers4 ,,subject ,,catalogue4 ,the ,subject ,catalogue on large cards can be used to advantage only with the aid of the ,classification or ,index4 ,to find what the library has on any given subject1 get from the ,index the class number of that subject4 ,under this number in the ,subject ,catalogue will be found the full titles of the books1 with imprints1 cross references1 and notes4 ,the class number1 by which the cards are arranged1 is given in the upper left corner and immediately under it is the book number4 ,any other class number given in the left hand margin refers to another subject of which the book also treats4 ,when the class number at the top is followed by an additional figure in brackets1 the subject as given in the printed scheme has been subdivided in arranging the cards4 ,this subdivision will be found on the first card of the catalogue which bears this class number4 ,these figures in brackets determine the arrangement of the titles in the ,catalogue1 but on the shelves1 in the ,shelf ,catalogue1 and in calling for and charging books1 they are entirely disregarded4 ,thus a book numbered #idb7g74ad would be in the ,catalogue among the #idb cards arranged by the figure in brackets as though it were a decimal1 but it would be called for as #idb4ad1 the brackets indicating that the final classing was limited to the ,catalogue and was not extended to the shelves4 ,if a fourth figure is added without brackets1 the final classing is extended to the shelves as well as to the catalogue1 and all the figures must be used in calling for the book4 ,in such cases the added figure is treated as a decimal in the arrangement1 though the decimal point is not written4 ,the last card which bears any class number1 gives under that number1 followed by the word ,,see the call numbers of other books which treat of the same subject1 but are classed elsewhere4 ,general cross references are also made in many cases without specifying individual books1 as from ,commerce as a question of ,,social ,,science 7#chj7 to ,commerce as a ,,useful ,,art1 ,book-keeping ,business ,manuals1 etc4 7#fej74 ,in such cases there is a card under #chj marked ,,see #fej1 and under #fej there is a card marked ,,see #chj4 ,from whatever stand-point a subject is approached1 the cross references guide at once to the same subject treated in its other relations4 ,these cross references both general and specific are often accompanied by brief notes1 characterizing the books to which reference is made4 ,there will be found at the beginning of many class numbers1 a card noting the most reliable books on that subject1 and the best of the articles in periodicals1 transactions1 and collected works with the volume and page where they may be found4 ,it is hoped to give special prominence to these notes for the guidance of readers1 and they will be added as rapidly as other duties allow4 ,many subjects will have no sub-section cards at the beginning2 some will have no reference cards at the end2 and some may have no titles given under the number4 ,the scheme provides a place for books on all subjects1 whether the library has them or not1 so where no titles are given under a class number it shows that the library has as yet no books on that subject4 ,articles in periodicals and transactions1 separate volumes of sets and collections which are located together1 if catalogued are put under their proper subject number1 but no book number is given with it4 ,the call number of the book1 where they may be found1 is always given in the margin preceded by the word ,,in4 ,in the same way special chapters in books will sometimes be catalogued1 e4g4 a card marked #cch ,,in #cca-bg1 would mean that in the #bg books on #cca1 ,capital and ,labor1 there was a chapter on #cch1 ,production4