,,critiques ,,& ,,addresses4 ,,by ,,?omas ,,h5ry ,,huxley1 ,,ll4,d41 ,f4,r4,s4 #ahgc4 ,,preface4 ,! ,critiques & ,addresses ga!r$ toge!r 9 ?is volume1 l ! ,lay ,s]mons1 ,addresses1 & ,reviews1 publi%$ ?ree ye>s ago1 deal *iefly ) educational1 sci5tific1 & philosophical subjects2 &1 9 fact1 indicate ! high-wat] m>k ( ! v>i\s tides ( occupation by :i* ,i h be5 c>ri$ along s9ce ! beg9n+ ( ! ye> #ahgj4 ,9 ! end ( t ye>1 a confid5ce 9 my p[]s ( "w1 :i*1 un=tunately1 has n be5 ju/ifi$ by ev5ts1 l$ me to all[ myself to be br\ght =w>d z a c&idate = a seat on ! ,london ,s*ool ,bo>d4 ,?anks to ! en]gy ( my support]s ,i 0 elect$1 & took my %>e 9 ! "w ( t body dur+ ! critical fir/ ye> ( its exi/5ce4 ,!n my heal? gave way1 & ,i 0 oblig$ to resign my place among colleagues ^: l>ge practical k ( ! bus9ess ( prim>y education1 & ^: self-sacrific+ zeal 9 ! dis*>ge ( ! on]\s & ?ankless duties ?r[n ^u !m by ! ,legislature1 made x a pleasure to "w ) !m1 ev5 ?\gh my position 0 usually t ( a memb] ( ! m9ority4 ,i m5tion ^! circum/ances 9 ord] to acc\nt = 7,i _h almo/ said to apologize =7 ! exi/5ce ( ! two pap]s :i* head ! pres5t s]ies1 & :i* are m or less political1 bo? 9 ! l[] & 9 ! high] s5ses ( t ^w4 ,! "q ( ! exp$i5cy ( any =m ( ,/ate ,education is1 9 fact1 a "q ( ^? high] politics :i* lie above ! region 9 :i* ,tories1 ,:igs1 & ,radicals delight to b>k & bite4 ,9 discuss+ x 9 my address on ,adm9i/rative ,nihilism1 ,i f\nd myself1 to my pr(\nd regret1 l$ to div]ge v widely 7?\gh ev5 m p]haps 9 seem+ ?an 9 reality7 f ! op9ions ( a man ( g5ius to :om ,i am b\nd by ! tw(old tie ( ! respect due to a pr(\nd philosoph] & ! affection giv5 to a v old fri5d4 ,b _h ,i no o!r means ( kn[+ ! fact1 ! k9dly g5iality ( ,mr4 ,h]b]t ,sp5c]'s reply#a assures me t ! tie to :i* ,i ref] w be> a mu* heavi] /ra9 ?an ,i h put1 or ev] int5d to put1 ^u x1 & ,i r rejoice t ,i h be5 ! means ( call+ =? s vigor\s a piece ( argum5tative writ+4 ,nor is ?is dis9t]e/$ joy at an attack ^u myself dim9i%$ by ! circum/ance1 t1 9 all humility1 b 9 all s9c]ity1 ,i ?9k x may be repuls$4 ,footnote #a3 ,specializ$ ,adm9i/ration2 ,=tnightly ,review1 ,decemb] #ahga4 ,mr4 ,sp5c] compla9s t ,i h fir/ mis9t]pret$1 & !n miscall$1 ! doctr9e ( :i* he is s able an expositor4 ,x w\ld grieve me v mu* if ,i 7 really op5 to ?is *>ge4 ,b :at are ! facts8 ,i def9e ?is doctr9e z foll[s3-- ,^? :o hold ^! views support !m by two l9es ( argum5t4 ,!y en=ce !m d$uctively by argu+ f an assum$ axiom1 t ! ,/ate has no "r to d any?+ b protect its subjects f aggression4 ,! ,/ate is simply a policeman1 & its duty1 nei!r m nor less ?an to prev5t robb]y & murd] & en=ce contracts4 ,x is n to promote good1 nor ev5 to d any?+ to prev5t evil1 except by ! en=cem5t ( p5alties ^u ^? :o h be5 guilty ( obvi\s & tangible assaults ^u purse or p]son4 ,&1 accord+ to ?is view1 ! prop] =m ( gov]nm5t is nei!r a mon>*y1 an ari/ocracy1 nor a democracy1 b an a/ynomocracy1 or police gov]nm5t4 ,on ! o!r h&1 ^! views are support$ po/]iori by an induction f obs]vation1 :i* pr(esses to %[ t :atev] is done by a ,gov]nm5t beyond ^! negative limits1 is n only sure to be done badly1 b to be done mu* worse ?an private ent]prise w\ld h done ! same ?+4 ,i 0 fill$ ) surpris$ regret :5 ,i le>n$ f ! conclusion ( ! article on ,specializ$ ,adm9i/ration1 t ?is /atem5t is held by ,mr4 ,sp5c] to be a mis9t]pretation ( 8 views4 ,p]haps ,i ought to be /ill m sorry to be oblig$ to decl>e myself1 ev5 n[1 unable to discov] :]e my mis9t]pretation lies1 or 9 :at respect my pres5tation ( ,mr4 ,sp5c]'s views diff]s f 8 own mo/ rec5t v]sion ( !m4 ,z ! passage cit$ above %[s ,i h c>efully def9$ ! s5se 9 :i* ,i use ! t]ms :i* ,i employ1 &1 !re=e1 ,i am n greatly conc]n$ to def5d ! ab/ract appropriat5ess ( ! t]ms !mselves4 ,& :5 ,mr4 ,sp5c] ma9ta9s ! only prop] functions ( ,gov]nm5t to be ^? :i* are compreh5sible "u ! description ( ,negatively regulative control1 ,i may sugge/ t ! diff]5ce betwe5 su* ,negative ,adm9i/ration & ,adm9i/rative ,nihilism1 9 ! s5se def9$ by me1 is n easily disc]nible4 ,hav+1 z ,i hope1 reliev$ myself f ! suspicion ( hav+ misund]/ood or misrepres5t$ ,mr4 ,sp5c]'s views1 ,i might1 if ,i c\ld =get t ,i am writ+ a preface1 proce$ to ! discussion ( ! p>allel :i* he elaborates1 ) mu* k & p[]1 betwe5 ! physiological & ! social organisms4 ,b ?is is n ! place = a controv]sy involv+ s _m te*nicalities1 & ,i cont5t myself ) "o rem>k1 namely1 t ! :ole c\rse ( mod]n physiological discov]y t5ds to %[1 ) m & m cle>ness1 t ! vascul> sy/em1 or app>atus = di/ribut+ commodities 9 ! animal organism1 is em95tly "u ! control ( ! c]ebro-sp9al n]v\s c5tres--a fact :i*1 unless ,i am aga9 mi/ak51 is contr>y to "o ( ,mr4 ,sp5c]'s fundam5tal assumptions4 ,9 ! animal organism1 ,gov]nm5t does m$dle ) trade1 & ev5 goes s f> z to tamp] a good deal ) ! curr5cy4 ,9 ! same numb] ( ! ,=tnightly ,review z t :i* conta9s ,mr4 ,sp5c]'s essay1 ,miss ,hel5 ,taylor assails me--?\gh1 ,i am b\nd to admit1 m 9 sorr[ ?an 9 ang]--= :at %e t]ms1 my ,new ,attack on ,tol]ation4 ,x is ,i1 ?is "t1 :o may compla9 ( mis9t]pretation1 if ! great] "p ( ,miss ,taylor's article 7) :i* ,i entirely sympa?ise7 is suppos$ to be applicable to my intol]ance4 ,let u h full-tol]ation1 by all means1 ^u all que/ions 9 :i* !re is room = d\bt1 or :i* _c be di/9ctly prov$ to affect ! welf>e ( mank9d4 ,b :5 ,miss ,taylor has %[n :at basis exi/s = crim9al legislation1 except ! cle> "r ( mank9d n to tol]ate t :i* is demon/rably contr>y to ! welf>e ( society1 ,i w admit t su* demon/ration ought only to be believ$ 9 by ! curates & old wom5 to :om %e ref]s4 ,rec5t ev5ts h n weak5$ ! conviction ,i express$ 9 a mu*-abus$ spee* at ! ,london ,s*ool ,bo>d1 t ,ultramontanism is demon/rably ! enemy ( society2 & mu/ be met ) resi/ance1 m]ely passive if possible1 b active if necess>y1 by ! :ole p[] ( ! ,/ate4 ,next 9 ord]1 x seems prop] t ,i %\ld briefly ref] to my fri5d ,mr4 ,miv>t's onslaught ^u my criticism ( ,mr4 ,d>w9's critics1 himself among ! numb]1 :i* w be f\nd 9 ?is volume4 ,9 ,evolution & its ,consequ5ces#a ,i am accus$ ( misrepres5tation1 misquotation1 misund]/&+1 & num]\s o!r negative & positive lit]>y & sci5tific s9s2 & mu* subtle +5uity is exp5d$ by ,mr4 ,miv>t 9 attempt+ to extricate himself f ! position 9 :i* my exposition ( ! real op9ions ( ,fa!r ,su>ez has plac$ him4 ,s mu* m1 9 fact1 has ,mr4 ,miv>t's +5uity impress$ me ?an any o!r feature ( 8 reply1 t ,i %all take ! lib]ty ( re-/at+ ! ma9 issue betwe5 u2 &1 = ! pres5t1 leav+ t issue alone to ! judgm5t ( ! public4 ,footnote #a3 ,contempor>y ,review1 ,janu>y #ahgb4 ,9 8 book on ! ,g5esis ( ,species ,mr4 ,miv>t1 aft] discuss+ ! op9ions ( sundry ,ca?olic writ]s ( au?ority1 among :om he especially includes ,/4 ,augu/91 ,/4 ,?omas ,aqu9as1 & ! ,jesuit ,su>ez1 proce$s to say3 ,x is !n evid5t t anci5t & mo/ v5]able !ological au?orities di/9ctly ass]t d]ivative creation1 & ?us _! tea*+s h>monize ) all t mod]n sci5ce c possibly require4#a ,by ! d]ivative creation ( organic =ms1 ,mr4 ,miv>t und]/&s1 t ,god creat$ !m by conf]r+ on ! mat]ial _w ! p[] to evolve !m "u suitable conditions4 ,footnote #a3 ,buns5's ,outl9es ( ! ,philosophy ( ,univ]sal ,hi/ory1 vol4 i4p4 #cdi4 #ahed4 ,on ! contr>y1 ,i prov$ by evid5ce1 :i* ,mr4 ,miv>t does n v5ture to impugn1 t ,su>ez1 9 8 ,tractatus de ,op]e sex ,di]um1 expressly rejects ,/4 ,augu/9's & ,/4 ,?omas' views2 t he vehem5tly advocates ! lit]al int]pretation ( ! acc\nt ( ! creation giv5 9 ! ,book ( ,g5esis2 & t he treats ) utt] scorn ! notion t ! ,almighty c\ld h us$ ! language ( t ,book1 unless ,he meant x to be tak5 lit]ally4 ,mr4 ,miv>t1 !re=e1 ei!r has read ,su>ez & has totally misrepres5t$ him--a hypo!sis :i*1 ,i hope ,i ne$ h>dly say1 ,i d n = a mom5t ent]ta93 or1 he has got 8 in=mation at second h&1 & has himself be5 deceiv$4 ,b 9 t case1 x is surely an imprud5ce on 8 "p1 to reproa* me ) hav+ read ,su>ez ad hoc1 & evid5tly )\t ! guidance ( anyone famili> ) t au?or4 ,no d\bt1 9 ! matt] ( guidance1 ,mr4 ,miv>t has ! advantage ( me4 ,nev]!less1 ! guides :o suppli$ him ) 8 ref]5ces to ,su>ez' ,metaphysica1 :ile !y left him 9 ignorance ( ! exi/5ce ( ! ,tractatus1 are guides ) ^: s]vices x might be bett] to disp5se2 lead]s :o wilfully %ut _! eyes1 be+ ev5 m liable to lodge "o 9 a dit*1 ?an bl9d lead]s4 ,at ! "t :5 ! essay on ,me?ods & ,results ( ,e?nology 0 writt51 ,i _h n met ) a passage 9 ,pr(essor ,max ,mll]'s ,la/ ,results ( ,turanian ,rese>*es#a :i* %[s s appositely1 t ! pr(\nde/ /udy ( philology leads to conclusions respect+ ! relation ( ,e?nology ) ,philology1 simil> to ^? at :i* ,i _h arriv$ 9 approa*+ ! "q f ! ,anatomi/'s side1 t ,i _c refra9 f quot+ x3 ,footnote #a3 ,,london1 ,april #ahgc4 ,nor %\ld we1 9 our phonological /udies1 ei!r expect or desire m ?an g5]al h9ts f physical e?nology4 ,! prop] & rational connection betwe5 ! two sci5ces is t ( mutual advice & sugge/ion1 b no?+ m4 ,mu* ( ! confusion ( t]ms & indi/9ctness ( pr9ciples1 bo? 9 ,e?nology & ,phonology1 are due to ! comb9$ /udy ( ^! het]og5e\s sci5ces4 ,e?nological race & phonological race are n comm5surate1 except 9 ante-hi/orical times1 or p]haps at ! v dawn ( hi/ory4 ,) ! migration ( tribes1 _! w>s1 _! colonies1 _! conque/s & alliances1 :i*1 if we may judge f _! effects1 mu/ h be5 mu* m viol5t 9 ! e?nic1 ?an ev5 9 ! political1 p]iod ( hi/ory1 x is impossible to imag9e t race & language %\ld cont9ue to run p>allel4 ,! physiologi/ %\ld pursue 8 own sci5ce unconc]n$ ab\t language4 ,x is fur!r desirable to rem>k t ! /atem5ts 9 ?is ,essay respect+ ! =ms ( ,native ,am]ican crania ne$ rectification4 ,on ?is po9t1 ,i ref] ! read] :o is int]e/$ 9 ! subject to my pap] ,on ! ,=m ( ! ,cranium among ! ,patagonians & ! ,fuegians publi%$ 9 ! ,j\rnal ( ,anatomy & ,physiology = #ahfh4 ,if ! problem discuss$ 9 my address to ! ,briti% ,association 9 #ahgj has n yet receiv$ its solution1 x is n because ! *ampions ( ,abiog5esis h be5 idle1 or want+ 9 confid5ce4 ,b e new ass]tion on _! side has be5 met by a c\nt] ass]tion2 & ?\gh ! public may h be5 l$ to believe t s mu* noise mu/ indicate rapid progress1 "o way or ! o!r1 an imp>tial critic w admit1 ) sorr[1 t ! "q has be5 m>k+ "t r ?an m>*+4 ,9 m]e s\nd1 ^! two processes are n s v diff]5t4 ,,cont5ts4 ,i4 ,,adm9i/rative ,,nihilism4 7,an ,address deliv]$ to ! ,memb]s ( ! ,midl& ,in/itute1 on ! #i? ( ,octob]1 #ahga1 & subsequ5tly publi%$ 9 ! ,=tnightly ,review7 ,,ii4 ,,! ,,s*ool ,,bo>ds3 ,,:at ,,!y ,,c ,,d1 ,,& ,,:at ,,!y ,,may ,,d4 7,! ,contempor>y ,review1 #ahgj7 ,,iii4 ,,on ,,m$ical ,,education4 7,an ,address to ! ,/ud5ts ( ! ,faculty ( ,m$ic9e 9 ,univ]sity ,college1 ,london1 #ahgj7 ,,iv4 ,,yea/4 7,! ,contempor>y ,review1 #ahga7 ,v4 ,,on ,,! ,,=mation ,,( ,,coal4 7,a ,lecture deliv]$ be=e ! ,memb]s ( ! ,brad=d ,philosophical ,in/itution1 & subsequ5tly publi%$ 9 ! ,contempor>y ,review7 ,,vi4 ,,on ,,coral ,,& ,,coral ,,reefs4 7,good ,words1 #ahgj7 ,,vii4 ,,on ,,! ,,me?ods ,,& ,,results ,,( ,,e?nology4 7,! ,=tnightly ,review1 #ahfe7 ,,viii4 ,,on ,,"s ,,fix$ ,,po9ts ,,9 ,,briti% ,,e?nology4 7,! ,contempor>y ,review1 #ahga7 ,,ix4 ,,palaeontology ,,& ,,! ,,doctr9e ,,( ,,evolution4 7,! ,presid5tial ,address to ! ,geological ,society1 #ahgj7 ,x4 ,,mr4 ,,d>w9',s ,,critics4 7,! ,contempor>y ,review1 #ahga7 ,,xi4 ,,! ,,g5ealogy ,,( ,,animals4 7,a ,review ( ,haeckel's ,natrli*e ,s*pfungs-,ges*i*te4 ,! ,academy1 #ahfi7 ,,xii4 ,,bi%op ,,b]keley ,,on ,,! ,,metaphysics ,,( ,,s5sation4 7,macmillan's ,magaz9e1 #ahga7 ,,critiques ,,& ,,addresses4 ,i4 ,,adm9i/rative ,,nihilism4 7,,an ,,address ,,to ,,! ,,memb]s ,,( ,,! ,,midl& ,,in/itute1 ,,octob] #i,,?1 #ahga47 ,to me1 &1 z ,i tru/1 to ! great majority ( ^? :om ,i address1 ! great attempt to educate ! p ( ,engl& :i* has j be5 set afoot1 is "o ( ! mo/ satisfactory & hopeful ev5ts 9 our mod]n hi/ory4 ,b x is impossible1 ev5 if x 7 desirable1 to %ut our eyes to ! fact1 t !re is a m9ority1 n inconsid]able 9 numb]s1 nor defici5t 9 support]s ( weight & au?ority1 9 ^: judgm5t all ?is legislation is a /ep 9 ! wrong direction1 false 9 pr9ciple1 & consequ5tly sure to produce evil 9 practice4 ,! argum5ts employ$ by ^! objectors are ( two k9ds4 ,! fir/ is :at ,i w v5ture to t]m ! ca/e argum5t2 =1 if logically c>ri$ out1 x w\ld end 9 ! sep>ation ( ! p ( ?is c\ntry into ca/es1 z p]man5t & z %>ply def9$1 if n z num]\s1 z ^? ( ,india4 ,x is ma9ta9$ t ! :ole fabric ( society w be de/roy$ if ! poor1 z well z ! ri*1 are educat$2 t any?+ l s\nd & good education w only make !m discont5t$ ) _! /ation & raise hopes :i*1 9 ! great majority ( cases1 w be bitt]ly disappo9t$4 ,x is said3 ,!re mu/ be hew]s ( wood & draw]s ( wat]1 scav5g]s & coalheav]s1 day lab\r]s & dome/ic s]vants1 or ! "w ( society w come to a /&/ill4 ,b1 if y educate & ref9e ev]ybody1 nobody w be cont5t to assume ^! functions1 & all ! _w w want to be g5tlem5 & ladies4 ,"o he>s ?is argum5t mo/ frequ5tly f ! repres5tatives ( ! well-to-d middle class2 &1 com+ f !m1 x /rikes me z peculi>ly inconsi/5t1 z ! "o ?+ !y admire1 /rive aft]1 & advise _! own *ildr5 to d1 is to get on 9 ! _w1 &1 if possible1 rise out ( ! class 9 :i* !y 7 born into t above !m4 ,society ne$s groc]s & m]*ants z mu* z x ne$s coalheav]s2 b if a m]*ant accumulates weal? & works 8 way to a b>onetcy1 or if ! son ( a gre5groc] becomes a "l *ancellor1 or an ar*bi%op1 or1 z a successful soldi]1 w9s a pe]age1 all ! _w admires !m2 & looks ) pride ^u ! social sy/em :i* r5d]s su* a*ievem5ts possible4 ,nobody sugge/s t !re is any?+ wrong 9 _! be+ discont5t$ ) _! /ation2 or t1 9 _! cases society suff]s by m5 ( ability rea*+ ! positions = :i* nature has fitt$ !m4 ,b !re are bett] replies ?an ^? ( ! tu quoque sort to ! ca/e argum5t4 ,9 ! fir/ place1 x is n true t education1 z su*1 unfits m5 = r\gh & labori\s1 or ev5 disgu/+1 occupations4 ,! life ( a sailor is r\gh] & h>d] ?an t ( n9e l&sm5 out ( t51 & yet1 z e %ip's capta9 kn[s1 no sailor 0 ev] ! worse = possess+ a tra9$ intellig5ce4 ,! life ( a m$ical practition]1 especially 9 ! c\ntry1 is h>d] & m labori\s ?an t ( mo/ artisans1 & he is con/antly oblig$ to d ?+s :i*1 9 po9t ( pleasantness1 _c be rank$ above scav5g]+--yet he always ought to be1 & he frequ5tly is1 a highly educat$ man4 ,9 ! second place1 ?\gh x may be grant$ t ! words ( ! cate*ism1 :i* require a man to d 8 duty 9 ! /ation to :i* x has pleas$ ,god to call him1 give an admirable def9ition ( our obligation to ourselves & to society2 yet ! "q rema9s1 h[ is any giv5 p]son to f9d out :at is ! p>ticul> /ation to :i* x has pleas$ ,god to call him8 ,a new-born infant does n come into ! _w labell$ scav5g]1 %opkeep]1 bi%op1 or duke4 ,"o mass ( r$ pulp is j l ano!r to all outw>d appe>ance4 ,& x is only by f9d+ out :at 8 faculties are good =1 & seek+1 n = ! sake ( gratify+ a paltry vanity1 b z ! highe/ duty to himself & to 8 fell[-m51 to put himself into ! position 9 :i* !y c atta9 _! full developm5t1 t ! man discov]s 8 true /ation4 ,t :i* is to be lam5t$1 ,i fancy1 is n t society %\ld d its utmo/ to help capacity to asc5d f ! l[] /rata to ! high]1 b t x has no ma*9]y by :i* to facilitate ! desc5t ( incapacity f ! high] /rata to ! l[]4 ,9 t noble romance1 ! ,republic 7:i* is n[1 ?anks to ! ,ma/] ( ,balliol1 z intelligible to u all1 z if x _h be5 writt5 9 our "m tongue71 ,plato makes ,socrates say t he %\ld l to inculcate ^u ! citiz5s ( 8 ideal /ate j "o royal lie4 ',citiz5s1' we %all say to !m 9 our tale--',y are bro!rs1 yet ,god has fram$ y diff]5tly4 ,"s ( y h ! p[] ( comm&1 & ^! he has compos$ ( gold1 :]e=e also !y h ! greate/ hon\r2 o!rs ( silv]1 to be auxili>ies2 o!rs aga91 :o are to be husb&m5 & craftsm51 he has made ( brass & iron2 & ! species w g5]ally be pres]v$ 9 ! *ildr54 ,b z y are ( ! same orig9al family1 a gold5 p>5t w sometimes h a silv] son1 or a silv] p>5t a gold5 son4 ,& ,god proclaims to ! rul]s1 z a fir/ pr9ciple1 t be=e all !y %\ld wat* ov] _! (fspr+1 & see :at elem5ts m+le ) _! nature2 = if ! son ( a gold5 or silv] p>5t has an admixture ( brass & iron1 !n nature ord]s a transposition ( ranks1 & ! eye ( ! rul] mu/ n be pitiful t[>ds 8 *ild because he has to desc5d 9 ! scale & become a husb&man or artisan2 j z !re may be o!rs sprung f ! artisan class1 :o are rais$ to hon\r1 & become gu>dians & auxili>ies4 ,= an oracle says t :5 a man ( brass or iron gu>ds ! ,/ate1 x w !n be de/roy$4'#a ,footnote #a3 ,! ,dialogues ( ,plato4 ,translat$ into ,engli%1 ) ,analysis & ,introduction1 by ,b4 ,j[ett1 ,m4,a4 ,vol4 ii4 p4 #bdc4 ,"t1 ^: too? gnaws away ev]y?+ else1 is p[]less aga9/ tru?2 & ! lapse ( m ?an two ?\s& ye>s has n weak5$ ! =ce ( ^! wise words4 ,nor is x necess>y t1 z ,plato sugge/s1 society %\ld provide function>ies expressly *>g$ ) ! p]=mance ( ! difficult duty ( pick+ out ! m5 ( brass f ^? ( silv] & gold4 ,educate1 & ! latt] w c]ta9ly rise to ! top2 remove all ^? artificial props by :i* ! brass & iron folk are kept at ! top1 &1 by a law z sure z t ( gravitation1 !y w gradually s9k to ! bottom4 ,we h all kn[n noble lords :o w\ld h be5 coa*m51 or gamekeep]s1 or billi>d-m>k]s1 if !y _h n be5 kept afloat by our social corks2 we h all kn[n m5 among ! l[e/ ranks1 ( :om ev]yone has said1 ,:at might n t man h become1 if he _h only _h a little education8 ,& :o t att5ds1 ev5 9 ! mo/ sup]ficial way1 to ! conditions ^u :i* ! /ability ( mod]n society--& especially ( a society l ours1 9 :i* rec5t legislation has plac$ sov]eign au?ority 9 ! h&s ( ! masses1 :5ev] !y are unit$ en\gh to wield _! p[]--c d\bt t e man ( high natural ability1 :o is bo? ignorant & mis]able1 is z great a dang] to society z a rocket )\t a /ick is to ! p :o fire x8 ,mis]y is a mat* t nev] goes out2 g5ius1 z an explosive p[]1 beats gunp[d] holl[2 & if k1 :i* %\ld give t p[] guidance1 is want+1 ! *ances are n small t ! rocket w simply run a-muck among fri5ds & foes4 ,:at gives =ce to ! sociali/ic movem5t :i* is n[ /irr+ ,european society to its dep?s1 b a det]m9ation on ! "p ( ! naturally able m5 among ! prolet>iat1 to put an end1 someh[ or o!r1 to ! mis]y & degradation 9 :i* a l>ge proportion ( _! fell[s are /eep$8 ,! "q1 :e!r ! means by :i* !y purpose to a*ieve ?is end are adequate or n1 is at ?is mom5t ! mo/ important ( all political que/ions--& x is beside my pres5t purpose to discuss x4 ,all ,i desire to po9t out is1 t if ! *ance ( ! controv]sy be+ decid$ calmly & rationally1 & n by passion & =ce1 looks mis]ably small to an imp>tial by/&]1 ! reason is t n "o 9 t5 ?\s& ( ^? :o con/itute ! ultimate c\rt ( appeal1 by :i* que/ions ( ! utmo/ difficulty1 z well z ( ! mo/ mom5t\s gravity1 w h to be decid$1 is prep>$ by education to compreh5d ! real nature ( ! suit br\ght be=e _! tribunal4 ,f9ally1 z to ! ladies & g5tlem5 "q1 all ,i c say is1 w\ld t e woman-*ild born into ?is _w 7 tra9$ to be a lady1 & e man-*ild a g5tleman6 ,b !n ,i d n use ^? mu*-abus$ words by way ( di/+ui%+ p :o we> f9e clo!s1 & live 9 f9e h\ses1 & talk ari/ocratic slang1 f ^? :o g ab\t 9 fu/ian1 & live 9 back slums1 & talk gutt] slang4 ,"s inborn plebeian bl9dness1 9 fact1 prev5ts me f und]/&+ :at advantage ! =m] h ov] ! latt]4 ,i h nev] ev5 be5 able to und]/& :y pigeon-%oot+ at ,hurl+ham %\ld be ref9$ & polite1 :ile a rat-kill+ mat* 9 ,:ite*apel is l[2 or :y ,:at a l>k %\ld be co>se1 :5 "o he>s ,h[ awfully jolly drop f ! mo/ ref9$ lips tw5ty times 9 an ev5+4 ,?\ghtfulness = o!rs1 g5]osity1 mode/y1 & self-respect1 are ! qualities :i* make a real g5tleman1 or lady1 z di/+ui%$ f ! v5e]$ article :i* commonly goes by t "n4 ,i by no means wi% to express any s5tim5tal pref]5ce = ,laz>us aga9/ ,dives1 b1 on ! face ( ! matt]1 "o does n see :y ! practice ( ^! virtues %\ld be m difficult 9 "o /ate ( life ?an ano!r2 & any "o :o has _h a wide exp]i5ce among all sorts & conditions ( m51 w1 ,i ?9k1 agree ) me t !y are z common 9 ! l[] ranks ( life z 9 ! high]4 ,leav+ ! ca/e argum5t aside !n1 z inconsi/5t ) ! practice ( ^? :o employ x1 z devoid ( any ju/ification 9 !ory1 & z utt]ly mis*iev\s if its logical consequ5ces 7 c>ri$ out1 let u turn to ! o!r class ( objectors4 ,to ^! oppon5ts1 ! ,education ,act is only "o ( a numb] ( pieces ( legislation to :i* !y object on pr9ciple2 & !y include "u l condemnation ! ,vacc9ation ,act1 ! ,contagi\s ,diseases ,act1 & all o!r sanit>y ,acts2 all attempts on ! "p ( ! ,/ate to prev5t adult]ation1 or to regulate injuri\s trades2 all legislative int]f]5ce ) any?+ t be>s directly or indirectly on comm]ce1 su* z %ipp+1 h>b\rs1 railways1 roads1 cab-f>es1 & ! c>riage ( lett]s2 & all attempts to promote ! spread ( k by ! e/abli%m5t ( tea*+ bodies1 exam9+ bodies1 libr>ies1 or museums1 or by ! s5d+ out ( sci5tific exp$itions2 all endeav\rs to advance art by ! e/abli%m5t ( s*ools ( design1 or picture gall]ies2 or by sp5d+ money ^u an ar*itectural public build+ :5 a brick box w\ld answ] ! purpose4 ,accord+ to _! views1 n a %ill+ ( public money mu/ be be/[$ ^u a public p>k or pleasure-gr\nd2 n sixp5ce ^u ! relief ( />vation1 or ! cure ( disease4 ,^? :o hold ^! views support !m by two l9es ( argum5t4 ,!y en=ce !m d$uctively by argu+ f an assum$ axiom1 t ! ,/ate has no "r to d any?+ b protect its subjects f aggression4 ,! ,/ate is simply a policeman1 & its duty is nei!r m nor less ?an to prev5t robb]y & murd] & en=ce contracts4 ,x is n to promote good1 nor ev5 to d any?+ to prev5t evil1 except by ! en=cem5t ( p5alties ^u ^? :o h be5 guilty ( obvi\s & tangible assaults ^u purses or p]sons4 ,&1 accord+ to ?is view1 ! prop] =m ( gov]nm5t is nei!r a mon>*y1 an ari/ocracy1 nor a democracy1 b an a/ynomocracy1 or police gov]nm5t4 ,on ! o!r h&1 ^! views are support$ po/]iori1 by an induction f obs]vation1 :i* pr(esses to %[ t :atev] is done by a ,gov]nm5t beyond ^! negative limits1 is n only sure to be done badly1 b to be done mu* worse ?an private ent]prise w\ld h done ! same ?+4 ,i am by no means cle> z to ! tru? ( ! latt] proposition4 ,x is g5]ally support$ by /atem5ts :i* prove cle>ly en\gh t ! ,/ate does a great _m ?+s v badly4 ,b ?is is really beside ! "q4 ,! ,/ate lives 9 a glass h\se2 we see :at x tries to d1 & all its failures1 p>tial or total1 are made ! mo/ (4 ,b private ent]prise is %elt]$ "u good opaque bricks & mort>4 ,! public r>ely kn[s :at x tries to d1 & only he>s ( failures :5 !y are gross & pat5t to all ! _w4 ,:o is to say h[ private ent]prise w\ld come out if x tri$ its h& at ,/ate "w8 ,^? :o h _h mo/ exp]i5ce ( jo9t-/ock companies & _! managem5t1 w probably be lea/ incl9$ to believe 9 ! innate sup]iority ( private ent]prise ov] ,/ate managem5t4 ,if cont95tal bureaucracy & c5tralization be fraught ) multitud9\s evils1 surely ,engli% beadleocracy & p>o*ial ob/ruction are n altoge!r lovely4 ,if x be said t1 z a matt] ( political exp]i5ce1 x is f\nd to be = ! be/ int]e/s1 includ+ ! heal?y & free developm5t1 ( a p1 t ! ,/ate %\ld re/rict itself to :at is absolutely necess>y1 & %\ld leave to ! volunt>y ef=ts ( individuals z mu* z volunt>y ef=t c be got to d1 no?+ c be m j4 ,b1 on ! o!r h&1 x seems to me t no?+ c be less ju/ifiable ?an ! dogmatic ass]tion t ,/ate int]f]5ce1 beyond ! limits ( home & =eign police1 mu/1 "u all circum/ances1 d h>m4 ,suppose1 h[ev]1 = ! sake ( argum5t1 t we accept ! proposition t ! functions ( ! ,/ate may be prop]ly summ$ up 9 ! "o great negative comm&m5t1--,?\ %alt n all[ any man to int]f]e ) ! lib]ty ( any o!r man1--,i am unable to see t ! logical consequ5ce is any su* re/riction ( ! p[] ( ,gov]nm5t1 z its support]s imply4 ,if my next-door neighb\r *ooses to h 8 dra9s 9 su* a /ate z to create a poison\s atmosph]e1 :i* ,i brea! at ! risk ( typhus & diph!ria1 he re/ricts my j fre$om to live j z mu* z if he w5t ab\t ) a pi/ol1 ?reat5+ my life2 if he is to be all[$ to let 8 *ildr5 g unvacc9at$1 he might z well be all[$ to leave /ry*n9e loz5ges ab\t 9 ! way ( m9e2 & if he br+s !m up untaught & untra9$1 to e>n _! liv+1 he is do+ 8 be/ to re/rict my fre$om1 by increas+ ! burd5 ( taxation = ! support ( gaols & workh\ses1 :i* ,i h to pay4 ,! high] ! /ate ( civilization1 ! m completely d ! actions ( "o memb] ( ! social body influ5ce all ! re/1 & ! less possible is x = any "o man to d a wrong ?+ )\t int]f]+1 m or less1 ) ! fre$om ( all 8 fell[-citiz5s4 ,s t1 ev5 ^u ! n>r[e/ view ( ! functions ( ! ,/ate1 x mu/ be admitt$ to h wid] p[]s ?an ! advocates ( ! police !ory are dispos$ to admit4 ,x is urg$1 ,i am aw>e1 t if ! "r ( ! ,/ate to /ep beyond ! assign$ limits is admitt$ at all1 !re is no /opp+2 & t ! pr9ciple :i* ju/ifies ! ,/ate 9 en=c+ vacc9ation or education1 w also ju/ify x 9 prescrib+ my religi\s belief1 or my mode ( c>ry+ on my trade or pr(ession2 9 det]m9+ ! numb] ( c\rses ,i h = d9n]1 or ! patt]n ( my wai/coat4 ,b surely ! answ] is obvi\s t1 on simil> gr\nds1 ! "r ( a man to eat :5 he is hungry might be disput$1 because if y once all[ t he may eat at all1 !re is no /opp+ him until he gorges himself1 & suff]s all ! ills ( a surfeit4 ,9 practice1 ! man leaves (f :5 reason tells him he has _h en\gh2 &1 9 a prop]ly organiz$ ,/ate1 ! ,gov]nm5t1 be+ no?+ b ! corporate reason ( ! community1 w soon f9d out :5 ,/ate int]f]5ce has be5 c>ri$ f> en\gh4 ,&1 s f> z my acqua9tance ) ^? :o c>ry on ! bus9ess ( ,gov]nm5t goes1 ,i mu/ say t ,i f9d !m f> less eag] to int]f]e ) ! p1 ?an ! p are to be int]f]$ )4 ,& ! reason is obvi\s4 ,! p are ke5ly s5sible ( p>ticul> evils1 &1 l a man suff]+ f pa91 desire an imm$iate rem$y4 ,! /atesman1 on ! o!r h&1 is l ! physician1 :o kn[s t he c /op ! pa9 at once by an opiate2 b :o also kn[s t ! opiate may d m h>m ?an good 9 ! long run4 ,9 ?ree cases out ( f\r ! wise/ ?+ he c d is to wait1 & leave ! case to nature4 ,b 9 ! f\r? case1 9 :i* ! symptoms are unmi/akable1 & ! cause ( ! disease di/9ctly kn[n1 prompt rem$y saves a life4 ,is ! fact t a wise physician w give z little m$ic9e z possible any argum5t = 8 ab/a9+ f giv+ any at all8 ,b ! argum5t may be met directly4 ,x may be grant$ t ! ,/ate1 or corporate au?ority ( ! p1 might ) p]fect propriety ord] my religion1 or my wai/coat1 if z good gr\nds c\ld be assign$ = su* an ord] z = ! comm& to educate my *ildr54 ,& ?is leads u to ! "q :i* lies at ! root ( ! :ole discussion--! "q1 namely1 ^u :at f\ndation does ! au?ority ( ! ,/ate re/1 & h[ are ! limits ( t au?ority to be det]m9$8 ,"o ( ! olde/ & pr(\nde/ ( ,engli% philosoph]s1 ,hobbes ( ,malmesbury1 writes ?us3-- ,! (fice ( ! sov]eign1 be x mon>* or an assembly1 consi/e? 9 ! end = :i* he 0 entru/$ ) ! sov]eign p[]1 namely1 ! procuration ( ! safety ( ! p3 to :i* he is oblig$ by ! law ( nature1 & to r5d] an acc\nt !re( to ,god1 ! au?or ( t law1 & to none b ,him4 ,b by safety1 "h1 is n meant a b>e pres]vation1 b also all o!r cont5tm5ts ( life1 :i* e man by lawful indu/ry1 )\t dang] or hurt to ! commonweal?1 %all acquire to himself4 ,at fir/ sight ?is may appe> to be a /atem5t ( ! police-!ory ( gov]nm5t1 pure & simple2 b x is n s4 ,= ,hobbes goes on to say3-- ,& ?is is int5d$ %\ld be done1 n by c>e appli$ to individuals1 fur!r ?an _! protection f injuries1 :5 !y %all compla92 b by a g5]al provid5ce conta9$ 9 public in/ruction bo? ( doctr9e & example2 & 9 ! mak+ & execut+ ( good laws to :i* individual p]sons may apply _! own cases4#a ,footnote #a3 ,levia?an1 ,moleswor?'s ed4 p4 #cbb4 ,to a witness ( ! civil w> betwe5 ,*>les ,i4 & ! ,p>liam5t1 x is n wond]ful t ! dissolution ( ! bonds ( society :i* is involv$ 9 su* /rife %\ld appe> to be ! greate/ evil t c happ5 9 ?is life2 & all :o h read ! ,levia?an "k to :at l5g? ,hobbes's anxiety = ! pres]vation ( ! au?ority ( ! repres5tative ( ! sov]eign p[]1 :atev] its %ape1 leads him4 ,b ! ju/ice ( 8 conception ( ! duties ( ! sov]eign p[] does n seem to me to be invalidat$ by 8 mon/r\s doctr9es respect+ ! sacr$ness ( t p[]4 ,to ,hobbes1 :o liv$ dur+ ! break-up ( ! sov]eign p[] by popul> =ce1 society appe>$ to be ?reat5$ by ev]y?+ :i* weak5$ t p[]3 b1 to ,john ,locke1 :o witness$ ! evils :i* fl[ f ! attempt ( ! sov]eign p[] to de/roy ! rights ( ! p by fraud & viol5ce1 ! dang] lay 9 ! o!r direction4 ,! safety ( ! repres5tative ( ! sov]eign p[] itself is to ,locke a matt] ( v small mom5t1 & he contemplates its abolition :5 x ceases to d its duty1 & its replacem5t by ano!r1 z a matt] ( c\rse4 ,! great *ampion ( ! revolution ( #afhh c\ld d no less4 ,nor is x o!rwise ?an natural t he %\ld seek to limit1 r ?an to enl>ge1 ! p[]s ( ! ,/ate1 ?\gh 9 sub/ance he entirely agrees ) ,hobbes's view ( its duties3-- ,b ?\gh m51 says he1 :5 !y ent] into society1 give up ! equality1 lib]ty1 & executive p[] !y _h 9 ! /ate ( nature1 into ! h&s ( ! society1 to be s f> dispos$ ( by ! ,legislature z ! good ( society %all require2 yet x be+ only ) an int5tion 9 e "o ! bett] to pres]ve himself1 8 lib]ty & prop]ty 7= no rational creature c be suppos$ to *ange 8 condition ) an int5tion to be worse71 ! p[] ( ! society1 or legislation1 con/itut$ by !m c nev] be suppos$ to ext5d fur!r ?an ! common good1 b is oblig$ to secure e "o's prop]ty by provid+ aga9/ ^? ?ree defects above m5tion$1 t made ! /ate ( nature s unsafe & uneasy4 ,& s1 :oev] has ! legislative or supreme p[] ( any commonweal?1 is b\nd to gov]n by e/abli%$ /&+ laws1 promulgat$ & kn[n to ! p1 & n by extempor>y decrees2 by indiff]5t & upright judges1 :o are to decide controv]sies by ^? laws3 & to employ ! =ce ( ! community at home only 9 ! execution ( su* laws2 or abroad1 to prev5t or r$ress =eign injuries1 & secure ! community f inroads & invasion4 ,& all ?is to be direct$ to no o!r end ?an ! peace1 safety1 & public good ( ! p4#a ,footnote #a3 ,locke's ,essay1 ,( ,civil ,gov]nm5t1 #aca4 ,j z 9 ! case ( ,hobbes1 s 9 t ( ,locke1 x may at fir/ sight appe> f ?is passage t ! latt] philosoph]'s views ( ! functions ( ,gov]nm5t incl9e to ! negative1 r ?an ! positive1 side4 ,b a fur!r /udy ( ,locke's writ+s w at once remove ?is misconception4 ,9 ! fam\s ,lett] conc]n+ ,tol]ation1 ,locke says3-- ,! commonweal? seems to me to be a society ( m5 con/itut$ only = ! procur+1 pres]v+1 & advanc+ _! own civil int]e/s4 ,civil int]e/s ,i call life1 lib]ty1 heal?1 & indol5cy ( body2 & ! possession ( outw>d ?+s1 su* z money1 l&s1 h\ses1 furniture1 & ! l4 ,x is ! duty ( ! civil magi/rate1 by ! imp>tial execution ( equal laws1 to secure unto all ! p 9 g5]al1 & to e "o ( 8 subjects 9 p>ticul>1 ! j possession ( ^? ?+s belong+ to ?is life4 444 ,! :ole jurisdiction ( ! magi/rate rea*es only to ^! civil conc]nm5ts4444 ,all civil p[]1 "r1 & dom9ion1 is b\nd$ & conf9$ to ! only c>e ( promot+ ^! ?+s4 ,else:]e 9 ! same ,lett]1 ,locke lays d[n ! proposition t if ! magi/rate und]/& wa%+ a *ild to be pr(itable to ! cur+ or prev5t+ any disease t *ildr5 are subject unto1 & e/eem ! matt] weighty en\gh to be tak5 c>e ( by a law1 9 t case he may ord] x to be done4 ,locke seems to diff] mo/ widely f ,hobbes by 8 /rong advocacy ( a c]ta9 measure ( tol]ation 9 religi\s matt]s4 ,b ! reason :y ! civil magi/rate ought to leave religion alone is1 accord+ to ,locke1 simply ?is1 t true & sav+ religion consi/s 9 ! inw>d p]suasion ( ! m9d4 ,& s9ce su* is ! nature ( ! und]/&+ t x _c be compell$ to ! belief ( any?+ by outw>d =ce1 x is absurd to attempt to make m5 religi\s by compulsion4 ,i _c discov] t ,locke fa!rs ! pet doctr9e ( mod]n ,lib]alism1 t ! tol]ation ( error is a good ?+ 9 itself1 & to be reckon$ among ! c>d9al virtues2 on ! contr>y1 9 ?is v ,lett] on ,tol]ation he /ates 9 ! cle>e/ language t ,no op9ion contr>y to human society1 or to ^? moral rules :i* are necess>y to ! pres]vation ( civil society1 are to be tol]at$ by ! magi/rate4 ,& ! practical coroll>y :i* he draws f ?is proposition is t !re ought to be no tol]ation = ei!r ,papi/s or ,a!i/s4 ,aft] ,locke's "t ! negative view ( ! functions ( ,gov]nm5t gradually grew 9 /r5g?1 until x obta9$ sy/ematic & able expression 9 ,wilhelm von ,humboldt's ,ide51#a ! ess5ce ( :i* is ! d5ial t ! ,/ate has a "r to be any?+ m ?an *ief policeman4 ,&1 ( late ye>s1 ! belief 9 ! efficacy ( do+ no?+1 ?us =mulat$1 has acquir$ consid]able popul>ity = sev]al reasons4 ,9 ! fir/ place1 m5's speculative convictions h become less & less real2 _! tol]ance is l>ge because _! belief is small2 !y "k t ! ,/ate _h bett] leave ?+s alone unless x has a cle> k ab\t !m2 &1 ) reason1 !y suspect t ! k ( ! gov]n+ p[] may /& no high] ?an ! v l[ wat]m>k ( _! own4 ,footnote #a3 ,an ,engli% translation has be5 publi%$ "u ! title ( ,essay on ! ,sph]e & ,duties ( ,gov]nm5t4 ,9 ! second place1 m5 h become l>gely absorb$ 9 ! m]e accumulation ( weal?2 & z ?is is a matt] 9 :i* ! pla9e/ & /ronge/ =m ( self-int]e/ is int5sely conc]n$1 sci5ce 79 ! %ape ( ,political ,economy7 has readily demon/rat$ t self-int]e/ may be safely left to f9d ! be/ way ( atta9+ its ends4 ,rapidity & c]ta9ty ( int]c\rse betwe5 diff]5t c\ntries1 ! enorm\s developm5t ( ! p[]s ( ma*9]y1 & g5]al peace 7h[ev] int]rupt$ by brief p]iods ( w>f>e71 h *ang$ ! face ( comm]ce z completely z mod]n artill]y has *ang$ t ( w>4 ,! m]*ant f\nd himself z mu* burd5$ by anci5t protective measures z ! soldi] by 8 arm\r--& negative legislation has be5 ( z mu* use to ! "o z ! /ripp+ (f ( brea/-plates1 greaves1 & buff-coat to ! o!r4 ,b because ! soldi] is bett] )\t 8 arm\r x does n exactly foll[ t x is desirable t our def5d]s %\ld /rip !mselves />k nak$2 & x is n m app>5t :y laissez-faire--great & b5eficial z x may be 9 all t relates to ! accumulation ( weal?--%\ld be ! "o great comm&m5t :i* ! ,/ate is to obey 9 all o!r matt]s2 & especially 9 ^? 9 :i* ! ju/ification ( laissez-faire1 namely1 ! ke5 insight giv5 by ! /rong /imulus ( direct p]sonal int]e/1 9 matt]s cle>ly und]/ood1 is entirely abs5t4 ,?irdly1 to ! indiff]5ce g5]at$ by ! abs5ce ( fix$ beliefs1 & to ! confid5ce 9 ! efficacy ( laissez-faire1 app>5tly ju/ifi$ by exp]i5ce ( ! value ( t pr9ciple :5 appli$ to ! pursuit ( weal?1 !re mu/ be add$ t nobl] & bett] reason = a pr(\nd di/ru/ ( legislative int]f]5ce1 :i* animates ,von ,humboldt & %9es =? 9 ! pages ( ,mr4 ,mill's fam\s ,essay on ,lib]ty--,i mean ! j fe> le/ ! end %\ld be sacrific$ to ! means2 le/ fre$om & v>iety %\ld be drill$ & discipl9$ out ( human life 9 ord] t ! great mill ( ! ,/ate %\ld gr9d smoo?ly4 ,"o ( ! pr(\nde/ ( liv+ ,engli% philosoph]s1 :o is at ! same "t ! mo/ ?or\ghgo+ & consi/5t ( ! *ampions ( a/ynomocracy1 has devot$ a v able & +5i\s essay#a to ! draw+ out ( a comp>ison betwe5 ! process by :i* m5 h advanc$ f ! savage /ate to ! highe/ civilization1 & t by :i* an animal passes f ! condition ( an almo/ %apeless & /ructureless g]m1 to t 9 :i* x exhibits a highly complicat$ /ructure & a correspond+ div]sity ( p[]s4 ,mr4 ,sp5c] says ) great ju/ice-- ,footnote #a3 ,! ,social ,organism3 ,essays4 ,second ,s]ies4 ,t !y gradually increase 9 mass2 t !y become1 little by little1 m complex2 t1 at ! same "t1 _! p>ts gr[ m mutually dep5d5t2 & t !y cont9ue to live & gr[ z :oles1 :ile successive g5]ations ( _! units appe> & disappe>1--are broad peculi>ities :i* bodies politic display1 9 common ) all liv+ bodies1 & 9 :i* !y & liv+ bodies diff] f ev]y?+ else4 ,9 a v /rik+ passage ( ?is essay ,mr4 ,sp5c] %[s ) :at s+ul> clos5ess a p>allel betwe5 ! developm5t ( a n]v\s sy/em1 :i* is ! gov]n+ p[] ( ! body 9 ! s]ies ( animal organisms1 & t ( gov]nm5t1 9 ! s]ies ( social organisms1 c be drawn3-- ,/range z ! ass]tion1 w be ?\ght1 says ,mr4 ,sp5c]1 our ,h\ses ( ,p>liam5t dis*>ge 9 ! social economy functions t are1 9 sundry respects1 comp>able to ^? dis*>g$ by ! c]ebral masses 9 a v]tebrate animal4444 ,! c]ebrum co-ord9ates ! c\ntless het]og5e\s consid]ations :i* affect ! pres5t & future welf>e ( ! individual z a :ole2 & ! ,legislature co-ord9ates ! c\ntless het]og5e\s consid]ations :i* affect ! imm$iate & remote welf>e ( ! :ole community4 ,we may describe ! (fice ( ! bra9 z t ( av]ag+ ! int]e/s ( life1 physical1 intellectual1 moral1 social2 & a good bra9 is "o 9 :i* ! desires answ]+ to _! respective int]e/s are s balanc$1 t ! conduct !y jo9tly dictate sacrifice none ( !m4 ,simil>ly we may describe ! (fice ( ,p>liam5t z t ( av]ag+ ! int]e/s ( ! v>i\s classes 9 a community2 & a good ,p>liam5t is "o 9 :i* ! p>ties answ]+ to ^! respective int]e/s are s balanc$1 t _! unit$ legislation conc$es to ea* class z mu* z consi/s ) ! claims ( ! re/4 ,all ?is appe>s to be v j4 ,b if ! resemblances betwe5 ! body physiological & ! body politic are any indication1 n only ( :at ! latt] is1 & h[ x has become :at x is1 b ( :at x ought to be1 & :at x is t5d+ to become1 ,i _c b ?9k t ! real =ce ( ! analogy is totally oppos$ to ! negative view ( ,/ate function4 ,suppose t1 9 accordance ) ?is view1 ea* muscle 7 to ma9ta9 t ! n]v\s sy/em _h no "r to int]f]e ) its contraction1 except to prev5t x f h9d]+ ! contraction ( ano!r muscle2 or ea* gl&1 t x _h a "r to secrete1 s long z its secretion int]f]$ ) no o!r2 suppose e sep>ate cell left free to foll[ its own int]e/s1 & laissez-faire "l ( all1 :at w\ld become ( ! body physiological8 ,! fact is t ! sov]eign p[] ( ! body ?9ks = ! physiological organism1 acts = x1 & rules ! individual compon5ts ) a rod ( iron4 ,ev5 ! blood-corpuscles c't hold a public meet+ )\t be+ accus$ ( conge/ion--& ! bra91 l o!r despots :om we h kn[n1 calls out at once = ! use ( %>p /eel aga9/ !m4 ,z 9 ,hobbes's ,levia?an1 ! repres5tative ( ! sov]eign au?ority 9 ! liv+ organism1 ?\gh he d]ives all 8 p[]s f ! mass :i* he rules1 is above ! law4 ,! que/ion+ ( 8 au?ority involves dea?1 or t p>tial dea? :i* we call p>alysis4 ,h5ce1 if ! analogy ( ! body politic ) ! body physiological c\nts = any?+1 x seems to me to be 9 fav\r ( a mu* l>g] am\nt ( gov]nm5tal int]f]5ce ?an exi/s at pres5t1 or ?an ,i1 = "o1 at all desire to see4 ,b1 tempt+ z ! opportunity is1 ,i am n dispos$ to build up any argum5t 9 fav\r ( my own case ^u ?is analogy1 curi\s1 int]e/+1 & 9 _m respects close1 z x is1 = x takes no cognizance ( c]ta9 pr(\nd & ess5tial diff]5ces betwe5 ! physiological & ! political bodies4 ,mu* z ! notion ( a social contract has be5 ridicul$1 x nev]!less seems to be cle> en\gh1 t all social organization :atev] dep5ds ^u :at is sub/antially a contract1 :e!r express$ or impli$1 betwe5 ! memb]s ( ! society4 ,no society ev] 01 or ev] c be1 really held toge!r by =ce4 ,x may seem a p>adox to say t a slavehold] does n make 8 slaves "w by =ce1 b by agreem5t4 ,& yet x is true4 ,!re is a contract betwe5 ! two :i*1 if x 7 writt5 out1 w\ld run 9 ^! t]ms3--,i und]take to fe$1 clo!1 h\se1 & n to kill1 flog1 or o!rwise maltreat y1 ,qua%ie1 if y p]=m a c]ta9 am\nt ( "w4 ,qua%ie1 see+ no bett] t]ms to be _h1 accepts ! b>ga91 & goes to "w accord+ly4 ,a highwayman :o g>ottes me1 & !n cle>s out my pockets1 robs me by =ce 9 ! /rict s5se ( ! words2 b if he puts a pi/ol to my head & dem&s my money or my life1 & ,i1 pref]r+ ! latt]1 h& ov] my purse1 we h virtually made a contract1 & ,i p]=m "o ( ! t]ms ( t contract4 ,if1 nev]!less1 ! highwayman subsequ5tly %oots me1 ev]ybody w see t1 9 addition to ! crimes ( murd] & !ft1 he has be5 guilty ( a brea* ( contract4 ,a despotic ,gov]nm5t1 !re=e1 ?\gh (t5 a m]e comb9ation ( slavehold+ & highway robb]y1 nev]!less implies a contract betwe5 gov]nor & gov]n$1 ) volunt>y submission on ! "p ( ! latt]2 & =tiori1 all o!r =ms ( gov]nm5t are 9 l case4 ,n[ a contract betwe5 any two m5 implies a re/riction ( ! fre$om ( ea* 9 c]ta9 p>ticul>s4 ,! highwayman gives up 8 fre$om to %oot me1 on condition ( my giv+ up my fre$om to d z ,i l ) my money3 ,i give up my fre$om to kill ,qua%ie1 on condition ( ,qua%ie's giv+ up 8 fre$om to be idle4 ,& ! ess5ce & f\ndation ( e social organization1 :e!r simple or complex1 is ! fact t ea* memb] ( ! society volunt>ily r5\nces 8 fre$om 9 c]ta9 directions1 9 return = ! advantages :i* he expects f association ) ! o!r memb]s ( t society4 ,nor are con/itutions1 laws1 or mann]s1 9 ultimate analysis1 any?+ b s _m express$ or impli$ contracts betwe5 ! memb]s ( a society to d ?is1 or ab/a9 f t4 ,x appe>s to me t ?is feature con/itutes ! diff]5ce betwe5 ! social & ! physiological organism4 ,among ! high] physiological organisms1 !re is none :i* is develop$ by ! conjunction ( a numb] ( primitively indep5d5t exi/5ces into a complex :ole4 ,! process ( social organization appe>s to be comp>able1 n s mu* to ! process ( organic developm5t1 z to ! syn!sis ( ! *emi/1 by :i* indep5d5t elem5ts are gradually built up into complex aggregations--9 :i* ea* elem5t reta9s an indep5d5t individuality1 ?\gh held 9 subord9ation to ! :ole4 ,! atoms ( c>bon & hydrog51 oxyg51 nitrog51 :i* ent] into a complex molecule1 d n lose ! p[]s orig9ally inh]5t 9 !m1 :5 !y unite to =m t molecule1 ! prop]ties ( :i* express ^? =ces ( ! :ole aggregation :i* are n neutraliz$ & balanc$ by "o ano!r4 ,ea* atom has giv5 up some?+1 9 ord] t ! atomic society1 or molecule1 may subsi/4 ,& z soon z any "o or m ( ! atoms ?us associat$ resumes ! fre$om :i* x has r5\nc$1 & foll[s "s ext]nal attraction1 ! molecule is brok5 up1 & all ! peculi> prop]ties :i* dep5d$ ^u its con/itution vani%4 ,e society1 great or small1 resembles su* a complex molecule1 9 :i* ! atoms are repres5t$ by m51 possess$ ( all ^? multif>i\s attractions & repulsions :i* are manife/$ 9 _! desires & volitions1 ! unlimit$ p[] ( satisfy+ :i*1 we call fre$om4 ,! social molecule exi/s 9 virtue ( ! r5unciation ( m or less ( ?is fre$om by e individual4 ,x is decompos$1 :5 ! attraction ( desire leads to ! resumption ( t fre$om1 ! suppression ( :i* is ess5tial to ! exi/5ce ( ! social molecule4 ,& ! great problem ( t social *emi/ry we call politics1 is to discov] :at desires ( mank9d may be gratifi$1 & :at mu/ be suppress$1 if ! highly complex comp\nd1 society1 is to avoid decomposition4 ,t ! gratification ( "s ( m5's desires %all be r5\nc$ is ess5tial to ord]2 t ! satisfaction ( o!rs %all be p]mitt$ is no less ess5tial to progress2 & ! bus9ess ( ! sov]eign au?ority--:i* is1 or ought-to be1 simply a delegation ( ! p appo9t$ to act = its good--appe>s to me to be1 n only to en=ce ! r5unciation ( ! anti-social desires1 b1 :]ev] x may be necess>y1 to promote ! satisfaction ( ^? :i* are conducive to progress4 ,! great metaphysician1 ,immanuel ,kant1 :o is at 8 greate/ :5 he discusses que/ions :i* are n metaphysical1 wrote1 ne>ly a c5tury ago1 a wond]fully in/ructive essay entitl$ ,a ,conception ( ,univ]sal ,hi/ory 9 relation to ,univ]sal ,citiz5%ip1#a f :i* ,i w borr[ a few pregnant s5t5ces3-- ,footnote #a3 ,idee zu e9] allgeme95 ,ges*i*te 9 weltbrg]li*5 ,absi*t1 #aghd4 ,?is pap] has be5 translat$ by ,de ,qu9cey1 & att5tion has be5 rec5tly drawn to its signal m]its by ! ,editor ( ! ,=tnightly ,review 9 8 ,essay on ,condorcet4 7,=tnightly ,review1 ,no4 xxxviii4 ,n4,s4 pp4 #acf1 #acg47 ,! means ( :i* ,nature has avail$ h]self1 9 ord] to br+ ab\t ! developm5t ( all ! capacities ( man1 is ! antagonism ( ^? capacities to social organization1 s f> z ! latt] does 9 ! long run necessitate _! def9ite correlation4 ,by antagonism1 ,i "h mean ! unsocial sociability ( mank9d--t is1 ! comb9ation 9 !m ( an impulse to ent] into society1 ) a ?or\gh _s ( opposition :i* con/antly ?reat5s to break up ?is society4 ,! gr\nd ( ?is lies 9 human nature4 ,man has an incl9ation to ent] into society1 because 9 t /ate he feels t he becomes m a man1 or1 9 o!r words1 t 8 natural faculties develop4 ,b he has also a great t5d5cy to isolate himself1 because he is1 at ! same "t1 aw>e ( ! unsocial peculi>ity ( desir+ to h ev]y?+ 8 own way2 & ?us1 be+ consci\s ( an incl9ation to oppose o!rs1 he is naturally l$ to expect opposition f !m4 ,n[ x is ?is opposition :i* awak5s all ! dormant p[]s ( m51 /imulates !m to ov]come _! incl9ation to be idle1 &1 spurr$ by ! love ( hon\r1 or p[]1 or weal?1 to make !mselves a place among _! fell[s1 :om !y c nei!r d )1 nor d )\t4 ,?us !y make ! fir/ /eps f bruti%ness t[>ds culture1 ( :i* ! social value ( man is ! measure4 ,?us all tal5ts become gradually develop$1 ta/e is =m$1 & by cont9ual enlight5m5t ! f\ndations ( a way ( ?9k+ are laid1 :i* gradually *anges ! m]e rude capacity ( moral p]ception into det]m9ate practical pr9ciples2 & ?us society1 :i* is orig9at$ by a sort ( pa?ological compulsion1 becomes metamorphos$ into a moral unity4 7,loc4 cit4 p4 #adg47 ,all ! culture & art :i* adorn humanity1 ! mo/ ref9$ social ord]1 are produc$ by t unsociability :i* is compell$ by its own exi/5ce to discipl9e itself1 & s by en=c$ art to br+ ! se$s implant$ by nature into full fl[]4 7,loc4 cit4 p4 #adh47 ,9 ^! passages1 z 9 o!rs ( ?is rem>kable tract1 ,kant anticipates ! application ( ! /ruggle = exi/5ce to politics1 & indicates ! mann] 9 :i* ! evolution ( society has result$ f ! con/ant attempt ( individuals to /ra9 its bonds4 ,if individuality has no play1 society does n advance2 if individuality breaks out ( all b\nds1 society p]i%es4 ,b :5 m5 liv+ 9 society once become aw>e t _! welf>e dep5ds ^u1 two oppos+ t5d5cies ( equal importance--! "o re/ra9+1 ! o!r enc\rag+1 individual fre$om--! "q ,:at are ! functions ( ,gov]nm5t8 is translat$ into ano!r--namely1 ,:at ought we m51 9 our corporate capacity1 to d1 n only 9 ! way ( re/ra9+ t free individuality :i* is inconsi/5t ) ! exi/5ce ( society1 b 9 enc\rag+ t free individuality :i* is ess5tial to ! evolution ( ! social organization8 ,! =mula :i* truly def9es ! function ( ,gov]nm5t mu/ conta9 ! solution ( bo? ! problems involv$1 & n m]ely ( "o ( !m4 ,locke has furni%$ u ) su* a =mula1 9 ! noble/1 & at ! same "t briefe/1 /atem5t ( ! purpose ( ,gov]nm5t kn[n to me3-- ,,! ,,end ,,( ,,gov]nm5t ,,is ,,! ,,good ,,( ,,mank9d4#a ,footnote #a3 ,( ,civil ,gov]nm5t1 #bbi4 ,b ! good ( mank9d is n a some?+ :i* is absolute & fix$ = all m51 :atev] _! capacities or /ate ( civilization4 ,d\btless x is possible to imag9e a true ,civitas ,dei1 9 :i* e man's moral faculty %all be su* z leads him to control all ^? desires :i* run c\nt] to ! good ( mank9d1 & to *]i% only ^? :i* conduce to ! welf>e ( society2 & 9 :i* e man's native intellect %all be suffici5tly /rong1 & 8 culture suffici5tly ext5sive1 to enable him to "k :at he ought to d & to seek aft]4 ,&1 9 t bless$ ,/ate1 police w be z mu* a sup]fluity z e o!r k9d ( gov]nm5t4 ,b ! eye ( man has n beheld t ,/ate1 & is n likely to behold x = "s "t to come4 ,:at we d see1 9 fact1 is t ,/ates are made up ( a consid]able numb] ( ! ignorant & fooli%1 a small proportion ( g5u9e knaves1 & a spr9kl+ ( capable & hone/ m51 by ^: ef=ts ! =m] are kept 9 a reasonable /ate ( guidance1 & ! latt] ( repression4 ,&1 su* be+ ! case1 ,i d n see h[ any limit :atev] c be laid d[n z to ! ext5t to :i*1 "u "s circum/ances1 ! action ( ,gov]nm5t may be rightfully c>ri$4 ,0 our own ,gov]nm5t wrong 9 suppress+ ,?uggee 9 ,india8 ,if n1 w\ld x be wrong 9 putt+ d[n any en?usia/ :o attempt$ to set up ! wor%ip ( ,a/>te 9 ! ,haym>ket8 ,has ! ,/ate no "r to put a /op to gross & op5 violations ( common dec5cy8 ,& if ! ,/ate has1 z ,i believe x has1 a p]fect "r to d all ^! ?+s1 are we n b\nd to admit1 ) ,locke1 t x may h a "r to int]f]e ) ,pop]y & ,a!ism1 if x be really true t ! practical consequ5ces ( su* beliefs con be prov$ to be injuri\s to civil society8 ,! "q :]e to draw ! l9e betwe5 ^? ?+s ) :i* ! ,/ate ought1 & ^? ) :i* x ought n1 to int]f]e1 !n1 is "o :i* mu/ be left to be decid$ sep>ately = ea* individual case4 ,! difficulty :i* meets ! /atesman is ! same z t :i* meets u all 9 individual life1 9 :i* our ab/ract rights are g5]ally cle> en\gh1 ?\gh x is frequ5tly extremely h>d to say at :at po9t x is wise to cease our attempts to en=ce !m4 ,! notion t ! social body %\ld be organiz$ 9 su* a mann] z to advance ! welf>e ( its memb]s1 is z old z political ?\ght2 & ! s*emes ( ,plato1 ,m1 ,rob]t ,ow51 ,/4 ,simon1 ,comte1 & ! mod]n sociali/s1 be> witness t1 9 e age1 m5 ^: capacity is ( no mean ord]1 & ^: desire to b5efit _! fell[s has r>ely be5 excell$1 h be5 /rongly1 nay1 en?usia/ically1 conv9c$ t ,gov]nm5t may atta9 its end--! good ( ! p--by "s m effectual process ?an ! v simple & easy "o ( putt+ its h&s 9 its pockets1 & lett+ !m alone4 ,x may be1 t all ! s*emes ( social organization :i* h hi!rto be5 prop\nd$ are impracticable follies4 ,b if ?is be s1 ! fact proves1 n t ! idea :i* und]lies !m is wor?less1 b only t ! sci5ce ( politics is 9 a v rudim5t>y & imp]fect /ate4 ,politics1 z a sci5ce1 is n old] ?an a/ronomy2 b ?\gh ! subject-matt] ( ! latt] is va/ly less complex ?an t ( ! =m]1 ! !ory ( ! moon's motions is n q settl$ yet4 ,p]haps x may help u a little way t[>ds gett+ cle>] notions ( :at ! ,/ate may & :at x may n d1 if1 assum+ ! tru? ( ,locke's maxim t ! end ( ,gov]nm5t is ! good ( mank9d1 we consid] a little :at ! good1 ( mank9d is4 ,i take x t ! good ( mank9d means ! atta9m5t1 by e man1 ( all ! happ9ess :i* he c enjoy )\t dim9i%+ ! happ9ess ( 8 fell[-m54#a ,footnote #a3 ,hie e/ itaque f9is ad quem t5do1 talem scilicet ,naturam acquir]e1 et ut multi mecum eam acquirant1 con>i hoc e/ de mea felicitate etiam op]am d>e1 ut alii multi idem atque ego intelligant1 ut eorum intellectus et cupiditas prorsus cum meo intellectu et cupiditate conv5i5t3 atque hoc fiat1 necesse e/ tantum de ,natura intellig]e1 quantum sufficit ad talem naturam acquir5dam2 de9de =m>e talem societatem qualis e/ desid]&a1 ut quam plurimi quam facillime et secure eo p]v5iant4--,b4 ,,sp9oza1 ,de ,intellectus ,em5datione ,tractatus4 ,if we inquire :at k9ds ( happ9ess come "u ?is def9ition1 we f9d ^? d]iv$ f ! s5se ( security or peace2 f weal?1 or commodity1 obta9$ by comm]ce2 f ,art--:e!r x be ar*itecture1 sculpture1 pa9t+1 music1 or lit]ature2 f k1 or sci5ce2 &1 f9ally1 f sympa?y or fri5d%ip4 ,no man is injur$1 b ! contr>y1 by peace4 ,no man is any ! worse (f because ano!r acquires weal? by trade1 or by ! ex]cise ( a pr(ession2 on ! contr>y1 he _c h acquir$ 8 weal?1 except by b5efit+ o!rs to ! full ext5t ( :at !y consid]$ to be its value2 & 8 weal? is no m ?an fairy gold if he does n g on b5efit+ o!rs 9 ! same way4 ,a ?\s& m5 may enjoy ! pleasure d]iv$ f a picture1 a symphony1 or a poem1 )\t less5+ ! happ9ess ( ! mo/ devot$ connoisseur4 ,! inve/igation ( nature is an inf9ite pa/ure-gr\nd1 :]e all may graze1 & :]e ! m bite1 ! long] ! grass gr[s1 ! sweet] is its flav\r1 & ! m x n\ri%es4 ,if ,i love a fri5d1 x is no damage to me1 b r a pleasure1 if all ! _w also love him & ?9k ( him z highly z ,i d4 ,x appe>s to be univ]sally agre$1 = ! reasons already m5tion$1 t x is unnecess>y & undesirable = ! ,/ate to attempt to promote ! acquisition ( weal? by any direct int]f]5ce ) comm]ce4 ,b !re is no su* agreem5t z to ! fur!r "q :e!r ! ,/ate may n promote ! acquisition ( weal? by indirect means4 ,= example1 may ! ,/ate make a road1 or build a h>b\r1 :5 x is q cle> t by s do+ x w op5 up a productive di/rict1 & !reby add enorm\sly to ! total weal? ( ! community8 ,& if s1 may ! ,/ate1 act+ = ! g5]al good1 take *>ge ( ! means ( communication betwe5 its memb]s1 or ( ! po/al & telegraph s]vices8 ,i h n yet met ) any valid1 argum5t aga9/ ! propriety ( ! ,/ate do+ :at our ,gov]nm5t does 9 ?is matt]2 except ! assumption1 :i* rema9s to be prov$1 t ,gov]nm5t w manage ^! ?+s worse ?an private ent]prise w\ld d4 ,nor is !re any agreem5t ^u ! /ill m important "q :e!r ! ,/ate ought1 or ought n1 to regulate ! di/ribution ( weal?4 ,if x ought n1 !n all legislation :i* regulates inh]itance--! /atute ( ,mortma91 & ! l--is wrong 9 pr9ciple2 &1 :5 a ri* man dies1 we ought to return to ! /ate ( nature1 & h a scramble = 8 prop]ty4 ,if1 on ! o!r h&1 ! au?ority ( ! ,/ate is legitimately employ$ 9 regulat+ ^! matt]s1 !n x is an op5 "q1 to be decid$ entirely by evid5ce z to :at t5ds to ! highe/ good ( ! p1 :e!r we keep our pres5t laws1 or :e!r we modify !m4 ,at pres5t ! ,/ate protects m5 9 ! possession & enjoym5t ( _! prop]ty1 & def9es :at t prop]ty is4 ,! ju/ification = its s do+ is t its action promotes ! good ( ! p4 ,if x c be cle>ly prov$ t ! abolition ( prop]ty w\ld t5d /ill1 m to promote ! good ( ! p1 ! ,/ate w h ! same ju/ification = aboli%+ prop]ty t x n[ has = ma9ta9+ x4 ,aga91 ,i suppose x is univ]sally agre$ t x w\ld be useless & absurd = ! ,/ate to attempt to promote fri5d%ip & sympa?y betwe5 man & man directly4 ,b ,i see no reason :y1 if x be o!rwise exp$i5t1 ! ,/ate may n d some?+ t[>ds t end indirectly4 ,= example1 ,i c conceive ! exi/5ce ( an ,e/abli%$ ,*ur* :i* %\ld be a bless+ to ! community4 ,a ,*ur* 9 :i*1 week by week1 s]vices %\ld be devot$1 n to ! it]ation ( ab/ract propositions 9 !ology1 b to ! sett+ be=e m5's m9ds ( an ideal ( true1 j1 & pure liv+2 a place 9 :i* ^? :o are we>y ( ! burd5 ( daily c>es1 %\ld f9d a mom5t's re/ 9 ! contemplation ( ! high] life :i* is possible = all1 ?\gh atta9$ by s few2 a place 9 :i* ! man ( /rife & ( bus9ess %\ld h "t to ?9k h[ small1 aft] all1 are ! rew>ds he covets comp>$ ) peace & *>ity4 ,dep5d ^u x1 if su* a ,*ur* exi/$1 no "o w\ld seek to dise/abli% x4 ,:atev] ! ,/ate may n d1 h[ev]1 x is univ]sally agre$ t x may take *>ge ( ! ma9t5ance ( int]nal & ext]nal peace4 ,ev5 ! /ronge/ advocate ( adm9i/rative nihilism admits t ,gov]nm5t may prev5t aggression ( "o man on ano!r4 ,b ?is implies ! ma9t5ance ( an army & navy1 z mu* z ( a body ( police2 x implies a diplomatic z well z a detective =ce2 & x implies1 fur!r1 t ! ,/ate1 z a corporate :ole1 %all h di/9ct & def9ite views z to its wants1 p[]s1 & obligations4 ,= indep5d5t ,/ates /& 9 ! same relation to "o ano!r z m5 9 a /ate ( nature1 or unlimit$ fre$om4 ,ea* endeav\rs to get all x c1 until ! inconv5i5ce ( ! /ate ( w> sugge/s ei!r ! =mation ( ^? express contracts we call treaties1 or mutual cons5t to ^? impli$ contracts :i* are express$ by int]national law4 ,! moral rights ( a ,/ate re/ ^u ! same basis z ^? ( an individual4 ,if any numb] ( ,/ates agree to obs]ve a common set ( int]national laws1 !y h1 9 fact1 set up a sov]eign au?ority or supra-national gov]nm5t1 ! end ( :i*1 l t ( all gov]nm5ts1 is ! good ( mank9d2 & ! possession ( z mu* fre$om by ea* ,/ate1 z is consi/5t ) ! atta9m5t ( t end4 ,b !re is ?is diff]5ce3 t ! gov]nm5t ?us set up ov] nations is ideal1 & has no concrete repres5tative ( ! sov]eign p[]2 :5ce ! only way ( settl+ any dispute f9ally is to fight x out4 ,?us ! supra-national society is cont9ually 9 dang] ( return+ to ! /ate ( nature1 9 :i* contracts are void2 & ! possibility ( ?is cont+5cy ju/ifies a gov]nm5t 9 re/rict+ ! lib]ty ( its subjects 9 _m ways t w\ld o!rwise be unju/ifiable4 ,f9ally1 ) respect to ! advancem5t ( sci5ce & art4 ,i h nev] yet _h ! good =tune to he> any valid reason alleg$ :y t corporation ( individuals we call ! ,/ate may n d :at volunt>y ef=t fails 9 do+1 ei!r f want ( intellig5ce or lack ( w4 ,& "h x _c be alleg$ t ! action ( ! ,/ate is always hurtful4 ,on ! contr>y1 9 e c\ntry 9 ,europe1 univ]sities1 public libr>ies1 picture gall]ies1 museums1 & laboratories1 h be5 e/abli%$ by ! ,/ate1 & h done inf9ite s]vice to ! intellectual & moral progress & ! ref9em5t ( mank9d4 ,a few days ago ,i receiv$ f "o ( ! mo/ em95t memb]s ( ! ,in/itut ( ,france a pamphlet entitl$ ,p\rquoi la ,france n'a pas tr\v d'hommes suprieurs au mom5t du pril4 ,! writ]1 ,m4 ,pa/eur1 has no d\bt t ! cause ( ! a/\nd+ collapse ( 8 c\ntrym5 is to be s\ght 9 ! mis]able neglect ( ! high] bran*es ( culture1 :i* has be5 "o ( ! _m disgraces ( ! ,second ,empire1 if n ( its pr$ecessors4 ,au po9t o n\s sommes arrivs de ce qu'on appelle la civilisation mod]ne1 la culture des sci5ces dans leur expression la plus leve e/ peut-tre plus ncessaire encore l'tat moral d'une nation qu' sa prosprit mat]ielle4 ,les gr&es dc\v]tes1 les mditations de la p5se dans les arts1 dans les sci5ces et dans les lettres1 en un mot les travaux ds9tresses de l'esprit dans t\s les g5res1 les c5tres d'enseignem5t propres les faire connatre1 introduis5t dans le corps social t\t enti] l'esprit philosophique ou sci5tifique1 cet esprit de disc]nem5t qui s\met t\t une raison svre1 condamne l'ignorance1 dissipe les prjugs et les erreurs4 ,ils lv5t le niveau intellectuel1 le s5tim5t moral2 p> eux1 l'ide div9e elle-mme se rp& et s'exalte4444 ,si1 au mom5t du pril suprme1 la ,france n'a pas tr\v des hommes suprieurs p\r mettre en oeuvre ses ress\rces et le c\rage de ses enfants1 il faut l'attribu]1 j'en ai la conviction1 ce que la ,france ,,e/ ds9tresse1 depuis un demi-sicle1 des gr&s travaux de la p5se1 p>ticulirem5t dans les sci5ces exactes4 ,individually1 ,i h no love = academies on ! cont95tal model1 & /ill less = ! sy/em ( decorat+ m5 ( di/9ction 9 sci5ce1 lett]s1 or art1 ) ord]s & titles1 or enri*+ !m ) s9ecures4 ,:at m5 ( sci5ce want is only a fair day's wages = m ?an a fair day's "w2 & mo/ ( u1 ,i suspect1 w\ld be well cont5t if1 = our days & nights ( unremitt+ toil1 we c\ld secure ! pay :i* a fir/-class ,treasury cl]k e>ns )\t any obvi\sly try+ /ra9 ^u 8 faculties4 ,! sole ord] ( nobility :i*1 9 my judgm5t1 becomes a philosoph]1 is t rank :i* he holds 9 ! e/imation ( 8 fell[-work]s1 :o are ! only compet5t judges 9 su* matt]s4 ,newton & ,cuvi] l[]$ !mselves :5 ! "o accept$ an idle knigh?ood1 & ! o!r became a b>on ( ! empire4 ,! great m5 :o w5t to _! graves z ,mi*ael ,f>aday & ,george ,grote seem to me to h und]/ood ! dignity ( k bett] :5 !y decl9$ all su* m]etrici\s trapp+s4 ,b x is "o ?+ = ! ,/ate to appeal to ! vanity & ambition :i* are to be f\nd 9 philosophical z 9 o!r brea/s1 & ano!r to (f] m5 :o desire to d ! h>de/ ( "w = ! mo/ mode/ ( tangible rew>ds1 ! means ( mak+ !mselves useful to _! age & g5]ation4 ,& ?is is j :at ! ,/ate does :5 x f\nds a public libr>y or museum1 or provides ! means ( sci5tific rese>* by su* grants ( money z t adm9i/]$ by ! ,royal ,society4 ,x is "o ?+1 aga91 = ! ,/ate to take all ! high] education ( ! nation into its own h&s2 x is ano!r to /imulate & to aid1 :ile !y are yet "y & weak1 local ef=ts to ! same end4 ,! ,midl& ,in/itute1 ,ow5s ,college 9 ,man*e/]1 ! newly in/itut$ ,sci5ce ,college 9 ,newca/le1 are all noble products ( local en]gy & munific5ce4 ,b ! good !y are do+ is n local--! commonweal?1 to its utt]mo/ limits1 %>es 9 ! b5efits !y conf]2 & ,i am at a loss to und]/& ^u :at pr9ciple ( equity ! ,/ate1 :i* admits ! pr9ciple ( paym5t on results1 refuses to give a fair equival5t = ^! b5efits2 or on :at pr9ciple ( ju/ice ! ,/ate1 :i* admits ! obligation ( %>+ ! duty ( prim>y education ) a locality1 d5ies ! exi/5ce ( t obligation :5 ! high] education is 9 "q4 ,to sum up3 ,if ! positive advancem5t ( ! peace1 weal?1 & ! intellectual & moral developm5t ( its memb]s1 are objects :i* ! ,gov]nm5t1 z ! repres5tative ( ! corporate au?ority ( society1 may ju/ly /rive aft]1 9 fulfilm5t ( its end--! good ( mank9d2 !n x is cle> t ! ,gov]nm5t may und]take to educate ! p4 ,= education promotes peace by tea*+ m5 ! realities ( life & ! obligations :i* are involv$ 9 ! v exi/5ce ( society2 x promotes intellectual developm5t1 n only by tra9+ ! individual intellect1 b by sift+ out f ! masses ( ord9>y or inf]ior capacities1 ^? :o are compet5t to increase ! g5]al welf>e by occupy+ high] positions2 &1 la/ly1 x promotes morality & ref9em5t1 by tea*+ m5 to discipl9e !mselves1 & by lead+ !m to see t ! highe/1 z x is ! only p]man5t1 cont5t is to be atta9$1 n by grovell+ 9 ! rank & /eam+ valleys ( s5se1 b by cont9ual /riv+ t[>ds ^? high peaks1 :]e1 re/+ 9 et]nal calm1 reason disc]ns ! undef9$ b bright ideal ( ! highe/ ,good--a cl\d by day1 a pill> ( fire by night4 ,,ii4 ,,! ,,s*ool ,,bo>ds3 ,,:at ,,!y ,,c ,,d1 ,,& ,,:at ,,!y ,,may ,,d4 ,an electione]+ manife/o w\ld be out ( place 9 ! pages ( ?is ,review2 b any suspicion t may arise 9 ! m9d ( ! read] t ! foll[+ pages p>take ( t nature1 w be dispell$1 if he reflect t !y _c be publi%$#a until aft] ! day on :i* ! ratepay]s ( ! metropolis w h decid$ :i* c&idates = seats ^u ! ,metropolitan ,s*ool ,bo>d !y w take1 & :i* !y w leave4 ,footnote #a3 ,not)/&+ ,mr4 ,huxley's int5tions1 ! ,editor took ^u himself1 9 :at seem$ to him to be ! public int]e/1 to s5d an extract f ?is article to ! newspap]s--be=e ! day ( ! election ( ! ,s*ool ,bo>d4--,,editor ( ! ,contempor>y ,review4 ,z "o ( ^? c&idates1 ,i may be p]mitt$ to say1 t ,i feel mu* 9 ! frame ( m9d ( ! ,iri% bricklay]'s lab\r]1 :o bet ano!r t he c\ld n c>ry him to ! top ( ! ladd] 9 8 hod4 ,! *all5g$ hodman won 8 wag]1 b z ! /akes 7 h&$ ov]1 ! *all5g] wi/fully rem>k$1 ,i'd great hopes ( fall+ at ! ?ird r\nd f ! top4 ,&1 9 view ( ! "w & ! worry :i* awaits ! memb]s ( ! ,s*ool ,bo>ds1 ,i mu/ confess to an occasional ungrateful hope t ! fri5ds :o are toil+ upw>ds ) me 9 _! hod1 may1 :5 !y rea* ! ?ird r\nd f ! top1 let me fall back into peace & quietness4 ,b :e!r =tune befri5d me 9 ?is r\gh me?od1 or n1 ,i %\ld l to submit to ^? ( :om ,i am a pot5tial1 b ( :om ,i may n be an actual1 colleague1 & to o!rs :o may be int]e/$ 9 ?is mo/ important problem--h[ to get ! ,education ,act to "w effici5tly--"s consid]ations z to :at are ! duties ( ! memb]s ( ! ,s*ool ,bo>ds1 & :at are ! limits ( _! p[]4 ,i suppose no "o w be dispos$ to dispute ! proposition1 t ! prime duty ( e memb] ( su* a ,bo>d is to endeav\r to adm9i/] ! ,act hone/ly2 or 9 accordance1 n only ) its lett]1 b ) its _s4 ,& if s1 x w\ld seem t ! fir/ /ep t[>ds ?is v desirable end is1 to obta9 a cle> notion ( :at t lett] signifies1 & :at t _s implies2 or1 9 o!r words1 :at ! clauses ( ! ,act are int5d$ to enjo9 & to =bid4 ,s t x is really n admissible1 except = facti\s & abusive purposes1 to assume t any "o :o endeav\rs to get at ?is cle> mean+ is desir\s only ( rais+ quibbles & mak+ difficulties4 ,read+ ! ,act ) ?is desire to und]/& x1 ,i f9d t its provisions may be classifi$1 z might naturally be expect$1 "u two heads3 ! "o set relat+ to ! subject-matt] ( education2 ! o!r to ! e/abli%m5t1 ma9t5ance1 & adm9i/ration ( ! s*ools 9 :i* t education is to be conduct$4 ,n[ x is a mo/ important circum/ance1 t all ! sections ( ! ,act1 except f\r1 belong to ! latt] division2 t is1 !y ref] to m]e matt]s ( adm9i/ration4 ,! f\r sections 9 "q are ! sev5?1 ! f\rte5?1 ! sixte5?1 & ! n9ety-sev5?4 ,( ^!1 ! sev5?1 ! f\rte5?1 & ! n9ety-sev5? deal ) ! subject-matt] ( education1 :ile ! sixte5? def9es ! nature ( ! relations :i* are to exi/ betwe5 ! ,education ,dep>tm5t 7an euphemism = ! future ,m9i/] ( ,education7 & ! ,s*ool ,bo>ds4 ,x is ! sixte5? clause :i* is ! mo/ important1 &1 9 "s respects1 ! mo/ rem>kable ( all4 ,x runs ?us3-- ,if ! ,s*ool ,bo>d d1 or p]mit1 any act 9 contrav5tion (1 or fail to comply )1 ! regulations1 accord+ to :i* a s*ool provid$ by !m is requir$ by ?is ,act to be conduct$1 ! ,education ,dep>tm5t may decl>e ! ,s*ool ,bo>d to be1 & su* ,bo>d %all accord+ly be deem$ to be1 a ,bo>d 9 default1 & ! ,education ,dep>tm5t may proce$ accord+ly2 & e act1 or omission1 ( any memb] ( ! ,s*ool ,bo>d1 or manag] appo9t$ by !m1 or any p]son "u ! control ( ! ,bo>d1 %all be deem$ to be p]mitt$ by ! ,bo>d1 unless ! contr>y be prov$4 ,if any dispute arises z to :e!r ! ,s*ool ,bo>d h done1 or p]mitt$1 any act 9 contrav5tion (1 or h fail$ to comply )1 ! said regulations1 ! matt] %all be ref]r$ to ! ,education ,dep>tm5t1 ^: decision !reon %all be f9al4 ,x w be obs]v$ t ?is clause gives ! ,m9i/] ( ,education absolute p[] ov] ! do+s ( ! ,s*ool ,bo>ds4 ,he is n only ! adm9i/rator ( ! ,act1 b he is its int]pret]4 ,i _h imag9$ t on ! occurr5ce ( a dispute1 n z reg>ds a "q ( pure adm9i/ration1 b z to ! mean+ ( a clause ( ! ,act1 a case might be tak5 & ref]r$ to a c\rt ( ju/ice4 ,b ,i am l$ to believe t ! ,legislature has1 9 ! pres5t in/ance1 delib]ately tak5 ?is p[] out ( ! h&s ( ! judges & lodg$ x 9 ^? ( ! ,m9i/] ( ,education1 :o1 9 accordance ) our me?od ( mak+ ,m9i/]s1 w necess>ily be a political p>tisan1 & :o may be a /rong !ological sect>y into ! b>ga94 ,& ,i am in=m$ by memb]s ( ,p>liam5t :o wat*$ ! progress ( ! ,act1 t ! responsibility = ?is unusual /ate ( ?+s re/s1 n ) ! ,gov]nm5t1 b ) ! ,legislature1 :i* exhibit$ a s+ul> disposition to accumulate p[] 9 ! h&s ( ! future ,m9i/] ( ,education1 & to evade ! m tr\blesome difficulties ( ! education "q by leav+ !m to be settl$ betwe5 t ,m9i/] & ! ,s*ool ,bo>ds4 ,i express no op9ion :e!r x is1 or is n1 desirable t su* p[]s ( controll+ all ! ,s*ool ,bo>ds 9 ! c\ntry %\ld be possess$ by a p]son :o may be1 l ,mr4 ,=/]1 em95tly likely to use ^! p[]s ju/ly & wisely1 b :o also may be q ! rev]se4 ,i m]ely wi% to draw att5tion to ! fact t su* p[]s are giv5 to ! ,m9i/]1 :e!r he be fit or unfit4 ,! ext5t ( ^! p[]s becomes app>5t :5 ! o!r sections ( ! ,act ref]r$ to are consid]$4 ,! f\r? clause ( ! sev5? section says3-- ,! s*ool %all be conduct$ 9 accordance ) ! conditions requir$ to be fulfill$ by an elem5t>y s*ool 9 ord] to obta9 an annual ,p>liam5t>y grant4 ,:at ^! conditions are appe>s f ! foll[+ clauses ( ! n9ety-sev5? section3-- ,! conditions requir$ to be fulfill$ by an elem5t>y s*ool 9 ord] to obta9 an annual ,p>liam5t>y grant %all be ^? conta9$ 9 ! m9utes ( ! ,education ,dep>tm5t 9 =ce = ! "t be+4444 ,provid$ t no su* m9ute ( ! ,education ,dep>tm5t1 n 9 =ce at ! "t ( ! pass+ ( ?is ,act1 %all be deem$ to be 9 =ce until x has la9 = n less ?an "o mon? on ! table ( bo? ,h\ses ( ,p>liam5t4 ,let u consid] h[ ?is w "w 9 practice4 ,a s*ool e/abli%$ by a ,s*ool ,bo>d may receive support f ?ree s\rces--f ! rates1 ! s*ool fees1 & ! ,p>liam5t>y grant4 ,! latt] may be z great z ! two =m] tak5 toge!r2 & z x may be assum$1 )\t mu* risk ( error1 t a con/ant pressure w be ex]t$ by ! ratepay]s on ! memb]s :o repres5t !m1 to get z mu* out ( ! ,gov]nm5t1 & z little out ( ! rates1 z possible1 ! ,s*ool ,bo>ds w h a v /rong motive = %ap+ ! education !y give1 z ne>ly z may be1 on ! model :i* ! ,education ,m9i/] (f]s = _! imitation1 & = ! copy+ ( :i* he is prep>$ to pay4 ,! ,revis$ ,code did n compel any s*oolma/] to leave (f tea*+ any?+2 b1 by ! v simple process ( refus+ to pay = _m k9ds ( tea*+1 x has practically put an end to !m4 ,mr4 ,=/] is said to be engag$ 9 revis+ ! ,revis$ ,code2 a successor ( 8 may re-revise x--& !re w be no sort ( *eck ^u ^! revisions & c\nt]-revisions1 except ! possibility ( a ,p>liam5t>y debate1 :5 ! revis$1 or add$1 m9utes are laid ^u ! table4 ,:at *ance is !re t any su* debate w take place on a matt] ( detail relat+ to elem5t>y education--a subject ) :i* memb]s ( ! ,legislature1 hav+ be51 = ! mo/ "p1 s5t to our public s*ools ?irty ye>s ago1 h n ! lea/ practical acqua9tance1 & = :i* !y c>e no?+1 unless x d]ives a political value f its connection ) sect>ian politics8 ,i _c b ?9k1 !n1 t ! ,s*ool ,bo>ds w h ! appe>ance1 b n ! reality1 ( fre$om ( action1 9 reg>d to ! subject-matt] ( :at is commonly call$ secul> education4 ,z respects :at is commonly call$ religi\s education1 ! p[] ( ! ,m9i/] ( ,education is ev5 m despotic4 ,an int]e/1 almo/ am\nt+ to pa?os1 atta*es itself1 9 my m9d1 to ! frantic ex]tions :i* are at pres5t go+ on 9 almo/ e s*ool division1 to elect c]ta9 c&idates ^: names h nev] be=e be5 he>d ( 9 connection ) education1 & :o are ei!r sect>ian p>tisans1 or no?+4 ,9 my own p>ticul> division1 a body organiz$ ad hoc is mov+ heav5 & e>? to get ! sev5 seats fill$ by sev5 g5tlem51 f\r ( :om are good ,*ur*m51 & ?ree no less good ,diss5t]s4 ,b :y %\ld ?is sev5 times heat$ fi]y furnace ( !ological zeal be s desir\s to %$ its g5ial w>m? ov] ! ,london ,s*ool ,bo>d8 ,c x be t ^! zeal\s sect>ies mean to evade ! solemn pl$ge giv5 9 ! ,act8 ,no religi\s cate*ism or religi\s =mul>y :i* is di/9ctive ( any p>ticul> d5om9ation %all be taught 9 ! s*ool4 ,i confess ,i %\ld h ?\ght x my duty to reject any su* sugge/ion1 z di%on\r+ to a numb] ( wor?y p]sons1 if x _h n be5 = a lead+ article & "s correspond5ce :i* appe>$ 9 ! ,gu>dian ( ,novemb] #i?1 #ahgj4 ,! ,gu>dian is1 z ev]ybody kn[s1 "o ( ! be/ ( ! religi\s newspap]s2 &1 p]sonally4 ,i h e reason to speak highly ( ! fairness1 & inde$ k9dness1 ) :i* ! editor is good en\gh to deal ) a writ] :o mu/1 9 _m ways1 be s objectionable to him z myself4 ,i quote ! foll[+ passages f a lead+ article on a lett] ( m9e1 !re=e1 ) all respect1 & ) a g5u9e conviction t ! c\rse ( conduct advocat$ by ! writ] mu/ appe> to him 9 a v diff]5t light f t "u :i* ,i see x3-- ,! fir/ ( ^! po9ts is ! int]pretation :i* ,pr(essor ,huxley puts on ! ',c[p]-,temple clause4' ,x is1 9 fact1 t :i* we =etold "s "t ago z likely to be =c$ ^u x by ^? :o ?9k ) him4 ,! clause itself 0 "o ( ^? compromises :i* x is v difficult to def9e or to ma9ta9 logically4 ,on ! "o side 0 ! simple fre$om to ,s*ool ,bo>ds to e/abli% :at s*ools !y pleas$1 :i* ,mr4 ,=/] orig9ally gave1 b aga9/ :i* ! ,noncon=mi/s lift$ up _! voices1 because !y conceiv$ x likely to give too mu* p[] to ! ,*ur*4 ,on ! o!r side !re 0 ! proposition to make ! s*ools secul>--intelligible en\gh1 b 9 ! consid]ation ( public op9ion simply impossible--& !re 0 ! vague impracticable idea1 :i* ,mr4 ,glad/one ?or\ghly tore to pieces1 ( enact+ t ! tea*+ ( all s*oolma/]s 9 ! new s*ools %\ld be /rictly 'und5om9ational4' ,! ,c[p]-,temple clause 01 we repeat1 propos$ simply to tide ov] ! difficulty4 ,x 0 to satisfy ! ,noncon=mi/s & ! 'unsect>ian1' z di/9ct f ! secul> p>ty ( ! ,league1 by =bidd+ all di/9ctive 'cate*isms & =mul>ies1' :i* might h ! effect ( op5ly assign+ ! s*ools to ?is or t religi\s body4 ,x refus$1 at ! same "t1 to attempt ! impossible task ( def9+ :at 0 und5om9ational2 & its au?or ev5 cont5d$1 if we und]/ood him correctly1 t x w\ld 9 no way1 ev5 indirectly1 int]f]e ) ! sub/antial tea*+ ( any ma/] 9 any s*ool4 ,?is ass]tion we always believ$ to be unt5able2 we c\ld n see h[1 9 ! face ( ?is clause1 a di/9ctly d5om9ational tone c\ld be hone/ly giv5 to s*ools nom9ally g5]al4 ,b beyond ?is m]e sugge/ion ( an attempt at a g5]al tone ( compreh5siv5ess 9 religi\s tea*+ x 0 n int5d$ to g1 & only because su* 0 its limitation 0 x accept$ by ! ,gov]nm5t & by ! ,h\se4 ,b n[ we are told t x is to be con/ru$ z do+ precisely t :i* x refus$ to d4 ,a '=mul>y1' x seems1 is a collection ( =mulas1 & =mulas are simply propositions ( :atev] k9d t\*+ religi\s fai?4 ,all su* propositions1 if !y _c be accept$ by all ,*ri/ian d5om9ations1 are to be proscrib$2 & x is add$ significantly t ! ,jews also are a d5om9ation1 & s t any tea*+ di/9ctively ,*ri/ian is p]haps to be exclud$1 le/ x %\ld int]f]e ) _! fre$om & rights4 ,are we !n to fall back on ! simple read+ ( ! lett] ( ! ,bible8 ,no6 ?is1 x is grant$1 w\ld be an 'unwor?y pret5ce4' ,! tea*] is to give 'grammatical1 geographical1 or hi/orical explanations2' b he is to keep cle> ( '!ology prop]1' because1 z ,pr(essor ,huxley takes great pa9s to prove1 !re is no !ological tea*+ :i* is n oppos$ by "s sect or o!r1 f ,roman ,ca?olicism on ! "o h& to ,unit>ianism on ! o!r4 ,x 0 n1 p]haps1 h>d to see t ?is difficulty w\ld be />t$2 & to ^? :o1 l ,pr(essor ,huxley1 look at x !oretically1 )\t mu* practical exp]i5ce ( s*ools1 x may appe> s]i\s or unansw]able4 ,b !re is v little 9 x practically2 :5 x is fac$ det]m9ately & h&l$ firmly1 x w soon %r9k into its true dim5sions4 ,! class :o are lea/ fright5$ at x are ! s*ool-tea*]s1 simply because !y "k mo/ ab\t x4 ,x is q cle> t ! s*ool-manag]s mu/ be caution$ aga9/ all[+ _! s*ools to be made places ( proselytism3 b :5 ?is is done1 ! case is simple en\gh4 ,leave ! ma/]s "u ?is g5]al und]/&+ to tea* freely2 if !re is gr\nd ( compla9t1 let x be made1 b leave ! onus pro-b&i on ! objectors4 ,= extreme peculi>ities ( belief or unbelief !re is ! ,consci5ce ,clause2 z to ! mass ( p>5ts1 !y w be m anxi\s to h religion taught ?an afraid ( its assum+ ?is or t p>ticul> %ade4 ,!y w tru/ ! s*ool-manag]s & tea*]s till !y h reason to di/ru/ !m1 & exp]i5ce has %[n t !y may tru/ !m safely en\gh4 ,any attempt to ?r[ ! burd5 ( mak+ ! tea*+ und5om9ational ^u ! manag]s mu/ be /]nly resi/$3 x is simply evad+ ! int5tions ( ! ,act 9 an elaborate attempt to c>ry !m out4 ,we ?ank ,pr(essor ,huxley = ! w>n+4 ,to be =ew>n$ is to be =e>m$4 ,a good deal ( light seems to me to be ?r[n on ! practical significance ( ! op9ions express$ 9 ! =ego+ extract by ! foll[+ int]e/+ lett]1 :i* appe>$ 9 ! same pap]3-- ,sir1--,i v5ture to s5d to y ! sub/ance ( a correspond5ce ) ! ,education ,dep>tm5t ^u ! "q ( ! lawfulness ( religi\s tea*+ 9 rate s*ools "u section #ad 7#b7 ( ! ,act4 ,i ask$ :e!r ! words ':i* is di/9ctive1' c41 tak5 grammatically z limit+ ! prohibition ( any religi\s =mul>y1 might be con/ru$ z all[+ 7subject1 h[ev]1 to ! o!r provisions ( ! ,act7 any religi\s =mul>y common to any two d5om9ations any:]e 9 ,engl& to be taught 9 su* s*ools2 & if practically ! limit c\ld n be s ext5d$1 b w\ld h to be fix$ accord+ to ! special circum/ances ( ea* di/rict1 !n :at degree ( g5]al acceptance 9 a di/rict w\ld exempt su* a =mul>y f ! prohibition8 ,! answ] to ?is 0 z foll[s3--',x 0 und]/ood1 :5 clause #ad ( ! ,education ,act 0 discuss$ 9 ! ,h\se ( ,commons1 t1 accord+ to a well-kn[n rule ( int]pret+ ,acts ( ,p>liam5t1 d5om9ation mu/ be held to include d5om9ations4 ,:5 any dispute is ref]r$ to ! ,education ,dep>tm5t "u ! la/ p>agraph ( section #af1 x w be dealt ) accord+ to ! circum/ances ( ! case4' ,^u my ask+ fur!r if ,i might h5ce inf] t ! lawfulness ( tea*+ any religi\s =mul>y 9 a rate s*ool w\ld ?us dep5d exclusively on local circum/ances1 & w\ld accord+ly be s decid$ by ! ,education ,dep>tm5t 9 case ( dispute1 ,i 0 in=m$ 9 explanation t '_! lord%ips'' lett] 0 int5d$ to convey to me t no g5]al rule1 beyond t /at$ 9 ! fir/ p>agraph ( _! lett]1 c\ld at pres5t be laid d[n by !m2 & t _! decision 9 ea* p>ticul> case mu/ dep5d on ! special circum/ances accompany+ x4 ,i ?9k x w\ld appe> f ?is t x may yet be 9 _m cases bo? lawful & exp$i5t to tea* religi\s =mul>ies 9 rate s*ools4 ,h4,i4 ,/eyn+1 ,novemb] #e1 #ahgj4 ,( c\rse ,i d n mean to sugge/ t ! editor ( ! ,gu>dian is b\nd by ! op9ions ( 8 correspond5t2 b ,i _c help ?9k+ t ,i d n misrepres5t him1 :5 ,i say t he also ?9ks t x may yet be1 9 _m cases1 bo? lawful & exp$i5t to tea* religi\s =mul>ies 9 rate s*ools "u ^! circum/ances4 ,x is n un*>itable1 !re=e1 to assume t1 ! express words ( ! ,act ( ,p>liam5t not)/&+1 all ! sect>ies :o are toil+ s h>d = seats 9 ! ,london ,s*ool ,bo>d h ! lively hope ( ! g5tleman f ,/eyn+1 t x may be bo? lawful & exp$i5t to tea* religi\s =mul>ies 9 rate s*ools2 & t !y mean to d _! utmo/ to br+ ?is happy consummation ab\t4#a ,footnote #a3 ,a passage 9 an article on ! ,work+ ( ! ,education ,act1 9 ! ,saturday ,review = ,nov4 #ai1 #ahgj1 completely ju/ifies ?is anticipation ( ! l9e ( action :i* ! sect>ies mean to take4 ,aft] comm5d+ ! ,liv]pool compromise1 ! writ] goes on to say3-- ,if ?is plan is fairly adopt$ 9 ,liv]pool1 ! f\rte5? clause ( ! ,act w 9 effect be re/or$ to its orig9al =m1 & ! majority ( ! ratepay]s 9 ea* di/rict be p]mitt$ to decide to :at d5om9ation ! s*ool %all belong4 ,9 a previ\s p>agraph ! writ] speaks ( a possible mi/ru/ ( "o ano!r by ! memb]s ( ! ,bo>d1 & seems to anticipate accusations ( di%one/y4 ,if any ( ! memb]s ( ! ,bo>d adopt 8 views1 ,i ?9k x highly probable t he may turn out to be a true prophet4 ,n[ ! pa!tic emotion to :i* ,i h ref]r$1 z accompany+ my contemplations ( ! viol5t /ruggles ( s _m excell5t p]sons1 is caus$ by ! circum/ance t1 s f> z ,i c judge1 _! lab\r is 9 va94 ,suppos+ t ! ,london ,s*ool ,bo>d conta9s1 z x probably w d1 a majority ( sect>ies2 & t !y c>ry ov] ! heads ( a m9ority1 a resolution t c]ta9 !ological =mulas1 ab\t :i* !y all happ5 to agree1--say1 = example1 ! doctr9e ( ! ,tr9ity1--%all be taught 9 ! s*ools4 ,d !y fondly imag9e t ! m9ority w n at once dispute _! int]pretation ( ! ,act1 & appeal to ! ,education ,dep>tm5t to settle t dispute8 ,& if s1 d !y suppose t any ,m9i/] ( ,education1 :o wants to keep 8 place1 w tight5 b\nd>ies :i* ! ,legislature has left loose2 & w give a f9al decision :i* %all be (f5sive to e ,unit>ian & to e ,jew 9 ! ,h\se ( ,commons1 besides creat+ a prec$5t :i* w aft]w>ds be us$ to ! injury ( e ,noncon=mi/8 ,! editor ( ! ,gu>dian tells 8 fri5ds /]nly to resi/ e attempt to ?r[ ! burd5 ( mak+ ! tea*+ und5om9ational on ! manag]s1 & ?anks me = ! w>n+ ,i h giv5 him4 ,i return ! ?anks1 ) int]e/1 = 8 w>n+1 z to ! c\rse ! p>ty he repres5ts int5ds to pursue1 & = enabl+ me ?us to draw public att5tion to a p]fectly con/itutional & effectual mode ( *eckmat+ !m4 ,&1 9 tru?1 x is wond]ful to note ! surpris+ entanglem5t into :i* our able editor gets himself 9 ! /ruggle betwe5 8 native hone/y & judgm5t & ! necessities ( 8 p>ty4 ,we c\ld n see1 says he1 9 ! face ( ?is clause h[ a di/9ct d5om9ational tone c\ld be hone/ly giv5 to s*ools nom9ally g5]al4 ,!re speaks ! hone/ & cle>head$ man4 ,any attempt to ?r[ ! burd5 ( mak+ ! tea*+ und5om9ational mu/ be /]nly resi/$4 ,!re speaks ! advocate hold+ a brief = 8 p>ty4 ,v]ily1 z ,tr9culo says1 ! mon/] ha? two m\?s3 ! "o1 ! =w>d m\?1 tells u v ju/ly t ! tea*+ _c hone/ly be di/9ctly d5om9ational2 b ! o!r1 ! backw>d m\?1 ass]ts t x mu/ by no mann] ( means be und5om9ational4 ,putt+ ! two utt]ances toge!r1 ,i c only int]pret !m to mean t ! tea*+ is to be indi/9ctly d5om9ational4 ,if ! editor ( ! ,gu>dian _h n %[n signs ( ang] at my use ( ! t]m !ological fog1 ,i %\ld h be5 tempt$ to suppose x mu/ h be5 :at he _h 9 8 m9d1 "u ! "n ( indi/9ct d5om9ationalism4 ,b ?is read+ be+ pla9ly inadmissible1 ,i c only imag9e t he inculcates ! tea*+ ( =mulas common to a numb] ( d5om9ations4 ,b ! ,education ,dep>tm5t has already told ! g5tleman f ,/eyn+ t any su* proce$+ w be illegal4 ,accord+ to a well-kn[n rule ( int]pret+ ,acts ( ,p>liam5t1 'd5om9ation' w\ld be held to include 'd5om9ations4' ,9 o!r words1 we mu/ read ! ,act ?us3-- ,no religi\s cate*ism or religi\s =mul>y :i* is di/9ctive ( any p>ticul> d5om9ations %all be taught4 ,?us we are really v mu* indebt$ to ! editor ( ! ,gu>dian & 8 correspond5t4 ,! "o has %[n u t ! sect>ies mean to try to get z mu* d5om9ational tea*+ z !y c agree ^u among !mselves1 =c$ into ! elem5t>y s*ools2 :ile ! o!r has obta9$ a =mal decl>ation f ! ,education ,dep>tm5t t any su* attempt w contrav5e ! ,act ( ,p>liam5t1 & t1 !re=e1 ! unsect>ian1 law-abid+ memb]s ( ! ,s*ool ,bo>ds may safely reckon ^u1 br++ d[n ^u _! oppon5ts ! heavy h& ( ! ,m9i/] ( ,education4#a ,footnote #a3 ,s9ce ?is p>agraph 0 writt51 ,mr4 ,=/]1 9 speak+ at ! ,birkbeck ,in/itution1 has remov$ all d\bt z to :at 8 f9al decision w be 9 ! case ( su* disputes be+ ref]r$ to him3--,i h ! fulle/ confid5ce t 9 ! read+ & expla9+ ( ! ,bible1 :at ! *ildr5 w be taught w be ! great tru?s ( ,*ri/ian life & conduct1 :i* all ( u desire !y %\ld "k1 & t no ef=t w be made to cram into _! poor little m9ds1 !ological dogmas :i* _! t5d] age prev5ts !m f und]/&+4 ,s mu* = ! p[]s ( ! ,s*ool ,bo>ds4 ,limit$ z !y seem to be1 x by no means foll[s t su* ,bo>ds1 if !y are compos$ ( intellig5t & practical m51 really m 9 e>ne/ ab\t education ?an ab\t sect>ian squabbles1 may n ex]t a v great am\nt ( influ5ce4 ,&1 f _m circum/ances1 ?is is especially likely to be ! case ) ! ,london ,s*ool ,bo>d1 :i*1 if x conducts itself wisely1 may become a true educational p>liam5t1 z subord9ate 9 au?ority to ! ,m9i/] ( ,education1 !oretically1 z ! ,legislature is to ! ,cr[n1 & yet1 l ! ,legislature1 possess$ ( great practical au?ority4 ,& ,i suppose t no ,m9i/] ( ,education w\ld be o!r ?an glad to h ! aid ( ! delib]ations ( su* a body1 or fail to pay c>eful att5tion to its recomm5dations4 ,:at1 !n1 ought to be ! nature & scope ( ! education :i* a ,s*ool ,bo>d %\ld endeav\r to give to e *ild "u its influ5ce1 & = :i* x %\ld try to obta9 ! aid ( ! ,p>liam5t>y grants8 ,9 my judgm5t x %\ld include at lea/ ! foll[+ k9ds ( in/ruction & ( discipl9e3-- #a4 ,physical tra9+ & drill1 z "p ( ! regul> bus9ess ( ! s*ool4 ,x is impossible to insi/ too mu* on ! importance ( ?is "p ( education = ! *ildr5 ( ! poor ( great t[ns4 ,all ! conditions ( _! lives are unfav\rable to _! physical well-be+4 ,!y are badly lodg$1 badly h\s$1 badly f$1 & live f "o ye>'s end to ano!r 9 bad air1 )\t *ance ( a *ange4 ,!y h no play-gr\nds2 !y amuse !mselves ) m>bles & *uck-f>?+1 in/ead ( cricket or h>e-&-h\nds2 & if x 7 n = ! wond]ful in/9ct :i* leads all poor *ildr5 ( t5d] ye>s to run "u ! feet ( cab-horses :5ev] !y c1 ,i "k n h[ !y w\ld le>n to use _! limbs ) agility4 ,n[ !re is no real difficulty ab\t tea*+ drill & ! simpl] k9ds ( gymna/ics4 ,x is done admirably well1 = example1 9 ! ,nor? ,surrey ,union s*ools2 & a ye> or two ago1 :5 ,i _h an opportunity ( inspect+ ^! s*ools1 ,i 0 greatly /ruck ) ! effect ( su* tra9+ ^u ! poor little waifs & /rays ( humanity1 mo/ly pick$ out ( ! gutt]1 :o are be+ made into cleanly1 heal?y1 & useful memb]s ( society 9 t excell5t in/itution4 ,:atev] d\bts p may ent]ta9 ab\t ! efficacy ( natural selection1 !re c be none ab\t artificial selection2 & ! bre$] :o %\ld attempt to make1 or keep up1 a f9e /ock ( pigs1 or %eep1 "u ! conditions to :i* ! *ildr5 ( ! poor are expos$1 w\ld be ! laugh+-/ock ev5 ( ! bucolic m9d4 ,p>liam5t has already done some?+ 9 ?is direction1 by decl9+ to be an accomplice 9 ! asphyxiation ( s*ool *ildr54 ,x refuses to make any grant to a s*ool 9 :i* ! cubical cont5ts ( ! s*ool-room are inadequate to all[ ( prop] respiration4 ,i %\ld l to see x make ano!r /ep 9 ! same direction1 & ei!r refuse to give a grant to a s*ool 9 :i* physical tra9+ is n a "p ( ! programme1 or1 at any rate1 (f] to pay ^u su* tra9+4 ,if some?+ ( ! k9d is n done1 ! ,engli% physique1 :i* has be51 & is /ill1 on ! :ole1 a gr& "o1 w become z ext9ct z ! dodo1 9 ! great t[ns4 ,& !n ! moral & intellectual effect ( drill1 z an introduction to1 & aid (1 all o!r sorts ( tra9+1 mu/ n be ov]look$4 ,if y want to break 9 a colt1 surely ! fir/ ?+ to d is to cat* him & get him quietly to face 8 tra9]2 to "k 8 voice & be> 8 h&2 to le>n t colts h some?+ else to d ) _! heels ?an to kick !m up :5ev] !y feel s incl9$2 & to discov] t ! dreadful human figure has no desire to dev\r1 or ev5 to beat him1 b t1 9 case ( att5tion & ob$i5ce1 he may hope = patt+ & ev5 a sieve ( oats4 ,b1 y\r /reet ,arabs1 & o!r neglect$ poor *ildr51 are r worse & wild] ?an colts2 = ! reason t ! horse-colt has only 8 animal in/9cts 9 him1 & 8 "m1 ! m>e1 has be5 always t5d] ov] him1 & nev] came home drunk & kick$ him 9 h] life2 :ile ! man-colt is inspir$ by t v real devil1 p]v]t$ manhood1 & 8 "m may h done all t & m4 ,s1 on ! :ole1 x may probably be ev5 m exp$i5t to beg9 y\r attempt to get at ! high] nature ( ! *ild1 ?an at t ( ! colt1 f ! physical side4 #b4 ,next 9 ord] to physical tra9+ ,i put ! in/ruction ( *ildr51 & especially ( girls1 9 ! elem5ts ( h\sehold "w & ( dome/ic economy2 9 ! fir/ place = _! own sakes1 & 9 ! second = t ( _! future employ]s4 ,ev]yone :o kn[s any?+ ( ! life ( ! ,engli% poor is aw>e ( ! mis]y & wa/e caus$ by _! want ( k ( dome/ic economy1 & by _! lack ( habits ( frugality & me?od4 ,i suppose x is no exagg]ation to say t a poor ,fr5*woman w\ld make ! money :i* ! wife ( a poor ,engli%man sp5ds 9 food g twice z f>1 & at ! same "t turn out twice z palatable a d9n]4 ,:y ,engli%m51 :o are s notori\sly fond ( good liv+1 %\ld be s helplessly incompet5t 9 ! art ( cook]y1 is "o ( ! great my/]ies ( nature2 b f ! v>i$ abom9ations ( ! railway refre%m5t-rooms to ! monoton\s d9n]s ( ! poor1 ,engli% fe$+ is ei!r wa/eful or na/y1 or bo?4 ,& z to dome/ic s]vice1 ! groans ( ! h\sewives ( ,engl& asc5d to heav56 ,9 five cases out ( six1 ! girl :o takes a place has to be tra9$ by h] mi/ress 9 ! fir/ rudim5ts ( dec5cy & ord]2 & x is a m]cy if %e does n turn up h] nose at any?+ l ! m5tion ( an hone/ & prop] economy4 ,?\s&s ( "y girls are said to />ve1 or worse1 ye>ly 9 ,london2 & at ! same "t ?\s&s ( mi/resses ( h\seholds are ready to pay high wages = a dec5t h\semaid1 or cook1 or a fair workwoman2 & c by no means get :at !y want4 ,surely1 if ! elem5t>y s*ools are wor? any?+1 !y may put an end to a /ate ( ?+s :i* is demoraliz+ ! poor1 :ile x is wa/+ ! lives ( ^? bett] (f 9 small worries & annoyances4 #c4 ,b ! boys & girls = ^: education ! ,s*ool ,bo>ds h to provide1 h n m]ely to dis*>ge dome/ic duties1 b ea* ( !m is a memb] ( a social & political organization ( great complexity1 & has1 9 future life1 to fit himself into t organization1 or be cru%$ by x4 ,to ?is end x is surely ne$ful1 n only t !y %\ld be made acqua9t$ ) ! elem5t>y laws ( conduct1 b t _! affections %\ld be tra9$1 s z to love ) all _! he>ts t conduct :i* t5ds to ! atta9m5t ( ! highe/ good = !mselves & _! fell[-m51 & to hate ) all _! he>ts t opposite c\rse ( action :i* is fraught ) evil4 ,s f> z ! laws ( conduct are det]m9$ by ! intellect1 ,i appreh5d t !y belong to sci5ce1 & to t "p ( sci5ce :i* is call$ morality4 ,b ! engagem5t ( ! affections 9 fav\r ( t p>ticul> k9d ( conduct :i* we call good1 seems to me to be some?+ q beyond m]e sci5ce4 ,& ,i _c b ?9k t x1 toge!r ) ! awe & rev]5ce1 :i* h no k9%ip ) base fe>1 b arise :5ev] "o tries to pi]ce bel[ ! surface ( ?+s1 :e!r !y be mat]ial or spiritual1 con/itutes all t has any un*angeable reality 9 religion4 ,& j z ,i ?9k x w\ld1 be a mi/ake to conf\nd ! sci5ce1 morality1 ) ! affection1 religion2 s d ,i conceive x to be a mo/ lam5table & mis*iev\s error1 t ! sci5ce1 !ology1 is s conf\nd$ 9 ! m9ds ( _m--inde$1 ,i might say1 ( ! majority ( m54 ,i d n express any op9ion z to :e!r !ology is a true sci5ce1 or :e!r x does n come "u ! apo/olic def9ition ( sci5ce falsely s call$2 ?\gh ,i may be p]mitt$ to express ! belief t if ! ,apo/le to :om t mu* misappli$ phrase is due c\ld make ! acqua9tance ( mu* ( mod]n !ology1 he w\ld n hesitate a mom5t 9 decl>+ t x is exactly :at he meant ! words to d5ote4 ,b x is at any rate conceivable1 t ! nature ( ! ,deity1 & ,8 relations to ! univ]se1 & m especially to mank9d1 are capable ( be+ asc]ta9$1 ei!r inductively or d$uctively1 or by bo? processes4 ,&1 if !y h be5 asc]ta9$1 !n a body ( sci5ce has be5 =m$ :i* is v prop]ly call$ !ology4 ,fur!r1 !re c be no d\bt t affection = ! ,be+ ?us def9$ & describ$ by !ologic sci5ce w\ld be prop]ly t]m$ religion2 b x w\ld n be ! :ole ( religion4 ,! affection = ! e?ical ideal def9$ by moral sci5ce w\ld claim equal if n sup]ior rights4 ,= suppose !ology e/abli%$ ! exi/5ce ( an evil deity--& "s !ologies1 ev5 ,*ri/ian ones1 h come v ne> ?is1--is ! religi\s affection to be transf]r$ f ! e?ical ideal to any su* omnipot5t demon8 ,i tr[ n4 ,bett] a ?\s& times t ! human race %\ld p]i% "u 8 ?und]bolts ?an x %\ld say1 ,evil1 be ?\ my good4 ,!re is no?+ new1 t ,i "k (1 9 ?is /atem5t ( ! relations ( religion ) ! sci5ce ( morality on ! "o h& & t ( !ology on ! o!r4 ,b ,i believe x to be altoge!r true1 & v ne$ful1 at ?is "t1 to be cle>ly & emphatically recogniz$ z su*1 by ^? :o h to deal ) ! education "q4 ,we are divid$ into two p>ties--! advocates ( s-call$ religi\s tea*+ on ! "o h&1 & ^? ( s-call$ secul> tea*+ on ! o!r4 ,& bo? p>ties seem to me to be n only hopelessly wrong1 b 9 su* a position t if ei!r succe$$ completely1 x w\ld discov]1 be=e _m ye>s 7 ov]1 t x _h made a great mi/ake & done s]i\s evil to ! cause ( education4 ,=1 leav+ aside ! m f>-see+ m9ority on ea* side1 :at ! religi\s p>ty is cry+ = is m]e !ology1 "u ! "n ( religion2 :ile ! secul>i/s h unwisely & wrongfully admitt$ ! assumption ( _! oppon5ts1 & dem& ! abolition ( all religi\s tea*+1 :5 !y only want to be free ( !ology--,burn+ y\r %ip to get rid ( ! cockroa*es6 ,b my belief is1 t no human be+1 & no society compos$ ( human be+s1 ev] did1 or ev] w1 come to mu*1 unless _! conduct 0 gov]n$ & guid$ by ! love ( "s e?ical ideal4 ,und\bt$ly1 y\r gutt] *ild may be conv]t$ by m]e intellectual drill into ! subtle/ ( all ! bea/s ( ! field2 b we "k :at has become ( ! orig9al ( t description1 & !re is no ne$ to increase ! numb] ( ^? :o imitate him successfully )\t be+ aid$ by ! rates4 ,& if ,i 7 compell$ to *oose = "o ( my own *ildr51 betwe5 a s*ool 9 :i* real religi\s in/ruction is giv51 & "o )\t x1 ,i %\ld pref] ! =m]1 ev5 ?\gh ! *ild might h to take a good deal ( !ology ) x4 ,n9e-t5?s ( a dose ( b>k is m]e half-rott5 wood2 b "o swall[s x = ! sake ( ! p>ticles ( qu99e1 ! b5eficial effect ( :i* may be weak5$1 b is n de/roy$1 by ! wood5 dilution1 unless 9 a few cases ( exceptionally t5d] /oma*s4 ,h5ce1 :5 ! great mass ( ! ,engli% p decl>e t !y want to h ! *ildr5 9 ! elem5t>y s*ools taught ! ,bible1 & :5 x is pla9 f ! t]ms ( ! ,act1 ! debates 9 & out ( ,p>liam5t1 & especially ! emphatic decl>ations ( ! ,vice-,presid5t ( ! ,c\ncil1 t x 0 int5d$ t su* ,bible-read+ %\ld be p]mitt$1 unless good cause = prohibit+ x c\ld be %[n1 ,i d n see :at reason !re is = oppos+ t wi%4 ,c]ta9ly1 ,i1 individually1 c\ld ) no %ad[ ( consi/5cy oppose ! tea*+ ( ! *ildr5 ( o!r p to d t :i* my own *ildr5 are taught to d4 ,&1 ev5 if ! read+ ! ,bible 7 n1 z ,i ?9k x is1 consonant ) political reason & ju/ice1 & ) a desire to act 9 ! _s ( ! education measure1 ,i am dispos$ to ?9k x might /ill be well to read t book 9 ! elem5t>y s*ools4 ,i h always be5 /rongly 9 fav\r ( secul> education1 9 ! s5se ( education )\t !ology2 b ,i mu/ confess ,i h be5 no less s]i\sly p]plex$ to "k by :at practical measures ! religi\s feel+1 :i* is ! ess5tial basis ( conduct1 0 to be kept up1 9 ! pres5t utt]ly *aotic /ate ( op9ion on ^! matt]s1 )\t ! use ( ! ,bible4 ,! ,pagan morali/s lack life & col\r1 & ev5 ! noble ,/oic1 ,m>cus ,anton9us1 is too high & ref9$ = an ord9>y *ild4 ,take ! ,bible z a :ole2 make ! sev]e/ d$uctions :i* fair criticism c dictate = %ortcom+s & positive errors2 elim9ate1 z a s5sible lay-tea*] w\ld d1 if left to himself1 all t x is n desirable = *ildr5 to occupy !mselves )2 & !re /ill rema9s 9 ?is old lit]ature a va/ residuum ( moral beauty & gr&eur4 ,& !n consid] ! great hi/orical fact t1 = ?ree c5turies1 ?is book has be5 wov5 into ! life ( all t is be/ & noble/ 9 ,engli% hi/ory2 t x has become ! national epic ( ,brita91 & is z famili> to noble & simple1 f ,john-o'-,groat's ,h\se to ,l&'s ,end1 z ,dante & ,tasso once 7 to ! ,italians2 t x is writt5 9 ! noble/ & pure/ ,engli%1 & ab\nds 9 exquisite beauties ( m]e lit]>y =m2 &1 f9ally1 t x =bids ! v]ie/ h9d :o nev] left 8 village to be ignorant ( ! exi/5ce ( o!r c\ntries & o!r civilizations1 & ( a great pa/1 /ret*+ back to ! fur!/ limits ( ! olde/ nations 9 ! _w4 ,by ! /udy ( :at o!r book c\ld *ildr5 be s mu* humaniz$ & made to feel t ea* figure 9 t va/ hi/orical procession fills1 l !mselves1 b a mom5t>y space 9 ! int]val betwe5 two et]nities2 & e>ns ! bless+s or ! curses ( all "t1 accord+ to its ef=t to d good & hate evil1 ev5 z !y also are e>n+ _! paym5t = _! "w8 ,on ! :ole1 !n1 ,i am 9 fav\r ( read+ ! ,bible1 ) su* grammatical1 geographical1 & hi/orical explanations by a lay-tea*] z may be ne$ful1 ) rigid exclusion ( any fur!r !ological tea*+ ?an t conta9$ 9 ! ,bible itself4 ,& 9 /at+ :at ?is is1 ! tea*] w\ld d well n to g beyond ! precise words ( ! ,bible2 = if he does1 he w1 9 ! fir/ place1 und]take a task beyond 8 /r5g?1 see+ t all ! ,jewi% & ,*ri/ian sects h be5 at "w ^u t subject = m ?an two ?\s& ye>s1 & h n yet arriv$1 & are n 9 ! lea/ likely to arrive1 at an agreem5t2 &1 9 ! second place1 he w c]ta9ly beg9 to tea* some?+ di/9ctively d5om9ational1 & !reby come into viol5t collision ) ! ,act ( ,p>liam5t4 #d4 ,! intellectual tra9+ to be giv5 9 ! elem5t>y s*ools mu/ ( c\rse1 9 ! fir/ place1 consi/ 9 le>n+ to use ! means ( acquir+ k1 or read+1 writ+1 & ari?metic2 & x w be a great matt] to tea* read+ s completely t ! act %all h become easy & pleasant4 ,if read+ rema9s h>d1 t accompli%m5t w n be mu* resort$ to = in/ruction1 & /ill less = amusem5t--:i* la/ is "o ( its mo/ valuable uses to h>d-work$ p4 ,b along ) a due pr(ici5cy 9 ! use ( ! means ( le>n+1 a c]ta9 am\nt ( k1 ( intellectual discipl9e1 & ( arti/ic tra9+ %\ld be convey$ 9 ! elem5t>y s*ools2 & 9 ?is direction--= reasons :i* ,i am afraid to repeat1 hav+ urg$ !m s (t5--,i c conceive no subject-matt] ( education s appropriate & s important z ! rudim5ts ( physical sci5ce1 ) draw+1 modell+1 & s++4 ,n only w\ld su* tea*+ af=d ! be/ possible prep>ation = ! te*nical s*ools ab\t :i* s mu* is n[ said1 b ! organization = c>ry+ x into effect already exi/s4 ,! ,sci5ce & ,art ,dep>tm5t1 ! op]ations ( :i* h already atta9$ consid]able magnitude1 n only (f]s to exam9e & pay ! results ( su* exam9ation 9 elem5t>y sci5ce & art1 b x provides :at is /ill m important1 viz4 a means ( giv+ *ildr5 ( high natural ability1 :o are j z abundant among ! poor z among ! ri*1 a help+ h&4 ,a good old prov]b tells u t ,"o %\ld n take a razor to cut a block3 ! razor is soon spoil$1 & ! block is n s well cut z x w\ld be ) a hat*et4 ,b x is worse economy to prev5t a possible ,watt f be+ any?+ b a /ok]1 or to give a possible ,f>aday no *ance ( do+ any?+ b to b9d books4 ,inde$1 ! loss 9 su* cases ( mi/ak5 vocation has no measure2 x is absolutely inf9ite & irrep>able4 ,& among ! argum5ts 9 fav\r ( ! int]f]5ce ( ! ,/ate 9 education1 none seems to be /rong] ?an ?is--t x is ! int]e/ ( e "o t ability %\ld be nei!r wa/$1 nor misappli$1 by any "o2 &1 !re=e1 t e "o's repres5tative1 ! ,/ate1 is necess>ily fulfill+ ! wi%es ( its con/itu5ts :5 x is help+ ! capacities to rea* _! prop] places4 ,x may be said t ! s*eme ( education "h sket*$ is too l>ge to be effect$ 9 ! "t dur+ :i* ! *ildr5 w rema9 at s*ool2 &1 secondly1 t ev5 if ?is objection did n exi/1 x w\ld co/ too mu*4 ,i atta* no importance :atev] to ! fir/ objection until ! exp]im5t has be5 fairly tri$4 ,consid]+ h[ mu* cate*ism1 li/s ( ! k+s ( ,israel1 geography ( ,pale/9e1 & ! l1 *ildr5 are made to swall[ n[1 ,i _c believe !re w be any difficulty 9 induc+ !m to g ?r\gh ! physical tra9+1 :i* is m ?an half play2 or ! in/ruction 9 h\sehold "w1 or 9 ^? duties to "o ano!r & to !mselves1 :i* h a daily & h\rly practical int]e/4 ,t *ildr5 take k9dly to elem5t>y sci5ce & art no "o c d\bt :o has tri$ ! exp]im5t prop]ly4 ,& if ,bible-read+ is n accompani$ by con/ra9t & solemnity1 z if x 7 a sacram5tal op]ation1 ,i d n believe !re is any?+ 9 :i* *ildr5 take m pleasure4 ,at lea/ ,i "k t "s ( ! pleasante/ recollections ( my *ildhood are connect$ ) ! volunt>y /udy ( an anci5t ,bible :i* belong$ to my gr&mo!r4 ,!re 7 spl5did pictures 9 x1 to be sure2 b ,i recollect little or no?+ ab\t !m save a portrait ( ! high prie/ 9 8 ve/m5ts4 ,:at come vividly back on my m9d are remembrances ( my delight 9 ! hi/ories ( ,joseph & ( ,david2 & ( my ke5 appreciation ( ! *ivalr\s k9dness ( ,abraham 9 8 deal+s ) ,lot4 ,l a sudd5 fla% !re returns back ^u me1 my utt] scorn ( ! pettifogg+ meanness ( ,jacob1 & my sympa!tic grief ov] ! he>tbreak+ lam5tation ( ! *eat$ ,esau1 ,ha/ ?\ n a bless+ = me also1 ,o my fa!r8 ,& ,i see1 z 9 a cl\d1 pictures ( ! gr& phantasmagoria ( ! ,book ( ,revelation4 ,i enum]ate1 z !y issue1 ! *ildi% impressions :i* come cr[d+ out ( ! pigeon-holes 9 my bra91 9 :i* !y h la9 almo/ undi/urb$ = =ty ye>s4 ,i prize !m z an evid5ce t a *ild ( five or six ye>s old1 left to 8 own devices1 may be deeply int]e/$ 9 ! ,bible1 & draw s\nd moral su/5ance f x4 ,& ,i rejoice t ,i 0 left to deal ) ! ,bible alone2 = if ,i _h _h "s !ological expla9] at my side1 he might h tri$1 z su* d1 to less5 my indignation aga9/ ,jacob1 & !reby h w>p$ my moral s5se = ev]2 :ile ! great apocalyptic spectacle ( ! ultimate triumph ( "r & ju/ice might h be5 turn$ to ! base purposes ( a pi\s lampoon] ( ! ,papacy4 ,& z to ! second objection--co/l9ess--! reply is1 fir/1 t ! rate & ! ,p>liam5t>y grant toge!r ought to be en\gh1 consid]+ t sci5ce & art tea*+ is already provid$ =2 &1 secondly1 t if !y are n1 x may be well = ! educational p>liam5t to consid] :at has become ( ^? end[m5ts :i* 7 orig9ally int5d$ to be devot$1 m or less l>gely1 to ! education ( ! poor4 ,:5 ! mona/]ies 7 spoil$1 "s ( _! end[m5ts 7 appli$ to ! f\ndation ( ca!drals2 & 9 all su* cases x 0 ord]$ t a c]ta9 portion ( ! end[m5t %\ld be appli$ to ! purposes ( education4 ,h[ mu* is s appli$8 ,is t :i* may be s appli$ giv5 to help ! poor1 :o _c pay = education1 or does x virtually subsidize ! comp>atively ri*1 :o c8 ,h[ are ,*ri/'s ,hospital & ,alleyn's f\ndation secur+ _! "r purposes1 or h[ f> are !y p]v]t$ into contrivances = af=d+ relief to ! classes :o c af=d to pay = education8 ,h[--,b ?is pap] is already too long1 &1 if ,i beg91 ,i may f9d x h>d to /op ask+ que/ions ( ?is k9d1 :i* aft] all are wor?y only ( ! l[e/ ( ,radicals4 ,,iii4 ,,on ,,m$ical ,,education4 7,,an ,,address ,,to ,,! ,,/ud5ts ,,( ,,! ,,faculty ,,( ,,m$ic9e ,,9 ,,univ]sity ,,college1 ,,london1 ,,may #ah1 #ahgj1 ,,on ,,! ,,occasion ,,( ,,! ,,di/ribution ,,( ,,prizes ,,= ,,! ,,session47 ,x has giv5 me s9c]e pleasure to be "h to-day1 at ! desire ( y\r highly respect$ ,presid5t & ! ,c\ncil ( ! ,college4 ,9 look+ back ^u my own pa/1 ,i am sorry to say t ,i h f\nd t x is a qu>t] ( a c5tury s9ce ,i took "p 9 ^? hopes & 9 ^? fe>s by :i* y h all rec5tly be5 agitat$1 & :i* n[ are at an end4 ,b1 al?\gh s long a "t has elaps$ s9ce ,i 0 mov$ by ! same feel+s1 ,i beg leave to assure y t my sympa?y ) bo? victors & vanqui%$ rema9s fre%--s fre%1 inde$1 t ,i c\ld almo/ try to p]suade myself t1 aft] all1 x _c be s v long ago4 ,my bus9ess dur+ ! la/ h\r1 h[ev]1 has be5 to %[ t sympa?y ) "o side only1 & ,i assure y ,i h done my be/ to play my "p he>tily1 & to rejoice 9 ! success ( ^? :o h succe$$4 ,/ill1 ,i %\ld l to rem9d y at ! end ( x all1 t success on an occasion ( ?is k9d1 valuable & important z x is1 is 9 reality only putt+ ! foot ^u "o rung ( ! ladd] :i* leads upw>ds2 & t ! rung ( a ladd] 0 nev] meant to re/ ^u1 b only to hold a man's foot long en\gh to enable him to put ! o!r some:at high]4 ,i tru/ t y w all reg>d ^! successes z simply rem9d]s t y\r next bus9ess is1 hav+ enjoy$ ! success ( ! day1 no long] to look at t success1 b to look =w>d to ! next difficulty t is to be conqu]$4 ,& n[1 hav+ _h s mu* to say to ! successful c&idates1 y mu/ =give me if ,i add t a sort ( und]curr5t ( sympa?y has be5 go+ on 9 my m9d all ! "t = ^? :o h n be5 successful1 = ^? valiant knights :o h be5 ov]?r[n 9 y\r t\rney1 & h n made _! appe>ance 9 public4 ,i tru/ t1 9 accordance ) old cu/om1 !y1 w\nd$ & ble$+1 h be5 c>ri$ (f to _! t5ts1 to be c>efully t5d$ by ! faire/ ( maid5s2 & 9 ^! days1 :5 ! *ances are t e "o ( su* maid5s w be a qualifi$ practition]1 ,i h no d\bt t all ! spl9t]s w h be5 c>efully extract$1 & t !y are n[ physically heal$4 ,b !re may rema9 "s little fragm5t ( moral or intellectual disc\ragem5t1 & !re=e ,i w take ! lib]ty to rem>k t y\r *airman to-day1 if he occupi$ 8 prop] place1 w\ld be among !m4 ,y\r *airman1 9 virtue ( 8 position1 & = ! brief h\r t he occupies t position1 is a p]son ( importance2 & x may be "s consolation to ^? :o h fail$ if ,i say1 t ! qu>t] ( a c5tury :i* ,i h be5 speak+ (1 takes me back to ! "t :5 ,i 0 up at ! ,univ]sity ( ,london1 a c&idate = hon\rs 9 anatomy & physiology1 & :5 ,i 0 exce$+ly well beat5 by my excell5t fri5d ,dr4 ,ransom1 ( ,nott+ham4 ,!re is a p]son "h :o recollects t circum/ance v well4 ,i ref] to y\r v5]at$ tea*] & m9e1 ,dr4 ,%>pey4 ,he 0 at t "t "o ( ! exam9]s 9 anatomy & physiology1 & y may be q sure t1 z he 0 "o ( ! exam9]s1 !re rema9$ n ! smalle/ d\bt 9 my m9d ( ! propriety ( 8 judgm5t1 & ,i accept$ my defeat ) ! mo/ com=table assurance t ,i _h ?or\ghly well e>n$ x4 ,b1 g5tlem51 ! competitor hav+ be5 a wor?y "o1 & ! exam9ation1 a fair "o1 ,i _c say t ,i f\nd 9 t circum/ance any?+ v disc\rag+4 ,i said to myself1 ,nev] m9d2 :at's ! next ?+ to be done8 ,& ,i f\nd t policy ( nev] m9d+ & go+ on to ! next ?+ to be done1 to be ! mo/ important ( all policies 9 ! conduct ( practical life4 ,x does n matt] h[ _m tumbles y h 9 ?is life1 s long z y d n get dirty :5 y tumble2 x is only ! p :o h to /op to be wa%$ & made clean1 :o mu/ necess>ily lose ! race4 ,& ,i c assure y t !re is ! greate/ practical b5efit 9 mak+ a few failures e>ly 9 life4 ,y le>n t :i* is ( ine/imable importance--t !re are a great _m p 9 ! _w :o are j z clev] z y are4 ,y le>n to put y\r tru/1 by & by1 9 an economy & frugality ( ! ex]cise ( y\r p[]s1 bo? moral & intellectual2 & y v soon f9d out1 if y h n f\nd x out be=e1 t pati5ce & t5acity ( purpose are wor? m ?an twice _! weight ( clev]ness4 ,9 fact1 if ,i 7 to g on disc\rs+ on ?is subject1 ,i %\ld become almo/ eloqu5t 9 praise ( non-success2 b1 le/ s do+ %\ld seem1 9 any way1 to )] well-e>n$ laurels1 ,i w turn f t topic1 & ask y to accompany me 9 "s consid]ations t\*+ ano!r subject :i* has a v pr(\nd int]e/ = me1 & :i* ,i ?9k ought to h an equally pr(\nd int]e/ = y4 ,i presume t ! great majority ( ^? :om ,i address propose to devote !mselves to ! pr(ession ( m$ic9e2 & ,i d n d\bt1 f ! evid5ces ( ability :i* h be5 giv5 to-day1 t ,i h be=e me a numb] ( m5 :o w rise to em95ce 9 t pr(ession1 & :o w ex]t a great & des]v$ influ5ce ^u its future4 ,t 9 :i* ,i am int]e/$1 & ab\t :i* ,i wi% to speak1 is ! subject ( m$ical education1 & ,i v5ture to speak ab\t x = ! purpose1 if ,i c1 ( influ5c+ y1 :o may h ! p[] ( influ5c+ ! m$ical education ( ! future4 ,y may ask1 by :at au?ority d ,i v5ture1 be+ a p]son n conc]n$ 9 ! practice ( m$ic9e1 to m$dle ) t subject8 ,i c only tell y x is a fact1 ( :i* a numb] ( y ,i d>e say are aw>e by exp]i5ce 7& ,i tru/ ! exp]i5ce has no pa9ful associations71 t ,i h be5 = a consid]able numb] ( ye>s 7twelve or ?irte5 ye>s to ! be/ ( my recollection7 "o ( ! exam9]s 9 ! ,univ]sity ( ,london4 ,y are fur!r aw>e t ! m5 :o come up to ! ,univ]sity ( ,london are ! pick$ m5 ( ! m$ical s*ools ( ,london1 & !re=e su* obs]vations z ,i may h to make ^u ! /ate ( k ( ^! g5tlem51 if !y be ju/ifi$1 9 reg>d to any faults ,i may h to f9d1 _c be held to indicate defects 9 ! capacity1 or 9 ! p[] ( application ( ^? g5tlem51 b mu/ be laid1 m or less1 to ! acc\nt ( ! preval5t sy/em ( m$ical education4 ,i w tell y :at has /ruck me--b 9 speak+ 9 ?is frank way1 z "o always does ab\t ! defects ( "o's fri5ds1 ,i mu/ beg y to disabuse y\r m9ds ( ! notion t ,i am allud+ to any p>ticul> s*ool1 or to any p>ticul> college1 or to any p>ticul> p]son2 & to believe t if ,i am sil5t :5 ,i %\ld be glad to speak ) high praise1 x is because t praise w\ld come too close to ?is locality4 ,:at has /ruck me1 !n1 9 ?is long exp]i5ce ( ! m5 be/ in/ruct$ 9 physiology f ! m$ical s*ools ( ,london1 is 7) ! _m & brilliant exceptions to :i* ,i h ref]r$71 tak+ x z a :ole1 & broadly1 ! s+ul> unreality ( _! k ( physiology4 ,n[1 ,i use t ^w unreality advis$ly3 ,i d n say scanty2 on ! contr>y1 !re is pl5ty ( x--a great deal too mu* ( x--b x is ! quality1 ! nature ( ! k1 :i* ,i qu>rel )4 ,i "k ,i us$ to h--,i don't "k :e!r ,i h n[1 b ,i _h once ^u a "t--a bad reputation among /ud5ts = sett+ up a v high /&>d ( acquirem5t1 & ,i d>e say y may ?9k t ! /&>d ( ?is old exam9]1 :o happily is n[ v ne>ly an ext9ct exam9]1 has be5 pit*$ too high4 ,no?+ ( ! k9d1 ,i assure y4 ,! defects ,i h notic$1 & ! faults ,i h to f9d1 arise entirely f ! circum/ance t my /&>d is pit*$ too l[4 ,?is is no p>adox1 g5tlem51 b q simply ! fact4 ,! k ,i h look$ = 0 a real1 precise1 ?or\gh1 & practical k ( fundam5tals2 :]eas t :i* ! be/ ( ! c&idates1 9 a l>ge proportion ( cases1 h _h to give me 0 a l>ge1 ext5sive1 & inaccurate k ( sup]/ructure2 & t is :at ,i mean by say+ t my dem&s w5t too l[1 & n too high4 ,:at ,i h _h to compla9 ( is1 t a l>ge proportion ( ! g5tlem5 :o come up = physiology to ! ,univ]sity ( ,london d n "k x z !y "k _! anatomy1 & h n be5 taught x z !y h be5 taught _! anatomy4 ,n[1 ,i %\ld n wond] at all if ,i he>d a great _m ,no1 noes "h2 b ,i am n talk+ ab\t ,univ]sity ,college2 z ,i h told y be=e1 ,i am talk+ ab\t ! av]age education ( m$ical s*ools4 ,:at ,i h f\nd1 & f\nd s mu* reason to lam5t1 is1 t :ile anatomy has be5 taught z a sci5ce ought to be taught1 z a matt] ( autopsy1 & obs]vation1 & /rict discipl9e2 9 a v l>ge numb] ( cases1 physiology has be5 taught z if x 7 a m]e matt] ( books & ( he>say4 ,i decl>e to y1 g5tlem51 t ,i h (t5 expect$ to be told1 :5 ,i h be5 ask$ a "q ab\t ! circulation ( ! blood1 t ,pr(essor ,breitkopf is ( op9ion t x circulates1 b t ! :ole ?+ is an op5 "q4 ,i assure y t ,i am h>dly exagg]at+ ! /ate ( m9d on matt]s ( fundam5tal importance :i* ,i h f\nd ov] & ov] aga9 to obta91 among g5tlem5 com+ up to t pick$ exam9ation ( ! ,univ]sity ( ,london4 ,n[1 ,i d n ?9k t is a desirable /ate ( ?+s4 ,i _c und]/& :y physiology %\ld n be taught--9 fact1 y h "h abundant evid5ce t x c be taught--) ! same def9it5ess & ! same precision z anatomy is taught4 ,& y may dep5d ^u ?is1 t ! only physiology :i* is to be ( any good :atev] 9 m$ical practice1 or 9 its application to ! /udy ( m$ic9e1 is t physiology :i* a man kn[s ( 8 own k2 j z ! only anatomy :i* w\ld be ( any good to ! surgeon is ! anatomy :i* he kn[s ( 8 own k4 ,ano!r peculi>ity ,i h f\nd 9 ! physiology :i* has be5 curr5t1 & t is1 t 9 ! m9ds ( a great _m g5tlem5 x has be5 supplant$ by hi/ology4 ,!y h le>nt a great deal ( hi/ology1 & !y h fanci$ t hi/ology & physiology are ! same ?+s4 ,i h ask$ = "s k ( ! physics & ! me*anics & ! *emi/ry ( ! human body1 & ,i h be5 met by talk ab\t cells4 ,i decl>e to y ,i believe x w take me two ye>s1 at lea/1 ( absolute re/ f ! bus9ess ( an exam9] to he> ! ^w cell1 g]m9al matt]1 or c>m9e1 )\t a sort ( inw>d %udd]4 ,well1 n[1 g5tlem51 ,i am sure my colleagues 9 ?is exam9ation w be> me out 9 say+ t ,i h n be5 exagg]at+ ! evils & defects :i* are curr5t--h be5 curr5t--9 a l>ge quantity ( ! physiological tea*+1 ! results ( :i* come be=e exam9]s4 ,& x becomes a v int]e/+ "q to "k h[ all ?is comes ab\t1 & 9 :at way x c be rem$i$4 ,h[ x comes ab\t w be p]fectly obvi\s to any "o :o has consid]$ ! gr[? ( m$ic9e4 ,i suppose t m$ic9e & surg]y fir/ began by "s savage1 m intellig5t ?an ! re/1 discov]+ t a c]ta9 h]b 0 good = a c]ta9 pa91 & t a c]ta9 pull1 someh[ or o!r1 set a dislocat$ jo9t "r4 ,i suppose all ?+s _h _! humble beg9n+s1 & m$ic9e & surg]y 7 9 ! same condition4 ,p :o we> wat*es "k no?+ ab\t wat*mak+4 ,a wat* goes wrong & x /ops2 y see ! own] giv+ x a %ake1 or1 if he is v bold1 he op5s ! case1 & gives ! balance-:eel a turn4 ,g5tlem51 t is empirical practice1 & y "k :at are ! results ^u ! wat*4 ,i %\ld ?9k y c div9e :at are ! results ( analog\s op]ations ^u ! human body4 ,& because m5 ( s5se v soon f\nd t su* 7 ! effects ( m$dl+ ) v complicat$ ma*9]y !y did n und]/&1 ,i suppose ! fir/ ?+1 z be+ ! easie/1 0 to /udy ! nature ( ! works ( ! human wat*1 & ! next ?+ 0 to /udy ! way ! p>ts work$ toge!r1 & ! way ! wat* work$4 ,?us1 by degrees1 we h _h gr[+ up our body ( anatomi/s1 or kn[]s ( ! con/ruction ( ! human wat*1 & our physiologi/s1 :o "k h[ ! ma*9e works4 ,& j z any s5sible man1 :o has a valuable wat*1 does n m$dle ) x himself1 b goes to "s "o :o has /udi$ wat*mak+1 & und]/&s :at ! effect ( do+ ?is or t may be2 s1 ,i suppose1 ! man :o1 hav+ *>ge ( t valuable ma*9e1 8 own body1 wants to h x kept 9 good ord]1 comes to a pr(essor ( ! m$ical art = ! purpose ( hav+ x set "r1 believ+ t1 by d$uction f ! facts ( /ructure & f ! facts ( function1 ! physician w div9e :at may be ! matt] ) 8 bodily wat* at t p>ticul> "t1 & :at may be ! be/ means ( sett+ x "r4 ,if t may be tak5 z a j repres5tation ( ! relation ( ! !oretical bran*es ( m$ic9e--:at we may call ! in/itutes ( m$ic9e1 to use an old t]m--to ! practical bran*es1 ,i ?9k x w be obvi\s to y t !y are ( prime & fundam5tal importance4 ,:atev] t5ds to affect ! tea*+ ( !m injuri\sly mu/ t5d to de/roy & to disorganize ! :ole fabric ( ! m$ical art4 ,i ?9k e s5sible man has se5 ?is long ago2 b ! difficulties 9 ! way ( atta9+ good tea*+ 9 ! diff]5t bran*es ( ! !ory1 or in/itutes1 ( m$ic9e are v s]i\s4 ,x is a comp>atively easy matt]--pray m>k t ,i use ! ^w comp>atively--x is a comp>atively easy matt] to le>n anatomy & to tea* x2 x is a v difficult matt] to le>n physiology & to tea* x4 ,x is a v difficult matt] to "k & to tea* ^? bran*es ( physics & ^? bran*es ( *emi/ry :i* be> directly ^u physiology2 & h5ce x is t1 z a matt] ( fact1 ! tea*+ ( physiology1 & ! tea*+ ( ! physics & ! *emi/ry :i* be> ^u x1 mu/ necess>ily be 9 a /ate ( relative imp]fection2 & !re is no?+ to be grumbl$ at 9 ! fact t ?is relative imp]fection exi/s4 ,b is ! relative imp]fection :i* exi/s only su* z is necess>y1 or is x made worse by our practical arrangem5ts8 ,i believe--& if ,i did n s believe ,i %\ld n h tr\bl$ y ) ^! obs]vations--,i believe x is made inf9itely worse by our practical arrangem5ts1 or r1 ,i ought to say1 our v unpractical arrangem5ts4 ,"s v wise man long ago affirm$ t e "q1 9 ! long run1 0 a "q ( f9ance2 & !re is a good deal to be said = t view4 ,mo/ assur$ly ! "q ( m$ical tea*+ is1 9 a v l>ge & broad s5se1 a "q ( f9ance4 ,:at ,i mean is ?is3 t 9 ,london ! arrangem5ts ( ! m$ical s*ools1 & ! numb] ( !m1 are su* z to r5d] x almo/ impossible t m5 :o conf9e !mselves to ! tea*+ ( ! !oretical bran*es ( ! pr(ession %\ld be able to make _! bread by t op]ation2 &1 y "k1 if a man _c make 8 bread1 he _c tea*--at lea/ 8 tea*+ comes to a spe$y end4 ,t is a matt] ( physiology4 ,anatomy is fairly well taught1 because x lies 9 ! direction ( practice1 & a man is all ! bett] surgeon = be+ a good anatomi/4 ,x does n absolutely int]f]e ) ! pursuits ( a practical surgeon if he %\ld hold a ,*air ( ,anatomy--?\gh ,i d n = "o mom5t say t he w\ld n be a bett] tea*] if he did n devote himself to practice4 7,applause47 ,yes1 ,i "k exactly :at t *e] means1 b ,i am keep+ z c>efully z possible f any sort ( allusion to ,pr(essor ,ellis4 ,b ! fact is1 t ev5 human anatomy has n[ gr[n to be s l>ge a matt]1 t x takes ! :ole devotion ( a man's life to put ! great mass ( k ^u t subject into su* a %ape t x c be tea*able to ! m9d ( ! ord9>y /ud5t4 ,:at ! /ud5t wants 9 a pr(essor is a man :o %all /& betwe5 him & ! inf9ite div]sity & v>iety ( human k1 & :o %all ga!r all t toge!r1 & extract f x t :i* is capable ( be+ assimilat$ by ! m9d4 ,t function is a va/ & an important "o1 & unless1 9 su* subjects z anatomy1 a man is :olly free f o!r c>es1 x is almo/ impossible t he c p]=m x ?or\ghly & well4 ,b if x be h>dly possible = a man to pursue anatomy )\t actually break+ ) 8 pr(ession1 h[ is x possible = him to pursue physiology8 ,i get e ye> ^? v elaborate reports ( ,h5le & ,meissn]--volumes (1 ,i suppose1 #djj pages altoge!r--& !y consi/ m]ely ( ab/racts ( ! memoirs & works :i* h be5 writt5 on ,anatomy & ,physiology--only ab/racts ( !m6 ,h[ is a man to keep up 8 acqua9tance ) all t is do+ 9 ! physiological _w--9 a _w advanc+ ) enorm\s /rides e day & e h\r--if he has to be di/ract$ ) ! c>es ( practice8 ,y "k v well x mu/ be impracticable to d s4 ,our m5 ( ability jo9 our m$ical s*ools ) an eye to ! future4 ,!y take ! ,*airs ( ,anatomy or ( ,physiology2 & by & by !y leave ^? ,*airs = ! m pr(itable pursuits into :i* !y h drift$ by pr(essional success1 & s !y become clo!d1 & physiology is b>e4 ,! result is1 t 9 ^? s*ools 9 :i* physiology is ?us left to ! b5evol5ce1 s to speak1 ( ^? :o h no "t to look to x1 ! effect ( su* tea*+ comes out obvi\sly1 & is made manife/ 9 :at ,i spoke ( j n[--! unreality1 ! booki%ness ( ! k ( ! taught4 ,& if ?is is ! case 9 physiology1 /ill m mu/ x be ! case 9 ^? bran*es ( physics :i* are ! f\ndation ( physiology2 al?\gh x may be less ! case 9 *emi/ry1 because = an able *emi/ a c]ta9 hon\rable & indep5d5t c>e] lies 9 ! direction ( 8 "w1 & he is able1 l ! anatomi/1 to look ^u :at he may tea* to ! /ud5t z n absolutely tak+ him away f 8 bread-w9n+ pursuits4 ,b x is ( no use to grumble ab\t ?is /ate ( ?+s unless "o is prep>$ to indicate "s sort ( practical rem$y4 ,& ,i believe--& ,i v5ture to make ! /atem5t because ,i am :olly indep5d5t ( all sorts ( m$ical s*ools1 & may1 !re=e1 say :at ,i believe )\t be+ suppos$ to be affect$ by any p]sonal int]e/--b ,i say ,i believe t ! rem$y = ?is /ate ( ?+s1 = t imp]fection ( our !oretical k :i* keeps d[n ! ability ( ,engl& at ! pres5t "t 9 m$ical matt]s1 is a m]e affair ( me*anical arrangem5t2 t s long z y h a doz5 m$ical s*ools scatt]$ ab\t 9 diff]5t p>ts ( ! metropolis1 & divid+ ! /ud5ts among !m1 s long1 9 all ! small] s*ools at any rate1 x is impossible t any o!r /ate ( ?+s ?an t :i* ,i h be5 depict+ %\ld obta94 ,pr(essors mu/ live2 to live !y mu/ occupy !mselves ) practice1 & if !y occupy !mselves ) practice1 ! pursuit ( ! ab/ract bran*es ( sci5ce mu/ g to ! wall4 ,all ?is is a pla9 & obvi\s matt] ( common-s5se reason+4 ,i believe y w nev] alt] ?is /ate ( ?+s until1 ei!r by cons5t or by =ce majeure--& ,i %\ld be v sorry to see ! latt] appli$--b until !re is "s new arrangem5t1 & until all ! !oretical bran*es ( ! pr(ession1 ! in/itutes ( m$ic9e1 are taught 9 ,london 9 n m ?an "o or two1 or at ! outside ?ree1 c5tral in/itutions1 no good w be effect$4 ,if t l>ge body ( m51 ! m$ical /ud5ts ( ,london1 7 oblig$ 9 ! fir/ place to get a k ( ! !oretical bran*es ( _! pr(ession 9 two or ?ree c5tral s*ools1 !re w\ld be abundant means = ma9ta9+ able pr(essors--n1 inde$1 = enri*+ !m1 z !y w\ld be able to enri* !mselves by practice--b = enabl+ !m to make t *oice :i* su* m5 are s will+ to make2 namely1 ! *oice betwe5 weal? & a mode/ compet5cy1 :5 t mode/ compet5cy is to be comb9$ ) a sci5tific c>e]1 & ! means ( advanc+ k4 ,i d n believe t all ! talk+ ab\t1 & t9k]+ (1 m$ical education w d ! slighte/ good until ! fact is cle>ly recogniz$1 t m5 mu/ be ?or\ghly gr\nd$ 9 ! !oretical bran*es ( _! pr(ession1 & t to ?is end ! tea*+ ( ^? !oretical bran*es mu/ be conf9$ to two or ?ree c5tres4 ,n[ let me add "o o!r ^w1 & t is1 t if ,i 7 a despot1 ,i w\ld cut d[n ^! bran*es to a v consid]able ext5t4 ,! next ?+ to be done beyond t :i* ,i m5tion$ j n[1 is to g back to prim>y education4 ,! great /ep t[>ds a ?or\gh m$ical education is to insi/ ^u ! tea*+ ( ! elem5ts ( ! physical sci5ces 9 all s*ools1 s t m$ical /ud5ts %all n g up to ! m$ical colleges utt]ly ignorant ( t ) :i* !y h to deal2 to insi/ on ! elem5ts ( *emi/ry1 ! elem5ts ( botany1 & ! elem5ts ( physics be+ taught 9 our ord9>y & common s*ools1 s t !re %all be "s prep>ation = ! discipl9e ( m$ical colleges4 ,&1 if ?is re=m 7 once effect$1 y might conf9e ! ,in/itutes ( ,m$ic9e to physics z appli$ to physiology--to *emi/ry z appli$ to physiology--to physiology itself1 & to anatomy4 ,aft]w>ds1 ! /ud5t1 ?or\ghly gr\nd$ 9 ^! matt]s1 might g to any hospital he pleas$ = ! purpose ( /udy+ ! practical bran*es ( 8 pr(ession4 ,! practical tea*+ might be made z local z y l2 & y might use to advantage ! opportunities af=d$ by all ^! local in/itutions = acquir+ a k ( ! practice ( ! pr(ession4 ,b y may say3 ,?is is aboli%+ a great deal2 y are gett+ rid ( botany & zoology to beg9 )4 ,i h n a d\bt t !y ought to be got rid (1 z bran*es ( special m$ical education2 !y ought to be put back to an e>li] /age1 & made bran*es ( g5]al education4 ,let me say1 by way ( self-d5y+ ord9ance1 = :i* y w1 ,i am sure1 give me cr$it1 t ,i believe t comp>ative anatomy ought to be absolutely aboli%$4 ,i say s1 n )\t a c]ta9 fe> ( ! ,vice-,*ancellor ( ! ,univ]sity ( ,london :o sits ^u my left4 ,b ,i d n ?9k ! *>t] gives him v mu* p[] ov] me2 moreov]1 ,i %all soon come to an end ( my exam9]%ip1 & !re=e ,i am n afraid1 b %all g on to say :at ,i 0 go+ to say1 & t is1 t 9 my belief x is a d[nright cruelty--,i h no o!r ^w = x--to require f g5tlem5 :o are engag$ 9 m$ical /udies1 ! pret5ce--= x is no?+ else1 & c be no?+ else1 ?an a pret5ce--( a k ( comp>ative anatomy z "p ( _! m$ical curriculum4 ,make x "p ( _! ,arts tea*+ if y l1 make x "p ( _! g5]al education if y l1 make x "p ( _! qualification = ! sci5tific degree by all means--t is its prop] place2 b to require t g5tlem5 ^: :ole faculties %\ld be b5t ^u ! acquirem5t ( a real k ( human physiology %\ld worry !mselves ) gett+ up he>say ab\t ! alt]nation ( g5]ations 9 ! ,salpae is really mon/r\s4 ,i _c *>act]ize x 9 any o!r way4 ,& hav+ sacrific$ my own pursuit1 ,i am sure ,i may sacrifice o!r p's2 & ,i make ?is rem>k ) all ! m will+ness because ,i discov]$1 on read+ ! "n-( y\r ,pr(essors j n[1 t ! ,pr(essor ( ,mat]ia ,m$ica is n pres5t4 ,i mu/ confess1 if ,i _h my way ,i %\ld aboli% ,mat]ia ,m$ica#a altoge!r4 ,i recollect1 :5 ,i 0 fir/ "u exam9ation at ! ,univ]sity ( ,london1 ,dr4 ,p]eira 0 ! exam9]1 & y "k t ,p]eira's ,mat]ia ,m$ica 0 a book de omnibus rebus4 ,i recollect my /ruggles ) t book late at night & e>ly 9 ! morn+ 7,i work$ v h>d 9 ^? days71 & ,i d believe t ,i got t book into my head someh[ or o!r1 b !n ,i w und]take to say t ,i =got x all a week aft]w>ds4 ,n "o trace ( a k ( drugs has rema9$ 9 my memory f t "t to ?is2 & really1 z a matt] ( common s5se1 ,i _c und]/& ! argum5ts = oblig+ a m$ical man to "k all ab\t drugs & :]e !y come f4 ,:y n make him belong to ! ,iron & ,/eel ,in/itute1 & le>n some?+ ab\t cutl]y1 because he uses knives8 ,footnote #a3 ,x w1 ,i hope1 be und]/ood t ,i d n include ,!rapeutics "u ?is head4 ,b d n suppose t1 aft] all ^! d$uctions1 !re w\ld n be ample room = y\r activity4 ,let u c\nt up :at we h left4 ,i suppose all ! "t = m$ical education t c be hop$ = is1 at ! outside1 ab\t f\r ye>s4 ,well1 :at h y to ma/] 9 ^? f\r ye>s ^u my supposition8 ,physics appli$ to physiology2 *emi/ry appli$ to physiology2 physiology2 anatomy2 surg]y2 m$ic9e 7includ+ !rapeutics72 ob/etrics2 hygi5e2 & m$ical jurisprud5ce--n9e subjects = f\r ye>s6 ,& :5 y consid] :at ^? subjects are1 & t ! acquisition ( any?+ beyond ! rudim5ts ( any "o ( !m may tax ! en]gies ( a lifetime1 ,i ?9k t ev5 ^? en]gies :i* y "y g5tlem5 h be5 display+ = ! la/ h\r or two might be tax$ to keep y ?or\ghly up to :at is want$ = y\r m$ical c>e]4 ,i ent]ta9 a v /rong conviction t any "o :o adds to m$ical education "o iota or tittle beyond :at is absolutely necess>y1 is guilty ( a v grave (f5ce4 ,g5tlem51 x w dep5d ^u ! k t y happ5 to possess1--^u y\r means ( apply+ x )9 y\r own field ( action1--:e!r ! bills ( mortality ( y\r di/rict are increas$ or dim9i%$2 & t1 g5tlem51 is a v s]i\s consid]ation inde$4 ,&1 "u ^? circum/ances1 ! subjects ) :i* y h to deal be+ s difficult1 _! ext5t s enorm\s1 & ! "t at y\r disposal s limit$1 ,i c\ld n feel my consci5ce easy if ,i did n1 on su* an occasion z ?is1 raise a prote/ aga9/ employ+ y\r en]gies ^u ! acquisition ( any k :i* may n be absolutely ne$$ 9 y\r future c>e]4 ,,iv4 ,,yea/4 ,,x has be5 kn[n1 f "t immemorial1 t ! sweet liquids :i* may be obta9$ by express+ ! juices ( ! fruits & /ems ( v>i\s plants1 or by /eep+ malt$ b>ley 9 hot wat]1 or by mix+ honey ) wat]--are liable to und]go a s]ies ( v s+ul> *anges1 if freely expos$ to ! air & left to !mselves1 9 w>m wea!r4 ,h[ev] cle> & pellucid ! liquid may h be5 :5 fir/ prep>$1 h[ev] c>efully x may h be5 fre$1 by /ra9+ & filtration1 f ev5 ! f9e/ visible impurities1 x w n rema9 cle>4 ,aft] a "t x w become cl\dy & turbid2 little bubbles w be se5 ris+ to ! surface1 & _! abundance w increase until ! liquid hisses z if x 7 simm]+ on ! fire4 ,by degrees1 "s ( ! solid p>ticles :i* produce ! turbidity ( ! liquid collect at its surface into a scum1 :i* is bl[n up by ! em]g+ air-bubbles into a ?ick1 foamy fro?4 ,ano!r moiety s9ks to ! bottom1 & accumulates z a muddy s$im5t1 or lees4 ,:5 ?is action has cont9u$1 ) m or less viol5ce1 = a c]ta9 "t1 x gradually mod]ates4 ,! evolution ( bubbles slack5s1 & f9ally comes to an end2 scum & lees alike settle at ! bottom1 & ! fluid is once m cle> & transp>5t4 ,b x has acquir$ prop]ties ( :i* no trace exi/$ 9 ! orig9al liquid4 ,in/ead ( be+ a m]e sweet fluid1 ma9ly compos$ ( sug> & wat]1 ! sug> has m or less completely disappe>$1 & x has acquir$ t peculi> smell & ta/e :i* we call spiritu\s4 ,in/ead ( be+ devoid ( any obvi\s effect ^u ! animal economy1 x has become possess$ ( a v wond]ful influ5ce on ! n]v\s sy/em2 s t 9 small doses x exhil>ates1 :ile 9 l>g] x /upefies1 & may ev5 de/roy life4 ,moreov]1 if ! orig9al fluid is put into a /ill1 & heat$ = a :ile1 ! fir/ & la/ product ( its di/illation is simple wat]2 :ile1 :5 ! alt]$ fluid is subject$ to ! same process1 ! matt] :i* is fir/ cond5s$ 9 ! receiv] is f\nd to be a cle>1 volatile sub/ance1 :i* is light] ?an wat]1 has a pung5t ta/e & smell1 possesses ! intoxicat+ p[]s ( ! fluid 9 an em95t degree1 & takes fire ! mom5t x is br\ght 9 contact ) a flame4 ,! al*emi/s call$ ?is volatile liquid1 :i* !y obta9$ f w9e1 spirits ( w9e1 j z !y call$ hydro*loric acid spirits ( salt1 & z we1 to ?is day1 call ref9$ turp5t9e spirits ( turp5t9e4 ,z ! spiritus1 or brea?1 ( a man 0 ?\ght to be ! mo/ ref9$ & subtle "p ( him1 ! intellig5t ess5ce ( man 0 also conceiv$ z a sort ( brea?1 or _s2 &1 by analogy1 ! mo/ ref9$ ess5ce ( any?+ 0 call$ its _s4 ,& ?us x has come ab\t t we use ! same ^w = ! s\l ( man & = a glass ( g94 ,at ! pres5t day1 h[ev]1 we ev5 m commonly use ano!r "n = ?is peculi> liquid--namely1 alcohol1 & its orig9 is n less s+ul>4 ,! ,dut* physician1 ,van ,helmont1 liv$ 9 ! latt] "p ( ! sixte5? & ! beg9n+ ( ! sev5te5? c5tury--9 ! transition p]iod betwe5 al*emy & *emi/ry--& 0 r m al*emi/ ?an *emi/4 ,app5d$ to 8 ,op]a ,omnia1 publi%$ 9 #agjg1 !re is a v ne$ful ,clavis ad obscuriorum s5sum ref]&um1 9 :i* ! foll[+ passage occurs3-- ,,alcohol4--,*ymicis e/ liquor aut pulvis summ subtilisatus1 vocabulo ,ori5talibus quoque1 cum primis ,habess9is1 famili>i1 quibus cohol speciatim pulv]em impalpabilem ex antimonio pro oculis t9-g5dis d5otat 444 ,hodie autem1 ob analogiam1 quivis pulvis teu]ior1 ut pulvis oculorum cancri summe subtilisatus alcohol audit1 h& alit] ac spiritus rectificatissimi alcolisati dicuntur4 ,simil>ly1 ,rob]t ,boyle speaks ( a f9e p[d] z alcohol2 &1 s late z ! middle ( ! la/ c5tury1 ! ,engli% lexicograph]1 ,na?an ,bailey1 def9es alcohol z ! pure sub/ance ( any?+ sep>at$ f ! m gross1 a v f9e & impalpable p[d]1 or a v pure1 well-rectifi$ _s4 ,b1 by ! "t ( ! publication ( ,lavoisi]'s ,trait lm5taire de ,*imie1 9 #aghi1 ! t]m alcohol1 alkohol1 or alkool 7= x is spelt 9 all ?ree ways71 :i* ,van ,helmont _h appli$ prim>ily to a f9e p[d]1 & only second>ily to spirits ( w9e1 _h lo/ its prim>y mean+ altoge!r2 &1 f ! end ( ! la/ c5tury until n[1 x has1 ,i believe1 be5 us$ exclusively z ! d5otation ( spirits ( w9e1 & bodies *emically alli$ to t sub/ance4 ,! process :i* gives rise to alcohol 9 a sac*>9e fluid is kn[n to u z f]m5tation2 a t]m bas$ ^u ! app>5t boil+ up or eff]vesc5ce ( ! f]m5t+ liquid1 & ( ,lat9 orig94 ,our ,teutonic c\s9s call ! same process ghr51 gs51 gs*51 & gis*52 b1 oddly en\gh1 we d n seem to h reta9$ _! v]b or _! sub/antive d5ot+ ! action itself1 ?\gh we d use names id5tical )1 or pla9ly d]iv$ f1 !irs = ! scum & lees4 ,^! are call$1 9 ,l[ ,g]man1 gs*t & gis*t2 9 ,anglo-,saxon1 ge/1 gi/1 & y/1 :5ce our yea/4 ,aga91 9 ,l[ ,g]man & 9 ,anglo-,saxon1 !re is ano!r "n = yea/1 hav+ ! =m b>m1 or beorm2 &1 9 ! ,midl& ,c\nties1 b>m is ! "n by :i* yea/ is /ill be/ kn[n4 ,9 ,high ,g]man1 !re is a ?ird "n = yea/1 hefe1 :i* is n repres5t$ 9 ,engli%1 s f> z ,i "k4 ,all ^! words are said by philolog]s to be d]iv$ f roots expressive ( ! inte/9e motion ( a f]m5t+ sub/ance4 ,?us hefe is d]iv$ f heb51 to raise2 b>m f b]5 or br51 to be> up2 yea/1 y/1 & gi/1 h all to d ) see?+ & foam1 ) yea/y waves1 & gu/y breezes4 ,! same ref]5ce to ! swell+ up ( ! f]m5t+ sub/ance is se5 9 ! ,gallo-,lat9 t]ms levure & leav54 ,x is highly cr$itable to ! +5uity ( our ance/ors t ! peculi> prop]ty ( f]m5t$ liquids1 9 virtue ( :i* !y make glad ! he>t ( man1 seems to h be5 kn[n 9 ! remote/ p]iods ( :i* we h any record4 ,all savages take to alcoholic fluids z if !y 7 to ! mann] born4 ,our ,v$ic =efa!rs intoxicat$ !mselves ) ! juice ( ! soma2 ,noah1 by a n unnatural reaction aga9/ a sup]fluity ( wat]1 appe>s to h tak5 ! e>lie/ practicable opportunity ( qualify+ t :i* he 0 oblig$ to dr9k2 & ! gho/s ( ! anci5t ,egyptians 7 solac$ by pictures ( banquets 9 :i* ! w9ecup passes r\nd1 grav5 on ! walls ( _! tombs4 ,a k ( ! process ( f]m5tation1 !re=e1 0 9 all probability possess$ by ! prehi/oric populations ( ! globe2 & x mu/ h become a matt] ( great int]e/ ev5 to primaeval w9e-bibb]s to /udy ! me?ods by :i* f]m5t$ liquids c\ld be surely manufactur$4 ,no d\bt1 !re=e1 x 0 soon discov]$ t ! mo/ c]ta91 z well z ! mo/ exp$iti\s1 way ( mak+ a sweet juice f]m5t 0 to add to x a little ( ! scum1 or lees1 ( ano!r f]m5t+ juice4 ,& x c h>dly be que/ion$ t ?is s+ul> excitation ( f]m5tation 9 "o fluid1 by a sort ( infection1 or inoculation1 ( a little f]m5t tak5 f "s o!r fluid1 toge!r ) ! /range swell+1 foam+1 & hiss+ ( ! f]m5t$ sub/ance1 mu/ h always attract$ att5tion f ! m ?\ghtful4 ,nev]!less1 ! comm5cem5t ( ! sci5tific analysis ( ! ph5om5a dates f a p]iod n e>li] ?an ! fir/ half ( ! sev5te5? c5tury4 ,at ?is "t1 ,van ,helmont made a fir/ /ep1 by po9t+ out t ! peculi> hiss+ & bubbl+ ( a f]m5t$ liquid is due1 n to ! evolution ( common air 7:i* he1 z ! inv5tor ( ! t]m gas1 calls gas v5tosum71 b to t ( a peculi> k9d ( air su* z is occasionally met ) 9 caves1 m9es1 & wells1 & :i* he calls gas sylve/re4 ,b a c5tury elaps$ be=e ! nature ( ?is gas sylve/re1 or1 z x 0 aft]w>ds call$1 fix$ air1 0 cle>ly det]m9$1 & x 0 f\nd to be id5tical ) t deadly *oke-damp by :i* ! lives ( ^? :o desc5d into old wells1 or m9es1 or brew]s' vats1 are sometimes sudd5ly end$2 & ) ! poison\s ari=m fluid :i* is produc$ by ! combu/ion ( *>coal1 & n[ goes by ! "n ( c>bonic acid gas4 ,dur+ ! same "t x gradually became cle> t ! pres5ce ( sug> 0 ess5tial to ! production ( alcohol & ! evolution ( c>bonic acid gas1 :i* are ! two great & conspicu\s products ( f]m5tation4 ,& f9ally1 9 #aghg1 ! ,italian *emi/1 ,fabroni1 made ! capital discov]y t ! yea/ f]m5t1 ! pres5ce ( :i* is necess>y to f]m5tation1 is :at he t]m$ a vegeto-animal sub/ance--or is a body :i* gives (f ammoniacal salts :5 x is burn$1 & is1 9 o!r ways1 simil> to ! glut5 ( plants & ! album5 & case9 ( animals4 ,^! discov]ies prep>$ ! way = ! illu/ri\s ,fr5*man1 ,lavoisi]1 :o fir/ approa*$ ! problem ( f]m5tation ) a complete conception ( ! nature ( ! "w to be done4 ,! words 9 :i* he expresses ?is conception1 9 ! treatise on elem5t>y *emi/ry to :i* ref]5ce has already be5 made1 m>k ! ye> #aghi z ! comm5cem5t ( a revolution ( n less mom5t 9 ! _w ( sci5ce ?an t :i* simultane\sly bur/ ov] ! political _w1 & soon engulf$ ,lavoisi] himself 9 "o ( its mad eddies4 ,we may lay x d[n z an inconte/able axiom t1 9 all ! op]ations ( art & nature1 no?+ is creat$2 an equal quantity ( matt] exi/s bo? be=e & aft] ! exp]im5t3 ! quality & quantity ( ! elem5ts rema9 precisely ! same1 & no?+ takes place beyond *anges & modifications 9 ! comb9ations ( ^! elem5ts4 ,^u ?is pr9ciple1 ! :ole art ( p]=m+ *emical exp]im5ts dep5ds2 we mu/ always suppose an exact equality betwe5 ! elem5ts ( ! body exam9$ & ^? ( ! products ( its analysis4 ,h5ce1 s9ce f mu/ ( grapes we procure alcohol & c>bonic acid1 ,i h an und\bt$ "r to suppose t mu/ consi/s ( c>bonic acid & alcohol4 ,f ^! premisses we h two modes ( asc]ta9+ :at passes dur+ v9\s f]m5tation3 ei!r by det]m9+ ! nature (1 & ! elem5ts :i* compose1 ! f]m5table sub/ances2 or by accurately exam9+ ! products result+ f f]m5tation2 & x is evid5t t ! k ( ei!r ( ^! mu/ lead to accurate conclusions conc]n+ ! nature & composition ( ! o!r4 ,f ^! consid]ations x became necess>y accurately to det]m9e ! con/itu5t elem5ts ( ! f]m5table sub/ances2 & = ?is purpose ,i did n make use ( ! comp\nd juices ( fruits1 ! rigor\s analysis ( :i* is p]haps impossible1 b made *oice ( sug>1 :i* is easily analys$1 & ! nature ( :i* ,i h already expla9$4 ,?is sub/ance is a true vegetable oxyd1 ) two bases1 compos$ ( hydrog5 & c>bon1 br\ght to ! /ate ( an oxyd by means ( a c]ta9 proportion ( oxyg52 & ^! ?ree elem5ts are comb9$ 9 su* a way t a v slight =ce is suffici5t to de/roy ! equilibrium ( _! connection4 ,aft] giv+ ! details ( 8 analysis ( sug> & ( ! products ( f]m5tation1 ,lavoisi] cont9ues3-- ,! effect ( ! v9\s f]m5tation ^u sug> is ?us r$uc$ to ! m]e sep>ation ( its elem5ts into two portions2 "o "p is oxyg5at$ at ! exp5se ( ! o!r1 s z to =m c>bonic acid2 :ile ! o!r "p1 be+ disoxyg5at$ 9 fav\r ( ! latt]1 is conv]t$ into ! combu/ible sub/ance call$ alkohol2 !re=e1 if x 7 possible to re-unite alkohol & c>bonic acid toge!r1 we ought to =m sug>4#a ,footnote #a3 ,elem5ts ( ,*emi/ry4 ,by ,m4 ,lavoisi]4 ,translat$ by ,rob]t ,k]r4 ,second ,edition1 #agic 7pp4 #ahf--aif74 ,?us ,lavoisi] ?\ght he _h demon/rat$ t ! c>bonic acid & ! alcohol :i* are produc$ by ! process ( f]m5tation1 are equal 9 weight to ! sug> :i* disappe>s2 b ! application ( ! m ref9$ me?ods ( mod]n *emi/ry to ! inve/igation ( ! products ( f]m5tation by ,pa/eur1 9 #ahfj1 prov$ t ?is is n exactly true1 & t !re is a deficit ( f #e to #g p] c5t4 ( ! sug> :i* is n cov]$ by ! alcohol & c>bonic acid evolv$4 ,! great] "p ( ?is deficit is acc\nt$ = by ! discov]y ( two sub/ances1 glyc]9e & succ9ic acid1 ( ! exi/5ce ( :i* ,lavoisi] 0 unaw>e1 9 ! f]m5t$ liquid4 ,b ab\t #a-a_/b p] c5t4 /ill rema9s to be made good4 ,accord+ to ,pa/eur1 x has be5 appropriat$ by ! yea/1 b ! fact t su* appropriation takes place _c be said to be actually prov$4 ,h[ev] ?is may be1 !re c be no d\bt t ! con/itu5t elem5ts ( fully #ih p] c5t4 ( ! sug> :i* has vani%$ dur+ f]m5tation h simply und]gone re>rangem5t2 l ! soldi]s ( a brigade1 :o at ! ^w ( comm& divide !mselves into ! indep5d5t regim5ts to :i* !y belong4 ,! brigade is sug>1 ! regim5ts are c>bonic acid1 succ9ic acid1 alcohol1 & glyc]9e4 ,f ! "t ( ,fabroni1 onw>ds1 x has be5 admitt$ t ! ag5t by :i* ?is surpris+ re>rangem5t ( ! p>ticles ( ! sug> is effect$ is ! yea/4 ,b ! fir/ ?or\ghly conclusive evid5ce ( ! necessity ( yea/ = ! f]m5tation ( sug> 0 furni%$ by ,app]t1 ^: me?od ( pres]v+ p]i%able articles ( food excit$ s mu* att5tion 9 ,france at ! beg9n+ ( ?is c5tury4 ,gay-,lussac1 9 8 ,mmoire sur la ,f]m5tation1#a alludes to ,app]t's me?od ( pres]v+ be]-wort unf]m5t$ = an indef9ite "t1 by simply boil+ ! wort & clos+ ! vessel 9 :i* ! boil+ fluid is conta9$1 9 su* a way z ?or\ghly to exclude air2 & he %[s t1 if a little yea/ be introduc$ into su* wort1 aft] x has cool$1 ! wort at once beg9s to f]m5t1 ev5 ?\gh e precaution be tak5 to exclude air4 ,& ?is /atem5t has s9ce receiv$ full confirmation f ,pa/eur4 ,footnote #a3 ,annales de ,*imie1 #ahaj4 ,on ! o!r h&1 ,s*wann1 ,s*ro$] & ,dus*1 & ,pa/eur1 h amply prov$ t air may be all[$ to h free access to be]-wort1 )\t excit+ f]m5tation1 if only effici5t precautions are tak5 to prev5t ! entry ( p>ticles ( yea/ along ) ! air4 ,?us1 ! tru? t ! f]m5tation ( a simple solution ( sug> 9 wat] dep5ds ^u ! pres5ce ( yea/1 re/s ^u an unassailable f\ndation2 & ! inquiry into ! exact nature ( ! sub/ance :i* possesses su* a wond]ful *emical influ5ce becomes pr(\ndly int]e/+4 ,! fir/ /ep t[>ds ! solution ( ?is problem 0 made two c5turies ago by ! pati5t & pa9/ak+ ,dut* naturali/1 ,leeuw5hoek1 :o 9 ! ye> #afhj wrote ?us3-- ,saepissimo exam9avi f]m5tum c]evisiae1 semp]que hoc ex globulis p] mat]iam pellucidam fluitantibus1 quam c]evisiam esse c5sui1 con/>e obs]vavi3 vidi etiam evid5tissime1 unumquemque hujus f]m5ti globulum d5uo ex sex di/9ctis globullis con/>e1 accurate eidem quantitate et =mae1 cui globulis sangu9is no/ri1 respond5tibus4 ,v]um talis m9i de horum orig9e et =matione conceptus =mabam2 globulis nempe ex quibus f>9a ,tritici1 ,hordei1 ,av5ae1 ,fagotritici1 se con/at aquae calore dissolvi et aquae commisc]i2 hac1 v]o aqua1 quam c]evisiam voc>e licet1 refrigesc5te1 multos ex m9imis p>ticulis 9 c]evisia coadun>i1 et hoc pacto effic]e p>ticulam sive globulum1 quae sexta p>s e/ globuli faecis1 et it]um sex ex hisce globulis conjungi4#a ,footnote #a3 ,leeuw5hoek1 ,arcana ,naturae ,detecta4 ,ed4 ,nov41 #agba4 ,?us ,leeuw5hoek discov]$ t yea/ consi/s ( globules float+ 9 a fluid2 b he ?\ght t !y 7 m]ely ! />*y p>ticles ( ! gra9 f :i* ! wort 0 made1 re-arrang$4 ,he discov]$ ! fact t yea/ _h a def9ite /ructure1 b n ! mean+ ( ! fact4 ,a c5tury & a half elaps$1 & ! inve/igation ( yea/ 0 recomm5c$ almo/ simultane\sly by ,cagni>d de la ,t\r 9 ,france1 & by ,s*wann & ,ktz+ 9 ,g]many4 ,! ,fr5* obs]v] 0 ! fir/ to publi% 8 results2 & ! subject receiv$ at 8 h&s & at ^? ( 8 colleague1 ! botani/ ,turp91 full & satisfactory inve/igation4 ,! ma9 conclusions at :i* !y arriv$ are ^!4 ,! globul>1 or oval1 corpuscles :i* float s ?ickly 9 ! yea/ z to make x muddy1 ?\gh ! l>ge/ are n m ?an "o two-?\s&? ( an in* 9 diamet]1 & ! smalle/ may measure less ?an "o sev5-?\s&? ( an in*1 are liv+ organisms4 ,!y multiply ) great rapidity1 by giv+ (f m9ute buds1 :i* soon atta9 ! size ( _! p>5t1 & !n ei!r become deta*$ or rema9 unit$1 =m+ ! comp\nd globules ( :i* ,leeuw5hoek speaks1 ?\gh ! con/ancy ( _! arrangem5t 9 sixes exi/$ only 9 ! wor?y ,dut*man's imag9ation4 ,x 0 v soon made out t ^! yea/ organisms1 to :i* ,turp9 gave ! "n ( ,torula c]evisiae1 7 m ne>ly alli$ to ! l[] ,fungi ?an to any?+ else4 ,inde$ ,turp91 & subsequ5tly ,b]keley & ,h(fmann1 believ$ t !y _h trac$ ! developm5t ( ! ,torula into ! well-kn[n & v common m\ld--! ,p5icillium glaucum4 ,o!r obs]v]s h n succe$$ 9 v]ify+ ^! /atem5ts2 & my own obs]vations lead me to believe1 t :ile ! connection betwe5 ,torula & ! m\lds is a v close "o1 x is ( a diff]5t nature f t :i* has be5 suppos$4 ,i h nev] be5 able to trace ! developm5t ( ,torula into a true m\ld2 b x is q easy to prove t species ( true m\ld1 su* z ,p5icillium1 :5 s[n 9 an appropriate nidus1 su* z a solution ( t>trate ( ammonia & yea/-a%1 9 wat]1 ) or )\t sug>1 give rise to ,torulae1 simil> 9 all respects to ,t4 c]evisiae1 except t !y are1 on ! av]age1 small]4 ,moreov]1 ,bail has obs]v$ ! developm5t ( a ,torula l>g] ?an ,t4 c]evisiae1 f a ,mucor1 a m\ld alli$ to ,p5icillium4 ,x foll[s1 !re=e1 t ! ,torulae1 or organisms ( yea/1 are v]itable plants2 & conclusive exp]im5ts h prov$ t ! p[] :i* causes ! re>rangem5t ( ! molecules ( ! sug> is intimately connect$ ) ! life & gr[? ( ! plant4 ,9 fact1 :atev] arre/s ! vital activity ( ! plant also prev5ts x f excit+ f]m5tation4 ,su* be+ ! facts ) reg>d to ! nature ( yea/1 & ! *anges :i* x effects 9 sug>1 h[ are !y to be acc\nt$ =8 ,be=e mod]n *emi/ry _h come into exi/5ce1 ,/ahl1 /umbl+1 ) ! /ride ( g5ius1 ^u ! conception :i* lies at ! bottom ( all mod]n views ( ! process1 put =w>d ! notion t ! f]m5t1 be+ 9 a /ate ( int]nal motion1 communicat$ t motion to ! sug>1 & ?us caus$ its resolution into new sub/ances4 ,& ,lavoisi]1 z we h se51 adopts sub/antially ! same view1 7,b ,fabroni1 full ( ! !n novel conception ( acids & bases & d\ble decompositions1 prop\nd$ ! hypo!sis t sug> is an oxide ) two bases1 & ! f]m5t a c>bonate ) two bases2 t ! c>bon ( ! f]m5t unites ) ! oxyg5 ( ! sug>1 & gives rise to c>bonic acid2 :ile ! sug>1 unit+ ) ! nitrog5 ( ! f]m5t1 produces a new sub/ance analog\s to opium4 ,?is is decompos$ by di/illation1 & gives rise to alcohol47 ,next1 9 #ahjc1 ,?n>d prop\nd$ a hypo!sis :i* p>takes some:at ( ! nature ( bo? ,/ahl's & ,fabroni's views4 ,i d n believe ) ,lavoisi]1 he says1 t all ! c>bonic acid =m$ proce$s f ! sug>4 ,h[1 9 t case1 c\ld we conceive ! action ( ! f]m5t on x8 ,i ?9k t ! fir/ portions ( ! acid are due to a comb9ation ( ! c>bon ( ! f]m5t ) ! oxyg5 ( ! sug>1 & t x is by c>ry+ (f a portion ( oxyg5 f ! la/ t ! f]m5t causes ! f]m5tation to comm5ce--! equilibrium betwe5 ! pr9ciples ( ! sug> be+ di/urb$1 !y comb9e afre% to =m c>bonic acid & alcohol4 ,! ?ree views "h be=e u may be famili>ly exemplifi$ by suppos+ ! sug> to be a c>d-h\se4 ,accord+ to ,/ahl1 ! f]m5t is somebody :o knocks ! table1 & %akes ! c>d-h\se d[n2 accord+ to ,fabroni1 ! f]m5t takes out "s c>ds1 b puts o!rs 9 _! places2 accord+ to ,?n>d1 ! f]m5t simply takes a c>d out ( ! bottom /ory1 ! result ( :i* is t all ! o!rs fall4 ,z *emi/ry advanc$1 facts came to light :i* put a new face ^u ,/ahl's hypo!sis1 & gave x a saf] f\ndation ?an x previ\sly possess$4 ,! g5]al nature ( ^! ph5om5a may be ?us /at$3--,a body1 ,a1 )\t giv+ to1 or tak+ f1 ano!r body1 ,b1 any mat]ial p>ticles1 causes ,b to decompose into o!r sub/ances1 ,c1 ,d1 ,e1 ! sum ( ! weights ( :i* is equal to ! weight ( ,b1 :i* decomposes4 ,?us1 bitt] almonds conta9 two sub/ances1 amygdal9 & synaptase1 :i* c be extract$1 9 a sep>ate /ate1 f ! bitt] almonds4 ,! amygdal9 ?us obta9$1 if dissolv$ 9 wat]1 und]goes no *ange2 b if a little synaptase be add$ to ! solution1 ! amygdal9 splits up into bitt] almond oil1 prussic acid1 & a k9d ( sug>4 ,a %ort "t aft] ,cagni>d de la ,t\r discov]$ ! yea/ plant1 ,liebig1 /ruck ) ! simil>ity betwe5 ?is & o!r su* processes & ! f]m5tation ( sug>1 put =w>d ! hypo!sis t yea/ conta9s a sub/ance :i* acts ^u sug>1 z synaptase acts ^u amygdal94 ,& z ! synaptase is c]ta9ly nei!r organiz$ nor alive1 b a m]e *emical sub/ance1 ,liebig treat$ ,cagni>d de la ,t\r's discov]y ) no small contempt1 &1 f t "t to ! pres5t1 has /eadily repudiat$ ! notion t ! decomposition ( ! sug> is1 9 any s5se1 ! result ( ! vital activity ( ! ,torula4 ,b1 ?\gh ! notion t ! ,torula is a creature :i* eats sug> & excretes c>bonic acid & alcohol1 :i* is n unju/ly ridicul$ 9 ! mo/ surpris+ pap] t ev] made its appe>ance 9 a grave sci5tific j\rnal#a1 may be unt5able1 ! fact t ! ,torulae are alive1 & t yea/ does n excite f]m5tation unless x conta9s liv+ ,torulae1 /&s fa/4 ,moreov]1 ( late ye>s1 ! ess5tial p>ticipation ( liv+ organisms 9 f]m5tation o!r ?an ! alcoholic1 has be5 cle>ly made out by ,pa/eur & o!r *emi/s4 ,footnote #a3 ,das entr?selte ,geheimniss d] gei/ig5 ,ghrung 7,vorlufige briefli*e ,mit!ilung7 is ! title ( an anonym\s contribution1 to ,whl] & ,liebig's ,annal5 d] ,ph>macie = #ahci1 9 :i* a some:at ,rabelaisian imag9>y description ( ! organization ( ! yea/ animals & ( ! mann] 9 :i* _! functions are p]=m$1 is giv5 ) a circum/antiality wor?y ( ! au?or ( ,gulliv]'s ,travels4 ,z a specim5 ( ! writ]'s hum\r1 8 acc\nt ( :at happ5s :5 f]m5tation comes to an end may suffice4 ,sobald nmli* die ,?i]e ke95 ,zuck] mehr vorf9d51 s fress5 sie si* geg5seitig selb/ auf1 0 dur* e9e eig5e ,manipulation ges*i*t2 alles wird v]daut bis auf die ,ei]1 wel*e unv]nd]t dur* d5 ,d>mkanal h9e+eh52 man hat zuletzt wi$] ghrungsfhige ,hefe1 nmli* d5 ,saam5 d] ,?i]e1 d] brig bleibt4 ,h[ev]1 x may be ask$1 is !re any necess>y opposition betwe5 ! s-call$ vital & ! /rictly physico-*emical views ( f]m5tation8 ,x is q possible t ! liv+ ,torula may excite f]m5tation 9 sug>1 because x con/antly produces1 z an ess5tial "p ( its vital manife/ations1 "s sub/ance :i* acts ^u ! sug>1 j z ! synaptase acts ^u ! amygdal94 ,or x may be1 t1 )\t ! =mation ( any su* special sub/ance1 ! physical condition ( ! liv+ tissue ( ! yea/ plant is suffici5t to effect t small di/urbance ( ! equilibrium ( ! p>ticles ( ! sug>1 :i* ,lavoisi] ?\ght suffici5t to effect its decomposition4 ,plat9um 9 a v f9e /ate ( division--kn[n z plat9um black1 or noir de plat9e--has ! v s+ul> prop]ty ( caus+ alcohol to *ange into acetic acid ) great rapidity4 ,! v9eg> plant1 :i* is closely alli$ to ! yea/ plant1 has a simil> effect ^u dilute alcohol1 caus+ x to absorb ! oxyg5 ( ! air1 & become conv]t$ into v9eg>2 & ,liebig's em95t oppon5t1 ,pa/eur1 :o has done s mu* = ! !ory & ! practice ( v9eg>-mak+1 himself sugge/s t 9 ?is case-- ,la cause du phnomne physique qui accompagne la vie de la plante rside dans un tat physique propre1 analogue celui du noir de plat9e4 ,mais il e/ ess5tiel de rem>qu] que cet tat physique de la plante e/ troitem5t li avec la vie de cette plante4#a ,footnote #a3 ,etudes sur les ,mycod]mes1 ,comptes-,r5dus1 liv41 #ahfb4 ,n[1 if ! v9eg> plant gives rise to ! oxidation ( alcohol1 on acc\nt ( its m]ely physical con/itution1 x is at any rate possible t ! physical con/itution ( ! yea/ plant may ex]t a decompos+ influ5ce on sug>4 ,b1 )\t presum+ to discuss a "q :i* leads u into ! v arcana ( *emi/ry1 ! pres5t /ate ( speculation ^u ! modus op]&i ( ! yea/ plant 9 produc+ f]m5tation is repres5t$1 on ! "o h&1 by ! ,/ahlian doctr9e1 support$ by ,liebig1 accord+ to :i* ! atoms ( ! sug> are %ak5 into new comb9ations1 ei!r directly by ! ,torulae1 or indirectly1 by "s sub/ance =m$ by !m2 &1 on ! o!r h&1 by ! ,?n>dian doctr9e1 support$ by ,pa/eur1 accord+ to :i* ! yea/ plant assimilates "p ( ! sug>1 &1 9 s do+1 di/urbs ! re/1 & det]m9es its resolution into ! products ( f]m5tation4 ,p]haps ! two views are n s mu* oppos$ z !y seem at fir/ sight to be4 ,b ! int]e/ :i* atta*es to ! influ5ce ( ! yea/ plants ^u ! m$ium 9 :i* !y live & gr[ does n arise solely f its be>+ ^u ! !ory ( f]m5tation4 ,s long ago z #ahch1 ,turp9 comp>$ ! ,torulae to ! ultimate elem5ts ( ! tissues ( animals & plants--,les organes lm5taires de leurs tissus1 comp>ables aux petits vgtaux des levures ord9aires1 sont aussi les dcompositeurs des sub/ances qui les environn5t4 ,almo/ at ! same "t1 &1 probably1 equally guid$ by 8 /udy ( yea/1 ,s*wann 0 engag$ 9 ^? rem>kable inve/igations into ! =m & developm5t ( ! ultimate /ructural elem5ts ( ! tissues ( animals1 :i* l$ him to recognize _! fundam5tal id5tity ) ! ultimate /ructural elem5ts ( vegetable organisms4 ,! yea/ plant is a m]e sac1 or cell1 conta9+ a semi-fluid matt]1 & ,s*wann's microscopic analysis resolv$ all liv+ organisms1 9 ! long run1 into an aggregation ( su* sacs or cells1 v>i\sly modifi$2 & t5d$ to %[1 t all1 :atev] _! ultimate complication1 beg9 _! exi/5ce 9 ! condition ( su* simple cells4 ,9 8 fam\s ,mikroskopis*e ,unt]su*ung51 ,s*wann speaks ( ,torula z a cell2 &1 9 a rem>kable note to ! passage 9 :i* he ref]s to ! yea/ plant1 ,s*wann says3-- ,i h be5 unable to avoid m5tion+ f]m5tation1 because x is ! mo/ fully & exactly kn[n op]ation ( cells1 & repres5ts1 9 ! simple/ fa%ion1 ! process :i* is repeat$ by e cell ( ! liv+ body4 ,9 o!r words1 ,s*wann conceives t e cell ( ! liv+ body ex]ts an influ5ce on ! matt] :i* surr\nds & p]meates x1 analog\s to t :i* a ,torula ex]ts on ! sac*>9e solution by :i* x is ba!d4 ,a wond]fully sugge/ive ?\ght1 op5+ up views ( ! nature ( ! *emical processes ( ! liv+ body1 :i* h h>dly yet receiv$ all ! developm5t ( :i* !y are capable4 ,kant def9$ ! special peculi>ity ( ! liv+ body to be t ! p>ts exi/ = ! sake ( ! :ole & ! :ole = ! sake ( ! p>ts4 ,b :5 ,turp9 & ,s*wann resolv$ ! liv+ body into an aggregation ( quasi-indep5d5t cells1 ea*1 l a ,torula1 lead+ its own life & hav+ its own laws ( gr[? & developm5t1 ! aggregation be+ dom9at$ & kept work+ t[>ds a def9ite end only by a c]ta9 h>mony among ^! units1 or by ! sup]addition ( a controll+ app>atus1 su* z a n]v\s sy/em1 ?is conception ceas$ to be t5able4 ,! cell lives = its own sake1 z well z = ! sake ( ! :ole organism2 & ! cells1 :i* float 9 ! blood1 live at its exp5se1 & pr(\ndly modify x1 are almo/ z mu* indep5d5t organisms z ! ,torulae :i* float 9 be]-wort4 ,s*wann burd5$ 8 enunciation ( ! cell !ory ) two false suppositions2 ! "o1 t ! /ructures he call$ nucleus & cell-wall are ess5tial to a cell2 ! o!r1 t cells are usually =m$ indep5d5tly ( o!r cells2 b1 9 #ahci1 x 0 a va/ & cle> ga9 to arrive at ! conception1 t ! vital functions ( all ! high] animals & plants are ! resultant ( ! =ces inh]5t 9 ! innum]able m9ute cells ( :i* !y are compos$1 & t ea* ( !m is1 itself1 an equival5t ( "o ( ! l[e/ & simple/ ( indep5d5t liv+ be+s--! ,torula4 ,f purely morphological inve/igations1 ,turp9 & ,s*wann1 z we h se51 arriv$ at ! notion ( ! fundam5tal unity ( /ructure ( liv+ be+s4 ,&1 be=e long1 ! rese>*es ( *emi/s gradually l$ up to ! conception ( ! fundam5tal unity ( _! composition4 ,s f> back z #ahjc1 ,?n>d po9t$ out1 9 mo/ di/9ct t]ms1 ! important fact t yea/ conta9s a nitrog5\s animal sub/ance2 & t su* a sub/ance is conta9$ 9 all f]m5ts4 ,be=e him1 ,fabroni & ,f\rcroy speak ( ! vegeto-animal matt] ( yea/4 ,9 #ahdd ,muld] endeav\r$ to demon/rate t a peculi> sub/ance1 :i* he call$ prote91 0 ess5tially *>act]i/ic ( liv+ matt]4 ,9 #ahdf1 ,pay5 writes3-- ,enf91 une loi sans exception me semble app>atre dans les faits nombreux que j'ai obs]vs et conduire envisag] s\s un n\veau j\r la vie vgtale2 si je ne m'abuse1 t\t ce que dans les tissus vgtaux la vue directe o amplifie n\s p]met de disc]n] s\s la =me de cellules et de vaisseaux1 ne reprs5te autre *ose que les enveloppes protectrices1 les rs]voirs et les conduits1 l'aide desquels les corps anims qui les secrt5t et les faonn5t1 se log5t1 puis5t et *>riant leurs alim5ts1 dpos5t et isol5t les matires excrtes4 ,& aga93-- ,a f9 de complt] auj\rd'hui l'nonc du fait gnral1 je rappell]ai que les corps1 d\ des fonctions accomplies dans les tissus des plantes1 sont =ms des lm5ts qui con/itu5t1 en proportion peu v>iable1 les organismes animaux2 qu'a9si l'on e/ conduit reconnatre une imm5se unit de composition lm5taire dans t\s les corps vivants de la nature4#a ,footnote #a3 ,mm4 sur les ,dveloppem5ts des ,vgtaux1 c4--,mm4 ,prs5tes4 ix4 #ahdf4 ,9 ! ye> 7#ahdf7 9 :i* ^! rem>kable passages 7 publi%$1 ! em95t ,g]man botani/1 ,von ,mohl1 inv5t$ ! ^w protoplasm1 z a "n = "o portion ( ^? nitrog5\s cont5ts ( ! cells ( liv+ plants1 ! close *emical resemblance ( :i* to ! ess5tial con/itu5ts ( liv+ animals is s /rongly indicat$ by ,pay54 ,& ?r\gh ! tw5ty-five ye>s t h pass$1 s9ce ! matt] ( life 0 fir/ call$ protoplasm1 a ho/ ( inve/igators1 among :om ,cohn1 ,max ,s*ulze1 & ,khne mu/ be nam$ z lead]s1 h accumulat$ evid5ce1 morphological1 physiological1 & *emical1 9 fav\r ( t imm5se unit de composition lm5taire dans t\s les corps vivants de la nature1 into :i* ,pay5 _h1 s e>ly1 a cle> insight4 ,z f> back z #ahej1 ,cohn wrote1 app>5tly )\t any k ( :at ,pay5 _h said be=e him3-- ,! protoplasm ( ! botani/1 & ! contractile sub/ance & s>code ( ! zoologi/1 mu/ be1 if n id5tical1 yet 9 a high degree analog\s sub/ances4 ,h5ce1 f ?is po9t ( view1 ! diff]5ce betwe5 animals & plants consi/s 9 ?is2 t1 9 ! latt]1 ! contractile sub/ance1 z a primordial utricle1 is enclos$ )9 an in]t cellulose membrane1 :i* p]mits x only to exhibit an int]nal motion1 express$ by ! ph5om5a ( rotation & circulation1 :ile1 9 ! =m]1 x is n s enclos$4 ,! protoplasm 9 ! =m ( ! primordial utricle is1 z x 71 ! animal elem5t 9 ! plant1 b :i* is imprison$1 & only becomes free 9 ! animal2 or1 to /rip (f ! metaphor :i* obscures simple ?\ght1 ! en]gy ( organic vitality :i* is manife/$ 9 movem5t is especially exhibit$ by a nitrog5\s contractile sub/ance1 :i* 9 plants is limit$ & fett]$ by an in]t membrane1 9 animals n s4#a ,footnote #a3 ,cohn1 ,ueb] ,protococcus pluvialis1 9 ! ,nova ,acta = #ahej4 ,9 #ahfh1 ?9k+ t an unte*nical /atem5t ( ! views curr5t among ! lead]s ( biological sci5ce might be int]e/+ to ! g5]al public1 ,i gave a lecture embody+ !m 9 ,ed9burgh4 ,^? :o h n made ! mi/ake ( attempt+ to approa* biology1 ei!r by ! high priori road ( m]e philosophical speculation1 or by ! m]e l[ po/]iori lane (f]$ by ! tube ( a microscope1 b h tak5 ! tr\ble to become acqua9t$ ) well-asc]ta9$ facts & ) _! hi/ory1 w n ne$ to be told t 9 :at ,i _h to say z reg>ds protoplasm 9 my lecture ,on ! ,physical ,basis ( ,life1 !re 0 no?+ new2 &1 z ,i hope1 no?+ t ! pres5t /ate ( k does n ju/ify u 9 believ+ to be true4 ,"u ^! circum/ances1 my surprise may be imag9$1 :5 ,i f\nd1 t ! m]e /atem5t ( facts & ( views1 long famili> to me z "p ( ! common sci5tific prop]ty ( cont95tal work]s1 rais$ a sort ( /orm 9 ?is c\ntry1 n only by excit+ ! wra? ( unsci5tific p]sons ^: pet prejudices !y seem$ to t\*1 b by giv+ rise to q sup]flu\s explosions on ! "p ( "s :o %\ld h be5 bett] in=m$4 ,dr4 ,/irl+1 = example1 made my essay ! subject ( a special critical lecture#a1 :i* ,i h read ) mu* int]e/1 ?\gh1 ,i confess1 ! mean+ ( mu* ( x rema9s z d>k to me z does ! ,secret ( ,hegel aft] ,dr4 ,/irl+'s elaborate revelation ( x4 ,dr4 ,/irl+'s me?od ( deal+ ) ! subject is peculi>4 ,protoplasm is a "q ( hi/ory1 s f> z x is a "n2 ( fact1 s f> z x is a ?+4 ,dr4 ,/irl+ has n tak5 ! tr\ble to ref] to ! orig9al au?orities = 8 hi/ory1 :i* is consequ5tly a trave/y2 & /ill less has he conc]n$ himself ) look+ at ! facts1 b cont5ts himself ) tak+ !m also at secondh&4 ,a mo/ amus+ example ( ?is fa%ion ( deal+ ) sci5tific /atem5ts is furni%$ by ,dr4 ,/irl+'s rem>ks ^u my acc\nt ( ! protoplasm ( ! nettle hair4 ,t acc\nt 0 drawn up f c>eful & (t5-repeat$ obs]vation ( ! facts4 ,dr4 ,/irl+ ?9ks he is (f]+ a valid criticism1 :5 he says t my valu$ fri5d ,pr(essor ,/rick] gives a some:at diff]5t /atem5t ab\t protoplasm4 ,b :y 9 ! _w did n ?is di/+ui%$ ,hegelian look at a nettle hair = himself1 be=e v5tur+ to speak ab\t ! matt] at all8 ,:y tr\ble himself ab\t :at ei!r ,/rick] or ,i say1 :5 any tyro c see ! facts = himself1 if he is provid$ ) ^? n r>e articles1 a nettle & a microscope8 ,b ,i suppose ?is w\ld h be5 ,aufklrung--a recurr5ce to ! base common-s5se philosophy ( ! eighte5? c5tury1 :i* lik$ to see be=e x believ$1 & to und]/& be=e x criticis$4 ,dr4 ,/irl+ w9ds up 8 pap] ) ! foll[+ p>agraph3-- ,footnote #a3 ,subsequ5tly publi%$ "u ! title ( ,z reg>ds ,protoplasm4 ,9 %ort1 ! :ole position ( ,mr4 ,huxley1 7#a7 t all organisms consi/ alike ( ! same life-matt]1 7#b7 :i* life-matt] is1 = its "p1 due only to *emi/ry1 mu/ be pron\nc$ unt5able--nor less unt5able 7#c7 ! mat]ialism he w\ld f\nd on x4 ,! p>agraph conta9s ?ree di/9ct ass]tions conc]n+ my views1 & j ! same numb] ( utt] misrepres5tations ( !m4 ,t :i* ,i h numb]$ 7#a7 turns on ! ambiguity ( ! ^w same1 = a discussion ( :i* ,i w\ld ref] ,dr4 ,/irl+ to a great h]o ( ,aufklrung1 ,ar*bi%op ,:ately2 /atem5t numb] 7#b7 is1 9 my judgm5t1 absurd1 & c]ta9ly ,i h nev] said any?+ resembl+ x2 :ile1 z to numb] 7#c71 "o great object ( my essay 0 to %[ t :at is call$ mat]ialism1 has no s\nd philosophical basis6 ,z we h se51 ! /udy ( yea/ has l$ inve/igators face to face ) problems ( imm5se int]e/ 9 pure *emi/ry1 & 9 animal & vegetable morphology4 ,its physiology is n less ri* 9 subjects = inquiry4 ,take1 = example1 ! s+ul> fact t yea/ w increase indef9itely :5 gr[n 9 ! d>k1 9 wat] conta9+ only t>trate ( ammonia1 a small p]c5tage ( m9]al salts1 & sug>4 ,out ( ^! mat]ials ! ,torulae w manufacture nitrog5\s protoplasm1 cellulose1 & fatty matt]s1 9 any quantity1 al?\gh !y are :olly depriv$ ( ^? rays ( ! sun1 ! influ5ce ( :i* is ess5tial to ! gr[? ( ord9>y plants4 ,!re has be5 a great deal ( speculation lately1 z to h[ ! liv+ organisms buri$ b5ea? two or ?ree ?\s& fa?oms ( wat]1 & !re=e 9 all probability almo/ depriv$ ( light1 live4 ,if any ( !m possess ! same p[]s z yea/ 7& ! same capacity = liv+ )\t light is exhibit$ by "s o!r fungi7 !re w\ld seem to be no difficulty ab\t ! matt]4 ,( ! pa?ological be>+s ( ! /udy ( yea/1 & o!r su* organisms1 ,i h spok5 else:]e4 ,x is c]ta9 t1 9 "s animals1 deva/at+ epidemics are caus$ by fungi ( l[ ord]--simil> to ^? ( :i* ,torula is a sort ( (f%oot4 ,x is c]ta9 t su* diseases are propagat$ by contagion & infection1 9 j ! same way z ord9>y contagi\s & infecti\s diseases are propagat$4 ,( c\rse1 x does n foll[ f ?is1 t all contagi\s & infecti\s diseases are caus$ by organisms ( z def9ite & indep5d5t a "* z ! ,torula2 b1 ,i ?9k1 x does foll[ t x is prud5t & wise to satisfy oneself 9 ea* p>ticul> case1 t ! g]m !ory _c & w n expla9 ! facts1 be=e hav+ rec\rse to hypo!ses :i* h no equal support f analogy4 ,v4 ,,on ,,! ,,=mation ,,( ,,coal4 ,! lumps ( coal 9 a coal-scuttle v (t5 h a r\ghly cubical =m4 ,if "o ( !m be pick$ out & exam9$ ) a little c>e1 x w be f\nd t its six sides are n exactly alike4 ,two opposite sides are comp>atively smoo? & %9+1 :ile ! o!r f\r are mu* r\gh]1 & are m>k$ by l9es :i* run p>allel ) ! smoo? sides4 ,! coal readily splits along ^! l9es1 & ! split surfaces ?us =m$ are p>allel ) ! smoo? faces4 ,9 o!r words1 !re is a sort ( r\gh & incomplete /ratification 9 ! lump ( coal1 z if x 7 a book1 ! leaves ( :i* _h /uck toge!r v closely4 ,sometimes ! faces along :i* ! coal splits are n smoo?1 b exhibit a ?9 lay] ( dull1 *>r$-look+ sub/ance1 :i* is kn[n z m9]al *>coal4 ,occasionally "o ( ! faces ( a lump ( coal w pres5t impressions1 :i* are obvi\sly ^? ( ! /em1 or leaves1 ( a plant2 b ?\gh h>d m9]al masses ( pyrites1 & ev5 f9e mud1 may occur "h & !re1 nei!r s& nor pebbles are met )4 ,:5 ! coal burns1 ! *ief ultimate products ( its combu/ion are c>bonic acid1 wat]1 & ammoniacal products1 :i* escape up ! *imney2 & a great] or less am\nt ( residual e>?y salts1 :i* take ! =m ( a%4 ,^! products are1 to a great ext5t1 su* z w\ld result f ! burn+ ( s mu* wood4 ,^! prop]ties ( coal may be made out )\t any v ref9$ appliances1 b ! microscope reveals some?+ m4 ,black & opaque z ord9>y coal is1 slices ( x become transp>5t if !y are cem5t$ 9 ,canada balsam1 & rubb$ d[n v ?91 9 ! ord9>y way ( mak+ ?9 sections ( non-transp>5t bodies4 ,b z ! ?9 slices1 made 9 ?is way1 are v apt to crack & break into fragm5ts1 x is bett] to employ m>9e glue z ! cem5t+ mat]ial4 ,by ! use ( ?is sub/ance1 slices ( consid]able size & ( extreme ?9ness & transp>5cy may be obta9$4#a ,footnote #a3 ,my assi/ant 9 ! ,museum ( ,practical ,geology1 ,mr4 ,newton1 inv5t$ ?is excell5t me?od ( obta9+ ?9 slices ( coal4 ,n[ let u suppose two su* slices to be prep>$ f our lump ( coal--"o p>allel ) ! b$d+1 ! o!r p]p5dicul> to x2 & let u call ! "o ! horizontal1 & ! o!r ! v]tical1 section4 ,! horizontal section w pres5t m or less r\nd$ yell[ pat*es & /reaks1 scatt]$ irregul>ly ?r\gh ! d>k br[n1 or blacki%1 gr\nd sub/ance2 :ile ! v]tical section w exhibit m elongat$ b>s & granules ( ! same yell[ mat]ials1 dispos$ 9 l9es :i* correspond1 r\ghly1 ) ! g5]al direction ( ! b$d+ ( ! coal4 ,?is is ! microscopic /ructure ( an ord9>y piece ( coal4 ,b if a great s]ies ( coals1 f diff]5t localities & seams1 or ev5 f diff]5t p>ts ( ! same seam1 be exam9$1 ?is /ructure w be f\nd to v>y 9 two directions4 ,9 ! an?racitic1 or /one-coals1 :i* burn l coke1 ! yell[ matt] dim9i%es1 & ! gr\nd sub/ance becomes m pr$om9ant1 & black]1 & m opaque1 until x becomes impossible to gr9d a section ?9 en\gh to be transluc5t2 :ile1 on ! o!r h&1 9 su* z ! ,bett]-,b$ coal ( ! neighb\rhood ( ,brad=d1 :i* burns ) mu* flame1 ! coal is ( a f> light] col\r1 & transp>5t sections are v easily obta9$4 ,9 ! br[n] p>ts ( ?is coal1 %>p eyes w readily detect multitudes ( curi\s little co9-%ap$ bodies1 ( a yell[i% br[n col\r1 emb$d$ 9 ! d>k br[n gr\nd sub/ance4 ,on ! av]age1 ^! little br[n bodies may h a diamet] ( ab\t "o-tw5tie? ( an in*4 ,!y lie ) _! flat surfaces ne>ly p>allel ) ! two smoo? faces ( ! block 9 :i* !y are conta9$2 &1 on "o side ( ea*1 !re may be disc]n$ a figure1 consi/+ ( ?ree /raight l9e> m>ks1 :i* radiate f ! c5tre ( ! disk1 b d n q rea* its circumf]5ce4 ,9 ! horizontal section ^! disks are (t5 conv]t$ into m or less complete r+s2 :ile 9 ! v]tical sections !y appe> l ?ick hoops1 ! sides ( :i* h be5 press$ toge!r4 ,! disks are1 !re=e1 flatt5$ bags2 & fav\rable sections %[ t ! ?ree-ray$ m>k+ is ! expression ( ?ree clefts1 :i* p5etrate "o wall ( ! bag4 ,! sides ( ! bags are sometimes closely approximat$2 b1 :5 ! bags are less flatt5$1 _! cavities are1 usually1 fill$ ) num]\s1 irregul>ly r\nd$1 holl[ bodies1 hav+ ! same k9d ( wall z ! l>ge ones1 b n m ?an "o sev5-hundr$? ( an in* 9 diamet]4 ,9 fav\rable specim5s1 aga91 almo/ ! :ole gr\nd sub/ance appe>s to be made up ( simil> bodies--m or less c>boniz$ or black5$--&1 9 ^!1 !re c be no d\bt t1 ) ! exception ( pat*es ( m9]al *>coal1 "h & !re1 ! :ole mass ( ! coal is made up ( an accumulation ( ! l>g] & ( ! small] sacs4 ,b1 9 "o & ! same slice1 e transition c be obs]v$ f ?is /ructure to t :i* has be5 describ$ z *>act]i/ic ( ord9>y coal4 ,! latt] appe>s to rise out ( ! =m]1 by ! break+-up & increas+ c>bonization ( ! l>g] & ! small] sacs4 ,&1 9 ! an?racitic coals1 ?is process appe>s to h gone to su* a l5g?1 z to de/roy ! orig9al /ructure altoge!r1 & to replace x by a completely c>boniz$ sub/ance4 ,?us coal may be said1 speak+ broadly1 to be compos$ ( two con/itu5ts3 fir/ly1 m9]al *>coal2 &1 secondly1 coal prop]4 ,! nature ( ! m9]al *>coal has long s9ce be5 det]m9$4 ,its /ructure %[s x to consi/ ( ! rema9s ( ! /ems & leaves ( plants1 r$uc$ to little m ?an _! c>bon4 ,aga91 "s ( ! coal is made up ( ! cru%$ & flatt5$ b>k1 or out] coat1 ( ! /ems ( plants1 ! inn] wood ( :i* has completely decay$ away4 ,b :at ,i may t]m ! saccul> matt] ( ! coal1 :i*1 ei!r 9 its prim>y or 9 its degrad$ =m1 con/itutes by f> ! great] "p ( all ! bitum9\s coals ,i h exam9$1 is c]ta9ly n m9]al *>coal2 nor is its /ructure t ( any /em or leaf4 ,h5ce its real nature is1 at fir/1 by no means app>5t1 & has be5 ! subject ( mu* discussion4 ,! fir/ p]son :o ?rew any light ^u ! problem1 z f> z ,i h be5 able to discov]1 0 ! well-kn[n geologi/1 ,pr(essor ,morris4 ,x is n[ ?irty-f\r ye>s s9ce he c>efully describ$ & figur$ ! co9-%ap$ bodies1 or l>g] sacs1 z ,i h call$ !m1 9 a note app5d$ to ! fam\s pap] ,on ! ,coal-brookdale ,coal-,field1 publi%$ at t "t1 by ! pres5t ,presid5t ( ! ,geological ,society1 ,mr4 ,pre/wi*4 ,) mu* sagacity1 ,pr(essor ,morris div9$ ! real nature ( ^! bodies1 & boldly affirm$ !m to be ! spore-cases ( a plant alli$ to ! liv+ club-mosses4 ,b discov]y sometimes makes a long halt2 & x is only a few ye>s s9ce ,mr4 ,c>ru!rs det]m9$ ! plant 7or r "o ( ! plants7 :i* produces ^! spore-cases1 by f9d+ ! discoidal sacs /ill adh]5t to ! leaves ( ! fossiliz$ cone :i* produc$ !m4 ,he gave ! "n ( ,flem+ites gracilis to ! plant ( :i* ! cones =m a "p4 ,! bran*es & /em ( ?is plant are n yet c]ta9ly kn[n1 b !re is no sort ( d\bt t x 0 closely alli$ to ! ,lepidod5dron1 ! rema9s ( :i* ab\nd 9 ! coal =mation4 ,! ,lepidod5dra 7 %rubs & trees :i* put "o m 9 m9d ( an ,arauc>ia ?an ( any o!r famili> plant2 & ! ends ( ! fruit+ bran*es 7 t]m9at$ by cones1 or catk9s1 some:at l ! bodies s nam$ 9 a fir1 or a will[4 ,^! conical fruits1 h[ev]1 did n produce se$s2 b ! leaves ( :i* !y 7 compos$ bore ^u _! surfaces sacs full ( spores or sporangia1 su* z ^? "o sees on ! "u surface ( a brack5 leaf4 ,n[1 x is ^! sporangia ( ! ,lepidod5droid plant ,flem+ites :i* 7 id5tifi$ by ,mr4 ,c>ru!rs ) ! free sporangia describ$ by ,pr(essor ,morris1 :i* are ! same z ! l>ge sacs ( :i* ,i h spok54 ,&1 m ?an ?is1 !re is no d\bt t ! small sacs are ! spores1 :i* 7 orig9ally conta9$ 9 ! sporangia4 ,! liv+ club-mosses are1 = ! mo/ "p1 insignificant & creep+ h]bs1 :i*1 sup]ficially1 v closely resemble true mosses1 & none ( !m rea* m ?an two or ?ree feet 9 height4 ,b1 9 _! ess5tial /ructure1 !y v closely resemble ! e>lie/ ,lepidod5droid trees ( ! coal3 _! /ems & leaves are simil>2 s are _! cones2 & no less l are ! sporangia & spores2 :ile ev5 9 _! size1 ! spores ( ! ,lepidod5dron & ^? ( ! exi/+ ,lycopodium1 or club-moss1 v closely approa* "o ano!r4 ,?us1 ! s+ul> conclusion is =c$ ^u u1 t ! great] & ! small] sacs ( ! ,bett]-,b$ & o!r coals1 9 :i* ! primitive /ructure is well pres]v$1 are simply ! sporangia & spores ( c]ta9 plants1 _m ( :i* 7 closely alli$ to ! exi/+ club-mosses4 ,& if1 z ,i believe1 x c be demon/rat$ t ord9>y coal is no?+ b saccul> coal :i* has und]gone a c]ta9 am\nt ( t alt]ation :i*1 if cont9u$1 w\ld conv]t x into an?racite2 !n1 ! conclusion is obvi\s1 t ! great mass ( ! coal we burn is ! result ( ! accumulation ( ! spores & spore-cases ( plants1 o!r p>ts ( :i* h furni%$ ! c>boniz$ /ems & ! m9]al *>coal1 or h left _! impressions on ! surfaces ( ! lay]4 ,( ! multitud9\s speculations :i*1 at v>i\s times1 h be5 ent]ta9$ respect+ ! orig9 & mode ( =mation ( coal1 sev]al appe> to be negativ$1 & put out ( c\rt1 by ! /ructural facts ! significance ( :i* ,i h endeav\r$ to expla94 ,^! facts1 = example1 d n p]mit u to suppose t coal is an accumulation ( peaty matt]1 z "s h held4 ,aga91 ! late ,pr(essor ,quekett 0 "o ( ! fir/ obs]v]s :o gave a correct description ( :at ,i h t]m$ ! saccul> /ructure ( coal2 &1 rightly p]ceiv+ t ?is /ructure 0 some?+ q diff]5t f t ( any kn[n plant1 he imag9$ t x proce$$ f "s ext9ct vegetable organism :i* 0 peculi>ly abundant among/ ! coal-=m+ plants4 ,b ?is explanation is at once %[n to be unt5able :5 ! small] & ! l>g] sacs are prov$ to be spores or sporangia4 ,"s1 once m1 h imag9$ t coal 0 ( subm>9e orig92 & ?\gh ! notion is amply & easily refut$ by o!r consid]ations1 x may be wor? :ile to rem>k1 t x is impossible to compreh5d h[ a mass ( light & res9\s spores %\ld h rea*$ ! bottom ( ! sea1 or %\ld h /opp$ 9 t position if !y _h got !re4 ,at ! same "t1 x is prop] to rem>k t ,i d n presume to sugge/ t all coal mu/ ne$s h ! same /ructure2 or t !re may n be coals 9 :i* ! proportions ( wood & spores1 or spore-cases1 are v diff]5t f ^? :i* ,i h exam9$4 ,all ,i repeat is1 t none ( ! coals :i* h come "u my notice h enabl$ me to obs]ve su* a diff]5ce4 ,b1 accord+ to ,pr9cipal ,dawson1 :o has s s$ul\sly exam9$ ! fossil rema9s ( plants 9 ,nor? ,am]ica1 x is o!rwise ) ! va/ accumulations ( coal 9 t c\ntry4 ,! true coal1 says ,dr4 ,dawson1 consi/s pr9cipally ( ! flatt5$ b>k ( ,sigill>ioid & o!r trees1 int]mix$ ) leaves ( ,f]ns & ,cordaites1 & o!r h]bace\s dbris1 & ) fragm5ts ( decay$ wood1 con/itut+ 'm9]al *>coal1' all ^! mat]ials hav+ manife/ly alike gr[n & accumulat$ :]e we f9d !m4#a ,footnote #a3 ,acadian ,geology1 #bnd edition1 p4 #ach4 ,:5 ,i _h ! pleasure ( see+ ,pr9cipal ,dawson 9 ,london la/ summ]1 ,i %[$ him my sections ( coal1 & begg$ him to re-exam9e "s ( ! ,am]ican coals on 8 return to ,canada1 ) an eye to ! pres5ce ( spores & sporangia1 su* z ,i 0 able to %[ him 9 our ,engli% & ,scot* coals4 ,he has be5 good en\gh to d s2 & 9 a lett] dat$ ,septemb] #bf?1 #ahgj1 he in=ms me t-- ,indications ( spore-cases are r>e1 except 9 c]ta9 co>se %aly coals & portions ( coals1 & 9 ! ro(s ( ! seams4 ,! mo/ m>k$ case ,i h yet met ) is ! %aly coal ref]r$ to z conta9+ ,sporangites 9 my pap] on ! conditions ( accumulation ( coal 7,j\rnal ( ! ,geological ,society1 vol4 xxii4 pp4 #aae1 #aci1 & #afe74 ,! pur] coals c]ta9ly consi/ pr9cipally ( cubical tissues ) "s true woody matt]1 & ! spore-cases1 c41 are *iefly 9 ! co>se & %aly lay]s4 ,?is is my old doctr9e 9 my two pap]s 9 ! ,j\rnal ( ! ,geological ,society1 & ,i see no?+ to modify x4 ,y\r obs]vations1 h[ev]1 make x probable t ! frequ5t cle> spots 9 ! cannels are spore-cases4 ,dr4 ,dawson's results are ! m rem>kable1 z ! num]\s specim5s ( ,briti% coal1 f v>i\s localities1 :i* ,i h exam9$1 tell "o tale z to ! pr$om9ance ( ! spore & sporangium elem5t 9 _! composition2 & z x is exactly 9 ! f9e/ & pure/ coals1 su* z ! ,bett]-,b$ coal ( ,l[moor1 t ! spores & sporangia obvi\sly con/itute almo/ ! entire mass ( ! deposit4 ,coal1 su* z t :i* has be5 describ$1 is always f\nd 9 %eets1 or seams1 v>y+ f a fraction ( an in* to _m feet 9 ?ickness1 enclos$ 9 ! sub/ance ( ! e>? at v v>i\s dep?s1 betwe5 b$s ( rock ( diff]5t k9ds4 ,z a rule1 e seam ( coal re/s ^u a ?ick]1 or ?9n]1 b$ ( clay1 :i* is kn[n z "u-clay4 ,^! alt]nations ( b$s ( coal1 clay1 & rock may be repeat$ _m times1 & are kn[n z ! coal-measures2 & 9 "s regions1 z 9 ,s\? ,wales & 9 ,nova ,scotia1 ! coal-measures atta9 a ?ickness ( twelve or f\rte5 ?\s& feet1 & enclose eighty or a hundr$ seams ( coal1 ea* ) its "u-clay1 & sep>at$ f ^? above & bel[ by b$s ( s&/one & %ale4 ,! position ( ! b$s :i* con/itute ! coal-measures is inf9itely div]se4 ,sometimes !y are tilt$ up v]tically1 sometimes !y are horizontal1 sometimes curv$ into great bas9s2 sometimes !y come to ! surface1 sometimes !y are cov]$ up by ?\s&s ( feet ( rock4 ,b1 :atev] _! pres5t position1 !re is abundant & conclusive evid5ce t e "u-clay 0 once a surface soil4 ,n only d c>boniz$ root-fibres frequ5tly ab\nd 9 ^! "u-clays2 b ! /ools ( trees1 ! trunks ( :i* are brok5 (f & conf\nd$ ) ! b$ ( coal1 h be5 repeat$ly f\nd pass+ into radiat+ roots1 /ill emb$d$ 9 ! "u-clay4 ,on _m p>ts ( ! coa/ ( ,engl&1 :at are commonly kn[n z subm>9e =e/s are to be se5 at l[ wat]4 ,!y consi/1 = ! mo/ "p1 ( %ort /ools ( oak1 bee*1 & fir trees1 /ill fix$ by _! long roots 9 ! b$ ( blue clay 9 :i* !y orig9ally grew4 ,if "o ( ^! subm>9e =e/ b$s %\ld be gradually depress$ & cov]$ up by new deposits1 x w\ld pres5t j ! same *>act]s z an "u-clay ( ! coal1 if ! ,sigill>ia & ,lepidod5dron ( ! anci5t _w 7 sub/itut$ = ! oak1 or ! bee*1 ( our own times4 ,9 a tropical =e/1 at ! pres5t day1 ! trunks ( fall5 trees1 & ! /ools ( su* trees z may h be5 brok5 by ! viol5ce ( /orms1 rema9 entire = b a %ort "t4 ,contr>y to :at might be expect$1 ! d5se wood ( ! tree decays1 & suff]s f ! ravages ( insects1 m swiftly ?an ! b>k4 ,& ! travell]1 sett+ 8 foot on a pro/rate trunk1 f9ds t x is a m]e %ell1 :i* breaks "u 8 weight1 & l&s 8 foot amid/ ! insects1 or ! reptiles1 :i* h s\ght food or refuge )94 ,! trees ( ! coal =e/s pres5t p>allel conditions4 ,:5 ! fall5 trunks :i* h ent]$ into ! composition ( ! b$ ( coal are id5tifiable1 !y are m]e d\ble %ells ( b>k1 flatt5$ toge!r 9 consequ5ce ( ! de/ruction ( ! woody core2 & ,sir ,*>les ,lyell & ,pr9cipal ,dawson discov]$1 9 ! holl[ /ools ( coal trees ( ,nova ,scotia1 ! rema9s ( snails1 millip$es1 & salam&]-l creatures1 emb$d$ 9 a deposit ( a diff]5t "* f t :i* surr\nd$ ! ext]ior ( ! trees4 ,?us1 9 endeav\r+ to compreh5d ! =mation ( a seam ( coal1 we mu/ try to picture to ourselves a ?ick =e/1 =m$ = ! mo/ "p ( trees l gigantic club-mosses1 m>es-tails1 & tree f]ns1 ) "h & !re "s t _h m resemblance to our exi/+ yews & fir-trees4 ,we mu/ suppose t1 z ! seasons roll$ by1 ! plants grew & develop$ _! spores & se$s2 t !y %$ ^! 9 enorm\s quantities1 :i* accumulat$ on ! gr\nd b5ea?2 & t1 e n[ & !n1 !y add$ a dead frond or leaf2 or1 at long] int]vals1 a rott5 bran*1 or a dead trunk1 to ! mass4 ,a c]ta9 proportion ( ! spores & se$s no d\bt fulfill$ _! obvi\s function1 &1 c>ri$ by ! w9d to unoccupi$ regions1 ext5d$ ! limits ( ! =e/2 _m might be wa%$ away by ra9 into /reams1 & be lo/2 b a l>ge portion mu/ h rema9$1 to accumulate l bee*-ma/1 or acorns1 b5ea? ! trees ( a mod]n =e/4 ,b1 9 ?is case1 x may be ask$1 :y does n our ,engli% coal consi/ ( /ems & leaves to a mu* great] ext5t ?an x does8 ,:at is ! reason ( ! pr$om9ance ( ! spores & spore-cases 9 x8 ,a ready answ] to ?is "q is af=d$ by ! /udy ( a liv+ full-gr[n club-moss4 ,%ake x ^u a piece ( pap]1 & x emits a cl\d ( f9e du/1 :i* falls ov] ! pap]1 & is ! well-kn[n ,lycopodium p[d]4 ,n[ ?is p[d] us$ to be1 & ,i believe /ill is1 employ$ = two objects1 :i* seem at fir/ sight to h no p>ticul> connection ) "o ano!r4 ,x is1 or 01 employ$ 9 mak+ lightn+1 & 9 mak+ pills4 ,! coats ( ! spores conta9 s mu* res9\s matt]1 t a p9* ( ,lycopodium p[d]1 ?r[n ?r\gh ! flame ( a c&le1 burns ) an in/antane\s fla%1 :i* has long done duty = lightn+ on ! /age4 ,& ! same "* makes x a capital coat+ = pills2 = ! res9\s p[d] prev5ts ! drug f be+ wett$ by ! saliva1 & ?us b>s ! nause\s flav\r f ! s5sitive papillae ( ! tongue4 ,b ?is res9\s matt]1 :i* lies 9 ! walls ( ! spores & sporangia1 is a sub/ance n easily alt]$ by air & wat]1 & h5ce t5ds to pres]ve ^! bodies1 j z ! bitum9iz$ c]eclo? pres]ves an ,egyptian mummy2 :ile1 on ! o!r h&1 ! m]ely woody /em & leaves t5d to rot1 z fa/ z ! wood ( ! mummy's c(f9 has rott$4 ,?us ! mix$ heap ( spores1 leaves1 & /ems 9 ! coal-=e/ w\ld be p]si/5tly se>*$ by ! long-cont9u$ action ( air & ra92 ! leaves & /ems w\ld gradually be r$uc$ to little b _! c>bon1 or1 9 o!r words1 to ! condition ( m9]al *>coal 9 :i* we f9d !m2 :ile ! spores & sporangia rema9$ z a comp>atively unalt]$ & compact residuum4 ,!re is1 inde$1 tol]ably cle> evid5ce t ! coal mu/1 "u "s circum/ances1 h be5 conv]t$ into a sub/ance h>d en\gh to be roll$ into pebbles1 :ile x yet lay at ! surface ( ! e>?2 = 9 "s seams ( coal1 ! c\rses ( rivulets1 :i* mu/ h be5 liv+ wat]1 :ile ! /ratum 9 :i* _! rema9s are f\nd 0 /ill at ! surface1 h be5 obs]v$ to conta9 roll$ pebbles ( ! v coal ?r\gh :i* ! /ream has cut its way4 ,! /ructural facts are su* z to leave no alt]native b to adopt ! view ( ! orig9 ( su* coal z ,i h describ$1 :i* has j be5 /at$2 b1 happily1 ! process is n )\t analogy at ! pres5t day4 ,i possess a specim5 ( :at is call$ :ite coal f ,au/ralia4 ,x is an inflammable mat]ial1 burn+ ) a bright flame1 & hav+ mu* ! consi/5ce & appe>ance ( oat-cake1 :i*1 ,i am in=m$1 cov]s a consid]able area4 ,x consi/s1 almo/ entirely1 ( a compact$ mass ( spores & spore-cases4 ,b ! f9e p>ticles ( bl[n s& :i* are scatt]$ ?r\gh x1 %[ t x mu/ h accumulat$1 subarially1 ^u ! surface ( a soil cov]$ by a =e/ ( cryptogam\s plants1 probably tree-f]ns4 ,z reg>ds ?is important po9t ( ! subarial region ( coal1 ,i am glad to f9d myself 9 entire accordance ) ,pr9cipal ,dawson1 :o bases 8 conclusions ^u o!r1 b no less =cible1 consid]ations4 ,9 a passage1 :i* is ! cont9uation ( t already cit$1 he writes3-- 7#c7 ,! microscopical /ructure & *emical composition ( ! b$s ( cannel coal & e>?y bitum51 & ( ! m highly bitum9\s & c>bonaece\s %ale1 %[ !m to h be5 ( ! nature ( ! f9e vegetable mud :i* accumulates 9 ! ponds & %all[ lakes ( mod]n swamps4 ,:5 su* f9e vegetable s$im5t is mix$1 z is (t5 ! case1 ) clay1 x becomes simil> to ! bitum9\s lime/one & calc>eo-bitum9\s %ales ( ! coal-measures4 7#d7 ,a few ( ! "u-clays1 :i* support b$s ( coal1 are ( ! nature ( ! vegetable mud above ref]r$ to2 b ! great] "p are argillo-ar5ace\s 9 composition1 ) little vegetable matt]1 & blea*$ by ! dra9age f !m ( wat] conta9+ ! products ( vegetable decay4 ,!y are1 9 %ort1 loamy or clay soils1 & mu/ h be5 suffici5tly above wat] to admit ( dra9age4 ,! abs5ce ( sulphurets1 & ! occurr5ce ( c>bonate ( iron 9 connection ) !m1 prove t1 :5 !y exi/$ z soils1 ra9-wat]1 & n sea-wat]1 p]colat$ !m4 7#e7 ,! coal & ! fossil =e/s pres5t _m evid5ces ( subarial conditions4 ,mo/ ( ! erect & pro/rate trees _h become holl[ %ells ( b>k be=e !y 7 f9ally emb$d$1 & _! wood _h brok5 into cubical pieces ( m9]al *>coal4 ,l&-snails & galley-worms ,xylobius crept into !m1 & !y became d5s1 or traps1 = reptiles4 ,l>ge quantities ( m9]al *>coal occur on ! surface ( all ! l>ge b$s ( coal4 ,none ( ^! appe>ances c\ld h be5 produc$ by subaque\s action4 7#f7 ,?\gh ! roots ( ! ,sigill>ia be> m resemblance to ! rhizomes ( c]ta9 aquatic plants2 yet1 /ructurally1 !y are absolutely id5tical ) ! roots ( ,cycads1 :i* ! /ems also resemble4 ,fur!r1 ! ,sigill>iae grew on ! same soils :i* support$ ,conif]s1 ,lepidod5dra1 ,cordaites1 & ,f]ns--plants :i* c\ld n h gr[n 9 wat]4 ,aga91 ) ! exception p]haps ( "s ,p9nul>iae & ,a/]ophyllites1 !re is a rem>kable abs5ce f ! coal measures ( any =m ( prop]ly aquatic vegetation4 7#g7 ,! occurr5ce ( m>9e1 or bracki%-wat] animals1 9 ! ro(s ( coal-b$s1 or ev5 9 ! coal itself1 af=ds no evid5ce ( subaque\s accumulation1 s9ce ! same ?+ occurs 9 ! case ( mod]n subm>9e =e/s4 ,= ^! & o!r reasons1 "s ( :i* are m fully /at$ 9 ! pap]s already ref]r$ to1 :ile ,i admit t ! areas ( coal accumulation 7 frequ5tly subm]g$1 ,i mu/ ma9ta9 t ! true coal is a subarial accumulation by vegetable gr[? on soils1 wet & swampy x is true1 b n subm]g$4 ,i am almo/ dispos$ to d\bt :e!r x is necess>y to make ! concession ( wet & swampy2 o!rwise1 !re is no?+ t ,i "k ( to be said aga9/ ?is excell5t conspectus ( ! reasons = believ+ 9 ! subarial orig9 ( coal4 ,b ! coal accumulat$ ^u ! area cov]$ by "o ( ! great =e/s ( ! c>bonif]\s epo* w\ld1 9 c\rse ( "t1 h be5 wa/$ away by ! small1 b con/ant1 we> & te> ( ra9 & /reams1 _h ! l& :i* support$ x rema9$ at ! same level1 or be5 gradually rais$ to a great] elevation4 ,&1 no d\bt1 z mu* coal z n[ exi/s has be5 de/roy$1 aft] its =mation1 9 ?is way4 ,:at are n[ kn[n z coal di/ricts owe _! importance to ! fact t !y 7 areas ( sl[ depression1 dur+ a great] or less portion ( ! c>bonif]\s epo*2 & t1 9 virtue ( ?is circum/ance1 ,"m ,e>? 0 enabl$ to cov] up h] vegetable treasures1 & pres]ve !m f de/ruction4 ,:]ev] a coal-field n[ exi/s1 !re mu/ =m]ly h be5 free access = a great riv]1 or = a %all[ sea1 be>+ s$im5t 9 ! %ape ( s& & mud4 ,:5 ! coal-=e/ area became sl[ly depress$1 ! wat]s mu/ h spread ov] x1 & h deposit$ _! burd5 ^u ! surface ( ! b$ ( coal1 9 ! =m ( lay]s1 :i* are n[ conv]t$ into %ale1 or s&/one4 ,!n foll[$ a p]iod ( re/1 9 :i* ! sup]9cumb5t %all[ wat]s became completely fill$ up1 & f9ally replac$1 by f9e mud1 :i* settl$ d[n into a new "u-clay1 & furni%$ ! soil = a fre% =e/ gr[?4 ,?is fl\ri%$1 & heap$ up its spores & wood into coal1 until ! /age ( sl[ depression recomm5c$4 ,&1 9 "s localities1 z ,i h m5tion$1 ! process 0 repeat$ until ! fir/ ( ! alt]nat+ b$s _h sunk to ne> ?ree miles bel[ its orig9al level at ! surface ( ! e>?4 ,9 reflect+ on ! /atem5t1 ?us briefly made1 ( ! ma9 facts connect$ ) ! orig9 ( ! coal =m$ dur+ ! c>bonif]\s epo*1 two or ?ree consid]ations sugge/ !mselves4 ,9 ! fir/ place1 ! great phantom ( geological "t rises be=e ! /ud5t ( ?is1 z ( all o!r1 fragm5ts ( ! hi/ory ( our e>?--spr++ irrepressibly out ( ! facts1 l ! ,dj9 f ! j> :i* ! fi%]man s incauti\sly op5$2 & l ! ,dj9 aga91 be+ vapor\s1 %ift+1 & indef9able1 b unmi/akably gigantic4 ,h[ev] mode/ ! bases ( "o's calculation may be1 ! m9imum ( "t assignable to ! coal p]iod rema9s some?+ /up5d\s4 ,pr9cipal ,dawson is ! la/ p]son likely to be guilty ( exagg]ation 9 ?is matt]1 & x w be well to consid] :at he has to say ab\t x3-- ,! rate ( accumulation ( coal 0 v sl[4 ,! climate ( ! p]iod1 9 ! nor!rn temp]ate zone1 0 ( su* a "* t ! true conif]s %[ r+s ( gr[?1 n l>g]1 nor mu* less di/9ct1 ?an ^? ( _m ( _! mod]n cong5]s4 ,! ,sigill>iae & ,calamites 7 n1 z (t5 suppos$1 compos$ :olly1 or ev5 pr9cipally1 ( lax & s(t tissues1 or necess>ily %ort-liv$4 ,! =m] _h1 x is true1 a v ?ick inn] b>k2 b _! d5se woody axis1 _! ?ick & ne>ly imp]i%able out] b>k1 & _! scanty & rigid foliage1 w\ld indicate no v rapid gr[? or decay4 ,9 ! case ( ! ,sigill>iae1 ! v>iations 9 ! leaf-sc>s 9 diff]5t p>ts ( ! trunk1 ! int]calation ( new ridges at ! surface repres5t+ t ( new woody w$ges 9 ! axis1 ! transv]se m>ks left by ! /ages ( upw>d gr[?1 all indicate t sev]al ye>s mu/ h be5 requir$ = ! gr[? ( /ems ( mod]ate size4 ,! enorm\s roots ( ^! trees1 & ! condition ( ! coal-swamps1 mu/ h exempt$ !m f ! dang] ( be+ ov]?r[n by viol5ce4 ,!y probably fell 9 successive g5]ations f natural decay2 & mak+ e all[ance = o!r mat]ials1 we may safely ass]t t e foot ( ?ickness ( pure bitum9\s coal implies ! quiet gr[? & fall ( at lea/ fifty g5]ations ( ,sigill>iae1 & !re=e an undi/urb$ condition ( =e/ gr[? endur+ ?r\gh _m c5turies4 ,fur!r1 !re is evid5ce t an imm5se am\nt ( loose p>5*ymat\s tissue1 & ev5 ( wood1 p]i%$ by decay1 & we d n "k to :at ext5t ev5 ! mo/ durable tissues may h disappe>$ 9 ?is way2 s t1 9 _m coal-seams1 we may h only a v small "p ( ! vegetable matt] produc$4 ,und\bt$ly ! =ce ( ^! reflections is n dim9i%$ :5 ! bitum9\s coal1 z 9 ,brita91 consi/s ( accumulat$ spores & spore-cases1 r ?an ( /ems4 ,b1 suppose we adopt ,pr9cipal ,dawson's assumption1 t "o foot ( coal repres5ts fifty g5]ations ( coal plants2 &1 fur!r1 make ! mod]ate supposition t ea* g5]ation ( coal plants took t5 ye>s to come to maturity--!n1 ea* foot-?ickness ( coal repres5ts five hundr$ ye>s4 ,! sup]impos$ b$s ( coal 9 "o coal-field may am\nt to a ?ickness ( fifty or sixty feet1 & !re=e ! coal alone1 9 t field1 repres5ts #ejj x #ej #be1jjj ye>s4 ,b ! actual coal is b an insignificant portion ( ! total deposit1 :i*1 z has be5 se51 may am\nt to betwe5 two & ?ree miles ( v]tical ?ickness4 ,suppose x be #ab1jjj feet--:i* is #bdj times ! ?ickness ( ! actual coal--is !re any reason :y we %\ld believe x may n h tak5 #bdj times z long to =m8 ,i "k ( none4 ,b1 9 ?is case1 ! "t :i* ! coal-field repres5ts w\ld be #be1jjj x #bdj #f1jjj1jjj ye>s4 ,z af=d+ a def9ite *ronology1 ( c\rse su* calculations z ^! are ( no value2 b !y h mu* use 9 fix+ "o's att5tion ^u a possible m9imum4 ,a man may be puzzl$ if he is ask$ h[ long ,rome took a-build+2 b he is prov]bially safe if he affirms x n to h be5 built 9 a day2 & our geological calculations are all1 at pres5t1 pretty mu* on t foot+4 ,a second consid]ation :i* ! /udy ( ! coal br+s prom95tly be=e ! m9d ( anyone :o is famili> ) palaeontology is1 t ! coal ,flora1 view$ 9 relation to ! enorm\s p]iod ( "t :i* x la/$1 & to ! /ill va/] p]iod :i* has elaps$ s9ce x fl\ri%$1 und]w5t little *ange :ile x endur$1 & 9 its peculi> *>act]s1 diff]s /rangely little f t :i* at pres5t exi/s4 ,! same species ( plants are to be met ) ?r\gh\t ! :ole ?ickness ( a coal-field1 & ! y\nge/ are n s5sibly diff]5t f ! olde/4 ,b m ?an ?is4 ,not)/&+ t ! c>bonif]\s p]iod is sep>at$ f u by m ?an ! :ole "t repres5t$ by ! second>y & t]ti>y =mations1 ! great types ( vegetation 7 z di/9ct !n z n[4 ,! /ructure ( ! mod]n club-moss furni%es a complete explanation ( ! fossil rema9s ( ! ,lepidod5dra1 & ! fronds ( "s ( ! anci5t f]ns are h>d to di/+ui% f exi/+ ones4 ,at ! same "t1 x mu/ be rememb]$1 t !re is n[h]e 9 ! _w1 at pres5t1 any =e/ :i* be>s m ?an a r\gh analogy ) a coal-=e/4 ,! types may rema91 b ! details ( _! =m1 _! relative proportions1 _! associates1 are all alt]$4 ,& ! tree-f]n =e/ ( ,tasmania1 or ,new ,zeal&1 gives "o only a fa9t & remote image ( ! vegetation ( ! anci5t _w4 ,once m1 an inv>iably-recurr+ lesson ( geological hi/ory1 at :atev] po9t its /udy is tak5 up3 ! lesson ( ! almo/ inf9ite sl[ness ( ! modification ( liv+ =ms4 ,! l9es ( ! p$igrees ( liv+ ?+s break (f almo/ be=e !y beg9 to conv]ge4 ,f9ally1 yet ano!r curi\s consid]ation4 ,let u suppose t "o ( ! /upid1 salam&]-l ,labyr9?odonts1 :i* pott]$1 ) mu* belly & little leg1 l ,fal/aff 9 8 old age1 among ! coal-=e/s1 c\ld h _h ?9k+ p[] en\gh 9 8 small bra9 to reflect ^u ! %[]s ( spores :i* kept on fall+ ?r\gh ye>s & c5turies1 :ile p]haps n "o 9 t5 million fulfill$ its app>5t purpose1 & reproduc$ ! organism :i* gave x bir?3 surely he might h be5 excus$ = moraliz+ ^u ! ?\ghtless & wanton extravagance :i* ,nature display$ 9 h] op]ations4 ,b we h ! advantage ov] our %ovel-head$ pr$ecessor--or possibly ance/or--& c p]ceive t a c]ta9 ve9 ( ?rift runs ?r\gh ?is app>5t prodigality4 ,nature is nev] 9 a hurry1 & seems to h _h always be=e h] eyes ! adage1 ,keep a ?+ long en\gh1 & y w f9d a use = x4 ,%e has kept h] b$s ( coal _m millions ( ye>s )\t be+ able to f9d mu* use = !m2 %e has s5t !m d[n b5ea? ! sea1 & ! sea-bea/s c\ld make no?+ ( !m2 %e has rais$ !m up into dry l&1 & laid ! black ve9s b>e1 & /ill1 = ages & ages1 !re 0 no liv+ ?+ on ! face ( ! e>? t c\ld see any sort ( value 9 !m2 & x 0 only ! o!r day1 s to speak1 t %e turn$ a new creature out ( h] work%op1 :o by degrees acquir$ suffici5t wits to make a fire1 & !n to discov] t ! black rock w\ld burn4 ,i suppose t n9ete5 hundr$ ye>s ago1 :5 ,julius ,caes> 0 good en\gh to deal ) ,brita9 z we h dealt ) ,new ,zeal&1 ! primaeval ,briton1 blue ) cold & woad1 may h kn[n t ! /range black /one1 ( :i* he f\nd lumps "h & !re 9 8 w&]+s1 w\ld burn1 & s help to w>m 8 body & cook 8 food4 ,saxon1 ,dane1 & ,norman sw>m$ into ! l&4 ,! ,engli% p grew into a p[]ful nation1 & ,nature /ill wait$ = a full return ( ! capital %e _h inve/$ 9 ! anci5t club-mosses4 ,! eighte5? c5tury arriv$1 & ) x ,james ,watt4 ,! bra9 ( t man 0 ! spore out ( :i* 0 develop$ ! /eam-eng9e1 & all ! prodigi\s trees & bran*es ( mod]n indu/ry :i* h gr[n out ( ?is4 ,b coal is z mu* an ess5tial condition ( ?is gr[? & developm5t z c>bonic acid is = t ( a club-moss4 ,want+ coal1 we c\ld n h smelt$ ! iron ne$$ to make our eng9es1 nor h work$ our eng9es :5 we _h got !m4 ,b take away ! eng9es1 & ! great t[ns ( ,york%ire & ,lanca%ire vani% l a dream4 ,manufactures give place to agriculture & pa/ure1 & n t5 m5 c live :]e n[ t5 ?\s& are amply support$4 ,?us1 all ?is abundant weal? ( money & ( vivid life is ,nature's int]e/ ^u h] inve/m5t 9 club-mosses1 & ! l1 s long ago4 ,b :at becomes ( ! coal :i* is burnt 9 yield+ ?is int]e/8 ,heat comes out ( x1 light comes out ( x1 & if we c\ld ga!r toge!r all t goes up ! *imney2 & all t rema9s 9 ! grate ( a ?or\ghly-burnt coal-fire1 we %\ld f9d ourselves 9 possession ( a quantity ( c>bonic acid1 wat]1 ammonia1 & m9]al matt]s1 exactly equal 9 weight to ! coal4 ,b ^! are ! v matt]s ) :i* ,nature suppli$ ! club-mosses :i* made ! coal4 ,%e is paid back pr9cipal & int]e/ at ! same "t2 & %e /raightway inve/s ! c>bonic acid1 ! wat]1 & ! ammonia 9 new =ms ( life1 fe$+ ) !m ! plants t n[ live4 ,?rifty ,nature6 ,surely no prodigal1 b mo/ notable ( h\sekeep]s6 ,,vi4 ,,on ,,coral ,,& ,,coral ,,reefs4 ,! m>9e productions :i* are commonly kn[n by ! names ( ,corals & ,corall9es1 7 ?\ght by ! anci5ts to be sea-we$s1 :i* _h ! s+ul> prop]ty ( becom+ h>d & solid1 :5 !y 7 fi%$ up f _! native dep?s & came into contact ) ! air4 ,sic et curalium1 quo primum contigit auras ,tempore durescit3 mollis fuit h]ba sub undis1 says ,ovid 7,metam4 xv472 & x 0 n until ! sev5te5? c5tury t ,boccone 0 embold5$1 by p]sonal exp]i5ce ( ! facts1 to decl>e t ! hold]s ( ?is belief 7 no bett] ?an idiots1 :o _h be5 misl$ by ! s(tness ( ! out] coat ( ! liv+ r$ coral to imag9e t x 0 s(t all ?r\gh4 ,mess] ,boccone's /rong epi!t is probably undes]v$1 z ! notion he controv]ts1 9 all likelihood1 arose m]ely f ! mis9t]pretation ( ! /rictly true /atem5t :i* any coral fi%]man w\ld make to a curi\s inquir]2 namely1 t ! outside coat ( ! r$ coral is q s(t :5 x is tak5 out ( ! sea4 ,at any rate1 he did good s]vice by elim9at+ ?is mu* error f ! curr5t notions ab\t coral4 ,b ! belief t corals are plants rema9$1 n only 9 ! popul>1 b 9 ! sci5tific m9d2 & x receiv$ :at appe>$ to be a /rik+ confirmation f ! rese>*es ( ,m>sigli 9 #agjf4 ,= ?is naturali/1 hav+ ! opportunity ( obs]v+ fre%ly-tak5 r$ coral1 saw t its bran*es 7 beset ) :at look$ l delicate & beautiful fl[]s1 ea* hav+ eight petals4 ,x 0 true t ^! fl[]s c\ld protrude & retract !mselves1 b _! motions 7 h>dly m ext5sive1 or m v>i$1 ?an ^? ( ! leaves ( ! s5sitive plant2 & !re=e !y c\ld n be held to militate aga9/ ! conclusion s /rongly sugge/$ by _! =m & _! gr\p+ ^u ! bran*es ( a tree-l /ructure4 ,tw5ty ye>s lat]1 a pupil ( ,m>sigli1 ! "y ,m>seilles physician1 ,peyssonel1 conceiv$ ! desire to /udy ^! s+ul> sea-plants1 & 0 s5t by ! ,fr5* ,gov]nm5t on a mission to ! ,m$it]ranean = t purpose4 ,! pupil und]took ! inve/igation full ( confid5ce 9 ! ideas ( 8 ma/]1 b be+ able to see & ?9k = himself1 he soon discov]$ t ^? ideas by no means altoge!r correspond$ ) reality4 ,9 an essay entitl$ ,trait du ,corail1 :i* 0 communicat$ to ! ,fr5* ,academy ( ,sci5ce1 b :i* has nev] be5 publi%$1 ,peyssonel writes3-- ,je fis fleurir le corail dans des vases ple9s d'eau de m]1 et j'obs]vai que ce que n\s croyons tre la fleur de cette prt5due plante n'tait au vrai1 qu'un insecte semblable une petite ,ortie ou ,p\lpe4 ,j'avais le plaisir de voir remu] les pattes1 ou pi$s1 de cette ,ortie1 et ayant mis le vase ple9 d'eau o le corail tait une d\ce *aleur auprs du feu1 t\s les petites insectes s'pan\ir5t 444 ,l',ortie sortie t5d les pi$s1 et =me ce que ,m4 de ,m>sigli et moi avions pris p\r les ptales de la fleur4 ,le calice de cette prt5due fleur e/ le corps mme de l'animal avanc et sorti hors de la cellule4#a ,footnote #a3 ,?is extract f ,peysonnel's manuscript is giv5 by ,m4 ,lacaze ,du?i]s 9 8 valuable ,hi/oire ,naturelle du ,corail 7#ahff74 ,! comp>ison ( ! fl[]s ( ! coral to a petite ortie or little nettle is p]fectly j1 b ne$s explanation4 ,ortie de m]1 or sea-nettle1 is1 9 fact1 ! ,fr5* appellation = our sea-anemone1 a creature ) :i* ev]ybody1 s9ce ! great aqu>ium mania1 mu/ h become famili>1 ev5 to ! limits ( bor$om4 ,9 #agaj1 ! great naturali/1 ,raumur1 _h writt5 a memoir = ! express purpose ( demon/rat+ t ^! orties are animals2 & ) ?is important pap] ,peyssonel mu/ necess>ily h be5 famili>4 ,!re=e1 :5 he decl>$ ! fl[]s ( ! r$ coral to be little orties1 x 0 ! same ?+ z say+ t !y 7 animals ( ! same g5]al nature z sea-anemones4 ,b to ,peyssonel's contempor>ies ?is 0 an extremely />tl+ ann\ncem5t4 ,x 0 h>d to imag9e ! exi/5ce ( su* a ?+ z an association ( animals into a /ructure ) /em & bran*es altoge!r l a plant1 & fix$ to ! soil z a plant is fix$2 & ! naturali/s ( t day pref]r$ n to imag9e x4 ,ev5 ,raumur c\ld n br+ himself to accept ! notion1 & ,france be+ bless$ ) ,academicians1 ^: great function 7z ! late ,bi%op ,wilson & an em95t mod]n writ] h s well %[n7 is to cause sweetness & light to prevail1 & to prev5t su* unmann]ly fell[s z ,peyssonel f blurt+ out un$ify+ tru?s1 !y suppress$ him2 &1 z a=esaid1 8 great "w rema9$ 9 manuscript1 & may at ?is day be consult$ by ! curi\s 9 t /ate1 9 ! ,biblio?que du ,musum d',hi/oire ,naturelle4 ,peyssonel1 :o evid5tly 0 a p]son ( savage & untameable disposition1 s f> f appreciat+ ! k9dness ( ! ,academicians 9 giv+ him "t to reflect ^u ! unreasonabl5ess1 n to say rud5ess1 ( mak+ public /atem5ts 9 opposition to ! views ( "s ( ! mo/ di/+ui%$ ( _! body1 seems bitt]ly to h res5t$ ! treatm5t he met )4 ,= he s5t all fur!r communications to ! ,royal ,society ( ,london1 :i* nev] _h1 & x is to be hop$ nev] w h1 any?+ ( an academic con/itution2 & f9ally took himself (f to ,guadal\pe1 & became lo/ to sci5ce altoge!r4 ,fifte5 or sixte5 ye>s aft] ! date ( ,peyssonel's suppress$ pap]1 ! ,abb ,trembley publi%$ 8 wond]ful rese>*es ^u ! fre%-wat] ,hydra4 ,b]n>d de ,jussieu & ,guett>d foll[$ !m up by l inquiries ^u ! m>9e sea-anemones & corall9es2 ,raumur1 conv9c$ aga9/ 8 w ( ! entire ju/ice ( ,peyssonel's views1 adopt$ !m1 & made him a half-&-half apology 9 ! preface to ! next publi%$ volume ( ! ,mmoires p\r s]vir l',hi/oire des ,insectes2 &1 f ?is "t =?1 ,peyssonel's doctr9e t corals are ! "w ( animal organisms has be5 "p ( ! body ( e/abli%$ sci5tific tru?4 ,peyssonel1 9 ! extract f 8 memoir already cit$1 comp>es ! fl[]-l animal ( ! coral to a p\lpe1 :i* is ! ,fr5* =m ( ! "n polypus1--! _m-foot$1--:i* ! anci5t naturali/s gave to ! s(t-bodi$ cuttle-fi%es1 :i*1 l ! coral animal1 h eight arms1 or t5tacles1 dispos$ ar\nd a c5tral m\?4 ,raumur1 admitt+ ! analogy indicat$ by ,peyssonel1 gave ! "n ( polypes1 n only to ! sea-anemone1 ! coral animal1 & ! fre%-wat] ,hydra1 b to :at are n[ kn[n z ! ,polyzoa1 & he t]m$ ! skeleton :i* !y fabricate a polypi] or polypidom4 ,! progress ( discov]y1 s9ce ,raumur's "t1 has made u v completely acqua9t$ ) ! /ructure & habits ( all ^! polypes4 ,we "k t1 among ! sea-anemones & coral-=m+ animals1 ea* polype has a m\? lead+ to a /oma*1 :i* is op5 at its inn] end1 & ?us communicates freely ) ! g5]al cavity ( ! body2 t ! t5tacles plac$ r\nd ! m\? are holl[1 & t !y p]=m ! "p ( arms 9 seiz+ & captur+ prey4 ,x is kn[n t _m ( ^! creatures are capable ( be+ multipli$ by artificial division1 ! divid$ halves gr[+1 aft] a "t1 into complete & sep>ate animals2 & t _m are able to p]=m a v simil> process naturally1 9 su* a mann] t "o polype may1 by repeat$ incomplete divisions1 give rise to a sort ( %eet1 or turf1 =m$ by innum]able connect$1 & yet indep5d5t1 desc5dants4 ,or1 :at is /ill m common1 a polype may ?r[ out buds1 :i* are conv]t$ into polypes1 or bran*es be>+ polypes1 until a tree-l mass1 sometimes ( v consid]able size1 is =m$4 ,?is is :at happ5s 9 ! case ( ! r$ coral ( comm]ce4 ,a m9ute polype1 fix$ to ! rocky bottom ( ! deep sea1 gr[s up into a bran*$ trunk4 ,! end ( e bran* & twig is t]m9at$ by a polype2 & all ! polypes are connect$ toge!r by a fle%y sub/ance1 trav]s$ by innum]able canals :i* place ea* polype 9 communication ) e o!r1 & c>ry n\ri%m5t to ! sub/ance ( ! support+ /em4 ,x is a sort ( natural co-op]ative /ore1 e polype help+ ! :ole1 at ! same "t z x helps itself4 ,! int]ior ( ! /em1 l t ( ! bran*es1 is solidifi$ by ! deposition ( c>bonate ( lime 9 its tissue1 some:at 9 ! same fa%ion z our own bones are =m$ ( animal matt] impregnat$ ) lime salts2 & x is ?is d5se skeleton 7usually turn$ deep r$ by a peculi> col\r+ matt]7 cle>$ ( ! s(t animal inve/m5t1 z ! he>t-wood ( a tree might be /ripp$ ( its b>k1 :i* is ! r$ coral4 ,9 ! case ( ! r$ coral1 ! h>d skeleton belongs to ! int]ior ( ! /em & bran*es only2 b 9 ! common] :ite corals1 ea* polype has a complete skeleton ( its own4 ,^! polypes ate sometimes solit>y1 9 :i* case ! :ole skeleton is repres5t$ by a s+le cup1 ) p>titions radiat+ f its c5tre to its circumf]5ce4 ,:5 ! polypes =m$ by budd+ or division rema9 associat$1 ! polypidom is sometimes made up ( no?+ b an aggregation ( ^! cups1 :ile at o!r times ! cups are at once sep>at$ & held toge!r1 by an int]m$iate sub/ance1 :i* repres5ts ! bran*es ( ! r$ coral4 ,! r$ coral polype aga9 is a comp>atively r>e animal1 inhabit+ a limit$ area1 ! skeleton ( :i* has b a v insignificant mass2 :ile ! :ite corals are v common1 occur 9 almo/ all seas1 & =m skeletons :i* are sometimes extremely massive4 ,) a v few exceptions1 bo? ! r$ & ! :ite coral polypes are1 9 _! adult /ate1 firmly adh]5t to ! sea-bottom2 nor d _! buds naturally become deta*$ & locomotive4 ,b1 9 addition to budd+ & division1 ^! creatures possess ! m ord9>y me?ods ( multiplication2 &1 at p>ticul> seasons1 !y give rise to num]\s eggs ( m9ute size4 ,)9 ^! eggs ! "y are =m$1 & !y leave ! egg 9 a condition :i* has no sort ( resemblance to ! p]fect animal4 ,x is1 9 fact1 a m9ute oval body1 _m hundr$ times small] ?an ! full-gr[n creature1 & x swims ab\t ) great activity by ! help ( multitudes ( little hair-l filam5ts1 call$ cilia1 ) :i* its body is cov]$4 ,^! cilia all la% ! wat] 9 "o direction1 & s drive ! little body along z if x 7 propell$ by ?\s&s ( extremely m9ute paddles4 ,aft] enjoy+ its fre$om = a long] or %ort] "t1 & be+ c>ri$ ei!r by ! =ce ( its own cilia1 or by curr5ts :i* be> x along1 ! embryo coral settles d[n to ! bottom1 loses its cilia1 & becomes fix$ to ! rock1 gradually assum+ ! polype =m & gr[+ up to ! size ( its p>5t4 ,z ! infant polypes ( ! coral may reta9 ?is free & active condition = _m h\rs1 or ev5 days1 & z a tidal or o!r curr5t 9 ! sea may easily fl[ at ! spe$ ( two or ev5 m miles 9 an h\r1 x is cle> t ! embryo mu/ (t5 be transport$ to v consid]able di/ances f ! p>5t4 ,& x is easily und]/ood h[ a s+le polype1 :i* may give rise to hundr$s1 or p]haps ?\s&s1 ( embryos1 may1 by ?is process ( p>tly active & p>tly passive migration1 cov] an imm5se surface ) its (fspr+4 ,! masses ( coral :i* may be =m$ by ! assemblages ( polypes :i* spr+ by budd+1 or by divid+1 f a s+le polype1 occasionally atta9 v consid]able dim5sions4 ,su* skeletons are sometimes great plates1 _m feet long & sev]al feet 9 ?ickness2 or !y may =m huge half globes1 l ! bra9/one corals1 or may rea* ! magnitude ( /\t %rubs1 or ev5 small trees4 ,!re is reason to believe t su* masses z ^! take a long "t to =m1 & h5ce t ! age a polype tree1 or polype turf1 may atta91 may be consid]able4 ,b1 soon] or lat]1 ! coral polypes1 l all o!r ?+s1 die2 ! s(t fle% decays1 :ile ! skeleton is left z a /ony mass at ! bottom ( ! sea1 :]e x reta9s its integrity = a long] or a %ort] "t1 accord+ z its position af=ds x m or less protection f ! we> & te> ( ! waves4 ,! polypes :i* give rise to ! :ite coral are f\nd1 z has be5 said1 9 ! seas ( all p>ts ( ! _w2 b 9 ! temp]ate & cold oceans !y are scatt]$ & comp>atively small 9 size1 s t ! skeletons ( ^? :i* die d n accumulate 9 any consid]able quantity4 ,b x is o!rwise 9 ! great] "p ( ! ocean :i* lies 9 ! w>m] p>ts ( ! _w1 compris$ )9 a di/ance ( ab\t #a1hjj miles on ea* side ( ! equator4 ,)9 ! zone ?us b\nd$1 by f> ! great] "p ( ! ocean is inhabit$ by coral polypes1 :i* n only =m v /rong & l>ge skeletons1 b associate toge!r into great masses1 l ! ?ickets & ! mead[ turf1 or1 bett] /ill1 ! accumulations ( peat1 to :i* plants give rise on ! dry l&4 ,^! masses ( /ony matt]1 heap$ up b5ea? ! wat]s ( ! ocean1 become z dang]\s to m>9]s z s mu* ord9>y rock1 & to ^!1 z to common rock ridges1 ! seaman gives ! "n ( reefs4 ,su* coral reefs cov] _m ?\s& squ>e miles 9 ! ,pacific & 9 ! ,indian ,oceans4 ,!re is "o reef1 or r great s]ies ( reefs1 call$ ! ,b>ri] ,reef1 :i* /ret*es1 almo/ cont9u\sly1 = m ?an #a1ajj miles (f ! ea/ coa/ ( ,au/ralia4 ,multitudes ( ! isl& 9 ! ,pacific are ei!r reefs !mselves1 or are surr\nd$ by reefs4 ,! ,r$ ,sea is 9 _m p>ts almo/ a maze ( su* reefs2 & !y ab\nd no less 9 ! ,we/ ,indies1 along ! coa/ ( ,florida1 & ev5 z f> nor? z ! ,bahama ,isl&s4 ,b x is a v rem>kable circum/ance t1 )9 ! area ( :at we may call ! coral zone1 !re are no coral reefs ^u ! we/ coa/ ( ,am]ica1 nor ^u ! we/ coa/ ( ,africa2 & x is a g5]al fact t ! reefs are int]rupt$1 or abs5t1 opposite ! m\?s ( great riv]s4 ,! causes ( ?is app>5t caprice 9 ! di/ribution ( coral reefs are n f> to seek4 ,! polypes :i* fabricate !m require = _! vigor\s gr[? a temp]ature :i* mu/ n fall bel[ #fh degrees ,fahr5heit all ! ye> r\nd1 & ?is temp]ature is only to be f\nd )9 ! di/ance on ea* side ( ! equator :i* has be5 m5tion$1 or !reab\ts4 ,b ev5 )9 ! coral zone ?is degree ( w>m? is n ev]y:]e to be _h4 ,on ! we/ coa/ ( ,am]ica1 & on ! correspond+ coa/ ( ,africa1 curr5ts ( cold wat] f ! icy regions :i* surr\nd ! ,s\? ,pole set nor?w>d1 & x appe>s to be due to _! cool+ influ5ce t ! sea 9 ^! regions is free f ! reef build]s4 ,aga91 ! coral polypes _c live 9 wat] :i* is r5d]$ bracki% by floods f ! l&1 or :i* is p]turb$ by mud f ! same s\rce1 & h5ce x is t !y cease to exi/ opposite ! m\?s ( riv]s1 :i* damage !m 9 bo? ^! ways4 ,su* is ! g5]al di/ribution ( ! reef-build+ corals1 b !re are "s v int]e/+ & s+ul> circum/ances to be obs]v$ 9 ! con=mation ( ! reefs1 :5 we consid] !m individually4 ,! reefs1 9 fact1 are ( ?ree diff]5t k9ds2 "s ( !m /ret* out f ! %ore1 almo/ l a prolongation ( ! bea*1 cov]$ only by %all[ wat]1 & 9 ! case ( an isl&1 surr\nd+ x l a fr+e ( no consid]able bread?4 ,^! are t]m$ fr++ reefs4 ,o!rs are sep>at$ by a *annel :i* may atta9 a wid? ( _m miles1 & a dep? ( tw5ty or ?irty fa?oms or m1 f ! ne>e/ l&2 & :5 ?is l& is an isl&1 ! reef surr\nds x l a l[ wall1 & ! sea betwe5 ! reef & ! l& is1 z x 71 a moat inside ?is wall4 ,su* reefs z ^! are call$ encircl+ :5 !y surr\nd an isl&2 & b>ri] reefs1 :5 !y /ret* p>allel ) ! coa/ ( a cont95t4 ,9 bo? ^! cases !re is ord9>y dry l& inside ! reef1 & sep>at$ f x only by a n>r[] or a wid]1 a %all[] or a deep]1 space ( sea1 :i* is call$ a lagoon1 or inn] passage4 ,b !re is a ?ird k9d ( reef1 ( v common occurr5ce 9 ! ,pacific & ,indian ,oceans1 :i* goes by ! "n ( an ,atoll4 ,?is is1 to all int5ts & purposes1 an encircl+ reef1 )\t any?+ to encircle2 or1 9 o!r words1 )\t an isl& 9 ! middle ( its lagoon4 ,! atoll has exactly ! appe>ance ( a va/1 irregul>ly oval1 or circul>1 breakwat]1 enclos+ smoo? wat] 9 its mid/4 ,! dep? ( ! wat] 9 ! lagoon r>ely exce$s tw5ty or ?irty fa?oms1 b1 outside ! reef1 x deep5s ) great rapidity to #bjj or #cjj fa?oms4 ,! dep? imm$iately outside ! b>ri]1 or encircl+1 reefs1 may also be v consid]able2 b1 at ! out] edge ( a fr++ reef1 x does n am\nt usually to m ?an tw5ty or tw5ty-five fa?oms2 9 o!r words1 f #abj to #aej feet4 ,?us1 if ! wat] ( ! ocean c\ld be sudd5ly dra9$ away1 we %\ld see ! atolls ris+ f ! sea-b$ l va/ truncat$ cones1 & resembl+ s _m volcanic crat]s1 except t _! sides w\ld be /eep] ?an ^? ( an ord9>y volcano4 ,9 ! case ( ! encircl+ reefs1 ! cone1 ) ! enclos$ isl&1 w\ld look l ,vesuvius ) ,monte ,nuovo )9 ! old crat] ( ,somma2 :ile1 f9ally1 ! isl& ) a fr++ reef w\ld h ! appe>ance ( an ord9>y hill1 or m\nta91 gird$ by a va/ p>apet1 )9 :i* w\ld lie a %all[ moat4 ,& ! dry b$ ( ! ,pacific might af=d gr\nds = an inhabitant ( ! moon to speculate ^u ! extraord9>y subt]ranean activity to :i* ^! va/ & num]\s crat]s bore witness6 ,:5 ! /ructure ( a fr++ reef is inve/igat$1 ! bottom ( ! lagoon is f\nd to be cov]$ ) f9e :iti% mud1 :i* results f ! break+ up ( ! dead corals4 ,^u ?is muddy floor !re lie1 "h & !re1 gr[+ corals1 or occasionally great blocks ( dead coral1 :i* h be5 torn by /orms f ! out] edge ( ! reef1 & wa%$ into ! lagoon4 ,%ell-fi% & worms ( v>i\s k9ds ab\nd2 & fi%1 "s ( :i* prey ^u ! coral1 sport 9 ! deep] pools4 ,b ! corals :i* are to be se5 gr[+ 9 ! %all[ wat]s ( ! lagoon are ( a diff]5t k9d f ^? :i* ab\nd on ! out] edge ( ! reef1 & ( :i* ! reef is built up4 ,close to ! seaw>d edge ( ! reef1 ov] :i*1 ev5 9 calm wea!r1 a surf almo/ always breaks1 ! coral rock is encru/$ ) a ?ick coat ( a s+ul> vegetable organism1 :i* conta9s a great deal ( lime--! s-call$ ,nullipora4 ,beyond ?is1 9 ! "p ( ! edge ( ! reef :i* is always cov]$ by ! break+ waves1 ! liv+1 true1 reef--polypes make _! appe>ance2 &1 9 diff]5t =ms1 coat ! /eep seaw>d face ( ! reef to a dep? ( #ajj or ev5 #aej feet4 ,beyond ?is dep? ! s\nd+-lead re/s1 n ^u ! wall-l face ( ! reef1 b on ! ord9>y %elv+ sea-bottom4 ,& ! di/ance to :i* a fr++ reef ext5ds f ! l& corresponds ) t at :i* ! sea has a dep? ( tw5ty or five-&-tw5ty fa?oms4 ,if1 z we h suppos$1 ! sea c\ld be sudd5ly )drawn f ar\nd an isl& provid$ ) a fr++ reef1 su* z ! ,mauritius1 ! reef w\ld pres5t ! aspect ( a t]race1 its seaw>d face1 #ajj feet or m high1 bloom+ ) ! animal fl[]s ( ! coral1 :ile its surface w\ld be holl[$ out into a %all[ & irregul> moat-l excavation4 ,! coral mud1 :i* occupies ! bottom ( ! lagoon1 & ) :i* all ! int]/ices ( ! coral skeletons :i* accumulate to =m ! reef are fill$ up1 does n proce$ f ! wa%+ action ( ! waves alone2 innum]able fi%es1 & o!r creatures :i* prey ^u ! coral1 add a v important contribution ( f9ely-triturat$ calc>e\s matt]2 & ! corals & mud becom+ incorporat$ toge!r1 gradually h>d5 & give rise to a sort ( lime/one rock1 :i* may v>y a good deal 9 texture4 ,sometimes x rema9s friable & *alky1 b1 m (t51 ! infiltration ( wat]1 *>g$ ) c>bonic acid1 dissolves "s ( ! calc>e\s matt]1 & deposits x else:]e 9 ! int]/ices ( ! nasc5t rock1 ?us glue+ & cem5t+ ! p>ticles toge!r into a h>d mass2 or x may ev5 dissolve ! c>bonate ( lime m ext5sively1 & re-deposit x 9 a cry/all9e =m4 ,on ! bea* ( ! lagoon1 :]e ! coral s& is wa%$ into lay]s by ! action ( ! waves1 its gra9s become ?us fus$ toge!r into /rata ( a lime/one1 s h>d t !y r+ :5 /ruck ) a hamm]1 & incl9$ at a g5tle angle1 correspond+ ) t ( ! surface ( ! bea*4 ,! h>d p>ts ( ! _m animals :i* live ^u ! reef become imb$d$ 9 ?is coral lime/one1 s t a block may be full ( %ells ( bivalves & univalves1 or ( sea-ur*9s2 & ev5 sometimes encloses ! eggs ( turtles 9 a /ate ( petrifaction4 ,! active & vigor\s gr[? ( ! reef goes on only at ! seaw>d m>g9s1 :]e ! polypes are expos$ to ! wa% ( ! surf1 & are !reby provid$ ) an abundant supply ( air & ( food4 ,! int]ior portion ( ! reef may be reg>d$ z almo/ :olly an accumulation ( dead skeletons4 ,:]e a riv] comes d[n f ! l& !re is a break 9 ! reef1 = ! reasons :i* h be5 already m5tion$4 ,! orig9 & mode ( =mation ( a fr++ reef1 su* z t j describ$1 are pla9 en\gh4 ,! embryos ( ! coral polypes h fix$ !mselves ^u ! subm]g$ %ore ( ! isl&1 z f> out z !y c\ld live1 namely1 to a dep? ( tw5ty or tw5ty-five fa?oms4 ,"o g5]ation has succe$$ ano!r1 build+ itself up ^u ! dead skeletons ( its pr$ecessor4 ,! mass has be5 consolidat$ by ! infiltration ( coral mud1 & h>d5$ by p>tial solution & r$eposition1 until a great ramp>t ( coral rock #ajj or #aej feet high on its seaw>d face has be5 =m$ all r\nd ! isl&1 ) only su* gaps z result f ! outfl[ ( riv]s1 9 ! place ( sally-ports4 ,! /ructure ( ! rocky accumulation 9 ! encircl+ reefs & 9 ! atolls is ess5tially ! same z 9 ! fr++ reef4 ,b1 9 addition to ! diff]5ces ( dep? inside & out1 !y pres5t "s o!r peculi>ities4 ,^! reefs1 & especially ! atolls1 are usually int]rupt$ at "o "p ( _! circumf]5ce1 & ?is "p is always situat$ on ! leew>d side ( ! reef1 or t :i* is ! m %elt]$ side4 ,n[1 z all ^! reefs are situat$ )9 ! region 9 :i* ! trade-w9ds prevail1 x foll[s t1 on ! nor? side ( ! equator1 :]e ! trade-w9d is a nor?-ea/]ly w9d1 ! op5+ ( ! reef is on ! s\?-we/ side3 :ile 9 ! s\!rn hemisph]e1 :]e ! trade-w9ds bl[ f ! s\?-ea/1 ! op5+ lies to ! nor?-we/4 ,! curi\s practical result foll[s f ?is /ructure1 t ! lagoons ( ^! reefs really =m admirable h>b\rs1 if a %ip c only get inside !m4 ,b ! ma9 diff]5ce betwe5 ! encircl+ reefs & ! atolls1 on ! "o h&1 & ! fr++ reefs on ! o!r1 lies 9 ! fact ( ! mu* great] dep? ( wat] on ! seaw>d faces ( ! =m]4 ,z a consequ5ce ( ?is fact1 ! :ole ( ?is face is n1 z x is 9 ! case ( ! fr++ reef1 cov]$ ) liv+ coral polypes4 ,=1 z we h se51 ^! polypes _c live at a great] dep? ?an ab\t tw5ty-five fa?oms2 & actual obs]vation has %[n t :ile1 d[n to ?is dep?1 ! s\nd+-lead w br+ up bran*es ( live coral f ! out] wall ( su* a reef1 at a great] dep? x fet*es to ! surface no?+ b dead coral & coral s&4 ,we mu/1 !re=e1 picture to ourselves an atoll1 or an encircl+ reef1 z fr+$ = #ajj feet1 or m1 f its summit1 ) coral polypes busily engag$ 9 fabricat+ coral2 :ile1 bel[ ?is comp>atively n>r[ belt1 its surface is a b>e & smoo? expanse ( coral s&1 support$ ^u & )9 a core ( coral lime/one4 ,?us1 if ! b$ ( ! ,pacific 7 sudd5ly laid b>e1 z 0 j n[ suppos$1 ! appe>ance ( ! reef-m\nta9s w\ld be exactly ! rev]se ( t pres5t$ by _m high m\nta9s on l&4 ,= ^! are :ite ) sn[ at ! top1 :ile _! bases are clo!d ) an abundant & gaudily-col\r$ vegetation4 ,b ! coral cones w\ld look grey & b>r5 bel[1 :ile _! summits w\ld be gay ) a ri*ly-col\r$ p>t]re ( fl[]-l coral polypes4 ,! practical difficulties ( s\nd+ ^u1 & ( br++ up portions (1 ! seaw>d face ( an atoll or ( an encircl+ reef1 are s great1 9 consequ5ce ( ! con/ant & dang]\s swell :i* sets t[>ds x1 t no exact in=mation conc]n+ ! dep? to :i* ! reefs are compos$ ( coral has yet be5 obta9$4 ,!re is no reason to d\bt1 h[ev]1 t ! reef-cone has ! same /ructure f its summit to its base1 & t its sea-wall is ?r\gh\t ma9ly compos$ ( dead coral4 ,& n[ arises a s]i\s difficulty4 ,if ! coral polypes _c live at a great] dep? ?an #ajj or #aej feet1 h[ c !y h built up ! base ( ! reef-cone1 :i* may be #b1jjj feet1 or m1 bel[ ! surface ( ! sea8 ,9 ord] to get ov] ?is objection1 x 0 at "o "t suppos$ t ! reef-build+ polypes _h settl$ ^u ! summits ( a *a9 ( subm>9e m\nta9s4 ,b :at is !re 9 physical geography to ju/ify ! assumption ( ! exi/5ce ( a *a9 ( m\nta9s /ret*+ = #a1jjj miles or m1 & s ne>ly ( ! same height1 t none %\ld rise above ! level ( ! sea1 nor fall #aej feet bel[ t level8 ,h[ aga91 on ?is hypo!sis1 are atolls to be acc\nt$ =1 unless1 z "s h done1 we take refuge 9 ! wild supposition t e atoll corresponds ) ! crat] ( a subm>9e volcano8 ,& :at explanation does x af=d ( ! fact t1 9 "s p>ts ( ! ocean1 only atolls & encircl+ reefs occur1 :ile o!rs pres5t none b fr++ reefs8 ,^! & o!r puzzl+ facts rema9$ insoluble until ! publication1 9 ! ye> #ahdj1 ( ,mr4 ,d>w9's fam\s "w on coral reefs2 9 :i* a key 0 giv5 to all ! difficult problems connect$ ) ! subject1 & e difficulty 0 %[n to be capable ( solution by d$uctive reason+ f a happy comb9ation ( c]ta9 well-e/abli%$ geological & biological tru?s4 ,mr4 ,d>w91 9 fact1 %[$1 t s long z ! level ( ! sea rema9s unalt]$ 9 any area 9 :i* coral reefs are be+ =m$1 or if ! level ( ! sea relatively to t ( ! l& is fall+1 ! only reefs :i* c be =m$ are fr++ reefs4 ,:ile if1 on ! contr>y1 ! level ( ! sea is ris+ relatively to t ( ! l&1 at a rate n fa/] ?an t at :i* ! upw>d gr[? ( ! coral c keep pace ) x1 ! reef w gradually pass f ! condition ( a fr++1 into t ( an encircl+ or b>ri] reef4 ,&1 f9ally1 t if ! relative level ( ! sea rise s mu* t ! encircl$ l& is completely subm]g$1 ! reef mu/ necess>ily pass into ! condition ( an atoll4 ,=1 suppose ! relative level ( ! sea to rema9 /ation>y1 aft] a fr++ reef has rea*$ t di/ance f ! l& at :i* ! dep? ( wat] am\nts to #aej feet4 ,!n ! reef _c ext5d seaw>d by ! migration ( coral g]ms1 because ^! coral g]ms w\ld f9d ! bottom ( ! sea to be too deep = !m to live 94 ,& ! only mann] 9 :i* ! reef c\ld ext5d outw>ds1 w\ld be by ! gradual accumulation1 at ! foot ( its seaw>d face1 ( a talus ( coral fragm5ts torn (f by ! viol5ce ( ! waves1 :i* talus might1 9 c\rse ( "t1 become high en\gh to br+ its upp] surface )9 ! limits ( coral gr[?1 & 9 t mann] provide a sort ( factiti\s sea-bottom ^u :i* ! coral embryos might p]*4 ,if1 on ! o!r h&1 ! level ( ! sea 7 sl[ly & gradually l[]$1 x is cle> t ! p>ts ( its bottom orig9ally beyond ! limit ( coral gr[?1 w\ld gradually be br\ght )9 ! requir$ di/ance ( ! surface1 & ?us ! reef might be indef9itely ext5d$4 ,b ?is process w\ld give rise nei!r to an encircl+ reef nor to an atoll1 b to a broad belt ( upheav$ coral rock1 increas+ ! dim5sions ( ! dry l&1 & cont9u\s seaw>ds ) ! fre% fr++ reef4 ,suppose1 h[ev]1 t ! sea-level rose in/ead ( fall+1 at ! same sl[ & gradual rate at :i* we "k x to be ris+ 9 "s p>ts ( ! _w--n m1 9 fact1 ?an a few in*es1 or1 at mo/1 a foot or two1 9 a hundr$ ye>s4 ,!n1 :ile ! reef w\ld be unable to ext5d itself seaw>d1 ! sea-bottom outside x be+ gradually m & m remov$ f ! dep? at :i* ! life ( ! coral polypes is possible1 x w\ld be able to gr[ upw>ds z fa/ z ! sea rose4 ,b ! gr[? w\ld take place almo/ exclusively ar\nd ! circumf]5ce ( ! reef1 ?is be+ ! only region 9 :i* ! coral polypes w\ld f9d ! conditions fav\rable = _! exi/5ce4 ,! bottom ( ! lagoon w\ld be rais$1 9 ! ma91 only by ! coral dbris & coral mud1 =m$ 9 ! mann] already describ$2 consequ5tly1 ! m>g9s ( ! reef w\ld rise fa/] ?an ! bottom1 or1 9 o!r words1 ! lagoon w\ld con/antly become deep]4 ,&1 at ! same "t1 x w\ld gradually increase 9 bread?2 z ! ris+ sea1 cov]+ m & m ( ! l&1 w\ld occupy a wid] space betwe5 ! edge ( ! reef & :at rema9$ ( ! l&4 ,?us ! ris+ sea w\ld ev5tually conv]t a l>ge isl& ) a fr++ reef1 into a small isl& surr\nd$ by an encircl+ reef4 ,& x w be obvi\s t :5 ! ris+ ( ! sea has gone s f> z completely to cov] ! highe/ po9ts ( ! isl&1 ! reef w h pass$ into ! condition ( an atoll4 ,b h[ is x possible t ! relative level ( ! l& & sea %\ld be alt]$ to ?is ext5t8 ,cle>ly1 only 9 "o ( two ways3 ei!r ! sea mu/ h ris5 ov] ^? areas :i* are n[ cov]$ by atolls & encircl+ reefs2 or1 ! l& ^u :i* ! sea re/s mu/ h be5 depress$ to a correspond+ ext5t4 ,if ! sea has ris51 its rise mu/ h tak5 place ov] ! :ole _w simultane\sly1 & x mu/ h ris5 to ! same height ov] all p>ts ( ! coral zone4 ,gr\nds h be5 %[n = ! belief t ! g5]al level ( ! sea may h be5 diff]5t at diff]5t times2 x has be5 sugge/$1 = example1 t ! accumulation ( ice ab\t ! poles dur+ "o ( ! cold p]iods ( ! e>?'s hi/ory1 necess>ily implies a dim9ution 9 ! volume ( ! sea proportion$ to ! am\nt ( its wat] ?us p]man5tly lock$ up 9 ! ,arctic & ,ant>ctic ice-cell>s2 :ile1 9 ! w>m p]iods1 ! great] or less disappe>ance ( ! pol> ice-cap implies a correspond+ addition ( wat] to ! ocean4 ,& no d\bt ?is reason+ mu/ be admitt$ to be s\nd 9 pr9ciple2 ?\gh x is v h>d to say :at practical effect ! additions & subtractions ?us made h _h on ! level ( ! ocean2 inasmu* z su* additions & subtractions might be ei!r int5sifi$ or nullifi$1 by contemporane\s *anges 9 ! level ( ! l&4 ,& no "o has yet %[n t any su* great melt+ ( pol> ice1 & consequ5t rais+ ( ! level ( ! wat] ( ! ocean1 has tak5 place s9ce ! exi/+ atolls began to be =m$4 ,9 ! abs5ce ( any evid5ce t ! sea has ev] ris5 to ! ext5t requir$ to give rise to ! encircl+ reefs & ! atolls1 ,mr4 ,d>w9 adopt$ ! opposite hypo!sis1 viz4 t ! l& has und]gone ext5sive & sl[ depression 9 ^? localities 9 :i* ^! /ructures exi/4 ,x seems1 at fir/1 a />tl+ p>adox1 to suppose t ! l& is less fix$ ?an ! sea2 b t su* is ! case is ! uni=m te/imony ( geology4 ,b$s ( s&/one or lime/one1 ?\s&s ( feet ?ick1 & all full ( m>9e rema9s1 occur 9 v>i\s p>ts ( ! e>?'s surface1 & prove1 beyond a d\bt1 t :5 ^! b$s 7 =m$1 t portion ( ! sea-bottom :i* !y !n occupi$ und]w5t a sl[ & gradual depression to a di/ance :i* _c h be5 less ?an ! ?ickness ( ^? b$s1 & may h be5 v mu* great]4 ,9 suppos+1 !re=e1 t ! great areas ( ! ,pacific & ( ! ,indian ,ocean1 ov] :i* atolls & encircl+ reefs are f\nd scatt]$1 h und]gone a depression ( "s hundr$s1 or1 x may be1 ?\s&s ( feet1 ,mr4 ,d>w9 made a supposition :i* _h no?+ =c$ or improbable1 b 0 entirely 9 accordance ) :at we "k to h tak5 place ov] simil>ly ext5sive areas1 9 o!r p]iods ( ! _w's hi/ory4 ,b ,mr4 ,d>w9 subject$ 8 hypo!sis to an +5i\s indirect te/4 ,if 8 view be correct1 x is cle> t nei!r atolls1 nor encircl+ reefs1 %\ld be f\nd 9 ^? portions ( ! ocean 9 :i* we h reason to believe1 on indep5d5t gr\nds1 t ! sea-bottom has long be5 ei!r /ation>y1 or sl[ly ris+4 ,n[ x is kn[n t1 z a g5]al rule1 ! level ( ! l& is ei!r /ation>y1 or is und]go+ a sl[ upheaval1 9 ! neighb\rhood ( active volcanoes2 &1 !re=e1 nei!r atolls nor encircl+ reefs ought to be f\nd 9 regions 9 :i* volcanoes are num]\s & active4 ,& ?is turns out to be ! case4 ,app5d$ to ,mr4 ,d>w9's great "w on coral reefs1 !re is a map on :i* atolls & encircl+ reefs are indicat$ by "o col\r1 fr++ reefs by ano!r1 & active volcanoes by a ?ird4 ,& x is at once obvi\s t ! l9es ( active volcanoes lie ar\nd ! m>g9s ( ! areas occupi$ by ! atolls & ! encircl+ reefs4 ,x is exactly z if ! upheav+ volcanic ag5cies _h lift$ up ! edges ( ^! great areas1 :ile _! c5tres _h und]gone a correspond+ depression4 ,an atoll area may1 9 %ort1 be pictur$ z a k9d ( bas91 ! m>g9s ( :i* h be5 pu%$ up by ! subt]ranean =ces1 to :i* ! crat]s ( ! volcanoes h1 at int]vals1 giv5 v5t4 ,?us we mu/ imag9e ! area ( ! ,pacific n[ cov]$ by ! ,polynesian ,ar*ipelago1 z hav+ be51 at "s =m] "t1 occupi$ by l>ge isl&s1 or1 may be1 by a great cont95t1 ) ! ord9>ily div]sifi$ surface ( pla91 & hill1 & m\nta9 *a94 ,! %ores ( ?is great l& 7 d\btless fr+$ by coral reefs2 &1 z x sl[ly und]w5t depression1 ! hilly regions1 conv]t$ into isl&s1 became1 at fir/1 surr\nd$ by fr++ reefs1 & !n1 z depression w5t on1 ^! became conv]t$ into encircl+ reefs1 & ^!1 f9ally1 into atolls1 until a maze ( reefs & coral-girdl$ islets took ! place ( ! orig9al l& masses4 ,?us ! atolls & ! encircl+ reefs furni% u ) cle>1 ?\gh indirect1 evid5ce ( *anges 9 ! physical geography ( l>ge p>ts ( ! e>?'s surface2 & ev51 z my lam5t$ fri5d1 ! late ,pr(essor ,jukes1 has sugge/$1 give u indications ( ! mann] 9 :i* "s ( ! mo/ puzzl+ facts connect$ ) ! di/ribution ( animals h be5 br\ght ab\t4 ,= example1 ,au/ralia & ,new ,gu9ea are sep>at$ by ,torres ,/raits1 a broad belt ( sea #ajj or #abj miles wide4 ,nev]!less1 !re is 9 _m respects a curi\s resemblance betwe5 ! l& animals :i* inhabit ,new ,gu9ea & ! l& animals :i* inhabit ,au/ralia4 ,b1 at ! same "t1 ! m>9e %ell-fi% :i* are f\nd 9 ! %all[ wat]s ( ! %ores ( ,new ,gu9ea1 are q diff]5t f ^? :i* are met ) ^u ! coa/s ( ,au/ralia4 ,n[1 ! ea/]n end ( ,torres ,/raits is full ( atolls1 :i*1 9 fact1 =m ! nor!rn t]m9ation ( ! ,great ,b>ri] ,reef :i* skirts ! ea/]n coa/ ( ,au/ralia4 ,x foll[s1 !re=e1 t ! ea/]n end ( ,torres ,/raits is an area ( depression1 & x is v possible1 & on _m gr\nds highly probable1 t1 9 =m] times1 ,au/ralia & ,new ,gu9ea 7 directly connect$ toge!r1 & t ,torres ,/raits did n exi/4 ,if ?is 7 ! case1 ! exi/5ce ( cass[>ies & ( m>supial quadrup$s1 bo? 9 ,new ,gu9ea & 9 ,au/ralia1 becomes intelligible2 :ile ! diff]5ce betwe5 ! littoral molluscs ( ! nor? & ! s\? %ores ( ,torres ,/raits is readily expla9$ by ! great probability t1 :5 ! depression 9 "q took place1 & :at 01 at fir/1 an arm ( ! sea became conv]t$ into a /rait sep>at+ ,au/ralia f ,new ,gu9ea1 ! nor!rn %ore ( ?is new sea became t5ant$ ) m>9e animals f ! nor?1 :ile ! s\!rn %ore 0 peopl$ by immigrants f ! already exi/+ m>9e ,au/ralian fauna4 ,inasmu* z ! gr[? ( ! reef dep5ds ^u t ( successive g5]ations ( coral polypes1 & z ea* g5]ation takes a c]ta9 "t to gr[ to its full size1 & c only sep>ate its calc>e\s skeleton f ! wat] 9 :i* x lives at a c]ta9 rate1 x is cle> t ! reefs are records n only ( *anges 9 physical geography1 b ( ! lapse ( "t4 ,x is by no means easy1 h[ev]1 to e/imate ! exact value ( reef-*ronology1 & ! attempts :i* h be5 made to det]m9e ! rate at :i* a reef gr[s v]tically1 h yield$ any?+ b precise results4 ,a cauti\s writ]1 ,mr4 ,dana1 ^: ext5sive /udy ( corals & coral reefs makes him an em95tly compet5t judge1 /ates 8 conclusion 9 ! foll[+ t]ms3-- ,! rate ( gr[? ( ! common bran*+ madrepore is n ov] "o & a half in*es a ye>4 ,z ! bran*es are op51 ?is w\ld n be equival5t to m ?an half an in* 9 height ( solid coral = ! :ole surface cov]$ by ! madrepore2 &1 z !y are also por\s1 to n ov] ?ree-eigh?s ( an in* ( solid lime/one4 ,b a coral plantation has l>ge b>e pat*es )\t corals1 & ! coral s&s are widely di/ribut$ by curr5ts1 "p ( !m to dep?s ov] "o hundr$ feet :]e !re are no liv+ corals2 n m ?an "o-six? ( ! surface ( a reef region is1 9 fact1 cov]$ ) gr[+ species4 ,?is r$uces ! ?ree-eigh?s to "o-sixte5?4 ,%ells & o!r organic relics may contribute "o-f\r? z mu* z corals4 ,at ! outside1 ! av]age upw>d increase ( ! :ole reef-gr\nd p] ye> w\ld n exce$ "o-eigh? ( an in*4 ,n[ "s reefs are at lea/ two ?\s& feet ?ick1 :i* at "o-eigh? ( an in* a ye>1 corresponds to "o hundr$ & n9ety-two ?\s& ye>s4#a ,footnote #a3 ,dana1 ,manual ( ,geology1 p4 #eia4 ,halve1 or qu>t]1 ?is e/imate if y w1 9 ord] to be c]ta9 ( err+ ^u ! "r side1 & /ill !re rema9s a prodigi\s p]iod dur+ :i* ! ance/ors ( ! exi/+ coral polypes h be5 undi/urb$ly at "w2 & dur+ :i*1 !re=e1 ! climatal conditions ov] ! coral area mu/ h be5 mu* :at !y are n[4 ,& all ?is lapse ( "t has occurr$ )9 ! mo/ rec5t p]iod ( ! hi/ory ( ! e>?4 ,! rema9s ( reefs =m$ by coral polypes ( diff]5t k9ds f ^? :i* exi/ n[1 ent] l>gely into ! composition ( ! lime/ones ( ! ,jurassic p]iod2 & /ill m widely diff]5t coral polypes h contribut$ _! quota to ! va/ ?ickness ( ! c>bonif]\s & ,devonian /rata4 ,!n z reg>ds ! latt] gr\p ( rocks 9 ,am]ica1 ! high au?ority already quot$ tells u3-- ,! ,upp] ,held]b]g p]iod is em95tly ! coral reef p]iod ( ! palaeozoic ages4 ,_m ( ! rocks ab\nd 9 coral1 & are z truly coral reefs z ! mod]n reefs ( ! ,pacific4 ,! corals are sometimes /&+ on ! rocks 9 ! position !y _h :5 gr[+3 o!rs are ly+ 9 fragm5ts1 z !y 7 brok5 & heap$ by ! waves2 & o!rs 7 r$uc$ to a compact lime/one by ! f9] trituration be=e consolidation into rock4 ,?is compact v>iety is ! mo/ common k9d among ! coral reef rocks ( ! pres5t seas2 & x (t5 conta9s b few di/9ct fossils1 al?\gh =m$ 9 wat] t ab\nd$ 9 life4 ,at ! fall ( ! ,ohio1 ne> ,l\isville1 !re is a magnific5t display ( ! old reef4 ,hemisph]ical ,favosites1 five or six feet 9 diamet]1 lie !re ne>ly z p]fect z :5 !y 7 cov]$ by _! fl[]-l polypes2 & besides ^!1 !re are v>i\s bran*+ corals1 & a pr(usion ( ,cya?ophiyllia1 or cup-corals4#a ,footnote #a3 ,dana1 ,manual ( ,geology1 p4 #bgb4 ,?us1 9 all ! great p]iods ( ! e>?'s hi/ory ( :i* we "k any?+1 a "p ( ! !n liv+ matt] has _h ! =m ( polypes1 compet5t to sep>ate f ! wat] ( ! sea ! c>bonate ( lime necess>y = _! own skeletons4 ,gra9 by gra91 & p>ticle by p>ticle1 !y h built up va/ masses ( rock1 ! ?ickness ( :i* is measur$ by hundr$s ( feet1 & _! area by ?\s&s ( squ>e miles4 ,! sl[ oscillations ( ! cru/ ( ! e>?1 produc+ great *anges 9 ! di/ribution ( l& & wat]1 h (t5 oblig$ ! liv+ matt] ( ! coral-build]s to %ift ! locality ( its op]ations2 &1 by v>iation & adaptation to ^! modifications ( condition1 its =ms h z (t5 *ang$4 ,! "w x has done 9 ! pa/ is1 = ! mo/ "p1 swept away1 b fragm5ts rema92 &1 if !re 7 no o!r evid5ce1 suffice to prove ! g5]al con/ancy ( ! op]ations ( ,nature 9 ?is _w1 ?r\gh p]iods ( almo/ inconceivable duration4 ,,vii4 ,,on ,,! ,,me?ods ,,& ,,results ,,( ,,e?nology4 ,e?onology is ! sci5ce :i* det]m9es ! di/9ctive *>act]s ( ! p]si/5t modifications ( mank9d2 :i* asc]ta9s ! di/ribution ( ^? modifications 9 pres5t & pa/ times1 & seeks to discov] ! causes1 or conditions ( exi/5ce1 bo? ( ! modifications & ( _! di/ribution4 ,i say p]si/5t modifications1 because1 unless incid5tally1 e?nology has no?+ to d ) *ance & transitory peculi>ities ( human /ructure4 ,& ,i speak ( p]si/5t modifications or /ocks r ?an ( v>ieties1 or races1 or species1 because ea* ( ^! la/ well-kn[n t]ms implies1 on ! "p ( its employ]1 a preconceiv$ op9ion t\*+ "o ( ^? problems1 ! solution ( :i* is ! ultimate object ( ! sci5ce2 & 9 reg>d to :i*1 !re=e1 e?nologi/s are especially b\nd to keep _! m9ds op5 & _! judgm5ts freely balanc$4 ,e?nology1 z ?us def9$1 is a bran* ( an?ropology1 ! great sci5ce :i* unravels ! complexities ( human /ructure2 traces out ! relations ( man to o!r animals2 /udies all t is especially human 9 ! mode 9 :i* man's complex functions are p]=m$2 & se>*es aft] ! conditions :i* h det]m9$ 8 pres5ce 9 ! _w4 ,& an?ropology is a section ( zoology1 :i* aga9 is ! animal half ( biology--! sci5ce ( life & liv+ ?+s4 ,su* is ! position ( e?nology1 su* are ! objects ( ! e?nologi/4 ,! pa?s or me?ods1 by foll[+ :i* he may hope to rea* 8 goal1 are div]se4 ,he may "w at man f ! po9t ( view ( ! pure zoologi/1 & inve/igate ! anatomical & physiological peculi>ities ( ,negroes1 ,au/ralians1 or ,mongolians1 j z he w\ld inquire into ^? ( po9t]s1 t]ri]s1 & turnspits1--p]si/5t modifications ( man's almo/ univ]sal companion4 ,or he may seek aid f rese>*es into ! mo/ human manife/ation ( humanity--language2 & assum+ t :at is true ( spee* is true ( ! speak]--a hypo!sis z que/ionable 9 sci5ce z x is 9 ord9>y life--he may apply to mank9d !mselves ! conclusions drawn f a se>*+ analysis ( _! words & grammatical =ms4 ,or1 ! e?nologi/ may turn to ! /udy ( ! practical life ( m52 & rely+ ^u ! inh]5t cons]vatism & small inv5tiv5ess ( untutor$ mank9d1 he may hope to discov] 9 mann]s & cu/oms1 or 9 weapons1 dwell+s1 & o!r h&iwork1 a clue to ! orig9 ( ! resemblances & diff]5ces ( nations4 ,or1 he may resort to t k9d ( evid5ce :i* is yield$ by hi/ory prop]1 & consi/s ( ! beliefs ( m5 conc]n+ pa/ ev5ts1 embodi$ 9 traditional1 or 9 writt51 te/imony4 ,or1 :5 t ?read breaks1 ar*aeology1 :i* is ! int]pretation ( ! unrecord$ rema9s ( man's works1 belong+ to ! epo* s9ce ! _w has rea*$ its pres5t condition1 may /ill guide him4 ,&1 :5 ev5 ! dim light ( ar*aeology fades1 !re yet rema9s paleontology1 :i*1 9 ^! latt] ye>s1 has br\ght to daylight once m ! exuvia ( anci5t populations1 ^: _w 0 n our _w1 :o h be5 buri$ 9 riv] b$s immemorially dry1 or c>ri$ by ! ru% ( wat]s into caves1 inaccessible to inundation s9ce ! dawn ( tradition4 ,along ea*1 or all1 ( ^! pa?s ! e?nologi/ may press t[>ds 8 goal2 b !y are n equally /raight1 or sure1 or easy to tread4 ,! way ( palaeontology has b j be5 laid op5 to u4 ,ar*aeological & hi/orical inve/igations are ( great value = all ^? peoples ^: anci5t /ate has diff]$ widely f _! pres5t condition1 & :o h ! good or evil =tune to possess a hi/ory4 ,b on tak+ a broad survey ( ! _w1 x is a/oni%+ h[ few nations pres5t ei!r condition4 ,respect+ five-six?s ( ! p]si/5t modifications ( mank9d1 hi/ory & ar*aeology are absolutely sil5t4 ,= half ! re/1 !y might z well be sil5t = any?+ t is to be made ( _! te/imony4 ,&1 f9ally1 :5 ! "q arises z to :at 0 ! condition ( mank9d m ?an a paltry two or ?ree ?\s& ye>s ago1 hi/ory & ar*aeology are1 = ! mo/ "p1 m]e dumb dogs4 ,:at light does ei!r ( ^! bran*es ( k ?r[ on ! pa/ ( ! man ( ! ,new ,_w1 if we except ! ,c5tral ,am]icans & ! ,p]uvians2 on t ( ! ,africans1 save ^? ( ! valley ( ! ,nile & a fr+e ( ! ,m$it]ranean2 on t ( all ! ,polynesian1 ,au/ralian1 & c5tral ,asiatic peoples1 ! =m] ( :om probably1 & ! la/ c]ta9ly1 71 at ! dawn ( hi/ory1 sub/antially :at !y are n[8 ,:ile ?ankfully accept+ :at hi/ory has to give him1 !re=e1 ! e?nologi/ mu/ n look = too mu* f h]4 ,is m to be expect$ f inquiries into ! cu/oms & h&icrafts ( m58 ,x is to be fe>$ n4 ,9 reason+ f id5tity ( cu/om to id5tity ( /ock ! difficulty always obtrudes itself1 t ! m9ds ( m5 be+ ev]y:]e simil>1 diff]+ 9 quality & quantity b n 9 k9d ( faculty1 l circum/ances mu/ t5d to produce l contrivances2 at any rate1 s long z ! ne$ to be met & conqu]$ is ( a v simple k9d4 ,t two nations use calaba%es or %ells = dr9k+-vessels1 or t !y employ spe>s1 or clubs1 or swords & axes ( /one & metal z weapons & implem5ts1 _c be reg>d$ z evid5ce t ^! two nations _h a common orig91 or ev5 t int]communication ev] took place betwe5 !m2 see+ t ! conv5i5ce ( us+ calaba%es or %ells = su* purposes1 & ! advantage ( pok+ an enemy ) a %>p /ick1 or hitt+ him ) a heavy "o1 mu/ be e>ly =c$ by nature ^u ! m9d ( ev5 ! /upide/ savage4 ,& :5 he _h f\nd out ! use ( a /ick1 he w\ld ne$ no prompt+ to discov] ! value ( a *ipp$ or wett$ /one1 or an angul> piece ( native metal1 = ! same object4 ,on ! o!r h&1 x may be d\bt$ :e!r ! *ances are n greatly aga9/ indep5d5t peoples arriv+ at ! manufacture ( a boom]ang1 or ( a b[2 :i* la/1 if "o comes to ?9k ( x1 is a r complicat$ app>atus2 & ! trac+ ( ! di/ribution ( inv5tions z complex z ^!1 & ( su* /range cu/oms z betel-*ew+ & tobacco-smok+1 may af=d valuable e?nological h9ts4 ,s9ce ! "t ( ,leibnitz1 & guid$ by su* m5 z ,humboldt1 ,abel ,remusat1 & ,klapro?1 ,philology has tak5 f> high] gr\nd4 ,?us ,pri*>d affirms t ! hi/ory ( nations1 t]m$ ,e?nology1 mu/ be ma9ly f\nd$ on ! relations ( _! languages4 ,an em95t liv+ philolog]1 ,augu/ ,s*lei*]1 9 a rec5t essay1 puts =w>d ! claims ( 8 sci5ce /ill m =cibly3-- ,if1 h[ev]1 language is ! human ,greek3 kat ezo*hn1 ! sugge/ion arises :e!r x %\ld n =m ! basis ( any sci5tific sy/ematic arrangem5t ( mank9d2 :e!r ! f\ndation ( ! natural classification ( ! g5us ,homo has n be5 discov]$ 9 x4 ,h[ little con/ant are cranial peculi>ities & o!r s-call$ race *>act]s6 ,language1 on ! o!r h&1 is always a p]fectly con/ant diagno/ic4 ,a ,g]man may occasionally compete 9 hair & progna?ism ) a negro1 b a negro language w nev] be 8 "m tongue4 ,( h[ little importance = mank9d ! s-call$ race *>act]s are1 is %[n by ! fact t speak]s ( languages belong+ to "o & ! same l+ui/ic family may exhibit ! peculi>ities ( v>i\s races4 ,?us ! settl$ ,osmanli ,turk exhibits ,caucasian *>act]s1 :ile o!r s-call$ ,t>t>ic ,turks exemplify ! ,mongol type4 ,on ! o!r h&1 ! ,magy> & ! ,basque d n dep>t 9 any ess5tial physical peculi>ity f ! ,indo-,g]mans1 :il/ ! ,magy>1 ,basque1 & ,indo-,g]manic tongues are widely diff]5t4 ,ap>t f _! incon/ancy1 aga91 ! s-call$ race *>act]s c h>dly yield a sci5tifically natural sy/em4 ,languages1 on ! o!r h&1 readily fall into a natural arrangem5t1 l t ( :i* o!r vital products are susceptible1 especially :5 view$ f _! morphological side4444 ,! ext]nally visible /ructure ( ! c]ebral & facial skeletons1 & ( ! body g5]ally1 is less important ?an t no less mat]ial b inf9itely m delicate corporeal /ructure1 ! function ( :i* is spee*4 ,i conceive1 !re=e1 t ! natural classification ( languages is also ! natural classification ( mank9d4 ,) language1 moreov]1 all ! high] manife/ations ( man's vital activity are closely int]wov51 s t ^! receive due recognition 9 & by t ( spee*4#a ,footnote #a3 ,augu/ ,s*lei*]4 ,ueb] die ,b$eutung d] ,spra*e fr die ,naturges*i*te des ,m5s*51 pp4 #af-ah4 ,weim>1 #aheh4 ,)\t ! lea/ desire to depreciate ! value ( philology z an adjuvant to e?nology1 ,i mu/ v5ture to d\bt1 ) ,rudolphi1 ,desm\l9s1 ,crawfurd1 & o!rs1 its title to ! lead+ position claim$ = x by ! writ]s :om ,i h j quot$4 ,on ! contr>y1 x seems to me obvi\s t1 ?\gh1 9 ! abs5ce ( any evid5ce to ! contr>y1 unity ( languages may af=d a c]ta9 presumption 9 fav\r ( ! unity ( /ock ( ! peoples speak+ ^? languages1 x _c be held to prove t unity ( /ock1 unless philolog]s are prep>$ to demon/rate1 t no nation c lose its language & acquire t ( a di/9ct nation1 )\t a *ange ( blood correspond+ ) ! *ange ( language4 ,desm\l9s long ago put ?is argum5t exce$+ly well3-- ,let u imag9e ! recurr5ce ( "o ( ^? sl[1 or sudd51 political revolutions1 or say ( ^? secul> *anges :i* among diff]5t p & at diff]5t epo*s h annihilat$ hi/orical monum5ts & ev5 ext+ui%$ tradition4 ,9 t case1 ! evid5ce1 n[ s cle>1 t ! negroes ( ,hayti 7 slaves import$ by a ,fr5* colony1 :o1 by ! v effect ( ! subord9ation involv$ 9 slav]y1 lo/ _! own div]se languages & adopt$ t ( _! ma/]s1 w\ld vani%4 ,& metaphysical philosoph]s1 obs]v+ ! id5tity ( ,haytian ,fr5* ) t spok5 on ! %ores ( ! ,se9e & ! ,loire1 w\ld argue t ! m5 ( ,/4 ,dom+o ) woolly heads1 black & oily sk9s1 small calves1 & slightly b5t knees1 are ( ! same race1 desc5d$ f ! same p>5tal /ock1 z ! ,fr5*m5 ) silky br[n1 *e/nut1 or fair hair1 & :ite sk9s4 ,= !y w\ld say1 _! languages are m simil> ?an ,fr5* is to ,g]man or ,spani%4#a ,footnote #a3 ,desm\l9s1 ,hi/oire ,naturelle des ,races ,huma9es1 p4 #cde4 #ahbf4 ,x mu/ n be imag9$ t ! case put by ,desm\l9s is a m]ely hypo!tical "o4 ,ev5ts precisely simil> to ! transport ( a body ( ,africans to ! ,we/ ,india ,isl&s1 inde$1 _c h happ5$ among unciviliz$ races1 b simil> results h foll[$ ! importation ( bodies ( conqu]ors among an enslav$ p ov] & ov] aga94 ,!re is h>dly a c\ntry 9 ,europe 9 :i* two or m nations speak+ widely diff]5t tongues h n become int]mix$2 & !re is h>dly a language ( ,europe ( :i* we h any "r to ?9k t its /ructure af=ds a j indication ( ! am\nt ( t int]mixture4 ,z ,dr4 ,la?am has well said3-- ,x is c]ta9 t ! language ( ,engl& is ( ,anglo-,saxon orig91 & t ! rema9s ( ! orig9al ,keltic are unimportant4 ,x is by no means s c]ta9 t ! blood ( ,engli%m5 is equally ,g]manic4 ,a va/ am\nt ( ,kelticism1 n f\nd 9 our tongue1 v probably exi/s 9 our p$igrees4 ,! e?nology ( ,france is /ill m complicat$4 ,_m writ]s make ! ,p>isian a ,roman on ! /r5g? ( 8 language2 :il/ o!rs make him a ,kelt on ! /r5g? ( c]ta9 moral *>act]i/ics1 comb9$ ) ! previ\s ,kelticism ( ! orig9al ,gauls4 ,spani% & ,portuguese1 z languages1 are d]ivations f ! ,lat92 ,spa9 & ,portugal1 z c\ntries1 are ,ib]ic1 ,lat91 ,go?ic1 & ,arab1 9 diff]5t proportions4 ,italian is mod]n ,lat9 all ! _w ov]2 yet surely !re mu/ be mu* ,keltic blood 9 ,lomb>dy1 & mu* ,etruscan int]mixture 9 ,tuscany4 ,9 ! n9? c5tury e man betwe5 ! ,elbe & ! ,niem5 spoke "s ,slavonic dialect2 !y n[ ne>ly all speak ,g]man4 ,surely ! blood is less exclusively ,go?ic ?an ! spee*4#a ,footnote #a3 ,la?am1 ,man & 8 ,migrations1 p4 #aga4 ,9 o!r words1 :at philolog]1 if he _h no?+ b ! vocabul>y & gramm> ( ! ,fr5* & ,engli% languages to guide him1 w\ld dream ( ! real causes ( ! unlik5ess ( a ,norman to a ,prov5al1 ( an ,orcadian to a ,corni%man8 ,h[ readily might he be l$ to suppose t ! diff]5t climatal conditions to :i* ^! speak]s ( "o tongue h s long be5 expos$1 h caus$ _! physical diff]5ces2 & h[ little w\ld he suspect t ^! are due 7z we happ5 to "k !y are7 to wide diff]5ces ( blood4 ,few take duly into acc\nt ! evid5ce :i* exi/s z to ! ease ) :i* unlett]$ savages ga9 or lose a language4 ,capta9 ,ersk9e1 9 8 int]e/+ ,j\rnal ( a ,cruise among ! ,isl&s ( ! ,we/]n ,pacific1 especially rem>ks ^u ! avidity ) :i* ! inhabitants ( ! polyglot isl&s ( ,melanesia1 f ,new ,cal$onia to ! ,solomon ,isl&s1 adopt ! improvem5ts ( a m p]fect language ?an _! own1 :i* diff]5t causes & accid5tal communication /ill cont9ue to br+ to !m2 & he adds t among ! ,melanesian isl&s sc>cely "o 0 f\nd by u :i* did n possess1 9 "s cases /ill imp]fectly1 ! decimal sy/em ( num]ation 9 addition to _! own1 9 :i* !y reckon only to five4 ,yet h[ mu* philological reason+ 9 fav\r ( ! aff9ity or div]sity ( two di/9ct peoples has be5 bas$ on ! m]e comp>ison ( num]als6 ,b ! mo/ in/ructive example ( ! fallacy :i* may atta* to m]ely philological reason+s1 is t af=d$ by ! ,feejeans1 :o are1 physically1 s intimately connect$ ) ! adjac5t ,negritos ( ,new ,cal$onia1 c41 t no "o c d\bt to :at /ock !y belong1 & :o yet1 9 ! =m & sub/ance ( _! language1 are ,polynesian4 ,! case is z rem>kable z if ! ,can>y ,isl&s %\ld h be5 f\nd to be inhabit$ by negroes speak+ ,arabic1 or "s o!r cle>ly ,semitic dialect1 z _! "m tongue4 ,z x happ5s1 ! physical peculi>ities ( ! ,feejeans are s /rik+1 & ! conditions "u :i* !y live are s simil> to ^? ( ! ,polynesians1 t no "o has v5tur$ to sugge/ t !y are m]ely modifi$ ,polynesians--a sugge/ion :i* c\ld o!rwise c]ta9ly h be5 made4 ,b if languages may be ?us transf]r$ f "o /ock to ano!r1 )\t any correspond+ int]mixture ( blood1 :at e?nological value has philology8--:at security does unity ( language af=d u t ! speak]s ( t language may n h sprung f two1 or ?ree1 or a doz51 di/9ct s\rces8 ,?us we come1 at la/1 to ! purely zoological me?od1 f :i* x is n unnatural to expect m ?an f any o!r1 see+ t1 aft] all1 ! problems ( e?nology are simply ^? :i* are pres5t$ to ! zoologi/ by e widely di/ribut$ animal he /udies4 ,! fa!r ( mod]n zoology seems to h _h no d\bt ^u ?is po9t4 ,at ! tw5ty-eigh? page ( ! /&>d twelf? edition ( ! ,sy/ema ,naturae1 9 fact1 we f9d3-- ,i4 ,,primates4 ,d5tes primores incisores3 sup]iores ,,iv4 p>alleli1 mammae pectorales ,,ii4 #a4 ,,homo4 ,nosce te ipsum4 ,sapi5s4 #a4 ,h4 diurnus3 v>ians cultura1 loco4 ,f]us4 ,tetrapus1 mutus1 hirsutus4 99 99 99 99 99 ,am]icanus ,greek3 a4 ,rufus1 *ol]icus1 rectus--,pilis nigris1 rectis1 crassis--,n>ibus patulis--,facie ephelitica3 ,m5to subimb]bi4 ,p]t9ax1 cont5tus1 lib]4 ,p+it se l9eis da$aleis rubris4 ,regitur ,consuetud9e4 ,europaeus ,greek3 b4 ,albus saugu9eus torosus4 ,pilis flavesc5tibus1 prolixis4 ,oculis ca]uleis4 ,levis1 argutus1 inv5tor4 ,tegitur ,ve/im5tis arctis4 ,regitur ,ritibus4 ,asiaticus ,greek3 g4 ,luridus1 melan*olicus1 rigidus4 ,pilis nigricantibus4 ,oculis fuscis4 ,sev]us1 fa/uosus1 av>us4 ,tegitur ,indum5tis laxis4 ,regitur ,op9ionibus4 ,af] ,greek3 d4 ,nig]1 phlegmaticus1 laxus4 ,pilis atris1 contortuplicatis4 ,cute holos]icea4 ,naso simo4 ,labiis tumidis4 ,fem9is s9us pudoris4 ,mammae lactantes prolixae4 ,vaf]1 segnis1 neglig5s4 ,ungit se p+ui4 ,regitur ,arbitrio4 ,mon/rosus ,greek3 e4 ,solo 7a7 et arte 7b c7 v>iat43 a4 ,alp9i p>vi1 agiles1 timidi4 ,patagonici magni1 segnes4 b4 ,monor*ides ut m9us f]tiles3 ,hott5totti4 ,junceae puellae1 abdom9e att5uato3 ,europoeae4 c4 ,macrocephali capiti conico3 ,*95ses4 ,plagiocephali capite antice compresso3 ,canad5ses4 ,turn a few pages fur!r on 9 ! same volume1 & !re appe>s1 ) a f9e imp>tiality 9 ! di/ribution ( capitals & sub-divisional head+s3-- ,,iii4 ,,f]ae4 ,d5tes primores sup]iores sex1 acutiusculi4 ,can9i solit>ii4 99 99 99 99 99 #ab4 ,,canis4 ,d5tes primores sup]iores ,,vi43 lat]ales longiores di/antes3 int]m$ii lobati4 ,inf]iores ,,vi43 lat]ales lobati4 ,lani>ii solit>ii1 incurvati4 ,mol>es ,,vi4 s4 ,,vii4 7pluresve quam 9 reliquis74 famili>is ,greek3 i4 ,c4 cauda 7s9i/rorsum7 recurvata4444 dome/icus ,greek3 a4 auriculis erectis1 cauda subtus lanata4 sagax ,greek3 b4 auriculis p5dulis1 digito spurio ad tibias po/icas4 grajus ,greek3 g4 magnitud9e lupi1 trunco curvato1 ro/ro att5uato1 c4 c4 ,l9naeus' def9ition ( :at he consid]s to be m]e v>ieties ( ! species ,man are1 x w be obs]v$1 z completely free f any allusion to l+ui/ic peculi>ities z ^? brief & pregnant s5t5ces 9 :i* he sket*es ! *>act]s ( ! v>ieties ( ! species ,dog4 ,pilis nigris1 n>ibus patulis may be set aga9/ auriculis erectis1 cauda subtus lanata2 :ile ! rem>ks on ! morals & mann]s ( ! human subject seem z if !y 7 ?r[n 9 m]ely by way ( makeweight4 ,buffon1 ,blum5ba* 7! f\nd] ( e?nology z a special sci5ce71 ,rudolphi1 ,bory de ,/4 ,v9c5t1 ,desm\l9s1 ,cuvi]1 ,retzius1 inde$ ,i may say all ! naturali/s prop]1 h dealt ) man f a no less completely zoological po9t ( view2 :ile1 z might h be5 expect$1 ^? :o h be5 lea/ naturali/s1 & mo/ l+ui/s1 h mo/ neglect$ ! zoological me?od1 ! neglect culm9at+ 9 ^? :o h be5 altoge!r devoid ( acqua9tance ) anatomy4 ,pri*>d's proposition1 t language is m p]si/5t ?an physical *>act]s1 is "o :i* has nev] be5 prov$1 & inde$ admits ( no pro(1 see+ t ! records ( language d n ext5d s f> z ^? ( physical *>act]s4 ,b1 until ! sup]ior t5acity ( l+ui/ic ov] physical peculi>ities is %[n1 & until ! abundant evid5ce :i* exi/s1 t ! language ( a p may *ange )\t correspond+ physical *ange 9 t p1 is %[n to be valueless1 x is pla9 t ! zoological c\rt ( appeal is ! highe/ = ! e?nologi/1 & t no evid5ce c be set aga9/ t d]iv$ f physical *>act]s4 ,:at1 !n1 w a new survey ( mank9d f ! ,l9naean po9t ( view tea* u8 ,! great antipodal block ( l& we call ,au/ralia has1 speak+ r\ghly1 ! =m ( a va/ quadrangle1 #b1jjj miles on ! side1 & ext5ds f ! hotte/ tropical1 to ! middle ( ! temp]ate1 zone4 ,sett+ aside ! =eign coloni/s introduc$ )9 ! la/ c5tury1 x is inhabit$ by p no less rem>kable = ! uni=mity1 ?an = ! s+ul>ity1 ( _! physical *>act]s & social /ate4 ,= ! mo/ "p ( fair /ature1 erect & well built1 except = an unusual sl5d]ness ( ! l[] limbs1 ! ,,au/ralians h d>k1 usually *ocolate-col\r$ sk9s2 f9e d>k wavy hair2 d>k eyes1 ov]hung by beetle br[s2 co>se1 project+ jaws2 broad & dilat$1 b n especially flatt5$1 noses2 & lips :i*1 ?\gh prom95t1 are em95tly flexible4 ,! skulls ( ^! p are always long & n>r[1 ) a small] developm5t ( ! frontal s9uses ?an usually corresponds ) su* l>gely develop$ br[ ridges4 ,an ,au/ralian skull ( a r\nd =m1 or "o ! transv]se diamet] ( :i* exce$s eight-t5?s ( its l5g?1 has nev] be5 se54 ,^! p1 9 a ^w1 are em95tly doli*ocephalic1 or long-head$2 b1 ) ?is "o limitation1 _! crania pres5t consid]able v>iations1 "s be+ comp>atively high & ar*$1 :ile o!rs are m rem>kably depress$ ?an almo/ any o!r human skulls4 ,! female pelvis diff]s comp>atively little f ! ,european2 b 9 ! pelves ( male ,au/ralians :i* ,i h exam9$1 ! ant]o-po/]ior & transv]se diamet]s approa* equality m ne>ly ?an is ! case 9 ,europeans4 ,no ,au/ralian tribe has ev] be5 kn[n to cultivate ! gr\nd1 to use metals1 pott]y1 or any k9d ( textile fabric4 ,!y r>ely con/ruct huts4 ,_! means ( navigation are limit$ to rafts or canoes1 made ( %eets ( b>k4 ,clo?+1 except sk9 cloaks = protection f cold1 is a sup]fluity ) :i* !y disp5se2 & ?\gh !y h "s s+ul> weapons1 almo/ peculi> to !mselves1 !y are :olly unacqua9t$ ) b[s & arr[s4 ,x is b a /ep1 z x 71 across ,bass's ,/raits to ,tasmania4 ,nei!r climate nor ! *>act]i/ic =ms ( vegetable or animal life *ange l>gely on ! s\? side ( ! ,/raits1 b ! e>ly voyag]s f\nd ,man s+ul>ly diff]5t f him on ! nor? side4 ,! sk9 ( ! ,tasmanian 0 d>k1 ?\gh he liv$ betwe5 p>allels ( latitude correspond+ ) ^? ( middle ,europe 9 our own hemisph]e2 8 jaws project$1 8 head 0 long & n>r[2 8 civilization 0 ab\t on a foot+ ) t ( ! ,au/ralian1 if n l[]1 = ,i _c discov] t ! ,tasmanian und]/ood ! use ( ! ?r[+-/ick4 ,b he diff]$ f ! ,au/ralian 9 8 woolly1 negro-l hair1 :5ce ! "n ( ,,negrito1 :i* has be5 appli$ to him & 8 cong5]s4 ,su* ,negritos--diff]+ m or less f ! ,tasmanian1 b agree+ ) him 9 d>k sk9 & woolly hair--occupy ,new ,cal$onia1 ! ,new ,hebrides1 ! ,l\isiade ,ar*ipelago2 & /ret*+ to ! ,papuan ,isl&s1 & = a d\btful ext5t beyond !m to ! nor? & we/1 =m a sort ( belt1 or zone1 ( ,negrito population1 int]pos$ betwe5 ! ,au/ralians on ! we/ & ! inhabitants ( ! great majority ( ! ,pacific isl&s on ! ea/4 ,! cranial *>act]s ( ! ,negritos v>y consid]ably m ?an ^? ( _! sk9 & hair1 ! mo/ notable circum/ance be+ ! /rong ,au/ralian aspect :i* di/+ui%es _m ,negrito skulls1 :ile o!rs t5d r t[>ds =ms common 9 ! ,polynesian isl&s4 ,9 civilization1 ,new ,cal$onia exhibits an advance ^u ,tasmania1 &1 f>!r nor?1 !re is a /ill great] improvem5t4 ,b ! b[s & arr[s1 ! p]*$ h\ses1 ! outrigg] canoes1 ! habits ( betel-*ew+ & ( kawa-dr9k+1 :i* ab\nd m or less among ! nor!rn ,negritos1 are probably to be reg>d$ n z ! products ( an indig5\s civilization1 b m]ely z indications ( ! ext5t to :i* =eign influ5ces h modifi$ ! primitive social /ate ( ^! p4 ,f ,tasmania or ,new ,cal$onia1 to ,new ,zeal& or ,tongataboo1 is aga9 b a brief voyage2 b x br+s ab\t a /ill m notable *ange 9 ! aspect ( ! indig5\s population ?an t effect$ by ! passage ( ,bass's ,/raits4 ,in/ead ( be+ *ocolate-col\r$ p1 ! ,maories & ,tongans are light br[n2 in/ead ( woolly1 !y h /raight1 or wavy1 black hair4 ,& if f ,new ,zeal&1 we travel "s #e1jjj miles ea/ to ,ea/] ,isl&2 & f ,ea/] ,isl&1 = z great a di/ance nor?-we/1 to ! ,s&wi* ,isl&s2 & !nce #g1jjj miles1 we/w>d & s\?w>d1 to ,sumatra2 & ev5 across ! ,indian ,ocean1 into ! int]ior ( ,madagasc>1 we %all ev]y:]e meet ) p ^: hair is /raight or wavy1 & ^: sk9s exhibit v>i\s %ades ( br[n4 ,^! are ! ,polynesians1 ,micronesians1 ,indonesians1 :om ,la?am has gr\p$ toge!r "u ! common title ( ,,amph9esians4 ,! cranial *>act]s ( ^! p1 z ( ! ,negritos1 are less con/ant ?an ^? ( _! sk9 & hair4 ,! ,maori has a long skull2 ! ,s&wi* ,isl&] a broad skull4 ,"s1 l ^!1 h /rong br[ ridges2 o!rs1 l ! ,dayaks & _m ,polynesians1 h h>dly any nasal ind5tation4 ,x is only 9 ! we/]nmo/ p>ts ( _! area t ! ,amph9esian nations "k any?+ ab\t b[s & arr[s z weapons1 or are acqua9t$ ) ! use ( metals or ) pott]y4 ,ev]y:]e !y cultivate ! gr\nd1 con/ruct h\ses1 & skilfully build & manage outrigg]1 or d\ble1 canoes2 :ile1 almo/ ev]y:]e1 !y use "s k9d ( fabric = clo?+4 ,betwe5 ,ea/] ,isl&1 or ! ,s&wi* ,isl&s1 & any "p ( ! ,am]ican coa/ is a mu* wid] int]val ?an t betwe5 ,tasmania & ,new ,zeal&1 b ! e?nological int]val betwe5 ! ,am]ican & ! ,polynesian is less ?an t betwe5 ei!r ( ! previ\sly nam$ /ocks4 ,! typical ,,am]ican has /raight black hair & d>k eyes1 8 sk9 exhibit+ v>i\s %ades ( r$di% or yell[i% br[n1 sometimes incl9+ to olive4 ,! face is broad & scantily be>d$2 ! skull wide & high4 ,su* p ext5d f ,patagonia to ,mexico1 & mu* f>!r nor? along ! we/ coa/4 ,9 ! ma9 a race ( hunt]s1 !y _h nev]!less1 at ! "t ( ! discov]y ( ! ,am]icas1 atta9$ a rem>kable degree ( civilization 9 "s localities4 ,!y _h dome/icat$ rum9ants1 & n only practis$ agriculture1 b _h le>n$ ! value ( irrigation4 ,!y manufactur$ textile fabrics1 7 ma/]s ( ! pott]'s art1 & knew h[ to erect massive build+s ( /one4 ,!y und]/ood ! work+ ( ! preci\s1 ?\gh n ( ! useful1 metals2 & _h ev5 atta9$ to a rude k9d ( hi]oglyphic1 or picture1 writ+4 ,! ,am]icans n only employ ! b[ & arr[1 b1 l "s ,amph9esians1 ! bl[-pipe1 z (f5sive weapons3 b ,i am n aw>e t ! outrigg] canoe has ev] be5 obs]v$ among !m4 ,i h reason to suspect t "s ( ! ,fuegian tribes diff] cranially f ! typical ,am]icans2 & ! ,nor!rn & ,ea/]n ,am]ican tribes h long] skulls ?an _! ,s\!rn compatriots4 ,b ! ,,esquimaux1 :o roam on ! desolate & ice-b\nd coa/s ( ,arctic ,am]ica1 c]ta9ly pres5t u ) a new /ock4 ,! ,esquimaux 7among :om ! ,gre5l&]s are includ$71 9 fact1 ?\gh !y %>e ! /raight black hair ( ! prop] ,am]icans1 are a dull] complexion$1 %ort]1 & m squat p1 & !y h /ill m prom95t *eek-bones4 ,b ! circum/ance :i* mo/ completely sep>ates !m f ! typical ,am]icans1 is ! =m ( _! skulls1 :i* in/ead ( be+ broad1 high1 & truncat$ beh9d1 are em95tly long1 usually l[1 & prolong$ backw>ds4 ,^! ,hyp]borean p clo! !mselves 9 sk9s1 "k no?+ ( pott]y1 & h>dly any?+ ( metals4 ,dep5d5t = exi/5ce ^u ! produce ( ! *ase1 ! seal & ! :ale are to !m :at ! cocoa-nut tree & ! planta9 are to ! savages ( m g5ial climates4 ,n only are ^? animals meat & raim5t1 b !y are canoes1 sl$ges1 weapons1 tools1 w9d[s1 & fire2 :ile !y support ! dog1 :o is ! indisp5sable ally & bea/ ( burd5 ( ! ,esquimaux4 ,x is admitt$ t ! ,t*ukt*i1 on ! ea/]n side ( ,behr+'s ,/raits1 are1 9 all ess5tial respects1 ,esquimaux2 & ,i d n "k t !re is any satisfactory evid5ce to %[ t ! ,tunguses & ,samoi$es d n ess5tially %>e ! physical *>act]s ( ! same p4 ,s\?w>d1 !re are indications ( ,esquimaux *>act]s among ! ,japanese1 & x is possible t _! influ5ce may be trac$ yet fur!r4 ,h[ev] ?is may be1 ,ea/]n ,asia1 f ,mant*\ria to ,siam1 ,?ibet1 & ,nor!rn ,h9do/an1 is cont9u\sly inhabit$ by m51 usually ( %ort /ature1 ) sk9s v>y+ 9 col\r f yell[ to olive2 ) broad *eek-bones & faces t1 ow+ to ! insignificance ( ! nose1 are exce$+ly flat2 & ) small1 obliquely-set1 black eyes & /raight black hair1 :i* sometimes atta9s a v great l5g? ^u ! scalp1 b is always scanty ^u ! face & body4 ,! skull is nev] mu* elongat$1 & is1 g5]ally1 rem>kably broad & r\nd$1 ) h>dly any nasal depression1 & b slight1 if any1 projection ( ! jaws4 ,_m ( ^! p1 = :om ! old "n ( ,,mongolians may be reta9$1 are nomades2 o!rs1 z ! ,*9ese1 h atta9$ a rem>kable & app>5tly indig5\s civilization1 only surpass$ by t ( ,europe4 ,at ! nor?-we/]n extremity ( ,europe ! ,lapps repeat ! *>act]s ( ! ,ea/]n ,asiatics4 ,betwe5 ^! extreme po9ts1 ! ,mongolian /ock is n cont9u\s1 b is repres5t$ by a *a9 ( m or less isolat$ tribes1 :o pass "u ! "n ( ,calmucks & ,t>t>s1 & =m ,mongolian isl&s1 z x 71 9 ! mid/ ( an ocean ( o!r p4 ,! waves ( ?is ocean are ! nations = :om1 9 ord] to avoid ! endless confusion produc$ by our pres5t half-physical1 half-philological classification1 ,i %all use a new "n--,,xan?o*roi--indicat+ t !y are yell[ hair$ & pale 9 complexion4 ,! ,*9ese hi/orians ( ! ,han dyna/y1 writ+ 9 ! ?ird c5tury be=e our era1 describe1 ) mu* m9ut5ess1 c]ta9 num]\s & p[]ful b>b>ians ) yell[ hair1 gre5 eyes1 & prom95t noses1 :o1 ! black-hair$1 skew-ey$1 & flat-nos$ annali/s rem>k 9 pass+1 are j l ! apes f :om !y are desc5d$4 ,^! p held1 9 =ce1 ! upp] wat]s ( ! ,y5isei1 & !nce "u v>i\s names /ret*$ s\?w>d to ,?ibet & ,ka%g>4 ,fair-hair$ & blue-ey$ nor!rn enemies 7 no less kn[n to ! anci5t ,h9doos1 to ! ,p]sians1 & to ! ,egyptians1 on ! s\? ( ! great c5tral ,asiatic area2 :ile ! te/imony ( all ,european antiquity is to ! effect t1 be=e & s9ce ! p]iod 9 "q1 !re lay beyond ! ,danube1 ! ,rh9e1 & ! ,se9e1 a va/ & dang]\s yell[ or r$ hair$1 fair-sk9n$1 blue-ey$ population4 ,:e!r ! di/urb]s ( ! m>*es ( ! ,roman ,empire 7 call$ ,gauls or ,g]mans1 ,go?s1 ,alans1 or ,scy?ians1 "o ?+ seems c]ta91 t until ! invasion ( ! ,huns1 !y 7 tall1 fair1 blue-ey$ m54 ,if any "o %\ld ?9k fit to assume t 9 ! ye> #ajj ,b4,c41 !re 0 "o cont9u\s ,xan?o*roic population f ! ,rh9e to ! ,y5isei1 & f ! ,ural m\nta9s to ! ,h9doo ,koo%1 ,i "k n t any evid5ce exi/s by :i* t position c\ld be upset1 :ile ! exi/+ /ate ( ?+s is r 9 its fav\r ?an o!rwise4 ,= ! ,sc&9avians1 :olly1 ! ,g]mans to a great ext5t1 ! ,slavonian & ! ,f9ni% tribes1 "s ( ! inhabitants ( ,greece1 _m ,turks1 "s ,kirghis1 & "s ,mant*\s1 ! ,ossetes 9 ! ,caucasus1 ! ,siahpo%1 ! ,rohillas1 are at ! pres5t day fair1 yell[ or r$ hair$1 & blue-ey$2 & ! int]polation ( tribes ( ,mongolian hair & complexion1 z f> we/ z ! ,caspian ,/eppes & ! ,crimea1 might ju/ly be acc\nt$ = by ^? subsequ5t we/w>d irruptions ( ! ,mongolian /ock1 ( :i* hi/ory furni%es abundant te/imony4 ,! fur!rmo/ limit ( ! ,xan?o*roi nor?-we/w>d is ,icel& & ! ,briti% ,isles2 s\?-we/w>d1 !y are traceable at int]vals ?r\gh ! ,b]b] c\ntry1 & end 9 ! ,can>y ,isl&s4 ,! cranial *>act]s ( ! ,xan?o*roi are n1 at pres5t1 /rictly def9able4 ,! ,sc&9avians are c]ta9ly long-head$2 b _m ,g]mans1 ! ,swiss s f> z !y are ,g]maniz$1 ! ,slavonians1 ! ,f9s1 & ! ,turks1 are %ort-head$4 ,:at 7 ! cranial *>act]s ( ! anci5t ,u-suns & ,t+-l+s ( ! valley ( ! ,y5isei is unkn[n4 ,we/ ( ! area occupi$ by ! *ief mass ( ! ,xan?o*roi1 & nor? ( ! ,sah>a1 is a broad belt ( l&1 %ap$ l a ,y4 ,betwe5 ! =ks ( ! ,y lies ! ,m$it]ranean2 ! /em ( x is ,arabia4 ,! /em is ba!d by ! ,indian ,ocean1 ! we/]n ends ( ! =ks by ! ,atlantic4 ,! p inhabit+ ! area ?us r\ghly sket*$ h1 l ! ,xan?o*roi1 prom95t noses1 pale sk9s & wavy hair1 ) abundant be>ds2 b1 unlike !m1 ! hair is black or d>k1 & ! eyes usually s4 ,!y may !nce be call$ ! ,,melano*roi4 ,su* p are f\nd 9 ! ,briti% ,isl&s1 9 ,we/]n & ,s\!rn ,gaul1 9 ,spa91 9 ,italy s\? ( ! ,po1 9 p>ts ( ,greece1 9 ,syria & ,arabia1 /ret*+ z f> nor?w>d & ea/w>d z ! ,caucasus & ,p]sia4 ,!y are ! *ief inhabitants ( ,africa nor? ( ! ,sah>a1 &1 l ! ,xan?o*roi1 !y end 9 ! ,can>y ,isl&s4 ,!y are kn[n z ,kelts1 ,ib]ians1 ,etruscans1 ,romans1 ,pelasgians1 ,b]b]s1 ,semites4 ,! majority ( !m are long-head$1 & ( small] /ature ?an ! ,xan?o*roi4 ,x is ne$less to rem>k ^u ! civilization ( ^! two great /ocks4 ,) !m has orig9at$ ev]y?+ t is highe/ 9 sci5ce1 9 art1 9 law1 9 politics1 & 9 me*anical inv5tions4 ,9 _! h&s1 at ! pres5t mom5t1 lies ! ord] ( ! social _w1 & to !m its progress is committ$4 ,s\? ( ! ,atlas1 & ( ! ,great ,des]t1 ,middle ,africa exhibits a new type ( humanity 9 ! ,,negro1 ) 8 d>k sk91 woolly hair1 project+ jaws1 & ?ick lips4 ,z a rule1 ! skull ( ! ,negro is rem>kably long2 x r>ely approa*es ! broad type1 & nev] exhibits ! r\ndness ( ! ,mongolian4 ,a cultivator ( ! gr\nd1 & dwell+ 9 villages2 a mak] ( pott]y1 & a work] 9 ! useful z well z ! ornam5tal metals2 employ+ ! b[ & arr[ z well z ! spe>1 ! typical negro /&s high 9 po9t ( civilization above ! ,au/ralian4 ,resembl+ ! ,negroes 9 cranial *>act]s1 ! ,,bu%m5 ( ,s\? ,africa diff] f !m 9 _! yell[i% br[n sk9s1 _! tuft$ hair1 _! rem>kably small /ature1 & _! t5d5cy to fatty & o!r integum5t>y outgr[?s2 nor is ! wond]ful click ) :i* _! spee* is int]sp]s$ to be ov]look$ 9 enum]at+ ! physical *>act]i/ics ( ?is /range p4 ,! s-call$ ,drawidian populations ( ,s\!rn ,h9do/an lead u back1 physically z well z geographically1 t[>ds ! ,au/ralians2 :ile ! dim9utive ,,m9copies ( ! ,&aman ,isl&s lie midway betwe5 ! ,negro & ,negrito races1 &1 z ,mr4 ,busk has po9t$ out1 occasionally pres5t ! r>e comb9ation ( ,bra*ycephaly1 or %ort-head$ness1 ) woolly hair4 ,9 ! prec$+ progress along ! outskirts ( ! habitable _w1 elev5 readily di/+ui%able /ocks1 or p]si/5t modifications1 ( mank9d1 h be5 recogniz$4 ,i h purposely omitt$ su* p z ! ,abyss9ians & ! ,h9doos1 :o !re is e reason to believe result f ! int]mixture ( di/9ct /ocks4 ,p]haps ,i ought1 = l reasons1 to h ignor$ ! ,m9copies4 ,b ,i d n pret5d t my enum]ation is complete or1 9 any s5se1 p]fect4 ,x is en\gh = my purpose if x be admitt$ 7& ,i ?9k x _c be d5i$7 t ^? :i* ,i h m5tion$ exi/1 are well m>k$1 & occupy ! great] "p ( ! habitable globe4 ,9 attempt+ to classify ^! p]si/5t modifications aft] ! mann] ( naturali/s1 ! fir/ circum/ance t attracts "o's att5tion is ! broad contra/ betwe5 ! p ) /raight & wavy hair1 & ^? ) crisp1 woolly1 or tuft$ hair4 ,bory de ,/4 ,v9c5t1 not+ ?is fundam5tal di/9ction1 divid$ mank9d accord+ly into ! two prim>y gr\ps ( ,leiotri*i & ,ulotri*i1--t]ms :i* are op5 to criticism1 b :i* ,i adopt 9 ! accompany+ table1 because !y h be5 us$4 ,x is bett] = sci5ce to accept a faulty "n :i* has ! m]it ( exi/5ce1 ?an to bur!n x ) a faultless newly inv5t$ "o4 ,"u ea* ( ^! divisions are two columns1 "o = ! ,bra*ycephali1 or %ort heads1 & "o = ! ,doli*ocephali#a1 or long heads4 ,aga91 ea* column is subdivid$ transv]sely into f\r comp>tm5ts1 "o = ! leuc\s1 p ) fair complexions & yell[ or r$ hair2 "o = ! leucomelan\s1 ) d>k hair & pale sk9s2 "o = ! xan?omelan\s1 ) black hair & yell[1 br[n1 or olive sk9s2 & "o = ! melan\s1 ) black hair & d>k br[n or blacki% sk9s4 ,footnote #a3 ,skulls1 ! transv]se diamet] ( :i* is m ?an eight-t5?s ! long diamet]1 are %ort2 ^? :i* h ! transv]se diamet] less ?an eight-t5?s ! longitud9al1 are long4 ,,leiotri*i4 ,,ulotri*i4 _/ _/ ,doli*ocephali4 ,bra*ycephali4 ,doli*ocephali4 ,bra*ycephali4 ,leuc\s4 4444 ,xan?o*roi 4444 ,leucomelan\s4 4444 ,melano*roi 4444 ,xan?omelan\s4 ,esquimaux4 ,mongolians4 ,bu%m54 ,amph9esians4 ,am]icans4 ,melan\s4 ,au/ralians4 ,negroes4 ,m9copies787 ,negritos ,,note3 ,! names ( ! /ocks kn[n only s9ce ! fifte5? c5tury are put into italics4 ,if ! ,skrl+s ( ! ,norse discov]]s ( ,am]ica 7 ,esquimaux1 ,europeans became acqua9t$ ) ! latt] six or sev5 c5turies e>li]4 ,x is curi\s to obs]ve t almo/ all ! woolly-head$ p are also long-head$2 :ile among ! /raight-hair$ nations broad heads prepond]ate1 & only two /ocks1 ! ,esquimaux & ! ,au/ralians1 are exclusively long-head$4 ,"o ( ! acute/ & mo/ orig9al ( e?nologi/s1 ,desm\l9s1 orig9at$ ! idea1 :i* has subsequ5tly be5 fully develop$ by ,agassiz1 t ! di/ribution ( ! p]si/5t modifications ( man is gov]n$ by ! same laws z t ( o!r animals1 & t bo? fall into ! same great di/ributional prov9ces4 ,?us1 ,au/ralia2 ,am]ica1 s\? ( ,mexico2 ! ,arctic regions2 ,europe1 ,syria1 ,arabia1 & ,nor? ,africa1 tak5 toge!r1 are ea* regions em95tly *>act]iz$ by ! nature ( _! animal & vegetable populations1 & ea*1 z we h se51 has its peculi> & *>act]i/ic =m ( man4 ,b x may be d\bt$ :e!r ! p>allel ?us drawn w hold good /rictly1 & 9 all cases4 ,! ,tasmanian ,fauna & ,flora are ess5tially ,au/ralian1 & ! l is true to a less ext5t ( _m1 if n ( all1 ! ,papuan isl&s2 b ! ,negritos :o inhabit ^! isl&s are /rik+ly diff]5t f ! ,au/ralians4 ,aga91 ! diff]5ces betwe5 ! ,mongolians & ! ,xan?o*roi are out ( all proportion great] ?an ^? betwe5 ! ,faunae & ,florae ( ,c5tral & ,ea/]n ,asia4 ,b :atev] ! difficulties 9 ! way ( ! detail$ application ( ?is comp>ison ( ! di/ribution ( m5 ) t ( animals1 x is well wor?y ( be+ borne 9 m9d1 & c>ri$ z f> z x w g4 ,ap>t f all speculation1 a v curi\s fact reg>d+ ! di/ribution ( ! p]si/5t modifications ( mank9d becomes app>5t on inspect+ an ,e?nological *>t1 project$ 9 su* a mann] t ! ,pacific ,ocean occupies its c5tre4 ,su* a *>t exhibits an ,au/ralian area occupi$ by d>k smoo?-hair$ p1 sep>at$ by an incomplete inn] zone ( d>k woolly-hair$ ,negritos & ,negroes1 f an out] zone ( comp>atively pale & smoo?-hair$ m51 occupy+ ! ,am]icas1 & ne>ly all ,asia & ,nor? ,africa4 ,su* is a brief sket* ( ! *>act]s & di/ribution ( ! p]si/5t modifications1 or /ocks1 ( mank9d at ! pres5t day4 ,if we seek = direct evid5ce ( h[ long ?is /ate ( ?+s has la/$1 we %all f9d little en\gh1 & t little f> f satisfactory4 ,( ! elev5 diff]5t /ocks enum]at$1 sev5 h be5 kn[n to u = less ?an #djj ye>s2 & ( ^! sev5 n "o possess$ a fragm5t ( writt5 hi/ory at ! "t x came into contact ) ,european civilization4 ,! o!r f\r--! ,negroes1 ,mongolians1 ,xan?o*roi1 & ,melano*roi--h always exi/$ 9 "s ( ! localities 9 :i* !y are n[ f\nd1 nor d ! negroes ev] seem to h volunt>ily travell$ beyond ! limits ( _! pres5t area4 ,b anci5t hi/ory is 9 a great measure ! record ( ! mutual encroa*m5ts ( ! o!r ?ree /ocks4 ,on ! :ole1 h[ev]1 x is wond]ful h[ little *ange has be5 effect$ by ^! mutual invasions & int]mixtures4 ,z at ! pres5t "t1 s at ! dawn ( hi/ory1 ! ,melano*roi fr+$ ! ,atlantic & ! ,m$it]ranean2 ! ,xan?o*roi occupi$ mo/ ( ,c5tral & ,ea/]n ,europe1 & mu* ( ,we/]n & ,c5tral ,asia2 :ile ,mongolians held ! extreme ea/ ( ! ,old ,_w4 ,s f> z hi/ory tea*es u1 ! populations ( ,europe1 ,asia1 & ,africa 71 tw5ty c5turies ago1 j :at !y are n[1 9 _! broad features & g5]al di/ribution4 ,! evid5ce yield$ by ,ar*aeology is n v def9ite1 b1 s f> z x goes1 x is to mu* ! same effect4 ,! m\nd build]s ( ,c5tral ,am]ica seem to h _h ! *>act]i/ic %ort & broad head ( ! mod]n inhabitants ( t cont95t4 ,! tumuli & tombs ( ,anci5t ,sc&9avia1 ( pre-,roman ,brita91 ( ,gaul1 ( ,switz]l&1 reveal two types ( skull--a broad & a long--( :i*1 9 ,sc&9avia1 ! broad seems to h belong$ to ! old] /ock1 :ile ! rev]se 0 probably ! case 9 ,brita91 & c]ta9ly 9 ,switz]l&4 ,x has be5 assum$ t ! broad-skull$ p ( anci5t ,sc&9avia 7 ,lapps2 b !re is no pro( ( ! fact1 & !y may h be51 l ! broad-skull$ ,swiss & ,g]mans1 ,xan?o*roi4 ,"o ( ! greate/ ( e?nological difficulties is to "k :]e ! mod]n ,sw$es1 ,norsem51 & ,saxons got _! long heads1 z all _! neighb\rs1 ,f9s1 ,lapps1 ,slavonians1 & ,s\? ,g]mans1 are broad-head$4 ,aga91 :o 7 ! small-h&$1 long-head$ p ( ! bronze epo*1 & :at has become ( ! infusion ( _! blood among ! ,xan?o*roi8 ,at pres5t ,palaeontology yields no safe data to ! e?nologi/4 ,we "k absolutely no?+ ( ! e?nological *>act]s ( ! m5 ( ,abbeville & ,hoxne2 b mu/ be cont5t ) ! demon/ration1 9 itself ( imm5se value1 t ,man exi/$ 9 ,we/]n ,europe :5 its physical condition 0 widely diff]5t f :at x is n[1 & :5 animals exi/$1 :i*1 ?\gh !y belong to :at is1 prop]ly speak+1 ! pres5t ord] ( ?+s1 h long be5 ext9ct4 ,beyond ! limits ( a fraction ( ,europe1 ,palaeontology tells u no?+ ( man or ( 8 works4 ,to sum up our k ( ! e?nological pa/ ( man3 s f> z ! light is bright1 x %[s him sub/antially z he is n[2 &1 :5 x gr[s dim1 x p]mits u to see no sign t he 0 o!r ?an he is n[4 ,x is a g5]al belief t m5 ( diff]5t /ocks diff] z mu* physiologically z !y d morphologically2 b x is v h>d to prove1 9 any p>ticul> case1 h[ mu* ( a suppos$ national *>act]i/ic is due to inh]5t physiological peculi>ities1 & h[ mu* to ! influ5ce ( circum/ances4 ,!re is mu* evid5ce to %[1 h[ev]1 t "s /ocks enjoy a p>tial or complete immunity f diseases :i* de/roy1 or decimate1 o!rs4 ,?us !re seems good gr\nd = ! belief t ,negroes are rem>kably exempt f yell[ fev]2 & t1 among ,europeans1 ! melano*r\s p are less obnoxi\s to its ravages ?an ! xan?o*r\s4 ,b _m writ]s1 n cont5t ) physiological diff]5ces ( ?is k9d1 und]take to prove ! exi/5ce ( o!rs ( f> great] mom5t2 &1 inde$1 to %[ t c]ta9 /ocks ( mank9d exhibit1 m or less di/9ctly1 ! physiological *>act]s ( true species4 ,unions betwe5 ^! /ocks1 & /ill m betwe5 ! half-bre$s aris+ f _! mixture1 are affirm$ to be ei!r inf]tile1 or less f]tile ?an ^? :i* take place betwe5 males & females ( ei!r /ock "u ! same circum/ances4 ,"s g s f> z to ass]t t no mix$ bre$s ( mank9d c ma9ta9 !mselves )\t ! assi/ance ( "o or o!r ( ! p>5t /ocks1 & t1 consequ5tly1 !y mu/ inevitably be oblit]at$ 9 ! long run4 ,"h1 aga91 x is exce$+ly difficult to obta9 tru/wor?y evid5ce1 & to free ! effects ( ! pure physiological exp]im5t f adv5titi\s influ5ces4 ,! only trial :i*1 by a /range *ance1 0 kept cle> ( all su* influ5ces--! only in/ance 9 :i* two di/9ct /ocks ( mank9d 7 cross$1 & _! prog5y int]m>ri$ )\t any admixture f )\t--is ! fam\s case ( ! ,pitcairn ,isl&]s1 :o 7 ! prog5y ( ,bligh's ,engli% sailors by ,tahitian wom54 ,! results ( ?is exp]im5t1 z ev]ybody kn[s1 are dead aga9/ ^? :o ma9ta9 ! doctr9e ( human hybridity1 see+ t ! ,pitcairn ,isl&]s1 ev5 ?\gh !y necess>ily contract$ consangu9e\s m>riages1 ?rove & multipli$ exce$+ly4 ,b ^? :o are dispos$ to believe 9 ?is doctr9e %\ld /udy ! evid5ce br\ght =w>d 9 its support by ,m4 ,broca1 its late/ & able/ advocate1 & comp>e ?is evid5ce ) t :i* ! botani/s1 z repres5t$ by a ,ga]tn]1 or by a ,d>w91 ?9k x indisp5sable to obta9 be=e !y w admit ! inf]tility ( crosses betwe5 two alli$ k9ds ( plants4 ,!y w !n1 ,i ?9k1 be satisfi$ t ! doctr9e 9 "q re/s ^u a v unsafe f\ndation2 t ! facts adduc$ 9 its support are capable ( _m o!r int]pretations2 &1 inde$1 t f ! v nature ( ! case1 demon/rative evid5ce "o way or ! o!r is almo/ unatta9able4 ,a priori1 ,i %\ld be dispos$ to expect a c]ta9 am\nt ( inf]tility betwe5 "s ( ! extreme modifications ( mank9d2 & /ill m betwe5 ! (fspr+s ( _! int]mixture4 ,a po/]iori1 ,i _c discov] any satisfactory pro( t su* inf]tility exi/s4 ,f ! facts ( e?nology ,i n[ turn to ! !ories & speculations ( e?nologi/s1 :i* h be5 devis$ to expla9 ^! facts1 & to furni% satisfactory answ]s to ! inquiry--:at conditions h det]m9$ ! exi/5ce ( ! p]si/5t modifications ( mank9d1 & h caus$ _! di/ribution to be :at x is8 ,^! speculations may be gr\p$ "u ?ree heads3 fir/ly1 ! ,monog5i/ hypo!ses2 secondly1 ^? ( ! ,polyg5i/s2 & ?irdly1 t :i* w\ld result f a simple application ( ,d>w9ian pr9ciples to mank9d4 ,accord+ to ! ,monog5i/s1 all mank9d h sprung f a s+le pair1 ^: multitud9\s prog5y spread !mselves ov] ! _w1 su* z x n[ is1 & became modifi$ into ! =ms we meet ) 9 ! v>i\s regions ( ! e>?1 by ! effect ( ! climatal & o!r conditions to :i* !y 7 subject$4 ,! advocates ( ?is hypo!sis are divisible into sev]al s*ools4 ,!re are ^? :o repres5t ! mo/ num]\s1 respectable1 & w\ld-be or?odox ( ! public1 & are :at may be call$ ,adamites1 pure & simple4 ,!y believe t ,adam 0 made out ( e>? some:]e 9 ,asia1 ab\t six ?\s& ye>s ago2 t ,eve 0 modell$ f "o ( 8 ribs2 & t ! prog5y ( ^! two hav+ be5 r$uc$ to ! eight p]sons :o 7 l&$ on ! summit ( ,m\nt ,ar>at aft] an univ]sal deluge1 all ! nations ( ! e>? h proce$$ f ^! la/1 h migrat$ to _! pres5t localities1 & h become conv]t$ into ,negroes1 ,au/ralians1 ,mongolians1 c41 )9 t "t4 ,five-six?s ( ! public are taught ?is ,adamitic ,monog5ism1 z if x 7 an e/abli%$ tru?1 & believe x4 ,i d n2 & ,i am n acqua9t$ ) any man ( sci5ce1 or duly in/ruct$ p]son1 :o does4 ,a second s*ool ( monog5i/s1 n wor?y ( mu* att5tion1 attempts to hold a place midway betwe5 ! ,adamites & a ?ird division1 :o take up a purely sci5tific position1 & require to be dealt ) accord+ly4 ,?is ?ird division1 9 fact1 numb]s 9 its ranks ,l9naeus1 ,buffon1 ,blum5ba*1 ,cuvi]1 ,pri*>d1 & _m di/+ui%$ liv+ e?nologi/s4 ,^! ,rational ,monog5i/s1 or1 at any rate1 ! m mod]n among !m1 hold1 fir/ly1 t ! pres5t condition ( ! e>? has exi/$ = untold ages2 secondly1 t1 at a remote p]iod1 beyond ! k5 ( ,ar*bi%op ,u%]1 man 0 creat$1 some:]e betwe5 ! ,caucasus & ! ,h9doo ,koo%2 ?irdly1 t he might h migrat$ !nce to all p>ts ( ! inhabit$ _w1 see+ t none ( !m are unatta9able f "s o!r inhabit$ "p1 by m5 provid$ ) only su* means ( transport z savages are kn[n to possess & mu/ h inv5t$2 f\r?ly1 t ! op]ation ( ! exi/+ div]sities ( climate & o!r conditions ^u p s migrat+1 is suffici5t to acc\nt = all ! div]sities ( mank9d4 ,( ! tru? ( ! fir/ ( ^! propositions no compet5t judge n[ ent]ta9s any d\bt4 ,! second is m op5 to discussion1 = 9 ^! latt] days _m "q ! special creation ( man3 & ev5 if 8 special creation be grant$1 !re is n a %ad[ ( a reason :y he %\ld h be5 creat$ 9 ,asia r ?an any:]e else4 ,( all ! odd my?s t h aris5 9 ! sci5tific _w1 ! ,caucasian my/]y1 inv5t$ q innoc5tly by ,blum5ba*1 is ! odde/4 ,a ,georgian woman's skull 0 ! h&some/ 9 8 collection4 ,h5ce x became 8 model exempl> ( human skulls1 f :i* all o!rs might be reg>d$ z deviations2 & out ( ?is1 by "s /range intellectual hocus-pocus1 grew up ! notion t ! ,caucasian man is ! prototypic ,adamic man1 & 8 c\ntry ! primitive c5tre ( our k9d4 ,p]haps ! mo/ curi\s ?+ ( all is1 t ! said ,georgian skull1 aft] all1 is n a skull ( av]age =m1 b di/9ctly belongs to ! bra*ycephalic gr\p4 ,) ! ?ird proposition ,i am q dispos$ to agree1 ?\gh x mu/ be recollect$ t x is "o ?+ to all[ t a giv5 migration is possible1 & ano!r to admit !re is good reason to believe x has really tak5 place4 ,b ,i c f9d no suffici5t gr\nd = accept+ ! f\r? proposition2 & ,i d\bt if x w\ld ev] h obta9$ its g5]al curr5cy except = ! circum/ance t fair ,europeans are v readily tann$ & embr[n$ by ! sun4 ,b ,i am n aw>e t !re is a p>ticle ( pro( t ! cutane\s *ange ?us effect$ c become h]$it>y1 any m ?an t ! enl>g$ liv]s1 :i* plague our c\ntrym5 9 ,india1 c be transmitt$2--:ile !re is v /rong evid5ce to ! contr>y4 ,n only1 9 fact1 are !re su* cases z ^? ( ! ,engli% families 9 ,b>badoes1 :o h rema9$ = six g5]ations unalt]$ 9 complexion1 b :i* are op5 to ! objection t !y may h receiv$ infusions ( fre% ,european blood2 b !re is ! broad fact1 t n a s+le indig5\s ,negro exi/s ei!r 9 ! great alluvial pla9s ( tropical ,s\? ,am]ica1 or 9 ! expos$ isl&s ( ! ,polynesian ,ar*ipelago1 or among ! populations ( equatorial ,borneo or ,sumatra4 ,no satisfactory explanation ( ^! obvi\s difficulties has be5 (f]$ by ! advocates ( ! direct influ5ce ( conditions4 ,& z = ! m important modifications obs]v$ 9 ! /ructure ( ! bra91 & 9 ! =m ( ! skull1 no "o has ev] pret5d$ to %[ 9 :at way !y c be effect$ directly by climate4 ,x is "h1 9 fact1 t ! /r5g? ( ! ,polyg5i/s1 or ^? :o ma9ta9 t m5 primitively arose1 n f "o1 b f _m /ocks1 lies4 ,%[ u1 !y say to ! ,monog5i/s1 a s+le case 9 :i* ! *>act]s ( a human /ock h be5 ess5tially modifi$ )\t its be+ demon/rable1 or1 at lea/1 highly probable1 t !re has be5 int]mixture ( blood ) "s =eign /ock4 ,br+ =w>d any in/ance 9 :i* a "p ( ! _w1 =m]ly inhabit$ by "o /ock1 is n[ ! dwell+-place ( ano!r1 & we w prove ! *ange to be ! result ( migration1 or ( int]mixture1 & n ( modification ( "* by climatic influ5ces4 ,f9ally1 prove to u t ! evid5ce 9 fav\r ( ! specific di/9ctness ( _m animals1 admitt$ to be di/9ct species by all zoologi/s1 is a :it bett] ?an t ^u :i* we ma9ta9 ! specific di/9ctness ( m54 ,if pres5t+ unansw]able objections to y\r adv]s>y 7 ! same ?+ z prov+ y\r own case1 ! ,polyg5i/s w\ld be 9 a fair way t[>ds victory2 b1 un=tunately1 z ,i h already obs]v$1 !y h z yet completely fail$ to adduce satisfactory positive pro( ( ! specific div]sity ( mank9d4 ,l ! ,monog5i/s1 ! ,polyg5i/s are ( sev]al sects2 "s imag9e t _! assum$ species ( mank9d 7 creat$ :]e we f9d !m--! ,african 9 ,africa1 & ! ,au/ralian 9 ,au/ralia1 along ) ! o!r animals ( _! di/ributional prov9ce2 o!rs conceive t ea* species ( man has result$ f ! modification ( "s antec$5t species ( ape--! ,am]ican f ! broad-nos$ ,simians ( ! ,new ,_w1 ! ,african f ! ,troglodytic /ock1 ! ,mongolian f ! ,orangs4 ,! fir/ hypo!sis is h>dly likely to w9 mu* fav\r4 ,! :ole t5d5cy ( mod]n sci5ce is to ?ru/ ! orig9ation ( ?+s fur!r & fur!r into ! backgr\nd2 & ! *ief philosophical objection to ,adam be+1 n 8 on5ess1 b ! hypo!sis ( 8 special creation2 ! multiplication ( t objection t5fold is1 :atev] x may look1 an increase1 in/ead ( a dim9ution1 ( ! difficulties ( ! case4 ,&1 z to ! second alt]native1 x may safely be affirm$ t1 ev5 if ! diff]5ces betwe5 m5 are specific1 !y are s small1 t ! assumption ( m ?an "o primitive /ock = all is altoge!r sup]flu\s4 ,surely no "o c n[ be f\nd to ass]t t any two /ocks ( mank9d diff] z mu* z a *impanzee & an orang d2 /ill less t !y are z unlike z ei!r ( ^! is to any ,new ,_w ,simian6 ,la/ly1 ! grant+ ( ! ,polyg5i/ premises does n1 9 ! slighte/ degree1 necessitate ! ,polyg5i/ conclusion4 ,admit t ,negroes & ,au/ralians1 ,negritos & ,mongols are di/9ct species1 or di/9ct g5]a1 if y w1 & y may yet1 ) p]fect consi/5cy1 be ! /ricte/ ( ,monog5i/s1 & ev5 believe 9 ,adam & ,eve z ! primaeval p>5ts ( all mank9d4 ,x is to ,mr4 ,d>w9 we owe ?is discov]y3 x is he :o1 com+ =w>d 9 ! guise ( an eclectic philosoph]1 pres5ts 8 doctr9e z ! key to e?nology1 & z reconcil+ & comb9+ all t is good 9 ! ,monog5i/ic & ,polyg5i/ic s*ools4 ,x is true t ,mr4 ,d>w9 has n1 9 s _m words1 appli$ 8 views to e?nology2 b ev5 he :o runs & reads ! ,orig9 ( ,species c h>dly fail to d s2 &1 fur!rmore1 ,mr4 ,wallace & ,m4 ,p\*et h rec5tly treat$ ( e?nological que/ions f ?is po9t ( view4 ,let me1 9 conclusion1 add my own contribution to ! same /ore4 ,i assume ,man to h aris5 9 ! mann] :i* ,i h discuss$ else:]e1 & probably1 ?\gh by no means necess>ily1 9 "o locality4 ,:e!r he arose s+ly1 or a numb] ( examples appe>$ contemporane\sly1 is also an op5 "q = ! believ] 9 ! production ( species by ! gradual modification ( pre-exi/+ ones4 ,at :at epo* ( ! _w's hi/ory ?is took place1 aga91 we h no evid5ce :atev]4 ,x may h be5 9 ! old] t]ti>y1 or e>li]1 b :at is mo/ important to rememb] is1 t ! discov]ies ( late ye>s h prov$ t man inhabit$ ,we/]n ,europe1 at any rate1 be=e ! occurr5ce ( ^? great physical *anges :i* h giv5 ,europe its pres5t aspect4 ,& z ! same evid5ce %[s t man 0 ! contempor>y ( animals :i* are n[ ext9ct1 x is n too mu* to assume t 8 exi/5ce dates back at lea/ z f> z t ( our pres5t ,fauna & ,flora1 or be=e ! epo* ( ! drift4 ,b if ?is be true1 x is some:at />tl+ to reflect ^u ! prodigi\s *anges :i* h tak5 place 9 ! physical geography ( ?is planet s9ce man has be5 an occupant ( x4 ,dur+ t p]iod ! great] "p ( ! ,briti% isl&s1 ( ,c5tral ,europe1 ( ,nor!rn ,asia1 h be5 subm]g$ b5ea? ! sea & rais$ up aga94 ,s has ! great des]t ( ,sah>a1 :i* occupies ! major "p ( ,nor!rn ,africa4 ,! ,caspian & ! ,aral seas h be5 "o1 & _! unit$ wat]s h probably communicat$ ) bo? ! ,arctic & ! ,m$it]ranean oceans4 ,! great] "p ( ,nor? ,am]ica has be5 "u wat]1 & has em]g$4 ,x is highly probable t a l>ge "p ( ! ,malayan ,ar*ipelago has sunk1 & its primitive cont9uity ) ,asia has be5 de/roy$4 ,ov] ! great ,polynesian area subsid5ce has tak5 place to ! ext5t ( _m ?\s&s ( feet--subsid5ce ( s va/ a "*1 9 fact1 t if a cont95t l ,asia _h once occupi$ ! area ( ! ,pacific1 ! peaks ( its m\nta9s w\ld n[ %[ n m num]\s ?an ! isl&s ( ! ,polynesian ,ar*ipelago4 ,:at l&s may h be5 ?ickly populat$ = untold ages1 & subsequ5tly h disappe>$ & left no sign above ! wat]s1 x is ( c\rse impossible = u to say2 b unless we are to make ! :olly unju/ifiable assumption t no dry l& rose else:]e :5 our pres5t dry l& sank1 !re mu/ be half-a-doz5 ,atlantises b5ea? ! waves ( ! v>i\s oceans ( ! _w4 ,b if ! regions :i* h und]gone ^! sl[ & gradual1 b imm5se alt]ations1 7 :olly or 9 "p inhabit$ be=e ! *anges ,i h indicat$ began--& x is m probable t !y 71 ?an t !y 7 n--:at a wond]fully effici5t ,emigration ,bo>d mu/ h be5 at "w all ov] ! _w long be=e canoes1 or ev5 rafts1 7 inv5t$2 & be=e m5 7 impell$ to w&] by any desire nobl] or /rong] ?an hung]4 ,& z ^! rude & primitive families 7 ?ru/1 9 ! c\rse ( long s]ies ( g5]ations1 f l& to l&1 impell$ by encroa*m5ts ( sea or ( m>%1 or by sev]ity ( summ] heat or w9t] cold1 to *ange _! positions1 :at opportunities mu/ h be5 (f]$ = ! play ( natural selection1 9 pres]v+ "o family v>iation & de/roy+ ano!r6 ,suppose1 = example1 t "s families ( a horde :i* _h rea*$ a l& *>g$ ) ! se$s ( yell[ fev]1 v>i$ 9 ! direction ( wooll9ess ( hair & d>kness ( sk94 ,!n1 if x be true t ^! physical *>act]s are accompani$ by comp>ative or absolute exemptions f t sc\rge1 ! inevitable t5d5cy w\ld be to ! pres]vation & multiplication ( ! d>k] & woolli] families1 & ! elim9ation ( ! :it] & smoo!r-hair$4 ,9 fact1 by ! op]ation ( causes precisely simil> to ^? :i*1 9 ! fam\s in/ance cit$ by ,mr4 ,d>w91 h giv5 rise to a race ( black pigs 9 ! =e/s ( ,l\isiana1 a negro /ock w\ld ev5tually p ! region4 ,aga91 h[ (t51 by su* physical *anges1 mu/ a /ock h be5 isolat$ f all o!rs = innum]able g5]ations1 & h f\nd ample "t = ! h]$it>y h>d5+ ( its special peculi>ities into ! endur+ *>act]s ( a p]si/5t modification4 ,nor1 if x be true t ! physiological diff]5ce ( species may be produc$ by v>iation & natural selection1 z ,mr4 ,d>w9 supposes1 w\ld x be at all a/oni%+ if1 9 "s ( ^! sep>at$ /ocks1 ! process ( diff]5tiation %\ld h gone s f> z to give rise to ! ph5om5a ( hybridity4 ,9 ! face ( ! ov]:elm+ evid5ce 9 fav\r ( ! unity ( ! orig9 ( mank9d af=d$ by anatomical consid]ations1 satisfactory pro( ( ! exi/5ce ( any degree ( /]ility 9 ! unions ( memb]s ( two ( ! p]si/5t modifications ( mank9d1 might well be appeal$ to by ,mr4 ,d>w9 z crucial evid5ce ( ! tru? ( 8 views reg>d+ ! orig9 ( species 9 g5]al4 ,,viii4 ,,on ,,"s ,,fix$ ,,po9ts ,,9 ,,briti% ,,e?nology4 ,9 view ( ! _m discussions to :i* ! complicat$ problems (f]$ by ! e?nology ( ! ,briti% ,isl&s h giv5 rise1 x may be useful to attempt to pick out1 f amid/ ! confus$ masses ( ass]tion & ( inf]5ce1 ^? propositions :i* appe> to re/ ^u a secure f\ndation1 & to /ate ! evid5ce by :i* !y are support$4 ,su* is ! purpose ( ! pres5t pap]4 ,"s ( ^! well-bas$ propositions relate to ! physical *>act]s ( ! p ( ,brita9 & _! neighb\rs2 :ile o!rs conc]n ! languages :i* !y spoke4 ,i %all deal1 9 ! fir/ place1 ) ! physical que/ions4 ,i4 ,eighte5 hundr$ ye>s ago ! population ( ,brita9 compris$ p ( two types ( complexion--! "o fair1 & ! o!r d>k4 ,! d>k p resembl$ ! ,aquitani & ! ,ib]ians2 ! fair p 7 l ! ,belgic ,gauls4 ,! *ief direct evid5ce ( ! tru? ( ?is proposition is ! well-kn[n passage ( ,tacitus3-- ,cet]um ,britanniam qui mortales initio colu]9t1 indig5ae an advecti1 ut int] b>b>os1 p>um comp]tum4 ,habitus corporum v>ii3 atque ex eo argum5ta3 nam rutilae ,cal$oniam habitantium comae1 magni artus ,g]manicam orig9em assev]ant4 ,silurum colorati vultus et torti pl]umque cr9es1 et posita contra ,hispaniam1 ,ib]os vet]es trajecisse1 easque s$es occupasse1 fidem faciunt4 ,proximi ,gallis et similes sunt2 seu durante orig9is vi1 seu procurr5tibus 9 div]sa t]ris1 positio coeli corporibus habitum d$it4 ,9 univ]sum tam5 ae/imanti1 ,gallos vic9um solum occupasse1 cr$ibile e/2 eorum sacra depreh5das1 sup]/itionum p]suasione2 s]mo haud multum div]sus4#a ,footnote #a3 ,taciti ,agricola1 c4 #aa4 ,?is passage1 x w be obs]v$1 conta9s /atem5ts z to facts1 & c]ta9 conclusions d$uc$ f ^! facts4 ,! matt]s ( fact ass]t$ are3 fir/ly1 t ! inhabitants ( ,brita9 exhibit mu* div]sity 9 _! physical *>act]s2 secondly1 t ! ,cal$onians are r$-hair$ & l>ge-limb$1 l ! ,g]mans2 ?irdly1 t ! ,silures h curly hair & d>k complexions1 l ! p ( ,spa92 f\r?ly1 t ! ,briti% p ne>e/ ,gaul resemble ! ,galli4 ,tacitus1 !re=e1 /ates positively :at ! ,cal$onians & ,silures 7 l2 b ! int]pretation ( :at he says ab\t ! o!r ,britons mu/ dep5d ^u :at we le>n f o!r s\rces z to ! *>act]s ( ^! ,galli4 ,"h ! te/imony ( divus ,julius comes 9 ) great =ce & appropriat5ess4 ,caes> writes3-- ,britanniae p>s int]ior ab iis incolitur1 quos natos 9 insula ipsi memoria proditum dicunt3 m>ituma p>s ab iis1 qui pr$ae ac belli inf]5di causa ex ,belgio transi]ant2 qui omnes f]e iis nom9ibus civitatum appellantur quibus orti ex civitatibus eo p]v5]unt1 et bello inlato ibi p]mans]unt atque agros col]e coep]unt4#a ,footnote #a3 ,de ,bello ,gallico1 v4 #ab4 ,f ^! passages x is obvi\s t 9 ! op9ion ( ,caes> & ,tacitus1 ! s\!rn ,britons resembl$ ! nor!rn ,gauls1 & especially ! ,belgae2 & ! evid5ce ( ,/rabo is decisive z to ! *>act]s 9 :i* ! two p resembl$ "o ano!r3 ,! m5 7( ,brita97 are tall] ?an ! ,kelts1 ) hair less yell[2 !y are slight] 9 _! p]sons4#a ,footnote #a3 ,! ,geography ( ,/rabo4 ,translat$ by ,hamilton & ,falcon]2 v4 #e4 ,! evid5ce adduc$ appe>s to leave no reasonable gr\nd = d\bt+ t1 at ! "t ( ! ,roman conque/1 ,brita9 conta9$ p ( two types1 ! "o d>k & ! o!r fair complexion$1 & t !re 0 a c]ta9 diff]5ce betwe5 ! latt] 9 ! nor? & 9 ! s\? ( ,brita93 ! nor!rn folk be+1 9 ! judgm5t ( ,tacitus1 or1 m prop]ly1 accord+ to ! in=mation he _h receiv$ f ,agricola & o!rs1 m simil> to ! ,g]mans ?an ! latt]4 ,z to ! di/ribution ( ^! /ocks1 all t is cle> is1 t ! d>k p 7 pr$om9ant 9 c]ta9 p>ts ( ! we/ ( ! s\!rn half ( ,brita91 :ile ! fair /ock appe>s to h furni%$ ! *ief elem5ts ( ! population else:]e4 ,no anci5t writ] tr\bl$ himself ) measur+ skulls1 & !re=e !re is no direct evid5ce z to ! cranial *>act]s ( ! fair & ! d>k /ocks4 ,! indirect evid5ce is n v satisfactory4 ,! tumuli ( ,brita9 ( pre-,roman date h yield$ two extremely diff]5t =ms ( skull1 ! "o broad & ! o!r long2 & ! same v>iety has be5 obs]v$ 9 ! skulls ( ! anci5t ,gauls#a4 ,! sugge/ion is obvi\s t ! "o =m ( skull may h be5 associat$ ) ! fair1 & ! o!r ) ! d>k1 complexion4 ,b any conclusion ( ?is k9d is at once *eck$ by ! reflection t ! extremes ( long & %ort-head$ness are to be met ) among ! fair inhabitants ( ,g]many & ( ,sc&9avia at ! pres5t day--! s\?-we/]n ,g]mans & ! ,swiss be+ m>k$ly broad-head$1 :ile ! ,sc&9avians are z pr$om9antly long-head$4 ,footnote #a3 ,see ,dr4 ,?urnam ,on ! ,two pr9cipal ,=ms ( ,anci5t ,briti% & ,gauli% ,skulls4 ,:at ! natives ( ,irel& 7 l at ! "t ( ! ,roman conque/ ( ,brita91 & = c5turies aft]w>ds1 we h no c]ta9 k2 b ! e>lie/ tru/wor?y records prove ! exi/5ce1 side by side ) "o ano!r1 ( a fair & a d>k /ock1 9 ,irel& z 9 ,brita94 ,! long =m ( skull is pr$om9ant among ! anci5t1 z among mod]n1 ,iri%4 ,,ii4 ,! p t]m$ ,gauls1 & ^? call$ ,g]mans1 by ! ,romans1 did n diff] 9 any important physical "*4 ,! t]ms 9 :i* ! anci5t writ]s describe bo? ,gauls & ,g]mans are id5tical4 ,!y are always tall p1 ) massive limbs1 fair sk9s1 fi]ce blue eyes1 & hair ! col\r ( :i* ranges f r$ to yell[4 ,zeuss1 ! great au?ority on ^! matt]s1 affirms broadly t no di/9ction 9 bodily feature is to be f\nd betwe5 ! ,gauls1 ! ,g]mans1 & ! ,w5ds1 s f> z _! *>act]s are record$ by ! old hi/orians2 & he proves 8 case by citations f a cl\d ( witnesses4 ,an attempt has be5 made to %[ t ! col\r ( ! hair ( ! ,gauls mu/ h diff]$ v mu* f t :i* obta9$ among ! ,g]mans1 on ! /r5g? ( ! /ory told by ,suetonius 7,caligula1 #d71 t ,caligula tri$ to pass (f ,gauls = ,g]mans by pick+ out ! talle/1 & mak+ !m rutil>e et summitt]e comam4 ,! ,b>on de ,belloguet rem>ks ^u ?is passage3-- ,x 0 9 ! v nor? ( ,gaul1 & ne> ! sea1 t ,caligula got up ?is milit>y com$y4 ,& ! fact proves t ! ,belgae 7 already s5sibly diff]5t f _! ance/ors1 :om ,/rabo _h f\nd almo/ id5tical ) _! bro!rs on ! o!r side ( ! ,rh9e4 ,b ! fact record$ by ,suetonius1 if fact x be1 proves no?+2 = ! ,g]mans !mselves 7 9 ! habit ( r$d5+ _! hair4 ,ammianus ,m>cell9us#a tells h[1 9 ! ye> #cfg ,a4,d41 ! ,roman comm&]1 ,jov9us1 surpris$ a body ( ,alemanni ne> ! t[n n[ call$ ,*>peigne1 9 ! valley ( ! ,moselle2 & h[ ! ,roman soldi]s1 z1 conceal$ by ! ?ick wood1 !y /ole ^u _! unsuspect+ enemies1 saw t "s 7 ba?+ & o!rs comas rutilantes ex m4 ,m ?an two c5turies e>li] ,pl9y gives indirect evid5ce to ! same effect :5 he says ( soap3-- ,footnote #a3 ,res ,ge/ae1 xxvii4 ,galli>um hoc inv5tum rutil&is capillis 444 apud ,g]manos majore 9 usu viris quam foem9is4#a ,footnote #a3 ,hi/oria ,naturalis1 xxviii4 #ea4 ,"h we h a writ] :o fl\ri%$ only a %ort "t aft] ! date ( ! ,caligula /ory1 tell+ u t ! ,gauls inv5t$ soap = ! purpose ( do+ t :i*1 accord+ to ,suetonius1 ,caligula =c$ !m to d4 ,&1 fur!r1 ! comb9$ & indep5d5t te/imony ( ,pl9y & ,ammianus assures u t ! ,g]mans 7 z mu* 9 ! habit ( r$d5+ _! hair z ! ,gauls4 ,z to ,de ,belloguet's supposition t1 ev5 9 ,caligula's "t1 ! ,gauls _h become d>k] ?an _! ance/ors 71 x is directly contradict$ by ,ammianus ,m>cell9us1 :o knew ! ,gauls well4 ,celsioris /aturae et c&idi po5e ,galli sunt onions1 et rutili1 lum9umque torvitate t]ribiles1 is 8 description2 & x w\ld fit ! ,gauls :o sack$ ,rome4 ,,iii4 ,9 none ( ! invasions ( ,brita9 :i* h tak5 place s9ce ! ,roman dom9ion1 has any o!r type ( man be5 introduc$ ?an "o or o!r ( ! two :i* exi/$ dur+ t dom9ion4 ,! ,nor? ,g]mans1 :o effect$ :at is commonly call$ ! ,saxon conque/ ( ,brita91 71 mo/ assur$ly1 a fair1 yell[1 or r$-hair$1 blue ey$1 long-skull$ p4 ,s 7 ! ,danes & ! ,norsem5 :o foll[$ !m2 ?\gh x is v possible t ! active slave trade :i* w5t on1 & ! int]c\rse ) ,irel&1 may h introduc$ a c]ta9 admixture ( ! d>k /ock into bo? ,d5m>k & ,norway4 ,! ,norman conque/ br\ght 9 new e?nological elem5ts1 ! precise value ( :i* _c be e/imat$ ) exactness2 b z to _! quality1 !re c be no "q1 inasmu* z ev5 ! wide area f :i* ,william drew 8 foll[]s c\ld yield him no?+ b ! fair & ! d>k types ( m51 already pres5t 9 ,brita94 ,b :e!r ! ,norman settl]s1 on ! :ole1 /r5g!n$ ! fair or ! d>k elem5t1 is a problem1 ! elem5ts ( ! solution ( :i* are n atta9able4 ,i am unable to discov] any gr\nds = believ+ t a ,lapp elem5t has ev] ent]$ into ! population ( ^! isl&s4 ,s f> z ! physical evid5ce goes1 x is p]fectly consi/5t ) ! hypo!sis t ! only con/itu5t /ocks ( t population1 n[1 or at any o!r p]iod ab\t :i* we h evid5ce1 are ! d>k :ites1 :om ,i h propos$ to call ,melano*roi & ! fair :ites1 or ,xan?o*roi4 ,,iv4 ,! ,xan?o*roi & ! ,melano*roi ( ,brita9 are1 speak+ broadly1 di/ribut$1 at pres5t1 z !y 7 9 ! "t ( ,tacitus2 & _! repres5tatives on ! cont95t ( ,europe h ! same g5]al di/ribution z at ! e>lie/ p]iod ( :i* we h any record4 ,at ! pres5t day1 & not)/&+ ! ext5sive int]mixture effect$ by ! movem5ts consequ5t on civilization & on political *anges1 !re is a pr$om9ance ( d>k m5 9 ! we/1 & ( fair m5 9 ! ea/ & nor?1 ( ,brita94 ,at ! pres5t day1 z f ! e>lie/ times1 ! pr$om9ant con/itu5ts ( ! riv]a9 population ( ! ,nor? ,sea & ! ea/]n half ( ! ,briti% ,*annel1 are fair m54 ,! fair /ock cont9ues 9 =ce ?r\gh ,c5tral ,europe1 until x is lo/ 9 ,c5tral ,asia4 ,(f%oots ( ?is /ock ext5d into ,spa91 ,italy1 & ,nor!rn ,india1 & by way ( ,syria & ,nor? ,africa1 to ! ,can>y ,isl&s4 ,!y 7 kn[n 9 v e>ly times to ! ,*9ese1 & 9 /ill e>li] to ! anci5t ,egyptians1 z fronti] tribes4 ,! ,?racians 7 notori\s = _! fair hair & blue eyes _m c5turies be=e our era4 ,on ! o!r h&1 ! d>k /ock pr$om9ates 9 ,s\!rn & ,we/]n ,france1 9 ,spa91 along ! ,ligurian %ore1 & 9 ,we/]n & ,s\!rn ,italy2 9 ,greece1 ,asia1 ,syria1 & ,nor? ,africa2 9 ,arabia1 ,p]sia1 ,afghani/an1 & ,h9do/an1 %ad+ gradually1 ?r\gh all /ages ( d>k5+1 into ! type ( ! mod]n ,egyptian1 or ( ! wild ,hill-man ( ! ,dekkan4 ,nor is !re any record ( ! exi/5ce ( a diff]5t population 9 all ^! c\ntries4 ,! extreme nor? ( ,europe1 & ! nor!rn "p ( ,we/]n ,asia1 are at pres5t occupi$ by a ,mongoloid /ock1 &1 9 ! abs5ce ( evid5ce to ! contr>y1 may be assum$ to h be5 s peopl$ f a v remote epo*4 ,b1 z ,i h said1 ,i c f9d no evid5ce t ?is /ock ev] took "p 9 peopl+ ,brita94 ,( ! ?ree great /ocks ( mank9d :i* ext5d f ! we/]n coa/ ( ! great ,eurasiatic cont95t to its s\!rn & ea/]n %ores1 ! ,mongoloids occupy a va/ triangle1 ! base ( :i* is ! :ole ( ,ea/]n ,asia1 :ile its apex lies 9 ,lapl&4 ,! ,melano*roi1 on ! o!r h&1 may be repres5t$ z a broad b& /ret*+ f ,irel& to ,h9do/an2 :ile ! ,xan?o*roic area lies betwe5 ! two1 ?9s out1 s to speak1 at ei!r end1 & m+les1 at its m>g9s1 ) bo? its neighb\rs4 ,su* is a brief & summ>y /atem5t ( :at ,i believe to be ! *ief facts relat+ to ! physical e?nology ( ! p ( ,brita94 ,! conclusions :i* ,i draw f ^! & o!r facts are 7#a7 ,t ! ,melano*roi & ! ,xan?o*roi are two sep>ate races 9 ! biological s5se ( ! ^w race2 7#b7 ,t !y h _h ! same g5]al di/ribution z at pres5t f ! e>lie/ times ( :i* any record exi/s on ! cont95t ( ,europe2 7#c7 ,t ! population ( ! ,briti% ,isl&s is d]iv$ f !m1 & f !m only4 ,! p ( ,europe1 h[ev]1 owe _! national names1 n to _! physical *>act]i/ics1 b to _! languages1 or to _! political relations2 :i*1 x is pla91 ne$ n h ! slighte/ relation to ^! *>act]i/ics4 ,?us1 x is q c]ta9 t1 9 ,caes>'s "t1 ,gaul 0 divid$ politically into ?ree nationalities--! ,belgae1 ! ,celtae1 & ! ,aquitani2 & t ! la/ 7 v widely diff]5t1 bo? 9 language & 9 physical *>act]i/ics1 f ! two =m]4 ,! ,belgae & ! ,celtae1 on ! o!r h&1 diff]$ comp>atively little ei!r 9 physique or 9 language4 ,on ! =m] po9t !re is ! di/9ct te/imony ( ,/rabo2 z to ! latt]1 ,/4 ,j]ome /ates t ! ,galatians _h almo/ ! same language z ! ,treviri4 ,n[1 ! ,galatians 7 emigrant ,volcae ,tectosages1 & !re=e ,celtae2 :ile ! ,treviri 7 ,belgae4 ,at ! pres5t day1 ! physical *>act]s ( ! p ( ,belgic ,gaul rema9 di/9ct f ^? ( ! p ( ,aquita9e1 not)/&+ ! imm5se *anges :i* h tak5 place s9ce ,caes>'s "t2 b ,belgae1 ,celtae1 & ,aquitani 7all b a m]e fraction ( ! la/ two1 repres5t$ by ! ,basques & ! ,britons7 are fus$ into "o nationality1 le peuple ,franais4 ,b !y h adopt$ ! language ( "o set ( invad]s1 & ! "n ( ano!r2 _! orig9al names & languages hav+ almo/ disappe>$4 ,suppose t ! ,fr5* language rema9$ z ! sole evid5ce ( ! exi/5ce ( ! population ( ,gaul1 w\ld ! ke5e/ philolog] arrive at any o!r conclusion ?an t ?is population 0 ess5tially & fundam5tally a ,lat9 race1 :i* _h _h "s communication ) ,celts & ,teutons8 ,w\ld he s mu* z suspect ! =m] exi/5ce ( ! ,aquitani8 ,community ( language te/ifies to close contact betwe5 ! p :o speak ! language1 b to no?+ else2 philology has absolutely no?+ to d ) e?nology1 except s f> z x sugge/s ! exi/5ce or ! abs5ce ( su* contact4 ,! contr>y assumption1 t language is a te/ ( race1 has introduc$ ! utmo/ confusion into e?nological speculation1 & has n[h]e work$ great] sci5tific & practical mis*ief ?an 9 ! e?nology ( ! ,briti% ,isl&s4 ,:at is kn[n1 = c]ta91 ab\t ! languages spok5 9 ^! isl&s & _! aff9ities may1 ,i believe1 be summ$ up z foll[s3-- ,i4 ,at ! "t ( ! ,roman conque/1 "o language1 ! ,celtic1 "u two pr9cipal dialectical divisions1 ! ,cymric & ! ,gaelic1 0 spok5 ?r\gh\t ! ,briti% ,isl&s4 ,cymric 0 spok5 9 ,brita91 ,gaelic 9 ,irel&4 ,if a language alli$ to ,basque _h 9 e>li] times be5 spok5 9 ! ,briti% ,isl&s1 !re is no evid5ce t any ,eusk>ian-speak+ p rema9$ at ! "t ( ! ,roman conque/4 ,! d>k & ! fair population ( ,brita9 alike spoke ,celtic tongues1 & !re=e ! "n ,celt is z applicable to ! "o z to ! o!r4 ,:at 0 spok5 9 ,irel& c only be surmis$ by reason+ f ! k ( lat] times2 b !re seems to be no d\bt t x 0 ,gaelic2 & t ! ,gaelic dialect 0 introduc$ into ! ,we/]n ,highl&s by ,iri% invad]s4 ,,ii4 ,! ,belgae & ! ,celtae1 ) ! (f%oots ( ! latt] 9 ,asia ,m9or1 spoke dialects ( ! ,cymric division ( ,celtic4 ,! evid5ce ( ?is proposition lies 9 ! /atem5t ( ,/4 ,j]ome be=e cit$2 9 ! simil>ity ( ! names ( places 9 ,belgic ,gaul & 9 ,brita92 & 9 ! direct comp>ison ( sundry anci5t ,gauli% & ,belgic words :i* h be5 pres]v$1 ) ! exi/+ ,cymric dialects1 = :i* ,i mu/ ref] to ! le>n$ "w ( ,br&es4 ,=m]ly1 z at ! pres5t day1 ! ,cymric dialects ( ,celtic 7 spok5 by bo? ! fair & ! d>k /ocks4 ,,iii4 ,!re is no record ( ,gaelic be+ spok5 any:]e save 9 ,irel&1 ,scotl&1 & ! ,isle ( ,man4 ,?is appe>s to be ! f9al result ( ! long discussions :i* h tak5 place on ?is mu*-debat$ "q4 ,z is ! case ) ! ,cymric dialects1 ,gaelic is n[ spok5 by bo? d>k & fair /ocks4 ,,iv4 ,:5 ! ,teutonic languages fir/ became kn[n1 !y 7 spok5 only ,xan?o*roi1 t is to say1 by ! ,g]mans1 ! ,sc&9avians1 & ,go?s4 ,& !y 7 import$ by ,xan?o*roi into ,gaul & into ,brita94 ,9 ,gaul ! import$ ,teutonic dialect has be5 completely ov]p[]$ by ! m or less modifi$ ,lat91 :i* x f\nd already 9 possession2 & :at ,teutonic blood !re may be 9 mod]n ,fr5*m5 is n adequately repres5t$ 9 _! language4 ,9 ,brita91 on ! contr>y1 ! ,teutonic dialects h ov]p[]$ ! pre-exi/+ =ms ( spee*1 & ! p are va/ly less ,teutonic ?an _! language4 ,:atev] may h be5 ! ext5t to :i* ! ,celtic-speak+ population ( ! ea/]n half ( ,brita9 0 trodd5 out & supplant$ by ! ,teutonic-speak+ ,saxons & ,danes1 x is q c]ta9 t no consid]able displacem5t ( ! ,celtic-speak+ p occurr$ 9 ,cornwall1 ,wales1 or ! ,highl&s ( ,scotl&2 & t no?+ approa*+ to ! ext9ction ( t p took place 9 ,devon%ire1 ,som]set1 or ! we/]n moiety ( ,brita9 g5]ally4 ,nev]!less1 ! fundam5tally ,teutonic ,engli% language is n[ spok5 ?r\gh\t ,brita91 except by an insignificant fraction ( ! population 9 ,wales & ! ,we/]n ,highl&s4 ,b x is obvi\s t ?is fact af=ds n ! slighte/ ju/ification = ! common practice ( speak+ ( ! pres5t inhabitants ( ,brita9 z an ,anglo-,saxon p4 ,x is1 9 fact1 j z absurd z ! habit ( talk+ ( ! ,fr5* p z a ,lat9 race1 because !y speak a language :i* is1 9 ! ma91 d]iv$ f ,lat94 ,& ! absurdity becomes ! m pat5t :5 ^? :o h no hesitation 9 call+ a ,devon%ire man1 or a ,corni% man1 an ,anglo-,saxon1 w\ld ?9k x ridicul\s to call a ,tipp]>y man by ! same title1 ?\gh he & 8 =efa!rs may h spok5 ,engli% = z long a "t z ! ,corni% man4 ,irel&1 at ! e>lie/ p]iod ( :i* we h any k1 conta9$ l ,brita91 a d>k & a fair /ock1 :i*1 !re is e reason to believe1 7 id5tical ) ! d>k & ! fair /ocks ( ,brita94 ,:5 ! ,iri% fir/ became kn[n !y spoke a ,gaelic dialect1 & ?\gh1 = _m c5turies1 ,sc&9avians made cont9ual incursions ^u1 & settlem5ts among !m1 ! ,teutonic languages made no m way among ! ,iri% ?an !y did among ! ,fr5*4 ,h[ mu* ,sc&9avian blood 0 introduc$ !re is no evid5ce to %[4 ,b aft] ! conque/ ( ,irel& by ,h5ry ,,ii41 ! ,engli% p1 consi/+ 9 "p ( ! desc5dants ( ,cymric speak]s1 & 9 "p ( ! desc5dants ( ,teutonic speak]s1 made good _! foot+ 9 ! ea/]n half ( ! isl&1 z ! ,saxons & ,danes made good !irs 9 ,engl&2 & did _! be/ to complete ! p>allel by attempt+ ! extirpation ( ! ,gaelic-speak+ ,iri%4 ,& !y succe$$ to a consid]able ext5t2 a l>ge "p ( ,ea/]n ,irel& is n[ peopl$ by m5 :o are sub/antially ,engli% by desc5t1 & ! ,engli% language has spread ov] ! l& f> beyond ! limits ( ,engli% blood4 ,e?nologically1 ! ,iri% p 7 orig9ally1 l ! p ( ,brita91 a mixture ( ,melano*roi & ,xan?o*roi4 ,!y resembl$ ! ,britons 9 speak+ a ,celtic tongue2 b x 0 a ,gaelic & n a ,cymric =m ( ! ,celtic language4 ,irel& 0 unt\*$ by ! ,roman conque/1 nor d ! ,saxons seem to h _h any influ5ce ^u h] de/9ies1 b ! ,danes & ,norsem5 p\r$ 9 a cont+5t ( ,teutonism1 :i* has be5 l>gely supplem5t$ by ,engli% & ,scot* ef=ts4 ,:at1 !n1 is ! value ( ! e?nological diff]5ce betwe5 ! ,engli%man ( ! we/]n half ( ,engl& & ! ,iri%man ( ! ea/]n half ( ,irel&8 ,= :at reason does ! "o des]ve ! "n ( a ,celt1 & n ! o!r8 ,& fur!r1 if we turn to ! inhabitants ( ! we/]n half ( ,irel&1 :y %\ld ! t]m ,celts be appli$ to !m m ?an to ! inhabitants ( ,cornwall8 ,& if ! "n is applicable to ! "o z ju/ly z to ! o!r1 :y %\ld n intellig5ce1 p]sev]ance1 ?rift1 indu/ry1 sobriety1 respect = law1 be admitt$ to be ,celtic virtues8 ,& :y %\ld we n seek = ! cause ( _! abs5ce 9 some?+ else ?an ! idle pretext ( ,celtic blood8 ,i h be5 unable to meet ) any answ]s to ^! que/ions4 ,v4 ,! ,celtic & ! ,teutonic dialects are memb]s ( ! same great ,aryan family ( languages2 b !re is evid5ce to %[ t a non-,aryan language 0 at "o "t spok5 ov] a l>ge ext5t ( ! area occupi$ by ,melano*roi 9 ,europe4 ,! non-,aryan language "h ref]r$ to is ! ,eusk>ian1 n[ spok5 only by ! ,basques1 b :i* seems 9 e>li] times to h be5 ! language ( ! ,aquitanians & ,spani>ds1 & may possibly h ext5d$ mu* fur!r to ! ,ea/4 ,:e!r x has any connection ) ! ,ligurian & ,oscan dialects are que/ions ^u :i*1 ( c\rse1 ,i d n presume to (f] any op9ion4 ,b x is important to rem>k t x is a language ! area ( :i* has gradually dim9i%$ )\t any correspond+ extirpation ( ! p :o primitively spoke x2 s t ! p ( ,spa9 & ( ,aquita9e at ! pres5t day mu/ be l>gely ,eusk>ian by desc5t 9 j ! same s5se z ! ,corni% m5 are ,celtic by desc5t4 ,su* seem to me to be ! ma9 facts respect+ ! e?nology ( ! ,briti% isl&s & ( ,we/]n ,europe1 :i* may be said to be fairly e/abli%$4 ,! hypo!sis by :i* ,i ?9k 7) ,de ,belloguet & ,?urnam7 ! facts may be/ be expla9$ is ?is3 ,9 v remote times ,we/]n ,europe & ! ,briti% isl&s 7 inhabit$ by ! d>k /ock1 or ! ,melano*roi1 alone1 & ^! ,melano*roi spoke dialects alli$ to ! ,eusk>ian4 ,! ,xan?o*roi1 spread+ ov] ! great ,eurasiatic pla9s we/w>d1 & speak+ ,aryan dialects1 gradually invad$ ! t]ritories ( ! ,melano*roi4 ,! ,xan?o*roi1 :o ?us came into contact ) ! ,we/]n ,melano*roi1 spoke a ,celtic language2 & t ,celtic language1 :e!r ,cymric or ,gaelic1 spread ov] ! ,melano*roi f> beyond ! limits ( int]mixture ( blood1 supplant+ ,eusk>ian1 j z ,engli% & ,fr5*1 h supplant$ ,celtic4 ,ev5 z e>ly z ,caes>'s "t1 ,i suppose t ! ,eusk>ian 0 ev]y:]e1 except 9 ,spa9 & 9 ,aquita9e1 replac$ by ,celtic1 & ?us ! ,celtic speak]s 7 no long] ( "o e?nological /ock1 b ( two4 ,bo? 9 ,we/]n ,europe & 9 ,engl& a ?ird wave ( language--9 ! "o case ,lat91 9 ! o!r ,teutonic--has spread ov] ! same area4 ,9 ,we/]n ,europe1 x has left a fragm5t ( ! prim>y ,eusk>ian 9 "o corn] ( ! c\ntry1 & a fragm5t ( ! second>y ,celtic 9 ano!r4 ,9 ! ,briti% isl&s1 only outly+ pools ( ! second>y l+ui/ic wave rema9 9 ,wales1 ! ,highl&s1 ,irel&1 & ! ,isle ( ,man4 ,if ?is hypo!sis is a s\nd "o1 x foll[s t ! "n ( ,celtic is n prop]ly applicable to ! ,melano*roic or d>k /ock ( ,europe4 ,!y are m]ely1 s to speak1 second>y ,celts4 ,! prim>y & aborig9al ,celtic-speak+ p are ,xan?o*roi--! typical ,gauls ( ! anci5t writ]s1 & ! close allies by blood1 cu/oms1 & language1 ( ! ,g]mans4 ,,ix4 ,,palaeontology ,,& ,,! ,,doctr9e ,,( ,,evolution4 7,,! ,,anniv]s>y ,,address ,,to ,,! ,,geological ,,society1 ,,= #ahgj47 ,x is n[ eight ye>s s9ce1 9 ! abs5ce ( ! late ,mr4 ,leon>d ,hom]1 :o !n presid$ ov] u1 x fell to my lot1 z "o ( ! ,secret>ies ( ?is ,society1 to draw up ! cu/om>y ,annual ,address4 ,i avail$ myself ( ! opportunity to endeav\r to take /ock ( t portion ( ! sci5ce ( biology :i* is commonly call$ palaeontology1 z x !n exi/$2 &1 discuss+ "o aft] ano!r ! doctr9es held by palaeontologi/s1 ,i put be=e y ! results ( my attempts to sift ! well-e/abli%$ f ! hypo!tical or ! d\btful4 ,p]mit me briefly to recall to y\r m9ds :at ^? results 73-- #a4 ,! liv+ population ( all p>ts ( ! e>?'s surface :i* h yet be5 exam9$ has und]gone a succession ( *anges :i*1 ^u ! :ole1 h be5 ( a sl[ & gradual "*4 #b4 ,:5 ! fossil rema9s :i* are ! evid5ces ( ^! successive *anges1 z !y h occurr$ 9 any two m or less di/ant p>ts ( ! surface ( ! e>?1 are comp>$1 !y exhibit a c]ta9 broad & g5]al p>allelism4 ,9 o!r words1 c]ta9 =ms ( life 9 "o locality occur 9 ! same g5]al ord] ( succession z1 or are homotaxial )1 simil> =ms 9 ! o!r locality4 #c4 ,homotaxis is n to be held id5tical ) syn*ronism )\t indep5d5t evid5ce4 ,x is possible t simil>1 or ev5 id5tical1 faunae & florae 9 two diff]5t localities may be ( extremely diff]5t ages1 if ! t]m age is us$ 9 its prop] *ronological s5se4 ,i /at$ t geographical prov9ces1 or zones1 may h be5 z di/9ctly m>k$ 9 ! ,palaeozoic epo* z at pres5t2 & ^? seem+ly sudd5 appe>ances ( new g5]a & species1 :i* we ascribe to new creation1 may be simple results ( migration4 #d4 ,! op9ion t ! olde/ kn[n fossils are ! e>lie/ =ms ( life has no solid f\ndation4 #e4 ,if we conf9e ourselves to positively asc]ta9$ facts1 ! total am\nt ( *ange 9 ! =ms ( animal & vegetable life1 s9ce ! exi/5ce ( su* =ms is record$1 is small4 ,:5 comp>$ ) ! lapse ( "t s9ce ! fir/ appe>ance ( ^! =ms1 ! am\nt ( *ange is wond]fully small4 ,moreov]1 9 ea* great gr\p ( ! animal & vegetable k+doms1 !re are c]ta9 =ms :i* ,i t]m$ ,,p]si/5t ,,types1 :i* h rema9$1 ) b v little app>5t *ange1 f _! fir/ appe>ance to ! pres5t "t4 #f4 ,9 answ] to ! "q ,:at1 !n1 does an imp>tial survey ( ! positively asc]ta9$ tru?s ( palaeontology te/ify 9 relation to ! common doctr9es ( progressive modification1 :i* suppose t modification to h tak5 place by a necess>y progress f m to less embryonic =ms1 f m to less g5]aliz$ types1 )91 ! limits ( ! p]iod repres5t$ by ! fossilif]\s rocks8 ,i reply1 ,x negatives ^! doctr9es2 = x ei!r %[s u no evid5ce ( su* modification1 or demon/rates su* modification z has occurr$ to h be5 v slight2 &1 z to ! nature ( t modification1 x yields no evid5ce :atsoev] t ! e>li] memb]s ( any long-cont9u$ gr\p 7 m g5]aliz$ 9 /ructure ?an ! lat] ones4 ,i ?9k t ,i _c employ my la/ opportunity ( address+ y1 (ficially1 m prop]ly--,i may say m dutifully--?an 9 revis+ ^! old judgm5ts ) su* help z fur!r k & reflection1 & an extreme desire to get at ! tru?1 may af=d me4 #a4 ,) respect to ! fir/ proposition1 ,i may rem>k t :atev] may be ! case among ! physical geologi/s1 cata/rophic palaeontologi/s are practically ext9ct4 ,x is n[ no "p ( recogniz$ geological doctr9e t ! species ( "o =mation all di$ out & 7 replac$ by a br&-new set 9 ! next =mation4 ,on ! contr>y1 x is g5]ally1 if n univ]sally1 agre$ t ! succession ( life has be51 ! result ( a sl[ & gradual replacem5t ( species by species2 & t all appe>ances ( abruptness ( *ange are due to breaks 9 ! s]ies ( deposits1 or o!r *anges 9 physical conditions4 ,! cont9uity ( liv+ =ms has be5 unbrok5 f ! e>lie/ times to ! pres5t day4 #b1 #c4 ,! use ( ! ^w homotaxis in/ead ( syn*ronism has n1 s f> z ,i "k1 f\nd mu* fav\r 9 ! eyes ( geologi/s4 ,i hope1 !re=e1 t x is a love = sci5tific caution1 & n m]e p]sonal affection = a bantl+ ( my own1 :i* leads me /ill to ?9k t ! *ange ( phrase is ( importance1 & t ! soon] x is made1 ! soon] %all we get rid ( a numb] ( pitfalls :i* beset ! reason] ^u ! facts & !ories ( geology4 ,"o ( ! late/ pieces ( =eign intellig5ce :i* has rea*$ u is ! in=mation t ! ,au/rian geologi/s h1 at la/1 succumb$ to ! weighty evid5ce :i* ,m4 ,b>r&e has accumulat$1 & h admitt$ ! doctr9e ( colonies4 ,b ! admission ( ! doctr9e ( colonies implies ! fur!r admission t ev5 id5tity ( organic rema9s is no pro( ( ! syn*ronism ( ! deposits :i* conta9 !m4 #d4 ,! discussions t\*+ ! ,eozoon1 :i* comm5c$ 9 #ahfd1 h abundantly ju/ifi$ ! f\r? proposition4 ,9 #ahfb1 ! olde/ record ( life 0 9 ! ,cambrian rocks2 b if ! ,eozoon be1 z ,pr9cipal ,dawson & ,dr4 ,c>p5t] h %[n s mu* reason = believ+1 ! rema9s ( a liv+ be+1 ! discov]y ( its true nature c>ri$ life back to a p]iod :i*1 z ,sir ,william ,logan has obs]v$1 is z remote f t dur+ :i* ! ,cambrian rocks 7 deposit$1 z ! ,cambrian epo* itself is f ! t]ti>ies4 ,9 o!r words1 ! asc]ta9$ duration ( life ^u ! globe 0 ne>ly d\bl$ at a /roke4 #e4 ,! significance ( p]si/5t types1 & ( ! small am\nt ( *ange :i* has tak5 place ev5 9 ^? =ms :i* c be %[n to h be5 modifi$1 becomes great] & great] 9 my eyes1 ! long] ,i occupy myself ) ! biology ( ! pa/4 ,consid] h[ long a "t has elaps$ s9ce ! ,mioc5e epo*4 ,yet1 at t "t1 !re is reason to believe t e important gr\p 9 e ord] ( ! ,mammalia 0 repres5t$4 ,ev5 ! comp>atively scanty ,eoc5e fauna yields examples ( ! ord]s ,*eiropt]a1 ,insectivora1 ,rod5tia1 & ,p]issodactyla2 ( ,artiodactyla "u bo? ! ,rum9ant & ! ,porc9e modifications2 ( ,c>nivora1 ,cetacea1 & ,m>supialia4 ,or1 if we g back to ! old] half ( ! ,mesozoic epo*1 h[ truly surpris+ x is to f9d e ord] ( ! ,reptilia1 except ! ,ophidia1 repres5t$2 :ile "s gr\ps1 su* z ! ,orni?oscelida & ! ,pt]osauria1 m specializ$ ?an any :i* n[ exi/1 ab\nd$4 ,!re is "o division ( ! ,amphibia :i* (f]s especially important evid5ce ^u ?is po9t1 inasmu* z x bridges ov] ! gap betwe5 ! ,mesozoic & ! ,palaeozoic =mations 7(t5 suppos$ to be ( su* prodigi\s magnitude71 ext5d+1 z x does1 f ! bottom ( ! ,c>bonif]\s s]ies to ! top ( ! ,trias1 if n into ! ,lias4 ,i ref] to ! ,labyr9?odonts4 ,z ! address ( #ahfb 0 pass+ ?r\gh ! press1 ,i 0 able to m5tion1 9 a note1 ! discov]y ( a l>ge ,labyr9?odont1 ) well-ossifi$ v]tebrae1 9 ! ,ed9burgh coal-field4 ,s9ce t "t eight or t5 di/9ct g5]a ( ,labyr9?odonts h be5 discov]$ 9 ! ,c>bonif]\s rocks ( ,engl&1 ,scotl&1 & ,irel&1 n to m5tion ! ,am]ican =ms describ$ by ,pr9cipal ,dawson & ,pr(essor ,cope4 ,s t1 at ! pres5t "t1 ! ,labyr9?odont ,fauna ( ! ,c>bonif]\s rocks is m ext5sive & div]sifi$ ?an t ( ! ,trias1 :ile its *ief types1 s f> z o/eology enables u to judge1 are q z highly organiz$4 ,?us x is c]ta9 t a comp>atively highly organiz$ v]tebrate type1 su* z t ( ! ,labyr9?odonts1 is capable ( p]si/+1 ) no consid]able *ange1 ?r\gh ! p]iod repres5t$ by ! va/ deposits :i* con/itute ! ,c>bonif]\s1 ! ,p]mian1 & ! ,triassic =mations4 ,! v rem>kable results :i* h be5 br\ght to light by ! s\nd+ & dr$g+ op]ations1 :i* h be5 c>ri$ on ) su* rem>kable success by ! exp$itions s5t out by our own1 ! ,am]ican1 & ! ,sw$i% ,gov]nm5ts1 "u ! sup]vision ( able naturali/s1 h a be>+ 9 ! same direction4 ,^! inve/igations h demon/rat$ ! exi/5ce1 at great dep?s 9 ! ocean1 ( liv+ animals 9 "s cases id5tical )1 9 o!rs v simil> to1 ^? :i* are f\nd fossiliz$ 9 ! :ite *alk4 ,! ,globig]9ae1 ,cya?oli?s1 ,coccosph]es1 ,discoli?s 9 ! "o are absolutely id5tical ) ^? 9 ! o!r2 !re are id5tical1 or closely analog\s1 species ( ,sponges1 ,e*9od]ms1 & ,bra*iopods4 ,(f ! coa/ ( ,portugal1 !re n[ lives a species ( ,b]yx1 :i*1 d\btless1 leaves its bones & scales "h & !re 9 ! ,atlantic ooze1 z its pr$ecessor left its spoils 9 ! mud ( ! sea ( ! ,cretace\s epo*4 ,_m ye>s ago#a ,i v5tur$ to speak ( ! ,atlantic mud z mod]n *alk1 & ,i "k ( no fact inconsi/5t ) ! view :i* ,pr(essor ,wyville ,?omson has advocat$1 t ! mod]n *alk is n only ! l9eal desc5dant ( ! anci5t *alk1 b t x rema9s1 s to speak1 9 ! possession ( ! ance/ral e/ate2 & t f ! ,cretace\s p]iod 7if n mu* e>li]7 to ! pres5t day1 ! deep sea has cov]$ a l>ge "p ( :at is n[ ! area ( ! ,atlantic4 ,b if ,globig]9ae1 & ,t]ebratula caput-s]p5tis & ,b]yx1 n to m5tion o!r =ms ( animals & ( plants1 ?us bridge ov] ! int]val betwe5 ! pres5t & ! ,mesozoic p]iods1 is x possible t ! majority ( o!r liv+ ?+s und]w5t a sea-*ange into some?+ new & /range all at once8 ,footnote #a3 ,see an article 9 ! ,saturday ,review1 = #aheh1 on ,*alk1 ,anci5t & ,mod]n4 #f4 ,?us f> ,i h endeav\r$ to exp& & to en=ce by fre% argum5ts1 b n to modify 9 any important respect1 ! ideas submitt$ to y on a =m] occasion4 ,b :5 ,i come to ! propositions t\*+ progressive modification1 x appe>s to me1 ) ! help ( ! new light :i* has brok5 f v>i\s qu>t]s1 t !re is mu* gr\nd = s(t5+ ! some:at ,brutus-l sev]ity ) :i*1 9 #ahfb1 ,i dealt ) a doctr9e1 = ! tru? ( :i* ,i %\ld h be5 glad en\gh to be able to f9d a good f\ndation4 ,s f>1 inde$1 z ! ,inv]tebrata1 & ! l[] ,v]tebrata are conc]n$1 ! facts & ! conclusions :i* are to be drawn f !m appe> to me to rema9 :at !y 74 ,= any?+ t1 z yet1 appe>s to ! contr>y1 ! e>lie/ kn[n ,m>supials may h be5 z highly organiz$ z _! liv+ cong5]s2 ! ,p]mian liz>ds %[ no signs ( inf]iority to ^? ( ! pres5t day2 ! ,labyr9?odonts _c be plac$ bel[ ! liv+ ,salam&] & ,triton2 ! ,devonian ,ganoids are closely relat$ to ,polypt]us & to ,lepidosir54 ,b :5 we turn to ! high] ,v]tebrata1 ! results ( rec5t inve/igations1 h[ev] we may sift & criticise !m1 seem to me to leave a cle> balance 9 fav\r ( ! doctr9e ( ! evolution ( liv+ =ms "o f ano!r4 ,nev]!less1 9 discuss+ ?is "q1 x is v necess>y to discrim9ate c>efully betwe5 ! diff]5t k9ds ( evid5ce f fossil rema9s :i* are br\ght =w>d 9 fav\r ( evolution4 ,e fossil :i* takes an int]m$iate place betwe5 =ms ( life already kn[n1 may be said1 s f> z x is int]m$iate1 to be evid5ce 9 fav\r ( evolution1 inasmu* z x %[s a possible road by :i* evolution may h tak5 place4 ,b ! m]e discov]y ( su* a =m does n1 9 itself1 prove t evolution took place by & ?r\gh x1 nor does x con/itute m ?an presumptive evid5ce 9 fav\r ( evolution 9 g5]al4 ,suppose ,a1 ,b1 ,c to be ?ree =ms1 :ile ,b is int]m$iate 9 /ructure betwe5 ,a & ,c4 ,!n ! doctr9e ( evolution (f]s f\r possible alt]natives4 ,a may h become ,c by way ( ,b2 or ,c may h become ,a by way ( ,b2 or ,a & ,c may be indep5d5t modifications ( ,b2 or ,a1 ,b1 & ,c may be indep5d5t modifications ( "s unkn[n ,d4 ,take ! case ( ! ,pigs1 ! ,anoplo!ridae1 & ! ,rum9ants4 ,! ,anoplo!ridae are int]m$iate betwe5 ! fir/ & ! la/2 b ?is does n tell u :e!r ! ,rum9ants h come f ! ,pigs1 or ! ,pigs f ,rum9ants1 or bo? f ,anoplo!ridae1 or :e!r ,pigs1 ,rum9ants1 & ,anoplo!ridae alike may n h div]g$ f "s common /ock4 ,b if x c be %[n t ,a1 ,b1 & ,c exhibit successive /ages 9 ! degree ( modification1 or specialization1 ( ! same type2 & if1 fur!r1 x c be prov$ t !y occur 9 successively new] deposits4 ,a be+ 9 ! olde/ & ,c 9 ! newe/1 !n ! int]m$iate "* ( ,b has q ano!r importance1 & ,i %\ld accept x1 )\t hesitation1 z a l9k 9 ! g5ealogy ( ,c4 ,i %\ld consid] ! burd5 ( pro( to be ?r[n ^u anyone :o d5i$ ,c to h be5 d]iv$ f ,a by way ( ,b1 or 9 "s closely analog\s fa%ion2 = x is always probable t "o may n hit ^u ! exact l9e ( filiation1 &1 9 deal+ ) fossils1 may mi/ake uncles & nephews = fa!rs & sons4 ,i ?9k x necess>y to di/+ui% betwe5 ! =m] & ! latt] classes ( int]m$iate =ms1 z int]cal>y types & l9e> types4 ,:5 ,i apply ! =m] t]m1 ,i m]ely mean to say t z a matt] ( fact1 ! =m ,b1 s nam$1 is int]m$iate betwe5 ! o!rs1 9 ! s5se 9 :i* ! ,anoplo!rium is int]m$iate betwe5 ! ,pigs & ! ,rum9ants--)\t ei!r affirm+1 or d5y+1 any direct g5etic relation betwe5 ! ?ree =ms involv$4 ,:5 ,i apply ! latt] t]m1 on ! o!r h&1 ,i mean to express ! op9ion t ! =ms ,a1 ,b1 & ,c con/itute a l9e ( desc5t1 & t ,b is ?us "p ( ! l9eage ( ,c4 ,f ! "t :5 ,cuvi]'s wond]ful rese>*es ^u ! ext9ct ,mammals ( ! ,p>is gypsum fir/ made int]cal>y types kn[n1 & caus$ !m to be recogniz$ z su*1 ! numb] ( su* =ms has /eadily increas$ among ! high] ,mammalia4 ,n only d we n[ "k num]\s int]cal>y =ms ( ,ungulata1 b ,m4 ,gaudry's great monograph ^u ! fossils ( ,pik]mi 7:i* /rikes me z "o ( ! mo/ p]fect pieces ( palaeontological "w ,i h se5 = a long "t7 %[s u1 among ! ,primates1 ,mesopi!cus z an int]cal>y =m betwe5 ! ,semnopi!ci & ! ,macaci2 & among ! ,c>nivora1 ,hya5ictis & ,icti!rium z int]cal>y1 or1 p]haps1 l9e> types betwe5 ! ,viv]ridae & ! ,hya5idae4 ,h>dly any ord] ( ! high] ,mammalia /&s s app>5tly sep>ate & isolat$ f ! re/ z t ( ! ,cetacea2 ?\gh a c>eful consid]ation ( ! /ructure ( ! p9nip$e ,c>nivora1 or ,seals1 %[s1 9 !m1 _m an approximation t[>ds ! /ill m completely m>9e mammals4 ,! ext9ct ,zeuglodon1 h[ev]1 pres5ts u ) an int]cal>y =m betwe5 ! type ( ! ,seals & t ( ! ,:ales4 ,! skull ( ?is great ,eoc5e sea-mon/]1 9 fact1 %[s by ! n>r[ & prolong$ int]orbital region2 ! ext5sive union ( ! p>ietal bones 9 a sagittal suture2 ! well-develop$ nasal bones2 ! di/9ct & l>ge incisors implant$ 9 premaxill>y bones1 :i* take a full %>e 9 b\nd+ ! =e "p ( ! gape2 ! two-fang$ mol> tee? ) triangul> & s]rat$ cr[ns1 n exce$+ five on ea* side 9 ea* jaw2 & ! exi/5ce ( a decidu\s d5tition--its close relation ) ! ,seals4 ,:ile1 on ! o!r h&1 ! produc$ ro/ral =m ( ! sn\t1 ! long symphysis1 & ! l[ coron>y process ( ! m&ible are approximations to ! cetacean =m ( ^? p>ts4 ,! scapula resembles t ( ! cetacean ,hyp]oodon1 b ! supra-sp9\s fossa is l>g] & m seal-l2 z is ! hum]us1 :i* diff]s f t ( ! ,cetacea 9 pres5t+ true articul> surfaces = ! free jo9t+ ( ! bones ( ! =e-arm4 ,9 ! app>5tly complete abs5ce ( h9d] limbs1 & 9 ! *>act]s ( ! v]tebral column1 ! ,zeuglodon lies on ! cetacean side ( ! b\nd>y l9e2 s t1 ^u ! :ole1 ! ,zeuglodonts1 transitional z !y are1 are conv5i5tly reta9$ 9 ! cetacean ord]4 ,& ! publication1 9 #ahfd1 ( ,m4 ,van ,b5$5's memoir on ! ,mioc5e & ,plioc5e ,squalodon1 furni%$ mu* bett] means ?an anatomi/s previ\sly possess$ ( fitt+ 9 ano!r l9k ( ! *a9 :i* connects ! exi/+ ,cetacea ) ,zeuglodon4 ,! tee? are mu* m num]\s1 al?\gh ! mol>s exhibit ! zeuglodont d\ble fang2 ! nasal bones are v %ort1 & ! upp] surface ( ! ro/rum pres5ts ! groove1 fill$ up dur+ life by ! prolongation ( ! e?moidal c>tilage1 :i* is s *>act]i/ic ( ! majority ( ! ,cetacea4 ,x appe>s to me t1 j z among ! exi/+ ,c>nivora1 ! walruses & ! e>$ seals are int]cal>y =ms betwe5 ! fissip$e ,c>nivora & ! ord9>y seals1 s ! ,zeuglodonts are int]cal>y betwe5 ! ,c>nivora1 z a :ole1 & ! ,cetacea4 ,:e!r ! ,zeuglodonts are also l9e> types 9 _! relation to ^! two gr\ps _c be asc]ta9$1 until we h m def9ite k ?an we possess at pres5t1 respect+ ! relations 9 "t ( ! ,c>nivora & ,cetacea4 ,?us f> we h be5 conc]n$ ) ! int]cal>y types :i* occupy ! int]vals betwe5 ,families or ,ord]s ( ! same class2 b ! inve/igations :i* h be5 c>ri$ on by ,pr(essor ,geg5baur1 ,pr(essor ,cope1 & myself into ! /ructure & relations ( ! ext9ct reptilian =ms ( ! ,orni?oscelida 7or ,d9osauria & ,compsogna?a7 h br\ght to light ! exi/5ce ( int]cal>y =ms betwe5 :at h hi!rto be5 always reg>d$ z v di/9ct classes ( ! v]tebrate sub-k+dom1 namely ,reptilia & ,aves4 ,:atev] inf]5ces may1 or may n1 be drawn f ! fact1 x is n[ an e/abli%$ tru? t1 9 _m ( ^! ,orni?oscelida1 ! h9d limbs & ! pelvis are mu* m simil> to ^? ( ,birds ?an !y are to ^? ( ,reptiles1 & t ^! ,bird-reptiles1 or ,reptile-birds1 7 m or less completely bip$al4 ,:5 ,i address$ y 9 #ahfb1 ,i %\ld h be5 bold inde$ _h ,i sugge/$ t palaeontology w\ld be=e long %[ u ! possibility ( a direct transition f ! type ( ! liz>d to t ( ! o/ri*4 ,at ! pres5t mom5t we h1 9 ! ,orni?oscelida1 ! int]cal>y type1 :i* proves t transition to be some?+ m ?an a possibility2 b x is v d\btful :e!r any ( ! g5]a ( ,orni?oscelida ) :i* we are at pres5t acqua9t$ are ! actual l9e> types by :i* ! transition f ! liz>d to ! bird 0 effect$4 ,^!1 v probably1 are /ill hidd5 f u 9 ! old] =mations4 ,let u n[ endeav\r to f9d "s cases ( true l9e> types1 or =ms :i* are int]m$iate betwe5 o!rs because !y /& 9 a direct g5etic relation to !m4 ,x is no easy matt] to f9d cle> & unmi/akable evid5ce ( filiation among fossil animals2 =1 9 ord] t su* evid5ce %\ld be q satisfactory1 x is necess>y t we %\ld be acqua9t$ ) all ! mo/ important features ( ! organization ( ! animals :i* are suppos$ to be ?us relat$1 & n m]ely ) ! fragm5ts ^u :i* ! g5]a & species ( ! palaeontologi/ are s (t5 bas$4 ,m4 ,gaudry has arrang$ ! species ( ,hya5idae1 ,proboscidea1 ,rh9oc]otidae1 & ,equidae 9 _! ord] ( filiation f _! e>lie/ appe>ance 9 ! ,mioc5e epo* to ! pres5t "t1 & ,pr(essor ,rtimey] has drawn up simil> s*emes = ! ,ox5 & o!r ,ungulata--) :at1 ,i am dispos$ to ?9k1 is a fair & probable approximation to ! ord] ( nature4 ,b1 z no "o is bett] aw>e ?an ^! two le>n$1 acute1 & philosophical biologi/s1 all su* arrangem5ts mu/ be reg>d$ z provisional1 except 9 ^? cases 9 :i*1 by a =tunate accid5t1 l>ge s]ies ( rema9s are obta9able f a ?ick & wide-spread s]ies ( deposits4 ,x is easy to accumulate probabilities--h>d to make out "s p>ticul> case 9 su* a way t x w /& rigor\s criticism4 ,aft] mu* se>*1 h[ev]1 ,i ?9k t su* a case is to be made out 9 fav\r ( ! p$igree ( ! ,horses4 ,! g5us ,equus is repres5t$ z f> back z ! latt] "p ( ! ,mioc5e epo*2 b 9 deposits belong+ to ! middle ( t epo* its place is tak5 by two o!r g5]a1 ,hipp>ion & ,an*i!rium#a2 &1 9 ! l[e/ ,mioc5e & upp] ,eoc5e1 only ! la/ g5us occurs4 ,a species ( ,an*i!rium 0 ref]r$ by ,cuvi] to ! ,palaeo!ria "u ! "n ( ,p4 aurelian5se4 ,! gr9d+-tee? are 9 fact v simil> 9 %ape & 9 patt]n1 & 9 ! abs5ce ( any ?ick lay] ( cem5t1 to ^? ( "s species ( ,palaeo!rium1 especially ,cuvi]'s ,palaeo!rium m9us1 :i* has be5 =m$ into a sep>ate g5us1 ,plagiolophus1 by ,pomel4 ,b 9 ! fact t !re are only six full-siz$ gr9d]s 9 ! l[] jaw1 ! fir/ premol> be+ v small2 t ! ant]ior gr9d]s are z l>ge z1 or r l>g] ?an1 ! po/]ior ones2 t ! second premol> has an ant]ior prolongation2 & t ! po/]ior mol> ( ! l[] jaw has1 z ,cuvi] po9t$ out1 a po/]ior lobe ( mu* small] size & diff]5t =m1 ! d5tition ( ,an*i!rium dep>ts f ! type ( ! ,palaeo!rium1 & approa*es t ( ! ,horse4 ,footnote #a3 ,h]mann von ,mey] gave ! "n ( ,an*i!rium to ,a4 ,ezgu]rae2 & 9 8 pap] on ! subject he takes great pa9s to di/+ui% ! latt] z ! type ( a new g5us1 f ,cuvi]'s ,palaeo!rium d',orlans4 ,b x is precisely ! ,palaeo!rium d',orlans :i* is ! type ( ,*ri/ol's g5us ,hipp>i!rium2 & ?us1 ?\gh ,hipp>i!rium is ( lat] date ?an ,an*i!rium1 x seem$ to me to h a sort ( equitable "r to recognition :5 ?is address 0 writt54 ,on ! :ole1 h[ev]1 x seems mo/ conv5i5t to adopt ,an*i!rium4 ,aga91 ! skeleton ( ,an*i!rium is extremely equ9e4 ,m4 ,*ri/ol goes s f> z to say t ! description ( ! bones ( ! horse1 or ! ass1 curr5t 9 vet]9>y works1 w\ld fit ^? ( ,an*i!rium4 ,&1 9 a g5]al way1 ?is may be true en\gh2 b !re are "s mo/ important diff]5ces1 :i*1 inde$1 are ju/ly indicat$ by ! same c>eful obs]v]4 ,?us ! ulna is complete ?r\gh\t1 & its %aft is n a m]e rudim5t1 fus$ into "o bone ) ! radius4 ,!re are ?ree toes1 "o l>ge 9 ! middle & "o small on ea* side4 ,! femur is q l t ( a horse1 & has ! *>act]i/ic fossa above ! ext]nal condyle4 ,9 ! ,briti% ,museum !re is a mo/ in/ructive specim5 ( ! leg-bones1 %[+ t ! fibula 0 repres5t$ by ! ext]nal malleolus & by a flat tongue ( bone1 :i* ext5ds up f x on ! out] side ( ! tibia1 & is closely ankylos$ ) ! latt] bone4#a ,! h9d toes are ?ree1 l ^? ( ! =e leg2 & ! middle metat>sal bone is mu* less compress$ f side to side ?an t ( ! horse4 ,footnote #a3 ,i am indebt$ to ,m4 ,g]vais = a specim5 :i* indicates t ! fibula 0 complete1 at any rate1 9 "s cases2 & = a v int]e/+ ramus ( a m&ible1 :i* %[s t1 z 9 ! ,palaeo!ria1 ! h9d]mo/ milk-mol> ( ! l[] jaw 0 devoid ( ! po/]ior lobe :i* exi/s 9 ! h9d]mo/ true mol>4 ,9 ! ,hipp>ion ! tee? ne>ly resemble ^? ( ! ,horses1 ?\gh ! cr[ns ( ! gr9d]s are n s long2 l ^? ( ! ,horses1 !y are abundantly coat$ ) cem5t4 ,! %aft ( ! ulna is r$uc$ to a m]e /yle ankylos$ ?r\gh\t ne>ly its :ole l5g? ) ! radius1 & appe>+ to be little m ?an a ridge on ! surface ( ! latt] bone until x is c>efully exam9$4 ,! front toes are /ill ?ree1 b ! out] ones are m sl5d] ?an 9 ,an*i!rium1 & _! ho(s small] 9 proportion to t ( ! middle toe3 !y are1 9 fact1 r$uc$ to m]e dew-claws1 & d n t\* ! gr\nd4 ,9 ! leg1 ! di/al end ( ! fibula is s completely unit$ ) ! tibia t x appe>s to be a m]e process ( ! latt] bone1 z 9 ! ,horses4 ,9 ,equus1 f9ally1 ! cr[ns ( ! gr9d+-tee? become long]1 & _! patt]ns are slightly modifi$2 ! middle ( ! %aft ( ! ulna usually vani%es1 & its proximal & di/al ends ankylose ) ! radius4 ,! phalanges ( ! two out] toes 9 ea* foot disappe>1 _! metac>pal & metat>sal bones be+ left z ! spl9ts4 ,! ,hipp>ion has l>ge depressions on ! face 9 front ( ! orbits1 l ^? = ! l>mi]s ( _m rum9ants2 b traces ( ^! are to be se5 9 "s ( ! fossil horses f ! ,sewalik ,hills2 &1 z ,leidy's rec5t rese>*es %[1 !y are pres]v$ 9 ,an*i!rium4 ,:5 we consid] ^! facts1 & ! fur!r circum/ance t ! ,hipp>ions1 ! rema9s ( :i* h be5 collect$ 9 imm5se numb]s1 7 subject1 z ,m4 ,gaudry & o!rs h po9t$ out1 to a great range ( v>iation1 x appe>s to me impossible to resi/ ! conclusion t ! types ( ! ,an*i!rium1 ( ! ,hipp>ion1 & ( ! anci5t ,horses con/itute ! l9eage ( ! mod]n ,horses1 ! ,hipp>ion be+ ! int]m$iate /age betwe5 ! o!r two1 & answ]+2 to ,b 9 my =m] illu/ration4 ,! process by :i* ! ,an*i!rium has be5 conv]t$ into ,equus is "o ( specialization1 or ( m & m complete deviation f :at might be call$ ! av]age =m ( an ungulate mammal4 ,9 ! ,horses1 ! r$uction ( "s p>ts ( ! limbs1 toge!r ) ! special modification ( ^? :i* are left1 is c>ri$ to a great] ext5t ?an 9 any o!r ho($ mammals4 ,! r$uction is less & ! specialization is less 9 ! ,hipp>ion1 & /ill less 9 ! ,an*i!rium2 b yet1 z comp>$ ) o!r mammals1 ! r$uction & specialization ( p>ts 9 ! ,an*i!rium rema9 great4 ,is x n probable !n1 t1 j z 9 ! ,mioc5e epo*1 we f9d an ance/ral equ9e =m less modifi$ ?an ,equus1 s1 if we g back to ! ,eoc5e epo*1 we %all f9d "s quadrup$ relat$ to ! ,an*i!rium1 z ,hipp>ion is relat$ to ,equus1 & consequ5tly dep>t+ less f ! av]age =m8 ,i ?9k t ?is desid]atum is v ne>ly1 if n q1 suppli$ by ,plagiolophus1 rema9s ( :i* occur abundantly 9 "s p>ts ( ! ,upp] & ,middle ,eoc5e =mations4 ,! patt]ns ( ! gr9d+-tee? ( ,plagiolophus are simil> to ^? ( ,an*i!rium1 & _! cr[ns are z ?9ly cov]$ ) cem5t2 b ! gr9d]s dim9i% 9 size =w>ds1 & ! la/ l[] mol> has a l>ge h9d lobe1 convex outw>ds & concave inw>ds1 z 9 ,palceo!rium4 ,! ulna is complete & mu* l>g] ?an 9 any ( ! ,equidae1 :ile x is m sl5d] ?an 9 mo/ ( ! true ,palaeo!ria2 x is fix$ly unit$1 b n ankylos$1 ) ! radius4 ,!re are ?ree toes 9 ! =e limb1 ! out] ones be+ sl5d]1 b less att5uat$ ?an 9 ! ,equidae4 ,! femur is m l t ( ! ,palaeo!ria ?an t ( ! horse1 & has only a small depression above its out] condyle 9 ! place ( ! great fossa :i* is s obvi\s 9 ! ,equidae4 ,! fibula is di/9ct1 b v sl5d]1 & its di/al end is ankylos$ ) ! tibia4 ,!re are ?ree toes on ! h9d foot hav+ simil> proportions to ^? on ! =e foot4 ,! pr9cipal metac>pal & metat>sal bones are flatt] ?an !y are 9 any ( ! ,equidae2 & ! metac>pal bones are long] ?an ! metat>sals1 z 9 ! ,palaeo!ria4 ,9 its g5]al =m1 ,plagiolophus resembles a v small & sl5d] horse#a1 & is totally unlike ! reluctant1 pig-l creature depict$ 9 ,cuvi]'s re/oration ( 8 ,palaeo!rium m9us 9 ! ,os sem5s ,fossils4 ,footnote #a3 ,su*1 at lea/1 is ! conclusion sugge/$ by ! proportions ( ! skeleton figur$ by ,cuvi] & ,de ,bla9ville2 b p]haps some?+ betwe5 a ,horse & an ,ag\ti w\ld be ne>e/ ! m>k4 ,x w\ld be haz>d\s to say t ,plagiolophus is ! exact radical =m ( ! ,equ9e quadrup$s2 b ,i d n ?9k !re c be any reasonable d\bt t ! latt] animals h result$ f ! modification ( "s quadrup$ simil> to ,plagiolophus4 ,we h ?us arriv$ at ! ,middle ,eoc5e =mation1 & yet h trac$ back ! ,horses only to a ?ree-to$ /ock2 b ^! ?ree-to$ =ms1 no less ?an ! ,equ9e quadrup$s !mselves1 pres5t rudim5ts ( ! two o!r toes :i* app]ta9 to :at ,i h t]m$ ! av]age quadrup$4 ,if ! expectation rais$ by ! spl9ts ( ! ,horses t1 9 "s ance/or ( ! ,horses1 ^! spl9ts w\ld be f\nd to be complete digits1 has be5 v]ifi$1 we are furni%$ ) v /rong reasons = look+ = a no less complete v]ification ( ! expectation t ! ?ree-to$4 ,plagiolophus-l avus ( ! horse mu/ h _h a five-to$ atavus at "s e>li] p]iod4 ,no su* five-to$ atavus1 h[ev]1 has yet made its appe>ance among ! few middle & old] ,eoc5e ,mammalia :i* are kn[n4 ,ano!r s]ies ( closely affiliat$ =ms1 ?\gh ! evid5ce !y af=d is p]haps less complete ?an t ( ! ,equ9e s]ies1 is pres5t$ to u by ! ,di*obune ( ! ,eoc5e epo*1 ! ,ca9o!rium ( ! ,mioc5e1 & ! ,tragulidae1 or s-call$ ,musk-de]1 ( ! pres5t day4 ,! ,tragulidae h no incisors 9 ! upp] jaw1 & only six gr9d+-tee? on ea* side ( ea* jaw2 :ile ! can9e is mov$ up to ! out] incisor1 & !re is a dia/ema1 9 ! l[] jaw4 ,!re are f\r complete toes on ! h9d foot1 b ! middle metat>sals usually become1 soon] or lat]1 ankylos$ into a cannon bone4 ,! navicul> & ! cuboid unite1 & ! di/al end ( ! fibula is ankylos$ ) ! tibia4 ,9 ,ca9o!rium & ,di*obune ! upp] incisors are fully develop$4 ,!re are sev5 gr9d]s2 ! tee? =m a cont9u\s s]ies )\t a dia/ema4 ,! metat>sals1 ! navicul> & cuboid1 & ! di/al end ( ! fibula1 rema9 free4 ,9 ! ,ca9o!rium1 also1 ! second metac>pal is develop$1 b is mu* %ort] ?an ! ?ird1 :ile ! fif? is abs5t or rudim5t>y4 ,9 ?is respect x resembles ,anoplo!rium secund>ium4 ,?is circum/ance1 & ! peculi> patt]n ( ! upp] mol>s 9 ,ca9o!rium1 lead me to hesitate 9 consid]+ x z ! actual ance/or ( ! mod]n ,tragulidae4 ,if ,di*obune has a f\r-to$ =e foot 7?\gh ,i am incl9$ to suspect t x resembles ,ca9o!rium71 x w be a bett] repres5tative ( ! olde/ =ms ( ! ,tragul9e s]ies2 b ,di*obune occurs 9 ! ,middle-,eoc5e1 & is1 9 fact1 ! olde/ kn[n artiodactyle mammal4 ,:]e1 !n1 mu/ we look = its five-to$ ance/or8 ,if we foll[ d[n o!r l9es ( rec5t & t]ti>y ,ungulata1 ! same "q pres5ts itself4 ,! ,pigs are traceable back ?r\gh ! ,mioc5e epo* to ! ,upp] ,eoc5e1 :]e !y appe> 9 ! two well-m>k$ =ms ( ,hyopotamus & ,*a]opotamus2 b ,hyopotamus appe>s to h _h only two toes4 ,aga91 all ! great gr\ps ( ! ,rum9ants1 ! ,bovidae1 ,antilopidae1 ,camelop>dalidae1 & ,c]vidae1 are repres5t$ 9 ! ,mioc5e epo*1 & s are ! ,camels4 ,! ,upp] ,eoc5e ,anoplo!rium1 :i* is int]cal>y betwe5 ! ,pigs & ! ,tragulidae1 has only two or1 at mo/1 ?ree toes4 ,among ! scanty mammals ( ! ,l[] ,eoc5e =mation we h ! p]issodactyle ,ungulata repres5t$ by ,coryphodon1 ,hyra-co!rium1 & ,pliolophus4 ,suppose = a mom5t1 = ! sake ( foll[+ out ! argum5t1 t ,pliolophus repres5ts ! prim>y /ock ( ! ,p]issodactyles1 & ,di*obune t ( ! ,artiodactyles 7?\gh ,i am f> f say+ t su* is ! case71 !n we f9d1 9 ! e>lie/ fauna ( ! ,eoc5e epo* to :i* our inve/igations c>ry u1 ! two divisions ( ! ,ungulata completely diff]5tiat$1 & no trace ( any common /ock ( bo?1 or ( five-to$ pr$ecessors to ei!r4 ,) ! case ( ! ,horses be=e u1 ju/ify+ a belief 9 ! production ( new animal =ms by modification ( old ones1 ,i see no escape f ! necessity ( seek+ = ^! ance/ors ( ! ,ungulata beyond ! limits ( ! ,t]ti>y =mations4 ,i c\ld z soon admit special creation1 at once1 z suppose t ! ,p]issodactyles & ,artiodactyles _h no five-to$ ance/ors4 ,& :5 we consid] h[ l>ge a portion ( ! ,t]ti>y p]iod elaps$ be=e ,an*i!rium 0 conv]t$ into ,equus1 x is difficult to escape ! conclusion t a l>ge proportion ( "t ant]ior to ! ,t]ti>y p]iod mu/ h be5 exp5d$ 9 conv]t+ ! common /ock ( ! ,ungulata into ,p]issodactyles & ,artiodactyles4 ,! same moral is inculcat$ by ! /udy ( e o!r ord] ( ,t]ti>y monodelph\s ,mammalia4 ,ea* ( ^! ord]s is repres5t$ 9 ! ,mioc5e epo*3 ! ,eoc5e =mation1 z ,i h already said1 conta9s ,*eiropt]a1 ,insectivora1 ,rod5tia1 ,ungulata1 ,c>nivora1 & ,cetacea4 ,b ! ,*eiropt]a are extreme modifications ( ! ,insectivora1 j z ! ,cetacea are extreme modifications ( ! ,c>nivor\s type2 & !re=e x is to my m9d incr$ible t monodelph\s ,insectivora & ,c>nivora %\ld n h be5 abundantly develop$1 along ) ,ungulata1 9 ! ,mesozoic epo*4 ,b if ?is be ! case1 h[ mu* fur!r back mu/ we g to f9d ! common /ock ( ! monodelph\s ,mammalia8 ,z to ! ,didelphia1 if we may tru/ ! evid5ce :i* seems to be af=d$ by _! v scanty rema9s1 a ,hypsiprymnoid =m exi/$ at ! epo* ( ! ,trias1 contemporane\sly ) a ,c>nivor\s =m4 ,at ! epo* ( ! ,trias1 !re=e1 ! ,m>supialia mu/ h1 already exi/$ long en\gh to h become diff]5tiat$ into c>nivor\s & h]bivor\s =ms4 ,b ! ,monotremata are l[] =ms ?an ! ,didelphia1 :i* la/ are int]cal>y betwe5 ! ,orni?odelphia & ! ,monodelphia4 ,to :at po9t ( ! ,palaeozoic epo*1 !n1 mu/ we1 ^u any rational e/imate1 relegate ! orig9 ( ! ,monotremata8 ,! inve/igation ( ! occurr5ce ( ! classes & ( ! ord]s ( ! ,sauropsida 9 "t po9ts 9 exactly ! same direction4 ,if1 z !re is great reason to believe1 true ,birds exi/$ 9 ! ,triassic epo*1 ! orni?oscelid\s =ms by :i* ,reptiles pass$ into ,birds mu/ h prec$$ !m4 ,9 fact !re is1 ev5 at pres5t1 consid]able gr\nd = suspect+ ! exi/5ce ( ,d9osauria 9 ! ,p]mian =mations2 b1 9 t case1 liz>ds mu/ be ( /ill e>li] date4 ,& if ! v small diff]5ces :i* are obs]vable betwe5 ! ,crocodilia ( ! old] ,mesozoic =mations & ^? ( ! pres5t day furni% any sort ( approximation t[>ds an e/imate ( ! av]age rate ( *ange among ! ,sauropsida1 x is almo/ appall+ to reflect h[ f> back 9 ,palaeozoic times we mu/ g1 be=e we c hope to arrive at t common /ock f :i* ! ,crocodilia1 ,lac]tilia1 ,orni?oscelida1 & ,plesiosauria1 :i* _h atta9$ s great a developm5t 9 ! ,triassic epo*1 mu/ h be5 d]iv$4 ,! ,amphibia & ,pisces tell ! same /ory4 ,!re is n a s+le class ( v]tebrat$ animals :i*1 :5 x fir/ appe>s1 is repres5t$ by analogues ( ! l[e/ kn[n memb]s ( ! same class4 ,!re=e1 if !re is any tru? 9 ! doctr9e ( evolution1 e class mu/ be va/ly old] ?an ! fir/ record ( its appe>ance ^u ! surface ( ! globe4 ,b if consid]ations ( ?is k9d compel u to place ! orig9 ( v]tebrat$ animals at a p]iod suffici5tly di/ant f ! ,upp] ,silurian1 9 :i* ! fir/ ,elasmobran*s & ,ganoids occur1 to all[ ( ! evolution ( su* fi%es z ^! f a ,v]tebrate z simple z ! ,amphioxus1 ,i c only repeat t x is appall+ to speculate ^u ! ext5t to :i* t orig9 mu/ h prec$$ ! epo* ( ! fir/ record$ appe>ance ( v]tebrate life4 ,su* is ! fur!r comm5t>y :i* ,i h to (f] ^u ! /atem5t ( ! *ief results ( palaeontology :i* ,i =m]ly v5tur$ to lay be=e y4 ,b ! gr[? ( k 9 ! int]val makes me consci\s ( an omission ( consid]able mom5t 9 t /atem5t1 inasmu* z x conta9s no ref]5ce to ! be>+s ( palaeontology ^u ! !ory ( ! di/ribution ( life2 nor takes note ( ! rem>kable mann] 9 :i* ! facts ( di/ribution1 9 pres5t & pa/ times1 accord ) ! doctr9e ( evolution1 especially 9 reg>d to l& animals4 ,t connection betwe5 palaeontology & geology & ! pres5t di/ribution ( t]re/rial animals1 :i* s /rik+ly impress$ ,mr4 ,d>w91 ?irty ye>s ago1 z to lead him to speak ( a law ( succession ( types1 & ( ! wond]ful relation%ip on ! same cont95t betwe5 ! dead & ! liv+1 has rec5tly receiv$ mu* elucidation f ! rese>*es ( ,gaudry1 ( ,rtimey]1 ( ,leidy1 & ( ,alphonse ,milne-,edw>ds1 tak5 9 connection ) ! e>li] lab\rs ( our lam5t$ colleague ,falcon]2 & x has be5 in/ructively discuss$ 9 ! ?\ghtful & +5i\s "w ( ,mr4 ,&rew ,murray ,on ! ,geographical ,di/ribution ( ,mammals4#a ,footnote #a3 ,! pap] ,on ! ,=m & ,di/ribution ( ! ,l&-tracts dur+ ! ,second>y & ,t]ti>y ,p]iods respectively2 & on ! ,effect ^u ,animal ,life :i* great ,*anges 9 ,geographical ,configuration h probably produc$1 by ,mr4 ,se>les ,v4 ,wood1 jun41 :i* 0 publi%$ 9 ! ,philosophical ,magaz9e1 9 #ahfb1 0 unkn[n to me :5 ?is ,address 0 writt54 ,x is well wor?y ( ! mo/ c>eful /udy4 ,i propose to lay be=e y1 z briefly z ,i c1 ! ideas to :i* a long consid]ation ( ! subject has giv5 rise 9 my own m9d4 ,if ! doctr9e ( evolution is s\nd1 "o ( its imm$iate consequ5ces cle>ly is1 t ! pres5t di/ribution ( life ^u ! globe is ! product ( two factors1 ! "o be+ ! di/ribution :i* obta9$ 9 ! imm$iately prec$+ epo*1 & ! o!r ! "* & ! ext5t ( ! *anges :i* h tak5 place 9 physical geography betwe5 ! "o epo* & ! o!r2 or1 to put ! matt] 9 ano!r way1 ! ,fauna & ,flora ( any giv5 area1 9 any giv5 epo*1 c consi/ only ( su* =ms ( life z are directly desc5d$ f ^? :i* con/itut$ ! ,fauna & ,flora ( ! same area 9 ! imm$iately prec$+ epo*1 unless ! physical geography 7"u :i* ,i include climatal conditions7 ( ! area has be5 s alt]$ z to give rise to immigration ( liv+ =ms f "s o!r area4 ,! evolutioni/1 !re=e1 is b\nd to grapple ) ! foll[+ problem :5ev] x is cle>ly put be=e him3--,"h are ! ,faunae ( ! same area dur+ successive epo*s4 ,%[ good cause = believ+ ei!r t ^! ,faunae h be5 d]iv$ f "o ano!r by gradual modification1 or t ! ,faunae h rea*$ ! area 9 "q by migration f "s area 9 :i* !y h und]gone _! developm5t4 ,i propose to attempt to deal ) ?is problem1 s f> z x is exemplifi$ by ! di/ribution ( ! t]re/rial ,v]tebrata1 & ,i %all endeav\r to %[ y t x is capable ( solution 9 a s5se entirely fav\rable to ! doctr9e ( evolution4 ,i h else:]e#a /at$ at l5g? ! reasons :i* lead me to recognize f\r prim>y di/ributional prov9ces = ! t]re/rial ,v]tebrata 9 ! pres5t _w1 namely1--fir/1 ! ,novozelanian1 or ,new-,zeal& prov9ce2 secondly1 ! ,au/ralian prov9ce1 includ+ ,au/ralia1 ,tasmania1 & ! ,negrito ,isl&s2 ?irdly1 ,au/ro-,columbia1 or ,s\? ,am]ica plus ,nor? ,am]ica z f> z ,mexico2 & f\r?ly1 ! re/ ( ! _w1 or ,arctogaea1 9 :i* prov9ce ,am]ica nor? ( ,mexico con/itutes "o sub-prov9ce1 ,africa s\? ( ! ,sah>a a second1 ,h9do/an a ?ird1 & ! rema9d] ( ! ,old ,_w1 a f\r?4 ,footnote #a3 ,on ! ,classification & ,di/ribution ( ! ,alectoromorphae2 ,proce$+s ( ! ,zoological ,society1 #ahfh4 ,n[ ! tru? :i* ,mr4 ,d>w9 p]ceiv$ & promulgat$ z ! law ( ! succession ( types is1 t1 9 all ^! prov9ces1 ! animals f\nd 9 ,plioc5e or lat] deposits are closely aff9$ to ^? :i* n[ inhabit ! same prov9ces2 & t1 conv]sely1 ! =ms *>act]i/ic ( o!r prov9ces are abs5t4 ,nor? & ,s\? ,am]ica1 p]haps1 pres5t "o or two exceptions to ! la/ rule1 b !y are readily susceptible ( explanation4 ,?us1 9 ,au/ralia1 ! lat] ,t]ti>y mammals are m>supials 7possibly ) exception ( ! ,dog & a ,rod5t or two1 z at pres5t74 ,9 ,au/ro-,columbia ! lat] ,t]ti>y fauna exhibits num]\s & v>i$ =ms ( ,platyrrh9e ,apes1 ,rod5ts1 ,cats1 ,dogs1 ,/ags1 ,ed5tata1 & ,opossums2 b1 z at pres5t1 no ,cat>rh9e ,apes1 no ,lemurs1 no ,insectivora1 ,ox51 ,antelopes1 ,rh9oc]oses1 nor ,didelphia o!r ?an ,opossums4 ,& 9 ! wide-spread ,arctogaeal prov9ce1 ! ,plioc5e & lat] mammals belong to ! same gr\ps z ^? :i* n[ exi/ 9 ! prov9ce4 ,! law ( succession ( types1 !re=e1 holds good = ! pres5t epo* z comp>$ ) its pr$ecessor4 ,does x equally well apply to ! ,plioc5e fauna :5 we comp>e x ) t ( ! ,mioc5e epo*8 ,by great good =tune1 an ext5sive mammalian fauna ( ! latt] epo* has n[ become kn[n1 9 f\r v di/ant portions ( ! ,arctogaeal prov9ce :i* d n diff] greatly 9 latitude4 ,?us ,falcon] & ,cautley h made kn[n ! fauna ( ! sub-,himalayas & ! ,p]im ,isl&s2 ,gaudry t ( ,attica2 _m obs]v]s t ( ,c5tral ,europe & ,france2 & ,leidy t ( ,nebraska1 on ! ea/]n flank ( ! ,rocky ,m\nta9s4 ,! results are v /rik+4 ,! total ,mioc5e fauna comprises _m g5]a1 & species ( ,cat>rh9e ,apes1 ( ,bats1 ( ,insectivora2 ( ,arctogaeal types ( ,rod5tia2 ( ,proboscidea2 ( equ9e1 rh9oc]otic1 & tapir9e quadrup$s2 ( camel9e1 bov9e1 antilop9e1 c]v9e1 & tragul9e ,rum9ants2 ( ,pigs & ,hippopotamuses2 ( ,viv]ridae & ,hya5idae among o!r ,c>nivora2 ) ,ed5tata alli$ to ! ,arctogaeal ,oryct]opus & ,manis1 & n to ! ,au/ro-,columbian ,ed5tates4 ,! only type pres5t 9 ! ,mioc5e1 b abs5t 9 ! exi/+1 fauna ( ,ea/]n ,arctogaea1 is t ( ! ,didelphidae1 :i*1 h[ev]1 rema9s 9 ,nor? ,am]ica4 ,b x is v rem>kable t :ile ! ,mioc5e fauna ( ! ,arctogaeal prov9ce1 z a :ole1 is ( ! same "* z ! exi/+ fauna ( ! same prov9ce1 z a :ole1 ! compon5t elem5ts ( ! fauna 7 diff]5tly associat$4 ,9 ! ,mioc5e epo*1 ,nor? ,am]ica possess$ ,elephants1 ,horses1 ,rh9oc]oses1 & a great numb] & v>iety ( ,rum9ants & ,pigs1 :i* are abs5t 9 ! pres5t indig5\s fauna2 ,europe _h its ,apes1 ,elephants1 ,rh9oc]oses1 ,tapirs1 ,musk-de]1 ,giraffes1 ,hya5as1 great ,cats1 ,ed5tates1 & ,opossum-l ,m>supials1 :i* h equally vani%$ f its pres5t fauna2 & 9 ,nor!rn ,india1 ! ,african types ( ,hippopotamuses1 ,giraffes1 & ,elephants 7 mix$ up ) :at are n[ ! ,asiatic types ( ! latt]1 & ) ,camels1 & ,semnopi!c9e & ,pi!c9e ,apes ( no less di/9ctly ,asiatic =ms4 ,9 fact ! ,mioc5e mammalian fauna ( ,europe & ! ,himalayan regions conta9s1 associat$ toge!r1 ! types :i* are at pres5t sep>ately locat$ 9 ! ,s\?-,african & ,indian sub-prov9ces ( ,arctogaea4 ,n[ !re is e reason to believe1 on o!r gr\nds1 t bo? ,h9do/an1 s\? ( ! ,ganges1 & ,africa1 s\? ( ! ,sah>a1 7 sep>at$ by a wide sea f ,europe & ,nor? ,asia dur+ ! ,middle & ,upp] ,eoc5e epo*s4 ,h5ce x becomes highly probable t ! well-kn[n simil>ities1 & no less rem>kable diff]5ces1 betwe5 ! pres5t ,faunae ( ,india & ,s\? ,africa h aris5 9 "s su* fa%ion z ! foll[+4 ,"s "t dur+ ! ,mioc5e epo*1 possibly :5 ! ,himalayan *a9 0 elevat$1 ! bottom ( ! nummulitic sea 0 upheav$ & conv]t$ into dry l&1 9 ! direction ( a l9e ext5d+ f ,abyss9ia to ! m\? ( ! ,ganges4 ,by ?is means1 ! ,dekhan on ! "o h&1 & ,s\? ,africa on ! o!r1 became connect$ ) ! ,mioc5e dry l& & ) "o ano!r4 ,! ,mioc5e mammals spread gradually ov] ?is int]m$iate dry l&2 & if ! condition ( its ea/]n & we/]n ends (f]$ z wide contra/s z ! valleys ( ! ,ganges & ,arabia d n[1 _m =ms :i* made _! way into ,africa mu/ h be5 diff]5t f ^? :i* rea*$ ! ,dekhan1 :ile o!rs might pass into bo? ^! sub-prov9ces4 ,t !re 0 a cont9uity ( dry l& betwe5 ,europe & ,nor? ,am]ica dur+ ! ,mioc5e epo*1 appe>s to me to be a necess>y consequ5ce ( ! fact t _m g5]a ( t]re/rial mammals1 su* z ,ca/or1 ,hy/rix1 ,elephas1 ,ma/odon1 ,equus1 ,hipp>ion1 ,an*i!rium1 ,rh9oc]os1 ,c]vus1 ,amphicyon1 ,hya5>ctos1 & ,ma*airodus1 are common to ! ,mioc5e =mations ( ! two areas1 & h z yet be5 f\nd 7except p]haps ,an*i!rium7 9 no deposit ( e>li] age4 ,:e!r ?is connection took place by ! ea/1 or by ! we/1 or by bo? sides ( ! ,old ,_w1 !re is at pres5t no c]ta9 evid5ce1 & ! "q is immat]ial to ! pres5t argum5t2 b1 z !re are good gr\nds = ! belief t ! ,au/ralian prov9ce & ! ,indian & ,s\?-,african sub-prov9ces 7 sep>at$ by sea f ! re/ ( ,arctogaea be=e ! ,mioc5e epo*1 s x has be5 r5d]$ no less probable1 by ! inve/igations ( ,mr4 ,c>rick ,moore & ,pr(essor ,duncan1 t ,au/ro-,columbia 0 sep>at$ by sea f ,nor? ,am]ica dur+ a l>ge "p ( ! ,mioc5e epo*4 ,x is un=tunate t we h no k ( ! ,mioc5e mammalian fauna ( ! ,au/ralian & ,au/ro-,columbian prov9ces2 b1 see+ t n a trace ( a ,platyrrh9e ,ape1 ( a ,procyon9e ,c>nivore1 ( a *>act]i/ically ,s\?-,am]ican ,rod5t1 ( a ,slo?1 an ,armadillo1 or an ,ant-eat] has yet be5 f\nd 9 ,mioc5e deposits ( ,arctogaea1 ,i _c d\bt t !y already exi/$ 9 ! ,mioc5e ,au/ro-,columbian prov9ce4 ,nor is x less probable t ! *>act]i/ic types ( ,au/ralian ,mammalia 7 already develop$ 9 t region 9 ,mioc5e times4 ,b ,au/ro-,columbia pres5ts difficulties f :i* ,au/ralia is free2 ,camelidae & ,tapiridae are n[ indig5\s 9 ,s\? ,am]ica z !y are 9 ,arctogaea2 &1 among ! ,plioc5e ,au/ro-,columbian mammals1 ! ,au/ro-,columbian g5]a ,equus1 ,ma/odon1 & ,ma*airodus are numb]$4 ,are ^! ,po/mioc5e immigrants1 or ,praemioc5e natives8 ,/ill m p]plex+ are ! /range & int]e/+ =ms ,toxodon1 ,macrau*5ia1 ,typo!rium1 & a new ,anoplo!rioid mammal 7,homalodo!rium7 :i* ,dr4 ,cunn+ham s5t ov] to me "s "t ago f ,patagonia4 ,i confess ,i am /rongly incl9$ to surmise t ^! la/1 at any rate1 are remnants ( ! population ( ,au/ro-,columbia be=e ! ,mioc5e epo*1 & 7 n d]iv$ f ,arctogaea by way ( ! nor? & ea/4 ,! fact t ?is imm5se fauna ( ,mioc5e ,arctogaea is n[ fully & ri*ly repres5t$ only 9 ,india & 9 ,s\? ,africa1 :ile x is %runk & depaup]iz$ 9 ,nor? ,asia1 ,europe1 & ,nor? ,am]ica1 becomes at once intelligible1 if we suppose t ,india & ,s\? ,africa _h b a scanty mammalian population be=e ! ,mioc5e immigration1 :ile ! conditions 7 highly fav\rable to ! new com]s4 ,x is to be suppos$ t ^! new regions (f]$ !mselves to ! ,mioc5e ,ungulates1 z ,s\? ,am]ica & ,au/ralia (f]$ !mselves to ! cattle1 %eep1 & horses ( mod]n coloni/s4 ,b1 aft] ^! great areas 7 ?us peopl$1 came ! ,glacial epo*1 dur+ :i* ! excessive cold1 to say no?+ ( depression & ice-cov]+1 mu/ h almo/ depopulat$ all ! nor!rn p>ts ( ,arctogaea1 de/roy+ all ! high] mammalian =ms1 except ^? :i*1 l ! ,elephant & ,rh9oc]os1 c\ld adju/ _! coats to ! alt]$ conditions4 ,ev5 ^! mu/ h be5 driv5 away f ! great] "p ( ! area2 only ^? ,mioc5e mammals :i* _h pass$ into ,h9do/an & into ,s\? ,africa w\ld escape decimation by su* *anges 9 ! physical geography ( ,arctogaea4 ,& :5 ! nor!rn hemisph]e pass$ into its pres5t condition1 ^! lo/ tribes ( ! ,mioc5e ,fauna 7 hemm$ by ! ,himalayas1 ! ,sah>a1 ! ,r$ ,sea1 & ! ,arabian des]ts1 )9 _! pres5t b\nd>ies4 ,n[1 on ! hypo!sis ( evolution1 !re is no sort ( difficulty 9 admitt+ t ! diff]5ces betwe5 ! ,mioc5e =ms ( ! mammalian ,fauna & ^? :i* exi/ at pres5t are ! results ( gradual modification2 &1 s9ce su* diff]5ces 9 di/ribution z obta9 are readily expla9$ by ! *anges :i* h tak5 place 9 ! physical geography ( ! _w s9ce ! ,mioc5e epo*1 x is cle> t ! result ( ! comp>ison ( ! ,mioc5e & pres5t ,fauna is di/9ctly 9 fav\r ( evolution4 ,inde$ ,i may g fur!r4 ,i may say t ! hypo!sis ( evolution expla9s ! facts ( ,mioc5e1 ,plioc5e1 & ,rec5t di/ribution1 & t no o!r supposition ev5 pret5ds to acc\nt = !m4 ,x is1 inde$1 a conceivable supposition t e species ( ,rh9oc]os & e species ( ,hya5a1 9 ! long succession ( =ms betwe5 ! ,mioc5e & ! pres5t species1 0 sep>ately con/ruct$ out ( du/1 or out ( no?+1 by sup]natural p[]2 b until ,i receive di/9ct evid5ce ( ! fact1 ,i refuse to run ! risk ( insult+ any sane man by suppos+ t he s]i\sly holds su* a notion4 ,let u n[ take a /ep fur!r back 9 "t1 & inquire into ! relations betwe5 ! ,mioc5e ,fauna & its pr$ecessor ( ! ,upp] ,eoc5e =mation4 ,"h x is to be regrett$ t our mat]ials = =m+ a judgm5t are no?+ to be comp>$ 9 po9t ( ext5t or v>iety ) ^? :i* are yield$ by ! ,mioc5e /rata4 ,h[ev]1 :at we d "k ( ?is ,upp] ,eoc5e ,fauna ( ,europe gives suffici5t positive in=mation to enable u to draw "s tol]ably safe inf]5ces4 ,x has yield$ repres5tatives ( ,insectivora1 ( ,*eiropt]a1 ( ,rod5tia1 ( ,c>nivora1 ( artiodactyle & p]issodactyle ,ungulata1 & ( opossum-l ,m>supials4 ,no ,au/ralian type ( ,m>supial has be5 discov]$ 9 ! ,upp] ,eoc5e /rata1 nor any ,ed5tate mammal4 ,! g5]a 7except p]haps 9 ! case ( "s ( ! ,insectivora1 ,*eiropt]a1 & ,rod5tia7 are diff]5t f ^? ( ! ,mioc5e epo*1 b pres5t a rem>kable g5]al simil>ity to ! ,mioc5e & rec5t g5]a4 ,9 sev]al cases1 z ,i h already %[n1 x has n[ be5 cle>ly made out t ! relation betwe5 ! ,eoc5e & ,mioc5e =ms is su* t ! ,eoc5e =m is ! less specializ$2 :ile its ,mioc5e ally is m s1 & ! specialization rea*es its maximum 9 ! rec5t =ms ( ! same type4 ,s f> z ! ,upp] ,eoc5e & ! ,mioc5e ,mammalian ,faunae are comp>able1 _! relations are su* z 9 no way to oppose ! hypo!sis t ! old] are ! prog5itors ( ! m rec5t =ms1 :ile1 9 "s cases1 !y di/9ctly fav\r t hypo!sis4 ,! p]iod 9 "t & ! *anges 9 physical geography repres5t$ by ! nummulitic deposits are und\bt$ly v great1 :ile ! rema9s ( ,middle ,eoc5e & ,old] ,eoc5e ,mammals are comp>atively few4 ,! g5]al facies ( ! ,middle ,eoc5e ,fauna1 h[ev]1 is q t ( ! ,upp]4 ,! ,old] ,eoc5e pre-nummulitic mammalian ,fauna conta9s ,bats1 two g5]a ( ,c>nivora1 ?ree g5]a ( ,ungulata 7probably all p]issodactyle71 & a didelphid ,m>supial2 all ^! =ms1 except p]haps ! ,bat & ! ,opossum1 belong to g5]a :i* are n kn[n to occur out ( ! ,l[] ,eoc5e =mation4 ,! ,coryphodon appe>s to h be5 alli$ to ! ,mioc5e & lat] ,tapirs1 :ile ,pliolophus1 9 its skull & d5tition1 curi\sly p>takes ( bo? artiodactyle & p]issodactyle *>act]s2 ! ?ird tro*ant] ^u its femur1 & its ?ree-to$ h9d foot1 h[ev]1 appe> def9itely to fix its position 9 ! latt] division4 ,!re is no?+1 !n1 9 :at is kn[n ( ! old] ,eoc5e mammals ( ! ,arctogaeal prov9ce to =bid ! supposition t !y /ood 9 an ance/ral relation to ^? ( ! ,calcaire ,grossi] & ! ,gypsum ( ! ,p>is bas91 & t our pres5t fauna1 !re=e1 is directly d]iv$ f t :i* already exi/$ 9 ,arctogaea at ! comm5cem5t ( ! ,t]ti>y p]iod4 ,b if we n[ cross ! fronti] betwe5 ! ,ca9ozoic & ! ,mesozoic faunae1 z !y are pres]v$ )9 ! ,arctogaeal area1 we meet ) an a/\nd+ *ange1 & :at appe>s to be a complete & unmi/akable break 9 ! l9e ( biological cont9uity4 ,among ! twelve or f\rte5 species ( ,mammalia :i* are said to h be5 f\nd 9 ! ,purbecks1 n "o is a memb] ( ! ord]s ,*eiropt]a1 ,rod5tia1 ,ungulata1 or ,c>nivora1 :i* are s well repres5t$ 9 ! ,t]ti>ies4 ,no ,insectivora are c]ta9ly kn[n1 nor any opossum-l ,m>supials4 ,?us !re is a va/ negative diff]5ce betwe5 ! ,ca9ozoic & ! ,mesozoic mammalian faunae ( ,europe4 ,b !re is a /ill m important positive diff]5ce1 inasmu* z all ^! ,mammalia appe> to be ,m>supials belong+ to ,au/ralian gr\ps1 & ?us app]ta9+ to a diff]5t di/ributional prov9ce f ! ,eoc5e & ,mioc5e m>supials1 :i* are ,au/ro-,columbian4 ,s f> z ! imp]fect mat]ials :i* exi/ enable a judgm5t to be =m$1 ! same law appe>s to h held good = all ! e>li] ,mesozoic ,mammalia4 ,( ! ,/onesfield slate mammals1 "o1 ,amphi!rium1 has a def9itely ,au/ralian "*2 "o1 ,phascolo!rium1 may be ei!r ,dasyurid or ,didelph9e2 ( a ?ird1 ,/]eogna?us1 no?+ c at pres5t be said4 ,! two mammals ( ! ,trias1 also1 appe> to belong to ,au/ralian gr\ps4 ,e "o is aw>e ( ! _m curi\s po9ts ( resemblance betwe5 ! m>9e fauna ( ! ,european ,mesozoic rocks & t :i* n[ exi/s 9 ,au/ralia4 ,b if !re 0 ?is ,au/ralian facies ab\t bo? ! t]re/rial & ! m>9e faunae ( ,mesozoic ,europe1 & if !re is ?is unacc\ntable & imm5se break betwe5 ! fauna ( ,mesozoic & t ( ,t]ti>y ,europe1 is x n a v obvi\s sugge/ion t1 9 ! ,mesozoic epo*1 ! ,au/ralian prov9ce includ$ ,europe1 & t ! ,arctogaeal prov9ce 0 conta9$ )9 o!r limits8 ,! ,arctogaeal prov9ce is at pres5t enorm\s1 :ile ! ,au/ralian is relatively small4 ,:y %\ld n ^! proportions h be5 diff]5t dur+ ! ,mesozoic epo*8 ,?us ,i am l$ to ?9k t by f> ! simple/ & mo/ rational mode ( acc\nt+ = ! great *ange :i* took place 9 ! liv+ inhabitants ( ! ,european area at ! end ( ! ,mesozoic epo*1 is ! supposition t x arose f a va/ alt]ation ( ! physical geography ( ! globe2 :]eby an area long t5ant$ by ,ca9ozoic =ms 0 br\ght into su* relations ) ! ,european area t migration f ! "o to ! o!r became possible1 & took place on a great scale4 ,?is supposition relieves u1 at once1 f ! difficulty 9 :i* we 7 left1 "s "t ago1 by ! argum5ts :i* ,i us$ to demon/rate ! necessity ( ! exi/5ce ( all ! great types ( ! ,eoc5e epo* 9 "s antec$5t p]iod4 ,x is ?is ,mesozoic cont95t 7:i* may well h la9 9 ! neighb\rhood ( :at are n[ ! %ores ( ! ,nor? ,pacific ,ocean7 :i* ,i suppose to h be5 occupi$ by ! ,mesozoic ,monodelphia2 & x is 9 ?is region t ,i conceive !y mu/ h gone ?r\gh ! long s]ies ( *anges by :i* !y 7 specializ$ into ! =ms :i* we ref] to diff]5t ord]s4 ,i ?9k x v probable t :at is n[ ,s\? ,am]ica may h receiv$ ! *>act]i/ic elem5ts ( its mammalian fauna dur+ ! ,mesozoic epo*2 & !re c be little d\bt t ! g5]al nature ( ! *ange :i* took place at ! end ( ! ,mesozoic epo* 9 ,europe 0 ! upheaval ( ! ea/]n & nor!rn regions ( ! ,mesozoic sea-bottom into a we/w>d ext5sion ( ! ,mesozoic cont95t1 ov] :i* ! mammalian fauna1 by :i* x 0 already peopl$1 gradually spread4 ,?is invasion ( ! l& 0 prefac$ by a previ\s invasion ( ! ,cretace\s sea by mod]n =ms ( mollusca & fi%4 ,x is easy to imag9e h[ an analog\s *ange might come ab\t 9 ! exi/+ _w4 ,!re is1 at pres5t1 a great diff]5ce betwe5 ! fauna ( ! ,polynesian ,isl&s & t ( ! we/ coa/ ( ,am]ica4 ,! animals :i* are leav+ _! spoils 9 ! deposits n[ =m+ 9 ^! localities are widely diff]5t4 ,h5ce1 if a gradual %ift+ ( ! deep sea1 :i* at pres5t b>s migration betwe5 ! ea/]nmo/ ( ^! isl&s & ,am]ica1 took place to ! we/w>d1 :ile ! ,am]ican side ( ! sea-bottom 0 gradually upheav$1 ! palaeontologi/ ( ! future w\ld f9d1 ov] ! ,pacific area1 exactly su* a *ange z ,i am suppos+ to h occurr$ 9 ! ,nor?-,atlantic area at ! close ( ! ,mesozoic p]iod4 ,an ,au/ralian fauna w\ld be f\nd und]ly+ an ,am]ican fauna1 & ! transition f ! "o to ! o!r w\ld be z abrupt z t betwe5 ! ,*alk & l[] ,t]ti>ies2 & z ! dra9age-area ( ! newly =m$ ext5sion ( ! ,am]ican cont95t gave rise to riv]s & lakes1 ! mammals mir$ 9 _! mud w\ld diff] f ^? ( l deposits on ! ,au/ralian side1 j z ! ,eoc5e mammals diff] f ^? ( ! ,purbecks4 ,h[ d simil> reason+s apply to ! o!r great *ange ( life--t :i* took place at ! end ( ! ,palaeozoic p]iod8 ,9 ! ,triassic epo*1 ! di/ribution ( ! dry l& & ( t]re/rial v]tebrate life appe>s to h be51 g5]ally1 simil> to t :i* exi/$ 9 ! ,mesozoic epo*2 s t ! ,triassic cont95ts & _! faunae seem to be relat$ to ! ,mesozoic l&s & _! faunae1 j z ^? ( ! ,mioc5e epo* are relat$ to ^? ( ! pres5t day4 ,9 fact1 z ,i h rec5tly endeav\r$ to prove to ! ,society1 !re 0 an ,arctogaeal cont95t & an ,arctogaeal prov9ce ( di/ribution 9 ,triassic times z !re is n[2 & ! ,sauropsida & ,m>supialia :i* con/itut$ t fauna 71 ,i d\bt n1 ! prog5itors ( ! ,sauropsida & ,m>supialia ( ! :ole ,mesozoic epo*4 ,look+ at ! pres5t t]re/rial fauna ( ,au/ralia1 x appe>s to me to be v probable t x is ess5tially a remnant ( ! fauna ( ! ,triassic1 or ev5 ( an e>li]1 age#a2 9 :i* case ,au/ralia mu/ at t "t h be5 9 cont9uity ) ! ,arctogaeal cont95t4 ,footnote #a3 ,s9ce ?is ,address 0 read1 ,mr4 ,krefft has s5t u news ( ! discov]y 9 ,au/ralia ( a fre%-wat] fi% ( /rangely ,palaeozoic aspect1 & app>5tly a ,ganoid int]m$iate betwe5 ,dipt]us & ,lepidosir54 ,b n[ comes ! fur!r inquiry4 ,:]e 0 ! highly diff]5tiat$ ,sauropsidan fauna ( ! ,trias 9 ,palaeozoic times8 ,! supposition t ! ,d9osaurian1 ,crocodilian1 ,dicynodontian1 & ,plesiosaurian types 7 sudd5ly creat$ at ! end ( ! ,p]mian epo* may be dismiss$1 )\t fur!r consid]ation1 z a mon/r\s & unw>rant$ assumption4 ,! supposition t all ^! types 7 rapidly diff]5tiat$ out ( ,lac]tilia1 9 ! "t repres5t$ by ! passage f ! ,palaeozoic to ! ,mesozoic =mation1 appe>s to me to be h>dly m cr$ible1 to say no?+ ( ! indications ( ! exi/5ce ( ,d9osaurian =ms 9 ! ,p]mian rocks :i* h already be5 obta9$4 ,= my "p1 ,i ent]ta9 no sort ( d\bt t ! ,reptiles1 ,birds1 & ,mammals ( ! ,trias are ! direct desc5dants ( ,reptiles1 ,birds1 & ,mammals :i* exi/$ 9 ! latt] "p ( ! ,palaeozoic epo*1 b n 9 any area ( ! pres5t dry l& :i* has yet be5 explor$ by ! geologi/4 ,?is may seem a bold assumption1 b x w n appe> unw>rantable to ^? :o reflect ^u ! v small ext5t ( ! e>?'s surface :i* has hi!rto exhibit$ ! rema9s ( ! great ,mammalian fauna ( ! ,eoc5e times4 ,9 ?is respect1 ! ,p]mian l& ,v]tebrate fauna appe>s to me to be relat$ to ! ,triassic mu* z ! ,eoc5e is to ! ,mioc5e4 ,t]re/rial reptiles h be5 f\nd 9 ,p]mian rocks only 9 ?ree localities2 9 "s spots ( ,france1 & rec5tly ( ,engl&1 & ov] a m ext5sive area 9 ,g]many4 ,:o c suppose t ! few fossils yet f\nd 9 ^! regions give any suffici5t repres5tation ( ! ,p]mian fauna8 ,x may be said t ! ,c>bonif]\s =mations demon/rate ! exi/5ce ( a va/ ext5t ( dry l& 9 ! pres5t dry-l& area1 & t ! suppos$ t]re/rial ,palaeozoic ,v]tebrate ,fauna ought to h left its rema9s 9 ! ,coal-measures1 especially z !re is n[ reason to believe t mu* ( ! coal 0 =m$ by ! accumulation ( spores & sporangia on dry l&4 ,b if we consid] ! matt] m closely1 ,i ?9k t ?is app>5t objection loses its =ce4 ,x is cle> t1 dur+ ! ,c>bonif]\s epo*1 ! va/ area ( l& :i* is n[ cov]$ by ,coal-measures mu/ h be5 und]go+ a gradual depression4 ,! dry l& ?us depress$ mu/1 !re=e1 h exi/$1 z su*1 be=e ! ,c>bonif]\s epo*--9 o!r words1 9 ,devonian times--& its t]re/rial population may nev] h be5 o!r ?an su* z exi/$ dur+ ! ,devonian1 or "s previ\s epo*1 al?\gh mu* high] =ms may h be5 develop$ else:]e4 ,aga91 let me say t ,i am mak+ no gratuit\s assumption ( inconceivable *anges4 ,x is cle> t ! enorm\s area ( ,polynesia is1 on ! :ole1 an area ov] :i* depression has tak5 place to an imm5se ext5t2 consequ5tly a great cont95t1 or assemblage ( subcont95tal masses ( l&1 mu/ h exi/$ at "s =m] "t1 & t at a rec5t p]iod1 geologically speak+1 9 ! area ( ! ,pacific4 ,b if t cont95t _h conta9$ ,mammals1 "s ( !m mu/ h rema9$ to tell ! tale2 & z x is well kn[n t ^! isl&s h no indig5\s ,mammalia1 x is safe to assume t none exi/$4 ,?us1 midway betwe5 ,au/ralia & ,s\? ,am]ica1 ea* ( :i* possesses an abundant & div]sifi$ mammalian fauna1 a mass ( l&1 :i* may h be5 z l>ge z bo? put toge!r1 mu/ h exi/$ )\t a mammalian inhabitant4 ,suppose t ! %ores ( ?is great l& 7 fr+$1 z ^? ( tropical ,au/ralia are n[1 ) belts ( mangroves1 :i* w\ld ext5d l&w>ds on ! "o side1 & be buri$ b5ea? littoral deposits on ! o!r side1 z depression w5t on2 & great b$s ( mangrove lignite might accumulate ov] ! s9k+ l&4 ,let upheaval ( ! :ole n[ take place1 9 su* a mann] z to br+ ! em]g+ l& into cont9uity ) ! ,s\?-,am]ican or ,au/ralian cont95t1 &1 9 c\rse ( "t1 x w\ld be peopl$ by an ext5sion ( ! fauna ( "o ( ^! two regions--j z ,i imag9e ! ,european ,p]mian dry l& to h be5 peopl$4 ,i see no?+ :atev] aga9/ ! supposition t di/ributional prov9ces ( t]re/rial life exi/$ 9 ! ,devonian epo*1 inasmu* z ,m4 ,b>r&e has prov$ t !y exi/$ mu* e>li]4 ,i am aw>e ( no reason = d\bt+ t1 z reg>ds ! grades ( t]re/rial life conta9$ 9 !m1 "o ( ^! may h be5 relat$ to ano!r z ,new ,zeal& is to ,au/ralia1 or z ,au/ralia is to ,india1 at ! pres5t day4 ,analogy seems to me to be r 9 fav\r (1 ?an aga9/1 ! supposition t :ile only ,ganoid fi%es inhabit$ ! fre% wat]s ( our ,devonian l&1 ,amphibia & ,reptilia1 or ev5 high] =ms1 may h exi/$1 ?\gh we h n yet f\nd !m4 ,! e>lie/ ,c>bonif]\s ,amphibia n[ kn[n1 su* z ,an?racosaurus1 are s highly specializ$ t ,i c by no means conceive t !y h be5 develop$ out ( pisc9e =ms 9 ! int]val betwe5 ! ,devonian & ! ,c>bonif]\s p]iods1 consid]able z t is4 ,& ,i take refuge 9 "o ( two alt]natives3 ei!r !y exi/$ 9 our own area dur+ ! ,devonian epo* & we h simply n yet f\nd !m2 or !y =m$ "p ( ! population ( "s o!r di/ributional prov9ce ( t day1 & only ent]$ our area by migration at ! end ( ! ,devonian epo*4 ,:e!r ,reptilia & ,mammalia exi/$ along ) !m is to me1 at pres5t1 a p]fectly op5 "q1 :i* is j z likely to receive an affirmative z a negative answ] f future inquir]s4 ,let me n[ ga!r toge!r ! ?reads ( my argum5tation into ! =m ( a connect$ hypo!tical view ( ! mann] 9 :i* ! di/ribution ( liv+ & ext9ct animals has be5 br\ght ab\t4 ,i conceive t di/9ct prov9ces ( ! di/ribution ( t]re/rial life h exi/$ s9ce ! e>lie/ p]iod at :i* t life is record$1 & possibly mu* e>li]2 & ,i suppose1 ) ,mr4 ,d>w91 t ! progress ( modification ( t]re/rial =ms is m rapid 9 areas ( elevation ?an 9 areas ( depression4 ,i take x to be c]ta9 t ,labyr9?odont ,amphibia exi/$ 9 ! di/ributional prov9ce :i* includ$ ! dry l& depress$ dur+ ! ,c>bonif]\s epo*2 & ,i conceive t1 9 "s o!r di/ributional prov9ces ( t day1 :i* rema9$ 9 ! condition ( /ation>y or ( increas+ dry l&1 ! v>i\s types ( ! t]re/rial ,sauropsida & ( ! ,mammalia 7 gradually develop+4 ,! ,p]mian epo* m>ks ! comm5cem5t ( a new movem5t ( upheaval 9 our area1 :i* atta9$ its maximum 9 ! ,triassic epo*1 :5 dry l& exi/$ 9 ,nor? ,am]ica1 ,europe1 ,asia1 & ,africa1 z x does n[4 ,into ?is great new cont95tal area ! ,mammals1 ,birds1 & ,reptiles develop$ dur+ ! ,palaeozoic epo* spread1 & =m$ ! great ,triassic ,arctogaeal prov9ce4 ,b1 at ! end ( ! ,triassic p]iod1 ! movem5t ( depression recomm5c$ 9 our area1 ?\gh x 0 d\btless balanc$ by elevation else:]e2 modification & developm5t1 *eck$ 9 ! "o prov9ce1 w5t on 9 t else:]e2 & ! *ief =ms ( ,mammals1 ,birds1 & ,reptiles1 z we "k !m1 7 evolv$ & peopl$ ! ,mesozoic cont95t4 ,i conceive ,au/ralia to h become sep>at$ f ! cont95t z e>ly z ! end ( ! ,triassic epo*1 or n mu* lat]4 ,! ,mesozoic cont95t mu/1 ,i conceive1 h la9 to ! ea/1 ab\t ! %ores ( ! ,nor? ,pacific & ,indian ,oceans2 & ,i am incl9$ to believe t x cont9u$ along ! ea/]n side ( ! ,pacific area to :at is n[ ! prov9ce ( ,au/ro-,columbia1 ! *>act]i/ic fauna ( :i* is probably a remnant ( ! population ( ! latt] "p ( ?is p]iod4 ,t[>ds ! latt] "p ( ! ,mesozoic p]iod ! movem5t ( upheaval ar\nd ! %ores ( ! ,atlantic once m recomm5c$1 & 0 v probably accompani$ by a depression ar\nd ^? ( ! ,pacific4 ,! ,v]tebrate fauna elaborat$ 9 ! ,mesozoic cont95t mov$ we/w>d & took possession ( ! new l&s1 :i* gradually increas$ 9 ext5t up to1 & 9 "s directions aft]1 ! ,mioc5e epo*4 ,x is 9 fav\r ( ?is hypo!sis1 ,i ?9k1 t x is consi/5t ) ! p]si/5ce ( a g5]al uni=mity 9 ! positions ( ! great masses ( l& & wat]4 ,f ! ,devonian p]iod1 or e>li]1 to ! pres5t day1 ! f\r great oceans1 ,atlantic1 ,pacific1 ,arctic1 & ,ant>ctic1 may h occupi$ _! pres5t positions1 & only _! coa/s & *annels ( communication h und]gone an incessant alt]ation4 ,&1 f9ally1 ! hypo!sis ,i h put be=e y requires no supposition t ! rate ( *ange 9 organic life has be5 ei!r great] or less 9 anci5t times ?an x is n[2 nor any assumption1 ei!r physical or biological1 :i* has n its ju/ification 9 analog\s ph5om5a ( exi/+ nature4 ,i h n[ only to dis*>ge ! la/ duty ( my (fice1 :i* is to ?ank y1 n only = ! pati5t att5tion ) :i* y h li/5$ to me s long to-day1 b also = ! uni=m k9dness ) :i*1 = ! pa/ two ye>s1 y h r5d]$ my endeav\rs to p]=m ! important1 & (t5 labori\s1 functions ( y\r ,presid5t a pleasure in/ead ( a burd54 ,x4 ,,mr4 ,,d>w9',s ,,critics4#a ,! gradual lapse ( "t has n[ sep>at$ u by m ?an a decade f ! date ( ! publication ( ! ,orig9 ( ,species--& :atev] may be ?\ght or said ab\t ,mr4 ,d>w9's doctr9es1 or ! mann] 9 :i* he has prop\nd$ !m1 ?is mu* is c]ta91 t1 9 a doz5 ye>s1 ! ,orig9 ( ,species has work$ z complete a revolution 9 biological sci5ce z ! ,pr9cipia did 9 a/ronomy--& x has done s1 because1 9 ! words ( ,helmholtz1 x conta9s an ess5tially new creative ?\ght4#b ,footnote #a3 #a4 ,contributions to ! ,!ory ( ,natural ,selection4 ,by ,a4,r4 ,wallace4 #ahgj4--b4 ,! ,g5esis ( ,species4 ,by ,/4 ,george ,miv>t1 ,f4,r4,s4 ,second ,edition4 #ahga4--c4 ,d>w9's ,desc5t ( ,man4 ,qu>t]ly ,review1 ,july #ahga4 ,footnote #b3 ,helmholtz3 ,ueb] das ,ziel und die ,=ts*ritte d] ,naturwiss5s*aft4 ,erffnungsr$e fr die ,natur=s*]v]sammlung zu ,innsbruck4 #ahfi4 ,& z "t has slipp$ by1 a happy *ange has come ov] ,mr4 ,d>w9's critics4 ,! mixture ( ignorance & insol5ce :i*1 at fir/1 *>act]iz$ a l>ge proportion ( ! attacks ) :i* he 0 assail$1 is no long] ! sad di/9ction ( anti-,d>w9ian criticism4 ,in/ead ( abusive nons5se1 :i* m]ely discr$it$ its writ]s1 we read essays1 :i* are1 at wor/1 m or less intellig5t & appreciative2 :ile1 sometimes1 l t :i* appe>$ 9 ! ,nor? ,briti% ,review = #ahfg1 !y h a real & p]man5t value4 ,! sev]al publications ( ,mr4 ,wallace & ,mr4 ,miv>t conta9 discussions ( "s ( ,mr4 ,d>w9's views1 :i* are wor?y ( p>ticul> att5tion1 n only on acc\nt ( ! ackn[l$g$ sci5tific compet5ce ( ^! writ]s1 b because !y exhibit an att5tion to ^? philosophical que/ions :i* und]lie all physical sci5ce1 :i* is z r>e z x is ne$ful4 ,& ! same may be said ( an article 9 ! ,qu>t]ly ,review = ,july #ahga1 ! comp>ison ( :i* ) an article 9 ! same ,review = ,july #ahfj1 is p]haps ! be/ evid5ce :i* c be br\ght =w>d ( ! *ange :i* has tak5 place 9 public op9ion on ,d>w9ism4 ,! ,qu>t]ly ,review] admits ! c]ta9ty ( ! action ( natural selection 7p4 #di72 & fur!r all[s t !re is an priori probability 9 fav\r ( ! evolution ( man f "s l[] animal =m1 if ^! l[] animal =ms !mselves h aris5 by evolution4 ,mr4 ,wallace & ,mr4 ,miv>t g mu* fur!r ?an ?is4 ,!y are z /\t believ]s 9 evolution z ,mr4 ,d>w9 himself2 b ,mr4 ,wallace d5ies t man c h be5 evolv$ f a l[] animal by t process ( natural selection :i* he1 ) ,mr4 ,d>w91 holds to h be5 suffici5t = ! evolution ( all animals bel[ man2 :ile ,mr4 ,miv>t1 admitt+ t natural selection has be5 "o ( ! conditions ( ! evolution ( ! animals bel[ man1 ma9ta9s t natural selection mu/1 ev5 9 _! case1 h be5 supplem5t$ by "s o!r cause--( ! nature ( :i*1 un=tunately1 he does n give u any idea4 ,?us ,mr4 ,miv>t is less ( a ,d>w9ian ?an ,mr4 ,wallace1 = he has less fai? 9 ! p[] ( natural selection4 ,b he is m ( an evolutioni/ ?an ,mr4 ,wallace1 because ,mr4 ,wallace ?9ks x necess>y to call 9 an intellig5t ag5t--a sort ( sup]natural ,sir ,john ,sebright--to produce ev5 ! animal frame ( man2 :ile ,mr4 ,miv>t requires no ,div9e assi/ance till he comes to man's s\l4 ,?us !re is a consid]able div]g5ce betwe5 ,mr4 ,wallace & ,mr4 ,miv>t4 ,on ! o!r h&1 !re are "s curi\s simil>ities betwe5 ,mr4 ,miv>t & ! ,qu>t]ly ,review]1 & ^! are sometimes s close1 t1 if ,mr4 ,miv>t ?\ght x wor? :ile1 ,i ?9k he might make out a good case ( plagi>ism aga9/ ! ,review]1 :o /udi\sly ab/a9s f quot+ him4 ,bo? ! ,review] & ,mr4 ,miv>t reproa* ,mr4 ,d>w9 ) be+1 l s _m o!r physici/s1 entangl$ 9 a radically false metaphysical sy/em1 & ) sett+ at n\ght ! fir/ pr9ciples ( bo? philosophy & religion4 ,bo? enl>ge ^u ! necessity ( a s\nd philosophical basis1 & bo?1 ,i v5ture to add1 make a conspicu\s exhibition ( its abs5ce4 ,! ,qu>t]ly ,review] believes t man diff]s m f an elephant or a gorilla ?an d ^! f ! du/ ( ! e>? on :i* !y tread1 & ,mr4 ,miv>t has express$ ! op9ion t !re is m diff]5ce betwe5 man & an ape ?an !re is betwe5 an ape & a piece ( granite4#a ,footnote #a3 ,see ! ,tablet = ,m>* #aa1 #ahga4 ,& ev5 :5 ,mr4 ,miv>t 7p4 #hf7 trips 9 a matt] ( anatomy1 & creates a difficulty = ,mr4 ,d>w9 out ( a suppos$ close simil>ity betwe5 ! eyes ( fi%es & cephalopods1 :i* 7z ,geg5baur & o!rs h cle>ly %[n7 does n exi/1 ! ,qu>t]ly ,review] adopts ! argum5t )\t hesitation 7p4 #ff74 ,!re is ano!r important po9t1 h[ev]1 9 :i* x is h>d to say :e!r ,mr4 ,miv>t div]ges f ! ,qu>t]ly ,review] or n4 ,! ,review] decl>es t ,mr4 ,d>w9 has1 ) ne$less opposition1 set at n\ght ! fir/ pr9ciples ( bo? philosophy & religion 7p4 #ij74 ,x looks1 at fir/1 z if ?is meant1 t ,mr4 ,d>w9's views be+ false1 ! opposition to religion :i* fl[s f !m mu/ be ne$less4 ,b ,i suspect ?is is n ! "r view ( ! mean+ ( ! passage1 z ,mr4 ,miv>t1 f :om ! ,qu>t]ly ,review] pla9ly draws s mu* inspiration1 tells u t ! consequ5ces :i* h be5 drawn f evolution1 :e!r exclusively ,d>w9ian or n1 to ! prejudice ( religion1 by no means foll[ f x1 & are 9 fact illegitimate 7p4 #e74 ,i may assume1 !n1 t ! ,qu>t]ly ,review] & ,mr4 ,miv>t admit t !re is no necess>y opposition betwe5 evolution1 :e!r exclusively ,d>w9ian or n1 & religion4 ,b !n1 :at d !y mean by ?is la/ mu*-abus$ t]m8 ,on ?is po9t ! ,qu>t]ly ,review] is sil5t4 ,mr4 ,miv>t1 on ! contr>y1 is p]fectly explicit1 & ! :ole t5or ( 8 rem>ks leaves no d\bt t by religion he means !ology2 & by !ology1 t p>ticul> v>iety ( ! great ,proteus1 :i* is exp\nd$ by ! doctors ( ! ,roman ,ca?olic ,*ur*1 & held by ! memb]s ( t religi\s community to be ! sole =m ( absolute tru? & ( sav+ fai?4 ,accord+ to ,mr4 ,miv>t1 ! greate/ & mo/ or?odox au?orities ^u matt]s ( ,ca?olic doctr9e agree 9 di/9ctly ass]t+ d]ivative creation or evolution2 & ?us _! tea*+s h>monize ) all t mod]n sci5ce c possibly require 7p4 #cje74 ,i confess t ?is bold ass]tion int]e/$ me m ?an any?+ else 9 ,mr4 ,miv>t's book4 ,:at little k ,i possess$ ( ,ca?olic doctr9e1 & ( ! influ5ce ex]t$ by ,ca?olic au?ority 9 =m] times1 _h n l$ me to expect t mod]n sci5ce 0 likely to f9d a w>m welcome )9 ! pale ( ! greate/ & mo/ consi/5t ( !ological organizations4 ,& my a/oni%m5t rea*$ its climax :5 ,i f\nd ,mr4 ,miv>t cit+ ,fa!r ,su>ez z 8 *ief witness 9 fav\r ( ! sci5tific fre$om enjoy$ by ,ca?olics--! popul> repute ( t le>n$ !ologian & subtle casui/ n be+ su* z to make 8 works a likely place ( refuge = lib]ality ( ?\ght4 ,b 9 ^! days1 :5 ,judas ,isc>iot & ,robespi]re1 ,h5ry ,,viii4 & ,catil9e1 h all be5 %[n to be m5 ( admirable virtue1 f> 9 advance ( _! age1 & consequ5tly ! victims ( vulg> prejudice1 x 0 obvi\sly possible t ,jesuit ,su>ez might be 9 l case4 ,&1 spurr$ by ,mr4 ,miv>t's unhesitat+ decl>ation1 ,i ha/5$ to acqua9t myself ) su* ( ! works ( ! great ,ca?olic div9e z bore ^u ! "q1 hop+1 n m]ely to acqua9t myself ) ! true tea*+s ( ! infallible ,*ur*1 & free myself ( an unju/ prejudice2 b1 haply1 to enable myself1 at a p9*1 to put "s ,prote/ant bibliolat] to %ame1 by ! bright example ( ,ca?olic fre$om f ! trammels ( v]bal inspiration4 ,i regret to say t my anticipations h be5 cruelly disappo9t$4 ,b ! ext5t to :i* my hopes h be5 cru%$ c only be fully appreciat$ by cit+1 9 ! fir/ place1 ^? passages ( ,mr4 ,miv>t's "w by :i* !y 7 excit$4 ,9 8 introductory *apt] ,i f9d ! foll[+ passages3-- ,! preval5ce ( ?is !ory ( evolution ne$ al>m no "o1 = x is1 )\t any d\bt1 p]fectly consi/5t ) ! /ricte/ & mo/ or?odox ,*ri/ian#a !ology 7p4 #e74 ,footnote #a3 ,x %\ld be obs]v$ t ,mr4 ,miv>t employs ! t]m ,*ri/ian z if x 7 ! equival5t ( ,ca?olic4 ,mr4 ,d>w9 & o!rs may p]haps be excus$ if !y h n devot$ mu* "t to ! /udy ( ,*ri/ian philosophy2 b !y h no "r to assume or accept )\t c>eful exam9ation1 z an unque/ion$ fact1 t 9 t philosophy !re is a necess>y antagonism betwe5 ! two ideas 'creation' & 'evolution1' z appli$ to organic =ms4 ,x is notori\s & pat5t to all :o *oose to seek1 t _m di/+ui%$ ,*ri/ian ?9k]s h accept$1 & d accept1 bo? ideas1 i4e4 bo? 'creation' & 'evolution4' ,z mu* z t5 ye>s ago an em95tly ,*ri/ian writ] obs]v$3 ',! creationi/ !ory does n necessitate ! p]petual se>* aft] manife/ations ( miracul\s p[] & p]petual cata/rophes4 ,creation is n a miracul\s int]f]5ce ) ! laws ( nature1 b ! v in/itution ( ^? laws4 ,law & regul>ity1 n arbitr>y int]v5tion1 0 ! patri/ic ideal ( creation4 ,) ?is notion !y admitt$1 )\t difficulty1 ! mo/ surpris+ orig9 ( liv+ creatures1 provid$ x took place by law4 ,!y held t :5 ,god said1 ,let ! wat]s produce1 ,let ! e>? produce1 ,he conf]r$ =ces on ! elem5ts ( e>? & wat]1 :i* enabl$ !m naturally to produce ! v>i\s species ( organic be+s4 ,?is p[]1 !y ?\ght1 rema9s atta*$ to ! elem5ts ?r\gh\t all "t4' ,! same writ] quotes ,/4 ,augu/9 & ,/4 ,?omas ,aqu9as1 to ! effect t1 '9 ! in/itution ( nature1 we d n look = miracles1 b = ! laws ( nature1' ,&1 aga91 ,/4 ,basil speaks ( ! cont9u$ op]ation ( natural laws 9 ! production ( all organisms4 ,s mu* = ! writ]s ( e>ly & m$iaeval times4 ,z to ! pres5t day1 ! au?or c confid5tly affirm t !re are _m z well v]s$ 9 !ology z ,mr4 ,d>w9 is 9 8 own dep>tm5t ( natural k1 :o w\ld n be di/urb$ by ! ?or\gh demon/ration ( 8 !ory4 ,nay1 !y w\ld n ev5 be 9 ! lea/ pa9fully affect$ at witness+ ! g5]ation ( animals ( complex organization by ! skilful artificial arrangem5t ( natural =ces1 & ! production1 9 ! future1 ( a fi% by means analog\s to ^? by :i* we n[ produce urea4 ,& ?is because !y "k t ! possibility ( su* ph5om5a1 ?\gh by no means actually =ese51 has yet be5 fully provid$ = 9 ! old philosophy c5turies be=e ,d>w91 or ev5 c5turies be=e ,bacon1 & t _! place 9 ! sy/em c be at once assign$ !m )\t ev5 di/urb+ its ord] or m>r+ its h>mony4 ,moreov]1 ! old tradition 9 ?is respect has nev] be5 ab&on$1 h[ev] mu* x may h be5 ignor$ or neglect$ by "s mod]n writ]s4 ,9 pro( ( ?is1 x may be obs]v$ t p]haps no po/-m$iaeval !ologian has a wid] reception among/ ,*ri/ians ?r\gh\t ! _w ?an ,su>ez1 :o has a sep>ate section#a 9 opposition to ^? :o ma9ta9 ! di/9ct creation ( ! v>i\s k9ds--or sub/antial =ms--( organic life 7pp4 #ai-ba74 ,footnote #a3 ,su>ez2 ,metaphysica4 ,edition ,vivs4 ,p>is1 #ahfh1 vol4 i4 ,disput4 xv4 #b4 ,/ill m di/9ctly does ,mr4 ,miv>t express himself1 9 ! same s5se1 9 8 la/ *apt]1 entitl$ ,!ology & ,evolution 7pp4 #cjb-e74 ,x appe>s1 !n1 t ,*ri/ian ?9k]s are p]fectly free to accept ! g5]al evolution !ory4 ,b are !re any !ological au?orities to ju/ify ?is view ( ! matt]8 ,n[1 consid]+ h[ extremely rec5t are ^! biological speculations1 x might h>dly be expect$ priori t writ]s ( e>li] ages %\ld h giv5 expression to doctr9es h>moniz+ 9 any degree ) su* v mod]n views2 nev]!less1 ?is is c]ta9ly ! case1 & x w\ld be easy to give num]\s examples4 ,x w be bett]1 h[ev]1 to cite "o or two au?orities ( weight4 ,p]haps no writ] ( ! e>li] ,*ri/ian ages c\ld be quot$ ^: au?ority is m g5]ally recogniz$ ?an t ( ,/4 ,augu/94 ,! same may be said ( ! m$iaeval p]iod = ,/4 ,?omas ,aqu9as3 & s9ce ! movem5t ( ,lu!r1 ,su>ez may be tak5 z an au?ority1 widely v5]at$1 & "o ^: or?odoxy has nev] be5 que/ion$4 ,x mu/ be borne 9 m9d t = a consid]able "t ev5 aft] ! la/ ( ^! writ]s no "o _h disput$ ! g5]ally receiv$ belief z to ! small age ( ! _w1 or at lea/ ( ! k9ds ( animals & plants inhabit+ x4 ,x becomes1 !re=e1 mu* m /rik+ if views =m$ "u su* a condition ( op9ion are f\nd to h>monize ) mod]n ideas conc]n+ ',creation' & organic ,life4 ,n[ ,/4 ,augu/9 insi/s 9 a v rem>kable mann] on ! m]ely d]ivative s5se 9 :i* ,god's creation ( organic =ms is to be und]/ood2 t is1 t ,god creat$ !m by conf]r+ on ! mat]ial _w ! p[] to evolve !m "u suitable conditions4 ,mr4 ,miv>t !n cites c]ta9 passages f ,/4 ,augu/91 ,/4 ,?omas ,aqu9as1 & ,cornelius ,lapide1 & f9ally adds3-- ,z to ,su>ez1 x w be en\gh to ref] to ,disp4 xv4 sec4 #b1 ,no4 #i1 p4 #ejh1 t4i4 edition ,vivs1 ,p>is2 also ,nos4 #ac--ae4 ,_m o!r ref]5ces to ! same effect c\ld easily be giv51 b ^! may suffice4 ,x is !n evid5t t anci5t & mo/ v5]able !ological au?orities di/9ctly ass]t d]ivative creation1 & ?us _! tea*+s h>monize ) all t mod]n sci5ce c possibly require4 ,x w be obs]v$ t ,mr4 ,miv>t ref]s solely to ,su>ez's fifte5? ,disputation1 ?\gh he adds1 ,_m o!r ref]5ces to ! same effect c\ld easily be giv54 ,i %all look anxi\sly = ^! ref]5ces 9 ! ?ird edition ( ! ,g5esis ( ,species4 ,= ! pres5t1 all ,i c say is1 t ,i h s\ght 9 va91 ei!r 9 ! fifte5? ,disputation1 or else:]e1 = any passage 9 ,su>ez's writ+s :i*1 9 ! slighte/ degree1 be>s out ,mr4 ,miv>t's views z to 8 op9ions4#a ,footnote #a3 ,! edition ( ,su>ez's ,disputationes f :i* ! foll[+ citations are giv51 is ,birckmann's1 9 two volumes folio1 & is dat$ #afcj4 ,! title ( ?is fifte5? ,disputation is ,de causa =mali sub/antiali1 & ! second section ( t ,disputation 7to :i* ,mr4 ,miv>t ref]s7 is head$1 ,quomodo possit =ma sub/antialis fi]i 9 mat]ia et ex mat]ia8 ,! problem :i* ,su>ez discusses 9 ?is place may be popul>ly /at$ ?us3 ,accord+ to ! s*ola/ic philosophy e natural body has two compon5ts--! "o its matt] 7mat]ia prima71 ! o!r its sub/antial =m 7=ma sub/antialis74 ,( ^! ! matt] is ev]y:]e ! same1 ! matt] ( "o body be+ indi/+ui%able f ! matt] ( any o!r body4 ,t :i* diff]5tiates any "o natural body f all o!rs is its sub/antial =m1 :i* inh]es 9 ! matt] ( t body1 z ! human s\l inh]es 9 ! matt] ( ! frame ( man1 & is ! s\rce ( all ! activities & o!r prop]ties ( ! body4 ,?us1 says ,su>ez1 if wat] is heat$1 & ! s\rce ( heat is !n remov$1 x cools aga94 ,! reason ( ?is is t !re is a c]ta9 intimius pr9cipium 9 ! wat]1 :i* br+s x back to ! cool condition :5 ! ext]nal imp$im5t to ! exi/5ce ( t condition is remov$4 ,?is intimius pr9cipium1 is ! sub/antial =m ( ! wat]4 ,& ! sub/antial =m ( ! wat] is n only ! cause 7radix7 ( ! coolness ( ! wat]1 b also ( its moi/ure1 ( its d5sity1 & ( all its o!r prop]ties4 ,x w ?us be se5 t sub/antial =ms play ne>ly ! same "p 9 ! s*ola/ic philosophy z =ces d 9 mod]n sci5ce2 ! g5]al t5d5cy ( mod]n ?\ght be+ to conceive all bodies z resolvable into mat]ial p>ticles & =ces1 9 virtue ( :i* la/ ^! p>ticles assume ^? dispositions & ex]cise ^? p[]s :i* are *>act]i/ic ( ea* p>ticul> k9d ( matt]4 ,b ! ,s*oolm5 di/+ui%$ two k9ds ( sub/antial =ms1 ! "o spiritual & ! o!r mat]ial4 ,! =m] division is repres5t$ by ! human s\l1 ! anima rationalis2 & !y affirm z a matt]1 n m]ely ( reason1 b ( fai?1 t e human s\l is creat$ out ( no?+1 & by ?is act ( creation is end[$ ) ! p[] ( exi/+ = all et]nity1 ap>t f ! mat]ia prima ( :i* ! corporeal frame ( man is compos$4 ,& ! anima rationalis1 once unit$ ) ! mat]ia prima ( ! body1 becomes its sub/antial =m1 & is ! s\rce ( all ! p[]s & faculties ( man--( all ! vital & s5sitive ph5om5a :i* he exhibits--j z ! sub/antial =m ( wat] is ! s\rce ( all its qualities4 ,! mat]ial sub/antial =ms are ^? :i* in=m all o!r natural bodies except t ( man2 & ! object ( ,su>ez 9 ! pres5t ,disputation1 is to %[ t ! axiom ex nihilo nihil fit1 ?\gh n true ( ! sub/antial =m ( man1 is true ( ! sub/antial =ms ( all o!r bodies1 ! endless mutations ( :i* con/itute ! ord9>y c\rse ( nature4 ,! orig9 ( ! difficulty :i* he discusses is easily compreh5sible4 ,suppose a piece ( bright iron to be expos$ to ! air4 ,! exi/5ce ( ! iron dep5ds on ! pres5ce )9 x ( a sub/antial =m1 :i* is ! cause ( its prop]ties1 e4g4 brightness1 h>dness1 weight4 ,b1 by degrees1 ! iron becomes conv]t$ into a mass ( ru/1 :i* is dull1 & s(t1 & light1 &1 9 all o!r respects1 is q diff]5t f ! iron4 ,z1 9 ! s*ola/ic view1 ?is diff]5ce is due to ! ru/ be+ in=m$ by a new sub/antial =m1 ! grave problem arises1 h[ did ?is new sub/antial =m come into be+8 ,has x be5 creat$8 or has x aris5 by ! p[] ( natural causation8 ,if ! =m] hypo!sis is correct1 !n ! axiom1 ex nihilo nihil fit1 is false1 ev5 9 relation to ! ord9>y c\rse ( nature1 see+ t su* mutations ( matt] z imply ! cont9ual orig9 ( new sub/antial =ms are occurr+ e mom5t4 ,b ! h>monization ( ,ari/otle ) !ology 0 z de> to ! ,s*oolm51 z ! smoo?+ d[n ! diff]5ces betwe5 ,moses & sci5ce is to our ,broad ,*ur*m51 & !y 7 proportionably unwill+ to contradict "o ( ,ari/otle's fundam5tal propositions4 ,nor 0 _! objection to fly+ 9 ! face ( ! ,/agirite likely to be less5$ by ! fact t su* flight l&$ !m 9 flat ,pan!ism4 ,s ,fa!r ,su>ez fights /\tly = ! second hypo!sis2 & ,i quote ! pr9cipal "p ( 8 argum5tation z an exquisite specim5 ( t spee* :i* is a d>k5+ ( c\nsel4 #ac4 ,secundo de omnibus aliis =mis sub/antialibus 7sc4 mat]ialibus7 dic5dum e/ non fi]i proprie ex nihilo1 s$ ex pot5tia praejac5tis mat]iae educi3 ideoque 9 effectione h>um =m>um nil fi]i contra illud axioma1 ,ex nihila nihil fit1 si recte intelligatur4 ,haec ass]tio sumitur ex ,ari/otele #a4 ,physicorum p] totum et libro #g4 ,metaphyss4 et ex aliis au?oribus1 quos /atim ref]am4 ,et decl>atur brevit]1 nam fi]i ex nihilo duo dicit1 unum e/ fi]i absolute et simplicit]1 aliud e/ quod talis effectio fit ex nihilo4 ,primum propri dicitur de re subsi/5te1 quia ejus e/ fi]i1 cujus e/ esse3 id autem proprie quod subsi/it et habet esse2 nam quod alt]i adjacet1 potius e/ quo aliud e/4 ,ex hac ergo p>te1 =mae sub/antiales mat]iales non fiunt ex nihilo1 quia proprie non fiunt4 ,atque hanc rationem r$dit ,divus ,?omas ,i p>te1 quae/ione #de1 articulo #h1 et quae/ione #ij1 articulo #b1 et ex dic5dis magis explicabitur4 ,sum5do ergo ipsum fi]i 9 hac proprietate et rigore1 sic fi]i ex nihilo e/ fi]i secundum se totum1 id e/ nulla sui p>te praesupposita1 ex quo fiat4 ,et hac ratione res naturales dum de novo fiunt1 non fiunt ex nihilo1 quia fiunt ex praesupposita mat]ia1 ex qua componuntur1 et ita non fiunt1 secundum se totae1 s$ secundum aliquid sui4 ,=mae autem h>um r]um1 quamvis rev]a totam suam entitatem de novo accipiant1 quam antea non habebant1 quia v]o ipsae non fiunt1 ut dictum e/1 ideo neque ex nihilo fiunt4 ,attam51 quia latiori modo sum5do v]bum illud fi]i neg>i non pote/3 quia =ma facta sit1 eo modo quo nunc e/1 et antea non erat1 ut etiam probat ratio dubit&i posita 9 pr9cipio sectionis1 ideo add5dum e/1 sumpto fi]i 9 hac amplitud9e1 fi]i ex nihilo non tam5 neg>e habitud9em mat]ialis causea intr9sec compon5tis id quod fit1 s$ etiam habitud9em causae mat]ialis p] se causantis et su/5tantis =mam quae fit1 seu confit4 ,diximus enim 9 sup]ioribus mat]iam et esse causam compositi et =mae dep5d5tis ab ilia3 ut res ergo dicatur ex nihilo fi]i ut]que modus causalitatis neg>i debet2 et eodem s5su accipi5dum e/ illud axioma1 ut sit v]um3 ,ex nihilo nihil fit1 scilicet virtute ag5tis naturalis et f9iti nihil fi]i1 nisi ex praesupposito subjecto p] se concurr5te1 et ad compositum et ad =mam1 si utrumque suo modo ab eodem ag5te fiat4 ,ex 8 ergo rect concluditur1 =mas sub/antiales mat]iales non fi]i ex nihilo1 quia fiunt ex mat]ia1 quae 9 suo g5]e p] se concurrit1 et influit ad esse1 et fi]i talium =m>um2 quia1 sicut esse non possunt nisi affixae mat]iae1 a qua su/5t5tur 9 esse3 ita nec fi]i possunt1 nisi e>um effectio et p5etratio 9 eadem mat]ia su/5tetur4 ,et haec e/ propria et p] se diff]5tia int] effectionem ex nihilo1 et ex aliquo1 propt] quam1 ut infra o/5demus1 prior modus effci5di sup]at vim f9itam naturaliam ag5tium1 non v]o po/]ior4 #ad4 ,ex 8 etiam con/at1 proprie de 8 =mis dici non cre>i1 s$ educi de pot5tia mat]iae4#a ,footnote #a3 ,su>ez1 loc4 cit4 ,disput4 xv4 ii4 ,if ,i may v5ture to int]pret ^! h>d say+s1 ,su>ez conceives t ! evolution ( sub/antial =ms 9 ! ord9>y c\rse ( nature1 is condition$ n only by ! exi/5ce ( ! mat]ia prima1 b also by a c]ta9 concurr5ce & influ5ce :i* t mat]ia ex]ts2 & e new sub/antial =m be+ ?us condition$1 & 9 "p1 at any rate1 caus$1 by a pre-exi/+ some?+1 _c be said to be creat$ out ( no?+4 ,b z ! :ole t5or ( ! context %[s1 ,su>ez applies ?is argum5tation m]ely to ! evolution ( mat]ial sub/antial =ms 9 ! ord9>y c\rse ( nature4 ,h[ ! sub/antial =ms ( animals & plants prim>ily orig9at$1 is a "q to :i*1 s f> z ,i am able to discov]1 he does n s mu* z allude 9 8 ,metaphysical ,disputations4 ,nor 0 !re any necessity t he %\ld d s1 inasmu* z he has devot$ a sep>ate treatise ( consid]able bulk to ! discussion ( all ! problems :i* arise out ( ! acc\nt ( ! ,creation :i* is giv5 9 ! ,book ( ,g5esis4 ,& x is a matt] ( wond]m5t to me t ,mr4 ,miv>t1 :o some:at %>ply reproves ,mr4 ,d>w9 & o!rs = n acqua9t+ !mselves ) ! true tea*+s ( 8 ,*ur*1 %\ld all[ himself to be indebt$ to a h]etic l myself = a k ( ! exi/5ce ( t ,tractatus de op]e sex ,di]um1 ,i 9 :i* ! le>n$ ,fa!r1 ( :om he ju/ly speaks1 z an au?ority widely v5]at$1 & ^: or?odoxy has nev] be5 que/ion$1 directly opposes all ^? op9ions1 = :i* ,mr4 ,miv>t claims ! %elt] ( 8 au?ority4 ,9 ! t5? & elev5? *apt]s ( ! fir/ book ( ?is treatise1 ,su>ez inquires 9 :at s5se ! ^w day1 z employ$ 9 ! fir/ *apt] ( ,g5esis1 is to be tak54 ,he discusses ! views ( ,philo & ( ,augu/9 on ?is "q1 & rejects !m4 ,he sugge/s t ! approval ( _! allegoriz+ int]pretations by ,/4 ,?omas ,aqu9as1 m]ely arose out ( ,/4 ,?omas's mode/y1 & 8 desire n to seem op5ly to controv]t ,/4 ,augu/9--voluisse ,divus ,?omas pro sua mode/ia subt]fug]e vim argum5ti potius quam ap]te ,augu/9um incon/antiae argu]e4 ,f9ally1 ,su>ez decides t ! writ] ( ,g5esis meant t ! t]m day %\ld be tak5 9 its natural s5se2 & he w9ds up ! discussion ) ! v j & natural rem>k t x is n probable t ,god1 9 inspir+ ,moses to write a hi/ory ( ! ,creation :i* 0 to be believ$ by ord9>y p1 w\ld h made him use language1 ! true mean+ ( :i* x is h>d to discov]1 & /ill h>d] to believe4#a ,footnote #a3 ,tractatus de op]e sex ,di]um1 seu de ,univ]si ,creatione1 quat5us sex diebus p]fecta esse1 9 libro ,g5esis cap4 i4 ref]tur1 et praes]tim de producti\e hom9is 9 /atu innoc5tiae4 ,ed4 ,birckmann1 #afbb4 ,& 9 *apt] xii4 #c1 ,su>ez fur!r obs]ves3-- ,ratio enim ret95di v]am significationem diei naturalis e/ illa communis1 quod v]ba ,scripturae non sunt ad metaphoras transf]5da1 nisi vel necessitas cogit1 vel ex ipsa scriptura con/et1 et maxim 9 hi/orica n>ratione et ad in/ructionem fidei p]t95te3 s$ haec ratio non m9us cogit ad intellig5dum propri di]um num]um1 quam diei qualitatem1 ,,quia ,,non ,,m9us ,,uno ,,modo ,,quam ,,alio ,,de/ruitur ,,s9c]itas1 ,,imo ,,et ,,v]itas ,,hi/oriae4 ,secundo hoc valde confirmant alia ,scripturae loca1 9 quibus hi sex dies tanquam v]i1 et int] se di/9cti commemorantur1 ut ,exod4 #bj dicitur1 ,sex diebus op]abis et facies omnia op]a tua1 septimo autem die ,sabbatum ,dom9i ,dei tui e/4 ,et infra3 ,sex enim diebus fecit ,dom9us caelum et t]ram et m>e et omnia quae 9 eis sunt1 et idem repetitur 9 cap4 #ca4 ,9 quibus locis s]monis proprietas colligi pote/ tum ex aequip>atione1 nam cum dicitur3 sex diebus op]abis1 propriissim intelligitur3 tum quia non e/ v]isimile1 potuisse populum intellig]e v]ba illa 9 alio s5su1 et contr>io incr$ibile e/1 ,deum 9 suis praeceptis trad5dis illis v]bis ad populum fuisse loquutum1 quibus decip]etur1 falsum s5sum concipi5do1 si ,deus non p] sex v]os dies op]a sua fecisset4 ,^! passages leave no d\bt t ?is great doctor ( ! ,ca?olic ,*ur*1 ( un*all5g$ au?ority & unspott$ or?odoxy1 n only decl>es x to be ,ca?olic doctr9e t ! "w ( creation took place 9 ! space ( six natural days2 b t he w>mly repudiates1 z inconsi/5t ) our k ( ! ,div9e attributes1 ! supposition t ! language :i* ,ca?olic fai? requires ! believ] to hold t ,god inspir$1 0 us$ 9 any o!r s5se ?an t :i* ,he knew x w\ld convey to ! m9ds ( ^? to :om x 0 address$4 ,& ,i ?9k t 9 ?is repudiation ,fa!r ,su>ez w h ! sympa?y ( e man ( common uprightness1 to :om x is c]ta9ly incr$ible t ! ,almighty %\ld h act$ 9 a mann] :i* ,he w\ld e/eem di%one/ & base 9 a man4 ,b ! belief t ! univ]se 0 creat$ 9 six natural days is hopelessly inconsi/5t ) ! doctr9e ( evolution1 9 s f> z x applies to ! />s & planet>y bodies2 & x c be made to agree ) a belief 9 ! evolution ( liv+ be+s only by ! supposition t ! plants & animals1 :i* are said to h be5 creat$ on ! ?ird1 fif?1 & six days1 7 m]ely ! primordial =ms1 or rudim5ts1 out ( :i* exi/+ plants & animals h be5 evolv$2 s t1 on ^! days1 plants & animals 7 n creat$ actually1 b only pot5tially4 ,! latt] view is t held by ,mr4 ,miv>t1 :o foll[s ,/4 ,augu/91 & implies t he has ! sanction ( ,su>ez4 ,b1 9 po9t ( fact1 ! latt] great light ( or?odoxy takes no small pa9s to give ! mo/ explicit & direct contradiction to all su* imag9ations1 z ! foll[+ passages prove4 ,9 ! fir/ place1 z reg>ds plants1 ,su>ez discusses ! problem3-- ,quomodo h]ba vir5s et caet]a vegetabilia hoc t]tio die fu]9t producta4#a ,footnote #a3 ,propt] haec ergo s5t5tia illa ,augu/9i et propt] nimiam obscuritatem et subtilitatem ejus difficilis cr$itu e/3 quia v]isimile non e/ ,deum inspirasse ,moysi1 ut hi/oriam de creatione mundi ad fidem totius populi adeo necess>iam p] nom9a di]um explic>et1 quorum significatio vix inv5iri et difficillime ab aliquo cr$i posset4 7,loc4 cit4 ,lib4 ,i4 cap4 xi4 #db47 ,praecipua enim difficultas hc e/1 quam att+it ,div4 ,?omas ,i1 p>4 qu4 #fi1 art4 #b1 an haec productio plant>um hoc die facta intellig5da sit de productione ips>um 9 proprio esse actuali et =mali 7ut sic rem explic]em7 vel de productione tantum 9 sem9e et 9 pot5tia4 ,nam ,divus ,augu/9us libro qu9to ,g5es1 ad lit]1 cap4 #d et #e et libro #h1 cap4 #c1 po/]iorem p>tem tradit1 dic5s1 t]ram 9 hoc die accepisse virtutem g]m9&i omnia vegetabilia quasi concepto omnium illorum sem9e1 non tam5 /atim vegetabilia omnia produxisse4 ,quod primo suadet v]bis illis capitis secundi4 ,9 die quo fecit ,deus coelum et t]ram et omne virgultum agri priusquam1 g]m9>et4 ,quomodo enim potu]unt virgulta fi]i antequam t]ra g]m9>et nisi quia causalit] prius et quasi 9 radice1 seu 9 sem9e facta sunt1 et po/ea 9 actu producta8 ,secundo confirm>i pote/1 quia v]bum illud g]m9et t]ra optim exponitur pote/ativ ut sic dicam1 id e/1 accipiat t]ra vim g]m9&i4 ,sicut 9 eodem capite dicitur crescite et multiplicam9i4 ,t]tio pote/ confirm>i1 quia actualis productio vegetabilium non t>n ad opus creationis1 quam ad opus propagationis p]t9et1 quod po/ea factum e/4 ,et hanc s5t5tiam sequitur ,eu*]ius lib4 #a1 9 ,g54 cap4 #aa1 et illi faveat ,glossa1 int]li4 ,hugo4 et ,lyran4 dum v]bum g]m9et dicto modo exponunt4 ,,nihilom9us ,,contr>ia ,,s5t5tia ,,t55da ,,e/3 ,,scilicet1 ,,produxisse ,,deum ,,hoc ,,die ,,h]bam1 ,,arbores1 ,,et ,,alia ,,vegetabilia ,,actu ,,9 ,,propria ,,specie ,,et ,,natura4 ,haec e/ communis s5t5tia ,patrum4--,basil1 homil4 #e2 ,exaem]4 ,ambros4 lib4 #c2 ,exaem]4 cap4 #h1aa1 et #af2 ,*ryso/1 homil4 #e 9 ,g54 ,damasc5e1 lib4 #b de ,fid4 cap4 #aj2 ,!odor4 ,cyrilli4 ,b$ae1 ,glossae ord9>iae et aliorum 9 ,g54 ,et idem s5tit ,divus ,?omas1 supra1 solv5s argum5ta ,augu/9i1 quamvis propt] rev]5tiam ejus quasi problematic semp] proc$at4 ,d5ique idem s5tiunt omnes qui 9 8 op]ibus v]am successionem et temporalem di/9ctionem agnoscant4 ,secondly1 ) respect to animals1 ,su>ez is no less decid$3-- ,de animalium ratione c>5tium productione qu9to et sexto die facta4#a #cb4 ,primo ergo nobis c]tum sit haec animantia non 9 virtute tantum aut 9 sem9e1 s$ actu1 et 9 seipsis1 facta fuisse 8 diebus 9 quibus facta n>rantur4 ,quanquam ,augu/9us lib4 #c1 ,g54 ad lit]1 cap4 #e 9 sua p]si/5s s5t5tia contr>ium s5tire videatur4 ,footnote #a3 ,loc4 cit4 ,lib4 ,,ii4 cap4 vii4 et viii4 #a1 #cb1 #ce4 ,b ,su>ez proce$s to refute ,augu/9's op9ions at great l5g?1 & 8 f9al judgm5t may be ga!r$ f ! foll[+ passage3-- #ce4 ,t]tio dic5dum e/1 haec animalia omnia 8 diebus producta esse1 ,,9 ,,p]fecto ,,/atu1 ,,9 ,,s+ulis ,,individuis1 ,,seu ,,speciebus ,,suis1 ,,juxta ,,uniuscujusque ,,naturam4444 ,,itaque ,,fu]unt ,,omnia ,,creata ,,integra ,,et ,,omnibus ,,suis ,,membris ,,p]fecta4 ,z reg>ds ! creation ( animals & plants1 !re=e1 x is cle> t ,su>ez1 s f> f di/9ctly ass]t+ d]ivative creation1 d5ies x z di/9ctly & positively z he c2 t he is at mu* pa9s to refute ,/4 ,augu/9's op9ions2 t he does n hesitate to reg>d ! fa9t acquiesc5ce ( ,/4 ,?omas ,aqu9as 9 ! views ( 8 bro!r sa9t z a k9dly subt]fuge on ! "p ( ,divus ,?omas2 & t he affirms 8 own view to be t :i* is support$ by ! au?ority ( ! ,fa!rs ( ! ,*ur*4 ,s t1 :5 ,mr4 ,miv>t tells u t ,ca?olic !ology is 9 h>mony ) all t mod]n sci5ce c possibly require2 t to ! g5]al !ory ( evolution1 & to ! special ,d>w9ian =m ( x1 no exception 444 ne$ be tak5 on ! gr\nd ( or?odoxy2 & t law & regul>ity1 n arbitr>y int]v5tion1 0 ! ,patri/ic ideal ( creation1 we h to *oose betwe5 8 dictum1 z a !ologian1 & t ( a great light ( 8 ,*ur*1 :om he himself decl>es to be widely v5]at$ z an au?ority1 & ^: or?odoxy has nev] be5 que/ion$4 ,b ,mr4 ,miv>t does n hesitate to pu% 8 attempt to h>monize sci5ce ) ,ca?olic or?odoxy to its utmo/ limit2 &1 :ile assum+ t ! s\l ( man arises f imm$iate & direct creation1 he supposes t 8 body 0 =m$ at fir/ 7z n[ 9 ea* sep>ate individual7 by d]ivative1 or second>y creation1 ?r\gh natural laws 7p4 #cca74 ,?is means1 ,i presume1 t an animal1 hav+ ! corporeal =m & bodily p[]s ( man1 may h be5 develop$ out ( "s l[] =m ( life by a process ( evolution2 & t1 aft] ?is an?ropoid animal _h exi/$ = a long] or %ort] "t1 ,god made a s\l by direct creation1 & put x into ! manlike body1 :i*1 h]et(ore1 _h be5 devoid ( t anima rationalis1 :i* is suppos$ to be man's di/9ctive "*4 ,?is hypo!sis is incapable ( ei!r pro( or dispro(1 & !re=e may be true2 b if ,su>ez is any au?ority1 x is n ,ca?olic doctr9e4 ,nulla e/ 9 hom9e =ma educta de pot5tia mat]iae1#a is a dictum :i* is absolutely inconsi/5t ) ! doctr9e ( ! natural evolution ( any vital manife/ation ( ! human body4 ,footnote #a3 ,disput4 xv4 x4 ,no4 #bg4 ,moreov]1 if man exi/$ z an animal be=e he 0 provid$ ) a rational s\l1 he mu/1 9 accordance ) ! elem5t>y requirem5ts ( ! philosophy 9 :i* ,mr4 ,miv>t delights1 h possess$ a di/9ct s5sitive & vegetative s\l1 or s\ls4 ,h5ce1 :5 ! brea? ( life 0 brea!d into ! manlike animal's no/rils1 he mu/ h already be5 a liv+ & feel+ creature4 ,b ,su>ez p>ticul>ly discusses ?is po9t1 & n only rejects ,mr4 ,miv>t's view1 b adopts language ( v !ological /r5g? reg>d+ x4 ,poss5t praet]ea 8 adjungi argum5ta !ologica1 ut e/ illud quod sumitur ex illis v]bis ,g5es4 #b4 ,=mavit ,deus hom9em ex limo t]rae et inspiravit 9 faciem ejus spiraculum vitae et factus e/ homo 9 animam viv5tem3 ille enim spiritus1 quam ,deus spiravit1 anima rationalis fuit1 et ,,p] ,,eadem ,,factus ,,e/ ,,homo ,,viv5s1 ,,et ,,consequ5t]1 ,,etiam ,,s5ti5s4 ,aliud e/ ex ,,viii4 ,synodo ,g5]ali quae e/ ,con/ant9opolitana ,,iv4 c4 #aa1 qui sic habet4 ,app>et quosdam 9 tantum impietatis v5isse ut hom9es duas animas hab]e dogmatiz5t3 talis igitur impietatis inv5tores et similes sapi5tes1 cum ,vetus et ,novum ,te/am5tum omnesque ,ecclesiae patres unam animam rationalem hom9em hab]e assev]5t1 ,sancta et univ]salis ,synodus ana!matizat4#a ,footnote #a3 ,disput4 xv4 ,de causa =mali sub/antiali1 x4 ,no4 #bd4 ,moreov]1 if ! animal nature ( man 0 ! result ( evolution1 s mu/ t ( woman h be54 ,b ! ,ca?olic doctr9e1 accord+ to ,su>ez1 is t woman 01 9 ! /ricte/ & mo/ lit]al s5se ( ! words1 made out ( ! rib ( man4 ,nihilom9us s5t5tia ,ca?olica e/1 v]ba illa ,scripturae esse ad lit]am intellig5da4 ,,ac ,,pro9de ,,v]e1 ,,ac ,,realit]1 ,,tulisse ,,deum ,,co/am ,,adae1 ,,et1 ,,ex ,,illa1 ,,corpus ,,evae ,,=masse4#a ,footnote #a3 ,tractatus de ,op]e1 ,lib4 ,,iii4 ,de hom9is creatione1 cap4 ii4 ,no4 #c4 ,nor is !re any escape 9 ! supposition t "s woman exi/$ be=e ,eve1 aft] ! fa%ion ( ! ,lili? ( ! rabbis2 s9ce ,su>ez qualifies t notion1 along ) "s o!r ,judaic imag9ations1 z simply damnabilis4#a ,footnote #a3 ,ibid4 ,lib4 ,,iii4 cap4 iv4 ,nos4 #h & #i4 ,aft] ! p]usal ( ! ,tractatus de ,op]e x is1 9 fact1 impossible to admit t ,su>ez held any op9ion respect+ ! orig9 ( species1 except su* z is consi/5t ) ! /ricte/ & mo/ lit]al int]pretation ( ! words ( ,g5esis4 ,= ,su>ez1 x is ,ca?olic doctr9e1 t ! _w 0 made 9 six natural days4 ,on ! fir/ ( ^! days ! mat]ia prima 0 made out ( no?+1 to receive aft]w>ds ^? sub/antial =ms :i* m\ld$ x into ! univ]se ( ?+s2 on ! ?ird day1 ! ance/ors ( all liv+ plants sudd5ly came into be+1 full-gr[n1 p]fect1 & possess$ ( all ! prop]ties :i* n[ di/+ui% !m2 :ile1 on ! fif? & six? days1 ! ance/ors ( all exi/+ animals 7 simil>ly caus$ to exi/ 9 _! complete & p]fect /ate1 by ! infusion ( _! appropriate mat]ial sub/antial =ms into ! matt] :i* _h already be5 creat$4 ,f9ally on ! six? day1 ! anima rationalis--t rational & immortal sub/antial =m :i* is peculi> to man--0 creat$ out ( no?+1 & brea!d into a mass ( matt] :i*1 till !n1 0 m]e du/ ( ! e>?1 & s man arose4 ,b ! species man 0 repres5t$ by a solit>y male individual1 until ! ,creator took out "o ( 8 ribs & fa%ion$ x into a female4 ,?is is ! view ( ! ,g5esis ( ,species1 held by ,su>ez to be ! only "o consi/5t ) ,ca?olic fai?3 x is because he holds ?is view to be ,ca?olic t he does n hesitate to decl>e ,/4 ,augu/9 uns\nd1 & ,/4 ,?omas ,aqu9as guilty ( weakness1 :5 ! "o sw]v$ f ?is view & ! o!r tol]at$ ! deviation4 ,&1 until responsible ,ca?olic au?ority--say1 = example1 ! ,ar*bi%op ( ,we/m9/]--=mally decl>es t ,su>ez 0 wrong1 & t ,ca?olic prie/s are free to tea* _! flocks t ! _w 0 n made 9 six natural days1 & t plants & animals 7 n creat$ 9 _! p]fect & complete /ate1 b h be5 evolv$ by natural processes ?r\gh long ages f c]ta9 g]ms 9 :i* !y 7 pot5tially conta9$1 ,i1 = "o1 %all feel b\nd to believe t ! doctr9es ( ,su>ez are ! only ones :i* are sanction$ by ,infallible ,au?ority1 z repres5t$ by ! ,holy ,fa!r & ! ,ca?olic ,*ur*4 ,i ne$ h>dly add t !y are z absolutely d5i$ & repudiat$ by ,sci5tific ,au?ority1 z repres5t$ by ,reason & ,fact4 ,! "q :e!r ! e>? & ! imm$iate prog5itors ( its pres5t liv+ population 7 made 9 six natural days or n1 is no long] "o ^u :i* two op9ions c be held4 ,! fact t x did n s come into be+ /&s ^u z s\nd a basis z any fact ( hi/ory :atev]4 ,x is n true t exi/+ plants & animals came into be+ )9 ?ree days ( ! creation ( ! e>? out ( no?+1 = x is c]ta9 t innum]able g5]ations ( o!r plants & animals liv$ ^u ! e>? be=e its pres5t population4 ,& :51 ,sunday aft] ,sunday1 m5 :o pr(ess to be our in/ructors 9 righte\sness read out ! /atem5t1 ,9 six days ! ,"l made heav5 & e>?1 ! sea1 & all t 9 !m is1 9 innum]able *ur*es1 !y are ei!r propagat+ :at !y may easily "k1 &1 !re=e1 are b\nd to "k1 to be falsities2 or1 if !y use ! words 9 "s non-natural s5se1 !y fall bel[ ! moral /&>d ( ! mu*-abus$ ,jesuit4 ,?us f> ! contradiction betwe5 ,ca?olic v]ity & ,sci5tific v]ity is complete & absolute1 q indep5d5tly ( ! tru? or falsehood ( ! doctr9e ( evolution4 ,b1 = ^? :o hold ! doctr9e ( evolution1 all ! ,ca?olic v]ities ab\t ! creation ( liv+ be+s mu/ be no less false4 ,= !m1 ! ass]tion t ! prog5itors ( all exi/+ plants 7 made on ! ?ird day1 ( animals on ! fif? & six? days1 9 ! =ms !y n[ pres5t1 is simply false4 ,nor c !y admit t man 0 made sudd5ly out ( ! du/ ( ! e>?2 :ile x w\ld be an insult to ask an evolutioni/ :e!r he cr$its ! prepo/]\s fable respect+ ! fabrication ( woman to :i* ,su>ez p9s 8 fai?4 ,if ,su>ez has rightly /at$ ,ca?olic doctr9e1 !n is evolution utt] h]esy4 ,& su* ,i believe x to be4 ,9 addition to ! tru? ( ! doctr9e ( evolution1 inde$1 "o ( its greate/ m]its 9 my eyes1 is ! fact t x occupies a position ( complete & irreconcilable antagonism to t vigor\s & consi/5t enemy ( ! highe/ intellectual1 moral1 & social life ( mank9d--! ,ca?olic ,*ur*4 ,no d\bt1 ,mr4 ,miv>t1 l o!r putt]s ( new w9e into old bottles1 is actuat$ by motives :i* are wor?y ( respect1 & ev5 ( sympa?y2 b 8 attempt has met ) ! fate :i* ! ,scripture prophesies = all su*4 ,ca?olic !ology1 l all !ologies :i* are bas$ ^u ! assumption ( ! tru? ( ! acc\nt ( ! orig9 ( ?+s giv5 9 ! ,book ( ,g5esis1 be+ utt]ly irreconcilable ) ! doctr9e ( evolution1 ! /ud5t ( sci5ce1 :o is satisfi$ t ! evid5ce ^u :i* ! doctr9e ( evolution re/s1 is incomp>ably /rong] & bett] ?an t ^u :i* ! suppos$ au?ority ( ! ,book ( ,g5esis re/s1 w n tr\ble himself fur!r ) ^! !ologies1 b w conf9e 8 att5tion to su* argum5ts aga9/ ! view he holds z are bas$ ^u purely sci5tific data--& by sci5tific data ,i d n m]ely mean ! tru?s ( physical1 ma!matical1 or logical sci5ce1 b ^? ( moral & metaphysical sci5ce4 ,=1 by sci5ce1 ,i und]/& all k :i* re/s ^u evid5ce & reason+ ( a l "* to t :i* claims our ass5t to ord9>y sci5tific propositions4 ,& if any "o is able to make good ! ass]tion t 8 !ology re/s ^u valid evid5ce & s\nd reason+1 !n x appe>s to me t su* !ology w take its place z a "p ( sci5ce4 ,! pres5t antagonism betwe5 !ology & sci5ce does n arise f any assumption by ! m5 ( sci5ce t all !ology mu/ necess>ily be exclud$ f sci5ce2 b simply because !y are unable to all[ t reason & morality h two weights & two measures2 & t ! belief 9 a proposition1 because au?ority tells y x is true1 or because y wi% to believe x1 :i* is a high crime & misdemean\r :5 ! subject matt] ( reason+ is ( "o k9d1 becomes "u ! alias ( fai? ! greate/ ( all virtues1 :5 ! subject matt] ( reason+ is ( ano!r k9d4 ,! ,bi%op ( ,bre*9 said well ! o!r day3--,lib]ality 9 religion--,i d n mean t5d] & g5]\s all[ances = ! mi/akes ( o!rs--is only unfai?fulness to tru?4#a ,&1 ) ! same qualification1 ,i v5ture to p>aphrase ! ,bi%op's dictum3 ,ecclesia/icism 9 sci5ce is only unfai?fulness to tru?4 ,footnote #a3 ,*>ge at ! ,diocesan ,synod ( ,bre*94 ,scotsman1 ,sept4 #ad1 #ahga4 ,elijah's great "q1 ,w y s]ve ,god or ,baal8 ,*oose ye1 is utt]$ audibly en\gh 9 ! e>s ( e "o ( u z we come to manhood4 ,let e man :o tries to answ] x s]i\sly1 ask himself :e!r he c be satisfi$ ) ! ,baal ( au?ority1 & ) all ! good ?+s 8 wor%ipp]s are promis$ 9 ?is _w & ! next4 ,if he c1 let him1 if he be s incl9$1 amuse himself ) su* sci5tific implem5ts z au?ority tells him are safe & w n cut 8 f+]s2 b let him n imag9e he is1 or c be1 bo? a true son ( ! ,*ur* & a loyal soldi] ( sci5ce4 ,&1 on ! o!r h&1 if ! bl9d acceptance ( au?ority appe>s to him 9 its true col\rs1 z m]e private judgm5t 9 excelsis1 & if he h ! c\rage to /& alone1 face to face ) ! abyss ( ! ,et]nal & ,unkn[able1 let him be cont5t1 once = all1 n only to r5\nce ! good ?+s promis$ by ,infallibility1 b ev5 to be> ! bad ?+s :i* x prophesies2 cont5t to foll[ reason & fact 9 s+l5ess & hone/y ( purpose1 :]ev] !y may lead1 9 ! sure fai? t a hell ( hone/ m5 w1 to him1 be m endurable ?an a p>adise full ( angelic %ams4 ,mr4 ,miv>t ass]ts t )\t a belief 9 a p]sonal ,god1 !re is no religion wor?y ( ! "n4 ,?is is a matt] ( op9ion4 ,b x may be ass]t$1 ) less reason to fe> contradiction1 t ! wor%ip ( a p]sonal ,god1 :o1 on ,mr4 ,miv>t's hypo!sis1 mu/ h us$ language /udi\sly calculat$ to deceive ,8 creatures & wor%ipp]s1 is no religion wor?y ( ! "n4 ,incr$ibile e/1 ,deum illis v]bis ad populum fuisse locutum quibus decip]etur1 is a v]dict 9 :i*1 = once1 ,jesuit casui/ry concurs ) ! heal?y moral s5se ( all mank9d4 ,hav+ happily got quit ( ! !ological aspect ( evolution1 ! support] ( t great tru? :o turns to ! sci5tific objections :i* are br\ght aga9/ x by rec5t criticism1 f9ds1 to 8 relief1 t ! "w be=e him is greatly light5$ by ! spontane\s retreat ( ! enemy f n9e-t5?s ( ! t]ritory :i* he occupi$ t5 ye>s ago4 ,ev5 ! ,qu>t]ly ,review] n only ab/a9s f v5tur+ to d5y t evolution has tak5 place1 b he op5ly admits t ,mr4 ,d>w9 has =c$ on m5's m9ds a recognition ( ! probability1 if n m1 ( evolution1 & ( ! c]ta9ty ( ! action ( natural selection 7p4 #di74 ,i d n q see1 myself1 h[1 if ! action ( natural selection is c]ta91 ! occurr5ce ( evolution is only probable2 inasmu* z ! developm5t ( a new species by natural selection is1 s f> z x goes1 evolution4 ,h[ev]1 x is n wor? :ile to qu>rel ) ! precise t]ms ( a s5t5ce :i* %[s t ! high wat]m>k ( intellig5ce among ^? mo/ respectable ( ,britons1 ! read]s ( ! ,qu>t]ly ,review1 has n[ rea*$ su* a level t ! next tide may lift !m easily & pleasantly on ! once-dread$ %ore ( evolution4 ,nor1 hav+ got !re1 d !y seem likely to /op1 until !y h rea*$ ! inmo/ he>t ( t great region1 & accept$ ! ape ance/ry (1 at any rate1 ! body ( man4 ,= ! ,review] admits t ,mr4 ,d>w9 c be said to h e/abli%$3 ,t if ! v>i\s k9ds ( l[] animals h be5 evolv$ "o f ! o!r by a process ( natural g5]ation or evolution1 !n x becomes highly probable1 priori1 t man's body has be5 simil>ly evolv$2 b ?is1 9 su* a case1 becomes equally probable f ! admitt$ fact t he is an animal at all 7p4 #fe74 ,f ! pr9ciples laid d[n 9 ! la/ s5t5ce1 x w\ld foll[ t if man 7 con/ruct$ ^u a plan z diff]5t f t ( any o!r animal z t ( a sea-ur*9 is f t ( a :ale1 x w\ld be equally probable t he _h be5 develop$ f "s o!r animal z x is n[1 :5 we "k t = e bone1 muscle1 too?1 & ev5 patt]n ( too?1 9 man1 !re is a correspond+ bone1 muscle1 too?1 & patt]n ( too?1 9 an ape4 ,& ?is %[s "o ( two ?+s--ei!r t ! ,qu>t]ly ,review]'s notions ( probability are peculi> to himself2 or1 t he has su* an ov]p[]+ fai? 9 ! tru? ( evolution1 t no ext5t ( /ructural break betwe5 "o animal & ano!r is suffici5t to de/roy 8 conviction t evolution has tak5 place4 ,b ?is by ! way4 ,! importance ( ! admission t !re is no?+ 9 man's physical /ructure to int]f]e ) 8 hav+ be5 evolv$ f an ape1 is n less5$ because x is grudg+ly made & inconsi/5tly qualifi$4 ,& in/ead ( jubilat+ ov] ! ext5t ( ! enemy's retreat1 x w be m wor? :ile to lay siege to 8 la/ /ronghold--! position t !re is a di/9ction 9 k9d betwe5 ! m5tal faculties ( man & ^? ( brutes2 & t1 9 consequ5ce ( ?is di/9ction 9 k9d1 no gradual progress f ! m5tal faculties ( ! "o to ^? ( ! o!r c h tak5 place4 ,! ,qu>t]ly ,review] entr5*es himself )9 =midable-look+ psy*ological outworks1 & !re is no gett+ at him )\t attack+ !m "o by "o4 ,he beg9s by lay+ d[n ! foll[+ proposition3 ',s5sation' is n '?\ght1' & no am\nt ( ! =m] w\ld con/itute ! mo/ rudim5t>y condition ( ! latt]1 ?\gh s5sations supply ! conditions = ! exi/5ce ( '?\ght' or 'k' 7p4 #fg74 ,?is proposition is true1 or n1 accord+ to ! s5se 9 :i* ! ^w ?\ght is employ$4 ,?\ght is n uncommonly us$ 9 a s5se co-ext5sive ) consci\sness1 &1 especially1 ) ^? /ates ( consci\sness we call memory4 ,if ,i recall ! impression made by a col\r or an od\r1 & di/9ctly rememb] blu5ess or musk9ess1 ,i may say ) p]fect propriety t ,i ?9k ( blue or musk2 &1 s long z ! ?\ght la/s1 x is simply a fa9t reproduction ( ! /ate ( consci\sness to :i* ,i gave ! "n 9 "q1 :5 x fir/ became kn[n to me z a s5sation4 ,n[1 if t fa9t reproduction ( a s5sation1 :i* we call ! memory ( x1 is prop]ly t]m$ a ?\ght1 x seems to me to be a some:at =c$1 proce$+ to draw a h>d & fa/ l9e ( dem>cation betwe5 ?\ghts & s5sations4 ,if s5sations are n rudim5t>y ?\ghts1 x may be said t "s ?\ghts are rudim5t>y s5sations4 ,no am\nt ( s\nd con/itutes an e*o1 b = all t no "o w\ld pret5d t an e*o is some?+ ( totally diff]5t nature f a s\nd4 ,aga91 no?+ c be loos]1 or m inaccurate1 ?an ! ass]tion t s5sations supply ! conditions = ! exi/5ce ( ?\ght or k4 ,if ?is implies t s5sations supply ! conditions = ! exi/5ce ( our memory ( s5sations or ( our ?\ghts ab\t s5sations1 x is a truism :i* x is h>dly wor? :ile to /ate s solemnly4 ,if x implies t s5sations supply any?+ else1 x is obvi\sly errone\s4 ,& if x means1 z ! context w\ld seem to %[ x does1 t s5sations are ! subject-matt] ( all ?\ght or k1 !n x is no less contr>y to fact1 inasmu* z our emotions1 :i* con/itute a l>ge "p ( ! subject-matt] ( ?\ght or ( k1 are n s5sations4 ,m ecc5tric /ill is ! ,qu>t]ly ,review]'s next piece ( psy*ology4 ,altoge!r1 we may cle>ly di/+ui% at lea/ six k9ds ( action to :i* ! n]v\s sy/em m9i/]s3-- ,i4 ,t 9 :i* impressions receiv$ result 9 appropriate movem5ts )\t ! int]v5tion ( s5sation or ?\ght1 z 9 ! cases ( injury above giv54--,?is is ! reflex action ( ! n]v\s sy/em4 ,,ii4 ,t 9 :i* /imuli f )\t result 9 s5sations ?r\gh ! ag5cy ( :i* _! due effects are wr\ght out--,s5sation4 ,,iii4 ,t 9 :i* impressions receiv$ result 9 s5sations :i* give rise to ! obs]vation ( s5sible objects4--,s5sible p]ception4 ,,iv4 ,t 9 :i* s5sations & p]ceptions cont9ue to coalesce1 agglut9ate1 & comb9e 9 m or less complex aggregations1 accord+ to ! laws ( ! association ( s5sible p]ceptions4--,association4 ,! above f\r gr\ps conta9 only indelib]ate op]ations1 consi/+1 z !y d at ! be/1 b ( m]e pres5tative s5sible ideas 9 no way imply+ any reflective or repres5tative faculty4 ,su* actions m9i/] to & =m ,in/9ct4 ,besides ^!1 we may di/+ui% two o!r k9ds ( m5tal action1 namely3-- ,v4 ,t 9 :i* s5sations & s5sible p]ceptions are reflect$ on by ?\ght1 & recogniz$ z our own1 & we ourselves recogniz$ by ourselves z affect$ & p]ceiv+4--,self-consci\sness4 ,,vi4 ,t 9 :i* we reflect ^u our s5sations or p]ceptions1 & ask :at !y are1 & :y !y are4--,reason4 ,^! two latt] k9ds ( action are delib]ate op]ations1 p]=m$1 z !y are1 by means ( repres5tative ideas imply+ ! use ( a reflective repres5tative faculty4 ,su* actions di/+ui% ! intellect or rational faculty4 ,n[1 we ass]t t possession 9 p]fection ( all ! fir/ f\r 7pres5tative7 k9ds ( action by no means implies ! possession ( ! la/ two 7repres5tative7 k9ds4 ,all p]sons1 we ?9k1 mu/ admit ! tru? ( ! foll[+ proposition3-- ,two faculties are di/9ct1 n 9 degree b 9 k9d1 if we may possess ! "o 9 p]fection )\t t fact imply+ t we possess ! o!r also4 ,/ill m w ?is be ! case if ! two faculties t5d to increase 9 an inv]se ratio4 ,yet ?is is ! di/9ction betwe5 ! in/9ctive & ! intellectual p>ts ( man's nature4 ,z to animals1 we fully admit t !y may possess all ! fir/ f\r gr\ps ( actions--t !y may h1 s to speak1 m5tal images ( s5sible objects comb9$ 9 all degrees ( complexity1 z gov]n$ by ! laws ( association4 ,we d5y to !m1 on ! o!r h&1 ! possession ( ! la/ two k9ds ( m5tal action4 ,we d5y !m1 t is1 ! p[] ( reflect+ on _! own exi/5ce1 or ( inquir+ into ! nature ( objects & _! causes4 ,we d5y t !y "k t !y "k or "k !mselves 9 kn[+4 ,9 o!r words1 we d5y !m reason4 ,! possession ( ! pres5tative faculty1 z above expla9$1 9 no way implies t ( ! reflective faculty2 nor does any am\nt ( direct op]ation imply ! p[] ( ask+ ! reflective "q be=e m5tion$1 z to ':at' & ':y4' 7,loc4 cit4 pp4 #fg1 #fh47 ,sundry po9ts are wor?y ( notice 9 ?is rem>kable acc\nt ( ! intellectual p[]s4 ,9 ! fir/ place ! ,review] ignores emotion & volition1 ?\gh !y are no inconsid]able k9ds ( action to :i* ! n]v\s sy/em m9i/]s1 & memory has a place 9 8 classification only by implication4 ,secondly1 we are told t ! second k9d ( action to :i* ! n]v\s sy/em m9i/]s is t 9 :i* /imuli f )\t result 9 s5sations ?r\gh ! ag5cy ( :i* _! due effects are wr\ght out4--,s5sation4 ,does ?is really mean t1 9 ! writ]'s op9ion1 s5sation is ! ag5t by :i* ! due effect ( ! /imulus1 :i* gives rise to s5sation1 is wr\ght out8 ,suppose somebody runs a p9 into me4 ,! due effect ( t p>ticul> /imulus w probably be ?reefold2 namely1 a s5sation ( pa91 a />t1 & an int]jectional expletive4 ,does ! ,qu>t]ly ,review] really ?9k t ! s5sation is ! ag5t by :i* ! o!r two ph5om5a are wr\ght out8 ,b ^! matt]s are ( little mom5t to anyone b ! ,review] & ^? p]sons :o may incauti\sly take _! physiology1 or psy*ology1 f him4 ,! really int]e/+ po9t is ?is1 t :5 he fully admits t animals may possess all ! fir/ f\r gr\ps ( actions1 he grants all t is necess>y = ! purposes ( ! evolutioni/4 ,= he h]eby admits t 9 animals impressions receiv$ result 9 s5sations :i* give rise to ! obs]vation ( s5sible objects1 & t !y h :at he calls s5sible p]ception4 ,nor 0 x possible to help ! admission2 = we h z mu* reason to ascribe to animals1 z we h to attribute to our fell[-m51 ! p[]1 n only ( p]ceiv+ ext]nal objects z ext]nal1 & ?us practically recogniz+ ! diff]5ce betwe5 ! self & ! n-self2 b t ( di/+ui%+ betwe5 l & unlike1 & betwe5 simultane\s & successive ?+s4 ,:5 a gamekeep] goes out c\rs+ ) a greyh\nd 9 lea%1 & a h>e crosses ! field ( vision1 he becomes ! subject ( ^? /ates ( consci\sness we call visual s5sation1 & t is all he receives f )\t4 ,s5sation1 z su*1 tells him no?+ :atev] ab\t ! cause ( ^! /ates ( consci\sness2 b ! ?9k+ faculty in/antly goes to "w ^u ! raw mat]ial ( s5sation furni%$ to x ?r\gh ! eye1 & gives rise to a tra9 ( ?\ghts4 ,fir/ comes ! ?\ght t !re is an object at a c]ta9 di/ance2 !n arises ano!r ?\ght--! p]ception ( ! lik5ess betwe5 ! /ates ( consci\sness awak5$ by ?is object to ^? pres5t$ by memory1 z1 on "s =m] occasion1 call$ up by a h>e2 ?is is succe$$ by ano!r ?\ght ( ! nature ( an emotion--namely1 ! desire to possess ! h>e2 !n foll[s a long] or %ort] tra9 ( o!r ?\ghts1 :i* end 9 a volition & an act--! loos+ ( ! greyh\nd f ! lea%4 ,^! sev]al ?\ghts are ! concomitants ( a process :i* goes on 9 ! n]v\s sy/em ( ! man4 ,unless ! n]ve-elem5ts ( ! ret9a1 ( ! optic n]ve1 ( ! bra91 ( ! sp9al *ord1 & ( ! n]ves ( ! arms w5t ?r\gh c]ta9 physical *anges 9 due ord] & correlation1 ! v>i\s /ates ( consci\sness :i* h be5 enum]at$ w\ld n make _! appe>ance4 ,s t 9 ?is1 z 9 all o!r intellectual op]ations1 we h to di/+ui% two sets ( successive *anges--"o 9 ! physical basis ( consci\sness1 & ! o!r 9 consci\sness itself2 "o set :i* may1 & d\btless w1 9 c\rse ( "t1 be foll[$ ?r\gh all _! complexities by ! anatomi/ & ! physici/1 & "o ( :i* only ! man himself c h imm$iate k4 ,z x is v necess>y to keep up a cle> di/9ction betwe5 ^! two processes1 let ! "o be call$ neurosis1 & ! o!r psy*osis4 ,:5 ! gamekeep] 0 fir/ tra9$ to 8 "w1 e /ep 9 ! process ( neurosis 0 accompani$ by a correspond+ /ep 9 t ( psy*osis1 or ne>ly s4 ,he 0 consci\s ( see+ some?+1 consci\s ( mak+ sure x 0 a h>e1 consci\s ( desir+ to cat* x1 & !re=e to loose ! greyh\nd at ! "r "t1 consci\s ( ! acts by :i* he let ! dog out ( ! lea%4 ,b ) practice1 ?\gh ! v>i\s /eps ( ! neurosis rema9--= o!rwise ! impression on ! ret9a w\ld n result 9 ! loos+ ( ! dog--! great majority ( ! /eps ( ! psy*osis vani%1 & ! loos+ ( ! dog foll[s unconsci\sly1 or z we say1 )\t ?9k+ ab\t x1 ^u ! sight ( ! h>e4 ,no "o w d5y t ! s]ies ( acts :i* orig9ally int]v5$ betwe5 ! s5sation & ! lett+ g ( ! dog 71 9 ! /ricte/ s5se1 intellectual & rational op]ations4 ,d !y cease to be s :5 ! man ceases to be consci\s ( !m8 ,t dep5ds ^u :at is ! ess5ce & :at ! accid5t ( ^? op]ations1 :i*1 tak5 toge!r1 con/itute ratioc9ation4 ,n[ ratioc9ation is resolvable into pr$ication1 & pr$ication consi/s 9 m>k+1 9 "s way1 ! exi/5ce1 ! co-exi/5ce1 ! succession1 ! lik5ess & unlik5ess1 ( ?+s or _! ideas4 ,:atev] does ?is1 reasons2 & if a ma*9e produces ! effects ( reason1 ,i see no m gr\nd = d5y+ to x ! reason+ p[]1 because x is unconsci\s1 ?an ,i see = refus+ to ,mr4 ,babbage's eng9e ! title ( a calculat+ ma*9e on ! same gr\nds4 ,?us x seems to me t a gamekeep] reasons1 :e!r he is consci\s or unconsci\s1 :e!r 8 reason+ is c>ri$ on by neurosis alone1 or :e!r x involves m or less psy*osis4 ,& if ?is is true ( ! gamekeep]1 x is also true ( ! greyh\nd4 ,! ess5tial resemblances 9 all po9ts ( /ructure & function1 s f> z !y c be /udi$1 betwe5 ! n]v\s sy/em ( ! man & t ( ! dog1 leave no reasonable d\bt t ! processes :i* g on 9 ! "o are j l ^? :i* take place 9 ! o!r4 ,9 ! dog1 !re c be no d\bt t ! n]v\s matt] :i* lies betwe5 ! ret9a & ! muscles und]goes a s]ies ( *anges1 precisely analog\s to ^? :i*1 9 ! man1 give rise to s5sation1 a tra9 ( ?\ght1 & volition4 ,:e!r ?is neurosis is accompani$ by su* psy*osis z ours1 x is impossible to say2 b ^? :o d5y t ! n]v\s *anges1 :i*1 9 ! dog1 correspond ) ^? :i* und]lie ?\ght 9 a man1 are accompani$ by consci\sness1 are equally b\nd to ma9ta9 t ^? n]v\s *anges 9 ! dog1 :i* correspond ) ^? :i* und]lie s5sation 9 a man1 are also unaccompani$ by consci\sness4 ,9 o!r words1 if !re is no gr\nd = believ+ t a dog ?9ks1 nei!r is !re any = believ+ t he feels4 ,z is well kn[n1 ,desc>tes boldly fac$ ?is dilemma1 & ma9ta9$ t all animals 7 m]e ma*9es & entirely devoid ( consci\sness4 ,b he did n d5y1 nor c anyone d5y1 t 9 ?is case !y are reason+ ma*9es1 capable ( p]=m+ all ^? op]ations :i* are p]=m$ by ! n]v\s sy/em ( man :5 he reasons4 ,= ev5 suppos+ t 9 man1 & 9 man only1 psy*osis is sup]add$ to neurosis--! neurosis :i* is common to bo? man & animal gives _! reason+ processes a fundam5tal unity4 ,b ,desc>tes's position is op5 to v s]i\s objections1 if ! evid5ce t animals feel is insuffici5t to prove t !y really d s4 ,:at is ! value ( ! evid5ce :i* leads "o to believe t "o's fell[-man feels8 ,! only evid5ce 9 ?is argum5t ( analogy1 is ! simil>ity ( 8 /ructure & ( 8 actions to "o's own4 ,& if t is good en\gh to prove t "o's fell[-man feels1 surely x is good en\gh to prove t an ape feels4 ,= ! diff]5ces ( /ructure & function betwe5 m5 & apes are utt]ly insuffici5t to w>rant ! assumption1 t :ile m5 h ^? /ates ( consci\sness we call s5sations1 apes h no?+ ( ! k9d4 ,moreov]1 we h z good evid5ce t apes are capable ( emotion & volition z we h t m5 o!r ?an ourselves are4 ,b if apes possess ?ree out ( ! f\r k9ds ( /ates ( consci\sness :i* we discov] 9 ourselves1 :at possible reason is !re = d5y+ !m ! f\r?8 ,if !y are capable ( s5sation1 emotion1 & volition1 :y are !y to be d5i$ ?\ght 79 ! s5se ( pr$ication78 ,no answ] has ev] be5 giv5 to ^! que/ions4 ,& z ! law ( cont9uity is z mu* oppos$1 z is ! common s5se ( mank9d1 to ! notion t all animals are unconsci\s ma*9es1 x may safely be assum$ t no suffici5t answ] ev] w be giv5 to !m4 ,!re is e reason to believe t consci\sness is a function ( n]v\s matt]1 :51 t n]v\s matt] has atta9$ a c]ta9 degree ( organization1 j z we "k ! o!r actions to :i* ! n]v\s sy/em m9i/]s1 su* z reflex action & ! l1 to be4 ,z ,i h v5tur$ to /ate my view ( ! matt] else:]e1 our ?\ghts are ! expression ( molecul> *anges 9 t matt] ( life :i* is ! s\rce ( our o!r vital ph5om5a4 ,mr4 ,wallace objects to ?is /atem5t 9 ! foll[+ t]ms3-- ,n hav+ be5 able to f9d any clue 9 ,pr(essor ,huxley's writ+s to ! /eps by :i* he passes f ^? vital ph5om5a1 :i* consi/ only1 9 _! la/ analysis1 ( movem5ts by p>ticles ( matt]1 to ^? o!r ph5om5a :i* we t]m ?\ght1 s5sation1 or consci\sness2 b1 kn[+ t s positive an expression ( op9ion f him w h great weight ) _m p]sons1 ,i %all endeav\r to %[1 ) z mu* brevity z is compatible ) cle>ness1 t ?is !ory is n only incapable ( pro(1 b is also1 z x appe>s to me1 inconsi/5t ) accurate conceptions ( molecul> physics4 ,) all respect = ,mr4 ,wallace1 x appe>s to me t 8 rem>ks are entirely beside ! "q4 ,i really "k no?+ :atev]1 & nev] hope to "k any?+1 ( ! /eps by :i* ! passage f molecul> movem5t to /ates ( consci\sness is effect$2 & ,i entirely agree ) ! s5se ( ! passage :i* he quotes f ,pr(essor ,tyndall1 app>5tly imag9+ t x is 9 opposition to ! view ,i hold4 ,all t ,i h to say is1 t1 9 my belief1 consci\sness & molecul> action are capable ( be+ express$ by "o ano!r1 j z heat & me*anical action are capable ( be+ express$ 9 t]ms ( "o ano!r4 ,:e!r we %all ev] be able to express consci\sness 9 foot-p\nds1 or n1 is m ?an ,i w v5ture to say2 b t !re is evid5ce ( ! exi/5ce ( "s correlation betwe5 me*anical motion & consci\sness1 is z pla9 z any?+ c be4 ,suppose ! poles ( an electric batt]y to be connect$ by a plat9um wire4 ,a c]ta9 int5sity ( ! curr5t gives rise 9 ! m9d ( a by/&] to t /ate ( consci\sness we call a dull r$ light--a little great] int5sity to ano!r :i* we call a bright r$ light2 increase ! int5sity1 & ! light becomes :ite2 &1 f9ally1 x dazzles1 & a new /ate ( consci\sness arises1 :i* we t]m pa94 ,giv5 ! same wire & ! same n]v\s app>atus1 & ! am\nt ( electric =ce requir$ to give rise to ^! sev]al /ates ( consci\sness w be ! same1 h[ev] (t5 ! exp]im5t is repeat$4 ,& z ! electric =ce1 ! light-waves1 & ! n]ve-vibrations caus$ by ! impact ( ! light-waves on ! ret9a1 are all expressions ( ! molecul> *anges :i* are tak+ place 9 ! elem5ts ( ! batt]y2 s consci\sness is1 9 ! same s5se1 an expression ( ! molecul> *anges :i* take place 9 t n]v\s matt]1 :i* is ! organ ( consci\sness4 ,&1 s9ce ?is1 & any numb] ( simil> examples t may be requir$1 prove t "o =m ( consci\sness1 at any rate1 is1 9 ! /ricte/ s5se1 ! expression ( molecul> *ange1 x really is n wor? :ile to pursue ! inquiry1 :e!r a fact s easily e/abli%$ is consi/5t ) any p>ticul> sy/em ( molecul> physics or n4 ,mr4 ,wallace1 9 fact1 appe>s to me to h mix$ up two v di/9ct propositions3 ! "o1 ! indisputable tru? t consci\sness is correlat$ ) molecul> *anges 9 ! organ ( consci\sness2 ! o!r1 t ! nature ( t correlation is kn[n1 or c be conceiv$1 :i* is q ano!r matt]4 ,mr4 ,wallace1 presumably1 believes 9 t correlation ( ph5om5a :i* we call cause & effect z firmly z ,i d4 ,b if he has ev] be5 able to =m ! fa9te/ notion h[ a cause gives rise to its effect1 all ,i c say is t ,i envy him4 ,take ! simple/ case imag9able--suppose a ball 9 motion to imp+e ^u ano!r ball at re/4 ,i "k v well1 z a matt] ( fact1 t ! ball 9 motion w communicate "s ( its motion to ! ball at re/1 & t ! motion ( ! two balls aft] collision is precisely correlat$ ) ! masses ( bo? balls & ! am\nt ( motion ( ! fir/4 ,b h[ does ?is come ab\t8 ,9 :at mann] c we conceive t ! vis viva ( ! fir/ ball passes into ! second8 ,i confess ,i c no m =m any conception ( :at happ5s 9 ?is case1 ?an ,i c ( :at takes place :5 ! motion ( p>ticles ( my n]v\s matt]1 caus$ by ! impact ( a simil> ball1 gives rise to ! /ate ( consci\sness ,i call pa94 ,9 ultimate analysis ev]y?+ is incompreh5sible1 & ! :ole object ( sci5ce is simply to r$uce ! fundam5tal incompreh5sibilities to ! smalle/ possible numb]4 ,b to return to ! ,qu>t]ly ,review]4 ,he admits t animals h m5tal images ( s5sible objects1 comb9$ 9 all degrees ( complexity1 z gov]n$ by ! laws ( association4 ,presumably1 by ?is confus$ & imp]fect /atem5t ! ,review] means to admit m ?an ! words imply4 ,= m5tal images ( s5sible objects1 ev5 ?\gh comb9$ 9 all degrees ( complexity1 are1 & c be1 no?+ m ?an m5tal images ( s5sible objects4 ,b judgm5ts1 emotions1 & volitions _c by any possibility be includ$ "u ! head ( m5tal images ( s5sible objects4 ,if ! greyh\nd _h no bett] m5tal end[m5t ?an ! ,review] all[s him1 he might h ! m5tal image ( ! s5sible object--! h>e--& t might be comb9$ ) ! m5tal images ( o!r s5sible objects1 to any degree ( complexity1 b he w\ld h no p[] ( judg+ x to be at a c]ta9 di/ance f him2 no p[] ( p]ceiv+ its simil>ity to 8 memory ( a h>e2 & no desire to get at x4 ,consequ5tly he w\ld /& /ock /ill1 & ! noble art ( c\rs+ w\ld h no exi/5ce4 ,on ! o!r h&1 z t art is l>gely practis$1 x foll[s t greyh\nds alone possess a numb] ( m5tal p[]s1 ! exi/5ce ( :i*1 9 any animal1 is absolutely d5i$ by ! ,qu>t]ly ,review]4 ,f9ally1 :at are ! m5tal p[]s :i* he res]ves z ! especial pr]ogative ( man8 ,!y are two4 ,fir/1 ! recognition ( ourselves by ourselves z affect$ & p]ceiv+4--,self-consci\sness4 ,secondly4 ,! reflection ^u our s5sations & p]ceptions1 & ask+ :at !y are & :y !y are4--,reason4 ,to ! faculty def9$ 9 ! la/ s5t5ce1 ! ,review]1 )\t assign+ ! lea/ gr\nd = ?us dep>t+ f bo? common usage & te*nical propriety1 applies ! "n ( reason4 ,b if man is n to be consid]$ a reason+ be+1 unless he asks :at 8 s5sations & p]ceptions are1 & :y !y are1 :at is a ,hott5tot1 or an ,au/ralian black fell[2 or :at ! sw9k$ h$g] ( an ord9>y agricultural di/rict8 ,nay1 :at becomes ( an av]age c\ntry squire or p>son8 ,h[ _m ( ^! wor?y p]sons :o1 z _! wont is1 read ! ,qu>t]ly ,review1 w\ld d o!r ?an /& agape1 if y ask$ !m :e!r !y _h ev] reflect$ :at _! s5sations & p]ceptions are1 & :y !y are8 ,s t if ! ,review]'s new def9ition ( reason be correct1 ! majority ( m51 ev5 among ! mo/ civiliz$ nations1 are devoid ( t supreme *>act]i/ic ( manhood4 ,& if x be z absurd z ,i believe x to be1 !n1 z reason is c]ta9ly n self-consci\sness1 & z x1 z c]ta9ly1 is "o ( ! actions to :i* ! n]v\s sy/em m9i/]s1 we mu/1 if ! ,review]'s classification is to be adopt$1 seek x among ^? f\r faculties :i* he all[s animals to possess4 ,& ?us1 = ! second "t1 he really surr5d]s1 :ile seem+ to def5d1 8 position4 ,! ,qu>t]ly ,review]1 z we h se51 lectures ! evolutioni/s ^u _! want ( k ( philosophy altoge!r4 ,mr4 ,miv>t is n less pa9$ at ,mr4 ,d>w9's ignorance ( moral sci5ce4 ,x is griev\s to him t ,mr4 ,d>w9 7& n\s autres7 %\ld n h grasp$ ! elem5t>y di/9ction betwe5 mat]ial & =mal morality2 & he lays d[n z an axiom1 ( :i* no tyro ought to be ignorant1 ! position t acts1 unaccompani$ by m5tal acts ( consci\s w direct$ t[>ds ! fulfilm5t ( duty1 are absolutely de/itute ( ! mo/ incipi5t degree ( real or =mal goodness4 ,n[ ?is may be ,mr4 ,miv>t's op9ion1 b x is a proposition :i*1 really1 does n /& on ! foot+ ( an undisput$ axiom4 ,mr4 ,mill d5ies x 9 8 "w on ,utilit>ianism4 ,! mo/ influ5tial writ] ( a totally oppos$ s*ool1 ,mr4 ,c>lyle1 is nev] we>y ( d5y+ x1 & uphold+ ! m]it ( t virtue :i* is unconsci\s2 nay1 x is1 to my und]/&+1 extremely h>d to reconcile ,mr4 ,miv>t's dictum ) t noble summ>y ( ! :ole duty ( man--,?\ %alt love ! ,"l ?y ,god ) all ?y he>t1 & ) all ?y s\l1 & ) all ?y /r5g?2 & ?\ %alt love ?y neighb\r z ?yself4 ,accord+ to ,mr4 ,miv>t's def9ition1 ! man :o loves ,god & 8 neighb\r1 &1 out ( %e] love & affection = bo?1 does all he c to please !m1 is1 nev]!less1 de/itute ( a p>ticle ( real goodness4 ,& x fur!r happ5s t ,mr4 ,d>w91 :o is *>g$ by ,mr4 ,miv>t ) be+ ignorant ( ! di/9ction betwe5 mat]ial & =mal goodness1 discusses ! v "q at issue1 9 a passage :i* is well wor? read+ 7vol4 i4p4 #hg71 & also comes to a conclusion oppos$ to ,mr4 ,miv>t's axiom4 ,a proposition :i* has be5 s mu* disput$ & repudiat$1 %\ld1 "u no circum/ances1 h be5 ?us confid5tly assum$ to be true4 ,= myself1 ,i utt]ly reject x1 inasmu* z ! logical consequ5ce ( ! adoption ( any su* pr9ciple is ! d5ial ( all moral value to sympa?y & affection4 ,accord+ to ,mr4 ,miv>t's axiom1 ! man :o1 see+ ano!r /ruggl+ 9 ! wat]1 leaps 9 at ! risk ( 8 own life to save him1 does t :i* is de/itute ( ! mo/ incipi5t degree ( real goodness1 unless1 z he /rips (f 8 coat1 he says to himself1 ,n[ m9d1 ,i am go+ to d ?is because x is my duty & = no o!r reason2 & ! mo/ beautiful "* to :i* humanity c atta91 t ( ! man :o does good )\t ?9k+ ab\t x1 because he loves ju/ice & m]cy & is repell$ by evil1 has no claim on our moral approbation4 ,! d5ial t a man acts morally because he does n ?9k :e!r he does s or n1 may be put ^u ! same foot+ z ! d5ial ( ! title ( an ari?metician to ! calculat+ boy1 because he did n "k h[ he work$ 8 sums4 ,if mank9d ev] g5]ally accept & act ^u ,mr4 ,miv>t's axiom1 !y w simply become a set ( mo/ un5durable prigs2 b !y nev] h accept$ x1 & ,i v5ture to hope t evolution has no?+ s t]rible 9 /ore = ! human race4 ,b1 if an action1 ! motive ( :i* is no?+ out affection or sympa?y1 may be des]v+ ( moral approbation & really good1 :o t has ev] _h a dog ( 8 own w d5y t animals are capable ( su* actions8 ,mr4 ,miv>t inde$ says3--,x may be safely affirm$1 h[ev]1 t !re is no trace 9 brutes ( any actions simulat+ morality :i* are n explicable by ! fe> ( puni%m5t1 by ! hope ( pleasure1 or by p]sonal affection 7p4 #bba74 ,b x may be affirm$1 ) equal tru?1 t !re is no trace 9 m5 ( any actions :i* are n traceable to ! same motives4 ,if a man does any?+1 he does x ei!r because he fe>s to be puni%$ if he does n d x1 or because he hopes to obta9 pleasure by do+ x1 or because he gratifies 8 affections#a by do+ x4 ,footnote #a3 ,9 sep>at+ pleasure & ! gratification ( affection1 ,i simply foll[ ,mr4 ,miv>t )\t admitt+ ! ju/ice ( ! sep>ation4 ,assum+ ! position ( ! absolute morali/s1 let x be grant$ t !re is a p]ception ( "r & wrong innate 9 e man4 ,?is means1 simply1 t :5 c]ta9 ideas are pres5t$ to 8 m9d1 ! feel+ ( approbation arises2 & :5 c]ta9 o!rs1 ! feel+ ( disapprobation4 ,to d y\r duty is to e>n ! approbation ( y\r consci5ce1 or moral s5se2 to fail 9 y\r duty is to feel its disapprobation1 z we all say4 ,n[1 is approbation a pleasure or a pa98 ,surely a pleasure4 ,& is disapprobation a pleasure or a pa98 ,surely a pa94 ,consequ5tly all t is really meant by ! absolute morali/s is t !re is1 9 ! v nature ( man1 some?+ :i* enables him to be consci\s ( ^! p>ticul> pleasures & pa9s4 ,& :5 !y talk ( immutable & et]nal pr9ciples ( morality1 ! only intelligible s5se :i* ,i c put ^u ! words1 is t ! nature ( man be+ :at x is1 he always has be51 & always w be1 capable ( feel+ ^! p>ticul> pleasures & pa9s4 ,a priori1 ,i h no?+ to say aga9/ ?is proposition4 ,admitt+ its tru?1 ,i d n see h[ ! moral faculty is on a diff]5t foot+ f any ( ! o!r faculties ( man4 ,if ,i *oose to say t x is an immutable & et]nal law ( human nature t g+] is hot 9 ! m\?1 ! ass]tion has z mu* f\ndation ( tru? z ! o!r1 ?\gh ,i ?9k x w\ld be express$ 9 ne$lessly pomp\s language4 ,i mu/ confess t ,i h nev] be5 able to und]/& :y !re %\ld be su* a bitt] qu>rel betwe5 ! intuitioni/s & ! utilit>ians4 ,! intuitioni/ is1 aft] all1 only a utilit>ian :o believes t a p>ticul> class ( pleasures & pa9s has an especial importance1 by reason ( its f\ndation 9 ! nature ( man1 & its insep>able connection ) 8 v exi/5ce z a ?9k+ be+4 ,& z reg>ds ! motive ( p]sonal affection3 ,love1 z ,sp9oza pr(\ndly says1 is ! association ( pleasure ) t :i* is lov$4#a ,or1 to put x to ! common s5se ( mank9d1 is ! gratification ( affection a pleasure or a pa98 ,surely a pleasure4 ,s t :e!r ! motive :i* leads u to p]=m an action is ! love ( our neighb\r1 or ! love ( ,god1 x is und5iable t pleasure ent]s into t motive4 ,footnote #a3 ,nempe1 ,amor nihil aliud e/1 quam ,laetitia1 concomitante idea causae ext]nae4--,e?ices ,,iii4 xiii4 ,?us mu* 9 reply to ,mr4 ,miv>t's argum5ts4 ,i _c b ?9k t x is to be regrett$ t he ekes !m out by ascrib+ to ! doctr9es ( ! philosoph]s ) :om he does n agree1 logical consequ5ces :i* h be5 ov] & ov] aga9 prov$ n to fl[ f !m3 & :5 reason fails him1 tries ! effect ( an injuri\s nickname4 ,accord+ to ! views ( ,mr4 ,sp5c]1 ,mr4 ,mill1 & ,mr4 ,d>w91 ,mr4 ,miv>t tells u1 virtue is a m]e k9d ( retriev+2 &1 t we may n miss ! po9t ( ! joke1 he puts x 9 italics4 ,b :at if x is8 ,does t make x less virtue8 ,suppose ,i say t sculpture is a m]e way ( /one-cutt+1 & pa9t+ a m]e way ( daub+ canvas1 & music a m]e way ( mak+ a noise1 ! /atem5ts are q true2 b !y only %[ t ,i see no o!r me?od ( depreciat+ "s ( ! noble/ aspects ( humanity1 ?an t ( us+ language 9 an inadequate & mislead+ s5se ab\t !m4 ,& ! peculi> 9 appropriat5ess ( ?is p>ticul> nickname to ! views 9 "q1 arises f ! circum/ance :i* ,mr4 ,miv>t w\ld d\btless h recollect$1 if 8 wi% to ridicule _h n = ! mom5t obscur$ 8 judgm5t--t :e!r ! law ( evolution applies to man or n1 t ( h]$it>y transmission c]ta9ly does4 ,mr4 ,miv>t w h>dly d5y t a man owes a l>ge %>e ( ! moral t5d5cies :i* he exhibits to 8 ance/ors2 & ! man :o inh]its a desire to /eal f a kleptomaniac1 or a t5d5cy to b5evol5ce f a ,h[>d1 is1 s f> z he illu/rates h]$it>y transmission1 comp>able to ! dog :o inh]its ! desire to fet* a duck out ( ! wat] f 8 retriev+ sire4 ,s t1 evolution1 or no evolution1 moral qualities are comp>able to a k9d ( retriev+2 ?\gh ! comp>ison1 if meant = ! purposes ( ca/+ obloquy on evolution1 does n say mu* = ! fairness ( ^? :o make x4 ,! ,qu>t]ly ,review] & ,mr4 ,miv>t base _! objections to ! evolution ( ! m5tal faculties ( man f ^? ( "s l[] animal =m1 ^u :at !y ma9ta9 to be a diff]5ce 9 k9d betwe5 ! m5tal & moral faculties ( m5 & brutes2 & ,i h endeav\r$ to %[1 by expos+ ! utt] uns\ndness ( _! philosophical basis1 t ^! objections are devoid ( importance4 ,! objections :i* ,mr4 ,wallace br+s =w>d to ! doctr9e ( ! evolution ( ! m5tal faculties ( man f ^? ( brutes by natural causes1 are ( a diff]5t ord]1 & require sep>ate consid]ation4 ,if ,i und]/& him rightly1 he by no means d\bts t bo? ! bodily & ! m5tal faculties ( man h be5 evolv$ f ^? ( "s l[] animal2 b he is ( op9ion1 t "s ag5cy beyond t :i* has be5 conc]n$ 9 ! evolution ( ord9>y animals1 has be5 op]ative 9 ! case ( man4 ,a sup]ior intellig5ce has guid$ ! developm5t ( man 9 a def9ite direction & = a special purpose1 j z man guides ! developm5t ( _m animal & vegetable =ms4#a ,i und]/& ?is to mean t1 j z ! rock-pigeon has be5 produc$ by natural causes1 :ile ! evolution ( ! tumbl] f ! blue rock has requir$ ! special int]v5tion ( ! intellig5ce ( man1 s "s an?ropoid =m may h be5 evolv$ by v>iation & natural selection2 b x c\ld nev] h giv5 rise to man1 unless "s sup]ior intellig5ce _h play$ ! "p ( ! pigeon-fanci]4 ,footnote #a3 ,! limits ( ,natural ,selection z appli$ to ,man 7loc4 cit4 p4 #cei74 ,accord+ to ,mr4 ,wallace1 :e!r we comp>e ! savage ) ! high] developm5ts ( man1 or ) ! brutes ar\nd him1 we are alike driv5 to ! conclusion1 t1 9 8 l>ge & well-develop$ bra91 he possesses an organ q disproportion$ to 8 requirem5ts 7p4 #cdc72 & he asks1 ,:at is !re 9 ! life ( ! savage b ! satisfy+ ( ! crav+s ( appetite 9 ! simple/ & easie/ way8 ,:at ?\ghts1 idea1 or actions are !re t raise him _m grades above ! elephant or ! ape8 7p4 #cdb74 ,i answ] ,mr4 ,wallace by cit+ a rem>kable passage :i* occurs 9 8 in/ructive pap] on ,in/9ct 9 ,man & ,animals4 ,savages make long j\rneys 9 _m directions1 &1 _! :ole faculties be+ direct$ to ! subject1 !y ga9 a wide & accurate k ( ! topography1 n only ( _! own di/rict1 b ( all ! regions r\nd ab\t4 ,ev]yone :o has travell$ 9 a new direction communicates 8 k to ^? :o h travell$ less1 & descriptions ( r\tes & localities1 & m9ute incid5ts ( travel1 =m "o ( ! ma9 /aples ( conv]sation ar\nd ! ev5+ fire4 ,e w&]] or captive f ano!r tribe adds to ! /ore ( in=mation1 &1 z ! v exi/5ce ( individuals & ( :ole families & tribes dep5ds ^u ! complet5ess ( ?is k1 all ! acute p]ceptive faculties ( ! adult savage are direct$ to acquir+ & p]fect+ x4 ,! good hunt] or w>rior ?us comes to "k ! be>+ ( e hill & m\nta9 range1 ! directions & junctions ( all ! /reams1 ! situation ( ea* tract *>act]iz$ by peculi> vegetation1 n only )9 ! area he has himself trav]s$1 b p]haps = a hundr$ miles ar\nd x4 ,8 acute obs]vation enables him to detect ! slighte/ undulations ( ! surface1 ! v>i\s *anges ( subsoil & alt]ations 9 ! "* ( ! vegetation t w\ld be q imp]ceptible to a /rang]4 ,8 eye is always op5 to ! direction 9 :i* he is go+2 ! mossy side ( trees1 ! pres5ce ( c]ta9 plants "u ! %ade ( rocks1 ! morn+ & ev5+ flight ( birds1 are to him indications ( direction almo/ z sure z ! sun 9 ! heav5s 7pp4 #bjg-h74 ,i h se5 en\gh ( savages to be able to decl>e t no?+ c be m admirable ?an ?is description ( :at a savage has to le>n4 ,b x is incomplete4 ,add to all ?is ! k :i* a savage is oblig$ to ga9 ( ! prop]ties ( plants1 ( ! *>act]s & habits ( animals1 & ( ! m9ute indications by :i* _! c\rse is discov]able3 consid] t ev5 an ,au/ralian c make excell5t baskets & nets1 & neatly fitt$ & beautifully balanc$ spe>s2 t he le>ns to use ^! s z to be able to transfix a qu>t]n loaf at sixty y>ds2 & t v (t51 z 9 ! case ( ! ,am]ican ,indians1 ! language ( a savage exhibits complexities :i* a well-tra9$ ,european f9ds x difficult to ma/]3 consid] t e "t a savage tracks 8 game1 he employs a m9ut5ess ( obs]vation1 & an accuracy ( inductive & d$uctive reason+ :i*1 appli$ to o!r matt]s1 w\ld assure "s reputation to a man ( sci5ce1 & ,i ?9k we ne$ ask no fur!r :y he possesses su* a fair supply ( bra9s4 ,9 complexity & difficulty1 ,i %\ld say t ! intellectual lab\r ( a good hunt] or w>rior consid]ably exce$s t ( an ord9>y ,engli%man4 ,! ,civil ,s]vice ,exam9]s are held 9 great t]ror by "y ,engli%m52 b ev5 _! f]ocity nev] tempt$ !m to require a c&idate to possess su* a k ( a p>i%1 z ,mr4 ,wallace ju/ly po9ts out savages may possess ( an area a hundr$ miles1 or m1 9 diamet]4 ,b suppose1 = ! sake ( argum5t1 t a savage has m bra9s ?an seems proportion$ to 8 wants1 all t c be said is t ! objection to natural selection1 if x be "o1 applies q z /rongly to ! l[] animals4 ,! bra9 ( a porpoise is q wond]ful = its mass1 & = ! developm5t ( ! c]ebral convolutions4 ,& yet s9ce we h ceas$ to cr$it ! /ory ( ,arion1 x is h>d to believe t porpoises are mu* tr\bl$ ) intellect3 & /ill m difficult is x to imag9e t _! big bra9s are only a prep>ation = ! adv5t ( "s accompli%$ cetacean ( ! future4 ,surely1 aga91 a wolf mu/ h too mu* bra9s1 or else h[ is x t a dog1 ) only ! same quantity & =m ( bra91 is able to develop su* s+ul> intellig5ce8 ,! wolf /&s to ! dog 9 ! same relation z ! savage to ! man2 &1 !re=e1 if ,mr4 ,wallace's doctr9e holds good1 a high] p[] mu/ h sup]9t5d$ ! bre$+ up ( wolves f "s inf]ior /ock1 9 ord] to prep>e !m to become dogs4 ,mr4 ,wallace fur!r ma9ta9s t ! orig9 ( "s ( man's m5tal faculties by ! pres]vation ( useful v>iations is n possible4 ,su*1 = example1 are ! capacity to =m ideal conceptions ( space & "t1 ( et]nity & inf9ity2 ! capacity = int5se arti/ic feel+s ( pleasure 9 =m1 col\r1 & composition2 & = ^? ab/ract notions ( =m & numb] :i* r5d] geometry & ari?metic possible4 ,h[1 he asks1 7 all or any ( ^! faculties fir/ develop$1 :5 !y c\ld h be5 ( no possible use to man 9 8 e>ly /ages ( b>b>ism8 ,surely ! answ] is n f> to seek4 ,! l[e/ savages are z devoid ( any su* conceptions z ! brutes !mselves4 ,:at sort ( conceptions ( space & "t1 ( =m & numb]1 c be possess$ by a savage :o has n got s f> z to be able to c\nt beyond five or six1 :o does n "k h[ to draw a triangle or a circle1 & has n ! remote/ notion ( sep>at+ ! p>ticul> quality we call =m1 f ! o!r qualities ( bodies8 ,none ( ^! capacities are exhibit$ by m51 unless !y =m "p ( a tol]ably advanc$ society4 ,&1 9 su* a society1 !re are abundant conditions by :i* a selective influ5ce is ex]t$ 9 fav\r ( ^? p]sons :o exhibit an approximation t[>ds ! possession ( ^! capacities4 ,! savage :o c amuse 8 fell[s by tell+ a good /ory ov] ! nightly fire1 is held by !m 9 e/eem & rew>d$1 9 "o way or ano!r1 = s do+ 9 o!r words1 x is an advantage to him to possess ?is p[]4 ,he :o c c>ve a paddle1 or ! figure-head ( a canoe bett]1 simil>ly pr(its beyond 8 dull] neighb\r4 ,he :o c\nts a little bett] ?an o!rs1 gets mo/ yams :5 b>t] is go+ on1 & =ms ! %rewde/ e/imate ( ! numb]s ( an oppos+ tribe4 ,! exp]i5ce ( daily life %[s t ! conditions ( our pres5t social exi/5ce ex]cise ! mo/ extraord9>ily p[]ful selective influ5ce 9 fav\r ( noveli/s1 arti/s1 & /rong intellects ( all k9ds2 & x seems unque/ionable t all =ms ( social exi/5ce mu/ h _h ! same t5d5cy1 if we consid] ! indisputable facts t ev5 animals possess ! p[] ( di/+ui%+ =m & numb]1 & t !y are capable ( d]iv+ pleasure f p>ticul> =ms & s\nds4 ,if we admit1 z ,mr4 ,wallace does1 t ! l[e/ savages are n rais$ _m grades above ! elephant & ! ape2 & if we fur!r admit1 z ,i cont5d mu/ be admitt$1 t ! conditions ( social life t5d1 p[]fully1 to give an advantage to ^? individuals :o v>y 9 ! direction ( intellectual or ae/hetic excell5ce1 :at is !re to int]f]e ) ! belief t ^! high] faculties1 l ! re/1 owe _! developm5t to natural selection8 ,f9ally1 ) respect to ! developm5t ( ! moral s5se out ( ! simple feel+s ( pleasure & pa91 lik+ & dislik+1 ) :i* ! l[] animals are provid$1 ,i c f9d no?+ 9 ,mr4 ,wallace's reason+s :i* has n already be5 met by ,mr4 ,mill1 ,mr4 ,sp5c]1 or ,mr4 ,d>w94 ,i d n propose to foll[ ! ,qu>t]ly ,review] & ,mr4 ,miv>t ?r\gh ! long /r+ ( objections 9 matt]s ( detail :i* !y br+ aga9/ ,mr4 ,d>w9's views4 ,ev]yone :o has consid]$ ! matt] c>efully w be able to f]ret out z _m m difficulties2 b he w also1 ,i believe1 fail z completely z !y appe> to me to h done1 9 br++ =w>d any fact :i* is really contradictory ( ,mr4 ,d>w9's views4 ,occasionally1 too1 _! objections & criticisms are bas$ ^u errors ( _! own4 ,z1 = example1 :5 ,mr4 ,miv>t & ! ,qu>t]ly ,review] insi/ ^u ! resemblances betwe5 ! eyes ( ,cephalopoda & ,v]tebrata1 q =gett+ t !re are /rik+ & altoge!r fundam5tal diff]5ces betwe5 !m2 or :5 ! ,qu>t]ly ,review] corrects ,mr4 ,d>w9 = say+ t ! gibbons1 )\t hav+ be5 taught1 c walk or run upright ) tol]able quickness1 ?\gh !y move awkw>dly1 & mu* less securely ?an man4 ,! ,qu>t]ly ,review] says1 ,?is is a little mislead+1 inasmu* z x is n /at$ t ?is upright progression is effect$ by plac+ ! enorm\sly long arms beh9d ! head1 or hold+ !m out backw>ds z a balance 9 progression4 ,n[1 be=e c>p+ at a small /atem5t l ?is1 ! ,qu>t]ly ,review] %\ld h made sure t he 0 q "r4 ,b he happ5s to be q wrong4 ,i suspect he got 8 notion ( ! mann] 9 :i* a gibbon walks f a citation 9 ,man's ,place 9 ,nature4 ,b at t "t ,i _h n se5 a gibbon walk4 ,s9ce !n ,i h1 & ,i c te/ify t no?+ c be m precise ?an ,mr4 ,d>w9's /atem5t4 ,! gibbon ,i saw walk$ )\t ei!r putt+ 8 arms beh9d 8 head or hold+ !m out backw>ds4 ,all he did 0 to t\* ! gr\nd ) ! out/ret*$ f+]s ( 8 long arms n[ & !n1 j z "o sees a man :o c>ries a /ick1 b does n ne$ "o1 t\* ! gr\nd ) x z he walks along4 ,aga91 a l>ge numb] ( ! objections br\ght =w>d by ,mr4 ,miv>t & ! ,qu>t]ly ,review] apply to evolution 9 g5]al1 q z mu* z to ! p>ticul> =m ( t doctr9e advocat$ by ,mr4 ,d>w92 or1 to _! notions ( ,mr4 ,d>w9's views & n to :at !y really are4 ,an excell5t example ( ?is class ( difficulties is to be f\nd 9 ,mr4 ,miv>t's *apt] on ,indep5d5t ,simil>ities ( ,/ructure4 ,mr4 ,miv>t says t ^! _c be expla9$ by an absolute & pure ,d>w9ian1 b t an innate p[] & evolution>y law1 aid$ by ! corrective action ( natural selection1 %\ld h furni%$ l ne$s ) l aids1 is n at all improbable 7p4 #hb74 ,i d n exactly "k :at ,mr4 ,miv>t means by an absolute & pure ,d>w9ian2 inde$ ,mr4 ,miv>t makes t creature hold s _m s+ul> op9ions t ,i d\bt if ,i c ev] h se5 "o alive4 ,b ,i f9d no?+ 9 8 /atem5t ( ! view :i* he imag9es to be orig9at$ by himself1 :i* is really inconsi/5t ) :at ,i und]/& to be ,mr4 ,d>w9's views4 ,i appreh5d t ! f\ndation ( ! !ory ( natural selection is ! fact t liv+ bodies t5d incessantly to v>y4 ,?is v>iation is nei!r indef9ite1 nor =tuit\s1 nor does x take place 9 all directions1 9 ! /rict s5se ( ^! words4 ,accurately speak+1 x is n indef9ite1 nor does x take place 9 all directions1 because x is limit$ by ! g5]al *>act]s ( ! type to :i* ! organism exhibit+ ! v>iation belongs4 ,a :ale does n t5d to v>y 9 ! direction ( produc+ fea!rs1 nor a bird 9 ! direction ( develop+ :alebone4 ,9 popul> language !re is no h>m 9 say+ t ! waves :i* break ^u ! sea-%ore are indef9ite1 =tuit\s1 & break 9 all directions4 ,9 sci5tific language1 on ! contr>y1 su* a /atem5t w\ld be a gross error1 inasmu* z e p>ticle ( foam is ! result ( p]fectly def9ite =ces1 op]at+ accord+ to no less def9ite laws4 ,9 l mann]1 e v>iation ( a liv+ =m1 h[ev] m9ute1 h[ev] app>5tly accid5tal1 is inconceivable except z ! expression ( ! op]ation ( molecul> =ces or p[]s resid5t )9 ! organism4 ,&1 z ^! =ces c]ta9ly op]ate accord+ to def9ite laws1 _! g5]al result is1 d\btless1 9 accordance ) "s g5]al law :i* subsumes !m all4 ,& !re appe>s to be no objection to call ?is an evolution>y law4 ,b nobody is ! wis] = do+ s1 or has !reby contribut$1 9 ! lea/ degree1 to ! advance ( ! doctr9e ( evolution1 ! great ne$ ( :i* is a !ory ( v>iation4 ,:5 ,mr4 ,miv>t tells u t 8 aim has be5 to support ! doctr9e t ^! species h be5 evolv$ by ord9>y natural laws 7= ! mo/ "p unkn[n71 aid$ by ! subord9ate action ( 'natural selection' 7pp4 #ccb-c71 he seems to be ( op9ion t 8 ent]prise has ! m]it ( novelty4 ,all ,i c say is t ,i h nev] _h ! slighte/ notion t ,mr4 ,d>w9's aim is 9 any way diff]5t f ?is4 ,if ,i affirm t species h be5 evolv$ by v>iation#a 7a natural process1 ! laws ( :i* are = ! mo/ "p unkn[n71 aid$ by ! subord9ate action ( natural selection1 x seems to me t ,i enunciate a proposition :i* con/itutes ! v pi? & m>r[ ( ! fir/ edition ( ! ,orig9 ( ,species4 ,& :at ! evolutioni/ /&s 9 ne$ ( j n[1 is n an it]ation ( ! fundam5tal pr9ciple ( ,d>w9ism1 b "s light ^u ! que/ions1 ,:at are ! limits ( v>iation8 &1 ,if a v>iety has aris51 c t v>iety be p]petuat$1 or ev5 int5sifi$1 :5 selective conditions are indiff]5t1 or p]haps unfav\rable1 to its exi/5ce8 ,i _c f9d t ,mr4 ,d>w9 has ev] be5 v dogmatic 9 answ]+ ^! que/ions4 ,=m]ly1 he seems to h incl9$ to reply to !m 9 ! negative1 :ile n[ 8 incl9ation is ! o!r way4 ,leav+ aside ^? broad que/ions ( !ology1 philosophy1 & e?ics1 by ! discussion ( :i* nei!r ! ,qu>t]ly ,review] nor ,mr4 ,miv>t c be said to h damag$ ,d>w9ism--:atev] else !y h injur$--?is is :at _! criticisms come to4 ,!y conf\nd a /ruggle = "s rifle-pits ) an assault on ! =tress4 ,footnote #a3 ,includ+ "u ?is head h]$it>y transmission4 ,9 "s respects1 f9ally1 ,i c only *>act]ize ! ,qu>t]ly ,review]'s treatm5t ( ,mr4 ,d>w9 z alike unju/ & unbecom+4 ,language ( ?is /r5g? requires ju/ification1 & on t gr\nd ,i add ! rem>ks :i* foll[4 ,! ,qu>t]ly ,review] op5s 8 essay by a c>eful enum]ation ( all ^? po9ts ^u :i*1 dur+ ! c\rse ( ?irte5 ye>s ( incessant lab\r1 ,mr4 ,d>w9 has modifi$ 8 op9ions4 ,x has (t5 & ju/ly be5 rem>k$1 t :at /rikes a c&id /ud5t ( ,mr4 ,d>w9's works is n s mu* 8 indu/ry1 8 k1 or ev5 ! surpris+ f]tility ( 8 inv5tive g5ius2 b t unsw]v+ tru?fulness & hone/y :i* nev] p]mit him to hide a weak place1 or gloss ov] a difficulty1 b lead him1 on all occasions1 to po9t out ! weak places 9 8 own arm\r1 & ev5 sometimes1 x appe>s to me1 to make admissions aga9/ himself :i* are q unnecess>y4 ,a critic :o desires to attack ,mr4 ,d>w9 has only to read 8 works ) a desire to obs]ve1 n _! m]its1 b _! defects1 & he w f9d1 ready to h&1 m adv]se sugge/ions ?an are likely ev] to h sugge/$ !mselves to 8 own %>pness1 )\t ,mr4 ,d>w9's self-d5y+ aid4 ,n[ ?is quality ( sci5tific c&\r is n s common t x ne$s to be disc\rag$2 & x appe>s to me to des]ve o!r treatm5t ?an t adopt$ by ! ,qu>t]ly ,review]1 :o deals ) ,mr4 ,d>w9 z an ,old ,bailey b>ri/] deals ) a man aga9/ :om he wi%es to obta9 a conviction1 p] fas aut nefas1 & op5s 8 case by endeav\r+ to create a prejudice aga9/ ! prison] 9 ! m9ds ( ! jury4 ,9 8 eag]ness to c>ry out ?is laudable design1 ! ,qu>t]ly ,review] _c ev5 /ate ! hi/ory ( ! doctr9e ( natural selection )\t an oblique & entirely unju/ifiable attempt to depreciate ,mr4 ,d>w94 ,to ,mr4 ,d>w91 says he1 & 7?r\gh ,mr4 ,wallace's retic5ce7 to ,mr4 ,d>w9 alone1 is due ! cr$it ( hav+ fir/ br\ght x prom95tly =w>d & demon/rat$ its tru?4 ,no "o c less desire ?an ,i d1 to ?r[ a d\bt ^u ,mr4 ,wallace's orig9ality1 or to "q 8 claim to ! hon\r ( be+ "o ( ! orig9ators ( ! doctr9e ( natural selection2 b ! /atem5t t ,mr4 ,d>w9 has ! sole cr$it ( orig9at+ ! doctr9e because ( ,mr4 ,wallace's retic5ce is simply ridicul\s4 ,! pro( ( ?is is1 9 ! fir/ place1 af=d$ by ,mr4 ,wallace himself1 ^: noble fre$om f petty jeal\sy 9 ?is matt]1 small] folk w\ld d well to imitate2 & :o writes ?us3--,i h felt all my life1 & ,i /ill feel1 ! mo/ s9c]e satisfaction t ,mr4 ,d>w9 _h be5 at "w long be=e me1 & t x 0 n left = me to attempt to write ! ',orig9 ( ,species4' ,i h long s9ce measur$ my own /r5g?1 & "k well t x w\ld be q unequal to t task4 ,s t if !re 0 any retic5ce at all 9 ! matt]1 x 0 ,mr4 ,d>w9's retic5ce dur+ ! long tw5ty ye>s ( /udy :i* int]v5$ betwe5 ! conception & ! publication ( 8 !ory1 :i* gave ,mr4 ,wallace ! *ance ( be+ an indep5d5t discov]] ( ! importance ( natural selection4 ,&1 f9ally1 if x be recollect$ t ,mr4 ,d>w9's & ,mr4 ,wallace's essays 7 publi%$ simultane\sly 9 ! ,j\rnal ( ! ,l9naean ,society = #aheh1 x foll[s t ! ,review]1 :ile obliquely depreciat+ ,mr4 ,d>w9's des]ts1 has 9 reality aw>d$ to him a priority :i*1 9 legal /rictness1 does n exi/4 ,mr4 ,miv>t1 ^: op9ions s (t5 concur ) ^? ( ! ,qu>t]ly ,review]1 puts ! case 9 a way1 :i* ,i mu* regret to be oblig$ to say1 is1 9 my judgm5t1 q z incorrect2 ?\gh ! inju/ice may be less gl>+4 ,he says t ! !ory ( natural selection is1 9 g5]al1 exclusively associat$ ) ! "n ( ,mr4 ,d>w91 on acc\nt ( ! noble self-abnegation ( ,mr4 ,wallace4 ,z ,i h said1 no "o c hon\r ,mr4 ,wallace m ?an ,i d1 bo? = :at he has done & = :at he has n done1 9 8 relation to ,mr4 ,d>w94 ,& p]haps no?+ is m cr$itable to him ?an 8 frank decl>ation t he c\ld n h writt5 su* a "w z ! ,orig9 ( ,species4 ,b1 by ?is decl>ation1 ! p]son mo/ directly int]e/$ 9 ! matt] repudiates1 by anticipation1 ,mr4 ,miv>t's sugge/ion t ,mr4 ,d>w9's em95ce is m or less due to ,mr4 ,wallace's mode/y4 ,,xi4 ,,! ,,g5ealogy ,,( ,,animals4#a ,consid]+ t ,g]many n[ takes ! lead ( ! _w 9 sci5tific inve/igation1 & p>ticul>ly 9 biology1 ,mr4 ,d>w9 mu/ be well pleas$ at ! rapid spread ( 8 views among "s ( ! able/ & mo/ labori\s ( ,g]man naturali/s4 ,footnote #a3 ,! ,natural ,hi/ory ( ,creation4 ,by ,dr4 ,ern/ ,haeckel 7,natrli*e ,s*pfungs-,ges*i*te4--,von ,dr4 ,ern/ ,haeckel1 ,pr(essor an d] ,univ]sitt ,j5a47 ,b]l91 #ahfh4 ,among ^?1 ,pr(essor ,haeckel1 ( ,j5a1 is ! ,coryphaeus4 ,i "k ( no m solid & important contributions to biology 9 ! pa/ sev5 ye>s ?an ,haeckel's "w on ! ,radiol>ia1 & ! rese>*es ( 8 di/+ui%$ colleague ,geg5baur1 9 v]tebrate anatomy2 :ile 9 ,haeckel's ,g5]elle ,morphologie !re is all ! =ce1 sugge/iv5ess1 &1 :at ,i may t]m ! sy/ematiz+ p[]1 ( ,ok51 )\t 8 extravagance4 ,! ,g5]elle ,morphologie is1 9 fact1 an attempt to put ! doctr9e ( ,evolution1 s f> z x applies to ! liv+ _w1 into a logical =m2 & to "w out its practical applications to _! f9al results4 ,! "w be=e u1 aga91 may be said to be an exposition ( ! ,g5]elle ,morphologie = an educat$ public1 consi/+1 z x does1 ( ! sub/ance ( a s]ies ( lectures deliv]$ be=e a mix$ audi5ce at ,j5a1 9 ! session #ahfg-h4 ,! ,natural ,hi/ory ( ,creation1--or1 z ,pr(essor ,haeckel admits x w\ld h be5 bett] to call 8 "w1 ,! ,hi/ory ( ! ,developm5t or ,evolution ( ,nature1--deals1 9 ! fir/ six lectures1 ) ! g5]al & hi/orical aspects ( ! "q1 & conta9s a v int]e/+ & lucid acc\nt ( ! views ( ,l9naeus1 ,cuvi]1 ,agassiz1 ,goe!1 ,ok51 ,kant1 ,lam>ck1 ,lyell1 & ,d>w91 & ( ! hi/orical filiation ( ^! philosoph]s4 ,! next six lectures are occupi$ by a well-dige/$ /atem5t ( ,mr4 ,d>w9's views4 ,! ?irte5? lecture discusses two topics :i* are n t\*$ by ,mr4 ,d>w91 namely1 ! orig9 ( ! pres5t =m ( ! sol> sy/em1 & t ( liv+ matt]4 ,full ju/ice is done to ,kant1 z ! orig9ator ( t cosmic gas !ory1 z ! ,g]mans some:at qua9tly call x1 :i* is commonly ascrib$ to ,laplace4 ,) respect to spontane\s g5]ation1 :ile admitt+ t !re is no exp]im5tal evid5ce 9 its fav\r1 ,pr(essor ,haeckel d5ies ! possibility ( disprov+ x1 & po9ts out t ! assumption t x has occurr$ is a necess>y "p ( ! doctr9e ( ,evolution4 ,! f\rte5? lecture1 on ,s*pfungs-,p]iod5 und ,s*pfungs-,urkund51 answ]s pretty mu* to ! fam\s disquisition on ! ,imp]fection ( ! ,geological ,record 9 ! ,orig9 ( ,species4 ,! foll[+ five lectures conta9 ! mo/ orig9al matt] ( any1 be+ devot$ to ,phylog5y1 or ! work+ out ( ! details ( ! process ( ,evolution 9 ! animal & vegetable k+doms1 s z to prove ! l9e ( desc5t ( ea* gr\p ( liv+ be+s1 & to furni% x ) its prop] g5ealogical tree1 or phylum4 ,! la/ lecture consid]s objections & sums up ! evid5ce 9 fav\r ( biological ,evolution4 ,i %all be/ te/ify to my s5se ( ! value ( ! "w ?us briefly analys$ if ,i n[ proce$ to note d[n "s ( ! m important criticisms :i* h be5 sugge/$ to me by its p]usal4 ,i4 ,9 m ?an "o place1 ,pr(essor ,haeckel enl>ges ^u ! s]vice :i* ! ,orig9 ( ,species has done1 9 fav\r+ :at he t]ms ! causal or me*anical view ( liv+ nature z oppos$ to ! teleological or vitali/ic view4 ,& no d\bt x is q true t ! doctr9e ( ,evolution is ! mo/ =midable oppon5t ( all ! common] & co>s] =ms ( ,teleology4 ,b p]haps ! mo/ rem>kable s]vice to ! philosophy ( ,biology r5d]$ by ,mr4 ,d>w9 is ! reconciliation ( ,teleology & ,morphology1 & ! explanation ( ! facts ( bo? :i* 8 views (f]4 ,! ,teleology :i* supposes t ! eye1 su* z we see x 9 man or "o ( ! high] ,v]tebrata1 0 made ) ! precise /ructure :i* x exhibits1 = ! purpose ( enabl+ ! animal :i* possesses x to see1 has und\bt$ly receiv$ its dea?-bl[4 ,nev]!less x is necess>y to rememb] t !re is a wid] ,teleology1 :i* is n t\*$ by ! doctr9e ( ,evolution1 b is actually bas$ ^u ! fundam5tal proposition ( ,evolution4 ,t proposition is1 t ! :ole _w1 liv+ & n liv+1 is ! result ( ! mutual int]action1 accord+ to def9ite laws1 ( ! =ces possess$ by ! molecules ( :i* ! primitive nebulosity ( ! univ]se 0 compos$4 ,if ?is be true1 x is no less c]ta9 t ! exi/+ _w lay1 pot5tially1 9 ! cosmic vap\r2 & t a suffici5t intellig5ce c\ld1 f a k ( ! prop]ties ( ! molecules ( t vap\r1 h pr$ict$1 say ! /ate ( ! ,fauna ( ,brita9 9 #ahfi1 ) z mu* c]ta9ty z "o c say :at w happ5 to ! vap\r ( ! brea? 9 a cold w9t]'s day4 ,consid] a kit*5 clock1 :i* ticks l\dly1 %[s ! h\rs1 m9utes1 & seconds1 /rikes1 cries cuckoo6 & p]haps %[s ! phases ( ! moon4 ,:5 ! clock is w\nd up1 all ! ph5om5a :i* x exhibits are pot5tially conta9$ 9 its me*anism1 & a clev] clockmak] c\ld pr$ict all x w d aft] an exam9ation ( its /ructure4 ,if ! evolution !ory is correct1 ! molecul> /ructure ( ! cosmic gas /&s 9 ! same relation to ! ph5om5a ( ! _w z ! /ructure ( ! clock to its ph5om5a4 ,n[ let u suppose a dea?-wat*1 liv+ 9 ! clock-case1 to be a le>n$ & intellig5t /ud5t ( its works4 ,he might say1 ,i f9d "h no?+ b matt] & =ce & pure me*anism f beg9n+ to end1 & he w\ld be q "r4 ,b if he drew ! conclusion t ! clock 0 n contriv$ = a purpose1 he w\ld be q wrong4 ,on ! o!r h&1 imag9e ano!r dea?-wat* ( a diff]5t turn ( m9d4 ,he1 li/5+ to ! monoton\s tick6 tick6 s exactly l 8 own1 might arrive at ! conclusion t ! clock 0 itself a mon/r\s sort ( dea?-wat*1 & t its f9al cause & purpose 0 to tick4 ,h[ easy to po9t to ! cle> relation ( ! :ole me*anism to ! p5dulum1 to ! fact t ! "o ?+ ! clock did always & )\t int]mission 0 to tick1 & t all ! re/ ( its ph5om5a 7 int]mitt5t & subord9ate to tick+6 ,= all ?is1 x is c]ta9 t kit*5 clocks are n contriv$ = ! purpose ( mak+ a tick+ noise4 ,?us ! teleological !ori/ w\ld be z wrong z ! me*anical !ori/1 among our dea?-wat*es2 &1 probably1 ! only dea?-wat* :o w\ld be "r w\ld be ! "o :o %\ld ma9ta9 t ! sole ?+ dea?-wat*es c\ld be sure ab\t 0 ! nature ( ! clock-works & ! way !y move2 & t ! purpose ( ! clock lay :olly beyond ! purview ( beetle faculties4 ,sub/itute cosmic vap\r = clock1 & molecules = works1 & ! application ( ! argum5t is obvi\s4 ,! teleological & ! me*anical views ( nature are n1 necess>ily1 mutually exclusive4 ,on ! contr>y1 ! m purely a me*ani/ ! speculator is1 ! m firmly does he assume a primordial molecul> arrangem5t1 ( :i* all ! ph5om5a ( ! univ]se are ! consequ5ces2 & ! m completely is he !reby at ! m]cy ( ! teleologi/1 :o c always defy him to disprove t ?is primordial molecul> arrangem5t 0 n int5d$ to evolve ! ph5om5a ( ! univ]se4 ,on ! o!r h&1 if ! teleologi/ ass]t t ?is1 t1 or ! o!r result ( ! work+ ( any "p ( ! me*anism ( ! univ]se is its purpose & f9al cause1 ! me*ani/ c always inquire h[ he kn[s t x is m ?an an uness5tial incid5t--! m]e tick+ ( ! clock1 :i* he mi/akes = its function4 ,& !re seems to be no reply to ?is inquiry1 any m ?an to ! fur!r1 n irrational1 "q1 :y tr\ble oneself ab\t matt]s :i* are out ( rea*1 :5 ! work+ ( ! me*anism itself1 :i* is ( inf9ite practical importance1 af=ds scope = all our en]gies8 ,pr(essor ,haeckel has inv5t$ a new & conv5i5t "n1 ,dy/eleology1 = ! /udy ( ! purposelessnesses :i* are obs]vable 9 liv+ organisms--su* z ! multitud9\s cases ( rudim5t>y & app>5tly useless /ructures4 ,i confess1 h[ev]1 t x has (t5 appe>$ to me t ! facts ( ,dy/eleology cut two ways4 ,if we are to assume1 z evolutioni/s 9 g5]al d1 t useless organs atrophy1 su* cases z ! exi/5ce ( lat]al rudim5ts ( toes1 9 ! foot ( a horse1 place u 9 a dilemma4 ,=1 ei!r ^! rudim5ts are ( no use to ! animal1 9 :i* case1 consid]+ t ! horse has exi/$ 9 its pres5t =m s9ce ! ,plioc5e epo*1 !y surely ought to h disappe>$2 or !y are ( "s use to ! animal1 9 :i* case !y are ( no use z argum5ts aga9/ ,teleology4 ,a simil>1 b /ill /rong]1 argum5t may be bas$ ^u ! exi/5ce ( teats1 & ev5 functional mamm>y gl&s1 9 male mammals4 ,num]\s cases ( ,gynaecoma/y1 or functionally active brea/s 9 m51 are on record1 ?\gh !re is no mammalian species :atev] 9 :i* ! male normally suckles ! "y4 ,?us1 !re c be little d\bt t ! mamm>y gl& 0 z app>5tly useless 9 ! remote/ male mammalian ance/or ( man z 9 liv+ m51 & yet x has n disappe>$4 ,is x !n /ill pr(itable to ! male organism to reta9 x8 ,possibly2 b 9 t case its dy/eleological value is gone4 ,,ii4 ,pr(essor ,haeckel looks ^u ! causes :i* h l$ to ! pres5t div]sity ( liv+ nature z tw(old4 ,liv+ matt]1 he tells u1 is urg$ by two impulses3 a c5tripetal1 :i* t5ds to pres]ve & transmit ! specific =m1 & :i* he id5tifies ) h]$ity2 & a c5trifugal1 :i* results f ! t5d5cy ( ext]nal conditions to modify ! organism & effect its adaptation to !mselves4 ,! int]nal impulse is cons]vative1 & t5ds to ! pres]vation ( specific1 or individual1 =m2 ! ext]nal impulse is metamorphic1 & t5ds to ! modification ( specific1 or individual1 =m4 ,9 develop+ 8 views ^u ?is subject1 ,pr(essor ,haeckel introduces qualifications :i* dis>m "s ( ! criticisms ,i %\ld h be5 dispos$ to (f]2 b ,i ?9k t 8 me?od ( /at+ ! case has ! inconv5i5ce ( t5d+ to leave out ( sight ! important fact--:i* is a c>d9al po9t 9 ! ,d>w9ian hypo!sis--t ! t5d5cy to v>y1 9 a giv5 organism1 may h no?+ to d ) ! ext]nal conditions to :i* t individual organism is expos$1 b may dep5d :olly ^u int]nal conditions4 ,no "o1 ,i imag9e1 w\ld dream ( seek+ 9 ! direct influ5ce ( ! ext]nal conditions ( 8 life = ! cause ( ! developm5t ( ! six? f+] & toe 9 ! fam\s ,maltese4 ,i conceive t bo? h]$it>y transmission & adaptation ne$ to be analys$ into _! con/itu5t conditions by ! fur!r application ( ! doctr9e ( ! ,/ruggle = ,exi/5ce4 ,x is a probable hypo!sis1 t :at ! _w is to organisms 9 g5]al1 ea* organism is to ! molecules ( :i* x is compos$4 ,multitudes ( ^!1 hav+ div]se t5d5cies1 are compet+ ) "o ano!r = opportunity to exi/ & multiply2 & ! organism1 z a :ole1 is z mu* ! product ( ! molecules :i* are victori\s z ! ,fauna1 or ,flora1 ( a c\ntry is ! product ( ! victori\s organic be+s 9 x4 ,on ?is hypo!sis1 h]$it>y transmission is ! result ( ! victory ( p>ticul> molecules conta9$ 9 ! impregnat$ g]m4 ,adaptation to conditions is ! result ( ! fav\r+ ( ! multiplication ( ^? molecules ^: organiz+ t5d5cies are mo/ 9 h>mony ) su* conditions4 ,9 ?is view ( ! matt]1 conditions are n actively productive1 b are passively p]missive2 !y d n cause v>iation 9 any giv5 direction1 b !y p]mit & fav\r a t5d5cy 9 t direction :i* already exi/s4 ,x is true t1 9 ! long run1 ! orig9 ( ! organic molecules !mselves1 & ( _! t5d5cies1 is to be s\ght 9 ! ext]nal _w2 b if we c>ry our inquiries z f> back z ?is1 ! di/9ction betwe5 int]nal & ext]nal impulses vani%es4 ,on ! o!r h&1 if we conf9e ourselves to ! consid]ation ( a s+le organism1 ,i ?9k x mu/ be admitt$ t ! exi/5ce ( an int]nal metamorphic t5d5cy mu/ be z di/9ctly recogniz$ z t ( an int]nal cons]vative t5d5cy2 & t ! influ5ce ( conditions is ma9ly1 if n :olly1 ! result ( ! ext5t to :i* !y fav\r ! "o1 or ! o!r1 ( ^! t5d5cies4 ,,iii4 ,!re is only "o po9t ^u :i* ,i fundam5tally & entirely disagree ) ,pr(essor ,haeckel1 b t is ! v important "o ( 8 conception ( geological "t1 & ( ! mean+ ( ! /ratifi$ rocks z records & indications ( t "t4 ,conceiv+ t ! /ratifi$ rocks ( an epo* indicate a p]iod ( depression1 & t ! int]vals betwe5 ! epo*s correspond ) p]iods ( elevation ( :i* we h no record1 he int]calates betwe5 ! diff]5t epo*s1 or p]iods1 int]vals :i* he t]ms ,ante-p]iods4 ,?us1 in/ead ( consid]+ ! ,triassic1 ,jurassic1 ,cretace\s1 & ,eoc5e p]iods1 z cont9u\sly successive1 he int]poses a p]iod be=e ea*1 z an ,antetrias-zeit1 ,antejura-zeit1 ,antecreta-zeit1 ,antecoc5-zeit1 c4 ,& he conceives t ! abrupt *anges betwe5 ! ,faunae ( ! diff]5t =mations are due to ! lapse ( "t1 ( :i* we h no organic record1 dur+ _! ,ante-p]iods4 ,! frequ5t occurr5ce ( /rata conta9+ assemblages ( organic =ms :i* are int]m$iate betwe5 ^? ( adjac5t =mations1 is1 to my m9d1 fatal to ?is view4 ,9 ! well-kn[n ,/4 ,cassian b$s1 = example1 ,palaeozoic & ,mesozoic =ms are comm+l$1 &1 betwe5 ! ,cretace\s & ! ,eoc5e =mations1 !re are simil> transitional b$s4 ,on ! o!r h&1 9 ! middle ( ! ,silurian s]ies1 ext5sive uncon=mity ( ! /rata indicates ! lapse ( va/ int]vals ( "t betwe5 ! deposit ( successive b$s1 )\t any correspond+ *ange 9 ! ,fauna4 ,pr(essor ,haeckel w1 ,i fe>1 ?9k me unreasonable1 if ,i say t he seems to be /ill ov]%ad[$ by geological sup]/itions2 & t he w h to believe 9 ! complet5ess ( ! geological record f> less ?an he does at pres5t4 ,he assumes1 = example1 t !re 0 no dry l&1 nor any t]re/rial life1 be=e ! end ( ! ,silurian epo*1 simply because1 up to ! pres5t "t1 no indications ( fre% wat]1 or t]re/rial organisms1 h be5 f\nd 9 rocks ( old] date4 ,&1 9 speculat+ ^u ! orig9 ( a giv5 gr\p1 he r>ely goes fur!r back ?an ! ,ante-p]iod1 :i* prec$es t 9 :i* ! rema9s ( animals belong+ to t gr\p are f\nd4 ,?us1 z fossil rema9s ( ! majority ( ! gr\ps ( ,reptilia are fir/ f\nd 9 ! ,trias1 !y are assum$ to h orig9at$ 9 ! ,antetriassic p]iod1 or betwe5 ! ,p]mian & ,triassic epo*s4 ,i confess ?is is :olly incr$ible to me4 ,! ,p]mian & ! ,triassic deposits pass completely into "o ano!r2 !re is no sort ( discont9uity answ]+ to an unrecord$ ,antetrias2 &1 :at is m1 we h evid5ce ( imm5sely ext5sive dry l& dur+ ! =mation ( ^! deposits4 ,we "k t ! dry l& ( ! ,trias absolutely teem$ ) reptiles ( all gr\ps except ,pt]odactyles1 ,snakes1 & p]haps ,tortoises2 !re is e probability t true ,birds exi/$1 & ,mammalia c]ta9ly did4 ,( ! inhabitants ( ! ,p]mian dry l&1 on ! contr>y1 all t h left a record are a few liz>ds4 ,is x conceivable t ^! la/ %\ld really repres5t ! :ole t]re/rial population ( t "t1 & t ! developm5t ( ,mammals1 ( ,birds1 & ( ! highe/ =ms ( ,reptiles1 %\ld h be5 cr[d$ into ! "t dur+ :i* ! ,p]mian conditions quietly pass$ away1 & ! ,triassic conditions began8 ,does n any su* supposition become 9 ! highe/ degree improbable1 :51 9 ! t]re/rial or fre%-wat] ,labyr9?odonts1 :i* liv$ on ! l& ( ! ,c>bonif]\s epo*1 z well z on t ( ! ,trias1 we h evid5ce t "o =m1 ( t]re/rial life p]si/$1 ?r\gh\t all ^! ages1 ) no important modification8 ,= my "p1 hav+ reg>d to ! small am\nt ( modification 7except 9 ! way ( ext9ction7 :i* ! ,crocodilian1 ,lac]tilian1 & ,*elonian ,reptilia h und]gone1 f ! old] ,mesozoic times to ! pres5t day1 ,i _c b put ! exi/5ce ( ! common /ock f :i* !y sprang f> back 9 ! ,palaeozoic epo*2 & ,i %\ld apply a simil> argum5tation to all o!r gr\ps ( animals4 ,,iv4 ,pr(essor ,haeckel proposes a numb] ( modifications 9 ,taxonomy1 all ( :i* are well wor?y ( consid]ation4 ,?us he e/abli%es a ?ird prim>y division ( ! liv+ _w1 di/9ct f bo? animals & plants1 "u ! "n ( ! ,proti/a1 to include ! ,myxomycetes1 ! ,diatomaceae1 & ! ,labyr9?ulae1 :i* are commonly reg>d$ z plants1 ) ! ,noctilucae1 ! ,flagellata1 ! ,rhizopoda1 ! ,protopla/a1 & ! ,mon]a1 :i* are mo/ g5]ally includ$ )9 ! animal _w4 ,a l attempt has be5 made1 by o!r writ]s1 to escape ! inconv5i5ce ( call+ ^! dubi\s organisms by ! "n ( plant or animal2 b ,i confess1 x appe>s to me1 t ! inconv5i5ce :i* is elud$ 9 "o direction1 by ?is /ep1 is met 9 two o!rs4 ,pr(essor ,haeckel himself d\bts :e!r ! ,fungi ought n to be remov$ into 8 ,proti/a4 ,if !y are n1 inde$1 ! ,myxomycetes r5d] ! draw+ ( e l9e ( dem>cation betwe5 ,proti/a & ,plants impossible4 ,b if !y are1 :o is to def9e ! ,fungi f ! ,algae8 ,yet ! sea-we$s are surely1 9 e respect1 plants4 ,on ! o!r h&1 ,pr(essor ,haeckel puts ! sponges among ! ,coel5t]ata 7or polypes & corals71 ) ! d\ble inconv5i5ce1 z x appe>s to me1 ( sep>at+ ! sponges f _! imm$iate k9dr$1 ! ,protopla/a1 & de/roy+ ! def9ition ( ! ,coel5t]ata4 ,s aga91 ! ,infusoria possess all ! *>act]s ( animality1 b x c h>dly be said t !y are z cle>ly alli$ to ! worms z !y are to ! ,noctilucae4 ,on ! :ole1 x appe>s to me to be mo/ conv5i5t to adh]e to ! old plan ( call+ su* ( ^! l[ =ms z are m animal 9 habit1 ,protozoa1 & su* z are m vegetal1 ,protophyta4 ,ano!r consid]able innovation is ! proposition to divide ! class ,pisces into ! f\r gr\ps ( ,leptoc>dia1 ,cyclo/omata1 ,pisces1 & ,dipneu/a4 ,z reg>ds ! e/abli%m5t ( a sep>ate class = ! ,lancelet 7,amphioxus71 ,i ?9k !re c be little d\bt ( ! propriety ( s do+1 inasmu* z x is f> m diff]5t f all o!r fi%es ?an !y are f "o ano!r4 ,& !re is mu* to be said 9 fav\r ( ! same promotion ( ! ,cyclo/omata1 or ,lampreys & ,hags4 ,b consid]+ ! close relation ( ! ,mudfi% ) ! ,ganoidei1 & ! wide diff]5ces betwe5 ! ,elasmobran*ii & ! ,teleo/ei1 ,i greatly d\bt ! propriety ( sep>at+ ! ,dipneu/a1 z a class1 f ! o!r ,pisces4 ,pr(essor ,haeckel proposes to break up ! v]tebrate sub-k+dom1 fir/1 into ! two prov9ces ( ,leptoc>dia & ,pa*yc>dia2 ,amphioxus be+ 9 ! =m]1 & all o!r v]tebrates 9 ! latt] division4 ,! ,pa*yc>dia are !n divid$ into ,monorh9a1 :i* conta9s ! ,cyclo/ome fi%es1 di/+ui%$ by _! s+le nasal ap]ture2 & ,amphirh9a1 compris+ ! o!r ,v]tebrata1 :i* h two nasal ap]tures4 ,^! are fur!r subdivid$ into ,anamnia 7,pisces1 ,dipneu/a1 ,amphibia7 & ,amniota 7,reptilia1 ,aves1 ,mammalia74 ,?is classification und\bt$ly expresses _m ( ! mo/ important facts 9 v]tebrate /ructure 9 a cle> & comp5di\s way2 :e!r x is ! be/ t c he adopt$ rema9s to be se54 ,) mu* reason ! ,lemurs are remov$ altoge!r f ! ,primates1 "u ! "n ( ,prosimiae4 ,b ,i am surpris$ to f9d ! ,sir5ia left 9 "o gr\p ) ! ,cetacea1 & ! ,plesiosauria ) ! ,i*?yosauria2 ! ord9al di/9ctness ( ^! hav+1 to my m9d1 be5 long s9ce fully e/abli%$4 ,v4 ,9 ,pr(essor ,haeckel's speculations on ,phylog5y1 or ! g5ealogy ( animal =ms1 !re is mu* t is pr(\ndly int]e/+1 & 8 sugge/ions are always support$ by s\nd k & great +5uity4 ,:e!r "o agrees or disagrees ) him1 "o feels t he has =c$ ! m9d into l9es ( ?\ght 9 :i* x is m pr(itable to g wrong ?an to /& /ill4 ,to put 8 views into a few words1 he conceives t all =ms ( life orig9ally comm5c$ z ,mon]a1 or simple p>ticles ( protoplasm2 & t ^! ,mon]a orig9at$ f n-liv+ matt]4 ,"s ( ! ,mon]a acquir$ t5d5cies t[>ds ! ,proti/ic1 o!rs t[>ds ! ,vegetal1 & o!rs t[>ds ! ,animal modes ( life4 ,! la/ became animal ,mon]a4 ,"s ( ! animal ,mon]a acquir$ a nucleus1 & became amoeba-l creatures2 &1 out ( c]ta9 ( ^!1 ciliat$ infusorium-l animals 7 develop$4 ,^! became modifi$ into two /irpes3 ,a1 t ( ! worms2 & ,b1 t ( ! sponges4 ,! latt] by progressive modification gave rise to all ! ,coel5t]ata2 ! =m] to all o!r animals4 ,b ,a soon broke up into two pr9cipal /irpes1 ( :i* "o1 a1 became ! root ( ! ,annelida1 ,e*9od]mata1 & ,ar?ropoda1 :ile ! o!r1 b1 gave rise to ! ,polyzoa & ,ascidioida1 & produc$ ! two rema9+ /irpes ( ! ,v]tebrata & ! ,mollusca4 ,p]haps ! mo/ />tl+ proposition ( all ^? :i* ,pr(essor ,haeckel puts be=e u is t :i* he bases ^u ,k[alewsky's rese>*es into ! developm5t ( ,amphioxus & ( ! ,ascidioida1 t ! orig9 ( ! ,v]tebrata is to be s\ght 9 an ,ascidioid =m4 ,goodsir long ago insi/$ ^u ! resemblance betwe5 ,amphioxus & ! ,ascidians2 b ! notion ( a g5etic connection betwe5 ! two1 & especially ! id5tification ( ! noto*ord ( ! ,v]tebrate ) ! axis ( ! caudal app5dage ( ! l>va ( ! ,ascidian1 is a novelty :i*1 at fir/1 takes "o's brea? away4 ,i mu/ confess1 h[ev]1 t ! m ,i h pond]$ ov] x1 ! m gr\nds appe> 9 its fav\r1 ?\gh ,i am n conv9c$ t !re is any real p>allelism betwe5 ! mode ( developm5t ( ! ganglion ( ! ,ascidian & t ( ! ,v]tebrate c]ebro-sp9al axis4 ,! h>dly less />tl+ hypo!sis t ! ,e*9od]ms are coalesc$ worms1 on ! o!r h&1 appe>s to be op5 to s]i\s objection4 ,z a matt] ( anatomy1 x does n seem to me to correspond ) fact2 = !re is no worm ) a calc>e\s skeleton1 nor any :i* has a b&-l v5tral n]ve1 sup]ficial to :i* lies an ambulacral vessel4 ,&1 z a "q ( developm5t1 ! =mation ( ! radiate ,e*9od]m )9 its v]mi=m l>va seems to me to be analog\s to ! =mation ( a radiate ,m$usa ^u a ,hydrozoic /ock4 ,b a ,m$usa is surely n ! result ( ! coalesc5ce ( z _m organisms z x pres5ts morphological segm5ts4 ,pr(essor ,haeckel adduces ! fossil ,crossopodia & ,phyllodocites z examples ( ! ,annelidan =ms1 by ! coalesc5ce ( :i* ! ,e*9od]ms may h be5 produc$2 b1 ev5 suppos+ ! resemblance ( ^! worms to deta*$ />fi% arms to be p]fect1 x is possible t !y may be ! extreme t]m1 & n ! comm5cem5t1 ( ,e*9od]m developm5t4 ,a p5tacr9oid ,e*9od]m1 ) a complete jo9t$ /alk1 is develop$ )9 ! l>va ( ,ant$on4 ,is x n possible t ! l>va ( ,crossopodia may h develop$ a v]mi=m ,e*9od]m8 ,) respect to ! ,phylog5y ( ! ,ar?ropoda1 ,i f9d myself dispos$ to take a some:at diff]5t view f t ( ,pr(essor ,haeckel4 ,he assumes t ! prim>y /ock ( ! :ole gr\p 0 a cru/acean1 hav+ t ,nauplius =m 9 :i* ,fritz ,mll] has %[n t s _m ,cru/acea comm5ce _! lives4 ,all ! ,entomo/raca arose by ! modification ( "s "o or o!r ( ^! ,naupli=m ,ar*ic>ida4 ,o!r ,ar*ic>ida und]w5t a fur!r metamorphosis into a ,zoaea-=m4 ,f "s ( ^! ,zoeopoda arose all ! rema9+ ,malaco/rac\s ,cru/acea2 :ile1 f o!rs1 0 develop$ "s =m analog\s to ! exi/+ ,galeodes1 out ( :i* proce$$1 by gradual diff]5tiation1 all ! ,myriapoda1 ,ara*nida1 & ,insecta4 ,i %\ld1 be dispos$ to int]pret ! facts ( ! embryological hi/ory & ( ! anatomy ( ! ,ar?ropoda 9 a diff]5t mann]4 ,! ,copepoda1 ! ,o/racoda1 & ! ,bran*iopoda are ! ,cru/acea :i* h dep>t$ lea/ f ! embryonic or ,nauplius-=ms2 &1 ( ^!1 ,i imag9e t ! ,copepoda repres5t ! hypo!tical ,ar*ic>ida mo/ closely4 ,apus & ,sapphir9a indicate ! relations ( ^! ,ar*aeoc>ids ) ! ,trilobita1 & ! ,eurypt]ida connect ! ,trilobita & ! ,copepoda ) ! ,xiphosura4 ,b ! ,xiphosura h su* close morphological relations ) ! ,ara*nida1 & especially ) ! olde/ kn[n ,ara*nidan1 ,scorpio1 t ,i _c d\bt ! exi/5ce ( a g5etic connection betwe5 ! two gr\ps4 ,on ! o!r h&1 ! ,bran*iopoda d1 ev5 at ! pres5t day1 almo/ pass into ! true ,podoph?almia1 by ,nebalia4 ,by ! ,trilobita1 aga91 ! ,ar*ic>ida are connect$ ) su* ,edrioph?almia z ,s]olis4 ,! ,/omapoda are extremely modifi$ ,edrioph?almia ( ! amphipod type4 ,on ! o!r side1 ! ,isopoda lead to ! ,myriapoda1 & ! latt] to ! ,insecta4 ,?us ! ,ar?ropod phylum1 :i* sugge/s itself to me1 is t ! bran*es ( ! ,podoph?almia1 ( ! ,insecta 7) ! ,myriapoda71 & ( ! ,ara*nida1 spr+ sep>ately & di/9ctly f ! ,ar*aeoc>id root--& t ! ,zoaea-=ms occur only at ! orig9 ( ! ,podoph?alm\s bran*4 ,! phylum ( ! ,v]tebrata is ! mo/ int]e/+ ( all1 & is admirably discuss$ by ,pr(essor ,haeckel4 ,i c note only a few po9ts :i* seem to me to be op5 to discussion4 ,! ,monorh9a1 hav+ be5 develop$ out ( ! ,leptoc>dia1 gave rise1 accord+ to ,pr(essor ,haeckel1 to a %>k-l =m1 :i* 0 ! common /ock ( all ! ,amphirh9a4 ,f ?is ,protamphirh9e 7 develop$1 9 div]g5t l9es1 ! true ,%>ks1 ,rays1 & ,*ima]ae2 ! ,ganoids1 & ! ,dipneu/a4 ,! ,teleo/ei are modifi$ ,ganoidei4 ,! ,dipneu/a gave rise to ! ,amphibia1 :i* are ! root ( all o!r ,v]tebrata1 inasmu* z out ( !m 7 develop$ ! fir/ ,v]tebrata provid$ ) an amnion1 or ! ,protamniota4 ,! ,protamniota split up into two /ems1 "o t ( ! ,mammalia1 ! o!r common to ,reptilia & ,aves4 ,! only modification :i* x occurs to me to sugge/ 9 ?is g5]al view ( ! ,phylog5y ( ! ,v]tebrata is1 t ! ,protamphirh9e 0 possibly m ganoid ?an %>k-l4 ,s f> z our pres5t in=mation goes ! ,ganoids are z old z ! ,%>ks2 & x is v int]e/+ to obs]ve t ! rema9s ( ! olde/ ,ganoids1 ,cephalaspis & ,pt]aspis1 h z yet display$ no trace ( jaws4 ,x is j possible t !y may connect ! ,monorh9a1 ) ! ,/urgeons among ! ,amphirh9a4 ,on ! o!r h&1 ! ,crossopt]ygian ,ganoids exhibit ! close/ connection ) ,lepidosir51 & !reby ) ! ,amphibia4 ,x %\ld n be =gott5 t ! developm5t ( ! ,lampreys exhibits curi\s po9ts ( resemblance ) t ( ! ,amphibia1 :i* are abs5t 9 ! ,%>ks & ,rays4 ,( ! developm5t ( ! ,ganoidei we h un=tunately no k1 b _! bra9s & _! reproductive organs are m amphibian ?an are ^? ( ! ,%>ks4 ,on ! :ole1 ,i am dispos$ to ?9k t ! direct /em ( asc5t f ! ,monorh9a to ! ,amphibia is =m$ by ! ,ganoids & ! ,mudfi%es2 :ile ! ,osse\s fi%es & ! ,%>ks are bran*es 9 diff]5t directions f ?is /em4 ,:at ! ,protamniota 7 l1 ,i d n suppose any "o is 9 a position to say1 b ,i _c ?9k t ! ?or\ghly ,lac]tian ,protorosaurus _h any?+ to d ) !m4 ,! reptiles :i* are mo/ amphibian 9 _! *>act]s1 & !re=e1 probably1 mo/ ne>ly approa* ! ,protamniota1 are ! ,i*?yosauria & ! ,*elonia4 ,t ! ,didelphia 7 develop$ out ( "s orni?odelph\s =m1 z ,pr(essor ,haeckel supposes1 seems to be unque/ionable2 b ! exi/+ ,opossums & ,kang>oos are c]ta9ly extremely modifi$ & remote f _! ance/ors ! ,prodidelphia1 ( :i* we h n1 at pres5t ! slighte/ k4 ,! mode ( orig9 ( ! ,monodelphia f ^! is a v difficult problem1 = ! mo/ "p left op5 by ,pr(essor ,haeckel4 ,he consid]s ! ,prosimiae1 or ,lemurs1 to be ! common /ock ( ! ,deciduata1 & ! ,cetacea 7) :i* he includes ! ,sir5ia7 to be modifi$ ,ungulata4 ,z reg>ds ! latt] "q1 ,i h little d\bt t ! ,sir5ia connect ! ,ungulata ) ! ,proboscidea2 & none1 t ! ,cetacea are extremely modifi$ ,c>nivora4 ,! passage betwe5 ! ,seals & ! ,cetacea by ,zeuglodon is complete4 ,i also ?9k t !re is mu* to be said = ! op9ion1 t ! ,insectivora repres5t ! common /ock ( ! ,primates 7:i* pass$ into !m by ! ,prosimiae71 ! ,*eiropt]a1 ! ,rod5tia1 & ! ,c>nivora4 ,& ,i am greatly dispos$ to look = ! common root ( all ! ,ungulata1 z well1 9 "s anci5t non-deciduate ,mammals :i* 7 m l ,insectivora ?an any?+ else4 ,on ! o!r h&1 ! ,ed5tata appe> to =m a s]ies by !mselves4 ,! latt] "p ( ?is notice ( ! ,natrli*e ,s*pfungs-,ges*i*te1 br+s s /rongly into prom95ce ! po9ts ( diff]5ce betwe5 its able au?or & myself1 t ,i d n l to conclude )\t rem9d+ ! read] ( my entire concurr5ce ) ! g5]al t5or & _s ( ! "w1 & ( my high e/imate ( its value4 ,,xii4 ,,bi%op ,,b]keley ,,on ,,! ,,metaphysics ,,( ,,s5sation4#a ,pr(essor ,fras] has e>n$ ! ?anks ( all /ud5ts ( philosophy = ! consci5ti\s lab\r :i* he has be/[$ ^u 8 new edition ( ! works ( ,b]keley2 9 :i*1 = ! fir/ "t1 we f9d collect$ toge!r e ?\ght :i* c be trac$ to ! subtle & p5etrat+ m9d ( ! fam\s ,bi%op ( ,cloyne2 :ile ! ,life & ,lett]s w rejoice ^? :o c>e less = ! ideali/ & ! prophet ( t>-wat]1 ?an = ! man :o /&s out z "o ( ! noble/ & pure/ figures ( 8 "t3 t ,b]keley f :om ! jeal\sy ( ,pope did n )hold a s+le "o ( all ! virtues "u heav52 nor ! cynicism ( ,swift1 ! dignity ( "o ( ! fir/ m5 ( ! k+dom = le>n+ & virtue2 ! man :om ! pi\s ,att]bury c\ld comp>e to no?+ less ?an an angel2 & ^: p]sonal influ5ce & eloqu5ce fill$ ! ,scribl]us ,club & ! ,h\se ( ,commons ) en?usiasm = ! evangelization ( ! ,nor? ,am]ican ,indians2 & ev5 l$ ,sir ,rob]t ,walpole to ass5t to ! appropriation ( public money to a s*eme :i* 0 nei!r bus9ess nor brib]y4#b ,footnote #a3 ,! ,works ( ,george ,b]keley1 ,d4,d41 =m]ly ,bi%op ( ,cloyne1 includ+ _m ( 8 ,works hi!rto unpubli%$1 ) ,preface1 ,annotations1 8 ,life & ,lett]s1 & an ,acc\nt ( 8 ,philosophy4 ,by ,a4,c4 ,fras]4 ,f\r vols4 ,ox=d3 ,cl>5don ,press4 #ahga4 ,footnote #b3 ,9 ju/ice to ,sir ,rob]t1 h[ev]1 x is prop] to rem>k t he decl>$ aft]w>ds1 t he gave 8 ass5t to ,b]keley's s*eme = ! ,b]muda ,univ]sity only because he ?\ght ! ,h\se ( ,commons 0 sure to ?r[ x out4 ,h>dly any epo* 9 ! intellectual hi/ory ( ,engl& is m rem>kable 9 itself1 or possesses a great] int]e/ = u 9 ^! latt] days1 ?an t :i* co9cides broadly ) ! conclusion ( ! sev5te5? & ! op5+ ( ! eighte5? c5tury4 ,! political f]m5tation ( ! prec$+ age 0 gradually work+ itself out2 dome/ic peace gave m5 "t to ?9k2 & ! tol]ation won by ! p>ty ( :i* ,locke 0 ! spokesman1 p]mitt$ a fre$om ( spee* & ( writ+ su* z has r>ely be5 exce$$ 9 lat] times4 ,fo/]$ by ^! circum/ances1 ! great faculty = physical & metaphysical inquiry1 ) :i* ! p ( our race are naturally end[$1 develop$ itself vigor\sly2 & at lea/ two ( its products h _h a pr(\nd & a p]man5t influ5ce ^u ! subsequ5t c\rse ( ?\ght 9 ! _w4 ,! "o ( ^! 0 ,engli% ,free?9k+2 ! o!r1 ! ,!ory ( ,gravitation4 ,look+ back to ! orig9 ( ! intellectual impulses ( :i* ^! 7 ! results1 we are l$ to ,h]b]t1 to ,hobbes1 to ,bacon2 & to "o :o /&s 9 advance ( all ^!1 z ! mo/ typical man ( 8 "t--,desc>tes4 ,x is ! ,c>tesian d\bt--! maxim t ass5t may prop]ly be giv5 to no propositions b su* z are p]fectly cle> & di/9ct--:i*1 becom+ inc>nate1 s to speak1 9 ! ,engli%m51 ,an?ony ,coll9s1 ,tol&1 ,t9dal1 ,wool/on1 & 9 ! wond]ful ,fr5*man1 ,pi]re ,bayle1 rea*$ its f9al t]m 9 ,hume4 ,&1 on ! o!r h&1 al?\gh ! !ory ( ,gravitation set aside ! ,c>tesian vortices--yet ! _s ( ! ,pr9cipes de ,philosophie atta9$ its apo!osis :5 ,newton demon/rat$ all ! ho/ ( heav5 to be b ! elem5ts ( a va/ me*anism1 regulat$ by ! same laws z ^? :i* gov]n ! fall+ ( a /one to ! gr\nd4 ,!re is a passage 9 ! preface to ! fir/ edition ( ! ,pr9cipia :i* %[s t ,newton 0 p5etrat$1 z completely z ,desc>tes1 ) ! belief t all ! ph5om5a ( nature are expressible 9 t]ms ( matt] & motion4 ,w\ld t ! re/ ( ! ph5om5a ( nature c\ld be d$uc$ by a l k9d ( reason+ f me*anical pr9ciples4 ,= _m circum/ances lead me to suspect t all ^! ph5om5a may dep5d ^u c]ta9 =ces1 9 virtue ( :i* ! p>ticles ( bodies1 by causes n yet kn[n1 are ei!r mutually impell$ aga9/ "o ano!r & coh]e into regul> figures1 or repel & rec$e f "o ano!r2 :i* =ces be+ unkn[n1 philosoph]s h z yet explor$ nature 9 va94 ,b ,i hope t1 ei!r by ?is me?od ( philosophiz+1 or by "s o!r & bett]1 ! pr9ciples "h laid d[n may ?r[ "s light ^u ! matt]4#a ,footnote #a3 ,ut9am caet]a naturae pha5om5a ex pr9cipiis me*anicis1 eodem argum5t&i g5]e1 d]iv>e licet4 ,nam multa me mov5t1 ut nonnihil suspic] ca omnia ex viribus quibusdam p5d]e posse1 quibus corporum p>ticulae1 p] causas nondum cognitas1 vel 9 se mutuo impelluntur et secundum figuras regul>es coha]5t vel ab invicem fugantur et rec$ ent3 quibus viribus ignotis1 ,philosophi hact5us ,naturam fru/ra t5t>unt4 ,sp]o autem quod vel huic philosoph&i modo1 vel v]iori1 alicui1 pr9cipia hic posita lucem aliquam praebebunt4--,preface to ,fir/ ,edition ( ,pr9cipia1 ,may #h1 #afhf4 ,b ! doctr9e t all ! ph5om5a ( nature are resolvable into me*anism is :at p h agre$ to call mat]ialism2 & :5 ,locke & ,coll9s ma9ta9$ t matt] may possibly be able to ?9k1 & ,newton himself c\ld comp>e inf9ite space to ! s5sorium ( ! ,deity1 x 0 n wond]ful t ! ,engli% philosoph]s %\ld be attack$ z !y 7 by ,leibnitz 9 ! fam\s lett] to ! ,pr9cess ( ,wales1 :i* gave rise to 8 correspond5ce ) ,cl>ke4#a ,footnote #a3 ,collection ( ,pap]s :i* pass$ betwe5 ! late le>n$ ,mr4 ,leibnitz & ,dr4 ,cl>ke4--#agag4 #a4 ,natural religion itself seems to decay 9 ,engl& v mu*4 ,_m w h human s\ls to be mat]ial2 o!rs make ,god ,himself a corporeal ,be+4 #b4 ,mr4 ,locke & 8 foll[]s are unc]ta91 at lea/1 :e!r ! s\l be n mat]ial & naturally p]i%able4 #c4 ,sir ,isaac ,newton says t space is an organ :i* ,god makes use ( to p]ceive ?+s by4 ,b if ,god /&s 9 ne$ ( any organ to p]ceive ?+s by1 x w foll[ t !y d n dep5d altoge!r ^u ,him1 nor 7 produc$ by ,him4 #d4 ,sir ,isaac ,newton & 8 foll[]s h also a v odd op9ion conc]n+ ! "w ( ,god4 ,accord+ to _! doctr9e1 ,god ,almighty wants to w9d up ,8 wat* f "t to "t2 o!rwise x w\ld cease to move4#a ,he _h n1 x seems1 suffici5t =esight to make x a p]petual motion4 ,nay1 ! ma*9e ( ,god's mak+ is s imp]fect1 accord+ to ^! g5tlem51 t ,he is oblig$ to clean x n[ & !n by an extraord9>y conc\rse1 & ev5 to m5d x z a clockmak] m5ds 8 "w4 ,footnote #a3 ,goe! seems to h _h ?is say+ ( ,leibnitz 9 8 m9d :5 he wrote 8 fam\s l9es-- ,0 wr' e9 ,gott d] nur von auss5 /iesse ,im ,kreis das ,all am ,f+] lauf5 liesse4 ,x is beside ! m>k1 at pres5t1 to inquire h[ f> ,leibnitz pa9ts a true picture1 & h[ f> he is guilty ( a spiteful c>icature ( ,newton's views 9 ^! passages2 & :e!r ! beliefs :i* ,locke is kn[n to h ent]ta9$ are consi/5t ) ! conclusions :i* may logically be drawn f "s p>ts ( 8 works4 ,x is und5iable t ,engli% philosophy 9 ,leibnitz's "t _h ! g5]al "* :i* he ascribes to x4 ,! ph5om5a ( nature 7 held to be resolvable into ! attractions & ! repulsions ( p>ticles ( matt]2 all k 0 atta9$ ?r\gh ! s5ses2 ! m9d antec$5t to exp]i5ce 0 a tabula rasa4 ,9 o!r words1 at ! comm5cem5t ( ! eighte5? c5tury1 ! "* ( speculative ?\ght 9 ,engl& 0 ess5tially sceptical1 critical1 & mat]iali/ic4 ,:y mat]ialism %\ld be m inconsi/5t ) ! exi/5ce ( a ,deity1 ! fre$om ( ! w1 or ! immortality ( ! s\l1 or ) any actual or possible sy/em ( !ology1 ?an idealism1 ,i mu/ decl>e myself at a loss to div9e4 ,b 9 ! ye> #agjj all ! _w appe>s to h be5 agre$1 ,t]tullian not)/&+1 t mat]ialism necess>ily leads to v dreadful consequ5ces4 ,& x 0 ?\ght t x conduc$ to ! int]e/s ( religion & morality to attack ! mat]iali/s ) all ! weapons t came to h&4 ,p]haps ! mo/ int]e/+ controv]sy :i* arose out ( ^! que/ions is ! wond]ful triangul> duel betwe5 ,dodwell1 ,cl>ke1 & ,an?ony ,coll9s1 conc]n+ ! mat]iality ( ! s\l1 &--:at all ! disputants consid]$ to be ! necess>y consequ5ce ( its mat]iality--its natural mortality4 ,i d n ?9k t anyone c read ! lett]s :i* pass$ betwe5 ,cl>ke & ,coll9s1 )\t admitt+ t ,coll9s1 :o writes ) wond]ful p[] & clos5ess ( reason+1 has by f> ! be/ ( ! argum5t1 s f> z ! possible mat]iality ( ! s\l goes2 & t1 9 ?is battle1 ! ,golia? ( ,free?9k+ ov]came ! *ampion ( :at 0 consid]$ ,or?odoxy4 ,b 9 ,dubl91 all ?is :ile1 !re 0 a little ,david practis+ 8 y\?ful /r5g? ^u ! intellectual lions & be>s ( ,tr9ity ,college4 ,?is 0 ,george ,b]keley1 :o 0 de/9$ to give ! same k9d ( developm5t to ! ideali/ic side ( ,desc>tes' philosophy1 t ! ,free?9k]s _h giv5 to its sceptical side1 & ! ,newtonians to its me*anical side4 ,b]keley fac$ ! problem boldly4 ,he said to ! mat]iali/s3 ,y tell me t all ! ph5om5a ( nature are resolvable into matt] & its affections4 ,i ass5t to y\r /atem5t1 & n[ ,i put to y ! fur!r "q1 ',:at is matt]8' ,9 answ]+ ?is "q y %all be b\nd by y\r own conditions2 & ,i dem&1 9 ! t]ms ( ! ,c>tesian axiom1 t 9 turn y give y\r ass5t only to su* conclusions z are p]fectly cle> & obvi\s4 ,x is ?is great argum5t :i* is work$ out 9 ! ,treatise conc]n+ ! ,pr9ciples ( ,human ,k1 & 9 ^? ,dialogues betwe5 ,hylas & ,philon\s1 :i* rank among ! mo/ exquisite examples ( ,engli% /yle1 z well z among ! subtle/ ( metaphysical writ+s2 & ! f9al conclusion ( :i* is summ$ up 9 a passage rem>kable alike = lit]>y beauty & = calm audacity ( /atem5t4 ,"s tru?s !re are s ne> & obvi\s to ! m9d t a man ne$ only op5 8 eyes to see !m4 ,su* ,i take ?is important "o to be1 viz41 t all ! *oir ( heav5 & furniture ( ! e>?--9 a ^w1 all ^? bodies :i* compose ! mighty frame ( ! _w--h n any sub/ance )\t a m9d2 t _! be+ is to be p]ceiv$ or kn[n2 t consequ5tly1 s long z !y are n actually p]ceiv$ by me1 or d n exi/ 9 my m9d or t ( any o!r creat$ _s1 !y mu/ ei!r h no exi/5ce at all or else subsi/ 9 ! m9d ( "s et]nal _s2 x be+ p]fectly un9telligible1 & involv+ all ! absurdity ( ab/raction1 to attribute to any s+le "p ( !m an exi/5ce indep5d5t ( a _s4#a ,footnote #a3 ,treatise conc]n+ ! ,pr9ciples ( ,human ,k1 ,"p ,i4 #f4 ,d\btless ?is passage s\nds l ! acme ( metaphysical p>adox1 & we all "k t coxcombs vanqui%$ ,b]keley ) a gr92 :ile common-s5se folk refut$ him by /amp+ on ! gr\nd1 or "s su* o!r irrelevant proce$+4 ,b ! key to all philosophy lies 9 ! cle> appreh5sion ( ,b]keley's problem--:i* is nei!r m nor less ?an "o ( ! %apes ( ! greate/ ( all que/ions1 ,:at are ! limits ( our faculties8 ,& x is wor? any am\nt ( tr\ble to compreh5d ! exact nature ( ! argum5t by :i* ,b]keley arriv$ at 8 results1 & to "k by "o's own k ! great tru? :i* he discov]$--t ! hone/ & rigor\s foll[+ up ( ! argum5t :i* leads u to mat]ialism1 inevitably c>ries u beyond x4 ,suppose t ,i accid5tally prick my f+] ) a p94 ,i imm$iately become aw>e ( a condition ( my consci\sness--a feel+ :i* ,i t]m pa94 ,i h no d\bt :atev] t ! feel+ is 9 myself alone2 & if anyone 7 to say t ! pa9 ,i feel is some?+ :i* inh]es 9 ! ne$le1 z "o ( ! qualities ( ! sub/ance ( ! ne$le1 we %\ld all laugh at ! absurdity ( ! phraseology4 ,9 fact1 x is utt]ly impossible to conceive pa9 except z a /ate ( consci\sness4 ,h5ce1 s f> z pa9 is conc]n$1 x is suffici5tly obvi\s t ,b]keley's phraseology is /rictly applicable to our p[] ( conceiv+ its exi/5ce--its be+ is to be p]ceiv$ or kn[n1 & s long z x is n actually p]ceiv$ by me1 or does n exi/ 9 my m9d1 or t ( any o!r creat$ _s1 x mu/ ei!r h no exi/5ce at all1 or else subsi/ 9 ! m9d ( "s et]nal _s4 ,s mu* = pa94 ,n[ let u consid] an ord9>y s5sation4 ,let ! po9t ( ! p9 be g5tly re/$ ^u ! sk91 & ,i become aw>e ( a feel+ or condition ( consci\sness q diff]5t f ! =m]--! s5sation ( :at ,i call t\*4 ,nev]!less ?is t\* is pla9ly j z mu* 9 myself z ! pa9 04 ,i _c = a mom5t conceive ?is some?+ :i* ,i call t\* z exi/+ ap>t f myself1 or a be+ capable ( ! same feel+s z myself4 ,& ! same reason+ applies to all ! o!r simple s5sations4 ,a mom5t's reflection is suffici5t to conv9ce "o t ! smell1 & ! ta/e1 & ! yell[ness1 ( :i* we become aw>e :5 an orange is smelt1 ta/$1 & se51 are z completely /ates ( our consci\sness z is ! pa9 :i* arises if ! orange happ5s to be too s\r4 ,nor is x less cle> t e s\nd is a /ate ( ! consci\sness ( him :o he>s x4 ,if ! univ]se conta9$ only bl9d & deaf be+s1 x is impossible = u to imag9e b t d>kness & sil5ce %\ld reign ev]y:]e4 ,x is und\bt$ly true1 !n1 ( all ! simple s5sations t1 z ,b]keley says1 _! esse is p]cipi--_! be+ is to be p]ceiv$ or kn[n4 ,b t :i* p]ceives1 or kn[s1 is m9d or _s2 & !re=e t k :i* ! s5ses give u is1 aft] all1 a k ( spiritual ph5om5a4 ,all ?is 0 explicitly or implicitly admitt$1 &1 inde$1 insi/$ ^u1 by ,b]keley's contempor>ies1 & by no "o m /rongly ?an by ,locke1 :o t]ms smells1 ta/es1 col\rs1 s\nds1 & ! l1 second>y qualities1 & obs]ves1 ) respect to ^! second>y qualities1 t :atev] reality we by mi/ake attribute to !m !y are 9 tru? no?+ 9 ! objects !mselves4 ,& aga93 ,flame is d5om9at$ hot & light2 sn[1 :ite & cold2 & manna1 :ite & sweet1 f ! ideas !y produce 9 u2 :i* qualities are commonly ?\ght to be ! same 9 ^! bodies2 t ^? ideas are 9 u1 ! "o ! p]fect resemblance ( ! o!r z !y are 9 a mirror2 & x w\ld by mo/ m5 be judg$ v extravagant if "o %\ld say o!rwise4 ,& yet he t w consid] t ! same fire t at "o di/ance produces 9 u ! s5sation ( w>m?1 does at a ne>] approa* produce 9 u ! f> diff]5t s5sation ( pa91 ought to be?9k himself :at reason he has to say t 8 idea ( w>m?1 :i* 0 produc$ 9 him by ! fire1 is actually 9 ! fire2 & 8 idea ( pa9 :i* ! same fire produc$ 9 him 9 ! same way1 is n 9 ! fire4 ,:y are :it5ess & coldness 9 sn[1 & pa9 n1 :5 x produces ! "o & ! o!r idea 9 u2 & c d nei!r b by ! bulk1 figure1 numb]1 & motion ( its solid p>ts8#a ,footnote #a3 ,locke1 ,human ,und]/&+1 ,book ,,ii4 *ap4 viii4 #ad1 #ae4 ,?us f> !n mat]iali/s & ideali/s are agre$4 ,locke & ,b]keley1 & all logical ?9k]s :o h succe$$ !m1 are ( "o m9d ab\t second>y qualities--_! be+ is to be p]ceiv$ or kn[n--_! mat]iality is1 9 /rictness1 a spirituality4 ,b ,locke draws a great di/9ction betwe5 ! second>y qualities ( matt]1 & c]ta9 o!rs :i* he t]ms prim>y qualities4 ,^! are ext5sion1 figure1 solidity1 motion & re/1 & numb]2 & he is z cle> t ^! prim>y qualities exi/ indep5d5tly ( ! m9d1 z he is t ! second>y qualities h no su* exi/5ce4 ,! p>ticul> bulk1 numb]1 figure1 & motion ( ! p>ts ( fire & sn[ are really 9 !m1 :e!r anyone's s5ses p]ceive !m or n1 & !re=e !y may be call$ real qualities1 because !y really exi/ 9 ^? bodies2 b light1 heat1 :it5ess1 or coldness1 are no m really 9 !m1 ?an sickness1 or pa91 is 9 manna4 ,take away ! s5sation ( !m2 let n ! eyes see light or col\rs1 nor ! e>s he> s\nds2 let ! palate n ta/e1 nor ! nose smell2 & all col\rs1 ta/es1 od\rs & s\nds1 z !y are su* p>ticul> ideas1 vani% & cease1 & are r$uc$ to _! causes1 i4e4 bulk1 figure1 & motion ( p>ts4 #ah4 ,a piece ( manna ( s5sible bulk is able to produce 9 u ! idea ( a r\nd or squ>e figure2 &1 by be+ remov$ f "o place to ano!r1 ! idea ( motion4 ,?is idea ( motion repres5ts x z x really is 9 ! manna mov+2 a circle & squ>e are ! same1 :e!r 9 idea or exi/5ce1 9 ! m9d or 9 ! manna2 & ?us bo? motion & figure are really 9 ! manna1 :e!r we take notice ( !m or no3 ?is ev]ybody is ready to agree to4 ,s f> z prim>y qualities are conc]n$1 !n1 ,locke is z ?or\ghgo+ a reali/ z ,/4 ,anselm4 ,9 ,b]keley1 on ! o!r h&1 we h z complete a repres5tative ( ! nom9ali/s & conceptuali/s--an intellectual desc5dant ( ,roscell9us & ( ,abel>d4 ,& by a curi\s irony ( fate1 x is ! nom9ali/ :o is1 ?is "t1 ! *ampion ( or?odoxy1 & ! reali/ t ( h]esy4 ,once m let u try to "w out ,b]keley's pr9ciples = ourselves1 & inquire :at f\ndation !re is = ! ass]tion t ext5sion1 =m1 solidity1 & ! o!r prim>y qualities1 h an exi/5ce ap>t f m9d4 ,& = ?is purpose let u recur to our exp]im5t ) ! p94 ,x has be5 se5 t :5 ! f+] is prick$ ) a p91 a /ate ( consci\sness arises :i* we call pa92 & x is admitt$ t ?is pa9 is n a some?+ :i* inh]es 9 ! p91 b a some?+ :i* exi/s only 9 ! m9d1 & has no similitude else:]e4 ,b a little att5tion w %[ t ?is /ate ( consci\sness is accompani$ by ano!r1 :i* c by no ef=t be got rid (4 ,i n only h ! feel+1 b ! feel+ is localiz$4 ,i am j z c]ta9 t ! pa9 is 9 my f+]1 z ,i am t ,i h x at all4 ,nor w any ef=t ( ! imag9ation enable me to believe t ! pa9 is n 9 my f+]4 ,& yet no?+ is m c]ta9 ?an t x is n1 & _c be1 9 ! spot 9 :i* ,i feel x1 nor )9 a c\ple ( feet ( t spot4 ,= ! sk9 ( ! f+] is connect$ by a bundle ( f9e n]v\s fibres1 :i* run up ! :ole l5g? ( ! arm1 ) ! sp9al m>r[ & bra91 & we "k t ! feel+ ( pa9 caus$ by ! prick ( a p9 is dep5d5t on ! integrity ( ^? fibres4 ,aft] !y h be5 cut ?r\gh close to ! sp9al cord1 no pa9 w be felt1 :atev] injury is done to ! f+]2 & if ! ends :i* rema9 9 connection ) ! cord be prick$1 ! pa9 :i* arises w appe> to h its seat 9 ! f+] j z di/9ctly z be=e4 ,nay1 if ! :ole arm be cut (f1 ! pa9 :i* arises f prick+ ! n]ve /ump w appe> to be seat$ 9 ! f+]s1 j z if !y 7 /ill connect$ ) ! body4 ,x is p]fectly obvi\s1 !re=e1 t ! localization ( ! pa9 at ! surface ( ! body is an act ( ! m9d4 ,x is an extradition ( t consci\sness1 :i* has its seat 9 ! bra91 to a def9ite po9t ( ! body--:i* takes place )\t our volition1 & may give rise to ideas :i* are contr>y to fact4 ,we might call ?is extradition ( consci\sness a reflex feel+1 j z we speak ( a movem5t :i* is excit$ ap>t f1 or contr>y to1 our volition1 z a reflex motion4 ,locality is no m 9 ! p9 ?an pa9 is2 ( ! =m]1 z ( ! latt]1 x is true t its be+ is to be p]ceiv$1 & t its exi/5ce ap>t f a ?9k+ m9d is n conceivable4 ,! =ego+ reason+ w be 9 no way affect$1 if1 in/ead ( prick+ ! f+]1 ! po9t ( ! p9 re/s g5tly aga9/ x1 s z to give rise m]ely to a tactile s5sation4 ,! tactile s5sation is ref]r$ outw>ds to ! po9t t\*$1 & seems to exi/ !re4 ,b x is c]ta9 t x is n & _c be !re really1 because ! bra9 is ! sole seat ( consci\sness2 &1 fur!r1 because evid5ce1 z /rong z t 9 fav\r ( ! s5sation be+ 9 ! f+]1 c be br\ght =w>d 9 support ( propositions :i* are manife/ly absurd4 ,= example1 ! hairs & nails are utt]ly devoid ( s5sibility1 z ev]yone kn[s4 ,nev]!less1 if ! ends ( ! nails or hairs are t\*$1 ev] s lightly1 we feel t !y are t\*$1 & ! s5sation seems to be situat$ 9 ! nails or hairs4 ,nay m1 if a walk+-/ick a y>d long is held firmly by ! h&le & ! o!r end is t\*$1 ! tactile s5sation1 :i* is a /ate ( our own consci\sness1 is unhesitat+ly ref]r$ to ! end ( ! /ick2 & yet no "o w say t x is !re4 ,let u n[ suppose t1 in/ead ( "o p9's po9t re/+ aga9/ ! end ( my f+]1 !re are two4 ,ea* ( ^! c be kn[n to me1 z we h se51 only z a /ate ( a ?9k+ m9d1 ref]r$ outw>ds1 or localiz$4 ,b ! exi/5ce ( ^! two /ates1 someh[ or o!r1 g5]ates 9 my m9d a ho/ ( new ideas1 :i* did n make _! appe>ance :5 only "o /ate 0 pres5t4 ,= example1 ,i get ! ideas ( co-exi/5ce1 ( numb]1 ( di/ance1 & ( relative place or direction4 ,b all ^! ideas are ideas ( relations1 & imply ! exi/5ce ( some?+ :i* p]ceives ^? relations4 ,if a tactile s5sation is a /ate ( ! m9d1 & if ! localization ( t s5sation is an act ( ! m9d1 h[ is x conceivable t a relation betwe5 two localiz$ s5sations %\ld exi/ ap>t f ! m9d8 ,x is1 ,i confess1 q z easy = me to imag9e t r$ness may exi/ ap>t f a visual s5se1 z x is to suppose t co-exi/5ce1 numb]1 & di/ance c h any exi/5ce ap>t f ! m9d ( :i* !y are ideas4 ,?us x seems cle> t ! exi/5ce ( "s1 at any rate1 ( ,locke's prim>y qualities ( matt]1 su* z numb] & ext5sion1 ap>t f m9d1 is z utt]ly un?9kable z ! exi/5ce ( col\r & s\nd "u l circum/ances4 ,w ! o!rs--namely1 figure1 motion & re/1 & solidity--)/& a simil> criticism8 ,i ?9k n4 ,= all ^!1 l ! =ego+1 are p]ceptions by ! m9d ( ! relations ( two or m s5sations to "o ano!r4 ,if di/ance & place are inconceivable1 9 ! abs5ce ( ! m9d1 ( :i* !y are ideas1 ! indep5d5t exi/5ce ( figure1 :i* is ! limitation ( di/ance1 & ( motion1 :i* is *ange ( place1 mu/ be equally inconceivable4 ,solidity requires m p>ticul> consid]ation1 z x is a t]m appli$ to two v diff]5t ?+s1 ! "o ( :i* is solidity ( =m1 or geometrical solidity2 :ile ! o!r is solidity ( sub/ance1 or me*anical solidity4 ,if ^? motor n]ves ( a man by :i* volitions are conv]t$ into motion 7 all p>alys$1 & if s5sation rema9$ only 9 ! palm ( 8 h& 7:i* is a conceivable case71 he w\ld /ill be able to atta9 to cle> notions ( ext5sion1 figure1 numb]1 & motion1 by att5d+ to ! /ates ( consci\sness :i* might be ar\s$ by ! contact ( bodies ) ! s5sory surface ( ! palm4 ,b x does n appe> t su* a p]son c\ld arrive at any conception ( geometrical solidity4 ,= t :i* does n come 9 contact ) ! s5sory surface is non-exi/5t = ! s5se ( t\*2 & a solid body1 impress$ ^u ! palm ( ! h&1 gives rise only to ! notion ( ! ext5sion ( t p>ticul> "p ( ! solid :i* is 9 contact ) ! sk94 ,nor is x possible t ! idea ( outness 79 ! s5se ( discont9uity ) ! s5ti5t body7 c\ld be atta9$ by su* a p]son2 =1 z we h se51 e tactile s5sation is ref]r$ to a po9t ei!r ( ! natural s5sory surface itself1 or ( "s solid 9 cont9uity ) t surface4 ,h5ce x w\ld appe> t ! conception ( ! diff]5ce betwe5 ! ,ego & ! non-,ego c\ld n be atta9$ by a man ?us situat$4 ,8 feel+s w\ld be 8 univ]se1 & 8 tactile s5sations 8 mo5ia mundi4 ,"t w\ld exi/ = him z = u1 b space w\ld h only two dim5sions4 ,b n[ remove ! p>alysis f ! motor app>atus1 & give ! palm ( ! h& ( our imag9>y man p]fect fre$om to move1 s z to be able to glide 9 all directions ov] ! bodies ) :i* x is 9 contact4 ,!n ) ! consci\sness ( t mobility1 ! notion ( space ( ?ree dim5sions--:i* is ,raum or room to move ) p]fect fre$om--is at once giv54 ,b ! notion t ! tactile surface itself moves1 _c be giv5 by t\* alone1 :i* is compet5t to te/ify only to ! fact ( *ange ( place1 n to its cause4 ,! idea ( ! motion ( ! tactile surface c\ld n1 9 fact1 be atta9$1 unless ! idea ( *ange ( place 7 accompani$ by "s /ate ( consci\sness1 :i* does n exi/ :5 ! tactile surface is immoveable4 ,?is /ate ( consci\sness is :at is t]m$ ! muscul> s5se1 & its exi/5ce is v easily demon/rable4 ,suppose ! back ( my h& to re/ ^u a table1 & a sov]eign to re/ ^u ! upturn$ palm1 ,i at once acquire a notion ( ext5sion1 & ( ! limit ( t ext5sion4 ,! impression made by ! circul> piece ( gold is q diff]5t f t :i* w\ld be made by a triangul>1 or a squ>e1 piece ( ! same size1 & !reby ,i arrive at ! notion ( figure4 ,moreov]1 if ! sov]eign slides ov] ! palm1 ,i acquire a di/9ct conception ( *ange ( place or motion1 & ( ! direction ( t motion4 ,= z ! sov]eign slides1 x affects new n]ve-end+s1 & gives rise to new /ates ( consci\sness4 ,ea* ( !m is def9itely & sep>ately localiz$ by a reflex act ( ! m9d1 :i*1 at ! same "t1 becomes aw>e ( ! diff]5ce betwe5 two successive localizations2 & !re=e ( *ange ( place1 :i* is motion4 ,if1 :ile ! sov]eign lies on ! h&1 ! latt] be+ kept q /eady1 ! =e-arm is gradually & sl[ly rais$2 ! tactile s5sations1 ) all _! accompanim5ts1 rema9 exactly z !y 74 ,b1 at ! same "t1 some?+ new is introduc$2 namely1 ! s5se ( ef=t4 ,if ,i try to discov] :]e ?is s5se ( ef=t seems to be1 ,i f9d myself some:at p]plex$ at fir/2 b1 if ,i hold ! =e-arm 9 position long en\gh1 ,i become aw>e ( an obscure s5se ( fatigue1 :i* is app>5tly seat$ ei!r 9 ! muscles ( ! arm1 or 9 ! integum5t directly ov] !m4 ,! fatigue seems to be relat$ to ! s5se ( ef=t1 9 mu* ! same way z ! pa9 :i* sup]v5es ^u ! orig9al s5se ( contact1 :5 a p9 is sl[ly press$ aga9/ ! sk91 is relat$ to t\*4 ,a little att5tion w %[ t ?is s5se ( ef=t accompanies e muscul> contraction by :i* ! limbs1 or o!r p>ts ( ! body1 are mov$4 ,by its ag5cy ! fact ( _! movem5t is kn[n2 :ile ! direction ( ! motion is giv5 by ! accompany+ tactile s5sations4 ,&1 9 consequ5ce ( ! incessant association ( ! muscul> & ! tactile s5sations1 !y become s fus$ toge!r t !y are (t5 conf\nd$ t9d] ! same "n4 ,if fre$om to move 9 all directions is ! v ess5ce ( t conception ( space ( ?ree dim5sions :i* we obta9 by ! s5se ( t\*2 & if t fre$om to move is really ano!r "n = ! feel+ ( unoppos$ ef=t1 accompani$ by t ( *ange ( place1 x is surely impossible to conceive ( su* space z hav+ exi/5ce ap>t f t :i* is consci\s ( ef=t4 ,b x may be said t we d]ive our conception ( space ( ?ree dim5sions n only f t\*1 b f vision2 t if we d n feel ?+s actually outside u1 at any rate we see !m4 ,& x 0 exactly ?is difficulty :i* pres5t$ itself to ,b]keley at ! outset ( 8 speculations4 ,he met x1 ) *>act]i/ic boldness1 by d5y+ t we d see ?+s outside u2 &1 ) no less *>act]i/ic +5uity1 by devis+ t ,new ,!ory ( ,vision :i* has met ) wid] acceptance ?an any ( 8 views1 ?\gh x has be5 ! subject ( cont9ual controv]sies4#a ,footnote #a3 ,i h n specifically allud$ to ! writ+s ( ,bailey1 ,mill1 ,abbott1 & o!rs1 on ?is vex$ "q1 n because ,i h fail$ to /udy !m c>efully1 b because ?is is n a conv5i5t occasion = controv]sial discussion4 ,^? :o are acqua9t$ ) ! subject1 h[ev]1 w obs]ve t ! view ,i h tak5 agrees sub/antially ) t ( ,mr4 ,b>ley4 ,9 ! ,pr9ciples ( ,human ,k1 ,b]keley himself tells u h[ he 0 l$ to ^? views :i* he publi%$ 9 ! ,essay t[>ds ! ,new ,!ory ( ,vision4 ,x w be object$ t we see ?+s actually )\t1 or at a di/ance f u1 & :i* consequ5tly d n exi/ 9 ! m9d2 x be+ absurd t ^? ?+s :i* are se5 at ! di/ance ( sev]al miles1 %\ld be z ne> to u z our own ?\ghts4 ,9 answ] to ?is1 ,i desire x may be consid]$ t 9 a dream we d (t p]ceive ?+s z exi/+ at a great di/ance (f1 & yet1 = all t1 ^? ?+s are ackn[l$g$ to h _! exi/5ce only 9 ! m9d4 ,b = ! full] cle>+ ( ?is po9t1 x may be wor? :ile to consid] h[ x is t we p]ceive di/ance & ?+s plac$ at a di/ance by sight4 ,= t we %\ld 9 tru? see ext]nal space & bodies actually exi/+ 9 x1 "s ne>]1 o!rs fur!r (f1 seems to c>ry ) x "s opposition to :at ha? be5 said ( _! exi/+ n[h]e )\t ! m9d4 ,! consid]ation ( ?is difficulty x 0 t gave bir? to my ',essay t[>ds ! ,new ,!ory ( ,vision1' :i* 0 publi%$ n long s9ce1 :]e9 x is %[n t di/ance1 or outness1 is nei!r imm$iately ( itself p]ceiv$ by sight1 nor yet appreh5d$1 or judg$ (1 by l9es & angles or any?+ t ha? any necess>y connection ) x2 b t x is only sugge/$ to our ?\ghts by c]ta9 visible ideas & s5sations att5d+ vision1 :i*1 9 _! own nature1 h no mann] ( similitude or relation ei!r ) di/ance1 or ) ?+s plac$ at a di/ance2 b by a connection taught u by exp]i5ce1 !y come to signify & sugge/ !m to u1 aft] ! same mann] t words ( any language sugge/ ! ideas !y are made to /& =2 insomu* t a man born bl9d & aft]w>ds made to see1 w\ld n1 at fir/ sight1 ?9k ! ?+s he saw to be )\t 8 m9d or at any di/ance f him4 ,! key-note ( ! ,essay to :i* ,b]keley ref]s 9 ?is passage is to be f\nd 9 an italiciz$ p>agraph ( section #abg3-- ,! ext5sions2 figures1 & motions p]ceiv$ by sight are specifically di/9ct f ! ideas ( t\* call$ by ! same names2 nor is !re any su* ?+ z an idea1 or k9d ( idea1 common to bo? s5ses4 ,x w be obs]v$ t ?is proposition expressly decl>es t ext5sion1 figure1 & motion1 & consequ5tly di/ance1 are imm$iately p]ceiv$ by sight z well z by t\*2 b t visual di/ance1 ext5sion1 figure1 & motion1 are totally diff]5t 9 quality f ! ideas ( ! same "n obta9$ ?r\gh ! s5se ( t\*4 ,& o!r passages leave no d\bt t su* 0 ,b]keley's mean+4 ,?us 9 ! #aab? section ( ! same ,essay1 he c>efully def9es ! two k9ds ( di/ance1 "o visual1 ! o!r tangible3-- ,by ! di/ance betwe5 any two po9ts no?+ m is meant ?an ! numb] ( int]m$iate po9ts4 ,if ! giv5 po9ts are visible1 ! di/ance betwe5 !m is m>k$ out by ! numb] ( int]jac5t visible po9ts2 if !y are tangible1 ! di/ance betwe51 !m is a l9e consi/+ ( tangible po9ts4 ,aga91 !re are two sorts ( magnitude or ext5sion3-- ,x has be5 %[n t !re are two sorts ( objects appreh5d$ by sight1 ea* :]e( has its di/9ct magnitude or ext5sion3 ! "o prop]ly tangible1 i4e4 to be p]ceiv$ & measur$ by t\*1 & n imm$iately fall+ "u ! s5se ( see+2 ! o!r prop]ly & imm$iately visible1 by m$iation ( :i* ! =m] is br\ght into view4-- #ee4 ,b h[ are we to reconcile ^! passages ) o!rs :i* w be p]fectly famili> to e read] ( ! ,new ,!ory ( ,vision 8 ,z1 = example3-- ,x is1 ,i ?9k1 agre$ by all1 t di/ance ( itself1 & imm$iately1 _c be se54-- #b4 ,space or di/ance1 we h %[n1 is no o!rwise ! object ( sight ?an ( he>+4-- #acj4 ,di/ance is 9 its own nature imp]ceptible1 & yet x is p]ceiv$ by sight4 ,x rema9s1 !re=e1 t x is br\ght into view by means ( "s o!r idea1 t is itself imm$iately p]ceiv$ 9 ! act ( vision4-- #aa4 ,di/ance or ext]nal space4-- #aee4 ,! explanation is q simple1 & lies 9 ! fact t ,b]keley uses ! ^w di/ance 9 ?ree s5ses4 ,sometimes he employs x to d5ote visible di/ance1 & !n he re/ricts x to di/ance 9 two dim5sions1 or simple ext5sion4 ,sometimes he means tangible di/ance 9 two dim5sions2 b mo/ commonly he int5ds to signify tangible di/ance 9 ! ?ird dim5sion4 ,& x is 9 ?is s5se t he employs di/ance z ! equival5t ( space4 ,di/ance 9 two dim5sions is1 = ,b]keley1 n space1 b ext5sion4 ,by tak+ a p5cil & int]polat+ ! words visible & tangible be=e di/ance :]ev] ! context r5d]s !m necess>y1 ,b]keley's /atem5ts may be made p]fectly consi/5t2 ?\gh he has n always extricat$ himself f ! entanglem5t caus$ by 8 own loose phraseology1 :i* rises to a climax 9 ! la/ t5 sections ( ! ,!ory ( ,vision1 9 :i* he endeav\rs to prove t a pure intellig5ce able to see1 b devoid ( ! s5se ( t\*1 c\ld h no idea ( a plane figure4 ,?us he says 9 section #aef3-- ,all t is prop]ly p]ceiv$ by ! visual faculty am\nts to no m ?an col\rs ) _! v>iations & diff]5t proportions ( light & %ade2 b ! p]petual mutability & fleet+ness ( ^? imm$iate objects ( sight r5d] !m incapable ( be+ manag$ aft] ! mann] ( geometrical figures1 nor is x 9 any degree useful t !y %\ld4 ,x is true !re be div]s ( !m p]ceiv$ at once1 & m ( "s & less ( o!rs2 b accurately to compute _! magnitude1 & assign precise det]m9ate proportions betwe5 ?+s s v>iable & incon/ant1 if we suppose x possible to be done1 mu/ yet be a v trifl+ & insignificant lab\r4 ,if1 by ?is1 ,b]keley means t by vision alone1 a /raight l9e _c be di/+ui%$ f a curv$ "o1 a circle f a squ>e1 a long l9e f a %ort "o1 a l>ge angle f a small "o1 8 position is surely absurd 9 itself & contradictory to 8 own previ\sly cit$ admissions2 if he only means1 on ! o!r h&1 t 8 pure _s c\ld n get v f> on 9 8 geometry1 x may be true or n2 b x is 9 contradiction ) 8 previ\s ass]tion1 t su* a pure _s c\ld nev] atta9 to "k z mu* z ! fir/ elem5ts ( plane geometry4 ,ano!r s\rce ( confusion1 :i* arises out ( ,b]keley's insuffici5t exactness 9 ! use ( language1 is to be f\nd 9 :at he says ab\t solidity1 9 discuss+ ,molyneux's problem1 :e!r a man born bl9d & hav+ le>n$ to di/+ui% betwe5 a cube & a sph]e1 c\ld1 on receiv+ 8 sight1 tell ! "o f ! o!r by vision4 ,b]keley agrees ) ,locke t he c\ld n1 & adds ! foll[+ reflection3-- ,cube1 sph]e1 table1 are words he has kn[n appli$ to ?+s p]ceivable by t\*1 b to ?+s p]fectly intangible he nev] knew !m appli$4 ,^? words 9 _! wont$ application always m>k$ out to 8 m9d bodies or solid ?+s :i* 7 p]ceiv$ by ! resi/ance !y gave4 ,b !re is no solidity1 no resi/ance or protrusion p]ceiv$ by sight4 ,"h solidity means resi/ance to pressure1 :i* is appreh5d$ by ! muscul> s5se2 b :5 9 section #aed ,b]keley says ( 8 pure intellig5ce-- ,x is c]ta9 t ! a=esaid intellig5ce c\ld h no idea ( a solid or quantity ( ?ree dim5sions1 :i* foll[s f its n hav+ any idea ( di/ance -- he ref]s to t notion ( solidity :i* may be obta9$ by ! tactile s5se1 )\t ! addition ( any notion ( resi/ance 9 ! solid object2 z1 = example1 :5 ! f+] passes lightly ov] ! surface ( a billi>d ball4 ,yet ano!r s\rce ( difficulty 9 cle>ly und]/&+ ,b]keley arises out ( 8 use ( ! ^w outness4 ,9 speak+ ( t\* he seems to employ x indiff]5tly1 bo? = ! localization ( a tactile s5sation 9 ! s5sory surface1 :i* we really obta9 ?r\gh t\*2 & = ! notion ( corporeal sep>ation1 :i* is atta9$ by ! association ( muscul> & tactile s5sations4 ,9 speak+ ( sight1 on ! o!r h&1 ,b]keley employs outness to d5ote corporeal sep>ation4 ,:5 due all[ance is made = ! occasional loos5ess & ambiguity ( ,b]keley's t]m9ology1 & ! accessories are we$$ out ( ! ess5tial p>ts ( 8 fam\s ,essay1 8 views may1 ,i believe1 be fairly & accurately summ$ up 9 ! foll[+ propositions3-- #a4 ,! s5se ( t\* gives rise to ideas ( ext5sion1 figure1 magnitude1 & motion4 #b4 ,! s5se ( t\* gives rise to ! idea ( outness1 9 ! s5se ( localization4 #c4 ,! s5se ( t\* gives rise to ! idea ( resi/ance1 & !nce to t ( solidity1 9 ! s5se ( imp5etrability4 #d4 ,! s5se ( t\* gives rise to ! idea ( outness1 9 ! s5se ( di/ance 9 ! ?ird dim5sion1 & !nce to t ( space1 or geometrical solidity4 #e4 ,! s5se ( sight gives rise to ideas ( ext5sion1 ( figure1 magnitude1 & motion4 #f4 ,! s5se ( sight does n give rise to ! idea ( outness1 9 ! s5se ( di/ance 9 ! ?ird dim5sion1 nor to t ( geometrical solidity1 no visual idea appe>+ to be )\t ! m9d1 or at any di/ance (f 7 #dc1 #ej74 #g4 ,! s5se ( sight does n give rise to ! idea ( me*anical solidity4 #h4 ,!re is no lik5ess :atev] betwe5 ! tactile ideas call$ ext5sion1 figure1 magnitude1 & motion1 & ! visual ideas :i* g by ! same names2 nor are any ideas common to ! two s5ses4 #i4 ,:5 we ?9k we see objects at a di/ance1 :at really happ5s is t ! visual picture sugge/s t ! object se5 has tangible di/ance2 we conf\nd ! /rong belief 9 ! tangible di/ance ( ! object ) actual sight ( its di/ance4 #aj4 ,visual ideas1 !re=e1 con/itute a k9d ( language1 by :i* we are in=m$ ( ! tactile ideas :i* w1 or may1 arise 9 u4 ,tak+ ^! propositions into consid]ation s]iatim1 x may be assum$ t ev]yone w ass5t to ! fir/ & second2 & t = ! ?ird & f\r? we h only to include ! muscul> s5se t9d] ! "n ( s5se ( t\*1 z ,b]keley did1 9 ord] to make x q accurate4 ,nor is x intelligible to me t anyone %\ld explicitly d5y ! tru? ( ! fif? proposition1 ?\gh "s ( ,b]keley's support]s1 less c>eful ?an himself1 h done s4 ,inde$1 x mu/ be confess$ t x is only grudg+ly1 & z x 7 aga9/ 8 w1 t ,b]keley admits t we obta9 ideas ( ext5sion1 figure1 & magnitude by pure vision1 & t he m ?an half retracts ! admission2 :ile he absolutely d5ies t sight gives u any notion ( outness 9 ei!r s5se ( ! ^w1 & ev5 decl>es t no prop] visual idea appe>s to be )\t ! m9d1 or at any di/ance (f4 ,by prop] visual ideas1 ,b]keley d5otes col\rs1 & light1 & %ade2 &1 !re=e1 he affirms t col\rs d n appe> to be at any di/ance f u4 ,i confess t ?is ass]tion appe>s to me to be utt]ly unacc\ntable4 ,i h made endless exp]im5ts on ?is po9t1 & by no ef=t ( ! imag9ation c ,i p]suade myself1 :5 look+ at a col\r1 t ! col\r is 9 my m9d1 & n at a di/ance (f1 ?\gh ( c\rse ,i "k p]fectly well1 z a matt] ( reason1 t col\r is subjective4 ,x is l look+ at ! sun sett+1 & try+ to p]suade oneself t ! e>? appe>s to move & n ! sun1 a feat ,i h nev] be5 able to accompli%4 ,ev5 :5 ! eyes are %ut1 ! d>kness ( :i* "o is consci\s1 c>ries ) x ! notion ( outness4 ,"o looks1 s to speak1 into a d>k space4 ,common language expresses ! common exp]i5ce ( mank9d 9 ?is matt]4 ,a man w say t a smell is 9 8 nose1 a ta/e 9 8 m\?1 a s++ 9 8 e>s1 a creep+ or a w>m? 9 8 sk92 b if he is jaundic$1 he does n say t he has yell[ 9 8 eyes1 b t ev]y?+ looks yell[2 & if he is tr\bl$ ) muscae volitantes1 he says1 n t he has specks 9 8 eyes1 b t he sees specks danc+ be=e 8 eyes4 ,9 fact1 x appe>s to me t x is ! special peculi>ity ( visual s5sations1 t !y inv>iably give rise to ! idea ( remot5ess1 & t ,b]keley's dictum ought to be rev]s$4 ,= ,i ?9k t anyone :o int]rogates 8 consci\sness c>efully w f9d t e prop] visual idea appe>s to be )\t ! m9d & at a di/ance (f4 ,n only does e visibile appe> to be remote1 b x has a position 9 ext]nal space1 j z a tangibile appe>s to be sup]ficial & to h a det]m9ate position on ! surface ( ! body4 ,e visibile1 9 fact1 appe>s 7approximately7 to be situat$ ^u a l9e drawn f x to ! po9t ( ! ret9a on :i* its image falls4 ,x is ref]r$ outw>ds1 9 ! g5]al direction ( ! p5cil ( light by :i* x is r5d]$ visible1 j z1 9 ! exp]im5t ) ! /ick1 ! tangibile is ref]r$ outw>ds to ! end ( ! /ick4 ,x is = ?is reason t an object1 view$ ) bo? eyes1 is se5 s+le & n d\ble4 ,two di/9ct images are =m$1 b ea* image is ref]r$ to t po9t at :i* ! two optic axes int]sect2 consequ5tly1 ! two images exactly cov] "o ano!r1 & appe> z completely "o z any o!r two exactly simil> sup]impos$ images w\ld be4 ,& x is = ! same reason1 t1 if ! ball ( ! eye is press$ ^u at any po9t1 a spot ( light appe>s app>5tly outside ! eye1 & 9 a region exactly opposite to t 9 :i* ! pressure is made4 ,b :ile x seems to me t !re is no reason to d\bt t ! extradition ( s5sation is m complete 9 ! case ( ! eye ?an 9 t ( ! sk91 & t corporeal di/9ctness1 & h5ce space1 are directly sugge/$ by vision1 x is ano!r1 & a mu* m difficult "q1 :e!r ! notion ( geometrical solidity is atta9able by pure vision2 t is to say1 by a s+le eye1 all ! p>ts ( :i* are immoveable4 ,h[ev] ?is may be1 = an absolutely fix$ eye1 ,i conceive !re c be no d\bt 9 ! case ( an eye t is moveable & capable ( adju/m5t4 ,=1 ) ! moveable eye1 ! muscul> s5se comes into play 9 exactly ! same way z ) ! moveable h&2 & ! notion ( *ange ( place1 plus ! s5se ( ef=t1 gives rise to a conception ( visual space1 :i* runs exactly p>allel ) t ( tangible space4 ,:5 two moveable eyes are pres5t1 ! notion ( space ( ?ree dim5sions is obta9$ 9 ! same way z x is by ! two h&s1 b )1 mu* great] precision4 ,& if1 to take a case simil> to "o already assum$1 we suppose a man depriv$ ( e s5se except vision1 & ( all motion except t ( 8 eyes1 x surely _c be d\bt$ t he w\ld h a p]fect conception ( space2 & inde$ a mu* m p]fect conception ?an he :o possess$ t\* alone )\t vision4 ,b ( c\rse our t\*less man w\ld be devoid ( any notion ( resi/ance2 & h5ce space1 = him1 w\ld be altoge!r geometrical & devoid ( body4 ,& "h ano!r curi\s consid]ation arises1 :at lik5ess1 if any1 w\ld !re be betwe5 ! visual space ( ! "o man1 & ! tangible space ( ! o!r8 ,b]keley1 z we h se5 79 ! eigh? proposition71 decl>es t !re is no lik5ess betwe5 ! ideas giv5 by sight & ^? giv5 by t\*2 & "o _c b agree ) him1 s long z ! t]m ideas is re/rict$ to m]e s5sations4 ,obvi\sly1 !re is no m lik5ess betwe5 ! feel ( a surface & ! col\r ( x1 ?an !re is betwe5 its col\r & its smell4 ,all simple s5sations1 d]iv$ f diff]5t s5ses1 are incomm5surable ) "o ano!r1 & only gradations ( _! own int5sity are comp>able4 ,& ?us s f> z ! prim>y facts ( s5sation g1 visual figure & tactile figure1 visual magnitude & tactile magnitude1 visual motion & tactile motion1 are truly unlike1 & h no common t]m4 ,b :5 ,b]keley goes fur!r ?an ?is1 & decl>es t !re are no ideas common to ! ideas ( t\* & ^? ( sight1 x appe>s to me t he has fall5 into a great error1 & "o :i* is ! *ief s\rce ( 8 p>adoxes ab\t geometry4 ,b]keley 9 fact employs ! ^w idea 9 ?is in/ance to d5ote two totally diff]5t classes ( feel+s1 or /ates ( consci\sness4 ,= ^! may be divid$ into two gr\ps3 ! prim>y feel+s1 :i* exi/ 9 !mselves & )\t relation to any o!r1 su* z pleasure & pa91 desire1 & ! simple s5sations obta9$ ?r\gh ! s5sory organs2 & ! second>y feel+s1 :i* express ^? relations ( prim>y feel+s :i* are p]ceiv$ by ! m9d2 & ! exi/5ce ( :i*1 !re=e1 implies ! pre-exi/5ce ( at lea/ two ( ! prim>y feel+s4 ,su* are lik5ess & unlik5ess 9 quality1 quantity1 or =m2 succession & contemporaneity2 contiguity & di/ance2 cause & effect2 motion & re/4 ,n[ x is q true t !re is no lik5ess betwe5 ! prim>y feel+s :i* are gr\p$ "u sight & t\*2 b x appe>s to me :olly untrue1 & inde$ absurd1 to affirm t !re is no lik5ess betwe5 ! second>y feel+s :i* express ! relations ( ! prim>y ones4 ,! relation ( succession p]ceiv$ betwe5 ! visible taps ( a hamm]1 is1 to my m9d1 exactly l ! relation ( succession betwe5 ! tangible taps2 ! unlik5ess betwe5 r$ & blue is a m5tal ph5om5on ( ! same ord] z ! unlik5ess betwe5 r\gh & smoo?4 ,two po9ts visibly di/ant are s1 because "o or m units ( visible l5g? 7m9ima visibilia7 are int]pos$ betwe5 !m2 & z two po9ts tangibly di/ant are s1 because "o or m units ( tangible l5g? 7m9ima tangibilia7 are int]pos$ betwe5 !m1 x is cle> t ! notion ( int]position ( units ( s5sibility1 or m9ima s5sibilia1 is an idea common to ! two4 ,& :e!r ,i see a po9t move across ! field ( vision t[>ds ano!r po9t1 or feel ! l motion1 ! idea ( ! gradual dim9ution ( ! numb] ( s5sible units betwe5 ! two po9ts appe>s to me to be common to bo? k9ds ( motion4 ,h5ce1 ,i conceive1 t ?\gh x be true t !re is no lik5ess betwe5 ! prim>y feel+s giv5 by sight & ^? giv5 by t\*1 yet !re is a complete lik5ess betwe5 ! second>y feel+s ar\s$ by ea* s5se4 ,inde$1 if x 7 n s1 h[ c\ld ,logic1 :i* deals ) ^? =ms ( ?\ght :i* are applicable to e k9d ( subject-matt]1 be possible8 ,h[ c\ld num]ical proportion be z true ( visibilia1 z ( tangibilia1 unless !re 7 "s ideas common to ! two8 ,& to come directly to ! he>t ( ! matt]1 is !re any m diff]5ce betwe5 ! relations betwe5 tangible s5sations :i* we call place & direction1 & ^? betwe5 visible s5sations :i* g by ! same "n1 ?an !re is betwe5 ^? relations ( tangible & visible s5sations :i* we call succession8 ,& if !re be none1 :y is ,geometry n j z mu* a matt] ( visibilia z ( tangibilia8 ,moreov]1 z a matt] ( fact1 x is c]ta9 t ! muscul> s5se is s closely connect$ ) bo? ! visual & ! tactile s5ses1 t1 by ! ord9>y laws ( association1 ! ideas :i* x sugge/s mu/ ne$s be common to bo?4 ,f :at has be5 said x w foll[ t ! n9? proposition falls to ! gr\nd2 & t vision1 comb9$ ) ! muscul> s5sations produc$ by ! movem5t ( ! eyes1 gives u z complete a notion ( corporeal sep>ation & ( di/ance 9 ! ?ird dim5sion ( space1 z t\*1 comb9$ ) ! muscul> s5sations produc$ by ! movem5ts ( ! h&1 does4 ,! t5? proposition seems to conta9 a p]fectly true /atem5t1 b x is only half ! tru?4 ,x is no d\bt true t our visual ideas are a k9d ( language by :i* we are in=m$ ( ! tactile ideas :i* may or w arise 9 u2 b ?is is true1 m or less1 ( e s5se 9 reg>d to e o!r4 ,if ,i put my h& 9 my pocket1 ! tactile ideas :i* ,i receive prophesy q accurately :at ,i %all see--:e!r a bun* ( keys or half-a-cr[n--:5 ,i pull x out aga92 & ! tactile ideas are1 9 ?is case1 ! language :i* in=ms me ( ! visual ideas :i* w arise4 ,s ) ! o!r s5ses3 olfactory ideas tell me ,i %all f9d ! tactile & visual ph5om5a call$ violets1 if ,i look = !m2 ta/e tells me t :at ,i am ta/+ w1 if ,i look at x1 h ! =m ( a clove2 & he>+ w>ns me ( :at ,i %all1 or may1 see & t\* e m9ute ( my life4 ,b :ile ! ,new ,!ory ( ,vision _c be consid]$ to possess mu* value 9 relation to ! imm$iate object its au?or _h 9 view1 x _h a va/ly important influ5ce 9 direct+ att5tion to ! real complexity ( _m ( ^? ph5om5a ( s5sation1 :i* appe> at fir/ to be simple4 ,& ev5 if ,b]keley 01 z ,i imag9e he 01 q wrong 9 suppos+ t we d n see space1 ! contr>y doctr9e makes q z /rongly = 8 g5]al view1 t space c be conceiv$ only z some?+ ?\ght by a m9d4 ,! la/ ( ,locke's prim>y qualities :i* rema9 to be consid]$ is me*anical solidity1 or imp5etrability4 ,b our conception ( ?is is d]iv$ f ! s5se ( resi/ance to our own ef=t1 or active =ce1 :i* we meet ) 9 association ) sundry tactile or visual ph5om5a2 &1 und\bt$ly1 active =ce is inconceivable except z a /ate ( consci\sness4 ,?is may s\nd p>adoxical2 b let anyone try to realize :at he means by ! mutual attraction ( two p>ticles1 & ,i ?9k he w f9d1 ei!r1 t he conceives !m simply z mov+ t[>ds "o ano!r at a c]ta9 rate1 9 :i* case he only pictures motion to himself1 & leaves =ce aside2 or1 t he conceives ea* p>ticle to be animat$ by some?+ l 8 own volition1 & to be pull+ z he w\ld pull4 ,& ,i suppose t ?is difficulty ( ?9k+ ( =ce except z some?+ comp>able to volition1 lies at ! bottom ( ,leibnitz's doctr9e ( monads1 to say no?+ ( ,s*op5hau]'s ,welt als ,wille und ,vor/ellung2 :ile ! opposite difficulty ( conceiv+ =ce to be any?+ l volition1 drives ano!r s*ool ( ?9k]s into ! d5ial ( any connection1 save t ( succession1 betwe5 cause & effect4 99 99 99 99 99 ,to sum up4 ,if ! mat]iali/ affirms t ! univ]se & all its ph5om5a are resolvable into matt] & motion1 ,b]keley replies1 ,true2 b :at y call matt] & motion are kn[n to u only z =ms ( consci\sness2 _! be+ is to be conceiv$ or kn[n2 & ! exi/5ce ( a /ate ( consci\sness1 ap>t f a ?9k+ m9d1 is a contradiction 9 t]ms4 ,i conceive t ?is reason+ is irrefragable4 ,& !re=e1 if ,i 7 oblig$ to *oose betwe5 absolute mat]ialism & absolute idealism1 ,i %\ld feel compell$ to accept ! latt] alt]native4 ,inde$1 ^u ?is po9t ,locke does1 practically1 g z f> 9 ! direction ( idealism1 z ,b]keley1 :5 he admits t ! simple ideas we receive f s5sation & reflection are ! b\nd>ies ( our ?\ghts1 beyond :i* ! m9d1 :atev] ef=ts x w\ld make1 is n able to advance "o jot4--,book ,,ii4 *ap1 xxiii4 #bi4 ,b ,locke adds1 ,nor c x make any discov]ies :5 x w\ld pry into ! nature & hidd5 causes ( ^! ideas4 ,n[1 f ?is proposition1 ! ?or\gh mat]iali/s diss5t z mu*1 on ! "o h&1 z ,b]keley does1 ^u ! o!r h&4 ,! ?or\gh mat]iali/ ass]ts t !re is a some?+ :i* he calls ! sub/ance ( matt]2 t ?is some?+ is ! cause ( all ph5om5a1 :e!r mat]ial or m5tal2 t x is self-exi/5t & et]nal1 & s =?4 ,b]keley1 on ! contr>y1 ass]ts ) equal confid5ce t !re is no sub/ance ( matt]1 b only a sub/ance ( m9d1 :i* he t]ms _s2 t !re are two k9ds ( spiritual sub/ance1 ! "o et]nal & uncreat$1 ! sub/ance ( ! ,deity1 ! o!r creat$1 &1 once creat$1 naturally et]nal2 t ! univ]se1 z kn[n to creat$ spirits1 has no be+ 9 itself1 b is ! result ( ! action ( ! sub/ance ( ! ,deity on ! sub/ance ( ^? spirits4 ,9 contradiction to :i* bold ass]tion1 ,locke affirms t we simply "k no?+ ab\t sub/ance ( any k9d4#a ,footnote #a3 ,b]keley virtually makes ! same confession ( ignorance1 :5 he admits t we c h no idea or notion ( a _s 7,pr9ciples ( ,human ,k1 #ach72 & ! way 9 :i* he tries to escape ! consequ5ces ( ?is admission1 is a spl5did example ( ! fl\nd]+ ( a mir$ logician4 ,s t if anyone w exam9e himself conc]n+ 8 notion ( pure sub/ance 9 g5]al1 he w f9d he has no o!r idea ( x at all1 b only a supposition ( he kn[s n :at support ( su* qualities1 :i* are capable ( produc+ simple ideas 9 u1 :i* qualities are commonly call$ accid5ts4 ,if anyone %\ld be ask$1 :at is ! subject :]e9 col\r or weight inh]es8 he w\ld h no?+ to say b ! solid ext5d$ p>ts2 & if he 7 dem&$ :at is x t solidity & ext5sion inh]e 98 he w\ld n be 9 mu* bett] case ?an ! ,indian be=e m5tion$1 :o1 urg+ t ! _w 0 support$ by a great elephant1 0 ask$ :at ! elephant re/$ on8 to :i* 8 answ] 01 a great tortoise4 ,b be+ aga9 press$ to "k :at gave support to ! broad-back$ tortoise ,i repli$1 some?+1 he knew n :at4 ,& ?us "h1 z 9 all o!r cases :5 we use words )\t hav+ cle> & di/9ct ideas1 we talk l *ildr51 :o1 be+ que/ion$ :at su* a ?+ is1 readily give ?is satisfactory answ]1 t x is some?+2 :i* 9 tru? signifies no m :5 s us$1 ei!r by *ildr5 or m51 b t !y "k n :at1 & t ! ?+ !y pret5d to talk & "k ( is :at !y h no di/9ct idea ( at all1 & are1 s1 p]fectly ignorant ( x & 9 ! d>k4 ,! idea1 !n1 we h1 to :i* we give ! g5]al "n sub/ance1 be+ no?+ b ! suppos$ b unkn[n support ( ^? qualities we f9d exi/+1 :i* we imag9e _c exi/ s9e re sub/ante1 )\t some?+ to support !m1 we call t support sub/antia1 :i*1 accord+ to ! true import ( ! ^w1 is1 9 pla9 ,engli%1 /&+ "u or uphold+4#a ,footnote #a3 ,locke1 ,human ,und]/&+1 ,book ,,ii4 *ap1 xiii4 #b4 ,i _c b believe t ! judgm5t ( ,locke is t :i* ,philosophy w accept z h] f9al decision4 ,suppose t a piano 7 consci\s ( s\nd1 & ( no?+ else4 ,x w\ld become acqua9t$ ) a sy/em ( nature entirely compos$ ( s\nds1 & ! laws ( nature w\ld be ! laws ( melody & ( h>mony4 ,x might acquire endless ideas ( lik5ess & unlik5ess1 ( succession1 ( simil>ity & dissimil>ity1 b x c\ld atta9 to no conception ( space1 ( di/ance1 or ( resi/ance2 or ( figure1 or ( motion4 ,! piano might !n reason ?us3 ,all my k consi/s ( s\nds & ! p]ception ( ! relations ( s\nds2 n[ ! be+ ( s\nd is to be he>d2 & x is inconceivable t ! exi/5ce ( ! s\nds ,i "k1 %\ld dep5d ^u any o!r exi/5ce ?an t ( ! m9d ( a he>+ be+4 ,?is w\ld be q z good reason+ z ,b]keley's1 & v s\nd & useful1 s f> z x def9es ! limits ( ! piano's faculties4 ,b = all t1 pianos h an exi/5ce q ap>t f s\nds1 & ! auditory consci\sness ( our speculative piano w\ld be dep5d5t1 9 ! fir/ place1 on ! exi/5ce ( a sub/ance ( brass1 wood1 & iron1 &1 9 ! second1 on t ( a musician4 ,b ( nei!r ( ^! conditions ( ! exi/5ce ( 8 consci\sness w\ld ! ph5om5a ( t consci\sness af=d him ! slighte/ h9t4 ,s t :ile x is ! summit ( human wisdom to le>n ! limit ( our faculties1 x may be wise to recollect t we h no m "r to make d5ials1 ?an to put =? affirmatives1 ab\t :at lies beyond t limit4 ,:e!r ei!r m9d1 or matt]1 has a sub/ance or n1 is a problem :i* we are incompet5t to discuss2 & x is j z likely t ! common notions ^u ! subject %\ld be correct z any o!rs4 ,inde$1 ,b]keley himself makes ,philon\s w9d up 8 discussions ) ,hylas1 9 a c\ple ( s5t5ces :i* aptly express ?is conclusion3-- ,y see1 ,hylas1 ! wat] ( yond] f\nta91 h[ x is =c$ upw>ds 9 a r\nd column to a c]ta9 height1 at :i* x breaks & falls back into ! bas9 f :5ce x rose2 its asc5t z well z its desc5t proce$+ f ! same uni=m law or pr9ciple ( gravitation4 ,j s1 ! same pr9ciples :i*1 at fir/ view1 lead to scepticism1 pursu$ to a c]ta9 po9t1 br+ m5 back to common s5se4 ,,! ,,end4