,illu/ration ,,sci5tific ,,am]ican ,,supplem5t ,,no4 #dib ,,new ,,york1 ,,june #f1 #ahhe4 ,sci5tific ,am]ican ,supplem5t4 ,vol4 ,,xix1 ,no4 #dib4 ,sci5tific ,am]ican e/abli%$ #ahde ,sci5tific ,am]ican ,supplem5t1 #e a ye>4 ,sci5tific ,am]ican & ,supplem5t1 #g a ye>4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,table ,,( ,,cont5ts4 ,i4 ,,eng9e]+ ,,& ,,me*anics4--,! ,new ,spani% ,artill]y4--#b engrav+s4 ,qualitative ,te/s = ,/eel ,rails4--,by ,l4 ,,tetmaj]4 ,a ,new ,=m ( ,small ,bessem] ,plant4--,by ,a4 ,,trapp54 ,triple ,comp\nd ,eng9es4--,a pap] read by ,a4,e4 ,,seaton be=e ! ,in/itution ( ,naval ,ar*itects4 ,e>ly ,hi/ory ( ! ,/eam ,jack4 ,bridge ov] ! ,riv] ,adige1 at ,v]ona4--#ac figures4 ,pump+ ,ma*9]y4--,m9e pumps4--,direct act+ /eam pumps4 ,by ,e4,d4 ,,leavitt4 ,improv$ ,gun ,pressure ,gauge4--#b figures4 ,measur+ ! ,?ickness ( ,boil] ,plates4 ,on an ,express ,eng9e4 ,,ii4 ,,te*nology4--,improv$ ,plait+ ,ma*9e4--,) engrav+4 ,self-act+ ,%uttle ,gu>d4--#a figure4 ,rul] & ,triangle = ,hat*+4 ,! ,di/illation ( ,sea ,wat]4--#a figure4 ,aids to ,correct ,exposure on ,photographic ,plates4--,an int]e/+ pap] by ,w4 ,,goodman4 ,iso*romatic ,photography4--,by ,,fr$4 ,e4 ,,ives4--#b figures4 ,di/ortion f ,expansion ( ! ,pap] 9 ,photography4 ,,iii4 ,,electricity1 ,,etc4--,on ! ,fritts ,sel5ium ,cells & ,batt]ies4--,a pap] read be=e ! ,am]ican ,association by ,c4,e4 ,,fritts4 ,electricity ,appli$ to ! ,manufacture ( ,v>ni%4--#b figures4 ,naglo ,bro!rs' ,telephone ,sy/em4--#c figures4 ,! ,g]>d ,electric ,lamp4--#a figure4 ,a ,new ,reflect+ ,galvanomet]4--#c figures4 ,,iv4 ,,art ,,& ,,ar*itecture4--,gr\ps ( ,/atu>y = ! ,p$im5t ( ! ,h\se ( ,p>liam5t 9 ,vi5na4--#b engrav+s4 ,! ,cas9o at ,monte ,c>lo4--,an engrav+4 ,v4 ,,physics4--,det]m9+ ! ,d5sity ( ! ,e>?4--#a figure4 ,physics )\t ,app>atus4--,! ,porosity & ,p]meability ( ,bodies4--,a ,hot ,air ,balloon4--#b engrav+s4 ,,vi4 ,,natural ,,hi/ory4--,w9t] & ! ,insects4--,an engrav+4 ,silk ,worm ,eggs4--,) engrav+4 ,,vii4 ,,horticulture4--,! ,melleco4--,ullucus tub]osa4--,) engrav+4 ,,viii4 ,,physiology1 ,,m$ic9e1 ,,etc4--,hi/ological ,me?ods4--,section cutt+ ma*9es4--,me?ods ( pres]v+ ! tissues4--,pres]vative m$ia4--,prep>ation = m\nt+ tissues4--#a figure4 ,life ,hi/ory ( a ,new ,septic ,organism4 ,ery?roxylon ,coca z a ,!rapeutic ,ag5t4--,by ,dr4 ,e4,r4 ,,squibb4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,new ,,spani% ,,artill]y4 ,! ,spani% ,gov]nm5t is n[ engag$ 9 supply+ "s ( its pr9cipal =tifications ) heavy guns ( ! mo/ improv$ con/ruction4 ,! def5ses ( ,cadiz & ,ceuta h be5 greatly /r5g!n$ 9 ?is respect4 ,! mo/ rec5t additions are "s v p[]ful ,krupp guns = ! =tress ( ,isabel ,,ii41 at ,mahon4 ,illu/ration3 ,,new ,,krupp ,,bree* ,,load+ ,,guns ,,= ,,spani% ,,=tifications4 ,we give engrav+s f photographs1 z pres5t$ 9 ,la ,illu/racion ,espaola4 ,^! guns are bree* load]s1 ( /eel1 #cj c5timet]s calib]1 or #ab in*es1 #di tons weight4 ,illu/ration3 ,,new ,,krupp ,,bree* ,,load+ ,,guns ,,= ,,spani% ,,=tifications4 ,"o ( our engrav+s %[s ! great revolv+ crane by :i* ! guns 7 lift$ & plac$ on ! truck = conveyance ov] a track to _! int5d$ position4 ,?is crane is work$ by eight m51 & readily lifts burd5s ( ab\t #bjj1jjj lb4 ,! o!r engrav+ %[s ! jack frame & jacks employ$ to remove ! gun f ! tempor>y truck4 ,at a range ( #g1jjj y>ds ^! guns are able to p5etrate iron plates ( two feet ?ickness4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,qualitative ,,te/s ,,= ,,/eel ,,rails4 ,by ,mr4 ,l4 ,,tetmaj]4 ,?is memoir is ! fir/ ( a s]ies ^u ! unification ( nom5clature & classification ( build+ mat]ials1 und]tak5 by ! au?or at ! reque/ ( ! ,swiss ,eng9e]s' & ,ar*itects' ,union4 ,= its prep>ation num]\s me*anical te/s h be5 made ^u /eel rails1 bo? good & bad1 tak5 f ! ,swiss railways1 :ile ! correspond+ *emical analyses h be5 made by ,dr4 ,treadwell 9 ! ,polyte*nic ,laboratory1 at ,zuri*4 ,! results are giv5 = tw5ty-two examples1 ab\t "o-half ( :i* h /ood well1 :ile ! rema9d] h ei!r brok51 split1 or suff]$ consid]able abrasion 9 we>2 b 9 _m in/ances ! me*anical te/ ( t5sile /r5g?1 elongation1 & contraction1 & ! figures ( quality 7,wohl]'s sum & ,tetmaj]'s coeffici5t7 d$uc$ f ^! h v>i$ v consid]ably = ! results obta9$ 9 practice4 ,! be/ we>+ rails1 :i* (t5 give contradictory results ) ! t5sile te/1 7 comp>atively pure manganese /eels1 l[ 9 silicon1 only exceptionally up to #j4b p] c5t41 b g5]ally bel[ #j4a p] c5t41 & ) less ?an #j4a p] c5t4 ( phosphorus & sulphur4 ,on ! o!r h&1 rails ) a t5d5cy to break or split are l[ 9 c>bon1 ) v>iable proportions ( manganese1 b conta9 mu* silicon1 #j4c to #j4i p] c5t41 & (t5 above #j4a p] c5t4 ( phosphorus4 ,ano!r s]ies ( exp]im5ts ^u rails = ! ,f9l& l9es made by ! au?or 9 #ahgi-hj %[s ! high quality ( manganese /eel4 ,^! are ess5tially highly c>buriz$ 7#j4c-j4d p] c5t4 c>bon7 ) #j4g to #a4d p] c5t4 manganese1 & h /ood ?ree & a half ye>s' we> )\t a s+le "o be+ brok52 :ile ^? ( silicon /eel ) #j4ajf-j4add p] c5t4 c>bon1 #j4eib-j4hbh manganese1 & #j4dbc-j4dce silicon h fail$ 9 _m cases1 %[+ a great t5d5cy to split4 ,9 bo? ( ! latt] in/ances1 h[ev]1 ! figures d$uc$ f t5sile te/s ( bo? good & bad specim5s 7 sub/antially ! same4 ,! causes ( ! diff]5ce betwe5 ! two k9ds ( /eel ! au?or attributes to diff]5ces 9 ! /ructure ( ! +ot due to ! ag5t us$ 9 *emical consolidation1 :i* may be ei!r manganese or silicon1 :i* /ructures are illu/rat$ by photographs ( +ot fractures4 ,:5 silicon is us$ !re is a t5d5cy to uns\ndness ab\t ! ext]ior ( ! +ot1 :i* is surr\nd$ by a honeycomb-l cellul> cas+ ( great] or less dep?2 :ile ) manganese ! vesicul> cavities are m or less disp]s$ ?r\gh ! :ole sub/ance1 or conc5trat$ t[>d ! int]ior ( ! +ot4 ,rails made f ! =m] are1 !re=e1 m likely to conta9 uns\nd portions ne> ! out] we>+ surface1 & to give unsatisfactory results 9 we>1 ?an ^? f ! latt]2 b z ! te/ pieces are usually cut f ! c5t] ( ! railhead1 ! t5sile resi/ance ( ! int]ior may be equal to or surpass t ( ! sup]ior mat]ial4 ,9 summ+ up 8 obs]vations ! au?or concludes t ! me?od ( t5sile te/+ is ma9ly ( value 9 det]m9+ ! quality ( ! mat]ial1 b t = ! f9i%$ product prop]ly arrang$ fall+ weight te/s are necess>y4 ,he also consid]s t ! te/ pieces %\ld be flat b>s ( #b4e to #c4e c5timet]s 9 area1 cut z ne> z possible to ! out] surface ( bo? head & foot ( ! rail4 ,he reprobates especially ! rese>* = microscopic imp]fections 7mikrob5s*]ei7 ^u ! fractur$ surfaces1 z an annoyance to ! produc]1 & p]fectly useless to ! consum]4--,/ahl und ,eis51 vol4 iv41 page #fjh2 ?r\gh ,proc4 ,in/4 ,civ4 ,eng4 99 99 99 99 99 ,a ,,new ,,=m ,,( ,,small ,,bessem] ,,plant4 ,by ,mr4 ,a4 ,,trapp54 ,! success ( ! ,bessem] process :5 c>ri$ out on ! small scale at ,ave/a 9 ,sw$51 z describ$ by ,pr(essor ,ehr5w]?1 & subsequ5t exp]im5ts ( a simil> k9d made at ,pravali1 9 ,c>9?ia1 & else:]e1 h l$ ! au?or1 :o is specially occupi$ 9 ! build+ ( ,bessem] works1 to design a plant suitable = op]ation ^u small *>ges4 ,?is consi/s ess5tially ( a conv]t] ab\t #a met] outside diamet]1 & #a4e met]s high1 connect$ by a s+le trunnion to a horizontal /eel %aft c>ri$ by ! arm ( a hydraulic crane :i* is v simil> 9 "* to ! ladle crane ( a l>ge siz$ conv]t]4 ,! sweep ( ! crane is su* z to all[ ! conv]t] to be br\ght close up to ! tap hole ( ! bla/ furnace or cupola1 s t ! use ( op5 gutt]s = ! fluid metal may be avoid$ z mu* z possible4 ,! conv]t] is turn$ on its axis by a screw & worm :eel1 :i* is manipulat$ by a workman /&+ on a plat=m at ! opposite arm ( ! crane4 ,! bla/ is br\ght 9 f above by a pipe d[n ! c5tral pill> ( ! crane1 :i* is connect$ ) ! bla/-ma9 by a flexible tube & pack$ jo9t4 ,! out] trunnion be>+ is op51 s t by slightly rais+ & l[]+ ! ram ( ! crane1 ! conv]t] may be left susp5d$ to a weigh+ ma*9e 9 front ( ! furnace1 if x is requir$ to det]m9e ! weight ( ! *>ge4 ,:5 ! conv]t] is fill$1 x is borne by ! crane into a conv5i5t position = bl[+1 & if ! basic me?od is foll[$ = remov+ ! slag1 ! conv]t$ metal is ca/ into +ot m\lds1 :i* are manipulat$ by a small +ot crane ( ! ord9>y patt]n4 ,9 ! case ( small exi/+ bla/-furnaces1 :i* usually h _! tap holes ne> to ! gr\nd1 x may be necess>y to h a %all[ +ot pit 7#bj to #bd in*es deep72 b ) cupolas ?is w n g5]ally be necess>y1 & ! :ole ( ! op]ations may be c>ri$ on at ! gr\nd level4 ,ea* crane is int5d$ to be suppli$ ) two or ?ree conv]t]s1 s t op]ations may be c>ri$ on cont9u\sly4 ,! weight ( *>ge propos$ is #ae cwt41 :i* %\ld "u ord9>y conditions give #ab cwt4 ( +ots4 ,tak+ ! "t ( a s+le conv]t+ op]ation at half an h\r x w be easy to obta9 fifty bl[s p] day1 or a production ( #cj tons4 ,?is may be easily increas$ by plac+ a second conv]t+ crane on ! o!r side ( ! furnace1 = :i* ! same bl[+ eng9e w be suffici5t1 z ! actual bl[+ "t w n exce$ twelve m9utes4 ,! labor requir$ = ea* conv]t] w be ab\t six m5 p] %ift4 ,! bla/ requir$ has be5 exp]im5tally det]m9$ at #dj-ej cubic met]s p] m9ute at #ae lb4 pressure4 ,?is w be suppli$ by a s+le cyl9d] eng9e ( #ijj millimet]s bla/1 & #ghf millimet]s /eam pi/on1 diamet] #ghf millimet]s1 /roke mak+ fifty revolutions p] m9ute1 :i* is also to "w a ,root bl[] & ! accumulator pumps4 ,hav+ reg>d to ^! v diff]5t dem&s ^u ! p[] ( ! eng9e1 x w be provid$ ) expansion ge>1 all[+ a consid]able v>iation 9 ! cut-(f4 ,a s+le boil] ( #gj to #ge squ>e met]s heat+ surface w be suffici5t4 ,! accumulator is int5d$ to "w at #cjj lb4 pressure4 ,! co/ ( ! plant1 includ+ "o ( ea* ( ! foll[+ items1 conv]t]1 conv]t] truck1 bl[+ eng9e1 accumulator1 +ot crane1 c5tesimal weigh+ ma*9e1 & accumulator pump1 is e/imat$ at #b1jej to #b1ajj2 & t ( ! /eam boil]1 #cbe4 ,! build+s may be ( ! simple/ & *eape/ possible "*4 ,z ! productive p[] ( su* a plant contra/s v favorably ) its co/1 ! au?or consid]s t x may be fairly expect$ to meet ! competition ( l>ge works1 especially 9 ! manufacture ( a high-class product4--,/ahl und ,eis51 vol4 iv41 page #ebd2 ?r\gh ,proc4 ,in/4 ,civ4 ,eng4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,triple ,,comp\nd ,,eng9es4 ,footnote3 ,pap] read be=e ! ,in/itution ( ,naval ,ar*itects1 ,m>* #bg1 #ahhe4 ,by ,mr4 ,a4,e4 ,,seaton4 ,my att5tion 0 fir/ call$ to ! mod]n triple comp\nd eng9e by ! publi%$ reports ( ! trial trip ( ! ya*t ,isa1 & 9 x ,i pla9ly disc]n$ ! g]ms ( a successful new type ( eng9e2 b x 0 n until ,i _h se5 ! eng9es ( ! screw /eam] ,ab]de5 erect$ 9 ! work%ops ( ,messrs4 ,rob]t ,napi] ,sons t ,i became conv9c$ t x 0 ! eng9e ( ! imm$iate future4 ,x is1 h[ev]1 due to ! f>sight$ness & ent]prise ( ,mr4 ,c4,h4 ,wilson1 ,m4,p41 t ,i 0 enabl$ to try ! m]its ( ! new sy/em & comp>e x ) ! old4 ,mr4 ,wilson _h already view$ ! triple comp\nd eng9e ) m ?an ord9>y int]e/1 & x requir$ little p]suasion on my "p to all[ ! company to :i* ,i h ! honor to belong to con/ruct a triple expansion eng9e 9 lieu ( ! ord9>y comp\nd = "o ( f\r si/] %ips :i* x !n _h 9 h& = ,messrs4 ,?omas ,wilson1 ,sons ,co41 ! latt] only /ipulat+ t x 0 to be ( ! same p[] z ! eng9e already contract$ =4 ,z ,i 0 q conv9c$ t economy 0 due to ! sy/em r ?an to ! high] pressure1 x 0 decid$ n to increase ! boil] pressure m ?an 0 necess>y to suit ! triple sy/em4 ,! o!r ?ree %ips already allud$ to 7 be+ fitt$ ) eng9es hav+ cyl9d]s #be in*es & #ej in*es diamet] by #de in*es /roke1 & suppli$ ) /eam ( #ij lb4 pressure f a d\ble end$ boil] #ac feet #i in*es diamet] by #ae feet long1 hav+ a total heat+ surface ( #b1caj feet1 s t ^! eng9es h e qualification = be+ economical s f> z g5]al proportions g1 ! /roke be+ an abnormally long "o & ! boil] ( ample size4 ,exp]i5ce has s9ce %[n t ^! eng9es are economical 9 coal1 & ! we> & te> exceptionally small4 ,! new eng9es = ! f\r? boat 7 made ) consid]ably %ort] /roke1 & ! cyl9d]s proportion$ s z to give equal p[]2 !y are #ba in*es1 #cb in*es1 & #ef in*es diamet] by #cf in*es /roke1 ! high pressure cyl9d] be+ support$ on columns imm$iately ov] ! m$ium cyl9d]1 & 9 o!r respects ^! eng9es 7 made z ne> z possible l ! o!r ones above nam$4 ,/eam at #aaj lb4 pressure is suppli$ f a d\ble end$ boil] #ab feet #i in*es diamet] & fifte5 feet long1 hav+ a total heat+ surface ( #b1bgj squ>e feet1 & id5tical 9 design ) ! boil] suppli$ = ! o!r eng9es4 ,! propell]s 7 made exactly alike 9 all respects1 & ! %ips be+ likewise precisely alike1 a comp>ison ( ! p]=mances ( ! "o fitt$ ) ! triple eng9es c\ld be made ) z little gr\nds = diff]5ces ( op9ion z is possible4 ,"o ( ! %ips fitt$ ) ! ord9>y comp\nd eng9es 0 nam$ ! ,kovno1 t ) ! triple comp\nd eng9es ! ,draco4 ,_! dim5sions are z foll[s3 ,feet4 ,in*es4 ,l5g? betwe5 p]p5dicul>s4 #bgj #j ,bread?4 #cd #j ,dep? ( hold4 #ah #c ,& ( #a1gjj tons gross regi/]4 ,!y are ord9>y c>go boats1 built ( /eel1 hav+ a rais$ qu>t] deck & long bridge amid%ips1 b no?+ ab\t !m o!rwise requires comm5t4 ,aft] mak+ a voyage or two to ! ,baltic1 & f9d+ t ev]y?+ 0 work+ satisfactorily1 ! ,kovno 0 load$ ) #b1djj tons dead weight1 & sail$ 9 ,janu>y1 #ahhc1 = ,bu5os ,ayres2 ! ,draco 0 load$ ) #b1dbe tons dead weight1 & sail$ ,m>*1 #ahhc1 = ,bombay1 ! di/ance 9 bo? cases be+ ab\t #f1djj miles4 ,x 0 ?\ght advisable1 = purposes ( comp>ison1 t ! %ips %\ld /eam at z ne> z possible ! same spe$2 & to atta9 ?is object1 we consid]$ ! safe/ plan 0 to in/ruct ! eng9e]s z to ! av]age am\nt ( coal !y 7 to burn p] day1 & exp]i5ce ) ^! %ips on _! ,baltic voyages _h fix$ ?is at #ab tons 9 ! case ( ! ,kovno & #aj tons 9 ! case ( ! ,draco4 ,dur+ ! voyage ea* %ip seems to h _h fair av]age wea!r1 & equal c>e 0 tak5 9 gett+ ! be/ results possible4 ,! av]age spe$ ( ! ,draco 01 h[ev]1 #h4fbe knots1 or #bjg miles p] day1 ! eng9es mak+ on ! av]age #eg4e revolutions p] m9ute1 :ile ! ,kovno did only #h4a knots1 or #aid miles p] day1 ! eng9es mak+ #ee4e revolutions4 ,! coal us$ 0 ord9>y ,s\? ,york%ire1 j z x comes f ! pits = bunk] purposes4 ,! indicat$ horse p[] 9 ea* case w\ld av]age ab\t #fjj4 ,! total coal consum$ 0 #cbf tons 9 ! ,draco & #dje tons 9 ! ,kovno1 or a sav+ ( #ai4e p] c5t4 ov] ! ord9>y comp\nds1 ) an increase ( spe$ ( #f4e p] c5t4 ,9 ,decemb]1 #ahhc1 "o ( ! o!rs1 ! ,grodno1 sail$ f ,bombay1 & atta9$ an av]age spe$ ( #h4e knots1 or #bjd miles p] day1 ! eng9es mak+ #eg revolutions1 ) a coal consumption ( #ab4h tons p] day1 or #dfi tons on ! voyage4 ,! ,draco's consumption is !re=e #cj4e p] c5t4 less ?an t ( ! ,grodno on ! r\nd voyage1 & #bj4c p]c5t p] day4 ,! success ( ! triple comp\nd eng9e 0 9 ^! in/ances m ?an _h be5 anticipat$1 & induc$ ,mr4 ,wilson to g a /ep fur!r4 ,! ,s4,s4 ,y$do _h be5 refitt$ ) boil]s made = a work+ pressure ( #ij lb4 p] squ>e in*1 b ow+ to ! size ( ! %aft+ ! work+ pressure 0 limit$ to #gj lb42 ! av]age consumption ( coal "u ^! circum/ances on two voyages 0 #ag tons p] day4 ,^! boil]s _h a m>g9 ( safety beyond :at 0 requir$ by ! rules :5 made1 & z ! ,bo>d ( ,trade rules _h be5 modifi$ 9 ! mean :ile1 x 0 f\nd t !y c\ld ) safety be work$ at #ajj lb4 p] squ>e in*4 ,a ?ird cyl9d] 0 n[ fitt$ on ! top ( ! orig9al l[ pressure1 & ! safety valves load$ to ! #ajj lb41 & ! %ip 0 dispat*$ to ,cron/adt4 ,aft] mak+ two voyages "u simil> circum/ances to ! two previ\s ones1 ! av]age consumption 0 #ac4e tons p] day only4 ,9 ?is case x 0 ! same %ip1 same boil]s1 same eng9es1 same propell]1 & same m51 ! only diff]5ce be+ ! addition ( a ?ird cyl9d] & ! increase ( pressure4 ,s f> all ! trials _h be5 made ) two crank eng9es2 s x 0 n[ decid$ to con/ruct ano!r set ( eng9es = #aej lb4 pressure1 hav+ a crank to ea* cyl9d]4 ,^! eng9es _h cyl9d]s #bj in*es1 #cc in*es1 & #eh in*es diamet] by #cf in*es /roke1 & 7 fitt$ into ! screw /eam] ,ros>io1 ^: dim5sions are #bge feet #c in*es betwe5 p]p5dicul>s1 #cd feet #c in*es beam1 & #ai feet #b in*es dep? ( hold1 #a1hfb tons gross1 & ! deadweight capacity #b1eej tons4 ,9 ,m>* la/ ye> %e 0 load$ ) #b1ecj tons deadweight1 & did ! voyage to ,bombay at an av]age spe$ ( #h4f knots on a consumption ( #aj4e tons p] day ( ,s\? ,york%ire coal1 & burnt on ! voyage #cdg tons4 ,?is result is sup]ior to t ( ! ,draco :5 ! size ( ! %ip is tak5 into acc\nt1 b is n s mu* s z might h be5 anticipat$ f ! increase ( pressure & ! rate ( expansion1 :i* 0 #ad4d 9 ! ,ros>io & #ab 9 ! ,draco4 ,ano!r set ( eng9es 0 made f ! patt]ns ( ^? ( ! ,draco1 b ) ! high pressure cyl9d] #bj in*es diamet]1 /eam at #aej lb4 pressure be+ suppli$ f two s+le end$ boil]s1 hav+ a total heat+ surface ( #b1bjj squ>e feet4 ,!y are fitt$ 9 ! ,s4,s4 ,f9l&1 a c>go boat #bgj feet long1 #ce feet beam1 by #ah feet dep? ( hold1 & #a1ied tons gross regi/]4 ,9 ,janu>y %e 0 load$ ) #b1ejj tons deadweight1 & sail$ = ,rangoon4 ,! av]age spe$ atta9$ 0 #h4db knots p] h\r1 or #bjb miles p] day1 on a consumption ( #aj4c tons ( ,wel% coal p] day1 ! rate ( expansion be+ #ab4 ,x %\ld be m5tion$ t all ^! %ips nam$ are fitt$ & /e]$ ) /eam /e>+ ge>1 s t 9 comp>+ ^! results & ^? publi%$ ( ! eng9es made by an em95t eng9e] 9 ! nor? ( ,engl&1 an all[ance %\ld be made1 z 9 t %ip !re 0 no /eam /e>+ ge>4 ,i h *os5 to make all ^! comp>isons by ref]5ce to ! %ips' logs1 & to give results su* z a %ip[n] looks = r ?an ^? :i* eng9e]s pref] to use 9 =m+ a judgm5t on ! m]its ( diff]5t eng9es4 ,i d ?is = two reasons3 fir/1 because ! comm]cial success ( ! triple comp\nd eng9e dep5ds on ! sav+ x c effect 9 a long voyage2 & secondly1 because ,i _h no reliable indicator diagrams f :i* ! consumption p] indicat$ horse p[] c\ld be calculat$ ) any degree ( accuracy4 ,on trial trips ) ! /eam]s already nam$1 ! consumption ( ord9>y ,s\? ,york%ire coal 0 #a4f lb4 p] indicat$ horse p[]1 & ! consumption ( wat] p] indicat$ horse p[] calculat$ f ! high pressure indicator diagrams 0 #a4da 9 ! ,draco1 #ac4b 9 ! ,ros>io1 & #ac4af ) ! ,f9l&1 or tak+ ! m$ium pressure diagrams1 x 0 #ab4b1 #a4cj1 & #aa4ie respectively4 ,twelve mon?s ago we con/ruct$ = ,messrs4 ,?omas ,wilson1 ,sons ,co41 two sets ( triple expansion eng9es ( #fjj indicat$ horse p[]1 "o hav+ two cranks & ! o!r ?ree cranks1 ! eng9es1 boil]s1 & propell]s be+ o!rwise exactly alike & fitt$ into si/] %ips4 ,! wat] consum$ 9 ! ?ree crank eng9e is #ab4ic lb41 aga9/ #ac4j 9 ! two crank1 b ! =m] drives its %ip ne>ly knot p] h\r fa/] ?an ! latt] does its1 & :5 bo? %ips are driv5 at ! same spe$ ! consumption ( coal 9 ! ?ree crank %ip is consid]ably less ?an 9 ! o!r4 ,we h n[ entirely giv5 up ! con/ruction ( two-crank triple expansion eng9es1 because ( ! impossibility ( equally divid+ ! "w betwe5 ! cranks2 =1 al?\gh ! eng9e :5 runn+ appe>$ to be p]fectly balanc$1 ! we> ( ! brasses ( ! crank hav+ ! two cyl9d]s 0 always consid]ably m ?an t ( ! o!r4 ,plac+ ! high pressure cyl9d] ov] ! l[ pressure cyl9d] seem$ to give ! mo/ satisfactory results1 b ev5 ^! 7 f> inf]ior to ^? once obta9$ ) ! ?ree cranks4 ,we h lately con/ruct$ "s v small ?ree-crank eng9es f :i* exce$+ly good results 7 obta9$2 ! cyl9d]s are only #aa in*es1 #ag in*es1 & #cj in*es by #ah in*es /roke1 :i* develop$ #bah indicat$ horse p[] ) a consumption ( #ab4h lb4 ( wat] p] indicat$ horse p[]1 & ?is1 toge!r ) "s o!r obs]vations1 leads me to believe t ! be/ economical results w be obta9$ by runn+ triple expansion eng9es at a mu* high] numb] ( revolutions ?an is usual1 & ) a rate ( expansion n less ?an #ab = a /eam pressure n less ?an #adj lb4 7#aee absolute74 ,! l>ge/ eng9es we h made ( ?is type s f> are ^? ( ,s4,s4 ,m>tello1 :i* h cyl9d]s #ca in*es1 #ej in*es1 & #hb in*es diamet] by #eg in*es /rokes & indicate at sea #b1djj horse p[] :5 runn+ at #fj revolutions ) /eam ( #aej lb4 pressure2 ! consumption ( ,york%ire coal is #cg tons p] day av]age ?r\gh\t a ,new ,york voyage4 ,_h ,wel% coal be5 us$ 9 e case1 ! results w\ld h be5 v mu* bett]1 =1 9 addition to ! sup]ior evaporative p[] ( ,wel% coal1 x is sl[ burn+ & mu* m easily controll$1 especially on ! comp>atively %ort grates ( ^! mod]n boil]s1 ! quick-burn+ ,york%ire coal caus+ ! safety valves to frequ5tly bl[ (f :5 work+ ne> ! load pressure unless great c>e is tak5 by ! firem54 ,i tru/ ^! few p>ticul>s may be ( int]e/ to ! ,in/itution1 & especially to ^? memb]s ( x :o are p>ticul>ly int]e/$ 9 ! comm]cial success ( our m]cantile navy4 ,i h purposely avoid$ eng9e]+ details & te*nicalities ( any k9d1 giv+ only su* in=mation z w t5d to give ,briti% %ip[n]s fai? 9 t =m ( eng9e :i* w und\bt$ly help !m to successfully tide ov] bad times1 & keep ! bulk ( ! c>ry+ trade ( ! _w 9 _! h&s4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,e>ly ,,hi/ory ,,( ,,! ,,/eam ,,jack4 ,to ! ,editor ( ! ,sci5tific ,am]ican3 ,a fri5d has br\ght me a copy ( ! ,,sci5tific ,,am]ican ,,supplem5t1 ( ,april #ah1 #ahhe1 conta9+ an article ab\t a /eam jack4 ,says ,mr4 ,j4,g4 ,briggs1 9 ! ,am]ican ,eng9e]3 ,( its orig9 no?+ is kn[n4 ,also ! inv5tion is attribut$ to ,b5jam9 ,baleh4 ,i c give y ! true hi/ory ( ! /eam jack4 ,x 0 inv5t$ by my gr&fa!r1 ,john ,bailey1 ( ,hanov]1 ,plym\? ,c\nty1 ,mass4 ,he 0 a m9i/] ( "s note 9 ! ,society ( ,fri5ds1 or ,quak]s4--a man ( sup]ior m5tal ability1 b poor 9 purse1 =1 l all e>ly inv5tors1 he reap$ b little pecuni>y b5efit f 8 inv5tions4 ,among ^? inv5tions 0 ! fir/ iron s9k 9 ?is c\ntry--if n 9 ! _w4 ,a few ye>s ago t s9k 0 9 use at 8 old home 9 ,hanov]4 ,he also inv5t$ ! crook$ nose = ! tea-kettle4 ,previ\s to t ! nose 0 /raight4 ,bo? s9k & tea-kettle 7 ca/ at ! ,middlebor\gh f\ndry4 ,:5 he made ! /eam-jack he said1 ,9 less ?an fifty ye>s ! common mode ( travel w\ld be by /eam4 ,p call$ him /eam mad4 ,b ab\t ! jack4 ,we h "o 9 our possession ( :i* y\r cut is an exact copy4 ,we h us$ x sev]al times4 ,we also h ! p>*m5t pat5t1 ( :i* ,i s5d y a copy4 ,! jacks 7 n 9 g5]al use1 = soon aft] ! inv5tion ! t9 kit*51 or ,dut* ov51 z x 0 sometimes call$1 0 introduc$1 & sup]s$$ ! jack entirely1 z p 7 afraid ( be+ bl[n up by /eam4 ,! pat5t says1 ,john ,bailey1 ( ,bo/on1 %[+ t at t e>ly date ,bo/on 0 consid]$ ! ,hub1 & t x 0 consid]$ a good ?+ to hail f !re4 ,hanov] is ab\t tw5ty-f\r miles f ,bo/on4 ,tru/+ ,i h n we>i$ y1 ,i am1 ,,anna ,m4 ,,bailey4 ,bleak ,h\se1 ,lynn1 ,mass41 ,may #ab4 ,,copy ,,( ,,pat5t4 ,unit$ ,/ates4 ,to all to :om ^! ,pres5ts %all come1 ,greet+4 ,:]eas1 ,john ,bailey1 ( ,bo/on1 9 ! ,/ate ( ,massa*usetts1 ha? pres5t$ a petition to ! ,secret>y ( ,/ate1 ! ,secret>y = ! ,dep>tm5t ( ,w>1 & ! ,attorney-,g5]al ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 all$g+ & sugge/+ t he ha? inv5t$ ! foll[+ useful ,ma*9e1 n be=e kn[n or us$1 t is to say3 ,a ,/eam ,jack1 consi/+ ( a boil]1 ?ree :eels1 & two wall[]s2 ! /eam :i* issues f boil+ wat] 9 ! said boil] gives motion to "o ( ^? :eels by /rik+ on buckets on its circumf]5ce2 on ! out] end ( ! axle ( ! :eel is a wall[]1 ! r\nds ( :i* fall into ! tee? ( a second :eel2 on ! axle ( ?is second :eel is ano!r wall[]1 ! r\nds ( :i* fall into ! tee? ( a ?ird :eel2 on ! axle ( :i* ?ird :eel is a spit3 & pray+ t a pat5t may be grant$ !re=3 &1 :]eas1 ! said inv5tion ha? be5 deem$ suffici5tly useful & important3 ,^! are1 !re=e1 9 pursuance ( ! ,act1 intitl$ an ,act to promote ! progress ( useful arts1 to grant ! said ,john ,bailey1 8 heirs1 adm9i/rators1 or assigns1 = ! t]m ( f\rte5 ye>s1 ! sole & exclusive "r & lib]ty ( con/ruct+1 us+1 & v5d+ to o!rs to be us$1 ! said inv5tion s f> z he ! said ,john ,bailey 0 ! inv5tor1 accord+ to ! allegations & sugge/ions ( ! said petition4 ,9 ,te/imony :]e( ,i h caus$ ^! ,lett]s to be made pat5t1 & ! ,seal ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates to be h]eunto affix$4 ,giv5 "u my h&1 at ! ,city ( ,philadelphia1 ?is tw5ty-?ird day ( ,febru>y1 9 ! ye> ( our ,"l "o ?\s& sev5 hundr$ & n9ety-two1 & ( ! ,indep5d5ce ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates ( ,am]ica ! ,sixte5?4 ,g4 ,,wa%+ton4 ,by ! ,presid5t1 ,,?4 ,,jeff]son4 ,,city ,,( ,,philadelphia1 ,febru>y #bc1 #agib4 ,i d h]eby c]tify t ! =ego+ ,lett]s-pat5t 7 deliv]$ to me 9 pursuance ( ! ,act intitl$ an ,act to promote ! progress ( useful arts3 t ,i h exam9$ ! same1 & f9d !m con=mable to ! said ,act4 ,,edm4 ,,r&olph1 ,attorney-,g5]al ( ! ,u4,s4 ,,seal4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,bridge ,,at ,,v]ona4 ,illu/ration3 ,,bridge ,,ov] ,,! ,,riv] ,,adige1 ,,at ,,v]ona4 ,! iron bridge :i* spans ! ,adige at ,v]ona1 ( :i* we publi% illu/rations1 has be5 rec5tly complet$ to replace an old masonry bridge built 9 ! f\rte5? c5tury1 & :i* 0 de/roy$ by ! celebrat$ flood ( #ahhb4 ,9 design+ ! new "w two lead+ conditions _h to be fulfill$1 namely1 t !re %\ld be a s+le op5+ ( #bia ft4 betwe5 abutm5ts1 & t ?is wid? %\ld be left q unob/ruct$1 = ! riv] is subject to floods1 :i* are frequ5t1 & v viol5t & sudd54 ,= ?is latt] reason an ord9>y =m ( ar*1 ) ! roadway above x1 0 inadmissible1 s9ce ! wat]way w\ld be s]i\sly ob/ruct$2 ! special =m illu/rat$ 01 !re=e1 c>ri$ into execution4 ,! bridge1 z w be se5 f ,figs4 #a1 #b1 #c1 & #g1 consi/s ( two ma9 ar*$ gird]s1 ) two v]tical sides 9 lattice "w2 ^! ar*es spr+ bel[ ! level ( ! roadway & rise to a consid]able height above x1 9 ! c5t]4 ,! horizontal gird]s c>ry+ ! roadway1 are connect$ to ! ar*es by v]ticals ( ! =m & section %[n 9 ! draw+s4 ,! longitud9al gird]s are ( d\ble trellis1 z w be se5 by ref]5ce to ,figs4 #a1 #ab1 & #af4 ,! foll[+ are ! pr9cipal dim5sions ( ! bridge3 ,ft4 ,94 ,cle> op5+ betwe5 abutm5ts #bia #d ,rise ( ar* #cb #i ,wid? ( bridge #cg #d ,dep? ( ar*$ gird]s #d #g ,illu/ration3 ,,bridge ,,ov] ,,! ,,riv] ,,adige1 ,,at ,,v]ona4 ,! ar*$ gird]s are connect$ toge!r1 9 ! c5tral portion1 by a sy/em ( diagonal brac+1 z is %[n on ,figs4 #b & #g4 ,! c>riage road on ! plat=m consi/s ( buckl$ plates re/+ on transv]se gird]s spac$ #f ft4 #f 94 ap>t1 & cov]$ ) road metal1 & = ! sidewalks *eck]$ plates are us$4 ,! ironwork 9 ! bridge weighs #djj tons1 & co/ #h1djj l42 ! abutm5ts co/ #c1fjjl41 mak+ ! total outlay on ! /ructure #ab1jjjl4 ,! bridge 0 te/$ by a uni=mly di/ribut$ load ( #hb lb4 p] sq4 ft41 & "u ?is /ress ! ar*$ gird]s deflect$ #a4jf 94 ,! horizontal & v]tical oscillation ( ! bridge1 :i* 7 c>efully obs]v$ & graphically record$ by special in/rum5ts1 7 v slight4 ,! eng9e] ( ! "w 0 ,mr4 ,g4,b4 ,biadego1 ( ,g5oa4--,eng9e]+4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,pump+ ,,ma*9]y4 ,footnote3 ,a pap] read at ! ,montreal ,meet+ ( ! ,briti% ,association4 ,by ,e4,d4 ,,leavitt1 ,,jr41 ,cambridgeport1 ,mass4 ,,m9e ,,pump+ ,,ma*9]y4 ,"o ( ! e>lie/ /eam eng9es1 ( any size1 introduc$ into ,am]ica1 0 erect$ ab\t ! ye> #agfc1 at ! ,s*uylkill copp] m9e1 situat$ ^u ! ,passaic ,riv]1 9 ,new ,j]sey4 ,all its pr9cipal p>ts 7 import$ f ,engl&2 & a ,mr4 ,hornbl[] 7! son1 x is believ$1 ( ! well kn[n eng9e] ( t "n7 came to ?is c\ntry = ! purpose ( putt+ up & runn+ ?is eng9e4 ,at ! "t :5 ! manufacture ( ! eng9es = ! ,philadelphia ,wat] ,works 0 comm5c$1 & z late z ! ye> #ahjc1 we f9d five eng9es1 9 addition to ! "o above m5tion$1 notic$ z be+ us$ 9 ?is c\ntry3 two at ! ,philadelphia ,wat] ,works2 "o j ab\t be+ />t$ at ! ,manhattan ,wat] ,works1 ,new ,york2 "o 9 ,bo/on2 & "o 9 ,roosevelt's sawmill1 ,new ,york2 also a small "o us$ by ,oliv] ,evans to gr9d pla/] ( ,p>is1 9 ,philadelphia4 ,?us1 at ! p]iod spok5 (1 out ( sev5 /eam eng9es kn[n to be 9 ,am]ica1 f\r 7 pump+ eng9es4 ,9 ! coal regions ( ,p5nsylvania1 a simple1 high pressure1 s+le act+ ,bull eng9e has be5 ext5sively adopt$2 ! dim5sions usually run f #cf in*es to #hj in*es 9 diamet]1 & a v common /roke is #aj feet4 ,at ! ,empire %aft1 9 ! ,s*uylkill coal region1 !re is a v f9e pair ( ^! eng9es1 ) #hj in* cyl9d]s1 work+ #bd in* pumps4 ,! /roke ( bo? /eam pi/ons & pumps is #aj feet4 ,^! ,bull eng9es are plac$ ei!r v]tically or on an incl9e1 z is mo/ conv5i5t = ! work+s4 ,! wat] valves are made ei!r d\ble1 triple1 or f\r beat1 accord+ z ! pumps are l>ge or small2 & ! beats are usually flat1 & fac$ ) lea!r4 ,_m flap-valves are also 9 use4 ,^! are frequ5tly arrang$ on conical seats1 & "w v well4 ,! ,bull eng9es1 f _! /r5g? & simplicity1 give v little tr\ble1 work+ ye> aft] ye> ) a/oni%+ fre$om f accid5t & slight co/ ( repair4 ,no attempt is made to economize fuel1 :i* consi/s ma9ly ( culm1 :i* w\ld o!rwise be wa/$4 ,( late1 direct act+ /eam pumps plac$ "u gr\nd h f\nd mu* favor ) m9e op]ators1 on acc\nt ( _! portability & small fir/ co/4 ,!y usually range 9 size f #h in* /eam & #e in* wat] cyl9d]s by #ab in* /roke to #hj in* /ream & #ad in* wat] cyl9d]s by #cf in* /roke4 ,great numb]s ( ^! pumps are 9 use all ov] ! ,unit$ ,/ates4 ,a pump+ eng9e t is rem>kable = its size & peculi>ities ( con/ruction is locat$ at ! ,lehigh z9c m9e1 at ,fri$5sburg1 ,pa4 ,x 0 design$ by ,mr4 ,john ,we/1 ! company's eng9e]1 & built by ,m]rick ,sons1 ( ! ,s\?w>k ,f\ndry1 ,philadelphia4 ,x is a beam & fly-:eel eng9e1 ! /eam cyl9d] be+ #aaj in*es 9 diamet]1 ) a /roke ( #aj feet4 ,!re are two beams on ! same ma9 c5t]1 f ! out] end ( :i* a d\ble l9e ( bucket & plung] pumps is op]at$4 ,! crank-%aft is und]nea? ! /eam cyl9d]2 & !re are two fly-:eels1 "o on ea* end ( said %aft1 ! crank-p9s be+ fa/ 9 ! hubs ( ! same4 ,!re are two connect+ rods1 :i* are atta*$ "o to ea* end ( an end beam p9 #bh in*es 9 diamet]4 ,! ma9 c5t] & crank %afts are also #bh in*es 9 diamet]2 ea* ( ! two plung] holes is #bd in*es by #cj in*es 9 section2 & all ! work+ p>ts are 9 proportion to ^? h]et(ore m5tion$4 ,p]haps no m9+ di/rict has ev] _h to cont5d aga9/ great] difficulties 9 pump+ ?an h fac$ ! eng9e]s ( ! celebrat$ ,com/ock lode1 ,virg9ia ,city1 ,nev4 ,! m9es are ( great dep?1 9 "s in/ances #c1cjj feet2 & ! wat] is hot1 ris+ to #afj degrees ,fahr4 ,! ma*9]y collect$ at ?is location is ( great v>iety & magnitude4 ,!re are _m ,davey eng9es1 bo? horizontal & v]tical4 ,! ,union & ,yell[ ,jacket %afts h comp\nd fly :eel eng9es ( v great p[]2 ! =m] hav+ a beam1 & ! latt] be+ horizontal1 ) cyl9d]s plac$ side by side1 & pi/ons connect$ to a massive cross-head1 f ! ends ( :i* connect+ rods lead to crank p9s locat$ 9 ! hubs ( ! fly-:eels1 :i* are ov]hung ^u ! ends ( ! ma9 %aft4 ,f ! c5t] ( ! cross head1 a l9k runs to ! ma9 pump-bob1 :i* op]ates a d\ble l9e ( #af in* pumps1 #aj foot /roke4 ,! /eam /roke is #ab feet4 ,dep? ( %aft1 #c1cjj feet4 ,! pump+ ma*9]y us$ 9 ! iron & copp] di/ricts ( ,mi*igan usually consi/s ( ,corni% plung] pumps1 :i* are op]at$ by ge>$ eng9es2 ! latt] mak+ f ?ree to sixte5 /rokes to "o ( ! pumps4 ,! l>ge/ plant ( ?is type yet erect$ is t ( ! ,calumet & ,hecla copp] m9e1 at ,calumet1 ,mi*4 ,!re are two l9es ( pumps1 v>y+ 9 diamet] f #g in*es to #ad in*es1 & ) an adju/able /roke v>y+ f #c feet to #i feet4 ,! object ( ! adju/able /roke is to dim9i% ! capacity ( ! pumps 9 ! dry season4 ,ea* l9e ( pumps is driv5 f a crank plac$ on a /eel spur-:eel %aft #ae in*es 9 diamet]1 mak+ t5 revolutions p] m9ute4 ,! mortise spur-:eels h a diamet] ( #bb feet at ! pit* l9e1 ) two r[s ( tee?1 ea* #ae in*es face4 ,! pit* is #d4gb in*es4 ,engag+ ) ! mortise :eels are p9ions ( gun iron #d feet #f in*es 9 diamet]1 plac$ on /eel %afts #ab in*es 9 diamet]1 & mak+ #ej revolutions p] m9ute4 ,! #ab in* p9ion %afts are driv5 ?r\gh mortise :eels #ab feet 9 diamet]1 & #bd in*es face1 by p9ions #c feet #i in*es diamet]1 :i* make #afj revolutions a m9ute4 ,! p9ion %afts are driv5 ?r\gh a wire rope transmission f an eng9e locat$ #ejj feet di/ant4 ,! rope :eels are #ae feet 9 diamet]1 & make #afj revolutions a m9ute4 ,! eng9e is #d1gjj horse p[]1 &1 9 addition to driv+ ! pump+ ma*9]y1 does ! hoi/+ & air compress+ = ! ,calumet m9e4 ,9 ! same build+ ) ! m9e pump ge>+ is a duplicate arrangem5t = op]at+ ! man eng9e4 ,9 ord] to op]ate ! m9e pumps & man eng9e = ! ,hecla m9e1 x 0 necess>y to use rock %afts1 :i* are made ( gun iron1 & holl[2 !y are #cb in*es 9 diamet] outside1 ) #d in*es ?ickness ( metal4 ,! pump rock %aft is #ci feet #d in*es long ov] all1 9 two sections1 & weighs #dj tons4 ,!re are rock]s plac$ on ea* end ( ?is %aft1 "o ( :i* is connect$ ) a crank on ! mortise :eel %aft1 & ! o!r ) ! surface rods t "w ! pump-bobs4 ,^! rods are ( ,norway p9e1 #ab in*es by #ab in*es 9 section1 & #a1jjj feet long4 ,!re are two bobs1 "o above ! o!r1 ) axes at "r angles1 ea* weigh+ ab\t #be tons4 ,! connection f ! upp] bob to ! l[] has hemisph]ical p9s & brasses to accommodate vibrations 9 "r angl$ planes4 ,! slope ( ! ma9 pump is #ci degrees1 & ! ma*9]y has be5 design$ to raise wat] f #d1jjj feet dep?4 ,! pumps are ( ! usual ,corni% plung] type1 ) flap valves4 ,!re is an auxili>y eng9e1 ( ! ,port]-,all5 type1 = driv+ ! pumps & man eng9es :5 ! ma9 eng9e is n work+4 ,x makes a #afj revolutions p] m9ute1 ! same z ! rope :eels ,! seem+ complication ( ! arrangem5t is due to ! fact t x _h to be adapt$ to exi/+ works1 = increas$ dep?s1 & put 9 )\t int]f]+ ) ! daily op]ation ( ! m9e4 ,! ,calumet ,hecla ,m9+ ,company has also an ext5sive pump+ plant at its /amp mills1 :i* are locat$ on ! %ore ( ,tor* ,lake1 ab\t f\r & a half miles f ! m9e4 ,!re are locat$ "h #c pump+ eng9es2 two ( :i* h a capacity ( #bj1jjj1jjj gallons a day1 & a ?ird #aj1jjj1jjj gallons a day4 ,! wat] is elevat$ betwe5 #ej & #fj feet1 & is us$ = treat+ ! /amp$ rock4 ,two ( ! eng9es are ( ! inv]t$ comp\nd beam & fly-:eel type2 & ! ?ird is a ge>$ pump1 :i* has a horizontal d\ble act+ plung]1 #cf in*es 9 diamet]1 by six foot /roke1 driv5 f ! crank ( a spur-:eel %aft4 ,! spur :eel is #ab feet diamet]1 #bd in*es face1 & conta9s #if tee?4 ,! p9ion engag+ ) x has #bg tee?1 & is fa/ on ! fly-:eel %aft ( a ,br[n horizontal eng9e1 hav+ a cyl9d] #ah in*es 9 diamet]1 & a /roke ( f\r feet4 ,! /eam pressure us$ is #aaj p\nds p] squ>e in*2 & ! eng9e has a ,buckley cond5s]4 ,! pump valves are annul>1 ( brass1 fac$ ) rubb]1 & close by brass spiral spiral spr+s4 ,_! ext]nal diamet] is six in*es1 & ! lift is conf9$ to in*4 ,!re are #ia suction & #ia deliv]y valves at ea* end ( ! pump4 ,! maximum spe$ ( ?is pump is tw5ty-six d\ble /rokes a m9ute4 ,! l>ge/ ( ! comp\nd eng9es is nam$ ,ont>io1 & has a v]tical l[ pressure cyl9d] #cf in*es 9 diamet]1 & an incl9$ high pressure cyl9d] #ag in*es 9 diamet]2 ! /roke ( bo? be+ five feet4 ,^! are inv]t$ ov] a beam1 or rock]2 & ! pi/ons are connect$ to opposite ends ( ! same4 ,! beam atta*m5t ( ! ma9 connect+ rod is made to a p9 locat$ above & midway betwe5 ! p9s = pi/on connections4 ,! ma9 c5t] ( ! beam & ! crank %aft h _! p$e/als 9 ! same horizontal plane4 ,! ?r[ ( ! crank is five feet4 ,!re are two diff]5tial plung] pumps1 hav+ upp] plung]s #bj in*es 9 diamet]1 & l[] plung]s #cc in*es 9 diamet]1 ) a /roke ( #e feet4 ,^! pumps are v]tical1 & plac$ b5ea? ! eng9e b$-plate1 to :i* !y are atta*$ by /rong brackets4 ,! pump "u ! l[ pressure cyl9d] is work$ directly f its cross-head by an ext5sion ( ! pi/on rod4 ,! o!r pump is work$ by a trunk connection f ! opposite end ( ! beam4 ,! radius ( ! beam is b fifty in*es1 b ! connections to x are made v long by l9ks4 ,! l[] plung]s "w ?r\gh sleeves 9 diaphragms locat$ 9 ! c5t] ( ! pumps4 ,9 ^! diaphragms1 ! op5+s = ! deliv]y valves are made4 ,^! valves are simil> 9 con/ruction to ^? previ\sly describ$ = ! horizontal plung] pump4 ,_! diamet]1 h[ev]1 is b #e in*es1 in/ead ( #f in*es1 & !re are #gb suction & #gb deliv]y valves = ea* pump4 ,x w readily be se5 t ! action ( ^! pumps is simil> to t ( ! bucket & plung]2 ea* pump hav+ "o suction & two deliv]ies = ea* revolution ( ! eng9e4 ,! ,ont>io is design$ to run at a maximum spe$ ( #cc revolutions a m9ute2 & ! s]vice requir$ ( x is to run regul>ly #add h\rs a week1 )\t a /op1 :i* is p]=m$ ) ! utmo/ regul>ity4 ,! diff]5tial pump 0 inv5t$ & pat5t$1 _m ye>s s9ce1 by a p>ty nam$ ,james ,ramsd51 9 ,p5nsylvania1 :o design$ x = an ord9>y h\se pump4 ,x 0 subsequ5tly re9v5t$ by ! writ]1 :o fir/ asc]ta9$ t he 0 n ! orig9al inv5tor ^u apply+ = a pat5t4 ,a pump ( ?is description 0 run at ! ,hecla m9e = sev]al ye>s1 at a spe$ ( #ejj feet a m9ute2 & its p]=mance 0 9 e way satisfactory4 ,,direct ,,act+ ,,/eam ,,pumps4 ,?is class ( ma*9]y des]ves a prom95t place1 z ! numb] 9 use va/ly exce$s ^? ( all o!r types comb9$4 ,! fir/ consid]ation w be giv5 to ! ,wor?+ton1 :i* is ! pione] ( its type1 hav+ be5 inv5t$ by ! late ,h5ry ,r4 ,wor?+ton1 & pat5t$ 9 #ahdd4 ,mr4 ,wor?+ton's fir/ pump 0 design$ = fe$+ boil]s4 ,8 fir/ wat] works eng9e 0 built = ! city ( ,savannah1 ,ga41 & erect$ 9 #ahed4 ,! second eng9e1 :i* 0 ! duplicate ( ! ,savannah eng9e1 0 erect$ at ! city ( ,cambridge1 ,mass41 9 ! ye> #ahef1 & 0 gu>ante$ to deliv] #cjj1jjj gallons 9 tw5ty-f\r h\rs to an altitude ( #ajj feet4 ,x _h a high pressure cyl9d] #ab in*es 9 diamet]1 plac$ )9 a l[ pressure cyl9d] #be in*es 9 diamet]2 ! l[ pressure pi/on be+ annul>4 ,! d\ble act+ wat] plung] 0 #ad in*es 9 diamet]1 & work$ directly f ! high pressure pi/on rod2 ! /roke ( pi/ons & plung] be+ #be in*es4 ,?is eng9e 0 te/$ 9 #ahfj1 ) ! result ( a duty equal to #gj1dfc1gej foot p\nds p] #ajj p\nds ( coal4 ,subsequ5tly1 a te/ made by ,mr4 ,fr$]ick ,graff1 ( ,philadelphia 7long prom95tly connect$ ) ! ,philadelphia ,wat] ,dep>tm5t71 & ! late ,era/us ,w4 ,smi?1 ( ,new ,york1 develop$ a duty ( #ga1bgh1dhf foot p\nds p] #ajj p\nds ( coal1 :i* long rema9$ ! be/ record 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates4 ,9 #ahfc1 ,mr4 ,wor?+ton br\ght out at ,*>le/on1 ,mass41 8 cr[n+ success1 ! duplex eng9e1 :i* fairly des]ves to be plac$ fir/ among ! hydraulic inv5tions ( ?is c5tury4 ,?is eng9e has s9ce be5 m ext5sively duplicat$ = wat] works purposes ?an any o!r1 ) ! possible exception ( ! ,corni%4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,improv$ ,,gun ,,pressure ,,gauge4 ,! foll[+ description ( ! con/ruction & mode ( action is by ,?omas ,%aw1 ,m4,e41 ,philadelphia1 ! inv5tor4 ,illu/ration3 ,,improv$ ,,gun ,,pressure ,,gauge4 ,fig4 #a repres5ts ! gauge secur$ to small ordnance1 ! gun %[n 9 cross section4 ,fig4 #b repres5ts face view ( ! gauge & indicator1 expos+ a v]tical section ?r\gh ! hydraulic portion ( ! gauge1 on l9e #c & #d ( ,fig4 #a4 ,! same pr9ciples ( r$uction ( high pressure are us$ 9 ?is gauge z 9 ,%aw's hydraulic gauge4 ,x w be obs]v$ t a solid /eel pi/on1 ,e1 9 ! cyl9d]1 ,a1 is provid$ ) a plung] on its "u side1 :i* comes 9 contact ) an ela/ic pack+1 ,d2 ! plung] may /& z #a to ,a #a1jjj1 or z #a to ,a #ajj1 9 po9t ( area ( expos$ surface1 z comp>$ ) ! l>ge pi/on head1 z desir$4 ,assum+ ! proportions to be #a to ,a #a1jjj1 ! #a1jjj lb4 pressure on ! plung] means only #a lb4 pressure 9 ! fluid *amb]1 above pi/on head1 ,e1 & ?is greatly r$uc$ pressure is n[ susceptible ( measurem5t by any ( ! ord9>y light pressure in/rum5ts = measur+ pressures4 ,all ! passage ways connect+ to dial gauge1 ,r1 ) ! fluid *amb] above pi/on1 ,e1 are fill$ solid ) fluid1 p]mitt+ no air spaces t c be avoid$4 ,! /eel plug1 ,l1 t =ms a passage way betwe5 ! fluid *amb] & ! dial gauge1 is provid$ on "o side ) a small screw hydraulic pump1 ) a res]voir supply ( fluid4 ,?is "p is %[n 9 longitud9al section2 ! /eel plung]1 ,i1 is firmly secur$ to :eel1 ,f1 ! long hub1 ,h1 ( :i* is provid$ ) a screw ?read on its inn] side1 :i* ?read screws ^u ! ext]ior ( pump b>rel1 ,k4 ,aft] fir/ fill+ ! int]ior ( ! pump b>rel ) fluid1 ! said hub is screw$ ^u ! pump b>rel1 caus+ ! plung]1 ,i1 to =ce ! fluid into ! fluid *amb] & passage way lead+ to ! dial gauge1 caus+ ! h& or po9t] to move to any pr$et]m9$ pressure on dial1 9 advance ( pressure appli$ 9 ! high pressure *amb] at ,d4 ,! purpose accompli%$ 9 ?is act is to give ! lea/ possible movem5t ( ! po9t] to record any maximum pressure1 z1 = example1 assum+ t #bj1jjj lb4 0 ! expect$ pressure f any "o explosive1 !n ! po9t]1 by ! means above describ$1 c be set at1 say1 #ah1jjj lb41 9 :i* ev5t ! po9t] is r$uc$ to ! m9imum movem5t ( only #b1jjj lb4 to regi/] #bj1jjj lb4 ,x w be evid5t t mu* great] accuracy ( measurem5t ( maximum pressures c be obta9$ by ! m9imum movem5t ( ! po9t]1 z bo? ! in]tia & ! mom5tum are r$uc$ to ! m9imum quantity4 ,! subsid5ce ( pressure result+ f explosives be+ ab\t z sudd5 z ! creation ( pressure1 causes ! po9t] to move too rapidly = correct ocul> obs]vation1 on :i* acc\nt a /atic electric curr5t is employ$1 caus+ a /ream ( electric sp>ks to %oot (f f ! end ( ! po9t]1 ,b1 to ! brass out] r+1 ,m4 ,! gauge is insulat$ = t purpose by glass plate1 ,s1 :i* is secur$ conc5trically to ! gauge prop] & ! r+1 ,m4 ,b9d+ po/s = ! electric wires are provid$ at ,o & ,p1 :i* wires are %[n 9 ,fig4 #b4 ,a spr+ clamp1 ,n1 ,fig4 #b1 enables ! ins]tion ( *emically prep>$ or o!r pap]1 :i* lies aga9/ ! inn] side ( brass rim1 ,m1 & held 9 place by ! clamp1 ,n4 ,! electric sp>ks above spok5 ( pi]ce ! /rip ( pap] ) small holes & color$ m>ks4 ,^! holes1 etc1 %[ ! exact limits to :i* ! po9t] has travel$ "u pressure1 & ?us an indelible record is kept by ! electrical indications %[n ^u ! /rip ( pap]4 ,! pap] c h ! pressures correspond+ to gauge pr9t$ ^u ! same1 :5 ! holes are made prom95t by hold+ ! pap] to ! light1 expos+ an exact indication ( ! pressures or explosives op]at$ )4 ,! gases result+ f ! explosives are injuri\s to ! gauge pack+s1 etc41 on :i* acc\nt ! bore 9 gun1 ,w1 & ! connect+ /eel plug1 ,b1 are fill$ ) fluid4 ,a screw plug1 ,u1 enables ! ins]tion ( ! fluid1 aft] fir/ pu%+ an ela/ic wad ( rubb]1 ,b1 or cork1 9 ! bore ne> ! inn] wall ( ! gun1 :i* wad w prev5t ! escape ( ! fluid to ! int]ior1 & be suffici5tly free to prev5t any int]f]5ce ) ! pressures4 ,! pat5tee & manufactur] ( ?is gauge is prep>$ to fill ord]s up to #ej1jjj lb4 p] squ>e in*4 ,?is gauge is made ( ! be/ /eel1 & is v compact1 ! weight be+ inside ( tw5ty-five p\nds4 ,! inv5tor has h]et(ore made m]cury column gauges = gunp[d] pressures1 :i* 7 too l>ge = direct atta*m5t to guns1 b 7 connect$ ) special p[d] *amb]s to te/ ! pressure1 etc41 ( conf9$ explosives4 ,! exp]i5ce ?us ga9$ enabl$ ! con/ruction ( ! in/rum5t "h %[n1 :i* is adapt$ to direct atta*m5t to ! gun1 mak+ x z easy n[ to measure gunp[d] pressures z x _h be51 h]et(ore1 to measure /eam pressures4 ,! effect ( ?is movem5t is to r$uce ! exagg]at$ /atem5t ( high pressures1 obta9$ f ord9>y sport+ p[d]s2 ^! h be5 accr$it$ ) pressures up to #dj1jjj lb4 p] squ>e in*1 b !y only really gave #bb1jjj lb4 by actual gauge measurem5t4 ,artill]i/s & ordnance (fic]s h1 9 ?is in/rum5t1 a true pulse ( ! int]nal pressures ( ! gun1 ( ine/imable value :5 det]m9+ ! quantity ( p[d] & ! prop] weight ( %ot4 ,^! are important matt]s 9 ordnance practice4 ,?is gauge is a compact ma*9e1 design$ to measure & indicate ! quick pressures result+ f gunp[d] explosives & ! sl[ pressures ( hydraulic =ce2 ! same me*anism us$ 9 bo? cases p]mits ! ready te/+ & exam9ation ( gauge "u hydraulic pressure1 to det]m9e its accuracy1 = ! m sudd5 pressure occasion$ by ! use ( gunp[d]4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,improv$ ,,plait+ ,,ma*9e4 ,! pr9cipal object ! inv5tors ( ! ma*9e we illu/rate h]e) _h 9 view 9 design+ x 0 to arrange a mode ( work+ ! grip motion positively1 s t ! clo? %all be receiv$ freely & )\t /ra9 or friction be=e or up to ! v in/ant at :i* ea* fold is complet$1 & %all !n be seiz$ & firmly held4 ,9 exi/+ ma*9es !re is n we believe1 any arrangem5t = ! accompli%m5t ( ?is purpose2 x is true1 ! table ^u :i* ! clo? is fold$ is reliev$ at ! t]m9ation ( ! /roke ( ! plait+ knife1 b ! upp] gripp] b>1 aga9/ :i* ! folds ( clo? are press$ ^u ! return ( ! table to its normal position1 is /ation>y1 be+ rigidly fix$ to ! sides ( ! ma*9e4 ,"o result ( ?is rigidity is t ! clo? has to be =cibly ?ru/ by ! plait+ knife "u ! upp] gripp] b>1 & 9 consequ5ce ( ! viol5ce involv$ ! fold j made at ! opposite end is dragg$ out f ! grip1 mak+ a %ort fold1 & fur!r1 9 ! case ( delicate f9i%es1 giv+ rise to damag$ goods4 ,ano!r result ( ?is arrangem5t1 :5 ! clo? is n press$ aga9/ ! upp] b>1 is t x returns ) ! return /roke ( ! plait+ knife1 ! grip n be+ made until ! knife is cle> ( ! upp] b>2 ?us ! plaits or folds are made ( irregul> l5g?4 ,illu/ration3 ,,improv$ ,,plait+ ,,ma*9e4 ,to rem$y ?is & to prev5t its occurr5ce1 ,messrs4 ,a4 ,edme/on & ,sons1 ,man*e/]1 9 ! plait+ ma*9es !y are n[ manufactur+ make ! upp] gripp] b> movable z well z ! table bel[4 ,ref]r+ to ! illu/ration1 ! upp] gripp] b>s1 ,a ,a1 are capable ( mov+ ab\t ! c5t] p9s1 ,b ,b1 & :5 ! ma*9e is work+ are op]at$ 9 ! foll[+ mann]3 ,^u ! %aft1 ,c1 :i* revolves 9 unison ) ! crank %aft work+ ! plait+ lev]s & knife1 are plac$ two cams1 ,d1 "o at ea* end1 inside ! ma9 frames4 ,^! cams engage ) & "w two escapem5t lev]s or pallets1 ,e ,e1 ^u :i* re/ ! feet ( f\r rods1 atta*$ "o end to ea* ( ! upp] gripp] b>s4 ,^u ^! f\r rods are helical spr+s ( suffici5t /r5g? to hold d[n1 by means ( ! gripp]s to :i* !y are connect$1 ! folds ( clo? t h j be5 made4 ,! cam1 ,d1 is s %ap$ t :5 ! advanc+ plait+ knife & clo? rea* ! front edge ( ! gripp] b>1 ! gripp] is rais$ f ! table to admit !m freely4 ,! in/ant ! end ( ! /roke is rea*$ ! an*or pallet or lev]1 ,e1 escapes f ! cam1 & ! gripp] b> is sudd5ly =c$ on to ! knife & clo? by ! spr+s be=e m5tion$1 securely reta9+ ! piece 9 its position4 ,simultane\sly ) ! fir/ ( ^! motions ! plait+ table itself is l[]$1 &1 :5 ! plait+ knife rea*es ! end ( its /roke1 is releas$ by means ( ! lev]s & *a9s1 ,f ,f1 :i* are 9 connection ) ! escapem5t pallets1 ,e1 & p>take ( _! e motion4 ,^! *a9s are s atta*$ t !y ex]t no ef=t ^u ! table until ! escapem5t lev] is mov$1 ?us p]mitt+ ! plait+ table to press upw>d aga9/ ei!r "o or bo? ( ! gripp] b>s ) ! full =ce imp>t$ to x by ! weights & lev]s1 ,g ,g4 ,! *a9s1 fur!rmore1 are also ?read$ ov] pulleys 9 su* a mann] t !y adju/ !mselves automatically to e position ( ! table & to ! diff]5t ?icknesses :i* ! fold$ clo? acquires4 ,x w be obvi\s f ?is description t 9 plait+ !re is no m /ra9 put ^u ! clo? 9 plac+ x "u ! grip ?an is necess>y to draw x ov] ! table f ! fe$ roll]s4 ,?is feature insures p]fect immunity f ! dragg+ out ( grip1 z already describ$1 & r5d]s ! ma*9e v useful = f9i%]s & mak]s-up1 z ! delicacy ) :i* ! clo? is h&l$ prev5ts any damage be+ done to ! f9i% ( ! lighte/ fabrics4 ,d\ble clo? c1 ( c\rse1 be plait$ by x equally well1 & ! precision & uni=mity ) :i* ! clo? is plait$ makes ! ma*9e ?or\ghly reliable z a clo? measur]4--,tex4 ,manfr4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,self-,,act+ ,,%uttle ,,gu>d4 ,illu/ration3 ,,self-,,act+ ,,%uttle ,,gu>d4 ,! annex$ illu/ration %[s ! ess5tial p>ts ( ,hahlo & ,liebrei*'s improvem5t1 ! loom be+ n[ at "w4 ,! h&rail1 %uttle race1 & />t+ h&le c be at once recogniz$1 & ! %uttle gu>d w be se5 9 its prop] position1 :i* position x rigidly reta9s z long z ! loom is work+1 b on a /oppage ! rod sw+s back close und]nea? ! h&rail1 & q cle> ( ! re$4 ,! mode 9 :i* ?is is accompli%$ we w endeavor to make cle>4 ,! gu>d is connect$ to ! />t+ lev] by ! arrangem5t %[n1 consi/+ ( a /ud on ! h&le1 on :i*1 ) ! movem5t ( ! slay1 lev]1 a1 slides4 ,?is lev]1 by means ( ano!r lev] & a l9k1 is atta*$ to ! %uttle gu>d by ! crank1 b1 :i*1 by means ( ! set screw 9 ! boss1 p]mits ! %uttle gu>d to be adju/$ 9 ! mo/ conv5i5t place4 ,x w be obs]v$ t :5ev] ! loom /ops work+1 :e!r x is /opp$ by h& or automatically1 ! h& lev] has to be mov$1 & ?is movem5t is communicat$ to ! %uttle gu>d by ! me*anism j describ$1 plac+ ! gu>d rod b5ea? ! h& rail1 & leav+ ! :ole ( ! %uttle race free & un5cumb]$4 ,! act ( />t+ ! loom br+s ! gu>d aga9 to ! work+ position )\t any extra act hav+ to be p]=m$ by ! weav]4 ,! action is entirely automatic1 & ! weav] has n any?+ to d t %e has n to d ) ! pres5t ungu>d$ looms4 ,! arrangem5t appe>$ to ourselves to be a v effici5t "o1 & x has ! m]it t ! l5g? ( ! gu>d c be made great] ?an ! wid? ( ! clo?1 a fur!r advantage t w be recogniz$ by practical weav]s4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,rul] ,,& ,,triangle ,,= ,,hat*+4 ,! in/rum5t %[n 9 ! cut is ! inv5tion ( ,mr4 ,mag9nis1 & is design$ = produc+ equidi/ant hat*+s4 ,x consi/s ( a %ort rul]1 ,a1 & a triangle1 ,b1 suppos$ to be "o ( #de1 b :i* may be ( any angle4 ,! triangle c>ries two /ops1 c c1 :ile ! rul] is provid$ ) a conical piece1 ,d1 :i* is slott$1 & is held by a screw4 ,! play t occurs betwe5 ?is conical slide & ! /ops v>ies accord+ to ! position ( ! =m]4 ,illu/ration3 ,,rul] ,,& ,,triangle ,,= ,,hat*+4 ,! app>atus op]ates z foll[s3 ,9 ! figure1 ! /op to ! "r be+ 9 contact ) ! piece1 ,d1 a l9e is drawn along ! "r side ( ! triangle4 ,!n ! rul] is made to slide along ! triangle until ,d t\*es ! o!r /op1 & !n ! triangle is slid along ! rul] until ! /op to ! "r t\*es ,d aga94 ,9 ?is position ano!r l9e is drawn1 & s on4 ,! position ( ! piece1 ,d1 betwe5 ! /ops is regulat$ accord+ to ! f95ess ( ! hat*+ to be done4--,*ronique ,indu/rielle4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,! ,,di/illation ,,( ,,sea ,,wat]4 ,! supply+ ( ! troops at ,suakim & 9 ! ,s\dan ) wat] is "o ( ! mo/ important items 9 ! :ole conduct ( ! ,egyptian w>4 ,ev5 9 cold or temp]ate latitudes fre% wat] is a fir/ necessity = animal life2 mu* m is ?is ! case 9 ! des]t2 & ! wells 9 ! c\ntry =m+ ! sc5e ( our milit>y op]ations =m 9 !mselves valuable /rategical po9ts4 ,_! supply1 h[ev]1 has to be supplem5t$1 & to d s artificial means & ! aid ( ! eng9e] h to be enli/$ into ?is s]vice4 ,_m ( our read]s see notices f "t to "t 9 ! newspap]s ab\t ?is or t %ip be+ employ$1 or at lea/ h] /eam fitt+s1 9 di/ill+ wat] = ! use ( ! troops2 & al?\gh mo/ (1 if n all1 our read]s are eng9e]s1 /ill x is no disp>agem5t to "s ( !m to assume t !y are m or less unfamili> ) sea wat] di/illation on ! scale on :i* ! process is n[ be+ c>ri$ on at ,suakim2 & z ! subject is ( g5]al int]e/1 we give a %ort description ( ! process4 ,9 a g5]al s5se1 fre% wat] is obta9$ f sea wat] by simply g5]at+ /eam f ! sea wat]1 pass+ ! said /eam ?r\gh a surface cond5s]1 & filt]+ ! result+ wat]4 ,! obta9+ ( fre% wat] 9 ?is way has be5 9 practice on bo>d sea-go+ %ips = _m ye>s4 ,x is suppos$ by "s au?orities on ?is subject t ! fir/ "t fre% wat] 0 ?us obta9$ at sea 0 by an old capta9 ( a brig :i* ran %ort ( wat]1 & he cut up "s pewt] di%es into /rips1 :i* he b5t & sold]$ into a pipe4 ,he1 ) ! c>p5t]'s aid1 fitt$ a wood5 lid 9 "o ( ! cook+ boil]s1 & fix$ "o end ( 8 pipe 9 x4 ,he next saw$ a wat] cask 9 half1 bor$ a hole 9 ! bottom ( "o half1 & took 8 pipe ?r\gh x1 fill+ ! space r\nd ! pipe ) sea wat]4 ,?us he extemporiz$ a worm & /ill or cond5s]4 ,! di/ill$ wat]1 h[ev]1 0 sc>cely dr9kable4 ,n to be beat51 h[ev]1 ! capta9 got "s pieces ( *>r$ wood :i* he put 9 ! wat]1 :i* s f> improv$ x z to r5d] x at all ev5ts fit to su/a9 life1 & our skipp] br\ght 8 brig & h] screw safely to port4 ,:at sugge/$ ! use ( *>coal to 8 m9d hi/ory does n tell4 ,= _m ye>s pa/ sc>ce any sea-go+ vessel leaves port t is n fitt$ ) a prop]ly con/ruct$ di/ill]2 & "o conspicu\s advantage att5d+ ?is practice is t ea* %ip ?us fitt$ to ! satisfaction ( ! ,bo>d ( ,trade inspector is all[$ to sail ) only half ! quantity ( fre% wat] on bo>d :i* %e %\ld h if n provid$ ) a di/ill]4 ,! di/ill] & filt] occupy v mu* less space ?an t :i* w\ld be occupi$ by ! casks or tanks ( wat] o!rwise requir$ to be c>ri$4 ,com+ n[ a little to detail1 sea wat] di/ill]s are usually fitt$ 9 connection ) ! w9* & its boil]1 :i* latt] supplies ! /eam bo? = di/illation & to drive ! eng9e work+ its circulat+ pump4 ,small] di/ill]s are work$ )\t a pump1 ! cool+ wat] m]ely pass+ ?r\gh by gravitation4 ,^! small] affairs aga9 are ( two k9ds1 ! "o be+ m\nt$ at "o end ( ! cook+ he>?1 z 9 outl9e sket*1 :i* %[s a two ov5 he>? ) di/ill] at "o end4 ,a is ! supply pipe to admit air to a]ate ! wat]2 ,b is ! cock :]e fre% wat] is drawn (f2 ,c is a pipe convey+ cool+ wat] to ! cond5s] ,e1 plac$ on ?ree little feet on top ( ! boil]1 ,f1 ^: /eam rises up a c5tral pipe to ! dome top1 :]e x exp&s out & returns d[nw>d ?r\gh a numb] ( tubes ab\t #a 94 diamet]1 9 :i* x is cond5s$1 collect$ 9 a bottom *amb]1 & drawn (f ?r\gh ! cock1 ,b4 ,a di/ill] ( ?is size w\ld make ab\t ?irty gallons ( fre% wat] p] day4 ,v frequ5tly a di/ill]1 su* z is %[n 9 ! sket*1 is m\nt$ sep>ately1 & plac$ ne> ! w9* or donkey boil]1 :i* supplies x ) /eam1 ! l[] "p1 ,f1 be+ !n us$ z a filt]4 ,! diamet] ( ,e is f #ae 94 to #ah 941 ! out] cas+ be+ ei!r iron or copp]4 ,ano!r =m ( di/ill] is "o l ! above1 b l>g]1 & hav+ a small donkey eng9e & circulat+ pump atta*$ !reto4 ,z a rule ^! di/ill]s are v]tical1 b l>g] app>atus are arrang$ horizontally4 ,to give our read]s "s g5]al idea ( size1 weight1 & produce ( wat]1 we may say t a pla9 cyl9drical di/ill]1 m\nt$ on a squ>e filt] case1 measur+ #c ft4 #i 94 high1 weigh+ #d cwt41 w di/ill twelve gallons p] h\r4 ,a l>g] size1 measur+ #f ft4 #b 94 high1 & weigh+ ab\t #bc cwt41 w give #he gallons2 :ile a /ill l>g] "o1 measur+ #g ft4 high & weigh+ #cb cwt41 yields #aej gallons4 ,^! h no pumps4 ,:5 an eng9e & pump are fitt$1 ! weight is increas$ f ab\t #hj p] c5t4 9 ! small] to #ej p] c5t4 9 ! l>g] sizes4 ,an imm5se advantage att5ds ! use ( ^? di/ill]s t are comb9$ ) a w9* boil]4 ,( c\rse1 ! *ief use ( ! w9* is :ile 9 dock2 "s use is made ( x at sea to d heavy pull+ & haul+1 to wa% decks1 & 9 case ( em]g5cy ! circulat+ pump is us$ z a fire eng9e4 ,7 x n1 h[ev]1 = ! di/ill]1 ! w9* boil] w\ld simply be idle lumb] at sea4 ,! di/ill]1 h[ev]1 f9ds useful employm5t = x1 & has also ?is excell5t effect1 t z /eam is pretty con/antly kept up = ! di/ill]1 9 ! evil ev5t ( a fire ! boil] is ready to "w at once4 ,9 horizontal types ( di/ill] an eng9e & pump are m\nt$ on a ca/ iron cas+ z a b$1 & 9 ?is cas+ is plac$ a numb] ( tubes ?r\gh :i* ! /eam passes to be cond5s$1 ! :ole be+ simply a surface cond5s] ) eng9e & pump above4 ,ano!r type is t ( a small s+le-flu$ horizontal boil] ) combu/ion *amb] & tw5ty or ?irty return tubes--9 fact1 ! pres5t high-pressure m>9e boil] on a small scale4 ,a boil] ( ?is sort1 measur+ #d ft4 to #e ft4 long1 #c ft4 #i 94 to #d ft4 #f 94 diamet]1 w\ld h a horizontal donkey eng9e on a b$ at its side1 & at ! end ( ! eng9e a v]tical cyl9drical cond5s]4 ,illu/ration ,few h done m1 p]haps none s mu*1 z ,dr4 ,norm&y to make sea wat] di/illation n only a success z a s\rce ( wat] supply1 b also to supply x at a m9imum co/ = fuel4 ,he by a peculi> arrangem5t ( pipes embodi$ some?+ ( ! reg5]ative sy/em 9 8 app>atus1 us+ ! heat tak5 f "o lot ( /eam to g5]ate m1 & aga9 ! heat f ?is he us$ ov] aga94 ,! defect ( 8 old] arrangem5ts 0 undue complexity & consequ5t tr\ble to keep 9 ord]4 ,z c be well imag9$1 ! di/ill]s 9 use at ,suakim are on a mu* m colossal scale1 & ow+ to ! n[ almo/ univ]sal use ( surface cond5s]s 9 ocean /eam]s1 no great difficulty ought to att5d ! adaptation ( ! boil]s & cond5s]s ( "o ( our transports4 ,"o ( ^! full-p[]$ /eam]s w indicate1 say1 #e1jjj horse-p[]1 & assum+ h] eng9es to use #be lb4 ( /eam p] indicat$ horse-p[]1 or #b gallons1 %e c\ld di/ill "s #ab1jjj gallons ( wat] p] h\r4 ,z no appreciable pressure ( /eam ne$ be ma9ta9$1 ! boil]s w\ld suff] little f deposit1 especially if regul>ly bl[n out4 ,h>d fir+ ne$ n be resort$ to2 inde$1 x w\ld be injudici\s1 z1 ( c\rse1 prim+ mu/ be c>efully gu>d$ aga9/4 ,( c\rse1 ! salt wat] di/ill$ w affect ! work+1 n exactly ( ! di/ill]s1 b ( ! boil]s4 ,if ! wat] 9 ! h>bor1 z is n improbable1 is muddy1 "s me?od ( filt]+ x be=e pump+ x into ! boil]s ought1 if at all practicable1 to be resort$ to1 = ! tw(old reason ( pres]v+ ! boil] plates f muddy deposit1 & also to prev5t prim+1 :i* w\ld c]ta9ly ensue f ! use ( muddy wat]4 ,no d\bt ! m$ical /aff take c>e t ! di/ill$ wat] is alike ?or\ghly a]at$ & effici5tly filt]$4 ,! mo/ successful me?od ( a]at+ is1 we believe1 to cause ! curr5t ( /eam z x ent]s ! cond5s] to suck 9 air by induc$ curr5t along ) x4 ,! filt]+ ought n to pres5t any difficulty1 z at all ev5ts s& en\gh c be _h4 ,*>coal1 h[ev]1 is ano!r affair1 & all di/ill$ wat] ought to be br\ght into contact ) ?is sub/ance4 ,simple1 h[ev]1 z su* an arrangem5t z ?is appe>s to be1 practical difficulties1 :i* x is said are insurm\ntable1 /& 9 ! way ( its adoption1 & ! di/ill$ wat] produc$ = ,egypt is made 9 special app>atus1 & v>i\s =ms ( cond5s] are employ$1 made "u v>i\s pat5ts4 ,! pr9ciple involv$ is1 h[ev]1 9 all cases ! same4 ,/eam is g5]at$ 9 "o ( ! %ips' boil]s1 & cond5s$1 filt]$1 & a]at$ 9 a special app>atus4 ,! great objection to ! use ( ! ord9>y surface cond5s] is t ! ma9 eng9es w\ld1 9 ! majority ( cases1 h to be kept go+1 9 ord] to pump ! di/ill$ wat] out ( ! cond5s]1 & to supply circulat+ wat]4 ,b x is easy to see t if eng9e]s ?\ght prop]1 ?is difficulty c\ld be readily got ov]4 ,sep>ate circulat+ pumps1 usually c5trifugal1 are n[ freely us$1 & ! addition ( a special pump = lift+ ! cond5s$ wat] pres5ts no difficulty :atev]4 ,:ile ! ma9 eng9es are runn+1 ! )drawal ( mu* cond5s$ wat] w\ld no d\bt risk ! safety ( ! boil]2 b 9 ! case ( s-call$ di/ill+ %ips1 !re ne$ be no tr\ble incurr$ on ?is score4--,! ,eng9e]4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,aids ,,to ,,correct ,,exposure ,,on ,,photographic ,,plates4 ,footnote3 ,we take f ! ,br4 ,j\r4 ( ,photo4 ! foll[+ int]e/+ pap] read by ,w4 ,goodw9 be=e ! ,glasg[ & ,we/ ( ,scotl& ,amateur ,association4 ,) good plates1 & intellig5t developm5t1 a practic$ photograph] may )9 c]ta9 limits correct ! effects ( an ov] or "u exposure2 b y h all1 d\btless1 f\nd out t !re is a correct exposure1 & t y _c trespass v f> on ei!r side ( x )\t sacrific+ some?+ 9 ! result+ negative4 ,,mr4 ,w4,k4 ,,burton',s ,,table ,,( ,,comp>ative ,,exposures ---------------------------------------- ------------------------------------ ,badly light$ ,portraits 9 bright int]iors1 diffus$ light ,ap]ture ------------ up out ( doors4 calculat$ ,l&scape ) ,fairly to _/ on ! heavy foliage 9 light$ _/ ,portraits 9 /&>d =egr\nd4 int]iors _/ /udio light sy/em ------------- ------ _/ ( ! ,sea ,op5 ,"u _/ ,portraits ,photographic & l&- trees1 9 ord9>y ,society4 sky4 scape4 up to room4 ---------------------------------------- ------------------------ sec sec sec m s m s h m sec m s m s ,no4 #a1 #a_/afj #a_/ej #a_/h #j #aj #j #aj #j #b #a_/f #j #a #j #d or f_/#d ---------------------------------------- ------------------------ ,no4 #b1 #a_/hj #a_/be #a_/d #j #bj #j #bj #j #d #a_/c #j #b #j #h or f_/#e4feg ---------------------------------------- ------------------------ ,no4 #d1 #a_/dj #a_/ab #a_/b #j #dj #j #dj #j #h #b_/c #j #d #j #af or f_/#h ---------------------------------------- ------------------------ ,no4 #h1 #a_/bj #a_/f #a #a #bj #a #bj #j #af #a-a_/c #j #h #j #cb or f_/#aa4cad ---------------------------------------- ------------------------ ,no4 #af1 #a_/aj #a_/c #b #b #dj #b #dj #j #cb #b-b_/c #j #af #a #d or f_/#af ---------------------------------------- ------------------------ ,no4 #cb1 #a_/e #b_/c #d #e #bj #e #bj #a #d #e-a_/c #j #cb #b #h or f_/#bb4fbg ---------------------------------------- ------------------------ ,no4 #fd1 #b_/e #a-a_/c #h #aj #dj #aj #dj #b #h #aj-a_/b #a #d #d #ae or f_/#cb ---------------------------------------- ------------------------ ,no4 #abh1 #d_/e #b-b_/c #af #ba #j #ba #j #d #ae #ba #b #h #h #cj or f_/#de4bee ---------------------------------------- ------------------------ ,no4 #bef1 #a-a_/b #e-a_/b #cb #db #j #db #j #h #cj #db #d #aeag #j or f_/#fd ---------------------------------------- ------------------------ ,! e/imation ( ?is correct exposure is probably ! greate/ difficulty 9 photography1 & x is p>ticul>ly disc\rag+ to f9d plate aft] plate useless because ! guess has be5 wide ( ! m>k4 ,!re are "s "h to-night :o h spoil$ s _m plates t at la/ !y are prep>$ by exp]i5ce = almo/ any cont+5cy1 & to ^? ,i nave v little to say2 b !re are also _m :o are /ill 9 _! tr\bles1 & ,i propose to tell !m h[ ! am\nt ( guesswork requir$ may be r$uc$ to a m9imum4 ,! factors :i* gov]n exposure are3 ! subject ( ! picture1 ! l5s & its ap]ture1 ! rapidity ( ! plate1 & la/1 b n by any means lea/1 ! quality ( ! light by :i* ! "w is to be done4 ,let u consid] ea* ( ^! sep>ately1 & see if we _c r$uce any ( !m to rule4 ,9 ?is respect ! subject w be f\nd some:at intractable4 ,sc>cely two subjects w be f\nd to s5d exactly ! same am\nt ( light ?r\gh ! l5s4 ,h[ev]1 a broad classification may be made1 & ?is has be5 done by ,mr4 ,burton 9 8 ,table ( ,comp>ative ,exposures4 ,a glance at ?is table w %[ h[ greatly ! "* ( ! view may influ5ce ! "t ( exposure4 ,?us1 ) full ap]ture ( a rapid symmetrical1 ! exposure = op5 l&scape is giv5 z "o-twelf? ( a second2 :5 heavy foliage appe>s 9 ! =egr\nd1 half a second w be requir$2 :ile1 "u trees1 z mu* z =ty seconds may be ne$$4 ,! fir/ aid ,i h to sugge/ is ! use ( su* a table z ,mr4 ,burton's4 ,be=e we d any?+ m 9 ?is direction1 we mu/ consid] ! influ5ce ( ! l5s & its diaphragms4 ,9 !ory ! s+le l&scape l5s is m rapid ?an ! d\blet ( equal ap]ture1 b ! diff]5ce is s little t x may be disreg>d$ 9 practice1 & my rem>ks w apply to bo?4 ,! rapidity ( a l5s dep5ds ma9ly on its ap]ture & its focal l5g?4 ,?us a l5s ( twelve in*es focus w require f\r times ! exposure ( a six in*1 ) an equal siz$ diaphragm1 & a qu>t] in* diaphragm w require f\r times ! exposure ( a half in* :5 us$ 9 ! same l5s4 ,! ,photographic ,society ( ,great ,brita9 h recomm5d$ t ! diaphragms ( all l5ses %\ld be> su* relation to ! focal l5g? t ea* %\ld require exactly d\ble ! exposure ( ! next small]4 ,n[1 if we turn aga9 to ,mr4 ,burton's table1 we %all f9d t x is con/ruct$ on ?is pr9ciple1 & t ea* /op is numb]$ s z to %[ its exposure4 ,obvi\sly1 ! mo/ s5sible ?+ w\ld be to get a set ( /ops made to correspond ) ?is arrangem5t1 b we w see h[ we c con/ruct a table = /ops ( any size4 ,fir/1 if possible1 f9d ! equival5t focus ( y\r l5s4 ,if x is made by a kn[n mak]1 y w f9d x 9 8 price li/1 & if n1 y may calculate x = y\rself by ! rules giv5 9 ! v>i\s text books1 provid$ y h a cam]a ( pretty long focus4 ,h[ev]1 x w be ne> en\gh = our purpose if y get a %>p image ( ! sun on a piece ( pap]1 & :ile y hold l5s & pap]1 get "s "o to measure ! di/ance f ! pap] to ! diaphragm ap]ture1 or1 9 ! case ( a s+le l5s1 to ! c5t] ( ! l5s4 ,note d[n ?is focal l5g?1 & proce$ to measure y\r diaphragms 9 sixte5?s ( an in*4 ,!n1 ) p5 & pap]1 proce$ to divide ! diamet] ( ea* /op into ! focus1 & /ate ! result z a fraction ( ! focus1 ?us f_/#h4 ,= example1 a ,ross half plate rapid symmetrical has a focal l5g? ( #g 942 = conv5i5ce r$uce ?is to sixte5?s#abj4 ,a diaphragm measur+ sev5 sixte5?s w give ! fraction f_/#ag4 ,n[ let u see if any ( ^! /ops correspond ) ,mr4 ,burton's4 ,! fir/ two 9 8 table w only be f\nd 9 portrait l5ses1 b we %all probably f9d "o to correspond ) ! ?ird1 if we are us+ a d\blet l5s2 ) a s+le l5s we won't f9d any s l>ge4 ,hav+ pick$ out ^? t correspond1 & fill$ 9 ! exposure = !m1 we h n[ to deal ) ! odd sizes4 ,"h is "o1 f_/#bg1 :i* is j half way betwe5 ,no4 #af & ,no4 #cb1 b a mom5t's ?\ght w %[ t z ! exposure increases z ! squ>e ( ! diamet]1 x won't d to take ! exposure half way betwe5 ! two4 ,we h ano!r factor to consid] n[3 t is1 ! rapidity ( ! plate4 ,if y use plates by a mak] :o has a "n to su/a91 y may be pretty confid5t t !y are ( fairly uni=m rapidity1 s aft] y h got into ! way ( work+ any p>ticul> br&1 ! be/ ?+ y c d is to /ick to x4 ,! exposures 9 our table are = plates ( m$ium rapidity 9 good spr+ light4 ,9 my own exp]i5ce ,i f9d t !y j suit ?irty times plates1 or fifte5 on ! s5sitomet]2 b !n ,i l a full exposure ) sl[ developm5t1 & ,i "k t o!rs f9d ^! exposures j "r = tw5ty times plates develop$ 9 ! usual way4 ,! mo/ rapid plates 9 ! m>ket w n be ov]done ) half ! giv5 exposures4 ,x mu/ always be borne 9 m9d t an error ( a fraction ( a second 9 ei!r direction may be correct$ 9 developm5t1 & x is impossible to make a v s]i\s error if y ref] to ! table4 ,we come n[ to ! light4 ,if y dep5d on ! eye entirely 9 judg+ ! quality ( ! light1 x w sometimes play y tricks4 ,! rays :i* are mo/ active on ! plates are ^? :i* h ! lea/ effect on ! eye4 ,we c1 h[ev]1 by *emical means arrive at an exact e/imate ( ! active p[]1 & = ?is purpose an act9omet] is us$4 ,?is is simply an arrangem5t :]eby a piece ( s5sitiz$ pap] is expos$ & all[$ to d>k5 to a /&>d t9t1 & by ! "t x takes to rea* t t9t ! value ( ! light is judg$4 ,capt4 ,abney has1 h[ev]1 po9t$ out t ord9>y s5sitiz$ pap] is n suitable = bromide plates1 s9ce !re are conditions ( light 9 :i* ! plates w be fairly rapid :ile ! pap] w be v sl[4 ,he gives a =mula = a bromide pap]1 :i* is treat$ ) tann9 9 ord] to absorb ! brom9e set free dur+ exposure1 o!rwise ! d>k5+ w\ld be v slight4 ,i us$ ?is pap] = a :ile1 b f\nd x r sl[4 ,! tann9 also turn$ br[n on keep+ = a week or s4 ,i !n made "s m1 sub/itut+ = tann9 potassium nitrite 7n nitrate71 :i* is colorless4 ,?is 0 an improvem5t1 b /ill x 0 j sl[ en\gh4 ,h[ev]1 notic+ 9 ,capt4 ,abney's article ! /atem5t t ! bromide ( silv] %\ld be z ne>ly z possible 9 ! same /ate 9 ! pap] z 9 ! plate1 ,i ?\ght ,:y n ,morgan's pap]8 ,?is1 ( c\rse1 is j bromide emulsion on pap]1 & if1 z ,i suspect f its color1 x conta9s a trace ( iodide1 :y1 s d mo/ comm]cial plates4 ,a %eet ( ?is pap] cut into /rips1 soak$ = t5 m9utes 9 a fifte5-gra9 solution ( potassium nitrite1 & dri$1 gives a s5sitive pap] :i* d>k5s ) great rapidity to a good deep t9t1 & keeps indef9itely4 ,"h is "s prep>$ la/ summ]1 :i* is /ill q good4 ,to use ?is pap] make a little box s t a little roll ( x c be /or$ 9 "o end1 & drawn =w>d z requir$ b5ea? a piece ( glass4 ,be>+ 9 m9d t y\r table ( exposures is calculat$ = ! be/ spr+ light1 g to ! c\ntry "s bright day next mon? ) note-book1 act9omet]1 & ! necess>y appliances = expos+ a few plates4 ,select1 say1 an op5 l&scape1 & use y\r smalle/ /op4 ,:5 all ready to expose1 get out y\r act9omet] & expose x to ! reflect$ light ( ! sky = t5 seconds 7if ! sun is %9+1 turn y\r back to x1 & keep ! act9omet] 9 y\r own %ad[72 !n put x 9 y\r pocket1 expose a plate accord+ to y\r table1 & 9 case ! light or plate %\ld n be j 9 accordance ) ! conditions "u :i* ! table 0 prep>$1 expose o!r two plates1 "o a little less & "o a little m ?an t fir/ expos$4 ,!n note d[n ev]y?+ y h done--k9d ( view1 /op1 spe$ ( plate1 exposure ( ea* plate1 & l5g? ( exposure ( act9omet]4 ,:5 y get home1 ! fir/ ?+ to d is to get hold ( a pa9t box & pa9t ! und]side ( ! glass ( y\r act9omet] to mat* ! d>k5$ pap]4 ,d ?is by gas light4 ,!n scrape away a little ( ! pa9t1 s z to let a /rip ( ! pap] be se5 bel[ x4 ,aft] ?is develop y\r ?ree plates ) a develop] ( normal /r5g?1 & see :i* is be/4 ,if y h *os5 a really bright spr+ day1 & are us+ plates ( m$ium rapidity1 y w mo/ likely f9d t expos$ accord+ to ! table j ab\t "r4 ,n[ let u see h[ we c use ^! aids 9 our field "w4 ,we h asc]ta9$ ! correct exposure ) a giv5 /op on "o class ( view1 ) light ( a giv5 quality1 b n[ suppose all ^! conditions alt]$4 ,let ! view h heavy foliage com+ close up to ! cam]a1 ! /op be a size l>g] ?an t us$ 9 our fir/ exp]im5t1 & ! day r dull4 ,! table tells u :at ! exposure w\ld be ) ?is /op on ?is view1 on a bright day2 & if ! act9omet] take tw5ty seconds to rea* ! pa9t$ t9t1 !n we mu/ d\ble ! exposure giv5 9 ! table4 ,y may sometimes f9d t ! act9omet] indicates a v diff]5t exposure f :at ! eye w\ld lead y to expect4 ,= in/ance1 "o day la/ ,septemb] ,i w5t to ,bo?well ,ca/le1 to get a picture ,i knew ( 9 ! gr\nds4 ,x 0 "o ( ^? /range yell[ days we _h !n1 & ! sun1 ?\gh %9+ ) all 8 might1 0 app>5tly %9+ ?r\gh orange glass4 ,! act9omet] indicat$ an exposure ( ?irty seconds :]e 9 good light "o w\ld be "r4 ,i 0 r incr$ul\s4 ,?irty seconds 9 broad sun%9e6 ,h[ev]1 ,i gave ?is exposure1 b = my own satisfaction ,i gave ano!r plate fifte5 seconds only4 ,on develop+1 ! latt] 0 hopelessly und]expos$ :ile t hav+ ?irty seconds gave a negative :i* furni%$ "o ( my exhibition pictures4 ,i h %[n y h[ to r$uce ! quality ( ! light to a c]ta9ty1 also h[ to r$uce to rule ! exposure ) diff]5t l5ses & /ops on c]ta9 classes ( subjects1 & x rema9s ) y only to guess correctly to :at class ! view y wi% to take belongs2 ,i c assure y f my own exp]i5ce t !re is en\gh unc]ta9ty ab\t t po9t to prev5t good negatives ev] becom+ monoton\s4 ,! only aid ,i c sugge/ 9 ?is case is ! cont9ual use ( a note-book4 ,note e plate y expose1 & :5 y h a failure be c>eful to record ! fact1 & y w gradually f9d ^! accumulat$ notes becom+ a great help 9 cases ( d\bt4 ,"o h9t ,i c give to beg9n]s is t a great numb] ( ! pictures to be met ) 9 ?is "p ( ! c\ntry are int]m$iate betwe5 ,op5 ,l&scape & ,l&scape ) heavy foliage 9 =egr\nd2 & x is sc>cely ne$ful to say t if y are 9 d\bt1 let ! exposure be r too mu* ?an too little2 y may make a negative ( an ov]expos$ plate1 b nev] ( an und]expos$ "o4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,iso*romatic ,,photography4 ,footnote3 ,read at ! /at$ meet+ ( ! ,frankl9 ,in/itute1 ,m>* #ah1 #ahhe4 ,by ,,fr$4 ,e4 ,,ives4 ,x is well kn[n t ! ord9>y photographic processes d n reproduce colors 9 ! true proportion ( _! brightness4 ,violet & blue photograph too light2 gre51 yell[1 orange & r$1 too d>k4 ,= a long "t x 0 believ$ to be impossible to rem$y ?is defect2 & ev5 :5 x became kn[n t bromide ( silv] c\ld be made m s5sitive to yell[ & r$ by /a9+ x ) c]ta9 dyes1 ! subject receiv$ v little att5tion1 because x 0 also kn[n t ! increase ( s5sitiv5ess 0 too slight to be ( practical value 9 comm]cial photography4 ,dr4 ,h4,w4 ,vogel1 :o 0 "o ( ! fir/1 ?\gh n ! fir/1 to devote att5tion to ?is subject1 ann\nc$1 9 #ahgc1 t he _h succe$$ 9 mak+ a yell[ object photograph light] ?an a blue or violet "o1 by us+ a silv]-bromide plate /a9$ ) coral9e1 & expos$ ?r\gh a yell[ glass4 ,! plate %[$ no increas$ s5sitiv5ess to r$1 & ! exp]im5t1 al?\gh ( consid]able sci5tific int]e/1 did n indicate a practically useful process4 ,9 ! spr+ ( #ahgh ,i became int]e/$ 9 ?is subject1 & tri$ to discov] a me?od ( produc+ plates :i* %\ld be s5sitive to all colors1 & capable ( reproduc+ !m 9 ! true proportion ( _! brightness4 ,i comm5c$ by try+ ne>ly all ! color s5sitiz]s :i* _h already be5 sugge/$1 9 ord] to le>n :i* 0 ! be/1 & !n1 if possible1 :y x 0 ! be/1 z a guide to fur!r rese>*4 ,*lorophyl 0 ! only ?+ ,i tri$ :i* 0 suffici5tly s5sitive to r$ to (f] any enc\ragem5t 9 t direction2 b ! solution :i* ,i obta9$ 0 weak & un/able1 & f> f be+ a satisfactory color s5sitiz]4 ,hop+ to obta9 a bett] solution ) :i* to cont9ue my exp]im5ts1 ,i made extracts f _m k9ds ( leaves1 & f\nd t a solution f blue myrtle leaves look$ bett] & kept bett] ?an any o!r1 & :5 x 0 appli$ to ! silv]-bromide plates !y became rem>kably s5sitive1 n only to all %ades ( r$1 b also to orange1 yell[1 & gre54 ,by plac+ 9 front ( ! l5s a color-scre5 consi/+ ( a small glass tank conta9+ a weak solution ( bi*romate ( pota%1 to cut (f "p ( ! blue & violet light1 ,i obta9$1 ) ^! *lorophyl plates1 ! fir/ photographs 9 :i* all colors 7 reproduc$ 9 ! true proportions ( _! brightness4 ,b my *ief desire at t "t 0 to realize a me?od ( produc+ f any object 9 colors a set ( ?ree negatives1 9 "o ( :i* ! %ad[s %\ld repres5t ! blue ( ! orig9al1 9 ano!r ! yell[1 & 9 ano!r ! r$1 9 su* a mann] t transp>5t pigm5t pr9ts f ^! negatives--blue1 yell[1 & r$--w\ld1 :5 sup]impos$ on a :ite surface1 repres5t n only ! lights & %ad[s1 b also ! colors ( ! object4 ,?is _h already be5 attempt$ by o!rs1 :o fail$ because _! plates 7 n suffici5tly s5sitive to r$ & yell[4 ,hav+ succe$$ p]fectly 9 my und]tak+s1 ,i publi%$ my discov]y 9 #ahgi1a expla9+ h[ to prep>e & use ! *lorophyl plates1 9 connection ) ! yell[ scre51 = ! purpose ( secur+ correct photographs ( color$ objects4#b ,footnote #a3 ,philadelphia ,photograph]1 ,decemb]1 #ahgi1 p4 #cfe4 ,footnote #b3 ,i int5d$ ?is publication to be a v full & explicit "o1 & x 0 suffici5tly s to be p]fectly und]/ood by mo/ :o saw x2 b "s may ?9k ,i did n suffici5tly emphasize ! importance ( us+ ! p>ticul> k9d ( *lorophyl :i* ,i m5tion$4 ,9 a brief communication to ! editor ( ! ,photo4 ,news1 9 #ahhc1 ,i describ$ "s exp]im5ts ) eos9e z a color s5sitiz]1 & !n call$ att5tion to ! sup]iority ( blue-myrtle *lorophyl = ?is purpose1 /at+ t ,i _h n be5 able to secure su* results ) any o!r k9d ( *lorophyl1 & t a fre% solution f fre% leaves mu/ be us$ to secure ! greate/ possible degree ( s5sitiv5ess4 ,see ,photo4 ,news1 ,nov4 #ahhc1 p4 #gdg4 ,s f> z ,i "k1 nobody tri$ ! process4 ,ne>ly five ye>s lat] ,dr4 ,vogel ann\nc$ t1 aft] elev5 ye>s ( inve/igation1 he _h at la/ realiz$ a successful process ( ?is "*1 & t ?is new process ( 8 0 ! solution ( a problem t _h long be5 encompass$ ) difficulty4 ,?is publication attract$ a great deal ( att5tion1 & gave me occasion to aga9 call att5tion to my process1#c & po9t out t x 0 n only ! fir/ practical solution ( ?is problem1 b ! only truly iso*romatic process ev] discov]$4 ,dr4 ,vogel's new process 0 n only no bett] 9 any respect1 b ! plates 7 ins5sitive to sc>let & ruby-r$1 & !re=e w\ld n photograph all colors 9 ! true proportion ( _! brightness4 ,footnote #c3 ,photo4 ,news1 ,london1 ,septemb] #e1 #ahhd1 p4 #eff1 & ,ye> ,book ( ,photography = #ahhe1 p4 #aaa4 ,my me?od consi/s 9 treat+ ord9>y collodio-bromide emulsion plates ) blue myrtle *lorophyl solution1 expos+ !m ?r\gh ! yell[ scre51 & !n develop+ !m 9 ! usual mann]4 ,! emulsion :i* ,i h employ$ is made ) an excess ( nitrate ( silv]1 :i* is aft]w>d neutraliz$ by ! addition ( *loride ( cobalt2 x is kn[n z ,newton's emulsion4 ,i n[ prep>e ! *lorophyl f fre% blue myrtle leaves1 by cutt+ !m up f9e1 cov]+ ) pure alcohol1 & heat+ mod]ately hot2 ! leaves are left 9 ! solution1 & "s z9c p[d] is add$1 :i* helps to keep ! *lorophyl f spoil+4 ,i h a bottle ( ?is solution :i* 0 prep>$ ab\t six mon?s ago1 & n[ appe>s to be z good z :5 fir/ made4#d ,a glass plate is fl[$ ) ! emulsion1 & z soon z x has set1 ! *lorophyl solution is appli$ = a few seconds1 aft] :i* ! plate is wa%$ 9 pure wat] until smoo?1 :5 x is ready = exposure4 ,footnote #d3 ,i orig9ally recomm5d$ *lorophyl extract$ f dri$ leaves1 because ,i _h n yet le>n$ h[ to pres]ve ! solution = m ?an a few weeks2 & at "s seasons x w\ld be difficult1 if n impossible1 to obta9 fre% leaves4 ,! tea organifi] :i* ,i recomm5d$ is also a color s5sitiz]1 & :5 x is us$ 9 connection ) ! *lorophyl f dri$ leaves ! plates are z s5sitive to r$ z c be safely prep>$ & develop$ 9 ! light ( an ord9>y photographic d>k-room4 ,plates prep>$ ) *lorophyl f fre% leaves d n require treatm5t ) ! tea organifi] to secure ?is degree ( s5sitiv5ess4 ,rec5tly ,i h us$ ! tea organifi] & "s o!r s5sitiz]s1 9 connection ) ! solution f fre% myrtle-leaves1 & 9 ?is way h produc$ plates hav+ su* an exalt$ color s5sitiv5ess z to be unmanageable 9 ord9>y d>k-room light4 ,possibly1 su* plates might be prep>$ & develop$ 9 total d>kness1 by ! aid ( suitable me*anical contrivances1 b ,i am n sure t !y w\ld "w cle> ev5 !n1 because !y appe> to be s5sitive to heat z well z to light4 ,my color-scre5 consi/s ( a small plate-glass tank1 hav+ a space ( #c_/af ( ( an in* betwe5 ! glass1 fill$ ) a solution ( bi*romate ( pota% ab\t "o gra9 /rong4 ,i place ! tank 9 front ( ! l5s1 9 contact ) ! l5s-m\nt4 ,! advantage ( ?is tank & solution is t x c be m easily obta9$ ?an yell[ plate glass1 & ! color c be adju/$ to meet any requirem5t4 ,! plates require ab\t ?ree times z mu* exposure ?r\gh ! yell[ scre5 z )\t x1 & may be develop$ ) ! ord9>y alkal9e pyro-develop]4 ,illu/ration3 ,,ives' ,,process ,,( ,,iso*romatic ,,photography4 ,9 ord] to illu/rate ! value ( ?is process1 ,i made two photographs ( a highly-color$ *romo-li?ograph1 repres5t+ a lady ) a bright sc>let hat & purple fea!r1 a yell[-br[n cape & a d>k-blue dress4 ,"o1 by ! ord9>y process1 repres5ts ! blue z light] ?an ! yell[-br[n1 ! bright sc>let hat z black1 & ! purple fea!r z ne>ly :ite4 ,! o!r1 by ! *lorophyl process1 reproduces all colors 9 ne>ly ! true proportion ( _! brightness1 b ) a slight exagg]ation ( contra/ produc$ purposely by us+ a too-/rong color solution 9 ! small tank4 ,i also made two l&scape photographs1 "o by ! ord9>y process1 & ! o!r by ! *lorophyl process1 expos+ !m simultane\sly4 ,9 ! ord9>y photograph1 di/ant hills are lo/ ?r\gh ov]exposure1 yet ! =egr\nd seems und]expos$1 & yell[ /raw-/acks & bright autumn leaves appe> black4 ,9 ! *lorophyl photograph1 ! di/ant hills are n ov]expos$1 nor is ! =egr\nd und]expos$2 ! yell[ /raw-/acks appe> ne>ly :ite1 & bright autumn leaves contra/ /rongly ) ! d>k gre5 ab\t !m4 ,to te/ ! relative color-s5sitiv5ess ( pla9 emulsion plates1 plates /a9$ ) eos9e1 & plates /a9$ ) ! blue-myrtle *lorophyl1 ,i expos$ "o ( ea* k9d ?r\gh ! same yell[ scre51 giv+ ea* five m9utes exposure1 on ! same piece ( copy1 :i* 0 ! *romo-li?ograph already describ$4 ,! pla9 emulsion plate %[$ only ! high lights ( ! picture1 aft] prolong$ developm5t4 ,! eos9e plate 0 und]expos$1 b br\ght up ev]y?+ fairly well except ! sc>let hat1 :i* came up l black4 ,! *lorophyl plate 0 ov]expos$1 br\ght out all colors bett] ?an ! eos9e plate1 & gave full value to ! bright sc>let ( ! hat1 ! detail 9 :i* 0 beautifully r5d]$4 ,dr4 ,vogel advanc$ ! !ory t silv]-bromide is ins5sitive to yell[ & r$1 because x reflects or transmits ^? colors2 & t x becomes s5sitive :5 /a9$1 because ( ! optical prop]ties ( ! dyes4 ,he aft]w>d admitt$ t only su* dyes z are capable ( ent]+ into *emical comb9ation ) ! silv]-bromide prov$ capable ( increas+ its s5sitiv5ess to color1 b he held to ! !ory t ! optical prop]ties ( ! comp\nd 7 ! cause ( its color-s5sitiv5ess4 ,i h %[n t ! color-s5sitiv5ess c be produc$ by treatm5t ) an organic comp\nd :i* has none ( ! optical prop]ties *>act]i/ic ( dyes2 & t *lorophyl1 :i* absorbs only r$ light1 greatly increases ! s5sitiv5ess also to yell[ & gre54 ,!re is1 !re=e1 good reason to d\bt if ! color-s5sitiv5ess is ev] due to ! optical prop]ties ( ! dye or comb9ation4 ,attempts h be5 made to produce iso*romatic gelat9e dry plates :i*1 :ile _m times m s5sitive to :ite light ?an my *lorophyl plates1 %all also %[ ! same relative color-s5sitiv5ess4 ,su* plates w\ld be v valuable b = "o fact3 x w\ld be necess>y to prep>e & develop !m 9 almo/ total d>kness4 ,gelat9e bromide dry plates extremely s5sitive to yell[1 b comp>atively ins5sitive to r$1 might be us$ to advantage 9 portrait & in/antane\s photography1 because !y c\ld be safely prep>$ & develop$ 9 r$ light2 b :5 truly iso*romatic photographs are requir$1 ! "t ( exposure mu/ be regulat$ to suit ! degree ( s5sitiv5ess to r$1 :i* _c safely be made great] ?an ,i h realiz$ ) my *lorophyl process4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,di/ortion ,,f ,,expansion ,,( ,,! ,,pap] ,,9 ,,photography4 ,! effect ( ! unequal expansion ( pap]1 :5 wett$1 9 caus+ di/ortion ( ! photographic image impress$ ^u x1 has1 9 ! case ( ord9>y photographs ^u album5iz$ pap]1 be5 well recogniz$2 b ! ext5t to :i* su* di/ortion may exi/ "u diff]5t treatm5t is wor?y ( "s special consid]ation1 p>ticul>ly ) ref]5ce to ! me?od ( pr9t+ ^u gelat9iz$ pap]1 :i* has be5 ?\ght by "s likely to sup]s$e ! me?od n[ usually employ$ ) album5iz$ pap]4 ,:5 a pr9t ^u ! ord9>y photographic 7album57 pap] is wett$1 ! fib] exp&s m 9 "o direction ?an 9 ! o!r1 s t ! pr9t becomes unequally enl>g$1 v slightly 9 "o & mu* m s 9 ! o!r way ( ! pap]4 ,:5 ! pap] is dri$ )\t any /ra9 be+ put ^u x1 ! fib]s rega9 v ne>ly _! orig9al dim5sions & position1 s t ! di/ortion :i* has exi/$ 9 ! wet condition ne>ly disappe>s4 ,if ! photograph is cem5t$1 :ile 9 ! exp&$ condition1 ^u a rigid surface1 ! di/ortion !n exi/+ is fix$1 & r5d]$ p]man5t4 ,su* a cem5tation or me?od ( m\nt+ is t :i* has be5 g5]ally adopt$1 & ! consequ5ce has be5 t e n[ & !n compla9ts h ju/ly be5 made ( ! untru?fulness--ow+ to ?is p>ticul> di/ortion--( photographs2 productions ^: *ief m]it has (t5 be5 ass]t$ to consi/ 9 _! absolute tru?fulness4 ,?is di/ortion is v manife/ :51 9 a set ( portraits1 "s ( ! pr9ts happ5 to h be5 made 9 "o direction ( ! pap]1 & o!rs ) ! long gra9 ! o!r way4 ,i h kn[n a case :]e a pro( happ5$ to increase ! face 9 wid?1 & all ! o!r pr9ts increas$ x 9 l5g?4 ,( c\rse1 nei!r 0 correct1 b ! pro( _h be5 accept$ & lik$1 & ! rema9d] ( ! set _h to be repr9t$ ) ! gra9 ( ! pap] runn+ 9 ! same direction z t 9 ! fir/ "o :i* _h be5 suppli$4 ,ano!r evil aris+ f m\nt+ pr9ts :ile exp&$ ) moi/ure is1 t 9 dry+ ! contraction ( ! pap] pulls r\nd ! c>d into a curv$ =m & al?\gh by roll+ ?is curvature may be tempor>ily got rid (1 ! fib] ( ! pap] is 9 a /ra9$ condition1 & ! b5t /ate ( ! m\nt is1 soon] or lat]1 r5ew$ !reby4 ,to rem$y ^! evils x has be5 propos$ to m\nt ! pr9t :5 dry1 by =cible pressure aga9/ a slightly damp$ c>d1 ! back ( ! pr9t hav+ be5 previ\sly coat$ ) a cem5t & dri$4 ,?is plan is1 to a great ext5t1 successful2 b t x does n give absolute immunity f di/ortion is1 ,i ?9k1 evid5t f ! foll[+ consid]ation4 ,! pr9ts1 aft] be+ m\nt$ a few days1 w %[ a c]ta9 t5d5cy to curl inw>d4 ,?is curl+1 ,i take x1 is a measure ( ! /ra9 ^u ! pr9t1 produc$ by ! m complete return to its orig9al dim5sions ( ! pap] photograph4 ,probably x w\ld be well to keep ! pr9ts a few days aft] dry+1 or to subject !m to alt]nations ( damp & dryness1 9 ord] to facilitate ?is complete return be=e be+ plac$ ^u ! c>d4 ,! evil ( di/ortion is1 h[ev]1 v slight--p]haps imp]ceptible--comp>$ ) t exi/+ :5 ! pr9ts are m\nt$ wet4 ,i may m5tion1 en passant1 t ,i h f\nd gum mu* m satisfactory z a m\ntant ?an />* pa/e 9 :at is kn[n z ! dry m\nt+ sy/em4 ,! pap] :i* has rec5tly be5 introduc$ = produc+ pr9ts by developm5t ^u a gelat9e surface does n g5]ally1 :5 dri$ 9 ! usual way1 give s good or s brilliant a surface z t ( album5iz$ pap]2 b on ! o!r h& x is v easy ) x to obta9 :at is call$ an enamel surface1 by simply all[+ x to dry 9 contact ) a prep>$ surface ( glass4 ,?is me?od ( f9i%+ has !re=e be5 mu* recomm5d$ & adopt$1 b )\t consid]ation ( ! effect ( di/ortion 9 connection ) x4 ,9 an ord9>y photograph ! pr9t is m\nt$ damp1 b 9 ! case ( a pr9t squeege$ on to ! glass1 ! pap] is saturat$ & ?or\ghly swoll51 & ! use ( ! squeegee /ra9s x out to its fulle/ ext5t4 ,by dry+ 9 ! position 9 :i* x has be5 held by contact ) ! glass1 ! di/ortion becomes fix$1 & if ! pr9t is m\nt$ :ile 9 ?is /ate ! di/ortion is made p]man5t4 ,h[ long ! /ra9 & di/ortion rema9 9 an unm\nt$ pr9t1 & :e!r by "t & alt]nations ( moi/ure & dryness ! /ra9 w\ld be lo/1 & if s1 :e!r ! brilliant enamel surface w\ld g at ! same "t1 are que/ions wor?y ( fur!r inve/igation & discussion4 ,= m\nt+ pr9ts ^u develop$ gelat9e pap]1 x has be5 recomm5d$ to cem5t ! edges only1 s z to leave ! great] "p ( ! pr9t ) its enamel surface4 ,?is plan is unsatisfactory1 = two reasons1 besides ! objection on ! gr\nd ( di/ortion4 ,!re is a r\gh-look+ m>g9 :i* spoils ! cont9uity ( appe>ance1 especially 7z 9 ! specim5s ,i h se57 :]e ! l9e ( cem5t is n kept at an exact wid?1 b encroa*es "h & !re4 ,secondly1 ! pr9t1 f n be+ atta*$ to ! m\nt all ov]1 is apt1 especially :5 9 a l>ge size1 to be some:at wavy & want+ 9 flatness4 ,ano!r plan recomm5d$1 z giv+ a surface resembl+ album5 pap]1 is to pa/e ! back ( ! pr9t )\t moi/5+ ! surface1 & s m\nt4 ,"s pr9ts t h be5 %[n ?us treat$ _h s /rongly curl$ ! c>ds ^u :i* !y 7 m\nt$ t x is evid5t !re 0 consid]able /ra9 & consequ5t di/ortion4 ,a ?ird plan recomm5d$ is to pa/e ! back ( ! pr9t :ile 9 contact ) ! glass ^u :i* x has to dry2 &1 :5 dri$1 to m\nt by pass+ ?r\gh a roll+ press ) a damp$ c>d4 ,?is plan looks1 at fir/ sight1 l t recomm5d$ = album5 pap]1 & call$ dry m\nt+4 ,consid]ation1 h[ev]1 w %[ t !re is a radical diff]5ce4 ,9 ! case ( ! album5 pap] ! pr9t has be5 dri$ )\t /ra91 & !re=e b little *ange is to be look$ =1 :ile ! pr9t dri$ 9 contact ) glass is /ra9$ to ! utmo/1 caus+ pres5t di/ortion & future curl+ ( ! m\nt4 ,p]haps ! evil ( di/ortion caus$ by enamel+ may be r$uc$ to a m9imum by soak+ ! pr9t 9 alcohol previ\s to lay+ x ^u ! glass4 ,s9ce ! di/ortion ( ! photograph arises f ! unequal expansion ( ! pap] :5 wet1 x becomes a "q :e!r some?+ may n be done 9 ! selection ( ! pap] itself4 ,x may be t "s makes v>y mu* less ?an o!rs 9 ! l5g? aga9/ wid? ext5sion ( ! surface by wett+4 ,x mu/ be rememb]$ t = gelat9e emulsion we are n ne>ly s limit$ 9 ! selection ( pap] z :5 x is requir$ to be album5iz$4 ,9 ! latt] case ! image is 9 ! pap]1 :]eas ) gelat9e ! image is conta9$ 9 ! surface coat+4 ,i may m5tion t ! be/ pla91 i4e41 n enamel$1 b resembl+ t ( ord9>y album5 pap]1 surface t ,i h se5 ^u gelat9e pap] 0 ^u "s =eign po/ t ,i _h obta9$ = ano!r purpose4 ,! emulsion employ$ 0 t describ$ by ,mr4 ,j4,b4,b4 ,well+ton1 & ?is g5tleman agre$ ) me 9 attribut+ ! sup]iority ( ! surface obta9$ to ! f9e quality ( ! pap] ^u :i* ! emulsion _h be5 coat$4 ,"s comm]cial samples appe> to be coat$ ^u pap] ( some:at co>se texture4 ,?is does n %[ :5 ! pr9t is enamel$4 ,! unequal expansion ( pap] is a subject ( int]e/1 n only 9 connection ) gelat9e pap] = developm5t1 b ) v>i\s photographic processes4 ,9 mak+ c>bon transp>5cies = in/ance1 ! gelat9e film :i* is squeege$ aga9/ ! glass necess>ily takes its dim5sions f ! pap] to :i* x is atta*$1 & if t be exp&$ m 9 ! "o direction ?an ano!r1 ! transp>5cy is simil>ly de=m$2 & s1 ( c\rse1 is any negative1 enl>g$ or o!rwise1 produc$ 9 ! cam]a !refrom4 ,a reproduc$ negative by contact pr9t+ may ei!r h ! di/ortion due to expansion ( ! pap] be>+ ! gelat9e film remov$ or d\bl$1 accord+ to ! direction 9 :i* ! pap] is us$ = ! new negative4--,w4,e4 ,deb5ham1 9 ,br4 ,j\r4 ( ,photography4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,measur+ ,,! ,,?ickness ,,( ,,boil] ,,plates4 ,an +5i\s process = det]m9+ ! ?ickness ( iron plates 9 boil]s1 or places :]e !y _c o!rwise be measur$ )\t cutt+ !m1 has be5 inv5t$ by ,m4 ,leba/eur4 ,he spreads ^u ! plate ! ?ickness ( :i* he desires to f9d1 & also ^u a piece ( %eet iron ( kn[n ?ickness1 a lay] ( tall[ ab\t #j4ja in* ?ick4 ,he !n applies to ea*1 = ! same l5g? ( "t1 a small object1 su* z a surgeon's caut]iz+ in/rum5t1 heat$ z ne>ly z possible to a con/ant temp]ature4 ,! tall[ melts1 & z 9 ! ?ick] plate ! heat ( ! caut]y is conduct$ away m rapidly1 :ile 9 ! ?9 plate ! heat is less freely conduct$ away1 & ! tall[ is consequ5tly melt$ ov] a l>ge area1 ! diamet]s ( ! circles ( b>e metal ar\nd ! heat$ po9t1 b\nd$ aft] cool+ by a little ridge ( tall[1 w be to ea* o!r inv]sely z ! ?ickness ( ! plates4 ,! process is /at$ to h giv5 9 ! inv5tor's h&s1 results ( great accuracy4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,gr\ps ,,( ,,/atu>y ,,= ,,! ,,p$im5t ,,( ,,! ,,h\se ,,( ,,p>liam5t ,,9 ,,vi5na4 ,! p$im5t ( ! c5tral pavilion & ! two side pavilions ( ! new ,h\se ( ,p>liam5t1 at ,vi5na1 are to be ornam5t$ ) gr\ps ( /atu>y4 ,! gr\p 9 ! middle p$im5t repres5ts ! grant+ ( ! con/itution by ! ,emp]or ,francis ,joseph1 & 0 execut$ by ,pr(essor ,helm]4 ,illu/ration3 ,,/atu>y ,,= ,,! ,,vi5na ,,h\se ,,( ,,p>liam5t4--,,sci5ce ,,& ,,lit]ature4 7,,gr\p ,,to ,,! ,,left47 ,! p$im5t ( ! left w+ is ornam5t$ by a gr\p repres5t+ ,ju/ice1 & ! p$im5t ( ! "r w+ by a gr\p repres5t+ ! ,home ,gov]nm5t4 ,johannes ,b5k1 ! well kn[n ,au/rian sculptor1 design$ & execut$ ! la/ m5tion$ gr\p4 ,! two figures at ! left h& end ( ?is gr\p repres5t ,sci5ce & ,lit]ature1 & ^? at ! "r h& end1 ,indu/ry & ,comm]ce4 ,! entire gr\p consi/s ( n9e figures1 ! middle figure be+ seat$ & ! re/ /&+1 sitt+1 & ly+1 z ! space 9 ! p$im5t all[s4 ,a seat$ female figure /udy+ a papyrus roll repres5ts ,sci5ce1 & ! adjac5t female figure1 re/+ "o arm on ! figure repres5t+ ,sci5ce1 & ! o!r1 on a lyre1 repres5ts ,lit]ature or ,poetry4 ,indu/ry is repres5t$ by a /rong & p[]ful woman hold+ a hamm]1 & ! figure ( ,m]cury & ! pr[ ( a vessel repres5t ,comm]ce4 ,illu/ration3 ,,/atu>y ,,= ,,! ,,vi5na ,,h\se ,,( ,,p>liam5t4--,,indu/ry ,,& ,,comm]ce4 7,,gr\p ,,to ,,! ,,"r47 ,! modulation & =mation ( ea* figure con=m /rictly to ,grecian models1 z does also ! entire arrangem5t ( ! figures 9 ! gr\p2 & yet !re is mu* ( mod]n life 9 ! figures1 especially 9 ! faces1 9 :i* ! /]eotyp$ ,grecian pr(ile has n be5 adopt$4 ,! attitudes ( ! figures are also fre] & m easy ?an ^? ( ! ,grecian p]iod4--,illu/rirte ,zeitung4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,on ,,! ,,fritts ,,sel5ium ,,cells ,,& ,,batt]ies4 ,footnote3 ,pap] read be=e ! ,am]ican ,association = ! ,advancem5t ( ,sci5ce1 at ,philadelphia1 ,sept1 #e1 #ahhd4 ,by ,c4,e4 ,,fritts1 #db ,nassau ,/41 ,new ,york1 ,n4,y4 ,9 all previ\s cells1 s f> z ,i am aw>e1 ! two portions or p>ts ( ! sel5ium at :i* ! curr5t ent]s & leaves x h be5 9 sub/antially ! same electrical /ate or condition4 ,fur!rmore1 ! pa?s ( ! curr5t & ( ! light h be5 transv]se to ea* o!r1 s t ! two =ces p>tially neutralize ea* o!r 9 _! action ^u ! sel5ium4 ,la/ly1 ! curr5t fl[s ?r\gh n only ! surface lay]1 :i* is act$ ^u by ! light1 b also ! portion :i* is und]nea?1 & n affect$ !reby1 & :i* !re=e detracts f ! actual effect ( ! light ^u ! sel5ium at ! surface4 ,my =m ( cell is a radical dep>ture f all previ\s me?ods ( employ+ sel5ium1 9 all ( ^! respects4 ,9 ! fir/ place1 ,i =m ! sel5ium 9 v ?9 plates1 & pol>ize !m1 s t ! opposite faces h diff]5t electrical /ates or prop]ties4 ,?is ,i d by melt+ x ^u a plate ( metal ) :i* x w =m a *emical comb9ation1 suffici5t1 at lea/1 to cause ! sel5ium to adh]e & make a good electrical connection ) x4 ,! o!r surface ( ! sel5ium is n s unit$ or comb9$1 b is left 9 a free /ate1 & a conductor is subsequ5tly appli$ ov] x by simple contact or pressure4 ,dur+ ! process ( melt+ & cry/alliz+1 ! sel5ium is compress$ betwe5 ! metal plate ^u :i* x is melt$ & ano!r plate ( /eel or o!r sub/ance ) :i* x w n comb9e4 ,?us by ! simultane\s application & action ( heat1 pressure1 *emical aff9ity1 & cry/allization1 x is =m$ into a %eet ( granul> sel5ium1 uni=mly pol>iz$ ?r\gh\t1 & hav+ its two surfaces 9 opposite phases z reg>ds its molecul> arrangem5t4 ,! non-adh]5t plate be+ remov$ aft] ! cell has become cool1 ,i !n cov] t surface ) a transp>5t conductor ( electricity1 :i* may be a ?9 film ( gold leaf4 ,plat9um1 silv]1 or o!r suitable mat]ial may also be employ$4 ,! :ole surface ( ! sel5ium is !re=e cov]$ ) a good electrical conductor1 yet is practically b>e to ! light1 :i* passes ?r\gh ! conductor to ! sel5ium und]nea?4#e ,my /&>d size ( cell has ab\t two by two & a half in*es ( surface1 ) a ?ickness ( #a_/ajjj to #e_/ajjj in* ( sel5ium4 ,b ! cells c1 ( c\rse1 be made ( any size or =m4 ,a great advantage ( ?is arrangem5t consi/s 9 ! fact t x enables me to apply ! curr5t & ! light to ! sel5ium 9 ! same plane or g5]al direction1 in/ead ( transv]sely to ea* o!r z h]et(ore done1 s t ,i c cause ! two influ5ces to ei!r co9cide 9 direction & action1 or to act ^u opposite faces ( ! sel5ium & oppose ea* o!r1 accord+ to ! effect desir$4 ,footnote #e3 ,! me?od ( con/ruct+ ! cells 0 describ$ 9 ! ,,sci5tific ,,am]ican ,,supplem5t1 ,no4 #dfb1 = ,nov4 #h1 #ahhd1 page #gcga4 ,by virtue ( ! process & arrangem5t describ$1 my cells h a numb] ( rem>kable prop]ties1 among :i* are ! foll[+3 #a4 ,_! s5sitiv5ess to light is mu* great] ?an ev] be=e kn[n4 ,! mo/ s5sitive cell ev] produc$1 previ\s to my inve/igations1 0 "o made by ,dr4 ,w]n] ,siem5s1 :i* 0 #ad4h times z conductive 9 sunlight z 9 d>k4 ,9 table ,a1 ,i give results obta9$ f a numb] ( my cells4 ,x w be obs]v$ t ,i h produc$ "o cell :i* 0 #ccg4e times z conductive 9 hazy sunlight z 9 d>k4 ,! trem5d\s *ange ( resi/ance involv$ 9 ! expression #ccg4e times may p]haps be m fully realiz$ by say+ t #ii4gjd p] c5t4 ( ! resi/ance _h disappe>$ tempor>ily1 "u ! jo9t action ( light & electricity1 s t !re rema9$ less ?an #c_/aj ( #a p] c5t4 ( ! orig9al resi/ance ( ! sel5ium 9 d>k4 ,9 ord] to obta9 ^! high results1 ! cells mu/ be protect$ f light :5 n 9 use4 ,! resi/ance is fir/ measur$ :ile ! cell is /ill 9 total d>kness4 ,x is !n expos$ to sunlight & aga9 measur$4 ,x is also necess>y to s5d ! curr5t 9 at ! gold electrode or face1 z ! cell is mu* less s5sitive to light :5 ! light acts ^u "o surface ( ! sel5ium & ! curr5t ent]s at ! opposite surface4 ,:5 ! two influ5ces1 ! light & ! curr5t1 act ?r\gh ! gold1 9 conjunction1 _! =ces are unit$2 &1 z e atom ( ! sel5ium is affect$ by ! light1 ow+ to ! extreme ?9ness ( ! plate1 we h ! full effect %[n 9 ! measurem5ts4 ,,table ,a4 ,,s5sitiv5ess ,,to ,,light4 ---------------------------------------- ------------------------- ,sel5ium ,batt]y ,resi/ance 9 ,resi/ance 9 cell4 p[]4 d>k4 sunlight4 ,ratio4 ---------------------------------------- --------------------- ohms4 ohms4 ,no4 #bb #e elem5ts4 #ci1jjj #cdj #aad to #a #bcfe #ad1jjj #agj #hb4c #bdge #fdh1jjj #b1djj #bgj #be #e #ahj1jjj #icj #aif4e #bf #e #ace1jjj #gaj #aij #ajg #e #aah1jjj #gdj #aei #ajh #e #bjj1jjj #ijj #bbb #abb #e #ef1jjj #bbj #bed4e #abife #bjj1jjj #idj #bab #acg #e #ajh1jjj #cbj #ccg4e ---------------------------------------- ------------------------- ,footnote #f3 ,cells ,no4 #bc & ,no4 #abi are n[ 9 possession ( ,pr(4 ,w4 ,gryllis ,adams1 ( ,k+'s ,college1 ,london2 ,dr4 ,w]n] ,siem5s has ,no4 #be1 & ,pr(4 ,george ,f4 ,b>k]1 ( ,philadelphia1 has ,no4 #bf4 ,footnote #g3 ,no4 #bd 0 measur$ ) a bridge multipli] ( #f to #a4 ,cells :i* are s5sitive to light improve by be+ us$ daily1 & _! s5sitiv5ess becomes less if !y are laid aside & n us$ = a consid]able l5g? ( "t1 especially if all[$ to become ov]heat$4 ,!y %\ld be kept cool1 & expos$ to light frequ5tly1 :e!r !y are us$ or n4 ,mode ( measur+ cells4--,s great is ! s5sitiv5ess ( ^! cells to ext]nal influ5ces1 t x is necess>y to adopt "s p>ticul> sy/em 9 measur+ _! resi/ance & to adh]e /rictly to t sy/em1 z e *ange 9 ! me?od ( measurem5t produces a diff]5ce 9 ! result1 & ! diff]5t measurem5ts w\ld n be comp>able ) ea* o!r4 ,! reason = ?is w be expla9$ pres5tly4 ,! sy/em ,i h adopt$ is ! ,:eat/one's bridge arrangem5t1 ) equal sides1 nev] us+ multipli]s except = "s exp]im5tal purpose4 ,9 ea* multipli] wire ,i h #ejj ohms resi/ance4 ,:5 ! bridge is balanc$1 "o-half ( ! curr5t fl[s ?r\gh ! cell & acts ^u ! sel5ium4 ,betwe5 ! bridge & ! cell is a rev]s+ swit*1 s t ! curr5t c be rev]s$ ?r\gh ! cell )\t *ang+ its c\rse ?r\gh ! bridge4 ,a ,bradley tang5t galvanomet] is us$1 employ+ ! coil ( #afj ohms resi/ance4 ,! ,leclan*e batt]y is exclusively us$ 9 measurem5ts = comp>ison4 #b4 ,! k9d ( batt]y employ$ has a m>k$ effect ^u ! s5sitiv5ess to light1 :i* is l>gely r$uc$ or entirely de/roy$ :5 ! bi*romate batt]y is us$4 ,! same cells aga9 become extremely s5sitive ) ! ,leclan*e batt]y4 ,we might expect t a *ange 9 ! curr5t employ$ w\ld cause a *ange 9 ! resi/ance ( a cell1 b x is n cle> h[ or :y x %\ld affect ! s5sitiv5ess ( sel5ium to light4 ,if "o k9d ( batt]y curr5t de/roys its s5sitiv5ess1 may we n suppose t ano!r k9d might increase its s5sitiv5ess8 ,al?\gh ! ,leclan*e has op]at$ well1 "s o!r may op]ate /ill bett]1 & by its special fitness = use on sel5ium cells may int5sify _! actions1 & s br+ to light o!r prop]ties yet un?\ght (4 ,is n "h a promis+ field = exp]im5t1 9 te/+ ! v>i\s =ms ( batt]y already kn[n1 or ev5 devis+ "s new =m especially adapt$ to ! ne$s & peculi>ities ( sel5ium cells8 ,"o ye> ago ,i made ! =ego+ sugge/ion 9 a pap] on ,a ,new ,=m ( ,sel5ium ,cell1 pres5t$ be=e ?is ,association at ,m9neapolis4 ,i am n[ at lib]ty to /ate t my photo-electric batt]y1 pres5tly to be describ$1 m>ks an advance 9 ! direction indicat$4 ,! curr5t f ?is batt]y increases ! s5sitiv5ess ( ! cells to light1 & also to rev]sal ( curr5t4 ,"o cell ^: highe/ ratio 9 light 0 ab\t #hc to #a1 ) ! ,leclan*e batt]y1 :5 measur$ ) my batt]y gave a ratio ( #abj to #a4 ,x seems to make ! resi/ance ( ! cell bo? high] 9 d>k & l[] 9 sunlight ?an ) ! ,leclan*e batt]y4 ,b ! field is yet op5 to o!rs1 = ! discov]y ( a batt]y :i* may be /ill bett] = use ) sel5ium cells4 #c4 ,! two surfaces ( ! sel5ium act diff]5tly t[>d curr5ts s5t into !m f ! contigu\s conductors4 ,"o surface (f]s a high] resi/ance to ! curr5t ?an ! o!r4 ,! =m] ,i utilize z ! anode surface1 z ,i h f\nd t ! cell is m s5sitive to light :5 ! curr5t ent]s at t surface1 :i* is ord9>ily ! "o cov]$ by ! gold or o!r transp>5t conductor4 ,"s cells h ?is prop]ty b feebly develop$2 b 9 "o in/ance ! resi/ance (f]$ to ! curr5t by ! anode surface 0 #bef times z high z t (f]$ by ! ca?ode surface to ! same curr5t4 ,9 ! majority ( cases1 h[ev]1 ! ratio does n exce$ t5 times4 ,table ,b gives "s rec5t results4 ,,table ,b4 ,,s5sitiv5ess ,,to ,,rev]sal ,,( ,,direction ,,( ,,curr5t4 ---------------------------------------- ------------------------ ,resi/ance ,no4 ( cell4 ,batt]y4 gold gold ,ratio anode4ca?ode4 ---------------------------------------- ----------------------- ohms4 ohms4 #c_/h in* squ>e4 ,no4 #d #e elem5ts4 #bj1jjj #a1jjj #bj to #a #c ,se4 cell4 #f1ejj #djj #af4b ,full size1 ,no4 #ac #a elem5t4 #i1jjj #hjj #aa4b #ad #e #b1ddj #acj #ah #ae #e #d1fdj #baj #bb #bg #e #f1ijj #ddj #af #abf #a #e1jjj #ccj #ae ---------------------------------------- ----------------------- ,! direction ( ! curr5t is always indicat$ by /at+ ! position ( ! gold electrode1 by ! t]ms gold anode & gold ca?ode4 ,! above measurem5ts 7 made 9 d>k4 #d4 ,s5sitiv5ess to *ange ( batt]y p[]4--,my cells are extremely s5sitive to any *ange 9 ! /r5g? or "* ( ! curr5t fl[+ ?r\gh !m1 :i* is %[n by a correspond+ *ange 9 ! resi/ance ( ! cell4 ,i c1 !re=e1 v>y ! resi/ance ( "o ( my cells 9 _m ways1 & ! foll[+ may be specifi$-- 7a7 ,by *ang+ ! pot5tial or electromotive =ce ( ! curr5t ?r\gh ! cell4 7b7 ,by *ang+ ! quantity ( ! batt]y or curr5t4 7c7 ,by putt+ m or less resi/ance 9 ! circuit4 7d7 ,by divid+ ! curr5t1 by "o or m bran* circuits or %unts ar\nd ! cell4 7e7 ,by v>y+ ! resi/ance 9 any or all ( said circuits4 ,a cell ^: resi/ance becomes great] z ! batt]y p[] becomes great]1 & vice v]sa1 ,i call an ,l ,b cell signify+ ,l ! ,batt]y p[]4 ,a ,u ,b cell is "o ^: resi/ance becomes great] z ! batt]y p[] 7or /r5g? ( curr5t7 becomes less1 & vice v]sa1 be+ ,unlike ! ,batt]y p[]1 or curr5t /r5g?4 ,^! *anges ( resi/ance are n due to heat+ ( ! conductor or ! sel5ium1 & ! foll[+ in/ance w illu/rate ?is4 ,i h "o cell 9 :i* ! sel5ium has ab\t "o-f\r? in* squ>e ( surface melt$ on a brass block "o in* ?ick4 ,?is cell measur$1 ) #be elem5ts ( ,leclan*e1 #dj1jjj ohms4 ,on *ang+ ! batt]y to #e elem5ts ! resi/ance fell in/antly to #cj ohms1 & !re rema9$4 ,on aga9 us+ ! curr5t f #be elem5ts1 ! resi/ance in/antly return$ to #dj1jjj ohms4 ,_h ^! results be5 due 9 any degree to heat+1 ! resi/ance w\ld h *ang$ gradually z ! heat became communicat$ to ! brass1 :]eas no su* *ange occurr$1 ! resi/ances be+ absolutely /eady4 ,moreov]1 ev5 ! fusion ( ! sel5ium w\ld n produce any su* *ange4 ,! ,u ,b prop]ty does n ord9>ily *ange ! resi/ance ( ! cell to exce$ t5 times1 i4e41 ! resi/ance ) a weak curr5t w n be ov] t5 times z high z ) a /rong "o4 ,b ,i h develop$ ! ,l ,b prop]ty to a f> high] degree4 ,table ,c gives "s rec5t results obta9$ ) ,l ,b cells1 includ+ "o ^: resi/ance1 ) #be elem5ts ,leclan*e1 0 #aa1cha times z high z ) #h elem5ts1 & :i*1 aft] /&+ /eadily at #abc ohms 7& !n at #cbe ohms ) #a elem5t71 on receiv+ ! curr5t f #be elem5ts aga9 return$ to its previ\s figure ( #a1djj1jjj ohms4 ,,table ,c4 ,,s5sitiv5ess ,,to ,,*ange ,,( ,,batt]y ,,p[]4 ---------------------------------------- -------------------- ,resi/ance ,resi/ance ,no4 ( cell4 ) #be ) #e ,ratio ( elem5ts4 elem5ts4 ,*ange4 ---------------------------------------- -------------------- ohms4 ohms4 #c_/h in* squ>e1 ,no4 #a #dj1jjj #cj #a1ccc to #a #c_/h #b #ac1jjj #dj #cbe #a_/d #a #a1djj1jjj #abch #aa1cha #a_/b #b #ejj1jjj #fb #h1jfd #a_/b #e #c1ejj #ba #afg ,full size1 ,no4 #ha #fh1jjj #aba #efa #hb #i1jjj #fd #adj #hc #ag1cjj #gd #bcc #aai #ce1fjj #ai #a1hid ---------------------------------------- -------------------- ,footnote #h3 ,?is measurem5t 0 obta9$ ) #h elem5ts4 ,! results 9 ! table 7 obta9$ by *ang+ ! /r5g? ( curr5t by ?r[+ 9 m or less ( ! batt]y4 ,l results c be obta9$ by v>y+ ! curr5t ?r\gh ! cell by any ( ! o!r me?ods be=e specifi$4 ,! above measurem5ts 7 9 d>k4 #e4 ,dual /ate ( sel5ium4--,my cells1 :5 fir/ made seem to h two /ates or conditions4 ,9 "o1 _! resi/ance is v l[1 9 ! o!r x is high4 ,:5 9 ! l[ /ate !y are usually n v s5sitive1 9 any respect4 ,i !re=e raise ! resi/ance1 by s5d+ an int]mitt5t or an alt]nat+ curr5t ?\gh ! cells1 & 9 _! new condition !y at once become extremely s5sitive to light1 curr5ts1 & o!r influ5ces4 ,9 "s cases !y drop to ! l[ /ate aga91 & require to be aga9 br\ght up1 until1 aft] a numb] ( su* treatm5ts1 !y rema9 9 ! s5sitive /ate4 ,occasionally a cell w p]si/ 9 rema9+ 9 ! ins5sitive /ate4 ,! be=e m5tion$ treatm5t raises x up = a mom5t1 b1 be=e ! bridge c be balanc$ & ! resi/ance measur$1 x aga9 drops into ! l[ or ins5sitive /ate4 ,"s cells h be5 ?us /imulat$ into ! high or s5sitive /ate repeat$ly1 & e means us$ to make !m /ay !re1 b )\t avail2 & !y h _h to be laid aside z intractable4 ,9 ! e>li] /ages ( my inve/igations1 be=e ! discov]y ( ?is dual /ate & ! me?od ( *ang+ a cell f ! ins5sitive to ! s5sitive condition1 hundr$s ( cells 7 made1 f9i%$1 & te/$1 only to be !n ru?lessly de/roy$ & melt$ ov]1 "u ! impression t !y 7 wor?less4 ,n[1 ,i consid] no?+ wor?less1 b expect soon] or lat] to make e cell useful = "o purpose or ano!r4 ,! mo/ s+ul> "p ( ?is ph5om5on is ! wide diff]5ce 9 ! resi/ance ( ! cells 9 ! two /ates4 ,9 ! l[ /ate1 x may be a few ohms1 or ev5 a few hundr$?s ( an ohm4 ,9 ! high /ate1 x is ! normal work+ resi/ance ( ! cell1 usually betwe5 #e1jjj & #bjj1jjj ohms1 b is (t5 up among ! millions4 ,! spectacle ( a little sel5ium be+ /imulat$1 by a few int]ruptions ( ! curr5t ?r\gh x1 into *ang+ its resi/ance f a fraction ( an ohm up to a million or sev]al millions ( ohms1 & repeat$ly & in/antly *ang+ back & =?1 up & d[n1 ?r\gh su* a wide range1 we might almo/ say *ang+ f z]o to inf9ity1 & ! rev]se1 in/antly1 is "o :i* sugge/s "s v f>-rea*+ inquiries to ! electrician & ! physici/4 ,:at is ! nature ( electrical conductivity or resi/ance1 & h[ is x s greatly & s sudd5ly *ang$8 #f4 ,radio-electric curr5t g5]ators4--,my cells c be s treat$ t w g5]ate a curr5t by simple exposure to light or heat4 ,! light1 = in/ance1 passes ?r\gh ! gold & acts ^u its junction ) ! sel5ium1 develop+ an electromotive =ce :i* results 9 a curr5t proce$+ f ! metal back1 ?r\gh ! ext]nal circuit1 to ! gold 9 front1 ?us =m+ a photo-electric dry pile or batt]y4 ,x %\ld pref]ably be protect$ f ov]heat+1 by an alum wat] cell or o!r well kn[n means4 ,! curr5t ?us produc$ is radiant en]gy conv]t$ into electrical en]gy directly & )\t *emical action1 & fl[+ 9 ! same direction z ! orig9al radiant en]gy1 :i* ?us cont9ues its c\rse1 b ?r\gh a new conduct+ m$ium suit$ to its pres5t =m4 ,?is curr5t is cont9u\s1 con/ant1 & ( consid]able electromotive =ce4 ,a numb] ( cells c be arrang$ 9 multiple arc or 9 s]ies1 l any o!r batt]y4 ,! curr5t appe>s in/antly :5 ! light is ?r[n ^u ! cell1 & ceases in/antly :5 ! light is %ut (f4 ,if ! light is v>i$ prop]ly1 by any suitable means1 a telephonic or o!r correspond+ curr5t is produc$1 :i* c be utiliz$ by any suitable app>atus1 ?us requir+ no batt]y b ! sel5ium cell itself4 ,! /r5g? ( ! curr5t v>ies ) ! am\nt ( light on ! cell1 & ) ! ext5t ( ! surface :i* is light$4 ,i produce curr5t n only by exposure to sunlight1 b also to dim diffus$ daylight1 to moonlight1 & ev5 to lamplight4 ,i use ?is curr5t = actual work+ purposes1 among o!rs1 = measur+ ! resi/ance ( o!r sel5ium cells1 ) ! usual ,:eat/one's bridge arrangem5t1 & = telephonic & simil> purposes4 ,its use = photometric purposes & 9 curr5t regulators w be m5tion$ fur!r on4 ,x is und\bt$ly available = all uses = :i* o!r batt]y curr5ts are employ$1 & ,i reg>d x z ! mo/ con/ant1 conv5i5t1 la/+1 readily us$1 & easily manag$ pile or batt]y ( :i* ,i h any k4 ,on ! comm]cial scale1 x c\ld be produc$ v *eaply1 & its use is att5d$ by no exp5se1 inasmu* z no liquids or *emicals are us$1 ! :ole cell be+ ( solid metal ) a glass 9 front1 = protection aga9/ moi/ure & du/4 ,x c be transport$ or c>ri$ ar\nd z easily & safely z an electro-magnet1 & z easily connect$ 9 a circuit = use :]ev] requir$4 ,! curr5t1 if n want$ imm$iately1 c ei!r be /or$ :]e produc$1 9 /orage batt]ies ( improv$ con/ruction devis$ by me1 or transmitt$ ov] suitable conductors to a di/ance1 & !re us$1 or /or$ z usual till requir$4 #g4 ,s++ & speak+ cells4--,:5 a curr5t ( electricity fl[+ ?r\gh "o ( my sel5ium cells is rapidly int]rupt$1 a s\nd is giv5 out by ! cell1 & t s\nd is ! tone hav+ ! same numb] ( air vibrations p] second z ! numb] ( int]ruptions 9 ! curr5t4 ,! /r5g? ( ! s\nd appe>s to be indep5d5t ( ! direction ( ! curr5t ?r\gh ! cell4 ,x is produc$ on ! face ( ! cell1 no s\nd be+ audible f ! back ( ! cell4 ,an alt]nat+ curr5t also produces a s\nd correspond+ to ! numb] ( *anges ( direction4 ,exp]im5ts also %[ t1 if a telephonically undulat+ curr5t is pass$ ?r\gh ! cell1 x w give out ! spee* or o!r s\nd correspond+ to ! undulations ( ! curr5t--&1 fur!rmore1 t ! cell w s+ or speak 9 l mann]1 )\t ! use ( a curr5t1 if a suitably v>i$ light is ?r[n ^u x :ile 9 clos$ circuit4 ,my exp]im5ts hav+ be5 devot$ especially to ^? bran*es ( ! subject :i* promis$ to be m imm$iately practically valuable1 ,i h n pursu$ ?is inquiry v f>1 & (f] x = y\r consid]ation z be+ n only int]e/+1 b possibly wor?y ( full inve/igation4 ,,g5]al ,,obs]vations ,,on ,,! ,,prop]ties ,,( ,,cells4 ,f ! numb] ( diff]5t prop]ties possess$ by my cells1 x might be anticipat$ t ! diff]5t comb9ations ( ^? prop]ties w\ld result 9 cells hav+ e v>iety ( action4 ,?is is f\nd to be ! case4 ,z a g5]al rule1 ! cells are notewor?y 9 "o respect only4 ,?us1 if a cell is extremely s5sitive to light1 x may n be specially rem>kable 9 o!r respects4 ,z a matt] ( fact1 h[ev]1 ! cells mo/ s5sitive to ! light are also ,u ,b cells4 ,! prop]ty ( s5sitiv5ess to light is indep5d5t ( ! p[] to g5]ate curr5t by exposure to light--! be/ curr5t-g5]at+ cells be+ only v mod]ately s5sitive to light1 & "s ( ! mo/ s5sitive cells g5]ate sc>cely any curr5t at all4 ,curr5t-g5]at+ cells are1 almo/ )\t exception1 ,u ,b cells2 & ! be/ curr5t-g5]at+ cells are /rongly pol>iz$1 %[+ a consid]able *ange ( resi/ance by rev]s+ ! direction ( a curr5t ?r\gh !m2 & !y are also /rong anode cells1 i4e41 ! surface next to ! gold (f]s a high] resi/ance to a batt]y curr5t ?an ! o!r surface ( ! sel5ium does4 ,! p[] to g5]ate a curr5t is tempor>ily weak5$ by s5d+ a batt]y curr5t ?r\gh ! cell :ile expos$ to light1 9 ei!r direction4 ,! curr5t g5]at$ by exposure to light is also weak5$ by w>m+ ! cell1 unless ! cell is arrang$ = produc+ curr5t by exposure to heat4 ,! prop]ties ( s5sitiv5ess to light & to *ange ( batt]y p[] are indep5d5t ( ea* o!r1 z ,i h cells :i* are s5sitive to *ange ( curr5t b absolutely ins5sitive to light--_! resi/ance rema9+ exactly ! same :e!r ! cells are 9 d>kness or 9 sunlight4 ,i also h cells :i* are s5sitive to light1 b are unaffect$ by *ange ( batt]y p[]1 or by rev]s+ ! direction ( ! curr5t ?r\gh !m4 ,! s5sitiv5ess to *ange ( batt]y p[] is also indep5d5t ( ! s5sitiv5ess to rev]sal ( direction ( ! curr5t4 ,among ! be/ ,l ,b cells1 "s are anode cells & o!rs are ca?ode cells1 :ile /ill o!rs are absolutely ins5sitive to rev]sal ( curr5t or to ! action ( light4 ,con/ancy ( ! resi/ance4--,a noticeable po9t 9 my cells is ! rem>kable con/ancy ( ! resi/ance 9 sunlight4 ,all[+ = diff]5ces 9 ! temp]ature1 ! curr5ts1 & ! light1 at diff]5t times1 ! resi/ance ( a cell 9 sunlight w rema9 practically con/ant dur+ mon?s ( use & exp]im5ts1 al?\gh dur+ t "t ! treatm5ts receiv$ may h v>i$ ! resi/ance 9 d>k hundr$s ( ?\s&s ( ohms--sometimes c>ry+ x up1 & at o!rs c>ry+ x d[n aga91 p]haps scores ( times1 until x is matur$1 or rea*es ! condition 9 :i* its resi/ance becomes con/ant4 ,z has already be5 /at$1 ! s5sitiv5ess ( a cell to light is increas$ by prop] usage4 ,?is increas$ s5sitiv5ess is %[n1 n by a l[]$ resi/ance 9 light1 b by an increas$ resi/ance 9 d>k4 ,?is *ange 9 ! cells goes on1 m or less rapidly1 accord+ z x is ret>d$ or favor$ by ! treatm5t x receives1 until a maximum is rea*$1 aft] :i* ! resi/ance rema9s practically con/ant 9 bo? light & d>k1 & ! cell is !n matur$1 or f9i%$4 ,! resi/ance 9 d>k may n[ be #ej or ev5 #ajj times z high z :5 ! cell 0 fir/ made1 yet1 :5ev] expos$ to sunlight x promptly %[s ! same resi/ance t x did 9 ! beg9n+4 ,! v>i\s treatm5ts1 & ev5 accid5ts1 ?r\gh :i* x has pass$ 9 ! mean "t1 seem n to h /irr$ its molecul> arrangem5t "u ! action ( light1 b to h exp5d$ _! =ces 9 modify+ ! positions :i* ! molecules mu/ normally assume 9 d>kness4 ,practical applications4--,!re are _m peculi>ities ( action occasionally f\nd1 & ! causes ( su* actions are n always disc]nible4 ,9 practice1 ,i h be5 accu/om$ to f9d ! peculi>ities & weaknesses ( ea* cell by trial1 develop+ its /ronge/ prop]ties & avoid+ its weaknesses1 until1 :5 ! cell is f9i%$1 x has a def9ite & kn[n "*1 & is fitt$ = c]ta9 uses & a c]ta9 l9e ( treatm5t1 :i* %\ld n be dep>t$ f1 z x w be at ! risk ( tempor>ily disabl+ x4 ,9 consequ5ce ( ! "t & labor exp5d$ 9 mak+ cells1 9 ! small way1 te/+1 repair+ damages done dur+ exp]im5ts1 etc41 ! co/ ( ! cells n[ is unavoidably r high4 ,b if made 9 a comm]cial way1 all ?is w\ld be r$uc$ to a sy/em1 & ! co/ w\ld be small4 ,i may say "h t ,i d n make cells = sale4 ,! applications or uses = ^! cells are almo/ innum]able1 embrac+ e bran* ( electrical sci5ce1 especially telegraphy1 telephony1 & electric light+1 b ,i refra9 f nam+ !m4 ,i may be p]mitt$1 h[ev]1 to lay be=e y two applications1 because !y are ( su* g5]al sci5tific int]e/4 ,! fir/ is my ,photomet]4--,! light to be measur$ is caus$ to %9e ^u a photo-electric curr5t-g5]at+ cell1 & ! curr5t ?us produc$ fl[s ?r\gh a galvano-metric coil 9 circuit1 ^: index indicates ^u its scale ! int5sity ( ! light4 ,! scale may be calibrat$ by means ( /&>d c&les1 & ! deflections ( ! index w !n give absolute read+s %[+ ! c&le p[] ( ! light be+ te/$4 ,or1 ! curr5t produc$ by t light & t produc$ by ! /&>d c&le may be comp>$1 accord+ to any ( ! kn[n ways ( arrang+ & comp>+ diff]5t lights--! cell be+ la/ly expos$ alt]nately to ! two lights1 to see if ! index gives exactly ! same deflection ) ea* light4 ,?is arrangem5t leaves unt\*$ ! old difficulty 9 photometry1 t aris+ f ! diff]5t colors ( diff]5t lights4 ,i propose to obviate t difficulty 9 ! foll[+ mann]4 ,z is well kn[n1 gold transmits ! gre5 rays1 silv] ! blue rays1 & s on2 !re=e1 a cell fac$ ) gold w be act$ ^u by ! gre5 rays1 "o fac$ ) silv] by ! blue rays1 etc4 ,n[1 if we con/ruct ?ree cells 7or any o!r numb]71 s fac$ t ! ?ree1 collectively1 w be act$ ^u by all ! colors1 & arrange !m ar\nd ! light to be te/$1 at equal di/ances !refrom1 ea* cell w produce a curr5t correspond+ to ! color$ rays suit$ to x1 & all toge!r w produce a curr5t correspond+ to all ! rays emitt$ by ! light1 no matt] :at ! proportions ( ! diff]5t colors may be4 ,! ?ree curr5ts may act ^u ! same index1 b ea* %\ld h its own coil1 n only = ! sake ( be+ able to jo9 or to isolate _! influ5ces ^u ! index1 b also to avoid ! resi/ances ( ! o!r cells4 ,if a solid transp>5t conductor ( electricity c\ld be f\nd :i* c\ld be ?ick en\gh = practical use & yet w\ld transmit all ! rays p]fectly1 i4e41 transmit :ite light un*ang$1 t w\ld be /ill bett]4 ,i h n yet f\nd a satisfactory conductor ( t k9d1 b ,i ?9k ! plan /at$ w answ] ! same purpose4 ,?is portion ( my sy/em ,i h n practically te/$1 b x appe>s to me to give good promise ( remov+ ! color /umbl+-block1 :i* has s long defi$ all ef=ts to remove x1 & ,i !re=e (f] x = y\r consid]ation4 ,photo-electric regulator4--,my regulator consi/s ( a curr5t-g5]at+ cell arrang$ 9 front ( a light1 say an electric lamp1 ^: light repres5ts ! v>y+ /r5g? ( ! curr5t :i* supports x4 ,! curr5t produc$ 9 ! cell by ?is light fl[s ?r\gh an electro-magnetic app>atus by means ( :i* me*anical movem5t is produc$1 & ?is motion is utiliz$ = *ang+ resi/ances1 actuat+ a valve1 rotat+ bru%es1 mov+ swit*es1 lev]s1 or o!r devices4 ,?is has be5 con/ruct$ on a small scale1 & op]ates well1 & ,i ?9k x is de/9$ to be l>gely us$1 z a mo/ s5sitive1 simple1 & p]fect regulator = curr5ts1 lights1 dynamos1 motors1 etc41 etc41 :e!r l>ge or small4 ,9 conclusion1 ,i w\ld say t ! inve/igation ( ! physical prop]ties ( sel5ium /ill (f]s a r>e opportunity = mak+ v important discov]ies4 ,b c&or compels me to add t :oev] und]takes ! "w w f9d x nei!r an easy nor a %ort "o4 ,my own exp]i5ce w\ld enable me to describe to y scores ( curi\s exp]im5ts & /ill m curi\s & sugge/ive results1 b lack ( "t prev5ts my giv+ m ?an ?is v incomplete outl9e ( my discov]ies4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,electricity ,,appli$ ,,to ,,! ,,manufacture ,,( ,,v>ni%4 ,messrs4 ,m!l ,lt*e1 ( ,b]l91 recomm5d ! foll[+ process = ! manufacture ( v>ni%3 ,! oils are treat$ by gases or gase\s mixtures t h previ\sly be5 submitt$ to ! action ( electric dis*>ges4 ,! /rongly oxidiz$ oxyg5at$ comp\nds t are =m$ "u su* circum/ances give rise1 at a prop] elevation ( temp]ature1 to comp\nds less ri* 9 oxyg51 & ! oxyg5 t is set free acts ^u ! fatty acid t x is propos$ to treat4 ,a mixture ( equal p>ts ( *lor9e & /eam may be v advantage\sly employ$1 z well z anhydr\s sulphuric acid & wat]1 or oxyg51 anhydr\s sulphuric acid & protoxide ( nitrog51 nitrog51 oxyg51 & hydrog51 protoxide ( nitrog5 & air1 or oxyg51 & s on4 ,! app>atus is %[n 9 section 9 ! accompany+ engrav+2 a is a /eam-pipe runn+ f ! boil] to ! motor4 ,f ?is pipe bran* conduits1 b1 t ent] ! vessels1 ,b1 9 :i* ! treatm5t is effect$1 & t run spirally ?r\gh ! oil4 ,at ! l[] "p ( ! vessel1 ,b1 !re is tube w\nd into a flat spiral1 & conta9+ a l>ge numb] ( exce$+ly small ap]tures4 ,! oxidiz+ app>atus is %[n at p4 ,! gase\s mixture ent]s ?r\gh ! tube1 n1 trav]ses ! app>atus1 p1 & ent]s ! vessel1 ,b1 ?r\gh ! tubes1 g & ,d4 ,fig4 #b gives ! details ( ! oxidiz+ app>atus1 :i* consi/s ( two conc5tric glass tubes1 ,a & ,f1 sold]$ at x4 ,a is clos$ b5ea? & held 9 a cyl9d]1 ,c2 ,f conta9s a small ap]ture ?r\gh :i* passes a tube1 ,e4 ,! gase\s mixture ent]s ?r\gh ! latt]1 trav]ses ! annul> space betwe5 ! tubes1 ,a & ,f1 & !n makes its exit ?r\gh ,h1 :5ce x goes to a simil> app>atus plac$ alongside ( ! o!r4 ,! %ad$ p>ts ( ! engrav+ repres5t bodies t are good conductors ( electricity & t communicate ) ! two poles ( any electrice s\rce :atev]4 ,illu/ration3 ,,figs4 #a ,,& #b4 ,! op]ation is z foll[s3 ,aft] op5+ ! tube1 e1 l9se$ oil is introduc$ into ! vessel1 ,b1 until ! latt] is half full1 &1 aft] ?is1 e is clos$ & ! worm1 ,s1 is all[$ to raise ! temp]ature to betwe5 #fj & #hj4 ,!n ! cock ( ! tube1 d1 :i* communicates ) an air pump1 is op5$1 & ! pressure is dim9i%$ to ab\t #gcj mm4 ( m]cury4 ,at ?is mom5t ! oxidiz+ app>atus are put 9 communication ) an induction bobb9 t is int]pos$ 9 ! circuit ( a dynamo1 :ile ?r\gh ! tube1 n1 !re is made to ent] a mixture ( equal p>ts 79 volume7 ( sulphur\s acid1 oxyg51 & air4 ,at ! same "t1 ! cock ( ! tube1 g1 is op5$1 :ile ! /irr]1 ,t1 is set 9 motion4 ,9 ?is way we obta91 9 a mu* %ort] "t ?an by ord9>y processes1 a v liquid1 transp>5t v>ni%1 :i*1 :5 expos$ to ! air1 quickly h>d5s4 ,x is possible1 ) ! same process1 to employ a mixture 79 volumes7 ( two p>ts ( protoxide ( nitrog5 ) "o & a half p>ts ( atmosph]ic air1 or ev5 protoxide ( nitrog5 alone4 ,:5 x is judg$ t ! op]ation is f9i%$1 ! tube1 g1 is op5$1 ! /irr] is /opp$1 & ! tube1 c1 is op5$ aft] d has be5 clos$4 ,! /eam !n =ces ! v>ni% to pass ?r\gh ! tube1 f1 & trav]se ! wa%+ app>atus1 :i* is fill$ half full ( wat]1 t is slightly ammoniacal1 & is heat$ by a circulation ( /eam1 ,s4 ,f9ally1 ! product1 wa%$ & free f e trace ( acid is collect$ ^u mak+ its exit f ! tube1 h4--,la ,lumi]e ,electrique4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,naglo ,,bro!rs' ,,telephone ,,sy/em4 ,we borr[ f ! ,elektrote*nis*e ,zeitung ! foll[+ details 9 reg>d to ! telephonic in/allations made by ! ,bro!rs ,naglo at ,b]l94 ,fig4 #a gives ! g5]al arrangem5t ( a /ation1 :]e ,j is an inductor set 9 motion ?r\gh a w9*1 ,k1 & a pair ( friction roll]s2 ,w1 a pol>iz$ call2 ,u1 an ord9>y two-direction commutator2 ,b1 a lightn+ protector2 & ,l & ,t1 ! two t]m9als ( ! app>atus1 "o ( !m connect+ ) ! l9e & ! o!r ) ! e>?4 ,! int]e/+ po9t ( ?is sy/em is ! automatic communication :i* occurs :5 ! inductor1 ,j1 is mov$4 ,at ! same mom5t t ! w9*1 ,k1 is be+ mov$1 ! disk1 ,p1 is c>ri$ f "r to left & br\ght into contact ) ! spr+1 f#b4 ,z soon z ! w9* is left to itself a c\nt]-spr+ =ces ! disk1 ,p1 to return to a contact ) ! spr+1 f#a4 ,figs4 #b & #c %[ ! details ( su* communication4 ,! w9*1 ,k1 is key$ to "o ( ! extremities ( a sleeve t c>ries ! disk1 ,p1 at its o!r extremity4 ,?is sleeve is fix$ ^u ! axle ( ! fir/ friction roll]1 t is to say1 ^u ! axle t controls ! motion ( ! inductor1 & is provid$ at ! c5t] ) two helicoidal grooves1 e1 at "r angles ) "o ano!r4 ,9 ^! grooves slides a tappet1 n1 connect$ ) ! axle4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #a4 ,"u ! influ5ce ( ! c\nt]-spr+ at ! left ( ! disk1 ,p1 ! latt] con/antly t5ds to occupy ! position %[n 9 ,fig4 #b1 :i* is t ( re/4 ,z soon z ! w9*1 ,k1 is revolv$1 :atev] be ! direction ( ! motion1 ! axle c only be c>ri$ along :5 ! tappet1 n1 has come to occupy ! position %[n 9 ,fig4 #c1 t is to say1 :5 ! disk has mov$ f "r to left a di/ance correspond+ to ! fraction ( ! helix =m$ 9 ! sleeve4 ,?is /at$1 x is easy to und]/& ! travel ( ! curr5ts4 ,fig4 #a %[s ! /ation at re/4 ,! curr5t t arrives ?r\gh ,l passes ?r\gh ! lightn+ protector1 ! body ( ! commutator1 ,u1 ! t]m9al1 v1 & ! call1 ,w1 bifurcates at ,p1 & is clos$ by ! e>?4 ,! inductor is 9 circuit1 b1 z x is 9 d]ivation1 ^u a v feeble resi/ance1 v1 ne>ly ! :ole ( ! curr5t passes ?r\gh ! latt]4 ,:5 x is ! /ation t is call+1 ! call1 ,w1 is put 9 d]ivation ^u ! circuit1 f#b p1 h1 s t ! portion ( ! circuit t passes ?r\gh q ,w v is exce$+ly feeble1 & incapable ( op]at+ ! bell ( ! po/ t is call+4 ,illu/ration3 ,,figs4 #b ,,& #c4 ,f9ally1 :5 ! telephone is unhook$1 ! inductor1 ,j1 & ! bell1 ,w1 are ?r[n out ( circuit1 & ! telephone is int]pos$ betwe5 d & i1 t is1 betwe5 ,l & ,t4--,la ,lumi]e ,electrique4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,! ,,g]>d ,,electric ,,lamp4 ,9 ! ,g]>d inc&esc5t lamp ! c>bons h ! =m ( a ,v4 ,!y are obta9$ by agglom]at+ v f9ely p[d]$ c>bon1 & pass+ x ?r\gh a draw plate4 ,at _! extremity !y are cem5t$ toge!r ) a small quantity ( c>bon pa/e1 & _! connection ) ! plat9um conduct+ wires is effect$ by means ( a cyl9d] ( ! same pa/e surm\nt$ by a cone4 ,^! c\pl+s secure a good contact1 &1 by _! dim5sions1 prev5t ! atta*m5ts f becom+ hot & consequ5tly injur+ ! c>bon at ?is po9t4 ,! cone =ms a connection ( decreas+ section1 & prev5ts ! c>bon f gett+ brok5 dur+ c>riage4 ,?is process ( manufacture p]mits ( obta9+ lamps ( all int5sities1 f #c c&les up4 ,! foll[+1 accord+ to ,mr4 ,g]>d1 are ! consumptions ( en]gy 9 ea* size ( lamp3 ,c&les4 ,volts4 ,amp]es4 ,no4 #j4 #aj #af #a4e #a4 #be #be #b #b4 #ej #cj #b4e ,illu/ration3 ,,g]>d',s ,,inc&esc5t ,,lamp4 ,x w be se5 t ^! lamps require a relatively int5se curr5t ) mu* less fall ( pot5tial ?an ! ,swan1 = example--?is be+ due to ! diamet] ( ! filam5t4 ,b1 :at is an inconv5i5ce z reg>ds m\nt+1 if we wi% to supply !m by ord9>y ma*9es 7= !y mu/ be m\nt$ 9 s]ies ( #c on ea* d]iv$ circuit if ! ma*9e gives1 z mo/ frequ5tly ! case1 #ajj volts71 is an advantage z reg>ds ! quality & /ead9ess ( ! light & ! duration ( ! lamps4 ,! "p 9 :i* ! en]gy is exp5d$ is homog5e\s1 z might be suppos$ f ! mode ( manufacture1 & z may be asc]ta9$ f a microscopical exam9ation1 & x is exempt f ^? v>iations 9 composition t are f\nd 9 c>bons ( a vegetable nature1 l ! ,edison4 ,besides1 be+ ( relatively l>ge diamet]1 ! lamp is capable ( support+ a v great increase ( temp]ature4 ,! process employ$ = fix+ ! lamps is z simple z c be4 ,ea* plat9um wire is sold]$ to a piece ( copp] t surr\nds ! base ( ! lamp & t is fix$ to ! glass ) a special cem5t4 ,^! two armatures int]tw9e1 b at a suffici5t di/ance ap>t to prev5t contact4 ,!y c>ry a longitud9al projection & an inflation t fit by h>d friction into two copp] spr+s connect$ electrically ) ! circuit4 ,x is only necess>y to lift ! lamp 9 ord] to remove x f ! support2 & ! contr>y op]ation is j z easy4--,le ,g5ie ,civil4 99 99 99 99 99 ,a ,,new ,,reflect+ ,,galvanomet]4 ,fig4 #a %[s an elevation ( ! in/rum5t & a horizontal section ( ! bobb9s4 ,two pairs ( bobb9s1 cc1 cc1 are s arrang$ t ! axes ( ea* pair are p>allel & 9 ! same v]tical plane4 ,ea* pair is support$ by a v]tical brass plate1 & ! two plates make an angle ( ab\t #ajf ) ea* o!r1 s t ! planes conta9+ ! axes ( ! bobb9s make an angle ( ab\t #gd4 ,two horse%oe magnets1 m m1 made ( #a_/be in* /eel wire1 are connect$ by a v light piece ( alum9um & plac$ at su* a di/ance f ea* o!r t1 on be+ susp5d$1 ! two bran*es ( ea* ( ! magnets %all freely ent] ! respective bores ( ! two bobb9s fix$ ^u ! same plate1 &1 :5 ! :ole sy/em is 9 equilibrium & ! bobb9s free f curr5t1 ! two bran*es ( ea* ( ! magnets %all ne>ly co9cide ) ! axes ( su* bores4 ,! magnets are n plane1 b are curv$ s z to =m portions ( a v]tical cyl9d] ^: axis co9cides ) ! direction ( ! susp5sion wire1 & to :i* ! axes ( ! bobb9s are tang5t at _! c5t]1 approximately to ! po9ts :]e ! poles ( ! magnets are situat$4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #a4 ,,gray',s ,,galvanomet]4 ,! ne$les h be5 giv5 ?is =m s t _! extremities %all n t\* ! sides ( ! bore dur+ consid]able deflections4 ,9 ! in/rum5t :i* ! inv5tors1 ,messrs4 ,t4 ,a4 ,gray1 us$ 9 _! exp]im5ts ^u ! resi/ance ( glass1 ! ne$les 7 arrang$ s t _! poles ( contr>y "n 7 opposite4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #b4 ,! sy/em ( ne$les is susp5d$ f ! extremity ( a screw1 p1 :i* passes into a nut1 n1 movable betwe5 two /ation>y pieces4 ,on revolv+ ! nut1 we cause ! screw to rise or l[]1 along ) ! entire susp5d$ "p1 )\t twi/+ ! ?read4 ,! f\r bobb9s are gr\p$ = t5sion1 & h a total resi/ance ( #cj1bbj ohms4 ,!y conta9 #af1jjj feet ( ,no4 #ej copp] wire1 =m+ #fb1ici revolutions1 ne>ly equally divid$ betwe5 ! f\r bobb9s4 ,:5 a curr5t is pass+ ?r\gh ! bobb9s1 ! poles ( "o ( ! horse%oe magnets are attract$ t[>d ! int]ior ( ! correspond+ bobb9s1 :ile ^? ( ! o!r are repell$ t[>d ! ext]ior by ! two o!r bobb9s4 ,we ?us h a c\ple :i* t5ds to cause ! sy/em to revolve ar\nd ! susp5sion axis4 ,a mirror1 :i* is fix$ ^u a v]tical piece ( alum9um1 a1 gives1 9 ! usual mann]1 a reflect$ image ^u a scale1 ?us all[+ ! deflections to be read4 ,a comp5sat+ magnet1 ,m1 is support$ by a v]tical column fix$ to ! case1 above ! ne$les4 ,?is magnet may be plac$ 9 ! diff]5t azimu?s by means ( a tang5tial screw1 t4 ,! extremities ( ! bobb9 wires are connect$ ) ?ree t]m9als1 ,t1 ,t1 ,t1 & ! in/rum5t may1 by a prop] arrangem5t1 became diff]5tial4 ,^! t]m9als1 z well z ! communicat+ wires1 are insulat$ ) ebonite4 ,?us arrang$1 ! in/rum5t is capable ( mak+ a deflection ( "o division ( #a_/ej in* ^u a scale plac$ at a di/ance ( a little m ?an a y>d1 ) ! curr5t produc$ by "o daniell ( #aj ohms4 ,?is is a degree ( s5sitiv5ess t _c be obta9$ ) any ( ! a/atic in/rum5ts kn[n up to ! pres5t4 ,by regulat+ ! ne$les prop]ly1 a great] degree ( s5sitiv5ess may be atta9$1 b !n ! duration ( ! ne$les' oscillation becomes too great4 ,! s5sitiv5ess ( ! in/rum5t is suffici5tly great to all[ x to be us$ 9 _m cases1 ev5 ) a mod]ate duration ( oscillation4 ,9 _! exp]im5ts ^u ! resi/ance ( glass1 ! inv5tors employ$ an in/rum5t t 0 n arrang$ = giv+ great s5sitiv5ess1 & "o ) :i* resi/ances ( f #ajd to #aje megohms c\ld be measur$ by ! use ( a pile ( #abj daniells4 ,! in/rum5t c be giv5 ano!r =m4 ,! f\r bobb9s may be arrang$ symmetrically 9 ! same plane1 & ! two horse%oe magnets be support$ by an ,s-%ap$ alum9um b>4 ,! latt] trav]ses ! plate t supports ! bobb9s1 9 su* a way t "o ( ! magnets ent]s "o ( ! bobb9s t correspond to x on "o side ( ! plate1 & ! o!r on ! o!r side1 z %[n 9 ,fig4 #b4 ,! bobb9s are s connect$ t1 :5 !y are trav]s$ by a curr5t1 bo? magnets are at ! same "t attract$ t[>d ! int]ior or repell$ t[>d ! ext]ior ( ! bobb9s4 ,su* a =m ( ! in/rum5t has ! advantage ( be+ m easily con/ruct$1 :ile ! regulation ( ! magnets ) respect to ! bore ( ! bobb9s is easi]4 ,! *ief advantage ( ! in/rum5t results f ! fact t1 ow+ to ! arrangem5t ( ! magnets & bobb9s1 a l>ge portion ( ! wires ( ! latt] is situat$ v ne> ! poles ( ! magnets1 & 9 a position v favorable = electro-magnetic action4 ,! in/rum5t pres5ts no difficulties z reg>ds con/ruction1 & co/s no m ?an an ord9>y "o4 ,we might ev5 arrange a s+le horse%oe magnet1 or an ,s-%ap$ "o1 horizontally1 & employ b a s+le pair ( bobb9s1 & ?us h a non-a/atic app>atus bas$ ^u ! same pr9ciple4 ,b 9 a/atic in/rum5ts x is bett] to place ! magnets 9 su* a way t ! two bran*es %all be 9 ! same v]tical plane4 ,7 ! l9e t jo9s ! two poles v]tical1 ! sy/em w\ld be p]fectly a/atic 9 a uni=m field1 s9ce ea* magnet 9 p>ticul> w\ld !n be p]fectly a/atic4 ,a pair ( horse%oe magnets may ?us be regulat$ 9 su* a way z to =m a p]fectly a/atic sy/em 9 a uni=m field & to pres]ve an almo/ inv>iable z]o1 ?is be+ some?+ t x is v difficult to obta9 ) ! ord9>y arrangem5t ( ne$les1 especially :5 a comp5sat+ magnet is us$2 =1 9 su* a case1 "o ( ! ne$les becomes m or less magnetiz$1 :ile ! o!r becomes demagnetiz$1 accord+ to ! position ( ! comp5sat+ magnet4--,la ,lumi]e ,electrique4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,hi/ological ,,me?ods4 ,a cat1 dog1 rabbit1 or ,gu9ea pig w furni% p>ts f :i* sections c be cut = ! /udy ( hi/ology4 ,:i*ev] animal is select$ %\ld be "y & well develop$4 ,put x "u influ5ce ( *lor(orm1 & op5 into ! cavity ( ! *e/2 make an incision into ! "r v5tricle1 & all[ ! animal to ble$ to dea?2 cut ! tra*ea & inject ! lungs ) a solution ( "o & a half dra*ms ( *romic acid 9 "o qu>t ( wat]1 c>e be+ tak5 n to ov]di/5d ! lung4 ,tie ! sev]$ end to prev5t ! escape ( ! fluid1 & c>efully remove ! lung4 ,x is a difficult ?+ to d ?is )\t ruptur+ x1 b ) c>e & pati5ce x c be done4 ,place ! lungs 9 a solution ( ! same /r5g? z us$ = inject+2 aft] fifte5 or tw5ty h\rs *ange x to a fre% solution1 & all[ x to rema9 = ab\t a mon?1 & !n *ange x to rectifi$ spirits1 9 :i* x may rema9 until requir$4 ,cut ! tongue into sev]al transv]se & longitud9al pieces1 also ! small inte/9es1 & put !m into a solution ( fifte5 & "o-half gra9s *romic acid1 ?irty grammes bi*romate ( pota%1 & ?ree p9ts ( wat]2 *ange ! solution ! next day1 & let !m rema9 two weeks & !n place 9 spirits4 ,cut longitud9al & transv]se portions ( ! /oma* & l>ge inte/9es1 wa% 9 a weak solution ( salt & wat]1 & put !m 9 ! same solution z us$ = ! lungs1 & treat simil>ly4 ,cut ! kidneys longitud9ally & transv]sely1 & put !m 9 a solution ( six & "o-half dra*ms bi*romate ( pota%1 two & "o-half dra*ms sodium sulphate1 "o qu>t ( wat]2 *ange ! solution ! next day1 & at ! end ( f\r weeks transf] to alcohol4 ,wa% ! inn] surface ( ! bladd] ) salt & wat]1 & aft] cutt+ x longitud9ally & transv]sely1 put ! sections 9 a solution ( ?ree dra*ms bi*romate ( pota% 9 a qu>t ( wat]4 ,cut ! liv] into small p>ts1 & place 9 ! same solution z us$ = ! kidneys2 *ange ! solution aft] a day1 & let !m rema9 f\r or five weeks1 !n *ange to spirits4 ,! sple5 & portions ( ! ?9 abdom9al muscles may be plac$ 9 a solution ( ?ree dra*ms *romic acid to "o qu>t ( wat]1 & transf]r$ to alcohol aft] ?ree or f\r weeks4 ,c>efully remove an eye & divide x beh9d ! cry/all9e l5s1 put ! po/]ior portion 9 a solution made by dissolv+ fifte5 grs4 *romic acid 9 five dra*ms wat]1 & sl[ly add+ five & "o-half ounces alcohol2 *ange to spirits 9 two weeks4 ,! l5s %\ld be put 9 ! same solution1 b %\ld rema9 a few days long]4 ,op5 ! head1 remove ! bra91 & place transv]se & longitud9al sections ( x 9 spirits = eighte5 h\rs1 !n transf] to a solution ( "o dra*m *romic acid 9 a qu>t ( wat]1 & let x rema9 until h>d en\gh to cut4 ,place ! ut]us 9 a solution ( "o & "o-half dra*ms *romic acid 9 "o qu>t ( wat]1 *ange to a new solution ! next day1 & at ! end ( a mon? transf] to alcohol4 ,! bones f "o ( ! legs %\ld be c>efully clean$ ( its muscles1 cut into sev]al pieces1 & plac$ 9 a solution ( fifte5 & "o-half gra9s *romic acid1 "o-half dra*m nitric acid1 & six ounces wat]4 ,*ange ! fluid frequ5tly until ! bones are suffici5tly s(t5$1 & !n *ange to alcohol4 ,section cutt+ ma*9es = cutt+ sections c be procur$ ( ! deal]s1 b a v simple & effective "o c be easily made if "o does n wi% to g to ! exp5se ( buy+ an in/rum5t4 ,a /rip ( wood twelve or f\rte5 in*es long & ab\t two in*es wide has atta*$ to its c5t] a bridge-%ap$ piece ( wood1 a1 ,fig4 #a4 ,?is is cov]$ ) a brass plate1 c1 pi]c$ ) a hole "o-half ( an in* 9 diamet]4 ,?is hole ext5ds ?r\gh ! wood1 & is fitt$ ) a pi/on4 ,two long n>r[ incl9$ planes ( ne>ly equal incl9ation1 b1 b1 groov$ to slide on ea* o!r1 are plac$ "u ! bridge2 ! l[] is to be fa/5$ to ! bo>d2 ! end ( ! pi/on re/s on ! upp] "o4 ,! object f :i* we desire to cut a section is plac$ 9 ! hole1 9 ! pi/on4 ,if ! upp] plane be pu%$ 91 ! pi/on w be =c$ upw>d1 & ) x ! object4 ,z ! incl9ation ( ! plane is v gradual1 ! v]tical motion w be v slight z comp>$ ) ! horizontal4 ,:5 ! object is rais$ a little above ! brass plate1 a ke5 edg$ razor1 ?or\ghly wet1 is pu%$ ov] ! hole1 cutt+ ! object4 ,?is gives ! section a smoo? surface1 & ev5 ) ! plate2 n[ pu% ! plane =w>d "o-eigh? to "o-qu>t] ( an in*1 & cut aga92 ?is w give a ?9 section ( ! object4 ,! ?ickness ( ! section dep5ds1 ( c\rse1 on ! di/ance ! w$ge is pu%$4 ,) a little practice1 mu* bett] sections c be cut by ! h& ?an by any ma*9e2 ?is does n apply ( c\rse to l>ge sections4 ,a razor ( good /eel1 ) a blade ?9 & h>d1 are ! mo/ ess5tial po9ts 9 an in/rum5t = h& cutt+4 ,= ord9>y purposes x is n necess>y to h ! blade gr\nd flat on "o side1 al?\gh _m pref] x4 ,! knife %\ld always be ?or\ghly wet1 9 ord] t ! cut tissue may float ov] its surface4 ,wat]1 alcohol or salt & wat] may be us$ = ?is purpose4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #a4 ,to out a section by h&1 hold ! object betwe5 ! ?umb & fir/ two f+]s ( ! left h&1 support+ ! back ( ! knife by ! =ef+]4 ,! knife is to be held firmly 9 ! "r h&1 & 9 cutt+ %\ld nev] be pu%$1 b drawn f heel to po9t obliquely ?r\gh ! tissue4 ,! section %\ld be remov$ f ! knife by a camel's hair bru%4 ,:5 ! object is too small to hold1 x is usually emb$d$ 9 "s conv5i5t sub/ance4 ,a c>rot is sometimes v useful = ?is purpose4 ,a hole r small] ?an ! object is cut out ( ! middle4 ,put :atev] is to be cut into ?is1 & cut a ?9 section ( ! :ole4 ,! c>rot does n cl+ to ei!r ! knife or ! section1 & ! knife is wett$ at e slice by x4 ,p>aff9 is ! ag5t usually employ$ = emb$d+ purposes4 ,melt x1 & add a little l>d to s(t5 x2 ! addition ( a little clove oil r5d]s x less adhesive4 ,melt ! p>aff9 at z l[ a temp]ature z possible1 & p\r x into a pap] cone4 ,dip ! object into ?is & remove imm$iately2 z soon z ! lay] ( p>aff9 surr\nd+ x becomes h>d5$1 replace x 9 ! p>aff92 ?is prev5ts ov]heat+ ! tissues4 ,:]e ! tissues are too s(t to be cut1 !y may be soak$ 9 a solution ( gum arabic & dri$2 9 ?is condition !y c be readily cut1 aft] :i* ! gum c be dissolv$ (f4 ,?is is an extremely useful me?od = cutt+ ! lung or o!r organs :]e an int]/itial support is ne$$4 ,= a v ?9 object1 a cork fitt+ any k9d ( a tube is to be split1 & ! object plac$ betwe5 ! two p>ts2 ! cork is !n ?ru/ into ! tube1 & a suffici5t degree ( firmness w be obta9$ to all[ cutt+4 ,! sections %\ld always be manipulat$ ) camel's hair bru%es4 ,mu* practice w be requir$ be=e dext]ity is atta9$4 ,me?ods ( pres]v+ ! tissues4--,all wat] mu/ be remov$ f ! tissue1 ei!r by dry+ or by imm]s+ x 9 rectifi$ spirits1 & !n 9 absolute alcohol1 & ! alcohol driv5 (f by float+ x ^u oil ( clove or turp5t9e4 ,! sub/ances us$ to pres]ve ! tissues are ,canada balsam1 ,damm> balsam1 glyc]9e1 ,f>rant's solution1 potassium acetate1 spirits1 naph?a1 & creosote4 ,! section is to be float$ on to ! slide or plac$ 9 position ) a camel's hair bru%4 ,x %\ld be spread out1 & !n exam9$ "u ! microscope = ! purpose ( improv+ its position if necess>y1 or ( remov+ any =eign p>ticles4 ,a drop ( ! pres]v+ m$ium is !n plac$ ^u x1 & ano!r plac$ on ! cov] & all[$ to spread out4 ,! cov] is !n tak5 by a pair ( p9c]s & inv]t$ ov] ! object1 & "o edge br\ght to t\* ! slide at "o "p ( its m>g94 ,! cov] is !n g5tly l[]$1 & ! :ole space b5ea? ! cov] fill$ & ! tissue completely saturat$4 ,if air bubbles %[ !mselves1 raise ! cov] at "o corn] & deposit a fur!r quantity ( ! m$ium4 ,! slide %\ld be set aside = a few days4 ,fir/1 ! excess ( ! m$ium mu/ be remov$2 if x is glyc]9e1 mu* ( x c be remov$ by a piece ( blott+ pap]1 b ! cov] mu/ n be t\*$1 = x is easily displac$2 t ne> ! cov] c be replac$ by a camel's hair bru%4 ,a n>r[ r+ ( glyc]9e jelly %\ld be plac$ ar\nd ! edge ( ! cov]1 to fix x be=e ! cem5t is appli$4 ,:5 ?is has set1 a n>r[ /rip ( cem5t is to be put on1 j slightly ov]lapp+ ! edge ( ! cov] & outside ! m>g9 ( ! jelly4 ,until x has be5 p]fectly secur$1 a slide c>ry+ glyc]9e mu/ nev] be plac$ 9 an incl9$ position1 z its cov] w slide (f4 ,pres]vative m$ia4--,canada balsam may be prep>$ z foll[s3 ,place "s pure ,canada balsam 9 a sauc]1 & cov] ) pap] to exclude du/2 dry x 9 an ov5 at a temp]ature ( #aej2 :5 x cools1 x w become h>d & cry/all9e4 ,dissolve ?is 9 b5zole1 & use 9 ! same way z glyc]9e4 ,damm> is n[ us$ z a sub/itute = ,canada balsam4 ,by its use ! tissues are r5d]$ m transp>5t4 ,to prep>e x1 dissolve "o-half ounce ( ,damm> ros9 & "o-half ounce ( gum ma/ic 9 ?ree ounces ( b5zole1 & filt]4 ,?is may be us$ to m\nt uns(t5$ bone & too?1 hair1 bra91 & sp9al column1 & mo/ tissues t h be5 h>d5$ 9 alcohol or *romic acid1 :i* require to h _! transp>5cy increas$4 ,glyc]9e is n adapt$ = :ite fibr\s tissue or blood vessels1 unless !y h be5 h>d5$ 9 *romic acid1 z x causes ! :ite fib]s to swell up & lose _! normal features4 ,sections ( liv]1 lung1 sk91 & alim5t>y canal %[ bett] 9 glyc]9e unless !y h be5 /a9$4 ,f>rant's solution may be sub/itut$ = glyc]9e 9 _m in/ances1 because ( its feebl] t5d5cy to r5d] ! tissues transp>5t4 ,x consi/s ( equal p>ts ( gum arabic1 glyc]9e1 & a saturat$ solution ( ars5i\s acid4 ,9 m\nt+ prep>ations ) ?is m$ium1 ! cov]$ object %\ld be all[$ to lie a day be=e ! v>ni% is appli$1 s t ! cov] may be fix$1 & !reby prev5t$ f be+ displac$4 ,rectifi$ spirits may be us$ = m\nt+ s(t5$ bone & too?1 & naph?a & creosote are useful = pres]v+ ur9>y ca/s4 ,:5 ! section is m\nt$ 9 ,canada or ,damm> balsam1 no cem5t is requir$1 b = all o!r pres]vative m$ia ! m>g9 ( ! cov] mu/ be cov]$ ) cem5t4 ,to d ?is1 dry ! edges ( ! cov] ?or\ghly ) bibul\s pap]1 & pa9t a lay] ( gold size1 all[+ x to ov]lap ! cov] an eigh? or sixte5? ( an in*1 !n cov] ?is ) :ite z9c cem5t4 ,prep>ation = m\nt+ ! diff]5t tissues4--,to obta9 a section ( bone or too? requires a gr9d+ d[n ( ! tissue until x is s ?9 z to be transp>5t4 ,a section %\ld fir/ be cut z ?9 z possible by a f9e saw4 ,x %\ld be atta*$ by ! flatte/ side to a piece ( glass1 & !n gr\nd d[n by a gr9d/one or by v f9e em]y1 on a p]fectly flat piece ( lead4 ,:5 suffici5tly ?9 & transp>5t1 m\nt 9 rectifi$ spirits or ,damm>4 ,sections ( ! tongue may be made by emb$d+ 9 p>aff91 & m\nt$ 9 ,f>rant's solution or glyc]9e4 ,sections ( ! /oma* may also be made by emb$d+ 9 p>aff91 b bett] ones c be made by freez+4 ,f>rant's solution makes a good m\nt+4 ,! inte/9es also give a bett] section f freez+ ?an by emb$d+1 z ! p>aff9 injures ! villi2 m\nt 9 ! same m$ium z ! /oma*4 ,! liv] may be emb$d$ 9 p>aff91 & ! section m\nt$ 9 ,f>rant's solution or glyc]9e4 ,! kidney may be treat$ 9 ! same way4 ,! cornea ( ! eye c be readily cut by emb$d+ 9 p>aff91 & ! section may be m\nt$ 9 ,f>rant's solution4 ,! cry/all9e l5s & ret9a may be treat$ simil>ly4 ,! bra9 & sp9al cord %\ld be emb$d$ 9 p>aff9 or a c>rot1 & ! section m\nt$ 9 ,damm>4 ,sections ( ! ut]us & ov>ies are be/ m\nt$ 9 glyc]9e or ,damm>4 ,sections ( lung maybe made by emb$d+ 9 gum or by freez+1 & m\nt$ 9 ,f>rant's solution4 ,e slide %\ld be ( uni=m size1 & label$4 ,! usual size is #ca in*es1 & %\ld be ( a good quality ( glass1 free f scrat*es or air holes4 ,!y may be label$ ei!r by writ+ ) a diamond1 or a small piece ( pap] affix$ to "o end1 on :i* is writt5 :at is requir$4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,life ,,hi/ory ,,( ,a ,,new ,,septic ,,organism4 ,at a rec5t meet+ 9 ,london1 ( ! ,royal ,miscroscopical ,society1 ,dr4 ,dall+] gave 8 annual address to :at 0 probably ! l>ge/ ga!r+ ( ,fell[s ev] assembl$ on a simil> occasion4 ,aft] briefly ref]r+ to ! increas$ int]e/ lately manife/$ 9 ! /udy ( m9ute organisms1 & recall+ ! *>act]i/ics ( ! doctr9es ( abiog5esis & biog5esis1 he pass$ rapidly 9 review ! results ( ! obs]vations ( ,tyndall1 ,huxley1 & ,pa/eur z be>+ ^u ^! que/ions1 & call$ att5tion to ! obs]vations ( ,bu*n] z to ! trans=mation ( ,bacillus an?racis & ,bacillus subtilis1 & vice v]sa1 & ref]r$ ) approval to ,dr4 ,kle9's criticisms !reon4 ,hav+ spok5 ( ! desirability ( c>eful & cont9u\s /udy ( ?is class ( organisms1 & ! importance ( endeavor+ to e/abli% ! relation ( ! pa?og5ic =m to ! :ole gr\p1 he said he %\ld be bett] able to deal ) ! subject by record+ a few asc]ta9$ facts r ?an by mak+ a m ext5d$ review1 & he !re=e devot$ ! ma9 "p ( 8 address to a description ( ! life hi/ory ( a septic organism hi!rto unkn[n to sci5ce4 ,9 8 obs]vations ( ?is =m--ext5d+ ov] f\r ye>s--he _h ! advantage ( ! highe/ quality ( homog5e\s l5ses obta9able1 rang+ f "o-t5? to "o-fiftie? ( an in*1 8 *ief reliance be+ plac$ ^u a v p]fect "o ?irty-fif? ( an in*2 & f ! cont9u\s nature ( ! obs]vations z well z ! circum/ances "u :i* !y 7 c>ri$ on1 dry l5ses _h = ! mo/ "p to be employ$4 ,hav+ 9 8 possession a mac]ation ( cod-fi% 9 a fluid obta9$ f boil$ rabbits1 he f\nd at ! bottom ( x1 :5 9 an almo/ exhau/$ condition1 a precipitate =m+ a slightly viscid mass1 to :i* 8 att5tion 0 p>ticul>ly direct$4 ,x 0 se5 to conta9 a va/ numb] ( ,bact]ium t]mo1 b on exam9ation ) a "o-t5? in* objective %[$ t x also conta9$ a comp>atively small numb] ( int5sely active organisms--"o be+ discov]$ 9 ab\t eight or t5 drops ( ! s$im5t4 ,^! measur$ #a-aj1jjj ( an in* 9 l5g? by #a-ai1ejj ( an in* 9 bread?4 ,! fluid _h orig9ally be5 kept at a temp]ature ( #ij to #ie ,f41 & x 0 notic$ t1 :5 plac$ ^u a cold /age "u ! microscope1 ! movem5ts ( ! organisms became1 gradually sl[]1 until at la/ !y entirely ceas$2 ! necessity1 !re=e1 arose = ! use ( a w>m /age1 & ! v +5i\s contrivance by :i* a cont9u\s & ev5 temp]ature 0 ma9ta9$ )9 ! "o-t5? ( a degree 0 exhibit$4 ,! greate/ difficulty 9 ! matt] 01 h[ev]1 exp]i5c$ 9 obta9+ specim5s = obs]vation1 9 ord] to be able to trace !m f _! e>lie/ to _! late/ /age4 ,! ,presid5t !n expla9$1 by means ( an admirable s]ies ( illu/rations project$ ^u a scre5 by ! oxyhydrog5 lant]n1 ! life hi/ory ( ! organism to :i* he _h ref]r$1 exhibit+ x fir/ z a transluc5t1 elliptic1 sp9dle-%ap$ body1 ) six long & delicate flagella1 ! v>i\s positions 9 :i* ! five specim5s 7 drawn giv+ a v good idea ( its peculi> porpoiselike movem5ts4 ,! v>i\s positions :i* x assum$ 9 mak+ an attack ^u a portion ( decompos$ matt] 7 also %[n1 ! movem5ts q fasc9at+ ! obs]v] by _! rhy?mical "*4 ,! suppos$ action ( ! flagella 9 ! production ( ! movem5ts obs]v$ 0 expla9$1 di/9ct evid5ce be+ af=d$ ( a rem>kable spiral motion1 at lea/ ( ^? beh9d4 ,! process ( fission 0 illu/rat$ 9 all its obs]v$ /ages f ! fir/ appe>ance ( a con/ruction to t ( f9al & complete sep>ation1 ! :ole be+ p]=m$ )9 ! space ( eight or n9e m9utes4 ,a description ( ! process ( fusion f ! simple contact ( two organisms to _! entire absorption into ea* o!r foll[$1 z well z _! trans=mation into a granul> mass1 :i* gradually decreas$ 9 size 9 consequ5ce ( ! dropp+ ( a tra9 ( granules 9 x wake z x mov$ across ! field4 ,! developm5t ( ^! granules 0 trac$ f _! m9ute semi-opaque & sph]ical =m to t ( ! p]fect flagellate organism fir/ %[n1 ! entire process be+ complet$ 9 ab\t an h\r4 ,exp]im5ts z to _! !rmal dea?-po9t %[$ t1 :ile ! adults c\ld n be kill$ by a temp]ature less ?an #adf ,f41 ! highe/ po9t endur$ by ! g]ms 0 #aij ,f4 ,illu/rations ( a v>iety ( o!r modes ( fission discov]$ 9 previ\s rese>*es on simil> =ms 7 giv51 %[+ ! mode ( multiple division & a simil> process 9 ! case ( an organism conta9$ 9 an inve/+ envelope4 ,! ,presid5t conclud$ 8 address1 :i* 0 li/5$ to ?r\gh\t ) ! greate/ att5tion1 by rem>k+ t1 ?\gh ! processes c\ld be se5 & _! progress trac$1 ! modus op]&i 0 n traceable4 ,yet ! obs]v] c\ld n fail to be impress$ ) ! p]fect concurr5t adaptation ( ^! organisms to ! circum/ances ( _! be+2 !y 7 subject to no caprices1 _! life-cycles 7 z p]fect z ^? ( a cru/acean or a bird1 & :ile ! action ( ! v>i\s processes 0 c]ta91 _! rapidity ( increase & ! %ortness ( _! life hi/ory 7 su* t !y af=d$ a spl5did opportunity ( te/+ ! correctness ( ! ,d>w9ian law4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,w9t] ,,& ,,! ,,insects4 ,= a numb] ( ye>s previ\s to #ahgh we _h 9 ,pembroke b little or no sev]e cold1 ow+ to ! preval5ce ( s\!a/1 s\?1 we/1 & especially s\?we/ w9ds4 ,9 _m places1 fu*sias t 7 left 9 ! gr\nd = ! entire ye> _h n be5 froz5 to ! root )9 ! memory ( man4 ,"s ( ^! plants _h gr[n to be trees five or six y>ds 9 height1 & ) a trunk ! size ( "o's leg4 ,n[1 dur+ ! same s]ies ( ye>s1 _m insects t are common ?r\gh\t ! re/ ( ,great ,brita9 did n cease to be r>e ) u1 or r 7 conf9$ to c]ta9 circumscrib$ limits4 ,?us1 ! ,noctuellae1 ) ! exception ( a few species abundant ev]y:]e1 7 almo/ want+1 & ,i "k ( no o!r c\ntry :]e ! de>? ( common species ( nocturnal butt]flies 0 s great4 ,b dur+ ! w9t] ( #ahgh !re sup]v5$ a radical *ange4 ,p]si/5t w9ds f ! nor?we/1 driv+ back ! curr5ts ( w>m air f ! s\?1 br\ght on an int5se cold t froze ev]y?+2 or1 :5 "s v>iation occurr$ 9 !m1 cl\ds =m$ & dissolv$ into a ra9 t imm$iately froze1 s t ! l>ge roads rema9$ = weeks cov]$ ) a lay] ( rime f two to f\r in*es ?ick4 ,illu/ration3 ,,gre5 ,,woodpeck] ,,se>*+ ,,= ,,insects4 ,! w9t]s ( #ahgi & #ahhj 7 equally cold2 we may ev5 say t ! latt] 0 ! sev]e/ t _h be5 exp]i5c$ 9 fifty ye>s4 ,?is ye> ! sea-s&1 along ) ! ice & sn[1 =m$ a ?ick cru/ all along ! tide-l9e--?is be+ some?+ r>ely se5 along our coa/4 ,! fir/ ( ^! ?ree w9t]s 7#ahgh-ahgi7 kill$ all ! arboresc5t v]onicas & a few sumacs4 ,z = ! fu*sias & myrtles1 !y 7 froz5 d[n to ! level ( ! soil4 ,i n[ come to ! effects ( ?is sev]e cold ^u ! insects4 ,! ,lepidopt]a1 :i* be=e 7 r>e1 became m & m common 9 #ahgi1 #ahhj1 & #ahha1 & s mu* s t dur+ ! la/ nam$ ye> !y ab\nd$2 & species t _h =m]ly be5 detect$ only at c]ta9 favor$ po9ts spread ov] ! entire coa/ & into ! int]ior ( ! c\ntry4 ,! geomet]s appe>$ 9 numb]s t 7 unhe>d (4 ,b ?is *ange 0 especially /rik+ z reg>ds ! ,noctuellae1 9 view ( ! previ\s r>ity ( ! individuals belong+ to ?is family4 ,we h "h an example ( ! direct relation ( cause to effect1 al?\gh ,i am n 9 a position to ass]t t ! effect is always produc$ 9 ! same way4 ,to me !re is no "q z to ! fact t ! con/itution ( ^? insects :i* nature has accord$ ! faculty ( lib]at+ is /r5g!n$1 & t _! *ances ( life are increas$1 if ! cold ( w9t] is int5se en\gh to plunge !m into an absolute re/1 & is n unseasonably affect$ by w>m1 spr+-l days4 ,x is c]ta9 t su* cold is capable ( contribut+ l>gely to ! multiplication ( ! individuals ( su* species z hib]nate 9 ! egg /ate1 & x also has a b5efic5t influ5ce ^u ^? species :i*1 l ! small social l>vae1 pass ?is season ^u ! e>? envelop$ 9 a silk5 envelope1 or1 l ! l>vae ( ! ,noctuellae1 betwe5 dead leaves or ^u ! gr\nd itself4 ,on ano!r h&1 x _c be d\bt$ t mild w9t]s greatly contribute to ! br++ ab\t ( a de/ruction ( l>vae & *rysalids 9 two ways3 ,fir/1 !y favor ! developm5t ( m\ld1 :i*1 z well kn[n1 attacks ! l>vae ( insects :5 ^! h be5 enfeebl$ by an excess ( ra9 or dampness2 & second1 !y p]mit bea/s ( prey to cont9ue to ex]cise _! activity4 ,n[1 ^! latt] are num]\s4 ,moles1 in/ead ( bury+ !mselves deeply1 !n cont9ue to excavate ne> ! surface1 & %rew mice are con/antly 9 se>* ( food4 ,^! small mammals1 :i* ab\nd 9 ?is di/rict1 de/roy a l>ge numb] ( *rysalids ( ,lepidopt]a4 ,x is ! same ) birds4 ,z soon z sev]e cold beg9s to prevail 9 ! nor? & ea/1 !y come 9 troops to ! op5 fields & ! %elt]$ slope ( ! hills ( our di/rict4 ,b x is sc>cely wor? :ile to /op to tell ( ! skill & p]sev]ance ( ^! de/roy] ( l>vae4 ,we may m5tion1 ! woodpeck]1 h[ev]1 z a skillful se>*] = insects t lie hidd5 9 places :]e ! sun has melt$ ! sn[4 ,! c>nivor\s ,coleopt]a & ! ,=ficulae are likewise g5]ally 9 motion dur+ mild w9t]s4 ,d\btless ^! la/-nam$ d n make v l>ge inroads 9 ! ranks ( l>vae & *rysalids e day2 yet1 hav+ no o!r food1 !y de/roy a goodly numb] ( !m4 ,b ,i believe t ! deva/ations made 9 ! army ( insects by all ^! enemies unit$ d n equal ^? made by c]ta9 cru/aceans--! wood lice4 ,dur+ mild w9t]s ^! pe/s multiply1 eat1 & prosp] out ( b\nds1 & to su* a po9t t1 9 a climate l ours1 !y become a true sc\rge t prevails ev]y:]e1 out ( doors & )94 ,once 9 a place1 !y beg9 to look = l>vae & *rysalids1 :i* !y dev\r4 ,! sev]e cold seems to h de/roy$ a c]ta9 numb] ( !m1 s9ce !y are n[ n s num]\s by f>2 & x has at lea/ c]ta9ly put a /op to _! deva/ations at an epo* :5 ! l>vae are m p>ticul>ly expos$ to ! attacks ( _! enemies4 ,x is to ?is cause1 z well z to ! prec$+1 t ,i am l$ to attribute ! extraord9>y multiplication ( s _m species dur+ ! ?ree la/ summ]s1 :i* 7 sep>at$ by sev]e w9t]s4 ,la/ w9t] 0 mild1 & !re is !re=e no reason to expect t !re w be ano!r multiplication2 b ,i hope t ! h>m done by su* a season w be slight4 ,x is ! progressive multiplication ( ! de/roy]s1 jo9$ to ! correlative disappe>ance ( ! victims caus$ by a s]ies ( temp]ate seasons1 t is to be fe>$4 ,9 support ( ! proposition t ,i ma9ta91 ,i may m5tion /ill ano!r fact4 ,:ile ?is di/rict 7,pembroke1 ,wales7 is relatively poor 9 species ^: l>vae fe$ & hib]nate 9 ! op5 air a few species ( ,noctuellae1 ^: l>vae live buri$ 9 ! e>?1 are always abundant4 ,! c\ntry is relatively ri* 9 spices ( ,tortrix1 :i* develop & hib]nate 9 ! /alks or roots ( plants4 ,x is also wor?y ( rem>k t v few ( our species seem to be incapable ( endur+ a sev]e w9t]4--,c4,g4 ,b>ret1 9 ,sci5ce et ,nature4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,silk ,,worm ,,eggs4 ,pr(4 ,c4,v4 ,riley1 entomologi/1 ann\nces t ! ,dep>tm5t ( ,agriculture1 ,wa%+ton1 w pur*ase dur+ ! com+ summ] su* quantities ( silk worm eggs z may be deem$ necess>y = ! di/ribution t x is propos$ to make = ! season ( #ahhf4 ,s f> z f\nd practicable1 ! eggs w be pur*as$ ( ,am]ican produc]s4 ,!re are c]ta9 precautions1 h[ev]1 t mu/ be tak5 to insure pur*ase4 ,eggs ( improv$ races only 7pref]ably ( ! ,fr5* or ,italian ,yell[ ,races7 w be b\ght1 & ! produc] %\ld s5d "o or two samples ( pi]c$ cocoons ) ! eggs4 ,9 addition to ?is ! produc] mu/ con=m to c]ta9 rules to be h]eaft] expla9$1 s t an exam9ation may be made t w s]ve to %[ ! degree ( purity ( ! eggs4 ,no silk culturi/ %\ld use 8 crop = ! production ( eggs unless ! worms h %[n1 until !y began ! sp9n+ ( _! cocoons1 e sign ( p]fect1 robu/ heal?4 ,any indication ( ! disease call$ fla*]ie1 f :i* ! worms s (t5 die aft] ! f\r? m\lt & turn black f putrefaction1 or ( any o!r disease f :i* silk worms suff]1 %\ld be consid]$ z ample reason = n us+ ! cocoons = ! purpose 9 "q4 ,!y %\ld1 on ! o!r h&1 be sold = ! filature4 ,if ! worms h all ! indications ( heal? until ! sp9n+ p]iod1 !n ! cocoons may be us$ = ! production ( eggs4 ,! foll[+ brief in/ructions w prove ( s]vice to ^? :o :i* to secure s\nd eggs3 ,illu/ration ,= ea* ounce ( eggs to be produc$1 ab\t ?ree-qu>t]s ( a p\nd ( fre% cocoons f ! f9e/ & firme/ 9 ! lot %\ld be *os54 ,^! %\ld be /rung 9 sets ^u a ?read1 c>e be+ tak5 n to pi]ce ! *rysalis1 & ! /r+s hung 9 a cool1 d>k5$ room4 ,! mo?s g5]ally em]ge f ! cocoons e>ly 9 ! morn+1 & w be se5 crawl+ ab\t ov] ^!1 ! males be+ noticeable by _! small] abdom5s1 m robu/ ant5nae1 & by _! great] activity4 ,! mo?s %\ld be plac$1 reg>dless ( sex1 on a table1 :]e !y w soon f9d _! mates & c\ple4 ,z soon z =m$1 ! c\ples %\ld be remov$ to ano!r table1 t !y may n be di/urb$ by ! flutt]+s ( ! s+le mo?s4 ,!re %\ld be prep>$ = ea* ounce ( eggs to be produc$1 ab\t "o hundr$ small bags ( f9e musl91 made 9 ! foll[+ mann]3 ,cut ! clo? 9 pieces #cf in*es4 ,!n fold "o end ov] s z to leave a s+le edge ( ab\t ?ree-qu>t]s ( an in*1 z %[n 9 ! accompany+ cut4 ,?is %\ld be sewn up into a bag ) ! upp] end op51 & !n turn$ inside out1 s t ! seams w cause ! sides to bulge4 ,?us complet$ !y are call$ cells4 ,! cells %\ld be /rung on a cord /ret*$ across ! room4 ,! mo?s c\ple z a rule ab\t eight o'clock 9 ! morn+4 ,ab\t f\r 9 ! aft]noon !y %\ld be sep>at$ by tak+ !m by ! w+s & draw+ !m g5tly ap>t4 ,ea* female %\ld n[ be plac$ by h]self 9 a cell1 :i* is !n clos$ by a p9 z %[n 9 ! figure4 ,"h %e w lay h] eggs & 9 due "t die4 ,! males may z a rule be ?r[n away1 b x is wise to keep a few ( ! m active ones1 9 case !re %\ld be a sup]abundance ( females ! foll[+ day4 ,:5 ! females h f9i%$ lay+ _! eggs1 :i* op]ation occupies ab\t ?irty-six h\rs1 !y are ready to be %ipp$ to ?is (fice4 ,! cells1 ) _! inclos$ mo?s & eggs1 %\ld be plac$ 9 a /rong box ( wood or t91 be+ pack$ 9 su* a mann] t !y w n be cru%$1 & mail$ to ! entomologi/ at ! dep>tm5t4 ,by us+ ! inclos$ return p5alty slip1 paym5t ( po/age may be avoid$4 ,! "n ( ! s5d] %\ld be plac$ 9 ea* box4 ,! mo?s1 z soon z receiv$1 w be exam9$ microscopically1 & ! eggs ( ^? :i* are f\nd to be free f disease w be weigh$ & paid = at ! rate ( #b4ej p] ounce ( #be grammes 7ab\t #f-g ( an ounce avoirdupois74 ,silk culturi/s are advis$ n to attempt ! production ( eggs unless !y are adepts at ! indu/ry1 & h _h at lea/ "o season's exp]i5ce4 ,we w\ld advise ea* p]son desir+ to sell1 to s5d a sample fir/1 ) a /atem5t ( ! quantity (f]$4 99 99 99 99 99 ,dr4 ,z9tgraff ( ,bonn has tak5 a phonograph ) him to ,africa4 ,he int5ds to br+ home phonograms ( ! savage dialects :i* he w hire ! natives to speak into ! ma*9e4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,nature4 ,,det]m9+ ,,! ,,mean ,,d5sity ,,( ,,! ,,e>?4 ,9 ,nature = ,m>* #e 7p4 #djh7 ,pr(4 ,may] sugge/s an improvem5t 9 our me?od ( det]m9+ ! mean d5sity ( ! e>?1 f :i* x appe>s t our plan has n be5 prop]ly und]/ood4 ,?is misund]/&+1 no d\bt1 has aris5 f ! incomplete description ( our me?od giv5 9 ! ,nature 7,jan4 #ae4 p4 #bfj7 report ( ! ,proce$+s ( ! ,b]l9 ,physical ,society1 :i* report 0 probably ! only s\rce ( in=mation accessible to ,pr(4 ,may]4 ,we are l$ !re=e to give a %ort description ( our me?od4 ,let ,h ,i ,k ,l repres5t a section ( a cubical block ( lead1 ab\t two met]s 9 ! edge1 & weigh+ #ajj1jjj kilos4 ,! balance1 ,a ,b ,c1 is plac$ 9 ! middle ( ! upp] horizontal surface4 ,x be>s ! scale-pans1 ,d & ,e4 ,"u ^! scale-pans ! block is bor$ v]tically ?r\gh1 & two o!r scale-pans1 ,f & ,g1 are susp5d$ bel[ ! block1 atta*$ to ! balance by means ( rods pass+ ?r\gh ^! op5+s4 ,a weight ,d is br\ght into equilibrium by weights 9 ,g4 ,! weight 9 ,d is act$ ^u by ! e>?'s attraction t ( ! block1 & t 9 ,g by ! e>?'s attraction - t ( ! block4 ,! weights 9 ,g are !n great] ?an t 9 ,d by twice ! attraction ( ! block4 ,! weight 9 ,d 9 n[ remov$ to ,f1 & c\nt]balanc$ by weights 9 ,e4 ,! weight 9 ,e w be less ?an t 9 ,f by twice ! attraction ( ! block4 ,! diff]5ce ( ! two weigh+s gives !re=e f\r times ! attraction ( ! block4 ,a correction mu/ be introduc$ = ! v>iation 9 ! e>?'s attraction due to ! diff]5t heights ( ,d1 ,e & ,f1 ,g4 ,illu/ration ,9 ord] to obta9 z great a deflection ( ! balance by ! me?od sugge/$ by ,pr(4 ,may]1 ea* ( ! m]cury sph]es mu/ ex]t ! same attraction z our lead block4 ,?is w\ld require sph]es hav+ radii ( ab\t "o met]4 ,! l5g? ( ! beam ( ! balance w\ld be necess>ily at lea/ two met]s4 ,besides1 ea* mass ( m]cury1 w\ld ex]t "s attraction on ! weight on ! o!r side1 & ?us less5 ! deviation ( ! balance4 ,! me?od giv5 by ,pr(4 ,may]1 except = ! sugge/$ employm5t ( m]cury1 is !n no improvem5t on ours4 ,if we %\ld use m]cury1 we w\ld con/ruct a cubical vessel to conta9 x1 & use x z we propose to use ! lead block4 ,! advantage ( us+ m]cury is1 h[ev]1 c\nt]balanc$ by ! difficulty ( obta9+ x 9 su* l>ge quantities z w\ld be necess>y4 ,,ar?ur ,,konig4 ,,franz ,,ri*>z4 ,b]l91 ,physical ,in/itute ( ! ,univ]sity1 ,m>* #ae4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,physics ,,)\t ,,app>atus4 ,! ,porosity & ,p]meability ( ,bodies4--,take two tumbl]s ( ! same size1 place "o ( !m ^u a table1 & p\r into x a small quantity ( ne>ly boil+ wat]4 ,cov] ?is glass ) a %eet ( c>dbo>d1 & inv]t ! o!r "o ^u x4 ,?is second tumbl] mu/ be previ\sly wip$ s z to h x p]fectly dry & transp>5t4 ,9 a few seconds ! /eam f ! l[] tumbl] w trav]se ! c>dbo>d 7:i* w ?us exhibit its p]meability71 & w gradually fill ! upp] tumbl]1 & cond5se & run d[n its sides4 ,wood & clo? may be exp]im5t$ ) 9 succession1 & w give ! same results2 b !re are o!r sub/ances t are imp]meable1 & w n all[ !mselves to be trav]s$4 ,su*1 = example1 is ! vulcaniz$ rubb] ( :i* wat]pro(s are made4 ,?is exp]im5t expla9s to u :y fog is1 z has be5 well said1 s p5etrat+4 ,x trav]ses ! tissue ( our ov]coat & ( our flannel1 & comes into contact ) our body4 ,on ! contr>y1 a rubb] coat pres]ves u aga9/ its action4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #a4--;,,exp]im5t ,,^u ,,! ,,p]meability ,,( ,,bodies4 ,a ,hot ,air ,balloon4--,make a holl[ cyl9d] ( small diamet] out ( a %eet ( pap] su* z is us$ = cig>ette packages1 & turn 9 ! ends slightly s t x %all pres]ve its =m4 ,if ! cyl9d] seems too difficult to make1 a cone may be sub/itut$4 ,n[ set fire to ! cyl9d] or cone at its upp] "p4 ,! pap] w burn & become conv]t$ into a ?9 %eet ( a%es1 :i* w contract & curl inw>d4 ,?is light residuum ( a%es1 be+ fill$ ) air r>efi$ by combu/ion1 w sudd5ly rise to a di/ance ( two or ?ree y>ds4 ,"h we h a ,montgolfi] balloon4--,la ,nature4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #b4--,,pr9ciple ,,( ,,! ,,hot ,,air ,,balloon4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,! ,,cas9o ,,at ,,monte ,,c>lo4 ,! little city is situat$ ab\t half way betwe5 ,nizza & ,m5tone1 & x =m]ly 0 ! *ief city ( a pr9cipality t belong$ to ! family ,grimaldi4 ,pr9ce ,flore/an sold 9 #ahfj 8 royal pr]ogatives to ! ,emp]or ,napoleon1 = ?ree million francs1 consequ5tly ! l& came "u ! jurisdiction ( ! ,fr5* republic1 b ! city rema9$ 9 ! ,pr9ce's possession1 :o1 h[ev]1 gave to ! gambl] ,blanc ! privilege ( erect+ a gambl+ h\se ^u ! rocky %ore ( ! sea4 ,illu/ration3 ,,! ,,cas9o ,,at ,,monte ,,c>lo4 ,enorm\s sums ( money 7 sp5t to give ?is isolat$ cliff its pres5t appe>ance1 cov]$ z x is ) beautiful build+s1 hotels1 & villas1 besides ! magnific5t ,cas9o build+1 :i* 0 erect$ 9 #ahfb4 ,directly fac+ ! sea1 !re is a succession ( mo/ beautiful g>d5s & t]races4 ,b ?is e/abli%m5t1 :i* seems l p>adise1 has _h a mo/ disa/r\s effect ^u ?\s&s ( p]sons1 & = a long "t ! subject ( influ5c+ ! ,fr5* gov]nm5t to put a /op to ?is gambl+ h\se has be5 agitat$4 ,x c sc>cely be imag9$ h[ mu* mis]y x has already caus$4 ,x is evid5t to e "o t ! keep] ( ! bank makes consid]able pr(it1 z ! *ances are #fc times great] 9 8 favor ?an ^? ( ! play]4 ,x is admitt$ t ! pr(its am\nt e ye> to #ag million francs4 ,"o c well imag9e h[ _m =tunes h be5 consum$ e ye> to make ?is pr(it2 b ! numb] _c be det]m9$4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,on ,,an ,,express ,,eng9e4 ,x is a some:at unpromis+ morn+--! riv] is d>k ) fog & ! huge ar* ( ! /ation ne>ly hidd5 by mi/ & /eam4 ,a cold1 damp w9d makes ! pass5g]s hurry into ! c>riages1 & /rikes u %>ply z we /ep on to ! foot-plate ( ! eng9e1 :i* has j jo9$ ! tra94 ,b z we get beh9d ! %elt] ( ! scre51 we feel a g5]\s & slightly unctu\s s5sation ( w>m? v com=t+ to a *illy man4 ,! brasswork ( ! eng9e %9es brilliantly1 ! footbo>d has be5 newly scrubb$1 & ! driv] & /ok] /& wait+ = ! signal4 ,! ne$le %[s t ! /eam is j bel[ ! pressure at :i* x w\ld beg9 to bl[ (f2 ! wat] 9 ! gauge glass is j :]e x ought to be2 9 fact1 ! eng9e is 9 p]fect condition & ready = a />t4 ,! l9e is cle>1 ! gu>d's :i/le is answ]$ by our own1 & we glide almo/ imp]ceptibly pa/ ! la/ few y>ds ( ! plat=m4 ,! driv] op5s ! regulator till he is answ]$ by a few s\nd+ puffs f ! funnel1 & !n /&s on ! look\t = signals s num]\s t "o wond]s h[ he c tell :i* ( ! _m wav+ arms is rais$ or l[]$ = 8 guidance4 ,s he goes on1 ) h& on regulator & lev]1 gradually admitt+ m /eam z signal aft] signal comes ne>] & !n flies pa/ u1 till at la/ we are cle> ( ! suburbs & f9d ourselves on a g5tle incl9e & a /raight road1 ) ! op5 fields on ei!r side4 ,x is n[ t ! real bus9ess ( ! j\rney beg9s4 ,locomotives are z s5sitive & h z _m peculi>ities z horses1 & h to be z c>efully /udi$ if y w\ld ride !m fa/ & f>4 ,! lev] is put into ! mo/ suitable not* = work+ ! /eam expansively2 ! driv]'s h& is on ! regulator1 n to be remov$ = ! re/ ( ! trip2 ! furnace door is ?r[n wide op51 & fir+ beg9s 9 e>ne/4 ,"h x may n be amiss to /ate1 = ! b5efit ( ! un9itiat$1 t ! regulator controls ! supply ( /eam f ! boil]1 :ile ! lev] enables ! driv] to rev]se ! eng9e1 or1 z we h already /at$1 to exp& ! /eam by cutt+ x (f be=e ! end ( ! /roke4 ,! eng9e answ]s to ! appeal l a liv+ ?+1 & seems1 ) its /eady beat & sonor\s bla/1 to settle d[n to its "w4 ,x is pleasant f our seat 9 ! corn] ( ! scre5 to see ?is prep>ation = ! "w ahead--! absolute calm ( driv] & /ok]1 :o ex*ange no ^w1 b g /eadfa/ly & quietly ab\t _! bus9ess2 to feel ! vibrations f ! rails b5ea? ?rob ?r\gh "o ) sl[ly increas+ rapidity1 or wat* ! trees & h\ses g pa/ z gulls flap pa/ a boat4 ,= !re is a c]ta9 app>5t swagg+ movem5t ( ! objects pa/ :i* "o travels :i* c only be lik5$ to ! peculi> flight ( a l>ge sea-bird4 ,b n[ !re are signs ( increas$ activity on ! foot-plate2 ! /ok] is busy controll+ ! fe$ ( wat] to ! boil]1 & fires at m frequ5t int]vals2 ! driv]'s h& moves (t5] z he coaxes & enc\rages ! eng9e along ! road1 8 slighte/ ge/ure betray+ ! utmo/ t5sion ( eye & e>2 ! /ations1 in/ead ( e*o+ a long sull5 ro> z we g ?r\gh !m1 fla% pa/ u ) a sudd5 rattle1 & ! eng9e surges d[n ! l9e1 ! tra9 foll[+ ) hot ha/e 9 its wake4 ,we are 9 a cutt+1 & ! noise is deaf5+4 ,look+ ahead1 we see an app>5tly imp5etrable wall be=e u4 ,sudd5ly ! :i/le is op5$1 & we are 9 "o ( ! longe/ tunnels 9 ,engl&4 ,! effect produc$ is ! opposite ( t ) :i* we are famili> 9 a railway c>riage1 = ! *ange is "o f d>kness to light r ?an f light to d>kness4 ,! front ( ! fire-box1 foot-plate1 & ! t5d]1 :i* _h be5 r hazily p]ceiv$ 9 ! :irl ( surr\nd+ objects1 n[ /rike %>ply on ! eye1 lit up by ! blaze f ! fire1 :ile ov]head we see a glori\s canopy ( ruddy-gl[+ /eam4 ,! spe$ is great1 & ! flames 9 ! fire-box boil up & =m eddies l wat] at ! doors ( an op5+ lock4 ,f> ahead we see a :ite speck1 :i* increases 9 size till ! fi]ce light f ! fire pales1 & we are once m 9 op5 day4 ,! wea!r has lift$1 ! sky is gray1 b !re is no long] any appe>ance ( mi/4 ,! hills on ! horizon /& out %>ply1 & seem to keep pace ) u z ! miles slip pa/4 ,! l9e is cle>2 b !re is an important junction n f> di/ant1 & we slack5 spe$1 to insure a prompt pull-up %\ld we f9d an adv]se signal4 ,! junction signals are soon sight$2 nei!r caution nor dang] is indicat$1 &1 once cle> ( ! /ation1 we /eam ahead z fa/ z ev]4 ,"o peculi>ity ( ! view ( ! l9e ahead /rikes u4 ,look+ at a railroad l9e f a field or neighbor+ highway1 ev5 :]e ! rails are laid on a /eep incl9e1 ! rise & fall ( ! road is n v /rik+ly app>5t4 ,se5 ?r\gh ! wea!r-glass1 ! track appe>s to be laid up hill & d[n dale1 l a pa? on ! d[ns above high cliffs4 ,ov] x all we advance1 ! eng9e labor+ & puff+ on "o or two heavy gradi5ts1 9 spite ( a full supply ( /eam1 or te>+ d[n ! incl9es ) h>dly any1 or none at all & ! brake on4 ,& "h x may be not$ t1 l mod]n m51 mod]n eng9es h be5 put ^u diet1 & are n all[$ to indulge 9 s mu* victual z _! =efa!rs4 ,! eng9e-driv]1 l ! doctor ( ! new s*ool1 is det]m9$ n to ru9 8 pati5t by ov]-indulg5ce1 & w tell y sev]ely en\gh t he w nev] be guilty ( *ok+ 8 eng9e ) an ov]-supply ( /eam4 ,9 ! mean "t1 ! "* ( ! c\ntry we travel ?r\gh has *ang$4 ,x has become m op51 & !re is a /iff sea-breeze1 :i* makes itself di/9ctly felt ?r\gh ! ru% ( air produc$ by ! spe$ at :i* we are go+4 ,we fly pa/ idle /reams & ponds1 & z ! /eam swirls ov] !m are disappo9t$ at produc+ s little effect2 b ! ducks1 _! inhabitants1 are well us$ to su* visitations1 & h>dly deign to move a fea!r4 ,sudd5ly we plunge into a s]ies ( small *alk cutt+s1 & on em]g+ f !m f9d ourselves p>allel ) a gr& l9e ( d[ns4 ,we spe$ by a curve or two1 & f9d ourselves on ! sea-%ore2 "o m tunnel1 & ) /eam (f we g sob]ly into ! la/ /ation4 ,b !re is "o /ep m4 ,! breeze bl[s ab\t our e>s4 ,be=e u ! rails are wet1 = ! sea swept ov] !m n _m h\rs s9ce1 & to accompli% ! la/ few y>ds ( our j\rney ! lev] controll+ ! s&-box mu/ be us$ lib]ally1 to prev5t slipp+2 ! signal is giv51 & at a walk+ pace we make our way to :]e ! /eam] is await+ u4 ,a g5tle application ( ! brake pulls u up1 & ! j\rney is ov]4 ,x is difficult to realize1 z ! eng9e /&s quietly "u ! lee ( ! pi] :ile ! driv] exam9es ! ma*9]y1 & ! fire1 burn$ l[1 ?r[s out a g5tle w>m? z we /& be=e x1 t half an h\r ago we 7 te>+ along ! l9e at full spe$1 :ile ! foot-plate t is n[ s pleasant to l\nge on ?robb$ b5ea? u4 ,no?+ n[ rema9s b to kill "t z be/ we may till ! return trip _m h\rs h5ce4 ,x sc>cely promises to be z com=table z our morn+ ride1 = ! wea!r has *ang$--x is bl[+ half a gale1 & ! ra9 comes d[n 9 %eets4 ,our tra9 is tim$ to />t 9 ! small h\rs1 & ! night seems dirty & depress+ en\gh z we make our way = a cup ( c(fee to ! refre%m5t room1 :]e a melan*oly ,italian sits 9 sad /ate eat+ ,ba? buns & dr9k+ br&y4 ,we walk pa/ ! tra91 lad5 ) mis]able sea-sick humanity1 & /ep on ! eng9e1 :i* /&s 9 ! d>k at ! end ( ! plat=m4 ,"t is up1 & we pass f ! dim half-light ( ! /ation into out] d>kness4 ,a black] night !re c\ld h>dly be2 look+ ahead !re is no?+ to be se5 b "o's own reflection 9 ! wea!r-glass4 ,we are 9 ! mid/ ( obscurity1 :i* sudd5ly *anges to a ri* light z ! :i/le is op5$ & we ent] a tunnel4 ,! effect is f> m /rik+ ?an 9 ! daytime4 ,! light is m conc5trat$1 & ! m\? ( ! tunnel we h j ent]$ might be ! entrance to ,hades--= !re is no telltale spot ( light to prove to our s5ses ! exi/5ce ( any op5+ at ! o!r end4 ,! s\nd e*o$ f ! walls & ro( has a trem5d\s quality1 & resolves itself into a gr& sort ( ,wagn]ian rhy?m1 mak+ a va/ cresc5do1 till ) a ru% we cle> ! tunnel1 & are once m "u ! op5 sky4 ,! pace is increas+1 ! /eady beat ( ! eng9e tells m di/9ctly on ! e> ?an 9 ! daytime2 ! foot-plate is lit up by ! gl>e f ! fire-door2 b /ill !re is no?+ to be se5 ahead b ! imp5etrable night4 ,look+ back1 h[ev]1 ! sc5e is v diff]5t4 ,! t5d] & gu>d's van gl[ 9 ! light ?r[n by ! fire1 trees & h\ses by ! side ( ! track /& out %>ply = a mom5t & are !n lo/ to sight1 ! light f ! c>riage w9d[s produces ! effect ( ! wake ( a %ip se5 f ! /]n4 ,gradually ! cl\ds h roll$ away1 leav+ ! sky cle>4 ,! moon is se5 fitfully ?r\gh ! :irl+ /eam2 ! surr\nd+ c\ntry is visible = miles r\nd4 ,! effect produc$ is unspeakably beautiful4 ,9 ! mean "t let u turn our att5tion to ! work+ ( ! eng9e4 ,9 ! fir/ place1 let u take note t1 al?\gh ! eng9e we are n[ on1 & t :i* took u f ,london1 belong to ! same type1 _! p]=mances are some:at diff]5t4 ,no two eng9es ev] resemble ea* o!r1 no matt] h[ c>efully !y may h be5 built f ! same plan1 nei!r d any two driv]s manage _! eng9es precisely 9 ! same way4 ,we h 9 ?is in/ance an excell5t opportunity ( comp>+ two diff]5t me?ods ( driv+4 ,x is ! driv]'s pr9cipal object to get ! requir$ am\nt ( "w out ( 8 eng9e ) ! smalle/ possible exp5diture ( coal & wat]4 ,to obta9 ?is result ! /eam mu/ be work$ expansively1 :i* is done by plac+ ! valve ge> 9 su* a position by means ( ! lev] t ! supply ( /eam to ! cyl9d]s is cut (f1 z we h /at$ at ! beg9n+ ( ?is article1 be=e ! pi/on has accompli%$ its full /roke4 ,!re are two ways ( controll+ ! spe$ ( an eng9e work$1 z all locomotives are work$ n[1 expansively4 ,y may keep ! regulator wide op51 s t !re is always a full supply ( /eam on its way to ! cyl9d]s1 9 :i* case y increase or dim9i% ! spe$ by us+ ! /eam m or less expansively ?r\gh ! ag5cy ( ! lev]4 ,or y may "w ) ! same am\nt ( expansion ?r\gh\t ! j\rney1 & h comm& ( ! eng9e by con/antly *ang+ ! position ( ! regulator4 ,!re is no d\bt t ! m5 :o employ ! latt] me?od save some?+ by x1 al?\gh ?is w\ld h>dly seem to be ! op9ion ( ! driv] :o is br++ u rapidly ne>] to ,london1 = unlike ! driv] :om we accompani$ on ! daylight j\rney1 8 h& is n (t5 on ! regulator4 ,z we ru% on pa/ c\ntless signals1 punctual to ! m9ute1 yet always hav+ ample "t to slack5 spe$ be=e we come to ! places :]e ! diff]5t color$ lights clu/] ?icke/1 we are rem9d$ once m h[ mu* is requir$ ( an express eng9e-man besides a ?or\gh acqua9tance ) ! ma*9]y he has to control4 ,travel+ at night at a great spe$1 he mu/ "k e in* ( ! road by he>t--:]e an incl9e beg9s & :]e x ends1 & ! exact spot at :i* e signal along ! l9e may be fir/ sight$4 ,he mu/ h completely ma/]$ ! work+ ( ! traffic on bo? ! up & d[n l9es1 &1 above all1 mu/ be ready to act ) ! utmo/ promptitude %\ld any?+ g wrong4 ,mr4 ,mi*ael ,reynolds' publications h done mu* t[>d enlight5+ ! public on ^! po9ts1 b we d\bt if !re are _m :o really "k ! am\nt ( toil & dang] *e]fully fac$ by ! m5 on ! eng9e1 :o hold _! lives 9 _! h&s day aft] day = _m ye>s4 ,^! ?\ghts occur to u z we recross ! ,?ames & pull up at ! plat=m aft] a ?or\ghly enjoyable run4--,saturday ,review4 99 99 99 99 99 ,! mucilage on po/age /amps may n be unheal?y1 b p]sons hav+ a good _m to affix to lett] envelopes1 circul>s1 newspap]s1 or o!r wrapp]s e day1 w consume consid]able gum dur+ a ye>4 ,a less objectionable mode ( affix+ /amps ?an ! "o usually employ$ is to wet ! upp] "r h& corn] ( ! envelope1 & press ! /amp ^u x4 ,x w be f\nd to adh]e q z well z if ! /amp w5t ?r\gh ! moi/5+ process4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,ery?roxylon4 ,footnote3 ,f an ,ephem]is ( ,mat]ia ,m$ica1 ,ph>macy1 ,!rapeutics1 & ,collat]al ,in=mation4 ,by ,edw>d ,e4 ,squibb1 ,m4,d41 ,edw>d ,h4 ,squibb1 ,s4,b41 ,m4,d41 & ,*>les ,f4 ,squibb1 ,a4,b4 ,,coca4 ,! condition ( ! pr9cipal m>kets ( ! _w = ?is drug has rec5tly be5 exceptionally bad4 ,t is1 :e!r good coca 0 s\ght = 9 ! ports ( ,c5tral & ,s\? ,am]ica1 or 9 ,london1 ,hamburg1 or ,new ,york1 ! se>*1 ev5 )\t limitation 9 price1 0 almo/ inv>iably unsuccessful4 ,n t ! drug1 indep5d5t ( quality1 0 sc>ce1 = hundr$s ( bales 7 accessible at all times2 b ! quality 0 s poor z to be q unfit = use4 ,! samples1 in/ead ( be+ gre5 & fragrant1 7 br[n & odorless1 or mu/y & disagreeable1 at once condemn+ ! lots !y repres5t$1 to ! mo/ casual obs]vation1 & yet ! price 0 high en\gh to h repres5t$ a good article4 ,! be/ t c\ld be done by ! mo/ c>eful buy]s 0 to accept occasional p>cels1 ! be/ ( :i* 7 ( v inf]ior quality1 & !re=e unfit = m$ic9al uses1 & ^! at v high prices4 ,coca is well kn[n to be a v s5sitive & p]i%able drug1 only fit = its some:at equivocal uses :5 fre% & gre51 & well c>$ = 9 pack+ & transportation4 ,v mu* l tea 9 ?is & o!r respects1 x %\ld be pack$ & transport$ ) ! same c>e & pa9s1 9 lead$ *e/s1 or 9 "s equival5t package4 ,x is v well kn[n t tea1 if manag$1 transport$1 h&l$1 & sold z coca is1 w\ld be ne>ly or q wor?less1 & !re=e coca manag$ z ! great mass ( x is mu/ be ne>ly all ( x comp>atively wor?less4 ,if us$ z tea is1 ?is w\ld probably soon appe>2 b :5 us$ z a m$ic9e :i* has be5 highly extoll$ & well adv]tis$1 x seems to g on equally well :e!r ( good or bad quality4 ,x is pretty safe to say t n9ete5-tw5tie?s ( ! coca se5 9 ?is m>ket )9 ! pa/ two ye>s mu/ be almo/ in]t & valueless1 yet all is sold & us$1 & its reputation z a !rapeutic ag5t is pretty well kept up4 ,at lea/ _m ?\s&s ( p\nds ( ! br[n ill-smell+ leaf1 & ( prep>ations made f x1 are annually sold4 ,& worse ?an ?is1 consid]able quantities ( a h&some look+ gre5 leaf1 well put up & well tak5 c>e (1 h be5 sold & us$ z coca1 :5 want+ 9 ne>ly all its *>act]i/ics4 ,! writ] = m ?an a ye> pa/ has se5 b "o or two small lots ( mod]ately good coca1 & 9 common ) o!r buy]s has be5 oblig$ to buy ! be/ t c\ld be f\nd to keep up 8 supply ( ! fluid extract4 ,almo/ e pur*ase has be5 made on m5tal prote/1 & he has be5 a%am$ ( e p\nd ( fluid extract s5t out1 f ! k t x 0 ( poor quality2 & !re seems to be no m prospect ( a supply ( bett] quality ?an !re 0 ?is "t la/ ye>1 because s long z an inf]ior quality sells 9 su* enorm\s quantities at good prices ! dem&s ( trade are satisfi$4 ,"u ?is condition ( ! m>kets1 ! writ] has f9ally decid$ to give up mak+ a fluid extract ( coca1 & has left x (f 8 li/1 adopt+ a fluid extract ( tea in/ead1 z a sup]ior sub/itute1 = ^? :o may *oose to use x1 & regrets t ?is c\rse 0 n tak5 a ye> ago4 ,! "* ( coca z a !rapeutic ag5t is n v good4 ,! florid /ories ( a multitude ( travel]s & writ]s1 up to & includ+ ! te/imony ( ,dr4 ,mantegazza1 receiv$ a consid]able support f s good an au?ority z ,sir ,rob]t ,*ri/ison1 :o report$ v def9ite results f trials made ^u himself1 & ^u sev]al /ud5ts "u 8 imm$iate control & obs]vation2 & 8 results seem to h l$ to a v c>eful & exhau/ive s]ies ( obs]vations at ,univ]sity ,college1 ,london1 by ,mr4 ,d[deswell4 ,?is pap]1 publi%$ 9 ,! ,lancet ( ,april #bi & ,may #f1 #ahgf1 pp4 #fca & #ffd1 is entitl$ ,! ,coca ,leaf3 ,obs]vations on ! ,prop]ties & ,action ( ! ,leaf ( ! ,coca ,plant 7,ery?roxylon coca71 made 9 ! ,physiological ,laboratory ( ,univ]sity ,college1 by ,g4,f4 ,d[deswell1 ,b4,a4 ,! results ( ^! inve/igations 7 absolutely negative1 & at ! close ( ! "w ! inve/igator says3 ,)\t ass]t+ t x is positively in]t1 x is conclud$ f ^! exp]im5ts t its action is s slight z to preclude ! idea ( its hav+ any value ei!r !rapeutically or popul>ly2 & x is ! belief ( ! writ]1 f obs]vation ^u ! effect on ! pulse1 etc41 ( tea1 milk & wat]1 & ev5 pla9 wat]1 hot1 tepid1 & cold1 t su* ?+s may1 at slightly diff]5t temp]atures1 produce a m decid$ effect ?an ev5 l>ge doses ( coca1 if tak5 at ab\t ! temp]ature ( ! body4 ,conflict+ & contradictory te/imony f compet5t au?ority is n uncommon 9 !rapeutics1 & ! reasons = x are well recogniz$ 9 ! impossibility ( an equality 9 ! conditions & circum/ances ( ! inve/igations1 & h5ce ! g5]al decision commonly rea*$ is ^u ! pr9ciple ( av]ages4 ,!re c h>dly be a reasonable d\bt t coca1 9 common ) tea & c(fee & o!r simil> articles1 has a refre%+1 recup]ative1 & su/a9+ effect ^u human be+s1 & :5 well cultivat$1 well cur$1 & well pres]v$1 s z to rea* its uses ( good quality & 9 good condition1 x is at lea/ equal to good tea1 & available = important !rapeutic uses4 ,mr4 ,d[deswell suppos$ t he us$ good coca1 b x is v easy to see t ) any am\nt ( c>e & pa9s he may h be5 mi/ak5 9 ?is4 ,_h he b us$ ! same p>cel ( coca t ,sir ,rob]t ,*ri/ison did1 ! results ( ! two obs]v]s w\ld be absolutely incompreh5sible2 & ! results1 9 ! abs5ce ( any te/imony on t po9t1 simply prove t ! two obs]v]s 7 us+ a diff]5t article1 ?\gh "u ! same "n1 & possibly ) ! same c>e 9 selection4 ,on ,sir ,rob]t ,*ri/ison's side ( ! "q !re are _m compet5t obs]v]s ^: te/imony is spread ov] _m ye>s2 :ile on ,mr4 ,d[deswell's side !re are few] obs]v]s4 ,b !re has be5 no obs]v] on ei!r side ^: rese>*es h be5 any?+ l s ?or\gh1 s ext5d$1 or s accurate z ^? ( ,mr4 ,d[deswell4 ,inde$1 no o!r acc\nt has be5 met ) :]e9 ! mod]n me?ods ( precision h be5 appli$ to ! "q at all2 ! o!r te/imony be+ all r loose & indef9ite1 (t5 at second or ?ird h&s1 or f ! n>ratives ( m or less en?usia/ic travel]s4 ,b if ,mr4 ,d[deswell's results be accept$ z be+ conclusive1 ! annual consumption ( #dj1jjj1jjj p\nds ( coca at a co/ ( #aj1jjj1jjj doll>s promotes ?is sub/ance to take rank among ! l>ge economic blund]s ( ! age4#i ,footnote #i3 ,an excell5t summ+ up ( ! "* & hi/ory ( coca1 f :i* "s ( ! writ]'s in=mation has be5 obta9$1 w be f\nd 9 ,m$ic9al ,plants1 by ,b5tley & ,trim51 vol4 i41 article #dj4 ,! te/imony 9 reg>d to ! effects ( tea1 c(fee1 ,p>aguay tea1 ,gu>ana & ,kola nuts1 is all ( a simil> "* to t ^u coca4 ,ea* ( ^! sub/ances seems to h come into use indep5d5tly1 9 widely sep>at$ c\ntries1 to produce ! same effects1 namely1 to refre%1 r5ew1 or su/a9 ! physical & m5tal organism1 & x 0 a curi\s surprise to f9d1 aft] !y _h all be5 ?us long us$1 t al?\gh ea* came f a diff]5t natural ord] ( plants1 ! same active pr9ciple--namely1 caffe9e--c\ld be extract$ 9 diff]5t proportions f all4 ,x is n[ /ill m curi\s1 h[ev]1 to f9d t = c5turies ano!r plant1 namely coca1 yield+ a diff]5t pr9ciple1 has be5 9 use = simil> purposes1 ! effects ( :i* diff] z little f ^? ( tea1 c(fee1 etc41 z ^! d among !mselves4 ,yet coca9e is *emically v diff]5t f caffe9e1 simply produc+ a simil> physiological effect 9 mu* small] doses4 ,all ^! sub/ances 9 _! natural condition seem to be id5tical 9 _! g5]al physiological effect1 b idiosyncrasy1 or diff]5t individual impressibility or s5sitiv5ess1 causes a diff]5t action1 z well 9 quality z 9 degree f ! diff]5t sub/ances1 ^u "s p]sons4 ,9 ord] to ?r[ a little additional light on ! comp>ative activity ( ! pr9cipal individuals ( ?is gr\p ( sub/ances1 ! foll[+ trials 7 made4 ,x is g5]ally admitt$1 & is probably true1 t ! same p[] 9 ^! ag5ts :i* refre%es1 recup]ates1 & su/a9s 9 ! condition :i* ne$s or requires su* effects also c\nt]acts ! t5d5cy to sleep1 or produces wakefulness :5 a t5d5cy to sleep exi/s2 &1 !re=e1 if a t5d5cy or disposition to sleep c\ld be prev5t$ by ^! ag5ts1 ?is t5d5cy might be us$ z a measure ( _! effects :5 us$ 9 v>y+ quantities1 & ?us measure ! ag5ts aga9/ ea* o!r = dose or quantitative effect4 ,9 ?is way ! proposition is to fir/ measure coca aga9/ tea1 !n c(fee aga9/ gu>ana1 & f9ally to comp>e ! f\r ag5ts1 us+ pure caffe9e z a k9d ( /&>d to measure by4 ,an opportunity = su* trials occurr$ 9 a heal?y individual sixty-five ye>s old1 n habituat$ to ! use ( ei!r tea1 c(fee1 tobacco1 or any o!r n>cotic sub/ances1 ( good physical condition & regul> habits1 & n v susceptible or s5sitive to ! action ( n]v9es or s-call$ anti-spasmodics4 ,quantities ( prep>ations ( val]ian1 asafoetida1 comp\nd _s ( e!r1 etc41 :i* w\ld yield a prompt effect ^u _m individuals seem to h little or no effect ^u him1 nor d mod]ate quantities ( w9es or spirits /imulate him4 ,t is to say1 he has n a v impressible n]v\s organization1 is n imag9ative1 nor v liable to accept results on insuffici5t or p>tial evid5ce4 ,fully occupi$ ) "w1 bo? physical & m5tal 9 due proportion1 = m ?an t5 h\rs e secul> day1 :5 ev5+ comes he f9ds himself unable to read long on acc\nt ( a dr[s9ess suppos$ to be ( a purely physiological "*4 ,) a full breakfa/ at ab\t #g3cj1 a full d9n] at ab\t #b3cj1 & a light ev5+ meal ab\t #g1 & no /imulants1 or tea1 or c(fee at any "t1 he f9ds1 z a matt] ( n inv>iable b g5]al habit1 t by half pa/ #h dr[s9ess becomes s dom9ant t x becomes almo/ impossible1 & g5]ally impracticable1 to avoid fall+ asleep 9 8 *air :ile attempt+ to read1 ev5 ?\gh ord9>y conv]sation be c>ri$ on ar\nd him4 ,! fir/ trial to combat or prev5t ?is dr[s9ess 0 made ) caffe9e4 ,! fir/ specim5 us$ 0 a v beautiful article made by ,m]ck ( ,d>m/adt1 & aft] t by pure specim5s made = ! purpose1 ! two k9ds be+ f\nd id5tical 9 effect4 ,comm5c+ ) a "o gra9 dose at ab\t #f3cj ,p4,m41 on alt]nate ev5+s1 leav+ ! int]m$iate ev5+s 9 ord] to be sure t ! nightly t5d5cy /ill p]si/$1 & increas+ by half a gra9 ea* alt]nate ev5+1 no v def9ite effect 0 p]ceiv$1 until ! dose rea*$ #b gra9s1 & ?is dose simply r5d]$ ! t5d5cy to sleep resi/ible by ef=t4 ,aft] an int]val ( ?ree ev5+s1 ) ! t5d5cy to sleep recurr+ ) some:at v>y+ =ce ea* ev5+1 a dose ( #c gra9s 0 tak51 ! maximum s+le dose ( ! ,g]man ,ph>macopoeia4 ,?is gave a com=table ev5+ ( re/$ness1 )\t sleep or any v /rong t5d5cy to x until t5 o'clock4 ,)\t any?+ to c\nt]act sleep1 ! rule 0 to read ) difficulty by n9e1 )\t mu* compreh5sion by qu>t] pa/ n9e1 & ei!r be asleep or g to b$ by half pa/ n9e4 ,! #c gra9 dose ( caffe9e repeat$ly obviat$ all ?is discom=t up to t5 o'clock1 b did n prev5t ! habitual1 prompt1 & s\nd sleep1 f ! "t ( go+ to b$ till morn+4 ,?is 0 ! model e/abli%$1 ^u & by :i* to measure all ! o!r ag5ts1 & !y 7 nev] tak5 ne>] ?an on alt]nate ev5+s1 ) occasional long] int]vals1 especially :5 ! f9al doses ( record 7 to be tak54 ,! next ag5t tri$ 9 precisely ?is same way 0 coca2 & kn[+ t ! quality ( t :i* 0 atta9able 0 v l[1 ! comm5c+ dose ( ! leaf 9 sub/ance 0 #b dra*ms1 or ab\t #h grammes4 ,?is gave no v def9ite effect1 b #b dra*ms did give a def9ite effect1 & a subsequ5t dose ( #b fluid dra*ms ( a well made fluid extract ( coca gave ab\t ! same effect z #b gra9s ( caffe9e4 ,?ree fluid dra*ms ( ! fluid extract 7 ab\t equival5t to #c gra9s ( caffe9e4 ,bo? ! coca us$ & ! fluid extract 7 !n assay$ by ! mod]n me?ods1 = ! proportion ( ! alkaloid !y conta9$4 ,! only assays ( coca t c\ld be f\nd conv5i5tly 7 ^? ( ,dr4 ,alb]t ,niemann1 ( ,gosl>1 giv5 9 ! ,am]ican ,j\rnal ( ,ph>macy1 vol4 xxxiii41 p4 #bbb1 :o obta9$ #j4be p] c5t42 & ( ,pr(4 ,jno4 ,m4 ,mais*1 9 ! same volume ( ! same j\rnal1 p4 #dif1 :o obta9$ #d gra9s ( alkaloid f #a1ejj gra9s ( coca1 :i* is also ab\t a qu>t] ( "o p] c5t4 ,^! assays 71 h[ev]1 v old1 & made by ! old process4 ,! process us$ by ! writ] 0 ! m mod]n "o ( ,drag5dorff slightly modifi$4 ,x 0 z foll[s3 ,?irty grammes ( p[d]$ coca1 ?or\ghly mix$ 9 a mort> ) #h grammes ( cau/ic magnesia1 7 /irr$ into #bjj c4c4 ( boil+ wat]1 & ! mixture boil$ = t5 m9utes4 ,! liquid 0 filt]$ (f1 & ! residue p]colat$ ) ab\t #fj c4c4 ( wat]4 ,x 0 !n aga9 /irr$ into #aej c4c4 ( boil+ wat]1 & 0 aga9 boil$ & p]colat$ until app>5tly ?or\ghly exhau/$4 ,! total liquid1 am\nt+ to m ?an #fjj c4c41 0 evaporat$ on a wat]-ba?1 comm5c+ ) ! weak] portions1 s t ! /rong] ones might be expos$ to ! heat = ! %orte/ "t1 until r$uc$ to ab\t #bj c4c4 ,?is liquid extract 0 transf]r$ to a flask1 & vigor\sly %ak5 ) #ej c4c4 ( /rong e!r4 ,! e!r 0 p\r$ (f1 z closely z practicable1 into a t>$ capsule1 :]e x 0 all[$ to evaporate spontane\sly4 ,a second & ?ird portion ( e!r1 ea* ( #ej c4c41 7 us$ 9 ! same way1 & ! :ole evaporat$ to dryness 9 ! capsule4 ,a scanty1 gre5i%1 oily residue 0 left 9 ! capsule1 9 :i* !re 0 no appe>ance ( a cry/alliz$ alkaloid4 ,! capsule & cont5ts 7 !n weigh$ & ! weight not$4 ,! oily residue 0 !n repeat$ly wa%$ ) small quantities ( wat]1 until ! wa%+s no long] affect$ litmus-pap]4 ,! oily matt] adh]$ to ! capsule dur+ ?is process1 no "p ( x com+ (f ) ! wa%+1 & at ! end ( ! wa%+ ! capsule & cont5ts 7 aga9 dri$ & weigh$1 & ! weight subtract$ f ! orig9al weight4 ,! diff]5ce 0 tak5 z ! alkaloid coca9e1 & x am\nt$ to #j4jgg grm41 equal to #j4bf p] c5t4 ,sev]al prelim9>y assays 7 made 9 rea*+ ?is me?od4 ,"s au?orities recomm5d ! v f9ely p[d]$ mixture ( coca & magnesia1 or coca & lime1 to be at once exhau/$ ) e!r4 ,o!rs recomm5d t ! mixture be made into a pa/e ) wat]1 & aft] dry+ on a wat]-ba? t x be !n exhau/$ ) e!r4 ,?is is bett]1 b nei!r ( ^! me?ods 7 satisfactory4 ,f9ally1 #cj c4c4 ( a well made fluid extract ( ! same coca 0 ?or\ghly mix$ ) #h grms4 ( cau/ic magnesia 9 a capsule1 & ! mixture dri$ on a wat]-ba? & p[d]$4 ,?is p[d] 0 !n exhau/$1 "o "p by e!r & ! o!r "p by *lor(orm1 exactly z 9 ! me?od giv51 bo? p>ts giv+ v slightly high] results4 ,z a *eck ^u ! results1 ! solution ( alkaloid wa%$ out 0 titrat$ ) normal solution ( oxalic acid4 ,f all ?is x w\ld appe> t ?is inf]ior coca ( ! m>kets1 or r ! be/ t c be select$ f x1 yields ab\t ! same proportion ( ! alkaloid z 0 obta9$ by ,niemann & ,mais*1 b x has be5 %[n t1 by ! old] processes ( assay us$ by !m1 mu* ( ! alkaloid 0 probably lo/ or de/roy$1 & t mu* bett] results are g5]ally obta9$ by ! mod]n process4 ,n[1 s9ce #c dra*ms ( ?is coca1 or ?ree fluid dra*ms ( its fluid extract1 gave ! same physiological1 or p]haps !rapeutical1 effect z #c gra9s ( caffe9e1 & z ! #c dra*ms conta9$ ab\t #j4de gra9 ( coca9e1 x foll[s t coca9e is ab\t #f4e times m effective ?an caffe9e2 b x also foll[s t ! coca accessible1 & ev5 ! v be/ coca1 conta9s v mu* less ( its alkaloid ?an ^? articles :i* yield caffe9e d ( t pr9ciple4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,! ,,melloco4 ,,ullucus ,,tub]osa4--,e>ly la/ ye> two tub]s ( ?is plant 7 receiv$ at ,kew f ,c>acas1 & f out ( doors 9 a prep>$ b$ 9 ,june4 ,! result ( ?is exp]im5t1 toge!r ) a few p>ticul>s z to ! escul5t prop]ties ( ! tub]s1 may be wor? record+1 z ,i believe sev]al g>d5]s1 among !m be+ ! ,messrs4 ,sutton1 h obta9$ tub]s ( ! ,ullucus f ,kew ) a view to giv+ x a trial4 ,! two ,c>acas tub]s m5tion$ above 7 z l>ge z h5s' eggs1 r long]1 & some:at flatt5$2 ! sk9 0 r$1 z 9 "s potatoes4 ,^!1 :5 plac$ 9 heat1 rapidly develop$ %oots1 :i* 7 remov$ z soon z !y 7 /rong en\gh to =m cutt+s2 9 ?is way ab\t a hundr$ /urdy "y plants 7 obta9$ & made ready = plant+ out ( doors 9 ,june4 ,!y 7 plant$ 9 a light1 s&y1 well manur$ soil 9 a position expos$ to full sun%9e4 ,"h !y grew quickly1 =m+ by ! middle ( ,augu/ tufts ( %oots & leaves "o foot across4 ,!y 7 e>!d up z = potatoes1 & ! /ronge/ %oots 7 pegg$ d[n & p>tly cov]$ ) soil1 ?\gh ! latt] prov$ unnecess>y4 ,at ?is "t !re 7 no tub]s nor any signs ( !m4 ,on aga9 exam9+ ! plants 9 ,septemb] 7ab\t ! middle71 we 7 surpris$ to f9d no tub]s _h yet be5 =m$4 ,! plants 7 n[ v /rong1 & x 0 !re=e conclud$ t in/ead ( =m+ tub]s ! /r5g? ( ! plants _h run to leaves4 ,we gave !m up1 no fur!r notice be+ tak5 ( !m till ! fro/ came1 :5 on p]ceiv+ t a fro/ ( f\r or five degrees did n injure ! foliage1 we aga9 exam9$ ! plants1 & f\nd an abundant crop ( tub]s j bel[ ! surface ( ! soil1 & v>y+ 9 size f t ( peas to pigeons' eggs4 ,! plants 7 left till ! haulms _h be5 de/roy$ by cold1 aft] :i* ! tub]s 7 ga!r$4 ,on cook+ "s ( ! l>g] ones by boil+ = half an h\r1 we f\nd !m /ill r h>d1 & ) a flavor ( potatoes1 almo/ conceal$ "u a /rong e>?y ta/e1 q disagreeable & soap-l4 ,consid]+ h[ %ort a "t ^! tub]s _h _h to gr[ 9 x is n improbable t _! h>dness & disagreeable ta/e 7 ow+ to _! be+ unripe2 no d\bt "y1 gre5 potatoes 7^! ,ullucus tub]s 7 p>tly gre57 w\ld be q z nause\s z ^! 74 ,illu/ration3 ,,melloco ,,tub]s4 ,we are told t ! ,ullucus is ext5sively cultivat$ 9 ,p]u & ,bolivia1 9 ! elevat$ regions :]e ! common potato also ?rives1 & ) :i* ! ,ullucus is equally popul> z a tub]-yield+ plant4 ,9 ! ,g>d5]s' ,*ronicle = #ahdh1 p4 #hfb1 ,mr4 ,j4,b4 ,p5tl& /at$ t ! ,ullucus is plant$ 9 ,july or ,augu/1 ! se$ employ$ be+ g5]ally ! small] tub]s1 unfit = food1 & is ga!r$ 9 dur+ ! la/ week ( ,april4 ,^! two p]iods ( ! ye> are ! spr+ & autumn 9 ! s\!rn hemisph]e4 ,! mode ( cultivation is 9 drills1 into :i* ! root is dropp$1 ) a little manure4 ,! climate1 ev5 dur+ ! summ] season1 is sev]e1 sc>cely a night pass+ ov] )\t ! /reams be+ froz5 ov]1 ! sky be+ 9 g5]al cl\dless at all p]iods ( ! ye> except dur+ ! ra9y season 7,decemb] to ,m>*74 ,mean temp]ature ab\t #di4 ,?is in=mation seems to support ! view =m$ ( ?is plant f its behavior at ,kew la/ ye>1 namely1 t ! tub]s are =m$ on ! approa* ( cold wea!r1 & t1 s long z ! wea!r is w>m & bright1 leaves only are develop$4 ,plants gr[n 9 h\ses :]e ! temp]ature has n be5 all[$ to fall bel[ #ej 9 w9t] did n =m any tub]s1 al?\gh !y 7 9 good heal?4 ,we f\nd no tub]s on ! plants gr[n out ( doors till "s "t aft] ! return ( cold1 wet wea!r4 ,x seems likely t ?is plant does n develop tub]s unless its exi/5ce is ?reat5$ by cold2 at all ev5ts1 su* a conclusion seems reasonable f ! above /atem5ts4 ,possibly a wet & r cold autumn w\ld be favorable to ?is plant & ! production ( its tub]s--su* a season1 = in/ance1 z w\ld be mo/ unfavorable = ! common potato4 ,x w\ld be wor? :ile te/+ ! ,ullucus = l[ & cold situations :]e ! potato w\ld n ?rive4 ,!re is n mu* probability ( ! =m] ev] prov+ a sub/itute = or ev5 a rival to ! potato1 at lea/ 9 ?is c\ntry2 b !re is room = ano!r good escul5t1 & ! ,ullucus is prolific en\gh1 h>dy en\gh1 &1 we suppose1 :5 prop]ly gr[n1 palatable en\gh to be wor?y a trial4 ,9 ! ,g>d5]s' ,*ronicle = #ahdh1 p4 #hbh1 w be f\nd a mo/ int]e/+ detail$ acc\nt ( exp]im5ts made ) ?is plant 9 ,france by ,m4 ,l\is ,vilmor94--,w4 ,wa/on1 ,kew2 ,! ,g>d5]s' ,*ronicle4 99 99 99 99 99 ,a catalogue1 conta9+ brief notices ( _m important sci5tific pap]s h]et(ore publi%$ 9 ! ,,supplem5t1 may be _h gratis at ?is (fice4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,! ,,sci5tific ,,am]ican ,,supplem5t4 ,,publi%$ ,,weekly4 ,,t]ms ,,( ,,subscription1 #e ,a ,,ye>4 ,s5t by mail1 po/age prepaid1 to subscrib]s 9 any "p ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates or ,canada4 ,six doll>s a ye>1 s5t1 prepaid1 to any =eign c\ntry4 ,all ! back numb]s ( ,,! ,,supplem5t1 f ! comm5cem5t1 ,janu>y #a1 #ahgf1 c be _h4 ,price1 #aj c5ts ea*4 ,all ! back volumes ( ,,! ,,supplem5t c likewise be suppli$4 ,two volumes are issu$ ye>ly4 ,price ( ea* volume1 #b4ej1 /it*$ 9 pap]1 or #c4ej1 b\nd 9 /iff cov]s4 ,,comb9$ ,,rates--,"o copy ( ,,sci5tific ,,am]ican & "o copy ( ,,sci5tific ,,am]ican ,,supplem5t1 "o ye>1 po/paid1 #g4jj4 ,a lib]al disc\nt to booksell]s1 news ag5ts1 & canvass]s4 ,,munn ,,co41 ,publi%]s1 #cfa ,broadway1 ,new ,york1 ,n4,y4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,pat5ts4 ,9 connection ) ! ,,sci5tific ,,am]ican1 ,messrs4 ,,munn ,co4 are ,solicitors ( ,am]ican & ,=eign ,pat5ts1 h _h #dj ye>s' exp]i5ce1 & n[ h ! l>ge/ e/abli%m5t 9 ! _w4 ,pat5ts are obta9$ on ! be/ t]ms4 ,a special notice is made 9 ! ,,sci5tific ,,am]ican ( all ,inv5tions pat5t$ ?r\gh ?is ,ag5cy1 ) ! 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