,illustration3 ,,abraham ,,lincoln4 ,our children shall behold his fame1 ,the kindly-earnest1 brave1 foreseeing man1 ,sagacious1 patient1 dreading praise1 not blame1 ,new birth of our new soil1 the first ,american4 --,,lowell4 ,a ,,short ,,history ,,of ,,the ,,united ,,states ,,for ,,school ,,use ,,by ,,edward ,,channing ,,professor ,,of ,,history ,,in ,,harvard ,,university ,,author ,,of ,a ,,students' ,,history ,,of ,,the ,,united ,,states1 ,,etc4 ,,with ,,maps ,,and ,,illustrations #aijh ,,preface ,the aim of this little book is to tell in a simple and concise form the story of the founding and development of the ,united ,states4 ,the study of the history of one's own country is a serious matter1 and should be entered upon by the text-book writer1 by the teacher1 and by the pupil in a serious spirit1 even to a greater extent than the study of language or of arithmetic4 ,no effort has been made1 therefore1 to make out of this text-book a story book4 ,it is a text-book pure and simple1 and should be used as a text-book1 to be studied diligently by the pupil and expounded carefully by the teacher4 ,most of the pupils who use this book will never have another opportunity to study the history and institutions of their own country4 ,it is highly desirable that they should use their time in studying the real history of the ,united ,states and not in learning by heart a mass of anecdotes1--often of very slight importance1 and more often based on very insecure foundations4 ,the author of this text-book1 therefore1 has boldly ventured to omit most of the traditional matter which is usually supposed to give life to a text-book and to inspire a love of history1--which too often means only a love of being amused4 ,for instance1 descriptions of the formation of the ,constitution and of the struggle over the extension of slavery here occupy the space usually given to the adventures of ,captain ,john ,smith and to accounts of the institutions of the ,red ,men4 ,the small number of pages available for the period before #agfj has necessitated the omission of pictures of colonial life1 which cannot be briefly and at the same time accurately described4 ,these and similar matters can easily be studied by the pupils in their topical work in such books as ,higginson's ,young ,folks' ,history1 ,eggleston's ,united ,states and its ,people1 and ,mc,master's ,school ,history4 ,references to these books and to a limited number of other works have been given in the margins of this text-book4 ,these citations also mention a few of the more accessible sources1 which should be used solely for purposes of illustration4 ,it is the custom in many schools to spread the study of ,american history over two years1 and to devote the first year to a detailed study of the period before #agfj4 ,this is a very bad arrangement4 ,in the first place1 it gives an undue emphasis to the colonial period2 in the second place1 as many pupils never return to school1 they never have an opportunity to study the later period at all2 in the third place1 it prevents those pupils who complete this study from gaining an intelligent view of the development of the ,american people4 ,and1 finally1 most of the time the second year is spent in the study of the ,revolutionary ,war and of the ,war for the ,union4 ,a better way would be to go over the whole book the first year with some parallel reading1 and the second year to review the book and study with greater care important episodes1 as the making of the ,constitution1 the struggle for freedom in the territories1 and the ,war for the ,union4 ,attention may also be given the second year to a study of industrial history since #agij and to the elements of civil government4 ,it is the author's earnest hope that teachers will regard the early chapters as introductory4 ,miss ,annie ,bliss ,chapman1 for many years a successful teacher of history in grammar schools1 has kindly provided a limited number of suggestive questions1 and has also made many excellent suggestions to teachers4 ,these are all appended to the several divisions of the work4 ,the author has added a few questions and a few suggestions of his own4 ,he has also altered some of ,miss ,chapman's questions4 ,whatever there is commendable in this apparatus should be credited to ,miss ,chapman4 ,acknowledgments are also due to ,miss ,beulah ,marie ,dix for very many admirable suggestions as to language and form4 ,the author will cordially welcome criticisms and suggestions from any one1 especially from teachers1 and will be very glad to receive notice of any errors4 ,,cambridge1 ,march #bi1 #aijj4 ,,table ,,of ,,contents ,i ,,discovery ,,and ,,exploration1 #ajjj-afjj4 #a4 ,the ,european ,discovery of ,america4 #b4 ,spanish and ,french ,pioneers in the ,united ,states4 #c4 ,pioneers of ,england4 ,,ii ,,colonization1 #afjj-affj4 #d4 ,french ,colonists1 ,missionaries1 and ,explorers4 #e4 ,virginia and ,maryland4 #f4 ,new ,england4 #g4 ,new ,netherland and ,new ,sweden4 ,,iii ,a ,,century ,,of ,,colonial ,,history1 #affj-agfj4 #h4 ,the ,colonies under ,charles ,,ii4 #i4 ,colonial ,development1 #afhh-agfj4 #aj4 ,expulsion of the ,french4 ,,iv ,,colonial ,,union1 #agfj-aggd4 #aa4 ,britain's ,colonial ,system4 #ab4 ,taxation without ,representation4 #ac4 ,revolution impending4 ,v ,,the ,,war ,,of ,,independence1 #agge-aghc4 #ad4 ,bunker ,hill to ,trenton4 #ae4 ,the ,great ,declaration and the ,french ,alliance4 #af4 ,independence4 ,,vi ,,the ,,critical ,,period1 #aghc-aghi4 #ag4 ,the ,confederation1 #aghc-aghg4 #ah4 ,making of the ,constitution1 #aghg-aghi4 ,,vii ,,the ,,federalist ,,supremacy1 #aghi-ahja4 #ai4 ,organization of the ,government4 #bj4 ,rise of ,political ,parties4 #ba4 ,the ,last ,federalist ,administration4 ,,viii ,,the ,,jeffersonian ,,republicans1 #ahja-ahab4 #bb4 ,the ,united ,states in #ahjj4 #bc4 ,jefferson's ,administrations4 #bd4 ,causes of the ,war of #ahab4 ,,ix ,,war ,,and ,,peace1 #ahab-ahbi4 #be4 ,the ,second ,war of ,independence1 #ahab-ahae4 #bf4 ,the ,era of ,good ,feeling1 #ahae-ahbd4 #bg4 ,new ,parties and ,new ,policies1 #ahbd-ahbi4 ,x ,,the ,,national ,,democracy1 #ahbi-ahdd4 #bh4 ,the ,american ,people in #ahcj4 #bi4 ,the ,reign of ,andrew ,jackson1 #ahbi-ahcg4 #cj4 ,democrats and ,whigs1 #ahcg-ahdd4 ,,xi ,,slavery ,,in ,,the ,,territories1 #ahdd-ahei4 #ca4 ,beginning of the ,antislavery ,agitation4 #cb4 ,the ,mexican ,war4 #cc4 ,the ,compromise of #ahej4 #cd4 ,the ,struggle for ,kansas4 ,,xii ,,secession1 #ahfj-ahfa4 #ce4 ,the ,united ,states in #ahfj4 #cf4 ,secession1 #ahfj-ahfa4 ,,xiii ,,the ,,war ,,for ,,the ,,union1 #ahfa-ahfe4 #cg4 ,the ,rising of the ,peoples1 #ahfa4 #ch4 ,bull ,run to ,murfreesboro'1 #ahfa-ahfb4 #ci4 ,the ,emancipation ,proclamation4 #dj4 ,the ,year #ahfc4 #da4 ,the ,end of the ,war1 #ahfd-ahfe4 ,,xiv ,,reconstruction ,,and ,,reunion1 #ahfe-ahfi4 #db4 ,president ,johnson and ,reconstruction1 #ahfe-ahfi4 #dc4 ,from ,grant to ,cleveland1 #ahfi-ahhi4 ,,xv ,,national ,,development1 #ahhi-aijj4 #dd4 ,confusion in ,politics4 #de4 ,the ,spanish ,war4 ,,maps4 ,,united ,,states1 ,,showing ,,forms ,,of ,,land4 ,,british ,,dominions ,,in ,,north ,,america4 ,,united ,,states ,,in #aghc4 ,,claims ,,and ,,cessions4 ,,territorial ,,acquisitions4 ,,united ,,states ,,in #ahjj4 ,,united ,,states ,,in #ahjc4 ,,united ,,states ,,in #ahai4 ,,united ,,states ,,in #ahcj4 ,,united ,,states ,,in #ahej4 ,,united ,,states ,,in #ahfj4 ,,slavery ,,and ,,secession4 ,,united ,,states ,,in #aijj4 ,,dependencies ,,of ,,the ,,united ,,states4 ,,the ,,world1 ,,etc44 ,table of ,dates #ahae-ahbd4 ,era of ,good ,feeling4 #ahai4 ,the ,florida ,treaty4 #ahbj4 ,missouri ,compromise4 #ahbc4 ,the ,monroe ,doctrine4 #ahbe4 ,the ,erie ,canal4 #ahbh4 ,election of ,jackson4 #ahcj4 ,the ,locomotive4 #ahcb4 ,the ,nullification ,episode4 #ahdj4 ,election of ,william ,h4 ,harrison4 #ahdd4 ,the ,electric ,telegraph4 #ahde4 ,the ,horse ,reaper4 #ahde4 ,annexation of ,texas4 #ahdf4 ,the ,oregon ,treaty4 #ahdf-ahdh4 ,the ,mexican ,war 7,acquisition of ,california1 ,new ,mexico1 etc47 #ahdi4 ,california 7,discovery of ,gold74 #ahej4 ,compromise of #ahej4 #ahed4 ,kansas-,nebraska ,act4 #aheg4 ,the ,dred ,scott ,case4 #ahfa-ahfe4 ,the ,war for the ,union4 #ahfc4 ,emancipation ,proclamation1 ,vicksburg1 and ,gettysburg4 #ahfg4 ,purchase of ,alaska4 #ahfg4 ,reconstruction ,acts4 #ahfh4 ,impeachment of ,johnson4 #ahgf4 ,the ,electoral ,commission4 #ahha-ahhc4 ,civil ,service ,reform4 #ahij4 ,sherman ,silver ,law 7,repealed1 #ahic74 #ahih4 ,the ,war with ,spain4 ,,to ,,the ,,teacher ,the lists of ,books for ,study and ,reading contain such titles only as are suited to the pupil's needs4 ,the teacher will find abundant references in ,channing's ,students' ,history of the ,united ,states 7,n4,y41 ,macmillan74 ,the larger work also contains the reasons for many statements which are here given as facts without qualification4 ,reference to the ,students' ,history is made easy by the fact that the divisions or parts 7here marked by ,roman numerals7 cover the same periods in time as the chapters of the larger work4 ,on the margins of the present volume will be found specific references to three text-books radically unlike this text-book either in proportion or in point of view4 ,there are also references to easily accessible sources and to a few of the larger works4 ,it is not suggested that any one pupil1 or even one class1 shall study or read all of these references4 ,but every pupil may well read some of them under each division4 ,they are also suited to topical work4 ,under the head of ,home ,readings great care has been taken to mention such books only as are likely to be found interesting4 ,the books most frequently cited in the margins are ,higginson's ,young ,folks' ,history 7,n4,y41 ,longmans71 cited as ,higginson2 ,eggleston's ,united ,states and its ,people 7,n4,y41 ,appleton71 cited as ,eggleston1 ,mc,master's ,school ,history of the ,united ,states 7,n4,y41 ,american ,book ,co471 cited as ,mc,master2 ,higginson's ,book of ,american ,explorers 7,n4,y41 ,longmans71 cited as ,explorers2 ,lodge and ,roosevelt1 ,hero ,tales from ,american ,history1 cited as ,hero ,tales2 and ,hart's ,source-,book of ,american ,history 7,n4,y41 ,macmillan71 cited as ,source-,book4 ,,the ,,united ,,states ,i ,,discovery ,,and ,,exploration1 #ajjj-afjj ,books for ,study and ,reading ,references4--,parkman's ,pioneers of ,france 7edition of #ahhg or a later edition72 ,irving's ,columbus 7abridged edition74 ,home ,readings4--,higginson's ,tales of the ,enchanted ,islands of the ,atlantic2 ,mackie's ,with the ,admiral of the ,ocean ,sea 7,columbus72 ,lummis's ,spanish ,pioneers2 ,king's ,de ,soto in the ,land of ,florida2 ,wright's ,children's ,stories in ,american ,history2 ,barnes's ,drake and his ,yeomen4 ,,chapter ,i ,,the ,,european ,,discovery ,,of ,,america ,sidenote3 ,leif ,ericson4 #a4 ,leif ,ericson discovers ,america1 #ajjj4--;,in our early childhood many of us learned to repeat the lines3-- ,columbus sailed the ocean blue ,in fourteen hundred1 ninety-two4 ,sidenote3 ,leif discovers ,america1 #ajjj4 ,higginson1 #be-cj2 ,american ,history ,leaflets1 ,no4 #c4 ,we thought that he was the first ,european to visit ,america4 ,but nearly five hundred years before his time ,leif ,ericson had discovered the ,new ,world4 ,he was a ,northman and the son of ,eric the ,red4 ,eric had already founded a colony in ,greenland1 and ,leif sailed from ,norway to make him a visit4 ,this was in the year #ajjj4 ,day after day ,leif and his men were tossed about on the sea until they reached an unknown land where they found many grape-vines4 ,they called it ,vinland or ,wineland4 ,they ,then sailed northward and reached ,greenland in safety4 ,precisely where ,vinland was is not known4 ,but it certainly was part of ,north ,america4 ,leif ,ericson1 the ,northman1 was therefore the real discoverer of ,america4 ,illustration3 ,,europe1 ,,iceland1 ,,greenland1 ,,and ,,north ,,america4 ,sidenote3 ,marco ,polo1 ,cathay1 and ,cipango4 #b4 ,early ,european ,travelers4--,the people of ,europe knew more of the lands of ,asia than they knew of ,vinland4 ,for hundreds of years missionaries1 traders1 and travelers visited the ,far ,east4 ,they brought back to ,europe silks and spices1 and ornaments of gold and of silver4 ,they told marvelous tales of rich lands and great princes4 ,one of these travelers was a ,venetian named ,marco ,polo4 ,he told of ,cathay or ,china and of ,cipango or ,japan4 ,this last country was an island4 ,its king was so rich that even the floors of his palaces were of pure gold4 ,suddenly the ,turks conquered the lands between ,europe and the golden ,east4 ,they put an end to this trading and traveling4 ,new ways to ,india1 ,china1 and ,japan must be found4 ,sidenote3 ,portuguese seamen4 #c4 ,early ,portuguese ,sailors4--,one way to the ,east seemed to be around the southern end of ,africa--if it should turn out that there was a southern end to that ,dark ,continent4 ,in #adhg ,portuguese seamen sailed around the southern end of ,africa and1 returning home1 called that point the ,cape of ,storms4 ,but the ,king of ,portugal thought that now there was good hope of reaching ,india by sea4 ,so he changed the name to ,cape of ,good ,hope4 ,ten years later a brave ,portuguese sailor1 ,vasco da ,gama1 actually reached ,india by the ,cape of ,good ,hope1 and returned safely to ,portugal 7#adig74 ,sidenote3 ,columbus and his beliefs4 ,higginson1 #ca-ce2 ,eggleston1 #a-c2 ,american ,history ,leaflets1 ,no4 #a4 #d4 ,columbus4--,meantime ,christopher ,columbus1 an ,italian1 had returned from an even more startling voyage4 ,from what he had read1 and from what other men had told him1 he had come to believe that the earth was round4 ,if this were really true1 ,cipango and ,cathay were west of ,europe as well as east of ,europe4 ,columbus also believed that the earth was very much smaller than it really is1 and that ,cipango was only three thousand miles west of ,spain4 ,for a time people laughed at the idea of sailing westward to ,cipango and ,cathay4 ,but at length ,columbus secured enough money to fit out a little fleet4 ,sidenote3 ,columbus reaches ,america1 #adib4 ,higginson1 #ce-cg2 ,eggleston1 #c-e4 #e4 ,the ,voyage1 #adib4--;,columbus left ,spain in ,august1 #adib1 and1 refitting at the ,canaries1 sailed westward into the ,sea of ,darkness4 ,at ten o'clock in the evening of ,october #bj1 #adib1 looking out into the night1 he saw a light in the distance4 ,the fleet was soon stopped4 ,when day broke1 there1 sure enough1 was land4 ,a boat was lowered1 and ,columbus1 going ashore1 took possession of the new land for ,ferdinand and ,isabella1 ,king and ,queen of ,aragon and ,castile4 ,the natives came to see the discoverers4 ,they were reddish in color and interested ,columbus--for were they not inhabitants of the ,far ,east8 ,so he called them ,indians4 ,illustration3 ,,ships1 ,,sea-,,monsters1 ,,and ,,indians4 ,from an early ,spanish book on ,america4 ,sidenote3 ,the ,indians1 ,higginson1 #ac-bd2 ,eggleston1 #ga-gf4 ,sidenote3 ,columbus discovers ,cuba4 #f4 ,the ,indians and the ,indies4--,these ,indians were not at all like those wonderful people of ,cathay and ,cipango whom ,marco ,polo had described4 ,instead of wearing clothes of silk and of gold embroidered satin1 these people wore no clothes of any kind4 ,but it was plain enough that the island they had found was not ,cipango4 ,it was probably some island off the coast of ,cipango1 so on ,columbus sailed and discovered ,cuba4 ,he was certain that ,cuba was a part of the mainland of ,asia1 for the ,indians kept saying ,cubanaquan4 ,columbus thought that this was their way of pronouncing ,kublai ,khan--the name of a mighty eastern ruler4 ,so he sent two messengers with a letter to that powerful monarch4 ,returning to ,spain1 ,columbus was welcomed as a great admiral4 ,he made three other voyages to ,america4 ,but he never came within sight of the mainland of the ,united ,states4 ,sidenote3 ,john ,cabot visits ,north ,america1 #adig4 ,higginson1 #dj-db2 ,eggleston1 #h-aj2 ,american ,history ,leaflets1 ,no4 #i4 #g4 ,john ,cabot1 #adig4--,while ,columbus explored the ,west ,indies1 another ,italian sailed across the ,sea of ,darkness farther north4 ,his name was ,john ,cabot1 and he sailed with a license from ,henry ,,vii of ,england1 the first of the ,tudor kings4 ,setting boldly forth from ,bristol1 ,england1 he crossed the ,north ,atlantic and reached the coast of ,america north of ,nova ,scotia4 ,like ,columbus1 he thought that he had found the country of the ,grand ,khan4 ,upon his discovery ,english kings based their claim to the right to colonize ,north ,america4 ,sidenote3 ,americus ,vespucius1 his voyages and books4 ,higginson1 #cg-ch2 ,eggleston1 #g-h4 ,sidenote3 ,the ,new ,world named ,america4 #h4 ,the ,naming of ,america4--,many other explorers also visited the new-found lands4 ,among these was an ,italian named ,americus ,vespucius4 ,precisely where he went is not clear4 ,but it is clear that he wrote accounts of his voyages1 which were printed and read by many persons4 ,in these accounts he said that what we call ,south ,america was not a part of ,asia4 ,so he named it the ,new ,world4 ,columbus all the time was declaring that the lands he had found were a part of ,asia4 ,it was natural1 therefore1 that people in thinking of the ,new ,world should think of ,americus ,vespucius4 ,before long some one even suggested that the ,new ,world should be named ,america in his honor4 ,this was done1 and when it became certain that the other lands were not parts of ,asia1 the name ,america was given to them also until the whole continent came to be called ,america4 ,illustration3 ,,americus ,,vespucius4 ,sidenote3 ,balboa sees the ,pacific1 #aeac4 ,sidenote3 ,magellan's great voyage1 #aebj4 ,eggleston1 #aj-aa4 #i4 ,balboa and ,magellan1 #aeac1 #aebj4--;,balboa was a ,spaniard who came to ,san ,domingo to seek his fortune4 ,he became a pauper and fled away from those to whom he owed money4 ,after long wanderings he found himself on a high mountain in the center of the ,isthmus of ,panama4 ,to the southward sparkled the waters of a new sea4 ,he called it the ,south ,sea4 ,wading into it waist deep1 he waved his sword in the air and took possession of it for his royal master1 the ,king of ,spain4 ,this was in #aeac4 ,seven years later1 in #aebj1 ,magellan1 a ,portuguese seaman in the service of the ,spanish king1 sailed through the ,straits of ,magellan and entered the same great ocean1 which he called the ,pacific4 ,thence northward and westward he sailed day after day1 week after week1 and month after month1 until he reached the ,philippine ,islands4 ,the natives killed ,magellan4 ,but one of his vessels found her way back to ,spain around the ,cape of ,good ,hope4 ,,chapter #b ,,spanish ,,and ,,french ,,pioneers ,,in ,,the ,,united ,,states ,sidenote3 ,indian traditions4 #aj4 ,stories of ,golden ,lands4--,wherever the ,spaniards went1 the ,indians always told them stories of golden lands somewhere else4 ,the ,bahama ,indians1 for instance1 told their cruel ,spanish masters of a wonderful land toward the north4 ,not only was there gold in that land2 there was also a fountain whose waters restored youth and vigor to the drinker4 ,among the fierce ,spanish soldiers was ,ponce de ,leon 7,pon'tha da la-on'74 ,he determined to see for himself if these stories were true4 ,sidenote3 ,de ,leon visits ,florida1 #aeac4 ,higginson1 #db4 ,sidenote3 ,de ,leon's death4 #aa4 ,discovery of ,florida1 #aeac4--;,in the same year that ,balboa discovered the ,pacific ,ocean1 ,ponce de ,leon sailed northward and westward from the ,bahamas4 ,on ,easter ,sunday1 #aeac1 he anchored off the shores of a new land4 ,the ,spanish name for ,easter was ,la ,pascua de los ,flores4 ,so ,de ,leon called the new land ,florida4 ,for the ,spaniards were a very religious people and usually named their lands and settlements from saints or religious events4 ,de ,leon then sailed around the southern end of ,florida and back to the ,west ,indies4 ,in #aeba he again visited ,florida1 was wounded by an ,indian arrow1 and returned home to die4 ,sidenote3 ,discovery of the ,mississippi4 ,sidenote3 ,conquest of ,mexico4 #ab4 ,spanish ,voyages and ,conquests4--,spanish sailors and conquerors now appeared in quick succession on the northern and western shores of the ,gulf of ,mexico4 ,one of them discovered the mouth of the ,mississippi4 ,others of them stole ,indians and carried them to the islands to work as slaves4 ,the most famous of them all was ,cortez4 ,in #aeai he conquered ,mexico after a thrilling campaign and found there great store of gold and silver4 ,this discovery led to more expeditions and to the exploration of the southern half of the ,united ,states4 ,sidenote3 ,coronado sets out from ,mexico1 #aedj4 ,sidenote3 ,the pueblo ,indians4 ,source ,book1 #f4 #ac4 ,coronado in the ,southwest1 #aedj-db4--;,in #aedj ,coronado set out from the ,spanish towns on the ,gulf of ,california to seek for more gold and silver4 ,for seventy-three days he journeyed northward until he came to the pueblos 7pweb'-lo7 of the ,southwest4 ,these pueblos were huge buildings of stone and sun-dried clay4 ,some of them were large enough to shelter three hundred ,indian families4 ,pueblos are still to be seen in ,arizona and ,new ,mexico1 and the ,indians living in them even to this day tell stories of ,coronado's coming and of his cruelty4 ,there was hardly any gold and silver in these cities1 so a great grief fell upon ,coronado and his comrades4 ,illustration3 ,by permission of the ,bureau of ,ethnology4 ,,the ,,pueblo ,,of ,,zu,i 7,,from ,a ,,photograph74 ,sidenote3 ,coronado finds the ,great ,plains4 #ad4 ,the ,great ,plains4--,soon1 however1 a new hope came to the ,spaniards1 for an ,indian told them that far away in the north there really was a golden land4 ,onward rode ,coronado and a body of picked men4 ,they crossed vast plains where there were no mountains to guide them4 ,for more than a thousand miles they rode on until they reached eastern ,kansas4 ,everywhere they found great herds of buffaloes1 or wild cows1 as they called them4 ,they also met the ,indians of the ,plains4 ,unlike the ,indians of the pueblos1 these ,indians lived in tents made of buffalo hides stretched upon poles4 ,everywhere there were plains1 buffaloes1 and ,indians4 ,nowhere was there gold or silver4 ,broken hearted1 ,coronado and his men rode southward to their old homes in ,mexico4 ,sidenote3 ,de ,soto in ,florida1 #aeci4 ,explorers1 #aai-ach4 ,sidenote3 ,de ,soto crosses the ,mississippi4 #ae4 ,de ,soto in the ,southeast1 #aeci-dc4--;,in #aeci a ,spanish army landed at ,tampa ,bay1 on the western coast of ,florida4 ,the leader of this army was ,de ,soto1 one of the conquerors of ,peru4 ,he was very fond of the sport of killing ,indians and was also greedy for gold and silver4 ,from ,tampa he marched northward to ,south ,carolina and then marched southwestward to ,mobile ,bay4 ,there he had a dreadful time2 for the ,indians burned his camp and stores and killed many of his men4 ,from ,mobile he wandered northwestward until he came to a great river4 ,it was the ,mississippi1 and was so wide that a man standing on one bank could not see a man standing on the opposite bank4 ,some of ,de ,soto's men penetrated westward nearly to the line of ,coronado's march4 ,but the two bands did not meet4 ,de ,soto died and was buried in the ,mississippi4 ,those of his men who still lived built a few boats and managed to reach the ,spanish settlements in ,mexico4 ,sidenote3 ,other ,spanish explorers4 ,sidenote3 ,attempts at settlement4 #af4 ,other ,spanish ,expeditions4--,many other ,spanish explorers visited the shores of the ,united ,states before #aeej4 ,some sailed along the ,pacific coast2 others sailed along the ,atlantic coast4 ,the ,spaniards also made several attempts to found settlements both on the northern shore of the ,gulf of ,mexico and on ,chesapeake ,bay4 ,but all these early attempts ended in failure4 ,in #aeej there were no ,spaniards on the continent within the present limits of the ,united ,states1 except possibly a few traders and missionaries in the ,southwest4 ,sidenote3 ,verrazano's voyages1 #aebd4 ,higginson1 #dd-de2 ,explorers1 #fj-fi4 ,sidenote3 ,cartier in the ,st4 ,lawrence1 #aecd-cf4 ,explorers #ii-aag4 #ag4 ,early ,french ,voyages1 #aebd-cf4--,the first ,french expedition to ,america was led by an ,italian named ,verrazano 7,ver-r-ts'-no71 but he sailed in the service of ,francis ,i1 ,king of ,france4 ,he made his voyage in #aebd and sailed along the coast from the ,cape ,fear ,river to ,nova ,scotia4 ,he entered ,new ,york harbor and spent two weeks in ,newport harbor4 ,he reported that the country was as pleasant as it is possible to conceive4 ,the next ,french expedition was led by a ,frenchman named ,cartier 7,kar'-tya'74 ,in #aecd he visited the ,gulf of ,st4 ,lawrence4 ,in #aece he sailed up the ,st4 ,lawrence ,river to ,montreal4 ,but before he could get out of the river again the ice formed about his ships4 ,he and his crew had to pass the winter there4 ,they suffered terribly1 and twenty-four of them perished of cold and sickness4 ,in the spring of #aecf the survivors returned to ,france4 ,sidenote3 ,ribault explores the ,carolina coasts1 #aefb4 ,sidenote3 ,french colonists in ,carolina4 ,explorers1 #adi-aef4 #ah4 ,the ,french in ,carolina1 #aefb4--,the ,french next explored the shores of the ,carolinas4 ,ribault 7,re'-bo'7 was the name of their commander4 ,sailing southward from ,carolina1 he discovered a beautiful river and called it the ,river of ,may4 ,but we know it by its ,spanish name of ,st4 ,johns4 ,he left a few men on the ,carolina coast and returned to ,france4 ,a year or more these men remained4 ,then wearying of their life in the wilderness1 they built a crazy boat with sails of shirts and sheets and steered for ,france4 ,soon their water gave out and then their food4 ,finally1 almost dead1 they were rescued by an ,english ship4 ,sidenote3 ,french colonists in ,florida4 #ai4 ,the ,french in ,florida1 #aefd-fe4--,while these ,frenchmen were slowly drifting across the ,atlantic1 a great ,french expedition was sailing to ,carolina4 ,finding ,ribault's men gone1 the new colony was planted on the banks of the ,river of ,may4 ,soon the settlers ate up all the food they had brought with them4 ,then they bought food from the ,indians1 giving them toys and old clothes in exchange4 ,some of the colonists rebelled4 ,they seized a vessel and sailed away to plunder the ,spaniards in the ,west ,indies4 ,they told the ,spaniards of the colony on the ,river of ,may1 and the ,spaniards resolved to destroy it4 ,sidenote3 ,spaniards and ,frenchmen4 ,sidenote3 ,end of the ,french settlement1 #aefe4 ,explorers1 #aei-aff4 #bj4 ,the ,spaniards in ,florida1 #aefe4--;,for this purpose the ,spaniards sent out an expedition under ,menendez 7,ma-nen'-deth74 ,he sailed to the ,river of ,may and found ,ribault there with a ,french fleet4 ,so he turned southward1 and going ashore founded ,st4 ,augustine4 ,ribault followed1 but a terrible storm drove his whole fleet ashore south of ,st4 ,augustine4 ,menendez then marched over land to the ,french colony4 ,he surprised the colonists and killed nearly all of them4 ,then going back to ,st4 ,augustine1 he found ,ribault and his shipwrecked sailors and killed nearly all of them4 ,in this way ended the ,french attempts to found a colony in ,carolina and ,florida4 ,but ,st4 ,augustine remained1 and is to-day the oldest town on the mainland of the ,united ,states4 ,,chapter #c ,,pioneers ,,of ,,england ,sidenote3 ,hawkins's voyages1 #aefb-fg4 #ba4 ,sir ,john ,hawkins4--,for many years after ,cabot's voyage ,englishmen were too busy at home to pay much attention to distant expeditions4 ,but in ,queen ,elizabeth's time ,english seamen began to sail to ,america4 ,the first of them to win a place in history was ,john ,hawkins4 ,he carried cargoes of negro slaves from ,africa to the ,west ,indies and sold them to the ,spanish planters4 ,on his third voyage he was basely attacked by the ,spaniards and lost four of his five ships4 ,returning home1 he became one of the leading men of ,elizabeth's little navy and fought most gallantly for his country4 ,illustration3 ,,sir ,,francis ,,drake4 ,sidenote3 ,drake on the ,california coast1 #aegg-gh4 ,source-,book1 #i4 #bb4 ,sir ,francis ,drake4--,a greater and a more famous man was ,hawkins's cousin1 ,francis ,drake4 ,he had been with ,hawkins on his third voyage and had come to hate ,spaniards most vigorously4 ,in #aegg he made a famous voyage round the world4 ,steering through the ,straits of ,magellan1 he plundered the ,spanish towns on the western coasts of ,south ,america4 ,at one place his sailors went on shore and found a man sound asleep4 ,near him were four bars of silver4 ,we took the silver and left the man1 wrote the old historian of the voyage4 ,drake also captured vessels loaded with gold and silver and pearls4 ,sailing northward1 he repaired his ship1 the ,pelican1 on the coast of ,california1 and returned home by the way of the ,cape of ,good ,hope4 ,sidenote3 ,ralegh and his colonies4 ,eggleston1 #ac-ag2 ,explorers1 #agg-ahi4 #bc4 ,sir ,walter ,ralegh4--,still another famous ,englishman of ,elizabeth's time was ,walter ,ralegh4 ,he never saw the coasts of the ,united ,states1 but his name is rightly connected with our history1 because he tried again and again to found colonies on our shores4 ,in #aehd he sent ,amadas and ,barlowe to explore the ,atlantic seashore of ,north ,america4 ,their reports were so favorable that he sent a strong colony to settle on ,roanoke ,island in ,virginia1 as he named that region4 ,but the settlers soon became unhappy because they found no gold4 ,then1 too1 their food began to fail1 and ,drake1 happening along1 took them back to ,england4 ,sidenote3 ,ralegh's last attempt1 #aehg4 ,explorers1 #ahi-bjj4 #bd4 ,the ,lost ,colony1 #aehg4--,ralegh made still one more attempt to found a colony in ,virginia4 ,but the fate of this colony was most dreadful4 ,for the settlers entirely disappeared1--men1 women1 and children4 ,among the lost was little ,virginia ,dare1 the first ,english child born in ,america4 ,no one really knows what became of these people4 ,but the ,indians told the later settlers of ,jamestown that they had been killed by the savages4 ,sidenote3 ,ruin of ,spain's sea-power4 ,english ,history for ,americans1 #aca-ace4 #be4 ,destruction of the ,spanish ,armada1 #aehh4--,this activity of the ,english in ,america was very distressing to the ,king of ,spain4 ,for he claimed all ,america for himself and did not wish ,englishmen to go thither4 ,he determined to conquer ,england and thus put an end to these ,english voyages4 ,but ,hawkins1 ,drake1 ,ralegh1 and the men behind the ,english guns were too strong even for the ,invincible ,armada4 ,spain's sea-power never recovered from this terrible blow4 ,englishmen could now found colonies with slight fear of the ,spaniards4 ,when the ,spanish king learned of the settlement of ,jamestown1 he ordered an expedition to go from ,st4 ,augustine to destroy the ,english colony4 ,but the ,spaniards never got farther than the mouth of the ,james ,river4 ,for when they reached that point1 they thought they saw the masts and spars of an ,english ship4 ,they at once turned about and sailed back to ,florida as fast as they could go4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,questions ,,and ,,topics ,,chapter #a #a-c4--;a4 ,to how much honor are the ,northmen entitled as the discoverers of ,america8 b4 ,draw from memory a map showing the relative positions of ,norway1 ,iceland1 ,greenland1 and ,north ,america4 c4 ,what portions of the world were known to ,europeans in #adij8 ,explain by drawing a map4 #d-f4--;a4 ,state ,columbus's beliefs about the shape and size of the earth4 b4 ,what land did ,columbus think that he had reached8 c4 ,what is meant by the statement that he took possession of the new land8 d4 ,describe the appearance of the ,indians1 their food1 and their weapons4 #g-i4--;a4 ,what other ,italians sailed across the ,atlantic before #aejj8 ,why was ,cabot's voyage important8 b4 ,why was the ,new ,world called ,america and not ,columbia8 c4 ,describe the discovery of the ,pacific ,ocean4 ,why was this discovery of importance8 ,,chapter #b #aj-ab4--;a4 ,what was the chief wish of the ,spanish explorers8 b4 ,how did they treat the ,indians8 #ac-af4--;a4 ,describe a pueblo4 ,what do the existing pueblos teach us about the ,indians of ,coronado's time8 b4 ,describe ,coronado's march4 c4 ,what other band of ,spaniards nearly approached ,coronado's men8 ,describe their march4 d4 ,what other places were explored by the ,spaniards8 #ag-bj4--;a4 ,why did ,verrazano explore the northeastern coasts8 b4 ,describe ,cartier's experiences in the ,st4 ,lawrence4 c4 ,describe the ,french expeditions to ,carolina and ,florida4 d4 ,what reason had the ,spaniards for attacking the ,french8 ,,chapter #c #ba1 #bb4--;a4 ,look up something about the early voyages of ,francis ,drake4 b4 ,compare ,drake's route around the world with that of ,magellan4 #bc-be4--;a4 ,explain carefully ,ralegh's connection with our history4 b4 ,was the territory ,ralegh named ,virginia just what is now the state of ,virginia8 c4 ,what is sea-power8 d4 ,what effect did the defeat of ,spain have upon our history8 ,,general ,,questions a4 ,draw upon an ,outline ,map the routes of all the explorers mentioned4 ,place names and dates in their proper places4 b4 ,arrange a table of the various explorers as follows1 stating in two or three words what each accomplished3-- ,,date4 ,,spanish4 ,,french4 ,,english4 ---------------------------------------- ----- #adib ,columbus #adig ,cabot4 ,,topics ,,for ,,special ,,work a4 ,columbus's first voyage1 ,irving 7abridged edition74 b4 ,coronado's expedition1 ,lummis's ,spanish ,pioneers4 c4 ,verrazano and ,cartier1 ,higginson's ,explorers4 d4 ,the ,lost ,colony1 ,higginson's ,explorers4 e4 ,the ,england of ,elizabeth 7a study of any small history of ,england will suffice for this topic74 ,,suggestions ,,to ,,the ,,teacher ,the teacher is recommended to study sources in preparing her work1 making selections where possible1 for the pupil's use4 ,some knowledge of ,european history 7,english especially7 is essential for understanding our early history1 and definite work of this nature on the teacher's part1 at least1 is earnestly advised4 ,encourage outside reading by assigning subjects for individual preparation1 the results to be given to the class4 ,let the children keep note books for entering the important points thus given4 ,map study and map drawing should be constant1 but demand correct relations rather than finished drawings4 ,geographical environment should be emphasized as well as the influence of natural resources and productions in developing the country and in determining its history4 ,in laying out the work on this period the teacher should remember that this part is in the nature of an introduction4 ,,ii ,,colonization1 #afjj-affj ,books for ,study and ,reading ,references4--,fiske's ,united ,states for ,schools1 #ei-acc2 ,eggleston's ,united ,states and its ,people1 #ia-aac 7for colonial life72 ,parkman's ,pioneers 7for ,french colonies72 ,bradford's ,plymouth ,plantation 7extracts in ,american ,history ,leaflets1 ,no4 #bi74 ,home ,readings4--,drake's ,making of ,new ,england2 ,drake's ,making of ,virginia and the ,middle ,states2 ,eggleston's ,pocahontas and ,powhatan2 ,dix's ,soldier ,rigdale 7,pilgrim children72 ,irving's ,knickerbocker ,history2 ,webster's ,plymouth ,oration2 ,longfellow's ,myles ,standish2 ,moore's ,pilgrims and ,puritans4 ,,chapter #d ,,french ,,colonists1 ,,missionaries1 ,,and ,,explorers ,sidenote3 ,settlement of ,acadia1 #afjd4 ,sidenote3 ,port ,royal4 #bf4 ,the ,french in ,acadia4--,for nearly forty years after the destruction of the colony on the ,river of ,may1 ,frenchmen were too busy fighting one another at home to send any more colonists to ,america4 ,at length1 in #afjd1 a few ,frenchmen settled on an island in the ,st4 ,croix ,river4 ,but the place was so cold and windy that after a few months they crossed the ,bay of ,fundy and founded the town of ,port ,royal4 ,the country they called ,acadia4 ,sidenote3 ,champlain at ,plymouth4 ,sidenote3 ,quebec founded1 #afjh4 ,sidenote3 ,champlain on ,lake ,champlain1 #afji4 ,sidenote3 ,he attacks the ,iroquois4 ,explorers1 #bfi-bgh4 #bg4 ,champlain and his ,work4--,the most famous of these colonists was ,champlain4 ,he sailed along the coast southward and westward as far as ,plymouth4 ,as he passed by the mouth of ,boston harbor1 a mist hung low over the water1 and he did not see the entrance4 ,had it been clear he would have discovered ,boston harbor and ,charles ,river1 and ,french colonists might have settled there4 ,in #afjh ,champlain built a trading-post at ,quebec and lived there for many years as governor or chief trader4 ,he soon joined the ,st4 ,lawrence ,indians in their war parties and explored large portions of the interior4 ,in #afji he went with the ,indians to a beautiful lake4 ,far away to the east were mountains covered with snow4 ,to the south were other mountains1 but with no snow on their tops4 ,to the lake the explorer gave his own name1 and we still call it in his honor1 ,lake ,champlain4 ,while there1 he drove away with his firearms a body of ,iroquois ,indians4 ,a few years later he went with another war party to western ,new ,york and again attacked the ,iroquois4 ,sidenote3 ,french missionaries and traders4 ,sidenote3 ,they visit ,lake ,superior and ,lake ,michigan4 #bh4 ,the ,french on the ,great ,lakes4--,champlain was the first of many ,french discoverers4 ,some of these were missionaries who left home and friends to bring the blessings of ,christianity to the ,red ,men of the western world4 ,others were fur-traders1 while still others were men who came to the wilderness in search of excitement4 ,these ,french discoverers found ,lake ,superior and ,lake ,michigan2 they even reached the headwaters of the ,wisconsin ,river--a branch of the ,mississippi4 ,sidenote3 ,the ,jesuits and their work4 #bi4 ,the ,french ,missionaries4--,the most active of the ,french missionaries were the ,jesuits4 built stations on the shores of the ,great ,lakes4 ,they made long expeditions to unknown regions4 ,some of them were killed by those whom they tried to convert to ,christianity4 ,others were robbed and left to starve4 ,others still were tortured and cruelly abused4 ,but the prospect of starvation1 torture1 and death only made them more eager to carry on their great work4 ,illustration3 ,,champlain',s ,,attack ,,on ,,an ,,iroquois ,,fort4 ,sidenote3 ,the ,league of the ,iroquois4 ,sidenote3 ,their hatred of the ,french4 ,its importance4 ,sidenote3 ,the missionaries and the ,iroquois4 #cj4 ,the ,iroquois4--,the strongest of all the ,indian tribes were the nations who formed the ,league of the ,iroquois4 ,ever since ,champlain fired upon them they hated the sight of a ,frenchman4 ,on the other hand1 they looked upon the ,dutch and the ,english as their friends4 ,french missionaries tried to convert them to ,christianity as they had converted the ,st4 ,lawrence ,indians4 ,but the ,iroquois saw in this only another attempt at ,french conquest4 ,so they hung red-hot stones about the missionaries' necks1 or they burned them to death1 or they cut them to pieces while yet living4 ,for a century and a half the ,iroquois stood between the ,dutch and ,english settlers and their common enemies in ,canada4 ,few events1 in ,american history1 therefore1 have had such great consequences as ,champlain's unprovoked attacks upon the ,iroquois4 ,,chapter #e ,,virginia ,,and ,,maryland ,sidenote3 ,new conditions of living in ,england4 ,sidenote3 ,the ,virginia ,company4 #ca4 ,the ,virginia ,company1 #afjf4--;,english people were now beginning to think in earnest of founding colonies4 ,it was getting harder and harder to earn one's living in ,england1 and it was very difficult to invest one's money in any useful way4 ,it followed1 from this1 that there were many men who were glad to become colonists1 and many persons who were glad to provide money to pay for founding colonies4 ,in #afjf the ,virginia ,company was formed and colonization began on a large scale4 ,sidenote3 ,the ,virginia colonists at ,jamestown1 #afjg4 ,higginson1 #eb1 #aaj-aag2 ,eggleston1 #ai-bh2 ,explorers #bca-bfi4 ,sidenote3 ,sickness and death4 #cb4 ,founding of ,jamestown1 #afjg4 ,the first colonists sailed for ,virginia in ,december1 #afjf4 ,they were months on the way and suffered terrible hardships4 ,at last they reached ,chesapeake ,bay and ,james ,river and settled on a peninsula on the ,james1 about thirty miles from its mouth4 ,across the little isthmus which connected this peninsula with the mainland they built a strong fence1 or stockade1 to keep the ,indians away from their huts4 ,their settlement they named ,jamestown4 ,the early colonists of ,virginia were not very well fitted for such a work4 ,some of them were gentlemen who had never labored with their hands2 others were poor1 idle fellows whose only wish was to do nothing whatever4 ,there were a few energetic men among them as ,ratcliffe1 ,archer1 and ,smith4 ,but these spent most of their time in exploring the bay and the rivers1 in hunting for gold1 and in quarreling with one another4 ,with the summer came fevers1 and soon fifty of the one hundred and five original colonists were dead4 ,then followed a cold1 hard winter1 and many of those who had not died of fever in the summer1 now died of cold4 ,the colonists brought little food with them1 they were too lazy to plant much corn1 and they were able to get only small supplies from the ,indians4 ,indeed1 the early history of ,virginia is given mainly to accounts of starving times4 ,of the first thousand colonists not one hundred lived to tell the tale of those early days4 ,sidenote3 ,sir ,thomas ,dale4 ,sidenote3 ,his wise action4 #cc4 ,sir ,thomas ,dale and ,good ,order4--,in #afaa ,sir ,thomas ,dale came out as ruler1 and he ruled with an iron hand4 ,if a man refused to work1 ,dale made a slave of him for three years2 if he did not work hard enough1 ,dale had him soundly whipped4 ,but ,sir ,thomas ,dale was not only a severe man2 he was also a wise man4 ,hitherto everything had been in common4 ,dale now tried the experiment of giving three acres of land to every one of the old planters1 and he also allowed them time to work on their own land4 ,sidenote3 ,tobacco4 ,sidenote3 ,prosperity4 #cd4 ,tobacco-growing and ,prosperity4--,european people were now beginning to use tobacco4 ,most of it came from the ,spanish colonies4 ,tobacco grew wild in ,virginia4 ,but the colonists at first did not know how to dry it and make it fit for smoking4 ,after a few years they found out how to prepare it4 ,they now worked with great eagerness and planted tobacco on every spot of cleared land4 ,men with money came over from ,england4 ,they brought many workingmen with them and planted large pieces of ground4 ,soon tobacco became the money of the colony1 and the whole life of ,virginia turned on its cultivation4 ,but it was difficult to find enough laborers to do the necessary work4 ,sidenote3 ,white servants4 ,sidenote3 ,criminals4 ,sidenote3 ,negro slaves1 #afai4 #ce4 ,servants and ,slaves4--,most of the laborers were white men and women who were bound to service for terms of years4 ,these were called servants4 ,some of them were poor persons who sold their labor to pay for their passage to ,virginia4 ,others were unfortunate men and women and even children who were stolen from their families and sold to the colonists4 ,still others were criminals whom ,king ,james sent over to the colony because that was the cheapest thing to do with them4 ,in #afai the first negro slaves were brought to ,virginia by a ,dutch vessel4 ,the ,virginians bought them all--only twenty in number4 ,but the planters preferred white laborers4 ,it was not until more that twenty-five years had passed away that the slaves really became numerous enough to make much difference in the life of the colony4 ,sidenote3 ,sir ,edwin ,sandys4 ,sidenote3 ,the first ,american legislature1 #afai4 #cf4 ,the first ,american ,legislature1 #afai4--,the men who first formed the ,virginia ,company had long since lost interest in it4 ,other men had taken their places4 ,these latter were mostly ,puritans 7p4 #bi7 or were the friends and workers with the ,puritans4 ,the best known of them was ,sir ,edwin ,sandys1 the playmate of ,william ,brewster--one of the ,pilgrim ,fathers 7p4 #bi74 ,sandys and his friends sent ,sir ,george ,yeardley to ,virginia as governor4 ,they ordered him to summon an assembly to be made up of representatives chosen by the freemen of the colony4 ,these representatives soon did away with ,dale's ferocious regulations1 and made other and much milder laws4 ,sidenote3 ,end of the ,virginia ,company1 #afbd4 ,sidenote3 ,virginia a royal province4 #cg4 ,virginia becomes a ,royal ,province1 #afbd4--,the ,virginians thought this was a very good way to be governed4 ,but ,king ,james thought that the new rulers of the ,virginia ,company were much too liberal1 and he determined to destroy the company4 ,the judges in those days dared not displease the king for he could turn them out of office at any time4 ,so when he told them to destroy the ,virginia charter they took the very first opportunity to declare it to be of no force4 ,in this way the ,virginia ,company came to an end1 and ,virginia became a royal province with a governor appointed by the king4 ,sidenote3 ,intolerance in ,virginia4 ,sidenote3 ,persecution of the ,puritans4 #ch4 ,religious ,intolerance4--,in #afbe ,king ,james died1 and his son ,charles became king4 ,he left the ,virginians to themselves for the most part4 ,they liked this4 ,but they did not like his giving the northern part of ,virginia to a ,roman ,catholic favorite1 ,lord ,baltimore1 with the name of ,maryland4 ,many ,roman ,catholics soon settled in ,lord ,baltimore's colony4 ,the ,virginians feared lest they might come to ,virginia and made severe laws against them4 ,puritan missionaries also came from ,new ,england and began to convert the ,virginians to ,puritanism4 ,governor ,berkeley and the leading ,virginians were ,episcopalians4 ,they did not like the ,puritans any better than they liked the ,roman ,catholics4 ,they made harsh laws against them and drove them out of ,virginia into ,maryland4 ,sidenote3 ,maryland given to ,baltimore1 #afcb4 ,sidenote3 ,settlement of ,maryland4 ,higginson1 #aba-abc2 ,eggleston1 #ej-ec2 ,source-book1 #dh-ea4 #ci4 ,settlement of ,maryland4--,maryland included the most valuable portion of ,virginia north of the ,potomac4 ,beside being the owner of all this land1 ,lord ,baltimore was also the ruler of the colony4 ,he invited people to go over and settle in ,maryland and offered to give them large tracts of land on the payment of a small sum every year forever4 ,each man's payment was small4 ,but all the payments taken together1 made quite a large amount which went on growing larger and larger as ,maryland was settled4 ,the ,baltimores were broad-minded men4 ,they gave their colonists a large share in the government of the colony and did what they could to bring about religious toleration in ,maryland4 ,sidenote3 ,roman ,catholics in ,england4 ,sidenote3 ,roman ,catholics and ,puritans in ,maryland4 ,sidenote3 ,the ,toleration ,act1 #afdi4 #dj4 ,the ,maryland ,toleration ,act1 #afdi4--,the ,english ,roman ,catholics were cruelly oppressed4 ,no priest of that faith was allowed to live in ,england4 ,and ,roman ,catholics who were not priests had to pay heavy fines simply because they were ,roman ,catholics4 ,lord ,baltimore hoped that his fellow ,catholics might find a place of shelter in ,maryland1 and many of the leading colonists were ,roman ,catholics4 ,but most of the laborers were ,protestants4 ,soon came the ,puritans from ,virginia4 ,they were kindly received and given land4 ,but it was evident that it would be difficult for ,roman ,catholics1 ,episcopalians1 and ,puritans to live together without some kind of law to go by4 ,so a law was made that any ,christian might worship as he saw fit4 ,this was the first toleration act in the history of ,america4 ,it was the first toleration act in the history of modern times4 ,but the ,puritan1 ,roger ,williams1 had already established religious freedom in ,rhode ,island 7p4 #cc74 ,sidenote3 ,tobacco and grain4 ,sidenote3 ,commerce4 ,sidenote3 ,servants and slaves4 #da4 ,maryland ,industries4--,tobacco was the most important crop in early ,maryland4 ,but grain was raised in many parts of the colony4 ,in time also there grew up a large trading town4 ,this was ,baltimore4 ,its shipowners and merchants became rich and numerous1 while there were almost no shipowners or merchants in ,virginia4 ,there were also fewer slaves in ,maryland than in ,virginia4 ,nearly all the hard labor in the former colony was done by white servants4 ,in most other ways1 however1 ,virginia and ,maryland were nearly alike4 ,,chapter #f ,,new ,,england ,sidenote3 ,the ,english ,puritans4 ,sidenote3 ,non-,conformists4 ,sidenote3 ,separatists4 #db4 ,the ,puritans4--,the ,new ,england colonies were founded by ,english ,puritans who left ,england because they could not do as they wished in the home land4 ,all ,puritans were agreed in wishing for a freer government than they had in ,england under the ,stuart kings and in state matters were really the ,liberals of their time4 ,in religious matters1 however1 they were not all of one mind4 ,some of them wished to make only a few changes in the ,church4 ,these were called ,non-,conformists4 ,others wished to make so many changes in religion that they could not stay in the ,english ,state ,church4 ,these were called ,separatists4 ,the settlers of ,plymouth were ,separatists2 the settlers of ,boston and neighboring towns were ,non-,conformists4 ,sidenote3 ,the ,scrooby ,puritans4 ,higginson1 #ee-ef2 ,eggleston1 #cd4 ,sidenote3 ,they flee to ,holland4 ,sidenote3 ,they decide to emigrate to ,america4 #dc4 ,the ,pilgrims4--,of all the groups of ,separatists scattered over ,england none became so famous as those who met at ,elder ,brewster's house at ,scrooby4 ,king ,james decided to make all ,puritans conform to the ,state ,church or to hunt them out of the land4 ,the ,scrooby people soon felt the weight of persecution4 ,after suffering great hardships and cruel treatment they fled away to ,holland4 ,but there they found it very difficult to make a living4 ,they suffered so terribly that many of their ,english friends preferred to go to prison in ,england rather than lead such a life of slavery in ,holland4 ,so the ,pilgrims determined to found a colony in ,america4 ,they reasoned that they could not be worse off in ,america1 because that would be impossible4 ,at all events1 their children would not grow up as ,dutchmen1 but would still be ,englishmen4 ,they had entire religious freedom in ,holland2 but they thought they would have the same in ,america4 ,illustration3 ,,brewster',s ,,house ,,at ,,scrooby4 ,the ,pilgrims held their services in the building on the left1 now used as a cow-house4 ,sidenote3 ,the voyage of the ,mayflower1 #afbj4 ,sidenote3 ,the ,mayflower at ,cape ,cod4 #dd4 ,the ,voyage across the ,atlantic4--,brewster's old friend1 ,sir ,edwin ,sandys1 was now at the head of the ,virginia ,company4 ,he easily procured land for the ,pilgrims in northern ,virginia1 near the ,dutch settlements 7p4 #da74 ,some ,london merchants lent them money4 ,but they lent it on such harsh conditions that the ,pilgrims' early life in ,america was nearly as hard as their life had been in ,holland4 ,they had a dreadful voyage across the ,atlantic in the ,mayflower4 ,at one time it seemed as if the ship would surely go down4 ,but the ,pilgrims helped the sailors to place a heavy piece of wood under one of the deck beams and saved the vessel from going to pieces4 ,on ,november #ai1 #afbj1 they sighted land off the coast of ,cape ,cod4 ,they tried to sail around the cape to the southward1 but storms drove them back1 and they anchored in ,provincetown harbor4 ,sidenote3 ,the ,pilgrims ,compact1 #afbj4 #de4 ,the ,mayflower ,compact1 #afbj4--;,all the passengers on the ,mayflower were not ,pilgrims4 ,some of them were servants sent out by the ,london merchants to work for them4 ,these men said that as they were outside of ,virginia1 the leaders of the expedition would have no power over them as soon as they got on land4 ,this was true enough1 so the ,pilgrims drew up and signed a compact which obliged the signers to obey whatever was decided to be for the public good4 ,it gave the chosen leaders power to make the unruly obey their commands4 ,illustration3 map ,sidenote3 ,the ,pilgrims explore the coast4 ,explorers1 #cai-cbh4 ,sidenote3 ,plymouth settled4 ,higginson1#eh-fj2 ,eggleston1 #ce-ch2 ,source-,book1 #ci-da4 ,sidenote3 ,sickness and death4 #df4 ,the ,first ,winter at ,plymouth4--,for nearly a month the ,pilgrims explored the shores of ,cape ,cod ,bay4 ,finally1 on ,december #ba1 #afbj1 a boat party landed on the mainland inside of ,plymouth harbor4 ,they decided to found their colony on the shore at that place4 ,about a week later the ,mayflower anchored in ,plymouth harbor4 ,for months the ,pilgrims lived on the ship while working parties built the necessary huts on shore4 ,it was in the midst of a cold ,new ,england winter4 ,the work was hard and food and clothing were not well suited to the worker's needs4 ,before the ,mayflower sailed away in the spring one-half of the little band was dead4 ,sidenote3 ,the ,pilgrims and the ,indians4 ,explorers1 #ccc-ccg4 ,sidenote3 ,success of the colony4 ,sidenote3 ,new ,plymouth colony4 #dg4 ,new ,plymouth ,colony4--,of all the ,indians who once had lived near ,plymouth only one remained4 ,his name was ,squanto4 ,he came to the ,pilgrims in the spring4 ,he taught them to grow corn and to dig clams1 and thus saved them from starvation4 ,the ,pilgrims cared for him most kindly as long as he lived4 ,another and more important ,indian also came to ,plymouth4 ,he was ,massasoit1 chief of the strongest ,indian tribe near ,plymouth4 ,with him the ,pilgrims made a treaty which both parties obeyed for more than fifty years4 ,before long the ,pilgrims' life became somewhat easier4 ,they worked hard to raise food for themselves1 they fished off the coasts1 and bought furs from the ,indians4 ,in these ways they got together enough money to pay back the ,london merchants4 ,many of their friends joined them4 ,other towns were settled near by1 and ,plymouth became the capital of the colony of ,new ,plymouth4 ,but the colony was never very prosperous1 and in the end was added to ,massachusetts4 ,sidenote3 ,founders of ,massachusetts4 ,sidenote3 ,explorers #cda-cfa2 ,source-book #de-dh1 #gd-gf4 ,sidenote3 ,settlement of ,massachusetts1 #afcj4 ,higginson1 #fj-fd2 ,eggleston1 #ci-da4 #dh4 ,the ,founding of ,massachusetts1 #afbi-cj4--,unlike the poor and humble ,pilgrims were the founders of ,massachusetts4 ,they were men of wealth and social position1 as for instance1 ,john ,winthrop and ,sir ,richard ,saltonstall4 ,they left comfortable homes in ,england to found a ,puritan state in ,america4 ,they got a great tract of land extending from the ,merrimac to the ,charles1 and westward across the continent4 ,hundreds of colonists came over in the years #afbi-cj4 ,they settled ,boston1 ,salem1 and neighboring towns4 ,in the next ten years thousands more joined them4 ,from the beginning ,massachusetts was strong and prosperous4 ,among so many people there were some who did not get on happily with the rulers of the colony4 ,sidenote3 ,roger ,williams expelled from ,massachusetts4 ,higginson1 #fh-gj4 ,sidenote3 ,he founds ,providence1 #afcf4 ,source-book1 #eb-ed4 #di4 ,roger ,williams and ,religious ,liberty4--,among the newcomers was ,roger ,williams1 a ,puritan minister4 ,he disagreed with the ,massachusetts leaders on several points4 ,for instance1 he thought that the ,massachusetts people had no right to their lands1 and he insisted that the rulers had no power in religious matters--as enforcing the laws as to ,sunday4 ,he insisted on these points so strongly that the ,massachusetts government expelled him from the colony4 ,in the spring of #afcf2 with four companions he founded the town of ,providence4 ,there he decided that every one should be free to worship ,god as he or she saw fit4 ,sidenote3 ,mrs4 ,hutchinson and her friends4 ,sidenote3 ,they settle ,rhode ,island1 #afcg4 #ej4 ,the ,rhode ,island ,towns4--,soon another band of exiles came from ,massachusetts4 ,these were ,mrs4 ,hutchinson and her followers4 ,mrs4 ,hutchinson was a brilliant ,puritan woman who had come to ,boston from ,england to enjoy the ministry of ,john ,cotton1 one of the ,boston ministers4 ,she soon began to find fault with the other ministers of the colony4 ,naturally1 they did not like this4 ,their friends were more numerous than were ,mrs4 ,hutchinson's friends1 and the latter had to leave ,massachusetts4 ,they settled on the island of ,rhode ,island 7#afcg74 ,sidenote3 ,the ,connecticut colonists4 ,sidenote3 ,founding of ,connecticut1 #afce-cf4 ,higginson1 #ga-gb4 #ea4 ,the ,connecticut ,colony4--,besides those ,puritans whom the ,massachusetts people drove from their colony there were other settlers who left ,massachusetts of their own free will4 ,among these were the founders of ,connecticut4 ,the ,massachusetts people would gladly have had them remain1 but they were discontented and insisted on going away4 ,they settled the towns of ,hartford1 ,windsor1 and ,weathersfield1 on the ,connecticut ,river4 ,at about the same time ,john ,winthrop1 ,jr41 led a colony to ,saybrook1 at the mouth of the ,connecticut4 ,up to this time the ,dutch had seemed to have the best chance to settle the ,connecticut ,valley4 ,but the control of that region was now definitely in the hands of the ,english4 ,sidenote3 ,destruction of the ,pequods1 #afcg4 #eb4 ,the ,pequod ,war1 #afcg4--,the ,pequod ,indians were not so ready as the ,dutch to admit that resistance was hopeless4 ,they attacked ,wethersfield4 ,they killed several colonists1 and carried others away into captivity4 ,captain ,john ,mason of ,connecticut and ,captain ,john ,underhill of ,massachusetts went against them with about one hundred men4 ,they surprised the ,indians in their fort4 ,they set fire to the fort1 and shot down the ,indians as they strove to escape from their burning wigwams4 ,in a short time the ,pequod tribe was destroyed4 ,illustration3 ,,john ,,winthrop1 ,,jr4 ,sidenote3 ,the ,connecticut ,orders of #afch-ci4 #ec4 ,the ,first ,american ,constitution1 #afch-ci4--,the ,connecticut colonists had leisure now to settle the form of their government4 ,massachusetts had such a liberal charter that nothing more seemed to be necessary in that colony4 ,the ,mayflower ,compact did well enough for the ,pilgrims4 ,the ,connecticut people had no charter1 and they wanted something more definite than a vague compact4 ,so in the winter of #afch-ci they met at ,hartford and set down on paper a complete set of rules for their guidance4 ,this was the first time in the history of the ,english race that any people had tried to do this4 ,the ,connecticut constitution of #afch-ci is therefore looked upon as the first truly political written constitution in history4 ,the government thus established was very much the same as that of ,massachusetts with the exception that in ,connecticut there was no religious condition for the right to vote as there was in ,massachusetts4 ,sidenote3 ,the ,new ,haven settlers4 ,sidenote3 ,new ,haven founded1 #afch4 ,higginson1 #gb-gc4 #ed4 ,new ,haven1 #afch4--,the settlers of ,new ,haven went even farther than the ,massachusetts rulers and held that the ,state should really be a part of the ,church4 ,massachusetts was not entirely to their tastes4 ,they passed only one winter there and then moved away and settled ,new ,haven4 ,but this colony was not well situated for commerce1 and was too near the ,dutch settlements 7p4 #da74 ,it was never as prosperous as ,connecticut and was finally joined to that colony4 ,sidenote3 ,reasons for union4 ,sidenote3 ,articles of ,confederation1 #afdc4 ,sidenote3 ,new ,england towns4 ,higginson1 #dg-gi4 #ee4 ,the ,new ,england ,confederation1 #afdc4--;,besides the settlements that have already been described there were colonists living in ,new ,hampshire and in ,maine4 ,massachusetts included the ,new ,hampshire towns within her government1 for some of those towns were within her limits4 ,in #afdj the ,long ,parliament met in ,england1 and in #afde ,oliver ,cromwell and the ,puritans destroyed the royal army in the battle of ,naseby4 ,in these troubled times ,england could do little to protect the ,new ,england colonists1 and could do nothing to punish them for acting independently4 ,the ,new ,england colonists were surrounded by foreigners4 ,there were the ,french on the north and the east1 and the ,dutch on the west4 ,the ,indians1 too1 were living in their midst and might at any time turn on the whites and kill them4 ,thinking all these things over1 the four leading colonies decided to join together for protection4 ,they formed the ,new ,england ,confederation1 and drew up a constitution4 ,the colonists living in ,rhode ,island and in ,maine did not belong to the ,confederation1 but they enjoyed many of the benefits flowing from it2 for it was quite certain that the ,indians and the ,french and the ,dutch would think twice before attacking any of the ,new ,england settlements4 ,illustration3 ,a ,,child',s ,,high ,,chair1 ,,about #afej4 ,sidenote3 ,education4 #ef4 ,social ,conditions4--,the ,new ,england colonies were all settled on the town system1 for there were no industries which demanded large plantations--as tobacco-planting4 ,the ,new ,englanders were small farmers1 mechanics1 ship-builders1 and fishermen4 ,there were few servants in ,new ,england and almost no negro slaves4 ,most of the laborers were free men and worked for wages as laborers now do4 ,above all1 the ,new ,englanders were very zealous in the matter of education4 ,harvard ,college was founded in #afcf4 ,a few years later a law was passed compelling every town to provide schools for all the children in the town4 ,,chapter #g ,,new ,,netherland ,,and ,,new ,,sweden ,sidenote3 ,the ,dutch ,east ,india ,company4 #eg4 ,the ,dutch4--,at this time the ,dutch were the greatest traders and shipowners in the world4 ,they were especially interested in the commerce of the ,east ,indies4 ,indeed1 the ,dutch ,india ,company was the most successful trading company in existence4 ,the way to the ,east ,indies lay through seas carefully guarded by the ,portuguese1 so the ,dutch ,india ,company hired ,henry ,hudson1 an ,english sailor1 to search for a new route to ,india4 ,sidenote3 ,henry ,hudson4 ,sidenote3 ,he discovers ,hudson's ,river1 #afji4 ,higginson1 #hh-ij2 ,explorers1 #bha-bif4 ,sidenote3 ,his death4 ,explorers #bif-cjb4 #eh4 ,hudson's ,voyage1 #afji4--;,he set forth in #afji in the ,half-,moon1 a stanch little ship4 ,at first he sailed northward1 but ice soon blocked his way4 ,he then sailed southwestward to find a strait1 which was said to lead through ,america1 north of ,chesapeake ,bay4 ,on ,august #c1 #afji1 he reached the entrance of what is now ,new ,york harbor4 ,soon the ,half-,moon entered the mouth of the river that still bears her captain's name4 ,up1 up the river she sailed1 until finally she came to anchor near the present site of ,albany4 ,the ship's boats sailed even farther north4 ,everywhere the country was delightful4 ,the ,iroquois came off to the ship in their canoes4 ,hudson received them most kindly--quite unlike the way ,champlain treated other ,iroquois ,indians at about the same time1 on the shore of ,lake ,champlain 7p4 #bj74 ,then ,hudson sailed down the river again and back to ,europe4 ,he made one later voyage to ,america1 this time under the ,english flag4 ,he was turned adrift by his men in ,hudson's ,bay1 and perished in the cold and ice4 ,sidenote3 ,the ,dutch fur-traders4 ,sidenote3 ,settle on ,manhattan ,island4 ,sidenote3 ,new ,netherland4 #ei4 ,the ,dutch ,fur-,traders4--,hudson's failure to find a new way to ,india made the ,dutch ,india ,company lose interest in ,american exploration4 ,but many ,dutch merchants were greatly interested in ,hudson's account of the ,great ,river of the ,mountain4 ,they thought that they could make money from trading for furs with the ,indians4 ,they sent many expeditions to ,hudson's ,river1 and made a great deal of money4 ,some of their captains explored the coast northward and southward as far as ,boston harbor and ,delaware ,bay4 ,their principal trading-posts were on ,manhattan ,island1 and near the site of ,albany4 ,in #afad some of the leading traders obtained from the ,dutch government the sole right to trade between ,new ,france and ,virginia4 ,they called this region ,new ,netherland4 ,sidenote3 ,the ,dutch ,west ,india ,company1 #afba4 ,higginson1 #ij-if2 ,explorers1 #cjc-cjg2 ,source-book1 #db-dd4 ,sidenote3 ,the patroons1 #afbh4 #fj4 ,the ,founding of ,new ,netherland4--,in #afba the ,dutch ,west ,india ,company was founded4 ,its first object was trade1 but it also was directed to advance the peopling of the ,american lands claimed by the ,dutch4 ,colonists now came over2 they settled at ,new ,amsterdam1 on the southern end of ,manhattan ,island1 and also on the western end of ,long ,island4 ,by #afbh there were four hundred colonists in ,new ,netherland4 ,but the colony did not grow rapidly1 so the ,company tried to interest rich men in the scheme of colonization1 by giving them large tracts of land and large powers of government4 ,these great land owners were called patroons4 ,most of them were not very successful4 ,indeed1 the whole plan was given up before long1 and land was given to any one who would come out and settle4 ,illustration3 ,,the ,,dutch ,,colony ,,of ,,new ,,amsterdam4 ,sidenote3 ,governor ,kieft4 ,sidenote3 ,kieft orders the ,indians to be killed4 ,sidenote3 ,results of the massacre4 #fa4 ,kieft and the ,indians1 #afdc-dd4--,the worst of the early ,dutch governors was ,william ,kieft 7,keeft74 ,he was a bankrupt and a thief1 who was sent to ,new ,netherland in the hope that he would reform4 ,at first he did well and put a stop to the smuggling and cheating which were common in the colony4 ,emigrants came over in large numbers1 and everything seemed to be going on well when ,kieft's brutality brought on an ,indian war that nearly destroyed the colony4 ,the ,indians living near ,new ,amsterdam sought shelter from the ,iroquois on the mainland opposite ,manhattan ,island4 ,kieft thought it would be a grand thing to kill all these ,indian neighbors while they were collected together4 ,he sent a party of soldiers across the river and killed many of them4 ,the result was a fierce war with all the neighboring tribes4 ,the ,dutch colonists were driven from their farms4 ,even ,new ,amsterdam with its stockade was not safe4 ,for the ,indians sometimes came within the stockade and killed the people in the town4 ,when there were less than two hundred people left in ,new ,amsterdam1 ,kieft was recalled1 and ,peter ,stuyvesant was sent as governor in his stead4 ,sidenote3 ,peter ,stuyvesant4 ,higginson1 #ig4 #fb4 ,stuyvesant's ,rule4--,stuyvesant was a hot-tempered1 energetic soldier who had lost a leg in the ,company's service4 ,he ruled ,new ,netherland for a long time1 from #afdg to #affd4 ,and he ruled so sternly that the colonists were glad when the ,english came and conquered them4 ,this unpopularity was not entirely ,stuyvesant's fault4 ,the ,dutch ,west ,india ,company was a failure4 ,it had no money to spend for the defence of the colonists1 and ,stuyvesant was obliged to lay heavy taxes on the people4 ,sidenote3 ,the ,swedes on the ,delaware4 ,higginson1 #ajf-ajh4 ,sidenote3 ,stuyvesant conquers them4 #fc4 ,new ,sweden4--,when the ,french1 the ,english1 and the ,dutch were founding colonies in ,america1 the ,swedes also thought that they might as well have a colony there too4 ,they had no claim to any land in ,america4 ,but ,swedish armies were fighting the ,dutchmen's battles in ,europe4 ,so the ,swedes sent out a colony to settle on lands claimed by the ,dutch4 ,as long as the ,european war went on1 the ,swedes were not interfered with4 ,but when the ,european war came to an end1 ,stuyvesant was told to conquer them4 ,this he did without much trouble1 as he had about as many soldiers as there were ,swedish colonists4 ,in this way ,new ,sweden became a part of ,new ,netherland4 ,sidenote3 ,summary4 ,sidenote3 ,the ,chesapeake ,colonies4 ,sidenote3 ,the ,new ,england ,colonies4 #fd4 ,summary4--,we have seen how the ,french1 the ,dutch1 the ,swedish1 and the ,english colonies were established on the ,atlantic seashore and in the ,st4 ,lawrence valley4 ,south of these settlements there was the earlier ,spanish colony at ,st4 ,augustine4 ,the ,spanish colonists were very few in number1 but they gave ,spain a claim to ,florida4 ,the ,swedish colony had been absorbed by the stronger ,dutch colony4 ,we have also seen how very unlike were the two ,english groups of colonies4 ,they were both settled by ,englishmen1 but there the likeness stops4 ,for ,virginia and ,maryland were slave colonies4 ,they produced large crops of tobacco4 ,the ,new ,england colonists on the other hand were practically all free4 ,they lived in towns and engaged in all kinds of industries4 ,in the next hundred years we shall see how the ,english conquered first the ,dutch and then the ,french2 how they planted colonies far to the south of ,virginia and in these ways occupied the whole coast north of ,florida4 ,,questions ,,and ,,topics ,,chapter #d #bf1 #bg4--;a4 ,mark on a map all the places mentioned in these sections4 b4 ,describe ,champlain's attacks on the ,iroquois4 #bh-cj4--;a4 ,compare the reasons for the coming of the ,french and the ,spaniards4 b4 ,what work did the ,jesuits do for the ,indians8 c4 ,explain carefully why the hostility of the ,iroquois to the ,french was so important4 ,,chapter #e #ca1 #cb4--;a4 ,give two reasons for the revival of ,english colonial enterprises4 b4 ,describe the voyage and early experiences of the ,virginia colonists4 c4 ,give three reasons for the sufferings of the ,virginia colonists4 #cc-ce4--;a4 ,what do you think of ,sir ,thomas ,dale8 b4 ,to what was the prosperity of ,virginia due8 ,why8 c4 ,what classes of people were there in ,virginia8 #cf-ch4--;a4 ,what is the meaning of the word ,puritan 7see #dc78 ,why is ,sir ,edwin ,sandys regarded as the founder of free government in the ,english colonies8 b4 ,describe the laws of ,virginia as to ,roman ,catholics and ,puritans4 #ci-da4--;a4 ,describe ,lord ,baltimore's treatment of his settlers4 ,what do you think of the wisdom of his actions8 b4 ,how were ,roman ,catholics treated in ,england8 c4 ,what is meant by toleration8 ,who would be excluded by the ,maryland ,toleration ,act8 d4 ,describe the likenesses and the differences between ,virginia and ,maryland4 ,,chapter #f #db-dg4--;a4 ,describe the voyage of the ,mayflower4 b4 ,what was the object of the ,mayflower ,compact8 c4 ,describe the ,pilgrims' search for a place of settlement4 d4 ,read ,bradford's account of the first winter at ,plymouth4 e4 ,what did ,squanto do for the ,pilgrims8 #dh-ej4--;a4 ,what advantages did the founders of ,massachusetts have over those of ,new ,plymouth8 b4 ,look up the history of ,england1 #afcj-dj1 and say why so many colonists came to ,new ,england in those years4 c4 ,on what matters did ,roger ,williams disagree with the rulers of ,massachusetts8 d4 ,how are ,williams's ideas as to religious freedom regarded now8 e4 ,why was ,mrs4 ,hutchinson expelled from ,massachusetts8 #ea-ed4--;a4 ,how did the ,pequod ,war affect the colonists on the ,connecticut8 b4 ,what is a constitution8 ,why did the ,connecticut people feel the need of one8 ,why is the ,connecticut constitution famous8 c4 ,why did the ,new ,haven settlers found a separate colony8 #ee1 #ef4--;a4 ,what two parties were fighting in ,england8 b4 ,give all the reasons for the formation of the ,new ,england ,confederation4 ,what were the effects of this union8 c4 ,compare the industries of ,new ,england with those of ,virginia4 ,,chapter #g #eg-ei4--;a4 ,why did the ,dutch ,east ,india ,company wish a northern route to ,india8 b4 ,describe ,hudson's and ,champlain's expeditions1 and compare their treatment of the ,iroquois4 c4 ,what attracted the ,dutch to the region discovered by ,hudson8 #fj-fb4--;a4 ,what was the object of the ,dutch ,west ,india ,company8 ,what privileges did the patroons have8 b4 ,describe the career of ,kieft4 ,what were the results of his treatment of the ,indians8 c4 ,what kind of a governor was ,stuyvesant8 ,why was he unpopular8 #fc4--;a4 ,in what ,european war were the ,swedes and the ,dutch engaged8 b4 ,on what land did the ,swedes settle8 c4 ,describe how ,new ,sweden was joined to ,new ,netherland4 ,,general ,,questions a4 ,mark on a map in colors the lands settled by the different ,european nations4 b4 ,note the position of the ,dutch with reference to the ,english1 and explain the importance of such position4 c4 ,give one fact about each of the colonies1 and state why you think it important4 d4 ,give one fact which especially interests you in connection with each colony1 and explain your interest4 e4 ,in which colony would you have liked to live1 and why8 ,,topics ,,for ,,special ,,work a4 ,champlain's place in ,american history 7,parkman's ,pioneers74 b4 ,the ,first ,american ,legislature and its work 7,hart's ,contemporaries1 ,i41 ,no4 #fe74 c4 ,why did the ,pilgrims come to ,america8 7,bradford's ,plymouth74 d4 ,arrange a table of the several settlements similar to that described on page #ah4 e4 ,write a composition on life in early colonial days 7,eggleston's ,united ,states1 #ia-aac74 ,,suggestions ,,to ,,the ,,teacher ,in treating this chapter aim to make clear the reasons for and conditions of the settlement of each colony4 ,vividness can best be obtained by a study of the writings of the time1 especially of ,bradford's ,history of ,plymouth4 ,use pictures in every possible way and molding board as well4 ,emphasize the lack of true liberty of thought1 and lead the children to understand that persecution was a characteristic of the time and not a failing of any particular colony or set of colonists4 ,,iii ,a ,,century ,,of ,,colonial ,,history1 #affj-agfj ,books for ,study and ,reading ,references4--,fiske's ,united ,states for ,schools #acc-ahj2 ,mc,master's ,school ,history1 #ic-ajh 7life in #agfc72 ,source-,book1 ch4 vii2 ,fisher's ,colonial ,era2 ,earle's ,child ,life4 ,home ,readings4--,parkman's ,montcalm and ,wolfe2 ,franklin's ,autobiography2 ,brooks's ,in ,leisler's ,times2 ,coffin's ,old ,times in the ,colonies2 ,cooper's ,last of the ,mohicans2 ,scudder's ,men and ,manners ,one ,hundred ,years ,ago4 ,,chapter #h ,,the ,,colonies ,,under ,,charles ,,ii ,sidenote3 ,the ,puritan in ,england4 ,higginson and ,channing1 ,english ,history for ,americans1 #ahb-aie4 ,sidenote3 ,the ,colonies1 #afdi-fj4 #fe4 ,the ,puritans and the ,colonists1 #afdi-fj4--;,in #afdi ,charles ,i was executed1 and for eleven years the ,puritans were supreme in ,england4 ,during this time the ,new ,england colonists governed themselves1 and paid little heed to the wishes and orders of ,england's rulers4 ,after some hesitation1 the ,virginians accepted the authority of ,cromwell and the ,puritans4 ,in return they were allowed to govern themselves4 ,in ,maryland the ,puritans overturned ,baltimore's governor and ruled the province for some years4 ,sidenote3 ,the ,restoration1 #affj4 ,english ,history for ,americans1 #aif4 ,sidenote3 ,the ,navigation ,laws4 #ff4 ,colonial ,policy of ,charles ,,ii4--,in #affj ,charles ,,ii became king of ,england or was restored to the throne1 as people said at the time4 ,almost at once there was a great revival of interest in colonization1 and the new government interfered vigorously in colonial affairs4 ,in #afea the ,puritans had begun the system of giving the ,english trade only to ,english merchants and shipowners4 ,this system was now extended1 and the more important colonial products could be carried only to ,english ports4 ,sidenote3 ,charles ,,ii and ,massachusetts4 ,sidenote3 ,massachusetts and the ,quakers4 ,higginson1 #hj-ha4 #fg4 ,attacks on ,massachusetts4--,the new government was especially displeased by the independent spirit shown by ,massachusetts4 ,only good ,puritans could vote in that colony1 and members of the ,church of ,england could not even worship as they wished4 ,the ,massachusetts people paid no heed whatever to the navigation laws and asserted that acts of ,parliament had no force in the colony4 ,it chanced that at this time ,massachusetts had placed herself clearly in the wrong by hanging four persons for no other reason than that they were ,quakers4 ,the ,english government thought that now the time had come to assert its power4 ,it ordered the ,massachusetts rulers to send other ,quakers to ,england for trial4 ,but1 when this order reached ,massachusetts1 there were no ,quakers in prison awaiting trial1 and none were ever sent to ,england4 ,sidenote3 ,charters of ,connecticut and ,rhode ,island1 #affb-fc4 ,sidenote3 ,new ,haven absorbed by ,connecticut4 #fh4 ,connecticut and ,rhode ,island4--,while the ,english government was attacking ,massachusetts it was giving most liberal charters to ,connecticut and to ,rhode ,island4 ,indeed1 these charters were so liberal that they remained the constitutions of the states of ,connecticut and ,rhode ,island until long after the ,american ,revolution4 ,the ,connecticut charter included ,new ,haven within the limits of the larger colony and thus put an end to the separate existence of ,new ,haven4 ,illustration3 ,,the ,,oldest ,,church ,,south ,,of ,,the ,,potomac4 ,sidenote3 ,the ,english conquest of ,new ,netherland1 #affd4 ,higginson4 #ig-ih4 #fi4 ,conquest of ,new ,netherland1 #affd4--,the ,english government now determined to conquer ,new ,netherland4 ,an ,english fleet sailed to ,new ,amsterdam4 ,stuyvesant thumped up and down on his wooden leg4 ,but he was almost the only man in ,new ,amsterdam who wanted to fight4 ,he soon surrendered1 and ,new ,netherland became an ,english colony4 ,the ,dutch later recaptured it and held it for a time2 but in #afgd they finally handed it over to ,england4 ,sidenote3 ,new ,netherland given to the ,duke of ,york and ,albany4 #gj4 ,new ,york4--,even before the colony was seized in #affd1 ,charles ,,ii gave it away to his brother ,james1 ,duke of ,york and ,albany1 who afterward became king as ,james ,,ii4 ,the name of ,new ,netherland was therefore changed to ,new ,york1 and the principal towns were also named in his honor1 ,new ,york and ,albany4 ,little else was changed in the colony4 ,the ,dutch were allowed to live very nearly as they had lived before1 and soon became even happier and more contented than they had been under ,dutch rule4 ,many ,english settlers now came in4 ,the colony became rich and prosperous1 but the people had little to do with their own government4 ,sidenote3 ,origin of ,new ,jersey1 #affd4 ,sidenote3 ,settlement of ,new ,jersey4 #ga4 ,new ,jersey4--,no sooner had ,james received ,new ,netherland from his brother than he hastened to give some of the best portions of it to two faithful friends1 ,sir ,george ,carteret and ,lord ,berkeley4 ,their territory extended from ,new ,york harbor to the ,delaware ,river1 and was named ,new ,jersey in honor of ,carteret's defense of the island of ,jersey against the ,puritans4 ,colonists at once began coming to the new province and settled at ,elizabethtown4 ,sidenote3 ,east and ,west ,jersey4 ,sidenote3 ,prosperity4 #gb4 ,later ,new ,jersey4--,soon ,new ,jersey was divided into two parts1 ,east ,jersey and ,west ,jersey4 ,west ,jersey belonged to ,lord ,berkeley and he sold it to the ,quakers4 ,not very many years later the ,quakers also bought ,east ,jersey4 ,the ,new ,jersey colonists were always getting into disputes with one another1 so they asked ,queen ,anne to take charge of the government of the province4 ,this she did by telling the governor of ,new ,york to govern ,new ,jersey also4 ,this was not what the ,jersey people had expected4 ,but they had their own legislature4 ,in time also they secured a governor all to themselves and became a royal province entirely separate from ,new ,york4 ,pennsylvania and ,new ,york protected the ,jersey people from the ,french and the ,indians1 and provided markets for the products of the ,jersey farms4 ,the colonists were industrious and their soil was fertile4 ,they were very religious and paid great attention to education4 ,new ,jersey became very prosperous and so continued until the ,revolution4 ,sidenote3 ,founding of ,carolina1 #affc4 ,higginson1 #abd-abg4 #gc4 ,the ,founding of ,carolina4--,the planting of ,new ,jersey was not the only colonial venture of ,carteret and ,berkeley4 ,with ,lord ,chancellor ,clarendon and other noblemen they obtained from ,charles land in southern ,virginia extending southward into ,spanish ,florida4 ,this great territory was named ,carolina4 ,sidenote3 ,northern ,carolina4 ,sidenote3 ,southern ,carolina4 #gd4 ,the ,carolina ,colonists4--,in #affc1 when the ,carolina charter was granted1 there were a few settlers living in the northern part of the colony4 ,other colonists came from outside mainly from the ,barbadoes and settled on the ,cape ,fear ,river4 ,in this way was formed a colony in northern ,carolina4 ,but the most important settlement was in the southern part of the province at ,charleston4 ,southern ,carolina at once became prosperous4 ,this was due to the fact that the soil and climate of that region were well suited to the cultivation of rice4 ,the rice swamps brought riches to the planters1 they also compelled the employment of large numbers of negro slaves4 ,before long1 indeed1 there were more negroes than whites in southern ,carolina4 ,in this way there grew up two distinct centers of colonial life in the province4 ,illustration3 ,southern ,carolina4 ,sidenote3 ,indian war4 ,sidenote3 ,bacon's ,rebellion1 #afgf4 #ge4 ,bacon's ,rebellion1 #afgf4--;,by this time the ,virginians had become very discontented4 ,there had been no election to the colonial assembly since #affj and ,governor ,berkeley was very tyrannical4 ,the ,virginians also wanted more churches and more schools4 ,to add to these causes of discontent the ,indians now attacked the settlers1 and ,berkeley seemed to take very little interest in protecting the ,virginians4 ,led by ,nathaniel ,bacon the colonists marched to ,jamestown and demanded authority to go against the ,indians4 ,berkeley gave ,bacon a commission4 ,but1 as soon as ,bacon left ,jamestown on his expedition1 ,berkeley declared that he was a rebel4 ,bacon returned1 and ,berkeley fled4 ,bacon marched against the ,indians again1 and ,berkeley came back1 and so the rebellion went on until ,bacon died4 ,berkeley then captured the other leaders one after another and hanged them4 ,but when he returned to ,england1 ,charles ,,ii turned his back to him1 saying1 ,the old fool has killed more men in ,virginia than ,i for the murder of my father4 ,illustration3 ,,the ,,house ,,in ,,which ,,nathaniel ,,bacon ,,died4 ,from an original sketch4 ,sidenote3 ,greedy ,governors4 ,sidenote3 ,founding of ,william and ,mary ,college1 #afia4 #gf4 ,virginia after ,bacon's ,rebellion4--,the ,virginians were now handed over to a set of greedy governors4 ,some of them came to ,america to make their fortunes4 ,but some of them were governors whom the people of other colonies would not have4 ,the only event of importance in the history of the colony during the next twenty-five years was the founding of ,william and ,mary ,college 7#afia7 at ,williamsburg4 ,it was the second oldest college in the ,english colonies4 ,illustration3 ,,the ,,opening ,,lines ,,of ,,the ,,pennsylvania ,,charter ,,showing ,,ornamental ,,border ,,and ,,portrait ,,of ,,charles ,,ii4 ,sidenote3 ,king ,philip's ,war1 #afge-gf4 ,higginson1 #acg-ach2 ,eggleston1 #ha-hi4 #gg4 ,king ,philip's ,war1 #afge-gf4--;,it was not only in ,virginia and ,maryland that the ,indians were restless at this time4 ,in ,new ,england also they attacked the whites4 ,they were led by ,massasoit's son1 ,king ,philip1 an able and far-seeing man4 ,he saw with dismay how rapidly the whites were driving the ,indians away from their hunting-grounds4 ,the ,indians burned the ,english villages on the frontier and killed hundreds of the settlers4 ,the strongest chief to join ,philip was ,canonchet of the ,narragansetts4 ,the colonial soldiers stormed his fort and killed a thousand ,indian warriors4 ,before long ,king ,philip himself was killed1 and the war slowly came to an end4 ,sidenote3 ,william ,penn4 ,sidenote3 ,the ,pennsylvania ,charter1 #afha4 #gh4 ,william ,penn4--,among the greatest ,englishmen of that time was ,william ,penn4 ,he was a ,quaker and was also a friend of ,charles ,,ii and ,james1 ,duke of ,york4 ,he wished to found a colony in which he and the ,quakers could work out their ideas in religious and civil matters4 ,it chanced that ,charles owed ,penn a large sum of money4 ,as ,charles seldom had any money1 he was very glad to give ,penn instead a large tract of land in ,america4 ,in this way ,penn obtained ,pennsylvania4 ,james1 for his part1 gave him ,delaware4 ,sidenote3 ,settlement of ,pennsylvania1 #afhb4 ,higginson1 #aja-aje2 ,eggleston1 #eg-fj2 ,source-,book1 #fg-fi4 #gi4 ,founding of ,pennsylvania1 #afhb4--,william ,penn had a great reputation for honesty and fair dealing among the ,english ,quakers and among the ,quakers on the continent of ,europe as well4 ,as soon as it was known that he was to found a colony1 great numbers of persons came to ,pennsylvania from ,england and from ,germany4 ,in a very short time the colony became strong and prosperous4 ,in the first place1 the soil of ,pennsylvania was rich and productive while its climate was well suited to the growth of grain4 ,in the second place1 ,penn was very liberal to his colonists4 ,he gave them a large share in the government of the province and he allowed no religious persecution4 ,he also insisted on fair and honest dealing with the ,indians4 ,sidenote3 ,mason and ,dixon's line4 ,sidenote3 ,its importance in history4 #hj4 ,mason and ,dixon's ,line4--,in the seventeenth century the geography of ,america was very little understood in ,europe--and the persons who drew up colonial charters understood it least of all4 ,charter lines frequently overlapped and were often very indistinct4 ,this was particularly true of the ,maryland and ,pennsylvania boundaries4 ,penn and ,baltimore tried to come to an agreement2 but they never could agree4 ,years afterward1 when they were both dead1 their heirs agreed to have a line drawn without much regard to the charters4 ,this line was finally surveyed by two ,english engineers1 ,mason and ,dixon1 and is always called after their names4 ,it is the present boundary line between ,pennsylvania and ,maryland4 ,in colonial days it separated the colonies where slavery was the rule from those where labor was generally free4 ,in the first half of the nineteenth century it separated the free states from the slave states4 ,mason and ,dixon's line1 therefore1 has been a famous line in the history of the ,united ,states4 ,,chapter #i ,,colonial ,,development1 #afhh-agfj ,sidenote3 ,new policy of the ,stuarts4 ,sidenote3 ,reasons for the new policy4 #ha4 ,the ,stuart ,tyranny4--,instead of admiring the growth of the colonies in strength and in liberty1 ,charles and ,james saw it with dismay4 ,the colonies were becoming too strong and too free4 ,they determined to reduce all the colonies to royal provinces1 like ,virginia--with the exception of ,pennsylvania which belonged to their friend1 ,william ,penn4 ,there was a good deal to be said in favor of this plan1 for the colonists were so jealous of each other that they would not unite against the ,french or the ,indians4 ,if the governments were all in the hands of the king1 the whole strength of the ,british colonies could be used against any enemy of ,england4 ,sidenote3 ,end of the ,massachusetts ,company1 #afhd4 ,sidenote3 ,governor ,andros of ,new ,england1 #afhh4 #hb4 ,the ,stuart ,tyranny in ,new ,england4--,the ,massachusetts charter was now taken away1 and ,sir ,edmund ,andros was sent over to govern the colony4 ,he was ordered to make laws and to tax the people without asking their consent4 ,he did as he was ordered to do4 ,he set up the ,church of ,england4 ,he taxed the people4 ,he even took their lands from them1 on the ground that the grants from the old ,massachusetts government were of no value4 ,when one man pointed to the magistrates' signatures to his grant1 ,andros told him that their names were worth no more than a scratch with a bear's paw4 ,he also enforced the navigation laws and took possession of ,connecticut1 ,rhode ,island1 and ,new ,plymouth4 ,at the same time he was also governor of ,new ,hampshire and of ,new ,york4 ,illustration3 ,a ,,proclamation ,,of #afij ,,forbidding ,,the ,,printing ,,of ,,newspapers ,,without ,,permission ,,of ,,the ,,government4 ,sidenote3 ,flight of ,james ,,ii4 ,sidenote3 ,rebellion against ,andros1 #afhi4 #hc4 ,the ,glorious ,revolution in ,america1 #afhi4--;,by this time ,charles was dead1 and ,james was ,king of ,england4 ,the ,english people did not like ,james any better than the ,new ,englanders liked ,andros4 ,in #afhh they rebelled and made ,william of ,orange and his wife ,mary1 ,james's eldest daughter1 ,king and ,queen of ,england4 ,on their part1 the ,massachusetts colonists seized ,andros and his followers and shut them up in prison 7,april #ah1 #afhi74 ,the people of ,connecticut and ,rhode ,island turned out ,andros's agents and set up their old governments4 ,in ,new ,york also ,andros's deputy governor was expelled1 and the people took control of affairs until the king and queen should send out a governor4 ,indeed1 all the colonies1 except ,maryland1 declared for ,william and ,mary4 ,sidenote3 ,policy of ,william and ,mary4 ,sidenote3 ,the ,massachusetts ,province charter1 #afia4 #hd4 ,the ,new ,arrangements4--,for a year or two ,william was very busy in ,ireland and on the continent4 ,at length he had time to attend to colonial affairs4 ,he appointed royal governors for both ,pennsylvania and ,maryland4 ,william ,penn soon had his colony given back to him2 but the ,baltimores had to wait many years before they recovered ,maryland4 ,in ,new ,york there was a dreadful tragedy4 ,for the new governor1 ,slaughter1 was persuaded to order the execution of the leaders in the rising against ,andros4 ,massachusetts did not get her old charter back1 but she got another charter4 ,this provided that the king should appoint the governor1 but the people should elect a ,house of ,representatives4 ,the most important result of this new arrangement was a series of disputes between the king's governor and the people's representatives4 ,maine and ,new ,plymouth were included in ,massachusetts under the new charter4 ,but ,new ,hampshire remained a royal province4 ,sidenote3 ,prosperity of the colonies1 #agjj-fj4 #he4 ,the ,colonies1 #agjj-fj4--;,during these years immigrants thronged to ,america1 and the colonies became constantly stronger4 ,commerce everywhere developed1 and many manufactures were established4 ,throughout the colonies the people everywhere gained power1 and had it not been for the ,french and ,indian wars they would have been happy4 ,aside from these wars the most important events of these years were the overthrow of the ,carolina proprietors and the founding of ,georgia4 ,illustration3 ,carolina ,rice ,fields4 ,sidenote3 ,bad government of the ,carolina proprietors4 ,sidenote3 ,rebellion in ,carolina1 #agai4 ,sidenote3 ,north and ,south ,carolina4 #hf4 ,north and ,south ,carolina4--,the ,carolina proprietors and their colonists had never got on well together4 ,they now got on worse than ever4 ,the greater part of the colonists were not members of the ,established ,church2 but the proprietors tried to take away the right to vote from all persons who were not of that faith4 ,they also interfered in elections1 and tried to prevent the formation of a true representative assembly4 ,they could not protect the people against the pirates who blockaded ,charleston for weeks at a time4 ,in #agai the people of ,charleston rebelled4 ,the king then interfered1 and appointed a royal governor4 ,later he bought out the rights of the proprietors4 ,in this way ,carolina became a royal province4 ,it was soon divided into two provinces1 ,north ,carolina and ,south ,carolina4 ,but there had always been two separate colonies in ,carolina 7p4 #eb74 ,sidenote3 ,general ,oglethorpe4 ,sidenote3 ,grant of ,georgia1 #agcb4 #hg4 ,founding of ,georgia1 #agcb4--;,in those days it was the custom in ,england to send persons who could not pay their debts to prison4 ,of course many of these poor debtors were really industrious persons whom misfortune or sickness had driven into debt4 ,general ,oglethorpe1 a member of ,parliament1 looked into the prison management4 ,he was greatly affected by the sad fate of these poor debtors1 and determined to do something for them4 ,with a number of charitable persons he obtained a part of ,south ,carolina for a colony1 and named it ,georgia for ,george ,,ii1 who gave the land4 ,parliament also gave money4 ,for the government thought it very desirable to have a colony between the rich plantations of ,carolina and the ,spanish settlements in ,florida4 ,sidenote3 ,settlement of ,georgia1 #agcc4 ,higginson1 #abg-acj2 ,eggleston1 #fb-fe2 ,source-,book1 #ga-gc4 ,sidenote3 ,progress of the colony4 #hh4 ,georgia1 #agcc-eb4--,naturally ,oglethorpe had no difficulty in getting colonists4 ,for the poor debtors and other oppressed persons were very glad to have a new start in life4 ,savannah was founded in #agcc4 ,the ,spaniards1 however1 were not at all glad to have an ,english colony planted so near ,florida4 ,they attacked the ,georgians1 and ,oglethorpe spent years in fighting them4 ,the ,georgia colonists found it very difficult to compete with the ,carolina planters4 ,for the ,carolinians had slaves to work for them1 and the proprietors of ,georgia would not let the ,georgians own slaves4 ,finally they gave way and permitted the colonists to own slaves4 ,but this so disheartened the ,georgia proprietors that they gave up the enterprise and handed the colony over to the king4 ,in this way ,georgia became a royal province4 ,,chapter #aj ,,expulsion ,,of ,,the ,,french ,sidenote3 ,louis of ,france and ,william of ,orange4 #hi4 ,causes of the ,french ,wars4--,at the time of the ,glorious ,revolution 7p4 #eh7 ,james ,,ii found refuge with ,louis ,,xiv1 ,king of ,france4 ,william and ,louis had already been fighting1 and it was easy enough to see that if ,william became ,king of ,england he would be very much more powerful than he was when he was only ,prince of ,orange4 ,so ,louis took up the cause of ,james and made war on the ,english and the ,dutch4 ,the conflict soon spread across the ,atlantic4 ,sidenote3 ,disadvantages of the ,english colonists4 ,sidenote3 ,advantages of the ,french colonists4 #ij4 ,strength of the ,combatants4--,at first sight it might seem as if the ,english colonists were much stronger than the ,french colonists4 ,they greatly outnumbered the ,french4 ,they were much more prosperous and well-to-do4 ,but their settlements were scattered over a great extent of seacoast from the ,kennebec to the ,savannah4 ,their governments were more or less free4 ,but this very freedom weakened them for war4 ,the ,french colonial government was a despotism directed from ,france4 ,whatever resources the ,french had in ,america were certain to be well used4 ,illustration3 ,a ,,garrison ,,house ,,at ,,york1 ,,maine1 ,,built ,,in #afgf4 ,sidenote3 ,king ,william's ,war1 #afhi-ig4 ,eggleston1 #abb-abc4 #ia4 ,king ,william's ,war1 #afhi-ig4--,the ,iroquois began this war by destroying ,montreal4 ,the next winter the ,french invaded ,new ,york4 ,they captured ,schenectady and killed nearly all the inhabitants4 ,other bands destroyed ,new ,england towns and killed or drove away their inhabitants4 ,the ,english1 on their part1 seized ,port ,royal in ,acadia1 but they failed in an attempt against ,quebec4 ,in #afig this war came to an end4 ,acadia was given back to the ,french1 and nothing was gained by all the bloodshed and suffering4 ,sidenote3 ,queen ,anne's ,war1 #agja-ac4 ,higginson1 #adc-adg2 ,source-,book1 #ih-ajj4 #ib4 ,queen ,anne's ,war1 #agja-ac4--;,in #agja the conflict began again4 ,it lasted for twelve years1 until #agac4 ,it was in this war that the ,duke of ,marlborough won the battle of ,blenheim and made for himself a great reputation4 ,in ,america the ,french and ,indians made long expeditions to ,new ,england4 ,the ,english colonists again attacked ,quebec and again failed4 ,in one thing1 however1 they were successful4 ,they again seized ,port ,royal4 ,this time the ,english kept ,port ,royal and all ,acadia4 ,port ,royal they called ,annapolis1 and the name of ,acadia was changed to ,nova ,scotia4 ,sidenote3 ,king ,george's ,war1 #agdd-dh4 #ic4 ,king ,george's ,war1 #agdd-dh4--;,from #agac until #agdd there was no war between the ,english and the ,french4 ,but in #agdd fighting began again in earnest4 ,the ,french and ,indians attacked the ,new ,england frontier towns and killed many people4 ,but the ,new ,englanders1 on their part1 won a great success4 ,after the ,french lost ,acadia they built a strong fortress on the island of ,cape ,breton4 ,to this they gave the name of ,louisburg4 ,the ,new ,englanders fitted out a great expedition and captured ,louisburg without much help from the ,english4 ,but at the close of the war 7#agdh7 the fortress was given back to the ,french1 to the disgust of the ,new ,englanders4 ,sidenote3 ,la ,salle on the ,mississippi1 #afha4 ,sidenote3 ,mc,master1 #fb-fe2 ,source-book1 #if-ih4 #id4 ,the ,french in the ,mississippi ,valley4--,the ,spaniards had discovered the ,mississippi and had explored its lower valley4 ,but they had found no gold there and had abandoned the country4 ,it was left for ,french explorers more than one hundred years later to rediscover the great river and to explore it from its upper waters to the ,gulf of ,mexico4 ,the first ,frenchman to sail down the river to its mouth was ,la ,salle4 ,in #afha1 with three canoes1 he floated down the ,mississippi1 until he reached a place where the great river divided into three large branches4 ,he sent one canoe down each branch4 ,returning1 they all reported that they had reached the open sea4 ,sidenote3 ,la ,salle attempts to found a colony4 ,mc,master1 #gi-hj4 ,sidenote3 ,louisiana settled1 #afii4 #ie4 ,founding of ,louisiana4--,la ,salle named this immense region ,louisiana in honor of the ,french king4 ,he soon led an expedition to plant a colony on the banks of the ,mississippi4 ,sailing into the ,gulf of ,mexico1 he missed the mouth of the ,mississippi and landed on the coast of ,texas4 ,misfortune after misfortune now fell on the unhappy expedition4 ,la ,salle was murdered1 the stores were destroyed1 the ,spaniards and ,indians came and killed or captured nearly all the colonists4 ,a few only gained the ,mississippi and made their way to ,canada4 ,in #afii1 another ,french expedition appeared in the ,gulf of ,mexico4 ,this time the mouth of the ,mississippi was easily discovered4 ,but the colonists settled on the shores of ,mobile ,bay4 ,it was not until #agah that ,new ,orleans was founded4 ,sidenote3 ,the ,french on the ,ohio1 #agdi4 ,mc,master1 #hb-hf4 ,sidenote3 ,the ,english ,ohio ,company1 #agej4 #if4 ,struggle for the ,ohio ,valley4--,at the close of ,king ,george's ,war the ,french set to work to connect the settlements in ,louisiana with those on the ,st4 ,lawrence4 ,in #agdi ,french explorers gained the ,alleghany ,river from ,lake ,erie and went down the ,ohio as far as the ,miami4 ,the next year 7#agej7 ,king ,george gave a great tract of land on the ,ohio ,river to an association of ,virginians1 who formed the ,ohio ,company4 ,the struggle for the ,ohio ,valley had fairly begun4 ,governor ,dinwiddie of ,virginia learned that the ,french were building forts on the ,ohio1 and sent them a letter protesting against their so doing4 ,the bearer of this letter was ,george ,washington1 a young ,virginia surveyor4 ,sidenote3 ,george ,washington4 ,scudder's ,washington2 ,hero ,tales #a-ae4 ,sidenote3 ,he warns the ,french to leave the ,ohio4 #ig4 ,george ,washington4--,of an old ,virginia family1 ,george ,washington grew up with the idea that he must earn his own living4 ,his father was a well-to-do planter4 ,but ,augustine ,washington was the eldest son1 and1 as was the custom then in ,virginia1 he inherited most of the property4 ,augustine ,washington was very kind to his younger brother1 and gave him a good practical education as a land surveyor4 ,the younger man was a bold athlete and fond of studying military campaigns4 ,he was full of courage1 industrious1 honest1 and of great common sense4 ,before he was twenty he had surveyed large tracts of wilderness1 and had done his work well amidst great difficulties4 ,when ,dinwiddie wanted a messenger to take his letter to the ,french commander on the ,ohio1 ,george ,washington's employer at once suggested him as the best person to send on the dangerous journey4 ,sidenote3 ,the ,french build ,fort ,duquesne4 ,sidenote3 ,washington's first military expedition1 #aged4 #ih4 ,fort ,duquesne4--,instead of heeding ,dinwiddie's warning1 the ,french set to work to build ,fort ,duquesne 7,d-kan'7 at the spot where the ,alleghany and ,monongahela join to form the ,ohio1--on the site of the present city of ,pittsburg4 ,dinwiddie therefore sent ,washington with a small force of soldiers to drive them away4 ,but the ,french were too strong for ,washington4 ,they besieged him in ,fort ,necessity and compelled him to surrender 7,july #d1 #aged74 ,illustration3 ,,braddock',s ,,campaign4 ,sidenote3 ,braddock's expedition1 #agee4 ,higginson1 #aeb-aed2 ,eggleston1 #abi-aca2 ,source-book1 #ajc-aje4 #ii4 ,braddock's ,defeat1 #agee4--,the ,english government now sent ,general ,braddock with a small army of regular soldiers to ,virginia4 ,slowly and painfully ,braddock marched westward4 ,learning of his approach1 the ,french and ,indians left ,fort ,duquesne to draw him into ambush4 ,but the two forces came together before either party was prepared for battle4 ,for some time the contest was even1 then the regulars broke and fled4 ,braddock was fatally wounded4 ,with great skill1 ,washington saved the survivors1--but not until four shots had pierced his coat and only thirty of his three companies of ,virginians were left alive4 ,sidenote3 ,the ,french and ,indian ,war4 ,sidenote3 ,william ,pitt1 war minister1 #ageg4 #ajj4 ,the ,war to #agei4--;,all the earlier ,french and ,indian wars had begun in ,europe and had spread to ,america4 ,this war began in ,america and soon spread to ,europe4 ,at first affairs went very ill4 ,but in #ageg ,william ,pitt became the ,british war minister1 and the war began to be waged with vigor and success4 ,the old generals were called home1 and new men placed in command4 ,in #ageh ,amherst and ,wolfe captured ,louisburg1 and ,forbes1 greatly aided by ,washington1 seized ,fort ,duquesne4 ,bradstreet captured ,fort ,frontenac1 on ,lake ,ontario4 ,there was only one bad failure1 that of ,abercrombie at ,ticonderoga4 ,but the next year ,amherst captured ,ticonderoga and ,crown ,point and opened the way to ,canada by ,lake ,champlain4 ,illustration3 ,,wolfe',s ,,ravine4 ,this shows the gradual ascent of the path from the river to the top of the bluff4 ,sidenote3 ,capture of ,quebec1 #agei4 ,higginson1 #aed-aef2 ,eggleston1 #acg-aci2 ,source-,book1 #aje-ajg4 ,sidenote3 ,battle of ,quebec4 #aja4 ,capture of ,quebec1 #agei4--,of all the younger generals ,james ,wolfe was foremost4 ,to him was given the task of capturing ,quebec4 ,seated on a high bluff1 ,quebec could not be captured from the river4 ,the only way to approach it was to gain the ,plains of ,abraham in its rear and besiege it on the land side4 ,again and again ,wolfe sent his men to storm the bluffs below the town4 ,every time they failed4 ,wolfe felt that he must give up the task1 when he was told that a path led from the river to the top of the bluff above the town4 ,putting his men into boats1 they gained the path in the darkness of night4 ,there was a guard at the top of the bluff1 but the officer in command was a coward and ran away4 ,in the morning the ,british army was drawn up on the ,plains of ,abraham4 ,the ,french now attacked the ,british1 and a fierce battle took place4 ,the result was doubtful when ,wolfe led a charge at the head of the ,louisburg ,grenadiers4 ,he was killed1 but the ,french were beaten4 ,five days later ,quebec surrendered4 ,montreal was captured in #agfj1 and in #agfc the war came to an end4 ,sidenote3 ,peace of ,paris1 #agfc4 #ajb4 ,peace of ,paris1 #agfc4--;,by this great treaty1 or set of treaties1 the ,french withdrew from the continent of ,north ,america4 ,to ,spain1 who had lost ,florida1 the ,french gave the island of ,new ,orleans and all of ,louisiana west of the ,mississippi4 ,to ,great ,britain the ,french gave up all the rest of their ,american possessions except two small islands in the ,gulf of ,st4 ,lawrence4 ,spain1 on her part1 gave up ,florida to the ,british4 ,there were now practically only two powers in ,america1--the ,british in the eastern part of the continent1 and the ,spaniards west of the ,mississippi4 ,the ,spaniards also owned the island of ,new ,orleans and controlled both sides of the river for more than a hundred miles from its mouth4 ,but the treaty gave the ,british the free navigation of the ,mississippi throughout its length4 ,,questions ,,and ,,topics ,,chapter #h #fe1 #ff4--;a4 ,what government did ,england have after the execution of ,charles ,i8 ,give three facts about ,cromwell4 b4 ,how did the accession of ,charles ,,ii affect the colonies8 c4 ,what laws were made about the commerce of the colonies8 #fg4--;a4 ,how did the new government of ,england regard ,massachusetts8 ,why8 b4 ,describe the treatment of the ,quakers in ,massachusetts4 #fh4--;a4 ,describe the charters given to ,connecticut and ,rhode ,island4 ,why did ,connecticut need a charter when she already had a constitution8 b4 ,what other colony was united with ,connecticut8 #fi1gj4--;a4 ,why did ,england wish to conquer ,new ,netherland8 ,why did not the people of ,new ,amsterdam wish to fight the ,english8 b4 ,to whom did ,charles give this territory8 #ga1 #gb4--;a4 ,mark on a map the position of ,new ,jersey4 b4 ,describe the division of ,new ,jersey and its sale to the ,quakers4 c4 ,why was the colony prosperous8 #gc1 #gd4--;a4 ,describe the founding of ,carolina4 b4 ,describe northern and southern ,carolina1 and note the differences between them4 #ge1 #gf4--;a4 ,what complaints did the people of ,virginia make8 ,was ,bacon a rebel8 b4 ,describe the later government of ,virginia4 c4 ,why was the founding of ,william and ,mary ,college important8 #gg4--;a4 ,what was the cause of ,king ,philip's ,war8 b4 ,what were the results of the war8 #gh-hj4--;a4 ,find out three facts about the early life of ,william ,penn4 ,why did colonists come to ,pennsylvania8 b4 ,what trouble arose with ,maryland about the boundary line8 c4 ,how was ,mason and ,dixon's line famous later8 ,,chapter #i #ha-hd4--;a4 ,why did ,charles and ,james dislike the growing liberty of the colonies8 b4 ,what changes did ,andros make in ,new ,england8 c4 ,describe the ,glorious ,revolution in ,america4 d4 ,what changes did ,william and ,mary make in the colonial governments8 #he-hh4--;a4 ,how did the ,carolina proprietors treat their colonists8 ,what was the result of their actions8 b4 ,explain the reasons for the founding of ,georgia4 ,,chapter #aj #hi1ij4--;a4 ,compare the strength of the ,english and ,french colonies4 ,what is a despotism8 b4 ,draw a map showing the position of the ,english and ,french colonies4 #ia-ic4--;a4 ,mark on a map all the places mentioned in the text4 b4 ,describe the expedition against ,louisburg4 c4 ,what was the result of these wars8 #id-ig4--;a4 ,which country1 ,england1 ,france1 or ,spain1 had the best claim to the ,mississippi valley8 ,why8 b4 ,follow route of ,la ,salle on a map1 marking each place mentioned4 ,describe the settlement of ,louisiana4 c4 ,why did the struggle between ,england and ,france begin in the ,ohio valley8 d4 ,describe ,washington's early training4 #ih-aja4--;a4 ,where was ,fort ,duquesne8 ,why was its position important8 ,describe ,braddock's expedition and trace his route4 b4 ,mark on a map the important routes to ,canada4 c4 ,describe the capture of ,quebec4 ,why was it important8 #ajb4--;a4 ,what territory did ,england gain in #agfc8 ,what did ,spain gain8 ,what did ,france lose8 b4 ,what was the great question settled by this war8 ,,general ,,questions a4 ,were the ,new ,england colonies difficult to govern8 ,why8 b4 ,in what respects were the colonial governments alike8 ,in what respects were they unlike8 c4 ,what events in any colony have shown that its people desired more liberty8 ,,topics ,,for ,,special ,,work a4 ,the ,revolution of #afhh in ,england and ,america4 b4 ,write an account of the life of a boy or girl in any colony2 tell about the house1 furniture1 dress1 school1 and if a journey to another colony is made1 how it is made and what is seen on the way4 c4 ,arrange a table similar to that described on p4 #ah4 ,,suggestions ,,to ,,the ,,teacher ,in this period the growing difficulties between ,england and the colonies can be traced--especially in commercial affairs and in governmental institutions4 ,thus many of the causes of the ,revolution may be brought out as well as the difficulties in the way of colonial union4 ,this may be emphasized by noting the difference between the ,english and ,french colonies4 ,illustration3 ,a ,,map ,,of ,,the ,,british ,,dominions ,,in ,,north ,,america41 ,,according ,,to ,,the ,,treaty ,,in #agfc1 ,by ,peter ,bell1 ,geographer1 #aggb4 ,,iv ,,colonial ,,union1 #agfj-aggd ,books for ,study and ,reading ,references4--,fiske's ,war of ,independence1 #ci-hf2 ,scudder's ,george ,washington2 ,lossing's ,field-,book of the ,revolution2 ,english ,history for ,americans1 #bdd-bhd 7,english political history74 ,home ,readings4--,irving's ,washington 7abridged edition72 ,cooke's ,stories of the ,old ,dominion2 ,cooper's ,lionel ,lincoln2 ,longfellow's ,paul ,revere's ,ride4 ,,chapter #aa ,,britain',s ,,colonial ,,system ,sidenote3 ,england's early liberal colonial policy4 ,sidenote3 ,england's changed colonial policy4 #ajc4 ,early ,colonial ,policy4--,at the outset1 ,england's rulers had been very kind to ,englishmen who founded colonies4 ,they gave them great grants of land4 ,they gave them rights of self-government greater than any ,englishmen living in ,england enjoyed4 ,they allowed them to manage their own trade and industries as they saw fit4 ,they even permitted them to worship ,god as their consciences told them to worship him4 ,but1 as the colonists grew in strength and in riches1 ,britain's rulers tried to make their trade profitable to ,british merchants and interfered in their government4 ,on their part the colonists disobeyed the navigation laws and disputed with the royal officials4 ,for years ,britain's rulers allowed this to go on4 ,but1 at length1 near the close of the last ,french war ,mr4 ,pitt ordered the laws to be enforced4 ,sidenote3 ,difficulties in enforcing the navigation laws4 ,sidenote3 ,james ,otis4 ,eggleston1 #afc4 ,his speech against writs of assistance1 #agfa4 #ajd4 ,writs of ,assistance1 #agfa4--;,it was a good deal easier to order the laws to be carried out than it was to carry them out4 ,it was almost impossible for the customs officers to prevent goods being landed contrary to law4 ,when the goods were once on shore1 it was difficult to seize them4 ,so the officers asked the judges to give them writs of assistance4 ,among the leading lawyers of ,boston was ,james ,otis4 ,he was the king's law officer in the province4 ,but he resigned his office and opposed the granting of the writs4 ,he objected to the use of writs of assistance because they enabled a customs officer to become a tyrant4 ,armed with one of them he could go to the house of a man he did not like and search it from attic to cellar1 turn everything upside down and break open doors and trunks4 ,it made no difference1 said ,otis1 whether ,parliament had said that the writs were legal4 ,for ,parliament could not make an act of tyranny legal4 ,to do that was beyond the power even of ,parliament4 ,sidenote3 ,patrick ,henry4 ,eggleston1 #afb4 ,sidenote3 ,his speech in the ,parson's ,cause1 #agfc4 #aje4 ,the ,parson's ,cause1 #agfc4--,the next important case arose in ,virginia and came about in this way4 ,the ,virginians made a law regulating the salaries of clergymen in the colony4 ,the king vetoed the law4 ,the ,virginians paid no heed to the veto4 ,the clergy men appealed to the courts and the case of one of them was selected for trial4 ,patrick ,henry1 a prosperous young lawyer1 stated the opinions of the ,virginians in a speech which made his reputation4 ,the king1 he said1 had no right to veto a ,virginia law that was for the good of the people4 ,to do so was an act of tyranny1 and the people owed no obedience to a tyrant4 ,the case was decided for the clergyman4 ,for the law was clearly on his side4 ,but the jurymen agreed with ,henry4 ,they gave the clergyman only one farthing damages1 and no more clergymen brought cases into the court4 ,the king's veto was openly disobeyed4 ,sidenote3 ,proclamation of #agfc4 ,mc,master1 #aaj4 #ajf4 ,the ,king's ,proclamation of #agfc4--;,in the same year that the ,parson's ,cause was decided the king issued a proclamation which greatly lessened the rights of ,virginia and several other colonies to western lands4 ,some of the old charter lines1 as those of ,massachusetts1 ,connecticut1 ,virginia1 and the ,carolinas had extended to the ,pacific ,ocean4 ,by the treaty of #agfc 7p4 #fi7 the king1 for himself and his subjects1 abandoned all claim to lands west of ,mississippi ,river4 ,now in the ,proclamation of #agfc he forbade the colonial governors to grant any lands west of the ,alleghany ,mountains4 ,the western limit of ,virginia and the ,carolinas was fixed4 ,their pioneers could not pass the mountains and settle in the fertile valleys of the ,ohio and its branches4 ,,chapter #ab ,,taxation ,,without ,,representation ,sidenote3 ,george ,,iii4 ,sidenote3 ,george ,grenville4 ,sidenote3 ,the ,british ,parliament4 #ajg4 ,george ,,iii and ,george ,grenville4--,george ,,iii became king in #agfj4 ,he was a narrow1 stupid1 well-meaning1 ignorant young man of twenty-one4 ,he soon found in ,george ,grenville a narrow1 dull1 well-meaning lawyer1 a man who would do what he was told4 ,so ,george ,grenville became the head of the government4 ,to him the law was the law4 ,if he wished to do a thing and could find the law for it1 he asked for nothing more4 ,his military advisers told him that an army must be kept in ,america for years4 ,it was ,grenville's business to find the money to support this army4 ,great ,britain was burdened with a national debt4 ,the army was to be maintained1 partly1 at least1 for the protection of the colonists4 ,why should they not pay a part of the cost of maintaining it8 ,parliament was the supreme power in the ,british ,empire4 ,it controlled the king1 the church1 the army1 and the navy4 ,surely a ,parliament that had all this power could tax the colonists4 ,at all events1 ,grenville thought it could1 and ,parliament passed the ,stamp ,act to tax them4 ,sidenote3 ,taxation and representation4 ,sidenote3 ,henry's resolutions1 #agfe4 ,higginson1 #afa-afd2 ,mc,master1 #aab-aad4 #ajh4 ,henry's ,resolutions1 #agfe4--,the colonists1 however1 with one voice1 declared that ,parliament had no power to tax them4 ,taxes1 they said1 could be voted only by themselves or their representatives4 ,they were represented in their own colonial assemblies1 and nowhere else4 ,patrick ,henry was now a member of the ,virginia assembly4 ,he had just been elected for the first time4 ,but as none of the older members of the assembly proposed any action1 ,henry tore a leaf from an old law-book and wrote on it a set of resolutions4 ,these he presented in a burning speech1 upholding the rights of the ,virginians4 ,he said that to tax them by act of ,parliament was tyranny4 ,caesar and ,tarquin had each his ,brutus1 ,charles ,i his ,cromwell1 and ,george ,,iii--,treason1 treason1 shouted the speaker4 ,may profit by their example1 slowly ,henry went on4 ,if that be treason1 make the most of it4 ,the resolutions were voted4 ,in them the ,virginians declared that they were not subject to ,acts of ,parliament laying taxes or interfering in the internal affairs of ,virginia4 ,illustration3 ,,henry',s ,,first ,,and ,,last ,,resolutions 7,,facsimile ,,of ,,the ,,original ,,draft7 ,sidenote3 ,opposition to the ,stamp ,act1 #agfe4 ,higginson1 #afd-afe2 ,mc,master1 #aaf4 #aji4 ,stamp ,act ,riots1 #agfe4--,until the summer of #agfe the colonists contented themselves with passing resolutions4 ,there was little else that they could do4 ,they could not refuse to obey the law because it would not go into effect until ,november4 ,they could not mob the stamp distributers because no one knew their names4 ,in ,august the names of the stamp distributers were published4 ,now at last it was possible to do something besides passing resolutions4 ,in every colony the people visited the stamp officers and told them to resign4 ,if they refused1 they were mobbed until they resigned4 ,in ,boston the rioters were especially active4 ,they detested ,thomas ,hutchinson4 ,he was lieutenant-governor and chief justice and had been active in enforcing the navigation acts4 ,the rioters attacked his house4 ,they broke his furniture1 destroyed his clothing1 and made a bonfire of his books and papers4 ,sidenote3 ,colonial congresses4 ,sidenote3 ,albany ,congress1 #aged4 ,sidenote3 ,stamp ,act ,congress1 #agfe4 #aaj4 ,the ,stamp ,act ,congress1 #agfe4--;,colonial congresses were no new thing4 ,there had been many meetings of governors and delegates from colonial assemblies4 ,the most important of the early congresses was the ,albany ,congress of #aged4 ,it was important because it proposed a plan of union4 ,the plan was drawn up by ,benjamin ,franklin4 ,but neither the king nor the colonists liked it1 and it was not adopted4 ,all these earlier congresses had been summoned by the king's officers to arrange expeditions against the ,french or to make treaties with the ,indians4 ,the ,stamp ,act ,congress was summoned by the colonists to protest against the doings of king and ,parliament4 ,illustration3 ,,patrick ,,henry ,i am not a ,virginian1 but an ,american4 ,sidenote3 ,declaration of the ,rights and ,grievances of the ,colonists1 #agfe4 ,mc,master1 #aae4 #aaa4 ,work of the ,stamp ,act ,congress4--,delegates from nine colonies met at ,new ,york in ,october1 #agfe4 ,they drew up a ,declaration of the ,rights and ,grievances of the ,colonists4 ,in this paper they declared that the colonists1 as subjects of the ,british king1 had the same rights as ,british subjects living in ,britain1 and were free from taxes except those to which they had given their consent4 ,they claimed for themselves the right of trial by jury--which might be denied under the ,stamp ,act4 ,but the most important thing about the congress was the fact that nine colonies had put aside their local jealousies and had joined in holding it4 ,sidenote3 ,benjamin ,franklin4 ,sidenote3 ,examined by the ,house of ,commons4 #aab4 ,franklin's ,examination4--,born in ,boston1 ,benjamin ,franklin ran away from home and settled at ,philadelphia4 ,by great exertion and wonderful shrewdness he rose from poverty to be one of the most important men in the city and colony4 ,he was a printer1 a newspaper editor1 a writer1 and a student of science4 ,with kite and string he drew down the lightning from the clouds and showed that lightning was a discharge of electricity4 ,he was now in ,london as agent for ,pennsylvania and ,massachusetts4 ,his scientific and literary reputation gave him great influence4 ,he was examined at the bar of the ,house of ,commons4 ,many questions and answers were arranged beforehand between ,franklin and his friends in the ,house4 ,but many questions were answered on the spur of the moment4 ,before the passage of the ,stamp ,act the feeling of the colonists toward ,britain had been the best in the world4 ,so ,franklin declared4 ,but now1 he said1 it was greatly altered4 ,still an army sent to ,america would find no rebellion there4 ,it might1 indeed1 make one4 ,in conclusion1 he said the repeal of the act would not make the colonists any more willing to pay taxes4 ,sidenote3 ,fall of ,grenville4 ,sidenote3 ,repeal of the ,stamp ,act1 #agff4 ,sidenote3 ,the ,declaratory ,act1 #agff4 #aac4 ,repeal of the ,stamp ,act1 #agff4--;,it chanced that at this moment ,george ,,iii and ,george ,grenville fell out4 ,the king dismissed the minister1 and gave the ,marquis of ,rockingham the headship of a new set of ministers4 ,now ,rockingham and his friends needed aid from somebody to give them the strength to outvote ,grenville and the ,tories4 ,so when the question of what should be done about the ,stamp ,act came up1 they listened most attentively to what ,mr4 ,pitt had to say4 ,that great man said that the ,stamp ,act should be repealed wholly and at once4 ,at the same time another law should be passed declaring that ,parliament had power to legislate for the colonies in all cases whatsoever4 ,the ,rockinghams at once did as ,mr4 ,pitt suggested4 ,the ,stamp ,act was repealed4 ,the ,declaratory ,act was passed4 ,in the colonies ,pitt was praised as a deliverer4 ,statues of him were placed in the streets1 pictures of him were hung in public halls4 ,but1 in reality1 the passage of the ,declaratory ,act was the beginning of more trouble4 ,sidenote3 ,the ,chatham ,ministry4 ,sidenote3 ,the ,townshend ,acts1 #agfg4 ,mc,master1 #aag-aah4 #aad4 ,the ,townshend ,acts1 #agfg4--,the ,rockingham ministers did what ,mr4 ,pitt advised them to do4 ,he then turned them out and made a ministry of his own4 ,he was now ,earl of ,chatham1 and his ministry was the ,chatham ,ministry4 ,the most active of the ,chatham ministers was ,charles ,townshend4 ,he had the management of the finances and found them very hard to manage4 ,so he hit upon a scheme of laying duties on wine1 oil1 glass1 lead1 painter's colors1 and tea imported into the colonies4 ,mr4 ,pitt had said that ,parliament could regulate colonial trade4 ,the best way to regulate trade was to tax it4 ,at the same time that ,townshend brought in this bill1 he brought in others to reorganize the colonial customs service and make it possible to collect the duties4 ,he even provided that offences against the revenue laws should be tried by judges appointed directly by the king1 without being submitted to a jury of any kind4 ,sidenote3 ,the ,sugar ,act4 ,sidenote3 ,enforcement of the ,navigation ,acts4 #aae4 ,colonial ,opposition1 #agfh4--,many years before this1 ,parliament had made a law taxing all sugar brought into the continental colonies1 except sugar that had been made in the ,british ,west ,indies4 ,had this law been carried out1 the trade of ,massachusetts and other ,new ,england colonies would have been ruined4 ,but the law was not enforced4 ,no one tried to enforce it1 except during the few months of vigor at the time of the arguments about writs of assistance4 ,as the taxes were not collected1 no one cared whether they were legal or not4 ,now it was plain that this tax and the ,townshend duties were to be collected4 ,the ,massachusetts ,house of ,representatives drew up a circular letter to the other colonial assemblies asking them to join in opposing the new taxes4 ,the ,british government ordered the ,house to recall the letter4 ,it refused and was dissolved4 ,the other colonial assemblies were directed to take no notice of the circular letter4 ,they replied at the first possible moment and were dissolved4 ,sidenote3 ,seizure of the sloop ,liberty1 #agfh4 #aaf4 ,the ,new ,customs ,officers at ,boston1 #agfh4--,the chief office of the new customs organization was fixed at ,boston4 ,soon ,john ,hancock's sloop1 ,liberty1 sailed into the harbor with a cargo of ,madeira wine4 ,as ,hancock had no idea of paying the duty1 the customs officers seized the sloop and towed her under the guns of a warship which was in the harbor4 ,crowds of people now collected4 ,they could not recapture the ,liberty4 ,they seized one of the war-ship's boats1 carried it to the ,common1 and had a famous bonfire4 ,all this confusion frightened the chief customs officers4 ,they fled to the castle in the harbor and wrote to the government for soldiers to protect them4 ,illustration3 ,,one ,,of ,,john ,,hancock',s ,,bill-,,heads4 ,sidenote3 ,virginia ,resolves1 #agfi4 #aag4 ,the ,virginia ,resolves of #agfi4--,parliament now asked the king to have colonists1 accused of certain crimes1 brought to ,england for trial4 ,this aroused the ,virginians4 ,they passed a set of resolutions1 known as the ,virginia ,resolves of #agfi4 ,these resolves asserted3 7#a7 that the colonists only had the right to tax the colonists2 7#b7 that the colonists had the right to petition either by themselves or with the people of other colonies2 and 7#c7 that no colonist ought to be sent to ,england for trial4 ,sidenote3 ,non-,importation ,agreements1 #agfi4 ,sidenote3 ,partial repeal of the ,townshend ,acts1 #aggj4 #aah4 ,non-,importation ,agreements1 #agfi4--,when he learned what was going on1 the governor of ,virginia dissolved the assembly4 ,but the members met in the ,raleigh tavern near by4 ,there ,george ,washington laid before them a written agreement to use no ,british goods upon which duties had been paid4 ,they all signed this agreement4 ,soon the other colonies joined ,virginia in the ,non-,importation ,agreement4 ,english merchants found their trade growing smaller and smaller4 ,they could not even collect their debts1 for the colonial merchants said that trade in the colonies was so upset by the ,townshend ,acts that they could not sell their goods1 or collect the money owing to them4 ,the ,british merchants petitioned ,parliament to repeal the duties1 and ,parliament answered them by repealing all the duties except the tax on tea4 ,illustration3 ,,the ,,raleigh ,,tavern ,,chapter #ac ,,revolution ,,impending ,sidenote3 ,the ,british soldiers at ,new ,york4 ,sidenote3 ,soldiers sent to ,boston1 #agfh4 #aai4 ,the ,soldiers at ,new ,york and ,boston4--,soldiers had been stationed at ,new ,york ever since the end of the ,french war because that was the most central point on the coast4 ,the ,new ,yorkers did not like to have the soldiers there very well1 because ,parliament expected them to supply the troops with certain things without getting any money in return4 ,the ,new ,york ,assembly refused to supply them1 and ,parliament suspended the ,assembly's sittings4 ,in #agfh two regiments came from ,new ,york to ,boston to protect the customs officers4 ,sidenote3 ,the ,boston ,massacre1 #aggj4 ,higginson1 #aff-afi2 ,mc,master1 #aah4 #abj4 ,the ,boston ,massacre1 #aggj4--,there were not enough soldiers at ,boston to protect the customs officers--if the colonists really wished to hurt them4 ,there were quite enough soldiers at ,boston to get themselves and the colonists into trouble4 ,on ,march #e1 #aggj1 a crowd gathered around the soldiers stationed on ,king's ,street1 now ,state ,street4 ,there was snow on the ground1 and the boys began to throw snow and mud at the soldiers4 ,the crowd grew bolder4 ,suddenly the soldiers fired on the people4 ,they killed four colonists and wounded several more4 ,led by ,samuel ,adams1 the people demanded the removal of the soldiers to the fort in the harbor4 ,hutchinson was now governor4 ,he offered to send one regiment out of the town4 ,all or none1 said ,adams1 and all were sent away4 ,sidenote3 ,town ,committees of ,correspondence4 ,sidenote3 ,colonial ,committees of ,correspondence1 #agfi4 #aba4 ,committees of ,correspondence4--,up to this time the resistance of the colonists had been carried on in a haphazard sort of way4 ,now ,committees of ,correspondence began to be appointed4 ,these committees were of two kinds4 ,first there were town ,committees of ,correspondence4 ,these were invented by ,samuel ,adams and were first appointed in ,massachusetts4 ,but more important were the colonial ,committees of ,correspondence4 ,the first of these was appointed by ,virginia in #agfi4 ,at first few colonies followed ,massachusetts and ,virginia in appointing committees4 ,but as one act of tyranny succeeded another1 other colonies fell into line4 ,by #agge all the colonies were united by a complete system of ,committees of ,correspondence4 ,sidenote3 ,the tax on tea4 ,mc,master1 #aai4 #abb4 ,the ,tea ,tax4--,of all the ,townshend duties only the tax on tea was left4 ,it happened that the ,british ,east ,india ,company had tons of tea in its ,london storehouses and was greatly in need of money4 ,the government told the company that it might send tea to ,america without paying any taxes in ,england1 but the three-penny colonial tax would have to be paid in the colonies4 ,in this way the colonists would get their tea cheaper than the people of ,england4 ,but the colonists were not to be bribed into paying the tax in any such way4 ,the ,east ,india ,company sent over ship-loads of tea4 ,the tea ships were either sent back again or the tea was stored in some safe place where no one could get it4 ,sidenote3 ,boston ,tea ,party1 #aggc4 ,higginson1 #aga-agc2 ,eggleston1 #afe2 ,source-,book1 #acg4 #abc4 ,the ,boston ,tea ,party1 #aggc4--;,in ,boston things did not go so smoothly4 ,the agents of the ,east ,india ,company refused to resign4 ,the collector of the customs refused to give the ships permission to sail away before the tea was landed4 ,governor ,hutchinson refused to give the ship captains a pass to sail by the fort until the collector gave his permission4 ,the commander at the fort refused to allow the ships to sail out of the harbor until they had the necessary papers4 ,the only way to get rid of the tea was to destroy it4 ,a party of patriots1 dressed as ,indians1 went on board of the ships as they lay at the wharf1 broke open the tea boxes1 and threw the tea into the harbor4 ,sidenote3 ,repressive acts1 #aggd4 ,mc,master1 #abj4 #abd4 ,punishment of ,massachusetts1 #aggd4--,the ,british king1 the ,british government1 and the mass of the ,british people were furious when they found that the ,boston people had made tea with salt water4 ,parliament at once went to work passing acts to punish the colonists4 ,one act put an end to the constitution of ,massachusetts4 ,another act closed the port of ,boston so tightly that the people could not bring hay from ,charlestown to give to their starving horses4 ,a third act provided that soldiers who fired on the people should be tried in ,england4 ,and a fourth act compelled the colonists to feed and shelter the soldiers employed to punish them4 ,sidenote3 ,the colonists aid ,massachusetts4 ,higginson1 #agd-agg4 ,sidenote3 ,george ,washington4 #abe4 ,sympathy with the ,bostonians4--,king ,george thought he could punish the ,massachusetts people as much as he wished without the people of the other colonies objecting4 ,it soon appeared that the people of the other colonies sympathized most heartily with the ,bostonians4 ,they sent them sheep and rice4 ,they sent them clothes4 ,george ,washington was now a rich man4 ,he offered to raise a thousand men with his own money1 march with them to ,boston1 and rescue the oppressed people from their oppressors4 ,but the time for war had not yet come although it was not far off4 ,sidenote3 ,the ,quebec ,act1 #aggd4 #abf4 ,the ,quebec ,act1 #aggd4--;,in the same year that ,parliament passed the four acts to punish ,massachusetts1 it passed another act which affected the people of other colonies as well as those of ,massachusetts4 ,this was the ,quebec ,act4 ,it provided that the land between the ,ohio1 the ,mississippi1 and the ,great ,lakes should be added to the ,province of ,quebec4 ,now this land was claimed by ,massachusetts1 ,connecticut1 ,new ,york1 ,pennsylvania1 and ,virginia4 ,these colonies were to be deprived of their rights to land in that region4 ,the ,quebec ,act also provided for the establishment of a very strong government in that province4 ,this seemed to be an attack on free institutions4 ,all these things drove the colonists to unite4 ,they resolved to hold a congress where the leaders of the several continental colonies might talk over matters and decide what should be done4 ,sidenote3 ,the ,first ,continental ,congress1 #aggd4 #abg4 ,the ,first ,continental ,congress1 #aggd4--,the members of the ,continental ,congress met in ,carpenter's ,hall1 ,philadelphia1 in ,september1 #aggd4 ,never1 except in the ,federal ,convention 7p4 #acg71 have so many great men met together4 ,the greatest delegation was that from ,virginia4 ,it included ,george ,washington1 ,patrick ,henry1 and ,richard ,henry ,lee4 ,from ,massachusetts came the two ,adamses1 ,john and ,samuel4 ,from ,new ,york came ,john ,jay4 ,from ,pennsylvania came ,john ,dickinson4 ,of all the greatest ,americans only ,thomas ,jefferson and ,benjamin ,franklin were absent4 ,illustration3 ,,carpenter',s ,,hall1 ,,philadelphia4 ,sidenote3 ,the ,american ,association1 #aggd4 #abh4 ,the ,american ,association1 #aggd4--;,it soon became clear that the members of the ,congress were opposed to any hasty action4 ,they were not willing to begin war with ,great ,britain4 ,instead of so doing they adopted a ,declaration of ,rights and formed the ,american ,association4 ,the ,declaration of ,rights was of slight importance4 ,but the ,association was of great importance1 as the colonies joining it agreed to buy no more ,british goods4 ,this policy was to be carried out by the ,committees of ,correspondence4 ,any colony refusing to join the ,association should be looked upon as hostile to the liberties of this country1 and treated as an enemy4 ,the ,american ,association was the real beginning of the ,american ,union4 ,sidenote3 ,resistance throughout the colonies #aggd-ge4 #abi4 ,the ,association carried out1 #aggd-ge4--;,it was soon evident that ,congress in forming the ,association had done precisely what the people wished to have done4 ,for instance1 in ,virginia committees were chosen in every county4 ,they examined the merchants' books4 ,they summoned before them persons suspected of disobeying the laws of ,congress4 ,military companies were formed in every county and carried out the orders of the committees4 ,the ordinary courts were entirely disregarded4 ,in fact1 the royal government had come to an end in the ,old ,dominion4 ,sidenote3 ,parliament punishes ,massachusetts1 #aggd-ge4 #acj4 ,more ,punishment for ,massachusetts1 #aggd-ge4--;,george ,,iii and his ministers refused to see that the colonies were practically united4 ,on the contrary1 they determined to punish the people of ,massachusetts still further4 ,parliament passed acts forbidding the ,massachusetts fishermen to catch fish and forbidding the ,massachusetts traders to trade with the people of ,virginia1 ,pennsylvania1 ,south ,carolina1 and all foreign countries4 ,the ,massachusetts colonists were rebels1 they should be treated as rebels4 ,general ,gage was given more soldiers and ordered to crush the rebellion4 ,sidenote3 ,general ,gage4 ,sidenote3 ,opposed by the ,massachusetts people4 #aca4 ,gage in ,massachusetts1 #aggd-ge4--;,general ,gage found he had a good deal to do before he could begin to crush the rebellion4 ,he had to find shelter for his soldiers4 ,he also had to find food for them4 ,the ,boston carpenters would not work for him4 ,he had to bring carpenters from ,halifax and ,new ,york to do his work4 ,the farmers of eastern ,massachusetts were as firm as the ,boston carpenters4 ,they would not sell food to ,general ,gage4 ,so he had to bring food from ,england and from ,halifax4 ,he managed to buy or seize wood to warm the soldiers and hay to feed his horses4 ,but the boats bringing these supplies to ,boston were constantly upset in a most unlooked-for way4 ,the colonists1 on their part1 elected a ,provincial ,congress to take the place of the regular government4 ,the militia was reorganized1 and military stores gathered together4 ,illustration3 ,,april #ai1 #agge1 ,,drawn ,,and ,,engraved ,,by ,,two ,,men ,,who ,,took ,,part ,,in ,,the ,,action4 ,reproduced through the courtesy of ,rev4 ,e4 ,g4 ,porter4 ,sidenote3 ,lexington and ,concord1 #agge4 ,higginson1 #agh-ahc2 ,mc,master1 #abf-abh2 ,source-,book1 #add-adf4 #acb4 ,lexington and ,concord1 ,april #ai1 #agge4--;,gage had said that with ten thousand men he could march all over ,massachusetts4 ,in ,april1 #agge1 he began to crush the rebellion by sending a strong force to ,concord to destroy stores which his spies told him had been collected there4 ,the soldiers began their march in the middle of the night4 ,but ,paul ,revere and ,william ,dawes were before them4 ,the regulars are coming1 was the cry4 ,at ,lexington1 the ,british found a few militiamen drawn up on the village green4 ,some one fired and a few ,americans were killed4 ,on the ,british marched to ,concord4 ,by this time the militiamen had gathered in large numbers4 ,it was a hot day4 ,the regulars were tired4 ,they stopped to rest4 ,some of the militiamen attacked the regulars at ,concord1 and when the ,british started on their homeward march1 the fighting began in earnest4 ,behind every wall and bit of rising ground were militiamen4 ,one soldier after another was shot down and left behind4 ,at ,lexington the ,british met reinforcements1 or they would all have been killed or captured4 ,soon they started again4 ,again the fighting began4 ,it continued until the survivors reached a place of safety under the guns of the warships anchored off ,charlestown4 ,the ,americans camped for the night at ,cambridge and began the siege of ,boston4 ,,questions ,,and ,,topics ,,chapter #aa #ajc4--;a4 ,name some instances which illustrate ,england's early policy toward its colonies4 b4 ,explain the later change of policy1 giving reasons for it4 #ajd1 #aje4--;a4 ,what reasons did ,otis give for his opposition to the writs of assistance8 ,why are such writs prohibited by the ,constitution of the ,united ,states8 b4 ,what is a veto8 ,what right had the ,king of ,great ,britain to veto a ,virginia law8 ,which side really won in the ,parson's ,cause8 #ajf4--,what colonies claimed land west of the ,alleghany ,mountains8 ,how did the king interfere with these claims8 ,,chapter #ab #ajg-aji4--;a4 ,what reasons were given for keeping an army in ,america8 b4 ,what is meant by saying that ,parliament was the supreme power in the ,british ,empire8 c4 ,is a stamp tax a good kind of tax8 d4 ,explain carefully the colonists' objections to the ,stamp ,act of #agfe4 ,do the same objections hold against the present ,stamp tax8 #aaj-aac4--;a4 ,explain the difference between the ,stamp ,act ,congress and the earlier ,congress4 b4 ,what did the ,stamp ,act ,congress do8 c4 ,give an account of ,franklin4 ,what did ,franklin say about the feeling in the colonies8 d4 ,explain carefully the causes which led to the repeal of the ,stamp ,act4 e4 ,can the taxing power and the legislative power be separated8 ,what is the case to-day in your own state8 ,in the ,united ,states8 #aad-aaf4--;a4 ,how did ,townshend try to raise money8 ,how did this plan differ from the ,stamp tax8 b4 ,what was the ,massachusetts ,circular ,letter8 ,why was it important8 c4 ,what was the result of the seizure of the ,liberty8 #aag1 #aah4--;a4 ,what were the ,virginia ,resolves of #agfi8 ,why were they passed8 b4 ,what were the ,non-importation agreements8 c4 ,what action did the ,british merchants take8 ,what results followed8 ,,chapter #ac #aai1 #abj4--;a4 ,why were the soldiers stationed at ,new ,york8 ,at ,boston8 b4 ,describe the trouble at ,boston4 ,why is it called a massacre8 #aba-abc4--;a4 ,what was the work of a ,committee of ,correspondence8 b4 ,what did the ,british government hope to accomplish in the tea business8 ,why did the colonists refuse to buy the tea8 c4 ,why was the destruction of the tea at ,boston necessary8 #abd-abf4--;a4 ,how did ,parliament punish the colonists of ,massachusetts and ,boston8 ,which of these acts was most severe8 ,why8 b4 ,what effect did these laws have on ,massachusetts8 ,on the other colonies8 c4 ,explain the provisions of the ,quebec ,act4 d4 ,how would this act affect the growth of the colonies8 #abg-abi4--;a4 ,what was the object of the ,continental ,congress8 b4 ,why was the ,association so important8 c4 ,how was the idea of the ,association carried out8 d4 ,what government did the colonies really have8 #acj-acb4--;a4 ,what is a rebel8 ,were the ,massachusetts colonists rebels8 b4 ,describe ,general ,gage's difficulties4 c4 ,what was the result of ,gage's attempt to seize the arms at ,concord8 ,,general ,,questions a4 ,arrange1 with dates1 all the acts of the ,british government which offended the colonists4 b4 ,arrange1 with dates1 all the important steps which led toward union4 ,why are these steps important8 c4 ,give the chief causes of the ,revolution and explain why you select these4 ,,topics ,,for ,,special ,,work a4 ,the early life of ,benjamin ,franklin 7,franklin's ,autobiography74 b4 ,the early life of ,george ,washington 7,scudder's ,washington74 c4 ,the ,boston ,tea ,party 7,fiske's ,war of ,independence74 d4 ,the ,nineteenth of ,april1 #agge 7,fiske's ,war of ,independence2 ,lossing's ,field-,book74 ,,suggestions ,,to ,,the ,,teacher ,this section is not only the most important but the most difficult of any so far considered4 ,its successful teaching requires more preparation than any earlier section4 ,the teacher is advised carefully to peruse ,channing's ,students' ,history1 ch4 iv1 and to state in simple1 clear language1 the difference between the ideas on representation which prevailed in ,england and in the colonies4 ,another point to make clear is the legal supremacy of ,parliament4 ,the outbreak was hastened by the stupid use of legal rights which the supremacy of ,parliament placed in the hands of ,britain's rulers1 who acted often in defiance of the real public opinion of the mass of the inhabitants of ,great ,britain4 ,v ,,the ,,war ,,of ,,independence1 #agge-aghc ,books for ,study and ,reading ,references4--,fiske's ,war of ,independence2 ,higginson's ,larger ,history1 #bdi-bic2 ,mc,master's ,with the ,fathers4 ,home ,readings4--,scudder's ,washington2 ,holmes's ,grandmother's ,story of ,bunker ,hill2 ,cooper's ,lionel ,lincoln 7,bunker ,hill72 ,cooper's ,spy 7campaigns around ,new ,york72 ,cooper's ,pilot 7the war on the sea72 ,drake's ,burgoyne's ,invasion2 ,coffin's ,boys of '#gf2 ,abbot's ,blue ,jackets of '#gf2 ,abbot's ,paul ,jones1 ,lossing's ,two ,spies4 ,,chapter #ad ,,bunker ,,hill ,,to ,,trenton ,sidenote3 ,advantages of the ,british4 #acc4 ,advantages of the ,british4--,at first sight it seems as if the ,americans were very foolish to fight the ,british4 ,there were five or six times as many people in the ,british ,isles as there were in the continental colonies4 ,the ,british government had a great standing army4 ,the ,americans had no regular army4 ,the ,british government had a great navy4 ,the ,americans had no navy4 ,the ,british government had quantities of powder1 guns1 and clothing1 while the ,americans had scarcely any military stores of any kind4 ,indeed1 there were so few guns in the colonies that one ,british officer thought if the few colonial gunsmiths could be bribed to go away1 the ,americans would have no guns to fight with after a few months of warfare4 ,illustration3 ,,grand ,,union ,,flag4 ,hoisted at ,cambridge1 ,january1 #aggf4 ,the ,british ,union and thirteen stripes1 ,sidenote3 ,advantages of the ,americans4 #acd4 ,advantages of the ,americans4--,all these things were clearly against the ,americans4 ,but they had some advantages on their side4 ,in the first place1 ,america was a long way off from ,europe4 ,it was very difficult and very costly to send armies to ,america1 and very difficult and very costly to feed the soldiers when they were fighting in ,america4 ,in the second place1 the ,americans usually fought on the defensive and the country over which the armies fought was made for defense4 ,in ,new ,england hill succeeded hill4 ,in the ,middle states river succeeded river4 ,in the ,south wilderness succeeded wilderness4 ,in the third place1 the ,americans had many great soldiers4 ,washington1 ,greene1 ,arnold1 ,morgan1 and ,wayne were better soldiers than any in the ,british army4 ,sidenote3 ,the ,loyalists4 #ace4 ,disunion among the ,americans4--,we are apt to think of the colonists as united in the contest with the ,british4 ,in reality the well-to-do1 the well-born1 and the well-educated colonists were as a rule opposed to independence4 ,the opponents of the ,revolution were strongest in the ,carolinas1 and were weakest in ,new ,england4 ,illustration3 ,,the ,,siege ,,of ,,boston4 ,sidenote3 ,boston and neighborhood1 #agge-gf4 ,sidenote3 ,importance of ,dorchester and ,charlestown4 #acf4 ,siege of ,boston4--,it was most fortunate that the ,british army was at ,boston when the war began1 for ,boston was about as bad a place for an army as could be found4 ,in those days ,boston was hardly more than an island connected with the mainland by a strip of gravel4 ,gage built a fort across this strip of ground4 ,the ,americans could not get in4 ,but they built a fort at the landward end1 and the ,british could not get out4 ,on either side of ,boston was a similar peninsula4 ,one of these was called ,dorchester ,heights2 the other was called ,charlestown4 ,both overlooked ,boston4 ,to hold that town1 ,gage must possess both ,dorchester and ,charlestown4 ,if the ,americans could occupy only one of these1 the ,british would have to abandon ,boston4 ,at almost the same moment ,gage made up his mind to seize ,dorchester1 and the ,americans determined to occupy the ,charlestown hills4 ,the ,americans moved first1 and the first battle was fought for the ,charlestown hills4 ,illustration3 ,a ,,powder-,,horn ,,used ,,at ,,bunker ,,hill4 ,sidenote3 ,battle of ,bunker ,hill1 #agge4 ,higginson1 #ahc-ahh2 ,mc,master1 #abi-acj4 #acg4 ,bunker ,hill1 ,june #ag1 #agge4--,when the seamen on the ,british men-of-war waked up on the morning of ,june #ag1 the first thing they saw was a redoubt on the top of one of the ,charlestown hills4 ,the ships opened fire4 ,but in spite of the balls ,colonel ,prescott walked on the top of the breastwork while his men went on digging4 ,gage sent three or four thousand men across the ,charles ,river to ,charlestown to drive the daring ,americans away4 ,it took the whole morning to get them to ,charlestown1 and then they had to eat their dinner4 ,this delay gave the ,americans time to send aid to ,prescott4 ,especially went ,stark and his ,new ,hampshire men1 who posted themselves behind a breastwork of fence rails and hay4 ,at last the ,british soldiers marched to the attack4 ,when they came within good shooting distance1 ,prescott gave the word to fire4 ,the ,british line stopped1 hesitated1 broke1 and swept back4 ,again the soldiers marched to the attack1 and again they were beaten back4 ,more soldiers came from ,boston1 and a third time a ,british line marched up the hill4 ,this time it could not be stopped1 for the ,americans had no more powder4 ,they had to give up the hill and escape as well as they could4 ,one-half of the ,british soldiers actually engaged in the assaults were killed or wounded4 ,the ,americans were defeated4 ,but they were encouraged and were willing to sell ,gage as many hills as he wanted at the same price4 ,illustration3 ,,facsimile ,,of ,a ,,revolutionary ,,poster4 ,sidenote3 ,washington takes command of the army1 #agge4 ,higginson1 #ahh-aic4 ,sidenote3 ,seizure of ,ticonderoga and ,crown ,point4 ,sidenote3 ,evacuation of ,boston1 #aggf4 #ach4 ,washington in ,command1 ,july1 #agge4--,the ,continental ,congress was again sitting at ,philadelphia4 ,it took charge of the defense of the colonies4 ,john ,adams named ,washington for commander-in-chief1 and he was elected4 ,washington took command of the army on ,cambridge ,common1 ,july #c1 #agge4 ,he found everything in confusion4 ,the soldiers of one colony were jealous of the soldiers of other colonies4 ,officers who had not been promoted were jealous of those who had been promoted4 ,in the winter the army had to be made over4 ,during all this time the people expected ,washington to fight4 ,but he had not powder enough for half a battle4 ,at last he got supplies in the following way4 ,in the spring of #agge ,ethan ,allen and his ,green ,mountain ,boys1 with the help of the people of western ,massachusetts and ,connecticut1 had captured ,ticonderoga and ,crown ,point4 ,these forts were filled with cannon and stores left from the ,french campaigns4 ,some of the cannon were now dragged by oxen over the snow and placed in the forts around ,boston4 ,captain ,manley1 of the ,massachusetts navy1 captured a ,british brig loaded with powder4 ,washington now could attack4 ,he seized and held ,dorchester ,heights4 ,the ,british could no longer stay in ,boston4 ,they went on board their ships and sailed away 7,march1 #aggf74 ,illustration3 ,,site ,,of ,,ticonderoga4 ,sidenote3 ,the ,canada expedition1 #agge-gf4 ,sidenote3 ,assault on ,quebec4 #aci4 ,invasion of ,canada1 #agge-gf4--,while the siege of ,boston was going on1 the ,americans undertook the invasion of ,canada4 ,there were very few regular soldiers in ,canada in #agge1 and the ,canadians were not likely to fight very hard for their ,british masters4 ,so the leaders in ,congress thought that if an ,american force should suddenly appear before ,quebec1 the town might surrender4 ,montgomery1 with a small army1 was sent to capture ,montreal and then to march down the ,st4 ,lawrence to ,quebec4 ,benedict ,arnold led another force through the ,maine woods4 ,after tremendous exertions and terrible sufferings he reached ,quebec4 ,but the garrison had been warned of his coming4 ,he blockaded the town and waited for ,montgomery4 ,the garrison was constantly increased1 for ,arnold was not strong enough fully to blockade the town4 ,at last ,montgomery arrived4 ,at night1 amidst a terrible snowstorm1 ,montgomery and ,arnold led their brave followers to the attack4 ,they were beaten back with cruel loss4 ,montgomery was killed1 and ,arnold was severely wounded4 ,in the spring of #aggf the survivors of this little band of heroes were rescued--at the cost of the lives of five thousand ,american soldiers4 ,illustration3 ,,arnold',s ,,march4 ,sidenote3 ,strength of ,charleston4 ,sidenote3 ,fort ,moultrie4 ,sidenote3 ,attack on ,fort ,moultrie1 #aggf4 ,sidenote3 ,success of the defense #adj4 ,british ,attack on ,charleston1 #aggf4--;,in ,june #aggf a ,british fleet and army made an attack on ,charleston1 ,south ,carolina4 ,this town has never been taken by attack from the sea4 ,sand bars guard the entrance of the harbor and the channels through these shoals lead directly to the end of ,sullivan's ,island4 ,at that point the ,americans built a fort of palmetto logs and sand4 ,general ,moultrie commanded at the fort and it was named in his honor1 ,fort ,moultrie4 ,the ,british fleet sailed boldly in1 but the balls from the ships' guns were stopped by the soft palmetto logs4 ,at one time the flag was shot away and fell down outside the fort4 ,but ,sergeant ,jasper rushed out1 seized the broken staff1 and again set it up on the rampart4 ,meantime1 ,general ,clinton had landed on an island and was trying to cross with his soldiers to the further end of ,sullivan's ,island4 ,but the water was at first too shoal for the boats4 ,the soldiers jumped overboard to wade4 ,suddenly the water deepened1 and they had to jump aboard to save themselves from drowning4 ,all this time ,americans were firing at them from the beach4 ,general ,clinton ordered a retreat4 ,the fleet also sailed out--all that could get away--and the whole expedition was abandoned4 ,illustration3 ,,general ,,moultrie4 ,sidenote3 ,defense of ,new ,york1 #aggf4 ,sidenote3 ,battle of ,long ,island1 #aggf4 ,sidenote3 ,escape of the ,americans4 #ada4 ,long ,island and ,brooklyn ,heights1 #aggf4--,the very day that the ,british left ,boston1 ,washington ordered five regiments to ,new ,york4 ,for he well knew that city would be the next point of attack4 ,but he need not have been in such a hurry4 ,general ,howe1 the new ,british commander-in-chief1 sailed first to ,halifax and did not begin the campaign in ,new ,york until the end of ,august4 ,he then landed his soldiers on ,long ,island and prepared to drive the ,americans away4 ,marching in a round-about way1 he cut the ,american army in two and captured one part of it4 ,this brought him to the foot of ,brooklyn ,heights4 ,on the top was a fort4 ,probably ,howe could easily have captured it4 ,but he had led in the field at ,bunker ,hill and had had enough of attacking forts defended by ,americans4 ,so he stopped his soldiers--with some difficulty4 ,that night the wind blew a gale1 and the next day was foggy4 ,the ,british fleet could not sail into the ,east ,river4 ,skillful fishermen safely ferried the rest of the ,american army across to ,new ,york4 ,when at length the ,british marched to the attack1 there was no one left in the fort on ,brooklyn ,heights4 ,sidenote3 ,retreat from ,new ,york4 ,sidenote3 ,washington crosses the ,delaware4 #adb4 ,from the ,hudson to the ,delaware1 #aggf4--;,even now with his splendid fleet and great army ,howe could have captured the ,americans4 ,but he delayed so long that ,washington got away in safety4 ,washington's army was now fast breaking up4 ,soldiers deserted by the hundreds4 ,a severe action at ,white ,plains only delayed the ,british advance4 ,the fall of ,fort ,washington on the end of ,manhattan ,island destroyed all hope of holding anything near ,new ,york4 ,washington sent one part of his army to secure the ,highlands of the ,hudson4 ,with the other part he retired across ,new ,jersey to the southern side of the ,delaware ,river4 ,the end of the war seemed to be in sight4 ,in ,december1 #aggf1 ,congress gave the sole direction of the war to ,washington and then left ,philadelphia for a place of greater safety4 ,sidenote3 ,battle of ,trenton1 #aggf4 ,higginson1 #bjc2 ,hero ,tales1 #de-ee #adc4 ,trenton1 ,december #bf1 #aggf4--,washington did not give up4 ,on ,christmas night1 #aggf1 he crossed the ,delaware with a division of his army4 ,a violent snowstorm was raging1 the river was full of ice4 ,but ,washington was there in person1 and the soldiers crossed4 ,then the storm changed to sleet and rain4 ,but on the soldiers marched4 ,when the ,hessian garrison at ,trenton looked about them next morning they saw that ,washington and ,greene held the roads leading inland from the town4 ,stark and a few soldiers--among them ,james ,monroe--held the bridge leading over the ,assanpink to the next ,british post4 ,a few horsemen escaped before ,stark could prevent them4 ,but all the foot soldiers were killed or captured4 ,a few days later nearly one thousand prisoners marched through ,philadelphia4 ,they were ,germans1 who had been sold by their rulers to ,britain's king to fight his battles4 ,they were called ,hessians by the ,americans because most of them came from the little ,german state of ,hesse ,cassel4 ,illustration3 ,battle of ,trenton4 ,illustration3 ,battle of ,princeton4 ,sidenote3 ,battle of ,princeton1 #aggg4 ,source-,book1 #adi-aea4 #add4 ,princeton1 ,january1 #aggg4--,trenton saved the ,revolution by giving the ,americans renewed courage4 ,general ,howe sent ,lord ,cornwallis with a strong force to destroy the ,americans4 ,washington with the main part of his army was now encamped on the southern side of the ,assanpink4 ,cornwallis was on the other bank at ,trenton4 ,leaving a few men to keep up the campfires1 and to throw up a slight fort by the bridge over the stream1 ,washington led his army away by night toward ,princeton4 ,there he found several regiments hastening to ,cornwallis4 ,he drove them away and led his army to the highlands of ,new ,jersey where he would be free from attack4 ,the ,british abandoned nearly all their posts in ,new ,jersey and retired to ,new ,york4 ,,chapter #ae ,,the ,,great ,,declaration ,,and ,,the ,,french ,,alliance ,sidenote3 ,rising spirit of independence1 #agge-gf4 #ade4 ,growth of the ,spirit of ,independence4--,the year #aggf is even more to be remembered for the doings of ,congress than it is for the doings of the soldiers4 ,the colonists loved ,england4 ,they spoke of it as home4 ,they were proud of the strength of the ,british empire1 and glad to belong to it4 ,but their feelings rapidly changed when the ,british government declared them to be rebels1 made war upon them1 and hired foreign soldiers to kill them4 ,they could no longer be subjects of ,george ,,iii4 ,that was clear enough4 ,they determined to declare themselves to be independent4 ,virginia led in this movement1 and the chairman of the ,virginia delegation moved a resolution of independence4 ,a committee was appointed to draw up a declaration4 ,illustration3 ,,first ,,united ,,states ,,flag4 ,adopted by ,congress in #aggg4 ,sidenote3 ,the ,great ,declaration1 adopted ,july #d1 #aggf4 ,higginson1 #aid-bja2 ,mc,master1 #aca-ace2 ,source-,book1 #adg-adi4 ,sidenote3 ,signing of the ,declaration1 ,august #b1 #aggf4 #adf4 ,the ,declaration of ,independence1 ,july #d1 #aggf4--,the most important members of this committee were ,benjamin ,franklin1 ,john ,adams1 and ,thomas ,jefferson4 ,of these ,jefferson was the youngest1 and the least known4 ,but he had already drawn up a remarkable paper called ,a ,summary ,view of the ,rights of ,british ,america4 ,the others asked him to write out a declaration4 ,he sat down without book or notes of any kind1 and wrote out the ,great ,declaration in almost the same form in which it now stands4 ,the other members of the committee proposed a few changes1 and then reported the declaration to ,congress4 ,there was a fierce debate in ,congress over the adoption of the ,virginia resolution for independence4 ,but finally it was adopted4 ,congress then examined the ,declaration of ,independence as reported by the committee4 ,it made a few changes in the words and struck out a clause condemning the slave-trade4 ,the first paragraph of the ,declaration contains a short1 clear statement of the basis of the ,american system of government4 ,it should be learned by heart by every ,american boy and girl1 and always kept in mind4 ,the ,declaration was adopted on ,july #d1 #aggf4 ,a few copies were printed on ,july #e1 with the signatures of ,john ,hancock and ,charles ,thompson1 president and secretary of ,congress4 ,on ,august #b1 #aggf1 the ,declaration was signed by the members of ,congress4 ,illustration3 ,battle of ,brandywine4 ,sidenote3 ,battle of ,brandywine #aggg4 ,mc,master1 #acg-ach4 ,sidenote3 ,battle of ,germantown1 #aggg4 #adg4 ,the ,loss of ,philadelphia1 #aggg4--;,for some months after the battle of ,princeton there was little fighting4 ,but in the summer of #aggg1 ,howe set out to capture ,philadelphia4 ,instead of marching across ,new ,jersey1 he placed his army on board ships1 and sailed to ,chesapeake ,bay4 ,as soon as ,washington learned what ,howe was about1 he marched to ,chad's ,ford1 where the road from ,chesapeake ,bay to ,philadelphia crossed ,brandywine ,creek4 ,howe moved his men as if about to attempt to cross the ford4 ,meantime he sent ,cornwallis with a strong force to cross the creek higher up4 ,cornwallis surprised the right wing of the ,american army1 drove it back1 and ,washington was compelled to retreat4 ,howe occupied ,philadelphia and captured the forts below the city4 ,washington tried to surprise a part of the ,british army which was posted at ,germantown4 ,but accidents and mist interfered4 ,the ,americans then retired to ,valley ,forge--a strong place in the hills not far from ,philadelphia4 ,sidenote3 ,the army at ,valley ,forge1 #aggg-gh4 ,illustration3 ,the ,glorious ,,washington and ,,gates4 ,,from ,,title-,,page ,,of ,,an ,,almanac ,,of #aggh4 ,to show condition of wood-engraving in the ,revolutionary era4 ,sidenote3 ,baron ,steuben4 #adh4 ,the ,army at ,valley ,forge1 #aggg-gh4--,the sufferings of the soldiers during the following winter can never be overstated4 ,they seldom had more than half enough to eat4 ,their clothes were in rags4 ,many of them had no blankets4 ,many more had no shoes4 ,washington did all he could do for them4 ,but ,congress had no money and could not get any4 ,at ,valley ,forge the soldiers were drilled by ,baron ,steuben1 a ,prussian veteran4 ,the army took the field in #aggh1 weak in numbers and poorly clad4 ,but what soldiers there were were as good as any soldiers to be found anywhere in the world4 ,during that winter1 also1 an attempt was made to dismiss ,washington from chief command1 and to give his place to ,general ,gates4 ,but this attempt ended in failure4 ,sidenote3 ,burgoyne's campaign1 #aggg4 ,eggleston1 #agh-agi2 ,mc,master1 #aci-adj2 ,source-,book1 #aed-aeg4 ,sidenote3 ,schuyler and ,gates4 #adi4 ,burgoyne's ,march to ,saratoga1 #aggg4--,while ,howe was marching to ,philadelphia1 ,general ,burgoyne was marching southward from ,canada4 ,it had been intended that ,burgoyne and ,howe should seize the line of the ,hudson and cut ,new ,england off from the other states4 ,but the orders reached ,howe too late1 and he went southward to ,philadelphia4 ,burgoyne1 on his part1 was fairly successful at first1 for the ,americans abandoned post after post4 ,but when he reached the southern end of ,lake ,champlain1 and started on his march to the ,hudson1 his troubles began4 ,the way ran through a wilderness4 ,general ,schuyler had had trees cut down across its woodland paths and had done his work so well that it took ,burgoyne about a day to march a mile and a half4 ,this gave the ,americans time to gather from all quarters and bar his southward way4 ,but many of the soldiers had no faith in ,schuyler and ,congress gave the command to ,general ,horatio ,gates4 ,sidenote3 ,battle of ,bennington1 #aggg4 ,hero ,tales1 #ei-fg4 #aej4 ,bennington1 #aggg4--;,burgoyne had with him many cavalrymen4 ,but they had no horses4 ,the army1 too1 was sadly in need of food4 ,so ,burgoyne sent a force of dismounted dragoons to ,bennington in southern ,vermont to seize horses and food4 ,it happened1 however1 that ,general ,stark1 with soldiers from ,new ,hampshire1 ,vermont1 and western ,massachusetts1 was nearer ,bennington than ,burgoyne supposed4 ,they killed or captured all the ,british soldiers4 ,they then drove back with great loss a second party which ,burgoyne had sent to support the first one4 ,sidenote3 ,battle of ,oriskany1 #aggg4 #aea4 ,oriskany1 #aggg4--,meantime ,st4 ,leger1 with a large body of ,indians and ,canadian frontiersmen1 was marching to join ,burgoyne by the way of ,lake ,ontario and the ,mohawk ,valley4 ,near the site of the present city of ,rome in ,new ,york was ,fort ,schuyler1 garrisoned by an ,american force4 ,st4 ,leger stopped to besiege this fort4 ,the settlers on the ,mohawk marched to relieve the garrison and ,st4 ,leger defeated them at ,oriskany4 ,but his ,indians now grew tired of the siege1 especially when they heard that ,arnold with a strong army was coming4 ,st4 ,leger marched back to ,canada and left ,burgoyne to his fate4 ,sidenote3 ,first battle of ,freeman's ,farm1 #aggg4 ,sidenote3 ,second battle of ,freeman's ,farm1 #aggg4 ,sidenote3 ,surrender of the ,british at ,saratoga1 #aggg4 #aeb4 ,saratoga1 #aggg4--,marching southward1 on the western side of the ,hudson1 ,burgoyne and his army came upon the ,americans in a forest clearing called ,freeman's ,farm4 ,led by ,daniel ,morgan and ,benedict ,arnold the ,americans fought so hard that ,burgoyne stopped where he was and fortified the position4 ,this was on ,september #ai4 ,the ,american army posted itself near by on ,bemis' ,heights4 ,for weeks the two armies faced each other4 ,then1 on ,october #g1 the ,americans attacked4 ,again ,arnold led his men to victory4 ,they captured a fort in the centre of the ,british line1 and ,burgoyne was obliged to retreat4 ,but when he reached the crossing place of the ,hudson1 to his dismay he found a strong body of ,new ,englanders with artillery on the opposite bank4 ,gates had followed the retiring ,british1 and soon ,burgoyne was practically surrounded4 ,his men were starving1 and on ,october #ag he surrendered4 ,sidenote3 ,the ,treaty of ,alliance1 #aggh4 #aec4 ,the ,french ,alliance1 #aggh4--;,burgoyne's defeat made the ,french think that the ,americans would win their independence4 ,so ,dr4 ,franklin1 who was at ,paris1 was told that ,france would recognize the independence of the ,united ,states1 would make treaties with the new nation1 and give aid openly4 ,great ,britain at once declared war on ,france4 ,the ,french lent large sums of money to the ,united ,states4 ,they sent large armies and splendid fleets to ,america4 ,their aid greatly shortened the struggle for independence4 ,but the ,americans would probably have won without ,french aid4 ,sidenote3 ,the ,british leave ,philadelphia #aggh4 ,sidenote3 ,battle of ,monmouth1 #aggh4 #aed4 ,monmouth1 #aggh4--,the first result of the ,french alliance was the retreat of the ,british from ,philadelphia to ,new ,york4 ,as ,sir ,henry ,clinton1 the new ,british commander1 led his army across the ,jerseys1 ,washington determined to strike it a blow4 ,this he did near ,monmouth4 ,the attack was a failure1 owing to the treason of ,general ,charles ,lee1 who led the advance4 ,washington reached the front only in time to prevent a dreadful disaster4 ,but he could not bring about victory1 and ,clinton seized the first moment to continue his march to ,new ,york4 ,there were other expeditions and battles in the ,north4 ,but none of these had any important effect on the outcome of the war4 ,illustration3 ,clark's ,campaign #aggg-aggh ,sidenote3 ,clark's conquest of the ,northwest1 #aggh-gi4 ,hero ,tales1 #ca-da4 #aee4 ,clark's ,western ,campaign1 #aggh-gi4--,the ,virginians had long taken great interest in the western country4 ,their hardy pioneers had crossed the mountains and begun the settlement of ,kentucky4 ,the ,virginians now determined to conquer the ,british posts in the country northwest of the ,ohio4 ,the command was given to ,george ,rogers ,clark4 ,gathering a strong band of hardy frontiersmen he set out on his dangerous expedition4 ,he seized the posts in ,illinois1 and ,vincennes surrendered to him4 ,then the ,british governor of the ,northwest came from ,detroit with a large force and recaptured ,vincennes4 ,clark set out from ,illinois to surprise the ,british4 ,it was the middle of the winter4 ,in some places the snow lay deep on the ground4 ,then came the early floods4 ,for days the ,americans marched in water up to their waists4 ,at night they sought some little hill where they could sleep on dry ground4 ,then on again through the flood4 ,they surprised the ,british garrison at ,vincennes and forced it to surrender4 ,that was the end of the contest for the ,northwest4 ,illustration3 ,,west ,,point ,,in #agij4 ,sidenote3 ,benedict ,arnold4 ,sidenote3 ,his treason1 #aghj ,higginson1 #bji-baa2 ,mc,master1 #add #aef4 ,arnold and ,andr1 #aghj4--,of all the leaders under ,washington none was abler in battle than ,benedict ,arnold4 ,unhappily he was always in trouble about money4 ,he was distrusted by ,congress and was not promoted4 ,at ,saratoga he quarrelled with ,gates and was dismissed from his command4 ,later he became military governor of ,philadelphia and was censured by ,washington for his doings there4 ,he then secured the command of ,west ,point and offered to surrender the post to the ,british4 ,major ,andr1 of ,clinton's staff1 met ,arnold to arrange the final details4 ,on his return journey to ,new ,york ,andr was arrested and taken before ,washington4 ,the ,american commander asked his generals if ,andr was a spy4 ,they replied that ,andr was a spy1 and he was hanged4 ,arnold escaped to ,new ,york and became a general in the ,british army4 ,,chapter #af ,,independence ,sidenote3 ,invasion of the ,south4 ,sidenote3 ,capture of ,charleston1 #aghj4 #aeg4 ,fall of ,charleston1 #aghj4--;,it seemed quite certain that ,clinton could not conquer the ,northern states with the forces given him4 ,in the ,south there were many loyalists4 ,resistance might not be so stiff there4 ,at all events ,clinton decided to attempt the conquest of the ,south4 ,savannah was easily seized 7#aggh71 and the ,french and ,americans could not retake it 7#aggi74 ,in the spring of #aghj1 ,clinton1 with a large army1 landed on the coast between ,savannah and ,charleston4 ,he marched overland to ,charleston and besieged it from the land side4 ,the ,americans held out for a long time4 ,but they were finally forced to surrender4 ,clinton then sailed back to ,new ,york1 and left to ,lord ,cornwallis the further conquest of the ,carolinas4 ,sidenote3 ,battle of ,camden1 #aghj4 #aeh4 ,gates's ,defeat at ,camden1 #aghj4--;,cornwallis had little trouble in occupying the greater part of ,south ,carolina4 ,there was no one to oppose him1 for the ,american army had been captured with ,charleston4 ,another small army was got together in ,north ,carolina and the command given to ,gates1 the victor at ,saratoga4 ,one night both ,gates and ,cornwallis set out to attack the other's camp4 ,the two armies met at daybreak1 the ,british having the best position4 ,but this really made little difference1 for ,gates's ,virginia militiamen ran away before the ,british came within fighting distance4 ,the ,north ,carolina militia followed the ,virginians4 ,only the regulars from ,maryland and ,delaware were left4 ,they fought on like heroes until their leader1 ,general ,john ,de ,kalb1 fell with seventeen wounds4 ,then the survivors surrendered4 ,gates himself had been carried far to the rear by the rush of the fleeing militia4 ,battle of ,king's ,mountain1 #aghj4 ,hero ,tales1 #ga-gh4 #aei4 ,king's ,mountain1 ,october1 #aghj4--;,cornwallis now thought that resistance surely was at an end4 ,he sent an expedition to the settlements on the lower slopes of the ,alleghany ,mountains to get recruits1 for there were many loyalists in that region4 ,suddenly from the mountains and from the settlements in ,tennessee rode a body of armed frontiersmen4 ,they found the ,british soldiers encamped on the top of ,king's ,mountain4 ,in about an hour they had killed or captured every ,british soldier4 ,illustration3 ,,the ,,southern ,,campaigns4 ,sidenote3 ,general ,greene4 ,sidenote3 ,morgan's victory of the ,cowpens1 #agha4 #afj4 ,the ,cowpens1 #agha4--;,general ,greene was now sent to the ,south to take charge of the resistance to ,cornwallis4 ,a great soldier and a great organizer ,greene found that he needed all his abilities4 ,his coming gave new spirit to the survivors of ,gates's army4 ,he gathered militia from all directions and marched toward ,cornwallis4 ,dividing his army into two parts1 he sent ,general ,daniel ,morgan to threaten ,cornwallis from one direction1 while he threatened him from another direction4 ,cornwallis at once became uneasy and sent ,tarleton to drive ,morgan away1 but the hero of many hard-fought battles was not easily frightened4 ,he drew up his little force so skillfully that in a very few minutes the ,british were nearly all killed or captured4 ,illustration3 ,,general ,,morgan ,,the ,,hero ,,of ,,cowpens4 ,sidenote3 ,greene's retreat4 ,sidenote3 ,the ,battle of ,guilford1 #agha4 #afa4 ,the ,guilford ,campaign1 #agha4--;,cornwallis now made a desperate attempt to capture the ,americans1 but ,greene and ,morgan joined forces and marched diagonally across ,north ,carolina4 ,cornwallis followed so closely that frequently the two armies seemed to be one4 ,when1 however1 the river ,dan was reached1 there was an end of marching1 for ,greene had caused all the boats to be collected at one spot4 ,his men crossed and kept the boats on their side of the river4 ,soon ,greene found himself strong enough to cross the river again to ,north ,carolina4 ,he took up a very strong position near ,guilford ,court ,house4 ,cornwallis attacked4 ,the ,americans made a splendid defense before ,greene ordered a retreat1 and the ,british won the battle of ,guilford4 ,but their loss was so great that another victory of the same kind would have destroyed the ,british army4 ,as it was1 ,greene had dealt it such a blow that ,cornwallis left his wounded at ,guilford and set out as fast as he could for the seacoast4 ,greene pursued him for some distance and then marched southward to ,camden4 ,sidenote3 ,greene's later campaigns1 #ahga-hc4 #afb4 ,greene's ,later ,campaigns4--,at ,hobkirk's ,hill1 near ,camden1 the ,british soldiers who had been left behind by ,cornwallis attacked ,greene4 ,but he beat them off and began the siege of a fort on the frontier of ,south ,carolina4 ,the ,british then marched up from ,charleston1 and ,greene had to fall back4 ,then the ,british marched back to ,charleston and abandoned the interior of ,south ,carolina to the ,americans4 ,there was only one more battle in the ,south--at ,eutaw ,springs4 ,greene was defeated there1 too1 but the ,british abandoned the rest of the ,carolinas and ,georgia with the exception of ,savannah and ,charleston4 ,in these wonderful campaigns with a few good soldiers ,greene had forced the ,british from the ,southern states4 ,he had lost every battle4 ,he had won every campaign4 ,sidenote3 ,lafayette and ,cornwallis1 #agha4 #afc4 ,cornwallis in ,virginia1 #agha4--,there were already two small armies in ,virginia1--the ,british under ,arnold1 the ,americans under ,lafayette4 ,cornwallis now marched northward from ,wilmington and added the troops in ,virginia to his own force2 ,arnold he sent to ,new ,york4 ,cornwallis then set out to capture ,lafayette and his men4 ,together they marched from salt water across ,virginia to the mountains--and then they marched back to salt water again4 ,cornwallis had called ,lafayette the boy and had declared that the boy should not escape him4 ,finally ,cornwallis fortified ,yorktown1 and ,lafayette settled down at ,williamsburg4 ,and there they still were in ,september1 #agha4 ,sidenote3 ,the ,french at ,newport1 #aghj4 ,sidenote3 ,plans of the allies1 #agha4 #afd4 ,plans of the ,allies4--,in #aghj the ,french government had sent over a strong army under ,rochambeau4 ,it was landed at ,newport4 ,it remained there a year to protect the vessels in which it had come from ,france from capture by a stronger ,british fleet that had at once appeared off the mouth of the harbor4 ,another ,french fleet and another ,french army were in the ,west ,indies4 ,in the summer of #agha it became possible to unite all these ,french forces1 and with the ,americans to strike a crushing blow at the ,british4 ,just at this moment ,cornwallis shut himself up in ,yorktown1 and it was determined to besiege him there4 ,illustration3 ,,the ,,united ,,states ,,in #aghc4 ,illustration3 ,the ,siege of ,yorktown4 ,sidenote3 ,the march to the ,chesapeake4 ,sidenote3 ,combat between the ,french and the ,british fleets4 ,surrender of ,yorktown1 ,october #ai1 #agha4 ,higginson1 #baa-bab4 #afe4 ,yorktown1 ,september-,october1 #agha4--,rochambeau led his men to ,new ,york and joined the main ,american army4 ,washington now took command of the allied forces4 ,he pretended that he was about to attack ,new ,york and deceived ,clinton so completely that ,clinton ordered ,cornwallis to send some of his soldiers to ,new ,york4 ,but the allies were marching southward through ,philadelphia before ,clinton realized what they were about4 ,the ,french ,west ,india fleet under ,de ,grasse reached one end of the ,chesapeake ,bay at the same time the allies reached the other end4 ,the ,british fleet attacked it and was beaten off4 ,there was now no hope for ,cornwallis4 ,no help could reach him by sea4 ,the soldiers of the allies outnumbered him two to one4 ,on ,october #ag1 #agha1 four years to a day since the surrender of ,burgoyne1 a drummer boy appeared on the rampart of ,yorktown and beat a parley4 ,two days later the ,british soldiers marched out to the good old ,british tune of ,the world turned upside down1 and laid down their arms4 ,sidenote3 ,treaty of ,peace1 #aghc4 #aff4 ,treaty of ,peace1 #aghc4--,this disaster put an end to ,british hopes of conquering ,america4 ,but it was not until ,september1 #aghc1 that ,benjamin ,franklin1 ,john ,adams1 and ,john ,jay brought the negotiations for peace to an end4 ,great ,britain acknowledged the independence of the ,united ,states4 ,the territory of the ,united ,states was defined as extending from the ,great ,lakes to the thirty-first parallel of latitude and from the ,atlantic to the ,mississippi4 ,spain had joined the ,united ,states and ,france in the war4 ,spanish soldiers had conquered ,florida1 and ,spain kept ,florida at the peace4 ,in this way ,spanish ,florida and ,louisiana surrounded the ,united ,states on the south and the west4 ,british territory bounded the ,united ,states on the north and the northeast4 ,,questions ,,and ,,topics ,,chapter #ad #acd-acf4--;a4 ,compare the advantages of the ,british and the ,americans4 ,which side had the greater advantages8 b4 ,explain the influence of geographical surroundings upon the war4 c4 ,why were there so many loyalists8 #acg-aci4--;a4 ,mold or draw a map of ,boston and vicinity and explain by it the important points of the siege4 b4 ,who won the battle of ,bunker ,hill8 ,what were the effects of the battle upon the ,americans8 ,upon the ,british8 c4 ,why was ,washington appointed to chief command8 d4 ,what were the effects of the seizure of ,ticonderoga on the siege of ,boston8 #adj1 #ada4--;a4 ,why did ,congress determine to attack ,canada8 b4 ,follow the routes of the two invading armies4 ,what was the result of the expedition8 c4 ,describe the harbor of ,charleston4 ,why did the ,british attack at this point8 d4 ,what was the result of this expedition8 #adb1 #adc4--;a4 ,what advantage would the occupation of ,new ,york give the ,british8 b4 ,describe the ,long ,island campaign4 c4 ,why did ,congress give ,washington sole direction of the war8 ,who had directed the war before8 #add1 #ade4--;a4 ,describe the battle of ,trenton4 ,why is it memorable8 b4 ,who were the ,hessians8 c4 ,at the close of ,january1 #aggg1 what places were held by the ,british8 ,,chapter #ae #adf1 #adg4--;a4 ,what had been the feeling of most of the colonists toward ,england8 ,why had this feeling changed8 b4 ,why was ,jefferson asked to write the ,declaration8 c4 ,what great change was made by ,congress in the ,declaration8 ,why8 d4 ,what truths are declared to be self-evident8 ,are they still self-evident8 e4 ,what is declared to be the basis of government8 ,is it still the basis of government8 f4 ,when was the ,declaration adopted8 ,when signed8 #adh1 #adi4--;a4 ,describe ,howe's campaign of #aggg4 b4 ,what valuable work was done at ,valley ,forge8 #aej-aec4--;a4 ,what was the object of ,burgoyne's campaign8 ,was the plan a wise one from the ,british point of view8 b4 ,what do you think of the justice of removing ,schuyler8 c4 ,how did the battle of ,bennington affect the campaign8 ,what was the effect of ,st4 ,leger's retreat to ,canada8 d4 ,describe ,arnold's part in the battles near ,saratoga4 #aed1 #aee4--;a4 ,what was the effect of ,burgoyne's surrender on ,great ,britain8 ,on ,france8 ,on ,america8 b4 ,what were the results of the ,french alliance8 c4 ,describe the battle of ,monmouth4 ,who was ,charles ,lee8 #aef4--;a4 ,describe ,clark's expedition and mark on a map the places named4 b4 ,how did this expedition affect the later growth of the ,united ,states8 #aeg4--;a4 ,describe ,arnold's career as a soldier to #aggh4 b4 ,what is treason8 c4 ,was there the least injustice in the treatment of ,andr8 ,chapter #af #aeh1 #aei4--;a4 ,why was the scene of action transferred to the ,south8 b4 ,what places were captured8 c4 ,compare the ,british and ,american armies at ,camden4 ,what was the result of this battle8 #afj-afc4--;a4 ,describe the battle of ,king's ,mountain4 b4 ,what was the result of the battle of the ,cowpens8 c4 ,follow the retreat of the ,americans across ,north ,carolina4 ,what events showed ,greene's foresight8 d4 ,what were the results of the battle of ,guilford8 e4 ,compare the outlook for the ,americans in #agha with that of #aghj4 #afd-aff4 a4 ,how did the ,british army get to ,yorktown8 b4 ,describe the gathering of the ,allied ,forces4 c4 ,describe the surrender and note its effects on ,america1 ,france1 and ,great ,britain4 #afg4--;a4 ,where were the negotiations for peace carried on8 b4 ,mark on a map the original territory of the ,united ,states4 c4 ,how did ,spain get the ,floridas8 ,general ,questions a4 ,when did the ,revolution begin8 ,when did it end8 b4 ,were the colonies independent when the ,declaration of ,independence was adopted8 c4 ,select any campaign and discuss its objects1 plan1 the leading battles1 and the results4 d4 ,follow ,washington's movements from #agge-hb4 e4 ,what do you consider the most decisive battle of the war8 ,why8 ,topics ,for ,special ,work a4 ,naval victories4 b4 ,burgoyne's campaign4 c4 ,greene as a general4 d4 ,nathan ,hale4 e4 ,the peace negotiations4 ,suggestions ,the use of map or molding board should be constant during the study of this period4 ,do not spend time on the details of battles1 but teach campaigns as a whole4 ,in using the molding board the movements of armies can be shown by colored pins4 ,the ,declaration of ,independence should be carefully studied1 especially the first portions4 ,finally1 the territorial settlement of #aghc should be thoroughly explained1 using map or molding board4 ,,vi ,the ,critical ,period1 #aghc-aghi ,books for ,study and ,reading ,references4--,higginson's ,larger ,history1 #bic-cjh2 ,fiske's ,civil ,government1 #ahf-bfg2 ,mc,master's ,with the ,fathers4 ,home ,readings4--,fiske's ,critical ,period1 #add-bca1 #cjf-cde2 ,captain ,shays3 ,a ,populist of #aghf4 ,chapter #ag ,the ,confederation1 #aghc-aghg ,sidenote3 ,disunion and jealousy4 ,source-,book1 #afa-afc4 #afg4 ,problems of ,peace4--,the war was over4 ,but the future of the ,american nation was still uncertain4 ,indeed1 one can hardly say that there was an ,american nation in #aghc4 ,while the war lasted1 a sense of danger bound together the people of the different states4 ,but as soon as this peril ceased1 their old jealousies and self-seekings came back4 ,there was no national government to smooth over these differences and to compel the states to act justly toward one another4 ,there was1 indeed1 the ,congress of the ,confederation1 but it is absurd to speak of it as a national government4 ,sidenote3 ,formation of the ,articles of ,confederation4 ,sidenote3 ,weakness of the ,confederation4 ,mc,master1 #afc4 #afh4 ,the ,articles of ,confederation1 #agha4--,the ,continental ,congress began drawing up the ,articles of ,confederation in ,june1 #aggf4 ,but there were long delays1 and each month's delay made it more impossible to form a strong government4 ,it fell out in this way that the ,congress of the ,confederation had no real power4 ,it could not make a state or an individual pay money or do anything at all4 ,in the course of a few years ,congress asked the states to give it over six million dollars to pay the debts and expenses of the ,united ,states4 ,it received about a million dollars and was fortunate to get that4 ,sidenote3 ,distress among the people4 #afi4 ,a ,time of ,distress4--,it is not right to speak too harshly of the refusal of the state governments to give ,congress the money it asked for1 as the people of the states were in great distress and had no money to give4 ,as soon as peace was declared ,british merchants sent over great quantities of goods4 ,people bought these goods1 for every one thought that good times were coming now that the war was over4 ,but the ,british government did everything it could do to prevent the coming of good times4 ,the prosperity of the northern states was largely based on a profitable trade with the ,west ,indies4 ,the ,british government put an end to that trade4 ,no gold and silver came to the ,united ,states from the ,west ,indies while gold and silver constantly went out of the country to pay debts due to ,british merchants4 ,soon gold and silver grew scarce1 and those who had any promptly hid it4 ,the real reason of all this trouble was the lack of a strong national government which could have compelled the ,british government to open its ports to ,american commerce4 ,but the people only saw that money was scarce and called upon the state legislatures to give them paper money4 ,sidenote3 ,paper money4 #agj4 ,paper ,money4--,most of the state legislatures did what they were asked to do4 ,they printed quantities of paper money4 ,they paid the public expenses with it1 and sometimes lent it to individuals without much security for its repayment4 ,before long this paper money began to grow less valuable4 ,for instance1 on a certain day a man could buy a bag of flour for five dollars4 ,in three months' time a bag of flour might cost him ten dollars4 ,soon it became difficult to buy flour for any number of paper dollars4 ,sidenote3 ,tender laws4 #aga ,tender ,laws4--,the people then clamored for tender laws4 ,these were laws which would make it lawful for them to tender1 or offer1 paper money in exchange for flour or other things4 ,in some cases it was made lawful to tender paper money in payments of debts which had been made when gold and silver were still in use4 ,the merchants now shut up their shops1 and business almost ceased4 ,the lawyers only were busy4 ,for those to whom money was owed tried to get it paid before the paper money became utterly worthless4 ,the courts were crowded1 and the prisons were filled with poor debtors4 ,sidenote3 ,stay laws4 #agb4 ,stay ,laws4--,now the cry was for stay laws4 ,these were laws to prevent those to whom money was due from enforcing their rights4 ,these laws promptly put an end to whatever business was left4 ,the only way that any business could be carried on was by barter4 ,for example1 a man who had a bushel of wheat that he did not want for his family would exchange it for three or four bushels of potatoes1 or for four or five days of labor4 ,in some states the legislatures passed very severe laws to compel people to receive paper money4 ,in one state1 indeed1 no one could vote who would not receive paper money4 ,illustration3 ,,state ,,street1 ,,boston1 ,,about #agij4 ,the ,boston ,massacre occurred near where the two-horse wagon stands4 ,sidenote3 ,disorder in ,massachusetts4 #agc4 ,shays's ,rebellion1 #aghf-hg4--;,in ,massachusetts1 especially1 the discontent was very great4 ,the people were angry with the judges for sending men to prison who did not pay their debts4 ,crowds of armed men visited the judges and compelled them to close the courts4 ,the leader in this movement was ,daniel ,shays4 ,he even threatened to seize the ,united ,states ,arsenal at ,springfield4 ,by this time ,governor ,bowdoin and ,general ,lincoln also had gathered a small force of soldiers4 ,in the midst of winter1 through snowstorms and over terrible roads1 ,lincoln marched with his men4 ,he drove ,shays from place to place1 captured his followers1 and put down the rebellion4 ,there were risings in other states1 especially in ,north ,carolina4 ,but ,shays's ,rebellion in ,massachusetts was the most important of them all1 because it convinced the ,new ,englanders that a stronger national government was necessary4 ,illustration3 ,,claims ,,and ,,cessions4 ,sidenote3 ,claims of the states to ,western lands4 ,mc,master1 #aee ,sidenote3 ,hero ,tales1 #ai-bh4 ,sidenote3 ,opposition of ,maryland and of other states4 #agd4 ,claims to ,western ,lands4--,the ,confederation seemed to be falling to pieces4 ,that it did not actually fall to pieces was largely due to the fact that all the states were interested in the settlement of the region northwest of the ,ohio ,river4 ,it will be well to stop a moment and see how this came about4 ,under their old charters ,massachusetts1 ,connecticut1 ,virginia1 ,carolina1 and ,georgia had claims to lands west of the ,alleghanies4 ,between #agfc and #aggf the ,british government had paid slight heed to these claims 7pp4 #ge1 #hi74 ,but ,daniel ,boone and other colonists had settled west of the mountains in what are now the states of ,kentucky and ,tennessee4 ,when the ,revolution began the states having claims to western lands at once put them forward1 and ,new ,york also claimed a right to about one-half of the disputed territory4 ,naturally1 the states that had no claims to these lands had quite different views4 ,the ,marylanders1 for example1 thought that the western lands should be regarded as national territory and used for the common benefit4 ,maryland refused to join the ,confederation until ,new ,york had ceded her claims to the ,united ,states1 and ,virginia had proposed a cession of the territory claimed by her4 ,sidenote3 ,the states cede their claims to the ,united ,states4 ,mc,master1 #aei-afj4 #age4 ,the ,land ,cessions4--,in #aghd ,virginia gave up her claims to the land northwest of the ,ohio ,river with the exception of certain large tracts which she reserved for her veteran soldiers4 ,massachusetts ceded her claims in #aghe4 ,the next year 7#aghf7 ,connecticut gave up her claims4 ,but she reserved a large tract of land directly west of ,pennsylvania4 ,this was called the ,connecticut ,reserve or1 more often1 the ,western ,reserve4 ,south ,carolina and ,north ,carolina ceded their lands in #aghg and #agij1 and finally ,georgia gave up her claims to western lands in #ahjb4 ,sidenote3 ,reasons for the ordinance4 ,sidenote3 ,passage of ,ordinance of #aghg4 ,mc,master1 #afj-afb2 ,source-,book1 #afi-agb4 ,sidenote3 ,passage of ,ordinance of #aghg4 ,mc,master1 #afj-afb2 ,source-,book1 #afi-agb4 #agf4 ,passage of the ,ordinance of #aghg4--,what should be done with the lands which in this way had come into the possession of the people of all the states8 ,it was quite impossible to divide these lands among the people of the thirteen states4 ,they never could have agreed as to the amount due to each state4 ,in #aghe ,congress took the first step4 ,it passed a law or an ordinance for the government of the ,territory ,northwest of the ,ohio ,river4 ,this ordinance was imperfect1 and few persons emigrated to the ,west4 ,there were many persons who wished to emigrate from the old states to the new region4 ,but they were unwilling to go unless they felt sure that they would not be treated by ,congress as the ,british government had treated the people of the original states4 ,dr4 ,cutler of ,massachusetts laid these matters before ,congress and did his work so well that ,congress passed a new ordinance4 ,this was in #aghg4 ,the ordinance is therefore called the ,ordinance of #aghg4 ,it was so well suited to its purpose that nearly all the territories of the ,united ,states have been settled and governed under its provisions4 ,it will be well to study this great document more at length4 ,sidenote3 ,provisions of the ,ordinance of #aghg4 #agg4 ,the ,ordinance of #aghg4--;,in the first place the ordinance provided for the formation of one territory to be called the ,territory ,northwest of the ,ohio4 ,but it is more often called the ,northwest ,territory or simply the ,old ,northwest4 ,at first it was to be governed by the persons appointed by ,congress4 ,but it was further provided that when settlers should arrive in sufficient numbers they should enjoy self-government4 ,when fully settled the territory should be divided into five states4 ,these should be admitted to the ,confederation on a footing of equality with the original states4 ,the settlers in the territory should enjoy full rights of citizenship4 ,education should be encouraged4 ,slavery should never be permitted4 ,this last provision is especially important as it saved the ,northwest to freedom4 ,in this way a new political organization was invented4 ,it was called a territory4 ,it was really a colony2 but it differed from all other colonies because in time it would become a state on a footing of entire equality with the parent states4 ,chapter #ah ,making ,of ,the ,constitution1 #aghg-aghi ,sidenote3 ,weakness of the ,confederation4 ,sidenote3 ,meeting of the ,federal ,convention1 #aghg4 #agh4 ,necessity for a ,new ,government4--,at this very moment a convention was making a constitution to put an end to the ,confederation itself4 ,it was quite clear that something must be done or the states soon would be fighting one another4 ,attempt after attempt had been made to amend the ,articles of ,confederation so as to give ,congress more power4 ,but every attempt had failed because the consent of every state was required to amend the ,articles4 ,and one state or another had objected to every amendment that had been proposed4 ,it was while affairs were in this condition that the ,federal ,convention met at ,philadelphia in ,may1 #aghg4 ,sidenote3 ,james ,madison4 #agi4 ,james ,madison4--,of all the members of the ,convention1 ,james ,madison of ,virginia best deserves the title of ,father of the ,constitution4 ,he drew up the ,virginia plan which was adopted as the basis of the new ,constitution4 ,he spoke convincingly for the plan in the ,convention4 ,he did more than any one else to secure the ratification of the ,constitution by ,virginia4 ,he kept a careful set of ,notes of the debates of the ,convention which show us precisely how the ,constitution was made4 ,with ,alexander ,hamilton and ,john ,jay he wrote a series of papers which is called the ,federalist and is still the best guide to the ,constitution4 ,illustration3 ,,james ,,madison4 ,sidenote3 ,washington ,president of the ,convention4 ,sidenote3 ,franklin4 #ahj4 ,other ,fathers of the ,constitution4--,george ,washington was chosen ,president of the ,convention4 ,he made few speeches4 ,but the speeches that he made were very important4 ,and the mere fact that he approved the ,constitution had a tremendous influence throughout the country4 ,the oldest man in the ,convention was ,benjamin ,franklin4 ,his long experience in politics and in diplomacy with his natural shrewdness had made him an unrivaled manager of men4 ,from all the states came able men4 ,in fact1 with the exception of ,john ,adams1 ,samuel ,adams1 ,patrick ,henry1 and ,thomas ,jefferson1 the strongest men in political life were in the ,federal ,convention4 ,never in the history of the world have so many great political leaders1 learned students of politics1 and shrewd business men gathered together4 ,the result of their labors was the most marvelous product of political wisdom that the world has ever seen4 ,illustration3 ,,the ,,old ,,state ,,house1 ,,philadelphia4 ,meeting place of the ,continental ,congress and of the ,federal ,convention--now called ,independence ,hall4 ,sidenote3 ,the ,virginia plan4 ,sidenote3 ,pinckney's plan4 ,sidenote3 ,vote for a national government4 #aha4 ,plans for a ,national ,government4--,as soon as the ,convention was in working order1 ,governor ,randolph of ,virginia presented ,madison's plan for a national government4 ,charles ,pinckney of ,south ,carolina also brought forward a plan4 ,his scheme was more detailed than was ,madison's plan4 ,but1 like it1 it provided for a government with supreme legislative1 executive1 and judicial powers4 ,on ,may #cj the ,convention voted that a national government ought to be established1 consisting of a supreme ,legislative1 ,executive1 and ,judiciary4 ,it next decided that the legislative department should consist of two houses4 ,but when the delegates began to talk over the details1 they began to disagree4 ,sidenote3 ,the ,new ,jersey plan4 #ahb4 ,disagreement as to ,representation4--,the ,virginia plan proposed that representation in one branch of the new ,congress should be divided among the states according to the amount of money each state paid into the national treasury1 or according to the number of the free inhabitants of each state4 ,the ,delaware delegates at once said that they must withdraw4 ,in ,june ,governor ,patterson of ,new ,jersey brought forward a plan which had been drawn up by the delegates from the smaller states4 ,it is always called1 however1 the ,new ,jersey plan4 ,it proposed simply to amend the ,articles of ,confederation so as to give ,congress more power4 ,after a long debate the ,new ,jersey plan was rejected4 ,illustration3 ,benjamin ,franklin4 ,he snatched the lightning from ,heaven1 and the sceptre from tyrants4--,,turgot4 ,sidenote3 ,representation in the ,house of ,representatives4 ,mc,master1 #afg4 ,sidenote3 ,representation in the ,senate4 #ahc4 ,the ,compromise as to ,representation4--,the discussion now turned on the question of representation in the two houses of ,congress4 ,after a long debate and a good deal of excitement ,benjamin ,franklin and ,roger ,sherman proposed a compromise4 ,this was1 that members of the ,house of ,representatives should be apportioned among the states according to their population and should be elected directly by the people4 ,in the ,senate they proposed that each state1 regardless of size1 population1 or wealth1 should have two members4 ,the ,senators1 representing the states1 would fittingly be chosen by the state legislatures4 ,it was agreed that the states should be equally represented in the ,senate4 ,but it was difficult to reach a conclusion as to the apportionment of representatives in the ,house4 ,sidenote3 ,the federal ratio4 #ahd4 ,compromise as to ,apportionment4--,should the members of the ,house of ,representatives be distributed among the states according to population8 ,at first sight the answer seemed to be perfectly clear4 ,but the real question was1 should slaves who had no vote be counted as a part of the population8 ,it was finally agreed that the slaves should be counted at three-fifths of their real number4 ,this rule was called the federal ratio4 ,the result of this rule was to give the ,southern slave states representation in ,congress out of all proportion to their voting population4 ,sidenote3 ,power of ,congress over commerce4 ,sidenote3 ,restriction as to slave-trade4 #ahe4 ,compromise as to the ,slave-,trade4--,when the subject of the powers to be given to ,congress came to be discussed1 there was even greater excitement4 ,the ,northerners wanted ,congress to have power to regulate commerce4 ,but the ,southerners opposed it because they feared ,congress would use this power to put an end to the slave-trade4 ,john ,rutledge of ,south ,carolina even went so far as to say that unless this question was settled in favor of the slaveholders1 the slave states would not be parties to the ,union4 ,in the end this matter also was compromised by providing that ,congress could not prohibit the slave-trade until #ahjh4 ,these were the three great compromises4 ,but there were compromises on so many smaller points that we cannot even mention them here4 ,illustration3 ,,signing ,,of ,,the ,,constitution1 ,,september #ag1 #aghg4 ,from an early unfinished picture4 ,this shows the arrangement of the room and the sun behind ,washington's chair4 ,sidenote3 ,franklin's prophecy4 #ahf4 ,franklin's ,prophecy4--,it was with a feeling of real relief that the delegates finally came to the end of their labors4 ,as they were putting their names to the ,constitution1 ,franklin pointed to a rising sun that was painted on the wall behind the presiding officer's chair4 ,he said that painters often found it difficult to show the difference between a rising sun and a setting sun4 ,i have often and often1 said the old statesman1 looked at that behind the ,president1 without being able to tell whether it was rising or setting2 but now1 at length1 ,i have the happiness to know that it is a rising and not a setting sun4 ,and so indeed it has proved to be4 ,sidenote3 ,strength of the ,constitution4 ,mc,master1 #afh-afi4 #ahg4 ,the ,constitution4--,it will be well now to note some of the points in which the new ,constitution was unlike the old ,articles of ,confederation4 ,in the first place1 the government of the ,confederation had to do only with the states2 the new government would deal directly with individuals4 ,for instance1 when the old ,congress needed money1 it called on the states to give it4 ,if a state refused to give any money1 ,congress could remonstrate--and that was all4 ,the new government could order individuals to pay taxes4 ,any one who refused to pay his tax would be tried in a ,united ,states court and compelled to pay or go to prison4 ,in the second place the old government had almost no executive powers4 ,the new government would have a very strong executive in the person of the ,president of the ,united ,states4 ,sidenote3 ,interpretation of the ,constitution4 ,sidenote3 ,john ,marshall's decisions4 #ahh4 ,the ,supreme ,court4--,but the greatest difference of all was to be found in the ,supreme ,court of the ,united ,states provided in the ,constitution4 ,the new ,congress would have very large powers of making laws4 ,but the words defining these powers were very hard to understand4 ,it was the duty of the ,supreme ,court to say what these words meant4 ,now the judges of the ,supreme ,court are very independent4 ,it is almost impossible to remove a judge of this court1 and the ,constitution provides that his salary cannot be reduced while he holds office4 ,it fell out that under the lead of ,chief ,justice ,john ,marshall the ,supreme ,court defined the doubtful words in the ,constitution so as to give the greatest amount of power to the ,congress of the ,united ,states4 ,as the laws of the ,united ,states are the supreme laws of the land1 it will be seen how important this action of the ,supreme ,court has been4 ,illustration3 ,,opening ,,lines ,,of ,,the ,,constitution4 ,sidenote3 ,opposition to the ,constitution4 ,source-,book1 #agb-age4 #ahi4 ,objections to the ,constitution4--,the great strength of the ,constitution alarmed many people4 ,patrick ,henry declared that the government under the new ,constitution would be a national government and not a federal government at all4 ,other persons objected to the ,constitution because it took the control of affairs out of the hands of the people4 ,for example1 the ,senators were to be chosen by the state legislatures1 and the ,president was to be elected in a round-about way by presidential electors4 ,others objected to the ,constitution because there was no ,bill of ,rights attached to it4 ,they pointed out1 for instance1 that there was nothing in the ,constitution to prevent ,congress from passing laws to destroy the freedom of the press4 ,finally a great many people objected to the ,constitution because there was no provision in it reserving to the states or to the people those powers that were not expressly given to the new government4 ,illustration3 ,,constitution ,,of ,,the ,,united ,,states4 ,sidenote3 ,opponents of the ,constitution4 ,sidenote3 ,the first ten amendments4 #aij4 ,the ,first ,ten ,amendments4--,these defects seemed to be so grave that patriots like ,patrick ,henry1 ,r4,h4 ,lee1 ,samuel ,adams1 and ,john ,hancock could not bring themselves to vote for its adoption4 ,conventions of delegates were elected by the people of the several states to ratify or to reject the ,constitution4 ,the excitement was intense4 ,it seemed as if the ,constitution would not be adopted4 ,but a way was found out of the difficulty4 ,it was suggested that the conventions should consent to the adoption of the ,constitution1 but should1 at the same time1 propose amendments which would do away with many of these objections4 ,this was done4 ,the first ,congress under the ,constitution and the state legislatures adopted most of these amendments1 and they became a part of the ,constitution4 ,there were ten amendments in all1 and they should be studied as carefully as the ,constitution itself is studied4 ,sidenote3 ,constitution adopted4 ,higginson1 #baf2 ,source-,book1 #age-ahj4 #aia4 ,the ,constitution ,adopted1 #aghg-hh4--;,in ,june1 #aghh1 ,new ,hampshire and ,virginia adopted the ,constitution4 ,they were the ninth and tenth states to take this action4 ,the ,constitution provided that it should go into effect when it should be adopted by nine states1 that is1 of course1 it should go into effect only between those states4 ,preparations were now made for the organization of the new government4 ,but this took some time4 ,washington was unanimously elected ,president1 and was inaugurated in ,april1 #aghi4 ,by that time ,north ,carolina and ,rhode ,island were the only states which had not adopted the ,constitution and come under the ,new ,roof1 as it was called4 ,in a year or two they adopted it also1 and the ,union of the thirteen original states was complete4 ,,questions ,,and ,,topics ,,chapter #ag #afh1 #afi4--;a4 ,what were the chief weaknesses of the ,confederation8 ,why did not ,congress have any real power8 b4 ,how did some states treat other states8 ,why8 #agj-agc4--;a4 ,explain the distress among the people4 b4 ,describe the attitude of the ,british government and give some reason for it4 c4 ,why did the value of paper money keep changing8 d4 ,what were the tender laws8 ,the stay laws8 e4 ,give some illustration of how these laws would affect trade4 #agd4--;a4 ,describe the troubles in ,massachusetts4 b4 ,what was the result of this rebellion8 #age-agh4--;a4 ,what common interest did all the states have8 b4 ,what did ,maryland contend8 ,state carefully the result of ,maryland's action4 ,describe the land cessions4 c4 ,how did the holding these lands benefit the ,united ,states8 d4 ,give the provisions of the ,ordinance of #aghg4 ,what was the result of the declaration as to slaves8 e4 ,what privileges were the settlers to have8 ,why is this ,ordinance so important8 ,,chapter #ah #agi-aha4--;a4 ,what difficulties in the ,united ,states showed the necessity of a stronger government8 b4 ,how could the ,articles of ,confederation be amended8 c4 ,what was the important work of ,madison8 d4 ,what was the advantage of having ,washington act as ,president of the ,convention8 #ahb1 #ahc4--;a4 ,explain fully the provisions of the ,virginia plan4 ,what departments were decided upon8 b4 ,why did ,new ,jersey and ,delaware oppose the ,virginia plan8 ,what were the great objections to the ,new ,jersey plan8 #ahd-ahf4--;a4 ,what is a compromise8 ,what are the three great compromises of the ,constitution8 b4 ,explain the compromise as to representation4 ,what does the ,senate represent8 ,what the ,house8 c4 ,define apportionment4 ,what do you think of the wisdom of the compromise as to apportionment8 ,what of its justice8 d4 ,why was there a conflict over the clause as to commerce8 ,how was the matter settled8 #ahg-ahi4--;a4 ,what events at first seemed to disprove ,franklin's prophecy8 b4 ,compare the ,constitution with the ,articles of ,confederation and show in what respects the ,constitution was much stronger4 c4 ,explain how the new government could control individuals4 d4 ,what were some of the duties of the ,president8 ,of ,congress8 ,of the ,supreme ,court8 #aij-aib4--;a4 ,what is the difference between a national and a federal government8 ,was ,henry's criticism true8 b4 ,study the first ten amendments and state how far they met the objections of those opposed to the ,constitution4 c4 ,repeat the ,tenth ,amendment from memory4 d4 ,how was the ,constitution ratified8 e4 ,how did the choice of ,washington as first ,president influence popular feeling toward the new government8 ,,general ,,questions a4 ,why should the people have shown loyalty to the states rather than to the ,united ,states8 b4 ,analyze the ,constitution as follows3-- ,,executive4 ,,legislative4 ,,judiciary4 ---------------------------------------- -------------------- ,method of ,appointment or ,election4 ---------------------------------------- -------------------- ,term of ,office4 ---------------------------------------- -------------------- ,duties and ,powers4 ---------------------------------------- -------------------- ,,topics ,,for ,,special ,,work ,the career of any one man prominent in the ,convention1 as ,madison1 ,hamilton1 ,franklin1 ,washington1 ,robert ,morris1 etc4 ,write a brief biography4 ,,suggestions ,,to ,,the ,,teacher ,this period should be taught very slowly and very thoroughly1 as it demands much more time than any of the earlier periods4 ,a clear understanding of the ,constitution is of the most practical value1 not merely to enable one to comprehend the later history1 but also to enable one to understand present duties4 ,note carefully the federal ratio and the functions of the ,supreme ,court4 ,use the text of the ,constitution and emphasize especially those portions of importance in the later history4 ,this work is difficult4 ,it should therefore be most fully illustrated from recent political struggles4 ,let the children represent characters in the ,convention and discuss the various plans proposed4 ,encourage them also to suggest transactions which might represent the working of the tender laws1 the commercial warfare between the states1 the federal ratio etc4 ,especially study the first ten amendments and show how they limit the power of the general government to-day4 ,illustration3 ,,territorial ,,acquisitions #aghc-ahec4 ,for later acquisitions see ,map facing page #cig4 ,,vii ,,the ,,federalist ,,supremacy1 #aghi-ahja ,books for ,study and ,reading ,references4--,higginson's ,larger ,history1 #cji-cdd2 ,eggleston's ,united ,states and its ,people ch4 xxxiv 7the people in #agij72 ,mc,master's ,school ,history1 ch4 xiv 7the people in #agij74 ,home ,readings4--,drake's ,making of the ,west2 ,scribner's ,popular ,history1 ,,iv2 ,coffin's ,building the ,nation2 ,bolton's ,famous ,americans2 ,holmes's ,ode on ,washington's ,birthday2 ,seawell's ,little ,jarvis4 ,,chapter #ai ,,organization ,,of ,,the ,,government ,sidenote3 ,the first way of electing ,president4 ,constitution1 ,art4 ,,ii1 ,i2 ,mc,master1 #agj-aga4 ,sidenote3 ,washington and ,adams4 #aib4 ,washington elected ,president4--,in the early years under the ,constitution the ,presidents and ,vice-,presidents were elected in the following manner4 ,first each state chose presidential electors usually by vote of its legislature4 ,then the electors of each state came together and voted for two persons without saying which of the two should be ,president4 ,when all the electoral votes were counted1 the person having the largest number1 provided that was more than half of the whole number of electoral votes1 was declared ,president4 ,the person having the next largest number became ,vice-,president4 ,at the first election every elector voted for ,washington4 ,john ,adams received the next largest number of votes and became ,vice-,president4 ,illustration3 ,,federal ,,hall1 #agig4 ,washington took the oath of office on the balcony4 ,sidenote3 ,washington's journey to ,new ,york4 ,higginson1 #bag-bah4 #aic4 ,washington's ,journey to ,new ,york4--,at ten o'clock in the morning of ,april #ad1 #aghi1 ,washington left ,mt4 ,vernon and set out for ,new ,york4 ,wherever he passed the people poured forth to greet him4 ,at ,trenton1 ,new ,jersey1 a triumphal arch had been erected4 ,the school girls strewed flowers in his path and sang an ode written for the occasion4 ,a barge manned by thirteen pilots met him at the water's edge and bore him safely to ,new ,york4 ,sidenote3 ,washington inaugurated ,president1 #aghi4 ,source-,book1 #aha-ahc4 ,sidenote3 ,the oath of office4 #aid4 ,the ,first ,inauguration1 ,april #cj1 #aghi4--,long before the time set for the inauguration ceremonies1 the streets around ,federal ,hall were closely packed with sightseers4 ,washington in a suit of velvet with white silk stockings came out on the balcony and took the oath of office ordered in the ,constitution1 ,i will faithfully execute the office of ,president of the ,united ,states1 and will to the best of my ,ability preserve1 protect1 and defend the ,constitution of the ,united ,states4 ,cannon roared forth a salute and ,chancellor ,livingston turning to the people proclaimed1 ,long live ,george ,washington1 ,president of the ,united ,states4 ,rentering the hall ,washington read a simple and solemn address4 ,sidenote3 ,jefferson1 ,secretary of ,state4 ,sidenote3 ,hamilton1 ,secretary of the ,treasury4 ,eggleston1 #bae4 ,sidenote3 ,knox1 ,secretary of ,war4 ,sidenote3 ,randolph1 ,attorney-,general4 #aie4 ,the ,first ,cabinet4--,washington appointed ,thomas ,jefferson ,secretary of ,state4 ,since writing the ,great ,declaration1 ,jefferson had been governor of ,virginia and ,american minister at ,paris4 ,the ,secretary of the ,treasury was ,alexander ,hamilton4 ,born in the ,british ,west ,indies1 he had come to ,new ,york to attend ,king's ,college1 now ,columbia ,university4 ,for ,secretary of ,war1 ,washington selected ,henry ,knox4 ,he had been ,chief of ,artillery during the ,revolution4 ,since then he had been head of the ,war ,department4 ,edward ,randolph became ,attorney ,general4 ,he had introduced the ,virginia plan of union into the ,federal ,convention4 ,but he had not signed the ,constitution in its final form4 ,these four officers formed the ,cabinet4 ,there was also a ,postmaster ,general4 ,but his office was of slight importance at the time4 ,illustration3 ,,washington',s ,,writing-,,table ,sidenote3 ,federal ,officers4 ,sidenote3 ,jay1 ,chief ,justice4 #aif4 ,appointments to ,office4--,the ,president now appointed the necessary officers to execute the national laws4 ,these were mostly men who had been prominent in the ,revolutionary ,war4 ,for instance1 ,john ,jay 7p4 #abf7 was appointed ,chief ,justice of the ,supreme ,court1 and ,general ,lincoln 7p4 #acd7 was appointed ,collector of ,customs at ,boston4 ,it was in having officers of its own to carry out its laws1 that the new government seemed to the people to be so unlike the old government4 ,formerly if ,congress wanted anything done1 it called on the states to do it4 ,now ,congress1 by law1 authorized the ,united ,states officials to do their tasks4 ,the difference was a very great one1 and it took the people some time to realize what a great change had been made4 ,sidenote3 ,titles4 ,higginson1 #bbb4 #aig4 ,the ,question of ,titles4--,the first fiercely contested debate in the new ,congress was over the question of titles4 ,john ,adams1 the ,vice-,president and the presiding officer of the ,senate1 began the conflict by asking the ,senate how he should address the ,president4 ,one senator suggested that the ,president should be entitled ,his ,patriotic ,majesty4 ,other senators proposed that he should be addressed as ,your ,highness1 the ,president of the ,united ,states and ,protector of their ,liberties4 ,fortunately1 the ,house of ,representatives had the first chance to address ,washington and simply called him ,mr4 ,president of the ,united ,states4 ,sidenote3 ,ceremonies4 ,higginson1 #bbb-bbd4 ,sidenote3 ,monarchical appearances4 #aih4 ,ceremonies and ,progresses4--,washington liked a good deal of ceremony and was stiff and aristocratic4 ,he soon gave receptions or levees as they were called4 ,to these only persons who had tickets were admitted4 ,washington stood on one side of the room and bowed stiffly to each guest as he was announced4 ,when all were assembled1 the entrance doors were closed4 ,the ,president then slowly walked around the room1 saying something pleasant to each person4 ,in #aghi he made a journey through ,new ,england4 ,everywhere he was received by guards of honor1 and was splendidly entertained4 ,at one place an old man greeted him with ,god bless ,your ,majesty4 ,this was all natural enough1 for ,washington was first in the hearts of his countrymen4 ,but many good men were afraid that the new government would really turn out to be a monarchy4 ,sidenote3 ,struggle over protection1 #aghi4 ,source-,book1 #ahc-ahf4 #aii4 ,first ,tariff ,act1 #aghi4--,the first important business that ,congress took in hand was a bill for raising revenue1 and a lively debate began4 ,representatives from ,new ,england and the ,middle states wanted protection for their commerce and their struggling manufactures4 ,representatives from the ,southern states opposed all protective duties as harmful to agriculture1 which was the only important pursuit of the ,southerners4 ,but the ,southerners would have been glad to have a duty placed on hemp4 ,this the ,new ,englanders opposed because it would increase the cost of rigging ships4 ,the ,pennsylvanians were eager for a duty on iron and steel4 ,but the ,new ,englanders opposed this duty because it would add to the cost of building a ship1 and the ,southerners opposed it because it would increase the cost of agricultural tools4 ,and so it was as to nearly every duty that was proposed4 ,but duties must be laid1 and the only thing that could be done was to compromise in every direction4 ,each section got something that it wanted1 gave up a great deal that it wanted1 and agreed to something that it did not want at all4 ,and so it has been with every tariff act from that day to this4 ,sidenote3 ,the first census4 ,sidenote3 ,extent of the ,united ,states1 #agia4 ,sidenote3 ,population of the ,united ,states1 #agia4 #bjj4 ,the ,first ,census1 #agia4--,the ,constitution provided that representatives should be distributed among the states according to population as modified by the federal ratio 7p4 #adb74 ,to do this it was necessary to find out how many people there were in each state4 ,in #agia the first census was taken4 ,by that time both ,north ,carolina and ,rhode ,island had joined the ,union1 and ,vermont had been admitted as the fourteenth state4 ,it appeared that there were nearly four million people in the ,united ,states1 or not as many as one hundred years later lived around the shores of ,new ,york harbor4 ,there were then about seven hundred thousand slaves in the country4 ,of these only fifty thousand were in the states north of ,maryland4 ,the country1 therefore1 was already divided into two sections3 one where slavery was of little importance1 and another where it was of great importance4 ,sidenote3 ,vermont admitted1 #agia4 ,sidenote3 ,higginson #bbi4 ,sidenote3 ,kentucky admitted1 #agib4 ,higginson1 #bbd-bcj4 #bja4 ,new ,states4--,the first new state to be admitted to the ,union was ,vermont 7#agia74 ,the land which formed this state was claimed by ,new ,hampshire and by ,new ,york4 ,but during the ,revolution the ,green ,mountain ,boys had declared themselves independent and had drawn up a constitution4 ,they now applied to ,congress for admission to the ,union as a separate state4 ,the next year ,kentucky came into the ,union4 ,this was originally a part of ,virginia1 and the colonists had brought their slaves with them to their new homes4 ,kentucky1 therefore1 was a slave state4 ,vermont was a free state1 and its constitution forbade slavery4 ,illustration3 ,,center ,,of ,,population ,sidenote3 ,origin of the ,national ,debt4 ,for details1 see ,mc,master1 #aih-bjj4 ,sidenote3 ,bonds4 #bjb4 ,the ,national ,debt4--,the ,national ,debt was the price of independence4 ,during the war ,congress had been too poor to pay gold and silver for what it needed to carry on the war4 ,so it had given promises to pay at some future time4 ,these promises to pay were called by various names as bonds1 certificates of indebtedness1 and paper money4 ,taken all together they formed what was called the ,domestic ,debt1 because it was owed to persons living in the ,united ,states4 ,there was also a ,foreign ,debt4 ,this was owed to the ,king of ,france and to other foreigners who had lent money to the ,united ,states4 ,sidenote3 ,hamilton as a financier4 ,sidenote3 ,his plan4 ,sidenote3 ,objections to it4 #bjc4 ,hamilton's ,financial ,policy4--,alexander ,hamilton was the ablest ,secretary of the ,treasury the ,united ,states has ever had4 ,to give people confidence in the new government1 he proposed to redeem the old certificates and bonds1 dollar for dollar1 in new bonds4 ,to this plan there was violent objection4 ,most of the original holders of the certificates and bonds had sold them long ago4 ,they were now mainly held by speculators who had paid about thirty or forty cents for each dollar4 ,why should the speculator get one dollar for that which had cost him only thirty or forty cents8 ,hamilton insisted that his plan was the only way to place the public credit on a firm foundation1 and it was finally adopted4 ,illustration3 ,,alexander ,,hamilton4 ,he smote the rock of the national resources and abundant streams of revenue gushed forth4 ,he touched the dead corpse of the public credit and it sprang upon its feet4--,,webster4 ,sidenote3 ,the state debts4 ,source-,book1 #ahf-ahh4 ,sidenote3 ,hamilton's plan of assumption4 ,sidenote3 ,objections to it4 ,sidenote3 ,failure of the bill4 #bjd4 ,assumption of ,state ,debts4--,a further part of ,hamilton's original scheme aroused even greater opposition4 ,during the ,revolutionary ,war the states1 too1 had become heavily in debt4 ,they had furnished soldiers and supplies to ,congress4 ,some of them had undertaken expeditions at their own expense4 ,virginia1 for example1 had borne all the cost of ,clark's conquest of the ,northwest 7p4 #aaf74 ,she had later ceded nearly all her rights in the conquered territory to the ,united ,states 7p4 #ace74 ,these debts had been incurred for the benefit of the people as a whole4 ,would it not then be fair for the people of the ,united ,states as a whole to pay them8 ,hamilton thought that it would4 ,it chanced1 however1 that the ,northern states had much larger debts than had the ,southern states4 ,one result of ,hamilton's scheme would be to relieve the ,northern states of a part of their burdens and to increase the burdens of the ,southern states4 ,the ,southerners1 therefore1 were strongly opposed to the plan4 ,the ,north ,carolina representatives reached ,new ,york just in time to vote against it1 and that part of ,hamilton's plan was defeated4 ,illustration3 ,,an ,,old ,,stagecoach4 ,the house was built in ,lincoln ,county1 ,kentucky1 in #aghc4 ,sidenote3 ,question of the site of the national capital4 ,sidenote3 ,jefferson and ,hamilton4 ,sidenote3 ,the ,district of ,columbia4 #bje4 ,the ,national ,capital4--,in these days of fast express trains it makes little difference whether one is going to ,philadelphia or to ,baltimore--only a few hours more or less in a comfortable railroad car4 ,but in #agia it made a great deal of difference whether one were going to ,philadelphia or to ,baltimore4 ,traveling was especially hard in the ,south4 ,there were few roads or taverns in that part of the country1 and those few were bad4 ,the ,southerners were anxious to have the national capital as far south as possible4 ,they were also opposed to the assumption of the state debts by the national government4 ,now it happened that the ,northerners were in favor of the assumption of the debts and did not care very much where the national capital might be4 ,in the end ,jefferson and ,hamilton made a deal1 the first of its kind in our history4 ,enough ,southerners voted for the assumption bill to pass it4 ,the ,northerners1 on their part1 agreed that the temporary seat of government should be at ,philadelphia1 and the permanent seat of government on the ,potomac4 ,virginia and ,maryland at once ceded enough land to form a federal district4 ,this was called the ,district of ,columbia4 ,soon preparations were begun to build a capital city there--the city of ,washington4 ,illustration3 ,a ,,lady ,,of ,,the ,,republican ,,court4 ,sidenote3 ,hamilton's plan for a ,united ,states bank4 ,mc,master1 #bja ,sidenote3 ,jefferson's argument against it4 ,sidenote3 ,the bank established4 #bjf4 ,the ,first ,bank of the ,united ,states4--,two parts of ,hamilton's plan were now adopted4 ,to the third part of his scheme there was even more opposition4 ,this was the establishment of a great ,bank of the ,united ,states4 ,the government in #agij had no place in which to keep its money4 ,instead of establishing government treasuries1 ,hamilton wanted a great national bank1 controlled by the government4 ,this bank could establish branches in important cities4 ,the government's money could be deposited at any of these branches and could be paid out by checks sent from the ,treasury4 ,furthermore1 people could buy a part of the stock of the bank with the new bonds of the ,united ,states4 ,this would make people more eager to own the bonds1 and so would increase their price4 ,for all these reasons ,hamilton thought the bank would be very useful1 and therefore necessary and proper for the carrying out of the powers given by the ,constitution to the national government4 ,jefferson1 however1 thought that the words necessary and proper meant necessary and not useful4 ,the bank was not necessary according to the ordinary use of the word4 ,congress therefore had no business to establish it4 ,after thinking the matter over1 ,washington signed the bill and it became a law4 ,but ,jefferson had sounded the alarm4 ,many persons agreed with him1 many others agreed with ,hamilton4 ,two great political parties were formed and began the contest for power that has been going on ever since4 ,,chapter #bj ,,rise ,,of ,,political ,,parties ,sidenote3 ,formation of the ,federalist party4 ,mc,master1 #bjb4 #bjg4 ,the ,federalists4--,there were no political parties in the ,united ,states in #aghi4 ,all the leading men were anxious to give the new ,constitution a fair trial4 ,even ,patrick ,henry supported ,washington4 ,many men1 as ,alexander ,hamilton and ,gouverneur ,morris1 believed a monarchy to be the best form of government4 ,but they saw clearly that the ,american people would not permit a monarchy to be established4 ,so they supported the ,constitution although they thought that it was a frail and worthless fabric4 ,but they wished to establish the strongest possible government that could be established under the ,constitution4 ,this they could do by defining in the broadest way the doubtful words in the ,constitution as ,hamilton had done in the controversy over the bank charter 7p4 #afb74 ,hamilton had little confidence in the wisdom of the plain people4 ,he believed it would be safer to rely on the richer classes4 ,so he and his friends wished to give to the central government and to the richer classes the greatest possible amount of power4 ,those who believed as ,hamilton believed called themselves ,federalists4 ,in reality they were ,nationalists4 ,sidenote3 ,formation of the ,republican party4 #bjh4 ,the ,republicans4--,thomas ,jefferson1 ,james ,madison1 ,albert ,gallatin1 and their friends entirely disagreed with the ,federalists on all of these points4 ,they called themselves ,republicans4 ,in the ,great ,declaration ,jefferson had written that government rested on the consent of the governed4 ,he also thought that the common sense of the plain people was a safer guide than the wisdom of the richer classes4 ,he was indignant at the way in which ,hamilton defined the meaning of phrases in the ,constitution4 ,he especially relied on the words of the ,tenth ,amendment4 ,this amendment provided that all powers not delegated to the ,united ,states by the ,constitution nor prohibited by it to the states are reserved to the states respectively or to the people4 ,jefferson thought that phrases like not delegated and necessary and proper should be understood in their ordinary meanings4 ,he now determined to arouse public opinion4 ,he once declared that if he had to choose between having a government and having a newspaper press1 he should prefer the newspaper press4 ,he established a newspaper devoted to his principles and began a violent and determined attack on the ,federalists1 calling them monarchists4 ,these disputes became especially violent in the treatment of the questions which grew out of the ,french ,revolution4 ,sidenote3 ,the ,french ,revolution1 #aghi4 #bji4 ,the ,french ,revolution4--,in #aghi the ,french people rose against their government4 ,in #agib they imprisoned their king and queen4 ,in #agic they beheaded them1 and set up a republic4 ,the monarchs of ,europe made common cause against this spirit of revolution4 ,they made war on the ,french ,republic and began a conflict which soon spread to all parts of the world4 ,sidenote3 ,effect of the ,french ,revolution on ,american politics4 ,mc,master1 #bjf-bjg4 ,sidenote3 ,federalists and ,republicans4 #baj4 ,the ,french ,revolution and ,american ,politics4--,jefferson and his political friends rejoiced at the overthrow of the ,french monarchy and the setting up of the ,republic4 ,it seemed as if ,american ideas had spread to ,europe4 ,soon ,jefferson's followers began to ape the manners of the ,french revolutionists4 ,they called each other ,citizen this and ,citizen that4 ,reports of ,french victories were received with rejoicing4 ,at ,boston an ox1 roasted whole1 bread1 and punch were distributed to the people in the streets1 and cakes stamped with the ,french watchwords1 ,liberty and ,equality1 were given to the children4 ,but1 while the ,republicans were rejoicing over the downfall of the ,french monarchy1 the ,federalists were far from being happy4 ,hamilton had no confidence in government by the people anywhere4 ,washington1 with his aristocratic ideas1 did not at all like the way the ,republicans were acting4 ,he said little on the subject1 but ,lady ,washington expressed her mind freely and spoke of ,jefferson's followers as filthy ,democrats4 ,sidenote3 ,genet at ,charleston4 ,sidenote3 ,his contest with the government4 #baa4 ,citizen ,genet4--,the new ,french government soon sent an agent or minister to the ,united ,states4 ,he was the ,citizen ,genet4 ,he landed at ,charleston1 ,south ,carolina4 ,he fitted out privateers to prey on ,british commerce and then set out overland for ,philadelphia4 ,washington had recently made a tour through the ,south4 ,but even he had not been received with the enthusiasm that greeted ,genet4 ,but when ,genet reached ,philadelphia1 and began to confer with ,jefferson about getting help from the government1 he found little except delay1 trouble1 and good advice4 ,jefferson especially tried to warn ,genet not to be over confident4 ,but ,genet would not listen4 ,he even appealed to the people against ,washington1 and the people rallied to the defense of the ,president4 ,soon another and wiser ,french minister came to the ,united ,states4 ,sidenote3 ,the ,treaty of ,alliance of #aggh4 ,sidenote3 ,the ,neutrality ,proclamation1 #agic4 #bab4 ,the ,neutrality ,proclamation1 #agic4--,washington and his advisers had a very difficult question to settle4 ,for the ,treaty of #aggh with ,france 7p4 #aae7 gave to ,french ships the use of ,united ,states ports in war time1 and closed those ports to the enemies of ,france4 ,the treaty might also oblige the ,united ,states to make war on ,great ,britain in order to preserve the ,french ,west ,india ,islands to ,france4 ,it was quite certain1 at all events1 that if ,french warships were allowed to use ,american ports1 and ,british warships were not allowed to do so1 ,great ,britain would speedily make war on the ,united ,states4 ,the treaty had been made with the ,king of ,france4 ,could it not be set aside on the ground that there was no longer a ,french monarchy8 ,washington at length made up his mind to regard it as suspended1 owing to the confusion which existed in ,france4 ,he therefore issued a ,proclamation of ,neutrality4 ,in this proclamation he warned all citizens not to aid either of the fighting nations4 ,it was in this way that ,washington began the policy of keeping the ,united ,states out of ,european conflicts 7p4 #bbd74 ,sidenote3 ,internal revenue taxes4 ,sidenote3 ,the ,whiskey ,rebellion1 #agid4 ,mc,master1 #bjc-bjd4 #bac4 ,the ,whiskey ,insurrection1 #agid4--,the increasing expenses of the government made new taxes necessary4 ,among the new taxes was an internal revenue tax on whiskey4 ,it happened that this tax bore heavily on the farmers of western ,carolina and western ,pennsylvania4 ,the farmers of those regions could not take their grain to the seaboard because the roads were bad and the distance was great4 ,so they made it into whiskey1 which could be carried to the seaboard and sold at a profit4 ,the new tax on whiskey would make it more difficult for these western farmers to earn a living and to support their families4 ,they refused to pay it4 ,they fell upon the tax collectors and drove them away4 ,washington sent commissioners to explain matters to them4 ,but the farmers paid no heed to the commissioners4 ,the ,president then called out fifteen thousand militia-men and sent them to western ,pennsylvania1 under the command of ,henry ,lee1 governor of ,virginia4 ,the rebellious farmers yielded without fighting4 ,two of the leaders were convicted of treason4 ,but ,washington pardoned them1 and the conflict ended there4 ,the new government had shown its strength1 and had compelled people to obey the laws4 ,that in itself was a very great thing to have done4 ,sidenote3 ,relations with ,great ,britain4 ,mc,master1 #bjg-bji2 ,source-,book1 #ahh-aij4 ,sidenote3 ,jay's ,treaty1 #agid4 #bad4 ,jay's ,treaty1 #agid4--;,ever since #aghc there had been trouble with the ,british4 ,they had not surrendered the posts on the ,great ,lakes1 as the treaty of #aghc required them to do4 ,they had oppressed ,american commerce4 ,the ,american states also had broken the treaty by making laws to prevent the collection of debts due to ,british subjects by ,american citizens4 ,the ,congress of the ,confederation had been too weak to compel either the ,british government or the ,american states to obey the treaty4 ,but the new government was strong enough to make treaties respected at home and abroad4 ,washington sent ,chief ,justice ,john ,jay to ,london to negotiate a new treaty4 ,he found the ,british government very hard to deal with4 ,at last he made a treaty4 ,but there were many things in it which were not at all favorable to the ,united ,states4 ,for instance1 it provided that cotton should not be exported from the ,united ,states1 and that ,american commerce with the ,british ,west ,indies should be greatly restricted4 ,sidenote3 ,contest over ratification of ,jay's ,treaty1 #agie4 #bae4 ,ratification of ,jay's ,treaty1 #agie4--;,after a long discussion the ,senate voted to ratify the treaty without these two clauses4 ,in the ,house of ,representatives there was a fierce debate4 ,for although the ,house has nothing to do with ratifying treaties1 it has a great deal to do with voting money4 ,and money was needed to carry out this treaty4 ,at last the ,house voted the necessary money4 ,the ,british surrendered the posts on the ,great ,lakes1 and the debts due to ,british subjects were paid4 ,many people were very angry with ,jay and with ,washington for making this treaty4 ,stuffed figures of ,jay were hanged1 and ,washington was attacked in the papers as if he had been a common pickpocket--to use his own words4 ,illustration3 ,,southern ,,boundary ,,of ,,united ,,states #agie ,sidenote3 ,treaty with ,spain1 #agie4 ,sidenote3 ,right of deposit4 #baf4 ,the ,spanish ,treaty of #agie4--;,france and ,great ,britain were not the only countries with which there was trouble4 ,the ,spaniards held posts on the ,mississippi1 within the limits of the ,united ,states and refused to give them up4 ,for a hundred miles the ,mississippi flowed through ,spanish territory4 ,in those days1 before steam railroads connected the ,ohio valley with the ,eastern seacoast1 the farmers of ,kentucky and ,tennessee sent their goods by boat or raft down the ,mississippi to ,new ,orleans4 ,at that city they were placed on sea-going vessels and carried to the markets of the world4 ,the ,spaniards refused to let this commerce be carried on4 ,in #agie1 however1 they agreed to abandon the posts and to permit ,american goods to be deposited at ,new ,orleans while awaiting shipment by sea-going vessels4 ,sidenote3 ,washington declines a third term4 ,sidenote3 ,his ,farewell ,address4 #bag4 ,washington's ,farewell ,address4--,in #agib ,washington had been relected ,president4 ,in #agif there would be a new election1 and ,washington declined another nomination4 ,he was disgusted with the tone of public life and detested party politics1 and desired to pass the short remainder of his life in quiet at ,mt4 ,vernon4 ,he announced his intention to retire in a ,farewell ,address1 which should be read and studied by every ,american4 ,in it he declared the ,union to be the main pillar of independence1 prosperity1 and liberty4 ,public credit must be carefully maintained1 and the ,united ,states should have as little as possible to do with ,european affairs4 ,in declining a third term as ,president1 ,washington set an example which has ever since been followed4 ,,chapter #ba ,,the ,,last ,,federalist ,,administration ,sidenote3 ,hamilton's intrigues against ,adams4 ,sidenote3 ,adams elected1 ,president1 #agif4 #bah4 ,john ,adams elected ,president1 #agif4--;,in #agif ,john ,adams was the ,federalist candidate for ,president4 ,his rival was ,thomas ,jefferson1 the founder and chief of the ,republican party4 ,alexander ,hamilton was the real leader of the ,federalists1 and he disliked ,adams4 ,thomas ,pinckney was the ,federalist candidate for ,vice-,president4 ,hamilton suggested a plan which he thought would lead to the election of ,pinckney as ,president instead of ,adams4 ,but ,hamilton's scheme did not turn out very well4 ,for by it ,jefferson was elected ,vice-,president4 ,indeed1 he came near being ,president1 for he had only three less electoral votes than ,adams4 ,sidenote3 ,relations with ,france1 #agif-ig4 ,mc,master1 #baj-bab2 ,source-,book1 #aia-aid4 ,sidenote3 ,the ,french government declines to receive an ,american minister4 #bai4 ,more ,trouble with ,france4--,france was now 7#agif-ig7 governed by five chiefs of the ,revolution1 who called themselves the ,directory4 ,they were very angry when they heard of ,jay's ,treaty 7p4 #afh71 for they had hoped that the ,americans would make war on the ,british4 ,james ,monroe was then ,american minister at ,paris4 ,instead of doing all he could to smooth over this difficulty1 he urged on the wrath of the ,directory4 ,washington recalled ,monroe1 and sent in his stead ,general ,charles ,cotesworth ,pinckney of ,south ,carolina4 ,the ,directory promptly refused to receive ,pinckney1 and ordered him to leave ,france4 ,news of this action of the ,directory reached ,philadelphia three days after ,adams's inauguration4 ,sidenote3 ,adams's message1 #agig4 ,sidenote3 ,a commission sent to ,france1 #agig4 ,sidenote3 ,the ,x4,y4,z4 ,affair1 #agig-ih4 #bbj4 ,the ,x4,y4,z4 ,affair1 #agig-ih4--;,adams at once summoned ,congress and addressed the members in stirring words4 ,he denied that the ,americans were a degraded people1 humiliated under a colonial sense of fear 444 and regardless of national honor1 character1 and interest4 ,it seemed best1 however1 to make one more effort to avoid war4 ,adams therefore sent ,john ,marshall1 a ,virginia ,federalist1 and ,elbridge ,gerry1 a ,massachusetts ,republican1 to ,france4 ,they were to join ,pinckney and together were to negotiate with the ,french ,directory4 ,when they reached ,paris three men came to see them4 ,these men said that ,america 7#a7 must apologize for the ,president's vigorous words1 7#b7 must lend money to ,france1 and 7#c7 must bribe the ,directory and the ,minister of ,foreign ,affairs4 ,these outrageous suggestions were emphatically put aside4 ,in sending the papers to ,congress1 the three men were called ,mr4 ,x41 ,mr4 ,y41 and ,mr4 ,z41 so the incident is always known as the ,x4,y4,z4 ,affair4 ,sidenote3 ,excitement in ,america4 #bba4 ,indignation in ,america4--,federalists and ,republicans joined in indignation4 ,millions for defense1 not one cent for tribute1 was the cry of the day4 ,french flags were everywhere torn down4 ,hail ,columbia was everywhere sung4 ,adams declared that he would not send another minister to ,france until he was assured that the representative of the ,united ,states would be received as the representative of a great1 free1 powerful1 and independent state4 ,sidenote3 ,washington appointed ,commander-in-chief4 ,hamilton and ,adams4 ,sidenote3 ,the navy4 ,sidenote3 ,naval warfare1 #agih-ii4 ,mc,master1 #bac-bad4 #bbb4 ,war with ,france1 #agig-ih4--,the organization of a provisional army was now at once begun4 ,washington accepted the chief command on condition that ,hamilton should have the second place4 ,there were already a few vessels in the navy4 ,a ,navy ,department was now organized4 ,the building of more warships was begun1 and merchant vessels were bought and converted into cruisers4 ,french privateers sailed along the ,american coasts and captured ,american vessels off the entrances of the principal harbors4 ,but this did not last long4 ,for the ,american warships drove the privateers to the ,west ,indies and pursued them as they fled southward4 ,soon the ,american cruisers began to capture ,french men-of-war4 ,captain ,truxton1 in the ,constellation1 captured the ,french frigate ,l',insurgent4 ,many other ,french vessels were captured1 and preparations were made to carry on the naval war even more vigorously when a treaty with ,france was signed4 ,sidenote3 ,another commission sent to ,france4 ,sidenote3 ,the treaty of #ahjj4 #bbc4 ,treaty with ,france1 #ahjj4--,this vigor convinced the ,french that they had been hasty in their treatment of the ,americans4 ,they now said that if another minister were sent to ,france1 he would be honorably received4 ,adams wished to send one of the ,american ministers then in ,europe1 and thus end the dispute as soon as possible4 ,but the other ,federalist leaders thought that it would be better to wait until ,france sent a minister to the ,united ,states4 ,finally they consented to the appointment of three commissioners4 ,napoleon ,bonaparte was now the ruler of ,france4 ,he received the commissioners honorably1 and a treaty was soon signed4 ,on two points1 however1 he refused to give way4 ,he declined to pay for ,american property seized by the ,french1 and he insisted that the treaty of #aggh 7pp4 #aae1 #aff7 was still binding on both countries4 ,it was finally agreed that the ,americans should give up their claims for damages1 and the ,french government should permit the treaty to be annulled4 ,john ,adams always looked upon this peaceful ending of the dispute with ,france as the most prudent and successful act of his whole life4 ,but ,hamilton and other ,federalists thought it was treachery to the party4 ,they set to work to prevent his relection to the presidency4 ,sidenote3 ,repressive ,laws4 ,mc,master1 #baa-bab4 ,sidenote3 ,the naturalization act4 ,sidenote3 ,the alien acts4 ,sidenote3 ,the ,sedition ,act4 #bbd4 ,alien and ,sedition ,acts1 #agih4--,the ,federalists1 even if they had been united1 would probably have been defeated in the election of #ahjj4 ,for they had misused their power to pass several very foolish laws4 ,the first of these laws was the ,naturalization ,act4 ,it lengthened the time of residence in the ,united ,states from five to fourteen years before a foreign immigrant could gain the right to vote4 ,this law bore very harshly on the ,republicans1 because most of the immigrants were ,republicans4 ,other laws1 called the ,alien ,acts1 were also aimed at the ,republican immigrants4 ,these laws gave the ,president power to compel immigrants to leave the ,united ,states1 or to live in certain places that he named4 ,the worst law of all was the ,sedition ,act4 ,this was aimed against the writers and printers of ,republican newspapers4 ,it provided that any one who attacked the government in the press should be severely punished as a seditious person4 ,several trials were held under this law4 ,every trial made hundreds of persons determined to vote for the ,republican candidate at the next election4 ,sidenote3 ,virginia and ,kentucky ,resolutions #agih-ii4 ,mc,master1 #bab-bac4 ,sidenote3 ,jefferson and ,madison on the ,constitution4 ,sidenote3 ,the ,kentucky ,resolutions of #agii4 #bbe4 ,virginia and ,kentucky ,resolutions1 #agih-ii4--;,in the exciting years before the ,revolutionary ,war the colonial legislatures had passed many resolutions condemning the acts of the ,british government 7see pp4 #gg1 #hd74 ,following this example ,jefferson and ,madison now brought it about that the ,virginia and ,kentucky legislatures passed resolutions against the ,alien and ,sedition ,acts4 ,they declared that the ,constitution was a compact between the states4 ,it followed from this that any state could determine for itself whether any act of ,congress were constitutional or not4 ,it followed from1 this1 again1 that any state could refuse to permit an ,act of ,congress to be enforced within its limits4 ,in other words1 any state could make null or nullify any ,act of ,congress that it saw fit to oppose4 ,this last conclusion was found only in the ,kentucky ,resolutions of #agii4 ,but ,jefferson wrote to this effect in the original draft of the ,kentucky ,resolutions of #agih4 ,the ,virginia and ,kentucky ,resolutions called the voter's attention to the ,federalist abuse of power and did much to form public opinion4 ,sidenote3 ,death of ,washington1 #agii4 #bbf4 ,death of ,washington1 #agii4--;,in the midst of this excitement ,george ,washington died4 ,people forgot how strongly he had taken the ,federalist side in the last few years1 and united to do honor to his memory4 ,henry ,lee spoke for the nation when he declared that ,washington was first in war1 first in peace1 and first in the hearts of his countrymen4 ,to this day1 we commemorate ,washington's birthday as we do that of no other man1 though of late years we have begun to keep ,lincoln's birthday also4 ,sidenote3 ,election of #ahjj4 ,mc,master1 #bae4 ,sidenote3 ,jefferson and ,burr4 ,sidenote3 ,the election in the ,house of ,representatives4 #bbg4 ,election of #ahjj4--;,it was for a moment only that the noise of party conflict was hushed by the death of ,america's first ,president4 ,the strife soon began anew4 ,indeed1 the election of #ahjj was fought with a vigor and violence unknown before1 and scarcely exceeded since4 ,john ,adams was the ,federalist candidate1 and he was defeated4 ,jefferson and ,burr1 the ,republican candidates1 each received seventy-three electoral votes4 ,but which of them should be ,president8 ,the ,republican voters clearly wished ,jefferson to be ,president4 ,but the ,federalists had a majority in the ,house of ,representatives4 ,they had a clear legal right to elect ,burr ,president4 ,but to do that would be to do what was morally wrong4 ,after a useless struggle the ,federalists permitted ,jefferson to be chosen1 and he was inaugurated on ,march #d1 #ahja4 ,illustration3 ,,president ,,washington1 #agij4 ,observe good faith and justice towards all nations4--,farewell ,address4 ,,questions ,,and ,,topics ,,chapter #ai #aib-aid4--;a4 ,describe the method of electing ,president employed at first4 b4 ,describe ,washington's journey to ,new ,york and the inaugural ceremonies1 and compare them with the inauguration of the last ,president4 #aie1 #aif4--;a4 ,in whose hands do appointments to federal offices lie8 b4 ,what was the great difference mentioned in #aif8 ,why was the difference so great8 #aig1 #aih4--;a4 ,why was ,washington stiff and aristocratic8 b4 ,would ,washington have accepted the title of king8 ,give the reasons for your answer4 #aii-bjb4--;a4 ,give the reasons for the different views expressed in ,congress as to customs duties4 ,what are customs duties8 b4 ,explain how slavery influenced the views of the ,southern members4 c4 ,compare the extent and population of the ,united ,states in #agia with the extent and population to-day4 d4 ,what two new states were admitted in #agia-ib8 ,what was their attitude on slavery8 ,what changes would their admission make in ,congress8 #bjc1 #bjd4--;a4 ,explain carefully ,hamilton's plan4 ,what were its advantages8 ,what is meant by the phrase public credit8 b4 ,what is meant by the phrase assumption of the state debts8 #bje1 #bjf4--;a4 ,what question arose concerning the site of the national capital8 ,how was it settled8 ,was this a good way to settle important questions8 b4 ,why did ,hamilton want a ,bank of the ,united ,states8 ,was this bank like one of the national banks of to-day8 ,,chapter #bj #bjg1 #bjh4--;a4 ,compare carefully the principles of the ,federalists and the ,republicans4 ,which party would you have joined had you lived then8 ,why8 ,which ideas prevail to-day8 b4 ,discuss ,jefferson's views as to the value of newspapers4 #bji-bab4--;a4 ,why did the ,republicans sympathize with the ,french ,revolution8 b4 ,how was the action of the ,republicans regarded by ,washington8 ,by ,hamilton8 c4 ,why did ,washington issue the ,proclamation of ,neutrality8 #bac4--;a4 ,what is the difference between a tax laid by a tariff on imported goods and an internal revenue tax8 b4 ,how was the rebellion suppressed8 ,compare this with ,shays's ,rebellion4 #bad-baf4--;a4 ,state the reasons for the trouble with ,great ,britain4 ,how was the matter settled8 b4 ,explain the trouble over the traffic on the ,mississippi4 c4 ,how was this matter settled8 #bag4--;a4 ,why did ,washington decline a third term8 b4 ,what are the important points in his ,farewell ,address8 c4 ,how far has later history proved the truth of his words8 ,,chapter #ba #bah4--;a4 ,how did ,hamilton set to work to defeat ,adams8 ,do you think his action justifiable8 b4 ,what was the result of ,hamilton's intrigues8 #bai-bba4--;a4 ,to what was the refusal to receive ,pinckney equivalent8 ,describe the ,x4 ,y4 ,z4 ,affair4 b4 ,what is a bribe8 ,how must bribery in political life affect a government8 c4 ,how was the news of this affair received in ,america8 ,what does this show about the feeling of both parties toward the government8 #bbb1 #bbc4--;a4 ,describe the preparations for war4 ,why was a ,navy ,department necessary8 b4 ,why was ,france wise to make peace with the ,united ,states8 c4 ,how was the matter finally settled8 #bbd1 #bbe4--;a4 ,describe the ,naturalization ,act4 b4 ,what power did the ,alien ,act give the ,president8 ,what danger is there in such power8 c4 ,what is sedition8 ,compare the ,sedition ,act with the ,first ,amendment4 d4 ,what were the theories on which the ,kentucky and ,virginia ,resolutions were based8 #bbf1 #bbg4--;a4 ,what position does ,washington hold in our history8 ,why is it deserved8 b4 ,describe the election of #ahjj4 ,why was it fought so bitterly8 c4 ,why should disputes as to elections for ,president go to the ,house8 d4 ,how was it known that ,jefferson's election was the wish of the voters8 ,,general ,,questions a4 ,write an account of life in the ,united ,states about #agij1 or life in ,philadelphia1 ,new ,york1 ,boston1 ,charleston4 b4 ,prepare a table of the two political parties mentioned1 with dates and account of origin4 ,as you go on1 note upon this table changes in these parties and the rise of new ones4 c4 ,on an ,outline ,map color the thirteen original states and then fill in1 with dates1 new states as they are admitted4 ,write on each state ,f4 for free or ,s4 for slave1 as the case may be4 ,,topics ,,for ,,special ,,work a4 ,early life of ,washington1 ,john ,adams1 ,jefferson1 or ,hamilton4 b4 ,washington's ,farewell ,address4 ,,suggestions ,in this period we meet two questions1 which are still important1 tariff legislation and political parties4 ,in connection with the ,tariff ,act of #aghi 7 #bjj71 touch upon the industries of the different sections of the country and explain how local interests affected men's actions4 ,show how compromise is often necessary in political action4 ,it is a good plan to use ,outline ,maps to show the important lines of development1 as the gradual drifting apart of the ,north and the ,south on the slavery question4 ,illustrate by supposed transactions the working of ,hamilton's financial measures4 ,by all means do not neglect a study of ,washington's ,farewell ,address4 ,particular attention should be given to the two views of constitutional interpretation mentioned in #bjg1 and considerable time should be spent on a study of #bbd and #bbe4 ,illustration3 ,,the ,,united ,,states ,,in #ahjj4 ,,viii ,,the ,,jeffersonian ,,republicans1 #ahja-ahab ,books for ,study and ,reading ,references4--,higginson's ,larger ,history1 #cdd-cfe2 ,scribner's ,popular ,history1 ,,iv1 #abg-ahd2 ,schouler's ,jefferson4 ,home ,reading4--,coffin's ,building the ,nation2 ,drake's ,making the ,ohio ,valley ,states2 ,hale's ,man ,without a ,country and ,philip ,nolan's ,friends4 ,,chapter #bb ,,the ,,united ,,states ,,in #ahjj ,sidenote3 ,area4 ,sidenote3 ,population4 #bbh4 ,area and ,population1 #ahjj4--,the area of the ,united ,states in #ahjj was the same as at the close of the ,revolutionary ,war4 ,but the population had begun to increase rapidly4 ,in #agia there were nearly four million people in the ,united ,states4 ,by #ahjj this number had risen to five and one-quarter millions4 ,two-thirds of the people still lived on or near tide-water4 ,but already nearly four hundred thousand people lived west of the ,alleghanies4 ,in #agia the centre of population had been east of ,baltimore4 ,it was now eighteen miles west of that city 7p4 #aeg74 ,sidenote3 ,philadelphia4 ,sidenote3 ,new ,york4 ,sidenote3 ,the new capital4 #bbi4 ,cities and ,towns in #ahjj4--,philadelphia was the largest city in the ,united ,states4 ,it had a population of seventy thousand4 ,but ,new ,york was not far behind ,philadelphia in population4 ,except these two1 no city in the whole ,united ,states had more than thirty thousand inhabitants4 ,the seat of government had been removed from ,philadelphia to ,washington4 ,but the new capital was a city only in name4 ,one broad long street1 ,pennsylvania ,avenue1 led from the unfinished ,capitol to the unfinished ,white ,house4 ,congress held its sessions in a temporary wooden building4 ,the ,white ,house could be lived in4 ,but ,mrs4 ,adams found the unfinished reception room very convenient for drying clothes on rainy ,mondays4 ,a few cheaply built and very uncomfortable boarding-houses completed the city4 ,sidenote3 ,roads1 coaches1 and inns4 ,sidenote3 ,traveling by water4 #bcj4 ,traveling in #ahjj4--,the traveler in those days had a very hard time4 ,on the best roads of the north1 in the best coach1 and with the best weather one might cover as many as forty miles a day4 ,but the traveler had to start very early in the morning to do this4 ,generally he thought himself fortunate if he made twenty-five miles in the twenty-four hours4 ,south of the ,potomac there were no public coaches1 and the traveler generally rode on horseback4 ,a few rich men like ,washington rode in their own coaches4 ,everywhere1 north and south1 the inns were uncomfortable and the food was poor4 ,whenever it was possible the traveler went by water4 ,but that was dangerous work4 ,lighthouses were far apart1 there were no public buoys to guide the mariner1 and almost nothing had been done to improve navigation4 ,illustration3 ,,the ,,clermont1 #ahjg4 ,sidenote3 ,the first steamboat ,sidenote3 ,fulton's steamboat1 #ahjg4 ,higginson1 #bda-bdb4 #bca4 ,the ,steamboat4--,the steamboat came to change all this4 ,while ,washington was still ,president1 a queer-looking boat sailed up and down the ,delaware4 ,she was propelled by oars or paddles which were worked by steam4 ,this boat must have been very uncomfortable1 and few persons wished to go on her4 ,robert ,fulton made the first successful steamboat4 ,she was named the ,clermont and was launched in #ahjg4 ,she had paddle wheels and steamed against the wind and tide of the ,hudson ,river4 ,at first some people thought that she was bewitched4 ,but when it was found that she ran safely and regularly1 people began to travel on her4 ,before a great while steamboats appeared in all parts of the country4 ,sidenote3 ,western pioneers4 ,sidenote3 ,settlements on the ,ohio4 ,eggleston1 #bcb-bcd2 ,higginson1 #bdc4 #bcb4 ,making of the ,west4--,even before the ,revolutionary ,war explorers and settlers had crossed the ,alleghany ,mountains4 ,in ,washington's time pioneers1 leaving ,pittsburg1 floated down the ,ohio ,river in flatboats4 ,some of these settled ,cincinnati4 ,others went farther down the river to ,louisville1 in ,kentucky1 and still others founded ,wheeling and ,marietta4 ,in #ahaa the first steamboat appeared on the ,western rivers4 ,the whole problem of living in the ,west rapidly changed4 ,for the steamboat could go up stream as well as down stream4 ,communication between the new settlements1 and ,new ,orleans and ,pittsburg1 was now much safer and very much easier4 ,sidenote3 ,cotton growing4 ,sidenote3 ,beginning of exportation1 #aghd4 #bcc4 ,cotton ,growing in the ,south4--,cotton had been grown in the ,south for many years4 ,it had been made on the plantations into a rough cloth4 ,very little had been sent away4 ,the reason for this was that it took a very long time to separate the cotton fiber from the seed4 ,one slave working for a whole day could hardly clean more than a pound of cotton4 ,still as time went on more cotton was grown4 ,in #aghd a few bags of cotton were sent to ,england4 ,the ,englishmen promptly seized it because they did not believe that so much cotton could be grown in ,america4 ,in #agia nearly two hundred thousand pounds of cotton were exported from the ,south4 ,then came ,whitney's great invention1 which entirely changed the whole history of the country4 ,illustration3 ,,the ,,university ,,of ,,virginia4 ,as designed by ,thomas ,jefferson4 ,sidenote3 ,eli ,whitney4 ,sidenote3 ,his cotton gin1 #agic4 ,mc,master1 #aie-aif4 #bcd4 ,whitney's ,cotton ,gin1 #agic4--;,eli ,whitney was a ,connecticut schoolmaster4 ,he went to ,georgia to teach ,general ,greene's children4 ,he was very ingenious1 and one day ,mrs4 ,greene suggested to him that he might make a machine which would separate the cotton fiber from the cotton seed4 ,whitney set to work and soon made an engine or gin1 as he called it1 that would do this4 ,the first machine was a rude affair4 ,but even with it one slave could clean one hundred pounds of cotton in a day4 ,mrs4 ,greene's neighbors promptly broke into ,whitney's shop and stole his machine4 ,whitney's cotton gin made the growing of cotton profitable and so fastened slavery on the ,south4 ,with the exception of the steam locomotive 7p4 #bda7 and the reaper 7p4 #bfj71 no invention has so tremendously influenced the history of the ,united ,states4 ,sidenote3 ,early manufactures4 #bce4 ,colonial ,manufactures4--,before the ,revolutionary ,war there were very few mills or factories in the colonies4 ,there was no money to put into such undertakings and no operatives to work the mills if they had been built4 ,the only colonial manufactures that amounted to much were the making of nails and shoes4 ,these articles could be made at home on the farms1 in the winter1 when no work could be done out of doors4 ,sidenote3 ,new manufactures established4 ,sidenote3 ,invention of cotton spinning machinery4 #bcf4 ,growth of ,manufactures1 #aghi-ahjj4--;,as soon as the new government with its wide powers was established1 manufacturing started into life4 ,old mills were set to work4 ,while the ,revolution had been going on in ,america1 great improvements in the spinning of yarn and the weaving of cloth had been made in ,england4 ,parliament made laws to prevent the export from ,england of machinery or patterns of machinery4 ,but it could not prevent ,englishmen from coming to ,america4 ,among the recent immigrants to the ,united ,states was ,samuel ,slater4 ,he brought no patterns with him4 ,but he was familiar with the new methods of spinning4 ,he soon built spinning machinery4 ,new cotton mills were now set up in several places4 ,but it was some time before the new weaving machinery was introduced into ,america4 ,,chapter #bc ,,jefferson',s ,,administrations ,sidenote3 ,jefferson's political ideas4 ,higginson #bci2 ,mc,master1 #baf4 ,sidenote3 ,republican simplicity4 #bcg4 ,president ,jefferson4--,thomas ,jefferson was a ,republican4 ,he believed in the republican form of government4 ,he believed the wisdom of the people to be the best guide4 ,he wished the ,president to be simple and cordial in his relations with his fellow-citizens4 ,adams had ridden to his inauguration in a coach drawn by six cream-colored horses4 ,jefferson walked with a few friends from his boarding house to the ,capitol4 ,washington and ,adams had gone in state to ,congress and had opened the session with a speech4 ,jefferson sent a written message to ,congress by a messenger4 ,instead of bowing stiffly to those who came to see him1 he shook hands with them and tried to make them feel at ease in his presence4 ,sidenote3 ,proscription of ,republicans by the ,federalists4 ,sidenote3 ,adams's midnight appointments4 #bch4 ,the ,civil ,service4--,one of the first matters to take ,jefferson's attention was the condition of the civil service4 ,there was not a ,republican office-holder in the government service4 ,washington1 in the last years of his presidency1 and ,adams also had given office only to ,federalists4 ,jefferson thought it was absolutely necessary to have some officials upon whom he could rely4 ,so he removed a few ,federalist officeholders and appointed ,republicans to their places4 ,adams had even gone so far as to appoint officers up to midnight of his last day in office4 ,indeed1 ,john ,marshall1 his ,secretary of ,state1 was busy signing commissions when ,jefferson's ,attorney ,general walked in with his watch in hand and told ,marshall that it was twelve o'clock4 ,jefferson and ,madison1 the new ,secretary of ,state1 refused to deliver these commissions even when ,marshall as ,chief ,justice ordered ,madison to deliver them4 ,sidenote3 ,the ,judiciary ,act1 #ahja4 ,sidenote3 ,repealed by ,republicans ,sidenote3 ,jefferson and appointments4 #bci4 ,the ,judiciary ,act of #ahja4--,one of the last laws made by the ,federalists was the ,judiciary ,act of #ahja4 ,this law greatly enlarged the national judiciary1 and ,adams eagerly seized the opportunity to appoint his friends to the new offices4 ,the ,republican ,congress now repealed this ,judiciary ,act and legislated out of office all the new judges4 ,for it must be remembered that the ,constitution makes only the members of the ,supreme ,court sure of their offices4 ,congress also got rid of many other ,federalist officeholders by repealing the ,internal ,revenue ,act 7p4 #afg74 ,but while all this was done1 ,jefferson steadily refused to appoint men to office merely because they were ,republicans4 ,one man claimed an office on the ground that he was a ,republican1 and that the ,republicans were the saviors of the republic4 ,jefferson replied that ,rome had been saved by geese1 but he had never heard that the geese were given offices4 ,illustration3 ,,thomas ,,jefferson4 ,honest friendship with all nations1 entangling alliances with none1 444 economy in the public expense1 the honest payment of our debts1 and sacred preservation of the public faith4--,jefferson's ,first ,inaugural4 ,sidenote3 ,expenses diminished4 ,sidenote3 ,internal taxes repealed4 ,sidenote3 ,army and navy reduced4 ,sidenote3 ,part of the debt paid4 ,mc,master1 #bag-bah4 #bdj4 ,paying the ,national ,debt4--,jefferson was especially anxious to cut down the expenses of the government and to pay as much as possible of the national debt4 ,madison and ,gallatin worked heartily with him to carry out this policy4 ,the repeal of the ,internal ,revenue ,act took much revenue from the government4 ,but it also did away with the salaries of a great many officials4 ,the repeal of the ,judiciary ,act also put an end to many salaries4 ,now that the dispute with ,france was ended1 ,jefferson thought that the army and navy might safely be reduced4 ,most of the naval vessels were sold4 ,a few good ships were kept at sea1 and the rest were tied up at the wharves4 ,the number of ministers to ,european states was reduced to the lowest possible limit1 and the civil service at home was also cut down4 ,the expenses of the government were in these ways greatly lessened4 ,at the same time the revenue from the customs service increased4 ,the result was that in the eight years of ,jefferson's administrations the national debt shrank from eighty-three million dollars to forty-five million dollars4 ,yet in the same time the ,united ,states paid fifteen million dollars for ,louisiana1 and waged a series of successful and costly wars with the pirates of the northern coast of ,africa4 ,sidenote3 ,the ,spaniards in ,louisiana and ,florida4 ,mc,master1 #bah-bai4 ,sidenote3 ,france secures ,louisiana4 #bda4 ,louisiana again a ,french ,colony4--,spanish territory now bounded the ,united ,states on the south and the west4 ,the ,spaniards were not good neighbors1 because it was very hard to make them come to an agreement1 and next to impossible to make them keep an agreement when it was made4 ,but this did not matter very much1 because ,spain was a weak power and was growing weaker every year4 ,sooner or later the ,united ,states would gain its point4 ,suddenly1 however1 it was announced that ,france had got back ,louisiana4 ,and almost at the same moment the ,spanish governor of ,louisiana said that ,americans could no longer deposit their goods at ,new ,orleans 7p4 #agj74 ,at once there was a great outcry in the ,west4 ,jefferson determined to buy from ,france ,new ,orleans and the land eastward from the mouth of the ,mississippi4 ,illustration3 ,,jackson ,,square1 ,,new ,,orleans4 ,illustration3 ,,robert ,r4 ,,livingston4 ,sidenote3 ,napoleon's policy4 ,sidenote3 ,he offers to sell ,louisiana4 #bdb4 ,the ,louisiana ,purchase1 #ahjc4--,when ,napoleon got ,louisiana from ,spain1 he had an idea of again founding a great ,french colony in ,america4 ,at the moment ,france and ,great ,britain were at peace4 ,but it soon looked as if war would begin again4 ,napoleon knew that the ,british would at once seize ,louisiana and he could not keep it anyway4 ,so one day1 when the ,americans and the ,french were talking about the purchase of ,new ,orleans1 the ,french minister suddenly asked if the ,united ,states would not like to buy the whole of ,louisiana4 ,monroe and ,livingston1 the ,american ministers1 had no authority to buy ,louisiana4 ,but the purchase of the whole colony would be a great benefit to the ,united ,states4 ,so they quickly agreed to pay fifteen million dollars for the whole of ,louisiana4 ,sidenote3 ,louisiana purchased1 #ahjc4 ,higginson1 #bdd-bde2 ,eggleston1 #bcd2 ,source-,book1 #bjj-bjb4 ,sidenote3 ,importance of the purchase4 #bdc4 ,the ,treaty ,ratified4--,jefferson found himself in a strange position4 ,the ,constitution nowhere delegated to the ,united ,states power to acquire territory 7p4 #afd74 ,but after thinking it over ,jefferson felt sure that the people would approve of the purchase4 ,the treaty was ratified4 ,the money was paid4 ,this purchase turned out to be a most fortunate thing4 ,it gave to the ,united ,states the whole western valley of the ,mississippi4 ,it also gave to ,americans the opportunity to explore and settle ,oregon1 which lay beyond the limits of ,louisiana4 ,illustration3 ,,the ,,united ,,states ,,in #ahjc4 ,sidenote3 ,lewis and ,clark1 #ahjd-f4 ,higginson1 #bde-bdg2 ,mc,master1 #bai-bba2,source-,book1 #bjf-bji4 ,sidenote3 ,the mouth of the ,oregon4 #bdd4 ,lewis and ,clark's ,explorations4--,jefferson soon sent out several expeditions to explore the unknown portions of the continent4 ,the most important of these was the expedition led by two army officers1 ,meriwether ,lewis and ,william ,clark1 brother of ,general ,george ,rogers ,clark 7p4 #aaf74 ,leaving ,st4 ,louis they slowly ascended the muddy ,missouri4 ,they passed the site of the present city of ,omaha4 ,they passed the ,council ,bluffs4 ,the current of the river now became so rapid that the explorers left their boats and traveled along the river's bank4 ,they gained the sources of the ,missouri1 and came to a westward-flowing river4 ,on1 on they followed it until they came to the river's mouth4 ,a fog hung low over the water4 ,suddenly it lifted4 ,there before the explorers' eyes the river in waves like small mountains rolled out in the ocean4 ,they had traced the ,columbia ,river from its upper course to the ,pacific4 ,captain ,gray in the ,boston ship ,columbia had already entered the mouth of the river4 ,but ,lewis and ,clark were the first white men to reach it overland4 ,sidenote3 ,amendment as to the election of ,president4 ,sidenote3 ,the ,twelfth ,amendment1 #ahjd4 #bde4 ,the ,twelfth ,amendment1 #ahjd4--;,four presidential elections had now been held under the method provided by the ,constitution4 ,and that method had not worked well 7pp4 #aga1 #agf74 ,it was now 7#ahjd7 changed by the adoption of the ,twelfth ,amendment which is still in force4 ,the old machinery of presidential electors was kept4 ,but it was provided that in the future each elector should vote for ,president and for ,vice-,president on separate and distinct ballots4 ,the voters had no more part in the election under the new system than they had had under the old system4 ,the old method of apportioning electors among the states was also kept4 ,this gives to each state as many electors as it has ,senators and ,representatives in ,congress4 ,no matter how small its territory1 or how small its population1 a state has at least two ,senators and one ,representative1 and1 therefore1 three electors4 ,the result is that each voter in a small state has more influence in choosing the ,president than each voter in a large state4 ,indeed1 several ,presidents have been elected by minorities of the voters of the country as a whole4 ,sidenote3 ,jefferson relected1 #ahjd4 ,sidenote3 ,strength of the ,republicans4 #bdf4 ,relection of ,jefferson1 #ahjd4--;,jefferson's first administration had been most successful4 ,the ,republicans had repealed many unpopular laws4 ,by the purchase of ,louisiana the area of the ,united ,states had been doubled and an end put to the dispute as to the navigation of the ,mississippi4 ,the expenses of the national government had been cut down1 and a portion of the national debt had been paid4 ,the people were prosperous and happy4 ,under these circumstances ,jefferson was triumphantly relected4 ,he received one hundred and sixty-two electoral votes to only fourteen for his ,federalist rival4 ,illustration3 ,,stephen ,,decatur4 ,,chapter #bd ,,causes ,,of ,,the ,,war ,,of #ahab ,sidenote3 ,the ,african pirates4 ,higginson1 #bcg-bci2 ,eggleston1 #bbh-bbi4 ,sidenote3 ,tribute paying4 ,sidenote3 ,jefferson ends this system4 ,sidenote3 ,hero ,tales1 #ajc-aac4 #bdg4 ,the ,north ,africa ,pirates4--,stretching along the northern shores of ,africa from ,egypt westward to the ,atlantic were four states4 ,these states were named ,tunis1 ,tripoli1 ,algiers1 and ,morocco4 ,their people were ,mohammedans1 and were ruled over by persons called ,deys or ,beys1 or ,pachas4 ,these rulers found it profitable and pleasant to attack and capture ,christian ships4 ,the cargoes of the captured vessels they sold at good prices1 and the seamen and passengers they sold at good prices too--as slaves4 ,the leading powers of ,europe1 instead of destroying these pirates1 found it easier to pay them to let their ships alone4 ,washington and ,adams also paid them to allow ,american ships to sail unharmed4 ,but the pirates were never satisfied with what was paid them4 ,jefferson decided to put an end to this tribute paying4 ,he sent a few ships to seize the pirates and shut up their harbors4 ,more and more vessels were sent1 until at last the ,deys and ,beys and ,pachas thought it would be cheaper to behave themselves properly4 ,so they agreed to release their ,american prisoners and not to capture any more ,american ships 7#ahje74 ,in these little wars ,american naval officers gained much useful experience and did many glorious deeds4 ,especially ,decatur and ,somers won renown4 ,sidenote3 ,european fighters attack ,american commerce4 ,mc,master1 #bbd-bbf4 #bdh4 ,america1 ,britain1 and ,france4--,napoleon ,bonaparte was now ,emperor of the ,french4 ,in #ahjd he made war on the ,british and their allies4 ,soon he became supreme on the land1 and the ,british became supreme on the water4 ,they could no longer fight one another very easily1 so they determined to injure each other's trade and commerce as much as possible4 ,the ,british declared continental ports closed to commerce1 and ,napoleon declared all ,british commerce to be unlawful4 ,of course under these circumstances ,british and ,continental ships could not carry on trade1 and ,american vessels rapidly took their places4 ,the ,british shipowners called upon their government to put an end to this ,american commerce4 ,old laws were looked up and enforced4 ,american vessels that disobeyed them were seized by the ,british4 ,but if any ,american vessel obeyed these laws1 ,napoleon seized it as soon as it entered a ,french harbor4 ,sidenote3 ,impressment4 ,eggleston1 #bdj4 #bdi4 ,the ,impressment ,controversy4--,with the ,british the ,united ,states had still another cause of complaint4 ,british warships stopped ,american vessels and took away all their seamen who looked like ,englishmen4 ,these they compelled to serve on ,british men-of-war4 ,as ,americans and ,englishmen looked very much alike1 they generally seized all the best-looking seamen4 ,thousands of ,americans were captured in this way and forced into slavery on ,british men-of-war4 ,this method of kidnaping was called impressment4 ,sidenote3 ,the embargo1 #ahjg4 ,eggleston1 #bda2 ,mc,master1 #bbf-bbg1 #bbh4 ,sidenote3 ,failure of the embargo4 ,source-,book1 #bji-baa4 #bej4 ,the ,embargo1 #ahjg-ahji4--;,jefferson hardly knew what to do4 ,he might declare war on both ,great ,britain and on ,france4 ,but to do that would surely put a speedy end to all ,american commerce4 ,in the old days1 before the ,revolutionary ,war1 the colonists had more than once brought the ,british to terms by refusing to buy their goods 7pp4 #hd1 #he74 ,jefferson now thought that if the people of the ,united ,states should refuse to trade with the ,british and the ,french1 the governments both of ,great ,britain and of ,france would be forced to treat ,american commerce properly4 ,congress therefore passed an ,embargo ,act4 ,this forbade vessels to leave ,american ports after a certain day4 ,if the people had been united1 the embargo might have done what ,jefferson expected it would do4 ,but the people were not united4 ,especially in ,new ,england1 the shipowners tried in every way to break the law4 ,this led to the passing of stricter laws4 ,finally the ,new ,englanders even talked of seceding from the ,union4 ,illustration3 ,,an ,,early ,,steam ,,ferryboat1 ,,about #ahaj4 ,sidenote3 ,outrage on the ,chesapeake1 #ahjg4 ,mc,master1 #bbg4 #bea4 ,the ,outrage on the ,chesapeake1 #ahjg4--,the ,british now added to the anger of the ,americans by impressing seamen from the decks of an ,american warship4 ,the frigate ,chesapeake left the ,norfolk navy yard for a cruise4 ,at once the ,british vessel ,leopard sailed toward her and ordered her to stop4 ,as the ,chesapeake did not stop1 the ,leopard fired on her4 ,the ,american frigate was just setting out1 and everything was in confusion on her decks4 ,but a coal was brought from the cook's stove1 and one gun was fired4 ,her flag was then hauled down4 ,the ,british came on board and seized four seamen1 who they said were deserters from the ,british navy4 ,this outrage aroused tremendous excitement4 ,jefferson ordered all ,british warships out of ,american waters and forbade the people to supply them with provisions1 water1 or wood4 ,the ,british offered to restore the imprisoned seamen and ordered out of ,american waters the admiral under whose direction the outrage had been done4 ,but they would not give up impressment4 ,sidenote3 ,madison elected ,president1 #ahjh4 #beb4 ,madison elected ,president1 #ahjh4--,there is nothing in the ,constitution to limit the number of times a man may be chosen ,president4 ,many persons would gladly have voted a third time for ,jefferson4 ,but he thought that unless some limit were set1 the people might keep on relecting a popular and successful ,president term after term4 ,this would be very dangerous to the republican form of government4 ,so ,jefferson followed ,washington's example and declined a third term1 ,washington and ,jefferson thus established a custom that has ever since been followed4 ,the ,republicans voted for ,james ,madison1 and he was elected ,president 7#ahjh74 ,illustration3 ,,modern ,,double-,,decked ,,ferryboat4 ,sidenote3 ,non-,intercourse ,act1 #ahji4 #bec4 ,the ,non-,intercourse ,act1 #ahji4--;,by this time the embargo had become so very unpopular that it could be maintained only at the cost of civil war4 ,madison suggested that the ,embargo ,act should be repealed1 and a ,non-,intercourse ,act passed in its place4 ,congress at once did as he suggested4 ,the ,non-,intercourse ,act prohibited commerce with ,great ,britain and with ,france and the countries controlled by ,france4 ,it permitted commerce with the rest of the world4 ,there were not many ,european countries with which ,america could trade under this law4 ,still there were a few countries1 as ,norway and ,spain1 which still maintained their independence4 ,and goods could be sold through them to the other ,european countries4 ,at all events1 no sooner was the embargo removed than commerce revived4 ,rates of freight were very high and the profits were very large1 although the ,french and the ,british captured many ,american vessels4 ,sidenote3 ,the ,erskine treaty4 ,sidenote3 ,the ,british minister ,jackson4 ,source-,book1 #bab-bac #bed4 ,two ,british ,ministers4--,soon after ,madison's inauguration a new ,british minister came to ,washington4 ,his name was ,erskine1 and he was very friendly4 ,a treaty was speedily made on conditions which ,madison thought could be granted4 ,he suspended non-intercourse with ,great ,britain1 and hundreds of vessels set sail for that country4 ,but the ,british rulers soon put an end to this friendly feeling4 ,they said that ,erskine had no authority to make such a treaty4 ,they refused to carry it out and recalled ,erskine4 ,the next ,british minister was a person named ,jackson4 ,he accused ,madison of cheating ,erskine and repeated the accusation4 ,thereupon ,madison sent him back to ,london4 ,as the ,british would not carry out the terms of ,erskine's treaty1 ,madison was compelled to prohibit all intercourse with ,great ,britain4 ,sidenote3 ,still another policy4 ,mc,master1 #bbi-bcj4 ,sidenote3 ,french trickery4 ,sidenote3 ,british trickery4 #bee4 ,british and ,french ,trickery4--,the scheme of non-intercourse did not seem to bring the ,british and the ,french to terms much better than the embargo had done4 ,in #ahaj1 therefore1 ,congress set to work and produced a third plan4 ,this was to allow intercourse with both ,great ,britain and ,france4 ,but this was coupled with the promise that if one of the two nations stopped seizing ,american ships and the other did not1 then intercourse with the unfriendly country should be prohibited4 ,napoleon at once said that he would stop seizing ,american vessels on ,november #a of that year if the ,british1 on their part1 would stop their seizures before that time4 ,the ,british said that they would stop seizing when ,napoleon did4 ,neither of them really did anything except to keep on capturing ,american vessels whenever they could get a chance4 ,sidenote3 ,indians of the ,northwest4 ,eggleston1 #bdb4 ,sidenote3 ,tecumthe4 #bef4 ,indian ,troubles1 #ahaj4--,to this everlasting trouble with ,great ,britain and ,france were now added the horrors of an ,indian war4 ,it came about in this way4 ,settlers were pressing into ,indiana ,territory west of the new state of ,ohio4 ,soon the lands which the ,united ,states had bought of the ,indians would be occupied4 ,new lands must be bought4 ,at this time there were two able ,indian leaders in the ,northwest4 ,these were ,tecumthe1 or ,tecumseh1 and his brother1 who was known as the ,prophet4 ,these chiefs set on foot a great ,indian confederation4 ,they said that no one ,indian tribe should sell land to the ,united ,states without the consent of all the tribes of the ,confederation4 ,sidenote3 ,battle of ,tippecanoe1 #ahaa4 #beg4 ,battle of ,tippecanoe4--,this determined attitude of the ,indians seemed to the ,american leaders to be very dangerous4 ,governor ,william ,henry ,harrison of ,indiana ,territory gathered a small army of regular soldiers and volunteers from ,ohio1 ,kentucky1 and ,indiana4 ,he marched to the ,indian settlements4 ,the ,indians attacked him at ,tippecanoe4 ,he beat them off and1 attacking in his turn1 routed them4 ,tecumthe was not at the battle4 ,but he immediately fled to the ,british in ,canada4 ,the ,americans had suspected that the ,british were stirring up the ,indians to resist the ,united ,states4 ,the reception given to ,tecumthe made them feel that their suspicions were correct4 ,illustration3 ,,medal ,,presented ,,to ,,henry ,,clay4 ,sidenote3 ,henry ,clay4 ,sidenote3 ,john ,c4 ,calhoun4 #beh4 ,the ,war ,party in ,congress4--,there were abundant reasons to justify war with ,great ,britain1 or with ,france1 or with both of them4 ,but there would probably have been no war with either of them had it not been for a few energetic young men in ,congress4 ,the leaders of this war party were ,henry ,clay and ,john ,c4 ,calhoun4 ,clay was born in ,virginia1 but as a boy he had gone to ,kentucky4 ,he represented the spirit of the young and growing ,west4 ,he was a true patriot and felt angry at the way the ,british spoke of ,america and ,americans1 and at the way they acted toward the ,united ,states4 ,he was a very popular man and won men to him by his attractive qualities and by his energy4 ,calhoun was a ,south ,carolinian who had been educated in ,connecticut4 ,he was a man of the highest personal character4 ,he had a strong1 active mind1 and he was fearless in debate4 ,as with ,clay so with ,calhoun1 they both felt the rising spirit of nationality4 ,they thought that the ,united ,states had been patient long enough4 ,they and their friends gained a majority in ,congress and forced ,madison to send a warlike message to ,congress4 ,sidenote3 ,madison's war message1 #ahab4 ,mc,master1 #bca2 ,source-,book1 #bad-baf4 #bei4 ,madison's ,reasons for ,war1 #ahab4--;,in his message ,madison stated the grounds for complaint against the ,british as follows3 7#a7 they impressed ,american seamen2 7#b7 they disturbed ,american commerce by stationing warships off the principal ports2 they refused to permit trade between ,america and ,europe2 7#d7 they stirred up the western ,indians to attack the settlers2 7#e7 they were really making war on the ,united ,states while the ,united ,states was at peace with them4 ,for these reasons ,madison advised a declaration of war against ,great ,britain1 and war was declared4 ,,questions ,,and ,,topics ,,chapter #bb #bbh1 #bbi4--;a4 ,draw a map showing the states and territories in #ahjj4 b4 ,how and why had the center of population changed since #agia8 ,where is it now8 c4 ,why did so many people live near tide water8 ,do the same reasons exist to-day8 #bcj-bcb4--;a4 ,what were the best roads in #ahjj8 b4 ,describe the dangers and discomforts of traveling in #ahjj4 c4 ,what were the early steamboats like8 #bcc1 #bcd4--;a4 ,what fact hindered the growth of cotton on a large scale in colonial times8 b4 ,how did ,whitney's cotton gin change these conditions8 #bce1 #bcf4--;a4 ,why had manufacturing received so little attention before the ,revolution8 b4 ,how did the new government encourage manufacturing8 ,,chapter #bc #bcg4--;a4 ,how did ,jefferson's inauguration illustrate his political ideas8 b4 ,compare his method of opening ,congress with that employed by ,washington and ,adams4 ,which method is followed to-day8 #bch4--;a4 ,what is the ,civil ,service8 ,how had ,washington and ,adams filled offices8 ,was their action wise8 #bci4--;a4 ,explain the ,judiciary ,act of #ahja4 b4 ,what power has ,congress over the ,judiciary8 7,constitution1 ,art4 ,,iii74 #bdj4--;a4 ,what was ,jefferson's policy toward expenses8 ,how did he carry it out8 ,what was the result of these economies8 b4 ,was the reduction of the navy wise8 ,what conditions make a large navy necessary8 #bda-bdd4--;a4 ,when and how had ,louisiana changed hands since its settlement8 ,why were the ,spaniards poor neighbors8 b4 ,how did the ,united ,states acquire ,louisiana8 c4 ,trace on a map the boundaries of the ,louisiana ,purchase4 ,compare its value to-day with the price paid4 d4 ,what important discoveries did ,lewis and ,clark make8 #bde1 #bdf4--;a4 ,give instances which illustrate the disadvantages of the old way of electing the ,president and ,vice-,president4 b4 ,explain carefully the changes made by the ,twelfth ,amendment1 and show how a ,president may be elected by a minority of the voters4 ,,chapter #bd #bdg4--;a4 ,describe the doings of the ,african pirates4 ,why had ,washington and ,adams paid them8 b4 ,describe ,jefferson's action and state the results4 #bdh1 #bdi4--;a4 ,compare the power of ,france and ,great ,britain at this time4 b4 ,how did they try to injure one another8 ,how did they treat ,american ships8 c4 ,explain the impressment of sailors by the ,british4 #bej1 #bea4--;a4 ,describe the difficulties of ,jefferson's position4 b4 ,give instances of refusal to buy ,british goods and the results4 c4 ,explain the ,embargo ,act4 ,why was it a failure8 d4 ,describe the outrage on the ,chesapeake4 ,was the offer of the ,british government enough8 ,what more should have been promised8 #beb1 #bec4--;a4 ,what were ,jefferson's objections to a third term8 ,what custom was established by these early ,presidents8 b4 ,where have we found ,madison prominent before8 c4 ,explain the difference between the ,embargo ,act and the ,non-,intercourse ,act4 #bed1 #bee4--;a4 ,describe the attempt to renew friendly intercourse with ,great ,britain4 b4 ,what do you think of ,napoleon's treatment of the ,united ,states8 #bef4--;a4 ,what caused the trouble with the ,indians8 b4 ,describe ,harrison's action4 ,how were the ,british connected with this ,indian trouble8 #beg-bei4--;a4 ,how did all these affairs affect the relations between the ,united ,states and ,great ,britain8 b4 ,explain the attitude of ,clay and ,calhoun4 c4 ,what is meant by the rising spirit of nationality8 d4 ,illustrate1 by facts already studied1 the reasons given in ,madison's message4 ,,general ,,questions a4 ,how has machinery influenced the history of the ,united ,states8 b4 ,draw a map showing the extent of the ,united ,states in #ahjb and #ahjd4 c4 ,what were the four most important things in ,jefferson's administrations8 ,why do you select these8 ,,topics ,,for ,,special ,,work a4 ,robert ,fulton or ,eli ,whitney4 b4 ,exploration of the ,northwest4 c4 ,war with the ,african pirates4 d4 ,life and manners in #ahjj4 ,,suggestions ,the purchase of ,louisiana and the early development of the ,west are leading points in this period4 ,with the latter must be coupled the important inventions which made such development possible4 ,commercial questions should receive adequate attention and should be illustrated by present conditions4 ,jefferson's attitude toward both the ,louisiana ,purchase and the enforcement of the ,embargo ,act is an illustration of the effect which power and responsibility have on those placed at the head of the government4 ,this can also be illustrated by events in our own time4 ,,ix ,,war ,,and ,,peace1 #ahab-ahbi ,books for ,study and ,reading ,references4--,higginson's ,larger ,history1 #cfe-ddb2 ,scribner's ,popular ,history1 ,,iv2 ,lossing's ,field-,book of the ,war of #ahab2 ,coffin's ,building the ,nation1 #adi-bca4 ,home ,readings4--,barnes's ,yankee ,ships2 ,roosevelt's ,naval ,war of #ahab2 ,seawell's ,midshipman ,paulding2 ,holmes's ,old ,ironsides2 ,goodwin's ,dolly ,madison4 ,,chapter #be ,,the ,,second ,,war ,,of ,,independence1 #ahab #ahae ,sidenote3 ,american plan of campaign1 #ahab4 ,sidenote3 ,objections to it4 #bfj4 ,plan of ,campaign1 #ahab4--,the ,american plan of campaign was that ,general ,hull should invade ,canada from ,detroit4 ,he could then march eastward1 north of ,lake ,erie1 and meet another army which was to cross the ,niagara ,river4 ,these two armies were to take up the eastward march and join a third army from ,new ,york4 ,the three armies then would capture ,montreal and ,quebec and generally all ,canada4 ,it was a splendid plan4 ,but there were three things in the way of carrying it out3 7i7 there was no trained ,american army2 7#b7 there were no supplies for an army when gathered and trained2 and 7#c7 there was a small1 well-trained and well-supplied army in ,canada4 ,illustration3 ,,detroit1 ,,about #ahae4 ,sidenote3 ,hull's march to ,detroit4 ,sidenote3 ,his misfortunes4 ,sidenote3 ,he surrenders ,detroit1 #ahab4 #bfa4 ,hull's ,surrender of ,detroit1 #ahab4--;,in those days ,detroit was separated from the settled parts of ,ohio by two hundred miles of wilderness4 ,to get his men and supplies to ,detroit1 ,hull had first of all to cut a road through the forest4 ,the ,british learned of the actual declaration of war before ,hull knew of it4 ,they dashed down on his scattered detachments and seized his provisions4 ,hull sent out expedition after expedition to gather supplies and bring in the scattered settlers4 ,tecumthe and the other ,indian allies of the ,british captured one expedition after another4 ,the ,british advanced on ,detroit1 and ,hull surrendered4 ,by this disaster the ,british got control of the upper lakes4 ,they even invaded ,ohio4 ,illustration3 ,,perry',s ,,battle ,,flag4 ,sidenote3 ,battle of ,lake ,erie #ahac4 ,mc,master1 #bcd-bce4 ,sidenote3 ,battle of the ,thames1 #ahac4 #bfb4 ,perry's ,victory on ,lake ,erie1 #ahac4--;,but the ,british triumph did not last long4 ,in the winter of #ahab-ac ,captain ,oliver ,hazard ,perry built a fleet of warships on ,lake ,erie4 ,they were built of green timber cut for the purpose4 ,they were poor vessels1 but were as good as the ,british vessels4 ,in ,september1 #ahac1 ,perry sailed in search of the ,british ships4 ,coming up with them1 he hoisted at his masthead a large blue flag with ,lawrence's immortal words1 ,don't give up the ship 7p4 #bab71 worked upon it4 ,the battle was fiercely fought4 ,soon ,perry's flagship1 the ,lawrence1 was disabled and only nine of her crew were uninjured4 ,rowing to another ship1 ,perry continued the fight4 ,in fifteen minutes more all the ,british ships surrendered4 ,the control of ,lake ,erie was now in ,american hands4 ,the ,british retreated from the southern side of the lake4 ,general ,harrison occupied ,detroit4 ,he then crossed into ,canada and defeated a ,british army on the banks of the river ,thames 7,october1 #ahac74 ,illustration3 ,,the ,,constitution4 ,from an early painting of the escape of the ,constitution from the ,british fleet4 ,the men in the boat are preparing to carry out a small anchor4 ,sidenote3 ,the ,constitution4 ,sidenote3 ,chased by a ,british fleet1 #ahab4 ,sidenote3 ,she escapes4 #bfc4 ,the ,frigate ,constitution4--,one of the first vessels to get to sea was the ,constitution1 commanded by ,isaac ,hull4 ,she sailed from ,chesapeake ,bay for ,new ,york1 where she was to serve as a guard-ship4 ,on the way she fell in with a ,british squadron4 ,the ,constitution sailed on with the whole ,british fleet in pursuit4 ,soon the wind began to die away4 ,the ,constitution's sails were soaked with water to make them hold the wind better4 ,then the wind gave out altogether1 ,captain ,hull lowered his boats and the men began to tow the ship4 ,but the ,british lowered their boats also4 ,they set a great many boats to towing their fastest ship1 and she began to gain on the ,constitution4 ,then ,captain ,hull found that he was sailing over shoal water1 although out of sight of land1 so he sent a small anchor ahead in a boat4 ,the anchor was dropped and men on the ship pulled in the anchor line4 ,this was done again and again4 ,the ,constitution now began to gain on the ,british fleet4 ,then a sudden squall burst on the ships4 ,captain ,hull saw it coming and made every preparation to take advantage of it4 ,when the rain cleared away1 the ,constitution was beyond fear of pursuit4 ,but she could not go to ,new ,york1 so ,captain ,hull took her to ,boston4 ,the government at once ordered him to stay where he was2 but1 before the orders reached ,boston1 the ,constitution was far away4 ,sidenote3 ,constitution and ,guerrire1 #ahab4 ,sidenote3 ,reasons for the victory4 #bfd4 ,constitution and ,guerrire1 #ahab4--;,for some time ,hull cruised about in the ,gulf of ,st4 ,lawrence4 ,one day he sighted a ,british frigate--the ,guerrire--one of the ships that had chased the ,constitution4 ,but now that ,hull found her alone1 he steered straight for her4 ,in thirty minutes from the firing of the first gun the ,guerrire was a ruinous wreck4 ,all of her masts and spars were shot away and most of her crew were killed or wounded4 ,the ,constitution was only slightly injured1 and was soon ready to fight another ,british frigate1 had there been one to fight4 ,indeed1 the surgeons of the ,constitution went on board of the ,guerrire to help dress the wounds of the ,british seamen4 ,the ,guerrire was a little smaller than the ,constitution and had smaller guns4 ,but the real reason for this great victory was that the ,american ship and the ,american guns were very much better handled than were the ,british ship and the ,british guns4 ,sidenote3 ,wasp and the ,frolic ,sidenote3 ,effect of these victories4 #bfe4 ,the ,wasp and the ,frolic1 #ahab4--;,at almost the same time the ,american ship ,wasp captured the ,british brig ,frolic4 ,the ,wasp had three masts1 and the ,frolic had only two masts4 ,but the two vessels were really of about the same size1 as the ,american ship was only five feet longer than her enemy1 and had the lighter guns4 ,in a few minutes after the beginning of the fight the ,frolic was a shattered hulk1 with only one sound man on her deck4 ,soon after the conflict a ,british battleship came up and captured both the ,wasp and her prize4 ,the effect of these victories of the ,constitution and the ,wasp was tremendous4 ,before the war ,british naval officers had called the ,constitution a bundle of sticks4 ,now it was thought to be no longer safe for ,british frigates to sail the seas alone4 ,they must go in pairs to protect each other from ,old ,ironsides4 ,before long the ,constitution1 now commanded by ,captain ,bainbridge1 had captured the ,british frigate ,java1 and the frigate ,united ,states1 ,captain ,decatur1 had taken the ,british ship ,macedonian4 ,on the other hand1 the ,chesapeake was captured by the ,shannon4 ,this victory gave great satisfaction to the ,british4 ,but ,captain ,lawrence's last words1 ,don't give up the ship1 have always been a glorious inspiration to ,american sailors4 ,sidenote3 ,plan of campaign1 #ahad4 ,sidenote3 ,battle of ,lundy's ,lane1 #ahad4 #bff4 ,brown's ,invasion of ,canada1 #ahad4--;,in the first two years of the war the ,american armies in ,new ,york had done nothing4 ,but abler men were now in command4 ,of these1 ,general ,jacob ,brown1 ,general ,macomb1 ,colonel ,winfield ,scott1 and ,colonel ,ripley deserve to be remembered4 ,the ,american plan of campaign was that ,brown1 with ,scott and ,ripley1 should cross the ,niagara ,river and invade ,canada4 ,general ,macomb1 with a naval force under ,mc,donough1 was to hold the line of ,lake ,champlain4 ,the ,british plan was to invade ,new ,york by way of ,lake ,champlain4 ,brown crossed the ,niagara ,river and fought two brilliant battles at ,chippewa and ,lundy's ,lane4 ,the latter battle was especially glorious because the ,americans captured ,british guns and held them against repeated attacks by ,british veterans4 ,in the end1 however1 ,brown was obliged to retire4 ,sidenote3 ,invasion of ,new ,york4 ,sidenote3 ,battle of ,plattsburg1 #ahad4 #bfg4 ,mc,donough's ,victory at ,plattsburg1 #ahad4--;,general ,prevost1 with a fine army of veterans1 marched southward from ,canada1 while a fleet sailed up ,lake ,champlain4 ,at ,plattsburg1 on the western side of the lake1 was ,general ,macomb with a force of ,american soldiers4 ,anchored before the town was ,mc,donough's fleet4 ,prevost attacked ,macomb's army and was driven back4 ,the ,british fleet attacked ,mc,donough's vessels and was destroyed4 ,that put an end to ,prevost's invasion4 ,he retreated back to ,canada as fast as he could go4 ,illustration3 ,,fort ,mc,h,e,n,r,y4 ,sidenote3 ,burning of ,washington1 #ahad4 ,sidenote3 ,the ,star-,spangled ,banner4 #bfh4 ,the ,british in the ,chesapeake1 #ahad4--;,besides their operations on the ,canadian frontier1 the ,british tried to capture ,new ,orleans and the cities on ,chesapeake ,bay4 ,the ,british landed below ,washington4 ,they marched to the capital4 ,they entered ,washington4 ,they burned the ,capitol1 the ,white ,house1 and several other public buildings4 ,they then hurried away1 leaving their wounded behind them4 ,later on the ,british attacked ,baltimore and were beaten off with great loss4 ,it was at this time that ,francis ,scott ,key wrote ,the ,star-,spangled ,banner4 ,he was detained on board one of the ,british warships during the fight4 ,eagerly he watched through the smoke for a glimpse of the flag over ,fort ,mc,henry at the harbor's mouth4 ,in the morning the flag was still there4 ,this defeat closed the ,british operations on the ,chesapeake4 ,illustration3 ,,flag ,,of ,,fort ,mc,h,e,n,r,y4 ,fifteen stars and fifteen stripes--one of each for each state4 ,sidenote3 ,jackson's ,creek campaign1 #ahad4 #bfi4 ,the ,creek ,war4--,the ,creek ,indians lived in ,alabama4 ,they saw with dismay the spreading settlements of the whites4 ,the ,americans were now at war4 ,it would be a good chance to destroy them4 ,so the ,creeks fell upon the whites and murdered about four hundred4 ,general ,andrew ,jackson of ,tennessee commanded the ,american army in the ,southwest4 ,as soon as he knew that the ,creeks were attacking the settlers1 he gathered soldiers and followed the ,indians to their stronghold4 ,he stormed their fort and killed most of the garrison4 ,illustration3 ,,battle ,,of ,,new ,,orleans4 ,from a sketch by one of ,jackson's staff4 ,sidenote3 ,battle of ,new ,orleans1 #ahae4 ,sidenote3 ,hero ,tales1 #aci-adg4 #bgj4 ,jackson's ,defense of ,new ,orleans1 #ahad-ae4--;,jackson had scarcely finished this work when he learned of the coming of a great ,british expedition to the mouth of the ,mississippi ,river4 ,he at once hastened to the defense of ,new ,orleans4 ,below the city the country greatly favored the defender4 ,for there was very little solid ground except along the river's bank4 ,picking out an especially narrow place1 ,jackson built a breastwork of cotton bales and rubbish4 ,in front of the breastwork he dug a deep ditch4 ,the ,british rushed to the attack4 ,most of their generals were killed or wounded1 and the slaughter was terrible4 ,later1 they made another attack and were again beaten off4 ,sidenote3 ,naval combats1 #ahad4 #bga4 ,the ,war on the ,sea1 #ahad4--;,it was only in the first year or so of the war that there was much fighting between ,american and ,british warships4 ,after that the ,american ships could not get to sea1 for the ,british stationed whole fleets off the entrances to the principal harbors4 ,but a few ,american vessels ran the blockade and did good service4 ,for instance1 ,captain ,charles ,stewart in the ,constitution captured two ,british ships at one time4 ,but most of the warships that got to sea were captured sooner or later4 ,sidenote3 ,the privateers4 ,hero ,tales1 #abi-acf4 #bgb4 ,the ,privateers4--,no ,british fleets could keep the privateers from leaving port4 ,they swarmed upon the ocean and captured hundreds of ,british merchantmen1 some of them within sight of the shores of ,great ,britain4 ,in all1 they captured more than twenty-five hundred ,british ships4 ,they even fought the smaller warships of the enemy4 ,sidenote3 ,treaty of peace1 #ahad4 #bgc4 ,treaty of ,ghent1 #ahad4--,the war had hardly begun before commissioners to treat for peace were appointed by both the ,united ,states and ,great ,britain4 ,but they did nothing until the failure of the #ahad campaign showed the ,british government that there was no hope of conquering any portion of the ,united ,states4 ,then the ,british were ready enough to make peace1 and a treaty was signed at ,ghent in ,december1 #ahad4 ,this was two weeks before the ,british disaster at ,new ,orleans occurred1 and months before the news of it reached ,europe4 ,none of the things about which the war was fought were even mentioned in the treaty4 ,but this did not really make much difference4 ,for the ,british had repealed their orders as to ,american ships before the news of the declaration of war reached ,london4 ,as for impressment1 the guns of the ,constitution had put an end to that4 ,illustration3 ,,the ,,old ,,state ,,house4 ,where the ,hartford ,convention met4 ,sidenote3 ,new ,england ,federalists4 ,sidenote3 ,hartford ,convention1 #ahad4 #bgd4 ,the ,hartford ,convention1 #ahad4--,while the ,new commissioners were talking over the treaty of peace1 other debaters were discussing the war1 at ,hartford1 ,connecticut4 ,these were leading ,new ,england ,federalists4 ,they thought that the government at ,washington had done many things that the ,constitution of the ,united ,states did not permit it to do4 ,they drew up a set of resolutions4 ,some of these read like those other resolutions drawn up by ,jefferson and ,madison in #agih 7p4 #age74 ,the ,hartford debaters also thought that the national government had not done enough to protect the coasts of ,new ,england from ,british attacks4 ,they proposed1 therefore1 that the taxes collected by the national government in ,new ,england should be handed over to the ,new ,england states to use for their defense4 ,commissioners were actually at ,washington to propose this division of the national revenue when news came of ,jackson's victory at ,new ,orleans and of the signing of the ,treaty of ,ghent4 ,the commissioners hastened home and the ,republican party regained its popularity with the voters4 ,illustration3 ,a ,,republican ,,squib ,,on ,,the ,,hartford ,,convention4 ,sidenote3 ,gains of the war4 ,sidenote3 ,the ,american nation4 #bge4 ,gains of the ,war4--,the ,united ,states gained no territory after all this fighting on sea and land4 ,it did not even gain the abolition of impressment in so many words4 ,but what was of far greater importance1 the ,american people began to think of itself as a nation4 ,americans no longer looked to ,france or to ,england as models to be followed4 ,they became ,americans4 ,the getting of this feeling of independence and of nationality was a very great step forward4 ,it is right1 therefore1 to speak of this war as the ,second ,war of ,independence4 ,illustration3 ,,james ,,monroe4 ,,chapter #bf ,,the ,,era ,,of ,,good ,,feeling1 #ahae-ahbd ,sidenote3 ,monroe elected ,president1 #ahaf1 #ahbj4 ,sidenote3 ,characteristics of the ,era of ,good ,feeling4 ,mc,master1 #bfj4 #bgf4 ,the ,era as a ,whole4--,the years #ahae-bd have been called the ,era of ,good ,feeling1 because there was no hard political fighting in all that time--at least not until the last year or two4 ,in #ahaf ,monroe was elected ,president without much opposition4 ,in #ahbj he was relected ,president without any opposition whatever4 ,instead of fighting over politics1 the people were busily employed in bringing vast regions of the ,west under cultivation and in founding great manufacturing industries in the ,east4 ,they were also making roads and canals to connect the ,western farms with the ,eastern cities and factories4 ,the later part of the era was a time of unbounded prosperity4 ,every now and then some hard question would come up for discussion4 ,its settlement would be put off1 or the matter would be compromised4 ,in these years the ,federalist party disappeared1 and the ,republican party split into factions4 ,by #ahbd the differences in the ,republican party had become so great that there was a sudden ending to the ,era of ,good ,feeling4 ,sidenote3 ,hard times1 #ahaf-ah4 ,sidenote3 ,emigration to the ,west1 #ahaf-ah4 ,mc,master1 #bda1 #bff-bgc4 ,sidenote3 ,four states admitted1 #ahaf-ahai ,sidenote3 ,maine and ,missouri apply for admission4 #bgg4 ,western ,emigration4--,during the first few years of this period the people of the older states on the seacoast felt very poor4 ,the shipowners could no longer make great profits4 ,for there was now peace in ,europe1 and ,european vessels competed with ,american vessels4 ,great quantities of ,british goods were sent to the ,united ,states and were sold at very low prices4 ,the demand for ,american goods fell off4 ,mill owners closed their mills4 ,working men and women could find no work to do4 ,the result was a great rush of emigrants from the older states on the seaboard to the new settlements in the ,west4 ,in the ,west the emigrants could buy land from the government at a very low rate1 and by working hard could support themselves and their families4 ,this westward movement was at its height in #ahag4 ,in the years #ahaf--ai1 four states were admitted to the ,union4 ,these were ,indiana 7#ahaf71 ,mississippi 7#ahag71 ,illinois 7#ahah71 and ,alabama 7#ahai74 ,some of the emigrants even crossed the ,mississippi ,river and settled in ,missouri and in ,arkansas4 ,in #ahai they asked to be admitted to the ,union as the state of ,missouri1 or given a territorial government under the name of ,arkansas4 ,the people of ,maine also asked ,congress to admit them to the ,union as the state of ,maine4 ,sidenote3 ,objections to the admission of ,missouri4 #bgh4 ,opposition to the ,admission of ,missouri4--,many people in the ,north opposed the admission of ,missouri because the settlers of the proposed state were slaveholders4 ,missouri would be a slave state1 and these ,northerners did not want any more slave states4 ,originally slavery had existed in all the old thirteen states4 ,but every state north of ,maryland had before #ahai either put an end to slavery or had adopted some plan by which slavery would gradually come to an end4 ,slavery had been excluded from the ,northwest by the famous ,ordinance of #aghg 7p4 #ace74 ,in these ways slavery had ceased to be a vital institution north of ,maryland and ,kentucky4 ,why should slavery be allowed west of the ,mississippi ,river8 ,louisiana had been admitted as a slave state 7#ahab74 ,but the admission of ,louisiana had been provided for in the treaty for the purchase of ,louisiana from ,france4 ,the ,southerners felt as strongly on the other side4 ,they said that their slaves were their property1 and that they had a perfect right to take their property and settle on the land belonging to the nation4 ,having founded a slave state1 it was only right that the state should be admitted to the ,union4 ,illustration3 7,map7 ,missouri ,compromise of #ahbj ,sidenote3 ,this ,missouri ,compromise1 #ahbj4 ,higginson1 #bed-bef2 ,eggleston1 #beh-bfa4 ,sidenote3 ,both states admitted1 #ahbj4 ,mc,master1#bgd-bgf4 #bgi4 ,the ,missouri ,compromise1 #ahbj4--,when the question of the admission of ,maine and ,missouri came before ,congress1 the ,senate was equally divided between the slave states and the free states4 ,but the majority of the ,house of ,representatives was from the free states4 ,the free states were growing faster than were the slave states and would probably keep on growing faster4 ,the majority from the free states in the ,house1 therefore1 would probably keep on increasing4 ,if the free states obtained a majority in the ,senate also1 the ,southerners would lose all control of the government4 ,for these reasons the ,southerners would not consent to the admission of ,maine as a free state unless at the same time ,missouri was admitted as a slave state4 ,after a long struggle ,maine and ,missouri were both admitted--the one as a free state1 the other as a slave state4 ,but it was also agreed that all of the ,louisiana purchase north of the southern boundary of ,missouri1 with the single exception of the state of ,missouri1 should be free soil forever4 ,this arrangement was called the ,missouri ,compromise4 ,it was the work of ,henry ,clay4 ,it was an event of great importance1 because it put off for twenty-five years the inevitable conflict over slavery4 ,illustration3 ,,the ,,united ,,states ,,in #ahbj ,sidenote3 ,reasons for the purchase of ,florida4 ,sidenote3 ,jackson invades ,florida1 #ahah4 ,sidenote3 ,the ,florida purchase1 #ahai4 #bhj4 ,the ,florida ,treaty1 #ahai4--,while this contest was going on1 the ,united ,states bought of ,spain a large tract of land admirably suited to negro slavery4 ,this was ,florida4 ,it belonged to ,spain and was a refuge for all sorts of people3 runaway negroes1 fugitive ,indians1 smugglers1 and criminals of all kinds4 ,once in ,florida1 fugitives generally were safe4 ,but they were not always safe4 ,for instance1 in #ahah ,general ,jackson chased some fleeing ,indians over the boundary4 ,they sought refuge in a ,spanish fort1 and ,jackson was obliged to take the fort as well as the ,indians4 ,this exploit made the ,spaniards more willing to sell ,florida4 ,the price was five million dollars4 ,but when it came to giving up the province1 the ,spaniards found great difficulty in keeping their promises4 ,the treaty was made in #ahai1 but it was not until #ahba that ,jackson1 as governor of ,florida1 took possession of the new territory4 ,even then the ,spanish governor refused to hand over the record books1 and ,jackson had to shut him up in prison until he became more reasonable4 ,illustration3 ,,old ,,houses1 ,,st4 ,,augustine1 ,,florida4 ,sidenote3 ,formation of the ,holy ,alliance4 ,sidenote3 ,it interferes in ,spanish affairs4 ,sidenote3 ,the ,spanish ,americans colonists rebel against ,spain4 ,sidenote3 ,russian attempts at colonization4 #bha4 ,the ,holy ,alliance4--,most of the people of the other ,spanish colonies were rebelling against ,spain1 and there was a rebellion in ,spain itself4 ,there were rebellions in other ,european countries as well as in ,spain4 ,in fact1 there seemed to be a rebellious spirit nearly everywhere4 ,this alarmed the ,european emperors and kings4 ,with the exception of the ,british king1 they joined together to put down rebellions4 ,they called their union the ,holy ,alliance4 ,they soon put the ,spanish king back on his throne4 ,they then thought that they would send warships and soldiers across the ,atlantic ,ocean to crush the rebellions in the ,spanish colonies4 ,now the people of the ,united ,states sympathized with the ,spanish colonists in their desire for independence4 ,they also disliked the idea of ,europeans interfering in ,american affairs4 ,america for ,americans1 was the cry4 ,it also happened that ,englishmen desired the freedom of the ,spanish colonists4 ,as her subjects ,spain would not let them buy ,english goods4 ,but if they were free1 they could buy goods wherever they pleased4 ,the ,british government therefore proposed that the ,united ,states and ,great ,britain should join in a declaration that the ,spanish colonies were independent states4 ,john ,quincy ,adams1 son of ,john ,adams1 was ,monroe's ,secretary of ,state4 ,he thought that this would not be a wise course to follow1 because it might bring ,american affairs within ,european control4 ,he was all the more anxious to prevent this entanglement1 as the ,czar of ,russia was preparing to found colonies on the western coast of ,north ,america and ,adams wanted a free hand to deal with him4 ,sidenote3 ,the ,monroe ,doctrine1 #ahbb4 ,mc,master1 #bfb-bfe ,sidenote3 ,action of ,great ,britain4 ,end of ,european interference in ,america4 #bhb4 ,the ,monroe ,doctrine1 #ahbc4--;,it was under these circumstances that ,president ,monroe sent a message to ,congress4 ,in it he stated the policy of the ,united ,states as follows3 7#a7 ,america is closed to colonization by any ,european power2 7#b7 the ,united ,states have not interfered and will not interfere in ,european affairs2 7#c7 the ,united ,states regard the extension of the system of the ,holy ,alliance to ,america as dangerous to the ,united ,states2 and 7#d7 the ,united ,states would regard the interference of the ,holy ,alliance in ,american affairs as an unfriendly act4 ,this part of the message was written by ,adams4 ,he had had a long experience in diplomacy4 ,he used the words unfriendly act as diplomatists use them when they mean that such an unfriendly act would be a cause for war4 ,the ,british government also informed the ,holy ,allies that their interference in ,american affairs would be resented4 ,the ,holy ,alliance gave over all idea of crushing the ,spanish colonists4 ,and the ,czar of ,russia agreed to found no colonies south of fifty-four degrees and forty minutes north latitude4 ,sidenote3 ,meaning of the ,monroe ,doctrine4 #bhc4 ,meaning of the ,monroe ,doctrine4--,the ideas contained in ,monroe's celebrated message to ,congress are always spoken of as the ,monroe ,doctrine4 ,most of these ideas were not invented by ,monroe or by ,adams4 ,many of them may be found in ,washington's ,neutrality ,proclamation1 in ,washington's ,farewell ,address1 in ,jefferson's ,inaugural ,address1 and in other documents4 ,what was new in ,monroe's message was the statement that ,european interference in ,american affairs would be looked upon by the ,united ,states as an unfriendly act1 leading to war4 ,european kings might crush out liberty in ,europe4 ,they might divide ,asia and ,africa among themselves4 ,they must not interfere in ,american affairs4 ,,chapter #bg ,,new ,,parties ,,and ,,new ,,policies1 #ahbd-ahbi ,sidenote3 ,end of ,monroe's administrations4 #bhd4 ,end of the ,era of ,good ,feeling4--,the ,era of ,good ,feeling came to a sudden ending in #ahbd4 ,monroe's second term as ,president would end in #ahbe4 ,he refused to be a candidate for relection4 ,in thus following the example set by ,washington1 ,jefferson1 and ,madison1 ,monroe confirmed the custom of limiting the presidential term to eight years4 ,there was no lack of candidates to succeed him in his high office4 ,sidenote3 ,j4,q4 ,adams #bhe4 ,john ,quincy ,adams4--,first and foremost was ,john ,quincy ,adams of ,massachusetts4 ,he was ,monroe's ,secretary of ,state1 and this office had been a kind of stepping-stone to the presidency4 ,monroe had been ,madison's ,secretary of ,state2 ,madison had been ,jefferson's ,secretary of ,state2 and ,jefferson had been ,washington's ,secretary of ,state1 although he was ,vice-,president when he was chosen to the first place4 ,john ,quincy ,adams was a statesman of great experience and of ability4 ,he was a man of the highest honor and intelligence4 ,he was nominated by the legislatures of ,massachusetts and of the other ,new ,england states4 ,illustration3 ,john ,c4 ,calhoun4 ,sidenote3 ,w4,h4 ,crawford4 ,sidenote3 ,tenure of ,office ,act4 ,sidenote3 ,the ,crawford machine4 #bhf4 ,william ,h4 ,crawford4--,besides ,adams1 two other members of ,monroe's cabinet wished to succeed their chief4 ,these were ,john ,c4 ,calhoun and ,william ,h4 ,crawford4 ,calhoun soon withdrew from the contest to accept the nomination of all the factions to the place of ,vice-,president4 ,crawford was from ,georgia and was ,secretary of the ,treasury4 ,as the head of that great department1 he controlled more appointments than all the other members of the cabinet put together4 ,the habit of using public offices to reward political friends had begun in ,pennsylvania4 ,washington1 in his second term1 ,adams1 and ,jefferson had appointed to office only members of their own party4 ,jefferson had also removed from office a few political opponents 7p4 #ahg74 ,but there were great difficulties in the way of making removals4 ,crawford hit upon the plan of appointing officers for four years only4 ,congress at once fell in with the idea and passed the ,tenure of ,office ,act1 limiting appointments to four years4 ,crawford promptly used this new power to build up a strong political machine in the ,treasury ,department1 devoted to his personal advancement4 ,he was nominated for the presidency by a ,congressional caucus and became the regular candidate4 ,sidenote3 ,henry ,clay4 ,sidenote3 ,andrew ,jackson4 #bhg4 ,clay and ,jackson4--,two men outside of the cabinet were also put forward for ,monroe's high office4 ,these were ,andrew ,jackson of ,tennessee and ,henry ,clay of ,kentucky4 ,clay and ,calhoun had entered politics at about the same time4 ,they had then believed in the same policy4 ,calhoun had abandoned his early ideas4 ,but ,clay held fast to the policy of nationalization4 ,he still favored internal improvements at the national expense4 ,he still favored the protective system4 ,he was the great peacemaker and tried by means of compromises to unite all parts of the ,union 7p4 #bbb74 ,he loved his country and had unbounded faith in the ,american people4 ,the legislatures of ,kentucky and other states nominated him for the presidency4 ,the strongest man of all the candidates was ,andrew ,jackson1 the ,hero of ,new ,orleans4 ,he had never been prominent in politics4 ,but his warlike deeds had made his name and his strength familiar to the voters1 especially to those of the ,west4 ,he was a man of the people1 as none of his rivals were4 ,he stood for democracy and the ,union4 ,the legislatures of ,tennessee and other states nominated ,jackson for the presidency4 ,sidenote3 ,the election of #ahbd4 ,sidenote3 ,it goes to the ,house of ,representatives4 ,sidenote3 ,the ,house chooses ,adams4 #bhh4 ,adams chosen ,president1 #ahbd4--,the election was held4 ,the presidential electors met in their several states and cast their votes for ,president and ,vice-,president4 ,the ballots were brought to ,washington and were counted4 ,no candidate for the presidency had received a majority of all the votes cast4 ,jackson had more votes than any other candidate1 next came ,adams1 then ,crawford1 and last of all ,clay4 ,the ,house of ,representatives1 voting by states1 must choose one of the first three ,president4 ,clay1 therefore1 was out of the race4 ,clay and his friends believed in the same things that ,adams and his friends believed in1 and had slight sympathy with the views of ,jackson or of ,crawford4 ,so they joined the ,adams men and chose ,adams ,president4 ,the ,jackson men were furious4 ,they declared that the ,representatives had defeated the will of the people4 ,illustration3 ,,john ,,quincy ,,adams4 ,sidenote3 ,adams appoints ,clay ,secretary of ,state4 ,sidenote3 ,charges of a bargain4 ,sidenote3 ,weakness of ,adams's administration4 #bhi4 ,misfortunes of ,adams's ,administration4--,adams's first mistake was the appointment of ,clay as ,secretary of ,state4 ,it was a mistake1 because it gave the ,jackson men a chance to assert that there had been a deal between ,adams and ,clay4 ,they called ,clay the ,judas of the ,west4 ,they said that the will of the people had been defeated by a corrupt bargain4 ,these charges were repeated over and over again until many people really began to think that there must be some reason for them4 ,the ,jackson men also most unjustly accused ,adams of stealing the nation's money4 ,the ,british government seized the opportunity of ,adams's weak administration to close the ,west ,india ports to ,american shipping4 ,sidenote3 ,early tariff laws4 ,sidenote3 ,the tariff of #ahaf4 ,sidenote3 ,tariff of #ahbd4 #bij4 ,early ,tariffs4--,ever since #aghi manufactures had been protected 7p4 #aee74 ,the first tariff rates were very low4 ,but the ,embargo ,act1 the non-intercourse law1 and the ,war of #ahab put an end to the importation of foreign goods4 ,capitalists invested large amounts of money in cotton mills1 woolen mills1 and iron mills4 ,with the return of peace in #ahae1 ,british merchants flooded the ,american markets with cheap goods 7p4 #bbj74 ,the manufacturers appealed to ,congress for more protection1 and ,congress promptly passed a new tariff act 7#ahaf74 ,this increased the duties over the earlier laws4 ,but it did not give the manufacturers all the protection that they desired4 ,in #ahbd another law was drawn up4 ,it raised the duties still higher4 ,the ,southerners opposed the passage of this last law4 ,for they clearly saw that protection did them no good4 ,but the ,northerners and the ,westerners were heartily in favor of the increased duties1 and the law was passed4 ,sidenote3 ,agitation for more protection1 #ahbh4 ,sidenote3 ,scheme of the ,jackson men4 ,sidenote3 ,tariff of #ahbh4 #bia4 ,the ,tariff of ,abominations1 #ahbh4--;,in #ahbh another presidential election was to be held4 ,the manufacturers thought that this would be a good time to ask for even higher protective duties1 because the politicians would not dare to oppose the passage of the law for fear of losing votes4 ,the ,jackson men hit upon a plan by which they would seem to favor higher duties while at the same time they were really opposing them4 ,they therefore proposed high duties on manufactured goods4 ,this would please the ,northern manufacturers4 ,they proposed high duties on raw materials4 ,this would please the ,western producers4 ,but they thought that the manufacturers would oppose the final passage of the bill because the high duties on raw materials would injure them very much4 ,the bill would fail to pass1 and this would please the ,southern cotton growers4 ,it was a very shrewd little plan4 ,but it did not work4 ,the manufacturers thought that it would be well at all events to have the high duties on manufactured goods--perhaps they might before long secure the repeal of the duties on raw materials4 ,the ,northern members of ,congress voted for the bill1 and it passed4 ,sidenote3 ,election of #ahbh4 ,sidenote3 ,jackson elected ,president4 ,mc,master1 #cja4 #bib4 ,jackson elected ,president1 #ahbh4--;,in the midst of all this discouragement as to foreign affairs and this contest over the tariff1 the presidential campaign of #ahbh was held4 ,adams and ,jackson were the only two candidates4 ,jackson was elected by a large majority of electoral votes4 ,but ,adams received only one vote less than he had received in #ahbd4 ,the contest was very close in the two large states of ,pennsylvania and ,new ,york4 ,had a few thousand more voters in those states cast their votes for ,adams1 the electoral votes of those states would have been given to him1 and he would have been elected4 ,it was fortunate that ,jackson was chosen4 ,for a great contest between the states and the national government was coming on4 ,it was well that a man of ,jackson's commanding strength and great popularity should be at the head of the government4 ,,questions ,,and ,,topics ,,chapter #be #bfj-bfb4--;a4 ,explain by a map the ,american plan of campaign and show its advantages and disadvantages4 b4 ,describe ,perry's victory4 ,how did this turn the scale of war8 #bfc-bfe4--;a4 ,describe the escape of the ,constitution from the ,british fleet4 ,describe the destruction of the ,guerrire and of the ,frolic4 ,what was the reason for the ,american successes8 b4 ,why was the effect of these victories so great8 c4 ,why did the capture of the ,chesapeake cause so much delight in ,england8 ,why are ,lawrence's words so inspiring8 #bff1 #bfg4--;a4 ,compare the second plan for the invasion of ,canada with the earlier one4 b4 ,discuss the events of ,brown's campaign and its results4 c4 ,compare ,prevost's campaign with ,burgoyne's4 ,why was it unsuccessful8 d4 ,what do ,perry's and ,mc,donough's victories show8 #bfh4--;a4 ,why were the ,british attacks directed against these three portions of the country8 b4 ,describe the attack on ,washington4 ,was the burning of the public buildings justifiable8 c4 ,read the ,star-,spangled ,banner and explain the allusions4 #bfi1 #bgj4--;a4 ,describe ,jackson's plans for the defense of ,new ,orleans4 ,why were they so successful8 b4 ,why did not this success of the ,americans have more effect on the peace negotiations8 #bga1 #bgb4--;a4 ,why were most of the naval conflicts during the first year of the war8 ,what is a blockade8 ,what is a privateer8 b4 ,what work did the privateers do8 #bgc4--;a4 ,why was so little advance made at first toward a treaty of peace8 b4 ,why was the news of the treaty so long in reaching ,washington8 c4 ,what was settled by the war8 #bgd4--;a4 ,were the ,federalists or the ,republicans more truly the national party8 b4 ,what propositions were made by the ,hartford ,convention8 ,if such proposals were carried out1 what would be the effect on the ,union8 c4 ,compare the principles underneath these resolutions with those of the ,kentucky and ,virginia ,resolutions4 #bge4--;a4 ,note carefully the effect of this war4 b4 ,why is it called the ,second ,war of ,independence8 ,,chapter #bf #bgf1 #bgg4--;a4 ,what is meant by the ,era of ,good ,feeling8 ,is this period more important or less important than the period of war which preceded it8 ,why8 b4 ,what matters occupied the attention of the people8 c4 ,what shows the sudden increase in ,western migration8 #bgh1 #bgi4--;a4 ,state carefully the objections to the admission of ,missouri on the part of the ,northerners4 ,why did the ,southerners object to the admission of ,maine8 b4 ,trace on a map the line between the free states and the slave states4 ,why was slavery no longer of importance north of this line8 ,why was it important south of this line8 c4 ,why were the free states gaining faster than the slave states8 d4 ,explain the ,missouri ,compromise4 ,how did the ,compromise postpone the conflict over slavery8 #bhj4--;a4 ,why was ,florida a danger to the ,united ,states8 b4 ,what people in the ,united ,states would welcome the purchase of ,florida8 c4 ,what does this section show you as to ,jackson's character8 #bha4--;a4 ,why was the ,holy ,alliance formed8 ,what did the allies propose as to ,america8 b4 ,how was this proposal regarded by ,americans8 ,why8 c4 ,how was it regarded by ,englishmen8 ,why8 #bhb1 #bhc4--;a4 ,explain carefully the four points of ,monroe's message4 b4 ,were these ideas new8 ,what is an unfriendly act8 c4 ,what action did ,great ,britain take8 ,what was the result of the declarations of the ,united ,states and ,great ,britain4 d4 ,what was the new point in ,monroe's message8 e4 ,do we still keep to the ,monroe ,doctrine in all respects8 ,,chapter #bg #bhd-bhh4--;a4 ,who were the candidates for ,president in #ahbd8 ,describe the qualities and careers of each of them4 ,for whom would you have voted had you had the right to vote in #ahbd8 b4 ,how were these candidates nominated8 ,what is a caucus8 c4 ,describe the ,tenure of ,office ,act4 ,should a man be given an office simply because he has helped his party8 d4 ,in what respects was ,jackson unlike the early ,presidents8 e4 ,what was the result of the election8 ,who was finally chosen8 ,why8 ,if you had been a ,representative in #ahbd1 for whom would you have voted8 voted8 ,why8 f4 ,what is a majority8 ,a plurality8 #bhi4--;a4 ,why was the appointment of ,clay a mistake8 b4 ,what charges were made against ,adams8 c4 ,describe the misfortunes of ,adams's administration4 #bij1 #bia4--;a4 ,how are manufactures protected8 b4 ,why were the protective tariffs of no benefit to the ,southerners8 c4 ,why was an attempt for a higher tariff made in #ahbh8 d4 ,explain the plan of the ,jackson men4 ,why did the plan fail8 #bib4--;a4 ,describe the election of #ahbh4 b4 ,how was ,jackson fitted to meet difficulties8 ,,general ,,questions a4 ,why was the navy better prepared for war than the army8 b4 ,why did slaveholders feel the need of more slave territory in the ,union8 c4 ,jackson has been called a man of the people4 ,explain this title4 ,,topics ,,for ,,special ,,work a4 ,early life of ,andrew ,jackson 7to #ahbh74 b4 ,a battle of the ,war of #ahab1 e4g4 ,lake ,erie1 ,lundy's ,lane1 ,plattsburg1 ,new ,orleans1 or a naval combat4 c4 ,the frigate ,constitution4 d4 ,the career of ,clay1 of ,calhoun1 of ,j4,q4 ,adams1 or of ,monroe4 ,,suggestions ,the results of the ,war of #ahab should be carefully studied and compared with the proposals of the ,hartford ,convention4 ,these last can be taught by comparison with the ,kentucky and ,virginia ,resolutions4 ,to the ,missouri ,compromise much time and careful explanation should be given4 ,touch upon the economic side of slavery1 and explain how the continued supremacy of the slave power was threatened4 ,the ,monroe ,doctrine is another difficult topic2 but it can be explained by recent history4 ,the election of #ahbd can be carefully employed to elucidate the mode of electing ,president1 and the struggle over the tariffs can be illustrated by recent tariff contests4 ,illustration3 ,,flag ,,adopted ,,in #ahah4 ,a star for each state and a stripe for each of the original states4 ,illustration3 ,,united ,,states ,,in #ahcj ,x ,,the ,,national ,,democracy1 #ahbi-ahdd ,books for ,study and ,reading ,references4--,scribner's ,popular ,history1 ,,iv2 ,lodge's ,webster2 ,coffin's ,building the ,nation1 #bea-cac4 ,home ,readings4--,roosevelt's ,winning of the ,west2 ,hale's ,stories of ,inventions2 ,wright's ,stories of ,american ,progress4 ,,chapter #bh ,,the ,,american ,,people ,,in #ahcj ,sidenote3 ,changes in conditions4 #bic4 ,a ,new ,race4--,between the election of ,president ,jefferson and the election of ,president ,jackson great changes had taken place4 ,the old ,revolutionary statesmen had gone4 ,new men had taken their places4 ,the old sleepy life had gone4 ,everywhere now was bustle and hurry4 ,in #ahjj the ,federalists favored the ,british1 and the ,republicans favored the ,french4 ,now no one seemed to care for either the ,british or the ,french4 ,at last the people had become ,americans4 ,the ,federalist party had disappeared4 ,every one now was either a ,national ,republican and voted for ,adams1 or a ,democratic ,republican and voted for ,jackson4 ,sidenote3 ,population1 #ahcj4 ,sidenote3 ,area1 #ahcj4 ,sidenote3 ,growth of the cities4 ,sidenote3 ,settlement of the ,west4 #bid4 ,numbers and ,area4--,in #ahjj there were only five and one-half million people in the whole ,united ,states4 ,now there were nearly thirteen million people4 ,and they had a very much larger country to live in4 ,in #ahjj the area of the ,united ,states was about eight hundred thousand square miles4 ,but ,louisiana and ,florida had been bought since then4 ,now 7#ahcj7 the area of the ,united ,states was about two million square miles4 ,the population of the old states had greatly increased4 ,especially the cities had grown4 ,in #ahjj ,new ,york ,city held about sixty thousand people2 it now held two hundred thousand people4 ,but it was in the ,west that the greatest growth had taken place4 ,since #ahjj ,ohio1 ,indiana1 ,illinois1 ,alabama1 ,mississippi1 ,louisiana1 and ,missouri had all been admitted to the ,union4 ,sidenote3 ,difficulties of transport over the ,alleghanies4 ,mc,master1 #beb1 #bhj-bhb4 ,sidenote3 ,the ,cumberland ,road4 #bie4 ,national ,roads4--,steamboats were now running on the ,great ,lakes and on all the important rivers of the ,west4 ,the first result of this new mode of transport was the separation of the ,west from the ,east4 ,steamboats could carry passengers and goods up and down the ,mississippi and its branches more cheaply and more comfortably than people and goods could be carried over the ,alleghanies4 ,many persons therefore advised the building of a good wagon road to connect the ,potomac with the ,ohio4 ,the eastern end of this great road was at ,cumberland on the ,potomac in ,maryland4 ,it is generally called1 therefore1 the ,cumberland ,road4 ,it was begun at the national expense in #ahaa4 ,by #ahbj the road was built as far as ,wheeling on the ,ohio ,river4 ,from that point steamboats could steam to ,pittsburg1 ,cincinnati1 ,st4 ,louis1 or ,new ,orleans4 ,later on1 the road was built farther west1 as far as ,illinois4 ,then the coming of the railroad made further building unnecessary4 ,sidenote3 ,the ,erie ,canal1 #ahbe4 ,mc,master1 #bhb-bhd4 ,sidenote3 ,de ,witt ,clinton4 ,sidenote3 ,results of the building of the ,erie ,canal4 #bif4 ,the ,erie ,canal4--,the best way to connect one steamboat route with another was to dig a canal4 ,the most famous of all these canals was the one connecting the ,hudson ,river with ,lake ,erie1 and called the ,erie ,canal4 ,it was begun in #ahag and was completed so that a boat could pass through it in #ahbe4 ,it was ,de ,witt ,clinton who argued that such a canal would benefit ,new ,york ,city by bringing to it the produce of the ,northwest and of western ,new ,york4 ,at the same time it would benefit the farmers of those regions by bringing their produce to tide water cheaper than it could be brought by road through ,pennsylvania4 ,it would still further benefit the farmers by enabling them to buy their goods much cheaper1 as the rates of freight would be so much lower by canal than they were by road4 ,people who did not see these things as clearly as ,de ,witt ,clinton saw them1 spoke of the enterprise most sneeringly and called the canal ,clinton's big ditch4 ,it very soon appeared that ,clinton was right4 ,in one year the cost of carrying a ton of grain from ,lake ,erie to the ,hudson ,river fell from one hundred dollars to fifteen dollars4 ,new ,york ,city soon outstripped all its rivals and became the center of trade and money in the ,united ,states4 ,other canals1 as the ,chesapeake and ,ohio ,canal1 were marvels of skill4 ,but they were not so favorably situated as the ,erie ,canal and could not compete with it successfully4 ,illustration3 ,,conestoga ,,wagon ,,and ,,team4 ,sidenote3 ,the first railroads4 ,mc,master1 #bhe-bhi4 #big4 ,early ,railroads4--,the best stone and gravel roads were always rough in places4 ,it occurred to some one that it would be better to lay down wooden rails1 and then to place a rim or flange on the wagon wheels to keep them on the rails4 ,the first road of this kind in ,america was built at ,boston in #ahjg4 ,it was a very rude affair and was only used to carry dirt from the top of a hill to the harbor4 ,the wooden rails soon wore out1 so the next step was to nail strips of iron on top of them4 ,long lines of railroads of this kind were soon built4 ,both passengers and goods could be carried on them4 ,some of them were built by private persons or by companies4 ,others were built by a town or a state4 ,any one having horses and wagons with flanged wheels could use the railway on the payment of a small sum of money4 ,this was the condition of affairs when the steam locomotive was invented4 ,illustration3 ,,an ,,early ,,locomotive4 ,sidenote3 ,invention of the locomotive1 #ahcj4 ,sidenote3 ,hardships of early railroad travel4 #bih4 ,the ,steam ,locomotive4--,steam was used to drive boats through the water4 ,why should not steam be used to haul wagons over a railroad8 ,this was a very easy question to ask1 and a very hard one to answer4 ,year after year inventors worked on the problem4 ,suddenly1 about #ahcj1 it was solved in several places and by several men at nearly the same time4 ,it was some years1 however1 before the locomotive came into general use4 ,the early railroad trains were rude affairs4 ,the cars were hardly more than stagecoaches with flanged wheels4 ,they were fastened together with chains1 and when the engine started or stopped1 there was a terrible bumping and jolting4 ,the smoke pipe of the engine was very tall and was hinged so that it could be let down when coming to a low bridge or a tunnel4 ,then the smoke and cinders poured straight into the passengers' faces4 ,but these trains went faster than canal boats or steamboats4 ,soon the railroad began to take the first place as a means of transport4 ,illustration3 ,a ,,locomotive ,,of ,,to-,,day4 ,sidenote3 ,use of hard coal4 ,sidenote3 ,growth of the cities4 #bii4 ,other ,inventions4--,the coming of the steam locomotive hastened the changes which one saw on every side in #ahcj4 ,for some time men had known that there was plenty of hard coal or anthracite in ,pennsylvania4 ,but it was so hard that it would not burn in the old-fashioned stoves and fireplaces4 ,now a stove was invented that would burn anthracite1 and the whole matter of house warming was completely changed4 ,then means were found to make iron from ore with anthracite4 ,the whole iron industry awoke to new life4 ,next the use of gas made from coal became common in cities4 ,the great increase in manufacturing1 and the great changes in modes of transport1 led people to crowd together in cities and towns4 ,these inventions made it possible to feed and warm large numbers of persons gathered into small areas4 ,the cities began to grow so fast that people could no longer live near their work or the shops4 ,lines of stagecoaches were established1 and the coaches were soon followed by horse cars1 which ran on iron tracks laid in the streets4 ,illustration3 ,,an ,,early ,,horse ,,car4 ,sidenote3 ,growth of the school system4 ,sidenote3 ,webster's ,dictionary4 ,sidenote3 ,american men of letters4 ,sidenote3 ,american men of science4 #cjj4 ,progress in ,letters4--,there was also great progress in learning4 ,the school system was constantly improved4 ,especially was this the case in the ,west1 where the government devoted one thirty-sixth part of the public lands to education4 ,high schools were founded1 and soon normal schools were added to them4 ,even the colleges awoke from their long sleep4 ,more students went to them1 and the methods of teaching were improved4 ,some slight attention1 too1 was given to teaching the sciences4 ,in #ahbh ,noah ,webster published the first edition of his great dictionary4 ,unfortunately he tried to change the spelling of many words4 ,but in other ways his dictionary was a great improvement4 ,he defined words so that they could be understood1 and he gave the ,american meaning of many words1 as congress4 ,american writers now began to make great reputations4 ,cooper1 ,irving1 and ,bryant were already well known4 ,they were soon joined by a wonderful set of men1 who speedily made ,america famous4 ,these were ,emerson1 ,lowell1 ,longfellow1 ,holmes1 ,hawthorne1 ,prescott1 ,motley1 ,bancroft1 and ,sparks4 ,in science1 also1 men of mark were beginning their labors1 as ,pierce1 ,gray1 ,silliman1 and ,dana4 ,louis ,agassiz before long began his wonderful lectures1 which did much to make science popular4 ,in short1 ,jackson's administration marks the time when ,american life began to take on its modern form4 ,illustration3 ,,noah ,,webster4 ,,chapter #bi ,,the ,,reign ,,of ,,andrew ,,jackson1 #ahbi-ahcg ,sidenote3 ,jackson's early career4 ,sidenote3 ,his kitchen cabinet4 #cja4 ,general ,jackson4--,born in the backwoods of ,carolina1 ,jackson had early crossed the ,alleghanies and settled in ,tennessee4 ,whenever trouble came to the ,western people1 whenever there was need of a stout heart and an iron will1 ,jackson was at the front4 ,he always did his duty4 ,he always did his duty well4 ,honest and sincere1 he believed in himself and he believed in the ,american people4 ,as ,president he led the people in one of the stormiest periods in our history4 ,able men gathered about him4 ,but he relied chiefly on the advice of a few friends who smoked their pipes with him and formed his kitchen cabinet4 ,he seldom called a regular cabinet meeting4 ,when he did call one1 it was often merely to tell the members what he had decided to do4 ,sidenote3 ,party machines4 ,sidenote3 ,the ,spoils ,system4 #cjb4 ,the ,spoils ,system4--,among the able men who had fought the election for ,jackson were ,van ,buren and ,marcy of ,new ,york and ,buchanan of ,pennsylvania4 ,they had built up strong party machines in their states4 ,for they saw nothing wrong in the principle that to the victors belong the spoils of victory4 ,so they rewarded their party workers with offices--when they won4 ,the ,spoils ,system was now begun in the national government4 ,those who had worked for ,jackson rushed to ,washington4 ,the hotels and boarding-houses could not hold them4 ,some of them camped out in the parks and public squares of the capital4 ,removals now went merrily on4 ,rotation in office was the cry4 ,before long ,jackson removed nearly one thousand officeholders and appointed political partisans in their places4 ,sidenote3 ,the ,north and the ,south4 ,mc,master1 #cja-cjd4 #cjc4 ,the ,north and the ,south4--,the ,south was now a great cotton-producing region4 ,this cotton was grown by negro slaves4 ,the ,north was now a great manufacturing and commercial region4 ,it was also a great agricultural region4 ,but the labor in the mills1 fields1 and ships of the ,north was all free white labor4 ,so the ,united ,states was really split into two sections3 one devoted to slavery and to a few great staples1 as cotton2 the other devoted to free white labor and to industries of many kinds4 ,sidenote3 ,the ,south and the tariff1 #ahbi4 ,sidenote3 ,calhoun's ,exposition4 #cjd4 ,the ,political ,situation1 #ahbi4--,the ,south was growing richer all the time2 but the ,north was growing richer a great deal faster than was the ,south4 ,calhoun and other ,southern men thought that this difference in the rate of progress was due to the protective system4 ,in #ahbh ,congress had passed a tariff that was so bad that it was called the ,tariff of ,abominations 7p4 #bca74 ,the ,southerners could not prevent its passage4 ,but ,calhoun wrote an ,exposition of the constitutional doctrines in the case4 ,this paper was adopted by the legislature of ,south ,carolina as giving its ideas4 ,in this paper ,calhoun declared that the ,constitution of the ,united ,states was a compact4 ,each state was a sovereign state and could annul any law passed by ,congress4 ,the protective system was unjust and unequal in operation4 ,it would bring poverty and utter desolation to the ,south4 ,the tariff act should be annulled by ,south ,carolina and by other ,southern states4 ,illustration3 ,,daniel ,,webster1 #ahcc4 ,sidenote3 ,hayne's speech1 #ahcj4 ,sidenote3 ,webster's reply to ,hayne4 #cje4 ,webster and ,hayne1 #ahcj4--;,calhoun was ,vice-,president and presided over the debates of the ,senate4 ,so it fell to ,senator ,hayne of ,south ,carolina to state ,calhoun's ideas4 ,this he did in a very able speech4 ,to him ,daniel ,webster of ,massachusetts replied in the most brilliant speeches ever delivered in ,congress4 ,the ,constitution1 ,webster declared1 was the people's constitution1 the people's government2 made by the people and answerable to the people4 ,the people have declared that this constitution 444 shall be the supreme law4 ,the ,supreme ,court of the ,united ,states alone could declare a national law to be unconstitutional2 no state could do that4 ,he ended this great speech with the memorable words1 ,liberty and ,union1 now and forever1 one and inseparable4 ,sidenote3 ,tariff of #ahcb4 ,sidenote3 ,nullified by ,south ,carolina1 #ahcc4 ,sidenote3 ,jackson's warning4 ,sidenote3 ,he prepares to enforce the law4 ,sidenote3 ,the ,force ,bill1 #ahcc4 #cjf4 ,nullification1 #ahcb-cc4--;,in #ahcb ,congress passed a new tariff act4 ,the ,south ,carolinians decided to try ,calhoun's weapon of nullification4 ,they held a convention1 declared the act null and void1 and forbade ,south ,carolinians to obey the law4 ,they probably thought that ,jackson would not oppose them4 ,but they should have had no doubts on that subject4 ,for ,jackson already had proposed his famous toast on ,jefferson's birthday1 ,our federal ,union1 it must be preserved4 ,he now told the ,carolinians that he would enforce the laws1 and he set about doing it with all his old-time energy4 ,he sent ships and soldiers to ,charleston and ordered the collector of that port to collect the duties4 ,he then asked ,congress to give him greater power4 ,and ,congress passed the ,force ,bill1 giving him the power he asked for4 ,the ,south ,carolinians1 on their part1 suspended the nullification ordinance and thus avoided an armed conflict with ,old ,hickory1 as his admirers called ,jackson4 ,sidenote3 ,tariff of #ahcc4 #cjg4 ,the ,compromise ,tariff1 #ahcc4--,the nullifiers really gained a part of the battle1 for the tariff law of #ahcb was repealed4 ,in its place ,congress passed what was called the ,compromise ,tariff4 ,this compromise was the work of ,henry ,clay1 the peacemaker4 ,under it the duties were to be gradually lowered until1 in #ahdb1 they would be as low as they were by the ,tariff ,act of #ahaf 7p4 #bca74 ,sidenote3 ,second ,united ,states ,bank1 #ahaf4 ,sidenote3 ,jackson's dislike of the bank4 #cjh4 ,the ,second ,united ,states ,bank4--,nowadays any one with enough money can open a national bank under the protection of the government at ,washington4 ,at this time1 however1 there was one great ,united ,states ,bank4 ,its headquarters were at ,philadelphia and it had branches all over the country4 ,jackson1 like ,jefferson 7p4 #afc71 had very grave doubts as to the power of the national government to establish such a bank4 ,its size and its prosperity alarmed him4 ,moreover1 the stockholders and managers1 for the most part1 were his political opponents4 ,the ,united ,states ,bank also interfered seriously with the operations of the state banks--some of which were managed by ,jackson's friends4 ,the latter urged him on to destroy the ,united ,states ,bank1 and he determined to destroy it4 ,sidenote3 ,jackson1 ,clay1 and the bank charter4 ,sidenote3 ,constitution1 ,art4 ,i1 sec4 #g1 par4 #c4 ,sidenote3 ,relection of ,jackson1 #ahcb4 #cji4 ,struggle over the ,bank ,charter4--,the charter of the bank would not come to an end until #ahcf1 while the term for which ,jackson had been elected in #ahbh would come to an end in #ahcc4 ,but in his first message to ,congress ,jackson gave notice that he would not give his consent to a new charter4 ,clay and his friends at once took up the challenge4 ,they passed a bill rechartering the bank4 ,jackson vetoed the bill4 ,the ,clay men could not get enough votes to pass it over his veto4 ,the bank question1 therefore1 became one of the issues of the election of #ahcb4 ,jackson was reflected by a large majority over ,clay4 ,the people were clearly on his side1 and he at once set to work to destroy the bank4 ,sidenote3 ,the bank and the government4 ,sidenote3 ,removal of the deposits1 #ahcc4 ,mc,master1 #cje-cjh4 #caj4 ,removal of the ,deposits4--,in those days there was no ,united ,states ,treasury building at ,washington1 with great vaults for the storing of gold1 silver1 and paper money4 ,there were no sub-treasuries in the important commercial cities4 ,the ,united ,states ,bank and its branches received the government's money on deposit and paid it out on checks signed by the proper government official4 ,in #ahcc the ,united ,states ,bank had in its vaults about nine million dollars belonging to the government4 ,jackson directed that this money should be drawn out as required1 to pay the government's expenses1 and that no more government money should be deposited in the bank4 ,in the future it should be deposited in certain state banks4 ,the banks selected were controlled by ,jackson's political friends and were called the pet banks4 ,illustration3 ,,andrew ,,jackson1 #ahae4 ,our ,federal union1 it must be preserved4--,jackson's toast at the ,jefferson dinner4 ,sidenote3 ,speculation in ,western lands4 ,mc,master1 #cji4 ,sidenote3 ,the specie circular1 #ahcf4 #caa4 ,jackson's ,specie ,circular1 #ahcf4--,the first result of the removal of the deposits was very different from what ,jackson had expected4 ,at this time there was active speculation in ,western lands4 ,men who had a little spare money bought ,western lands4 ,those who had no money in hand1 borrowed money from the banks and with it bought ,western lands4 ,now it happened that many of the pet banks were in the ,west4 ,the government's money1 deposited with them1 tempted their managers to lend money more freely4 ,this1 in turn1 increased the ease with which people could speculate4 ,jackson saw that unless something were done to restrain this speculation1 disaster would surely come4 ,so he issued a circular to the ,united ,states land officers4 ,this circular was called the ,specie ,circular1 because in it the ,president forbade the land officers to receive anything except gold and silver and certain certificates in payment for the public lands4 ,illustration3 ,a ,,settler',s ,,cabin4 ,sidenote3 ,payment of the national debt4 ,mc,master1 #cji-caj4 #cab4 ,payment of the ,debt1 #ahcg4--,the national debt had now all been paid4 ,the government was collecting more money than it could use for national purposes4 ,and it was compelled to keep on collecting more money than it could use1 because the ,compromise ,tariff 7p4 #bdh7 made it impossible to reduce duties any faster than a certain amount each year4 ,no one dared to disturb the ,compromise ,tariff1 because to do so would bring on a most bitter political fight4 ,the government had more money in the pet banks than was really safe4 ,it could not deposit more with them4 ,sidenote3 ,distribution of the surplus4 ,sidenote3 ,van ,buren elected ,president1 #ahcf4 #cac4 ,distribution of the ,surplus1 #ahcg4--;,a curious plan was now hit upon4 ,it was to loan the surplus revenues to the states in proportion to their electoral votes4 ,three payments were made to the states4 ,then the ,panic of #ahcg came1 and the government had to borrow money to pay its own necessary expenses4 ,before this occurred1 however1 ,jackson was no longer ,president4 ,in his place was ,martin ,van ,buren1 his ,secretary of ,state1 who had been chosen ,president in ,november1 #ahcf4 ,,chapter #cj ,,democrats ,,and ,,whigs1 #ahcg-ahdd ,sidenote3 ,causes of the ,panic4 ,sidenote3 ,hard times1 #ahcg-ci4 #cad4 ,the ,panic of #ahcg4--,the ,panic was due directly to ,jackson's interference with the banks1 to his ,specie ,circular1 and to the distribution of the surplus4 ,it happened in this way4 ,when the ,specie ,circular was issued1 people who held paper money at once went to the banks to get gold and silver in exchange for it to pay for the lands bought of the government4 ,the government on its part drew out money from the banks to pay the states their share of the surplus4 ,the banks were obliged to sell their property and to demand payment of money due them4 ,people who owed money to the banks were obliged to sell their property to pay the banks4 ,so every one wanted to sell1 and few wanted to buy4 ,prices of everything went down with a rush4 ,people felt so poor that they would not even buy new clothes4 ,the mills and mines were closed1 and the banks suspended payments4 ,thousands of working men and women were thrown out of work4 ,they could not even buy food for themselves or their families4 ,terrible bread riots took place4 ,after a time people began to pluck up their courage4 ,but it was a long time before good times came again4 ,sidenote3 ,the national finances4 ,sidenote3 ,the ,sub-,treasury plan4 ,sidenote3 ,independent ,treasury ,act1 #ahdj4 #cae4 ,the ,independent ,treasury ,system4--,what should be done with the government's money8 ,no one could think of depositing it with the state banks4 ,clay and his friends thought the best thing to do would be to establish a new ,united ,states ,bank4 ,but ,van ,buren was opposed to that4 ,his plan1 in short1 was to build vaults for storing money in ,washington and in the leading cities4 ,the main storehouse or ,treasury was to be in ,washington1 subordinate storehouses or sub-treasuries were to be established in the other cities4 ,to these sub-treasuries the collectors of customs would pay the money collected by them4 ,in this way the government would become independent of the general business affairs of the country4 ,in #ahdj ,congress passed an act for putting this plan into effect4 ,but before it was in working order1 ,van ,buren was no longer ,president4 ,sidenote3 ,new parties4 ,sidenote3 ,the ,democrats4 ,sidenote3 ,the ,whigs4 #caf4 ,democrats and ,whigs4--,in the ,era of ,good ,feeling there was but one party--the ,republican party4 ,in the confused times of #ahbd the several sections of the party took the names of their party leaders3 the ,adams men1 the ,jackson men1 the ,clay men1 and so on4 ,soon the ,adams men and the ,clay men began to act together and to call themselves ,national ,republicans4 ,this they did because they wished to build up the nation's resources at the expense of the nation4 ,the ,jackson men called themselves ,democratic ,republicans1 because they upheld the rights of the people4 ,before long they dropped the word ,republican and called themselves simply ,democrats4 ,the ,national ,republicans dropped the whole of their name and took that of the great ,english liberal party--the ,whigs4 ,this they did because they favored reform4 ,illustration3 ,log ,cabin ,song ,book4 ,sidenote3 ,a campaign of humor4 ,higginson1 #bfi2 ,mc,master1 #cae-caf4 ,sidenote3 ,harrison and ,tyler elected1 #ahdj4 #cag4 ,election of #ahdj4--;,general ,william ,henry ,harrison was the son of ,benjamin ,harrison of ,virginia1 one of the signers of the ,declaration of ,independence4 ,general ,harrison had moved to the ,west and had won distinction at ,tippecanoe1 and also in the ,war of #ahab 7pp4 #bjb1 #bji74 ,the ,whigs nominated him in #ahcf1 but he was beaten4 ,they now renominated him for ,president1 with ,john ,tyler of ,virginia as candidate for ,vice-,president4 ,van ,buren had made a good ,president1 but his term of office was associated with panic and hard times4 ,he was a rich man and gave great parties4 ,plainly he was not a man of the people1 as was ,harrison4 ,a ,democratic orator sneered at ,harrison1 and said that all he wanted was a log cabin of his own and a jug of cider4 ,the ,whigs eagerly seized on this description4 ,they built log cabins at the street corners and dragged through the streets log cabins on great wagons4 ,they held immense open-air meetings at which people sang songs of ,tippecanoe and ,tyler ,too4 ,harrison and ,tyler received nearly all the electoral votes and were chosen ,president and ,vice-,president4 ,sidenote3 ,death of ,harrison1 #ahda4 #cah4 ,death of ,harrison1 #ahda4--,the people's ,president was inaugurated on ,march #d1 #ahda4 ,for the first time since the establishment of the ,spoils ,system a new party came into control of the government4 ,thousands of office-seekers thronged to ,washington4 ,they even slept in out-of-the-way corners of the ,white ,house4 ,day after day1 from morning till night1 they pressed their claims on ,harrison4 ,one morning early1 before the office-seekers were astir1 he went out for a walk4 ,he caught cold and died suddenly1 just one month after his inauguration4 ,john ,tyler at once became ,president4 ,sidenote3 ,president ,tyler4 ,sidenote3 ,his contest with the ,whigs4 #cai4 ,tyler and the ,whigs4--,president ,tyler was not a ,whig like ,harrison or ,clay1 nor was he a ,democrat like ,jackson4 ,he was a ,democrat who did not like ,jackson ideas4 ,as ,president1 he proved to be anything but a ,whig4 ,he was willing to sign a bill to repeal the ,independent ,treasury ,act1 for that was a ,democratic measure he had not liked2 but he refused to sign a bill to establish a new ,bank of the ,united ,states4 ,without either a bank or a treasury1 it was well-nigh impossible to carry on the business of the government4 ,but it was carried on in one way or another4 ,tyler was willing to sign a new tariff act1 and one was passed in #ahdb4 ,this was possible1 as the ,compromise ,tariff 7p4 #bdh7 came to an end in that year4 ,sidenote3 ,northeastern boundary dispute4 ,sidenote3 ,the ,ashburton ,treaty1 #ahdb4 #cbj4 ,treaty with ,great ,britain1 #ahdb4--,perhaps the most important event of ,tyler's administration was the signing of the ,treaty of #ahdb with ,great ,britain4 ,ever since the ,treaty of ,peace of #aghc1 there had been a dispute over the northeastern boundary of ,maine4 ,if the boundary had been run according to the plain meaning of the ,treaty of ,peace1 the people of ,upper ,canada would have found it almost impossible to reach ,new ,brunswick or ,nova ,scotia in winter4 ,at that time of the year the ,st4 ,lawrence is frozen over1 and the true northern boundary of ,maine ran so near to the ,st4 ,lawrence that it was difficult to build a road which would be wholly in ,british territory4 ,so the ,british had tried in every way to avoid settling the matter4 ,it was now arranged that the ,united ,states should have a little piece of ,canada north of ,vermont and ,new ,york and should give up the extreme northeastern corner of ,maine4 ,it was also agreed that criminals escaping from one country to the other should be returned4 ,a still further agreement was made for checking the slave trade from the coast of western ,africa4 ,illustration3 ,,john ,,tyler4 ,illustration3 ,,the ,,first ,,morse ,,instrument4 ,sidenote3 ,the ,morse code4 ,sidenote3 ,first telegraph line1 #ahdd4 ,sidenote3 ,usefulness of the telegraph1 ,mc,master1 #cgb4 #cba4 ,the ,electric ,telegraph4--,benjamin ,franklin and ,joseph ,henry made great discoveries in electricity4 ,but ,samuel ,f4 ,b4 ,morse was the first to use electricity in a practical way4 ,morse found out that if a man at one end of a line of wire pressed down a key1 electricity could be made at the same moment to press down another key at the other end of the line of wire4 ,moreover1 the key at the farther end of the line could be so arranged as to make an impression on a piece of paper that was slowly drawn under it by clockwork4 ,now if the man at one end of the line held his key down for only an instant1 this impression would look like a dot4 ,if he held it down longer1 it would look like a short dash4 ,morse combined these dots and dashes into an alphabet4 ,for instance1 one dash meant the letter t1 and so on4 ,for a time people only laughed at ,morse4 ,but at length ,congress gave him enough money to build a line from ,baltimore to ,washington4 ,it was opened in #ahdd1 and proved to be a success from the beginning4 ,other lines were soon built1 and the ,morse system1 greatly improved1 is still in use4 ,the telegraph made it possible to operate long lines of railroad1 as all the trains could be managed from one office so that they would not run into one another4 ,it also made it possible to communicate with people afar off and get an answer in an hour or so4 ,for both these reasons the telegraph was very important and with the railroads did much to unite the people of the different portions of the country4 ,illustration3 ,,the ,,first ,,mccormick ,,reaper4 ,sidenote3 ,problems of what growing4 ,sidenote3 ,the ,mc,cormick reaper1 #ahca4 ,mc,master1 #ca-cgb4 ,sidenote3 ,results of this invention4 #cbb4 ,the ,mc,cormick ,reaper4--,every great staple depends for its production on some particular tool4 ,for instance1 cotton was of slight importance until the invention of the cotton gin 7p4 #ahe7 made it possible cheaply to separate the seed from the fiber4 ,the success of wheat growing depended upon the ability quickly to harvest the crop4 ,wheat must be allowed to stand until it is fully ripened4 ,then it must be quickly reaped and stored away out of the reach of the rain and wet4 ,for a few weeks in each year there was a great demand for labor on the wheat farms4 ,and there was little labor to be had4 ,cyrus ,h4 ,mc,cormick solved this problem for the wheat growers by inventing a horse reaper4 ,the invention was made in #ahca1 but it was not until #ahde that the reaper came into general use4 ,by #ahee the use of the horse reaper was adding every year fifty-five million dollars to the wealth of the country4 ,each year its use moved the fringe of civilization fifty miles farther west4 ,without harvesting machinery the rapid settlement of the ,west would have been impossible4 ,and had not the ,west been rapidly settled by free whites1 the whole history of the country between #ahde and #ahfe would have been very different from what it has been4 ,the influence of the horse reaper on our political history1 therefore1 is as important as the influence of the steam locomotive or of the cotton gin4 ,illustration3 ,,modern ,,harvester4 ,,questions ,,and ,,topics ,,chapter #bh #bic1 #bid4--;,compare the condition of the ,united ,states in #ahcj and #ahjj as to 7#a7 extent1 7#b7 population1 7#c7 interests and occupation of the people4 ,illustrate these changes by maps1 diagrams1 or tables4 #bie1 #bif4--;a4 ,how had the use of steamboats increased8 b4 ,why had this led to the separation of the ,west and the ,east8 ,how was it proposed to overcome this difficulty8 c4 ,do you think that roads should be built at national expense8 ,give your reasons4 d4 ,mark on a map the ,erie ,canal1 and show why it was so important4 ,describe the effects of its use4 #big1 #bih4--;a4 ,do you think that railroads should be carried on by the state or by individuals8 ,why8 b4 ,what influence has the railroad had upon the ,union8 ,upon people's minds8 ,upon the growth of cities8 7,take your own city or town and think of it without railroads anywhere47 #bii1 #cjj4--;a4 ,explain how one discovery or invention affected other industries 7as shown1 for instance1 in the use of anthracite coal74 b4 ,how did these inventions make large cities possible8 c4 ,why is the education of our people so important8 d4 ,what were the advantages of ,webster's ,dictionary8 ,,chapter #bi #cja1 #cjb4--;a4 ,why is this chapter called the ,reign of ,andrew ,jackson8 ,do you think that a ,president should reign8 b4 ,in what respects was ,jackson fitted for ,president8 c4 ,what is meant by his kitchen cabinet8 d4 ,what is a party machine8 ,how was it connected with the spoils system8 e4 ,did the spoils system originate with ,jackson8 #cjc1 #cjd4--;a4 ,compare carefully the ,north and the ,south4 ,why was the ,north growing rich faster than the ,south8 b4 ,where have you already found the ideas expressed in ,calhoun's ,exposition8 ,why was this doctrine so dangerous8 ,are the states sovereign states8 #cje4--;a4 ,what view did ,webster take8 ,how does his speech show the increase of the love of the ,union8 b4 ,what is the supreme law of the land8 ,whose business is it to decide on the constitutionality of a law8 ,is this wise8 #cjf1 #cjg4--;a4 ,how did ,south ,carolina oppose the ,act of #ahcb8 b4 ,how did ,jackson oppose the ,south ,carolinians8 c4 ,would a state be likely to nullify an act of ,congress now8 ,give your reasons4 #cjh1 #cji4--;a4 ,was the ,united ,states ,bank like the national banks of the present day8 b4 ,why did ,jackson dislike and distrust the ,united ,states ,bank8 c4 ,if a bill is vetoed by the ,president1 how can it still be made a law8 #caj4--;a4 ,where did the ,united ,states government keep its money8 b4 ,how did ,jackson try to ruin the ,united ,states ,bank8 #caa-cac4--;a4 ,why did people wish to buy ,western lands8 ,how did the favoring the pet banks increase speculation8 b4 ,what was done with the surplus8 ,what was the effect of this measure8 c4 ,how did ,jackson try to stop speculation8 ,,chapter #cj #cad1 #cae4--;a4 ,why did prices go down with a rush8 b4 ,describe the ,independent ,treasury plan4 ,where is the nation's money kept to-day8 #caf1 #cag4--;a4 ,state briefly the reasons for the split in the ,republican party4 ,had you lived in #ahdj1 for whom would you have voted8 voted8 ,why8 b4 ,give an account of the early life of ,harrison4 c4 ,describe the campaign of #ahdj1 and compare it with the last presidential campaign4 #cah1 #cai4--;a4 ,what party came into power in #ahda8 ,under the spoils system what would naturally follow8 b4 ,to what party did ,tyler belong8 c4 ,why was it difficult for the government to carry on its business without a bank or a treasury8 #cbj4--;a4 ,what dispute had long existed with ,great ,britain8 b4 ,why did the ,british object to the boundary line laid down in the ,treaty of #aghc8 ,show on a map how the matter was finally settled4 #cba1 #cbb4--;a4 ,explain carefully the application of electricity made by ,morse4 ,of what advantage has the telegraph been to the ,united ,states8 b4 ,how did the ,mc,cormick reaper solve the difficulty in wheat growing8 ,what were the results of this invention8 c4 ,compare its influence upon our history with that of the cotton gin4 ,,general ,,questions a4 ,why is the period covered by this division so important8 b4 ,give the principal events since the ,revolution which made ,western expansion possible4 c4 ,explain1 using a chart1 the changes in parties since #aghi4 d4 ,what were the good points in ,jackson's administration8 ,the mistakes8 ,,topics ,,for ,,special ,,work a4 ,select some one invention between #agij and #ahce1 describe it1 explain the need for it1 and the results which have followed from it4 b4 ,the ,erie ,canal4 c4 ,the career of ,webster1 ,clay1 or ,calhoun4 d4 ,life and works of any one of the literary men of this period4 e4 ,the ,ashburton ,treaty1 with a map4 ,,suggestions ,,to ,,the ,,teacher ,the personality of ,andrew ,jackson1 representing as he does a new element in social and political life1 deserves a careful study4 ,the financial policy of his administration is too difficult for children4 ,with brief comparisons with present-day conditions the study of this subject can be confined to what is given in the text4 ,jackson's action at the time of the nullification episode may well be compared with ,buchanan's inaction in #ahfj-fa4 ,the constitutional portions of ,webster's great speeches are too hard for children1 but his burning words of patriotism may well be learned by the whole class4 ,the spoils system may be lightly treated here4 ,it can best be studied in detail later in connection with civil service reform4 ,illustration3 ,,the ,,united ,,states ,,in #ahei4 ,,xi ,,slavery ,,in ,,the ,,territories1 #ahdd-ahei ,books for ,study and ,reading ,references4--,scribner's ,popular ,history1 ,,iv2 ,mc,master's ,with the ,fathers1 ,coffin's ,building the ,nation1 #cad-cbd4 ,home ,readings4--,wright's ,stories of ,american ,progress2 ,bolton's ,famous ,americans2 ,brooks's ,boy ,settlers2 ,stowe's ,uncle ,tom's ,cabin2 ,lodge's ,webster4 ,,chapter #ca ,,beginning ,,of ,,the ,,antislavery ,,agitation ,sidenote3 ,antislavery sentiments of the ,virginians4 ,sidenote3 ,slavery in the far ,south4 ,sidenote3 ,source-book1 #bdd-bdh1 #bea-bfj4 #cbc4 ,growth of ,slavery in the ,south4--,south of ,pennsylvania and of the ,ohio ,river slavery had increased greatly since #aghg 7p4 #acf74 ,washington1 ,jefferson1 ,henry1 and other great ,virginians were opposed to the slave system4 ,but they could find no way to end it1 even in ,virginia4 ,the ,south ,carolinians and ,georgians fought every proposition to limit slavery4 ,they even refused to come into the ,union unless they were given representation in ,congress for a portion at least of their slaves4 ,and in the first ,congress under the ,constitution they opposed bitterly every proposal to limit slavery4 ,then came ,whitney's invention of the cotton gin4 ,that at once made slave labor vastly more profitable in the cotton states and put an end to all hopes of peaceful emancipation in the ,south4 ,sidenote3 ,proposal to end slavery with compensation4 ,sidenote3 ,the ,liberator4 #cbd4 ,rise of the ,abolitionists4--,about #ahcj a new movement in favor of the negroes began4 ,some persons in the ,north1 as1 for example1 ,william ,ellery ,channing1 proposed that slaves should be set free1 and their owners paid for their loss4 ,they suggested that the money received from the sale of the public lands might be used in this way4 ,but nothing came of these suggestions4 ,soon1 however1 ,william ,lloyd ,garrison began at ,boston the publication of a paper called the ,liberator4 ,he wished for complete abolition without payment4 ,for a time he labored almost alone4 ,then slowly others came to his aid1 and the ,antislavery ,society was founded4 ,sidenote3 ,anti-abolitionist sentiment in the ,north4 ,higginson1 #bfh4 ,sidenote3 ,disunion sentiment of abolitionists4 ,sidenote3 ,the ,garrison riot1 #ahce4 ,source-,book1 #bdh-bea4 #cbe4 ,opposition to the ,abolitionists4--,it must not be thought that the abolitionists were not opposed4 ,they were most vigorously opposed4 ,very few ,northern men wished to have slavery reestablished in the ,north4 ,but very many ,northern men objected to the antislavery agitation because they thought it would injure business4 ,some persons even argued that the antislavery movement would bring about the destruction of the ,union4 ,in this idea there was a good deal of truth4 ,for ,garrison grew more and more outspoken4 ,he condemned the ,union with slaveholders and wished to break down the ,constitution1 because it permitted slavery4 ,there were anti-abolitionist riots in ,new ,york1 ,new ,jersey1 and ,new ,hampshire4 ,in ,boston the rioters seized ,garrison and dragged him about the streets 7#ahce74 ,sidenote3 ,nat ,turner's ,rebellion1 #ahca4 ,sidenote3 ,incendiary publications in the mails4 ,mc,master1 #cac-cad4 #cbf4 ,slave ,rebellion in ,virginia1 #ahca4--;,at about the time that ,garrison established the ,liberator at ,boston1 a slave rebellion broke out in ,virginia4 ,the rebels were led by a slave named ,nat ,turner1 and the rebellion is often called ,nat ,turner's ,rebellion4 ,it was a small affair and was easily put down4 ,but the ,southerners were alarmed1 because they felt that the ,northern antislavery agitation would surely lead to more rebellions4 ,they called upon the government to forbid the sending of the ,liberator and similar incendiary publications through the mails4 ,sidenote3 ,right of petition4 ,sidenote3 ,j4,q4 ,adams and antislavery petitions1 #ahcf4 ,hero ,tales1 #aea-aei4 ,sidenote3 ,the gag-resolutions4 ,mc,master1 #cad-cae4 #cbg4 ,the ,right of ,petition4--,one of the most sacred rights of freemen is the right to petition for redress of grievances4 ,in the old colonial days the ,british ,parliament had refused even to listen to petitions presented by the colonists4 ,but the ,first ,amendment to the ,constitution forbade ,congress to make any law to prevent citizens of the ,united ,states from petitioning4 ,john ,quincy ,adams1 once ,president1 was now a member of the ,house of ,representatives4 ,in #ahcf he presented petition after petition1 praying ,congress to forbid slavery in the ,district of ,columbia4 ,southerners1 like ,calhoun1 thought these petitions were insulting to ,southern slaveholders4 ,congress could not prevent the antislavery people petitioning4 ,they could prevent the petitions being read when presented4 ,this they did by passing gag-resolutions4 ,adams protested against these resolutions as an infringement on the rights of his constituents4 ,but the resolutions were passed4 ,petitions now came pouring into ,congress4 ,adams even presented one from some negro slaves4 ,sidenote3 ,growth of antislavery feeling in the ,north4 #cbh4 ,change in ,northern ,sentiment4--,all these happenings brought about a great change of sentiment in the ,north4 ,many people1 who cared little about negro slaves1 cared a great deal about the freedom of the press and the right of petition4 ,many of these did not sympathize with the abolitionists1 but they wished that some limit might be set to the extension of slavery4 ,at the same time the ,southerners were uniting to resist all attempts to interfere with slavery4 ,they were even determined to add new slave territory to the ,united ,states4 ,,chapter #cb ,,the ,,mexican ,,war ,sidenote3 ,the ,mexican ,republic1 #ahba4 ,sidenote3 ,texas secedes from ,mexico1 #ahcf1 ,mc,master1 #cbj-cbb2 ,hero ,tales1 #agc-aha4 #cbi4 ,the ,republic of ,texas4--,the ,mexicans won their independence from ,spain in #ahba and founded the ,mexican ,republic4 ,soon immigrants from the ,united ,states settled in the northeastern part of the new republic4 ,this region was called ,texas4 ,the ,mexican government gave these settlers large tracts of land1 and for a time everything went on happily4 ,then war broke out between the ,mexicans and the ,texans4 ,led by ,samuel ,houston1 a settler from ,tennessee1 the ,texans won the battle of ,san ,jacinto and captured ,general ,santa ,anna1 the president of the ,mexican ,republic4 ,the ,texans then established the ,republic of ,texas 7#ahcf7 and asked to be admitted to the ,union as one of the ,united ,states4 ,sidenote3 ,question of the admission of ,texas to the ,union4 #ccj4 ,the ,southerners and ,texas4--,the application of ,texas for admission to the ,union came as a pleasant surprise to many ,southerners4 ,as a part of the ,mexican ,republic ,texas had been free soil4 ,but ,texas was well suited to the needs of the cotton plant4 ,if it were admitted to the ,union1 it would surely be a slave state or1 perhaps1 several slave states4 ,the question of admitting ,texas first came before ,jackson4 ,he saw that the admission of ,texas would be strongly opposed in the ,north4 ,so he put the whole matter to one side and would have nothing to do with it4 ,tyler acted very differently4 ,under his direction a treaty was made with ,texas4 ,this treaty provided for the admission of ,texas to the ,union4 ,but the ,senate refused to ratify the treaty4 ,the matter1 therefore1 became the most important question in the presidential election of #ahdd4 ,illustration3 ,,james ,k4 ,,polk4 ,sidenote3 ,candidates for the presidency1 #ahdd4 ,sidenote3 ,the ,liberty party4 ,sidenote3 ,polk elected4 #cca4 ,election of #ahdd4--,president ,tyler would have been glad of a second term4 ,but neither of the great parties wanted him as a leader4 ,the ,democrats would have gladly nominated ,van ,buren had he not opposed the acquisition of ,texas4 ,instead they nominated ,james ,k4 ,polk of ,tennessee1 an outspoken favorer of the admission of ,texas4 ,the ,whigs nominated ,henry ,clay1 who had no decided views on the ,texas question4 ,he said one thing one day1 another thing another day4 ,the result was that the opponents of slavery and of ,texas formed a new party4 ,they called it the ,liberty party and nominated a candidate for ,president4 ,the ,liberty men did not gain many votes4 ,but they gained enough votes to make ,clay's election impossible and ,polk was chosen ,president4 ,sidenote3 ,texas admitted by joint resolution1 #ahde4 ,mc,master1 #cbe4 #ccb4 ,acquisition of ,texas1 #ahde4--,tyler now pressed the admission of ,texas upon ,congress4 ,the two houses passed a joint resolution4 ,this resolution provided for the admission of ,texas1 and for the formation from the territory included in ,texas of four states1 in addition to the state of ,texas1 and with the consent of that state4 ,before ,texas was actually admitted ,tyler had ceased to be ,president4 ,but ,polk carried out his policy1 and on ,july #d1 #ahde1 ,texas became one of the ,united ,states4 ,sidenote3 ,southern boundary of ,texas4 ,sidenote3 ,taylor on the ,rio ,grande4 ,sidenote3 ,war declared1 #ahdf4 ,lowell in ,source-,book1 #bga-bgf4 #ccc4 ,beginning of the ,mexican ,war1 #ahdf4--,the ,mexicans had never acknowledged the independence of ,texas4 ,they now protested against its admission to the ,united ,states4 ,disputes also arose as to the southern boundary of ,texas4 ,as no agreement could be reached on this point1 ,president ,polk ordered ,general ,zachary ,taylor to march to the ,rio ,grande and occupy the disputed territory4 ,taylor did as he was ordered1 and the ,mexicans attacked him4 ,polk reported these facts to ,congress1 and ,congress authorized the ,president to push on the fighting on the ground that war exists1 and exists by the act of ,mexico herself4 ,sidenote3 ,the three parts of the ,mexican ,war4 ,sidenote3 ,taylor's campaign4 ,mc,master1 #cbf-cbg4 ,sidenote3 ,battle of ,buena ,vista1 #ahdg4 #ccd4 ,taylor's ,campaigns4--,the ,mexican ,war easily divides itself into three parts3 7#a7 ,taylor's forward movement across the ,rio ,grande2 7#b7 ,scott's campaign1 which ended in the capture of the ,city of ,mexico2 and 7#c7 the seizure of ,california4 ,taylor's object was to maintain the line of the ,rio ,grande1 then to advance into ,mexico and injure the ,mexicans as much as possible4 ,the battles of ,palo ,alto and ,resaca de la ,palma 7,may #h1 #i1 #ahdf7 were fought before the actual declaration of war4 ,these victories made ,taylor master of the ,rio ,grande4 ,in ,september he crossed the ,rio ,grande4 ,so far all had gone well4 ,but in the winter many of ,taylor's soldiers were withdrawn to take part in ,scott's campaign4 ,this seemed to be the ,mexicans' time4 ,they attacked ,taylor with four times as many men as he had in his army4 ,this battle was fought at ,buena ,vista1 ,february1 #ahdg4 ,taylor beat back the ,mexicans with terrible slaughter4 ,this was the last battle of ,taylor's campaign4 ,sidenote3 ,scott's campaign4 ,eggleston1 #bhd-bhf2 ,mc,master1 #cbg-cbh4 ,sidenote3 ,he captures ,city of ,mexico1 #ahdg4 #cce4 ,scott's ,invasion of ,mexico4--,the plan of ,scott's campaign was that he should land at ,vera ,cruz1 march to the city of ,mexico1--two hundred miles away1--capture that city1 and force the ,mexicans to make peace4 ,everything fell out precisely as it was planned4 ,with the help of the navy ,scott captured ,vera ,cruz4 ,he had only about one-quarter as many men as the ,mexicans4 ,but he overthrew them at ,cerro ,gordo1 where the road to the ,city of ,mexico crosses the coast mountains 7,april1 #ahdg74 ,with the greatest care and skill he pressed on and at length came within sight of the ,city of ,mexico4 ,the capital of the ,mexican ,republic stood in the midst of marshes1 and could be reached only over narrow causeways which joined it to the solid land4 ,august #bj1 #ahdg1 ,scott beat the ,mexicans in three pitched battles1 and on ,september #ad he entered the city with his army1 now numbering only six thousand men fit for active service4 ,illustration3 ,,the ,,bear ,,flag4 ,sidenote3 ,california4 ,sidenote3 ,the ,bear ,republic1 #ahdf4 ,sidenote3 ,california seized by ,american soldiers4 #ccf4 ,seizure of ,california4--,california was the name given to the ,mexican possessions on the ,pacific coast north of ,mexico itself4 ,there were now many ,american settlers there1 especially at ,monterey4 ,hearing of the outbreak of the ,mexican ,war1 they ,set up a republic of their own4 ,their flag had a figure of a grizzly bear painted on it1 and hence their republic is often spoken of as the ,bear ,republic4 ,commodore ,stockton with a small fleet was on the ,pacific coast4 ,he and ,john ,c4 ,frmont assisted the ,bear ,republicans until soldiers under ,colonel ,kearney reached them from the ,united ,states by way of ,santa ,f4 ,illustration3 ,,john ,c4 ,,fr,,mont4 ,sidenote3 ,mexican cessions1 #ahdh4 ,sidenote3 ,the ,gadsden ,purchase1 #ahec4 ,mc,master1 #ccd4 #ccg4 ,treaty of ,peace1 #ahdh4--,the direct cause of the ,mexican ,war was ,mexico's unwillingness to give up ,texas without a struggle4 ,but the ,mexicans had treated many ,americans very unjustly and owed them large sums of money4 ,a treaty of peace was made in #ahdh4 ,mexico agreed to abandon her claims to ,texas1 ,california1 ,new ,mexico1 ,nevada1 ,utah1 and ,colorado4 ,the ,united ,states agreed to withdraw its armies from ,mexico1 to pay ,mexico fifteen million dollars1 and to pay the claims of ,american citizens on ,mexico4 ,these claims proved to amount to three and one-half million dollars1 ,in the end1 therefore1 the ,united ,states paid eighteen and one-half million dollars for this enormous and exceedingly valuable addition to its territory4 ,when the time came to run the boundary line1 the ,american and ,mexican commissioners could not agree4 ,so the ,united ,states paid ten million dollars more and received an additional strip of land between the ,rio ,grande and the ,colorado rivers4 ,this gave the ,united ,states its present southern boundary4 ,this agreement was made in #ahec by ,james ,gadsden for the ,united ,states1 and the land bought is usually called the ,gadsden ,purchase4 ,sidenote3 ,oregon4 ,sidenote3 ,joint occupation by ,united ,states and ,great ,britain4 #cch4 ,the ,oregon ,question4--,it was not only in the ,southwest that boundaries were disputed2 in the ,northwest also there was a long controversy which was settled while ,polk was ,president4 ,oregon was the name given to the whole region1 between ,spanish and ,mexican ,california and the ,russian ,alaska4 ,the ,united ,states and ,great ,britain each claimed to have the best right to ,oregon4 ,as they could not agree as to their claims1 they decided to occupy the region jointly4 ,as time went on ,american settlers and missionaries began to go over the mountains to ,oregon4 ,in #ahdg seven thousand ,americans were living in the ,northwest4 ,sidenote3 ,all ,oregon or none4 ,sidenote3 ,division of ,oregon1 #ahdf4 #cci4 ,the ,oregon ,treaty1 #ahdf4--,the matter was now taken up in earnest4 ,all ,oregon or none1 ,fifty-four forty or fight1 became popular cries4 ,the ,united ,states gave notice of the ending of the joint occupation4 ,the ,british government suggested that ,oregon should be divided between the two nations4 ,in #ahah he boundary between the ,united ,states and ,british ,north ,america had been fixed as the forty-ninth parallel from the ,lake of the ,woods to the ,rocky ,mountains4 ,it was now proposed to continue this line to the ,pacific4 ,the ,british government1 however1 insisted that the western end of the line should follow the channel between ,vancouver's ,island and the mainland so as to make that island entirely ,british4 ,the ,mexican ,war was now coming on4 ,it would hardly do to have two wars at one time4 ,so the ,united ,states gave way and a treaty was signed in #ahdf4 ,instead of all ,oregon1 the ,united ,states received about one-half4 ,but it was a splendid region and included not merely the present state of ,oregon1 but all the territory west of the ,rocky ,mountains between the forty-second and the forty-ninth parallels of latitude4 ,,chapter #cc ,,the ,,compromise ,,of #ahej ,sidenote3 ,should ,oregon and ,mexican cessions be free soil8 ,sidenote3 ,the ,wilmot ,proviso4 ,mc,master1 #cbd4 #cdj4 ,the ,wilmot ,proviso1 #ahdf4--,what should be done with ,oregon and with the immense territory received from ,mexico8 ,should it be free soil or should it be slave soil8 ,to understand the history of the dispute which arose out of this question we must go back a bit and study the ,wilmot ,proviso4 ,even before the ,mexican ,war was fairly begun1 this question came before ,congress4 ,every one admitted that ,texas must be a slave state4 ,most people were agreed that ,oregon would be free soil4 ,for it was too far north for negroes to thrive4 ,but what should be done with ,california and with ,new ,mexico8 ,david ,wilmot of ,pennsylvania thought that they should be free soil4 ,he was a member of the ,house of ,representatives4 ,in #ahdf he moved to add to a bill giving the ,president money to purchase land from ,mexico a proviso that none of the territory to be acquired at the national expense should be open to slavery4 ,this proviso was finally defeated4 ,but the matter was one on which people held very strong opinions1 and the question became the most important issue in the election of #ahdh4 ,illustration3 ,,zachary ,,taylor4 ,sidenote3 ,candidates for the presidency1 #ahdh4 ,sidenote3 ,squatter sovereignty4 ,sidenote3 ,free ,soil party4 ,mc,master1 #ccd-cce4 ,sidenote3 ,taylor and ,fillmore elected4 #cda4 ,taylor elected ,president1 #ahdh4--,three candidates contested the election of #ahdh4 ,first there was ,lewis ,cass of ,michigan1 the ,democratic candidate4 ,he was in favor of squatter sovereignty1 that is1 allowing the people of each territory to have slavery or not as they chose4 ,the ,whig candidate was ,general ,taylor1 the victor of ,buena ,vista4 ,the ,whigs put forth no statement of principles4 ,the third candidate was ,martin ,van ,buren1 already once ,president4 ,although a ,democrat1 he did not favor the extension of slavery4 ,he was nominated by ,democrats who did not believe in squatter sovereignty1 and by a new party which called itself the ,free ,soil party4 ,the abolitionists or ,liberty party also nominated a candidate1 but he withdrew in favor of ,van ,buren4 ,the ,whigs had nominated ,millard ,fillmore of ,new ,york for ,vice-,president4 ,he attracted to the ,whig ticket a good many votes in ,new ,york4 ,van ,buren also drew a good many votes from the ,democrats4 ,in this way ,new ,york was carried for ,taylor and ,fillmore4 ,this decided the election1 and the ,whig candidates were chosen4 ,illustration3 ,,the ,,site ,,of ,,san ,,francisco ,,in #ahdg4 ,from an original drawing4 ,sidenote3 ,discovery of gold in ,california1 #ahdh4 ,sidenote3 ,the rush to ,california1 #ahdi4 ,mc,master1 #ccg-cch2 ,source-,book1 #bgf-bgi4 #cdb4 ,california4--,before the treaty of peace with ,mexico was ratified1 even before it was signed1 gold was discovered in ,california4 ,reports of the discovery soon reached the towns on the western seacoast4 ,at once men left whatever they were doing and hastened to the hills to dig for gold4 ,months later rumors of this discovery began to reach the eastern part of the ,united ,states4 ,at first people paid little attention to them4 ,but when ,president ,polk said that gold had been found1 people began to think that it must be true4 ,soon hundreds of gold-seekers started for ,california4 ,then thousands became eager to go4 ,these first comers were called the ,forty-,niners1 because most of them came in the year #ahdi4 ,by the end of that year there were eighty thousand immigrants in ,california4 ,sidenote3 ,california constitutional convention1 #ahdi4 ,sidenote3 ,slavery forbidden4 #cdc4 ,california seeks ,admission to the ,union4--,there were eighty thousand white people in ,california1 and they had almost no government of any kind4 ,so in ,november1 #ahdi1 they held a convention1 drew up a constitution1 and demanded admission the ,union as a state4 ,the peculiar thing about this constitution was that it forbade slavery in ,california4 ,many of the ,forty-,niners were ,southerners4 ,but even they did not want slavery4 ,the reason was that they wished to dig in the earth and win gold4 ,they would not allow slave holders to work their mining claims with slave labor1 for free white laborers had never been able to work alongside of negro slaves4 ,so they did not want slavery in ,california4 ,sidenote3 ,divisions on the question of the extension of slavery4 ,mc,master1 #cce-ccf4 #cdd4 ,a ,divided ,country4--,this action of the people of ,california at once brought the question of slavery before the people4 ,many ,southerners were eager to found a slave confederacy apart from the ,union4 ,many abolitionists were eager to found a free republic in the ,north4 ,many ,northerners1 who loved the ,union1 thought that slavery should be confined to the states where it existed4 ,they thought that slavery should not be permitted in the territories1 which belonged to the people of the ,united ,states as a whole4 ,they argued that if the territories could be kept free1 the people of those territories1 when they came to form state constitutions1 would forbid slavery as the people of ,california had just done4 ,they were probably right1 and for this very reason the ,southerners wished to have slavery in the territories4 ,so strong was the feeling over these points that it seemed as if the ,union would split into pieces4 ,sidenote3 ,taylor's policy4 ,sidenote3 ,california demands admission4 #cde4 ,president ,taylor's ,policy4--,general ,taylor was now ,president4 ,he was alarmed by the growing excitement4 ,he determined to settle the matter at once before people could get any more excited4 ,so he sent agents to ,california and to ,new ,mexico to urge the people to demand admission to the ,union at once4 ,when ,congress met in #ahej1 he stated that ,california demanded admission as a free state4 ,the ,southerners were angry4 ,for they had thought that ,california would surely be a slave state4 ,sidenote3 ,clay's compromise scheme1 #ahej4 ,mc,master1 #cci-cda2 ,source-,book1 #bgi-bha4 #cdf4 ,clay's ,compromise ,plan4--,henry ,clay now stepped forward to bring about a union of hearts4 ,his plan was to end all disputes between ,northerners and ,southerners by having the people of each section give way to the people of the other section4 ,for example1 the ,southerners were to permit the admission of ,california as a free state1 and to consent to the abolition of the slave trade in the ,district of ,columbia4 ,in return1 the ,northerners were to give way to the ,southerners on all other points4 ,they were to allow slavery in the ,district of ,columbia4 ,they were to consent to the organization of ,new ,mexico and ,utah as territories without any provision for or against slavery4 ,texas claimed that a part of the proposed ,territory of ,new ,mexico belonged to her4 ,so ,clay suggested that the ,united ,states should pay ,texas for this land4 ,finally ,clay proposed that ,congress should pass a severe ,fugitive ,slave ,act4 ,it is easily seen that ,clay's plan as a whole was distinctly favorable to the ,south4 ,few persons favored the passage of the whole scheme4 ,but when votes were taken on each part separately1 they all passed4 ,in the midst of the excitement over this compromise ,president ,taylor died1 and ,millard ,fillmore1 the ,vice-,president1 became ,president4 ,illustration3 ,,millard ,,fillmore4 ,sidenote3 ,art4 ,,iv1 sec4 #b4 ,sidenote3 ,fugitive ,slave ,act of #agic4 ,sidenote3 ,fugitive ,slave ,act of #ahej4 ,mc,master1 #cda-cdc4 ,sidenote3 ,results of passage of this act4 ,higginson1 #bha2 ,source-,book1 #bhb-bhd4 ,sidenote3 ,the ,underground ,railway4 ,source-,book1 #bfj-bfc4 #cdg4 ,the ,fugitive ,slave ,act4--,the ,constitution provides that persons held to service in one state escaping into another state shall be delivered up upon claim of the person to whom such service may be due4 ,congress1 in #agic1 had passed an act to carry out this provision of the ,constitution4 ,but this law had seldom been enforced1 because its enforcement had been left to the states1 and public opinion in the ,north was opposed to the return of fugitive slaves4 ,the law of #ahej gave the enforcement of the act to ,united ,states officials4 ,the agents of slave owners claimed many persons as fugitives4 ,but few were returned to the ,south4 ,the important result of these attempts to enforce the law was to strengthen ,northern public opinion against slavery4 ,it led to redoubled efforts to help runaway slaves through the ,northern states to ,canada4 ,a regular system was established4 ,this was called the ,underground ,railway4 ,in short1 instead of bringing about a union of hearts1 the ,compromise of #ahej increased the ill feeling between the people of the two sections of the country4 ,sidenote3 ,uncle ,tom's ,cabin4 ,sidenote3 ,effects of this book4 #cdh4 ,uncle ,tom's ,cabin4--,it was at this time that ,mrs4 ,harriet ,beecher ,stowe wrote ,uncle ,tom's ,cabin4 ,in this story she set forth the pleasant side of slavery--the light-heartedness and kind-heartedness of the negroes4 ,in it she also set forth the unpleasant side of slavery--the whipping of human beings1 the selling of human beings1 the hunting of human beings4 ,of course1 there never was such a slave as ,uncle ,tom4 ,the story is simply a wonderful picture of slavery as it appeared to a brilliant woman of the ,north4 ,hundreds of thousands of copies of this book were sold in the ,south as well as in the ,north4 ,plays founded on the book were acted on the stage4 ,southern people when reading ,uncle ,tom thought little of the unpleasant things in it3 they liked the pleasant things in it4 ,northern people laughed at the pretty pictures of plantation life3 they were moved to tears by the tales of cruelty4 ,uncle ,tom's ,cabin and the ,fugitive ,slave ,law convinced the people of the ,north that bounds must be set to the extension of slavery4 ,,chapter #cd ,,the ,,struggle ,,for ,,kansas ,sidenote3 ,campaign of #aheb4 ,sidenote3 ,pierce elected ,president4 #cdi4 ,pierce elected ,president1 #aheb4--;,it was now ,campaign time for a new election4 ,the ,whigs had been successful with two old soldiers1 so they thought they would try again with another soldier and nominated ,general ,winfield ,scott1 the conqueror of ,mexico4 ,the ,democrats also nominated a soldier1 ,franklin ,pierce of ,new ,hampshire1 who had been in northern ,mexico with ,taylor4 ,the ,democrats and ,whigs both said that they would stand by the ,compromise of #ahej4 ,but many voters thought that there would be less danger of excitement with a ,democrat in the ,white ,house and voted for ,pierce for that reason4 ,they soon found that they were terribly mistaken in their belief4 ,sidenote3 ,the ,nebraska bill1 #ahed4 ,source-,book1 #bhd-bhg4 ,sidenote3 ,douglas asserts ,compromise of #ahbj to be repealed4 #cej4 ,douglas's ,nebraska ,bill4--,president ,pierce began his term of office quietly enough4 ,but in #ahed ,senator ,douglas of ,illinois brought in a bill to organize the ,territory of ,nebraska4 ,it will be remembered that in #ahbj ,missouri had been admitted to the ,union as a slave state4 ,in #ahdh ,iowa had been admitted as a free state4 ,north of ,iowa was the free ,territory of ,minnesota4 ,westward from ,missouri1 ,iowa1 and ,minnesota was an immense region without any government of any kind4 ,it all lay north of the compromise line of #ahbj 7p4 #bbb71 and had been forever devoted to freedom by that compromise4 ,but ,douglas said that the ,compromise of #ahbj had been repealed by the ,compromise of #ahej4 ,so he proposed that the settlers of ,nebraska should say whether that territory should be free soil or slave soil1 precisely as if the ,compromise of #ahbj had never been passed4 ,instantly there was a tremendous uproar4 ,illustration3 ,,franklin ,,pierce4 ,sidenote3 ,the ,kansas-,nebraska ,act1 #ahed4 ,sidenote3 ,antislavery senators attack the bill4 ,sidenote3 ,the ,independent ,democrats4 #cea4 ,the ,kansas-,nebraska ,act1 #ahed4--;,douglas now changed his bill so as to provide for the formation of two territories4 ,one of these he named ,kansas4 ,it had nearly the same boundaries as the present state of ,kansas1 except that it extended westward to the ,rocky ,mountains4 ,the other territory was named ,nebraska4 ,it included all the land north of ,kansas and between the ,missouri ,river and the ,rocky ,mountains4 ,the antislavery leaders in the ,north attacked the bill with great fury4 ,chase of ,ohio said that it was a violation of faith4 ,sumner of ,massachusetts rejoiced in the fight1 for he said men must now take sides for freedom or for slavery4 ,some1 independent ,democrats published ,an ,appeal4 ,they asked their fellow-citizens to take their maps and see what an immense region ,douglas had proposed to open to slavery4 ,they denied that the ,missouri ,compromise had been repealed4 ,nevertheless1 the bill passed ,congress and was signed by ,president ,pierce4 ,illustration3 ,territory opened to slavery4 ,sidenote3 ,abraham ,lincoln1 ,hero ,tales1 #cbe-cce4 ,sidenote3 ,aroused by the ,kansas-,nebraska ,act4 #ceb4 ,abraham ,lincoln4--,born in ,kentucky1 ,abraham ,lincoln went with his parents to ,indiana and then to ,illinois4 ,as a boy he was very poor and had to work hard4 ,but he lost no opportunity to read and to study4 ,at the plow or in the long evenings at home by the firelight he was ever thinking and studying4 ,growing to manhood he became a lawyer and served one term in ,congress4 ,the passage of the ,kansas-,nebraska ,act aroused his indignation as nothing had ever aroused it before4 ,he denied that any man had the right to govern another man1 be he white or be he black1 without that man's consent4 ,he thought that blood would surely be shed before the slavery question would be settled in ,kansas1 and the first shedding of blood would be the beginning of the end of the ,union4 ,sidenote3 ,seward's challenge to the ,southerners4 ,mc,master1 #cdg-cea4 ,sidenote3 ,the ,sons of the ,south4 ,sidenote3 ,fraudulent election4 ,source-,book1 #bhg-bhi4 #cec4 ,settlement of ,kansas4--,in the debate on the ,kansas-,nebraska bill ,senator ,seward of ,new ,york said to the ,southerners3 ,come on1 then4444 ,we will engage in competition for the soil of ,kansas1 and ,god give the victory to the side that is strong in numbers as it is in right4 ,seward spoke truly4 ,the victory came to those opposed to the extension of slavery4 ,but it was a long time in coming4 ,as soon as the act was passed1 armed ,sons of the ,south crossed the frontier of ,missouri and founded the town of ,atchison4 ,then came large bands of armed settlers from the ,north and the ,east4 ,they founded the towns of ,lawrence and ,topeka4 ,an election was held4 ,hundreds of men poured over the boundary of ,missouri1 outvoted the free-soil settlers in ,kansas1 and then went home4 ,the territorial legislature1 chosen in this way1 adopted the laws of ,missouri1 slave code and all1 as the laws of ,kansas4 ,it seemed as if ,kansas were lost to freedom4 ,sidenote3 ,free-state constitution4 ,sidenote3 ,the ,senate refuses to admit ,kansas4 #ced4 ,the ,topeka ,convention4--,the free-state voters now held a convention at ,topeka4 ,they drew up a constitution and applied to ,congress for admission to the ,union as the free state of ,kansas4 ,the free-state men and the slave-state men each elected a ,delegate to ,congress4 ,the ,house of ,representatives now took the matter up and appointed a committee of investigation4 ,the committee reported in favor of the free-state men1 and the ,house voted to admit ,kansas as a free state4 ,but the ,senate would not consent to anything of the kind4 ,the contest in ,kansas went on and became more bitter every month4 ,sidenote3 ,origin of the ,republican party4 ,mc,master1 #ceb-cee4 ,sidenote3 ,anti-,nebraska men4 #cee4 ,the ,republican ,party4--,the most important result of the ,kansas-,nebraska fight was the formation of the ,republican party4 ,it was made up of men from all the other parties who agreed in opposing ,douglas's ,kansas-,nebraska policy4 ,slowly they began to think of themselves as a party and to adopt the name of the old party of ,jefferson1 ,madison1 and ,monroe--,republican4 ,sidenote3 ,presidential candidates1 #ahef4 ,sidenote3 ,buchanan4 ,sidenote3 ,frmont4 #cef4 ,buchanan elected ,president1 #ahef4--,the ,whigs and the ,know-,nothings nominated ,millard ,fillmore for ,president and said nothing about slavery4 ,the ,democrats nominated ,james ,buchanan of ,pennsylvania for ,president and ,john ,c4 ,breckinridge of ,kentucky for ,vice-,president4 ,they declared their approval of the ,kansas-,nebraska ,act and favored a strict construction of the ,constitution4 ,the ,republicans nominated ,john ,c4 ,frmont4 ,they protested against the extension of slavery and declared for a policy of internal improvements at the expense of the nation4 ,the ,democrats won2 but the ,republicans carried all the ,northern states save four4 ,sidenote3 ,dred ,scott decision1 #aheg4 ,mc,master1 #cee-ceg2 ,source-,book1 #bij-bia ,sidenote3 ,opinions of the judges4 #ceg4 ,the ,dred ,scott ,decision1 #aheg4--,the ,supreme ,court of the ,united ,states now gave a decision in the ,dred ,scott case that put an end to all hope of compromise on the slavery question4 ,dred ,scott had been born a slave4 ,the majority of the judges declared that a person once a slave could never become a citizen of the ,united ,states and bring suit in the ,united ,states courts4 ,they also declared that the ,missouri ,compromise was unlawful4 ,slave owners had a clear right to carry their property1 including slaves1 into the territories1 and ,congress could not stop them4 ,sidenote3 ,lincoln's policy4 ,sidenote3 ,his debates with ,douglas4 ,mc,master1 #chh-chi2 ,source-,book1 #bij-bid4 #ceh4 ,the ,lincoln and ,douglas ,debates1 #aheh4--,the question of the relection of ,douglas to the ,senate now came before the people of ,illinois4 ,abraham ,lincoln stepped forward to contest the election with him4 ,a house divided against itself cannot stand1 said ,lincoln4 ,this government cannot endure half slave and half free4444 ,it will become all one thing or all the other4 ,he challenged ,douglas to debate the issues with him before the people1 and ,douglas accepted the challenge4 ,seven joint debates were held in the presence of immense crowds4 ,lincoln forced ,douglas to defend the doctrine of popular sovereignty4 ,this ,douglas did by declaring that the legislatures of the territories could make laws hostile to slavery4 ,this idea1 of course1 was opposed to the ,dred ,scott decision4 ,douglas won the election and was returned to the ,senate4 ,but ,lincoln had made a national reputation4 ,illustration3 ,,harper',s ,,ferry4 ,sidenote3 ,civil war in ,kansas4 ,mc,master1 #ceg4 ,sidenote3 ,john ,brown4 ,sidenote3 ,the slave constitution4 ,sidenote3 ,douglas opposes ,buchanan4 #cei4 ,bleeding ,kansas4--,meantime civil war had broken out in ,kansas1 ,slavery men attacked ,lawrence1 killed a few free-state settlers1 and burned several buildings4 ,led by ,john ,brown1 an immigrant from ,new ,york1 free-state men attacked a party of slave-state men and killed five of them4 ,by #aheg the free-state voters had become so numerous that it was no longer possible to outvote them by bringing men from ,missouri1 and they chose a free-state legislature4 ,but the fraudulent slave-state legislature had already provided for holding a constitutional convention at ,lecompton4 ,this convention was controlled by the slave-state men and adopted a constitution providing for slavery4 ,president ,buchanan sent this constitution to ,congress and asked to have ,kansas admitted as a slave state4 ,but ,douglas could not bear to see the wishes of the settlers of ,kansas outraged4 ,he opposed the proposition vigorously and it was defeated4 ,it was not until #ahfa that ,kansas was admitted to the ,union as a free state4 ,sidenote3 ,john ,brown's ,raid1 #ahei4 ,higginson1 #bhf-bhi2 ,source-,book1 #bid-bif4 ,sidenote3 ,he seizes ,harper's ,ferry4 ,sidenote3 ,his execution1 #ahei4 #cfj4 ,john ,brown's ,raid1 #ahei4--,while in ,kansas ,john ,brown had conceived a bold plan4 ,it was to seize a strong place in the mountains of the ,south1 and there protect any slaves who should run away from their masters4 ,in this way he expected to break slavery in pieces within two years4 ,with only nineteen men he seized ,harper's ,ferry1 in ,virginia1 and secured the ,united ,states arsenal at that place4 ,but he and most of his men were immediately captured4 ,he was executed by the ,virginian authorities as a traitor and murderer4 ,the ,republican leaders denounced his act as the gravest of crimes4 ,but the ,southern leaders were convinced that now the time had come to secede from the ,union and to establish a ,southern ,confederacy4 ,,questions ,,and ,,topics ,,chapter #ca #cbc4--;a4 ,why were the people of ,south ,carolina so opposed to any limitation of slavery8 ,how did they show their opposition8 b4 ,had slavery disappeared in the ,north because people thought that it was wrong8 #cbd1 #cbe4--;a4 ,what suggestions were made by some in the ,north for the ending of slavery8 ,what do you think of these suggestions8 b4 ,for what did ,garrison contend1 and how did he make his views known8 ,why were these views opposed in the ,north8 #cbf4--;a4 ,why were the ,southerners so alarmed by ,nat ,turner's ,rebellion8 b4 ,what power had ,congress over the mails8 ,how would you have voted on this question8 #cbg1 #cbh4--;a4 ,why is the right of petition so important8 ,how is this right secured to citizens of the ,united ,states8 b4 ,why should these petitions be considered as insulting to slaveholders8 c4 ,why were the ,southerners so afraid of any discussion of slavery8 ,,chapter #cb #cbi1 #ccj4--;a4 ,show by the map the extent of the ,mexican ,republic4 b4 ,why did ,texas wish to join the ,united ,states8 ,what attitude had ,mexico taken on slavery8 #cca1 #ccb4--;a4 ,explain carefully how the ,texas question influenced the election of #ahdd4 b4 ,what was the ,liberty party8 ,how did its formation make the election of ,polk possible8 c4 ,what is a joint resolution8 #ccc4--;,how did the ,mexicans regard the admission of ,texas8 ,what dispute with ,mexico arose8 ,did ,mexico begin the war8 #ccd1 #cce4--;a4 ,what was the plan of ,taylor's campaign8 ,of ,scott's campaign8 b4 ,mention the leading battles of ,taylor's campaign4 ,of ,scott's campaign4 #ccf1 #ccg4--;a4 ,what action did the ,american settlers in ,california take8 ,with what result8 b4 ,explain by a map the ,mexican cessions of #ahdh and #ahec4 #cch1 #cci4--;a4 ,what was the extent of ,oregon in #ahde8 b4 ,how was the dispute finally settled8 ,explain by a map4 c4 ,what was the extent of ,oregon in #ahdg8 ,is it the same to-day8 d4 ,of what value was this region to the ,united ,states8 ,,chapter #cc #cdj1 #cda4--;a4 ,why was there little question whether ,oregon would be slave or free8 b4 ,explain carefully ,wilmot's suggestion4 ,what would be the arguments in ,congress for and against this proviso8 c4 ,what is meant by squatter sovereignty8 ,what do you think of the wisdom and justice of such a plan8 #cdb1 #cdc4--;a4 ,describe the discovery of gold in ,california and the rush thither4 ,what difference did one year make in the population of ,california8 b4 ,what attitude did ,california take on the slavery question8 ,why8 #cdd1 #cde4--;a4 ,how had the question of slavery already divided the country8 b4 ,what extreme parties were there in the ,north and the ,south8 c4 ,why was the question about the territories so important8 d4 ,what action did ,president ,taylor take8 ,why8 ,what do you think of the wisdom of this policy8 #cdf1 #cdg4--;a4 ,state the provisions of ,clay's compromise plan4 ,which of these favored the ,north8 ,the ,south8 b4 ,what law had been made as to fugitive slaves8 ,why had it not been enforced8 ,why was the change made in #ahej so important8 c4 ,how would you have acted had you been a ,united ,states officer called to carry out the ,fugitive ,slave ,law8 #cdh4--;a4 ,who was ,mrs4 ,stowe8 ,what view did she take of slavery8 b4 ,were there any good points in the slave system8 c4 ,why is this book so important8 ,,chapter #cd #cdi-cea4--;a4 ,who were the candidates in #aheb8 ,who was chosen8 ,why8 b4 ,what doctrine did ,douglas apply to ,kansas and ,nebraska8 c4 ,why did ,chase call this bill a violation of faith8 d4 ,was ,douglas a patriot8 ,chase8 ,sumner8 ,pierce8 #ceb4--;a4 ,give an account of the early life and training of ,abraham ,lincoln4 b4 ,what did he think of the ,kansas-,nebraska ,act8 #cec1 #ced4--;a4 ,what effect did the ,kansas-,nebraska ,act have on the settlement of ,kansas8 b4 ,describe the election4 ,do you think that laws made by a legislature so elected were binding8 d4 ,explain the difference in the attitude of the ,senate and ,house on the ,kansas question4 #cee1 #cef4--;a4 ,how was the ,republican party formed8 b4 ,were its principles like or unlike those of the ,republican party of ,jefferson's time8 ,give your reasons4 #ceg4--;a4 ,what rights did the ,supreme ,court declare a slave could not possess8 ,was a slave a person or a thing8 b4 ,what power does the ,constitution give ,congress over a territory8 7,art4 ,,iv1 ,sec4 #c47 #ceh4--;a4 ,explain carefully the quotations from ,lincoln's speeches4 b4 ,was the doctrine of popular sovereignty necessarily favorable to slavery8 ,give illustrations to support your reasons4 c4 ,was ,douglas's declaration in harmony with the decision of the ,supreme ,court8 #cei1 #cfj4--;a4 ,compare the attitude of ,douglas and ,buchanan upon the admission of ,kansas4 b4 ,describe ,john ,brown's raid4 ,was he a traitor8 ,,general ,,questions a4 ,give1 with dates1 the important laws as to slavery since #aghc4 b4 ,what were the arguments in favor of the extension of slavery8 ,against it8 c4 ,find and learn a poem against slavery by ,whittier1 ,lowell1 or ,longfellow4 d4 ,make a table of elections since #aghh1 with the leading parties1 candidates1 and principal issues4 ,underline the name of the candidate elected4 ,,topics ,,for ,,special ,,work a4 ,john ,brown in ,kansas or at ,harper's ,ferry4 b4 ,the career1 to this time1 of any man mentioned in ,chapters #cc and #cd4 c4 ,any one fugitive slave case3 ,jerry ,mc,henry in ,syracuse 7,a4,j4 ,may's ,antislavery ,conflicts71 ,shadrach1 ,anthony ,burns4 ,,suggestions ,preparation is especially important in teaching this period4 ,the teacher will find references to larger books in ,channing's ,students' ,history4 ,show how the question of slavery was really at the basis of the ,mexican ,war4 ,geographical conditions and the settlement of the ,western country should be carefully noted4 ,a limited use of the writings and speeches of prominent men and writers is especially valuable at this point4 ,have a large map of the ,united ,states in the class room1 cut out and fasten upon this map pieces of white and black paper to illustrate the effects of legislation under discussion1 and also to illustrate the various elections4 ,the horrors of slavery should be but lightly touched4 ,emphasize especially the fact that slavery prevented rather than aided the development of the ,south1 and was an evil economically as well as socially4 ,illustration3 ,,the ,,united ,,states ,,in #ahfj4 ,,xii ,,secession1 #ahfj-ahfa ,books for ,study and ,reading ,references4--,scribner's ,popular ,history1 ,,iv1 #dcb-dde2 ,mc,master's ,school ,history1 chap4 xxvi 7industrial progress1 #ahdj-fj74 ,home ,readings4--,page's ,the ,old ,south4 ,,chapter #ce ,,the ,,united ,,states ,,in #ahfj ,sidenote3 ,area of the ,united ,states1 #ahfj4 ,sidenote3 ,population1 #ahfj4 #cfa4 ,growth of the ,country4--,the ,united ,states was now three times as large as it was at ,jefferson's election4 ,it contained over three million square miles of land4 ,about one-third of this great area was settled4 ,in the sixty years of the century the population had increased even faster than the area had increased4 ,in #ahjj there were five and a half million people living in the ,united ,states4 ,in #ahfj there were over thirty-one million people within its borders4 ,of these nearly five millions were white immigrants4 ,more than half of these immigrants had come in the last ten years1 and they had practically all of them settled in the free states of the ,north4 ,of the whole population of thirty-one millions only twelve millions lived in the slave states1 and of these more than four millions were negro slaves4 ,sidenote3 ,new states4 ,mc,master1 #cfe-cfh4 #cfb4 ,change of ,political ,power4--,the control of ,congress had now passed into the hands of the free states of the ,north4 ,the majority of the ,representatives had long been from the free states4 ,now more ,senators came from the ,north than from the ,south4 ,this was due to the admission of new states4 ,texas 7#ahde7 was the last slave state to be admitted to the ,union4 ,two years later the admission of ,wisconsin gave the free states as many votes in the ,senate as the slave states had4 ,in #ahej the admission of ,california gave the free states a majority of two votes in the ,senate4 ,this majority was increased to four by the admission of ,minnesota in #aheh1 and to six by the admission of ,oregon in #ahei4 ,the control of ,congress had slipped forever from the grasp of the slave states4 ,sidenote3 ,the cities4 ,sidenote3 ,new ,york4 ,sidenote3 ,chicago4 #cfc4 ,the ,cities4--,the tremendous increase in manufacturing1 in farming1 and in trading brought about a great increase in foreign commerce4 ,this in turn led to the building up of great cities in the ,north and the ,west4 ,these were ,new ,york and ,chicago2 and they grew rapidly because they formed the two ends of the line of communication between the ,east and the ,west by the ,mohawk ,valley 7p4 #bci74 ,new ,york now contained over eight hundred thousand inhabitants4 ,it had more people within its limits than lived in the whole state of ,south ,carolina4 ,the most rapid growth was seen in the case of ,chicago4 ,in #ahdj there were only five thousand people in that city2 it now contained one hundred and nine thousand inhabitants4 ,cincinnati and ,st4 ,louis1 each with one hundred and sixty thousand1 were still the largest cities of the ,west1 and ,st4 ,louis was the largest city in any slave state4 ,new ,orleans1 with nearly as many people as ,st4 ,louis1 was the only large city in the ,south4 ,sidenote3 ,the ,north and the ,south4 ,sidenote3 ,growth of the ,northwest4 ,sidenote3 ,density of population1 #ahfj4 #cfd4 ,the ,states4--,as it was with the cities so it was with the states--the ,north had grown beyond the ,south4 ,in #agij ,virginia had as many inhabitants as the states of ,new ,york and ,pennsylvania put together4 ,in #ahfj ,virginia had only about one-quarter as many inhabitants as these two states4 ,indeed1 in #ahfj ,new ,york had nearly four million inhabitants1 or nearly as many inhabitants as the whole ,united ,states in #agia 7p4 #aef74 ,but the growth of the states of the ,northwest had been even more remarkable4 ,ohio now had a million more people than ,virginia and stood third in population among the states of the ,union4 ,illinois was the fourth state and ,indiana the sixth4 ,even more interesting are the facts brought out by a study of the map showing the density of population or the number of people to the square mile in the several states4 ,it appears that in #ahfj ,ohio1 ,pennsylvania1 ,maryland1 ,delaware1 ,new ,jersey1 ,new ,york1 ,connecticut1 ,rhode ,island1 and ,massachusetts each had over forty-five inhabitants to the square mile1 while not a single ,southern state had as many as forty-five inhabitants to the square mile4 ,this shows us at once that although the ,southern states were larger in extent than the ,northern states1 they were much less powerful4 ,illustration3 ,,density ,,of ,,population ,,in #ahfj4 ,sidenote3 ,improvements in living4 #cfe4 ,city ,life4--,in the old days the large towns were just like the small towns except that they were larger4 ,life in them was just about the same as in the smaller places4 ,now1 however1 there was a great difference4 ,in the first place the city could afford to have a great many things the smaller town could not pay for4 ,in the second place it must have certain things or its people would die of disease or be killed as they walked the streets4 ,for these reasons the streets of the ,northern cities were paved and lighted and were guarded by policemen4 ,then1 too1 great sewers carried away the refuse of the city1 and enormous iron pipes brought fresh water to every one within its limits4 ,horse-cars and omnibuses carried its inhabitants from one part of the city to another1 and the railroads brought them food from the surrounding country4 ,illustration3 ,,an ,,omnibus ,sidenote3 ,growth of the railroad systems4 #cff4 ,transportation4--,between #ahdi and #aheh twenty-one thousand miles of railroad were built in the ,united ,states1 ,in #ahfj there were more than thirty thousand miles of railroad in actual operation4 ,in #ahej one could not go from ,new ,york to ,albany without leaving the railroad and going on board a steamboat4 ,in #ahfj one continuous line of rails ran from ,new ,york ,city to the ,mississippi ,river4 ,traveling was still uncomfortable according to our ideas4 ,the cars were rudely made and jolted horribly4 ,one train ran only a comparatively short distance4 ,then the traveler had to alight1 get something to eat1 and see his baggage placed on another train4 ,still1 with all its discomforts1 traveling in the worst of cars was better than traveling in the old stagecoaches4 ,many more steamboats were used1 especially on the ,great ,lakes and the ,western rivers4 ,illustration3 ,,horace ,,greeley ,sidenote3 ,schools4 ,sidenote3 ,newspapers4 ,sidenote3 ,horace ,greeley4 #cfg4 ,education4--,the last thirty years had also been years of progress in learning4 ,many colleges were founded1 especially in the ,northwest4 ,there was still no institution which deserved the name of university4 ,but more attention was being paid to the sciences and to the education of men for the professions of law and medicine4 ,the newspapers also took on their modern form4 ,the ,new ,york ,herald1 founded in #ahce1 was the first real newspaper4 ,but the ,new ,york ,tribune1 edited by ,horace ,greeley1 had more influence than any other paper in the country4 ,greeley was odd in many ways1 but he was one of the ablest men of the time4 ,he called for a liberal policy in the distribution of the public lands and was forever saying1 ,go ,west1 young man1 go ,west4 ,the magazines were now very much better than in former years1 and ,america's foremost writers were doing some of their best work4 ,illustration3 ,,the ,,first ,,sewing ,,machine4 ,sidenote3 ,the telegraph4 ,sidenote3 ,the ,howe sewing machine4 ,sidenote3 ,agriculture machinery4 ,sidenote3 ,stagnation in the ,south4 #cfh4 ,progress of ,invention4--,the electric telegraph was now in common use4 ,it enabled the newspapers to tell the people what was going on as they never had done before4 ,perhaps the invention that did as much as any one thing to make life easier was the sewing machine4 ,elias ,howe was the first man to make a really practicable sewing machine4 ,other inventors improved upon it1 and also made machines to sew other things than cloth1 as leather4 ,agricultural machinery was now in common use4 ,the horse reaper had been much improved1 and countless machines had been invented to make agricultural labor more easy and economical4 ,hundreds of homely articles1 as friction matches and rubber shoes1 came into use in these years4 ,in short1 the thirty years from ,jackson's inauguration to the secession of the ,southern states were years of great progress4 ,but this progress was confined almost wholly to the ,north4 ,in the ,south1 living in #ahfj was about the same as it had been in #ahcj1 or even in #ahjj4 ,as a ,southern orator said of the ,south1 ,the rush and whirl of modern civilization passed her by4 ,,chapter #cf ,,secession1 #ahfj-ahfa ,illustration3 ,,william ,h4 ,,seward4 ,sidenote3 ,candidates for the ,republican nomination #ahfj4 ,sidenote3 ,lincoln nominated4 ,the platform4 #cfi4 ,the ,republican ,nomination1 #ahfj4--;,four names were especially mentioned in connection with the ,republican nomination for ,president4 ,these were ,seward1 ,chase1 ,cameron1 and ,lincoln4 ,seward was the best known of them all4 ,in the debates on the ,compromise of #ahej he had declared that there was a higher law than the ,constitution1 namely1 the law of nature in men's hearts4 ,in another speech he had termed the slavery contest the irrepressible conflict4 ,these phrases endeared him to the antislavery men4 ,but they made it impossible for many moderate ,republicans to follow him4 ,senator ,chase of ,ohio had also been very outspoken in his condemnation of slavery4 ,senator ,cameron of ,pennsylvania was an able political leader4 ,but all of these men were too conspicuous to make a good candidate4 ,they had made many enemies4 ,lincoln had spoken freely4 ,but he had never been prominent in national politics4 ,he was more likely to attract the votes of moderate men than either of the other candidates4 ,after a fierce contest he was nominated4 ,the ,republican platform stated that there was no intention to interfere with slavery in the states where it existed2 but it declared the party's opposition to the extension of slavery4 ,the platform favored internal improvements at the national expense4 ,it also approved the protective system4 ,sidenote3 ,the ,charleston convention1 #ahfj4 ,mc,master1 #cfj-cfa4 ,sidenote3 ,the ,douglas ,democrats4 ,sidenote3 ,the ,breckinridge ,democrats4 #cgj4 ,the ,democratic ,nominations4--,the ,democratic convention met at ,charleston1 ,south ,carolina4 ,it was soon evident that the ,northern ,democrats and the ,southern ,democrats could not agree4 ,the ,northerners were willing to accept the ,dred ,scott decision and to carry it out4 ,but the ,southerners demanded that the platform should pledge the party actively to protect slavery in the territories4 ,to this the ,northerners would not agree4 ,so the convention broke up to meet again at ,baltimore4 ,but there the delegates could come to no agreement4 ,in the end two candidates were named4 ,the ,northerners nominated ,douglas on a platform advocating popular sovereignty4 ,the ,southerners nominated ,john ,c4 ,breckinridge of ,kentucky4 ,in their platform they advocated states' rights1 and the protection of slavery in the territories by the federal government4 ,sidenote3 ,the ,constitutional ,union party4 #cga4 ,the ,constitutional ,union ,party4--,besides these three candidates1 cautious and timid men of all parties united to form the ,constitutional ,union party4 ,they nominated ,governor ,john ,bell of ,tennessee for ,president4 ,in their platform they declared for the maintenance of the ,constitution and the ,union1 regardless of slavery4 ,illustration3 ,,lincoln',s ,,surveying ,,instruments ,,and ,,saddlebag4 ,sidenote3 ,the campaign of #ahfj4 ,sidenote3 ,lincoln elected4 #cgb4 ,lincoln elected ,president1 #ahfj4--,with four candidates in the field and the ,democratic party hopelessly divided1 there could be little doubt of ,lincoln's election4 ,he carried every ,northern state except ,missouri and ,new ,jersey4 ,he received one hundred and eighty electoral notes4 ,breckenridge carried every ,southern state except the border states of ,virginia1 ,kentucky1 and ,tennessee1 and received seventy-two electoral votes4 ,bell carried the three border ,southern states and ,douglas carried ,missouri and ,new ,jersey4 ,there was no doubt as to ,lincoln's election4 ,he had received a great majority of the electoral votes4 ,but his opponents had received more popular votes than he had received4 ,he was therefore elected by a minority of the voters4 ,illustration3 ,,lincoln',s ,,bookcase4 ,from the ,keyes-,lincoln ,memorial ,collection1 ,chicago4 ,sidenote3 ,weakness of the ,republicans4 ,sidenote3 ,southern fears4 #cgc4 ,the ,north and the ,south4--,lincoln had been elected by a minority of the people4 ,he had been elected by the people of one section4 ,other ,presidents had been chosen by minorities4 ,but ,lincoln was the first man to be chosen ,president by the people of one section4 ,the ,republicans1 moreover1 had not elected a majority of the members of the ,house of ,representatives1 and the ,senate was still in the hands of the ,democrats4 ,for two years at least the ,republicans could not carry out their ideas4 ,they could not repeal the ,kansas-,nebraska ,act4 ,they could not admit ,kansas to the ,union as a free state4 ,they could not carry out one bit of their policy4 ,in their platform they had declared that they had no intention to interfere with slavery in the states4 ,lincoln had said over and over again that ,congress had no right to meddle with slavery in the states4 ,the ,southern leaders knew all these things4 ,but they made up their minds that now the time had come to secede from the ,union and to establish a ,southern ,confederacy4 ,for the first time all the southernmost states were united4 ,no matter what ,lincoln and the ,republicans might say1 the ,southern slaveholders believed that slavery was in danger4 ,in advising secession1 many of them thought that by this means they could force the ,northerners to accept their terms as the price of a restored ,union4 ,never were political leaders more mistaken4 ,sidenote3 ,southern conventions4 #cgd4 ,threats of ,secession1 ,november1 #ahfj4--,the ,constitution permits each state to choose presidential electors as it sees fit4 ,at the outset these electors had generally been chosen by the state legislatures4 ,but1 in the course of time1 all the states save one had come to choose them by popular vote4 ,the one state that held to the old way was ,south ,carolina4 ,its legislature still chose the state's presidential electors4 ,in #ahfj the ,south ,carolina legislature did this duty and then remained in session to see which way the election would go4 ,when ,lincoln's election was certain1 it called a state convention to consider the question of seceding from the ,united ,states4 ,in other ,southern states there was some opposition to secession4 ,in ,georgia1 especially1 ,alexander ,h4 ,stephens led the opposition4 ,he said that secession was the height of madness4 ,nevertheless he moved a resolution for a convention4 ,indeed1 all the southernmost states followed the example of ,south ,carolina and summoned conventions4 ,sidenote3 ,buchanan's compromise plan4 ,crittenden's plan of compromise4 ,mc,master1 #chj-cha4 ,sidenote3 ,it fails to pass ,congress4 #cge4 ,the ,crittenden ,compromise ,plan4--,many men hoped that even now secession might be stopped by some compromise4 ,president ,buchanan suggested an amendment to the ,constitution1 securing slavery in the states and territories4 ,it was unlikely that the ,republicans would agree to this suggestion4 ,the most hopeful plan was brought forward in ,congress by ,senator ,crittenden of ,kentucky4 ,he proposed that amendments to the ,constitution should be adopted3 7#a7 to carry out the principle of the ,missouri ,compromise 7p4 #bbb727b7 to provide that states should be free or slave as their people should determine2 and 7#c7 to pay the slave owners the value of runaway slaves4 ,this plan was carefully considered by ,congress1 and was finally rejected only two days before ,lincoln's inauguration4 ,sidenote3 ,south ,carolina secedes1 #ahfj4 ,eggleston1 #cjd-cje4 ,sidenote3 ,six other states secede4 #cgf4 ,secession of ,seven ,states1 #ahfj-fa4--,the ,south ,carolina convention met in ,secession ,hall1 ,charleston1 on ,december #ag1 #ahfj4 ,three days later it adopted a declaration that the union now subsisting between ,south ,carolina and other states1 under the name of the ,united ,states of ,america1 is hereby dissolved4 ,six other states soon joined ,south ,carolina4 ,these were ,mississippi1 ,florida1 ,alabama1 ,georgia1 ,louisiana1 and ,texas4 ,sidenote3 ,confederate states constitution ,sidenote3 ,views of ,jefferson ,davis4 #cgg4 ,the ,confederate ,states of ,america4--,the next step was for these states to join together to form a confederation4 ,this work was done by a convention of delegates chosen by the conventions of the seven seceding states4 ,these delegates met at ,montgomery1 ,alabama4 ,their new constitution closely resembled the ,constitution of the ,united ,states4 ,but great care was taken to make it perfectly clear that each member of the ,confederacy was a sovereign state4 ,exceeding care was also taken that slavery should be protected in every way4 ,jefferson ,davis of ,mississippi was chosen provisional president1 and ,alexander ,h4 ,stephens provisional vice-president4 ,illustration3 ,,charleston ,,mercury ,,extra3 ,the ,,union is ,,dissolved6 ,sidenote3 ,views of ,jefferson ,davis4 ,sidenote3 ,views of ,alexander ,h4 ,stephens4 ,source-,book1 #bif-bii4 #cgh4 ,views of ,davis and ,stephens4--,davis declared that ,lincoln had made a distinct declaration of war upon our 7,southern7 institutions4 ,his election was upon the basis of sectional hostility4 ,if war must come1 it must be on ,northern and not on ,southern soil4444 ,we will carry war 444 where food for the sword and torch awaits our armies in the densely populated cities of the ,north4 ,for his part1 ,stephens said the new government's foundations are laid1 its cornerstone rests1 upon the great truth that the negro is not equal to the white man4 ,sidenote3 ,let the erring sisters go in peace4 ,sidenote3 ,greeley's opinions4 ,sidenote3 ,buchanan's opinions4 #cgi4 ,hesitation in the ,north4--,at first it seemed as if ,davis was right when he said the ,northerners would not fight4 ,general ,scott1 commanding the army1 suggested that the erring sisters should be allowed to depart in peace1 and ,seward seemed to think the same way4 ,the ,abolitionists welcomed the secession of the slave states4 ,horace ,greeley1 for instance1 wrote that if those states chose to form an independent nation1 they had a clear moral right so to do4 ,for his part1 ,president ,buchanan thought that no state could constitutionally secede4 ,but if a state should secede1 he saw no way to compel it to come back to the ,union4 ,so he sat patiently by and did nothing4 ,,questions ,,and ,,topics ,,chapter #ce #cfa1 #cfb4--;a4 ,compare the area and population of the ,united ,states in #ahjj and in #ahfj4 b4 ,compare the white population of the ,north and the ,south4 ,were all the ,southern whites slave owners8 c4 ,why had the control of the ,house passed to the free states8 ,did a white man in the ,north and in the ,south have proportionally the same representation in the ,house8 ,why8 d4 ,what change in the control of the ,senate had taken place8 ,why8 ,why was this change so important8 #cfc1 #cfd4--;a4 ,what had caused the growth of the ,northern cities8 ,why were there so few large cities in the slave states8 b4 ,how had the population of the states changed since #agij8 ,what had caused the growth of the ,northwest8 c4 ,where was there the greatest density of population8 ,why8 #cfe1 #cff4--;a4 ,describe the change of life in the cities4 ,what arrangements were made for the comfort and health of the people8 b4 ,how had railroads increased1 and what improvements had been made8 #cfg1 #cfh4--;a4 ,of what use are newspapers8 ,how do they influence the opinions of the people8 ,what policy did ,horace ,greeley uphold8 ,why8 b4 ,who were some of the important writers8 ,mention two works of each4 c4 ,what influence did the telegraph have8 ,was this important8 d4 ,describe some of the other inventions4 e4 ,why had this progress been confined mainly to the ,north8 ,,chapter #cf #cfi4--;a4 ,who were the leading ,republican candidates8 b4 ,why was ,lincoln nominated8 ,what is the meaning of the phrase too conspicuous8 c4 ,what did ,seward mean by saying that there was a higher law than the ,constitution8 ,why was the slavery contest irrepressible8 d4 ,what declaration was made by the ,republican party as to slavery8 ,compare this policy with the ,wilmot ,proviso4 #cgj1 #cga4--;a4 ,what divisions took place in the ,democratic party8 ,why8 b4 ,what candidates were named8 ,what policy did each uphold8 c4 ,how had the demands of the ,southerners concerning slavery increased8 d4 ,what third party was formed8 ,by whom8 ,what does the name show8 #cgb1 #cgc4--;a4 ,what was the result of the election8 b4 ,what was there peculiar in ,lincoln's election8 c4 ,were the ,southern states in any particular danger8 d4 ,why should the ,southerners have felt so strongly about this election8 ,what was their hope in threatening secession8 #cgd1 #cge4--;a ,give arguments for and against secession4 ,in what other question similar to this had ,south ,carolina led8 b4 ,were the people of the ,south generally in favor of secession8 c4 ,what compromise did ,buchanan suggest8 ,what do you think of the wisdom of the plan8 d4 ,explain carefully the points in ,crittenden's plan4 ,discuss its value4 #cgf1 #cgg4--;a ,could one state dissolve the ,union8 b4 ,what other states followed ,south ,carolina8 c4 ,what government was formed by them8 ,what two points were especially emphasized in their constitution8 ,why these8 #cgh1 #cgi4--;a4 ,what statement did ,davis make as to ,lincoln8 ,was it true or false8 ,give your reasons4 b4 ,why did ,davis advocate war on ,northern soil8 c4 ,why was there such hesitation in the ,north8 ,state the opinions of ,scott1 ,greeley1 and ,buchanan4 d4 ,what would ,jackson probably have done had he been ,president8 ,,general ,,questions a4 ,was the ,south justified in thinking that the ,north would yield8 ,give illustrations to support your view4 b4 ,were the years #aheg-fa more or less critical than the years #aghc-hg8 ,why8 c4 ,how was the ,south dependent upon the ,north8 ,,topics ,,for ,,special ,,work a4 ,comparison between the ,north and the ,south4 b4 ,any invention mentioned in this part4 c4 ,some writer of this period4 d4 ,the condition of your own state 7or town or city7 in #ahfj4 ,,suggestions ,,to ,,the ,,teacher ,the first chapter of this part should be taught very slowly1 and at each point the contrast between the ,north and the ,south should be pointed out4 ,in ,chapter #cf the changed attitude of the ,southern politicians should be noted and their demands clearly set forth4 ,the fact that the slave owners while a minority in the ,south dominated public opinion should be pointed out4 ,in considering the question of secession it will be well to review the ,kentucky and ,virginia ,resolutions1 the ,hartford ,convention1 and the ,nullification episode4 ,the weakness of ,pierce and ,buchanan may be contrasted with the strength of ,jackson1 and will serve as an introduction to the study of ,lincoln's character4 ,,xiii ,,the ,,war ,,for ,,the ,,union1 #ahfa-ahfe ,books for ,study and ,reading ,references4--,dodge's ,bird's-,eye ,view2 ,scribner's ,popular ,history1 ,,iv and ,v2 ,mc,master's ,school ,history4 chap1 xxix 7the cost of the war72 ,lincoln's ,inaugurals and ,gettysburg ,address4 ,home ,readings4--,battles and ,leaders of the ,civil ,war 7composed largely of articles that had previously appeared in the ,century ,magazine2 ,whittier's ,barbara ,frietchie2 ,coffin's ,winning his ,way and other stories2 ,soley's ,sailor ,boys of '#fa2 ,trowbridge's ,drummer ,boy and other stories2 ,read's ,sheridan's ,ride2 ,champlin's ,young ,folks' ,history of the ,war for the ,union74 ,,chapter #cg ,,the ,,rising ,,of ,,the ,,peoples1 #ahfa ,sidenote3 ,lincoln's inaugural address1 ,march #d1 #ahfa4 #chj4 ,lincoln's ,inauguration4--,on ,march #d1 #ahfa1 ,president ,lincoln made his first inaugural address4 ,in it he declared3 ,the ,union is much older than the ,constitution4444 ,no state upon its own motion can lawfully get out of the ,union4444 ,in view of the ,constitution and the laws the ,union is unbroken 444 ,i shall take care that the laws of the ,union be faithfully executed in all the states4 ,as to slavery1 he had no purpose 444 to interfere with the institution of slavery in the states where it exists4 ,he even saw no objection to adopt an amendment of the ,constitution to prohibit the ,federal government from interfering with slavery in the states4 ,but he was resolved to preserve1 protect1 and defend the ,constitution of the ,united ,states4 ,illustration3 ,,slavery ,,and ,,secession4 ,illustration3 ,,old ,,glory ,,as ,,used ,,in ,,the ,,civil ,,war4 ,sidenote3 ,fort ,sumter4 ,source-,book1 #bii-cjb4 ,sidenote3 ,the call to arms1 ,april #ae1 #ahfa4 #cha4 ,fall of ,fort ,sumter1 ,april1 #ahfa4--,the strength of ,lincoln's resolve was soon tested4 ,when ,south ,carolina seceded1 ,major ,anderson1 commanding the ,united ,states forces at ,charleston1 withdrew from the land forts to ,fort ,sumter1 built on a shoal in the harbor4 ,he had with him only eighty fighting men and was sorely in need of food and ammunition4 ,buchanan sent a steamer1 the ,star of the ,west1 to ,charleston with supplies and soldiers4 ,but the ,confederates fired on her1 and she steamed away without landing the soldiers or the supplies4 ,lincoln waited a month1 hoping that the secessionists would come back to the ,union of their own accord4 ,then he decided to send supplies to ,major ,anderson and told the governor of ,south ,carolina of his decision4 ,immediately 7,april #ab7 the ,confederates opened fire on ,fort ,sumter4 ,on ,april #ad ,anderson surrendered4 ,the next day ,president ,lincoln issued a proclamation calling for seventy-five thousand volunteers4 ,sidenote3 ,the ,northern volunteers4 ,mc,master1 #chf-chg2 ,source-,book1 #cjc-cje4 ,sidenote3 ,douglas1 ,buchanan1 and ,pierce ,sidenote3 ,progress of secession4 #chb4 ,rising of the ,north4--,there was no longer a question of letting the erring sisters depart in peace4 ,the ,southerners had fired on ,old ,glory4 ,there was no longer a dispute over the extension of slavery4 ,the question was now whether the ,union should perish or should live4 ,douglas at once came out for the ,union and so did the former ,presidents1 ,buchanan and ,franklin ,pierce4 ,in the ,mississippi ,valley hundreds of thousands of men either sympathized with the slaveholders or cared nothing about the slavery dispute4 ,but the moment the ,confederates attacked the ,union1 they rose in defense of their country and their flag4 ,sidenote3 ,west ,virginia4 #chc4 ,more ,seceders4--,the ,southerners flocked to the standards of the ,confederacy1 and four more states joined the ranks of secession4 ,these were ,arkansas1 ,tennessee1 ,north ,carolina1 and ,virginia4 ,in ,virginia the people were sharply divided on the question of secession4 ,finally ,virginia seceded1 but the western ,virginians1 in their turn1 seceded from ,virginia and two years later were admitted to the ,union as the state of ,west ,virginia4 ,four border states had seceded2 but four other border states were still within the ,union4 ,these were ,delaware1 ,maryland1 ,kentucky1 and ,missouri4 ,sidenote3 ,kentucky and ,maryland saved to the ,union4 ,sidenote3 ,missouri saved to the ,union4 ,eggleston1 #caj4 #chd4 ,the ,border ,states4--,the people of ,maryland and of ,kentucky were evenly divided on the question of secession4 ,they even tried to set up as neutral states4 ,but their neutrality would have been so greatly to the advantage of the seceders that this could not be allowed4 ,lincoln's firm moderation and the patriotism of many wise leaders in ,kentucky saved that state to the ,union4 ,but ,maryland was so important to the defense of ,washington that more energetic means had to be used4 ,in ,missouri1 a large and active party wished to join the ,confederacy4 ,but two ,union men1 ,frank ,p4 ,blair and ,nathaniel ,lyon1 held the most important portions of the state for the ,union4 ,it was not until a year later1 however1 that ,missouri was safe on the ,northern side4 ,sidenote3 ,southern sentiment in ,washington4 ,sidenote3 ,southern ,unionists4 ,sidenote3 ,first bloodshed1 ,april #ai1 #ahfa4 #che4 ,to the ,defense of ,washington4--,the national capital was really a ,southern town1 for most of the permanent residents were ,southerners1 and the offices were filled with ,southern men4 ,in the army and navy1 too1 were very many ,southerners4 ,most of them1 as ,robert ,e4 ,lee1 felt that their duty to their state was greater than their duty to their flag4 ,but many ,southern officers felt differently4 ,among these were two men whose names should be held in grateful remembrance1 ,captain ,david ,g4 ,farragut and ,colonel ,george ,h4 ,thomas4 ,the first soldiers to arrive in ,washington were from ,pennsylvania2 but they came unarmed4 ,soon they were followed by the ,sixth ,massachusetts4 ,in passing through ,baltimore this regiment was attacked4 ,several men were killed1 others were wounded4 ,this was on ,april #ai1 #ahfa1--the anniversary of the battles of ,lexington and ,concord4 ,it was the first bloodshed of the war4 ,,chapter #ch ,,bull ,,run ,,to ,,murfreesboro'1 #ahfa-ahfb ,illustration3 ,,railroads ,,and ,,rivers ,,of ,,the ,,south4 ,sidenote3 ,the field of war4 #chf4 ,nature of the ,conflict4--,the overthrow of the ,confederate states proved to be very difficult4 ,the ,alleghany ,mountains cut the ,south into two great fields of war4 ,deep and rapid rivers flowed from the mountains into the ,atlantic or into the ,mississippi4 ,each of these rivers was a natural line of defense4 ,the first line was the ,potomac and the ,ohio4 ,but when the ,confederates were driven from this line1 they soon found another equally good a little farther south4 ,then again the ,south was only partly settled4 ,good roads were rare1 but there were many poor roads4 ,the maps gave only the good roads4 ,by these the ,northern soldiers had to march while the ,southern armies were often guided through paths unknown to the ,northerners1 and thus were able to march shorter distances between two battlefields or between two important points4 ,sidenote3 ,plan of campaign4 ,sidenote3 ,disaster at ,bull ,run1 ,july1 #ahfa4 ,source-,book1 #cje-cjh4 #chg4 ,the ,bull ,run ,campaign1 ,july1 #ahfa4--,northern soldiers crossed the ,potomac into ,virginia and found the ,confederates posted at ,bull ,run near ,manassas ,junction4 ,other ,northern soldiers pressed into the ,shenandoah ,valley from ,harper's ,ferry4 ,they1 too1 found a ,confederate army in front of them4 ,the plan of the ,union campaign is now clear3 ,general ,mc,dowell was to attack the ,confederates at ,bull ,run1 while ,general ,patterson attacked the ,confederates in the ,valley1 and kept them so busy that they could not go to the help of their comrades at ,bull ,run4 ,it fell out otherwise1 for ,patterson retreated and left the ,confederate general1 ,johnston1 free to go to the aid of the sorely pressed ,confederates at ,bull ,run4 ,mc,dowell attacked vigorously and broke the ,confederate line2 but he could not maintain his position4 ,the ,union troops at first retreated slowly4 ,then they became frightened and fled1 in all haste1 back to ,washington4 ,the first campaign ended in disaster4 ,illustration3 ,,general ,,mcclellan4 ,sidenote3 ,the ,army of the ,potomac1 #ahfb4 #chh4 ,the ,army of the ,potomac4--,while the ,bull ,run campaign was going on in eastern ,virginia1 ,union soldiers had been winning victories in western ,virginia4 ,these were led by ,general ,george ,b4 ,mc,clellan4 ,he now came to ,washington and took command of the troops operating in front of the capital4 ,during the autumn1 winter1 and spring he drilled his men with great skill and care4 ,in ,march1 #ahfb1 the ,army of the ,potomac left its camps a splendidly drilled body of soldiers4 ,sidenote3 ,southern preparations4 ,source-,book1 #cjh-caa4 ,sidenote3 ,richmond4 ,sidenote3 ,army of ,northern ,virginia4 #chi4 ,the ,army of ,northern ,virginia4--,meantime the government of the ,confederacy had gathered great masses of soldiers4 ,there were not nearly as many white men of fighting age in the ,south as there were in the ,north4 ,but what men there were could be placed in the fighting line1 because the negro slaves could produce the food needed by the armies and do the hard labor of making forts4 ,the capital of the ,confederacy was now established at ,richmond1 on the ,james ,river1 in ,virginia4 ,the army defending this capital was called the ,army of ,northern ,virginia4 ,it was commanded by ,joseph ,e4 ,johnston2 but its ablest officers were ,robert ,e4 ,lee and ,thomas ,j4 ,jackson 7,stonewall ,jackson74 ,sidenote3 ,mc,clellan's plan of campaign1 #ahfb4 ,sidenote3 ,objections to it4 #cij4 ,plan of the ,peninsular ,campaign4--,the country between the ,potomac and the ,james was cut up by rivers1 as the ,rappahannock1 the ,mattapony1 and ,pamunkey1 and part of it was a wilderness4 ,mc,clellan planned to carry his troops by water to the peninsula between the ,james and the ,york and ,pamunkey rivers4 ,he would then have a clear road to ,richmond1 with no great rivers to dispute with the enemy4 ,johnston would be obliged to leave his camp at ,bull ,run and march southward to the defense of ,richmond4 ,the great objection to the plan was that ,johnston might attack ,washington instead of going to face ,mc,clellan4 ,general ,jackson also was in the ,shenandoah ,valley4 ,he might march down the ,valley1 cross the ,potomac1 and seize ,washington4 ,so the government kept seventy-five thousand of ,mc,clellan's men for the defense of the ,federal capital4 ,illustration3 ,,the ,,monitor4 ,sidenote3 ,the ,monitor and the ,merrimac4 ,hero ,tales1 #ahc1 #aie4 #cia4 ,the ,monitor and the ,merrimac4--,on ,march #h a queer-looking craft steamed out from ,norfolk1 ,virginia1 and attacked the ,union fleet at anchor near ,fortress ,monroe4 ,she destroyed two wooden frigates1 the ,cumberland and the ,congress1 and began the destruction of the ,minnesota4 ,she then steamed back to ,norfolk4 ,this formidable vessel was the old frigate ,merrimac4 ,upon her decks the ,confederates had built an iron house4 ,from these iron sides the balls of the ,union frigates rolled harmlessly away4 ,but that night an even stranger-looking ship appeared at ,fortress ,monroe4 ,this was the ,monitor1 a floating fort1 built of iron4 ,she was designed by ,john ,ericsson1 a ,swedish immigrant4 ,when the ,merrimac came back to finish the destruction of the ,minnesota1 the ,monitor steamed directly to her4 ,these two ironclads fought and fought4 ,at last the ,merrimac steamed away and never renewed the fight4 ,sidenote3 ,battle of ,fair ,oaks1 ,may1 #ahfb4 ,sidenote3 ,the ,seven ,days4 ,sidenote3 ,malvern ,hill4 #cib4 ,the ,peninsular ,campaign1 #ahfb4--;,by the end of ,may ,mc,clellan had gained a position within ten miles of ,richmond4 ,meantime1 ,jackson fought so vigorously in the ,shenandoah ,valley that the ,washington government refused to send more men to ,mc,clellan1 although ,johnston had gone with his army to the defense of ,richmond4 ,on ,may #ca the ,army of the ,potomac and the ,army of ,northern ,virginia fought a hard battle at ,fair ,oaks4 ,johnston was wounded1 and ,lee took the chief command4 ,he summoned ,jackson from the ,valley and attacked ,mc,clellan day after day1 ,june #bf to ,july #b1 #ahfb4 ,these terrible battles of the ,seven ,days forced ,mc,clellan to change his base to the ,james1 where he would be near the fleet4 ,at ,malvern ,hill ,lee and ,jackson once more attacked him and were beaten off with fearful loss4 ,sidenote3 ,lee's plan of campaign4 ,sidenote3 ,second battle of ,bull ,run1 ,august1 #ahfb4 #cic4 ,second ,bull ,run ,campaign4--,the ,army of the ,potomac was still uncomfortably near ,richmond4 ,it occurred to ,lee that if he should strike a hard blow at the army in front of ,washington1 ,lincoln would recall ,mc,clellan4 ,suddenly1 without any warning1 ,jackson appeared at ,manassas ,junction 7p4 #cag74 ,mc,clellan was at once ordered to transport his army by water to the ,potomac1 and place it under the orders of ,general ,john ,pope1 commanding the forces in front of ,washington4 ,mc,clellan did as he was ordered4 ,but ,lee moved faster than he could move4 ,before the ,army of the ,potomac was thoroughly in ,pope's grasp1 ,lee attacked the ,union forces near ,bull ,run4 ,he defeated them1 drove them off the field and back into the forts defending ,washington 7,august1 #ahfb74 ,sidenote3 ,lee invades ,maryland4 ,sidenote3 ,antietam1 ,september1 #ahfb4 ,hero ,tales1 #aii-bji4 #cid4 ,the ,antietam ,campaign1 #ahfb4--,lee now crossed the ,potomac into ,maryland4 ,but he found more resistance than he had looked for4 ,mc,clellan was again given chief command4 ,gathering his forces firmly together1 he kept between ,lee and ,washington1 and threatened ,lee's communications with ,virginia4 ,the ,confederates drew back4 ,mc,clellan found them strongly posted near the ,antietam and attacked them4 ,the ,union soldiers fought splendidly4 ,but military writers say that ,mc,clellan's attacks were not well planned4 ,at all events1 the ,army of the ,potomac lost more than twelve thousand men to less than ten thousand on the ,confederate side1 and ,lee made good his retreat to ,virginia4 ,mc,clellan was now removed from command1 and ,ambrose ,e4 ,burnside became chief of the ,army of the ,potomac4 ,illustration3 ,,antietam 7,a ,,war-,,time ,,sketch74 ,sidenote3 ,battle of ,fredericksburg1 ,december1 #ahfb4 #cie4 ,fredericksburg1 ,december1 #ahfb4--;,burnside found ,lee strongly posted on ,marye's ,heights1 which rise sharply behind the little town of ,fredericksburg on the southern bank of the ,rappahannock ,river4 ,burnside attacked in front4 ,his soldiers had to cross the river and assault the hill in face of a murderous fire--and in vain4 ,he lost thirteen thousand men to only four thousand of the ,confederates4 ,fighting ,joe ,hooker now succeeded ,burnside as commander of the ,army of the ,potomac4 ,we must now turn to the ,west1 and see what had been doing there in #ahfa-fb4 ,sidenote3 ,general ,grant4 ,sidenote3 ,he seizes ,cairo4 ,sidenote3 ,battle of ,mill ,springs1 ,january1 #ahfb4 #cif4 ,grant and ,thomas4--,in ,illinois there appeared a trained soldier of fierce energy and invincible will1 ,ulysses ,simpson ,grant4 ,he had been educated at ,west ,point and had served in the ,mexican ,war4 ,in ,september1 #ahfa1 he seized ,cairo at the junction of the ,ohio and the ,mississippi4 ,in ,january1 #ahfb1 ,general ,george ,h4 ,thomas defeated a ,confederate force at ,mill ,springs1 in the upper valley of the ,cumberland ,river4 ,in this way ,grant and ,thomas secured the line of the ,ohio and eastern ,kentucky for the ,union4 ,illustration3 ,,the ,,bridge ,,at ,,antietam4 ,burnside's soldiers charged over the bridge from the middle foreground4 ,sidenote3 ,capture of ,fort ,henry1 ,february1 #ahfb4 ,sidenote3 ,fort ,donelson4 #cig4 ,forts ,henry and ,donelson1 ,february1 #ahfb4--;,in ,february1 #ahfb1 ,general ,grant and ,commodore ,foote attacked two forts which the ,confederates had built to keep the ,federal gunboats from penetrating the western part of the ,confederacy4 ,fort ,henry yielded almost at once1 but the ,union forces besieged ,fort ,donelson for a longer time4 ,soon the ,confederate defense became hopeless1 and ,general ,buckner asked for the terms of surrender4 ,unconditional surrender1 replied ,grant1 and ,buckner surrendered4 ,the lower ,tennessee and the lower ,cumberland were now open to the ,union forces4 ,sidenote3 ,the lower ,mississippi4 ,sidenote3 ,admiral ,farragut4 #cih4 ,importance of ,new ,orleans4--,new ,orleans and the lower ,mississippi were of great importance to both sides1 for the possession of this region gave the ,southerners access to ,texas1 and through ,texas to ,mexico4 ,union fleets were blockading every important ,southern port4 ,but as long as commerce overland with ,mexico could be maintained1 the ,south could struggle on4 ,the ,mississippi1 too1 has so many mouths that it was difficult to keep vessels from running in and out4 ,for these reasons the ,federal government determined to seize ,new ,orleans and the lower ,mississippi4 ,the command of the expedition was given to ,farragut1 who had passed his boyhood in ,louisiana4 ,he was given as good a fleet as could be provided1 and a force of soldiers was sent to help him4 ,illustration3 ,a ,,river ,,gunboat4 ,sidenote3 ,capture of ,new ,orleans1 ,april1 #ahfb4 ,higginson1 #cjc-cjd2 ,source-,book1 #cac-cae4 #cii4 ,new ,orleans captured1 ,april1 #ahfb4--;,farragut carried his fleet into the ,mississippi1 but found his way upstream barred by two forts on the river's bank4 ,a great chain stretched across the river below the forts1 and a fleet of river gunboats with an ironclad or two was in waiting above the forts4 ,chain1 forts1 and gunboats all gave way before ,farragut's forceful will4 ,at night he passed the forts amid a terrific cannonade4 ,once above them ,new ,orleans was at his mercy4 ,it surrendered1 and with the forts was soon occupied by the ,union army4 ,the lower ,mississippi was lost to the ,confederacy4 ,illustration3 ,a ,,war-,,time ,,envelope4 ,sidenote3 ,shiloh1 ,april1 #ahfb4 ,sidenote3 ,corinth1 ,may1 #ahfb4 #djj4 ,shiloh and ,corinth1 ,april1 ,may1 #ahfb4--;,general ,halleck now directed the operations of the ,union armies in the ,west4 ,he ordered ,grant to take his men up the ,tennessee to ,pittsburg ,landing and there await the arrival of ,buell with a strong force overland from ,nashville4 ,grant encamped with his troops on the western bank of the ,tennessee between ,shiloh ,church and ,pittsburg ,landing4 ,albert ,sidney ,johnston1 the ,confederate commander in the ,west1 attacked him suddenly and with great fury4 ,soon the ,union army was pushed back to the river4 ,in his place many a leader would have withdrawn4 ,but ,grant1 with amazing courage1 held on4 ,in the afternoon ,buell's leading regiments reached the other side of the river4 ,in the night they were ferried across1 and ,grant's outlying commands were brought to the front4 ,the next morning ,grant attacked in his turn and slowly but surely pushed the ,confederates off the field4 ,halleck then united ,grant's1 ,buell's1 and ,pope's armies and captured ,corinth4 ,sidenote3 ,general ,bragg invades ,kentucky4 ,sidenote3 ,battle of ,perryville1 ,october1 #ahfb4 ,sidenote3 ,murfreesboro'1 ,december1 #ahfb4 ,eggleston1 #cca4 #dja4 ,bragg in ,tennessee and ,kentucky4--,general ,braxton ,bragg now took a large part of the ,confederate army1 which had fought at ,shiloh and ,corinth1 to ,chattanooga4 ,he then marched rapidly across ,tennessee and ,kentucky to the neighborhood of ,louisville on the ,ohio ,river4 ,buell was sent after him1 and the two armies fought an indecisive battle at ,perryville4 ,then ,bragg retreated to ,chattanooga4 ,in a few months he was again on the march4 ,rosecrans had now succeeded ,buell4 ,he attacked ,bragg at ,murfreesboro'4 ,for a long time the contest was equal4 ,in the end1 however1 the ,confederates were beaten and retired from the field4 ,,chapter #ci ,,the ,,emancipation ,,proclamation ,sidenote3 ,the blockade4 #djb4 ,the ,blockade4--,on the fall of ,fort ,sumter ,president ,lincoln ordered a blockade of the ,confederate seaports4 ,there were few manufacturing industries in the ,south4 ,cotton and tobacco were the great staples of export4 ,if her ports were blockaded the ,south could neither bring in arms and military supplies from ,europe1 nor send cotton and tobacco to ,europe to be sold for money4 ,so her power of resisting the ,union armies would be greatly lessened4 ,the ,union government bought all kinds of vessels1 even harbor ferryboats1 armed them1 and stationed them off the blockaded harbors4 ,in a surprisingly short time the blockade was established4 ,the ,union forces also began to occupy the ,southern seacoast1 and thus the region that had to be blockaded steadily grew less4 ,sidenote3 ,effect of the blockade4 #djc4 ,effects of the ,blockade4--,as months and years went by1 and the blockade became stricter and stricter1 the sufferings of the ,southern people became ever greater4 ,as they could not send their products to ,europe to exchange for goods1 they had to pay gold and silver for whatever the blockade runners brought in4 ,soon there was no more gold and silver in the ,confederacy1 and paper money took its place4 ,then the supplies of manufactured goods1 as clothing and paper1 of things not produced in the ,south1 as coffee and salt1 gave out4 ,toward the end of the war there were absolutely no medicines for the ,southern soldiers1 and guns were so scarce that it was proposed to arm one regiment with pikes4 ,nothing did more to break down ,southern resistance than the blockade4 ,sidenote3 ,hopes of the ,southerners4 #djd4 ,the ,confederacy1 ,great ,britain1 and ,france4--,from the beginning of the contest the ,confederate leaders believed that the ,british and the ,french would interfere to aid them4 ,cotton is king1 they said4 ,unless there were a regular supply of cotton1 the mills of ,england and of ,france must stop4 ,thousands of mill hands--men1 women1 and children--would soon be starving4 ,the ,french and the ,british governments would raise the blockade4 ,perhaps they would even force the ,united ,states to acknowledge the independence of the ,confederate states4 ,there was a good deal of truth in this belief4 ,for the ,british and ,french governments dreaded the growing power of the ,american republic and would gladly have seen it broken to pieces4 ,but events fell out far otherwise than the ,southern leaders had calculated4 ,before the supply of ,american cotton in ,england was used up1 new supplies began to come in from ,india and from ,egypt4 ,the ,union armies occupied portions of the cotton belt early in #ahfb1 and ,american cotton was again exported4 ,but more than all else1 the ,english mill operatives1 in all their hardships1 would not ask their government to interfere4 ,they saw clearly enough that the ,north was fighting for the rights of free labor4 ,at times it seemed1 however1 as if ,great ,britain or ,france would interfere4 ,sidenote3 ,southern agents sent to ,europe4 ,sidenote3 ,removed from the ,trent4 ,sidenote3 ,lincoln's opinion4 ,sidenote3 ,action of ,great ,britain4 #dje4 ,the ,trent ,affair1 #ahfa4--;,as soon as the blockade was established1 the ,british and ,french governments gave the ,confederates the same rights in their ports as the ,united ,states had4 ,the ,southerners then sent two agents1 ,mason and ,slidell1 to ,europe to ask the foreign governments to recognize the independence of the ,confederate states4 ,captain ,wilkes of the ,united ,states ship ,san ,jacinto took these agents from the ,british steamer ,trent4 ,but ,lincoln at once said that ,wilkes had done to the ,british the very thing which we had fought the ,war of #ahab to prevent the ,british doing to us4 ,we must stick to ,american principles1 said the ,president1 and restore the prisoners4 ,they were given up4 ,but the ,british government1 without waiting to see what ,lincoln would do1 had gone actively to work to prepare for war4 ,this seemed so little friendly that the people of the ,united ,states were greatly irritated4 ,sidenote3 ,the war powers of the ,president4 ,sidenote3 ,lincoln follows ,northern sentiment4 #djf4 ,lincoln and ,slavery4--,it will be remembered that the ,republican party had denied again and again that it had any intention to interfere with slavery in the states4 ,as long as peace lasted the ,federal government could not interfere with slavery in the states4 ,but when war broke out1 the ,president1 as commander-in-chief1 could do anything to distress and weaken the enemy4 ,if freeing the slaves in the seceded states would injure the secessionists1 he had a perfect right to do it4 ,but ,lincoln knew that public opinion in the ,north would not approve this action4 ,he would follow ,northern sentiment in this matter1 and not force it4 ,sidenote3 ,the contrabands4 #djg4 ,contrabands of ,war4--he war had scarcely begun before slaves escaped into the ,union lines4 ,one day a ,confederate officer came to ,fortress ,monroe and demanded his runaway slaves under the ,fugitive ,slave ,act 7p4 #bha74 ,general ,butler refused to give them up on the ground that they were contraband of war4 ,by that phrase he meant that their restoration would be illegal as their services would be useful to the enemy4 ,president ,lincoln approved this decision of ,general ,butler1 and escaping slaves soon came to be called ,contrabands4 ,illustration3 ,a ,,war-,,time ,,envelope4 ,sidenote3 ,abolition with compensation4 #djh4 ,first ,steps toward ,emancipation1 #ahfb4--,lincoln and the ,republican party thought that ,congress could not interfere with slavery in the states4 ,it might1 however1 buy slaves and set them free or help the states to do this4 ,so ,congress passed a law offering aid to any state which should abolish slavery within its borders4 ,congress itself abolished slavery in the ,district of ,columbia with compensation to the owners4 ,it abolished slavery in the territories without compensation4 ,lincoln had gladly helped to make these laws4 ,moreover1 by ,august1 #ahfb1 he had made up his mind that to free the slaves in the seceded states would help to save the ,union and would therefore be right as a war measure4 ,for every negro taken away from forced labor would weaken the producing power of the ,south and so make the conquest of the ,south easier4 ,sidenote3 ,lincoln's warning1 ,september1 #ahfb4 ,sidenote3 ,emancipation ,proclamation1 ,january #a1 #ahfc4 ,higginson1 #cjd-cje2 ,source-,book1 #cae-cah1 #cbg-cbi4 #dji4 ,the ,emancipation ,proclamation1 #ahfc4--,on ,september #bc1 #ahfb1 ,lincoln issued a proclamation stating that on the first day of the new year he would declare free all slaves in any portion of the ,united ,states then in rebellion4 ,on ,january #a1 #ahfc1 he issued the ,emancipation ,proclamation4 ,this proclamation could be enforced only in those portions of the seceded states which were held by the ,union armies4 ,it did not free slaves in loyal states and did not abolish the institution of slavery anywhere4 ,slavery was abolished by the states of ,west ,virginia1 ,missouri1 and ,maryland between #ahfb and #ahfd4 ,finally1 in #ahfe1 it was abolished throughout the ,united ,states by the adoption of the ,thirteenth ,amendment 7p4 #cfa74 ,sidenote3 ,northern friends of secession4 ,sidenote3 ,suspension of habeas corpus4 #daj4 ,northern ,opposition to the ,war4--,many persons in the ,north thought that the ,southerners had a perfect right to secede if they wished4 ,some of these persons sympathized so strongly with the ,southerners that they gave them important information and did all they could to prevent the success of the ,union forces4 ,it was hard to prove anything against these ,southern sympathizers1 but it was dangerous to leave them at liberty4 ,so ,lincoln ordered many of them to be arrested and locked up4 ,now the ,constitution provides that every citizen shall have a speedy trial4 ,this is brought about by the issuing a writ of habeas corpus1 compelling the jailer to bring his prisoner into court and show cause why he should not be set at liberty4 ,lincoln now suspended the operation of the writ of habeas corpus4 ,this action angered many persons who were quite willing that the ,southerners should be compelled to obey the law1 but did not like to have their neighbors arrested and locked up without trial4 ,illustration3 ,,the ,,draft4 ,sidenote3 ,the draft4 ,sidenote3 ,riots in the ,north4 #daa4 ,the ,draft ,riots4--,at the outset both armies were made up of volunteers2 soon there were not enough volunteers4 ,both governments then drafted men for their armies2 that is1 they picked out by lot certain men and compelled them to become soldiers4 ,the draft was bitterly resisted in some parts of the ,north1 especially in ,new ,york ,city4 ,,chapter #dj ,,the ,,year #ahfc ,sidenote3 ,position of the armies4 #dab4 ,position of the ,armies1 ,january1 #ahfc4--,the ,army of the ,potomac1 now under ,hooker1 and the ,army of ,northern ,virginia were face to face at ,fredericksburg on the ,rappahannock4 ,in the ,west ,rosecrans was at ,murfreesboro'1 and ,bragg on the way back to ,chattanooga4 ,in the ,mississippi ,valley ,grant and ,sherman had already begun the ,vicksburg campaign4 ,but as yet they had had no success4 ,sidenote3 ,grant's ,vicksburg ,campaign1 #ahfc4 ,hero ,tales1 #bci-bdh4 #dac4 ,beginnings of the ,vicksburg ,campaign4--,vicksburg stood on the top of a high bluff directly on the river4 ,batteries erected at the northern end of the town commanded the river1 which at that point ran directly toward the bluff4 ,the best way to attack this formidable place was to proceed overland from ,corinth4 ,this ,grant tried to do4 ,but the ,confederates forced him back4 ,sidenote3 ,siege of ,vicksburg4 ,source-,book1 #cbj-cbc4 ,sidenote3 ,surrender of ,vicksburg1 ,july #d1 #ahfc4 #dad4 ,fall of ,vicksburg1 ,july #d1 #ahfc4--;,grant now carried his whole army down the ,mississippi4 ,for months he tried plan after plan1 and every time he failed4 ,finally he marched his army down on the western side of the river1 crossed the river below ,vicksburg1 and approached the fortress from the south and east4 ,in this movement he was greatly aided by the ,union fleet under ,porter1 which protected the army while crossing the river4 ,pemberton1 the ,confederate commander1 at once came out from ,vicksburg4 ,but ,grant drove him back and began the siege of the town from the land side4 ,the ,confederates made a gallant defense4 ,but slowly and surely they were starved into submission4 ,on ,july #d1 #ahfc1 ,pemberton surrendered the fortress and thirty-seven thousand men4 ,sidenote3 ,port ,hudson surrendered4 ,sidenote3 ,opening of the ,mississippi4 #dae4 ,opening of the ,mississippi4--,port ,hudson1 between ,vicksburg and ,new ,orleans1 was now the only important ,confederate position on the ,mississippi4 ,on ,july #h it surrendered4 ,a few days later the freight steamer ,imperial from ,st4 ,louis reached ,new ,orleans4 ,the ,mississippi at last flowed unvexed to the sea4 ,the ,confederacy was cut in twain4 ,sidenote3 ,chancellorsville1 ,may1 #ahfc4 ,hero ,tales1 #bac-bbc4 ,sidenote3 ,lee invades ,pennsylvania4 ,sidenote3 ,meade in command4 #daf4 ,lee's ,second ,invasion1 #ahfc4--;,fighting ,joe ,hooker was now in command of the ,army of the ,potomac4 ,outwitting ,lee1 he gained the rear of the ,confederate lines on ,marye's ,heights1 ,but ,lee fiercely attacked him at ,chancellorsville and drove him back across the ,rappahannock4 ,then ,lee again crossed the ,potomac and invaded the ,north4 ,this time he penetrated to the heart of ,pennsylvania4 ,hooker moved on parallel lines1 always keeping between ,lee and the city of ,washington4 ,at length1 in the midst of the campaign1 ,hooker asked to be relieved1 and ,george ,g4 ,meade became the fifth and last chief of the ,army of the ,potomac4 ,illustration3 ,,battlefield ,,of ,,gettysburg1 ,,looking ,,south ,,from ,,round ,,top4 ,sidenote3 ,lee retires4 ,sidenote3 ,gettysburg1 ,july #a-c1 #ahfc4 #dag4 ,gettysburg1 ,july #a1 #ahfc4--,meade now moved the ,union army toward ,lee's line of communication with ,virginia4 ,lee at once drew back4 ,both armies moved toward ,gettysburg1 where the roads leading southward came together4 ,in this way the two armies came into contact on ,july i1 #ahfc4 ,the ,southerners were in stronger force at the moment and drove the ,union soldiers back through the town to the high land called ,cemetery ,ridge4 ,this was a remarkably strong position1 with ,culp's ,hill at one end of the line and the ,round ,tops at the other end4 ,meade determined to fight the battle at that spot and hurried up all his forces4 ,illustration3 ,,map3 ,battle of ,gettysburg4 ,sidenote3 ,the second day4 #dah4 ,gettysburg1 ,july #b1 #ahfc4--;,at first matters seemed to go badly with the ,union army4 ,its left flank extended forward from ,little ,round ,top into the fields at the foot of the ridge4 ,the ,confederates drove back this part of the ,union line4 ,but they could not seize ,little ,round ,top4 ,on this day also the ,confederates gained a foothold on ,culp's ,hill4 ,sidenote3 ,the third day4 ,source-,book1 #cbc-cbg4 ,sidenote3 ,pickett's charge4 ,hero ,tales1 #bbg-bcf4 ,sidenote3 ,it fails4 ,sidenote3 ,lee retreats1 ,july #d1 #ahfc4 #dai4 ,gettysburg1 ,july #c1 #ahfc4--;,early on this morning the ,union soldiers drove the ,confederates away from ,culp's ,hill and held the whole ridge4 ,now again1 as at ,malvern ,hill 7p4 #cba71 ,lee had fought the ,army of the ,potomac to a standstill4 ,but he would not admit failure4 ,led by ,pickett of ,virginia1 thirteen thousand men charged across the valley between the two armies directly at the ,union center4 ,some of them even penetrated the ,union lines4 ,but there the line stopped4 ,slowly it began to waver4 ,then back the ,confederates went--all who escaped4 ,the battle of ,gettysburg was won4 ,lee faced the ,army of the ,potomac for another day and then retreated4 ,in this tremendous conflict the ,confederates lost twenty-two thousand five hundred men killed and wounded and five thousand taken prisoners by the ,northerners--a total loss of twenty-eight thousand out of eighty thousand in the battle4 ,the ,union army numbered ninety-three thousand men and lost twenty-three thousand1 killed and wounded4 ,vicksburg and ,gettysburg cost the ,south sixty-five thousand fighting men--a loss that could not be made good4 ,we must now turn to eastern ,tennessee4 ,sidenote3 ,rosecrans and ,bragg1 #ahfc4 ,sidenote3 ,chickamauga1 ,september1 #ahfc4 ,sidenote3 ,thomas and ,sheridan4 ,sidenote3 ,grant in command in the ,west4 #dbj4 ,chickamauga1 ,september1 #ahfc4--;,for six months after ,murfreesboro' 7p4 #cbf7 ,rosecrans and ,bragg remained in their camps4 ,in the summer of #ahfc ,rosecrans1 by a series of skillful marchings1 forced ,bragg to abandon ,chattanooga4 ,but ,bragg was now greatly strengthened by soldiers from the ,mississippi and by ,longstreet's division from ,lee's army in ,virginia4 ,he turned on ,rosecrans1 and attacked him at ,chickamauga ,creek4 ,the right wing of the ,union army was driven from the field4 ,but ,thomas1 the ,rock of ,chickamauga1 with his men stood fast4 ,bragg attacked him again and again1 and failed every time1 although he had double ,thomas's numbers4 ,rosecrans1 believing the battle to be lost1 had ridden off to ,chattanooga1 but ,sheridan aided ,thomas as well as he could4 ,the third day ,thomas and ,bragg kept their positions1 and then the ,union soldiers retired unpursued to ,chattanooga4 ,the command of the whole army at ,chattanooga was now given to ,thomas1 and ,grant was placed in control of all the ,western armies4 ,illustration3 ,,general ,,thomas4 ,sidenote3 ,sherman's attack4 ,sidenote3 ,hooker's attack4 ,sidenote3 ,thomas's attack4 ,sidenote3 ,rout of the ,confederates1 ,november1 #ahfc4 #dba4 ,chattanooga1 ,november1 #ahfc4--,the ,union soldiers at ,chattanooga were in great danger4 ,for the ,confederates were all about them and they could get no food4 ,but help was at hand4 ,hooker1 with fifteen thousand men from the ,army of the ,potomac1 arrived and opened a road by which food could reach ,chattanooga4 ,then ,grant came with ,sherman's corps from ,vicksburg4 ,he at once sent ,sherman to assail ,bragg's right flank and ordered ,hooker to attack his left flank4 ,sherman and his men advanced until he was stopped by a deep ravine4 ,at the other end of the line ,hooker fought right up the side of ,lookout ,mountain1 until the battle raged above the clouds4 ,in the center were ,thomas's men4 ,eager to avenge the slaughter of ,chickamauga1 they carried the first ,confederate line of defenses4 ,then1 without orders1 they rushed up the hillside over the inner lines4 ,they drove the ,southerners from their guns and seized their works4 ,bragg retreated as well as he could4 ,longstreet was besieging ,knoxville4 ,he escaped through the mountains to ,lee's army in ,virginia4 ,,chapter #da ,,the ,,end ,,of ,,the ,,war1 #ahfd-ahfe ,sidenote3 ,grant in chief command4 ,sidenote3 ,sherman commands in the ,west4 #dbb4 ,grant in ,command of all the ,armies4--,the ,vicksburg and ,chattanooga campaigns marked out ,grant for the chief command4 ,hitherto the ,union forces had acted on no well-thought-out plan4 ,now ,grant was appointed ,lieutenant ,general and placed in command of all the armies of the ,united ,states 7,march1 #ahfd74 ,he decided to carry on the war in ,virginia in person4 ,western operations he intrusted to ,sherman1 with ,thomas in command of the ,army of the ,cumberland4 ,sheridan came with ,grant to ,virginia and led the cavalry of the ,army of the ,potomac4 ,we will first follow ,sherman and ,thomas and the ,western armies4 ,illustration3 ,,general ,,sherman4 ,sidenote3 ,sherman's army4 ,sidenote3 ,the march to ,atlanta4 ,sidenote3 ,hood attacks ,sherman4 #dbc4 ,the ,atlanta ,campaign1 #ahfd4--,sherman had one hundred thousand veterans1 led by ,thomas1 ,mc,pherson1 and ,schofield4 ,joseph ,e4 ,johnston1 who succeeded ,bragg1 had fewer men1 but he occupied strongly fortified positions4 ,yet week by week ,sherman forced him back till1 after two months of steady fighting1 ,johnston found himself in the vicinity of ,atlanta4 ,this was the most important manufacturing center in the ,south4 ,the ,confederates must keep ,atlanta if they possibly could4 ,johnston plainly could not stop ,sherman4 ,so ,hood was appointed in his place1 in the expectation that he would fight4 ,hood fought his best4 ,again and again he attacked ,sherman only to be beaten off with heavy loss4 ,he then abandoned ,atlanta to save his army4 ,from ,may to ,september ,sherman lost twenty-two thousand men1 but the ,confederates lost thirty-five thousand men and ,atlanta too4 ,sidenote3 ,problems of war4 ,sidenote3 ,plan of the ,march to the ,sea4 #dbd4 ,plans of ,campaign4--,hood now led his army northward to ,tennessee4 ,but ,sherman1 instead of following him1 sent only ,thomas and ,schofield4 ,sherman knew that the ,confederacy was a mere shell4 ,its heart had been destroyed4 ,what would be the result of a grand march through ,georgia to the seacoast1 and then northward through the ,carolinas to ,virginia8 ,would not this unopposed march show the people of the ,north1 of the ,south1 and of ,europe that further resistance was useless8 ,sherman thought that it would1 and that once in ,virginia he could help ,grant crush ,lee4 ,grant agreed with ,sherman and told him to carry out his plans4 ,but first we must see what happened to ,thomas and ,hood4 ,sidenote3 ,hood in ,tennessee4 ,sidenote3 ,battle of ,franklin1 ,november1 #ahfd4 ,sidenote3 ,thomas destroys ,hood's army1 ,december1 #ahfd4 #dbe4 ,thomas and ,hood1 #ahfd4--,never dreaming that ,sherman was not in pursuit1 ,hood marched rapidly northward until he had crossed the ,tennessee4 ,he then spent three weeks in resting his tired soldiers and in gathering supplies4 ,this delay gave ,thomas time to draw in recruits4 ,at last ,hood attacked ,schofield at ,franklin on ,november #cj1 #ahfd4 ,schofield retreated to ,nashville1 where ,thomas was with the bulk of his army1 and ,hood followed4 ,thomas took all the time he needed to complete his preparations4 ,grant felt anxious at his delay and ordered him to fight4 ,but ,thomas would not fight until he was ready4 ,at length1 on ,december #ae1 he struck the blow1 and in two days of fighting destroyed ,hood's whole army4 ,this was the last great battle in the ,west4 ,sidenote3 ,the ,march to the ,sea1 #ahfd4 ,sidenote3 ,fall of ,savannah1 ,december1 #ahfd4 #dbf4 ,marching through ,georgia4--,destroying the mills and factories of ,atlanta1 ,sherman set out for the seashore4 ,he had sixty thousand men with him4 ,they were all veterans and marched along as if on a holiday excursion4 ,spreading out over a line of sixty miles1 they gathered everything eatable within reach4 ,every now and then they would stop and destroy a railroad4 ,this they did by taking up the rails1 heating them in the middle on fires of burning sleepers1 and then twisting them around the nearest trees4 ,in this way they cut a gap sixty miles long in the railroad communication between the half-starved army of northern ,virginia and the storehouses of southern ,georgia4 ,on ,december #aj1 #ahfd1 ,sherman reached the sea4 ,ten days later he captured ,savannah and presented it to the nation as a ,christmas gift4 ,sherman and ,thomas between them had struck a fearful blow at the ,confederacy4 ,how had it fared with ,grant8 ,sidenote3 ,grant's plan of campaign1 #ahfd4 ,sidenote3 ,objections to it4 #dbg4 ,grant in ,virginia1 #ahfd4--;,grant had with him in ,virginia the ,army of the ,potomac under ,meade1 the ,ninth ,corps under ,burnside1 and a great cavalry force under ,sheridan4 ,in addition ,general ,butler was on the ,james ,river with some thirty thousand men4 ,lee had under his orders about one-half as many soldiers as had ,grant4 ,in every other respect the advantage was on his side4 ,grant's plan of campaign was to move by his left from the ,rappahannock southeastwardly4 ,he expected to push ,lee southward and hoped to destroy his army4 ,butler1 on his part1 was to move up the ,james4 ,by this plan ,grant could always be near navigable water and could in this way easily supply his army with food and military stores4 ,the great objection to this scheme of invasion was that it gave ,lee shorter lines of march to all important points4 ,this fact and their superior knowledge of the country gave the ,confederates an advantage which largely made up for their lack in numbers4 ,sidenote3 ,battle of the ,wilderness1 ,may1 #ahfd4 #dbh4 ,the ,wilderness1 ,may1 #ahfd4--,on ,may #d and #e the ,union army crossed the ,rapidan and marched southward through the ,wilderness4 ,it soon found itself very near the scene of the disastrous battle of ,chancellorsville 7p4 #cce74 ,the woods were thick and full of underbrush4 ,clearings were few1 and the roads were fewer still4 ,on ground like this ,lee attacked the ,union army4 ,everything was in favor of the attacker1 for it was impossible to foresee his blows1 or to get men quickly to any threatened spot4 ,nevertheless ,grant fought four days4 ,then he skillfully removed the army and marched by his left to ,spotsylvania ,court ,house4 ,illustration3 ,,general ,,grant4 ,from a photograph taken in the field1 ,march1 #ahfe4 ,strong1 simple1 silent1 444 such was he ,who helped us in our need4--,,lowell4 ,sidenote3 ,spotsylvania1 ,may1 #ahfd4 #dbi4 ,spotsylvania1 ,may1 #ahfd4--,lee reached ,spotsylvania first and fortified his position4 ,for days fearful combats went on4 ,one point in the ,confederate line1 called the ,salient1 was taken and retaken over and over again4 ,the loss of life was awful1 and ,grant could not push ,lee back4 ,so on ,may #bj he again set out on his march by the left and directed his army to the ,north ,anna4 ,but ,lee was again before him and held such a strong position that it was useless to attack him4 ,sidenote3 ,cold ,harbor4 ,sidenote3 ,blockade of ,petersburg4 #dcj4 ,to the ,james1 ,june1 #ahfd4--;,grant again withdrew his army and resumed his southward march4 ,but when he reached ,cold ,harbor1 ,lee was again strongly fortified4 ,both armies were now on the ground of the ,peninsular ,campaign4 ,for two weeks ,grant attacked again and again4 ,then on ,june #aa he took up his march for the last time4 ,on ,june #ae the ,union soldiers reached the banks of the ,james ,river below the junction of the ,appomattox4 ,but1 owing to some misunderstanding1 ,petersburg had not been seized4 ,so ,lee established himself there1 and the campaign took on the form of a siege4 ,in these campaigns from the ,rapidan to the ,james1 ,grant lost in killed1 wounded1 and missing sixty thousand men4 ,lee's loss was much less--how much less is not known4 ,illustration3 ,a ,,bomb ,,proof ,,at ,,petersburg ,,as ,,it ,,appears ,,to-,,day ,,with ,,the ,,trees ,,growing ,,on ,,the ,,breastworks4 ,sidenote3 ,importance of ,petersburg4 #dca4 ,petersburg1 ,june-,december1 #ahfd4--,petersburg guarded the roads leading from ,richmond to the ,south4 ,it was in reality a part of the defenses of ,richmond4 ,for if these roads passed out of ,confederate control1 the ,confederate capital would have to be abandoned4 ,it was necessary for ,lee to keep ,petersburg4 ,grant1 on the other hand1 wished to gain the roads south of ,petersburg4 ,he lengthened his line2 but each extension was met by a similar extension of the ,confederate line4 ,this process could not go on forever4 ,the ,confederacy was getting worn out4 ,no more men could be sent to ,lee4 ,sooner or later his line would become so weak that ,grant could break through4 ,then ,petersburg and ,richmond must be abandoned4 ,two years before1 when ,richmond was threatened by ,mc,clellan1 ,lee had secured the removal of the ,army of the ,potomac by a sudden movement toward ,washington 7p4 #cba74 ,he now detached ,jubal ,early with a formidable force and sent him through the ,shenandoah ,valley to ,washington4 ,illustration3 ,,general ,,sheridan4 ,sidenote3 ,confederate attack on ,washington1 #ahfd4 ,sidenote3 ,sheridan in the ,valley4 ,hero ,tales1 #bfc-bij4 ,sidenote3 ,confederate disaster1 ,october1 #ahfd4 ,sidenote3 ,lincoln relected1 ,november1 #ahfd4 ,mc,master1 #dbe-dbf4 #dcb4 ,sheridan's ,valley ,campaigns1 #ahfd4--,the conditions now were very unlike the conditions of #ahfb4 ,now1 ,grant was in command instead of ,mc,clellan or ,pope4 ,he controlled the movements of all the armies without interference from ,washington1 and he had many more men than ,lee4 ,without letting go his hold on ,petersburg1 ,grant sent two army corps by water to ,washington4 ,early was an able and active soldier1 but he delayed his attack on ,washington until soldiers came from the ,james4 ,he then withdrew to the ,shenandoah ,valley4 ,grant now gave ,sheridan forty thousand infantry and fifteen thousand cavalry1 and sent him to the ,valley with orders to drive ,early out and to destroy all supplies in the ,valley which could be used by another ,southern army4 ,splendidly ,sheridan did his work4 ,at one time1 when he was away1 the ,confederates surprised the ,union army4 ,but1 hearing the roar of the battle1 ,sheridan rode rapidly to the front4 ,as he rode along1 the fugitives turned back4 ,the ,confederates1 surprised in their turn1 were swept from the field and sent whirling up the ,valley in wild confusion 7,october #ai1 #ahfd74 ,then ,sheridan destroyed everything that could be of service to another invading army and rejoined ,grant at ,petersburg4 ,in the ,november following this great feat of arms1 ,lincoln was relected ,president4 ,sidenote3 ,mobile ,bay1 #ahfd4 ,hero ,tales1 #cjc-cbb4 ,sidenote3 ,kearsarge and ,alabama4 #dcc4 ,the ,blockade and the ,cruisers1 #ahfc-fd4--,the blockade had now become stricter than ever4 ,for by ,august1 #ahfd1 ,farragut had carried his fleet into ,mobile ,bay and had closed it to commerce4 ,sherman had taken ,savannah4 ,early in #ahfe ,charleston was abandoned1 for ,sherman had it at his mercy1 and ,terry captured ,wilmington4 ,the ,south was now absolutely dependent on its own resources1 and the end could not be far off4 ,on the open sea1 with ,england's aid a few vessels flew the ,confederate flag4 ,the best known of these vessels was the ,alabama4 ,she was built in ,england1 armed with ,english guns1 and largely manned by ,englishmen4 ,on ,june #ai1 #ahfd1 the ,united ,states ship ,kearsarge sank her off ,cherbourg1 ,france4 ,englishmen were also building two ironclad battleships for the ,confederates4 ,but the ,american minister at ,london1 ,mr4 ,charles ,francis ,adams1 said that if they were allowed to sail1 it would be war4 ,the ,english government thereupon bought the vessels4 ,illustration3 ,,admiral ,,farragut4 ,sidenote3 ,sherman's northern march1 #ahfe4 #dcd4 ,sherman's ,march through the ,carolinas1 #ahfe4--;,early in #ahfe ,sherman set out on the worst part of his great march4 ,he now directed his steps northward from ,savannah toward ,virginia4 ,the ,confederates prepared to meet him4 ,but ,sherman set out before they expected him1 and thus gained a clear path for the first part of his journey4 ,joseph ,e4 ,johnston now took command of the forces opposed to ,sherman and did everything he could to stop him4 ,at one moment it seemed as if he might succeed4 ,he almost crushed the forward end of ,sherman's army before the rest of the soldiers could be brought to its rescue4 ,but ,sherman's veterans were too old soldiers to be easily defeated4 ,they first beat back the enemy in front1 and when another force appeared in the rear they jumped to the other side of their field breastworks and defeated that force also4 ,night then put an end to the combat1 and by morning the ,union force was too strong to be attacked4 ,pressing on1 ,sherman reached ,goldsboro' in ,north ,carolina4 ,there he was joined by ,terry from ,wilmington and by ,schofield from ,tennessee4 ,sherman now was strong enough to beat any ,confederate army4 ,he moved to ,raleigh and completely cut ,lee's communications with ,south ,carolina and ,georgia1 ,april1 #ahfe4 ,sidenote3 ,condition of ,lee's army4 ,sidenote3 ,higginson1 #cag4 ,sidenote3 ,surrender of the ,southern armies1 ,april #ahfe4 ,source-book1 #cbi-ccc4 #dce4 ,appomattox1 ,april1 #ahfe4--,the end of the ,confederacy was now plainly in sight4 ,lee's men were starving4 ,they were constantly deserting either to go to the aid of their perishing families or to obtain food from the ,union army4 ,as soon as the roads were fit for marching1 ,grant set his one hundred and twenty thousand men once more in motion4 ,his object was to gain the rear of ,lee's army and to force him to abandon ,petersburg4 ,a last despairing attack on the ,union center only increased ,grant's vigor4 ,on ,april #a ,sheridan with his cavalry and an infantry corps seized ,five ,forks in the rear of ,petersburg and could not be driven away4 ,petersburg and ,richmond were abandoned4 ,lee tried to escape to the mountains4 ,but now the ,union soldiers marched faster than the starving ,southerners4 ,sheridan1 outstripping them1 placed his men across their path at ,appomattox ,court ,house4 ,there was nothing left save surrender4 ,the soldiers of the ,army of ,northern ,virginia1 now only thirty-seven thousand strong1 laid down their arms1 ,april #i1 #ahfe4 ,soon ,johnston surrendered1 and the remaining small isolated bands of ,confederates were run down and captured4 ,sidenote3 ,murder of ,lincoln1 ,april #ad1 #ahfe4 ,higginson1 #cbb-cbc2 ,source-book1 #ccc-cce4 #dcf4 ,lincoln murdered1 ,april #ad1 #ahfe4--,the national armies were victorious4 ,president ,lincoln1 never grander or wiser than in the moment of victory1 alone stood between the ,southern people and the ,northern extremists clamoring for vengeance4 ,on the night of ,april #ad he was murdered by a sympathizer with slavery and secession4 ,no one old enough to remember the morning of ,april #ae1 #ahfe1 will ever forget the horror aroused in the ,north by this unholy murder4 ,in the beginning ,lincoln had been a party leader4 ,in the end the simple grandeur of his nature had won for him a place in the hearts of the ,american people that no other man has ever gained4 ,he was indeed the greatest because the most typical of ,americans4 ,vice-,president ,andrew ,johnson1 a war ,democrat from ,tennessee1 became ,president4 ,the vanquished secessionists were soon to taste the bitter dregs of the cup of defeat4 ,illustration3 ,,mayor',s ,,office1 ,,april #aeth1 #ahfe1 ,death notice of ,abraham ,lincoln ,,questions ,,and ,,topics ,use maps constantly while studying this period4 ,the maps provided in ,dodge's ,bird's-,eye ,view are admirably adapted to this purpose4 ,,chapter #cg #chj4--;a4 ,what did ,lincoln say about the ,union8 ,what did he say about slavery8 ,what oath did ,lincoln take8 b4 ,was his inaugural conciliatory to the ,south8 #cha1 #chb4--;a4 ,what was the result of ,buchanan's attempt to send supplies to ,fort ,sumter8 b4 ,why did ,lincoln inform the governor of ,south ,carolina of his determination to succor ,fort ,sumter8 c4 ,what was the effect on ,northern opinion of the attack on ,fort ,sumter8 d4 ,could the ,southerners have done otherwise than fire on the flag8 #chc-che4--;a4 ,why were the ,virginians so divided8 ,what resulted from this division8 b4 ,what were the border states8 ,could these states have been neutral8 c4 ,describe the especial importance of ,maryland4 d4 ,what oath had the officers of the ,united ,states army and navy taken8 ,did ,lee and other officers who resigned necessarily believe in the right of secession8 ,give your reasons4 ,,chapter #ch #chf1 #chg4--;a4 ,state the advantages of the ,southerners from the geographical point of view4 b4 ,explain how rivers were lines of defense4 c4 ,describe carefully the plan of the ,bull ,run campaign4 d4 ,why was the ,shenandoah ,valley so important8 #chh-cij4--;a4 ,why was ,mc,clellan placed in command of the ,army of the ,potomac8 b4 ,of what advantage to the ,south were the negroes8 c4 ,describe the plan of the ,peninsular ,campaign4 ,what was the great objection to it8 #cia4--;a4 ,describe the ,merrimac1 the ,monitor4 ,compare them with the ,congress4 b4 ,what effect did the ,monitor-,merrimac fight have on ,mc,clellan's campaign8 #cib1 #cic4--;a ,describe the ,peninsular ,campaign4 ,why were not more soldiers sent to ,mc,clellan8 b4 ,what is meant by the phrase change of base8 c4 ,how did ,lee secure the removal of ,mc,clellan's army from the ,james8 #cid1 #cie4--;a ,why did ,lee invade ,maryland8 b4 ,describe the battle of ,antietam1 of ,fredericksburg4 ,what was the result of each of these battles8 #cif1 #cig4--;a4 ,give an account of the early life and training of ,grant and of ,thomas4 b4 ,why were the seizures of ,cairo and ,paducah and the battle of ,mill ,springs important8 c4 ,what is meant by the phrase unconditional surrender8 #cih1 #cii4--;a4 ,explain carefully the importance to the ,south of ,new ,orleans and the lower ,mississippi4 b4 ,give an account of ,farragut's early life4 ,how did it fit him for this work8 c4 ,describe the operations against ,new ,orleans4 #djj4--;a4 ,explain carefully the plan of the campaign to ,corinth ,why was ,corinth important8 b4 ,what quality in ,grant was conspicuous at ,shiloh8 #dja4--;a4 ,what was ,bragg's object in invading ,kentucky8 ,how far did he succeed8 ,why was ,chattanooga important8 ,,chapter #ci #djb1 #djc4--;a4 ,what is a blockade8 ,what was the effect of the blockade on the ,south8 b4 ,had sea power been in ,southern hands1 could the ,union have been saved8 c4 ,why was ,charleston so difficult to capture8 7,compare with the ,revolutionary ,war47 #dje1 #djf4--;a4 ,what help did the ,southerners hope to obtain from ,great ,britain and ,france8 ,why8 ,how were their hopes disappointed8 b4 ,what do you think of the action of the ,english mill operatives8 c4 ,describe the ,trent ,affair4 ,what do you think of ,lincoln's action8 ,did the ,british government act wisely8 #djf1 #djg4--;a4 ,what had the ,republican party declared about slavery in the states8 ,what had ,lincoln said in his inaugural8 b4 ,how had the war altered ,lincoln's power as ,president8 c4 ,why was it necessary for ,lincoln to follow ,northern sentiment8 d4 ,what is contraband of war8 ,how were the slaves contraband8 #djh1 #dji4--;a4 ,what steps had already been taken by ,congress toward freeing the slaves8 b4 ,how was the ,emancipation ,proclamation justified8 ,upon what would its enforcement depend8 c4 ,what slave states were not affected by this proclamation8 d4 ,how was slavery as an institution abolished throughout the ,united ,states8 #daj1 #daa4--;a4 ,why was not the ,north united upon this war8 b4 ,what is the force of the writ of habeas corpus8 ,why is it so important8 c4 ,what was the draft1 and why was it necessary8 ,,chapter #dj #dab-dae4--;a4 ,explain the position of the armies at the beginning of #ahfc4 b4 ,why was the conquest of ,vicksburg so difficult8 ,how was it finally captured8 c4 ,what effect did the control of the ,mississippi have upon the ,confederacy8 #daf4--;a4 ,what was ,lee's object in invading ,pennsylvania8 b4 ,what position did the ,union army keep as regards the ,confederates8 #dag-dai4--;a4 ,describe the battle-field of ,gettysburg4 ,why was the battle so important8 b4 ,describe in detail the principal events of each day of the battle4 c4 ,learn ,lincoln's ,gettysburg ,address4 ,how was this ground hallowed8 ,what was the great task before the people8 #dbj1 #dba4--;a4 ,describe the battle of ,chickamauga4 ,review ,thomas's services up to this time4 b4 ,describe the three parts of the battle of ,chattanooga4 ,,chapter #da #dbb1 #dbc4--;a4 ,how had ,grant shown his fitness for high command8 ,was it wise to have one man in command of all the armies8 ,why8 b4 ,review ,sherman's career up to this time4 ,why did ,grant impose trust in him8 c4 ,what was the result of ,hood's attacks8 #dbd-dbf4--;a4 ,what was the real object of ,sherman's march to the sea8 b4 ,describe the destruction of ,hood's army4 ,what does it show as to ,thomas's ability8 c4 ,what did ,sherman's army accomplish on its way to the sea8 #dbg-dcj4--;a4 ,compare the conditions of the two armies in ,virginia4 ,explain the advantages of the ,confederates4 b4 ,describe the battle of the ,wilderness1 noting the conditions favorable to the ,confederates4 c4 ,describe the movement to the ,james4 ,what advantages had ,grant not possessed by ,mc,clellan8 #dca1 #dcb4--;a4 ,why was ,petersburg important8 b4 ,how did ,lee try to compel the withdrawal of ,grant8 ,why did he not succeed8 c4 ,describe ,sheridan's work in the ,shenandoah ,valley4 ,read a short account of ,sheridan's career to #ahfe1 and state his services to the ,union cause4 #dcc4--;a4 ,how had ,sherman's victories affected the blockade8 b4 ,what aid had ,great ,britain given to the ,confederates8 ,why did she not give more assistance8 #dcd1 #dce4--;a4 ,how did ,sherman's occupation of ,raleigh affect ,lee8 b4 ,describe the condition of ,lee's army4 ,how was its capture accomplished8 #dcf4--;a4 ,why was ,lincoln's death a terrible loss to the ,south8 b4 ,why is he the greatest of all ,americans8 ,,general ,,questions a4 ,review the steps which led to the war for the ,union4 b4 ,what were ,lincoln's personal views as to slavery8 ,why could he not carry them out8 c4 ,what were ,lincoln's leading characteristics8 ,give illustrations to support your view4 d4 ,study ,grant's military career and try to find out why he succeeded where others failed4 e4 ,arrange a table of the leading campaigns1 giving dates1 leaders1 end to be attained1 important battles1 and result4 f4 ,give the two most important battles of the war4 ,why do you select these8 ,,topics ,,for ,,special ,,work4 a4 ,life in ,southern prisons4 b4 ,the ,shenandoah ,valley in the war4 c4 ,any important battle or naval action1 or leading general1 or naval commander4 d4 ,the part played by your own state or town in the war1 or the history of one of your state regiments4 ,,suggestions ,,to ,,teachers ,a few days spent upon a study of the field of war will save a great deal of time4 ,channing's ,students' ,history will enable the teacher to indicate the most important strategic points4 ,maps have been sparingly provided in this book1 as the simple plans in ,dodge's ,bird's-eye ,view can easily be reproduced on the blackboard4 ,in general1 campaigns should be studied rather than battles4 ,pictures relating to this period are easily obtainable and may be freely used4 ,it is an excellent plan to ask some veteran to describe his experiences1 and the local post of the ,grand ,army of the ,republic will often lend material aid in making the war real to the pupils4 ,grant's career should be especially studied1 and the reasons for his successes carefully noted4 ,indeed1 the study of this period may well center around ,lincoln and ,grant4 ,lincoln's inaugurals are too difficult to be studied thoroughly4 ,but the teacher can easily select portions1 as the last paragraph of the second inaugural4 ,lincoln's ,gettysburg ,address should be learned by every pupil1 and his letter to ,greeley 7,students' ,history1 p4 #eci7 will throw a flood of light on ,lincoln's character4 ,in studying this period1 as well as other periods1 it is better to dwell on the patriotism and heroism of our soldiers1 sailors1 and statesmen than to point out their mistakes and personal faults4 ,literature is so rich in reference to this time that nothing more than the mention of the works of ,lowell1 ,whittier1 ,holmes1 and ,longfellow is needed4 ,illustration3 ,,the ,,present ,,flag1 #aijj4 ,,xiv ,,reconstruction ,,and ,,reunion1 #ahfe-ahhh ,books for ,study and ,reading ,references4--,scribner's ,popular ,history1 ,v2 ,mc,master's ,school ,history1 chs4 xxx-xxxiii2 ,andrews's ,last ,quarter-,century4 ,home ,readings4--,hale's ,mr4 ,merriam's ,scholars4 ,,chapter #db ,,president ,,johnson ,,and ,,reconstruction1 #ahfa-ahfi ,sidenote3 ,position of the seceded states4 ,sidenote3 ,lincoln's policy of reconstruction4 ,mc,master1 #dbg-dbh4 #dcg4 ,lincoln's ,reconstruction ,policy4--,the great question now before the country was what should be done with the ,southern states and people4 ,and what should be done with the freedmen8 ,on these questions people were not agreed4 ,some people thought that the states were indestructible2 that they could not secede or get out of the ,union4 ,others thought that the ,southern states had been conquered and should be treated as a part of the national domain4 ,lincoln thought that it was useless to go into these questions4 ,the ,southern states were out of the proper practical relations with the ,union4 ,that was clear enough4 ,the thing to do1 therefore1 was to restore proper practical relations as quickly and as quietly as possible4 ,in ,december1 #ahfc1 ,lincoln had offered a pardon to all persons1 with some exceptions1 who should take the oath of allegiance to the ,united ,states1 and should promise to support the ,constitution and the ,emancipation ,proclamation4 ,whenever one-tenth of the voters in any of the ,confederate states should do these things1 and should set up a republican form of government1 ,lincoln promised to recognize that government as the state government4 ,but the admission to ,congress of ,senators and ,representatives from such a reconstructed state would rest with ,congress4 ,several states were reconstructed on this plan4 ,but public opinion was opposed to this quiet reorganization of the seceded states4 ,the people trusted ,lincoln1 however1 and had he lived he might have induced them to accept his plan4 ,sidenote3 ,andrew ,johnson ,president1 #ahfe4 ,sidenote3 ,his ideas on reconstruction4 ,mc,master1 #dbh4 #dch4 ,president ,johnson's ,reconstruction ,plan4--,johnson was an able man and a patriot4 ,but he had none of ,lincoln's wise patience4 ,he had none of ,lincoln's tact and humor in dealing with men4 ,on the contrary1 he always lost his temper when opposed4 ,although he was a ,southerner1 he hated slavery and slave owners4 ,on the other hand1 he had a ,southerner's contempt for the negroes4 ,he practically adopted ,lincoln's reconstruction policy and tried to bring about the reorganization of the seceded states by presidential action4 ,sidenote3 ,force of ,lincoln's ,emancipation ,proclamation4 ,sidenote3 ,abolition of slavery1 #ahfe4 #dci4 ,the ,thirteenth ,amendment1 #ahfe4--,president ,lincoln's ,emancipation ,proclamation 7p4 #cca7 had freed the slaves in those states and parts of states which were in rebellion against the national government4 ,it had not freed the slaves in the loyal states4 ,it had not destroyed slavery as an institution4 ,any state could reestablish slavery whenever it chose4 ,slavery could be prohibited only by an amendment of the ,constitution4 ,so the ,thirteenth ,amendment was adopted1 ,december1 #ahfe4 ,this amendment declares that neither slavery nor involuntary servitude1 except as a punishment for crime1 444 shall exist within the ,united ,states1 or any place subject to their jurisdiction4 ,in this way slavery came to an end throughout the ,united ,states4 ,illustration3 ,,horse ,,car4 ,sidenote3 ,forced labor in the ,south4 ,mc,master1 #dbi4 ,sidenote3 ,the ,freedmen's ,bureau4 ,source-book1 #cci-cdb4 #ddj4 ,congress and the ,president1 #ahfe-ff4--,unhappily many of the old slave states had passed laws to compel the negroes to work4 ,they had introduced a system of forced labor which was about the same thing as slavery4 ,in ,december1 #ahfe1 the new ,congress met4 ,the ,republicans were in the majority4 ,they refused to admit the ,senators and ,representatives from the reorganized ,southern states and at once set to work to pass laws for the protection of the negroes4 ,in ,march1 #ahfe1 while the war was still going on1 and while ,lincoln was alive1 ,congress had established the ,freedmen's ,bureau to look after the interests of the negroes4 ,congress now 7,february1 #ahff7 passed a bill to continue the ,bureau and to give it much more power4 ,johnson promptly vetoed the bill4 ,in the following ,july ,congress passed another bill to continue the ,freedmen's ,bureau4 ,in this bill the officers of the ,bureau were given greatly enlarged powers1 the education of the blacks was provided for1 and the army might be used to compel obedience to the law4 ,johnson vetoed this bill also4 ,sidenote3 ,civil ,rights ,bill1 #ahff4 ,sidenote3 ,it is passed over ,johnson's veto4 ,sidenote3 ,the ,fourteenth ,amendment1 #ahff4 #dda4 ,the ,fourteenth ,amendment4--,while this contest over the ,freedmen's ,bureau was going on1 ,congress passed the ,civil ,rights ,bill to protect the freedmen4 ,this bill provided that cases concerning the civil rights of the freedmen should be heard in the ,united ,states courts instead of in the state courts4 ,johnson thought that ,congress had no power to do this4 ,he vetoed the bill1 and ,congress passed it over his veto4 ,congress then drew up the ,fourteenth ,amendment4 ,this forbade the states to abridge the rights of the citizens1 white or black4 ,it further provided that the representation of any state in ,congress should be diminished whenever it denied the franchise to any one except for taking part in rebellion4 ,finally it guaranteed the debt of the ,united ,states1 and declared all debts incurred in support of rebellion null and void4 ,every ,southern state except ,tennessee refused to accept this amendment4 ,illustration3 ,,andrew ,,johnson4 ,sidenote3 ,elections of #ahff4 ,sidenote3 ,tenure of ,office ,act1 #ahfg4 ,sidenote3 ,the ,reconstruction ,acts1 #ahfg4 ,sidenote3 ,process of reconstruction4 ,source-,book1 #cdd-cdf4 #ddb4 ,the ,reconstruction ,acts1 #ahfg4--,the ,congressional elections of ,november1 #ahff1 were greatly in favor of the ,republicans4 ,the ,republican members of ,congress felt that this showed that the ,north was with them in their policy as to reconstruction4 ,congress met in ,december1 #ahff1 and at once set to work to carry out this policy4 ,first of all it passed the ,tenure of ,office ,act to prevent ,johnson dismissing ,republicans from office4 ,then it passed the ,reconstruction ,act4 ,johnson vetoed both of these measures1 and ,congress passed them both over his veto4 ,the ,reconstruction ,act was later amended and strengthened4 ,it will be well to describe here the process of reconstruction in its final form4 ,first of all the seceded states1 with the exception of ,tennessee1 were formed into military districts4 ,each district was ruled by a military officer who had soldiers to carry out his directions4 ,tennessee was not included in this arrangement1 because it had accepted the ,fourteenth ,amendment4 ,but all the other states1 which had been reconstructed by ,lincoln or by ,johnson1 were to be reconstructed over again4 ,the franchise was given to all men1 white or black1 who had lived in any state for one year--excepting criminals and persons who had taken part in rebellion4 ,this exception took the franchise away from the old rulers of the ,south4 ,these new voters could form a state constitution and elect a legislature which should ratify the ,fourteenth ,amendment4 ,when all this had been done1 ,senators and ,representatives from the reconstructed state might be admitted to ,congress4 ,sidenote3 ,charges against ,johnson4 ,sidenote3 ,he is impeached4 ,sidenote3 ,but not convicted4 #ddc4 ,impeachment of ,johnson1 #ahfh4--,president ,johnson had vetoed all these bills4 ,he had declared that the ,congress was a ,congress of only a part of the states1 because ,representatives from the states reconstructed according to his ideas were not admitted4 ,he had used language toward his opponents that was fairly described as indecent and unbecoming the chief officer of a great nation4 ,especially he had refused to be bound by the ,tenure of ,office ,act4 ,ever since the formation of the government the ,presidents had removed officers when they saw fit4 ,the ,tenure of ,office ,act required the consent of the ,senate to removals as well as to appointments4 ,among the members of ,lincoln's cabinet who were still in office was ,edwin ,m4 ,stanton4 ,johnson removed him1 and this brought on the crisis4 ,the ,house impeached the ,president4 ,the ,senate1 presided over by ,chief ,justice ,chase1 heard the impeachment4 ,the ,constitution requires the votes of two-thirds of the ,senators to convict4 ,seven ,republicans voted with the ,democrats against conviction1 and the ,president was acquitted by one vote4 ,sidenote3 ,napoleon's plans4 ,sidenote3 ,action of the ,united ,states4 ,sidenote3 ,withdrawal of the ,french1 #ahfh4 #ddd4 ,the ,french in ,mexico4--,napoleon ,,iii1 ,emperor of the ,french1 seized the occasion of the ,civil ,war to set the ,monroe ,doctrine at defiance and to refound a ,french colonial empire in ,america4 ,at one time1 indeed1 he seemed to be on the point of interfering1 to compel the ,union government to withdraw its armies from the ,confederate states4 ,then ,napoleon had an idea that perhaps ,texas might secede from the ,confederacy and set up for itself under ,french protection4 ,this failing1 he began the establishment of an empire in ,mexico with the ,austrian prince1 ,maximilian1 as ,emperor4 ,the ending of the ,civil ,war made it possible for the ,united ,states to interfere4 ,grant and ,sheridan would gladly have marched troops into ,mexico and turned out the ,french1 but ,seward said that the ,french would have to leave before long anyway4 ,he hastened their going by telling the ,french government that the sooner they left the better4 ,they were withdrawn in #ahfh4 ,maximilian insisted on staying4 ,he was captured by the ,mexicans and shot4 ,the ,mexican ,republic was reestablished4 ,sidenote3 ,purchase of ,alaska1 #ahfg4 ,sidenote3 ,the fur seals4 ,sidenote3 ,boundary controversy4 #dde4 ,the ,purchase of ,alaska1 #ahfg4--;,in #ahfg ,president ,johnson sent to the ,senate1 for ratification1 a treaty with ,russia for the purchase of ,russia's ,american possessions4 ,these were called ,alaska1 and included an immense tract of land in the extreme ,northwest4 ,the price to be paid was seven million dollars4 ,the history of this purchase is still little known4 ,the ,senate was completely taken by surprise1 but it ratified the treaty4 ,until recent years the only important product of ,alaska has been the skins of the fur seals4 ,to preserve the seal herds from extinction1 the ,united ,states made rules limiting the number of seals to be killed in any one year4 ,the ,canadians were not bound by these rules1 and the herds have been nearly destroyed4 ,in recent years large deposits of gold have been found in ,alaska and in neighboring portions of ,canada4 ,but the ,canadian deposits are hard to reach without first going through ,alaska4 ,this fact has made it more difficult to agree with ,great ,britain as to the boundary between ,alaska and ,canada4 ,sidenote3 ,grant nominated for the presidency4 ,sidenote3 ,the ,democrats4 ,sidenote3 ,grant elected1 #ahfh4 #ddf4 ,grant elected ,president1 #ahfh4--,the excitement over reconstruction and the bitter contest between the ,republicans in ,congress and the ,president had brought about great confusion in politics4 ,the ,democrats nominated ,general ,f4 ,p4 ,blair1 a gallant soldier1 for ,vice-,president4 ,for ,president they nominated ,horatio ,seymour of ,new ,york4 ,he was a ,peace ,democrat4 ,as governor of ,new ,york during the war he had refused to support the national government4 ,the ,republicans nominated ,general ,grant4 ,he received three hundred thousand more votes than ,seymour4 ,of the two hundred and ninety-four electoral votes1 ,grant received two hundred and fifteen4 ,,chapter #dc ,,from ,,grant ,,to ,,cleveland1 #ahfi-ahhi ,sidenote3 ,the ,fifteenth ,amendment1 #ahgj4 #ddg4 ,the ,fifteenth ,amendment4--,in ,february1 #ahfi1 just before ,grant's inauguration1 ,congress proposed still another amendment1 providing that neither the ,united ,states nor any state could abridge the rights of citizens of the ,united ,states on account of race1 color1 or previous condition of servitude4 ,the state legislatures hastened to accept this amendment1 and it was declared in force in ,march1 #ahgj4 ,sidenote3 ,progress of reconstruction4 ,sidenote3 ,reunion1 #ahgj4 #ddh4 ,end of ,reconstruction4--,three states only were still unreconstructed4 ,these were ,virginia1 ,texas1 and ,mississippi4 ,in #ahfi ,congress added to the conditions on which they could be readmitted to the ,union the acceptance of the ,fifteenth ,amendment4 ,early in #ahgj they all complied with the conditions and were readmitted4 ,the ,union was now again complete4 ,since #ahfj four states had been added to the ,union4 ,these were ,kansas1 ,west ,virginia1 ,nevada1 and ,nebraska4 ,there were now thirty-seven states in all4 ,sidenote3 ,the carpetbaggers4 ,mc,master1 #dci-dad4 ,sidenote3 ,the ,ku-,klux-,klan4 ,sidenote3 ,the ,force ,acts4 #ddi4 ,the ,southerners and the ,negroes4--,the first result of the ,congressional plan of reconstruction was to give the control of the ,southern states to the freedmen and their white allies4 ,some of these white friends of the freedmen were men of character and ability1 but most of them were adventurers who came from the ,north to make their fortunes4 ,they were called the carpetbaggers1 because they usually carried their luggage in their hands4 ,the few ,southern whites who befriended the negroes were called scalawags by their white neighbors4 ,secret societies sprang into being4 ,the most famous was the ,ku-,klux-,klan4 ,the object of these societies was to terrorize the freedmen and their white friends and to prevent their voting4 ,this led to the passage of the ,force ,acts4 ,these laws provided severe penalties for crimes of intimidation4 ,they also provided that these cases should be tried in ,united ,states courts4 ,federal soldiers1 stationed in the ,south1 could be used to compel obedience to the law4 ,sidenote3 ,relations with ,great ,britain4 ,sidenote3 ,treaty of ,washington1 #ahga4 ,source-,book1 #cee-ceh4 ,sidenote3 ,the ,geneva ,award4 #dej4 ,the ,alabama ,claims4--,during the ,civil ,war vessels built in ,british shipyards1 or refitted and supplied with coal at ,british ports1 had preyed upon ,american commerce4 ,the most famous of these vessels was the ,alabama4 ,the claims for losses caused by these vessels which the ,united ,states presented to ,great ,britain were therefore called the ,alabama ,claims4 ,there also were disputes with ,great ,britain over the fisheries and over the western end of the ,oregon boundary4 ,in #ahga the ,united ,states and ,great ,britain made an arrangement called the ,treaty of ,washington4 ,by this treaty all these points of dispute were referred to arbitration4 ,the ,oregon boundary was decided in favor of the ,united ,states1 but the fishery dispute was decided in favor of ,great ,britain4 ,the ,alabama ,claims were settled by five arbitrators who sat at ,geneva in ,switzerland4 ,they decided that ,great ,britain had not used due diligence to prevent the abuse of her ports by the ,confederates4 ,they condemned her to pay fifteen and one-half million dollars damages to the ,united ,states4 ,sidenote3 ,the ,chicago fire1 #ahga4 #dea4 ,the ,chicago ,fire1 #ahga4--;,early one morning in ,october1 #ahga1 a ,chicago woman went to the barn to milk her cow4 ,she carried a lighted kerosene lamp1 for it was still dark4 ,the cow kicked over the lamp4 ,the barn was soon ablaze4 ,a furious gale carried the burning sparks from one house to another4 ,and so the fire went on spreading all that day and night and the next day4 ,nearly two hundred million dollars' worth of property was destroyed4 ,the homes of nearly one hundred thousand persons were burned down4 ,in a surprisingly short time the burnt district was rebuilt1 and ,chicago grew more rapidly than ever before4 ,sidenote3 ,rings4 ,source-,book1 #ceb-cee4 ,sidenote3 ,bribery4 #deb4 ,corruption in ,politics4--,new ,york ,city had no two hundred million dollar fire4 ,but a ring of city officers stole more than one hundred and fifty million dollars of the city's money4 ,in other cities also there was great corruption4 ,nor were the state governments free from bribery and thieving4 ,many officers in the national government were believed to be mixed up in schemes to defraud the people4 ,the truth of the matter was that the ,civil ,war had left behind it the habit of spending money freely4 ,a desire to grow suddenly rich possessed the people4 ,men did not look closely to see where their money came from4 ,illustration3 ,,chicago ,,in #ahcb4 ,sidenote3 ,objections to ,grant4 ,sidenote3 ,liberal ,republicans4 ,sidenote3 ,horace ,greeley4 ,sidenote3 ,grant relected1 #ahgb4 #dec4 ,election of #ahgb4--;,in fact1 this condition of the public service made many persons doubtful of the wisdom of relecting ,president ,grant4 ,there was not the slightest doubt as to ,grant's personal honesty4 ,there were grave doubts as to his judgment in making appointments4 ,reconstruction1 too1 did not seem to be restoring peace and prosperity to the ,south4 ,for these reasons many voters left the ,republican party4 ,they called themselves ,liberal ,republicans and nominated ,horace ,greeley for ,president4 ,he had been one of the most outspoken opponents of slavery4 ,the ,democrats could find no better candidate1 so they1 too1 nominated ,greeley4 ,but many ,democrats could not bring themselves to vote for him4 ,they left their party for the moment and nominated a third candidate4 ,the result of all this confusion was the relection of ,grant4 ,but the ,democrats elected a majority of the ,house of ,representatives4 ,illustration3 ,,the ,,heart ,,of ,,modern ,,chicago4 ,sidenote3 ,rebellion in ,cuba1 #ahfg4 ,sidenote3 ,spanish cruelty4 ,sidenote3 ,the ,virginius affair4 ,sidenote3 ,spanish promises end rebellion1 #ahgg4 #ded4 ,the ,cuban ,rebellion1 #ahfg-gg4--,when the other ,spanish-,american colonies won their independence 7p4 #bbc71 ,cuba remained true to ,spain4 ,but by #ahfg the ,cubans could no longer bear the hardships of ,spanish rule4 ,they rebelled and for ten years fought for freedom4 ,the ,spaniards burned whole villages because they thought the inhabitants favored the rebels4 ,they even threatened to kill all ,cuban men found away from their homes4 ,this cruelty aroused the sympathy of the ,americans4 ,expeditions sailed from the ,united ,states to help the ,cubans1 although the government did everything it could to prevent their departure4 ,one of these vessels carrying aid to the ,cubans was named the ,virginius4 ,the ,spaniards captured her1 carried her to ,santiago1 and killed forty-six of her crew4 ,there came near being a war with ,spain over this affair4 ,but the ,spaniards apologized and saluted the ,american flag4 ,in #ahgg ,president ,grant made up his mind that the war had lasted long enough4 ,he adopted a severe tone toward ,spain4 ,the ,spanish government made terms with the rebels1 and the rebellion came to an end4 ,sidenote3 ,the ,credit ,mobilier4 ,sidenote3 ,the ,whiskey ,ring4 #dee4 ,scandals in ,political ,life4--,in #ahgb the ,house of ,representatives made a searching inquiry into the charges of bribery in connection with the building of the ,pacific railroads4 ,oakes ,ames of ,massachusetts was the head of a company called the ,credit ,mobilier4 ,this company had been formed to build the ,union ,pacific ,railway4 ,fearing that ,congress would pass laws that might hurt the enterprise1 ,ames gave stock in the company to members of ,congress4 ,but nothing definite could be proved against any members1 and the matter dropped4 ,soon after the beginning of ,grant's second term1 many evil things came to light4 ,one of these was the ,whiskey ,ring1 which defrauded the government of large sums of money with the aid of the government officials4 ,grant wished to have a thorough investigation1 and said1 ,let no guilty man escape4 ,the worst case of all1 perhaps1 was that of ,w4 ,w4 ,belknap1 ,secretary of ,war4 ,but he escaped punishment by resigning4 ,illustration3 ,a ,,mississippi ,,river ,,cotton ,,steamer4 ,sidenote3 ,failure of reconstruction4 ,source-,book1 #cdi-cea4 #def4 ,anarchy in the ,south4--,meantime reconstruction was not working well in the ,south4 ,this was especially true of ,louisiana1 ,arkansas1 and ,south ,carolina4 ,in ,louisiana1 and in ,arkansas also1 there were two sets of governors and legislatures1 and civil war on a small scale was going on4 ,in ,south ,carolina the carpetbaggers and the negroes had gained control4 ,they stole right and left4 ,in other ,southern states there were continued outrages on the negroes4 ,president ,grant was greatly troubled4 ,let us have peace1 was his heartfelt wish4 ,but he felt it necessary to keep ,federal soldiers in the ,south1 although he knew that public opinion in the ,north was turning against their employment4 ,it was under these circumstances that the election of #ahgf was held4 ,sidenote3 ,election of #ahgf4 ,higginson1 #cca-ccd4 ,sidenote3 ,the electoral commission4 ,sidenote3 ,hayes inaugurated1 #ahgg4 #deg4 ,election of #ahgf4--,the ,republican candidate was ,rutherford ,b4 ,hayes of ,ohio4 ,he was a gallant soldier of the ,civil ,war1 and was a man of the highest personal character4 ,his ,democratic opponent was ,samuel ,j4 ,tilden of ,new ,york--a shrewd lawyer who had won distinction as governor of the ,empire ,state4 ,when the electoral returns were brought in1 there appeared two sets of returns from each of three ,southern states1 and the vote of ,oregon was doubtful4 ,the ,senate was ,republican1 and the ,house was ,democratic4 ,as the two houses could not agree as to how these returns should be counted1 they referred the whole matter to an electoral commission4 ,this commission was made up of five ,senators1 five ,representatives1 and five justices of the ,supreme ,court4 ,eight of them were ,republicans and seven were ,democrats4 ,they decided by eight seven that ,hayes was elected1 and he was inaugurated ,president on ,march #d1 #ahgg4 ,sidenote3 ,southern politics ,higginson1 #ccd-cce4 ,sidenote3 ,troops withdrawn4 #deh4 ,withdrawal of the ,soldiers from the ,south4--,the ,people of the ,north were weary of the ceaseless political agitation in the ,south4 ,the old ,southern leaders had regained control of nearly all the ,southern states4 ,they could not be turned out except by a new civil war1 and the ,northern people were not willing to go to war again4 ,the only other thing that could be done was to withdraw the ,federal soldiers and let the ,southern people work out their own salvation as well as they could4 ,president ,hayes recalled the troops1 and all the ,southern states at once passed into the control of the ,democrats4 ,illustration3 ,,the ,,ruins ,,after ,,the ,,pittsburgh ,,riots4 ,sidenote3 ,panic and hard times4 ,sidenote3 ,the ,pittsburgh riots1 #ahgg4 #dei4 ,strikes and ,riots1 #ahgg4--,the extravagance and speculation of the ,civil ,war1 and the years following its close1 ended in a great panic in #ahgc4 ,after the panic came the hard times4 ,production fell off4 ,the demand for labor diminished4 ,wages were everywhere reduced4 ,strikes became frequent1 and riots followed the strikes4 ,at ,pittsburg1 in western ,pennsylvania1 the rioters seized the railroad4 ,they burned hundreds of railroad cars and locomotives4 ,they destroyed the railroad buildings4 ,at last the riot came to an end1 but not until millions of dollars' worth of property had been destroyed4 ,sidenote3 ,the ,stalwart ,republicans4 ,sidenote3 ,garfield elected ,president1 #ahhj4 #dfj4 ,election of #ahhj4--;,at the beginning of his administration ,hayes had declared that he would not be a candidate for relection4 ,who should be the ,republican standard bearer8 ,grant's friends proposed to nominate him for a third term4 ,the politicians who advocated a third term for ,grant were opposed to the candidacy of ,james ,g4 ,blaine4 ,they were called the ,stalwart ,republicans4 ,in the convention they voted steadily and solidly for ,grant4 ,finally their opponents1 with the cry of ,anything to beat ,grant1 suddenly turned to an entirely new man1 whose name had been little mentioned4 ,this was ,james ,a4 ,garfield of ,ohio4 ,he had won distinction in the ,civil ,war and had served with credit in ,congress4 ,for ,vice-,president the ,republicans nominated ,chester ,a4 ,arthur1 a ,new ,york banker4 ,the ,democrats1 on their part1 nominated one of the most brilliant and popular soldiers of the ,army of the ,potomac1 ,general ,winfield ,scott ,hancock4 ,the campaign was very hotly contested4 ,in the end ,garfield won4 ,sidenote3 ,garfield murdered1 #ahha4 ,sidenote3 ,president ,arthur4 ,sidenote3 ,civil ,service ,reform4 ,source-,book1 #cfc-cfe4 #dfa4 ,garfield murdered2 ,civil ,service ,reform4--,president ,garfield took the oath of office on ,march #d1 #ahha4 ,on ,july #b he was shot in the back by a disappointed office-seeker4 ,week after week he endured terrible agony4 ,at length1 on ,september #ai1 the martyred ,president died4 ,now at last the evils of the ,spoils ,system were brought to the attention of the ,american people4 ,vice-,president ,arthur became ,president and entered heartily into projects of reform4 ,a beginning was soon made4 ,but it was found to be a very difficult thing to bring about any lasting reform4 ,the ,constitution gives the ,president the appointment of officers1 subject to the confirmation of the ,senate4 ,no act of ,congress can diminish the constitutional powers of the ,president except so far as he consents1 and one ,president cannot bind succeeding ,presidents4 ,any scheme of reform also costs money1 which must be voted annually by ,congress4 ,it follows1 therefore1 that the consent of every ,president and of both ,houses of every ,congress is necessary to make the reform of the civil service permanent4 ,nevertheless the reform has made steady progress until now by far the greater part of the civil service is organized on the merit system4 ,sidenote3 ,j4,g4 ,blaine ,sidenote3 ,the ,mugwumps4 ,sidenote3 ,grover ,cleveland4 ,sidenote3 ,cleveland elected ,president1 #ahhd4 ,sidenote3 ,tariff reform4 #dfb4 ,election of #ahhd4--;,in #ahhd the ,republicans nominated ,james ,g4 ,blaine of ,maine for ,president4 ,he was a man of magnetic address and had made many friends1 but he also had made many enemies4 ,especially many ,republican voters distrusted him4 ,they felt that he had used his position for private gain1 although nothing was proved against him4 ,these ,republicans were called ,mugwumps4 ,they bolted the nomination and supported the ,democratic candidate1 ,grover ,cleveland4 ,as mayor of ,buffalo1 ,cleveland had done very well4 ,he had then been elected governor of ,new ,york by a very large majority4 ,the campaign of #ahhd was conducted on lines of personal abuse that recall the campaigns of #ahjj and of #ahbh4 ,cleveland carried four large ,northern states and the solid ,south and was elected4 ,illustration3 ,,grover ,,cleveland4 #dfc4 ,cleveland's ,administration1 #ahhe-hi4--,the great contest of ,cleveland's first term was a fierce struggle over the tariff4 ,the government's need of money during the ,civil ,war had compelled ,congress to raise large sums by means of internal revenue taxes4 ,these taxes in turn had brought about a great increase in the tariff rates on goods imported from foreign countries4 ,the internal revenue taxes had been almost entirely removed1 but the war tariff substantially remained in force4 ,in #ahhg ,cleveland laid the whole question before ,congress4 ,for a time it seemed probable that something would be done4 ,but the opposition in ,congress was very active and very strong4 ,it fell out1 therefore1 that nothing important was done4 ,the real significance of ,cleveland's first administration lay in the fact that the ,southerners were once again admitted to a share in the government of the nation4 ,it marked1 therefore1 the reunion of the ,american people4 ,,questions ,,and ,,topics ,,chapter #db #dcg1 #dch4--;a4 ,explain carefully ,lincoln's plan for reconstruction4 ,how was it affected by his death8 b4 ,what was ,johnson's attitude toward reconstruction8 ,precisely what is meant by reconstruction8 #dci-dda4--;a4 ,what was the force of the ,emancipation ,proclamation8 ,how was the institution of slavery abolished8 b4 ,explain the reasons for the establishment of the freedmen's bureau4 ,what do you think of the provision relating to the use of the army8 c4 ,how was ,congress able to pass a bill over the ,president's veto8 d4 ,explain carefully the ,fourteenth ,amendment4 ,what do you think of the provision as to debts8 #ddb1 #ddc4--;a4 ,why were the elections of #ahff important8 b4 ,what was the force of the ,tenure of ,office ,act1 and why was it passed8 c4 ,describe the actual process of reconstruction4 d4 ,why was ,johnson impeached8 ,why did the impeachment fail8 #ddd1 #dde4--;a4 ,how did this act of ,napoleon's set the ,monroe ,doctrine at defiance8 b4 ,what action did the government take8 ,with what result8 c4 ,what advantage has ,alaska been to the ,united ,states8 #ddf4--;a4 ,what were the issues in the campaign of #ahfh8 b4 ,what had ,blair done for the ,union8 c4 ,what did the election of ,grant show8 ,,chapter #dc #ddg-ddi4--;a4 ,what were the provisions of the ,fifteenth ,amendment8 b4 ,under what conditions were the remaining seceded states readmitted8 c4 ,what was the ,force ,act8 ,why was it passed8 #dej4--;a4 ,how was the injury to our shipping during the ,civil ,war connected with ,great ,britain8 b4 ,what is meant by arbitration8 ,is it better to settle disputes by arbitration or by war8 #dea-deb4--;a4 ,describe the ,chicago fire and its results4 b4 ,why was there so much bribery and corruption at this time8 c4 ,should city governments be conducted as business enterprises8 #dec4--;a4 ,why was there so much opposition to ,grant's relection8 b4 ,why did the ,democrats nominate ,greeley8 ,what was the result of the election8 #ded4--;a4 ,what trouble broke out in ,cuba8 ,why8 b4 ,describe the ,virginius affair4 ,how did the ,cuban rebellion come to an end8 #dee1 #def4--;a4 ,what scandal arose in connection with the ,union ,pacific ,railway8 b4 ,what was the ,whiskey ,ring8 ,what was ,grant's wish8 c4 ,what troubles arose in the ,south8 ,could they have been avoided8 #deg1 #deh4--;a4 ,why was there a dispute about the election of #ahgf8 ,how was it settled8 b4 ,was it wise to let the ,southerners work out their questions for themselves or not8 ,why8 #dei1 #dfj4--;a4 ,compare the panic of #ahgc with that of #ahgg explaining the likenesses and differences4 b4 ,why was opposition to the nomination of ,grant so strong8 c4 ,who were nominated8 ,who was elected8 #dfa4--;a4 ,what was the cause of ,garfield's murder8 b4 ,why is ,civil ,service ,reform so difficult8 c4 ,what is meant by the ,merit ,system8 ,do you consider such a system better or worse than the ,spoils ,system8 ,why8 #dfb1 #dfc4--;a4 ,why was ,blaine so strongly opposed8 ,who were the ,mugwumps8 ,how did their action influence the election8 b4 ,what is the difference between internal revenue taxes and customs duties8 c4 ,what was the real significance of ,cleveland's first election8 ,,general ,,questions a4 ,give all the treaties with ,great ,britain1 with dates1 reason for the treaty1 and results4 b4 ,why were there no executions for treason at the close of the ,civil ,war8 c4 ,what two methods does the ,constitution provide for its amendment8 ,which method has always been followed8 d4 ,what were the chief difficulties in the way of reconstruction8 e4 ,what are the important duties of citizens8 ,why do you select these8 ,,topics ,,for ,,special ,,work a4 ,impeachment of ,johnson4 b4 ,the ,chicago fire4 c4 ,civil ,service ,reform4 d4 ,industrial activity in the ,south4 ,,suggestions ,the importance of the topics treated in ,part ,,xiv can hardly be overestimated4 ,the opportunities to impress the pupils with their public duties are many and important4 ,reconstruction should be broadly treated and not discussed in a partisan spirit4 ,it is better to dwell on our duties to the negroes than to seek out ,northern blunders and ,southern mistakes4 ,in connection with the amendments the whole question of the suffrage can be discussed in the responsibility devolving upon the voter fully set forth4 ,questions of municipal organizations also arise and can be illustrated by local experience4 ,,xv ,,national ,,development1 #ahhi-aijj ,books for ,study and ,reading ,references4--,scribner's ,popular ,history1 ,v1 #egi-fei2 ,mc,master's ,school ,history1 chs4 xxxiv1 xxxv4 ,home ,readings4--,any short1 attractive account of the ,spanish ,war4 ,,chapter #dd ,,confusion ,,in ,,politics ,sidenote3 ,benjamin ,harrison elected ,president1 #ahhh4 #dfd4 ,benjamin ,harrison elected ,president1 #ahhh4--;,in #ahhh the ,democrats put forward ,cleveland as their candidate for ,president4 ,the ,republicans nominated ,benjamin ,harrison of ,indiana4 ,like ,hayes and ,garfield1 he had won renown in the ,civil ,war and was a man of the highest honor and of proved ability4 ,the prominence of the old ,southern leaders in the ,democratic administration1 and the neglect of the business interests of the ,north1 compelled many ,northern ,republicans who had voted for ,cleveland to return to the ,republican party4 ,the result was the election of ,harrison and of a ,republican majority in the ,house of ,representatives4 ,sidenote3 ,the ,mc,kinley tariff1 #ahij4 ,sidenote3 ,reciprocity4 #dfe4 ,the ,mc,kinley ,tariff1 #ahij4--,one of the questions most discussed in the campaign of #ahhh was the reform of the tariff4 ,there seem to have been two sets of tariff reformers4 ,one set of reformers proposed to reform the tariff by doing away with as much of it as possible4 ,the other set of reformers proposed to readjust the tariff duties so as to make the protective system more consistent and more perfect4 ,led by ,william ,mc,kinley1 the ,republicans set to work to reform the tariff in this latter sense4 ,this they did by generally raising the duties on protected goods4 ,the ,mc,kinley ,tariff ,act also offered reciprocity to countries which would favor ,american goods4 ,this offer was in effect to lower certain duties on goods imported from ,argentina1 for instance1 if the ,argentine government would admit certain ,american goods to ,argentina on better terms than similar goods imported from other countries4 ,illustration3 ,,the ,,capitol ,,at ,,washington4 ,sidenote3 ,gold and ,silver ,sidenote3 ,sherman ,silver ,law4 #dff4 ,the ,sherman ,silver ,law1 #ahij4--;,in the ,civil ,war gold and silver had disappeared from circulation4 ,but after the close of the war a gradual return was made to specie payments4 ,in the colonial days the demand for silver1 as compared with the demand for gold1 outran the supply4 ,the consequence was that silver was constantly becoming worth more in comparison with gold4 ,in the nineteenth century the supply of silver has greatly outstripped the demand1 with the result that silver has greatly declined in value as compared with gold4 ,in #ahga the government decided to use silver for small coins only1 and not to allow silver to be offered in payment of a larger sum than five dollars4 ,this was called the demonetization of silver4 ,in #ahgh a small but earnest band of advocates of the free coinage of silver secured the passage of an act of ,congress for the coinage of two million silver dollars each month4 ,the silver in each one of these dollars was only worth in gold from ninety to sixty cents4 ,in #ahij1 ,senator ,john ,sherman of ,ohio brought in a bill to increase the coinage of these silver dollars which1 in #ahid1 were worth only forty nine cents on the dollar in gold4 ,sidenote3 ,business depression4 ,sidenote3 ,cleveland elected ,president1 #ahib4 #dfg4 ,election of #ahib4--,one result of this great increase in the silver coinage was to alarm business men throughout the country4 ,business constantly declined4 ,every one who could lessened his expenses as much as possible4 ,mill owners and railroad managers discharged their workers or reduced their wages4 ,harrison and ,cleveland were again the ,republican and ,democratic candidates for the presidency4 ,as is always the case1 the party in power was held to be responsible for the hard times4 ,enough voters turned to ,cleveland to elect him1 and he was inaugurated ,president for the second time 7,march #d1 #ahic74 ,sidenote3 ,scarcity of money4 ,sidenote3 ,repeal of the ,sherman ,law4 ,sidenote3 ,wilson tariff4 #dfh4 ,silver and the ,tariff4--,in the summer of #ahic there was a great scarcity of money4 ,thousands of people withdrew all the money they could from the banks and locked it up in places of security4 ,but ,congress repealed the ,sherman ,silver ,law and put an end to the compulsory purchase of silver and the coinage of silver dollars4 ,this tended to restore confidence4 ,the ,democrats once more overhauled the tariff4 ,under the lead of ,representative ,wilson of ,west ,virginia they passed a tariff act1 lowering some duties and placing many articles on the free list4 ,sidenote3 ,chicago ,exhibition1 #ahic4 #dfi4 ,the ,chicago ,exhibition1 #ahic4--,the four hundredth anniversary of the ,columbian discovery of ,america occurred in ,october1 #ahib4 ,preparations were made for holding a great commemorative exhibition at ,chicago4 ,but it took so long to get everything ready that the exhibition was not held until the summer of #ahic4 ,beautiful buildings were erected of a cheap but satisfactory material4 ,they were designed with the greatest taste1 and were filled with splendid exhibits that showed the skill and resources of ,americans1 and also with the products of foreign countries4 ,hundreds of thousands of persons from all parts of the country visited the exhibition with pleasure and great profit4 ,no more beautiful or successful exhibition has ever been held4 ,illustration3 ,,the ,,fisheries ,,building1 ,,world',s ,,fair1 ,,chicago4 ,sidenote3 ,william ,mc,kinley4 ,sidenote3 ,w4,j4 ,bryan4 ,sidenote3 ,mc,kinley elected ,president1 #ahif4 #dgj4 ,election of #ahif4--;,in #ahif the ,republicans held their convention at ,st4 ,louis and nominated ,william ,mc,kinley of ,ohio for ,president4 ,they declared in favor of the gold standard1 unless some arrangement with other nations for a standard of gold and silver could be made4 ,they also declared for protection to home industries4 ,the ,democrats held their convention at ,chicago4 ,the men who had stood by ,cleveland found themselves in a helpless minority4 ,william ,jennings ,bryan of ,nebraska was nominated for ,president on a platform advocating the free coinage of silver and many changes in the laws in the direction of socialism4 ,the ,populists and the ,silver ,republicans also adopted ,bryan as their candidate4 ,now1 at last1 the question of the gold standard or the silver standard was fairly before the voters4 ,they responded by electing ,mc,kinley and a ,republican ,house of ,representatives4 ,illustration3 ,,william ,,mckinley4 ,sidenote3 ,the ,dingley tariff1 #ahig4 #dga4 ,the ,dingley ,tariff1 #ahig4--,the ,republicans1 once more in control of the government1 set to work to reform the tariff in favor of high protection4 ,representative ,dingley of ,maine was chairman of the committee of the ,house that drew up the new bill1 and the act as finally passed goes by his name4 ,it raised the duties on some classes of goods and taxed many things that hitherto had come in free4 ,especially were duties increased on certain raw materials for manufactures1 with a view to encourage the production of such materials in the ,united ,states4 ,the reciprocity features of the ,mc,kinley tariff 7,p4 #chc7 were also restored4 ,,chapter #de ,,the ,,spanish ,,war1 #ahih ,sidenote3 ,the ,cubans rebel1 #ahid4 ,sidenote3 ,spanish cruelties1 ,source-book1 #cgd-cgi4 #dgb4 ,the ,cuban ,rebellion1 #ahid-ih4--,the ,cubans laid down their arms in #ahgg 7p4 #cgb7 because they relied on the promises of better government made by the ,spaniards4 ,but these promises were never carried out4 ,year after year the ,cuban people bore with their oppression4 ,but at last their patience was worn out4 ,in #ahid they again rebelled4 ,the ,spaniards sent over an army to subdue them4 ,soon tales of cruelty on the part of the ,spaniards reached the ,united ,states4 ,finally the ,spanish governor1 ,general ,weyler1 adopted the cruel measure of driving the old men1 the women1 and the children from the country villages and huddling them together in the seaboard towns4 ,without money1 without food1 with scant shelter1 these poor people endured every hardship4 ,they died by thousands4 ,the ,american people sent relief1 but little could be done to help them4 ,the ,cubans also fitted out expeditions in ,american ports to carry arms and supplies to the rebels4 ,the government did everything in its power to stop these expeditions1 but the coast line of the ,united ,states is so long that it was impossible to stop them all1 especially as large numbers of the ,american people heartily sympathized with the ,cubans4 ,constant disputes with ,spain over the ,cuban question naturally came up and gave rise to irritation in the ,united ,states and in ,spain4 ,illustration3 ,,the ,,maine4 ,sidenote3 ,destruction of the ,maine1 #ahih4 ,sidenote3 ,cuban independence recognized4 #dgc4 ,the ,declaration of ,war1 #ahih4--,on ,january #e1 #ahih1 the ,american battleship ,maine anchored in ,havana harbor4 ,on ,february #ae she was destroyed by an explosion and sank with two hundred and fifty-three of her crew4 ,a most competent ,court of ,inquiry was appointed4 ,it reported that the ,maine had been blown up from the outside4 ,the report of the ,court of ,inquiry was communicated to the ,spanish government in the hope that some kind of apology and reparation might be made4 ,but all the ,spanish government did was to propose that the matter should be referred to arbitration4 ,the condition of the ,cubans was now dreadful4 ,several ,senators and ,representatives visited ,cuba4 ,they reported that the condition of the ,cubans was shocking4 ,the ,president laid the whole matter before ,congress for its determination4 ,on ,april #ai1 #ahih1 ,congress recognized the independence of the ,cuban people and demanded the withdrawal of the ,spaniards from the island4 ,congress also authorized the ,president to compel ,spain's withdrawal and stated that the ,united ,states did not intend to annex ,cuba1 but to leave the government of the island to its inhabitants4 ,before these terms could be formally laid before the ,spanish government1 it ordered the ,american minister to leave ,spain4 ,illustration3 ,,the ,,olympia4 ,from a photograph by ,irving ,underhill4 ,sidenote3 ,battle of ,manila ,bay1 ,may #a1 #ahih4 #dgd4 ,the ,destruction of the ,spanish ,pacific ,fleet4--,admiral ,dewey1 commanding the ,american squadron on the ,asiatic station1 had concentrated all his vessels at ,hong ,kong1 in the belief that war was at hand4 ,of course he could not stay at ,hong ,kong after the declaration of war4 ,the only thing that he could do was to destroy the ,spanish fleet and use ,spanish ports as a naval base4 ,the ,spanish fleet was in ,manila ,bay4 ,thither sailed ,dewey4 ,in the darkness of the early morning of ,may #a1 ,dewey passed the ,spanish forts at the entrance of the bay4 ,the fleet was at anchor near the naval arsenal1 a few miles from the city of ,manila4 ,as soon as it was light ,dewey opened fire on the ,spaniards4 ,soon one ,spanish ship caught fire1 then another1 and another4 ,dewey drew off out of range for a time while his men rested and ate their breakfasts4 ,he then steamed in again and completed the destruction of the enemy's fleet4 ,not an ,american ship was seriously injured4 ,not one ,american sailor was killed4 ,this victory gave the ,americans the control of the ,pacific ,ocean and the ,asiatic waters1 as far as ,spain was concerned4 ,it relieved the ,pacific seacoast of the ,united ,states of all fear of attack4 ,it made it possible to send soldiers and supplies to ,manila1 without fear of attack while on the way4 ,and it was necessary to send soldiers because ,dewey1 while he was supreme on the water and could easily compel the surrender of ,manila1 could not properly police the town after its capture4 ,sidenote3 ,defense of the ,atlantic seaboard4 ,sidenote3 ,blockade of ,cuba4 #dge4 ,the ,atlantic ,seacoast and the ,blockade4--,no sooner did war seem probable than the people on the ,atlantic seacoast were seized with an unreasoning fear of the ,spanish fleets4 ,for the ,spaniards had a few new fast ships4 ,the mouths of the principal harbors were blocked with mines and torpedoes4 ,the government bought merchant vessels of all kinds and established a patrol along the coast4 ,it also blockaded the more important ,cuban seaports4 ,but the ,cuban coast was so long that it was impossible to blockade it all4 ,as it was1 great suffering was inflicted on the principal ,spanish armies in ,cuba4 ,sidenote3 ,the ,spanish-,atlantic fleet4 ,sidenote3 ,the ,american fleet4 #dgf4 ,the ,atlantic ,fleets4--,before long a ,spanish fleet of four new1 fast armored cruisers and three large sea-going torpedo-boat destroyers appeared in the ,west ,indies4 ,the ,spanish admiral did not seem to know exactly where to go4 ,but after sailing around the ,caribbean ,sea for a time1 he anchored in ,santiago harbor--on the southern coast of ,cuba4 ,in the ,american navy there were only two fast armored cruisers1 the ,new ,york and the ,brooklyn4 ,these with five battleships--the ,oregon1 ,iowa1 ,indiana1 ,massachusetts1 and ,texas--and a number of smaller vessels were placed under the command of ,admiral ,sampson and sent to ,santiago4 ,another fleet of sea-going monitors and unarmored cruisers maintained the ,cuban blockade4 ,sidenote3 ,the ,oregon's voyage4 #dgg4 ,the ,oregon's ,great ,voyage4--,when the ,maine was destroyed1 the ,oregon was at ,puget ,sound on the northwest coast4 ,she was at once ordered to sail to the ,atlantic coast at her utmost speed4 ,steadily the great battleship sped southward along the ,pacific coast of ,north ,america1 ,central ,america1 and ,south ,america4 ,she passed through ,magellan ,straits and made her way up the eastern coast of ,south ,america4 ,as she approached the ,west ,indies1 it was feared that she might meet the whole ,spanish fleet4 ,but she never sighted them4 ,she reached ,florida in splendid condition and at once joined ,sampson's squadron4 ,sidenote3 ,santiago4 ,sidenote3 ,sinking of the ,merrimac #dgh4 ,the ,blockade of the ,spanish ,fleet4--,santiago harbor seemed to have been designed as a place of refuge for a hard-pressed fleet4 ,its narrow winding entrance was guarded by huge mountains strongly fortified4 ,the channel between these mountains was filled with mines and torpedoes4 ,the ,american fleet could not go in4 ,the ,spanish fleet must not be allowed to come out unseen4 ,lieutenant ,hobson was ordered to take the collier ,merrimac into the narrow entrance and sink her across the channel at the narrowest part4 ,he made the most careful preparations4 ,but the ,merrimac was disabled and drifted by the narrowest part of the channel before she sank4 ,the ,spanish admiral was so impressed by the heroism of this attempt that he sent a boat off to the ,american squadron to assure them that ,hobson and his six brave companions were safe4 ,sidenote3 ,destruction of the ,spanish ,fleet4 ,sidenote3 ,lessons of the victory4 #dgi4 ,destruction of the ,spanish ,fleet4--,as the ,american vessels could not enter ,santiago harbor to sink the ,spanish ships at their anchors1 it became necessary to send an army to ,santiago4 ,but the ,spaniards did not wait for the soldiers to capture the city4 ,on ,sunday morning1 ,july #c1 the ,spanish fleet suddenly appeared steaming out of the harbor4 ,the ,massachusetts was away at the time1 getting a supply of coal1 and the ,new ,york was steaming away to take ,admiral ,sampson to a conference with ,general ,shafter4 ,but there were enough vessels left4 ,on came the ,spaniards4 ,the ,american ships rushed toward them4 ,the ,spaniards turned westward and tried to escape along the coast4 ,soon one of them was set on fire by the ,american shells4 ,she was run on shore to prevent her sinking4 ,then another followed her1 and then a third4 ,the torpedo-boat destroyers were sunk off the entrance to the harbor4 ,but one ship now remained afloat4 ,speedily1 she1 too1 was overtaken and surrendered4 ,in a few hours the whole ,spanish fleet was destroyed2 hundreds of ,spanish seamen were killed1 wounded1 or drowned1 and sixteen hundred ,spanish sailors captured4 ,the ,american loss was one man killed and two wounded4 ,the ,american ships were practically ready to destroy another ,spanish fleet had one been within reach4 ,at ,manila ,bay and off ,santiago the ,american fleets were superior to the enemy's fleets4 ,but the astounding results of their actions were due mainly to the splendid manner in which the ,american ships had been cared for and1 above all1 to the magnificent training and courage of the men behind the guns4 ,years of peace had not in any way dimmed the splendid qualities of the ,american sea-fighters4 ,sidenote3 ,military preparations4 ,sidenote3 ,the volunteers4 #dhj4 ,the ,american ,army4--,meantime the ,american soldiers on shore at ,santiago were doing their work under great discouragement1 but with a valor and stubbornness that will always compel admiration4 ,while the navy was silently and efficiently increased to be a well-ordered force1 the army was not so well managed at first4 ,soldiers there were in plenty4 ,from all parts of the ,union1 from the ,south and from the ,north1 from the ,west and from the ,east1 from the cattle ranches of the plains and the classrooms of the great universities1 patriots offered their lives at their country's call4 ,but there was great lack of order in the management of the army4 ,sickness broke out among the soldiers4 ,volunteer regiments were supplied with old-fashioned rifles4 ,it seemed to be difficult to move one regiment from one place to another without dire confusion4 ,when the ,spanish fleet was shut up in ,santiago harbor1 a force of fifteen thousand soldiers under ,general ,shafter was sent to capture ,santiago itself and make the harbor unsafe for the ships4 ,illustration3 ,,san ,,juan ,,blockhouse ,,showing ,,marks ,,of ,,shot4 ,sidenote3 ,the landing4 ,sidenote3 ,la ,guasimas4 ,source-,book1 #chj-chb4 ,sidenote3 ,san ,juan and ,caney4 ,sidenote3 ,fall of ,santiago4 #dha4 ,the ,santiago ,expedition4--,on ,june #bb and #bc the expedition landed not far to the east of the entrance to ,santiago harbor4 ,steep and high mountains guard this part of the coast4 ,but no attempt was made to prevent the landing of the ,americans4 ,dismounted cavalrymen of the regular army and ,roosevelt's ,rough ,riders1 also on foot1 at once pushed on toward ,santiago4 ,at ,la ,guasimas the ,spaniards tried to stop them4 ,but the regulars and the ,rough ,riders drove them away1 and the army pushed on4 ,by ,june #bh it had reached a point within a few miles of the city4 ,the ,spaniards occupied two very strong positions at ,san ,juan 7,san ,huan7 and ,caney4 ,on ,july #a they were driven from them4 ,the regulars and the volunteers showed the greatest courage and heroism4 ,they crossed long open spaces in the face of a terrible fire from the ,spaniards1 who were armed with modern rifles4 ,the rains now set in1 and the sufferings of the troops became terrible4 ,on ,july #c the ,spanish fleet sailed out of the harbor to meet its doom from the guns of the ,american warships4 ,reinforcements were sent to ,shafter1 and heavy guns were dragged over the mountain roads and placed in positions commanding the enemy's lines4 ,the ,spaniards surrendered1 and on ,july #ag the ,americans entered the captured city4 ,illustration3 ,,taking ,,wounded ,,to ,,the ,,division ,,hospital ,,after ,,the ,,fight ,,on ,,san ,,juan ,,hill4 ,sidenote3 ,the ,porto ,rico expedition4 #dhb4 ,the ,porto ,rico ,campaign4--,the only other important colony still remaining to ,spain in ,america was ,porto ,rico4 ,general ,nelson ,a4 ,miles led a strong force to its conquest4 ,instead of landing on the northern coast near ,san ,juan1 the only strongly fortified position on the seacoast1 ,general ,miles landed his men on the southern coast near ,ponce 7,pon-tha74 ,the inhabitants received the ,americans with the heartiest welcome4 ,this was on ,august #a4 ,the ,american army then set out to cross the island4 ,but before they had gone very far news came of the ending of the hostilities4 ,sidenote3 ,fall of ,manila4 #dhc4 ,fall of ,manila4--,when the news of ,dewey's victory 7p4 #cij7 reached the ,united ,states1 soldiers were sent to his aid4 ,but this took time1 for it was a very long way from ,san ,francisco to the ,philippines and vessels suitable for transports were not easily procured on the ,pacific coast4 ,general ,wesley ,merritt was given command of the land forces4 ,meantime1 for months ,dewey with his fleet blockaded ,manila from the water side1 while ,philippine insurgents blockaded it from the land side4 ,foreign vessels1 especially the ,german vessels1 jealously watched the operations of the ,american fleet and severely taxed ,dewey's patience4 ,on ,august #ag ,merritt felt strong enough to attack the city4 ,it was at once surrendered to him4 ,illustration3 ,,the ,,united ,,states ,,in #aijj4 ,illustration3 ,,dependencies ,,of ,,the ,,united ,,states4 ,all on same scale as ,united ,states1 #aijj4 ,sidenote3 ,treaty of ,peace1 #ahih4 ,sidenote3 ,hawaii4 #dhd4 ,end of the ,war4--,the destruction of the ,spanish ,atlantic fleet and the fall of ,santiago convinced the ,spaniards that further resistance was useless4 ,so it was agreed that the fighting should be stopped4 ,this was in ,july1 #ahih4 ,but the actual treaty of peace was not made until the following ,december4 ,the conditions were that ,spain should abandon ,cuba1 should cede to the ,united ,states ,porto ,rico1 the ,philippines1 and some smaller islands1 and should receive from the ,united ,states twenty million dollars4 ,for many years ,american missionaries1 merchants1 and planters had been interested in the ,hawaiian ,islands4 ,the war showed the importance of these islands to the ,united ,states as a military and naval station1 and they were annexed4 #dhe4 ,prosperity4--,the years #ahih-aijj have been a period of unbounded prosperity for the ,american people4 ,foreign trade has increased enormously1 and the manufactures of the ,united ,states are finding a ready market in other countries4 ,a rebellion has been going on in the ,philippines1 but it seems to be slowly dying out 7,february1 #aijj74 ,,questions ,,and ,,topics ,,chapter #dd #dfd1 #dfe4--;a4 ,why was ,harrison chosen ,president8 b4 ,what is tariff reform8 ,what is reciprocity8 ,do you consider such a method wise or not8 ,why8 #dff1 #dfg4--;a4 ,why was silver demonetized8 ,what is meant by the word demonetization8 b4 ,what was the ,sherman ,silver ,law8 ,what effect did it have upon business8 c4 ,was there any reason for the fear on the part of business men8 d4 ,why was ,harrison defeated in #ahib8 #dfh1 #dfi4--;a4 ,why did money become scarce in the summer of #ahic8 b4 ,how did the repeal of the ,sherman ,law affect confidence in the future of business8 c4 ,describe the ,chicago ,exhibition4 ,what is the advantage of such an exhibition8 #dgj1 #dga4--;a4 ,who were the leading candidates for the presidency in #ahif8 ,what principles did they stand for8 b4 ,explain the provisions of the ,dingley ,tariff4 c4 ,ask some business man what he thinks of the wisdom of changing the tariff very often4 ,,chapter #de #dgb1 #dgc4--;a4 ,what promises had the ,spaniards made to the ,cubans and how had they kept them8 b4 ,what do you think of ,weyler's policy8 c4 ,could the ,spanish war have been avoided8 #dgd4--;a4 ,why could not ,admiral ,dewey remain at ,hong ,kong8 b4 ,describe the battle of ,manila ,bay4 ,what were the results of this action8 #dge-dgg4--;a4 ,why were the ,american people on the ,atlantic seacoast alarmed8 ,were the harbors well defended8 b4 ,compare the ,american and the ,spanish ,atlantic fleets4 ,why was the voyage of the ,oregon important8 #dgh1 #dgi4--;a4 ,describe the harbor of ,santiago4 ,what advantages did it possess for the ,spaniards8 b4 ,how did ,hobson try to prevent the escape of the ,spanish fleet8 c4 ,describe the encounter between the two fleets4 d4 ,to what was this great success due8 #dhj-dhb4--;a4 ,from what parts of the country did the volunteers come8 b4 ,why was there so much confusion in the army8 c4 ,describe the ,santiago campaign and the suffering of the soldiers4 d4 ,describe the ,porto ,rico expedition4 ,why did ,general ,miles land on the southern coast8 #dhc-dhe4--;a4 ,why were the soldiers needed after ,dewey's victory8 b4 ,give the conditions of peace4 ,exactly what was the condition as to ,cuba8 c4 ,why are the ,hawaiian ,islands important to the ,united ,states8 ,,general ,,questions a4 ,what are the advantages and disadvantages of a tariff8 b4 ,what important matters have been definitely settled during the past one hundred years8 c4 ,what are some of the problems now before the ,american people8 d4 ,should the ,united ,states be a world power8 ,,topics ,,for ,,special ,,work a4 ,present condition of any part of the ,united ,states or dependent territories4 b4 ,any campaign or battle of the ,spanish ,war4 c4 ,present political parties and their principles4 ,,suggestions ,,to ,,the ,,teacher ,interesting constitutional questions will inevitably arise in teaching this section1 but the events are too recent to admit of dogmatizing on lines of policy4 ,the ,spanish ,war and the ,philippine trouble are too near to be properly judged1 and the facts only should be taught4 ,the duties and responsibilities resting upon the ,united ,states through its closer connection with all parts of the world can1 however1 be emphasized without the display of partisan spirit4 ,furthermore1 the causes of present prosperity and the industrial advantages of the ,united ,states may well demand attention4 ,throughout every part of this section1 also1 the importance of good citizenship1 in the broadest sense of the word1 should receive special emphasis4 ,,constitution ,,of ,,the ,,united ,,states ,,of ,,america#a ,,we ,,the ,,people of the ,united ,states1 in ,order to form a more perfect ,union1 establish ,justice1 insure domestic ,tranquility1 provide for the common defence1 promote the general ,welfare1 and secure the ,blessings of ,liberty to ourselves and our ,posterity1 do ordain and establish this ,,constitution for the ,united ,states of ,america4 ,,article4 ,i4 ,,section4 #a4 ,all legislative ,powers herein granted shall be vested in a ,congress of the ,united ,states1 which shall consist of a ,senate and ,house of ,representatives4 ,,section4 #b4 ,the ,house of ,representatives shall be composed of ,members chosen every second ,year by the ,people of the several ,states1 and the ,electors in each ,state shall have the ,qualifications requisite for ,electors of the most numerous ,branch of the ,state ,legislature4 ,no ,person shall be a ,representative who shall not have attained to the ,age of twenty five ,years1 and been seven ,years a ,citizen of the ,united ,states1 and who shall not1 when elected1 be an ,inhabitant of that ,state in which he shall be chosen4 ,representatives and direct ,taxes shall be apportioned among the several ,states which may be included within this ,union1 according to their respective numbers1 which shall be determined by adding to the whole ,number of free ,persons1 including those bound to ,service for a ,term of ,years1 and excluding ,indians not taxed1 three fifths of all other ,persons4 ,the actual ,enumeration shall be made within three ,years after the first ,meeting of the ,congress of the ,united ,states1 and within every subsequent ,term of ten ,years1 in such ,manner as they shall by ,law direct4 ,the number of ,representatives shall not exceed one for every thirty ,thousand1 but each ,state shall have at ,least one ,representative2 and until such enumeration shall be made1 the ,state of ,new ,hampshire shall be entitled to chuse three1 ,massachusetts eight1 ,rhode ,island and ,providence ,plantations one1 ,connecticut five1 ,new-,york six1 ,new ,jersey four1 ,pennsylvania eight1 ,delaware one1 ,maryland six1 ,virginia ten1 ,north ,carolina five1 ,south ,carolina five1 and ,georgia three4 ,when vacancies happen in the ,representation from any ,state1 the ,executive ,authority thereof shall issue ,writs of ,election to fill such ,vacancies4 ,the ,house of ,representatives shall chuse their ,speaker and other ,officers2 and shall have the sole ,power of ,impeachment4 ,,section4 #c4 ,the ,senate of the ,united ,states shall be composed of two ,senators from each ,state1 chosen by the ,legislature thereof1 for six ,years2 and each ,senator shall have one ,vote4 ,immediately after they shall be assembled in ,consequence of the first ,election1 they shall be divided as equally as may be into three ,classes4 ,the ,seats of the ,senators of the first ,class shall be vacated at the ,expiration of the second ,year1 of the second ,class at the ,expiration of the fourth ,year1 and of the third ,class at the ,expiration of the sixth ,year1 so that one third may be chosen every second ,year2 and if ,vacancies happen by ,resignation1 or otherwise1 during the ,recess of the ,legislature of any ,state1 the ,executive thereof may make temporary ,appointments until the next ,meeting of the ,legislature1 which shall then fill such ,vacancies4 ,no ,person shall be a ,senator who shall not have attained to the ,age of thirty ,years1 and been nine ,years a ,citizen of the ,united ,states1 and who shall not1 when elected1 be an ,inhabitant of that ,state for which he shall be chosen4 ,the ,vice ,president of the ,united ,states shall be ,president of the ,senate1 but shall have no ,vote1 unless they be equally divided4 ,the ,senate shall chuse their other ,officers1 and also a ,president pro tempore1 in the ,absence of the ,vice ,president1 or when he shall exercise the ,office of ,president of the ,united ,states4 ,the ,senate shall have the sole ,power to try all ,impeachments4 ,when sitting for that ,purpose1 they shall be on ,oath or ,affirmation4 ,when the ,president of the ,united ,states is tried1 the ,chief ,justice shall preside3 ,and no ,person shall be convicted without the ,concurrence of two thirds of the ,members present4 ,judgment in ,cases of ,impeachment shall not extend further than to removal from ,office1 and disqualification to hold and enjoy any ,office of honor1 ,trust or ,profit under the ,united ,states3 but the ,party convicted shall nevertheless be liable and subject to ,indictment1 ,trial1 ,judgment and ,punishment1 according to ,law4 ,,section4 #d4 ,the ,times1 ,places and ,manner of holding ,elections for ,senators and ,representatives1 shall be prescribed in each ,state by the ,legislature thereof2 but the ,congress may at any time by ,law make or alter such ,regulations1 except as to the ,places of chusing ,senators4 ,the ,congress shall assemble at least once in every ,year1 and such ,meeting shall be on the first ,monday in ,december1 unless they shall by ,law appoint a different ,day4 ,,section4 #e4 ,each ,house shall be the ,judge of the ,elections1 ,returns and ,qualifications of its own ,members1 and a ,majority of each shall constitute a ,quorum to do ,business2 but a smaller ,number may adjourn from day to day1 and may be authorized to compel the ,attendance of absent ,members1 in such ,manner1 and under such ,penalties as each ,house may provide4 ,each ,house may determine the ,rules of its ,proceedings1 punish its ,members for disorderly ,behaviour1 and1 with the ,concurrence of two thirds1 expel a member4 ,each ,house shall keep a ,journal of its ,proceedings1 and from time to time publish the same1 excepting such ,parts as may in their ,judgment require ,secrecy2 and the ,yeas and ,nays of the ,members of either ,house on any question shall1 at the ,desire of one fifth of those ,present1 be entered on the ,journal4 ,neither ,house1 during the ,session of ,congress1 shall1 without the ,consent of the other1 adjourn for more than three days1 nor to any other ,place than that in which the two ,houses shall be sitting4 ,,section4 #f4 ,the ,senators and ,representatives shall receive a ,compensation for their ,services1 to be ascertained by ,law1 and paid out of the ,treasury of the ,united ,states4 ,they shall in all ,cases1 except ,treason1 ,felony and ,breach of the ,peace1 be privileged from ,arrest during their ,attendance at the ,session of their respective ,houses1 and in going to and returning from the same2 and for any ,speech or ,debate in either ,house1 they shall not be questioned in any other ,place4 ,no ,senator or ,representative shall1 during the ,time for which he was elected1 be appointed to any civil ,office under the ,authority of the ,united ,states1 which shall have been created1 or the ,emoluments whereof shall have been encreased during such time2 and no ,person holding any ,office under the ,united ,states1 shall be a ,member of either ,house during his ,continuance in ,office4 ,,section4 #g4 ,all ,bills for raising ,revenue shall originate in the ,house of ,representatives2 but the ,senate may propose or concur with ,amendments as on other ,bills4 ,every ,bill which shall have passed the ,house of ,representatives and the ,senate1 shall1 before it become a ,law1 be presented to the ,president of the ,united ,states2 ,if he approve he shall sign it1 but if not he shall return it1 with his ,objections1 to that ,house in which it shall have originated1 who shall enter the ,objections at large on their ,journal1 and proceed to reconsider it4 ,if after such ,reconsideration two thirds of that ,house shall agree to pass the ,bill1 it shall be sent1 together with the ,objections1 to the other ,house1 by which it shall likewise be reconsidered1 and if approved by two thirds of that ,house1 it shall become a ,law4 ,but in all such ,cases the ,votes of both ,houses shall be determined by yeas and ,nays1 and the ,names of the ,persons voting for and against the ,bill shall be entered on the ,journal of each ,house respectively4 ,if any ,bill shall not be returned by the ,president within ten ,days 7,sundays excepted7 after it shall have been presented to him1 the same shall be a ,law1 in like ,manner as if he had signed it1 unless the ,congress by their ,adjournment prevent its ,return1 in which ,case it shall not be a ,law4 ,every ,order1 ,resolution1 or ,vote to which the ,concurrence of the ,senate and ,house of ,representatives may be necessary 7except on a question of ,adjournment7 shall be presented to the ,president of the ,united ,states2 and before the ,same shall take ,effect1 shall be approved by him1 or being disapproved by him1 shall be repassed by two thirds of the ,senate and ,house of ,representatives1 according to the ,rules and ,limitations prescribed in the ,case of a ,bill4 ,,section4 #h4 ,the ,congress shall have ,power ,to lay and collect ,taxes1 ,duties1 ,imposts and ,excises1 to pay the ,debts and provide for the common ,defence and general ,welfare of the ,united ,states2 but all ,duties1 ,imposts and ,excises shall be uniform throughout the ,united ,states2 ,to borrow ,money on the credit of the ,united ,states2 ,to regulate ,commerce with foreign ,nations1 and among the several ,states1 and with the ,indian ,tribes2 ,to establish an uniform ,rule of ,naturalization1 and uniform ,laws on the subject of ,bankruptcies throughout the ,united ,states2 ,to coin ,money1 regulate the ,value thereof1 and of foreign ,coin1 and fix the ,standard of ,weights and ,measures2 ,to provide for the ,punishment of counterfeiting the ,securities and current ,coin of the ,united ,states2 ,to establish ,post ,offices and post ,roads2 ,to promote the ,progress of ,science and useful ,arts1 by securing for limited ,times to ,authors and ,inventors the exclusive ,right to their respective ,writings and ,discoveries2 ,to constitute ,tribunals inferior to the supreme ,court2 ,to define and punish ,piracies and ,felonies committed on the high ,seas1 and ,offences against the ,law of ,nations2 ,to declare ,war1 grant ,letters of ,marque and ,reprisal1 and make ,rules concerning ,captures on ,land and ,water2 ,to raise and support ,armies1 but no ,appropriation of ,money to that ,use shall be for a longer ,term than two ,years2 ,to provide and maintain a ,navy2 ,to make ,rules for the ,government and ,regulation of the land and naval ,forces2 ,to provide for calling forth the ,militia to execute the ,laws of the ,union1 suppress ,insurrections and repel ,invasions2 ,to provide for organizing1 arming1 and disciplining1 the ,militia1 and for governing such ,part of them as may be employed in the ,service of the ,united ,states1 reserving to the ,states respectively1 the ,appointment of the ,officers1 and the ,authority of training the ,militia according to the discipline prescribed by ,congress2 ,to exercise exclusive ,legislation in all ,cases whatsoever1 over such ,district 7not exceeding ten ,miles square7 as may1 by ,cession of particular ,states1 and the ,acceptance of ,congress1 become the ,seat of the ,government of the ,united ,states1 and to exercise like ,authority over all ,places purchased by the ,consent of the ,legislature of the ,state in which the same shall be1 for the ,erection of ,forts1 ,magazines1 ,arsenals1 dock-,yards1 and other needful ,buildings2--,and ,to make all ,laws which shall be necessary and proper for carrying into ,execution the foregoing ,powers1 and all other ,powers vested by this ,constitution in the ,government of the ,united ,states1 or in any ,department or ,officer thereof4 ,,section4 #i4 ,the ,migration or ,importation of such ,persons as any of the ,states now existing shall think proper to admit1 shall not be prohibited by the ,congress prior to the ,year one thousand eight hundred and eight1 but a ,tax or duty may be imposed on such ,importation1 not exceeding ten dollars for each ,person4 ,the ,privilege of the ,writ of ,habeas ,corpus shall not be suspended1 unless when in ,cases of ,rebellion or ,invasion the public ,safety may require it4 ,no ,bill of ,attainder or ex post facto ,law shall be passed4 ,no ,capitation1 or other direct1 ,tax shall be laid1 unless in ,proportion to the ,census or ,enumeration herein before directed to be taken4 ,no ,tax or ,duty shall be laid on ,articles exported from any ,state4 ,no ,preference shall be given by any ,regulation of ,commerce or ,revenue to the ,ports of one ,state over those of another3 nor shall ,vessels bound to1 or from1 one ,state1 be obliged to enter1 clear1 or pay ,duties in another4 ,no ,money shall be drawn from the ,treasury1 but in ,consequence of ,appropriations made by ,law2 and a regular ,statement and ,account of the ,receipts and ,expenditures of all public ,money shall be published from time to time4 ,no ,title of ,nobility shall be granted by the ,united ,states3 ,and no ,person holding any ,office of ,profit or ,trust under them1 shall1 without the ,consent of the ,congress1 accept of any present1 ,emolument1 ,office1 or ,title1 of any kind whatever1 from any ,king1 ,prince1 or foreign ,state4 ,,section4 #aj4 ,no ,state shall enter into any ,treaty1 ,alliance1 or ,confederation2 grant ,letters of ,marque and ,reprisal2 coin ,money2 emit ,bills of ,credit2 make any ,thing but gold and silver ,coin a ,tender in ,payment of ,debts2 pass any ,bill of ,attainder1 ex post facto ,law1 or ,law impairing the ,obligation of ,contracts1 or grant any ,title of ,nobility4 ,no ,state shall1 without the ,consent of the ,congress1 lay any ,imposts or ,duties on ,imports or ,exports1 except what may be absolutely necessary for executing its inspection ,laws3 and the net ,produce of all ,duties and ,imposts1 laid by any ,state on ,imports or ,exports1 shall be for the ,use of the ,treasury of the ,united ,states2 and all such ,laws shall be subject to the ,revision and ,controul of the ,congress4 ,no ,state shall1 without the ,consent of ,congress1 lay any ,duty of ,tonnage1 keep ,troops1 or ,ships of ,war in time of ,peace1 enter into any ,agreement or ,compact with another ,state1 or with a foreign ,power1 or engage in ,war1 unless actually invaded1 or in such imminent ,danger as will not admit of delay4 ,,article4 ,,ii4 ,,section1 #a4 ,the executive ,power shall be vested in a ,president of the ,united ,states of ,america4 ,he shall hold his ,office during the ,term of four ,years1 and1 together with the ,vice ,president1 chosen for the same ,term1 be elected1 as follows ,each ,state shall appoint1 in such ,manner as the ,legislature thereof may direct1 a ,number of ,electors1 equal to the whole ,number of ,senators and ,representatives to which the ,state may be entitled in the ,congress3 but no ,senator or ,representative1 or ,person holding an ,office of ,trust or ,profit under the ,united ,states1 shall be appointed an ,elector4 ,the ,electors shall meet in their respective ,states1 and vote by ,ballot for two ,persons1 of whom one at least shall not be an ,inhabitant of the same ,state with themselves4 ,and they shall make a ,list of all the ,persons voted for1 and of the ,number of ,votes for each2 which ,list they shall sign and certify1 and transmit sealed to the ,seat of the ,government of the ,united ,states1 directed to the ,president of the ,senate4 ,the ,president of the ,senate shall1 in the ,presence of the ,senate and ,house of ,representatives1 open all the ,certificates1 and the ,votes shall then be counted4 ,the ,person having the greatest ,number of ,votes shall be the ,president1 if such ,number be a ,majority of the whole ,number of ,electors appointed2 and if there be more than one who have such ,majority1 and have an equal ,number of ,votes1 then the ,house of ,representatives shall immediately chuse by ,ballot one of them for ,president2 and if no ,person have a ,majority1 then from the five highest on the ,list the said ,house shall in like ,manner chuse the ,president4 ,but in chusing the ,president1 the ,votes shall be taken by ,states1 the ,representation from each ,state having one ,vote2 ,a quorum for this ,purpose shall consist of a ,member or ,members from two thirds of the ,states1 and a ,majority of all the ,states shall be necessary to a ,choice4 ,in every ,case1 after the ,choice of the ,president1 the ,person having the greatest ,number of ,votes of the ,electors shall be the ,vice ,president4 ,but if there should remain two or more who have equal ,votes1 the ,senate shall chuse from them by ,ballot the ,vice ,president4 ,the ,congress may determine the ,time of chusing the ,electors1 and the ,day on which they shall give their ,votes2 which ,day shall be the same throughout the ,united ,states4 ,no ,person except a natural born ,citizen1 or a ,citizen of the ,united ,states1 at the time of the ,adoption of this ,constitution1 shall be eligible to the ,office of ,president2 neither shall any ,person be eligible to that ,office who shall not have attained to the ,age of thirty five ,years1 and been fourteen ,years a ,resident within the ,united ,states4 ,in ,case of the ,removal of the ,president from ,office1 or of his ,death1 ,resignation1 or ,inability to discharge the ,powers and ,duties of the said ,office1 the ,same shall devolve on the ,vice ,president1 and the ,congress may by ,law provide for the ,case of ,removal1 ,death1 ,resignation or ,inability1 both of the ,president and ,vice ,president1 declaring what ,officer shall then act as ,president1 and such ,officer shall act accordingly1 until the ,disability be removed1 or a ,president shall be elected4 ,the ,president shall1 at stated ,times1 receive for his ,services1 a ,compensation1 which shall neither be encreased nor diminished during the ,period for which he shall have been elected1 and he shall not receive within that ,period any other ,emolument from the ,united ,states1 or any of them4 ,before he enter on the ,execution of his ,office1 he shall take the following ,oath or ,affirmation3-- ,i do solemnly swear 7or affirm7 that ,i will faithfully execute the ,office of ,president of the ,united ,states1 and will to the best of my ,ability1 preserve1 protect and defend the ,constitution of the ,united ,states4 ,,section4 #b4 ,the ,president shall be ,commander in ,chief of the ,army and ,navy of the ,united ,states1 and of the ,militia of the several ,states1 when called into the actual ,service of the ,united ,states2 he may require the ,opinion1 in writing1 of the principal ,officer in each of the executive ,departments1 upon any ,subject relating to the ,duties of their respective ,offices1 and he shall have ,power to grant ,reprieves and ,pardons for ,offences against the ,united ,states1 except in ,cases of ,impeachment4 ,he shall have ,power1 by and with the ,advice and ,consent of the ,senate1 to make ,treaties1 provided two thirds of the ,senators present concur2 and he shall nominate1 and by and with the ,advice and ,consent of the ,senate1 shall appoint ,ambassadors1 other public ,ministers and ,consuls1 ,judges of the supreme ,court1 and all other ,officers of the ,united ,states1 whose ,appointments are not herein otherwise provided for1 and which shall be established by ,law3 but the ,congress may by ,law vest the ,appointment of such inferior ,officers1 as they think proper1 in the ,president alone1 in the ,courts of ,law1 or in the ,heads of ,departments4 ,the ,president shall have ,power to fill up all ,vacancies that may happen during the ,recess of the ,senate1 by granting ,commissions which shall expire at the ,end of their next ,session4 ,,section4 #c4 ,he shall from time to time give to the ,congress ,information of the ,state of the ,union1 and recommend to their ,consideration such ,measures as he shall judge necessary and expedient2 he may1 on extraordinary ,occasions1 convene both ,houses1 or either of them1 and in ,case of ,disagreement between them1 with ,respect to the ,time of ,adjournment1 he may adjourn them to such ,time as he shall think proper2 he shall receive ,ambassadors and other public ,ministers2 he shall take ,care that the ,laws be faithfully executed1 and shall ,commission all the ,officers of the ,united ,states4 ,,section4 #d4 ,the ,president1 ,vice ,president and all civil ,officers of the ,united ,states1 shall be removed from ,office on ,impeachment for1 and ,conviction of1 ,treason1 ,bribery1 or other high ,crimes and ,misdemeanors4 ,,article ,,iii4 ,,section4 #a4 ,the judicial ,power of the ,united ,states1 shall be vested in one supreme ,court1 and in such inferior ,courts as the ,congress may from time to time ordain and establish4 ,the ,judges1 both of the supreme and inferior ,courts1 shall hold their ,offices during good ,behaviour1 and shall1 at stated ,times1 receive for their ,services1 a ,compensation1 which shall not be diminished during their continuance in ,office4 ,,section4 #b4 ,the judicial ,power shall extend to all ,cases1 in ,law and ,equity1 arising under this ,constitution1 the ,laws of the ,united ,states1 and ,treaties made1 or which shall be made1 under their ,authority2--to all ,cases affecting ,ambassadors1 other public ,ministers and ,consuls2--to all ,cases of admiralty and maritime ,jurisdiction2--to ,controversies to which the ,united ,states shall be a ,party2--to ,controversies between two or more ,states2--between a ,state and ,citizens of another ,state2--between ,citizens of different ,states1--between ,citizens of the same ,state claiming ,lands under ,grants of different ,states1 and between a ,state1 or the ,citizens thereof1 and foreign ,states1 ,citizens or ,subjects4 ,in all ,cases affecting ,ambassadors1 other public ,ministers and ,consuls1 and those in which a ,state shall be ,party1 the supreme ,court shall have original ,jurisdiction4 ,in all the other ,cases before mentioned1 the supreme ,court shall have appellate ,jurisdiction1 both as to ,law and ,fact1 with such ,exceptions1 and under such regulations as the ,congress shall make4 ,the ,trial of all ,crimes1 except in ,cases of ,impeachment1 shall be by ,jury2 and such ,trial shall be held in the ,state where the said ,crimes shall have been committed2 but when not committed within any ,state1 the ,trial shall be at such ,place or ,places as the ,congress may by ,law have directed4 ,,section4 #c4 ,treason against the ,united ,states1 shall consist only in levying ,war against them1 or in adhering to their ,enemies1 giving them ,aid and ,comfort4 ,no ,person shall be convicted of ,treason unless on the ,testimony of two ,witnesses to the same overt ,act1 or on ,confession in open ,court4 ,the ,congress shall have ,power to declare the ,punishment of ,treason1 but no ,attainder of ,treason shall work ,corruption of ,blood1 or ,forfeiture except during the ,life of the ,person attainted4 ,,article4 ,,iv4 ,,section4 #a4 ,full ,faith and ,credit shall be given in each ,state to the public ,acts1 ,records1 and judicial ,proceedings of every other ,state4 ,and the ,congress may by general ,laws prescribe the ,manner in which such ,acts1 ,records and ,proceedings shall be proved1 and the ,effect thereof4 ,,section4 #b4 ,the ,citizens of each ,state shall be entitled to all ,privileges and ,immunities of ,citizens in the several ,states4 ,a ,person charged in any ,state with ,treason1 ,felony1 or other ,crime1 who shall flee from ,justice1 and be found in another ,state1 shall on ,demand of the executive ,authority of the ,state from which he fled1 be delivered up1 to be removed to the ,state having ,jurisdiction of the ,crime4 ,no ,person held to ,service or ,labour in one ,state1 under the ,laws thereof1 escaping into another1 shall1 in ,consequence of any ,law or ,regulation therein1 be discharged from such ,service or ,labour1 but shall be delivered up on ,claim of the ,party to whom such ,service or ,labour may be due4 ,,section4 #c4 ,new ,states may be admitted by the ,congress into this ,union2 but no new ,state shall be formed or erected within the ,jurisdiction of any other ,state2 nor any ,state be formed by the ,junction of two or more ,states1 or ,parts of ,states1 without the ,consent of the ,legislatures of the ,states concerned as well as of the ,congress4 ,the ,congress shall have ,power to dispose of and make all needful ,rules and ,regulations respecting the ,territory or other ,property belonging to the ,united ,states2 and nothing in this ,constitution shall be so construed as to ,prejudice any ,claims of the ,united ,states1 or of any particular ,state4 ,,section4 #d4 ,the ,united ,states shall guarantee to every ,state in this ,union a ,republican ,form of ,government1 and shall protect each of them against ,invasion2 and on ,application of the ,legislature1 or of the ,executive 7when the ,legislature cannot be convened7 against domestic ,violence4 ,,article4 ,v4 ,the ,congress1 whenever two thirds of both ,houses shall deem it necessary1 shall propose ,amendments to this ,constitution1 or1 on the ,application of the ,legislatures of two thirds of the several ,states1 shall call a ,convention for proposing ,amendments1 which1 in either ,case1 shall be valid to all ,intents and ,purposes1 as ,part of this ,constitution1 when ratified by the ,legislatures of three fourths of the several ,states1 or by ,conventions in three fourths thereof1 as the one or the other ,mode of ,ratification may be proposed by the ,congress2 ,provided that no ,amendment which may be made prior to the ,year ,one thousand eight hundred and eight shall in any ,manner affect the first and fourth ,clauses in the ,ninth ,section of the first ,article2 and that no ,state1 without its ,consent1 shall be deprived of its equal ,suffrage in the ,senate4 ,,article4 ,,vi4 ,all ,debts contracted and ,engagements entered into1 before the ,adoption of this ,constitution1 shall be as valid against the ,united ,states under this ,constitution1 as under the ,confederation4 ,this ,constitution1 and the ,laws of the ,united ,states which shall be made in ,pursuance thereof2 and all ,treaties made1 or which shall be made1 under the ,authority of the ,united ,states1 shall be the supreme ,law of the ,land2 and the ,judges in every ,state shall be bound thereby1 any ,thing in the ,constitution or ,laws of any ,state to the ,contrary notwithstanding4 ,the ,senators and ,representatives before mentioned1 and the ,members of the several ,state ,legislatures1 and all executive and judicial ,officers1 both of the ,united ,states and of the several ,states1 shall be bound by ,oath or ,affirmation1 to support this ,constitution2 but no religious ,test shall ever be required as a ,qualification to any ,office or public ,trust under the ,united ,states4 ,,article4 ,,vii4 ,the ,ratification of the ,conventions of nine ,states1 shall be sufficient for the ,establishment of this ,constitution between the ,states so ratifying the ,same4 ,,the ,,amendments4 ,i4 ,congress shall make no law respecting an establishment of religion1 or prohibiting the free exercise thereof2 or abridging the freedom of speech1 or of the press2 or the right of the people peaceably to assemble1 and to petition the ,government for a redress of grievances4 ,,ii4 ,a well regulated ,militia1 being necessary to the security of a free ,state1 the right of the people to keep and bear ,arms1 shall not be infringed4 ,,iii4 ,no ,soldier shall1 in time of peace be quartered in any house1 without the consent of the ,owner1 nor in time of war1 but in a manner to be prescribed by law4 ,,iv4 ,the right of the people to be secure in their persons1 houses1 papers1 and effects1 against unreasonable searches and seizures1 shall not be violated1 and no ,warrants shall issue1 but upon probable cause1 supported by ,oath or affirmation1 and particularly describing the place to be searched1 and the persons or things to be seized4 ,v4 ,no person shall be held to answer for a capital1 or otherwise infamous crime1 unless on a presentment or indictment of a ,grand ,jury1 except in cases arising in the land or naval forces1 or in the ,militia1 when in actual service in time of ,war or public danger2 nor shall any person be subject for the same offence to be twice put in jeopardy of life or limb2 nor shall be compelled in any ,criminal ,case to be witness against himself1 nor be deprived of life1 liberty1 or property1 without due process of law2 nor shall private property be taken for public use1 without just compensation4 ,,vi4 ,in all criminal prosecutions1 the accused shall enjoy the right to a speedy and public trial1 by an impartial jury of the ,state and district wherein the crime shall have been committed1 which district shall have been previously ascertained by law1 and to be informed of the nature and cause of the accusation2 to be confronted with the witnesses against him2 to have compulsory process for obtaining ,witnesses in his favor1 and to have the ,assistance of ,counsel for his defence4 ,,vii4 ,in suits at common law1 where the value in controversy shall exceed twenty dollars1 the right of trial by jury shall be preserved1 and no fact tried by a jury shall be otherwise re-examined in any ,court of the ,united ,states1 than according to the rules of the common law4 ,,viii4 ,excessive bail shall not be required1 nor excessive fines imposed1 nor cruel and unusual punishments inflicted4 ,,ix4 ,the enumeration in the ,constitution1 of certain rights1 shall not be construed to deny or disparage others retained by the people4 ,x4 ,the powers not delegated to the ,united ,states by the ,constitution1 nor prohibited by it to the ,states1 are reserved to the ,states respectively1 or to the people4 ,,xi4 ,the ,judicial power of the ,united ,states shall not be construed to extend to any suit in law or equity1 commenced or prosecuted against one of the ,united ,states by ,citizens of another ,state1 or by ,citizens or ,subjects of any ,foreign ,state4 ,,xii4 ,the ,electors shall meet in their respective states1 and vote by ballot for ,president and ,vice ,president1 one of whom1 at least1 shall not be an inhabitant of the same state with themselves2 they shall name in their ballots the person voted for as ,president1 and in distinct ballots the person voted for as ,vice-,president1 and they shall make distinct lists of all persons voted for as ,president1 and of all persons voted for as ,vice-,president1 and of the number of votes for each1 which lists they shall sign and certify1 and transmit sealed to the seat of the government of the ,united ,states1 directed to the ,president of the ,senate2--,the ,president of the ,senate shall1 in the presence of the ,senate and ,house of ,representatives1 open all the certificates and the votes shall then be counted2--,the person having the greatest number of votes for ,president1 shall be the ,president1 if such number be a majority of the whole number of ,electors appointed2 and if no person have such majority1 then from the persons having the highest numbers not exceeding three on the list of those voted for as ,president1 the ,house of ,representatives shall choose immediately1 by ballot1 the ,president4 ,but in choosing the ,president1 the votes shall be taken by states1 the representation from each state having one vote2 a quorum for this purpose shall consist of a member or members from two-thirds of the states1 and a majority of all the states shall be necessary to a choice4 ,and if the ,house of ,representatives shall not choose a ,president whenever the right of choice shall devolve upon them1 before the fourth day of ,march next following1 then the ,vice-,president shall act as ,president1 as in the case of the death or other constitutional disability of the ,president4 ,the person having the greatest number of votes as ,vice-,president1 shall be the ,vice-,president1 if such number be a majority of the whole number of ,electors appointed1 and if no person have a majority1 then from the two highest numbers on the list1 the ,senate shall choose the ,vice-,president2 a quorum for the purpose shall consist of two-thirds of the whole number of ,senators1 and a majority of the whole number shall be necessary to a choice4 ,but no person constitutionally ineligible to the office of ,president shall be eligible to that of ,vice-,president of the ,united ,states4 ,,xiii4 ,,section #a4 ,neither slavery nor involuntary servitude1 except as a punishment for crime whereof the party shall have been duly convicted1 shall exist within the ,united ,states1 or any place subject to their jurisdiction4 ,,section #b4 ,congress shall have power to enforce this article by appropriate legislation4 ,,xiv4 ,,section #a4 ,all persons born or naturalized in the ,united ,states1 and subject to the jurisdiction thereof1 are citizens of the ,united ,states and of the ,state wherein they reside4 ,no ,state shall make or enforce any law which shall abridge the privileges or immunities of citizens of the ,united ,states3 nor shall any ,state deprive any person of life1 liberty1 or property1 without due process of law2 nor deny to any person within its jurisdiction the equal protection of the laws4 ,,section #b4 ,representatives shall be apportioned among the several ,states according to their respective numbers1 counting the whole number of persons in each ,state1 excluding ,indians not taxed4 ,but when the right to vote at any election for the choice of electors for ,president and ,vice ,president of the ,united ,states1 ,representatives in ,congress1 the ,executive and ,judicial officers of a ,state1 or the members of the ,legislature thereof1 is denied to any of the male inhabitants of such ,state1 being twenty-one years of age1 and citizens of the ,united ,states1 or in any way abridged1 except for participation in rebellion1 or other crime1 the basis of representation therein shall be reduced in the proportion which the number of such male citizens shall bear to the whole number of male citizens twenty-one years of age in such ,state4 ,,section #c4 ,no person shall be a ,senator or ,representative in ,congress1 or elector of ,president and ,vice ,president1 or hold any office1 civil or military1 under the ,united ,states1 or under any ,state1 who1 having previously taken an oath1 as a member of ,congress1 or as an officer of the ,united ,states1 or as a member of any ,state legislature1 or as an executive or judicial officer of any ,state1 to support the ,constitution of the ,united ,states1 shall have engaged in insurrection or rebellion against the same1 or given aid or comfort to the enemies thereof4 ,but ,congress may by a vote of two-thirds of each ,house1 remove such disability4 ,,section #d4 ,the validity of the public debt of the ,united ,states1 authorized by law1 including debts incurred for payment of pensions and bounties for services in suppressing insurrection or rebellion1 shall not be questioned4 ,but neither the ,united ,states nor any ,state shall assume or pay any debt or obligation incurred in aid of insurrection or rebellion against the ,united ,states1 or any claim for the loss or emancipation of any slave2 but all such debts1 obligations and claims shall be held illegal and void4 ,,section #e4 ,the ,congress shall have power to enforce1 by appropriate legislation1 the provisions of this article4 ,,xv4 ,,section #a4 ,the right citizens of the ,united ,states to vote shall not be denied or abridged by the ,united ,states or by any ,state on account of race1 color1 or previous condition of servitude4 ,,section #b4 ,the ,congress shall have power to enforce this article by appropriate legislation4 #a ,reprinted from the text issued by the ,state ,department4 ,,index ,abolitionists4 ,acadia4 ,adams1 ,john2 ,vice-,president2 ,president2 his administration4 ,adams1 ,john ,quincy1 portrait2 and the ,monroe ,doctrine2 ,president1 his administration2 and the right of petition4 ,adams1 ,samuel4 ,alabama claims4 ,alaska1 purchase of2 map of4 ,albany ,congress4 ,algerine ,war4 ,alien and ,sedition ,acts4 ,allen1 ,ethan4 ,america1 discovery of2 naming of4 ,american ,association4 ,americus ,vespucius1 see ,vespucius4 ,andr1 ,major4 ,andros1 ,sir ,edmund4 ,antietam1 battle of4 ,antislavery agitation4 ,appomattox1 surrender at4 ,arnold1 ,benedict1 at ,quebec2 in ,burgoyne's campaign2 treason of4 ,arthur1 ,c4,a41 ,vice-,president2 ,president4 ,articles of ,confederation4 ,atlanta ,campaign4 ,bacon's ,rebellion4 ,balboa discovers ,pacific ,ocean4 ,baltimore1 ,lord4 ,bank of the ,united ,states1 the ,first2 the ,second4 ,bennington1 battle of4 ,blaine1 ,j4,g41 candidate for the ,presidency4 ,blair1 ,f4,p4 ,blockade of ,confederate seaports4 ,border ,states in ,civil ,war4 ,boston1 founded2 massacre at2 destruction of tea at2 closing of the port of2 siege of2 map of siege4 ,braddock1 ,british general4 ,bragg1 ,confederate general4 ,brandy wine1 battle of4 ,breckinridge1 ,john ,c41 ,vice-,president2 defeated for ,presidency4 ,brown1 ,general ,jacob1 invades ,canada4 ,brown1 ,john1 in ,kansas2 at ,harper's ,ferry2 executed4 ,buchanan1 ,james1 ,president2 comes out for the ,union4 ,buell1 ,general4 ,bull ,run1 battles of4 ,bunker ,hill1 battle of4 ,burgoyne's campaign4 ,burnside1 ,general ,a4,e4 ,cabot1 ,john1 discovers ,north ,america4 ,calhoun1 ,john ,c41 portrait2 in ,congress2 ,vice-,president2 his ,exposition4 ,california1 ,drake on the coast of2 seized by ,americans2 discovery of gold in2 seeks admission to the ,union4 ,camden1 battle of4 ,canada1 conquest of2 invasion of #agge2 in ,war of #ahab4 ,carolina1 settlement of2 rebellion in #agai2 separated into two provinces4 ,cartier 7kar'tia'74 ,cass1 ,lewis1 defeated for the ,presidency4 ,cathay4 ,champlain1 ,samuel de4 ,champlain1 ,lake4 ,chancellorsville1 battle of4 ,charles ,,ii1 his colonial policy4 ,charleston1 ,s4,c41 attacked2 captured2 in ,civil ,war4 ,chattanooga1 battle of4 ,chesapeake1 outrage on the4 ,chicago1 growth of2 great fire at4 ,columbian ,exhibition4 ,chickamauga1 battle of4 ,cipango4 ,civil ,service under ,washington and ,adams2 under ,jefferson2 ,spoils ,system in the2 reform of the4 ,clark1 ,general ,g4,r41 conquers the ,northwest4 ,clay1 ,henry1 portrait2 in ,congress2 and the ,missouri ,compromise2 defeated for the ,presidency2 and the ,compromise of #ahej4 ,cleveland1 ,grover1 portrait2 ,president2 relected ,president4 ,clinton1 ,british general4 ,columbus discovers ,america4 ,committees of ,correspondence4 ,compromises of the ,constitution2 of #ahbj2 of #ahej4 ,concord1 battle of4 ,confederate ,states4 ,confederation of ,new ,england4 ,confederation of the ,united ,states1 ,articles of4 ,connecticut1 settlement of2 charter of4 ,constitution1 formation of the2 facsimile of first lines2 first ten amendments2 text of1 ,appendix4 ,constitution1 the frigate1 chased by a ,british fleet2 and the ,guerrire4 ,constitutional ,union ,party4 ,continental ,congress1 first2 second4 ,coronade1 in the ,southwest4 ,cotton gin4 ,cowpens1 battle of4 ,crawford1 ,william ,h41 defeated for the ,presidency4 ,creek ,war4 ,critical ,period4 ,crittenden ,compromise4 ,cromwell1 ,oliver1 and the colonies4 ,cuba1 rebellions in 7#ahfg-gg72 7#ahid-ih74 ,dale1 ,sir ,thomas4 ,davis1 ,jefferson4 ,decatur1 ,stephen1 portrait2 in ,algerine ,war4 ,declaration of ,independence4 ,declaratory ,act4 ,democratic ,party4 ,detroit1 surrender of4 ,dewey1 ,admiral4 ,dickinson1 ,john4 ,douglas1 ,stephen ,a41 ,kansas-,nebraska ,act2 debate with ,lincoln2 defeated for ,presidency2 comes out for the ,union4 ,draft ,riots4 ,drake1 ,sir ,francis1 his great voyage4 ,dred ,scott ,decision4 ,duquesne1 ,fort4 ,dutch ,colonies4 ,elections1 presidential1 of #ahjj2 of #ahbd2 of #ahdj2 of #ahdd2 of #ahdh2 of #aheb2 of #ahef2 of #ahfj2 of #ahfh2 of #ahgb2 of #ahgf2 of #ahhj2 of #ahhd2 of #ahhh2 of #ahib2 of #ahif4 ,electoral ,commission4 ,embargo1 ,jefferson's4 ,era of ,good ,feeling4 ,ericson1 ,leif 7,life er'ik-son74 ,ericsson1 ,john4 ,erie ,canal4 ,farragut1 ,admiral ,d4,g41 portrait2 at ,new ,orleans4 ,federal ,ratio4 ,federalist ,party4 ,fifteenth ,amendment4 ,fillmore1 ,millard1 portrait2 chosen ,vice-,president2 becomes ,president4 ,florida1 discovered2 settled2 purchased4 ,fourteenth ,amendment4 ,france1 explorers and colonists of2 colonists conquered by ,british2 recognizes independence of the ,united ,states2 influence of revolution in1 on ,america2 controversy4 ,franklin1 ,benjamin1 portrait2 early life of2 examined by ,house of ,commons2 ,minister to ,france2 in ,federal ,convention4 ,fredericksburg1 battle of4 ,free ,soil ,party4 ,freeman's ,farm1 battles of4 ,frmont1 ,john ,c42 portrait2 in ,california2 defeated for the ,presidency4 ,fugitive ,slave ,act4 ,fulton1 ,robert4 ,gadsden ,purchase4 ,gag ,resolutions4 ,gage1 ,british general4 ,gama1 da 7d g'm74 ,garfield1 ,j4 ,a42 elected ,president2 murdered4 ,garrison1 ,w4 ,l4 ,gates1 ,general2 in ,burgoyne's campaign2 defeated at ,camden4 ,genet1 ,french ,minister4 ,georgia1 settlement of4 ,gettysburg1 battle of4 ,ghent1 ,treaty of4 ,grant1 ,general ,u4,s42 portrait2 seizes ,cairo2 captures ,fort ,donelson2 at ,shiloh2 captures ,vicksburg2 at ,chattanooga2 ,lieutenant-,general2 his ,virginia ,campaign2 elected ,president2 relected ,president4 ,great ,britain2 ,treaty of #aghc2 ,jay's ,treaty2 ,treaty of ,ghent2 ,treaty of #ahdb2 ,oregon ,treaty2 ,alabama claims4 ,greeley1 ,horace2 portrait2 on secession2 defeated for ,presidency4 ,greene1 ,general1 his ,southern ,campaigns4 ,grenville1 ,george4 ,guilford1 battle of4 ,hamilton1 ,alexander2 ,secretary of the ,treasury2 his financial policy2 his constitutional ideas2 intrigues against ,adams4 ,harrison1 ,benjamin1 elected ,president4 ,harrison1 ,general ,w4,h42 at ,tippecanoe2 elected ,president2 his death4 ,hartford ,convention4 ,harvester1 the4 ,hawaii annexed4 ,hawkins1 ,sir ,john4 ,hayes1 ,r4,b41 elected ,president4 ,henry1 ,patrick2 portrait2 ,parson's ,cause2 his ,stamp ,act ,resolutions2 in ,continental ,congress2 opposes ,constitution4 ,hood1 ,confederate general4 ,hooker1 ,general ,joseph4 ,hudson1 ,henry4 ,impressment4 ,iroquois4 ,jackson1 ,general ,andrew2 portrait2 a ,creek ,war2 defends ,new ,orleans2 candidate for ,presidency2 elected ,president2 his administration4 ,jamestown1 founded4 ,jay1 ,john4 ,jay's ,treaty4 ,jefferson1 ,thomas2 portrait2 writes ,declaration of ,independence2 ,secretary of ,state2 his constitutional ideas2 ,vice-,president2 writes ,kentucky ,resolutions2 elected ,president2 his administrations4 ,johnson1 ,andrew2 portrait2 ,president2 his reconstruction policy2 impeached4 ,johnston1 ,confederate general4 ,judiciary ,act of #ahja4 ,kansas1 struggle for4 ,kansas-,nebraska ,act4 ,kentucky ,resolutions4 ,kieft1 ,dutch governor4 ,king ,philip's ,war4 ,king's ,mountain1 battle of4 ,lake ,erie1 battle of4 ,la ,salle1 his explorations4 ,lee1 ,r4 ,e41 ,confederate general4 ,lee1 ,r4 ,h4 ,leon1 ,ponce de4 ,lewis and ,clark4 ,lexington1 battle of4 ,liberty1 the1 seized4 ,lincoln1 ,abraham2 portrait2 early life2 ,debate with ,douglas2 elected ,president2 first inaugural2 ,emancipation ,proclamation2 murdered2 reconstruction policy4 ,livingston1 ,r4 ,r42 portrait2 negotiates ,louisiana ,purchase4 ,locomotive invented4 ,louisiana2 settlement of2 ceded to ,spain2 returned to ,france2 purchased by ,united ,states4 ,loyalists4 ,lundy's ,lane1 battle of4 ,madison1 ,james2 portrait2 in ,federal convention2 writes ,virginia ,resolutions2 ,president2 his war message4 ,magellan1 his great voyage4 ,maine1 destruction of the4 ,manhattan ,island4 ,manila ,bay1 battle of4 ,manila1 captured4 ,maryland ,toleration ,act4 ,mason and ,dixon's ,line4 ,massachusetts ,circular ,letter4 ,mayflower compact4 ,mc,clellan1 ,general ,g4,b42 portrait2 ,peninsular ,campaign2 at ,antietam4 ,mc,cormick1 ,c4,h41 invents horse reaper4 ,mc,kinley1 ,william2 portrait2 ,president4 ,meade1 ,general ,g4,g4 ,menendez 7m-nen'deth74 ,mexico2 ,war with2 the ,french in4 ,missouri ,compromise4 ,monitor and ,merrimac4 ,monmouth1 battle of4 ,monroe ,doctrine4 ,monroe1 ,james2 portrait2 negotiates ,louisiana ,purchase2 ,president4 ,morgan1 ,general ,d44 ,morse1 ,s4,f4,b4 ,moultrie1 ,general4 ,murfreesboro'1 battle of4 ,nashville1 battle of4 ,national debt2 origin of2 ,jefferson and the4 ,neutral commerce4 ,neutrality ,proclamation4 ,new ,amsterdam4 ,new ,england colonies1 settlement of4 ,new ,england ,confederation4 ,new ,jersey4 ,new ,netherland4 ,new ,orleans2 defended by ,jackson2 captured by ,farragut4 ,new ,sweden4 ,new ,york ,city2 in #ahjj2 in #ahcj2 in #ahfj4 ,non-,conformists4 ,non-,importation agreements4 ,non-,intercourse ,act4 ,north ,carolina4 ,nullification4 ,oglethorpe1 ,general4 ,ordinance of #aghg4 ,oregon2 claims to2 divided4 ,oriskany1 battle of4 ,otis1 ,james4 ,pacific ,ocean1 discovered4 ,panic2 of #ahcg2 of #ahgc4 ,paris2 ,peace of 7#agfc72 7#aghc74 ,parson's cause4 ,parties1 political1 formation of4 ,peninsular ,campaign4 ,penn1 ,william4 ,pennsylvania1 settlement of4 ,pequod ,war4 ,perry1 ,commodore4 ,petersburg1 blockade of4 ,petition1 right of4 ,philadelphia4 ,pierce1 ,franklin2 portrait2 ,president2 comes out for the ,union4 ,pilgrims4 ,pitt1 ,william4 ,plattsburg1 battle of4 ,plymouth1 settlement of4 ,polk1 ,james ,k42 portrait2 ,president4 ,polo1 ,marco4 ,pope1 ,general ,john4 ,porto ,rico1 occupied4 ,president1 how chosen4 ,princeton1 battle of4 ,proclamation of #agfc4 ,providence1 founded4 ,puritans1 the4 ,quakers4 ,quebec ,act4 ,quebec2 founded2 captured4 ,railroads1 growth of4 ,ralegh1 ,sir ,walter4 ,reaper1 the horse4 ,reconstruction ,acts4 ,religion4 ,republican ,party2 of ,jefferson2 of ,lincoln4 ,revolutionary ,war1 campaigns of4 ,rhode ,island1 settlement of4 ,ribault 7re'bo'71 ,french explorer4 ,rockingham ,ministry4 ,rosecrans1 ,general4 ,st4 ,augustine1 founded4 ,sampson1 ,admiral4 ,sandys1 ,sir ,edwin4 ,santiago4 ,saratoga1 ,burgoyne's surrender at4 ,schuyler4 ,general4 ,scott1 ,general ,winfield2 his ,mexican campaign2 defeated for ,presidency2 views on secession4 ,secession4 ,separatists4 ,seward1 ,w4,h42 portrait2 on ,kansas4 ,shays's ,rebellion4 ,sheridan1 ,general ,philip2 portrait2 at ,chickamauga2 in ,virginia2 his ,valley ,campaigns4 ,sherman1 ,general ,w4,t42 portrait2 at ,chattanooga2 captures ,atlanta2 the march through ,georgia2 the march through the ,carolinas4 ,shiloh1 battle of4 ,slavery2 in ,virginia2 compromises2 ,missouri ,compromise2 petitions in ,congress2 ,compromise of #ahej2 abolished4 ,soto1 de 7d so'to7 in the ,southeast4 ,south ,carolina2 settlement of2 nullification in2 secession of4 ,spain2 pioneers of2 ,treaty with 7#agie72 ,war with4 ,spotsylvania1 battle of4 ,squatter ,sovereignty4 ,stamp ,act4 ,stamp ,act ,congress4 ,stark1 ,general4 ,steamboat1 the4 ,stephen1 ,a4 ,h4 ,steuben1 ,baron4 ,stowe1 ,mrs4 ,h4,b4 ,stuart ,tyranny in the colonies4 ,stuyvesant1 ,dutch governor4 ,sumter1 fall of ,fort4 ,tariffs2 #aghi2 of #ahaf1 #ahbd1 #ahbh2 the ,compromise2 ,mc,kinley2 ,dingley4 ,taylor1 ,general ,zachary2 portrait2 his ,mexican ,campaign2 ,president2 death4 ,tea ,tax4 ,tecumseh or ,tecumthe4 ,telegraph1 the4 ,tenure of ,office ,acts2 ,crawford's2 of #ahfg4 ,texas2 ,republic of2 admitted to the ,union4 ,thirteenth ,amendment4 ,thomas1 ,general ,george ,h42 portrait2 his services4 ,ticonderoga4 ,tippecanoe1 battle of4 ,townshend ,acts1 the4 ,treaties2 #aggh 7with ,france72 #aghc 7with ,great ,britain72 ,jay's ,treaty2 #agie 7with ,spain72 #ahjj 7with ,france72 ,louisiana ,purchase2 of ,ghent2 ,florida ,purchase2 #ahdb 7with ,great ,britain72 ,oregon ,treaty2 #ahdh 7with ,mexico72 ,gadsden ,purchase2 #ahih 7with ,spain74 ,trent ,affair4 ,trenton1 battle of4 ,twelfth ,amendment4 ,tyler1 ,john2 portrait2 ,vice-,president2 ,president4 ,united ,states1 area and population of2 in #ahjj2 in #ahcj2 in #ahfj4 ,van ,buren1 ,martin2 ,president2 defeated for ,presidency4 ,verrazano 7ver-r-ts'no74 ,vespucius1 ,americus2 portrait2 his voyages4 ,vicksburg1 ,campaign of4 ,vinland4 ,virginia and ,kentucky ,resolutions4 ,virginia ,resolves of #agfi4 ,virginia1 settlement of4 ,war of #ahab4 ,washington1 ,george2 portrait2 his early life2 first campaign2 on the ,boston ,post ,act2 in ,continental ,congress2 in ,revolutionary ,war2 in ,federal ,convention2 ,president2 his neutrality proclamation2 farewell address2 death4 ,washington ,city4 ,webster1 ,daniel2 portrait2 his reply to ,hayne4 ,webster1 ,noah1 portrait2 his ,dictionary4 ,whig ,party1 the4 ,whiskey ,insurrection4 ,whitney4 ,wilderness1 battle of the4 ,williams1 ,roger4 ,wilmot ,proviso4 ,wolfe1 ,general4 ,writs of ,assistance4 ,x4,y4,z4 ,affair4 ,yorktown1 capture of4 ,,declaration ,,of ,,independence ,in ,congress1 ,july #d1 #aggf1 ,,the ,,unanimous ,,declaration ,,of ,,the ,,thirteen ,,united ,,states ,,of ,,america1 ,when in the ,course of human events1 it becomes necessary for one people to dissolve the political bands which have connected them with another1 and to assume among the ,powers of the earth1 the separate and equal station to which the ,laws of ,nature and of ,nature's ,god entitle them1 a decent respect to the opinions of mankind requires that they should declare the causes which impel them to the separation4 ,we hold these truths to be self-evident1 that all men are created equal1 that they are endowed by their ,creator with certain unalienable ,rights1 that among these are ,life1 ,liberty and the pursuit of ,happiness4 ,that to secure these rights1 ,governments are instituted among ,men1 deriving their just powers from the consent of the governed1 ,that whenever any ,form of ,government becomes destructive of these ends1 it is the ,right of the ,people to alter or to abolish it1 and to institute new ,government1 laying its foundation on such principles and organizing its powers in such form1 as to them shall seem most likely to effect their ,safety and ,happiness4 ,prudence1 indeed1 will dictate that ,governments long established should not be changed for light and transient causes2 and accordingly all experience hath shown1 that mankind are more disposed to suffer1 while evils are sufferable1 than to right themselves by abolishing the forms to which they are accustomed4 ,but when a long train of abuses and usurpations1 pursuing invariably the same ,object evinces a design to reduce them under absolute ,despotism1 it is their right1 it is their duty1 to throw off such ,government1 and to provide new ,guards for their future security4--,such has been the patient sufferance of these ,colonies2 and such is now the necessity which constrains them to alter their former ,systems of ,government4 ,the history of the present ,king of ,great ,britain is a history of repeated injuries and usurpations1 all having in direct object the establishment of an absolute ,tyranny over these ,states4 ,to prove this1 let ,facts be submitted to a candid world4 ,he has refused his ,assent to ,laws1 the most wholesome and necessary for the public good4 ,he has forbidden his ,governors to pass ,laws of immediate and pressing importance1 unless suspended in their operation till his ,assent should be obtained2 and when so suspended1 he has utterly neglected to attend to them4 ,he has refused to pass other ,laws for the accommodation of large districts of people1 unless those people would relinquish the right of ,representation in the ,legislature1 a right inestimable to them and formidable to tyrants only4 ,he has called together legislative bodies at places unusual1 uncomfortable1 and distant from the depository of their ,public ,records1 for the sole purpose of fatiguing them into compliance with his measures4 ,he has dissolved ,representative ,houses repeatedly1 for opposing with manly firmness his invasions on the rights of the people4 ,he has refused for a long time1 after such dissolutions1 to cause others to be elected2 whereby the ,legislative ,powers1 incapable of ,annihilation1 have returned to the ,people at large for their exercise2 the ,state remaining in the mean time exposed to all the dangers of invasion from without1 and convulsions within4 ,he has endeavoured to prevent the population of these ,states2 for that purpose obstructing the ,laws of ,naturalization of ,foreigners2 refusing to pass others to encourage their migration hither1 and raising the conditions of new ,appropriations of ,lands4 ,he has obstructed the ,administration of ,justice1 by refusing his ,assent to ,laws for establishing ,judiciary ,powers4 ,he has made ,judges dependent on his ,will alone1 for the tenure of their offices1 and the amount and payment of their salaries4 ,he has erected a multitude of ,new ,offices1 and sent hither swarms of ,officers to harass our ,people1 and eat out their substance4 ,he has kept among us1 in times of peace1 ,standing ,armies without the ,consent of our legislature4 ,he has affected to render the ,military independent of and superior to the ,civil ,power4 ,he has combined with others to subject us to a jurisdiction foreign to our constitution1 and unacknowledged by our laws2 giving his ,assent to their acts of pretended legislation3 ,for quartering large bodies of armed troops among us3 ,for protecting them1 by a mock ,trial1 from ,punishment for any ,murders which they should commit on the ,inhabitants of these ,states3 ,for cutting off our ,trade with all parts of the world3 ,for imposing taxes on us without our ,consent3 ,for depriving us in many cases1 of the benefits of ,trial by ,jury3 ,for transporting us beyond ,seas to be tried for pretended offences3 ,for abolishing the free ,system of ,english ,laws in a neighbouring ,province1 establishing therein an ,arbitrary government1 and enlarging its ,boundaries so as to render it at once an example and fit instrument for introducing the same absolute rule into these ,colonies3 ,for taking away our ,charters1 abolishing our most valuable ,laws1 and altering fundamentally the ,forms of our ,governments3 ,for suspending our own ,legislature1 and declaring themselves invested with ,power to legislate for us in all cases whatsoever4 ,he has abdicated ,government here1 by declaring us out of his ,protection and waging ,war against us4 ,he has plundered our seas1 ravaged our ,coasts1 burnt our towns1 and destroyed the lives of our people4 ,he is at this time transporting large armies of foreign mercenaries to compleat the works of death1 desolation and tyranny1 already begun with circumstances of ,cruelty perfidy scarcely paralleled in the most barbarous ages1 and totally unworthy the ,head of a civilized nation4 ,he has constrained our fellow ,citizens taken ,captive on the high ,seas to bear ,arms against their ,country1 to become the executioners of their friends and ,brethren1 or to fall themselves by their ,hands4 ,he has excited domestic insurrections amongst us1 and has endeavoured to bring on the inhabitants of our frontiers1 the merciless ,indian ,savages1 whose known rule of warfare1 is an undistinguished destruction of all ages1 sexes and conditions4 ,in every stage of these ,oppressions ,we have ,petitioned for ,redress in the most humble terms3 ,our repeated ,petitions have been answered only by repeated injury4 ,a ,prince1 whose character is thus marked by every act which may define a ,tyrant1 is unfit to be the ruler of a free ,people4 ,nor have ,we been wanting in attention to our ,brittish brethren4 ,we have warned them from time to time of attempts by their legislature to extend an unwarrantable jurisdiction over us4 ,we have reminded them of the circumstances of our emigration and settlement here4 ,we have appealed to their native justice and magnanimity1 and we have conjured them by the ties of our common kindred to disavow these usurpations1 which1 would inevitably interrupt our connections and correspondence4 ,they too have been deaf to the voice of justice and of consanguinity4 ,we must1 therefore1 acquiesce in the necessity1 which denounces our ,separation1 and hold them1 as we hold the rest of mankind1 ,enemies in ,war1 in ,peace ,friends4 ,we1 therefore1 the ,representatives of the united ,states of ,america1 in ,general ,congress1 ,assembled1 appealing to the ,supreme ,judge of the world for the rectitude of our intentions1 do in the ,name1 and by ,authority of the good ,people of these ,colonies1 solemnly publish and declare1 ,that these ,united ,colonies are1 and of ,right ought to be ,free and ,independent ,states2 that they are ,absolved from all ,allegiance to the ,british ,crown1 and that all political connection between them and the ,state of ,great ,britain1 is and ought to be totally dissolved2 and that as ,free and ,independent ,states1 they have full ,power to levy ,war1 conclude ,peace1 contract ,alliances1 establish ,commerce1 and to do all other ,acts and ,things which ,independent ,states may of right do4 ,and for the support of this ,declaration1 with a firm reliance on the ,protection of ,divine ,providence1 we mutually pledge to each other our ,lives1 our ,fortunes and our sacred ,honor4 ,,john ,,hancock4 ,new ,hampshire--,,josiah ,,bartlett1 ,,wm4 ,,whipple1 ,,matthew ,,thornton4 ,massachusetts ,bay--,,saml4 ,,adams1 ,,john ,,adams1 ,,robt4 ,,treat ,,paine1 ,,elbridge ,,gerry4 ,rhode ,island--,,step4 ,,hopkins1 ,,william ,,ellery4 ,connecticut--,,roger ,,sherman1 ,,sam',,el ,,huntington1 ,,wm4 ,,williams1 ,,oliver ,,wolcott4 ,new ,york--,,wm4 ,,floyd1 ,,phil4 ,,livingston1 ,,frans4 ,,lewis1 ,,lewis ,,morris4 ,new ,jersey--,,richd4 ,,stockton1 ,,jno4 ,,witherspoon1 ,,fras4 ,,hopkinson1 ,,john ,,hart1 ,,abra4 ,,clark4 ,pennsylvania--,,robt4 ,,morris1 ,,benjamin ,,rush1 ,,benja4 ,,franklin1 ,,john ,,morton1 ,,geo4 ,,clymer1 ,,jas4 ,,smith1 ,,geo4 ,,taylor1 ,,james ,,wilson1 ,,geo4 ,,ross4 ,delaware-,,caesar ,,rodney1 ,,geo4 ,,read1 ,,tho4 ,m',,kean4 ,maryland--,,samuel ,,chase1 ,,wm4 ,,paca1 ,,thos4 ,,stone1 ,,charles ,,carroll of ,carrollton4 ,virginia--,,george ,,wythe1 ,,richard ,,henry ,,lee1 ,,th4 ,,jefferson1 ,,benja4 ,,harrison1 ,,thos4 ,,nelson1 jr41 ,,francis ,,lightfoot ,,lee1 ,,carter ,,braxton4 ,north ,carolina--,,wm4 ,,hooper1 ,,joseph ,,hewes1 ,,john ,,penn4 ,south ,carolina--,,edward ,,rutledge1 ,,thos4 ,,heyward1 ,junr41 ,,thomas ,,lynch1 ,junr41 ,,arthur ,,middleton4 ,georgia--,,button ,,gwinnett1 ,,lyman ,,hall1 ,,geo4 ,,walton4#b #b ,this arrangement of the names is made for convenience4 ,the ,states are not mentioned in the original4