,,practical ,,exercises ,,in ,,english ,,by ,,huber ,,gray ,,buehler ,,master ,,in ,,english ,,in ,,the ,,hotchkiss ,,school ,,arranged ,,for ,,use ,,with ,,adams ,,sherman ,,hill',s ,,foundations ,,of ,,rhetoric ,,new ,,york ,,cincinnati ,,chicago ,,american ,,book ,,company ,copyright1 #ahie1 by ,harper ,brothers ,all rights reserved4 ,w4,p4 #ag ,,preface ,the art of using one's native tongue correctly and forcibly is acquired for the most part through imitation and practice1 and is not so much a matter of knowledge as of habit4 ,as regards ,english1 then1 the first duty of our schools is to set before pupils excellent models1 and1 in all departments of school-work1 to keep a watchful eye on the innumerable acts of expression1 oral and written1 which go to form habit4 ,since1 however1 pupils come to school with many of their habits of expression already formed on bad models1 our schools must give some attention to the special work of pointing out common errors of speech1 and of leading pupils to convert knowledge of these errors into new and correct habits of expression4 ,this is the branch of ,english teaching in which this little book hopes to be useful4 ,all the ,exercises in ,english with which ,i am acquainted consist chiefly of sentences to be corrected4 ,to such exercises there are grave objections4 ,if1 on the one hand1 the fault in the given sentence is not seen at a glance1 the pupil is likely1 as experience has shown1 to pass it by and to change something that is not wrong4 ,if1 on the other hand1 the fault is obvious1 the exercise has no value in the formation of habit4 ,take1 for example1 two sentences for correction which ,i select at random from one of the most widely used books of its class3 ,i knew it was him1 and ,sit the plates on the table4 ,a pupil of any wit will at once see that the mistakes must be in him and sit1 and knowing that the alternatives are he and set1 he will at once correct the sentences without knowing1 perhaps1 why one form is wrong1 the other right4 ,he has not gained anything valuable2 he has simply slid through his exercise4 ,moreover1 such sentences for correction violate a fundamental principle of teaching ,english by setting before the impressionable minds of pupils bad models4 ,finally1 such exercises are unnatural1 because the habit which we hope to form in our pupils is not the habit of correcting mistakes1 but the habit of avoiding them4 ,correct ,english is largely a matter of correct choice between two or more forms of expression1 and in this book an attempt has been made1 as a glance at the pages will show1 to throw the exercises1 whenever possible1 into a form consistent with this truth4 ,though a pupil may change who to whom without knowing why1 he cannot repeatedly choose correctly between these forms without strengthening his own habit of correct expression4 ,this book has been prepared primarily as a companion to ,professor ,a4,s4 ,hill's ,foundations of ,rhetoric1 in answer to the request of many teachers for exercises to use with that admirable work4#a ,without the friendly encouragement of ,professor ,hill the task would not have been undertaken1 and to him above all others ,i am indebted for assistance in completing it4 ,he has permitted me to draw freely on his published works2 he has provided me with advance sheets of the revised edition of ,principles of ,rhetoric2 he has put at my disposal much useful material gleaned from his own experience2 he has read the manuscript and proofs1 and1 without assuming any responsibility for shortcomings1 he has suggested many improvements4 ,i am also indebted to ,mr4 ,e4,g4 ,coy1 ,headmaster of the ,hotchkiss ,school1 for many valuable suggestions1 and to my colleague1 ,mr4 ,j4,e4 ,barss1 for assistance in the proof-reading4 ,the quotations from ,the ,century ,dictionary are made under an arrangement with the owners of the copyright of that work4 ,i am also indebted to ,professor ,barrett ,wendell1 ,messrs4 ,houghton1 ,mifflin ,co41 and ,messrs4 ,macmillan ,co4 for permission to use brief quotations from their works4 ,h4,g4,b4 ,,lakeville1 ,,conn41 ,september1 #ahie4 #a ,see ,appendix3 ,suggestions to ,teachers4 ,,contents ,,chapter ,,page ,i4 ,,good ,,use #c ,,ii4 ,,articles #ab ,,iii4 ,,nouns #af ,,iv4 ,,pronouns #dc ,v4 ,,verbs #fa ,,vi4 ,,adjectives ,,and ,,adverbs #aji ,,vii4 ,,prepositions #acd ,,viii4 ,,conjunctions #adb ,,appendix #aea ,,index #aec ,,practical ,,exercises ,,in ,,english 99 99 99 99 99 ,,chapter ,i4 ,,of ,,good ,,use ,why is it that for the purposes of ,english composition one word is not so good as another8 ,to this question we shall get a general answer if we examine the effect of certain classes of expressions4 ,,present ,,use4--,let us examine first the effect produced by three passages in the authorized version of the ,english ,bible--a version made by order of ,king ,james in #afaa3-- ,for these two years hath the famine been in the land1 and yet there are five years1 in the which there shall neither be earing nor harvest 7,gen4 xlv4 #f74 ,o ye sons of men1 how long will ye turn my glory into shame8 how long will ye love vanity1 and seek after leasing8 7,psa4 iv4 #b74 ,now ,i would not have you ignorant1 brethren1 that oftentimes ,i purposed to come unto you1 but was let hitherto 7,rom4 i4 #ah74 ,see also ,gen4 xxv4 #bi2 ,matt4 iii #h2 ,acts viii4 #c2 #a ,thess4 iv4 #ae4 ,an ordinary reader of our time cannot without assistance fully understand these passages1 because the words earing1 leasing1 and let convey to his mind either no idea at all or a wrong idea4 ,two hundred and eighty years ago1 when this translation of the ,bible was made1 these words were common words with plain meanings2 but earing and leasing have since dropped out of common use1 and let has acquired a different meaning2 consequently an ordinary reader of the present time must consult a dictionary before he can be sure what the passages mean4 ,words and meanings which have gone out of use are called obsolete4 ,there is not much temptation to use obsolete words2 but the temptation sometimes comes4 ,therefore we note1 as our first conclusion1 that a person who wishes to be understood must avoid expressions and meanings which are not in present use4 ,,national ,,use4--,a boy from southern ,pennsylvania was visiting in ,new ,york ,state4 ,in the midst of some preparations for a fishing excursion he said to his host1 ,shall ,i take my gums along8 ,his host burst out laughing and said1 ,of course2 did you think of taking them out of your mouth and leaving them at home8#b ,unconsciously the boy had used a good ,english word in a sense peculiar to the district in which he lived2 his host had understood the word in its proper sense4 ,on another occasion a gentleman who had just arrived at a hotel in ,kennebunkport1 ,me41 agreed to a proposal to go down to the beach in the barge4 ,going to his room1 he prepared for a little excursion on the river which flowed by the hotel4 ,when he returned1 he was greatly surprised to find his friends about to start for the beach in a large omnibus4 ,another gentleman once asked a young lady to go riding with him4 ,at the appointed hour he drove to her house in a buggy1 and she came down to meet him in her riding habit4 ,these incidents show that if we use expressions that are only local1 or use words in local senses1 we are liable either to be misunderstood or not to be understood at all4 ,obscurity also arises from the use of words in senses which are peculiar to a certain class or profession4 ,for example1 to a person who is not familiar with commercial slang1 this sentence from the market columns of a newspaper is a puzzle3-- ,java coffees are dull and easy1 though they are statistically strong4 ,the following directions for anchoring in a gale of wind are taken from a book called ,how to ,sail a ,boat3-- ,when everything is ready1 bring the yacht to the wind1 and let the sails shake in the wind's eye2 and1 so soon as she gets stern-way1 let go the best bower anchor1 taking care not to snub her too quickly1 but to let considerable of the cable run out before checking her2 then take a turn or two around the knight-heads1 etc4 ,if a landsman's safety depended on his understanding these directions1 there would not be much hope for him4 ,the following extract is from a newspaper report of a game of ball3-- ,in the eighth inning ,anson jumped from one box into the other and whacked a wide one into extreme right4 ,it was a three-base jolt and was made when ,gastright intended to force the old man to first4 ,the ,brooklyns howled and claimed that ,anson was out1 but ,mc,quaid thought differently4 ,both teams were crippled4 ,lange will be laid up for a week or so4 ,one pitcher was batted out of the box4 ,this narrative may seem commonplace to school-boys1 but to their mothers and sisters it must seem alarming4 ,our second conclusion1 therefore1 is that a person who wishes to be understood must avoid words and phrases that are not understood1 and understood in the same sense1 in every part of the country1 and in every class or profession4#c ,,reputable ,,use4--,let us examine now the effect produced by a third kind of expression1 namely1 words and phrases not used by writers and speakers of established reputation4#d ,let us take as our illustrations the familiar expressions1 ,he done it and ,please set in this seat4 ,each of these expressions is common at the present time1 and its meaning is instantly clear to any one who speaks ,english4 ,but these expressions1 not being used by well-informed and careful speakers1 produce in the mind of a well-informed bearer an impression of vulgarity like that which we get from seeing a person eat with his knife4 ,in language1 as in manners and fashions1 the law is found in the custom of the best people2 and persons who wish to be classed as cultivated people must speak and write like cultivated people4 ,there is no moral wrong in a person's saying ,please set in this seat1 and if he does say it he will probably be understood2 but persons who use this or any other expression which is not in reputable use run the risk of being classed as ignorant1 affected1 or vulgar4 ,,good ,,use4--,it appears1 therefore1 that words and phrases1 in order to be proper expressions for use in ,english prose1 7#a7 must be in common use at the present time2 7#b7 they must be used1 and used in the same sense1 in every part of the country1 and in every class and profession2 7#c7 they must be expressions used by writers and speakers of established reputation4 ,in other words1 our expressions must be in present1 national1 and reputable use4 ,expressions which fulfil these three conditions are said to be in good use4 ,the next question that presents itself to one who wishes to use ,english correctly is1 ,how am ,i to know what words and expressions are in good use8 ,,conversation ,,and ,,good ,,use4--,good use cannot be determined solely by observing the conversation of our associates2 for the chances are that they use many local expressions1 some slang1 and possibly some vulgarisms4 ,you often hear it is not proof that an expression is in good use4 ,,newspapers ,,and ,,good ,,use4--,nor can good use be learned from what we see in newspapers4 ,newspapers of high rank contain from time to time1 especially in their editorial columns1 some of the best modern prose1 and much literature that has become standard was first printed in periodicals2 but most of the prose in newspapers is written necessarily by contributors who do not belong to the class of speakers or writers whom the world deems the best4 ,as the newspaper in its news records the life of every day1 so in its style it too frequently records the slang of daily life and the faults of ordinary conversation4 ,a newspaper contains bits of ,english prose from hundreds of different pens1 some skilled1 some unskilled2 and this jumble of styles does not determine good use4 ,,no ,,one ,,book ,,or ,,writer ,,decisive4--,nor is good use to be learned from our favorite author1 unsupported by other authority2 not even1 as we have seen1 from the ,english ,bible1 when it stands alone4 ,no writer1 even the greatest1 is free from occasional errors2 but these accidental slips are not to be considered in determining good use4 ,good use is decided by the prevailing usage of the writers whose works make up permanent ,english literature1 not by their inadvertencies4 ,the fact that ,shakspere uses a word1 or ,sir ,walter ,scott1 or ,burke1 or ,washington ,irving1 or whoever happens to be writing earnestly in ,melbourne or ,sidney1 does not make it reputable4 ,the fact that all five of these authorities use the word in the same sense would go very far to establish the usage4 ,on the other hand1 the fact that any number of newspaper reporters agree in usage does not make the usage reputable4 ,the style of newspaper reporters is not without merit2 it is very rarely unreadable2 but for all its virtue it is rarely a well of ,english undefiled4#e ,reputable use is fixed1 not by the practice of those whom ,a or ,b deems the best speakers or writers1 but by the practice of those whom the world deems the best1--those who are in the best repute1 not indeed as to thought1 but as to expression1 the manner of communicating thought4 ,the practice of no one writer1 however high he may stand in the public estimation1 is enough to settle a point2 but the uniform or nearly uniform practice of reputable speakers or writers is decisive4#f ,,good ,,reading ,,the ,,foundation ,,of ,,good ,,speaking ,,and ,,writing4--,to the question how to become familiar with good use the first answer is1 read the best literature4 ,language1 like manners1 is learned for the most part by imitation2 and a person who is familiar with the language of reputable writers and speakers will use good ,english without conscious effort1 just as a child brought up among refined people generally has good manners without knowing it4 ,good reading is indispensable to good speaking or writing4 ,without this1 rules and dictionaries are of no avail4 ,in reading the biographies of eminent writers1 it is interesting to note how many of them were great readers when they were young2 and teachers can testify that the best writers among their pupils are those who have read good literature or who have been accustomed to hear good ,english at home4 ,the student of expression should begin at once to make the acquaintance of good literature4 ,,the ,,use ,,of ,,dictionaries4--,to become acquainted with good literature1 however1 takes a long time2 and to decide1 by direct reference to the usage of the best writers1 every question that arises in composition1 is not possible for beginners4 ,in certain cases beginners must go to dictionaries to learn what good use approves4 ,dictionaries do not make good use1 but by recording the facts learned by professional investigators they answer many questions regarding it4 ,to one who wishes to speak and write well a good dictionary is indispensable4 ,,the ,,foundations ,,of ,,rhetoric4--,dictionaries1 however1 are not always a sufficient guide2 for1 being records1 they aim to give all the senses in which a word is used1 and do not always tell which sense is approved by the best usage4 ,large dictionaries contain many words which have gone out of good use and other words which have not yet come into good use4 ,moreover1 they treat of words only1 not of constructions and long expressions4 ,additional help in determining good use is required by beginners1 and this help is to be found in such books as ,professor ,a4,s4 ,hill's ,foundations of ,rhetoric4 ,the investigations of a specialist are there recorded in a convenient form1 with particular reference to the needs of beginners and of those who have been under the influence of bad models4 ,common errors are explained and corrected1 and the fundamental merits of good expression are set forth and illustrated4 ,,purpose ,,of ,,these ,,exercises4--,in the following exercises1 which are intended for drill on some of these elements of good expression1 care has been taken to put the questions into the forms in which they arise in actual composition4 ,the notes which precede the exercises are only hints2 for full discussions of the principles involved the student must consult larger works4 ,,some ,,convenient ,,names _/,phrases that have gone out of use1 said to be ,,archaic or ,,obsolete4 ,brand-new words which have not become established in good use3 as1 burglarize1 enthuse1 electrocute4 ,,barbarisms3 ,words and ,phrases introduced from foreign countries phrases not ,english2 i4e41 7called ,,foreignisms1 ,,alienisms71 or not authorized by good peculiar to some district or province ,english use4 ,the name 7called ,,provincialisms74 ,a phrase introduced comes from a ,greek from ,france is called a ,gallicism2 word meaning foreign1 from ,england1 an ,anglicism4 ,a strange4 phrase peculiar to ,america is called an ,americanism4 ,similarly we have the terms ,latinism1 ,hellenism1 ,teutonism1 etc4 ,all these names may be applied also to certain kinds of ,improprieties and ,solecisms4 ,,improprieties3 ,good ,english words or phrases ,most errors in the use of ,english used in wrong senses3 are ,improprieties1 which are far more as1 ,i guess ,i'll go to common than ,barbarisms and ,solecisms4 bed2 ,he is stopping ,no classification of them is here for a week at the ,berkshire attempted4 ,inn4 _/ ,,solecisms3 ,constructions not ,english1 commonly called cases of bad grammar or false syntax3 as1 ,she invited ,mrs4 ,roe and ,i to go driving with her4 ,solecism is derived from ,soli1 the name of a ,greek tribe who lived in ,cilicia and spoke bad ,greek4 ,,slang is a general name for current1 vulgar1 unauthorized language4 ,it may take the form of barbarism1 impropriety1 or solecism4 ,a ,,colloquialism is an expression peculiar to familiar conversation4 ,a ,,vulgarism is an expression peculiar to vulgar or ignorant people4 #b ,this and the two following incidents are from the writer's own observation4 #c ,a4,s4 ,hill3 ,foundations of ,rhetoric1 p4 #bh4 #d ,ibid41 p4 #bj4 #e ,barrett ,wendell3 ,english ,composition1 p4 #ba4 #f ,a4,s4 ,hill3 ,principles of ,rhetoric1 revised edition1 p4 #af4 ,,exercise ,i4 #a4 ,make a list of the provincial expressions you can think of1 and give their equivalents in national ,english4 #b4 ,make a list of the slang or vulgar expressions you can think of1 and give their equivalents in reputable ,english4 #c4 ,make a list of the words1 forms1 and phrases not in present use which you can find in the second chapter of the ,gospel of ,matthew1 authorized version1 and give their equivalents in modern ,english4 ,,exercise ,,ii4 ,which word in the following pairs should an ,american prefer8 ,consult ,hill's ,foundations of ,rhetoric1 pp4 #bh-bi3 ,coal1 coals2 jug1 pitcher2 street railway1 tramway2 post-card1 postal-card2 dept1 station4 ,,exercise ,,iii4 #a4 ,arrange the following words in two columns1 putting in the first column words that are in good use1 in the second1 words that are not in good use4 ,consult ,hill's ,foundations of ,rhetoric1 pp4 #bg-bi3 ,omnibus1 succotash1 welkin1 ere1 ne1 dept1 veto1 function 7in the sense of social entertainment71 to pan out1 twain1 on the docket1 kine1 gerrymander1 carven1 caucus1 steed1 to coast 7on sled or bicycle71 posted 7informed71 to watch out1 right 7very74 #b4 ,give good ,english equivalents for the words which are not in good use4 ,,chapter ,,ii4 ,,of ,,articles ,a or ,,an4#g--,the choice between these forms is determined by sound1 not by spelling4 ,before a consonant sound a is used2 before a vowel sound an is used4 #g ,foundations1 pp4 #cb-cf4 ,,exercise ,,iv4 ,put the proper form1 a or an1 before each of these expressions3--,elephant1 apple1 egg1 union of states1 uniform1 uninformed person1 universal custom1 umpire1 ,unitarian church1 anthem1 unfortunate man1 united people1 ,american1 ,european1 ,englishman1 one1 high hill1 horse1 honorable career1 hypocrite1 humble spirit1 honest boy1 hypothesis1 history1 historical sketch1 heir1 hundred1 hereditary disease1 household4 ,,the or ,a4#h--,the is a broken-down form of the old ,english thoet1 from which we also get that1 and is used to point out some particular person1 thing1 or class3 as1 ,the headmaster of the school gave the boys permission4 ,when the is used before the name of a particular class of persons or things it is called the generic article 7from genus1 a class73 as1 ,none but the brave deserve the fair2 ,the eagle is our national bird4 ,an 7a7 is a broken-down form of the old ,english word ane1 meaning one4 ,it is properly used when the object is thought of as one of a class3 as1 ,there is an eagle in the zoological garden4 ,it cannot properly be used before a word which is used as a class name1 because a class name includes in its meaning more than one4 ,,superfluous and ,,omitted ,,articles4#i--,the use of a superfluous a or an before a class name1 especially after the words sort and kind1 is a common and obstinate error4 ,we may say1 ,this is an eagle1 meaning one eagle4 ,but we may not say1 ,an eagle is our national bird1 ,this is a rare kind of an eagle1 or1 ,it is not worthy of the name of an eagle2 because in these sentences eagle is used as the name1 not of a single bird1 but of a class of birds1 and includes in its meaning all the birds which belong to the class called eagle4 ,the sentences are equivalent to3 ,the kind of bird called 'eagle' is our national bird2 ,this is a rare species of the class of birds called 'eagle2' ,it is not worthy of the name given to the birds which belong to the class called 'eagle4' #h ,ibid41 pp4 #cc-cd4 ,,exercise ,v4 ,tell the difference in meaning between3-- #a4 ,the 7a7 house is on fire4 #b4 ,yes1 ,i heard 7the7 shouts in the street4 #c4 ,about eight o'clock 7the7 guests began to come4 #d4 ,yes1 ,i heard 7the7 noises in the next room4 #e4 ,the 7an7 elephant stood on a cask1 and the 7a7 clown sat on the elephant's back4 #f4 ,the ,president has appointed a commission to investigate the cause of 7the7 strikes4 #g4 ,will he let us look at 7the7 stars through the 7a7 telescope8 #h4 7,the7 teacher and 7the7 pupil are interested in this question4 #i4 ,he told us about an 7the7 accident4 #aj4 ,fire is beautiful4 ,the fire is beautiful4 #aa4 ,he was a better scholar than 7an7 athlete4 #ab4 ,a young and 7a7 delicate girl4 #ac4 ,he liked the bread and 7the7 butter4 #ad4 ,a pink and 7a7 lavender gown4 #ae4 ,the wise and 7the7 good4 #af4 ,wanted1 a cook and 7a7 housemaid4 #ag4 ,the black and 7the7 white cow4 #ah4 ,the athlete1 7the7 soldier1 7the7 statesman1 and 7the7 poet4 #ai4 ,a secretary and 7a7 treasurer4 #bj4 ,the corresponding and 7the7 recording secretary4 #ba4 ,the honest1 7the7 wise1 and 7the7 patriotic senators voted against the bill4 #bb4 ,a cotton and 7a7 silk umbrella4 #bc4 ,the tenth and 7the7 last chapter4 #i ,foundations1 pp4 #cd-ci4 ,,exercise ,,vi4 ,insert the proper article 7a1 an1 or the7 in each blank place in the following1 if an article is needed2 if no article is needed1 leave the place blank3-- #a4 ,i began to suffer from ---- want of food4 #b4 ,there are two articles1 the definite and ---- indefinite4 #c4 ,he did not say what kind of ---- horse he wanted to buy4 #d4 ,did ,macaulay die of ---- heart disease8 #e4 ,nouns have two numbers1 ---- singular and ---- plural4 #f4 ---- third and ---- fourth page are to be learned4 #g4 ---- third and ---- fourth pages are to be learned4 #h4 ,many names of ---- states are derived from ---- ,indian tongues4 #i4 ,this is a curious species of ---- rose4 #aj4 ,study carefully ---- first and ---- second chapters4 #aa4 ,a black and ---- white boy were walking together4 #ab4 ---- violet is my favorite flower2 ---- robin1 my favorite bird4 #ac4 ,there is an impenetrable veil between ---- visible and ---- invisible world4 #ad4 ---- lion is ---- king of beasts4 #ae4 ,thackeray was a greater writer than ---- artist4 ,thackeray was greater as ---- writer than as ---- artist4 #af4 ,the bank closed its doors from ---- lack of ready money4 #ag4 ,i despise not ---- giver1 but ---- gift4 #ah4 ---- whole is greater than any of its parts4 #ai4 ,he is entitled to the name of ---- scholar4 #bj4 ,i do not use that sort of ---- pen4 #ba4 ,in ---- warm weather you do not need so many wraps as in ---- cold weather4 #bb4 ,the ,queen conferred on ,tennyson the title of ---- baron4 #bc4 ,it does not matter what kind of ---- man is appointed4 #bd4 ,it is found in both ---- old and ---- new editions4 #be4 ,the fourth and ---- fifth verse4 #bf4 ,the fourth and ---- fifth verses4 #bg4 ,abraham ,lincoln was ---- great and ---- good man4 #bh4 ---- families of ---- strikers are sadly in ---- need of food4 #bi4 ,here are two bottles1 ---- one empty1 ---- other full of ---- red liquid4 #cj4 ,ariel had ---- power to control ---- sea4 #ca4 ,evangeline travelled far in ---- search of ,gabriel4 #cc4 ,illustrate by an original sentence ---- preterite and ---- past participle of the following verbs4 #cc4 ,to ---- student of ,latin or ,greek a knowledge of ---- difference in meaning in ,english between ---- indicative and ---- subjunctive is especially important4 #cd4 ,in the verb to be ---- present and ---- past subjunctives have different forms4 #ce4 ---- life in ,madras in ---- time of ,clive was different from what it is now4 #cf4 ,i like so many sports that it is hard to tell which ,i like ---- best4 ,i like swimming1 foot-ball1 and riding more than ---- others1 but ,i do not know which of these three ,i like ---- best4 ,,chapter ,,iii4 ,,of ,,nouns ,,how ,,to ,,form ,,the ,,possessive ,,case4#aj--;,as a rule1 the possessive of nouns in the ,,singular number is formed by adding an apostrophe and s 7's73 as1 ,the boy's coat4 ,often the pronunciation of the added s makes a new syllable2 and if this additional syllable makes an unpleasant sound1 the possessive is indicated by the apostrophe alone 7'73 as1 ,for goodness' sake4 ,the putting in or the leaving out of the s in such cases is chiefly a matter of taste4 ,if the s is sounded1 it is always written2 and whenever there is doubt1 it is well to follow the regular rule3 as1 ,horace's odes1 ,charles's ball1 ,dickens's ,david ,copperfield4 ,in the ,,plural number1 when the nominative plural ends in s1 the possessive case is formed by adding an apostrophe alone 7'74 ,if the nominative plural does not end in s1 an apostrophe and an s 7's7 are both added1 as in the singular3 as1 ,men's and boys' shoes4 ,the possessive case of ,,compound nouns and expressions used as compound nouns is formed by adding the proper sign of the possessive to the end of the compound3 as1 ,that is my sister-in-law's pony1 ,this is the ,prince of ,wales's palace4 #aj ,foundations1 pp4 #da-dc4 ,,exercise ,,vii4#aa #a4 ,write the possessive case1 singular and plural1 of3 ,actor1 king1 fairy1 calf1 child1 goose1 lady1 monkey1 mouse1 ox1 woman1 deer1 eagle1 princess1 elephant1 man1 witness1 prince1 fox1 farmer1 countess1 mouth1 horse1 day1 year1 lion1 wolf1 thief1 ,englishman4 #b4 ,write the possessive case of3 ,james1 ,dickens1 his sister ,mary1 ,miss ,austen1 the ,prince of ,wales1 ,frederick the ,great1 ,harper and ,brothers1 father-in-law1 ,charles1 ,jones1 ,william the ,conqueror1 ,henry the ,eighth1 man-of-war1 ,douglas1 ,eggleston and ,company4 ,,use and ,,misuse of the ,,possessive ,,case4#ab--;,it is sometimes a question whether to use the possessive form or the preposition of4 ,as a general rule1 the possessive case should be confined to cases of possession4#ac #aa ,,to ,,the ,,teacher4--,to have its full value this should be given as a dictation exercise4 #ab ,foundations1 pp4 #dc-dd4 #ac ,ibid41 p4 #dd4 ,,exercise ,,viii4 ,express relation between the words in the following pairs by putting one of them in the possessive case or by using the preposition of1 as may seem best3-- ,charles the ,second1 reign2 witness1 testimony2 horse1 hoof2 the ,president1 public reception2 ,partridge1 restaurant2 aide-de-camp1 horse2 ,general ,armistead1 death2 ,henry the ,eighth1 wives2 ,napoleon1 ,berlin decree2 teacher1 advice2 eagle1 talons2 enemy1 repulse2#ad book1 cover2 princess1 evening gowns2 ,france1 army2 ,napoleon1 defeat2 ,napoleon1 camp-chest2 ,major ,andr1 capture2 ,demosthenes1 orations2 gunpowder1 invention2 mountain1 top2 summer1 end2 ,washington1 sword2 ,franklin1 staff2 torrent1 force2 ,america1 metropolis2 city1 streets2 strike1 beginning2 church1 spire2 we 7our1 us71 midst2 year1 events2 ,guiteau1 trial2 sea1 bottom2 ,essex1 death2 ,adams1 administration2 six months1 wages2 world1 government4 #ad ,there is1 properly1 no objective possessive in ,english corresponding to the objective genitive in other languages4 ,it seems best to say ,the siege of ,paris1 rather than ,paris's siege4 ,,exercise ,,ix4 ,distinguish between the following3-- #a4 ,the ,president's reception4 ,the reception of the ,president4 #b4 ,mother's love4 ,love of mother4 #c4 ,a sister's care4 ,care of a sister4 #d4 ,a brother's picture4 ,the picture of a brother4 #e4 ,clive's reception in ,london4 ,the reception of ,clive in ,london4 #f4 ,charles and ,harry's toys4 ,charles's and ,harry's toys4 #g4 ,let me tell you a story of ,doctor ,brown 7,brown's74 ,,exercise ,x4 ,correct the following1 giving the reason for each correction3-- #a4 ,a dog and a cat's head are differently shaped4 #b4 ,whose ,greek grammar do you prefer--,goodwin or ,hadley8 #c4 ,it is neither the captain nor the manager's duty4 #d4 ,i consulted ,webster1 ,stormonth1 and ,worcester's dictionary4 #e4 ,i like ,hawthorne better than ,irving's style4 #f4 ,john1 ,henry and ,william's nose resembled one another4 #g4 ,the novel is one of ,scott4 #h4 ,i have no time to listen to either ,john or ,joseph's talk4 ,,singular and ,,plural4#ae--;,in modern ,english most nouns form the plural by adding s to the singular4 ,the following variations from this rule are important3-- #a4 ,when the added sound of s makes an additional syllable1 es is used3 as1 box1 boxes2 church1 churches4 #b4 ,,nouns ,,ending ,,in ,o4 ,if the final o is preceded by a vowel1 the plural is formed regularly1 i4e41 by adding s3 as1 cameo1 cameos4 ,if the final o is preceded by a consonant1 the tendency of modern usage is to form the plural by adding es3 as1 hero1 heroes2 potato1 potatoes4 ,the following common words1 however1 seem still to form the plural by adding s alone3-- canto lasso proviso torso duodecimo memento quarto tyro halo octavo solo junto piano stiletto #c4 ,,nouns ,,ending ,,in ,y4 ,if the y is preceded by a vowel1 the plural is regular3 as1 valley1 valleys4 ,if the y is preceded by a consonant1 y is changed to i and es is added to form the plural3 as1 lady1 ladies2 city1 cities4 #d4 ,,proper ,,nouns are changed as little as possible3 as1 ,henry1 ,henrys2 ,mary1 ,marys2 ,cicero1 ,ciceros2 ,nero1 ,neros4 #e4 ,most ,,compound ,,nouns form the plural by adding the proper sign of the plural to the fundamental part of the word1 i4e41 to the part which is described by the rest of the phrase3 as1 ox-cart1 ox-carts2 court-martial1 courts-martial2 aide-de-camp1 aides-de-camp4 ,note the difference between the plural and the possessive of compound nouns1--forms which are often confounded4 ,see page #af4 #f4 ,letters1 figures1 and other symbols are made plural by adding an apostrophe and s 7's73 as1 ,there are more e's than a's in this word2 ,dot your i's and cross your t's4 #g4 ,some nouns have two plurals1 which differ in meaning3-- ,singular4 ,plural4 brother brothers 7by birth71 brethren 7of a society74 die dies 7for coining or stamping71 dice 7for play74 fish fishes 7separate fish71 fish 7collective74 index indexes 7in books71 indices 7in algebra74 penny pennies 7separate coins71 pence 7sum of money74 shot shots 7discharges71 shot 7balls74 staff staves 7poles71 staffs 7bodies of assistants74 #ae ,foundations1 pp4 #de-dg4 ,,exercise ,,xi4#af ,write the plural of3 ,lash1 cage1 race1 buffalo1 echo1 canto1 volcano1 portfolio1 ally1 money1 solo1 memento1 mosquito1 bamboo1 ditch1 chimney1 man1 ,norman1#ag ,mussulman1 city1 negro1 baby1 calf1 man-of-war1 attorney1 goose-quill1 canon1 quail1 mystery1 turkey1 wife1 body1 snipe1 knight-errant1#ag donkey1 spoonful1 aide-de-camp1 ,ottoman1 commander-in-chief1 major-general1 pony1 reply1 talisman1 court-martial1 father-in-law1 court-yard1 man-trap1 ,brahman1 journey1 ,henry1 stepson1 deer1 mouthful1 ,miss ,clark1#ah ,mr4 ,jones1 ,dr4 ,brown1 ,dutchman1 ,german1 forget-me-not1 poet-laureate1 minister-plenipotentiary1 hero1 fish1 trout1 ,mary1 ,george1 bill-of-fare4 #af ,to ,,the ,,teacher4--,to have its full value this should be given as a dictation exercise4 #ag ,consult a dictionary for this and similar nouns4 #ah ,proper names preceded by a title are made plural by changing either the name or the title1 and using the before the expression4 ,we may say the ,miss ,smiths or the ,misses ,smith1 the ,doctors ,young or the ,doctor ,youngs4 ,,exercise ,,xii4 ,distinguish between3-- #a4 ,two dice 7dies7 were found in the prisoner's pockets4 #b4 ,he was always kind to his brothers 7brethren74 #c4 ,how many shot 7shots7 did you count8 #d4 ,he carried two pailfuls 7pails full7 of water up the hill4 #e4 ,i have two handfuls 7hands full7 of gold-dust4 #f4 ,he gave the beggar six pennies 7pence74 #g4 ,there are serious errors in the indexes 7indices7 in this new ,algebra4 #h4 ,ten shot 7shots7 were fired from the gun in fifteen minutes4 ,,exercise ,,xiii4 ,which of the following forms should be used8 ,consult ,hill's ,foundations1 pp4 #de-dg3-- #a4 ,the members of the committee were greatly alarmed at this 7these7 news4 #b4 ,tidings was 7were7 brought to them of the massacre on ,snake ,river4 #c4 ,the endowment of the college was greatly increased by this 7these7 means4 #d4 ,the widow's means was 7were7 at first large1 but it was 7they were7 soon exhausted by the prodigality of her son4 #e4 ,the assets of the company are 7is7 #afg1jjj4 #f4 ,the dregs in the cup was 7were7 found to be very bitter4 #g4 ,the eaves of the new house are 7is7 thirty-two feet above the ground4 #h4 ,athletics are 7is7 run into the ground in many schools4 #i4 ,politics is 7are7 like a stone tied around the neck of literature4 #aj4 ,the nuptials of ,gratiano and ,nerissa were 7was7 celebrated at the same time as those 7that7 of ,bassanio and ,portia4 #aa4 ,ethics are 7is7 becoming more and more prominent in the discussions of political economists4 #ab4 ,have you seen my pincers8 ,i have mislaid it 7them74 #ac4 ,the proceeds was 7were7 given to the hospital4 #ad4 ,his riches took to themselves 7itself7 wings4 #ae4 ,this 7these7 scissors is 7are7 not sharp4 #af4 ,please pour this 7these7 suds on the rose plants in the oval flowerbed4 #ag4 ,his tactics was 7were7 much criticised by old generals4 #ah4 ,the ,united ,states has 7have7 informed ,spain that it 7they7 will not permit ,spanish interference in the affairs of ,central ,america4 ,,nouns of ,,foreign ,,origin4#ai--,the following is a list of nouns of foreign origin in common use which have peculiar number forms3-- ,singular4 ,plural4 alumnus 7masculine7 alumni alumna 7feminine7 alumn analysis analyses bacterium bacteria beau beaux cherub cherubim 7or cherubs7 crisis crises curriculum curricula datum data genus 7meaning class7 genera genius geniuses 7persons of great ability7 genii 7spirits7 hypothesis hypotheses oasis oases parenthesis parentheses phenomenon phenomena seraph seraphim 7or seraphs7 stratum strata tableau tableaux thesis theses #ai ,foundations1 pp4 #dg-dh4 ,,exercise ,,xiv4#bj #a4 ,write the plural of3 ,alumna1 analysis1 beau1 cherub1 crisis1 curriculum1 genus1 genius1 hypothesis1 nebula1 oasis1 parenthesis1 phenomenon1 synopsis1 seraph1 stratum1 tableau4 #b4 ,write the singular of3 ,alumni1 curricula1 data1 bacteria1 cherubim1 oases1 phenomena1 seraphim1 strata1 theses4 ,,gender4--,the following nouns of different genders are sometimes confounded or otherwise misused3-- ,masculine4 ,feminine4 abbot abbess actor actress bachelor spinster1 maid buck doe 7fallow deer7 bullock heifer czar czarina drake duck duke duchess earl countess ,francis ,frances gander goose hero heroine lion lioness marquis1 marquess marchioness monk nun ram ewe stag1 hart hind 7red deer7 sultan sultana tiger tigress wizard witch #bj ,,to ,,the ,,teacher4--,to have any value this must be given as a dictation exercise4 ,,exercise ,,xv4#ba #a4 ,write the feminine word corresponding to3 ,abbot1 actor1 bachelor1 buck1 bullock1 czar1 duke1 drake1 earl1 ,francis1 hero1 lion1 marquis1 monk1 ram1 stag1 sultan1 hart1 tiger4 #b4 ,write the masculine word corresponding to3 ,spinster1 duck1 doe1 ,frances1 goose1 heifer1 ewe1 hind1 witch4 #ba ,,to ,,the ,,teacher4--,this should be used as a dictation exercise4 ,,exercise ,,xvi4 ,correct the following sentences3-- #a4 ,the marquess was the executor of her husband's estate4 #b4 ,he married a beautiful actor4 #c4 ,the tiger broke from its cage4 #d4 ,the duck was pluming his feathers after his swim1 and the goose had wandered from his companions across the meadows4 #e4 ,the baby girl in ,the ,princess may be called the real hero of the tale4 ,,abbreviations4--,for the following exercise consult ,hill's ,foundations of ,rhetoric1 pp4 #di-ej4 ,,exercise ,,xvii4 ,which of these words are in good use8-- ,pianist1 harpist1 poloist1 violinist1 phiz1 ad1 co-ed1 curios1 exam1 cab1 chum1 gent1 hack1 gym1 pants1 mob1 phone1 proxy1 photo1 prelim1 van1 prof1 varsity4 ,,misused ,,nouns4#bb--,many errors in ,english consist in using words in senses which are not authorized4 ,sometimes the use of a word in a wrong sense makes the speaker's meaning obscure4 ,sometimes it makes him seem ridiculous1 as when a person of the writer's acquaintance told a friend to clean an oil-painting by washing it in torpid water4 ,in every case the misuse of a word leaves an unpleasant impression on the mind of a cultivated person1 and1 like all bad ,english1 should be avoided as we avoid bad manners4 ,in the following definitions and exercises a few nouns#bc are selected for study4 ,the distinctions given are not always observed by reputable authors1 but they indicate the tendency of the best modern usage4 ,i4 ,a ,,resemblance ,,in ,,sense ,,misleads4#bd ,,house1 ,,home4--,a house is a building4 ,home means one's habitual abode1 the abiding place of the affections4 ,it may or may not be in a house1 and it may include the surroundings of a house4 ,,person1 ,,party4--,a person is an individual1 a party is a company of persons1 or1 in legal usage1 a person who is concerned in a contention or agreement4 ,,series1 ,,succession4--,a series is a succession of similar things mutually related according to some law4 ,succession is properly used of several things following one after the other2 it denotes order of occurrence only1 and does not imply any connection4 ,,statement1 ,,assertion4--,a statement is a formal setting forth of fact or opinion2 an assertion is simply an affirmation of fact or opinion4 ,,verdict1 ,,testimony4--,a verdict is a decision made by a number of men acting as a single body4 ,testimony is an expression of individual knowledge or belief4 ,,the ,,whole1 ,,all4--,the whole is properly used of something which is considered as one thing4 ,when a number of persons or things are spoken of1 the proper word is all4 #bb ,,to ,,the ,,teacher4--,it may not be desirable to drill pupils on all the words whose meanings are discriminated here and in chapters ,v4 and ,,vi4 ,in that case it will be easy to select for study those words which the pupils are most likely to misuse4 ,the words discriminated in this book are for the most part those which are mentioned in the ,foundations of ,rhetoric1 and they have been arranged in the same order4 ,a few other words often misused by my pupils have been added4 #bc ,for misused verbs and adjectives see pages #ib and #aai4 #bd ,foundations1 pp4 #ej-ec4 ,,exercise ,,xviii4 ,tell the difference in meaning between the following3-- #a4 ,mr4 ,roscoe has no house 7home74 #b4 ,the hotel clerk says he expects three more parties 7persons7 on the six o'clock train4 #c4 ,there are three persons 7parties7 concerned in this contract4 #d4 ,a succession 7series7 of delays4 #e4 ,this morning's papers publish an assertion 7a statement7 by ,mr4 ,pullman1 which throws new light on the strike4 ,,exercise ,,xix4 ,insert the proper word in each blank1 and give the reason for your choice4-- ,,house1 ,,home4 #a4 ,whenever a tramp comes to our ----1 the dog is untied4 #b4 ,his new ---- will be finished in ,november4 #c4 ,mr4 ,s4 owns a beautiful ---- and has a happy ----4 #d4 ,one can build a very good ---- for #fjjj4 #e4 ----s are built to live in1 not to look on4 ,,party1 ,,person4 #f4 ,there is another ---- coming on the evening train1 but he will leave to-morrow4 #g4 ,a cross-looking ---- alighted from the stage-coach and entered the inn4 #h4 ,the cause of both ----s shall come before the court4 #i4 ,is the ---- that wants a carriage at dinner or in his room8 #aj4 ,he is attached to the king's ----4 #aa4 ,who was that fat old ---- who kept us all laughing8 ,,series1 ,,succession4 #ab4 ,the ---- of ,presidents is a long one4 #ac4 ,this stamp belongs to the ---- of #ahfd4 #ad4 ,a ---- of calamitous events followed this mistake in policy4 #ae4 ,a ---- of accidents prevented the sailing of the yacht4 ,,statement1 ,,assertion4 #af4 ,the last ---- of the bank has been examined4 #ag4 ---- unsupported by fact is worthless4 #ah4 ,the ,declaration of ,independence contained a clear ---- of grievances4 #ai4 ,the orator's ---- was shown to be false4 ,,verdict1 ,,testimony4 #bj4 ,the ---- of history is that ,christianity has improved the condition of women4 #ba4 ,let us await the ---- of the public4 #bb4 ,the early ,christian martyrs sealed their ---- with their blood4 #bc4 ,the ---- of those who saw the murder was contradictory4 ,,the ,,whole1 ,,all4 #bd4 ---- 7of7 the dishes came tumbling to the floor4 #be4 ,tell ---- 7the7 truth4 #bf4 ,then you and ,i and ---- of us fell down4 #bg4 ,washington was respected by ---- 7the7 people4 #bh4 ,we sold ---- 7of7 our apples at sixty cents a bushel4 #bi4 ,he has already packed ---- of his books4 #cj4 ---- 7the7 adornments took an appropriate and sylvan character4 #ca4 ,he readily confided to her ---- 7the7 papers concerning the intrigue4 #cb4 ,in the afternoon ---- of them got into a boat and rowed across the lake4 ,,ii4 ,a ,,resemblance ,,in ,,sound ,,misleads4#be ,,acceptance1 ,,acceptation4--,acceptance is the act of accepting2 also favorable reception3 as1 ,the acceptance of a gift1 ,she sang with marked acceptance4 ,acceptation now means the sense in which an expression is generally understood or accepted4 ,,access1 ,,accession4--,access has several meanings authorized by good use3 7#a7 outburst2 7#b7 admission2 7#c7 way of entrance4 ,accession means 7#a7 the coming into possession of a right2 or 7#b7 an addition4 ,,acts1 ,,actions4--,acts1 in the sense of 'things done1' is preferable to actions1 since actions also means 'processes of doing4'#bf ,,advance1 ,,advancement4--,advance is used in speaking of something as moving forward2 advancement1 as being moved forward4 ,,allusion1 ,,illusion1 ,,delusion4--,an allusion is an indirect reference to something not definitely mentioned4 ,roughly speaking1 an illusion is an error of vision2 delusion1 of judgment4 ,in literary and popular use an illusion is an unreal appearance presented in any way to the bodily or the mental vision2 it is often pleasing1 harmless1 or even useful4444 ,a delusion is a mental error or deception1 and may have regard to things actually existing1 as well as to illusions4 ,delusions are ordinarily repulsive and discreditable1 and may even be mischievous4#bg ,,avocation1 ,,vocation4--,vocation means 'calling' or 'profession'2 avocation1 'something aside from one's regular calling1 a by-work4'#bh ,,completion1 ,,completeness4--,completion is the act of completing2 completeness is the state of being complete4 ,,observation1 ,,observance4--,observation contains the idea of looking at2 observance1 of keeping1 celebrating4 ,we speak of the observation of a fact1 of a star2 of the observance of a festival1 of a rule4#bi ,,proposal1 ,,proposition4--,a proposal is something proposed to be done1 which may be accepted or rejected4 ,a proposition is something proposed for discussion1 with a view to determining the truth or wisdom of it4#cj ,,relationship1 ,,relation4--,relationship properly means the state of being related by kindred or alliance3 as1 ,a relationship existed between the two families4 ,relation is a word of much broader meaning4 ,it does not necessarily imply kinship4 ,,solicitude1 ,,solicitation4--,solicitude is anxiety2 solicitation is the act of soliciting or earnestly asking4 ,,stimulation1 ,,stimulus1 ,,stimulant4--,stimulation is the act of stimulating or inciting to action2 stimulus1 originally a goad1 now denotes that which stimulates1 the means by which one is incited to action2 stimulant has a medical sense1 being used of that which stimulates the body or any of its organs4 ,we speak of ambition as a stimulus1 of alcohol as a stimulant4 #be ,foundations1 pp4 #ec-ef4 #bf ,a4,s4 ,hill3 ,principles of ,rhetoric1 revised edition1 p4 #ah4 #bg ,the ,century ,dictionary4 #bh ,a4,s4 ,hill3 ,principles of ,rhetoric1 revised edition1 p4 #ci4 #bi ,a4,s4 ,hill3 ,principles of ,rhetoric1 revised edition1 p4 #ci4 #cj ,the ,century ,dictionary4 ,,exercise ,,xx4 ,tell the difference in meaning between-- #a4 ,the acceptance 7acceptation7 of this word is doubtful4 #b4 ,the acts 7actions7 of ,napoleon were carefully observed4 #c4 ,the colonel's advance 7advancement7 was not long delayed4 #d4 ,literature has been ,dr4 ,holmes's avocation 7vocation74 #e4 ,the list of ,african dialects is approaching completeness 7completion74 #f4 ,the completion 7completeness7 of this new dictionary of the ,latin language will make scholars glad4 #g4 ,the professor advised me1 when ,i went to ,rome1 to be especially careful in my observation 7observance7 of the religious ceremonies of ,passion ,week4 #h4 ,this proposal 7proposition7 made both ,republican and ,democratic senators indignant4 #i4 ,his mother's solicitude 7solicitation7 induced ,washington when he was a boy to give up his intention of going to sea4 #aj4 ,shall ,i give your son a stimulus 7stimulant78 ,,exercise ,,xxi4 ,insert the proper word in each blank1 and give the reason for your choice3-- ,,acceptance1 ,,acceptation4 #a4 ,the word livery is used in its original ----4 #b4 ,this is a true saying and worthy of ----4 #c4 ,the ---- of a trust brings grave responsibility4 #d4 ,he sent to the ,president a formal ---- of the position4 #e4 ,the assertion finds ---- in every rank of society4 #f4 ,in its common ---- philosophy signifies the search after wisdom4 #g4 ,the probability of this theory justifies its full ----4 ,,access1 ,,accession4 #h4 ,we are denied ---- to the king4 #i4 ,an ---- of fever occurred at nightfall4 #aj4 ,the emperor at his ---- takes an oath to maintain the constitution4 #aa4 ---- to the outer court was through a massive door4 #ab4 ,the only ---- which the ,roman ,empire received was the province of ,britain4 #ac4 ,a sudden ---- of violent1 burning fever had laid ,peter's mother-in-law prostrate4 #ad4 ,victoria married after her ---- to the throne4 #ae4 ,this allusion led to a fresh ---- of feeling4 ,,act1 ,,action4 #af4 ,i cannot do so cruel an ----4 #ag4 ,another mode of ---- was proposed by ,henry ,clay4 #ah4 ,the fifth book of the ,new ,testament records the ----s of the ,apostles4 #ai4 ,to attempt resistance would be the ---- of a madman4 #bj4 ,the monkey imitates the ----s of its master4 ,,advance1 ,,advancement4 #ba4 ,the ---- of the expedition was impeded by bad roads4 #bb4 ---- in the army is slow4 #bc4 ,the ,don and his companions1 in their eager ----1 had got entangled in deep glens4 #bd4 ,my old position offered no hope of ----4 #be4 ,his hopes of ---- in ,england failing1 ,swift returned to ,ireland4 ,,allusion1 ,,illusion1 ,,delusion4 #bf4 ,there were two ----s in his sermon to the riots4 #bg4 ,the cleverest1 acutest men are often under an 7a7 ---- about women4 #bh4 ,longfellow's ,footsteps of ,angels contains ----s to the death of his wife4 #bi4 ,our judgment of people is liable to be warped by ----s of the imagination4 #cj4 ,those other words of ---- and folly1 ,liberty first and ,union afterward4 ,,avocation1 ,,vocation4 #ca4 ,surgeons in the army are allowed by the enemy to pursue their ---- unmolested4 #cb4 ,the young lawyer1 surrounded by his law-books1 took up his ---- with enthusiasm4 #cc4 ,let your base-ball be a pastime1 not a trade2 let it be your ----1 not your ----4 #cd4 ,heaven is a pious man's ----1 and therefore he counts earthly employments ----s4 #ce4 ,it seems that after his return1 his disciples left him and returned to their ordinary ----s4 ,,completion1 ,,completeness4 #cf4 ,the ---- of the railroad was celebrated by a general illumination in the village4 #cg4 ,the comfort of passengers is secured by the ---- of the equipment of the steamers of this line4 #ch4 ,we hope for the ---- of our new building by ,september4 #ci4 ,we were surprised at the ---- of the collection of minerals4 ,,observation1 ,,observance4 #dj4 ,the ---- of a few simple rules of health would have prolonged his life4 #da4 ,the ,north ,american ,indian has great powers of ----4 #db4 ,he insisted on the prompt ---- of the regulations4 #dc4 ,the ,pharisees were strict in their ---- of religious festivals4 #dd4 ,he is arranging for a careful ---- of the eclipse4 ,,proposal1 ,,proposition4 #de4 ,i submit two ----s for consideration by the assembly4 #df4 ,the ---- that each of us relinquish something was accepted4 #dg4 ,sealed ----s for building the cottage were handed in by three contractors4 #dh4 ,he made a ---- of marriage to her4 #di4 ,i dissent from that ----4 #ej4 ,a nation dedicated to the ---- that all men are created equal4 ,,solicitude1 ,,solicitation4 #ea4 ,he made frequent ---- for money and clothes4 #eb4 ,my mother watched over my infancy with tender ----4 #ec4 ,coriolanus yielded at the ---- of his mother4 ,,stimulus1 ,,stimulant1 ,,stimulation4 #ed4 ,he worked hard under the ---- of a desire to get rich4 #ee4 ,the providential ---- of conscience is always present4 #ef4 ,the doctor came and administered a gentle ---- to the patient4 ,,iii4 ,,additional ,,nouns ,,sometimes ,,misused4#ca ,,ability1 ,,capacity4--,ability is the power of doing2 capacity1 the power of containing1 of understanding1 of acquiring4 ,,adherence1 ,,adhesion4--,adherence is used of moral relations1 adhesion1 of physical connection4 ,we speak of the adhesion of glue to wood1 of a man's adherence to the principles of his party4 ,,amount1 ,,quantity1 ,,number4--,amount means sum total1 and is used of numbers or quantities2 quantity is used of things which are measured2 number1 of things which are counted4 ,,argument1 ,,plea4--,plea 7in the legal sense7 is properly used of the pleadings or the arraignment before a trial1 not of the argument at a trial4 ,a plea is always addressed to the court2 an argument may be addressed either to the court or to the jury4 ,a similar remark applies to the verbs plead and argue4#cb ,,balance1 ,,rest1 ,,remainder4--,balance1 meaning the difference between two sides of an account1 is a commercial term1 and cannot properly be used for rest or remainder4 ,rest is used of persons or things1 and of large as well as of small parts4 ,remainder is used only of things1 and denotes a comparatively small part4 ,,centre1 ,,middle4--,the centre is a point1 or a definite place2 the middle is a line1 or a space1 and is less definite than centre4 ,,character1 ,,reputation4--,character is what a man is2 reputation is the prevailing opinion of his character4 ,,complement1 ,,compliment4--,a complement is a full quantity or number or that which is needed to complete2 a compliment is an expression of praise4 ,,conscience1 ,,consciousness4--,conscience is that within us which distinguishes right from wrong4 ,consciousness is the state of being aware of one's existence1 thoughts1 and surroundings4 ,,council1 ,,counsel4--,a council is a body of persons convened for consultation4 ,counsel denotes advice1 or a person1 as a lawyer1 engaged to give advice4 ,,custom1 ,,habit4--,custom denotes the frequent repetition of the same act1 and may be used of a number of persons taken together4 ,habit is the effect of custom in a person4 ,custom is voluntary2 habit is involuntary1 often uncontrollable1 sometimes unconscious4 ,,deception1 ,,deceit4--,deception is the act of deceiving2 deceit is deceitfulness1 a trait of character2 or a trick1 an artifice4 ,,egoists1 ,,egoism1 ,,egotism4--,the disciples of ,descartes were egoists1 the ego being the basis of their philosophy4 ,egoism is the name of their system4 ,egoism is sometimes used also in the sense of undue admiration of self1 the outward expression of which is egotism4 ,but egotism1 in the sense of 'self-worship1' is preferable to egoism1 since egoism also designates a system of philosophy4#cc ,,emigration1 ,,immigration4--,emigration is the moving out from a country2 immigration1 the moving into it4 ,foreigners who come to live in ,america are emigrants from their fatherland1 immigrants to ,america4 ,,enormity1 ,,enormousness4--,enormity is used of deeds of unusual horror2 enormousness1 of things of unusual size4 ,we speak of the enormity of ,csar ,borgia's crimes1 of the enormousness of the ,rothschilds' wealth4#cd ,,esteem1 ,,estimate1 ,,estimation4--,esteem as a noun seems to be going out of use2 the word now commonly used in the sense of opinion or regard is estimation4 ,an estimate is an approximate judgment1 based on considerations of probability1 of the number1 amount1 magnitude1 or position of anything4 ,,falsity1 ,,falseness4--,falsity1 in the sense of 'non-conformity to truth1' without any suggestion of blame1 is preferable to falseness1 since falseness usually implies blame4#ce ,,identity1 ,,identification4--,identity is the state of being the same4 ,identification denotes the act of determining what a given thing1 or who a given person1 is4 ,,import1 ,,importance4--,import1 in the sense of meaning1 must be distinguished from importance1 the quality of being important4 ,,invention1 ,,discovery4--,we invent something new1 contrived or produced for the first time4 ,we discover what existed before1 but remained unknown4 ,,limit1 ,,limitation4--,limit1 in the sense of bound1 is preferable to limitation1 since limitation also means the act of limiting1 or a restriction4 ,,lot1 ,,number4--,lot denotes a distinct part or parcel3 as1 ,the auctioneer sold the goods in ten lots4 ,the word does not mean a great number2 therefore it is improperly used in the sentences3 ,he has lots of money1 and ,i know a lot of people in ,new ,york4 ,,majority1 ,,plurality4--,a majority is more than half the whole number2 a plurality is the excess of votes given for one candidate over those given for another1 and is not necessarily a majority when there are more than two candidates4 ,,negligence1 ,,neglect4--,negligence is used of a habit or trait2 neglect1 of an act or succession of acts4#cf ,,novice1 ,,novitiate4--,novice properly means one who is new in any business or calling2 novitiate1 the state or time of being a novice4 ,,organism1 ,,organization4--,an organism is a living body composed of a number of essential parts4 ,organization denotes the act of organizing1 or an organized body of persons1 as a literary society4 ,,part1 ,,portion4--,part is the general word for that which is less than the whole3 as1 the whole is equal to the sum of all its parts4444 ,portion is often used in a stilted way where part would be simpler and better2 portion has always some suggestion of allotment or assignment3 as1 this is my portion2 a portion of ,scripture4 ',father1 give me the portion of goods that falleth to me4'#cg ,,plenty1 ,,abundance4--,plenty is enough2 abundance1 more than enough4 ,,produce1 ,,product1 ,,production4--,produce is always collective1 and is used only of raw products3 as1 the produce of the soil1 of the flock4 ,product denotes the result of some operation1 usually physical labor4 ,production1 meaning the act of producing1 is also applied to a work of literature or art1 as a book1 a statue1 or a painting4 ,product1 in the sense of 'thing produced1' is preferable to production1 since production is also used in an abstract sense4#ch ,,prominence1 ,,predominance4--,prominence means a standing out from something1 so as to be conspicuous4 ,predominance denotes ascendency1 a superiority in strength or influence1 an over-ruling4 ,there may be many prominent traits in a person's character2 there can be only one predominant trait4 ,,receipt1 ,,recipe4--,receipt1 in the sense of 'formula for a pudding1 etc41' is preferable to recipe1 since recipe is commonly restricted to medical prescriptions4#ch ,,relative1 ,,relation4--,relative1 in the sense of 'member of a family1' is preferable to relation1 since relation is also used in an abstract sense4#ch ,,requirement1 ,,requisite1 ,,requisition4--,a requirement is something required by a person or persons4 ,a requisite is something required by the nature of the case4 ,a requisition is an authoritative demand or official request for a supply of something4 ,,resort1 ,,recourse1 ,,resource4--,resort denotes the act of going to some person or thing2 or that which is resorted to or habitually visited4 ,recourse means resort for help or protection4 ,resource denotes something which is a source of help or support4 ,,secreting1 ,,secretion4--,secreting is the act of hiding2 secretion1 a physiological process or fluid4 ,,sewage1 ,,sewerage4--,sewage means the contents1 sewerage1 the system1 of sewers4 ,,situation1 ,,site4--,situation embraces all the local aspects and relationships#ci in which a thing is placed4 ,the site is confined to the ground on which it is erected or reposes4#dj ,,speciality1 ,,specialty4--,speciality1 in the sense of 'distinctive quality1' is preferable to specialty1 since specialty is also used in the sense of 'distinctive thing4'#da ,,union1 ,,unity4--,union is the joining of two or more things into one4 ,unity means oneness1 harmony4 ,,visitant1 ,,visitor4--,visitant was formerly used to denote a supernatural being2 visitor1 a human one4 ,visitant seems now to be going out of use1 visitor being used in both senses4 #ca ,foundations1 p4 #ef4 ,if it seem undesirable to drill pupils on all the words which are here discriminated1 the teacher may select those words which they are most likely to misuse4 ,see note #b1 p4 #bb4 #cb ,a4,s4 ,hill3 ,principles of ,rhetoric1 revised edition1 p4 #dj4 #cc ,a4,s4 ,hill3 ,principles of ,rhetoric1 revised edition1 p4 #ai4 #cd ,ibid41 p4 #ch4 #ce ,a4,s4 ,hill3 ,principles of ,rhetoric1 revised edition1 p4 #ai4 #cf ,ibid41 p4 #ci4 #cg ,the ,century ,dictionary4 #ch ,a4,s4 ,hill3 ,principles of ,rhetoric1 revised edition1 p4 #ai4 #ci ,is relationships the proper word here8 #dj ,smith's ,synonyms ,discriminated4 #da ,a4,s4 ,hill3 ,principles of ,rhetoric1 revised edition1 p4 #ai4 ,,exercise ,,xxii4 ,tell the difference in meaning between-- #a4 ,he is a person of great ability 7capacity74 #b4 ,a good character 7reputation7 is a precious possession4 #c4 ,the man seemed to be without conscience 7consciousness74 #d4 ,the counsel 7council7 was not wise4 #e4 ,it is ,john's custom 7habit7 to speak slowly4 #f4 ,her deceit 7deception7 amazed me4 #g4 ,this man is an egoist 7egotist74 #h4 ,the government does not encourage immigration 7emigration74 #i4 ,in ,mr4 ,e4's estimate 7estimation7 the cost of lumber and paint is low4 #aj4 ,it was only yesterday that ,i heard of the identification 7identity7 of the men who robbed ,mr4 ,jones and ,mr4 ,smith4 #aa4 ,mr4 ,gladstone's remark at the banquet was an utterance of great import 7importance74 #ab4 ,this is a remarkable discovery 7invention74 #ac4 ,calhoun was nominated by a majority 7plurality74 #ad4 ,his death was caused by his own neglect 7negligence74 #ae4 ,the privileges of a novice 7novitiate7 are not many4 #af4 ,what a queer organism 7organization76 #ag4 ,the expedition has plenty 7an abundance7 of provisions4 #ah4 ,he proposes to lay a tax on all ,english produce 7products1 productions74 #ai4 ,he quickly attained prominence 7predominance7 in the committee4 #bj4 ,please copy this receipt 7recipe74 #ba4 ,my relatives 7relations7 here are charming4 #bb4 ,wanted1 a boy to do light work in a first-class store4 ,ability to read and write is a requirement 7requisite74 #bc4 ,the sewage 7sewerage7 of inland cities presents problems of great difficulty4 #bd4 ,the site 7situation7 of the temple is not known4 #be4 ,unity 7union7 of religious denominations is hoped for by many4 ,,exercise ,,xxiii4 ,insert the proper word in each blank1 and give the reason for your choice3-- ,,ability1 ,,capacity4 #a4 ,the ---- of the room is not great4 #b4 ,they gave1 each according to his ----4 #c4 ,what is ---- but the power of doing a thing8 #d4 ,let me drink of ,thee according to my ----4 7,from a prayer47 #e4 ,some students do not have ---- to master ,greek2 but what most need is ---- to work persistently4 #f4 ,my father does not think ,judge ,x4 has much--as a lawyer4 ,,adherence1 ,,adhesion4 #g4 ,the ---- of the parts which were cemented together is still perfect4 #h4 ,he showed an obstinate ---- to false rules of conduct4 #i4 ,marks on the blackboard depend on the ---- of chalk to the slate4 #aj4 ,professor ,a4's ---- to the doctrines of ,adam ,smith is seen in his last book4 ,,amount1 ,,number1 ,,quantity4 #aa4 ,our monthly expenditures vary in ----4 #ab4 ,you could see any ---- of cabs standing in front of the theatre4 #ac4 ,a great ---- of books and papers covered the table4 #ad4 ,gulliver asked the king of ,lilliput for a large ---- of iron bars and a considerable ---- of rope4 #ae4 ,what ---- of paper is needed for one issue of ,harper's ,weekly8 #af4 ,such a 7an7 ---- of sheep as we saw to-day6 #ag4 ,there is a large ---- of silver bullion in the ,treasury waiting to be coined4 ,,argument1 ,,plea4 #ah4 ,every whisper in the court-room was hushed as ,mr4 ,n4 rose before the jury and began his--in behalf of the prisoner4 #ai4 ,the ---- of ,smith1 when arraigned before the court1 was that he had acted in self-defence4 #bj4 ,the only ---- available with an east wind is to put on your overcoat4 ,,balance1 ,,remainder1 ,,rest4 #ba4 ,the ---- of the hour is spent in the study of some poem4 #bb4 ,i have a ---- at my banker's4 #bc4 ,the ---- of the boys went home4 #bd4 ,for the ---- of the week we stayed at home4 #be4 ,the account shows a ---- of #ab4df4 #bf4 ,give ,john and ,horace four of the six apples2 you may have the ----4 #bg4 ,give the ---- of our dinner to ,tommy1 our cat4 ,,centre1 ,,middle4 #bh4 ,there is a crack running down the ---- of the wall4 #bi4 ,a table stood in the ---- of the room4 #cj4 ,a path runs through the ---- of the park4 #ca4 ,in the ---- of the garden was a fountain4 #cb4 ,he parts his hair in the ----4 #cc4 ,the arrow struck the ---- of the target4 ,,character1 ,,reputation4 #cd4 ,this man has an excellent ---- for honesty4 #ce4 ,every one admires the ---- of ,washington4 #cf4 ,mr4 ,arnold won great ---- as a critic4 #cg4 ,oh1 ,i have lost my ----4 #ch4 ,the outlaws of ,yorkshire were men of loose ----4 #ci4 ,a distinguished general may lose his ---- through a single blunder4 #dj4 ---- is an idle and most false imposition2 oft got without merit1 and lost without deserving4 ,,complement1 ,,compliment4 #da4 ,present my ----s to your father4 #db4 ,the ship has its ---- of stores4 #dc4 ,the ---- of an angle is the difference between the angle and a right angle4 #dd4 ,true friendship loathes such oily ----4 #de4 ,in the sentence1 ,he is ill1 ill is the ---- of the verb is4 #df4 ,this barren verbiage1 current among men1 ,light coin1 the tinsel clink of ----4 ,,conscience1 ,,consciousness4 #dg4 ,the ---- of the purity of his motives consoled him for his unpopularity4 #dh4 ,my ---- hath a thousand several tongues4 #di4 ,i felt a shock1 ,i saw the car topple over1 and then ,i lost ----4 ,,council1 ,,counsel4 #ej4 ,no man will take ----1 but every man will take money2 therefore money is better than ----4--,swift4 #ea4 ,the members of the cabinet form a sort of secret ---- of the ,president4 #eb4 ,webster was one of the ---- in the trial of the ,knapps for the murder of ,captain ,white4 ,,custom1 ,,habit4 #ec4 ,de ,quincey acquired the ---- of using opium from first using it to relieve neuralgic pains4 #ed4 ,dancing round a ,may-pole is a ---- many hundreds of years old4 #ee4 ,as his ---- was1 he went to the synagogue on the ,sabbath4 #ef4 ,man is a bundle of ----s4 #eg4 ,those national ----s are best which lead to good ----s among the people4 #eh4 ,a loose life brings a man into ----s of dissipation4 #ei4 ,it was the ---- of ,scotch ,highlanders to go bareheaded4 #fj4 ,it is a good ---- to rise early1 because this will soon become a ----4 ,,deception1 ,,deceit4 #fa4 ,he was guilty of a long course of ----4 #fb4 ,her character would be charming if it were not for her ----4 #fc4 ,he won my confidence by base ----4 #fd4 ,deceivers seldom profit by their ----4 #fe4 ---- ,is of the very nature and essence of sin4 ,,egotist1 ,,egoist4 #ff4 ,he is an ----1 for he is always talking about himself4 #fg4 ----s are the pest of society2 they are always obtruding their ailments on others4 ,,emigration1 ,,immigration4 #fh4 ,the increase in ,chinese ---- is a matter for serious consideration by the ,united ,states ,senate4 #fi4 ,the ,chinese government encourages ---- to ,america4 #gj4 ---- is one cause of the rapid growth of our population4 #ga4 ,the ---- of the ,french nobility at the time of the ,french ,revolution was a political blunder4 ,,enormity1 ,,enormousness4 #gb4 ,the ---- of the cost of the civil war startles the student of history4 #gc4 ,burke drew such a vivid picture of the ---- of the ,nabob of ,arcot's crimes that ladies in the audience fainted4 #gd4 ,visitors do not at first realize the ---- of ,st4 ,peter's1 at ,rome4 ,,esteem1 ,,estimate1 ,,estimation4 #ge4 ,in what ---- is he held by his townsmen8 #gf4 ,in my ---- she is the best of women4 #gg4 ,we can form an ---- of the amount of water in the air4 ,,falseness1 ,,falsity4 #gh4 ,we have already seen the ---- of that hypothesis4 #gi4 ,arnold was despised for his ----4 #hj4 ,piety is opposed to hypocrisy and ----4 #ha4 ,the prince is in danger of betrayal through the ---- of his servant4 #hb4 ,the ---- of this reasoning is evident4 ,,identity1 ,,identification4 #hc4 ,the bodies were so disfigured that their ---- was difficult4 #hd4 ,in no form of government is there absolute ---- of interest between the people and their rulers4 ,,import1 ,,importance4 #he4 ,he heard the tolling of the bell and trembled at its ----4 #hf4 ,the oath of the ,president contains three words1 all of equal ----2 namely1 that he will preserve1 protect1 and defend the ,constitution4 #hg4 ,he was engaged in business of the highest ----4 #hh4 ,you misunderstood the ---- of my remarks4 ,,invention1 ,,discovery4 #hi4 ,newton's ---- of the law of gravitation4 #ij4 ,the ---- of the telescope was made by ,galileo4 #ia4 ,the ---- of the properties of the magnetic needle is said to have been made by the ,chinese2 also1 the ---- of gunpowder4 #ib4 ,the ---- of the circulation of blood was made by ,harvey4 #ic4 ,the steam-engine is one of the greatest ----s of this age4 #id4 ,the ---- of the telephone is claimed by several persons4 ,,limit1 ,,limitation4 #ie4 ,all kinds of knowledge have their ----s4 #if4 ,titus ,quintius was appointed to the command of the army without any ----s4 #ig4 ,athens insisted upon ---- of the right to vote4 #ih4 ,the prisoners were free to roam within certain ----s1 but their employments were subject to ----4 ,,majority1 ,,plurality4 #ii4 ,if ,a has #ba votes1 ,b #ah1 and ,c #aj1 ,a is elected by a ----1 not a ----4 #ajj4 ,smith had #cg of the #eb votes1 a good ----4 #aja4 ,jones had #bj votes1 ,smith #ad1 and ,brown #aa2 ,jones therefore was elected by a safe ----4 ,,negligence1 ,,neglect4 #ajb4 ,without blame ,or our ---- we lost her as we came4--,comus4 #ajc4 ,through ---- to do what ought to be done we soon acquire habits of ----4 #ajd4 ,rescue my poor remains from vile ----4 #aje4 ,the gate has fallen from its hinges1 the wooden steps are rotted1 and the house shows similar signs of ----4 #ajf4 ---- is a grave fault4 ,,novice1 ,,novitiate4 #ajg4 ,for most men a ---- of silence is profitable before they enter on the business of life4 #ajh4 ,i am young1 a ---- in the trade4 #aji4 ,it was in this abbey that ,i served my ----4 #aaj4 ,when ,i was a ---- in this place1 there was here a pious monk4 ,,organism1 ,,organization4 #aaa4 ,germs of microscopic ----s exist abundantly on the surface of all fruits4 #aab4 ,lieutenant ,peary has completed the ---- of his arctic expedition4 #aac4 ,the ,jacobin club was a political ----4 #aad4 ,what a complex ---- the human body is6 ,,part1 ,,portion4 #aae4 ,a ---- of my work is done4 #aaf4 ,the younger ---- of the community4 #aag4 ,the priests had a ---- of land assigned them by ,pharaoh4 #aah4 ,the whole is equal to the sum of all its ----s4 #aai4 ,each received his ---- of the estate4 #abj4 ,the lower ----s of his body were cold4 #aba4 ,this1 said he1 is a ---- of the true cross4 ,,plenty1 ,,abundance4 #abb4 ,if you do not waste your money1 you will have ---- for your expenses4 #abc4 ,they did cast in of their ----2 but she of her want4 #abd4 ,the expedition has ---- of provisions1 but none to spare4 #abe4 ,last year there was ---- of corn2 it was estimated that we had enough to feed the whole nation for two years4 ,,produce1 ,,product1 ,,production4 #abf4 ,the manufacturers brought their ----s to market4 #abg4 ,the farmers bring their ---- to town or haul it to the nearest railway station4 #abh4 ,the apple is especially an ,american ----4 #abi4 ,lowell's ,commemoration ,ode is a noble ----4 #acj4 ,great ,britain exports chiefly manufactured ----4 #aca4 ,the component elements of ---- are labor and capital4 ,,prominence1 ,,predominance4 #acb4 ,the ,indian race is marked by a ---- of the cheek-bones4 #acc4 ,the ,english settlers were prominent 7predominant7 in the ,new ,world4 #acd4 ,childe ,harold brought ,byron into ---- as a poet4 #ace4 ,as a man ,byron had many prominent 7predominant7 faults2 it is not easy to say which one was prominent 7predominant74 ,,recipe1 ,,receipt4 #acf4 ,please send me your ---- for making chocolate ice-cream4 #acg4 ,paracelsus furnished a ---- for making a fairy1 but had the delicacy to refrain from using it4 #ach4 ,he gave me a ---- for a liniment1 which he said was excellent for sprains4 ,,relative1 ,,relation4 #aci4 ,he has no ---- in this part of the country4 #adj4 ,i am the nearest ---- he has in the world4 ,,requirement1 ,,requisition1 ,,requisite4 #ada4 ,one of the ----s in a great commander is coolness4 #adb4 ,the ----s for admission to college vary4 #adc4 ,one of the ----s in a ,united ,states minister to ,france is that he be wealthy1 for the salary paid is insufficient to defray the expenses of the minister's social obligations4 #add4 ,that locomotive engineers be not color-blind is a just ----4 #ade4 ,the wars of ,napoleon were marked by the enormous ----s which were made on invaded countries4 ,,resort1 ,,resource1 ,,recourse4 #adf4 ,the woods were her favorite--4 #adg4 ,the ,united ,states has unlimited--s4 #adh4 ,asheville has long been a--of wealthy society people4 #adi4 ,when women engage in any art or trade1 it is usually as a last ----4 #aej4 ,general ,lee had--to stratagem4 ,,secretion1 ,,secreting4 #aea4 ,jailers are watchful to prevent the ---- of poison in letters sent to condemned prisoners4 #aec4 ,saliva is a ----4 ,,sewage1 ,,sewerage4 #aec4 ,the water of rivers that have received ---- is not good to drink4 #aed4 ,the vast and intricate ---- of ,paris is described by ,victor ,hugo in ,les ,miserables4 ,,situation1 ,,site4 #aee4 ,the ---- of ,samaria is far more beautiful than the ---- of ,jerusalem1 though not so grand and wild4 #aef4 ,dr4 ,schliemann made excavations to discover the ---- of ,troy4 #aeg4 ,our school buildings have a fine ----4 #aeh4 ,has the ---- of ,professor ,richard's house been fixed8 #aei4 ,one of ,nebuchadnezzar's temples is thought to have stood on the ---- of the ,tower of ,babel4 ,,specialty1 ,,speciality4 #afj4 ,it is the ---- of vice that it is selfishly indifferent to the injurious consequences of actions4 #afa4 ,diseases of the throat are ,dr4 ,hall's ----4 #afb4 ,fountain-pens a ----4 #afc4 ,toughness is the ---- of ,salisbury iron2 therefore ,salisbury iron is much in demand for car-wheels4 ,,union1 ,,unity4 #afd4 ,how good and how pleasant it is for brethren to dwell together in ----4 #afe4 ,the ---- of soul and body is ended by death4 #aff4 ,in the temper of ,lord ,bacon there was a singular ---- of audacity and sobriety4 #afg4 ,this composition lacks ----2 the writer treats of several distinct subjects4 ,,exercise ,,xxiv4 ,tell why the italicized words in the following sentences are misused1 and substitute for them better expressions3-- #a4 ,the ,west ,end ,railway ,company is the factor#db which can remedy all this4 #b4 ,addison's ,cato was a success4 #c4 ,decoration ,day is a fitting observance of those who gave their lives for their country4 #d4 ,at the end of each day the teams#dc are so broken up that they have to go into the repair-shop1 where the carpenter and blacksmith are able to fix any part of them4 #e4 ,the majority of the news is unfavorable4 #f4 ,search-lights would be an indispensable factor in a night attack4 #g4 ,bishop ,hatto lived in a country where all the productions were spoiled by the weather4 #h4 ,the whole of the stupid boys in ,germany struggle to pass this test4 #i4 ,the police are looking for the guilty parties4 #aj4 ,a lot of men from the country came to town to see the circus4 #aa4 ,in the shed is a mixture#dd of oars1 seats1 sails1 rudders1 booms1 and gaffs4 #ab4 ,they had to take the balance of his arm off4 #ac4 ,addison's essays were a great factor in improving the morals of his age4 #ad4 ,general ,manager ,payson ,tucker at once sent detectives to the scene1 and every effort will be made to secure the guilty parties4 #ae4 ,for a few days ,coxey's army was a success as a show4 #af4 ,if it were not for him and a few others of his ilk the matter would have been settled long ago4 #db ,foundations1 p4 #ea4 #dc ,ibid41 p4 #eb4 #dd ,consult a good dictionary4 ,,exercise ,,xxv4#de ,illustrate by original sentences the correct use of these words3-- ,home1 party1 series1 statement1 verdict1 acceptation1 actions1 advance1 advancement1 avocation1 completion1 allusion1 illusion1 observation1 observance1 proposal1 proposition1 solicitude1 solicitation1 stimulus1 stimulant1 capacity1 adherence1 adhesion1 amount1 quantity1 number1 centre1 middle1 character1 complement1 compliment1 conscience1 consciousness1 council1 counsel1 custom1 habit1 deception1 deceit1 egoist1 emigration1 immigration1 enormity1 enormousness1 esteem1 estimate1 falsity1 falseness1 import1 invention1 discovery1 limitation1 majority1 plurality1 negligence1 neglect1 novitiate1 organization1 organism1 produce1 product1 production1 prominence1 predominance1 recipe1 requirement1 requisition1 requisite1 resort1 resource1 secretion1 sewage1 sewerage1 situation1 site1 speciality1 specialty1 union1 unity4 #de ,,to ,,the ,,teacher4--,it is easy to underestimate the difficulty which this exercise presents to pupils4 ,in assigning the lesson care must be taken not to call for more of this kind of work than can be done well4 ,constructing a sentence to illustrate the correct use of a word is a valuable exercise1 but it is a difficult one2 and persons who know the correct use of a word may be put to their wit's end to illustrate that use4 ,it will be well to assign this exercise little by little1 while the class works through the definitions and exercises on pages #bc-da2 or else to select from the list the words on which the class needs most drill4 ,with some pupils it may be wise to omit the exercise entirely4 ,,chapter ,,iv ,,of ,,pronouns ,,possessive ,,forms4#df--,no apostrophe is used in forming the possessive case of personal pronouns4 ,we write ours1 yours1 hers1 its1 theirs4 ,it's is a contraction for it is4 #df ,foundations1 p4 #fj4 ,,exercise ,,xxvi4 ,write from dictation-- #a4 ,john's hat is old1 yours is new4 #b4 ,the bear was lying on its side1 dead4 #c4 ,the ,browns' house is larger than ours1 but ours is more convenient than theirs4 #d4 ,yours very respectfully1 ,john ,smith4 #e4 ,see the yacht6 it's coining into the harbor under full sail4 #f4 ,show ,mary your doll2 it should not grieve you that yours is not so pretty as hers4 #g4 ,that fault was not yours4 #h4 ,helen's eyes followed the direction of hers4 ,,nominative ,,or ,,objective ,,case4#dg--,there are only seven words in the ,english language that now have different forms for the nominative and objective cases2 therefore it is only in the use of these words that we need to observe any rules about nominative or objective4 ,since1 however1 these seven words are more frequently used than any other words1 the possibilities of error in choosing between the nominative and the objective are many4 ,mistakes of this kind are common1 and produce a very unpleasant effect on cultivated people4 ,the seven words that have different forms for the nominative and objective cases are the following pronouns#dh3-- ,nominative4 ,objective4 ,i me we us thou thee he him she her they them who whom ,it is taken for granted that the student has already learned the following principles of syntax3-- #a4 ,words used absolutely and the subjects of finite verbs should in ,english be put in the ,,nominative form4 #b4 ,the subjects of infinitives and the objects of verbs and prepositions should be in the ,,objective form4 #c4 ,words in apposition should be in the same case4 #d4 ,the verb to be1 or any of its forms 7am1 is1 are1 were1 etc471 does not take an object1 but1 being equivalent in meaning to the symbol 1 takes the same case after it as before it3 the nominative1 if the form is finite2 the objective1 if the form is infinitive and has a subject of its own4 ,i know it is he1 ,i know it to be him1 and ,the stranger is thought to be he are grammatically correct4 ,sentences like ,she invited ,mrs4 ,r4 and ,i to go driving are common1 even among people generally well-informed4 ,such mistakes will be avoided if the speaker stops to think what the form would be if the pronoun were not coupled with a noun4 ,no one would think of saying1 ,she invited ,i to go driving4 ,persons who are in doubt as to which form of the pronoun to use often try to avoid the difficulty by using one of the pronouns ending in -self--pronouns which have the same form for both the nominative and the objective case4 ,thus many persons1 uncertain whether to use ,i or me in the sentence quoted above1 would say instead1 ,she invited ,mrs4 ,r4 and myself to go driving4 ,this is no better than ,mrs4 ,r4 and ,i1 or her and ,i4 ,the pronouns in -self are properly used only for emphasis or in a reflexive sense4#di ,it is right to say3 ,i will go myself2 ,carrie herself went to the door2 ,god helps those who help themselves4 ,it would be wrong to say1 ,harry and myself have bought a horse together4 ,when a pronoun in -self is used reflexively1 it refers to the subject of the clause in which it stands4 ,in sentences like ,this advice is free to whoever will take it1 the word ending in -ever is the subject of the verb will take1 not the object of the preposition to4 ,the right form1 therefore1 is whoever1 not whomever4 ,the object or1 better1 the base of the preposition to is the whole clause1 whoever will take it4 #dg ,ibid41 pp4 #fa-fb4 #dh ,i omit ye1 you1 because they are used interchangeably4 ,i omit also compounds of who1 whom4 #di ,foundations1 p4 #fd4 ,,exercise ,,xxvii4 ,insert the proper form of pronoun in each blank1 and give the reason for your choice3-- ,i ,i1 ,,me1 ,,myself4 #a4 ,taking a carriage1 my brother and--drove to the east end of ,cape ,elizabeth4 #b4 ,mr4 ,c4 and--walked around the lake by moonlight4 #c4 ,the walk gave pleasure to both ,mr4 ,c4 and--4 #d4 ,between you and--1 affairs look dark4 #e4 ,the ,star contains a paper on ,our ,streets1 which was written by--4 #f4 ,he is taller than--4#ej #g4 ,there is1 you remember1 an old agreement between you and-- #h4 ,may ,john and--go to the ball-game8 #i4 ,please let ,john and--go to the ball-game4 #aj4 ,they met ,robert and--in the village4 #aa4 ,who is there8 ,only--4 #ab4 ,to send--away1 and for a whole year1 too1--1 who had never been away from home1 was not easy for mother4 #ac4 ,will you let ,brown and--have your boat8 #ad4 ,dr4 ,holmes shook hands with the girls1--among the rest4 #ae4 ,next month my brother and--are going to ,bar ,harbor4 #af4 ,it was--who called to you4 #ag4 ,i was beside--4 #ah4 ,would you go1 if you were--8 #ai4 ,father bought brother and--tickets for the concert4 #bj4 ,he said he would bring some flowers to ,frances and--4 #ba4 ,you suffer from headache more than--4 #bb4 ,we shall soon see which is the better boxer1 you or--4 #bc4 ,who rang the bell8--4 #bd4 ,the taller man was supposed to be--4 #be4 ,every one has gone except you and--4 #bf4 ,the world will rest content with such poor things as you and--4 #bg4 ,he was a sublimer poet than--4 #bh4 ,was it--that you saw8 #bi4 ,how can you thus address me1--1 who am your friend8 #cj4 ,let you and--go for berries alone1 if he will not go with us4 #ca4 ,there is no one here but you and--4 #cb4 ,is it--you wish to see8 #cc4 ,he said that you and--might ao4 #cd4 ,oh1 no2 it couldn't have been--4 #ce4 ,harry left word for you and--to come to his room4 #cf4 ,other girls have books as well as--4 #cg4 ,its being--should make no difference4 #ch4 ,young ,macdonald and--went to ,new ,york last ,thursday4 #ci4 ,she knew it to be--by my gait4 #ej ,in sentences like this the correct form will become evident if the speaker mentally completes the sentence thus3 ,he is taller than--am4 ,the greater part of the clause after than or as is generally omitted4 ,,ii4 ,we1 us1 ourselves4 #a4 ,our friends and--are going out to-night4 #b4 ,he has come to take our friends and--driving4 #c4 ,they are wiser than--1 since they are older4 #d4 ,they will lose more than--by the failure of the bank4 #e4 ,the ,germans are better plodders than--4 #f4 ,it may have been--who 7whom7 you saw4 #g4--;boys are having a fine time4 #h4 ,have you seen the picture of--three girls in a boat1 taken by ,mr4 ,b48 #i4 ,there are five hundred miles between father and--4 #aj4 ,they know that as well as--4 #aa4 ,they don't succeed any better than--4 #ab4 ,they as well as--were disappointed4 #ac4 --ought not to get angry when others criticise--for faults which--freely acknowledge4 #ad4 ,it is not fit for such as -- ,to sit with rulers of the land4 ,,iii4 ,thou1 thee1 thyself4 #a4 ,i will not learn my duty from such as ----4 #b4 ,if they rob only such as ----1 ,i hold them right honest folk4 #c4 ,love ---- last4 #d4 ,the nations not so blest as ---- ,must in their turn to tyrants fall4 #e4 ,wife1 dost ---- know that all the world seems queer except ---- and me2 and sometimes ,i think even ---- art a little queer8 #f4 ,hail to ----1 blithe spirit2 ,bird ---- never wert4 ,,iv4 ,he1 him1 himself4 #a4 ,there is a difference between an employer and--who 7whom7 he employs4 #b4 ,john ---- wrote that letter4 #c4 ,you are nearly as tall as ----4 #d4 ,all wore dress suits except ,charles and--4 #e4 ,i know that it was ----4 #f4 ,i knew it to be ----4 #g4 ---- being young1 they tried to deceive him4 #h4 ,it was either ---- or his brother that called4 #i4 ,what were you and ---- talking about8 #aj4 ,i can run as fast as ----4 #aa4 ---- who had always protected her1 she now saw dead at her feet4 #ab4 ---- and his father are in business together4 #ac4 ,she is as good as ----4 #ad4 ,i should never have imagined it to be ----4 #ae4 ,boys like you and ---- are expected to do what is right without being told4 #af4 ,yes1 ,i told them what you said1 ---- among the rest4 #ag4 ,i did as well as ----4 #ah4 ,it was ,joseph1 ---- whom ,pharaoh made prime-minister4 #ai4 ,let ---- who made thee answer that4 #bj4 ,whom can ,i trust1 if not ----8 ,v4 ,,she1 ,,her1 ,,herself4 #a4 ,before leaving ,mary we saw ---- and her baggage safe on the train4 #b4 ---- and her two cousins have been visiting us4 #c4 ,i would not go to town alone1 if ,i were ----4 #d4 ,it was not ---- but her sister that you met yesterday4 #e4 ,you are as old as ----4 #f4 ---- and ,i are not in the same class4 #g4 ,was it ---- that did it8 #h4 ,i cannot let you and ---- sit together4 #i4 ,you play the violin better than ----4 #aj4 ,such girls as ---- are not good companions4 #aa4 ,i am certain that it was ----4 #ab4 ,girls like ---- are not good company4 #ac4 ,if any one is embarrassed1 it will not be ----4 #ad4 ,if any one is late it will be sure to be ----4 ,,vi4 ,,they1 ,,them1 ,,themselves4 #a4 ---- and their children have left town4 #b4 ,we shall soon be as poor as ----4 #c4 ,yes1 it was ----4 #d4 ,i do not know whether the ,macdonalds are ,scotch or ,irish but ,i thought the ,scotch family alluded to might be ----4 #e4 ,the mischievous boys you speak of could not have been ---- for ---- were at home4 ,,vii4 ,,who1 ,,whom1 ,,whoever1 ,,whomever4 #a4 ---- are you going to give that to8 #b4 ---- do men say that ,i am8 #c4 ---- do men think me to be8 #d4 ---- am ,i supposed to be8 #e4 ---- do you think will be elected8 #f4 ---- do you think they will select8 #g4 ,i do not know ---- to compare him to4 #h4 ,tell me in sadness ---- is she you love8 #i4 ---- are you going to call on next8 #aj4 ,how can we tell ---- to trust8 #aa4 ---- is that for8 #ab4 ,elect ---- you like4 #ac4 ---- did you see at the village8 #ad4 ---- did you say went with you8 #ae4 ,do you know ---- you can get to take my trunk8 #af4 ---- were you talking to just now8 #ag4 ,i do not know ---- you mean4 #ah4 ,do you remember ---- he married8 #ai4 ,we will refer the question to ---- you may select as arbitrator4 #bj4 ---- can this letter be from8 #ba4 ,he is a man ---- ,i know is honest4#ea #bb4 ,he is a man ---- ,i know to be honest4#ea #bc4 ---- do you take me to be8 #bd4 ---- did you expect to see8 #be4 ,can't you remember ---- you gave it to8 #bf4 ,i saw a man ---- ,i have no hesitation in saying was ,julian ,h4 #bg4 ,we like to be with those ---- we love and ---- we know love us1 let them be ---- they may4 #bh4 ---- do you think it was that called8 #bi4 ,he confided his plan to those ---- he thought were his friends4 #cj4 ,he confided his plan to those ---- he thought he could trust4 #ca4 ,we recommend only those ---- we think can pass the examinations1 and ---- we know will do their best4 #cb4 ---- do you think she looks like8 #cc4 ,one letter was from an applicant ---- ,i afterwards learned had been out of a position for two years4 #cd4 ---- did you suppose it was8 #ce4 ,opposite him was a handsome man--,john knew must be ,kathleen's uncle4 #cf4 ,a witness ---- the counsel for the defence expected would be present was kept away by illness4 #cg4 ,a witness ---- the counsel expected to be present was kept away4 #ch4 ,give it to ---- seems to need it most4 #ci4 ---- does he think it could have been8 #dj4 ,they have found the child ---- they thought was stolen4 #da4 ,mr4 ,morton1 ----1 it is announced1 the ,president has appointed minister to ,france1 has a house at ,saratoga4 #db4 ,miss ,c4 married an old gentleman ---- they say is very wealthy4 #dc4 ,the king offered to give his daughter in marriage to ---- would kill the terrible monster4 #dd4 ---- do you think ,i saw in ,paris8 #de4 ---- are you going to vote for8 #df4 ,they left me ignorant as to ---- it was4 #dg4 ,we were betrayed by those ---- we thought would die for us4 #dh4 ,i don't know ---- to ask for4 #di4 ,i know ---- it is ,i serve4 #ej4 ,the ,president has appointed ,mr4 ,l41 ---- he thinks will show himself well fitted for the position4 #ea4 ,one member of the committee was absent ----1 it was asserted by the minority1 would have voted in the negative4 #eb4 ,the officer addressed the woman1 ---- he plainly saw to be very much out of place there4 #ec4 ---- did he refer to1 he 7him7 or ,i 7me78 #ed4 ,ariel was a spirit ---- a certain witch had shut up in a tree4 #ee4 ,if she did not take after ,anne1 ---- did she take after8 ,,pronouns ,,before ,,verbal ,,nouns4#eb--;,grammarians distinguish three kinds of words formed from verbs by the adding of -ing4 #a4 ,we found ,katharine singing a merry song4 ,in this sentence singing--equivalent to who was singing--describes ,katharine1 and is therefore used as an adjective2 but it also partakes of the nature of a verb1 for it has a direct object1 song4 ,such words1 partaking of the nature of both adjective and verb1 are called ,,participles4 #b4 ,blithely singing pretty songs keeps one's spirits up4 ,here singing is a noun1 the subject of the sentence2 yet it has a direct object1 songs1 and is modified by the adverb blithely4 ,such words1 partaking of the nature of both noun and verb1 are called ,,gerunds4 ,a noun or a pronoun used before a gerund to denote the subject of the action should be put in the possessive case4 ,the reason for this becomes evident if1 in the sentence ,do you remember ,katharine 7,katharine's7 singing8 we substitute for the noun singing another noun1 song2 thus1 ,do you remember ,katharine 7,katharine's7 song8 ,the direct object of remember is singing1 which is described by the possessive ,katharine's4 #c4 ,katharine's blithe singing of merry songs helps to make home happy4 ,here1 too1 singing is a noun2 but now its verbal character has disappeared1 for it is modified by an adjective blithe1 and instead of a direct object we have the prepositional phrase of merry songs4 ,such words derived from verbs are ,,abstract ,,verbal ,,nouns4 ,when a word in -ing is modified by the or some other adjective1 it is an abstract verbal noun1 and cannot have an object4 ,conversely1 if it1 is followed by of and a noun instead of by a direct object1 it should be modified by the or some other adjective4 #ea ,in the first of these sentences the pronoun to be supplied is the subject of is honest1 and ,i know is parenthetical4 ,in the second sentence1 the pronoun to be supplied is the subject of to be honest1 which is the complement of ,i know4 #eb ,foundations1 pp4 #fb-fd4 ,,exercise ,,xxviii4 ,which of the following forms is preferable8 ,give the reason3-- #a4 ,i heard of him 7his7 coming home4 #b4 ,what do you think of ,marguerite 7,marguerite's7 studying ,latin8 #c4 ,have you any doubt of ,kathleen 7,kathleen's7 being happy8 #d4 ,we saw the lady 7lady's7 crossing the street4 #e4 ,do you remember my 7me7 speaking to you about your penmanship8 #f4 ,we saw the old miser 7miser's7 sitting alone in front of his hut4 #g4 ,what is the good of your 7you7 going now8 #h4 ,there was no doubt of him 7his7 being promoted4 #i4 ,trust to me 7my7 being on time4 #aj4 ,are you surprised at it 7its7 being him 7he78 #aa4 ,no doubt his example will be followed by others1 with the consequence of the country 7country's7 being overrun by tramps4 #ab4 ,look at him 7his7 reading a book4 #ac4 ,the delay was caused by us 7our7 missing the train4 #ad4 ,i found him 7his7 reading ,idyls of the ,king4 #ae4 ,this may lead to ,harry 7,harry's7 getting a position4 #af4 ,we did not see the house 7house's7 burning4 #ag4 ,you 7your7 writing the letter so neatly secured for you the position4 #ah4 ,the man's 7man7 breaking jail is evidence of his guilt4 #ai4 ,what do you think about this cloth 7cloth's7 wearing well8 #bj4 ,we must insist upon every man 7man's7 doing his duty4 #ba4 ,mr4 ,r4's 7,mr4 ,r47 having come to town will soon be known4 #bb4 ,there is prospect of the ,senate 7,senate's7 passing the tariff bill4 #bc4 ,what use is there in a man 7man's7 swearing8 #bd4 ,his parents are opposed to him 7his7 playing football4 #be4 ,no one ever saw fat men 7men's7 heading a riot4 #bf4 ,a fierce struggle ensued1 ending in the intruder 7intruder's7 being worsted4 #bg4 ,professor ,c4 relies on us 7our7 passing our examinations4 #bh4 ,i felt my heart 7heart's7 beating faster4 #bi4 ,there is no use in me 7my7 trying to learn ,hebrew4 #cj4 ,i enjoy nothing more than the sight of a yacht 7yacht's7 sailing in a stiff breeze4 #ca4 ,brown 7,brown's7 being a manufacturer prevented his election4 ,,exercise ,,xxix4 ,distinguish in meaning between the following sentences3-- #a4 ,the man 7man's7 asking to be allowed to vote started a quarrel4 #b4 ,did you see him 7his7 riding8 #c4 ,i had to laugh at ,john 7,john's7 riding a bicycle4 #d4 ,think of me 7my7 eating frogs' legs4 #e4 ,much depends on the teacher 7teacher's7 correcting the papers4 #f4 ,did you watch him 7his7 entering the room8 #g4 ,did you hear ,ruth 7,ruth's7 singing8 #h4 ,no one ever heard of that man 7man's7 running for office4 ,,exercise ,,xxx4 ,explain the faults in the following sentences and correct them in several ways3-- #a4 ,he read the parable about the sowing the seed4 #b4 ,good writing depends on reading of good books4 #c4 ,youth is the time for the forming the character4 #d4 ,in building of chaises1 ,i tell you what1 ,there is always somewhere a weakest spot4 #e4 ,he would not aid me so much as by the lifting a hand4 #f4 ,groaning of prisoners and clanking of chains were heard4 #g4 ,by the obtaining wisdom you will command esteem4 #h4 ,by reading of good books his style was improved4 #i4 ,the taking things by force is apt to make trouble4 #aj4 ,a more careful guarding the prisoners would have prevented this accident4 ,,choice ,,of ,,relative ,,pronouns4#ec--,who is now used only of persons2 which1 of things2 that1 of either persons or things4 ,as a rule1 euphony decides between who or which and that4 ,who is used chiefly of persons 7though also often of the higher animals71 which almost only of animals and things 7in old ,english also of persons71 and that indifferently of either1 except after a preposition1 where only who whom or which can stand4 ,some recent authorities teach that only that should be used when the relative clause is limiting or defining3 as1 the man that runs fastest wins the race2 but who or which when it is descriptive or co-ordinating3 as1 this man1 who ran fastest1 won the race2 but1 though present usage is perhaps tending in the direction of such a distinction1 it neither has been nor is a rule of ,english speech1 nor is it likely to become one1 especially on account of the impossibility of setting that after a preposition2 for to turn all relative clauses into the form 'the house that ,jack lived in' 7instead of 'the house in which ,jack lived'7 would be intolerable4 ,in good punctuation the defining relative is distinguished 7as in the examples above7 by never taking a comma before it1 whether it be who or which or that4 ,wherever that could be properly used1 but only there1 the relative may be1 and very often is1 omitted altogether2 thus1 the house ,jack built or lived in2 the man he built it for4#ed ,when the antecedent includes both persons and things1 that is preferable to who or which4 ,when the antecedent is a neuter noun not personified1 a writer should prefer of which to whose1 unless euphony requires the latter4#ee ,what1 as a relative pronoun1 is equivalent to that which4 ,it is never used with an antecedent1 since the antecedent is included in the meaning of the word4 ,the word as is a relative pronoun only after such or same4 ,after such the proper relative is as2 after same it is as or that4 ,same as usually expresses identity of kind1 same that absolute identity1 except in contracted sentences where same as is alone found3 cf4 'he uses the same books as you do1' 'he uses the same books that you do1' he uses the same books as you4'#ef #ec ,foundations1 pp4 #fj1 #fe1 #fg-fi4 #ed ,the ,century ,dictionary4 #ee ,foundations1 p4 #fh4 #ef ,murray's ,dictionary4 ,,exercise ,,xxxi4 ,insert the proper relative pronoun in the blanks in the following sentences1 giving the reason for your choice3-- #a4 ,man is the only animal ---- can talk4 #b4 ,there are many persons ----1 though they be starving1 will not beg4 #c4 ,this is the malt ---- lay in the house ---- ,jack built4 #d4 ,i will have no such son-in-law ---- thinks himself better than ,i 7me74#eg #e4 ,tennyson1 ---- was the foremost poet of ,england1 died in #ahib4 #f4 ,time ---- is lost is never found again4 #g4 ,there are many ---- saw him fall4 #h4 ,the soldiers and cannon ---- you saw belong to the ,french army4 #i4 ,who ---- hears ,professor ,c4 read the court scene from ,pick wick does not go away delighted8 #aj4 ,she is the same girl since her marriage ---- she was before it4 #aa4 ,the dog dropped the bone1 ---- then fell into the water4 #ab4 ,he ---- does all ---- he can does all ---- can be expected4 #ac4 ,her hair1 ---- was dark brown1 was gathered in a ,grecian knot4 #ad4 ,tears1 such ---- angels weep1 burst forth4 #ae4 ,i have a water spaniel1 ---- follows me everywhere4 #af4 ,the horse ---- ran away with ,harry belonged to ,mr4 ,h4 #ag4 ,such ---- ,i have ,i give you4 #ah4 ,this is the same man ---- ,i spoke of4 #ai4 ,the diamond1 ---- is so highly prized1 is pure carbon1 ---- in the form of charcoal is familiar to all4 #bj4 ,all the men and horses ---- were on the transports were drowned when the vessels sank4 #ba4 ,the murdered innocents at ,bethlehem were martyrs ---- died for a king ---- they had never seen4 #bb4 ,what pleased me most1 and ---- has been most frequently mentioned by visitors to the fair1 was the beauty of the buildings4 #bc4 ,i trusted to my dog1 ---- knew the way better than ,i did4 #bd4 ,dr4 ,a4's report shows the same record of efficiency ---- has always characterized his conduct4 #be4 ,shakespeare was the greatest poet ---- the ,english race has produced4 #bf4 ,he spends all ---- he earns4 #bg4 ,the review of the ,national ,guard of ,pennsylvania by ,sheridan was the largest military display ---- ,i have seen4 #bh4 ,was it you or the wind ---- made those noises8 #bi4 ,we have invited the same girls ---- were here yesterday4 #cj4 ,it was the cat1 not ,i or the wind1 ---- frightened you4 #ca4 ,the dog ---- my brother gave me ran away4 #cb4 ,do you know that man ---- is just entering the car8 #cc4 ,such eloquence ---- was heard in the ,senate in those days6 #cd4 ,he held the same political opinions ---- his illustrious friend4 #ce4 ,nature ever faithful is ,to such ---- trust her faithfulness4 #cf4 ,is this a dagger ---- ,i see before me8 #cg4 ,we saw the men and arms ---- were captured4 ,,either or ,,any ,,one1 ,,neither or ,,no ,,one4#eh--;,either means one of the two2 neither1 no one of the two4 ,when more than two persons or things are spoken of1 any one is preferable to either1 and no one to neither4 #eg ,see note1 p4 #de4 #eh ,foundations1 pp4 #fi-gj4 ,,exercise ,,xxxii4 ,insert the proper word or words 7either1 neither1 any one1 no one7 in each blank in the following sentences3-- #a4 ,only three persons saw the fight1 and ---- of them would testify4 #b4 ,has ---- of you two gentlemen a fountain-pen8 #c4 ,i defy any candid and clear thinker to deny in the name of inductive science ---- of these six propositions4 #d4 ,when two persons disagree1 it is not likely that ---- is altogether wrong4 #e4 ,has ---- of you who have just come from the ball-field seen ,julian8 #f4 ,i have several histories of ,france1 ---- of which will give you the information4 #g4 ,here come ,harry and ,arthur2 ---- will go to get it for you4 #h4 ,give it to the six successful students or to ---- of them4 ,,each or ,,all4#ei--;,each denotes every one of any number taken one by one2 all denotes the entire number taken together4 #ei ,foundations1 p4 #gj4 ,,exercise ,,xxxiii4 ,insert the proper word 7each1 all7 in each blank3-- #a4 ---- gave me his 7their7 hand7s74 #b4 ---- of the workmen received two dollars a day4 #c4 ---- of the children has 7have7 his 7their7 peculiar traits4 #d4 ---- of the members is 7are7 entitled to a vote4 #e4 ,he gave an apple to ---- of us4 #f4 ,did your father bring the boat to ,harry8 ,no1 he brought it to ---- of us4 #g4 ---- of them did his 7their7 duty4 ,,change ,,of ,,pronoun4#fj--;,in referring to the same person or thing a writer should not change from one pronoun to another4 ,the possessive of one is one's 7not his71 except in such expressions as every one1 no one1 many a one4 ,the reflexive is one's self4 ,it is a common but serious fault to begin to write in the third person1 and then to change to the first or second4 #fj ,ibid41 pp4 #gb-gd4 ,,exercise ,,xxxiv4 ,fill the blanks with the proper pronouns3-- #a4 ,the ,second ,regiment of the ,national ,guard1 ---- was sent to ,pittsburg during the strike1 and ---- is now in camp at ,gettysburg1 has six hundred members4 #b4 ,john started to school last ,monday2 we wish ---- success4 #c4 ,proud damsel1 ---- shalt be proudly met4 ,i withdraw my pretensions to ---- hand until ,i return from the war4 #d4 ,as ---- hast said1 ---- lands are not endangered4 ,but hear me before ,i leave ----4 #e4 ,the cat was crouching on the piazza and we were watching ----4 ,suddenly ---- tail twitched nervously and ---- prepared to spring4 #f4 ,ere you remark another's sin1 ,bid ---- conscience look within4 #g4 ,at first one is likely to wonder where the boats are1 since on entering the grove ---- is 7are7 able to see only a small cabin4 #h4 ,dost ---- talk of revenge8 ---- conscience1 it seems1 has grown dull4 #i4 ,as a ,christian ---- art obliged to forgive ---- enemy4 #aj4 ,did you never bear false witness against ---- neighbor8 #aa4 ,the shepherd ran after a sheep and caught ---- just as ---- was jumping over a hedge4 #ab4 ,the hen gathered ---- brood under ---- wing4 #ac4 ,this is a book which ,i have never read1 but one ---- is recommended by ,mrs4 ,m4 ,,exercise ,,xxxv4 #a4 ,write the following note in clear and correct form1 using the third person3-- ,mr4 ,smith presents his compliments to ,mr4 ,jones1 and finds he has a cap which isn't mine4 ,so1 if you have a cap which isn't his1 no doubt they are the ones4#fa #b4 ,write a formal note in the third person1 asking an acquaintance to dine with you at a certain hour in order that you may consult with him about some matter of importance4 #c4 ,write a note in the third person accepting or declining this invitation4 #d4 ,write a formal note in the third person to some gentleman to whom you have a letter of introduction1 asking when it will be convenient to have you call4 #e4 ,write a notice in the third person offering a reward for the recovery of a lost article4 ,,singular or ,,plural ,,pronouns4#fb--,the rule that a pronoun should be in the same number as its antecedent is violated most commonly in connection with such expressions as any one1 each1 either1 every1 man after man1 neither1 nobody4 ,grammatically such expressions are singular4 ,he 7his1 him7 may stand for mankind in general and include women as well as men4 #fa ,quoted in ,foundations1 p4 #gd4 #fb ,foundations1 pp4 #ge-gf4 ,,exercise ,,xxxvi4 ,fill the blanks with the proper pronouns3-- #a4 ,many a brave man met ---- death in the war4 #b4 ,has everybody finished ---- exercise8 #c4 ,if any one has not finished let ---- hold up ---- hand4 #d4 ,it is true that this is a free country2 but that does not mean that every one may do as ---- please 7pleases74 #e4 ,either ,john or ,harry will let you look on ---- book4 #f4 ,let each take ---- turn4 #g4 ,if anybody but ,john had come1 we would not have admitted ----4 #h4 ,any one who wishes may have a ribbon to wear in ---- button-hole4 #i4 ,neither ,bois-,guilbert nor ,front de ,boeuf found himself 7them selves7 a match for the unknown knight who challenged ----4 #aj4 ,every kind of animal has ---- own proper food4 #aa4 ,not an officer1 not a private escaped getting ---- clothes wet4 #ab4 ,the ,senate has 7have7 instructed ---- conferees to yield to the demand of the conferees of the ,house of ,representatives4 #ac4 ,everybody has possessions of some kind which ---- prize 7prizes7 highly4 #ad4 ,it is a shame that each of the men1 when ---- draw 7draws7 ---- pay1 take 7takes7 it to the tavern4 #ae4 ,will either of you gentlemen lend me ---- 7third person7 pencil8 #af4 ,two men saw the deed2 but neither would tell what ---- saw4 #ag4 ,every one should be careful of the feelings of those around ----4 #ah4 ,each of the pupils has 7have7 ---- own dictionary4 #ai4 ,nobody went out of ---- way to make her feel at home4 #bj4 ,neither ,charles nor his brother ate ---- breakfast this morning4 #ba4 ,everybody goes to bed when ---- please 7pleases74 #bb4 ,the committee has handed in ---- report4 #bc4 ,the senior class has elected ---- class-day speakers4 #bd4 ,if any one wishes to see me let ---- call at my office4 #be4 ,either ,florence or ,grace will lend you ---- fan4 #bf4 ,every one must judge of ---- own feelings4 #bg4 ,whoever loves ---- school should do ---- best to elevate the school tone4 #bh4 ,a person who is rude in ---- table manners will be disliked4 #bi4 ,nobody in ---- senses ever thinks of doing that4 #cj4 ,each one as before will chase ---- favorite phantom4 #ca4 ,she laughs like one out of ---- mind4 #cb4 ,everybody was on deck amusing ----self 7selves7 as best ---- could4 #cc4 ,no one should marry unless ---- has 7have7 the means of supporting ---- self 7selves7 and ---- family4 #cd4 ,probably everybody is eloquent at least once in ---- life4 #ce4 ,everybody rises early and goes on deck1 where ---- inhale 7inhales7 the fresh salt air4 #cf4 ,bach of the gentlemen offered ---- assistance4 #cg4 ,nobody but a fool would have left ---- money in such a place4 #ch4 ,anybody wishing to sell ---- bicycle will please call at ,no4 #bfg4 #ci4 ,franklin and ,collins started off together1 each with very little money in ---- pockets4 #dj4 ,in the time of ,franklin's great-great-grandfather1 if a person was caught using an ,english ,bible ---- was 7were7 treated as a heretic4 #da4 ,nobody should praise ----self 7selves74 #db4 ,neither the merchant nor the lawyer made ----self 7selves7 rich4 #dc4 ,every man and every boy received ---- wages4 #dd4 ,when the carnival comes off everybody who owns a boat1 or who can borrow one1 decorates it as best ---- can with lanterns and trimmings4 #de4 ,every cowboy carries a pistol and knows how to use it very quickly2 ---- also has 7have7 a knife stuck in ---- belt1 in the use of which ---- is 7are7 very expert4 #df4 ,everybody's heart is open1 you know1 when ---- has 7have7 recently escaped from severe pain4 ,,omitted ,,pronouns4#fc--,the omission of necessary pronouns--an omission especially common in business letters--cannot be justified on the ground of brevity4 #fc ,foundations1 pp4 #gg1 #gh4 ,,exercise ,,xxxvii4 ,insert the omitted pronouns in-- #a4 ,after twenty-two years' experience announce the opening of my new store4 ,hope to serve the public better by presenting new ideas4 ,would invite inspection4 #b4 ,have received manuscript1 but not had time to examine4 ,will take up in a few days4 ,if good1 will publish4 #c4 ,dr4 ,jones and wife occupy the front room4 #d4 ,my inability to get employment1 and destitute condition1 depressed me4 #e4 ,she didn't trouble to make any excuse to her husband4 #f4 ,accept thanks for lovely present4 ,hope we may have the pleasure of using together in the near future4 ,,redundant ,,pronouns4--,a vulgarism not often seen in writing1 but common in conversation1 consists in the use of an unnecessary pronoun after the subject of a sentence4 ,thus1 ,teacher3 ,who was ,benjamin ,franklin8 ,pupil3 ,benjamin ,franklin1 he was a great ,american philosopher and statesman4 ,,chapter ,v4 ,,of ,,verbs ,,correct and ,,incorrect ,,forms4#fd--;,it is not enough to learn by heart the principal parts of a verb2 the habit of using them correctly should be acquired4 ,the following verb-forms are often misused3-- ,present4 ,past ,indicative4 ,past ,participle4 awake 7intransitive7 awoke awaked begin began begun beseech besought besought blow blew blown bid 7to order1 to greet7 bde bidden or bid bid 7at auction7 bid bidden or bid break broke broken#fe burst burst burst choose chose chosen come came come dive dived dived do did done drive drove driven eat ate eaten flee fled fled fly flew flown freeze froze frozen forget forgot forgotten get got got#ff go went gone hang hung1 hanged#fg hung1 hanged#fg lay 7to cause to lie7 laid laid lie 7to recline7 lay lain plead pleaded pleaded prove proved proved#fh ride rode ridden rise 7intransitive7 rose risen raise 7transitive7 raised raised run ran run see saw seen set 7to put2 of the sun1 set set moon1 etc41 to sink7 sit sat sat shake shook shaken shoe shod shod show showed shown speak spoke spoken slay slew slain steal stole stolen take took taken throw threw thrown wake 7transitive7 woke waked write wrote written ,in using the verbs drink1 ring1 shrink1 sing1 sink1 spring1 swim1 it seems better to confine the forms in a to the preterite tense1 and the forms in u to the past participle3 as1 ,the bell rang five minutes ago2 ,yes1 the bell has rung4#fi ,the following forms also should be distinguished3-- ,present4 ,past4 ,participle4 alight 7to get down from1 alighted alighted to dismount7 light 7to ignite1 lighted#g lighted#gj to shed light on7 light 7to settle down as lighted or lit lighted or lit a bird from flight1 or to come upon by chance7 #fd ,foundations1 pp4#gh-ha1 #ia-ic4 #fe ,broke1 as a form of the past participle1 is still found in verse4 #ff ,gotten is an old form not sanctioned by the best modern usage4 #fg ,clothes are 'hung' on the line2 men are 'hanged' on the gallows4--,foundations1 p4 #gi4 #fh ',proven' is borrowed from the ,scotch legal dialect4--,foundations1 p4#ib #fi ,ibid41 p4 #ia4 #gj ',lighted' seems preferable to 'lit'2 but 'lit' is used by some writers of reputation4--,ibid41 p4 #ib4 ,,exercise ,,xxxviii4 ,change the italicized verbs in these sentences to the past tense #a4 ,the guests begin to go home4 #b4 ,i beseech you to hear me4 #c4 ,the wind blows furiously4 #d4 ,the steward bids me say that supper is ready4 #e4 ,mr4 ,o4 bids forty-two dollars for the picture4 #f4 ,george dives better than any other boy in the crowd4 #g4 ,i do it myself4 #h4 ,they eat their supper as if they were half starved44 #i4 ,the enemy flee before us4 #aj4 ,the door flies open4 #aa4 ,the wild goose flies southward in the autumn4 #ab4 ,he flees at the smell of powder4 #ac4 ,the ,susquehanna river overflows its banks4 #ad4 ,the workmen lay the rails for the track with great care4 #ae4 ,obedient to the doctor's directions1 she lies down an hour every day4 #af4 ,our cat lies on the rug by the hour watching for mice4 #ag4 ,the cows lie under the trees in the meadow4 #ah4 ,helen comes in and lays her coat on a chair4 #ai4 ,the envoys plead with ,caesar earnestly4 #bj4 ,both short-stop and pitcher run for the ball4 #ba4 ,he runs up to ,mr4 ,c4 as if to strike him4 #bb4 ,i see two cannon and a company of infantry4 #bc4 ,harry sees me coming4 #bd4 ,the negro women set their baskets on their heads4 #be4 ,they sit in the third pew from the front4 #bf4 ,mr4 ,n4 always shoes my pony4 #bg4 ,the savages who live on this island slay their captives4 #bh4 ,the catcher often throws the ball to the second base4 #bi4 ,the sun wakes me early4 #cj4 ,the bell rings at seven o'clock4 #ca4 ,the stag drinks his fill4 #cb4 ,she sings sweetly4 #cc4 ,armed men spring up on all sides4 #cd4 ,tom swims very well indeed4 #ce4 ,the vessel sinks with all on board4 #cf4 ,the colonel and his staff alight in front of the general's tent4 #cg4 ,he lights the lamp with a splint4 #ch4 ,on the trees a crested peacock lights4 ,,exercise ,,xxxix4 ,change these sentences so that the italicized1 verbs will be either in the perfect tense or in the passive voice3-- #a4 ,the sleeper awakes4 #b4 ,the ,gauls beseech ,caesar to be merciful4 #c4 ,the wind blows my papers off the table4 #d4 ,ethel broke her arm4 #e4 ,his wrongdoing breaks my heart4 #f4 ,the pressure of the water breaks the pipes4 #g4 ,they choose ,mr4 ,w4 to be their chairman4 #h4 ,the enemy come in force4 #i4 ,the boys dive three times4 #aj4 ,john is driving the cows out of the corn4 #aa4 ,the boys are eating their supper4 #ab4 ,an absconding cashier flees to ,canada4 #ac4 ,a robin flies to the vines by my window4 #ad4 ,the ,ohio river overflows its banks4 #ae4 ,the water in my pitcher froze4 #af4 ,i forget his name #ag4 ,he gets along fairly well4 #ah4 ,they go by steamer4 #ai4 ,the sheriff hangs the condemned man4 #bj4 ,the maid hangs up my cloak4 #ba4 ,i lie on the couch twenty minutes to rest4 #bb4 ,tramps lie by the road below the gate4 #bc4 ,boys lay traps for hares4 #bd4 ,they lay burdens on me greater than ,i can bear4 #be4 ,they plead their cause well4 #bf4 ,this proves the truth of my assertion4 #bg4 ,he rides alone from ,litchfield to ,waterbury #bh4 ,a mist rises before my eye4 #bi4 ,i see the ,president often4 #cj4 ,i set the lamp on the table4 #ca4 ,he sits by the hour talking politics4 #cb4 ,rab shakes the little dog by the neck4 #cc4 ,he is shoeing my horse4 #cd4 ,this fact clearly shows the prisoner's guilt4 #ce4 ,he speaks his declamation well4 #cf4 ,they slay their prisoners4 #cg4 ,he stole my watch4 #ch4 ,some one takes my hat4 #ci4 ,he throws cold water on my plan4 #dj4 ,he writes home4 #da4 ,he wakes me every night by his restlessness4 ,,note4--,if the teacher thinks that the class needs more drill of this kind1 ,exercises ,,xxxviii4 and ,,xxxix4 may be reversed1 that is1 the verbs in ,,xxxviii4 may be changed to perfect or passive forms2 the verbs in ,,xxxix4 to the past tense4 ,if this is done1 some of the sentences will have to be slightly recast4 ,in the next exercise drill on the same forms is continued in a different way4 ,,exercise ,,xl4 ,insert the proper form in each of the blanks in the following sentences3-- ,,awake1 ,,wake4 #a4 ,i--at six o'clock this morning2 ,i have--at about the same time ever since ,i came to school4 #b4 ,lord ,byron one morning--to find himself famous4 ,a certain ,mr4 ,peck--one day last week to find that the ,nation had made him notorious4 #c4 ,a few nights ago ,mr4 ,michael ,dixon was--by a burglar in his bedroom4 #d4 ,he--me an hour before time4 #e4 ,have you--your brother8 #f4 ,he--as ,i opened the door4 ,,begin4 #g4 ,he had--his speech before we arrived4 #h4 ,the ,senators--to ask him questions4 ,then he--to be confused4 ,,bid4 #i4 ,when the ,major passed us he--us good-morning very politely4 #aj4 ,father has for--us to go there4 ,,blow4 #aa4 ,before the sunset gun was fired the bugler--a strain on his bugle4 #ab4 ,the top-mast of the sloop was--away4 ,,break4 #ac4 ,did you hear that ,waldo has--his leg8 #ad4 ,the window was--by ,jack4 ,,burst4 #ae4 ,when the ,south ,sea bubble--1 thousands of families were made poor4 #af4 ,the cannon was--by an overcharge of powder4 ,,choose4 #ag4 ,if they had--him1 they would have--more wisely4 #ah4 ,a better day for a drive could not have been--4 ,,come4 #ai4 ,harry--running up to me and asked me to lend him my cap4 ,,dive4 #bj4 ,the loon saw the flash of my gun and--4 #ba4 ,it had--several times before4 ,,do4 #bb4 ,i know he--it2 for it could not have been--by any one else4 #bc4 ,ask him why he--it4 ,,drive4 #bd4 ,he was--out of town by his indignant neighbors4 #be4 ,this stake has been--in deep4 ,,eat4 #bf4 ,the scraps were--up by the dog4 #bg4 ,the men have--their dinner4 ,,flee1 ,,fly1 ,,flow4 #bh4 ,during the night the river had over--its banks4 #bi4 ,benedict ,arnold was forced to--the country4 ,he--to ,england4 #cj4 ,the birds have--away4 #ca4 ,the guilty man has--4 ,he--with his family to ,mexico4 #cb4 ,our meadow was over--during the freshet4 #cc4 ,the yacht--like a bird before the wind4 #cd4 ,the lotus-eaters watched the gleaming river as it--seaward4 #ce4 ,it had--through the same channel hundreds of years4 #cf4 ,the terrified savages--to the mountains4 #cg4 ,they shall--from the wrath to come4 #ch4 ,the plantations along the ,mississippi are over--4 ,,forget4 #ci4 ,once ,sydney ,smith1 being asked his name by a servant1 found to his dismay that he had--his own name4 #dj4 ,maude is late2 she must have--the time4 ,,freeze4 #da4 ,i thought my ears were--4 #db4 ,he would have--to death if he had not been found by the ,st4 ,bernard dogs4 ,,get4 #dc4 ,they have--home4 #dd4 ,whenever any milk was wanted it could be--from the magic pitcher4 #de4 ,grace has--three seats for to-night4 #df4 ,franklin asked the boy where he had--the bread4 ,,go4 #dg4 ,the price of coal has--up since last year4 #dh4 ,he would have--with us if he had been invited4 ,,hang4 #di4 ,judas1 overwhelmed with remorse1 went and1--himself4 #ej4 ,in olden times in ,england a man was--for stealing a sheep4 ,,lay1 ,,lie4 #ea4 ,two men--under the hay-stack all yesterday morning4 ,they must have--there all night4 #eb4--;down and rest4 #ec4 ,he came in and--his books on his desk4 #ed4 ,after he--down he remembered that he had left his pocket-book--ing by the open window4 #ee4 ,he played until he was so tired that he had to--down4 #ef4 ,he has--himself at full length on the grass4 #eg4 ,you had better--down for a while after dinner4 #eh4 ,i have--down1 and ,i feel rested4 #ei4 ,i--down an hour ago to take a nap4 #fj4 ,the scene of ,the ,lady of the ,lake is--in the lake region of ,scotland4 #fa4 ,the tired lambs--down to rest4 #fb4 ,darkness settled down while the soldiers--behind the breast-works4 #fc4 ,had you not better--down a while8 #fd4 ,after they had been--ing silent for an hour1 the command was given to prepare for a march2 afterward the men ---- down again and waited for the next order4 #fe4 ,when ,romeo saw ,juliet ---- ing in the casket1 he ---- down by her side and drank the poison4 ,when ,juliet awoke1 seeing ,romeo ---- ing beside her dead1 she took a sword which ---- near and killed herself4 ,,plead4 #ff4 ,he ---- tearfully to be set free1 but his captors were firm4 #fg4 ,yesterday he ---- not guilty4 ,,prove4 #fh4 ,it cannot be ---- that ,mars is inhabited4 #fi4 ,he thinks that the prisoner's innocence has been ----4 ,,ride4 #gj4 ,we had ---- only a short distance when rain began to fall4 #ga4 ,have you ever ---- on a bicycle8 ,,rise1 ,,raise4 #gb4 ,she could not get her bread to ----4 #gc4 ,the price of corn has ----4 #gd4 ,i ---- so that ,i might look around4 #ge4 ,the students ---- him upon their shoulders4 ,,run4 #gf4 ,you look as if you had ---- all the way home4 #gg4 ,he ---- up to me and asked what time it was4 #gh4 ,he said some thief had taken his coat and had ---- away with it4 ,,see4 #gi4 ,charlie1 who has just come in1 says he ---- two suspicious looking men near the barn4 #hj4 ,yes1 ,i ---- him an hour ago4 #ha4 ,that is the best dog ,i ever ----4 ,,set1 ,,sit4 #hb4 ,please ---- still while ,i try to find her4 #hc4 ,the old man was ----ting in his easy-chair4 #hd4 ,he ---- out for ,boston day before yesterday4 #he4 ---- down and talk awhile4 #hf4 ,the sun ----s at six o'clock twice a year4 #hg4 ,i ---- the basket on a rock while ,i went to the spring4 #hh4 ,we ---- with our friends at the table for over an hour4 #hi4 ,in which seat did you ----8 #ij4 ,i am--ting in my study by the window4 #ia4 ,the children are dreadfully sunburnt2 yesterday they--in the sun on the beach all the morning4 #ib4 ,just--down1 till ,i call her4 #ic4 ,annie1 ,i have--the pitcher on the table4 #id4 ,he has--there all the evening4 #ie4 ,we were all--ting round the fire4 #if4 ,i had to--up all night4 #ig4 ,the farmer after felling the tree found that it had fell 7fallen7 on a--ting hen that had laid 7lain7 her eggs under its branches4 ,,shake4 #ih4 ,all the restraints of home had been--off long before4 #ii4 ,john--the tree2 ,lida picked up the nuts4 #ajj4 ,after they had--off the dust1 they entered the house4 ,,shoe4 #aja4 ,go1 ask ,mr4 ,n4 whether he has--the horses yet4 #ajb4 ,he says he--them an hour ago4 ,,show4 #ajc4 ,they have--their good intention4 #ajd4 ,has ,edward--you his yacht8 ,yes1 he--it to me this morning4 ,,speak4 #aje4 ,english is--in many parts of the world4 #ajf4 ,after he had--a half-hour we had to leave4 ,,slay4 #ajg4 ,david--,goliath with a pebble4 #ajh4 ,a brave man never boasts of having--his thousands4 ,,steal4 #aji4 ,he thinks the horse was--4 #aaj4 ,some one has--my purse4 ,,take4 #aaa4 ,i found upon inquiry that ,i had mis--the house #aab4 ,yesterday she--me home with her4 #aac4 ,you look as if you had--root there4 ,,throw4 #aad4 ,he--the ball to me and ,i--it back4 #aae4 ,the ,governor's son was--from his pony this morning4 ,,write4 #aaf4 ,i think he should have--and told us4 #aag4 ,he--for the book two days ago4 #aah4 ,she has--for samples4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,drink4 #aai4 ,the toast was--with great enthusiasm4 #abj4 ,then they--to the health of the ,president4 #aba4 ,he had once--sour wine and slept in the secret chamber at ,wolf's ,crag4 ,,ring4 #abb4 ,the fire bell--twice last night4 ,it had not--for two months before4 #abc4 ,has the last bell--8 ,,sing4 #abd4 ,the choir boys--the ,hallelujah ,chorus from ,the ,messiah4 ,it seemed to me that they had never--so well4 ,,sink4 #abe4 ,the steamer struck an iceberg and--with all on board4 #abf4 ,they have--two wells1 but have got 7gotten7 no water4 ,,spring4 #abg4 ,the grass--up like magic last night4 #abh4 ,homer describes a race of men who--from the gods4 ,,swim4 #abi4 ,i once--three-quarters of a mile without stopping4 #acj4 ,having--the river1 the fugitives plunged into the forest4 ,,exercise ,,xli4 ,illustrate by original sentences the proper use of the past indicative and the past participle of each of the following verbs1 thus3 ,a swallow ,,flew into my room1 but before ,i recovered from my surprise it had ,,flown out again4 ,give to the sentences variety3-- ,awake1 beat1 begin1 beseech1 blow1 bid 7to order71 bid 7to offer71 break1 burst1 choose1 come1 dive1 do1 drive1 eat1 flee1 fly1 flow1 forget1 freeze1 get1 go1 hang1 lay1 lie 7to recline71 plead1 prove1 ride1 rise1 run1 see1 set1 sit1 shake1 shoe1 show1 speak1 slay1 steal1 take1 throw1 wake1 write4 ,,contractions4#ga--,some writers hold that in careful writing contracted forms should be avoided2 but all are agreed that in conversation some contractions1 if correctly used1 are natural and proper4 ,the conversation of a person who never said can't for can not1 don't for do not1 or doesn't for does not1 would seem stiff4 ,care should1 however1 be taken not to use plural contractions for singular1 or singular for plural4 ,don't is a contraction of do not1 doesn't of does not4 ,the proper contraction of is not is isn't2 of are not1 aren't4 ,daresn't1 if used at all1 should be used only when dares not might be substituted4 ,ain't is a gross vulgarism4 #ga ,foundations1 pp4 #ha-hb4 ,,exercise ,,xlii4 ,insert the proper contraction 7doesn't1 don't7 in each of the blank places3-- #a4 ,it--- seem possible4 #b4 ,the captain--- know what it is to be afraid4 #c4 ,john says he--- understand the problem on page #bff4 #d4 ,why--- she come8 #e4--- it seem strange that they--- come8 #f4 ,waldo--- improve in penmanship as fast as he should4 #g4 ,it--- look like pure water4 #h4 ,why--- he answer8 #i4 ,the boy will fail1 but he--- seem to care much4 ,,may 7,,might7 or ,,can 7,,could74#gb--;,can and could1 which denote ability or possibility1 are often wrongly used in the place of may and might1 which are the proper words to denote permission4 #gb ,ibid41 pp4 #hb-hc4 ,,exercise ,,xliii4 ,fill the blanks with the right words3-- #a4 ---- ,i leave the room8 #b4 ,you ---- go to the concert1 but ,i doubt whether you ---- get a seat4 #c4 ---- we by searching find out ,god8 #d4 ---- ,i have some more lemonade8 #e4 ---- ,i have another piece of cake8 #f4 ---- you tell me which is ,mr4 ,ames's house8 #g4 ,mother says ,i--invite the girls to tea4 #h4 ,a man who knows himself to be right ---- afford to await the judgment of posterity4 #i4 ---- ,i write at your desk8 #aj4 ,you ---- come to see me whenever you ---- find time4 #aa4 ,they asked whether they ---- have a holiday4 #ab4 ,they were wondering whether they ---- be recognized in their disguises4 #ac4 ---- ,i have the use of your sled8 #ad4 ---- ,i trouble you to get me a glass of water8 ,,will ,,or ,,shall4#gc--,some grammarians teach that the future tense of go is3 ,i shall or will go1 ,you shall or will go1 ,he shall or will go1 etc4 ,the fact seems to be that there is only one form for the future2 the other form1 often given as an alternative1 expresses something more than futurity1 and is somewhat like a distinct mode4 ,a help to the proper use of shall and will is found in the original meaning of the words4 ,at first shall and will were notional verbs1#gd shall meaning to owe1 to be obliged1 and will meaning to wish3 as1 ,that faith ,i shall 7owe7 to ,god4#ge ,at present shall and will often retain some trace of their original meaning1 will implying a reference to the will of the subject1 and shall implying obligation or compulsion3 as1 ,i will follow him to the end2 ,he shall be brought to justice2 sometimes they are mere auxiliaries1 with no trace of their original meaning3 as1 ,it will rain to-day2 ,i shall be glad4 #gc ,foundations1 pp4 #hc-hh4 #gd ,by notional verb is meant a verb that has some distinct idea or notion of its own3 as1 ,i have a ball4 ,here have expresses the idea of possession4 ,in the sentence ,i have lost my ball1 the word have does not express a distinct idea2 it only helps to form a tense of the verb lose3 that is1 it is not notional1 but auxiliary4 #ge ,chaucer4 ,for practical purposes the distinction between shall and will may be exhibited as follows3-- ,i4 ,,in ,,independent ,,sentences4 ,simple ,futurity4 ,volition1 implying that the matter is within the control of the speaker4 ,i 7we7 shall ,i 7we7 will you will#gf go4 you shall go4 he 7they7 will_/ he 7they7 shall#gg_/ #gf ,sometimes used in a courteous command to a subordinate officer4 #gg ,also used in speaking of what is destined to take place1 or of what is willed by some ruling power4 ,,ii4 ,,in ,,dependent ,,sentences4 ,in noun clauses introduced by that1 expressed or understood1 if the noun clause and the principal clause have different subjects1 the distinction between shall and will is the same as in independent sentences3 as1 ,my sister says 7that7 ,dorothy will be glad to go with us4 7,futurity2 the same as1 ,dorothy will be glad to go with us47 ,my sister says 7that7 ,dorothy shall not be left behind4 7,volition2 the same as1 ,dorothy shall not be left behind47 ,in all other dependent clauses1 shall is in all persons the proper auxiliary to express simple futurity2 will in all persons implies an exercise of will on the part of the subject of the clause3 as1 ,dorothy says 7that7 she shall 7futurity7 be able to go with us4 ,she says 7that7 she will 7volition7 meet us at the corner4 ,if ,bessie will come 7volition71 we will try to make her visit pleasant4 ,when ,he shall appear 7futurity7 we shall be like ,him4 ,,remark4--,it is worthy of notice that in noun clauses introduced by that--clauses which are really indirect quotations--the same auxiliary is generally used that would be used were the quotation in the direct form3 as1 ,my sister says1 ',dorothy will be glad to go with you1' ,my sister says that ,dorothy will be glad to go with us2 ,dorothy says1 ',i shall be glad to go with you1' ,dorothy says that she shall be glad to go with us4 ,this remark1 however1 is not an adequate statement of the best usage1 for it is not true of such sentences as #ba1 p4 #gf1 and #h1 #bb1 p4 #gg4 ,,iii4 ,,in ,,questions4 ,in the first person will is never proper1 except when it repeats a question asked by another person4 ,will ,i go8 would mean1 ,is it my intention to go8--a useless question1 since the speaker must know his own will without asking4 ,in the second and third persons the auxiliary which is expected in the answer should be used4 ,will you dine with me to-morrow8 ,i will4 7,volition47 ,shall you be glad to come8 ,i shall4 7,futurity47 ,will your brother be there1 too8 ,he will4 7,futurity47 ,,would ,,or ,,should4#gh--,should and would follow the same rules as shall and will1 but they have in addition certain meanings peculiarly their own4 ,should is sometimes used in its original sense of 'ought1' as in ',you should not do that4' ,would is sometimes used to signify habitual action1 as in ',the ',squire would sometimes fall asleep in the most pathetic part of my sermon2' and to express a wish1 as1 ',would ,god ,i had died for thee1 ,o ,absalom1 my son1 my son6'#gi #gh ,foundations1 pp4 #hh-ij4 #gi ,a4,s4 ,hill3 ,principles of ,rhetoric1 revised edition1 p #fc4 ,,exercise ,,xliv4 ,distinguish in meaning between the following sentences3-- #a4 ,i will 7shall7 meet you in the village4 #b4 ,i will 7shall7 be obeyed4 #c4 ,will he come8 ,shall he come8 #d4 ,you will 7shall7 repent of this4 #e4 ,he will 7shall7 not see me4 #f4 ,you will 7shall7 have a new suit to-morrow4 #g4 ,shall 7will7 you stay at home to-night8 #h4 ,we will 7shall7 not be left alone4 #i4 ,she will 7shall7 have a reward if she continues faithful4 #aj4 ,he would 7should7 start in spite of the danger4 #aa4 ,shall 7will7 you be a candidate8 #ab4 ,he said he would 7should7 not go4 #ac4 ,i shall 7will7 never see him again4 #ad4 ,you will 7shall7 know to-morrow the result of the examination4 #ae4 ,will 7shall7 he who fails be allowed to try again8 #af4 ,will 7shall7 the admission fee be twenty-five or fifty cents8 #ag4 ,he thought there would 7should7 be a charge4 #ah4 ,i will 7shall7 be the last to go4 #ai4 ,he thought ,i would 7should7 wait4 #bj4 ,he says that she will 7shall7 not eat watermelon4 #ba4 ,if she disobeyed she would 7should7 be punished4 #bb4 ,do you think ,i should 7would7 go under the circumstances8 #bc4 ,if they would 7should7 come1 the danger would be averted4 #bd4 ,if ,i would 7should7 say so1 he would dislike me4 #be4 ,he says he will 7shall7 not come1 since she forgot him at first4 #bf4 ,we will 7shall7 come as soon as we can4 #bg4 ,i will 7shall7 not endure his rudeness4 #bh4 ,john says he will 7shall7 stay to see the game4 ,,exercise ,,xlv4 ,insert the proper auxiliary 7will1 shall7 in each blank in the following sentences3-- #a4 ,i ---- be drowned2 nobody ---- help me4 #b4 ,you ---- have a wet day for your journey4 #c4 ,he says he ---- not be able to come4 #d4 ,we ---- not soon forget this picnic4 #e4 ,he ---- repent of his folly when it is too late4 #f4 ,we ---- be pleased to have you call4 #g4 ,the gathering ---- be informal2 therefore ,i ---- not need my dress suit #h4 ,we ---- have occasion to test the wires to-night4 #i4 ,i ---- be obliged to you for your autograph4 #aj4 ,he ---- be obliged to you4 #aa4 ,the managers have agreed that the race ---- be rowed again4 #ab4 ,do you think we ---- have rain8 #ac4 ,if the fire is not put out soon1 we ---- have the whole town to rebuild4 #ad4 ,do not fear2 we ---- be all right4 #ae4 ,a prize is offered to whoever ---- guess this conundrum4 #af4 ,we ---- find ourselves much mistaken4 #ag4 ,the time is coming when we ---- have to go elsewhere for lumber4 #ah4 ,are you not afraid that you ---- miss the train8 #ai4 ,yes1 ,i fear that ,i ---- miss the train4 #bj4 ,he is afraid that he ---- miss the train4 #ba4 ,they say ,i ---- find picture-galleries in every city4 #bb4 ,think what a happy life we ---- live4 #bc4 ,if you will call for me1 ,i ---- be glad to go with you4 #bd4 ,i ---- be sixteen in ,may4 #be4 ,john thinks he ---- be sick to-morrow4 #bf4 ,he says ,james ---- be sick to-morrow4 #bg4 ,howard thinks he ---- probably live to old age4 #bh4 ,howard thinks his brother ---- probably live to old age4 #bi4 ,he tells me that he--be ten next month4 #cj4 ,we ---- be all right if ,congress will 7shall7 adjourn without tampering with the tariff4 #ca4 ,if we examine the falling snow1 we ---- find that each flake consists of particles of ice4 #cb4 ,he has resolved that he ---- not answer the letter4 #cc4 ,she has resolved that her daughter ---- not answer his letter4 #cd4 ,i ---- feel greatly obliged if you ---- tell me4 #ce4 ,when ,he--appear1 we ---- be like ,him4 #cf4 ,i hope we ---- be in time to get good seats4 #cg4 ,when ---- ,i come to get my paper8 #ch4 ---- ,i put more coal on the fire8 #ci4 ---- you be sorry to leave ,boston8 #dj4 ---- you be elected8 #da4 ,when ---- we three meet again8 #db4 ---- ,i fetch a chair for you8 #dc4 ---- you be surprised to hear it8 #dd4 ---- you do me the favor to reply by return mail8 #de4 ---- we have time to get our tickets8 #df4 ---- you have time to get your ticket8 #dg4 ---- he have time to get his ticket8 #dh4 ---- there be time to get our tickets8 #di4 ---- you be at leisure after dinner8 #ej4 ---- ,i find you at home8 #ea4 ,when ---- we have peace8 #eb4 ---- he find gold there8 ---- we find any8 #ec4 ---- we hear a good lecture if we go8 #ed4 ,if ,i fail on this examination1---- ,i be allowed to take it over again8 ,,exercise ,,xlvi4 ,insert the proper auxiliary 7would1 should7 in each blank in the following sentences3-- #a4 ,i ---- like to know who he is4 #b4 ,we ---- prefer to go by boat from ,rhinebeck4 #c4 ,he ---- prefer to go by boat from ,poughkeepsie4 #d4 ,he ---- be sorry to miss his train4 #e4 ,i ---- be sorry to lose this umbrella4 #f4 ,i ---- feel hurt if he ---- abuse my hospitality in that way4 #g4 ,were ,i to go1 ,i ---- get tired4 #h4 ,he ought to have known that we ---- be ruined4 #i4 ,i ---- think he ---- know they are fooling him4 #aj4 ,the head-master decided that you ---- be promoted4 #aa4 ,ralph said he ---- 7volition7 not stay at the hotel if it were not better kept4 #ab4 ,though ,i ---- die for it1 yet ---- ,i do it4 #ac4 ,i was afraid she ---- not come4 #ad4 ,if ,i knew where she is1 ,i ---- write to her4 #ae4 ,we ---- have been paid1 if the treasurer had been at home4 #af4 ,they ---- have been paid1 if the treasurer had been at home4 #ag4 ,i said nothing lest she ---- feel hurt4 #ah4 ,i asked her whether she ---- come again4 #ai4 ,he promised that it ---- not occur again4 #bj4 ,if it ---- rain1 we would not start4 #ba4 ,queen ,isabella offered a reward to the first man who ---- discover land4 #bb4 ,cornelia was afraid that we ---- miss the train4 #bc4 ,i expected that they ---- accept the proposal4 #bd4 ,he said ,miss ,anderson ---- not return to the stage4 #be4 ,franklin resolved that ,collins ---- row4 ,collins said that he ---- not row1 but that ,franklin ---- row in his place4 #bf4 ,at first ,i did not think ,i ---- enjoy seeing the ,world's ,fair4 #bg4 ,what ---- we do without our friends8 #bh4 ,if he ---- come to-day1 would 7should7 you be ready8 ,,questions ,,of ,,tense4#hj--,the tense of a verb should correctly express the time referred to4 ,most errors in the use of tenses are violations of some one of the following principles1 which are established by good usage3-- #a4 ,principal verbs referring to the same time should be in the same tense4 #b4 ,the perfect indicative represents something as now completed--as begun in the past but continuing till the present1 at least in its consequences3 as1 ,i have lost my book 7so that now ,i do not have it72 ,this house has stood for ninety years 7it is still standing72 ,bishop ,brooks has died1 but he has left us his example 7he is not now among us1 but we have his example74 #c4 ,the tense of the verb in a dependent clause varies with the tense of the principal verb3#ha as1 ,i know he will come4 ,i knew he would come4 ,i have taken the first train1 that ,i may arrive early4 ,i had taken the first train1 that ,i might arrive early4 ,blanche will be frightened if she sees the bat4 ,blanche would be frightened if she saw the bat4 ,blanche would have been frightened if she had seen the bat4 ,present facts and unchangeable truths1 however1 should be expressed in the present tense1 regardless of the tense of the principal verb3 as1 ,what did you say his name is8 #d4 ,the perfect infinitive is properly used to denote action which is completed at the time denoted by the principal verb3 as1 ,i am glad to have seen ,niagara ,falls2 ,he felt sorry to have hurt your feelings4 ,,exception4--,ought1 must1 need1 and should 7in the sense of ought7 have no distinctive form to denote past time2 with these verbs present time is denoted by putting the complementary infinitive in the present tense1 past time is denoted by putting the complementary infinitive in the perfect tense3 as1 ,you ought to go1 ,you ought to have gone2 ,he should be careful1 ,he should have been careful4 ,a similar change from the present to the perfect infinitive is found after could and might in some of their uses3 as1 ,i could go1 ,i could have gone2 ,you might have answered4 #hj ,foundations1 pp4 #ic-ih4 #ha ,this is sometimes called the ,law of the ,sequence of ,tenses4 ,,exercise ,,xlvii4 ,distinguish in meaning between the following3-- #a4 ,the house stood 7has stood7 twenty years4 #b4 ,the messenger came 7has come74 #c4 ,he should stay 7have stayed74 #d4 ,it rained 7has rained7 for two weeks4 #e4 ,he was believed to live 7to have lived7 a happy life4 #f4 ,he ought to go 7to have gone74 #g4 ,he deposited 7has deposited7 the money in bank4 #h4 ,i am sure ,i could go 7have gone7 alone4 #i4 ,yesterday at three o'clock ,i completed 7had completed7 my work4 #aj4 ,he must be 7have been7 weary4 #aa4 ,he appeared to be 7have been7 crying4 #ab4 ,he need not go4 ,he need not have gone4 #ac4 ,the horse jumped 7had jumped7 into the field1 and began 7had begun7 to eat the corn4 #ad4 ,achilles is said to be 7have been7 buried at the foot of this hill4 ,,exercise ,,xlviii4 ,which of the italicized forms is right8-- #a4 ,where did you say ,pike's ,peak is 7was78 #b4 ,i intended to do 7to have done7 it yesterday4 #c4 ,atlas is 7was7 a mythical giant who was supposed to hold 7to have held7 the sky on his shoulders4 #d4 ,i do not think that any one would say that winter is 7was7 preferable to spring4 #e4 ,cadmus was supposed to build 7to have built7 ,thebes4 #f4 ,your father grieves to hear 7to have heard7 of your bad conduct4 #g4 ,would he have been willing to go 7to have gone7 with you8 #h4 ,i meant to write 7to have written7 yesterday4 #i4 ,he tried to learn how far it is 7was7 from ,new ,york to ,syracuse4 #aj4 ,he hardly knew that two and two make 7made7 four4 #aa4 ,his experience proved that there is 7was7 many a slip 'twixt the cup and the lip4 #ab4 ,carrie knew that water is 7was7 composed of two gases4 #ac4 ,it was their duty to prevent 7to have prevented7 this outrage4 #ad4 ,he was reported to rescue 7to have rescued7 the drowning man4 #ae4 ,it would have been unkind to refuse 7to have refused7 to help 7to have helped7 him4 #af4 ,it would not have been difficult to prevent 7to have prevented7 the disaster4 #ag4 ,where did you say ,gettysburg is 7was78 #ah4 ,it was as true as that he is 7was7 listening to me when ,i said it4 #ai4 ,it was harder than ,i expected it would be 7have been74 #bj4 ,homer is supposed to be 7to have been7 born about #hej ,b4,c4 #ba4 ,when ,i came ,i intended to buy 7to have bought7 all ,paris4 #bb4 ,washington is known to have 7to have had7 many narrow escapes4 #bc ,if you would only wait1 your success will 7would7 be certain4 #bd4 ,is he very sick8 ,i should say he is 7was74 #be4 ,who first asserted that virtue is 7was7 its own reward8 #bf4 ,we have done no more than it was our duty to do 7to have done74 #bg4 ,what building is 7was7 that which we just passed8 #bh4 ,he impressed on us the truth that honesty is 7was7 the best policy4 #bi4 ,he expected to see 7to have seen7 you to-morrow4 #cj4 ,he expected to win 7to have won7 the suit1 and was astonished at the decision of the court4 #ca4 ,the result of such constant reading by poor light would have been to destroy 7to have destroyed7 his sight4 #cb4 ,it would have given me great satisfaction to relieve 7to have relieved7 him from his distress4 #cc4 ,who would have thought it possible to receive 7to have received7 a reply from ,india so soon8 #cd4 ,it would have been better to wait 7to have waited74 #ce4 ,i should like to hear 7to have heard7 the speeches of ,hayne and ,webster4 #cf4 ,the furniture was to be 7to have been7 sold at auction4 #cg4 ,it was a pity ,i was the only child1 for my mother had fondness of heart enough to spoil 7to have spoiled7 a dozen children4 #ch4 ,i am writing to him so that he may 7might7 be ready for us4 #ci4 ,i have written to him so that he may 7might7 be ready for us4 #dj4 ,i wrote to him so that he may 7might7 be ready for us4 ,,exercise ,,xlix4 ,examine the tenses in the following sentences1 explain any errors which you find1 and correct them3-- #a4 ,i knew him since boyhood4 #b4 ,it was a superstition among the ,mexicans that a bullet will not kill a man unless it has his name stamped on it4 #c4 ,being absent from the last recitation1 ,i am unable to write on the subject assigned this morning4 #d4 ,soon after ,oliver reached home a servant announces the presence of ,charles4 #e4 ',got any luck8' says ,i4 ',no1' says he4 ',well1' says ,i1 ',i've got the finest string of trout ever was seen4' #f4 ,be virtuous and you would be happy4 #g4 ,stackhouse believed that he solved the problem he had so long studied over1 and yesterday afternoon he started from his house1 ,no4 #bddf ,north ,tenth ,street1 to make a test4 #h4 ,this beautiful little bird that appears to the king and tries to warn him1 was not an ordinary bird4 #i4 ,next ,september ,i shall be at school three years4 #aj4 ,i know very little about the ,arabian ,nights1 for ,i have never read any of the stories before ,i came to this school4 #aa4 ,if he received your instructions he would have obeyed them4 #ab4 ,before he was going to have the sign printed he submitted it to his friends for corrections4 #ac4 ,the ,balloon ,society recently invited ,mr4 ,gould to read before them a paper on yachting4 ,mr4 ,gould1 in reply1 has expressed regret that the shortness of his visit will prevent him from accepting the invitation4 #ad4 ,i should be obliged to him if he will gratify me in that respect4 #ae4 ,while he was in ,england the ,british had given him very honorable positions in ,america in order to have his help if they had any trouble with the colonies4 #af4 ,up and down the engines pounded4 ,it is a good twenty-one knots now1 and the upper deck abaft the chart-house began rapidly to fill4 #ag4 ,mr4 and ,mrs4 ,lincoln regret that a previous engagement1 will prevent them from accepting ,mrs4 ,black's kind invitation for ,thursday4 #ah4 ,mr4 ,rockwell will accept with pleasure the invitation of ,mr4 and ,mrs4 ,pembroke for ,tuesday evening1 ,december #c;d4 #ai4 ,i am sure that he has been there and did what was required of him4 #bj4 ,he might probably have been desirous1 in the first place1 to have dried his clothes and refreshed himself4 #ba4 ,he could not have failed to have aroused suspicion4 #bb4 ,when1 on the return of ,dr4 ,primrose's son ,moses from the ,fair1 the family had discovered how he had been cheated1 we are shown an admirable picture of home life4 #bc4 ,apart from his love1 ,orlando was also a noble youth4 ,when old ,adam1 at last overcome by fatigue1 sank in the footsteps of ,orlando1 ,orlando tries to encourage and assist him4 #bd4 ,the increase in tonnage was not so rapid as it would have been were it not for the ,act of #agij4 ,,indicative ,,or ,,subjunctive4#hb--,the modern tendency to drop the subjunctive is unfortunate1 for the distinction between the subjunctive and the indicative is too useful to be abandoned4#hc ,a knowledge of the difference between these modes in ,english is especially important in view of the difficulty which pupils complain of in mastering the uses of the ,latin subjunctive or the ,greek subjunctive and optative4#hd ,for these reasons more space is given to the subjunctive in this book than would be called for by a mere discussion of modern ,english usage4 ,,forms of the ,,subjunctive--,in form the ,english subjunctive differs from the indicative in several ways3-- #a4 ,in the single case of the verb to be there are distinct forms for the present and past tenses1 namely3-- ,present4 ,past ,i1 we ,i were1 we thou1 you be4 thou wert1 you were4 he1 they_/ he were1 they_/ ,,examples4--,see that my room be#he got ready at once4 ,i will work you a banner if you be#he victorious4 ,the headsman feels if the axe be#he sharp4 ,take care lest you be deceived4 ,judge not that ye be not judged4 ,i will beard them1 though they be#he more fanged than wolves and bears4 ,if ,i were you1 ,i would not say that4 ,if you were more studious1 you would rank high4 ,would that my parents were here6 #b4 ,in other verbs the subjunctive form is distinguishable from the indicative in the second and third persons singular by the absence of the personal endings -th1-s1 or -st3 as1 ,present ,indicative3 ,i have1 thou hast1 he has 7hath74 ,subjunctive3 ,i have1 thou have1 he have4 ,past ,indicative3 ,i had1 thou hadst1 he had4 ,subjunctive3 ,i had1 thou had1 he had4 ,present ,indicative3 ,i come1 thou comest1 he comes 7cometh74 ,subjunctive3 ,i come1 thou come1 he come4 ,past ,indicative3 ,i came1 thou earnest1 he came4 ,subjunctive3 ,i came1 thou came1 he came4 #hb ,foundations1 pp4 #ih-aja4 #hc ,some people seem to think that the subjunctive mood is as good as lost1 that it is doomed1 and that its retention is hopeless4 ,if its function were generally appreciated1 it might even now be saved4444 ,if we lose the ,subjunctive ,verb1 it will certainly be a grievous impoverishment to our literary language1 were it only for its value in giving variation to diction--and ,i make bold to assert that the writer who helps to keep it up deserves public gratitude4--,john ,earle3 ,english ,prose1 its ,elements1 ,history1 and ,usage1 p4 #agb4 #hd ,the lecturer also put in a plea for more vitality in the teaching of ,english1 which ought to be made the gate to other languages4 ,many of the difficult questions of ,latin syntax might be examined in the field of ,english1 if only we were careful to treat our ,english critically4 ,whereas most grammars cut the ground from under them by denying the existence of a ,subjunctive ,mood4 ,until teachers recognize generally that1 in such a sentence as ',if he had done it1 it had been better1' we have a ,subjunctive in both clauses1 and a sentence essentially different from ',if he had loved her before1 he now adored her1' ,english must forfeit half its value1 both as a mental discipline and as a means of approach to ,latin1 ,greek1 and ,german4--,from a report of a ,lecture by ,prof4 ,sonnenschein1 of the ,mason ,college1 quoted in ,earle's ,english ,prose1 p4 #ee4 #he ,in such sentences the indicative would be1 according to modern usage1 correct1 and it is more common4 ,,examples4--,long live the king6 ,if thou go1 see that thou offend not4 ,it is better he die4 ,though he slay me1 yet will ,i trust him4 ,unless he behave#hf better1 he will be punished4 ,if ,i will that he tarry till ,i come1 what is that to thee8 ,govern well thy appetite1 lest sin surprise thee4 ,if my sister saw this snake1 she would be frightened4 ,i wish ,i knew where ,charles is4 ,the perfect and pluperfect subjunctives are of course formed by means of the subjunctive present and past tenses of have4 #c4 ,very often1 instead of the simple subjunctive forms1 we use auxiliary verbs--may 7past1 might7 and would or should--to express the subjunctive idea4 ,may 7might7 is common as an equivalent for the subjunctive mode in clauses denoting a purpose1 a wish1 a hope1 or a fear3 as1 ,bring him the book1 that he may read to us2 ,may he rest in peace2 ,i hope you may succeed2 ,they were afraid we might lose the way4 ,would and should are common substitutes for all tenses of the subjunctive3 as1 ,walk carefully lest you 7stumble7 should stumble2 ,if he 7come7 should come1 he will find me at home2 ,it 7were7 would be better if he 7went7 should go alone2 ,if my sister had seen this mouse1 she 7had been7 would have been frightened4 ,in these sentences either the form in parenthesis or the italicized form is correct1 though the latter is more common4 ,,note4--,it does not follow that the verbs may1 would1 and should always express the subjunctive idea4 ,in the following sentences1 for instance1 they express the indicative idea3 ,you may 7i4e41 are permitted to7 stay an hour2 ,you should 7i4e41 ought to7 be punctual2 ,edith would not 7i4e41 was unwilling to7 come4 ,in such sentences may1 should1 and would make simple statements of fact4 ,,uses of the ,,subjunctive4--,the indicative form is used in expressing a fact or what is assumed to be a fact3 as ,he thinks he is ill2 the subjunctive form indicates some uncertainty or doubt in the speaker's mind3 as1 ,whether it rain or not1 ,i will go4 ,the subjunctive idea occurs most frequently1 perhaps1 in conditional sentences4 ,a conditional sentence is one that contains a condition or supposition4 ,a supposition may refer to present1 past1 or future time4 ,if it refers to present or past time1 it may be viewed by the speaker as true1 untrue1 or as a mere supposition with nothing implied as to its truth2 if it refers to the future1 it may be viewed as either likely or unlikely4 ,a supposition which is assumed to be true1 or which is made without any hint as to its correctness1 is expressed by the indicative4 ,a supposition which is viewed by the speaker as untrue or unlikely is expressed by the subjunctive or a periphrase#hg for the subjunctive4 ,when the character of the supposition makes the conclusion untrue or unlikely1 the conclusion also is expressed by the subjunctive or a periphrase#hg for the subjunctive4 ,the use of tenses is peculiar1 as will be seen from the following table of a few common forms of conditional sentences4 ,the tenses should be carefully noted3-- ,,present3 ,if it rains 7is raining7 now1 ,i am sorry4 ,present indicative3 ,a simple supposition without any hint as to its correctness4 ,if it rained 7were raining71 ,i should be sorry4 ,past subjunctive1 both clauses3 ,the speaker implies that it is not raining4 ,,past3 ,if it rained 7was raining71 ,i was sorry4 ,past indicative3 ,no suggestion of doubt4 ,if it had rained1 ,i should have been sorry4 ,past perfect subjunctive1 both clauses3 ,the speaker implies that it did not rain4 ,,future3 ,if it rains1 ,i shall be sorry4 ,present indicative3 ,the common1 though inexact1 form of a simple future supposition4 ,if it rain1 ,i shall be sorry4 ,present subjunctive3 ,less common1 but more exact4 ,the future is uncertain4 ,if it should 7were to7 rain1 ,i should be sorry4 ,subjunctive1 both clauses3 ,the uncertainty is emphasized by the auxiliary form2 the chances of rain seem more remote4 ,,note #a4--,when if is equivalent to whenever1 the condition is called general1 to distinguish it from particular conditions1 which refer to some particular act at some particular time4 ,general conditions always take the indicative3 as1 ,if 7whenever7 it rains1 ,i stay at home4 ,,note #b4--,sometimes there is no if1 and then the verb or a part of the verb precedes the subject3 as1 ,were it raining1 ,i should be sorry2 ,had it been raining1 ,i should have been sorry4 ,,note #c4--;,in such sentences as ,if thou hadst been here1 my brother had not died1 it may perhaps be questioned whether had not died is indicative1 as in the ,greek1 or subjunctive1 as in the ,latin1 idiom4 ,,note #d4--;,clauses introduced by though and unless take the same forms as clauses introduced by if4 ,wishes are naturally expressed in the subjunctive4 ,the present subjunctive denotes a wish for the future3 as1 ,thy kingdom come4 ,the past subjunctive denotes a wish for the present which is unfulfilled3 as1 ,i wish ,i were a bird4 ,the past perfect subjunctive denotes a wish contrary to a past fact3 as1 ,i wish you had been there4 #hf ,in such sentences the indicative would be1 according to modern usage1 correct1 and it is more common4 #hg ,see paragraph #c1 page #hd4 ,the forms in would and should in conditional sentences1 though they express the subjunctive idea1 can hardly be called the subjunctive mood4 ,sometimes they are called the conditional mood4 ,,exercise ,l4 ,tell the time referred to in each of the following sentences1 and whether the speaker regards the condition as true1 untrue1 or uncertain3-- #a4 ,if all men did their duty1 there would be less misery in the world4 #b4 ,had ,i heard of the affair sooner1 this misfortune would not have happened4 #c4 ,were it true1 ,i would say so4 #d4 ,i would go with you if ,i could spare the time4 #e4 ,she could sing if she would4 #f4 ,if love be rough with you1 be rough with love4 #g4 ,if all the year were playing holidays1 to play would be as tedious as to work4 #h4 ,if thou warn the wicked1 and he turn not from his wickedness1 he shall die in his iniquity4 #i4 ,he brags as if he were of note4 #aj4 ,if the natural course of this stream be obstructed1 the water will make a new channel4 #aa4 ,if the natural course of a stream is obstructed1 the water will make a new channel4 #ab4 ,if the book was in my library1 some one must have borrowed it4 #ac4 ,if he knows the way1 he does not need a guide4 #ad4 ,if he still wishes to go1 he may take my horse4 #ae4 ,had he followed my advice1 he would be rich4 #af4 ,had she lived a twelvemonth more ,she had not died to-day4 #ag4 ,though gods they were1 as men they died4 #ah4 ,though the law is severe1 we must obey it4 #ai4 ,if the law be severe1 we must change it4 #bj4 ,though the vase were made of steel1 the servant would break it4 #ba4 ,though the vase was made of steel1 the servant broke it4 ,,exercise ,,li4 ,tell the difference in meaning between the italicized forms3-- #a4 ,if he is 7were7 studious1 he will 7would7 excel4 #b4 ,if he was 7had been7 studious1 he excelled 7would have excelled74 #c4 ,oh1 that you may be 7were1 had been7 blameless4 #d4 ,though he deceive 7deceives7 me1 yet will ,i trust him4 #e4 ,though he deceived me1 yet will 7would7 ,i trust him4 #f4 ,though he deceived 7had deceived7 me1 yet would ,i trust him #g4 ,though the boy's coat was 7were7 made of silk1 he soiled 7would soil7 it4 ,,exercise ,,lii4 ,which1 of the italicized forms is preferable8 ,give the reason3-- #a4 ,they act as if it was 7were7 possible to deceive us4 #b4 ,if ,i was 7were7 in his place1 ,i would go4 #c4 ,i wish my mother was 7were7 here4 #d4 ,see that no one is 7be7 forgotten4 #e4 ,if this is 7be7 treason1 make the most of it4 #f4 ,if it rain 7rains71 the work is delayed4 #g4 ,if it rain 7rains71 the work will be delayed4 #h4 ,take care lest you are 7be7 carried away by your feelings4 #i4 ,if he acquire 7acquires7 riches1 they may make him worldly4 #aj4 ,i could jump across the stream if it was 7were7 necessary4 #aa4 ,if to-morrow is 7be7 breezy1 we will go sailing4 #ab4 ,if my father was 7were7 here1 he would enjoy this4 #ac4 ,if she was 7were7 at the reception1 ,i did not see her4 #ad4 ,if he speak 7speaks7 only to display his talents1 he is unworthy of attention4 #ae4 ,i wish ,i was 7were7 at home4 #af4 ,though this seem 7seems7 improbable1 it is true4 #ag4 ,i should be surprised if this marriage take 7took1 will take1 should take7 place4 #ah4 ,if the book was 7were7 in my library1 ,i would send it4 #ai4 ,i will see that he obey 7obeys7 you4 #bj4 ,if a man smite 7smites7 his servant and the servant die 7dies71 the man shall surely be put to death4 #ba4 ,though he is 7be7 poor and helpless now1 you may rest assured that he will not remain so4 #bb4 ,i wish ,i was 7were7 a musician4 #bc4 ,make haste lest your ardor cool 7cools74 #bd4 ,he will continue his course1 though it cost 7costs7 him his life4 #be4 ,though a liar speak 7speaks7 the truth1 he will hardly be believed4 #bf4 ,govern well thy appetite1 lest sin surprise 7surprises7 thee4 #bg4 ,though gold is 7be7 more precious than iron1 iron is more useful than gold4 #bh4 ,whether he go 7goes7 or not1 it is your duty to go4 #bi4 ,if he was 7were1 should be7 elected1 it would be his ruin4 #cj4 ,if a picture is 7be7 admired by none but painters1 the picture is bad4 #ca4 ,if one went 7should go7 unto them from the dead1 they would repent4 #cb4 ,if an animal of any kind was 7were7 kept shut up in a box1 it would surely die4 #cc4 ,they will not believe1 though one rose 7rise7 from the dead4 #cd4 ,clerk wanted4 ,it is indispensable that he write 7writes7 a good hand and have 7has7 some knowledge of book-keeping4 #ce4 ,if the debtor pay 7pays7 the debt1 he shall be discharged4 #cf4 ,if my sister go 7goes71 which ,i think is doubtful1 she will surely call for you4 #cg4 ,the most glorious hero that ever desolated nations might have mouldered into oblivion did 7had7 not some historian take 7taken7 him into favor4 #ch4 ,he will see his error if he substitute 7substitutes7 that which for what4 #ci4 ,though ,dorothy is 7be7 young1 she is tall4 #dj4 ,unless he take 7takes7 better care of his health1 his constitution will break down4 #da4 ,if ,i lend you my horse1 ,i shall 7should7 have to borrow one myself4 #db4 ,i hope that if any of my readers comes 7come1 should come7 to ,new ,haven1 he may find the city just as ,i have described it4 ,,singular or ,,plural4#hh--,the following principles1 established by good usage1 writers or speakers are liable to forget3-- #a4 ,the expressions each1 every1 many a1 either1 and neither are singular4 #b4 ,when the subject consists of singular nouns or pronouns connected by or1 either--or1 or neither--nor1 the verb must be singular4 #c4 ,words joined to the subject by with1 together with1 in addition to1 or as well as1 are not a part of the grammatical subject1 but are parenthetical1 and therefore do not affect the number of the verb4 #d4 ,since a relative pronoun has the number and person of its antecedent1 a verb whose subject is a relative pronoun agrees in person and number with the antecedent of the relative4 #e4 ,when the subject though plural in form is singular in sense1 the verb should be singular2 when the subject though singular in form is plural in sense1 the verb should be plural3#hi as1 ',gulliver's ,travels' was written by ,swift2 ,five hundred dollars is a large sum2 ,half of them are gone4 #f4 ,a collective noun1 when it refers to the collection as a whole1 is singular in sense1 and therefore requires a singular verb2 when it refers to the individual persons or things of the collection1 it is plural and requires a plural verb4#ij #hh ,foundations1 pp1 #aja-ajh4 #hi ,a4,s4 ,hill3 ,principles of ,rhetoric1 revised edition1 p4 #ef4 #ij ,ibid41 p4 #eg4 ,,exercise ,,liii4 ,insert the proper form of the verb to be in each of the blank places3-- #a4 ,horses ---- a common noun4 #b4 ,such phenomena ---- very strange4 #c4 ,the ship with all her crew ---- lost4 #d4 ,no less than fifty dollars ---- paid for what was not worth twenty4 #e4 ,homer1 as well as ,virgil1 ---- once students 7a student7 on the banks of the ,rhine4 #f4 ,the committee ---- divided in its 7their7 judgment4 #g4 ,the genii who ---- expected to be present ---- deaf to every call4 #h4 ,france was once divided into a number of kingdoms1 each of which ---- ruled by a duke4 #i4 ,sir ,richard ,steele lived in the reign of ,queen ,anne1 when the tone of gentlemen's characters ---- very low4 #aj4 ,each man employed in this department ---- paid for his 7their7 work4 #aa4 ,mathematics ---- my hardest study4 #ab4 ,there ---- once two boys who were so exactly alike in appearance that they could not be distinguished4 #ac4 ,each of the heads of the ,chimera ---- able to spit fire4 #ad4 ,the jury ---- eating dinner4 #ae4 ,plutarch's ,lives ---- an interesting book4 #af4 ,one of the most beautiful features of ,kennebunkport ---- the tremendous rocks all along the coast4 #ag4 ,the richness of her arms and apparel ---- conspicuous in the foremost ranks4 #ah4 ,my robe and my integrity to heaven ---- all ,i dare now call my own4 #ai4 ,refreshing as springs in the desert to their long-languishing eyes ---- the sight of his white cravat and his boots of ,parisian polish4 #bj4 ,the ,arabian ,nights in complete form comprise 7comprises7 twenty volumes and ---- written by different men4 #ba4 ,fifty dollars a month ---- paid by the government to the widow of the colonel4 #bb4 ,ten minutes ---- spent in a writing exercise4 #bc4 ---- either of you going to the village8 #bd4 ,our happiness or our sorrow ---- largely due to our own actions4 #be4 ,the guidance as well as the love of a mother ---- wanting4 #bf4 ,every one of these books ---- mine4 #bg4 ,general ,custer with his whole force ---- massacred by ,indians4 #bh4 ,three times three ---- nine4 #bi4 ,nearly three hundred yards of the track ---- under water4 #cj4 ,to admit the existence of ,god and then to refuse to worship him ---- inconsistent4 #ca4 ,the ebb and flow of the tides ---- caused by the attraction of the moon4 #cb4 ,six dollars a week ---- all he earns4 #cc4 ,nine-tenths of his time ---- wasted4 #cd4 ,three quarts of oats ---- enough for a horse's meal4 #ce4 ,tales of a ,wayside ,inn ---- written by ,longfellow4 #cf4 ,the rest of the ,republican ticket ---- elected4 ,,exercise ,,liv4 ,which of the italicized forms is preferable8-- #a4 ,a variety of pleasing objects charm 7charms7 the eye4 #b4 ,already a train or two has 7have7 come in4 #c4 ,each day and each hour bring 7brings7 contrary blessings4 #d4 ,the ,senate has 7have7 adjourned4 #e4 ,no monstrous height1 or length1 or breadth appear 7appears74 #f4 ,i am the general who command 7commands7 you4 #g4 ,many a captain with all his crew has 7have7 been lost at sea4 #h4 ,the jury who 7which7 was 7were7 out all night has 7have7 just returned a verdict4 #i4 ,he dare 7dares7 not touch a hair of ,catiline4 #aj4 ,the ambition and activity of this railroad has 7have7 done much towards the civilization of the world4 #aa4 ,thackeray's ,english ,humorists treat 7treats7 not of the writings of the humorists so much as of their characters and lives4 #ab4 ,addison was one of the best writers that has 7have7 ever lived4 #ac4 ,this is one of the books that give 7gives7 me pleasure4 #ad4 ,give me one of the books that is 7are7 lying on the table4 #ae4 ,this is one of the most important questions that has 7have7 come up4 #af4 ,nothing but vain and foolish pursuits delight 7delights7 some persons4 #ag4 ,six months' interest is 7are7 due4 #ah4 ,you are not the first one that has 7have7 been deceived in that way4 #ai4 ,my room is one of those that overlook 7overlooks7 the garden4 #bj4 ,a committee was 7were7 appointed to investigate the matter4 #ba4 ,the greater part of the audience was 7were7 pleased4 #bb4 ,the public is 7are7 respectfully invited4 #bc4 ,the jury was 7were7 not unanimous4 #bd4 ,generation after generation pass 7passes7 away4 #be4 ,a glimpse of gable roof and red chimneys add 7adds7 far more to the beauty of such a scene than could the grandest palace4 #bf4 ,the society hold 7holds7 their 7its7 meetings weekly4 #bg4 ,what is 7are7 the gender1 the number1 and the person of the following words8 #bh4 ,he made one of the best speeches that has 7have7 been delivered before the school4 #bi4 ,he is one of those persons who is 7are7 quick to take offence4 #cj4 ,this 7these7 scanty data is 7are7 all we have4 #ca4 ,if the meaning of these passages is not carefully explained1 some of the congregation may think that ,matthew or ,paul is 7are7 guilty of some unorthodox opinions4 ,,misused ,,verbs4--,see the remarks under ,misused ,nouns4 ,i4 ,a ,,resemblance ,,in ,,sound ,,misleads4 ,,accredit1 ,,credit4--',to accredit means 'to invest with credit or authority1'#ia or 'to send with letters credential2' to credit means 'to believe1'#ib or to put to the credit of4 ,,arise1 ,,rise4--,the choice between these words was primarily1 and still often is1 a matter of rhythm euphony4 ,the literal meanings1 however1 or those which seem literal1 have become more associated with rise1 and the consciously figurative with arise3 as1 he rose from the chair2 the sun rose2 the provinces rose in revolt3 trouble arose2 'music arose with its voluptuous swell4'#ic ,,captivate1 ,,capture4--,to captivate means to fascinate2 to capture1 to take prisoner4 ,,depreciate1 ,,deprecate4--,to depreciate means to bring down in value1 to disparage2 to deprecate means to argue earnestly against or to express regret for4 ,,impugn1 ,,impute4--,to impugn means to call in question2 to impute means to ascribe to4 ,loan1 lend4--,the use of loan as a verb is not sanctioned by good use4 ,properly the word is a noun4 ,a loan is money which a person lends4 #ia ,foundations1 p4 #aji4 #ib ,a4,s4 ,hill3 ,principles of ,rhetoric1 revised edition1 p4 #ch4 #ic ,the ,century ,dictionary4 ,,exercise ,,lv4 ,tell the difference in meaning between-- #a4 ,the ,amazon captivated 7captured7 our hero4 #b4 ,the king depreciated 7deprecated7 ,napoleon's effort to raise a new army4 #c4 ,the readiness with which men impute 7impugn7 motives is much to be regretted4 ,,exercise ,,lvi4 ,insert the proper word in each blank1 and give the reason for your choice3-- ,,accredit1 ,,credit4 #a4 ,mr4 ,lowell was ----ed as ,minister ,plenipotentiary to ,england4 #b4 ,these reasons will ---- his opinion4 #c4 ,he did not ---- the strange report4 #d4 ,the contribution of five dollars previously ----ed to ,mr4 ,williams came from ,mr4 ,brown4 #e4 ,mr4 ,sherman is well ----ed as a writer on finance4 #f4 ,the bank has not ----ed me with the interest on the deposit4 ,,arise1 ,,rise4 #g4 ,the court ---- at four o'clock4 #h4 ,at the discharge of a gun whole flocks of quail would ----4 #i4 ,the idea of a reward did not ---- in his mind4 #aj4 ,most of these appalling accidents ---- from negligence4 #aa4 ,the men ---- against their officers4 #ab4 ,other cases of mutiny may ----4 ,,captivate1 ,,capture4 #ac4 ,her husband was ----d in the battle of ,gettysburg4 #ad4 ,mr4 ,s4 was ----d by the young widow's beauty4 #ae4 ,let us attack them now and try to ---- the whole squad4 #af4 ,it is not merely what ,chaucer has to say1 but even more the agreeable way he has of saying it1 that ----s our attention and gives him an assured place in literature4 ,,depreciate1 ,,deprecate4 #ag4 ,financial panics are likely to follow a--d currency4 #ah4 ,his purpose was--d by all who knew it4 #ai4 ,both parties--war4 #bj4 ,it is natural for those who have not succeeded to--the work of those who have4 #ba4 ,he--s his daughter's desire to earn her own living4 #bb4 ,an injurious consequence of asceticism was a tendency to--the character and the position of woman4 ,,impugn1 ,,impute4 #bc4 ,we cannot deny the conclusion of a proposition of ,euclid without--ing the axioms which are the basis of its demonstration4 #bd4 ,the gentleman--s my honesty4 #be4 ,the power of fortune is confessed only by the miserable1 for the happy--all their success to prudence and merit4 #bf4 ,mr4,x4 is uncharitable2 he always--s bad motives4 ,,ii4 ,a ,,resemblance ,,in ,,sense ,,misleads4#id ,,antagonize1 ,,oppose4--,to antagonize means properly to struggle against1 to oppose actively1 or to counteract4 ,in ,england1 antagonizing forces must be of the same kind1 but in the political phraseology of the ,united ,states a person may antagonize 7i4e41 oppose7 a measure4#ie ,,calculate1 ,,intend4--,to calculate means properly to compute mathematically1 or to adjust or adapt for something4 ,in the sense of intend it is not in good use4 ,,carry1 ,,bring1 ,,fetch4--,to carry means to take along in going2 to bring means to take along in coming2 to fetch means to go1 get1 and bring4 ,,champion1 ,,support4--,the word champion is very much overworked1 being often used in the general sense of support4 ,it should be restricted to cases in which there is the idea of entering the lists as champion of a cause4 ,,claim1 ,,assert1 ,,allege1 ,,maintain1 ,,declare1 ,,affirm1 ,,state4--,to claim means properly to demand as one's own or one's due4 ,it is often loosely used1 especially in the ,united ,states1 for assert1 allege1 maintain1 declare1 or affirm4 ,to assert is to say or declare in the face of implied denial or doubt4 ,to allege is to assert without proof4 ,to maintain is to uphold by argument4 ,to declare is to say publicly1 clearly1 or emphatically4 ,to affirm is to assert on one's reputation for knowledge or truthfulness4 ,to state1 which is also often misused in the sense of say1 assert1 allege1 declare1 or affirm1 means properly to express formally and in detail2 it always implies detail4 7,see ,foundations1 pp4 #aac1 #aad1 and ,practical ,exercises1 p4 #ii47 ,,confess1 ,,admit4--,admit1 in cases into which the idea of confession does not enter1 is preferable to confess4 ,on grounds of idiom1 however1 ',i must confess' and the parenthetical ',i confess' are exempt from the operation of this rule4#if ,,demand1 ,,ask4--,to demand means to ask for with authority or with insistence4 ,the use of demand in the sense of ask is borrowed1 possibly1 from the ,french use of demander4 ,,hire1 ,,let1 ,,lease4--,to hire means to obtain the use of2 to let1 to give the use of4 ,to lease means to give the use of by lease4 ,the owner of a house leases it2 the person who occupies it takes a lease of it4 ,,learn1 ,,teach4--,learn means to acquire knowledge1 not to impart it4 ,in the latter sense the proper word is teach4 ,i have more information to-day than ,i had before1 said ,mr4 ,sheehan4 ,this has learned you something1 said ,mr4 ,goff4 ,oh no1 replied ,mr4 ,sheehan1 it has taught me something4#ig ,,like1 ,,love4--,like and love differ greatly in strength or warmth1 and may differ in kind4 ,like may be feeble and cool1 and it never has the intensity of love4 ,we may like or even love a person2 we only like the most palatable kind of food4 ,with an infinitive1 like is the common word1 love being appropriate only in the hyperbole of poetical or rhetorical feeling4#ih ,,materialize1 ,,appear4--,to materialize properly means to make or to become physically perceptible2 as1 by means of letters we materialize our ideas and make them as lasting as ink and paper2 the ideas of the sculptor materialize in marble4 ,,plead1 ,,argue4--,see plea1 argument1 p4 #bi4 ,,stay1 ,,stop4--,stay1 as in ',at what hotel are you staying8' is preferable to stop1 since stop also means 'to stop without staying4'#ii ,,transpire1 ,,happen4--,to transpire means properly to escape from secrecy to notice1 to leak out2 it should not be used in the sense of to happen4 #id ,foundations1 pp4 #aaj-aad4 #ie ,murray's ,dictionary4 #if ,a4,s4 ,hill3 ,principles of ,rhetoric1 revised edition1 p4 #ah4 #ig ,newspaper report4 #ih ,see the ,century ,dictionary4 #ii ,a4,s4 ,hill3 ,principles of ,rhetoric1 revised edition1 p4 #ai4 ,,exercise ,,lvii4 ,tell the difference in meaning between-- #a4 ,please bring 7fetch7 a chair from the next room4 #b4 ,you had better carry 7bring7 an umbrella with you4 #c4 ,he asserts 7alleges1 maintains1 declares1 affirms1 says7 that he has been robbed4 #d4 ,mr4 ,a4 stated 7declared7 his opinion4 #e4 ,he admits 7confesses7 the fault4 #f4 ,the grocer asks for 7demands7 his money4 #g4 ,he has let 7hired7 the boat for the afternoon4 #h4 ,we have leased 7taken a lease of7 the cottage4 #i4 ,he is learning 7teaching7 the alphabet4 #aj4 ,dorothy likes 7loves7 ,helen4 #aa4 ,washington stayed 7stopped7 at this house on his way to ,philadelphia4 #ab4 ,it transpired 7happened7 that we disagreed4 ,,exercise ,,lviii4 ,insert the proper word in each blank1 and give the reason for your choice3--#ajj ,,antagonize1 ,,oppose4 #a4 ,ex-,secretary ,windom ----d ex-,secretary ,sherman's bill4 #b4 ,the body is balanced by an incessant shifting of the muscles1 one group ----ing the other4 #c4 ,i am too weak to ---- your cunning4 ,,calculate1 ,,intend4 #d4 ,to-morrow he ----s to hunt the boar4 #e4 ,bradley was able to ---- the velocity of light4 #f4 ,he ----s to go4 ,,carry1 ,,fetch1 ,,bring4 #g4 ,farmers ---- their potatoes to market4 #h4 ,what shall ,i ---- you from ,paris8 #i4 ,harry1 please ---- a chair from the hall4 #aj4 ,go to the flock and ---- me two young lambs4 #aa4 ,the ,spartan was to ---- his shield home1 or to be borne home on it4 #ab4 ,when he dieth1 he shall ---- nothing away4 ,,champion1 ,,support4 #ac4 ,the ,republican party ----ed this measure4 #ad4 ,he ----ed the policy of the administration4 #ae4 ,gareth ----ed the cause of ,lynette in the combats with the craven knights4 ,,claim1 ,,assert1 ,,allege1 ,,maintain1 ,,declare1 ,,affirm1 ,,state1 ,,say4 #af4 ,the heavens ---- the glory of ,god4 #ag4 ,rhoda constantly ----d that it was even so4 #ah4 ,i have endeavored to ---- nothing but what ,i have good authority for4 #ai4 ,nay1 if my ,lord ----d that black was white1 ,my word was this1 your honour's in the right4 #bj4 ,she ----s her innocence in the strongest terms4 #ba4 ,i will ---- what ,he hath done for my soul4 #bb4 ,what if ,nemesis ---- repayment8 #bc4 ,it is not directly ----d1 but it seems to be implied4 #bd4 ,that such a report existed in ,claudian's time cannot now be ----d4 #be4 ,geologists ---- that before there were men on earth this immense gulf was a forest4 #bf4 ,he fared on in haste to ---- his kingdom4 #bg4 ,will ,mr4 ,l4 ---- his reasons for disagreeing with the rest of the committee8 #bh4 ,he ----s that he will not come4 #bi4 ,both sides ---- the victory4 #cj4 ,there is another point which ----s our attention4 #ca4 ,he ----d that he had been robbed by ,a41 but he showed no proofs4 #cb4 ,he ----s that the thief attacked him on ,third ,street4 #cc4 ,please ---- all the particulars of the disaster4 #cd4 ,the woman ----s that she left ,bangor ,thursday night1 and was put off the train at ,hermon for not paying her fare4 ,,confess1 ,,admit4 #ce4 ,he ----s that his opponent is a good man4 #cf4 ,i ---- that ,i spoke too hastily4 #cg4 ,i ---- that ,john was a thief4 #ch4 ,every man must ---- that he has occasional fits of bad temper4 #ci4 ,the problem1 ,i ----1 is difficult4 ,,demand1 ,,ask4 #dj4 ,he ----s why ,i will not go with him4 #da4 ,the highwayman ----ed their purses4 #db4 ,the pound of flesh which ,i---- of him ,i dearly bought2 'tis mine1 and ,i will have it4 #dc4 ,he ----ed the way to ,chester4 ,,hire1 ,,let1 ,,lease4 #dd4 ,boats to ----2 twenty-five cents an hour4 #de4 ,we will ---- our country-house during the winter4 #df4 ---- us some fair chamber for the night4 #dg4 ,bathing suits to ----4 ,,like1 ,,love4 #dh4 ,i ---- to go rowing4 #di4 ,he ----s to talk of the days before the war4 #ej4 ,all children ---- their mothers4 #ea4 ,she ----s her blue gown4 #eb4 ,don't you ----strawberry short-cake8 #ec4 ,a maid whom there were none to praise ,and very few to ----4 ,,materialize1 ,,appear4 #ed4 ,the representatives of the other colleges did not ----4 #ee4 ,his hopes have not ----ed4 ,,stay1 ,,stop4 #ef4 ,the ,king of ,denmark ----s there during the summer4 #eg4 ---- a few moments longer4 #eh4 ,she is very kind to ask me to ---- overnight4 #ei4 ,i am very tired2 let us ---- here and rest4 #fj4 ,i've been ----ing with my mother for a week4 ,,transpire1 ,,happen1 ,,elapse4 #fa4 ,after a considerable time had ----d1 he returned to the office4 #fb4 ,silas takes an interest in everything that ----s4 #fc4 ,presently it ----d that ,henry ,roscoe was the obstinate juryman4 #fd4 ,many things have ----d since the war was ended4 ,,iii4 ,,additional ,,misused ,,verbs4#aja ,,accept1 ,,except4--,to accept means to take something offered2 to except means to make an exception of4 ,,advertise1 ,,advise4--,to advertise is to announce to the public to advise is to give counsel or information to a person4 ,,affect1 ,,effect4--,to affect is to act upon1 to influence2 to effect is to bring about4 ,,alleviate1 ,,relieve4--,to alleviate pain is to lighten it2 to relieve it is to go further1 and to remove it in a large measure or altogether4 ,,allow1 ,,admit1 ,,think4--,allow properly means to grant or permit1 not to admit1 think or intend4 ,,allude ,,to1 ,,refer ,,to1 ,,mention4--,we mention a thing when we name it directly4 ,we refer to it when we speak of it less directly4 ,we allude to it when we refer to it in a delicate or slight way4 ,,argue1 ,,augur4--,to argue is to bring forward reasons2 to augur is to foretell1 to forebode4 ,,compare ,,with1 ,,compare ,,to1 ,,contrast4--,two things are compared in order to note the points of resemblance and difference between them2 they are contrasted in order to note the points of difference only4 ,when one thing is compared to another1 it is to show that the first is like the second2 when one thing is compared with another1 it is to show either difference or similarity1 especially difference4#ajb ,,construe1 ,,construct4--,to construe means 'to interpret1' 'to show the meaning2' to construct means 'to build2' we may construe a sentence as in translation1 or construct it as in composition4#ajc ,,convince1 ,,convict4--,to convince is 'to satisfy the understanding2' to convict1 'to pronounce guilty4' ',the jury having been convinced of the prisoner's guilt1 he was convicted4' ,,detect1 ,,discriminate4--,to detect is to find out2 to discriminate is to distinguish between4 ,,disclose1 ,,discover4--,to disclose is to uncover1 to reveal2 to discover is1 in modern usage1 to find4 ,,dominate1 ,,domineer4--,to dominate is to rule2 to domineer is to rule in an overbearing manner4 ,,drive1 ,,ride4--,we go driving in carriages1 riding in saddles4 ,we drive behind horses1 we ride on them4 ,,eliminate1 ,,elicit4--,to eliminate is to remove1 to get rid of2 to elicit is to draw out4 ,,estimate1 ,,esteem4--,to estimate is to judge the value of2 to esteem is to set a high value on1 especially of persons4 ,,expose1 ,,expound4--,to expose is to lay bare to view2 to expound is to explain the meaning of4 ,,frighten4--,frighten is a transitive verb1 and is used correctly in ,the locomotive frightened the horse2 ,the horse was frightened by the locomotive2 ,the horse became frightened4 ,it should not be used intransitively1 as in the sentence ,the horse frightened at the locomotive4 ,,inquire1 ,,investigate4--,to inquire is to ask for information2 to investigate is to make a thorough examination4 ,,insure1 ,,secure4--,secure1 in the sense of to guard from danger1 to make safe1 is preferable to insure1 since insure also means to guarantee indemnity for future loss or damage4 ,,let1 ,,leave4--,let means to permit2 leave1 to let remain1 or to go away from4 ,,locate1 ,,find4--,locate properly means to place in a particular position1 or to designate the site of1 as of a new building or purchased lands2 it does not mean to find4 ,,persuade1 ,,advise4--,to persuade is to induce1 to convince2 to advise is to give counsel or information4 ,,predicate1 ,,predict4--,to predicate is to affirm as an attribute or quality2 to predict is to foretell4 ,,prescribe1 ,,proscribe4--,to prescribe is to lay down as a rule or a remedy2 to proscribe is to condemn to death or to loss of rights4 ,,purpose1 ,,propose4--,the verb purpose1 in the sense of 'intend1' is preferable to propose1 since to propose also means 'to offer for consideration3' the noun answering to the former is purpose2 to the latter1 proposal or proposition4#ajd ,,repulse1 ,,repel4--,repulse usually implies hostility2 repel is a milder term4 ,we repulse an enemy or an assailant2 we repel an officious person or the unwelcome advances of a lover4 ,,start1 ,,begin1 ,,commence4--,to start is to set out or to set going1 and is not followed by an infinitive4 ,before an infinitive1 begin or commence is used4 ,begin is preferred in ordinary use2 commence has more formal associations with law and procedure1 combat1 divine service1 and ceremonial4#aje ,,suspect1 ,,expect1 ,,anticipate4--,to suspect is to mistrust1 to surmise4 ,expect1 in the sense of look forward to1 is preferable to anticipate1 since anticipate also means take up1 perform1 or realize beforehand2 as1 ,some real lives do actually anticipate the happiness of heaven4 #ajj ,in some of the sentences one verb or another is allowable1 according to the meaning intended4 #aja ,foundations1 p4 #aae4 #ajb ,the ,century ,dictionary4 #ajc ,a4,s4 ,hill3 ,principles of ,rhetoric1 revised edition1 p4 #ch4 #ajd ,a4,s4 ,hill3 ,principles of ,rhetoric1 revised edition1 p4 #ai4 #aje ,murray's ,dictionary4 ,,exercise ,,lix4 ,tell the difference in meaning between-- #a4 ,i accept 7except7 him4 #b4 ,telegraphic communication was affected 7effected74 #c4 ,the medicine alleviated 7relieved7 her suffering4 #d4 ,he alluded to 7referred to1 mentioned7 the battle of ,gettysburg4 #e4 ,the first sentence was not well construed 7constructed74 #f4 ,mr4 ,fox was convinced 7convicted74 #g4 ,blanche of ,devon disclosed 7discovered7 the treachery of ,murdock4 #h4 ,we are going riding 7driving7 this afternoon4 #i4 ,he rides 7drives7 well4 #aj4 ,i will inquire about 7investigate7 the business methods of the building association4 #aa4 ,the furniture has been secured 7insured74 #ab4 ,let 7leave7 me alone4 #ac4 ,he advised 7persuaded7 me to have my life insured4 #ad4 ,he purposed 7proposed7 to divide the class4 #ae4 ,did you suspect 7expect7 us8 ,,exercise ,,lx4 ,insert the proper word in each blank1 and give the reason for your choice3--#ajf ,,accept1 ,,except4 #a4 ,let us ---- the terms which they propose4 #b4 ,in saying that the ,alexandrians have a bad character1 ,i ---- a few persons4 #c4 ,why did you not ---- the gift8 #d4 ,he was ----ed from the general condemnation4 #e4 ,it gives me pleasure to ---- your invitation4 ,,advertise1 ,,advise4 #f4 ,the procession was ----d to start at half-past two o'clock4 #g4 ,under these circumstances we ---- total abstinence4 #h4 ,the merchants were ----d of the risk4 #i4 ,when ,i return1 ,i shall ---- you4 ,,affect1 ,,effect4 #aj4 ,she was greatly ----ed by the news4 #aa4 ,when a man is hardened in crime1 no fear can ---- him4 #ab4 ,they sailed away without ----ing their purpose4 #ac4 ,what he planned1 he ----ed4 #ad4 ,bodily exercise indirectly ----s all the organs of the body4 #ae4 ,the loud crash ----ed my hearing for a while4 #af4 ,severe cold will ---- peach-trees4 #ag4 ,the invention of the telephone was not ----ed without great labor4 ,,alleviate1 ,,relieve4 #ah4 ,some fruits are excellent to ---- thirst4 #ai4 ,he gave me an opiate to ---- my pain4 #bj4 ,his charity went far to ---- the wants of the poor4 #ba4 ,my cares were ----ed by his friendship4 ,,allow1 ,,admit1 ,,think4 #bb4 ,he ----7ed7 it would rain to-day4 #bc4 ,he would not ---- her to come4 #bd4 ,i ---- she will come4 #be4 ,he at last ----s that ,i was right4 ,,allude ,,to1 ,,refer ,,to1 ,,mention4 #bf4 ,a ,latin inscription ----ing 7to7 the name of the road is cut on the rock4 #bg4 ,the people of the country1 ----ing 7to7 the whiteness of its foam1 call the cascade ,sour-milk ,falls4 #bh4 ,i proceed to another affection of our nature which bears strong testimony to our being born for religion4 ,i ---- 7to7 the emotion which leads us to revere what is higher than we4 #bi4 ,he ----s 7to7 enterprises which he cannot reveal but with the hazard of his life4 ,,argue1 ,,augur4 #cj4 ,it ----s ill for an army when there are dissensions at headquarters4 #ca4 ,not to know me ----s yourself unknown4 #cb4 ,e'en though vanquished he could ---- still4 ,,compare ,,to1 ,,compare ,,with1 ,,contrast4 #cc4 ,the generosity of one person is most strongly felt when ----d to 7with7 the meanness of another4 #cd4 ,in ,luke xv4 the sinner is ----d to 7with7 a sheep4 #ce4 ,solon ----d the people to 7with7 the sea1 and orators to 7with7 the winds2 because the sea would be quiet if the winds did not trouble it4 #cf4 ,it appears no unjust simile to ---- the affairs of this great continent to 7with7 the mechanism of a clock4 #cg4 ,goethe ----s translators to 7with7 carriers who convey good wine to market1 though it gets unaccountably watered by the way4 #ch4 ,to ---- the goodness of ,god to 7with7 our rebellion will tend to make us humble and thankful4 #ci4 ,he who ----s his own condition to 7with7 that of others will see that he has many reasons to consider himself fortunate4 #dj4 ,the treatment of the ,indians by ,penn may be ----d to 7with7 the treatment of them by other colonists4 #da4 ,burke ----s the parks of a city to 7with7 the lungs of the body4 ,,construe1 ,,construct4 #db4 ,we might ---- his words in a bad sense4 #dc4 ,how is this passage in ,virgil to be ----d8 #dd4 ,that sentence is obscure2 it is not well ----ed4 ,,convince1 ,,convict4 #de4 ,the jury1 having been ----d of the prisoner's guilt1 ----d him4 #df4 ,i hope you may succeed in ----ing him of his error4 ,,detect1 ,,discriminate4 #dg4 ,i cannot ---- the error in the account4 #dh4 ,the chemist ----d the presence of arsenic in the coffee4 ,,discover1 ,,disclose4 #di4 ,events have ----d the designs of the government4 #ej4 ,we often ---- our mistakes when it is too late4 ,,dominate1 ,,domineer4 #ea4 ,three powers there are that ---- the world3 ,fraud1 ,force1 and ,right4 #eb4 ,no true gentleman ----s his servants4 ,,drive1 ,,ride4 #ec4 ,while ,mrs4 ,a4 and her children were ----ing in the park the horses ran away and overturned the carriage4 #ed4 ,will you go ----ing with me in my new pony-cart4 #ee4 ,while ----ing in the park ,mr4 ,c4 was thrown from his horse4 ,,elicit1 ,,eliminate4 #ef4 ,discussion is a good way to ---- truth4 #eg4 ,his bearing under the trying circumstances ----d the approval of all high-minded men4 #eh4 ,it is the duty of a statesman to try to ---- the worst elements of society and to retain the best4 #ei4 ,let us try to ---- the true facts from this mass of evidence4 ,,estimate1 ,,esteem4 #fj4 ,i ---- him for his own sake4 #fa4 ,men do not ---- highly the virtues of their enemies4 #fb4 ,the shell of the hawksbill turtle is much ----d for making combs4 #fc4 ,at what amount do you ---- the cost of the journey4 ,,expose1 ,,expound4 #fd4 ,daniel ,webster ----d the ,constitution of the ,united ,states4 #fe4 ,daniel ,webster ----d the villany of the ,knapps4 #ff4 ,the text was well ----d in the sermon4 #fg4 ,it is the business of the police to ---- vice4 ,,insure1 ,,secure4 #fh4 ,will you ---- my factory against fire8 #fi4 ,for woods before and hills behind --it both from rain and wind4 #gj4 ,the cargoes of ocean steamers are generally fully ----d4 #ga4 ,the city is ----d by strong fortifications4 #gb4 ,how are we to ---- to labor its due honor8 #gc4 ,to enjoy the benefits which the liberty of the press ----s1 we must submit to the evils which it creates4 ,,investigate1 ,,inquire4 #gd4 ,a committee was appointed to ---- the needs of the laboring classes4 #ge4 ,i will ---- his name and rank4 #gf4 ,edison has been busy ---- ing the nature of electricity4 #gg4 ,a commission was appointed to ---- the causes of the strike4 ,,let1 ,,leave4 #gh4 ,please ---- me take you to town4 #gi4 ,we ---- that to the judgment of the umpire4 #hj4 ,pharaoh said1 ,i will ---- you go4 #ha4 ,why do you--- your house go to ruin8 #hb4 ,peace ,i ---- with you4 #hc4 ,i will ---- you know my decision to-morrow4 #hd4 ,please ---- me out at the corner of ,twenty-third ,street4 #he4 ---- us free to act4 #hf4 ---- go6 #hg4 ---- the beggar in4 #hh4 ---- us ---- him to himself4 #hi4 ,he ---- the cat out of the bag4 ,,locate1 ,,find4 #ij4 ,the missing man has at last been ----d by the police in ,kansas ,city4 #ia4 ,the part of the city in which the mint is ----d4 ,,persuade1 ,,advise4 #ib4 ,almost thou ----st me to be a ,christian4 #ic4 ,i ----d him to take a walk every day1 but ,i could not ---- him to do it4 #id4 ,columbus was ----d to give up the thought of sailing westward in search of the ,indies4 #ie4 ,when in mid-ocean1 ,columbus was ----d to alter his course4 ,,predicate1 ,,predict4 #if4 ,this very result was ----d two years ago4 #ig4 ,ambition may be ----d us the predominant trait in ,napoleon's character4 #ih4 ,he ----s that the month of ,july will be rainy4 #ii4 ,disaster to the voyage was ----d by the enemies of ,columbus4 ,,prescribe1 ,,proscribe4 #ajj4 ,sylla and ,marius ----d each other's adherents4 #aja4 ,the doctor ----d quinine in doses of four grains each4 #ajb4 ,it is easier to ---- principles of conduct than to follow them4 #ajc4 ,the ,puritans ----d theatres4 #ajd4 ,the number of electors is ----d by law4 ,,purpose1 ,,propose4 #aje4 ,i don't ---- to let you escape so easily4 #ajf4 ,i ---- that we go boating4 #ajg4 ,we ---- d to go to-morrow1 but ,i fear the rain will prevent us4 #ajh4 ,i ---- to work hard this year4 #aji4 ,bassanio ----d to pay the bond thrice over1 but ,shylock declined the offer1 for he ----d1 if possible1 to lake ,antonio's life4 ,,repulse1 ,,repel4 #aaj4 ,he gently ---- their entreaties4 #aaa4 ,the charge of ,pickett's troops at ,gettysburg was ----d4 ,,start1 ,,begin1 ,,commence4 #aab4 ,rosalind tells ,orlando to ---- his courtship1 and he wishes to ---- with a kiss4 #aac4 ,the ,spectator was ----7d7 by ,steele4 #aad4 ,we have ----7d7 ,homer's ,iliad4 #aae4 ,we have ----7d7 to find out our ignorance4 #aaf4 ,we ----d to feel that perhaps ,darcy is not very bad1 after all4 #aag4 ,we ----7d7 in an omnibus at seven o'clock4 #aah4 ,she has ----7d7 to study ,french4 #aai4 ,franklin's voyage was ----7d7 under unpleasant circumstances4 #abj4 ,it ----7d7 to rain in torrents4 #aba4 ,the play has ----7d74 #abb4 ,hostilities have ----7d74 #abc4 ,the people of ,philadelphia were so much pleased with ,franklin's pavement that they ----7d7 paving all the streets4 ,,suspect1 ,,expect1 ,,anticipate4 #abd4 ,i ---- that my grandfather was a wild lad4 #abe4 ,i ---- great pleasure from our association in this work4 #abf4 ,the burglars ---- that detectives are on their tracks1 but they ---- to elude the officers by hiding in the country4 #abg4 ,i was determined to ---- their fury by first falling into a passion myself4 #abh4 ,i ---- that my father will come on a late train to-night4 #abi4 ,i ---- that the rogue thinks himself safe from detection4 #acj4 ,the death of the general is hourly ----ed4 #ajf ,in some of the sentences one verb or another is allowable1 according to the meaning intended4 ,,exercise ,,lxi4 ,tell why the italicized words in the following sentences are misused1 and substitute for them better expressions3-- #a4 ,the death of his son greatly effected him4 #b4 ,the ,prince of ,wales does not propose to send a challenge to the owner of the yacht ,puritan4 #c4 ,he is learning me to ride a bicycle4 #d4 ,i cannot predicate what may hereafter happen4 #e4 ,will you loan me your sled for this afternoon8 #f4 ,it is even stated on the best of authority that the ,minneapolis is capable of attaining a speed of twenty-four knots an hour1 and of keeping it up4 #g4 ,miss ,duhe claims that the clairvoyant divulged many things that were known to her only4 #h4 ,it is evident that whatever transpired during the interview was informal and private4 #i4 ,there is little in the ,elegy to locate the church-yard which is referred to4 #aj4 ,he says he cannot except the invitation4 #aa4 ,is the ,governor's wife stopping at the ,springs ,hotel8 #ab4 ,dr4 ,h4's well-known views have led him to champion the cause of ,dr4 ,b4 #ac4 ,i do not propose to disrespect#a the ,sabbath4 #ad4 ,macaulay says ,voltaire gestured#a like a monkey4 #ae4 ,i love to see kittens play4 #af4 ,i expect he must have arrived last night4 #ag4 ,i calculate it will rain soon4 #ah4 ,this dry weather argues ill for the corn crop4 #ai4 ,mrs4 ,dennett broke open the door1 and found a startling state of affairs4 ,in the hallway her daughter ,grace was lying prostrate1 and seemed to be in an unconscious state4 ,she awoke her daughter1 who1 after she had regained her senses1 related what had transpired4 #bj4 ,elizabeth allowed that he had given a very rational account of it4 #ba4 ,he calculates to go to-morrow morning4 #bb4 ,the ,abbe was beheaded1 not hung4 #bc4 ,i am looking for a fault which ,i cannot exactly locate4 #bd4 ,james ,w4 ,reed1 who mysteriously disappeared several weeks ago1 has been located in ,england4 #be4 ,i expect you feel tired after your long walk4 #bf4 ,the strike of the tailors1 which it was claimed would transpire yesterday1 failed to materialize4 #bg4 ,do you allow to go to town to-day8 #bh4 ,she tried to locate the places whence the sounds came4 #bi4 ,floods in all directions4 ,middle and ,new ,england ,states enjoy their annual freshets4#ajg #cj4 ,i had hard work to restrain#ajh from taking some4 #ajg ,heading in a newspaper4 #ajh ,consult a dictionary4 ,,exercise ,,lxii4#aji ,illustrate by original sentences the proper use of each of these verbs3-- ,allow1 learn1 leave1 let1 loan1 locate1 accede1 accredit1 credit1 arise1 rise1 captivate1 depreciate1 deprecate1 impugn1 impute1 like1 love1 antagonize1 champion1 calculate1 bring1 carry1 fetch1 claim1 assert1 allege1 maintain1 admit1 confess1 demand1 hire1 let1 lease1 materialize1 plead1 argue1 state1 stop1 transpire1 accept1 except1 advertise1 advise1 affect1 effect1 alleviate1 relieve1 augur1 compare to1 compare with1 contrast1 construe1 construct1 convince1 convict1 detect1 discriminate1 disclose1 discover1 dominate1 domineer1 drive1 ride1 eliminate1 elicit1 insure1 secure1 esteem1 estimate1 expose1 expound1 investigate1 persuade1 convince1 predicate1 predict1 prescribe1 proscribe1 purpose1 propose1 repulse1 start1 suspect1 expect1 anticipate4 #aji ,see ,note to ,teacher1 p4 #da4 ,,chapter ,,vi4 ,,of ,,adjectives ,,and ,,adverbs ,,an ,,adjective is a word joined by way of description or limitation to a noun or a pronoun4 ,an ,,adverb is a word joined by way of limitation or emphasis to a verb1 an adjective1 or another adverb4 ,,vulgarisms4#aaj--;,every educated person is expected to know the correct use of the following words3-- ,,good1 ,,well4--,good is an adjective3 the adverb corresponding to it is well4 ,we say1 ,he had a good sleep2 ,he slept well4 ,well is sometimes an adjective1 as in ,you look well4 ,,likely1 ,,probably1 ,,like4--,likely is now used as an adjective only1 except in the phrase ,as likely as not2 ad the corresponding adverb is probably4 ,we say1 ,he is likely to come2 ,he will probably come4 ,like as an adjective means similar1 as1 ,men of like excellence2 ,he looks like his grandfather2 ,he was a man of like passions as we are4 ,in the sense of in the same manner as like is followed by a noun or a pronoun in the objective case1 and is called by some an adverb1 by others a preposition3 as1 ,he talks like her4 ,,less1 ,,fewer1 ,,smaller4--,less refers to quantity1 fewer to number1 smaller to size4 ,,most1 ,,almost4--,most denotes the greatest number1 quantity1 or degree4 ,it is always superlative and never means nearly1 which is the proper meaning of almost4 ,we say1 ,most of the boys are here2 the time has almost come4 ,,near1 ,,nearly4--,near is an adjective2 the corresponding adverb is nearly4 ,,plenty is now in good use as a noun only1 as ,plenty of corn and wine4#aaa ,shakespeare used the word as an adjective in ,reasons as plenty as blackberries1 but this use is obsolete4 ,the use of plenty as an adverb1 as ,the food is plenty good enough1 is a vulgarism4 ,,some1 ,,somewhat1 ,,something4--,some is an adjective1 as1 ,some water2 ,some brighter clime4 ,somewhat is an adverb1 as1 ,he is somewhat better4 ,somewhat is occasionally used as a noun1 as1 ,somewhat of doubt remains1 but in this sense something is more common4 ,,this1 ,,these2 ,,that1 ,,those4--,this 7plural these7 and that 7plural those7 are the only adjectives in ,english that have distinct forms for the plural4 ,a common mistake is to use the plural forms with singular collective nouns1 as kind1 class1 sort4 ,,first1 ,,second1 ,,secondly1 etc4--,first is both adjective and adverb4 ,second1 third etc41 are adjectives only2 the corresponding adverbs are secondly1 thirdly1 etc4 ,firstly is a vulgarism4 ,everywheres1 illy1 lesser1 light-complected1 muchly1 nowhere near1 unbeknown are not in reputable use4 #aaj ,foundations1 pp4 #aah-abj4 #aaa ,see page #cb4 ,,exercise ,,lxiii ,insert the proper word in each blank1 and give the reason for your choice3-- ,,good1 ,,well4 #a4 ,george played ---- in the football game this afternoon2 he is a ---- runner4 #b4 ,she embroiders very ----4 #c4 ,the draperies do not hang as ---- as ,i thought they would4 #d4 ,your coat fits you very ----4 #e4 ,he always behaves ----4 #f4 ,this pen will not write ----4 #g4 ,he did the work as ---- as ,i could expect4 #h4 ,this is a ---- picture2 the artist paints ----4 #i4 ,mr4 ,a4 is a ---- workman4 ,see how ---- he has laid this hearth4 #aj4 ,george writes ----4 #aa4 ,charles does not look ---- to-day4 #ab4 ,he says he does not feel ----4 ,likely1 probably1 like4 #ac4 ,it became evident that the duke was not ---- to have his own way in the assembly4 #ad4 ,there is a difference between what may possibly and what may ---- be done4 #ae4 ,just as ---- as not you will meet him on the road4 #af4 ,he is ---- to die of hunger4 #ag4 ,he will ---- die of hunger4 #ah4 ,it seems ---- that he will be elected4 #ai4 ---- he will be elected4 #bj4 ,japan will ---- defeat ,china44 #ba4 ,if a man does not care for himself1 it is not ---- that he will care much for others4 #bb4 ,they are as ---- as two peas4 #bc4 ,tell me who is married1 and who is ---- to be4 #bd4 ,this is a ---- story4 #be4 ,as ---- as not you love her yourself4 ,,less1 ,,fewer1 ,,smaller4 #bf4 ,a proper fraction is ---- than a unit1 because it expresses ---- parts than a unit contains4 #bg4 ,i caught seven fish2 ,carl caught a ---- number4 #bh4 ,look for no ---- punishment than death4 #bi4 ,i saw not ---- than twenty beggars to-day4 #cj4 ,rebellion is sometimes a ---- evil than endurance4 #ca4 ,not ---- than twelve banks in ,new ,york failed to-day4 #cb4 ,we have ---- than a half a ton of coal left4 #cc4 ,people who live in the country have ---- things to talk about than city people4 #cd4 ,he received ---- good than he conferred4 #ce4 ,i have ---- books than you4 #cf4 ,there were ---- people there than ,i expected4 ,,most1 ,,almost4 #cg4 ,i have ---- finished my lesson4 #ch4 ,you will find me in my office ---- any day4 #ci4 ---- men dread death4 #dj4 ,we come here ---- every summer4 #da4 ,we have ---- done4 #db4 ,this wheat is ---- too thick4 #dc4 ,though ,i saw ---- everything else1 ,i failed to see ,hagenbeck's trained animals4 #dd4 ---- everybody has imperfect eyes4 #de4 ,the old man's strength is ---- gone4 #df4 ---- boys like play4 #dg4 ,it rains in some places ---- every day4 #dh4 ---- all flowers are beautiful4 ,,near1 ,,nearly4 #di4 ,it isn't ---- finished yet4 #ej4 ,we are ---- the end of the lesson4 #ea4 ,i am ---- suffocated4 #eb4 ,we are not ---- through our work4 #ec4 ,he is not ---- so young as ,i4 #ed4 ,i will answer you as ---- as ,i can remember4 #ee4 ,we are ---- the end of the term2 our school-days are ---- over4 #ef4 ,mr4 ,patterson came very ---- breaking the greatest record ever made in ,america4 ,,some1 ,,somewhat1 ,,something4 #eg4 ,thank you1 ,i feel ---- better this morning4 #eh4 ---- attempted1 ---- done1 has earned a night's repose4 #ei4 ,he resembles his father ----4 #fj4 ,she felt ---- encouraged by this 7these7 news4 #fa4 ---- evil beast hath devoured him4 #fb4 ,he knows ---- of ,arabic4 #fc4 ,we came back ---- sooner than we intended4 #fd4 ,if a man thinketh himself to be ---- when he is nothing1 he deceiveth himself4 #fe4 ,dorothy looks ---- like her mother4 #ff4 ,yes1 ,i'm ---- frightened1 ,i admit4 #fg4 ,it provoked me ----4 #fh4 ,a widow1 ---- old1 and very poor4 ,,this1 ,,these2 ,,that1 ,,those4 #fi4 ,you will always see ---- kind of man lounging in front of taverns4 #gj4 ,take up ---- ashes4 #ga4 ---- pile of clothes is 7are7 to be carried to the laundry4 #gb4 ---- kind of tree is 7are7 common in ,pennsylvania4 #gc4 ---- brass tongs cost three dollars4 #gd4 ---- class will be graduated in ,june4 #ge4 ,in ,new ,england there is not one country-house in fifty which has not its walls ornamented with half a score of poems of ---- sort4 #gf4 ,how do you like ---- style of shoe8 #gg4 ,do you like ---- sort of pen8 #gh4 ---- sort of person is always entertaining4 #gi4 ,look at ---- assortment of knives4 #hj4 ,beware of ---- kind of dog4 #ha4 ,problems of ---- sort are very easy to solve4 #hb4 ,young ladies should let ---- sort of thing alone4 ,,first1 ,,second1 ,,secondly1 ,,etc4 #hc4 ,i shall ---- show why we should worship ,god1 and ---- explain how we should worship him4 #hd4 ,adam was formed ----1 then ,eve4 #he4 ,let us consider ---- what the young ruler desired2 ---- what he had2 ---- what he lacked4 #hf4 ,my ---- proposition is that the measure is unnecessary2 my ---- that it is unjust2 my ---- that it is unconstitutional4 #hg4 ,i will not lie2 ,i will die ----4 #hh4 ,i like the old ,english ballads because1 ----1 they are very quaint2 ----1 they show the derivations of many of our words2 and1 ----1 they show different steps which our language has taken in becoming what it is4 ,,adjective or ,,adverb4#aab--;,illiterate persons often forget that adjectives go with nouns and pronouns1 but adverbs with verbs1 adjectives1 and adverbs4 ,even cultivated persons are sometimes in doubt whether to use an adjective or an adverb after certain verbs1 as grow1 look1 sound1 smell1 taste4 ,if the added word applies to the subject of the verb1 it should be an adjective2 if to the verb1 it should be an adverb4 ,we say ,we feel warm when we mean that we are warm2 we say ,we feel warmly on this subject1 when we mean that our feeling is warm4 ,as a rule1 it is proper to use an adjective whenever some form of the verb 'to be' or 'to seem' may be substituted for the verb1 an adverb when no such substitution can be made4#aac ,thus1 ,he looked angry2 he spoke angrily4 ,sometimes we may use either adjective or adverb with no difference in meaning3 as1 ,we were sitting quiet 7quietly7 round the fire4 ,regarding the form of adverbs1 ill-taught pupils often suppose that all words ending in -ly are adverbs1 and that all adverbs end in -ly4 ,a glance at the italicized words in the following expressions will remove this delusion3 ,come here2 very pretty2 he then rose2 lay it lengthwise2 he fell backward2 run fast2 now it is done2 a friendly ,indian2 a buzzing fly4 ,though no comprehensive rule can be given for the form of adverbs1 which must be learned for the most part by observation1 it may be helpful to know that most adjectives of quality1 like gentle1 true1 take the suffix -ly to make a corresponding adverb2 and that the comparative and superlative degrees of adverbs ending in -ly usually prefix more and most4 #aab ,foundations1 pp4 #abj-abh4 #aac ,ibid41 p4 #aba4 ,,exercise ,,lxiv4 #a4 ,write careful 7carefully74 #b4 ,his teacher spoke cold 7coldly7 to him after she found he had acted dishonorable 7dishonorably74 #c4 ,speak slow 7slowly7 and distinct 7distinctly74 #d4 ,he behaved bad 7badly74 #e4 ,he is a remarkable 7remarkably7 good shot4 #f4 ,they were in a terrible 7terribly7 dangerous position4 #g4 ,i am only tolerable 7tolerably7 well1 sir4 #h4 ,he acted very different 7differently7 from his brother4 #i4 ,it is discouraging to see how bad 7badly7 the affairs of our nation are sometimes managed4 #aj4 ,he writes plainer 7more plainly7 than he once did4 #aa4 ,you are exceeding 7exceedingly7 kind4 #ab4 ,he struggled manful 7manfully7 against the waves4 #ac4 ,you have been wrong 7wrongly7 informed4 #ad4 ,sure 7surely7 he is a fine gentleman4 #ae4 ,she dresses suitable 7suitably7 to her station4 #af4 ,that part of the work was managed easy 7easily7 enough4 #ag4 ,you behaved very proper 7properly74 #ah4 ,i can read easier 7more easily7 than ,i can write4 #ai4 ,she knew her lesson perfect 7perfectly7 to-day4 #bj4 ,i live free 7freely7 from care4 #ba4 ,lessons are easiest 7most easily7 learned in the morning4 #bb4 ,walk as quiet 7quietly7 as you can4 #bc4 ,he acted independent 7independently74 #bd4 ,he spoke quite decided 7decidedly74 #be4 ,we ought to value our privileges higher 7more highly74 #bf4 ,he was ill 7illy7 equipped for the journey4#aad #bg4 ,relative 7relatively7 to its size1 an ant is ten times stronger than a man4 #bh4 ,that will ill 7illy7 accord with my notions4#aad #bi4 ,he is an exceeding 7exceedingly7 good boy4 #cj4 ,one can scarce 7scarcely7 help smiling at the blindness of this critic4 #ca4 ,i had studied grammar previous 7previously7 to his instructing me1 but to no purpose4 #aad ,see page #aaj4 ,,exercise ,,lxv4 ,distinguish between-- #a4 ,we found the way easy 7easily74 #b4 ,the prunes are boiling soft 7softly74 #c4 ,he appeared prompt 7promptly74 #d4 ,it looks good 7well74 #e4 ,we arrived safe 7safely74 ,,exercise ,,lxvi4 ,which of the italicized words is preferable8 ,give the reason3-- #a4 ,velvet feels smooth 7smoothly74 #b4 ,clouds sail slow 7slowly7 through the air4 #c4 ,this carriage rides easy 7easily74 #d4 ,how sweet 7sweetly7 these roses smell6 #e4 ,they felt very bad 7badly7 at being beaten4#aae #f4 ,your piano sounds different 7differently7 from ours4 #g4 ,the storm is raging furious 7furiously74 #h4 ,this milk tastes sour 7sourly74 #i4 ,the soldiers fought gallant 7gallantly74 #aj4 ,she looked cold 7coldly7 on his offer of marriage4 #aa4 ,ethel looks sweet 7sweetly7 in a white gown4 #ab4 ,how beautiful 7beautifully7 the stars appear to-night6 #ac4 ,this coat goes on easy 7easily74 #ad4 ,how beautiful 7beautifully7 ,katharine looks this morning4 #ae4 ,luther stood firm 7firmly7 in spite of abuse4 #af4 ,it looks strange 7strangely7 to see you here4 #ag4 ,deal gentle 7gently7 with them4 #ah4 ,the cry sounded shrill 7shrilly74 #ai4 ,larks sing sweet 7sweetly74 #bj4 ,he felt awkward 7awkwardly7 in the presence of ladies4 #ba4 ,he has acted strange 7strangely74 #bb4 ,the water feels warm 7warmly74 #bc4 ,we feel warm 7warmly7 on that subject4 #bd4 ,the dead warrior looked fierce 7fiercely74 #be4 ,the wind blows very cold 7coldly7 to-day4 #bf4 ,war clouds rolling dim 7dimly74 #bg4 ,the shutters are painted green 7greenly74 #bh4 ,she works good 7well7 and neat 7neatly74 #bi4 ,protestants believe that the bread of the ,lord's supper is not real 7really7 changed1 but remains real 7really7 bread4 #cj4 ,homer says the blood of the gods is not real 7really7 blood1 but only something like it4 #ca4 ,real 7really7 kings hide away their crowns in their wardrobes1 and affect a plain and poor exterior4 ,,alone1 ,,only4--,in the ,bible and earlier ,english alone is often used for the adverb only1 but it is now becoming restricted to its own sense of 'solitary1' 'unaccompanied by other persons or things'2#aaf as1 ,he rode all unarmed1 and he rode all alone4 ,only is both adjective and adverb4 #aae ,see ,foundations1 p4 #aba4 #aaf ,the ,century ,dictionary4 ,,exercise ,,lxvii4 ,fill each blank with the proper word 7only1 alone73-- #a4 ,she ---- of all the family had courage to go ---- into that darkened room4 #b4 ,these books are sold in sets ----4 #c4 ,man cannot live on bread ----4 #d4 ,this fault ---- is enough to make her disagreeable4 #e4 ,by chance ---- did he escape the gallows4 #f4 ,not ---- at ,ephesus1 but throughout all ,asia1 ,paul persuaded many people4 #g4 ,to be successful a school paper must be supported1 not ---- with subscriptions1 but also with contributions4 ,,omitted ,,adverbs4#aag--;,adverbs necessary to the sense should not be omitted4 ,this fault is especially common after so1 too1 and very--words which1 as they express degree1 properly qualify adjectives or adverbs1 and not verbs or participles2 also after behave1 which1 like the noun behavior1 requires a qualifying word to determine the meaning4 #aag ,foundations1 p4 #abc4 ,,exercise ,,lxviii4 ,supply the omitted adverbs3-- #a4 ,he was very struck by what she said4 #b4 ,i wish you would behave4 #c4 ,the king was very dissatisfied with his wife4 #d4 ,i have too trusted to my own wild wants4 #e4 ,if you cannot behave yourself1 you had better stay at home4 #f4 ,we are very pleased to see you4 ,,redundant ,,adjectives ,,and ,,adverbs4#aah--;,a word that is not needed is said to be redundant4 ,redundant expressions should be carefully avoided4 #aah ,ibid41 pp4 #abc-abe4 ,,exercise ,,lxix4 ,strike out the useless adjectives and adverbs3-- #a4 ,from thence they marched twenty miles4 #b4 ,which do you prefer most1 apples or oranges8 #c4 ,whenever ,i meet him he always stops me4 #d4 ,celia wished to accompany ,rosalind2 therefore they both set out together4 #e4 ,the view from the top is simply beautiful4 #f4 ,finally ,rosalind disclosed her true identity4 #g4 ,the exercises are appointed for #b ,p4,m4 to-morrow afternoon4 #h4 ,there are numerous mountain streams all throughout this region which abound in brook trout4 #i4 ,the central pith of the report is as follows4 #aj4 ,secluded and alone1 he now partook of his solitary repast1 which he entirely consumed4 #aa4 ,out of the second term ,i took out the factor x4 #ab4 ,right in behind ,east ,rock we have a beautiful lake4 #ac4 ,when everything was all ready they started off4 #ad4 ,he was a boy of eighteen years old4 #ae4 ,if the ground is uneven they just level it off with a shovel4 #af4 ,once the two twins were shipwrecked while on a sailing voyage4 #ag4 ,the purple bird was once a royal king named ,picus4 #ah4 ,a large search-light will show a sail at a distance of three or four miles away4 #ai4 ,each of the provinces was ruled over by a duke4 #bj4 ,when he returned he entered into the printing business4 #ba4 ,he had a good chance to shift off the sky to the shoulders of ,hercules4 #bb4 ,the mud falls off from the wheels and makes the street dirty4 #bc4 ,an old merchant of ,syracuse1 named geon1 had two twin sons4 #bd4 ,he was almost universally admired and respected by all who knew him4 #be4 ,pretty soon the man's hands began to get all blistered4 #bf4 ,before you go you must first finish your work4 #bg4 ,he did it equally as well as his friends4 #bh4 ,it must be ten years ago since he left town4 #bi4 ,collect together all the fragments4 #cj4 ,the play opens up with a scene in a forest4 #ca4 ,he has the universal good-will of everybody4 #cb4 ,please raise up the window4 #cc4 ,the story ends up happily4 #cd4 ,they always entered school together every morning4 #ce4 ,out of the entire pack only two dogs remained4 #cf4 ,he went away1 but soon reappeared again4 #cg4 ,a monstrous large snake crawled out from under the identical stone on which you are this very minute sitting4 #ch4 ,i was deceived by false misrepresentations4 #ci4 ,this question opened up the whole subject4 #dj4 ,let us1 however1 endeavor to trace up some of this hearsay evidence as far towards its source as we are able4 #da4 ,i will see you later on4 ,,misused ,,adjectives and ,,adverbs4#aai--,see the remarks under ,misused ,nouns4 ,an amusing illustration of misused adjectives was furnished by an illiterate man who introduced his second wife to a friend as ,my late wife4 ,i4 ,,aggravating1 ,,irritating4--,in good use aggravating means making heavier1 more grave1 worse in some way4 ,it is often misused for irritating1 exasperating1 or provoking4 ,,all1 ,,the ,,whole4--,see page #abj4 ,,apt1 ,,likely1 ,,liable4--,apt implies a natural predisposition1 an habitual tendency4 ,likely implies a probability of whatever character2 liable1 an unpleasant probability4#abj ,one is apt to speak quickly1 likely to hear good news1 liable to be hurt4 ,,both1 ,,each1 ,,every4--,both1 meaning the two1 and not merely one of them1 groups objects1 as1 ,both were men of hot temper4 ,each means all of any number1 considered one by one1 as1 ,each boy recited in his turn4 ,every means all of any number1 considered as composing a group or class1 as1 ,every pupil should have a dictionary and use it freely4 ,every directs attention chiefly to the totality1 each chiefly to the individuals composing it4 ,it may also be observed that each usually refers to a numerically definite group4444 ,thus1 ',each theory is open to objection' relates to an understood enumeration of theories1 but ',every theory is open to objection' refers to all theories that may exist4#aba ,,many1 ,,much4--,many refers to number1 much to quantity4 ,,mutual1 ,,common4--,mutual properly means reciprocal1 interchanged4 ,it is often misused for common in the sense of belonging equally to both or all1 especially in the phrase1 ,a mutual friend4 ,,partly1 ,,partially4--,partly1 in the sense of 'in part1' is preferable to partially1 since partially also means 'with partiality4'#abb ,,quite1 ,,very4--,quite properly means entirely2 in the sense of very or to a considerable degree it is not in good use4 ,,so-,,as1 ,,as-,,as4--,both so and as are used as adverbs of degree correlative with the conjunction as3 unless there is a negative in the clause as is generally used2 with a negative so is preferable to as4 ,we say ,it is as cold as ice1 ,it is not so good as it looks4 #aai ,foundations1 p4 #abe4 #abj ,ibid41 p4 #abh4 #aba ,murray's ,dictionary4 #abb ,a4,s4 ,hill3 ,principles of ,rhetoric1 revised edition1 p4 #ai4 ,,exercise ,,lxx4 ,tell the difference in meaning between-- #a4 ,the circumstances of the offense are aggravating 7exasperating74 #b4 ,she gave an orange to both 7each7 of them4 #c4 ,each 7every7 man has his faults4 #d4 ,i had a call from both 7each7 of the boys4 #e4 ,he is apt 7likely7 to win the race4 #f4 ,a mutual 7common7 friendship4 #g4 ,the weekly reports are partially 7partly7 made out4 ,,exercise ,,lxxi4 ,insert the proper word in each blank3-- ,,aggravating1 ,,irritating4 #a4 ,some of his remarks were ----4 #b4 ,the prisoner said his wife's conduct had been very ----4 #c4 ,he has an ---- manner4 #d4 ,he was too ---- by half4 #e4 ,the murder was committed under ---- circumstances4 ,,all1 ,,the ,,whole4 #f4 ---- 7of7 the boys were sent off at a day's notice to their homes4 ,for additional exercises1 see page #abe4 ,,apt1 ,,likely1 ,,liable4 #g4 ,an industrious man is ---- to succeed4 #h4 ,the ship was ---- to founder at any moment4 #i4 ,bad books are ---- to corrupt the reader1 #aj4 ,if a man does not care for himself1 he is not ---- to care much for other people4 #aa4 ,youth is ---- to err4 #ab4 ,any kind of taxation is ---- to be looked on as a grievance4 #ac4 ,we are constantly ---- to accidents4 #ad4 ,men are ---- to think well of themselves1 their nation1 their courage1 and their strength4 ,,both1 ,,each1 ,,every4 #ae4 ---- of them has 7have7 taken a different course4 #af4 ---- went his way4 #ag4 ,he told me to invite ---- brother and sister4 #ah4 ,he gave his hand to ---- of them4 #ai4 ,in ---- cheek 7cheeks7 appears a pretty dimple4 #bj4 ,i am feeling better in ---- way4 #ba4 ,the oak and the elm have ---- a distinct character4 #bb4 ,he'll be hanged yet1 though ---- drop of water swear against it4 #bc4 ---- soldier has a musket1 and ---- one fires as fast as he can4 #bd4 ---- inhabitant1 male or female1 young or old1 was there4 #be4 ,in ---- ten women that the gods make1 the devils mar five4 #bf4 ,there is a row of beautiful elm-trees on ---- side7s7 of the road4 ,,many1 ,,much4 #bg4 ,we saw as ---- as twenty tramps4 #bh4 ,he blames his uncle for ---- of his misfortune4 #bi4 ,i found that ---- of the accidents on this railroad are caused by negligence4 #cj4 ,how ---- of your peaches have you sold8 ,,mutual1 ,,common4 #ca4 ,charles and his wife were happy in their ---- love4 #cb4 ,they parted with ---- good feeling4 #cc4 ,we have a ---- friend in ,mr4 ,phelps4 #cd4 ,i find1 ,miss ,vernon1 that we have some ---- friends4 ,,partly1 ,,partially4 #ce4 ,beware of acting ----4 #cf4 ,all men are ---- buried in the grave of custom4 #cg4 ,this is ---- true4 #ch4 ,the city of ,york is ---- surrounded by a wall4 ,,quite1 ,,very4 #ci4 ,the country is ---- open4 #dj4 ,the snow has ---- covered the ground4 #da4 ,books ---- worthless are ---- harmless4 #db4 ,the island is ---- close to the mainland4 #dc4 ,he was ---- dead when they found him4 #dd4 ,you are ---- mistaken4 #de4 ,he is ---- ill4 ,,so-,,as1 ,,as-,,as4 #df4 ,she is ---- amiable as she is beautiful4 #dg4 ,he is ---- tall as his brother1 but not ---- tall as ,i4 #dh4 ,you have never ---- much as answered my letter4 #di4 ,come ---- quickly as you can4 #ej4 ,no other country suffered ---- much as ,england4 ,,ii4 ,,apparently1 ,,evidently1 ,,manifestly4--,apparently is properly used of that which seems1 but may not be1 real2 evidently1 of that which both seems and is real4#abc ,manifestly is stronger than evidently4 ,,average1 ,,ordinary4--,average implies an arithmetical computation2 if four persons lose respectively #aj1 #bj1 #cj1 and #dj1 the average loss is #be4 ,the word is used figuratively by ,dr4 ,o4,w4 ,holmes in ,the average intellect of five hundred persons1 taken as they come1 is not very high4 ,in the sense of usual1 common in occurrence1 of the usual standard1 ordinary is preferable to average4 ,,bound1 ,,determined4--,bound properly means obliged1 fated1 or under necessity3 as1 ,a man is bound by his word2 ,we hold ourselves in gratitude bound to receive 444 all such persons4 ,in the sense of determined hound is not in good use4 ,in the sense of sure it is in colloquial1 but not in literary1 use4 ,,continual1 ,,continuous4--,continual is used of frequently repeated acts1 as1 ',continual dropping wears away a stone2' continuous1 of uninterrupted action1 as1 'the continuous flowing of a river4'#abe ,,deadly1 ,,deathly4--,deathly1 in the sense of 'resembling death1' as1 ',she was deathly pale1' is preferable to deadly1 since deadly also means 'inflicting death4'#abd ,,decided1 ,,decisive4--,a decided opinion is a strong opinion1 which perhaps decides nothing2 a decisive opinion settles the question at issue4 ,a lawyer may have decided views on a case2 the judgment of a court is decisive4#abe ,,dumb1 ,,stupid4--,dumb properly means mute1 silent4 ,its misuse for stupid is partly due1 especially in ,pennsylvania1 to its resemblance to the ,german dumm4 ,,existing1 ,,extant4--,that is extant which has escaped the ravages of time 7used chiefly of books1 manuscripts1 etc472 that is existing which has existence4 ,,funny1 ,,odd4--,funny means comical2 in the sense of strange or odd it is not in good use4 ,,healthy1 ,,healthful1 ,,wholesome4--,that is healthy which is in good health2 that is healthful or wholesome which produces health4 ,wholesome commonly applies to food4 ,,human1 ,,humane4--,human denotes what pertains to man as man2 as1 human nature1 human sacrifices4 ,humane means compassionate4 ,,latest1 ,,last4--,latest1 like the word late1 contains a distinct reference to time2 that is latest which comes after all others in time3 as1 ,the latest news2 ,the latest fashion4 ,last1 which was originally a contraction of latest1 is now used without any distinct reference to time1 and denotes that which comes after all others in space or in a series3 as1 ,the last house on the street2 ,the ,last of the ,mohicans4 ,,lengthy1 ,,long4--,lengthy is said to have originated in the ,united ,states1 but the earliest quotations found are from ,british authors4 ,in the introduction to the second series of ,the ,biglow ,papers1 ,mr4 ,lowell wrote3 ,we have given back to ,england the excellent adjective lengthy 444 thus enabling their journalists to characterize our ,president's messages by a word civilly compromising between long and tedious1 so as not to endanger the peace of the two countries by wounding our national sensitiveness to ,british criticism4 ,lengthy is used chiefly of discourses or writings1 and implies tediousness4 ,long is used of anything that has length4 ,,mad1 ,,angry4--,mad means insane2 in the sense of angry it is not in good use4 ,,new1 ,,novel4--,that is new which is not old2 that is novel which is both new and strange4 ,,oral1 ,,verbal4--,oral1 in the sense of 'in spoken words1' is preferable to verbal1 since verbal means 'in words' whether spoken or written4#abf ,,pitiable1 ,,pitiful4--,pitiable1 in the sense of 'deserving pity1' is preferable to pitiful1 since pitiful also means 'compassionate1' as1 ',the ,lord is very pitiful1 and of tender mercy4'#abf ,,practicable1 ,,practical4--,that is practicable which can be done2 that is practical which is not theoretical only3 as1 a practicable plan1 a practical electrician4 ,,prominent1 ,,eminent4--,prominent means conspicuous1 standing out so as to be easily seen2 eminent means distinguished in character or rank4 ,,real1 ,,really1 ,,very4--,real is properly an adjective1 meaning not imaginary or counterfeit1 as1 real diamonds4 ,its misuse for the adverbs really and very1 as1 ,this is real pretty1 is a vulgarism4 ,,scared1 ,,afraid4--,the participle scared means frightened2 afraid is an adjective meaning in fear4 ,before of1 the proper word is afraid3 as1 ,she is afraid of horses4 ,scared of is not in good use4 ,,grand1 ,,gorgeous1 ,,awful1 ,,splendid1 ,,elegant1 ,,lovely1 ,,magnificent4--,grand properly implies grandeur2 gorgeous1 splendid colors2 awful1 awe2 elegant1 elegance2 splendid1 splendor2 lovely1 surpassing loveliness2 magnificent1 magnificence4 ,we talk1 sometimes1 with people whose conversation would lead you to suppose that they had lived in a museum1 where all the objects were monsters and extremes4444 ,they use the superlative of grammar3 'most perfect1' 'most exquisite1' 'most horrible4' ,like the ,french1 they are enchanted1 they are desolate1 because you have got or have not got a shoestring or a wafer you happen to want--not perceiving that superlatives are diminutives and weaken4444 ,all this comes of poverty4 ,we are unskilful definers4 ,from want of skill to convey quality1 we hope to move admiration by quantity4 ,language should aim to describe the fact4444 ',tis very wearisome1 this straining talk1 these experiences all exquisite1 intense1 and tremendous4#abg #abc ,a4,s4 ,hill3 ,principles of ,rhetoric1 revised edition1 p4 #ci4 #abd ,ibid41 p4 #ah4 #abe ,ibid41 p4 #ch4 #abf ,a4,s4 ,hill3 ,principles of ,rhetoric1 revised edition1 p4 #ai4 #abg ,r4,w4 ,emerson2 ,the ,superlative4 ,,exercise ,,lxxii4 ,tell the difference in meaning between-- #a4 ,the average 7ordinary7 yield of wheat4 #b4 ,he is bound 7determined7 to come4 #c4 ,there was continual 7continuous7 fighting for three days4 #d4 ,it was deadly 7deathly7 cold in the cave4 #e4 ,a decided 7decisive7 victory4 #f4 ,the boy is dumb 7stupid74 #g4 ,his story is apparently 7evidently1 manifestly7 true4 #h4 ,the existing 7extant7 portraits of ,milton4 #i4 ,his actions were very funny 7odd74 #aj4 ,this is a healthy 7wholesome7 plant4 #aa4 ,a human 7humane7 being4 #ab4 ,his latest 7last7 attempt4 #ac4 ,long 7lengthy7 explanations4 #ad4 ,she became mad 7angry74 #ae4 ,a new 7novel7 style4 #af4 ,an oral 7verbal7 message4 #ag4 ,a pitiable 7pitiful7 man4 #ah4 ,your purpose seems practical 7practicable74 #ai4 ,a prominent 7an eminent7 man4 #bj4 ,he was really 7very7 glad to see us4 ,,exercise ,,lxxiii4 ,insert the proper word in each blank3-- ,,apparently1 ,,evidently1 ,,manifestly4 #a4 ,the motion which--- belongs to the sun1 really belongs to the earth4 #b4 ,the stranger was--- in the prime of manhood4 #c4 ,the apparent 7evident7 discrepancy between the two narratives is not real4 #d4 ,our country is--- growing in wealth4 #e4 ,a straight line is--- the shortest distance between two points4 ,,average1 ,,ordinary4 #f4 ,to be excited is not the--- state of the mind4 #g4 ,this picture has only--- merit4 #h4--- conversation is not instructive4 #i4 ,the--- ,american is not wealthy4 #aj4 ,the--- expenses per man of the ,yale class of '#ie during ,freshman year were #iab4 #aa4 ,the life of the--- man is safer and more comfortable than it was a century ago4 #ab4 ,the--- age of the signers of the ,declaration of ,independence was nearly forty-four4 #ac4 ,their--- duties were easy4 ,,bound1 ,,determined4 #ad4 ,he worked hard at his piece1 for he was--- to speak it well4 #ae4 ,we have promised1 therefore we are--- to go4 #af4 ,i am--- to win1 if ,i can4 #ag4 ,they were--- that they would see the end of the play1 even though they should miss their train4 ,,continual1 ,,continuous4 #ah4 ,he was exposed to--- interruptions4 #ai4 ,a--- line in space4 #bj4 ---- victory makes leaders insolent4 #ba4 ,a ---- siege of six months4 #bb4 ,the power of abstract study or of ---- thought is rare4 ,,deadly1 ,,deathly4 #bc4 ,a ---- stillness4 #bd4 ,the ---- bite of the rattlesnake4 #be4 ,my wound is ----4 #bf4 ,her hands were ---- cold4 #bg4 ,she1 poor thing1 was looking ---- pale4 #bh4 ,many savages have seen a musket kill small animals and yet have not known how ---- an instrument it is4 ,,decided1 ,,decisive4 #bi4 ,he felt a ---- aversion to company4 #cj4 ,smith spoke out boldly in a ---- tone4 #ca4 ,creasy's ,fifteen ---- ,battles of the ,world4 #cb4 ,the nature of lightning was not known until ,franklin made his ---- experiment4 ,,dumb1 ,,stupid #cc4 ,a man who cannot write with wit on a proper subject is dull and ----4 #cd4 ,a deaf and ---- person4 #ce4 ,i was struck ---- with astonishment4 #cf4 ,judging from his recitations1 ,i should say that ,john is either lazy or ----4 ,,extant1 ,,existing4 #cg4 ,god created all ---- things4 #ch4 ,only two authentic portraits of ,shakespeare are ----4 #ci4 ,there are ---- seven hundred and sixty-five of ,cicero's letters4 #dj4 ,every citizen should exert himself to remove ---- evils4 ,,funny1 ,,odd4 #da4 ,it is ---- he never told me of his marriage4 #db4 ,he made the boys laugh by drawing ---- pictures on his slate4 #dc4 ,you must have thought it ---- we didn't send for you4 #dd4 ,he amused us with ---- stories4 ,,healthy1 ,,healthful1 ,,wholesome4 #de4 ,tomatoes are said to be a very ---- food4 #df4 ,if a ---- body contributes to the health of the mind1 so also a ---- mind keeps the body well4 #dg4 ,gardening is a ---- recreation for a man of study or business4 #dh4 ---- food in a ---- climate makes a ---- man4 #di4 ,a ---- situation4 ,a ---- constitution4- ----diet4 ,,human1 ,,humane4 #ej4 ,a--- disposition is not cruel4 #ea4 ,to err is---2 to forgive1 divine4 #eb4 ,in the time of ,abraham--- sacrifices were common among his heathen neighbors4 #ec4 ,the ,society for the ,prevention of ,cruelty to ,animals is a ---- organization4 ,,latest1 ,,last4 #ed4 ,the--- men in the procession4 #ee4 ,the--- news4 #ef4 ,the--- of the ,incas4 #eg4 ,have you read the--- novel8 #eh4 ,the--- foot-ball game of the season will be played with the ,yale ,freshmen4 ,,lengthy1 ,,long4 #ei4 ,cotton ,mather wrote many--- dissertations4 #fj4 ,it is a--- ride from ,ellen's ,isle to ,stirling4 #fa4 ,a--- line of ancestors4 #fc4 ,we were wearied by his--- explanations4 ,,mad1 ,,angry4 #fc4 ,his sarcastic manner makes me---4 #fd4 ,that is nothing to get--- at4 #fe4 ,i have heard my grandsire say full oft1 ,extremity of griefs would make men ---4 ,,new1 ,,novel4 #ff4 ,we have a--- horse4 #fg4 ,a--- feature of the entertainment was the ,broom ,drill4 #fh4 ,at the ,world's ,fair we saw many--- sights1 especially in the ,midway ,plaisance4 #fi4 ,alice had many--- experiences in ,wonder ,land4 ,,oral1 ,,verbal4 #gj4 ,some slight--- changes have been made in the new edition of this book4 #ga4 ,were your instructions--- or written4 ,,pitiable1 ,,pitiful4 #gb4 ,the condition of the poor in our great cities is---4 #gc4 ,be gentle unto griefs and needs1 ,be --- as woman should4 #gd4 ,the wretched girl was in a--- plight4 #ge4 ,a--- sight4 ,,practicable1 ,,practical4 #gf4 ,we have hired a ---- gardener4 #gg4 ,this plan of campaign is not ----4 #gh4 ,we found the road not ---- because of the heavy rains4 #gi4 ,a victory may be a ---- defeat4 ,,prominent1 ,,eminent4 #hj4 ,censure is the tax a man pays to the public for being ----4 #ha4 ,the figure of a man is ---- in the picture4 #hb4 ,frogs have ---- eyes4 #hc4 ,washington was a 7an7 ---- man4 #hd4 ,john ,quincy ,adams was the ---- son of a 7an7 ---- father4 ,,real1 ,,really1 ,,very4 #he4 ,she came home looking ---- well after her long visit4 #hf4 ,protestants believe that the bread of the ,lord's supper is not ---- changed1 but remains ---- bread4 #hg4 ,homer tells us that the blood of the gods is not ---- blood1 but only something like it4 #hh4 ,i am ---- glad you have come4 #hi4 ,he is ---- dead4 #ij4 ,it was ---- kind in you to send me flowers4 #ia4 ,yes1 ,i am ---- old2 ,i am sixty4 #ib4 ,he speaks ---- well1 doesn't he8 #ic4 ---- kings hide away their crowns in their wardrobes1 and affect a plain and poor exterior4 #id4 ,this is ---- pretty4 #ie4 ,we came on a ---- fast train4 #if4 ,she seemed ---- glad to see us4 #ig4 ,the hotel is situated ---- near the sea4 ,,scared1 ,,afraid4 #ih4 ,she was badly ---- when her horse ran away4 #ii4 ,harry is ---- of tramps4 #ajj4 ,helen was ---- of the cows in the meadow4 ,,exercise ,,lxxiv4#abh ,illustrate by original sentences the correct use of each of these words3 --,both1 each1 every1 aggravating1 liable1 likely1 apt1 mutual1 partially1 quite1 average1 bound1 continual1 continuous1 deadly1 deathly1 decided1 decisive1 dumb1 apparently1 evidently1 extant1 funny1 healthy1 healthful1 wholesome1 human1 humane1 latest1 last1 lengthy1 mad1 novel1 verbal1 pitiable1 pitiful1 practicable1 practical1 prominent1 eminent1 real1 really1 scared1 grand1 gorgeous1 awful1 splendid1 elegant1 lovely1 magnificent4 ,,use of the ,,comparative ,,and ,,superlative4--,the comparative degree is preferable when two things or sets of things are compared1 the superlative when three or more are compared4 ,to say ,iron is more useful than any metal is clearly incorrect1 because iron is included in any metal1 and of course iron is not more useful than itself4 ,we must in thought set iron off in a class by itself1 which we can do by inserting other after any4 ,iron is more useful than any other metal is correct4 ,after comparatives accompanied by than1 the words any and all should be followed by other4 ,to say ,iron is the most useful of any 7or1 any other7 metal is also clearly incorrect1 because we mean that iron is the most useful1 not of one metal 7no matter which7 or of some metals 7no matter which71 but of all metals4 ,we should therefore omit the word any1 saying simply ,iron is the most useful of 7all7 metals4 ,it is also incorrect to say ,iron is the most useful of all other metals1 for iron is not one of the other metals4 ,beware of using any or other with superlatives followed by of4 #abh ,see note ,to the ,teacher1 p4 #da4 ,,exercise ,,lxxv4 ,which of the italicized forms is preferable8-- #a4 ,of ,london and ,paris1 ,london is the wealthier 7wealthiest74 #b4 ,of two evils1 choose the less 7least74 #c4 ,the older 7oldest7 of the three boys was sent to college4 #d4 ,which can run the faster 7fastest71 your horse or mine8 #e4 ,of the two ,latin poets1 ,virgil and ,horace1 the first 7former7 is the better 7best7 known4 #f4 ,which is the better 7best7 of the two8 #g4 ,which is the farther 7farthest7 east1 ,boston ,new ,york1 or ,philadelphia8 #h4 ,there is no doubt about him 7his7 being the better 7best7 in the little group of friends4 #i4 ,which is the larger 7largest7 number1 the minuend or the subtrahend8 ,,exercise ,,lxxvi4 ,explain and correct the errors in the following sentences3-- #a4 ,this picture is1 of all others1 the one ,i like best4 #b4 ,this engraving of mine ,i like better than any picture ,i have4 #c4 ,london is more crowded than any city in ,great ,britain4 #d4 ,london is the most crowded of any city in ,great ,britain4 #e4 ,she of all other girls ought to be the last to complain4 #f4 ,our grammar lessons are the hardest of any we have4 #g4 ,st4 ,peter's is larger than any church in the world4 #h4 ,st4 ,peter's is the largest of any church in the world4 #i4 ,noah and his family outlived all the people who lived before the flood4 #aj4 ,solomon was wiser than all men4 #aa4 ,this ,state exports more cotton than all the states4 #ab4 ,a cowboy is the most picturesque of any men4 #ac4 ,tabby has the worst temper of any cat ,i know4 #ad4 ,he thinks ,gettysburg has the prettiest girls of any town of its size4 #ae4 ,the proposed method of ,mr4 ,f4,g4 ,jackson1 the ,english arctic explorer1 appears to be the most practical and business-like of any yet undertaken for exploring the polar regions4 ,,exercise ,,lxxvii4 ,construct sentences comparing the following things1 using first a comparative1 then a superlative form3-- #a4 ,the large population of ,china2 the smaller populations of other countries4 ,,example4--,china has a larger population than any other country4 ,of all countries1 ,china has the largest population in the world4 #b4 ,john1 who is very mischievous2 other boys1 who are less mischievous4 #c4 ,eve1 who was exceedingly fair2 her daughters 7female descendants71 who are less fair4 #d4 ,smith1 the best athlete2 the other boys in the school4 #e4 ,mary's recitations2 the poorer recitations of her classmates4 #f4 ,the population of ,london2 the population of the other cities in the world4 #g4 ,the circulation of the ,star2 the smaller circulation of other newspapers in the county4 #h4 ,ethel's eyes2 the eyes of her playmates1 which are not so bright4 #i4 ,the examination papers of ,professor ,a42 the easier papers set by other teachers4 #aj4 ,philip2 his classmates1 who are less bright4 #aa4 ,solomon1 the wisest king2 other kings4 #ab4 ,samson1 the strongest man2 other men4 #ac4 ,jacob's love for ,joseph2 his love for his other children4 #ad4 ,youth2 the other periods of life1 which are less important4 #ae4 ,demosthenes2 the other and inferior orators of ,greece4 #af4 ,the books read by ,fannie2 the fewer books read by her classmates4 #ag4 ,this shady grove2 other groves ,i know1 which are less shady4 #ah4 ,the reign of ,louis ,,xiv42 the shorter reigns of other ,french kings4 #ai4 ,shakespeare2 other ,english poets1 all of whom are inferior to him4 #bj4 ,the ,falls of ,niagara2 other falls in the ,united ,states4 ,,adjectives and ,,adverbs ,,incapable ,,of ,,comparison4#abi-- ,some adjectives and adverbs have meanings which do not vary in degree3 as1 dead1 perfect1 wooden4 ,such adjectives cannot properly be compared or modified by the words more1 most1 so1 too1 and very4 #abi ,foundations1 p4 #ace4 ,,exercise ,,lxxviii4 ,which of the following adjectives and adverbs do not vary in degree8-- ,absolutely1 brave1 cloudless1 cold1 conclusively1 continually1 entirely1 essentially1 extreme1 faultless1 ,french1 fundamental1 golden1 happy1 impregnable1 inaudible1 incessant1 incredible1 indispensable1 insatiate1 inseparable1 intangible1 intolerable1 invariable1 long1 masterly1 round1 sharp1 square1 sufficient1 unanimous1 unbearable1 unbounded1 unerring1 unique1 universally1 unparalleled1 unprecedented4 ,,misplaced ,,adjectives ,,and ,,adverbs4#acj--;,a word1 a phrase1 or a clause used as an adjective or an adverb should come next to the word1 or words1 which it modifies4 ,the word only requires special care4 ,observe how the position of only affects the meaning in the following sentences3 ,only he lost his hat2 ,he only lost his hat2 ,he lost only his hat1 or ,he lost his hat only2 ,he lost his only hat4 #acj ,foundations1 p4 #acf4 ,,exercise ,,lxxix4 ,correct the errors of position in the following sentences3-- #a4 ,metal reflectors are only used now for cheap search-lights4 #b4 ,i will only mention some of the best4 #c4 ,i only had time to read ,king ,lear4 #d4 ,he only spoke to me1 not to you4 #e4 ,coons are only killed with the help of dogs4 ,the coon only comes out in the night-time4 #f4 ,lost1 a ,scotch terrier1 by a gentleman1 with his ears cut close4 #g4 ,canteens were issued to the soldiers with short necks4 #h4 ,we all went to the sea-shore for a little fresh air from the city4 #i4 ,at one time ,franklin was seen bringing some paper to his printing-office from the place where he had purchased it in a wheelbarrow4 #aj4 ,he went to ,germany to patronize the people in the little ,german villages from which he came with his great wealth4 #aa4 ,the three young men set out and finally arrived at the college dressed in girls' clothes4 #ab4 ,the maskers were nearly dressed alike4 #ac4 ,erected to the memory of ,john ,smith accidentally shot as a mark of affection by his brother4 #ad4 ,lost1 an umbrella by a gentleman with an ivory head4 #ae4 ,a piano for sale by a lady about to cross the channel in an oak case with carved legs4 #af4 ,he blew out his brains after bidding his wife good-bye with a gun4 #ag4 ,the ,moor1 seizing a bolster1 full of rage and jealousy1 smothered ,desdemona4 #ah4 ,wanted1 a handsome ,shetland pony suitable for a child with a long mane and tail4 #ai4 ,wolsey left many buildings which he had begun at his death in an unfinished state4 #bj4 ,my cousin caught a crab and took it home in a pail of water which we had for our tea4 #ba4 ,i scarcely ever remember to have had a rougher walk4 ,,adverbs between ,,to and ,,the ,,infinitive4--,a careful writer will do well to avoid the construction which places the adverb between to and the infinitive4 ,it is true that the construction is a common one2 but it is also true that those who are most addicted to the practice are not those who count most as authorities on questions of good usage4#aca #aca ,foundations1 p4 #adj4 ,,exercise ,,lxxx4 ,improve the arrangement in the following sentences-- #a4 ,hermes caused the milk pitcher of the old couple to never be empty4 #b4 ,his political enemies tried to in this way impeach the courage of the ,president4 #c4 ,he promises to earnestly try to do better4 #d4 ,to really know the man we must read his books4 #e4 ,another project is to in some way modify the power of the ,house of ,lords4 #f4 ,she dwelt upon what was comforting1 though conscious that there was little to veritably console4 #g4 ,he proposed to either largely decrease the appropriation or to wholly do away with it4 ,,chapter ,,vii4 ,,of ,,prepositions ,,misused ,,prepositions4#acb--;,a writer1 in choosing the proper preposition to express his meaning1 must rely chiefly on his sense of idiom1 that is1 his knowledge of ,english usage1 but he may find the following notes helpful4 ,,among1 ,,between4--,among is the proper word when the reference is to more than two persons or things1 or groups of persons or things2 between1 when the reference is to two only4#acc ,,at1 ,,in4--,before names of places to denote where1 at is used when the place is so small as to be treated as a mere point1 or when1 although large1 it is viewed as a mere point2 in is used when it is desired to make prominent the idea within the bounds of3 as1 ,he arrived at ,liverpool in the morning and remained in that city two days4 ,before the name of the place in which the speaker dwells1 if the place is of any size1 in is generally preferred to at1 unless the place is so remote that it dwindles in the mental vision to a point4 ,,back ,,of4--,back of1 though frequently heard in conversation and sometimes seen in print1 is not in good use4 ,,beside1 ,,besides4--,beside means by the side of2 besides is now used only in the sense of in addition to1 other than3 as1 ,who sits beside you8 ,who besides us knows this8 ,,by1 ,,with4--,to introduce the agent of an action by is now commonly used2 the material instrument or tool is usually introduced by with3 as1 ,duncan was murdered by ,macbeth with a dagger4 ,,different ,,from1 ,,different ,,to4--,different from is preferable to different to and different than4 ,,in1 ,,into4--,in implies presence inside of1 or within2 into implies movement to the inside of4 ,before a man can move in a room1 he must already have moved into it4#acd ,,in1 ,,on4--,before names of streets1 in implies some reference to surroundings2 on is less definite1 indicating location only4 ,,on ,,to1 ,,onto4--,good use does not support either on to or onto4#ace ,,wait ,,for1 ,,wait ,,on4--,to wait for means to await1 as1 ,we will wait for you at the corner4 ,to wait on means to attend on1 as1 ,at dinner the women waited on the men4 #acb ,foundations1 pp4 #adb-adh4 #acc ,ibid41 p4 #adc4 #acd ,ibid41 p4 #ade4 #ace ,foundations1 p4 #adf4 ,,exercise ,,lxxxi4 ,insert the proper preposition in each blank3-- ,,among1 ,,between4 #a4 ,he divided the apples ---- the five boys4 #b4 ,there was a generous rivalry ---- the two friends4 #c4 ,i have no preference ---- many of ,tennyson's poems4 #d4 ,there is bad feeling ---- ,china and ,japan4 #e4 ,the money was divided ---- the six heirs4 ,,at1 ,,in4 #f4 ,napoleon died ---- ,longwood1 a villa on the island of ,st4 ,helena2 ,byron died ---- ,missolonghi1 ---- ,greece4 #g4 ,did he graduate ---- ,oxford or ---- ,cambridge8 #h4 ,he is now ---- ,ireland4 #i4 ,milton was educated ---- ,christ's ,college4 #aj4 ,when shall we arrive ---- ,rome8 #aa4 ,i am eager to visit a hundred places ---- ,florence4 #ab4 ,we live ---- ,new ,york4 #ac4 ,macaulay lived ---- ,london4 ,,beside1 ,,besides4 #ad4 ,have you nothing to tell us ---- what we have already heard8 #ae4 ,the boy stood ---- her4 #af4 ---- the large planets1 there are hundreds of smaller planets called asteroids4 #ag4 ,let me sit ---- you4 ,,by1 ,,with4 #ah4 ,the door was fastened ---- nails ---- the carpenter4 #ai4 ,the ,great ,charter was signed ---- ,king ,john4 #bj4 ,thebes was founded ---- ,cadmus4 #ba4 ,truth finds an easy entrance into the mind when she is introduced ---- ,desire and attended ---- ,pleasure4 #bb4 ,he entertained us ---- a story4 #bc4 ,he struck me ---- his cane4 ,,in1 ,,into4 #bd4 ,the dog is ---- the water4 #be4 ,come ---- the house4 #bf4 ,look ---- my desk4 #bg4 ,put more life ---- your speaking4 #bh4 ,throw it ---- the fire4 #bi4 ,what put this idea ---- your head8 #cj4 ,carry the basket ---- the kitchen4 #ca4 ,she threw herself ---- a chair4 ,,in1 ,,on4 #cb4 ,the cable cars ---- ,broadway4 #cc4 ,ellen and ,harry are playing ---- the street4 #cd4 ,the ,murray ,hill ,hotel is ---- ,fourth ,avenue4 #ce4 ,they carry on their business ---- ,william ,street4 ,with certain words good use requires special prepositions4 ,among these words are the following3-- abhorrence of4 absolve from4 accord with4 acquit of4 adapted to or for4 affinity between1 to1 or with4 agree with 7a person74 agree to 7a proposal74 averse from or to4 bestow upon4 change for 7a thing74 change with 7a person74 comply with4 center on 7 give to74 confer with 7 talk with74 confide in 7 trust in74 confide to 7 intrust to74 conform to4 in conformity with or to4 convenient for or to4 conversant with4 correspond to or with 7a thing74 correspond with 7a person74 dependent on 7but independent of74 derogatory to4 differ from 7a person or thing74 differ from or with 7in opinion74 disappointed of 7what we cannot get74 disappointed in 7what we have74 dissent from4 glad at or of4 involve in4 martyr for or to4 need of4 part from or with4 profit by4 reconcile to or with4 taste of 7food74 taste for 7art74 ,thirst for or after4#acf #acf ,foundations1 p4 #adh4 ,,exercise ,,lxxxii4 ,i4 ,tell the difference in meaning between-- #a4 ,she confides in 7to7 her sister4 #b4 ,he differs from 7with7 me4 #c4 ,we are disappointed of 7in7 our guests4 #d4 ,he is in 7at7 ,new ,york4 #e4 ,he waited on 7for7 his mother4 ,,ii4 ,tell what prepositions are required with these words3 ,abhorrence1 absolve1 accord1 acquit1 adapted1 affinity1 agree1 agreeable1 averse1 bestow1 change 7verb71 comply1 confer1 confide1 conform1 in conformity1 convenient1 conversant1 correspond1 dependent1 derogatory1 differ1 different1 disappointed1 dissent 7verb71 eager1 exception1 expert1 glad1 independent1 involve1 martyr1 need 7noun71 part 7verb71 profit 7verb71 reconcile1 taste 7noun71 thirst 7noun71 worthy4 ,,exercise ,,lxxxiii4 ,insert the proper preposition in each blank3--#acg #a4 ,please wait ---- me2 ,i will come as soon as ,i can4 #b4 ,she married him ---- her father's consent4 #c4 ,the cathedral was rich ---- all kinds of golden vessels4 #d4 ,moses received the laws ---- the people on ,mount ,sinai4 #e4 ,evangeline died ---- ,philadelphia4 #f4 ---- whom did they rent the house8 #g4 ---- whom can ,i rely8 #h4 ,the boy went in search ---- his sister4 #i4 ,the streams ---- this region abound ---- trout4 #aj4 ,the traces of a struggle were seen ---- the tree4 #aa4 ,they got ---- the carriage and rode away4 #ab4 ,he has moved ---- ,new ,york1 where he lives ---- an elegant mansion4 #ac4 ,he thought that he put the money ---- his pocket1 but he found it ---- his shoe4 #ad4 ,the paper was cut ---- small strips4 #ae4 ,we stood ---- the landing4 #af4 ,the firemen went ---- the roof of the house4 #ag4 ,he is down ---- the village4 #ah4 ,what was the matter ---- him8 #ai4 ,he died ---- a fever4 #bj4 ,when we were ---- ,rome we stayed ---- a small hotel4 #ba4 ,he lives ---- a frame house ---- ,cambridge4 #bb4 ,her unladylike behavior gave occasion ---- many unpleasant remarks4 #bc4 ,caterpillars change ---- butterflies4 #bd4 ,she lives ---- ,college ,street1 ---- ,no4 #ajji4 #be4 ,it was conducive ---- my comfort4 #bf4 ,the calm was followed ---- a sudden storm4 #bg4 ,the soil of ,virginia is adapted ---- the production of hemp and tobacco4 #bh4 ,the flower is excellently adapted ---- catching insects4 #bi4 ,congress consists ---- a ,senate and a ,house of ,representatives4 #cj4 ---- what does happiness consist8 #ca4 ---- some sentences the conjunction is omitted4 #cb4 ,a judge who has an interest in a case is disqualified ---- hearing it4 #cc4 ,he was accused ---- robbery4 #cd4 ,he died ---- starvation1 she ---- pneumonia4 #ce4 ,you may rely ---- what ,i say1 and confide ---- my honesty4 #cf4 ,the bird flew ---- the tree4 #cg4 ,he let the knife fall ---- the creek4 #ch4 ,what is my grief in comparison ---- that which she bears8 #ci4 ,most persons feel an abhorrence ---- snakes4 #dj4 ,he aspires ---- political distinction4 #da4 ,we were disappointed ---- the pleasure of seeing you4 #db4 ,there is need ---- great watchfulness4 #dc4 ,i have been ---- ,new ,orleans1 and ,i am now going ---- ,new ,york4 #dd4 ,we lived ---- a little village ---- the ,south4 #de4 ,i find no difficulty ---- keeping up with my class4 #df4 ---- every class of people selfishness prevails4 #dg4 ,he divided his estate ---- his son1 his daughter1 and his nephew4 #dh4 ,he is very different ---- his brother4 #di4 ,this was different ---- what ,i expected4 #ej4 ,compare your work ---- his1 and you will see the difference4 #ea4 ,my old yacht was small in comparison ---- this4 #eb4 ,he is adapted ---- an out-door life4 #ec4 ,his disobedience was attended ---- serious consequences4 #ed4 ,his mother was overcome ---- grief4 #ee4 ,we were accompanied ---- our parents4 #ef4 ,a man should try to rid himself ---- prejudice4 #eg4 ,he will profit ---- his experience4 #eh4 ,the room was redolent ---- the perfume4 #ei4 ,you must conform ---- the rules4 #fj4 ,fondness ---- horses was his leading trait4 #fa4 ,we felt the need ---- some adviser4 #fb4 ,i cannot reconcile this assertion ---- your other one4 #fc4 ,let us cut it ---- three equal parts4 #fd4 ,he is acquitted ---- all blame4 #fe4 ,the ,pope absolved him ---- his oath of allegiance4 #ff4 ,this fact does not accord ---- her declaration4 #fg4 ,i do not agree ---- you2 therefore ,i cannot agree ---- your proposal4 #fh4 ,the queen bestowed ---- ,tennyson the title of baron4 #fi4 ,the college has conferred ---- my uncle the degree of ,doctor of ,divinity4 #gj4 ,the two emperors conferred ---- each other for an hour4 #ga4 ,he is conversant ---- many languages4 #gb4 ,they were independent ---- each other4 #gc4 ,his sisters are dependent ---- him4 #gd4 ,that is not derogatory ---- their character4 #ge4 ,i dissent ---- that proposition4 #gf4 ,we are glad ---- his promotion4 #gg4 ,he has a taste ---- poetry2 she1 a thirst ---- knowledge4 #gh4 ,in #ahdb he emerged ---- obscurity4 #gi4 ,his property was merged ---- the common stock4 #hj4 ,she often went ---- town shopping4 #ha4 ,he plunged ---- the deepest part of the lake4 #hb4 ,these bands of ,indians were accompanied ---- settlers from ,detroit4 #hc4 ,the settlers were in company ---- ,indians4 #hd4 ,his proposal is likely to stir up ill-will ---- the various classes4 #he4 ,the ,greeks1 fearing that they would be surrounded1 wheeled about and halted1 with the river ---- their backs4 #hf4 ,we are within three miles ---- ,salisbury4 ,,omitted ,,prepositions4#ach--;,beware of omitting a preposition that is needed to make the meaning clear or the sentence grammatical4#aci ,before 'home' the preposition 'at' should never be omitted1 but the preposition 'to' is always omitted3 e4g41 ',i am going home4'#ach #acg ,in this exercise the pupil must rely chiefly on his knowledge of ,english usage or on a dictionary4 ,in some of the sentences more than one preposition is allowable1 according to the sense4 #ach ,foundations1 p4 #adi4 #aci ,ibid41 p4 #aej4 ,,exercise ,,lxxxiv4 ,insert the necessary prepositions in the following sentences3-- #a4 ,what use is this piece of ribbon8 #b4 ,the oak was five feet diameter4 #c4 ,my business prevented me attending the last meeting of the committee4 #d4 ,i could not refrain shedding tears4 #e4 ,the remark is worthy the fool that made it4 #f4 ,it is unworthy your notice4 #g4 ,he lives the other side the river4 #h4 ,he fled the country1 and went either to ,england or ,france4 #i4 ,ignorance is the mother of fear as well as admiration4 #aj4 ,religion is a comfort in youth as well as old age4 #aa4 ,it's no use to give up4 #ab4 ,this side the mountain the country is thickly settled2 the other side there are few inhabitants4 #ac4 ,i wrote ,mr4 ,knapp to come ,wednesday1 and promised that he should find us home4 #ad4 ,wealth is more conducive to worldliness than piety4 #ae4 ,he is not home1 but ,i think he is coming home to-night4 ,,redundant ,,prepositions4#adj--;,beware of inserting prepositions which are not needed4 #adj ,ibid41 p4 #aej4 ,,exercise ,,lxxxv4 ,strike out the redundant prepositions3-- #a4 ,he met a boy of about eighteen years old4 #b4 ,cadmus stood pondering upon what he should do4 #c4 ,let a gallows be erected of fifty cubits high4 #d4 ,hercules was very willing to take the world off from his shoulders and give it to ,atlas again4 #e4 ,no one can help from loving her4 #f4 ,from thence in two days the ,greeks marched twenty miles4 #g4 ,there was much of wisdom in their plan4 #h4 ,a workman fell off of the ladder4 #i4 ,on one day ,i caught five trout1 on another twelve4 #aj4 ,we must examine into this subject more carefully4 #aa4 ,a child copies after its parents4 #ab4 ,the proposal to go to the woods was approved of by all of the boys4 #ac4 ,at about what time will father return8 #ad4 ,after having heard his story1 ,i gave him a dollar4 #ae4 ,the spring is near to the house4 #af4 ,bruno followed on after his master4 #ag4 ,wanted1 a young man of from sixteen to twenty-one years of age4 #ah4 ,they went on to the steamer soon after dinner4 #ai4 ,look out of the window4 ,,chapter ,,viii4 ,,of ,,conjunctions ,,vulgarisms4#ada--;,every educated person is expected to know the correct use of the following words3-- ,,like1 ,,as4--,in good use like is never a conjunction1 and therefore it cannot be used instead of as to introduce a clause4 ,it is incorrect to say1 ,walk like ,i walk1 but one may say1 ,he walks like me1 or ,he looks like his grandfather4#adb ,,except1 ,,without1 ,,unless4--,except1 which was originally a past-participle1 was once in good use as a conjunction2 but in modern use it has been displaced as a conjunction by unless1 and is now a preposition only4 ,we may say1 ,all went except me1 but we may not say1 ,except you go with me1 ,i will stay at home4 ,another word not in good use as a conjunction1 but often heard instead of unless1 is without4 #ada ,foundations1 p4 #aeb4 #adb ,see page #aji4 ,,exercise ,,lxxxvi4 ,insert the proper word in each blank3-- ,,like1 ,,as4 #a4 ,do ---- ,i do4 #b4 ,she fears a chicken ---- you fear a snake4 #c4 ,thin bushy hair falls down on each side of his face somewhat ---- ,longfellow's hair did in his later life4 #d4 ,i wish ,i could sing ---- she can4 #e4 ,i will be a lawyer ---- my father4 #f4 ,i will be a lawyer ---- my father was4 #g4 ,she looks ---- 7if7 she were crying4 #h4 ,he acted ---- 7if7 he were guilty4 #i4 ,our snow-tunnel looked ---- we imagined ,aladdin's cave looked4 #aj4 ,he treated me ---- a cat treats a mouse4 #aa4 ,seventy-five cents a day will not feed those men ---- they wish to be fed4 #ab4 ,the lines in this stanza are not forced ---- in other stanzas4 #ac4 ,if ,i were a boy ---- ,ralph is1 ,i would try to stop the thing4 ,,except1 ,,without1 ,,unless4 #ad4 ,i do not know how my horse got away ---- somebody untied him4 #ae4 ,do not come ---- you hear from me4 #af4 ,i will not go ---- father is willing4 #ag4 ,i will not go ---- father's consent4 #ah4 ---- you study better1 you will be dropped4 #ai4 ,it will be cool to-morrow ---- a hot wave comes4 #bj4 ,i cannot go ---- money4 #ba4 ,i cannot go ---- father sends me some money4 #bb4 ,i will be there promptly ---- ,i hear from you4 #bc4 ,do not write ---- you feel in the mood for it4 #bd4 ,she has no fault ---- diffidence4 #be4 ,she has no fault ---- it be diffidence4 #bf4 ,he cannot enlist ---- with his guardian's consent4 ,,misused ,,conjunctions4#adc--;,conjunctions are few in number and are more definite in their meanings than prepositions4 ,most errors in using them spring from confused thinking or hasty writing4 ,a close reasoner and a good writer in general may be known by his pertinent use of connectives4#add ,,and4--,and has1 generally speaking1 the meaning of in addition to4 ,,but4--,but implies some exception1 opposition1 or contrast4 ,equivalent1 or nearly equivalent1 expressions are however1 on the other hand1 yet1 nevertheless4 ,,as4--,as has so many meanings that it is better1 when possible1 to use a conjunction that covers less ground4#ade ,,because1 ,,for1 ,,since4--,the difference between these words is chiefly a difference in emphasis4 ,we will not go1 because it is raining is the strongest way of expressing the relation of cause and effect4 ,in ,since it is raining1 we will not go1 the emphasis is shifted from the cause to the effect1 which becomes the prominent idea4 ,in ,we will not go1 for it is raining1 the reason1 it is raining1 is announced as itself a bit of news4 ,often the choice between these words is decided by the ear4 ,,how4--,how properly means in what manner or to what extent4 ,it is often misused for that to introduce an object clause4 ,,nor1 ,,or4--,nor is the correlative of neither1 sometimes of other negatives4 ,or is the correlative of either4 ,,therefore1 ,,so4--,in the sense of for this reason1 therefore is preferable to so1 since so has other meanings4 ,,though4--,though means notwithstanding1 in spite of the fact that4 ,,as ,,if1 ,,as ,,though4--,as if is1 on the whole1 preferable to as though4#adf ,,when1 ,,while4--,when means at the time that2 while1 during the time that1 as long as4 ,when fixes attention on a date or period2 while fixes attention on the lapse of time4#adg #adc ,foundations1 p4#aeb4 #add ,coleridge3 ,table ,talk4 ,quoted by ,a4,s4 ,hill in ,principles of ,rhetoric4 #ade ,foundations1 p4 #aec4 #adf ,foundations1 p4 #aef4 #adg ,ibid41 p4 #aeg4 ,,exercise ,,lxxxvii4 ,insert the proper conjunction in each blank1 if a conjunction is needed4 ,do not confine your choice to those mentioned above3-- #a4 ,roland was mild and modest1 ---- ,charles was coarse and boastful4 #b4 ---- they were without provisions1 they thought they should starve4 #c4 ,in ,addison's day innumerable vices were prevalent1 ---- chief among them was the custom of drinking4 #d4 ,charles was a large1 brawny fellow1 ---- ,orlando was a slender youth4 #e4 ,when the barn was full of people1 the doors were suddenly shut and bolted ---- the barn was set on fire4 #f4 ,hereward's men wanted booty1 ---- ,hereward took them to the ,golden ,borough4 #g4 ,he read a short ---- interesting account of ,theobald's4 #h4 ,longfellow received a good education ---- he was not a poor boy4 #i4 ,he was disappointed in the speed of his yacht1 ---- he had expected her to be very fast4 #aj4 ,the man said to sell was not needed on the sign ---- no one would expect the hats to be given away4 #aa4 ,there is no doubt ---- the earth is spherical4 #ab4 ,i know very little about the ,arabian ,nights ---- ,i have never read that book4 #ac4 ,when ,gulliver began to pull1 the ships would not move ---- their anchors held them4 #ad4 ,he had to be cautious in using his ,bible ---- at that time reading it was prohibited2 ---- he fastened it with tapes on the underside of a stool4 #ae4 ,the ,liberal ,arts ,building at ,chicago had twice as much iron in its frame ---- the ,brooklyn ,bridge4 #af4 ,the lumbermen must keep open a road to the railroad1 ---- all their provisions must be brought from the city4 #ag4 ,scarcely had ,i thrown in my line ---- ,i felt a nibble4 #ah4 ,the fly seems to have been created for no other purpose ---- to purify the air4 #ai4 ,at first you wonder where the boats are1 ---- on entering the grove you can see only a small cabin4 #bj4 ,i do not doubt ---- he will succeed4 #ba4 ,i cannot deny ---- he is honest4 #bb4 ,he was dismissed1 not so much because he was too young ---- because he was indolent4 #bc4 ,the land is equally adapted to farming ---- to pasturage4 #bd4 ,proportion is ---- simple ---- compound4 #be4 ,i wonder ---- he will come4 #bf4 ,the last of the horses had scarcely crossed the bridge ---- the head of the third battalion appeared on the other side4 #bg4 ,he looked as ---- he could play football4 #bh4 ---- ,i saw her1 she was young ---- beautiful4 #bi4 ,bruce spoke of himself as being neither ,scotch ---- ,english4 #cj4 ,i could ---- buy ---- borrow it4 #ca4 ,he has no love ---- veneration for his superiors4 #cb4 ,there was no place so hidden ---- so remote ---- the plague did not find it4 #cc4 ,we need not1 ---- do not1 complain of our lot4 #cd4 ,he could not deny ---- he had borrowed money4 #ce4 ,there is no question ---- the universe has bounds4 #cf4 ,a corrupt government is nothing else ---- a reigning sin4 #cg4 ,she thinks1 ,i regret to say1 of little else ---- clothes4 #ch4 ,o fairest flower1 no sooner blown ---- blasted4 #ci4 ,there is no other hat here ---- mine4 #dj4 ---- you have come1 ,i will go with you4 #da4 ---- ,virgil was the better artist1 ,homer was the greater genius4 #db4 ,he has not decided ---- he will let me go to college4 #dc4 ,sheep are white ---- black4 #dd4 ,the ,king has no arbitrary power2 your ,lordships have not ---- the ,commons2 ---- the whole ,legislature4 #de4 ,no tie of gratitude ---- of honor could bind him4 #df4 ,she had no sooner arrived ---- she prepared to go boating4 #dg4 ,scarcely had she left the house ---- she returned4 #dh4 ,he was punished1 ---- he was guilty4 #di4 ,he was punished1 ---- he was not guilty4 #ej4 ,we cannot go ---- we finish our task4 #ea4 ---- the rain came down in torrents1 we started for the lake4 #eb4 ,she could ---- dance ---- sing1 ---- she played the piano4 #ec4 ,i do not know ---- ,i shall walk ---- ride4 #ed4 ,hardly had he left the room ---- the prisoner attempted to escape4 #ee4 ,the chances are ten to one ---- he will forget it4 #ef4 ,stand up so ---- you can be seen4 ,,omitted ,,conjunctions4--,careless writers sometimes omit conjunctions that are necessary either to the grammar or to the sense4 ,a common form of this fault is illustrated in ,this is as good if not better than that--a sentence in which as is omitted after as good4 ,the best way to correct the sentence is to recast it1 thus3 ,this is as good as that1 if not better4 ,,exercise ,,lxxxviii4 ,correct the faults in these sentences3-- #a4 ,ralph is as young or younger than ,harry4 #b4 ,cedar is more durable but not so hard as oak4 #c4 ,i never heard any one speak more fluently or so wittily as he4 #d4 ,she is fairer but not so amiable as her sister4 #e4 ,though not so old1 he is wiser than his brother4 ,,redundant ,,conjunctions4--#adh ,careless writers sometimes insert conjunctions that are useless or worse than useless4 ,a common form of this fault is the use in certain cases of and or but before the words who1 which1 when1 or where1 which are themselves connectives3 as1 ,the challenge was accepted by ,orlando1 a young man little known up to that time1 but to whom ,rosalind had taken a great liking4 ,if the relative clause introduced by who1 which1 when1 or where is to be joined to a preceding relative clause1 the conjunction is proper3 as1 ,the challenge was accepted by ,orlando1 a young man who was little known at that time1 but to whom ,rosalind had taken a great liking4 #adh ,see ,foundations1 pp4 #bjh-baa4 ,,exercise ,,lxxxix4 ,which conjunctions in these sentences are redundant8-- #a4 ,i have again been so fortunate as to obtain the assistance of ,dr4 ,jones1 a teacher of great experience1 and whose ideas are quite in harmony with my own4 #b4 ,franklin had noticed for some time the extreme dirtiness of the streets1 and especially of the street that he lived on4 #c4 ,this animal was considered as irresistible4 #d4 ,but how to get him there was a problem4 ,but it was decided to convey him on one of the wagons used in carrying the ,emperor's men-of-war from the woods1 where they were made1 to the water4 #e4 ,he forgot to pay for the wine--a shortness of memory common with such men1 and which his host did not presume to correct4 #f4 ,next came ,louis1 ,duke of ,orleans1 the first prince of the blood royal1 and to whom the attendants rendered homage as the future king4 #g4 ,so from all this you can see that such things are not impossible4 #h4 ,her expression of countenance induced most persons to address her with a deference inconsistent with her station1 and which nevertheless she received with easy composure4 #i4 ,our escort consisted of ,mac,gregor1 and five or six of the handsomest1 best armed1 and most athletic mountaineers of his band1 and whom he had generally in immediate attendance upon his own person4 #aj4 ,the little town of ,lambtos1 ,mrs4 ,gardiner's former home1 and where she had lately learned that some acquaintance still remained4 #aa4 ,he spoke in a deep and low tone1 but which nevertheless was heard from one end of the hall to the other4 ,,misplaced ,,correlatives4--,when conjunctions are used as correlatives1 as both-and1 either-or1 each of the correlated words should be so placed as to indicate clearly what ideas are to be connected in thought4 ,this principle is violated in ,he not only visited ,paris1 but ,berlin also4 ,in this sentence the position of not only before the verb visited leads one to expect some corresponding verb in the second part of the sentence2 in fact1 however1 the two connected words are ,paris and ,berlin2 visited applies to both4 ,this meaning is clearly indicated by putting not only before ,paris3 thus1 ,he visited not only ,paris1 but ,berlin also4 ,as a rule the word after the first correlative should be the same part of speech as the word after the second correlative4 ,,exercise ,,xc4 ,correct the errors of position in-- #a4 ,few complaints were made either by the men or the women4 #b4 ,search-lights are not useful only on ships1 but also on land4 #c4 ,adversity both teaches to think and to be patient4 #d4 ,my uncle gave me not only the boat1 but also taught me to row it4 #e4 ,the prisoner was not only accused of robbery1 but of treason4 #f4 ,the wise ruler does not aim at the punishment of offenders1 but at the prevention of offences4 #g4 ,the king was weak both in body and mind4 #h4 ,he either is stupid or insolent4 #i4 ,he worked not to provide for the future1 but the present4 #aj4 ,every composition is liable to criticism both in regard to its design and to its execution4 #aa4 ,the gods are either angry or nature is too powerful4 #ab4 ,we are neither acquainted with the ,doctor nor with his family4 #ac4 ,in estimating the work of ,luther1 we must neither forget the temper of the man nor the age in which he lived4 #ad4 ,the wise teacher should not aim to repress1 but to encourage his pupils4 #ae4 ,such rules are useless both for teachers and pupils4 #af4 ,her success is neither the result of cleverness nor of studiousness4 ,,appendix ,,suggestions ,,to ,,teachers ,the following suggestions are made in answer to many inquiries from teachers who perceive the rare excellence of the ,foundations of ,rhetoric1 but who do not clearly see1 because of the novel method of the book1 how to turn its merits to account in their class-rooms4 ,the suggestions outline one way in which the book has been used to great advantage4 ,it should never be forgotten that the illustrative sentences in the ,foundations have no value except as they help the student to grasp a principle that he can apply in his own use of language4 ,in every case the emphasis should be laid on the principle which is announced or illustrated4 ,merely learning the corrected sentences by heart is useless and should not be permitted4 ,in taking a class over ,,part ,i41 which treats of words1 it is the writer's practice to assign a short lesson--from one to three pages--in connection with every recitation in ,english4 ,the leading ideas and most typical sentences in each lesson are privately marked in the teacher's book with colored pencil1 so that they may readily catch his eye1 and from five to twelve minutes of each recitation period are taken up with a rapid questioning on these leading ideas and typical sentences4 ,corrections or answers unaccompanied by reasons are not accepted4 ,attention is always fixed1 not on the form of the illustrative sentence1 but on the principle of usage under discussion4 ,pupils would rather commit to memory the sentences than trouble themselves about reasons2 but they will master reasons when they find they must4 ,after principles have been mastered1 exercises in the choice of forms and words are needed in order that knowledge may be converted into habit4 ,in ,,parts ,,ii4 and ,,iii4 the lessons are equally short and the emphasis is unceasingly laid on the question ,why8 ,if the subject is difficult1 it is desirable1 at the time that the lesson is assigned1 to lead the class over the text and some of the illustrative sentences in order to open1 as it were1 the eyes of the pupils4 ,since these parts of the book treat not of single words1 but of sentences and paragraphs1 recitations on them seem to call for the use of pencil or chalk4 ,one successful teacher conducts the recitation with books open1 requiring her pupils to cover the correct sentences with a strip of paper while they explain and correct the faults in the incorrect sentences4 ,the writer's practice is to paste the faulty sentences on cards of convenient size and thickness--the arrangement of columns is such that the sentences can all be cut from one old book--and to distribute them among eight or ten pupils at the beginning of the recitation hour4 ,while other matters are being attended to1 these pupils write the sentences in correct form on the blackboard1 and1 when the time comes1 give their reasons for the changes which they have made4 ,their work is discussed1 if necessary1 by the whole class4 ,reviews and written tests should be frequent4 ,as fast as the various principles explained and illustrated in ,,parts ,,ii4 and ,,iii4 are studied1 the attention of pupils should be immediately turned to their own writing4 ,it will be far more profitable for them to correct their own offences against clearness1 force1 ease1 and unity than to correct similar offences committed by others4 ,for this reason the ,,practical ,,exercises ,,in ,,english contains no exercises on the subjects discussed in ,,parts ,,ii4 and ,,iii4 of the ,foundations4 ,,index ,a1 an1 or the1 #ab4 ,abbot1 feminine corresponding to1 #ba4 ,abbreviations1 #bb4 ,ability1 capacity1 distinguished1 #bi4 ,abundance1 plenty1 distinguished1 #cb4 ,accept1 except1 distinguished1 #ii4 ,acceptance1 acceptation1 distinguished1 #be4 ,access1 accession1 distinguished1 #be4 ,accredit1 credit1 distinguished1 #ib4 ,actor1 feminine corresponding to1 #ba4 ,acts1 actions1 distinguished1 #be4 ,adherence1 adhesion1 distinguished1 #bi4 ,,adjectives1 #aji-acc2 defined1 #aji2 vulgarisms in the use of1 #aji-aac2 singular and plural1 #aaj2 adjective or adverb1 #aac-aaf2 redundant1 #aag-aah2 misused1 #aai-abi2 use of the comparative and superlative degrees1 #abi-aca2 adjectives incapable of comparison1 #aca-acb2 misplaced1 #acb-acc4 ,admit1 confess1 distinguished1 #ie4 ,advance1 advancement1 distinguished1 #be4 ,,adverbs1 #aji-acc2 defined1#aji2 vulgarisms in the use of1 #aji-aac2 adverb or adjective1 #aac-aaf2 redundant1 #aag-aah2 misused1 #aai-abi2 use of the comparative and superlative degrees1 #abi-aca2 adverbs incapable of comparison1 #aca-acb2 misplaced1 #acb-acc2 between to and the infinitive1 #acc4 ,advise distinguished from advertise1 #ii2 from persuade1 #ajj4 ,affect1 effect1 distinguished1 #ii4 ,affirm1 claim1 maintain1 distinguished1 #id-ie4 ,afraid1 scared1 distinguished1 #abd4 ,aggravating1 irritating1 distinguished1 #aai4 ,ain't1 #ga4 ,alienisms1 defined1 #aj4 ,alight1 light1 distinguished1 #fb4 ,all distinguished from the whole1 #bc2 from each1 #ef2 after comparatives1 #abi4 ,allege1 affirm1 assert1 etc41 distinguished1 #id4 ,alleviate1 relieve1 distinguished1 #ii4 ,allow1 admit1 think1 distinguished1 #ii4 ,allude to1 refer to1 mention1 distinguished1 #ii4 ,allusion1 illusion1 delusion1 distinguished1 #be4 ,almost1 most1 distinguished1 #aji4 ,alone1 only1 distinguished1 #aaf4 ,alumnus1 alumna1 plural of1 #bj4 ,americanisms1 defined1 #aj4 ,among1 between1 distinguished1 #acd4 ,amount1 quantity1 number1 distinguished1 #bi4 ,analysis1 plural of1 #bj4 ,and1 #adc4 ,anglicisms1 defined1 #aj4 ,angry1 mad1 distinguished1 #abc4 ,antagonize1 oppose1 distinguished1 #id4 ,anticipate1 expect1 suspect1 distinguished1 #aja4 ,any1 with comparatives and superlatives1 #abi4 ,any one1 number of1 #eh2 distinguished from either1 #ee-ef4 ,apparently1 evidently1 manifestly1 distinguished1 #abb4 ,appear1 materialize1 distinguished1 #ie4 ,apt1 likely1 liable1 distinguished1 #aai4 ,archaic1 defined1 #aj4 ,aren't1 #ga4 ,argue1 augur1 distinguished1 #ii4 ,argument1 plea1 distinguished1 #bi4 ,arise1 rise1 distinguished1 #ib4 ,,articles1 #ab-ae2 meaning of1 #ab2 generic1 #ab2 superfluous and omitted1 #ac4 ,as1 clause after1 often omitted in part1 #de note #b2 a relative pronoun1 #ed2 distinguished from that after same1 #ed2 from so when correlative with as1 #aai-abj2 from like1 #adb4 ,as if preferred to as though1 #add4 ,as well as1 words joined to the subject by1 #hi4 ,ask1 demand1 distinguished1 #ie4 ,assert1 allege1 declare1 etc41 distinguished1 #id-ie4 ,assertion1 statement1 distinguished1 #bc4 ,at1 in1 before names of places1 distinguished1 #acd4 ,augur1 argue1 distinguished1 #ii4 ,auxiliary verbs1 defined1 #gb4 ,average1 ordinary1 distinguished1 #abb4 ,avocation1 vocation1 distinguished1 #be4 ,awake1 principal parts of1 #fa4 ,awful1 #abd4 ,bachelor1 feminine corresponding to1 #ba4 ,back of1 #acd4 ,bacterium1 plural of1 #bj4 ,balance1 rest1 remainder1 distinguished1 #bi4 ,barbarism1 defined1 #aj4 ,barge1 for omnibus1 #d4 ,beau1 plural of1 #ba4 ,because1 for1 since1 distinguished1 #adc4 ,began1 begun1 distinguished1 #fa4 ,begin1 principal parts of1 #fa2 distinguished from commence1 start1 #ajj-aja4 ,beseech1 principal parts of1 #fa4 ,beside1 besides1 distinguished1 #acd4 ,between1 among1 distinguished1 #acd4 ,,bible1 quoted1 #c4 ,bid1 principal parts of1 #fa4 ,blow1 principal parts of1 #fa4 ,bound1 determined1 distinguished1 #abb4 ,both1 each1 every1 distinguished1 #aai4 ,break1 principal parts of1 #fa4 ,bring1 fetch1 carry1 distinguished1 #id4 ,broke1 broken1 distinguished1 #fa4 ,buck1 feminine corresponding to1 #ba4 ,bullock1 feminine corresponding to1 #ba4 ,burglarize1 #aj4 ,burst1 principal parts of1 #fa4 ,but1 #adc4 ,by1 with1 distinguished1 #acd4 ,calculate1 intend1 distinguished1 #id4 ,can or may1 #ga4 ,can't1 #ga4 ,canto1 plural of1 #ah4 ,capacity1 ability1 distinguished1 #bi4 ,captivate1 capture1 distinguished1 #ib4 ,carry1 fetch1 bring1 distinguished1 #id4 ,case1 possessive1 of nouns1 #ag2 of pronouns1 #dc2 nominative or objective1 #dc-ej4 ,centre1 middle1 distinguished1 #cj4 ,,century ,,dictionary1 quoted1 #be1 #bf1 #cb1 #ed1 #ib1 #ii1 #aaf4 ,champion1 support1 distinguished1 #id4 ,change of pronoun1 #ef-eh4 ,character1 reputation1 distinguished1 #cj4 ,,chaucer1 quoted1 #gb4 ,cherub1 plural of1 #ba4 ,choose1 principal parts of1 #fa4 ,claim1 assert1 allege1 etc41 distinguished1 #id-ie4 ,,coleridge1 ,s4,t41 quoted1 #adc4 ,colloquialisms1 defined1 #aj4 ,come1 principal parts of1 #fa4 ,commence1 begin1 start1 distinguished1 #ajj-aja4 ,common1 mutual1 distinguished1 #aai4 ,compare with1 compare to1 contrast1 distinguished1 #ii4 ,comparative and superlative1 use of the1 #abi-aca4 ,comparison1 adjectives and adverbs incapable of1 #aca-acb4 ,complement1 compliment1 distinguished1 #cj4 ,completion1 completeness1 distinguished1 #bf4 ,compound nouns1 possessive of1 #af2 plural of1 #ah4 ,conditional mood1 #he2 sentences1 #he-hf4 ,confess1 admit1 distinguished1 #ie4 ,,conjunctions1 #adb-adi2 vulgarisms in the use of1 #adb--adc2 misused1 #adc-adf2 omitted1 #adf42 redundant1 #adf-adh2 misplaced correlatives1 #adh-adi4 ,conscience1 consciousness1 distinguished1 #cj4 ,construe1 construct1 distinguished1 #ii4 ,continual1 continuous1 distinguished1 #abb4 ,contractions1 #dc1 #ga4 ,contrast1 compare to1 compare with1 distinguished1 #ii4 ,conversation and good use1 #g4 ,convince1 convict1 distinguished1 #ii4 ,could1 distinguished from might1 #ga-gb2 tense of the infinitive with1 #gi4 ,council1 counsel1 distinguished1 #cj4 ,countess1 masculine corresponding to1 #ba4 ,credit1 accredit1 distinguished1 #ib4 ,crisis1 plural of1 #ba4 ,curriculum1 plural of1 #ba4 ,custom1 habit1 distinguished1 #cj4 ,czar1 feminine corresponding to1 #ba4 ,daresn't1 #ga4 ,datum1 plural of1 #ba4 ,deadly1 deathly1 distinguished1 #abb4 ,deception1 deceit1 distinguished1 #cj4 ,declare1 assert1 claim1 etc41 distinguished1 #id-ie4 ,decided1 decisive1 distinguished1 #abb4 ,delusion1 illusion1 allusion1 distinguished1 #be4 ,demand1 ask1 distinguished1 #ie4 ,dependent clauses1 will or shall in1 #gc2 tenses in1 #gh4 ,depreciate1 deprecate1 distinguished1 #ib-ic4 ,detect1 discriminate1 distinguished1#ii4 ,determined1 bound1 distinguished1 #abb4 ,dictionaries1 usefulness of1 #i2 quoted1 see ,,century and ,,murray4 ,die 7noun71 plurals of1 #ai4 ,different from1 different to1 #acd4 ,disclose1 discover1 distinguished1 #ii4 ,discover1 invent1 distinguished1 #ca4 ,discriminate1 detect1 distinguished1 #ii4 ,dive1 principal parts of1 #fa4 ,do1 principal parts of1 #fa4 ,doe1 masculine corresponding to1 #ba4 ,doesn't1 #ga4 ,dominate1 domineer1 distinguished1 #ii4 ,don't1 #ga4 ,drake1 feminine corresponding to1 #ba4 ,drank1 drunk1 distinguished1 #fb4 ,drive1 principal parts of1 #fa2 distinguished from ride1 #ii4 ,duck1 masculine corresponding to1 #ba4 ,duke1 feminine corresponding to1 #ba4 ,dumb1 stupid1 distinguished1 #abb4 ,duodecimo1 plural of1 #ah4 ,each1 distinguished from all1 #ef2 from every and both1 #aai2 number of1 #eh1 #hi4 ,earl1 feminine corresponding to1 #ba4 ,,earle1 ,,john1 quoted1 #hb4 ,eat1 principal parts of1 #fa4 ,effect1 affect1 distinguished1 #ii4 ,egoists1 egotists2 egoism1 egotism1 distinguished1 #cj4 ,either1 distinguished from any one1 #ee-ef2 number of1 #eh1 #hi4 ,either--or1 number of the verb with singular subjects connected by1 #hi4 ,electrocute1 #aj4 ,elegant1 #abd4 ,elicit1 eliminate1 distinguished1 #ajj4 ,,emerson1 ,r4,w41 quoted1 #abd4 ,emigration1 immigration1 distinguished1 #cj4 ,eminent1 prominent1 distinguished1 #abc4 ,enormity1 enormousness1 distinguished1 #cj4 ,enthuse1 #aj4 ,esteem1 estimate1 estimation1 distinguished1 nouns1 #cj2 verbs1 #ajj4 ,every1 number of1 #eh1 #hi2 distinguished from each and both1 #aai4 ,everywheres1 #aaj4 ,evidently1 apparently1 manifestly1 distinguished1 #abb4 ,ewe1 masculine corresponding to1 #ba4 ,except1 accept1 distinguished1 #ii4 ,except1 without1 unless1 distinguished1 #adb4 ,existing1 extant1 distinguished1 #abb4 ,expect1 suspect1 anticipate1 distinguished1 #aja4 ,expose1 expound1 distinguished1 #ajj4 ,extant1 existing1 distinguished1 #abb4 ,falsity1 falseness1 distinguished1 #ca4 ,fetch1 bring1 carry1 distinguished1 #id4 ,fewer1 less1 smaller1 distinguished1 #aji4 ,figures1 plural of1 #ai4 ,find1 locate1 distinguished1 #ajj4 ,fish1 plurals of1 #ai4 ,flee1 principal parts of1 #fa4 ,fled1 flew1 flown1 distinguished1 #fa4 ,fly1 principal parts of1 #fa4 ,for1 because1 since1 distinguished1 #adc-add4 ,for1 on1 after wait1 distinguished1 #ace4 ,foreign origin1 plural of nouns of1 #bj-ba4 ,foreignisms1 defined1 #aj4 ,forget1 principal parts of1 #fa4 ,,foundations ,,of ,,rhetoric1 ,a4,s4 ,hill's1 #i2 quoted1 #f1 #ag1 #ed1 #fg1 #fa1 #fb1 #aac1 #aai1 #acc1 #acd1 #ace1 #acf1 #adc1 #add4 ,frances1 ,francis1 distinguished1 #ba4 ,freeze1 principal parts of1 #fa4 ,frighten1 #ajj4 ,froze1 frozen1 distinguished1 #fa4 ,funny1 odd1 distinguished1 #abb4 ,gallicisms1 defined1 #aj4 ,gander1 feminine corresponding to1 #ba4 ,gender1 nouns of different1 #ba4 ,genius1 plural of1 #ba4 ,genus1 plural of1 #ba4 ,gerunds1 #ej-ea4 ,get1 principal parts of1 #fa4 ,go1 principal parts of1 #fa4 ,good reading1 the foundation of good writing and speaking1 #h4 ,,good ,,use1 #c-aa2 defined1 #f2 conversation and1 #g2 newspapers and1 #g2 not to be learned from any one book or writer1 #g2 to be learned from good reading1 #h2 and from dictionaries1 #i2 and from books like the ,foundations of ,rhetoric1 #i4 ,good1 well1 distinguished1 #aji4 ,goose1 masculine corresponding to1 #ba4 ,gorgeous1 #abd4 ,gotten for got1 #fa4 ,grand1 #abd4 ,gums for overshoes1 #d4 ,habit1 custom1 distinguished1 #cj4 ,halo1 plural of1 #ah4 ,hang1 principal parts of1 #fa4 ,happen1 transpire1 distinguished1 #if4 ,hart1 feminine of1 #ba4 ,he1 him1 himself1 proper choice among1 #dc-de4 ,he1 his1 him1 for mankind in general1 #eh4 ,healthy1 healthful1 wholesome1 distinguished1 #abb-abc4 ,heifer1 masculine corresponding to1 #ba4 ,her1 herself1 she1 proper choice among1 #dc-de4 ,hero1 feminine corresponding to1 #ba4 ,,hill1 ,a4,s41 quoted1 #f1 #h1 #ag1 #be1 #bf1 #bi1 #cj1 #ca1 #cb1 #cc1 #ed1 #fa1 #fb1 #gd1 #hi1 #ib1 #ie1 #ii1 #ajj1 #aac1 #aai1 #abb1 #abc1 #acc1 #acd1 #ace1 #adj1 #adc1 #add4 ,him1 his1 before verbal nouns1 #fa4 ,him1 himself1 he1 proper choice among1 #dc-de4 ,hind1 masculine corresponding to1 #ba4 ,hire1 let1 lease1 distinguished1 #ie4 ,his1 him1 before verbal nouns1 #ea4 ,home1 distinguished from house1 #bc2 preposition before1 #adj4 ,how1 #add4 ,human1 humane1 distinguished1 #abc4 ,hung1 hanged1 distinguished1 #fa4 ,hypothesis1 plural of1 #ba4 ,i1 me1 myself1 proper choice among1 #dc-de4 ,identity1 identification1 distinguished1 #ca4 ,illusion1 allusion1 delusion1 distinguished1 #be4 ,illy1 #aaj4 ,immigration1 emigration1 distinguished1 #cj4 ,import1 importance1 distinguished1 #ha4 ,improprieties1 defined1 #aj4 ,impugn1 impute1 distinguished1 #ic4 ,in1 at1 into1 on1 distinguished1 #acd-ace4 ,in addition to1 words joined to the subject by1 #hi4 ,index1 plurals of1 #ai4 ,indicative1 use of the perfect1 #gh2 indicative or subjunctive1 #hb-hi4 ,infinitive1 tenses of the1 #gh-gi2 adverbs between to and the1 #acc4 ,inquire1 investigate1 distinguished1 #ajj4 ,insure1 secure1 distinguished1 #ajj4 ,intend1 calculate1 distinguished1 #id4 ,invent1 discover1 distinguished1 #ca4 ,investigate1 inquire1 distinguished1 #ajj4 ,it1 its1 before verbal nouns1 #ea4 ,junto1 plural of1 #ah4 ,laid1 lay1 lain1 distinguished1 #fa-fb4 ,lasso1 plural of1 #ah4 ,last1 latest1 distinguished1 #abc4 ,lay1 lie1 laid1 lain1 distinguished1 #fa-fb4 ,learn1 teach1 distinguished1 #ie4 ,lease1 let1 hire1 distinguished1 #ie4 ,leave1 let1 distinguished1 #ajj4 ,lend1 loan1 distinguished1 #ic4 ,lengthy1 long1 distinguished1 #abc4 ,less1 fewer1 smaller1 distinguished1 #aji4 ,lesser1 #aaj4 ,let1 leave1 distinguished1 #ajj4 ,let1 lease1 hire1 distinguished1 #ie4 ,letters1 plural of1 #ai4 ,liable1 likely1 apt1 distinguished1 #aai4 ,lie1 lay1 distinguished1 #fa-fb2 principal parts of1 #fb4 ,light1 alight1 distinguished1 #fb4 ,light-complected1 #aaj4 ,lighted1 lit1 distinguished1 #fb4 ,like1 as1 distinguished1 #adb4 ,like1 likely1 probably1 distinguished1 #aji4 ,like1 love1 distinguished1 #ie4 ,likely1 liable1 apt1 distinguished1 #aai4 ,limit1 limitation1 distinguished1 #ca4 ,lion1 feminine of1 #ba4 ,loan1 lend1 distinguished1 #ic4 ,locate1 find1 distinguished1 #ajj4 ,long1 lengthy1 distinguished1 #abc4 ,lot1 number1 distinguished1 #ca4 ,love1 like1 distinguished1 #ie4 ,lovely1 #abd4 ,mad1 angry1 distinguished1 #abh4 ,magnificent1 #abd4 ,manifestly1 evidently1 apparently1 distinguished1 #abb4 ,maintain1 assert1 allege1 etc41 distinguished1 #id-ie4 ,majority1 plurality1 distinguished1 #ca4 ,man after man1 number of1 #eh4 ,many1 much1 distinguished1 #aai4 ,many a1 number of1 #hi4 ,marquis1 feminine of1 #ba4 ,materialize1 appear1 distinguished1 #ie4 ,may1 can1 distinguished1 #ga4 ,me1 myself1 ,i1 proper choice among1 #dc-de4 ,me1 my1 before verbal nouns1 #ea4 ,memento1 plural of1 #ah4 ,mention1 refer to1 allude to1 distinguished1 #ii4 ,middle1 centre1 distinguished1 #cj4 ,might1 distinguished from could1 #ga2 tense of the infinitive with1 #gi4 ,misplaced adjectives and adverbs1 #acb-acc2 correlatives1 #adh-adi4 ,misused nouns1 #bb-db2 verbs1 #ib-ajh2 adjectives and adverbs1 #aai-abi2 prepositions1 #acd-aci2 conjunctions1 #adc-adf4 ,monk1 feminine corresponding to1 #ba4 ,most1 almost1 distinguished1 #aji4 ,much1 many1 distinguished1 #aai4 ,muchly1 #aaj4 ,,murray',s ,,dictionary1 quoted1 #ed1 #id1 #aja1 #aai4 ,must1 tense of the infinitive with1 #gh-gi4 ,mutual1 common1 distinguished1 #aai4 ,my1 me1 before verbal nouns1 #ea1 #eb4 ,myself1 me1 ,i1 proper choice among1 #dc-de4 ,national use1 #d-f4 ,near1 nearly1 distinguished1 #aji4 ,need1 tense of the infinitive with1 #gh-gi4 ,negligence1 neglect1 distinguished1 #ca4 ,neither1 number of1 #eh1 #hi2 distinguished from no one1 #ee-ff4 ,neither--nor1 number of the verb with singular subjects joined by1 #hi4 ,new1 novel1 distinguished1 #abc4 ,newspapers and good use1 #g4 ,nobody1 number of1 #eh4 ,nominative or objective1 #dc-ej4 ,no one1 neither1 choice between1#ee-ef4 ,nor1 or1 choice between1 #add4 ,notional verbs1 defined1 #gb4 ,nouns1 #af-db2 form of the possessive case1 #af-ag2 use and misuse of the possessive case1 #ag-ah2 singular and plural1 #ah-ba2 plural forms of foreign origin1 #bj2 gender1 #ba2 abbreviations1 #bb2 misused1 #bb-db2 gerunds and verbal nouns1 #ej-ea4 ,novel1 new1 distinguished1 #abc4 ,novice1 novitiate1 distinguished1 #ca4 ,nowhere near1 #aaj4 ,number1 singular and plural1 of nouns1 #ah-ba2 of pronouns1 #eh-fj2 of verbs1 #hi-ib2 of adjectives1 #aaj4 ,number1 distinguished from quantity and amount1 #bi2 from lot1 #ha4 ,number1 quantity1 amount1 distinguished1 #bi4 ,nun1 masculine corresponding to1 #ba4 ,oasis1 plural of1 #ba4 ,objective case1 #dc-ej4 ,observance1 observation1 distinguished1 #bf4 ,obsolete1 defined1 #d1 ,octavo1 plural of1 #ah4 ,odd1 funny1 distinguished1 #abb4 ,of after verbal nouns1 #ea4 ,of which1 whose1 choice between1 #ed4 ,omitted articles1 #ac2 pronouns1 #fj2 adverbs1 #aag2 prepositions1 #adj2 conjunctions1 #adf4 ,on1 in1 before names of streets1 distinguished1 #ace4 ,on1 for1 after wait1 distinguished1 #ace4 ,one1 possessive and reflexive of1 #ef-eg4 ,only1 distinguished from alone1 #aaf2 position of1 #acb4 ,onto1 #ace4 ,oppose1 antagonize1 distinguished1 #id4 ,or1 nor1 use of1 #add4 ,oral1 verbal1 distinguished1 #abc4 ,ordinary1 average1 distinguished1 #abb4 ,organism1 organization1 distinguished1 #ca4 ,other1 with comparatives and superlatives1 #abi4 ,ought1 tense of the infinitive with1 #gh-gi4 ,our1 us1 before verbal nouns1 #ea4 ,ourselves1 we1 us1 proper choice among1 #dc-df4 ,parenthesis1 plural of1 #ba4 ,part1 portion1 distinguished1 #ca4 ,participle1 defined1 #ej4 ,partly1 partially1 distinguished1 #aai4 ,parts of verbs1 principal1 #fa-fb4 ,party1 person1 distinguished1 #bc4 ,penny1 plurals of1 #ai4 ,perfect indicative1 #gh2 infinitive1 #gh-gi4 ,person1 change from one to another in pronouns1 #ef-eg4 ,person1 party1 distinguished1 #bc4 ,persuade1 advise1 distinguished1 #ajj4 ,phenomenon1 plural of1 #ba4 ,piano1 plural of1 #ah4 ,pitiable1 pitiful1 distinguished1 #abc4 ,plea1 argument1 distinguished1 #bi4 ,plead1 principal parts of1 #fb4 ,plenty1 distinguished from abundance1 #cb2 as adjective and adverb1 #aji-aaj4 ,plural of nouns1 #ah-ba2 of pronouns1 #eh-fj2 of verbs1 #hi-ib2 of adjectives1 #aaj4 ,plurality1 majority1 distinguished1 #ca4 ,portion1 part1 distinguished1 #ca4 ,possessive case1 of nouns1 #af2 of pronouns1 #dc4 ,practicable1 practical1 distinguished1 #abc4 ,predicate1 predict1 distinguished1 #ajj4 ,predominance1 prominence1 distinguished1 #cb4 ,,prepositions1 #acd-ada2 misused1 #acd-aci2 omitted1 #adj2 redundant1 #adj4 ,prescribe1 proscribe1 distinguished1 #ajj4 ,present use1 #c-d4 ,principal parts of verbs1 #fa-fb4 ,probably1 likely1 like1 distinguished1 #aji4 ,produce1 product1 production1 distinguished1 #cb4 ,prominence1 predominance1 distinguished1 #cb4 ,prominent1 eminent1 distinguished1 #abc4 ,,pronouns1 #dc--fj2 possessive case of1 #dc1 #ef2 in self1 #dd-de2 before verbal nouns1 #ej-fa2 choice of relative1 #ec-ee2 omission of1 #ec-ed2 change of1 #ef-eg2 singular or plural1 #eh2 omitted1 #fj2 redundant1 #fj4 ,proper nouns1 plural of1 #ah2 #ai note #c4 ,proposal1 proposition1 distinguished1 #bf4 ,propose1 purpose1 distinguished1 #ajj4 ,proscribe1 prescribe1 distinguished1 #ajj4 ,prove1 principal parts of1 #fb4 ,provincialisms1 defined1 #aj4 ,proviso1 plural of1 #ah4 ,punctuation of relative clauses1 #ec4 ,purpose1 propose1 distinguished1 #ajj4 ,quantity1 number1 amount1 distinguished1 #bi4 ,quarto1 plural of1 #ah4 ,quite1 very1 distinguished1 #aai4 ,raise1 principal parts of1 #fb2 distinguished from rise1 #fb4 ,ram1 feminine corresponding to1 #ba4 ,rang1 rung1 distinguished1 #fb4 ,real1 really1 very1 distinguished1 #abd4 ,receipt1 recipe1 distinguished1 #cb4 ,recourse1 resource1 resort1 distinguished1 #cb4 ,redundant articles1 #ac2 pronouns1 #fj2 adjectives and adverbs1 #aag2 prepositions1 #adj2 conjunctions1 #adf-adg4 ,refer to1 allude to1 mention1 distinguished1 #ii4 ,reflexive pronouns1 #de1 #eg4 ,relation1 relationship1 distinguished1 #bf4 ,relative1 relation1 distinguished1 #cb4 ,relative pronouns1 #ec-ed4 ,relieve1 alleviate1 distinguished1 #ii4 ,remainder1 rest1 balance1 distinguished1 #bi4 ,repel1 repulse1 distinguished1 #ajj4 ,reputable use1 #f4 ,reputation1 character1 distinguished1 #cj4 ,requirement1 requisite1 requisition1 distinguished1 #cb4 ,resort1 resource1 recourse1 distinguished1 #cb4 ,rest1 remainder1 balance1 distinguished1 #bi4 ,ride1 principal parts of1 #fb2 distinguished from drive1 #d1 #ii4 ,rise1 principal parts of1 #fb2 distinguished from raise1 #fb2 from arise1 #ib4 ,run1 principal parts of1 #fb4 ,same as1 same that1 distinguished1 #fd4 ,sang1 sung1 distinguished1 #fb4 ,sank1 sunk1 distinguished1 #fb4 ,sat1 set1 sit1 #fb4 ,scared1 afraid1 distinguished1 #abd4 ,second1 secondly1 distinguished1 #aaj4 ,secreting1 secretion1 distinguished1 #cb4 ,secure1 insure1 distinguished1 #ajj4 ,see1 principal parts of1 #fb4 ,self1 pronouns in1 #dd-de1 #eg4 ,sequence of tenses1 #gh4 ,seraph1 plural of1 #ba4 ,series1 succession1 distinguished1 #bc4 ,set1 principal parts of1 #fb2 distinguished from sit1 #fb4 ,sewage1 sewerage1 distinguished1 #cb4 ,shake1 principal parts of1 #fb4 ,shall or will1 #gb-gg4 ,she1 her1 herself1 proper choice among1 #dc-de4 ,shoe1 principal parts of1 #fb4 ,shot1 plurals of1 #ai4 ,should distinguished from would1 #gd1 #gg2 in sense of ought1 tense of the infinitive with1 #gh-gi4 ,show1 principal parts of1 #fb4 ,shrank1 shrunk1 distinguished1 #fb4 ,since1 for1 because1 distinguished1 #adc4 ,singular and plural1 nouns1 #ah-ba2 pronouns1 #eh-fj2 verbs1 #hi1 #ib2 adjectives1 #aaj4 ,sit1 principal parts of1 #fb2 distinguished from set and sat1 #fb4 ,situation1 site1 distinguished1 #cb4 ,slang1 defined1 #aj4 ,slay1 principal parts of1 #fb4 ,slew1 ,slain1 distinguished1 #fb4 ,smaller1 fewer ,jess1 distinguished1 #aji4 ,so or as1 correlative to as1 #aai-abj4 ,so1 therefore1 distinguished1 #add4 ,solecisms1 defined1 #aj4 ,solicitude1 solicitation1 distinguished1 #bf4 ,solo1 plural of1 #ah4 ,some1 somewhat1 something1 distinguished1 #aaj4 ,,sonnenschein1 ,,professor1 quoted1 #hc4 ,speak1 principal parts of1 #fb4 ,speciality1 specialty1 distinguished1 #cc4 ,splendid1 #abd4 ,spoke1 spoken1 distinguished1 #fb4 ,sprang1 sprung1 distinguished1 #fb4 ,staff1 plurals of1 #ai4 ,staff1 feminine corresponding to1 #ba4 ,start1 begin1 commence1 distinguished1 #ajj-aja4 ,state1 declare1 assert1 etc41 distinguished1 #id-ie4 ,statement1 assertion1 distinguished1 #bc4 ,stay1 stop1 distinguished1 #ie1 ,steal1 principal parts of1 #fb4 ,stiletto1 plural of1 #ah4 ,stimulant1 stimulation1 stimulus1 distinguished1 #bf4 ,stole1 stolen1 distinguished1 #fb4 ,stop1 stay1 distinguished1 #ie4 ,stratum1 plural of1 #ba4 ,stupid1 dumb1 distinguished1 #abb4 ,subjunctive1 #hb-hi2 forms of1 #hc-hd2 uses of1 #hd-hf2 in conditional sentences1 #he-hf2 in wishes1 #hf4 ,succession1 scries1 distinguished1 #bc4 ,suggestions to teachers1 #aea4 ,sultan1 feminine of1 #ba4 ,superfluous articles1 #ac2 pronouns1 #fj2 adjectives and adverbs1 #aag-aah2 prepositions1 #adj2 conjunctions1 #adf-adg4 ,superlative1 use of the1 #abi-aca4 ,support1 champion1 distinguished1 #id4 ,suspect1 expect1 anticipate1 distinguished1 #aja4 ,swam1 swum1 distinguished1 #fb4 ,symbols1 plural of1 #ai4 ,tableau1 plural of1 #ba4 ,take1 principal parts of1 #fb4 ,teach1 learn1 distinguished1 #ie4 ,teachers1 suggestions to1 #aea-aeb4 ,tense1 questions of1 #gh-hb2 in conditional sentences1 #he2 in wishes1 #hf4 ,testimony1 verdict1 distinguished1 #bc4 ,than1 clause after1 often omitted in part1 #de note #b4 ,that distinguished from as after same1 #ed4 ,that1 those1 #aaj4 ,that1 who1 which1 as relatives1 #ec-ed4 ,the or a1 #ab4 ,the before verbal nouns1 #ea4 ,thee1 thyself1 thou1 proper choice among1 #dc-de4 ,their1 them1 before verbal nouns1 #ea4 ,them1 themselves1 they1 proper choice among1 #dc-de4 ,therefore1 so1 choice between1 #add4 ,these1 this1 #aaj4 ,thesis1 plural of1 #ba4 ,they1 them1 themselves1 proper choice among1 #dc-de4 ,this1 these1 #aaj4 ,those1 that1 #aaj4 ,thou1 thee1 thyself1 proper choice among1 #dc-de4 ,though1 #add2 verbs in clauses introduced by1 #hf4 ,throw1 principal parts of1 #fb4 ,thyself1 thee1 thou1 proper choice among1 #dc-de4 ,tiger1 feminine of1 #ba4 ,together with1 words joined to the subject by1 #hi4 ,torso1 plural of1 #ah4 ,transpire1 happen1 distinguished1 #if4 ,tyro1 plural of1 #ah4 ,unbeknown1 #aaj4 ,union1 unity1 distinguished1 #cc4 ,unless1 verbs in clauses introduced by1 #hf2 distinguished from without and except1 #adb4 ,us or our before verbal nouns1 #ea4 ,us1 ourselves1 we1 pro per choice among1 #dc-de4 ,,use #c-aa2 defined1 #f2 conversation and1 #g2 newspapers and1 #g2 no one book or writer decisive of1 #g-h2 relation of dictionaries to1 #i4 ,use1 present1 #c-d2 national1 #d-f2 reputable1 #f4 ,verbal nouns1 construction with1 #ej-ea4 ,verbal1 oral1 distinguished1 #abc4 ,,verbs1 #fa-ajh2 principal parts often misused1 #fa-gj2 contractions1 #ga2 may or can1 #ga2 will or shall1 #gb-gf2 notional and auxiliary1 defined1 #gb2 would or should1 #gd-gg2 questions of tense1 #gh-hb2 indicative or subjunctive1 #hb-hi2 singular or plural1 #hi-ib2 misused1 #ib-ajh4 ,verdict1 testimony1 distinguished1 #bc4 ,very1 distinguished from quite1 #aai2 from real1 really1 #abd4 ,visitor1 visitant1 #cc4 ,vocation1 avocation1 distinguished1 #be-bf4 ,vulgarisms1 defined1 #aj2 in the use of adjectives and adverbs1 #aji-aac2 of conjunctions1 #adb-adc4 ,wait for1 wait on1 distinguished1 #ace4 ,wake1 principal parts of1 #fb4 ,we1 us1 ourselves1 proper choice among1 #dc-de4 ,well1 good1 distinguished1 #aji4 ,,wendell1 ,,barrett1 quoted1 #g-h4 ,went1 gone1 distinguished1 #fa4 ,what as a relative pronoun1 #ed4 ,when1 while1 distinguished1 #add4 ,which1 who1 that 7relative71 proper choice among1 #ec-ee4 ,who1 whom1 choice between1 #dc-de4 ,who1 which1 that 7relative71 proper choice among1 #ec-ee4 ,whoever1 whomever1 choice between1 #de4 ,whole1 all1 distinguished1 #bc4 ,wholesome1 healthy1 healthful1 distinguished1 #abb-abc4 ,whose1 of which1 choice between1 #ed4 ,will or shall1 #gb-gf4 ,wishes1 moods and tenses in1 #hf4 ,witch1 masculine corresponding to1 #ba4 ,with1 words joined to the subject by1 #hi2 distinguished from by1 #acd4 ,without1 except1 unless1 distinguished #adb4 ,wizard1 feminine corresponding to #ba4 ,would or should1 #gd-gg4 ,write1 principal parts of1 #fb4 ,,the ,,end