,illu/ration3 ,,samuel ,,f9ley ,,breese ,,morse ,inv5tor ( ! ,telegraph ,,ma/]s ,,( ,,space ,,morse & ! ,telegraph ,,?ompson & ! ,cable ,,bell & ! ,telephone ,,m>coni & ! ,wireless ,telegraph ,,c>ty & ! ,wireless ,telephone ,,by ,,walt] ,,kellogg ,,t[]s ,,illu/rat$ #aiag ,,to ,,my ,,co-,,labor] ,,& ,,companion ,,b]5ice ,,laura ,,t[]s ,,^: ,,enc\ragem5t ,,& ,,assi/ance ,,7 ,,con/ant ,,9 ,,! ,,ga!r+ ,,& ,,prep>ation ,,( ,,mat]ial ,,= ,,?is ,,volume4 ,,cont5ts ,,*ap4 ,,preface ,i4 ,,communication ,,among ,,! ,,anci5ts ,,ii4 ,,signals ,,pa/ ,,& ,,pres5t ,,iii4 ,,=]unn]s ,,( ,,! ,,telegraph ,,iv4 ,,inv5tions ,,( ,,sir ,,*>les ,,:eat/one ,v4 ,,! ,,a*ievem5t ,,( ,,morse ,,vi4 ,,:at ,,ha? ,,god ,,wr\ght8 ,,vii4 ,,developm5t ,,( ,,! ,,telegraph ,,sy/em ,,viii4 ,,telegraph+ ,,b5ea? ,,! ,,sea ,,ix4 ,,! ,,pione] ,,atlantic ,,cable ,x4 ,a ,,successful ,,cable ,,atta9$ ,,xi4 ,,alex&] ,,graham ,,bell1 ,,! ,,y\? ,,xii4 ,,! ,,bir? ,,( ,,! ,,telephone ,,xiii4 ,,! ,,telephone ,,at ,,! ,,c5t5nial ,,xiv4 ,,improvem5t ,,& ,,expansion ,,xv4 ,,telegraph+ ,,)\t ,,wires ,,xvi4 ,,an ,,italian ,,boy',s ,,"w ,,xvii4 ,,wireless ,,telegraphy ,,e/abli%$ ,,xviii4 ,,! ,,wireless ,,s]ves ,,! ,,_w ,,xix4 ,,speak+ ,,across ,,! ,,cont95t ,,xx4 ,,telephon+ ,,?r\gh ,,space ,,app5dix ,a ,,app5dix ,b ,,index ,,illu/rations ,,samuel ,,f9ley ,,breese ,,morse ,,morse',s ,,fir/ ,,telegraph ,,in/rum5t ,,cyrus ,w4 ,,field ,,william ,,?omson 7,,"l ,,kelv97 ,,! ,,great ,,ea/]n ,,lay+ ,,! ,,atlantic ,,cable1 #ahff ,,alex&] ,,graham ,,bell ,,?omas ,a4 ,,watson ,,pr(essor ,,bell',s ,,vibrat+ ,,re$ ,,pr(essor ,,bell',s ,,fir/ ,,telephone ,,! ,,fir/ ,,telephone ,,swit*bo>d ,,us$ ,,9 ,,new ,,hav51 ,,conn41 ,,= ,,eight ,,subscrib]s ,,e>ly ,,new ,,york ,,ex*ange ,,pr(essor ,,bell ,,9 ,,salem1 ,,mass41 ,,& ,,mr4 ,,watson ,,9 ,,bo/on1 ,,demon/rat+ ,,! ,,telephone ,,be=e ,,audi5ces ,,9 #ahgg ,,doctor ,,bell ,,at ,,! ,,telephone ,,op5+ ,,! ,,new ,,york-,,*icago ,,l9e1 ,,octob] #ah1 #ahib ,,guglielmo ,,m>coni ,a ,,rem>kable ,,photograph ,,tak5 ,,outside ,,( ,,! ,,clifd5 ,,/ation ,,:ile ,,messages ,,7 ,,be+ ,,s5t ,,across ,,to ,,cape ,,race ,,m>coni ,,/ation ,,at ,,clifd51 ,,irel& ,,preface ,?is is ! /ory ( talk+ at a di/ance1 ( s5d+ messages ?r\gh space4 ,x is ! /ory ( great m5--,morse1 ,?omson1 ,bell1 ,m>coni1 & o!rs--& h[1 ) ! aid ( m5 l ,field1 ,vail1 ,catty1 ,pup91 ! sci5ti/1 & o!rs 9 bo? ! te*nical & comm]cial fields1 !y succe$$ 9 fla%+ bo? messages & spee* ar\nd ! _w1 ) wires & )\t wires4 ,x is ! /ory ( h[ ! ?\ght ( ! _w has be5 l9k$ toge!r by ^? mod]n wond]s ( sci5ce & ( indu/ry--! telegraph1 ! subm>9e cable1 ! telephone1 ! wireless telegraph1 &1 mo/ rec5tly1 ! wireless telephone4 ,! /ory op5s ) ! primitive me?ods ( message-s5d+ by fire or smoke or o!r signals4 ,! life & exp]im5ts ( ,morse are !n pictur$ & ! dramatic /ory ( ! inv5tion & developm5t ( ! telegraph is set =?4 ,! subm>9e cable foll[$ ) ! /ruggles ( ,field1 ! bus9ess executive1 & ,?omson1 ! inv5tor & sci5tific exp]t1 :i* f9ally culm9at$ 9 success :5 ! ,great ,ea/]n l&$ a practical cable on ! ,am]ican coa/4 ,! e>ly life ( ,alex&] ,graham ,bell 0 full ( color1 & ,i h told ! /ory ( 8 pati5t inve/igations ( human spee* & he>+1 :i*1 f9ally culm9at$ 9 a practical telephone4 ,!re foll[s ! fasc9at+ /ory ( ,m>coni & ! wireless telegraph4 ,la/ comes ! /ory ( ! wireless telephone1 t newe/ wond] :i* has come among u s rec5tly t we c sc>cely realize t x is "h4 ,an inn] view ( ! m>vel\s developm5t ( ! telephone is add$ 9 an app5dix4 ,! "p play$ by ! great bus9ess lead]s :o h develop$ & ext5d$ ! new inv5tions1 plac+ !m at ! s]vice ( all1 has n be5 =gott54 ,n only h means ( communication be5 discov]$1 b !y h be5 improv$ & put to ! wide/ practical use ) rem>kable effici5cy & cel]ity4 ,! /ories ( ^! developm5ts1 9 bo? ! p]sonal & executive sides1 embody ! true romance ( ! mod]n bus9ess _w4 ,! great sci5ti/s & eng9e]s :o h wr\ght ^! wond]s :i* h _h s pr(\nd an influ5ce ^u ! life ( ! _w liv$1 & are liv+1 lives fill$ ) pati5t ef=t1 disc\ragem5t1 accompli%m5t1 & real romance4 ,!y are int]e/+ m5 :o h done int]e/+ ?+s4 ,bett] /ill1 !y h done important1 useful ?+s4 ,?is book relates _! life /ories 9 a connect$ =m1 = !y h all work$ = a simil> end4 ,! /ory ( ^! m51 :o1 />t+ 9 e>ly y\? 9 ! pursuit ( a great idea1 h a*iev$ fame & success & h b5efit$ civilization1 _c b be inspir+4 ,!y did n /umble ^u _! discov]ies by any lucky accid5t4 ,!y knew :at !y s\ght1 & !y labor$ t[>d ! goal ) unflagg+ zeal4 ,_h !y be5 easily disc\rag$ we might /ill be dep5d5t ^u ! semaphore & ! pony express = ! transmission ( news4 ,b !y p]sev]$ until success 0 atta9$1 & 9 ! acc\nt ( _! /ruggle to success e "o may f9d enc\ragem5t 9 fac+ 8 own tasks4 ,"o c sc>ce ov]e/imate ! value ( mod]n me?ods ( communication to ! _w4 ,s mu* ( our developm5t has be5 m or less directly dep5d5t ^u x t x is difficult to fancy our situation )\t ! telegraph & telephone4 ,! dilig5ce ) :i* ! anci5ts s\ght spe$y me?ods = ! s5d+ ( messages demon/rates ! human ne$ = !m4 ,! solution ( ?is great problem1 ?\gh long delay$1 came swiftly1 once x 0 begun4 ,ev5 ! simple facts reg>d+ ,ma/]s ( ,space & _! lives ( /ruggle & accompli%m5t 9 s5d+ messages betwe5 di/ant po9ts =m an inspir+ /ory ( great a*ievem5t4 ,w4,k4,t4 ,,ma/]s ,,( ,,space ,i ,,communication ,,among ,,! ,,anci5ts ,signal+ ! ,fall ( ,troy--,m>9e ,signal+ among ! ,argonauts--,c\ri]s ( ! ,greeks1 ,romans1 & ,aztecs--,s\nd-signal+--,/5torophonic ,tube--,! ,%\t+ ,s5t9els--,! ,clepsydra--,signal ,columns--,indian ,fire & ,smoke ,signals4 ,x 0 v e>ly 9 ! hi/ory ( ! _w t man began to feel ! urg5t ne$ ( communicat+ ) man at a di/ance4 ,:5 village came into fri5dly contact ) village1 :5 nations began to =m & exp&1 ! necessity ( s5d+ intellig5ce rapidly & effectively 0 cle>ly realiz$4 ,& yet _m c5turies pass$ )\t ! discov]y ( an effective sy/em4 ,^? discov]ies 7 to be res]v$ = ! ?9k]s ( our age4 ,we c und]/& ! difficulties t beset ,k+ ,agamemnon z he /ood at ! head ( 8 armies be=e ! walls ( ,troy4 ,_m 7 ! messages he w\ld want to s5d to 8 native k+dom 9 ,greece dur+ ! progress ( ! siege4 ,^? at home w\ld be eag] = news ( ! great ent]prise4 ,_m cont+5cies might arise :i* w\ld make ! ne$ = aid urg5t4 ,c]ta9ly ,que5 ,clytemne/ra eag]ly await$ ^w ( ! fall ( ! city4 ,yet ! sl[ progress ( c\ri]s mu/ be dep5d$ ^u4 ,"o device ! k+ hit ^u :i* 0 su* z any boy might devise to meet ! simple/ ne$4 ,if ,i c g skat+ tonight1 says ,johnny ,jones to 8 *um1 ,i'll put a light 9 my w9d[4 ,su* is ! simple device :i* has be5 us$ to be> ! simple/ message = ages4 ,s ,k+ ,agamemnon ord]$ beacon fires laid on ! tops ( ,m\nt ,ida1 ,m\nt ,a?os1 ,m\nt ,ci?ron1 & on int]v5+ em95ces4 ,beside !m he plac$ wat*]s :o 7 always to h _! faces t[>d ,troy4 ,:5 ,troy fell a ne>-by fire 0 k9dl$1 & beacon aft] beacon sprang into flame on ! r\te t[>d ,greece4 ,?us 0 ! message ( ! fall ( ,troy quickly borne to ! wait+ que5 by ?is preconceiv$ arrangem5t4 ,yet nei!r ,k+ ,agamemnon nor 8 sage/ c\nselors c\ld devise an effective sy/em = exp$it+ _! messages4 ,pre>rang$ signals 7 us$ to convey news 9 ev5 e>li] times4 ,fire1 smoke1 & flags 7 us$ by ! ,egyptians & ! ,assyrians previ\s to ! ,trojan ,w>4 ,! t[]s along ! ,*9ese ,wall 7 m ?an wat*-t[]s2 !y 7 signal-t[]s4 ,a flag or a light exhibit$ f t[] to t[] w\ld quickly convey a c]ta9 message agre$ ^u 9 advance4 ,human ?\ght requir$ a sy/em :i* c\ld convey m ?an "o idea1 & yet skill 9 convey+ news grew sl[ly4 ,p]haps ! e>lie/ example ( m>9e signal+ ( :i* we "k is record$ ( ! ,argonautic ,exp$ition4 ,!seus devis$ ! use ( color$ sails to convey messages f %ip to %ip ( ! fleet1 & caus$ ! dea? ( 8 fa!r by 8 failure to h&le ! signals prop]ly4 ,!seus sail$ into conflict ) ! enemy ) black sails set1 a signal ( battle & ( dea?4 ,) ! battle ov] & himself ! victor1 he =got to l[] ! black flag & set ! r$ flag ( victory4 ,8 fa!r1 ! ag$ geus1 see+ ! black flag1 believ$ x report$ 8 son's dea?1 &1 fl++ himself into ! sea1 0 dr[n$4 ,9 "t x occurr$ to ! great mon>*s z _! doma9s ext5d$ to e/abli% relays ( c\ri]s to be> ! messages :i* mu/ be c>ri$4 ,su* sy/ems 7 e/abli%$ by ! ,greeks1 ! ,romans1 & ! ,aztecs4 ,ea* c\ri] w\ld run ! l5g? ( 8 own r\te & w\ld !n %\t or pass ! message to ! next runn]1 :o w\ld spe$ x away 9 turn4 ,su* 0 ! me?od employ$ by our own pony-express rid]s4 ,an anci5t ,p]sian k+ ?\ght ( hav+ ! messages %\t$ f s5t9el to s5t9el1 in/ead ( be+ c>ri$ m sl[ly by relays ( c\ri]s4 ,s he e/abli%$ s5t9els at regul> int]vals )9 he>+ ( "o ano!r1 & messages 7 %\t$ f "o to ! o!r4 ,j fancy ! numb] ( s5t9els requir$ to e/abli% a l9e betwe5 di/ant cities1 & ! opportunities = misund]/&+ & mi/ake6 ,! anci5t ,gauls also employ$ ?is me?od ( communication4 ,cs> records t ! news ( ! massacre ( ! ,romans at ,orleans 0 s5t to ,auv]gne1 a di/ance ( ne>ly "o hundr$ & fifty miles1 by ! same ev5+4 ,?\gh signal+ by fla%es ( light occurr$ to ! anci5ts1 we h no k t !y devis$ a way ( us+ ! light-fla%es = any b ! simple/ pre>rang$ messages4 ,! mirrors ( ! ,ph>aohs 7 probably us$ to fla% light = signal purposes4 ,we "k t ! ,p]sians appli$ !m to signal+ 9 "t ( w>4 ,x is report$ t fla%es f ! %ields 7 us$ to convey news at ! battle ( ,m>a?on4 ,^! seem to be ! =]unn]s ( ! heliograph4 ,b ! heliograph us+ ! dot-&-da% sy/em ( ! ,morse code c be us$ to transmit any message :atev]4 ,! anci5ts _h evolv$ sy/ems by :i* any ^w c\ld be spell$1 b !y did n seem to be able to apply !m practically to _! primitive heliographs4 ,an application ( s\nd-signal+ 0 work$ out = ,alex&] ! ,great1 :i* 0 consid]$ "o ( ! sci5tific wond]s ( antiquity4 ,?is 0 call$ a /5torophonic tube1 & seems to h be5 a sort ( gigantic megaphone or speak+-trumpet4 ,x is record$ t x s5t ! voice = a doz5 miles4 ,a draw+ ( ?is /range in/rum5t is pres]v$ 9 ! ,vatican4 ,ano!r que] signal+ device1 built & op]at$ ^u a novel pr9ciple1 0 an ev5 great] wond] among ! e>ly peoples4 ,?is 0 kn[n z a clepsydra4 ,fancy a tall glass tube ) an op5+ at ! bottom 9 :i* a sort ( faucet 0 fix$4 ,at v>y+ heights s5t5ces 7 inscrib$ ab\t ! tube4 ,! tube1 be+ fill$ ) wat]1 )1 a float at ! top1 all 0 ready = signal+ any ( ! messages inscrib$ on ! tube to a /ation )9 sight & simil>ly equipp$4 ,! o!r /ation c\ld be locat$ z f> away z a light c\ld be se54 ,! /ation desir+ to s5d a message to ano!r exhibit$ its light4 ,:5 ! receiv+ /ation %[$ its light 9 answ]1 ! tap 0 op5$ at ! bottom ( ! tube 9 ea* /ation4 ,:5 ! float dropp$ until x 0 opposite ! s5t5ce :i* x 0 desir$ to transmit1 ! s5d+ /ation )drew its light & clos$ ! tap4 ,?is 0 a signal = ! receiv+ /ation to /op ! fl[ ( wat] f its tube4 ,z ! tubes 7 j alike1 & ! wat] _h fl[$ out dur+ ! same p]iod at equal spe$1 ! float at ! receiv+ /ation !n re/$ opposite ! message to be convey$4 ,_m crude sy/ems ( us+ lights = signal+ 7 employ$4 ,l9es ( wat*-t[]s 7 arrang$ :i* s]v$ z signal-/ations4 ,! ru9s ( ! old ,roman & ,gallic t[]s may /ill be f\nd ,9 ,france4 ,hannibal erect$ !m 9 ,africa & ,spa94 ,color$ tunics & spe>s 7 also us$ = milit>y signals 9 ! daytime4 ,= in/ance1 a r$ tunic display$ meant prep>e = battle2 :ile a r$ spe> convey$ ! ord] to sack & deva/ate4 ,an anci5t sy/em ( camp signals f columns is especially int]e/+ z %[+ a developm5t away f ! pre>rang$ signals ( limit$ application4 ,= ^! camp signals ! alphabet 0 divid$ into five or six p>ts1 & a l numb] ( columns erect$ at ea* signal-/ation4 ,ea* column repres5t$ "o gr\p ( lett]s4 ,suppose t we %\ld agree to get along )\t ! ,q & ! ,z & r$uce our own alphabet to tw5ty-f\r lett]s = use 9 su* a sy/em4 ,) six columns we w\ld !n h f\r lett]s = ea* column4 ,! fir/ column w\ld be us$ to signal ,a1 ,b1 ,c1 & ,d4 ,"o light or flag %[n f column "o w\ld repres5t ,a1 two flags or lights ,b1 & s on4 ,?us any ^w c\ld be spell$ out & any message s5t4 ,)\t d\bt ! sy/em 0 sl[ & cumb]some1 b x 0 a /ep 9 ! "r direction4 ,! ,am]ican ,indians develop$ me?ods ( transmitt+ news :i* comp>e v favorably ) ! means employ$ by ! anci5ts4 ,smoke-r+s & puffs = ! daytime1 & fire-arr[s at night1 7 us$ by !m = ! s5d+ ( messages4 ,smoke signals are obta9$ by build+ a fire ( moi/ mat]ials4 ,! ,indian obta9s 8 smoke-puffs by plac+ a blanket or robe ov] ! fire1 )draw+ x = an in/ant1 & !n replac+ x quickly4 ,9 ?is way puffs ( smoke may be s5t al(t z frequ5tly z desir$4 ,a column ( smoke-puffs 0 us$ z a w>n+ signal1 its mean+ be+3 ,look out1 ! enemy is ne>4 ,"o smoke-puff 0 a signal = att5tion2 two puffs indicat$ t ! s5d] w\ld camp at t place4 ,?ree puffs %[$ t ! s5d] 0 9 dang]1 z ! enemy 0 ne>4 ,fire-arr[s %ot across ! sky at night _h a simil> mean+4 ,! head ( ! arr[ 0 dipp$ 9 "s highly inflammable sub/ance & !n set on fire at ! in/ant be=e x 0 dis*>g$ f ! b[4 ,"o fire-arr[ %ot into ! sky meant t ! enemy 7 ne>2 two signal$ dang]1 & ?ree great dang]4 ,:5 ! ,indian %ot _m fire-arr[s up 9 rapid succession he 0 signal+ to 8 fri5ds t 8 enemies 7 too _m = him4 ,two arr[s dis*>g$ into ! air at ! same "t indicat$ t ! p>ty s5d+ !m 0 ab\t to attack4 ,?ree indicat$ an imm$iate attack4 ,a fire-arr[ dis*>g$ diagonally across ! sky indicat$ ! direction 9 :i* ! s5d] w\ld travel4 ,su* 7 ! me?ods :i* ! ,indians us$1 work+ out diff]5t mean+s = ! signals 9 ! v>i\s tribes4 ,v slight progress 0 made 9 message-s5d+ 9 m$ieval times1 & x 0 ! middle ( ! sev5te5? c5tury be=e ev5 signal sy/ems 7 atta9$ :i* 7 9 any s5se an improvem5t4 ,= _m c5turies ! p ( ! _w exi/$1 devis+ no?+ bett] ?an ! primitive me?ods outl9$ above4 ,,ii ,,signals ,,pa/ ,,& ,,pres5t ,m>9e & ,milit>y ,signals--,code ,flags--,wig-wag--,semaphore ,telegraphs--,heliographs--,ardois ,signals--,subm>9e ,signals4 ,9 naval affairs "s k9d ( an effective signal sy/em is imp]ative4 ,ev5 9 ! ord9>y evolutions ( a fleet ! comm&] ne$s "s bett] way ( communicat+ ) ! %ip capta9s ?an despat*+ a mess5g] 9 a small boat4 ,! necessity ( quick & sure signals 9 "t ( battle is obvi\s4 ,yet = _m c5turies naval signals 7 ( ! crude/4 ,! fir/ di/9ct advance ov] ! primitive me?ods by :i* ! comm&] ( "o ,roman galley communicat$ ) ano!r came ) ! introduction ( cannon z a naval arm4 ,! use ( signal-guns 0 soon ?\ght (1 & w>-%ips us$ _! guns = signal purposes z e>ly z ! sixte5? c5tury4 ,n long aft] came ! squ>e-rigg$ %ip1 & x soon occurr$ to "s "o t signals c\ld be made by dropp+ a sail f ! y>d-arm a c]ta9 numb] ( times4 ,up to ! middle ( ! sev5te5? c5tury ! possibilities ( ! naval signal sy/ems 7 limit$ inde$4 ,only a few pre>rang$ ord]s & messages c\ld be convey$4 ,unlimit$ communication at a di/ance 0 /ill impossible1 & !re 7 no means ( s5d+ a message to meet an un=ese5 em]g5cy4 ,s cumb]some 7 ! signal sy/ems 9 use t ev5 ?\gh !y w\ld convey ! intellig5ce desir$1 ! speak+-trumpet or a c\ri] 0 employ$ :]ev] possible4 ,to ! (fic]s ( ! ,briti% navy ( ! sev5te5? c5tury belongs ! cr$it = ! fir/ s]i\s attempt to create a sy/em ( communication :i* w\ld convey any & all messages4 ,x is n cle> :e!r ,admiral ,sir ,william ,p5n or ,james ,,ii4 e/abli%$ ! code4 ,x 0 :ile he 0 ,duke ( ,york & ! comm&] ( ,brita9's navy1 t ! ,james :o 0 lat] to be k+ took ?is "p 9 ! advancem5t ( means ( communication4 ,messages 7 s5t by v>y+ ! position ( a s+le signal flag4 ,9 #aghj ,admiral ,kemp5feldt ?\ght ( add+ o!r signal flags in/ead ( dep5d+ ^u ! v>i$ positions ( a s+le signal4 ,f 8 plan ! flag signals n[ 9 use by ! navies ( ! _w 7 develop$4 ,! basis ( 8 sy/em 0 ! comb9+ ( di/9ct flags 9 pairs4 ,! "w ( ,admiral ,philip ,colomb m>k$ ano!r long /ep =w>d 9 signal+ betwe5 %ips4 ,:ile a "y (fic] he develop$ a night-signal sy/em ( fla%+ lights1 /ill 9 use to "s ext5t1 & :i* be>s 8 "n4 ,colomb's mo/ important contribution to ! art ( signal+ 0 8 realization ( ! utility ( ! code :i* ,morse _h develop$ 9 connection ) ! telegraph4 ,code flags1 :i* are l>gely us$ betwe5 %ips1 h n be5 entirely displac$ by ! wireless4 ,! usual naval code set consi/s ( a set ( alphabet flags & p5nants1 t5 num]al flags1 & additional special flags4 ,?is ( c\rse provides = spell+ out any conceivable message by simply hoi/+ lett] aft] lett]4 ,s sl[ a me?od is seldom us$1 h[ev]4 ,v>i\s comb9ations ( lett]s & figures are us$ to indicate set t]ms or s5t5ces set =? 9 ! code-book4 ,?us ! flags repres5t+ ,a & ,e1 hoi/$ toge!r1 may be f\nd on ref]5ce to ! code-book to mean1 ,weigh an*or4 ,ea* navy has its own secret code1 :i* is c>efully gu>d$ le/ x be discov]$ by a possible enemy4 ,naval code-books are b\nd ) metal cov]s s t !y may be ?r[n ov]bo>d 9 case a %ip is =c$ to surr5d]4 ,! int]national code is us$ by %ips ( all nations4 ,x is ! univ]sal language ( ! sea1 & by x sailors ( diff]5t tongues may communicate ?r\gh ?is common m$ium4 ,any message may be convey$ by a v few ( ! flags 9 comb9ation4 ,! wig-wag sy/em1 a favorite & famili> me?od ( communication ) e ,boy ,sc\t troop1 is 9 use by bo? army & navy4 ,! v>i\s lett]s ( ! alphabet are indicat$ by ! positions 9 :i* ! signal] holds 8 arms4 ,keep+ ! arms always =ty-five degrees ap>t1 x is possible to read ! signals at a consid]able di/ance4 ,navy signal]s h become v effici5t ) ?is =m ( communication1 atta9+ a spe$ ( ov] fifte5 words a m9ute4 ,a semaphore is frequ5tly sub/itut$ = ! wig-wag flags bo? on l& & on sea4 ,navy semaphores on big w>-%ips consi/ ( arms t5 or twelve feet long m\nt$ at ! ma/head4 ,! semaphore z a means ( communication 0 ext5sively us$ on l& comm]cially z well z by ! army4 ,a regul> semaphore telegraph sy/em1 work+ 9 relays ov] consid]able di/ances 0 9 op]ation 9 ,france a c5tury ago4 ,o!r semaphore telegraphs 7 develop$ 9 ,engl&4 ,! introduction ( ! ,morse code & its adaptation to signal+ by sight & s\nd did mu* to simplify ^! means ( communication4 ,! developm5t ( signal+ aft] ! adoption ( ! ,morse code1 ?\gh x occurr$ subsequ5t to ! introduction ( ! telegraph1 may prop]ly be spok5 ( "h1 s9ce ! sy/ems dep5d5t ^u sight & s\nd gr[ f orig9s m primitive ?an ^? :i* dep5d ^u electricity4 ,up to ! middle ( ! n9ete5? c5tury armies _h made slight progress 9 p]fect+ means ( communication4 ,! ,briti% army _h no regul> signal s]vice until aft] ! recomm5dations ( ,colomb prov$ _! wor? 9 naval affairs4 ,! ,g]man army1 ^: sy/ems ( communication h n[ rea*$ su* p]fection1 did n e/abli% an army signal s]vice until #aijb4 ,! simplicity ( ! dot & da% ( ! ,morse code makes x readily available = almo/ any =m ( signal+ "u all possible conditions4 ,two p]sons )9 sight ( ea* o!r1 :o und]/& ! code1 may e/abli% communication by wav+ ! mo/ conspicu\s object at h&1 us+ a %ort sw+ = a dot & a long sw+ = a da%4 ,two diff]5t %apes may also be exhibit$1 "o repres5t+ a dot & ! o!r a da%4 ,! dot-&-da% sy/em is also admirably adapt$ = night signal+4 ,a se>*-light beam may be swung across ! sky ?r\gh %ort & long arcs1 a light may be exhibit$ & hidd5 = %ort & long p]iods1 & s on4 ,:]e ! se>*-light may be play$ ^u a cl\d x may be se5 = v consid]able di/ances1 messages hav+ be5 s5t =ty miles by ?is means4 ,fog-horns1 :i/les1 etc41 may be simil>ly employ$ dur+ fogs or amid ?ick smoke4 ,a %ort bla/ repres5ts a dot1 & a long "o a da%4 ,! heliograph1 :i* e/abli%$ communication by means ( %ort & long light-fla%es1 is ano!r important means ( signal+ to :i* ! ,morse code has be5 appli$4 ,?is in/rum5t cat*es ! rays ( ! sun ^u a mirror1 & !nce ca/s !m to a di/ant receiv+ /ation4 ,a small key :i* ?r[s ! mirror out ( alignm5t s]ves to obscure ! fla%es = a space at ! w ( ! s5d]1 & s produces %ort or long fla%es4 ,! ,briti% army has made wide use ( ! heliograph 9 ,india & ,africa4 ,dur+ ! ,briti%-,bo] ,w> ,x =m$ ! sole means ( communication betwe5 besieg$ g>risons & ! relief =ces4 ,:]e no m\nta9 ranges int]v5e & a bright sun is available1 heliographic messages may be read at a di/ance ( "o hundr$ & fifty miles4 ,:ile ! ,briti% navy us$ fla%+ lights = night signals1 ! ,unit$ ,/ates & mo/ o!r navies adopt$ a sy/em ( fix$ color$ lights4 ,! sy/em 9 use 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates ,navy is kn[n z ! ,ardois sy/em4 ,9 ?is sy/em ! messages are s5t by f\r lights1 usually electric1 :i* are susp5d$ f a ma/ or y>d-arm4 ,! lights are manipulat$ by a keybo>d situat$ at a conv5i5t po9t on ! deck4 ,a r$ lamp is fla%$ to indicate a dot 9 ! ,morse code1 :ile a :ite lamp indicates a da%4 ,! ,ardois sy/em is also us$ by ! ,army4 ,! p]fection ( wireless telegraphy has caus$ ! ,ardois & o!r signal sy/ems dep5d+ ^u sight or s\nd to be disc>d$ 9 all b exceptional cases4 ,! wig-wag & simil> sy/ems w probably nev] be entirely displac$ by ev5 su* sup]ior sy/ems z wireless telegraphy4 ,! advantage ( ! wig-wag lies 9 ! fact t no app>atus is necess>y & communication may ?us be e/abli%$ = %ort di/ances almo/ in/antly4 ,its disadvantages are lack ( spe$1 imp5etrability to du/1 smoke1 & fog1 & ! %ort ranges ov] :i* x may be op]at$4 ,!re is ano!r =m ( s\nd-signal+ :i*1 ?\gh x has be5 develop$ 9 rec5t ye>s1 may prop]ly be m5tion$ 9 connection ) e>li] signal sy/ems ( simil> nature4 ,?is is ! subm>9e signal4 ,we h not$ t mu* att5tion 0 paid to communication by s\nd-waves ?r\gh ! m$ium ( ! air f ! e>lie/ times4 ,x 0 n until ! clos+ ye>s ( ! pa/ c5tury1 h[ev]1 t ! sup]ior possibilities ( wat] z a convey] ( s\nd 7 recogniz$4 ,ar?ur ,j4 ,mundy1 ( ,bo/on1 happ5$ to be on an ,am]ican /eam] on ! ,mississippi ,riv] 9 ! vic9ity ( ,new ,orleans4 ,x 0 rumor$ t a ,spani% torp$o-boat _h evad$ ! ,unit$ ,/ates w> vessels & made its way up ! great riv]4 ,! g5]al al>m & ! impossibility ( detect+ ! approa* ( ano!r vessel set ,mundy ?9k+4 ,x seem$ to him t !re %\ld be "s way ( communicat+ ?r\gh ! wat] & ( li/5+ = s\nds und]wat]4 ,he recall$ 8 boyhood exp]im5ts 9 ! old swimm+-hole4 ,he rememb]$ h[ di/9ctly ! s\nd ( /ones crack$ toge!r c>ri$ to "o ^: e>s 7 b5ea? ! surface4 ,?us ! idea ( und]wat] signal+ 0 born4 ,mundy communicat$ ?is idea to ,eli%a ,gray1 & ! two1 work+ toge!r1 evolv$ a successful subm>9e signal sy/em4 ,x 0 on ! la/ day ( ! n9ete5? c5tury t !y 7 able to put _! exp]im5ts into practical work+ =m4 ,?r\gh a well 9 ! c5t] ( ! %ip !y susp5d$ an eight-hundr$-p\nd bell tw5ty feet b5ea? ! surface ( ! sea4 ,a receiv+ app>atus 0 locat$ ?ree miles di/ant1 :i* consi/$ simply ( an e>-trumpet connect$ to a gas-pipe l[]$ into ! sea4 ,! l[] end ( ! pipe 0 seal$ ) a diaphragm ( t94 ,:5 subm]g$ six feet b5ea? ! surface ! /rokes ( ! bell c\ld be he>d4 ,!n a special electrical receiv] ( extreme s5sitiv5ess1 kn[n z a microphone1 0 sub/itut$ & connect$ at ! receiv+ /ation ) an ord9>y telephone receiv]4 ,) ?is receiv+ app>atus ! /rokes ( ! bell c\ld be he>d at a di/ance ( ov] t5 miles4 ,?is sy/em has _h a wide practical application = communication bo? betwe5 %ip & %ip & betwe5 %ip & %ore4 ,mo/ transatlantic %ips are n[ equipp$ ) su* a sy/em4 ,! transmitt] consi/s ( a l>ge bell :i* is actuat$ ei!r by compress$ air or by an electro-magnetic sy/em4 ,?is is s arrang$ t x may be susp5d$ ov] ! side ( ! %ip & l[]$ well b5ea? ! surface ( ! wat]4 ,! receiv]s consi/ ( microphones1 "o on ea* side ( ! %ip4 ,! telephone receiv]s connect$ to ! two microphones are m\nt$ close toge!r on an in/rum5t bo>d on ! bridge ( ! %ip4 ,! two in/rum5ts are us$ :5 x is desir$ to det]m9e ! direction f :i* ! signals come4 ,if ! s\nd is /rong] 9 ! 'phone on ! "r-h& side ( ! %ip ! comm&] kn[s t ! signals are com+ f t direction4 ,if ! signals are f a %ip 9 di/ress he may proce$ t[>d x by turn+ 8 vessel until ! s\nd ( ! signal-bell is equal 9 ! two receiv]s4 ,! ability to det]m9e ! direction f :i* ! signal comes is especially valuable 9 navigat+ difficult *annels 9 foggy wea!r4 ,signal-bells are locat$ ne> ligh?\ses & dang]\s reefs4 ,ea* calls its own numb]1 & ! vessel's comm&] may ?us avoid ob/ructions & guide ! %ip safely into ! h>bor4 ,! subm>9e signal is equally useful 9 enabl+ vessels to avoid collision 9 fogs4 ,because wat] conducts s\nd mu* bett] ?an air1 subm>9e signals are f> bett] ?an ! fog-horn or :i/les4 ,! subm>9e signal sy/em has also be5 appli$ to subm>9e w>-%ips4 ,by ?is means alone may a subm>9e communicate ) ano!r1 ) a vessel on ! surface1 or ) a %ore /ation4 ,an important & int]e/+ adaptation ( ! m>9e signal 0 made to meet ! subm>9e w>f>e ( ! great ,european conflict4 ,at fir/ x seem$ t battle-%ip & m]*antman c\ld f9d no way to locate ! approa* ( an enemy subm>9e4 ,b x 0 f\nd t by means ( ! receiv+ app>atus ( ! subm>9e telephone an approa*+ subm>9e c\ld be he>d & locat$4 ,:ile ! s\nds ( ! subm>9e's ma*9]y are n audible above ! wat]1 ! delicate microphone locat$ b5ea? ! wat] c detect !m4 ,he>+ a subm>9e approa*+ b5ea? ! surface1 ! m]*antman may avoid h] & ! de/roy]s & patrol-boats may take means to effect h] capture4 ,,iii ,,=]unn]s ,,( ,,! ,,telegraph ,f ,lode/one to ,leyd5 ,j>--,! ,my/]i\s ,c4,m4--,sp>k & ,frictional ,telegraphs--,! ,electro-magnet--,davy & ! ,relay ,sy/em4 ,! ?\ght & ef=t direct$ t[>d improv+ ! means ( communication br\ght b small results until man discov]$ & h>ness$ = himself a new s]vant--electricity4 ,! /ory ( ! gr[? ( mod]n means ( communication is ! /ory ( ! application ( electricity to ?is p>ticul> "o ( man's ne$s4 ,! /ories ( ! ,ma/]s ( ,space are ! /ories ( ! m5 :o s appli$ electricity t man might communicate ) man4 ,"s manife/ations ( electricity _h be5 kn[n s9ce long be=e ! ,*ri/ian era4 ,a ,greek leg5d relates h[ a %eph]d nam$ ,magnes f\nd t 8 crook 0 attract$ by a /range rock4 ,?us 0 ! lode/one1 ! natural magnetic iron ore1 discov]$1 & ! leg5d w\ld lead u to believe t ! words magnet & magnetism 7 d]iv$ f ! "n ( ! %eph]d :o *anc$ ^u ?is natural magnet & ! /range prop]ty ( magnetism4 ,! ability ( amb]1 :5 rubb$1 to attract /raws1 0 also kn[n to ! e>ly peoples4 ,h[ e>ly ?is prop]ty 0 f\nd1 or h[1 we d n "k4 ,! "n electricity is d]iv$ f elektron1 ! ,greek "n = amb]4 ,! e>ly ,*9ese & ,p]sians knew ( ! lode/one1 & ( ! magnetic prop]ties ( amb] aft] x has be5 rubb$ briskly4 ,! ,romans 7 famili> ) ^! & o!r electrical effects4 ,! ,romans _h discov]$ t ! lode/one w\ld attract iron1 ?\gh a /one wall int]v5$4 ,!y 7 fond ( m\nt+ a bit ( iron on a cork float+ 9 a bas9 ( wat] & wat* x foll[ ! lode/one held 9 ! h&4 ,x is relat$ t ! e>ly magicians us$ x z a means ( transmitt+ intellig5ce4 ,if a ne$le 7 plac$ ^u a bit ( cork & ! :ole float$ 9 a circul> vessel ) ! alphabet inscrib$ ab\t ! circle1 "o outside ! room c\ld cause ! ne$le to po9t t[>d any desir$ lett]s 9 turn by /epp+ to ! prop] position ) ! lode/one4 ,?us a message c\ld be s5t to ! magician inside & v>i\s feats ( magic p]=m$4 ,our own mod]n magicians are report$ z avail+ !mselves ( ! m mod]n applications ( electricity 9 some:at simil> fa%ion & us+ small1 easily conceal$ wireless telegraph or telephone sets = communication ) _! conf$]ates (f ! /age4 ,! idea ( encircl+ a float+ ne$le ) ! alphabet 0 develop$ into ! sympa!tic telegraph ( ! sixte5? c5tury1 :i* 0 bas$ on a curi\s error4 ,x 0 suppos$ t ne$les :i* _h be5 t\*$ by ! same lode/one 7 sympa!tic1 & t if bo? 7 free to move "o w\ld imitate ! movem5ts ( ano!r1 ?\gh !y 7 at a di/ance4 ,?us1 if "o ne$le 7 attract$ t[>d "o lett] aft] ! o!r1 & ! second simil>ly m\nt$ %\ld foll[ its movem5ts1 a message might readily be spell$ out4 ,( c\rse ! second ne$le w\ld n foll[ ! movem5ts ( ! fir/1 & s ! sympa!tic telegraph nev] work$1 b mu* ef=t 0 exp5d$ ^u x4 ,9 ! mean "t o!rs _h le>n$ t _m sub/ances besides amb]1 on be+ rubb$1 possess$ magnetic prop]ties4 ,ma*9es by :i* electricity c\ld be produc$ 9 great] quantities by friction 7 produc$ & some?+ 0 le>n$ ( conductors4 ,b5jam9 ,frankl9 s5t al(t 8 hi/oric kite & f\nd t electricity came d[n ! silk5 cord4 ,he demon/rat$ t frictional & atmosph]ic electricity are ! same4 ,frankl9 & o!rs s5t ! electric *>ge along a wire1 b x did n occur to !m to endeavor to apply ?is to s5d+ messages4 ,cr$it = ! fir/ sugge/ion ( an electric telegraph mu/ be giv5 to an unkn[n writ] ( ! middle eighte5? c5tury4 ,9 ! ,scots ,magaz9e = ,febru>y #ag1 #agee1 !re appe>$ an article sign$ simply1 ,c4,m41 :i* sugge/$ an electric telegraph4 ,! writ]'s idea 0 to lay an insulat$ wire = ea* lett] ( ! alphabet4 ,! wires c\ld be *>g$ f an electrical ma*9e 9 any desir$ ord]1 & at ! receiv+ end w\ld attract disks ( pap] m>k$ ) ! lett] :i* t wire repres5t$1 & s any message c\ld be spell$ out4 ,! id5tity ( ,c4,m4 has nev] be5 e/abli%$1 b he 0 probably ,*>les ,morrison1 a ,scot* surgeon ) a reputation = electrical exp]im5tation1 :o lat] emigrat$ to ,virg9ia4 ,( c\rse ,c4,m4's telegraph 0 n practical1 because ( ! _m wires requir$1 b x prov$ to be a f]tile sugge/ion :i* 0 foll[$ by _m o!r ?9k]s4 ,"o exp]im5t] aft] ano!r add$ an improvem5t or devis$ a new application4 ,a ,fr5* sci5ti/ devis$ a telegraph :i* x is suspect$ might h be5 practical1 b he kept 8 device secret1 &1 z ,napoleon refus$ to consid] x1 x nev] 0 put to a te/4 ,an ,engli%man devis$ a frictional telegraph e>ly 9 ! la/ c5tury & endeavor$ to int]e/ ! ,admiralty4 ,he 0 told t ! semaphore 0 all t 0 requir$ = communication4 ,ano!r submitt$ a simil> sy/em to ! same au?orities 9 #ahaf1 & 0 told t telegraphs ( any k9d are n[ :olly unnecess>y4 ,an ,am]ican inv5tor f>$ no bett]1 = "o ,h>rison ,gray ,dy>1 ( ,new ,york1 0 compell$ to ab&on 8 exp]im5ts on ,long ,isl& & flee because he 0 accus$ ( conspiracy to c>ry on secret communication1 :i* s\nd$ v l wit*craft to our =efa!rs4 ,8 telegraph s5t signals by hav+ ! electric sp>k transmitt$ by ! wire decompose nitric acid & s record ! signals on moi/ litmus pap]4 ,x seems altoge!r probable t _h n ! discov]y ( electro-magnetism (f]$ improv$ facilities to ^? seek+ a practical telegraph1 ?is v *emical telegraph might h be5 put to practical use4 ,9 ! e>ly days ( ! n9ete5? c5tury ! batt]y _h come into be+1 & ?us a new s\rce ( electric curr5t 0 available = ! exp]im5t]s4 ,c\pl$ ) ?is important discov]y 9 its effect ^u ! developm5t ( ! telegraph 0 ! discov]y ( electro-magnetism4 ,?is 0 ! "w ( ,hans ,*ri/ian ,o]/$1 a native ( ,d5m>k4 ,he fir/ notic$ t a curr5t fl[+ ?r\gh a wire w\ld deflect a compass1 & ?us discov]$ ! magnetic prop]ties ( ! electric curr5t4 ,a ,fr5*man nam$ ,ampre1 exp]im5t+ fur!r1 discov]$ t :5 ! electric curr5t is s5t ?r\gh coils ( wire ! magnetism is increas$4 ,! possibility ( us+ ! deflection ( a magnetic ne$le by an electric curr5t pass+ ?r\gh a wire z a means ( convey+ intellig5ce 0 quickly grasp$ by ^? :o 7 /riv+ = a telegraph4 ,exp]im5ts ) sp>k & *emical telegraphs 7 sup]s$$ by ef=ts ) ?is new discov]y4 ,ampre1 act+ ^u ! sugge/ion ( ,la ,place1 an em95t ma!matician1 publi%$ a plan = a feasible telegraph4 ,?is 0 lat] improv$ ^u by o!rs1 & x 0 /ill e>ly 9 ! n9ete5? c5tury t a model telegraph 0 exhibit$ 9 ,london4 ,ab\t ?is "t two pr(essors at ! ,univ]sity ( ,gtt+5 7 exp]im5t+ ) telegraphy4 ,!y e/abli%$ an exp]im5tal l9e betwe5 _! laboratories1 us+ at fir/ a batt]y4 ,!n ,f>aday discov]$ t an electric curr5t c\ld be g5]at$ 9 a wire by ! motion ( a magnet1 ?us lay+ ! basis = ! mod]n dynamo4 ,pr(essors ,gauss & ,web]1 :o 7 op]at+ ! telegraph l9e at ,gtt+51 adapt$ ?is new discov]y to _! ne$s4 ,!y s5t ! message by mov+ a magnetic key4 ,a curr5t 0 ?us g5]at$ 9 ! l9e1 &1 pass+ ov] ! wire & ?r\gh a coil at ! f>!r end1 mov$ a magnet susp5d$ !re4 ,! magnet mov$ to ! "r or left1 dep5d+ on ! direction ( ! curr5t s5t ?r\gh ! wire4 ,a t9y mirror 0 m\nt$ on ! receiv+ magnet to magnify its movem5t & s r5d] x m readily visible4 ,"o ,/e9heil1 ( ,muni*1 simplifi$ x & add$ a call-bell4 ,he also devis$ a record+ telegraph 9 :i* ! mov+ ne$le at ! receiv+ /ation m>k$ d[n its message 9 dots & da%es on a ribbon ( pap]4 ,he 0 ! fir/ to utilize ! e>? = ! return circuit1 us+ a s+le wire = despat*+ ! electric curr5t us$ 9 signal+ & all[+ x to return ?r\gh ! gr\nd4 ,9 #ahcg1 ! same ye> 9 :i* ,:eat/one & ,morse 7 busy p]fect+ _! telegraphs1 z we %all see1 ,edw>d ,davy exhibit$ a ne$le telegraph 9 ,london4 ,davy also realiz$ t ! discov]ies ( ,arago c\ld be us$ 9 improv+ ! telegraph & mak+ x practical4 ,arago discov]$ t ! curr5t pass+ ?r\gh a coil ( wire s]v$ to magnetize tempor>ily a piece ( s(t iron )9 x4 ,x 0 ?is pr9ciple ^u :i* ,morse 0 work+ at ?is "t4 ,davy did n c>ry 8 sugge/ions into effect1 h[ev]4 ,he emigrat$ to ,au/ralia1 & ! int]ruption 9 8 exp]im5ts left ! field op5 = ^? :o 7 f9ally to br+ ! telegraph into usable =m4 ,davy's greate/ contribution to telegraphy 0 ! relay sy/em by :i* v weak curr5ts c\ld call into play /rong curr5ts f a local batt]y1 & s make ! signals app>5t at ! receiv+ /ation4 ,,iv ,,inv5tions ,,( ,,sir ,,*>les ,,:eat/one ,:eat/one & ,8 ,en*ant$ ,lyre--,:eat/one & ,cooke--,fir/ ,electric ,telegraph ,l9e ,in/all$--,! ,capture ( ! ,kwak]--,! ,automatic ,transmitt]4 ,be=e we come to ! /ory ( ,samuel ,f4,b4 ,morse & ! telegraph :i* actually prov$ a comm]cial success z ! fir/ practical c>ri] ( intellig5ce :i* _h be5 creat$ = ! s]vice ( man1 we %\ld pause to consid] ! a*ievem5ts ( ,*>les ,:eat/one4 ,toge!r ) ,william ,fo!rgill ,cooke1 ano!r ,engli%man1 he develop$ a telegraph l9e t1 :ile x did n atta9 comm]cial success1 0 ! fir/ work+ telegraph plac$ at ! s]vice ( ! public4 ,*>les ,:eat/one 0 born ne> ,gl\ce/] 9 #ahjb4 ,hav+ complet$ 8 prim>y s*ool+1 ,*>les 0 appr5tic$ to 8 uncle1 :o 0 a mak] & sell] ( musical in/rum5ts4 ,he %[$ little aptitude ei!r 9 ! work%op or 9 ! /ore1 & mu* pref]r$ to cont9ue ! /udy ( books4 ,8 fa!r ev5tually took him f 8 uncle's *>ge & all[$ him to foll[ 8 b5t4 ,he translat$ poetry f ! ,fr5* at ! age ( fifte51 & wrote "s v]se ( 8 own4 ,he sp5t all ! money he c\ld secure on books4 ,becom+ int]e/$ 9 a book on ,volta's exp]im5ts ) electricity1 he sav$ up 8 copp]s until he c\ld pur*ase x4 ,x 0 9 ,fr5*1 & he f\nd ! te*nical descriptions r too difficult = 8 compreh5sion1 s t he 0 =c$ to save aga9 to buy a ,fr5*-,engli% diction>y4 ,) ! aid ( ?is he ma/]$ ! volume4 ,imm$iately 8 att5tion 0 turn$ t[>d ! wond]s ( ! infant sci5ce ( electricity1 & he eag]ly endeavor$ to p]=m ! exp]im5ts describ$4 ,aid$ by 8 old] bro!r1 he set to "w on a batt]y z a s\rce ( curr5t4 ,runn+ %ort ( funds ) :i* to pur*ase copp] plates1 he aga9 began to save 8 p5nies4 ,!n ! idea occurr$ to him to use ! p5nies !mselves1 & 8 fir/ batt]y 0 soon complete4 ,he cont9u$ 8 exp]im5ts 9 v>i\s fields until1 at ! age ( n9ete51 he fir/ br\ght himself to public notice ) 8 en*ant$ lyre4 ,?is he plac$ on exhibition 9 music-%ops 9 ,london4 ,x consi/$ ( a small lyre susp5d$ f ! ceil+ :i* gave =?1 9 turn1 ! s\nds ( v>i\s musical in/rum5ts4 ,really ! lyre 0 m]ely a s\nd+-box1 & ! vibrations ( ! music 7 convey$ f in/rum5ts1 play$ 9 ! next room1 to ! lyre ?r\gh a /eel rod4 ,! "y man sp5t mu* "t exp]im5t+ ) ! transmission ( s\nd4 ,hav+ convey$ music ?r\gh ! /eel rod to 8 en*ant$ lyre1 mu* to ! my/ification ( ! ,london]s1 he propos$ to transmit s\nds ov] a consid]able di/ance by ?is me?od4 ,he e/imat$ t s\nd c\ld be s5t ?r\gh /eel rods at ! rate ( two hundr$ miles a second & sugge/$ ! use ( su* a rod z a telegraph betwe5 ,london & ,ed9burgh4 ,he call$ 8 arrangem5t a telephone4 ,a sci5tific writ] ( ! day1 comm5t+ 9 a sci5tific j\rnal on ! en*ant$ lyre :i* ,:eat/one _h devis$1 sugge/$ t x might be us$ to r5d] musical conc]ts audible at a di/ance4 ,?us an op]a p]=m$ 9 a !at] might be convey$ ?r\gh rods to o!r build+s 9 ! vic9ity & !re reproduc$4 ,?is 0 nev] accompli%$1 & x rema9$ = our own times to accompli% ?is & ev5 great] wond]s4 ,:eat/one also devis$ an in/rum5t = increas+ feeble s\nd1 :i* he call$ a microphone4 ,?is consi/$ ( a pair ( rods to convey ! s\nd vibrations to ! e>s1 & does n at all resemble ! mod]n electrical microphone4 ,o!r inv5tions 9 ! transmission & reproduction ( s\nd foll[$1 & he devot$ no little att5tion to ! con/ruction ( improv$ musical in/rum5ts4 ,he ev5 made "s ef=ts to produce a practical talk+-ma*9e1 & 0 conv9c$ t "o w\ld be atta9$4 ,at ?irty-two he 0 widely fam$ z a sci5ti/ & _h be5 made a pr(essor ( exp]im5tal physics 9 ,k+'s ,college1 ,london4 ,8 mo/ notable "w at ?is "t 0 measur+ ! spe$ ( ! electric curr5t1 :i* up to t "t _h be5 suppos$ to be in/antane\s4 ,by #ahce ,:eat/one _h ab&on$ 8 plans = transmitt+ s\nds ?r\gh long rods ( metal & 0 /udy+ ! telegraph4 ,he exp]im5t$ ) in/rum5ts ( 8 own & propos$ a l9e across ! ,?ames4 ,x 0 9 #ahcf t ,mr4 ,cooke1 an army (fic] home on leave1 became int]e/$ 9 ! telegraph & devot$ himself to putt+ x on a work+ basis4 ,he _h already exhibit$ a crude set :5 he came to ,:eat/one1 realiz+ 8 own lack ( sci5tific k4 ,! two m5 f9ally ent]$ into p>tn]%ip1 ,:eat/one contribut+ ! sci5tific & ,cooke ! bus9ess ability to ! new ent]prise4 ,! p>tn]%ip 0 arrang$ late 9 #ahcg1 & a pat5t tak5 out on ,:eat/one's five-ne$le telegraph4 ,9 ?is telegraph a magnetic ne$le 0 locat$ )9 a loop =m$ by ! telegraph circuit at ! receiv+ end4 ,:5 ! circuit 0 clos$ ! ne$le 0 deflect$ to "o side or ! o!r1 accord+ to ! direction ( ! curr5t4 ,five sep>ate circuits & ne$les 7 us$1 & a v>iety ( signals c\ld ?us be s5t4 ,five wires1 ) a six? return wire1 7 us$ 9 ! fir/ exp]im5tal l9e erect$ 9 ,london 9 #ahcg4 ,s 9 ! ye> :5 ,morse 0 con/ruct+ 8 models ,:eat/one & ,cooke 7 op]at+ an exp]im5tal l9e1 crude & impracticable ?\gh x 01 & enjoy+ ! s5sations ( communicat+ ) ea* o!r at a di/ance4 ,9 #ahda ! telegraph 0 plac$ on public exhibition at s mu* a head1 b x 0 view$ z an ent]ta9+ novelty )\t utility by ! public at l>ge4 ,aft] _m disappo9tm5ts ! inv5tors secur$ ! coop]ation ( ! ,great ,we/]n ,railroad1 & a l9e 0 erect$ = a di/ance ( ?irte5 miles4 ,b ! public w\ld n patronise ! l9e until its utility 0 /rik+ly demon/rat$ by ! capture ( ! ,kwak]4 ,e>ly "o morn+ a woman 0 f\nd dead 9 h] home 9 ! suburbs ( ,london4 ,a man _h be5 obs]v$ leav+ ! h\se1 & 8 appe>ance _h be5 not$4 ,inquiries reveal$ t a man answ]+ 8 description _h left on ! sl[ tra9 = ,london4 ,)\t ! telegraph he c\ld n h be5 appreh5d$4 ,b ! telegraph 0 available at ?is po9t1 & 8 description 0 telegraph$ ahead & ! police 9 ,london 7 in/ruct$ to arre/ him ^u 8 arrival4 ,he is dress$ z a ,quak]1 ran ! message4 ,!re 0 no ,q 9 ! alphabet (-! five-ne$le in/rum5t1 & s ! s5d] spell$ ,quak]1 ,kwak]4 ,! cl]k at ! receiv+ end c\ld n-und]/& ! /range ^w1 & ask$ to h x repeat$ aga9 & aga94 ,f9ally "s "o sugge/$ t ! message be complet$ & ! :ole 0 !n deciph]$4 ,:5 ! man dress$ z a ,quak] /epp$ f ! sl[ tra9 on 8 arrival at ,london ! police 7 await+ him2 he 0 arre/$ & ev5tually confess$ ! murd]4 ,! news ( ?is capture & ! "p ! telegraph play$ gave /rik+ pro( ( ! utility ( ! new inv5tion1 & public skepticism & indiff]5ce 7 ov]come4 ,by #ahde ,:eat/one _h s improv$ 8 app>atus t b "o wire 0 requir$4 ,! s+le-ne$le in/rum5t po9t$ out ! lett]s on ! dial ar\nd x by successive deflections 9 :i* x 0 arrang$ to move1 /ep by /ep1 at ! w ( ! s5d+ /ation4 ,! s+le-ne$le in/rum5t1 ?\gh g5]ally displac$ by ,morse's telegraph1 rema9$ 9 use = a long "t on "s ,engli% l9es4 ,:eat/one _h also inv5t$ a type-pr9t+ telegraph1 :i* he pat5t$ 9 #ahda4 ,?is requir$ two circuits4 ,) a work+ telegraph atta9$1 ! p>tn]s became involv$ 9 an alt]cation z to :i* des]v$ ! honor ( inv5t+ ! same4 ,! qu>rel 0 f9ally submitt$ to two fam\s sci5ti/s = arbitration4 ,!y report$ t ! telegraph 0 ! result ( _! jo9t labors4 ,to ,:eat/one belongs ! cr$it = devis+ ! app>atus2 to ,cooke = introduc+ x & plac+ x be=e ! public 9 work+ =m4 ,"h we see ! comb9ation ( ! man ( sci5ce & ! man ( bus9ess1 ea* contribut+ ne$$ tal5ts = ! e/abli%m5t ( a great inv5tion on a work+ basis4 ,:eat/one's rese>*es 9 ! field ( electricity 7 con/ant4 ,9 #ahdj he devis$ a magnetic clock & propos$ a plan by :i* _m clocks1 locat$ at diff]5t po9ts1 c\ld be set at regul> int]vals ) ! aid ( electricity4 ,su* a sy/em 0 ! =]unn] ( ! electrically w\nd & regulat$ clocks ) :i* we are n[ s famili>4 ,he also devis$ a me?od = measur+ ! resi/ance :i* wires (f] to ! passage ( an electric curr5t4 ,?is is kn[n z ,:eat/one's bridge & is /ill 9 use 9 e electrical & physical laboratory4 ,he also inv5t$ a s\nd telegraph by :i* signals 7 transmitt$ by ! /rokes ( a bell op]at$ by ! curr5t at ! receiv+ end ( ! circuit4 ,! inv5tion ( ,:eat/one's :i* prov$ to be ( greate/ la/+ importance 9 connection ) ! telegraph 0 ! automatic transmitt]4 ,by ?is sy/em ! message is fir/ pun*$ 9 a /rip ( pap] :i*1 :5 pass$ ?r\gh ! s5d+ in/rum5t1 transmits ! message4 ,by ?is means he 0 able to s5d messages at ! rate ( "o hundr$ words a m9ute4 ,?is automatic transmitt] is mu* us$ = press telegrams :]e duplicate messages are to be s5t to v>i\s po9ts4 ,! automatic transmitt] br\ght knigh?ood to its inv5tor1 ,:eat/one receiv+ ?is honor 9 #ahfh4 ,:eat/one took an active "p 9 ! developm5t ( ! telegraph & ! subm>9e cable up to ! "t ( 8 dea? 9 #ahge4 ,:eat/one's telegraph w\ld h s]v$ ! purposes ( humanity & probably h be5 univ]sally adopt$1 _h n a bett] "o be5 inv5t$ almo/ be=e x 0 e/abli%$4 ,& x is because ,morse1 tak+ up ! "w :]e o!rs _h left (f1 0 able to inv5t an in/rum5t :i* s fully satisfi$ ! requirem5ts ( man = s long a p]iod t he is kn[n to all ( u z ! inv5tor ( ! telegraph4 ,& yet1 )\t belittl+ ! "p play$ by ,morse1 we mu/ recognize ! important "w accompli%$ by ,sir ,*>les ,:eat/one4 ,v ,,! ,,a*ievem5t ,,( ,,morse ,morse's ,e>ly ,life--,arti/ic ,aspirations--,/udies 9 ,p>is--,8 ,pa9t+s--,beg9n+s ( ,8 ,inv5tion--,! ,fir/ ,in/rum5t--,! ,morse ,code--,! ,fir/ ,writt5 ,message4 ,:5 we consid] ! y\? & immaturity ( ,am]ica 9 ! fir/ half ( ! n9ete5? c5tury1 x seems ! m rem>kable t ! honor ( mak+ ! fir/ great practical application ( electricity %\ld h be5 res]v$ = an ,am]ican4 ,) ! exception ( ! isolat$ "w ( ,frankl91 ! developm5t ( ! new sci5ce ( electrical le>n+ 0 ! "w ( ,europeans4 ,?is 0 natural1 = x 0 ,europe :i* 0 possess$ ( ! accumulat$ weal? & le>n+ :i* are usually atta9$ only by old] civilizations4 ,yet1 ) all ^! advantages1 electricity rema9$ l>gely a sci5tific play?+4 ,x 0 an ,am]ican :o fully recogniz$ ! possibilities ( ?is new =ce z a s]vant ( man1 & :o 0 possess$ ( ! practical g5ius & ! bus9ess ability to devise & introduce a ?or\ghly workable sy/em ( rapid & c]ta9 communication4 ,we h se5 t ,:eat/one 0 e>ly tra9$ z a musician4 ,samuel ,morse began life z an arti/4 ,b :ile ,:eat/one e>ly indicat$ 8 lack ( int]e/ 9 music & devot$ himself to sci5tific /udies :ile yet a y\?1 ,morse's arti/ic c>e] 0 ( 8 own *oos+1 & he devot$ himself to x = _m ye>s4 ,?is expla9s ! fact t ,:eat/one atta9$ mu* sci5tific success be=e ,morse1 ?\gh he 0 elev5 ye>s 8 junior4 ,x 0 9 #agia t ,samuel ,morse 0 born4 ,samuel ,f9ley ,breese ,morse 0 ! entire "n ) :i* he 0 end[$ by 8 p>5ts4 ,he came f ! /urdie/ ( ,puritan /ock1 8 fa!r be+ ( ,engli% & 8 "m ( ,scot* desc5t4 ,8 fa!r 0 an em95t div9e1 & also notable z a geograph]1 be+ ! au?or ( ! fir/ ,am]ican geography ( importance4 ,8 "m also 0 possess$ ( unusual tal5t & =ce4 ,x is int]e/+ to note t ,samuel ,morse fir/ saw ! light 9 ,*>le/[n1 ,massa*usetts1 at ! foot ( ,bre$'s ,hill1 b little m ?an a mile f ! bir?place ( ,b5jam9 ,frankl94 ,he came into ! _w ab\t a ye> aft] ,frankl9 di$4 ,x is int]e/+ to believe t "s ( ! practical tal5t ( ,am]ica's fir/ great electrician 9 "s way desc5d$ to ,samuel ,morse4 ,he receiv$ an unusual education4 ,at ! age ( sev5 he 0 s5t to a s*ool at ,&ov]1 ,massa*usetts1 to prep>e him = ,phillips ,academy4 ,at ! academy he 0 prep>$ = ,yale ,college1 :i* he ent]$ :5 fifte5 ye>s ( age4 ,) ! k ( sci5ce s small at ! "t1 collegiate in/ruction 9 su* subjects 0 naturally meag] 9 ! extreme4 ,j]emiah ,day 0 !n pr(essor ( natural philosophy at ,yale1 & 0 probably ,am]ica's able/ tea*] ( ! subject4 ,8 lectures ^u electricity & ! exp]im5ts ) :i* he illu/rat$ !m ar\s$ ! int]e/ ( ,morse1 z we le>n f ! lett]s he wrote to 8 p>5ts at ?is "t4 ,"o pr9ciple 9 p>ticul> impress$ ,morse4 ,?is 0 t if ! electric circuit be int]rupt$ at any place ! fluid w become visible1 & :5 x passes x w leave an impression ^u any int]m$iate body4 ,?us 0 x /at$ 9 ! text-book 9 use at ,yale at t "t4 ,m ?an a score ( ye>s aft] ! telegraph _h be5 a*iev$ ,morse wrote3 ,! fact t ! pres5ce ( electricity c be made visible 9 any desir$ "p ( ! circuit 0 ! crude se$ :i* took root 9 my m9d1 & grew into =m1 & rip5$ into ! inv5tion ( ! telegraph4 ,we %all lat] he> ( ! occasion :i* recall$ ?is bit ( in=mation to ,morse's m9d4 ,b ?\gh ,yale ,college 0 at t "t a c5t] ( sci5tific activity1 & ,morse %[$ m ?an a little int]e/ 9 electricity & *emi/ry1 8 major int]e/ rema9$ art4 ,he eag]ly look$ =w>d to graduation t he might devote 8 entire "t to ! /udy ( pa9t+4 ,x is significant ( ! tol]ance & bread? ( vision ( 8 p>5ts t !y app>5tly put no b>s 9 ! pa? ( ?is ambition1 ?\gh !y _h sacrific$ to give him ! be/ ( collegiate tra9+s t he might fit himself = ! m9i/ry1 m$ic9e1 or ! law4 ,z a boy ( fifte5 ,samuel ,morse _h pa9t$ wat]-colors t attract$ att5tion1 & he 0 possess$ ( en\gh tal5t to pa9t m9iatures :ile at ,yale :i* 7 salable at five doll>s apiece1 & s aid$ 9 defray+ 8 college exp5ses4 ,aft] 8 graduation f ,yale 9 #ahaj1 ,morse devot$ himself entirely to ! /udy ( art1 /ill be+ dep5d5t ^u 8 p>5ts = support4 ,he secur$ ! fri5d%ip & became ! pupil ( ,wa%+ton ,all/on1 !n a =emo/ ,am]ican pa9t]4 ,9 ! summ] ( #ahaa ,all/on sail$ = ,engl&1 & ,morse accompani$ him4 ,9 ,london he came to ! att5tion ( ,b5jam9 ,we/1 !n at ! height ( 8 c>e]1 & b5efit$ by 8 advice & enc\ragem5t4 ,t he _h no ambition o!r ?an 8 art at ?is p]iod we may le>n f a lett] he wrote to 8 "m 9 #ahab4 ,my passion = my art he wrote is s firmly root$ t ,i am confid5t no human p[] c\ld de/roy x4 ,! m ,i /udy ! great] ,i ?9k is its claim to ! appellation div9e4 ,i am n[ go+ to beg9 a picture ( ! dea? ( ,h]cules1 ! figure to be l>ge z life4 ,:5 he _h complet$ ?is picture to 8 own satisfaction1 he %[$ x to ,we/4 ,g on & f9i% x1 0 ,we/'s comm5t4 ,b x is f9i%$1 said ,morse4 ,no1 no4 ,see "h1 & "h1 & "h are places y c improve x4 ,morse w5t to "w ^u 8 pa9t+ aga91 only to meet ! same comm5t :5 he aga9 %[$ x to ,we/4 ,?is happ5$ aga9 & aga94 ,:5 ! y\? _h f9ally br\ght x to a po9t :]e ,we/ 0 conv9c$ x 0 ! v be/ ,morse c\ld d he _h le>n$ a lesson 9 ?or\ghness & pa9/ak+ att5tion to detail t he nev] =got4 ,t he might h a model = 8 pa9t+ ,morse _h mold$ a figure ( ,h]cules 9 clay4 ,at ! advice ( ,we/ he ent]$ ! ca/ 9 a competition = a prize 9 sculpture1 ) ! result t he receiv$ ! prize & a gold m$al = 8 "w4 ,he !n plung$ into ! competition = a prize & m$al (f]$ by ! ,royal ,academy = ! be/ hi/orical pa9t+4 ,8 subject 01 ,! ,judgm5t ( ,jupit] 9 ! ,case ( ,apollo1 ,m>pessa1 & ,idas4 ,?\gh he complet$ ! picture to ! satisfaction ( ,we/1 ,morse 0 n able to rema9 9 ,london & ent] x 9 ! competition4 ,! rules requir$ t ! arti/ be pres5t 9 p]son if he 0 to receive ! prize1 b ,morse 0 =c$ to return to ,am]ica4 ,he _h be5 9 ,engl& = f\r ye>s--a ye> long] ?an _h orig9ally be5 plann$ = him--& he 0 out ( funds1 & 8 p>5ts c\ld support him no long]4 ,morse liv$ 9 ,london dur+ ! ,w> ( #ahab1 b seems to h suff]$ no annoyance o!r ?an t ( pov]ty1 :i* ! w> int5sifi$ by rais+ ! prices ( food z well z 8 necess>y arti/'s mat]ials to an almo/ prohibitive figure4 ,! la/ ( ! ,napoleonic w>s 0 also 9 progress4 ,news ( ! battle ( ,wat]loo rea*$ ,london b a %ort "t be=e ,morse sail$ = ,am]ica4 ,x requir$ two days = ! news to rea* ! ,engli% capital4 ,! "y ,am]ican1 ^: inability to sell 8 pa9t+s 0 driv+ him f ,london1 0 de/9$ to devise a sy/em :i* w\ld h c>ri$ ! great news to its de/9ation )9 a few seconds4 ,b :ile he ga9$ fame 9 ,am]ica & secur$ praise & att5tion z he _h 9 ,london1 he f\nd art no m pr(itable4 ,he contriv$ to eke out an exi/5ce by pa9t+ an occasional portrait1 go+ f t[n to t[n 9 ,new ,engl& = ?is purpose4 ,he turn$ f art to inv5tion = a "t1 jo9+ ) 8 bro!r 9 devis+ a fire-eng9e pump ( an improv$ patt]n4 ,!y secur$ a pat5t ^u x1 b c\ld n sell x4 ,he turn$ aga9 to ! life ( a w&]+ pa9t] ( portraits4 ,9 #ahah he w5t to ,*>le/on1 ,s\? ,c>ol9a1 at ! invitation ( 8 uncle4 ,8 portraits prov$ v popul> & he 0 soon occupi$ ) "w at good prices4 ,?is prosp]ity enabl$ him to take unto himself a wife1 & ! same ye> he m>ri$ ,lucretia ,walk]1 ( ,concord1 ,new ,hamp%ire4 ,aft] f\r ye>s 9 ! ,s\? ,morse return$ to ! ,nor?1 hop+ t l>g] opportunities w\ld n[ be ready = him4 ,! result 0 aga9 failure4 ,he devot$ 8 "t to huge hi/orical pa9t+s1 & ! public w\ld nei!r buy !m nor pay to see !m :5 !y 7 exhibit$4 ,ano!r bl[ fell ^u him 9 #ahbe :5 8 wife di$4 ,at la/ he began to secure m sitt]s = 8 portraits1 ?\gh 8 l>g] works /ill fail$4 ,he assi/$ 9 ! organization ( ! ,national ,academy ( ,design & became its fir/ presid5t4 ,9 #ahbi he aga9 sail$ = ,europe to sp5d ?ree ye>s 9 /udy 9 ! gall]ies ( ,p>is & ,rome4 ,/ill he fail$ to atta9 any real success 9 8 *os5 "w4 ,he _h made _m fri5ds & done mu* wor?y "w1 yet !re is little probability t he w\ld h atta9$ la/+ fame z an arti/ ev5 ?\gh 8 en]gies _h n be5 turn$ to o!r int]e/s4 ,x 0 on ! packet %ip ,sully1 cross+ ! ,atlantic f ,france1 t ,morse conceiv$ ! telegraph :i* 0 to prove ! fir/ great practical application ( electricity4 ,"o noon z ! pass5g]s 7 ga!r$ ab\t ! lun*eon-table1 a ,dr4 ,*>les ,t4 ,jackson1 ( ,bo/on1 exhibit$ an electro-magnet he _h secur$ 9 ,europe1 & describ$ c]ta9 electrical exp]im5ts he _h se5 :ile 9 ,p>is4 ,he 0 ask$ conc]n+ ! spe$ ( electricity ?r\gh a wire1 & repli$ t1 accord+ to ,f>aday1 x 0 practically in/antane\s4 ,! discussion recall$ to ,morse 8 own collegiate /udies 9 electricity1 & he rem>k$ t if ! circuit 7 int]rupt$ ! curr5t became visible1 & t x occurr$ to him t ^! fla%es might be us$ z a means ( communication4 ,! idea ( us+ ! curr5t to c>ry messages became fix$ 9 8 m9d1 & he pond]$1 ov] x dur+ ! rema9+ weeks ( ! long1 sl[ voyage4 ,doctor ,jackson claim$1 aft] ,morse _h p]fect$ & e/abli%$ 8 telegraph1 t ! idea _h be5 8 own1 & t ,morse _h secur$ x f him on bo>d ! ,sully4 ,b ,doctor ,jackson 0 n a practical man :o ei!r c\ld or did put any ideas he may h _h to practical use4 ,at ! mo/ he seems to h simply />t$ ,morse's m9d along a new tra9 ( ?\ght4 ,! idea ( us+ ! curr5t z a c>ri] ( messages1 ?\gh x 0 new to ,morse1 _h occurr$ to o!rs e>li]1 z we h se54 ,b at ! v outset ,morse set himself to f9d a means by :i* he might make ! curr5t n only signal ! message1 b actually record x4 ,be=e he l&$ f ! ,sully he _h work$ out sket*es ( a pr9t+ telegraph4 ,9 ?is ! curr5t actuat$ an electro-magnet on ! end ( :i* 0 a rod4 ,?is rod 0 to m>k d[n dots & da%es on a mov+ tape ( pap]4 ,?us 0 ! idea born4 ,( c\rse ! telegraph 0 /ill f> f an accompli%$ fact4 ,)\t ! improv$ electro-magnets & ! relay ( ,pr(essor ,h5ry1 ,morse _h n yet ev5 ! basic ideas ^u :i* a telegraph to op]ate ov] consid]able di/ances c\ld be con/ruct$4 ,b ,morse 0 possess$ ( ,yankee imag9ation & practical ability4 ,he 0 possess$ ( a fair te*nical education = t day1 & he eag]ly set himself to atta9+ ! means to accompli% 8 end4 ,t he realiz$ j :at he s\ght is %[n by 8 rem>k to ! capta9 ( ! ,sully :5 he l&$ at ,new ,york4 ,well1 ,capta91 he rem>k$1 %\ld y he> ( ! telegraph "o ( ^! days z ! wond] ( ! _w1 rememb] t ! discov]y 0 made on bo>d ! good %ip ,sully4 ,) ! notion ( us+ an electro-magnet z a receiv]1 an alphabet consi/+ ( dots & da%es1 & a complete fai? 9 ! practical possibilities ( ! :ole1 ,morse w5t to "w 9 deadly e>ne/4 ,b pov]ty /ill beset him & x 0 necess>y = him to devote mo/ ( 8 "t to 8 pa9t+s1 t he might h food1 %elt]1 & ! means to buy mat]ials ) :i* to exp]im5t4 ,f #ahcb to #ahce he 0 able to make b small progress4 ,9 ! latt] ye> he secur$ an appo9tm5t z pr(essor ( ! lit]ature ( ! arts ( design 9 ! newly e/abli%$ ,univ]sity ( ! ,city ( ,new ,york4 ,he soon _h 8 crude app>atus set up 9 a room at ! college & 9 #ahce 0 able to transmit messages4 ,he n[ _h a little m leisure & a little m money1 b 8 opportunities 7 /ill f> f :at he w\ld h desir$4 ,! pr9cipal aid :i* came to him at ! univ]sity 0 f ,pr(essor ,gale1 a tea*] ( *emi/ry4 ,gale became greatly int]e/$ 9 ,morse's app>atus1 & 0 able to give him mu* practical assi/ance1 becom+ a p>tn] 9 ! ent]prise4 ,morse knew little ( ! "w ( o!r exp]im5t]s 9 ! field ( electricity & ,gale 0 able to tell ,morse :at _h be5 le>n$ by o!rs4 ,p>ticul>ly he br\ght to ,morse's att5tion ! discov]ies ( ano!r ,am]ican1 ,pr(4 ,joseph ,h5ry4 ,! electro-magnet :i* actuat$ ! receiv+ in/rum5t 9 ! crude set 9 use by ,morse 9 #ahce _h b a few turns ( ?ick wire4 ,pr(essor ,h5ry1 by 8 exp]im5ts five ye>s e>li]1 _h demon/rat$ t _m turns ( small wire made ! electro-magnet f> m s5sitive4 ,morse made ?is improvem5t 9 8 own app>atus4 ,9 #ahcb ,h5ry _h devis$ a telegraph v simil> to t ( ,morse by :i* he signal$ ?r\gh a mile ( wire4 ,8 receiv+ app>atus 0 an electro-magnet1 ! armature ( :i* /ruck a bell4 ,?us ! messages 7 read by s\nd1 in/ead ( be+ record$ on a mov+ /rip ( pap] z by ,morse's sy/em4 ,:ile ,h5ry 0 possibly ! able/ ( ,am]ican electricians at t "t1 he devot$ himself entirely to sci5ce & made no ef=t to put 8 devices to practical use4 ,nei!r did he endeavor to pr(it by 8 inv5tions1 = he secur$ no pat5ts ^u !m4 ,pr(essor ,h5ry realiz$1 9 common ) ,morse & o!rs1 t if ! curr5t 7 to be conduct$ ov] long wires = consid]able di/ances x w\ld become s weak t x w\ld n op]ate a receiv]4 ,h5ry avoid$ ?is difficulty by ! inv5tion ( :at is kn[n z ! relay4 ,at a di/ance :]e ! curr5t has become weak because ( ! resi/ance ( ! wire & losses due to faulty insulation1 x w /ill op]ate a delicate electro-magnet ) a v light armature s arrang$ z to op5 & close a local circuit provid$ ) suitable batt]ies4 ,?us ! record+ in/rum5t may be plac$ on ! local circuit & z ! local circuit an op5$ & clos$ 9 unison ) ! ma9 circuit1 ! receiv] c be op]at$4 ,x 0 ! relay :i* made x possible to ext5d telegraph l9es to a consid]able di/ance4 ,x is n altoge!r cle> :e!r ,morse adopt$ ,h5ry's relay or devis$ x = himself4 ,x is believ$1 h[ev]1 t ,pr(essor ,h5ry expla9$ ! relay to ,pr(essor ,gale1 :o 9 turn plac$ x be=e 8 p>tn]1 ,morse4 ,by #ahcg ,morse _h complet$ a model1 _h improv$ 8 app>atus1 _h secur$ /rong] batt]ies & long] wires1 & ma/]$ ! use ( ! relay4 ,x 0 9 ?is ye> t ! ,h\se ( ,repres5tatives ord]$ ! ,secret>y ( ! ,treasury to inve/igate ! feasibility ( e/abli%+ a sy/em ( telegraphs4 ,?is action urg$ ,morse to complete 8 app>atus & place x be=e ! ,gov]nm5t4 ,he 0 /ill h&icapp$ by lack ( money1 lack ( sci5tific k1 & ! difficulty ( secur+ necess>y mat]ials & devices4 ,to-day ! exp]im5t] may buy wire1 spr+s1 insulators1 batt]ies1 & almo/ any?+ t might be useful4 ,morse1 ) scanty funds & limit$ "t1 _h to se>* = 8 mat]ials & puzzle out ! way to make ea* "p = himself ) su* crude tools z he _h available4 ,ne$ we wond] t 8 progress 0 sl[8 ,in/ead we %\ld wond] t1 despite all disc\ragem5ts & h&icaps1 he clung to 8 great idea & labor$ on4 ,b assi/ance 0 to come to him 9 ?is same ev5tful ye> ( #ahcg1 & t q unexpect$ly4 ,on a ,saturday 9 ,septemb] a "y man nam$ ,alfr$ ,vail w&]$ into ,pr(essor ,gale's laboratory4 ,morse 0 !re engag$ 9 exhibit+ 8 model to an ,engli% pr(essor !n visit+ 9 ,new ,york4 ,! y\? 0 deeply impress$ ) :at he saw4 ,he realiz$ t "h 7 possibilities ( an in/rum5t t w\ld be ( untold s]vice to mank9d4 ,ask+ ,pr(essor ,morse :e!r he int5d$ to exp]im5t ) a long] l9e1 he 0 in=m$ t su* 0 8 int5tion z soon z he c\ld secure ! means4 ,"y ,vail repli$ t he ?\ght he c\ld secure ! money if ,morse w\ld admit him z a p>tn]4 ,to ?is ,morse ass5t$4 ,vail plung$ into ! ent]prise ) all ! en?usiasm ( y\?4 ,t v ev5+ he /udi$ ov] ! comm]cial possibilities1 & be=e he retir$ _h m>k$ out on ! maps 9 8 atlas ! r\tes = ! mo/ ne$$ l9es ( communication4 ,! "y man appli$ to 8 fa!r = support4 ,! s5ior ,vail 0 ! head ( ! ,spe$well ,iron ,works at ,morri/[n1 ,new ,j]sey1 & 0 a man ( unusual ent]prise & ability4 ,he det]m9$ to back 8 son 9 ! ent]prise1 & ,morse 0 invit$ to come & exhibit 8 model4 ,two ?\s& doll>s 0 ne$$ to make ! necess>y in/rum5ts & secure ! pat5ts4 ,on ,septemb] #bc1 #ahcg1 ! agreem5t 0 drawn up by ! t]ms ( :i* ,alfr$ ,vail 01 at 8 own exp5se1 to con/ruct app>atus suitable = exhibition to ,congress & to secure a pat5t4 ,9 return he 0 to receive a "o-f\r? int]e/4 ,v %ortly aft]w>d !y fil$ a caveat 9 ! ,pat5t ,(fice1 :i* is a notice s]v+ to protect an imp5d+ inv5tion4 ,alfr$ ,vail imm$iately set to "w on ! app>atus1 8 only help] be+ a fifte5-ye>-old appr5tice boy nam$ ,william ,baxt]4 ,! two work$ e>ly & late = _m mon?s 9 a secret room 9 ! iron-works1 be+ =c$ to fa%ion e "p = !mselves4 ,! fir/ ma*9e 0 a copy ( ,morse's model1 b ,vail's native ability z a me*anic & 8 own +5uity enabl$ him to make _m improvem5ts4 ,! p5cil fa/5$ to ! armature :i* _h m>k$ zigzag l9es on ! mov+ pap] 0 replac$ by a f\nta9-p5 :i* inscrib$ long & %ort l9es1 & ?us ! da%es & dots ( ! ,morse code 7 put into _! pres5t =m4 ,morse _h work$ out an elaborate telegraphic code or diction>y1 b a simpl] code by :i* comb9ations ( dots & da%es 7 us$ to repres5t lett]s in/ead ( numb]s 9 a code 0 n[ devis$4 ,vail recogniz$ ! importance ( hav+ ! simple/ comb9ations ( dots & da%es /& = ! mo/ us$ lett]s1 z ?is w\ld increase ! spe$ ( s5d+4 ,he began to figure out = himself ! frequ5cy ) :i* ! v>i\s lett]s occur 9 ! ,engli% language4 ,!n he ?\ght ( ! comb9ation ( types 9 a type-case1 &1 go+ to a local newspap] (fice1 f\nd ! result all work$ out = him4 ,9 ea* case ( type su* common lett]s z e & t h _m m types ?an little us$ lett]s su* z q & z4 ,by obs]v+ ! numb] ( types ( ea* lett] provid$1 ,vail 0 enabl$ to arrange !m 9 ! ord] ( _! importance 9 assign+ !m symbols 9 ! code4 ,?us ! ,morse code 0 arrang$ z x /&s to-day4 ,alfr$ ,vail play$ a v important "p 9 ! arrangem5t ( ! code z well z 9 ! con/ruction ( ! app>atus1 & !re are _m :o believe t ! code %\ld h be5 call$ ! ,vail code in/ead ( ! ,morse code4 ,illu/ration3 ,,morse',s ,,fir/ ,,telegraph ,,in/rum5t ,a p5 0 atta*$ to ! p5dulum & drawn across ! /rip ( pap] by ! action ( ! electro-magnet4 ,! lead type %[n 9 ! l[] "r-h& corn] 0 us$ 9 mak+ electrical contact :5 s5d+ a message4 ,! mod]n in/rum5t %[n 9 ! l[] left-h& corn] is ! "o t s5t a message ar\nd ! _w 9 #ahif4 ,morse came d[n to ,spe$well :5 he c\ld to assi/ ,vail ) ! "w1 & yet x progress$ sl[ly4 ,b at la/1 e>ly 9 ,janu>y ( #ahch !y _h ! telegraph at "w1 & ,william ,baxt]1 ! appr5tice boy1 0 s5t to call ! s5ior ,vail4 ,)9 a few mom5ts he 0 9 ! "w-room /udy+ ! app>atus4 ,alfr$ ,vail 0 at ! s5d+ key1 & ,morse 0 at ! receiv]4 ,! fa!r wrote on a piece ( pap] ^! words3 ,a pati5t wait] is no los]4 ,h&+ x to 8 son1 he /at$ t if he c\ld transmit ! message to ,morse by ! telegraph he w\ld be conv9c$4 ,! message 0 s5t & record$ & in/antly read by ,morse4 ,! fir/ te/ _h be5 complet$ successfully4 ,,vi ,,:at ,,ha? ,,god ,,wr\ght8 ,congress ,becomes ,int]e/$--,wa%+ton to ,baltimore ,l9e ,propos$--,failure to ,secure ,=eign ,pat5ts--,lat] ,indiff]5ce ( ,congress--,lean ,ye>s--,success at ,la/--,! ,l9e is ,built--,! ,fir/ ,public ,message--,popul>ity4 ,morse & 8 associates n[ _h a telegraph :i* !y 7 confid5t w\ld prove a g5u9e success4 ,b ! great "w ( introduc+ ?is new wond] to ! public1 ( ov]com+ indiff]5ce & skepticism1 ( secur+ f9ancial support suffici5t to erect a real l9e1 /ill rema9$ to be done4 ,we %all see t ?is burd5 rema9$ v l>gely ^u ,morse himself4 ,_h ,morse n be5 a =ceful & able man ( affairs z well z an inv5tor1 ! introduction ( ! telegraph might h be5 ev5 long] delay$4 ,! new telegraph 0 exhibit$ 9 ,new ,york & ,philadelphia )\t ar\s+ popul> appreciation4 ,x 0 view$ z a sci5tific toy2 few saw 9 x practical possibilities4 ,morse !n took x to ,wa%+ton & set up 8 in/rum5ts 9 ! room ( ! ,committee on ,comm]ce ( ! ,h\se ( ,repres5tatives 9 ! ,capitol4 ,"h1 z 9 e>li] exhibitions1 a majority ( ^? :o saw ! app>atus 9 op]ation rema9$ unconv9c$ ( its ability to s]ve mank9d4 ,b ,morse f9ally made a conv]t ( ! ,hon4 ,francis ,o4,j4 ,smi?1 *airman ( ! ,committee on ,comm]ce4 ,smi? _h previ\sly be5 9 correspond5ce ) ! inv5tor1 & ,morse _h expla9$ to him at l5g? 8 belief t ! ,gov]nm5t %\ld own ! telegraph & control & op]ate x = ! public good4 ,he believ$ t ! ,gov]nm5t %\ld be suffici5tly int]e/$ to provide funds = an exp]im5tal l9e a hundr$ miles long4 ,9 return he 0 will+ to promise ! ,gov]nm5t ! fir/ rights to pur*ase ! inv5tion at a reasonable price4 ,lat] he *ang$ 8 reque/ to a l9e ( fifty miles1 & e/imat$ ! co/ ( erection at #bf1jjj4 ,smi? aid$ 9 educat+ ! o!r memb]s ( 8 committee1 & "o day 9 ,febru>y ( #ahch he secur$ ! att5dance ( ! entire body at a te/ ( ! telegraph ov] t5 miles ( wire4 ,! demon/ration conv9c$ !m1 & _m 7 _! expressions ( wond] & amazem5t4 ,"o memb] rem>k$1 ,"t & space are n[ annihilat$4 ,z a result ! committee report$ a bill appropriat+ #cj1jjj = ! erection ( an exp]im5tal l9e betwe5 ,wa%+ton & ,baltimore4 ,smi?'s report 0 mo/ en?usia/ic 9 8 praise ( ! inv5tion4 ,9 fact1 ! ,congressman became s mu* int]e/$ t he s\ght a %>e 9 ! ent]prise1 &1 secur+ x1 resign$ f ,congress t he might devote 8 ef=ts to secur+ ! passage ( ! bill & to act+ z legal advis]4 ,at ?is "t ! ent]prise 0 divid$ into sixte5 %>es3 ,morse held n9e2 ,smi?1 f\r2 ,alfr$ ,vail1 two2 & ,pr(essor ,gale1 "o4 ,we see t ,morse 0 a good en\gh bus9ess man to reta9 ! control4 ,:eat/one & o!rs 7 develop+ _! telegraphs 9 ,europe1 & ,morse felt t x 0 high "t to endeavor to secure =eign pat5ts on 8 inv5tion4 ,accompani$ by ,smi?1 he sail$ = ,engl& 9 ,may1 tak+ ) him a new in/rum5t provid$ by ,vail4 ,arriv+ 9 ,london1 !y made application = a pat5t4 ,!y 7 oppos$ by ,:eat/one & 8 associates1 & c\ld n secure ev5 a he>+ f ! pat5t au?orities4 ,morse /r5u\sly insi/$ t 8 telegraph 0 radically diff]5t f ,:eat/one's1 lay+ especial emphasis on ! fact t 8 record+ in/rum5t pr9t$ ! message 9 p]man5t =m1 :ile ,:eat/one's did n4 ,morse always plac$ great emphasis on ! record+ features ( 8 app>atus1 yet ^! features 7 de/9$ to be disc>d$ 9 ,am]ica :5 8 telegraph at la/ came into use4 ,) no rec\rse op5 to him b an appeal to ,p>liam5t1 a long & exp5sive proce$+ ) little app>5t possibility ( success1 ,morse w5t to ,france1 hop+ = a m favorable reception4 ,he f\nd ! ,fr5* cordial & appreciative4 ,fr5* exp]ts wat*$ 8 te/s & exam9$ 8 app>atus1 pron\nc+ 8 telegraph ! be/ ( all t _h be5 devis$4 ,he receiv$ a pat5t1 only to le>n t to be effective ! inv5tion mu/ be put 9 op]ation 9 ,france )9 two ye>s1 "u ! ,fr5* pat5t law4 ,morse s\ght to e/abli% 8 l9e 9 connection ) a railway1 z ,:eat/one _h e/abli%$ 8 9 ,engl&1 b 0 told t ! telegraph mu/ be a ,gov]nm5t monopoly1 & t no private p>ties c\ld con/ruct or op]ate4 ,! ,gov]nm5t w\ld n act1 & ,morse f\nd himself aga9 defeat$4 ,f>+ no bett] ) o!r ,european gov]nm5ts1 ,morse decid$ to return to ,am]ica to pu% ! bill = an appropriation be=e ,congress4 ,:ile ,morse 0 9 ,europe ga9+ publicity = ! telegraph1 b no pat5ts1 8 =m] fell[-pass5g] on ! ,sully1 ,dr4 ,*>les ,jackson1 _h laid claim to a %>e 9 ! inv5tion4 ,he insi/$ t ! idea _h be5 8 & t he _h giv5 x to ,morse on ! trip across ! ,atlantic4 ,?is ,morse indignantly d5i$4 ,congress w\ld n[ take no action ^u ! inv5tion4 ,a heat$ political campaign 0 9 progress1 & no int]e/ c\ld be ar\s$ 9 an inv5tion1 no matt] :at 7 its possibilities 9 ! advancem5t ( ! "w & developm5t ( ! nation4 ,smi? 0 9 politics1 ! ,vails 7 suff]+ f a f9ancial depression1 ,pr(essor ,gale 0 a man ( v limit$ means1 & s ,morse f\nd himself )\t funds or support4 ,9 ,p>is he _h met ,m4 ,dagu]re1 :o _h j discov]$ photography4 ,morse _h le>n$ ! process &1 9 connection ) ,doctor ,drap]1 he fitt$ up a /udio on ! ro( ( ! univ]sity4 ,"h !y took ! fir/ dagu]reotypes made 9 ,am]ica4 ,morse's "w 9 art _h be5 s mu* int]rupt$ t he _h b few pupils4 ,! fees t ^! br\ght to him 7 small & irregul>1 & he 0 br\ght to ! v v]ge ( />vation4 ,we are told ( ! call ,morse made ^u "o pupil ^: tuition 0 ov]due because ( a delay 9 ! arrival ( funds f 8 home4 ,well1 my boy1 said ! pr(essor1 h[ are we (f = money8 ,! /ud5t expla9$ ! situation1 add+ t he hop$ to h ! money ! foll[+ week4 ,next week6 exclaim$ ,morse4 ,i %all be dead by next week--dead ( />vation4 ,w\ld t5 doll>s be ( any s]vice8 ask$ ! /ud5t1 a/oni%$ & di/ress$4 ,t5 doll>s w\ld save my life1 0 ,morse's reply4 ,! /ud5t paid ! money--all he _h--& !y d9$ toge!r1 ,morse rem>k+ t x 0 8 fir/ meal = tw5ty-f\r h\rs4 ,morse's situation & feel+s at ?is "t are also illu/rat$ by a lett] he wrote to ,smi? late 9 #ahda4 ,i f9d myself he wrote )\t sympa?y or help f any :o are associat$ ) me1 ^: int]e/s1 "o w\ld ?9k1 w\ld impell !m to at lea/ inquire if !y c\ld r5d] me "s assi/ance4 ,= ne>ly two ye>s pa/ ,i h devot$ all my "t & scanty means1 liv+ on a m]e pittance1 d5y+ myself all pleasures & ev5 necess>y food1 t ,i might h a sum1 to put my telegraph into su* a position be=e ,congress z to insure success to ! common ent]prise4 ,i am cru%$ = want ( means1 & means ( s trifl+ a "*1 too1 t !y :o "k h[ to ask 7:i* ,i d n7 c\ld obta9 9 a few h\rs4444 ,z x is1 al?\gh ev]y?+ is favorable1 al?\gh ,i h no competition & no opposition--on ! contr>y1 al?\gh e memb] ( ,congress1 s f> z ,i c le>n1 is favorable--yet ,i fe> all w fail because ,i am too poor to risk ! trifl+ exp5se :i* my j\rney & resid5ce 9 ,wa%+ton w occasion me4 ,i w n run 9 debt1 if ,i lose ! :ole matt]4 ,no "o c tell ! days & mon?s ( anxiety & labor ,i h _h 9 p]fect+ my telegraphic app>atus4 ,= want ( means ,i h be5 compell$ to make ) my own h&s 7& to labor = weeks7 a piece ( me*anism :i* c\ld be made mu* bett]1 & 9 a t5? ! "t1 by a good me*anician1 ?us wa/+ "t--"t :i* ,i _c recall & :i* seems d\ble-w+$ to me4 ,hope def]r$ make? ! he>t sick4 ,x is true1 & ,i h kn[n ! full mean+ ( x4 ,no?+ b ! consci\sness t ,i h an inv5tion :i* is to m>k an era 9 human civilization1 & :i* is to contribute to ! happ9ess ( millions1 w\ld h su/a9$ me ?r\gh s _m & su* l5g!n$ trials ( pati5ce 9 p]fect+ x4 ,a pat5t on ! telegraph _h be5 issu$ to ,morse 9 #ahdj4 ,! issuance _h be5 delay$ at ,morse's reque/1 z he desir$ to fir/ secure =eign pat5ts1 8 own ,am]ican rights be+ protect$ by ! caveat he _h fil$4 ,al?\gh ! comm]cial possibilities1 & h5ce ! money value ( ! telegraph _h n be5 e/abli%$1 ,morse 0 already tr\bl$ ) ! rival claims ( ^? :o s\ght to secure a %>e 9 8 inv5tion4 ,:ile work+ & wait+ & sav+1 ,morse conceiv$ ! idea ( lay+ telegraph wires b5ea? ! wat]4 ,he prep>$ a wire by wrapp+ x 9 hemp soak$ 9 t>1 & !n cov]+ ! :ole ) rubb]4 ,*oos+ a moonlight night 9 ! fall ( #ahdb1 he subm]g$ 8 cable 9 ,new ,york ,h>bor betwe5 ,ca/le ,g>d5 & ,gov]nors ,isl&4 ,a few signals 7 transmitt$ & !n ! wire 0 c>ri$ away by a dragg+ an*or4 ,truly1 mis=tune seem$ to dog ,morse's foot/eps4 ,?is seems to h be5 ! fir/ subm>9e cable1 & 9 writ+ ( x n long aft] ,morse haz>d$ ! !n a/oni%+ pr$iction t ,europe & ,am]ica w\ld be l9k$ by telegraphic cable4 ,fail+ to secure effective aid f 8 associates1 ,morse hung on grimly1 fight+ alone1 & putt+ all ( 8 /r5g? & en]gy into ! task ( e/abli%+ an exp]im5tal l9e4 ,x 0 dur+ ^! ye>s t he demon/rat$ 8 greatness to ! full4 ,8 lett]s to ! memb]s ( ! ,congressional ,committee on ,comm]ce %[ m>k$ ability4 ,!y outl9e ! practical possibilities v cle>ly4 ,morse realiz$ n only ! f9ancial possibilities ( 8 inv5tion1 b its b5efit to humanity z well4 ,he also pres5t$ v practical e/imates ( ! co/ ( e/abli%+ ! l9e "u consid]ation4 ,! committee aga9 recomm5d$ t #cj1jjj be appropriat$ = ! con/ruction ( a ,wa%+ton-,baltimore l9e4 ,! politicians _h come to look ^u ,morse z a crank1 & x 0 extremely difficult = 8 adh]5ts to secure favorable action 9 ! ,h\se4 ,_m a ,congressman comp>$ ,morse & 8 exp]im5ts to mesm]ism & simil> isms1 & insi/$ t if ! ,gov]nm5t gave funds = ?is exp]im5t x w\ld be call$ ^u to supply funds = s5seless trials ( weird s*emes4 ,! bill f9ally pass$ ! ,h\se by ! n>r[ m>g9 ( six votes1 ! vote be+ tak5 orally because s _m ,congressm5 fe>$ to g on record z favor+ an appropriation = su* a purpose4 ,! bill _h /ill to pass ! ,s5ate1 & "h !re seem$ little hope4 ,morse1 :o _h come to ,wa%+ton to press 8 plan1 anxi\sly wait$ 9 ! gall]ies4 ,! bill came up = consid]ation late "o ev5+ j be=e ! adj\rnm5t4 ,a ,s5ator :o notic$ ,morse w5t up to him & said3 ,!re is no use 9 y\r /ay+ "h4 ,! ,s5ate is n 9 sympa?y ) y\r project4 ,i advise y to give x up1 return home1 & ?9k no m ab\t x4 ,! inv5tor w5t back to 8 room1 ) h[ heavy a he>t we may well imag9e4 ,he paid 8 bo>d bill1 & f\nd himself ) b ?irty-sev5 c5ts 9 ! _w4 ,aft] _m mom5ts ( e>ne/ pray] he retir$4 ,e>ly next morn+ !re came to him ,miss ,annie ,ellswor?1 daught] ( 8 fri5d ! ,commission] ( ,pat5ts1 & said1 ,pr(essor1 ,i h come to congratulate y4 ,congratulate me6 repli$ ,morse4 ,on :at8 ,:y1 %e exclaim$1 on ! passage ( y\r bill by ! ,s5ate6 ,! bill _h be5 pass$ )\t debate 9 ! clos+ mom5ts ( ! session4 ,z ,morse aft]w>d /at$1 ?is 0 ! turn+-po9t 9 ! hi/ory ( ! telegraph4 ,8 res\rces 7 r$uc$ to ! m9imum1 & !re 0 little likelihood t he w\ld h aga9 be5 able to br+ ! matt] to ! att5tion ( ,congress4 ,s pleas$ 0 ,morse ov] ! news ( ! appropriation1 & s grateful to ,miss ,ellswor? = h] int]e/ 9 br++ him ! good news1 t he promis$ h] t %e %\ld s5d ! fir/ message :5 ! l9e 0 complete4 ,) ! ,gov]nm5t appropriation at 8 disposal1 ,morse imm$iately set to "w ^u ! ,wa%+ton-,baltimore l9e4 ,pr(essors ,gale & ,fi%] s]v$ z 8 assi/ants1 & ,mr4 ,vail 0 9 direct *>ge ( ! con/ruction "w4 ,ano!r p]son active 9 ! ent]prise 0 ,ezra ,cornell1 :o 0 lat] to f\nd ,cornell ,univ]sity4 ,cornell _h inv5t$ a ma*9e = lay+ wires und]gr\nd 9 a pipe4 ,x 0 orig9ally plann$ to place ! wires und]gr\nd1 z ?is 0 ?\ght necess>y or _! protection4 ,aft] runn+ ! l9e "s five miles out f ,baltimore x 0 f\nd t ?is me?od ( in/all+ ! l9e 0 to be a failure4 ,! insulation 0 n adequate1 & ! l9e c\ld n be op]at$ to ! fir/ relay /ation4 ,a l>ge portion ( ! #cj1jjj vot$ by ,congress _h be5 sp5t & ! l9e 0 /ill f> f completion4 ,disa/] seem$ imm95t4 ,smi? lo/ all fai? 9 ! ent]prise1 dem&$ mo/ ( ! rema9+ money "u a contract he _h tak5 to lay ! l9e1 & a qu>rel broke out betwe5 him & ,morse :i* fur!r jeop>diz$ ! und]tak+4 ,morse & su* ( 8 lieut5ants z rema9$ fai?ful 9 ?is h\r ( trial1 aft] a long consultation1 decid$ to /r+ ! wire on poles4 ,! me?od ( atta*+ ! wire to ! poles 0 yet to be det]m9$4 ,!y f9ally decid$ to simply bore a hole ?r\gh ea* pole ne> ! top & pu% ! wire ?r\gh x4 ,/r++ ! wire 9 su* fa%ion 0 no small task1 b x 0 f9ally accompli%$4 ,x 0 lat] f\nd necess>y to insulate ! wire ) bottle necks :]e x pass$ ?r\gh ! poles4 ,on ,may #bc1 #ahdd1 ! l9e 0 complete4 ,rememb]+ 8 promise to ,miss ,ellswor?1 ,morse call$ ^u h] next morn+ to give him ! fir/ message4 ,%e *ose1 ,:at ha? ,god wr\ght8 & e>ly on ! morn+ ( ! #bd? ,morse sat at ! transmitt] 9 ! ,supreme ,c\rt room 9 ! ,capitol & telegraph$ ^! immortal words to ,vail at ,baltimore4 ,! message 0 receiv$ )\t difficulty & repeat$ back to ,morse at ,wa%+ton4 ,! magnetic telegraph 0 a reality4 ,/ill ! g5]al public rema9$ unconv9c$4 ,z 9 ! case ( ,:eat/one's ne$le telegraph a dramatic incid5t 0 ne$$ to demon/rate ! utility ( ?is new s]vant4 ,=tunately = ,morse1 ! telegraph's opportunity came quickly4 ,! ,democratic national conv5tion 0 9 session at ,baltimore4 ,aft] an excit+ /ruggle !y dropp$ ,van ,bur51 !n ,presid5t1 & nom9at$ ,james ,k4 ,polk4 ,silas ,wright 0 nam$ = ! ,vice-,presid5cy4 ,at t "t ,mr4 ,wright 0 9 ,wa%+ton4 ,he>+ ( ! nom9ation1 ,alfr$ ,vail telegraph$ x to ,morse 9 ,wa%+ton4 ,morse communicat$ ) ,wright1 :o /at$ t he c\ld n accept ! honor4 ,! telegraph 0 ready to c>ry 8 message decl9+ ! nom9ation1 & )9 a v few m9utes ,vail _h pres5t$ x to ! conv5tion at ,baltimore1 to ! int5se surprise ( ! delegates !re assembl$4 ,!y refus$ to believe t ,wright _h be5 communicat$ )1 & s5t a committee to ,wa%+ton to see ,wright & make inquiries4 ,!y f\nd t ! message 0 g5u9e1 & ! utility ( ! telegraph _h be5 /rik+ly e/abli%$4 ,,vii ,,developm5t ,,( ,,! ,,telegraph ,,sy/em ,! ,magnetic ,telegraph ,company--,! ,we/]n ,union--,cross+ ! ,cont95t--,! ,improvem5ts ( ,alfr$ ,vail--,honors ,aw>d$ to ,morse--,duplex ,telegraphy--,edison's ,improvem5ts4 ,= "s "t ! telegraph l9e betwe5 ,wa%+ton & ,baltimore rema9$ on exhibition z a curiosity1 no *>ge be+ made = demon/rat+ x4 ,congress made an appropriation to keep ! l9e 9 op]ation1 ,vail act+ z op]ator at ! ,wa%+ton end4 ,on ,april #a1 #ahde1 ! l9e 0 put 9 op]ation on a comm]cial basis1 s]vice be+ (f]$ to ! public at ! rate ( "o c5t = f\r *>act]s4 ,x 0 op]at$ z a bran* ( ! ,po/-(fice ,dep>tm5t4 ,on ! #d? ( ,april a visitor f ,virg9ia came into ! ,wa%+ton (fice wi%+ to see a demon/ration4 ,up to ?is "t n a paid message _h be5 s5t4 ,! visitor1 hav+ no p]mit f ! ,po/ma/]-,g5]al1 0 told t he c\ld only see ! telegraph 9 op]ation by s5d+ a message4 ,"o c5t be+ all ! money he _h o!r ?an tw5ty-doll> bills1 he ask$ = "o c5t's wor?4 ,! ,wa%+ton op]ator ask$ ( ,baltimore1 ,:at "t is x8 :i* 9 ! code requir$ b "o "*4 ,! reply came1 ,"o o'clock1 ano!r s+le "*4 ,?us b two *>act]s _h be5 us$1 or "o-half c5t's wor? ( telegraphy4 ,! visitor express$ himself z satisfi$1 & waiv$ ! *ange4 ,?is p5ny 0 ! l9e's fir/ e>n+s4 ,"u ! t]ms ( ! agreem5t by :i* ,congress _h made ! appropriation = ! exp]im5tal l9e1 ,morse 0 b\nd to give ! ,gov]nm5t ! fir/ "r to pur*ase 8 inv5tion4 ,he accord+ly (f]$ x to ! ,unit$ ,/ates = ! sum ( #ajj1jjj4 ,!re foll[$ a di/ress+ example ( (ficial /upidity & lack ( =esight4 ,) ! opportunity to own & control ! nation's telegraph l9es be=e x ! ,gov]nm5t decl9$ ! (f]4 ,?is action 0 tak5 at ! recomm5dation ( ! ,hon4 ,cave ,johnson1 !n ,po/ma/]-,g5]al1 "u ^: direction ! l9e _h be5 op]at$4 ,he _h be5 a memb] ( ,congress at ! "t ! orig9al appropriation 0 vot$1 & _h ridicul$ ! project4 ,! nation 0 n[ s un=tunate z to h him z its ,po/ma/]-,g5]al1 & he report$ t ! op]ation ( ! telegraph betwe5 ,wa%+ton & ,baltimore _h n satisfi$ him t1 "u any rate ( po/age t c\ld be adopt$1 its rev5ues c\ld be made equal to its exp5ditures4 ,& yet ! telegraph1 "h (f]$ to ! ,gov]nm5t = #ajj1jjj1 0 develop$ "u private managem5t until x paid a pr(it on a capitalization ( #ajj1jjj1jjj4 ,morse seems to h _h a really patriotic motive1 z well z a desire = imm$iate return & ! fre$om f fur!r worries1 9 8 (f] to ! ,gov]nm5t4 ,he 0 greatly disappo9t$ at its refusal to pur*ase1 a refusal t 0 de/9$ to make ,morse a weal?y man4 ,amos ,k5dall1 :o _h be5 ,po/ma/]-,g5]al "u ,jackson1 0 n[ act+ z ,morse's ag5t1 & !y decid$ to dep5d ^u private capital4 ,plans 7 made = a l9e betwe5 ,new ,york & ,philadelphia1 & to ar\se int]e/ & secure capital ! app>atus 0 exhibit$ 9 ,new ,york ,city at a *>ge ( tw5ty-five c5ts a head4 ,! public refus$ to patronize 9 suffici5t numb]s to ev5 pay exp5ses1 & ! entire exhibition 0 s %abby1 & ! exhibitors s pov]ty-/rick51 t ! sleek capitali/s :o came dep>t$ )\t inve/+4 ,"s ( ! exhibitors slept on *airs or on ! floor 9 ! b>e room1 & x is relat$ t ! man :o 0 lat] to give 8 "n & a %>e ( 8 =tune to ,cornell ,univ]sity 0 ov]joy$ at f9d+ a qu>t] on ! sidewalk1 z x enabl$ him to buy a he>ty breakfa/4 ,?\gh m5 ( l>g] means refus$ to take %>es1 "s 9 humbl] circum/ances c\ld recognize ! great idea & ! wond]ful vision :i* ,morse _h /ruggl$ s long to e/abli%--a vision ( a nation l9k$ toge!r by telegraphy4 ,! ,magnetic ,telegraph ,company 0 =m$ & "w />t$ on ! l9e4 ,9 ,augu/ ( #ahde ,morse sail$ = ,europe 9 an endeavor to enli/ =eign capital4 ,! inve/ors ( ,europe prov$ no ke5] ?an ^? ( ,am]ica1 & ! inv5tor return$ )\t funds1 b imbu$ ) increas$ patriotism4 ,he _h become conv9c$ t ! telegraph c\ld & w\ld succe$ on ,am]ican capital alone4 ,9 ! next ye> a l9e 0 con/ruct$ f ,philadelphia to ,wa%+ton1 ?us ext5d+ ! ,new ,york-,philadelphia l9e to ! capital4 ,h5ry ,o',reilly1 ( ,ro*e/]1 ,new ,york1 took an active "p 9 ?is con/ruction "w & n[ took ! contract to con/ruct a l9e f ,philadelphia to ,/4 ,l\is4 ,?is l9e 0 f9i%$ by ,decemb] ( #ahdg4 ,! pa? hav+ be5 blaz$1 o!rs s\ght to e/abli% l9es ( _! own )\t reg>d to ,morse's pat5ts4 ,"o ( ^! 0 ,o ,reilly1 :o1 on ! completion ( ! l9e to ,/4 ,l\is1 began "o to ,n[ ,orleans1 )\t au?ority f ,morse or 8 company4 ,o',reilly call$ 8 telegraph ,! ,p's ,l9e1 & :5 call$ to acc\nt 9 ! c\rts insi/$ n only t 8 in/rum5ts 7 diff]5t f ,morse's1 & s no infr+em5t ( 8 pat5ts1 b also t ! ,morse sy/em 0 a h>mful monopoly & t ,! ,p's ,l9e %\ld be enc\rag$4 ,x 0 fur!r urg$ t ,:eat/one 9 ,engl& & ,/e9heil 9 ,g]many _h inv5t$ telegraphs be=e ,morse1 & t ,pr(essor ,h5ry _h inv5t$ ! relay :i* made x possible to op]ate ! telegraph ov] long di/ances4 ,! suits result$ 9 a legal victory = ,morse1 & 8 pat5ts 7 ma9ta9$4 ,b /ill o!r rival companies built l9es1 us+ v>i\s =ms ( app>atus1 & ?\gh ! c\rts repeat$ly upheld ,morse's pat5t rights1 ! pirat+ 0 n effectively *eck$4 ,! telegraph _h come to be a necessity & ! orig9al company lack$ ! capital to con/ruct l9es ) suffici5t rapidity to meet ! ne$4 ,)9 t5 ye>s aft] ! fir/ l9e _h be5 put into op]ation ! m ?ickly settl$ portions ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates 7 s]v$ by scores ( telegraph l9es own$ by a doz5 diff]5t companies4 ,h>dly any ( ^! 7 mak+ any money1 ?\gh ! s]vice 0 poor & ! rates 7 high4 ,!y 7 all op]at+ on too small a scale & bus9ess uses ( ! telegraph _h n yet develop$ suffici5tly4 ,an amalgamation ( ! scatt]$1 compet+ l9es 0 ne$$1 bo? to secure bett] s]vice = ! public & prop] divid5ds = ! inve/ors4 ,?is amalgamation 0 effect$ by ,mr4 ,hiram ,sibley1 :o organiz$ ! ,we/]n ,union 9 #ahef4 ,! plan 0 ridicul$ at ! "t1 "s "o /at+ t ,! ,we/]n ,union seems v l collect+ all ! paup]s 9 ! ,/ate & arrang+ !m into a union s z to make ri* m5 ( !m4 ,b ^! paup] companies did become ri* once !y 7 unit$ "u effici5t managem5t4 ,! nation 0 j !n /ret*+ h]self across to ! ,pacific4 ,! comm]cial importance ( ,cali=nia 0 gr[+ rapidly4 ,by #aheg /age-coa*es 7 cross+ ! pla9s & ! pony-express rid]s 7 c>ry+ ! mail4 ,! pione]s ( ! telegraph felt t a l9e %\ld span ! cont95t4 ,?is 0 !n a trem5d\s und]tak+1 & :5 ,mr4 ,sibley propos$ t ! ,we/]n ,union %\ld und]take ! con/ruction ( su* a l9e he 0 met ) ! /ronge/ opposition4 ,! explorations ( ,frmont 7 n f> 9 ! pa/1 & ! va/ ext5t ( c\ntry we/ ( ! ,mississippi 0 reg>d$ z a wild]ness peopl$ ) savages & almo/ impossible ( developm5t4 ,b ,sibley _h fai?2 he 0 possess$ ( ,morse's vision & ,morse's c\rage4 ,! ,we/]n ,union refus+ to und]take ! ent]prise1 he began x himself4 ,! ,gov]nm5t1 realiz+ ! milit>y & adm9i/rative value ( a telegraph l9e to ,cali=nia1 subsidiz$ ! "w4 ,additional funds 7 rais$ & a r\te select$ 0 ?r\gh ,omaha & ,salt ,lake ,city to ,san ,francisco4 ,! und]tak+ prov$ less =midable ?an _h be5 anticipat$1 =1 in/ead ( two ye>s1 less ?an five mon?s 7 occupi$ 9 complet+ ! l9e4 ,sibley's tact & ability did mu* to avoid opposition by ! ,indians4 ,he made ! r$ m5 8 fri5ds & impress$ ^u !m ! wond] ( ! telegraph4 ,:5 ! l9e 0 9 op]ation betwe5 ,=t ,ke>ney & ,=t ,l>amie he invit$ ! *ief ( ! ,arapahoes at ,=t ,ke>ney to communicate by telegraph ) 8 fri5d ! *ief ( ! ,si\x at ,=t ,l>amie4 ,! two *iefs ex*ang$ telegrams & 7 deeply impress$4 ,!y 7 told t ! telegraph 0 ! voice ( ! ,manit\ or ,great ,_s4 ,to conv9ce !m x 0 sugge/$ t !y meet half-way & comp>e _! exp]i5ces4 ,?\gh !y 7 five hundr$ miles ap>t1 !y />t$ out on horseback1 & on meet+ ea* o!r f\nd t ! l9e _h c>ri$ _! words truly4 ,! /ory spread among ! tribes1 & s ! telegraph l9e became almo/ sacr$ to ! ,indians4 ,!y might raid ! /ations & kill ! op]ators1 b !y seldom mole/$ ! wires4 ,among _m ignorant peoples ! e/abli%m5t ( ! telegraph has be5 atta9$ ) no small difficulty4 ,! ,*9ese %[$ a dread ( ! telegraph1 frequ5tly break+ d[n ! e>ly l9es because !y believ$ t !y w\ld take away ! good luck ( _! di/rict4 ,! ,arabs1 on ! o!r h&1 did n oppose ! telegraph4 ,?is is p>tly because ! "n is "o :i* !y c und]/&1 tel mean+ wire to !m1 & araph1 to "k4 ,?us 9 ,arabic tele-agraph means to "k by wire4 ,j z ! ,indians ( our own pla9s _h difficulty 9 und]/&+ ! telegraph1 s ! primitive peoples 9 o!r p>ts ( ! _w c\ld sc>ce believe x possible4 ,a /ory is told ( ! con/ruction ( an e>ly l9e 9 ,briti% ,india4 ,! natives inquir$ ! purpose ( ! wire f ! head man4 ,! wire is to c>ry messages to ,calcutta1 he repli$4 ,b h[ c words run along a wire8 !y ask$4 ,! head man puzzl$ = a mom5t4 ,if !re 7 a dog1 he repli$1 ) a tail long en\gh to rea* f "h to ,calcutta1 & y p9*$ 8 tail "h1 w\ldn't he h[l 9 ,calcutta8 ,once ,sibley & ! o!r ,am]ican telegraph pione]s _h spann$ ! cont95t1 !y began plans = spann+ ! globe4 ,_! idea 0 to unite ,am]ica & ,europe by a l9e /ret*$ ?r\gh ,briti% ,columbia1 ,alaska1 ! ,aleutian ,isl&s1 & ,sib]ia4 ,sib]ia _h be5 connect$ ) ,european ,russia1 & ?us practically ! entire l9e c\ld be /ret*$ on l&1 only %ort subm>9e cables be+ necess>y4 ,x 0 !n s]i\sly d\bt$ t cables long en\gh to cross ! ,atlantic 7 practicable4 ,! exp$ition />t$ 9 #ahfe1 a fleet ( ?irty vessels c>ry+ ! m5 & supplies4 ,trem5d\s difficulties _h be5 ov]come & a consid]able "p ( ! "w accompli%$ :5 ! successful completion ( ! ,atlantic cable made ! "w useless4 ,ne>ly ?ree million doll>s _h be5 exp5d$ by ! ,we/]n ,union 9 ?is attempt4 ,yet1 despite ?is loss1 its affairs 7 s g5]ally successful & ! ne$ = ! telegraph s real t x cont9u$ to ?rive until x rea*$ its pres5t rem>kable developm5t4 ,:ile ! l9e-build]s 7 busy /ret*+ telegraph wires into almo/ e city & t[n 9 ! nation1 o!rs 7 p]fect+ ! app>atus4 ,alfr$ ,vail 0 a lead+ figure 9 ?is "w4 ,already he _h play$ a l>ge "p 9 design+ & con/ruct+ ! app>atus to c>ry out ,morse's ideas1 & he cont9u$ to improve & p]fect until practically no?+ rema9$ ( ,morse's orig9al app>atus4 ,! orig9al ,morse transmitt] _h consi/$ ( a porte-rule & movable type4 ,?is 0 cumb]some1 & ,vail sub/itut$ a simple key to make & break ! circuit4 ,vail _h also con/ruct$ ! app>atus to emboss ! message ^u ! mov+ /rip ( pap]1 b ?is he n[ improv$ ^u4 ,! receiv+ app>atus 0 simplifi$ & ! p5 0 replac$ by a disk sme>$ ) ink :i* m>k$ ! dots & da%es ^u ! pap]4 ,z we h notic$1 ,morse took p>ticul> pride 9 ! fact t ! receiv+ app>atus 9 8 telegraph 0 self-record+1 & consid]$ ?is z "o ( ! mo/ important p>ts ( 8 sy/em4 ,b :5 ! telegraph began to come into comm]cial use ! op]ators at ! receiv+ end notic$ t !y c\ld read ! messages f ! long & %ort p]iods betwe5 ! clicks ( ! receiv+ me*anism4 ,?us !y 7 tak+ ! message by e> & ! record+ me*anism 0 sup]flu\s4 ,rules & f9es fail$ to break !m ( ! habit1 & ,vail1 recogniz+ ! utility ( ! developm5t1 con/ruct$ a receiv] :i* _h no record+ device1 b f :i* ! messages 7 read by li/5+ to ! clicks z ! armature /ruck aga9/ ! frame 9 :i* x 0 set4 ,?us ! telegraph return$ 9 its elem5ts to ! =m ( ,pr(essor ,h5ry's orig9al bell telegraph4 ,) 8 bell telegraph & 8 relay ,h5ry _h ! elem5ts ( a successful sy/em4 ,he fail$1 h[ev]1 to develop !m practically or to introduce !m to ! att5tion ( ! public4 ,he 0 ! man ( sci5ce r ?an ! practical inv5tor4 ,alfr$ ,vail1 jo9+ ) ,morse aft] ! latt] _h conceiv$ ! telegraph1 b be=e 8 app>atus 0 9 practical =m1 0 a tireless & invaluable me*anical assi/ant4 ,8 inv5tions ( app>atus 7 ( ! utmo/ practical value1 & he play$ a v l>ge "p 9 br++ ! telegraph to a =m :]e x c\ld s]ve man effectively4 ,aft] success _h be5 won ,morse did n ext5d to ,vail ! cr$it :i* x seems 0 8 due4 ,yet1 ?\gh ,morse made free use ( ! ideas & assi/ance ( o!rs1 he 0 ri*ly des]v+ ( a major portion ( ! fame & ! rew>ds t came to him z inv5tor ( ! telegraph4 ,morse 0 ! direct+ g5ius2 he contribut$ ! idea & ! lead]%ip1 & bore ! brunt ( ! burd5s :5 all 0 mo/ disc\rag+4 ,honors 7 heap$ ^u ,morse bo? at home & abroad z 8 telegraph e/abli%$ itself 9 all p>ts ( ! _w4 ,ord]s ( knigh?ood1 m$als1 & decorations 7 conf]r$ ^u him4 ,?\gh he _h fail$ to secure =eign pat5ts1 _m ( ! =eign gov]nm5ts recogniz$ ! value ( 8 inv5tion1 & ,france1 ,au/ria1 ,belgium1 ,ne!rl&s1 ,russia1 ,sw$51 ,turkey1 & "s small] nations jo9$ 9 pay+ him a te/imonial ( f\r hundr$ ?\s& francs4 ,x is to be notic$ t ,great ,brita9 did n jo9 9 ?is te/imonial1 ?\gh ,morse's sy/em _h be5 adopt$ !re 9 pref]5ce to ! "o develop$ by ,:eat/one4 ,9 #ahga a /atue ( ,morse 0 erect$ 9 ,c5tral ,p>k1 ,new ,york ,city4 ,x 0 9 ! spr+ ( ! next ye> t ano!r /atue 0 unveil$1 ?is "t "o ( ,b5jam9 ,frankl91 & ,morse presid$ at ! c]emonies4 ,! v5]able man receiv$ a trem5d\s ovation on ?is occasion1 b ! cold ( ! day prov$ too great a /ra9 ^u him4 ,he contract$ a cold :i* ev5tually result$ 9 8 dea? on ,april #b1 #ahgb4 ,:ile ext5d$ consid]ation _c be giv5 "h to ! telegraphic inv5tions ( ,?omas ,a4 ,edison1 no discussion ( ! telegraph %\ld close )\t at lea/ "s m5tion ( 8 "w 9 ?is field4 ,edison />t$ 8 c>e] z a telegraph]1 & 8 fir/ inv5tions 7 improvem5ts 9 ! telegraph4 ,8 m rec5t & m wond]ful inv5tions h ?r[n 8 telegraphic inv5tions into ! %ad[4 ,on ! telegraph z inv5t$ by ,morse b "o message c\ld be s5t ov] a s+le wire at "o "t4 ,x 0 lat] discov]$ t two messages' c\ld be s5t ov] ! s+le wire 9 opposite directions at ! same "t4 ,?is 0 call$ duplex telegraphy4 ,edison inv5t$ duplex telegraphy by :i* two messages c\ld be s5t ov] ! same wire 9 ! same direction at ! same "t4 ,lat] he succe$$ 9 comb9+ ! two1 :i* result$ 9 ! quadruplex1 by :i* f\r messages may be s5t ov] "o wire at "o "t4 ,?\gh ,edison receiv$ comp>atively little = ?is inv5tion1 its comm]cial value may be e/imat$ f ! /atem5t by ! presid5t ( ! ,we/]n ,union t x sav$ t company half a million doll>s 9 a s+le ye>4 ,edison's quadruplex sy/em 0 also adopt$ by ! ,briti% l9es4 ,be=e ?is he _h p]fect$ an automatic telegraph1 "w on :i* _h be5 begun by ,george ,little1 an ,engli%man4 ,little c\ld make ! app>atus effective only ov] a %ort l9e & atta9$ no v great spe$4 ,edison improv$ ! app>atus until x transmitt$ ?irty-five hundr$ words a m9ute betwe5 ,new ,york & ,philadelphia4 ,su* is ! p]fection to :i* ,morse's m>vel has be5 br\ght 9 ! h&s ( ! mo/ able ( mod]n inv5tors4 ,,viii ,,telegraph+ ,,b5ea? ,,! ,,sea ,e>ly ,ef=ts at ,und]wat] ,telegraphy--,cable ,con/ruction & ,exp]im5tation--,! ,fir/ ,cables--,! ,atlantic ,cable ,project$--,cyrus ,w4 ,field ,becomes ,int]e/$--,organizes ,atlantic ,telegraph ,company--,pr(essor ,?omson z ,sci5tific ,advis]--,8 ,e>ly ,life & ,atta9m5ts4 ,! idea ( lay+ telegraph wires b5ea? ! sea 0 discuss$ long be=e a practical telegraph = use on l& _h be5 atta9$4 ,x is record$ t a ,spani>d sugge/$ subm>9e telegraphy 9 #agie4 ,exp]im5ts 7 conduct$ e>ly 9 ! n9ete5? c5tury ) v>i\s mat]ials 9 an ef=t to f9d a cov]+ = ! wires :i* w\ld be bo? a non-conductor ( electricity & imp]vi\s to wat]4 ,an employee ( ! ,ea/ ,india ,company made an ef=t to lay a cable across ! riv] ,hugli z e>ly z #ahch4 ,8 me?od 0 to coat ! wire ) pit* inclose x 9 split rattan1 & !n wrap ! :ole ) t>r$ y>n4 ,:eat/one discuss$ a ,calais-,dov] cable 9 #ahdj1 b x rema9$ = ,morse to actually lay an exp]im5tal cable4 ,we h already he>d ( 8 exp]im5ts 9 ,new ,york ,h>bor 9 #ahdb4 ,8 insulation 0 t>r$ hemp & ,india rubb]4 ,:eat/one p]=m$ a simil> exp]im5t 9 ! ,bay ( ,swansea a few mon?s lat]4 ,p]haps ! fir/ practical subm>9e cable 0 laid by ,ezra ,cornell1 "o ( ,morse's associates1 9 #ahde4 ,he laid twelve miles ( cable 9 ! ,hudson ,riv]1 connect+ ,=t ,lee ) ,new ,york ,city4 ,! cable consi/$ ( two cotton-cov]$ wires inclos$ 9 rubb]1 & ! :ole incas$ 9 a lead pipe4 ,?is cable 0 9 use = sev]al mon?s until x 0 c>ri$ away by ! ice 9 ! w9t] ( #ahdf4 ,^! e>ly exp]im5t]s f\nd ! greate/ difficulty 9 incas+ _! wires 9 rubb]1 practical me?ods ( work+ t sub/ance be+ !n unkn[n4 ,! discov]y ( gutta-p]*a by a ,scot* surveyor ( ! ,ea/ ,india ,company 9 #ahdb1 & ! inv5tion ( a ma*9e = apply+ x to a wire1 by ,dr4 ,w]n] ,siem5s1 prov$ a great aid to ! cable-mak]s4 ,^! gutta-p]*a-cov]$ wires 7 us$ = und]gr\nd telegraphy bo? 9 ,engl& & on ! ,cont95t4 ,te/s 7 made ) su* a cable = subm>9e "w (f ,dov] 9 #ahdi1 &1 prov+ successful1 ! fir/ cable across ! ,engli% ,*annel 0 laid ! next ye> by ,john ,watk9s ,brett4 ,! cable 0 weight$ ) pieces ( lead fa/5$ on e hundr$ y>ds4 ,a few incoh]5t signals 7 ex*ang$ & ! communication ceas$4 ,a ,b\logne fi%]man _h caught ! new cable 9 8 trawl1 &1 rais+ x1 _h cut a section away4 ,?is he _h borne to port z a great treasure1 believ+ ! copp] to be gold 9 "s new =m ( deposit4 ,?is exp]i5ce taught ! ne$ ( great] protection = a cable1 & ! next ye> ano!r 0 laid across ! ,*annel1 :i* 0 protect$ by hemp & wire wrapp+s4 ,?is prov$ successful4 ,9 #aheb ,engl& & ,irel& 7 jo9$ by cable1 & ! next ye> a cable 0 laid across ! ,nor? ,sea to ,holl&4 ,! success ( ^! %ort cables might h promis$ success 9 an attempt to cross ! ,atlantic _h n failures 9 ! deep wat] ( ! ,m$it]ranean made x seem an impossibility4 ,we h not$ t ,morse sugge/$ ! possibility ( unit+ ,europe & ,am]ica by cable4 ,! same ?\ght _h occurr$ to o!rs1 b ! und]tak+ 0 s va/ & ! problems s little und]/ood t = _m ye>s none 7 bold en\gh to und]take ! project4 ,a telegraph f ,new ,york to ,/4 ,john's1 ,newf\ndl&1 0 plann$1 h[ev]1 :i* 0 to less5 ! "t ( communication betwe5 ! cont95ts4 ,news br\ght by boats f ,engl& c\ld be l&$ at ,/4 ,john's & telegraph$ to ,new ,york1 ?us sav+ two days4 ,f4,n4 ,gisborne secur$ ! concession = su* a l9e 9 #aheb1 & began ! con/ruction4 ,cables 7 requir$ to connect ,newf\ndl& ) ! cont95t1 & to cross ! ,gulf ( ,/4 ,lawr5ce1 b ! re/ ( ! l9e 0 to be /rung ?r\gh ! =e/s4 ,be=e mu* _h be5 accompli%$1 ,gisborne _h run out ( funds1 & "w 0 susp5d$4 ,9 #ahed ,gisborne met ,cyrus ,we/ ,field1 ( ,new ,york1 a retir$ m]*ant ( means4 ,field became int]e/$ 9 ,gisborne's project1 & z he exam9$ ! globe 9 8 libr>y ! ?\ght occurr$ to him t ! l9e to ,/4 ,john's 0 b a />t on ! way to ,engl&4 ,! idea ar\s$ 8 en?usiasm1 & he det]m9$ to emb>k ^u ! gigantic ent]prise4 ,he knew no?+ ( telegraph cables or ( ! sea-bottom1 & s s\ght exp]t in=mation on ! subject4 ,"o important "q 0 z to ! condition ( ! sea-bottom on :i* ! cable mu/ re/4 ,lieut5ant ,b]ryman ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates ,navy _h tak5 a s]ies ( s\nd+s & /at$ t ! sea-bottom betwe5 ,newf\ndl& & ,irel& 0 a comp>atively level plateau cov]$ ) s(t ooze1 & at a dep? ( ab\t two ?\s& fa?oms4 ,?is seem$ to ! inve/igators to h be5 provid$ = ! especial purpose ( receiv+ a subm>9e cable1 s admirably 0 x suit$ to ?is purpose4 ,morse 0 consult$1 & assur$ ,field t ! project 0 entirely feasible1 & t a subm>9e cable once laid betwe5 ! cont95ts c\ld be op]at$ successfully4 ,field !reupon adopt$ ! plans ( ,gisborne z ! fir/ /ep 9 ! l>g] und]tak+4 ,9 #ahee an attempt 0 made to lay a cable across ! ,gulf ( ,/4 ,lawr5ce1 b a /orm arose1 & ! cable _h to be cut to save ! %ip f :i* x 0 be+ laid4 ,ano!r attempt 0 made ! foll[+ summ] ) bett] equipm5t1 & ! cable 0 successfully complet$4 ,o!r p>ts ( ! l9e _h be5 f9i%$1 ! telegraph n[ /ret*$ a ?\s& miles t[>d ,engl&1 & ,new ,york 0 connect$ ) ,/4 ,john's4 ,desir+ m detail$ in=mation ( ! ocean-b$ along ! propos$ r\te1 ,field secur$ ! assi/ance ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates & ,briti% gov]nm5ts4 ,lieut5ant ,b]ryman1 ,u4,s4,n41 9 ! ,arctic1 & ,lieut5ant ,dayman1 ,r4,n41 9 ! ,cyclops1 made a c>eful survey4 ,_! s\nd+s reveal$ a ridge ne> ! ,iri% coa/1 b ! slope 0 gradual & ! g5]al conditions seem$ especially favorable4 ,! prelim9>y "w _h be5 done by an ,am]ican company ) ,field at ! head & ,morse z electrician4 ,n[ ,field w5t to ,engl& to secure capital suffici5t = ! l>g] ent]prise4 ,) ! assi/ance ( ,mr4 ,j4,w4 ,brett he organiz$ ! ,atlantic ,telegraph ,company1 ,field himself supply+ a qu>t] ( ! capital4 ,associat$ ) ,field & ,brett 9 ! lead]%ip ( ! ent]prise 0 ,*>les ,tiltson ,bright1 a "y ,engli%man :o became eng9e] = ! new company4 ,besides ! enorm\s eng9e]+ difficulties ( produc+ a cable long en\gh & /rong en\gh1 & lay+ x at ! bottom ( ! ,atlantic1 !re 7 electrical problems involv$ f> great] ?an ,morse seems to h realiz$4 ,x _h be5 discov]$ t ! passage ( a curr5t ?r\gh a subm>9e cable is s]i\sly ret>d$4 ,! ret>d+ ( ! curr5t z x passes ?r\gh ! wat] is a difficulty t does n exi/ ) ! l& telegraph /ret*$ on poles4 ,f>aday _h demon/rat$ t ?is ret>d+ 0 caus$ by induction betwe5 ! electricity 9 ! wire & ! wat] ab\t ! cable4 ,! passage ( ! curr5t ?r\gh ! wire induces curr5ts 9 ! wat]1 & ^! mov+ 9 ! opposite direction act z a drag on ! passage ( ! message ?r\gh ! wire4 ,:at ! effect ( ?is ph5om5on w\ld be on a cable long en\gh to cross ! ,atlantic wan a s]i\s problem t requir$ deep /udy by ! company's eng9e]s4 ,x seem$ entirely possible t ! messages w\ld move s sl[ly t ! op]ation ( ! cable1 once x 0 laid1 w\ld n pay4 ,f>aday fail$ to give any def9ite in=mation on ! subject1 b ,pr(essor ,william ,?omson work$ out ! law ( ret>dation accurately & furni%$ to ! cable-build]s ! accurate in=mation :i* 0 requir$4 ,doctor ,:iteh\se1 electrician = ! ,atlantic ,company1 conduct$ "s exp]im5ts ( 8 own & que/ion$ ! accuracy ( ,?omson's /atem5ts4 ,?omson ma9ta9$ 8 position s ably1 & prov$ himself s ?or\ghly a ma/] ( ! subject t ,field & 8 associates decid$ to enli/ him 9 ! ent]prise4 ,?is addition to ! =ces 0 "o ( ! utmo/ importance4 ,william ,?omson1 lat] to become ,"l ,kelv91 0 probably ! able/ sci5ti/ ( 8 g5]ation1 & 0 de/9$ to prove 8 great abilities 9 8 e>ly "w ) ! ,atlantic cable4 ,william ,?omson 0 born 9 ,belfa/1 ,irel&1 9 #ahbd4 ,8 fa!r 0 a tea*] & took an especially ke5 int]e/ 9 ! affairs ( 8 boys because _! "m _h di$ :ile ,william 0 v "y4 ,:5 ,william 0 eight ye>s ( age 8 fa!r remov$ to ,glasg[1 ,scotl&1 :]e he _h secur$ ! *air ( ma!matics 9 ,glasg[ ,univ]sity4 ,8 e>ly education he secur$ f 8 fa!r1 & ?is tra9+1 c\pl$ ) 8 natural brilliancy1 enabl$ him to develop g5u9e precocity4 ,at ! age ( eight he att5d$ 8 fa!r's univ]sity lectures z a visitor1 & x is report$ t on "o occasion he answ]$ 8 fa!r's que/ions :5 all ( ! class _h fail$4 ,at ! age ( t5 he ent]$ ! univ]sity1 toge!r ) 8 bro!r ,james1 :o 0 b two ye>s old]4 ,! bro!rs display$ m>k$ int]e/ 9 sci5ce & inv5tion1 eag]ly pursu$ _! /udies 9 ^! bran*es1 & p]=m$ _m electrical exp]im5ts toge!r4 ,illu/ration3 ,,cyrus ,w4 ,,field ,illu/ration3 ,,william ,,?omson 7,,"l ,,kelv97 ,james took ! degrees ,b4,a4 & ,m4,a4 9 successive ye>s4 ,?\gh ,william also pass$ ! exam9ations1 he did n take ! degrees1 because he _h decid$ to g to ,cambridge1 & x 0 ?\ght be/ t he take all 8 degrees f t great s*ool4 ,9 writ+ to 8 old] bro!r at ?is "t1 ,william 0 accu/om$ to sign himself ,b4,a4,t4,a4,i4,a4,p41 :i* signifi$ ,b4,a4 to all int5ts & purposes4 ,aft] f9i%+ _! "w at ,glasg[ ! boys travel$ ext5sively on ! ,cont95t4 ,at sev5te5 ,william ent]$ ,/4 ,pet]'s ,college1 ,cambridge ,univ]sity1 tak+ c\rses 9 advanc$ ma!matics & cont9u+ to di/+ui% himself4 ,he took an active "p 9 ! life ( ! univ]sity1 mak+ some?+ ( a record u an a?lete1 w9n+ ! silv] sculls1 & r[+ on a 'v>sity crew :i* took ! measure ( ,ox=d 9 ! great annual boat-race4 ,he also int]e/$ himself 9 lit]ature & music1 b 8 real passion 0 sci5ce4 ,already he _h writt5 _m le>n$ essays on ma!matical electricity & 0 accompli%+ valuable rese>* "w4 ,on ! completion ( 8 "w at ,cambridge he secur$ a fell[%ip :i* br\ght him an income ( a ?\s& doll>s a ye> & enabl$ him to pursue 8 /udies 9 ,p>is4 ,:5 he 0 b tw5ty-two ye>s ( age he 0 made pr(essor ( natural philosophy at ! ,univ]sity ( ,glasg[4 ,?\gh "y1 he prov$ entirely successful1 & wan imm5sely popul> ) 8 /ud5ts4 ,at t "t ! univ]sity _h no exp]im5tal laboratory1 & ,pr(essor ,?omson & 8 pupils p]=m$ _! exp]im5ts 9 ! pr(essor's room & 9 an ab&on$ coal-cell>1 sl[ly develop+ a laboratory = !mselves4 ,8 developm5t cont9u$ until1 :5 at ! age ( ?irty-?ree he 0 call$ ^u to assi/ ) ! "w ( lay+ an ,atlantic cable1 he 0 possess$ ( sci5tific atta9m5ts :i* made him invaluable among ! cable pione]s4 ,,ix ,,! ,,pione] ,,atlantic ,,cable ,mak+ ! ,cable--,! ,fir/ ,attempt at ,lay+--,ano!r ,ef=t ,*eck$ by ,/orm--,! ,cable ,laid at ,la/--,messages ,cross ! ,ocean--,! ,cable ,fails--,pr(essor ,?omson's ,inv5tions & ,discov]ies--,_! ,"p 9 ,design+ & ,con/ruct+ an ,improv$ ,cable & ,app>atus4 ,field & 8 bus9ess associates 7 extremely anxi\s t ! cable be laid ) all possible spe$1 & little "t 0 all[$ ! eng9e]s & electricians = exp]im5tation4 ,! "w ( build+ ! cable 0 begun e>ly 9 #aheg by two ,engli% firms4 ,x consi/$ ( sev5 copp] wires cov]$ ) gutta-p]*a & w\nd ) t>r$ hemp4 ,ov] ?is 7 w\nd heavy iron wires to give protection & add$ /r5g?4 ,! :ole weigh$ ab\t a ton to ! mile1 & 0 bo? /rong & flexible4 ,! di/ance f ! we/ coa/ ( ,irel& to ,newf\ndl& be+ #a1fdj nautical miles1 x 0 decid$ to supply #b1ejj miles ( cable1 an extra l5g? be+1 ( c\rse1 necess>y to all[ = ! inequalities at ! bottom ( ! sea1 & ! possibility ( accid5t4 ,! ,briti% & ,am]ican gov]nm5ts _h already provid$ subsidies1 & !y n[ suppli$ w>-%ips = use 9 ! "w ( lay+ ! cable4 ,! ,agamemnon1 "o ( ! l>ge/ ( ,engl&'s w>-%ips1 & ! ,niag>a1 giant ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates ,navy1 7 to d ! actual "w ( cable-lay+1 ! cable be+ divid$ betwe5 !m4 ,!y 7 accompani$ by ! ,unit$ ,/ates frigate ,susquehanna & ! ,briti% w>-%ips ,leop>d & ,cyclops4 ,9 ,augu/ ( #aheg ! fleet assembl$ on ! ,iri% coa/ = ! />t1 & ! ,am]ican sailors l&$ ! end ( ! cable amid great c]emony4 ,! "w ( cable-lay+ 0 begun by ! ,niag>a1 :i* /eam$ sl[ly away1 accompani$ by ! fleet4 ,! great cable pay$ out smoo?ly z ! ,iri% coa/ 0 left beh9d & ! frigate increas$ h] spe$4 ,! subm>9e hill ) its dang]\s slopes 0 safely pass$1 & x 0 felt t ! greate/ dang] 0 pa/4 ,! pay+-out ma*9]y seem$ to be work+ p]fectly4 ,telegraphic communication 0 con/antly ma9ta9$ ) ! %ore end4 ,= six days all w5t well & ne>ly f\r hundr$ miles ( cable _h be5 laid4 ,) ! cable dropp+ to ! bottom two miles d[n x 0 f\nd t x 0 fl[+ out at ! rate ( six miles an h\r :ile ! ,niag>a 0 /eam+ b f\r4 ,x 0 evid5t t ! cable 0 be+ wa/$1 & to prev5t its runn+ out too fa/ at ?is great dep? ! brake controll+ ! fl[ ( ! cable 0 tight5$4 ,! /]n ( ! vessel ris+ sudd5ly on a wave1 ! /ra9 prov$ too great & ! cable p>t$ & 0 lo/4 ,in/ant grief swept ov] ! %ip & squadron1 = ! he>t ( e "o 0 9 ! great ent]prise4 ,x 0 felt t x w\ld be useless to attempt to grapple ! cable at ?is great dep?1 & !re seem$ no?+ to d b ab&on x & return4 ,! loss ( ! cable & ( a ye>'s "t--s9ce ano!r attempt c\ld n be made until ! next season--result$ 9 a total loss to ! company ( half a million doll>s4 ,public realization ( ! magnitude ( ! task _h be5 awak5$ by ! failure ( ! fir/ exp$ition & ,field f\nd x f> f easy to raise additional capital4 ,x 0 f9ally accompli%$1 h[ev]1 & a new supply ( cable 0 con/ruct$4 ,pr(essor ,?omson _h be5 /udy+ ! problems ( subm>9e telegraphy ) gr[+ en?usiasm1 & _h n[ arriv$ at ! conclusion t ! conductivity ( ! cable dep5d$ v l>gely ^u ! purity ( ! copp] employ$4 ,he accord+ly saw to x t 9 ! con/ruction ( ! new section all ! wires 7 c>efully te/$ & su* z did n prove p]fect 7 disc>d$4 ,9 ! mean "t ! eng9e]s 7 busy improv+ ! pay+-out ma*9]y4 ,!y design$ an automatic brake :i* w\ld release ! cable in/antly ^u ! /ra9 becom+ too great4 ,x 0 ?us hop$ to avoid a recurr5ce ( ! =m] accid5t4 ,*ief-,eng9e] ,bright also arrang$ a trial trip = ! purpose ( drill+ ! /aff 9 _! v>i\s duties4 ,! same vessels 7 provid$ to lay ! cable on ! second attempt & ! fleet sail$ 9 ,june ( #aheh1 ?is "t )\t celebration or public c]emony4 ,on ?is occasion ! recomm5dation ( ,*ief-,eng9e] ,bright 0 foll[$1 & x 0 arrang$ t ! ,niag>a & ,agamemnon %\ld meet 9 mid-ocean1 !re splice ! cable toge!r & proce$ 9 opposite directions1 lay+ ! cable simultane\sly4 ,on ?is exp$ition ,pr(essor ,?omson 0 to assume ! real sci5tific lead]%ip1 ,pr(essor ,morse1 ?\gh he reta9$ 8 position ) ! company1 tak+ no active "p4 ,! %ips _h n proce$$ any great di/ance be=e !y ran into a t]rible gale4 ,! ,agamemnon _h an especially difficult "t ( x1 h] great load ( cable ov]balanc+ ! %ip & ?reat5+ to break loose aga9 & aga9 & c>ry ! great vessel & h] preci\s c>go to ! bottom4 ,! /orm cont9u$ = ov] a week1 & :5 at la/ x _h bl[n itself out ! ,agamemnon resembl$ a wreck & _m ( h] crew _h be5 s]i\sly injur$4 ,b ! cable _h be5 sav$ & ! exp$ition 0 enabl$ to proce$ to ! r5dezv\s4 ,! ,niag>a1 a l>g] %ip1 _h wea!r$ ! /orm )\t mi%ap4 ,! splice 0 effect$ on ,saturday1 ! #bf?1 b be=e ?ree miles _h be5 laid ! cable caught 9 ! pay+-out ma*9]y on ! ,niag>a & 0 brok5 (f4 ,ano!r splice 0 made t ev5+ & ! %ips />t$ aga94 ,! two vessels kept 9 communication ) ea* o!r by telegraph z !y proce$$1 & anxi\s inquiries & _m te/s m>k$ ! progress ( ! "w4 ,:5 fifty miles 7 out1 ! cable p>t$ aga9 at "s po9t betwe5 ! vessels & !y aga9 s\ght ! r5dezv\s 9 mid-,atlantic4 ,suffici5t cable /ill rema9$ & a ?ird />t 0 made4 ,= a few days all w5t well & "s f\r hundr$ miles ( cable _h be5 laid ) success z ! messages pass+ f %ip to %ip cle>ly demon/rat$4 ,field1 ,?omson1 & ,bright began to believe t _! great ent]prise 0 to be cr[n$ ) success :5 ! cable broke aga91 ?is "t ab\t tw5ty feet a/]n ( ! ,agamemnon4 ,?is "t !re 0 no app>5t reason = ! mi%ap1 ! cable hav+ p>t$ )\t w>n+ :5 "u no unusual /ra94 ,! vessels return$ to ,que5/[n1 & ,field & ,?omson w5t to ,london1 :]e ! directors ( ! company 7 assembl$4 ,_m 7 9 favor ( ab&on+ ! ent]prise1 sell+ ! rema9+ cable = :at x w\ld br+1 & sav+ z mu* ( _! inve/m5t z possible4 ,b ,field & ,?omson 7 n ( ! sort :o are easily disc\rag$1 & !y manag$ to r\se fre% c\rage 9 _! associates4 ,yet ano!r attempt 0 decid$ ^u1 & ) repl5i%$ /ores ! ,agamemnon & ,niag>a once aga9 proce$$ to ! r5dezv\s4 ,! f\r? />t 0 made on ! #bi? ( ,july4 ,on sev]al occasions z ! "w progress$ communication fail$1 & ,pr(essor ,?omson on ! ,agamemnon & ! o!r electricians on ! ,niag>a sp5t _m anxi\s mom5ts fe>+ t ! l9e _h aga9 be5 sev]$4 ,on ea* occasion1 h[ev]1 ! curr5t resum$4 ,x 0 aft]w>d det]m9$ t ! difficulties 7 because ( faulty batt]ies r ?an leaks 9 ! cable4 ,on bo? %ips bad spots 7 f\nd 9 ! cable z x 0 uncoil$ & "s quick "w 0 necess>y to repair !m be=e !y dropp$ into ! sea1 s9ce x 0 practically impossible to /op ! fl[ ( ! cable )\t break+ x4 ,! ,niag>a _h "s n>r[ escapes f iceb]gs1 & ! ,agamemnon _h difficulties ) %ips :i* pass$ too close & a :ale :i* swam close to ! %ip & graz$ ! preci\s cable4 ,b ?is "t !re 0 no break & ! %ips approa*$ _! respective de/9ations ) ! cable /ill c>ry+ messages betwe5 !m4 ,! ,niag>a rea*$ ! ,newf\ndl& coa/ on ,augu/ #d?1 & e>ly ! next morn+ l&$ ! cable 9 ! cable-h\se at ,tr9ity ,bay4 ,! ,agamemnon rea*$ ! ,iri% coa/ b a few h\rs lat]1 & h] end ( ! cable 0 l&$ on ! aft]noon ( ! same day4 ,! public1 because ( ! repeat$ failures1 _h come to look ^u ! cable project z a sort ( gigantic wild-goose *ase4 ,! news t a cable _h at la/ be5 laid across ! ocean 0 receiv$ ) incr$ulity4 ,becom+ conv9c$ at la/1 !re 0 great rejoic+ 9 ,engl& & ,am]ica4 ,que5 ,victoria s5t to ,presid5t ,bu*anan a congratulatory message 9 :i* %e express$ ! hope t ! electric cable :i* n[ connects ,great ,brita9 ) ! ,unit$ ,/ates w prove an additional l9k betwe5 ! two nations1 ^: fri5d%ip is f\nd$ ^u _! mutual int]e/ & reciprocal e/eem4 ,! ,presid5t respond$ 9 simil> ve91 & express$ ! hope t ! neutrality ( ! cable might be e/abli%$4 ,honors 7 %[]$ ^u ! lead]s 9 ! ent]prise4 ,*>les ,bright1 ! *ief eng9e]1 0 knight$1 ?\gh he 0 !n b tw5ty-six ye>s ( age4 ,banquet aft] banquet 0 held 9 ,engl& at :i* ,bright & ,?omson 7 ! gue/s ( honor4 ,new ,york celebrat$ 9 simil> fa%ion4 ,a gr& salute ( "o hundr$ guns 0 fir$1 ! /reets 7 decorat$1 & ! city 0 illum9at$ at night4 ,! fe/ivities rose to ! highe/ pit* 9 ,septemb] ) ,field receiv+ ! plaudits ( all ,new ,york4 ,special s]vices 7 held 9 ,tr9ity ,*ur*1 & a great celebration 0 held 9 ,cry/al ,palace4 ,! mayor pres5t$ to ,field a gold5 casket1 & ! c]emony 0 foll[$ by a tor*light p>ade4 ,t v day ! la/ message w5t ov] ! wire4 ,! %ock to ! public 0 trem5d\s4 ,_m insi/$ t ! cable _h nev] be5 op]at$ & t ! entire affair 0 a hoax4 ,?is 0 quickly disprov$4 ,aside f ! messages betwe5 ,que5 & ,presid5t _m news messages _h gone ov] ! cable & x _h prov$ ( great value to ! ,briti% ,gov]nm5t4 ,! ,indian mut9y _h be5 9 progress & regim5ts 9 ,canada _h receiv$ ord]s by mail to sail = ,india4 ,news rea*$ ,engl& t ! mut9y 0 at an end1 & ! cable enabl$ ! ,gov]nm5t to c\nt]m& ! ord]s1 ?us sav+ a qu>t] ( a million doll>s t w\ld h be5 exp5d$ 9 transport+ ! troops4 ,! eng9e]s to :om ! op]ations ( ! cable _h be5 intru/$ _h decid$ t v high voltages 7 necess>y to its successful op]ation4 ,!y _h accord+ly in/all$ huge induction coils & s5t curr5ts ( two ?\s& volts ov] ! l9e4 ,ev5 ?is voltage _h fail$ to op]ate ! ,morse in/rum5ts1 ! drag by induction prov+ too great4 ,! /ra9 ( ?is high voltage _h a v s]i\s effect ^u ! insulation4 ,ab&on+ ! ,morse in/rum5ts & ! high voltage1 rec\rse 0 !n _h to ,pr(essor ,?omson's in/rum5ts1 :i* prov$ entirely effective ) ord9>y batt]y curr5t4 ,because ( ! effect ( induction ! curr5t is mu* delay$ 9 travel+ ?r\gh a long subm>9e cable & arrives 9 waves4 ,pr(essor ,?omson devis$ 8 mirror galvanomet] to meet ?is difficulty4 ,?is device consi/s ( a l>ge coil ( v f9e wire1 9 ! c5t] ( :i*1 9 a small air-*amb]1 is a t9y mirror4 ,m\nt$ on ! back ( ! mirror are v small magnets4 ,! mirror is susp5d$ by a fib] ( ! f9e/ silk4 ,?us ! weake/ ( curr5ts com+ 9 ov] ! wire s]ve to deflect ! mirror1 & a beam ( light be+ direct$ ^u ! mirror & reflect$ by x ^u a scre51 ! slighte/ movem5t ( ! mirror is made visible4 ,if ! mirror sw+s too f> its action is dead5$ by compress+ ! air 9 ! *amb]4 ,! in/rum5t is "o ( ! greate/ delicacy4 ,su* 0 ! greate/ contribution ( ,pr(essor ,?omson to subm>9e telegraphy4 ,)\t x ! cable c\ld n h be5 op]at$ ev5 = a %ort p]iod4 ,_h x be5 us$ f ! fir/ ! l9e w\ld n h be5 ru9$ & might h be5 us$ = a consid]able p]iod4 ,pr(essor ,?omson toge!r ) ,eng9e] ,bright made a c>eful inve/igation ( ! causes ( failure4 ,! pr(essor po9t$ out t _h ! mirror galvanomet] be5 us$ ) a mod]ate curr5t ! cable c\ld h be5 cont9u$ 9 successful op]ation4 ,ha cont9u$ to improve ?is app>atus & at ! same "t busi$ himself ) a record+ in/rum5t to be us$ = cable "w4 ,bo? ,?omson & ,bright _h recomm5d$ a l>g] & /rong] cable1 & o!r failures 9 cable-lay+ 9 ! ,r$ ,sea & else:]e 9 ! next few ye>s bore out _! cont5tions4 ,b ) ea* failure new exp]i5ce 0 ga9$ & me?ods 7 p]fect$4 ,pr(essor ,?omson cont9u$ 8 "w ) ! utmo/ dilig5ce & cont9u$ to add to ! fund ( sci5tific k on ! subject4 ,s x 0 t he 0 prep>$ to take 8 place z sci5tific lead] ( ! next great ef=t4 ,x ,a ,,successful ,,cable ,,atta9$ ,field ,raises ,new ,capital--,! ,great ,ea/]n ,secur$ & ,equipp$--,/aff ,organiz$ ) ,pr(essor ,?omson z ,sci5tific ,director--,cable ,p>ts & is ,lo/--,field ,p]sev]es--,! ,cable ,recov]$--,! ,cont95ts ,l9k$ at ,la/--,a ,comm]cial ,success--,public ,jubilation--,mod]n ,cables4 ,! e>ly 'sixties 7 try+ ye>s = ! cable pione]s4 ,x requir$ all ( ,field's spl5did g5ius & en]gy to keep ! project alive4 ,9 ! face ( repeat$ failures1 & d\bt z to :e!r messages c\ld be s5t rapidly en\gh to make any cable a comm]cial success1 x 0 extremely difficult to raise fre% capital4 ,am]ica cont9u$ to ev9ce int]e/ 9 ! cable1 b )1 ! ,civil ,w> 9 progress x 0 n easy to raise funds4 ,b no disc\ragem5t c\ld det] ,field4 ,?\gh he suff]$ sev]ely f seasickness1 he cross$ ! ,atlantic sixty-f\r times 9 behalf ( ! great ent]prise :i* he _h begun4 ,x 0 necess>y to raise ?ree million doll>s to provide a cable ( ! improv$ type decid$ ^u & to in/all x prop]ly4 ,! ,engli% firm ( ,glass1 ,eliot ,company1 :i* 0 to manufacture ! cable1 took a v l>ge "p ( ! /ock4 ,! new cable 0 design$ 9 accordance ) ! pr9ciples enunciat$ by ,pr(essor ,?omson4 ,! conductor consi/$ ( sev5 wires ( pure copp]1 weigh+ ?ree hundr$ p\nds to ! mile4 ,?is copp] core 0 cov]$ ) ,*att]ton's comp\nd1 :i* s]v$ z wat]-pro(+4 ,?is 0 surr\nd$ by f\r lay]s ( gutta-p]*a1 cem5t$ toge!r by ! comp\nd1 & ab\t ?is hemp 0 w\nd4 ,! out] lay] consi/$ ( eighte5 /eel wires w\nd spirally1 ea* be+ cov]$ ) a wrapp+ ( hemp impregnat$ ) a pres]vative solution4 ,! new cable 0 twice z heavy z ! old & m ?an twice z /rong1 a great advance hav+ be5 made 9 ! me?ods ( manufactur+ /eel wire4 ,x 0 decid$ t ! cable %\ld1 be laid by "o vessel1 in/ead ( endeavor+ to "w f two z 9 ! pa/4 ,happily1 a boat 0 available :i* 0 fitt$ to c>ry ?is enorm\s burd54 ,?is 0 ! ,great ,ea/]n1 a mammo? vessel f> 9 advance ( h] "t4 ,?is great %ip ( #bb1ejj tons _h be5 complet$ 9 #aheg1 b _h n prov$ a comm]cial success4 ,! docks ( t day 7 n adequate1 ! h>bors 7 n deep en\gh1 & ! c>goes 7 insuffici5t4 ,%e _h long la9 idle :5 %e 0 secur$ by ! cable company & fitt$ out = ! purpose ( lay+ ! cable1 :i* 0 ! fir/ useful "w :i* _h be5 f\nd = ! great %ip4 ,! #b1cjj miles ( heavy cable 0 coil$ into ! hull & pay+-out ma*9]y 0 in/all$ ^u ! decks4 ,huge quantities ( coal & o!r supplies 7 add$4 ,capt4 ,james ,&]son ( ! ,cun>d ,l9e 0 plac$ 9 comm& ( ! %ip = ! exp$ition1 ) ,capta9 ,mori>ty1 ,r4,n41 z navigat+ (fic]4 ,pr(essor ,?omson & ,mr4 ,c4,f4 ,v>ley repres5t$ ! ,atlantic ,telegraph ,company z electricians & sci5tific advis]s4 ,mr4 ,samuel ,cann+ 0 eng9e] 9 *>ge = ! contractors4 ,mr4 ,field 0 also on bo>d4 ,x 0 on ,july #bc1 #ahfe1 t ! exp$ition />t$ f ! ,iri% coa/1 :]e ! ea/]n end ( ! cable _h be5 l&$4 ,less ?an a hundr$ miles ( cable _h be5 laid :5 ! electricians discov]$ a fault 9 ! cable4 ,! ,great ,ea/]n 0 /opp$1 ! c\rse 0 retrac$1 & ! cable pick$ up until ! fault 0 rea*$4 ,x 0 f\nd t a piece ( iron wire _h 9 "s way pi]c$ ! cable s t ! insulation 0 ru9$4 ,?is 0 repair$ & ! "w ( lay+ 0 aga9 comm5c$4 ,five days lat]1 :5 "s sev5 hundr$ miles ( cable _h be5 laid1 communication 0 aga9 int]rupt$1 & once aga9 !y turn$ back1 labori\sly lift+ ! heavy cable f ! dep?s1 se>*+ = ! break4 ,aga9 a wire 0 f\nd ?ru/ ?r\gh ! cable1 & ?is occasion$ no little worry1 z x 0 fe>$ t ?is 0 be+ done malici\sly4 ,x 0 on ,augu/ #b;d t ! next fault 0 discov]$4 ,ne>ly two-?irds ( ! cable 0 n[ 9 place & ! dep? 0 "h ov] "o mile4 ,rais+ ! cable 0 p>ticul>ly difficult1 & j at ?is juncture ! ,great ,ea/]n's ma*9]y broke d[n1 leav+ h] )\t p[] & at ! m]cy ( ! waves4 ,subject$ to an enorm\s /ra91 ! preci\s cable p>t$ & 0 lo/4 ,despite ! great dep?1 ef=ts 7 made to grapple ! lo/ cable4 ,twice ! cable 0 hook$1 b on bo? occasions ! rope p>t$ & aft] days ( t$i\s "w ! supply ( rope 0 exhau/$ & x 0 necess>y to return to ,engl&4 ,/ill ano!r cable exp$ition _h end$ 9 failure4 ,field1 ! indomitable1 began all ov] aga91 rais+ additional funds = a new />t4 ,! ,great ,ea/]n _h prov$ entirely satisfactory1 & x 0 hop$ t ) improvem5ts 9 ! grappl+-ge> ! cable might be recov]$4 ,! old company gave way be=e a new organization kn[n z ! ,anglo-,am]ican ,telegraph ,company4 ,x 0 decid$ to lay an entirely new cable1 & !n to endeavor to complete ! "o p>tially laid 9 #ahfe4 ,) no s]vices o!r ?an private pray]s at ! /ation on ! ,iri% %ore1 ! ,great ,ea/]n /eam$ away = ! new ef=t on ,july #ac1 #ahff4 ,?is "t ! pr9cipal difficulties arose )9 ! %ip4 ,twice ! cable became tangl$ 9 ! tanks & x 0 necess>y to /op ! %ip :ile ! mass 0 /raight5$ out4 ,mo/ ( ! "t ! c(fee-mill1 z ! seam5 call$ ! pay+-out ma*9]y1 gr\nd /eadily away & ! cable sank into ! sea4 ,z ! "w progress$ ,field & ,?omson1 :o _h suff]$ s _m failures 9 _! great ent]prise1 wat*$ ) increas+ anxiety4 ,!y 7 almo/ afraid to hope t ! good =tune w\ld cont9ue4 ,j two weeks aft] ! ,iri% coa/ _h be5 left beh9d ! ,great ,ea/]n approa*$ ,newf\ndl& j z ! %ad[s ( night 7 add$ to ^? ( a ?ick fog4 ,on ! next morn+1 ,july #bh?1 %e /eam$ into ,tr9ity ,bay1 :]e flags 7 fly+ 9 ! little t[n 9 honor ( ! great accompli%m5t4 ,amid salutes & *e]s ! cable 0 l&$ & communication betwe5 ! cont95ts 0 e/abli%$4 ,almo/ ! fir/ news t came ov] ! wire 0 t ( ! sign+ ( ! treaty ( peace :i* end$ ! w> betwe5 ,prussia & ,au/ria4 ,e>ly 9 ,augu/ ! ,great ,ea/]n aga9 /eam$ away to se>* = ! cable brok5 ! ye> be=e4 ,arriv+ on ! spot1 ! grapples 7 ?r[n out & ! t$i\s "w ( dragg+ ! sea-bottom 0 begun4 ,aft] _m ef=ts ! cable 0 f9ally secur$ & rais$ to ! surface4 ,a new section 0 splic$ on & ! %ip aga9 turn$ t[>d ,am]ica4 ,on ,septemb] #g? ! second cable 0 successfully l&$1 & two wires 7 n[ 9 op]ation betwe5 ! cont95ts4 ,?us 0 ! great task d\bly fulfill$4 ,once aga9 !re 7 public celebrations 9 ,engl& & ,am]ica4 ,field receiv$ ! des]v$ plaudits ( 8 c\ntrym5 & ,?omson 0 knight$ 9 recognition ( 8 a*ievem5ts4 ,illu/ration3 ,,! ,,great ,,ea/]n ,,lay+ ,,! ,,atlantic ,,cable4 #ahff ,! new cables prov$ a success & 7 kept 9 op]ation = _m ye>s4 ,?omson's mirror receiv] _h be5 improv$ until x display$ rem>kable s5sitiv5ess4 ,us+ ! curr5t f a batt]y plac$ 9 a lady's ?imble1 a message 0 s5t across ! ,atlantic ?r\gh "o cable & back ?r\gh ! o!r4 ,pr(essor ,?omson 0 to give to subm>9e telegraphy an ev5 m rem>kable in/rum5t4 ,! mirror in/rum5t did n give a p]man5t record ( ! messages4 ,! problem ( devis+ a means ( record+ ! messages delicate en\gh s t x c\ld be op]at$ ) rapidity by ! fa9t curr5ts com+ ov] a long cable 0 extremely difficult4 ,b ,?omson solv$ x ) 8 siphon record]4 ,9 ?is a small coil is susp5d$ betwe5 ! poles ( a l>ge magnet2 ! coil be+ free to turn ^u its axis4 ,:5 ! curr5t f ! cable passes ?r\gh ! coil x moves1 & s v>ies ! position ( ! ink-siphon :i* is atta*$ to x4 ,! friction ( a p5 on pap] w\ld h prov$ too great a drag on s delicate an in/rum5t1 & s a t9y jet ( ink f ! siphon 0 sub/itut$4 ,! ink is made to pass ?r\gh ! siphon ) suffici5t =ce to m>k d[n ! message by a delightfully +5i\s me?od4 ,?omson simply arrang$ to electrify ! ink1 & x ru%es ?r\gh ! t9y op5+ on to ! pap] j z lightn+ leaps f cl\d to e>?4 ,pr(essor1 n[ ,sir1 ,?omson cont9u$ to take an active "p 9 ! "w ( design+ & lay+ new cables4 ,n only did he contribute ! app>atus & ! sci5tific in=mation :i* made cables possible1 b he atta9$ r5[n z a physici/ & a sci5ti/ 9 _m o!r fields4 ,9 #ahib he 0 giv5 ! title ( ,"l ,kelv91 & x 0 by ?is "n t he 0 kn[n z ! lead+ physici/ ( 8 day4 ,he surviv$ until #aijg4 ,to ,cyrus ,w4 ,field mu/ be assign$ a v l>ge %>e ( ! cr$it = ! e/abli%m5t ( telegraphic communication betwe5 ! cont95ts4 ,he gave 8 =tune & all ( 8 trem5d\s en]gy & ability to ! ent]prise & kept x alive ?r\gh failure aft] failure4 ,he 0 a promot] ( ! highe/ type1 ! bus9ess man :o recogniz$ a great human ne$ & a great opportunity = s]vice4 ,)\t 8 ef=ts ! sci5tific discov]ies ( ,?omson c\ld sc>cely h be5 put to practical use4 ,! success ( ! fir/ cable inspir$ o!rs4 ,9 #ahfi a cable f ,france to ! ,unit$ ,/ates 0 laid f ! ,great ,ea/]n4 ,9 #ahge ! ,direct ,unit$ ,/ates ,cable ,company laid ano!r cable to ,engl&1 :i* 0 foll[$ by ano!r cable to ,france4 ,"o cable aft] ano!r 0 laid until !re are n[ a score4 ,?is second great developm5t 9 communication s]v$ to br+ ! two cont95ts mu* clos] toge!r 9 bus9ess & 9 ?\ght & has prov$ ( untold b5efit4 ,,xi ,,alex&] ,,graham ,,bell1 ,,! ,,y\? ,! ,family's ,int]e/ 9 ,spee* ,improvem5t--,e>ly ,life-,influ5ce ( ,sir ,*>les ,:eat/one--,he ,comes to ,am]ica--,visible ,spee* & ! ,mohawks--,! ,bo/on ,s*ool = ,deaf ,mutes--,! ,p]sonality ( ,bell4 ,! m5 ( ! ,bell family1 = ?ree g5]ations1 h int]e/$ !mselves 9 human spee*4 ,! gr&fa!r1 ! fa!r1 & ! uncle ( ,alex&] ,graham ,bell 7 all elocutioni/s ( note4 ,! gr&fa!r a*iev$ fame 9 ,london2 ! uncle1 9 ,dubl92 & ! fa!r1 9 ,ed9burgh4 ,! fa!r appli$ himself p>ticul>ly to devis+ means ( in/ruct+ ! deaf 9 spee*4 ,8 book on ,visible ,spee* expla9$ 8 me?od ( in/ruct+ deaf mutes 9 spee* by ! aid ( _! sight1 & ( tea*+ !m to und]/& ! spee* ( o!rs by wat*+ _! lips z ! words are spok54 ,alex&] ,graham ,bell 0 born 9 ,ed9burgh 9 #ahdg1 & receiv$ 8 e>ly education 9 ! s*ools ( t city4 ,he lat] /udi$ at ,w>zburg1 ,g]many1 :]e he receiv$ ! degree ( ,doctor ( ,philosophy4 ,he foll[$ v naturally 9 ! foot/eps ( 8 fa!r1 tak+ an e>ly int]e/ 9 ! /udy ( spee*4 ,he 0 especially anxi\s to aid 8 "m1 :o 0 deaf4 ,z a boy he exhibit$ a g5ius = inv5tion1 z well z = ac\/ics4 ,mu* ( ?is 0 duo to ! wise enc\ragem5t ( 8 fa!r4 ,he himself has told ( a boyhood inv5tion4 ,my fa!r once ask$ my bro!r ,melville & myself to try to make a speak+-ma*9e1 ,i don't suppose he ?\ght we c\ld produce any?+ ( value1 9 itself4 ,b he knew we c\ld n ev5 exp]im5t & manufacture any?+ :i* ev5 tri$ to speak1 )\t le>n+ some?+ ( ! voice & ! ?roat2 & ! m\?--all t wond]ful me*anism ( s\nd production 9 :i* he 0 s int]e/$4 ,s my bro!r & ,i w5t to "w4 ,we divid$ ! task--he 0 to make ! lungs & ! vocal cords1 ,i 0 to make ! m\? & ! tongue4 ,he made a bell[s = ! lungs & a v good vocal app>atus out ( rubb]4 ,i procur$ a skull & mold$ a tongue ) rubb] /uff$ ) cotton wool1 & suppli$ ! s(t p>ts ( ! ?roat ) ! same mat]ial ,!n ,i arrang$ jo9ts1 s ! jaw & ! tongue c\ld move4 ,x 0 a great day = u :5 we fitt$ ! two p>ts ( ! device toge!r4 ,did x speak8 ,x squeak$ & squawk$ a good deal1 b x made a v passable imitation ( ,mam-ma--,mam-ma4 ,x s\nd$ v mu* l a baby4 ,my fa!r want$ u to g on & try to get o!r s\nds1 b we 7 s int]e/$ 9 :at we _h done we want$ to try x out4 ,s we proce$$ to use x to make p ?9k !re 0 a baby 9 ! h\se1 & :5 we made x cry ,mam-ma1 & he>d doors op5+ & p com+1 we 7 q happy4 ,:at has become ( ,x8 ,well1 t 0 across ! ocean1 9 ,scotl&1 b ,i believe ! m\? & tongue "p t ,i made is 9 ,georget[n some:]e2 ,i saw x n long ago4 ,! inv5tor tells ( ano!r boyhood inv5tion t1 ?\gh x _h no connection ) s\nd or spee*1 %[s 8 native +5uity4 ,aga9 we w tell x 9 8 own words4 ,i rememb] my fir/ inv5tion v well4 ,!re 7 sev]al ( u boys1 & we 7 fond ( play+ ar\nd a mill :]e !y gr\nd :eat into fl\r4 ,! mill]'s son 0 "o ( ! boys1 & ,i am afraid he %[$ u h[ to be a good deal ( a nuisance to 8 fa!r4 ,"o day ! mill] call$ u into ! mill & said1 ,:y don't y d some?+ useful in/ead ( j play+ all ! "t8 ,i wasn't afraid ( ! mill] z mu* z 8 son 01 s ,i said1 ,well1 :at c we d t is useful8 ,he took up a h&ful ( :eat1 ran x ov] 9 8 h& & said3 ,look at t6 ,if y c\ld manage to get ! husks (f t :eat1 t w\ld be do+ some?+ useful6 ,s ,i took "s :eat home ) me & exp]im5t$4 ,i f\nd ! husks came (f )\t mu* difficulty4 ,i tri$ bru%+ !m (f & !y came (f beautifully4 ,!n x occurr$ to me t bru%+ 0 no?+ b apply+ friction to !m4 ,if ,i c\ld bru% ! husks (f1 :y c\ldn't ! husks be rubb$ (f8 ,!re 0 9 ! mill a ma*9e--,i don't "k :at x 0 =--b x :irl$ its cont5ts1 :atev] x 01 ar\nd 9 a drum4 ,i ?\ght1 ,:y w\ldn't ! husks come (f if ! raw :eat 0 :irl$ ar\nd 9 t drum8 ,s back ,i w5t to ! mill] & sugge/$ ! idea to him4 ,:y1 he said1 t's a good idea4 ,s he call$ 8 =eman & !y tri$ x1 & ! husks came (f beautifully1 & !y've be5 tak+ husks (f t way ev] s9ce4 ,t 0 my v fir/ inv5tion1 & x l$ me to ?9k+ = myself1 & really _h q an influ5ce on my way & me?ods ( ?\ght4 ,up to 8 sixte5? ye> "y ,bell's read+ consi/$ l>gely ( novels1 poetry1 & romantic tales ( ,scot* h]oes4 ,b 9 addition he 0 pick+ up "s k ( anatomy1 music1 electricity1 & telegraphy4 ,:5 he 0 b sixte5 ye>s ( age 8 fa!r secur$ = him a position z tea*] ( elocution & ?is necess>ily turn$ 8 ?\ght into m s]i\s *annels4 ,he n[ sp5t 8 leisure /udy+ s\nd4 ,dur+ ?is p]iod he made sev]al discov]ies 9 s\nd :i* 7 ( "s small importance4 ,:5 he 0 tw5ty-"o ye>s ( age he w5t to ,london & !re _h ! good =tune to come to ! att5tion ( ,*>les ,:eat/one & ,alex ,j4 ,ellis4 ,ellis 0 at t "t presid5t ( ! ,london ,philological ,society1 & _h translat$ ,helmholtz's ,! ,s5sation ( ,tone into ,engli%4 ,he _h made no little progress ) s\nd1 & demon/rat$ to ,bell ! me?ods by :i* ,g]man sci5ti/s _h caus$ tun+-=ks to vibrate by means ( electro-magnets & _h comb9$ ! tones ( sev]al tun+-=ks 9 an ef=t to reproduce ! s\nd ( ! human voice4 ,helmholtz _h p]=m$ ?is exp]im5t simply to demon/rate ! physical basis ( s\nd1 & seems to h _h no idea ( its possible use 9 telephony4 ,t an electro-magnet c\ld vibrate a tun+-=k & s produce s\nd 0 an entirely new & fasc9at+ idea to ! y\?4 ,x appeal$ to 8 imag9ation1 quick5$ by 8 k ( spee*4 ,:y n an electrical telegraph8 he ask$ himself4 ,8 idea seems to h be5 t ! electric curr5t c\ld c>ry diff]5t notes ov] ! wire & reproduce !m by means ( ! electro-magnet4 ,al?\gh ,bell did n "k x1 _m o!rs 7 /ruggl+ ) ! same problem1 ! answ] to :i* prov$ mo/ elusive4 ,x gave ,bell a />t+-po9t1 & ! se>* = ! telephone began4 ,sir ,*>les ,:eat/one 0 !n ,engl&'s lead+ man ( sci5ce1 & s ,bell s\ght 8 c\nsel4 ,:eat/one receiv$ ! "y man & li/5$ to 8 /atem5t ( 8 ideas & ambitions & gave him e enc\ragem5t4 ,he %[$ him a talk+-ma*9e :i* _h rec5tly be5 inv5t$ by ,b>on de ,kempel91 & gave him ! opportunity to /udy x closely4 ,?us ,bell1 ! eag] /ud5t1 ! unkn[n y\? ( tw5ty-two1 came "u ! influ5ce ( ,:eat/one1 ! fam\s sci5ti/ & inv5tor ( sixty-sev54 ,?is influ5ce play$ a great "p 9 %ap+ ,bell's c>e]1 ar\s+ z x did 8 passion = sci5ce4 ,?is decid$ him to devote himself to ! problem ( reproduc+ s\nds by me*anical means4 ,?us a new improvem5t 9 ! means ( human communication 0 be+ s\ght & ano!r pione] ( sci5ce 0 at "w4 ,! dea? ( ! two bro!rs ( ! "y sci5ti/ f tub]culosis1 & ! physician's report t he himself 0 ?reat5$ by ! dread malady1 =c$ a *ange 9 8 plans & )drew him f an atmosph]e :i* 0 s favorable to ! developm5t ( 8 great ideas4 ,he 0 told t he mu/ seek a new climate & lead a m vigor\s life 9 ! op54 ,accompani$ by 8 fa!r1 he remov$ to ,am]ica & at ! age ( tw5ty-six took up ! /ruggle = heal? 9 ! little ,canadian t[n ( ,brant=d4 ,he occupi$ himself by tea*+ 8 fa!r's sy/em ( visible spee* among ! ,mohawk ,indians4 ,9 ?is "w he met ) no little success4 ,at ! same "t he 0 ga9+ 9 bodily vigor & ?r[+ (f ! t5d5cy to consumption :i* _h ?reat5$ 8 life4 ,he did n =get ! great idea :i* fill$ 8 imag9ation & eag]ly s\ght ! telephone ) su* crude means z 7 at h&4 ,he succe$$ 9 design+ a piano :i*1 ) ! aid ( ! electric curr5t1 c\ld transmit its music ov] a wire & reproduce x4 ,:ile lectur+ 9 ,bo/on on 8 sy/em ( tea*+ visible spee*1 ! eld] ,bell receiv$ a reque/ to locate 9 t city & take up 8 "w 9 its s*ools4 ,he decl9$ ! (f]1 b recomm5d$ 8 son z "o entirely compet5t = ! position4 ,alex&] ,graham ,bell receiv$ ! (f]1 :i* he accept$1 & he 0 soon at "w tea*+ ! deaf mutes 9 ! s*ool :i* ,bo/on _h op5$ = ^? ?us afflict$4 ,he met ) ! greate/ success 9 8 "w1 & ere long a*iev$ a national reputation4 ,dur+ ! fir/ ye> ( 8 "w1 #ahga1 he 0 ! s5sation ( ! educational _w4 ,bo/on ,univ]sity (f]$ him a pr(essor%ip1 9 :i* position he taught o!rs 8 sy/em ( tea*+1 ) increas$ success4 ,! dem& = 8 s]vices l$ him to op5 a ,s*ool ( ,vocal ,physiology4 ,he _h made "s improvem5ts 9 8 fa!r's sy/em = tea*+ ! deaf & dumb to speak & to und]/& spok5 words1 & display$ great ability z a tea*]4 ,8 exp]im5ts ) telegraphy & telephony _h be5 laid aside1 & !re seem$ little *ance t he w\ld turn f ! "w 9 :i* he 0 accompli%+ s mu* = s _m suff]]s1 & :i* 0 br++ a com=table f9ancial return1 & aga9 und]take ! t$i\s "w 9 se>* = a telephone4 ,=tunately1 ,bell 0 to e/abli% close relation%ips ) ^? :o und]/ood & appreciat$ 8 abilities & gave him enc\ragem5t 9 8 se>* = a new means ( communication4 ,?omas ,s&]s1 a resid5t ( ,salem1 _h a five-ye>-old son nam$ ,georgie :o 0 a deaf mute4 ,mr4 ,s&]s s\ght ,bell's tutelage = 8 son1 & x 0 agre$ t ,bell %\ld give ,georgie private lessons = ! sum ( ?ree hundr$ & fifty doll>s a ye>4 ,x 0 also arrang$ t ,bell 0 to reside at ! ,s&]s home 9 ,salem4 ,he made arrangem5ts to conduct 8 future exp]im5ts !re4 ,ano!r pupil :o came to him ab\t ?is "t 0 ,mabel ,hubb>d1 a fifte5-ye>-old girl :o _h lo/ h] he>+ & consequ5tly h] p[]s ( spee*1 ?r\gh an attack ( sc>let fev] :5 an infant4 ,%e 0 a g5tle & lovable girl1 & ,bell fell completely 9 love ) 8 pupil4 ,f\r ye>s lat] he 0 to m>ry h] & %e 0 to prove a l>ge influ5ce 9 help+ him to success4 ,%e took ! livelie/ int]e/ 9 all ( 8 exp]im5ts & enc\rag$ him to new endeavor aft] ea* failure4 ,%e kept 8 records & notes & wrote 8 lett]s4 ,?r\gh h] ,bell secur$ ! support ( h] fa!r1 ,g>d9] ,g4 ,hubb>d1 :o 0 widely kn[n z "o ( ,bo/on's able/ lawy]s4 ,he 0 de/9$ to become ,bell's *ief spokesman & def5d]4 ,hubb>d fir/ became aw>e ( ,bell's inv5tive g5ius :5 ! latt] 0 call+ "o ev5+ at ! ,hubb>d home 9 ,cambridge4 ,bell 0 illu/rat+ "s my/]ies ( ac\/ics ) ! aid ( ! piano4 ,d y "k1 he rem>k$1 t if ,i s+ ! note ,g close to ! /r+s ( ! piano1 ! ,g /r+ w answ] me8 ,?is did n impress ! lawy]1 :o ask$ its significance4 ,x is a fact ( trem5d\s importance1 answ]$ ,bell4 ,x is evid5ce t we may "s day h a musical telegraph :i* w enable u to s5d z _m messages simultane\sly ov] "o wire z !re are notes on t piano4 ,f t "t =w>d ,hubb>d took e occasion to enc\rage ,bell to c>ry =w>d 8 exp]im5ts 9 musical telegraphy4 ,z a "y man ,bell 0 tall & sl5d]1 ) jet-black eyes & hair1 ! latt] be+ pu%$ back into a curly tangle4 ,he 0 s5sitive & high-/rung1 v mu* ! arti/ & ! man ( sci5ce4 ,8 en?usiasms 7 int5se1 &1 once 8 m9d 0 fill$ ) an idea1 he foll[$ x devot$ly4 ,he 0 v little ! practical bus9ess man & paid scant att5tion to ! small1 practical details ( life4 ,he 0 s int]e/$ 9 visible spee*1 & s ke5ly al]t to ! pa?os ( ! lives ( ! deaf mutes1 t he _m times s]i\sly consid]$ giv+ ov] all exp]im5ts ) ! musical telegraph & devot+ 8 entire life & en]gies to ! amelioration ( _! condition4 ,,xii ,,! ,,bir? ,,( ,,! ,,telephone ,! ,cell> at ,s&]ses'--,exp]im5tal ,beg9n+s--,magic ,reviv$ 9 ,salem ,t[n--,! ,dead ,man's ,e>--,! ,"r ,pa?--,tr\ble & ,disc\ragem5t--,! ,trip to ,wa%+ton--,pr(essor ,joseph ,h5ry--,! ,bo/on ,work%op--,! ,fir/ ,fa9t ,twang ( ! ,telephone--,e>ly ,developm5t4 ,alex&] ,graham ,bell _h n resid$ at ! ,s&]ses' home v long be=e he _h fitt$ ! basem5t up z a work%op4 ,= ?ree ye>s he haunt$ x1 sp5d+ all ( 8 leisure "t 9 8 exp]im5ts4 ,"h he _h 8 app>atus1 & ! basem5t 0 litt]$ ) a curi\s comb9ation ( electrical & ac\/ical devices--magnets1 batt]ies1 coils ( wire1 tun+-=ks1 speak+-trumpets1 etc4 ,bell _h a great horror t 8 ideas might be /ol5 & 0 v n]v\s ov] any possible intrusion into 8 preci\s work%op4 ,only ! memb]s ( ! ,s&]s family 7 all[$ to ent] ! basem5t4 ,he 0 equally cauti\s 9 pur*as+ supplies & equipm5t le/ 8 v pur*ases reveal ! nature ( 8 exp]im5ts4 ,he w\ld g to a half-doz5 diff]5t /ores = z _m articles4 ,he usually select$ ! night = 8 exp]im5ts1 & p\nd$ & scrap$ away indefatigably1 oblivi\s ( ! fact t ! family1 z well z himself1 0 sorely 9 ne$ ( re/4 ,bell w\ld (t5 awak5 me 9 ! middle ( ! night1 says ,mr4 ,s&]s1 8 black eyes blaz+ ) excitem5t4 ,leav+ me to g d[n to ! cell>1 he w\ld ru% wildly to ! b>n & beg9 to s5d me signals along 8 exp]im5tal wires4 ,if ,i notic$ any improvem5t 9 8 app>atus he w\ld be delight$4 ,he w\ld leap & :irl ar\nd 9 "o ( 8 'w>-dances1' & !n g cont5t$ly to b$4 ,b if ! exp]im5t 0 a failure he w\ld g back to 8 "w-b5* to try "s diff]5t plan4 ,9 common ) o!r exp]im5t]s :o 7 se>*+ = ! telephone1 ,bell 0 exp]im5t+ ) a sort ( musical telegraph4 ,eag]ly & p]si/5tly he s\ght ! means t w\ld replace ! telegraph ) its cumb]some signals by a new device :i* w\ld enable ! human voice itself to be transmitt$4 ,! long] he work$ ! great] did ! difficulties appe>4 ,8 "w ) ! deaf & dumb 0 allur+1 & on _m occasions he s]i\sly consid]$ giv+ ov] 8 o!r exp]im5ts & devot+ himself entirely to ! in/ruction ( ! deaf & dumb & to ! developm5t ( 8 sy/em ( mak+ spee* visible by mak+ ! s\nd-vibrations visible to ! eye4 ,b z he mus$ ov] ! difficulties 9 enabl+ a deaf mute to a*ieve spee* no?+ else seem$ impossible4 ,if ,i c make a deaf mute talk1 said ,bell1 ,i c make iron talk4 ,"o ( 8 e>ly ideas 0 to in/all a h>p at "o end ( ! wire & a speak+-trumpet at ! o!r4 ,8 plan 0 to transmit ! vibrations ov] ! wire & h ! voice reproduc$ by ! vibrations ( ! /r+s ( ! h>p4 ,by atta*+ a light p5cil or m>k] to a cord or membrane & caus+ ! latt] to vibrate by talk+ aga9/ x1 he c\ld secure trac+s ( ! s\nd-vibrations4 ,diff]5t trac+s 7 secur$ f diff]5t s\nds4 ,he ?us s\ght to tea* ! deaf to speak by sight4 ,at ?is "t ,bell enjoy$ ! fri5d%ip ( ,dr4 ,cl>5ce ,j4 ,blake1 an em95t ,bo/on auri/1 :o sugge/$ t ! exp]im5ts be conduct$ ) a human e> in/ead ( ) a me*anical app>atus 9 imitation ( ! e>4 ,bell eag]ly accept$ ! idea1 & ,doctor ,blake provid$ him ) an e> & connect+ organs cut f a dead man's head4 ,bell soon _h ! gha/ly specim5 set up 9 8 work%op4 ,he moi/5$ ! drum ) glyc]9e & wat] &1 sub/itut+ a /ylus ( hay = ! /apes bone1 he obta9$ a wond]ful s]ies ( curves :i* %[$ ! vibrations ( ! human voice z record$ by ! e>4 ,"o c sc>ce imag9e a /rang] picture ?an ,bell mu/ h pres5t$ 9 ! conduct ( ^? exp]im5ts4 ,we c almo/ see him ) 8 face ! pal] 9 contra/ ) 8 black hair & fla%+ black eyes z he %\t$ & :isp]$ by turns into ! gha/ly e>4 ,surely he mu/ h look$ ! madman1 & x is p]haps =tunate t he 0 n obs]v$ by impressionable memb]s ( ! public else !y w\ld h be5 conv9c$ t ! wit*es _h aga9 visit$ old ,salem t[n to ply _! magic anew4 ,b x 0 a new & v real & practical sort ( magic :i* 0 be+ work$ !re4 ,8 exp]im5ts ) ! dead man's e> br\ght to ,bell at lea/ "o important idea4 ,he not$ t1 ?\gh ! e>-drum 0 ?9 & light1 x 0 capable ( s5d+ vibrations ?r\gh ! heavy bones t lay back ( x4 ,& s he ?\ght ( us+ iron disks or membranes to s]ve ! purpose ( ! drum 9 ! e> & arrange !m s t !y w\ld vibrate an iron rod4 ,he ?\ght ( connect+ two su* in/rum5ts ) an electrifi$ wire1 "o ( :i* w\ld receive ! s\nd-vibrations & ! o!r ( :i* w\ld reproduce !m aft] !y _h be5 transmitt$ along ! wire4 ,at la/ ! exp]im5t] 0 on ! "r track1 ) a conception ( a practicable me?od ( transmitt+ s\nd4 ,he n[ possess$ a !oretical k ( :at ! telephone he s\ght %\ld be1 b !re yet rema9$ be=e him ! enorm\s task ( devis+ & con/ruct+ ! app>atus :i* w\ld c>ry out ! idea1 & f9d ! be/ way ( utiliz+ ! electrical curr5t = ?is "w4 ,bell 0 n[ at a critical po9t 9 8 c>e] & 0 confront$ by ! same difficulty :i* assails s _m inv5tors4 ,9 8 con/ant ef=ts to a*ieve a telephone he _h entirely neglect$ 8 s*ool ( vocal physiology1 :i* 0 n[ ab&on$4 ,georgie ,s&]s & ,mabel ,hubb>d 7 8 only pupils4 ,?\gh ,s&]s & ,hubb>d 7 g5u9ely int]e/$ 9 ,bell & 8 "w1 !y felt t he 0 impractical1 & 7 especially conv9c$ t 8 exp]im5ts ) ! e> & its imitations 7 entirely useless4 ,!y believ$ t ! electrical telegraph alone pres5t$ possibilities1 & !y told ,bell t unless he w\ld devote himself entirely to ! improvem5t ( ?is in/rum5t & cease wa/+ "t & money ov] e> toys t _h no comm]cial value !y w\ld no long] give him f9ancial support4 ,hubb>d w5t ev5 fur!r1 & insi/$ t if ,bell did n ab&on 8 fooli% notions he c\ld n m>ry 8 daught]4 ,bell 0 almo/ )\t funds1 8 close/ fri5ds n[ seem$ to turn ^u him1 & altoge!r he 0 9 a sorry plight4 ,( c\rse ,s&]s & ,hubb>d meant ! be/1 yet 9 reality !y 7 seek+ to drive _! protg 9 exactly ! wrong direction4 ,z f> back z #ahfj a ,g]man sci5ti/ nam$ ,philipp ,reis produc$ a musical telephone t ev5 transmitt$ a few imp]fect words4 ,b x w\ld n talk successfully4 ,o!rs _h foll[$ 9 8 foot/eps1 us+ ! musical telephone to transmit messages ) ! ,morse code by means ( long & %ort hums4 ,eli%a ,gray1 ( ,*icago1 also exp]im5t$ ) ! musical telegraph4 ,at ! transmitt+ end a vibrat+ /eel tongue s]v$ to int]rupt ! electric curr5t :i* pass$ ov] ! wire 9 waves1 &1 pass+ ?r\gh ! coils ( an electro-magnet at ! receiv+ end1 caus$ ano!r /rip ( /eel locat$ ne> ! magnet to vibrate & s produce a tone :i* v>i$ ) ! curr5t4 ,all ( ^! developm5ts dep5d$ ^u ! int]ruption ( ! curr5t by "s k9d ( a vibrat+ contact4 ,! limitations :i* ,s&]s & ,hubb>d s\ght to impose ^u ,bell1 _h !y be5 obey$ to ! lett]1 mu/ h prev5t$ 8 ultimate success4 ,9 a lett] to 8 "m at ?is "t1 he said3 ,i am n[ beg9n+ to realize ! c>es & anxieties ( be+ an inv5tor4 ,i h _h to put (f all pupils & classes1 = fle% & blood c\ld n /& mu* long] su* a /ra9 z ,i h _h ^u me4 ,b good =tune 0 de/9$ to come to ,bell along ) ! bad4 ,on an en=c$ trip to ,wa%+ton to consult 8 pat5t attorney--a trip he c\ld sc>ce raise funds to make--,bell met ,pr(4 ,joseph ,h5ry4 ,we h se5 ! "p :i* ?is em95t sci5ti/ _h play$ 9 ! developm5t ( ! telegraph4 ,n[ he 0 de/9$ to aid ,bell1 z he _h aid$ ,morse a g5]ation e>li]4 ,! two m5 sp5t a day ov] ! app>atus :i* ,bell _h ) him4 ,?\gh ,pr(essor ,h5ry 0 fifty ye>s 8 s5ior & ! lead+ sci5ti/ 9 ,am]ica1 ! y\? 0 able to demon/rate t he _h made a real discov]y4 ,y are 9 possession ( ! g]m ( a great inv5tion1 said ,h5ry1 & ,i w\ld advise y to "w at x until y h made x complete4 ,b1 repli$ ,bell1 ,i h n got ! electrical k t is necess>y4 ,get x1 0 ,h5ry's reply4 ,?is prov$ j ! /imulus ,bell ne$$1 & he return$ to ,bo/on ) a new det]m9ation to p]fect 8 great idea4 ,bell 0 no long] exp]im5t+ 9 ! ,s&]ses' cell>1 hav+ r5t$ a room 9 ,bo/on 9 :i* to c>ry on 8 "w4 ,he _h also secur$ ! s]vices ( an assi/ant1 "o ,?omas ,watson1 :o receiv$ n9e doll>s a week = 8 s]vices 9 ,bell's behalf4 ,! funds = ?is "w 7 suppli$ by ,s&]s & ,hubb>d jo9tly1 b !y insi/$ t ,bell %\ld cont9ue 8 exp]im5ts ) ! musical telegraph4 ,?\gh he 0 conv9c$ t ! opportunities lay 9 ! field ( telephony1 ,bell labor$ fai?fully = regul> p]iods ) ! devices 9 :i* 8 patrons 7 int]e/$4 ,! rema9d] ( 8 "t & en]gy he put ^u ! telephone4 ,! basis ( 8 telephone 0 /ill ! disk or diaphragm :i* w\ld vibrate :5 ! s\nd-waves ( ! voice 7 ?r[n aga9/ x4 ,beh9d ?is 7 m\nt$ v>i\s k9ds ( electro-magnets 9 s]ies ) ! electrifi$ wire ov] :i* ! inv5tor hop$ to s5d 8 messages4 ,= ?ree ye>s !y labor$ ) ?is app>atus1 try+ e conceivable sort ( disk4 ,x is easy to pass ov] ^? ?ree ye>s1 fill$ z !y 7 ) unceas+ toil & pati5t ef=t1 because !y 7 drab ye>s :5 little ( int]e/ occurr$4 ,b ^! 7 ! ye>s :5 ,bell & ,watson 7 go+ to s*ool1 le>n+ h[ to apply electricity to ?is new use1 /riv+ to make _! app>atus talk4 ,h[ dre>y & try+ ^! ye>s mu/ h be5 = ! exp]im5t]s we may well imag9e4 ,x requires no slight =ce ( w to hold oneself to su* a task 9 ! face ( failure aft] failure4 ,by ,june ( #ahge ,bell _h complet$ a new ,in/rum5t4 ,9 ?is ! diaphragm 0 a piece ( gold-beat]'s sk91 :i* ,bell _h select$ z mo/ closely resembl+ ! drum 9 ! human e>4 ,?is 0 /ret*$ tight to =m a sort ( drum1 & an armature ( magnetiz$ iron 0 fa/5$ to its middle4 ,?us ! bit ( iron 0 free to vibrate1 & opposite x 0 an electro-magnet ?r\gh :i* fl[$ ! curr5t t pass$ ov] ! l9e4 ,?is act$ z ! receiv]4 ,at ! o!r end ( ! wire 0 a sort ( crude h>monica ) a clock spr+1 re$1 & magnet4 ,bell & ,watson _h be5 work+ ^u _! crude app>atus = mon?s1 & f9ally1 on ,june #b;d1 s\nds 7 actually transmitt$4 ,bell 0 afire ) en?usiasm2 ! fir/ great /ep _h be5 tak54 ,! electric curr5t _h c>ri$ s\nd-vibrations along ! wire & _h reproduc$ !m4 ,if ?is c\ld be done a telephone :i* w\ld reproduce :ole words & s5t5ces c\ld be atta9$4 ,illu/ration3 ,,alex&] ,,graham ,,bell ,illu/ration3 ,,?omas ,a4 ,,watson ,s great 0 ,bell's en?usiasm ov] ?is a*ievem5t t he succe$$ 9 conv9c+ ,s&]s & ,hubb>d t 8 idea 0 practical1 & !y at la/ agre$ to f9ance him 9 8 fur!r exp]im5ts ) ! telephone4 ,a second membrane receiv] 0 con/ruct$1 & = _m m weeks ! exp]im5ts cont9u$4 ,x 0 f\nd t s\nds 7 c>ri$ f in/rum5t to in/rum5t1 b z a telephone !y 7 /ill f> f p]fection4 ,x 0 n until ,m>* ( #ahgf t ,bell1 speak+ into ! in/rum5t 9 ! workroom1 0 he>d & und]/ood by ,watson at ! o!r in/rum5t 9 ! basem5t4 ,! telephone _h c>ri$ & deliv]$ an intelligible message4 ,! telephone :i* ,bell _h inv5t$1 & on :i* he receiv$ a pat5t on 8 tw5ty-n9? bir?day1 consi/$ ( two in/rum5ts simil> 9 pr9ciple to :at we w\ld n[ call receiv]s4 ,if y w exp]im5t ) ! receiv] ( a mod]n telephone y w f9d t x w transmit z well z receive s\nd4 ,! he>t ( ! transmitt] 0 an electro-magnet 9 front ( :i* 0 a drum-l membrane ) a piece ( iron cem5t$ to its c5t] opposite ! magnet4 ,a m\?piece 0 arrang$ to ?r[ ! s\nds ( ! voice aga9/ ! diaphragm1 & z ! membrane vibrat$ ! bit ( iron ^u x--act+ z an armature--induc$ curr5ts correspond+ to ! s\nd-waves1 9 ! coils ( ! electro-magnet4 ,pass+ ov] ! l9e ! curr5t ent]$ ! coils ( ! tubul> electro-magnet 9 ! receiv]4 ,a ?9 disk ( s(t iron 0 fa/5$ at ! end ( ?is4 ,:5 ! curr5t-waves pass$ ?r\gh ! coils ( ! magnet ! iron disk 0 ?r[n into vibration1 ?us produc+ s\nd4 ,z x vibrat$ ) ! curr5t produc$ by ! iron on ! vibrat+ membrane 9 ! transmitt] act+ z an armature1 transmitt] & receiv] vibrat$ 9 unison & s ! same s\nd 0 giv5 (f by ! receiv] & made audible to ! human e> z 0 ?r[n aga9/ ! membrane ( ! transmitt] by ! voice4 ,! pat5t issu$ to ,bell has be5 describ$ z ! mo/ valuable s+le pat5t ev] issu$4 ,c]ta9ly x 0 de/9$ to be ( trem5d\s s]vice to civilization4 ,x 0 s entirely new & orig9al t ,bell f\nd difficulty 9 f9d+ t]ms 9 :i* to describe 8 inv5tion to ! pat5t (ficials4 ,he call$ x an improvem5t on ! telegraph1 9 ord] t x might be id5tifi$ z an improvem5t 9 transmitt+ intellig5ce by electricity4 ,9 reality ! telephone 0 v f> f be+ a telegraph or any?+ 9 ! nature ( a telegraph4 ,z ,bell himself /at$1 8 success 0 9 l>ge "p due to ! fact t he _h approa*$ ! problem f ! viewpo9t ( an exp]t 9 s\nd r ?an z an electrician4 ,_h ,i kn[n m ab\t electricity & less ab\t s\nd1 he said1 ,i w\ld nev] h inv5t$ ! telephone4 ,z we h se51 ^? electricians :o work$ f ! viewpo9t ( ! telegraph nev] got beyond ! limitations ( ! in/rum5t & f\nd t ) x !y c\ld transmit signals b n s\nds4 ,bell1 ) 8 k ( ! laws ( spee* & s\nd1 />t$ ) ! pr9ciples ( ! transmission ( s\nd z a basis & set electricity to c>ry+ ! s\nd-vibrations4 ,,xiii ,,! ,,telephone ,,at ,,! ,,c5t5nial ,boll's ,impromptu ,trip to ! ,exposition--,! ,table ,"u ! ,/airs--,indiff]5ce ( ! ,judges--,ent] ,don ,p$ro1 ,emp]or ( ,brazil--,att5tion & ,amazem5t--,skepticism ( ! ,public--,! ,aid ( ,g>d9] ,hubb>d--,publicity ,campaign4 ,! ,philadelphia ,c5t5nial ,exposition--,am]ica's fir/ great exposition--op5$ )9 a mon? aft] ! completion ( ! fir/ telephone4 ,! public knew no?+ ( ! telephone1 & be=e x c\ld be made a comm]cial success & plac$ 9 g5]al s]vice ! int]e/ ( inve/ors & possible us]s _h to be ar\s$4 ,! ,c5t5nial seem$ to (f] an unusual opportunity to place ! telephone be=e ! public4 ,b ,bell1 l ,morse1 _h no money ) :i* to pu% 8 inv5tion4 ,hubb>d 0 "o ( ! commission]s ( ! exposition1 & ex]t$ 8 influ5ce suffici5tly s t a small table 0 plac$ 9 an odd corn] 9 ! ,dep>tm5t ( ,education = ! exhibition ( ! app>atus4 ,! space assign$ 0 a n>r[ /rip betwe5 ! /airway & ! wall4 ,b no provision 0 made to all[ ,bell himself to be pres5t4 ,! "y inv5tor 0 almo/ entirely )\t funds4 ,s&]s & ,hubb>d _h paid no?+ b 8 room r5t & ! co/ ( 8 exp]im5ts4 ,he _h devot$ himself to 8 inv5tions s entirely t he _h lo/ all ( 8 pr(essional income4 ,s x 0 t he 0 =c$ to face ! prospect ( /ay+ 9 ,bo/on & all[+ ?is opportunity ( opportunities to pass unimprov$4 ,8 fiance1 ,miss ,hubb>d1 expect$ to att5d ! exposition1 & _h he>d no?+ ( ,bell's inability to g4 ,he w5t ) h] to ! /ation1 & z ! tra9 0 leav+ %e le>n$ = ! fir/ "t t he 0 n to accompany h]4 ,%e bur/ into te>s at ! disappo9tm5t4 ,see+ ?is1 ,bell da%$ madly aft] ! tra9 & succe$$ 9 bo>d+ x4 ,)\t money or baggage1 he nev]!less succe$$ 9 arriv+ 9 ,philadelphia4 ,bell arriv$ at ! exposition b a few days be=e ! judges 7 to make _! t\r ( inspection4 ,) consid]able difficulty ,hubb>d _h secur$ _! promise t !y w\ld /op & exam9e ! telephone4 ,!y seem$ to reg>d x z a toy n wor? _! att5tion1 & ! public g5]ally _h display$ no int]e/ 9 ! device4 ,:5 ! day = ! inspection arriv$ ,bell wait$ eag]ly4 ,z ! day pass$ 8 hope began to fall1 z !re seem$ little possibility t ! judges w\ld rea* 8 exhibit4 ,! ,we/]n ,union's exhibit ( record+ telegraphs1 ! self-b9d+ h>ve/]1 ! fir/ electric light1 ,gray's musical telegraph1 & o!r prom95tly display$ wond]s _h occupi$ ! att5tion ( ! sci5ti/s4 ,x 0 well pa/ supp]-"t :5 !y came to ,bell's table beh9d ! /airs1 & mo/ ( ! judges 7 tir$ out & l\dly ann\nc$ _! int5tion ( quitt+ !n & !re4 ,at ?is critical mom5t1 :ile !y 7 f+]+ ,bell's app>atus indiff]5tly & prep>+ = _! dep>ture1 a /range & =tunate ?+ occurr$4 ,foll[$ by a gr\p ( brilliantly attir$ c\rti]s1 ! ,emp]or ( ,brazil appe>$4 ,he ru%$ up to ,bell & greet$ him ) a w>m? ( affection t electrifi$ ! indiff]5t judges4 ,!y wat*$ ! sc5e 9 a/oni%m5t1 wond]+ :o ?is "y ,bell 0 t he c\ld attract ! att5tion & ! fri5d%ip ( ! ,emp]or4 ,! ,emp]or _h att5d$ ,bell's s*ool = deaf mutes 9 ,bo/on :5 x 0 at ! height ( its success1 & _h conceiv$ a w>m admiration = ! "y man & tak5 a deep int]e/ 9 8 "w4 ,! ,emp]or 0 ready to exam9e ,bell's inv5tion1 ?\gh ! judges 7 n4 ,bell %[$ him h[ to place 8 e> to ! receiv]1 & he !n w5t to ! transmitt] :i* _h be5 plac$ at ! o!r end ( ! wire /rung along ! room4 ,! ,emp]or wait$ expectantly1 ! judges wat*$ curi\sly4 ,bell1 at a di/ance1 spoke into ! transmitt]4 ,9 utt] wond]m5t ! ,emp]or rais$ 8 head f ! receiv]4 ,my ,god1 he cri$1 x talks6 ,skepticism & indiff]5ce 7 at an end among ! judges1 & !y eag]ly foll[$ ! example ( ! ,emp]or4 ,joseph ,h5ry1 ! mo/ v5]able savant ( !m all1 took 8 place at ! receiv]4 ,?\gh 8 previ\s talk ) ,bell1 :5 ! telephone 0 no m ?an an idea1 %\ld p]haps h prep>$ him1 he %[$ equal a/oni%m5t1 & in/antly express$ 8 admiration4 ,next foll[$ ,sir ,william ,?omson1 ! h]o ( ! cable & ,engl&'s greate/ sci5ti/4 ,aft] 8 return to ,engl& ,?omson describ$ 8 s5sations4 ,i he>d1 he said1 ',to be or n to be 444 !re's ! rub1' ?r\gh an electric wire2 b1 scorn+ monosyllables1 ! electric articulation rose to high] flights1 & gave me passages f ! ,new ,york newspap]s4 ,all ?is my own e>s he>d spok5 to me ) unmi/akable di/9ctness by ! !n circul>-disk armature ( j su* ano!r little electro-magnet z ?is ,i hold 9 my h&4 ,?omson pron\nc$ ,bell's telephone ! mo/ wond]ful ?+ he _h se5 9 ,am]ica4 ,! judges _h =gott5 t !y 7 hungry & tir$1 & rema9$ gr\p$ ab\t ! telephone1 talk+ & li/5+ 9 turn until f> into ! ev5+4 ,) ! com+ ( ! next morn+ ,bell's exhibit 0 mov$ f its obscure corn] & giv5 ! mo/ prom95t place t c\ld be f\nd4 ,f t "t =w>d x 0 ! wond] ( ! ,c5t5nial4 ,illu/ration3 ,,pr(essor ,,bell',s ,,vibrat+ ,,re$ ,illu/ration3 ,,pr(essor ,,bell',s ,,fir/ ,,telephone ,illu/ration3 ,,! ,,fir/ ,,telephone ,,swit*bo>d ,,us$ ,,9 ,,new ,,hav51 ,,conn1 ,,= ,,eight ,,subscrib]s ,illu/ration3 ,,e>ly ,,new ,,york ,,ex*ange ,boys 7 employ$ z op]ators at fir/1 b !y 7 n adapt$ to ! "w s well z girls4 ,illu/ration3 ,,pr(essor ,,bell ,,9 ,,salem1 ,,mass41 ,,& ,,mr4 ,,watson ,,9 ,,bo/on1 ,,demon/rat+ ,,! ,,telephone ,,be=e ,,audi5ces ,,9 #ahgg ,illu/ration3 ,,dr ,,bell ,,at ,,! ,,telephone ,,op5+ ,,! ,,new ,,york-,,*icago ,,l9e1 ,,octob] #ah1 #ahib ,yet b a small "p ( ! public c\ld att5d ! exposition & actually te/ ! telephone = !mselves4 ,_m ( ^! believ$ t x 0 a hoax1 & g5]al skepticism /ill prevail$4 ,bus9ess m51 ?\gh !y 7 conv9c$ t ! telephone w\ld c>ry spok5 messages1 nev]!less insi/$ t x pres5t$ no bus9ess possibilities4 ,hubb>d1 h[ev]1 _h fai? 9 ! inv5tion1 & z ,bell 0 n a bus9ess man1 he took ^u himself ! "w ( promotion--! necess>y1 valuable "w :i* mu/ be accompli%$ be=e any big idea or inv5tion may be put at ! s]vice ( ! public4 ,hubb>d's fir/ move 0 to plan a publicity campaign :i* %\ld br+ ! new inv5tion favorably to ! att5tion ( all1 prove its claims1 & sil5ce ! skeptics4 ,!y 7 too poor to set up an exp]im5tal l9e ( _! own1 & s telegraph l9es 7 borr[$ = %ort p]iods :]ev] possible1 demon/rations 7 giv5 & te/s made4 ,! assi/ance ( ! newspap]s 0 invok$ & news /ories ( ! te/s did mu* to popul>ize ! new idea4 ,an opportunity !n came to ,bell to lecture & demon/rate ! telephone be=e a sci5tific body 9 ,essex4 ,he secur$ ! use ( a telegraph l9e & connect$ ! hall ) ! laboratory 9 ,bo/on4 ,! equipm5t consi/$ ( old-fa%ion$ box 'phones ov] a foot long & eight in*es squ>e1 built ab\t an imm5se horse%oe magnet4 ,watson 0 /ation$ 9 ! ,bo/on laboratory4 ,bell />t$ 8 lecture1 ) ,watson con/antly li/5+ ov] ! telephone4 ,bell w\ld /op f "t to "t & ask t ! ability ( ! telephone to transmit c]ta9 k9ds ( s\nds be illu/rat$4 ,musical in/rum5ts 7 play$ 9 ,bo/on & he>d 9 ,essex2 !n ,watson talk$1 & f9ally he 0 in/ruct$ to s+4 ,he insi/$ t he 0 n a s+]1 b ! voices ( o!rs less exp]i5c$ 9 speak+ ov] ! crude in/rum5ts (t5 fail$ to c>ry suffici5tly well = demon/ration purposes4 ,s ,watson sang1 z be/ he c\ld1 ,yankee ,doodle1 ,auld ,lang ,syne1 & o!r favorites4 ,aft] ! lecture _h be5 complet$ memb]s ( ! audi5ce 7 invit$ to talk ov] ! telephone4 ,a few ( !m mu/]$ confid5ce to talk ) ,watson 9 ,bo/on1 & ! newspap] report]s c>efully not$ d[n all ! details ( ! conv]sation4 ,! lecture ar\s$ s mu* int]e/ t o!rs 7 arrang$4 ,! fir/ "o _h be5 free1 b admission 0 *>g$ = ! lat] lectures & ?is income 0 ! fir/ rev5ue ,bell _h receiv$ = 8 inv5tion4 ,! arrangem5ts 7 g5]ally ! same = ea* ( ! lectures ab\t ,bo/on4 ,! names ( ,longfell[1 ( ,holmes1 & ( o!r fam\s ,am]ican m5 ( lett]s are f\nd among ! patrons ( "s ( ! lectures 9 ,bo/on4 ,bell desir$ to give lectures 9 ,new ,york ,city1 b 0 n c]ta9 t 8 app>atus w\ld op]ate at t di/ance ov] ! l9es available4 ,! laboratory 0 on ! ?ird floor ( a room+-h\se1 & ,watson %\t$ s l\d 9 8 ef=ts to make 8 voice c>ry t ! room]s compla9$4 ,s he took blankets & erect$ a sort ( t5t ov] ! in/rum5ts to muffle ! s\nd4 ,:5 ! signal came f ,bell t he 0 ready = ! te/1 ,watson crawl$ into ! t5t & began 8 %\t+s4 ,! day 0 a hot "o1 & by ! "t t ! te/ _h be5 complet$ ,watson 0 completely wilt$4 ,b ! compla9ts ( ! room]s _h be5 avoid$4 ,= "o ( ! ,new ,york demon/rations ! s]vices ( a negro s+] ) a ri* b>ytone voice _h be5 secur$4 ,watson _h no little difficulty 9 rehe>s+ him = ! "p1 z he object$ to plac+ 8 lips close to ! transmitt]4 ,:5 ! "t = ! te/ arriv$ he p]si/$ 9 back+ away f ! m\?piece :5 he sang1 &1 ?\gh ,watson endeavor$ to hold ! transmitt] clos] to him1 8 ef=ts 7 ( no avail4 ,f9ally ,bell told ,watson t z ! negro c\ld n be he>d he w\ld h to s+ himself4 ,! girl op]ator 9 ! laboratory _h assembl$ a numb] ( h] girl fri5ds to wat* ! te/1 & ,watson1 :o did n consid] himself a vocali/1 did n fancy ! prospect4 ,b !re 0 no "o else to s+1 ! demon/ration mu/ proce$1 & f9ally ,watson /ruck up ,yankee ,doodle 9 a quav]+ voice4 ,! negro look$ on 9 disgu/4 ,is t :at y want$ me to d1 boss8 ,yes1 repli$ ! emb>rass$ ,watson4 ,well1 boss1 ,i c\ldn't s+ l t4 ,! telegraph wires :i* 7 borr[$ to demon/rate ! utility ( ! telephone prov$ f> f p]fect = ! "w at h&4 ,_m ( ! wires 7 ru/$ & ! insulation 0 poor4 ,! /ations along ! l9e 7 likely to cut 9 _! relays :5 ! te/ 0 9 progress1 & ,bell's in/rum5ts 7 n arrang$ to ov]come ?is ret>dation4 ,h[ev]1 ! lectures 7 a success f ! popul> viewpo9t4 ,! public flock$ to !m & ! fame ( ! telephone grew4 ,s _m cities desir$ ! lecture t x f9ally became necess>y = ,bell to employ an assi/ant to give ! lecture = him4 ,fr$]ick ,g[]1 a ,provid5ce newspap] man1 0 select$ = ?is task1 & soon ma/]$ ,bell's lecture4 ,x 0 !n possible to give two lectures on ! same ev5+1 ,bell deliv]+ "o1 ,g[] ! o!r1 & ,watson h&l+ ! laboratory end = bo?4 ,g[] secur$ a contract = ! exclusive use ( ! telephone 9 ,new ,engl&1 b fail$ to demon/rate mu* ability 9 e/abli%+ ! new device on a bus9ess basis4 ,h[ little ! possibilities ( ! telephone 7 !n appreciat$ we may und]/& f ! fact t ,g[] ex*ang$ 8 imm5sely valuable ,new ,engl& rights = ! exclusive "r to lecture on ! telephone ?r\gh\t ! c\ntry4 ,! success ( ^! lectures made x possible = ,bell to m>ry1 & he />t$ = ,engl& on a w$d+-trip4 ,! lectures also ar\s$ ! necess>y int]e/ & made x possible to secure capital = ! e/abli%m5t ( telephone l9es4 ,x also det]m9$ ,hubb>d 9 8 plan ( leas+ ! telephones in/ead ( sell+ !m4 ,?is 0 especially important1 z x made possible ! uni=mity ( ! effici5t ,bell sy/em ( ! pres5t day4 ,,xiv ,,improvem5t ,,& ,,expansion ,! ,fir/ ,telephone ,ex*ange--,! ,bell ,telephone ,association--,!odore ,n4 ,vail--,! ,fight ) ! ,we/]n ,union--,edison & ,blake ,inv5t ,transmitt]s--,la/ ,ef=t ( ! ,we/]n ,union--,mu%room ,companies & ,w\ld-be ,inv5tors--,! ,controv]sy ) ,gray--,dolbe>'s ,claims--,! ,drawbaugh ,case--,on a ,firm ,foot+4 ,?r\gh public int]e/ _h be5 ar\s$ 9 ! telephone1 x 0 /ill v f> f be+ at ! s]vice ( ! nation4 ,! telephone increases 9 usefulness j 9 proportion to ! numb] ( y\r acqua9tances & bus9ess associates :o h telephones 9 _! homes or (fices4 ,in/rum5ts _h to be manufactur$ on a comm]cial scale1 telephone sy/ems _h to be built up4 ,:ile ! /ruggles ( ! inv5tor :o seeks to apply a new idea are (t5 romantic1 ! ef=ts ( ! bus9ess executives :o place ! inv5tion1 once x is a*iev$1 at ! s]vice ( p ev]y:]e1 are n less praisewor?y & int]e/+4 ,a v few telephones _h be5 leas$ to ^? :o desir$ to e/abli% private l9es1 b x 0 n until ,may ( #ahgg t ! fir/ telephone sy/em 0 e/abli%$ ) an ex*ange by means ( :i* ^? hav+ telephones might talk ) "o ano!r4 ,!re 0 a burgl>-al>m sy/em 9 ,bo/on :i* _h wires runn+ f six banks to a c5tral /ation4 ,! own] ( ?is sugge/$ t telephones be in/all$ 9 ! banks us+ ! burgl>-al>m wires4 ,hubb>d gladly loan$ ! in/rum5ts = ! purpose4 ,in/rum5ts 7 in/all$ 9 ! banks )\t say+ any?+ to ! bank]s1 or mak+ any *>ge = ! s]vice4 ,"o bank] dem&$ t 8 telephone be remov$1 insi/+ t x 0 a fooli% toy4 ,b ev5 ) ! crude little ex*ange ! fir/ sy/em prov$ its wor?4 ,o!rs 7 e/abli%$ 9 ,new ,york1 ,philadelphia1 & o!r cities on a comm]cial basis4 ,a man f ,mi*igan appe>$ & secur$ ! p]petual rights = 8 ,/ate1 & = 8 =esight & ent]prise he 0 lat] to be rew>d$ by ! sale ( ^! rights = a qu>t] ( a million doll>s4 ,! free s]vice to ! ,bo/on bank]s 0 )drawn & a comm]cial sy/em in/all$ !re4 ,b ^! ex*anges s]v$ b a few p1 & 7 poorly equipp$4 ,!re 01 ( c\rse1 no provision = communication betwe5 cities4 ,) ! telephone ov] a ye> old1 less ?an a ?\s& in/rum5ts 7 9 use4 ,b ,hubb>d1 :o 0 direct+ ! de/9ies ( ! ent]prise dur+ ,bell's abs5ce 9 ,europe1 decid$ t ! "t _h come to organize4 ,accord+ly ! ,bell ,telephone ,association 0 =m$1 ) ,bell1 ,hubb>d1 ,s&]s1 & ,watson z ! %>ehold]s4 ,s&]s 0 ! only "o ( ! f\r ) any consid]able sum ( money1 & 8 res\rces 7 limit$4 ,he /ak$ 8 entire cr$it 9 ! ent]prise1 & manag$ to furni% funds ) :i* ! fight = exi/5ce c\ld be c>ri$ on4 ,b a bus9ess depression 0 ^u ! l& & x 0 n easy to secure support = ! telephone4 ,! entrance ( ! ,we/]n ,union ,telegraph ,company into ! telephone field br\ght ! affairs ( ! ,bell company to a crisis4 ,z we h se51 ! telegraph company _h develop$ into a great & p[]ful corporation ) wires /ret*+ across ! l5g? & bread? ( ! l& & ag5ts & (fices e/abli%$ 9 e city & t[n ( importance4 ,once ! telephone began to be us$ z a sub/itute = ! telegraph 9 convey+ messages1 ! telegraph (ficials awoke to ! fact t "h1 possibly1 0 a dang]\s rival1 & dropp$ ! viewpo9t t ,bell's telephone 0 a m]e play?+4 ,!y acquir$ ! inv5tions ( ,edison1 ,gray1 & ,dolbe>1 & ent]$ ! telephone field1 ann\nc+ t !y 7 prep>$ to furni% ! v be/ 9 telephonic communication4 ,?is sudd5 assault by ! mo/ p[]ful corporation 9 ,am]ica1 :ile x s]v$ to ar\se public confid5ce 9 ! telephone1 made x necess>y = ,hubb>d to reorganize 8 =ces & f9d a g5]al capable ( do+ battle aga9/ su* a foe4 ,hubb>d's political activities _h br\ght to him a ,presid5tial appo9tm5t z head ( a commission on mail transportation4 ,9 ! c\rse ( ! "w = ! ,gov]nm5t he _h come mu* 9 contact ) a "y man nam$ ,!odore ,n4 ,vail1 :o 0 head ( ! ,gov]nm5t mail s]vice4 ,he _h be5 impress$ by ,vail's ability & _h 9 turn introduc$ ,vail to ! telephone & ar\s$ 8 en?usiasm 9 its possibilities4 ,?is ,vail 0 a c\s9 ( ! ,alfr$ ,vail :o 0 ,morse's co-work]1 & :o play$ s prom95t a "p 9 ! developm5t ( ! telegraph4 ,8 exp]i5ce 9 ! ,po/-(fice ,dep>tm5t _h giv5 him an und]/&+ ( ! problems ( communication 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 & _h develop$ 8 executive ability4 ,realiz+ ! possibilities ( ! telephone1 he rel9qui%$ 8 gov]nm5tal po/ & ca/ 8 =tunes ) ! telephone pione]s1 becom+ g5]al manag] ( ! ,bell company4 ,! ,we/]n ,union /r5g!n$ its position by ! introduction ( a new & improv$ transmitt]4 ,?is 0 ! "w ( ,?omas ,edison1 & 0 s mu* bett] ?an ,bell's transmitt] t x enabl$ ! ,we/]n ,union to (f] mu* bett] telephonic equipm5t4 ,z we h se51 ,bell's transmitt] & receiv] 7 v simil>1 be+ ab\t ! same z ! receiv] n[ 9 common use4 ,9 8 transmitt] ,edison plac$ t9y bits ( c>bon 9 contact ) ! diaphragm4 ,z ! diaphragm vibrat$ "u ! s\nd-impulses ! pressure ^u ! c>bon granules 0 v>i$4 ,an electric curr5t 0 pass$ ?r\gh ! c>bon p>ticles1 ^: electrical resi/ance 0 v>i$ by ! *ang+ pressure f ! diaphragm4 ,?us ! curr5t 0 ?r[n into undulations correspond+ to ! s\nd-waves1 & pass$ ov] ! l9e & produc$ correspond+ s\nds 9 ! receiv]4 ,mu* /rong] curr5ts c\ld be utiliz$ ?an ^? g5]at$ by ,bell's in/rum5t1 & ?us ! transmitt] 0 mu* m effective = long] di/ances4 ,bell return$ f ,europe to f9d ! affairs ( 8 company 9 a sorry plight4 ,only ! c\rage & g5]al%ip ( ,vail kept x 9 ! field at all4 ,bell 0 p5niless1 hav+ fail$ to e/abli% ! telephone abroad1 ev5 z ,morse be=e him _h fail$ to secure =eign rev5ue f 8 inv5tion4 ,bell's heal? fail$ him1 & z he lay helpless 9 ! hospital 8 affairs 7 inde$ at a l[ ebb4 ,at ?is juncture ,francis ,blake1 ( ,bo/on1 came =w>d ) an improv$ transmitt] :i* he (f]$ to ! ,bell company 9 ex*ange = /ock4 ,! in/rum5t prov$ a success & 0 gladly adopt$1 prov+ j :at 0 ne$$ to make possible successful competition ) ! ,we/]n ,union4 ,prolong$ pat5t litigation foll[$1 & aft] a bitt] legal /ruggle ! ,we/]n ,union (ficials became conv9c$ ( two ?+s3 "o1 t ! ,bell company1 "u ,vail's lead]%ip1 w\ld n surr5d]2 second1 t ,bell 0 ! orig9al inv5tor ( ! telephone & t 8 pat5t 0 valid4 ,! ,we/]n ,union1 h[ev]1 seem$ to h /rong basis = its claim t ! new transmitt] ( ! ,bell p 0 an infr+em5t ( ,edison's pat5t4 ,a compromise 0 arrang$ betwe5 ! conte/ants by :i* ! two companies divid$ ! bus9ess ( furni%+ communication by wire 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates4 ,?is agreem5t prov$ ( ! greate/ b5efit to bo? organizations1 & did mu* to make possible ! pres5t developm5t & univ]sal s]vice ( bo? ! telephone & telegraph4 ,by ! t]ms ( ! agreem5t ! ,we/]n ,union recogniz$ ,bell's pat5t & agre$ to )draw f ! telephone bus9ess4 ,! ,bell company agre$ n to engage 9 ! telegraph bus9ess & to take ov] ! ,we/]n ,union telephone sy/em & app>atus1 pay+ a royalty on all telephone r5tals4 ,exp]i5ce has demon/rat$ t ! two bus9esses are n competitive1 b supplem5t ea* o!r4 ,x is !re=e prop] t !y %\ld "w side by side ) mutual und]/&+4 ,success _h come at la/ to ! telephone pione]s4 ,o!r battles 7 /ill to be f\ght be=e _! position 0 to be made secure1 b f ! mom5t :5 ! ,we/]n ,union admitt$ defeat ! ,bell company 0 ! lead]4 ,! /ock ( ! company advanc$ to a po9t :]e ,bell1 ,hubb>d1 ,s&]s1 & ,watson f\nd !mselves 9 ! possession ( weal? z a rew>d = _! pione]+4 ,! ,we/]n ,union _h no soon] )drawn z a competitor ( ! ,bell organization ?an scores ( small1 local companies sprang up1 all ready to pirate ! ,bell pat5t & pu% ! claims ( "s rival inv5tor4 ,a v few ( !m really tri$ to e/abli% telephone sy/ems1 b ! majority 7 organiz$ simply to sell /ock to a gullible public4 ,!y /irr$ up a cont9u\s turmoil1 & made mu* tr\ble = ! l>g] company1 ?\gh _! pat5t claims 7 p]si/5tly defeat$ 9 ! c\rts4 ,mo/ ( ! rival claimants :o sprang up1 once ! telephone _h become an e/abli%$ fact & _h prov$ its value1 7 m5 ( nei!r prom95ce nor sci5tific atta9m5ts4 ,( a v diff]5t type 0 ,eli%a ,gray1 ^: "w we h be=e notic$1 & :o n[ came =w>d ) ! claim t he _h inv5t$ a telephone 9 advance ( ,bell4 ,gray 0 a practical man ( real sci5tific atta9m5ts1 b1 z we h notic$1 8 ef=ts 9 se>* ( a telephone 7 f ! viewpo9t ( a musical telegraph & s de/9$ to failure4 ,x has frequ5tly be5 /at$ t ,gray fil$ 8 application = a pat5t on a telephone ( 8 inv5tion b a few m9utes aft] ,bell1 & s ,bell wre/$ ! honor f him by ! scantie/ ( m>g9s4 ,a c>eful read+ ( ! te/imony br\ght out 9 ,gray's suit aga9/ ,bell does n support su* a /atem5t4 ,:ile ,bell fil$ an application = a pat5t on a complet$1 inv5tion1 ,gray fil$1 a few mom5ts lat]1 a caveat4 ,?is 0 a docum5t1 /at+ t he hop$ to inv5t a telephone ( a c]ta9 k9d !re9 /at$1 & w\ld s]ve to protect 8 rights until he %\ld h "t to p]fect x4 ,?us ,gray did n h a complet$ inv5tion1 & he lat] fail$ to p]fect a telephone along ! l9es describ$ 9 8 caveat4 ,! decision ( ! c\rt support$ ,bell's claims 9 full4 ,ano!r ( ! ,we/]n ,union's telephone exp]ts1 ,pr(essor ,dolbe>1 ( ,tufts ,college1 also s\ght to make capital ( 8 k ( ! telephone4 ,he bas$ 8 claims ^u an improvem5t ( ! ,reis musical telegraph1 :i* _h =m$ ! />t+-po9t = s _m exp]im5t]s4 ,! case fell flat1 h[ev]1 = :5 ! app>atus 0 br\ght into c\rt no "o c\ld make x talk4 ,none ( ! attacks ^u ,bell's claim to be ! orig9al inv5tor ( ! telephone ar\s$ m popul> int]e/ at ! "t ?an ! fam\s ,drawbaugh case4 ,daniel ,drawbaugh 0 a c\ntry me*anic ) a habit ( read+ ( ! new inv5tions 9 ! sci5tific j\rnals4 ,he w\ld "w out models ( _m ( ^! = himself1 &1 %[+ !m v pr\dly1 (t5 claim !m z 8 own devices4 ,drawbaugh 0 n[ put =w>d by ! oppon5ts ( ! ,bell organization z hav+ inv5t$ a telephone be=e ,bell4 ,x 0 claim$ t he _h be5 too poor to secure a pat5t or to br+ 8 inv5tion to popul> notice4 ,mu* sympa?y 0 ?us ar\s$ = him & ! legal battle 0 wag$ to int]m9able l5g?1 ) ! usual result4 ,bell's pat5t 0 aga9 su/a9$1 & ,drawbaugh's claims 7 pron\nc$ )\t m]it4 ,_m o!r legal battles foll[$1 b ! dom9ance ( ! ,bell organization1 re/+ ^u ! indisputable fact t ,bell 0 ! fir/ man to conceive & execute a practical telephone1 c\ld n be %ak54 ,! telephone bus9ess 0 on a firm foot+3 x _h demon/rat$ its real s]vice to ! public2 x _h become a necessity2 &1 "u ! able lead]%ip ( ,vail1 0 fa/ ext5d+ its field ( usefulness4 ,,xv ,,telegraph+ ,,)\t ,,wires ,! ,fir/ ,sugge/ion--,morse ,s5ds ,messages ,?r\gh ! ,wat]--,tr[bridge ,telegraphs ,?r\gh ! ,e>?--,exp]im5ts ( ,preece & ,heaviside 9 ,engl&--,edison ,telegraphs f ,mov+ ,tra9s--,rese>*es ( ,h]tz ,disclose ! ,h]tzian ,waves4 ,great z are ! possibilities ( ! telegraph & ! telephone 9 ! s]vice ( man1 ^! in/rum5ts are /ill limit$ to ! wires ov] :i* !y mu/ op]ate4 ,communication 0 n possible until wires _h be5 /rung2 :]e wires c\ld n be /rung communication 0 impossible4 ,mu* yet rema9$ to be done be=e p]fection 9 communication 0 atta9$1 &1 ?\gh ! public g5]ally consid]$ ! telegraph1 & ! telephone ! f9al a*ievem5t1 m5 ( sci5ce 7 already se>*+ = an ev5 bett] way4 ,! fir/ sugge/ion t electric curr5ts c>ry+ messages might "s day travel )\t wires seems to h come f ,k4,a4 ,/e9heil1 ( ,muni*4 ,9 #ahch he discov]$ t if ! two ends ( a s+le wire c>ry+ ! electric curr5t be connect$ ) ! gr\nd a complete circuit is =m$1 ! e>? act+ z ! return4 ,?us he 0 able to disp5se ) "o wire1 & he sugge/$ t "s day x might be possible to elim9ate ! wire altoge!r4 ,! fact t ! curr5t be>+ messages c\ld be s5t ?r\gh ! wat] 0 demon/rat$ by ,morse z e>ly z #ahdb4 ,he plac$ plates at ! t]m9i ( a circuit & subm]g$ !m 9 wat] "s di/ance ap>t on "o side ( a canal4 ,o!r plates 7 plac$ on ! opposite side ( ! wat]way & 7 connect$ by a wire ) a s5sitive galvanomet] 9 s]ies to act z a receiv]4 ,curr5ts s5t f ! opposite side 7 record$ by ! galvanomet] & ! possibility ( communication ?r\gh ! wat] 0 e/abli%$4 ,o!rs c>ri$ ^! exp]im5ts fur!r1 x be+ ev5 sugge/$ t messages might be s5t across ! ,atlantic by ?is me?od4 ,b ,bell's greate/ contribution to ! se>* = wireless telegraphy 0 n 8 direct "w 9 ?is field1 b ! telephone itself4 ,8 telephone receiv] provid$ ! wireless exp]im5t]s ) an in/rum5t ( extreme s5sitiv5ess by :i* !y 7 able to detect curr5ts :i* ! mirror galvanomet] c\ld n receive4 ,:ile exp]im5t+ ) a telephone along a telegraph l9e a curi\s ph5om5on 0 notic$4 ,! telephone exp]im5t]s he>d music v cle>ly4 ,!y inve/igat$ & f\nd t ano!r telegraph wire1 /rung along ! same poles1 b at ! usual di/ance & ) ! usual insulation1 0 be+ us$ = a te/ ( ,edison's musical telephone4 ,_m o!r simil> te/s 7 made & ! effect 0 always not$4 ,9 "s way ! message on "o l9e _h be5 convey$ across ! air-gap & _h be5 record$ by ! telephones on ! o!r l9e4 ,x 0 decid$ t ?is _h be5 caus$ by induction4 ,pr(4 ,john ,tr[bridge1 ( ,h>v>d ,univ]sity1 might well be t]m$ ! gr&fa!r ( wireless telegraphy4 ,he made ! fir/ ext5sive inve/igation ( ! subject1 & 8 exp]im5ts 9 s5d+ messages )\t wires & 8 discov]ies furni%$ in=mation & inspiration = ^? :o 7 to foll[4 ,8 e>ly exp]im5ts te/$ ! possibility ( us+ ! e>? z a conductor4 ,he demon/rat$ t :5 an electric curr5t is s5t into ! e>? x spreads f t po9t 9 waves 9 all directions1 j z :5 a /one is ca/ into a pond ! ripples wid5 out f t po9t1 becom+ fa9t] & fa9t] until !y rea* ! %ore4 ,he fur!r f\nd t ^! curr5ts c\ld be detect$ by gr\nd+ ! t]m9als ( a telephone circuit4 ,telegraphy ?r\gh ! e>? 0 ?us possible4 ,h[ev]1 ! f>!r ! receiv+ /ation 0 f ! s5d+ /ation ! wid] mu/ be ! di/ance betwe5 ! telephone t]m9als & ! small] ! curr5t receiv$4 ,pr(essor ,tr[bridge did n f9d x possible to op]ate 8 sy/em at a suffici5t di/ance to make x ( value1 b he did demon/rate t ! curr5ts d travel ?r\gh ! e>? & t !y c be set to c>ry+ messages4 ,pr(essor ,tr[bridge also reviv$ ! idea ( telegraph+ across ! ,atlantic by utiliz+ ! conductivity ( ! sea-wat] to c>ry ! curr5ts4 ,9 work+ out ! plan !oretically he discov]$ t ! t]m9als on ! ,am]ican side w\ld h to be widely sep>at$--"o 9 ,nova ,scotia & ! o!r 9 ,florida--& t !y w\ld h to be connect$ by an insulat$ cable4 ,two widely sep>at$ po9ts on ! coa/ ( ,france 7 sugge/$ = ! o!r t]m9als4 ,he also calculat$ t v high voltages w\ld be necess>y1 & ! practical difficulties involv$ made x seem c]ta9 t su* a sy/em w\ld co/ f> too mu* to con/ruct & to op]ate to be pr(itable4 ,tr[bridge sugge/$ ! possibility ( us+ su* a sy/em = e/abli%+ communication betwe5 %ips at sea4 ,%ip c\ld communicate ) %ip1 ov] %ort di/ances1 dur+ a fog4 ,a trail+ wire 0 to be us$ to increase ! s5d+ & receiv+ p[]1 & ,tr[bridge believ$ t ) a dynamo capable ( supply+ curr5t = a hundr$ lights1 communication c\ld be e/abli%$ at a di/ance ( half a mile4 ,n satisfi$ ) ! e>? or ! sea z a m$ium = c>ry+ ! curr5t1 ,tr[bridge essay$ to use ! air4 ,he believ$ t ?is 0 possible1 & t x w\ld be accompli%$ at no di/ant date4 ,he believ$1 h[ev]1 t su* a sy/em c\ld n be op]at$ ov] consid]able di/ances because ( ! curvature ( ! e>?4 ,he endeavor$ to e/abli% communication ?r\gh ! air by induction4 ,he demon/rat$ t if "o coil ( wire be set up & a curr5t s5t ?r\gh x1 a simil> coil fac+ x w h l curr5ts induc$ )9 x1 :i* may be detect$ ) a telephone receiv]4 ,he also det]m9$ t ! curr5ts 7 /ronge/ 9 ! receiv+ coil :5 x 0 plac$ 9 a plane p>allel ) ! s5d+ coil4 ,by turn+ ! receiv+ coil ab\t until ! s\nd 0 /ronge/ 9 ! telephone receiv]1 x 0 ?us possible to det]m9e ! direction f :i* ! messages 7 com+4 ,tr[bridge recogniz$ ! great value ( ?is feature to a %ip at sea4 ,b ^! induc$ curr5ts c\ld only be detect$ at a di/ance by ! use ( enorm\s coils4 ,to receive at a half-mile a coil ( eight hundr$ feet radius w\ld h be5 necess>y1 & ?is 0 obvi\sly impossible = use on %ipbo>d4 ,s ^! exp]im5ts also develop$ no practical improvem5t 9 ! exi/+ means ( communication4 ,b ,pr(essor ,tr[bridge _h demon/rat$ new possibilities1 & _h set m5 ?9k+ along new l9es4 ,he 0 ! pione] :o po9t$ ! way to a great inv5tion1 ?\gh he himself fail$ to atta9 x4 ,bell foll[$ up ,tr[bridge's sugge/ions ( us+ ! wat] z a m$ium ( communication1 & 9 a s]ies ( exp]im5ts conduct$ on ! ,potomac ,riv] e/abli%$ communication betwe5 mov+ %ips4 ,pr(essor ,dolbe> also turn$ f telephone exp]im5tation to ! se>* = ! wireless4 ,he gr\nd$ 8 wires & s5t high curr5ts into ! e>?1 b improv$ 8 sy/em & took ano!r /ep t[>d ! f9al a*ievem5t by add+ a l>ge induction coil to 8 s5d+ equipm5t4 ,he sugge/$ t ! spok5 ^w might be s5t z well z dots & da%es1 & s s\ght ! wireless telephone z well z ! wireless telegraph4 ,l 8 pr$ecessors1 8 exp]im5ts 7 successful only at %ort di/ances4 ,! next application ( ! induction telegraph 0 to e/abli% communication ) mov+ tra9s4 ,sev]al exp]im5t]s _h sugge/$ x1 b x rema9$ = ,?omas ,a4 ,edison to actually accompli% x4 ,he set up a plate ( t9-foil on ! eng9e or c>s1 opposite ! telegraph wires4 ,curr5ts c\ld be induc$ across ! gap1 no matt] :at ! spe$ ( ! tra91 &1 travel+ along ! wires to ! /ation1 communication 0 ?us e/abli%$4 ,_h ,edison cont9u$ 8 inve/igation fur!r1 in/ead ( turn+ to o!r pursuits1 he might h a*iev$ ! means ( communicat+ ?r\gh ! air at consid]able di/ances4 ,^! exp]im5ts by ,am]icans 9 ! e>ly 'eighties seem$ to promise t ,am]ica 0 to produce ! wireless telegraph1 z x _h produc$ ! telegraph & ! telephone4 ,b ! greate/ activity n[ %ift$ to ,europe & ! ,am]ican m5 ( sci5ce fail$ to pu% _! rese>*es to a successful conclusion4 ,sir ,w4,h4 ,preece1 an ,engli%man1 br\ght himself to public notice by e/abli%+ communication ) ! ,isle ( ,wight by ,morse's me?od4 ,messages 7 s5t & receiv$ dur+ a p]iod :5 ! cable to ! isl& 0 out ( commission1 & ?us telegraph+ )\t wires 0 put to practical use4 ,preece c>ri$ 8 exp]im5ts mu* fur!r4 ,9 #ahhe he laid out two great squ>es ( insulat$ wire1 a qu>t] ( a mile to ! side1 & at a di/ance ( a qu>t] ( a mile f ea* o!r4 ,telephonic communication 0 e/abli%$ betwe5 !m1 & ?us he _h atta9$ wireless telephony by induction4 ,9 #ahhg1 ano!r ,engli%man1 ,a4,w4 ,heaviside1 laid circuits ov] two miles long on ! surface & o!r circuits 9 ! gall]ies ( a coal-m9e ?ree hundr$ & fifty feet bel[1 & e/abli%$ communication betwe5 ! circuits4 ,work+ toge!r1 ,preece & ,heaviside ext5d$ ! di/ances ov] :i* !y c\ld communicate4 ,preece f9ally decid$ t a comb9ation ( conduction & induction 0 ! be/ means ( wireless communication4 ,he gr\nd$ ! wire ( 8 circuit at two po9ts & rais$ x to a consid]able height betwe5 ^! po9ts4 ,preece's "w 0 to put ! !ories ( ,pr(essor ,tr[bridge to practical use & ?us br+ ! f9al a*ievem5t a /ep ne>]4 ,b conduction & induction comb9$ w\ld n c>ry messages to a di/ance t w\ld enable ext5sive communication4 ,a new m$ium _h yet to be f\nd1 & ?is 0 ! "w ( ,he9ri* ,h]tz1 a "y ,g]man sci5ti/4 ,he 0 exp]im5t+ ) two flat coils ( wire1 z _h _m o!rs be=e him1 b "o ( ! coils _h a small gap 9 x4 ,pass+ ! dis*>ge f a cond5s] into ?is coil1 ,h]tz discov]$ t ! sp>k caus$ :5 ! curr5t jump$ ! gap set up electrical vibrations t excit$ p[]ful curr5ts 9 ! o!r coil4 ,^! curr5ts 7 noticeable1 ?\gh ! coils 7 a v consid]able di/ance ap>t4 ,?us ,h]tz _h f\nd out h[ to s5d out electrical waves t w\ld travel to a consid]able di/ance4 ,:at 0 ! m$ium t c>ri$ ^! waves8 ,?is 0 ! "q t ,h]tz ask$ himself1 & ! answ] 01 ! e!r4 ,we "k t light w pass ?r\gh a vacuum1 & ^! electric waves w\ld d likewise4 ,x 0 evid5t t !y did n pass ?r\gh ! air4 ,! answ]1 z evolv$ by ,h]tz & approv$ by o!r sci5ti/s1 is t !y travel ?r\gh ! e!r1 a /range sub/ance :i* p]vades all space4 ,h]tz discov]$ t light & 8 electrical waves travel$ at ! same spe$1 & s d$uc$ t light consi/s ( electrical vibrations 9 ! e!r4 ,) ! k t ?is all-p]vad+ e!r w\ld c>ry electric waves at ! spe$ ( light1 t ! waves c\ld be set up by ! dis*>ge ( a sp>k across a sp>k-gap 9 a coil1 & t !y c\ld be receiv$ 9 ano!r coil 9 resonance ) ! fir/1 ! e/abli%m5t ( a practical wireless telegraph 0 n f> away4 ,,xvi ,,an ,,italian ,,boy',s ,,"w ,! ,italian ,y\? :o ,dream$ ,wond]ful ,dreams--,8 ,/udies--,e>ly ,detectors--,m>coni ,seeks an ,effici5t ,detector--,devises ,new ,s5d+ ,me?ods--,! ,wireless ,telegraph ,takes ,=m--,exp]im5tal ,success4 ,) ! n9ete5? c5tury approa*+ its close1 man _h discov]$ t ! electric waves w\ld travel ?r\gh ! e!r2 he _h le>n$ some?+ ( h[ to propagate ^? waves1 & some?+ ( h[ to receive !m4 ,b no "o _h yet be5 able to comb9e ^! discov]ies 9 practical =m1 to apply !m to ! task ( c>ry+ messages1 to make ! improvem5ts necess>y to make !m available = use at consid]able di/ances4 ,?\gh _m mature sci5ti/s _h devot$ !mselves to ! problem1 x rema9$ = a y\? to solve x4 ,! y\? 0 ,guglielmo ,m>coni1 an ,italian4 ,we h notic$ t ! telegraph1 ! cable1 & ! telephone 7 ! "w ( ^? ( ! ,anglo-,saxon race--,engli%m5 or ,am]icans--s x came z a di/9ct surprise t an ,italian y\? %\ld make ! next great application ( electricity to communication4 ,b ,anglo-,saxon blood fl[s 9 ,m>coni's ve9s4 ,?\gh 8 fa!r 0 an ,italian1 8 "m 0 an ,iri%woman4 ,he 0 born at ,villa ,griffone ne> ,bologna1 ,italy1 on ,april #be1 #ahgd4 ,he /udi$ 9 ! s*ools ( ,bologna & ( ,flor5ce1 & e>ly %[$ 8 int]e/ 9 sci5tific affairs4 ,f 8 "m he le>n$ ,engli%1 :i* he speaks z flu5tly z he does 8 native tongue4 ,z a boy he 0 all[$ to att5d ,engli% s*ools = %ort p]iods1 sp5d+ "s "t at ,b$=d & at ,rugby4 ,"o ( 8 ,italian tea*]s 0 ,pr(essor ,righi1 :o _h made a close /udy ( ! ,h]tzian waves1 & :o 0 himself mak+ no small contributions to ! advancem5t ( ! sci5ce4 ,f him "y ,m>coni le>n$ ( ! "w :i* _h be5 accompli%$1 & ( ! app>atus :i* 0 !n available4 ,m>coni 0 a quiet boy--almo/ %y4 ,he did n display ! aggressive en]gy s common ) _m promis+ y\?s4 ,b ?\gh he 0 quiet1 he 0 n slo?ful4 ,he ent]$ into 8 /udies ) a det]m9ation & an application t br\ght to him great results4 ,he 0 a /ud5t & a ?9k]4 ,any sci5tific book or pap] :i* came be=e him 0 eag]ly dev\r$4 ,x 0 ?is habit ( c>eful & p]si/5t /udy t made x possible = ,m>coni to accompli% su* wond]ful ?+s at an e>ly age4 ,m>coni _h le>n$ ( ! ,h]tzian waves4 ,x occurr$ to him t by _! aid wireless telegraphy might be accompli%$4 ,! boy saw ! wond]ful possibilities2 he dream$ dreams ( h[ ^! waves might c>ry messages f city to city1 f %ip to %ore1 & f cont95t to cont95t )\t wires4 ,he realiz$ 8 own y\? & inexp]i5ce1 & x seem$ c]ta9 to him t _m able sci5ti/s _h _h ! same vision & mu/ be /ruggl+ t[>d its atta9m5t4 ,= a ye> ,m>coni dream$ ^? dreams1 /udy+ ! books & pap]s :i* w\ld tell him m ( ^! wond]ful waves4 ,ea* week he expect$ ! news t wireless telegraphy _h be5 e/abli%$1 b ! news nev] came4 ,f9ally he conclud$ t o!rs1 despite _! great] opportunities1 _h n be5 s f>-see+ z he _h ?\ght4 ,m>coni attack$ ! problem himself ) ! dogg$ p]si/5ce & ! /udi\s c>e s *>act]i/ic ( him4 ,he began 8 exp]im5ts ^u 8 fa!r's f>m1 ! eld] ,m>coni enc\rag+ ! y\? & provid+ him ) funds ) :i* to pur*ase app>atus4 ,he set up poles at ! opposite sides ( ! g>d5 & on !m m\nt$ ! simple s5d+ & receiv+ in/rum5ts :i* 7 !n available1 us+ plates ( t9 = 8 a]ials4 ,he set up a simple sp>k-gap1 z _h ,h]tz1 & us$ a receiv+ device little m elaborate4 ,a ,morse telegraph-key 0 plac$ 9 circuit ) ! sp>k-gap4 ,:5 ! key 0 held d[n = a long] p]iod a long sp>k pass$ betwe5 ! brass knobs ( ! sp>k-gap & a da% 0 ?us transmitt$4 ,:5 ! key 0 depress$ = a %ort] p]iod a dot 9 ! ,morse code 0 s5t =?4 ,aft] mu* "w & adju/m5t ,m>coni 0 able to s5d a message across ! g>d54 ,o!rs _h accompli%$ ?is = simil> di/ances1 b !y lack$ ,m>coni's imag9ation & p]si/5ce1 & fail$ to c>ry _! exp]im5ts fur!r4 ,to ! "y ,iri%-,italian ?is 0 b a />t+-po9t4 ,illu/ration3 ,,guglielmo ,,m>coni ,photograph$ 9 ! uni=m ( an (fic] 9 ! ,italian army ,m>coni quickly f\nd t ! receiv] 0 ! lea/ effective "p ( ! exi/+ app>atus4 ,! waves spread 9 all directions f ! s5d+ /ation & become feebl] & feebl] z ! di/ance increases4 ,to make wireless telegraphy effective ov] any consid]able di/ance a highly effici5t & extremely s5sitive receiv+ device is necess>y4 ,"s special means ( detect+ ! feeble curr5ts 0 necess>y4 ,! coh]] 0 ! solution4 ,z e>ly z #ahgj a ,mr4 ,s4,a4 ,v>ley1 an ,engli%man1 _h discov]$ t :5 he endeavor$ to s5d a curr5t ?r\gh a mass ( c>bon granules ! t9y p>ticles arrang$ !mselves 9 ord] "u ! influ5ce ( ! electric curr5t1 & (f]$ a free pa? = ! passage ( ! curr5t4 ,:5 %ak5 ap>t !y aga9 resi/$ ! fl[ ( curr5t until x became p[]ful en\gh to cause !m to aga9 arrange !mselves into a sort ( bridge = its passage4 ,?us 0 ! pr9ciple ( ! coh]] discov]$4 ,an ,italian sci5ti/1 ,pr(essor ,calzec*i-,one/i1 c>ri$ ^! exp]im5ts /ill fur!r4 ,he us$ v>i\s sub/ances 9 place ( ! c>bon granules & %[$ t "s ( !m w arrange !mselves s z to all[ ! passage ( a curr5t "u ! influ5ce ( ! sp>k sett+ up ! ,h]tzian waves4 ,pr(essor ,e4 ,branly1 ( ! ,ca?olic ,univ]sity ( ,p>is1 took up ?is "w 9 #ahij4 ,he arrang$ metal fil+s 9 a small glass tube six in*es long & arrang$ a tapp] to dis>range ! fil+s aft] !y _h be5 br\ght toge!r "u ! influ5ce ( ! sp>k4 ,) ! ,branly coh]] z ! basis ,m>coni s\ght to make improvem5ts :i* w\ld result 9 ! detector he 0 seek+4 ,= 8 p[d] he us$ nickel1 mix$ ) a small proportion ( f9e silv] fil+s4 ,?is he plac$ betwe5 silv] plugs 9 a small glass tube4 ,plat9um wires 7 connect$ to ! silv] plugs & br\ght out at ! opposite ends ( ! tube4 ,x requir$ long /udy to det]m9e j h[ to adju/ ! plugs betwe5 :i* ! p[d] 0 loosely arrang$4 ,if ! p>ticles 7 press$ toge!r too tightly !y w\ld n fall ap>t readily en\gh "u ! influ5ce ( ! tapp]4 ,if too mu* space 0 all[$ !y w\ld n coh]e readily en\gh4 ,m>coni also discov]$ t a l>g] proportion ( silv] 9 ! p[d] & a small] am\nt betwe5 ! plugs increas$ ! s5sitiv5ess ( ! receiv]4 ,yet he f\nd x well n to h x too s5sitive le/ x coh]e = e /ray curr5t & s give false signals4 ,"u ! influ5ce ( ! electric waves set up f ! sp>k-gap ^? t9y p>ticles s arrang$ !mselves t !y w\ld readily c>ry a curr5t betwe5 ! plugs4 ,by plac+ ^! plugs ) _! plat9um t]m9als 9 circuit ) a local batt]y ! curr5t f ?is local batt]y 0 giv5 a passage ?r\gh ! coh]] by ! action ( ! electric waves com+ ?r\gh ! e!r4 ,:ile ^! waves !mselves 7 too feeble to op]ate a receiv+ me*anism1 !y 7 /rong en\gh to arrange ! p>ticles ( ! s5sitive metal 9 ! tube 9 ord]1 s t ! curr5t f ! local batt]y c\ld pass ?r\gh !m4 ,?is curr5t op]at$ a telegraph relay :i* 9 turn op]at$ a ,morse receiv+ in/rum5t4 ,an electrical tapp] 0 also arrang$ 9 ?is circuit s t x w\ld /rike ! tube a light bl[ aft] ea* long or %ort wave repres5t+ a dot or a da% _h be5 receiv$4 ,?us ! p>ticles 7 dis>rang$1 ready to array !mselves :5 ! next wave came ?r\gh ! e!r & s =m ! bridge ov] :i* ! /rong] local circuit c\ld convey ! signal4 ,m>coni fur!r discov]$ t ! mo/ effective arrangem5t 0 to run a wire f "o t]m9al ( ! coh]] into ! gr\nd1 & f ! o!r to an elevat$ metal plate or wire4 ,! waves com+ ?r\gh ! e!r 7 receiv$ by ! elevat$ wire & 7 conduct$ d[n to ! coh]]4 ,exp]im5t+ ) 8 app>atus on ! po/s 9 ! g>d51 he discov]$ t an increase 9 ! height ( ! wire greatly increas$ ! receiv+ di/ance4 ,at 8 s5d+ /ation he us$ ! excit] ( 8 tea*]1 ,pr(essor ,righi4 ,?is1 too1 he modifi$ & p]fect$ = 8 practical purpose4 ,z he us$ ! device x consi/$ ( two brass sph]es a millimet] ap>t4 ,an envelope 0 provid$ s t ! sides ( ! sph]es t[>d ea* o!r & ! space betwe5 0 occupi$ by vasel9e oil :i* s]v$ to keep ! faces ( ! sph]es clean & produce a m uni=m sp>k4 ,outside ! two sph]es1 b 9 l9e ) !m1 7 plac$ two small] sph]es at a di/ance ( ab\t two-fif?s ( a c5timet]4 ,! t]m9als ( ! s5d+ circuit 7 atta*$ to ^!4 ,! second>y coil ( a l>ge induction coil 0 plac$ 9 s]ies ) !m1 & batt]ies 7 wir$ 9 s]ies ) ! prim>y ( ! coil ) a s5d+ key to make & break ! circuit4 ,:5 ! key 0 clos$ a s]ies ( sp>ks sprang across ! sp>k-gap1 & ! waves 7 ?us set up 9 ! e!r & c>ri$ ! message to ! receiv+ /ation4 ,z 9 ! case ( 8 receiv+ /ation1 ,m>coni f\nd t results 7 mu* improv$ :5 he wir$ 8 s5d+ app>atus s t "o t]m9al 0 gr\nd$ & ! o!r connect$ ) an elevat$ wire or a]ial1 :i* is n[ call$ ! ant5na4 ,by #ahif ,m>coni _h br\ght ?is app>atus to a /ate ( p]fection :]e he c\ld transmit messages to a di/ance ( sev]al miles4 ,?is ,iri%-,italian y\? ( tw5ty-two _h ma/]$ ! problem :i* _h baffl$ vet]an sci5ti/s & 0 ready to place a new wond] at ! s]vice ( ! _w4 ,! devices :i* ,m>coni ?us assembl$ & put to practical use _h be51 9 ! h&s ( o!rs1 little m ?an sci5tific toys4 ,o!rs _h /udi$ ! ,h]tzian waves & ! me?ods ( s5d+ & detect+ !m f a purely sci5tific viewpo9t4 ,m>coni _h ! vision to realize ! practical possibilities1 &1 ?\gh little m ?an a boy1 _h assembl$ ! :ole into a workable sy/em ( communication4 ,he ri*ly des]ves ! laurels & ! rew>ds z ! inv5tor ( ! wireless telegraph4 ,,xvii ,,wireless ,,telegraphy ,,e/abli%$ ,m>coni ,goes to ,engl&--he ,conf\nds ! ,skeptics--,a ,message to ,france ,)\t ,wires--,! ,attempt to ,span ! ,ocean--,m>coni 9 ,am]ica ,receives ! ,fir/ ,message f ,europe--,fame & ,recognition ,a*iev$4 ,! "t _h n[ come = ,m>coni to introduce himself & 8 discov]ies to ! att5tion ( ! _w4 ,he w5t to ,engl&1 & on ,june #b1 #ahif1 appli$ = a pat5t on 8 sy/em ( wireless telegraphy4 ,soon aft]w>d 8 plans 7 submitt$ to ! po/al-telegraph au?orities4 ,=tunately = ,m>coni & = ! _w1 ,w4,h4 ,preece 0 !n 9 au?ority 9 ?is dep>tm5t4 ,he himself _h exp]im5t$ ) "s little success ) wireless messages4 ,he 0 able en\gh to see ! m]it 9 ,m>coni's discov]ies & g5]\s en\gh to give him full recognition & e enc\ragem5t4 ,! app>atus 0 fir/ set up 9 ! ,g5]al ,po/-(fice 9 ,london1 ano!r /ation be+ locat$ on ! ro( b a hundr$ y>ds away4 ,?\gh sev]al walls int]v5$1 ! ,h]tzian waves trav]s$ !m )\t difficulty1 & messages 7 s5t & receiv$4 ,/ations 7 !n set up on ,salisbury ,pla91 "s two miles ap>t1 & communication 0 e/abli%$ betwe5 !m4 ,?\gh ! po/al-telegraph au?orities receiv$ ,m>coni's /atem5ts ( 8 discov]ies ) op5 m9d & put 8 app>atus to fair te/s1 ! public at l>ge 0 mu* less tol]ant4 ,! skepticism :i* met ,morse & ,bell fac$ ,m>coni4 ,m5 ( sci5ce d\bt$ 8 /atem5ts & sc(f$ at 8 claims4 ,! ,h]tzian waves might be all "r to op]ate sci5tific play?+s1 !y ?\ght1 b !y 7 f> too unc]ta9 to furni% a m$ium = c>ry+ messages 9 any practical way4 ,!n1 z progress 0 made & ,m>coni began to prove 8 sy/em1 ! inevitable jeal\sies arose4 ,exp]im5t]s :o might h inv5t$ ! wireless telegraph1 b :o did n1 came =w>d to conte/ ,m>coni's claims & to seek to snat* 8 laurels f him4 ,! "y inv5tor =g$ /eadily ahead1 /udy+ & exp]im5t+1 devis+ improv$ app>atus1 meet+ ! difficulties "o by "o z !y arose4 ,9 mo/ ( 8 e>ly exp]im5ts he _h us$ a modification ( ! little t9 boxes :i* _h be5 set up 9 8 fa!r's g>d5 z 8 orig9al a]ials4 ,hav+ discov]$ t ! height ( ! a]ials increas$ ! range ( ! /ations1 he cov]$ a l>ge kite ) t9-foil &1 s5d+ x up ) a wire1 us$ ?is z an a]ial4 ,balloons 7 simil>ly employ$4 ,he soon recogniz$1 h[ev]1 t a practical comm]cial sy/em1 :i* %\ld be capable ( s5d+ & receiv+ messages day & night1 reg>dless ( ! wea!r1 c\ld n be op]at$ ) kites or balloons4 ,! height ( ma/s 0 limit$1 s he s\ght to increase ! range by increas+ ! electrical p[] ( ! curr5t s5d+ =? ! sp>ks f ! s5d+ /ation4 ,"h he 0 on ! "r pa?1 & ano!r long /ep =w>d _h be5 tak54 ,9 ! fall ( #ahig he set up a ma/ on ! ,isle ( ,wight1 "o hundr$ & tw5ty feet high4 ,f ! top ( ?is 0 /rung a s+le wire & a new s]ies ( exp]im5ts 0 begun4 ,m>coni _h sp5t ! summ] 9 ,italy demon/rat+ 8 app>atus1 & _h e/abli%$ communication betwe5 a /ation on ! %ore & a w>-%ip ( ! ,italian ,navy equipp$ ) 8 app>atus4 ,he n[ secur$ a small /eam] = 8 exp]im5ts f 8 /ation on ! ,isle ( ,wight & equipp$ x ) a sixty-foot ma/4 ,communication 0 ma9ta9$ ) ! boat day aft] day1 reg>dless ( wea!r conditions4 ,! di/ance at :i* communication c\ld be ma9ta9$ 0 /eadily increas$ until communication 0 e/abli%$ ) ! ma9l&4 ,9 ,july ( #ahih ! wireless demon/rat$ its utility z a convey] ( news4 ,an ent]pris+ ,dubl9 newspap] desir$ to cov] ! ,k+/[n regatta ) ! aid ( ! wireless4 ,9 ord] to d ?is a l& /ation 0 erect$ at ,k+/[n1 & ano!r on bo>d a /eam] :i* foll[$ ! ya*ts4 ,a telephone wire connect$ ! ,k+/[n /ation ) ! newspap] (fice1 & z ! messages came by wireless f ! %ip !y 7 telephon$ to ,dubl9 & publi%$ 9 successive editions ( ! ev5+ pap]s4 ,?is feat attract$ s mu* att5tion t ,que5 ,victoria s\ght ! aid ( ! wireless = h] own necessities4 ,h] son1 ! ,pr9ce ( ,wales1 lay ill on 8 ya*t1 & ! ag$ que5 desir$ to keep 9 con/ant communication ) him4 ,m>coni accord+ly plac$ "o /ation on ! pr9ce's ya*t & ano!r at ,osborne ,h\se1 ! que5's resid5ce4 ,communication 0 readily ma9ta9$1 & "o hundr$ & fifty messages pass$ by wireless betwe5 ! pr9ce & ! royal "m4 ,:ile ! electric waves be>+ ! messages 7 f\nd to pass ?r\gh wood1 /one1 or e>?1 x 0 soon notic$ 9 practical op]ation t :5 _m build+s1 or a hill1 or any o!r solid object ( size int]v5$ betwe5 ! /ations ! waves 7 greatly ret>d$ & ! messages s]i\sly int]f]$ )4 ,:5 ! app>atus 0 plac$ on bo>d /eel vessels x 0 f\nd t any "p ( ! vessel com+ betwe5 ! /ations *eck$ ! communication4 ,m>coni s\ght to avoid ^! difficulties by erect+ high a]ials at e po9t1 s t ! waves might pass ?r\gh ! cle> air ov] solid ob/ructions4 ,m>coni's next ef=t 0 to connect ,france ) ,engl&4 ,he w5t to ,france to demon/rate 8 app>atus to ! ,fr5* ,gov]nm5t & set up a /ation ne> ,b\logne4 ,! a]ial 0 rais$ to a height ( "o hundr$ & fifty feet4 ,ano!r /ation 0 erect$ ne> ,folke/one on ! ,engli% coa/1 across ! ,*annel4 ,a gr\p ( ,fr5* (ficials ga!r$ 9 ! little /ation ne> ,folke/one = ! te/1 :i* 0 made on ! #bg? ( ,m>*1 #ahii4 ,m>coni s5t ! messages1 :i* 7 receiv$ by ! /ation on ! ,fr5* %ore )\t difficulty4 ,o!r messages 7 receiv$ f ,france1 & wireless communication betwe5 ! nations 0 an accompli%$ fact4 ,! use ( ! wireless = %ips & ligh?\ses sprang into favor1 & wireless /ations 7 e/abli%$ all ar\nd ! ,briti% coa/s s t %ips equipp$ ) wireless might keep 9 communication ) ! l&4 ,! ,briti% ,admiralty quickly recogniz$ ! value ( wireless telegraphy to w> vessels4 ,:ile field telegraphs & telephones _h s]v$ ! armies1 ! navies 7 /ill dep5d5t ^u primitive signals1 s9ce a wire _c be /rung f %ip to %ip nor f %ip to %ore4 ,s ! ,briti% battle-%ips 7 equipp$ ) wireless app>atus & a ?or\gh te/ 0 made4 ,a %am battle 0 held 9 :i* all ( ! ord]s 7 s5t by wireless1 & communication 0 con/antly ma9ta9$ bo? betwe5 ! flag-%ips & ! vessels ( _! fleets & betwe5 ! flag-%ips & ! %ore4 ,m>coni's inv5tion _h aga9 prov$ itself4 ,! wireless e>ly demon/rat$ its great value z a means ( sav+ life at sea4 ,light%ips (f ! ,engli% coa/ 7 equipp$ ) ! wireless & 7 ?us enabl$ to w>n %ips ( imp5d+ /orms1 & on sev]al occasions ! wireless 0 us$ to summon aid f ! %ore :5 %ips 7 s9k+ because ( accid5ts ne> ! light%ip4 ,foll[+ ! e/abli%m5t ( communication ) ,france1 ,m>coni increas$ ! range ( 8 app>atus until he 0 able to cov] mo/ ( ea/]n ,europe4 ,9 "o ( 8 demon/rations he s5t messages to ,italy4 ,8 ambition1 h[ev]1 0 to s5d messages across ! ,atlantic1 & he n[ attack$ ?is /up5d\s task4 ,on ! coa/ ( ,cornwall1 ,engl&1 he began ! con/ruction ( a /ation :i* %\ld h suffici5t p[] to s5d a message to ,am]ica4 ,in/ead ( us+ a s+le wire = 8 a]ial1 he erect$ _m tall poles & /rung a numb] ( wires f pole to pole4 ,! comp>atively feeble batt]ies :i* _h furni%$ ! curr5ts us$ 9 ! e>li] ef=ts 7 replac$ ) great p[]-driv5 dynamos1 & conv]t]s 7 us$ in/ead ( ! induction coil4 ,?us 0 ! great ,poldhu /ation e/abli%$4 ,late 9 #aija ,m>coni cross$ to ,am]ica to sup]9t5d ! prep>ations !re1 & t he himself might be ready to receive ! fir/ message1 %\ld x prove possible to span ! ocean4 ,signal ,hill1 ne> ,/4 ,john's1 ,newf\ndl& 0 select$ z ! place = ! ,am]ican /ation4 ,! exp5se ( build+ a great a]ial = ! te/ 0 too great1 & s dep5d5ce 0 _h ^u kites to s5d ! wires al(t4 ,= _m days ,m>coni's assi/ants /ruggl$ ) ! great kites 9 an ef=t to get !m al(t4 ,at la/ !y flew1 c>ry+ ! wire to a great height4 ,! wire 0 c>ri$ into a small ,gov]nm5t build+ ne> by 9 :i* ,m>coni /ation$ himself4 ,at 8 e> 0 a telephone receiv]1 ?is hav+ be5 sub/itut$ = ! relay & ! ,morse in/rum5t because ( its f> great] s5sitiv5ess4 ,m>coni _h in/ruct$ 8 op]ator at ,poldhu to s5d simply ! lett] s at an h\r correspond+ to #ab4cj ,a4,m4 9 ,newf\ndl&4 ,great 0 ! excitem5t & susp5se 9 ,cornwall :5 ! h\r = ! te/ arriv$4 ,=gett+ t !y 7 sleepy1 ! /aff cr[d$ ab\t ! s5d+ key1 & ! little build+ at ! foot ( ! r+ ( great ma/s support+ ! a]ial %ook ) ! cra% ( ! bl9d+ sp>ks z ! ?ree1 dots :i* =m ! lett] s 7 s5t =?4 ,ev5 great] 0 ! t5sion on ! ,newf\ndl& coa/1 :]e ,m>coni sat eag]ly wait+ = ! signal4 ,f9ally x came1 ?ree fa9t ticks 9 ! telephone receiv]4 ,! wireless _h cross$ ! ,atlantic4 ,m>coni _h no s5d+ app>atus1 s t x 0 n until ! cable _h c>ri$ ! news t ^? 9 ,engl& knew t ! message _h be5 receiv$4 ,because ,m>coni _h nev] made a /atem5t or a claim he _h n be5 able to prove1 he _h atta9$ a reputation = v]acity :i* made 8 /atem5t t he _h receiv$ a signal across ! ,atlantic c>ry weight ) ! sci5ti/s4 ,_m1 ( c\rse1 7 skeptical1 & insi/$ t ! simple signal _h come by *ance f "s %ip n f> away4 ,b ! inv5tor pu%$ quietly & /eadily ahead1 mak+ arrangem5ts to p]fect ! sy/em & e/abli% x s t x w\ld be ( comm]cial use4 ,m>coni return$ to ,engl&1 b two mon?s lat] set out = ,am]ica aga9 on ! l9] ,philadelphia ) improv$ app>atus4 ,he kept 9 con/ant communication ) 8 /ation at ,poldhu until ! %ip 0 a hundr$ & fifty miles f %ore4 ,beyond t po9t he c\ld n s5d messages1 z ! s5d+ app>atus on ! %ip lack$ suffici5t p[]4 ,messages 7 receiv$1 h[ev]1 until ! s5d+ /ation 0 ov] two ?\s& miles away4 ,?is seem$ miracul\s to ^? on %ipbo>d1 b ,m>coni accept$ x z a matt] ( c\rse4 ,he _h equipp$ ! ,poldhu /ation to s5d tw5ty-"o hundr$ miles1 & he knew t x %\ld accompli% ! feat4 ,a l>ge /ation 0 set up at ,cape ,breton1 ,nova ,scotia1 & regul> communication 0 e/abli%$ betwe5 !re & ,poldhu4 ,) ! e/abli%m5t ( regul> transatlantic communication ! utility ( ,m>coni's inv5tion1 ev5 = "w at great di/ances1 0 no long] op5 to "q4 ,by quiet1 unassum+1 consci5ti\s "w he _h put ano!r great c>ri] ( messages at ! s]vice ( ! _w1 & he n[ reap$ ! fame & =tune :i* he s ri*ly des]v$4 ,,xviii ,,! ,,wireless ,,s]ves ,,! ,,_w ,m>coni ,organiz$ ,wireless ,telegraphy ,comm]cially--,! ,new ,wond] at ! ,s]vice ( ! ,_w--,m>9e ,disa/]s ,prev5t$--,! ,ext5sion ( ! ,wireless on ,%ipbo>d--,improv$ ,app>atus--,! ,wireless 9 ! ,_w ,w>--,! ,boy & ! ,wireless4 ,) 8 cle> und]/&+ ( ! possibilities ( 8 inv5tion1 ,m>coni 0 n long 9 e/abli%+ ! wireless ^u a comm]cial basis4 ,he is a man ( ke5 bus9ess judgm5t1 & z he br\ght 8 inv5tion =w>d & cle>ly demon/rat$ its wor? at a "t :5 comm]cial ent]prise 0 al]t he f\nd no great difficulty 9 e/abli%+ 8 company4 ,! fir/ ,m>coni company 0 organiz$ z e>ly z #ahig "u ! "n ( ! ,wireless ,telegraph & ,signal ,company1 ,limit$4 ,?is 0 lat] displac$ by ! ,m>coni ,telegraph ,company1 :i* op]ates a regul> sy/em ( /ations on a comm]cial basis1 c>ry+ messages 9 competition ) ! cable & telegraph companies4 ,x also erects /ations = o!r companies :i* are op]at$ "u ! ,m>coni pat5ts4 ,) ! telegraph & ! telephone s well e/abli%$ & s]v+ ! ne$s ( ord9>y communication on l&1 x 0 natural t ! wireless %\ld make headway b sl[ly z a comm]cial proposition betwe5 po9ts on l&4 ,= communication at sea1 h[ev]1 x _h no competition1 & m]*ant-%ips z well z w> vessels 7 rapidly equipp$ ) wireless app>atus4 ,:5 ! great l9] ,republic 0 s9k+ z a result ( a collision (f ! port ( ,new ,york 9 #aijc h] wireless br\ght aid4 ,h] pass5g]s & crew 7 tak5 (f 9 safety1 & :at o!rwise w\ld h be5 a t]rible disa/] 0 avoid$ by ! use ( ! wireless4 ,! utility ( ! wireless 0 aga9 br\ght %>ply to ! att5tion ( ! _w4 ,x 0 realiz$ t a wireless set on a pass5g]-%ip 0 necess>y if ! lives ( ! pass5g]s 7 to be safegu>d$4 ,! ,unit$ ,/ates ,gov]nm5t by its laws n[ requires t pass5g]-%ips %all be equipp$ ) wireless app>atus 9 *>ge ( a compet5t op]ator4 ,"o ( ! e>ly objections made to ! wireless 0 its app>5t lack ( secrecy1 s9ce any o!r receiv+ app>atus )9 range ( ! waves s5t =? by ! s5d+ /ation c receive ! signals4 ,x 0 also realiz$ t z soon z any consid]able numb] ( /ations 7 e/abli%$ ab\t ! _w1 & began s5d+ messages to & fro1 !re w\ld be a p]fect jumble ( waves fly+ ab\t 9 all directions ?r\gh ! e!r1 s t no messages c\ld be s5t or receiv$4 ,m>coni's answ] to ^! difficulties 0 ! tun+ app>atus4 ,! electric waves c>ry+ ! messages may be s5t out at widely v>y+ l5g?s4 ,m>coni f\nd t x 0 possible to adju/ a receiv+ /ation s t x w\ld receive only waves ( a c]ta9 l5g?4 ,?us /ations :i* desir$ to communicate c\ld select a c]ta9 wave-l5g?1 & !y c\ld s5d & receive messages )\t int]f]+ ) o!rs us+ diff]5t wave-l5g?s1 or )\t ! receiv+ /ation be+ confus$ by messages com+ 9 f o!r /ations us+ diff]5t wave-l5g?s4 ,y "k t :5 a tun+-=k is set 9 vibration ano!r ( ! same pit* ne> x w vibrate ) x1 b o!rs ( diff]5t pit* w n be affect$4 ,! op]ation ( wireless /ations 9 tune ) ea* o!r is simil>4 ,illu/ration3 ,a ,,rem>kable ,,photograph ,,tak5 ,,outside ,,( ,,! ,,clifd5 ,,/ation ,,:ile ,,messages ,,7 ,,be+ ,,s5t ,,across ,,to ,,cape ,,race ,! cam]a 0 expos$ = two h\rs1 & ! :ite b>s %[ ! sp>ks leav+ ! wires = _! j\rney ?r\gh ! air = sev5te5 hundr$ miles4 ,illu/ration3 ,,m>coni ,,/ation ,,at ,,clifd51 ,,irel& ,^! dynamos s5d a message /raight across ! ocean4 ,an example ( ! value ( tun+ is af=d$ by ! mann] 9 :i* press reports are s5t f ! great ,m>coni /ation at ,poldhu4 ,ea* night at a c]ta9 h\r ?is /ation s5ds out news reports ( ! ev5ts ( ! day1 us+ a c]ta9 set wave-l5g?4 ,ea* %ip on ! ,atlantic & e l& /ation )9 range :i* is to receive ! reports at t h\r adju/s its receiv+ set to receive waves ( t l5g?4 ,9 ?is way !y he> no?+ b ! ,poldhu news reports :i* !y desire to receive1 & are n tr\bl$ by messages f o!r /ations )9 range4 ,secrecy is also atta9$ by ! use ( tun+4 ,x is possible t ano!r /ation may discov] ! wave-l5g? be+ us$ = a secret message & li/5 91 b !re are s _m possible wave-l5g?s t ?is is difficult4 ,secrecy may also be secur$ by ! use ( code messages4 ,_m ( ! advantages ( tun+ 7 lo/ by ! int]national agreem5t :i* provid$ t b two wave-l5g?s %\ld be us$ = comm]cial "w4 ,?is1 h[ev]1 enables %ips to get 9 t\* ) o!r %ips 9 "t ( ne$4 ,) 8 telephone receiv]s ! op]ator c he> ! passage ( ! waves z !y are br\ght to him by 8 a]ial & ! dots & da%es s\nd z buzzes ( great] or less l5g?4 ,out ( ! confusion ( curr5ts pass+ ?r\gh ! air he c select ! messages he wi%es to read by s\nd4 ,y may wond] h[ "o wireless op]ator gets into communication ) ano!r4 ,he fir/ li/5s 9 to det]m9e :e!r messages are com+ ?r\gh ! e!r )9 range 9 ! wave-l5g? he is to use4 ,he>+ no?+1 he adju/s 8 s5d+ app>atus to ! desir$ wave-l5g? & swit*es ?is 9 ) ! signal a]ial :i* s]ves bo? 8 s5d+ & 8 receiv+ set4 ,?is at ! same "t disconnects 8 receiv+ set4 ,he s5ds out ! call lett]s ( ! /ation to :i* he wi%es to s5d a message1 foll[+ !m ) 8 own call lett]s1 z a signature to %[ :o is call+4 ,aft] repeat+ ^! signals sev]al times he swit*es out 8 s5d+ set & li/5s 9 ) 8 receiv+ set4 ,if he !n gets an answ] f ! o!r /ation he c beg9 s5d+ ! message4 ,m>coni 0 n all[$ to hold ! wireless field unmole/$4 ,_m o!rs set up wireless /ations1 "s ( !m infr++ ^u ,m>coni's pat5ts4 ,o!rs h devis$ wireless sy/ems along m orig9al l9es4 ,p>ticul>ly we %\ld m5tion two ,am]ican exp]im5t]s1 ,dr4 de ,=e/ & ,pr(essor ,fess5d54 ,bo? h e/abli%$ wireless sy/ems ) no little promise4 ,! sy/em ( ,pr(essor ,fess5d5 is especially unique & orig9al & may be de/9$ to "w a revolution 9 ! me?ods ( wireless telegraphy4 ,) an increase 9 ! numb] ( wireless /ations & v>ieties ( app>atus came a wide increase 9 ! uses to :i* wireless telegraphy 0 appli$4 ,we h already notic$ ! press s]vice f ,poldhu4 ,! ,briti% ,gov]nm5t makes use ( ?is same /ation to furni% daily news to its repres5tatives 9 all p>ts ( ! _w4 ,! wireless is also us$ to transmit ! "t f ! great obs]vatories4 ,"s ( ! railroads 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates h equipp$ _! trails z well z _! /ations ) wireless sets4 ,x has prov$ its wor? 9 communicat+ betwe5 /ations1 tak+ ! place 9 "t ( ne$ ( ei!r ! telegraph or ! telephone4 ,9 equipp+ ! tra9s ) sets a difficulty 0 met 9 arrang+ ! a]ials4 ,x is1 ( c\rse1 impossible to arrange ! wires at any height above ! c>s1 s9ce !y w\ld be swept away 9 pass+ "u bridges4 ,ev5 ) v l[ a]ials1 h[ev]1 communication has be5 successfully ma9ta9$ at a di/ance ( ov] a hundr$ miles4 ,! spe$ ( ! fa/e/ tra9 affects ! s5d+ & receiv+ ( messages n at all4 ,x 0 also f\nd t messages pass$ )\t h9drance1 ev5 ?\gh ! tra9 0 pass+ ?r\gh a tunnel4 ,ano!r int]e/+ application ( wireless telegraphy is to ! ne$s ( ! fire-fight]s4 ,fire /ations 9 ,new ,york ,city h be5 equipp$ ) wireless telegraph sets1 & !y h prov$ s useful 9 spread+ al>ms & transmitt+ news ( fires t !y seem de/9$ to come into univ]sal use4 ,! outbreak ( ! _w w> gave a trem5d\s impetus to ! developm5t ( wireless telegraphy4 ,! ,g]man cable to ! ,unit$ ,/ates 0 cut 9 ! e>ly days ( ! conflict4 ,! s5d+ p[] ( wireless /ations _h be5 suffici5tly increas$1 h[ev]1 s t ! great ,g]man /ations c\ld communicate ) ^? 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates4 ,communication 0 readily ma9ta9$ betwe5 ! ,allies by means ( wireless1 ! great /ations at ,poldhu & at ! ,eiffel ,t[] 9 ,p>is be+ 9 con/ant communication ) ea* o!r & ) ! /ations 9 ,italy & 9 ,russia4 ,portable field sets _h be5 us$ ) "s slight success ev5 9 ! ,bo] ,w>1 & _h def9itely prov$ _! wor? 9 ! ,balkans4 ,! outbreak ( ! great] w> f\nd all ( ! nations equipp$ ) portable app>atus = ! use ( _! armies4 ,^! prov$ ( great use4 ,! field sets ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates ,army also prov$ _! utility 9 ! campaign into ,mexico 9 pursuit ( ,villa4 ,by _! means x 0 possible = ,g5]al ,p]%+'s =ces to keep 9 con/ant t\* ) ! headqu>t]s 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates4 ,! wireless prov$ z valuable to ! navies z _h be5 anticipat$4 ,! ,g]mans 9 p>ticul> made great improvem5ts 9 light wireless sets design$ = use on aircraft4 ,! problem ( plac+ an a]ial on an a]oplane is difficult1 b no little headway has be5 made 9 ?is direction4 ,x is ! ,am]ican boy :o has done ! mo/ int]e/+ "w ) ! wireless 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates4 ,:ile ! comm]cial developm5t has be5 comp>atively sl[1 ! boys h set up /ations by ! ?\s&s4 ,mo/ ( ^! /ations 7 con/ruct$ by ! boys !mselves1 :o h le>n$ & are le>n+ h[ be/ to apply ?is mod]n wond] to ! s]vice ( man4 ,s _m amateurs set up /ations t ! ,gov]nm5t f\nd x necess>y to regulate !m by law4 ,! law n[ requires t amateur exp]im5t]s use only %ort wave-l5g?s 9 _! s5d+1 :i* w n int]f]e ) messages f ,gov]nm5t or comm]cial /ations4 ,x also provides = ! lic5s+ ( amateurs :o prove compet5t4 ,! /ations own$ & op]at$ by boys h already prov$ ( great use4 ,9 times ( /orm & flood :5 wire communication fail$ !y h prov$ ! only means ( communicat+ ) _m di/ricts4 ,9 "t ( w> ^! amateur /ations1 scatt]$ 9 all p>ts ( ! c\ntry1 might prove imm5sely valuable4 ,means h n[ be5 tak5 to s organize ! amateurs t !y c communicate ) "o ano!r1 & by ?is means messages may be s5t to any "p ( ! c\ntry4 ,"o "y ,am]ican1 ,john ,hays ,hammond1 ,jr41 has appli$ ! wireless 9 novel & int]e/+ ways4 ,by means ( special app>atus m\nt$ on a small boat he c by ! means ( a wireless /ation on %ore />t or /op ! vessel1 or /e] x 9 any direction by 8 wireless control4 ,he has appli$ ! same sy/em to ! control ( torp$oes4 ,by ?is means a torp$o may be controll$ aft] x has left ! %ore & may be direct$ 9 any direction z long z x is )9 sight4 ,?is inv5tion may prove ( incalculable b5efit %\ld ,am]ica be attack$ by a =eign p[]4 ,:at />tl+ developm5ts ( wireless telegraphy lie /ill 9 ! future we d n "k4 ,m>coni has pr$ict$ t wireless messages w circle ! globe4 ,i believe1 he has said1 t 9 ! ne> future a wireless message w be s5t f ,new ,york completely ar\nd ! _w )\t relay+1 & w be receiv$ by an in/rum5t 9 ! same (fice ) ! transmitt]1 9 p]haps less "t ?an ,%akespe>e's =ty m9utes4 ,n long ago ! ,unit$ ,/ates battle-%ip ,wyom+1 ly+ (f ,cape ,h5ry on ! ,atlantic coa/1 communicat$ ) ! ,san ,diego at ,guaymas1 on ! ,pacific coa/ ( ,mexico4 ,?is di/ance1 tw5ty-five hundr$ miles across l&1 %[s t ,m>coni's pr$iction may be realiz$ 9 ! n di/ant future4 ,,xix ,,speak+ ,,across ,,! ,,cont95t ,a ,new ,hello ,boy 9 ,bo/on--,:y ! ,boy ,s\ght ! ,job--,! ,useful ,?+s ! ,boy ,f\nd to ,d--,"y ,c>ty & ! ,multiple ,swit*bo>d--,call$ to ,new ,york ,city--,he ,quiets ! ,ro>+ ,wires--,c>ty ,made ,eng9e]-9-,*ief--,ext5d+ ! ,range ( ! ,human ,voice--,new ,york ,talks to ,san ,francisco ,ov] a ,wire4 ,x seem$ to _m t ! wireless telegraph 0 to be ! f9al ^w 9 ! developm5t ( communication1 b two /rik+ a*ievem5ts com+ 9 #aiae prov$ ?is to be f> f ! case4 ,:ile "o gr\p ( sci5ti/s _h giv5 !mselves to exp]im5tation ) ! ,h]tzian waves :i* l$ to wireless telegraphy1 o!r sci5ti/s & eng9e]s 7 busily engag$ 9 br++ ! telephone to a p]fection :i* w\ld enable x to accompli% ev5 m /rik+ feats4 ,^! electrical pione]s did n "w z individuals1 b 7 gr\p$ toge!r z ! eng9e]+ /aff ( ! ,am]ican ,telephone & ,telegraph ,company4 ,at _! head 0 ,john ,j4 ,c>ty1 & x 0 "u 8 guid+ g5ius t ! great "w 0 accompli%$4 ,john ,c>ty is ! ,am]ican son ( ,iri% p>5ts4 ,he 0 born 9 ,cambridge1 ,massa*usetts1 on ,april #ad1 #ahfa4 ,8 fa!r 0 a gun-mak] & an exp]t me*anic ( m>k$ intellig5ce & +5uity :o numb]$ among 8 fri5ds ,h[e1 ! creator ( ! sew+-ma*9e4 ,z a boy ,john ,c>ty display$ ! livelie/ int]e/ 9 ?+s electrical4 ,:5 ! "t came = him to g to s*ool1 physics 0 8 favorite /udy4 ,he %[$ himself to be possess$ ( a ke5 m9d & an inf9ite capacity = "w4 ,to ^! advantages 0 add$ a good elem5t>y education4 ,he 0 graduat$ f ,cambridge ,lat9 ,s*ool1 :]e he prep>$ = ,h>v>d ,univ]sity4 ,be=e he c\ld ent] ! univ]sity 8 eyesight fail$1 & ! doctor =bade cont9uance ( /udy4 ,_m a boy w\ld h be5 disc\rag$ by ?is physical h&icap :i* d5i$ him complete s*ola/ic prep>ation4 ,b ?is boy 0 n ! k9d t gives up4 ,he _h be5 supplem5t+ 8 s*ool "w 9 physics ) exp]im5tations ^u 8 own behalf4 ,let u let ,mr4 ,c>ty tell 9 8 own words h[ he next occupi$ himself4 ,i _h (t5 visit$ ! %op ( ,?omas ,hall1 at #ai ,bromfield ,/reet1 & look$ 9 ! w9d[4 ,i w5t 9 f "t to "t1 n to make l>ge pur*ases1 b mo/ly to make inquiries & to buy "s blue vitriol1 wire1 or some?+ ( ! k9d4 ,x 0 a /ore :]e app>atus 0 sold = exp]im5tation 9 s*ools1 & on ,saturdays a numb] ( ,h>v>d & ,in/itute ( ,te*nology pr(essors c\ld be f\nd !re4 ,x 0 q a r5dezv\s = ! sci5tific m5 9 ^? days1 j ! same z ! ,old ,corn] ,book/ore at ! corn] ( ,s*ool & ,wa%+ton ,/reets 0 a place :]e ! lit]>y m5 us$ to congregate4 ,don't ?9k t ,i 0 an associate ( ^! great sci5ti/s1 b ,i 0 v mu* attract$ to ! atmosph]e ( t /ore4 ,i want$ to get 9 & h&le ! app>atus4 ,f9ally x occurr$ to me t ,i w\ld l to get into ! bus9ess1 someh[4 ,b ,i did n h ! c\rage to g 9 & ask !m = a job4 ,"o day ,i 0 go+ by & saw a sign hang+ out1 ,boy ,want$4 ,i 0 ab\t n9ete51 & really ?\ght ,i 0 some?+ ( a sci5ti/1 n exactly a boy4 ,i 0 a boy1 h[ev]4 ,i walk$ by on "o side ( ! /reet & !n on ! o!r1 look+ 91 & f9ally ! idea possess$ me to g 9 & /rike = t job4 ,s ,i took d[n ! sign1 :i* 0 outside ! w9d[1 put x "u my arm1 & w5t 9 & p]suad$ ,tom ,hall t ,i 0 ! boy he want$4 ,he said1 ,:5 c y beg98 ,i said1 ,n[4 ,!re 0 no talk ( wages or duties4 ,he said1 ,take ?is package ar\nd to ,e>le ,prew's express & hurry back1 z ,i h ano!r err& = y to d4 ,s ,i _h to take a great1 heavy box ar\nd to ! express-(fice & get a receipt = x4 ,i f\nd1 :5 ,saturday night came ar\nd1 t ,i _h be5 engag$ at ! rate ( fifty c5ts a day4 ,i w\ld h be5 glad to "w = no?+4 ,well1 ,i did n get ne> t app>atus 9 a hurry1 n until ! "t came = fix+ up ! w9d[4 ,my fir/ talk 9 reg>d to x _h no ref]5ce to s]vices 9 a sci5tific capacity on my "p4 ,i _h r hop$ t ! boss w\ld come ar\nd & consult )1 me z to h[ to adju/ ! app>atus4 ,b t 0 n x4 ,he said3 ,john1 clean out t w9d[4 ,ev]y?+ is full ( du/1 & be c>eful & don't break any?+6 ,s ,i clean$ x out4 ,i swept out ! place1 clean$ ab\t !re1 did err&s1 mix$ batt]y solutions1 & got a great deal ( exp]i5ce !re 9 "o way or ano!r4 ,i did :atev] !re 0 to d & got a good deal ( fun out ( x1 :ile becom+ acqua9t$ ) ! /ate ( ! art ( t day4 ,i got to "k intimately all ! diff]5t sorts ( philosophical app>atus !re 71 & h[ to mix ! v>i\s batt]y solutions4 ,9 fact1 ,i became really q exp]i5c$ = ^? times 9 su* matt]s4 ,x 0 n long be=e "y ,c>ty lo/ 8 job4 ,be+ a regul> boy1 he _h be5 guilty ( too mu* skyl>k+4 ,?is exp]i5ce /eadi$ him1 & he =?) s\ght a new job4 ,he _h met "s ( ! employees ( ! telephone company & 0 naturally int]e/$ 9 _! "w4 ,at t "t hello boys held sway 9 ! crude telephone ex*anges1 ! hello girl hav+ n yet appe>$4 ,s ,john ,c>ty at ! age ( n9ete5 w5t to "w 9 ! ,bo/on telephone ex*ange4 ,! swit*bo>d at :i* !y plac$ him _h be5 good en\gh = ! o!r boys :o _h be5 call$ ^u to op]ate x1 & inde$ x repres5t$ ! be/ ?\ght & ef=t ( ! lead]s 9 ! telephone _w4 ,b x did n satisfy ,c>ty1 :o1 n cont5t ) simply-op]at+ ! bo>d1 /udi$ its con/ruction & began plann+ improvem5ts4 ,z ,mr4 ,c>ty himself puts x3 ,! little swit*bo>ds ( t day 7 a good deal l ! automobiles ( "s ye>s ago--"o 0 likely to sp5d m "t "u ! swit*bo>d ?an1 sitt+ at x6 ,9 t way ,i le>n$ a great deal ab\t ! arrangem5t & con/ruction ( swit*bo>ds4 ,enc\nt]+ ! tr\ble fir/1 ,i _h an advantage ov] o!rs 9 be+ able to sugge/ a rem$y4 ,s ,i h always ?\ght x 0 a good ?+ to h tr\bles1 z long z !y are n too s]i\s or too num]\s4 ,tr\bles are c]ta9ly a great advantage1 if we manage !m correctly4 ,c]ta9ly ,c>ty made ^! swit*bo>d tr\bles ! fir/ /epp+-/one 9 8 climb to ! top 9 ! field ( telephone eng9e]+4 ,! improvem5ts :i* ! y\ng/] sugge/$ 7 s valuable t !y 7 soon be+ made "u 8 direction1 & ere long he in/all$ 9 ! ,bo/on ex*ange ! fir/ multiple swit*bo>d1 ! fundam5tal features ( :i* are 9 ! swit*bo>ds ( to-day4 ,9 8 "w ) ! swit*bo>ds "y ,c>ty e>ly got 9 t\* ) ,*>les ,e4 ,scribn]1 ano!r y\ng/] :o 0 do+ notable "w 9 ?is field4 ,! "y m5 became fa/ fri5ds & work$ mu* toge!r4 ,scribn] devot$ himself almo/ exclusively to swit*bo>ds & came to be kn[n z ! fa!r ( ! mod]n swit*bo>d4 ,bo/on _h h] peculi> problems & an express s]vice 0 ne$$4 ,h[ to h&le ?is 9 ! ex*ange 0 ano!r problem1 & ?is1 too1 ,c>ty solv$4 ,= ?is purpose he design$ & in/all$ ! fir/ metallic circuit1 multiple swit*bo>d to g into s]vice4 ,! problems ( ! ex*ange 7 among ! mo/ s]i\s ( ! _m :i* tr\bl$ ! e>ly telephone companies4 ,( c\rse e telephone-us] desir$ to be able to conv]se ) any o!r :o _h a telephone 9 8 (fice or resid5ce4 ,! developm5t ( ! swit*bo>ds _h be5 comp>atively sl[ 9 ! pa/1 & ! s]vice r5d]$ by ! boys prov$ f> f satisfactory4 ,! av]age boy prov$ himself too little am5able to discipl9e1 too incl9$ to sass ! telephone-us]s1 & too c>eless4 ,b ! e>ly use ( hello boys 0 at lea/ a success = ! telephone 9 t x br\ght to its s]vice ,john ,j4 ,c>ty4 ,?is boy po9t$ ! way to ! great improvem5ts t made x possible to h&le ! con/antly gr[+ volume ( calls exp$iti\sly & effectively4 ,! e>ly telephones 7 op]at$ ) a s+le wire gr\nd$ at ei!r end1 ! e>? return be+ us$ to complete ! circuit z ) ! telegraph4 ,b :ile ! curr5ts us$ to op]ate ! telegraph are fairly /rong & s c dom9ate ! e>? curr5ts1 ! t9y curr5ts :i* repres5t$ ! vibrations ( ! human voice 7 all too (t5 dr[n$ by ! e>? curr5ts :i* /ray$ on to ! l9es4 ,telephone eng9e]s 7 n !n agre$ t ?is caus$ ! difficulty2 b !y did "k !re 0 difficulty4 ,_m weird noises play$ ov] ! l9es & z (t5 z n ! spok5 ^w 0 twi/$ into ! /range/ gibb]i% & r5d]$ un9telligible4 ,if ! telephone 0 to satisfy its patrons & prove ( real s]vice to ! _w1 ! difficulty _h to be ov]come4 ,"s ( ! m progressive eng9e]s insi/$ t a d\ble-wire sy/em )\t a gr\nd 0 necess>y4 ,?is1 ( c\rse1 involv$ trem5d\s exp5ses 9 rebuild+ e l9e & duplicat+ e wire4 ,! m cons]vative hesitat$1 b ,c>ty =g$ ahead4 ,9 #ahhj he 0 engag$ 9 op]at+ a new l9e out ( ,bo/on4 ,he 0 conv9c$ t ! d\ble-wire sy/em alone c\ld be successful1 & he arrang$ to op]ate a l9e on ?is plan4 ,tak+ two s+le l9es1 he in/ruct$ ! op]ator at ! o!r end to jo9 !m1 =m+ a two-wire circuit4 ,! results ju/ifi$ him4 ,at la/ a l9e _h be5 atta9$ :i* c\ld be dep5d$ ^u to c>ry ! conv]sation4 ,no soon] 0 "o problem solv$ ?an ano!r pres5t$ itself4 ,:at to d ) ! con/antly increas+ numb] ( wires 0 a press+ difficulty4 ,all telephone circuits _h be5 /rung ov]head1 & ) ! dem& = telephones = (fice & resid5ce rapidly increas+1 ! /reets ( ! great cities 7 becom+ a p]fect =e/ ( telephone poles1 ) ! sky obscur$ by a maze ( wires4 ,poles 7 con/antly increas$ 9 height until a l9e 0 /rung along ,wall ,/reet 9 ,new ,york ,city at a height ( n9ety feet4 ,f ! poles ! wires ov]fl[$ to ! h\setops1 increas+ ! difficulty ( ! eng9e]s4 ,h[ to protect ! wires s t !y c\ld be plac$ und]gr\nd 0 ! problem4 ,we h notic$ t ,!odore ,vail _h be5 br\ght to ! head ( ! ,bell sy/em 9 its infancy & _h l$ ! fight aga9/ ! rival companies until x 0 ?or\ghly e/abli%$4 ,n[ he 0 direct+ 8 g5ius & executive ability to s improv+ ! telephone t x %\ld s]ve e ne$ ( communication4 ,:ile ! eng9e]s discuss$ !ories ,vail began actual te/s4 ,a tr5* five miles long 0 dug beside a railway track by ! simple exp$i5t ( hit*+ a pl[ to a locomotive4 ,9 ?is tr5* 7 laid a numb] ( wires1 ea* ) a diff]5t cov]+4 ,! gutta-p]*a & ! rubb] cov]+s :i* _h be5 us$ 9 cable con/ruction pr$om9at$4 ,x 0 f\nd t ^! wires w\ld c>ry ! telephone curr5ts1 n z well z might be desir$1 b well en\gh to assure ,vail t he 0 on ! "r track4 ,! companies began to place _! wires und]gr\nd1 & ,vail saw to x t ! exp]im5ts ) cov]+s = telephone wires 7 cont9u$4 ,! result 0 ! successful und]gr\nd cables 9 use to-day4 ,at ! same "t ,vail & 8 eng9e]s 7 seek+ to improve ! wires !mselves4 ,iron & /eel wires _h be5 us$1 b !y prov$ unsatisfactory1 z !y ru/$ & 7 poor conductors4 ,copp] 0 an excell5t conductor1 b ! metal 9 ! pure /ate is s(t & no "o !n knew h[ to make a copp] wire t w\ld su/a9 its own weight4 ,b ,vail kept 8 m5 at ! problem & ! h>d-drawn copp] wire 0 at l5g? evolv$4 ,?is prov$ j :at 0 ne$$ = ! telephone circuits4 ,! copp] wire 0 f\r times z exp5sive z ! iron1 b z x 0 f\r times z good ,vail adopt$ x4 ,john ,c>ty _h r m ?an kept pace ) ^! improvem5ts4 ,he 0 b tw5ty-six ye>s ( age :5 ,union ,n4 ,be!ll1 head ( ! ,new ,york company1 pick$ ,c>ty to take *>ge ( ! telephone eng9e]+ "w 9 ! metropolis4 ,be!ll 0 ,vail's *ief executive (fic]1 & "u him ,c>ty receiv$ an invaluable tra9+ 9 executive "w4 ,c>ty's l>ge/ task 0 putt+ ! wires und]gr\nd1 & "h aga9 he 0 a trem5d\s success4 ,he f\nd ways to make cables *eap] & bett]1 & devis$ means ( lay+ !m at half ! =m] co/4 ,hav+ solv$ ! mo/ press+ problems 9 ?is field1 8 employ]s1 :o _h come to recognize 8 m>k$ g5ius1 set him to "w aga9 on ! swit*bo>d4 ,he 0 plac$ 9 *>ge ( ! swit*bo>d dep>tm5t ( ! ,we/]n ,electric ,company1 ! conc]n :i* manufactures ! app>atus = ! telephone company4 ,! swit*bo>d1 z we h se51 0 ,c>ty's fir/ love1 & aga9 he po9t$ ! way to great improvem5ts4 ,mo/ ( ! l>ge swit*bo>ds ( t "t 7 in/all$ "u 8 direction1 & !y 7 bett] swit*bo>ds ?an _h ev] be5 kn[n be=e4 ,up to ?is "t x _h be5 ?\ght necess>y to h individual batt]ies supply+ curr5t to ea* l9e4 ,^! 7 a con/ant s\rce ( difficulty1 & ,c>ty direct$ 8 own att5tion1 & t ( 8 associate eng9e]s1 to f9d+ a satisfactory solution4 ,he s\ght a me?od ( utiliz+ "o common batt]y at ! c5tral /ation & ! way 0 f\nd & ! improvem5t accompli%$4 ,?\gh ! telephone circuits 7 n[ protect$ f ! e>?1 telephone-us]s1 at times :5 ! l9es 7 busy1 7 /ill tr\bl$ ) ro>+s & /range cross-talk4 ,?\gh busy ) ! _m eng9e]+ problems :i* ! telephone heads _h assign$ to him1 ,c>ty f\nd "t = "s orig9al rese>*4 ,he %[$ t ! ro>+s 9 ! wires 7 l>gely caus$ by electro-/atic induction4 ,9 #ahhi he read a pap] be=e ! ,electric ,club t />tl$ ! eng9e]s ( t day4 ,he demon/rat$ t 9 e telephone circuit !re is a p>ticul> po9t at :i*1 if a telephone is ins]t$1 no cross-talk c be he>d4 ,he _h work$ out ! rules = det]m9+ ?is po9t4 ,?us he _h at once discov]$ ! tr\ble & prescrib$ ! cure4 ,( c\rse x c\ld n be expect$ t ! sage exp]ts w\ld all agree ) "y ,c>ty "r away2 b !y 7 =c$ to 9 ! end1 = aga9 he 0 prov$ "r4 ,by #aija ,c>ty 0 ready ) ano!r inv5tion :i* 0 to place ! telephone 9 ! homes ( hundr$s ( ?\s&s :o1 )\t x1 c\ld sc>cely h af=d$ ?is mod]n necessity4 ,?is 0 ! bridg+ bell :i* made possible ! p>ty l9e4 ,by its use f\r telephones c\ld be plac$ on a s+le l9e1 ea* ) its own signal1 s t any "o c\ld be rung )\t r++ ! o!rs4 ,its introduction inaugurat$ a new boom 9 ! use ( ! telephone4 ,!odore ,vail _h resign$ f 8 positions ) ! telephone companies 9 #ahij ) ! det]m9ation to retire f bus9ess4 ,b :5 ! panic ( #aijg came ! directors ( ! company w5t to him on 8 ,v]mont f>m & plead$ ) him to return & aga9 resume ! lead]%ip4 ,o!r & y\ng] m5 w\ld n d 9 ?is bus9ess crisis4 ,!y also po9t$ out t ! nation's telephones _h n yet be5 mold$ into ! national sy/em :i* _h be5 8 dream--a sy/em ( univ]sal s]vice 9 :i* any "o at any po9t 9 ! c\ntry might talk by telephone ) any o!r4 ,s ,vail re-ent]$ ! telephone field & aga9 took ! presid5cy ( ! ,am]ican ,telephone & ,telegraph ,company4 ,"o ( 8 fir/ (ficial acts 0 to appo9t ,john ,j4 ,c>ty 8 *ief eng9e]4 ,vail _h select$ ! "r man to make 8 dreams come true2 ,c>ty n[ _h ! executive :o w\ld make x possible = him to accompli% ev5 l>g] ?+s4 ,he set ab\t build+ up ! eng9e]+ organization :i* 0 to accompli% ! "w1 select+ ! mo/ brilliant graduates ( ,am]ican te*nical s*ools4 ,he set ?is organization to "w ^u ! ext5sion & developm5t ( ! long-di/ance telephone l9es4 ,z a hello boy ,c>ty _h believ$ 9 ! possibility ( ! long-di/ance telephone :5 o!rs _h sc(f$4 ,he has told ( an e>ly exp]i5ce :ile 9 ! ,bo/on ex*ange3 ,"o hot day an old lady toil$ up ! inevitable flights ( /airs :i* l$ to ! telephone-(fice ( ^? times4 ,out ( brea?1 %e sat d[n1 & :5 %e _h recov]$ suffici5tly to speak %e said %e want$ to talk to ,*icago4 ,my colleagues ( t "t 7 all :at ! e?nologi/s w\ld rank a little bit l[] ?an ! wild ,indian4 ,^! y\ng/]s set up a great laugh2 &1 inde$1 ! absurdity ( ! old lady's project c\ld h>dly be ov]/at$1 because at t "t ,salem 0 a long-di/ance l9e1 ,l[ell sometimes work$1 & ,worce/] 0 ! limit--t is1 9 e s5se ( ! ^w4 ,! ,l[ell l9e 0 s unreliable t we _h a telegraph op]ator !re1 & :5 ! talk 0 n possible1 he pu%$ ! message ?r\gh by ,morse4 ,x is no wond] t ! absurdity ( ! old lady's proposal 0 ! cause ( poorly suppress$ m]rim5t4 ,b ,i c rememb] t ,i expla9$ to h] t our wires _h n yet be5 ext5d$ to ,*icago1 & t1 aft] %e _h dep>t$1 ,i turn$ to ! o!r op]ators & said t ! day w\ld come :5 we c\ld talk to ,*icago4 ,my prophecy 0 receiv$ ) :at might be call$--putt+ x mildly--vocif]\s disc\rtesy4 ,nev]!less1 ,i rememb] v well ! impression :i* t old lady's reque/ made ^u me2 & ,i really did believe t1 "s day or o!r1 9 "s way1 we w\ld be able to talk to ,*icago4 ,by #aiab x 0 possible to talk f ,new ,york to ,d5v]1 a di/ance ( #b1ajj miles4 ,no ,european eng9e]s _h a*iev$ any su* results1 & ?is feat br\ght to ,c>ty & 8 wond]ful /aff ! admiration ( =eign exp]ts4 ,b = ! ,am]ican eng9e]s ?is 0 only a />t+-po9t4 ,! next /ep 0 to l9k ,new ,york & ,cali=nia4 ,?is 0 m ?an a matt] ( sett+ poles & /r++ wires1 /up5d\s ?\gh ?is task 04 ,! l9e crosses ?irte5 ,/ates1 & is c>ri$ on #acj1jjj poles4 ,?ree ?\s& tons ( wire are us$ 9 ! l9e4 ,! ,panama ,canal took n9e ye>s to complete1 & co/ ov] ?ree hundr$ million doll>s2 b )9 t "t ! telephone company sp5t twice t am\nt 9 eng9e]+ con/ruction "w alone1 ext5d+ ! scope ( ! telephone4 ,! te*nical problems 7 ev5 m difficult4 ,c>ty & 8 eng9e]s _h to f9d a way to s5d some?+ ?ree ?\s& miles ) ! brea? z its motive p[]4 ,x 0 a problem ( ! cons]vation ( ! t9y electric curr5t :i* c>ri$ ! spee*4 ,! p[] c\ld n be augm5t$ or spee* w\ld n result at ! de/9ation4 ,add$ to ! ef=ts ( ^! able eng9e]s 0 ! "w ( ,pr(4 ,mi*ael ,i4 ,pup91 ( ,columbia ,univ]sity1 ^: brilliant inv5tion ( ! load+ coil "s t5 ye>s be=e _h />tl$ ! sci5tific _w & _h increas$ ! range ( telephonic transmission ?r\gh und]gr\nd cables & ?r\gh ov]head wires f> beyond :at _h =m]ly be5 possible4 ,pr(essor ,pup9 appli$ 8 ma/]ful k ( physics & 8 pr(\nd ma!matical atta9m5ts s successfully to ! practical problems ( ! transmission ( telephone spee* t he has be5 call$ ! telephone sci5ti/4 ,x is impossible to talk ov] long-di/ance l9es any:]e 9 ,am]ica )\t speak+ ?r\gh ,pup9 coils1 :i* are di/ribut$ ?r\gh\t ! hundr$s ( ?\s&s ( miles ( wire cov]+ ! ,nor? ,am]ican cont95t4 ,9 ! transcont95tal telephone l9e ,pup9 coils play a mo/ important "p1 & !y are di/ribut$ at eight-mile int]vals ?r\gh\t its entire l5g? f ! ,atlantic to ! ,pacific4 ,9 speak+ at a d9n] ( em95t sci5ti/s1 ,mr4 ,c>ty once said t on acc\nt ( 8 di/+ui%$ sci5tific atta9m5ts & wond]ful telephonic inv5tions1 ,pr(essor ,pup9 w\ld rank 9 hi/ory alongside ( ,bell himself4 ,we h se5 h[ ,alex&] ,graham ,bell1 /&+ 9 ! little room 9 ,bo/on1 spoke ?r\gh ! crude telephone he _h con/ruct$ ! fir/ words ev] c>ri$ ov] a wire1 & h[ ^! words 7 he>d & und]/ood by 8 associate1 ,?omas ,watson4 ,?is 0 9 #ahgf1 & x 0 9 ,janu>y ( #aiae--less ?an =ty ye>s lat]--t ^! two m5 talk$ across ! cont95t4 ,! transcont95tal l9e 0 complete4 ,bell 9 ! (fices ( ! company 9 ,new ,york talk$ freely ) ,watson 9 ,san ,francisco1 & all 9 ! mo/ conv]sational tone1 )\t a trace ( ! difficulty t _h att5d$ _! fir/ conv]sation ov] ! %ort l9e4 ,?us1 )9 ! span ( a s+le life ! telephone _h be5 develop$ f a crude in/rum5t :i* transmitt$ spee* ) difficulty ov] a wire a hundr$ feet long1 until "o c\ld be he>d p]fectly1 ?\gh ov] ?ree ?\s& miles ( wire int]v5$4 ,! spok5 ^w travels across ! cont95t almo/ in/antane\sly1 f> fa/] ?an ! spe$ ( s\nd4 ,if x 7 possible = "o to be he>d 9 ,san ,francisco z he %\t$ f ,new ,york ?r\gh ! air1 f\r h\rs w\ld be requir$ be=e ! s\nd w\ld arrive4 ,?us ! telephone has be5 br\ght to a po9t ( p]fection :]e x c>ries s\nd by electricity & reproduces x aga9 f> m rapidly & effici5tly ?an s\nd c be transmitt$ ?r\gh its natural m$ium4 ,,xx ,,telephon+ ,,?r\gh ,,space ,! ,se>* = ! ,wireless ,telephone--,e>ly ,successes--,c>ty & ,8 ,assi/ants ,seek ! ,wireless ,telephone--,! ,task ,be=e ,!m--,de ,=e/'s ,amplifi]--,exp]im5tal ,success ,a*iev$--,! ,te/--,honolulu & ,p>is ,he> ,arl+ton--,! ,future4 ,no soon] _h ,m>coni plac$ ! wireless telegraph at ! s]vice ( ! _w ?an m5 ( sci5ce ( all nations began ! se>* = ! wireless telephone4 ,b ! vibrations necess>y to reproduce ! s\nd ( ! human voice are s inf9itely m complex ?an ^? :i* w suffice to c>ry signals repres5t+ ! dots & da%es ( ! telegraph code t ! problem long defi$ solution4 ,sci5ti/s attack$ ! problem ) vigor1 & v>i\s means ( wireless telephony 7 develop$1 )\t any be+ produc$ :i* 7 effective ov] suffici5t ranges to make !m really useful4 ,probably ! e>lie/ m$ium *os5 to c>ry wireless spee* 0 light rays4 ,a microphone transmitt] 0 arrang$ s t ! vibrations ( ! voice w\ld affect ! /ream ( gas fl[+ 9 a s5sitive burn]4 ,! flame 0 ?us ?r[n into vibrations correspond+ to ! vibrations ( s\nd4 ,! rays f ?is flame 7 !n direct$ by mirrors to a di/ant receiv+ /ation & !re conc5trat$ on a photo-electric sel5ium cell1 :i* has ! /range prop]ty ( v>y+ its resi/ance accord+ to ! illum9ation4 ,?us a telephone receiv] arrang$ 9 s]ies ) x 0 made to reproduce ! s\nds4 ,?is /range1 wireless telephone 0 s arrang$ t a se>*-light beam c\ld be us$ = ! light pa?1 & di/ances up to ?ree miles 7 cov]$4 ,ev5 ) ?is limit$ range ! se>*-light telephone _h c]ta9 advantages4 ,its message c\ld be receiv$ only by ^? 9 ! direct l9e ( ! light4 ,nei!r did x require a]ial ma/s or wires & a tra9$ telegraph] :o c\ld s5d & receive ! telegraph code4 ,x 0 put to "s use betwe5 battle-%ips & small] craft ly+ )9 a radius ( a few miles4 ,! s5sitive sel5ium cell prov$ unreliable1 h[ev]1 & ?is means ( communication 0 de/9$ to failure4 ,! exp]im5t]s realiz$ t future success lay 9 mak+ ! e!r c>ry telephonic curr5ts z x c>ri$ telegraphic curr5ts4 ,!y succe$$ 9 e/abli%+ communication )\t wires1 us+ ! same ant5na z 9 wireless telegraphy1 & ! pr9ciples det]m9$ are ^? us$ 9 ! wireless telephone ( to-day4 ,! s5d+ app>atus 0 s arrang$ t cont9u\s oscillations are set up 9 ! e!r1 ei!r by a high-frequ5cy ma*9e or f an electric arc4 ,:]e set up by sp>k dis*>ges ! sp>k frequ5cy mu/ be above tw5ty ?\s& p] second4 ,?is unbrok5 wave tra9 does n affect ! telephone & is n audible 9 a telephone receiv] ins]t$ 9 ! radio receiv+ circuit4 ,b :5 a microphone transmitt] is ins]t$ 9 ! s5d+ circuit1 in/ead ( ! make-&-break key us$ = telegraphy1 ! waves ( ! voice1 ?r[n aga9/ ! transmitt] 9 speak+1 break up ! waves s t ! telephone receiv] 9 ! receiv+ circuit w reproduce s\nd4 ,"h 0 & is ! wireless telephone4 ,m>coni & _m o!r sci5ti/s 7 able to op]ate x successfully ov] comp>atively %ort di/ances1 & 7 busily engag$ 9 ext5d+ its range & improv+ ! app>atus4 ,"o great difficulty involv$ 0 9 increas+ ! p[] ( ! s5d+ app>atus4 ,great] range has be5 secur$ 9 wireless telegraphy by us+ /rong] s5d+ curr5ts4 ,b ! delicate microphone w\ld n c>ry ^! /rong] curr5ts4 ,increas$ s5sitiv5ess 9 ! receiv+ app>atus 0 also necess>y4 ,n cont5t ) _! accompli%m5ts 9 increas+ ! scope ( ! wire telephone1 ! eng9e]s ( ! ,bell organization1 head$ by ,john ,j4 ,c>ty1 turn$ _! att5tion to ! wireless transmission ( spee*4 ,det]m9$ t ! exi/+ telephone sy/em %\ld be ext5d$ & supplem5t$ 9 e useful way1 !y attack$ ! problem ) vigor4 ,x 0 a problem t _h long baffl$ ! ke5e/ ( ,european sci5ti/s1 includ+ ,m>coni himself1 b t did n det] ,c>ty & 8 associates4 ,!y 7 det]m9$ t ! glory ( spann+ ! ,atlantic by wireless telephone %\ld come to ,am]ica & ,am]ican eng9e]s4 ,!y want$ hi/ory to record ! wireless telephone z an ,am]ican a*ievem5t along ) ! telegraph & ! telephone4 ,! me?ods us$ 9 a*iev+ ! wireless telephone 7 widely diff]5t f ^? :i* br\ght =? ! telegraph & ! telephone4 ,times _h *ang$4 ,m5 _h f\nd t x 0 m effective to "w toge!r ?r\gh organizations ?an to /ruggle along z individuals4 ,! v physical scope ( ! und]tak+s made ! old me?ods impracticable4 ,"o _c p]fect a transcont95tal telephone l9e nor a transatlantic wireless telephone 9 a g>ret4 ,& ) a p[]ful organization beh9d !m x 0 n necess>y = ,c>ty & 8 associates to />ve & skimp ?r\gh int]m9able ye>s1 h&icapp$ by ! inadequate equipm5t1 :ile !y sl[ly a*iev$ results4 ,?is great organization1 work+ ) mod]n me?ods1 produc$ ! mo/ wond]ful results ) />tl+ rapidity4 ,important "w _h already be5 done by ,m>coni1 ,fess5d51 ,de ,=e/1 & o!rs4 ,b _! results 7 /ill incomplete2 !y c\ld n talk = any consid]able di/ance4 ,c>ty organiz$ 8 /aff ) c>e1 ,bancr(t ,g]h>di1 ,doctor ,jewett1 ,h4,d4 ,arnold1 & ,colpitts be+ prom95t among ! gr\p ( brilliant ,am]ican sci5ti/s :o jo9$ ) ,c>ty 9 8 great und]tak+4 ,:ile mu* _h be5 accompli%$1 mu* /ill rema9$ to be done1 & ! v>i\s contributions _h to be co-ord9at$ into a unifi$1 workable :ole4 ,9 l>ge "p x 0 ,c>ty's task to direct ! "w ( ?is /aff & to see t all mov$ smoo?ly & 9 ! "r direction4 ,j z ! telephone 0 m complex ?an ! telegraph1 & ! wireless telegraph ?an ! telephone1 s ! app>atus us$ 9 wireless telephony is ev5 m complex & te*nical4 ,work+ ) ! intricate me*anisms & delicate app>atus1 "o "p aft] ano!r 0 improv$ & adapt$ to ! task at h&4 ,to ! devices ( ,c>ty & 8 associates 0 add$ ! extremely delicate detector t 0 ne$$4 ,?is 0 ! inv5tion ( ,dr4 ,lee de ,=e/1 an ,am]ican inv5tor & a graduate ( ! ,%effield ,te*nical ,s*ool ( ,yale ,univ]sity4 ,de ,=e/'s contribution 0 a lamp in/rum5t1 a ?ree-/ep audion amplifi]4 ,?is is to ! wireless telephone :at ! coh]] is to ! wireless telegraph4 ,x is s delicate t ! fa9te/ curr5ts com+ ?r\gh ! e!r w /imulate x & s]ve to set 9 motion local s\rces ( electrical en]gy s t ! waves receiv$ are magnifi$ to a po9t :]e !y w produce s\nd4 ,by ! spr+ ( #aiae1 b a few mon?s aft] ! transcont95tal telephone l9e _h be5 put 9 op]ation1 ,c>ty _h 8 wireless telephone app>atus ready = ext5d$ te/s4 ,a small exp]im5tal t[] 0 set up at ,montauk ,po9t1 ,long ,isl&1 & ano!r 0 borr[$ at ,wilm+ton1 ,delaw>e4 ,! te/s 7 successful1 & ! exp]im5t]s f\nd t !y c\ld talk freely ) ea* o!r4 ,soon !y talk$ ov] a ?\s& miles1 f ! t[] at ,montauk ,po9t to ano!r at ,/4 ,simon's ,isl&1 ,georgia4 ,?is 9 itself 0 a great a*ievem5t1 b ! _w 0 n told ( x4 ,d x fir/ & !n talk ab\t x is ! maxim ) ,!odore ,vail & 8 telephone m54 ,?is 0 b a beg9n+1 & ,c>ty _h f> m wond]ful ?+s 9 m9d4 ,x 0 on ! #bi? ( ,septemb]1 #aiae1 t ,c>ty conduct$ ! demon/rations :i* ?rill$ ! _w & %[$ t wireless telephony 0 an accompli%$ fact4 ,sitt+ 9 8 (fice 9 ,new ,york1 ,presid5t ,!odore ,vail spoke into 8 desk telephone ( ! famili> type4 ,! wires c>ri$ 8 words to ! t[]s ( ! ,navy wireless /ation at ,arl+ton1 ,virg9ia1 :]e !y 7 deliv]$ to ! s5d+ app>atus ( ! wireless telephone4 ,leap+ into space1 !y travel$ 9 e direction ?r\gh ! e!r4 ,! ant5na ( ! wireless /ation at ,m>e ,isl&1 ,cali=nia1 caught "p ( ! waves & !y 7 amplifi$ s t ,john ,c>ty1 sitt+ ) 8 e> to ! receiv]1 c\ld he> ! voice ( 8 *ief4 ,c>ty & 8 associates _h n only develop$ a sy/em :i* made x possible to talk across ! cont95t )\t wires1 b !y _h made x possible to comb9e wire & wireless telegraphy4 ,he & ,vail talk$ ) ea* o!r freely & easily1 :ile ! naval (fic]s :o v]ifi$ ! te/s m>vel$4 ,b ev5 m wond]ful ?+s 7 to come4 ,e>ly 9 ! morn+ ( ! next day o!r messages 7 s5t f ! ,arl+ton t[]1 & ^! messages 7 he>d by ,lloyd ,esp5s*i$1 "o ( ,c>ty's eng9e]s1 :o 0 /ation$ at ! wireless /ation at ,pe>l ,h>bor1 ne> ,honolulu1 ,hawaii4 ,! di/ance cov]$ 0 ne>ly five ?\s& miles1 & half ( x 0 across l&1 :i* is ! m rem>kable z ! wireless does n op]ate s readily ov] l& z ov] wat]4 ,! di/ance cov]$ 9 ?is te/ 0 great] ?an ! di/ance f ,wa%+ton to ,london1 ,p>is1 ,b]l91 ,vi5na1 or ,petrograd4 ,! successful completion ( ?is te/ meant t ! capitals ( ! great nations ( ! _w might communicate1 might talk ) "o ano!r1 by wireless telephone4 ,only a receiv+ set _h be5 in/all$ at ,hawaii1 s t x 0 n possible = ,esp5s*i$ to reply to ! message f ,arl+ton1 & x 0 n until 8 message came by cable t ^? at ,arl+ton knew t ! words !y _h spok5 _h travel$ five ?\s& miles4 ,o!r receiv+ sets _h be5 locat$ at ,san ,diego & at ,d>i5 on ! ,i/hmus ( ,panama1 & at ^! po9ts also ! words 7 di/9ctly he>d4 ,by ! latt] "p ( ,octob] all 0 9 read9ess = a transatlantic te/1 & on ! #bj? ( ,octob] ,am]ican eng9e]s1 ) ,am]ican app>atus in/all$ at ! great ,fr5* /ation at ! ,eiffel ,t[]1 ,p>is1 he>d ! words spok5 at ,arl+ton1 ,virg9ia4 ,c>ty & 8 eng9e]s _h bridg$ ! ,atlantic = ! spok5 ^w4 ,because ( w>-"t conditions x 0 n possible to secure ! use ( ! ,fr5* /ation = an ext5d$ te/1 b ! fact 0 e/abli%$ t once ! app>atus is 9 place telephonic communication betwe5 ,europe & ,am]ica may he c>ri$ on regul>ly4 ,! app>atus us$ z develop$ by ! eng9e]s ( ! ,bell sy/em 0 9 a measure an outgr[? ( _! "w ) ! long-di/ance telephone4 ,wireless telephony1 despite ! wond]s x has already accompli%$1 is /ill 9 its infancy4 ,) m p]fect app>atus & ! k t comes ) exp]i5ce we may expect t spee* w girdle ! e>?4 ,x is natural t "o %\ld wond] :e!r ! wireless telephone is de/9$ to displace our pres5t app>atus4 ,?is does n seem at all probable4 ,9 ! fir/ place1 wireless telephony is n[1 & probably always w be1 v exp5sive4 ,:]e ! wire w d x is ! m economical4 ,!re are _m limitations to ! use ( ! o!r = talk+ purposes1 & x _c be drawn ^u too /rongly by ! man ( sci5ce4 ,x w accompli% miracles1 b mu/ n be ov]tax$4 ,millions ( messages go+ 9 all directions1 cross+ & recross+ "o ano!r1 z is done e day by wire1 are probably an impossibility by wireless telephony4 ,weird & little-und]/ood conditions ( ! e!r1 /atic electricity1 radio di/urbances1 make wireless "w unc]ta91 & su* a ?+ z tw5ty-f\r-h\r s]vice1 sev5 days 9 ! week1 c probably nev] be gu>ante$4 ,9 radio communication all mu/ use a common m$ium1 & z its use increases1 s also d ! difficulties4 ,! privacy ( ! wire is also lack+ ) ! wireless telephone4 ,b because a way 0 f\nd to c\ple ! wireless telephone ) ! wire telephone1 ! new wond] has great possibilities z a supplem5t to our exi/+ sy/em4 ,be=e s v long x may be possible = an ,am]ican bus9ess man sitt+ 9 8 (fice to call up & conv]se ) a fri5d on a l9] cross+ ! ,atlantic4 ,! advantages ( speak+ betwe5 %ip & %ip z an improvem5t ov] wireless telegraphy 9 "t ( ne$ are obvi\s4 ,a demon/ration ( ! "p ?is great national telephone sy/em w\ld play 9 ! c\ntry's def5se 9 case ( attack 0 held 9 ,may ( #aiaf4 ,! ,navy ,dep>tm5t at ,wa%+ton 0 plac$ 9 communication ) e navy-y>d & po/ 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 s t ! executive (fic]s c\ld in/antly talk ) ^? 9 *>ge ( ! po/s ?r\gh\t ! c\ntry4 ,! wireless telephone 0 us$ 9 addition to ! long di/ance1 & ,secret>y ( ! ,navy ,daniels1 sitt+ at 8 desk at ,wa%+ton1 talk$ ) ,capta9 ,*&l]1 :o 0 at 8 /ation on ! bridge ( ! ,u4,s4,s4 ,new ,hamp%ire at ,hampton ,roads4 ,:atev] ! future limitations ( wireless telephony1 !re is no d\bt z to ! place x w take among ! sci5tific accompli%m5ts ( ! age4 ,m]ely z a sci5tific discov]y or inv5tion1 x ranks among ! wond]s ( civilization4 ,mu* z ! trem5d\s leap ( human voice across ! l9e f ,new ,york to ,san ,francisco appeal$ to ! m9d1 !re is some?+ inf9itely m fasc9at+ 9 ?is new triumph ( ! eng9e]4 ,! human m9d c grasp ! idea ( ! spok5 ^w be+ c>ri$ along wires1 ?\gh t is difficult en\gh1 b :5 we try to und]/& its flight ?r\gh space we are fac$ ) some?+ beyond ! compreh5sion ( ! layman & almo/ pa/ belief4 ,we h se5 h[ communication has develop$1 v sl[ly at fir/1 & !n1 z electricity 0 discov]$1 ) great rapidity until man may conv]se ) man at a di/ance ( five ?\s& miles4 ,:at ! future w br+ =? we d n "k4 ,! e!r may be made to accompli% ev5 m wond]ful ?+s z a be>] ( intellig5ce4 ,?\gh we _c n[ see h[ x w\ld be possible1 ! day may come :5 e automobile & a]oplane w be equipp$ ) its wireless telephone1 & ! motori/ & aviator1 :]ev] !y g1 may talk ) anyone any:]e4 ,! transmission ( p[] by wireless is confid5tly pr$ict$4 ,pictures h be5 transmitt$ by telegraph4 ,x may be possible to transmit !m by wireless4 ,!n "s "o may f9d out h[ to transmit mov+ pictures ?r\gh ! e!r4 ,!n "o might sit & see be=e him on a scre5 a repres5tation ( :at 0 !n happ5+ ?\s&s ( miles away1 &1 li/5+ ?r\gh a telephone1 he> all ! s\nds at ! same place4 ,wond]s t we _c ev5 n[ imag9e may lie be=e u4 ,,app5dix ,a ,,new ,,developm5ts ,,( ,,! ,,telegraph ,by ,f4,w4 ,li5an1 ,sup]9t5d5t ,t>iff ,bureau1 ,we/]n ,union ,telegraph ,company ,! inv5tion ( ,samuel ,f4,b4 ,morse is unique 9 ?is1 t ! me?ods & in/rum5ts ( telegraph op]ation z he evolv$ !m f 8 fir/ exp]im5tal app>atus 7 s simple1 & yet s completely met ! requirem5ts1 t !y h cont9u$ 9 use to ! pres5t day 9 practically _! orig9al =m4 ,b ?is does n mean t !re has n be5 ! same con/ant /riv+ = bett]m5t 9 ?is z 9 e o!r art4 ,_m m9ds h1 s9ce ! bir? ( ! telegraph1 occupi$ !mselves ) ! problem ( devis+ improv$ means ( telegraphic transmission4 ,! results h v>i$ accord+ to ! po9t ( view f :i* ! subject 0 approa*$1 b all1 directly or indirectly1 s\ght ! same goal 7! obvi\s "o1 s9ce spe$ is ! ess5ce ( telegraphy71 to f9d ! be/ means ( s5d+ m messages ov] ! wire 9 a giv5 "t4 ,x w readily sugge/ itself t ! solution ( ?is problem lies ei!r 9 an arrangem5t enabl+ ! wire to c>ry m ?an "o message at once1 or 9 "s app>atus capable ( transmitt+ messages ov] ! wire m rapidly ?an c be done by h&1 or 9 a comb9ation ( bo? ^! pr9ciples4 ,duplex & quadruples op]ations are p]haps ! mo/ g5]ally kn[n me?ods by :i* increas$ utilization ( ! capacity ( ! l9e has be5 a*iev$4 ,duplex op]ation p]mits ( ! s5d+ ( two messages ov] "o wire 9 opposite directions at ! same "t2 & quadruples1 ! simultane\s transmission ( f\r messages1 two go+ 9 ea* direction4 ,truly a rem>kable accompli%m5t2 b1 l _m o!r ?+s t h f\nd _! p]man5t place 9 daily use1 become s famili> t we no long] pause to m>vel at x4 ,^! exp$i5ts con/itute a direct & v effective attack on ! problem h[ to get m "w out ( ! wire ) ! exi/+ means ( op]ation1 & on acc\nt ( _! fundam5tal "* & ! important place :i* by reason !re( !y h tak5 9 ! telegraphic art1 are entitl$ to fir/ m5tion4 ,! problem ( increas+ ! rapidity ( transmission has be5 met by v>i\s automatic sy/ems ( telegraphy1 s call$ because !y embody ! idea ( me*anical transmission ) result+ ga9 9 spe$ & o!r advantages4 ,! numb] ( ^! :i* h f "t to "t be5 devis$ is consid]able4 ,n all h prov5 to be practicable1 b ^? :i* h fail$ to prove 9 "u actual op]at+ conditions none ! less display evid5ce ( +5uity :i* may well excite our admiration4 ,to m5tion "o or two :i* may be int]e/+ on acc\nt ( ! oddity ( _! me?od--!re 01 = in/ance1 an e>ly device1 simil> 9 pr9ciple to ! call+ app>atus ( ! automatic telephone1 :i* involv$ ! turn+ ( a movable disk s t a projection on its circumf]5ce po9t$ successively to ! lett]s to be transmitt$4 ,exp]im5ts 7 made ) ord9>y metal type set up 9 a compos+-/ick1 a s]ies ( bru%es pass+ ov] ! type faces & produc+ simil> *>act]s on a tape at ! o!r end ( ! l9e4 ,9 ano!r m rec5t +5i\s device a pivot$ mirror at ! receiv+ end 0 s manipulat$ by ! electrical impulses t a ray ( light reflect$ f ! surface ( ! mirror actually wrote ! message ^u s5sitiz$ pap]1 l a p5cil1 9 a fair h&writ+4 ,9 ano!r ! receiv+ app>atus pr9t$ v]tical1 horizontal1 & slant+ l9es 9 su* mann] t !y comb9$ to make lett]s1 r angul>1 x is true1 b legible4 ,^! & o!r k9dr$ devices are int]e/+ z ef=ts to accompli% ! direct production ( legible messages4 ,9 exp]im5tal te/s !y p]=m$ _! function successfully1 & 9 "s cases ) consid]able spe$1 b "s ( !m requir$ m ?an "o l9e wire1 "s 7 too s5sitive to di/urbance by inductive curr5ts & "s develop$ o!r weaknesses :i* h prev5t$ _! incorporation 9 ! actual op]at+ ma*9]y ( to-day4 ,9 ! g5]al developm5t ( ! s-call$ automatic telegraph devices :i* h be5 or n[ are 9 practical op]ation1 two l9es h be5 pursu$4 ,"o involves direct keybo>d transmission2 ! o!r1 ! use at ! s5d+ end ( a p]=at$ tape capable ( be+ run ?r\gh a transmitt+ ma*9e at high spe$4 ,"o type ( ! =m] is ! s-call$ /ep-by-/ep process1 9 :i* a revolv+ body 9 ! transmitt+ app>atus1 z1 = in/ance1 a cyl9d] provid$ ) pegs plac$ at int]vals ar\nd its circumf]5ce 9 spiral fa%ion1 is arre/$ by ! depression ( ! keys ( ! keybo>d 9 su* a way t a type :eel 9 ! receiv+ app>atus at ! di/ant end ( ! l9e pr9ts ! correspond+ lett]4 ,?is me?od 0 employ$ 9 ! ,h\se & ,phelps pr9t+ telegraphs op]at$ by ! ,we/]n ,union ,telegraph ,company 9 its e>li] days1 & is to-day us$ 9 ! op]ation ( ! famili> tick]4 ,9 ano!r type ( direct keybo>d op]ation ! manipulation ( ! keys transmits ! impulses directly to ! l9e & ! receiv+ app>atus translates !m by electrically controll$ me*anical devices into pr9t$ *>act]s 9 message =m4 ,! sy/ems be/ adapt$ to rapid telegraph "w are pr$icat$ on ! use ( a p]=at$ tape on :i*1 by means ( a suitable p]=at+ app>atus1 little r\nd holes are produc$ 9 v>i\s gr\p+s1 ea* gr\p1 :5 ! tape is pass$ ?r\gh ! transmitt]1 caus+ a c]ta9 comb9ation ( electrical impulses to pass ov] ! wire4 ,! transmitt] z a rule consi/s ( a me*anically or motor driv5 me*anism :i* causes ! telegraph impulses to be transmitt$ to ! l9e1 & ! comb9ation & "* ( ! impulses are det]m9$ by ! tape p]=ations4 ,! rapidity ) :i* ! tape may be driv5 ?r\gh ! transmitt] makes v high spe$ op]ation possible4 ,( c\rse x is necess>y t !re %\ld be at ! o!r end ( ! wire app>atus capable ( receiv+ & record+ ! signals z spe$ily z !y are s5t4 ,z e>ly z #ahdh ,alex&] ,ba9 p]fect$ a sy/em involv+ ! use ( ! p]=at$ transmitt+ tape2 at ! receiv+ /ation ! messages 7 record$ 9 dots & da%es ^u a *emically prep>$ /rip ( pap] by means ( iron p5s1 ! metal ( :i* 01 ?r\gh ! comb9$ action ( ! electrical curr5t & ! *emical prep>ation1 decompos$1 produc+ black m>ks 9 ! =m ( dots & da%es ^u ! pap]4 ,! ,ba9 app>atus 0 9 actual op]ation 9 ! y\ng] days ( ! telegraph4 ,v>i\s sy/ems1 bas$ on simil> pr9ciples1 involv+ tape transmission & ! production ( dots & da%es on a receiv+ tape1 h f "t to "t be5 devis$1 b h g5]ally n succe$$ 9 e/abli%+ any p]man5t usefulness 9 competition ) m effective in/rum5talities :i* h be5 p]fect$4 ,! h>die/ survivor ( !m is ! ,:eat/one app>atus1 :i* has be5 9 successful op]ation = ye>s4 ,orig9ally ! p]=at+--or1 to use ! commonly curr5t t]m1 ! pun*+--( ! ,:eat/one s5d+ tape 0 accompli%$ by a me*anism equipp$ ) ?ree keys--"o = ! dot1 "o = ! da%1 & "o = ! space4 ,! keys 7 /ruck ) rubb]-tipp$ mallets held 9 ! h&s ( ! op]ator & br\ght d[n ) consid]able =ce4 ,lat] ?is r primitive p]=ator 0 supplant$ by "o equipp$ ) a full keybo>d on ! ord] ( a typewrit] keybo>d4 ,at ! receiv+ end ( ! l9e ! messages are produc$ on a tape 9 dots & da%es ( ! ,morse alphabet1 & h5ce a fur!r process ( translation is necess>y4 ,?is sy/em has prov5 v useful1 p>ticul>ly 9 times ( wire tr\ble & sc>city ( facilities1 :5 x is ess5tial to move z _m messages z possible ov] ! available l9es4 ,! s*emes devis$ = comb9+ automatic transmission by ! p]=at$-tape me?od ) direct production ( ! message at its de/9ation 9 ord9>y lett]s & figures1 elim9at+ ! int]v5+ /ep ( translation f ,morse *>act]s1 h be5 _m4 ,_! individual enum]ation is beyond ! scope ( ! pres5t discussion1 & w\ld 9 any ev5t involve a we>isome exposition ( _! di/+ui%+ te*nical features4 ,sev]al ( ^! sy/ems are at pres5t 9 practical & v effective op]ation4 ,"o ( ! =]unn]s ( ! pr9t+ telegraph sy/ems n[ 9 use 0 ! ,buck+ham sy/em1 = _m ye>s employ$ by ! ,we/]n ,union ,telegraph ,company1 b n[ = "s "t obsolete4 ,! receiv+ me*anism ( ?is sy/em pr9t$ ! messages on telegraph blanks plac$ ^u a cyl9d] ( j ! "r circumf]5ce to accommodate two telegraph blanks4 ,! blanks 7 arrang$ 9 pairs1 roll$ into ! =m ( a tube & plac$ ar\nd ! cyl9d]4 ,:5 two messages _h be5 writt5 a new pair ( blanks _h to be sub/itut$4 ,?is 0 a r awkw>d arrangem5t1 b at a "t :5 m highly develop$ app>atus _h n be5 p]fect$ x s]v$ its purpose to good advantage4 ,! pr9t+ telegraphs ( to-day produce _! messages by ! direct op]ation ( typewrit+ ma*9es or me*anisms op]at+ sub/antially 9 ! same mann] z ! ord9>y typewrit+ ma*9e4 ,! me?ods by :i* ! electrical impulses com+ ov] ! l9e are trans=m$ into me*anical op]ation ( ! typewrit] keys1 or :at corresponds to ! typewrit] keys1 v>y4 ,x w\ld be difficult to describe h[ ?is function is p]=m$ )\t ent]+ ^u mu* detail ( a highly te*nical "*4 ,suffice x to say t means h be5 devis$ by :i* ea* comb9ation ( electrical impulses com+ ov] ! l9e wire causes a *annel to be op5$ = ! motor op]ation ( ! typewrit+ key-b> op]at+ ! correspond+ lett] ^u ! typewrit] app>atus4 ,^! ma*9es write ! messages ) prop] arrangem5t ( ! date l9e1 address1 text1 & signature1 op]at+ n only ! type1 b also ! c>riage %ift & ! l9e spac+ z requir$4 ,a fur!r /ep 9 advance has be5 made by fe$+ ! blanks into ! receiv+ typewrit] f a cont9u\s roll1 an att5dant te>+ ! messages (f z !y are complet$4 ,! entire op]ation is automatic f beg9n+ to end & capable ( consid]able spe$4 ,!re rema9$ ! problem ( devis+ "s means by :i* a numb] ( automatic units c\ld be op]at$ ov] ! same l9e at ! same "t4 ,?is is n by any means a new proposition4 ,"h aga9 v>i\s solutions h be5 (f]$ by ! sci5ti/s bo? ( ,europe & ( ?is c\ntry1 & diff]5t sy/ems design$ to accompli% ! desir$ object h be5 plac$ 9 op]ation4 ,"o ( ! mo/ rec5t1 & we believe ! mo/ effici5t s f> develop$1 is ! s-call$ multiplex pr9t] sy/em1 devis$ by ! eng9e]s ( ! ,we/]n ,union ,telegraph ,company & n[ be+ ext5sively us$ by t company4 ,p]haps ! be/ picture ( :at is accompli%$ by ?is sy/em c be giv5 by an illu/ration4 ,let u assume a s+le wire betwe5 ,new ,york & ,*icago4 ,at ! ,new ,york end !re are connect$ ) ?is wire f\r comb9$ p]=ators & transmitt]s1 & f\r receiv+ ma*9es op]at+ on ! typewrit] pr9ciple4 ,at ! ,*icago end ! wire is connect$ ) a l numb] ( s5d+ & receiv+ ma*9es4 ,all ^! ma*9es are 9 simultane\s op]ation2 t is to say1 f\r messages are be+ s5t f ,new ,york to ,*icago1 & f\r messages are be+ s5t f ,*icago to ,new ,york1 all at ! same "t & ov] a s+le wire1 & ! entire process is automatic4 ,! me?od by :i* eight messages c be s5t ov] a s+le wire at ! same "t )\t int]f]+ ) "o ano!r _c readily be describ$ 9 simple t]ms4 ,x may give "s compreh5sion ( ! und]ly+ pr9ciple to say t ! he>t ( ! me*anism is 9 two disks at ea* end ( ! l9e1 :i* are divid$ into gr\ps ( segm5ts insulat$ f ea* o!r1 ea* gr\p be+ connect$ to "o ( ! s5d+ or receiv+ ma*9es1 respectively4 ,a rotat+ contact bru% connect$ to ! l9e wire passes ov] ! disk1 s t1 z x comes into contact ) ea* segm5t1 ! l9e wire is connect$ 9 turn ) ! *annel lead+ to ! correspond+ op]at+ unit4 ,! bru%es revolve 9 absolute unison ( "t & position4 ,to use ! same illu/ration z be=e1 ! bru% on ! ,*icago disk & ! bru% on ! ,new ,york disk n only move at exactly ! same spe$1 b at any giv5 mom5t ! two bru%es are 9 exactly ! same position ) reg>d to ! respective gr\p ( segm5ts ( bo? disks4 ,if we n[ conceive ( ^! bru%es pass+ ov] ! successive segm5ts ( ! disks at a v great rate ( spe$1 x may be und]/ood t ! effect is t ! electrical impulses are di/ribut$1 ea* receiv+ ma*9e receiv+ only ^? produc$ by ! correspond+ s5d+ ma*9e at ! o!r end4 ,9 o!r words1 ea* ( ! sets ( receiv+ & s5d+ app>atus really gets ! use ( ! l9e = a fraction ( ! "t dur+ ea* revolution ( ! bru%es ( ! di/ribut] or disk me*anism4 ,! multiplex automatic circuits are be+ ext5d$ all ov] ! c\ntry & are prov+ extremely valuable 9 h&l+ ! con/antly gr[+ volume ( telegraph traffic4 ,:at has ?us be5 a*iev$ 9 develop+ ! te*nical side ( telegraph op]ation mu/ be attribut$ 9 "p to t impulse t[>d improvem5t :i* is con/antly at "w ev]y:]e & is ! mo/ pot5t factor 9 ! progress ( all indu/ries1 b 9 l>ge measure x is ! reflex ( ! gr[+--& rec5tly v rapidly gr[+--dem&s :i* are made ^u ! telegraph s]vice4 ,emphasis is plac$ on ! l>g] ratio ( gr[? 9 ?is dem& 9 rec5t ye>s because x is peculi>ly symptomatic ( a noticeably wid] realization ( ! advantages :i* ! telegraph (f]s z an effective m$ium = bus9ess & social correspond5ce ?an has h]et(ore be5 9 evid5ce4 ,x means t we h graduat$ f t /ate ( m9d :i* saw 9 ! telegraph some?+ to be resort$ to only "u ! /ress ( em]g5cy1 :i* caus$ _m good p to associate a telegram ) tr\ble & bad news & sudd5 calamity4 ,!re are /ill "s de> old ladies :o1 on receipt ( a telegram1 make a rapid m5tal survey ( ! entire ro/] ( _! ne> & di/ant relatives & wond] ^: dea? or illness ! message may ann\nce be=e !y op5 ! fateful envelope1 only to f9d t up-to-date ,c\s9 ,m>y1 :o has le>n$ t ! telegraph is z readily us$ z ! mail & _m times m rapid & effici5t1 wants to "k :e!r !y c come out = ! week-end4 ,:5 ,c\s9 ,m>y ( to-day wants to "k1 %e wants to "k "r away--n only t %e has h] arrangem5ts to make1 b also because %e j does n propose to wait a day or two to get a simple answ] to a simple "q4 ,!re9 %e embodies ! _s ( ! times4 ,our ance/ors 7 cont5t to jog along = days 9 a /uffy /age-coa*2 we compla9 t ! tra9 :i* accompli%es ! same di/ance 9 a few h\rs is too sl[4 ,we act m quickly2 we ?9k m quickly4 ,we h to if we want to keep )9 e>%ot ( ! b&4 ,?is spe$+ up makes itself q obvi\sly mo/ app>5t 9 our bus9ess processes4 ,no body ( bus9ess m5 ne$ be told h[ mu* ke5] competition is becom+ daily1 h[ mu* n>r[] ! m>g9 by :i* success mu/ be won4 ,famili> phrases1 ^!4 ,b beh9d !m lies a weal? ( trag$y4 ,h[ _m h fall5 by ! way8 ,x is e/imat$ t some?+ less ?an t5 p] c5t4 ( ^? :o engage 9 bus9ess on _! own acc\nt succe$4 ,h[ t]rible ! p]c5tage ( ^? :o fail6 ,! race has become too swift = !m4 ,driv5 by ! la% ( competition1 bus9ess mu/ p]=ce move fa/] & fa/]4 ,"t is becom+ ev] m preci\s4 ,negotiations mu/ be rapidly conduct$1 decisions arriv$ at quickly1 transactions clos$ on ! mom5t4 ,:at wond] t all ?is makes = a va/ly increas$ use ( ! quicke/ me?od ( communication8 ,t is b "o ( ! conditions :i* acc\nts = ! gr[+ use ( ! telegraph4 ,ano!r is to be f\nd 9 ! recognition ( ! conv5i5ce ( ! night lett] & day lett]4 ,?is has br\ght ab\t a consid]able increase 9 ! volume ( family & social correspond5ce by telegraph1 :i* w gr[ to v mu* great] proportions z exp]i5ce demon/rates its value4 ,9 bus9ess life ! night lett] & day lett] h likewise e/abli%$ a di/9ct place = !mselves4 ,"h also ! pres5t developm5t ( ?is traffic c be reg>d$ z only rudim5t>y 9 comp>ison ) ! possibilities ( its future developm5t1 indications ( :i* are already app>5t4 ,x has be5 discov]$ t ! telegram1 on acc\nt ( its peculi> att5tion-compell+ quality1 is an effective m$ium n only = ! individual appeal1 b = plac+ bus9ess propositions be=e a numb] ( p at once1 ! night lett]s & day lett]s be+ p>ticul>ly adapt$ to ?is purpose by reason ( ! great] scope ( expression :i* !y (f]4 ,aga91 bus9ess m5 are develop+ ! habit ( us+ ! telegram 9 keep+ 9 t\* ) _! field =ces & _! salesm5 & enc\rag+ _! activities1 9 cultivat+ clos] contact ) _! cu/om]s1 9 plac+ _! ord]s1 9 repl5i%+ _! /ocks1 & 9 any numb] ( o!r ways calculat$ to fur!r ! pr(itable conduct ( _! ent]prises4 ,all ?is means t ! telegraph is increas+ly be+ utiliz$ z a means ( correspond5ce ( e conceivable sort4 ,x means also t ) ! gr[+ appreciation ( its adaptability to ! e-day ne$s ( social & bus9ess communication a v mu* l>g] public dem& ^u x mu/ be anticipat$1 & x is to meet ?is dem& ) prompt & satisfactory s]vice t ! telegraph company has be5 b5d+ its ef=ts to ! p]fection ( a highly develop$ organization & ( op]at+ appliances ( ! mo/ mod]n & effici5t type4 ,,app5dix ,b ,?r\gh ! c\rtesy ( ,j4,j4 ,c>ty1 ,esq41 ,*ief ,eng9e] ( ! ,am]ican ,telephone & ,telegraph ,company1 !re foll[s ! clean-cut survey ( ! evolution ( ! telephone pres5t$ 9 8 address be=e ! ,frankl9 ,in/itute 9 ,philadelphia1 ,may #ag1 #aiaf1 :5 he receiv$ ! gold m$al ( ! ,in/itute4 ,m ?an any o!r1 ! telephone art is a product ( ,am]ican in/itutions & reflects ! g5ius ( our p4 ,! /ory ( its wond]ful developm5t is a /ory ( our own c\ntry4 ,x is a /ory exclusively ( ,am]ican ent]prise & ,am]ican progress1 =1 al?\gh ! mo/ p[]ful gov]nm5ts ( ,europe h devot$ _! en]gies to ! developm5t & op]ation ( telephone sy/ems1 great contributions to ! art h n be5 made by any ( !m4 ,) v few exceptions1 ! be/ t is us$ 9 telephony ev]y:]e 9 ! _w to-day has be5 contribut$ by work]s "h 9 ,am]ica4 ,x is ( peculi> int]e/ to recall ! fact t ! fir/ words ev] transmitt$ by ! electric telephone 7 spok5 9 a build+ at ,bo/on1 n f> f :]e ,b5jam9 ,frankl9 fir/ saw ! light4 ,! telephone1 z well z ,frankl91 0 born at ,bo/on1 &1 l ,frankl91 its fir/ j\rney into ! _w br\ght x to ,philadelphia1 :]e x 0 exhibit$ by its inv5tor1 ,alex&] ,graham ,bell1 at ! ,c5t5nial ,exhibition 9 #ahgf1 held "h to commemorate ! fir/ hundr$ ye>s ( our exi/5ce z a free & indep5d5t nation4 ,x 0 a fitt+ contribution to ,am]ican progress1 repres5t+ ! highe/ product ( ,am]ican inv5tive g5ius1 & a wor?y cont9uance ( ! labors ( ,frankl91 "o ( ! f\nd]s ( ! sci5ce ( electricity z well z ( ! ,republic4 ,no?+ c\ld appeal m to ! g5ius ( ,frankl9 ?an ! telephone1 = n only h 8 c\ntrym5 built ^u x an electrical sy/em ( communication ( transc5d5t magnitude & usefulness1 b !y h made x into a p[]ful ag5cy = ! advancem5t ( civilization1 elim9at+ b>ri]s to spee*1 b9d+ toge!r our p into "o nation1 & n[ rea*+ out to ! utt]mo/ limits ( ! e>?1 ) ! gr& aim ( "s day br++ toge!r ! p ( all ! nations ( ! e>? into "o common bro!rhood4 ,on ! t5? day ( ,m>*1 #ahgf1 ! telephone art 0 born1 :51 ov] a wire ext5d+ betwe5 two rooms on ! top floor ( a build+ 9 ,bo/on1 ,alex&] ,graham ,bell spoke to 8 associate1 ,?omas ,a4 ,watson1 say+3 ,mr4 ,watson1 please come "h4 ,i want y4 ,^! words1 !n he>d by ,mr4 ,watson 9 ! in/rum5t at 8 e>1 con/itute ! fir/ s5t5ce ev] receiv$ by ! electric telephone4 ,! in/rum5t into :i* ,doctor ,bell spoke 0 a crude app>atus1 & ! curr5t :i* x g5]at$ 0 s feeble t1 al?\gh ! l9e 0 ab\t a hundr$ feet 9 l5g?1 ! voice he>d 9 ! receiv] 0 s fa9t z to be audible only to su* a tra9$ & s5sitive e> z t ( ! "y ,mr4 ,watson1 & !n only :5 all surr\nd+ noises 7 exclud$4 ,foll[+ ! in/ructions giv5 by ,doctor ,bell1 ,mr4 ,watson ) 8 own h&s _h con/ruct$ ! fir/ telephone in/rum5ts & ran ! fir/ telephone wire4 ,at t "t all ! k ( ! telephone art 0 possess$ exclusively by ^? two m54 ,!re 0 no exp]i5ce to guide & no tradition to foll[4 ,! f\nd]s ( ! telephone1 ) rem>kable =esight1 recogniz$ t success dep5d$ ^u ! highe/ sci5tific k & te*nical skill1 & at once organiz$ an exp]im5tal & rese>* dep>tm5t4 ,!y also s\ght ! aid ( univ]sity pr(essors em95t = _! sci5tific atta9m5ts1 al?\gh at t "t !re 0 no univ]sity giv+ ! degree ( ,electrical ,eng9e] or tea*+ electrical eng9e]+4 ,f ?is small beg9n+ !re has be5 develop$ ! pres5t eng9e]+1 exp]im5tal & rese>* dep>tm5t :i* is "u my *>ge4 ,f only two m5 9 #ahgf ?is /aff has1 9 #aiae1 gr[n to m ?an six hundr$ eng9e]s & sci5ti/s1 includ+ =m] pr(essors1 po/-graduate /ud5ts1 & sci5tific inve/igators1 graduates ( ne>ly a hundr$ ,am]ican colleges & univ]sities1 ?us emphasiz+ 9 a special way ! ,am]ican "* ( ! art4 ,! above numb] includes only ^? devot$ to exp]im5tal & rese>* "w & eng9e]+ developm5t & /&>dization1 & does n include ! v mu* l>g] body ( eng9e]s engag$ 9 manufactur+ & 9 practical field "w ?r\gh\t ! ,unit$ ,/ates4 ,n ev5 ! l>ge/ & mo/ p[]ful gov]nm5t telephone & telegraph adm9i/ration ( ,europe has a /aff to be comp>$ ) ?is4 ,x is 9 our great univ]sities t any?+ l x is to be f\nd1 b ev5 "h we f9d t x exce$s 9 numb] ! entire tea*+ /aff ( ev5 our l>ge/ te*nical in/itutions4 ,a good idea may spr+ up 9 ! m9d ( man any:]e1 b z appli$ to su* a complex entity z a telephone sy/em1 ! c\ntless p>ts ( :i* cov] a cont95t1 no individual unaid$ c br+ ! idea to a successful conclusion4 ,a compreh5sive & effective eng9e]+ & sci5tific & developm5t organization su* z ?is is necess>y1 & ye>s ( exp5sive "w are requir$ be=e ! idea c be r5d]$ useful to ! public4 ,b1 vital z !y are to its success1 !1 telephone art requires m ?an eng9e]s & sci5ti/s4 ,s we f9d t 9 ! build+ & op]ation & ma9t5ance ( t va/ cont95tal telephone sy/em :i* be>s ! "n ( ,bell1 9 honor ( ! great inv5tor1 !re are at "w ea* day m ?an #agj1jjj employees1 ( :i* ne>ly #bj1jjj are engag$ 9 ! manufacture ( telephones1 swit*bo>ds1 cables1 & all ( ! ?\s&s & t5s ( ?\s&s ( p>ts requir$ = ! op]ation ( ! telephone sy/em ( ,am]ica4 ,! rema9+ #aej1jjj are di/ribut$ ?r\gh\t all ( ! ,/ates ( ! ,union4 ,ab\t #hj1jjj ( ^! are wom51 l>gely telephone op]ators2 #ej1jjj are l9em51 in/all]s1 cable splic]s1 & ! l1 engag$ 9 ! build+ & ma9ta9+ ( ! cont95tal plant4 ,!re are ?\s&s ( o!r employees 9 ! acc\nt+1 legal1 comm]cial & o!r dep>tm5ts4 ,!re are #b1ajj eng9e]s locat$ 9 diff]5t p>ts ( ! c\ntry4 ,! majority ( ^! eng9e]s h receiv$ te*nical tra9+ 9 ,am]ican te*nical s*ools1 colleges1 & univ]sities4 ,?is numb] does n include by any means all ( ^? 9 ! o!r dep>tm5ts :o h receiv$ te*nical or college tra9+4 ,9 view ( ! te*nical & sci5tific nature ( ! telephone art1 an unusually high-grade p]sonnel is requir$ 9 all dep>tm5ts1 & ! am\nt ( unskill$ labor employ$ is relatively v small4 ,no o!r art calls =? 9 a high] degree ^? qualities ( initiative1 judgm5t1 skill1 ent]prise1 & high "* :i* h 9 all times di/+ui%$ ! great a*ievem5ts ( ,am]ica4 ,9 #ahgf ! telephone plant ( ! :ole _w c\ld be c>ri$ away 9 ! arms ( "o man4 ,x consi/$ ( two crude telephones l ! "o n[ be=e y1 connect$ toge!r by a wire ( ab\t "o hundr$ feet 9 l5g?4 ,a piece cut f ?is wire by ,mr4 ,watson himself is "h 9 ?is little glass case4 ,at ?is "t !re 0 no practical telephone transmitt]1 no h>d-drawn copp] wire1 no transpos$ & balanc$ metallic circuits1 no multiple telephone swit*bo>d1 or telephone swit*bo>d ( any k9d1 no telephone cable t w\ld "w satisfactorily2 9 fact1 !re 7 none ( ! multitude ( p>ts :i* n[ con/itute ! telephone sy/em4 ,! fir/ practical telephone l9e 0 a copy ( ! be/ telegraph l9e ( ! day4 ,a l9e wire 0 /rung on ! poles & h\setops1 us+ ! gr\nd = ! return circuit4 ,electrical di/urbances1 com+ f no "o kn[s :]e1 7 pick$ up by ?is l9e4 ,frequ5tly ! di/urbances 7 s l\d 9 ! telephone z to de/roy conv]sation4 ,:5 a second telephone l9e 0 /rung alongside ! fir/1 ev5 ?\gh p]fectly insulat$1 ano!r surprise await$ ! telephone pione]s4 ,conv]sation c>ri$ on ov] "o ( ^! wires c\ld pla9ly be he>d on ! o!r4 ,ano!r /range ?+ 0 discov]$4 ,iron wire 0 n s good a conductor = ! telephone curr5t z x 0 = ! telegraph curr5t4 ,! talk+ di/ance1 !re=e1 0 limit$ by ! imp]fect c>ry+ p[] ( ! conductor & by ! confus+ effect ( all sorts ( di/urb+ curr5ts f ! atmosph]e & f neighbor+ telephone & telegraph wires4 ,^! & a multitude ( o!r difficulties1 con/itut+ problems ( ! mo/ intricate nature1 imp$$ ! progress ( ! telephone art1 b ,am]ican eng9e]s1 by p]si/5t /udy1 incessant exp]im5tation1 & ! exp5diture ( imm5se sums ( money1 h ov]come ^! difficulties4 ,!y h creat$ a new art1 inv5t+1 develop+1 & p]fect+1 mak+ improvem5ts great & small 9 telephone1 transmitt]1 l9e1 cable1 swit*bo>d1 & e o!r piece ( app>atus & plant requir$ = ! transmission ( spee*4 ,z ! result ( ne>ly =ty ye>s ( ?is unceas+1 organiz$ ef=t1 on ! #be? ( ,janu>y1 #aiae1 !re 0 d$icat$ to ! s]vice ( ! ,am]ican public a transcont95tal telephone l9e1 #c1fjj miles long1 jo9+ ! ,atlantic & ! ,pacific1 & c>ry+ ! human voice in/antly & di/9ctly betwe5 ,san ,francisco & ,new ,york & ,philadelphia & ,bo/on4 ,on t day ov] ?is l9e ,doctor ,bell aga9 talk$ to ,mr4 ,watson1 :o 0 n[ #c1djj miles away4 ,x 0 a day ( romantic triumph = ^! two m5 & = _! associates & _! ?\s&s ( successors :o h built up ! great ,am]ican telephone art4 ,! #aa? ( ,febru>y foll[+ 0 ano!r day ( triumph = ! telephone art z a product ( ,am]ican in/itutions1 =1 9 ! pres5ce ( dignit>ies ( ! city & ,/ate "h at ,philadelphia & at ,san ,francisco1 ! s\nd ( ! ,lib]ty ,bell1 :i* _h n be5 he>d s9ce x toll$ = ! dea? ( ,*ief-,ju/ice ,m>%all1 0 transmitt$ by telephone ov] ! transcont95tal l9e to ,san ,francisco1 :]e x 0 pla9ly he>d by all ^? !re assembl$4 ,imm$iately aft] ?is ! /irr+ tones ( ! ,/>-spangl$ ,bann] play$ on ! bugle at ,san ,francisco 7 s5t l lightn+ back across ! cont95t to salute ! old bell 9 ,philadelphia4 ,x _h (t5 be5 po9t$ out t ! words ( ! t5? v]se ( ! tw5ty-fif? *apt] ( ,leviticus1 add$ :5 ! bell 0 reca/ 9 #agec1 7 peculi>ly applicable to ! "p play$ by ! old bell 9 #aggf4 ,b ! words 7 /ill m prophetic4 ,! old bell _h be5 sil5t = ne>ly eighty ye>s1 & x 0 ?\ght =ev]1 b by ! use ( ! telephone a g5tle tap1 :i* c\ld be he>d ?r\gh ! air only a few feet away1 0 en\gh to transmit ! tones ( ! hi/oric relic all ! way across ! cont95t f ! ,atlantic to ! ,pacific4 ,?us1 by ! aid ( ! telephone art1 ! ,lib]ty ,bell 0 enabl$ lit]ally to fulfil its de/9y & ,proclaim lib]ty ?r\gh\t all ! l&1 unto all ! inhabitants !re(4 ,! two telephone in/rum5ts ( #ahgf _h become _m millions by #aiaf1 & ! fir/ telephone l9e1 a hundr$ feet long1 _h gr[n to "o ( m ?an ?ree ?\s& miles 9 l5g?4 ,?is l9e is b "p ( ! ,am]ican telephone sy/em ( tw5ty-"o million miles ( wire1 connect+ m ?an n9e million telephone /ations locat$ ev]y:]e ?r\gh\t ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 & giv+ telephone s]vice to "o hundr$ million p4 ,univ]sal telephone s]vice ?r\gh\t ! l5g? & bread? ( our l&1 t gr& objective ( ,!odore ,n4 ,vail1 has be5 atta9$4 ,:ile ,alex&] ,graham ,bell 0 ! fir/ to transmit ! tones ( ! human voice ov] a wire by electricity1 he 0 also ! fir/ to transmit ! tones ( ! human voice by ! wireless telephone1 = 9 #ahhj he spoke along a beam ( light to a po9t a consid]able di/ance away4 ,:ile ! me?od !n us$ is diff]5t f t n[ 9 vogue1 ! m$ium employ$ = ! transmission is ! same--! e!r1 t my/]i\s1 invisible1 impond]able wave-conductor :i* p]meates all creation4 ,:ile _m great advances 9 ! wireless art 7 made by ,m>coni & _m o!r sci5ti/s 9 ,am]ica & else:]e1 x rema9$ = t di/+ui%$ gr\p ( ,am]ican sci5ti/s & eng9e]s work+ "u my *>ge to be ! fir/ to transmit ! tones ( ! human voice 9 ! =m ( intelligible spee* across ! ,atlantic ,ocean4 ,?is great ev5t & ^? imm$iately prec$+ x are s fre% 9 ! public m9d t ,i w make b a brief ref]5ce to !m "h4 ,on ,april #d1 #aiae1 we 7 successful 9 transmitt+ spee* )\t ! use ( wires f our radio /ation at ,montauk ,po9t on ,long ,isl& to ,wilm+ton1 ,delaw>e4 ,on ,may #ah? we talk$ by radio telephone f our /ation on ,long ,isl& to ,/4 ,simon ,isl& 9 ! ,atlantic ,ocean1 (f ! coa/ ( ,georgia4 ,on ! #bg? ( ,augu/1 ) our app>atus in/all$ by p]mission ( ! ,navy ,dep>tm5t at ! ,arl+ton1 ,virg9ia1 radio /ation1 spee* 0 successfully transmitt$ f t /ation to ! ,navy wireless /ation equipp$ ) our receiv+ app>atus at ! ,i/hmus ( ,panama4 ,on ,septemb] #bi?1 spee* 0 successfully transmitt$ by wire f ,new ,york ,city to ! radio /ation at ,arl+ton1 ,virg9ia1 & !nce by wireless telephone across ! cont95t to ! radio /ation at ,m>e ,isl& ,navy-y>d1 ,cali=nia1 :]e ,i he>d & und]/ood ! words ( ,mr4 ,!odore ,n4 ,vail speak+ to me f ! telephone on 8 desk at ,new ,york4 ,on ! next morn+ at ab\t "o o'clock1 ,wa%+ton "t1 we e/abli%$ wireless telephone communication betwe5 ,arl+ton1 ,virg9ia1 & ,pe>l ,h>bor 9 ! ,hawaiian ,isl&s1 :]e an eng9e] ( our /aff1 toge!r ) ,unit$ ,/ates naval (fic]s1 di/9ctly he>d words spok5 into ! telephone at ,arl+ton1 ,virg9ia4 ,on ,octob] #bb;d1 f ! ,arl+ton t[] 9 ,virg9ia1 we successfully transmitt$ spee* across ! ,atlantic ,ocean to ! ,eiffel ,t[] at ,p>is1 :]e two ( our eng9e]s1 9 company ) ,fr5* milit>y (fic]s1 he>d & und]/ood ! words spok5 at ,arl+ton4 ,on ! same day :5 spee* 0 be+ transmitt$ by ! app>atus at ,arl+ton to our eng9e]s & to ! ,fr5* milit>y (fic]s at ! ,eiffel ,t[] 9 ,p>is1 our telephone eng9e] at ,pe>l ,h>bor1 ,hawaii1 toge!r ) an (fic] ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates ,navy1 he>d ! words spok5 f ,arl+ton to ,p>is & recogniz$ ! voice ( ! speak]4 ,z a result ( exhau/ive rese>*es1 too ext5sive to describe "h1 x has be5 asc]ta9$ t ! function ( ! wireless telephone is n to d away ) ! use ( wires1 b r to be employ$ 9 situations :]e wires are n available or practicable1 su* z betwe5 %ip & %ip1 & %ip & %ore1 & across l>ge bodies ( wat]4 ,! e!r is a univ]sal conductor = wireless telephone & telegraph impulses & mu/ be us$ 9 common by all :o wi% to employ ^? ag5cies ( communication4 ,9 ! case ( ! wireless telegraph ! numb] ( messages :i* may be s5t simultane\sly is mu* re/rict$4 ,9 ! case ( ! wireless telephone1 ow+ to ! ?\s&s ( sep>ate wave-l5g?s requir$ = ! transmission ( spee*1 ! numb] ( telephone conv]sations :i* may be c>ri$ on at ! same "t is /ill fur!r re/rict$ & is s small t all :o c employ wires w f9d x necess>y to d s1 leav+ ! e!r available = ^? :o h no o!r means ( communication4 ,?is quality ( ! e!r :i* ?us re/ricts its use is really a *>act]i/ic ( ! greate/ value to mank9d1 = x =ms a univ]sal p>ty l9e1 s to speak1 connect+ toge!r all creation1 s t anybody any:]e1 :o connects ) x 9 ! prop] mann]1 may be he>d by e "o else s connect$4 ,?us1 a s9k+ %ip or a human be+ any:]e c s5d =? a cry = help :i* may be he>d & answ]$4 ,no "o c tell h[ f> away are ! limits ( ! telephone art1 ,i am c]ta9 t !y are n to be f\nd "h ^u ! e>?1 = ,i firmly believe 9 ! fulfilm5t ( t prophetic aspiration express$ by ,!odore ,n4 ,vail at a great ga!r+ 9 ,wa%+ton1 t "s day we w build up a _w telephone sy/em1 mak+ necess>y to all peoples ! use ( a common language or a common und]/&+ ( languages :i* w jo9 all ( ! p ( ! e>? into "o bro!rhood4 ,i believe t ! "t w come :5 ! hi/oric bell :i* n[ re/s 9 ,indep5d5ce ,hall w aga9 be s\nd$1 & t by means ( ! telephone art1 :i* to-day has receiv$ su* di/+ui%$ recognition at y\r h&s1 x w proclaim lib]ty once m1 b ?is "t ?r\gh\t ! :ole _w unto all ! inhabitants !re(4 ,&1 :5 ?is _w is ready = ! message1 ,i believe ! telephone art w provide ! means = transmitt+ to all mank9d a great voice say+1 ,peace on e>?1 good w t[>d m54 ,,index ,a ,amp]e's telegraph1 #db4 ,anglo-,am]ican ,telegraph ,co41 #acd4 ,ardois signal sy/em1 #cj4 ,atlantic cable project$1 #aji2 attempt$1 #aag1 #aba1 #abc1 #acc2 complet$1 #abd1 #acf4 ,audion amplifi]1 #bef4 ,automatic telegraphy1 #ec1 #aje1 #bff4 ,b ,baltimore-,wa%+ton ,telegraph ,l9e1 #hf4 ,bell1 ,alex&] ,graham1 p>5tage1 #adj2 y\?1 #ada2 tea*es elocution1 #adf2 exp]im5ts ) spee*1 #aea1 #afa2 meets ,h5ry1 #aeh2 inv5ts telephone1 #afb2 at ,c5t5nial ,exposition1 #afe2 demon/rates telephone1 #agj2 ,bell ,telephone ,association1 #agh2 ,bell-,we/]n ,union ,settlem5t2 ,bell & wireless telegraphy1 #ahi2 ,transcont95tal telephone1 #bdh4 ,be!ll1 ,union ,n41 #bda4 ,blake1 ,cl>5ce ,j41 #aed4 ,blake1 ,francis1 inv5ts telephone transmitt]1 #ahb4 ,branly coh]]1 #bjd4 ,brett1 ,j4,w41 #aab4 ,bright1 ,*>les ,tiltson1 #aab1 #abj1 #abe1 #abh4 ,c ,cable laid across ,*annel1 #ajh4 ,c>ty1 ,j4,j41 y\?1 #bcb2 ent]s telephone field1 #bcd2 ,c>ty & ! swit*bo>d1 #bce1 #bdb2 uses metallic circuit1 #bch2 9 ,new ,york ,city1 #bda2 inv5ts bridg+ bell1 #bdc2 *ief eng9e]1 #bdd2 ext5ds long-di/ance telephone1 #bdf2 seeks wireless telephone1 #bec2 talks across cont95t by wireless1 #beg4 ,clepsydra1 #ah4 ,code flags at sea1 #bd4 ,coh]]1 #bjc4 ,colomb's fla%+ lights1 #be4 ,congress votes funds = telegraph1 #hd4 ,cooke1 ,william ,p41 #di1 #eb4 ,cornell1 ,ezra1 #hf1 #ic1 #ajg4 ,d ,davy's ne$le telegraph1 #dd4 ,de ,=e/1 ,dr4 ,lee1 #bbe1 #bef4 ,dolbe> & telephone1 #ahe2 wireless telegraphy1 #aid4 ,drawbaugh case1 #ahf4 ,duplex telegraphy1 #ajd1 #bfe4 ,dy>1 ,h>rison ,gray1 #da4 ,e ,edison1 & ! telegraph1 #ajd2 telephone transmitt] #ahj2 wireless telegraphy1 #aie4 ,ellswor?1 ,annie1 #he4 ,f ,field1 ,cyrus ,w41 plans ,transatlantic cable1 #aaj2 honors1 #abe1 #acf2 develops cable1 #acj1 #acd4 ,g ,gale1 ,pr(essor1 #fg1 #hf4 ,gauss & ,web]'s telegraph1 #dc4 ,gisborne1 ,f4,n41 #aji4 ,gray1 ,eli%a1 #aeg1 #ahd4 ,great ,ea/]n1 #acb1 #ace1 #aci4 ,guns z m>9e signals1 #bc4 ,h ,hammond1 ,john ,hays1 #bbi4 ,heaviside1 ,a4,w41 #aif4 ,heliograph1 #bi4 ,h5ry1 ,joseph1 #fe1 #fg1 #aeh1 #afi4 ,h]tz & ! ,h]tzian waves1 #aig4 ,hubb>d1 ,g>d9] ,g41 #adi1 #aei1 #agj1 #agh4 ,hubb>d1 ,mabel1 #adh1 #aff4 ,i ,indian smoke signals1 #bj4 ,j ,jackson1 ,dr4 ,*>les ,t41 #fd1 #gi4 ,k ,kelv91 ,"l 7,see ,?omson71 #ach4 ,kwak] captur$1 #ej4 ,l ,long-di/ance telephone1 #bde4 ,m ,magnetic ,telegraph ,co41 #ic4 ,m>coni1 boyhood1 #aii2 accompli%$ wireless telegraphy1 #bjb2 demon/ration 9 ,engl&1 #bji2 ,transatlantic telegraphy1 #bag2 ,m>coni ,telegraph ,company1 #bbj4 ,m>9e signals on ,argonautic exp$ition1 #ae4 ,mirror galvanomet]1 #abg4 ,mirrors ( ,ph>aoh1 #ag4 ,morse at ,univ]sity ( ,new ,york1 #ff4 ,morse1 code 9 signals1 #bg2 p>5tage1 #ef2 at ,yale1 #eg2 art /ud5t1 #ei2 arti/1 #fb2 conceives ! telegraph1 #fc2 exhibits telegraph1 #ge2 (f]s telegraph to ,congress1 #gf1 #ia2 pat5ts telegraph1 #hb2 subm>9e cable1 #hc1 #ajg2 erects fir/ l9e1 #hf2 dies1 #ajd4 ,multiplex pr9t] telegraph1 #bgd4 ,mundy1 ,ar?ur ,j41 #ca4 ,o ,o',reilly1 ,h5ry1 #id4 ,p ,preece1 ,w4,h41 #aif1 #bji4 ,pr9t+ telegraph1 #bga4 ,pup91 ,mi*ael ,i41 #bdg4 ,q ,quadruplex telegraphy1 #ajd1 #bfe4 ,r ,reis's musical telegraph1 #aeg4 ,s ,s&]s1 ,?omas1 #adh1 #aei1 #agh4 ,scribn]1 ,*>les ,e41 #bcf4 ,se>*light telephone1 #bea4 ,semaphore signals1 #bg4 ,%\t+ s5t9els1 #af4 ,sibley1 ,hiram1 #if1 #ii4 ,signal columns1 #ai4 ,siphon record]1 #acg4 ,smi?1 ,francis ,o4,j41 #gf4 ,/5torophonic tube1 #ah4 ,subm>9e signals1 #ca4 ,t ,telegraph1 fir/ sugge/ion1 #ci2 pat5t$1 #hb2 developm5t1 #bfd4 ,telephone inv5t$ & pat5t$1 #afb2 at ,c5t5nial1 #afe2 ex*ange1 #agg4 ,?omson1 y\?1 #add2 cable advis]1 #aba2 inv5ts mirror galvanomet]1 #abf2 knight$1 #acf2 inv5ts siphon record]1 #acg2 connection ) telephone1 #afi4 ,transatlantic cable 7,see ,atlantic cable74 ,transatlantic wireless telegraphy1 #baf4 ,transatlantic wireless telephone1 #bei4 ,transcont95tal telegraph1 #if4 ,transcont95tal telephone1 #bdf4 ,transcont95tal wireless telephone1 #beg4 ,tr[bridge1 ,john1 #aij4 ,troy1 signal+ fall (1 #ad4 ,tun+ ! wireless telegraph1 #bbb4 ,v ,vail1 ,alfr$1 arranges ,morse code1 jo9s ,morse1 #gj2 makes telephone app>atus1 #gb2 op]ates fir/ l9e1 #ij2 improves telegraph1 #ajj4 ,vail1 ,!odore1 jo9s telephone =ces1 #ahj2 puts wires und]gr\nd1 #bci2 adopts copp] circuits1 #bdj2 resumes telephone lead]%ip1 #bdd2 talks across cont95t )\t wires1 #beg4 ,w ,watson1 aids ,bell ) telephone1 #aei2 telephone p>tn]1 #age2 helps demon/rate telephone1 #age2 telephones across cont95t1 #bdh4 ,we/]n ,union1 organiz$1 #if2 ent]s telephone field1 #agh4 ,:eat/one1 #a2 boyhood1 #de2 five-ne$le telegraph1 #di2 s+le-ne$le telegraph1 #eb2 ,:eat/one-,cooke controv]sy1 #eb2 automatic transmitt]1 #ec2 bridge1 #ec2 opposes ,morse1 #gh2 enc\rages ,bell1 #ade4 ,wig-wag sy/em1 #bf4 ,wireless telegraphy sugge/$1 #ahh2 inv5t$1 #bjb2 on %ipbo>d1 #bba2 9 ! future1 #bcj4 ,wireless telephone1 conceiv$1 #bej2 future1 #bfj2 9 navy1 #bfa4