,,the ,,botanist',s ,,companion1 ,,or ,,an ,,introduction ,,to ,,the ,,knowledge ,,of ,,practical ,,botany1 ,,and ,,the ,,uses ,,of ,,plants4 ,,either ,,growing ,,wild ,,in ,,great ,,britain1 ,,or ,,cultivated ,,for ,,the ,,puroses ,,of ,,agriculture1 ,,medicine1 ,,rural ,,oeconomy1 ,,or ,,the ,,arts4 ,by ,,william ,,salisbury1 ,,of ,,the ,,botanic ,,garden ,,of ,,sloane-,,street4 ,behold ,i have given you every herb bearing seed1 and every tree yielding fruit1 and to you it shall be for meat4 ,,vol4 ,,ii4 ,,preface ,,to ,,the ,,second ,,volume ,in demonstrating the ,plants which occur in our annual herborizing excursions1 ,i have found it necessary to put into the hands of my pupils some ,manual of ,botany2 and in so doing ,i have found all that have yet been published1 deficient in one or two essential points1 and particularly as relating to the uses to which each plant is adapted2 with out which1 although the charms of the ,flora are in themselves truly delightful1 yet the real value of ,botanic knowledge is lost4 ,the study of plants1 so far as regards their uses and culture1 has engaged my particular attention for the last twenty-five years1 during which time ,i had the honour of conducting a series of experiments on the growth of plants1 for the ,board of ,agriculture1 which gave me an opportunity of ascertaining many facts relative to our ,grasses1 c4 an account of which1 ,i have had some time ready for publication4 ,the necessity of a work of this kind in my present profession1 has therefore induced me to abridge it and put it to press2 as such ,i offer it to the ,public4 ,to the ,subscribers to my ,botanic ,garden this will also prove of great service2 it being intended to arrange the plants in their several departments1 so as to make it a general work of reference both in the fields or garden4 ,in the department which treats of the ,vegetables used for medicinal purposes1 ,i have given as ample descriptions as the nature of the work will admit of1 having in view the very necessary obligation which the younger branch of the profession are under1 of paying attention to the subject4 ,in prosecuting this work1 ,i have been more actuated by a desire to render to my pupils and others1 useful in-formation1 than that of commencing ,author on such a subject2 and writing for the press has been but very little my employment1 ,i trust that an ample excuse will be granted for any errors that may appear1 or for the want of that happiness of diction with which more able and accomplished ,authors may be endowed4 ,,botanic ,,garden1 ,sloane ,street1 ,may #ahaf4 ,,contents ,,of ,,the ,,second ,,volume ,,plants ,,useful ,,in ,,agriculture4 ,,sect4 #a4 ,observations on saving ,grass-seeds and the use of the ,british ,grasses in general1 as fodder1 c4 ,,sect4 #b4 ,observations on ,artificial ,grasses ,,sect4 #c4 ,observations on ,plants affording fodder from leaves and roots ,,sect4 #d4 ,observations on ,grains ,,sect4 #e4 ,observations on ,miscellaneous ,articles ,,plants ,,useful ,,in ,,the ,,arts4 ,,sect4 #f4 ,observations on ,british ,trees and ,shrubs ,,sect4 #g4 ,observations on ,medicinal ,plants contained in the ,london1 ,edinburgh1 and ,dublin ,pharmacopoeias ,,sect4 #h4 ,observations on ,medicinal ,plants not in the ,pharmacopoeias of the present day ,observations on drying and preserving ,plants for medicinal use1 c4 ,,sect4 #i4 ,observations on ,plants cultivated for culinary purposes ,,sect4 #aj4 ,observations on ,wild ,plants useful for culinary purposes1 which are not in cultivation ,,sect4 #aa4 ,observations on ,plants useful for ,dyeing ,,sect4 #ab4 ,observations on ,plants used in rural oeconomy ,,poisonous ,,plants ,,growing ,,in ,,great ,,britain1 ,and their best recommended ,antidotes4 ,,sect4 #ac4 ,observations on ,nauseous ,poisonous ,plants ,observations on ,acrid ,poisonous ,vegetables ,observations on ,stupefying ,poisonous ,vegetables ,observations on ,foetid ,poisons ,observations on ,drastic ,poisons ,observations on ,poisonous ,fungi1 ,mushrooms1 c4 ,,noxious ,,plants4 ,,sect4 #ad4 ,observations on ,plants noxious to cattle ,,sect4 #ae4 ,observations on ,annual ,weeds1 or such as grow wild and do not produce food for cattle ,observations on ,weeds with creeping roots ,observations on ,perennial ,weeds ,,sect4 #af4 ,observations on ,exotic ,trees and ,shrubs1 and the soil to which each is best adapted ,,sect4 #ag4 ,observations on ,foreign ,hardy ,herbaceous ,plants1 with the soil which each is found to thrive best in ,,sect4 #ai4 ,observations on ,hardy ,annual ,flowers1 with the seasons for sowing each ,,sect4 #bj4 ,observations on ,hardy ,biennial ,flowers1 with their culture ,,sect4 #ba4 ,observations on ,tender ,annual ,flowers ,,sect4 #bb4 ,observations on ,foreign ,alpine ,plants1 or such as are adapted to the decoration of rock-work1 with the best soils for each denoted ,,appendix4 ,british ,plants cultivated for ornamental purposes ,miscellaneous ,articles not mentioned under the foregoing heads ,on extracting ,sugar from ,beet-root ,on liquid ,sugar made from ,apple-juice ,on the ,urtica canadensis1 or ,canadian ,hemp-plant ,on the bleeding of ,trees and obtaining ,sap for the purposes of making ,wine and brewing ,ale ,,plants ,,useful ,,in ,,agricultue4 ,,observations ,,on ,,the ,,culture ,,of ,,grasses1 ,,and ,,on ,,saving ,,seeds1 c4 ,it is now fifty years since the celebrated ,stillingfleet observed1 that it was surprising to see how long mankind had neglected to make a proper advantage of plants1 of so much importance to agriculture as the ,grasses1 which are in all countries the principal food of cattle4 ,the farmer1 for want of distinguishing and selecting the best kinds1 fills his pastures either with weeds or improper plants1 when by making a right choice he would not only procure a more abundant crop from his land1 but have a produce more nourishing for his flock4 ,one would therefore naturally wonder1 after this truth has been so long published1 and that in an age when agriculture and the arts have so much improved1 that ,select ,seeds of this tribe of plants are scarcely to be produced4 ,from the experience ,i have had on this subject1 ,i find their culture is attended with certain difficulties1 which arise not so much from the nature of the plants1 as from the labour requisite to this purpose1 great attention being necessary for saving ,grass-seeds at the seasons when the farmer must exert all the strength of his husbandmen to get his other business accomplished4 ,the only mode by which this can be effected is by selecting a proper soil for the kinds intended to be saved4 ,the seeds should be drilled into the ground at about one foot distance2 and care taken that the plants are duly weeded of all other kinds that may intrude themselves1 before they get too firm possession of the soil4 ,the hoe should be frequently passed between the drills1 in order both to keep the land clean and to give vigour to the young plants4 ,the sowing may be done either in the spring or in the month of ,september1 which will enable the crop to go to seed the following spring4 ,in order to preserve a succession of crops1 it is necessary every season to keep the ground clean all the summer months1 to dig or otherwise turn up the land between the drills early in the spring1 and to be particular in the other operations until the seeds ripen4 ,now this business being so inconvenient to the farmer1 it is not to be wondered at1 that1 wherever attempts of this kind have been made1 they should fail from want of the necessary care as above stated1 without which it is needless to speculate in such an undertaking4 ,there is nevertheless still an opportunity1 for any one who would give up his land and time to the pursuit1 to reap a rich and important harvest2 as nothing would pay him better1 or redound more to his credit1 than to get our markets regularly supplied with select seeds of the best indigenous ,grasses1 so that a proper portion of them may be used for forming pasture and meadow-land4 ,the above hints are not thrown out by a person who wishes to speculate in a theory which is new1 but by one who has cultivated those plants himself both for seed and fodder1 and who would readily wish to promote their culture by stating a mode which has proved to him a profitable pursuit1 and for which he has1 already1 been honoured with a reward form the ,society of ,arts4 ,the following observations are intended to embrace such kinds only as are likely to be cultivated1 with those that are distinguished for some particular good properties2 as it would be impossible within the limits of this small memorandum to enumerate all the plants that are eaten by cattle4 ,the same mode shall be pursued under all the different heads in this department4 ,,plants ,,usefull ,,in ,,agriculture4 ,,sect4 ,i4--,,grasses4 #a4 ,,anthoxanthum odoratum4 ,,sweet-,,scented ,,vernal-,,grass4--,this is found frequently in all our best meadows1 to which it is of great benefit4 ,it is an early1 though not the most productive grass1 and is much relished by all kinds of cattle4 ,it is highly odoriferous2 if bruised it communicates its agreeable scent to the fingers1 and when dry perfumes the hay4 ,it will grow in almost any soil or situation4 ,about three pounds of seed should be sown with other grasses for an acre of land4 #b4 ,,alopecurus pratensis4 ,,meadow ,,fox-,,tail-,,grass4--,one of our most productive plants of this tribe3 it grows best in a moist soil1 is very early1 being often fit for the scythe by the middle of ,may4 ,about two bushels of seed will sow an acre1 with a proportionate quantity of ,clover2 which see4 #c4 ,,alopecurus geniculatus4 ,,flote ,,fox-,,tail-,,grass4--,is very good in water meadows1 being nutritive1 and cattle in general are fond of it4 ,we do not know if the cultivation of this plant has as yet been attempted4 #d4 ,,agrostis capillaris4 ,,fine ,,bent-,,grass4--,dr4 ,walker1 in his ,history of the ,hebrides1 speaks very favourably of this grass4 ,i have therefore noticed it here1 but ,i do not think it so good as many others4 ,it grows on the sandy hills near ,combe ,wood in ,surrey1 and forms the principal part of the pasturage2 but it is neither very productive1 nor are cattle observed to thrive on it4 ,the seeds are very small2 one peck would sow an acre4 #e4 ,,agrostis pyramidalis4 ,,fiorin-,,grass ,footnote3 ,fiorin is the ,irish name of butter4--,no plant has engaged the attention of the farmer more than this grass1 none ever produced more disputes1 and none is perhaps so little understood4 ,it is perfectly distinct from any species of ,agrostis indigenous to this country3 it is introduced by ,dr4 ,richardson1 and to that gentleman's extraordinary account of it we are indebted for numerous mistakes that have been made respecting it4 ,it is an amphibious plant1 thriving only in water or wet soils1 is very productive1 and the stalks after a summer's growth secrete a large quantity of sugar4 ,it has the power1 when the stalks are ripe1 of resisting putrefaction1 and will become blanched and more nutritious by being cut and laid in heaps in the winter season1 at which time only it is useful4 ,the cultivator of this plant must not expect to graze his land1 but allow all the growth to be husbanded as above2 and although it will not be found generally advantageous on this account1 it nevertheless may be grown to very great advantage either in wet soils1 or where land can be flooded at pleasure4 ,the seeds are often barren2 and the only mode is to plant the shoots or strings in drills at nine inches apart1 laying them lengthways along the drills1 the ends of one touching the other4 #f4 ,,aira aquatica4 ,,water ,,hair-,,grass4--,this is an aquatic1 and very much relished by cattle1 but cannot be propagated for fodder4 ,water-fowl are very fond of the young sweet shoots1 as also of the seeds2 it may therefore be introduced into decoys and other places with good effect4 ,pulling up the plants and throwing them into the water with a weight tied to them1 is the best mode of introducing it4 #g4 ,,arundo arenaria4 ,,sea-,,side ,,reed-,,grass4--,this is also of no value as fodder1 but it possesses the property of forming by its thick and wiry roots considerable hillocks on the shores where it naturally grows3 hence its value on all new embankments4 ,if it be planted in a sandy place1 during its growth in the summer the loose soil will be collected in the herbage1 and the grass continues to grow and form roots in it2 and thus is the hillock increased4 ,local acts of parliament have been passed1 and now exist1 for preventing its destruction on the sea-coast in some parts of ,great ,britain1 on this account4 #h4 ,,arundo ,phragmites4 ,,common ,,reed4--,is useful for thatching1 and making slight fences2 it grows best in ponds near streams of water2 it does not often seed1 but it could easily be introduced to such places by planting its roots in spring3 it is a large-growing plant2 and where herbage may be wanted either for beauty or shelter for water-fowl1 nothing can be more suitable1 and the reeds are of great value4 #i4 ,,avena flavescens4 ,,yellow ,,oat-,,grass4--,is much eaten by cattle1 and forms a good bottom4 ,it has the property of throwing up flowerstalks all the summer2 hence its produce is considerable1 and it appears to be well adapted to pasture4 ,the seeds of this grass are not to be obtained separately2 hence it is not in cultivation4 ,it is however worthy of attention1 as the seeds are produced very abundantly in its native places of growth4 ,it will grow either in wet or dry soils4 #aj4 ,,avena pubescens4 ,,rough ,,oat-,,grass4--,this appears to have some merits1 but the foliage is extremely bitter4 ,it grows in dry soils4 #aa4 ,,avena elatior4 ,,tall ,,oat-,,grass4--,from the good appearance of this grass some persons have recommended it as likely to be useful for forming meadows2 but it is excessively bitter1 and is not liked by cattle generally1 though when starved they are sometimes observed to eat of it4 ,there is a variety of it with knobby roots which is found to be a most troublesome and noxious weed in arable lands1 particularly in some parts of the coast of ,hampshire where it abounds4 ,this variety was some years ago introduced into the island of ,st4 ,kitts1 and it has since taken such firm possession of the land as to render a large district quite useless4 ,persons should be cautious how they speculate with weeds from appearances only4 #ab4 ,,briza media4 ,,quaking-,,grass4--,is common in meadow land1 and helps to make a thick bottom2 it does not however appear to be worth the trouble of select culture4 ,it is bitter to the taste4 #ac4 ,,bromus mollis4 ,,soft ,,brome-,,grass4--,mr4 ,curtis has given a very clear account of this grass1 which he says predominates much in the meadows near ,london1 but that the seeds are usually ripe and the grass dried up before the hay time3 hence it is lost2 and he in consequence considered it only in the light of a weed4 ,it has seldom occurred to me to differ in opinion from this gentleman1 who certainly has given us1 as far as it goes1 a most perfect description of our useful grasses3 but experience has convinced me that the ,soft ,brome-,grass1 which seeds and springs up so early1 makes the chief bulk of most of our meadows in ,march and ,april2 and although it is ripe and over1 or nearly so1 by the hay harvest1 yet the food it yields at this early season is of the greatest moment1 as little else is found fit for the food of cattle before the meadow is shut up for hay1 and this plant being eaten down at that season is not any loss to the hay crop4 ,whoever examines the seeds of this grass will be led to admire how wonderfully it is fitted to make its way into the soil at the season of its ripening1 when the land is thus covered with the whole produce of a meadow4 ,i notice this curious piece of mechanism ,footnote3 ,many seeds of the grasses are provided with awns which curl up in dry weather and relax with moisture4 ,thus by change of atmosphere a continued motion is occasioned1 which enables the seeds to find their way through the foliage to the soil1 where it buries itself in a short time in a very curious manner41 not that it is altogether peculiar to this plant1 but to show that ,nature has provided it means of succeeding in burying itself in the ground1 when all the endeavours of man could not sow the land with any other to answer a similar purpose4 ,if the seeds of this grass were collected and introduced in some meadows where it is not common1 ,i am sure the early feeding would be thereby improved4 ,the seeds are sometimes mixed with those of ,rye-grass at market1 and it is known by the name of ,cocks3 it has the effect of reducing such samples in value1 but ,i should not hesitate in preferring such to any other4 ,if any one should be inclined to make the above experiment1 two pecks of the seed sown on an acre will be sufficient4---,see ,treatise on ,brit4 ,grasses by ,mr4 ,curtis1 edit4 #e4 #ad4 ,,cynosurus cristatus4 ,,crested ,,dog',s-,,tail-,,grass4--,a very fine herbage1 and much relished by sheep1 c42 it grows best in fine upland loam1 where it is found to be a most excellent plant both for grazing and hay4 ,the seeds are to be purchased sometimes at the seedshops4 ,about twelve pounds will sow an acre4---,see ,observations on laying ,land to ,grass1 in the ,appendix to this work4 #ae4 ,,cynosurus coeruleus4 ,,blue ,,dog',s-,,tail-,,grass4--,dr4 ,walker states this plant to be remarkably agreeable to cattle1 and that it grows nearly three feet high in mountainous situations and very exposed places4 ,as this grass does not grow wild in this part of the country1 we have no opportunity of considering its merits4 ,in our ,botanic ,garden it seldom exceeds the height of ten inches or a foot4 ,it is the earliest grass of all our ,british species1 being often in bloom in ,february4 ,the above intelligent gentleman1 who seems to have studied the ,british ,gramina to a considerable extent1 says that the following kinds give considerable food to sheep and cattle in such situations2 ,i shall therefore mention their names1 as being with us of little esteem and similar to the above4 ,phleum alpinum4 ,eriophorum polystachion4 ,festuca decumbens4 ,carex flavescens4 ,carex gigantea1 probably ,pseudocyperus4 ,carex trigona1 probably vulpina4 ,carex elata1 probably atrata4 ,carex nemorosa1 probably pendula4 ,and he is of opinion that the seeds may be sown to advantage4 ,be this as may1 the observation can only apply to situations in the north of ,britain1 where he has seen them wild2 in this part of the island we have a number of kinds much better adapted to soil1 climate1 and fodder4 #af4 ,,dactylis glomerata4 ,,rough ,,cock',s-,,foot-,,grass4--,has a remarkable rough coarse foliage1 and is of little account as a grass for the hay-stack2 but from its early growth and great produce it is now found to be a useful plant1 and is the only grass at this time known that will fill up the dearth experienced by graziers from the time turnips are over until the meadows are fit for grazing4 ,every sheep-farm should be provided with a due portion of this on the land2 but no more should be grown than is wanted for early feed1 and what can be kept closely eaten down all the season4 ,if it is left to get up it forms large tufts1 and renders the field unsightly1 and scarcely any animal will eat it when grown old or when dried in the form of hay4 ,the seed is to be bought2 two bushels per acres is sown usually alone4 #ag4 ,,festuca elatior4 ,,tall ,,fescue-,,grass4--,this in its wild state has been considered as a productive and nutritive grass2 it grows best in moist places2 but the seeds have been found in general abortive1 and the grass consequently only to be propagated by planting the roots1 a trouble by far too great to succeed to any extent4--,see ,poa aquatica4 #ah4 ,,festuca duriuscula4 ,,hard ,,fescue-,,grass4--,a very excellent grass both for green fodder and hay1 and would be well worth cultivating2 but the seeds have not hitherto been saved in any quantity4 ,i have seen a meadow near ,bognor where it formed the principal part of the herbage2 and it was represented to me by the owner as the best meadow in the neighbourhood1 and the hay excellent ,footnote3 ,mr4 ,curtis observes that this grass grows thin on the ground after a time4 ,i have sometimes observed this to be the case in the ,botanic ,garden1 but it is otherwise in its native state of growth4 ,nothing stands the dry weather better1 or makes a more firm sward44 ,the seeds of this grass are small1 and about one bushel would sow an acre of ground4 #ai4 ,,festuca rubra4 ,,red or ,,creeping ,,fescue-,,grass4--,a fine grass1 very like duriuscula2 but it is not common in this part of the country2 it grows plentifully on the mountains in ,wales4 ,it does not produce fertile seeds with us in the garden4 #bj4 ,,festuca pratensis4 ,,meadow ,,fescue-,,grass4--,no plant whatever deserves so much the attention of the graziers as this grass4 ,it has been justly esteemed by ,mr4 ,curtis and all other persons practically acquainted with the produce of our meadows4 ,it will grow in almost any soil that is capable of sustaining a vegetable1 from the banks of rivulets to the top of the thin-soiled calcareous hills1 where it produces herbage equal to any other plant of the kind2 and all descriptions of cattle eat it1 and are nourished by the food4 ,the plant is of easy culture1 as it yields seeds very abundantly1 and they grow very readily4 ,i have made some excellent meadows with this seed1 which after a trial of ten years are now equal to any in the kingdom4 ,the culture of the seed selected is now nearly lost1 which is a misfortune1 ,i had almost ventured to say a disgrace1 to our agriculture4 ,if the farmer could get his land fit for meadow laid down with one bushel of this seed1 one bushel of ,alopecurus pratensis1 three pounds of ,anthoxanthum1 and a little ,bromus mollis1 with ,clover1 ,i will venture to predict experience will induce him to say1 ,i will seek no further4 #ba4 ,,festuca ovina4--,,sheep',s ,,fescue-,,grass4--,this is very highly spoken of in all dissertations that have hitherto been written on the merits of our grasses2 but its value must be confined to alpine situations1 for its diminutive size added to its slow growth renders it in my opinion very inferior to the duriuscula4 ,in fact1 ,i am of opinion that these are often confounded together1 and the merits of the former applied to this1 although they are different in many respects4 ,those who wish to obtain more of its history may consult ,stillingfleet's ,observations on ,grasses1 p4 #chd4 #bb4 ,,festuca vivipara4 ,,viviparous ,,fescue-,,grass4--,this affords a striking instance of the protection that ,nature has contrived for keeping up the regular produce of the different species of plants2 as when the ,festuca ovina is found in very high mountainous situations1 places not congenial to the ripening seeds of so light a nature1 the panicle is found to become viviparous1 i4e4 producing perfect plants1 which being beaten down with heavy rains in the autumn1 readily strike root in the ground4 ,this plant was introduced into our garden many years ago1 and still preserves this difference2 otherwise it is in all respects the same as the ,festuca ovina4 #bc4 ,,festuca pinnata4 ,,spiked ,,fescue-,,grass4--,i have observed this near the ,thames side to be the principal grass in some of the most abundant meadows2 and as the seeds are very plentiful1 ,i am of opinion it might be very easily propagated3 it is1 however1 not in cultivation at present4 #bd4 ,,festuca loliacea4 ,,darnel ,,fescue-,,grass4--,this in appearance is very like the ,lolium perenne1 but is a more lasting plant in the ground4 ,where ,i have seen it wild1 it is certainly very good2 but it is liable to the objection of ,festuca elatior1 the seeds grow but sparingly4 #be4 ,,holcus lanatus4 ,,yorkshire ,,grass1 or ,,meadow ,,soft-,,grass4--,this has been much recommended as fit for meadow-land4 ,i am not an advocate for it4 ,it is late in blooming1 and consequently not fit for the scythe at the time other grasses are2 and ,i find the lower foliage where it occurs in meadows to be generally yellow and in a state of decay1 from its tendency to mat and lie prostrate4 ,i hear it has been cultivated in ,yorkshire2 hence probably its name4 ,two bushels of the seed would sow an acre2 and it is sometimes met with in our seed-shops4 ,it will grow in any soil1 but thrives best in a moist loam4 #bf4 ,,holcus mollis4 ,,creeping ,,soft-,,grass4--,mr4 ,curtis in the third edition of his ,treatise on ,grasses says1 he is induced to have a better opinion than formerly of this grass1 and that ,mr4 ,dorset also thinks it may be cultivated to advantage in dry sandy soils4 ,i have never seen it exhibit any appearance that has indicated any such thing1 and do not recommend it4 #bg4 ,,hordeum pratense4 ,,meadow ,,barley-,,grass4--,this is productive1 and forms a good bottom in ,battersea meadows3 but although ,i have heard it highly recommended1 ,i should fear it was much inferior to many others4 ,one species of ,barley-grass1 which grows very commonly in our sea-marshes1 the ,hordeum maritimum1 is apt to render cattle diseased in the mouth1 from chewing the seeds1 which are armed with a strong bristly awn not dissimilar to the spike of this grass4 #bh4 ,,lolium perenne4 ,,ray- or ,,rye-,,grass4--,this has been long in cultivation1 and is usually sown with clover under a crop of spring corn4 ,it forms in the succeeding autumn a good stock of herbage1 and the summer following it is commonly mown for hay1 or the seed saved for market1 after which the land is usually ploughed and fallowed1 to clear it of weeds1 or as a preparation for ,wheat1 by sowing a crop of ,winter ,tares or ,turnips4 ,the seed is about six or eight pecks per acre1 and ten pounds of ,clover mixt as the land best suits4 ,although this is a very advantageous culture for such purposes1 and when the land is not to remain in constant pasture2 yet it is by no means a fit grass for permanent meadow1 as it exhausts the soil1 and presently goes into a state of decay for want of nourishment1 when other plants natural to the soil are apt to overpower it4 ,there are several varieties of this grass4 ,some ,i have seen with the flowers double1 others with branched panicles2 some that grow very luxuriantly1 and others that are little better than annuals2 and there is also a variety in cultivation called ,,pacey's ,rye-grass1 much sought for4 ,but ,i am of opinion that nothing but a fine rich soil will produce a very good crop1 and that the principal difference1 after all1 is owing more to cultivation or change of soil1 than to any real difference in the plant itself4 #bi4 ,,melica coerulea4 ,,blue ,,melic-,,grass4--,this is common on all our heaths2 it appears coarse1 and not a grass likely to be useful4 ,yet this kind is spoken of by ,dr4 ,walker under the name of ,fly-bent1 who says it is one of the most productive and best grasses for sheep-feed in the ,highlands of ,scotland1 where it grows to the height of three feet1 a size to which it never attains in this part of the country4 ,it is found in all soils1 both in dry and boggy places4 #cj4 ,,panicum germanicum4 ,,german ,,panic1 or ,,mohar4--,i notice this plant here1 although it is not a native of this country2 neither is it in cultivation4 ,it was introduced some years since by ,sir ,thomas ,tyrrwhit from ,hungary4 ,it is said there to be the best food of all others for horses2 and ,i think it might be cultivated to advantage on high sandy soils1 as a late crop of green fodder4 ,the seeds are similar to ,millet ,footnote3 ,the ,hungarian horses are remarked for their sleekness1 and it is said that it is in consequence of being fed on ,mohar44 #ca4 ,,panicum crus galli4 ,,cock',s-,,foot-,,panic-,,grass4--,this plant has1 ,i believe1 never been recommended for cultivation2 but it possesses qualities which render it worth attention3 it will sometimes grow to the height of four feet1 is very fine food for cattle1 and will no doubt make excellent hay4 ,it stands dry weather better than most other grasses ,i know4 ,the seeds will not vegetate before ,may1 and the crop not in perfection till late ,september4 ,in dry soils ,i think it could be cultivated to advantage if sown among a crop of ,tares or ,rye in the autumn2 and after they are cut in summer1 this would spring up and be a valuable acquisition in a dry autumn1 as it would seldom fail producing an abundant crop4 ,it grows thick1 and would tend to clear the land as a smothering crop over weeds3 it is annual4 #cb4 ,,phalaris arundinacea4 ,,reed ,,canary-,,grass4--,this is not in cultivation1 but grows plentyfully on the muddy banks of the ,thames2 it will also grow very well in a moderately dry soil2 and ,i have observed that cattle eat it when it is young4 ,as it is early and very productive1 as well as extremely hardy1 ,i think it might become valuable as early feed4 ,the seeds of this plant do not readily grow1 but it might easily be introduced by planting the roots in the spring4 ,the ,striped or ,ribbon ,grass of the flower garden is only a variety of this4 ,see ,poa aquatica4 #cc4 ,,phleum pratense4 ,,timothy-,,grass1 or ,,meadow-,,cat',s-,,tail-,,grass4--,is very coarse and late1 and consequently not equal to many of our grasses either for hay or pasture4 ,it has been highly recommended in ,america1 where it may probably have been found to answer better than it has done with us in cultivation4 ,the seed used to be imported from ,new ,york1 and met with a ready sale2 but ,i believe it is seldom imported at this time4 ,dr4 ,walker says the seeds were taken from ,south ,carolina 7where it was first cultivated7 to that ,state1 by one ,timothy ,hanson1 from whence it acquired its name4 ,the same gentleman supposes it may be introduced into the ,highlands of ,scotland with good effect1 but is of my opinion as to its utility in ,england4--,rural ,economy of the ,hebrides1 vol4 ii4 p4 #bg4 #cd4 ,,phleum nodosum4 ,,bulbous ,,cat',s-,,tail-,,grass4 7,phleum pratense var4 8 ,hudson47--,this affects a drier soil than the ,timothy-grass3 it grows very frequently in dry thin soils1 where it maintains itself against the parching sun by its bulbous roots1 which lie dormant for a considerable time1 but grow again very readily when the wet weather sets in1--a curious circumstance1 which gives us an ample proof of the wise contrivance of the great ,author of ,nature to fertilize all kinds of soil for the benefit of his creatures here below4 ,there is another instance of this in the ,poa bulbosa1 ,bulbous ,meadow-grass1 which grows on the ,steine at ,brighton1 and which ,i have kept in papers two years out of ground1 and it has vegetated afterwards4 #ce4 ,,poa annua4 ,,annual ,,meadow-,,grass4--,this is the most general plant in all nature3 it grows in almost every situation where there is any vegetation4 ,it has been spoken of as good in cultivation1 and has had the term ,suffolk grass applied to it1 from its having been grown in that county4 ,i have never seen it in such states1 neither can ,i say ,i should anticipate much benefit to arise from a plant which is not only an annual1 but very diminutive in size4 #cf4 ,,poa aquatica4 ,,water ,,meadow-,,grass4--,this is quite an aquatic1 but is eaten when young by cattle1 and is very useful in fenny countries3 it is highly ornamental1 and might be introduced into ponds for the same purpose as ,arundo ,phragmites3 it might also be planted with ,festuca elatior and ,phalaris arundinacea1 in wet dug out places1 where it would be useful as fodder1 and form excellent shelter for game4 #cg4 ,,poa fluitans4 ,,flote ,,fescue-,,grass4--,this would be of all others the most nutritive and best plant for feeding cattle2 but it thrives only in water4 ,i have noticed it only because it is highly recommended by the editor of ,mr4 ,curtis's ,observations on ,british ,grasses1 #eth edit4 ,the cattle are very fond of it2 but it is not to be cultivated1 unless it be in ponds1 being perfectly aquatic4 ,linnaeus speaks of the seeds being collected and sold in ,poland and ,germany as a dainty for culinary purposes2 but ,i have never seen it used here1 neither are the seeds to be collected in great quantities4 ,stillingfleet1 on the authority of a ,mr4 ,dean1 speaks highly of its merits in a water-meadow1 and also quotes ,mr ,ray's account of the famous meadow at ,orchiston near ,salisbury4 ,there this1 as well as ,poa trivialis1 most certainly is in its highest perfection2 but the real and general value of grasses or other plants must not be estimated by such very local instances1 when our object is to direct the student to a general knowledge of the subject4 ,see ,curtis1 art4 ,poa trivialis4 #ch4 ,,poa trivialis4 ,,rough-,,stalked ,,meadow-,,grass4--,those who have observed this grass in our best watered meadows1 and in other low pasture-land1 have naturally been struck with its great produce and fine herbage4 ,in some such places it undoubtedly appears to have every good quality that a plant of this nature can possess2 it is a principal grass in the famous ,orchiston meadow near ,salisbury1 and its amazing produce is mentioned in the ,bath ,agricultural ,papers1 vol4 i4 p4 #id3 but persons should not be altogether caught by such appearances2 for ,i have seen it in some lands1 and such as would produce good red ,clover1 a very diminutive and insignificant plant indeed4 ,when persons wish to introduce it1 they should carefully examine their neighbouring pastures1 and see how it thrives in such places4 ,the seeds are small1 and six pounds would be sufficient for an acre1 with others that affect a similar soil4 #ci4 ,,poa pratensis4 ,,smooth-,,stalked ,,meadow-,,grass4--,this is also a grass of considerable merit when it suits the soil2 it affects a dry situation1 and in some such places it is the principal herbage2 but ,i have cultivated this by itself for seed in tolerably good land1 and after some time ,i found it matted so much by its creeping roots as to become quite unproductive both of herbage and seed4 ,care should therefore be taken that only a proper portion of this be introduced4 ,the seeds of this and ,poa trivialis are the same in bulk1 and probably the same proportion should be adopted4 ,the seeds of both species hang together by a substance like to cobwebs1 when thrashed1 and require to be rubbed either in ashes or dry sand to separate them before sowing4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,sect4 ,,ii4--,,artificial ,,grasses ,footnote3 ,this technical term is generally known to farmers4 ,it is applied to ,clovers1 and such plants as usually grow in pastures1 and not strictly ,gramina44 ,under this term are included such plants as are sown for fodder1 either with a view to form permanent pastures when mixed with the grasses1 or as intermediate crops on arable land4 ,in those cases they are usually sown with a spring crop of ,oats or ,barley1 and the artificial grasses are protected after the harvest by the stubble left on the ground1 affording the succeeding season a valuable crop1 either for pasturage or hay4 #dj4 ,,achillea ,millefolium4 ,,yarrow4--,this has been much recommended for sheep feed2 but ,i observe it is frequently left untouched by them if other green herbage is found on the land4 ,it will thrive in almost any soil1 but succeeds best in good loam4 ,the seed used is about twelve pounds per acre4 #da4 ,,anthyllis vulneraria4 ,,kidney ,,vetch4--,this plant is not in cultivation1 but it has been noticed that where it grows naturally the cows produce better milk and in greater quantity4 ,it grows best in calcareous soils3 the seeds are large1 and easily collected4 ,this plant well deserves attention4 #db4 ,,cichorium ,intybus4 ,,cichory1 or ,,blue ,,succory4-,much has been said of the good properties of this plant2 and if it has them to the full extent mentioned by different authors1 ,i wonder there is not little else than ,cichory grown in this country4 ,it is very prolific1 and will grow extremely quick after the scythe during the summer months3 but ,i fear1 from the observations ,i have made1 that it does not possess the fattening quality it is said to have4 ,the plant is so extremely bitter1 that although cattle may be inclined to feed on it early in the spring1 yet as the season advances and other herbage more palatable is to be met with1 it is left with its beautiful blue flowers and broad foliage to rob the soil and adorn our fields1 to the regret of the farmer4 ,it grows wild in great abundance in ,battersea fields1 where my late friend ,mr4 ,curtis used ludicrously to say that bad husbandry was exhibited to perfection4 ,this plant is there continually seen in the greatest abundance1 where the ground has not been lately disturbed1 even under the noses of all the half-starved cattle of that neighbourhood that are turned in during the autumn4 ,the root dried and ground to a powder will improve ,coffee1 and is frequently drunk therewith1 especially in ,germany1 where it is prepared in cakes and sold for that purpose4 #dc4 ,,hedysarum ,onobrychis4 ,,saint-,,foin4--,this is certainly one of the most useful plants of this tribe1 and in the south of ,england is the life and support of the upland farmer3 in such places it is the principal fodder1 both green and in hay1 for all his stock4 ,i have not observed it to be cultivated in ,worcestershire or ,herefordshire1 where there appears to be much land that would grow it1 and which is under much inferior crops4 ,the seed sown is about four bushels per acre4 ,a mistake is often made in mentioning this plant4 ,the newspapers1 in quoting prices from ,mark ,lane1 call it ,cinquefoil1 a very different plant1 7,potentilla7 of rather a noxious quality4 ,see ,gleanings on ,works of ,agriculture and ,gardening1 p4 #hh1 where a curious blunder occurs of this kind4 #dd4 ,,lathyrus pratensis4 ,,meadow ,,vetchling4--,abounds much in our natural meadows1 particularly in the best loamy soils1 where it is very productive and nutritious4 ,it is not in cultivation1 for the seeds do not readily vegetate2 a circumstance much to be regretted1 but unfortunately the case with several of our other ,tares1 which would otherwise be a great acquisition to our graziers4 #de4 ,,lotus corniculatus4 ,,bird',s-,,foot-,,lotus4--,there are several varieties of this plant2 one growing on very dry chalky soils1 and which in such places helps to make a good turf1 and is much relished by cattle4 ,the other varieties grow in marshy land1 and make much larger plants than the other4 ,here it is also much eaten2 and ,i have also noticed it in hay1 where it appears to be a good ingredient4 ,as it thus appears to grow in any situation1 there is no doubt1 if the seeds were collected1 that it might be cultivated with ease1 and turn to good account in such land as is too light for ,clover4 ,in wet and boggy situations it becomes very hairy1 and in this state its appearance is very different from that which it has when growing in chalk1 where it is perfectly smooth4 ,this plant should not be overlooked by the experimental farmer4 ,it is very highly spoken of in ,dr4 ,anderson's ,essays on ,agriculture1 under the mistaken name of ,astragalus glycophyllos1 p4 #dhi2 but a truly practical account is given of it by ,ellis in his ,husbandry1 p4 #hi1 by the old name ,lady-,finger-,grass4 #df4 ,,medicago falcata4 ,,yellow ,,medic4--,is nearly allied to ,lucerne1 and is equally good for fodder2 it will grow on land that is very dry1 and hence is likely to become a most useful plant2 its culture has1 however1 been tried but partially4 ,some experiments were made with this plant by ,thomas ,le ,blanc1 ,esq41 in ,suffolk1 which are recorded by ,professor ,martyn4 ,martyn's ,miller's ,dict4 art4 ,medicago4 #dg4 ,,medicago polymorpha4 ,,variable ,,medic4--,this is also a plant much relished by cattle1 but is not in cultivation3 it is an annual1 and perhaps inferior in many respects to the ,nonsuch1 which it in some measure resembles4 ,there are many varieties of this plant cultivated in flower gardens on account of the curious shapes of the seed-pods1 some having a distant resemblance to snails' horns1 cater-pillars1 c4 under which names they are sold in the seed-shops4 ,it grows in sandy hilly soils2 the wild kind has flat pods4 #dh4 ,,medicago sativa4 ,,lucerne4--,too much cannot be said in praise of this most useful perennial plant3 it is every thing the farmer can wish for1 excepting that it will not grow without proper culture4 ,it should be drilled at eighteen inches distance1 and kept constantly hoed all summer1 have a large coat of manure in winter1 and be dug into the ground between the drills4 ,six or seven pounds of seed will sow an acre in this mode4 ,i have known ,lucerne sown with ,grass and ,clover for forming meadow land2 but as it does not thrive well when encumbered with other plants1 ,i see no good derived from this practice4 ,no plant requires1 or in fact deserves1 better cultivation than this1 and few plants yield less if badly managed4 #di4 ,,medicago lupulina4 ,,trefoil1 or ,,nonsuch4--,a biennial plant1 very usefully cultivated with ,rye-grass and ,clover for forming artificial meadows4 ,trefoil when left on the ground will seed1 and these will readily grow and renew the plant successively2 which has caused some persons to suppose it to be perennial4 ,about eight or ten pounds of seed are usually sown with six or eight pecks of ,rye-grass for an acre1 under a crop of ,barley or ,oats4 #ej4 ,,plantago lanceolata4 ,,rib-,,grass4--,this is a perennial plant1 and very usefully grown1 either mixed with grasses or sometimes alone3 it will thrive in any soil1 and particularly in rocky situations4 ,it is much grown on the hills in ,wales1 where by its roots spreading from stone to stone it is often found to prevent the soil from being washed off1 and has been known to keep a large district fertile which would otherwise be only bare rock4 ,sheep are particularly fond of it4 ,about four pounds sown with other seeds for pasture1 will render a benefit in any situation that wants it4 ,twenty-four pounds is usually sown on an acre when intended for the sole crop1 and sown under corn4 #ea4 ,,poterium ,sanguisorba4 ,,burnet4--,this plant grows in calcareous soils1 and is in some places much esteemed4 ,on the thin chalky soils near ,alresford in ,hampshire1 ,i have observed it to thrive better than almost any other plant that is cultivated4 ,sheep are particularly fond of it2 and ,i have heard it said that the flavour of the celebrated ,lansdown mutton arises from the quantity of ,burnet growing there4 ,it is also the favourite food of deer4 ,this will grow well in any soil1 and there are few pastures without it but would be benefited by its introduction4 ,twenty-five pounds per acre are sown alone3 eight pounds mixed with other seeds would be sufficient to give a good plant on the ground4 #eb4 ,,sanguisorba officinalis4 ,,great ,,canada ,,burnet4--,cattle will eat this when young2 and it has been supposed to be a useful plant1 but ,i do not think it equal to ,burnet4 ,it is perennial1 and is often found wild1 but has not yet been cultivated4 #ec4 ,,trifolium pratense4 ,,red ,,clover4--,this is a very old plant in cultivation1 and perhaps1 with little exception1 one of the most useful4 ,it is very productive and nutritive1 but soon exhausts the soil2 and unless it is in particular places it presently is found to go off1 which with the grazier is become a general complaint of all our cultivated ,clovers4 ,it is also well known1 that if the crop is mown the plant is the sooner exhausted4 ,seeds of ,clover have the property of remaining long in the ground after it has become thus in a manner exhausted2 and it frequently occurs that ashes being laid on will stimulate the land afresh1 and cause the seeds to vegetate2 which has given rise to the erroneous opinion with many persons1 that ashes1 and particularly soap ashes1 will1 when sown on land1 produce ,clover4 ,red ,clover is usually cultivated in stiff clays or loamy soils2 and when sown alone1 about sixteen or eighteen pounds of seed are used for the acre4 #ed4 ,,trifolium medium4 ,,zigzag1 or ,,mountain-,,clover4--,is in some degree like the preceeding2 it produces a purple flower1 and the foliage is much the same in appearance3 but this is a much stronger perennial1 and calculated from its creeping roots to last much longer in the land4 ,it is equally useful as a food for cattle1 and does not possess that dangerous quality of causing cattle to be hove1 or blown1 by eating it when fresh and green4 ,this plant is1 however1 only to be met with in upland pastures1 and there in its wild state2 for it does not seed very abundantly1 and is not in cultivation4 ,in the ,london seed-markets we often hear of a species of red ,clover termed ,cow-grass1 and it generally sells for more money1 and is said to differ in having the characters ascribed to it of this plant1 namely1 a hollow stem2 the leaves more sharply pointed2 the plant being a stronger perennial1 and having the property of not causing the above-mentioned disorder to cows that eat of it4 ,it is said to be cultivated in ,hampshire1 from whence ,i have often received the seeds which have been purchased purposely for the experiment2 but on growing them1 ,i never could discover these differences to exist4 ,it is a circumstance worthy notice1 that the very exact character of the ,trifolium medium should thus be said to belong to the supposed variety of red ,clover4 ,i have endeavoured for the last twenty years to find out the true ,cow-grass1 and am of opinion that it has been from some cause mistaken for this plant4 ,the ,trifolium medium is1 at all events1 a plant worth attention1 and ,i think it might be easily brought into cultivation2 for although it does not seed so abundantly as the ,t4 pratense1 ,i have observed it in places where a considerable quantity has been perfected1 and where it might have been easily collected by gathering the capsules4 #ee4 ,,trifolium repens4 ,,dutch ,,clover4--,this is not so robust a plant as either of the former kinds1 but it creeps on the ground and forms a fine bottom in all lands wherever it occurs1 either cultivated or wild4 ,this has not the property of blowing the cattle in so great a degree as the other sorts have4 ,this disease is said to be accelerated by clover being eaten whilst the dew is on it3 and when green clover is intended to be used as fodder1 it is always best to mow it in the heat of the day1 and let it lie till it is whithered1 when it may be given to cows with safety4 ,clover seeds of all kinds are necessary ingredients in laying down land to pasture2 and the usual quantity is about twelve pounds per acre mixt in proportion at the option of the grower4 ,this kind remains longer in slight soils than the red does2 but although both are perennial plants1 they are apt to go off1 for the reason pointed out under the head of ,t4 pratense4 ,this plant1 as well as the ,t4 medium and other perennial kinds1 is sometimes found in old pastures on loamy soils2 and whenever this is the case1 it is a certain indication of the goodness of the soil1 and such as a judicious gardener would make choice of for potting his exotic plants in1 as he may rest assured that the soil which will maintain clover for a succession of seasons will be fit loam for such purposes4 #ef4 ,,trifolium procumbens4 ,,yellow ,,suckling4--,an annual very like the ,nonsuch2 it is a very useful plant1 seeding very freely in pastures and growing readily1 by which means it is every year renewed1 and affords a fine bite for sheep and cattle4 ,i have now and then seen the seeds of this in the shops1 but it is not common4 ,there is a gentleman who cultivates this plant very successfully near ,horsham1 and who1 ,i am informed1 states it to be the best kind of ,clover for that land4 ,it grows very commonly amongst the herbage on ,horsham ,common1 so that it is probably its native habitat4 ,the seeds are the smallest of all the cultivated ,clovers1 and of course less in weight will be necessary for the land4 #eg4 ,,trifolium ochroleucum4 ,,yellow ,,clover4--,this is not a common plant1 but it deserves the attention of the grazier4 ,i believe it is not in cultivation4 ,in the garden it stands well1 and is a large plant4 ,the herbage appears to be as good as that of any other kind of ,clover1 and it might1 if introduced1 be cultivated by similar means4 #eh4 ,,trifolium agrarium4 ,,hop ,,trefoil4--,this is also a good plant1 but not in cultivation2 it is eaten by cattle in its wild state1 is a perennial1 and certainly deserves a trial with such persons who may be inclined to make experiments with these plants4 ,buffalo ,clover is a kind similar to ,trifolium agrarium and ,trifolium repens1 and appears to me to be a hybrid plant4 ,this has been sometimes sent to this country from ,america1 and is a larger plant than either4 ,it has1 however1 as far as ,i have grown it1 the same property of exhausting the soil as all the other species possess1 and is soon found to go off3 it is not in cultivation to any large extent4 #ei4 ,,vicia ,cracca4 ,,tufted ,,vetch4--,persons who have most noticed this plant have imagined it might be introduced into cultivation4 ,it is hardy1 durable1 nutritious1 and productive2 but1 like the ,yellow ,vetchling1 the seeds do not readily vegetate2 the only way to cultivate it1 therefore1 would be by planting out the roots2 which might be done1 as they are easily parted and are to be procured in great plenty in the places where it grows wild4 #fj4 ,,vicia sativa4 ,,vetches1 ,,fetch1 or ,,tare4--,a very useful and common plant1 of which we have two varieties known to the farmer by the name of ,spring and ,winter ,tares3 they are both annuals4 ,the spring variety is a more upright growing plant1 and much tenderer than the other3 it is usually sown in ,march and ,april1 and affords in general fine summer fodder4 ,the ,winter ,tares are usually sown at the wheat seed-time1 remain all winter1 and are usually cut in the spring1 generally six weeks before the spring crop comes in4 ,the ,winter ,tares are now considered a crop worth attention by the farmers near ,london1 who sow them1 and sell the crop in small bundles in the spring at a very good price4 ,tares are usually sown broadcast1 about three bushels and a half to the acre4 ,persons should be careful in procuring the true variety for the winter sowing2 for ,i have frequently known a crop fail altogether by sowing the ,spring ,tares1 which is a more tender variety1 at that season4 ,it should be noticed that the seeds of both varieties are so much alike that the kinds are not to be distinguished2 but the plants are easily known as soon as they begin to grow and form stems2 the ,spring kind having a very upright habit1 and the ,winter ,tares trail on the ground4 ,it is usual for persons wanting seeds of such to procure a sample2 and by growing them in a hothouse1 or forcing frame1 they may soon be able to ascertain the kinds4 ,ellis in his ,husbandry says1 that if ewes are fed on ,tares1 the lambs they produce will invariably have red flesh4 #fa4 ,,vicia sylvatica4 ,,wood ,,vetch4--,a perennial plant growing in the shade2 it seems to have all the good properties in general with the other sorts of ,tares2 but it is not in cultivation4 #fb4 ,,vicia sepium4 ,,bush ,,vetch4--,is also a species much eaten by cattle in its wild state1 but has not yet been cultivated3 it nevertheless would be an acquisition if it could be got to grow in quantity4 ,so much having been said of the different kinds of ,tares1 perhaps some persons may be inclined to think that it would be superfluous to have more in cultivation than one or two sorts4 ,to this ,i would beg leave to reply1 that they do not all grow exactly in the same situations wild2 and if they were cultivated1 some one of them might be found to suit in certain lands better than others2 and perhaps we never shall see our agriculture at the height of improvement1 till by some public-spirited measure all those things shall be grown for the purposes of fair comparative experiment--an institution much wanted in this country4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,hints ,,as ,,to ,,the ,,laying ,,down ,,land ,,to ,,permanent ,,pasture4 ,having endeavoured to explain as nearly as possible the nature and uses of the plants which are likely to improve our meadows and pastures2 ,i shall proceed to describe the best approved mode of sowing the land1 on which depends1 in a great measure1 the future success of the husbandman's labour4 ,under the head ,lolium perenne ,i observed the practice of sowing clovers and that grass with a crop of barley or oats1 which is intended as an intermediate crop for a season or two1 and then the land to be again broken up and used for arable crops4 ,and this is a common and useful practice2 for although neither the ,clover or ,rye-grass will last long1 yet both will be found to produce a good crop whilst the land will bear it1 or until it is overpowered by the natural weeds of the ground ,footnote3 ,it is not an uncommon opinion amongst farmers1 that ,rye-grass produces ,couch2 and this is not extraordinary2 for1 if the land is at all furnished with this weed1 it receives great encouragement under this mode of culture41 which renders it necessary to the farmer to break it up4 ,i am aware of the difficulty of persuading persons 7farmers in particular7 to adopt any new systems2 and ,i have often1 when speaking of this subject amongst men of enlightened understandings1 been told it would be next to madness1 to sacrifice the benefit of a crop of oats or barley when the land is in fine tilth1 and whilst we can grow grass seeds underneath it4 ,to this ,i reply1 that there is no land whatever1 when left for a few months in a state of rest1 but will produce naturally some kind of herbage1 good and bad2 and thus we find the industry of man excited1 and the application of the hoe and the weeder continually among all our crops1 this being essential to their welfare4 ,i cannot help1 therefore1 observing how extremely absurd it is to endeavour to form clean and good pasturage under a crop hat gives as much protection to every noxious weed as to the young grass itself4 ,weeds are of two descriptions1 and each requires a very different mode of extermination3 thus1 if annual1 as the ,charlock and ,poppy1 they will flower among the corn1 and the seeds will ripen and drop before harvest1 and be ready to vegetate as soon as the corn is removed2 and if perennial1 as ,thistles1 ,docks1 ,couch-grass1 and a long tribe of others in this way1 well known to the farmer1 they will be found to take such firm possession of the ground that they will not be got rid of without great trouble and expense4 ,although the crop of corn thus obtained is valuable1 yet when a good and permanent meadow is wanted1 and when all the strength of the land is required to nurture the young grass thus robbed and injured1 the proprietor is often at considerable expense the second year for manure1 which1 taking into consideration the trouble and disadvantage attending it1 more than counterbalances the profit of the corn crop4 ,to accomplish fully the formation of permanent meadows1 three things are necessary3 namely to clean the land1 to produce good and perfect seeds adapted to the nature of the soil1 and to keep the crop clean by eradicating all the weeds1 till the grasses have grown sufficiently to prevent the introduction of other plants4 ,the first of these matters is known to every good farmer1--the second may be obtained1--and the third may be accomplished by practising the modes in which ,i have succeeded at a small comparative expense and trouble1 and which is instanced in a meadow immediately fronting ,brompton ,crescent1 the property of ,angus ,macdonald1 ,esq4 which land was very greatly encumbered with noxious weeds of all kinds3 but1 by the following plan1 the grasses were encouraged to grow up to the exclusion of all other plants2 and though it has been laid down more than ten years1 the pasturage is now at least equal to any in the county4 ,grass seeds may be sown with equal advantage both in spring and autumn4 ,the land above mentioned was sown in the latter end of ,august1 and the seed made use of was one bushel of ,meadow-fescue1 and one of ,meadow fox-tail-grass1 with a mixture of fifteen pounds of white ,clover and ,trefoil per acre2 the land was previously cleaned as far as possible with the plough and harrows1 and the seeds sown and covered in the usual way4 ,in the month of ,october following1 a most prodigious crop of annual weeds of many kinds having grown up1 were in bloom1 and covered the ground and the sown grasses2 the whole was then mowed and carried off the land1 and by this management all the annual weeds were at once destroyed1 as they do not spring again if cut down when in bloom4 ,thus1 whilst the stalks and roots of the annual weeds were decaying1 the sown grasses were getting strength during the fine weather1 and what few perennial weeds were amongst them were pulled up by hand in their young state4 ,the whole land was repeatedly rolled1 to prevent the worms and frost from throwing the plants out of the ground2 and in the following spring it was grazed till the latter end of ,march1 when it was left for hay1 and has ever since continued a good field of grass4 ,several meadows at ,roehampton1 belonging to the late ,b4 ,goldsmid1 ,esq41 were laid down with two bushels of ,meadow fescue-grass and fifteen pounds of mixed ,clover1 and sown in the spring along with one peck and a half of ,barley1 intended as a shade to the young grasses4 ,the crop was thus suffered to grow till the latter end of ,june1 and then the corn1 with the weeds1 was mowed and carried off the land2 the ground was then rolled1 and at the end of ,july the grasses were so much grown as to admit good grazing for sheep1 which were kept thereon for several weeks4 ,it should be observed1 that the corn is to be mowed whilst in bloom1 and when there is an appearance of1 or immediately after rain2 which will be an advantage to the grasses1 and occasion them to thrive greatly4 ,i sowed some fields for the same gentleman in autumn in the same way1 and found them to succeed equally well4 ,the above remarks are part of a communication ,i gave six years since to the ,society of ,arts1 for which ,i was honoured with their prize medal2 and ,i have great pleasure in transcribing it ,footnote3 ,see ,transactions of the ,society of ,arts1 vol4 xxvii4 p4 #gj41 as ,i frequently visit the meadows mentioned above1 and have the satisfaction of hearing them pronounced the best in their respective neighbourhoods4 ,thus are my opinions on this head borne out by twelve years experience4 ,let the sceptic compare this improvement with his pretended advantage of a crop of ,barley4 ,it should be observed that our agricultural efforts are intended only to assist the operations of nature1 and that in all our experiments we should consult the soil as to its spontaneous produce1 from whence alone we can be enabled to adapt1 with propriety1 plants to proper situations4 ,the kinds of selected grass-seeds that are at this time to be purchased are few1 and consist of ,lolium perenne1 ,festuca pratensis1 ,alopecurus pratensis2 ,dactylis glomeratus1 ,cynosurus cristatus2 with the various kinds of ,clovers3 and it is not easy to lay down any rule as to the mixture or proportion of each different kind that would best suit particular lands4 ,attention however should1 in all cases1 be paid to the plants growing wild in the neighbouring pastures1 or in similar soils1 and the greater portion used of those which are observed to thrive best4 ,in certain instances ,i have mentioned particular quantities of seeds to be mixed with others2 but in general ,i have stated how much it would require to sow an acre with each kind separately2 from which a person may form a criterion1 when several sorts are used1 as to what quantity of each sort should be adopted4 ,taking into view1 therefore1 that nothing but a mixture of proper kinds of ,grasses1 c4 will make good pasturage1 and that our knowledge is very imperfect on this head at the present season1 we must advise that particular attention be paid to the subject1 or little good can be hoped for from all our endeavours4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,sect4 ,,iii4--,,fodder ,,from ,,leaves ,,and ,,roots4 ,the student in agriculture will find in this department a wide field for speculation1 which1 although it has been greatly improved during the last century1 still affords much room for experiments4 ,during the last thirty-five years ,i have had opportunity of observing the great difference in the quantity of cattle brought to one of our largest beast-markets in the south of ,england2 and it is well known that this has increased in a ratio of more than double2 and ,i am informed by a worthy and truly honourable prelate1 who has observed the same for twenty-five years previously1 that it has nearly quadrupled4 ,i have also made it my business1 as a subject of curiosity1 to inquire if the increase at other markets has been the same1 and from all accounts ,i am convinced of the affirmative4 ,now as we have ample proofs from the statistical accounts of our husbandry1 that less corn has not been grown in the same period1 we shall naturally be inclined to give the merit of this increase to the introduction of the ,turnip husbandry1 which1 although it is now become so general1 is1 comparatively speaking1 but in its infancy2 and it is from that branch of our agriculture that has sprung the culture of the great variety of fodder of the description which ,i am now about to explain4 ,and here it may not prove amiss to observe to the botanical student1 should he hereafter be destined to travel1 that by making himself thus acquainted with the nature of such vegetables1 he may have it in his power to render great benefit to society by the introduction of others of still superior virtues1 for the use both of man and the brute creation4 ,when ,sir ,walter ,raleigh undertook his expedition to ,south ,america1 the object of which failed1 he had the good fortune from his taste for botany to render to his country1 and to the world at large1 a more essential service1 by the introduction of one single vegetable1 than was ever achieved by the military exploits performed before or since that period ,footnote3 ,the ,potatoe was introduced by ,sir ,walter ,raleigh1 on his return from the ,river ,plate1 in the year #aehf44 ,it has not only been the means of increasing the wealth and strength of nations1 but more than once prevented a famine in this country when suffering from a scarcity of bread-corn and when most of the ports which could afford us a supply were shut by the ambition of a powerful enemy4 #fc4 ,,brassica ,napus4 ,,turnip4--,turnips afford the best feed for sheep in the autumn and winter months4 ,it is usual to sow them as a preparatory crop for ,barley1 and now very frequently for a crop of ,spring ,wheat4 ,turnips are not easily raised but where some kind of manure is used to stimulate the land4 ,in dry seasons the crop is often destroyed by the ravages of a small beetle1 which perforates the cotyledons of the plants1 and destroys the crop on whole fields in a few hours4 ,many remedies against this evil are enumerated in our books on husbandry4 ,the best preventative1 however1 appears to be the putting manure on the ground in a moist state and sowing the seeds with it1 in order to excite the young plant to grow rapidly2 for the insect does not hurt it when the rough leaf is once grown4 ,i have this season seen a fine field of ,turnips1 sown mixt with dung out of a cart and ploughed in ridges4 ,the seeds which were not too deeply buried grew and escaped the fly2 when scarcely a field in the same district escaped the ravages of that insect4 ,turnips are sown either broad-cast or in drills4 ,it takes about four pounds of seed per acre in the first mode1 and about half the quantity in the second4 ,there are several varieties of turnips grown for cattle2 the most striking of which are1 the ,white round ,norfolk2 the ,red round ditto2 the ,green round ditto2 the ,tankard2 the ,yellow4 ,these varieties are nearly the same in goodness and produce3 the green and red are considered as rather more hardy than the others4 ,the tankard is long-rooted and stands more out of the ground1 and is objected to as being more liable to the attack of early frosts4 ,the yellow is much esteemed in ,scotland1 and supposed to contain more nutriment ,footnote3 ,the usual season for sowing the above varieties is within a fortnight or three weeks after ,midsummer44 ,the ,stone and ,dutch turnips are grown for culinary purposes1 and are also sometimes sown after the corn is cleared1 as being small and of early growth2 these in such cases are called stubble turnips1 and often in fine autumns produce a considerable quantity of herbage4 ,for a further account of the culture c4 see ,dickson's ,modern ,husbandry1 vol4 ii4 p4 #fci4 ,there is nothing in husbandry requiring more care than the saving seeds of most of the plants of this tribe1 and in particular of the ,genus ,brassica4 ,if two sorts of turnips or cabbages are suffered to grow and bloom together1 the pollen of each kind will be sufficiently mixed to impregnate each alternately1 and a hybrid kind will be the produce1 and in ninety-nine times out of a hundred a worse variety than either4 ,although this is generally the result of an indiscriminate mixture1 yet by properly adapting two different kinds to grow together1 new and superior varieties are sometimes produced4 ,one gentleman having profited by this philosophy1 has succeeded in producing some fine new varieties of fruits and vegetables1 much to the honour of his own talents and his country's benefit ,footnote3 ,see ,mr ,knight ,on the ,apple-tree44 ,it is well known to gardeners that the cabbage tribe are liable to sport thus in their progeny2 and to some accidental occurrence of this nature we are indebted for the very useful plant called the #fd4 ,,roota-,,baga4 ,,swedish ,,turnip4--,which is a hybrid plant par-taking of the turnip and cabbage1 and what has within these few years added so much to the benefit of the grazier4 ,this root is much more hardy than any of the turnips2 it will stand our winters without suffering injury from frosts1 and is particularly ponderous and nutritious4 ,it is usually cultivated as the common trunip1 with this difference1 that it requires to be sown as early in some lands as the month of ,may1 it being a plant which requires a longer time to come to maturity4 ,every judicious farmer who depends on turnips for foddering his stock in the winter1 will do well to guard against the loss sometimes occasioned by the failure of his ,turnips from frost and wet4 ,various ways of doing this are recommended1 as stacking c4 ,but if he has a portion of his best land under ,swedish turnip1 he will have late in the winter a valuable crop that will be his best substitute4 ,another advantage is this1 that it will last a fortnight longer in the spring1 and consequently be valuable on this account4 ,the quantity of seed usually sown is the same as for the common kinds of turnip4 ,there are two varieties of this plant1 one white and the other yellow3 the latter is the most approved4 #fe4 ,,brassica ,napo ,brassica4 ,,kohlrabbi4--,a hardy kind of ,turnip cabbage1 grown much in ,germany for fodder3 it is very nutritive1 and has the property of resisting frost better than either the turnips or cattle-cabbage4 ,the seed and culture of this are the same as of ,drum-head cabbage4 ,there are two varieties of this plant1 the green and the purple2 the latter is generally most esteemed4 #ff4 ,,brussels ,,sprouts4--,this is a large variety of cabbage1 very productive and hardy4 ,the culture is the same as for ,cattle-cabbage4 #fg4 ,,brassica oleracea4 ,,drum-,,head ,,cabbage4--,this is usually sown in ,march and the plants put out into beds1 and then transplanted into the fields2 this grows to a most enormous size1 and is very profitable4 ,about four pounds of seed is sufficient for an acre4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,sec4 ,,iv4--,,grains4 #gc4 ,,avena sativa4 ,,common ,,oats4--,a grain very commonly known1 of which we have a number of varieties1 from the thin old ,black ,oats to the fine ,poland variety and the celebrated ,potatoe-,oats4 ,these give the farmer at all times the advantage of a change of seeds1 a measure allowed on all hands to be essential to good husbandry4 ,the culture is various2 thin soils growing the black kind in preference1 which is remarkably hardy1 where the finer sorts affecting a better soil will not succeed4 ,it is applicable both to the drill and broad-cast4 ,the seed is from six pecks to four bushels per acre1 and the crop from seven to fourteen quarters4 #gd4 ,,carum ,carui4 ,,caraway ,,seeds4--,the seeds of this are in demand both by druggists and confectioners4 ,it is cultivated in ,kent and ,essex2 where it1 being a biennial plant1 is sown with a crop of spring corn1 and left with the stubble during the succeeding winter1 and after clearing the land in the spring is left to go to seed4 ,it requires a good hot dry soil2 but although the crop is often of great value1 it so much exhausts the land as to be hazardous culture in many light soils where the dunghill is not handy4 ,the seed is about ten pounds per acre1 and the crop often five or six sacks4 #ge4 ,,coriandrum sativum4 ,,coriander4--,is grown in the stiff lands1 in ,essex1 and is an annual of easy but not of general culture4 ,the seeds are used by druggists and rectifiers of spirits1 and form many of the cordial drinks4 ,the quantity of seed and produce are similar to those of ,caraway4 #gf4 ,,ervum ,lens4 ,,lentils4--,once cultivated here for the seeds1 which are used for soups2 but it is furnished principally from ,spain1 and can at all times be purchased for less than it can be grown for4 #gg4 ,,hordeum distichon4 ,,common ,,two-,,rowed ,,barley4--,a grain now in very general cultivation1 and supposed to be the best kind grown for malting4 ,the season for sowing barley is in the spring1 and the crop varies according to soil and culture2 it is sown either broad-cast1 drilled1 or dibbled4 ,the quantity of seed sown is from three pecks to three bushels per acre1 and the produce from three to eleven quarters4 ,as the process of malting may not be generally understood by that class of readers for which this work is mostly intended1 ,i shall give a short sketch of it4--,it is a natural principle of vegetation1 that every seed undergoes a change before it is formed into the young plant4 ,the substance of the cotyledons1 which when ground forms the nutritious flower of which bread is made1 changes into two particular substances1 i4 e4 sugar and mucilage2 and whilst mankind form from it the principal staff of life as an edible commodity1 the same parts of the seed in barley are by certain means made into malt1 which is only another term for the sugar of that grain4 ,to effect this1 the barley is steeped in water1 and afterwards laid in heaps1 in which state it vegetates in a few days1 and the saccharine fermentation is by that means carried on to a certain pitch1 when it is put on a kiln to which a fire is applied1 and it is by that means dried4 ,it is then perfect malt1 and fit for the purpose of brewing4 ,pearl and ,scotch ,barley1 used for soup and medicinal purposes1 are made from the grain by being put into a mill1 which merely grinds off the husk4 ,the ,pearl barley is mostly prepared in ,holland1 but the ,scotch is made near ,edinburgh in considerable quantities4 ,a description of an improved ,mill for this purpose is to be seen in the ,edinburgh ,encyclopaedia1 p4 #bhc4 #gh4 ,,hordeum vulgare4 ,,bere1 ,,big1 or ,,winter ,,barley4--,this is a coarser grain than the ,two-rowed ,barley1 and hence it is not so well adapted to the purpose of malting4 ,it is grown on cold thin soils1 being much hardier than the former4 ,it is now often sown in ,october1 and in the month of ,may or ,june following it is mown and taken off the land for green fodder4 ,the plants will notwithstanding this produce in ,august a very abundant crop of grain4 ,hence this is a valuable mode of culture for the farmer4 ,the other varieties of ,barley are1 #gi4 ,,hordeum hexastichon4 ,,six-,,rowed ,,barley4--,this is also a coarse grain2 and although it was once in cultivation here1 it has been altogether superseded by the ,bere1 which is a better kind4 #hj4 ,,hordeum zeocriton4 ,,battledore ,,barley4--,this is a fine grain1 but very tender1 and not now in cultivation in this country4 ,,naked ,,barley4 ,the two first species sometimes produce a variety which thrashes out of the husks similar to wheat3 these are very heavy and fine grain1 but they are not in cultivation3 for what reason ,i know not4 #ha4 ,,panicum miliaceum4 ,,millet4--,millet is of two kinds1 the brown and yellow4 ,they are sometimes sown in this country for feeding poultry1 and also for dressing2 i4 e4 it is divested of the husk by being passed through a mill1 when it is equal to rice for the use of the pastrycook4 ,the seed used is from one to two bushels per acre4 ,this is more commonly grown in ,italy1 and on the shores of the ,mediterranean sea1 from which large quantities are annually exported to the more northern countries4 #hb4 ,,papaver somniferum4 ,,maw-,,seed4--,the large white ,opium ,poppy is grown for seed for feeding birds1 and also for pressing the oil1 which is used by painters4 ,the heads are also used by the apothecaries2 which see under the head ,medicinal ,plants4 ,about two pounds of seed to the acre4 #hc4 ,,phalaris canariensis4 ,,canary-,,seed4--,this is grown mostly in the ,isle of ,thanet1 and sent to ,london c4 for feeding canary and other song-birds1 and considered a very profitable crop to the farmer4 ,it is sown in ,april1 and the quantity of seed is about one bushel and a half per acre4 #hd4 ,,pisum sativum4 ,,the ,,pea ,footnote3 ,at the request of ,sir ,john ,sinclair ,i made an experiment1 from directions given by a ,french emigrant1 of mixing ,pease with urine in which had been steeped a considerable quantity of pigeon's dung4 ,in the course of twenty-four hours they had swoln very much1 when they were put into the ground4 ,an equal quantity were steeped in water2 and the same quantity also that had not been steeped1 were sown in three adjoining spots of land4 ,there was a difference in the coming up of the crops1 of some days in each2 but that with the above preparation took the lead1 and was by far the best crop on the ground4 ,this is an experiment worth attending to4 ,it is usual to prepare wheat in a similar way1 but no other grain that ,i have ever heard of44--,the ,gray ,hog-pea used to be the only one considered sufficiently hardy for culture in the fields2 but since the improvement in our agriculture we have all the finer varieties cultivated in large quantities4 ,the seed used is about two bushels and a half per acre1 and the produce varies from three to ten quarters4 ,the varieties of ,peas are many1 but the principal ones used in agriculture are the ,early ,charlton ,pea2 the ,dwarf ,marrow2 the ,prussian ,blue4 ,all these are dwarf kinds2 and as the demand for this article in time of war is great for the navy and army1 if the farmer's land will suit1 and produce such as will boil1 they will fetch a considerably greater price in proportion4 ,the varieties that are found to boil are either used whole1 or split1 which is done by steeping them in water till the cotyledons swell1 after which they are dried on a kiln and passed through a mill2 which just breaking the husk1 the two cotyledons fall apart4 #he4 ,,polygonum ,fagopyrum4 ,,buck-,,wheat4--,this is usually sown in places where pheasants are bred1 as the seed is the best food for those birds2 it is also useful for poultry and hogs4 ,i have eaten bread and cakes made of the flower1 which are also very palatable4 ,two bushels are usually sown per acre4 ,the season is ,may2 and it is often sown on foul land in the summer1 as it grows very thick on the land1 and helps to clean it by smothering all the weeds4 ,the crop does not stand on the ground more than ten or twelve weeks4 #hf4 ,,secale cereale4 ,,rye4--,this is often grown for a spring crop of green food1 by sowing it early in the autumn1 as it is very hardy and is not affected by frost4 ,it grows fast in the spring months1 and affords a very luxuriant crop of green fodder4 ,tares and ,rye are frequently sown mixed together for the same purpose1 and the ,tares find a support in the stalks of the ,rye1 by which means they produce a larger crop than they make by themselves4 ,the grain is the next in estimation to ,wheat1 and is frequently used for making bread4 ,the quantity sown per acre is the same as ,wheat4 #hg4 ,,sinapis nigra4 ,,black ,,mustard4--,this is grown in ,essex in great quantities for the seeds1 which are sold to the manufacturers of flower of mustard1 and is considered better flavoured1 stronger1 and capable of keeping better1 than the white kind for such purpose4 ,it is also in use for various medicinal preparations2 which see4 ,about two bushels of seed sown broad-cast are sufficient for an acre4 ,this plant affords another striking instance of the care of ,providence in preserving the species of the vegetable kingdom1 it being noticed in the ,isle of ,ely and other places1 that wherever new ditches are thrown out1 or the earth dug to any unusual depth1 the seeds of ,black ,mustard immediately throw up a crop4 ,in some places it has been proved to have lain thus embalmed for ages4 ,flower of mustard1 which is now become so common on our tables1 and which is an article of very considerable trade1 is but a new manufacture4 ,a respectable seedsman who lived in ,pall-,mall was the first who prepared it in this state for sale4 ,the seeds of the white sort had been used to be bruised in a mortar and eaten sometimes as a condiment1 but only in small quantities4 ,when used fresh it is weak1 and has an unpleasant taste2 but after standing a few hours the essential oil unites with the water which is used1 and it then becomes considerably stronger1 and the flavour is improved4 ,it is prepared by drying the seeds on a kiln and grinding them to a powder4 ,as this article is become of considerable importance from the demand1 it has occasioned persons to speculate in its adulteration1 which is now ,i believe often practised4 ,real flower of mustard will bear the addition of an equal quantity of salt without its appearing too much in the taste4 ,in an old work1 ,hartman's treasure of ,health1 ,i find it to have been practised by a noble lady of that time to make mustard for keeping1 with sherry wine with the addition of a little sugar1 and sometimes a little vinegar4 ,query1 ,is this1 with the substitution of a cheaper wine1 the secret of what is called ,patent ,mustard8 #hh4 ,,triticum aestivum4 ,,spring ,,wheat4--,wheat is a grain well known in most countries in ,europe4 ,it has been in cultivation for many ages4 ,this species was introduced some years ago from the ,barbary coast1 and has been found very beneficial for sowing in the spring1 when it often produces a large crop4 ,it takes a shorter time to come to maturity than the other sorts2 and as it is a more profitable crop to the farmer on good soils than ,barley1 it is frequently sown after ,turnips are over4 ,this has1 perhaps1 been one of the best improvements in ,grain husbandry that was ever introduced1 as it gives the grower great advantages which he could not have under the common culture of ,wheat at the usual seed-time4 ,this is little different in appearance from the ,common ,white ,wheat4 ,but there was a small variety of it with rounder grains sent to the ,board of ,agriculture from the ,cape of ,good ,hope about the year #ahja1 of which ,i saved a small quantity of seeds which was distributed among the members2 and ,i have lately seen a sample of it in the hands of a gentleman in ,devonshire1 who speaks very highly of it as producing a large crop in a short time1 and that the flower was so much esteemed1 that the millers gave him a higher price for it than the finest samples at market of the other kinds would sell for4 ,i believe this variety is very scarce4 ,it is now twelve years since ,i grew it1 from which what ,i saw1 and all other in cultivation1 if any there are1 have sprung4 #hi4 ,,triticum compositum4 ,,egyptian ,,wheat4--,this is a species with branched ears1 and commonly having as many as three and four divisions4 ,it is much cultivated in the eastern countries1 but has not been found to answer so well in this country as the common cultivated species4 #ij4 ,,triticum hybernum4 ,,common ,,wheat4--,of this grain we have a number of varieties1 which are grown according to the fashion of countries1 differing in the colour of the ear and also of the grain4 ,the most esteemed sorts are the ,hertfordshire ,white and the ,essex ,red ,wheat1 which are both much cultivated and equally esteemed4 ,the season for growing these kinds is usually ,september and ,october4 ,the drill1 dibble1 and broad-cast modes are all used1 as the land and convenience of the farmer happen to suit1 and the produce varies accordingly2 as does also the quantity of seed sown4 ,from two pecks to two bushels and a half are sown on an acre4 ,wheat is liable to the ravages of many terrestrious insects which attack its roots2 and also some very curious diseases4 ,one of these has been very clearly elucidated by our munificent patron of science1 ,sir ,joseph ,banks1 in the investigation of a parasitical plant which destroys the blood of the stalk and leaves1 renders the grain thin1 and in some cases quite destroys the crop1 which has done that gentleman's penetration great credit ,footnote3 ,sir ,joseph ,banks ,on the ,blight in ,corn44 ,an equally extraordinary disease is the ,smut1 which converts the farinaceous parts of the grain to a black powder resembling smut3 a cirumstance too well known to many farmers4 ,those who wish to consult the remedies recommended against this1 may refer to ,the ,annals of ,agriculture1 and most other books on the subject4 ,it is usual with farmers to mix the ,wheat with stale urine or brine1 and to dry it by sifting it with slaked lime1 which has the effect of causing it to vegetate quickly1 and to prevent the attacks of many insects when the seed is first put into the ground4 ,this is considered as productive of great benefit to the crop2 but it is also to be remarked1 that it is almost the only grain that is ever prepared with this mixture1 although it might be applied with equal propriety to all others4 ,see article ,pisum sativum4 #ia4 ,,triticum turgidum4 ,,cone ,,wheat4--,this a fine grain1 and cultivated much in the strong land in the ,vale of ,evesham1 where it is found to answer better than any other sorts4 ,it is distinguished by the square and thick spike1 and having a very long arista or beard4 ,the following sorts of ,wheat are mentioned as being in cultivation4 ,but ,i have not seen them1 neither do ,i think any of them equal to the sorts enumerated above3 ,triticum nigrum4 ,,black-,,grained ,,wheat4 ,triticum polonicum4 ,,polish ,,wheat4 ,triticum monococcon4 ,,one-,,grained ,,wheat4 ,triticum ,spelta4 ,,spelt ,,wheat4 ,besides the use of ,wheat for bread and other domestic purposes1 large quantities are every season consumed in making starch1 which is the pure fecula of the grain obtained by steeping it in water and beating it in coarse hempen bags1 by which means the fecula is thus caused to exude and diffuse through the water4 ,this1 from being mixed with the saccharine matter of the grain1 soon runs into the acetous fermentation1 and the weak acid thus formed by digesting on the fecula renders it white4 ,after setting1 the precipitate is washed several times1 and put by in square cakes and dried on kilns4 ,these in drying part into flakes1 which gives the form to the starch of the shops4 ,starch is soluble in hot water1 and becomes of the nature of gum4 ,it is however insoluble in cold water1 and on this account when pulverized it makes most excellent hair-powder4 #ib4 ,vicia ,faba4 ,,the ,,bean4--,several kinds of ,beans are cultivated by farmers4 ,the principal are the ,horse-,bean or ,tick-,bean2 the ,early ,mazagan2 and the ,long-pods4 ,beans grow best in stiff clayey soils1 and in such they are the most convenient crop4 ,the season for planting is either the winter or spring month1 as the weather affords opportunity4 ,they are either drilled1 broad-cast sown1 or put in by the dibble1 which is considered not only the most eligible mode but in ge-neral affording the best crops4 ,the seed is from one to three bushels per acre4 #ic4 ,,zea ,mays4 ,,indian ,,corn1 or ,,maize4 ,in warmer climates1 as the ,south of ,france1 and the ,east and ,west ,indies1 this is one of the most useful plants2 the seeds forming good provender for poultry1 hogs and cattle1 and the green tops excellent fodder for cattle in general4 ,i once saw a small early variety1 that produced a very good crop1 near ,uxbridge2 but ,i believe it is not in cultivation4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,sect4 ,v4--,,miscellaneous ,,articles4 #id4 ,,cannabis sativa4 ,,hemp4--,this plant is cultivated in some parts of this country4 ,it is usually sown in ,march1 and is fit to harvest in ,october4 ,it is then pulled up and immersed in water2 when the woody parts of the stalks separating from the bark1 which sloughs off and undergoes a decomposition by which the fibres are divided1 it is then combed 7hackled71 dried1 and reduced to different fineness of texture1 and spun for various purposes4 ,it requires good land1 and the seed is usually two bushels and a half per acre4 ,the seed1 which ripens about the time the hemp is pulled1 is useful for feeding birds and poultry1 and very nourishing4 #ie4 ,,dipsacus ,fullonum4 ,,fuller',s ,,teavel4--,the heads of this plant are used for combing kerseymeres and finer broad cloths4 ,the heads are generally fit to cut about the latter end of ,august1 and are then separated and made up into bundles1 and sold to the clothiers4 ,the large heads are called ,kings2 the next size ,middlings2 and the smaller ,minikins4 ,the reason they are separated before sending to market is1 that the large and small will not fit together on the frame in which they are fixed to the water-wheel1 so that it is usual for the proprietor of the fulling-mills to purchase all of either one or the other size4 ,the crop is considered very valuable1 but the culture is confined to a small district in ,somersetshire4 ,the plant is biennial1 and is usually sown in ,may1 and the crop kept hoed during that season4 ,in the following spring the plants bloom1 and when the seeds are ripe the heads are fit for cutting2 when they are assorted as above for the dealers4 ,three pounds of seed are used to an acre1 and the plants at the last stirring are left from two feet to two feet and a half apart4 #if4 ,,humulus ,lupulus4 ,,the ,,hop4--,the ,hop is cultivated for brewing1 being the most wholesome bitter we have1 though the brewers are in the habit of using other vegetable bitters1 which are brought from abroad and sold at a much cheaper rate4 ,there is1 however1 a severe penalty on using any other than ,hops for such purpose4 ,the ,hops are distinguished by several varieties grown in ,kent1 ,worcestershire1 and at ,farnham4 ,the last place produces the best kind4 ,for its culture more at length see ,agriculture of ,surry1 by ,mr4 ,stevenson4 #ig4 ,,isatis tinctoria4 ,,woad4--,is cultivated in the county of ,somersetshire4 ,it is used1 after being prepared1 for dyeing c4 ,it is said to be the mordant used for a fine blue on woollen4 ,the foliage1 which is like ,spinach1 is gathered during the summer months1 and steeped in vats of water4 ,after some time a green fecula is deposited in the bottom of the water1 which is washed1 and made into cakes and sold for use4 ,it is a perennial plant1 and found wild in great abundance near ,guildford1 where great quantities might be gathered for use1 and where a great deal of the seed could be collected4 ,its culture is very similar to that of the ,teazle1 with this difference1 it requires the hoe at work constantly all the summer months4 ,the two plants ,weld and ,woad from the similarity of names are frequently confounded with each other1 and some of the best agricultural writers have fallen into this error4 ,they are two very different plants1 and ought to be well defined1 being each of them of very material consequence in this country4 #ih4 ,,linum usitatissimum4 ,,flax1 or ,,lint-,,seed4--,is grown for the purpose of making cloth1 and has been considered a very profitable crop4 ,the culture and management is similar to that of ,hemp1 and the seeds are in great demand for pressing4 ,lintseed oil1 which it produces1 is much used by painters1 and is the only vegetable oil that is found fit for such purposes in general4 ,the seeds are of several uses to the farmer2 a tea is made of it1 and mixed with skimmed milk1 for fattening house-lambs and calves4 ,oxen are often fattened on the seed itself2 but the cakes after the oil is expressed are a very common and most excellent article for fattening both black cattle and sheep4 ,these are sold at from #aj l4 to #af l4 per thousand4 ,it will require three bushels of ,flax-seed for one acre1 as it must be sown thick on the land4 ,lintseed cake has been used also for manure2 and ,i have seen fine crops of ,turnips where it has been powdered and sown in the drills with the seed4 #ii4 ,,reseda luteola4 ,,dyer',s-,,weed1 or ,,weld4--,is often confounded with ,woad1 but is altogether a very different plant4 ,weld is cultivated on the chalky hills of ,surry1 being sown under a crop of ,barley1 and the second year cleaned by hoeing1 and then left to grow till it blooms1 when it is pulled and tied up in small bundles1 and after drying is sent to market1 where it is purchased for dyeing yellow1 and is in great request4 #ajj4 ,,rubia tinctoria4 ,,madder4--,this very useful dyeing drug used to be grown in this country in considerable quantities1 but it is not cultivated here at the present time4 ,the principal part of what is used now is brought from ,holland1 and affords a considerable article of trade to the ,dutch farmers4 ,those who wish to be informed of the mode of culture may consult ,professor ,martyn's edition of ,miller's ,dictionary4 ,some years since ,sir ,henry ,englefield1 ,bart41 obtained a premium from the ,society of ,arts for the discovery of a fine tint drawn from ,madder1 called the ,adrianople red4 ,it was found that it was to be obtained from a variety of the ,rubia brought from ,smyrna2 and ,mr4 ,smyth1 our consul at that city1 was prevailed on by ,dr4 ,charles ,taylor to procure seeds from thence1 which the ,society did me the honour of committing to my care2 and ,i have now a considerable stock of that kind1 from whence ,i have myself obtained the same beautiful and superior tint4 ,see ,trans4 ,soc4 ,arts4 vol4 #bg1 p4 #dj4 #aja4 ,,ulex europaeus4 ,,furze1 ,,gorse1 or ,,whin4--,is used in husbandry for fences1 and is also much cultivated for fuel for burning lime1 heating ovens1 c4 ,cattle and sheep relish it much2 but it cannot be eaten by them except when young1 in consequence of its strong spines2 to obviate which an implement has been invented for bruising it4 ,when it grows wild on our waste land1 it is common to set it on fire in the summer months1 and the roots and stems will throw up from the ground young shoots1 which are found very useful food for sheep and other animals4 ,it is readily grown from seeds1 six pounds of which will be enough for an acre of land4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,plants ,,useful ,,in ,,the ,,arts4 ,,sect4 ,,vi4--,,british ,,trees ,,and ,,shrubs4 #ajb4 ,,acer ,pseudo-,platanus4 ,,sycamore4--,the wood of this tree is soft and of little use1 unless it is for the turners' purposes1 who make boxes and other small toys of it4 ,it is not of value as timber4 #ajc4 ,,acer campestre4 ,,the ,,maple4--,before the introduction of ,mahogany and other fine woods the ,maple was the principal wood used for all kinds of cabinet work1 and was much esteemed3 the knobs which grow on those trees in an old state afforded the most beautiful specimens1 and according to ,evelyn were collected by the curious at great prices4 ,the ,maple trees in this country are none of them at the present day old enough to afford that fine-veined variegation in the timber which is alluded to in this account4 #ajd4 ,,arbutus ,unedo4 ,,the ,,strawberry-,,tree4--,is a native of the islands in the celebrated ,lake of ,killarney in ,ireland1 where it grows to a large size4 ,we know of no particular use to which it is applied4 ,it is however one of our most ornamental evergreen shrubs1 producing beautiful flowers1 which vary from transparent white to deep red1 in the winter months1 at which season also the fruit appears2 which taking twelve months to come to maturity affords the singular phaenomenon in plants1 of having lively green leaves1 beautiful flowers1 and fruit as brilliant as the richest strawberry1 in the very depth of our winter4 ,we have a fine variety of this plant with scarlet blossoms1 and also one with double flowers1 both of which are singularly ornamental to the shrubbery4 #aje4 ,,arbutus ,uva ,ursi4 ,,bear-,,berries4--,a small trailing plant of great repute as a medicine1 but of no use in any other respect4 #ajf4 ,,berberis vulgaris4 ,,barberry4--,this has long been cultivated in gardens for its fruit1 which is a fine acid1 and it is used as a conserve1 and also for giving other sweeter fruits a flavour4 ,the common wild kind has stones in the fruit1 which renders it disagreeable to eat4 ,there is a variety without stones called the ,male ,barberry1 which is preferred on this account4 ,this tree is subject to a disease in the summer1 caused apparently from a yellow fungus growing on the leaves and young shoots2 and it is said that where it grows near corn fields it imparts its baneful influence to the grain1 for which reason it is recommended in some of our books on agriculture to exterminate the trees4 #ajg4 ,,betula alba4 ,,birch-,,tree4--,is in great use and of considerable value on some estates for making brooms1 and the timber for all purposes of turnery-ware and carving4 ,the sap of the ,birch-tree is drawn by perforating the bark in the early state of vegetation4 ,it is fermented1 and makes a very pleasant and potent beverage called ,birch ,wine4 #ajh4 ,,betula ,alnus4 ,,alder-,,tree4--,this is a valuable tree for planting in moors and wet places4 ,the wood is used for making clogs1 pattens1 and other such purposes2 and the bark for dyeing and manufacturing some of the finer kinds of leather4 ,this wood is of considerable value for making charcoal for gunpowder4 ,in charring it a considerable quantity of acetic acid is extracted1 which is of great value for the purpose of bleaching1 c4 c4 #aji4 ,,buxus sempervirens4 ,,box-,,tree4--,the wood of ,box is of great value for musical instruments1 and for forming the handles of many tools3 being very hard1 it admits of a fine polish4 ,this tree is growing in quantity at ,box-hill in ,surry1 and has given name to that place4 ,this was planted by a late ,duke of ,norfolk1 and has succeeded so well1 that the wood has been cut twice1 and sold each time for treble the value of the fee-simple of the land4 ,it forms a better cover for game than any other plant2 and being very bitter1 is not liable to be destroyed by any animal eating it down4 ,an infusion of the leaves is frequently given as a vermifuge with good effect4 ,there is a smaller variety of this1 much used for making edging to gravel walks in gardens4 #aaj4 ,,carpinus ,betulus4 ,,the ,,hornbeam4--,this grows to a large tree1 but is not of much account as timber3 it is however very useful in forming ornamental fences1 and is well adapted to this purpose from the tendency of its young branches to grow thick4 #aaa4 ,,clematis ,vitalba4 ,,traveller',s ,,joy4--,a beautiful creeping shrub very useful to the farmers for making shackles for gates and hurdles1 or withs for tying faggots and other articles4 ,whenever this plant is found in the hedges1 c4 it is a certain indication of a ckalky under stratum in the soil4 #aab4 ,,cornus sanguinea4 ,,dog-,,wood4--,this is planted in pleasuregrounds as an ornamental shrub1 and from the red appearance of the wood in the winter forms a beautiful constrast in plantations4 ,it is also used by butchers for making skewers4 #aac4 ,,corylus ,avellana4 ,,the ,,hazel4--,is a well known shrub of large growth producing nuts1 which are much admired4 ,the ,filbert is an improved variety of this plant4 ,the farmers in ,kent are the best managers of ,filberts1 and it is the only place where they are grown with any certainty2 which appears to be owing principally to the trees being regularly pruned of the superfluous wood4 ,it is performed in the month of ,march when the plants are in bloom1 and is the only time when the fruit-bearing wood can be distinguished4 #aad4 ,,crataegus ,aria4 ,,white ,,beam-,,tree4--,is a beautiful tree producing very hard wood1 and is much in esteem for cogs of millwork and various other purposes4 #aae4 ,,crataegus ,oxyacantha4 ,,the ,,quickset1 or ,,white-,,thorn4--,this is in great request for making fences1 and is the best plant we know for such purposes if properly managed4 ,it is readily propagated by sowing the hips1 or fruit1 which does not readily grow the first season2 it is therefore usual to bury them mixed with saw-dust1 or sand1 one year1 and then to sow them in beds4 #aaf4 ,,daphne ,laureola4 ,,spurge- or ,,wood-,,laurel4--,is used in medicine2 which see4 ,we have many species of ,daphne which are very ornamental to our shrubberies and green-houses3 these are propagated principally by grafting2 and the ,wood-,laurel being hardy and of ready growth forms the stock principally used4 ,it is readily propagated by seeds1 which in three years will make plants large enough for this purpose4 ,the plant in all its parts is excessively acrid4 ,i remember a man being persuaded to take the leaves reduced to powder1 as a remedy for ,syphilis1 and he died in consequence in great agony in a few hours4 #aag4 ,,daphne ,mezerium4 ,,mezerion4--,is a very beautiful shrub1 and is one of the earliest productions of ,flora1 often exhibiting its brilliant scarlet flowers in ,january and ,february4 ,we have also a white variety of this shrub in the gardens4 ,the bark and roots are extremely acrimonious1 and are used in medicine4 #aah4 ,,erica vulgaris4 ,,the ,,common ,,heath1 ,,heather1 or ,,ling4---,this spontaneous produce of most of our sandy waste lands is of much usin rural oeconomy4 ,it is of considerable value for making brooms1 and affords food to sheep1 goats1 and other animals2 particularly to the grouse and heath-cock4 ,the branches of heath placed upright in a wooden frame form the couch of repose to the brave ,highlander4 ,it is also stated that an excellent beverage was brewed from the tops of this plant1 but the art of making it is now lost4 ,this is the most common of the species1 but all the others have similar properties4 ,they are very ornamental plants4 ,a numerous variety of heaths are brought from the ,cape of ,good ,hope1 and afford great pleasure to the amateur of exotic plants1 being the greatest ornaments to our green-houses4 #aai4 ,,euonymus europaeus4 ,,spindle-,,tree4--,an ornamental shrub4 ,the wood is in great request for making skewers for butchers1 as it does not impart any unpleasant taste to the meat4 #abj4 ,,fagus ,castanea4 ,,the ,,spanish ,,chesnut4--,this tree produces timber similar to oak in point of durability1 and the bark also contains a considerable quantity of tannin4 ,the ,chesnut was in greater plenty in this country many years ago than at the present day2 large forests are represented to have been in the neighbourhood of ,london2 and we are led to believe such may have been the case1 as many of the old buildings when examined have been found to be built of this timber4 ,the fruit is used as a dainty at table2 but the variety which is brought from ,portugal and ,spain is much larger than what are grown in this country4 ,the large kind imported from those countries is grafted1 and kept on purpose for the fruit4 ,it is an improvement to graft this variety by taking the scions from trees in bearing1 and they will produce fruit in a few years and in a dwarf state4 #aba4 ,,fagus sylvatica4 ,,the ,,beech4--,the timber of the ,beech is valuable for making wheels1 and is applied to many other useful purposes in domestic oeconomy4 ,the seeds of the ,beech are very useful for fattening hogs4 ,this tree affords many beautiful varieties in foliage1 the handsomest of which is the ,copper ,beech1 whose purple leaves form a fine contrast in colour with the lively green of the common sort4 #abc4 ,,fraxinus excelsior4 ,,the ,,ash4--,the wood of the ,ash is considered the best timber for all purposes of strong husbandry utensils4 ,the wheels and axle-trees of carriages1 the shafts for carts1 and the cogs for mill-work1 are principally made of this timber4 ,the young wood when gown in coppices is useful for hop-poles1 and the small underwood is said to afford the best fuel of any when used green4 ,coppice-land usually sells for a comparatively greater price according as this wood prevails in quantity1 on account of its good quality as fuel alone4 #abd4 ,,hedera ,helix4 ,,ivy4--,a common plant in woods1 and often planted in shady places to hide walls and buildings4 ,the leaves are good food for deer and sheep in winter4 ,the ,irish ,ivy1 which was brought from that country1 is a fine variety with broad leaves4 ,it was introduced by ,earl ,camden4 #abe4 ,,hippophae ,rhamnoides4 ,,sea ,,buckthorn4--,this is a scarce shrub2 but is very useful as a plant for forming shelter on the hills near the sea-coast1 it having been found to stand the sea-breeze better than any plant of the kind that is indigenous to this country4 #abf4 ,,ilex aquifolium4 ,,holly4--,a well-known evergreen of singular beauty1 of which we have many varieties1 both striped1 and of different colours in the leaf4 ,birdlime is made from the inner bark of this tree1 by beating it in a running stream and leaving it to ferment in a close vessel4 ,if iron be heated with charcoal made of holly with the bark on1 the iron will be rendered brittle2 but if the bark be taken off1 this effect will not be produced4 ,ray's ,works and ,travels by ,scott4 #abg4 ,,juniperus communis4 ,,juniper4--,an evergreen shrub1 very common on waste lands4 ,the berries are used in preparing the well-known spiritous liquor gin1 and have been considered of great use in medicine4 #abh4 ,,ligustrum vulgare4 ,,privet4--,a shrub of somewhat humble growth1 very useful for forming hedges where shelter is wanted more than strength4 ,it bears clipping1 and forms a very ornamental fence4 ,there is a variety of this with berries1 and another nearly evergreen4 #abi4 ,,mespilus germanica4 ,,the ,,medlar4--,is cultivated for its fruit1 and of which we have a variety called the ,dutch ,medlar2 it is larger than our ,english one1 but ,i do not think it better flavoured4 #acj4 ,,pinus sylvestris4 ,,the ,,scotch ,,fir4--,a very useful tree in plantations for protecting other more tender sorts when young4 ,it is also now very valuable as timber3--necessity1 the common parent of invention1 has taught our countrymen its value4 ,when foreign deal was worth twenty pounds per load1 they contrieved to raise the price of this to about nine or ten pounds1 and it was then thought proper for use2 before which period1 and when it could be bought for little money1 it was deemed only fit for fuel4 ,on the ,south ,downs ,i know some plantations of this tree1 which have been sold1 after twenty-five years growth1 at a price which averaged a profit of twenty shillings per annum per acre1 on land usually let for sheep-pasture at one shilling and six-pence4 #aca4 ,,populus alba4 ,,white ,,poplar4 ,this is a very ornamental tree4 ,the leaves on the under surface are of a fine white1 and on the reverse of a very dark green2 and when growing on large trees are truly beautiful1 as every breath of air changes the colour as the leaves move4 ,the wood of all the species of poplar is useful for boards1 or any other purposes if kept dry4 ,it is much in demand for floor-boards for rooms1 it not readily taking fire2 a red-hot poker falling on a board1 would burn its way through it1 without causing more combustion than the hole through which it passed4 #acb4 ,,populus monilifera4 ,,canada ,,poplar4--,this is also known by the name of ,,black ,,italian ,,poplar1 but from whence it had this name ,i do not know4 ,this species1 which is the finest of all the kinds1 grows very commonly in woods and hedges in many parts of ,worcestershire and ,herefordshire1 where it reaches to prodigious sizes4 ,perhaps no timber is more useful than this2 it is very durable1 and easy to be converted to all purposes in building4 ,the floors of a great part of ,downton ,castle1 the seat of ,r4 ,payne ,knight1 ,esq4 are laid with this wood1 which have been used forty years and are perfectly sound4 ,trees are now growing on his estate which are three and four feet in diameter4 ,i have one growing in my ,botanic garden which is eight years old1 and measures upwards of six cubic feet of timber4 ,the parent of this tree which grew at ,brompton ,i converted into boards4 ,it was nineteen years growing2 and when cut down it was worth upwards of fourteen pounds1 rating it at the then price of deal1 for which it was a good substitute4 ,some fine specimens of this tree are also to be seen at ,garnins1 the seat of ,sir ,j4 ,g4 ,cotterell1 ,bart4 the present worthy member for the county of ,hereford4 #acc4 ,,prunus domestica4 ,,the ,,common ,,plum-,,tree4--,this is the parent of our fruit of this name4 #acd4 ,,prunus ,cerasus4 ,,wild ,,cherry-,,tree4--,is the parent of our fine cherries4 ,it is cultivated much in ,scotland for the timber1 which is hard1 and of use for furniture and other domestic purposes4 ,it is the best and most lasting stock for grafting on4 ,persons who are about to plant this fruit would do well to inquire into the nature of the stock1 as no fruit-tree is so liable to disease and become gummy as cherries are1 and that is often much owing to the improved kinds being sown for stocks1 which are of a more tender texture and of course less hardy than this4 #ace4 ,,prunus insititia4 ,,sloe-,,tree4--,is of little use except when it occurs in fences4 ,the fruit is a fine acid1 and is much used by the common people1 mixed with other fruits less astringent and acid1 to flavour made wines4 ,it is believed that much ,port wine is improved by the same means4 #acf4 ,,pyrus communis4 ,,pear-,,tree4--,this is the parent of all our fine varieties of this fruit1 and is used as the stock for propagating them2 these are raised from seeds for that purpose4 ,the wood of the ,peartree is in great esteem for picture frames1 it receiving a stain better than almost any other timber known4 #acg4 ,,pyrus ,malus4 ,,crab-,,tree4--,a tree of great account1 as being the parent of all our varieties of apples1 and is the stock on which the fine varieties are usually grafted4 ,a dwarf variety of this tree1 called the ,paradise ,apple1 is used for stocks for making dwarf apple trees for gardens4 ,the juice of the ,crab is called verjuice1 which is in considerable demand for medicinal and other purposes4 #ach4 ,,quercus robur4 ,,the ,,oak4--,is a well known tree peculiar to ,great ,britain1 and of the greatest interest to us as a nation4 ,it is of very slow growth2 but the timber is very strong and lasting1 and hence it is used for building our shipping4 ,the bark is supposed to contain more tannin than that of any other tree1 and is valuable on that account4 ,the acorns1 or fruit1 are good food for hogs1 which are observed to grow very fat when turned into the forests at the season when they are ripe4 ,the tree is raised from the acorn1 which grows very readily4 ,we have accounts of ,oak trees growing to great ages1 and to most enormous sizes4 ,one instance is mentioned by ,evelyn1 of one growing at ,cowthorp1 near ,weatherby1 in #aggf1 which within three feet of the ground was sixteen yards in circumference1 and its height about eighty-five feet4 ,hunter's ,evelyn's ,sylva1 p4 #ejj4 #aci4 ,,rosa rubiginosa4 ,,sweet-,,briar4--,is a very fragrant shrub1 for which it has long been cultivated in the gardens4 ,there are several varieties in the nurseries2 as the ,double-flowering1 ,evergreen1 c4 which are much esteemed4 #adj4 ,,rubus ,idaeus4 ,,the ,,raspberry4--,produces a well known fruit in great esteem1 and of considerable use both as food and for medicine4 #ada4 ,,rubus fruticosus4 ,,bramble4--,produces a black insipid fruit1 but which is used by the poor people for tarts and to form a made wine3 when mixt with the juice of sloes it is rendered very palatable4 #adb4 ,,rubus caesius4--,is a dwarf kind of bramble1 and produces fruit of a pleasant acid1 and where it grows in plenty it is used by the poor people for pies and other purposes of domestic oeconomy4 #adc4 ,,salix ,russelliana4 ,,the ,,willow4--,no trees in this country are of more use than the species of this genus3 many are grown for basket-makers in form of osiers1 and other larger sorts serve for stakes1 rails1 hop-poles1 and many other useful purposes4 ,the bark of several species has been considered as useful for tanning leather4 ,the charcoal of the ,willow is also much in demand for making gunpowder4 #add4 ,,salix viminalis4 ,,the ,,osier4--,these are cultivated in watery places for making baskets1 which are become a profitable article1 and are the shoots of one season's growth cut every winter4 ,the species best adapted to this purpose1 besides the common osier1 are ,the ,salix vitellina4 ,golden ,willow4 ,the ,salix monandria4 ,monandrous ,willow4 ,the ,salix triandria4 ,triandrous ,willow4 ,the ,salix mollissima4 ,silky-leaved ,willow4 ,the ,salix stipularis4 ,auriculated ,osier4 ,the ,salix purpurea4 ,bitter ,purple ,willow4 ,the ,salix ,helix4 ,rose ,willow4 ,the ,salix ,lambertiana4 ,boyton ,willow4 ,the ,salix ,forbyana4 ,basket ,osier4 ,the ,salix rubra4 ,green ,osier4 ,the ,salix nigricans4 ,dark ,purple ,osier4 #ade4 ,,sambucus nigra4 ,,elder4--,the timber of the ,elder is useful for making musical instruments1 and the berries made into wine and fermented make a useful and valuable beverage4 ,a variety with green berries is much esteemed for wine also4 #adf4 ,,sorbus ,aucuparia4 ,,quicken-,,tree1 or ,,mountain-,,ash4--,in this part of ,britain we usually find this tree in plantations1 where it is very ornamental2 and the berries1 which are of a fine scarlet1 are the food of many species of birds4 ,the wood is also useful for posts1 c4 and is considered lasting4 #adg4 ,,sorbus domestica4 ,,true ,,service4--,produces a fruit much like the ,medlar1 and when ripe is in great esteem4 ,the only tree in this country in a wild state1 is growing in ,bewdley ,forest1 ,worcester-shire4 #adh4 ,,spartium ,scoparium4 ,,broom4--,is a very ornamental plant1 and is used for making besoms4 ,it was once considered as a specific in the cure of dropsy1 but is now seldom used for medicial purposes4 #adi4 ,,staphylea pinnata4 ,,bladder-,,nut4--,this is not a common plant in this country4 ,i know of no other use to which it is applied1 but its being cultivated in nurseries and sold as an ornamental shrub4 ,the seed-vessel1 from whence it takes its name1 is a curious example of the inflated capsule4 #aej4 ,,tamarix gallica4 ,a shrub of large growth2 and being less affected by the sea breeze than any others1 is useful to form a shelter in situations where the bleak winds will not admit of trees of more tender kinds to flourish4 #aea4 ,,taxus baccata4 ,,the ,,yew4--,was formerly much esteemed for making bows3 but since those instruments of war and destruction have given place to the more powerful gun-powder1 it is not so much in request4 ,the wood is very hard and durable1 and admits of a fine polish4 ,the foliage of ,yew is poisonous to cattle1 who will readily eat it1 if cut and thrown in their way in frosty weather4 #aeb4 ,,tilia europaea4 ,,the ,,lime or ,,linden-,,tree4--,is a very ornamental tree in plantations1 and from its early putting forth its leaves is much esteemed4 ,the flowers emit a very fine scent1 and the inhabitants of ,switzerland make a favourite beverage from them4 ,the wood is very soft1 though white and beautiful4 ,it is much used for the ornamental boxes1 c4 so well known by the name of ,turnbridge-ware4 #aec4 ,,vaccinium uliginosum4 ,,great ,,bilberry4 ,vaccinium ,vitis ,idaea1 ,,red ,,whortle-,,berry1 and ,vaccinium ,oxycoccos1 ,,cranberry1 are all edible fruits1 but do not grow in this part of the kingdom4 ,great quantities of ,cranberries are imported every winter and spring from ,russia2 they are much esteemed by the confectioners for tarts1 c4 and are sold at high prices4 ,these three kinds grow only in wet boggy places4 ,a species which is native of ,america1 called ,vaccinium macrocarpon1 has been very successfully cultivated at ,spring ,grove by ,sir ,joseph ,banks1 ,bart4 and which has also been attempted in various other places1 but not with the same success4 ,the fruit of this species is larger and of better flavour than either of the other kinds4 #aed4 ,,vaccinium ,myrtillus4 ,,whorts1 or ,,bilberries4--,to a common observer this would appear to be a very insignificant shrub2 it is not uncommonly met with on our heaths3 but it is only in particular places where it fruits in abundance1 and in such districts it is of considerable value4 ,the waste lands on ,hindhead and ,blackdown in ,surry and ,sussex are noticed for producing this fruit1 which is similar to ,black ,currants4 ,they are gathered in the months of ,august and ,september1 and sold at the neighbouring markets4 ,in a calculation of the value of this plant with an intelligent nurseryman in that county1 we found that from #ejj l4 to #gjj l4 were earned and realized annually by the neighbouring poor1 who employed their families in this labour1 and who are in the habit of travelling many miles for this purpose4 ,the fruit is ripe in ,august1 and at that season is met with in great plenty in all the neighbouring towns4 #aee4 ,,viscum album4 ,,misselto4--,a parasitical plant well known1 and formerly of much repute in medicine1 but wholly disregarded in the present practice4 ,birdlime is made from the berries4 ,dr4 ,pulteney in tracing the history of ,botanic science quotes ,pliny for an account of the veneration in which this plant was held by the ,druids1 who attributed almost divine efficacy to it1 and ordained the collecting it with rites and ceremonies not short of the religious strictness which was countenanced by the superstition of the age4 ,it was cut with a golden knife1 and when the moon was six days old gathered by the priest1 who was clothed with white for the occasion1 and the plant received on a white napkin1 and two white bulls sacrificed4 ,thus consecrated1 ,misselto was held to be an antidote to poison1 and prevented sterility4 ,query1 ,has not the custom of hanging up ,misselto at merry-makings1 and the ceremony so well known among our belles1 some relation to above sacrifice8 #aef4 ,,ulex europaeus4 ,,common ,,furze4--,the culture of this shrub is given in the ,agricultural ,plants1 being good for feeding cattle2 its principal use however is for fuel1 and it is frequently grown for such purposes4 ,it is common on most of our waste lands4 ,it also forms good fences1 but should always be kept short and young1 otherwise it becomes thin1 especially in good land where it grows up and makes large bushes4 #aeg4 ,,ulmus campestris4 ,,the ,,elm4--,we have a number of varieties of the ,elm2 the most esteemed is that with the smooth bark4 ,the timber has been long in request for water-pipes1 and for boards1 which are converted into various uses in domestic oeconomy4 #aeh4 ,,ulmus montana4 ,,broad-,,leaved ,,elm4--,this has not been considered of so great value as the common sort1 but it is of much more free growth2 and ,i have been informed that in the ,west of ,england the timber has been found to be good and lasting4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,sect4 ,,vii4--,,plants ,,useful ,,in ,,medicine4 ,the initial letters in this class distinguish the ,pharmacopoeia in which each plant is inserted4 ,by the wise and unchangeable laws of ,nature established by a ,being infinitely good and infinitely powerful1--not only man1 the lord of the creation1 'fair form who wears sweet smiles1 and looks erect on heaven1' but every subordinate being becomes subject to decay and death3 pain and disease1 the inheritance of mortality1 usually accelerate his dissolution4 ,to combat these1 to alleviate when it has not the power to avert1 ,medicine1 honoured art6 comes to our assistance4 ,it will not be expected that we should here give a history of this ancient practice1 or draw a parallel betwixt the success of former physicians and those of modern times3 all that concerns us to remark is1 that the ancients were infinitely more indebted to the vegetable kingdom for the materials of their art than the moderns4 ,not so well acquainted with the oeconomy of nature1 which teaches us that plants were chiefly destined for the food of various animals1 they sought in every herb some latent healing virtue1 and frequently endeavoured to make up the want of efficacy in one by the combination of numbers3 hence the extreme length of their farraginous prescriptions4 ,more enlightened ideas of the operations of medicine have taught the moderns greater simplicity and conciseness in practice4 ,perhaps there is a danger that this simplicity may be carried to far1 and become finally detrimental to the practice4 ,the above is quoted from the ,preface to a ,catalogue of ,medicinal ,plants published by my predecessor in #aghc3 and it may be observed1 that the medical student has1 at the present season1 a still less number of plants to store up in memory1 owing1 probably1 to the great advances that chemistry has made in the mean time1 through which mineral articles in many instances have superseded those of the vegetable kingdom4 ,but1 nevertheless1 as ,dr4 ,woodville has justly observed1 it would be difficult to show that this preference is supported by any conclusive reasoning drawn from a comparative superiority of the former2 or that the more general use of them has led to greater success in the practice of the healing art4 ,it is however evident1 that we have much to regret the almost total neglect of the study of medical botany by the younger branches of the professors of physic1 when we are credibly informed that ,cow-parsley has been administered for ,hemlock1 and ,foxglove has been substituted for ,coltsfoot ,footnote3 ,see the account of a dreadful accident of this nature1 in ,gent4 ,mag4 for ,sept4 #ahae41 from which circumstance1 some valuable lives have been sacrificed4 ,it is therefore high time that those persons who are engaged in the business of pharmacy should be obliged to become so far acquainted with plants1 as to be able to distinguish at sight all such as are useful in diet or medicine1 and more particularly such as are of poisonous qualities4 ,the medical student has so many subjects for his consideration1 that it is not desirable he should have a greater number of vegetables to consult than are necessary4 ,and we cannot help lamenting the difficulty he has to struggle with in consequence of the great difference of names which the ,pharmacopoeias of the present day exhibit4 ,the ,london1 ,edinburgh1 and ,dublin1 in many instances1 enforce the necessity of learning a different term in each for the same thing1 and none of which are called by the same they were twenty years ago4 ,surely it would be the means of forwarding the knowledge of drugs1 if each could be distinguished by one general term4 ,the candidate for medical knowledge1 however1 is not the only one who has at times to regret this confusion of names4 ,the ,linnaean system is an easy and delightful path to the knowledge of plants2 but1 like all other human structures1 it has its imperfections1 and some of which have been modified by judicious alterations4 ,yet the teachers of this science1 as well as the students1 have often to deprecate the unnecessary change in names which has been made by many writers1 though41 in many cases1 no more reason appears for it than there generally would be to change ,christian and surnames of persons4 ,in the following section1 ,i shall enumerate and describe those plants which are contained in the lists of the three colleges2 and afterwards a separate list of those which1 although they have been expunged1 are still sometimes used by medical men4 ,i shall also endeavour to give such descriptions as are concise1 at the same time sufficient for general knowledge1 and for which reason ,i have taken ,lewis's ,materia ,medica for my text1 unless where improvements have been made in certain subjects ,i have consulted more modern authorities4 ,it should be observed1 that writers on medical plants1 with few exceptions1 have copied from one another3 or with a little alteration as to words only4 ,and as some vegetables1 from their affinitiy1 may be confounded with others1 whereby those possessing medical qualities may be substituted for others having none1 or even poisonous ones1 ,i shall in some instances enumerate a list of similar plants1 which1 with attention to their botanical characters1 it is hoped will prevent those dangerous errors we have lately witnessed4 ,as it is our business1 in demonstrating plants1 to guard the student against such confusion1 it will be proper that specimens of such as come under this head be preserved1 as a work for reference and contrast wherever doubts may arise4 #aeh4 ,,aconitum ,napellus4 ,,common ,,blue ,,monkshood4 ,the ,leaves4 ,l4 ,e4--,every part of the fresh plant is strongly poisonous1 but the root is unquestionably the most powerful1 and when chewed at first imparts a slight sensation of acrimony1 and a pungent heat of the lips1 gums1 palate and fauces1 which is succeeded by a general tremor and sensation of chilliness4 ,this plant has been generally prepared as an extract or inspissated juice1 after the manner directed in the ,edinburgh and many of the foreign ,pharmacopoeias1 and1 like all virulent medicines1 it should be first administered in small doses4 ,stoerck recommends two grains of the extract to be rubbed into a powder with two drums of sugar1 and as a dose to begin with ten grains of this powder two or three times a-day4 ,similar ,plants4--,aconitum japonicum2 ,a4 pyrenaicum2 ,delphinium elatum2 ,d4 exallatum4 ,instead of the extract1 a tincture has been made of the dried leaves macerated in six times their weight of spirit of wine1 and forty drops given for a dose4--,woodville's ,med4 ,bot4 #ife4 ,the ,dublin ,college has ordered the ,aconitum ,neomontanum1 which is not common in this country ,footnote3 ,in plants of so very poisonous a nature as the ,aconite1 it is the duty of every one who describes them to be particular4 ,here seems to have been a confusion4 ,the ,a4 ,neomontanum is figured in ,jacquin's ,fl4 ,austriaca1 fasc4 #d4 p4 #cha2 and the first edition of ,hortus ,kewensis under ,a4 ,napellus erroneously quotes that figure3 but both ,gmelin in ,syst4 ,vegetabilium1 p4 #hch1 and ,wildenow in ,spec4 ,plant4 p4 #abcf1 quote it under its proper name1 ,a4 ,neomontanum4 ,now the fact is1 that the ,napellus is the ,common ,blue ,monkshood2 and the ,neomontanum is altogether left out of the second edition of the ,hortus ,kewensis for the best of all reasons1 it is not in this country2 or1 if it is1 it must be very scarce1 and1 of course1 not the plant used in medicine44 #afj4 ,,acorcus ,calamus4 ,,sweet ,,rush4 ,the ,root4 ,l4--,it is generally looked upon as a carminative and stomachic medicine1 and as such is sometimes made use of in practice4 ,it is said by some to be superior in aromatic flavour to any other vegetable that is produced in these northern climates2 but such as ,i have had an opportunity of examining1 fell short1 in this respect1 of several of our common plants4 ,it is1 nevertheless1 a sufficiently elegant aromatic4 ,it used to be an ingredient in the ,mithridate and ,theriaca of the ,london ,pharmacopoeia1 and in the ,edinburgh4 ,the fresh root candied after the manner directed in our ,dispensatory for candying eryngo root1 is said to be employed at ,constantinople as a preservative against epidemic diseases4 ,the leaves of this plant have a sweet fragrant smell1 more agreeable1 though weaker1 than that of the roots4--,lewis's ,mat4 ,med4 #afa4 ,,aesculus ,hippocastanum4 ,,horse-,,chesnut4 ,the ,bark and ,seed4 ,e4 ,d4-- ,with a view to its errhine power1 the ,edinburgh ,college has introduced the seeds into the ,materia ,medica1 as a small portion of the powder snuffed up the nostrils readily excites sneezing2 even the infusion or decoction of this fruit produces this effect2 it has therefore been recommended for the purpose of producing a discharge from the nose1 which1 in some complaints of the head and eyes is found to be of considerable benefit4 ,on the continent1 the ,bark of the ,horse ,chesnut-tree is held in great estimation as a febrifuge2 and1 upon the credit of several respectable authors1 appears to be a medicine of great efficacy4--,woodville's ,med4 ,bot4 #fae4 #afb4 ,,agrimonia ,eupatoria4 ,,common ,,agrimony4 ,the ,herb4 ,d4--,the leaves have an herbaceous1 somewhat acrid1 roughish taste1 accompanied with an aromatic flavour4 ,agrimony is said to be aperient1 detergent1 and to strengthen the tone of the viscera3 hence it is recommended in scorbutic disorders1 in debility and laxity of the intestines1 c4 ,digested in whey1 it affords an useful diet-drink for the spring season1 not ungrateful to the palate or stomach4 #afc4 ,,allium ,porrum4 ,,leek4 ,the ,root4 ,l4--,this participates of the virtues of garlic1 from which it differs chiefly in being much weaker4 ,see the article ,,allium4 #afd4 ,,allium sativum4 ,,garlic4 ,the ,root4 ,l4 ,e4 ,d4--,this pungent root warms and stimulates the solids1 and attenuates tenacious juices4 ,hence in cold leucophelgmatic habits it proves a powerful expectorant1 diuretic1 and emmenagogue2 and1 if the patient is kept warm1 sudorific4 ,in humoral asthmas1 and catarrhous disorders of the breast1 in some scurvies1 flatulent colics1 hysterical and other diseases proceeding from laxity of the solids1 and cold sluggish indisposition of the fluids1 it has generally good effects3 it has likewise been found serviceable in some hydropic cases4 ,sydenham relates1 that he has known the dropsy cured by the use of garlic alone2 he recommends it chiefly as a warm strengthening medicine in the beginning of the disease4 ,garlic made into an unguent with oils1 c4 and applied externally1 is said to resolve and discuss cold tumors1 and has been by some greatly esteemed in cutaneous diseases4 ,it has likewise sometimes been employed as a repellent4 ,sydenham assures us1 that among all the substances which occasion a derivation or revulsion from the head1 none operate more powerfully than garlic applied to the soles of the feet3 hence he was led to make use of it in the confluent small-pox about the eighth day1 after the face began to swell2 the root cut in pieces1 and tied in a linen cloth1 was applied to the soles1 and renewed once a day till all danger was over4 #afe4 ,,allium ,cepa4 ,,onion4 ,the ,root4 ,d4--,these roots are considered rather as articles of food than of medicine3 they are supposed to afford little or no nourishment1 and when eaten liberally they produce flatulencies1 occasion thirst1 headachs1 and turbulent dreams3 in cold phlegmatic habits1 where viscid mucus abounds1 they doubtless have their use2 as by their stimulating quality they tend to excite appetite1 attenuate thick juices1 and promote their expulsion3 by some they are strongly recommended in suppressions of urine and in dropsies4 ,the chief medicinal use of onions in the present practice is in external applications1 as a cataplasm for suppurating tumours1 c4 #aff4 ,,althaea officinalis4 ,,marsh-,,mallow4 ,the ,leaves and ,root4 ,l4--,this plant has the general virtues of an emollient medicine2 and proves serviceable in a thin acrimonious state of the juices1 and where the natural mucus of the intestines is abraded4 ,it is chiefly recommended in sharp defluxions upon the lungs1 hoarseness1 dysenteries1 and likewise in nephritic and calculous complaints2 not1 as some have supposed1 that this medicine has any peculiar power of dissolving or expelling the calculus2 but as1 by lubricating and relaxing the vessels1 it procures a more free and easy passage4 ,althaea root is sometimes employed externally for softening and maturing hard tumours3 chewed1 it is said to give ease in difficult dentition of children4 ,the officinal preparations are3-,decoctio ,althaeae officinalis1 and ,syrupus ,althaeae4 ,similar ,plants4--,malva officinalis2 ,m4 rotundifolia2 ,m4 mauritanica2 ,lavatera arborscens4 ,this root gives name to an officinal syrup ,l4 ,e4 and ointment ,l4 and is likewise an ingredient in the compound powder of gum tragacanth ,l4 ,e4 and the oil and plaster of mucilages ,l4 though it does not appear to communicate any particular virtue to the two last1 its mucilaginous matter not being dissoluble in oils4--,lewis's ,mat4 ,med4 #afg4 ,,amygdalus communis4 ,,sweet and ,,bitter ,,almonds4 ,l4 ,e4 ,d4--,the oils obtained by expression from both sorts of almonds are in their sensible qualities the same4 ,the general virtues of these oils are1 to blunt acrimonious humours1 and to soften and relax the solids3 hence their use internally1 in tickling coughs1 heat of urine1 pains and inflammations3 and externally in tension and rigidity of particular parts4 #afh4 ,,anchusa tinctoria4 ,,alkanet-,,root4 ,e4 ,d4--,alkanet-root has little or no smell3 when recent1 it has a bitterish astringent taste1 but when dried scarcely any4 ,as to its virtues1 the present practice expects not any from it4 ,its chief use is for colouring oils1 unguents1 and plasters4 ,as the colour is confined to the cortical part1 the small roots are best1 these having proportionally more bark than the large4 #afi4 ,,anethum graveolens4 ,,dill4 ,the ,seeds4 ,l4--,their taste is moderately warm and pungent2 their smell aromatic1 but not of the most agreeable kind4 ,these seeds are recommended as a carminative1 in flatulent colics proceeding from a cold cause or a viscidity of the juices4 ,the most efficacious preparations of them are1 the distilled oil1 and a tincture or extract made with rectified spirit4 ,the oil and simple water distilled from them are kept in the shops4--,lewis4 #agj4 ,,anethum ,foeniculum4 ,,fennel4 ,seeds4 ,e4--,these are supposed to be stomachic and carminative2 but this1 and indeed all the other effects ascribed to them1 as depending upon their stimulant and aromatic qualities1 must be less considerable than those of ,dill1 ,aniseed1 or ,caraway1 though termed one of the four greater hot seeds4--,woodville's ,med4 ,bot4 p4 #abi4 #aga4 ,,angelica ,archangelica4 ,,garden ,,angelica4 ,the ,root1 ,leaves1 and ,seeds4 ,e4--,all the parts of ,angelica1 especially the roots1 have a fragrant aromatic smell1 and a pleasant bitterish warm taste1 glowing upon the lips and palate for a long time after they have been chewed4 ,the flavour of the seeds and leaves is very perishable1 particularly that of the latter1 which1 on being barely dried1 lose greatest part of their taste and smell3 the roots are more tenacious of their flavour1 though even these lose part of it upon keeping4 ,the fresh root1 wounded early in the spring1 yields and odorous yellow juice1 which slowly exsiccated proves an elegant gummy resin1 very rich in the virtues of the ,angelica4 ,on drying the root1 this juice concretes into distinct moleculae1 which1 on cutting it longitudinally1 appear distributed in little veins3 in this state they are extracted by pure spirit1 but not by watery liquors4 ,this resin is considered one of the most elegant aromatics of ,european growth1 though little regarded in the present practice1 and is rarely met with in prescription2 neither does it enter any officinal composition4 #agb4 ,,anthemis nobilis4 ,,chamomile4 ,the ,flowers4 ,l4,e4,d4--,these have a strong not ungrateful1 aromatic smell1 but a very bitter nauseous taste4 ,they are accounted carminative1 aperient1 emollient1 and in some measure anodyne3 and stand recommended in flatulent colics1 for promoting the uterine purgations1 in spasmodic affections1 and the pains of women in child-bed3 sometimes they have been employed in intermittent fevers1 and the nephritis4 ,these flowers are also frequently used externally in discutient and antiseptic fomentations1 and in emollient glysters4 ,the double-flowered variety is usually cultivated for medicine1 but the wild kind with single flowers is preferable4 ,similar ,plants4--,anthemis arvensis2 ,a4 ,cotula2 ,pyrethrum maritimum4 #agc4 ,,anthemis ,pyrethrum4 ,,pellitory ,,of ,,spain4 ,the ,root4 ,l4--,the principal use of ,pyrethrum in the present practice is as a masticatory1 for promoting the salival flux1 and evacuating viscid humours from the head and neighbouring parts3 by this means it very generally relieves the tooth-ach1 pains of the head1 and lethargic complaints4 ,if a piece of the root1 the size of a pea1 be placed against the tooth1 it instantly causes the saliva to flow from the surrounding glands1 and gives immediate relief in all cases of that malady4 #agd4 ,,apium ,petroselium4 ,,common ,,parsley4 ,the ,root4 ,e4--,both the roots and seeds of ,parsley are directed by the ,london ,college for medicinal use3 the former have a sweetish taste1 accompanied with a slight warmth of flavour somewhat resembling that of a carrot2 the latter are in taste warmer and more aromatic than any other part of the plant1 and also manifest considerable bittenress4 ,these roots are said to be aperient and diuretic1 and have been employed in apozems to relieve nephritic pains1 and obstructions of urine4 ,although ,parsley is commonly used at table1 it is remarkable that facts have been adducted to prove1 that in some constitutions it occasions epilepsy1 or at least aggravates the epileptic fit in those who are subject to this disease4 ,it has been supposed also to produce inflammation in the eyes4--,woodville's ,med4 ,bot4 p4 #dc4 ,a variety which produces larger roots1 called ,hamburgh ,parsley1 is commonly grown for medicinal uses4 #age4 ,,arbutus ,uva ,ursi4 ,,trailing ,,arbutus or ,,bear-,,berry4 ,the ,leaves4--,this first drew the attention of physicians as an useful remedy in calculous and nephritic affections2 and in the years #agfc and #agfd1 by the concurrent testimonies of different authors1 it acquired remarkable celebrity1 not only for its efficacy in gravelly complaints1 but in almost every other to which the urinary organs are liable1 as ulcers of the kidneys and bladder1 cystirrhoea1 diabetes1 c4 ,it may be employed either in powder or decoction2 the former is most commonly preferred1 and given in doses from a scruple to a dram two or three times a-day4-- ,woodville's ,med4 ,botany4 #agf4 ,,arnica montana4 ,,mountain ,,arnica4 ,the whole ,plant4 ,e4 ,d4--,the odour of the fresh plant is rather unpleasant1 and the taste acrid1 herbaceous1 and astringent2 and the powdered leaves act as a strong sternutatory4 ,this plant1 according to ,bergius1 is an emetic1 errhine1 diuretic1 diaphoretic1 emmenagogue2 and from its supposed power of attenuating the blood1 it has been esteemed so peculiarly efficacious in obviating the bad consequences occasioned by falls and bruises1 that it obtained the appellation of ,panacea ,lapsorum4--,woodville's ,med4 ,bot4 p4 #dc4 #agg4 ,,artemisia ,absinthium4 ,,wormwood1 ,the ,herb4 ,l4--,wormwood is a strong bitter2 and was formerly much used as such against weakness of the stomach1 and the like1 in medicated wines and ales4 ,at present it is rarely employed in these intentions1 on account of the ill relish and offensive smell which it is accompanied with4 ,these it may be in part freed from by keeping1 and totally by long coction1 the bitter remaining entire4 ,an extract made by boiling the leaves in a large quantity of water1 and evaporating the liquor with a strong fire1 proves a bitter sufficiently grateful1 without any disgustful flavour4 #agh4 ,,artemisia ,abrotanum4 ,,southernwood4 ,leaves4 ,d4--,southernwood has a strong1 not very disagreeable smell2 and a nauseous1 pungent1 bitter taste2 which is totally extracted by rectified spirit1 less perfectly by watery liquors4 ,it is recommended as an anthelmintic2 and in cold lencophlegmatic habits1 as a stimulant1 detergent1 aperient1 and sudorific4 ,the present practice has almost entirely confined its use to external applications4 ,the leaves are frequently employed in discutient and antiseptic fomentations2 and have been recommended also in lotions and unguents for cutaneous eruptions1 and the falling off of the hair4 #agi4 ,,artemisia maritima4 ,,sea ,,wormwood4 ,tops4 ,d4--,in taste and smell1 it is weaker and less unpleasant than the common worm-wood4 ,the virutes of both are supposed to be of the same kind1 and to differ only in strength4 ,the tops used to enter three of our distilled waters1 and give name to a conserve4 ,they are an ingredient also in the common fomentation and green oil4 #ahj4 ,,artemisia ,santonica4 ,,roman ,,wormwood4 ,seeds4 ,e4 ,d4--,it is a native of the warmer countries1 and at present difficultly procurable in this1 though as hardy and as easily raised as any of the other sorts4 ,sea wormwood has long supplied its place in the markets1 and been in general mistaken for it4 ,roman wormwood is less ungrateful than either of the others3 its smell is tolerably pleasant3 the taste1 though manifestly bitter1 scarcely disagreeable4 ,it appears to be the most eligible of the three as a stomachic2 and is likewise recommended by some in dropsies4 #aha4 ,,arum maculatum4 ,,biting ,,arum4 ,fresh ,root4 ,l4 ,e4--,this root is a powerful stimulant and attenuant4 ,it is reckoned a medicine of great efficacy in some cachectic and chlorotic cases2 in weakness of the stomach occasioned by a load of viscid phlegm1 and in such disorders in general as proceed from a cold sluggish indisposition of the solids and lentor of the fluids4 ,i have experienced great benefit from it in rheumatic pains1 particularly those of the fixed kind1 and which were seated deep4 ,in these cases ,i have given from ten grains to a scruple of the fresh root twice or thrice a day1 made into a bolus or emulsion with unctuous and mucilaginous substances1 which cover its pungency1 and prevent its making any painful impression on the tongue4 ,it generally excited a slight tingling sensation through the whole habit1 and1 when the patient was kept warm in bed1 produced a copious sweat4 ,the only officinal preparation1 in which this root was an ingredient1 was a compound powder2 in which form its virtues are very precarious4 ,some recommend a tincture of it drawn with wine2 but neither wine1 water1 nor spirit1 extract its virtues4--,lewis's ,mat4 ,med4 #ahb4 ,,asarum ,europaeum1 ,,asarabacca4 ,the ,leaves4 ,l4 ,e4 ,d4--,both the roots and leaves have a nauseous1 bitter1 acrimonious1 hot taste2 their smell is strong1 and not very disagreeable4 ,given in substance from half a dram to a dram1 they evacuate powerfully both upwards and downwards4 ,it is said that tinctures made in spirituous menstrua possess both the emetic and cathartic virtues of the plant3 that the extract obtained by inspissating these tinctures acts only by vomit1 and with great mildness3 that an infusion in water proves cathartic1 rarely emetic3 that aqueous decoctions made by long boiling1 and the watery extract1 have no purgative or emetic quality1 but prove notable diaphoretics1 diuretics1 and emmenagogues4 ,its principal use at present is as a sternutatory4 ,the root of asarum is perhaps the strongest of all the vegetable errhines1 white hellebore itself not excepted4 ,snuffed up the nose1 in the quantity of a grain or two1 it occasions a large evacuation of mucus1 and raises a plentiful spitting4 ,the leaves are considerably milder1 and may be used to the quantity of three1 four1 or five grains4 ,geoffroy relates1 that after snuffing up a dose of this errhine at night1 he has frequently observed the discharge from the nose to continue for three days together2 and that he has known a paralysis of the mouth and tongue cured by one dose4 ,he recommends this medicine in stubborn disorders of the head1 proceeding from viscid tenacious matter1 in palsies1 and in soporific distempers4 ,the leaves are an ingredient in the pulvis sternutatoris of the shops4 #ahc4 ,,aspidium ,filix-,mas4 ,polypodium1 ,linn4 ,,male ,,fern4 ,the ,roots4 ,l4 ,e4 ,d4--,they are said to be aperient and anthelmintic4 ,simon ,pauli tells us1 that they have been the grand secret of some empirics against the broad kind of worms called taenia2 and that the dose is one1 two1 or three drams of the powder4 ,two other kinds of ,ferns used to be recommended2 but this1 being the strongest1 has therefore been made choice of in preference1 though the ,college of ,edinburgh still retain them in their ,catalogue of ,simples4--,lewis's ,mat4 ,med4 #ahd4 ,,astragalus ,tragacanthus4 ,,goats-,,thorn4 ,the ,gum4 ,l4 ,e4 ,d4--,this gum is of a strong body1 and does not perfectly dissolve in water4 ,a dram will give to a pint of water the consistence of a syrup1 which a whole ounce of gum ,arabic is scarce sufficient to do4 ,hence its use for forming troches1 and the like purposes1 in preference to the other gums4 ,it is used in an officinal powder1 and is an ingredient in the compound powders of ceruss and amber4--,lewis's ,mat4 ,med4 #ahe4 ,,atropa ,belladonna4 ,,deadly ,,nightshade4 ,the ,leaves1 ,l4 ,e4 ,d4-- ,belladonna was first employed as an external application1 in the form of fomentation1 to scirrhus and cancer4 ,it was afterwards administered internally in the same affections2 and numerous cases1 in which it had proved successful1 were given on the authority of the ,german practitioners4 ,it has been recommended1 too1 as a remedy in extensive ulceration1 in paralysis1 chronic rheumatism1 epilepsy1 mania1 and hydrophobia1 but with so little discrimination1 that little reliance can be placed on the testimonies in its favour2 and1 in modern practice1 it is little employed4 ,it appears to have a peculiar action on the eye3 hence it has been used in amaurosis2 and from its power of causing dilatation of the pupil1 when topically applied under the form of infusion1 it has been used before performing the operation for cataract4 ,a practice which is hazardous1 as the pupil1 though much dilated by the application1 instantly contracts when the instrument is introduced4 ,when given internally1 its dose is from one to three grains of the dried leaves1 or one grain of the inspissated juice4--,murray's ,mat4 ,med4 p4 #agd4 ,i have had a cancer of the lip entirely cured by it3 a scirrhosity in a woman's breast1 of such kind as frequently proceeds to cancer1 ,i have found entirely discussed by the use of it4 ,a sore1 a little below the eye1 which had put on a cancerous appearance1 was much mended by the internal use of the ,belladonna2 but the patient having learned somewhat of the poisonous nature of the medicine1 refused to continue the use of it2 upon which the sore grain spread1 and was painful2 but1 upon a return to the use of the ,belladonna1 was again mended to a considerable degree2 when the same fears again returning1 the use of it was again laid aside1 and with the same consequence1 the sore becoming worse4 ,of these alternate states1 connected with the alternate use of and abstinence from the ,belladonna1 there were several of these alterations which fell under my own observation ,footnote3 ,see the ,poisonous ,plants1 in a future page4--,cullen's ,mat4 ,med4 vol4 ii4 p4 #bgj4 #ahf4 ,,cardamine pratensis4 ,,ladies ,,smock4 ,the ,leaves4 ,l4 ,e4 ,d4--,long ago it was employed as a diuretic2 and1 of late1 it has been introduced in nervous diseases1 as epilepsy1 hysteria1 choraea1 asthma1 c4 ,a dram or two of the powder is given twice or thrice a-day4 ,it has little sensible operation4 #ahg4 ,,carum ,carui4 ,,caraway4 ,the ,seeds4 ,l4 ,e4 ,d4--,these are in the number of the four greater hot seeds2 and frequently employed as a stomachic and carminative in flatulent colics1 and the like4 ,their officinal preparations are an essential oil and a spiritous water2 they were used as ingredients also in the compound juniper water1 tincture of sena1 stomachic tincture1 oxymel of garlic1 electuary of bayberries and of scammony1 and the cummin-seed plaster4 #ahh4 ,,centaurea benedicta4 ,,blessed ,,thistle4 ,the ,leaves4 ,e4 ,d4--,the herb should be gathered when in flower1 great care taken in drying it1 and kept in a very dry airy place1 to prevent its rotting or growing mouldy1 which it is very apt to do4 ,the leaves have a penetrating bitter taste1 not very strong or very durable1 accompanied with an ungrateful flavour1 which they are in great measure freed from by keeping4 ,the virtues of this plant seem to be little known in the present practice4 ,we have frequently experienced excellent effects from a light infusion of carduus in loss of appetite1 where the stomach was injured by irregularities4 ,a stronger infusion made in cold or warm water1 if drunk freely1 and the patient kept warm1 occasions a plentiful sweat1 and promotes all the secretions in general4 ,the seeds of this plant are also considerably bitter1 and have been sometimes used for the same purposes as the leaves4 #ahi4 ,,chironia ,centaurium4 ,,lesser ,,centaury4 ,the ,tops4 ,l4 ,e4 ,d4--,this is justly esteemed to be the most efficacious bitter of all the medicinal plants indigenous to this country4 ,it has been recommended as a substitute for ,gentian1 and1 by several1 thought to be a more useful medicine3 experiments have also shown it to possess an equal degree of antiseptic power4 ,many authors have observed1 that1 along with the tonic and stomachic qualities of a bitter1 ,centaury frequently proves cathartic2 but it is possible that this seldom happens1 unless it be taken in very large doses4 ,the use of this1 as well as of the other bitters1 was formerly common in febrile disorders previous to the knowledge of ,peruvian-bark1 which now supersedes them perhaps too generally2 for many cases of fever occur which are found to be aggravated by the ,cinchona1 yet afterwards readily yield to the simple bitters4--,woodville1 p4 #bgg4 #aij4 ,,cochlearia officinalis4 ,,scurvy-,,grass4 ,the ,herb4 ,e4--,is antiseptic1 attenuant1 aperient1 and diuretic1 and is said to open obstructions of the viscera and remoter glands1 without heating or irritating the system4 ,it has long been considered as the most effectual of all the antiscorbutic plants2 and its sensible qualities are sufficiently powerful to confirm this opinion4 ,in the rheumatismus vagus1 called by ,sydenham ,rheumatismus scorbuticus1 consisting of wandering pains of long continuance1 accompanied with fever1 this plant1 combined with ,arum and ,wood-,sorrel1 is highly commended both by ,sydenham and ,lewis4 ,we have testimony of its great use in scurvy1 not only from physicians1 but navigators2 as ,anson1 ,linschoten1 ,maartens1 ,egede1 and others4 ,and it has been justly noticed1 that this plant grows plentifully in those high latitudes where the scurvy is most obnoxious4 ,forster found it in great abundance in the islands of the ,south ,seas4--,woodville1 p4 #cie4 #aia4 ,,cochlearia ,armoracia4 ,,horse-,,radish4 ,the ,root4 ,e4-,the medical effects of this root are1 to stimulate the solids1 attenuate the juices1 and promote the fluid secretions3 it seems to extend its action through the whole habit1 and affect the minutest glands4 ,it has frequently done great service in some kinds of scurvies and other chronic disorders proceeding from a viscidity of the juices1 or obstructions of the excretory ducts4 ,sydenham recommends it likewise in dropsies1 particularly those which sometimes follow intermittent fevers4 ,both water and rectified spirit extract the virtues of this root by infusion1 and elevate them in distillation3 along with the aqueous fluid an essential oil arises1 possessing the whole taste and pungency of the horse-radish4 ,the ,college have given us a very elegant compound water1 which takes its name from this root4 #aib4 ,,colchicum autumnale4 ,,meadow-,,saffron4 ,the ,roots4 ,l4 ,e4 ,d4--,the roots1 freed from the outer blackish coat and fibres below1 are white1 and full of a white juice4 ,in drying they become wrinkled and dark coloured4 ,applied to the skin1 it shows some signs of acrimony2 and taken internally1 it is said sometimes to excite a sense of burning heat1 bloody stools1 and other violent symptoms4 ,in the form of syrup1 however1 it has been given to the extent of two ounces a-day without any bad consequence4 ,it is sometimes employed as a diuretic in dropsy4 ,it is now supposed to be a principal ingredient in the celebrated ,french gout medicine ,l',eau ,medicinale4 #aic4 ,,conium maculatum4 ,,hemlock4 ,the ,leaves4 ,l4 ,e4 ,d4--,physicians seem somewhat in dispute about the best mode of exhibiting this medicine2 some recommending the extract1 as being most easily taken in the form of pills2 others the powder1 as not being subject to that variation which the extract is liable to1 from being made in different ways4 ,with respect to the period1 likewise1 at which the plant should be gathered1 they seem not perfectly agreed2 some recommending it when in its full vigour1 and just coming into bloom1 and others1 when the flowers are going off4 ,an extract of the green plant is ordered by the ,college in their last list4 ,dr4 ,cullen has for many years commended the making it from the unripe seeds2 and this mode the ,college of ,physicians at ,edinburgh have thought proper to adopt in their late ,pharmacopoeia4 ,similar ,plants4--,aethusa ,cynapium2 ,apium ,petroselium2 ,oenanthe crocata2 ,oe4 fistulosa2 ,phellandrium aquaticum4 #aid4 ,,coriandrum sativum4 ,,coriander4 ,the ,seeds4 ,l4 ,e4 ,d4-,these1 when fresh1 have a strong disagreeable smell1 which improves by drying1 and becomes sufficiently grateful4 ,they are recommmended as carminative and stomachic4 #aie4 ,,crocus sativus4 ,,true ,,saffron4 ,the ,stigmata4 ,l4 ,e4 ,d4--,there are three sorts of saffron met with in the shops1 two of which are brought from abroad1 the other is the produce of our own country4 ,this last is greatly superior to the two former4 ,this medicine is particularly serviceable in hysteric depressions proceeding from a cold cause1 or obstruction of the uterine secretions1 where other aromatics1 even those of the more generous kind1 have little effect4 ,saffron imparts the whole of its virtue and colour to rectified spirit1 proof spirit1 wine1 vinegar1 and water3 a tincture used to be drawn with vinegar1 but it looses greatly its colour in keeping4 ,there can be little use for preparations of saffron1 as the drug itself will keep good for any length of time4 #aif4 ,,cuminum ,cymini4 ,,cummin4 ,the ,seeds4 ,l4--,cummin seeds have a bitterish warm taste1 accompanied with an aromatic flavour1 not of the most agreeable kind4 ,they are accounted good carminatives1 but not very often made use of4 ,an essential oil of them used to be kept in the shops1 and they gave name to a plaster and cataplasm4--,lewis's ,mat4 ,med4 #aig4 ,,cynara ,scolymus4 ,,artichoke4 ,the ,leaves4 ,e4--,the bitter juice of the leaf1 mixed with an equal part of ,madeira wine1 is recommended in an ounce dose night and morning1 as a powerful diuretic in dropsy4 ,an infusion of the leaf may likewise be used4 #aih4 ,,daphne ,mezereum4 ,,the ,,mezereon4 ,the ,roots4 ,l4 ,e4 ,d4--,this plant is extremely acrid1 especially when fresh1 and1 if retained in the mouth1 excites great and long continued heat and inflammation1 particularly of the throat and fauces4 ,the bark and berries of ,mezereon in different forms have been long externally used to obstinate ulcers and ill conditioned sores4 ,in ,france1 the former is strongly recommended as an application to the skin1 which1 under certain management1 produces a continued serious discharge without blistering1 and is thus rendered useful in many chronic diseases of a local nature answering the purpose of what has been called a perpetual blister1 while it occasions less pain and inconvenience4 ,in this country ,mezereon is principally employed for the cure of some siphylitic complaints2 and in this way ,dr4 ,donald ,monro was the first who gave testimony of its efficacy in the successful use of the ,lisbon ,diet ,drink4 ,the considerable and long-continued heat and irritation that is produced in the throat when ,mezereon is chewed1 induced ,dr4 ,withering to think of giving it in a case of difficulty of swallowing1 seemingly occasioned by a paralytic affection4 ,the patient was directed to chew a thin slice of the root as often as she could bear it1 and in about a month recovered her power of swallowing4 ,this woman had suffered the complaint three years1 and was greatly reduced1 being totally unable to swallow solids1 and liquids but very imperfectly4--,woodville's ,med4 ,bot4 p4 #gbj4 #aii4 ,,datura ,stramonium4 ,,thorn ,,apple4 ,the whole ,plant4 ,e4--,dr4 ,woodville informs us1 that an extract of this plant has been the preparation usually employed1 and from one to ten grains and upwards a-day3 but the powdered leaves after the manner of those directed for hemlock would seem1 for the reason given1 to be a preparation more certain and convenient4 ,it has been much celebrated as a medicine in epilepsy and convulsions and mania2 but it is of a violent narcotic quality1 and extremely dangerous in its effects4 ,stramonium has been recommended1 as being of considerable use in cases of asthma1 on the authority of some eminent physicians of the ,east ,indies2 and the late ,dr4 ,roxburgh has stated to me many instances wherein it had performed wonders in that dreadful malady4 ,the ,datura ,metal1 ,purple-flowered ,thorn-apple1 is much like the ,stramonium1 except in the flowers and the stalks being of a purple colour4 ,i have made particular inquiry of ,dr4 ,roxburgh if any particular kind was used in preference1 and he said not2 that both the above sorts were used2 and1 in fact1 not only these1 but the ,datura ,tatula1 another species which grows wild there1 and is cultivated in our stoves for the sake of its beautiful flowers1 is also used for the same purposes4 ,the mode of using it was by cutting the whole plant up after drying1 and smoking it in a common tobacco-pipe2 and which1 in some cases in this country also1 has given great ease in severe attacks2 and ,i know several persons who use it with good effect to this day4 ,in vegetables of such powerful effects as this is known to have1 great care ought to be taken in their preparation1 which1 ,i fear1 is not always so much attended to as the nature of this subject requires ,footnote3 ,see ,observations on and ,directions for preparing and preserving ,herbs in general1 et the end of this section44 #bjj4 ,,daucus sylvestris4 ,,wild ,,carrot4 ,the ,seeds4 ,l4--,these seeds possess1 though not in a very considerable degree1 the aromatic qualities common to those of the umbelliferous plants1 and hence have long been deemed carminative and emmenagogue2 but they are chiefly esteemed for their diuretic powers1 and for their utility in calculus and nephritic complaints1 in which an infusion of three spoonfuls of the seeds in a pint of boiling water has been recommended2 or the seeds may be fermented in malt liquor1 which receives from them an agreeable flavour resembling that of the lemon-peel4--,woodville's ,med4 ,bot4 p4 #acb4 ,similar ,plants4--,sison ,amonum2 ,daucus ,carota4 #bja4 ,,daucus ,carota4 ,,cultivated ,,carrot4 ,the ,roots4 ,l4 ,e4 ,d4--,the expressed juice1 or a decoction of these roots1 has been recommended in calculous complaints1 and as a gargle for infants in aphtous affections or excoriations of the mouth2 and a poultice of scraped carrots has been found an useful application to phagedenic ulcers1 and to cancerous and putrid sores4 #bjb4 ,,delphinium ,staphis ,agria4 ,,staves ,,agria4 ,the ,seeds4 ,l4 ,d4-- ,stavesacre was employed by the ancients as a cathartic1 but it operates with so much violence both upwards and downwards1 that its internal use has been1 among the generality of practitioners1 for some time laid aside4 ,it is chiefly employed in external applications for some kinds of cutaneous eruptions2 and for destroying lice and other insects2 insomuch that it has from this virtue received its name in different languages1 ,herba pedicularis1 ,herbe aux poux1 ,lauskraut1 ,lousewort4 #bjc4 ,,dianthus caryophyllus4 ,,clove-,,pink4 ,the ,petals4 ,e4--,these flowers are said to be cardiac and alexipharmac4 ,simon ,paulli relates1 that he has cured many malignant fevers by the use of a de-coction of them2 which he says powerfully promoted sweat and urine without greatly irritating nature1 and also raised the spirits and quenched thirst4 ,the flowers are chiefly valued for their pleasant flavour1 which is entirely lost even by light coction4 ,lewis says1 the ,college directed the syrup1 which is the only officinal preparation of them1 to be made by infusion4 #bjd4 ,,digitalis purpurea4 ,,foxglove4 ,the ,leaves4 ,l4 ,e4 ,d4--,the leaves of ,foxglove have a nauseous taste1 but no remarkable smell4 ,they have been long used externally to sores and scrophulous tumours with considerable advantage4 ,its diuretic effects1 for which it is now so deservedly received into the ,materia ,medica1 were entirely overlooked4 ,to this discovery ,dr4 ,withering has an undoubted claim2 and the numerous cures of dropsy related by him and other practitioners of established reputation1 afford incontestable proofs of its diuretic powers1 and of its practical importance in the cure of those diseases4 ,the dose of dried leaves in powder is from one grain to three twice a-day2 but if a liquid medicine be preferred1 a dram of the dried leaves is to be infused for four hours in half a pint of boiling water1 adding to the strained liquor an ounce of any spiritous water4 ,one ounce of this infusion given twice a-day is a medium dose2 it is to be continued in these doses till it either acts upon the kidneys2 the stomach1 or the pulse1 7which it has a remarkable power of lowering17 or the bowels4-- ,woodville's ,med4 ,bot4 p4 #bba4 ,this is now become a very popular medicine1 but if used incautiously is attended with danger4 ,medical practitioners should make themselves perfectly acquainted with this plant1 as the leaves are the only part used2 and their not being readilly discriminated when separated from the flowers1 several accidents have occurred4 ,in the ,gent4 ,mag4 for ,september #ahae is recorded a very extraordinary mistake1 where the life of a child was sacrificed to the ignorance of a person who administered this instead of ,coltsfoot2 a plant so very dissimilar1 that1 had it not been well authenticated1 ,i should not have believed the fact4 ,similar ,plants4--,verbascum nigrum2 ,v4 ,thapsus2 ,cynoglossum officinale1 or1 after the above mistake1 any other plant with a lanceolate leaf1 we fear1 may be confounded with it4 #bje4 ,,eryngium maritimum4 ,,sea-,,holly4 ,roots4 ,d4--,the roots are slender1 and very long2 of a pleasant sweetish taste1 which on chewing for some time is followed by a light degree of aromatic warmth and acrimony4 ,they are accounted aperient and diuretic1 and have also been celebrated as aphrodisiac3 their virtues1 however1 are too weak to admit them under the head of medicines4 ,the candied root is ordered to be kept in the shops4--,lewis's ,mat4 ,med4 #bjf4 ,,ferula assafoetida4 ,,assafoetida4 ,gum4 ,l4 ,e4 ,d4--,this drug has a strong fetid smell1 somewhat like that of garlick2 and a bitter1 acrid1 biting taste4 ,it looses with age of its smell and strength1 a circumstance to be particularly regarded in its exhibition4 ,it consists of about one-third part pure resin1 and two-thirds of gummy matter2 the former soluble in rectified spirit1 the other in water4 ,proof-spirit dissolves almost the whole into a turbid liquor2 the tincture in rectified spirit is transparent4 ,assafoetida is the strongest of the fetid gums1 and of frequent use in hysteric and different kinds of nervous complaints4 ,it is likewise of considerable efficacy in flatulent colics2 and for promoting all the fluid secretions in either sex4 ,the ancients attributed to this medicine many other virtues which are at present not expected from it4--,lewis's ,mat4 ,med4 #bjg4 ,,ficus ,carica4 ,,common ,,fig4 ,fruit4 ,l4 ,d4--,the recent fruit completely ripe is soft1 succulent1 and easily digested1 unless eaten in immoderate quantities1 when it is apt to occasion flatulency1 pain of the bowels1 and diarrhoea4 ,the dried fruit is pleasanter to the taste1 and is more wholesome and nutritive4 ,figs are supposed to be more nutritious by having their sugar united with a large portion of mucilaginous matter1 which1 from being thought to be of an oily nature1 has been long esteemed an useful demulcent and pectoral2 and it is chiefly with a view of these effects that they have been medicinally employed4 #bjh4 ,,fraxinus ,ornus4 ,,manna4 ,l4 ,e4 ,d4--,there are several sorts of ,manna in the shops4 ,the larger pieces1 called ,flake ,manna1 are usually preferred2 though the smaller grains are equally as good1 provided they are white1 or of a pale yellow colour1 very light1 of a sweet not unpleasant taste1 and free from any visible impurities4 ,manna is a mild agreeable laxative1 and may be given with saftey to children and pregnant women3 nevertheless1 in some particular constitutions it acts very unkindly1 producing flatulencies and distension of the viscera4--,lewis's ,mat4 ,med4 #bji4 ,,gentiana lutea4 ,,yellow ,,gentian4 ,root4 ,l4 ,d4--,this root is a strong bitter1 and1 as such1 very frequently made use of in practice3 in taste it is less exceptionable than most of the other substances of this class3 infusions of it1 flavoured with orange peel1 are sufficiently grateful4 ,it is the capital ingredient in the bitter wine2 and a tincture and infusion of it are kept in the shops4 ,lewis mentions a poisonous root being mixed among some of the ,gentian brought to ,london2 the use of which occasioned in some instances death4 ,this was internally of a white colour1 and void of bitterness4 ,there is no doubt but this was the root of the ,veratrum album1 a poisonous plant so similar1 that it might readily be mistaken for it4--,lewis's ,mat4 ,med4 #baj4 ,,geum urbanum4 ,,common ,,avens4 ,root4 ,d4--,this has a warm1 bitterish1 astringent taste1 and a pleasant smell1 somewhat of the clove kind1 especially in the spring1 and when produced in dry warm soils4 ,parkinson observes1 that such as is the growth of moist soils has nothing of this flavour4 ,this root has been employed as a stomachic1 and for strengthening the tone of the viscera in general3 it is still in some esteem in foreign countries1 though not taken notice of among us4 ,it yields1 on distillation1 an elegant odoriferous essential oil1 which concretes into a flaky form4--,lewis's ,mat4 ,med4 ,similar ,plants4--,geum rivale2 ,g4 intermedium4 #baa4 ,,glycyrrhiza glabra4 ,,liquorice4 ,root4 ,l4 ,d4--,this is produced plentifully in all the countries of ,europe3 that which is the growth of our own is preferable to such as comes from abroad2 this last being generally mouldy1 which this root is very apt to become1 unless kept in a dry place4 ,the powder of liquorice usually sold is often mingled with flower1 and1 ,i fear1 too often with substances not quite so wholesome4 ,the best sort is of a brownish yellow colour 7the fine pale yellow being generally sophisticated7 and of a very rich sweet taste1 much more agreeable than that of the fresh root4 ,liquorice is almost the only sweet that quenches thirst4 ,this root is a very useful pectoral1 and excellently softens acrimonious humours1 at the same time that it proves gently detergent3 and this account is warranted by experience4 ,it is an ingredient in the pectoral syrup1 pectoral troches1 the compound lime waters1 decoction of the woods1 compound powder of gum tragacanth1 lenitive electuary1 and theriaca4 ,an extract is directed to be made from it in the shops2 but this preparation is brought chiefly from abroad1 though the foreign extract is not equal to such as is made with proper care among ourselves4--,lewis's ,mat4 ,med4 #bab4 ,,gratiola officinalis4 ,,hedge-,,hyssop4 ,herb4 ,e4 ,d4--,the leaves have a very bitter disagreeable taste3 an infusion of a handful of them when fresh1 or a dram when dried1 is said to operate strongly as a cathartic4 ,kramer reports that he has found the root of this plant a medicine similar in virtue to ,ipecacuanha4 ,similar ,plants4--,lythrum ,salicaria2 ,scutellaria galericulata4 #bac4 ,,helleborus niger4 ,,black ,,hellebore4 ,root4 ,l4--,the tase of ,hellebore is acrid and bitter4 ,its acrimony1 as ,dr4 ,grew observes1 is first felt on the tip of the tongue1 and then spreads immediately to the middle1 without being much perceived on the intermediate part3 on chewing it for a few minutes1 the tongue seems benumbed1 and affected with a kind of paralytic stupor1 as when burnt by eating any thing too hot4 ,our ,hellebore is at present looked upon principally as an alterative1 and in this light is frequently employed1 in small doses1 for attenuating viscid humours1 promoting the uterine and urinary discharges1 and opening inveterate obstructions of the remoter glands3 it often proves a very powerful emmenagogue in plethoric habits1 where steel is ineffectual or improper4 ,an extract made from this root with water1 is one of the mildest1 and for the purposes of a cathartic the most effectual preparation of it3 this operates sufficiently1 without occasioning the irritation which the pure resin is accompanied with4 ,a tincture drawn with proof-spirit contains the whole virtue of the ,hellebore1 and seems to be one of the best preparations of it3 this tincture1 and the extract1 used to be kept in the shops4 ,the ,college of ,edinburgh used to make this root an ingredient in the purging cephalic tincture1 and compound tincture of jalap2 and its extract1 in the purging deobstruent pills1 gamboge pills1 the laxative mercurial pills1 and the compound cathartic extract4--,lewis's ,mat4 ,med4 ,similar ,plant4--,helleborus viridis4 #bad4 ,,helleborus foetidus4 ,,bearsfoot4 ,leaves4 ,l4--,the root is a strong cathartic2 it destroys worms1 and is recommended in different species of mania4 ,it is commonly substituted for that of the ,helleborus viridis1 which is a more dangerous medicine4 ,hill's ,herbal1 p4 #cb4 ,great care ought to be used in the administering this plant3 many instances of its dreadful effects are related4 7,see ,poisonous ,plants47 ,similar ,plant4--,helleborus viridis4 #bae4 ,,hordeum distichon4 ,,pearl ,,barley4 ,seeds4 ,l4 ,e4--,barley1 in its several states1 is more cooling1 less glutionous1 and less nutritious than wheat or oats2 among the ancients1 decoctions of it were the principal aliment1 and medicine1 in acute diseases4 ,the ,london ,college direct a decoction of pearl barley2 and both the ,london and ,edinburgh make common barley an ingredient in the pectoral decoction4 #baf4 ,,humulus ,lupulus4 ,,the ,,hop4--,the flowers and seed-vessels are used in gout and rheumatism1 under the form of infusion in boiling-water4 ,the powder formed into an ointment with lard1 is said to ease the pain of open cancer4 ,a pillow stuffed with hops is an old and successful mode of procuring sleep in the watchfulness of delirious fever4 #bag4 ,,hyoscyamus niger4 ,,henbane4 ,leaves and ,seeds4 ,l4 ,e4--,henbane is a strong narcotic poison1 and many instances of its deleterious effects are recorded by different authors2 from which it appears1 that any part of the plant1 when taken in sufficient quantity1 is capable of producing very dangerous and terrible symptoms4 ,it is however much employed in the present days as an anodyne4 ,dr4 ,withering found it of great advantage in a case of difficult deglutition4 ,stoerck and some others recommend this extract in the dose of one grain or two2 but ,dr4 ,cullen observes1 that he seldom discovered its anodyne effects till he had proceeded to doses of eight or ten grains1 and sometimes to fifteen and even to twenty4 ,the leaves of ,henbane are said to have been applied externally with advantage1 in the way of poultice1 to resolve scirrhous tumours1 and to remove some pains of the rheumatic and arthritic kind4 ,similar ,plants4--,verbascum ,lychnites2 ,v4 nigrum4 ,the roots of the ,henbane are to be distinguished by their very powerful and narcotic scent4 #bah4 ,,hyssopus officinalis4 ,,hyssop4 ,the ,herb4 ,l4 ,e4 ,d4--,the leaves of ,hyssop have an aromatic smell1 and a warm pungent taste4 ,besides the general virtues of aromatics1 they are particularly recommeded in humoral asthmas1 coughs1 and other disorders of the breast and lungs2 and said to notably promote expectoration4 #bai4 ,,inula ,helenium4 ,,elecampane4 ,root4 ,d4--,elecampane root possesses the general virtues of alexipharmics3 it is principally recommended for promoting expectoration in humoural asthmas and coughs2 in which intention1 it used to be employed in the ,edinburgh ,pharmacopoeia3 liberally taken1 it is said to excite urine1 and loosen the belly4 ,in some parts of ,germany1 large quantities of this root are candied1 and used as a stomachic1 for strengthening the tone of the viscera in general1 and for attenuating tenacious juices4 ,spiritous liquors extract its virtues in greater perfection than watery ones3 the former scarce elevate any thing in distillation3 with the latter1 an essential oil arises1 which concretes into white flakes2 this possesses at first the flavour of the elecampane1 but is very apt to lose it in keeping4 #bbj4 ,,juniperus ,sabina4 ,,savine4 ,the ,tops4 ,l4 ,e4 ,d4--,savine is a warm irritating aperient medicine1 capable of promoting all the glandular secretions4 ,the distilled oil is one of the most powerful emmenagogues2 and is found of good service in obstructions of the uterus1 or other viscra1 proceeding from a laxity and weakness of the vessels1 or a cold sluggish indisposition of the juices4 ,similar ,plants4--,juniperus oxycedrus2 ,j4 ,phoenicea4 ,these should be particularly distinguished1 as ,savine is attended with danger when taken immoderately4 #bba4 ,,juniperus communis4 ,,juniper4 ,berries4 ,l4 ,e4 ,d4--,juniper berries have a strong1 not disagreeable smell2 and a warm1 pungent sweet taste1 which1 if they are long chewed1 or previously well bruised1 is followed by a bitterish one4 ,the pungency seems to reside in the bark2 the sweet in the juice2 the aromatic flavour in oily vesicles1 spread through the substance of the pulp1 and distinguishable even by the eye2 and the bitter in the seeds3 the fresh berries yield1 on expression1 a rich1 sweet1 honey-like1 aromatic juice2 if previously pounded so as to break the seeds1 the juice proves tart and bitter4 #bbb4 ,,lactuca virosa4 ,,wild ,,lettuce4 ,leaves4 ,e4--,dr4 ,collin at ,vienna first brought the ,lactuca virosa into medical repute2 and its character has lately induced the ,college of ,physicians at ,edinburgh to insert it in the ,catalogue of the ,materia ,medica4 ,more than twenty-four cases of dropsy are said by ,collin to have been successfully treated1 by employing an extract prepared from the expressed juice of this plant1 which is stated not only to be powerfully diuretic1 but1 by attenuating the viscid humours1 to promote all the secretions1 and to remove visceral obstructions4 ,in the more simple cases proceeding from debility1 the extract in doses of eighteen to thirty grains a-day1 proved sufficient to accomplish a cure2 but when the disease was inveterate1 and accompanied with visceral obstructions1 the quantity of extract was increased to three drams2 nor did larger doses1 though they excited nausea1 ever produce any other bad effect2 and the patients continued so strong under the use of this remedy1 that it was seldom necessary to employ any tonic medicines4--,woodville's ,med4 ,bot4 p4 #gf4 ,similar ,plants4--,sonchus arvensis2 ,lactuca ,scariola4 #bbc4 ,,lavandula ,spica4 ,,lavender4 ,flowers4 ,l4 ,d4--,lavender has been an officinal plant for a considerable time1 though we have no certain accounts of it given by the ancients4 ,its medical virtue resides in the essential oil1 which is supposed to be a gentle corroborant and stimulant of the aromatic kind2 and is recommended in nervous debilities1 and various affections proceeding from a want of energy in the animal functions4--,woodville's ,med4 ,bot4 p4 #cbc4 #bbd4 ,,laurus nobilis4 ,,bay-,,tree4 ,leaves and ,berries4 ,l4--,in distillation with water1 the leaves of bay yield a small quantity of very fragrant essential oil2 with rectified spirit1 they afford a moderately warm pungent extract4 ,the berries yield a larger quantity of essential oil3 they discover likewise a degree of unctuosity in the mouth2 give out to the press an almost insipid fluid oil2 and on being boiled in water1 a thicker butyraceous one of a yellowish-green colour1 impregnated with the flavour of the berry4 ,an infusion of the leaves is sometimes drunk as tea2 and the essential oil of the berries may be given from one to five or six drops on sugar1 or dissolved by means of mucilages1 or in spirit of wine4--,woodville's ,med ,bot4 p4 #fhj1 #fha4 #bbe4 ,,laurus ,sassafras4 ,,sassafras-,,tree4 ,bark4 ,l4 ,e4 ,d4--,its medical character was formerly held in great estimation2 and its sensible qualities1 which are stronger than any of the woods1 may have probably contributed to establish the opinion so generally entertained of its utility in many inveterate diseases3 for1 soon after its introduction into ,europe1 it was sold at a very high price1 and its virtues were extolled in publications professedly written on the subject4 ,it is now1 however1 thought to be of very little importance1 and seldom employed but in conjunction with other medicines of a more powerful nature4 ,dr4 ,cullen found that a watery infusion of it taken warm and pretty largely1 was very effectual in promoting sweat2 but he adds1 to what particular purpose this sweating was applicable1 ,i have not been able to determine4 ,in some constitutions sassafras1 by its extreme fragrance1 is said to produce headache3 to deprive it of this effect1 the decoction ought to be employed4--,woodville's ,mat4 ,med4 p4 #fgg4 #bbf4 ,,leontodon ,taraxicum4 ,n ,,ebion4 ,root4 ,l4--,the roots contain a bitter milky juice2 they promise to be of use as asperient and detergent medicines2 and have sometimes been directed in this intention with good success4 ,boerhaave esteems them capable1 if duly continued1 of resolving almost all kinds of coagulations1 and opening very obstinate obstructions of the viscera4 #bbg4 ,,linum usitatissimum4 ,,flax4 ,the ,seeds4 ,l4 ,e4--,linseed yields to the press a considerable quantity of oil2 and boiled in water1 a strong mucilage3 these are occasionally made use of for the same purposes as other substances of that class2 and sometimes the seeds themselves in emollient and maturating cataplasms4 ,they have also been employed in ,asia1 and1 in times of scarcity1 in ,europe1 as food3 but are not agreeable1 or in general wholesome4 #bbh4 ,,linum catharticum4 ,,purging-,,flax4 ,the ,herb4 ,l4 ,d4-,this is a very small plant1 not above four or five inches high1 found wild upon chalky hills1 and in dry pasture-grounds4 ,its virtue is expressed in its title3 an infusion in water or whey of a handful of the fresh leaves1 or a dram of them in substance when dried1 is said to purge without inconvenience4 #bbi4 ,,lobelia siphylitica4 ,,blue ,,cardinal ,,flower4 ,the ,root4 ,e4--,every part of the plant abounds with a milky juice1 and has a rank smell4 ,the root1 which is the part directed for medicinal use1 in taste resembles tobacco1 and is apt to excite vomiting4 ,it derived its name1 ,siphylitica1 from its efficacy in the cure of ,siphylis1 as experienced by the ,north ,american ,indians1 who considered it a specific to that disease4 ,a decoction was made of a handful of the roots in three measures of water4 ,of this1 half a measure is taken in the morning fasting1 and repeated in the evening2 and the dose is gradually increased till its purgative effects become too violent1 when the decoction is to be intermitted for a day or two1 and then renewed till a perfect cure is effected4 ,but it does not appear that the antisiphylitic powers of ,lobelia have been confirmed by any instances of ,european practice4-- ,woodville's ,med4 ,bot4 p4 #bea4 #bcj4 ,,lythrum ,salicaria4 ,,willow ,,herb4 ,the ,herb4 ,d4--,this is used internally in dropsies1 obstinate gleets1 and leucorrhoea4 ,similar ,plants4--,epilobium palustre2 ,epilob4 angustifolium2 ,epilob4 hirsutum4 #bca4 ,,malva sylvestris4 ,,common ,,mallow4 ,herb4 ,l4 ,e4--,the leaves are ranked the first of the four emollient herbs3 they were formerly of some esteem1 in food1 for loosening the belly2 at present1 decoctions of them are sometimes employed in dysenteries1 heat and sharpness of urine1 and in general for obtunding acrimonious humours3 their principal use is in emollient glysters1 cataplasms1 and fomentations4 #bcb4 ,,marrubium vulgare4 ,,horfhound4 ,herb4 ,e4 ,d4--,it is greatly extolled for its efficacy in removing obstructions of the lungs and other viscera4 ,it has chiefly been employed in humoural asthmas4 ,mention is made of its successful use in scirrhous affections of the liver1 jaundice1 cachexies1 and menstrual suppressions4--,woodville's ,med4 ,bot4 p4 #ccc4 ,similar ,plants4--,ballota nigra2 ,b4 alba4 #bcc4 ,,melissa officinalis4 ,,balm4 ,herb4 ,l4 ,e4--,this herb1 in its recent state1 has a weak roughish aromatic taste1 and a pleasant smell1 somewhat of the lemon kind4 ,on distilling the fresh herb with water1 it impregnates the first runnings pretty strongly with its grateful flavour4 ,prepared as tea1 however1 it makes a grateful diluent drink in fevers2 and in this way it is commonly used1 either by itself1 or acidulated with the juice of lemons4--,woodville's ,med4 ,bot4 p4 #cce1 #ccf4 #bcd4 ,,mentha viridis4 ,,spear-,,mint4 ,leaves4 ,l4 ,d4--,the virtues of ,mint are those of a warm stomachic and carminative3 in loss of appetite1 nauseae1 continual retchings to vomit1 and 7as ,boerhaave expresses it7 almost paralytic weakness of the stomach1 there are few simples perhaps of equal efficacy4 ,in colicky pains1 the gripes to which children are subject1 lienteries1 and other kinds of immoderate fluxes1 this plant frequently does good service4 ,it likewise proves beneficial in sundry hysteric cases1 and affords an useful cordial in languors and other weaknesses consequent upon delivery4 ,the best preparations for these purposes are1 a strong infusion made from the dry leaves in water 7which is much superior to one from the green herb7 or rather a tincture or extract prepared with rectified spirit4 ,the essential oil1 a simple and spirituous water1 and a conserve1 are kept in the shops3 the ,edinburgh ,college directs an infusion of the leaves in the distilled water4 ,this herb is an ingredient also in the three alexitereal waters2 and its essential oil in the stomach plaster and stomach pills4--,lewis's ,mat4 ,med4 #bce4 ,,mentha ,piperita4 ,,pepper-,,mint4 ,herb4 ,l4 ,e4 ,d4--,the leaves have a more penetrating smell than any of the other mints1 and a much warmer1 pungent1 glowing taste like pepper1 sinking as it were into the tongue4 ,the principal use of this herb is in flatulent colics1 languors1 and other like disorders2 it seems to act as soon as taken1 and extends its effects through the whole system1 instantly communicating a glowing warmth4 ,water extracts the whole of the pungency of this herb by infusion1 and elevates it in distillation4 ,its officinal preparations are an essential oil1 and a simple and spirituous water4 #bcf4 ,,mentha ,pulegium4 ,,pennyroyal4 ,herb4 ,l4 ,e4 ,d4--,pennyroyal is a warm pungent herb of the aromatic kind1 similar to mint1 but more acrid and less agreeable4 ,it has long been held in great esteem1 and not undeservedly1 as an aperient and deobstruent1 particularly in hysteric complaints1 and suppressions of the uterine purgations4 ,for these purposes1 the distilled water is generally made use of1 or1 what is of equal efficacy1 an infusion of the leaves4 ,it is observable1 that both water and rectified spirit extract the virtues of this herb by infusion1 and likewise elevate greatest part of them in distillation4--,lewis's ,mat4 ,med4 #bcg4 ,,menyanthes trifoliata4 ,,buck-,,bean4 ,leaves4 ,l4 ,e4 ,d4--,this is an efficacious aperient and deobstruent2 it promotes the fluid secretions1 and1 if liberally taken1 gently loosens the belly4 ,it has of late gained great reputation in scorbutic and scrophulous disorders2 and its good effects in these cases have been warranted by experience3 inveterate cutaneous diseases have been removed by an infusion of the leaves1 drunk to the quantity of a pint a-day1 at proper intervals1 and continued some weeks4 ,boerhaave relates1 that he was relieved of the gout by drinking the juice mixed with whey4 #bch4 ,,momordica ,elaterium4 ,,spirting ,,cucumber4 ,fruit ,l4 ,e4 ,d4--,elaterium is a strong cathartic1 and very often operates also upwards4 ,two or three grains are accounted in most cases a sufficient dose4 ,simon ,paulli relates some instances of the good effects of this purgative in dropsies3 but cautions practitioners not to have recourse to it till after milder medicines have proved ineffectual2 to which caution we heartily subscribe4 ,medicines indeed in general1 which act with violence in a small dose1 require the utmost skill to manage them with any tolerable degree of safety3 to which may be added1 that the various manners of making these kinds of preparations1 as practised by different hands1 must needs vary their power4 #bci4 ,,morus nigra4 ,,mulberry4 ,fruit4 ,l4--,it has the common qualities of the other sweet fruits1 abating heat1 quenching thirst1 and promoting the grosser secretions2 an agreeable syrup made from the juice is kept in the shops4 ,the bark of the roots has been in considerable esteem as a vermifuge2 its taste is bitter1 and somewhat astringent4--,lewis's ,mat4 ,med4 #bdj4 ,,nicotiana ,tabacum4 ,,tobacco4 ,leaves4 ,l4 ,e4 ,d4--,tobacco is sometimes used externally in unguents for destroying cutaneous insects1 cleansing old ulcers1 c4 ,beaten into a mash with vinegar or brandy1 it has sometimes proved serviceable for removing hard tumours of the hypochondres4 #bda4 ,,origanum ,majorana4 ,,sweet ,,marjoram4 ,herb4 ,l4 ,e4-,it is a moderately warm aromatic1 yielding its virtues both to aqueous and spirituous liquors by infusion1 and to water in distillation4 ,it is principally celebrated in disorders of old people4 ,an essential oil of the herb is kept in the shops4 ,the powder of the leaves proves an agreeable errhine4 #bdb4 ,,origanum vulgare4 ,,pot ,,marjoram4 ,herb4 ,l4 ,d4--,it has an agreeable aromatic smell approaching to that of marjoram1 and a pungent taste much resembling thyme1 to which it is likewise thought to be more nearly allied in its medicinal qualities than to any of the other verticillatae1 and therefore deemed to be emmenagogue1 tonic1 stomachic1 c4 ,the dried leaves used instead of tea are said to be extremely grateful4 ,they are also employed in medicated baths and fomentations4--,woodville's ,med4 ,bot4 p4 #cde4 #bdc4 ,,oxalis ,acetosella4 ,,wood ,,sorrel4 ,herb4 ,l4--,in taste and medical qualities it is similar to the common sorrel1 but considerably more grateful1 and hence is preferred by the ,london ,college4 ,boiled with milk1 it forms an agreeable whey2 and beaten with sugar1 a very elegant conserve4--,lewis's ,mat4 ,med4 #bdd4 ,,papaver ,rhoeas4 ,,red ,,poppy4 ,petals4 ,l4 ,e4 ,d4--,the flowers of this plant yield upon expression a deep red juice1 and impart the same colour by infusion to aqueous liquors4 ,a syrup of them is kept in the shops3 this is valued chiefly for its colour2 though some expect from it a lightly anodyne virtue4 #bde4 ,,papaver somniferum4 ,,opium ,,poppy4 ,gum4 ,l4 ,e4 ,d4-,poppy heads1 boiled in water1 impart to the menstruum their narcotic juice1 together with the other juices which they have in common with vegetable matters in general4 ,the liquor strongly pressed out1 suffered to settle1 clarified with whites of eggs1 and evaporated to a due consistence1 yields about one-fifth or one-sixth the weight of the heads1 of extract4 ,this possesses the virtues of opium2 but requires to be given in double its dose to answer the same intention1 which it is said to perform without occasioning nausea and giddiness1 the usual consequences of the other4 ,the general effects of this medicine are1 to relax the solids1 ease pain1 procure sleep1 promote perspiration1 but restrain all other evacuations4 ,when its operation is over1 the pain1 and other symptoms which it had for a time abated1 return2 and generally with greater violence than before1 unless the cause has been removed by the diaphoresis or relaxation which it occasioned4 ,the operation of opium is generally attended with a slow1 but strong and full pulse1 a dryness of the mouth1 a redness and light itching of the skin3 and followed by a degree of nausea1 a difficulty of respiration1 lowness of the spirits1 and a weak languid pulse4 ,with regard to the dose of opium1 one grain is generally sufficient1 and often too large a one2 maniacal persons1 and those who have been long accustomed to take it1 require three or more grains to have the due effect4 ,among the eastern nations1 who are habituated to opium1 a dram is but a moderate dose3 ,garcias relates1 that he knew one who every day took ten drams4 ,those who have been long accustomed to its use1 upon leaving it off1 are seized with great lowness1 languor1 and anxiety2 which are relieved by having again recourse to opium1 and1 in some measure1 by wine or spirituous liquors4 ,similar ,plants4--,papaver hybridum2 ,p4 ,argemone4 #bdf4 ,,pastinaca ,opoponax4 ,,opoponax1 or ,,candy ,,carrot4 ,gum ,opoponax4 ,l4-- ,the juice is brought from ,turkey and the ,east ,indies1 sometimes in round drops or tears1 but more commonly in irregular lumps1 of a reddish-yellow colour on the outside1 with specks of white1 inwardly of a paler colour1 and frequently variegated with large white pieces4 ,boerhaave frequently employed it1 along with ammoniacum and galbanum1 in hypochondriacal disorders1 obstructions of the abdominal viscera from a sluggishness of mucous humours1 and a want of due elasticity of the solids4 #bdg4 ,,pimpinella ,anisum4 ,,aniseed4 ,the ,seeds4 ,l4 ,e4 ,d4-,these seeds are in the number of the four greater hot seeds3 their principal use is in cold flatulent disorders1 where tenacious phlegm abounds1 and in the gripes to which young children are subject4 ,frederick ,hoffman strongly recommends them in weakness of the stomach1 diarrhoeas1 and for strengthening the tone of the viscera in general2 and thinks they well deserve the appellation given them by ,helmont1 intestinorum solamen4 #bdh4 ,,pinus sylvestris4 ,,scotch ,,fir4 ,tar1 yellow ,resin1 and ,turpentine4 ,l4 ,d4--,tar1 which is well known from its oeconomical uses1 is properly an empyreumatic oil of turpentine1 and has been much used as a medicine1 both internally and externally4 ,tar-water1 or water impregnated with the more soluble parts of tar1 was some time ago a very popular remedy in various obstinate disorders1 both acute and chronic1 especially in small-pox1 scurvy1 ulcers1 fistulas1 rheumatisms1 c4 ,turpentine is an extract also from the same tree1 which is used for various purposes of medicine and the arts4 #bdi4 ,,pinus ,abies4 ,,spruce-,,fir4 ,burgundy ,pitch4 ,l4 ,e4 ,d4--,this is entirely confined to external use1 and was formerly an ingredient in several ointments and plasters4 ,in inveterate coughs1 affections of the lungs1 and other internal complaints1 plasters of this resin1 by acting as a tropical stimulus1 are frequently found of considerable service4-- ,woodville's ,med4 ,bot4 #bej4 ,,polygonum ,bistorta4 ,,bistort4 ,the ,roots4 ,l4 ,e4 ,d4--,all the parts of bistort have a rough austere taste1 particularly the root1 which is one of the strongest of the vegetable stringents4 ,it is employed in all kinds of immoderate haemorrhages and other fluxes1 both internally and externally1 where astringency is the only intention4 ,it is certainly a very powerful styptic1 and is to be looked on simply as such2 the sudorific1 antipestilential1 and other like virtues attributed to it1 it has no other claim to1 than in consequence of this property1 and of the antiseptic power which it has in common with other vegetable styptics4 ,the largest dose of the root in powder is one dram4 #bea4 ,,prunus domestica4 ,,french ,,prunes4 ,the ,fruit4 ,l4 ,e4 ,d4--,the medical effects of the damson and common prunes are1 to abate heat1 and gently loosen the belly3 which they perform by lubricating the passage1 and softening the excrement4 ,they are of considerable service in costiveness accompanied with heat or irritation1 which the more stimulating cathartics would tend to aggravate3 where prunes are not of themselves sufficient1 their effects may be promoted by joining with them a little rhubarb or the like2 to which may be added some carminative ingredient1 to prevent their occasioning flatulencies4 ,prunelloes have scarce any laxative quality3 these are mild grateful refrigerants1 and1 by being occasionally kept in the mouth1 usefully allay the thirst of hydropic persons4 #beb4 ,,punica ,granatum4 ,,pomegranate4 ,rind of the ,fuit4 ,l4 ,e4 ,d4--,this fruit has the general qualities of the other sweet summer fruits1 allaying heat1 quenching thirst1 and gently loosening the belly4 ,the rind is a strong astringent1 and as such is occasionally made use of4 #bec4 ,,pyrus ,cydonia4 ,,quince4 ,the ,kernels4 ,l4--,the seeds abound with a mucilaginous substance1 of no particular taste1 which they readily impart to watery liquors3 an ounce will render three pints of water thick and ropy like the white of an egg4 ,a syrup and jelly of the fruit1 and mucilage of the seeds1 used to be kept in the shops4 #bed4 ,,querous pedunculata4 ,,oak4 ,bark4 ,l4 ,e4 ,d4--,this bark is a strong astringent2 and hence stands recommended in haemorrhagies1 alvine fluxes1 and other preternatural or immoderate secretions4 #bee4 ,,rhamnus catharticus4 ,,buckthorn4 ,berries4 ,l4 ,e4--,buckthorn-berries have a faint disagreeable smell1 and a nauseous bitter taste4 ,they have long been in considerable esteem as cathartics2 and celebrated in dropsies1 rheumatisms1 and even in the gout2 though in these cases they have no advantage above other purgatives1 and are more offensive1 and operate more churlishly1 than many which the shops are furnished with3 they generally occasion gripes1 sickness1 dry the mouth and throat1 and leave a thirst of long duration4 ,the dose is about twenty of the fresh berries in substance1 and twice or thrice this number in decoction1 an ounce of the expressed juice1 or a dram of the dried berries4 #bef4 ,,rheum palmatum4 ,,turkey ,,rhubarb4 ,roots4 ,l4 ,e4 ,d4--,rhubarb is a mild cathartic1 which operates without violence or irritation1 and may be given with safety even to pregnant women and to children4 ,in some people1 however1 it always occasions severe griping4 ,besides its purgative quality1 it is celebrated for an astringent one1 by which it strengthens the tone of the stomach and intestines1 and proves useful in diarrhoea and disorders proceeding from a laxity of the fibres4 ,rhubarb in substance operates more powerfully as a cathartic than any of the preparations of it4 ,watery tinctures purge more than the spirituous ones2 whilst the latter contain in greater perfection the aromatic1 astringent1 and corroborating virtues of the rhubarb4 ,the dose1 when intended as a purgative1 is from a scruple to a dram or more4 ,the ,turkey rhubarb is1 among us1 universally preferred to the ,east ,india sort4 ,the plant is common in our gardens1 but their medicinal powers are much weaker than in those from abroad4 ,,rhododendron ,chrysanthemum4 ,,yellow-,,flowered ,,rhododendron4 ,see ,no4 #bij4 #beg4 ,,rhus ,toxicodendron4 ,,poison-,,oak4 ,leaves4 ,l4 ,e4--,of considerable use in paralytic affections1 and is much used in the present day4 ,it is1 however1 often substituted by the ,rhus radicans1 which has not the medical properties that this plant has2 and it is to be regretted that the leaves of both species are so much alike1 that1 when gathered1 they are not to be distinguished4 #beh4 ,,ricinus communis4 ,,palma ,,christi4 ,seeds and ,oil4 ,l4 ,e4 ,d4--,the oil1 commonly called nut or castor oil1 is got by expression1 retains somewhat of the mawkishness and acrimony of the nut2 but is1 in general1 a safe and mild laxative in cases where we wish to avoid irritation1 as in those of colic1 calculus1 gonorrhoea1 c4 and some likewise use it as a purgative in worm-cases4 ,half an ounce or an ounce commonly answers with an adult1 and a dram or two with an infant4 ,the castor oil which is imported is not so good as the expressed oil from the nut made in this country4 ,the disagreeable taste is from the coats of the seeds2 the best kind is pressed out after the seeds are decorticated4 #bei4 ,,rosa centifolia4 ,,damask ,,rose4 ,petals4 ,l4 ,e4 ,d4--,in distillation with water1 it yields a small portion of a butyraceous oil1 whose flavour exactly resembles that of the roses4 ,this oil1 and the distilled water1 are very useful and agreeable cordials4 ,hoffmann strongly recommends them as of singular efficacy for raising the strength1 cheering and recruiting the spirits1 and allaying pain2 which they perform without raising any heat in the constitution1 rather abating it when inordinate4 ,although the damask rose is recommended by ,dr4 ,woodville1 yet1 having grown this article for sale1 ,i find that the preference is always given to the ,provence rose by those who distil them4 #bfj4 ,,rosa gallica4 ,,red ,,officinal ,,rose4 ,petals4 ,l4 ,e4 ,d4-,this has very little of the fragrance of the foregoing sort2 it is a mild and grateful astringent1 especially before the flower has opened3 this is considerably improved by hasty exsiccation1 but both the astringency and colour are impaired by slow drying4 ,in the shops are prepared a conserve and a tincture4 #bfa4 ,,rosa canina4 ,,dog-,,rose4 ,the ,pulp of the ,fruit4 ,l4 ,e4-,the fruit1 called heps or hips1 has a sourish taste1 and obtains a place in the ,london ,pharmacopoeia in the form of a conserve3 for this purpose1 the seeds and chaffy fibres are to be carefully removed2 for1 if these prickly fibres are not entirely scraped off from the internal surface of the hips1 the conserve is liable to produce considerable irritation on the primae viae4 #bfb4 ,,rosmarinus officinalis4 ,,rosemary4 ,tops4 ,l4 ,e4 ,d4--,rosemary has a fragrant smell and a warm pungent bitterish taste1 approaching to those of lavender3 the leaves and tender tops are strongest2 next to these the cup of the flower2 the flowers themselves are considerably the weakest1 but most pleasant4 ,aqueous liquors extract great share of the virtues of rosemary leaves by infusion1 and elevate them in distillation3 along with the water arises a considerable quantity of essential oil1 of an agreeable strong penetrating smell4 ,pure spirit extracts in great perfection the whole aromatic flavour of the rosemary1 and elevates very little of it in distillation3 hence the resinous mass left upon abstracting the spirit1 proves an elegant aromatic1 very rich in the peculiar qualities of the plant4 ,the flowers of rosemary give over great part of their flavour in distillation with pure spirit2 by watery liquors1 their fragrance is much injured2 by beating1 destroyed4 #bfc4 ,,rubia tinctorum4 ,,madder4 ,roots4 ,l4 ,e4 ,d4--,it has little or no smell2 a sweetish taste1 mixed with a little bitterness4 ,the virtues attributed to it are those of a detergent and aperient2 whence it has been usually ranked among the opening roots1 and recommended in obstructions of the viscera1 particularly of the kidneys1 in coagulations of the blood from falls or bruises1 in the jaundice1 and beginning dropsies4 ,it is observable1 that this root1 taken internally1 tinges the urine of a deep red colour2 and in the ,philosophical ,transactions we have an account of its producing a like effect upon the bones of animals which had it mixed with their food3 all the bones1 particularly the more solid ones1 were changed1 both externally and internally1 to a deep red1 but neither the fleshy nor cartilaginous parts suffered any alteration3 some of these bones macerated in water for many weeks together1 and afterwards steeped and boiled in spirit of wine1 lost none of their colour1 nor communicated any tinge to the liquors4 #bfd4 ,,rumex ,acetosa4 ,,sorrel4 ,leaves4 ,l4--,these have an agreeable acid taste4 ,they have the same medicinal qualities as the ,oxalis ,acetosella1 and are employed for the same purposes4 ,sorrel taken in considerable quantities1 or used prepared for food1 will be found of great advantage when a refrigerant and antiscorbutic regimen is required4--,woodville's ,med4 ,bot4 #bfe4 ,,ruta graveolens4 ,,rue4 ,leaves4 ,l4 ,e4 ,d4--,these are powerfully stimulating1 attenuating1 and detergent3 and hence1 in cold phlegmatic habits1 they quicken the circulation1 dissolve tenacious juices1 open obstructions of the excretory glands1 and promote the fluid secretions4 ,the writers on the ,materia ,medica in general have entertained a very high opinion of the virtues of this pant4 ,boerhaave is full of its praises2 particularly of the essential oil1 and the distilled water cohobated or redistilled several times from fresh parcels of the herb3 after somewhat extravagantly commending other waters prepared in this manner1 he adds1 with regard to that of rue1 that the greatest commendations he can bestow upon it fall short of its merit3 ,what medicine 7says he7 can be more efficacious for promoting perspiration1 in cases of epilepsies1 and for expelling poison8 ,whatever service rue may be of generally1 it undoubtedly has its use in the two last cases3 the cohobated water1 however1 is not the most efficacious preparation4 #bff4 ,,salix fragilis4 ,,crack ,,willow4 ,bark4 ,l4 ,d4-,the bark of the branches of this tree manifests a considerable degree of bitterness to the taste1 and is also astringent2 hence it has been thought a good substitute for the ,peruvian bark1 and1 upon trial1 was found to stop the paroxysms of intermittents3 it is likewise recommended in other cases requiring tonic or astringent remedies4 ,not only the bark of this species of ,salix1 but that of several others1 possess similar qualities1 particularly of the ,salix alba pentandria1 and capraea1 all of which are recommended in foreign ,pharmacopoeias4 ,but1 in our opinion1 the bark of the ,salix triandria is more effectual than that of any other of this genus2 at least1 its sensible qualities give it a decided preference4--,woodville's ,med ,bot4 #bfg4 ,,salvia officinalis4 ,,green ,,and ,,red ,,sage4 ,herb4 ,e4 ,d4--,its effects are1 to moderately warm and strengthen the vessels2 and hence1 in cold phlegmatic habits1 it excites appetite1 and proves serviceable in debilities of the nervous system4 ,the red sage1 mixed with honey and vinegar1 is used for a gargle in sore throats4 ,aqueous infusions of the leaves1 with the addition of a little lemon juice1 prove an useful diluting drink in febrile disorders1 of an elegant colour1 and sufficiently acceptable to the palate4 #bfh4 ,,sambucus nigra4 ,,common ,,elder4 ,flowers and ,berries4 ,l4 ,e4 ,d4--,the parts of the ,sambucus which are proposed for medicinal use in the ,pharmacopoeias1 are the inner bark1 the flowers1 and the berries4 ,the flowers have an agreeable flavour1 which they give over in distillation with water1 and impart by infusion1 both to water and rectified spirit3 on distilling a large quantitiy of them with water1 a small portion of a butyraceous essential oil separates4 ,infusions made from the fresh flowers are gently laxative and aperient2 when dry1 they are said to promote chiefly the cuticular excretion1 and to be particularly serviceable in erysipetalous and eruptive disorders4--,woodville's ,med4 ,bot4 #eih4 #bfi4 ,,scilla maritima4 ,,squill4 ,root4 ,l4 ,e4 ,d4--,this root is to the taste very nauseous1 intensely bitter and acrimonious2 much handled1 it exulcerates the skin4 ,with regard to its medical virtues1 it powerfully stimulates the solids1 and attenuates viscid juices2 and by these qualities promotes expectoration1 urine1 and perspiration3 if the dose is considerable1 it proves emetic1 and sometimes purgative4 ,the principal use of this medicine is where the primae viae abound with mucous matter1 and the lungs are oppressed by tenacious phlegm4 #bgj4 ,,scrophularia nodosa4 ,,knotty ,,figwort4 ,herb4 ,d4--,the roots are of a white colour1 full of little knobs or protuberances on the surface3 this appearance gained it formerly some repute against scrophulous disorders and the piles2 and from hence it received its name3 but modern practitioners expect no such virtues from it4 ,it has a faint unpleasant smell1 and a somewhat bitter disagreeable taste4 #bga4 ,,sinapis nigra4 ,,black ,,mustard4 ,seeds4 ,l4 ,e4 ,d4--,by writers on the ,materia ,medica1 mustard is considered to promote appetite1 assist digestion1 attenuate viscid juices1 and1 by stimulating the fibres1 to prove a general remedy in paralytic and rheumatic affections4 ,joined to its stimulant qualities1 it frequently1 if taken in considerable quantity1 opens the body1 and increases the urinary discharge2 and hence has been found useful in dropsical complaints4--,woodville's ,med4 ,bot4 p4 #djd4 #bgb4 ,,sinapis alba4 ,,white ,,mustard4 ,seeds4 ,l4 ,e4 ,d4--,these have been recommended to be taken whole in cases of rheumatism and have been known to produce considerable relief4 #bgc4 ,,sisymbrium ,nasturtium4 ,,water-,,cresses4 ,herb4 ,e4-,hoffman recommends this as of singular efficacy for accelerating the circulation1 strengthening the viscera1 opening obstructions of the glands1 promoting the fluid secretions1 and purifying the blood and humours3 for these purposes1 the expressed juice1 which contains the peculiar taste and pungency of the herb1 may be taken in doses of an ounce or two1 and continued for a considerable time4 #bgd4 ,,sium nodiflorum4 ,,creeping ,,water-,,parsnep4 ,the ,root4 ,d4-,this plant has not been admitted into the ,materia ,medica of any of the ,pharmacopoeias which we have seen1 except that of the ,london ,college1 into which it was received in the character of an antiscorbutic1 or rather as the corrector of acrid humours1 especially when manifested by cutaneous eruptions and tumours in the lymphatic system1 for which we have the testimony of ,beirie and ,ray2 but the best proofs of its efficacy are the following given by ,dr4 ,withering3 ,a young lady1 six years old1 was cured of an obstinate disease by taking three large spoonfuls of the juice twice-a-day2 and ,i have repeatedly given to adults three or four ounces every morning in similar complaints with the greatest advantage4 ,it is not nauseous2 and children take it readily if mixed with milk4 ,in the dose ,i have given1 it neither affects the head1 the stomach1 nor the bowels4 ,woodville's ,med4 ,bot4 #adf4 #bge4 ,,smilax ,sarsaparilla4 ,,sarsaparilla4 ,root4 ,l4 ,e4 ,d4--,this root was first brought into ,europe by the ,spaniards1 about the year #aefe1 with the character of a specific for the cure of the lues venerea1 which made its appearance a little before that time1 and likewise of several obstinate chronic disorders4 ,whatever good effects it might have produced in the warmer climates1 it proved unsuccessful in this4 ,it appears1 however1 from experience1 that though greatly unequal to the character which it bore at first1 it is in some cases of considerable use as a sudorific1 where more acrid medicines are improper4 #bgf4 ,,solanum ,dulcamara4 ,,bittersweet4 ,stalk4 ,l4 ,d4--,the taste of the twigs and roots1 as the name of the plant expresses1 is both bitter and sweet2 the bitterness being first perceived1 and the sweet afterwards4 ,they are commended for resolving coagulated blood1 and as a cathartic1 diuretic1 and deobstruent4 #bgg4 ,,solidago ,virga aurea4 ,,golden ,,rod4 ,flowers and ,leaves4 ,d4--,the leaves have a moderately astringent bitter taste1 and hence prove serviceable in debility and laxity of the viscera1 and disorders proceeding from that cause4 #bgh4 ,,spartium scoparium4 ,,broom4 ,tops and ,seeds4 ,l4 ,d4-,these have a nauseous bitter taste3 decoctions of them loosen the belly1 promote urine1 and stand recommended in hydropic cases4 ,the flowers are said to prove cathartic in decoction1 and emetic in substance1 though in some places1 as ,lobel informs us1 they are commonly used1 and in large quantity1 in salads1 without producing any effect of this kind4 ,the qualities of the seeds are little better determined3 some report that they purge almost as strongly as hellebore1 in the dose of a dram and a half2 whilst the author above mentioned relates1 that he has given a decoction of two ounces of them as a gentle emetic4 #bgi4 ,,spigella marylandica4 ,,worm ,,grass4 ,root4 ,l4 ,e4 ,d4-,about forty years ago1 the anthelmintic virtues of the root of this plant were discovered by the ,indians2 since which time it has been much used here4 ,i have given it in hundreds of cases1 and have been very attentive to its effects4 ,i never found it do much service1 except when it proved gently purgative4 ,its purgative quality naturally led me to give it in febrile diseases which seem to arise from viscidity in the primae viae2 and in these cases it succeeded to admiration1 even when the sick did not void worms4 ,to a child of two years of age who had been taking ten grains of the root twice a-day without having any other effect than making her dull and giddy1 ,i prescribed twenty-two grains morning and evening1 which purged her briskly1 and brought away five large worms4 ,communications from ,dr4 ,gardner4-,woodville's ,med4 ,bot4 #bhj4 ,,tanacetum vulgare4 ,,tansy4 ,herb4 ,e4 ,d4--,considered as a medicine1 it is a moderately warm bitter1 accompanied with a strong1 not very disagreeable flavour4 ,some have had a great opinion of it in hysteric disorders1 particularly those proceeding from a deficiency or suppression of the usual course of nature4 #bha4 ,,teucrium ,marum4 ,,cat ,,thyme4 ,herb4 ,d4--,the leaves have an aromatic bitterish taste2 and1 when rubbed betwixt the fingers1 a quick pungent smell1 which soon affects the head1 and occasions sneezing3 distilled with water1 they yield a very acrid1 penetrating essential oil1 resembling one obtained by the same means from scurvy-grass4 ,these qualities sufficiently point out the uses to which this plant might be applied2 at present1 it is little otherwise employed than in cephalic snuffs4 #bhb4 ,,teucrium ,chamaedrys4 ,,germander4 ,herb4 ,d4--,the leaves1 tops1 and seeds1 have a bitter taste1 with some degree of astringency and aromatic flavour4 ,they were recommended as sudorific1 diuretic1 and emmenagogue1 and for strengthening the stomach and viscera in general4 ,with some they have been in great esteem in intermittent fevers2 as also in scrophulous and other chronic disorders4 #bhc4 ,,tormentilla erecta4 ,,tormentil1 or ,,upright ,,septfoil4 ,root4 ,l4 ,e4 ,d4 --,the root is the only part of this plant which is used medicinally2 it has a strong styptic taste1 but imparts no peculiar sapid flavour4 ,this has been long held in great estimation as an astringent4 ,dr4 ,cullen has used it with gentian with great effect in intermittent fevers4 ,lewis recommends an ounce and a half of the powdered root to be boiled in three pints of water to a quart1 adding towards the end of the boiling a dram of cinnamon4 ,of the strained liquor1 sweetened with an ounce of any agreeable syrup1 two ounces or more may be taken four or five times a-day4 #bhd4 ,,tussilago ,farfara4 ,,coltsfoot4 ,herb4 ,l4 ,e4 ,d4--,tussilago stands recommended in coughs and other disorders of the breast and lungs3 the flowers were an ingredient in the pectoral decoction of the ,edinburgh ,pharmacopoeia4 #bhe4 ,,valeriana officinalis4 ,,valerian4 ,root4 ,l4 ,e4 ,d4--,valerian is a medicine of great use in nervous disorders1 and is particularly serviceable in epilepsies proceeding from a debility in the nervous system4 ,it was first brought into esteem in these cases by ,fabius ,columna1 who by taking the powdered root1 in the dose of half a spoonful1 was cured of an inveterate epilepsy after many other medicines had been tried in vain4 ,repeated experience has since confirmed its efficacy in this disorder2 and the present practice lays considerable stress upon it4 #bhf4 ,,veratrum album4 ,,white ,,hellebore4 ,root4 ,l4 ,e4 ,d4-,the root has a nauseous1 bitterish1 acrid taste1 burning the mouth and fauces3 wounded when fresh1 it emits an extremely acrimonious juice1 which mixed with the blood1 by a wound1 is said to prove very dangerous3 the powder of the dry root1 applied to an issue1 occasions violent purging3 snuffed up the nose1 it proves a strong1 and not always a safe1 sternutatory4 ,this root1 taken internally1 acts with extreme violence as an emetic1 and has been observed1 even in a small dose1 to occasion convulsions and other terrible disorders4 ,the ancients sometimes employed it in very obstinate cases1 and always made this their last resource4 ,similar ,plant4--,gentiana lutea1 which see4 #bhg4 ,,veronica ,beccabunga4 ,,brooklime4 ,herb4 ,l4 ,d4--,this plant was formerly considered of great use in several diseases1 and was applied externally to wounds and ulcers2 but if it have any peculiar efficacy1 it is to be derived from its antiscorbutic virtue4 ,as a mild refrigerant juice1 it is preferred where an acrimonious state of the fluids prevails1 indicated by prurient eruptions upon the skin1 or in what has been called the hot scurvy4--,woodville's ,med4 ,bot4 #cfd4 #bhh4 ,,vitis vinifera4 ,,grape ,,vine4 ,raisins and different ,wines4 ,l4 ,e4-- ,these are to cheer the spirits1 warm the habit1 promote perspiration1 render the vessels full and turgid1 raise the pulse1 and quicken the circulation4 ,the effects of the full-bodied wines are much more durable than those of the thinner2 all sweet wines1 as ,canary1 abound with a glutinous nutritious substance2 whilst the others are not nutrimental1 or only accidentally so by strengthening the organs employed in digestion3 sweet wines in general do not pass off freely by urine1 and heat the constitution more than an equal quantity of any other1 though containing full as much spirit3 red port1 and most of the red wines1 have an astringent quality1 by which they strengthen the tone of the stomach and intestines1 and thus prove serviceable for restraining immoderate secretions3 those which are of an acid nature1 as ,renish1 pass freely by the kidneys1 and gently loosen the belly3 it is supposed that these last exasperate1 or occasion gout and calculous disorders1 and that new wines of every kind have this effect4 ,the ripe fruit of grapes1 of which there are several kinds1 properly cured and dried1 are the raisins and currants of the shops3 the juice of these also1 by fermentation1 affords wine as well as vinegar and tartar4 ,the medical use of raisins is1 their imparting a very pleasant flavour both to aqueous and spiritous menstrua4 ,the seeds or stones are supposed to give a disagreeable relish1 and hence are generally directed to be taken out3 nevertheless ,i have not found that they have any disagreeable taste4--,lewis's ,mat4 ,med4 #bhi4 ,,ulmus campestris4 ,,elm4 ,bark4 ,l4 ,e4 ,d4--,the leaves have a bitterish astringent taste1 and are recommended in powder1 to the extent of at least two drams a-day1 in ulcerations of the urinary passages and catarrhus vesicae4 ,the powder has been used with opium1 the latter being gradually increased to a considerable quantity1 in diabetes1 and it is said with advantage4 ,some use it for alleviating the dyspeptic symptoms in nephritic calculous ailments4--,lewis's ,mat4 ,med4 #bij4 ,,rhododendron ,chrysanthemum4 ,,yellow-,,flowered ,,rho-,,dodendron4 ,e4 ,the ,leaves4--,this species of ,rhododendron has lately been introduced into ,britain3 it is a native of ,siberia1 affecting mountainous situations1 and flowering in ,june and ,july4 ,little attention was paid to this remedy till the year #aggi1 when it was strongly recommended by ,koelpin as an efficacious medicine1 not only in rheumatism and gout1 but even in venereal cases2 and it is now very generally employed in chronic rheumatisms in various parts of ,europe4 ,the leaves1 which are the part directed for medicinal use1 have a bitterish subastringent taste1 and1 as well as the bark and young branches1 manifest a degree of acrimony4 ,taken in large doses they prove a narcotic poison1 producing those symptoms which we have described as occasioned by many of the order ,solanaceae4 ,dr4 ,home1 who tried it unsuccessfully in some cases of acute rheumatism1 says1 it appears to be one of the most powerful sedatives which we have1 as in most of the trials it made the pulse remarkably slow1 and1 in one patient1 reduced it #ch beats4 ,and in other cases in which the ,rhododendron has been used at ,edinburgh1 it has been productive of good effects2 and1 accordingly1 it is now introduced into the ,edinburgh ,pharmacopoeia4 ,the manner of using this plant by the ,siberians was1 by putting two drams of the dried leaves in an earthen-pot with about ten ounces of boiling-water1 keeping it near a boiling heat for a night1 and this they took in the morning2 and by repeating it three or four times it generally affected a cure4 ,it is said to occasion heat1 thirst1 a degree of delirium1 and a peculiar sensation of the parts affected4-- ,woodville's ,med4 ,bot4 p4 #bci4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,sect4 ,,viii4--,,medicinal ,,plants not contained in either of the ,,british ,,dispensatories4 ,for the use of the ,medical ,student ,i selected in the foregoing section such plants as are contained in the ,pharmacopoeias of the present day3 but there are many mentioned in ,woodville's ,medical ,botany1 ,lewis's ,dispensatory1 c4 which1 although discarded from the ,college list1 are nevertheless still used by medical practitioners and others4 ,it would be difficult to give a full history of all the plants that have from time to time been recommended for medical uses4 ,the old writers1 as ,gerard1 ,parkinson1 ,lyte1 c4 attributed medical virtues to all the plants which came under their notice2 and1 on the other hand1 as we observed above1 the vegetable department of the ,pharmacopoeias has from time to time been reduced so much1 that1 if we had confined ourselves to that alone1 we fear our little treatise on this head would1 by many persons1 be thought defective4 ,the following list is therefore given1 as containing what are used1 though probably not so much by practitioners in medicine1 as by our good housewives in the country1 who1 without disparagement to medical science1 often relieve the distresses of their families and neighbours by the judicious application of drugs of this nature1 and many of which are also sold for the same purposes in the ,london herb-shops4 #bia4 ,,acanthus mollis4 ,,smooth ,,bears-,,breech4 ,the ,leaves4--,are of a soft sweetish taste1 and abound with a mucilaginous juice3 its virtues do not seem to differ from those of ,althea and other mucilaginous plants4 #bib4 ,,achilla ,ptarmica4 ,,sneezewort4 ,the ,root4--,the roots have and acrid smell1 and a hot biting taste3 chewed1 they occasion a plentiful discharge of saliva2 and when powdered and snuffed up the nose1 provoke sneezing4 ,these are sold at the herb-shops as a substitute for pellitory of ,spain4 #bic4 ,,achillea ,ageratum4 ,,maudlin4 ,the ,leaves and ,flowers4--,this has a light agreeable smell2 and a roughish1 somewhat warm and bitterish taste4 ,these qualities point out its use as a mild corroborant2 but it has long been a stranger in practice1 and is now omitted both by the ,london and ,edinburgh ,colleges4 ,it is however in use by the common people4 #bid4 ,,achillea ,millefolium4 ,,yarrow4 ,the ,leaves4--,the leaves have a rough bitterish taste1 and a faint aromatic smell4 ,their virtues are those of a very mild astringent1 and as such they stand recommended in haemorrhages both internal and external1 diarrhoeas1 debility and laxity of the fibres2 and likewise in spasmodic hysterical affections4 #bie4 ,,ajuga reptans4 ,,bugle4 ,the ,leaves4--,these have at first a sweetish taste1 which gradually becomes bitterish and roughish4 ,they are recommended as vulnerary medicines1 and in all cases where mild astringents or corroborants are proper4 #bif4 ,,alchemilla vulgaris4 ,,lady',s ,,mantle4 ,the ,leaves4--,these discover to the taste a moderate astringency1 and were formerly much esteemed in some female weaknesses1 and in fluxes of the belly4 ,they are now rarely made use of2 though both the fresh leaves and roots might doubtless be of service in cases where mild astringents are required4 #big4 ,,ammi majus4 ,,bishops-,,weed4 ,the ,seeds4--,the seeds of common bishops-weed are large and pale-coloured3 their smell and taste are weak1 and without any thing of the origanum flavour of the true ammi1 which does not grow in this country4 ,they are ranked among the four lesser hot seeds1 but are scarcely otherwise made use of than as an ingredient in the theriaca4--,lewis's ,mat4 ,med4 #bih4 ,,amygdalus ,persica4 ,,almonds4 ,flowers4--,they have a cathartic effect1 and especially to children have been successfully given in the character of a vermifuge for this purpose2 an infusion of a dram of the flowers dried1 or half an ounce in their recent state1 is the requisite dose4 ,the expressed oil of almonds has been for a long time1 and is at present1 in use for many purposes in medicine4 ,the concentrated acid of the bitter almond is a most dangerous poison to man and all other animals4 #bii4 ,,anagallis arvensis4 ,,pimpernel4 ,the ,leaves4--,many extraordinary virtues have been attributed to them4 ,geoffroy esteems them cephalic1 sudorific1 vulnerary1 anti-maniacal1 anti-epileptic1 and alexiteral4 #cjj4 ,,anchusa angustifolia4 ,,bugloss4 ,the ,roots1 ,leaves1 and ,flowers4-- ,bugloss has a slimy sweetish taste1 accompanied with a kind of coolness3 the roots are the most glutinous1 and the flowers the least so4 ,these qualities point out its use in hot bilious or inflammatory distempers1 and a thin acrimonious state of the fluids4 ,the flowers are one of the four called cordial flowers3 the only quality they have that can entitle them to this appellation1 is1 that they moderately cool and soften1 without offending the palate or stomach2 and thus in warm climates1 or in hot diseases1 may in some measure refresh the patient4 #cja4 ,,anemone ,hepatica4 ,,hepatica4 ,the ,leaves4--,it is a cooling gently restringent herb2 and hence recommended in a lax state of the fibres as a corroborant4 #cjb4 ,,antirrhinium ,elatine4 ,,fluellin4 ,the ,root1 ,bark1 and ,leaves4--,they were formerly accounted excellent vulneraries1 and of great use for cleansing and healing old ulcers and cancerous sores3 some have recommended them internally in leprous and scrophulous disorders2 as also in hydropic cases4 #cjc4 ,,antirrhinium ,linaria4 ,,toad ,,flax4 ,the ,flowers4--,an infusion of them is said to be very efficacious in cutaneous disorders2 and ,hammerin gives an instance in which these flowers1 with those of verbascum1 used as tea1 cured an exanthematous disorder1 which had resisted various other remedies tried during the course of three years4--,woodville's ,med4 ,bot4 p4 #cgb4 #cjd4 ,,aquilegia vulgaris4 ,,columbine4 ,the ,leaves1 ,flowers1 and ,seeds4--,it has been looked upon as aperient2 and was formerly in great esteem among the common people for throwing out the small-pox and measles4 ,a distilled water1 medicated vinegar1 and conserve1 were prepared from the flowers2 but they have long given place to medicines of greater efficacy4 #cje4 ,,aristolochia longa4 ,,long ,,birthwort4 ,the ,roots4--,this is a tuberous root1 sometimes about the size of the finger1 sometimes as thick as a man's arm3 great virtues used to be ascribed to this plant as a specific in most uterine obstructions and gout3 the outside is of a brownish colour2 the inside yellowish4 #cjf4 ,,artemisia vulgaris4 ,,mugwort4 ,the leaves4--,these have a light aromatic smell1 and an herbaceous bitterish taste4 ,they are principally celebrated as uterine and anti-hysteric3 an infusion of them is sometimes drunk1 either alone or in conjunction with other substances1 in suppressions of immoderate fluxes4 ,this medicine is certainly a very mild one1 and considerably less hot than most others to which these virtues are attributed4 #cjg4 ,,asclepias ,vincetoxium4 ,,swallow ,,wort4 ,the ,root4--,this root is esteemed sudorific1 diuretic1 and emmenagogue1 and frequently employed by the ,french and ,german physicians as an alexipharmic1 sometimes as a succedaneum to contrayerva2 whence it has received the name of ,contrayerva ,germanorum4 ,among us it is rarely made use of4 #cjh4 ,,asperula odorata4 ,,sweet ,,woodroof4 ,the ,flowers4--,it has an exceedingly pleasant smell1 which is improved by moderate exsiccation2 the taste is sub-saline1 and somewhat austere4 ,it imparts its flavour to vinous liquors4 ,asperula is supposed to attenuate viscid humours1 and strengthen the tone of the bowels3 it was recommended in obstructions of the liver and biliary ducts1 and by some in epilepsies and palsies3 modern practice has nevertheless rejected it4 #cji4 ,,asplenium ,ceterach4 ,,spleenwort4--,it is recommended as a pectoral1 and for promoting urine in nephritic cases4 ,the virtue which it has been most celebrated for1 is that which it has the least title to1 i4 e4 diminish the spleen4 #caj4 ,,asplenium ,scolophendrium4 ,,harts-,,tongue4 ,the ,leaves4--,these have a roughish1 somewhat mucilaginous taste4 ,they are recommended in obstructions of the viscera1 and for strengthening their tone2 and have sometimes been made use of for these intentions1 either alone1 or in conjunction with maiden-hair1 or the other plants of similar properties4 #caa4 ,,atropa ,mandragora4 ,,mandrake4 ,the ,leaves4--,the qualities of this plant are very doubtful3 it has a strong disagreeable smell resembling that of the narcotic herbs1 to which class it is usually referred4 ,it has rarely been any otherwise made use of in medicine1 than as an ingredient in one of the old officinal unguents4 ,both that composition and the plant itself are rejected from our ,pharmacopoeias4 #cab4 ,,ballota nigra4 ,,base ,,horehound4 ,the ,leaves4--,these are doubtless an useful aperient and deobstruent2 promote the fluid secretions in general1 and liberally taken loosen the belly4 ,they are an ingredient only in the theriaca4 #cac4 ,,bellis perennis4 ,,daisies4 ,the ,leaves4--,they have a subtile subacrid taste1 and are recommended as vulneraries1 and in asthmas and hectic fevers1 and such disorders as are occasioned by drinking cold liquors when the body has been much heated4 #bad4 ,,berberis vulgaris4 ,,berberry4 ,the ,bark and ,fruit4--,the outward bark of the branches and the leaves have an astringent acid taste2 the inner yellow bark1 a bitter one3 this last is said to be serviceable in the jaundice2 and by some1 to be an useful purgative4 ,the berries1 which to the taste are gratefully acid1 and moderately restringent1 have been given with good success in bilious fluxes1 and diseases proceeding from heat1 acrimony1 or thinness of the juices4 #cae4 ,,betonica officinalis4 ,,wood ,,betony4 ,the ,leaves4--,these and the flowers have an herbaceous1 roughish1 somewhat bitterish taste1 accompanied with a very weak aromatic flavour4 ,this herb has long been a favourite among writers on the ,materia ,medica1 who have not been wanting to attribute to it abundance of good qualities4 ,experience does not discover any other virtue in betony than that of a mild corroborant3 as such1 an infusion or light decoction of it may be drunk as tea1 or a saturated tincture in rectified spirit given in suitable doses1 in laxity and debility of the viscera1 and disorders proceeding from thence4 #caf4 ,,betula alba4 ,,birch ,,tree4 ,the bark and ,sap4--,upon deeply wounding or boring the trunk of the tree in the beginning of spring1 a sweetish juice issues forth1 sometimes1 as is said1 in so large quantity1 as to equal in weigth to the whole tree and root3 one branch will bleed a gallon or more a day4 ,this juice is chiefly recommended in scorbutic disorders1 and other foulnesses of the blood3 its most sensible effect is to promote the urinary discharge4 #cag4 ,,borago officinalis4 ,,borage4 ,the ,flowers4--,an exhilarating virtue has been attributed to the flowers of borage1 which are hence ranked among the so called cordial flowers3 but they appear to have very little claim to any virtue of this kind1 and seem to be altogether insignificant4 #cah4 ,,bryonia alba4 ,,white ,,bryony4 ,the ,roots4--,this is a strong irritating cathartic2 and as such has sometimes been successfully exhibited in maniacal cases1 in some kinds of dropsies1 and in several chronical disorders1 where a quick solution of viscid juices1 and a sudden stimulus on the solids1 were required4 #cai4 ,,calendula officinalis4 ,,marigold4 ,the ,flowers4--,these are supposed to be aperient and attenuating2 as also cardiac1 alexipharmic1 and sudorific3 they are principally celebrated in uterine obstructions1 the jaundice1 and for throwing out the small-pox4 ,their sensible qualities give little foundation for these virtues3 they have scarcely any taste1 and no considerable smell4 ,the leaves of the plant discover a viscid sweetishness1 accompanied with a more durable saponaceous pungency and warmth3 these seem capable of answering some useful purposes1 as a stimulating1 aperient1 antiscorbutic medicine4 #cbj4 ,,cannabis sativa4 ,,hemp4 ,the ,seeds4--,these have some smell of the herb2 their taste is unctuous and sweetish2 on expression they yield a considerable quantity of insipid oil3 hence they are recommended 7boiled in milk1 or triturated with water into an emulsion7 against coughs1 heat of urine1 and the like4 ,they are also said to be useful in incontinence of urine2 but experience does not warrant their having any virtues of this kind4 #cba4 ,,carthamus tinctorius4 ,,safflower4 ,the ,seeds4--,these have been celebrated as a cathartic3 they operate very slowly1 and for the most part disorder the bowels1 especially when given in substance2 triturated with aromatic distilled waters1 they form an emulsion less offensive1 yet inferior in efficacy to more common purgatives4 #cbb4 ,,centaurea ,cyanus4 ,,blue-,,bottle4 ,the ,flowers4--,as to their virtues1 notwithstanding the present practice expects not any from them1 they have been formerly celebrated against the bites of poisonous animals1 contagious diseases1 palpitations of the heart1 and many other distempers4 #cbc4 ,,centaurea rhapontica4 ,,greater ,,centaury4 ,the ,root4--,it has a rough somewhat acrid taste1 and abounds with a red viscid juice2 its rough taste has gained it some esteem as an astringent2 its acrimony as an aperient2 and its glutinous quality as a vulnerary3 the present practice takes little notice of it in any intention4 #cbd4 ,,chelidonium majus4 ,,great ,,celandine4 ,the ,leaves and ,juice4--,this is an excellent medicine in the jaundice2 it is also good against all obstructions of the viscera1 and1 if continued a time1 will do great service against the scurvy4 ,the juice also is used successfully for sore eyes1 removing warts1 c4 ,it should be used fresh1 for it loses the greatest part of its virtue in drying4 #cbe4 ,,chenopodium olidum4 ,,stinking ,,goosefoot4 ,the ,leaves4--,its smell has gained it the character of an excellent anti-hysteric2 and this is the only use it is applied to4 ,tournefort recommends a spiritous tincture1 others a decoction in water1 and others a conserve of the leaves1 as of wonderful efficacy in uterine disorders4 #cbf4 ,,chrysanthemum ,leucanthemum4 ,,ox-,,eye ,,daisy4 ,the ,leaves4--,geoffroy relates that the herb1 gathered before the flowers have come forth1 and boiled in water1 imparts an acrid taste1 penetrating and subtile like pepper2 and that this decoction is an excellent vulnerary and diuretic4 #cbg4 ,,cistus ladanifetus4 ,,gum ,,cistus4--,the gum labdanum is procured from this shrub1 and is its only produce used in medicine4 ,this is an exudation from the leaves and twigs in the manner of manna1 more than of any thing else4 ,they get it off by drawing a parcel of leather thongs over the shrubs4 ,it is not much used1 but it is a good cephalic4--,hill's ,herbal1 p4 #gb4 #cbh4 ,,clematis recta4 ,,upright ,,virgin',s ,,bower4--,the whole plant is extremely acrid4 ,it was useful for ,dr4 ,stoerck to employ the leaves and flowers in ulcers and cancers1 as well as an extract prepared from the former2 yet the preparation which he chiefly recommended was an infusion of two or three drams of the leaves in a pint of boiling water1 of which he gave four ounces three times a-day1 while the powdered leaves were applied as an escharotic to the ulcers4--,wood-ville's ,med4 ,bot4 p4 #dha4 #cbi4 ,,cochlearia ,coronopus4 ,,swines-,,cress4--,this is an excellent diuretic1 safe and yet very powerful4 ,the juice may be taken2 and it is good for the jaundice1 and against all inward obstructions1 and against the scurvy3 the leaves may also be eaten as sallet1 or dried and given in decoction4--,hill's ,hebal1 p4 #aje4 #ccj4 ,,convallaria ,polygonatum4 ,,solomon',s ,,seal4 ,the ,root4--,the root has several joints1 with some flat circular depressions1 supposed to resemble the stamp of a seal4 ,it has a sweetish mucilaginous taste4 ,as to its virtues1 practitioners do not now expect any considerable ones from it1 and pay very little regard to the vulnerary qualities which it was formerly celebrated for4 ,it is used by pugilists to remove the black appearance occasioned from extravasated blood1 and for curing bruises on the face1 particularly black-eyes obtained by boxing4 #cca4 ,,convallaria majalis4 ,,may ,,lily4 ,the ,roots and ,flowers4--,the roots of this abound with a soft mucilage1 and hence they have been used externally in emollient and maturating cataplasms3 they were an ingredient in the suppurating cataplasm of the ,edinburgh ,pharmacopoeia4 ,those of the wild plant are very bitter3 dried1 they are said to prove a gentle errhine2 as also are the flowers4 #ccb4 ,,convolvulus sepium4 ,,bind-,,weed4--,the poor people use the root of this plant fresh gathered and boiled in ale as a cathartic2 and it is found generally to answer that purpose4 ,it would1 however1 nauseate a delicate stomach2 but for people of strong constitutions there is not a better medicine4 #ccc4 ,,cuscuta europaea4 ,,dodder4 ,the whole plant gathered green is to be boiled in water with a little ginger and allspice1 and this decoction operates as a cathartic2 it also opens obstructions of the liver1 and is good in the jaundice and many other disorders arising from the like cause4--,hill's ,herbal4 #ccd4 ,,cynoglossum officinale4 ,,hounds-,,tongue4 ,the ,root4--,the virtues of this root are very doubtful3 it is generally supposed to be narcotic1 and by some to be virulently so3 others declare that it has no virtue of this kind1 and look upon it as a mere glutinous astringent4 #cce4 ,,cyperus longus4 ,,long ,,cyperus4 ,the ,root4--,this is long1 slender1 crooked1 and full of knots3 outwardly of a dark-brown or blackish colour1 inwardly whitish2 of an aromatic smell1 and an agreeable warm taste3 both the taste and smell are improved by moderate exsiccation4 ,cyperus is accounted a good stomachic and carminative1 but is at present very little regarded4 #ccf4 ,,dictamnus albus4 ,,white or ,,bastard ,,dittany4 ,the ,root4--,the cortical part of the root1 dried and rolled up into quills1 is sometimes brought to us4 ,this is of a white colour1 a weak1 not very agreeable smell2 and a durable bitter1 lightly pungent taste4 ,it is recommended as an alexipharmic4 #ccg4 ,,equisetum palustre4 ,,horse-,,tail4 ,the ,herb4--,it is said to be a very strong astringent3 it has indeed a manifest astringency1 but in a very low degree4 #cch4 ,,erysimum officinale4--,it is said to be attenuant1 expectorant1 and diuretic2 and has been strongly recommended in chronical coughs and hoarseness4 ,rondeletius informs us that the last-mentioned complaint1 occasioned by loud speaking1 was cured by this plant in three days4 ,other testimonies of its good effects in this disorder are recorded by writers on the ,materia ,medica1 of whom we may mention ,dr4 ,cullen2 who for this purpose recommends the juice of the ,erysimum to be mixed with an euqal quantity of honey and sugar2 in this way also it is said to be an useful remedy in ulcerations of the mouth and throat4--,woodville's ,med4 ,bot4 p4 #djg4 #cci4 ,,erysimum ,alliaria4 ,,sauce ,,alone4--,the leaves of this plant are very acrimonious1 and have a strong flavour of onions4 ,it is considered as a powerful diaphoretic1 diuretic1 and antiscorbutic4--,woodville's ,med4 ,bot4 #cdj4 ,,eupatorium cannabinum4 ,,hemp ,,agrimony1 c4 ,leaves4--,they are greatly recommended for strengthening the tone of the viscera1 and as an aperient2 and said to have excellent effects in the dropsy1 jaundice1 cachexies1 and scorbutic disorders4 ,boerhaave informs us1 that this is the common medicine of the turf-diggers in ,holland1 against scurvies1 foul ulcers1 and swellings in the feet1 which they are subject to4 ,the roof of this plant is said to operate as a strong cathartic4 #cda4 ,,euphorbia ,esula4 ,,spurge ,,flax4 ,its ,berries4--,these are useful in removing warts and excrescences1 if bruised and laid thereon4 ,they are so acrid in their nature as to be altogether unfit for internal use4 #cdb4 ,,euphrasia officinalis4 ,,eyebright4 ,leaves4--,it was formerly celebrated as an ophtalmic1 both taken internally and applied externally4 ,hildanus says he has known old men of seventy1 who had lost their sight1 recover it again by the use of this herb4 #cdc4 ,,fragaria vesca4 ,,the ,,strawberry4 ,the ,leaves and ,fruit4--,they are somewhat styptic1 and bitterish2 and hence my be of some service in debility and laxity of the viscera1 and immoderate secretions1 or a suppression of the natural evacuations depending thereon3 they are recommended in haemorrhages and fluxes2 and likewise as aperients1 in suppressions of urine1 obstructions of the viscera1 in the jaundice1 c4 ,the fruit is in general very grateful both to the palate and stomach3 like other fruits of the dulco-acid kind1 they abate heat1 quench thirst1 loosen the belly1 and promote urine4 #cdd4 ,,fumaria officinalis4 ,,fumitory4 ,the ,leaves4--,the medical effects of this herb are1 to strengthen the tone of the bowels1 gently loosen the belly1 and promote the urinary and other natural secretions4 ,it is principally recommended in melancholic1 scorbutic1 and cutaneous disorders2 for opening obstructions of the viscera1 attenuating and promoting the evacuations of viscid juices4 #cde4 ,,galega officinalis4 ,,goat',s ,,rue4 ,the ,herb4--,this is celebrated as an alexipharmic2 but its sensible qualities discover no foundation for any virtues of this kind3 the taste is merely leguminous2 and in ,italy 7where it grows wild7 it is said to be used as food4 #cdf4 ,,galium ,aparine4 ,,goosegrass1 ,,or ,,cleavers4 ,the ,leaves4--,it is recommended as an aperient1 and in chronic eruptions2 but practice has little regard to it4 #cdg4 ,,galium verum4 ,,ladies ,,bedstraw1 ,,or ,,cheese-,,rennet4 ,the ,herb4--,this herb has a subacid taste1 with a very faint1 not disagreeable smell3 the juice changes blue vegetable infusions to a red colour1 and coagulates milk1 thus exhibiting marks of acidity4 ,it stands recommended as a mild styptic1 and in epilepsy2 but has never been much in use4 #cdh4 ,,geranium robertianum4 ,,herb ,,robert4 ,the leaves4--,they have an austere taste1 and have hence been recommended as astringent3 but they have long been disregarded in practice4 #cdi4 ,,glechoma hederacea4 ,,ground-,,ivy4 ,the ,leaves4--,this herb is an useful corroborant1 aperient1 and detergent2 and hence stands recommended against laxity1 debility1 and obstructions of the viscera3 some have had a great opinion of it for cleansing and healing ulcers of the internal parts1 even of the lungs2 and for purifying the blood4 ,it is customary to infuse the dried leaves in malt liquors1 to which it readily imparts its virtues2 a practice not to be commended1 unless it is for the purpose of medicine4 #cej4 ,,hedera helix4 ,,ivy4 ,the ,leaves and ,berries4--,the leaves have very rarely been given internally2 notwithstanding they are recommended 7in the ,ephem4 natur4 curios4 vol4 ii4 obs4 #abj47 against the atrophy of children2 their taste is nauseous1 acrid1 and bitter4 ,externally they have sometimes been employed for drying and healing ichorous sores1 and likewise for keeping issues open4 ,the berries were supposed by the ancients to have a purgative and emetic quality2 later writers have recommended them in small doses1 as diaphoretics and alexipharmics2 and ,mr4 ,boyle tells us1 that in the ,london plague the powder of them was given with vinegar1 with good success1 as a sudorific4 ,it is probable the virtue of the composition was rather owing to the vinegar than to the powder4 #cea4 ,,herniaria glabra4 ,,rupturewort4 ,the ,leaves4--,it is a very mild restringent1 and may1 in some degree1 be serviceable in disorders proceeding from a weak flaccid state of the viscera3 the virtue which it has been most celebrated for1 it has little title to1 that of curing hernias4 #ceb4 ,,hypericum perforatum4 ,,st4 ,,john',s ,,wort4 ,the ,leaves and ,flowers4--,its taste is rough and bitterish2 the smell disagreeable4 ,hypericum has long been celebrated as a corroborant1 diuretic1 and vulnerary2 but more particularly in hysterical and maniacal disorders3 it has been reckoned of such efficacy in these last1 as to have thence received the name of fuga daemonum4 #cec4 ,,jasminum officinale4 ,,jasmine4 ,the ,flowers4--,the flowers have a strong smell1 which is liked by most people1 though to some disagreeable3 expressed oils extract their fragrance by infusion2 and water elevates somewhat of it in distillation1 but scarcely any essential oil can be obtained from them3 the distilled water1 kept for a little time1 loses its odour4 #ced4 ,,iris ,pseudoacorus4 ,,flower-,,de-,,luce4 ,the ,root4--,the roots1 when recent1 have a bitter1 acrid1 nauseous taste1 and taken into the stomach prove strongly cathartic2 and hence the juice is recommended in dropsies1 in the dose of three or four scruples4 ,by drying they lose this quality1 yet still retain a somewhat pungent1 bitterish taste3 their smell in this state is of the aromatic kind4 #cee4 ,,iris florentina4 ,,florentine ,,iris1 ,,or ,,orris-,,root4--,the roots grown in this country have neither the odour nor the other qualities that those possess which are grown in warmer climates3 so that1 for the purposes of medicine1 they are usually imported from ,leghorn4 ,the root in its recent state is extremely acrid1 and1 when chewed1 excites a pungent heat in the mouth which continues several hours2 but on being dried1 this acrimony is almost wholly dissipated1 the taste becomes slightly bitter1 and the smell approaching to that of violets4 ,it is now chiefly used in its dried state1 and ranked as a pectoral or expectorant4 ,the principal use of the roots is1 however1 for the purposes of perfumery1 for which it is in considerable demand4 #cef4 ,,lactuca sativa4 ,,garden ,,lettuce4 ,the ,leaves and ,seeds4--,it smells strongly of opium1 and resembles it in its effects2 and its narcotic power1 like that of the poppy heads1 resides in its milky juice4 ,an extract from the expressed juice is recommended in small doses in dropsy4 ,in those diseases of long standing proceeding from visceral obstructions1 it has been given to the extent of half an ounce a-day4 ,it is said to agree with the stomach1 to quench thirst1 to be greatly laxative1 powerfully diuretic1 and somewhat diaphoretic4 #ceg4 ,,lamium album4 ,,white ,,archangel1 ,,or ,,dead ,,nettle4 ,the ,flowers4--,the flowers have been particularly celebrated in female weaknesses1 as also in disorders of the lungs2 but they appear to be of very weak powers4 #ceh4 ,,lavendula ,stoechas4 ,,arabian ,,stoechas1 ,,or ,,french ,,laven-,,der4 ,the ,flowers4--,they have a very fragrant smell1 and a warm1 aromatic1 bitterish1 subacrid taste3 distilled with water1 they yield a considerable quantity of a fragrant essential oil2 to rectified spirit it imparts a strong tincture1 which inspissated proves an elegant aromatic extract1 but is seldom used in medicine4 #cei4 ,,leonurus ,cardiaca4 ,,motherwort4 ,the ,leaves4--,these have a bitter taste1 and a pretty strong smell3 they are supposed to be useful in hysteric disorders1 to strengthen the stomach1 to promote urine2 and indeed it may be judged from their smell and taste1 that their medical virtues are considerable1 though they are now rejected both from the ,london and ,edinburgh ,pharmacopoeias4 #cfj4 ,,lilium candidum4 ,,white ,,lily4 ,the ,roots4--,these are used in poultices4 ,the good housewife doctors cut the roots in slices and steep them in brandy2 and they are said to be an excellent remedy for all bruises and green wounds3 for which purposes it is applied by them with considerable effect4 #cfa4 ,,lithospermum officinale4 ,,gromwell4 ,the ,seeds4--,these are roundish1 hard1 and of a whitish colour1 like little pearls4 ,powdered1 they have been supposed peculiarly serviceable in calculous disorders4 ,their taste is merely farinaceous4 #cfb4 ,,lysimachia ,nummularia4 ,,moneywort1 ,,or ,,herb ,,twopence4 ,the ,leaves4-- ,their taste is subastringent1 and very slightly acid3 hence they stand recommended by ,boerhaave in the hot scurvy1 and in uterine and other haemorrhagies4 ,but their effects are so inconsiderable1 that common practice takes no notice of them4 #cfc4 ,,malva alcea4 ,,vervain-,,mallow4 ,the ,leaves4--,alcea agrees in quality with the ,althaea and ,malva vulgaris2 but appears to be less mucilaginous than either4 #cfd4 ,,matricaria ,parthenium4 ,,common ,,wild ,,feverfew4 ,the ,leaves and ,flowers4--,simon ,pauli relates1 that he has experienced most happy effects from it in obstructions of the uterine evacuations4 ,i have often seen1 says he1 from the use of a decoction of ,matricaria and chamomile flowers with a little mugwort1 hysteric complaints instantly relieved1 and the patient from a lethargic state1 returned as it were into life again4 ,matricaria is likewise recommended in sundry other disorders1 as a warm stimulating bitter3 all that bitters and carminatives can do1 says ,geoffroy1 may be expected from this4 ,it is undoubtedly a medicine of some use in these cases1 though not perhaps equal to chamomile flowers alone1 with which the ,matricaria agrees in sensible qualities1 except in being weaker4 #cfe4 ,,nepeta ,calamintha4 ,,field ,,calamint4 ,the ,leaves4--,this is a low plant1 growing wild about hedges and highways1 and in dry sandy soils4 ,the leaves have a quick warm taste1 and smell strongly of pennyroyal3 as medicines1 they differ little otherwise from spearmint1 than in being somewhat hotter1 and of a less pleasant odour2 which last circumstance has procured calamint the preference in hysteric cases4 #cff4 ,,nepeta cataria4 ,,nep1 ,,or ,,catmint4 ,the ,leaves4--,this is a moderately aromatic plant1 of a strong smell1 not ill resembling a mixture of mint and pennyroyal2 it is also recommended in hysteric cases4 #cfg4 ,,nigella romana4 ,,fennel-,,flower4 ,the ,seeds4--,they have a strong1 not unpleasant smell2 and a subacrid1 somewhat unctuous disagreeable taste4 ,they stand recommended as aperient1 diuretic1 c4 but being suspected to have noxious qualities should be used with caution4 #cfh4 ,,nymphaea alba4 ,,white ,,water-,,lily4 ,the ,root and ,flowers4--,these have a rough1 bitterish1 glutinous taste1 7the flowers are the least rough17 and when fresh a disagreeable smell1 which is in great measure lost by drying3 they are recommended in alvine fluxes1 gleets1 and the like4 ,the roots are supposed by some to be in an eminent degree narcotic4 #cfi4 ,,ocymum ,basilicum4 ,,basil4 ,the ,leaves4--,these have a soft1 somewhat warm taste2 and when rubbed1 a strong unpleasant smell1 which by moderate drying becomes more agreeable4 ,they are said to attenuate viscid phlegm1 promote expectoration1 and the uterine secretions4 #cgj4 ,,ophioglossum vulgatum4 ,,adders-,,tongue4 ,the ,leaf4--,an ointment is made of the fresh leaves1 and it is a good application to green wounds4 ,it is a very antient application1 although now discarded from the apothecary's shop4 #cga4 ,,paeonia corolloides4 ,,male ,,peony4 ,the ,seeds4--,these are strong1 and worn round the neck to assist detention1 and are probably as good as other celebrated anodyne beads which have been so long recommended for the same purpose4 #cgb4 ,,phellandrium aquaticum4 ,,water ,,hemlock4--,the seeds of this plant1 according to ,dr4 ,lange1 when taken in large doses1 produce a remarkable sensation of weight in the head1 accompanied with giddiness1 intoxication1 c4 ,it may probably prove1 however1 an active medicine1 especially in wounds and inveterate ulcers of different kinds1 and even in cancers2 also in phthisis pulmonalis1 asthma1 dyspepsia1 intermittent fevers1 c4 ,about two scruples of the seed1 two or three times a-day1 was the ordinary dose given4 ,medicines of this kind should be used with great caution4--,woodville's ,med4 ,bot4 p4 #ia1 #ib4 #cgc4 ,,pimpinella saxifraga4 ,,burnet ,,saxifrage4 ,the ,root1 ,leaves1 and ,seeds4--,this root promises from its sensible qualities1 to be a medicine of considerable utility1 though little regarded in common pratice4 ,stahl1 ,hoffman1 and other ,german physicians1 are extremely fond of it1 and recommend it as an excellent stomachic1 resolvent1 detergent1 diuretic1 diaphoretic1 and alexipharmic4 #cgd4 ,,plantago major4 ,,common ,,broad-,,leaved ,,plantain4--,the leaves are slightly astringent1 and the seeds said to be so2 and hence they stand recommended in haemorrhages1 and other cases where medicines of this kind are proper4 ,the leaves bruised a little1 are the usual application of the common people to slight flesh wounds4 ,the ,edinburgh ,college used to direct an extract to be made from the leaves4 #cge4 ,,potentilla anserina4 ,,silverweed4 ,the ,leaves4--,the sensible qualities of ,anserina promise no great virtue of any kind1 for to the taste it discovers only a slight roughness1 from whence it was thought to be entitled to a place among the milder corroborants4 ,as the astringency of ,tormentil is confined chiefly to its root1 it might be thought that the same circumstance would take place in this plant2 but the root is found to have no other than a pleasant sweetish taste1 like that of parsnip1 but not so strong4 #cgf4 ,,potentilla reptans4 ,,cinquefoil1 ,,or ,,five-,,leaved ,,grass4 ,root4--,the root is moderately astringent3 and as such is sometimes given internally against diarrhoeas and other fluxes2 and employed in gargarisms for strengthening the gums1 c4 ,the cortical part of the root may be taken1 in substance1 to the quantity of a dram3 the internal part is considerably weaker1 and requires to be given in double the dose to produce the same effect4 ,it is scarcely otherwise made use of than as an ingredient in ,venice treacle4--,lewis's ,mat4 ,med4 #cgg4 ,,populus niger4 ,,the ,,black ,,poplar4 ,its ,buds4--,the young buds or rudiments of the leaves1 which appear in the beginning of spring1 abound with a yellow1 unctuous odorous juice4 ,they have hitherto been employed chiefly in an ointment1 which received its name from them2 though they are certainly capable of being applied to other purposes3 a tincture of them made in rectified spirit1 yields upon being isnpissated1 a fragrant resin superior to many of those brought from abroad4 #cgh4 ,,primula officinalis4 ,,cowslip4 ,the ,flowers4--,the flowers appear in ,april2 they have a pleasant sweet smell1 and a subacrid1 bitterish1 subastringent taste4 ,an infusion of them1 used as tea1 is recommended as a mild corroborant in nervous complaints4 ,a strong infusion of them1 with a proper quantity of sugar1 forms an agreeable syrup1 which for a long time maintained a place in the shops4 ,by boiling1 even for a little time1 their fine flavour is destroyed4 ,a wine is also made of the flowers1 which is given as an opiate4 #cgi4 ,,prunella vulgaris4 ,,selfheal4 ,the ,leaves4--,it has an herbaceous roughish taste1 and hence stands recommended in haemorrhages and alvine fluxes4 ,it has been principally celebrated as a vulnerary1 whence its name2 and in gargarisms for aphthae and inflammations of the fauces4 #chj4 ,,pulmonaria officinalis4 ,,spotted ,,lungwort4 ,the ,leaves4--,they stand recommended against ulcers of the lungs1 phthisis1 and other like disorders4--,lewis's ,mat4 ,med4 #cha4 ,,ranunculus ,ficaria4 ,,pilewort4 ,the ,leaves and ,root4--,the roots consist of slender fibres1 with some little tubercles among them4 ,these1 with the leaves1 are considered of considerable eficacy in the cure of haemorrhoids2 for which purpose1 considerable quantities are sold at herb-shops in ,london4 #chb4 ,,ranunculus ,flammula4 ,,small ,,spearwort4--,it has been lately discovered that this plant possesses very active powers as an emetic1 and it is supposed to be useful in some cases of vegetable poisons4 #chc4 ,,rhamnus ,frangula4 ,,the ,,black ,,or ,,berry-,,bearing ,,alder4 ,its ,bark4--,the internal bark of the trunk or root of the tree1 given to the quantity of a dram1 purges violently1 occasioning gripes1 nausea1 and vomiting4 ,these may be in good measure prevented by the addition of aromatics2 but we have plenty of safer and less precarious purgatives4 #chd4 ,,rhus coriaria4 ,,elm-,,leaved ,,sumach4--,both the leaves and berries have been employed in medicine2 but the former are more astringent and tonic1 and have been long in common use1 though at present discarded from the ,pharmacopoeias4 #che4 ,,ribes nigrum4--,the juice of black currants boiled up with sugar to a jelly1 is an excellent remedy against sore throats4 #chf4 ,,rumex ,hydrolapathum4 ,,the ,,great ,,water ,,dock4--,the leaves of the docks gently loosen the belly1 and have sometimes been made ingredients in decoctions for removing a costive habit4 ,the roots1 in conjunction with other medicines1 are celebrated for the cure of scorbutic and cutaneous disorders1 for which the following receipt is given by ,lewis4 ,six ounces of the roots of the water dock1 with two of saffron2 and of mace1 cinnamon1 gentian root1 liquorice root1 and black pepper1 each three ounces1 7or1 where the pepper is improper1 six ounces of liquorice17 are to be reduced into coarse powder1 and put into a mixture of two gallons of wine1 with half a gallon of strong vinegar1 and the yolks of three egs2 and the whole digested1 with a moderate warmth1 for three days1 in a glazed vessel close stopped3 from three to six ounces of this liquor are to be taken every morning on an empty stomach1 for fourteen or twenty days1 or longer4 #chg4 ,,salvia ,sclarea4 ,,garden ,,clary4 ,the ,leaves and ,seeds4--,these have a warm1 bitterish1 pungent taste2 and a strong1 not very agreeable smell3 the touch discovers in the leaves a large quantity of glutinous or resinous matter4 ,they are principally recommended in female weaknesses1 in hysteric disorders1 and in flatulent colics4 #chh4 ,,sambucus ,ebulus4 ,,dwarf ,,elder1 ,,or ,,danewort4 ,the ,root1 ,bark1 and ,leaves4--,these have a nauseous1 sharp1 bitter taste1 and a kind of acrid ungrateful smell3 they are all strong cathartics1 and as such are recommended in dropsies1 and other cases where medicines of that kind are indicated4 ,the bark of the root is said to be strongest3 the leaves the weakest4 ,but they are all too churlish medicines for general use3 they sometimes evacuate violently upwards1 almost always nauseate the stomach1 and occasion great uneasiness of the bowels4 ,by boiling they become 7like the other drastics7 milder1 and more safe in operation4 ,fernelius relates1 that by long coction they entirely lose their purgative virtue4 ,the berries of this plant are likewise purgative1 but less virulent than the other parts4 ,a rob prepared from them may be given to the quantity of an ounce1 as a cathartic2 and in smaller ones as an aperient and deobstruent in chronic disorders3 in this last intention1 it is said by ,haller to be frequently used in ,switzerland1 in the dose of a dram4 #chi4 ,,sanicula officinalis4 ,,sanicle4 ,the ,leaves4--,these have an herbaceous1 roughish taste3 they have long been celebrated for sanative virtues1 both internally and externally2 nevertheless their effects1 in any intention1 are not considerable enough to gain them a place in the present practice4 #cij4 ,,saponaria officinalis4 ,,soapwort4 ,the ,herb and ,root4--,the roots taste sweetish and somewhat pungent2 and have a light smell like those of liquorice3 digested in rectified spirit they yield a strong tincture1 which loses nothing of its taste or flavour in being inspissated to the consistence of an extract4 ,this elegant root has not come much into practice among us1 though it promises1 from its sensible qualities1 to be a medicine of considerable utility3 it is greatly esteemed by the ,german physicians as an aperient1 corroborant1 and sudorific2 and preferred by the ,college of ,wirtemberg1 by ,stahl1 ,neumann1 and others1 to sarsaparilla4 #cia4 ,,saxifraga granulata4--,linnaeus describes the taste of this plant to be acrid and pungent1 which we have not been able to discover4 ,neither the tubercles of this root1 nor the leaves1 manifest to the organs of taste any quality likely to be of medicinal use2 and therefore1 though this species of ,saxifraga has been long employed as a popular remedy in nephritic and gravelly disorders1 yet we do not find1 either from its sensible qualities or from any published instances of its efficacy1 that it deserves a place in the ,materia ,medica4--,woodville's ,med4 ,bot4 p4 #eea4 #cib4 ,,scabiosa succisa4 ,,devil',s ,,bit4 ,the ,leaves and ,roots4--,these stand recommended as alexipharmics1 but they have long given place to medicines of greater efficacy4 #cic4 ,,scandix ,cerefolium4 ,chervil4 ,the ,leaves4--,geoffroy assures us1 that he has found it from experience to be of excellent service in dropsies3 that in this disorder it promotes the discharge of urine when suppressed1 renders it clear when feculent and turbid1 and when high and fiery of a paler colour2 that it acts midly without irritation1 and tends rather to allay than excite inflammation4 ,he goes so far as to say1 that dropsies which do not yield to this medicine are scarce capable of being cured by any other4 ,he directs the juice to be given in the dose of three or four ounces every fourth hour1 and continued for some time1 either alone1 or in conjunction with nitre and syrup4 #cid4 ,,sedum ,telephium4 ,,orpine4 ,the ,leaves4--,this is a very thick-leaved juicy plant1 not unlike the houseleeks4 ,it has a mucilaginous roughish taste1 and hence is recommended as emollient and astringent1 but has never been much regarded in practice4 #cie4 ,,sempervivum tectorum4 ,,greater ,,house-,,leek4 ,the ,leaves4--,these are principally applied in cases of erysipelatous and other hot eruptions of the skin1 in which they are of immediate service in allaying the pain arising therefrom3 great quantities are cultivated in ,surrey1 and brought to the ,london markets4 ,it is remarkable of this plant1 that its juice1 when purified by filtration1 appears of a dilute yellowish colour upon the admixture of an equal quantity of rectified spirit of wine2 but forms a beautiful white1 light coagulum1 like the finer kinds of pomatum3 this proves extremely volatile2 for when freed from the aqueous phlegm1 and exposed to the air1 it altogether exhales in a very little time4 #cif4 ,,senecio ,jacobaea4 ,,ragwort4 ,the ,leaves4--,their taste is roughish1 bitter1 pungent1 and extremely unpleasant3 they stand strongly recommended by ,simon ,pauli against dysenteries2 but their forbidding taste has prevented its coming into practice4 #cig4 ,,solanum nigrum4 ,,common ,,nightshade4 ,the ,leaves and ,berries4--,in the year #ageg1 ,mr4 ,gataker1 surgeon to the ,westminster ,hospital1 called the attention of the ,faculty to this plant1 by a publication recommending its internal use in old sores1 srophulous and cancerous ulcers1 cutaneous eruptions1 and even dropsies2 all of which were much relieved or completely cured of it4 #cih4 ,,spiraea ,ulmaria4 ,,meadow-,,sweet4 ,the ,leaves and ,flowers4--,the flowers have a very pleasant flavour1 which water extracts from them by infusion1 and elevates in distillation4 #cii4 ,,spiraea ,filipendula4 ,,dropwort4 ,the ,root4--,the root consists of a number of tubercles1 fastened together by slender strings2 its taste is rough and bitterish1 with a slight degree of pungency4 ,these qualities point out its use in a flaccid state of the vessels1 and a sluggishness of the juices3 the natural evacuations are in some measure restrained or promoted by it1 where the excess or deficiency proceeds from this cause4 ,hence some have recommended it as an astringent in dysenteries1 a diuretic1 and others as an aperient and deobstruent in scrophulous habits4 #djj4 ,,symphytum officinale4 ,,comfrey4 ,the ,root4--,the roots are very large1 black on the outside1 white within1 full of a viscid glutinous juice1 of no particular taste4 ,they agree in quality with the roots of ,althaea2 with this difference1 that the mucilage of it is somewhat stronger-bodied4 ,many ridiculous histories of the consolidating virtues of this plant are related by authors4 #dja4 ,,tamus communis4 ,,black ,,bryony4--,the root is one of the best diuretics known in medicine4 ,it is an excellent remedy in the gravel and all obstructions of urine1 and other disorders of the like nature4 #djb4 ,,tanacetum vulgare4 ,,tansy4 ,the ,leaves4--,these have a bitterish warm aromatic taste2 and a very pleasant smell1 approaching to that of mint or a mixture of mint and maudlin4 ,water elevates their flavour in distillation2 and rectified spirit extracts it by infusion4 ,they have been recommended in hysteric cases4 #djc4 ,,teucrium ,chamaepitys4 ,,ground ,,pine4 ,the ,leaves4--,these are recommended as aperient and vulnerary1 as also in gouty and rheumatic pains4 #djd4 ,,thymus vulgaris4 ,,thyme4 ,the ,leaves and ,flowers4--,a tea made of the fresh tops of thyme is good in asthmas and diseases of the lungs4 ,it is recommended against nervous complaints2 but for this purpose the wild thyme is preferable4 ,there is an oil made from thyme that cures the tooth-ache1 a drop or two of it being put upon lint and applied to the tooth2 this is commonly called oil of origanum4 #dje4 ,,trigonella ,foenum-graecum4 ,,foenugreek4 ,the ,seeds4--,they are of a yellow colour1 a rhomboidal figure2 have a disagreeable strong smell1 and a mucilaginous taste4 ,their principal use is in cataplasms1 fomentations1 and the like1 and in emollient glysters4 #djf4 ,,verbascum ,thapsus4 ,,mullein4 ,the ,leaves and ,flowers4--,their taste discovers a glutinous quality2 and hence they stand recommended as an emollient1 and is in some places held in great esteem in consumptions4 ,the flowers of mullein have an agreeable1 honeylike sweetness3 an extract prepared from them by rectified spirit of wine tastes extremely pleasant4 #djg4 ,,verbena officinalis4 ,,common ,,wild ,,vervain4 ,the ,leaves and ,root4-- ,this is one of the medicines which we owe to the superstition of former ages2 the virtue it has been celebrated for is as an amulet1 on which a pamphlet was some years ago published4 ,it was recommended to wear the root by a ribband tied round the neck for the cure of the scrophula1 and for which purpose1 even now1 much of the root is sold in ,london4 ,as the age of superstition is passing by1 it will be needless to say more on the subject at present4 #djh4 ,,veronica officinalis4 ,,male ,,speedwell4 ,the ,leaves4--,hoffman and ,joh4 ,francus have written express treatises on this plant1 recommending infusions of it1 drunk in the form of tea1 as very salubrious in many disorders1 particularly those of the breast4 99 99 99 99 99 ,observations on the ,drying and ,preserving of ,herbs1 c4 for ,medicinal ,purposes4 ,the student who has paid attention to the subject described in the foregoing sections1 will be struck with the admirable contrivance of ,divine ,wisdom2 that has caused such astringent substances as are contained in the oak and ,peruvian bark1 to be produced from the same soil1 and in a similar way to those mucilaginous and laxative ones which we find in the juice of the marsh-mallow1 and the olive oil4 ,it is not intended in this small elementary work to enter into any investigation of the primitive parts of the vegetable creation1 or how such different particles are secreted4 ,it may therefore suffice1 that1 although the science of vegetable physiology admits of many very beautiful and instructing illustrations1 yet they only go so far as to prove to us1 that the first and grand principle of vegetable life and existence1 as well as of the formation of all organic substances1 consists in a system of attraction and combination of the different particles of nature1 as they exist and are imbibed from the soil and the surrounding atmosphere4 ,thus1 during their existence1 we observe a continual series of aggregation of substance2 but no sooner does the principle of life become extinct1 than the agents of decomposition are at work1 dividing and selecting each different substance1 and carrying it back from whence it came3--,from dust thou comest1 and to dust thou shalt return4 ,this1 therefore1 seems to be the sum total of existence2 the explanation of which1 with all its interesting ramifications1 is more fully explained by the learned professors in what is called the science of chemistry4 ,as plants of all descriptions1 and their several parts1 form a link of that chain by which the welfare of the universe is connected1 the industry of mankind is excited to preserve them for the different purposes to which they are applicable1 in the oeconomy of human existence1 to whose use the greater part of the animal and vegetable creation appears to be subservient4 ,as men1 then1 and rational beings1 it becomes our duty so to manage those things1 when necessary1 as to counteract as much as possible the decomposition and corruption which are natural to all organized bodies when deprived of the living principle4 ,we find that some vegetables are used fresh1 but the greater part are preserved in a dry state2 in which1 by proper management1 they can be kept for a considerable time afterwards1 both for our own use as well as for that of others who reside at a distance from the place of their production4 ,in the preparation of the parts of plants for medicinal purposes1 we should always have in view the extreme volatility of many of those substances1 and how necessary it therefore is1 that the mode of preparation and drying should be done as quickly as possible1 in order to counteract the effects of the air and light1 which continue to dissipate1 without intermission1 these particles1 during the whole time that any vegetable1 either fresh or dried1 is left to its influence4 ,if we consider the nature of hops1 which ,i shall take as an example1 as being prepared in this way on the largest scale1 we shall find they consist of three different principles2 namely1 an aroma1 combined with an agreeable bitter taste1 and a yellow colour2 all of which properties are1 by the consumers and dealers therein1 expected to exist in the article after drying4 ,the art of drying hops1 therefore1 has been a subject of speculation for many years2 and although we find the kiln apparatus for preserving them differ in many places1 from the various opinions of the projectors1 yet they are all intended for the same mode of action1 i4 e4 the producing of a proper degree of heat1 which must be regulated according to the state of the atmosphere at the gathering season1 and the consequent quantity of the watery extract that the hops contain at the time3 thus it is usual to have two kilns of different temperatures at work at the same time4 ,it should1 however1 be observed1 that the principal art of drying hops is in doing it as quickly as possible1 so as not to injure them in their colour4 ,as soon as they are dried1 it is considered necessary to put them up into close and thick bags4 ,it should be observed1 that all vegetables contain at every period of their growth two distinct species of moiture3 the one called by naturalists the common juice1 which is the ascending sap1 and is replete with watery particles3 the other is termed the proper juice1 which having passed up through the leaves1 and being there concocted and deprived of the watery part1 contains the principle on which various properties and virtues of the plant depend4 ,we therefore find that the operations above described only go to this1 that the watery particles in the common juice should be evaporated1 as being a part necessary to be got rid of2 and the proper juice being of a volatile nature1 the less time the plants are exposed for that purpose1 the less of this precious material will be lost3 and as those parts are flying off continually from all dried vegetables1 there should be one general rule made with regard to their peparation2 for1 if we instance mint1 balm1 pennyroyal1 c41 the longer these are kept in the open air1 the weaker are they found to be in their several parts4 ,from hence we may naturally infer1 that the usual mode in which the generality of herbs are dried1 is not so good for the purpose1 as one would be if contrived on similar principles1 as1 during the length of time necessary for the purpose1 a great deal of the principal parts of the plants must of course be evaporated and lost2 for little else is regarded than to dry them so as to prevent putrefaction4 ,although the generality of herbs met with are prepared as above described1 yet in such articles as ,digitalis1 ,hyoscyamus1 ,conium1 ,toxicodendron1 c41 where the quantity necessary for a dose is so small1 and so much depends on its action1 practitioners are often obliged to prepare it themselves4 ,i shall therefore relate the following mode as the best adapted to that purpose4 ,the ,digitalis is prepared by collecting the leaves in the summer1 and stripping them off from the foot-stalks2 these should be then carefully exposed to a slow heat1 and the watery extract slowly thrown off2 in which they should not be exposed to any great degree of heat1 which by its action will deprive them of their fine green colour4 ,when this is effected1 the whole may be put in contact with a heat that will enable the operator to reduce it to a fine powder4 ,and in order to keep it with its virtues perfect1 it will be necessary to deprive it as much as possible of the influence of air and light4 ,hence it is preserved in close glass bottles which are coated1 and also placed in a dark part of the elaboratory4 ,now1 it is necessary that all plants intended to be used in a dried state1 should be prepared and protected in a similar manner2 and although it may be considered as a superfluous trouble1 so far as regards the more common kinds1 particular attention should be paid to these1 when a small quantity is a dose1 and an over-dose a certain poison4 ,other kinds of vegetables require a certain degree of fermentation1 as ,tobacco4 ,the prinicpal art of preserving it consists in this operation being duly performed2 for which purpose1 as soon as the leaves of the herb are fit1 the foot-stalks are broken1 and the leaves left on1 in order for the moisture in part to be evaporated4 ,afterwards these are gathered and tied in handfuls1 and hung up in the shade to dry2 and when sufficiently divested of moisture1 the bundles are collected together and laid in large boxes or tubs1 in which these are fermented1 and afterwards taken out again and dried2 when it is found fit to pack up for the market4 ,the properties of ,stramonium1 which has been so much recommended for curing asthma1 consist pricipally in the aroma1 which is only to be preserved in a similar manner3 and ,i have found from experience1 that if the leaves are separated from the plant in a manner similar to that of tobacco1 and the rest of the plant1 noth roots1 stalks1 and seed-vessels1 be slit and sufficiently dried in the sun or in an oven1 and the whole fermented together1 a very different article is the produce than what it is when dried in the usual way1 and left entirely to the chance influence of the atmosphere4 ,in the common operation of hay-making it may also be observed1 that the continued turning it over and admitting its parts to the action of the sun and the air1 is for the purpose of getting rid of the watery particles contained in it2 and the quicker this is done1 the better it is4 ,and although this operation is so essentially necessary1 yet care should be taken at the same time1 that it be not made too dry1 so as to prevent a due degree of fermentation being allowed to take place in the rick4 ,and it may be observed that the best grasses1 or other plants used for hay1 if made too dry1 so as to prevent the natural fermentation which their proper juices will excite1 can never make either palatable or nutritive food for cattle4 ,neither can the same be effected if the article is used in too small quantities4 ,it should be observed1 that herbs of all kinds should be gathered for peserving when in full bloom2 but when roots or barks are recommended1 these should be collected in the autumn months4 ,the principles laid down for preserving dried plants generally1 will apply to these parts also4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,section ,,ix4--,,plants ,,used ,,for ,,culinary ,,purposes4 ,man's first great ruling passion is to eat4 ,in the following section ,i have confined myself principally to such as are in cultivation4 ,there are many of our indigenous plants which1 in times of scarcity1 and in other cases of necessity1 are used as food by the people in the neighbourhood where they grow4 ,but of these ,i shall make a separate list4 #dji4 ,,artichoke4 ,cynara ,scolymus4--,we have several varieties of this plant in cultivation2 but the most approved are the large green and the globe4 ,they are propagated by taking off the young suckers from the old roots in ,may1 and planting them in a piece of rich land4 ,artichokes have been raised from seed1 but they are seldom perfected in this country4 #daj4 ,,artichoke1 ,,jerusalem4 ,helianthus tuberosus4--,is cultivated for the sake of its tubers1 similar to the potatoe2 but they are not generally esteemed4 #daa4 ,,asparagus4 ,asparagus officinalis4--,a very delicious vegetable in the spring1 and well known to all amateurs of gardening4 ,there is a variety called the ,gravesend ,asparagus1 and another called the ,battersea2 but it is the richness of the soil and manure that makes the only difference4 #dab4 ,,basil1 ,,sweet4 ,ocymum ,basilicum4--,a pot-herb of considerable use for culinary purposes4 ,it is an annual2 and the seeds should be sown in a hot-bed in ,march1 and transplanted into the open ground4 ,it is usually dried as other pot-herbs4 #dac4 ,,beans4 ,vicia ,faba4--,the varieties of the garden-beans are as follow3-- ,the early ,mazagan and ,longpod are planted in ,november4 ,these will usually be fit for use in ,june4 ,the ,windsor4 ,the ,toker4 ,the ,sword ,longpod4 ,the ,green ,toker4 ,the ,white-blossomed4 ,these are sown usually in succession from ,january to ,march1 and afford a continuance of crop during the season4 #dad4 ,,beans1 ,,french ,,or ,,kidney4 ,phaseolus vulgaris4--,the kidney beans are of two kinds2 such as run up sticks and flower on the tops4 ,of this description we have in cultivation the following3-- ,the ,scarlet ,runner4 ,the ,dutch ,runner4 ,both these are much esteemed4 ,of dwarf kinds we have many varieties4 ,the pollen of these plants is very apt to become mixed2 and1 consequently1 hybrid kinds differing in the colour of the seeds are often produced4 ,the season for sowing these is from ,april till ,june4 ,the ,black1 or ,negro ,beans4 ,the ,blue ,dwarf4 ,the ,early ,yellow4 ,the ,black ,speckled4 ,the ,red ,speckled4 ,the ,magpie4 ,the ,canterbury4 ,all these varieties are good and early beans4 ,the white ,canterbury is the kind most esteemed for pickling2 the other sorts being all of them more or less discoloured3 and this kind is the sort generally sold for such purpose in the ,london markets4 #dae4 ,,beet1 ,,red4 ,beta vulgaris v4 rubra4--,the roots of this variety are used both in soups and for early spring salads3 it is cultivated by sowing the seeds in ,march2 and the roots are usually kept all winter4 ,the white beet is only a variety of the other2 and it is the tops that are usually eaten of this kind as a substitute for spinach4 ,its culture is the same as that of the red kind4 #daf4 ,,borecole4 ,brassica ,rapa4--,of borecole we have two varieties2 the purple1 and green4 ,the former is in much esteem amongst the ,germans1 who make a number of excellent dishes from it in the winter4 ,the culture is the same as for winter cabbage of other kinds4 #dag4 ,,brussels ,,sprouts4 ,brassica ,rapa4--,this is also a useful variety of the cabbage species1 which is very productive1 forming a large number of beautiful small close-headed cabbages on their high stalks in the winter season4 ,the seeds are sown in ,march4 #dah4 ,,burnet4 ,poterium ,sanguisorba4--,the young leaves of this plant are eaten with other tender herbs in the spring1 and are considered a wholesome addition to mustard1 cress1 corn-salad1 c4 #dai4 ,,cabbage4 ,brassica oleracea4--,the varieties of cabbage are numerous4 ,the most esteemed are1 ,the ,early ,york4 ,the ,early ,sugar-loaf4 ,the ,early ,battersea4 ,the ,early ,russia4 ,they are all sown in ,august1 and planted out for an early summer-crop1 and are usually in season in ,may and ,june4 ,the ,large ,battersea4 ,the ,red ,cabbage4 ,the ,green ,savoy4 ,the ,white ,savoy4 ,these are usually sown in ,march1 and planted for a winter crop4 ,the use and qualities of the cabbage are too well known to need any further description4 #dbj4 ,,cauliflower4 ,brassica oleracea var4--,the varieties are1 ,the ,early4 ,the ,late4 ,the early cauliflower is sown in the first week in ,september1 and usually sheltered under bell or hand glasses during the winter4 ,by this means the crop is fit for table in the months of ,may and ,june4 ,the late sort is usually sown in the month of ,march1 and planted out for a succession to the first crop4 #dba4 ,,capers4 ,capparis spinosa4--,this is the flower-pod before it opens of the above shrub1 and is only kept as an ornamental plant here4 ,i am induced to notice this plant1 as ,i have known some things used in mistake for capers that are dangerous4 ,i once saw an instance of this1 in the seed-vessels of the ,euphorbia ,lathyris 7which is a poisonous plant7 being pickled by an ignorant person4 #dbb4 ,,capsicum4 ,capsicum annuum4--,cayenne pepper is made from a small variety of this plant4 ,we have many varieties cultivated here in hot-beds2 namely1 yellow and red1 of various shapes1 as long1 round1 and heart-shaped4 ,all these are very useful1 either pickled by themselves1 or mixed with any other substances1 as love-apple1 radish pods1 c4 to which they impart a very fine warm flavour4 #dbc4 ,,carrot4 ,daucus ,carota4-- ,the ,orange ,carrot4--,for winter use4 ,the ,early ,horn ditto4--,for summer use4--,the former is usually sown in ,march2 the latter being smaller1 and more early1 is commonly raised on hot-beds4 ,the ,early ,horn ,carrot may likewise be sown in ,august1 and is good all winter4 #dbd4 ,,celery4 ,apium graveolens4--,celery is now so generally known as to render a description of the plant useless2 nor need it be told1 that the stalks blanched are eaten raw1 stewed1 c4 ,it should be used with great caution1 if grown in wet land1 as it has been considered poisonous in such cases4 ,the season of sowing celery is in ,april4 ,we have a variety of this1 which is red1 and much esteemed4 #dbe4 ,,celeriac4 ,this is a variety of the ,apium graveolens4 ,it is hollow in the stem1 and the roots are particularly large3 although this is much used in ,germany1 it is not so much esteemed by us as the celery4 #dbf4 ,,champignon4 ,agaricus pratensis4--,this plant is equal in flavour to the mushroom when boiled or stewed3 it is rather dry1 and has little or no scent whatever4 #dbg4 ,,chardoons4 ,cynara ,cardunculus4--,the gardeners blanch the stalks as they do celery2 and they are eaten raw with oil1 pepper1 and vinegar2 or1 if fancy directs1 they are also either boiled or stewed4 #dbh4 ,,chervil4 ,scandix ,cerefolium4--,this plant is so much used by the ,french and ,dutch1 that there is scarcely a soup or salad but what chervil makes part of it3 it is grateful to the taste4 ,see article oenanthe crocata in the ,poisonous ,plants4 #dbi4 ,,cives4 ,allium ,schoenoprasum4--,this is an excellent herb for salads in the spring3 it is also useful for soups1 c4 c4 ,it is perennial1 and propagated by its roots1 which readily part at any season4 #dcj4 ,,clary4 ,salvia ,sclarea4--,the seeds are sown in autumn4 ,it is biennial4 ,the recent leaves dipped in milk1 and then fried in butter1 were formerly used as a dainty dish2 but now it is mostly used as a pot-herb1 and for making an useful beverage called ,clary ,wine1 viz4--,put four pounds of sugar to five gallons of water1 and the albumen of three eggs well beaten2 boil these together for about sixteen minutes1 then skim the liquor2 and when it is cool1 add of the leaves and blossoms two gallons1 and also of yeast half a pint2 and when this is completed1 put it all together into a vessel and stir it two or three times a-day till it has done fermenting1 and then stop it close for two months3 afterwards draw it into a clean vessel1 adding to it a quart of good brandy4 ,in two months it will be fit to bottle4 #dca4 ,,colewort4 ,brassica oleracea var4--,this is a small variety of the common cabbage1 which is sown in ,june1 and planted out for autumn and winter use4 ,these are often found to stand the severe frosts of our winter when the large sort of cabbages are killed2 but its principal use with gardeners is1 to have a crop that will occupy the land after the beans and pease are over1 and perhaps ,colewort is the most advantageous for such purposes4 #dcb4 ,,corn ,,salad4 ,valeriana ,locusta4--,an annual1 growing wild in ,battersea fields1 and many other parts of this kingdom4 ,it is usually sown in ,august1 and stands the winter perfectly well2 it is very similar to lettuce1 and is a good substitute for it in the spring and winter seasons4 #dcc4 ,,costmary ,tanacetum ,balsamita4--,is used as a herb in salad4 ,this is a perennial plant of easy culture4 #dcd4 ,,cress4 ,lepidium sativum4--,there are two varieties of cress1 the curled and common4 ,this is an ingredient with mustard in early salads4 #dce4 ,,cress1 ,,american4 ,erysimum ,barbarea4--,this is cultivated for salads1 and is much esteemed4 ,it is increased by sowing the seeds in the spring4 ,this is only good in the winter and spring seasons4 #dcf4 ,,cucumbers4 ,cucumis sativus4--,many sorts of cucumbers are cultivated by gardeners4 ,the most esteemed are1 ,the ,southgate ,cucumber4 ,the ,long ,prickly4 ,the ,long ,turkey4 ,the ,white ,spined4 ,the early crop is usually sown in hot-beds in the spring1 and is a crop on which most gardeners have always prided themselves1 each on his best mode of management of this crop4 ,they will also grow if sown in ,april1 and planted out in the open ground4 ,the short prickly cucumber is grown for gerkins4 #dcg4 ,,dill4 ,anethum graveolens4--,this is similar to fennel1 and used in pickling4 ,it is esteemed useful as a medicinal herb also2 which see4 #dch4 ,,endive4 ,cichorium ,endivia4--,of this we have three varieties in cultivation4 ,the ,green ,curled4 ,the ,white ,curled4 ,the ,batavian1 or ,broad-leaved4 ,these are sown usually in ,june and ,july1 and planted out for use in the autumn and winter4 ,endive is well known as forming a principal part of our winter salads2 for which purpose1 it is usual with gardeners to blanch it1 by tying the plants up together1 and laying them in dry places4 #dci4 ,,eschalot4 ,allium ascalonium4--,this species of allium is very pungent3 its scent is not unpleasant1 but is very strong1 and1 in general1 it is preferred to the onion for making soups and gravies4 ,it is propagated by planting the bulbs in ,september and ,october3 they are fit to take up in ,may and ,june1 when they are dried and kept for use4 #ddj4 ,,fennel4 ,anethum ,foeniculum4--,the use of this plant is so well knwon in the kitchen1 as to render an account of it useless4 ,it is propagated by sowing seeds in the spring4 #dda4 ,,garlick4 ,allium sativum4--,this is used in the art of cookery in various ways1 for soups1 pickles1 c4 ,it is cultivated by planting the small cloves or roots in the month of ,october4 ,it is fit to pull up in spring2 and the roots are dried for use4 #ddb4 ,,gourd4 ,cucurbita ,melopepo4--,the inhabitants of ,north ,america boil the squash or melon gourds when about the size of small oranges1 and eat them with their meat4 ,the pulp is used with sour apples to make pies4 ,in scarcity it is a good substitute for fruit4 #ddc4 ,,kohlrabbi1 or ,,turnep-,,rooted ,,cabbage4 ,brassica ,rapa var4--,we have two kinds of this in cultivation2 but although these are both much eaten in ,germany1 they are not esteemed with us3 in fact1 we have so many varieties of the cabbage kind all the year round for culinary purposes1 that nothing could much improve them4 ,in countries further north than we are1 this is probably an acquisition1 as1 from its hardiness1 it is likely to stand the frost better than some of the more delicate varieties4 #ddd4 ,,leeks4 ,allium ,porrum4--,there are two kinds of leeks3 the ,welsh and ,london4 ,leeks are used principally in soups2 they partake much of the nature of onions1 but for this purpose are in general more esteemed4 ,this plant has been so long cultivated in this country1 that its native place is not known4 ,the seeds are sown in the spring1 and it is in use all the winter4 #dde4 ,,lettuce4 ,lactuca sativa4--,the varieties of lettuce are many4 ,they are1 ,green ,coss4 ,white do4 ,silesia do4 ,brown do4 ,egyptian do4 ,brown ,dutch4 ,white ,cabbage4 ,imperial4 ,hammersmith ,hardy4 ,tennis-ball4 ,these are sown every summer month4 ,the brown and ,egyptian coss are sown in ,august1 and commonly stand the winter2 and in the spring are fit for use4 #ddf4 ,,love-,,apple4 ,solanum ,lycopersicum4--,the ,portuguese and ,spaniards are so very fond of this fruit1 that there is not a soup or gravy but what this makes an ingredient in2 and it is deemed cooling and nutritive4 ,it is also called ,tomatas1 or ,tomatoes4 ,the green fruit makes a most excellent pickle with capsicums and other berries4 ,it is annual1 and raised in hot-bed1 and planted out4 #ddg4 ,,marjoram1 ,,winter4 ,origanum vulgare4--,this is used as a sweet herb1 and is a good appendage to the usual ingredients in stuffing1 c4 ,it is a perennial plant1 and propagated by planting out its roots in the spring of the year4 #ddh4 ,,marjoram1 ,,sweet4 ,origanum ,marjorana4--,this is also used for the same purpose as the last mentioned4 ,it is an annual1 and not of such easy culture as the last1 requiring to be raised from seeds in an artificial heat4 ,it is usually dried and kept for use4 #ddi4 ,,marygold4 ,calendula officinalis4--,an annual plant usually sown in the spring4 ,the petals of the flowers are eaten in broths and soups1 to which they impart a very pleasant flavour4 #dej4 ,,mushroom4 ,agaricus campestris4--,is cultivated and well known at our tables for its fine taste and utility in sauces4 ,these plants do not produce seeds that can be saved2 they are therefore cultivated by collecting the spawn1 which is found in old hot-beds and in meadow lands4 ,various methods have been lately devised for raising mushrooms artificially3 but none seem to be equal to those raised in beds1 as is described in all our books of gardening4 ,raising this vegetable in close rooms by fire heat has been found to produce them with a bad flavour2 and they are not considered so wholesome as those grown in the open air1 or when that element is admitted at times freely to the beds4 #dea4 ,,mustard1 ,,white4 ,sinapis alba4--,this is sown early in the spring2 to be eaten as salad with cress and other things of the like nature2 it is of easy culture4 ,a salad of this kind may be readily raised on a piece of thick woollen-cloth1 if the seeds are strewed thereon and kept damp2 a convenient mode practised at sea on long voyages4 ,cress and rap may be raised in the same manner4 #deb4 ,,onion4 ,allium oleraceum4--,the kinds of onions in cultivation are1 ,the ,deptford4 ,the ,reading4 ,the ,white ,spanish4 ,the ,portugal4 ,the ,globe1 and ,the ,silver skinned4 ,all these varieties are usually sown in the spring of the year1 and are good either eaten in their young state1 or after they are dried in the winter4 ,the silver skinned kind is mostly in use for pickling4 ,the globe and ,deptford kinds are remarkable for keeping late in the spring4 ,a portion of all the other sorts should be sown1 as they are all very good1 and some kinds will keep1 when others will not4 #dec4 ,,onion1 ,,welsh4 ,allium fistulosum4--,this is sown in ,august for the sake of the young plants1 which are useful in winter salads1 and are more hardy than the other cultivated sorts4 #ded4 ,,parsley4 ,petroselium vulgare4--,a well known potherb sown in the spring2 and the plants1 if not suffered to go to seed1 will last two years4 ,see aethusa ,cynapium1 in ,poisonous ,plants4 #dee4 ,,parsnep4 ,pastinaca sativa4--,this is a well known esculent root1 and is raised by sowing the seeds in the spring4 #def4 ,,pea4 ,pisum sativum4--,this is a well known dainty at our tables during spring and summer4 ,the varieties in cultivation are1 ,turner's ,early ,frame4 ,early ,charlton4 ,golden ,hotspur4 ,double ,dwarf4 ,these are usually sown in ,november and ,december1 and will succeed each other in ripening in ,june1 if the season is fine1 and afford a crop all that month4 ,the ,dwarf ,marrow-fat4 ,the ,royal ,dwarf4 ,the ,prussia ,blue4 ,the ,spanish ,dwarf4 ,these varieties are usually sown in gardens when it is not convenient to have them grow up sticks1 being all of a dwarf kind4 ,the ,tall ,marrow-fat4 ,the ,green ,marrow-fat4 ,the ,imperial ,egg ,pea4 ,the ,rose1 or ,crown ,pea4 ,the ,spanish ,morotto4 ,knight's ,marrow ,pea4 ,the ,grey ,rouncival4 ,the ,sickle ,pea4 ,this last variety has no skin in the pods4 ,these are used as kidney beans1 as also in the usual way4 ,these varieties are of very large growth1 and are only to be cultivated when there is considerable room1 and must be supported on sticks placed in the ground for that purpose4 ,the grey pea is usually eaten when in a dry state boiled4 ,hot grey peas used to be an article of common sale among our itinerant traders in ,london streets1 but it has been dropped for some years4 ,one or other of the different kinds of the larger varieties should be put into the ground every three weeks from ,march to the #ast week in ,june1 and a crop is thereby insured constantly till the beginning of ,october4 ,it should be remarked1 that peas1 as well as all vegetable seeds1 are liable to sport and become hybrid sorts2 some of which are at times saved for separate culture1 and are called1 when found good1 by particular names2 so that every twenty or thirty years many of the kinds are changed4 ,thus ,briant1 in his ,flora ,diaetetica1 enumerates fourteen varieties1 a few only of which bear the same name as those now in the list of the ,london seedsmen4 #deg4 ,,pompion4 ,cucurbita ,pepo4--,this is of the gourd species1 and grows to a large size4 ,it is not much in use with us3 but in the south of ,europe the inhabitants use the pulp with some acid fruits for pastry1 and it is there very useful4 ,it is also sometimes used in a similar manner here with apples4 ,almost all the gourd species are similar in taste and nutriments when used this way4 #deh4 ,,purslane4 ,portulaca oleracea4--,two kinds of ,purslane1 the green and the golden1 are cultivated4 ,these are eaten with vinegar1 c4 the same as other salad oils1 and are a fine vegetable in warm weather4 ,the seeds are usually sown in the spring4 #dei4 ,,radish4 ,raphanus sativus4--,the varieties in cultivation are1 ,the ,early ,scarlet4 ,the ,early ,purple ,short-top4 ,the ,salmon ,radish4 ,the ,white ,turnip ,radish4 ,the ,red ,turnip ,radish4 ,the ,black ,spanish4 ,the above are sown almost every month in the year1 and when the weather is fine1 every good garden may have a supply all the year of those useful and wholesome vegetables4 ,the black ,spanish radish is a large rooted variety usually sown in ,august1 and is eaten in the winter season4 ,the poor labouring man's fare1 which is usually eaten under the hedge of the field of his employment1 is often accompanied with a dried onion2 and was this root more known than it generally is1 it would yield him1 at the expense of two-pence1 with a little labour in his cottage garden1 an equally pleasant and more useful sauce to his coarse but happy meals4 ,i have observed many instances of this oeconomy amongst the labouring classes in my youth1 but fear it is not quite so commonly made use of in the present day4 #dfj4 ,,radish1 ,,horse4 ,cochlearia ,armoracea4--,the root of this vegetable is a usual accompaniment to the loyal and standard ,english dishes1 the smoking baron and the roast surloin2 with which it is most generally esteemed4 ,it should not be passed unnoticed here1 that this very grateful and wholesome root is not at all times to be eaten with impunity4 ,one or two instances of its deleterious effects have been witnessed by my much esteemed friend ,dr4 ,taylor1 the worthy ,secretary at the ,society of ,arts1 and which he has communicated to me4 ,i shall insert his own words1 particularly as it may be the means of preventing the botanical student from falling into the same error1 after arriving with the usual good appetite1 from his recreative task of herborizing excursions4 ,some gentlemen having ordered a dinner at a tavern1 of which scraped horse-radish was one2 some persons in company took a small quantity1 and1 dipping it in salt1 ate of it3 these were soon seized with a suppression of urine1 accompanied with inflammation of the kidneys1 which shortly after proved fatal to one of the company4 ,the ,doctor was consulted2 but not knowing exactly the cause of the complaint1 of course was at a loss to apply a remedy in time4 ,but another circumstance of the like nature having come under his notice1 and being apprized of it1 by a well applied corrective medicine he recovered the patient4 ,it should1 therefore1 be made a general observation1 under such circumstances1 and those are not the most unpleasant we meet with in our researches1 'never to eat horse-radish on an empty stomach4' #dfa4 ,,rampion4 ,campanula ,rapunculus4--,this plant is remarkable for its milky juice4 ,in ,france1 it is cultivated for its roots1 which are boiled and eaten with salads2 but in ,england it is little noticed1 except by the ,french cooks1 who use it as an ingredient in their soups and gravies4 ,it is propagated by planting its roots in the spring4 #dfb4 ,,rhapontic ,,rhubarb4 ,rheum ,rhaponticum4--,the radical leaf-stalks of this plant being thick and juicy1 and having an acid taste1 are frequently used in the spring as a substitute for gooseberries before they are ripe1 in making puddings1 pies1 tarts1 c4 ,if they are peeled with care1 they will bake and boil very well1 and eat agreeably4 #dfc4 ,,rocambole4 ,allium sativum4--,the rocambole is merely the bulbs on the top of the flower-stalk of the garlic1 it being a viviparous plant4 ,the flavour of this being somewhat different1 is used in the kitchen under the above name4 #dfd4 ,,sage4 ,salvia officinalis4--,of this we have two varieties1 green and red4 ,the latter is considered the best for culinary purposes3 it is the well-known sauce for geese and other water-fowl4 ,it is propagated by cuttings in the spring4 #dfe4 ,,salsafy4 ,tragopogon porrifolium4--,a biennial1 sown in ,march1 and is usually in season during winter4 ,the roots are the parts used1 which are very sweet1 and contain a large quantity of milky juice3 it is a good vegetable plain boiled1 and the professors of cookery make many fine dishes of it4 #dff4 ,,savory1 ,,summer4 ,satureja hortensis4 #dfg4 ,,savory1 ,,winter4 ,satureja montana4 ,both sorts are used for the same purposes1 as condiments among other herbs for stuffing1 and are well known to cooks4 ,the former is an annual1 and raised by sowing the seeds in ,march and ,april4 ,the other1 being perennial1 is propagated either by the same means or by cuttings in the spring of the year4 ,it is also dried for winter use4 #dfh4 ,,savoy ,,cabbage4 ,brassica oleracea1 7var47 ,the ,green ,savoy4 ,the ,white or ,yellow ,savoy4 ,a well-known species of cabbage grown for winter use1 and is one of our best vegetables of that season4 ,it is raised by sowing the seeds in ,may1 and planting the plants in any spot of ground in ,july after a crop of peas or beans4 ,savoys stand the frost better than most other kinds of cabbages with close heads4 #dfi4 ,,scorzonera4 ,scorzonera tingitana4--,the roots of this are very similar to salsafy1 and its culture and use nearly the same4 #dgj4 ,,sea ,,kale4 ,crambe maritima4--,this grows wild on our sea-coasts1 particularly in ,devonshire1 where it has long been gathered and eaten by the inhabitants thereabouts4 ,it was used also to be cultivated2 but was in general lost to our gardens1 till my late partner1 ,mr4 ,curtis1 having paid a visit to his friend ,dr4 ,wavell at ,barnstaple1 found it at that gentleman's table2 and on his return he collected some seeds1 and planted a considerable spot of ground with it at ,brompton in #agib2 at which time it was again introduced to ,covent-,garden1 but with so little successs1 that no person was found to purchase it1 and consequently the crop was useless4 ,this celebrated botanist1 however1 published a small tract on its uses and culture1 which met with a considerable sale1 and introduced it again to general cultivation4 ,the seeds should be sown in ,march1 and the following year the plants are fit for forming plantations1 when they should be put out in rows about three feet apart1 and one foot in the row4 ,the vegetable is blanched either by placing over the crowns of the root an empty garden-pot1 or by earthing it up as is usually done with celery4 ,it is easily forced1 by placing hot dung on the pots2 and is brought forward in ,january1 and from thence till ,may4 ,it has been noticed of sea-kale1 that1 on eating it1 it does not impart to the urine that strong and unpleasant scent which asparagus and other vegetables do4 #dga4 ,,skirrets4 ,sium ,sisarum4--,the roots of this plant are very similar to parsneps1 both in flavour and quality2 they are rather sweeter1 and not quite so agreeable to some palates4 ,it is a biennial sown in ,march1 and used all the winter4 #dgb4 ,,sorrel1 ,,common4 ,rumex ,acetosa4--,bryant says the ,irish1 who are particularly fond of acids1 eat the leaves with their milk and fish2 and the ,laplanders use the juice of them as rennet to their milk4 ,the ,greenlanders cure themselves of the scurvy1 with the juice mixed with that of the scurvy-grass4 ,the seeds may be sown1 or the roots planted1 in spring or autumn2 it is not in general cultivation1 but is to be found abundantly wild in meadows1 c4 #dgc4 ,,sorrel1 ,,round-,,leaved1 or ,,french4 ,rumex scutatus4--,the leaves of the plant have more acidity in them than the common2 and although not in general use1 it is one of the best salad-herbs in the early part of the year3 it is propagated in the same mode as the common sort4 #dgd4 ,,spinach1 ,spinacia oleracea4---,two sorts of this vegetable are cultivated4 ,the ,round-leaved1 which is very quick in its growth1 is sown for summer use2 and if the seeds are put into the ground every three weeks1 a constant succession is obtained while the weather is warm2 but frost will soon destroy it4 ,the ,prickly ,spinach is not so quick in growth1 and is hardy enough to stand our winters3 it is therefore sown in ,august1 and succeeds the round-leaved sort2 and is a good vegetable all our winter months4 #dge4 ,,tarragon4 ,artemisia ,dracunculus4--,the leaves of this make a good ingredient with salad in the spring2 and it also makes an excellent pickle4 ,it is propagated by planting the small roots in spring or autumn1 being a perennial4 #dgf4 ,,thyme4 ,thymus vulgaris4--,this is a well-known potherb used in broths and various modes of cookery3 it is propagated by seeds and cuttings early in the spring4 #dgg4 ,,truffles4 ,lycoperdon ,tuber4--,not in cultivation4 ,the poor people in this country find it worth their while to train up dogs for the purpose of finding them1 which1 by having some frequently laid in their way1 become so used to it1 that they will scrape them up in the woods2 hence they are called ,truffle-dogs4 ,the ,french cooks use them in soups1 c4 in the same manner as mushrooms4 ,the truffle is mostly found in beech woods3 ,i have mentioned this1 because it is very generally met with at table1 although it is not in cultivation4 #dgh4 ,,turneps4 ,brassica ,rapa4--,the varieties in use for garden culture are1 the ,early ,dutch1 the ,early ,stone1 and the ,mouse-tail ,turnep4 ,the culture and uses of the turnep are too well known to require any description4 ,the country people cut a raw turnep in thin slices1 and a lemon in the same manner3 and by placing the slices alternately with sugar-candy between each1 the juice of the turnep is extracted1 and is used as a pleasant and good remedy in obstinate coughs1 and will be found to relieve persons thus afflicted1 if taken immediately after each fit4 ,although this is one of the remedies my young medical friends may be led to despise1 yet ,i would1 nevertheless1 advise them to make use of it when need occasions4 ,the yellow turnep is also much esteemed as a vegetable2 but is dry1 and very different in taste from any of the common kinds4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,section ,x4--,,culinary ,,plants ,,not ,,in ,,cultivation4 ,the following section cannot be too closely studied by people in all ranks of life4 ,many of our most delicate vegetables are found growing wild2 and in times of scarcity1 and after hard winters1 many articles of this department will be found highly acceptable to all1 and the condition of the poorer classes would be bettered by a more intimate knowledge of those plants4 ,in fact1 these and the medicinal plants ought to be known to every one3 and in order to facilitate the study of them1 ,i have been thus particular in my description of the different kinds4 #dgi4 ,,agaric1 ,,orange4 ,agaricus deliciosus4--,this agaric well boiled and seasoned with pepper and salt1 has a flavour similar to that of a roasted muscle4 ,in this way the ,french1 in general1 make use of it4 ,it is in high perfection about ,september1 and is chiefly to be found in dry woods4 #dhj4 ,,alexanders4 ,smyrnium ,olustratum4--,if the poorer people were aware of the value of this plant1 which is now quite neglected1 it might be turned to good account as an article of food1 and that1 in all likelihood1 of the most wholesome kind4 ,bryant thinks it was much esteemed by the monks1 and states that it has1 ever since the destruction of the abbeys in this country1 remained in many places growing among the rubbish2 hence the reason of its being found wild in such places4 #dha4 ,,alexanders1 ,,round-,,leaved4 ,smyrnium perfoliatum4---,it is said that the leaves and stalks boiled are more pleasant to the taste than the other kind of ,alexanders4 #dhb4 ,,arrowhead4 ,sagittaria sagittifolia4--,the roots of this plant are said to be very similar to the ,west-,india arrow-root4 ,they are sometimes dried and pounded1 but are reported to have an acrid unpleasant taste2 but this might perhaps be got rid of by washing the powder in water4 #dhc4 ,,blackberry4 ,rubus fruticosus4--,the berries of this plant are well known in the country2 but if too many be eaten1 they are apt to cause swelling in the stomach1 sickness1 c4 #dhd4 ,,briony1 ,,black4 ,tamus communis4--,although this is considered a poisonous plant1 the young leaves and shoots are eaten boiled by the common people in the spring4 #dhe4 ,,burdock4 ,arctium ,lappa4--,mr4 ,bryant in his ,flora ,diaetetica says that many people eat the tenders talks of this plant boiled as asparagus4 #dhf4 ,,burnet4 ,sanguisorba officinalis4--,the young leaves form a good ingredient in salads4 ,they have somewhat the flavour of cucumbers4 #dhg4 ,,butterwort4 ,pinguicula vulgaris4--,the inhabitants of ,lapland and the north of ,sweden give to milk the consistence of cream by pouring it warm from the cow upon the leaves of this plant1 and then instantly straining it and laying it aside for two or three days till it acquires a degree of acidity4 ,this milk they are extremely fond of2 and once made1 they need not repeat the use of the leaves as above1 for a spoonful or less of it will turn another quantity of warm milk1 and make it like the first1 and so on1 as often as they please to renew their food4--,lightfoot's ,flor4 ,scot4 p4 #gg4 #dhh4 ,,champignon4 ,agaricus pratensis4--,there is little or no smell to be perceived in this plant1 and it is rather dry2 yet when boiled or stewed it communicates a good flavour1 and is equal to the common mushroom4 #dhi4 ,,chantarelle4 ,agaricus ,chantarellus4--,this agaric1 when broiled with pepper and salt1 has a taste very similar to that of a roasted cockle1 and is considered by the ,french a great delicacy4 ,it is found principally in woods and old pastures1 and is in good perfection about the middle of ,september4 #dij4 ,,charlock4 ,sinapis arvensis4--,the young plant is eaten in the spring as turnep-tops1 and is considered not inferior to that vegetable4 ,the seeds of this have sometimes been saved and sold for feeding birds instead of rape2 but being hot in its nature1 it has been known to cause them to be diseased4 #dia4 ,,chickweed4 ,alsine media4--,this is a remarkably good herb boiled in the spring2 a circumstance not sufficiently attended to4 #dib4 ,,cloud-,,berry4 ,rubus ,chamaemorus4--,this plant grows wild in some parts of the north of ,england3 the fruit has nearly the shape of the currant1 and is reckoned in ,norway1 where it grows abundantly1 a favourite dish4 #dic4 ,,cotton-,,thistle4 ,onopordon ,acanthium4--,the tender stalks of this plant1 peeled and boiled1 are by some considered good2 but it has a peculiar taste which is not agreeable to all4 ,bryant in his ,flora ,diaetetica says that the bottoms of the flowers are eaten as artichokes4 #did4 ,,cow-,,parsnep4 ,heracleum ,sphondylium4--,the inhabitants of ,kamschatka about the beginning of ,july collect the foot-stalks of the radical leaves of this plant1 and1 after peeling off the rind1 dry them separately in the sun2 and then tying them in bundles1 they lay them up carefully in the shade4 ,in a short time afterwards1 these dried stalks are covered over with a yellow saccharine efflorescence tasting like liquorice1 and in this state they are eaten as a delicacy4 ,the ,russians1 not content with eating the stalks thus prepared1 contrive to get a very intoxicating spirit from them1 by first fermenting them in water with the greater bilberry 7,vaccinium uliginosum71 and then distilling the liquor to what degree of strength they please2 which ,gmelin says is more agreeable to the taste than spirits made from corn4 ,this may1 therefore1 prove a good succedaneum for whisky1 and prevent the consumption of much barley1 which ought to be applied to better purposes4 ,swine and rabbits are very fond of this plant4---,lightfoot's ,fl4 ,scot4 #die4 ,,dandelion4 ,leontodum ,taraxacum4--,this is a good salad when blanched in the spring4 ,the ,french1 who eat more vegetables than our country people do1 use this in the spring as a common dish3 it is similar to endive in taste4 #dif4 ,,dewberry4 ,rubus caesius4--,the dewberry is very apt to be mistaken for the blackberry2 but it may be easily distinguished by its fruit being not so large1 and being covered with blue bloom similar to that seen on plums3 it has a very pleasant taste1 and is said to communicate a grateful flavour to red wine when steeped in it4 #dig4 ,,earth-,,nut4 ,bunium ,bulbocastanum4--,the roots are eaten raw1 and considered a delicacy here1 but thought much more of in ,sweden1 where they are an article of trade3 they are eaten also stewed as chesnuts4 #dih4 ,,elder4 ,sambucus nigra4--,the young shoots of elder are boiled with other herbs in the spring and eaten2 they are also very good pickled in vinegar4 ,lightfoot says1 in some countries they dye cloth of a brown colour with them4 #dii4 ,,fat-,,hen4 ,chenopodium viride et album4--,these are boiled and eaten as spinach1 and are by no means inferior to that vegetable4 #ejj4 ,,fucus1 ,,sweet4 ,fucus saccharatus4--,this grows upon rocks and stones by the sea-shore4 ,it consists of a long single leaf1 having a short roundish foot-stalk1 the leaf representing a belt or girdle4 ,this is collected and eaten the same as laver1 as are also the two following kinds4 #eja4 ,,fucus1 ,,palmated4 ,fucus palmatus4--,this plant also grows by the sea-side1 and has a lobed leaf4 #ejb4 ,,fucus1 ,,fingered4 ,fucus digitatus4--,this is also to be found by the sea-side1 growing upon rocks and stones2 it has long leaves springing in form of fingers when spread4 #ejc4 ,,good ,,king ,,henry4 ,chenopodium ,bonus-,henricus4--,the leaves and stalk of this plant are much esteemed4 ,the plant was used to be cultivated1 but of late years it has been superseded by the great number of other esculent vegetables more productive than this4 ,the young shoots blanched were accounted equal to asparagus1 and were made use of in a similar manner4 #ejd4 ,,heath4 ,erica vulgaris4--,formerly the young tops are said to have been used alone to brew a kind of ale2 and even now1 ,i am informed1 the inhabitants of ,isla and ,jura 7two islands on the coast of ,scotland7 continue to brew a very potable liquor1 by mixing two-thirds of the tops of heath with one of malt4--,lightfoot's ,fl4 ,scot4 #eje4 ,,hops4 ,humulus ,lupulus4--,independently of the great use of hops in making beer1 and for medicinal uses1 where the plant grows wild1 it affords the neighbours a dainty in the spring months4 ,the young shoots1 called hop-tops1 when boiled1 are equal in flavour to asparagus1 and are eagerly sought after for that purpose4 #ejf4 ,,ladies-,,smock4 ,cardamine pratensis4--,this is good as a salad herb4 #ejg4 ,,laver4 ,fucus esculentus4--,this is collected by sailors and people along the sea-coasts2 is eaten both raw and boiled1 and esteemed and excellent antiscorbutic4 ,the leaves of this ,fucus are very sweet1 and1 when washed and hanged up to dry1 will exude a substance like that of sugar4 #ejh4 ,,maple4 ,acer ,pseudo-platanus4--,by tapping this tree it yields a liquor not unlike that of the birch-tree1 from which the ,americans make a sugar1 and the ,highlanders sometimes an agreeable and wholesome wine4 --,lightfoot's ,fl4 ,scot4 #eji4 ,,marsh ,,marigold4 ,caltha palustris4--,the flower-buds1 before opening1 are picked1 and are considered a good substitute for capers4 #eaj4 ,,meadow-,,sweet4 ,spiraea ,filipendula4--,the roots of this1 in ,sweden1 are ground and made into bread4 #eaa4 ,,milk-,,thistle4 ,carduus marianus4--,the young leaves in the spring1 cut close to the root with part of the stalks on1 are said to be good boiled4 #eab4 ,,morel4 ,phallus esculentus4--,the morel grows in wet banks and moist pastures4 ,it is used by the ,french cooks1 the same as the truffle1 for gravies1 but has not so good a flavour3 it is in perfection in ,may and ,june4 #eac4 ,,mushroom1 ,,violet4 ,agaricus violaceus4--,this mushroom requires more broiling than all the rest2 but when well done and seasoned1 it is very good4 ,it is found in dry woods1 old pastures1 c4 where it grows to a large size4 #ead4 ,,mushroom1 ,,brown4 ,agaricus cinnamomeus4--,the whole of this plant has a nice smell1 and when stewed or broiled has a pleasant flavour4 ,it is to be found as the one above1 and is fit for use in ,october4 #eae4 ,,orpine4 ,sedum telephium4--,the leaves are eaten in salads1 and are considered equal to purslane4 #eaf4 ,,ox-,,tongue1 ,,common4 ,picris ,echioides4--,the leaves are said to be good boiled4 #eag4 ,,peas1 ,,earth-,,nut4 ,orobus tuberosus4--,the roots of this1 when boiled1 are said to be nutritious4 ,the ,scotch ,highlander chews the root as a substitute for tobacco4 #eah4 ,,pilewort4 ,ranunculus ,ficaria4--,the young leaves in spring are boiled by the common people in ,sweden1 and eaten as greens4 ,the roots are sometimes washed bare by the rains1 so that the tubercles appear above ground2 and in this state have induced the ignorant in superstitious times to fancy that it has rained wheat1 which these tubercles sometimes resemble4 #eai4 ,,salep4 ,orchis ,morio4--,the powder of these roots is used for a beverage of that name4 ,this is imported chiefly from ,turkey4 ,it grows in this country1 although it is never noticed3 the roots are smaller than those imported1 but will answer the purpose equally well4 #ebj4 ,,saltwort4 ,salicornia europaea4--,this is gathered on the banks of the ,thames and ,medway1 and brought to ,london1 where it is sold as samphire4 ,it makes a very good pickle1 but by no means equal to the true kind4 #eba4 ,,samphire4 ,crithmum maritimum4--,this has long been in much esteem as a pickle3 it grows on the high cliffs on the ,kentish coast1 where people make a trade of collecting it by being let down from the upper part in baskets4 ,a profession of great danger4 #ebb4 ,,scurvy-,,grass4 ,cochlearia officinalis4--,the leaves are hot and pungent1 but are considered very good1 and frequently eaten between bread and butter4 #ebc4 ,,sauce ,,alone4 ,erysimum ,alliaria4--,this is very good boiled with salt-meat in the spring1 when other vegetables are scarce4 ,it is valuable to the poor people2 and is1 in general1 a common plant under hedges4 #ebd4 ,,sea ,,bindweed4 ,convolvulus ,soldanella4--,this plant is to be found plentifully on our maritime coasts1 where the inhabitants plucks the tender stalks1 and pickle them4 ,it is considered to have a cathartic quality4 #ebe4 ,,sea-,,peas4 ,pisum maritimum4--,these peas have a bitterish disagreeable taste1 and are therefore rejected when more pleasant food is to be got4 ,in the year #aeee there was a great famine in ,england1 when the seeds of this plant were used as food1 and by which thousands of families were preserved4 #ebf4 ,,sea-,,wormwood4 ,artemisia maritima4--,those who travel the country in searching after and gathering plants1 if they chance to meet with sour or ill-tasted ale1 may amend it by putting an infusion of sea-wormwood into it1 whereby it will be more agreeable to the palate1 and less hurtful to the stomach4--,threlkeld4 ,syn4 ,pl4 ,hibern4 ,this is an ingredient in the common purl1 the usual morning beverage of our hardy labouring men in ,london4 #ebg4 ,,sea-,,orach1 ,,grass-,,leaved4 ,atriplex littoralis4--,this plant is eaten in the same manner as the ,chenopodium4 #ebh4 ,,sea-,,beet4 ,beta maritima4--,this is a common plant on some of our sea-coasts4 ,the leaves are very good boiled1 as are also the roots4 #ebi4 ,,silver-,,weed4 ,potentilla anserina4--,the roots of this plant taste like parsneps1 and are frequently eaten in ,scotland either roasted or boiled4 ,in the islands of ,tiras and ,col they are much esteemed1 as answering in some measure the purposes of bread1 they having been known to support the inhabitants for months together during a scarcity of other provisions4 ,they put a yoke on their ploughs1 and often tear up their pasture-grounds with a view to get the roots for their use2 and as they abound most in barren and impoverished soils1 and in seasons when other crops fail1 they afford a most seasonable relief to the inhabitants in times of the greatest scarcity4 ,a singular instance this of the bounty of ,providence to these islands4--,lightfoot's ,fl4 ,scot4 #ecj4 ,,solomon',s-,,seal4 ,convallaria ,polygonatum4--,the roots are made into bread1 and the young shoots are eaten boiled4 #eca4 ,,spatling-,,poppy4 ,cucubalus ,behen4--,our kitchen-gardens scarcely afford a better-flavoured vegetable than the young tender shoots of this when boiled4 ,they ought to be gathered when they are not above two inches long4 ,if the plant was in cultivation1 no doubt but what it would be improved1 and would well reward the gardener's trouble3 it sends forth a vast quantity of sprouts1 which might be nipped off when of a proper size2 and there would be a succession of fresh ones for at least two months4 ,it being a perennial too1 the roots might be transplanted into beds like those of asparagus4--,bryant's ,fl4 ,diaetetica1 p4 #fd4 #ecb4 ,,speedwell4 ,veronica spicata4--,this is used by our common people as a substitute for tea1 and is said to possess a somewhat astringent taste1 like green tea4 #ecc4 ,,spotted ,,hawkweed4 ,hypochaeris maculata4--,the leaves are eaten as salad1 and are also boiled4 #ecd4 ,,stinging-,,nettle4 ,urtica dioica4--,the young shoots in the spring are eaten boiled with fat meat1 and are esteemed both wholesome and nutritive4 #ece4 ,,shrubby ,,strawberry4 ,rubus arcticus4--,the fruit of this plant is very similar in appearance to a strawberry3 its odour is of the most grateful kind2 and its flavour has that delicate mixture of acid and sweet1 which is not to be equalled by our best varieties of that fruit4 #ecf4 ,,sweet ,,cicely4 ,scandix odorata4--,the leaves used to be employed in the kitchen as those of cervil4 ,the green seeds ground small1 and used with lettuce or other cold salads1 give them an agreeable taste4 ,it also grows in abundance in some parts of ,italy1 where it is considered as a very useful vegetable4 #ecg4 ,,water-,,cress4 ,sisymbrium ,nasturtium4--,a well known herb in common use1 but is not in cultivation1 although it is one of our best salads4 #ech4 ,,willow-,,herb4 ,epilobium angustifolium4--,the young shoots of these are eaten as asparagus4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,section ,,xi4--,,plants ,,useful ,,in ,,dyeing4 ,there is no department of the oeconomy of vegetables in which we are more at a loss than in the knowledge of their colouring principles2 and as this subject presents to the student an opportunity of making many interesting and useful experiments1 ,i trust ,i shall stand excused1 if ,i enter more fully into the nature of it than ,i have found it necessary to do in some of the former sections4 ,the following list of plants1 which is given as containing colours of different kinds1 are the same as have been so considered for many years past3 for1 latterly1 little has been added to our stock of knowledge on this head4 ,it may however be proper to observe1 that a great number of vegetables still contain this principle in a superior degree1 and only want the proper attention paid to the abstracting it4 ,most of our dyeing drugs are from abroad2 and even the culture of madder1 which was once so much grown by our farmers1 is now lost to us1 to the great advantage of the ,dutch1 who supply our markets4 ,but there is no reason why the agriculturist1 or the artisan1 should be so much beholden to a neighbouring nation1 as to pay them enormous prices for articles which can be so readily raised at home2 and1 according to the general report of the consumers1 managed in a way far superior to what it generally is when imported4 ,let the botanical student therefore pay attention to this particular2 for it is a wide field1 in which great advantages may be reaped1 either in this country or in any other part of the world where he may hereafter become an inhabitant4 ,the art of dyeing1 generally considered1 is kept so great a secret1 that few persons have had the opportunity of making experiments4 ,the extracting colours from their primitive basis is a chemical operation1 and cannot be expected in this place2 but as some persons may be inclined to ascertain these properties of vegetables1 ,i shall go just so far into the subject as to give an idea of the modes generally used2 and to state the principles on which the colouring property is fixed when applied to the purposes of dyeing cloth4 ,in the article ,madder1 page #cb1 ,i mentioned having made an extract similar to the ,adrianople red4 ,for which purpose1 a sufficient quanitity of the roots should be taken fresh out of the ground1 washed clean from the dirt1 bruised in a mortar1 and then boiled in rain-water till the whole becomes tinged of a red colour1 then put into a cloth and all the colouring matter pressed out4 ,this should again be put into hot water in a clean glazed earthen-pan1 to which should be added a small quantity of water in which alum had been dissolved1 and the whole stirred up together2 then immediately add a lump of soda or pot-ash1 stirring the whole up1 when an effervescence will take place1 the allum that had united with the juice of the madder will be found to become neutralized by the pot-ash1 and the result will be a precipitate of the red fecula4 ,this may be washed over in different waters1 and either put by for use in a liquid state1 or filtered and dried in powder or cakes4 ,most vegetable colours will not1 however1 admit of being extracted by water1 and it is necessary to use an acid for that purpose3 vinegar is the most common4 ,but in making the extract from roots with acids1 great care should be taken that they are sufficiently cleared from mould1 sand1 c42 for1 if the same should contain either iron1 or any metallic substance1 its union with the acid will cause a blackness1 and of course spoil the tint4 ,in a similar mode are all the different colouring principles extracted1 either from leaves1 flowers1 fruits1 or woods4 ,the preparation of woad is a curious process on similar principles2 which see in page #ca4 ,weld1 or dyers weed1 is generally used after it is dried4 ,the whole plant is ground in a mill1 and the extract made by boiling it4 ,it is then managed with alum and acids agreeably to the foregoing rules1 which are necessary for throwing out the colour4 ,instructions how ,substances may be tried1 whether they are serviceable in ,dyeing1 from ,hopson's ,translation of ,weigleb's ,chemistry4 ,in order to discover if any vegetable contains a colouring principle fit for dyeing1 it should be bruised and boiled in water1 and a bit of cotton1 linen1 or woollen stuff1 which has previously been well cleaned1 boiled in this decoction for a certain time1 and rinsed out and dried4 ,if the stuff becomes coloured1 it is a sign that the colour may be easily extracted2 but if little or no colour be perceived1 we are not immediately to conclude that the body submitted to the trial has no colour at all1 but must first try how it will turn out with the addition of saline substances4 ,it ought1 therefore1 to be boiled with pot-ash1 common salt1 sal ammoniac1 tartar1 vinegar1 alum1 or vitriol1 and then tried upon the stuff3 if it then exhibit no colour1 it may safely be pronounced to be unfit for dyeing with4 ,but if it yields a dye or colour1 the nature of this dye must then be more closely examined1 which may be done in the following manner3-- ,let a saturated decoction of the colouring substance be well clarified1 distributed into different glass vessels1 and its natural colour observed4 ,then to one portion of it let there be added a solution of common salt2 to the second1 some sal ammoniac2 and to the third1 alum2 to the fourth1 pot-ash2 to the fifth1 vitriolic or marine acid2 and to the sixth1 some green vitriol3 and the mixtures be suffered to stand undisturbed for the space of twenty-four hours4 ,now in each of these mixtures the change of colour is to be observed1 as likewise whether it yields a precipitate or not4 ,if the precipitate by the pure acid dissolve in an alkaline lixivium entirely1 and with a colour1 they may be considered as resino- mucilaginous particles1 in which the tingeing property of the body must be looked for1 which1 in its natural state1 subsists in an alkalino-saponaceous compound4 ,but if the precipitate be only partly dissolved in this manner1 the dissolved part will then be of the nature of a resinous mucilage1 which in the operation has left the more earthy parts behind4 ,but if nothing be precipitated by the acids1 and the colour of the decoction is rendered brighter1 it is a mark of an acido-mucilaginous compound1 which cannot be separated by acids4 ,in this there are mostly commonly more earthy parts1 which are soon made to appear by the addition of an alkali4 ,when1 in the instances in which green vitriol has been added1 a black precipitate is produced1 it indicates an astringent earthy compound1 in which there are few mucilaginous particles4 ,the more the colour verges to black1 the more of this acid and mucilaginous substance will be found in it4 ,the mixture of alum with a tingeing decoction shows by the coloured precipitate that ensues from it1 on the one hand1 the colour it yields1 and on the other hand1 by the precipitate dissolving either partly or entirely in a strong alkaline lixivium1 whether or not some of the earth of alum has been precipitated together with the colouring particles4 ,such substances as these must not1 in general1 be boiled with alum1 although this latter ingredient may be very properly used in the preparation of the stuff4 ,when a tingeing decoction is precipitated by an alkaline lixivium1 and the precipitate is not redissolved by any acid1 for the most part neither one nor the other of these saline substances ought to be used1 but the neutral salts will be greatly preferable4 ,in all these observations that are made with respect to the precipitation effected by means of different saline substances1 attention must be paid at the same time to the change of colour which ensues1 in order to discover whether the colour brightens1 or entirely changes4 ,when the colour of a decoction is darkened by the above-mentioned additions without becoming turbid1 it shows that the colouring matter is more concentrated and inspissated4 ,when the colour is brightened1 a greater degree of solution and attenuation has taken place in the colouring matter in consequence of the addition4 ,if the colour becomes clearer1 and after a little time some of the tingeing substance is separated1 it shows that part of the colour is developed1 but that another part has been set loose from its combination by the saline substance4 ,but if the colouring matter is separated in great abundance by the saline addition1 7the colour being brightened at the same time17 it may be considered as a sign that the colouring substance is entirely separated from the decoction1 and that only an inconsiderable part1 of a gummy nature1 remains behind united with the additaments1 which is in a very diluted state4--,this is an effect of the solution of tin1 as also sometimes of the pure acids4 ,if1 indeed1 a portion of the colouring substance be separated by a saline addition1 but the rest of the colouring decoction becomes not-withstanding darker1 it shows that the rest of the colouring particles have been more concentrated1 and hence have acquired a greater power of tingeing4 ,with regard to the proportion of the addition1 the following circumstances may serve by way of guide3 ,when the colour of a decoction is darkened by the addition1 without any precipitate being produced1 no detriment can easily arise from using a redundancy of it1 because the colour will not be further darkened by it4 ,but if the colour be required to be brighter1 the trial must first be made1 which is the proportion by which the colour is darkened the most1 and then less of it must be employed4 ,when the colour of a decoction is brightened by an addition without a precipitation ensuing1 this addition can never be used in a larger quantity without hurting the colouring particles2 because the colouring particles would be made too light1 and almost entirely destroyed4--,such is the consequence of too large an addition of the solution of tin or of a pure acid4 ,when the addition produces a brighter colour1 and part only of the colouring substance is separated without a further addition occasioning a fresh separation1 somewhat more of it than what is wanted may be added to produce the requisite shading2 because experience shows that1 by this means1 a greater quantity of tingeing particles is united with the woolly fibres of the cloth1 and is capable of being1 as it were1 concentrated in them3 for which purpose1 however1 these barks must be boiled down4 ,this effect is chiefly observed with sal ammoniac and wine vinegar4 ,when by an addition which causes a separation of the colouring substance the colour becomes brighter in proportion the more there is used of it1 it must be employed in a moderate quantity only2 because otherwise1 more and more of the colouring substance will be separated1 and its tingeing power diminished4 ,but when a colour is rendered dark at first by an addition1 and afterwards1 upon more of the same substance being added1 becomes brighter1 and this in proportion to the quantity that is added1 it will be found that the darkening power has its determined limits2 and that1 for producing the requisite degree of darkness1 neither too much nor too little must be taken4 --- ,to the before-mentioned principles also1 the different proofs bear a reference1 by which the fixity and durability of the colour with which a stuff has been dyed may be tried4 ,of these1 some may be called natural1 other artificial4 ,the natural proof consists in exposing the dyed stuff to the air1 sun1 and rain4 ,if the colour is not changed by this exposure in twelve or fourteen days1 it may be considered as genuine2 but if it is1 the contrary is allowed4 ,this proof1 however1 is not adapted to every colour2 because some of them resist it1 and yet will fade in consequence of the application of certain acids2 others1 on the contrary1 that can not resist the natural proof remain unchanged by the latter4 ,colours1 therefore1 may be arranged in three classes2 and to each of these a particular kind of artificial proof allotted4 ,the first class is tried with alum1 the second with soap1 and the third with tartar4 ,for the proof with alum3 ,half an ounce of this is dissolved in one pound of boiling water in an earthenware vessel2 into this is put1 for instance1 a drachm of yarn or worsted1 or a piece of cloth of about two fingers breadth2 this is suffered to boil for the space of five minutes1 and is then washed in clean water4 ,in this manner are tried crimson1 scarlet1 flesh-colour1 violet1 ponceau1 peach-blossom colour1 different shades of blue1 and other colours bordring upon these4 ,for the proof with soap3 ,two drachms of this substance are boiled in a pint of water1 and the small piece of dyed stuff that is to be tried is put into it1 and likewise suffered to boil for the space of five minutes4 ,with this all sorts of yellow1 green1 madder-red1 cinnamon1 and similar colours1 are tried4 ,in the same manner is made the proof with tartar2 only this should be previously pounded very small1 in order that it may be more easily dissolved4 ,with this all colours bordering upon the fawn are tried4 ,from the above we discover that the art of applying and fixing colours in dyeing depends on the chemical affinity between the cloth and the dyeing principle3 and accordingly as this is more or less strong1 so is the facility with which the substance is coloured1 and on this the deepness of the dye depends3 for frequently one kind of cloth will be found to receive no colour at all1 whilst another will receive from the same composition a deep tinge4 ,cotton1 for instance1 receives scarcely any tinge from the same bath that will dye woollen a deep scarlet4 ,wool is that which appears to have the strongest affinity to colouring matter2 next to it is silk2 then linen2 and cotton the weakest1 and is therefore the most difficult of all to dye perfectly4 ,thus1 if a piece of linen cloth be dipped into a solution of madder1 it will come out just tinged with the colour2 but if a piece of the same be previously dipped into a solution of alum or copperas1 and dried previously to being dipped in the madder1 the alum will become so far impregnated with the colouring principle1 that the cloth will receive a perfect dye1 and be so fixed that it cannot be separated by any common means4 ,thus it will be observed1 that the art of dyeing permanent colours depends on this intermediate principle1 which is termed a mordant4 ,these mordants are very numerous2 and on a knowledge of them appears to rest the principal secret of dyeing4 ,the following mode is1 however1 a very convenient one for makig experiments on fixing the colouring principles of any vegetable extract3 ,to have several pieces of cloth1 woollen1 cotton1 silk1 and linen1 dipped in the different mordants1 and by keeping a small vessel filled with the colouring solution on a fire in a state a little below boiling1 by cutting small pieces of each1 and immersing them in the colour1 and examining and comparing with each other4 ,experiments of this kind are well worth the attention of persons2 for1 when we refer to this department1 we shall find very few plants which are either now1 or ever have been1 cultivated for this purpose1 although it is well known that so many contain this principle4 ,i have inserted the following1 as being known to contain the different colours mentioned2 but there are many other plants equally productive of this principle that remain quite unnoticed at present4 #eci4 ,,acanthus mollis4 ,,bear',s-,,breech4--,this gives a fine yellow1 which was in use among the ancients4 #edj4 ,,actaea spicata4 ,,baneberry4--,the juice of the berries affords a deep black1 and is fixed with alum4 #eda4 ,,anchusa officinalis4 ,,yellow ,,anchusa1 or ,,blue-,,flowered ,,bugloss4--,the juice of the corolla gives out to acids a beautiful green4 #edb4 ,,anthemis tinctoria4--,the flowers afford a shining yellow4 #edc4 ,,anthyllis vulneraria4 ,,kidney-,,vetch4--,the whole plant gives out a yellow1 which is in use for colouring the garments of the country- people4--,linn4 #edd4 ,,arbutus uva-ursi4 ,,bear',s-,,berry4--,the leaves boiled in an acid will dye a brown4 #ede4 ,,asperula tinctoria4 ,,woodroof4--,the roots give a red similar to madder4 #edf4 ,,anemone ,pulsatilla4 ,,pasque-,,flower4--,the corolla1 a green tincture4 #edg4 ,,arundo ,phragmites4 ,,common ,,reed-,,grass4--,the pamicle1 a green4 #edh4 ,,berberis vulgaris4 ,,barberries4--,the inner bark1 a yellow4 #edi4 ,,bromus secalinus4 ,,brome-,,grass4--,the panicle1 a green4 #eej4 ,,bidens tripartita4 ,,hemp ,,agrimony44--,the herb1 a good yellow4 #eea4 ,,betula alba4 ,,birch4--,the leaves1 a yellow4 #eeb4 ,,betula nana4 ,,dwarf-,,birch4--,the leaves1 a yellow4 #eec4 ,,betula ,alnus4 ,,alder4--,the bark affords a brown colour2 which with the addition of copperas becomes black4 #eed4 ,,calendula officinalis4 ,,common ,,marigold4--,the radius of the corolla1 if bruised1 affords a fine orange4 ,the corolla dried and reduced to powder will also afford a yellow pigment4 #eee4 ,,caltha palustris4 ,,marsh-,,marigold4--,the juice of the corolla1 with alum1 gives a yellow4 #eef4 ,,campanula rotundifolia4 ,,round-,,leaved ,,bell-,,flower4--,a blue pigment is made from the corolla2 with the addition of alum it produces a green colour4 #eeg4 ,,carpinus ,betulus4 ,,hornbeam4--,the bark1 a yellow4 #eeh4 ,,chaerophyllum sylvestre4 ,,cow-,,parsley4--,the umbels produce a yellow colour1 and the juice of the other parts of the plant a beautiful green4 #eei4 ,,carthamus tinctorius4 ,,safflower4--,the radius of the corolla1 prepared with an acid1 affords a fine rose-coloured tint4 #efj4 ,,centaurea ,cyanus4 ,,blue-,,bottle4--,the juice of the corolla gives out a fine blue colour4 #efa4 ,,comarum palustre4 ,,marsh-,,cinquefoil4--,the dried root forms a red pigment4 ,it is also used to dye woollens of a red colour4 #efb4 ,,cuscuta europaea4 ,,dodder4--,the herb gives out a lightish red4 #efc4 ,,crataegus ,oxycantha4 ,,hawthorn4--,the bark of this plant1 with copperas1 is used by the ,highlanders to dye black4 #efd4 ,,datisca cannabina4 ,,bastard-,,hemp4--,this produces a yellow2 but is not easily fixed1 therefore it presently fades to a light tinge4 #efe4 ,,delphinium ,consolida4 ,,branching ,,larkspur4--,the petals bruised yield a fine blue pigment1 and with alum make a permanent blue ink4 #eff4 ,,fraxinus excelsior4 ,,manna4--,the bark immersed in water gives a blue colour4 #efg4 ,,galium boreale4 ,,cross-,,leaved ,,bedstraw4--,the roots yield a beautiful red1 if treated as madder4 #efh4 ,,galium verum4 ,,yellow ,,bedstraw4--,the flowers treated with alum produce a fine yellow on woollen4 ,the roots1 a good red4 #efi4 ,,genista tinctoria4--,the flowers are in use among the country-people for dyeing cloth yellow4 #egj4 ,,geranium sylvaticum4 ,,mountain ,,cranesbill4--,the ,icelanders use the flowers of this plant to dye a violet colour4 #ega4 ,,hieracium umbellatum4 ,,hawkweed4--,the whole herb bruised and boiled in water gives out a yellow dye4 #egb4 ,,humulus ,lupulus4 ,,hop4--,the strobiles are used for dyeing2 but although they yield a yellow colour1 the principal use is as a mordant4 #egc4 ,,hypericum perforatum4 ,,perforated ,,st4 ,,john',s ,,wort4--,the flowers dye a fine yellow4 #egd4 ,,iris germanica4 ,,german ,,iris4--,the juice of the corolla treated with alum makes a good permanent green ink4 #ege4 ,,isatis tinctoria4 ,,woad4--,the leaves steeped in water till the parts are decomposed1 produces a fine blue fecula1 which is made into cakes1 and sold to the woollen-dyers4 ,for its culture1 see p4 #cb4 #egf4 ,,lichen ,roccella4 ,,orchil4--,the fine purple called orchil is extracted from this moss4 #egg4 ,,lithospermum officinale4 ,,gromwell4--,the roots afford a fine red1 which is used by the young girls in ,sweden to colour their faces4 #egh4 ,,lycopodium complanatum4 ,,club-,,moss4--,the juice of this plant extracted by an acid forms a most beautiful yellow4 #egi4 ,,lycopus europaeus4 ,,water-,,horehound4--,the juice of this gives out a black colour1 and is sometimes used by the common people for dyeing woollen cloth4 ,the gypsies are said to use the juice of this plant to colour their faces with4 #ehj4 ,,lysimachia vulgaris4 ,,loosestrife4--,the juice of the whole herb is used to dye woollen yellow4 #eha4 ,,myrica ,gale4 ,,sweet ,,gale4--,the whole shrub tinges woollen of a yellow colour4 #ehb4 ,,nymphaea alba4 ,,white ,,water-,,lily4--,the ,highlanders make a dye with it of a dark chesnut colour4--,light4 ,fl4 ,sc4 #ehc4 ,,origanum vulgare4 ,,wild ,,marjoram4--,the tops and flowers contain a purple colour1 but it is not to be fixed4 #ehd4 ,,phytolacca decandra4 ,,virginian ,,pokeweed4--,the leaves and berries produce a beautiful rose-colour1 but it is very fugacious4 #ehe4 ,,prunus domestica4 ,,plum4--,the bark is used by the country people to dye cloth yellow4 #ehf4 ,,pyrus ,malus4 ,,apple1-,the bark of this plant1 also1 produces a yellow colour4 #ehg4 ,,quercus ,robur4 ,,oak4--,the juice of the oak mixed with vitriol forms a black ink2 the galls ar employed for the same purpose4 #ehh4 ,,reseda ,luteola4 ,,dyer',s ,,weed1 or ,,weld4--,the most usual plant from which the yellow dye is extracted4 ,for its culture1 see p4 #cb4 #ehi4 ,,rhamnus ,frangula4 ,,buckthorn4--,the bark produces a slight yellow1 and the unripe berries impart to wool a green colour4 #eij4 ,,rhamnus catharticus4 ,,purging ,,buckthorn4--,the bark yields a most beautiful yellow colour2 and the ripe berries in the autumn produce a brilliant scarlet4 #eia4 ,,rhus ,cotinus4 ,,venus',s ,,sumach4--,the bark of the stalks produces a yellow colour2 the bark of the roots produces a red4 #eib4 ,,rhus coriaria4 ,,elm-,,leaved ,,sumach4--,this plant is possessed of the same qualities as the one above4 #eic4 ,,rubia tinctorum4--,the root produces a red colour4 ,for its culture1 see p4 #cb4 #eid4 ,,rumex maritima4 ,,dock4--,the whole herb gives out a yellow colour4 #eie4 ,,salix pentandra4 ,,willow4--,the leaves produce a yellow colour4 #eif4 ,,scabiosa succisa4 ,,devil',s ,,bit ,,scabius4--,the dried leaves produce a yellow colour4 #eig4 ,,serratula tinctoria4 ,,saw-,,wort4--,the whole herb produces a yellow tincture4 #eih4 ,,senecio ,jacobaea4 ,,ragwort4--,the roots1 stalks1 and leaves1 before the flowering season1 give out a green colour which can be fixed on wool4 #eii4 ,,stachys sylvatica4 ,,hedge-,,horehound4--,the whole herb is said to dye a yellow colour4 #fjj4 ,,thalictrum flavum4 ,,yellow ,,meadow-,,rue4--,the roots and leaves both give out a fine yellow colour4 #fja4 ,,thapsia villosa4 ,,deadly ,,carrot4--,the umbels are employed by the spanish peasants to dye yellow4 #fjb4 ,,tormentilla erecta4 ,,erect ,,tormentil4--,this root is red1 and might probably be usefully employed4 #fjc4 ,,trifolium pratense4 ,,meadow-,,clover4--,the inhabitants of ,scania employ the heads to dye their woollen cloth green4 #fjd4 ,,urtica dioica4 ,,nettle4--,the roots of bettles are used to dye eggs of a yellow colour against the feast of ,easter by the religious of the ,greek church1 as are also madder and logwood for the same purpose4 #fje4 ,,xanthium strumarium4 ,,lesser ,,burbock4--,the whole herb with the fruit dyes a most beautiful yellow4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,section ,,xii4---,,plants ,,used ,,in ,,rural ,,oeconomy4 ,the following few plants are such as are used for domestic purposes which do not fall under any of the foregoing heads1 and ,i therefore have placed them together here4 #fjf4 ,,conferva4--,this green thready substance has the power of rendering foetid water sweet2 for which purpose1 when water is scarce1 it is usually put into water-tubs and reservoirs4 #fjg4 ,,corylus ,avellana4 ,,hazel ,,nut4--,the young shoots of hazel put into casks with scalding water1 render them sweet if they are musty1 or contain any bad flavour4 #fjh4 ,,crocus vernus4 ,,spring ,,crocus4--,is well kown as a spring flower1 producing one of the most cheerful ornaments to the flower-garden early in the spring4 ,it affords a great variety in point of beauty and colour1 and is an article of considerable trade among the ,dutch gardeners1 who cultivate a great number of varieties1 which every year are imported into this and other countries4 #fji4 ,,equisetum hyemale4 ,,dutch ,,rush4--,of this article great quantities are brought from ,holland for the purpose of polishing mahogany4 ,the rough parts of the plant are discovered to be particles of flint4 #faj4 ,,eriophorum polystachion4 ,,cotton ,,grass4--,the down of the seeds has been used1 instead of feathers1 for beds and cushions2 and the foliage in the north of ,scotland is considered useful as fodder4 #faa4 ,,galium verum4 ,,yellow ,,ladies' ,,bedstraw4--,the foliage affords the dairy-maid a fine rennet for making cheese4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,section ,,xiii4--,,poisonous ,,plants ,,growing ,,in ,,great ,,britain4 ,on the day that thou eatest thereof thou shalt surely die4 ,i have found it necessary to be particular in my description of the articles in this section1 as ,i find that1 although the knowledge of ,botany has in some measure increased1 yet1 in general1 we are not better acquainted with the ,poisonous ,vegetables than we were thirty years ago4 ,many and frequent are the accidents which occur in consequence of mistakes being made with those plants2 but it in general happens that1 from feelings easily appreciated1 persons do not like to detail such misfortunes2 which not only hides the mischief1 but prevents1 in a great measure1 the antidotes becoming so well known as for the good of society we could wish they were4 ,this ,i experienced in my researches after several facts which ,i wished to ascertain regarding this subject4 ,however1 whilst we have in common use such plants as ,foxglove1 ,hemlock1 and ,henbane1 and which are now so generally sold in our herb-shops1 people who sell them ought to be particularly careful not to let such fall into the hands of ignorant persons1 and thereby be administered either in mistake or in improper quantities4 ,our druggists and apothecaries are careful in not selling to strangers the more common preparations of ,mercury1 or ,arsenic1 drugs which in themselves carry fear and dismay in their very names2 yet we can get any poisonous vegetables either in the common market1 or of herb-dealers1 which are more likely to be abused in their application than other poisons which are of not more dangerous tendencies4 ,the effects of ,vegetable ,poisons on the human frame vary according to circumstances4 ,the most usual are3 that of disturbing the nervous function1 producing vertigo1 faintness1 delirium1 madness1 stupor1 or apoplexy1 with a consequent loss of understanding1 of speech1 and of all the senses2 and1 frequently1 this dreadful scene ends in death in a short period4 ,it is1 however1 fortunate that these dangerous plants1 which either grow wild1 or are cultivated in this country1 are few in number2 and it is not less so1 that the most virulent often carry with them their own antidote1 as many of them1 from their disagreeable taste1 produce nausea and sickness1 by which their mischief is frequently removed2 and when this is not the case1 it points out that the best and most effectual one is the application of emetics3 and it may be almost considered a divine dispensation1 that a plant1 very common in all watery places1 should be ready at hand1 which has from experience proved one of the most active drugs of this nature1 and this is the ,ranunculus ,flammula1 ,water- ,spearwort4 ,the juice of this plant1 in cases of such emergency1 may be given in the quantity of a table-spoonful1 and repeated every three minutes until it operates1 which it usually will do before the third is taken into the stomach4 ,after the vomiting is over1 the effects often remain1 by part of the deleterious qualities being absorbed by the stomach2 and as it often happens1 in such cases1 that medical assistance may not be at hand1 ,i shall1 under the head of each class1 give their proper antidote1 which should be in all cases applied as soon as possible1 even before medical assistance is procured4 ,and it should not be forgotten that1 in dreadful cases where the medicine cannot be forced down through the usual channel1 recourse should be had to the use of clysters4 ,under each of the following heads ,i shall describe such cases as have come under my notice2 as they may be useful for comparison3 and shall put under each of the more dangerous the ,plantae affines1 describing as accurately as possible the differences4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,bitter ,,nauseous ,,poisons4 ,these are much altered by vegetable acids in general1 and especially by oxymuriatic acid2 but they still retain much of their poisonous quality1 which appears to be rendered more active by alkalies4 ,the tanning decoctions of nut-galls1 acacia1 and other strong astringents1 ,venice treacle1 wine1 spiritous liquors1 and spices1 are useful4 #fbc4 ,,chelidonium majus4 ,,celandine4--,the yellow juice of this plant is extremely acrid and narcotic4 ,it is not at all like any plant used for culinary purposes1 and therefore there is not any great danger likely to arise from its being confounded with any useful vegetable4 #fbd4 ,,cicuta virosa4 ,,cowbane4--,two boys and six girls1 who found some roots of this plant in a water-meadow1 ate of them4 ,the two boys were soon seized with pain of the pericardia1 loss of speech1 abolition of all the senses1 and terrible convulsions4 ,the mouth closely shut1 so that it could not be opened by any means4 ,blood was forced from the ears1 and the eyes were horribly distorted4 ,both the boys died in half an hour from the first accession of the symptoms4 ,the six girls1 who had taken a smaller quantity of the roots than the boys1 were likewise seized with epileptic symptoms2 but in the interval of the paroxysms1 some ,venice-treacle dissolved in vinegar was given to them2 in consequence of which they vomited1 and recovered3 but one of them had a very narrow escape for her life4 ,she lay nine hours with her hands and feet outstretched1 and cold3 all this time she had a cadaverous countenance1 and her respiration could scarcely be perceived4 ,when she recovered1 she complained a long time of a pain in her stomach1 and was unable to eat any food1 her tongue being much wounded by her teeth in the convulsive fits4 ,plantae affines4 ,celery is smaller than this plant4 ,parsley is also smaller in all its parts4 ,alexanders differs from it1 as a plant not of so high growth4 ,angelica may be mistaken for this1 but has a more agreeable scent4 ,all the water parsneps may be confounded with it3 but these are known by the smallness of the umbels2 and they are generally in bloom1 so that this circumstance is a good criterion4 ,care should at all times be taken1 not to make use of any umbelliferous plants growing in water1 as many of them are1 if not altogether poisonous1 very unwholesome4 #fbe4 ,,colchicum autumnale4 ,,meadow-,,saffron4--,baron ,stoerch asserts1 that on cutting the fresh root into slices1 the acrid particles emitted from it irritated the nostrils1 fauces1 and breast2 and that the ends of the fingers with which it had been held became for a time benumbed2 that even a single grain in a crumb of bread taken internally produced a burning heat and pain in the stomach and bowels1 urgent strangury1 tenesmus1 colic pais1 cephalalgia1 hiccup1 c4 ,from this relation1 it will not appear surprising that we find several instances recorded1 in which the ,colchicumproved a fatal poison both to man1 and brute animals4 ,two boys1 after eating this plant1 which they found growing in a meadow1 died in great agony4 ,violent symptoms have been produced by taking the flowers4 ,the seeds1 likewise1 have been known to produce similar effects4 #fbf4 ,,oenanthe crocata4 ,,hemlock4 ,,water ,,dropwort4--,eleven ,french prisoners had the liberty of walking in and about the town of ,pembroke2 three of them being in the fields a little before noon1 found and dug up a large quantity of this plant with its roots1 which they took to be wild celery1 to eat with their bread and butter for dinner4 ,after washing it a while in the fields they all three ate1 or rather tasted of the roots4 ,as they were entering the town1 without any previous notice of sickness at the stomach or disorder in the head1 one of them was seized with convulsions4 ,the other two ran home1 and sent a surgeon to him4 ,the surgeon first endeavoured to bleed1 and then to vomit him2 but those endeavours were fruitless1 and the soldier died in a very short time4 ,ignorant yet of the cause of their comrade's death1 and of their own danger1 they gave of these roots to the other eight prisoners1 who all ate some of them with their dinner3 the quantity could not be ascertained4 ,a few minutes after1 the remaining two who gathered the plant were seized in the same manner as the first2 of which one died3 the other was bled1 and a vomit forced down1 on account of his jaws being as it were locked together4 ,this operated1 and he recovered2 but he was for some time affected with a giddiness in his head2 and it is remarkable1 that he was neither sick nor in the least disordered in his stomach4 ,the others being bled and vomited immediately1 were secured from the approach of any bad symptoms4 ,upon examination of the plant which the ,french prisoners mistook for wild celery1 ,mr4 ,howell discovered it to be this plant1 which grows very plentifully in the neighbourhood of ,haverfordwest4 ,although the above account1 which ,mr4 ,wilmer has so minutely described1 seems well attested1 and corroborated by the above gentleman1 yet ,i was informed by the late ,mr4 ,adams1 comptroller of the ,customs at ,pembroke1 that the ,oenanthe does not1 that he could find1 grow in that part of the country2 but that what the above unfortunate ,french officers did actually eat was the wild ,celery1 which grows plentifully in all the wet places near that town4 ,i take the liberty of mentioning this circumstance2 as it will serve to keep in mind the fact1 that celery1 when found wild1 and growing in wet places1 shold be used cautiously1 it being in such situations of a pernicious tendency4 ,for such whose curiosity may lead them to become acquainted with the ,oenanthe crocata1 it grows in plenty near the ,red ,house in ,battersea fields on the ,thames' bank4 ,the water-courses on the marsh at ,northfleet have great quantities of the ,apium graveolens growing in them4 ,plantae affines4 ,cultivated celery differs from it when young1 first in the shape and size of its roots4 ,the ,oenanthe is perennial1 and has a large root1 which on being cut is observed to be full of juice1 which exudes in form of globules4 ,the celery1 on the contrary1 has roots in general much smaller1 particularly when in a wild state4 ,the leaves of celery have somewhat the same flavour1 but are smaller2 the nerves on the lobes of the leaves are also very prominent1 and somewhat more pointed4 ,when the two plants are in bloom1 a more conspicuous difference is apparent in the involucrum and seeds1 the character of which should be consulted4 ,it may be mistaken for ,parsley2 but it is both much larger in foliage and higher in growth2 it is also different from it in the shape of the roots4 ,these are the two plants most likely to be confounded with it4 ,but the student should also consult the difference existing between this plant and the following1 which1 although somewhat alike in appearance1 may be confounded4 ,angelica4 ,chervil4 ,alexanders4 ,hemlock4 ,skirret4 ,cow ,parsley4 ,lovage4 ,wild ,parsnep4 ,fool's ,parsley4 ,hamburgh ,parsley4 #fbg4 ,,prunus ,lauro-cerasus4 ,,the ,,comon ,,laurel4--,the leaves of the laurel have a bitter taste1 with a flavour resembling that of the kernels of the peach or apricot2 they communicate an agreeable flavour to aqueous and spirituous fluids1 either by infusion or distillation4 ,the distilled water applied to the organs of smelling strongly impresses the mind with the same ideas as arise from the taste of peach blossoms or apricot kernels3 it is so extremely deleterious in its nature1 and sometimes so sudden in its operation1 as to occasion instantaneous death2 but it more frequently happens that epileptic symptoms are first produced4 ,this poison was discovered by accident in ,ireland in the year #agbh3 before which1 it was no uncommon practice there1 to add a certain quantity of laurel water to brandy1 or other spirituous liquors1 to render them agreeable to the palate4 ,at that time three women drank some laurel-water2 and one of them a short time afterwards became violently disordered1 lost her speech1 and died in about an hour4 ,a gentleman at ,guildford1 some few years back1 also1 by making an experiment as he intended on himself1 was poisoned by a small dose3 he did not survive the taking it more than two hours4 ,in consequence of the above poisonous principle existing in the laurel1 it has been recommended to persons to be cautious hwo they make use of the leaves of that shrub1 which is a usual practice with cooks for giving flavour to custards1 blanch-mange1 and other made-dishes1 lest the narcotic principle should be also conveyed1 to the detriment of the health of persons who eat of them4 ,and the same may be said of the kernels of all stone-fruits2 for the flavours given to noyau1 ratafia1 and other liquors which are highly prized by epicures1 are all of them derived from the same principle as laurel-water1 and which1 on chemical investigation1 is found to be prussic acid4 ,this exists in considerable quantities in the bitter almond1 and which when separated proves to be the most active poison known1 to the human as well as all other animal existence4 ,this principle1 and its mode of extraction1 should not be made more public than the necessity of scientific research requires4 ,we cannot with propriety accuse either this tree or the laurel as being poisonous1 because the ingenuity of mankind has found out a mode of extracting this active acidulous principle1 and which is so very small in proportion to the wholesome properties of the fruit1 as not to be suspected of any danger but for this discovery4 ,as well might we accuse wheat of being poisonous1 because it yields on distillation brandy1 which has been known to kill many a strong-bodied fellow who has indulged in this favourite beverage to excess4 ,an eminent chemist informs me1 that he has made experiments with the oxalic acid1 and found that when this was also concentrated1 it has similar effects2 insomuch that no animal can contain a grain of it if taken into the throat or stomach3 and thus might we also be led to consider the elegant1 and in itself harmless1 wood-sorrel1 as a poisonous plant4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,acrid ,,poisons4 ,these should be attacked by strong decoctions of oak-bark1 gall-nuts1 and ,peruvian bark2 after which soft mucilaginous matters should be used1 as milk1 fat broth1 or emulsions4 #fbh4 ,,aconitum ,napelhus4 ,,blue ,,monkshood4--,this is a very poisonous plant2 and many instances have been adduced of its dangerous effects4 ,it has probably obtained the name of ,wolfsbane1 from a tradition that wolves1 in searching for particular roots which they in part subsist upon in winter1 frequently make a mistake1 and eat of this plant1 which proves fatal to them4 ,a weaver in ,spitalfields1 having supped upon some cold meat and salad1 was suddenly taken ill2 and when the surgeon employed upon this occcasion visited him1 he found him in the following situation3--,he was in bed1 with his head supported by an assistant1 his eyes and teeth were fixed1 his nostrils compressed1 his hands1 feet1 and forehead cold1 no pulse to be perceived1 his respiration short1 interrupted1 and laborious4 ,soon after he had eaten of the above1 he complained of a sensation of heat affecting the tongue and fauces2 his teeth appeared loose2 and it was very remarkable1 although a looking-glass was produced1 and his friends attempted to reason him out of the extravagant idea1 yet he imagined that his face was swelled to twice its usual size4 ,by degrees the heat1 wich at first only seemed to affect the mouth and adjacent parts1 diffused itself over his body and extremities3 he had an unsteadiness and lassitue in his joints1 particularly of the knees and ancles1 with an irritable twitching of the tendons1 which seemed to deprive him of the power of walking2 and he thought that in all his limbs he perceived an evident interruption to the circulation of the blood4 ,a giddiness was the next symptom1 which was not accompanied with nausea4 ,his eyes became watery1 and he could not see distinctly2 a kind of humming noise in his ears continually disturbed him1 until he was reduced to the state of insensibility before described4 ,plantae affines4 ,although the mischief which is recited above occurred from the root having been purchased at market1 ,i do not know of any vegetable in common use likely to be confounded with this4 ,it might by chance be mistaken for the smaller tubers of ,jerusalem artichoke4 ,in foliage it comes near to the other species of ,aconitum1 and to the perennial ,larkspurs4 ,however1 as this is a plant much grown in pleasure-grounds on account of its beautiful blue flowers1 great care should be taken not to use any roots taken from such places that cannot be well ascertained4 #fbi4 ,,aconitum ,lycoctonum4 ,,yellow ,,wolfsbane4--,every part of this plant is accounted poisonous4 ,in fact1 ,i think it is proper that all the species should be considered as such1 and never be made use of1 either in medicine or otherwise1 without great care in their administration4 #fcj4 ,,actaea spicata4 ,,baneberry4--,this plant is also considered as a deadly poison2 but we have no authentical accounts of its mischievous effects1 although ,parkinson has mentioned it in these words3-- ,the inhabitants of all the mountaines and places wheresoever it groweth1 as some writers say1 do generally hold it to be a most dangerous and deadly poison1 both to man and beast2 and they used to kill the wolves herewith very speedily4 ,this is not a common plant1 growing only in some particular situa-tions1 as near ,ingleborough in ,yorkshire4 #fca4 ,,rhus ,toxicodendron4 ,,poison-,,ash4-,the juice of the leaves of this plant is so very acrid as often to corrode the skin1 if the leaves are gathered when the dew is on them4 ,great care should certainly be taken in the giving such a medicine internally1 as also in its preparation1 it being usually administered in a dried state4 ,planta affinis4 ,rhus radicans differs from this in having a more trailing habit of growth2 otherwise it is scarcely different1 so little so1 as to baffle a distinction being made by description alone4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,stupefying ,,poisons4 ,the substances that deaden the effects of the poisons of this class are vegetable acids1 which should be thrown into the stomach in large quantities4 ,after the operation of emetics1 cream of tartar is also considered of great use1 as also oxymuriatic acid1 infusions of nut-gall1 oak bark2 warm spices are considered also of use1 for they may separate some part of the deleterious matter1 as is shown by their effect when mixed with decoction of these plants2 acerb and astringent wines are also of great use4 #fcb4 ,,aethusa ,cynapium4 ,,fool',s ,,parsley4--,fool's ,parsley seems generally allowed to be a plant which possesses poisonous qualities4 ,baron ,haller has taken a great deal of pains to collect what has been said concerning it1 and quotes many authorities to show that this plant has been productive of the most violent symptoms2 such as anxiety1 hiccough1 and a delirium even for the space of three months1 stupor1 vomiting1 convulsions1 and death4 ,where much parsley is used1 the mistress of the house therefore would do well to examine the herbs previous to their being made use of2 but the best precaution will be1 always to sow that variety called ,curled parsley1 which cannot be mistaken for this or any other plant4 ,we might also observe1 that the scent is strong and disagreeable in the aethusa3 but this property1 either in the plant or the poison1 is not at all times to be trusted in cases of this nature4 ,plantae affines4 ,parsley4 ,the lobes of the leaves are larger in this plant1 and are not quite so deep a green4 ,the leaves of fool's parsley are also finer cleft1 and appear to end more in a short point4 ,celery1 being much larger1 cannot easily be confounded with it4 ,chervil4 ,fool's parsley1 when young1 differs from this plant but very little1 being much the same in size1 and the laciniae of the leaves of a similar form4 ,chervil1 however1 is much lighter in colour1 and the flavour more pleasant1 both to the taste and smell4 ,hemlock is commonly a larger plant2 and1 exclusive of the generic distinctions1 may be generally known by its spotted stalk4 ,when fool's parsley is in bloom1 it is readily known by the length of the involucrum4 #fcc4 ,,atropa ,belladonna4 ,,deadly ,,nightshade4--,some boys and girls perceiving in a garden at ,edinburgh the beautiful berries of the deadly nightshade1 and unacquainted with their poisonous quality1 ate several4 ,in a short time dangerous symptoms appeared2 a swelling of the abdomen took place2 they became convulsed4 ,the next morning one of them died1 and another in the evening of the same day1 although all possible care was taken of them4 ,another case is related by ,dr4 ,lambert1 who was desired to visit two children at ,newburn1 in ,scotland1 who the preceding day had swallowed some of the berries of the deadly nightshade4 ,he found them in a deplorable situation4 ,the eldest 7ten years of age7 was delirious in bed1 and affected with convulsive spasms3 the younger was not in a much better condition in his mother's arms4 ,the eyes of both the children were particularly affected4 ,the whole circle of the cornea appeared black1 the iris being so much dilated as to leave no vestige of the pupil4 ,the tunica conjunctiva much inflamed4 ,these appearances1 accompanied with a remarkable kind of staring1 exhibited a very affecting scene4 ,the symptoms came on about two hours after they had eaten the berries3 they appeared at first as if they had been intoxicated1 afterwards lost the power of speaking1 and continued the whole night so unruly1 that it was with much difficulty they were kept in bed4 ,neither of these ever recovered4 #fcd4 ,,datura ,stramonium4 ,,thorn-,,apple4--,the seeds and leaves of the thorn-apple received into the human stomach produce first a vertigo1 and afterwards madness4 ,if the quantity is large1 and vomiting is not occasioned1 it will undoubtedly prove fatal4 ,boerhaave informs us1 that some boys eating some seeds of the thorn-apple which were thrown out of a garden1 were seized with giddiness1 horrible imaginations1 terrors1 and delirium4 ,those that did not soon vomit1 died4 #fce4 ,,hyoscyamus niger4 ,,henbane4--,henbane is a very dangerous poison4 ,the seeds1 leaves1 and root1 received into the human stomach1 are all poisonous4 ,the root in a superior degree produces sometimes madness2 and if taken in large quantity1 and the stomach does not reject it by vomiting1 a stupor and apopleptic symptoms1 terminating in death1 are the usual consequences4 ,a case of the bad effects of the roots of this plant1 which occurred in ,ireland1 is mentioned by ,dr4 ,threlkeld4 ,in the winter season1 some men working in a garden threw up some roots which were supposed to be ,skirrets1 and those were cooked for dinner4 ,about two hours after they were eaten1 a person who partook of them was taken with an unusual lassitude1 as if being much fatigued1 heat and dryness both in the mouth an the throat1 a giddiness accompanied with dimness of sight1 and a partial stoppage in his urine4 ,several others who had eaten at the same table1 as also servants who had partaken1 were subjected to the like influence4 ,medical assistance being at hand1 by the use of emetics they were relieved2 but it was many days before the whole of them had recovered from those dreadful symptoms4 ,two children having both eaten of the berries of this plant1 the one a boy 7who recovered7 being taken ill1 vomitted1 and was supposed to have thrown them off his stomach3 the other1 a little girl1 died in convulsions the next morning4 ,as mothers and kindred souls do not like names to be made public in these cases1 ,i cannot help feeling some desire to suppress a publicity of a fact in which a near and dear relative was materially interested4 ,in justice1 however1 to the public1 ,i must mention that ,i can vouch for the fact1 and trust it may not pass without notice1 so far as to let the berries be supposed anything but wholesome4 ,plantae affines4 ,the idea of ,skirrets being confounded with this plant1 is1 ,i think1 erroneous1 if it has leaves on1 as they are not pinnated1 and very different from it4 ,when the ,hyoscyamus is in bloom1 it has curiously-formed flowers of an uncommonly disgusting hue4 ,the scent of this plant1 on bruising it1 and its general appearance1 render it almost impossible that any one should mistake it4 ,the roots1 in the winter season1 when destitute of leaves1 may1 however1 be mistaken for those of ,parsnep1 ,parsley1 ,skirret1 and many others of similar shape1 and of which it is out of our power to give a distinguishing character4 #fcf4 ,,lactuca virosa4 ,,strong-,,scented ,,wild ,,lettuce4--,the juice of this plant is a very powerful opiate1 and care should be taken how it is made use of4 ,i have not heard of any dangerous effects having been produced by it4 ,the strong and disagreeable scent and bitter nauseous taste will most likely always operate as a preservative to its being used for food2 and as a medicine1 it is hoped its use will be confined to the judicious hand of a medical botanist4 ,plantae affines4 ,all the kinds of garden lettuce2 but it may be distinguished by its spines on the back of the leaves4 ,it may be remarked1 that the milky juice of all lettuce has similar properties to the above2 but the juice is not milky till such time as the plant produces seed-stalks1 and then the taste in general is too nauseous for it to be eaten4 #fcg4 ,,solanum ,dulcamara4 ,,bittersweet4--,the berries of this plant have been sometimes eaten by children1 and have produced very alarming effects4 ,it is common in hedges1 and should be at all times as much extirpated as possible4 #fch4 ,,solanum nigrum4 ,,deadly ,,nightshade4--,webfer has given us an account of some children that were killed in consequence of having eaten the berries of this plant for black currants4 ,and others have spoken of the direful effects of the whole plant so much1 that1 from the incontestable proofs of its deleterious qualities1 persons cannot be too nice in selecting their pot-herbs1 particularly those who make a practice of gathering from dunghills and gardens ,fat-,hen1 c4 as there is some distant similitude betwixt these plants1 and their places of growth are the same4--,curtis's ,fl4 ,lond4 fasc4 #b4 ,plantae affines4 ,all the ,chenopodia grow with this plant wild1 and are somewhat alike in appearance2 but the ,solanum may at all times be distinguished by its disagreeable strong scent4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,foetid ,,poisons4 ,these come near to the ,stupefying ,poisons2 but they are not treated in the same manner2 for ether1 wine1 or acids combined with spirits1 appear the properest things to destroy their deleterious properties3 spices are then indicated1 except for savine1 which requires instead thereof acids4 #fci4 ,,conium maculatum4 ,,hemlock4--,two soldiers quartered at ,waltham ,abbey collected in the fields adjoining to that town a quantity of herbs sufficient for themselves and two others for dinner when boiled with bacon4 ,these herbs were accordingly dressed1 and the poor men ate of the broth with bread1 and afterwards the herbs with bacon3 in a short time they were all seized with vertigo4 ,soon after they were comatose1 two of them became convulsed1 and died in about three hours4 ,plantae affines4 ,parsley differs from this except in size and colour of the leaves4 ,celery is also much like this plant1 and particularly so if found wild2 but which1 for reasons given before1 should never be collected to be eaten4 ,fool's parsley is very like it2 and when the hemlock is in a small state1 and this plant luxuriant1 ,i have been in some doubt as to pointing out a perfect difference1 especially when they are not in fructification4 ,the spots on hemlock form generally a distinguishing mark4 #fdj4 ,,digitalis purpurea4 ,,foxglove4--,a few months ago1 a child was ill of a pulmonary complaint1 and the apothecary had desired the nurse to procure a small quantity of ,coltsfoot and make it a little tea2 and accordingly the good woman went to a shop in ,london1 where she procured1 as she supposed1 three pennyworth of that herb1 and made a decoction1 of which she gave the patient a tea-cupful2 a few minutes after which she found symptoms of convulsions make their appearance1 and sent for the apothecary3 but who1 unfortunately1 was so totally ignorant of botany as not to know the plant1 but supposing it to be ,coltsfoot1 after the infant died1 took his leave1 without ay remark further1 than that the disorder which occasioned its death had arisen from some accidental and unusual cause4 ,the nurse1 however1 did not feel perfectly satisfied of this fact1 and carried the remainder of the herb to ,apothecaries-,hall2 and having applied there for information1 was referred to ,mr4 ,leffler1 a gentleman who had from his botanical researches that season obtained the ,sloanean prize2 who told her the mistake4 ,he also went and saw the body1 and investigated the whole case in a way that has done that young gentleman great credit2 and from him ,i have been favoured with this account4 ,had the medical attendant but known the difference between the two plants when he was called in first1 there was a chance of the child being saved to its distressed parents4 ,and here was certainly a striking instance of medical men neglecting so far the study of botany1 as not to know one of the most useful as well as one of the most dangerous plants of the present ,pharmacopoeia4 #fda4 ,,helleborus foetidus4 ,,bearsfoot4--,the country-people are in the habit of chopping up the leaves of this plant and giving it to children for removing worms2 but it is a dangerous medicine1 and should be made use of with great caution4 ,it is also recommended as a medicine for the same purpose in horses4 ,as much of the chopped leaves as will lie on a crown-piece1 given amongst a feed of corn for three days1 and remitted three days1 and repeated thus for nine doses1 has been known to remove this disease4 ,i heard a melancholy story of a mother in this city2 viz4 that a ,country ,colleagh gave some of this plant to her two sons1 one of six1 the other of four years of age1 to kill worms2 and that before four in the afternoon they were both corpses4-,dr4 ,threlkeld1 in a short account of the plants in the neighbourhood of ,dublin4 #fdb4 ,,juniperus ,salvina4 ,,savine4--,the expressed juice of this plant is very poisonous1 and often known to produce the most violent effects4 ,it is sometimes used by persons for expelling worms in children1 but should be used with great caution2 for1 if the quantity taken into the stomach is more than it can digest1 all the dreadful effects of the poisons of this class are certain to be the immediate consequence4 #fdc4 ,,scrophularia aquatica4 ,,water-,,betony4--,every part of this plant is said to be violently narcotic2 but its very disagreeable strong scent and extremely bitter taste render it not likely to be used in mistake for any culinary vegetable2 and although we know what its effects are from report1 we do not think it of so dangerous a tendency as some of our poisonous vegetables4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,drastic ,,poisons4 ,these purge both upwards and downwards with great violence by means of their acrid poisonous resin1 which also violently affects the throat and passages4 ,although alkalies have been recommended in this case1 in order to divide this resin1 and that a solution of soap is proper1 yet the vegetable acids are also very useful1 and have a great effect in diminishing the purgative effect4 ,besides this1 it appears still more advantageous to give astringents3 ,venice treacle1 decoctions of bark or cascarilla1 pomegranate rind1 and balaustines2 all which certainly precipitate this drastic principle4 #fdd4 ,,asclepias syriaca4 ,,syrian ,,dogsbane4--,all the species of ,asclepias have a white acrid juice which is considered poisonous4 ,it is observed to be very acrid when applied to any sensible part of the mouth or throat4 #fde4 ,,bryonia alba4 ,,wild ,,vine1 or ,,white ,,bryony4--,the berries of this plant1 when hanging on the hedges1 have the appearance of white grapes1 and have been eaten by children4 ,they are known to produce dreadful effects2 but it frequently happens that they produce nausea on the stomach1 by which they operate as an emetic of themselves4 #fdf4 ,,euphorbia ,lathyris4 ,,caper ,,spurge4--,a plant common in old gardens1 but not indigenous4 ,the seed-vessels are much in shape of caper-buds3 hence its name4 ,people have been in the habit of pickling these berries1 from which some dangerous symptoms have arisen2 it is probable that the vinegar may have been the means of checking its bad effects4 ,it should1 however1 never be used as food4 #fdg4 ,,euphorbia amygdaloides4 ,,wood ,,spurge4--,the juice of this plant has been known to produce very dangerous swellings in the mouth and throat of persons who have occasionally put it into their mouths4 ,we do not know that it is very dangerous2 and nothing is likely to tempt any persons to use it as food or otherwise4 #fdh4 ,,mercurialis perennis4 ,,dog',s ,,mercury4--,this plant is of a soporific deleterious nature1 and is said to be noxious to both man and beast4 ,many instances are recorded of its fatal effects4 ,mr4 ,ray acquaints us with the case of a man1 his wife1 and three children1 who were poisoned by eating it fried with bacon3 and a melancholy instance is related in the ,philosophical ,transactions1 ,number ,,cciii41 of its pernicious effects upon a family who ate at supper the herb boiled and fried4 ,it produced at first nausea and vomiting1 and comatose symptoms afterwards2 two of the children slept twenty-four hours2 when they awoke1 they vomited again1 and recovered4 ,the other girl could not be awakened during four days2 at the expiration of which time she opened her eyes and expired4 ,plantae affines4 ,it appears that the different species of ,chenopodium have been mistaken for this plant4 ,i do not see myself any very near likeness3 but as all the species of ,chenopodium have been called ,english ,mercury1 it is possible that the name may have been the cause of the mistake4 #fdi4 ,,mercurialis annua4 ,,annual ,,dog',s ,,mercury4--,persons who are in the habit of gathering wild herbs to cook1 should be careful of this4 ,it grows plentifully in all rich grounds1 and is common with ,fat ,hen and the other herbs usually collected for such purposes in the spring1 and from which it is not readily distinguished3 at least1 ,i cannot describe a difference that a person ignorant of botany can distinguish it by4 #fej4 ,,periploca graeca4--,this is an ornamental creeping plant1 and commonly grown in gardens for covering verandas1 and other places for shade4 ,i once witnessed a distressing case4 ,a nurse walking in a garden gathered flower of this plant1 and gave it to a child which she had in her arms4 ,the infant having put it to its mouth1 it caused a considerable swelling and inflammation1 which came on so suddenly1 that1 had it not been that one of the labourers had met with a similar accident1 no one would have known the cause4 ,the child was several days before it was out of danger1 as the inflammation had reached the throat4 #fea4 ,,veratrum album4 ,,white ,,hellebore4--,the roots of this plant1 and also of the ,veratrum nigrum1 have been imported mixed with the roots of yellow gentian1 and have proved poisonous4--,lewis's ,materia ,medica4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,poisonous ,,fungi4 ,the deleterious effects of these generally show themselves soon after they are in the stomach4 ,vomiting should be immediately excited1 and then the vegetable acids should be given2 either vinegar1 lemon-juice1 or that of apples2 after which1 give ether and antispasmodic remedies1 to stop the excessive bilious vomiting4 ,infusions of gall-nut1 oak-bark1 and ,peruvian bark1 are recommended as capable of neutralizing the poisonous principle of mushrooms4 ,it is however the safest way not to eat any of these plants until they have been soaked in vinegar4 ,spirit of wine1 and ether1 extract some part of their poison2 and tanning matter decomposes the greatest part of it4 ,agaricus bulbosus4 -------- necator4 -------- mamosus4 -------- piperitus4 -------- campanulatus4 -------- muscarius4 ,these are kown to be poisonous4 ,but the fungi should all be used with great caution2 for ,i believe even the ,champignon and ,edible mushroom to possess deleterious qualities when grown in certain places4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,section ,,xiv4--,,plants ,,noxious ,,to ,,cattle4 ,the foregoing lists of poisonous plants are most of them of less dangerous tendency to cattle than to the human species3 for although many of them may be mistaken for wholesome1 yet1 when they are growing wild1 it will be observed1 that the discriminating powers of the brute creation in this point are so correct1 that very few have been known to be eaten by them4 ,the following are a few of a different class1 which1 as not containing any thing particularly disagreeable to the taste of cattle1 are frequently eaten by them to their injury4 ,the agricultural student should make himself perfectly acquainted with those4 #feb4 ,,cicuta virosa4 ,,cowbane4--,linnaeus observes1 that cattle have died in consequence of eating the roots4 ,it is fortunate that this plant is not very plentiful3 it is poisonous to all kinds of cattle except goats4 ,the flower of this plant is not unlike that of water-parsneps1 which cows at some seasons will eat great quantities of4 #fec4 ,,bear',s ,,garlick4 ,allium ursinum4 #fed4 ,,crow ,,garlick4 ,allium vineale4 ,these plants very frequently occur in meadow-land1 and have property of giving a strong garlick flavour to the milk yielded by cows that feed there2 and which is often also communicated to the butter4 #fee4 ,,darnell ,,grass4 ,lolium temulentum4--,this grass has the faculty of causing poultry or birds to become intoxicated1 and so much so that it causes their death4 #fef4 ,,lousewort4 ,pedicularis palustris4--,this plant1 which abounds in wet meadows1 is said to produce a lousy disease in cows if they eat of it4 #feg4 ,,mayweed4 ,anthemis cotula4--,this is altogether of such an acrid nature1 that the hands of persons employed in weeding crops and reaping1 are often so blistered and corroded as to prevent their working4 ,it also has been known to blister the mouths and nostrils of cattle when feeding where it grows4 #feh4 ,,colchicum autumnale4 ,,meadow-,,saffron4--,this is a common plant in pasture-land in ,worcestershire1 ,herefordshire1 and other counties4 ,many are the instances that have occurred of the bad effects of it to cattle4 ,i have this last autumn known several cows that died in consequence of eating this plant4 #fei4 ,,melilot4 ,trifolium officinale4--,this plant when eaten by cows communicates a disagreeable taste to milk and butter4 #ffj4 ,,round-,,leaved ,,sun-,,dew4 ,drosera rotundifolia4--,very common on marshy commons1 and is said to be poisonous to sheep1 and to give them the disease called the rot4 #ffa4 ,,sea ,,barley-,,grass4 ,hordeum maritimum4--,this grass has been known in the ,isle of ,thanet and other places to produce a disease in the mouths of horses1 by the panicles of the grass penetrating the skin4 #ffb4 ,,water-,,hemlock4 ,phellandrium aquaticum4--,linnaeus informs us that the horses in ,sweden by eating of this plant are seized with a kind of palsy1 which he supposes is brought upon them1 not so much by any noxious qualities in the plant itself1 as by a certain insect which breeds in the stalks1 called by him for that reason ,curculio paraplecticus ,syst4 ,nat4 #eaj4 ,the ,swedes give swine's dung for the cure4 #ffc4 ,,yew4 ,taxus baccata4--,this is poisonous to cattle3 farmers and other persons should be careful of this being thrown where sheep or cattle feed in snowy weather4 ,it is particularly dangerous to deer1 for they will eat of it with avidity when it comes in their way4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,section ,,xv4--,,plants ,,noxious ,,in ,,agriculture4 ,annual ,weeds1 or such as grow wild in ,fields1 and that do not produce any ,food for ,cattle4 ,many weeds are troublesome to the farmer amongst his crops2 but which1 by affording a little fodder at some season or other1 in some degree compensate for their intrusion4 ,but as the following are not of this description1 they ought at all times to be extirpated3 for it should be recollected1 that the space occupied by such a plant would1 in many instances1 afford room for many ears of wheat1 c4 ,the following are annuals1 and chiefly grow among arable crops1 as corn1 c4 ,as these every year spring up from seeds1 it is a very difficult matter for the farmer to prevent their increase1 especially since the practice of fallowing land has become almost obsolete4 ,it is a fact worthy notice1 that the seeds of most of the annual weeds will lie in the ground for many years1 if they happen to be place deep3 so that all land is more or less impregnated with them1 and a fresh supply is produced every time the land is ploughed4 ,it is therefore proper that annual weeds of every description should be prevented as much as possible can be from going to seed1 for one year's crop will take several seasons to eradicate4 ,the only effectual mode we are acquainted with of getting rid of annual weeds is1 either by hoeing them up when young1 or by cutting the plants over with any instrument whilst in bloom2 for it should be observed1 that those never spring from the roots if cut over at that period of their growth1 which oftentimes may be easily accomplished4 ,i once observed a crop of burnet1 in which ,bromus secalius 7,lob ,grass7 was growing1 whose spike stood a considerable height above the crop1 and several acres of which a boy or woman might have cut over in a short space of time3 but it was not so3 the grass seeds and burnet were suffered to ripen together1 and no means could be devised to separate the two when threshed4 ,for this reason the burnet seeds never could find a market1 and consequently the trouble of saving it1 as well as the crop1 was lost to the grower4 ,i mention this as an instance of many that frequently occur4 ,how many times do we see with crops of winter tares wild oats seeding in them8 or ,carduus mutans standing so high above those crops that they might be thus extirpated with great ease8 ,it may be observed1 that it is in culture of this nature where annual seeds multiply4 ,a regular crop of wheat will1 by its thickness on the ground1 retard their growth by smothering them2 but the other gives them every facility1 and particularly autumnal-sown crops4 #ffd4 ,blue-bottle - - - ,centaurea ,cyanus4 #ffe4 ,white-blite - - - ,chenopodium album4 #fff4 ,charlock - - - ,sinapis arvensis4 #ffg4 ,chickweed - - - ,alsine media4 #ffh4 ,cockle - - - ,agrostemma ,githago4 #ffi4 ,cleavers - - - ,galium ,aparine4 #fgj4 ,corn ,marigold - - - ,chrysanthemum segetum4 #fga4 ,corn ,crowfoot - - - ,ranunculus arvensis4 #fgb4 ,corn ,chamomile - - - ,matricaria ,chamomilla4 #fgc4 ,weak-scented do - - ---------- inodora4 #fgd4 ,grass1 ,lob - - - ,bromus secalinus4 #fge4 ----- ,bearded ,oat - - ,acena fatua4 #fgf4 ----- ,field ,foxtail - ,alopecurus agrestis4 #fgg4 ----- ,darnel - - - ,lolium temulentum4 #fgh4 ,groundsel1 common - - ,senecio vulgaris4 #fgi4 ,wall ,barley - - - ,hordeum murinum4 #fhj4 ,mallow1 common - - - ,malva sylvestris4 #fha4 ,mayweed1 stinking - - ,anthemis ,cotula4 #fhb4 ,melilot - - - ,trifolium officinale4 #fhc4 ,mustard1 white - - - ,sinapis alba4 #fhd4 -------1 hedge - - - ,erysimum ,barbarea4 #fhe4 ,nettle1 ,stinging1 small - ,urtica urens4 #fhf4 ------1 ,dead - - - ,lamium albium4 #fhg4 ,nipplewort - - - ,lapsana communis4 #fhh4 ,orach1 wild - - - ,atriplex hastata4 #fhi4 -----1 spreading - - -------- patulata4 #fij4 ,pilewort - - - ,ranunculus ficaria4 #fia4 ,persicaria1 spotted-leaved ,polygonum ,ficaria4 #fib4 ----------1 pale-flowered --------- pensylvanicum4 #fic4 ----------1 climbing - --------- ,convolvulus4 #fid4 ,pheasant-eye - - - ,adonis autumnalis4 #fie4 ,poppy1 common red - - ,papaver ,rhoeas4 #fif4 ,poppy1 long rough-headed - ,papaver ,argemone4 #fig4 ,radish1 wild - - - ,raphanus ,raphanistrum4 #fih4 ,shepherd's ,needle - - ,scandix ,pecten ,veneris4 #fii4 ,spearwort - - - ,ranunculus ,flammula4 #gjj4 ,spurry1 ,corn - - - ,spergula arvensis4 #gja4 ,thistle1 ,spear - - - ,carduus lanceolatus4 #gjb4 ------- ,star - - - ,centaurea ,calcitrapa4 #gjc4 ------- ,marsh - - - ,carduus palustris4 #gjd4 ------- ,dwarf - - - ------- acaulis4 #gje4 ,tine ,tare1 smooth-podded - ,ervum tetraspermum4 99 99 99 99 99 ,creeping-rooted ,weeds4 ,the following are such as are perennial1 and are of the most troublesome nature1 being xtremely difficult to get rid of in consequence of their creeping roots4 ,it unfortunately appens that1 where the land is the most worked1 and the roots the more broken thereby1 the more the crop of weeds increases on the land4 ,therefore1 the only effectual mode of extirpating plants of this nature1 is by picking out the roots after the plough1 or by digging them up at every opportunity by some proper instrument4 ,where weeds of this nature occur1 there is too often thought to be more labour than profit in their extirpation4 ,and although this is an argument of some propriety1 where a farmer is tenant at will1 or where his strength is not proportionate to the land3 yet if land is worth any thing at all1 that1 whatever it may be1 is lost1 if it is suffered thus to become barren4 ,and as prevention is in most cases considered preferable to cure1 more care ought to be taken than generally is1 of all our hedges and waste pieces of land by road sides1 c4 ,many of these plants are found growing in such places1 and their seeds are of that nature that they are calculated to fly to considerable distances1--a contrivance in nature to fertilize the ground in her own way2 but which1 as agriculturists1 it is the business of men to check4 #gjf4 ,bindweed1 small - - ,convolvulus arvensis4 #gjg4 ,bindweed1 large - - ----------- sepium4 #gjh4 ,bistort - - - ,polygonum bistorta4 #gji4 ,brakes - - - ,pteris aquilina4 #gaj4 ,clown's ,woundwort - - ,stachys palustris4 #gaa4 ,cammock - - - ,ononis arvensis4 #gab4 ,coltsfoot - - - ,tussilago ,farfara4 #gac4 ,crowfoot1 creeping - - ,ranunculus repens4 #gad4 ,goutweed - - - ,aegopodium ,podagraria4 #gae4 ,grass1 ,garden ,couch - ,triticum repens4 #gaf4 -----1 ,couchy-bent - ,agrostis stolonifera4 #gag4 -----1 ,couch ,oat1 or ,knot ,avena elatior4 #gah4 -----1 ,creeping-soft - ,holcus mollis4 #gai4 ,horsetail1 ,corn - - ,equisetum arvense4 #gbj4 ,persicaria1 willow-leaved ,polygonum amphibium4 #gba4 ,rest ,harrow - - - ,ononis spinosa4 #gbb4 ,sow-,thistle1 ,corn - - ,sonchus arvensis4 #gbc4 ,spatling ,poppy - - ,cucubalus ,behen4 #gbd4 ,stinging-,nettle1 large - ,urtica dioica4 #gbe4 ,silverweed - - - ,potentilla anserina4 #gbf4 ,sneezewort - - - ,achillea ,ptarmica4 #gbg4 ,thistle1 melancholy - ,carduus heterophyllus4 #gbh4 -------1 cursed - - ------- arvensis4 #gbi4 ,water ,horehound - - ,lycopus europaeus4 99 99 99 99 99 ,perennial ,weeds4 ,this enumeration of noxious plants contains principally those which1 although they are very troublesome1 are more easy of extirpation than the last3 for although the most of them are perennial1 yet1 as their roots do not spread as those of the above list do1 they are to be effectually removed by taking up the plants by their roots4 ,it should1 however1 be always noticed1 that it is to little account to endeavour to clear any land of such incumbrances1 if any waste places which are separated only by a hedge are allowed to grow these things with impunity2 for the seeds will invariably find their way4 ,the contrivance of nature in their formation is a curious and pleasant subject for the philosophical botanist2 at the same time it is one of those curses which was impelled on human labour4 #gcj4 ,butter-bur - - - ,tussilago ,petasites4 #gca4 ,burdock - - - ,arctium ,lappa4 #gcb4 ,bugloss1 small - - ,lycopis arvensis4 #gcc4 ,crowfoot1 round-rooted - ,ranunculus bulbosus4 #gcd4 --------1 tall - - ,ranunculus acris4 #gce4 ,dock1 curdled - - - ,rumex crispus4 #gcf4 ----1 broad-leaved - - ----- obtusifolius4 #gcg4 ----1 sharp-pointed - ----- acutus4 #gch4 ,fleabane1 common - - ,inula dysenteria4 #gci4 ,garlick1 crow - - - ,allium vineale4 #gdj4 -------1 bear - - - ------ ursinum4 #gda4 ,grass1 turfy hair - - ,aira caespitosa4 #gdb4 -----1 meadow soft - - ,holcus lanatus4 #gdc4 -----1 carnation - - ,carex caespitosa4 #gdd4 ,knapweed1 common - - ,centaurea nigra4 #gde4 --------1 great - - --------- ,scabiosa4 #gdf4 ,mugwort - - - ,artemisa vulgaris4 #gdg4 ,meadow-sweet - - - ,spiraea ulmaria4 #gdh ,ox-eye ,daisy ,chrysanthemum ,leucanthe-mum #gdi4 ,plantain1 great - - ,plantago major4 #gej4 ,ragwort1 common - - ,senecio ,jacobaea4 #gea4 -------1 marsh - - ------- aquaticus4 #geb4 ,rush1 common - - - ,juncus conglomeratus4 #gec4 ----1 blueish - - - ------ glaucus4 #ged4 ----1 flat-jointed - - ------ squarrosus4 #gee4 ----1 round-jointed - ------ articulatus4 #gef4 ----1 bulbous - - - ------ bulbosus4 #geg4 ,scabious1 common - - ,scabiosa avensis4 #geh4 ,thistle1 milk - - - ,carduus marianus4 #gei4 -------1 meadow - - ------- pratensis4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,section ,,xvi4-,,exotic ,,trees ,,and ,,shrubs4 ,the fashionable rage for planting ornamental trees and shrubs having so much prevailed of late years1 that we meet with them by the road sides1 c4 almost as common as we do those of our native soil1 ,i have therefore enumerated them in this section4 ,our limits will not admit of giving any particular descriptions of each2 but as persons are often at a loss to know what soil each tree is known to thrive in best1 we have endeavoured to supply that information2 which will be understood by applying to the following ,,abbreviated ,,characters4 c4m4 read common garden mould4 b4m4 - bog mould4 l4 - loam4 b4l4 - bog and loam1 the greater part bog4 l4b4 - loam and bog1 the greater part loam4 s4 - sheltered situation4 a4 - annual4 bi4 - biennial4 p4 - perennial4 shr4 - tree or shrub4 c4 - creeper4 w4 - adapted to covering walls4 ,as the soils recommended may not be generally understood2 a little attention to the following rules will enable persons to discover what is fit for their purposes4 ,loam--the kind best adapted to the purpose of growing plants1 is of a moderately close texture1 between clay and sand1 differing from the former in want of tenacity when wet2 and not becoming hard when dry2 nor is it loose and dusty like the latter2 but in both states possesses somewhat of a saponaceous quality4 ,it varies in colour from yellow to brown1 and is commonly found in old pastures3 it may also be remarked1 that where any perennial species of ,clover 7,trifolium7 are found wild1 it is almost a certain indication of a fertile loam1 and such as contains the proper food of plants in abundance4 ,bog-mould--is frequently found on waste lands1 where ,heaths 7,ericae7 are produced3 it is composed of decayed vegetable matter and white sand4 ,the best sort is light when dry1 of a black colour1 and easily reduced to powder4 ,care should be taken to distinguish it from ,peat1 which is hard when dry1 destitute in a great measure of the sand1 and mostly of a red colour4 ,this contains in great quantities sulphureous particles and mineral oil1 which are known to be highly destructive to vegetation4 ,the mould formed from rotten leaves is a good substitute for bog-mould if mixed with sand1 and is often made use of for the same purposes4 ,these earths should be dug from the surface to the depth of a few inches and laid in heaps1 that the roots1 c4 contained therein may be decomposed3 and before they are used should be passed through a coarse screen1 particularly if intended for plants in pots4 ,as loam has been found to contain the greatest portion of the real pabulum of plants1 it has long been used for such as are planted in pots2 and the component parts of bog-earth being of a light nature1 a mixture of the two in proper proportions will form a compost in which most kinds of plants will succeed4 ,attention should be paid to the consistence of the loam2 as the more stiff it is1 the greater portion of the other is necessary4 ,,diandria ,,monogynia4 #a ,,jasminum officinale4 w4 ,common white ,jasmine c4m4 #b -------- v4 argen4 variegat4 w4 ,silver-striped ditto c4m4 #c -------- v4 aureo variegat4 w4 ,gold-striped ditto c4m4 #d -------- fruticans1 w4 ,yellow ditto c4m4 #e -------- humile1 w4 ,dwarf yellow ditto b4l4 #f ,phillyrea media1 w4 ,privet-leaved ,phillyrea c4m4 #g --------- v4 virgata ,twiggy ditto c4m4 #h --------- v4 pendula ,pendulous ditto c4m4 #i --------- oleaefolia ,olive-leaved ditto c4m4 #aj -------- buxifolia ,box-leaved ditto c4m4 #aj -------- angustifolia ,narrow-leaved ditto c4m4 #ab -------- v4 rosmarinifolia ,rosemary-leaved ditto c4m4 #ac -------- brachiata ,dwarf ditto c4m4 #ad -------- v4 latifolia ,broad-leaved ditto c4m4 #ae -------- v4 laevis ,smooth broad-leaved ditto c4m4 #af -------- v4 spinosa ,prickly broad-leaved ditto c4m4 #ag -------- v4 obliqua ,hex-leaved ditto c4m4 #ah ,chionanthus virginicus ,fringe ,tree b4m4 #ai ,syringa vulgaris ,blue lilac c4m4 #bj ------- v4 alba ,white ditto c4m4 #ba -------- persica ,persian ditto c4m4 #bb -------- v4 lacinita ,cut-leaved ditto c4m4 #bc -------- latifolia ,broad-leaved ditto c4m4 ,,tetrandria ,,monogynia4 #bd ,cephalanthus occidentalis ,button-wood b4l4 #be ,houstonia coccinea ,scarlet ,houstonia b4l4s4 #bf ,buddlea globosa ,globe-flowered ,buddlea b4l4s4 #bg ,cornus florida ,great-flowering ,dog-wood c4m4 #bh ------ mascula ,cornelian ,cherry c4m4 #bi ------ sericea ,blue-berried ditto c4m4 #cj ------ alba ,white-berried ditto c4m4 #ca ------ stricta ,upright ditto c4m4 #cb ------ sibirica ,siberian ditto c4m4 #cc ------ paniculata ,panicled ditto c4m4 #cd ------ alternifolia ,alternate-leaved ditto c4m4 #ce ------ v4 virescens ,green-twigged ditto c4m4 #cf ,ptelea trifoliata ,shrubby ,bean-trefoil c4m4 #cg ,elaeagnus angustifolia ,narrow-leaved ,oleaster c4m4 #ch -------- v4 latifolia ,broad-leaved ditto c4m4 ,,tetrandria ,,digynia4 #ci ,hamamelis virginica ,witch ,hazel c4m4 ,,tetrandria ,,tetragynia4 #dj ,ilex opaca ,carolina ,holly b4l4 #da ---- v4 angustifolia ,narrow-leaved ditto b4l4 #db ---- primoides ,deciduous ditto b4l4 #dc ---- ,cassine ,dahoon ditto l4 #dd ---- vomitoria ,south ,sea ,tea ,tree l4 ,,pentandria ,,monogynia4 #de ,azalea pontica ,yellow ,azalea b4s4 #df ------ nudiflora ,red ditto b4s4 #dg ------ v4 coccinea ,scarlet ditto b4s4 #dh ------ v4 carnea ,flesh-coloured ditto b4s4 #di ------ v4 alba ,early white ditto b4s4 #ej ------ v4 bicolor ,red and white ditto b4s4 #ea ------ v4 papilionacea ,variegated ditto b4s4 #eb ------ v4 partita ,downy ditto b4s4 #ec ------ v4 aurantia ,orange ditto b4s4 #ed ------ v4 viscosa ,late white ditto b4s4 #ee ------ v4 vittata ,white striped ditto b4s4 #ef ------ v4 fissa ,narrow petalled ditto b4s4 #eg ------ v4 floribunda ,cluster-flowered ditto b4s4 #eh ------ v4 glauca ,glaucus-leaved ditto b4s4 #ei ------ v4 scabra ,rough-leaved ditto b4s4 #fj ,lonicera dioica4 c4 ,glaucous ,honeysuckle c4m4 #fa -------- sempervirens4 c4 ,trumpet ditto l4 #fb -------- grata4 c4 ,evergeen ,honeysuckle c4m4 #fc -------- implexa4 c4 ,minorca ditto l4 #fd -------- nigra ,black-berried ditto c4m4 #fe -------- tatarica ,tartarian ditto c4m4 #ff -------- pyrenaica ,pyrenean ditto c4m4 #fg -------- ,alpigena ,red-berried ditto c4m4 #fh ,lonicera caerulea ,blue-berried ditto c4m4 #fi -------- ,symphoricarpos ,st4 ,peter's ,wort c4m4 #gj -------- ,diervilla ,yellow-flowered ,honeysuckle c4m4 #ga -------- ,caprifolium c4 ,italian white ditto c4m4 #gb -------- v4 rubra c4 ,italian early red ditto c4m4 #gc -------- ,periclym4 v4 serotina c4 ,late red ditto c4m4 #gd -------- v4 quercifolia ,oak-leaved ditto c4m4 #ge -------- v4 belgica ,dutch ditto c4m4 #gf ,lycium barbarum4 w4 ,willow-leaved ,boxthorn c4m4 #gg ------ europaeum4 w4 ,european ditto c4m4 #gh ,sideroxylon lycoides ,willow-leaved ,iron-wood b4l4 #gi ,rhamnus latifolius ,broad-leaved ditto c4m4 #hj ------- alpinus ,alpine ditto b4m4 #ha ------- theezans ,tea ditto c4m4 #hb ------- alnifolius ,alder-leaved ditto c4m4 #hc ------- ,paliurus ,christ's ,thorn c4m4 #hd ------- volubilis4 c4 ,supple-jack ,tree c4m4 #he ------- ,ziziphus ,shining-leaved ditto c4m4 #hf ------- ,alaternus ,common ,alaternus c4m4 #hg ------- fol4 argen4 var4 ,silver-striped ditto c4m4s4 #hh ------- fol4 aureo var4 ,gold-striped ditto c4m4s4 #hi ------- v4 angustifolius ,jagged-leaved ditto c4m4 #ij ,celastrus scandeus ,climbing ,staff-,tree c4m4 #ij ,ceanothus americanus ,new ,jersey ,tea ,tree c4m4 #ib ,euonymus latifolius ,broad-leaved ,spindle-,tree c4m4 #ic -------- verrucosus ,warted ditto c4m4 #id -------- atro-purpureus ,purple-flowered ditto c4m4 #ie -------- americanus ,evergreen ditto c4m4 #if ,itea virginica ,virginian ,itea b4l4 #ig ---- buxifolia ,box-leaved ditto b4l4 #ih ,ribes glandulosum ,glandulous ,currant c4m4 #ii ----- petraeum ,rock ditto c4m4 #ajj ---- floridum ,large-flowered ditto c4m4 #aja ---- diacanthum ,two-spined ,gooseberry c4m4 #ajb ---- oxyacanthoides ,hawthorn-leaved ditto c4m4 #ajc ---- canadense ,canadian ditto c4m4 #ajd ---- ,cynosbatea ,prickly-fruited ,currant c4m4 #aje ---- prostratum ,procumbent ditto c4m4 #ajf ---- alpinum ,alpine ditto c4m4 #ajg ,hedera quinquefolia4 w4 ,virginian ,creeper c4m4 #ajh ----- ,helix v4 latifolia ,broad-leaved ,ivy4 c4 c4m4 #aji ,vitis vitifera4 c4 ,common ,grape c4m4 #aaj ----- ,labrusca4 c4 ,downy-leaved ditto c4m4 #aaa ----- vulpina4 c4 ,fox ,grape c4m4 #aab ----- laciniata4 c4 ,parsley-leaved ,vine c4m4 #aac ----- arborea4 c4 ,pepper ,vine c4m4 ,,pentandria ,,digynia4 #aad ,periploca graeca4 c4 ,virginian ,silk-,tree c4m4 #aae ,salsola prostrata ,trailing ,saltwort c4m4 #aaf ,ulmus americana ,american ,elm c4m4 #aag ----- v4 alba ,white ,american ditto c4m4 #aah ----- v4 pendula ,drooping ditto c4m4 #aai ----- nemoralis ,twiggy ditto c4m4 #abj ----- pumila ,dwarf ditto c4m4 #aba ----- crispa ,curled-leaved ditto c4m4 #abb ,bupleurum fruticosum ,shrubby ,hare's-ear c4m4 ,,pentandria ,,trigynia4 #abc ,rhus ,typhinum ,virginian ,sumach c4m4 #abd ---- glabrum ,smooth ditto c4m4 #abe ---- ,vernix ,varnish ,tree c4m4 #abf ---- copallinum ,lentiscus-leaved ,sumach c4m4 #abg ---- radicans4 c4 ,upright ,poison ,ash c4m4 #abh ---- ,toxicodendron4 c4 ,trailing or officinal ditto c4m4 #abi ---- ,cotinus ,venus's ,sumach c4m4 #acj ---- ,coriaria ,elm-leaved ditto c4m4 #aca ,viburnum ,tinus ,laurustinus c4m4 #acb -------- fol4 variegat4 ,striped-leaved ditto c4m4 #acc -------- lucidum ,shining-leaved ditto c4m4 #acd -------- strictum ,upright ditto c4m4 #ace -------- nudum ,oval-leaved ,viburnum c4m4 #acf -------- cassinoides ,thick-leaved ditto l4s4 #acg -------- nitidum ,shining-leaved ditto b4l4 #ach -------- laevigatum ,cassioberry ,bush b4l4 #aci -------- prunifolium ,thick-leaved ,viburnum c4m4 #adj -------- ,lentago ,pear-leaved ditto c4m4 #ada -------- dentatum ,tooth-leaved ditto c4m4 #adb -------- v4 pubescens ,downy-leaved ditto c4m4 #adc ------- -acerifolium ,maple-leaved ditto c4m4 #add -------- ,opulus v4 americana ,american ,gelder ,rose c4m4 #ade -------- v4 rosea ,snow-ball ditto c4m4 #adf -------- alnifolium ,alder-leaved ditto c4m4 #adg ,sambucus canadensis ,canadian ,elder c4m4 #adh -------- nigra v4 laciniata ,cut-leaved ditto c4m4 #adi -------- racemosa ,clustered-flowered ditto c4m4 #aej ,staphylea trifolia ,three-leaved ,bladder-,nut c4m4 #aea ,tamarix germanica ,german ,tamarisk c4m4 ,,pentandria ,,pentagynia4 #aeb ,aralia spinosa ,angelica ,tree b4l4 ,,pentandria ,,polygynia4 #aec ,zanthorhiza ,apifolium ,parsley-leaved ,zanthorhiza b4 ,,hexandria ,,monogynia4 #aed ,prinos verticillatus ,whorl-leaved ,winter-berry b4l4 #aee ------ glaber ,smooth ditto b4l4 #aef ------ lanceolatus ,lanceolate-leaved ditto b4l4 #aeg ------ laevigatus ,spear-leaved ditto b4l4 #aeh ,berberis canadensis ,canadian ,barberry b4l4 #aei -------- cretica ,cretan ditto b4l4 #afj -------- sibirica ,siberian ditto b4l4 ,,heptandria ,,monogynia4 #afa ,aesculus ,hippocastanum ,common ,horse ,chesnut c4m4 #afb ------- flava ,yellow-flowered ditto c4m4 #afc ------- ,pavia ,scarlet-flowered ditto c4m4 #afd ------- parviflora ,small-flowered ditto c4m4 ,,octandria ,,monogynia4 #afe ,koelreuteria paniculata ,panicled ,koelreuteria b4l4 #aff ,vaccinium stamineum ,green-twigged ,bleaberry b4m4 #afg --------- diffusum ,shining-leaved ditto b4m4 #afh --------- fuscatum ,brown ditto b4m4 #afi --------- angustifolium ,narrow-leaved ditto b4m4 #agj --------- frondosum ,obtuse-leaved ditto b4m4 #aga --------- venustum ,red-twigged ditto b4m4 #agb --------- resinosum ,clammy ditto b4m4 #agc --------- amoenum ,broad-leaved ditto b4m4 #agd --------- virgatum ,twiggy-leaved ditto b4m4 #age --------- tenellum ,gale-leaved ditto b4m4 #agf --------- macrocarpon ,large-fruited ditto b4m4 #agg --------- nitidum ,shining-leaved ditto b4m4 #agh --------- ligustrinum ,privet-leaved ditto b4m4 #agi --------- pumilum ,dwarf ditto b4m4 #ahj ,erica ciliaris ,ciliated ,heath b4m4s4 #aha ----- mediterranea ,mediterranean ditto b4m4s4 #ahb ----- australis ,spanish ditto b4m4s4 #ahc ----- herbacea ,herbaceous ditto b4m4 #ahd ----- arborea ,tree ditto b4m4s4 #ahe ,daphne alpina ,alpine ,daphne b4l4 #ahf ------ pontica ,two-flowered ditto b4l4s4 #ahg ------ ,cneorum ,trailing ditto b4l4 #ahh ------ ,tartonraira ,silver-leaved ,daphne b4l4s4 #ahi ------ collina ,hairy ditto b4l4s4 #aij ------ ,gnidium ,flax-leaved ditto b4l4s4 #aia ,dirca palustris ,marsh ,leatherwood b4m4 ,,octandria ,,digynia4 #aib ,polygonum frutescens ,shrubby ,polygonum b4s4 ,,enneandria ,,monogynia4 #aic ,laurus ,benzoin ,benjamin ,tree c4m4 #aid ------ nobilis ,sweet ,bay c4m4 #aie ,sassafras ,sassafras ,tree b4l4 ,,decandria ,,monogynia4 #aif ,sophora japonica ,japan ,sophora c4m4 #aig ,cercis ,siliquastrum ,european ,judas ,tree c4m4 #aih ------ canadensis ,american ditto c4m4 #aii ,guilandina dioica ,canadian ,bonduc c4m4 #bjj ,ruta graveolens ,common ,rue c4m4 #bja ---- montana ,mountain ditto c4m4 #bjb ,kalmia latifolia ,broad-leaved ,kalmia b4s4 #bjc ------ angustifolia ,narrow-leaved ditto b4s4 #bjd ------ v4 carnea ,pale-flowered ditto b4s4 #bje ------ glauca ,glaucus-leaved ditto b4s4 #bjf ,ledum palustre ,marsh ,rosemary b4s4 #bjg ----- v4 decumbens ,dwarf ditto b4s4 #bjh ----- latifolium ,labrador ,tea b4s4 #bji ----- buxifolium ,box-leaved ,ledum b4s4 #baj ,rhodora canadensis ,canadian ,rhodora b4m4 #baa ,rhodorendron ferrugineum ,rusty-leaved ,rhododendron b4m4 #bab ------------ dauricum ,dauric ditto b4m4 #bac ------------ hirsutum ,hairy ditto b4m4 #bad ------------ ponticum ,pontic ditto b4m4 #bae ------------ fol4 variegat4 ,striped-leaved ditto b4m4 #baf ------------ cataubiense ,large ditto b4m4 #bag ------------ maximum ,large-leaved ditto b4m4 #bah ------------ punctatum ,dotted ditto b4m4 #bai ,andromeda mariana ,maryland ,andromeda b4m4 #bbj --------- v4 oblonga ,oval-leaved ditto b4m4 #bba --------- ferruginea ,rusty-leaved ditto b4m4 #bbb --------- polyfolia1 v4 major ,broad-leaved rusty ditto b4m4 #bbc --------- paniculata ,panicled ditto b4m4 #bbd --------- arborea ,tree ditto b4m4 #bbe --------- racemosa ,branching ditto b4m4 #bbf --------- axillaris ,notch-leaved ditto b4m4 #bbg --------- coriacea ,thick-leaved ditto b4m4 #bbh --------- acuminata ,acute-leaved ditto b4m4 #bbi --------- calyculata ,globe-flowered ditto b4m4 #bcj --------- v4 latifolia ,broad ,box-leaved ditto b4m4 #bca --------- v4 angustifolia ,narrow-leaved ditto b4m4 #bcb --------- ,catesbaei ,catesby's ditto b4m4 #bcc ,epigaea repens ,creeping ,epigaea b4s4 #bcd ,gualtheria procumbens ,procumbent ,gualtheria b4s4 #bce ,arbutus ,unedo ,common ,strawberry ,tree b4l4 #bcf ------- v4 fl4 rubro ,scarlet-flowered ditto b4l4 #bcg ------- v4 flore pleno ,double-flowered ditto b4l4 #bch ------- v4 angustifolia ,narrow-leaved ditto b4l4 #bci ------- v4 crispa ,curled-leaved ditto b4l4 #bdj ------- ,andrachne ,eastern ditto b4l4 #bda ,clethra alnifolia ,alder-leaved ,clethra b4l4 #bdb ------- v4 pubescens ,pubescent ditto b4l4 #bdc ,styrax officinale ,officinal ,styrax b4l4 #bdd ------ grandifolium ,large-leaved ditto l4 #bde ------ laevigatum ,smooth-leaved ditto l4 ,,decandria ,,digynia4 #bdf ,hydrangea arborescens ,tree ,hydrangea c4m4 #bdg --------- hortensis ,changeable-flowered ditto c4m4 #bdh --------- glauca ,glaucous-leaved ditto b4l4 #bdi --------- radiata ,rayed-flowered ditto b4l4 ,,dodecandria ,,monogynia4 #bej ,halesia tetraptera ,wing-seeded ,snow-drop ,tree c4m4 ,,dodecandria ,,trigynia4 #bea ,euphorbia spinosa ,shrubby ,euphorbia b4l4 #beb ,aristotelia ,macqui ,shining-leaved ,aristotelia b4s4 ,,icosandria ,,monogynia4 #bec ,philadelphus coronarius ,common ,syringa c4m4 #bed ------------ nanus ,dwarf ditto c4m4 #bee ,punica ,granatum4 w4 ,pomegranata l4w4s4 #bef ------ flore pleno4 w4 ,double-flowered ditto l4w4s4 #beg ------ flore luteo4 w4 ,yellow-flowered ditto l4w4s4 #beh ------ flore albo4 w4 ,white-flowered ditto l4w4s4 #bei ------ nana4 w4 ,dwarf ditto l4w4s4 #bfj ,amygdalus ,persica ,peach ,tree c4m4 #bfa --------- v4 flore pleno ,double-flowering ditto c4m4 #bfb --------- v4 ,nectarina ,nectarine c4m4 #bfc --------- nana ,rough-leaved ,almond c4m4 #bfd --------- pumila ,dwarf ditto c4m4 #bfe --------- communis ,common ditto c4m4 #bff --------- fol4 variegat4 ,striped-leaved ditto c4m4 #bfg --------- chinensis ,chinese ditto c4m4 #bfh --------- orientalis ,silvery-leaved ditto c4m4 #bfi --------- sibirica ,siberian ditto c4m4 #bgj ,prunus virginiana ,virginian ,bird-,cherry c4m4 #bga ------ caroliniana ,carolinian ditto c4m4 #bgb ------ lusitanica ,portugal ,laurel c4m4 #bgc ,lauro-,cerasus ,common ,laurel c4m4 #bgd ----- ,maheleb ,perfumed ,cherry c4m4 #bge ----- ,armeniaca ,apricot ,tree c4m4 #bgf ----- pumila ,dwarf ,bird-,cherry c4m4 #bgg ----- pendula ,weeping ,cherry c4m4 #bgh ----- pennsylvanica ,pennsylvanian ,bird-,cherry c4m4 #bgi ----- nigra ,black ditto c4m4 #bhj ----- cerasifera ,mirobalum ,plum-,tree c4m4 #bha ----- rubra ,cornish ,bird-,cherry c4m4 #bhb ----- ,cerasus1 v4 flore pleno ,double-flowering ditto c4m4 #bhc ----- domestica ,common ,plum c4m4 #bhd ----- v4 flore pleno ,double-flowering ditto c4m4 #bhe ----- sibirica ,siberian ditto c4m4 ,,icosandria ,,digynia4 #bhf ,crataegus ,crus galli ,cockspur ,thorn c4m4 #bhg -------- v4 pyracanthifolia ,pyracanthus-leaved ditto c4m4 #bhh -------- salicifolia ,willow-leaved ditto c4m4 #bhi -------- ,aria1 v4 suecica ,swedish ,white ,beam ,tree c4m4 #bij -------- coccinea ,american ,hawthorn c4m4 #bia -------- sanguinea ,bloody ditto c4m4 #bib -------- cordata ,maple-leaved ditto c4m4 #bic -------- pyrifolia ,pear-leaved ditto c4m4 #bid -------- elliptica ,oval-leaved ditto c4m4 #bie -------- glandulosa ,hollow-leaved ditto c4m4 #bif -------- flava ,yellow-berried ditto c4m4 #big -------- parviflora ,gooseberry-leaved ditto c4m4 #bih -------- punctata ,great-fruited ditto c4m4 #bii -------- v4 aurea ,great ,yellow-fruited ditto c4m4 #cjj -------- ,azarolus ,parsley-leaved ditto c4m4 #cja -------- monogynia1 v4 coc4 ,scarlet ,thorn c4m4 #cjb -------- tomentosa ,woolly-leaved ditto c4m4 #cjc -------- odoratissima ,sweet-scented ditto c4m4 ,,icosandria ,,pentagynia4 #cjd ,mespillus ,pyracantha ,evergreen ,thorn c4m4 #cje --------- ,chamae ,mespillus ,bastard ,quince c4m4 #cjf --------- canadensis ,snowy ,service c4m4 #cjg --------- ,cotoneaster ,dwarf ,mespilus c4m4 #cjh --------- arbutifolia ,arbutus-leaved ditto c4m4 #cji --------- fructu rubro ,red-fruited ditto c4m4 #caj --------- fructu albo ,white-fruited ditto c4m4 #caa --------- tomentosa ,woolly ditto c4m4 #cab --------- ,amelanchier ,alpine ditto c4m4 #cac --------- pennsylvanica ,pennsylvanian ditto c4m4 #cad ,pyrus ,pollveria ,woolly-leaved ,pear-tree c4m4 #cae ----- spectabilis ,chinese ,apple-tree c4m4 #caf ----- prunifolia ,large ,siberian ,crab c4m4 #cag ,pyrus baccata ,small ,siberian ,crab c4m4 #cah ----- coronaria ,sweet-scented ditto c4m4 #cai ----- angustifolia ,narrow-leaved ditto c4m4 #cbj ----- ,cydonia ,common ,quince c4m4 #cba ----- salicifolia ,willow-leaved ,crab c4m4 #cbb ----- praecox ,early-flowering ditto c4m4 #cbc ,spiraea laevigata ,smooth-leaved ,spiraea c4m4 #cbd ------ salicifolia ,willow-leaved ditto c4m4 #cbe ------ v4 paniculata ,panicled ditto c4m4 #cbf ------ v4 latifolia ,broad-leaved ditto c4m4 #cbg ------ tomentosa ,woolly-leaved ditto c4m4 #cbh ------ ,hypericifolia ,hypericum-leaved ditto c4m4 #cbi ------ crenata ,crenated ditto c4m4 #ccj ------ chamaedrifolia ,germander-leaved ditto c4m4 #cca ------ thalictroides ,meadow ,rue leaved ditto l4 #ccb ------ ,opulifolia ,guelder ,rose leaved ditto c4m4 #ccc ------ sorbifolia ,mountain ,ash-leaved ditto b4m4 #ccd ------ sibirica ,siberian ditto c4m4 ,,icosandria ,,polygynia4 #cce ,rosa ,lutea ,single ,yellow ,rose l4 #ccf ---- bicolor ,red and ,yellow ,austrian ditto l4 #ccg ---- sulphurea ,double ,yellow ditto l4s4 #cch ---- blanda ,hudson's ,bay ditto l4 #cci ---- cinnamonema4 fl4 pl4 ,double cinnamon ditto c4m4 #cdj ---- pimpinellifolia ,small ,burnet-leaved ditto c4m4 #cda ---- spinosissima v4 ,striped-flowered ,scotch ,rose c4m4 #cdb ---- v4 ruberrima ,red ,scotch ditto c4m4 #cdc ---- v4 flore pleno ,double ,scotch ditto c4m4 #cdd ---- v4 altissima ,tall ,scotch ditto c4m4 #cde ---- v4 versicolor ,marbled ,scotch ditto c4m4 #cdf ---- carolina ,single ,burnet-leaved ditto c4m4 #cdg ---- v4 flore-pleno ,double ,burnet-leaved ditto c4m4 #cdh ---- v4 pimpinellifolia ,single ,pennsylvanian ditto c4m4 #cdi ---- v4 pimpinellifol4 fl4 pl4 ,double ,pennsylvanian ditto b4m4 #cej ---- v4 diffusa ,spreading ,carolina ditto c4m4 #cea ---- v4 stricta ,upright ,carolina ,rose c4m4 #ceb ---- villosa1 v4 flore pleno ,double ,apple-bearing ditto c4m4 #cec ---- provincialis ,common ,provins ditto c4m4 #ced ---- v4 ruberrima ,scarlet ,provins ditto c4m4 #cee ---- v4 pallida ,blush ,provins ditto c4m4 #cef ---- v4 alba ,white ,provins ditto c4m4 #ceg ---- v4 multiflora ,rose de ,meaux c4m4 #ceh ---- v4 bicolor ,rose de ,pompone c4m4 #cei ---- v4 humilis ,rose de ,rheims c4m4 #cfj ---- v4 prolifera ,childing's ,provins ditto c4m4 #cfa ---- v4 lusitanica ,blandford or ,portugal ditto c4m4 #cfc ---- v4 ---------- ,rose ,st4 ,francis c4m4 #cfc ,rosa provincialis v4 ---- ,shailer's ,provins ditto c4m4 #cfd ---- ferox ,hedgehog ditto c4m4 #cfe ---- brancteata ,ld4 ,macartney's ,white ,rose c4m4 #cff ---- centifolia ,dutch ,hundred-leaved ditto c4m4 #cfg ---- v4 rubicans ,blush ,hundred-leaved ditto c4m4 #cfh ---- v4 ,singletoniae ,singleton's ,hundred-leaved do4 c4m4 #cfi ---- v4 holosericea ,single ,velvet ditto c4m4 #cgj ---- v4 holoserica fl4 pl4 ,double ,velvet ditto c4m4 #cga ---- v4 sultana ,sultan ,rose c4m4 #cgb ---- v4 stebennensis ,stepney ditto c4m4 #cgc ---- v4 ------------ ,lisbon ditto c4m4 #cgd ---- v4 ------------ ,bishop ditto c4m4 #cge ---- v4 ------------ ,cardinal ditto c4m4 #cgf ---- v4 ------------ ,blush ,royal ditto c4m4 #cgg ---- v4 ------------ ,petit ,hundred-leaved ditto c4m4 #cgh ---- v4 ------------ ,pluto ditto c4m4 #cgi ---- v4 ------------ ,monstrous ,hundred-leaved do4 c4m4 #chj ---- v4 ------------ ,fringe ditto c4m4 #cha ---- v4 ------------ ,plicate ditto c4m4 #chb ---- v4 ------------ ,two-coloured ,hund4-leaved do4 c4m4 #chc ---- v4 ------------ ,shell ditto c4m4 #chd ---- parvifolia ,burgundy ,rose b4m4 #che ---- gallica ,red officinal ,rose c4m4 #chf ---- v4 versicolor ,rosa mundi c4m4 #chg ---- v4 marmorea ,marbled ,rose c4m4 #chh ---- v4 ,royal ,virgin ditto c4m4 #chi ---- v4 major ,giant ditto c4m4 #cij ---- damascena ,red ,damask ditto c4m4 #cia ---- v4 rubicans ,blush ,damask ditto c4m4 #cib ---- v4 versicolor ,york and ,lancaster ditto c4m4 #cic ---- v4 menstrualis ,red ,monthly ditto c4m4 #cid ---- v4 menstrualis alba ,white ,monthly ditto c4m4 #cie ---- v4 ,belgica ,blush ,belgic ditto c4m4 #cif ---- v4 ------- ,great ,royal ditto c4m4 #cig ---- v4 ------- ,blush ,monthly ditto c4m4 #cih ---- v4 ------- ,red ,belgic ditto c4m4 #cii ---- v4 ------- ,goliah ,rose c4m4 #djj ---- v4 ------- ,imperial ,blush ditto c4m4 #dja ---- multiflora ,many-flowered ditto c4m4 #djb ---- sempervirens4 c4 ,evergreen ,rose c4m4 #djc ---- turbinata ,frankfort ditto c4m4 #djd ---- rubiginosa v4 ,semidoule ,sweet ,briar c4m4 #dje ---- v4 muscosa ,mossy ditto c4m4 #djf ---- v4 sempervirens ,manning's ,blush ditto c4m4 #djg ---- v4 flore pleno ,double ,red ditto c4m4 #djh ---- v4 ,royal ditto c4m4 #dji ---- muscosa ,moss ,provence ,rose c4m4 #daj ---- moschata ,single ,musk ditto c4m4 #daa ,rosa v4 flore pleno ,double ,musk ,rose c4m4 #dab ---- alpina ,alpine ,rose c4m4 #dac ---- v4 rubro ,red ,alpine ditto c4m4 #dad ---- canina1 v4 flore pleno ,double ,dog-rose c4m4 #dae ---- pendulina ,rose without ,thorns c4m4 #daf ---- alba ,single ,white ,rose c4m4 #dag ---- v4 flore pleno ,double ,white ditto c4m4 #dah ---- v4 prolifera ,cluster ,maiden's ,blush ditto c4m4 #dai ---- v4 major ,great ,maiden's ,blush ditto c4m4 #dbj ---- procera ,tall ,rose c4m4 #dba ---- americana ,american ,yellow ditto c4m4 #dbb ,rubus occidentalis ,american ,bramble c4m4 #dbc ----- odoratus ,flowering ditto c4m4 #dbd ----- fruticosus inermis4 c4 ,bramble without ,thorns c4m4 #dbe ----- v4 laciniata4 c4 ,cut-leaved ,bramble c4m4 #dbf ----- v4 flore pleno ,double-flowered ditto c4m4 #dbg ,calycanthus floridus ,carolina ,allspice l4 #dbh ----------- v4 oblongus ,long-leaved ditto l4 #dbi ----------- praecox4 w4 ,early-flowered ,chinese ditto l4s4 ,,polyandria ,,monogynia4 #dcj ,tilia americana ,broad-leaved ,american ,lime c4m4 #dca ----- v4 corallina ,red-twigged ditto c4m4 #dcb ----- pubescens ,pubescent ditto c4m4 #dcc ----- alba ,white-leaved ditto c4m4 #dcd ,cistus populifolius ,poplar-leaved ,cistus l4s4 #dce ------ v4 minor ,small ,poplar-leaved ditto l4s4 #dcf ------ laurifolius ,laurel-leaved ditto l4s4 #dcg ------ ,ladaniferus ,gum ,cistus c4m4 #dch ------ monspeliensis ,montpellier ,cistus l4s4 #dci ------ laxus ,waved-leaved ditto l4s4 #ddj ------ salvifolius ,sage-leaved ditto l4s4 #dda ------ incanus ,hoary ditto l4s4 #ddb ------ albidus ,white-leaved ditto l4s4 #ddc ------ crispus ,curled-leaved ditto l4s4 #ddd ------ halimifolius ,sea ,purslane-leaved ditto l4s4 #dde ------ halimifol4 v4 angustifol4 ,narrow-leaved ,cistus l4s4 #ddf ------ umbellatus ,umbelled-flowered ditto l4s4 #ddg ------ roseus ,red-leaved ditto l4s4 #ddh ------ marifolius ,marum-leaved ditto l4s4 #ddi ------ ,tuberaria ,plantain-leaved ditto l4s4 #dej ------ apenninus ,apennine ditto c4m4 #dea ------ mutabilis ,changeable ditto l4s4 ,,polyandria ,,digynia4 #deb ,fothergillia alnifolia ,alder-leaved ,fothergillia b4s4 ,,polyandria ,,digynia4 #dec ,liriodendron ,tulipifera ,common ,tulip ,tree c4m4 #ded ,magnolia grandiflora ,laurel-leaved ,magnolia b4l4s4 #dee -------- v4 obovata ,broad-leaved ditto b4l4s4 #def -------- v4 lanceolata ,long-leaved ditto b4l4s4 #deg -------- v4 ferruginea ,ferrugineous ditto b4l4s4 #deh -------- glauca ,swamp ditto b4l4s4 #dei -------- acuminata ,blue-flowering ditto b4l4s4 #dfj -------- tripetala ,umbrella ,tree b4l4s4 #dfa -------- auriculata ,large-leaved ditto b4l4s4 #dfb -------- purpurea ,purple ,chinese ditto b4l4s4 #dfc ,annona triloba ,trifid-fruited ,custard ,apple b4l4s4 #dfd ,atragena alpina4 c4 ,alpine ,atragena b4l4 #dfe -------- austriaca4 c4 ,austrian ditto b4l4 #dff ,clematis cirrhosa4 c4 ,evergreen ,virgin's ,bower b4l4 #dfg -------- florida4 c4 ,large-flowered ditto b4l4 #dfh -------- flore pleno ,double ditto c4m4 #dfi -------- viticella4 c4 ,purple-flowered ditto b4l4 #dgj -------- v4 fl4 pleno4 c4 ,double ,purple-flowered ditto c4m4 #dga -------- crispa4 c4 ,curled-flowered ditto b4l4 #dgb -------- orientalis4 c4 ,eastern ditto b4l4 #dgc -------- virginiana4 c4 ,virginian ditto c4m4 #dgd -------- flammula4 c4 ,sweet-scented ditto c4m4 ,,didynamia ,,gymnospermia4 #dge ,teucrium flavum ,yellow ,teucrium l4s4 #dgf ,satureja montana ,winter ,savory c4m4 #dgg ,hyssopus officinalis ,common ,hyssop c4m4 #dgh ,lavandula ,spica ,lavender c4m4 #dgi --------- v4 flore albo ,white-flowered ditto c4m4 #dhj --------- ,stoechas ,french ditto c4m4s4 #dha ,phlomis fruticosa ,jerusalem ,sage c4m4 #dhb ,thymus vulgaris ,common ,thyme c4m4 #dhc ------ v4 fol4 variegat4 ,silver ,thyme c4m4 #dhd ------ vulgaris4 latifolia ,broad-leaved ,thyme c4m4 #dhe ------ ,zygis ,linear-leaved ditto c4m4 ,,didynamia ,,angiospermia4 #dhf ,bignonia ,catalpa ,common ,catalpa c4m4 #dhg -------- radicans ,great trumpet ,flower c4m4 #dhh -------- v4 minor ,small ditto c4m4 #dhi -------- capreolata ,four-leaved ditto l4s4 #dij ,vitex ,agnus ,castus ,chaste ,tree c4m4 #dia ----- v4 latifolia ,broad-leaved ditto c4m4 ,,tetradynamia ,,siliculosa4 #dib ,vella ,pseudo-cytisus ,shrubby ,vella l4s4 ,,monadelphia ,,polyandria4 #dic ,hibiscus ,syriacus ,althaea ,frutex c4m4 #did -------- v4 ruber ,red-flowered ditto c4m4 #die -------- v4 albus ,white-flowered ditto c4m4 #dif -------- v4 fol4 variegat4 ,striped-leaved ditto c4m4 #dig -------- v4 flore pleno ,double ,white-flowered ditto c4m4 #dih ,stuartia ,malacodendron ,common ,stuartia b4l4s4 #dii -------- marilandia ,maryland ditto b4l4s4 #ejj ,gordonia pubescens ,loblolly ,bay b4l4s4 ,,diadelphia ,,octandria4 #eja ,polygala ,chamaebuxus ,box-leaved ,milkwort b4m4 ,,diadelphia ,,decandria4 #ejb ,spartium ,junceum ,spanish ,broom c4m4 #ejc -------- flore pleno ,double-flowered ditto l4s4 #ejd -------- decumbens ,trailing ,broom c4m4 #eje -------- ,scorpius ,scorpion ditto c4m4 #ejf -------- multiflorum ,portugal ,white ditto c4m4 #ejg -------- patens ,woolly-podded ditto c4m4 #ejh -------- purgans ,purging ditto c4m4 #eji -------- radiatum ,starry ditto b4m4 #eaj ,genista candicans ,evergreen genista c4m4 #eaa ------- triquetra ,triangular ditto c4m4 #eab ------- sagittalis ,jointed ditto l4 #eac ------- sibirica ,siberian ditto c4m4 #ead ------- germanica ,german ditto l4 #eae ------- hispanica ,spanish ditto l4 #eaf ------- lusitanica ,portugal ditto l4 #eag ,amorpha fruticosa ,bastard ,indigo c4m4 #eah ,ononis rotundifolia ,round-leaved ,rest-,harrow l4 #eai ------ fruticosa ,shrubby ditto l4 #ebj ,glycine frutescens ,shrubby ,kidney-bean ,tree c4m4 #eba ,cytisus ,laburnum ,common ,laburnum c4m4 #ebb ------- v4 latifolium ,scotch ditto c4m4 #ebc ------- alpinus ,alpine ,cytisus c4m4 #ebd ------- nigricans ,black ditto c4m4 #ebe ------- divaricatus ,divaricated ditto c4m4 #ebf ------- sessifolius ,sessile-leaved ditto c4m4 #ebg ------- hirsutus ,hairy ,evergreen ditto c4m4s4 #ebh ------- purpureus ,purple-flowered ditto b4l4 #ebi ------- austriacus ,austrian ditto l4 #ecj ------- supinus ,trailing ditto l4 #eca ------- capitatus ,large ,yellow-flowered ditto c4m4 #ecb ------- biflorus ,two-flowered ditto c4m4 #ecc ,robinia ,pseudo-,acacia ,common ,acacia c4m4 #ecd ------- hispida ,rose ,acacia c4m4 #ece ,robinia glutinosa ,glutinous ,acacia c4m4 #ecf ------- ,caragana ,caragana ditto c4m4 #ecg ------- ,altagana ,siberian ditto l4 #ech ------- ,chamlagu ,shining-leaved ditto l4 #eci ------- spinosa ,thorny ditto l4 #edj ------- ,halodendron ,salt ,tree l4 #eda ------- frutescens ,shrubby ,robinia l4 #edb ------- pygmea ,dwarf ditto l4 #edc ------- jubata ,bearded ditto l4 #edd ,colutea arborescens ,common ,bladder ,senna c4m4 #ede ------- cruenta ,eastern ditto c4m4 #edf ------- ,pococki ,pocock's ditto c4m4 #edg ,coronilla ,emeris ,scorpion ,senna c4m4 #edh ,astralagus tragacantha ,goat's ,thorn l4 ,,polyadelphia ,,polyandria4 #edi ,hypericum calycinum ,great-flowered ,st4 ,john's-wort c4m4 #eej --------- hircinum ,foetid ditto c4m4 #eea --------- v4 minus ,lesser ,foetid ditto c4m4 #eeb --------- elatum ,tall ditto c4m4 #eec --------- prolificum ,proliferous ditto c4m4 #eed --------- olympicum ,olympian ditto l4s4 #eee --------- ,kalmianum ,kalmia-leaved ditto c4m4 ,,syngenesia ,,polygamia ,,aequalis4 #eef ,santolina ,chamaecyparissus ,lavender cotton c4m4 #eeg --------- rosmarinifolius ,rosemary-leaved ditto c4m4 ,,syngenesia ,,polygamia ,,superflua4 #eeh ,gnaphalium ,stoechas ,narrow-leaved ,everlasting l4s4 #eei ,baccharis halimifolia ,groundsel tree c4m4 #efj ,cineraria maritima ,sea ,rag-wort l4s4 ,,gynandria ,,pentandria4 #efa ,passiflora caerulea4 c4 ,blue ,passion ,flower c4m4s4 ,,gynandria ,,hexandria4 #efb ,aristolochia ,sipho4 c4 ,tree ,birthwort l4 ,,monoecia ,,triandria4 #efc ,axyris ,ceratoides ,shrubby ,axyris l4s4 #efd ,comptonia asplenifolia ,fern-leaved ,gale b4s4 ,,monoecia ,,tetrandria4 #efe ,aucuba japonica ,blotched-leaved ,aucuba l4b4s4 #eff ,betula populifolia ,poplar-leaved ,birch c4m4 #efg ------ nigra ,black ditto c4m4 #efh ------ papyracea ,paper ditto c4m4 #efi ------ pumila ,hairy-leaved ,dwarf ditto b4m4 #egj ------ oblongata ,oblong-leaved ditto c4m4 #ega ------ laciniata ,cut-leaved ,alder c4m4 #egb ------ incana ,glaucous-leaved ,alder c4m4 #egc ------ v4 angulata ,elm-leaved ditto c4m4 #egd ,buxus balearicus ,minorca ,box l4s4 #ege ----- semperv4 v4 variegat4 ,striped-leaved ditto c4m4 #egf ----- v4 angustifolia ,narrow-leaved ditto c4m4 #egg ,morus alba ,white ,mulberry c4m4 #egh ----- nigra ,black ditto c4m4 #egi ----- papyracea ,paper ditto c4m4 #ehj ----- rubra ,red ditto c4m4 ,,monoecia ,,pentandria4 #eha ,iva frutescens ,bastard ,jesuit's-,bark ,tree c4m4 ,,monoecia ,,polyandria4 #ehb ,quercus ,phellos ,willow-leaved ,oak l4 #ehc ------- v4 serioea ,dwarf ,willow-leaved ditto l4 #ehd ------- ,ilex ,evergreen ,oak c4m4 #ehe ------- v4 serrata ,sawed-leaved ,evergreen ditto c4m4 #ehf ------- v4 oblonga ,oblong-leaved ,evergreen do4 c4m4 #ehg ------- ,suber ,cork tree c4m4 #ehh ------- virens ,live ,oak c4m4 #ehi ------- ,prinos ,chesnut-leaved ,oak l4s4 #eij ------- v4 oblonga ,long-leaved ditto l4 #eia ------- aquatica ,water ,oak l4 #eib ------- v4 heterophylla ,various-leaved ,water ,oak l4 #eic ------- v4 elongata ,long-leaved ,water ditto l4 #eid ------- v4 indivisa ,entire-leaved ,water ditto l4 #eie ------- v4 attenuata ,narrow-leaved ,water ditto l4 #eif ------- nigra ,black ,oak c4m4 #eig ------- rubra ,red ditto c4m4 #eih ------- v4 coccinea ,scarlet ditto c4m4 #eii ------- v4 montana ,mountain ,red ditto c4m4 #fjj ------- discolor ,downy-leaved ditto c4m4 #fja ------- alba ,white ,oak c4m4 #fjb ------- aegilops ,large prickly-cupped ditto l4 #fjc ------- ,cerris ,turkey ,oak c4m4 #fjd ,fagus pumila ,chinquapin ,chesnut l4s4 #fje ----- ferruginea ,copper ,beech c4m4 #fjf ----- sylvatica v4 purpurea ,purple ditto c4m4 #fjg ----- v4 asplenifolia ,fern-leaved ditto c4m4 #fjh ,carpinus virginiana ,virginian ,hornbeam c4m4 #fji ,carpinus ,ostrya ,hop ,hornbeam c4m4 #faj ,corylus rostrata ,american ,cuckold ,nut c4m4 #faa ------- ,colurna ,constantinople ditto c4m4 #fab ,platanus orientalis ,palmated ,plane ,tree c4m4 #fac -------- v4 acerifolia ,maple-leaved ditto c4m4 #fad -------- v4 undulata ,waved-leaved ditto c4m4 #fae -------- occidentalis ,lobed-leaved ditto c4m4 #faf ,liquidamber ,styraciflua ,maple-leaved ,gum ,tree l4 ,,monoecia ,,monadelphia4 #fag ,pinus pinaster ,pinaster c4m4 #fah ----- ,inops ,jersey ,pine l4 #fai ----- resinosa ,pitch ditto l4 #fbj ----- halepensis ,aleppo ,pine l4 #fba ----- ,pinea ,stone ,pine l4 #fbb ----- ,taeda ,frankincense ditto l4 #fbc ----- v4 rigida ,three-leaved ditto l4 #fbd ----- v4 variabilis ,two and three-leaved ditto l4 #fbe ----- v4 alopecuroides ,fox-tail ditto l4 #fbf ----- v4 ,cembra ,siberian stone ditto c4m4 #fbg ----- ,strobus ,weymouth ditto c4m4 #fbh ----- ,cedrus ,cedar of ,lebanon c4m4 #fbi ----- ,larix ,red ,larch c4m4 #fcj ----- v4 pendula ,black ,larch c4m4 #fca ----- ,picea ,silver ,fir c4m4 #fcb ----- ,balsamea ,balm of ,gilead ,fir c4m4 #fcc ----- canadensis ,hemlock ,spruce ,fir c4m4 #fcd ----- nigra ,black ditto c4m4 #fce ----- alba ,white ditto c4m4 #fcf ----- ,abies ,red or ,common ditto c4m4 #fcg ----- sylvestris v4 tatarica ,tartarian ,pine l4 #fch ----- v4 montana ,mountain ditto l4 #fci ----- v4 divaricata ,hudson's ,bay ditto l4 #fdj ----- v4 maritima ,sea ,pine l4 #fda ,thuja occidentalis ,american ,arbor-,vitae c4m4 #fdb ----- orientalis ,chinese ditto c4m4 #fdc ,cupressus sempervirens ,upright ,cypress c4m4 #fdd --------- v4 horizontalis ,male ,spreading ditto c4m4 #fde --------- disticha ,deciduous ditto c4m4 #fdf --------- v4 nutans ,long-leaved ,deciduous ditto l4 #fdg --------- thyoides ,arbor-,vitae-leaved ditto c4m4 #fdh --------- pendula ,cedar of ,goa l4s4 ,,dioecia ,,diandria4 #fdi ,salix phylicaefolia ,phylica-leaved ,willow c4m4 #fej ----- babylonica ,weeping ,willow c4m4 #fea ----- retusa ,blunt-leaved ditto c4m4 #feb ,salix incubacea ,spreading ,willow c4m4 #fec ----- ulmifolia ,elm-leaved ditto c4m4 #fed ----- hastata ,halbert-leaved ditto c4m4 #fee ----- myrtilloides ,myrtle-leaved ditto c4m4 #fef ----- ,lapponum ,lapland ditto c4m4 #feg ----- tristis ,narrow-leaved ,american ditto c4m4 ,,dioecia ,,triandria4 #feh ,empetrum rubrum ,red ,crow ,berry b4m4 #fei ,hippopha canadensis ,canada ,sea ,buck-thorn b4l4s4 #ffj ,myrica cerifera ,candleberry ,myrtle b4l4 #ffa ------ v4 latifolia ,broad-leaved ditto b4l4 ,,dioecia ,,pentandria4 #ffb ,pistachia ,terebinthus ,pistachia ,nut ,tree l4s4 #ffc ,xanthoxylum ,clava ,herculis ,tooth-ach ,tree c4m4 ,,dioecia ,,hexandria4 #ffd ,smilax aspera4 c4 ,rough ,bindweed l4b4 #ffe ------ lanceolata4 c4 ,spear-leaved ditto l4b4 #fff ------ rotundifolia4 c4 ,round-leaved ditto l4b4 #ffg ------ ,bona ,nox4 c4 ,ciliated ditto l4b4 #ffh ------ laurifolia4 c4 ,laurel-leaved ditto l4b4 #ffi ------ sassaparilla4 c4 ,sassaparilla ditto l4b4 #fgj ------ tamnoides4 c4 ,briony-leaved ditto l4b4 #fga ------ caduca4 c4 ,deciduous ditto l4b4 ,,dioecia ,,octandria4 #fgb ,populus dilatata ,lombardy ,poplar c4m4 #fgc ------- balsamifera ,tacamahac ditto c4m4 #fgd ------- candicans ,white-leaved ditto c4m4 #fge ------- laevigata ,smooth-leaved ditto c4m4 #fgf ------- monilifera ,canadian ditto c4m4 #fgg ------- graeca ,athenian ditto c4m4 #fgh ------- heterophylla ,various-leaved ditto c4m4 #fgi ------- angulata ,carolina ditto c4m4 ,,dioecia ,,decandria4 #fhj ,coriaria myrtifolia ,myrtle-leaved ,sumach c4m4 ,,dioecia ,,dodecandria4 #fha ,menispermum canadense4 c4 ,canada ,moon-seed l4b4 #fhb ----------- carolinianum4 c4 ,carolina ditto l4b4 ,,dioecia ,,monadelphia4 #fhc ,juniperus thuifera ,spanish ,juniper c4m4 #fhd --------- ,sabina ,common ,savin c4m4 #fhe --------- v4 tamariscifolia ,tamarisk-leaved ditto c4m4 #fhf ,juniperus v4 fol4 variegat4 ,variegated ,savin c4m4 #fhg --------- virginiana ,red ,cedar c4m4 #fhh --------- repens ,creeping ditto c4m4 #fhi --------- ,oxycedrus ,brown-berried ditto l4b4s4 #fij --------- phoenicea ,phoenicean ditto l4b4s4 #fia --------- bermudiana ,bermudian ditto l4b4s4 #fib --------- communis v4 suecica ,swedish ditto c4m4 #fic --------- montana ,alpine ditto l4b4 #fid ,ephedra monostachya ,shrubby ,horse tail l4b4 #fie ------- distachya ,greater ditto l4b4 #fif ,cissampelos smilacina ,smilax-leaved ,cissampelos l4b4 ,,dioecia ,,syngenesia4 #fig ,ruscus ,hypoglossum ,broad-leaved ,alexandrian ,laurel c4m4 #fih ------ ,hypophyllum ,double-leaved ditto b4m4 #fii ------ racemosus ,common ditto b4m4 ,,polygamia ,,monoecia4 #gjj ,atriplex ,halimus ,sea ,purslane c4m4 #gja ,acer tataricum ,tartarian ,maple c4m4 #gjb ---- rubrum ,scarlet ditto c4m4 #gjc ---- v4 pallidum ,pale ditto c4m4 #gjd ---- saccharinum ,sugar ,maple c4m4 #gje ---- platanoides ,plane-leaved ditto c4m4 #gjf ---- v4 laciniatum ,cut-leaved ditto c4m4 #gjg ---- montanum ,mountain ditto c4m4 #gjh ---- pensylvanicum ,pennsylvanian ditto c4m4 #gji ---- monspessulanum ,montpellier ditto c4m4 #gaj ---- creticum ,cretan ditto c4m4 #gaa ---- ,negundo ,ash-leaved ditto c4m4 #gab ---- ,opalus ,italian ditto c4m4 ,,polygamia ,,dioecia4 #gac ,gleditsia triacanthos ,three-thorned ,acacia c4m4 #gad --------- v4 horrida ,strong-spined ditto c4m4 #gae --------- v4 monosperma ,single-seeded ditto c4m4 #gaf ,fraxinus rotundifolia ,round-leaved ,ash c4m4 #gag -------- excelsior v4 crispa ,curled-leaved ditto c4m4 #gah -------- v4 diversifolia ,various-leaved ditto c4m4 #gai -------- v4 pendula ,weeping ,ash c4m4 #gbj -------- v4 striata ,striped-barked ditto c4m4 #gba -------- v4 variegata ,blotch-leaved ditto c4m4 #gbb -------- ,ornus ,flowering ditto c4m4 #gbc -------- americana ,american ditto c4m4 #gbd -------- chinensis ,chinese ditto c4m4 #gbe -------- rotundifolia ,round-leaved ditto c4m4 #gbf ,diospyrus ,lotus ,date ,plum ,tree c4m4 #gbg ,diospyrus virginiana ,virginian ,plum ,tree c4m4 #gbh ,nyssa integrifolia ,mountain ,tupello l4b4 #gbi ----- denticulata ,water ditto l4b4 ,,polygamia ,,trioecia4 #gcj ,ficus ,garica ,common ,fig-,tree c4m4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,foreign ,,hardy ,,herbaceous ,,plants4 ,in enumerating the foregoing1 as well as the plants of the present section1 ,i have had more than one object in view2 being desirous to put in only such plants as were ornamental or curious1 at the same time to insert none but what are perfectly hardy2 yet1 independently of this1 to make it sufficiently general1 to give to such persons who might wish to study plants scientifically1 a sufficient number for examples in every genus4 ,for this purpose ,i have retained a portion of the ,umbelliferous and other plants4 ,although not to be distinguished for their general beauty or appearance1 yet they are calculated to afford the student the best plants for comparison1 and for that reason ,i have arranged them according to the ,linnaean ,system4 ,,diandria ,,monogynia4 #a ,veronica sibirica ,siberian ,speedwell c4m4 #b -------- virginica ,virginian ditto c4m4 #c -------- spuria ,bastard ditto c4m4 #d -------- maritima ,blue-flowered ,sea ditto c4m4 #e -------- longifolia ,long-leaved ditto c4m4 #f -------- incana ,hoary ditto c4m4 #g -------- incicisa ,cut-leaved ditto c4m4 #h -------- ,allioni ,creeping ditto c4m4 #i -------- ,teucrium ,hungarian ditto c4m4 #aj -------- urticaefolia ,nettle-leaved ditto c4m4 #aa -------- orientalis ,oriental ditto c4m4 #ab -------- candida ,white-leaved ditto c4m4 #ac -------- multifida ,multifid ditto c4m4 #ad -------- latifolia ,broad-leaved ditto c4m4 #ae ,verinoca prostrata ,trailing ,sea ,speedwell c4m4 #af -------- austriaca ,austrian ditto c4m4 #ag -------- pinnata ,wing'd-leaved ditto c4m4 #ah -------- paniculata ,panicled ditto c4m4 #ai -------- ,gentianoides ,gentian-leaved ditto c4m4 #bj ,gratiola officinalis ,hedge-,hyssop c4m4 #ba ,verbena urticaefolia ,nettle-leaved ,vervain c4m4 #bb ,lycopus virginicus ,virginian ,lycopus c4m4 #bc ,monarda fistulosa ,hollow-stalked ,monarda l4 #bd ------- didyma ,scarlet ditto l4 #be ------- purpurea ,purple ditto l4 #bf ,salvia lyrata ,lyre-leaved ,sage l4b4 #bg ------ virgata ,twiggy-branched ditto c4m4 #bh ------ sylvestris ,spotted-stalked ditto c4m4 #bi ------ nemorosa ,spear-leaved ditto c4m4 #cj ------ austriaca ,austrian ditto c4m4 #ca ------ ,disermas ,long-spiked ditto c4m4 #cb ------ verticillata ,whorl-flowered ditto c4m4 #cc ------ glutinosa ,yellow-flowered ditto c4m4 #cd ------ lineata ,flax-leaved ditto l4b4 #ce ,collinsonia canadensis ,nettle-leaved ,collinsonia c4m4 ,,triandria ,,monogynia4 #cf ,valeriana ,phu ,garden ,valerian c4m4 #cg ,ixia chinensis ,chinese ,ixia l4b4 #ch ,galdiolus communis ,common red ,corn-,flag c4m4 #ci --------- byzantinus ,larger ditto c4m4 #dj ,iris susiana ,chalcedonian ,iris l4b4 #da ---- florentina ,florentine ditto c4m4 #db ---- germanica ,german ditto c4m4 #dc ---- lurida ,dingy ditto c4m4 #dd ---- sambucina ,elder-scented ditto c4m4 #de ---- dalmatica ,dalmatian ditto c4m4 #df ---- variegata ,variegated-flowered ditto c4m4 #dg ---- biflora ,two-flowered ditto l4b4 #dh ---- pumila ,dwarf ditto c4m4 #di ---- sibirica ,siberian ditto c4m4 #ej ---- squalens ,brown-flowered ditto c4m4 #ea ---- versicolor ,various coloured ditto c4m4 #eb ---- spuria ,spurious ditto c4m4 #ec ---- ochroleuca ,pale ,yellow ditto c4m4 #ed ---- graminea ,grass-leaved ditto c4m4 #ee ---- ephium ,spanish ,bulbous ditto c4m4 #ef ---- ephioides ,english ,bulbous ditto c4m4 #eg ---- persica ,persian ditto l4b4 #eh ---- halophila ,long-leaved ditto c4m4 #ei ---- subbiflora ,one- and ,two-flowered ditto c4m4 #fj ---- virginica ,virginian ditto c4m4 #fa ,iris aphylla ,naked-stalked ,iris c4m4 #fb ---- flexuosa ,bending-stalked ditto c4m4 #fc ,commelina erecta ,upright ,commelina c4m4 ,,tetrandria ,,monogynia4 #fd ,scabiosa alpina ,alpine ,scabious c4m4 #fe -------- leucantha ,snowy ditto c4m4 #ff -------- sylvatica ,broad-leaved ditto c4m4 #fg -------- ochroleuca ,pale white ditto c4m4 #fh ,crucianella anomala ,anomalous ,crucianella c4m4 #fi ,asperula ,taurina ,broad-leaved ,woodroof c4m4 #gj ,plantago maxima ,broad-leaved ,plantain c4m4 #ga -------- v4 rosea ,rose ditto c4m4 #gb -------- altissima ,tall ditto c4m4 #gc -------- asiatica ,asiatic ditto c4m4 #gd ,sanguisorba media ,short-spiked ,burnet-saxifrage c4m4 #ge -------- canadensis ,canadian ditto c4m4 ,,pentandria ,,monogynia4 #gf ,anchusa angustifolia ,narrow-leaved ,bugloss c4m4 #gg ,pulmonaria angustifolia ,narrow-leaved ,lungwort l4b4 #gh ---------- virginica ,virginian ditto l4b4 #gi ,borago orientalis ,eastern ,borage l4b4 #hj ,symphytum orientale ,eastern ,comfrey l4b4 #ha --------- asperrimum ,siberian ditto c4m4 #hb ,hydrophyllum virginicum ,virginian ,water-leaf l4b4 #hc ------------ canadense ,canadian ditto l4b4 #hd ,lysimachia ,ephemeron ,willow-leaved ,loose-strife l4 #he ---------- stricta ,bulb-bearing ditto b4s4 #hf ---------- ciliata ,ciliated ditto c4m4 #hg ,plumbago europaea ,european ,lead-wort c4m4 #hh ,phlox paniculata ,panicled ,lychnidea c4m4 #hi ----- undulata ,wave-leaved ditto c4m4 #ij ----- suaveolens ,white-flowered ditto c4m4 #ia ----- carolina ,carolina ditto c4m4 #ib ----- maculata ,spotted-stalked ditto c4m4 #ic ----- glaberrima ,smooth-stalked ditto c4m4 #id ,convolvulus americanus ,american ,bind-weed c4m4 #ie ,polemonium reptans ,creeping ,greek ,valerian c4m4 #if ,campanula persicifolia ,peach-leaved ,campanula l4 #ig --------- pyramidalis ,pyramidal ditto l4 #ih --------- lilifolia ,lily ditto c4m4 #ii --------- rapunculoides ,nettle-leaved ditto c4m4 #ajj -------- americana ,american ditto l4 #aja -------- versicolor ,various-coloured ditto l4b4 #ajb -------- sibirica ,siberian ditto l4b4 #ajc ,phyteuma spicata ,spike-flowered ,horn-,rampion c4m4 #ajd ,triosteum perfoliatum ,fever ,wort l4b4 #aje ,verbascum ferrugineum ,rusty-leaved ,mullein l4 #ajf -------- phoeniceum ,purple-flowered ditto l4 #ajg ,hyoscyamus ,scopolia ,nightshade-leaved ,henbane b4 #ajh ,physalis ,alkekengi ,winter ,cherry c4m4 #aji ,atropa ,mandragora ,mandrake l4s4 #aaj ,viola montana ,mountain ,violet c4m4 #aaa ,tabernamonta ,amsonia ,alternate-leaved ,taberna montana #aab ------------ angustifolia ,narrow-leaved ditto l4s4 ,,pentandria ,,digynia4 #aac ,apocynum venetum ,spear-leaved ,dog's-bane c4m4 #aad -------- androsaemifolium ,fly-catching ditto l4b4 #aae -------- cannabium ,hemp-leaved ditto c4m4 #aaf ,asclepius syriaca ,syrian ,swallow-wort c4m4 #aag --------- amoena ,oval-leaved ditto c4m4 #aah --------- incarnata ,flesh-coloured ditto c4m4 #aai --------- sibirica ,siberian ditto l4b4 #abj --------- ,vincetoxicum ,officinal ditto c4m4 #aba --------- exaltata ,tall ditto l4b4 #abb --------- tuberosa ,orange ,apocynum or ditto l4b4 #abc --------- nigra ,black ditto c4m4 #abd ,heuchera americana ,american ,spanicle c4m4 #abe ,gentiana lutea ,yellow ,gentian l4b4 #abf -------- saponaria ,soapwort-leaved ditto l4b4 #abg --------- cruciata ,cross-wort ditto l4b4 #abh ,eryngium planum ,flat-leaved ,eryngo l4 #abi -------- amethystinum ,amethystian ditto l4 #acj -------- ,bourgati ,cut-leaved ditto l4 #aca -------- alpinum ,alpine ditto l4 #acb ,astrantia major ,great ,black ,masterwort c4m4 #acc ,ferrula communis ,gigantic ,fennel l4 #acd ------- nodiflora ,knotted ditto l4 #ace ,laserpitium latifolium ,broad-leaved ,laser-wort l4 #acf ,heracleum elegans ,elegant-leaved ,cow ,parsnep c4m4 #acg ,ligusticum laevisticum ,common ,lovage c4m4 #ach ---------- peloponnese ,hemlock-leaved ditto c4m4 #aci ,angelica archangelica ,garden ,angelica c4m4 #adj ,sium ,falcaria ,creeping-rooted ,skirret l4b4 #ada ,phellandrium ,mutellina ,mountain ,phellandrium l4b4 #adb ,chaerophyllum bulbosum ,bulbous-rooted ,chaerophyllum c4m4 #adc ------------ hirsutum ,hairy ditto c4m4 #add ------------ aromaticum ,sweet-scented ditto c4m4 #ade ,sesseli montanum ,long-leaved ,meadow-saxifrage c4m4 #adf ,thapsia villosa ,deadly carrot c4m4 #adg ,smyrnium aureum ,golden ,alexanders l4b4 ,,pentandria ,,pentagynia4 #adh ,aralia racemosa ,berry-bearing ,aralia c4m4 #adi ,aralia nudicaulis ,naked-stalk'd ,atalia l4b4 #aej ,statice ,cephalotes ,large single-stalk'd ,statice l4 #aea ------- speciosa ,plaintain-leaved ditto l4 #aeb ------- tatarica ,tartarian ditto l4 ,,hexandria ,,monogynia4 #aec ,tradescantia virginica ,virginian ,spider-wort c4m4 #aed ,narcissus angustifolius ,narrow-leaved ,narcissus c4m4 #aee --------- biflorus ,two-flowered ditto c4m4 #aef --------- majalis ,late-flowering white ditto c4m4 #aeg ,narcissus incomparabilis ,peerless ,daffodil c4m4 #aeh --------- major ,large ditto c4m4 #aei --------- orientalis ,oriental ditto c4m4 #afj --------- ,tazetta ,polyanthus ,narcissus c4m4 #afa --------- odorus ,sweet-scented ditto c4m4 #afb --------- ,jonquilla ,jonquil c4m4 #afc --------- hispanicus ,spanish-white ditto c4m4 #afd --------- ,bulbocodium ,hoop ,petticoat ditto l4b4 #afe --------- minor ,lesser daffodil c4m4 #aff ,amaryllis lutea ,yellow ,amaryllis l4 #afg ,allium victorialis ,long rooted ,garlick c4m4 #afh ------ sphaerocephalon ,small round-headed ditto c4m4 #afi ------ descendens ,purple-headed ditto c4m4 #agj ------ nutans ,nodding ditto c4m4 #aga ------ senescens ,narcissus-leaved ,garlick c4m4 #agb ------ multibulbosum ,broad-leaved ditto c4m4 #agc ------ flavum ,yellow ,garlick c4m4 #agd ------ ,moly ,yellow ,moly c4m4 #age ------ tartaricum ,tartarian ,garlick c4m4 #agf ------ subhirsutum ,hairy ditto c4m4 #agg ------ pallens ,pale-flowered ditto c4m4 #agh ,lilium candidum ,white ,lilly c4m4 #agi ------ bulbiferum ,orange ditto c4m4 #ahj ------ pomponium ,pomponian ditto b4m4 #aha ------ chalcedonium ,scarlet ,martagon ditto c4m4 #ahb ------ superbum ,superb ditto b4m4 #ahc ------ martagon ,common ,martagon ditto c4m4 #ahd ------ canadense ,canada-,martagon ditto b4m4 #ahe ------ tigrinum ,tiger ,lily l4b4 #ahf ------ philadelphicum ,philadelphia ,lily b4m4s4 #ahg ------ ,catesbaei ,catesby's ,lily b4m4s4 #ahh ,fritillaria imperialis ,crown ,imperial c4m4 #ahi ----------- persica ,persian ,fritillary l4 #aij ----------- pyrenaica ,pyrenean ,fritillary c4m4 #aia ,uvularia perfoliata ,perfoliate ,uvularia l4b4 #aib -------- amplexifolia ,heart-leaved ditto l4b4 #aic -------- grandiflora ,large-flowered ditto c4m4 #aid ,erythronium ,dens ,canis ,dog's-tooth ,violet c4m4 #aie ,tulipa sylvestris ,italian ,yellow ,tulip c4m4 #aif ------ ,gesneriana ,common ,garden ditto c4m4 #aif ,hypoxis erecta ,upright ,hypoxis c4m4 #aig ,ornithogalum nutans ,nodding ,star of ,bethlehem c4m4 #aih ------------ pyrenaicum ,pyrenean ditto c4m4 #aii ------------ latifolium ,broad-leaved ditto c4m4 #bjj ,scilla peruviana ,peruvian-,hyacinth c4m4 #bja ------ campanulata ,spansh ,squill c4m4 #bjb ------ bifolia ,two-leaved ditto l4b4 #bjc ------ praecox ,siberian ditto l4b4 #bjd ------ italica ,italian ditto c4m4 #bje ------ amoena ,early-flowering ditto c4m4 #bjf ,asphodelus luteus ,yellow ,asphodel c4m4 #bjg ---------- ramosus ,branching ditto c4m4 #bjh ,anthericum ramosum ,branching ,anthericum c4m4 #bji ---------- ,liliago ,grass-leaved ditto c4m4 #baj ---------- ,liliastrum ,st4 ,bruno's ,lily c4m4 #baa ,convallaria verticillata ,verticillate ,solomon's ,seal l4 #bab ----------- racemosa ,branching ditto l4 #bac ----------- stellata ,starry ditto l4 #bad ,hyacinthus orientalis ,garden ,hyacinth c4m4 #bae ---------- romanus ,roman ditto l4 #baf ---------- cernuus ,nodding ditto c4m4 #bag ---------- ,muscaria ,musk ditto c4m4 #bah ---------- monstrosus ,feathered ditto c4m4 #bai ---------- comosus ,purple-,grape or ,tassel ditto c4m4 #bbj ---------- botryoides ,blue-,grape ditto c4m4 #bba ---------- racemosus ,starch ditto c4m4 #bbb ,aletris ,uvaria ,orange-flowered ,aletris l4s4 #bbc ,yucca gloriosa ,superb ,adam's ,needle l4s4 #bbd ----- filamentosa ,thready ditto c4m4 #bbe ,hemerocallis flava ,yellow ,day ,lily c4m4 #bbf ------------ coerulea ,blue ditto l4s4 #bbg ------------ alba ,white ditto l4s4 #bbh ------------ fulva ,tawny ditto c4m4 #bbi ------------ graminea ,grass-leaved ditto c4m4 ,,hexandria ,,trigynia4 #bcj ,rumex ,patentia ,patience ,dock c4m4 #bca ----- italicus ,italian ditto c4m4 #bcb ----- alpinus ,alpine ditto c4m4 ,,hexandria ,,tetragynia4 #bcc ,saururus cernuus ,lizard's ,tail c4m4 #bcd -------- lucidus ,shining-leaved ditto c4m4 ,,octandria ,,monogynia4 #bce ,oenothera fruticosa ,shrubby ,oenothera c4m4 #bcf ,oenothera ,misouriensis ,misour ,oenothera l4b4 #bcg --------- ,fraseri ,fraser's ditto l4b4 #bch --------- angustifolia ,narrow-leaved ,shrubby ditto c4m4 #bci ,epilobium angustissimum ,narrowest-leaved ,willow-herb c4m4 #bdj --------- ,dodonaei ,dodonaeus's ditto l4b4 ,,octandria ,,trigynia4 #bda ,polygonum divaricatum ,divaricated ,polygonum c4m4 #bdb --------- scandens ,climbing ditto c4m4 #bdc --------- undulatum ,waved-leaved ditto c4m4 #bdd --------- ochreatum ,spear-leaved ditto c4m4 #bde --------- virginicum ,virginian ditto c4m4 ,,enneandria ,,tetragynia4 #bdf ,rheum ,rhaponticum ,rhapontic ,rhubarb c4m4 #bdg ----- undulatum ,waved-leaved ditto c4m4 #bdh ----- palmatum ,palmated-leaved ditto c4m4 #bdi ----- tataricum ,tartarian ditto c4m4 #bej ----- hybridum ,bastard ditto c4m4 #bea ----- compactum ,compact ditto c4m4 ,,decandria ,,monogynia4 #beb ,sophora flavescens ,siberian ,sophora l4b4 #bec ------- alopecuroides ,fox-tail ditto l4b4 #bed ------- australis ,blue ,australian ditto l4b4 #bee ------- alba ,white ditto l4b4 #bef ,cassia marilandica ,maryland ,cassia l4 #beg ,dictamnus rubra ,fraxinella c4m4 ,,decandria ,,digynia4 #beh ,saxifraga crassifolia ,oval-leaved ,saxifrage c4m4 #bei --------- cordifolia ,heart-leaved ditto c4m4 #bfj --------- ,geum ,kidney-leaved ditto c4m4 #bfa --------- geranoides ,crane's-bill-leaved ditto c4m4 #bfb --------- pensylvanica ,pennsylvanian ditto l4b4 #bfc --------- hieracifolia ,hawkweed-leaved ditto c4m4 #bfd ,gypsophila paniculata ,panicled ,gypsophila c4m4 #bfe ---------- altissima ,tall ditto c4m4 #bff ,dianthus barbatus ,common ,sweet ,william c4m4 #bfg -------- hybridus ,mule ,pink c4m4 #bfh -------- superbus ,superb ditto c4m4 ,,decandria ,,trigynia4 #bfi ,cucabulus viscosus ,clammy ,bladder ,campion c4m4 #bgj --------- tataricus ,tartarian ditto c4m4 #bga --------- stellatus ,starry ditto l4b4 #bgb ,silene longiflora ,long-flowered ,catchfly c4m4 ,,decandria ,,pentagynia4 #bgc ,sedum majus ,great ,stonecrop c4m4 #bgd ----- ,aizoon ,yellow ditto c4m4 #bge ,agrostemma coronaria ,common ,rose ,campion c4m4 #bgf ---------- ,flos ,jovis ,umbell'd ditto c4m4 #bgg ,lychnis chalcedonia ,scarlet ,lychnis c4m4 #bgh ,cerastium repens ,creeping ,mouse-ear ,chickweed c4m4 #bgi --------- dioicum ,spanish ditto c4m4 #bhj --------- tomentosum ,wooly-leaved ditto c4m4 #bha --------- sufruticosum ,shrubby ditto c4m4 #bhb --------- strictum ,upright ditto c4m4 ,,decandria ,,decagynia4 #bhc ,phytolacca decandra ,branching ,phytolacca l4b4 ,,dodecandria ,,monogynia4 #bhd ,lythrum virgatum ,fine-branched ,willow-herb c4m4 ,,dodecandria ,,digynia4 #bhe ,agrimonia odorata ,sweet-scented ,agrimony c4m4 #bhf --------- repens ,creeping ditto c4m4 #bhg --------- ,agrimonoides ,three-leaved ditto c4m4 ,,dodecandria ,,trigynia4 #bhh ,euphorbia coralloides ,coral-stalk'd ,spurge l4 #bhi --------- pilosa ,hairy ditto l4 #bij --------- ,esula ,gromwell-leaved ditto l4 #bia --------- falcata ,sickle-leaved ditto l4 #bib --------- ,cyparissias ,cypress ditto c4m4 #bic --------- palustris ,marsh ditto l4b4 #bid --------- verrucosa ,warted ditto l4 #bie --------- multicorymbosa ,flax-leaved ditto c4m4 ,,dodecandria ,,pentagynia4 #bif ,spiraea ,aruncus ,goat's-beard ,meadow ,sweet c4m4 #big ------ lobata ,lobe-leaved ditto l4 #bih ------ trifoliata ,three-leaved ditto l4b4 ,,icosandria ,,polygynia4 #bii ,fragaria monophylla ,one-leaved ,strawberry c4m4 #cjj -------- virginiana ,virginian ditto c4m4 #cja -------- grandiflora ,pine ditto c4m4 #cjb -------- chiliensis ,chili or ,white ditto c4m4 #cjc ,potentilla pensylvanica ,pensylvanian ,cinquefoil c4m4 #cjd ---------- recta ,upright ditto c4m4 #cje ---------- hirta ,hairy ditto c4m4 #cjf ---------- mutlifida ,cut-leaved ditto c4m4 #cjg ---------- norwegica ,norway ditto c4m4 #cjh ,potentilla grandiflora ,great-flowered ,cinquefoil c4m4 #cji ---------- monspeliensis ,montpelier ditto c4m4 #caj ,geum virginicum ,virginian ,avens c4m4 #caa ---- strictum ,upright ditto c4m4 #cab ---- potentilloides ,cinquefoil ditto c4m4 #cac ---- montanum ,mountain ditto c4m4 ,,polyandria ,,monogynia4 #cad ,actea racemosa ,american ,herb-,christopher c4m4 #cae ,podophyllum peltatum ,duck's-foot1 or ,may-apple c4m4 #caf ,chelidonium laciniatum ,cut-leaved ,celandine c4m4 #cag ,papaver orientale ,oriental ,poppy c4m4 ,,polyandria ,,digynia4 #cah ,paeonia coralloides ,female ,paeony l4 #cai ------ humilis ,dwarf ditto l4 #cbj ------ albiflora ,white-flowered ditto l4 #cba ------ officinalis ,common or ,male ditto c4m4 #cbb ------ tenuiflora ,fine-leaved ditto c4m4 #cbc ------ fimbriata ,fringed-flowered ditto c4m4 #cbd ------ anomala ,siberian ditto c4m4 ,,polyandria ,,trigynia4 #cbe ,delphinium intermedium ,palmate-leaved ,bee ,larkspur c4m4 #cbf ---------- hybridum ,bastard ditto l4 #cbg ---------- elatum ,common ditto c4m4 #cbh ---------- exaltatum ,american ditto c4m4 #cbi ---------- grandiflorum ,large-flowered ditto c4m4 #ccj ,aconitum ,lycoctonum ,great ,yellow ,wolf's-bane c4m4 #cca --------- ,napellus ,common ,blue ,wolf's-bane c4m4 #ccb --------- pyrenaicum ,pyrenean ditto c4m4 #ccc --------- japonicum ,japan ditto l4b4 #ccd --------- ,anthora ,wholesome ditto c4m4 #cce --------- variegatum ,variegated ditto c4m4 #ccf --------- ochroleucum ,tall ditto c4m4 #ccg --------- album ,white-flowered ditto l4 #cch --------- volubile ,twining ditto l4b4 #cci --------- uncinatum ,hook-seeded ditto c4m4 #cdj --------- ,cammarum ,purple ditto c4m4 ,,polyandria ,,pentagynia4 #cda ,aquilegia canadensis ,canadian ,columbine c4m4 #cdb --------- montana ,mountain ditto l4 #cdc --------- sibirica ,siberian ditto l4 #cdd --------- viridiflora ,green-flowered ditto l4 ,,polyandria ,,pentagynia4 #cde ,anemone pratensis ,meadow ,anemone l4b4 #cdf ,anemone coronaria ,common ,garden ditto l4 #cdg ------- sylvestris ,snow-drop ditto c4m4 #cdh ------- virginiana ,virginian ditto c4m4 #cdi ------- pensylvanica ,pensylvanian ditto c4m4 #cej ,clematis recta ,upright ,virgin's-,bower c4m4 #cea -------- ochroleuca ,yellow ditto l4 #ceb -------- viorna ,leathery-flowered ditto l4 #cec -------- integrifolia ,intire-leaved ditto c4m4 #ced ,thalictrum aquilegifolium ,feathered ,columbine c4m4 #cee ---------- simplex ,simple-stalked ditto c4m4 #cef ---------- lucidum ,shining-leaved ,meadow ,rue c4m4 #ceg ---------- nigricans ,black-flowered ditto c4m4 #ceh ---------- elatum ,tall ditto c4m4 #cei ---------- foetidum ,stinking ditto c4m4 #cfj ---------- purpurascens ,purple-stalked ditto c4m4 #cfa ---------- medium ,german ditto c4m4 #cfb ---------- atropurpureum ,dark-purple-flowered ditto c4m4 #cfc ---------- rugosum ,rough-leaved ditto c4m4 #cfd ---------- dioicum ,dioicous ditto c4m4 #cfe ---------- sibiricum ,siberian ditto c4m4 #cff ---------- tuberosum ,tubrous-rooted ditto c4m4 #cfg ---------- angustifolium ,narrow-leaved ditto c4m4 #cfh ---------- contortum ,twisted-stalked ditto c4m4 #cfi ---------- ,cornuti ,canadian ditto c4m4 #cgj ,thalictrum speciosum ,glaucous-leaved ,meadow ,rue c4m4 #cga ,ranunculus aconitifolius ,fair ,maids of ,france c4m4 #cgb ---------- platanifolius ,plane-leaved ,ranunculus c4m4 #cgc ---------- illyricus ,illyrian ditto l4b4 #cgd ---------- asiaticus ,common ,persian ditto c4m4 #cge ,trollius asiaticus ,asiatic ,globe-flower l4b4s4 #cgf -------- americanus ,american ditto l4b4s4 #cgg ,helleborus niger ,christmas ,rose l4s4 #cgh ---------- lividus ,livid ,hellebore l4b4s4 ,,didynamia ,,gymnosperma4 #cgi ,teucrium lucidum ,shining-leaved ,germander c4m4 #chj -------- multiflorum ,many-flowered ditto c4m4 #cha ,hyssopus nepetoides ,square-stalked ,hyssop l4 #chb ,nepeta pannonica ,hungarian ,cat-,mint c4m4 #chc ------ incana ,hoary ditto c4m4 #chd ------ violacea ,violet-flowered ditto c4m4 #che ------ ,nepetella ,small ditto c4m4 #chf ------ nuda ,spanish ditto c4m4 #chg ------ tuberosa ,tuberous-rooted ditto c4m4 #chh ,sideritis hyssopifolia ,hyssop-leaved ,iron-wort l4 #chi --------- scordioides ,crenated ditto l4 #cij --------- hirsuta ,hairy ditto #cia ,mentha crispa ,curled-leaved ,mint c4m4 #cib ,mentha niliaca ,white ,mint c4m4 #cic ------ auriculata ,ear-leaved ditto c4m4 #cid ,lamium ,orvala ,balm-leaved ,archangel l4 #cie ------ rugosum ,wrinkled-leaved ditto c4m4 #cif ------ garganicum ,wolly ditto c4m4 #cig ------ molle ,pellitoria-leaved ditto c4m4 #cih ,betonica stricta ,danish ,betony c4m4 #cii ------- incana ,hoary ditto c4m4 #djj ------- orientalis ,oriental ditto c4m4 #dja ------- hirsuta ,hairy ditto c4m4 #djb ,stachys circinata ,blunt-leaved ,stachys c4m4 #djc ------- lanata ,woolly-leaved ditto c4m4 #djd ------- cretica ,cretan ditto c4m4 #dje ------- recta ,upright ditto c4m4 #djf ,marrubium supinum ,procumbent ,base ,horehound c4m4 #djg --------- hispanicum ,spanish ditto c4m4 #djh --------- peregrinum ,saw-leaved ditto c4m4 #dji ,phlomis tuberosa ,tuberous-rooted ,phlomis c4m4 #daj ------- ,herba venti ,rough-leaved ditto l4b4 #daa ,origanum hybridum ,bastard ditto l4b4 #dab -------- heracloticum ,winter ditto c4m4 #dac ,thymus virginicus ,virginian ,thyme l4 #dad ,melissa grandiflora ,great-flowered ,balm c4m4 #dae ------- graeca ,grecian ditto c4m4 #daf ,dracocephalum virginicum ,virginian ,dragon's-head l4 #dag ------------- ruyschianum ,hyssop-leaved ditto c4m4 #dah ------------- sibiricum ,siberian ditto c4m4 #dai ,scutellaria albida ,hairy ,skull-cap c4m4 #dbj ----------- integrifolia ,entire-leaved ditto l4b4 #dba ----------- lupulina ,great-flowered ditto l4b4 ,,didynamia ,,angiospermia4 #dbb ,chelone glabra ,white-flowered ,chelone l4b4 #dbc ------- obliqua ,red ditto l4b4 #dbd ------- ruelloides ,scarlet ditto l4b4 #dbe ------- formosa ,tall ditto l4b4 #dbf ,antirrhinum purpureum ,purple ,toad-flax c4m4 #dbg ----------- genistifolium ,broom-leaved ditto l4 #dbh ----------- triornithophorum ,whorl-leaved ditto l4b4 #dbi ,scrophularia betonicaefolia ,betony-leaved ,figwort l4 #dcj ------------ orientalis ,oriental ditto l4 #dca ,digitalis lutea ,yellow ,foxglove c4m4 #dcb --------- ambigua ,great ditto c4m4 #dcc --------- ferruginea ,iron-coloured ditto c4m4 #dcd ,dodartia orientalis ,eastern ,dodartia l4 #dce ,penstemon pubescens ,american ,penstemon l4b4 #dcf -------- ,iaevigatum ,smooth-leaved ditto l4b4 #dcg ,mimulus ringens ,oblong-leaved ,monkey-flower l4 #dch ,mimulus guttatus ,yellow ,monkey-flower l4b4 #dci ,acanthus mollis ,smooth ,bear's-,breech c4m4 #ddj -------- spinosa ,prickly ditto c4m4 ,,tetradynamia ,,siliculosa4 #dda ,myagrum perenne ,perennial ,gold-of-,pleasure c4m4 #ddb ,cochlearia ,draba ,draba-leaved ,scurvy-,grass c4m4 #ddc ,iberis sempervirens ,evergreen ,candy-,tuft c4m4 #ddd ,alyssum saxatile ,shrubby ,madwort c4m4 #dde ,lunaria rediviva ,perennial ,honesty c4m4 ,,tetradynamia ,,siliquosa4 #ddf ,sisymbrium strictissimum ,spear-leaved ,sisymbrium c4m4 #ddg ,hesperis matronalis ,single ,garden ,rocket c4m4 #ddh ,bunias orientalis ,oriental ,bunias c4m4 ,,monadelphia ,,decandria4 #ddi ,geranium aconitifolium ,aconite-leaved ,crane's-bill c4m4 #dej -------- angulosum ,angular-stalked ditto c4m4 #dea -------- maculatum ,spotted ditto c4m4 #deb -------- macorhizum ,long-rooted ditto c4m4 #dec -------- palustre ,marsh ditto l4 #ded -------- reflexum ,reflexed-flowered ditto c4m4 #dee -------- striatum ,striped-flowered ditto c4m4 #def -------- lividum ,wrinkled ditto c4m4 ,,monadelphia ,,polyandria4 #deg ,althaea cannabina ,hemp-leaved ,marsh-,mallow c4m4 #deh ,lavatera thuringiacea ,large-flowered ,lavatera c4m4 #dei ,alcea rosa ,common ,holyoak c4m4 #dfj ,hibiscus palutris ,marsh ,hibiscus l4b4 #dfa ,kitiabella vitifolia ,vine-leaved ,kitiabella c4m4 ,,diadelphia ,,decandria4 #dfb ,ononis antiquorum ,tall ,rest-,harrow l4 #dfc ,lupinus perennis ,perennial ,lupine l4b4 #dfd ,glycine ,apios ,tuberous-rooted ,glycine l4 #dfe ,orobus ,lathyroides ,upright ,bitter-,vetch c4m4 #dff ------ angustifolius ,narrow-leaved ditto l4b4 #dfg ------ niger ,black-flowered ditto c4m4 #dfh ------ vernus ,spring ditto l4 #dfi ,lathyrus tuberosus ,tuberous-rooted ,lathyrus c4m4 #dgj -------- heterophyllus ,various-leaved ditto c4m4 #dga -------- pisiformis ,siberian ditto c4m4 #dgb ,vicia pisiformis ,pale-flowered ,vetch c4m4 #dgc ,glycyrrhiza echinata ,prickly-leaved ,liquorice c4m4 #dgd ----------- glabra ,common ditto c4m4 #dge ,coronilla varia ,purple ,coronilla c4m4 #dgf ,hedysarum canadense ,canada ,saintfoin c4m4 #dgg ,galega officinalis ,officinal ,goat's-rue c4m4 #dgh ------ montana ,mountain ditto l4b4 #dgi ,phaca alpina ,alpine ,phaca1 or ,bastard-,vetch l4b4 #dhj ,astralagus alopecuroides ,foxtail ,milk-,vetch l4b4 #dha --------- virescens ,green-flowered ditto c4m4 #dhb --------- galegiformis ,goat's-rue-leaved ditto c4m4 #dhc --------- ,cicer ,bladder-podded ditto l4b4 #dhd --------- ,onobrichis ,purple-spiked ditto c4m4 #dhe ,trifolium hybridum ,bastard ,trefoil1 or ,clover c4m4 #dhf --------- rubens ,long-spiked ditto c4m4 #dhg --------- alpestre ,oval-spiked ditto c4m4 #dhh --------- ,lupinaster ,bastard ,lupine c4m4 #dhi ,lotus maritimus ,sea ,bird's-foot ,trefoil c4m4 #dij ,medicago ,karstiensis ,creeping-rooted ,medick c4m4 #dia -------- prostrata ,procumbent ditto c4m4 ,,polyadelphia ,,polyandria4 #dib ,hypericum calycinum ,great-flowered ,st4 ,john's-wort c4m4s4 #dic --------- perfoliatum ,perfoliate ditto c4m4s4 #did --------- ,ascyron ,red-leavedditto c4m4s4 ,,syngenesia ,,polygamia ,,aequalis4 #die ,scorzonera hispanica ,spanish ,viper's-grass c4m4 #dif ,sonchus sibiricus ,siberian ,sow-thistle c4m4 #dig ,prenanthes purpurea ,purple ,prenanthes l4 #dih ,hieracium amplexicaule ,heart-leaved ,hawkweed c4m4 #dii --------- pyrenaicum ,pyrenean ditto c4m4 #ejj ,crepis pontica ,roman ,crepis c4m4 #eja ,catananche caerulea ,blue ,catananche c4m4 #ejb ,serratula praealta ,tall ,saw-wort c4m4 #ejc --------- coronata ,lyre-leaved ditto c4m4 #ejd --------- spicata ,spike-flowered ditto b4l4 #eje ,carduus canus ,hoary ,thistle c4m4 #ejf ------- ciliatus ,ciliated ditto c4m4 #ejg ------- tuberosus ,tuberous-rooted ditto c4m4 #ejh ------- serratuloides ,saw-wort ditto c4m4 #eji ,cnicus oleraceus ,pale-flowered ,cnicus c4m4 #eaj ------ ferox ,prickly ditto c4m4 #eaa ------ centauroides ,centaury ditto c4m4 #eab ,cynara ,scolymus ,french ,artichoke c4m4 #eac ,carthamus corymbosus ,umbelled ,carthamus l4b4 #ead ,carline acaulis ,stemless ,carline l4b4s4 #eae ,cacalia hastata ,spear-leaved ,cacalia c4m4 #eaf ------ suaveolens ,sweet-scented ditto c4m4 #eag ------ saracenica ,creeping-rooted ditto c4m4 #eah ,eupatorium maculatum ,spotted ,eupatorium c4m4 #eai ---------- altissimum ,tall ditto c4m4 #ebj ,eupatorium trifoliatum ,three-leaved ,eupatorium c4m4 #eba ---------- perfoliatum ,perfoliate ditto l4b4 #ebb ---------- ,ageratoides ,nettle-leaved ditto b4l4 #ebc ,chrysocoma linosyris ,german ,goldy-locks c4m4 #ebd ---------- biflora ,two-flowered ditto c4m4 ,,syngenesia ,,polygamia ,,superflua4 #ebe ,tanacetum macrophyllum ,various-leaved ,tansy c4m4 #ebf --------- ,balsamita ,cost-,mary c4m4 #ebg ,artemisia ,abrotanum ,common ,southernwood c4m4 #ebh --------- santonicum ,tartarian ditto or ,wormseed c4m4 #ebi --------- pontica ,roman ditto c4m4 #ecj --------- ,dracunculus ,tarragon c4m4 #eca ,conyza linifolia ,flax-leaved ,flea-bane c4m4 #ecb ,tussilago paradoxa ,downy-leaved ,coltsfoot c4m4 #ecc --------- lobata ,lobated ditto c4m4 #ecd --------- alba ,white ditto c4m4 #ece ,senecio luridus ,dingy-coloured ,groundsel c4m4 #ecf ------- coriaceus ,thick-leaved ditto c4m4 #ecg ,dahlia superflua ,purple ,dahlia c4m4 #ech ------ v4 rosea c4m4 #eci ------ frustranea ,red ditto c4m4 #edj ------ v4 lutea ,yellow ditto c4m4 #eda ------ v4 violacea ,violet ditto c4m4 #edb ,boltonia asteroides ,aster-leaved ,boltonia c4m4 #edc ,aster hyysopifolius ,hyssop-leaved ,aster c4m4 #edd ----- dumosus ,purple-flowered ditto c4m4 #ede ----- ericoides ,heath-leaved ditto c4m4 #edf ----- multiflorus ,many-flowered ditto c4m4 #edg ----- linearifolus ,linear-leaved ditto c4m4 #edh ----- foliolosus ,many-leaved ditto c4m4 #edi ----- salicifolius ,willow-leaved ditto c4m4 #eej ----- linifolius ,flax-leaved ditto c4m4 #eea ----- rigidus ,rough-leaved ditto c4m4 #eeb ----- acris ,biting ditto c4m4 #eec ----- umbellatus ,umbel'd ditto c4m4 #eed ----- novae anglicae ,new ,england ditto c4m4 #eee ----- grandiflorus ,great-flowered ditto c4m4 #eef ----- patens ,spreading ditto c4m4 #eeg ----- aestivus ,labrador ditto c4m4 #eeh ----- undulatus ,wave-leaved ditto c4m4 #eei ----- concolor ,woolly ditto c4m4 #efj ----- ,amellus ,italian ditto c4m4 #efa ----- sibiricus ,siberian ditto c4m4 #efb ----- flexuosus ,bending-stalk'd ditto c4m4 #efc ----- divaricatus ,divaricated ditto c4m4 #efd ----- longifolius ,long-leaved ditto c4m4 #efe ----- cordifolius ,heart-leaved ditto c4m4 #eff ,aster corymbosus ,purple-stalk ,aster c4m4 #efg ----- paniculatus ,smooth-stalked panicled ditto c4m4 #efh ----- puniceus ,small ,purple-stalked ditto c4m4 #efi ----- laevis ,smooth ditto c4m4 #egj ----- novi belgii ,new-,holland ditto c4m4 #ega ----- ,tradescanti ,tradescant's ditto c4m4 #egb ----- pendulus ,pendulous ditto c4m4 #egc ----- diffusus ,diffuse red-flowered ditto c4m4 #egd ----- divergens ,spreading downy-leaved ditto c4m4 #ege ----- tardiflorus ,spear-leaved ditto c4m4 #egf ----- spectabilis ,showy ditto c4m4 #egg ----- mutabilis ,variable ditto c4m4 #egh ----- macrophyllus ,broad-leaved-white ditto c4m4 #egi ----- fragilis ,brittle ditto c4m4 #ehj ----- junceus ,slender-stalked ditto c4m4 #eha ----- elegans ,elegant ditto c4m4 #ehb ----- glaberrimus ,smooth ditto c4m4 #ehc ----- lucidus ,shining ditto c4m4 #ehd ----- sessiliflorus ,sessil-flowered ditto c4m4 #ehe ----- altissimus ,tallest ditto c4m4 #ehf ,solidago viminea ,twiggy ,golden ,rod c4m4 #ehg -------- mexicana ,mexican ditto c4m4 #ehh -------- sempervirens ,narrow-leaved ,evergreen do4 c4m4 #ehi -------- elliptica ,oval-leaved ditto c4m4 #eij -------- stricta ,willow-leaved ditto c4m4 #eia -------- latifolia ,broad-leaved ditto c4m4 #eib -------- laevigata ,fleshy-leaved ditto c4m4 #eic -------- caesia ,maryland ditto c4m4 #eid -------- lateriflora ,red-stalked ditto c4m4 #eie -------- altissima ,tall ditto c4m4 #eif -------- arguta ,sharp ,notched ditto c4m4 #eig -------- canadensis ,canadian ditto c4m4 #eih -------- procera ,great ditto c4m4 #eii -------- reflexa ,reflexed ditto c4m4 #fjj -------- lanceolata ,grass-leaved ditto c4m4 #fja -------- serotina ,upright ditto c4m4 #fjb -------- nemoralis ,woolly-stalked ditto c4m4 #fjc -------- bicolor ,two-cloured ditto c4m4 #fjd -------- aspera ,rough-leaved ditto c4m4 #fje -------- flexicaulis ,crooked-stalked ditto c4m4 #fjf -------- ambigua ,angular-stalked ditto c4m4 #fjg -------- rigida ,hard-leaved ditto c4m4 #fjh ,cineraria sibirica ,heart-leaved ,cineraria c4m4 #fji ,inula squarrosa ,net-leaved ,inula c4m4 #faj ----- salicina ,willow-leaved ditto l4b4 #faa ----- ensifolia ,sword-leaved ditto c4m4 #fab ,helenium autumnale ,smooth ,helenium c4m4 #fac ,chrysanthemum corymbosum ,large ,white ,chrysanthemum c4m4 #fad ,chrysanthemum indicum ,purple ,indian ,chrysanthemum c4m4 #fae ------------- millefoliatum ,tansy-leaved ditto c4m4 #faf ------------- v4 ----- a ,quilled ,white4 #fag ------------- v4 ----- b ,double ,white4 #fah ------------- v4 ----- c ,bright ,yellow4 #fai ------------- v4 ----- d ,straw-coloured #fbj ------------- v4 ----- e ,quilled ,straw-coloured4 #fba ------------- v4 ----- f ,purple ,quilled4 #fbb ------------- v4 ----- g ,lilac-coloured4 #fbc ------------- v4 ----- h ,spanish brown4 #fbd ------------- v4 ----- i ,copper-coloured4 #fbe ------------- v4 ----- j ,quilled ,lilac4 #fbf ,achillea alpina ,alpine ,millefoil or ,maudlin c4m4 #fbg -------- cristata ,slender-branched ditto c4m4 #fbh -------- serrata ,saw'd-leaved ditto c4m4 #fbi -------- impatiens ,impatient ditto c4m4 #fcj -------- santolina ,lavender-,cotton-leaved ditto c4m4 #fca -------- tanacetifolia ,tansy-leaved ditto c4m4 #fcb -------- nobilis ,showy ditto c4m4 #fcc -------- abrotanifolia ,southernwood-leaved ditto c4m4 #fcd ,buphthalmum grandiflorum ,great-flowered ,ox-eye l4 #fce ----------- salicifolium ,willow-leaved ditto l4 ,,syngenesia ,,polygamia ,,frutranea4 #fcf ,helianthus multiflorus ,perennial ,sun-flower c4m4 #fcg ---------- tuberosus ,jerusalem ,artichoke c4m4 #fch ---------- divaricatus ,rough-leaved ,sun-flower c4m4 #fci ---------- decapetalus ,ten-petal'd ditto c4m4 #fdj ---------- altissimus ,tall ditto c4m4 #fda ---------- giganteus ,gigantic ditto c4m4 #fdb ,rudbeckia laciniata ,broad-jagged-leaved ,rudbeckia c4m4 #fdc --------- digitata ,narrow-jagged-leaved do4 c4m4 #fdd --------- fulgida ,bright purple do4 l4b4 #fde --------- purpurea ,common purple do4 l4b4 #fdf ,coreopsis verticillata ,whorl-leaved ,coreopsis c4m4 #fdg --------- tripteris ,three leaved ditto c4m4 #fdh --------- aurea ,hemp-leaved ditto c4m4 #fdi ,coreopsis procera ,tall ,coreopsis c4m4 #fej --------- alternifolia ,alternate-leaved ditto c4m4 #fea --------- auriculata ,ear-leaved ditto c4m4 #feb --------- minima ,least ditto l4b4 #fec ,centaurea ,cenaureum ,great ,centaury c4m4 #fed --------- alpina ,alpine ditto l4b4 #fee --------- montana ,mountain ditto c4m4 #fef --------- sempervirens ,evergreen ditto c4m4 #feg --------- sibirica ,siberian ditto c4m4 #feh --------- phrygia ,austrian ditto c4m4 #fei ,centaurea glastifolia ,woad-leaved ,centaury l4b4 #ffa --------- rhapontica ,swiss ditto l4b4 #ffb --------- sonchifolia ,sow-thistle-leaved ditto l4b4 #ffc --------- aurea ,great ,yellow ditto l4b4 ,,syngenesia ,,polygamia ,,necessaria4 #ffd ,silphium scabrum ,rough-leaved ,silphium c4m4 #ffe -------- terebinthinum ,broad-leaved ditto c4m4 #fff -------- perfoliatum ,perfoliate ditto c4m4 #ffg -------- connatum ,round-stalked ditto c4m4 #ffh -------- ,asteriscus ,hairy-stalked ditto c4m4 #ffi -------- trifoliatum ,three-leaved ditto c4m4 ,,syngenesia ,,polygamia ,,segregata4 #fgj ,echinops ,ritro ,small ,globe ,thistle c4m4 #fga -------- sphaerocephalus ,great ditto c4m4 ,,syngenesia ,,monogamia4 #fgb ,lobelia ,cardinalis ,scarlet ,cardinal flower l4 #fgc ------- siphylitica ,blue ditto l4 ,,gynandria ,,triandria4 #fgd ,sisyrinchium striatum ,striated ,sisyrinchium l4 ,,gynandria ,,polyandria4 #fge ,arum ,dracunculus ,long-sheathed ,arum c4m4 #fgf ---- venosum ,varied ditto c4m4 ,,monoecia ,,pentandria4 #fgg ,parthenium integrifolium ,intire-leaved ,parthenium c4m4 #fgh ,urtica nivea ,snowy ,nettle c4m4 ,,dioecia ,,hexandria4 #ffi ,smilax herbacea ,herbaceous ,smilax b4l4s4 ,,dioecia ,,dodecandria4 #fhj ,datisca cannabina ,bastard ,hemp c4m4 ,,dioecia ,,monadelphia4 #fha ,napaea laevis ,smooth ,napaea l4b4 #fhb ----- scabra ,rough ditto c4m4 ,,polygamia ,,monoecia4 #fhc ,veratrum album ,white ,hellebore l4b4s4 #fhd -------- nigrum ,dark-flowered ,veratrum l4b4s4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,section ,,xviii4-,,hardy ,,annual ,,flowers4 ,these are cultivated by sowing their seeds1 in the months of ,march or ,april1 in the places where they are to remain and flower during the summer months4 ,,english ,,names4 ,,latin ,,names4 #a ,alyssum sweet ,alyssum halimifolium #b ,alkekengi ,physalis ,alkakengi #c ,arctotus annual ,arctotus anthemoides #d ,argemone or ,devil's ,fig ,argemone mexicana #e ,asphodel annual ,anthericum anuum #f ,aster ,china quilled #g ----- red ,aster chinensis #h ----- white ,aster chinensis #i ----- purple ,aster chinensis #aj ---- superb ,aster chinensis #aa ---- ,bonnet ,aster chinensis #ab ---- striped ,aster chinensis #ac ,balm ,moldavian ,dracocephalon moldavicum #ad ---- white ,dracocephalon moldavicum #ae ---- hoary ,dracocephalon moldavicum #af ,belvidera ,chenopodium ,scoparium #ag ,bladder ,ketmia ,hibiscus trionum #ah ,candytuft purple ,iberis umbellata #ai --------- white ,iberis umbellata #bj --------- ,normandy ,iberis umbellata #ba ,caterpillar ,scorpiurus vermiculata #bb ,catchfly pendulous ,silene pendula #bc -------- ,lobel's ,armeria #bd ,cyanus major ,centaurea ,crupina #be ------ minor ,centaurea ,cyanus #bf ,clary purple topped ,salvia ,hormium #bg ----- ,red ditto ,salvia ,hormium #bh ,chrysamthemum white-quill'd ,chrysamthemum coronarium #bi ----------- yellow ditto ,chrysamthemum tricolor #cj ,hawkweed red ,crepis rubra #ca -------- yellow ,crepis barbata #cb ,hedgehogs ,medicago polymorpha1 v4 intertexta #cc ,honeywort great ,cerinthe major #cd --------- small ,cerinthe minor #ce ,indian ,corn ,zea mays #cf ,jacobaea ,senecio elegans #cg ,larkspur ,tall ,rocket ,delphinium ,ajacis #ch -------- ,dwarf ,rocket ,delphinium ,ajacis #ci -------- ,rose ,larkspur ,delphinium ,ajacis #dj -------- ,branching ditto ,delphinium ,ajacis #da ,lavatera ,red ,lavatera trimestris #db -------- white ,lavatera trimestris #dc ,lobel's ,catchfly red ,silene armeria #dd ---------------- white ,silene armeria #de ,love-lies-bleeding ,amaranthus caudatus #df ,lupine yellow ,lupinus luteus #dg ------ straw-coloured ,lupinus luteus #dh ------ large blue ,lupinus hirsutus #di ------ small ditto ,lupinus varius #ej ------ rose ,lupinus pilosus #ea ------ blue ,dutch ,lupinus var #eb ------ white ,lupinus albus #ec ,mallow-curled ,malva crispa #ed ,marigold ,french ,tagetes patula #ee -------- ,african ,tagetes erecta #ef -------- small cape ,calendula pluvialis #eg -------- great ,cape ,calendula hybrida #eh -------- starry ,calendula stellata #ei ,mignionette ,reseda odorata #fj ,nasturtium great ,tropaeolum majus #fa ---------- small ,tropaeolum minus #fb ,nettle ,roman ,urtica pilulifera #fc ,nigella ,roman ,nigella ,romana #fd ------- ,spanish ,nigella ,hispanica #fe ------- small ,nigella sativa #ff ,nolana ,trailing ,noalan prostrata #fg ,noli-me-,tangere ,impatiens ,noli-me-,tangere #fh ,oenothera purple ,oenothera purpurea #fi ,pea sweet purple ,lathyrus odoratus #gj --------- scarlet ,lathyrus odoratus #ga --------- white ,lathyrus odoratus #gb --------- black ,lathyrus odoratus #gc --------- striped ,lathyrus odoratus #gd --------- painted lady ,lathyrus odoratus #ge ,pea jointed-podded ,lathyrus articulatus #gf --- ,anson's ,lathyrus magellanicus #gg --- ,painted ,lady ,crown ,lathyrus sativus #gh --- ,tangier scarlet ,lathyrus tingitanus #gi --- purple ,lathyrus tingitanus #hj --- red-winged ,lotus tetragonolobus #ha --- yellow ditto ,lotus tetragonolobus #hb ,persicaria red ,polygonum orientale #hc ---------- white ,polygonum orientale #hd ,poppy carnation ,papaver somniferum #he ----- dwarf ,rhoeas #hf ,quaking-grass ,briza maxima #hg ,saltwort ,rose ,salsola rosacea #hh ,scabious starry ,scabiosa stellata #hi ,snails ,medicago scutella #ij ,soapwort ,saponaria ,vaccaria #ia ,stock purple #aj-week ,cheiranthus annuus #ib ----- scarlet #aj-week ,cheiranthus annuus #ic ----- white #aj-week ,cheiranthus annuus #id ----- white ,prussian ,cheiranthus annuus #ie ----- purple ditto ,cheiranthus annuus #if ,stock ,virginian white ,cheiranthus maritimus #ig --------------- red ,cheiranthus annuus #ih ,stramonium purple ,datula ,tatula #ii ---------- white ,datula stramonium #ajj ,spinage strawberry ,blitum virgatum #aja ,sunflower tall ,helianthus annuus #ajb --------- dwarf ,helianthus annuus #ajc --------- double ,helianthus annuus #ajd ,sultan sweet purple ,centaurea moschata #aje ------ white ,centaurea moschata #ajf ------ yellow ,centaurea suaveolens #ajg ,toadflax three-leaved ,antirrhinium triphyllum #ajh ,trefoil crimson ,trifolium incarnatum #aji ,venus's ,looking-glass ,campanula speculum #aaj -----,navelwort ,cynoglossum linifolium #aaa ,xeranthemum yellow shining ,xeranthemum lucidum #aab ----------- white ,xeranthemum annuum #aac ----------- purple double ,xeranthemum annuum #aad ,zinnia yellow ,zinnia pauciflora #aae ------ red ,zinnia multiflora #aaf ------ elegant ,zinnia elegans #aag ------ violet-coloured ,zinnia tenniflora #aah ------ whorl-leaved ,zinnia verticillata 99 99 99 99 99 ,,section ,,xix4-,,biennial ,,flowers4 ,biennial ,flowers1 i4e4 such as do not bloom the same year they are raised from seeds4 ,these should be sown in the month of ,may or ,june1 and let remain in the place till the month of ,september1 when they should be planted into beds1 and in the following spring placed out where they are to flower4 #a ,canterbury ,bells ,campanula media #b ,iron-coloured ,foxglove ,digitalis ferruginea #c ,hollyoak ,alcea rosa #d ,honesty ,lunaria rediviva #e ,stocks red ,brompton ,cheiranthus incanus #f ------ white ditto ,cheiranthus incanus #g ------ purple ditto ,cheiranthus incanus #h ------ ,queen ,cheiranthus incanus #i ------ ,twickenham ,cheiranthus incanus #aj ,wallflower ,cheiranthus fruticulosus 99 99 99 99 99 ,,section ,,xx4-,,tender ,,annual ,,flowers4 ,such as are usually sown in hot-beds in the months of ,february or ,march1 and grown in the stove or green-house after the removal of the plants in the summer months1 for which purpose they are very ornamental4 ,,english ,,names ,,latin ,,names #a ,amaranthus three-coloured ,amaranthus tricolor #b ---------- two-coloured ---------- bicolor #c ---------- globe white ,gomphrena globosa #d ---------- purple ,gomphrena globosa #e ,balsam ,impatiens ,balsamita #f ------ scarlet ,impatiens coccinea #g ,striped double white #h ,browallia blue ,browallia elata #i --------- white ,browallia elata #aj ,cacalia scarlet ,cacalia coccinea #aa ,capsicum large red ,capsicum annuum #ab -------- yellow ,capsicum annuum #ac -------- small red horn ,capsicum annuum #ad -------- yellow ditto ,capsicum annuum #ae -------- cherry ,capsicum annuum #af -------- ,cayenne ,capsicum annuum #ag ,calceolaria wing-leaved ,calceolaria pinnata #ah ,convolvulus large-flowered ,convolvulus major #ai ----------- minor ----------- tricolor #bj ,cockscomb dwarf ,celosia cristata #ba --------- tall ,celosia cristata #bb --------- branching ,celosia cristata #bc --------- buff or yellow ,celosia cristata #bd ,egg plant white ,solanum ,melongena #be --------- purple ,solanum ,melongena #bf ,impomaea ,scarlet ,impomaea coccinea #bg ------- wing-leaved ------- ,quamoclit #bh ,ice plant ,mesembryanthemum crystallinum #bi ,love apple ,solanum ,lycopersicum #cj ,sensitive plant ,mimosa pudica #ca ,stramonium double purple ,datura ,metel #cb ---------- ,double white ------ v4 flore albo 99 99 99 99 99 ,,section ,,xxi4-,,foreign ,,alpine ,,plants4 ,,adapted ,,to ,,the ,,decoration ,,of ,,rock-,,work4 ,the following list comprises a number of plants of great beauty and interest2 but1 being in general too small for the open borders1 are only to be preserved either in pots2 planted in rock-work1 or in such other places where they are not overgrown by plants of larger size4 ,there are many others of a similar kind that we grow in gardens1 but which1 being difficult to keep1 we have thought fit not to insert2 as persons who try to cultivate such in the open ground have in general the mortification to find that they do not compensate for the care and trouble necessary for preserving them4 #a ,ancistrum lucidum ,shining ,ancistrum b4l4 #b --------- laevigatum ,smooth ditto b4l4 #c --------- latebrosum ,hairy ditto b4l4 #d ,veronica aphylla ,naked-stalked ,speedwell b4l4 #e -------- bellidoides ,daisy-leaved ditto b4l4 ,,triandria ,,monogynia4 #f ,trichonema ,bulbocodium ,crocus-leaved ,trichonema b4l4 ,,tetrandria ,,monogynia4 #g ,asperula crassifolia ,thick-leaved ,woodroofe b4l4 #h ,houstonia caerulea ,blue ,houstonia l4 #i ,mitchella repens ,creeping ,mitchella l4 #aj ,plantago alpina ,alpine ,plantain l4 #aa -------- subulata ,awl-leaved ditto l4 #ab ,cornus canadensis ,herbaceous ,dog-wood b4 #ac ,alchemilla pentaphylla ,five-leaved ,lady's ,mantle b4l4 #ad ---------- argentata ,silvery-leaved ditto b4l4 ,,pentandria ,,monogynia4 #ae ,cynoglossum ,omphaloides ,blue ,venus's ,navelwort b4l4 #af ,aretia vitaliana ,primrose aretia l4 #ag ,androsace villosa ,hairy ,androsace l4 #ah ,primula cortusoides ,bear's-ear ,primrose b4l4 #ai ------ villosa ,hairy ,primula b4l4 #bj ------ nivea ,snowy ditto b4l4 #ba ------ marginata ,margined ditto b4l4 #bb ------ ,auricula ,common ,yellow ,auricula b4l4 #bc ------ lonigfolia ,long-leaved ditto b4l4 #bd ------ helvetica ,swiss ditto b4l4 #be ,primula integrifolia ,entire-leaved ,auricula b4l4 #bf ,cortusa ,mathioli ,siberian ,bear's-ear ,sanicle b4 #bg ,soldanella alpina ,alpine ,soldanella b4l4 #bh ,dodecatheon ,meadia ,american ,cowslip b4l4 #bi ,cyclamen ,coum ,round-leaved ,cyclamen l4 #cj -------- hederaefolium ,ivy-leaved ditto l4 #ca ,lysimachia dubia ,purple ,loosestrife l4 #cb ,phlox pilosa ,hairy ,lychnidea l4 #cc ----- ovata ,oval-leaved ditto l4 #cd ----- suffruticosa ,shrubby ditto l4 #ce ----- stolonifera ,creeping ditto l4 #cf ----- subulata ,awl-leaved ditto l4 #cg ----- setacea ,bristly ditto l4 #ch ,convulvulus lineatus ,dwarf ,bindweed l4 #ci ,campanulla pulla ,dark-flowered ,bell-flower b4l4 #dj ---------- carpatica ,carpasian ditto b4l4 #da ---------- pumila ,purple-dwarf ditto b4l4 #db ---------- v4 alba ,white-dwarf ditto b4l4 #dc ---------- nitida ,shining-leaved ditto b4l4 #dd ---------- barbata ,bearded ditto b4l4 #de ---------- azurea ,azure-coloured ditto b4l4 #df ,phyteuma hemisphaerica ,small ,rampion b4l4 #dg ,verbascum ,myconi ,borage-leaved ,mullein l4 ,,pentandria ,,digynia4 #dh ,gentiana acaulis ,gentianella l4 #di -------- asclepiadea ,swallow-wort ,gentian l4 #ej ,bupleurum petraeum ,rock ,thorough-wax l4 ,,pentandria ,,trigynia4 #ea ,telephium ,imperati ,true ,orphine l4 ,,pentandria ,,pentagynia4 #eb ,statice cordata ,heart-leaved ,thrift l4 #ec ------- flexuosa ,zigzag ditto l4 #ed ,linum flavum ,yellow ,flax l4 #ee ----- austriacum ,austrian ditto l4 ,,hexandria ,,monogynia4 #ef ,convallaria bifolia ,two-leaved ,lilly of the ,valley l4b4 ,,hexandria ,,trigynia4 #eg ,trillium cernuum ,drooping-flowered ,trillium b4 #eh -------- sessile ,sessile-flowered ditto b4 #ei ,helonias bullata ,spear-leaved ,helonias b4 #fj -------- asphodeloides ,grass-leaved ditto b4 ,,octandria ,,monogynia4 #fa ,rhexia mariana ,hairy ,rexia b4 #fb ,oenothera rosea ,rose-flowered ,tree ,primrose l4b4 #fc --------- pumila ,dwarf ,yellow ditto l4b4 #fd ,epilobium cordifolium ,heart-leaved ,willow-herb b4l4 ,,octandria ,,digynia4 #fe ,moehringia muscosa ,mossy ,moehringia l4 ,,decandria ,,digynia4 #ff ,saxifraga ,cotyledon ,pyramidal ,saxifrage l4 #fg --------- ,aizoon ,margined ditto c4m4 #fh --------- ligulata ,strap-leaved ditto c4m4 #fi --------- rosularis ,rose-leaved ditto c4m4 #gj --------- mutata ,house-leek ditto c4m4 #ga --------- ,androsace ,blunt-leaved ditto c4m4 #gb --------- caesia ,gray ditto c4m4 #gc --------- pilosa ,hairy ditto c4m4 #gd --------- sarmentosa ,creping ditto c4m4 #ge --------- cuneifolia ,wedge-leaved ditto c4m4 #gf --------- aspera ,rough-leaved ditto c4m4 #gg --------- rotundifolia ,round-leaved ditto c4m4 #gh --------- ajugaefolia ,ground ,pine-leaved ditto c4m4 #gi --------- sibirica ,siberian ,pine-leaved ditto c4m4 #hj --------- adscendens ,ascending ,saxifrage c4m4 #ha --------- viscosa ,clammy ditto c4m4 #hb ,tiarella cordifolia ,heart-leaved ,tiarella c4m4 #hc ,mitella diphylla ,two-leaved ,mitella c4m4 #hd ,gypsophila repens ,creeping ,gypsophila l4b4 #he ---------- prostrata ,trailing ditto l4b4 #hf ,saponaria acymoides ,basil-leaved ,soap-wort l4 #hg -------- superbus ,feathered ditto l4 #hh -------- pungens ,pungent ditto l4 #hi -------- alpinus ,alpine ditto l4 #ij -------- capitatus ,headed-flowered ditto l4 #ia -------- glaucus ,glaucous ditto l4 #ib -------- virgineus ,maiden ditto l4 ,,decandria ,,trigynia4 #ic ,silene anemoena ,siberian ,catchfly l4 #id ------ alpestris ,mountain ditto l4 #ie ------ rupestris ,rock ditto l4 #if ------ saxifraga ,saxifrage ditto l4 #ig ------ vallesia ,downy ditto l4 #ih ,stellaria scapigera ,naked-stalk'd ,stitch-wort l4 #ii ,arenaria tetraquetra ,square ,sand-wort l4 #ajj ------- balearica ,small ditto l4 #aja ------- saxatilis ,rock ditto l4 #ajb ------- striata ,striated ditto l4 #ajc ------- grandiflora ,great-flowered ditto l4 #ajd ------- liniflora ,flax-flowered ditto l4 ,,decandria ,,pentagynia4 #aje ,sedum ,aizoon ,yellow ,stonecrop c4m4 #ajf ----- ,anacampseros ,evergreen ,orpine c4m4 #ajg ----- hybridum ,bastard ,sedum c4m4 #ajh ----- populifolium ,poplar-leaved ditto c4m4 #aji ----- virens ,green ditto c4m4 #aaj ----- glaucum ,glaucous ditto c4m4 #aaa ----- deficiens ,round-leaved ditto c4m4 #aab ----- hispanicum ,spanish ditto l4 #aac ,lychnis quadridentata ,small-flowering ,lychnis l4b4 ,,dodecandria ,,monogynia4 #aad ,asarum canadense ,canadian ,asarabaca l4b4 ,,dodecandria ,,digynia4 #aae ,sempervivum globiferum ,globular ,house-leek l4 #aaf ----------- arachnoideum ,cobweb ditto l4 #aag ----------- hirtum ,hairy ditto l4 #aah ----------- montanum ,mountain ditto l4 #aai ----------- cuspidatum ,prickly-leaved ditto l4 #abj ----------- sediforme ,stone-crop-leaved ditto l4 ,,icosandria ,,polygynia4 #aba ,rubus arcticus ,dwarf ,bramble l4b4 #abb ,potentilla sericea ,silky ,cinquefoil l4b4 #abc ---------- multifida ,multifid ditto l4 #abd ---------- bifurca ,bifid ditto l4 #abe ---------- tridentata ,trifid-leaved ditto l4 #abf ,geum potentilloides ,cinquefoil ,avens l4 #abg ---- reptans ,creeping ditto l4 ,,polyandria ,,monogynia4 #abh ,sanguinaria canadensis ,canada ,puccoon l4b4 #abi ,papaver nudicaule ,naked-stalked ,poppy l4 #acj ,cistus grandiflorus ,great-flowered ,cistus l4 ,,polyandria ,,polygynia4 #aca ,anemone ,hepatica ,common ,liverwort c4m4 #acb ------- hortensis ,star ,anemone l4b4 #acc ------- dichotoma ,forked ditto l4b4 #acd ,adonis vernalis ,spring ,adonis ,flower c4m4 #ace ,ranunculus amplexicaulus ,plaintain-leaved ,crow-foot l4b4 #acf ---------- alpestris ,alpine ditto l4b4 #acg ---------- glacialis ,two-flowered ditto l4b4 #ach ,isopyrum thalictroides ,thalictrum-leaved ,isopyrum c4m4 ,,didynamia ,,gymnosperma4 #aci ,teucrium multiflorum ,many-flowered ,germander c4m4 #adj -------- pyrenaicum ,pyrenean ditto c4m4 #ada ,dracocephalum denticulatum ,tooth-leaved ,dragon's-head c4m4 #adb ------------- austriacum ,austrian ditto b4l4 #adc ------------- grandiflorum ,great-flowered ditto l4 #add ,scutellaria alpina ,alpine ,skull-cap l4 #ade ----------- grandiflora ,large-flowered ditto l4 #adf ,prunella laciniata ,cut-leaved ,self-heal c4m4 #adg -------- grandiflora ,large-flowered ditto c4m4 #adh -------- hyssopifolia ,hyssop-leaved ditto c4m4 #adi -------- latifolia ,broad-leaved ditto c4m4 ,,didynamia ,,angiosperma4 #aej ,erinus alpinus ,alpine ,erinus l4b4 ,,tetradynamia ,,siliculosa4 #aea ,draba aizoides ,hairy-leaved ,willow-grass l4b4 #aeb ,lepidium alpinum ,mountain ,pepper-wort l4b4 #aec ,iberis saxatilis ,rock ,candy-tuft l4b4 #aed ,alyssum montanum ,mountain ,mad-wort l4 #aee ------- utriculatum ,bladder-podded ditto l4 #aef ------- deltoideum ,purple-flowered ditto l4 #aeg ------- campestre ,small yellow ditto l4 ,,tetradynamia ,,siliquosa4 #aeh ,cardamine asarifolia ,heart-leaved ,lady's ,smock l4 #aei --------- bellidifolia ,daisy-leaved ditto l4 #afj --------- trifolia ,three-leaved ditto l4b4 #afa ,cheiranthus alpinus ,alpine ,stock l4 #afb ,arabis alpina ,alpine ,wall-,cress l4 #afc ----- lucida ,shining-leaved ditto l4 #afd ----- bellidifolia ,daisy-leaved ditto l4 #afe ----- sibirica ,siberian ditto l4b4 ,,monadelphia ,,pentandria4 #aff ,erodium ,reichardi ,dwarf ,erodium c4m4 ,,diadelphia ,,hexandria4 #afg ,fumaria cucullaria ,naked-stalked ,fumitory l4 #afh ------- nobilis ,great-flowered ditto l4 #afi ,fumaria cava ,hollow-rooted ,fumitory l4 #agj ------- solida ,solid-rooted ditto l4 #aga ------- spectabilis ,scarlet ditto l4 ,,diadelphia ,,decandria4 #agb ,hedysarum obscorum ,creeping-rooted ,hedysarum l4b4 #agc ,astragalus pilosus ,hairy ,milk-,vetch l4 #agd ---------- falcatus ,sickle-podded ditto l4 #age ---------- uliginosus ,marsh ditto l4 #agf ---------- monspessulanus ,montpelier ditto l4 #agg ---------- exscapus ,stalkless ditto l4 #agh ---------- campestris ,field ditto l4 ,,syngenesia ,,polygamia ,,aequais4 #agi ,leontodon aureum ,golden ,dandelion l4 ,,polygamia ,,superflua4 #ahj ,artemisia glacialis ,creeping ,wormwood c4m4 #aha ,gnaphalium plantagineum ,plaintain-leaved ,everlasting l4 #ahb ,erigeron philadelphicum ,philadelphia ,erigeron l4 #ahc -------- purpureum ,purple ditto l4b4 ,,syngenesia ,,monogamia4 #ahd ,lobelia minuta ,least ,cardinal ,flower #ahe ,viola palmata ,palmated ,violet b4 #ahf ----- cucullata ,hollow-leaved ditto l4 #ahg ----- canadensis ,canadian ditto l4b4 #ahh ----- striata ,striated ditto l4b4 #ahi ----- pubescens ,downy ditto l4b4 #aij ----- biflora ,two-flowered ditto l4b4 #aia ----- grandiflora ,great-flowered ditto l4b4 #aib ----- calcarata ,alpine ditto l4b4 #aic ----- cornuta ,pyrenean ditto l4b4 #aid ----- obliqua ,oblique-leaved ditto l4b4 #aie ,tussilago alpina ,alpine ,colt's-foot c4m4 #aif ,senecio abrotanifolia ,southernwood-leaved ,grounsel c4m4 #aig ,aster alpinus ,alpine ,star-wort l4b4 #aih ,doronicum bellidiastrum ,daisy-leaved ,leopard's-,bane l4b4 #aii ,bellis lusitania ,portugal ,daisy l4b4 #bjj ,bellium minutum ,bastard ,daisy l4b4 #bja ,anthemis ,pyrethrum ,pellitory of ,spain l4b4 #bjb ,achillea tomentosa ,woolly ,milfoil l4b4 #bjc -------- ,clavannae ,silvery-leaved ditto l4b4 ,,gynandria ,,diandria4 #bjd ,cypripedium album ,white ,ladies-,slipper b4 ,,gynandria ,,triandria4 #bje ,sisyrinchum anceps ,small ,sisyrinchum c4m4 #bjf ,arum tenuifolium ,fine-leaved ,arum c4m4 ,,cryptogamia ,,filices4 #bjg ,polypodium marginale ,margin-flowered ,polypody b4l4 #bjh ---------- auriculatum ,eared ditto b4l4 #bji ,onoclea sensibilis ,sensitive ,fern b4 #baj ,equisetum filiforme ,fine ,horse-tail l4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,appendix ,,british ,,plants ,,cultivated ,,for ,,ornamental ,,purposes4 #a4 ,,alisma ,plantago4 ,i cannot pass over this beautiful aquatic without giving it a place amongst the ornamental plants with which our country abounds4 ,in pieces of water this is of considerable interest both as to flowers and foliage1 and no place of the kind should ever be destitute of such a beauty4 ,it is of easy culture2 the plant taken from its place of growth and sunk into the water with a stone to keep it in its place1 is a ready and easy mode of planting it1 and there is no fear when once introduced but it will succeed4 #b4 ,,andromeda polifolia4 ,this is a beautiful little shrub1 and grown in gardens for the sake of its flowers2 it is also an evergreen4 ,this plant will not succeed unless it is planted in bog earth1--for a description of which see page #aeb of this volume4 #c4 ,,aquilegia vulgaris4 ,,columbine4--,we have scarcely a plant affording more beauty or greater variety than this4 ,it is commonly1 when found wild1 of a blue colour1 but when the seeds are sown in the garden a variety of tints is produced4 ,it is a perennial1 but easily raised from seed1 which should be sown in the spring4 #d4 ,,anthemis maritima4 ,a double-flowering variety of this plant used to be common in the gardens near ,london1 but is now scarce3 it is very beautiful1 and constantly in bloom during summer4 ,it is propagated by planting the roots in the spring and autumn4 #e4 ,,antirrhinum linaria1 v4 ,peloria4--,i cannot pass over this singular and beautiful flower without notice4 ,there is a fine figure of it in the ,flora ,londinensis3 it is very ornamental1 and the structure of the bloom is truly interesting4 ,it is easily propagated by planting the roots in the spring months1 but it is not common4 #f4 ,,antirrhinum majus4 ,,snapdragon4--,this is also a plant deserving the attention of the lover of flowers3 it is capable of culture into many very beautiful and interesting varieties4 #g4 ,,bellis perennis4 ,,daisy4--,this plant affords us many very beautiful varieties for the flower garden4 ,the large ,red ,daisy and all the other fine kinds are only this plant improved by culture4 #h4 ,,butomis umbellatus4 ,this is an aquatic1 and well adapted to ornament pieces of water4 ,its beautiful flowers in the summer months are inferior to scarcely any plants growing in such places1 and its foliage will form protection for any birds1 c41 which are usually kept in such places4 ,it is easily propagated by planting it in such places4 #i4 ,,caltha palustris4 ,,marsh ,,marigold4--,this fine yellow flower is also made double by culture1 and finds a place in the flower garden4 #aj4 ,,cheiranthus fruticulosus4 ,,wallflower4--,is a plant possessing great beauty1 and very interesting on account of its fine scent4 ,we have this plant also improved by culture1 making many fine double varieties4 ,it is a biennial1 and easily raised from seeds1 which should be sown in ,june4 ,the double varieties are cultivated by cuttings of the branches4 #aa4 ,,cypripedium ,calceolus4 ,,ladies ,,slipper4--,a flower of the most uncommon beauty1 but is now become scarce2 it is a native of the woods near ,skipton in ,yorkshire1 but has been so much sought for by the lovers of plants as to become almost extinct4 ,it is difficult to propagate2 but when the plants have been for some years growing1 will admit of being parted1 so that it may be increased in that way3 it will not bear to be often removed1 and should be left to grow in the same place for several years without being disturbed4 ,it succeeds best in bog earth or rotten leaves4 #ab4 ,,delphinium ,ajacis4 ,,larkspur4--,this is also an annual flower1 affording a pleasing variety in the flower garden in the summer months4 ,for it culture1 see p4 #ahh4 #ac4 ,,dianthus ,caryophyllus4 ,,the ,,carnation4--,all our fine varieties of the carnation are the produce of this plant4 ,the common single variety produces seed in great abundance1 but the improved double varieties are sparing in produce3 the fine kinds of this flower are reared by layers put down about the month of ,july2 they may also be propagated by cuttings1 but the other is the most eligible and certain mode4 #ad4 ,,epilobium angustifolium4 ,a plant of singular ornament4 ,there is also a white variety of this found in gardens4 #ae4 ,,erica vulgaris4 ,there is now in cultivation in the gardens a double-flowering variety of this plant1 which is highly interesting and of singular beauty4 ,it grows readily in bog earth1 and is raised by layers4 #af4 ,,erica ,daboeica4 ,,irish ,,heath4--,a plant of singular beauty and of easy culture2 and being of small growth and almost constantly in bloom1 has also obtained a place in the shrubbery4 #ag4 ,,fritillaria ,meleagris4 ,a very ornamental bulbous plant1 of which the ,dutch gardeners have many improved varieties1 varying in the colour and size of the blossoms3 these are usually imported in ,august1 and should be immediately planted1 as the bulbs will not keep long when out of ground1 unless they are covered with sand4 #ah4 ,,galanthus nivalis4 ,,snowdrop4--,the first of the productions of ,flora which reminds us of the return of spring after the dark and dreary days of winter4 ,this plant is also made double by cultivation1 but is not handsomer than the common wild one4 ,the best time for planting the bulbs of ,snowdrops is in the month of ,september4 #ai4 ,,gentiana verna4 ,,vernal ,,gentian4--,a delightful little plant of the finest blue colour the ,flora exhibits in all her glory3 its scent is also delightful3 it is somewhat scarce and difficult to procure2 but if more generally known1 few gardens would be destitute of such a treasure4 ,it is of tolerably easy culture1 and grows well in loam3 it is small1 and is best kept in a pot4 #bj4 ,,gentiana ,pneumonanthe4 ,,marsh ,,gentian4--,is also a beautiful plant1 and grows well in any moist place4 ,from its beautiful blue flowers it is well adapted to the flower garden2 it delights in bog earth4 #ba4 ,,geranium phaeum4 ,,black-,,flowered ,,geranium4--,this is a perennial1 and makes a fine ornamental plant for the shrubbery3 it will grow in any soil and situation4 #bb4 ,,glaucum ,phoeniceum4 ,,purple ,,horn ,,poppy4--,an annual flower of singular beauty1 and deserving a place in the flower garden4 #bc4 ,,gnaphalium margaritaceum4 ,,american ,,cudweed4--,this plant affords beautiful white flowers1 which drying and keeping their colour1 it is worth attention on that account1 as it affords a pleasing variety with the different ,xeranthema1 and others of the like class in winter4 #bd4 ,,hieracum aurantiacum4 ,,grim-,,the-,,collier4--,this is an old inhabitant of our gardens1 and affords a pleasing variety4 #be4 ,,hottonia palustris4 ,,water ,,violet4--,this is a plant of singular beauty in spring2 it is an aquatic1 and makes a fine appearance in our ponds in the time of its bloom4 #bf4 ,,iberis amara4 ,,candytuft4--,an annual flower of considerable beauty and interest4 ,we have several varieties of this sold in the seed-shops4 #bg4 ,,impatiens ,,noli ,,me ,,tangere4--,a very curious flower which is grown as an annual4 ,the construction of the seed-vessel causing the seeds to be discharged with an elastic force is a pleasing phaenomenon4 #bh4 ,,lathyrus sylvestris4--,,everlasting ,,pea4--,this is also a great ornament1 and frequently found in gardens2 it grows very readily from seeds sown in the spring of the year4 #bi4 ,,leucojum aestivum4 ,,summer ,,snow ,,flake4--,this is a very noxious plant in the meadows where it grows wild4 ,i have seen it in the neighbourhood of ,wooking in ,surrey quite overpower the grass with its herbage in the spring1 and no kind of that animal that we know of will eat it4 ,it is however considered an ornamental plant1 and is often found in our flower gardens4 ,it is of easy culture3 the roots may be planted in any of the autumn or winter months4 #cj4 ,,malva moschata4 ,,musk ,,mallow4--,this makes a fine appearance when in bloom1 for which purpose it is often propagated in gardens3 its scent1 which is strong of vegetable musk1 is also very pleasant4 #ca4 ,,mellitis mellyssophyllum4 ,,mellitis grandiflora4 ,,bastard ,,balm4--,both these plants are very beautiful1 and are deserving a place in the flower garden3 they are of easy culture1 and will grow well under the shade of trees1 a property that will always recommend them to the notice of the curious4 #cb4 ,,menyanthes ,nymphoides4 ,,round-,,leaved ,,bog ,,bean4--,this is a beautiful aquatic1 and claims a place in all ornamental pieces of water4 #cc4 ,,narcissus poeticus4 ,,narcissus ,pseudo ,narcissus4--,these are much cultivated in gardens for the sake of the flowers4 ,the florists have by culture made several varieties1 as ,double blossoms which are great ornaments4 ,the season for planting the bulbs of ,narcissus of all kinds is the month of ,october3 they will grow well in any soil1 and thrive best under the shade of trees4 #cd4 ,,nuphar minima is also beautiful1 but it is not common4 ,it will form an ornament for pieces of water4 #ce4 ,,nymphaea alba4 ,,nymphaea lutea4--,these are aquatics1 and scarcely any plant is more deserving of our attention4 ,the fine appearance of the foliage floating on the surface1 which is interspersed with beautiful flowers1 will render any piece of water very interesting3 it should also be observed that gold-fish are found to thrive best when they have the advantage of the shade of these plants4 ,it is difficult in deep water to make them take root1 being liable to float on the surface1 in which state they will not succeed4 ,but if the plants are placed in some strong clay or loam tied down in wicker baskets and then placed in the water1 there is no fear of their success3 they should be placed where the water is sufficiently deep to inundate the roots two feet or a little more4 #cf4 ,,ophrys apifera4 ,,bee ,,orchis4--,there are few plants that are more generally admired than all the ,orchideae for their singular beauty and uncommon structure4 ,the one in question so very much resembles the humble-bee in appearance1 that ,i have known persons mistake this flower for the animal4 ,it is unfortunate for the amateurs of gardening that most plants of this tribe are difficult of propagation1 and are not of easy culture4 ,i have sometimes succeeded with this and other species1 by the following method3--to take up the roots from their native places of growth as early as they can be found1 and then procure some chalk and sift it through a fine sieve1 and also some good tenacious loam2 mix both in equal quantities in water2 a large garden-pot should then be filled with some rubble of chalk1 about one third deep1 and then the above compost over it1 placing the roots in the centre1 at the usual depth they grew before4 ,as the water drains away1 the loam and chalk will become fixed closely round the bulbs1 and they will remain alive and grow4 ,by this method ,i have cultivated these plants for some years together4 ,in this way all those kinds growing in chalk may be made to grow2 but such as the ,orchis moryo1 maculata1 and pyramidalis1 may be grown in loam alone1 planted in pots in the common way4 ,care should be taken that the pots in which they are planted are protected from wet and frost in the winter season4 #cg4 ,,ornithogalum latifolium and umbellatum are also ornamental1 and are often cultivated for their beautiful flower4 ,the season for planting the bulbs is about the month of ,september4 #ch4 ,,papaver somniferum4 ,,greater ,,poppy4 ,,papaver ,rhoeas4 ,,carnation ,,poppy4 --,these are made by culture into numerous varieties1 and are very beautiful2 but the aroma1 which is pregnant with opium1 renders too many of them unpleasant for the garden4 #ci4 ,,polemonium coeruleum4 ,,greek ,,valerian1 or ,,jacob',s ,,ladder4--,is also a beautiful perennial1 and claims the notice of the gardener4 ,its variety1 with white flowers1 is also ornamental4 ,it is raised from seeds1 which are sold in plenty in our seed-shops4 #dj4 ,,primula officinalis4 ,,cowslip4 ,,primula vulgaris4 ,,primrose4 ,,primula elatior4 ,,oxlip4 ,,primula farinose4 ,,bird',s ,,eye4--,all well known ornaments of numerous varieties1 double and single4 ,the third species is the parent of the celebrated ,polyanthus4 ,the last is also an interesting little plant with a purple flower4 ,it grows best in bog earth4 #da4 ,,rosa rubiginosa4 ,,sweet ,,briar4--,this lovely and highly extolled shrub has long claimed a place in our gardens4 ,we have several varieties with double flowers1 which are highly prized by the amateurs of gardening4 #db4 ,,saxifraga umbrosa4 ,,london ,,pride4---,a beautiful little plant for forming edgings to the flower garden1 or for decorating rock-work4 #dc4 ,,saxifraga oppositifolia4 ,,purple ,,saxifrage4--,perhaps we have few flowers early in the spring that deserve more attention than this4 ,it blooms in the months of ,february and ,march1 and in that dreary season1 in company with the ,snow-drop1 ,crocus1 and ,hepaticas1 will form a most delightful group of ,flora's rich production4 ,the ,saxifrage is a native of high mountains1 and it can only be propagated by being continually exposed to the open and bleakest part of the garden3 it succeeds best in pots4 ,it should be parted every spring1 and a small piece about the size of a shilling planted in the centre of a small pot1 and it will fill the surface by the autumn4 ,the soil bestsuited to it is loam4 #dd4 ,,sedum acre4 ,,stone ,,crop4 ,,sedum rupestre4 ,,rock ,,ginger4--,all the species of ,sedums are very ornamental plants1 and are useful for covering rocks or walls1 where they will generally grow with little trouble4 ,the easiest mode of propagating and getting them to grow on such places is first to make the place fit for their reception1 by putting thereon a little loam made with a paste of cow-dung2 then chopping the plants in small pieces1 and strowing them on the place3 if this is done in the spring1 the places will be well covered in a short time4 #de4 ,,statice ,armeria4 ,,thrift4--,this plant is valuable for making edgings to the flower garden4 ,it should be parted1 and planted for this purpose either in the months of ,august and ,september1 or ,april and ,may4 #df4 ,,stipa pinnata4 ,,feather ,,grass4--,we have few plants of more interest than this2 its beautiful feathery bloom is but little inferior to the plumage of the celebrated ,bird of ,paradise4 ,it is frequently worn in the head-dress of ladies4 #dg4 ,,swertia perennis4 ,,marsh ,,swertia4--,this is a beautiful little plant1 and worth the attention of all persons who are fond of flowers that will grow in boggy land4 ,it is a perennial1 and of easy culture4 #dh4 ,,trollius europaeus4 ,,globe ,,flower4--,this is also a fine plant3 when cultivated in a moist soil its beautiful yellow flowers afford a pleasing accompaniment to the flower border and parterre in the spring of the year4 ,it is easily raised by parting its roots4 #di4 ,,tulipa sylvestris4--,this beautiful flower is also an inhabitant of our flower-gardens2 it is called the ,sweet-scented ,florentine ,tulip4 ,it has a delightful scent when in bloom1 and is highly worthy the attention of amateurs of flower gardens4 ,it should be planted in ,september1 and will grow in almost any soil or situation4 #ej4 ,,typha latifolia4 ,,typha angustifolia4 ,,typha minor4--,these are all very fine aquatics1 and worth a place in all pieces of water2 the foliage forms a fine shelter for water-fowl4 #ea4 ,,viola tricolor4 ,,heart',s-,,ease4--,is an annual of singular beauty1 and forms many pleasing and interesting varieties4 #eb4 ,,viola odorata must not be passed over among our favourite native flowers4 ,this is of all other plants in its kind the most interesting4 ,it forms also several varieties2 as ,double purple1 ,double white1 and the ,neapolitan violet4 ,the latter one is double1 of a beautiful light blue colour1 and flowers early2 it is rather tender1 and requires the protection of a hot-bed frame during winter4 ,it is best cultivated in pots4 #ec4 ,,vinca minor4 ,,lesser ,,periwinkle4--,this is also a beautiful little evergreen1 of which the gardeners have several varieties in cultivation2 some with double flowers1 others with white and red-coloured corols1 which form a pleasing diversity in summer4 #ed4 ,,vinca major4 ,,great ,,periwinkle4-,i know of no plant of more beauty1 when it is properly managed1 than this4 ,it is an evergreen of the most pleasing hue1 and will cover any low fences or brick-work in a short space of time4 ,the flowers1 which are purple1 form a pleasing variety in the spring months4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,miscellaneous ,,articles #ec4 ,,beta vulgaris4 ,i have noticed this plant before1 both as to its culinary uses and for feeding cattle3 but having received a communication from a friend of mine who resides in the interior of ,russia1 relative to his establishment for extracting sugar from this root1 ,i cannot omit relating it here1 as it appears to be an interesting part of agricultural oeconomy4 ,i have here two extensive fabrics for the purpose of making sugar from the ,red ,beet1 and we find that it yields us that useful article in great abundance2 i4 e4 from every quarter of the root 7eight bushels ,winchester measure7 ,i obtain ten pounds weight of good brown sugar2 and this when refined produces us four pounds of the finest clarified lump sugar1 and the molasses yield good brandy on distillation4 ,this is not all2 for while we are now working the article the cows are stall-fed on the refuse from the vats after mashing2 and those animals give us milk in abundance1 and the butter we are making is equal to any that is made in the summer1 when those animals are foraging our best meads4-- ,dashkoff1 in the government of ,orel1 #aejj miles from ,st4 ,petersburgh1 ,jan #g1 #ahaf4 ,the above account1 which is so extremely flattering1 may no doubt lead persons to imagine that the culture of the beet for the same purpose in this country might be found to answer3 and as it is our aim in this little work to give the best information on these subjects without prejudice1 ,i shall beg leave to make use of the following observation1 which is not my own1 but one that was made on this subject by a ,russian gentleman1 whom ,i have long had the honour of enumerating among my best friends2 and who is not less distinguished for his application both to the arts and oeconomy1 than he is for his professional duties1 and his readiness at all times to communicate information for the general good4 ,the land where the ,beet is grown is of an excellent quality1 very deep and fertile1 and such as will grow any crop for a series of years without manure4 ,such soils are seldom found in this country but what may be cultivated to more advantage4 ,in such land1 and such alone1 will this vegetable imbibe a large quantity of the saccharine fluid2 for it would be in vain to look for it in such ,beet roots as have been grown on poor land made rich by dint of manure4 ,it may also be a circumstance worth remarking1 that although the sugar thus obtained is very good for common use1 it by no means answers the purpose of the confectioner1 as it is not fit for preserving2 and for this purpose the cane sugar alone is used2 so that although great merit may attach to the industry of a person who in times of scarcity can produce such an useful article as sugar from a vegetable so easily grown1 yet when cane sugar can be imported at a moderate rate1 it will always supersede the use of the other4 #ef4 ,,pyrus malus4 ,,the ,,apple4--,this useful fruit1 now growing so much to decay in this country1 which was once so celebrated for its produce1 is grown in great perfection in all the northern provinces of ,france2 and she supplied the ,london markets with apples this season1 for which she was paid upwards of #ej1jjj l42 and can most likely offer us good cyder on moderate terms4 ,the ,french people1 ever alive to improvement and invention1 having discovered a mode of extracting sugar in considerable quantity from this fruit1 ,i shall transcribe the particulars of it4 ,on the ,preparation of ,liquid ,sugar from ,apples or ,pears4 ,by ,m4 ,,dubuc4 7,ann4 de ,chim4 vol4 lxviii47--,several establishments have been made in the ,south of ,france for making sugar from grapes2 it is therefore desired to communicate the same advantage to the ,north of ,france1 as apples and pears will produce sugar whose taste is equally agreeable as that of grapes1 and equally cheap4 ,eight quarts of the full ripe juice of the ,orange ,apples was boiled for a quarter of an hour1 and forty grammes of powdered chalk added to it1 and the boiling continued for ten minutes longer4 ,the liquor was strained twice through flannel1 and afterwards reduced by boiling to one half of its former bulk1 and the operation finished by a slow heat until a thick pellicle rose on the surface1 and a quart of the syrup weighed two pounds4 ,by this method two pounds one ounce of liquid sugar was obtained1 very agreeable in flavour1 and which sweetened water very well1 and even milk1 without curdling it4 ,eight quarts of the juice of apples called ,doux levesque1 yielded by the same process two pounds twelve ounces of liquid sugar4 ,eight quarts of the juice of the sour apples called ,blanc mollet1 yielded two pounds ten ounces of good sugar4 ,eight quarts of the juice of the watery apples called ,girard1 yielded two pounds and a half4 ,twenty-five chilogrammes1 or fifty-pounds of the above four apples1 yielded nearly fourty-two pounds of juice2 which took three ounces of chalk and the white of six eggs1 and produced more than six pounds of excellent liquid sugar4 ,in order to do without the white of eggs1 twenty pounds of the juice of the above apples were saturated with eleven drachms of chalk1 and repeatedly strained through flannel1 but it was still thick and disagreeable to the taste2 twelve drachms of charcoal powder were then added1 and the whole boiled for about ten minutes1 and then strained through flannel2 it was then clear1 but higher-coloured than usual2 however1 it produced very good sugar4 ,six quarts of apple-juice were also treated with seven drachms of chalk1 and one ounce of baker's small-coal previously washed until it no longer coloured the water1 with the same effect4 ,eight quarts of apple juice1 of several different kinds and in different stages of ripeness1 of which one-third was still sour1 were saturated with twelve drachms of chalk1 and clarified with the whites of six eggs2 some malate of lime was deposited in small crystals towards the end1 and separated by passing the syrup very hot through the flannel4 ,very near two pounds of sugar were obtained4 ,ten pounds of bruised apples1 similar to the last1 were left to macerate for twenty-four hours1 and four quarts of the juice were treated with five drachms of chalk and the white of an egg3 it yielded one pound six ounces of liquid sugar2 so that the maceration had been of service4 ,twenty-four pounds of the pear called ,pillage1 yielded nine quarts of juice1 which required eighteen drachms of chalk and the whites of two eggs1 and yielded about twenty-four ounces of sugar1 which was less agreeable to the taste than that of ripe apples4 ,six quarts of juice from one part of the above pears1 and two of ripe apples1 7orange and girard17 treated with eight drachms of chalk and the whites of two eggs1 yielded twenty-six ounces of very fine-tasted sugar1 superior to the preceding4 ,six quarts of juice1 of an equal quantity of apples and pears1 treated with ten drachms of chalk and thirteen of prepared charcoal1 deposited some malate of lime1 and yielded a sugar rather darker than the preceding1 but very well tasted4 ,cadet de ,vaux says1 that apple juice does not curdle milk1 and that a small quantity of chalk added to it destroys some part of the saccharine principle4 ,but eight quarts of juice from ripe apples called orange1 which was evidently acid1 as it curdled milk and reddened infusion of turnsole and that of violet1 were treated with four drachms of chalk and the white of an egg3 it yielded twenty-two ounces of syrup1 between thirty-two and thirty-three degrees of the hydrometer1 which did not curdle milk4 ,another eight quarts of the same juice evaporated to three-fourths of its volume1 and strained1 yielded twenty-three ounces of clear syrup1 which curdled milk1 and was browner than that of the neutralized juice1 and approached towards treacle in smell and taste4 ,perhaps the apple called ,jean-hure1 used by ,mr4 ,cadet1 possesses the valuable properties of furnishing good sugar by mere evaporation4 ,it is necessary to observe1 that unless the fire is slackened towards the end the syrup goes brown1 and acquires the taste and smell of burnt sugar4 ,a hundred weight of apples yield about eighty-four pounds of juice1 which produce nearly twelve pounds of liquid sugar4 ,supposing1 therefore1 the average price of apples to be one franc twenty cents 7tenpence7 the hundred-weight1 and the charge amounts to forty cents 7four-pence71 good sugar may be prepared for three or four sols 7two- pence7 per pound ,footnote3 ,a gramme1 fifteen grains ,english4-,a drachm1 one-eighth of an ounce44 ,the only extra apparatus necessary is a couple of copper evaporating pans4--,retrospect1 vol4 vi4 p4 #ad4 ,the distressed state of our orchards in the ,cider counties has lately much engaged the attention of all persons who are accustomed to travel through them2 and no one can possibly view the miserable condition of the trees1 without being forcibly struck with their bad appearance3 the principal case of which1 ,i am sorry to say1 has arisen from mismanagement ,footnote3 ,vide ,observations on ,orchards1 lately published by the author of this work42 and it certainly does in a great measure tarnish the laurels of our boasted agriculturists1 when we find such great quantities of this useful fruit produced in ,france1 that very country which we have been taught to believe so greatly behind us in the general oeconomy of life4 #eg4 ,,spergula arvensis4--,this plant has been recommended as a crop for feeding cattle1 and is stated to be cultivated for that purpose in some parts of ,germany and ,flanders3 but ,i believe we have many other plants better calculated for the purpose here4 #eh4 ,,viola odorata4--,this is a very useful plant in medicine1 affording a syrup which has long been used in the practice4 ,it is however discarded from the ,london ,pharmacopoeia4 #ei4 ,,urtica canadensis4 ,,canadian ,,hemp ,,nettle4--,during the late war1 when1 from unfortunate circumstances and misunderstandings amongst the potentates of ,europe1 the commercial intercourse was checked1 great speculations were made among the people to discover substitutes for such articles as were of certain demand2 and one of the principal was of course the article ,hemp1 which1 although it can be partially cultivated in this country1 is a plant of that nature that we should find the article at a most enormous price were we dependent on our own supply alone4 ,the great growth that supplies all the markets in the world is ,russia1 where land is not only cheap1 but of better quality than here2 but with which country we were once unhappily deprived of the advantage of trade4 ,this caused persons to seek for substitutes3 and ,i once saw one that was made from bean-stalks1 not to be despised2 but it is probable that none has reached so high in perfection as that produced from the plant above named4 ,a person has grown and manufactured this article in ,canada1 and has exhibited some samples in ,london1 which it is said have obtained the sanction of government1 and that the same person is now engaged in growing in ,north ,america a considerable quantity of this article4 ,as this1 therefore1 is a subject of great interest to us as a maritime nation1 ,i shall insert the following account that is given of this plant4 ,i am1 however1 quite unacquainted with its culture or manufacture1 and cannot pledge myself for the accuracy of the detail4 ,,perennial ,,hemp4 ,cultivation4--,affects wet mellow land1 but may be cultivated with advantage on upland black mould or loam1 if moist and of middling good quality4 ,manure will assist the produce4 ,it may be planted from the beginning of ,october to the latter end of ,march1 in drills about fifteen inches asunder and nine inches distance in the drills4 ,propagation4--,sow the seeds in a bed in the month of ,march1 and transplant the roots next autumn twelvemonth1 as above directed2 or divide the old roots1 which is the quickest way of obtaining a crop4 ,time of ,harvesting4--,if a fine quality of ,hemp is desired1 mow the crop when it is in full bloom2 but should a greater produce of inferior quality be more desirable1 it should stand until the seeds are nearly ripe4 ,it should remain in the field about a week after it is mown1 and when sufficiently dry gathered in bundles and stacked as ,hemp4 ,separation of ,hemp from the ,pulps4--,rot it in water1 as practised with ,hemp4 ,the ,perennial ,hemp grows to the height of from four to six feet4 ,the root inclines horizontally with numerous fleshy fibres at the extremity4 ,the buds many1 and resembling the buds of the ,lily of the ,valley4 ,it is the ,urtica canadensis of ,kalm1 one of which was brought over and planted by the side of this plant1 and we could not find any difference4 #fj4 ,,lapsana communis4 ,,nipple-,,wort4--,this plant is considered by the country people as a sovereign remedy for the piles4 ,the plant is immersed in boiling water1 and the cure is effected by applying the steam arising therefrom to the seat of the disease2 and this1 with cooling medicine and proper regimen1 is seldom known to fail in curing this troublesome disease4 #fa4 ,,daphne laureola4 ,,wood ,,laurel4--,the leaves of this plant have little or no smell but a very durable nauseous acrid taste4 ,if taken internally in small doses1 as ten or twelve grains1 they are said to operate with violence by stool and sometimes by vomit1 so as not to be ventured on with safety1 unless their virulence be previously abated by long boiling1 and even then they are much to precarious to be trusted to4 ,the flowers are of a different nature1 being in taste little other than mucilaginous and sweetish1 and of a light pleasant smell4 ,the pulpy part of the berries appears also to be harmless4 ,the bark macerated in water has of late been much employed in ,france as a topical application to the skin for the purpose of excoriating and exciting a discharge4 #fb4 ,,rumex acutus4 ,,sharp-,,pointed ,,dock4--,the root of this plant has long been used in medicine1 and considered as useful in habitual costiveness1 obstructions of the viscera1 and in scorbutic and cutaneous maladies2 in which case both external and internal applications have been made of it4 ,a decoction of half or a whole drachm of the dry roots has been considered a dose4--,lewis's ,mat4 ,medica4 #fc4 ,,elymus arenarius4 ,,elymus geniculatus4 ,,lime ,,grass4--,the foliage of these grasses make excellent mats and baskets2 and where they grow in quantity afford a livelihood to many industrious persons who manufacture these articles4 #fd4 ,,salsola ,kali4 ,,glass-,,wort1 or ,,kelp4 ,soda and ,barilla are yielded by this plant4 ,the ashes of this vegetable yield an alkaline salt1 which is of considerable use for making glass1 soap1 c4 ,the small quantity grown in this country is by no means equal to the demand1 and ,spain has the advantage of trade in this article1 where the plant grows wild in the greatest abundance4 ,an impure alkali similar to these is obtained from the combustion of other marine plants1 as the ,fuci1 c4 by the people in ,scotland4 #fe4 ,,borago officinalis4 ,,borage--,a fine cooling beverage is made from this herb1 called ,cool ,tankard4 ,it is merely an infusion of the leaves and flowers put into water1 with the addition of wine1 nutmeg1 c4 c4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,observations on the ,,bleeding ,,trees1 and procuring the ,sap for making ,wine1 and brewing ,ale4 ,in the article ,,birch ,,tree1 7p4 #cd1 ,no4 #ajg1 of this volume17 we have mentioned the abstracting the sap for the purpose of making wine2 and as this is practicable1 and may be obtained in some places at little expense and trouble1 ,i shall take the liberty of transcribing the following curious paper on the subject4 ,to obtain the greatest store of sap in the shortest time from the body of a tree1 bore it quite through the pith1 and the very inner rind on the other side1 leaving only the bark unpierced on the north-east side4 ,this hole to be made sloping upwards with a large auger1 and that under a large arm near the ground4 ,this way the tree will in a short time afford liquor enough to brew with2 and with some of these sweet saps1 one bushel of malt will make as good ale as four bushels with ordinary water4 ,the ,sycamore yields the best brewing sap4 ,the change of weather has a great effect on the bleeding of plants4 ,when the weather changes from warm to cold1 ,birch ceases to bleed1 and upon the next warmth begins again3 but the contrary obtains in the ,walnut-tree1 and frequently in the ,sycamore1 which upon a fit of cold will bleed plentifully1 and1 as that remits1 stop4 ,a morning sun after frost will make the whole bleeding tribe bleed afresh4 ,from the latter end of ,january to the middle of ,may trees will bleed4 ,those that run first1 are the ,poplar1 ,asp1 ,abele1 ,maple1 ,sycamore4 ,some1 as ,willows and the ,birch1 are best to tap about the middle of the season1 and the ,walnut towards the latter end of ,march4 ,when a large ,walnut will bleed no longer in the body or branches1 it will run at the root1 and longer on the south or sunny side than on the north or shady side4 ,a culinary fire will have the same or greater effect than the sun1 and immediately set trees a-bleeding in the severest weather4 ,branches of ,maple or ,willow cut off at both ends1 will bleed and cease at pleasure again and again as you approach them to or withdraw them from the fire1 provided you balance them in your hand1 and often invert them to prevent the falling and expence of the sap2 but at length they cease4 ,a ,birch will not bleed however deeply the bark only may be wounded3 it is necessary to pierce into the substance of the wood4--,dr4 ,tonge in ,phil4 ,trans4 ,no4 #dc4 ,,the ,,end