,,! ,,mak+ ,,( ,,religion ,,by ,,&rew ,,lang ,m4,a41 ,,ll4,d4 ,,/ ,,&rews ,,honor>y ,,fell[ ,,( ,,m]ton ,,college ,,ox=d ,,sometime ,,gif=d ,,lectur] ,,9 ,,! ,,univ]sity ,,( ,,/ ,,&rews ,,second ,,edition #aijj ,,to ,,! ,,pr9cipal ,,( ,,! ,,univ]sity ,,( ,,/4 ,,&rews ,,de> ,,pr9cipal ,,donaldson1 ,i hope y w p]mit me to lay at ! feet ( ! ,univ]sity ( ,/4 ,&rews1 9 ackn[l$gm5t ( h] life-long k9dnesses to h] old pupil1 ^! *apt]s on ! e>ly ,hi/ory ( ,religion4 ,!y may be tak5 z repres5t+ ! ,gif=d ,lectures deliv]$ by me1 ?\gh 9 fact !y conta9 v little t 0 spok5 f ,"l ,gif=d's *air4 ,i wi% !y 7 m wor?y ( an ,alma ,mat] :i* fo/]$ 9 ! pa/ ! lead]s ( =lorn hopes t 7 de/9$ to triumph2 & ! fri5ds ( lo/ causes :o f\ght bravely aga9/ ,fate--,patrick ,hamilton1 ,c>gill1 & ,argyll1 ,beaton & ,montrose1 & ,dundee4 ,believe me ,v s9c]ely y\rs1 ,,&rew ,,lang4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,preface ,,to ,,! ,,new ,,edition ,by ! nature ( ?+s ?is book falls "u two divisions4 ,! fir/ eight *apt]s criticise ! curr5t an?ropological !ory ( ! orig9s ( ! belief 9 spirits4 ,*apt]s ix4-xvii41 aga91 criticise ! curr5t an?ropological !ory z to h[1 ! notion ( _s once atta9$1 man arriv$ at ! idea ( a ,supreme ,be+4 ,^! two bran*es ( ! topic are treat$ 9 mo/ mod]n works conc]n$ ) ! ,orig9s ( ,religion1 su* z ,mr4 ,tyl]'s ,primitive ,culture1 ,mr4 ,h]b]t ,sp5c]'s ,pr9ciples ( ,sociology1 ,mr4 ,jevons's ,introduction to ! ,hi/ory ( ,religion1 ! late ,mr4 ,grant ,all5's ,evolution ( ! ,idea ( ,god1 & _m o!rs4 ,yet ,i h be5 c5sur$ = comb9+1 9 ?is "w1 ! two bran*es ( my subject2 & ! second "p has be5 reg>d$ z b fa9tly connect$ ) ! fir/4 ,! reason = ?is criticism seems to be1 t :ile "o small set ( /ud5ts is int]e/$ 91 & famili> ) ! !mes exam9$ 9 ! fir/ "p 7namely ! psy*ological *>act]i/ics ( c]ta9 m5tal /ates f :i*1 9 "p1 ! doctr9e ( spirits is said to h aris571 t set ( /ud5ts nei!r kn[s nor c>es any?+ ab\t ! matt] h&l$ 9 ! second "p4 ,?is gr\p ( /ud5ts is busi$ ) ,psy*ical ,rese>*1 & ! obscure human faculties impli$ 9 alleg$ cases ( halluc9ation1 telepa?y1 d\ble p]sonality1 human automatism1 clairvoyance1 & s on4 ,mean:ile an?ropological read]s are equally indiff]5t z to t bran* ( psy*ology :i* exam9es ! conditions ( hy/]ia1 hypnotic trance1 d\ble p]sonality1 & ! l4 ,an?ropologi/s h n hi!rto appli$ to ! savage m5tal conditions1 out ( :i*1 9 "p1 ! doctr9e ( spirits arose1 ! rec5t rese>*es ( ,fr5*1 ,g]man1 & ,engli% psy*ologi/s ( ! new s*ool4 ,z to :e!r ^! rese>*es into abnormal psy*ological conditions d1 or d n1 indicate ! exi/5ce ( a transc5d5tal region ( human faculty1 an?ropologi/s appe> to be unconc]n$4 ,! only ,engli% exception kn[n to me is ,mr4 ,tylor1 & 8 great "w1 ,primitive ,culture1 0 writt5 ?irty ye>s ago1 be=e ! mod]n psy*ological /udies ( ,pr(essor ,william ,james1 ,dr4 ,roma9e ,newbold1 ,m4 ,ri*et1 ,dr4 ,janet1 ,pr(essor ,sidgwick1 ,mr4 ,my]s1 ,mr4 ,gurney1 ,dr4 ,p>i%1 & _m o!rs _h comm5c$4 ,an?ropologi/s h gone on discuss+ ! trances1 & visions1 & s-call$ demoniacal possession ( savages1 z if no new rese>*es into simil> facts 9 ! psy*ology ( civilis$ mank9d exi/$2 or1 if !y exi/$1 ?rew any glimm] ( light on ! abnormal psy*ology ( savages4 ,i h1 on ! o!r h&1 ?\ght x desirable to sket* out a /udy ( savage psy*ology 9 ! light ( rec5t psy*ological rese>*4 ,?anks to ?is d>+ novelty1 ! book has be5 virtually tak5 z two books2 an?ropologi/s h criticis$ ! second "p1 & "o or two ,psy*ical ,rese>*]s h criticis$ ! fir/ "p2 ea* s*ool leav+ "o "p sev]ely alone4 ,su* are ! natural results ( a too re/rict$ specialism4 ,ev5 to ,psy*ical ,rese>*]s ! e>li] division is ( scant int]e/1 because witnesses to successful abnormal or sup]normal faculty 9 savages _c be br\ght into c\rt & cross-exam9$4 ,b ,i d n give anecdotes ( su* savage successes z evid5ce to facts2 !y are only illu/rations1 & evid5ce to beliefs & me?ods 7z ( cry/al gaz+ & automatic utt]ances ( second>y p]sonality71 :i*1 among ! savages1 correspond to ! suppos$ facts exam9$ by ,psy*ical ,rese>* among ! civilis$4 ,i only po9t out1 z ,ba/ian _h already po9t$ out1 ! exi/5ce ( a field t des]ves clos] /udy by an?ropologi/s :o c obs]ve savages 9 _! homes4 ,we ne$ p]sons tra9$ 9 ! psy*ological laboratories ( ,europe & ,am]ica1 z memb]s ( an?ropological exp$itions4 ,x may be not$ t1 9 8 ,lett]s f ! ,s\? ,seas1 ,mr4 ,l\is ,/ev5son makes "s curi\s obs]vations1 especially on a s+ul> =m ( hypnotism appli$ to himself ) =tunate results4 ,! me?od1 us$ 9 native m$ic9e1 0 novel2 & ! results 7 entirely inexplicable to ,mr4 ,/ev5son1 :o _h n be5 am5able to ,european hypnotic practice4 ,b he 0 n a tra9$ exp]t4 ,an?ropology mu/ rema9 incomplete :ile x neglects ?is field1 :e!r among wild or civilis$ m54 ,9 ! c\rse ( "t ?is w come to be ackn[l$g$4 ,x w be se5 t we _c really acc\nt = ! orig9 ( ! belief 9 spirits :ile we neglect ! sci5tific /udy ( ^? psy*ical conditions1 z ( halluc9ation & ! hypnotic trance1 9 :i* t belief mu/ probably h _h "s1 at lea/1 ( its orig9s4 ,z to ! second "p ( ! book1 ,i h argu$ t ! fir/ dim surmises z to a ,supreme ,be+ ne$ n h aris5 7z on ! curr5t an?ropological !ory7 9 ! notion ( spirits at all4 7,see *apt] xi47 ,"h ,i h be5 said to draw a m]e v]bal di/9ction b no di/9ction c be m ess5tial4 ,if su* a ,supreme ,be+ z _m savages ackn[l$ge is n envisag$ by !m z a _s1 !n ! !ories & processes by :i* he is d]iv$ f a gho/ ( a dead man are invalid1 & remote f ! po9t4 ,z to ! orig9 ( a belief 9 a k9d ( g]m9al ,supreme ,be+ 7say ! ,au/ralian ,baiame71 ,i d n1 9 ?is book1 (f] any op9ion4 ,i aga9 & aga9 decl9e to (f] an op9ion4 ,critics1 none ! less1 h said t ,i attribute ! belief to revelation6 ,i %all !re=e "h indicate :at ,i ?9k probable 9 s obscure a field4 ,z soon z man _h ! idea ( mak+ ?+s1 he might conjecture z to a ,mak] ( ?+s :i* he himself _h n made1 & c\ld n make4 ,he w\ld reg>d ?is unkn[n ,mak] z a magnifi$ non-natural man4 ,^! speculations appe> to me to ne$ less reflection ?an ! long & complicat$ processes ( ?\ght by :i* ,mr4 ,tylor believes1 & probably believes ) ju/ice1 ! !ory ( spirits to h be5 evolv$4 7,see *apt] iii47 ,?is conception ( a magnifi$ non-natural man1 :o is a ,mak]1 be+ giv52 8 ,p[] w\ld be recognis$1 & fancy w\ld clo! "o :o _h made su* useful ?+s ) c]ta9 o!r moral attributes1 z ( ,fa!rhood1 goodness1 & reg>d = ! e?ics ( 8 *ildr52 ^! e?ics hav+ be5 develop$ naturally 9 ! evolution ( social life4 ,9 all ?is !re is no?+ my/ical1 nor any?+1 z f> z ,i c see1 beyond ! limit$ m5tal p[]s ( any be+s t des]ve to be call$ human4 ,b ,i ha/5 to add t ano!r !ory may be ent]ta9$4 ,s9ce ?is book 0 writt5 !re appe>$ ,! ,native ,tribes ( ,c5tral ,au/ralia1 by ,pr(essor ,sp5c] & ,mr4 ,gill51 a mo/ valuable /udy4#a ,! au?ors1 closely scrut9is+ ! esot]ic rites ( ! ,arunta & o!r tribes 9 ,c5tral ,au/ralia1 f\nd none ( ! moral precepts & attributes :i* 7accord+ to ,mr4 ,h[itt1 to :om _! "w is d$icat$71 prevail 9 ! my/]ies ( ! natives ( ,new ,s\? ,wales & ,victoria4 7,see *apt] x47 ,:at !y f\nd 0 a belief 9 '! great _s1 ,twanyirika1' :o is believ$ 'by un9itiat$ boys & wom5' 7b1 app>5tly1 n by adults7 to preside ov] ! cruel rites ( tribal initiation4#b ,no m is said1 no my?s ab\t '! great _s' are giv54 ,he is dismiss$ 9 a brief note4 ,n[ if ^! t5 l9es conta9 all ! native lore ( ,twanyirika1 he is a m]e bugbe>1 n believ$ 9 7app>5tly7 by adults1 b inv5t$ by !m to t]rorise ! wom5 & boys4 ,next1 grant+ t ! in=mation ( ,messrs4 ,sp5c] & ,gill5 is exhau/ive1 & grant+ t 7z ,mr4 ,j4,g4 ,fraz] holds1 9 8 essays 9 ! ',=tnightly ,review1' ,april & ,may1 #ahii7 ! ,arunta are ! mo/ primitive ( mortals1 x w seem to foll[ t ! moral attributes ( ,baiame & o!r gods ( o!r ,au/ralian regions are lat] accretions r\nd ! =m ( an orig9al & confess$ bugbe>1 z among ! primitive ,arunta1 'a bogle ( ! nurs]y1' 9 ! phrase repudiat$ by ,maitl& ( ,le?+ton4 ,?\gh n o!rwise conspicu\sly m civilis$ ?an ! ,arunta 7except1 p]haps1 9 m>riage relations71 ,mr4 ,h[itt's ,s\? ,ea/]n natives w h improv$ ! ,arunta confess$ 'bogle' into a b5efic5t & moral ,fa!r & ,mak]4 ,religion w h its orig9 9 a tribal joke1 & w h become n 'diablem5t1' b 'div9em5t1' '*ange en r\te4' ,read]s ( ,messrs4 ,sp5c] & ,gill5 w see t ! ,arunta philosophy1 primitive or n1 is ( a high +5uity1 & s artfully compos$ t x conta9s no room ei!r = a ,supreme ,be+ or = ! doctr9e ( ! survival ( ! s\l1 ) a future ( rew>ds & puni%m5ts2 op9ions decl>$ to be extant among o!r ,au/ralian tribes4 ,!re is no creator1 & e s\l1 aft] dea?1 is re9c>nat$ 9 a new memb] ( ! tribe4 ,on ! o!r h& 7grant+ t ! brief note on ,twanyirika is exhau/ive71 ! ,arunta1 9 _! isolation1 may h deg5]at$ 9 religion1 & may h dropp$1 9 ! case ( ,twanyirika1 ! moral attributes ( ,baiame4 ,x may be notic$ t1 9 ,s\? ,ea/]n ,au/ralia1 ! ,be+ :o presides1 l ,twanyirika1 ov] initiations is n ! supreme be+1 b a son or deputy ( 81 su* z ! ,kurnai ,tundun4 ,we d n "k :e!r ! ,arunta h1 or h _h & lo/1 or nev] possess$1 a be+ sup]ior to ,twanyirika4 ,) reg>d1 to all su* moral1 &1 9 c]ta9 v]sions1 creative ,be+s z ,baiame1 criticism has tak5 v>i\s l9es4 ,!re is ! high a priori l9e t savage m9ds are incapable ( orig9at+ ! notion ( a moral ,mak]4 ,i h already said t ! notion1 9 an e>ly =m1 seems to be well )9 ! range ( any m9ds des]v+ to be call$ human4 ,next1 ! facts are disput$4 ,i c only ref] read]s to ! au?orities cit$4 ,!y speak = tribes 9 _m qu>t]s ( ! _w1 & ! witnesses are laym5 z well z mission>ies4 ,i am accus$1 aga91 ( us+ a mislead+ rhetoric1 & ( !reby cov]tly introduc+ ,*ri/ian or philosophical ideas into my acc\nt ( savages guiltless ( ,*ri/ian tea*+4 ,z to ! latt] po9t1 ,i am also accus$ ( mi/ak+ = native op9ions ! results ( ,*ri/ian tea*+4 ,"o or o!r *>ge mu/ fall to ! gr\nd4 ,z to my rhetoric1 9 ! use ( su* words z ',creator1' ',et]nal1' & ! l1 ,i %all lat] qualify & expla9 x4 ,= a long discussion betwe5 myself & ,mr4 ,sidney ,h>tl&1 involv+ m9ute detail1 ,i may ref] ! read] to ,folk-,lore1 ! la/ numb] ( #ahih & ! fir/ ( #ahii1 & to ! ,introduction to ! new edition ( my ',my?1 ,ritual1 & ,religion' 7#ahii74 ,:]e relatively high moral attributes are assign$ to a ,be+1 ,i h call$ ! result ',religion2' :]e ! same ,be+ acts l ,zeus 9 ,greek fable1 plays silly or obsc5e tricks1 is lu/ful & false1 ,i h spok5 ( ',my?4'#c ,^! di/9ctions ( ,my? & ,religion may be1 & inde$ are1 call$ arbitr>y4 ,! :ole complex set ( /atem5ts ab\t ! ,be+1 good or bad1 sublime or silly1 are equally ,my?s1 x may be urg$4 ,v well2 b "o set1 ! l(ti] set1 is fitt] to survive1 & does survive1 9 :at we /ill commonly call ,religion2 :ile ! o!r set1 ! pu]ile set ( /atem5ts1 is fairly ne> to ext9ction1 & is usually call$ ,my?ology4 ,"o set has be5 ! root ( a goodly tree3 ! o!r set is be+ lopp$ (f1 l ! p>asitic mi/letoe4 ,i am argu+ t ! two classes ( ideas arise f two sep>ate human moods2 moods z diff]5t & di/9ct z lu/ & love4 ,i am argu+ t1 z f> z our in=mation goes1 ! nobl] set ( ideas is z anci5t z ! l[]4 ,p]sonally 7?\gh we _c h direct evid5ce7 ,i f9d x easy to believe t ! l(ti] notions are ! e>li]4 ,if man began ) ! conception ( a p[]ful & b5efic5t ,mak] or ,fa!r1 !n ,i c see h[ ! humor\s savage fancy ran away ) ! idea ( ,p[]1 & attribut$ to a pot5t be+ j su* tricks z a waggi% & libid9\s savage w\ld l to play if he c\ld4 ,moreov]1 ,i h actually trac$ 79 ',my?1 ,ritual1 & ,religion'7 "s plausible processes ( my?ical accretion4 ,! e>ly m9d 0 n only religi\s1 9 its way1 b sci5tific1 9 its way4 ,x embrac$ ! idea ( ,evolution z well z ! idea ( ,creation4 ,to "o mood a ,mak] seem$ to exi/4 ,b ! in/itution ( ,totemism 7:atev] its orig97 sugge/$ ! idea ( ,evolution2 = m51 x 0 held1 develop$ out ( _! ,totems-animals & plants4 ,b !n1 on ! o!r h&1 ,zeus1 or ,baiame1 or ,mungun-ngaur1 0 reg>d$ z _! ,fa!r4 ,h[ 7 ^! contradictions to be reconcil$8 ,easily1 ?us3 ,zeus 0 ! ,fa!r1 b1 9 ea* case1 0 ! ,fa!r by an am\r 9 :i* he wore ! =m ( ! ,totem-snake1 swan1 bull1 ant1 dog1 or ! l4 ,at once a degrad$ set ( second>y erotic my?s clu/] ar\nd ,zeus4 ,aga91 x is notori\sly ! nature ( man to attribute e in/itution to a primal inv5tor or legislator4 ,m5 !n1 f9d !mselves p]=m+ c]ta9 rites1 (t5 ( a buffoon+ or sc&al\s "*2 &1 9 orig91 ma9ly magical1 int5d$ = ! increase ( game1 edible plants1 or1 lat]1 = ! b5efit ( ! crops4 ,:y d !y p]=m ^! rites8 !y ask3 &1 look+ ab\t1 z usual1 = a primal initiator1 !y attribute :at !y d to a primal be+1 ! ,corn ,_s1 ,demet]1 or to ,zeus1 or to ,baiame1 or ,manabozho1 or ,punjel4 ,?is is man's usual way ( go+ back to orig9s4 ,in/antly1 !n1 a new set ( p>asitic my?s cry/allises r\nd a ,be+ :o1 p]haps1 0 orig9ally moral4 ,! savage m9d1 9 %ort1 has n ma9ta9$ itself on ! high level1 any m ?an ! faceti\s m$iaeval my?s ma9ta9$ !mselves1 say1 on ! orig9al level ( ! conception ( ! "* ( ,/4 ,pet]1 ! keep] ( ! keys ( ,heav54 ,all ?is appe>s p]fectly natural & human1 & 9 ?is1 & 9 o!r ways1 :at we call l[ ,my? may h invad$ ! high] realms ( ,religion3 a l[] invad$ a high] elem5t4 ,b rev]se ! hypo!sis4 ,conceive t ,zeus1 or ,baiame1 0 orig9ally1 n a ,fa!r & gu>dian1 b a lewd & tricky gho/ ( a m$ic9e-man1 a danc] ( indec5t dances1 a woo] ( o!r m5's wives1 a %ape-%ift]1 a burlesque droll1 a m jocul> bugbe>1 l ,twanyirika4 ,by :at means did he come to be accr$it$ lat] ) 8 l(tie/ attributes1 & ) reg>d = ! tribal e?ics1 :i*1 9 practice1 he daily broke & despis$8 ,/ud5ts :o argue = ! possible priority ( ! l[e/1 or1 z ,i call !m1 my?ical attributes ( ! ,be+1 mu/ advance an hypo!sis ( ! concretion ( ! nobl] elem5ts ar\nd ! orig9al wanton & mis*iev\s gho/4 ,!n let u suppose t ! ,arunta ,twanyirika1 a confess$ bugbe>1 discr$it$ by adults1 & only inv5t$ to keep wom5 & *ildr5 9 ord]1 0 ! orig9al g]m ( ! moral & fa!rly ,baiame1 ( ,s\? ,ea/]n ,au/ralian tribes4 ,h[1 9 t case1 did ! adults ( ! tribe fall into _! own trap1 come to believe s]i\sly 9 _! inv5t$ bugbe>1 & cr$it him ) ! sup]9t5d5ce ( su* tribal e?ics z g5]osity & unselfi%ness8 ,:at 7 ! processes ( ! conv]sion ( ,twanyirika8 ,i d n d5y t ?is !ory may be correct1 b ,i wi% to see an hypo!sis ( ! process ( elevation4 ,i fail to frame su* an hypo!sis4 ,grant t ! adults m]ely *uckle ov] ,twanyirika1 ^: 'voice' !y !mselves produce2 by :irl+ ! wood5 tundun1 or bull-ro>]4 ,grant t1 on initiation1 ! boys le>n t '! great _s' is a m]e bogle1 inv5t$ to my/ify ! wom51 & keep !m away f ! initiatory rites4 ,h[1 !n1 did m5 come to believe 9 him z a t]rible1 all-see+1 all-kn[+1 creative1 & pot5t moral be+8 ,= ?is1 und5iably1 is ! belief ( _m ,au/ralian tribes1 :]e 8 'voice' 7or r t ( 8 subord9ate7 is produc$ by :irl+ ! tundun4 ,t ^! high] beliefs are ( ,european orig91 ,mr4 ,h[itt d5ies4 ,h[ 7 !y evolv$ out ( ! notion ( a confess$ artificial bogle8 ,i am unable to frame a !ory4 ,f my po9t ( view1 namely1 t ! high] & simple ideas may well be ! e>li]1 ,i h1 at lea/1 (f]$ a !ory ( ! processes by :i* ! l[] attributes cry/allis$ ar\nd a conception suppos$ 7argum5ti gratia7 to be orig9ally high4 ,o!r processes ( degradation w\ld come 91 z 7on my !ory7 ! cre$ & practice ( ,animism1 or wor%ip ( human gho/s1 (t5 ( l[ "*1 swamp$ & invad$ ! prior belief 9 a fairly moral & b5efic5t1 b n orig9ally spiritual1 ,be+4 ,my !ory1 at lea/1 is a !ory1 &1 rightly or wrongly1 acc\nts = ! ph5om5on1 ! comb9ation ( ! highe/ div9e & ! l[e/ animal qualities 9 ! same ,be+4 ,b ,i h yet to le>n h[1 if ! l[e/ my?s are ! e>lie/1 ! highe/ attributes came 9 "t to be conf]r$ on ! h]o ( ! l[e/ my?s4 ,:y1 or h[1 did a silly buffoon1 or a confess$ 'bogle' arrive at be+ reg>d$ z a patron ( su* morality z _h be5 evolv$8 ,an hypo!sis ( ! processes involv$ mu/ be indicat$4 ,x is n en\gh to reply1 9 g5]al1 t ! rudim5t>y human m9d is illogical & confus$4 ,t is grant$2 b !re mu/ h be5 a me?od 9 its madness4 ,:at t me?od 0 7f my po9t ( view7 ,i h %[n1 & x mu/ be z easy = oppon5ts to set =? :at1 f _! po9t ( view1 ! me?od 04 ,we are "h conc]n$ ) :at1 s9ce ! "t ( ! e>lie/ ,greek philosoph]s1 has be5 ! crux ( my?ology3 :y are infam\s my?s told ab\t '! ,fa!r ( gods & m5'8 ,we c easily expla9 ! nature ( ! my?s4 ,!y are ! natural fl[]s ( savage fancy & hum\r4 ,b :]e=e d !y cry/allise r\nd ,zeus8 ,i h1 at lea/1 %[n "s probable processes 9 ! evolution4 ,:]e criticism has n disput$ ! facts ( ! moral attributes1 n[ atta*$ to1 say1 an ,au/ralian ,be+1 x has acc\nt$ = !m by a suppos$ process ( borr[+ f mission>ies & o!r ,europeans4 ,9 ?is book ,i deal ) t hypo!sis z urg$ by ,sir ,a4,b4 ,ellis1 9 ,we/ ,africa 7*apt] xiii474 ,i ne$ n h tak5 ! tr\ble1 z ?is di/+ui%$ writ] _h already1 9 a "w :i* ,i ov]look$1 =mally )drawn1 z reg>ds ,africa1 8 !ory ( 'loan-gods4' ,miss ,k+sley1 too1 is no believ] 9 ! borr[+ hypo!sis = ,we/ ,africa1 9 reg>d1 t is1 to ! highe/ div9e conception4 ,i 01 :5 ,i wrote1 unaw>e t1 especially z conc]ns ,am]ica & ,au/ralia1 ,mr4 ,tylor _h rec5tly advocat$ ! !ory ( borr[+ 7',j\rnal ( ,an?rop4 ,in/itute1' vol4 xxi474 ,to ,mr4 ,tylor's argum5ts1 :5 ,i read !m1 ,i repli$ 9 ! ',n9ete5? ,c5tury1' ,janu>y #ahii3 ',are ,savage ,gods ,borr[$ f ,mission>ies8' ,i d n "h repeat my argum5ts1 b await ! publication ( ,mr4 ,tylor's ',gif=d ,lectures1' 9 :i* 8 hypo!sis may be re9=c$1 & may w9 my adhesion4 ,x may "h be said1 h[ev]1 t if ! ,au/ralian high] religi\s ideas are ( rec5t & mission>y orig91 !y w\ld necess>ily be kn[n to ! native wom51 f :om1 9 fact1 !y are absolutely conceal$ by ! m51 "u p5alty ( dea?4 ,aga91 if ! ,son1 or ,sons1 ( ,au/ralian *ief ,be+s resemble "p ( ! ,*ri/ian dogma1 !y mu* m closely resemble ! ,apollo & ,h]mes ( ,greece4#d ,b nobody w say t ! ,au/ralians borr[$ !m f ,greek my?ology6 ,9 *apt] xiv41 ow+ to a bibliographical error ( my own1 ,i h done inju/ice to ,mr4 ,tylor1 by suppos+ him to h ov]look$ ,/ra*ey's acc\nt ( ! ,virg9ian god ,ahone4 ,he did n ov]look ,ahone1 b mi/ru/$ ,/ra*ey4 ,9 an excursus on ,ahone1 9 ! new edition ( ',my?1 ,ritual1 & ,religion1' ,i h tri$ my be/ to elucidate ! bibliography & o!r aspects ( ,/ra*ey's acc\nt1 :i* ,i _c reg>d z baseless4 ,mr4 ,tylor's op9ion is1 d\btless1 diff]5t1 & may prove m p]suasive4 ,z to ,au/ralia1 ,mr4 ,h[itt1 our be/ au?ority1 cont9ues to disbelieve 9 ! !ory ( borr[+4 ,i h to )draw 9 *apt]s x4 xi4 ! /atem5t t ',d>umulun nev] di$ at all4' ,mr4 ,h>tl& has correct$ me1 & po9t$ out t1 among ! ,wiraijuri1 a my? repres5ts him z hav+ be5 de/roy$1 = 8 (f5ces1 by ,baiame4 ,9 t tribe1 h[ev]1 ,d>umulun is n ! highe/1 b a subord9ate ,be+4 ,mr4 ,h>tl& has also collect$ a few my?s 9 :i* ,au/ralian ,supreme ,be+s d 7contr>y to my /atem5t7 'set ! example ( s9n+4' ,no?+ c surprise me less1 & ,i only wond] t1 9 s savage a race1 ! examples1 hi!rto collect$1 are s r>e1 & s easily to be acc\nt$ = on ! !ory ( processes ( cry/allisation ( my?s already sugge/$4 ,z to a rem>k 9 ,app5dix ,b1 ,mr4 ,podmore takes a di/9ction4 ,i quote 8 rem>k1 '! ph5om5a describ$ are q inexplicable by ord9>y me*anical means1' & ,i contra/ ?is1 z illogical1 ) 8 op9ion t a girl 'may h be5 directly responsible = all t took place4' ,mr4 ,podmore replies t :at 0 'describ$' is n necess>ily id5tical ) :at occurr$4 ,/rictly speak+1 he is "r2 b ! evid5ce 0 copi\s1 0 giv5 by _m witnesses1 & 7z (f]$ by me7 0 9 "p contempor>y 7be+ d]iv$ f ! local newspap]s71 s t "h ,mr4 ,podmore's !ory ( illusions ( memory on a l>ge scale1 develop$ 9 ! five weeks :i* elaps$ be=e he exam9$ ! spectators1 is out ( c\rt4 ,! evid5ce 0 ( contempor>y publi%$ record4 ,! h&l+ ( fire by ,home is acc\nt$ = by ,mr4 ,podmore1 9 ! same *apt]1 z ! result ( ,home's use ( a 'non-conduct+ sub/ance4' ,ask$1 ':at sub/ance8' he answ]$1 'asbe/os4' ,sir ,william ,crookes1 aga9 repeat+ 8 acc\nt ( ! p]=mance :i* he witness$1 says1 ',home took up a lump ( r$-hot *>coal ab\t twice ! size ( an egg into 8 h&1 on :i* c]ta9ly no asbe/os 0 visible4 ,he blew into 8 h&s1 & ! flames c\ld be se5 com+ out betwe5 8 f+]s1 & he c>ri$ ! *>coal r\nd ! room4'#e ,sir ,w4 ,crookes /ood close beside ,home4 ,! light 0 t ( ! fire & ( two c&les4 ,probably ,sir ,william c\ld see a piece ( asbe/os1 if x 0 cov]+ ,home's h&s1 :i* he 0 wat*+4 ,:at ,i _h to say1 by way ( )drawal1 qualification1 explanation1 or o!rwise1 ,i ins]t$ 79 ord] to seize ! e>lie/ opportunity7 9 ! ,introduction to ! rec5t edition ( my ',my?1 ,ritual1 & ,religion' 7#ahii74 ,! read] w p]haps make 8 own k9d d$uctions f my rhetoric :5 ,i talk1 = example1 ab\t a ,creator 9 ! cre$ ( l[ savages4 ,!y h no bus9ess1 an?ropologi/s decl>e1 to ent]ta9 s l>ge an idea4 ,b 9 ',! ,j\rnal ( ! ,an?ropological ,in/itute1' ,n4,s4 ,,ii41 ,nos4 #a1 #b1 p4 #he1 ,dr4 ,b5nett gives an acc\nt ( ! religion ( ! cannibal ,fangs ( ! ,congo1 fir/ describ$ by ,du ,*aillu4 ',^! an?ropophagi h "s idea ( a ,god1 a sup]ior be+1 _! ,tata 7,fa!r71 a bo mam m]]e 7he made all ?+s71 ,anyambi is _! ,tata 7,fa!r71 & ranks above all o!r ,fang gods1 because a'ne yap 7lit]ally1 he lives 9 heav574' ,?is is inconsid]ate 9 ! ,fangs4 ,a set ( native cannibals h no bus9ess ) a creative ,fa!r :o is 9 heav54 ,i say 'creative' because 'he made all ?+s1' & 7z ! b[l] said ab\t a ',york]'7 ':at else c y call him8' ,9 all su* cases1 :]e 'creator' & 'creative' are us$ by me1 read]s w all[ = ! imp]fections ( ! ,engli% language4 ,z an?ropologi/s say1 ! savages simply _c h ! correspond+ ideas2 & ,i mu/ ?r[ ! blame on p :o1 kn[+ ! savages & _! language1 assure u t !y h4 ,?is ,fang ,fa!r or ,tata 'is consid]$ indiff]5t to ! wants & suff]+s ( m51 wom51 & *ildr54' ,(f]+s & pray]s are !re=e made1 n to him1 b to ! gho/s ( p>5ts1 :o are m accessible4 ,?is additional in=mation precisely illu/rates my g5]al !ory1 t ! *ief ,be+ 0 n evolv$ out ( gho/s1 b came to be neglect$ z gho/-wor%ip arose4 ,i am n aw>e t ,dr4 ,b5nett is a mission>y4 ,an?ropologi/s di/ru/ mission>ies1 & mo/ ( my evid5ce is f laym54 ,if ! an?ropological /udy ( religion is to advance1 ! high & usually indol5t *ief ,be+s ( savage religions mu/ be c>efully exam9$1 n consign$ to a casual page or p>agraph4 ,i h f\nd !m mo/ pot5t1 & mo/ moral1 :]e gho/-wor%ip has n be5 evolv$2 lea/ pot5t1 or at all ev5ts mo/ indiff]5t1 :]e gho/-wor%ip is mo/ 9 vogue4 ,! inf]5ces 7grant+ ! facts7 are fatal to ! curr5t an?ropological !ory4 ,! phrases ',creator1' 'creative1' z appli$ to ,anyambi1 or ,baiame1 h be5 describ$1 by critics1 z rhetorical1 cov]tly introduc+ conceptions ( :i* savages are incapable4 ,i h already %[n t ,i only foll[ my au?orities1 & _! translations ( phrases 9 v>i\s savage tongues4 ,b ! phrase 'et]nal1' appli$ to ,anyambi or ,baiame1 may be mislead+4 ,i d n wi% to ass]t t1 if y talk$ to a savage ab\t 'et]nity1' he w\ld und]/& :at y int5d4 ,i m]ely mean :at ,m>9] says t ! ,tongans mean z to ! god ,t-li-y ,tooboo4 ',( 8 orig9 !y _h no idea1 r suppos+ him to be et]nal4' ,! savage !ologians ass]t no beg9n+ = su* be+s 7z a rule71 & no end1 except :]e ,unkulunkulu is by "s ,zulus ?\ght to be dead1 & :]e ! ,wiraijuris decl>e t _! ,d>umulun 7n supreme7 0 'de/roy$' by ,baiame4 ,i d n wi% to cr$it savages ) ?\ghts m ab/ract ?an !y possess4 ,b t _! ?\ght c be ab/ract is prov$1 ev5 9 ! case ( ! absolutely 'primitive ,arunta1' by _! my? ( ! ,ungambikula1 'a ^w :i* means out ( no?+1 or self-exi/+1' say ,messrs4 ,sp5c] & ,gill54#f ,once m1 ,i f9d t ,i h spok5 ( "s savage ,be+s z 'omnipres5t' & 'omnipot5t4' ,b ,i h po9t$ out t ?is is only a mod]n metaphysical r5d]+ ( ! actual words attribut$ to ! savage3 ',he c g ev]y:]e1 & d ev]y?+4' ,z to ! phrase1 also us$1 t ,baiame1 = example1 'makes = righte\sness1' ,i mean t he sanctions ! morality ( 8 p2 = in/ance1 sanctions v]acity & unselfi%ness1 z ,mr4 ,h[itt di/9ctly av]s4 ,^! are examples ( 'righte\sness' 9 conduct4 ,i d n mean t ^! virtues 7 impress$ on savages 9 "s sup]natural way1 z a critic has d>+ly av]r$ t ,i d4 ,! /rong reaction ( "s e>ly m5 aga9/ ! cosmical process by :i* '! weake/ goes to ! wall1' is1 inde$1 a curi\s moral ph5om5on1 & des]ves ! att5tion ( morali/s4 ,b ,i nev] dream$ ( suppos+ t ?is reaction 7:i* ext5ds beyond ! limit ( ! tribe or gr\p7 _h a 'sup]natural' orig96 ,x has be5 argu$ t 'tribal morality' is only a set ( regulations bas$ on ! conv5i5ce ( ! eld]s ( ! tribe3 is1 9 fact1 z ! ,platonic ,?rasyma*us says1 '! int]e/ ( ! /ronge/4' ,t does n appe> to me to be demon/rat$2 b ?is is no place = a discussion ( ! orig9 ( morals4 ',! int]e/ ( ! /ronge/1' & ( ! nomadic gr\p1 w\ld be to knock eld]ly invalids on ! head4 ,b ,dampi] says1 ( ! ,au/ralians1 9 #afhh1 ',be x little1 or be x mu* !y get1 e "o has 8 "p1 z well ! "y & t5d]1 & ! old & feeble1 :o are n able to g abroad1 z ! /rong & lu/y4' ,! orig9 ( ?is fair & g5]\s deal+ may be obscure1 b x is precisely ! k9d ( deal+ on :i*1 accord+ to ,mr4 ,h[itt1 ! religion ( ! ,kurnai insi/s 7*apt] x474 ,?us ! ,be+ conc]n$ does 'make = righte\sness4' ,) ^! explanations ,i tru/ t my rhetorical use ( su* phrases z 'et]nal1' 'creative1' 'omnisci5t1' 'omnipot5t1' 'omnipres5t1' & 'moral1' may n be f\nd to mislead1 or cov]tly to import mod]n or ,*ri/ian ideas into my acc\nt ( ! religi\s conceptions ( savages4 ,z to ! evid5ce ?r\gh\t1 a le>n$ hi/orian has in=m$ me t 'no an?ropological evid5ce is ( any value4' ,if s1 !re c be no an?ropology 79 ! realm ( in/itutions74 ,b ! evid5ce t ,i adduce is f su* s\rces z an?ropologi/s1 at lea/1 accept1 & employ 9 ! con/ruction ( !ories f :i*1 9 "s po9ts1 ,i v5ture to diss5t4 ,a4,l4 ,footnote #a3 ,macmillans1 #ahii4 ,footnote #b3 ,op4 cit4 p4 #bdf1 note4 ,footnote #c3 ,see ! new edition ( ,my?1 ,ritual1 & ,religion1 especially ! new ,introduction4 ,footnote #d3 ,see ,introductions to my ,hom]ic ,hymns4 ,all54 #ahii4 ,footnote #e3 ,j\rnal ,s4,p4,r41 ,decemb] #ahij1 p4 #adg4 ,footnote #f3 ,native ,tribes ( ,c5tral ,au/ralia1 p4 #chh4 ,,preface ,,to ,,! ,,fir/ ,,edition ',! only begett]' ( ?is "w is ,monsieur ,lefbure1 au?or ( ',les ,yeux d',horus1' & o!r /udies 9 ,egyptology4 ,he sugge/$ ! writ+ ( ! book1 b is 9 no way responsible = ! op9ions express$4 ,! au?or _c omit ! opportunity ( ?ank+ ,mr4 ,fr$]ic ,my]s = 8 k9dness 9 read+ ! pro( %eets ( ! e>li] *apt]s & sugge/+ "s corrections ( /atem5t4 ,mr4 ,my]s1 h[ev]1 is probably n 9 agreem5t ) ! au?or on c]ta9 po9ts2 = example1 9 ! *apt] on ',possession4' ,z ! second "p ( ! book diff]s consid]ably f ! op9ions :i* h recomm5d$ !mselves to mo/ an?ropological writ]s on e>ly ,religion1 ! au?or mu/ say "h1 z he says lat]1 t no h>m c come ( try+ h[ facts look f a new po9t ( view1 & t he c]ta9ly did n expect !m to fall into ! %ape :i* he n[ pres5ts = criticism4 ,,/4 ,,&rews3 ,april #c1 #ahih4 ,,cont5ts ,i4 ,,introductory ,,*apt] ,,ii4 ,,sci5ce ,,& ',,miracles' ,,iii4 ,,an?ropology ,,& ,,religion ,,iv4 ',,op5+ ,,! ,,gates ,,( ,,di/ance' ,v4 ,,cry/al ,,visions1 ,,savage ,,& ,,civilis$ ,,vi4 ,,an?ropology ,,& ,,halluc9ations ,,vii4 ,,demoniacal ,,possession ,,viii4 ,,feti%ism ,,& ,,spiritualism ,,ix4 ,,evolution ,,( ,,! ,,idea ,,( ,,god ,x4 ,,high ,,gods ,,( ,,l[ ,,races ,,xi4 ,,supreme ,,gods ,,n ,,necess>ily ,,develop$ ,,out ,,( ',,spirits' ,,xii4 ,,savage ,,supreme ,,be+s ,,xiii4 ,,m ,,savage ,,supreme ,,be+s ,,xiv4 ,,ahone4 ,,ti-,,ra-,w4 ,n-,,pi4 ,,pa*acamac4 ,,tui ,,laga4 ,,taa-,,roa ,,xv4 ,,! ,,old ,,deg5]ation ,,!ory ,,xvi4 ,,!ories ,,( ,,jehovah ,,xvii4 ,,conclusion ,,app5dices4 ,a4 ,,oppositions ,,( ,,sci5ce ,b4 ,,! ,,polt]gei/ ,,& ,,8 ,,expla9]s ,c4 ,,cry/al-,,gaz+ ,d4 ,,*iefs ,,9 ,,au/ralia ,,index 99 99 99 99 99 ,,! ,,mak+ ,,( ,,religion ,i ,,introductory ,,*apt] ,! mod]n ,sci5ce ( ! ,hi/ory ( ,religion has atta9$ conclusions :i* already possess an air ( be+ firmly e/abli%$4 ,^! conclusions may be briefly /at$ ?us3 ,man d]iv$ ! conception ( '_s' or 's\l' f 8 reflections on ! ph5om5a ( sleep1 dreams1 dea?1 %ad[1 & f ! exp]i5ces ( trance & halluc9ation4 ,wor%ipp+ fir/ ! dep>t$ s\ls ( 8 k9dr$1 man lat] ext5d$ ! doctr9e ( spiritual be+s 9 _m directions4 ,gho/s1 or o!r spiritual exi/5ces fa%ion$ on ! same l9es1 prosp]$ till !y became gods4 ,f9ally1 z ! result ( a v>iety ( processes1 "o ( ^! gods became supreme1 &1 at la/1 0 reg>d$ z ! "o only ,god4 ,mean:ile man reta9$ 8 belief 9 ! exi/5ce ( 8 own s\l1 surviv+ aft] ! dea? ( ! body1 & s rea*$ ! conception ( immortality4 ,?us ! ideas ( ,god & ( ! s\l are ! result ( e>ly fallaci\s reason+s ab\t misund]/ood exp]i5ces4 ,x may seem almo/ wanton to sugge/ ! desirabl5ess ( revis+ a sy/em at once s simple1 s logical1 & app>5tly s well bottom$ on facts4 ,b !re c nev] be any real h>m 9 /udy+ masses ( evid5ce f fre% po9ts ( view4 ,at wor/1 ! failure ( adv]se criticism mu/ help to e/abli% ! doctr9es assail$4 ,n[1 z we %all %[1 !re are two po9ts ( view f :i* ! evid5ce z to religion 9 its e>ly /ages has n be5 /eadily contemplat$4 ,!re=e we int5d to ask1 fir/1 :at1 if any?+1 c be asc]ta9$ z to ! nature ( ! 'visions' & halluc9ations :i*1 accord+ to ,mr4 ,tylor 9 8 celebrat$ "w ',primitive ,culture1' l5t _! aid to ! =mation ( ! idea ( '_s4' ,secondly1 we %all collect & comp>e ! acc\nts :i* we possess ( ! ,high ,gods & creative be+s wor%ipp$ or believ$ 91 by ! mo/ backw>d races4 ,we %all !n ask :e!r ^! relatively ,supreme ,be+s1 s conceiv$ ( by m5 9 v rudim5t>y social conditions1 c be1 z an?ropology decl>es1 m]e developm5ts f ! belief 9 gho/s ( ! dead4 ,we %all end by v5tur+ to sugge/ t ! savage !ory ( ! s\l may be bas$1 at lea/ 9 "p1 on exp]i5ces :i* _c1 at pres5t1 be made to fit into any purely mat]iali/ic sy/em ( ! univ]se4 ,we %all also br+ evid5ce t5d+ to prove t ! idea ( ,god1 9 its e>lie/ kn[n %ape1 ne$ n logically be d]iv$ f ! idea ( _s1 h[ev] t idea itself may h be5 atta9$ or evolv$4 ,! conception ( ,god1 !n1 ne$ n be evolv$ out ( reflections on dreams & 'gho/s4' ,if ^! two positions c be def5d$ ) any success1 x is obvi\s t ! :ole !ory ( ! ,sci5ce ( ,religion w ne$ to be reconsid]$4 ,b x is no less evid5t t our two positions d n dep5d on ea* o!r4 ,! fir/ may be reg>d$ z fanta/ic1 or improbable1 or may be 'mask$' & left on "o side4 ,b ! /r5g? ( ! second position1 d]iv$ f evid5ce ( a diff]5t "*1 w n1 !re=e1 be 9 any way impair$4 ,our fir/ position c only be argu$ = by d9t ( evid5ce highly unpopul> 9 "*1 &1 z a g5]al rule1 condemn$ by mod]n sci5ce4 ,! evid5ce is obta9$ by :at is1 at all ev5ts1 a legitimate an?ropological proce$+4 ,we may foll[ ,mr4 ,tylor's example1 & collect savage beliefs ab\t visions1 halluc9ations1 'clairvoyance1' & ! acquisition ( k app>5tly n atta9able ?r\gh ! normal *annels ( s5se4 ,we may !n comp>e ^! savage beliefs ) atte/$ records ( simil> exp]i5ces among liv+ & educat$ civilis$ m54 ,ev5 if we atta9 to no conclusion1 or a negative conclusion1 z to ! actuality & sup]normal "* ( ! alleg$ exp]i5ces1 /ill to comp>e data ( savage & civilis$ psy*ology1 or ev5 ( savage & civilis$ illusions & fables1 is decid$ly "p1 ?\gh a neglect$ "p1 ( ! function ( an?ropological sci5ce4 ,! results1 :e!r !y d or d n /r5g!n our fir/ position1 mu/ be curi\s & in/ructive1 if only z a *apt] 9 ! hi/ory ( human error4 ,t *apt]1 too1 is conc]n$ ) no mean topic1 b ) :at we may call ! ,x region ( our nature4 ,out ( t region1 out ( miracle1 prophecy1 vision1 h c]ta9ly come =? ! great religions1 ,*ri/ianity & ,islam2 & ! great religi\s innovators & lead]s1 our ,"l ,himself1 ,/4 ,francis1 ,john ,knox1 ,jeanne d',arc1 d[n to ! f\nd] ( ! new fai? ( ! ,si\x & ,arapahoe4 ,x _c1 !n1 be unsci5tific to comp>e ! b>b>ic ) ! civilis$ beliefs & exp]i5ces ab\t a region s dimly und]/ood1 & s f]tile 9 pot5t influ5ces4 ,"h ! topic w be exam9$ r by ! me?od ( an?ropology ?an ( psy*ology4 ,we may conceivably h some?+ to le>n 7z has be5 ! case be=e7 f ! r\gh obs]vations & ha/y inf]5ces ( ! mo/ backw>d races4 ,we may illu/rate ?is by an anecdote3 ',! ,nor!rn ,indians call ! ,aurora ,borealis ,ed?91 t is ,de]4 ,_! ideas 9 ?is respect are f\nd$ on a pr9ciple "o w\ld n imag9e4 ,exp]i5ce has %[n !m t :5 a hairy de]-sk9 is briskly /rok$ ) ! h& on a d>k night1 x w emit _m sp>ks ( electrical fire4' ,s says ,he>ne 9 8 ',j\rney1' publi%$ 9 #agie 7p4 #cdf74 ,?is obs]vation ( ! ,r$ ,m5 is a k9d ( p>able repres5t+ a "p ( ! purport ( ! foll[+ treatise4 ,! ,indians1 mak+ a ha/y inf]5ce f a trivial ph5om5on1 arriv$ unaw>es at a probably correct conclusion1 long unkn[n to civilis$ sci5ce4 ,!y connect$ ! ,aurora ,borealis ) electricity1 suppos+ t multitudes ( de] 9 ! sky rubb$ ! sp>ks out ( ea* o!r6 ,mean:ile1 ev5 9 ! la/ c5tury1 a puzzl$ populace spoke ( ! ph5om5on z ',"l ,d]w5twat]'s ,lights4' ,! cosmic pomp & spl5d\r %one to welcome ! loyal ,d]w5twat] into heav51 :5 he _h giv5 8 life = 8 exil$ k+4 ,n[1 my purpose 9 ! e>li] portion ( ?is essay is to sugge/ t c]ta9 ph5om5a ( human nature1 app>5tly z trivial z ! sp>ks rubb$ out ( a de]'s hide 9 a d>k night1 may indicate1 & may be alli$ to a =ce or =ces1 :i*1 l ! ,aurora ,borealis1 may %9e f "o end ( ! heav5s to ! o!r1 /rangely illum9+ ! d>kness ( our de/9y4 ,su* ph5om5a sci5ce has ignor$1 z x s long ignor$ ! sp>ks f ! /rok$ de]-sk91 & ! attractive p[] ( rubb$ amb]4 ,^! trivial ?+s 7 n kn[n to be alli$ to ! lightn+1 or to indicate a =ce :i* man c\ld tame & use4 ,b j z ! ,indians1 by a rapid c>eless inf]5ce1 attribut$ ! ,aurora ,borealis to electric influ5ces1 s 7z an?ropology assures u7 savages ev]y:]e h inf]r$ ! exi/5ce ( s\l or _s1 intellig5ce t ',does n "k ! bond ( ,"t1 ,nor we> ! manacles ( ,space1' 9 "p f c]ta9 app>5tly trivial ph5om5a ( human faculty4 ,^! ph5om5a1 z ,mr4 ,tylor says1 '! great intellectual movem5t ( ! la/ two c5turies has simply ?r[n aside z wor?less4'#a ,i ref] to alleg$ exp]i5ces1 m]ely odd1 sporadic1 &1 = comm]cial purposes1 useless1 su* z ! transf]5ce ( ?\ght f "o m9d to ano!r by no kn[n *annel ( s5se1 ! occurr5ce ( halluc9ations :i*1 prima facie1 correspond co9cid5tally ) unkn[n ev5ts at a di/ance1 all t is call$ 'second sight1' or 'clairvoyance1' & o!r ?+s ev5 m obscure4 ,reason+ on ^! real or alleg$ ph5om5a1 & on o!r q normal & accept$ facts ( dream1 %ad[1 sleep1 trance1 & dea?1 savages h inf]r$ ! exi/5ce ( _s or s\l1 exactly z ! ,indians arriv$ at ! notion ( electricity 7n s call$ by !m1 ( c\rse7 z ! cause ( ! ,aurora ,borealis4 ,b1 j z ! ,indians ?\ght t ! cosmic lights 7 caus$ by ! rubb+ toge!r ( cr[d$ de] 9 ! heav5s 7a !ory q *ildi%ly absurd71 s ! savage has express$1 9 rude fanta/ic ways1 8 conclusion z to ! exi/5ce ( _s4 ,he believes 9 w&]+ sep>able s\ls ( m51 surviv+ dea?1 & he has peopl$ ) 8 dreams ! :ole inanimate univ]se4 ,my sugge/ion is t1 9 spite ( 8 fantasies1 ! savage _h possibly drawn f 8 premises an inf]5ce n :olly1 or n demon/rably errone\s4 ,z ! sp>ks ( ! de]-sk9 indicat$ electricity1 s ! /range lights 9 ! night ( human nature may indicate faculties :i* sci5ce1 till ( late & 9 a few in/ances1 has laugh$ at1 ignor$1 '?r[n aside z wor?less4' ,x %\ld be obs]v$ t ,i am n speak+ ( 'spiritualism1' a ^w ( ! wor/ associations1 inextricably entangl$ ) fraud1 bad logic1 & ! bl9de/ cr$ulity4 ,"s ( ! ph5om5a allud$ to h1 h[ev]1 be5 claim$ z _! own prov9ce by 'spiriti/s1' & ne$ to be rescu$ f !m4 ,mr4 ,tylor writes3 ',! issue rais$ by ! comp>ison ( savage1 b>b>ic1 & civilis$ spiritualism is ?is3 ,d ! ,r$ ,indian m$ic9e-man1 ! ,tat> necromanc]1 ! ,highl& gho/-se]1 & ! ,bo/on m$ium1 %>e ! possession ( belief & k ( ! highe/ tru? & import1 :i*1 nev]!less1 ! great intellectual movem5t ( ! la/ two c5turies has simply ?r[n aside z wor?less8' ,di/+uo6 ,t does n seem to me to be ! issue4 ,9 my op9ion ! issue is3 ',h ! ,r$ ,indian1 ! ,tat>1 ! ,highl& se]1 & ! ,bo/on m$ium 7! lea/ reputable ( ! m5ag]ie7 obs]v$1 & reason$ wildly f1 & c\nt]feit$1 & d>k5$ ) impo/ure1 c]ta9 g5u9e by-products ( human faculty1 :i* d n prima facie des]ve to be ?r[n aside8' ,t1 ,i v5ture to ?9k1 is ! real issue4 ,t sci5ce may toss aside z wor?less "s valuable obs]vations ( savages is n[ univ]sally admitt$ by p :o "k ! facts4 ,among ^! obs]vations is ! :ole topic ( ,hypnotism1 ) ! use ( sugge/ion = heal+ purposes1 & ! ph5om5a1 no long] d5i$1 ( 'alt]nat+ p]sonalities4' ,= ! tru? ( ?is /atem5t we may appeal to "o ( ! greate/ ( ,cont95tal an?ropologi/s1 ,adolf ,ba/ian4#b ,! mission>ies1 l ,liv+/one1 usually suppos$ t ! savage se]'s decl>$ ignorance-- aft] 8 s-call$ fit ( inspiration--( :at occurr$ 9 t /ate1 0 an impo/ure4 ,b nobody n[ d\bts ! simil> oblivion ( :at has pass$ t sometimes foll[s ! analog\s hypnotic sleep4 ,( a rem>kable cure1 :i* ! s*ool ( ! ,salptrire or ,nancy w\ld ascribe1 ) probable ju/ice1 to 'sugge/ion1' a savage example w be giv5 lat]4 ,savage hypnotism & 'sugge/ion1' among ! ,si\x & ,arapahoe1 has be5 ?\ght wor?y ( a :ole volume 9 ! ,reports ( ! ,e?nological ,bureau ( ! ,smi?sonian ,in/itute 7,wa%+ton1 ,u4,s41 #ahib-ih74 ,republican ,gov]nm5ts publi% sci5tific matt] 'reg>dless ( exp5se1' & ! ess5tial po9ts might h be5 put m %ortly4 ,!y illu/rate ! fact t only c]ta9 p]sons c hypnotise o!rs1 & ?r[ light on "s peculi>ities ( rapport4#c ,9 brief1 savages anticipat$ u 9 ! mod]n sci5ce ( exp]im5tal psy*ology1 z is frankly ackn[l$g$ by ! ,society = ,exp]im5tal ,psy*ology ( ,b]l94 ',t _m my/ical ph5om5a are mu* m common & prom95t among savages ?an among ourselves is famili> to ev]yone acqua9t$ ) ! subject4 ,! e?nological side ( our inquiry dem&s p5etrative /udy4'#d ,t /udy ,i am ab\t to try to sket*4 ,my object is to exam9e "s 'sup]/iti\s practices' & beliefs ( savages by aid ( ! comp>ative me?od4 ,i %all comp>e1 z ,i h already said1 ! e?nological evid5ce = savage usages & beliefs analog\s to ?\ght-transf]5ce1 co9cid5tal halluc9ations1 alt]nat+ p]sonality1 & s =?1 ) ! be/ atte/$ mod]n examples1 exp]im5tal or spontane\s4 ,?is raises ! "q ( our evid5ce1 :i* is all-important4 ,we proce$ to def5d x4 ,! savage acc\nts are on ! level ( mu* an?ropological evid5ce2 !y may1 t is1 be dismiss$ by adv]s>ies z 'travell]s' tales4' ,b ! be/ te/imony = ! tru? ( ! reports z to actual belief 9 ! facts is ! undesign$ co9cid5ce ( evid5ce f all ages & qu>t]s4#e ,:5 ! /ories br\ght by travell]s1 anci5t & mod]n1 le>n$ & unle>n$1 pi\s or sceptical1 agree 9 ! ma91 we h all ! c]ta9ty t an?ropology c (f]4 ,aga91 :5 we f9d practically ! same /range neglect$ sp>ks1 n only rum\r$ ( 9 ,european popul> sup]/ition1 b atte/$ 9 _m hundr$s ( depositions made at fir/ h& by respectable mod]n witnesses1 educat$ & responsible1 we _c hone/ly or safely dismiss ! co9cid5ce ( report z indicat+ a m]e 'survival' ( savage sup]/iti\s belief1 & no?+ m4 ,we c no long] d s1 x is agre$1 9 ! case ( hypnotic ph5om5a4 ,i hope to make x seem possible t we %\ld n d s 9 ! matt] ( ! halluc9ations provok$ by gaz+ 9 a smoo? deep1 usually /yl$ 'cry/al-gaz+4' ,e?nologically1 ?is practice is at lea/ z old z classical times1 & is ( practically _w-wide di/ribution4 ,i %all prove its exi/5ce 9 ,au/ralia1 ,new ,zeal&1 ,nor? ,am]ica1 ,s\? ,am]ica1 ,asia1 ,africa1 ,polynesia1 & among ! ,incas1 n to speak ( ! middle & rec5t ,european ages4 ,! univ]sal idea is t su* visions may be 'clairvoyant4' ,to take a ,polynesian case1 'resembl+ ! ,hawaiian wai h>ru4' ,:5 anyone has be5 robb$1 ! prie/1 aft] pray+1 has a hole dug 9 ! floor ( ! h\se1 & fill$ ) wat]4 ,!n he gazes into ! wat]1 'ov] :i* ! god is suppos$ to place ! _s ( ! ?ief4444 ,! image ( ! ?ief 01 accord+ to _! acc\nt1 reflect$ 9 ! wat]1 & be+ p]ceiv$ by ! prie/1 he nam$ ! individual1 or ! p>ties4'#f ,"h ! /atem5t ab\t ! '_s' is a m]e savage philosophical explanation4 ,b ! fact t halluc9atory pictures c really be se5 by a fair p]c5tage ( educat$ ,europeans1 9 wat]1 glass balls1 & s =?1 is n[ confirm$ by frequ5t exp]im5t1 & accept$ by oppon5ts1 'non-my/ical writ]s1' l ,dr4 ,p>i% ( ,muni*4#g ,i %all br+ evid5ce to sugge/ t ! visions may correctly reflect1 z x 71 p]sons & places absolutely unkn[n to ! gaz]1 & t !y may ev5 reveal details unkn[n to e "o pres5t4 ,su* results among savages1 or among ! sup]/iti\s1 w\ld be1 & are1 expla9$ by ! !ory ( 'spirits4' ,mod]n sci5ce has /ill to f9d an explanation consi/5t ) recognis$ laws ( nature1 b 'spirits' we %all n invoke4 ,9 ! same way ,i mean to exam9e all or mo/ ( ! 's-call$ my/ical ph5om5a ( savage life4' ,i !n comp>e !m ) ! bett] v\*$ = mod]n examples4 ,to return to ! "q ( evid5ce1 ,i confess t ,i d n see h[ ! adv]se an?ropologi/1 psy*ologi/1 or popul> agno/ic is to evade ! foll[+ dilemma3 ,to ! an?ropologi/ we say1 ',! evid5ce we adduce is y\r own evid5ce1 t ( books ( travel 9 all l&s & c\ntries4 ,if y may argue f x1 s may we4 ,"s ( x is evid5ce to unusual facts1 m ( x is evid5ce to s+ul> beliefs1 :i* we ?9k n necess>ily )\t f\ndation4 ,z rais+ a presumption 9 fav\r ( t op9ion1 we cite examples 9 :i* savage obs]vations ( abnormal & once reject$ facts1 are n[ admitt$ by sci5ce to h a l>ge residuum ( tru?1 we argue t :at is admitt$ 9 "s cases may come to be admitt$ 9 m4 ,no a priori l9e c "h be drawn4' ,to ! psy*ologi/ :o objects t our mod]n in/ances are m]e anecdotes1 we reply by ask+1 ',de> sir1 :at are y\r mod]n in/ances8 ,:at d y "k ( ,mrs4 ,a41 :om y /ill p]si/5tly cite z an example ( morbid recurr5t halluc9ations8 ,"n ! ,g]man s]vant girl :o1 9 a fev]1 talk$ sev]al le>n$ languages1 :i* %e _h he>d h] =m] ma/]1 a s*ol>1 declaim6 ,:]e did %e live8 ,:o v\*es = h]1 :o he>d h]1 :o und]/ood h]8 ,!re is1 y "k1 no evid5ce at all2 ! anecdote is told by ,col]idge3 ! ph5om5a are said by him to h be5 obs]v$ 9 a ,roman ,ca?olic t[n 9 ,g]many1 a ye> or two be=e my arrival at ,gtt+54444 ,_m em95t physiologi/s & psy*ologi/s visit$ ! t[n4 ,:y d y n "n a few out ( ! di/+ui%$ cr[d8'#h ,?is anecdote1 a rum\r ( a rum\r ( a ,prote/ant explanation ( a ,ca?olic m>vel1 0 told by ,col]idge at lea/ tw5ty ye>s aft] ! possible date4 ,! psy*ologi/s copy x1#i "o aft] ! o!r1 z a flock ( %eep jump :]e _! lead] has jump$4 ,an example by way ( anecdote may be p]mitt$4 ,accord+ to ! curr5t an?ropological !ory1 ! idea ( s\l or _s 0 sugge/$ to e>ly m5 by _! exp]i5ces 9 dreams4 ,!y seem$1 9 sleep1 to visit remote places2 !re=e1 !y argu$1 some?+ )9 !m 0 capable ( leav+ ! body & w&]+ ab\t4 ,?is some?+ 0 ! s\l or _s4 ,n[ x is obvi\s t ?is op9ion ( e>ly m5 w\ld be confirm$ if !y ev] *anc$ to acquire1 9 dreams1 k ( places :i* !y _h nev] visit$1 & ( facts z to :i*1 9 _! wak+ /ate1 !y c\ld h no in=mation4 ,?is exp]i5ce1 inde$1 w\ld sugge/ problems ev5 ,to ,mr4 ,h]b]t ,sp5c]1 if x occurr$ to him4 ,conv]s+ on ?is topic ) a fri5d ( ackn[l$g$ philosophical em95ce1 ,i illu/rat$ my mean+ by a /ory ( a dream4 ,x 0 report$ to me by ! dream]1 ) :om ,i am well acqua9t$1 0 ( v rec5t occurr5ce1 & 0 corroborat$ by ! evid5ce ( ano!r p]son1 to :om ! dream 0 n>rat$1 be=e its fulfilm5t 0 discov]$4 ,i am n at lib]ty to publi% ! details1 = good reasons1 b ! ess5ce ( ! matt] 0 ?is3 ,a4 & ,b4 7! dream]7 _h common int]e/s4 ,a4 _h tak5 c]ta9 /eps ab\t :i* ,b4 _h only a surmise1 & a vague "o1 t /eps _h probably be5 tak54 ,a4 !n di$1 & ,b4 9 an extremely vivid dream 7a ?+ unfamili> to him7 seem$ to read a mass ( unkn[n facts1 culm9at+ 9 two def9ite results1 capable ( be+ /at$ 9 figures4 ,^! results1 by ! v nature ( ! case1 c\ld n be kn[n to ,a41 s t1 be=e he 0 plac$ out ( ,b4's rea* by dea?1 he c\ld n h /at$ !m to him1 &1 aft]w>ds1 _h assur$ly no means ( do+ s4 ,! dream1 two days aft] its occurr5ce1 & aft] x _h be5 told to ,c41 prov$ to be lit]ally correct4 ,n[ ,i am n ask+ ! read]'s belief = ?is anecdote 7= t c\ld only be yield$ 9 virtue ( k ( ! v]acity ( ,b4 & ,c471 b ,i invite 8 att5tion to ! psy*ological explanation4 ,my fri5d sugge/$ t ,a4 _h told ,b4 all ab\t ! affair1 t ,b4 _h n li/5$ 7?\gh 8 int]e/s 7 vitally conc]n$71 & t ! cr[d ( curi\s details1 naturally unfamili> to ,b41 _h repos$ 9 8 subconsci\s memory1 & _h be5 reviv$ 9 ! dream4 ,n[ ,b4's dream 0 a dream ( read+ a mass ( m9ute details1 includ+ names ( places entirely unkn[n to him4 ,x may be admitt$1 9 accordance ) ! psy*ological !ory1 t ,b4 might h receiv$ all ?is in=mation f ,a41 b1 by d9t ( inatt5tion--'! malady ( n m>k+'--might nev] h be5 consci\sly aw>e ( :at he he>d4 ,!n ,b4's subconsci\s memory ( :at he did n consci\sly "k might break ^u him 9 8 dream4 ,in/ances ( simil> m5tal ph5om5a are n uncommon4 ,b ! g5]al result ( ! comb9$ details 0 "o :i* c\ld n possibly be kn[n to ,a4 be=e 8 dea?2 nor to ,b4 c\ld x be kn[n at all4 ,yet ,b4's dream repres5t$ ?is g5]al result ) p]fect accuracy1 :i* _c be acc\nt$ = by ! revival ( subconsci\s memory 9 sleep4 ,nei!r asleep nor awake c a man rememb] :at x is impossible = him to h kn[n4 ,! dream conta9$ no pr$iction = ! results 7 n[ fix$2 b 7grant+ ! good fai? ( ! n>rator7 ! dream did conta9 in=mation n normally accessible4 ,h[ev]1 by way ( psy*ological explanation ( ! dream1 my fri5d cit$ ,col]idge's leg5d1 z to ! ,g]man girl & h] unconsci\s k ( c]ta9 le>n$ languages4 ',& :at is ! evid5ce = ! tru? ( ,col]idge's leg5d8' ,( c\rse1 !re is none1 or none kn[n to all ! psy*ologi/s :o quote x f ,col]idge4 ,nei!r1 if true1 0 ! leg5d to ! po9t4 ,h[ev]1 psy*ology w accept su* unau!nticat$ n>ratives1 & yet w sc(f at fir/ baud1 duly corroborat$ te/imony f liv+ & hon\rable p1 ab\t rec5t ev5ts4 ,only a great =ce ( prejudice c expla9 ?is acceptance1 by psy*ologi/s1 ( "o k9d ( m>vell\s tale on no evid5ce1 & ?is rejection ( ano!r class ( m>vell\s tale1 :5 support$ by fir/ h&1 sign$ & corroborat$ evid5ce1 ( liv+ witnesses4 ,i see only "o escape = psy*ologi/s f ?is dilemma4 ,_! m>vell\s tales are possible1 ?\gh unv\*$ =1 because !y h always he>d !m & repeat$ !m 9 lectures1 & read & repeat$ !m 9 books4 ,our m>vell\s tales are impossible1 because ! psy*ologi/s "k t !y are impossible1 :i* means t !y h n be5 famili> ) !m1 f y\? upw>ds1 9 lectures & manuals4 ,b man has no "r to h 'cle> ideas ( ! possible & impossible1' l ,f>aday1 a priori1 except 9 ! exact sci5ces4 ,!re are o!r in/ances ( weak evid5ce :i* satisfies psy*ologi/s4 ,hamilton has an anecdote1 borr[$ f ,monboddo1 :o got x f ,mr4 ,hans ,/anley1 :o1 'ab\t tw5ty-six ye>s ago1' he>d x f ! subject ( ! /ory1 ,madame de ,laval4 ',i h ! memor&um some:]e 9 my pap]s1' says ,mr4 ,/anley1 vaguely4 ,!n we h two ,am]ican anecdotes by ,dr4 ,fl9t & ,mr4 ,ru%2 & su* is ,sir ,william ,hamilton's equipm5t ( odd facts = discuss+ ! unconsci\s or subconsci\s4 ,! lea/ cr$ible & wor/ atte/$ ( ^! n>ratives /ill appe>s 9 popul> works on psy*ology4 ,moreov]1 all psy*ology1 except exp]im5tal psy*ology1 is bas$ on anecdotes :i* p tell ab\t _! own subjective exp]i5ces4 ,mr4 ,galton1 ^: orig9al rese>*es are well kn[n1 ev5 (f]$ rew>ds 9 money = su* n>ratives ab\t visualis$ r[s ( col\r$ figures1 & s on4 ,cle>ly ! psy*ologi/1 !n1 has no prima facie "r to object to our anecdotes ( exp]i5ces1 :i* he reg>ds z purely subjective4 ,z evid5ce1 we only accept !m at fir/ h&1 &1 :5 possible1 ! witnesses h be5 cross-exam9$ p]sonally4 ,our evid5ce !n1 :]e x consi/s ( travell]s' tales1 is on a level ) t :i* satisfies ! an?ropologi/4 ,:]e x consi/s ( mod]n /atem5ts ( p]sonal exp]i5ce1 our evid5ce is (t5 inf9itely bett] ?an mu* :i* is accept$ by ! nonexp]im5tal psy*ologi/4 ,z = ! agno/ic writ] on ! ,non-,religion ( ! ,future1 ,m4 ,guyau actually illu/rates ! ,resurrection ( our ,"l by an ,am]ican my? ab\t a crim9al1 ( :om a halluc9atory phantasm appe>$ to ea* ( 8 gaol companions1 sep>ately & successively1 on a day aft] 8 execution6 ,= ?is prodigi\s fable no h9t ( ref]5ce to au?ority is giv54#aj ,yet ! evid5ce appe>s to satisfy ,m4 ,guyau1 & is us$ by him to re9=ce 8 argum5t4 ,! an?ropologi/ & psy*ologi/1 !n1 mu/ ei!r admit t _! evid5ce is no bett] ?an ours1 if z good1 or mu/ say t !y only believe evid5ce z to 'possible' facts4 ,!y ?us con/itute !mselves judges ( :at is possible1 & practically reg>d !mselves z omnisci5t4 ,sci5ce has _h to accept s _m ?+s once sc(f$ at z 'impossible1' t ?is attitude ( h]s1 z we %all %[ 9 *apt] ii41 ceases to comm& respect4 ,my sugge/ion is t ! trivial1 reject$1 or unhe$$ ph5om5a v\*$ = by ! evid5ce "h def5d$ may1 n inconceivably1 be ( consid]able importance4 ,b1 /at+ ! case at ! l[e/1 if we are only conc]n$ ) illusions & fables1 x _c b be curi\s to note _! p]si/5t uni=mity 9 savage & civilis$ life4 ,to make ! fir/ ( our two ma9 positions cle>1 & 9 "p to ju/ify ourselves 9 ask+ any att5tion = su* matt]s1 we n[ (f] an hi/orical sket* ( ! relations betwe5 ,sci5ce & ! s-call$ ',miracul\s' 9 ! pa/4 ,footnote #a3 ,primitive ,culture1 i4 #aef4 ,london1 #ahia4 ,footnote #b3 ,ueb] psy*is*e ,beoba*iung5 bei ,naiurvlk]n4 ,leipzig1 ,gun!r1 #ahij4 ,footnote #c3 ,see especially pp4 #ibb-ibf4 ,! book is int]e/+ 9 o!r ways1 &1 inde$1 t\*+1 z x describes ! f\nd+ ( a new ,r$ ,indian religion1 on a basis ( ,hypnotism & ,*ri/ianity4 ,footnote #d3 ,programme ( ! ,society1 p4 iv4 ,footnote #e3 ,tylor1 ,primitive ,culture1 i1 #i1 #aj4 ,footnote #f3 ,ellis1 ,polynesian ,rese>*es1 ii4 p4 #bdj4 ,footnote #g3 ,halluc9ations & ,illusions1 ,engli% edition1 pp4 #fi-gj1 #big4 ,footnote #h3 ,sir ,william ,hamilton's ,lectures1 i4 #cde4 ,footnote #i3 ,maudsley1 ,k]n]1 ,c>p5tor1 ,du ,prel1 ,zangwill4 ,footnote #aj3 ,col]idge's my?ical maid 7p4 #aj7 is set d[n by ,mr4 ,samuel ,la+ to an exp]im5t ( ,braid's6 ,no ref]5ces are giv54--,la+3 ,problems ( ! ,future4 ,,ii ,,sci5ce ,,& ',,miracles' ,hi/orical ,sket* ,rese>* 9 ! ,x region is n a new ?+ "u ! sun4 ,:5 ,saul disguis$ himself be=e 8 conf]5ce ) ! ,wit* ( ,endor1 he made an elem5t>y attempt at a sci5tific te/ ( ! sup]normal4 ,croesus1 ! k+1 w5t mu* fur!r1 :5 he te/$ ! clairvoyance ( ! oracles ( ,greece1 by s5d+ an embassy to ask :at he 0 do+ at a giv5 h\r on a giv5 day1 & by !n do+ some?+ v biz>re4 ,we d n "k h[ ! ,delphic oracle f\nd out ! "r answ]1 b v>i\s easy me?ods ( fraud at once occur to ! m9d4 ,h[ev]1 ! proc$ure ( ,croesus1 if he took c]ta9 precautions1 0 relatively sci5tific4 ,relatively sci5tific also 0 ! inquiry ( ,porphyry1 ) ^: position our own is n unlikely to be comp>$4 ,unable1 or reluctant1 to accept ,*ri/ianity1 ,porphyry 's\ght aft] a sign' ( an elem5t ( sup]normal tru? 9 ,paganism4 ,b he began at ! wrong end1 namely at ,pagan spirituali/ic sances1 ) ! usual accompanim5ts ( d>kness & fraud4 ,8 p]plex$ lett] to ,anebo1 ) ! reply attribut$ to ,iambli*us1 reveal ,porphyry w&]+ puzzl$ among m$iums1 float+ lights1 odd noises1 que] dubi\s 'physical ph5om5a4' ,he did n beg9 ) accurate exp]im5ts z to ! exi/5ce ( r>e1 & app>5tly sup]normal human faculties1 & he seems to h atta9$ no conclusion except t 'spirits' are 'deceitful4'#a ,some?+ m ak9 to mod]n rese>* began ab\t ! "t ( ! ,re=mation1 & la/$ till ab\t #afhj4 ,! fury = burn+ wit*es l$ m5 ( s5se1 le>n+1 & humanity to ask :e!r !re 0 any reality 9 wit*craft1 &1 g5]ally1 9 ! m>vels ( popul> belief4 ,! inquiries ( ,?yraeus1 ,lavat]us1 ,bod9us1 ,wi]us1 ,le ,loy]1 ,reg9ald ,scot1 & _m o!rs1 t5d$ on ! :ole to ! negative side z reg>ds ! wild] fables ab\t wit*es1 b left ! problems ( gho/s & haunt$ h\ses pretty mu* :]e !y 7 be=e4 ,x may be obs]v$ t ,lavat]us 7circ4 #aehj7 already put =? a =m ( ! hypo!sis ( telepa?y 7t 'gho/s' are halluc9ations produc$ by ! direct action ( "o m9d1 or bra91 ^u ano!r71 :ile ,?yraeus d\bt$ :e!r ! noises he>d 9 'haunt$ h\ses' 7 n m]e halluc9ations ( ! s5se ( he>+4 ,b all ^! e>ly writ]s1 l ,c>dan1 7 v c>eless ( fir/-h& evid5ce1 &1 inde$1 pref]r$ gho/s v\*$ = by classical au?ority1 ,pl9y1 ,plut>*1 or ,suetonius4 ,) ! ,rev4 ,joseph ,glanvil1 ,f4,r4,s4 7circ4 #afff71 a m c>eful exam9ation ( evid5ce came into use4 ,among ! m>vels ( ,glanvil's & o!r tracts usually publi%$ toge!r 9 8 ',sadducismus ,triumphatus' w be f\nd lett]s :i* %[ t he & 8 fri5ds1 l ,h5ry ,m & ,boyle1 lab\r$ to collect fir/-h& evid5ce = second sight1 haunt$ h\ses1 gho/s1 & wrai?s4 ,! confess$ object 0 to procure a ',:ip = ! ,droll1' a reply to ! laugh+ scepticism ( ! ,re/oration4 ,! result 0 to br+ on ,glanvil a ?rong ( bores--he 0 'worse haunt$ ?an ,mr4 ,mompesson's h\se1' he says-& ,mr4 ,pepys f\nd 8 argum5ts 'n v conv9c+4' ,mr4 ,pepys1 h[ev]1 0 al>m$ by 'our "y gib-cat1' :i* he mi/ook = a 'spright4' ,) ,h5ry ,m1 ,baxt]1 & ,glanvil practically di$1 = ! "t1 ! attempt to inve/igate ^! topics sci5tifically1 ?\gh an impression ( d\bt 0 left on ! m9d ( ,addison4 ,wit*craft ceas$ to w9 belief1 & 0 aboli%$1 z a crime1 9 #agcf4 ,"s ( ! ,scotti% cl]gy1 & ,john ,wesley1 clung fondly to ! old fai?1 b ,wodr[1 & ,cotton ,ma!r 7ab\t #agaj-agcj7 7 s+ul>ly c>eless & unlucky 9 produc+ any?+ l evid5ce = _! n>ratives4 ,gho/ /ories cont9u$ to be told1 b n to be inve/igat$4 ,!n "o ( ! mo/ acute ( philosoph]s decid$ t inve/igation ought nev] to be attempt$4 ,?is sci5tific attitude t[>ds ,x ph5om5a1 t ( refus+ to exam9e !m1 & d5y+ !m )\t exam9ation1 0 fix$ by ,david ,hume 9 8 celebrat$ essay on ',miracles4' ,hume d]id$ ! obs]vation & /udy ( :at he call$ ',miracles1' 9 ! field ( exp]i5ce1 & he look$ = an a priori argum5t :i* w\ld = ev] settle ! "q )\t exam9ation ( facts4 ,9 an age ( exp]im5tal philosophy1 :i* d]id$ a priori me?ods1 ?is 0 ,hume's great contribution to k4 ,8 fam\s argum5t1 ! joy ( _m an hone/ brea/1 is a tissue ( fallacies :i* might be giv5 = exposure to beg9n]s 9 logic1 z an elem5t>y ex]cise4 ,9 ann\nc+ 8 discov]y1 ,hume amus+ly displays ! self-complac5cy & ! want ( hum\r ) :i* we ,scots are commonly *>g$ by our critics3 ',i flatt] myself t ,i h discov]$ an argum5t :i*1 if j1 w1 ) ! wise & le>n$1 be an ev]la/+ *eck to all k9ds ( sup]/iti\s delusions1 & consequ5tly w be useful z long z ! _w endures4' ,he does n expect1 h[ev]1 to conv9ce ! multitude4 ,till ! end ( ! _w1 'acc\nts ( miracles & prodigies1 ,i suppose1 w be f\nd 9 all hi/ories1 sacr$ & pr(ane4' ,)\t say+ "h :at he means by a miracle1 ,hume argues t 'exp]i5ce is our only guide 9 reason+4' ,he !n def9es a miracle z 'a violation ( ! laws ( nature4' ,by a 'law ( nature' he means a uni=mity1 n ( all exp]i5ce1 b ( ea* exp]i5ce z he w deign to admit2 :ile he excludes1 )\t exam9ation1 all evid5ce = exp]i5ce ( ! abs5ce ( su* uni=mity4 ,t k9d ( exp]i5ce _c be consid]$4 ',!re mu/ be a uni=m exp]i5ce aga9/ e miracul\s ev5t1 o!rwise ! ev5t w\ld n m]it t appellation4' ,if !re be any exp]i5ce 9 fav\r ( ! ev5t1 t exp]i5ce does n c\nt4 ,a miracle is c\nt] to univ]sal exp]i5ce1 no ev5t is c\nt] to univ]sal exp]i5ce1 !re=e no ev5t is a miracle4 ,if y produce evid5ce to :at ,hume calls a miracle 7we %all see examples7 he replies t ! evid5ce is n valid1 unless its falsehood w\ld be m miracul\s ?an ! fact4 ,n[ no error ( human evid5ce c be m miracul\s ?an a 'miracle4' ,!re=e !re c be no valid evid5ce = 'miracles4' ,=tunately1 ,hume n[ gives an example ( :at he means by 'miracles4' ,he says3-- ',=1 fir/1 !re is n to be f\nd1 9 all hi/ory1 any miracle atte/$ by a suffici5t numb] ( m51 ( su* unque/ion$ good s5se1 education1 & le>n+1 z to secure u aga9/ all delusion 9 !mselves2 ( su* und\bt$ integrity1 z to place !m beyond all suspicion ( any design to deceive o!rs2 ( su* cr$it & reputation 9 ! eyes ( mank9d1 z to h a great deal to lose 9 case ( _! be+ detect$ 9 any falsehood2 & at ! same "t atte/+ facts p]=m$ 9 su* a public mann]1 & 9 s celebrat$ a "p ( ! _w1 z to r5d] ! detection unavoidable2 all :i* circum/ances are requisite to give u a full assurance 9 ! te/imony ( m54'#b ,hume add$ a note at ! end ( 8 book1 9 :i* he contradict$ e ass]tion :i* he _h made 9 ! passage j cit$2 inde$1 be contradict$ himself be=e he _h writt5 six pages4 ',!re surely nev] 0 a great] numb] ( miracles ascrib$ to "o p]son ?an ^? :i* 7 lately said to h be5 wr\ght 9 ,france ^u ! tomb ( ,abb ,p>is1 ! fam\s ,jans5i/1 ) ^: sanctity ! p 7 s long delud$4 ,! cur+ ( ! sick1 giv+ he>+ to ! deaf1 & sight to ! bl9d1 7 ev]y:]e talk$ ( z ! usual effects ( t holy sepul*re4 ,b :at is m extraord9>y1 _m ( ! miracles 7 imm$iately prov$ ^u ! spot1 be=e judges ( unque/ion$ integrity1 atte/$ by witnesses ( cr$it & di/9ction1 9 a le>n$ age1 & on ! mo/ em95t !atre t is n[ 9 ! _w4 ,nor is ?is all4 ,a relation ( !m 0 publi%$ & disp]s$ ev]y:]e2 nor 7 ! ,jesuits1 ?\gh a le>n$ body1 support$ by ! civil magi/rate1 & det]m9$ enemies to ^? op9ions1 9 ^: fav\r ! miracles 7 said to h be5 wr\ght1 ev] able di/9ctly to refute or detect !m4 ,:]e %all we f9d su* a numb] ( circum/ances1 agree+ to ! corroboration ( "o fact8 ,& :at h we to oppose to su* a cl\d ( witnesses1 b ! absolute impossibility1 or miracul\s nature ( ! ev5ts :i* !y relate8 ,& ?is1 surely1 9 ! eyes ( all reasonable p1 w alone be reg>d$ z a suffici5t refutation4' ,?us ,hume1 fir/ d5ies ! exi/5ce ( su* evid5ce1 giv5 9 su* circum/ances z he dem&s1 & !n he produces an example ( t v k9d ( evid5ce4 ,hav+ done ?is1 he ab&ons 7z ,mr4 ,wallace obs]ves7 8 orig9al ass]tion t ! evid5ce does n exi/1 & takes refuge 9 alleg+ '! absolute impossibility' ( ! ev5ts :i* ! evid5ce supports4 ,?us ,hume poses z a p]fect judge ( ! possible1 9 a k9d ( omnisci5ce4 ,he takes 8 /& on ! uni=mity ( all exp]i5ce t is n ho/ile to 8 idea ( ! possible1 & dismisses all te/imony to o!r exp]i5ce1 ev5 :5 x rea*es 8 /&>d ( evid5ce4 ,he is remote inde$ f ,vir*['s position 't :at we call ! laws ( nature mu/ v>y accord+ to our frequ5t new exp]i5ces4'#c ,9 8 note1 ,hume buttresses & confirms 8 evid5ce = ! ,jans5i/ miracles4 ,!y h ev5 a m>tyr1 ,m4 ,montg]on1 :o wrote an acc\nt ( ! ev5ts1 &1 says ,hume lightly1 'is n[ said to be some:]e 9 a dungeon on acc\nt ( 8 book4' ',_m ( ! miracles ( ! ,abb ,p>is 7 prov$ imm$iately by witnesses be=e ! ,bi%op's c\rt at ,p>is1 "u ! eye ( ,c>d9al ,noailles4444' ',8 successor 0 an enemy to ! ,jans5i/s1 yet tw5ty-two curs ( ,p>is 444 press$ him to exam9e ^! miracles 444 ,b he wisely =bore4' ,hume adds 8 te/imony to ! "* ( ^! curs4 ,?us x is wisdom1 accord+ to ,hume1 to dismiss ! mo/ public & well-atte/$ 'miracles' )\t exam9ation4 ,?is is exp]im5tal sci5ce ( an odd k9d4 ,! ph5om5a 7 cases ( heal+1 _m ( !m surpris+1 ( cataleptic rigidity1 & ( ins5sibility to pa91 among visitors to ! tomb ( ! ,abb ,p>is 7#agca74 ,_h ! cases be5 judicially exam9$ 7all m$ical evid5ce 0 9 _! fav\r71 & _h !y be5 prov$ false1 ! cause ( ,hume w\ld h pr(it$ enorm\sly4 ,a /rong presumption w\ld h be5 rais$ aga9/ ! miracles ( ,*ri/ianity4 ,b ,hume applauds ! wisdom ( n giv+ 8 own !ory ?is *ance ( a triumph4 ,! cataleptic seizures 7 ( ! sort n[ famili> to sci5ce4 ,^! h1 !re=e1 em]g$ f ! miracul\s4 ,9 fact1 ! ph5om5a :i* occurr$ at ! tomb ( ! ,abb ,p>is h em]g$ almo/ too f>1 & n[ seem 9 dang] ( be+ too readily & too easily accept$4 ,9 #ahhg ,,mm4 ,b9et & ,fr1 ( ! s*ool ( ! ,salptrire1 publi%$ 9 ,engli% a popul> manual /yl$ ',animal ,magnetism4' ,^! au?ors write ) great caution ab\t su* alleg$ ph5om5a z ! read+1 by ! hypnotis$ pati5t1 ( ! ?\ghts 9 ! m9d ( ! hypnotis]4 ,b z to ! ph5om5a at ! tomb ( ! ,abb ,p>is1 !y say t 'sugge/ion expla9s !m4'#d ,t is1 9 ! op9ion ( ,,mm4 ,b9et & ,fr ! s-call$ 'miracles' really occurr$1 & 7 work$ by '! imag9ation1' by 'self-sugge/ion4' ,! mo/ fam\s case--t ( ,mlle4 ,coir9--has be5 c>efully exam9$ by ,dr4 ,*>cot4#e ,mlle4 ,coir9 _h a dang]\s fall f h] horse1 9 ,septemb] #agaf1 9 h] ?irty-fir/ ye>4 ,! m$ical details may be look$ = 9 ,dr4 ,*>cot's essay or 9 ,montg]on4#f ',h] disease 0 diagnos$ z canc] ( ! left brea/1' ! nipple 'fell (f bodily4' ,amputation ( ! brea/ 0 propos$1 b ,madame ,coir91 believ+ ! disease to be radically incurable1 refus$ h] cons5t4 ,p>alysis ( ! left side set 9 7#agah71 ! left leg %rivell+ up4 ,on ,augu/ #i1 #agca1 ,mlle4 ,coir9 'tri$ ! (f *ance' ( a miracle1 put on a %ift t _h t\*$ ! tomb ( ,p>is1 & us$ "s e>? f ! grave4 ,on ,augu/ #aa1 ,mlle4 ,coir9 c\ld turn h]self 9 b$2 on ! #ab? ! horrible w\nd '0 /aun*$1 & began to close up & heal4' ,! p>alys$ side recov]$ life & its natural proportions4 ,by ,septemb] #c1 ,mlle4 ,coir9 c\ld g out = a drive4 ,all h] malady1 says ,dr4 ,*>cot1 p>alysis1 'canc]1' & all1 0 'hy/]ical2' 'hy/]ical o$ema1' = :i* he quotes _m ,fr5* au?orities & "o ,am]ican4 ',"u ! physical psy*ical8 influ5ce br\ght to be> by ! application ( ! %ift 444 ! o$ema1 :i* 0 due to vaso-motor tr\ble1 disappe>$ almo/ in/antane\sly4 ,! brea/ rega9$ its normal size4' ,dr4 ,*>cot g5]\sly adds t %r9es1 l ,l\rdes1 h cur$ pati5ts 9 :om he c\ld n 'inspire ! op]ation ( ! fai? cure4' ,he c]ta9ly _c expla9 ev]y?+ :i* claims to be ( sup]natural orig9 9 ! fai? cure4 ,we h to le>n ! lesson ( pati5ce4 ,i am among ! fir/ to recognise t ,%akespe>e's words hold good to-day3 ',!re are m ?+s 9 heav5 & e>?1 ,horatio1 ,?an are dreamt ( 9 y\r philosophy4' ,if ,dr4 ,*>cot _h believ$ 9 :at ! ,fr5* call sugge/ion m5tale-- sugge/ion by ?\ght-transf]5ce 7:i* ,i ?9k he did n7--he c\ld h expla9$ ! heal+ ( ! ,c5turion's s]vant1 ',say ! ^w1 ,"l1 & my s]vant %all be heal$1' by sugge/ion di/ance 7telepa?y71 & by premis+ t ! s]vant's palsy 0 'hy/]ical4' ,b :at d we mean by 'hy/]ical'8 ,nobody kn[s4 ,! 'm9d1' someh[1 causes gangr5es1 if n canc]s1 p>alysis1 %r9k+ ( tissues2 ! m9d1 someh[1 cures !m4 ,& :at is ! 'm9d'8 ,z my object is to give savage p>allels to mod]n in/ances bett] v\*$ =4 ,i quote a s+ul> ,r$ ,indian cure by 'sugge/ion4' ,he>ne1 travell+ 9 ,canada1 9 #aggj1 met a native :o _h 'dead palsy1' affect+ ! :ole ( "o side4 ,he 0 dragg$ on a sl$ge1 'r$uc$ to a m]e skeleton1' & s 0 plac$ 9 ! magic lodge4 ,! fir/ /ep 9 8 cure 0 ! public swall[+ by a conjur] ( a bo>d ( wood1 'ab\t ! size ( a b>rel-/ave1' twice z wide across z 8 m\?4 ,he>ne /ood beside ! man1 'nak$ z he 0 born1' '&1 not)/&+ ,i 0 all att5tion1 ,i c\ld n detect ! deceit4' ,( c\rse1 ,he>ne believes t ?is 0 m]e leg]dema91 & 7p4 #baf7 m5tions a mo/ suspici\s circum/ance4 ,! acc\nt is amus+1 & des]ves ! att5tion ( ,mr4 ,neville ,maskelyne4 ,! same conjur] _h previ\sly swall[$ a cradle6 ,n[ bayonet swall[+1 :i* he also did1 is possible1 ?\gh ,he>ne d5ies x 7p4 #bag74 ,! real object ( ^! prelim9>y feats1 h[ev] p]=m$1 is1 probably1 to inspire fai?1 :i* ,dr4 ,*>cot might h done by swall[+ a cradle4 ,! ,indians expla9 t ! b>rel /aves app>5tly swall[$ are m]ely demat]ialis$ by 'spirits1' leav+ only ! =k$ end /ick+ out ( ! conjur]'s m\?4 ,9 fact1 ,he>ne caught ! conjur] 9 ! act ( mak+ a sep>ate =k$ end4 ,fai? be+ ?us inspir$1 ! conjur]1 = ?ree entire days1 blew1 sang1 & danc$ r\nd '! poor p>alytic1 fa/+4' ',& x is truly wond]ful1 ?\gh ! /ricte/ tru?1 t :5 ! poor man 0 tak5 f ! conjur+ h\se 444 he 0 able to move all ! f+]s & toes ( ! side t _h be5 s long dead4444 ,at ! end ( six weeks he w5t a-hunt+ = 8 family' 7p4 #bai74 ,he>ne kept up 8 acqua9tance1 & adds1 :at is v curi\s1 t he develop$ almo/ a second>y p]sonality4 ',be=e t dreadful p>alytic /roke1 he _h be5 di/+ui%$ = 8 good nature & b5evol5t disposition1 0 entirely free f e appe>ance ( av>ice1444 b aft] ?is ev5t he 0 ! mo/ fracti\s1 qu>relsome1 discont5t$1 & covet\s wret* alive' 7p4 #bbj74 ,dr4 ,*>cot1 if he _h be5 acqua9t$ ) ?is case1 w\ld probably h said t x 'is ( ! nature ( ^? :i* ,pr(essor ,russell ,reynolds has classifi$ "u ! head ( p>alysis dep5d5t on idea4'#g ,unluckily1 ,he>ne does n tell u h[ 8 hunt]1 an untutor$ ,indian1 became 'p>alys$ by idea4' ,dr4 ,*>cot adds3 ',9 e case1 sci5ce is a foe to sy/ematic negation1 :i* ! morr[ may cause to melt away 9 ! light ( its new triumphs4' ,! pres5t 'new triumph' is a m]e co9cid5ce ) ! dicta ( our ,"l1 ',?y fai? ha? made !e :ole4444 ,i h n f\nd s great fai?1 no1 n 9 ,israel4' ,!re are cures1 z !re are maladies1 caus$ 'by idea4' ,s1 9 fact1 we _h always und]/ood4 ,b ! po9t is t sci5ce1 :]ev] x agrees ) ,david ,hume1 is n a foe1 b a fri5d to 'sy/ematic negation4' ,a p>allel case ( a 'miracle1' ! /igmata ( ,/4 ,francis1 01 ( c\rse1 reg>d$ by sci5ce z a fable or a fraud4 ,b1 n[ t bli/]s & o!r lesions c be produc$ by sugge/ion1 ! fable has become a probable fact1 &1 !re=e1 n a miracle at all4#h ,mr4 ,james rem>ks3 ',z s (t5 happ5s1 a fact is d5i$ till a welcome int]pretation comes ) x4 ,!n x is admitt$ readily en\gh1 & evid5ce q insuffici5t to back a claim1 s long z ! ,*ur* _h an int]e/ 9 mak+ x1 proves to be q suffici5t = mod]n sci5tific enlight5m5t ! mom5t x appe>s t a reput$ sa9t c !reby be claim$ z a case ( hy/]o-epilepsy4'#i ,b ! ,*ur* cont9ues to h an int]e/ 9 ! matt]4 ,z ! class ( facts :i* ,hume decl9$ to exam9e beg9s to be gradually admitt$ by sci5ce1 ! ?+ becomes cle>4 ,! evid5ce :i* c\ld safely convey ^! n[ admitt$ly possible facts1 say f ! "t ( ,*ri/1 is s f> prov$ to be n necess>ily my?ical--prov$ to be n incapable ( c>ry+ /atem5ts probably correct1 :i* once seem$ absolutely false4 ,if s1 :]e1 precisely1 ends its p[] ( c>ry+ facts8 ,?us consid]$1 ! k9ds ( m>vell\s ev5ts record$ 9 ! ,gospels1 = example1 are no long] to be dismiss$ on a priori gr\nds z 'my?ical4' ,we _c n[ disc>d evid5ce z necess>ily false because x cla%es ) our pres5t ideas ( ! possible1 :5 we h to ackn[l$ge t ! v same evid5ce may safely convey to u facts :i* cla%$ ) our fa!rs' notions ( :at is possible1 b :i* are n[ accept$4 ,our notions ( ! possible cease to be a crit]ion ( tru? or falsehood1 & our contempt = ! ,gospels z my?s mu/ sl[ly die1 z 'miracle' aft] 'miracle' is br\ght )9 ! realm ( ackn[l$g$ law4 ,) ea* su* admission ! hypo!sis t ! ,gospel evid5ce is my?ical mu/ gr[ weak]1 & weak] mu/ gr[ ! negative c]ta9ty ( popul> sci5ce4 ,! occurr5ces :i* took place at & ne> ! tomb ( ,p>is 7 atte/$1 z ,hume truly av]s1 by a great body ( excell5t evid5ce4 ,b ! wisdom :i* decl9$ to make a judicial exam9ation has depriv$ u ( ! be/ k9d ( record4 ,analog\s if n exactly simil> ev5ts n[ confess$ly take place1 & are no long] look$ ^u z miracul\s4 ,b z long z !y 7 held to be miracul\s1 n to exam9e ! evid5ce1 said ,hume1 0 ! policy ( 'all reasonable p4' ,! result 0 to deprive ,sci5ce ( ! be/ sort ( record ( facts :i* %e welcomes z soon z %e ?9ks %e c expla9 !m4#aj ,examples ( ! folly ( a priori negation are common4 ,! ,briti% ,association refus$ to he> ! essay :i* ,braid1 ! inv5tor ( ! ^w 'hypnotism1' _h writt5 ^u ! subject4 ,braid1 ,elliotson1 & o!r ,engli% inquir]s ( ! mid-c5tury1 7 subject$ to su* p]secutions z (ficial sci5ce c\ld inflict4 ,we read ( ,m4 ,deslon1 a disciple ( ,mesm]1 ab\t #aghc1 t he 0 'condemn$ by ! ,faculty ( ,m$ic9e1 )\t any exam9ation ( ! facts4' ,! ,inquisition proce$$ m fairly ?an ^! sci5tific obscuranti/s4 ,ano!r curi\s example may be cit$4 ,m4 ,guyau1 9 8 "w ',! ,non-,religion ( ! ,future1' argues t ,religion is doom$4 ',poetic g5ius has )drawn its s]vices1' witness ,t5nyson & ,br[n+6 ',among or?odox ,prote/ant nations miracles d n happ54'#aa ,b 'm>vell\s facts' d happ54#ab ,^! 'm>vell\s facts1' accept$ by ,m4 ,guyau1 are :at ,hume call$ 'miracles1' & advis$ ! 'wise & le>n$' to laugh at1 )\t exam9ation4 ,!y 7 n facts1 & c\ld n be1 he said4 ,n[ to ,m4 ,guyau's m9d !y are facts1 & !re=e are n miracles4 ,he includes 'm5tal sugge/ion tak+ place ev5 at a di/ance4' ,a man 'c transmit an almo/ compulsive comm&1 x appe>s n[adays1 by a simple t5sion ( 8 w4' ,if ?is be s1 if 'w' c affect matt] f a di/ance1 obvi\sly ! relations ( w & matt] are n :at popul> sci5ce tells u t !y are4 ,aga91 if ?is tru? is n[ e/abli%$1 & won f t region :i* ,hume & popul> sci5ce =bid u to inve/igate1 :o kn[s :at o!r facts may be r$eem$ f t limbo1 or h[ f> !y may affect our views ( possibilities8 ,! admission ( m5tal action1 op]ative di/ance1 is1 ( c\rse1 p]sonal only to ,m4 ,guyau1 among fri5ds ( ! new negative tradition4 ,we return to ,hume4 ,he next argues t ! pleasures ( wond] make all acc\nts ( 'miracles' wor?less4 ,he has j giv5 an example ( ! equival5t pleasures ( dogmatic disbelief4 ,!n ,religion is a di/urb+ =ce2 b s1 manife/ly1 is irreligion4 ',! wise & le>n$ are cont5t to d]ide ! absurdity1 )\t in=m+ !mselves ( ! p>ticul> facts4' ,! wise & le>n$ are applaud$ = _! sci5tific attitude4 ,aga91 miracles de/roy ea* o!r1 = all religions h _! miracles1 b all religions _c be true4 ,?is argum5t is no long] ( =ce ) p :o look on 'miracles' z ',x ph5om5a1' n z div9e evid5ces to ! tru? ( ?is or t cre$4 ',! gaz+ populace receives1 )\t exam9ation1 :atev] soo!s sup]/ition1' & ,hume's :ole purpose is to make ! wise & le>n$ imitate ! gaz+ populace by reject+ alleg$ facts ')\t exam9ation4' ,! populace inve/igat$ m ?an did ! wise & le>n$4 ,hume has an alt]native def9ition ( a miracle--'a miracle is a transgression ( a law ( nature by a p>ticul> volition ( ! ,deity1 or by ! int]position ( "s invisible ag5t4' ,we reply t :at ,hume calls a 'miracle' may result f ! op]ation ( "s z yet unasc]ta9$ law ( nature 7say self-sugge/ion71 & t our bus9ess1 at pres5t1 is to exam9e su* ev5ts1 n to acc\nt = !m4 ,x may fairly be said t ,hume is argu+ aga9/ m5 :o wi%$ to make s-call$ 'miracles' a te/ ( ! tru? ( ,jans5ism1 = example1 & t he c\ld n be expect$ to answ]1 by anticipation1 ideas n curr5t 9 8 day4 ,b he rema9s guilty ( d5\nc+ ! inve/igation ( app>5t facts4 ,no attitude c be less sci5tific ?an 81 or m common among _m m5 ( sci5ce4 ,accord+ to ! humor\s wont ( ?+s 9 ?is _w1 ! :ole "q ( ! m>vell\s _h no soon] be5 settl$ = ev] by ,david ,hume ?an x 0 reop5$ by ,emanuel ,sw$5borg4 ,n[1 ,kant 0 famili> ) c]ta9 ( ! works ( ,hume1 :e!r he _h read 8 ',essay on ,miracles' or n4 ,f> f decl9+ to exam9e ! port5t\s 'visions' ( ,sw$5borg1 ,kant int]e/$ himself deeply 9 ! topic4 ,z e>ly z #ageh he wrote 8 fir/ rem>ks on ! se]1 conta9+ "s reports ( /ories or leg5ds ab\t ,sw$5borg's 'clairvoyance4' ,9 ! true _s ( psy*ical rese>*1 ,kant wrote a lett] to ,sw$5borg1 ask+ = in=mation at fir/ h&4 ,! se] got ! lett]1 b he nev] answ]$ x4 ,kant1 h[ev]1 pr9ts "o or two examples ( ,sw$5borg's successes4 ,madame ,h>teville1 wid[ ( ! ,dut* envoy 9 ,/ockholm1 0 dunn$ by a silv]smi? = a debt ( h] late husb&'s4 ,%e believ$ t x _h be5 paid1 b c\ld n f9d ! receipt4 ,%e !re=e ask$ ,sw$5borg to use 8 r5[n$ gifts4 ,he promis$ to see :at he c\ld d1 &1 ?ree days lat]1 arriv$ at ! lady's h\se :ile %e 0 giv+ a tea1 or r a c(fee1 p>ty4 ,to ! assembl$ society ,sw$5borg rem>k$1 '9 a cold-blood$ way1 t he _h se5 h] man1 & spok5 to him4' ,! late ,m4 ,h>teville decl>$ to ,sw$5borg t he _h paid ! bill1 sev5 mon?s be=e 8 decease3 ! receipt 0 9 a cupbo>d up/airs4 ,madame ,h>teville repli$ t ! cupbo>d _h be5 ?or\ghly se>*$ to no purpose4 ,sw$5borg answ]$ t1 z he le>n$ f ! gho/1 !re 0 a secret draw] beh9d ! side-plank )9 ! cupbo>d4 ,! draw] conta9$ diplomatic correspond5ce1 & ! miss+ receipt4 ,! :ole company !n w5t up/airs1 f\nd ! secret draw]1 & ! receipt among ! o!r pap]s4 ,kant adds ,sw$5borg's clairvoyant vision1 f ,go!nburg1 ( a great fire at ,/ockholm 7dat$ ,septemb] #agef74 ,kant p9$ to see ,sw$5borg himself1 & wait$ eag]ly = 8 book1 ',arcana ,coele/ia4' ,at la/ he obta9$ ?is "w1 at ! ransom1 ru9\s to ,kant at t "t1 ( #g4 ,b he 0 disappo9t$ ) :at he read1 & 9 ',trume e9es ,gei/]seh]s1' made a some:at s>ca/ic attempt at a metaphysical !ory ( app>itions4 ',velut aegri somnia vanae ,f+untur species' is 8 motto4 ,kant's real position ab\t all ^! matt]s is1 ,i v5ture to say1 almo/ id5tical ) t ( ,sir ,walt] ,scott4 ,a ,scot himself1 by desc5t1 ,kant may h he>d tales ( second-sight & bogles4 ,l ,scott1 he de>ly lov$ a gho/-/ory2 l ,scott he 0 canny en\gh to laugh1 publicly1 at !m & at himself = 8 int]e/ 9 !m4 ,yet bo? w\ld take tr\ble to inquire4 ,z ,kant va9ly wrote to ,sw$5borg & o!rs--z he va9ly sp5t #g4 on ',arcana ,coele/ia1' s ,sir ,walt] 0 anxi\s to g to ,egypt to exam9e ! facts ( ink-gaz+ clairvoyance4 ,kant confesses t ea* individual gho/-/ory f\nd him sceptical1 :]eas ! cumulative mass made a consid]able impression4#ac ,! fir/ sev5ty pages ( ! ',tribune' are devot$ to a p]fectly s]i\s discussion ( ! metaphysics ( ',spirits4' ,on page #gc he pleasantly rem>ks1 ',n[ we %all und]/& t all said hi!rto is sup]flu\s1' & he w n reproa* ! read] :o reg>ds se]s n z citiz5s ( two worlds 7,plot9us71 b z c&idates = ,b$lam4 ,kant's irony is peculi>ly ,scotti%4 ,he does n himself "k h[ f> he is 9 e>ne/1 &1 to save 8 self-respect & "* = cann9ess1 he 'jocks wi' deeficulty4' ,he amuses himself ) try+ h[ f> he c c>ry speculations on metaphysics 7n yet re=m$ by himself7 into ! realm ( ! gho/ly4 ,he makes admissions ab\t 8 own t5d5cy to ?9k t he has an immat]ial s\l1 & t ^! po9ts are1 or may be1 or "s day w be1 sci5tifically solv$4 ,^! admissions are eag]ly welcom$ by ,du ,prel 9 8 ',philosophy ( ,my/icism2' b !y are only "p ( ,kant's joke1 & h[ f> !y are s]i\s1 ,kant himself does n "k4 ,if spirituali/s knew _! own bus9ess1 !y w\ld translate & publi% ,kant's fir/ sev5ty pages ( ',trume4' ,some?+ l telepa?y1 action ( _s1 ev5 disc>nate1 on _s1 is allud$ to1 b ! idea is z old z ,lavat]us at lea/ 7p4 #eb74 ,kant has a good deal to say1 l ,scott 9 8 ',demonology1' on ! physics ( ,halluc9ation1 b x is antiquat$ matt]4 ,he ?9ks ! :ole topic ( spiritual be+ only important z be>+ on hopes ( a future life4 ,z speculation1 all is '9 ! air1' & z 9 su* matt]s ! le>n$ & unle>n$ are on a level ( ignorance1 sci5ce w n discuss !m4 ,he !n repeats ! ,sw$5borg /ories1 & ?9ks x w\ld be useful to po/]ity if "s "o w\ld inve/igate !m :ile witnesses are alive & memories are fre%4 ,9 fact1 ,kant asks = psy*ical rese>*4 ,z = ,sw$5borg's s co/ly book1 ,kant laughs at x4 ,!re is 9 x no evid5ce1 only ass]tion4 ,kant ends1 hav+ pleas$ nobody1 he says1 & z ignorant z :5 he began1 by cit+ cultivons notre j>d94 ,kant return$ to ! !me 9 ',an?ropologis*e ,didaktik4' ,he discusses ! unconsci\s1 or sub-consci\s1 :i*1 till ,sir ,william ,hamilton lectur$1 seems to h be5 an absolutely unkn[n topic to ,briti% psy*ologi/s4 ',s i/ das ,feld dunkl] ,vor/ellung5 das grs/e 9 ,m5s*54' ,he has a *apt] on ',! ,div9+ ,faculty' 7pp4 #hi-ic74 ,he w n he> ( pres5tim5ts1 &1 unlike ,hegel1 he sc\ts ! ,highl& second-sight4 ,! 'possess$' ( an?ropology are epileptic pati5ts4 ,my/ics 7,sw$5borg7 are victims ( ,s*wrm]ei4 ,?is ref]5ce to ,sw$5borg is rem>k$ ^u by ,s*ub]t 9 8 preface to ! essay ( ,kant4 ,he po9ts out t 'x is int]e/+ to comp>e ! circumspection1 ! almo/ unc]ta9ty ( ,kant :5 he _h to deliv] a judgm5t on ! ph5om5a describ$ by himself & z to :i* he _h made inquiry i4e4 9 8 lett] re ,sw$5borg to ,mlle4 de ,knoblo*1 & ! v decid$ op9ions he express$ =ty ye>s lat] on ,sw$5borg & 8 companions' 9 ! "w cit$1 sections #ce-cg4 ,! op9ion 9 p>agraph #ce is a g5]al "o z to my/ics4 ,!re is no o!r m5tion ( ,sw$5borg4 ,on ! :ole ,kant is int]e/$1 b despair+4 ,he wants facts1 & no facts are giv5 to him b ! book ( ! ,prophet ,emanuel4 ,b1 z x happ5$1 a new1 or a reviv$1 ord] ( facts 0 j ab\t to solicit sci5tific att5tion4 ,kant _h 7#agff7 he>d rum\rs ( heal+ by magnetism1 & ( ! alleg$ effect ( ! magnet on ! human frame4 ,! subject 0 9 ! air1 & _h already won ! att5tion ( ,mesm]1 ab\t :om ,kant _h in=mation4 ,x 7 sup]flu\s to tell aga9 ! famili> /ory ( ,mesm]'s p]=mances at ,p>is4 ,:ile ,mesm]'s !ory ( 'magnetism' 0 d5\nc$ by contempor>y sci5ce1 ! discov]y ( ! hypnotic sleep 0 made by 8 pupil1 ,puysgur4 ,?is g5tleman 0 p]suad$ t in/ances ( '?\ght-transf]5ce' 7n ?r\gh kn[n *annels ( s5se7 occurr$ betwe5 ! pati5t & ! magnetis]1 & he also believ$ t he _h witness$ cases ( 'clairvoyance1' 'lucidity1' vue di/ance1 9 :i* ! pati5t app>5tly beheld places & ev5ts remote 9 space4 ,^! ?+s w\ld n[ be expla9$ by 'unconsci\s sugge/ion' 9 ! m sceptical s*ools ( psy*ological sci5ce4 ,! ,revolution int]rupt$ sci5tific /udy 9 ,france to a great degree1 b 'somnambulism' 7! hypnotic sleep7 & 'magnetism' 7 eag]ly exam9$ 9 ,g]many4 ,mod]n manuals1 = "s reason1 are apt to ov]look ^! ,g]man rese>*es & speculations4 7,comp>e ,mr4 ,v9c5t's ',elem5ts ( ,hypnotism1' p4 #cd47 ,! ,s*ell+s 7 int]e/$2 ,ritt] ?\ght he _h detect$ a new =ce1 ',sid]ism4' ,mr4 ,wallace1 9 8 preface to ,hegel's ',philosophie des ,gei/es1' speaks z if ,ritt] _h made exp]im5ts 9 telepa?y4 ,he may h done s1 b 8 ',sid]ismus' 7,tb+51 #ahjh7 is a ,report und]tak5 = ! ,academy ( ,muni*1 on ! do+s ( an ,italian wat]-f9d]1 or 'd[s]4' ,ritt] gives details ( sev5ty-f\r exp]im5ts 9 'd[s+' = wat]1 metals1 or coal4 ,he believes 9 ! faculty1 b n 9 'psy*ic' explanations1 or ! ,devil4 ,he talks ab\t 'electricity' 7pp4 #agj1 #aij74 ,he describes 8 precautions to avoid vulg> fraud1 b he took no precautions aga9/ unconsci\s ?\ght-transf]5ce4 ,he reckon$ ! faculty 'temp]am5tal' & useful4 ,amoretti1 at ,milan1 exam9$ hundr$s ( cases ( ! s-call$ ,div9+ ,rod1 & ,jung ,/ill+ became an e>ly spirituali/ & 'full-well+ f\nta9 head' ( gho/ /ories4 ,probably ! mo/ important philosophical result ( ! e>ly ,g]man rese>*es into ! hypnotic slumb] is to be f\nd 9 ! writ+s ( ,hegel4 ,ow+ to 8 peculi> use ( a t]m9ology1 or sci5tific language1 all 8 own1 x is extremely difficult to make ,hegel's mean+ ev5 mod]ately cle>4 ,p]haps we may p>tly elucidate x by a similitude ( ,mr4 ,fr$]ic ,my]s4 ,suppose we comp>e ! ord9>y ev]yday consci\sness ( ea* ( u to a spectrum1 ^: ends t[>ds ea* extremity fade out ( our view4 ,beyond ! range ( sight !re may be imag9$ a l[] or physiological end3 = our ord9>y consci\sness1 ( c\rse1 is unaw>e ( _m physiological processes :i* are et]nally go+ on )9 u4 ,dige/ion1 s long z x is heal?y1 is an obvi\s example4 ,b hypnotic exp]im5t makes x c]ta9 t a pati5t1 9 ! hypnotic condition1 c consci\sly1 or at lea/ purposefully1 affect physiological processes to :i* ! ord9>y consci\sness is bl9d--= example1 by rais+ a bli/]1 :5 x is sugge/$ t a bli/] mu/ be rais$4 ,aga9 7grant+ ! facts hypo!tically & m]ely = ! sake ( argum5t71 at ! upp] end ( ! spectrum1 beyond ! view ( ord9>y ev]yday consci\sness1 k may be acquir$ ( ?+s :i* are out ( ! view ( ! consci\sness ( e day4 ,= example 7= ! sake ( argum5t let u admit x71 unkn[n & remote p & places may be se5 & describ$ by clairvoyance1 or vue di/ance4 ,n[ ,hegel accept$ z g5u9e ! facts :i* we "h adduce m]ely = ! sake ( argum5t1 & by way ( illu/rations4 ,b he did n reg>d ! clairvoyant consci\sness 7or :atev] we call x7 :i*1 ex hypo!si1 is untrammell$ by space1 or ev5 by "t1 z occupy+ :at we /yle ! upp] end ( ! psy*ical spectrum4 ,on ! contr>y1 he plac$ x at ! l[] end4 ,hegel's upp] end 'loses itself 9 light2' ! l[] end1 qui voit tant de *oses1 z ,la ,fonta9e's %eph]d says1 is n 'a sublime m5tal phase1 & capable ( convey+ g5]al tru?s4' ,"t & space d n ?w>t ! consci\sness at ,hegel's l[] end1 :i* spr+s f '! great s\l ( nature4' ,b t l[] end1 ?\gh x may see = ,jeanne d',arc at ,valc\leurs a battle at ,r\vray1 a hundr$ leagues away1 does n communicate any l(ty philosophic tru?s4#ad ,! ph5om5a ( clairvoyance1 9 ,hegel's op9ion1 m]ely indicate t ! 'mat]ial' is really 'ideal1' :i*1 p]haps1 is z mu* z we c ask f !m4 ',! somnambuli/ & clairvoyant see )\t eyes1 & c>ry _! visions directly into regions :]e ! wait+ consci\sness ( ord]ly intellig5ce _c ent]' 7,wallace74 ,hegel admits1 h[ev]1 t '9 ord9>y self-possess$ consci\s life' !re are traces ( ! 'magic tie1' 'especially betwe5 female fri5ds ( delicate n]ves1' to :om he adds husb& & wife1 & memb]s ( ! same family4 ,he gives 7)\t date or s\rce7 a case ( a girl 9 ,g]many :o saw h] bro!r ly+ dead 9 a hospital at ,valladolid4 ,h] bro!r 0 at ! "t 9 ! hospital1 b x 0 ano!r man 9 ! ne/ b$ :o 0 dead4 ',x is ?us impossible to make out :e!r :at ! clairvoyants really see prepond]ates ov] :at !y deceive !mselves 94' ,z long z ! facts :i* ,hegel accept$ are n (ficially welcom$ by sci5ce1 x may seem sup]flu\s to dispute z to :e!r !y are atta9$ by ! l[] or ! high] /ratum ( our consci\sness4 ,b p]haps ! "q "h at issue may be elucidat$ by "s rem>ks ( ,dr4 ,max ,dessoir4 ,psy*ology1 he says1 has prov$ t 9 e conception & idea an image or gr\p ( images mu/ be pres5t4 ,^! m5tal images are ! recrudesc5ce or recurr5ce ( p]ceptions4 ,we see a tree1 or a man1 or a dog1 & :5ev] we h be=e our m9ds ! conception or idea ( any ( ^! ?+s ! orig9al p]ception ( !m returns1 ?\gh ( c\rse m fa9tly4 ,b 9 ,dr4 ,dessoir's op9ion ^! reviv$ m5tal images w\ld rea* ! height ( actual halluc9ations 7s t ! man1 dog1 or tree w\ld seem visibly pres5t7 if o!r memories & new s5sations did n compete ) !m & *eck _! developm5t4 ,suppose1 to use ,mlle4 ,f]r&'s metaphor1 a human body1 liv+1 b ) all its *annels ( s5sation hi!rto unop5$4 ,op5 ! s5se ( sight to receive a fla% ( gre5 col\r1 & close x aga94 ,app>5tly1 :5ev] ! m9d in=m+ ?is body _h ! conception ( gre5 7& x c\ld h no o!r7 x w\ld also h an halluc9ation ( gre51 ?us ',annihilat+ all t's made1 ,to a gre5 ?\ght 9 a gre5 %ade4' ,n[1 9 sleep or hypnotic trance ! competition ( new s5sations & o!r memories is remov$ or dim9i%$1 & !re=e ! idea ( a man1 dog1 or tree once sugge/$ to ! hypnotis$ pati5t1 does become an actual halluc9ation4 ,! hypnotis$ pati5t sees ! abs5t object :i* he is told to see1 ! sleep] sees ?+s n really pres5t4 ,our primitive /ate1 be=e ! enorm\s competition ( o!r memories & new s5sations set 91 w\ld ?us be a /ate ( halluc9ation4 ,our normal pres5t condition1 9 :i* halluc9ation is *eck$ by compet+ memories & new s5sations1 is a suppression ( our orig9al1 primitive1 natural t5d5cies4 ,halluc9ation repres5ts '! ma9 trunk ( our psy*ical exi/5ce4'#ae ,9 ,dr4 ,dessoir's !ory ?is condition ( halluc9ation is man's orig9al & mo/ primitive condition1 b x is n a high]1 r a l[] /ate ( spiritual activity ?an ! ev]yday practical unhalluc9at$ consci\sness4 ,?is is also ! op9ion ( ,hegel1 :o supposes our primitive m5tal condition to be capable ( descry+ objects remote 9 space & "t4 ,mr4 ,my]s1 z we saw1 is ( ! opposite op9ion1 z to ! relative dignity & relative reality ( ! pres5t ev]yday self1 & ! old orig9al fundam5tal ,self4 ,dr4 ,dessoir refra9s f pron\nc+ a decid$ op9ion z to :e!r ! orig9al1 primitive1 halluc9at$ self )9 u does 'preside ov] p[]s & actions at a di/ance1' su* z clairvoyance2 b he believes 9 hypnotisation at a di/ance4 ,8 !ory1 l ,hegel's1 is t ( 'atavism1' or '?r[+ back' to "s v remote ance/ral condition4 ,?is w prove ( int]e/ lat]4 ,hegel1 at all ev5ts1 believ$ 9 ! fact ( clairvoyance 7?\gh deem+ x ( little practical use72 he accept$ telepa?y 7'! magic tie'72 he accept$ int]*ange ( s5sations betwe5 ! hypnotis] & ! hypnotis$2 he believ$ 9 ! div9+ rod1 &1 unlike ,kant1 ev5 9 ',scotti% second-sight4' ',! intuitive s\l ov]/eps ! conditions ( "t & space2 x beholds ?+s remote1 ?+s long pa/1 & ?+s to come4'#af ,! p5dulum ( ?\ght has swung back a long way f ! po9t :i!r x 0 urg$ by ,david ,hume4 ,hegel rem>ks3 ',! facts1 x might seem1 fir/ ( all call = v]ification4 ,b su* v]ification w\ld be sup]flu\s to ^? on ^: acc\nt x 0 call$ =1 s9ce !y facilitate ! inquiry = !mselves by decl>+ ! n>ratives1 inf9itely num]\s ?\gh !y be1 & accr$it$ by ! education & "* ( ! witnesses1 to be m]e deception & impo/ure4 ,_! a priori conceptions are s root$ t no te/imony c avail aga9/ !m1 & !y h ev5 d5i$ :at !y h se5 ) _! own eyes1' & report$ "u _! own h&s1 l ,sir ,david ,brew/]4 ,hegel1 x w be obs]v$1 takes ! facts z giv51 & works !m into 8 g5]al !ory ( ! ,s5sitive ,s\l 7fhl5de ,seele74 ,he does n try to e/abli% ! facts2 b to e/abli%1 or at lea/ to exam9e !m1 is ! fir/ bus9ess ( ,psy*ical ,rese>*4 ,!oris+ comes lat]4 ,! ye>s :i* h pass$ betwe5 ! date ( ,hegel's ',philosophy ( ,m9d' & our own "t h witness$ ! long dispute ov] ! exi/5ce1 ! nature1 & ! causes ( ! hypnotic condition1 & ov] ! reality & limitations ( ! ph5om5a4 ,?us ! ,academy ( ,m$ic9e 9 ,p>is appo9t$ a ,committee to exam9e ! subject 9 #ahbe4 ,! ,report on ',animal ,magnetism1' z x 0 !n /yl$1 0 pres5t$ 9 #ahca4 ,! ,academy lack$ ! c\rage to publi% x1 = ! ,report 0 fav\rable ev5 to c]ta9 ( ! /ill disput$ ph5om5a4 ,at t "t1 9 accordance ) a survival ( ! !ory ( ,mesm]1 ! ag5t 9 hypnotic cases 0 believ$ to be a k9d ( efflux ( a cosmic fluid f ! 'magnetis]' to ! pati5t4 ,!re 0 'a magnetic connection4' ,?\gh no di/9ction betwe5 mesm]ism & hypnotism is tak5 9 popul> language1 'mesm]ism' is a ^w imply+ ?is !ory ( 'magnetic' or o!r unkn[n p]sonal influ5ce4 ',hypnotism1' z w pres5tly be se51 implies no su* !ory4 ,! ,academy's ,report 7#ahca7 atte/$ ! developm5t1 "u 'magnetism1' ( 'new faculties1' su* z clairvoyance & intuition1 also ! production ( 'great *anges 9 ! physical economy1' su* z ins5sibility1 & sudd5 increase ( /r5g?4 ,! ,report decl>$ x to be 'demon/rat$' t sleep c\ld be produc$ ')\t sugge/ion1' z we say n[1 ?\gh ! t]m 0 n !n 9 use4 ',sleep has be5 produc$ 9 circum/ances 9 :i* ! p]sons c\ld n see or 7 ignorant ( ! means employ$ to produce x4' ,! ,academy did its be/ to suppress ?is ,report1 :i* atte/s ! ph5om5a t ,hegel accept$1 ph5om5a /ill disput$4 ,six ye>s lat] 7#ahcg71 a ,committee report$ aga9/ ! pret5sions ( a c]ta9 ,b]na1 a 'magnetis]4' ,no p]son act$ on bo? ,committees1 & ?is ,report 0 accept$4 ,lat]1 a numb] ( p tri$ to read a lett] 9 a box1 & fail$4 ',?is1' says ,mr4 ,v9c5t1 'settl$ ! "q ) reg>d to clairvoyance2' ?\gh x might be m logical to say t x settl$ ! pret5sions ( ! competitors on t occasion4 ,! ,academy n[ decid$ t1 because c]ta9 p]sons did n satisfy ! expectations rais$ by _! prelim9>y adv]tisem5ts1 !re=e ! "q ( magnetism 0 def9itely clos$4 ,we h (t5 to regret t sci5tific em95ce is n always accompani$ by sci5tific logic4 ,:]e sci5ce neglects a subject1 *>latans & dupes take x up4 ,9 ,engl& 'animal magnetism' _h be5 ab&on$ to ?is class ( en?usia/s1 till ,?ack]ay's fri5d1 ,dr4 ,elliotson1 devot$ himself to ! topic4 ,he 0 p]secut$ z doctors "k h[ to p]secute2 b 9 #ahda1 ,braid1 ( ,man*e/]1 discov]$ t ! s-call$ 'magnetic sleep' c\ld be produc$ )\t any 'magnetism1' ,he made 8 pati5ts />e fix$ly at an object1 & enc\rag$ !m to expect to g to sleep4 ,he call$ 8 me?od ',hypnotism1' a t]m :i* begs no "q4 ,seem+ to cease to be my/]i\s1 hypnotism became all b respectable1 & 0 be+ us$ 9 surgical op]ations1 till x 0 sup]s$$ by *lor(orm4 ,9 ,engl&1 ! /udy has be51 & rema9s1 r suspect1 :ile on ,! ,cont95t hypnotism is us$ bo? = heal+ purposes & 9 ! inquiries ( exp]im5tal psy*ology4 ,wide diff]5ces ( op9ion /ill exi/1 z to ! nature ( ! hypnotic sleep1 z to its physiological concomitants1 & z to ! limits ( ! faculties ex]cis$ 9 or out ( ! slumb]4 ,x is n ev5 absolutely c]ta9 t ! ex]cise ( ! /rang] faculties--= in/ance1 t ! production ( anae/hesia & rigidity--are ! results m]ely ( 'sugge/ion' & expectancy4 ,a hypnotis$ pati5t is told t ! middle f+] ( 8 left h& w become rigid & incapable ( s5sation4 ,?is occurs1 & is expla9$ by 'sugge/ion1' ?\gh h[ 'sugge/ion' produces ! a/oni%+ effect is ano!r problem4 ,! late ,mr4 ,gurney1 h[ev]1 made a numb] ( exp]im5ts 9 :i* no sugge/ion 0 pron\nc$1 nor did ! pati5ts "k :i* ( _! f+]s 0 to become rigid & incapable ( pa94 ,! pati5t's h&s 7 ?ru/ ?r\gh a scre52 on ! o!r side ( :i* ! hypnoti/ made passes above ! f+] :i* 0 to become rigid4 ,! look]s-on select$ ! f+]1 & ! ins5sibility 0 te/$ by a /rong electric curr5t4 ,! effect 0 also produc$ )\t passes1 ! op]ator m]ely po9t+ at ! select$ f+]1 & 'will+' ! result4 ,if he did n 'w' x1 no?+ occurr$1 nor did any?+ occur if he will$ )\t po9t+4 ,! proximity ( ! op]ator's h& produc$ no effect if he did n 'w1' nor 0 8 'will+' successful if he did n br+ 8 h& ne> t ( ! pati5t4 ,o!r p's h&s1 simil>ly situat$1 produc$ no effect4 ,exp]im5ts 9 transf]r+ ta/e1 z ( salt1 sug>1 cay5ne pepp]1 f op]ator to subject1 7 also successful4 ,drs4 ,janet & ,gib]t also produc$ sleep 9 a woman at a di/ance1 by 'will+' x1 at h\rs :i* 7 select$ by a sy/em ( draw+ lots4#ag ,^! facts1 ( c\rse1 r po9t to an elem5t ( tru? 9 ! old mesm]ic hypo!sis ( "s specific influ5ce 9 ! op]ator4 ,!y _c v well be expla9$ by sugge/ion & expectancy4 ,b ^! facts & facts ( clairvoyance & ?\ght-transf]5ce w be reject$ z sup]/iti\s delusions by p :o h n met !m 9 _! own exp]i5ce4 ,?is ne$ n prev5t u f exam9+ !m1 because all ! facts1 includ+ ^? n[ univ]sally accept$ by ,cont95tal & sc>cely impea*$ by ,briti% sci5ce1 h be5 noisily reject$ aga9 & aga9 on ,hume's pr9ciples4 ,! r>] facts1 z ,mr4 ,gurney rem>ks1 '/ill g ?r\gh ! holl[ =m ( tak+ place4' ,"h is an example ( ! mode 9 :i* ^! ph5om5a are treat$ by popul> sci5ce4 ,mr4 ,v9c5t says t 'clairvoyance & phr5ology 7 ,elliotson's con/ant /ock 9 trade4' 7,phr5ology 0 also ,braid's /ock 9 trade47 ',x is a matt] ( congratulation to h be5 s soon deliv]$ f :at ,dr4 ,lloyd ,tuckey has well call$ a mass ( sup]9cumb5t rubbi%4'#ah ,clairvoyance is "p ( a mass ( rubbi%1 on page #eg4 ,on page #fg1 ,mr4 ,v9c5t says3 ',!re are _m int]e/+ que/ions1 su* z telepa?y1 ?\ght-read+1 clairvoyance1 ^u :i* x w\ld be p]haps ra% to give any decid$ op9ion4444 ,all ^! /range psy*ical conditions pres5t problems ( great int]e/1' & are only omitt$ because '!y h n a suffici5t be>+ on ! normal /ates ( hypnosis4444' ,?us :at 0 'rubbi%' 9 "o page 'pres5ts problems ( great int]e/' t5 pages lat]1 &1 aft] (f]+ a decid$ op9ion t clairvoyance is rubbi%1 ,mr4 ,v9c5t ?9ks x ra% to give any decid$ op9ion4 ,x is r ra% to give a decid$ op9ion1 & !n to say t x is ra% to d s4#ai ,?is brief sket* %[s t sci5ce is confront$ by c]ta9 facts1 :i*1 9 8 "t1 ,hume dismiss$ z incr$ible miracles1 b5ea? ! contempt ( ! wise & le>n$4 ,we also see t ! /rang] & r>] ph5om5a :i* ,hegel accept$ z facts1 & int]wove ) 8 g5]al philosophy1 are /ill matt]s ( dispute4 ,admitt$ by "s m5 ( sci5ce1 !y are d\bt$ by o!rs2 by o!rs1 aga91 are d5i$1 :ile mo/ ( ! j\rnali/s & au?ors ( *eap prim]s1 :o inspire popul> tradition1 reg>d ! ph5om5a z frauds or fables ( sup]/ition4 ,b x is pla9 t ^! ph5om5a1 l ! m ord9>y facts ( hypnotism1 may f9ally be admitt$ by sci5ce4 ,! sci5tific _w laugh$1 n s long ago1 at ,ogham inscriptions1 meteorites1 & at palaeoli?ic weapons z impo/ures1 or freaks ( nature4 ,n[ nobody has any d\bt on ^! matt]s1 & clairvoyance1 ?\ght-transf]5ce1 & telepa?y may1 n inconceivably1 be z =tunate 9 ! long run z meteorites1 or z ! m usual ph5om5a ( hypnotism4 ,x is only ,"l ,kelv9 :o n[ ma9ta9s1 or lately ma9ta9$1 t 9 hypnotism !re is no?+ at all b fraud & malobs]vation4 ,9 ye>s to come x may be t only "s simil> belat$ voice w cry t 9 ?\ght-transf]5ce !re is no?+ b malobs]vation & fraud4 ,at pres5t ! s]i\s att5tion & c>eful exp]im5t ne$$ = ! e/abli%m5t ( ! facts are m common among ,fr5* ?an among ,engli% m5 ( sci5ce4 ,:5 publi%$1 ^! exp]im5ts1 if !y conta9 any affirmative in/ances1 are d5\nc$ z 'sup]/iti\s1' or criticiz$ aft] :at we mu/ *>itably deem to be a v ha/y glance1 by ! guides ( popul> op9ion4 ,examples ( ?is me?od w be lat] quot$4 ,mean:ile ! disputes z to ^! alleg$ facts are notic$ "h1 because ( _! suppos$ relation to ! ,orig9 ( ,religion4 ,footnote #a3 ,see ,mr4 ,my]s's pap] on ! ',anci5t ,oracles1' 9 ,classical ,essays1 & ! au?or's ',anci5t ,spiritualism1' 9 ,cock ,lane & ,common ,s5se4 ,footnote #b3 ,! italics "h are ^? ( ,mr4 ,alfr$ ,russell ,wallace1 9 8 ,miracles & ,mod]n ,sci5ce4 ,mr4 ,huxley1 9 8 exposure ( ,hume's fallacies 79 8 ,life ( ,hume71 did n exam9e ! ,jans5i/ 'miracles' :i* ,hume 0 criticis+4 ,footnote #c3 ,moll1 ,hypnotism1 p4 #ceg4 ,footnote #d3 ,animal ,magnetism1 p4 #cee4 ,footnote #e3 ,a translation ( 8 "w 0 publi%$ 9 ! ,new ,review1 ,janu>y #afic4 ,footnote #f3 ,la ,vrit des ,miracles1 ,cologne1 #agdg1 ,septimo ,dmon/ration4 ,footnote #g3 ,see ,dr4 ,russell ,reynolds's pap] 9 ,briti% ,m$ical ,j\rnal1 ,novemb] #ahfi4 ,footnote #h3 ,james1 ,pr9ciples ( ,psy*ology1 ii4 #fab4 ,*>cot1 op4 cit4 ,footnote #i3 ,i d n ne$ to be told t ,dr4 ,maudsley d5i$ ! fact 9 #ahhf4 ,i am prep>$ ) ! evid5ce1 if x is ask$ = by "s savant :o happ5s n to "k x4 ,footnote #aj3 ,i am n responsible1 ( c\rse1 = ! sci5tific validity ( ,dr4 ,*>cot's !ory ( heal+ 'by idea4' ,my po9t m]ely is t c]ta9 exp]ts ( no slight exp]i5ce or mean reputation d n[ admit1 z important c]ta9ties )9 _! p]sonal k1 exactly ! ph5om5a :i* ,hume asks ! wise & le>n$ to laugh at1 inde$1 b nev] to inve/igate4 ,footnote #aa3 ,pp4 #cec-cef4 ,footnote #ab3 ,p4 #ic4 ,footnote #ac3 ,trume1 p4 #gf4 ,footnote #ad3 ,hegel accepts ! clairvoyance ( ! ,pucelle4 ,footnote #ae3 ,see ,dr4 ,dessoir1 9 ,das ,doppel ,i*1 z quot$ by ,mr4 ,my]s1 ,proce$+s1 vol4 vi4 #bac4 ,footnote #af3 ,philosophie des ,gei/es1 ,w]ke1 vol4 vii4 #agi4 ,b]l94 #ahde4 ,! examples & mu* ( ! philosophis+ are 9 ! ,zustze1 n translat$ 9 ,mr4 ,wallace's v]sion1 ,ox=d1 #ahid4 ,footnote #ag3 ,proce$+s1 ,s4,p4,r41 vol4 ii4 pp4 #bja-bjg1 #cij-cib4 ,footnote #ah3 ,elem5ts ( ,hypnotism1 p4 #fg4 ,footnote #ai3 ,possibly ,mr4 ,v9c5t only means t ,elliotson's exp]im5ts1 'little m ?an sob] foot+' 7p4 #eg71 ) ! si/]s ,okey1 7 rubbi%4 ,b :e!r ! si/]s ,okey 7 or 7 n hone/ is a "q on :i* we _c ent] "h4 ,,iii ,,an?ropology ,,& ,,religion ,among ! v>i\s =ms ( sci5ce :i* are rea*+ & affect+ ! new popul> tradition1 we h reckon$ ,an?ropology4 ,pleasantly en\gh1 ,an?ropology has h]self b rec5tly em]g$ f t limbo ( ! unrecognis$ 9 :i* ,psy*ical ,rese>* is p9+4 ,! ,briti% ,association us$ to reject an?ropological pap]s z 'va9 dreams bas$ on travell]s' tales4' ,no d\bt ! ,briti% ,association w\ld reject a pap] on clairvoyance z a va9 dream bas$ on old wives' fables1 or on hy/]ical impo/ure4 ,und5iably ! /udy ( su* !mes is hamp]$ by fable & fraud1 j z an?ropology has to be ceaselessly on its gu>d aga9/ 'travell]s' tales1' aga9/ ,european misund]/&+s ( savage ideas1 & aga9/ civilis$ notions & sci5tific !ories unconsci\sly read into b>b>ic cu/oms1 rites1 traditions1 & usages4 ,man1 ondoyant et div]s1 is ! subject alike ( an?ropology & ( psy*ical rese>*4 ,man 7especially savage man7 _c be seclud$ f di/urb+ influ5ces1 & wat*$1 l ! mat]ials ( a *emical exp]im5t 9 a laboratory4 ,nor c man be caught 9 a 'primitive' /ate3 8 intellectual beg9n+s lie v f> beh9d ! /age ( culture 9 :i* we f9d ! l[e/ kn[n races4 ,consequ5tly ! matt] on :i* an?ropology works is fluctuat+2 ! evid5ce on :i* x re/s ne$s ! mo/ sceptical criticism1 & _m ( its conclusions1 9 ! necess>y abs5ce ( hi/orical te/imony z to times f> beh9d ! l[e/ kn[n savages1 mu/ be hypo!tical4 ,= ^! s\nd reasons (ficial sci5ce long look$ askance on ,an?ropology4 ,h] foll[]s 7 n reg>d$ z g5u9e s*ol>s1 &1 p]haps z a result ( ?is contempt1 !y 7 (t5 'brok5 m51' intellectual outlaws1 p ( "o wild idea4 ,to ! sci5tific m9d1 an?ropologi/s or e?nologi/s 7 a horde :o d>kly mutt]$ ( s]p5t wor%ip1 phallus wor%ip1 ,arkite doctr9es1 & ! ,t5 ,lo/ ,tribes t kept turn+ up 9 ! mo/ unexpect$ places4 ,an?ropologi/s 7 said to gloat ov] dirty rites ( dirty savages1 & to seek reason :]e !re 0 none4 ,! exil$1 ! outca/1 ! p>iah ( ,sci5ce1 is1 inde$1 apt to f9d himself 9 odd company4 ,r\nd ! camp-fire ( ,psy*ical ,rese>* too1 9 ! un(ficial1 un/ak$ wa/e ( ,sci5ce1 hov] odd1 m5ac+ figures ( ,esot]ic ,buddhi/s1 ,satani/es1 ,occulti/s1 ,*ri/ian ,sci5ti/s1 ,spirituali/s1 & ,a/rolog]s1 z ! ,arkites & ,lo/ ,tribesm5 haunt$ ! cradle ( an?ropology4 ,b !re 0 f\nd at la/ to be reason 9 ! ?+1 & me?od 9 ! madness4 ,evolution 0 9 x4 ,! acceptance1 aft] long ridicule1 ( palaeoli?ic weapons z relics ( human culture1 probably help$ to br+ ,an?ropology )9 ! sacr$ circle ( p]mitt$ k4 ,h] topic 0 full ( illu/rations ( ! doctr9e ( ,mr4 ,d>w94 ,mod]n writ]s on ! !me _h be5 anticipat$ by ! less sy/ematic /ud5ts ( ! eighte5? c5tury--,goguet1 de ,brosses1 ,mill>1 ,font5elle1 ,lafitau1 ,b\lang]1 or ev5 ,hume & ,voltaire4 ,z pione]s ^! writ]s answ] to ! e>ly mesm]i/s & magneti/s1 ,puysgur1 ,amoretti1 ,ritt]1 ,elliotson1 ,mayo1 ,gregory1 9 ! hi/ory ( ,psy*ical ,rese>*4 ,!y 7 on ! same track1 9 ea* case1 z ,lubbock1 ,tylor1 ,sp5c]1 ,ba/ian1 & ,fraz]1 or z ,gurney1 ,ri*et1 ,my]s1 ,janet1 ,dessoir1 & ,von ,s*r5ck-,notz+4 ,b ! e>li] /ud5ts 7 less c>eful ( me?od & evid5ce4 ,evid5ce6 t 0 ! /umbl+ block ( an?ropology4 ,we /ill he>1 9 ! lat] works ( ,mr4 ,max ,mll]1 ! e*o ( ! old compla9ts4 ,any?+ y please1 ,mr4 ,max ,mll] says1 y may f9d among y\r useful savages1 & 79 reg>d to "s an?ropologi/s7 8 criticism is j4 ,y h b to skim a few books ( travel1 p5cil 9 h&1 & pick out :at suits y\r case4 ,suppose1 z reg>ds our pres5t !me1 y\r !ory is t savages possess brok5 lights ( ! belief 9 a ,supreme ,be+4 ,y c f9d evid5ce = t4 ,or suppose y want to %[ t !y h no religi\s ideas at all2 y c f9d evid5ce = t also4 ,y\r te/imony is (t5 d]iv$ f obs]v]s ignorant ( ! language ( ! p :om !y talk ab\t1 or :o are !mselves prejudic$ by "o or o!r !ory or bias4 ,h[ c y pret5d to raise a sci5ce on su* f\ndations1 especially z ! savage in=mants wi% to please or to my/ify inquir]s1 or !y answ] at r&om1 or delib]ately conceal _! mo/ sacr$ in/itutions1 or h nev] paid any att5tion to ! subject8 ,to all ^! p]fectly natural objections ,mr4 ,tylor has repli$4#a ,evid5ce mu/ be collect$1 sift$1 te/$1 z 9 any o!r bran* ( inquiry4 ,a writ]1 '( c\rse1 is b\nd to use 8 be/ judgm5t z to ! tru/wor?9ess ( all au?ors he quotes1 &1 if possible1 to obta9 sev]al acc\nts to c]tify ea* po9t 9 ea* locality4' ,mr4 ,tylor !n adduces '! te/ ( recurr5ce1' ( undesign$ co9cid5ce 9 te/imony1 z ,mill> _h already argu$ 9 ! la/ c5tury4#b ,if a m$iaeval ,mahomm$an 9 ,t>t>y1 a ,jesuit 9 ,brazil1 a ,wesleyan 9 ,fiji1 "o may add a police magi/rate 9 ,au/ralia1 a ,presbyt]ian 9 ,c5tral ,africa1 a trapp] 9 ,canada1 agree 9 describ+ "s analog\s rite or my? 9 ^! div]se l&s & ages1 we _c set d[n ! co9cid5ce to *ance or fraud4 ',n[1 ! mo/ important facts ( e?nography are v\*$ = 9 ?is way4' ,we may add t ev5 :5 ! ideas ( savages are obscure1 we c (t5 detect !m by analysis ( ! in/itutions 9 :i* !y are express$4#c ,?us an?ropological1 l psy*ical or any o!r evid5ce1 mu/ be submitt$ to consci5ti\s processes ( te/+ & sift+4 ,contradictory in/ances mu/ be hunt$ = s$ul\sly4 ,no?+ c be less sci5tific ?an to snat* up any travell]'s tale :i* makes = our !ory1 & to ignore evid5ce1 p]haps e>li]1 or lat]1 or bett] obs]v$1 :i* makes aga9/ x4 ,yet ?is1 un=tunately1 9 c]ta9 in/ances 7:i* w be adduc$7 has be5 ! occasional error ( ,mr4 ,huxley & ,mr4 ,sp5c]4#d ,mr4 ,sp5c] op5s 8 ',ecclesia/ical ,in/itutions' by ! rem>k t '! implication f ! report$ abs5ce ( ! ideas ( belief 9 p]sons born deaf & dumb is t ! religi\s ideas ( civilis$ m5 are n innate' 7:o says !y are871 & ?is implication ,mr4 ,sp5c] supports by 'pro(s t among v>i\s savages religi\s ideas d n exi/4' ',sir ,john ,lubbock has giv5 _m ( ^!4' ,b x w\ld be well to advise ! read] to consult ,rosk(f's confutation ( ,sir ,john ,lubbock1 & ,mr4 ,tylor's ma/]ly /atem5t4#e ,mr4 ,sp5c] cit$ ,sir ,samuel ,bak] = savages )\t ev5 'a ray ( sup]/ition' or a trace ( wor%ip4 ,mr4 ,tylor1 twelve ye>s be=e ,mr4 ,sp5c] wrote1 _h demoli%$ ,sir ,samuel ,bak]'s ass]tion1#f z reg>ds _m tribes1 & s %ak5 x z reg>ds ! ,latukas1 quot$ by ,mr4 ,sp5c]4 ,! godless ,d9kas h 'a good deity & heav5-dwell+ creator1' c>efully record$ ye>s be=e ,sir ,samuel's 'ra% d5ial4' ,we %[ lat] t ,mr4 ,sp5c]1 rely+ on a s+le isolat$ s5t5ce 9 ,br\gh ,smy?1 omits all 8 ess5tial in=mation ab\t ! ,au/ralian ,supreme ,be+2 :ile ,mr4 ,huxley--ov]look+ ! copi\s & conclusive evid5ce z to _! e?ical religion--*>ges ! ,au/ralians ) hav+ m]ely a non-moral belief 9 casual spirits4 ,we h also to %[ t ,mr4 ,huxley1 "u ! dom9ance ( 8 !ory1 & inadv]t5tly1 quotes a good au?ority z say+ ! precise rev]se ( :at he really does say4 ,if ! facts n fitt+ _! !ories are little obs]v$ by au?orities s popul> z ,mr4 ,huxley & ,mr4 ,sp5c]2 if in/antiae contradictoriae are ignor$ by !m1 or left vague2 if ^! ?+s are done 9 ! gre5 tree1 we may easily imag9e :at %all be done 9 ! dry4 ,b we ne$ n w> ) ha/y vulg>isateurs & headlong !ori/s4 ,en\gh has be5 said to %[ ! position ( an?ropology z reg>ds evid5ce1 & to prove t1 if he conf9es 8 obs]vations to c]ta9 an?ropologi/s1 ! c5sures ( ,mr4 ,max ,mll] are ju/ifi$4 ,x is ma9ly = ?is reason t ! argum5ts pres5tly to foll[ are /rung on ! ?read ( ,mr4 ,tylor's truly le>n$ & accurate book1 ',primitive ,culture4' ,?\gh b rec5tly crept =?1 vix aut ne vix quidem1 f ! *ill %ade ( sci5tific disda91 ,an?ropology adopts ! airs ( h] eld] si/]s among ! sci5ces1 & is z sev]e z !y to ! ,c9d]ella ( ! family1 ,psy*ical ,rese>*4 ,%e mu/ murmur ( h] fairies among ! c9d]s ( ! he>?1 :ile !y g =? to ! ball1 & dance ) prov9cial mayors at ! fe/ivities ( ! ,briti% ,association4 ,?is is ung5]\s1 & un=tunate1 z ! records ( an?ropology are ri* 9 unexam9$ mat]ials ( psy*ical rese>*4 ,i am unacqua9t$ ) any "w devot$ by an an?ropologi/ ( r5[n to ! hypnotic & k9dr$ practices ( ! l[] races1 except ,h]r ,ba/ian's v meagre tract1 'b] psy*is*e ,beoba*tung5 bei ,naturvlk]n4'#g ,we possess1 none ! less1 a mass ( scatt]$ in=mation on ?is topic1 ! savage side ( psy*ical ph5om5a1 9 works ( travel1 & 9 ,mr4 ,tylor's monum5tal ',primitive ,culture4' ,mr4 ,tylor1 h[ev]1 z we %all see1 reg>ds x z a matt] ( indiff]5ce1 or1 at lea/1 z a matt] beyond ! scope ( 8 essay1 to decide :e!r ! p>allel sup]normal ph5om5a believ$ 9 by savages1 & said to recur 9 civilisation1 are facts ( actual exp]i5ce1 or n4 ,n[1 ?is "q is n otiose4 ,mr4 ,tylor1 l o!r an?ropologi/s1 ,mr4 ,huxley1 ,mr4 ,h]b]t ,sp5c]1 & _! foll[]s & popul>is]s1 con/ructs on an?ropological gr\nds1 a !ory ( ! ,orig9 ( ,religion4 ,t orig9 an?ropology expla9s z ! result ( e>ly & fallaci\s reason+s on a numb] ( biological & psy*ological ph5om5a1 bo? normal & 7z is alleg$ by savages7 sup]normal4 ,^! reason+s l$ to ! belief 9 s\ls & spirits4 ,n[1 fir/1 an?ropology has tak5 = grant$ t ! ,supreme ,deities ( savages are envisag$ by !m z 'spirits4' ,?is1 p>adoxical z ! /atem5t may appe>1 is j :at does n seem to be prov$1 z we %all %[4 ,next1 if ! sup]normal ph5om5a 7clairvoyance1 ?\ght-transf]5ce1 phantasms ( ! dead1 phantasms ( ! dy+1 & o!rs7 be real matt]s ( exp]i5ce1 ! inf]5ces drawn f !m by e>ly savage philosophy may be1 9 "s degree1 errone\s4 ,b ! inf]5ces drawn by mat]iali/s :o reject ! sup]normal ph5om5a w also1 p]haps1 be1 let u say1 incomplete4 ,religion w h be51 9 "p1 develop$ out ( facts1 p]haps inconsi/5t ) mat]ialism 9 its pres5t dogmatic =m4 ,to put x less tr5*antly1 & p]haps m accurately1 ! alleg$ facts 'are n m]ely dramatically /range1 !y are n m]ely extraord9>y & /rik+1 b !y are odd 9 ! s5se t !y w n easily fit 9 ) ! views :i* physici/s & m5 ( sci5ce g5]ally give u ( ! univ]se 9 :i* we live' 7,mr4 ,a4,j4 ,balf\r1 ,presid5t's ,address1 ',proce$+s1' ,s4,p4,r4 vol4 x4 p4 #h1 #ahid74 ,z ?is is ! case1 x might seem to be ! bus9ess ( ,an?ropology1 ! ,sci5ce ( ,man1 to exam9e1 among o!r ?+s1 ! evid5ce = ! actual exi/5ce ( ^? alleg$ unusual & sup]normal ph5om5a1 belief 9 :i* is giv5 z "o ( ! orig9s ( religion4 ,to make ?is exam9ation1 9 ! e?nographic field1 is almo/ a new lab\r4 ,z we %all see1 an?ropologi/s h n hi!rto inve/igat$ su* ?+s z ! ',fire-walk' ( savages1 un9jur$ 9 ! flames1 l ! ,?ree ,holy ,*ildr54 ,! _w-wide savage practice ( div9+ by halluc9ations induc$ ?r\gh gaz+ into a smoo? deep 7cry/al-gaz+7 has be5 /udi$1 ,i ?9k1 by no an?ropologi/4 ,! v]acity ( 'messages' utt]$ by savage se]s :5 7z !y suppose7 'possess$' or 'inspir$' has n be5 criticis$1 & probably _c be1 = lack ( detail$ in=mation4 ,! 'physical ph5om5a' :i* answ] among savages to ! use ( ! 'div9+ rod1' & to 'spiriti/' m>vels 9 mod]n times1 h only be5 glanc$ at4 ,9 %ort1 all ! savage p>allels to ! s-call$ 'psy*ical ph5om5a' n[ "u discussion 9 ,engl&1 ,am]ica1 ,g]many1 ,italy1 & ,france1 h escap$ critical analysis & comp>ison ) _! civilis$ c\nt]p>ts4 ,an exception among an?ropologi/s is ,mr4 ,tylor4 ,he has n suppress$ ! exi/5ce ( ^! b>b>ic p>allels to our mod]n problems ( ?is k9d4 ,b 8 int]e/ 9 !m practically ends :5 he has %[n t ! ph5om5a help$ to orig9ate ! savage belief 9 'spirits1' & :5 he has display$ ! 'survival' ( t belief 9 lat] culture4 ,he does n ask ',are ! ph5om5a real8' he is conc]n$ only ) ! savage philosophy ( ! ph5om5a & ) its relics 9 mod]n spiritism & religion4 ,my purpose is to d1 by way only ( bau*e1 :at nei!r an?ropology nor psy*ical rese>* nor psy*ology has done3 to put ! savage & mod]n ph5om5a side by side4 ,su* evid5ce z we c give = ! actuality ( ! mod]n exp]i5ces w1 s f> z x goes1 raise a presumption t ! savage beliefs1 h[ev] errone\s1 h[ev] d>k5$ by fraud & fancy1 repose on a basis ( real obs]vation ( actual ph5om5a4 ,an?ropology is conc]n$ ) man & :at is 9 man--humani nihil a se ali5um putat4 ,^! rese>*es1 !re=e1 are )9 ! an?ropological prov9ce1 especially z !y be> on ! preval5t an?ropological !ory ( ! ,orig9 ( ,religion4 ,by 'religion' we mean1 = ! purpose ( ?is argum5t1 ! belief 9 ! exi/5ce ( an ,intellig5ce1 or ,intellig5ces n human1 & n dep5d5t on a mat]ial me*anism ( bra9 & n]ves1 :i* may1 or may n1 p[]fully control m5's =tunes & ! nature ( ?+s4 ,we also mean ! additional belief t !re is1 9 man1 an elem5t s f> k9dr$ to ^! ,intellig5ces t x c transc5d ! k obta9$ ?r\gh ! kn[n bodily s5ses1 & may possibly survive ! dea? ( ! body4 ,^! two beliefs at pres5t 7?\gh n necess>ily 9 _! orig97 appe> *iefly z ! fai? 9 ,god & 9 ! ,immortality ( ! ,s\l4 ,x is important1 !n1 to trace1 if possible1 ! orig9 ( ^! two beliefs4 ,if !y arose 9 actual communion ) ,deity 7z ! fir/ at lea/ did1 9 ! !ory ( ! ,hebrew ,scriptures71 or if !y c\ld be prov$ to arise 9 an unanalysable s5sus num9is1 or ev5 9 'a p]ception ( ! ,inf9ite' 7,max ,mll]71 religion w\ld h a div9e1 or at lea/ a necess>y s\rce4 ,to ! ,!i/1 :at is inevitable _c b be div9ely orda9$1 !re=e religion is div9ely preorda9$1 !re=e1 9 ess5tials1 ?\gh n 9 accid5tal details1 religion is true4 ,! a!i/1 or non-!i/1 ( c\rse draws no su* inf]5ces4 ,b if religion1 z n[ und]/ood among m51 be ! late/ evolution>y =m ( a s]ies ( mi/akes1 fallacies1 & illusions1 if its g]m be a blund]1 & its pres5t =m only ! result ( progressive b uness5tial ref9em5ts on t blund]1 ! inf]5ce t religion is untrue--t no?+ actual corresponds to its hypo!sis--is v easily drawn4 ,! inf]5ce is n1 p]haps1 logical1 = all our sci5ce itself is ! result ( progressive ref9em5ts ^u hypo!ses orig9ally errone\s1 fa%ion$ to expla9 facts misconceiv$4 ,yet our sci5ce is true1 )9 its limits1 ?\gh v f> f be+ exhau/ive ( ! tru?4 ,9 ! same way1 x might be argu$1 our religion1 ev5 grant+ t x arose out ( primitive fallacies & false hypo!ses1 may yet h be5 ref9$1 z sci5ce has be51 ?r\gh a multitude ( causes1 into an approximate tru?4 ,frequ5tly z ,i am compell$ to diff] f ,mr4 ,sp5c] bo? z to facts & _! int]pretation1 ,i am happy to f9d t he has anticipat$ me "h4 ,oppon5ts w urge1 he says1 t 'if ! primitive belief' 79 gho/s7 '0 absolutely false1 all d]iv$ beliefs f x mu/ be absolutely false8' ,mr4 ,sp5c] replies3 ',a g]m ( tru? 0 conta9$ 9 ! primitive conception--! tru?1 namely1 t ! p[] :i* manife/s itself 9 consci\sness is b a diff]5tly condition$ =m ( ! p[] :i* manife/s itself beyond consci\sness4' ,9 fact1 we f9d ,mr4 ,sp5c]1 l ,fau/ z describ$ by ,m>gu]ite1 say+ mu* ! same ?+ z ! prie/s1 b n q 9 ! same way4 ,( c\rse1 ,i all[ = a mu* l>g] 'g]m ( tru?' 9 ! orig9 ( ! gho/ !ory ?an ,mr4 ,sp5c] does4 ,b we c bo? say '! ultimate =m ( ! religi\s consci\sness is' 7w be87 '! f9al developm5t ( a consci\sness :i* at ! outset conta9$ a g]m ( tru? obscur$ by multitud9\s errors4'#h ',"o ,god1 "o law1 "o elem5t1 ,& "o f>-(f div9e ev5t1 ,to :i* ! :ole creation moves4' ,com+ at la/ to ,mr4 ,tylor1 we f9d t he beg9s by dismiss+ ! idea t any kn[n race ( m5 is devoid ( religi\s conceptions4 ,he disproves1 out ( _! own m\?s1 ! allegations ( sev]al writ]s :o h made ?is explod$ ass]tion ab\t 'godless tribes4' ,he says3 ',! ?\ghts & pr9ciples ( mod]n ,*ri/ianity are atta*$ to intellectual clues :i* run back ?r\gh f> pre-,*ri/ian ages to ! v orig9 ( human civilisation1 p]haps ev5 ( human exi/5ce4'#i ,s f> we ab\nd 9 ,mr4 ,tylor's s5se4 ',z a m9imum def9ition ( religion' he gives '! belief 9 spiritual be+s1' :i* appe>s 'among all l[ races ) :om we h atta9$ to ?or\ghly intimate relations4' ,! exi/5ce ( ?is belief at pres5t does n prove t no races 7 ev]1 at any "t1 de/itute ( all belief4 ,b x prev5ts u f posit+ ! exi/5ce ( su* cre$less races1 9 any age1 z a demon/rat$ fact4 ,we h ?us1 9 %ort1 no opportunity ( obs]v+1 hi/orically1 man's developm5t f blank unbelief into ev5 ! m9imum or mo/ rudim5t>y =m ( belief4 ,we c only !orise & make m or less plausible conjectures z to ! fir/ rudim5ts ( human fai? 9 ,god & 9 spiritual be+s4 ,we f9d no race ^: m9d1 z to fai?1 is a tabula rasa4 ,to ! e>lie/ fai? ,mr4 ,tylor gives ! "n ( ,animism1 a t]m n :olly free f objection1 ?\gh ',spiritualism' is /ill less desirable1 hav+ be5 usurp$ by a =m ( mod]n sup]/iti\sness4 ,?is ,animism1 '9 its full developm5t1 includes ! belief 9 s\ls & 9 a future /ate1 9 controll+ deities & subord9ate spirits4' ,9 ,mr4 ,tylor's op9ion1 z 9 ,mr4 ,huxley's1 ,animism1 9 its l[] 7& e>li]7 =ms1 has sc>cely any connection ) e?ics4 ,its 'spirits' d n 'make = righte\sness4' ,?is is a side issue to be exam9$ lat]1 b we may provisionally obs]ve1 9 pass+1 t ! e?ical ideas1 su* z !y are1 ev5 ( ,au/ralian blacks are report$ to be inculcat$ at ! religi\s my/]ies 7,bora7 ( ! tribes1 :i* 7 in/itut$ by & are p]=m$ 9 hon\r ( ! gods ( _! native belief4 ,b ?is topic mu/ be res]v$ = our clos+ *apt]s4 ,mr4 ,tylor1 h[ev]1 is *iefly conc]n$ ) ,animism z 'an anci5t & _w-wide philosophy1 ( :i* belief is ! !ory1 & wor%ip is ! practice4' ,giv5 ,animism1 !n1 or ! belief 9 spiritual be+s1 z ! e>lie/ =m & m9imum ( religi\s fai?1 :at is ! orig9 ( ,animism8 ,x w be se5 t1 by ,animism1 ,mr4 ,tylor does n mean ! alleg$ e>ly !ory1 implicitly if n explicitly & consci\sly held1 t all ?+s :atsoev] are animat$ & are p]sonalities4#aj ,judg+ f ! behavi\r ( little *ildr51 & f ! my?s ( savages1 e>ly man may h half-consci\sly ext5d$ 8 own s5se ( p]sonal & pot5t & animat$ exi/5ce to ! :ole ( nature z kn[n to him4 ,n only animals1 b vegetables & inorganic objects1 may h be5 look$ on by him z p]sons1 l :at he felt himself to be4 ,! *ild 7p]haps m]ely because taught to d s7 beats ! naughty *air1 & all objects are p]sons 9 e>ly my?ology4 ,b ?is feel+1 r ?an !ory1 may conceivably h exi/$ among e>ly m51 be=e !y develop$ ! hypo!sis ( 'spirits1' 'gho/s1' or s\ls4 ,x is ! orig9 ( t hypo!sis1 ',animism1' :i* ,mr4 ,tylor inve/igates4 ,:at1 !n1 is ! orig9 ( ,animism8 ,x arose 9 ! e>lie/ traceable speculations on 'two gr\ps ( biological problems3 7#a7 ',:at is x t makes ! diff]5ce betwe5 a liv+ body & a dead "o2 :at causes wak+1 sleep1 trance1 disease1 & dea?8' 7#b7 ',:at are ^? human %apes :i* appe> 9 dreams & visions8'#aa ,"h x %\ld be not$ t ,mr4 ,tylor mo/ prop]ly takes a di/9ction betwe5 sleep+ 'dreams' & wak+ 'visions1' or 'cle> vision4' ,! di/9ction is made ev5 by ! blacks ( ,au/ralia4 ,?us "o ( ! ,kurnai ann\nc$ t 8 ,yambo1 or s\l1 c\ld 'g out' dur+ sleep1 & see ! di/ant & ! dead4 ,b ':ile any "o might be able to communicate ) ! gho/s1 dur+ sleep1 x 0 only ! wiz>ds :o 7 able to d s 9 wak+ h\rs4' ,a wiz>d1 9 fact1 is a p]son susceptible 7or feign+ to be susceptible7 :5 awake to halluc9atory p]ceptions ( phantasms ( ! dead4 ',among ! ,kul9 ( ,wimm]a ,riv] a man became a wiz>d :o1 z a boy1 _h se5 8 "m's gho/ sitt+ at h] grave4'#ab ,^! facts prove t a race ( savages at ! bottom ( ! scale ( culture d take a =mal di/9ction betwe5 normal dreams 9 sleep & wak+ halluc9ations--a ?+ apt to be d5i$4 ,?us ,mr4 ,h]b]t ,sp5c] (f]s ! massive g5]alisation t savages d n possess a language enabl+ a man to say ',i dream$ t ,i saw1' in/ead ( ',i saw' 7',pr9ciples ( ,sociology1' p4 #aej74 ,?is c\ld only be prov$ by giv+ examples ( su* highly defici5t languages1 :i* ,mr4 ,sp5c] does n d4#ac ,9 _m savage speculations !re occur ideas z subtly metaphysical z ^? ( ,hegel4 ,moreov]1 ev5 ! ,au/ralian languages h ! v]b 'to see1' & ! sub/antive 'sleep4' ,no?+1 !n1 prev5ts a man f say+ ',i saw 9 sleep' 7insomnium1 ,greek3 enupnion74 ,we h %[n too1 t ! ,au/ralians take an ess5tial di/9ction betwe5 wak+ halluc9ations 7gho/s se5 by a man :5 awake7 & ! common halluc9ations ( slumb]4 ,anybody c h ^!2 ! man :o sees gho/s :5 awake is m>k$ out = a wiz>d4 ,at ! same "t ! vividness ( dreams among c]ta9 savages1 z record$ 9 ,mr4 ,im ,?urn's ',indians ( ,guiana1' & ! consequ5t confusion ( dream+ & wak+ exp]i5ces1 are c]ta9 facts4 ,wilson says ! same ( "s negroes1 & ,mr4 ,sp5c] illu/rates f ! confusion ( m9d 9 dreamy *ildr54 ,!y1 we "k1 are mu* m addict$ to somnambulism ?an gr[n-up p4 ,i am unaw>e t spontane\s somnambulism among savages has be5 /udi$ z x ought to be4 ,i h demon/rat$1 h[ev]1 t v l[ savages c & d draw an ess5tial di/9ction betwe5 sleep+ & wak+ halluc9ations4 ,aga91 ! cry/al-gaz]1 ^: app>5tly telepa?ic cry/al pictures are discuss$ lat] 7*ap4 v471 0 introduc$ to a cry/al j because %e _h previ\sly be5 kn[n to be susceptible to wak+ & occasionally v]aci\s halluc9ations4 ,x 0 n only on ! dreams ( sleep1 s easily =gott5 z !y are1 t ! savage pond]$1 9 8 e>ly speculations ab\t ! life & ! s\l4 ,he includ$ 9 8 mat]ials ! mu* m /rik+ & memorable exp]i5ces ( wak+ h\rs1 z we & ,mr4 ,tylor agree 9 hold+4 ,reflect+ on ^! ?+s1 ! e>lie/ savage reason]s w\ld decide3 7#a7 t man has a 'life' 7:i* leaves him tempor>ily 9 sleep1 f9ally 9 dea?72 7#b7 t man also possesses a 'phantom' 7:i* appe>s to o!r p 9 _! visions & dreams74 ,! savage philosoph] w\ld !n 'comb9e 8 in=mation1' l a celebrat$ writ] on ,*9ese metaphysics4 ,he w\ld m]ely 'comb9e ! life & ! phantom1' z 'manife/ations ( "o & ! same s\l4' ,! result w\ld be 'an app>itional s\l1' or 'gho/-s\l4' ,?is gho/-s\l w\ld be a highly accompli%$ creature1 'a vap\r1 film1 or %ad[1' yet consci\s1 capable ( leav+ ! body1 mo/ly invisible & impalpable1 'yet also manife/+ physical p[]1' exi/+ & appe>+ aft] ! dea? ( ! body1 able to act on ! bodies ( o!r m51 bea/s1 & ?+s4#ad ,:5 ! e>lie/ reason]s1 9 an age & 9 m5tal conditions ( :i* we "k no?+ hi/orically1 _h evolv$ ! hypo!sis ( ?is consci\s1 p[]ful1 sep>able s\l1 capable ( surviv+ ! dea? ( ! body1 x 0 n difficult = !m to develop ! re/ ( ,religion1 z ,mr4 ,tylor ?9ks4 ,a p[]ful gho/ ( a dead man might ?rive till1 its orig9al own] be+ long =gott51 x became a ,god4 ,aga9 7s\ls once giv57 x w\ld n be a v difficult logical leap1 p]haps1 to conceive ( s\ls1 or spirits1 t _h nev] be5 human at all4 ,x is1 we may say1 only le premi] pas qui cote1 ! /ep to ! belief 9 a surviv+ sep>able s\l4 ,nev]!less1 :5 we rememb] t ,mr4 ,tylor is !oris+ ab\t savages 9 ! dim backgr\nd ( human evolution1 savages :om we "k no?+ ( by exp]i5ce1 savages f> beh9d ,au/ralians & ,bu%m5 7:o possess ,gods71 we mu/ admit t he cr$its !m ) great +5uity1 & /rong p[]s ( ab/ract reason+4 ,he may be "r 9 8 op9ion4 ,9 ! same way1 j z primitive m5 7 ke5 reason]s1 s e>ly bees1 m clev] ?an mod]n bees1 may h evolv$ ! sy/em ( hexagonal cells1 & only an e>ly fi% ( g5ius c\ld fir/ h hit on ! plan1 n[ h]$it>y ( kill+ a fly by bl[+ wat] at x4 ,to ?is !ory ( metaphysical g5ius 9 v l[ savages ,i h no objection to (f]4 ,we %all f9d1 lat]1 a/oni%+ examples ( savage ab/ract speculation1 c]ta9ly n d]iv$ f mission>y s\rces1 because :olly out ( ! mission>y's l9e ( duty & reflection4 ,z e>ly bea/s _h g5ius1 s ! e>lie/ reason]s appe> to h be5 z logically gift$ z ! l[e/ savages n[ kn[n to u1 or ev5 z "s ,biblical critics4 ,by ,mr4 ,tylor's hypo!sis1 !y fir/ conceiv$ ! extremely ab/ract idea ( ,life1 't :i* makes ! diff]5ce betwe5 a liv+ body & a dead "o4'#ae ,?is highly ab/ract conception mu/ h be51 h[ev]1 ! m difficult to e>ly man1 z1 to him1 all ?+s1 univ]sally1 are 'animat$4'#af ,mr4 ,tylor illu/rates ?is !ory ( e>ly man by ! little *ild's idea t '*airs1 /icks1 & wood5 horses are actuat$ by ! same sort ( p]sonal w z nurses & *ildr5 & kitt5s4444 ,9 su* matt]s ! savage m9d well repres5ts ! *ildi% /age4'#ag ,n[1 no?+ c be m c]ta9 ?an t1 if *ildr5 ?9k /icks are animat$1 !y don't ?9k s because !y h he>d1 or discov]$1 t !y possess s\ls1 & !n transf] s\ls to /icks4 ,we may d\bt1 !n1 if primitive man came1 9 ?is way1 by reason+ on s\ls1 to suppose t all ?+s1 univ]sally1 7 animat$4 ,b if he did ?9k all ?+s animat$--a corpse1 to 8 m9d1 0 j z mu* animat$ z any?+ else4 ,did he reason3 ',all ?+s are animat$4 ,a corpse is n animat$4 ,!re=e a corpse is n a ?+ 7)9 ! mean+ ( my ,g5]al ,law7'8 ,h[1 aga91 did e>ly man conceive ( ,life1 be=e he id5tifi$ ,life 7#a7 ) 't :i* makes ! diff]5ce betwe5 a liv+ body & a dead "o' 7a diff]5ce :i*1 ex hypo!si1 he did n draw1 all ?+s be+ animat$ to 8 m9d7 & 7#b7 ) '^? human %apes :i* appe> 9 dreams & visions'8 ',! anci5t savage philosoph]s probably rea*$ ! obvi\s inf]5ce t e man _h two ?+s belong+ to him1 a life & a phantom4' ,b ev]y?+ 0 suppos$ to h 'a life1' z f> z "o makes out1 be=e ! idea ( sep>able s\l 0 develop$1 at lea/ if savages arriv$ at ! !ory ( univ]sal animation z *ildr5 are said to d4 ,we are deal+ "h q conjecturally ) facts beyond our exp]i5ce4 ,9 any case1 e>ly man excogitat$ 7by ! hypo!sis7 ! ab/ract idea ( ,life1 be=e he fir/ 'envisag$' x 9 mat]ial t]ms z 'brea?1' or '%ad[4' ,he next decid$ t m]e brea? or %ad[ 0 n only id5tical ) ! m ab/ract conception ( ,life1 b c\ld also take on =ms z real & full-bodi$ z1 to him1 are ! halluc9ations ( dream or wak+ vision4 ,8 reason+ appe>s to h proce$$ f ! m ab/ract 7! idea ( ,life7 to ! m concrete1 to ! life fir/ %ad[y & vapor\s1 !n clo!d 9 ! v aspect ( ! real man4 ,mr4 ,tylor has ?us 7:e!r we foll[ 8 logic or n7 provid$ man ) a !ory ( active1 intellig5t1 sep>able s\ls1 :i* c survive ! dea? ( ! body4 ,at ?is !ory e>ly man arriv$ by speculations on ! nature ( life1 & on ! causes ( phantasms ( ! dead or liv+ beheld 9 'dreams & visions4' ,b our au?or by no means leaves out ( sight ! effects ( alleg$ sup]normal ph5om5a believ$ 9 by savages1 ) _! p>allels 9 mod]n civilisation4 ,^! sup]normal ph5om5a1 :e!r real or illusory1 are1 he conceives1 facts 9 t mass ( exp]i5ces f :i* savages con/ruct$ _! belief 9 sep>able1 endur+1 intellig5t s\ls or gho/s1 ! f\ndation ( religion4 ,:ile we are1 p]haps ow+ to our own want ( capacity1 puzzl$ by :at seem to be two k9ds ( e>ly philosophy--7#a7 a sort ( in/9ctive or unreason$ belief 9 univ]sal animation1 :i* ,mr4 ,sp5c] calls ',animism' & does n believe 91 7#b7 ! reason$ belief 9 sep>able & surviv+ s\ls ( m5 7& 9 ?+s71 :i* ,mr4 ,sp5c] believes 91 & ,mr4 ,tylor calls ',animism'--we mu/ also note ano!r difficulty4 ,mr4 ,tylor may seem to be tak+ x = grant$ t ! e>lie/1 remote1 unkn[n ?9k]s on life & ! s\l 7 exi/+ on ! same psy*ical plane z we ourselves1 or1 at lea/1 z mod]n savages4 ,betwe5 mod]n savages & ourselves1 9 ?is reg>d1 he takes c]ta9 diff]5ces1 b takes none betwe5 mod]n savages & ! remote f\nd]s ( religion4 ,?us ,mr4 ,tylor obs]ves3 ',! condition ( ! mod]n gho/-se]1 ^: imag9ation passes on su* slight excitem5t into positive halluc9ation1 is r ! rule ?an ! exception among uncultur$ & int5sely imag9ative tribes1 ^: m9ds may be ?r[n (f _! balance by a t\*1 a ^w1 a ge/ure1 an unaccu/om$ noise4'#ah ,i f9d evid5ce t l[ contempor>y savages are n great gho/-se]s1 &1 aga91 ,i _c q accept ,mr4 ,tylor's psy*ology ( ! 'mod]n gho/-se]4' ,mo/ su* fav\r$ p]sons :om ,i h kn[n 7 /eady1 unimag9ative1 unexcitable p1 ) j "o odd exp]i5ce4 ,"l ,t5nyson1 too1 aft] sleep+ 9 ! b$ ( 8 rec5tly lo/ fa!r on purpose to see 8 gho/1 decid$ t gho/s 'are n se5 by imag9ative p4' ,we n[ exam9e1 at great] l5g?1 ! psy*ical conditions 9 :i*1 accord+ to ,mr4 ,tylor1 contempor>y savages diff] f civilis$ m54 ,lat] we %all ask :at may be said z to possible or presumable psy*ical diff]5ces betwe5 mod]n savages & ! datelessly di/ant f\nd]s ( ! belief 9 s\ls4 ,mr4 ,tylor attributes to ! l[] races1 & ev5 to races high above _! level1 'morbid ec/asy1 br\ght on by m$itation1 fa/+1 n>cotics1 excitem5t1 or disease4' ,n[1 we may /ill 'm$itate'--& h[ f> ! result is 'morbid' is a matt] = psy*ologi/s & pa?ologi/s to det]m9e4 ,fa/+ we d n practise volunt>ily1 nor w\ld we easily accept evid5ce f an ,engli%man z to ! v]acity ( volunt>y fa/+ visions1 l ^? ( ,cotton ,ma!r4 ,! visions ( disease we %\ld set aside1 z a rule1 ) ^? ( 'excitem5t1' produc$1 = in/ance1 by 'devil-dances4' ,n>cotic & alcoholic visions are n 9 "q4#ai ,= our purpose ! induc$ trances ( savages 79 :atev] way volunt>ily br\ght on7 are analog\s to ! mod]n induc$ hypnotic trance4 ,any sup]normal acquisitions ( k 9 ^! induc$ conditions1 among savages1 w\ld be on a p> ) simil> alleg$ exp]i5ces ( p]sons "u hypnotism4 ,we d n diff] f kn[n savages 9 be+ able to br+ on non-normal psy*ological conditions1 b we produce ^!1 z a rule1 by o!r me?ods ?an !irs1 & su* exp]im5ts are n made on all ( u1 z !y 7 on all ,r$ ,indian boys & girls 9 ! 'm$ic9e-fa/1' at ! age ( pub]ty4 ,fur!r1 9 _! normal /ate1 kn[n savages1 or "s ( !m1 are m 'sugge/ible' ?an educat$ ,europeans at lea/4#bj ,!y c be m easily halluc9at$ 9 _! normal wak+ /ate by sugge/ion4 ,once m1 _! int]vals ( hung]1 foll[$ by gorges ( food1 & _! lack ( artificial light1 comb9e to make savages m apt to see :at is n !re ?an are com=table educat$ :ite m54 ,b ,mr4 ,tylor goes too f> :5 he says ':]e ! savage c\ld see phantasms1 ! civilis$ man has come to amuse himself ) fancies4'#ba ,! civilis$ man1 beyond all d\bt1 is capable ( be+ enfantosm4 ,9 all t he says on ?is po9t1 ! po9t ( psy*ical condition1 ,mr4 ,tylor is writ+ ab\t kn[n savages z !y diff] f ourselves4 ,b ! savages :o ex hypo!si evolv$ ! doctr9e ( s\ls lie beyond our k51 f> beh9d ! mod]n savages1 among :om we f9d belief n only 9 s\ls & gho/s1 b 9 moral gods4 ,ab\t ! psy*ical condition ( ! savages :o work$ out ! !ory ( s\ls & f\nd$ religion we necess>ily "k no?+4 ,if !re be su* exp]i5ces z clairvoyance1 telepa?y1 & s on1 ^! unkn[n ance/ors ( ours may 7= all t we c tell7 h be5 peculi>ly op5 to !m1 & !re=e peculi>ly apt to believe 9 sep>able s\ls4 ,9 fact1 :5 we write ab\t ^! f>-(f f\nd]s ( religion1 we guess 9 ! d>k1 or by ! flick]+ light ( analogy4 ,! l[] animals h faculties 7z 9 _! p[] ( f9d+ _! way home ?r\gh new unkn[n regions1 & 9 ! ants' modes ( acquir+ & communicat+ k to ea* o!r7 :i* are my/]ies to u4 ,! t]ror ( dogs 9 'haunt$ h\ses' & ( horses 9 pass+ 'haunt$' sc5es has (t5 be5 report$1 & is allud$ to briefly by ,mr4 ,tylor4 ,balaam's ass1 & ! dogs :i* cr\*$ & :9$ be=e ,a!ne1 :om ,eumaeus c\ld n see1 are 'classical' in/ances4 ,! weakness ( ! an?ropological argum5t "h is1 we mu/ repeat1 t we "k little m ab\t ! m5tal condition & exp]i5ces ( ! e>ly ?9k]s :o develop$ ! doctr9e ( ,s\ls ?an we "k ab\t ! m5tal condition & exp]i5ces ( ! l[] animals4 ,& ! m firmly a philosoph] believes 9 ! ,d>w9ian hypo!sis1 ! less1 he mu/ admit1 c he suppose himself to "k ab\t ! twilight ages1 betwe5 ! l[] animal & ! fully evolv$ man4 ,:at k9d ( creature 0 man :5 he fir/ conceiv$ ! g]ms1 or receiv$ ! light1 ( ,religion8 ,all is guess-"w "h6 ,we may j allude to ,hegel's !ory t clairvoyance & hypnotic ph5om5a are produc$ 9 a k9d ( tempor>y atavism1 or '?r[+ hack' to a remotely anci5t condition ( ! 's5sitive s\l' 7fkl5de ,seele74 ,! 's5sitive' uncondition$1 clairvoyant faculty or 's\l' is 'a disease :5 x becomes a /ate ( ! self-consci\s1 educat$1 self-possess$ human be+ ( civilisation4'#bb ',second sight1' ,hegel ?9ks1 0 a product ( an e>li] day & e>li] m5tal condition ?an ours4 ,approa*+ ?is almo/ unt\*$ subject--! e>ly psy*ical condition ( man--n f ! side ( metaphysical speculations l ,hegel1 b ) ! in/rum5ts ( mod]n psy*ology & physiology1 ,dr4 ,max ,dessoir1 ( ,b]l91 foll[+1 inde$1 ,m4 ,ta9e1 has arriv$1 z we saw1 at some:at simil> conclusions4 ',?is fully consci\s life ( ! _s1' 9 :i* we mod]ns n[ live1 'seems to re/ ^u a sub/ratum ( reflex action ( a halluc9atory type4' ,our actual mod]n condition is n 'fundam5tal1' & 'halluc9ation repres5ts1 at lea/ 9 its nasc5t condition1 ! ma9 trunk ( our psy*ical exi/5ce4'#bc ,n[1 suppose t ! remote & unkn[n ance/ors ( ours :o fir/ develop$ ! doctr9e ( s\ls _h n yet spread f> f '! ma9 trunk ( our psy*ical exi/5ce1' f> f con/ant halluc9ation4 ,9 t case 7at lea/1 accord+ to ,dr4 ,dessoir's !ory7 _! psy*ical exp]i5ces w\ld be su* z we _c e/imate1 yet _c leave1 z a possibility influ5c+ religion1 out ( our calculations4 ,if e>ly m5 7 ev] 9 a condition 9 :i* telepa?y & clairvoyance 7grant+ _! possibility7 7 preval5t1 "o might expect t faculties s useful w\ld be develop$ 9 ! /ruggle = exi/5ce4 ,t !y are delib]ately cultivat$ by mod]n savages we "k4 ,! ,indian fo/]-"m ( ,john ,tann] us$1 :5 food 0 ne$$1 to sugge/ h]self into an hypnotic condition1 s t %e became clairvoyante z to ! :]eab\ts ( game4 ,tann]1 an ,engli% boy1 caught e>ly by ! ,indians1 0 sceptical1 b came to practise ! same art1 n unsuccessfully1 himself4#bd ,8 rem9isc5ces1 :i* he dictat$ on 8 return to civilisation1 7 c]ta9ly n feign$ 9 ! int]e/s ( any !ories4 ,b ! mo/ telepa?ic human /ocks1 x may be said1 ought1 cet]is p>ibus1 to h be5 ! mo/ successful 9 ! /ruggle = exi/5ce4 ,we may inf] t ! cet]a 7 n p>ia1 ! clairvoyant /ate n be+ precisely ! be/ = ! practical bus9ess ( life4 ,b really we "k no?+ ( ! psy*ical /ate ( ! e>lie/ m54 ,!y may h _h exp]i5ces t5d+ t[>ds a belief 9 'spirits1' ( :i* we c tell no?+4 ,we are oblig$ to guess1 9 consid]able ignorance ( ! actual conditions1 & ?is hi/orical ignorance inevitably besets all an?ropological speculation ab\t ! orig9 ( religion4 ,! k ( our nesci5ce z to ! psy*ical condition ( our fir/ ?9k+ ance/ors may sugge/ hesitation z to tak+ x = grant$ t e>ly man 0 on our own or on ! mod]n savage level 9 'psy*ical' exp]i5ce4 ,ev5 savage races1 z ,mr4 ,tylor ju/ly says1 attribute sup]ior psy*ical k to neighb\r+ tribes on a yet l[] level ( culture ?an !mselves4 ,! ,f9n e/eems ! ,lapp sorc]]s above 8 own2 ! ,lapp yields to ! sup]ior pret5sions ( ! ,samoy$s4 ,!re may be m ways ?an "o ( expla9+ ?is relative humility3 !re is ,hegel's way & !re is ,mr4 ,tylor's way4 ,we _c be c]ta91 a priori1 t ! e>lie/ man knew no m ( sup]normal or app>5tly sup]normal exp]i5ces ?an we commonly d1 or t ^! did n influ5ce 8 ?\ghts on animism4 ,x is an example ( ! *ameleon-l *anges ( sci5ce 7ev5 ( 'sci5ce falsely s call$' if y please7 t :5 he wrote 8 book1 9 #ahga1 ,mr4 ,tylor c\ld n possibly h anticipat$ ?is l9e ( argum5t4 ',psy*ical planes' _h n be5 inv5t$2 hypnotism1 ) its problems1 _h n be5 mu* notic$ 9 ,engl&4 ,b ',spiritualism' 0 fl\ri%+4 ,mr4 ,tylor did n ignore ?is revival ( savage philosophy4 ,he saw v well t ! end ( ! c5tury 0 behold+ ! p>tial rehabilitation ( beliefs :i* 7 sc\t$ f #affj to #ahej4 ,sev5ty ye>s ago1 z ,mr4 ,tylor says1 ,dr4 ,maccullo*1 9 8 ',description ( ! ,we/]n ,isl&s ( ,scotl&1' wrote ( '! fam\s ,highl& second sight' t 'ceas+ to be believ$ x has ceas$ to exi/4'#be ,dr4 ,maccullo* 0 mi/ak5 9 8 facts4 ',second sight' has nev] ceas$ to exi/ 7or to be believ$ to exi/71 & x has rec5tly be5 inve/igat$ 9 ! ',j\rnal' ( ! ,cal$onian ,m$ical ,society4 ,mr4 ,tylor himself says t x has be5 're9/at$ 9 a f> l>g] range ( society1 & "u f> bett] circum/ances ( le>n+ & prosp]ity4' ,?is fact he ascribes g5]ally to 'a direct revival f ! regions ( savage philosophy & peasant folklore1' a revival br\ght ab\t 9 great "p by ! writ+s ( ,sw$5borg4 ,to-day ?+s h alt]$4 ,! /ud5ts n[ int]e/$ 9 ?is :ole class ( alleg$ sup]normal ph5om5a are seldom believ]s 9 ! philosophy ( ,spiritualism 9 ! ,am]ican s5se ( ! ^w4#bf ,mr4 ,tylor1 z we h se51 attributes ! revival ( int]e/ 9 ?is obscure class ( subjects to ! influ5ce ( ,sw$5borg4 ,x is true1 z has be5 %[n1 t ,sw$5borg attract$ ! att5tion ( ,kant4 ,b mod]n int]e/ has *iefly be5 ar\s$ & kept alive by ! ph5om5a ( hypnotism4 ,! int]e/ is n[1 among educat$ /ud5ts1 really sci5tific4 ,?us ,mr4 ,william ,james1 ,pr(essor ( ,psy*ology 9 ! ,univ]sity ( ,h>v>d1 writes3 ',i 0 attract$ to ?is subject 7,psy*ical ,rese>*7 "s ye>s ago by my love ( fair play 9 ,sci5ce4'#bg ,mr4 ,tylor is n incapable ( appreciat+ ?is attitude4 ,ev5 ! s-call$ '_s manife/ations1' he says1 '%\ld be discuss$ on _! m]its1' & ! inve/igation 'w\ld seem apt to ?r[ light on "s mo/ int]e/+ psy*ological que/ions4' ,no?+ c be m remote f ! logic ( ,hume4 ,! ideas ( ,mr4 ,tylor on ! causes ( ! orig9 ( religion are n[ criticis$1 n f ! po9t ( view ( spiritualism1 b ( exp]im5tal psy*ology4 ,we hold t v probably !re exi/ human faculties ( unkn[n scope2 t ^! conceivably 7 m p[]ful & preval5t among our v remote ance/ors :o f\nd$ religion2 t !y may /ill exi/ 9 savage z 9 civilis$ races1 & t !y may h confirm$1 if !y did n orig9ate1 ! doctr9e ( sep>able s\ls4 ,if !y d exi/1 ! circum/ance is important1 9 view ( ! fact t mod]n ideas re/ on a d5ial ( _! exi/5ce4 ,mr4 ,tylor next exam9es ! savage & o!r names = ! gho/-s\l1 su* z %ad[ 7umbra71 brea? 7spiritus71 & he gives cases 9 :i* ! %ad[ ( a man is reg>d$ z equival5t to 8 life4 ,( c\rse1 ! %ad[ 9 ! sunlight does n resemble ! phantasm 9 a dream4 ,! two1 h[ev]1 7 comb9$ & id5tifi$ by e>ly ?9k]s1 :ile brea? & he>t 7 us$ z symbols ( 't 9 m5 :i* makes !m live1' a phrase f\nd among ! natives ( ,nic>agua 9 #aebh4 ,! confess$ly symbolical "* ( ! phrase1 'x is n precisely ! he>t1 b t 9 !m :i* makes !m live1' proves t to ! speak] life 0 n 'he>t' or 'brea?1' b t ^! t]ms 7 kn[n to be mat]ial ^w-c\nt]s = ! conception ( life4#a ,:e!r ! e>lie/ ?9k]s id5tifi$ he>t1 brea?1 %ad[1 ) life1 or :e!r !y consci\sly us$ words ( mat]ial orig9 to d5ote an immat]ial conception1 ( c\rse we d n "k4 ,b ! ^w 9 ! latt] case w\ld react on ! ?\ght1 till ! ,roman inhal$ 7z 8 life87 ! la/ brea? ( 8 dy+ k9sman1 he well kn[+ t ! ,manes ( ! said k9sman 7 else:]e1 & n to be inhal$4 ,subdivisions & di/9ctions 7 !n recognis$1 z ( ! ,egyptian ,ka1 ! 'd\ble1' ! ,k>5 kelah1 or 'p]sonal life-phantom' 7wrai?71 on "o side1 & ! ,k>5 ?ah1 '! responsible moral s\l1' on ! o!r4 ,! ,roman umbra hov]s ab\t ! grave1 ! manes g to ,orcus1 ! spiritus seeks ! />s4 ,we are next pres5t$ ) a cr[d ( cases 9 :i* sickness or le?>gy is ascrib$ by savages to ! abs5ce ( ! pati5t's _s1 or ( "o ( 8 spirits4 ,?is idea ( migratory _s is next us$ by savages to expla9 c]ta9 proce$+s ( ! sorc]]1 prie/1 or se]4 ,8 s\l1 or "o ( 8 s\ls is ?\ght to g =? to di/ant places 9 que/ ( in=mation1 :ile ! se]1 p]haps1 rema9s le?>gic4 ,probably1 9 ! /ruggle = exi/5ce1 he lo/ m by be+ le?>gic ?an he ga9$ by be+ clairvoyant6 ,n[1 "h we t\* ! fir/ po9t 9 ,mr4 ,tylor's !ory1 :]e a critic may ask1 ,0 ?is belief 9 ! w&]+ abroad ( ! se]'s _s a !ory n only false 9 its =m 7z probably x is71 b also :olly unbas$ on exp]i5ces :i* might raise a presumption 9 fav\r ( ! exi/5ce ( ph5om5a really sup]normal8 ,by 'sup]normal' exp]i5ces ,i "h mean su* z ! acquisition by a human m9d ( k :i* c\ld n be obta9$ by x ?r\gh ! recognis$ *annels ( s5sation4 ,say1 = ! sake ( argum5t1 t a p]son1 savage or civilis$1 obta9s 9 trance in=mation ab\t di/ant places or ev5ts1 to him unkn[n1 &1 ?r\gh *annels ( s5se1 unkn[able4 ,! savage w expla9 ?is by say+ t ! se]'s s\l1 %ad[1 or _s1 w&]$ out ( ! body to ! di/ant sc5e4 ,?is is1 at pres5t1 an unv]ifi$ !ory4 ,b /ill1 = ! sake ( argum5t1 suppose t ! se] did hone/ly obta9 ?is in=mation 9 trance1 le?>gy1 or hypnotic sleep1 or any o!r condition4 ,if s1 ! mod]n savage 7or 8 m gift$ ance/ors7 w\ld h o!r gr\nds = 8 !ory ( ! w&]+ s\l ?an any gr\nd pres5t$ by normal occurr5ces1 ord9>y dreams1 %ad[s1 & s =?4 ,aga91 9 human nature !re w\ld be 7if su* ?+s occur7 a pot5tiality ( exp]i5ces o!r & /rang] ?an mat]ialism w admit z possible4 ,x w 7grant+ ! facts7 be impossible to av] t !re is nihil 9 intellectu quod non prius 9 s5su4 ,! s\l w be n ce qu'un va9 peuple p5se "u ! new popul> tradition1 & ! savage's !ory ( ! _s w be1 at lea/ 9 "p1 bas$ on o!r ?an normal & e-day facts4 ,t condition 9 :i* ! se] acquires in=mation1 n o!rwise accessible1 ab\t ev5ts remote 9 space1 is :at ! mesm]i/s ( ! mid-c5tury call$ 'travell+ clairvoyance4' ,if su* an exp]i5ce be 9 r]um natura1 x w n1 ( c\rse1 ju/ify ! savage's !ory t ! s\l is a sep>able entity1 capable ( voyag+1 & also capable ( exi/+ aft] ! dea? ( ! body4 ,b x w give ! savage a bett] excuse = 8 !ory ?an normal exp]i5ces provide2 & w ev5 raise a presumption t reflection on m]e ord9>y exp]i5ces--dea?1 %ad[1 trance--is n ! sole orig9 ( 8 !ory4 ,= a savage s acute z ,mr4 ,tylor's hypo!tical e>ly reason] might decl9e to believe t 8 own or a fri5d's s\l _h be5 abs5t on an exp$ition1 unless x br\ght back in=mation n normally to be acquir$4 ,h[ev]1 we _c reason1 a priori1 z to h[ f> ! logic ( a savage might or might n g on occasion4 ,9 any case1 a sci5tific reason] might be expect$ to ask3 ',is ?is alleg$ acquisition ( k1 n ?r\gh ! ord9>y *annels ( s5se1 a ?+ 9 r]um natura8' ,because1 if x is1 we mu/ obvi\sly increase our li/ ( ! savage's reasons = believ+ 9 a s\l3 we mu/ make 8 reasons include 'psy*ical' exp]i5ces1 & !re mu/ be an ,x region to inve/igate4 ,^! consid]ations did n fail to pres5t !mselves to ,mr4 ,tylor4 ,b 8 mann] ( deal+ ) !m is peculi>4 ,) 8 unequall$ k ( ! l[] races1 x 0 easy = him to exam9e travell]s' tales ab\t savage se]s :o beheld di/ant ev5ts 9 vision1 & to all[ !m :at weight he ?\ght prop]1 aft] disc\nt+ possibilities ( falsehood & collusion4 ,he might !n h exam9$ mod]n n>ratives ( simil> p]=mances among ! civilis$1 :i* are abundant4 ,x is obvi\s & und5iable t if ! sup]normal acquisition ( k 9 trance is a v]a causa1 a real process1 h[ev] r>e1 ,mr4 ,tylor's !ory ne$s modifications2 :ile ! "* ( ! savage's reason+ becomes m cr$itable to ! savage1 & appe>s z bett] bottom$ ?an we _h be5 ask$ to suppose4 ,b ,mr4 ,tylor does n exam9e ?is l>ge body ( evid5ce at all1 or1 at lea/1 does n (f] u ! details ( 8 exam9ation4 ,he m]ely writes 9 ?is place3 ',a typical spirituali/ic in/ance may be quot$ f ,jung-,/ill+1 :o says t examples h come to 8 k ( sick p]sons :o1 long+ to see abs5t fri5ds1 h fall5 into a swoon1 dur+ :i* !y h appe>$ to ! di/ant objects ( _! affection4'#bi ,jung-,/ill+ 7?\gh he wrote be=e mod]n ',spiritualism' came 97 is n a v valid au?ority2 !re is pl5ty ( bett] evid5ce ?an 81 b ,mr4 ,tylor passes x by1 m]ely rem>k+ t 'mod]n ,europe has kept closely en\gh to ! l9es ( e>ly philosophy4' ,mod]n ,europe has inde$ done s1 if x expla9s ! sup]normal acquisition ( k1 or ! halluc9atory appe>ance ( a di/ant p]son to 8 fri5d by a !ory ( w&]+ 'spirits4' ,b facts d n cease to be facts because wrong int]pretations h be5 put ^u !m by savages1 by ,jung-,/ill+1 or by anyone else4 ,! real "q is1 ,d su* ev5ts occur among l[] & high] races1 beyond explanation by fraud & =tuit\s co9cid5ce8 ,we gladly grant t ! belief 9 ,animism1 :5 x takes ! =m ( a !ory ( 'w&]+ spirits1' is probably unt5able1 z x is assur$ly ( savage orig94 ,b we are n absolutely s sure t 9 ?is aspect ! !ory is n bas$ on actual exp]i5ces1 n ( a normal & ord9>y k9d4 ,if s1 ! savage philosophy & its suppos$ survivals 9 belief w appe> 9 a new light4 ,& we are incl9$ to hold t an exam9ation ( ! mass ( evid5ce to :i* ,mr4 ,tylor (f]s "h s slight an allusion w at lea/ make x wise to susp5d our judgm5t1 n only z to ! orig9s ( ! savage !ory ( spirits1 b z to ! mat]iali/ic hypo!sis ( ! abs5ce ( a psy*ical elem5t 9 man4 ,i may seem to h outrun already ! limits ( p]missible hypo!sis4 ,x may appe> absurd to surmise t !re c exi/ 9 man1 savage or civilis$1 a faculty = acquir+ in=mation n accessible by ! kn[n *annels ( s5se1 a faculty attribut$ by savage philosoph]s to ! w&]+ s\l4 ,b "o may be p]mitt$ to quote ! op9ion ( ,m4 ,*>les ,ri*et1 ,pr(essor ( ,physiology 9 ! ,faculty ( ,m$ic9e 9 ,p>is4 ,x is n cit$ because ,m4 ,ri*et is a pr(essor ( physiology1 b because he rea*$ 8 conclusion aft] six ye>s ( m9ute exp]im5t4 ,he says3 ',!re exi/s 9 c]ta9 p]sons1 at c]ta9 mom5ts1 a faculty ( acquir+ k :i* has no rapport ) our normal faculties ( t k9d4'#cj ,in/ances t5d+ to raise a presumption 9 fav\r ( ,m4 ,ri*et's idea may n[ be s\ght 9 savage & civilis$ life4 ,footnote #a3 ,primitive ,culture1 i4 #i1 #aj4 ,footnote #b3 ,orig9 ( ,ranks4 ,footnote #c3 ,i may be p]mitt$ to ref] to ',reply to ,objections' 9 ! app5dix to my ,my?1 ,ritual1 & ,religion1 vol4 ii4 ,footnote #d3 ,sp5c]1 ,ecclesia/ical ,in/itutions1 pp4 #fgb1 #fgc4 ,footnote #e3 ,primitive ,culture1 i4 #dag-dbe4 ,cf4 h[ev] ,pr9cip4 ,( ,sociol41 p4 #cjd4 ,footnote #f3 ,op4 cit4 i4 #dbc1 #dbd4 ,footnote #g3 ,publi%$ = ! ,b]l9 ,society ( ,exp]im5tal ,psy*ology1 ,gn!r1 ,leipzig1 #ahij4 ,footnote #h3 ,ecclesia/ical ,in/itutions1 #hcg-hci4 ,footnote #i3 ,primitive ,culture1 i4 #dba1 *apt] xi4 ,footnote #aj3 ,?is !ory is :at ,mr4 ,sp5c] calls ',animism1' & does n believe 94 ,:at ,mr4 ,tylor calls ',animism' ,mr4 ,sp5c] believes 91 b he calls x ! ',gho/ ,!ory4' ,footnote #aa3 ,primitive ,culture1 i4 #dbh4 ,footnote #ab3 ,h[itt1 ,j\rnal ( ,an?ropological ,in/itute1 xiii4 #aia-aie4 ,footnote #ac3 ,! curi\s may consult1 = savage words = 'dreams1' ,mr4 ,scott's ,diction>y ( ! ,mang'anja ,language1 s4v4 ',lots1' or any gloss>y ( any savage language4 ,footnote #ad3 ,prim4 ,cult4 i4 #dbi4 ,footnote #ae3 ,prim4 ,cult4 i4 #dbh4 ,footnote #af3 ,ibid4 i4 #bhe4 ,footnote #ag3 ,ibid4 i4 #bhe1 #bhf4 ,footnote #ah3 ,primitive ,culture1 i4 #ddf4 ,footnote #ai3 ,see1 h[ev]1 ,dr4 ,von ,s*r5ck-,notz+1 ,die ,beoba*tung n>colis*] ,mittel fr d5 ,hypnotismus1 & ,s4,p4,r4 ,proce$+s1 x4 #bib-hii4 ,footnote #bj3 ,primitive ,culture1 i4 #cjf-caf4 ,footnote #ba3 i4 #cae4 ,footnote #bb3 ,phil4 des ,gei/es1 pp4 #djf1 #djh4 ,footnote #bc3 ,see also ,mr4 ,a4,j4 ,balf\r's ,presid5tial ,address to ! ,society = ,psy*ical ,rese>*1 ,proce$+s1 vol4 x4 ,see1 too1 ,ta9e1 ,de l',intellig5ce1 i4 #gh1 #ajf1 #aci4 ,footnote #bd3 ,tann]'s ,n>rative1 ,new ,york1 #ahcj4 ,footnote #be3 ,primitive ,culture1 i4 #adc4 ,footnote #bf3 ,z 'spiritualism' is (t5 us$ 9 opposition to 'mat]ialism1' & ) no ref]5ce to rapp+ 'spirits1' ! mod]n belief 9 t class ( intellig5ces may "h be call$ spiritism4 ,footnote #bg3 ,! ,w to ,believe1 preface1 p4 xiv4 ,footnote #bh3 ,primitive ,culture1 i4 #dcb1dcc4 ,cit+ ,ovi$o1 ,hi/4 ,de ,nic>agua1 pp4 #ba-ea4 ,footnote #bi3 ,primitive ,culture1 i4 #ddj4 ,cit+ ,/ill+ aft] ,dale ,ow51 & quot+ ,mr4 ,alfr$ ,russel ,wallace's ,sci5tific ,aspect ( ! ,sup]natural1 p4 #dc4 ,mr4 ,tylor also adds folk-lore practices ( gho/-see+1 z on ,/4 ,john's ,eve4 ,/4 ,m>k's ,eve1 too1 is 9 po9t1 z f> z folk-lore goes4 ,footnote #cj3 ,proce$+s1 ,s4,p4,r4 v4 #afg4 ,,iv ',,op5+ ,,! ,,gates ,,( ,,di/ance' ',to op5 ! ,gates ( ,di/ance' is ! poetical ,zulu phrase = :at is call$ clairvoyance1 or vue di/ance4 ,?is1 if x exi/s1 is ! result ( a faculty ( undet]m9$ nature1 :]eby k ( remote ev5ts may be acquir$1 n ?r\gh normal *annels ( s5se4 ,z ! ,zulus say3 ',isiyezi is a /ate 9 :i* a man becomes slightly ins5sible4 ,he is awake1 b /ill sees ?+s :i* he w\ld n see if he 7 n 9 a /ate ( ec/asy 7nasiyesi74'#a ,! ,zulu description ( isiyezi includes :at is te*nically /yl$ 'dissociation4' ,no psy*ologi/ or pa?ologi/ w d5y t visions ( an halluc9atory sort may occur 9 dissociat$ /ates1 say 9 ! petit mal ( epilepsy4 ,! "q1 h[ev]1 is :e!r any su* visions convey actual in=mation n o!rwise to be acquir$1 beyond ! rea* ( *ance co9cid5ce to expla94 ,a ,scotti% example1 f ! records ( a c\rt ( law1 exactly illu/rates ! ,zulu !ory4 ,at ! mom5t :5 ! husb& ( ,jonka ,dyneis 0 9 dang] six miles f h] h\se 9 8 boat1 ,jonka '0 f\nd1 & se5 /&+ at h] own h\se wall 9 a trance1 & be+ tak51 %e c\ld n give answ]1 b /ood z b]eft ( h] s5ses1 & :5 %e 0 ask$ :y %e 0 s mov$1 %e answ]$1 ,if our boat be n lo/1 %e 0 9 great haz>d4' 7,octob] #b1 #afaf47b ,! belief 9 op5+ ! ,gates ( ,di/ance is1 ( c\rse1 v widely diffus$4 ,! gift is attribut$ to ,apollonius ( ,tyana1 to ,plot9us1 to _m ,sa9ts1 to ,ca!r9e de' ,m$ici1 to ! ,rev4 ,mr4 ,p$51#c & to ,jeanne d',arc1 :ile ! faculty is ! /ock 9 trade ( savage se]s 9 all regions4#d ,! "q1 h[ev]1 on :i* ,mr4 ,tylor does n t\*1 is1 ,are any ( ! /ories true8 ,if s1 ( c\rse !y w\ld confirm 9 ! m9d ( ! savage 8 !ory ( ! w&]+ s\l4 ,n[1 to f9d any?+ l atte/$ cases ( successful clairvoyance among savages is a difficult task4 ,:ite m5 ei!r sc\t ! idea1 or are afraid ( seem+ sup]/iti\s if !y give examples1 or1 if !y d give examples1 are accus$ ( hav+ sunk to ! degrad$ level ( ,zulus or ,r$ ,indians4 ,ev5 :]e travell]s1 l ,s*eff]1 h told ab\t _! own exp]i5ces1 ! n>ratives are omitt$ by mod]n writ]s on savage div9ation4#e ,we mu/ !re=e make our own rese>*es1 & x is to be not$ t ! /ories ( successful savage clairvoyance are giv5 z illu/rations m]ely1 n z evid5ce to facts1 = we _c cross-exam9e ! witnesses4 ,mr4 ,tylor dismisses ! topic 9 a mann] r cavali]3 ',)\t discuss+ on _! m]its ! acc\nts ( :at is call$ second sight1#f x may be po9t$ out t !y are relat$ among savage tribes1 z :5 ,capta9 ,jona?an ,c>v] obta9$ f a ,cree m$ic9e-man a true prophecy ( ! arrival ( a canoe ) news next day at noon2 or :5 ,mr4 ,j4 ,mason ,br[n1 travell+ ) two voyageurs on ! ,copp] ,m9e ,riv]1 0 met by ,indians ( ! v b& he 0 seek+1 ^! hav+ be5 s5t by _! m$ic9e-man1 :o1 on enquiry1 /at$ t he saw !m com+1 & he>d !m talk on _! j\rney4'#g ,n[1 9 our op9ion1 ! 'm]its' ( /ories ( second sight ne$ discussion1 because !y may1 if well atte/$1 raise a presumption t ! savage's !ory has a bett] f\ndation ?an ,mr4 ,tylor supposes4 ,oddly en\gh1 ?\gh ,mr4 ,tylor does n say s1 ,dr4 ,br9ton 7f :om he borr[s 8 two anecdotes7 is m or less ( our op9ion4 ',!re are1' says ,dr4 ,br9ton1 '/atem5ts support$ by unque/ionable te/imony1 :i* ought n to be pass$ ov] 9 sil5ce1 & yet ,i _c b approa* !m ) hesitation4 ,!y are s revolt+ to ! laws ( exact sci5ce1 s ali51 ,i _h almo/ said1 to ! exp]i5ce ( our lives4 ,yet is ?is true1 or are su* exp]i5ces only ignor$ & put aside )\t s]i\s consid]ation8' ,t is exactly :at we compla9 (2 ! alleg$ facts are 'put aside )\t s]i\s consid]ation4' ,we1 at lea/1 are n slaves to ! idea t '! laws ( exact sci5ce' mu/ be ! only laws at "w 9 ! _w4 ,sci5ce1 h[ev] exact1 does n pret5d to h discov]$ all 'laws4' ,to return to actual examples ( ! alleg$ sup]normal acquisition ( k by savages3 ,dr4 ,br9ton gives an example f ,*>levoix & ,g5]al ,mason ,br[n's anecdote4#h ,9 ,g5]al ,mason ,br[n's in/ance ! m$ic9e-man1 at a great di/ance1 bade 8 emiss>ies 'seek ?ree :ites1 ^: horses1 arms1 attire1 & p]sonal appe>ance he m9utely describ$1 :i* description 0 repeat$ to ,g5]al ,br[n by ! w>riors be=e !y saw 8 two companions4' ,g5]al ,br[n assur$ ,dr4 ,br9ton ( '! accuracy ( ?is 9 e p>ticul>4' ,mr4 ,tylor has c]ta9ly n improv$ ! /ory 9 8 cond5s$ v]sion4 ,dr4 ,br9ton ref]s to '_m' tales su* z ^!1 & "s w be f\nd 9 ',among ! ,zulus1' by ,mr4 ,david ,leslie 7#ahge74 ,mr4 ,leslie 0 a ,scotti% sportsman1 br\ght up f boyhood 9 famili>ity ) ! ,zulus4 ,8 k ( _! language & cu/oms 0 m9ute1 & 8 book1 privately pr9t$1 conta9s mu* int]e/+ matt]4 ,he writes3 ',i 0 oblig$ to proce$ to ! ,zulu c\ntry to meet my ,kaffir elephant-hunt]s1 ! "t = _! return hav+ arriv$4 ,!y 7 hunt+ 9 a v unheal?y c\ntry1 & ,i _h agre$ to wait = !m on ! ,nor?-,ea/ bord]1 ! ne>e/ po9t ,i c\ld g to ) safety4 ,i rea*$ ! appo9t$ r5dezv\s1 b c\ld n ga9 ! slighte/ intellig5ce ( my p at ! kraal4 ',aft] wait+ "s "t1 & becom+ v uneasy ab\t !m1 "o ( my s]vants recomm5d$ me to g to ! doctor1 & at la/1 out ( curiosity & p\r pass] le temps1 ,i did g4 ',i /at$ :at ,i want$--in=mation ab\t my hunt]s--& ,i 0 met by a /]n refusal4 ,i _c tell any?+ ab\t :ite m51 said he1 & ,i "k no?+ ( _! ways4 ,h[ev]1 aft] "s p]suasion & promise ( lib]al paym5t1 impress+ ^u him ! fact t x 0 n :ite m5 b ,kaffirs ,i want$ to "k ab\t1 he at la/ cons5t$1 say+ he w\ld op5 ! ,gate ( ,di/ance1 & w\ld travel ?r\gh x1 ev5 al?\gh 8 body %\ld lie be=e me4 ',8 fir/ proce$+ 0 to ask me ! numb] & names ( my hunt]s4 ,to ?is ,i demurr$1 tell+ him t if he obta9$ t in=mation f me he might easily sub/itute "s news :i* he may h he>d f o!rs1 in/ead ( ! spiritual telegraphic news :i* ,i expect$ him to get f 8 famili>4 ',to ?is he answ]$3 ,i told y ,i did n und]/& :ite m5's ways2 b if ,i am to d any?+ = y x mu/ be done 9 my way--n y\rs4 ,on receiv+ ?is fillip ,i felt incl9$ to give x up1 z ,i ?\ght ,i might receive "s rambl+ /atem5t ) a consid]able da% ( tru?1 x be+ easy = anyone :o knew any?+ ( hunt+ to give a tol]ably correct idea ( _! motions4 ',h[ev]1 ,i conc$$ ?is po9t also1 & o!rwise satisfi$ him4 ',! doctor !n made eight little fires--t be+ ! numb] ( my hunt]s2 on ea* he ca/ "s roots1#i :i* emitt$ a curi\s sickly od\r & ?ick smoke2 into ea* he ca/ a small /one1 %\t+1 z he did s1 ! "n to :i* ! /one 0 d$icat$2 !n he ate "s m$ic9e1 & fell ov] 9 :at appe>$ to be a trance = ab\t t5 m9utes1 dur+ all :i* "t 8 limbs kept mov+4 ,!n he seem$ to wake1 w5t to "o ( ! fires1 rak$ ! a%es ab\t1 look$ at ! /one att5tively1 describ$ ! man fai?fully1 & said3 ,?is man has di$ ( ! fev]1 & y\r gun is lo/4 ',to ! next fire z be=e3 ,?is man 7correctly describ$7 has kill$ f\r elephants1 & !n he describ$ ! tusks4 ,! next3 ,?is man 7aga9 describ+ him7 has be5 kill$ by an elephant1 b y\r gun is com+ home1 & s on ?r\gh ! :ole1 ! m5 be+ m9utely & correctly describ$2 _! success or non-success be+ equally s4 ,i 0 told :]e ! survivors 71 & :at !y 7 do+1 & t 9 ?ree mon?s !y w\ld come out1 b z !y w\ld n expect to f9d me wait+ on !m !re s long aft] ! "t appo9t$1 !y w\ld n pass t way4 ',i took a p>ticul> note ( all ?is in=mation at ! "t1 & to my utt] amazem5t x turn$ out correct 9 e p>ticul>4 ',x 0 sc>cely )9 ! b\nds ( possibility t ?is man c\ld h _h ord9>y intellig5ce ( ! hunt]s2 !y 7 scatt]$ ab\t 9 a c\ntry two hundr$ miles away4' ,mr4 ,leslie c\ld discov] no explanation1 nor 0 any sugge/$ by fri5ds famili> ) ! c\ntry & ! natives :om he consult$4 ,he gives ano!r example1 :i* may be expla9$ by 'sugge/ion4' ,a p>allel case f ,c5tral ,africa w be f\nd 9 ! ',j\rnal ( ! ,an?ropological ,in/itute1' ,novemb] #ahig1 p4 #cbj1 :]e 'private in=mation1' z usual1 w\ld expla9 ! s+ul> facts4 ,! ,zulus !mselves lay claim to a k9d ( clairvoyance :i* looks l ! result ( int5se visualis+ p[]1 comb9$ ) ! awak5+ ( ! subconsci\s memory4#aj ',!re is among black m5 a some?+ :i* is div9ation )9 !m4 ,:5 any?+ valuable is lo/1 !y look = x at once2 :5 !y _c f9d x1 ea* "o beg9s to practise ?is inn] div9ation1 try+ to feel :]e ! ?+ is2 =1 n be+ able to see x1 he feels int]nally a po9t+1 :i* tells him if he w g d[n to su* a place x is !re1 & he w f9d x4 ,at l5g? x says he w f9d x2 at l5g? he sees x1 & himself approa*+ x2 be=e he beg9s to move f :]e he is1 he sees x v cle>ly inde$1 & !re is an end ( d\bt4 ,t sight is s cle> t x is z ?\gh x 0 n an inn] sight1 b z if he saw ! v ?+ itself1 & ! place :]e x is2 s he quickly arises & goes to ! place4 ,if x is a hidd5 place he ?r[s himself into x1 z ?\gh !re 0 some?+ t impell$ him to g z swiftly z ! w9d2 &1 9 fact1 he f9ds ! ?+1 if he has n act$ by m]e head-guess+4 ,if x has be5 done by real inn] div9ation1 he really sees x4 ,b if x is done by m]e head-guess+ & k t he has n gone to su* a place & su* a place1 & t !re=e x mu/ be 9 su* ano!r place1 he g5]ally misses ! m>k4' ,o!r ,zulu in/ances w be giv5 "u ! heads ',possession' & ',feti%ism4' ,to take a ,nor!rn p3 ,9 8 ',hi/ory ( ! ,lapps'#aa ,s*eff] describes me*anical modes ( div9ation practis$ by t race1 :o use a drum & o!r objects = ! purpose4 ,^! modes dep5d on m traditional rules = int]pret+ ! accid5tal comb9ations ( lots4 ,b a ,lapp confess$ to ,s*eff]1 ) te>s1 t he c\ld n help see+ visions1 z he prov$ by giv+ ,s*eff] a m9ute relation '( :atev] p>ticul>s _h happ5$ to me 9 my j\rney to ,lapl&4 ,& he fur!r compla9$ t he "k n h[ to make use ( 8 eyes1 s9ce ?+s altoge!r di/ant 7 pres5t$ to !m4' ,?is ,lapp 0 anxi\s to become a ,*ri/ian1 h5ce 8 regret at be+ a 'r>e & valuable' example ( clairvoyance4 ,torfaeus also 0 pos$ by ! clairvoyance ( a ,samoy$1 z 0 ,regn>d by a ,lapp se]4#ab ,! next case is ( old date1 &1 l ! o!r savage examples1 is m]ely giv5 = purposes ( illu/ration4 '#be;e ,lettre4#ac ',suite des ,traditions des ,sauvages4 ',au ,=t de la ,rivire de ,/4 ,joseph1 ce #ad ,septembre #agba4 ',des ,jongleurs-- 444 ,v\s ayez vu ,p>is ,madame de ,m>son1 elle y e/ encore2 voici ce que ,m4 le ,m>quis de ,vaudreuil son ,g5dre1 actuellem5t notre ,g\v]neur ,gnral1 me raconta cet ,hyv]1 qu'il a s de cette ,dame1 qui n'e/ ri5 mons qu'un esprit foible4 ,elle etoit un j\r =t inquiette an sujet de ,m4 de ,m>son1 son ,m>i1 lequel comm&oit dans un ,po/e1 que n\s avions en ,accadie2 et etoit abs5t1 le tems qu'il avoit m>qu p\r son ret\r1 etoit pass4 ',une ,femme ,sauvage1 qui vit ,madame de ,m>son en pe9e1 lui en dem&a la cause1 l'ayant apprise1 lui dit1 aprs y avoir un peu rv1 de ne plus se *agr9]1 que son ,ep\x revi5droit tel j\r et telle heure1 qu'elle lui m>qua1 avec un *apeau gris sur la tte4 ,comme elle s'app]ut que la ,dame n'aj\toit po9t foi sa prdiction1 au j\r l'heure1 qu'elle avoit assigne1 elle rot\rna *ez elle1 lui dem&a si elle ne v\loit pas v5ir voir arriv] son ,m>i1 la pressa de telle sorte de la suivre1 qu'elle l'entrana au bord de la ,rivire4 ',a pe9e y etoent-elles arrives1 que ,m4 de ,m>son p>ut dans un ,canot1 un *apeau gris sur la tte2 ayant appris ce qui s'etoit pass1 assra qu'il ne p\voit pas compr5dre comm5t la ,sauvagesse avoit p savoir l'heure le j\r de son arrive4' ,x is unusual = ,european travell]s & mission>ies to give anecdotes :i* might seem to 'confirm ! delusions ( b5ight$ savages4' ,su* anecdotes1 aga91 are among ! arcana ( ^! wild philosoph]s1 & are n readily communicat$ to /rang]s4 ,:5 successful cases are report$1 x is natural to ass]t t !y come ?r\gh ,europeans :o h sunk into b>b>\s sup]/ition1 or t !y may be expla9$ by fraud & collusion4 ,x is c]ta91 h[ev]1 t savage pr(ici5ts believe 9 _! own p[]s1 ?\gh no less c]ta9ly !y w eke !m out by impo/ure4 ,se]s are *os5 9 ,zulul&1 z among ,eskimos & ,samoy$s1 f ! class :i* 9 ,europe supplies ! p]sons :o us$ to be1 b are no long] ! mo/ fav\rite hypnotic subjects1 'abnormal *ildr51' epileptic & hy/]ical4 ,^! are subject$ to 'a long & me?odical c\rse ( tra9+4'#ad ,/oll1 speak+ ( ,guatemala1 says t 'c]ta9ly mo/ ( ! induc$ & spontane\s ph5om5a ) :i* we are famili> occur among savages1' & appeals to travell]s = obs]vations4#ae ,in=mation is likely to come 91 z educat$ travell]s devote att5tion to ! topic4 ,dr4 ,callaway translates "s ,zulu communications :i* indicate ! am\nt ( belief 9 ?is v practical & sceptical p4 ,amus+ illu/rations ( _! scepticism w be quot$ lat]1 "u ',possession1' b !y d accept z se]s c]ta9 hy/]ical pati5ts4 ,^! are te/$ by _! skill 9 f9d+ objects :i* h be5 hidd5 )\t _! k4 ,!y !n behave mu* l ,mr4 ,/u>t ,cumb]l&1 b h n ! advantage ( muscul> contact ) ! p]son :o kn[s :]e ! hidd5 objects are conceal$4 ,! neighb\rs ev5 d5y t !y h hidd5 any?+ at all4 ',:5 !y p]si/ 9 _! d5ial 444 he f9ds all ! ?+s t !y h hidd54 ,!y see t he is a great inyanga 7se]7 :5 he has f\nd all ! ?+s !y h conceal$4' ,no d\bt he is guid$1 p]haps 9 a sup]-s5sitive condition1 by ! unconsci\s indications ( ! excit$ spectators4 ,! po9t is t1 :ile ! savage conjur] w d\btless use fraud :]ev] he c1 /ill ! exp]i5ce ( l[ races is 9 fav\r ( employ+ z se]s ! class ( p :o 9 ,europe 71 till rec5tly1 suppos$ to make ! be/ hypnotic subjects4 ,?us1 9 ,we/ ,africa1 '! presid+ eld]s1 dur+ y\r initiation to ! secret society ( y\r tribe1 discov] ?is gift ( ,ebumtupism1 or second sight1 & s select y z a wit* doctor4'#ae ,among ! ,k>5s1 ! ',wees1' or prophets1 'are n]v\s excitable m51 su* z w\ld become m$iums1'#af z m$iums are diagnos$ by ,mr4 ,tylor4 ,9 %ort1 n to multiply examples1 !re is an elem5t ( actual obs]vation & ( bona fides entangl$ 9 ! trick]y ( savage practice4 ,?\gh ! subjects may be select$ p>tly because ( ! physical ph5om5a ( convulsions :i* !y exhibit1 & :i* fav\rably impress _! cli5ts1 !y are also su* subjects z occasionally yield t evid5ce ( sup]normal faculty :i* is inve/igat$ by mod]n psy*ologi/s1 l ,ri*et1 ,janet1 & ,william ,james4 ,! foll[+ example1 by no means unique1 %[s ! view tak5 by savages ( _! own magic1 aft] !y h become ,*ri/ians4 ,ca!r9e ,wabose1 a conv]t$ ,r$ ,indian se]ess1 describ$ h] prelim9>y fa/1 at ! age ( pub]ty4 ,aft] six days ( ab/5tion f food %e 0 rapt away to an unkn[n place1 :]e a radiant be+ welcom$ h]4 ,lat] a d>k r\nd object promis$ h] ! gift ( prophecy4 ,%e f\nd h] natural s5ses greatly %>p5$ by lack ( food4 ,%e fir/ ex]cis$ h] p[]s :5 h] k9sfolk 9 l>ge numb]s 7 />v+1 a m$ic9e-lodge1 or 'tab]nacle' z ,lufitau calls x1 0 built = h]1 & %e crawl$ 94 ,z is well kn[n1 ^! lodges are viol5tly %ak5 dur+ ! magician's /ay )9 !m1 :i* ! e>ly ,jesuits at fir/ attribut$ to muscul> ef=ts by ! se]s4 ,9 #afcg ,pre ,lejeune 0 a/oni%$ by ! viol5t motions ( a l>ge lodge1 t5ant$ by a small man4 ,"o sorc]]1 ) an appe>ance ( c&\r1 v[$ t 'a great w9d ent]$ boi/]\sly1' & ! ,fa!r 0 assur$ t1 if he w5t 9 himself1 he w\ld become clairvoyant4 ,he did n make ! exp]im5t4 ,! ,me?odi/ conv]t1 ,ca!r9e1 gave ! same description ( h] own exp]i5ce3 ',! lodge began %ak+ viol5tly by sup]natural means4 ,i knew ?is by ! compress$ curr5t ( air above1 & ! noise ( motion4' ,%e _h be5 beat+ a small drum & s++1 n[ %e lay quiet4 ,! radiant 'orbicul>' _s !n in=m$ h] t !y 'mu/ g we/w>ds = game2 h[ %ort-sight$ y are6' ',! advice 0 tak5 & cr[n$ by in/ant success4' ,?is e/abli%$ h] reputation4#ag ,ca!r9e's conv]sion 0 l$ up to by a dream ( h] dy+ son1 :o beheld a ,sacr$ ,figure1 & receiv$ f ,him :ite raim5t4 ,h] magical songs tell h[ unse5 h&s %ake ! magic lodge4 ,!y invoke ! ,great ,_s t ',illum9es e>? ,illum9es heav56 ,ah1 say :at ,_s1 or ,body1 is ?is ,body1 ,t fills ! _w ar\nd1 ,speak1 man1 ah say ,:at ,_s1 or ,body1 is ?is ,body8' ,x is l a savage hymn to ,hegel's fhl5de ,seele3 ! all-p]vad+ ,s5sitive ,s\l4 ,we are rem9d$1 too1 ( '! doctr9e ( ! ,sanscrit ,upani%ads3 ,!re is no limit to ! kn[+ ( ! ,self t kn[s4'#ah ,unluckily ,ca!r9e 0 n ask$ to give o!r examples ( :at %e consid]$ h] successes4 ,aco/a1 :o has n ! be/ possible repute z an au?ority1 in=ms u t ,p]uvian clairvoyants 'tell :at ha? pass$ 9 ! fur!/ p>ts be=e news c come4 ,9 ! di/ance ( two or ?ree hundr$ leagues !y w\ld tell :at ! ,spani>ds did or suff]$ 9 _! civil w>s4' ,to ,du ,pont1 9 #afjf1 a sorc]] 'r5d]$ a true oracle ( ! com+ ( ,p\tr9c\rt1 say+ 8 ,devil _h told him s4'#ai ,we n[ give a mod]n case1 f a sci5tific laboratory1 ( k app>5tly acquir$ 9 no normal way1 by a p]son ( ! sort usually *os5 to be a prophet1 or wiz>d1 by savages4 ,pr(essor ,ri*et writes3#bj ',on ,monday1 ,july #b1 #ahhh1 aft] hav+ pass$ all ! day 9 my laboratory1 ,i hypnotis$ ,lonie at #h ,p4,m41 & :ile %e tri$ to make out a diagram conceal$ 9 an envelope ,i said to h] q sudd5ly3 ,:at has happ5$ to ,m4 ,langlois8 ,lonie kn[s ,m4 ,langlois f hav+ se5 him two or ?ree times "s "t ago 9 my physiological laboratory1 :]e he acts z my assi/ant4--,he has burnt himself1 ,lonie repli$1--,good1 ,i said1 & :]e has he burnt himself8--,on ! left h&4 ,x is n fire3 x is--,i don't "k its "n4 ,:y does he n take c>e :5 he p\rs x out8--,( :at col\r1 ,i ask$1 is ! /uff :i* he p\rs out8--,x is n r$1 x is br[n2 he has hurt himself v mu*--! sk9 puff$ up directly4 ',n[1 ?is description is admirably exact4 ,at #d ,p4,m4 t day ,m4 ,langlois _h wi%$ to p\r "s brom9e into a bottle4 ,he _h done ?is clumsily1 s t "s ( ! brom9e fl[$ on to 8 left h&1 :i* held ! funnel1 & at once burnt him sev]ely4 ,al?\gh he at once put 8 h& into wat]1 :]ev] ! brom9e _h t\*$ x a bli/] 0 =m$ 9 a few seconds--a bli/] :i* "o c\ld n bett] describe ?an by say+1 ! sk9 puff$ up4 ,i ne$ n say t ,lonie _h n left my h\se1 nor se5 anyone f my laboratory4 ,( ?is ,i am absolutely c]ta91 & ,i am c]ta9 t ,i _h n m5tion$ ! incid5t ( ! burn to anyone4 ,moreov]1 ?is 0 ! fir/ "t = ne>ly a ye> t ,m4 ,langlois _h h&l$ brom9e1 & :5 ,lonie saw him six mon?s be=e at ! laboratory he 0 engag$ 9 exp]im5ts ( q ano!r k9d4' ,"h ! savage reason] w\ld inf] t ,lonie's _s _h visit$ ,m4 ,langlois4 ,! mod]n inquir] w probably say t ,lonie became aw>e ( :at 0 pass+ 9 ! m9d ( ,m4 ,ri*et4 ,?is supranormal way ( acquir+ k 0 obs]v$ 9 ! la/ c5tury by ,m4 de ,puysgur 9 "o ( 8 e>lie/ cases ( somnambulism4 ,,mm4 ,b9et & ,fr say3 ',x is n yet admitt$ t ! subject is able to div9e ! ?\ghts ( ! magnetis] )\t any mat]ial communication2' :ile !y grant1 z a m9imum1 t 'rese>* %\ld be cont9u$ 9 ?is direction4'#ba ,!y appe> to ?9k t ,lonie may h read 'involunt>y signs' 9 ! aspect ( ,m4 ,ri*et4 ,?is is a difficult hypo!sis4 ,"h foll[s a case record$ 9 8 di>y by ,mr4 ,dobbie1 ( ,adelaide1 ,au/ralia1 :o has practis$ hypnotism = curative purposes4 ,he expla9s 7,june #aj1 #ahhd7 t he _h mesm]is$ ,miss ---- on sev]al occasions to relieve rheumatic pa9 & sore ?roat4 ,he f\nd h] to be clairvoyant4 ',! foll[+ is a v]batim acc\nt ( ! second "t ,i te/$ h] p[]s 9 ?is respect1 ,april #ab1 #ahhd4 ,!re 7 f\r p]sons pres5t dur+ ! sance4 ,"o ( ! company wrote d[n ! replies z !y 7 spok54 ',h] fa!r 0 at ! "t ov] fifty miles away1 b we did n "k exactly :]e1 s ,i que/ion$ h] z foll[s3 ,c y f9d y\r fa!r at ! pres5t mom5t8 ,at fir/ %e repli$ t %e c\ld n see him1 b 9 a m9ute or two %e said1 ,oh1 yes2 n[ ,i c see him1 ,mr4 ,dobbie4 ,:]e is he8 ,sitt+ at a l>ge table 9 a l>ge room1 & !re are a lot ( p go+ 9 & out4 ,:at is he do+8 ,writ+ a lett]1 & !re is a book 9 front ( him4 ,:om is he writ+ to8 ,to ! newspap]4 ,"h %e paus$ & laugh+ly said1 ,well1 ,i decl>e1 he is writ+ to ! ,a ,b 7nam+ a newspap]74 ,y said !re 0 a book !re4 ,c y tell me :at book x is8 ,x has gilt lett]s on x4 ,c y read !m1 or tell me ! "n ( ! au?or8 ,%e read1 or pron\nc$ sl[ly1 ,w4,l4,w4 7giv+ ! full surname ( ! au?or74 ,%e answ]$ sev]al m9or que/ions re ! furniture 9 ! room1 & ,i !n said to h]1 ,is x any ef=t or tr\ble to y to travel 9 ?is way8 ,yes1 a little2 ,i h to ?9k4 ',i n[ /ood beh9d h]1 hold+ a half-cr[n 9 my h&1 & ask$ h] if %e c\ld tell me :at ,i _h 9 my h&1 to :i* %e repli$1 ,x is a %ill+4 ,x seem$ z ?\gh %e c\ld see :at 0 happ5+ miles away easi] ?an %e c\ld see :at 0 go+ on 9 ! room4 ',h] fa!r return$ home ne>ly a week aft]w>ds1 & 0 p]fectly a/\nd$ :5 told by 8 wife & family :at he _h be5 do+ on t p>ticul> ev5+2 &1 al?\gh previ\s to t date he 0 a ?or\gh sceptic z to clairvoyance1 he frankly admitt$ t my clairvoyant 0 p]fectly correct 9 e p>ticul>4 ,he also in=m$ u t ! book ref]r$ to 0 a new "o1 :i* he _h pur*as$ aft] he _h left 8 home1 s t !re 0 no possibility ( 8 daught] guess+ t he _h ! book be=e him4 ,i may add t ! lett] 9 due c\rse appe>$ 9 ! pap]2 & ,i saw & h&l$ ! book4' ,a numb] ( cases ( s-call$ 'clairvoyance' w be f\nd 9 ! ',proce$+s ( ! ,society = ,psy*ical ,rese>*4'#bb ,z ! au?ors ( ^! essays rem>k1 ev5 aft] disc\nt+1 9 ea* case1 fraud1 malobs]vation1 & misreport+1 ! residue ( cases c seldom ju/ify ei!r ! savage !ory ( ! w&]+ s\l 7:i* is n "h s]i\sly propos$7 or ,hegel's !ory t ! fhl5de ,seele is uncondition$ by space4 ,=1 if ?\ght transf]5ce be a fact1 ! app>5t clairvoyant may only be read+ ! m9d ( a p]son at a di/ance4 ,! results1 h[ev]1 :5 successful1 w\ld naturally sugge/ to ! savage ?9k] ! belief 9 ! w&]+ s\l1 or corroborate x if x _h already be5 sugge/$ by ! common ph5om5a ( dream+4 ,to ^! in/ances ( k acquir$ o!rwise ?an by ! recognis$ *annels ( s5se we might add ! ,scotti% tales ( 'second sight4' ,t phrase is m]ely a local t]m cov]+ examples ( :at is call$ 'clairvoyance'--views ( ?+s remote 9 space1 halluc9ations ( sight t co9cide ) "s notable ev5t1 premonitions ( ?+s future1 & s on4 ,! belief & halluc9atory exp]i5ces are /ill v common 9 ! ,highl&s1 :]e ,i h myself collect$ _m rec5t in/ances4 ,mr4 ,tylor obs]ves t ! examples 'prove a little too mu*2 !y v\* n only = human app>itions1 b = su* phantoms z demon dogs1 & = /ill m fanciful symbolic om5s4' ,?is is p]fectly true4 ,i h f\nd no cases ( demon dogs2 b w&]+ lights1 probably ( meteoric or miasmatic orig91 are c]ta9ly reg>d$ z tok5s ( dea?4 ,?is is obvi\sly a sup]/iti\s hypo!sis1 ! lights be+ real ph5om5a miscon/ru$4 ,aga91 fun]als are n uncommonly se5 :]e no fun]al is tak+ place2 x is !n alleg$ t a real fun]al1 simil> & simil>ly situat$1 soon aft]w>ds occurr$4 ,on ! hypo!sis ( believ]s1 ! p]cipi5ts someh[ behold ',su* refraction ( ev5ts ,z (t5 rises ere !y rise4' ,ev5 ! savage _c acc\nt = ?is exp]i5ce by ! w&]+ ( ! s\l 9 space2 nor d ,i sugge/ any explanation4 ,i give1 h[ev]1 "o or two in/ances4 ,!y are publi%$ 9 ! ',j\rnal ( ! ,cal$onian ,m$ical ,society1' #ahig1 by ,dr4 ,ala/air ,macgregor1 on ! au?ority ( ! ,,mss4 ( 8 fa!r1 a m9i/] 9 ! isl& ( ,skye4 ',he once told me t :5 he fir/ w5t to ,skye he sc(f$ at ! idea ( su* a p[] z second sight be+ g5u9e2 b he said t1 aft] hav+ be5 !re = "s ye>s z a cl]gyman1 he _h be5 s (t5 consult$ be=eh& by p :o said !y _h se5 visions ( ev5ts :i* subsequ5tly occurr$1 to my fa!r's k1 9 exact accordance ) ! =m & details ( ! vision z =etold1 t he 0 compell$ to confess t "s folks _h1 app>5tly at lea/1 ! un=tunate faculty4 ',z my fa!r express$ x1 ?is faculty 0 nei!r volunt>y nor con/ant1 & 0 consid]$ r annoy+ ?an agreeable to ! possessors ( x4 ,! gift 0 possess$ by individuals ( bo? sexes1 & its fits came on )9 doors & )\t1 sitt+ & /&+1 at night & by day1 & at :atev] employm5t ! vot>y might *ance to be engag$4' ,"h foll[s a typical example ( ! vision ( a fun]al3 ',! session cl]k at ,dull1 a small village 9 ,p]?%ire1 0 ill1 & my gr&fa!r1 cl]gyman !re at ! "t1 _h to d duty = him4 ,"o f9e summ] ev5+1 ab\t #g o'clock1 a "y man & woman came to get "s pap]s fill$ up1 z !y 7 go+ to be m>ri$4 ,my gr&fa!r 0 ) ! c\ple 9 ! session cl]k's room1 no d\bt att5d+ to ! pap]s1 :5 sudd5ly all ?ree saw ?r\gh ! w9d[ a fun]al procession pass+ along ! road4 ,f _! dress ! bulk ( ! m\rn]s seem$ to be f>m lab\r]s--inde$ ! "y woman recognis$ "s ( !m z natives ( ,dull1 :o _h gone to live & "w ne> ,dunkeld4 ,rem>ks 7 naturally made by my gr&fa!r & ! "y c\ple ab\t ! untimely h\r = a fun]al1 &1 ha/ily fill+ 9 ! pap]s1 my gr&fa!r w5t out to get ! key ( ! *ur*y>d1 :i* 0 kept 9 ! manse1 z1 )\t ! key1 ! procession c\ld n get into ,god's acre4 ,wond]+ h[ x 0 t he _h receiv$ no intimation ( ! fun]al1 he w5t to ! manse by a %ort cut1 got ! key1 & hurri$ d[n to ! *ur*y>d gate1 :]e1 ( c\rse1 he expect$ to f9d ! cortge wait+4 ,n a s\l 0 !re except ! "y c\ple1 :o 7 z amaz$ z my gr&fa!r6 ',well1 at ! same h\r 9 ! ev5+ ( ! same day 9 ! foll[+ week ! fun]al1 ?is "t 9 reality1 arriv$ q unexpect$ly4 ,! facts 7 t a boy1 a native ( ,dull1 _h got gor$ by a bull at ,dunkeld1 & 0 s %ock+ly mangl$ t 8 rema9s 7 pick$ up & put into a c(f9 & tak5 )\t delay to ,dull4 ,a grave 0 dug z quickly z possible--! poor lad hav+ no relatives--& ! rema9s 7 int]r$4 ,my gr&fa!r & ! "y c\ple recognis$ sev]al ( ! m\rn]s z be+ among ^? :om !y _h se5 out ( ! session cl]k's room1 exactly a week previ\sly1 9 ! phantom cortge4 ,! "y woman knew "s ( !m p]sonally1 & relat$ to !m :at %e _h se51 b !y ( c\rse d5i$ all k ( ! affair1 hav+ be5 !n 9 ,dunkeld4' ,i give ano!r example1 because ! exp]i5ce 0 auditory1 z well z visual1 & ! pr$iction 0 ann\nc$ be=e ! ev5t4 ',! p>i%ion]s 9 ,skye 7 evid5tly l>gely imbu$ ) ! ,romani/-l belief 9 ! p[]s ( int]cession ve/$ 9 _! cl]gyman2 s :5 !y _h a w>n+ or vision !y usually consult$ my fa!r z to :at !y c\ld d to prev5t ! com+ disa/] befall+ _! relatives or fri5ds4 ,9 ?is way my fa!r _h ! opportunity ( not+ d[n ! m9utiae ( ! w>n+ or vision directly x 0 told him4 ,hav+ _h ! advantage ( a m$ical1 previ\s to 8 !ological1 tra9+1 he 0 able to note d[n s\nd facts1 unembelli%$ by sup]add$ imag9ation4 ,ent]+ into ?is me?od ( case-tak+ ) a m9d p]fectly op51 except = a slight t\* ( scepticism1 he 0 greatly surpris$ to discov] h[ v frequ5tly realisations occurr$ exactly 9 con=mance ) ! m9utiae ( ! vision z detail$ 9 8 note-book4 ,f9ally1 he 0 compell$ to disc>d 8 scepticism1 & to admit t "s p _h und\bt$ly ! uncanny gift4 ,almo/ ! fir/ case he took 7,case ,x47 0 t ( a woman :o _h "o day a vision ( h] son fall+ ov] a high rock at ,uig1 9 ,skye1 ) a %eep or lamb4 ',,case ,x4--,%e he>d h] son exclaim 9 ,gaelic1 ,?is is a fatal lamb = me4 ,z h] son liv$ sev]al miles f ,uig1 & 0 a fi%]man1 realisation seem$ to my fa!r v unlikely1 b "o mon? aft]w>ds ! realisation occurr$ only too true4 ,unkn[n to 8 "m1 :o _h w>n$ him aga9/ hav+ any?+ to d ) %eep or lambs1 ! son "o day1 in/ead ( go+ out 9 8 boat1 ?\ght he w\ld take a holiday inl&1 & w5t (f to ,uig1 :]e a f>m] enli/$ 8 s]vices 9 sep>at+ "s lambs f ! ewes4 ,"o ( ! lambs ran away1 & ! fi%] lad ran headlong aft] x1 & n look+ :]e he 0 go+1 on cat*+ ! lamb 0 pull$ by x to ! edge ( "o ( ! v picturesque b exce$+ly dang]\s rocks at ,uig4 ,too late realiz+ 8 critical position1 he exclaim$1 ,?is is a fatal lamb = me1 b go+ ) su* an impetus he 0 unable to br+ himself up 9 "t1 &1 along ) ! lamb1 fell ov] into ! rav9e bel[1 & 01 ( c\rse1 kill$ on ! spot4 ,! f>m]1 :5 he saw ! lad's dang]1 ran to 8 assi/ance1 b 0 only 9 "t to he> him cry out 9 ,gaelic be=e disappe>+ ov] ! br9k ( ! precipice4 ,?is 0 pr$ict$ by ! "m a mon? be=e4 ,0 ?is simply a co9cid5ce8' ,dr4 ,macgregor's rem>ks on ! involunt>y & unwelcome nature ( ! visions is borne out by :at ,s*eff]1 z already quot$1 says conc]n+ ! ,lapps4 ,9 addition to visions :i* ?us come uns\ght1 contribut+ k ( ?+s remote or ev5 future1 we may glance at visions :i* are provok$ by v>i\s me?ods4 ,drugs 7impepo7 are us$1 se]s :irl 9 a wild dance till !y fall s5seless1 or trance is induc$ by v>i\s k9ds ( self-sugge/ion or 'auto-hypnotism4' ,fa/+ is also practis$4 ,9 mod]n life ! self-induc$ trance is common among 'm$iums'--a subject to :i* we recur lat]4 ,s f>1 x w be obs]v$1 our evid5ce proves t precisely simil> beliefs z to man's occasional p[] ( op5+ ! gates ( di/ance h be5 ent]ta9$ 9 a great v>iety ( l&s & ages1 & by races 9 e condition ( culture4#bc ,! alleg$ exp]i5ces are /ill said to occur1 & h be5 inve/igat$ by physiologi/s ( ! em95ce ( ,m4 ,ri*et4 ,! "q _c b arise z to ! residuum ( fact 9 ^! n>rations1 & x keeps on aris+4 ,9 ! foll[+ *apt] we discuss a mode ( induc+ halluc9ations :i* has = an?ropologi/s ! int]e/ ( univ]sal diffusion4 ,! wid? ( its range 9 savage races has n1 we believe1 be5 previ\sly obs]v$4 ,we !n add facts ( mod]n exp]i5ce1 ab\t ! au!nticity ( :i* we1 p]sonally1 ent]ta9 no d\bt2 & ! provisional conclusion appe>s to be t savages h obs]v$ a psy*ological circum/ance :i* has be5 ignor$ by pr(ess$ psy*ologi/s1 & :i*1 c]ta9ly1 does n fit into ! ord9>y mat]iali/ic hypo!sis4 ,footnote #a3 ,callaway1 ,religion ( ! ,zulus1 p4 #bcb4 ,footnote #b3 ,graham ,dalzell1 ,d>k] ,sup]/itions ( ,scotl&1 p4 #dha4 ,footnote #c3 ,see good evid5ce 9 ,k] ( ,k]sl&'s ,memoirs4 ,footnote #d3 ,autus ,gellius1 xv4 #ah1 ,dio ,cassius1 lxvii41 ,crespet1 ,de la ,ha9e du ,diable1 ,procs de ,jeanne d',arc4 ,footnote #e3 ,see ',%amanism 9 ,sib]ia1' ,j4,a4,i41 ,novemb] #ahid1 pp4 #adg-adi1 & comp>e ,s*eff]4 ,! article is v le>n$ & int]e/+4 ,footnote #f3 ,williams m5tions second sight 9 ,fiji1 b gives no examples4 ,footnote #g3 ,primitive ,culture1 i4 #ddg4 ,mr4 ,tylor cites ,dr4 ,br9ton's ,my?s ( ! ,new ,_w1 p4 #bfi4 ,! ref]5ce 9 ! rec5t edition is p4 #bhi4 ,c>v]'s case is giv5 "u ! head ',possession' lat]4 ,footnote #h3 ,j\rnal ,hi/orique p4 #cfb2 ,atlantic ,mon?ly1 ,july #ahff4 ,footnote #i3 ,probably impepo1 eat5 by se]s1 accord+ to ,callaway4 ,footnote #aj3 ,callaway's ,religion ( ! ,amazulu1 p4 #ceh4 ,footnote #aa3 ,ox=d1 #afgd4 ,footnote #ab3 ,voyages4 ,footnote #ac3 ,f ,*>levoix1 ,j\rnal ,hi/orique1 p4 #cfb4 ,footnote #ad3 ,ba/ian1 ,ueb] psy*4 ,beoba*t4 p4#ba4 ,footnote #ad3 ,op4 cit4 p4#bf4 ,footnote #ae3 ,miss ,k+sley1 ,travels 9 ,we/ ,africa1 p4 #dfj4 ,footnote #af3 ,primitive ,culture1 ii1 #aha2 ,mason's ,burmah1 p4 #ajg4 ,footnote #ag3 ,s*oolcraft1 i4 #cid4 ,footnote #ah3 ,br9ton's ,religions ( ,primitive ,peoples1 p4 #eg4 ,footnote #ai3 ,pur*as1 p4 #fbi4 ,footnote #bj3 ,s4,p4,r4 ,proce$+s1 vol4 vi4 #fi4 ,footnote #ba3 ,b9et & ,fr1 ,animal ,magnetism1 p4 #fd4 ,footnote #bb3 ,vol4 vii4 ,mrs4 ,sidgwick1 pp4 #cj1 #cef2 vol4 vi4 p4 #ff1 ,pr(essor ,ri*et1 p4 #djg1 ,drs4 ,dufay & ,azam4 ,footnote #bc3 ,! examples 9 ! ,old ,te/am5t1 & 9 ! ,life ( ,/4 ,columba by ,adamnan1 ne$ only be allud$ to z too famili> = quotation4 ,v ,,cry/al ,,visions1 ,,savage ,,& ,,civilis$ ,among savage me?ods ( provok+ halluc9ations :5ce k may be sup]normally obta9$1 v>i\s =ms ( 'cry/al-gaz+' are ! mo/ curi\s4 ,we f9d ! habit ( look+ into wat]1 usually 9 a vessel1 pref]ably a glass vessel1 among ,r$ ,indians 7,lejeune71 ,romans 7,v>ro1 cit$ 9 ,civitas ,dei1 iii4 #deg71 ,africans ( ,fez 7,leo ,africanus72 :ile ,maoris use a drop ( blood 7,taylor71 ,egyptians use ink 7,lane71 & ,au/ralian savages employ a ball ( poli%$ /one1 into :i* ! se] 'puts himself' to descry ! results ( an exp$ition4#a ,i h already giv51 9 ! ,introduction1 ,ellis's record ( ! ,polynesian case4 ,a hole be+ dug 9 ! door ( 8 h\se1 & fill$ ) wat]1 ! prie/ looks = a vision ( ! ?ief :o has c>ri$ (f /ol5 goods4 ,! ,polynesian !ory is t ! god c>ries ! _s ( ! ?ief ov] ! wat]1 9 :i* x is reflect$4 ,lejeune's ,r$ ,indians make _! pati5ts gaze into ! wat]1 9 :i* !y w see ! pictures ( ! ?+s 9 ! way ( food or m$ic9e t w d !m good4 ,9 mod]n language1 ! in/9ctive k exi/+ implicitly 9 ! pati5t's subconsci\sness is ?us br\ght into ! range ( 8 ord9>y consci\sness4 ,9 #ahhg ! late ,capta9 ,j4 ,t4 ,b\rke1 ( ! ,u4,s4 ,cavalry1 an orig9al & c>eful obs]v]1 visit$ ! ,apa*es 9 ! int]e/s ( ! ,e?nological ,bureau4 ,he le>n$ t "o ( ! *ief duties ( ! m$ic9e-m5 0 to f9d out ! :]eab\ts ( lo/ or /ol5 prop]ty4 ,na-a-*a1 "o ( ^! jossake$s1 possess$ a magic qu>tz cry/al1 :i* he greatly valu$4 ,capta9 ,b\rke pres5t$ him ) a /ill f9] cry/al4 ',he c\ld n give me an explanation ( its magical use1 except t by look+ into x he c\ld see ev]y?+ he want$ to see1' ,capta9 ,b\rke appe>s nev] to h he>d ( ! mod]n exp]im5ts 9 cry/al-gaz+4 ,capta9 ,b\rke also discov]$ t ! ,apa*es1 l ! ,greeks1 ,au/ralians1 ,africans1 ,maoris1 & _m o!r1 races1 use ! bull-ro>]1 turndun1 or rhombos--a piece ( wood :i*1 be+ :irl$ r\nd1 causes a /range w9dy ro>--9 _! my/ic c]emonies4 ,! wide use ( ! rhombos 0 kn[n to ,capta9 ,b\rke2 t ( ! cry/al 0 n4 ,= ! ,iroquois1 ,mrs4 ,erm9ie ,smi? supplies in=mation ab\t ! cry/al4 ',plac$ 9 a g\rd ( wat]1 x c\ld r5d] visible ! app>ition ( a p]son :o has bewit*$ ano!r4' ,%e gives a case 9 ,european times ( a m$ic9e-man :o f\nd ! wit*'s habitat1 b got only an indi/9ct view ( h] face4 ,on a second trial he 0 successful4#b ,"o may add t treasure-seek]s among ! ,huille-*e 'look e>ne/ly' = :at !y want to f9d 'into a smoo? slab ( black /one1 :i* ,i suppose to be basalt4'#c ,! k9dness ( ,monsieur ,lefbure enables me to give ano!r example f ,madagasc>4#d ,flac\rt1 describ+ ! ,malagasies1 says t !y squill5t 7a ^w n 9 ,littr71 t is1 div9e by cry/als1 :i* 'fall f heav5 :5 x ?und]s1' ,( c\rse ! ra9 reveals ! cry/als1 z x does ! fl9t in/rum5ts call$ '?und]bolts' 9 _m c\ntries4 ',lorsqu'ils squill5t1 ils ont une de ces pi]res au co+ de leurs tablettes1 disans qu'elle la v]tu de faire faire op]ation leur figure de geomance4' ,probably !y us$ ! cry/als z d ! ,apa*es4 ,on ,july #ae a ,malagasy woman view$1 :e!r 9 h] cry/al or o!rwise1 two ,fr5* vessels :i*1 l ! ,spani% fleet1 7 'n 9 sight1' also (fic]s1 & doctors1 & o!rs abo>d1 :om %e _h se51 be=e _! return to ,france1 9 ,madagasc>4 ,! e>lie/ ( ! %ips did n arrive till ,augu/ #aa4 ,dr4 ,callaway gives ! ,zulu practice1 :]e ! *ief 'sees :at w happ5 by look+ into ! vessel4'#e ,! ,%amans ( ,sib]ia & ,ea/]n ,russia employ ! same me?od4#f ,! case ( ! ,inca1 ,yupanqui1 is v curi\s4 ',z he came up to a f\nta9 he saw a piece ( cry/al fall into x1 )9 :i* he beheld a figure ( an ,indian 9 ! foll[+ %ape 444 ,! app>ition !n vani%$1 :ile ! cry/al rema9$4 ,! ,inca took c>e ( x1 & !y say t he aft]w>ds saw ev]y?+ he want$ 9 x4'#g ,"h1 !n1 we f9d ! belief t halluc9ations c be induc$ by "o or o!r =m ( cry/al-gaz+1 9 anci5t ,p]u1 on ! o!r side ( ! cont95t among ! ,huille-*e1 9 ,fez1 9 ,madagasc>1 9 ,sib]ia1 among ,apa*es1 ,hurons1 ,iroquois1 ,au/ralian black fell[s1 ,maoris1 & 9 ,polynesia4 ,?is is assur$ly a wide range ( geographical di/ribution4 ,we also f9d ! practice 9 ,greece 7,pausanias1 ,,vii4 xxi4 #ab71 9 ,rome 7,v>ro71 9 ,egypt1 & 9 ,india4 ,?\gh an?ropologi/s h paid no att5tion to ! subject1 x 0 ( c\rse famili> to lat] ,europe4 ',miss ,x' has trac$ x among e>ly ,*ri/ians1 9 e>ly ,c\ncils1 9 episcopal condemnations ( specul>ii1 & s to ,dr4 ,dee1 "u ,james ,,vi42 ,aubrey2 ! ,reg5t d',orlans 9 ,/4 ,simon's ,memoirs2 ! mod]n mesm]i/s 7,gregory1 ,mayo7 & ! mid-,victorian spirituali/s1 :o1 z usual1 expla9$ ! ph5om5a1 9 _! prehi/oric way1 by 'spirits#h4' ,till ?is lady exam9$ ! subject1 nobody _h ?\ght ( rem>k+ t a belief s univ]sal _h probably "s basis ( facts1 or nobody if we except two pr(essors ( *emi/ry & physiology1 ,drs4 ,gregory & ,mayo4 ,miss ,x made exp]im5ts1 beg9n+ by accid5t1 l ,george ,s&1 :5 a *ild4 ,! halluc9ations :i* appe> to h] eyes 9 ink1 or cry/al1 are3 #a4 ,reviv$ memories 'aris+ ?us1 & ?us only1 f ! subconsci\s /rata2' '#b4 ,objectivation ( ideas or images--7a7 consci\sly or 7b7 unconsci\sly--9 ! m9d ( ! p]cipi5t2 '#c4 ,visions1 possibly telepa?ic or clairvoyant1 imply+ acquirem5t ( k by sup]normal means4'#i ,! examples giv5 ( ! la/ class1 ! class :i* w\ld be s useful to a prie/ or m$ic9e-man ask$ to discov] ?+s lo/1 are ( v slight int]e/4#aj ,s9ce ,miss ,x drew att5tion to ?is subject1 exp]im5ts h prov$ beyond d\bt t a fair p]c5tage ( p1 sane & heal?y1 c see vivid l&scapes1 & figures ( p]sons 9 motion1 9 glass balls & o!r vehicles4 ,?is faculty ,dr4 ,p>i% attributes to 'dissociation1' practically to dr[s9ess4 ,b he speaks by conjecture1 & )\t hav+ witness$ exp]im5ts1 z w be %[n lat]4 ,i n[ (f] a s]ies ( exp]im5ts ) a glass ball1 com+ "u my own obs]vation1 9 :i* k 0 app>5tly acquir$ 9 no ord9>y way4 ,( ! abs5ce ( fraud ,i am p]sonally conv9c$1 n only by ! *>act]s ( all conc]n$1 b by ! nature ( ! circum/ances4 ,t adaptive memory did n lat] alt] ! n>ratives1 z orig9ally told1 ,i feel c]ta91 because !y 7 report$ to me1 :5 ,i 0 n pres5t1 )9 less ?an a week1 precisely z !y are n[ giv51 except 9 cases specially not$4 ,e>ly 9 ! pres5t ye> 7#ahig7 ,i met a "y lady :o told me ( ?ree or f\r curi\s halluc9atory exp]i5ces ( h] own1 :i* 7 suffici5tly corroborat$4 ,%e 0 innoc5t ( psy*ical /udies1 & p]sonally 01 & is1 9 p]fect heal?2 ! pale ca/ ( ?\ght be+ remote f h]4 ,i got a glass ball1 & 0 pres5t :5 %e fir/ look$ into x4 ,%e saw1 ,i rememb]1 ! int]ior ( a h\se1 ) a full-l5g? portrait ( a p]son unkn[n4 ,!re 71 ,i ?9k1 "o or two o!r fancy pictures ( ! famili> k9d4 ,b %e pres5tly 7liv+ z %e 01 among /rang]s7 develop$ a p[] ( 'see+' p]sons & places unkn[n to h]1 b famili> to !m4 ,^! exp]i5ces d seem to me to be good examples ( :at is call$ '?\ght transf]5ce2' inde$1 ,i nev] be=e c\ld get out ( a level balance ( d\bt on t subject1 a balance :i* n[ leans consid]ably to ! affirmative side4 ,!re may be abundance ( bett] evid5ce1 b1 kn[+ ! p]sons & circum/ances1 & be+ pres5t once at :at seem$ to me a crucial example1 ,i 0 m incl9$ to be conv9c$4 ,?is attitude appe>s1 to myself1 illogical1 b x is natural & usual4 ,we _c tell :at indications may be accid5tally giv5 9 exp]im5ts 9 ?\ght transf]5ce4 ,b1 9 ^! cases ( cry/al-gaz+1 ! detail 0 too copi\s to be convey$1 by a look]-on1 9 a w9k or a c\gh4 ,i d n mean to say t success 0 inv>iable4 ,i ?\ght ( ,dr4 ,w4,g4 ,grace1 & ! scry] saw an old man crawl+ along ) a /ick4 ,b ,i d\bt if ,dr4 ,grace is v deeply seat$ 9 t my/ic entity1 my subconsci\s self4 ,! 'scries' :i* came "r 7 sometimes1 b n always1 ^? ( :i* ! 'ag5t' 7or p]son scri$ =7 0 consci\sly ?9k+4 ,b ! examples w illu/rate ! v>i\s k9ds ( occurr5ces4 ,"h "o %\ld fir/ consid] ! argum5ts aga9/ accept+ recognition ( objects m]ely describ$ by ano!r p]son4 ,! cry/al-gaz] may "k ! inquir] s intimately z to h a v good guess at ! subject ( 8 m$itation4 ,aga91 a man is likely to be ?9k+ ( a woman1 & a woman ( a man1 s ! field ( conjecture is limit$4 ,9 answ] to ! fir/ objection ,i may say t ! cry/al-gaz] 0 among /rang]s1 all ( :om1 myself includ$1 %e n[ saw = ! fir/ "t4 ,nor c\ld %e h /udi$ _! hi/ories be=eh&1 = %e c\ld n "k 7normally7 :5 %e left home1 t %e 0 ab\t to be %[n a glass ball1 or :om %e w\ld meet4 ,! second objection is met by ! circum/ance t ladies 7 n usually pick$ out = m51 nor m5 = wom54 ,inde$1 ^! *oices 7 ! exceptions1 & 9 ea* case 7 m>k$ by m9utely p>ticul> details4 ,a ?ird objection is t cr$ulity1 or ! love ( /range novelties1 or desire to oblige1 biases ! inquir]s1 & makes !m anxi\s to recognise some?+ famili> 9 ! scry]'s descriptions4 ,9 ! same way we "k h[ p recognise faces 9 ! mo/ blurr$ & vague ( spiriti/ photographs1 or see family resemblances 9 ! mo/ rudim5t>y d\ghfac$ babies4 ,take descriptions ( p]sons 9 a passport1 or 9 a proclamation sket*+ ! p]sonal appe>ance ( a crim9al4 ,^! fit ! m5 or wom5 int5d$1 b !y also fit a cr[d ( o!r p4 ,! description giv5 by ! scry] !n may come "r by a =tuit\s co9cid5ce1 or may be too cr$ul\sly recognis$4 ,! complex ( co9cid5ces1 h[ev]1 c\ld n be attribut$ to *ance selection out ( ! :ole possible field ( conjecture4 ,we mu/ rememb]1 too1 t a s]ies ( su* hits increases1 at an enorm\s rate1 ! odds aga9/ accid5tal conjecture4 ,( su* m]e luck ,i may give an example4 ,i 0 writ+ a /ory ( :i* ! h]o 0 ,george ,kelly1 "o ( ! ',sev5 ,m5 ( ,moid>t4' ,a ye> aft] compos+ my tale1 ,i f\nd ! ,gov]nm5t description ( ,mr4 ,kelly 7#agcf74 ,x exactly talli$ ) my purely fanciful sket*1 d[n to eyes1 & tee?1 & face1 except t ,i made my h]o 'ab\t six feet1' :]eas ! ,gov]nm5t gave him five feet t54 ,b ,i knew be=eh& t ,mr4 ,kelly 0 a cl]gyman2 8 curi\s c>e] prov$ him to be a p]son ( great activity & g5iality--& he 0 ( ,iri% bir?4 ,ev5 a doz5 su* guesses1 equally correct1 c\ld n sugge/ any p[]s ( 'vision1' :5 s mu* 0 kn[n be=eh& ab\t ! p]son guess$ at4 ,i n[ give cases 9 ! exp]i5ce ( ,miss ,angus1 z "o may call ! cry/al-gaz]4 ,! fir/ occurr$ ! day aft] %e got ! glass ball = ! fir/ "t4 ,%e writes3 ',i4--,a lady "o day ask$ me to scry out a fri5d ( :om %e w\ld ?9k4 ,almo/ imm$iately ,i exclaim$ ,"h is an old1 old lady look+ at me ) a triumphant smile on h] face4 ,%e has a prom95t nose & nut-crack] *94 ,h] face is v mu* wr9kl$1 especially at ! sides ( h] eyes1 z if %e 7 always smil+4 ,%e is we>+ a little :ite %awl ) a black edge4 ,b6 444 %e c't be old z h] hair is q br[n6 al?\gh h] face looks s v v old4 ,! picture !n vani%$1 & ! lady said t ,i _h accurately describ$ h] fri5d's "m in/ead ( himself2 t x 0 a family joke t ! "m mu/ dye h] hair1 x 0 s br[n & %e 0 eighty-two ye>s old4 ,! lady ask$ me if ! vision 7 di/9ct en\gh = me to recognise a lik5ess 9 ! son's photograph2 next day %e laid sev]al photographs be=e me1 & 9 a mom5t1 )\t ! slighte/ hesitation ,i pick$ him out f 8 wond]ful lik5ess to my vision6' ,! inquir] v]bally corroborat$ all ! facts to me1 )9 a week1 b lean$ to a !ory ( 'electricity4' ,%e has read & confirms ?is acc\nt4 ',,ii4--,"o aft]noon ,i 0 sitt+ beside a "y lady :om ,i _h nev] se5 or he>d ( be=e4 ,%e ask$ if %e might look into my cry/al1 & :ile %e did s ,i happ5$ to look ov] h] %\ld] & saw a %ip toss+ on a v heavy *oppy sea1 al?\gh l& 0 /ill visible 9 ! dim di/ance4 ,t vani%$1 &1 z sudd5ly1 a little h\se appe>$ ) five or six 7,i =get n[ ! exact numb] ,i !n c\nt$7 /eps lead+ up to ! door4 ,on ! second /ep /ood an old man read+ a newspap]4 ,9 front ( ! h\se 0 a field ( ?ick /ubbly grass :]e "s lambs1 ,i 0 go+ to say1 b !y 7 m l v small %eep44 7 graz+4 ',:5 ! sc5e vani%$1 ! "y lady told me ,i _h vividly describ$ a spot 9 ,%etl& :]e %e & h] "m 7 soon go+ to sp5d a few weeks4' ,i he>d ( ?is case f ,miss ,angus )9 a day or two ( its occurr5ce1 & x 0 !n confirm$ to me1 v]bally1 by ! o!r lady4 ,%e aga9 confirms x 7,decemb] #ba1 #ahig74 ,bo? ladies _h hi!rto be5 p]fect /rang]s to ea* o!r4 ,! old man 0 ! s*oolma/]1 app>5tly4 ,9 h] ,,ms41 ,miss ,angus writes ',skye1' b at ! "t bo? %e & ! o!r lady said ,%etl& 7:i* ,i h re/or$74 ,9 ,%etl& ! %eep1 l ! ponies1 are small4 ,=tuit\s co9cid5ce1 ( c\rse1 may be invok$4 ,! next acc\nt is by ano!r lady1 say ,miss ,rose4 ',,iii4--,writes ,miss ,rose--,my fir/ exp]i5ce ( cry/al gaz+ 0 n a pleasant "o1 z w be se5 f ! foll[+ :i* ,i n[ relate z exactly z ,i c rememb]4 ,i ask$ my fri5d1 ,miss ,angus1 to all[ me to look 9 h] cry/al1 &1 aft] do+ s = a %ort "t1 gave up1 say+ x 0 v unsatisfactory1 z1 al?\gh ,i saw a room ) a bright fire 9 x & a b$ all curta9$ & p com+ & go+1 ,i c\ld n make out :o !y 71 s ,i return$ ! cry/al to ,miss ,angus1 ) ! reque/ t %e might look = me4 ,%e said at once1 ,i see a b$ ) a man 9 x look+ v ill & a lady 9 black beside x4 ,)\t say+ any m ,miss ,angus /ill kept look+1 &1 aft] "s "t1 ,i ask$ to h "o m look1 & on h] pass+ ! ball back to me1 ,i receiv$ q a %ock1 = !re1 p]fectly cle>ly 9 a bright light1 ,i saw /ret*$ out 9 b$ an old man app>5tly dead2 = a few m9utes ,i c\ld n look1 & on do+ s once m !re appe>$ a lady 9 black & out ( d5se d>kness a long black object 0 be+ c>ri$ & x /opp$ be=e a d>k op5+ ov]hung ) rocks4 ,at ! "t ,i saw ?is ,i 0 /ay+ ) c\s9s1 & x 0 a ,friday ev5+4 ,on ,sunday we he>d ( ! dea? ( ! fa!r-9-law ( "o ( my c\s9s2 ( c\rse ,i knew ! old g5tleman 0 v ill1 b my ?\ghts 7 n 9 ! lea/ ab\t him :5 look+ 9 ! cry/al4 ,i may also say ,i did n recognise 9 ! features ( ! dead man ^? ( ! old g5tleman ^: dea? ,i m5tion4 ,on look+ aga9 on ,sunday1 ,i once m saw ! curta9$ b$ & "s p4' ,i n[ give ,miss ,angus's v]sion ( ?is case1 z orig9ally receiv$ f h] 7,decemb] #ahig74 ,i _h previ\sly receiv$ an oral v]sion1 f a p]son pres5t at ! scry+4 ,x diff]$1 9 "o respect1 f :at ,miss ,angus writes4 ,h] v]sion is (f]$ because x is made indep5d5tly1 )\t consultation1 or attempt to reconcile recollections4 ',at a rec5t exp]i5ce ( gaz+1 = ! fir/ "t ,i 0 able to make ano!r see :at ,i saw 9 ! cry/al4 ,miss ,rose call$ "o aft]noon1 & begg$ me to look 9 ! ball = h]4 ,i did s1 & imm$iately exclaim$1 ,oh6 "h is a b$1 ) a man 9 x look+ v ill ,i saw he 0 dead1 b refra9$ f say+ s1 & !re is a lady dress$ 9 black sitt+ beside ! b$4 ,i did n recognise ! man to be anyone ,i knew1 s ,i told h] to look4 ,9 a v %ort "t %e call$ out1 ,oh6 ,i see ! b$ too6 ,b1 oh6 take x away1 ! man is dead6 ,%e got q a %ock1 & said %e w\ld nev] look 9 x aga94 ,soon1 h[ev]1 curiosity prompt$ h] to h "o m look1 & ! sc5e at once came back aga91 & sl[ly1 f a mi/y object at ! side ( ! b$1 ! lady 9 black became q di/9ct4 ,!n %e describ$ sev]al p 9 ! room1 & said !y 7 c>ry+ some?+ all drap$ 9 black4 ,:5 %e saw ?is1 %e put ! ball d[n & w\ld n look at x aga94 ,%e call$ aga9 on ,sunday 7?is _h be5 on ,friday7 ) h] c\s91 & we teas$ h] ab\t be+ afraid ( ! cry/al1 s %e said %e w\ld j look 9 x once m4 ,%e took ! ball1 b imm$iately laid x d[n aga91 say+1 ,no1 ,i won't look1 z ! b$ ) ! awful man 9 x is !re aga96 ',:5 !y w5t home1 !y he>d t ! c\s9's fa!r-9-law _h di$ t aft]noon1#aa b to %[ he _h nev] be5 9 our ?\ghts1 al?\gh we all knew he _h n be5 well1 no "o sugge/$ him2 8 "n 0 nev] m5tion$ 9 connection ) ! vision4' ',clairvoyance1' ( c\rse1 is n illu/rat$ "h1 ! corpse be+ unrecognis$1 & ! co9cid5ce1 d\btless1 accid5tal4 ,! next case is atte/$ by a civilian1 a slight acqua9tance ( ,miss ,angus's1 :o n[ saw him = ! second "t only1 b bett] kn[n to h] family4 ',,iv4--,on ,?ursday1 ,m>* --8 #ahig1 ,i 0 lun*+ ) my fri5ds ! ,anguses1 & dur+ lun*eon ! conv]sation turn$ ^u cry/al balls & ! visions t1 by "s p1 c be se5 9 !m4 ,! subject arose ow+ to ,miss ,angus hav+ j be5 pres5t$ ) a cry/al ball by ,mr4 ,&rew ,lang4 ,i ask$ h] to let me see x1 & !n to try & see if %e c\ld conjure up a vision ( any p]son ( :om ,i might ?9k4444 ,i fix$ my m9d ^u a fri5d1 a "y troop] 9 ! regim5t nam$1 z ,i ?\ght 8 w\ld be a /rik+ & peculi> p]sonality1 ow+ to 8 uni=m1 & also because ,i felt sure t ,miss ,angus c\ld n possibly "k ( 8 exi/5ce4 ,i fix$ my m9d /eadily ^u my fri5d1 & pres5tly ,miss ,angus1 :o _h already se5 two cl\dy visions ( faces & p1 call$ out1 ,n[ ,i see a man on a horse mo/ di/9ctly2 he is dress$ mo/ que]ly1 & glitt]s all ov]--:y1 x's a soldi]6 a soldi] 9 uni=m1 b x's n an (fic]4 ,my excitem5t on he>+ ?is 0 s great t ,i ceas$ to conc5trate my att5tion ^u ! ?\ght ( my fri5d1 & ! vision fad$ away & c\ld n aft]w>ds be recall$4--,decemb] #b1 #ahig4' ,! witness gives ! "n ( ! troop]1 :om he _h befri5d$ 9 a sev]e illness4 ,miss ,angus's own acc\nt foll[s3 %e _h told me ! /ory 9 ,june #ahig4 ',%ortly aft] ,i became ! happy possessor ( a cry/al ,i manag$ to conv]t sev]al v decid$ sceptics1 & ,i w "h give a %ort acc\nt ( my exp]i5ces ) two or ?ree ( !m4 ',"o 0 ) a ,mr4 ----1 :o 0 s det]m9$ to baffle me1 he said he w\ld ?9k ( a fri5d x w\ld n be possible = me to describe6 ',i _h only met ,mr4 ---- ! day be=e1 & knew utmo/ no?+ ab\t him or 8 p]sonal fri5ds4 ',i took up ! ball1 :i* imm$iately became mi/y1 & out ( ?is mi/ gradually a cr[d ( p appe>$1 b too indi/9ctly = me to recognise anyone1 until sudd5ly a man on horseback came gallop+ along4 ,i rememb] say+1 ,i c't describe :at he is l1 b he is dress$ 9 a v que] way--9 some?+ s bright t ! sun %9+ on him q dazzles me1 & ,i _c make him out6 ,z he came ne>] ,i exclaim$4 ,:y1 x's a soldi] 9 %9+ arm\r1 b x's n an (fic]1 only a soldi]6 ,two fri5ds :o 7 9 ! room said ,mr4 ----'s excitem5t 0 int5se1 & my att5tion 0 drawn f ! ball by he>+ him call out1 ,x's wond]ful6 x's p]fectly true6 ,i 0 ?9k+ ( a "y boy1 a son ( a cr(t]1 9 :om ,i am deeply int]e/$1 & :o is a troop] 9 ! ---- 9 ,london1 :i* w\ld acc\nt = ! cr[d ( p r\nd him 9 ! /reet6' ,! next case is giv51 fir/ 9 ! v]sion ( ! lady :o 0 unconsci\sly scri$ =1 & next 9 t ( ,miss ,angus4 ,! o!r lady writes3 ',v4--,i met ,miss ,a4 = ! fir/ "t 9 a fri5d's h\se 9 ! s\? ( ,engl&1 & "o ev5+ m5tion 0 made ( a cry/al ball1 & our ho/ess ask$ ,miss ,a4 to look 9 x1 &1 if possible1 tell h] :at 0 happ5+ to a fri5d ( h]s4 ,miss ,a4 took ! cry/al1 & our ho/ess put h] h& on ,miss ,a4's =ehead to w h]4 ,i1 n believ+ 9 ?is1 took up a book & w5t to ! o!r side ( ! room4 ,i 0 sudd5ly v mu* />tl$ to he> ,miss ,a41 9 q an agitat$ way1 describe a sc5e t _h mo/ c]ta9ly be5 v (t5 9 my ?\ghts1 b ( :i* ,i _h nev] m5tion$ a ^w1 ,%e accurately describ$ a race-c\rse 9 ,scotl&1 & an accid5t :i* happ5$ to a fri5d ( m9e only a week or two be=e1 & %e 0 evid5tly go+ ?r\gh ! same d\bt & anxiety t ,i did at ! "t z to :e!r he 0 actually kill$ or only v mu* hurt4 ,x really 0 a mo/ wond]ful revelation to me1 z x 0 ! v fir/ "t ,i _h se5 a cry/al4 ,our ho/ess1 ( c\rse1 0 v mu* annoy$ t %e _h n be5 able to influ5ce ,miss ,a41 :ile ,i1 :o _h appe>$ s v indiff]5t1 %\ld h affect$ h]4--,novemb] #bh1 #ahig4' ,miss ,angus h]self writes3 ',ano!r case 0 a r int]e/+ "o1 z ,i someh[ got inside ! ?\ghts ( "o lady :ile ano!r 0 do+ h] be/ to influ5ce me6 ',miss ----1 a fri5d 9 ,brighton1 has /range magnetic p[]s1 & felt q sure ( success ) me & ! ball4 ',ano!r lady1 ,miss ,h41 :o 0 pres5t1 laugh$ at ! :ole ?+1 especially :5 ,miss ---- insi/$ on hold+ my h& & patt+ h] o!r h& on my =ehead6 ,miss ,h4 9 a scornful mann] took up a book1 &1 cross+ to ! o!r side ( ! room1 left u to our folly4 ',9 a v %ort "t ,i felt myself gett+ excit$1 :i* _h nev] happ5$ be=e1 :5 ,i look$ 9 ! cry/al4 ,i saw a cr[d ( p1 & 9 "s /range way ,i felt ,i 0 9 x1 & we all seem$ to be wait+ = some?+4 ,soon a rid] came pa/1 "y1 dress$ = rac+4 ,8 horse ambl$ pa/1 & he smil$ & nodd$ to ^? he knew 9 ! cr[d1 & !n 0 lo/ to sight4 ',9 a mom5t we all seem$ to feel z if some?+ _h happ5$1 & ,i w5t ?r\gh great agony ( susp5se try+ to see :at seem$ j beyond my view4 ,soon1 h[ev]1 two or ?ree m5 approa*$1 & c>ri$ him pa/ be=e my eyes1 & aga9 my anxiety 0 int5se to discov] if he 7 only v badly hurt or if life 7 really ext9ct4 ,all ?is happ5$ 9 a few mom5ts1 b long en\gh to h left me s agitat$ t ,i c\ld n realise x _h only be5 a vision 9 a glass ball4 ',by ?is "t ,miss ,h4 _h laid aside h] book1 & came =w>d q />tl$1 & told me t ,i _h accurately describ$ a sc5e on a race-c\rse 9 ,scotl& :i* %e _h witness$ j a week or two be=e--a sc5e t _h v (t5 be5 9 h] ?\ghts1 b1 z we 7 /rang]s to ea* o!r1 %e _h nev] m5tion$4 ,%e also said ,i _h exactly describ$ h] own feel+s at ! "t1 & _h br\ght x all back 9 a mo/ vivid mann]4 ',! o!r lady 0 r disappo9t$ t1 aft] %e _h conc5trat$ h] ?\ghts s h>d1 ,i %\ld h be5 influ5c$ in/ead by "o :o _h je]$ at ! :ole affair4' ,?is anecdote 0 also told to me1 )9 a few days ( ! occurr5ce1 by ,miss ,angus4 ,h] v]sion 0 t %e fir/ saw a g5tleman rid] go+ to ! po/ & nodd+ to 8 fri5ds4 ,!n %e saw him c>ri$ on a /ret*] ?r\gh ! cr[d4 ,%e seem$1 %e said1 to be actually pres5t1 & felt some:at agitat$4 ,! fact ( ! accid5t 01 lat]1 m5tion$ to me 9 ,scotl& by ano!r lady1 a /rang] to all ! p]sons4--,a4,l4 ,,vi4--,i may briefly add an exp]im5t ( ,decemb] #ba1 #ahig4 ,a g5tleman _h rec5tly come f ,engl& to ! ,scotti% t[n :]e ,miss ,angus lives4 ,he d9$ ) h] family1 & ab\t #aj4ae to #aj4cj ,p4,m4 %e propos$ to look 9 ! glass = a sc5e or p]son ( :om he 0 to ?9k4 ,he call$ up a m5tal picture ( a ball at :i* he _h rec5tly be51 & ( a "y lady to :om he _h !re be5 introduc$4 ,! lady's face1 h[ev]1 he c\ld n cle>ly visualise1 & ,miss ,angus report$ no?+ b a view ( an empty ball-room1 ) poli%$ floor & _m lights4 ,! g5tleman made ano!r ef=t1 & rememb]$ 8 p>tn] ) "s di/9ctness4 ,miss ,angus !n describ$ ano!r room1 n a ball-room1 com=tably furni%$1 9 :i* a girl ) br[n hair drawn back f h] =ehead1 & attir$ 9 a high-neck$ :ite bl\se1 0 read+1 or writ+ lett]s1 "u a bright light 9 an un%ad$ glass globe4 ,! description ( ! features1 figure1 & height talli$ ) ,mr4 ----'s recollection2 b he _h nev] se5 ?is ,g]ald9e ( an h\r except 9 ball dress4 ,he & ,miss ,angus not$ ! "t by _! wat*es 7x 0 #aj4cj71 & ,mr4 ---- said t on ! fir/ opportunity he w\ld ask ! "y lady h[ %e _h be5 dress$ & h[ employ$ at t h\r on ,decemb] #ba4 ,on ,decemb] #bb he met h] at ano!r dance1 & h] reply corroborat$ ! cry/al picture4 ,%e _h be5 writ+ lett]s1 9 a high-neck$ :ite bl\se1 "u an inc&esc5t gas lamp ) an un%ad$ glass globe4 ,%e 0 entirely unkn[n to ,miss ,angus1 & _h only be5 se5 once by ,mr4 ----4 ,mr4 ---- & ! lady ( ! cry/al picture corroborat$ all ?is 9 writ+4 ,i n[ sugge/$ an exp]im5t to ,miss ,angus1 :i*1 aft] all1 0 cle>ly n ( a nature to e/abli% a 'te/' = sceptics4 ,! inquir] 0 to write d[n1 & inclose 9 an envelope1 a /atem5t ( 8 ?\ghts2 ,miss ,angus 0 to d ! same ) h] description ( ! picture se5 by h]2 & ^! docum5ts 7 to be s5t to me1 )\t communication betwe5 ! inquir] & ! cry/al-gaz]4 ,( c\rse1 ?is c\ld 9 no way prove abs5ce ( collusion1 z ! two p>ties might arrange privately be=eh& :at ! vision 0 to be4 ,inde$1 nobody is apt to be conv9c$1 or %ak51 unless he is himself ! inquir] & a /rang] to ! se]ess1 z ! p 9 ^! exp]im5ts 74 ,evid5ce int]e/+ to !m--&1 9 a second>y degree1 to o!rs :o "k !m--c ?us be procur$2 b /rang]s are left to ! same *oice ( d\bts z 9 all reports ( psy*ological exp]i5ces1 '*romatic audition1' views ( col\r$ num]als1 & ! o!r topics illu/rat$ by ,mr4 ,galton's int]e/+ rese>*es4 ,9 ?is affair ( ! envelopes ! inquir] 0 a ,mr4 ,pembroke1 :o _h j made ,miss ,angus's acqua9tance1 & 0 b a soj\rn] 9 ! l&4 ,he wrote1 be=e kn[+ :at ,miss ,angus _h se5 9 ! ball3 ',,vii4--,on ,sunday1 ,janu>y #bc1 #ahih1 :il/ ,miss ,angus 0 look+ 9 ! cry/al ball1 ,i 0 ?9k+ ( my bro!r1 :o 01 ,i believe1 at t "t1 some:]e betwe5 ,saba?u 7,punjab1 ,india7 & ,egypt4 ,i 0 anxi\s to "k :at /age ( 8 j\rney he _h rea*$4' ,miss ,angus saw1 & wrote1 be=e tell+ ,mr4 ,pembroke3 ',a long & v :ite road1 ) tall trees at "o side2 on ! o!r1 a riv] or lake ( greyi% wat]4 ,blue sky1 ) a crimson sunset4 ,a great black %ip is an*or$ ne>1 & on ! deck ,i see a man ly+1 app>5tly v ill4 ,he is a p[]ful-look+ man1 fair1 & v mu* bronz$4 ,sev5 or eight ,engli%m51 9 v light clo!s1 are /&+ on ! road beside ! boat4 ',janu>y #bh1 #ahih4' ',a great black %ip1' an*or$ 9 'a riv] or lake1' naturally sugge/s ! ,suez ,canal1 :]e1 9 fact1 ,mr4 ,pembroke's bro!r 0 j arriv+1 z 0 prov$ by a lett] receiv$ f him eight days aft] ! exp]im5t 0 record$1 on ,janu>y #ca4 ,at t date ,mr4 ,pembroke _h n yet be5 told ! nature ( ,miss ,angus's cry/al picture1 nor _h %e any k ( 8 bro!r's :]eab\ts4 ,9 ,febru>y #ahih1 ,miss ,angus aga9 came to ! place :]e ,i 0 resid+4 ,we visit$ toge!r ! sc5e ( an hi/orical crime1 & ,miss ,angus look$ into ! glass ball4 ,x 0 easy = h] to 'visualise' ! incid5ts ( ! crime 7! murd] ( ,c>d9al ,beaton71 = !y are famili> en\gh to _m p4 ,:at %e did see 9 ! ball 0 a tall1 pale lady1 'ab\t =ty1 b look+ ?irty-five1' ) hair drawn back f ! br[s1 /&+ beside a high *air1 dress$ 9 a wide f>?+ale ( /iff grey brocade1 )\t a ruff4 ,! co/ume corresponds well 7z we f\nd7 ) t ( #aedf1 & ,i said1 ',i suppose x is ,m>iotte ,ogilvy'--to :om ,miss ,angus's hi/orical k 7& p]haps t ( ! g5]al public7 did n ext5d4 ,m>iotte 0 ! ,c>d9al's lady-love1 & 0 9 ! ,ca/le on ! night be=e ! murd]1 accord+ to ,knox4 ,%e _h be5 9 my m9d1 :5ce 7on ! !ory ( ?\ght transf]5ce7 %e may h pass$ to ,miss ,angus's m9d2 b ,i _h nev] speculat$ on ,m>iotte's co/ume4 ,no?+ b conjecture1 ( c\rse1 comes ( ^! app>5tly 'retrospective' pictures2 ?\gh a mo/ s+ul> & picturesque co9cid5ce occurr$1 :i* may be told 9 a v diff]5t connection4 ,! next example 0 not$ at ! same t[n4 ,! lady :o furni%es x is well kn[n to me1 & x 0 v]bally corroborat$ by ,miss ,angus1 to :om ! lady1 h] abs5t nephew1 & all ab\t h]1 7 entirely /range4 ',,viii4--,i 0 v anxi\s to "k :e!r my nephew w\ld be s5t to ,india ?is ye>1 s ,i told ,miss ,angus t ,i _h ?\ght ( some?+1 & ask$ h] to look 9 ! glass ball4 ,%e did s1 b almo/ imm$iately turn$ r\nd & look$ out ( ! w9d[ at ! sea1 & said1 ,i saw a %ip s di/9ctly ,i ?\ght x mu/ be a reflection4 ,%e look$ 9 ! ball aga91 & said1 ,x is a l>ge %ip1 & x is pass+ a huge rock ) a ligh?\se on x4 ,i c't see :o are on ! %ip1 b ! sky is v cle> & blue4 ,n[ ,i see a l>ge build+1 some?+ l a club1 & 9 front !re are a great _m p sitt+ & walk+ ab\t4 ,i ?9k x mu/ be "s place abroad1 = ! p are all dress$ 9 v light clo!s1 & x seems to be v sunny & w>m4 ,i see a "y man sitt+ on a *air1 ) 8 feet /raight out be=e him4 ,he is n talk+ to anyone1 b seems to be li/5+ to some?+4 ,he is d>k & slight1 & n v tall2 & 8 eyebr[s are d>k & v di/9ctly m>k$4 ',i _h n _h ! pleasure ( meet+ ,miss ,angus be=e1 & %e knew no?+ :atev] ab\t my nephew2 b ! "y man describ$ 0 exactly l him1 bo? 9 8 appe>ance & 9 ! way he 0 sitt+4' ,9 ?is case ?\ght transf]5ce may be appeal$ to4 ,! lady 0 ?9k+ ( h] nephew 9 connection ) ,india4 ,x is n ma9ta9$1 ( c\rse1 t ! picture 0 ( a prophetic "*4 ,! foll[+ examples h "s curi\s & unusual features4 ,on ,w$nesday1 ,febru>y #b1 #ahig1 ,miss ,angus 0 look+ 9 ! cry/al1 to amuse six or sev5 p ^: acqua9tance %e _h t day made4 ,a g5tleman1 ,mr4 ,bissett1 ask$ h] ':at lett] 0 9 8 pocket1' ,%e !n saw1 "u a bright sky1 &1 z x 71 a long way (f1 a l>ge build+1 9 & out ( :i* _m m5 7 com+ & go+4 ,h] impression 0 t ! sc5e mu/ be abroad4 ,9 ! little company pres5t1 x %\ld be add$1 0 a lady1 ,mrs4 ,cockburn1 :o _h consid]able reason to ?9k ( h] "y m>ri$ daught]1 !n at a place ab\t fifty miles away4 ,aft] ,miss ,angus _h describ$ ! l>ge build+ & cr[ds ( m51 "s "o ask$1 ',is x an ex*ange8' ',x might be1' %e said4 ',n[ comes a man 9 a great hurry4 ,he has a broad br[1 & %ort1 curly hair2#ab hat press$ l[ d[n on 8 eyes4 ,! face is v s]i\s2 b he has a delightful smile4' ,mr4 & ,mrs4 ,bissett n[ bo? recognis$ _! fri5d & /ockbrok]1 ^: lett] 0 9 ,mr4 ,bissett's pocket4 ,! vision1 :i* int]e/$ ,miss ,angus1 pass$ away1 & 0 int]rupt$ by t ( a hospital nurse1 & ( a lady 9 a peignoir1 ly+ on a s(a1 ) b>e feet4#ac ,miss ,angus m5tion$ ?is vision z a bore1 %e be+ m int]e/$ 9 ! /ockbrok]1 :o seems to h inh]it$ :at 0 once 9 ! possession ( ano!r /ockbrok]--'! smile ( ,*>les ,lamb4' ,mrs4 ,cockburn1 = :om no pictures appe>$1 0 r vex$1 & privately express$ ) fre$om a v sceptical op9ion ab\t ! :ole affair4 ,b1 on ,saturday1 ,febru>y #e1 #ahig1 ,miss ,angus 0 aga9 ) ,mr4 & ,mrs4 ,bissett4 ,:5 ,mrs4 ,bissett ann\nc$ t %e _h '?\ght ( some?+1' ,miss ,angus saw a walk 9 a wood or g>d51 beside a riv]1 "u a brilliant blue sky4 ,"h 0 a lady1 v well dress$1 twirl+ a :ite p>asol on h] %\ld] z %e walk$1 9 a curi\s '/umpy' way1 beside a g5tleman 9 light clo!s1 su* z are worn 9 ,india4 ,he 0 broad-%\ld]$1 _h a %ort neck & a /raight nose1 & seem$ to li/51 laugh+1 b indiff]5t1 to 8 obvi\sly vivaci\s companion4 ,! lady _h a 'drawn' face1 indicative ( ill heal?4 ,!n foll[$ a sc5e 9 :i* ! man1 )\t ! lady1 0 look+ on at a numb] ( ,ori5tals busy 9 ! fell+ ( trees4 ,mrs4 ,bissett recognis$1 9 ! lady1 h] si/]1 ,mrs4 ,clifton1 9 ,india--above all1 :5 ,miss ,angus gave a reali/ic imitation ( ,mrs4 ,clifton's walk1 ! peculi>ity ( :i* 0 caus$ by an illness "s ye>s ago4 ,mrs4 & ,mr4 ,bissett also recognis$ _! bro!r-9-law 9 ! g5tleman se5 9 bo? pictures4 ,on be+ %[n a portrait ( ,mrs4 ,clifton z a girl1 ,miss ,angus said x 0 'l1 b too pretty4' ,a photograph done rec5tly1 h[ev]1 %[$ h] '! drawn face' ( ! cry/al picture4#ad ,next day1 ,sunday1 ,febru>y #f1 ,mrs4 ,bissett receiv$1 :at 0 n usual--a lett] f h] si/] 9 ,india1 ,mrs4 ,clifton1 dat$ ,janu>y #bj4 ,mrs4 ,clifton describ$ a place 9 a native ,/ate1 :]e %e _h be5 at a great 'function1' 9 c]ta9 g>d5s beside a riv]4 ,%e add$ t !y 7 go+ to ano!r place = a c]ta9 purpose1 '& !n we g into camp till ! end ( ,febru>y4' ,"o ( ,mr4 ,clifton's duties is to direct ! cle>+ ( wood prep>atory to ! =mation ( ! camp1 z 9 ,miss ,angus's cry/al picture4#ae ,! sceptical ,mrs4 ,cockburn he>d ( ^! co9cid5ces1 & an idea occurr$ to h]4 ,%e wrote to h] daught]1 :o has be5 m5tion$1 & ask$ :e!r1 on ,w$nesday1 ,febru>y #b1 %e _h be5 ly+ on a s(a 9 h] b$-room1 ) b>e feet4 ,! "y lady confess$ t x 0 inde$ s2#af &1 :5 %e he>d h[ ! fact came to be kn[n1 express$ h]self ) "s w>m? on ! abuse ( glass balls1 :i* t5d to rob life ( its privacy4 ,9 ?is case ! prima facie aspect ( ?+s is t a ?\ght ( ,mr4 ,bissett's ab\t 8 /ockbrok]1 dulce rid5tem1 someh[ reflect$ itself into ,miss ,angus's m9d by way ( ! glass ball1 & 0 int]rupt$ by a ?\ght ( ,mrs4 ,cockburn's1 z to h] daught]4 ,b h[ ^! ?\ghts came to display ! unkn[n facts conc]n+ ! g>d5 by ! riv]1 ! fell+ ( trees = a camp1 & ! b>e feet1 is a "q ab\t :i* x is va9 to !orise4#ag ,on ! vani%+ ( ! jungle sc5e !re appe>$ a picture ( a man 9 a d>k undress uni=m1 beside a great bay1 9 :i* 7 %ips ( w>4 ,wood5 huts1 z 9 a plague di/rict1 7 on %ore4 ,mr4 ,bissett ask$1 ',:at is ! man's expression8' ',he looks z if he _h be5 giv+ a lot ( la/ ord]s4' ,!n appe>$ 'a place l a hospital1 ) five or six b$s--no1 b]?s3 x is a %ip4 ,"h is ! man aga94' ,he 0 m9utely describ$1 "o peculi>ity be+ ! way 9 :i* 8 hair grew--or1 r1 did n gr[--on 8 temples4 ,miss ,angus n[ ask$1 ',:]e is my little lady8'--mean+ ! lady ( ! twirl+ p>asol & /accato walk4 ',oh1 ,i've left (f ?9k+ ( h]1' said ,mrs4 ,bissett1 :o _h be5 ?9k+ (1 & recognis$ 9 ! (fic] 9 undress uni=m1 h] bro!r1 ! man ) ! s+ul> hair1 ^: face1 9 fact1 _h be5 sc>r$ 9 t way by an enc\nt] ) a tig]4 ,he 0 expect$ to sail f ,bombay1 b news ( 8 sett+ =? has n be5 receiv$ 7,febru>y #aj7 at ! mom5t :5 ?is is writt54#ah ,9 ^! ,indian cases1 '?\ght transf]5ce' may acc\nt = ! correspond5ce betwe5 ! figures se5 by ,miss ,angus & ! ideas 9 ! m9d ( ,mr4 & ,mrs4 ,bissett4 ,b ! hypo!sis ( ?\ght transf]5ce1 :ile x w\ld cov] ! wood5 huts at ,bombay 7,mrs4 ,bissett kn[+ t h] bro!r 0 ab\t to leave t place71 c sc>cely expla9 ! sc5e 9 ! g>d5 by ! riv] & ! sc5e ) ! trees4 ,! incid5t ( ! b>e feet may be reg>d$ z a =tuit\s co9cid5ce1 s9ce ,miss ,angus saw ! "y lady =e%ort5$1 & c\ld n describe h] face4 ,9 ! ,introductory ,*apt] x 0 obs]v$ t ! ph5om5a :i* app>5tly po9t to "s unacc\ntable sup]normal faculty ( acquir+ k are 'trivial4' ,^! anecdotes illu/rate ! triviality2 b ! facts c]ta9ly left a numb] ( p1 :olly unfamili> ) su* exp]im5ts1 "u ! impression t ,miss ,angus's glass ball 0 l ,pr9ce ,ali's magical telescope 9 ! ',arabian ,nights4'#ai ,^! exp]im5ts1 h[ev]1 occasionally t\* on intimate p]sonal matt]s1 & _c be report$ 9 su* in/ances4 ,x w be rem>k$ t ! faculty is freaki%1 & does n always respond to consci\s ex]tion ( ?\ght 9 ! m9d ( ! inquir]4 ,?us1 9 ,case ,i4 a connection ( ! p]son ?\ght ( is disc]n$2 9 ano!r ! m9d ( a /rang] pres5t seems to be read4 ,9 ano!r case 7n giv5 "h7 ! inquir] tri$ to visualise a c>d = a p]son pres5t to guess1 :ile ,miss ,angus 0 ask$ to describe an object :i* ! inquir] 0 acqua9t$ )1 b :i* he bani%$ f 8 consci\s ?\ght4 ,! d\ble exp]im5t 0 a d\ble-b>rell$ success4 ,x seems h>dly necess>y to po9t out t *ance co9cid5ce w n cov] ?is set ( cases1 :]e 9 ea* 'guess' ! field ( conjecture is b\ndless1 & is n ev5 n>r[$ by ! cry/al-gaz]'s k ( ! p]sons = ^: div]sion %e makes ! exp]im5t4 ,z 'muscle-read+' is n 9 "q 79 ! "o case ( contact betwe5 inquir] & cry/al-gaz] ! results 7 unexpect$71 & z no unconsci\sly made signs c\ld convey1 = example1 ! idea ( a cavalry soldi] 9 uni=m1 or an accid5t on a race-c\rse 9 two tableaux1 ,i d n at pres5t see any m plausible explanation ?an t ( ?\ght transf]5ce1 ?\gh h[ t is to acc\nt = "s ( ! cases giv5 ,i d n precisely und]/&4 ,any "o :o c accept ! assurance ( my p]sonal belief 9 ! good fai? ( all conc]n$ w see h[ v useful ?is faculty ( cry/al-gaz+ mu/ be to ! ,apa*e or ,au/ralian m$ic9e-man or ,polynesian prie/4 ,freaki% z ! faculty is1 a few real successes1 well exploit$ & ek$ out by fraud1 w\ld set up a wiz>d's reputation4 ,t a faculty ( be+ ?us affect$ is g5u9e seems prov$1 ap>t f mod]n evid5ce1 by ! _w-wide preval5ce ( cry/al-gaz+ 9 ! e?nographic region4 ,b ! discov]y ( ?is preval5ce _h n be5 made1 to my k1 be=e mod]n in/ances induc$ me to notice ! circum/ances1 sporadically record$ 9 books ( travel4 ,! ph5om5a are c]ta9ly ( a k9d to enc\rage ! savage !ory ( ! w&]+ s\l4 ,h[ else1 ?9k]s w\ld say1 c ! se] visit ! di/ant place or p]son1 & correctly describe m5 & sc5es :i*1 9 ! body1 he nev] saw8 ,or !y w\ld enc\rage ! ,polynesian belief t ! '_s' ( ! ?+ or p]son look$ = is susp5d$ by a god ov] ! wat]1 cry/al1 blood1 ink1 or :atev] x may be4 ,?us1 to an?ropologi/s1 ! discov]y ( cry/al-gaz+ z a ?+ widely diffus$ & /ill fl\ri%+ ought to be grateful1 h[ev] mu* !y may blame my *ildi% cr$ulity4 ,i may add t ,i h no gr\nd to suppose t cry/al-gaz+ w ev] be ( practical s]vice to ! police or to p]sons :o h lo/ articles ( portable prop]ty4 ,b ,i h no objection to exp]im5ts be+ made at ,scotl& ,y>d4#bj ,footnote #a3 ,in=mation1 ) a photograph ( ! /ones1 f a correspond5t 9 ,we/ ,maitl&1 ,au/ralia4 ,footnote #b3 ,report ,e?nol4 ,bureau1 #ahhg-hh1 p4 #dfj2 vol4 ii4 p4 #fi4 ,capta9 ,b\rke's volume on ,! ,m$ic9e ,m5 ( ! ,apa*es may also be consult$4 ,footnote #c3 ,fitzroy1 ,adv5ture1 vol4 ii4 p4 #chi4 ,footnote #d3 ,l',hi/oire de la gr& ,ile ,madagasc>1 p> le ,sieur de ,flac\rt4 ,p>is1 #affa1 *4 #gf4 ,veue de deux ,navires de ,france pr$ite p> les ,negres1 avant que l'on en peu/ savoir des ,n\velles1 c4 ,footnote #e3 ,religion ( ! ,amazulu1 p4 #cda4 ,footnote #f3 ,j4,a4,i41 ,novemb] #ahid1 p4 #aee4 ,ryckov is cit$2 ,zhurnal1 p4 #hf4 ,footnote #g3 ,rites & ,laws ( ! ,yncas1 ,*ri/oval de ,mol9a1 p4 #ab4 ,footnote #h3 ,see ,miss ,x's article1 ,s4,p4,r4 ,proce$+s1 v4 #dhf4 ,footnote #i3 ,op4 cit4 v4 #eje4 ,footnote #aj3 ,if any read] wi%es to make exp]im5ts1 he1 or %e1 %\ld n be a/oni%$ if ! fir/ cry/al figure repres5ts '! %eet$ dead1' or a p]son ill 9 b$4 ,= "s reason1 or no reason1 ?is is r a usual prelude1 signify+ no?+4 ,footnote #aa3 ,sunday aft]noon4 ,x is n impli$ t ! pictures on ,friday 7 prophetic4 ,probably ,miss ,rose saw :at ,miss ,angus _h se5 by aid ( 'sugge/ion4' ,footnote #ab3 ,miss ,angus c\ld n be sure ( ! col\r ( ! hair4 ,footnote #ac3 ,! position 0 su* t ,miss ,angus c\ld n see ! face ( ! lady4 ,footnote #ad3 ,i saw ! photographs4 ,footnote #ae3 ,i h be5 %[n ! lett] ( ,janu>y #bj1 :i* confirm$ ! evid5ce ( ! cry/al pictures4 ,! camp 0 =m$ = (ficial purposes 9 :i* ,mr4 ,clifton 0 conc]n$4 ,a lett] ( ,febru>y #i unconsci\sly corroborates4 ,footnote #af3 ,! incid5t ( ! feet occurr$ at #d4cj to #g4cj ,p4,m4 ,! cry/al picture 0 ab\t #aj ,p4,m4 ,footnote #ag3 ,miss ,angus _h only )9 ! week made ! acqua9tance ( ,mrs4 ,cockburn & ! ,bissetts4 ,( ^! relations ( !irs at a di/ance %e _h no k4 ,footnote #ah3 ,i h se5 a photograph ( ?is g5tleman1 ,major ,hamilton1 :i* tallies ) ! full description giv5 by ,miss ,angus1 z report$ by ,mrs4 ,bissett4 ,all ! prop] names "h1 z ?r\gh\t1 are alt]$4 ,?is acc\nt ,i wrote f ! v]bal /atem5t ( ,mrs4 ,bissett4 ,x 0 !n read & corroborat$ by h]self1 ,mr4 ,bissett1 ,mr4 ,cockburn1 ,mrs4 ,cockburn1 & ,miss ,angus1 :o add$ dates & signatures4 ,footnote #ai3 ,! lett]s atte/+ ea* ( ^! exp]im5ts are 9 my possession4 ,! real names are 9 no case giv5 9 ?is acc\nt1 by my own desire1 b 7) p]mission ( ! p]sona conc]n$7 c be communicat$ privately4 ,footnote #bj3 ,! faculty ( see+ 'fancy pictures' 9 ! glass is f> f uncommon4 ,i h only met ) ?ree o!r p]sons besides ,miss ,angus1 two ( !m m51 :o _h any success 9 'telepa?ic' cry/al-gaz+4 ,9 correct+ 'revises' 7,m>* #af71 ,i leant t ! bro!r ( ,mr4 ,pembroke 7p4 #aje7 wrote f ,cairo on ,janu>y #bg4 ,! 'scry' ( ,janu>y #bc repres5t$ 8 %ip 9 ! ,suez ,canal4 ,he 01 z 8 lett] %[s1 9 qu>ant9e at ,suez1 at ,moses's ,wells1 f ,janu>y #be to ,janu>y #bf4 ,major ,hamilton 7pp4 #aji1 #aaj71 on ! o!r h&1 left ,bombay1 inde$1 b n by sea1 z 9 ! cry/al-picture4 ,see ,app5dix ,c4 ,mr4 ,/>r1 an ,am]ican critic1 adds ,*]okees1 ,aztecs1 & ,tonkaways to ! ranks ( cry/al gaz]s4 ,,vi ,,an?ropology ,,& ,,halluc9ations ,we h be5 exam9+ cases1 savage or civilis$1 9 :i* k is believ$ to be acquir$ ?r\gh no kn[n *annel ( s5se4 ,all su* in/ances among savages1 :e!r ( ! nature ( clairvoyance simple1 or by aid ( gaz+ 9 a smoo? surface1 or 9 dreams1 or 9 trance1 or ?r\gh second sight1 w\ld confirm if !y did n orig9ate ! belief 9 ! sep>able s\l4 ,! s\l1 if x is to visit di/ant places & collect in=mation1 mu/ leave ! body1 x w\ld be argu$1 & mu/ s f> be capable ( lead+ an indep5d5t life4 ,p]haps we ought next to /udy cases ( 'possession1' :5 k is suppos$ to be convey$ by an ali5 s\l1 gho/1 _s1 or god1 tak+ up its abode 9 a man1 & speak+ out ( 8 lips4 ,b x seems bett] fir/ to consid] ! alleg$ sup]-normal ph5om5a :i* may h l$ ! savage reason] to believe t he 0 n ! only own] ( a sep>able s\l3 t o!r p 7 equally gift$4 ,! s5se1 z ( sep>ation1 :i* a savage dream] or se] w\ld feel aft] a dream or vision 9 :i* he visit$ remote places1 w\ld satisfy him t 8 s\l1 at lea/1 0 volatile4 ,b "s exp]i5ce ( :at he w\ld take to be visits f ! spirits ( o!rs1 w\ld be ne$$ be=e he recognis$ t o!r m51 z well z he1 _h ! faculty ( s5d+ _! s\ls a j\rney+4 ,n[1 ord9>y dreams1 9 :i* ! dream] seem$ to see p]sons :o 7 really remote2 w\ld supply to ! savage reason] a c]ta9 am\nt ( affirmative evid5ce4 ,x is "p ( ,mr4 ,tylor's cont5tion t savages 7l "s *ildr57 are subject to ! difficulty :i* mo/ ( u may h occasionally felt 9 decid+ ',did ?is really happ51 or did ,i dream x8' ,?us1 ord9>y dreams w\ld (f] to ! e>ly ?9k] "s evid5ce t o!r m5's s\ls c\ld visit 81 z he believes t 8 c visit !m4 ,b m51 we may assume1 7 n1 at ! assum$ /age ( ?\ght1 s besott$ z n to take a great practical di/9ction betwe5 sleep+ & wak+ exp]i5ce on ! :ole4 ,z has be5 %[n1 ! di/9ction is made by ! l[e/ savages ( our acqua9tance4 ,"o cle> wak+ halluc9ation1 on ! o!r h&1 ( ! pres5ce ( a p]son really abs5t1 c\ld n b tell m ) ! e>ly philosoph] ?an a score ( dreams1 = to be easily =gott5 is ( ! ess5ce ( a dream4 ,savages1 inde$1 oddly en\gh1 h hit on our !ory1 'dreams g by contr>ies4' ,dr4 ,callaway illu/rates ?is = ! ,zulus1 & ,mr4 ,scott = ! ,mang'anza4 ,?us !y d discrim9ate betwe5 sleep+ & wak+4 ,we mu/ !re=e exam9e wak+ halluc9ations 9 ! field ( actual exp]i5ce1 & on su* rec5t evid5ce z may be accessible4 ,if ^! halluc9ations agree1 9 a c]ta9 ratio1 beyond :at =tuit\s co9cid5ce c expla91 ) real b unkn[n ev5ts1 !n su* halluc9ations w\ld greatly /r5g!n1 9 ! m9d ( an e>ly ?9k]1 ! savage !ory t a man at a di/ance may1 volunt>ily or involunt>ily1 project 8 _s on a j\rney1 & be se5 :]e he is n pres5t4 ,:5 ,mr4 ,tylor wrote 8 book1 ! /udy ( ! occasional wak+ halluc9ations ( ! sane & heal?y 0 9 its infancy4 ,mu*1 inde$1 _h be5 writt5 ab\t halluc9ations1 b ^! 7 ma9ly ! *ronic false p]ceptions ( maniacs1 ( drunk>ds1 & ( p]sons 9 bad heal? su* z ,nicolai & ,mrs4 ,a4 ,! halluc9ations ( p]sons ( g5ius--,jeanne d',arc1 ,lu!r1 ,socrates1 ,pascal1 7 by "s attribut$ to lunacy 9 ^! fam\s p4 ,sc>cely any writ]s be=e ,mr4 ,galton _h recognis$ ! occurr5ce ( halluc9ations once 9 a life1 p]haps1 among heal?y1 sob]1 & m5tally s\nd p4 ,if ^! 7 kn[n to occur1 !y 7 dismiss$ z dreams ( an unconsci\s sleep4 ,?is is /ill practically ! hypo!sis ( ,dr4 ,p>i%1 z we %all see lat]4 ,b 9 ! la/ tw5ty ye>s ! infrequ5t halluc9ations ( ! sane h be5 recognis$ by ,mr4 ,galton1 & discuss$ by ,pr(essor ,james1 ,mr4 ,gurney1 ,dr4 ,p>i%1 & _m o!r writ]s4 ,two results h foll[$4 ,fir/1 'gho/s' are %[n to be1 :5 n illusions caus$ by mi/ak+ "o object = ano!r1 !n halluc9ations4 ,z ^! mo/ frequ5tly repres5t a liv+ p]son :o is n pres5t1 by p>ity ( reason ! appe>ance ( a dead p]son is on ! same level1 is n a space-fill+ 'gho/1' b m]ely an halluc9ation4 ,su* an appe>ance c1 prima facie1 sugge/ no reasonable inf]5ce z to ! cont9u$ exi/5ce ( ! dead4 ,on ! o!r h&1 ! new /udies h rais$ ! p]haps insoluble "q1 ',d n halluc9ations ( ! sane1 repres5t+ ! liv+1 co9cide m frequ5tly ?an m]e luck c acc\nt =1 ) ! dea? or o!r crisis ( ! p]son app>5tly se58' ,if ?is c\ld be prov$1 !n !re w\ld seem to be a causal nexus1 a relation ( cause & effect betwe5 ! halluc9ation & ! co9cid5t crisis4 ,t connection w\ld be provisionally expla9$ by "s n und]/ood action ( ! m9d or bra9 ( ! p]son 9 ! crisis1 on t ( ! p]son :o has ! halluc9ation4 ,?is is no new idea2 only ! "n1 ,telepa?y1 is mod]n4 ,( c\rse1 if all ?is 7 accept$1 x w\ld be ! next /ep to ask :e!r halluc9ations repres5t+ ! dead %[ any signs ( be+ caus$ by "s action on ! side ( ! dep>t$4 ,t is a topic on :i* ! little t we h to say mu/ be said lat]4 ,9 ! meantime ! read] :o has p]sev]$ s f> is apt to g no fur!r4 ,! prejudice aga9/ 'wrai?s' & 'gho/s' is v /rong2 b1 !n1 our innoc5t phantasms are nei!r 7z we und]/& _! nature7 gho/s nor wrai?s4 ,kant broke ! edges ( 8 metaphysical tools aga9/1 n ^! phantasms1 b ! logically inconceivable entities :i* 7 at once mat]ial & non-mat]ial1 at once 'spiritual' & 'space-fill+4' ,!re is no su* difficulty ab\t halluc9ations1 :i*1 :atev] else may be said ab\t !m1 are famili> facts ( exp]i5ce4 ,! only real objections are ! /atem5ts t halluc9ations are always morbid 7:i* is no long] ! univ]sal belief ( physiologi/s & psy*ologi/s71 & t ! alleg$ co9cid5ces ( a phantasm ( a p]son ) ! unkn[n dea? ( t p]son at a di/ance are 'pure flukes4' ,t is ! "q to :i* we recur lat]4 ,9 ! meantime1 ! def5d]s ( ! !ory1 t !re is "s n und]/ood connection ( cause & effect betwe5 ! dea? or o!r crisis at "o end & ! p]ception repres5t+ ! p]son affect$ by ! crisis at ! o!r end1 po9t out t su* halluc9ations1 or o!r effects on ! p]cipi5t1 exi/ 9 a regul> ris+ scale ( pot5cy & p]ceptibility4 ,suppose t ',a's' dea? 9 ,york%ire is to affect ! consci\sness ( ',b' 9 ,surrey be=e he kn[s any?+ ab\t ! fact 7suppose x = ! sake ( argum5t71 !n ! effect may take place 7#a7 on ',b's' emotions1 produc+ a vague malaise & gloom2 7#b7 on 8 motor n]ves1 urg+ him to "s act2 7#c7 or may translate itself into 8 s5ses1 z a t\* felt1 a voice he>d1 a figure se52 or 7#d7 may r5d] itself z a phrase or an idea4 ,( ^!1 7#a7 ! emotional effect is1 ( c\rse1 ! vague/4 ,we may all h _h a sudd5 fit ( gloom :i* we c\ld n expla94 ,p r>ely act on su* impressions1 &1 :5 !y d1 are (t5 wrong4 ,?us a fri5d ( my own 0 sudd5ly s ov]:elm$1 at golf1 ) inexplicable mis]y 7?\gh w9n+ 8 mat*7 t he apologis$ to 8 oppon5t & walk$ home f ! n9? hole4 ,no?+ 0 wrong at home4 ,probably "s real gr\nd ( appreh5sion _h obscurely occurr$ to 8 m9d & express$ itself 9 8 emotion4 ,b "o may illu/rate :at did look l a co9cid5ce by ! exp]i5ce ( ! same fri5d4 ,he inhabit$1 z a "y m>ri$ man1 a flat 9 a h\se belong+ to an acqua9tance4 ,! hall 0 cov]$ by a k9d ( glass ro(1 ov] "p ( its ext5t4 ,he 0 /ay+ 9 ! c\ntry ) 8 wife1 & z !y travell$ home ! lady 0 beset ) an irresi/ible conviction t some?+ t]rible _h occurr$1 n to h] *ildr54 ,on rea*+ _! h\se !y f\nd t "o ( _! maids _h fall5 ?r\gh ! glass ro( & kill$ h]self4 ,!y also le>n$ t ! girl's si/] _h arriv$ at ! h\se1 imm$iately aft] ! accid5t1 expla9+ t %e 0 driv5 to come by a s5se t some?+ dreadful _h happ5$4 ,! lawy]1 too1 :o repres5t$ ! own] ( ! h\se1 _h appe>$1 unsummon$1 f a conviction1 :i* he c\ld n resi/1 t = "s reason unkn[n he 0 want$ !re4#a ,"h1 !n1 0 n an halluc9ation1 b an emotional effect simultane\sly rea*+ ! consci\sness ( ?ree p]sons1 & co9cid+ ) an unkn[n crisis4#b ,cases 9 :i* a p]son feels urg$ to an act 7#b7 are also record$4 ,inde$1 ! lawy]'s 9 our anecdote is su* an in/ance4 ,n to tr\ble ourselves 7#c7 ) 'voices1' halluc9ations ( sight1 co9cid+ ) a di/ant unkn[n crisis1 are trac$ f a m]e feel+ t somebody is 9 ! room1 foll[$ by a m5tal1 or m9d's eye picture ( a p]son dy+ at a di/ance1 up to a k9d ( 'vision' ( a p]son or sc5e1 & s on to halluc9ations appeal+1 at once1 to t\*1 sight1 & he>+4 ,z "s hundr$s ( ^! n>ratives ( co9cid5tal halluc9ations 9 e degree h be5 collect$ f witnesses at fir/ h&1 (t5 p]sonally kn[n1 & usually p]sonally cross-que/ion$1 by ! /ud5t1 x is difficult to d5y t !re is a prima facie case = inquiry4#c ,!re is "h no "q ( 'spirits1' ) all _! physical & metaphysical difficulties4 ,nor is !re any desire to %irk ! fact t _m 'pres5tim5ts' & halluc9ations ( ! sane co9cide ) no asc]ta9able fact4 ,we only provisionally posit ! possibility ( an influ5ce1 9 its nature unkn[n1 ( "o m9d on ano!r at a di/ance1 su* influ5ce translat+ itself into an halluc9ation4 ,an inquiry into ?is subject1 9 ! e?nographic & mod]n fields1 may be new b involves no 'sup]/ition4' ,we n[ return to ,mr4 ,tylor1 :o treats ( halluc9ations among o!r exp]i5ces :i* l$ e>ly savage ?9k]s to believe 9 gho/s or sep>able s\ls1 ! orig9 ( religion4 ,z to ! causes ( halluc9ations 9 g5]al1 ,mr4 ,tylor has some?+ to say1 b x is no?+ sy/ematic4 ',sickness1 exhau/ion1 & excitem5t' cause savages to behold 'human spectres1' 9 '! objective reality' ( :i* !y believe4 ,b if an educat$ mod]n1 n sick1 nor exhau/$1 nor excit$1 has an halluc9ation ( a fri5d's pres5ce1 he1 too1 believes t x is 'objective1' is 8 fri5d 9 fle% & blood1 till he f9ds out 8 mi/ake1 by exam9ation or reflection4 ,z ,pr(essor ,william ,james rem>ks1 9 8 ',pr9ciples ( ,psy*ology1' su* solit>y halluc9ations ( ! sane & heal?y1 once 9 a life-"t1 are difficult to acc\nt =1 & are by no means r>e4 ',sometimes1' ,mr4 ,tylor obs]ves1 '! phantom has ! *>act]i/ic quality ( n be+ visible to all ( an assembl$ company1' & he adds 'to ass]t or imply t !y are visible sometimes1 & to "s p]sons1 b n always1 or to ev]yone1 is to lay d[n an explanation ( facts :i* is n1 inde$1 our usual mod]n explanation1 b :i* is a p]fectly rational & intelligible product ( e>ly sci5ce4' ,x is1 inde$1 nor has lat] sci5ce produc$ any rational & intelligible explanation ( collective halluc9ations1 %>$ by sev]al p]sons at once1 & p]haps n p]ceiv$ by o!rs :o are pres5t4 ,mr4 ,tylor1 x is true1 ass]ts t '9 civilis$ c\ntries a rum\r ( "s "o hav+ se5 a phantom is en\gh to br+ a sight ( x to o!rs ^: m9ds are 9 a prop]ly receptive /ate4' ,b ?is is argu+ 9 a circle2 ,:at is 'a prop]ly receptive /ate'8 ,if illness1 ov]work1 'expectant att5tion1' make 'a prop]ly receptive /ate1' ,i %\ld h se5 sev]al phantoms 9 sev]al 'haunt$ h\ses4' ,b ! only ?+ ( ! sort ,i ev] saw occurr$ :5 ,i 0 ?9k+ ( no?+ less1 :5 ,i 0 9 good heal?1 & :5 ,i did n "k 7nor did ,i le>n till long aft]7 t x 0 ! "r & usual phantom to see4 ,mr4 ,podmore rem>ks t v>i\s memb]s ( ! ,psy*ical ,society h soj\rn$ 9 v>i\s 'haunt$ h\ses1' '"s ( !m 9 a /ate ( expectancy & n]v\s excitem5t1' :i* nev] caus$ !m to see phantoms1 = !y saw none4#d ,mr4 ,tylor treats ( wak+ halluc9ations 9 mu* ! same mann] z he deals ) 'travell+ clairvoyance4' ,he does n /udy !m '9 ! field ( exp]i5ce4' ,he is n conc]n$ ) ! tru? ( ! facts1 important z we ?9k x w\ld be1 b ) 8 !ory t halluc9ations1 among o!r causes1 w\ld naturally give rise to ! belief 9 spirits1 & ?us to ! e>ly philosophy ( ,animism4 ,n[1 c]ta9ly1 ! halluc9ation ( a p]son's pres5ce1 say at ! mom5t ( 8 dea? at a di/ance1 w\ld sugge/ to a savage t some?+ ( ! dy+ man's1 some?+ symbolis$ 9 ! ^w '%ad[1' or 'brea?' 7spiritus71 _h come to say f>ewell4 ,! mod]n 'spirituali/ic' !ory1 aga91 t ! dead man's '_s' is actually pres5t to ! p]cipi5t1 9 space1 corresponds to1 & is d]iv$ f1 ! animi/ic philosophy ( ! savage4 ,b we may believe 9 su* 'dea?-wrai?s1' or halluc9atory appe>ances ( ! dy+1 )\t be+ ei!r savages or spirituali/s4 ,we may believe )\t pret5d+ to expla91 or we may advance ! !ory ( ',telepa?y1' ,hegel's 'magical tie1' accord+ to :i* ! di/ant m9d someh[ impresses itself1 9 a m or less p]fect halluc9ation1 on ! m9d ( ! p]son :o p]ceives ! wrai?4 ,if ?is be s1 or ev5 if no explanation be (f]$1 ! tru? ( ! /ories ( co9cid5tal app>itions becomes important1 z po9t+ to a new region ( psy*ical inquiry4 ,!n ! evid5ce ( savages z to halluc9ations ( _! own1 co9cid5t ) ! dea? ( _! abs5t fri5ds1 w confirm1 quantum valeat1 ! evid5ce ( _m mod]n obs]v]s 9 all ranks ( life1 & all degrees ( culture1 f ,"l ,br\gham to an old nurse4#e ,z to halluc9ations co9cid5t ) ! dea? ( ! p]son app>5tly se51 ,mr4 ,tylor says3 ',n>ratives ( ?is class ,i c "h only specify )\t argu+ on !m1 !y are abundantly 9 circulation4'#f ,n[1 ! mod]n halluc9ations !mselves c sc>cely1 p]haps1 be call$ 'survivals f savag]y1' ?\gh ! op9ion t an halluc9ation ( a p]son mu/ be 8 '_s' is really su* a survival4 ,x is ) t op9ion1 ) ,animism 9 its halluc9atory orig9s1 t ,mr4 ,tylor is conc]n$1 n ) ! halluc9ations !mselves or ) ! evid5ce = _! v]idical exi/5ce4 ,mr4 ,tylor gives ?ree anecdotes1 n>rat$ to him1 9 two cases1 by ! se]s1 ( phantasms ( ! liv+ beheld by !m 7& 9 "o case by a companion also7 :5 ! real p]son 0 dy+ at a di/ance4 ,he adds3 ',my own view is t no?+ b dreams & visions c\ld h ev] put into m5's m9ds su* an idea z t ( s\ls be+ e!real images ( bodies4'#g ,! idea may be p]fectly errone\s2 b if ! occurr5ce ( su* co9cid5tal appe>ances z ,mr4 ,tylor tells u ab\t c\ld be %[n to be too frequ5t = m]e *ance to produce1 !n !re w\ld be a presumption 9 fav\r ( "s unkn[n faculties 9 our nature--a prop] !me = an?ropology4 ,! halluc9ations ( :i* we he> mo/ are ^? 9 :i* a p]son sees ! phantom ( ano!r p]son1 :o1 unkn[n to him1 is 9 or ne> ! h\r ( dea?4 ,mr4 ,tylor1 9 addition to 8 ?ree in/ances 9 civilis$ life1 alludes to "o 9 savage life1 ) ref]5ces to o!r cases4#h ,we turn to 8 savage in/ance1 (f]+ x at full l5g? f ! orig9al4#i ',among ! ,maoris' 7says ,mr4 ,%ortl&7 'x is always om9\s to see ! figure ( an abs5t p]son4 ,if ! figure is v %ad[y1 & its face is n se51 dea?1 al?\gh he may ere long be expect$1 has n seiz$ 8 prey4 ,if ! face ( ! abs5t p]son is se51 ! om5 =ew>ns ! behold] t he is already dead4' ,! foll[+ /atem5t is f ! m\? ( an eyewitness3 ',a p>ty ( natives left _! village1 ) ! int5tion ( be+ abs5t "s "t1 on a pig-hunt+ exp$ition4 ,"o night1 :ile !y 7 seat$ 9 ! op5 air ar\nd a blaz+ fire1 ! figure ( a relative :o _h be5 left ill at home 0 se5 to approa*4 ,! app>ition appe>$ to two ( ! p>ty only1 & vani%$ imm$iately on _! mak+ an exclamation ( surprise4 ,:5 !y return$ to ! village !y inquir$ = ! sick man1 & !n le>nt t he _h di$ ab\t ! "t he 0 said to h be5 se54' ,i n[ give ,maori cases1 communicat$ to me by ,mr4 ,trege>1 ,f4,r4,g4,s41 au?or ( a ',maori ,comp>ative ,diction>y4' ,a v intellig5t ,maori *ief said to me1 ',i h se5 b two gho/s4 ,i 0 a boy at s*ool 9 ,auckl&1 & "o morn+ 0 asleep 9 b$ :5 ,i f\nd myself ar\s$ by "s "o %ak+ me by ! %\ld]4 ,i look$ up1 & saw b5d+ ov] me ! well-kn[n =m ( my uncle1 :om ,i suppos$ to be at ! ,bay ( ,isl&s4 ,i spoke to him1 b ! =m became dim & vani%$4 ,! next mail br\ght me ! news ( 8 dea?4 ,ye>s pass$ away1 & ,i saw no gho/ or _s--n ev5 :5 my fa!r & "m di$1 & ,i 0 abs5t 9 ea* case4 ,!n "o day ,i 0 sitt+ read+1 :5 a d>k %ad[ fell across my book4 ,i look$ up1 & saw a man /&+ betwe5 me & ! w9d[4 ,8 back 0 turn$ t[>ds me4 ,i saw f 8 figure t he 0 a ,maori1 & ,i call$ out to him1 ,oh fri5d6 ,he turn$ r\nd1 & ,i saw my o!r uncle1 ,ihaka4 ,! =m fad$ away z ! o!r _h done4 ,i _h n expect$ to he> ( my uncle's dea?1 = ,i _h se5 him hale & /rong a few h\rs be=e4 ,h[ev]1 he _h gone into ! h\se ( a mission>y1 & he 7) sev]al :ite p7 0 poison$ by eat+ ( a pie made f t9n$ meat1 ! t9 hav+ be5 op5$ & ! meat left 9 x all night4 ,t is all ,i myself _h se5 ( spirits4' ,"o m ,maori example may be (f]$3#aj ,f ,mr4 ,francis ,d>t ,f5ton1 =m]ly 9 ! ,native ,dep>tm5t ( ! ,gov]nm5t1 ,auckl&1 ,new ,zeal&4 ,he gave ! acc\nt 9 writ+ to 8 fri5d1 ,capta9 ,j4,h4 ,crosse1 ( ,monk/[n1 ,cork1 f :om we receiv$ x4 ,9 #aheb1 :5 ! incid5t occurr$1 ,mr4 ,f5ton 0 'engag$ 9 =m+ a settlem5t on ! banks ( ! ,waikato4' ',m>* #be1 #ahfj ',two sawy]s1 ,frank ,philps & ,jack ,mulholl&1 7 engag$ cutt+ timb] = ! ,rev4 ,r4 ,maunsell at ! m\? ( ! ,aw>oa creek--a v lonely place1 a va/ swamp1 no p )9 miles ( !m4 ,z usual1 !y _h a ,maori ) !m to assi/ 9 fell+ trees4 ,he came f ,tihorewam1 a village on ! o!r side ( ! riv]1 ab\t six miles (f4 ,z ,frank & ! native 7 cross-cutt+ a tree1 ! native /opp$ sudd5ly1 & said1 ,:at are y come =8 look+ 9 ! direction ( ,frank4 ,frank repli$1 ,:at d y mean8 ,he said1 ,i am n speak+ to y2 ,i am speak+ to my bro!r4 ,frank said1 ,:]e is he8 ,! native repli$1 ,beh9d y4 ,:at d y want8 7to ! o!r ,maori71 ,frank look$ r\nd & saw nobody4 ,! native no long] saw anyone1 b bid d[n ! saw & said1 ,i %all g across ! riv]2 my bro!r is dead4 ',frank laugh$ at him1 & rem9d$ him t be _h left him q well on ,sunday 7five days be=e71 & !re _h be5 no communication s9ce4 ,! ,maori spoke no m1 b got into 8 canoe & pull$ across4 ,:5 he arriv$ at ! l&+-place1 he met p com+ to fet* him4 ,8 bro!r _h j di$4 ,i knew him well4' ,9 answ] to inquiries z to 8 au?ority = ?is n>rative1 ,mr4 ,f5ton writes3 ',decemb] #ah1 #ahhc4 ',i knew all ! p>ties conc]n$ well1 & x is q true1 valeat quantum1 z ! lawy]s say4 ,incid5ts ( ?is sort are n infrequ5t among ! ,maoris4 ',f4,d4 ,,f5ton1 ',late ,*ief ,judge1 ,native ,law-,c\rt ( ,n4,z4' ,"h is a some:at analog\s example f ,ti]ra del ,fuego3 ',jemmy ,button 0 v sup]/iti\s' 7says ,admiral ,fitzroy1 speak+ ( a ,fuegian br\ght to ,engl&74 ',:ile at sea1 on bo>d ! ,beagle1 he said "o morn+ to ,mr4 ,bynoe t 9 ! night "s man came to ! side ( 8 hammock & :isp]$ 9 8 e> t 8 fa!r 0 dead4 ,he fully believ$ t su* 0 ! case1' & he 0 p]fectly "r4444 ',he rem9d$ ,b5nett ( ! dream4'#aa ,mr4 ,d>w9 also m5tions ?is case1 a co9cid5tal auditory halluc9ation4 ,i h f\nd no o!r savage cases q to ! po9t4 ,?is is1 und5iably1 'a puir %[ = ,kirk9tillo*1' a meagre collection ( savage dea?-wrai?s1 b x may be s meagre by reason ( want ( rese>*1 or ( lack ( records1 travell]s usually pooh-pooh+ ! b5ight$ sup]/itions ( ! hea!n1 or fe>+ to seem sup]/iti\s if !y *ronicle in/ances4 ,h[ev] few ! in/ances1 !y are1 und5iably1 exact p>allels to ^? record$ 9 civilis$ life4 ,9 fill+ up ! lacuna 9 ,mr4 ,tylor's an?ropological "w1 9 ask+ que/ions z to ! proportion betwe5 phantasms ( ! liv+ :i* co9cide ) a crisis 9 ! exp]i5ce ( ! p]son se51 & ^? :i* d n1 x is obvi\sly necess>y to reject all evid5ce ( p :o 7 ill1 or anxi\s1 or ov]work$1 or 9 poignant grief at ! "t ( ! halluc9ation4 ,x w be se5 lat] t nei!r grief nor amatory passion 7dom9at+ ! association ( our ideas z !y d7 beget _m phantasms4 ,our bus9ess1 h[ev]1 is ) ! false p]ceptions ( p]sons tru/wor?y1 z f> z we "k1 sane1 heal?y1 n usually vision>y1 & 9 an unp]turb$ /ate ( m9d4 ,!re rema9s a normal cause ( subjective halluc9ations1 expectancy4 ,?is appe>s to be a real cause ( halluc9ation or1 at lea/1 ( illusion4 ,wait+ = ! s\nd ( a c>riage y may he> x (t5 be=e x comes1 y tak+ o!r s\nds = t :i* y desire4 ,aga91 9 an inquiry embrac+ #ag1jjj p1 ! ,s4,p4,r4 collect$ ?irte5 cases ( an halluc9atory appe>ance ( "o p]son to ano!r :o 0 expect+ 8 arrival4 ,once m1 x is v conceivable t a trifle1 ! accid5tal op5+ ( a door1 a noise ( a famili> k9d 9 an unfamili> place1 may t\* ! bra9 into orig9at+ an halluc9ation ( a p]son pass+ ?r\gh ! door1 or ( ! place :]e ! s\nd n[ he>d us$ once to be famili>4 ,expectancy1 aga91 & n]v\sness1 might d\btless cause an halluc9ation to a p]son :o felt uncom=table 9 a h\se ) a "n to be 'haunt$1' ?\gh1 z we h se51 ! effect is f> less common ?an ! cause4 ,all ^! sorts ( causes are und\bt$ly m apt to be preval5t among sup]/iti\s savages ?an among educat$ ,europeans4 ,& x /&s to reason t savages1 :]e "o man '?9ks he sees some?+1' w be readi] ?an we are to ?9k !y 'see some?+' too4 ,yet collective halluc9ations1 :i* are %>$ by sev]al p]sons at once1 are especially puzzl+4 ,ev5 if !y occur :5 all are 9 a /ra9$ condition ( expectancy1 x is odd t all see !m 9 ! same way4#ab ,examples w occur lat]4 ,:5 !re is no excitem5t1 ! my/]y is increas$4 ,we may note t1 among ! expectant multitudes :o look$ on :ile ,b]nadette 0 view+ ! ,bless$ ,virg9 at ,l\rdes1 n "o p]son1 h[ev] sup]/iti\s or hy/]ical1 pret5d$ to %>e ! vision4 ,aga91 only "o p]son1 & he on d\btful evid5ce1 is ass]t$ to h %>$1 once1 ! visions ( ,jeanne d',arc4 ,9 bo? cases all ! conditions said to produce collective halluc9ation 7 pres5t 9 ! highe/ degree4 ,yet no collective halluc9ation occurr$4 ,n>ratives ab\t halluc9ations co9cid5t ) a dea?1 n>ratives well atte/$1 are abundant 9 mod]n times1 s abundant t "o ne$ only ref] ! curi\s to ,messrs4 ,gurney & ,my]s's two l>ge volumes1 ',phantasms ( ! ,liv+1' & to ! ,s4,p4,r ',report ( ,c5sus ( ,halluc9ations' 7#ahid74 ,mr4 ,tylor says3 ',! spirituali/ic !ory specially insi/s on cases ( app>itions1 :]e ! p]son's dea? corresponds m or less ne>ly ) ! "t :5 "s fri5d p]ceives 8 phantom4' ,b vision>ies1 he rem>ks truly1 (t5 see phantoms ( liv+ p]sons :5 no?+ occurs4 ,t is ! case1 & ! "q arises :e!r m su* phantoms are view$ 7n by 'vision>ies'7 9 connection ) ! dea? or o!r crisis ( ! p]son ^: halluc9atory appe>ance is p]ceiv$1 ?an ought to occur1 if !re be no connection ( "s unkn[n cause betwe5 dea?s & appe>ances4 ,z ,mr4 ,tylor obs]ves1 ',man1 z yet 9 a l[ intellectual condition1 came to associate 9 ?\ght ^? ?+s :i* he f\nd by exp]i5ce to be connect$ 9 fact4'#ac ,did e>ly man1 !n1 f9d 9 exp]i5ce t app>itions ( 8 fri5ds 7 'connect$ 9 fact' ) _! dea?s8 ,&1 if s1 0 t discov]$ connection 9 fact ! orig9 ( 8 belief t an halluc9atory appe>ance ( an abs5t p]son sometimes ann\nc$ 8 dea?8 ,t ! belief exi/s 9 ,new ,zeal& we saw1 & f9d confirm$ by ?is in/ance1 "o ( '_m su* relations1' says ! au?or4 ,a ,maori *ief 0 long abs5t on ! w>-pa?4 ,"o day he ent]$ 8 wife's hut1 & sat mute by ! he>?4 ,%e ran to br+ witnesses1 b on h] return ! phantasm 0 no long] visible4 ,! woman soon aft]w>ds m>ri$ aga94 ,h] husb& !n return$ 9 p]fect heal?1 & p>don$ ! lady1 z %e _h act$ on :at1 to a ,maori m9d1 seem$ good legal evid5ce ( 8 decease4 ,( c\rse1 ev5 if %e fabl$1 ! /ory is evid5ce to ! exi/5ce ( ! belief4#ad ,:at1 !n1 is ! cause ( ! belief t a phantom ( a man is a tok5 ( 8 dea?8 ,on ! !ory ( savage philosophy1 z expla9$ by ,mr4 ,tylor himself1 a man's s\l may leave 8 body & become visible to o!rs1 n at dea? only1 b on _m o!r occasions1 9 dream1 trance1 le?>gy4 ,all ^! are mu* m frequ5t conditions1 9 e man's c>e]1 ?an ! fact ( dy+4 ,:y1 !n1 is ! phantasm suppos$ by savages to ann\nce dea?8 ,is x because1 9 a suffici5t ratio ( cases to provoke rem>k1 e>ly man has f\nd ! appe>ance & ! dea? to be '?+s connect$ 9 fact'8 ,i give an in/ance 9 :i* ! philosophy ( savages w\ld lead !m n to connect a phantasm ( a liv+ man ) 8 dea?4 ,! ,woi ,worung1 an ,au/ralian tribe1 hold t '! ,murup wrai? ( an individual c\ld be s5t f him by magic1 z1 = in/ance1 :5 a hunt] incauti\sly w5t to sleep :5 out hunt+4'#ae ,9 ?is case ! hunt] is expos$ to ! magic ( 8 enemies4 ,b ! ,murup1 or deta*$ s\l1 w\ld be visible to p at a di/ance :5 its own] is only asleep--accord+ to ! savage philosophy4 ,:y1 !n1 :5 ! wrai? is se51 is ! own] believ$ to be dy+8 ,are ! ?+s b\nd to be 'connect$ 9 fact'8 ,z is well kn[n1 ! ,society = ,psy*ical ,rese>* has attempt$ a little c5sus1 = ! purpose ( discov]+ :e!r halluc9ations repres5t+ p]sons at a di/ance co9cid$1 )9 twelve h\rs1 ) _! dea?s1 9 a l>g] ratio ?an ! laws ( *ance all[ z possible4 ,if x be s1 ! ,maori might h "s gr\nd = 8 !ory t su* halluc9ations betok5 a decease4 ,i d n believe t any su* c5sus c enable u to rea* an affirmative conclusion :i* sci5ce w accept4 ,9 spite ( all precautions tak51 all w>n+s be=e1 & 'all[ances' made lat]1 collectors ( evid5ce w 'select' affirmative cases already kn[n1 or 7:i* is equally fatal7 w be suspect$ ( do+ s4 ,aga91 illusions ( memory1 increas+ ! clos5ess ( ! co9cid5ce1 w come 9--or x w be easy to say t !y came 94 ',all[ances' = !m w n be accept$4 ,once m1 #ag1jjj cases1 ?\gh a l>g] numb] ?an is usual 9 biological inquiries1 are decid$ly n en\gh = a popul> argum5t on probabilities2 a million1 x w be said1 w\ld n be too _m4 ,f9ally1 grant+ hone/y1 accurate memory1 & non-selection 7none ( :i* w be grant$ by oppon5ts71 x is easy to say t odd ?+s mu/ occur1 & t ! l>ge proportion ( affirmative answ]s z to co9cid5tal halluc9ations is j a specim5 ( ^! odd ?+s4 ,o!r objections are put =w>d by tea*]s ( popul> sci5ce :o h n exam9$--or1 hav+ exam9$1 misreport--! results ( ! ,c5sus 9 detail4 ,i may give an example ( _! me?od4 ,mr4 ,edw>d ,clodd is ! au?or ( sev]al h&books ( sci5ce--',! ,/ory ( ,creation1' ',a ,manual ( ,evolution1' & o!rs4 ,n[1 9 a sign$ review ( a book1 a critique publi%$ 9 ',! ,sket*' 7,octob] #ac1 #ahig71 ,mr4 ,clodd wrote ab\t ! ,c5sus3 ',?\s&s ( p]sons 7 ask$ :e!r !y _h ev] se5 app>itions1 & out ( ^! "s hundr$s1 mo/ly un9tellig5t =eign]s1 repli$ 9 ! affirmative4 ,"s eight or t5 ( ! numb]--envi$ mortals--_h se5 angels1 b ! majority1 l ! ,am]ican 9 ! mongoose /ory1 _h se5 only snakes4444 ,9 weigh+ evid5ce we h to take into acc\nt ! compet5cy z well z ! integrity ( ! witnesses4' ,mr4 ,clodd has mo/ frankly & good-hum\r$ly ackn[l$g$ ! errone\sness ( 8 rem>k4 ,o!rwise we might ask3 ,does ,mr4 ,clodd pref] to be consid]$ n 'compet5t' or n 'v]aci\s'8 ,he _c be bo? on ?is occasion1 = 8 sign$ & publi%$ rem>ks 7 absolutely inaccurate4 ,fir/1 ?\s&s ( p]sons 7 n ask$ ':e!r !y _h se5 app>itions4' ,!y 7 ask$3 ',h y ev]1 :5 believ+ y\rself to be p]fectly awake1 _h a vivid impression ( see+1 or be+ t\*$ by a liv+ be+ or inanimate object1 or ( he>+ a voice2 :i* impression1 s f> z y c\ld discov]1 0 n due to any ext]nal physical cause8' ,secondly1 x is n ! fact t '"s hundr$s1 mo/ly un9tellig5t =eign]s1 repli$ 9 ! affirmative4' ,( ,engli%-speak+ m5 & wom51 #a1dii answ]$ ! "q quot$ above 9 ! affirmative4 ,( =eign]s 7naturally 'un9tellig5t'71 #ahe return$ affirmative answ]s4 ,?irdly1 :5 ,mr4 ,clodd says1 ',! majority _h se5 only snakes1' x is n easy to "k :at precise s5se 'snakes' be>s 9 ! t]m9ology ( popul> sci5ce4 ,if ,mr4 ,clodd means1 by 'snakes1' fanta/ic halluc9ations ( animals1 ^! am\nt$ to #be1 z aga9/ #hcj repres5t+ human =ms ( p]sons recognis$1 unrecognis$1 liv+ or dead4 ,b1 if by 'snakes' ,mr4 ,clodd means purely subjective halluc9ations1 n kn[n to co9cide ) any ev5t--& ?is is 8 mean+--8 /atem5t agrees ) t ( ! ,c5sus4 ,8 obs]vations1 ( c\rse1 7 purely accid5tal errors4 ,! numb] ( halluc9ations repres5t+ liv+ or dy+ recognis$ p]sons 9 ! answ]s receiv$1 0 #ceb4 ,( fir/-h& cases1 9 :i* co9cid5ce ( ! halluc9ation ) ! dea? ( ! p]son app>5tly se5 0 affirm$1 !re 7 #hj1 ( :i* #bf are giv54 ,! non-co9cid5tal halluc9ations 7 multipli$ by f\r1 to all[ = =getfulness ( 'misses4' ,! results be+ comp>$1 x 0 decid$ t ! halluc9ations collect$ co9cid$ ) dea? #ddj m (t5 ?an ought to be ! case by ! law ( probabilities4 ,!re=e !re 0 pro(1 or presumption1 9 fav\r ( "s relation ( cause & effect betwe5 ,a's dea? & ,b's halluc9ation4 ,if we 7 to attack ! op9ion ( ! ,committee on ,halluc9ations1 t ',betwe5 dea?s & app>itions ( ! dy+ a connection exi/s :i* is n due to *ance alone1' ! assault %\ld be made n only on ! me?od1 b on ! details4 ,! ev5ts 7 nev] ( v rec5t1 & (t5 7 ( remote occurr5ce4 ,! remot5ess 0 less ?an x seems1 h[ev]1 z ! que/ions 7 (t5 answ]$ sev]al ye>s be=e ! publication ( ! ,report 7#ahid74 ,!re 0 sc>cely any docum5t>y evid5ce1 any note or lett] writt5 betwe5 ! halluc9ation & ! arrival ( news ( ! dea?4 ,su* lett]s1 ! evid5ce alleg$1 _h 9 "s cases exi/$1 b _h be5 lo/1 burnt1 eat5 by :ite ants1 or writt5 on a %eet ( blott+ pap] or ! :itewa%$ wall ( a b>rack room4 ,if ,i may judge by my own lifelong success 9 mislay+1 los+1 & casually de/roy+ pap]s1 f *eques to notes made = lit]>y purposes1 f int]e/+ lett]s ( fri5ds to ! manuscripts ( noveli/s1 or if ,i may judge by ,sir ,walt] ,scott's triumphs ( ! same k9d1 ,i %\ld n ?9k mu* ( ! disappe>ance ( docum5t>y evid5ce to dea?-wrai?s4 ,nobody suppos$1 :5 ^! notes 7 writt51 t ,sci5ce w\ld ask = _! production2 & ev5 if p _h guess$ at ?is1 x is human to lose or de/roy old pap]s4 ,! remot5ess ( ! occurr5ces is m rem>kable1 =1 if ^! ?+s happ51 :y 7 s few rec5t cases discov]$8 ,aga91 ! se]s 7 sometimes "u anxiety1 ?\gh su* cases 7 exclud$ f ! f9al computation3 !y frequ5tly knew t ! p]son se5 0 9 bad heal?3 !y 7 (t5 v famili> ) 8 p]sonal aspect4 ,n[ :at are call$ 'subjective halluc9ations1' non-co9cid5tal halluc9ations1 usually repres5t p]sons v famili> to u1 p]sons mu* 9 our m9ds4 ,i "k sev5 cases 9 :i* su* halluc9ations occurr$4 #a1 #b1 ( husb& to wife2 #c1 son to "m2 #d1 bro!r to si/]2 #e1 si/] to si/]2 #f1 c\s9 7liv+ 9 ! same h\se7 to c\s92 #g1 fri5d 7liv+ a mile away7 to two fri5ds4 ,9 no case 0 !re a dea?-co9cid5ce4 ,only 9 case #d 0 !re any k9d ( co9cid5ce1 ! bro!r hav+ int5d$ to d 7unkn[n to ! si/]7 :at he 0 se5 do+--driv+ 9 a dog-c>t ) a lady4 ,b he _h n driv54 ,we _c1 ( c\rse1 prove t ^! sev5 cases 7 n telepa?ic1 b !re is no pro( t !y 74 ,n[ mo/ ( ! co9cid5tal cases1 on :i* ! ,committee reli$ z _! *oice/ examples1 repres5t$ p]sons famili>ly kn[n to ! se]s4 ,?is looks z if !y 7 casual2 b1 ( c\rse1 if telepa?y does exi/1 x is mo/ likely 7z ,hegel says7 to exi/ betwe5 k9sfolk & fri5ds4#af ,! dates might be fre%]6 ,9 case #a1 p]cipi5t knew t 8 aunt 9 ,engl& 7he be+ 9 ,au/ralia7 0 n v well4 ,no anxiety4 #b4 ,casual acqua9tance4 ,no anxiety4 ,case ( accid5t or suicide4 #c4 ,acqua9tance :o fe>$ to die 9 *ildb$1 & did4 ,p]cipi5t n mu* int]e/$1 nor at all anxi\s4 #d4 ,fa!r 9 ,engl& to son 9 ,india4 ,no anxiety4 #e4 ,uncle to niece4 ,sudd5 dea?4 ,no anxiety4 ,no k ( illness4 #f4 ,bro!r-9-law to si/]-9-law1 & h] maid4 ,no anxiety report$4 ,russian4 #g4 ,fa!r to son4 ,no anxiety report$4 ,russian4 #h4 ,fri5d to fri5d4 ,no k ( illness or anxiety report$4 #i4 ,gr&mo!r to gr&son4 ,no anxiety4 ,no k ( illness4 #aj4 ,casual acqua9tance1 to sev5 p1 & app>5tly to a dog4 ,illness kn[n4 ,russian4 #aa4 ,/ep-bro!r to /ep-bro!r4 ,no anxiety4 ,no k ( illness4 #ab4 ,fri5d to fri5d4 ,no anxiety or k ( illness4 #ac4 ,casual acqua9tance4 ,no anxiety4 #ad4 ,aunt to nephew & to 8 wife4 ,illness kn[n4 ,no anxiety4 #ae4 ,si/] to bro!r4 ,illness kn[n4 ,no anxiety4 #af4 ,fa!r to daught]4 ,no k ( illness4 ,no anxiety4 #ag4 ,fa!r to son4 ,mu* anxiety4 7,unc\nt$47 #ah4 ,si/] to si/]4 ,illness kn[n4 ',no imm$iate dang]' surmis$4 #ai4 ,fa!r to son4 ,mu* anxiety4 ,russian4 7,unc\nt$47 #bj4 ,fri5d to fri5d4 ,illness kn[n4 ,p]cipi5t _h be5 nurs+ pati5t4 ,brazilian4 7,v bad case67 #ba ,fri5d to fri5d4 ,illness kn[n4 ,no anxiety4 #bb4 ,bro!r to bro!r4 ,illness kn[n4 ,no anxiety4 #bc4 ,gr&fa!r to gr&-daught]4 ,illness kn[n4 ,no press+ anxiety4 #bd4 ,gr&fa!r to gr&son4 ,illness kn[n4 ,no anxiety4 #be4 ,fa!r's h&4 ,illness *ronic4 ,no anxiety4 ,p]cipi5t a daught]4 ,russian4 #bj4 ,husb& to wife4 ,anxiety 9 "t ( w>4 #bg4 ,bro!r to si/]4 ,slightly anxi\s f receiv+ no lett]4 #bh4 ,fri5d to fri5d4 ,no anxiety4 ,anxiety is only report$1 or to be surmis$1 9 two or ?ree cases4 ,9 a doz5 ! exi/5ce ( illness 0 kn[n4 ,x may !re=e be argu$1 adv]sely1 t 9 ! select$ co9cid5tal halluc9ations1 ! p]sons se5 7 9 ! class mo/ usually beheld 9 non-co9cid5tal &1 probably1 purely subjective halluc9ations repres5t+ real p]sons2 also1 t k ( _! illness1 ev5 :5 no anxiety exi/$1 kept !m 9 "s cases be=e ! m9d2 also1 t sev]al cases are =eign1 & t 'mo/ =eign]s are fools4' ,on ! o!r h&1 affection1 famili>ity1 & k ( illness _h n produc$ halluc9ations ev5 9 ! case ( ^! p]cipi5ts1 till )9 ! twelve h\rs 7(t5 mu* less7 ( ! ev5t ( dea?4 ,x w\ld h be5 desirable1 ( c\rse1 to publi% all ! non-co9cid5tal cases1 & %[ h[ f>1 9 ^! n v]idical cases1 ! recognis$ phantasms 7 ^? ( k9dr$1 de> fri5ds1 kn[n to be ill1 & subjects ( anxiety#ag4 ,! ,c5sus1 9 fact1 does conta9 a *apt] on ',m5tal & ,n]v\s ,conditions 9 connection ) ,halluc9ations1' su* z anxiety1 grief1 & ov]work4 ,d ^! produce1 or probably produce1 _m empty halluc9ations n co9cid5t ) dea? or any great crisis8 ,if !y d1 !n all cases 9 :i* a co9cid5tal halluc9ation occurr$ to a p]son 9 anxiety1 or ov]/ra9$1 w seem to be1 probably1 =tuit\s co9cid5ces l ! o!rs4 ,all p]cipi5ts1 ( all sorts ( halluc9ations1 hits or misses1 7 ask$ if !y 7 9 grief or anxiety4 ,n[1 out ( #a1fbb cases ( halluc9ation ( all kn[n k9ds 7co9cid5tal or n71 m5tal /ra9 0 report$ 9 #bbj in/ances2 ( :i* #aca 7 cases ( grief ab\t kn[n dea?s or anxiety4 ,^! m5tal conditions1 !re=e1 occur only 9 twelve p] c5t4 ( ! in/ances4 ,on ! :ole1 x does n seem fair to argue t anxiety produces s mu* halluc9ation t x w acc\nt by itself = ^? :i* we h analys$ z co9cid5tal4 ,! impression left on my own m9d by ! ,c5sus does pretty closely agree ) t ( its au?ors4 ,fairly well p]suad$ ( ! possibility ( telepa?y1 on o!r gr\nds1 & ev5 incl9$ to believe t x does produce co9cid5tal halluc9ations1 ! evid5ce ( ! ,c5sus1 by itself1 w\ld n conv9ce me nor its au?ors4 ,we want bett] records2 we want docum5t>y evid5ce record+ cases be=e ! arrival ( news ( ! co9cid5ce4 ,memories are v adaptive4 ,! au?ors1 h[ev]1 made a gallant ef=t1 at ! co/ ( mu* lab\r1 & l>gely all[$ = all conceivable drawbacks4 ,i am1 p]sonally1 illogical en\gh to agree ) ,kant1 & to be m conv9c$ by ! cumulative weight ( ! hundr$s ( cases 9 ',phantasms ( ! ,liv+1' 9 o!r s\rces1 9 my own circle ( acqua9tance1 & ev5 by ! co9cid5t traditions ( ,european & savage peoples1 ?an by ! /ati/ics ( ! ,c5sus4 ,! :ole mass1 ,c5sus & all1 is ( v consid]able weight1 & !re exi/ individual cases :i* "o feels unable to dispute4 ,?us :ile ,i w\ld nev] reg>d ! halluc9atory figure ( a fri5d1 p]ceiv$ by myself1 z pro( ( 8 dea?1 ,i w\ld ent]ta9 "s slight anxiety till ,i he>d ( 8 well-be+4 ,on ?is topic ,i w (f]1 9 a ,kantian _s1 an anecdote ( ! k9d :i*1 occurr+ 9 great quantities1 disposes ! m9d to a sort ( belief4 ,x is n giv5 z evid5ce to g to a jury1 = ,i only receiv$ x f ! lips ( a v gallant & di/+ui%$ (fic] & ,v4,c41 ^: own "p 9 ! affair w be describ$4 ,?is g5tleman 0 9 comm& ( a small ,briti% =ce 9 "o ( ! remote/ & lea/ accessible ( our dep5d5cies1 n connect$ by telegraph1 at ! "t ( ! incid5t1 ) ! di/ant ma9l&4 ,9 ! =ce 0 a p>ticul>ly folly "y capta94 ,"o night he w5t to a dance1 &1 z ! sleep+ accommodation 0 exhau/$1 he pass$ ! night1 l a ,hom]ic h]o1 on a c\* b5ea? ! e*o+ loggia4 ,next day1 contr>y to 8 wont1 he 0 9 ! wor/ ( spirits1 &1 aft] mop+ = "s "t1 ask$ leave to g a ?ree days' voyage to ! ne>e/ telegraph /ation4 ,8 comm&+ (fic]1 my in=mant1 0 good-natur$1 & gave leave4 ,at ! end ( a week ,capta9 ---- return$1 9 8 usual high spirits4 ,he n[ admitt$ t1 :ile ly+ awake 9 ! v]&ah1 aft] ! ball1 he _h se5 a fav\rite bro!r ( 81 !n 91 say1 ,p]u4 ,he c\ld n %ake (f ! impression2 he _h made ! long voyage to ! ne>e/ telegraph /ation1 & !nce _h telegraph$ to ano!r bro!r 91 let u say1 ,hong ,kong1 ',is all well ) ,john8' ,he receiv$ a reply1 ',all well by la/ mail1' & s return$1 reliev$ 9 m9d1 to 8 duties4 ,b ! next mail br++ lett]s f ,p]u br\ght news ( 8 ,p]uvian bro!r's dea? on ! night ( ! vision 9 ! v]&ah4 ,?is1 ( c\rse1 is n (f]$ z evid5ce4 ,= evid5ce we ne$ ,capta9 ----'s acc\nt1 8 ,hong ,kong bro!r's acc\nt1 date ( ! dance1 (ficial date ( ! ,p]uvian bro!r's dea?1 & s on4 ,b ! "* ( my in=mant indisposes me to disbelief4 ,! names ( places are int5tionally *ang$1 b ! places 7 z remote f ea* o!r z ^? giv5 9 ! text4 ,we f9d ourselves able to und]/& ! ,ma/] ( ,rav5swood's cogitations aft] he saw ! be/ wrai? 9 fiction3 ',%e di$ express+ h] eag] desire to see me4 ,c x be1 !n--c /rong & e>ne/ wi%es1 =m$ dur+ ! la/ agony ( nature1 survive its cata/rophe1 surm\nt ! awful b\nds ( ! spiritual _w1 & place be=e u its inhabitants 9 ! hues & col\r+ ( life8 ,& :y 0 t manife/$ to ! eye1 :i* c\ld n unfold its tale to ! e>8' 7',h] )]$ lips mov$ fa/1 al?\gh no s\nd issu$ f !m4'7 ',& :]e=e %\ld a brea* be made 9 ! laws ( nature1 yet its purpose rema9 unkn[n8' ,! ,ma/]'s reason+s are su* z1 9 he>+ simil> anecdotes1 mu/ h occurr$ to ,scott4 ,!y no long] repres5t our views4 ,! dea? & app>ition 7 co9cid5tal almo/ to ! m9ute3 x w\ld be impossible to prove t life 0 utt]ly ext9ct1 :5 ,alice seem$ to die1 'z ! clock 9 ! di/ant village toll$ "o1 j be=e' ,rav5swood's exp]i5ce4 ,we d n1 l him1 po/ulate 'a brea* 9 ! laws ( nature1' only a possible example ( a law4 ,! tale 0 n 'unfold$ to ! e>1' z ! telepa?ic impact only affect$ ! s5se ( sight4 ,"h1 p]haps1 ought to foll[ a reply to c]ta9 sci5tific criticisms ( ! !ory t telepa?y1 or ! action ( "o di/ant m9d1 or bra91 ^u ano!r1 may be ! cause ( 'co9cid5tal halluc9ations1' :e!r among savage or civilis$ races4 ,b1 n to delay ! argum5t by controv]sy1 ! ,reply to ,objections has be5 relegat$ to ! ,app5dix#ah4 ,footnote #a3 ,! lady1 h] husb&1 & ! lawy]1 all kn[n to me1 gave me ! /ory 9 writ+2 ! s]vant's si/] has be5 lo/ sight (4 ,footnote #b3 ,see ?ree o!r cases 9 ,proce$+s1 ,s4,p4,r41 ii4 #abb1 #abc4 ,two o!rs are (f]$ by ,mr4 ,h5ry ,james & ,mr4 ,j4 ,neville ,maskelyne ( ! ,egyptian ,hall4 ,footnote #c3 ,see ',phantasms ( ! ,liv+' & ',a ,!ory ( ,app>itions1' ,proce$+s1 ,s4,p4,r41 vol4 ii41 by ,messrs4 ,gurney & ,my]s4 ,footnote #d3 ,/udies 9 ,psy*ical ,rese>*1 p4 #chh4 ,footnote #e3 ,?is1 at lea/1 scorns to myself a n illogical argum5t4 ,mr4 ,leaf has argu$ on ! o!r side1 t ',d>w9ism may h done some?+ = ,totemism1 by prov+ ! exi/5ce ( a great monkey k9%ip4 ,b ,totemism c h>dly be quot$ z evid5ce = ,d>w9ism4' ,true1 b ,d>w9ism & ,totemism are matt]s ( op9ion1 n facts ( p]sonal exp]i5ce4 ,to a believ] 9 co9cid5tal halluc9ations1 at lea/1 ! alleg$ p>allel exp]i5ces ( savages mu/ yield "s confirmation to 8 own4 ,8 belief1 he ?9ks1 is w>rant$ by human exp]i5ce4 ,on :at does he suppose t ! belief ( ! savage is bas$8 ,d 8 exp]i5ce & _! belief co9cide by pure *ance8 ,footnote #f3 ,prim4 ,cult4 i4 #ddi4 ,footnote #g3 ,ibid4 i4 #dej4 ,footnote #h3 ,prim4 ,cult4 vol4 i4 p4 #dej4 ,footnote #i3 ,f ,%ortl&'s ,traditions ( ,new ,zeal&1 p4 #adj4 ,footnote #aj3 ,gurney & ,my]s1 ',phantasms ( ! ,liv+1' vol4 ii4 *4 v4 p4 #eeg4 ,footnote #aa3 ,! ',adv5ture' & ',beagle1' iii4 #aha1 cf4 #bjd4 ,footnote #ab3 ,x w1 ( c\rse1 be said t !y work$ _! /ories into con=mity4 ,footnote #ac3 ,prim4 ,cult4 i4 #aaf4 ,footnote #ad3 ,polack's ,mann]s ( ! ,new ,zeal&]s1 i4 #bfh4 ,footnote #ae3 ,h[itt1 op4 cit4 p4 #ahf4 ,footnote #af3 ,on exam9+ ! cases1 we f9d1 9 #ahid1 ^! dates ( report$ occurr5ces1 9 tw5ty-eight cases3 #ahij1 #ahhb1 #ahgi1 #ahgj1 #ahfc1 #ahfa1 #ahhh1 #ahhe1 #ahha1 #ahhj1 #ahgh1 #ahgd1 #ahfi1 #ahfi1 #ahde1 #ahhg1 #ahha1 #ahgg1 #ahgd1 #ahgc1 #ahfj 7871 #ahfd 7871 #ahee1 #ahcj 78671 #ahfg1 #ahfb1 #ahhh1 #ahgj4 ,footnote #ag3 ,on ?is po9t see ,report1 p4 #bfj4 ,fifty phantasms out ( ! :ole occurr$ dur+ anxiety or presumable anxiety4 ,( ^!1 ?irty-"o co9cid$ 7)9 twelve h\rs7 ) ! dea? ( ! p]son app>5tly se54 ,9 ! rema9+ n9ete51 ! p]son se5 recov]$ 9 eight cases4 ,footnote #ah3 ,app5dix ,a4 ,,vii ,,demoniacal ,,possession ,!re is a k9d ( halluc9ations--namely1 ,phantasms ( ! ,dead--ab\t :i* x seems bett] to say no?+ 9 ?is place4 ,if su* phantasms are se5 by savages :5 awake1 !y w d\btless greatly corroborate t belief 9 ! endurance ( ! s\l aft] dea?1 :i* is und5iably sugge/$ to ! e>ly reason] by ! ph5om5a ( dream+4 ,b1 :ile x is easy en\gh to produce evid5ce to recognis$ phantasms ( ! dead 9 civilis$ life1 x w\ld be v difficult inde$ to discov] _m good examples 9 :at we "k ab\t savages4 ,"s ,fijian in/ances are giv5 by ,mr4 ,fison 9 8 & ,mr4 ,h[itt's ',kamil>oi & ,kurnai1' ,o!rs occur 9 ! n>rative ( ,john ,tann]1 a captive f *ildhood among ! ,r$ ,indians4 ,b ! circum/ance1 already not$1 t an ,au/ralian lad became a wiz>d on ! /r5g? ( hav+ se5 a phantasm ( 8 dead "m1 proves t su* exp]i5ces are n common2 & ,au/ralian black fell[s h admitt$ t !y1 = _! "p1 nev] did see a gho/1 b only he>d ( gho/s f _! old m54 ,mr4 ,david ,leslie1 previ\sly cit$1 gives "s fir/-h& ,zulu evid5ce ab\t a haunt$ wood1 :]e ! ,esemk(u1 or gho/s ( p]sons kill$ by a tyrannical *ief1 7 he>d & felt by 8 native in=mant2 ! p]cipi5t 0 also pelt$ ) /ones1 z by ! ,european ,polt]gei/4 ,! ,zulu :o dies commonly becomes an ,ihlozi1 & receives 8 %>e ( sacrifice4 ,! ,esemk(u on ! o!r h&1 are di/urb$ & haunt+ spirits#a4 ,z a rule1 s f> z our in=mation goes1 x is n recognis$ phantasms ( ! dead1 9 wak+ vision1 :i* corroborate ! savage belief 9 ! p]si/5ce ( ! _s ( ! dep>t$4 ,! savage reason] r re/s 8 fai? on ! alleg$ ph5om5a ( noises & physical movem5ts ( objects app>5tly unt\*$1 :i* cause s _m h\ses 9 civilis$ society to be %ut up1 or %unn$1 z 'haunt$4' ,su* di/urbances ! savage naturally ascribes to 'spirits4' ,our evid5ce1 !re=e1 = recognis$ phantasms ( ! savage dead is v meagre1 s x is unnecess>y to exam9e ! mu* m copi\s civilis$ evid5ce4 ,! facts atte/$ may1 ( c\rse1 be !oretically expla9$ z ! result ( telepa?y f a m9d no long] inc>nate2 &1 7 ! evid5ce z copi\s z t = co9cid5tal halluc9ations ( ! liv+1 or dy+1 x w\ld be ( extreme importance4 ,b x is n s copi\s1 &1 grant+ ev5 t x is accurate1 v>i\s explanations n involv+ any?+ s di/a/eful to sci5ce z ! action ( a disc>nate intellig5ce may be1 & h be51 put =w>d4 ,we turn1 !re=e1 f a !me 9 :i* civilis$ te/imony is m bulky ?an t d]iv$ f savage life1 to a topic 9 :i* savage evid5ce is mu* m full ?an mod]n civilis$ records4 ,?is topic is ! s-call$ ,demoniacal ,possession4 ,9 ! philosophy ( ,animism1 & 9 ! belief ( _m peoples1 savage & civilis$1 spirits ( ! dead1 or spirits at l>ge1 c take up _! homes 9 ! bodies ( liv+ m54 ,su* m51 or wom51 are spok5 ( z 'inspir$1' or 'possess$4' ,!y speak 9 voices n _! own1 !y act 9 a mann] ali5 to _! natural "*1 !y are said to utt] prophecies1 & to display k :i* !y c\ld n h normally acquir$1 &1 9 fact1 d n consci\sly possess1 9 _! normal condition4 ,all ^! & simil> ph5om5a ! savage expla9s by ! hypo!sis t an ali5 _s--p]haps a demon1 p]haps a gho/1 or a god--has tak5 possession ( ! pati5t4 ,! possess$1 be+ full ( ! _s1 deliv]s s]mons1 oracles1 prophecies1 & :at ! ,am]icans call 'inspirational addresses1' be=e he returns to 8 normal consci\sness4 ,?\gh _m su* prophets are consci\s impo/ors1 o!rs are s9c]e4 ,dr4 ,mason m5tions a prophet :o became conv]t$ to ,*ri/ianity4 ',he c\ld n acc\nt = 8 =m] ex]cises1 b said t x c]ta9ly appe>$ to him z ?\gh a _s spoke1 & he mu/ tell :at x communicat$4' ,dr4 ,mason also gives ! foll[+ anecdote3 '444,ano!r individual _h a famili> _s t he consult$ & ) :i* he conv]s$2 b1 on he>+ ! ,gospel1 he pr(ess$ to become conv]t$1 & _h no m communication ) 8 _s4 ,x _h left him1 he said2 x spoke to him no m4 ,aft] a protract$ trial ,i baptis$ him4 ,i wat*$ 8 case ) int]e/1 & = sev]al ye>s he l$ an unimpea*able ,*ri/ian life2 b1 on los+ 8 religi\s zeal1 & disagree+ ) "s ( ! *ur* memb]s1 he remov$ to a di/ant village1 :]e he c\ld n att5d ! s]vices ( ! ,sabba?1 & x 0 soon aft] report$ t he _h communications ) 8 famili> _s aga94 ,i s5t a native prea*] to visit him4 ,! man said he he>d ! voice :i* _h conv]s$ ) him =m]ly1 b x spoke v diff]5tly4 ,its language 0 exce$+ly pleasant to he>1 & produc$ great brok5ness ( he>t4 ,x said1 ,love ea* o!r2 act righte\sly--act uprightly1 ) o!r exhortations su* u he _h he>d f ! tea*]s4 ,an assi/ant 0 plac$ 9 ! village ne> him1 :5 ! _s left him aga92 & ev] s9ce he has ma9ta9$ ! "* ( a consi/5t ,*ri/ian4'#b ,?is anecdote illu/rates :at is call$ by spiriti/s '*ange ( control4' ,aft] receiv+1 & des]t+1 ,*ri/ian doctr9e1 ! pati5t aga9 spoke unconsci\sly1 b "u ! influ5ce ( ! fai? :i* he _h ab&on$4 ,9 ! same way we %all f9d t a mod]n ,am]ican ',m$ium1' aft] be+ = a "t con/antly 9 ! society ( educat$ & psy*ological obs]v]s1 obta9$ new 'controls' ( a "* m urbane & civilis$ ?an h] old 'famili> _s4'#c ,x is admitt$ t ! possess$ sometimes display an eloqu5ce :i* !y are incapable ( 9 _! normal condition4#d ,9 ,*9a1 possess$ wom51 :o nev] compos$ a l9e ( poetry 9 _! normal lives1 utt] _! ?\ghts 9 v]se1 & are said to give evid5ce ( clairvoyant p[]s4#e ,! book--,demon ,possession 9 ,*9a--( ,dr4 ,nevius1 = =ty ye>s a mission>y1 0 viol5tly attack$ by ! m$ical j\rnals ( 8 native c\ntry1 ! ,unit$ ,/ates4 ,! doctor _h ! audacity to decl>e t he c\ld f9d no bett] explanation ( ! ph5om5a ?an ! !ory ( ! ,apo/les--namely1 t ! pati5ts 7 possess$4 ,n hav+ ! fe> ( man be=e 8 eyes1 he also rem>k$ t ! curr5t sci5tific explanations _h ! fault ( n expla9+ any?+4 ,= example1 ',mr4 ,tylor intimates t all cases ( suppos$ demoniacal possession are id5tical ) hy/]ia1 delirium1 & mania1 & su*like bodily & m5tal d]angem5ts4' ,dr4 ,nevius1 h[ev]1 gave :at he conceiv$ to be ! notes ( possession1 &1 9 8 diagnosis1 di/+ui%$ !m f hy/]ia 7:atev] t may mean71 delirium1 & mania4 ,nor c x hone/ly be d5i$ t1 if ! special notes ( possession actually exi/1 !y d m>k q a di/9ct species ( m5tal affection4 ,dr4 ,nevius !n obs]v$ t1 accord+ to ,mr4 ,tylor1 'sci5tific physicians n[ expla9 ! facts on a diff]5t pr9ciple1' b1 says ,dr4 ,nevius1 'we se>* 9 va9 to discov] :at ?is pr9ciple is4'#f ,dr4 ,nevius1 :o _h ! c\rage ( 8 op9ions1 !n consult$ a "w /yl$ ',n]v\s ,d]angem5t1' by ,dr4 ,hammond1 a ,pr(essor 9 ! ,m$ical ,s*ool ( ! ,univ]sity ( ,new ,york4#g ,he f\nd ?is sci5tific physician admitt+ t we "k v little ab\t ! matt]4 ,he knew1 :at is v gratify+1 t 'm9d is ! result ( n]v\s action1' & t s-call$ 'possession' is ! result ( 'mat]ial d]angem5ts ( ! organs or functions ( ! sy/em4' ,dr4 ,nevius 0 ready to admit ?is latt] doctr9e 9 cases ( idiocy1 insanity1 epilepsy1 & hy/]ia2 b !n1 said he1 ^! are n :at ,i call possession4 ,! ,*9ese h names = all ^! maladies1 ':i* !y ascribe to physical causes1' b = possession !y h a diff]5t "n4 ,he expect$ ,dr4 ,hammond to acc\nt = ! abnormal conditions 9 s-call$ possession1 b 'he has h>dly ev5 attempt$ to d ?is4' ,dr4 ,nevius next p]us$ ! works ( ,dr4 ,gries+]1 ,dr4 ,baelz1 ,pr(essor ,william ,james1 ,m4 ,ribot1 &1 g5]ally1 ! lit]ature ( 'alt]nat+ p]sonality4' ,he f\nd ,mr4 ,james pr(ess+ 8 conviction t ! 'alt]nat+ p]sonality' 79 popul> phrase1 ! demon1 or famili> _s7 ( ,mrs4 ,pip] knew a great deal ab\t ?+s :i* ,mrs4 ,pip]1 9 h] normal /ate1 did n1 & c\ld n "k4 ,?us1 aft] consult+ _m physicians1 ,dr4 ,nevius 0 none ! bett]1 & came back to 8 fai? 9 ,diabolical ,possession4 ,he 0 !re=e in=m$ t he _h writt5 '"o ( ! mo/ extraord9>ily p]v]t$ books ( ! pres5t day' on ! evid5ce ( 'transp>5t gho/ /ories'--:i* d n occur 9 8 book4 ,! attitude ( ,dr4 ,nevius _c be call$ /rictly sci5tific4 ,because pa?ologi/s & psy*ologi/s are unable to expla91 or give ! modus ( a set ( ph5om5a1 x does n foll[ t ! devil1 or a god1 or a gho/1 is 9 x4 ,b ?is1 ( c\rse1 0 precisely ! natural inf]5ce ( savages4 ,dr4 ,nevius catalogues ! symptoms ( possession ?us3 #a4 ,! automatic1 p]si/5t & consi/5t act+ out ( a new p]sonality1 :i* calls himself %i5g 7g5ius7 & calls ! pati5t hiang to 7inc5se burn]1 'm$ium'74 #b4 ,possession ( k & intellectual p[] n own$ by ! pati5t 79 8 normal /ate71 nor expla9able on ! pa?ological hypo!sis4 #c4 ,complete *ange ( moral "* 9 ! pati5t4 ,( ^! notes1 ! second w\ld1 ( c\rse1 mo/ confirm ! savage belief t a new intellig5ce _h ent]$ into ! pati5t4 ,if he display$ k ( ! future1 or ( ! remote1 ! inf]5ce t a novel & wis] intellig5ce _h tak5 possession ( ! pati5t's body w\ld be1 to ! savage1 irresi/ible4 ,b ! m cauti\s mod]n1 ev5 if he accept$ ! facts1 w\ld be r$uc$ to no su* extreme conclusion4 ,he w\ld say t k ( ! remote 9 space1 or 9 ! pa/1 might be telepa?ically communicat$ to ! bra9 ( "s liv+ p]son2 :ile1 = k ( ! future1 he c\ld fly1 ) ,h>tmann1 to contact ) ! ,absolute4 ,b ! "q ( evid5ce = ! facts is1 ( c\rse1 ! only real "q4 ,n[1 9 ,dr4 ,nevius's book1 ?is evid5ce re/s almo/ entirely on ! writt5 reports ( native ,*ri/ian tea*]s1 = ! ,*9ese 7 /rictly retic5t :5 que/ion$ by ,europeans4 ',my hea!n bro!r1 y h a si/] :o is a demoniac8' asks ! intellig5t ,european4 ,! reply ( ! hea!n bro!r is be/ left 9 ! obscurity ( a rem>kably difficult & copi\s ,ori5tal language4 ,we are ?us oblig$ to fall back on ! reports ( ,mr4 ,l5g & o!r native ,*ri/ian tea*]s4 ,!y are p]fectly mode/ & rational 9 /yle4 ,we le>n t ,mrs4 ,s51 a lady 9 h] normal /ate incapable ( lyrical ef=ts1 lisp$ 9 numb]s 9 h] second>y p]sonality1 & detect$ ! circum/ance t ,mr4 ,l5g 0 on 8 way to see h]1 :5 %e c\ld n h le>n$ ! fact 9 any normal way4#h ',!y are n[ cross+ ! /ream1 & w be "h :5 ! sun is ab\t s high2' :i* 0 correct4 ,! o!r witnesses 7 exam9$1 & corroborat$4#i ,dr4 ,nevius himself exam9$ ,mrs4 ,kwo1 :5 possess$1 talk+ 9 v]se1 &1 physically1 limp4#aj ,! n>ratives are ( ?is type2 ! pati5t1 on recov]+ consci\sness1 kn[s no?+ ( :at has occurr$2 ,*ri/ian pray]s are (t5 efficaci\s1 & !re are _m anecdotes ( movem5ts ( objects unt\*$4#aa ,by a happy accid5t1 z ?is *apt] 0 pass+ ?r\gh ! press1 a sci5tific acc\nt ( a demoniac & 8 cure 0 publi%$ by ,dr4 ,pi]re ,janet4#ab ,dr4 ,janet has expla9$1 ) complete success1 ev]y?+ 9 ! matt] ( possession1 except ! facts :i*1 9 ! op9ion ( ,dr4 ,nevius1 7 9 ne$ ( explanation4 ,^! facts did n occur 9 ! case ( ! demoniac 'exorcis$' by ,dr4 ,janet4 ,?us ! le>n$ essay ( t em95t au?ority w\ld n h satisfi$ ,dr4 ,nevius4 ,! facts 9 :i* he 0 int]e/$ did n pres5t !mselves 9 ,dr4 ,janet's pati5t1 & s ,dr4 ,janet does n expla9 !m4 ,! simple/ plan1 "h1 is to d5y t ! facts 9 :i* ,dr4 ,nevius believes ev] pres5t !mselves at all2 b1 if !y ev] d1 ,dr4 ,janet's explanation does n expla9 !m4 #a4 ,8 pati5t1 ,a*ille1 did n act out a new p]sonality4 #b4 ,a*ille display$ no k or intellectual p[] :i* he did n possess 9 8 normal /ate4 #c4 ,8 moral "* 0 n completely *ang$2 he 0 only m hypo*ondriacal & hy/]ical ?an usual4 ,a*ille 0 a poor devil ( a ,fr5* tradesman :o1 l ,capta9 ,boo?1 _h infr+$ ! laws ( /rict *a/ity & virtue4 ,he brood$ on ?is till he became d]ang$1 & ?\ght t ,satan _h him4 ,he 0 convuls$1 anae/hetic1 suicidal1 involunt>ily blasphem\s4 ,he 0 n 'exorcis$' by a pray] or by a comm&1 b aft] a long c\rse ( m5tal & physical treatm5t4 ,8 cure does n expla9 ! cures 9 :i* ,dr4 ,nevius believ$4 ,8 case did n pres5t ! features ( :i* ,dr4 ,nevius ask$ sci5ce = an explanation4 ,dr4 ,janet's essay is ! d]ni] cri ( sci5ce1 & leaves ,dr4 ,nevius j :]e x f\nd him4 ,sci5ce1 !re=e1 c1 & does1 tell ,dr4 ,nevius t 8 evid5ce = 8 facts is wor?less1 ?r\gh ! lips ( ,pr(essor ,w4 ,roma9e ,newbold1 9 ',proce$+s1 ,s4,p4,r41' ,febru>y #ahih 7pp4 #fjb-fjd74 ,& ! same numb] ( ! same p]iodical %[s u ,dr4 ,hodgson accept+ facts simil> to ^? ( ,dr4 ,nevius1 & expla9+ !m by--possession6 7p4 #djf74 ,dr4 ,nevius's obs]vations practically cov] ! :ole field ( 'possession' 9 non-,european peoples4 ,b o!r examples f o!r areas are "h includ$4 ,a r impressive example ( possession may be select$ f ,liv+/one's ',mission>y ,travels' 7p4 #hf74 ,! adv5tur\s ,sebituane 0 h>ri$ by ! ,matabele 9 a new l& ( 8 *oice4 ,he ?\ght ( desc5d+ ! ,zambesi till he 0 9 t\* ) :ite m52 b ,tlapne1 ':o held int]c\rse ) gods1' turn$ 8 face we/-w>ds4 ,tlapne us$ to retire1 'p]haps into "s cave1 to rema9 9 a hypnotic or mesm]ic /ate' until ! moon 0 full4 ,!n he w\ld return en prophte4 ',/amp+1 leap+1 & %\t+ 9 a peculi>ly viol5t mann]1 or beat+ ! gr\nd ) a club' 7to summon ^? "u e>?71 '!y induce a k9d ( fit1 & :ile 9 x pret5d t _! utt]ances are unkn[n to !mselves1' z !y probably are1 :5 ! condition is g5u9e4 ,tlapne1 aft] induc+ ! 'possess$' /ate1 po9t$ ea/3 ',!re1 ,sebituane1 ,i behold a fire2 %un x1 x may scor* !e4 ,! gods say1 ,g n ?i!r6' ,!n1 po9t+ we/1 he said1 ',i see a city & a nation ( black m51 m5 ( ! wat]1 _! cattle are r$1 ?9e own tribe are p]i%+1 ?\ wilt gov]n black m51 sp>e ?y future tribe4' ,s f>1 m]e advice2 !n1 ',?\1 ,ramos9ii1 ?y village w p]i% utt]ly4 ,if ,mok>i moves fir/ f ! village1 he w p]i% fir/2 & ?\1 ,ramos9ii1 wilt be ! la/ to die4' ,!n1 ',l "s bold se] 9 a trance1 ,see+ all 8 own mis*ance1' ',! gods h giv5 o!r m5 wat] to dr9k1 b to me !y h giv5 bitt] wat]4 ,!y call me away4 ,i g4'#ac ,tlapne di$1 ,mok>i di$1 ,ramos9ii di$1 _! village 0 de/roy$ soon aft]1 & s ,sebituane w&]$ we/w>d1 n disob$i5t to ! voice1 0 attack$ by ! ,baloiana1 conqu]$1 & sp>$ !m4 ,su* is 'possession' among savages4 ,x is sup]flu\s to multiply in/ances ( ?is _w-wide belief1 s freely illu/rat$ 9 ! ,new ,te/am5t1 & 9 trials = wit*craft4 ,! sci5tific /udy ( ! ph5om5a1 z ,littr compla9$1 '_h h>dly be5 sket*$' =ty ye>s ago4 ,9 ! int]v5+ ye>s1 psy*ologi/s & hypnoti/s h devot$ mu* att5tion to ! !me ( ^! 'second>y p]sonalities1' :i* ,animism expla9s by ! !ory ( possession4 ,! explanations ( mod]n philosoph]s diff]1 & x is n our bus9ess to discuss _! physiological & pa?ological ideas4#ad ,our affair is to ask :e!r1 9 ! field ( exp]i5ce1 !re is any evid5ce t p]sons ?us 'possess$' really ev9ce k :i* !y c\ld n h acquir$ ?r\gh normal *annels8 ,if su* evid5ce exi/s1 ! facts w\ld naturally /r5g!n ! conviction t ! possess$ p]son 0 inspir$ by an intellig5ce n 8 own1 t is1 by a _s4 ,n[ x is ! firm conviction ( sev]al m5 ( sci5ce t a c]ta9 ,mrs4 ,pip]1 an ,am]ican1 does display1 9 h] possess$ condition1 k :i* %e c\ld n normally acquire4 ,! case ( ?is lady is precisely on a level ) t ( c]ta9 savage or b>b>ic se]s4 ,?us3 ',! ,fijian prie/ sits look+ /eadily at a :ale's too? ornam5t1 amid dead sil5ce4 ,9 a few m9utes he trembles1 slight twit*+s ( face & limbs come on1 :i* increase to /rong convulsions4444 ,n[ ! god has ent]$4'#ae ,9 ,*9a1 '! pr(essional woman sits at a table 9 contemplation1 till ! s\l ( a deceas$ p]son f :om communication is desir$ ent]s h] body & talks ?r\gh h] to ! liv+4444'#af ,! latt] acc\nt exactly describes ,mrs4 ,pip]4 ,:5 consult$ %e passes ?r\gh convulsions into a trance1 aft] :i* %e talks 9 a new voice1 assumes a fre% p]sonality1 & affects to be possess$ by ! _s ( a ,fr5* doctor 7:o does n "k ,fr5*7--,dr4 ,ph9uit4 ,%e !n displays a v>y+ am\nt ( k ( dead & liv+ p connect$ ) h] cli5ts1 :o are usually /rang]s1 (t5 introduc$ "u feign$ names4 ,mrs4 ,pip] & h] husb& h be5 wat*$ by detectives1 & h n be5 discov]$ 9 any attempts to procure in=mation4 ,%e 0 = "s mon?s 9 ,engl& "u ! *>ge ( ! ,s4,p4,r4 ,o!r gho/s1 besides ,dr4 ,ph9uit1 gho/s m civilis$ ?an he1 n[ influ5ce h]1 & h] late/ p]=mances are said to exce$ h] =m] ef=ts4#ag ,volumes ( evid5ce ab\t ,mrs4 ,pip] h be5 publi%$ by ,dr4 ,hodgson1 :o unmask$ ,madame ,blavatsky & ,eusapia ,palad9o4#ah ,he 0 at fir/ conv9c$ t ,mrs4 ,pip]1 9 h] condition ( trance1 obta9s k n o!rwise & normally accessible to h]4 ,x 0 admitt$ t h] famili> _s guesses1 attempts to extract in=mation f ! p :o sit ) h]1 & tries sophi/ically to conceal 8 failures4 ,"h foll[ ! /atem5ts ( ,pr(essor ,james ( ,h>v>d4 ',! mo/ conv9c+ ?+s said ab\t my own imm$iate h\sehold 7 ei!r v intimate or v trivial4 ,un=tunately ! =m] ?+s _c well be publi%$4 ,( ! trivial ?+s ,i h =gott5 ! great] numb]1 b ! foll[+1 r>ae nantes1 may s]ve z samples ( _! class4 ,%e said t we _h lo/ rec5tly a rug1 & ,i a wai/coat4 7,%e wrongly accus$ a p]son ( /eal+ ! rug1 :i* 0 aft]w>ds f\nd 9 ! h\se47 ,%e told ( my kill+ a grey-&-:ite cat ) e!r1 & describ$ h[ x _h spun r\nd & r\nd be=e dy+4 ,%e told h[ my ,new ,york aunt _h writt5 a lett] to my wife1 w>n+ h] aga9/ all m$iums1 & !n w5t (f on a mo/ amus+ criticism1 full ( traits vifs1 ( ! excell5t woman's "*4 7,( c\rse1 no "o b my wife & ,i knew ! exi/5ce ( ! lett] 9 "q47 ,%e 0 /rong on ! ev5ts 9 our nurs]y1 & gave /rik+ advice dur+ our fir/ visit to h] ab\t ! way to deal ) c]ta9 tantrums ( our second *ild--little ,billy-boy1 z %e call$ him1 reproduc+ 8 nurs]y "n4 ,%e told h[ ! crib creak$ at night1 h[ a c]ta9 rock+-*air creak$ my/]i\sly1 h[ my wife _h he>d foot/eps on a /air1 c4 c4 ,insignificant z ^! ?+s s\nd :5 read1 ! accumulation ( !m has an irresi/ible effect2 & ,i repeat aga9 :at ,i said be=e1 t1 tak+ ev]y?+ t ,i "k ( ,mrs4 ,pip] into acc\nt1 ! result is to make me feel z absolutely c]ta9 z ,i am ( any p]sonal fact 9 ! _w t %e kn[s ?+s 9 h] trances :i* %e _c possibly h he>d 9 h] wak+ /ate1 & t ! def9itive philosophy ( h] trances is yet to be f\nd4 ,! limitations ( h] trance in=mation1 its discont9uity & fitfulness1 & its app>5t inability to develop beyond a c]ta9 po9t1 al?\gh !y end by ar\s+ "o's moral & human impati5ce ) ! ph5om5on1 yet are1 f a sci5tific po9t ( view1 among/ its mo/ int]e/+ peculi>ities1 s9ce :]e !re are limits !re are conditions1 & ! discov]y ( !m is always ! beg9n+ ( an explanation4 ',?is is all ,i cam tell y ( ,mrs4 ,pip]4 ,i wi% x 7 m sci5tific4 ,b valcat quantum6 x is ! be/ ,i c d4' ,else:]e ,mr4 ,james writes3 ',mr4 ,hodgson & o!rs h made prolong$ /udy ( ?is lady's trances1 & are all conv9c$ t sup]normal p[]s ( cognition are display$ !re94 ,!y are1 prima facie1 due to _s control4 ,b ! conditions are s complex t a dogmatic decision ei!r = or aga9/ ! hypo!sis mu/ z yet be po/pon$4'#ai ,aga9-- ',9 ! trances ( ?is m$ium ,i _c resi/ ! conviction t k appe>s :i* %e has nev] ga9$ by ! ord9>y wak+ use ( h] eyes1 e>s1 & wits4 ',! trances h brok5 d[n1 = my own m9d1 ! limits ( ! admitt$ ord] ( nature4' ,m4 ,paul ,b\rget 7:o is n sup]/iti\s71 aft] consult+ ,mrs4 ,pip]1 concludes3 ',l'esprit a des procds de connatre non s\ponns p> notre analyse4'#bj ,9 ?is treatise ,i may h %[n '! w to believe' 9 an unusual degree2 b1 = me1 ! int]e/ ( ,mrs4 ,pip] is purely an?ropological4 ,%e exhibits a survival or recrudesc5ce ( savage ph5om5a1 real or feign$1 ( convulsion & ( second>y p]sonality1 & ent]ta9s a survival ( ! animi/ic explanation4 ,mrs4 ,pip]'s hone/y & excell5t "*1 9 h] normal condition1 are v\*$ = by h] fri5ds & obs]v]s 9 ,engl& & ,am]ica2 nor d ,i impea* h] normal "*4 ,b 'second>y p]sonalities' h (t5 m ( ,mr4 ,hyde ?an ( ,dr4 ,jekyll 9 _! composition4 ,x us$ to be admitt$ t1 :5 'possess$1' ,mrs4 ,pip] w\ld *eat :5 %e c\ld--t is to say1 %e w\ld make guesses1 try to worm in=mation out ( h] sitt]1 describe a fri5d ( 81 alive or dead1 z ',ed41' :o may be ,edg>1 ,edmund1 ,edw>d1 ,edi?1 or anybody4 ,%e w\ld %uffle1 & repeat :at %e _h pick$ up 9 a =m] sitt+ ) ! same p]son2 & ! va/ majority ( h] answ]s />t$ f vague ref]5ces to probable facts 7z t an eld]ly man is an orphan71 & s work$ on to m precise /atem5ts4 ,pr(essor ,macali/] wrote3 ',%e is q wide-awake en\gh all ?r\gh to pr(it by sugge/ions4 ,i let h] see a blot* ( ink on my f+]1 & %e said t ,i 0 a writ]4444 ,except ! guess ab\t my si/] ,hel51 :o is alive1 !re 0 n a s+le guess :i* 0 ne>ly "r4 ,mrs4 ,pip] is n anae/hetic dur+ ! s-call$ trance1 & if y ask my private op9ion1 x is t ! :ole ?+ is an impo/ure1 & a poor "o4'#ba ,mr4 ,b>kwor? said t1 z f> z 8 exp]i5ce w5t1 ',mrs4 ,pip]'s p[]s are ( ! ord9>y ?\ght-read+ i4e4 muscle-read+ k9d1 dep5d5t on h] hold ( ! visitor's h&4' ,ea* ( ^! g5tlem5 _h only "o 'sitt+4' ,m4 ,paul ,b\rget also in=m$ me1 9 conv]sation1 t ,mrs4 ,pip] held 8 h& :ile %e told ! melan*oly tale connect$ ) a key 9 8 possession1 & t %e did n tell ! /ory promptly & flu5tly1 b v sl[ly & hesitat+ly4 ,ev5 s1 he decl>$ t he did n feel able to acc\nt = h] p]=mance4 ,z ^! pages 7 pass+ ?r\gh ! press1 ,dr4 ,hodgson's la/ report on ,mrs4 ,pip] 0 publi%$4#bb ,x is q impossible1 )9 ! space allott$1 to criticise ?is "w4 ,x w\ld be necess>y to exam9e m9utely scores ( /atem5ts1 9 :i* _m facts are suppress$ z too intimate1 :ile o!rs are rem>kably incoh]5t4 ,dr4 ,hodgson des]ves ! praise ( extraord9>y pati5ce & indu/ry1 display$ 9 ! v di/a/eful task ( wat*+ an un=tunate lady 9 ! vag>ies ( 'trance4' ,8 reason+s are p]fectly calm1 p]fectly unimpassion$1 & 8 bias has n hi!rto seem$ to make = cr$ulity4 ,we mu/1 9 fact1 reg>d him z an exp]t 9 ?is bran* ( psy*ology4 ,b he himself makes x cle> t1 9 8 op9ion1 no writt5 reports c convey ! impressions produc$ by sev]al ye>s ( p]sonal exp]i5ce4 ,! results ( t exp]i5ce he sums up 9 ^! words3 ',at ! pres5t "t ,i _c pr(ess to h any d\bt b t ! *ief communicators to :om ,i h ref]r$ 9 ! =ego+ pages are v]itably ! p]sonalities t !y claim to be1 t !y h surviv$ ! *ange we call dea?1 & t !y h directly communicat$ ) u1 :om we call liv+1 ?r\gh ,mrs4 ,pip]'s entranc$ organism4'#bc ,?is means t ,dr4 ,hodgson1 at pres5t1 9 ?is case1 accepts ! hypo!sis ( 'possession' z und]/ood by ,maoris & ,fijians1 ,*9ese & ,k>5s4 ,! publi%$ reports d n produce on me any su* impression4 ,z a p]sonal matt] ( op9ion1 ,i am conv9c$ t ^? :om ,i h hon\r$ 9 ?is life w\ld no m avail !mselves ( ,mrs4 ,pip]'s 'entranc$ organism' 7if !y _h ! *ance7 ?an ,i w\ld volunt>ily f9d myself 9 a 'sitt+' ) t lady4 ,x is unnecess>y to wax eloqu5t on ?is head2 & ! curi\s c consult ! writ+s ( ,dr4 ,hodgson = !mselves4 ,mean:ile we h only to notice t an ,am]ican 'possess$' woman produces on a highly educat$ & sceptical mod]n intellig5ce ! same impression z ! ,zulu 'possess$' produce on "s ,zulu intellig5ces4 ,! ,zulus admit 'possession' & div9ation1 b are n ! mo/ cr$ul\s ( mank9d4 ,! ord9>y possess$ p]son is usually consult$ z to ! disease ( an abs5t pati5t4 ,! inquir]s d n assi/ ! div9] by hold+ 8 h&1 b are expect$ to smite ! gr\nd viol5tly if ! guess made by ! div9] is "r2 g5tly if x is wrong4 ,a sceptical ,zulu1 nam$ ,john1 hav+ a %ill+ to exp5d on psy*ical rese>*1 smote viol5tly at e guess4 ,! div9] 0 hopelessly puzzl$2 ,john kept 8 %ill+1 & laid x out on a mu* m m]itori\s exhibition ( animat$ /icks4#bd ,uguise gave ,dr4 ,callaway an acc\nt ( a female possess$ p]son ) :om ,mrs4 ,pip] c\ld n compete4 ,h] _s spoke1 n f h] m\?1 b f high 9 ! ro(4 ,x gave =? a k9d ( que/ion+ rem>ks :i* 7 always correct4 ,x !n report$ correctly a numb] ( s+ul> circum/ances1 ord]$ "s rem$ies = a diseas$ *ild1 & (f]$ to return ! fee1 if ample satisfaction 0 n giv54#be ,9 ,*9a & ,zulul&1 z 9 ,mrs4 ,pip]'s case1 ! spirits are fond ( diagnos+ & prescrib+ = abs5t pati5ts4 ,a good example ( savage possession is giv5 9 8 travels by ,capta9 ,jona?an ,c>v] 7#agfc74 ,c>v] 0 wait+ impati5tly = ! arrival ( trad]s ) provisions1 ne> ! ,?\s& ,lakes4 ,a prie/1 or jossake$1 (f]$ to int]view ! ,great ,_s1 & obta9 in=mation4 ,a l>ge lodge 0 arrang$1 & ! cov]+ drawn up 7:i* is unusual71 s t :at w5t on )9 might be obs]v$4 ,9 ! c5tre 0 a *e/-%ap$ arrangem5t ( /akes1 s f> ap>t f ea* o!r 't :atev] lay )9 !m 0 readily to be disc]n$4' ,! t5t 0 illum9at$ 'by a great numb] ( tor*es4' ,! prie/ came 91 & 0 fir/ wrapp$ 9 an elk's sk91 z ,highl& se]s 7 wrapp$ 9 a black bull's hide4 ,=ty y>ds ( rope made ( elk's hide 7 !n coil$ ab\t him1 till he '0 w\nd up l an ,egyptian mummy4' ,i h else:]e %[n#bf t ?is cu/om ( b9d+ ) bonds ! se] :o is to be inspir$1 exi/$ 9 ,graeco-,egyptian spiritualism1 among ,samoy$s1 ,eskimo1 ,canadian ,h>esk9 ,indians1 & among ,au/ralian blacks4 ',! head1 body1 & limbs are w\nd r\nd ) /r+y b>k cords4'#bg ,?is is an extraord9>y range ( diffusion ( a c]emony app>5tly mean+less4 ,is ! idea t1 by loos+ ! bonds1 ! se] demon/rates ! ag5cy ( spirits1 aft] ! mann] ( ! ,dav5port ,bro!rs8#bh ,b ! ,graeco-,egyptian m$ium did n undo ! swa?+s ( l951 9 :i* he 0 roll$1 l a mummy4 ,!y _h to be unswa!d = him1 by o!rs4#bi ,aga91 a dead body1 among ! ,au/ralians1 is cord$ up tight1 z soon z ! brea? is out ( x1 if x is to be buri$1 or be=e be+ expos$ on a plat=m1 if t is ! cu/om4#cj ,aga91 9 ! ,highl&s second-sight 0 ?us acquir$3 ! w\ld-be se] 'mu/ run a ,t$d] 7te!r7 ( ,hair1 :i* b\nd a corpse to ! ,bi]1 ab\t 8 ,middle f end to end1' & !n look betwe5 8 legs till he sees a fun]al cross two m>*es4#ca ,! ,gre5l& se] is b\nd ') 8 head betwe5 8 legs4'#cb ,c x be possible1 judg+ f ,au/ralia1 ,scotl&1 ,egypt1 t ! b9d+1 z ( a corpse or mummy1 is a symbolical way ( putt+ ! se] on a level ) ! dead1 :o w !n communicate ) him8 ,9 ?ree remote po9ts1 we f9d se]-b9d+ & corpse-b9d+2 b we ne$ to prove t corpses are1 or h be51 b\nd at ! o!r po9ts :]e ! se] is ti$ up--9 a re9de] sk9 among ! ,samoy$s1 an elk sk9 9 ,nor? ,am]ica1 a bull's hide 9 ! ,highl&s4 ,b9d+ ! se] is n a univ]sal ,r$ ,indian cu/om2 x seems to cease 9 ,labrador1 & else:]e1 s\?w>ds1 :]e ! prophet ent]s a magic lodge1 unb\nd4 ,among ! ,n>quapees1 he sits cross-legg$1 & ! lodge beg9s to answ] que/ions by leap+ ab\t4#cc ,! ,eskimo b\nds1 ?\gh he is ti$ up4 ,x w\ld be decisive1 if we c\ld f9d t1 :]ev] ! sorc]] is b\nd1 ! dead are b\nd also4 ,i note ! foll[+ examples1 b ! ,creeks d n1 ,i ?9k1 b9d ! magician4 ,among ! ,creeks1 ',! corpse is plac$ 9 a hole1 ) a blanket wrapp$ ab\t x1 & ! legs b5t "u x & ti$ toge!r4'#cd ,! dead ,gre5l&]s 7 'wrapp$ & sew$ up 9 _! be/ de]-sk9s4'#ce ,c>v] c\ld only le>n t1 among ! ,indians he knew1 dead bodies 7 'wrapp$ 9 sk9s2' t !y 7 also swa!d ) cords he does n allege1 b he 0 n p]mitt$ to see all ! c]emonies4 ,my !ory is1 at lea/1 plausible1 = ?is mann] ( bury+ ! dead1 ti$ tightly up1 ) ! head betwe5 ! legs 7z 9 ! practice ( ,scotti% & ,gre5l& se]s71 is v old & widely diffus$4 ,ellis says1 ( ! ,tahitians1 '! body ( ! dead man 0 444 plac$ 9 a sitt+ po/ure1 ) ! knees elevat$1 ! face press$ d[n betwe5 ! knees1444 & ! :ole body ti$ ) cord or c9et1 w\nd repeat$ly r\nd4'#cf ,! b9d+ may orig9ally h be5 meant to keep ! corpse1 or gho/1 f 'walk+4' ,i d n "k t ,tahitian prophets 7 ev] ti$ up1 to await inspiration4 ,b ,i submit t ! frequ5cy ( ! savage =m ( burial ) ! corpse ti$ up1 or swa!d1 sometimes ) ! head betwe5 ! legs2 & ! recurr5ce ( ! savage practice ( simil>ly b9d+ ! sorc]]1 probably po9ts to a purpose ( introduc+ ! se] to ! society ( ! dead4 ,! cu/om1 z appli$ to prophets1 might survive1 ev5 :]e ! burial rite _h alt]$1 or _c be asc]ta9$1 & might survive1 = corpses1 :]e x _h gone out ( use1 = se]s4 ,! ,scot* us$ to ju/ify _! practice ( putt+ ! head betwe5 ! knees :51 b\nd ) a corpse's hair te!r1 !y le>n$ to be second-sight$1 by :at ,elijah did4 ,! prophet1 on ! peak ( ,c>mel1 'ca/ himself d[n ^u ! e>?1 & put 8 face betwe5 8 knees4'#cg ,b ! cases are n analog\s4 ,elijah _h be5 he>+ a premonitory 's\nd ( abundance ( ra9' 9 a cl\dless sky4 ,he 0 probably engag$ 9 pray]1 n 9 prophecy4 ,kirk1 by ! way1 notes t if ! w9d *anges1 :ile ! ,scotti% se] is b\nd1 he is 9 p]il ( 8 life4 ,s *ildr5 are told1 9 ,scotl&1 t1 if ! w9d *anges :ile !y are mak+ faces1 ! grimace w be p]man5t4 ,! se] w1 9 ! same way1 become :at he pret5ds to be1 a corpse4 ,?is des]tion ( ,c>v]'s tale may be p>don$ = ! curiosity ( ! topic4 ,he goes on3 ',be+ ?us b\nd up l an ,egyptian mummy' 7,c>v] unconsci\sly mak+ my po9t71 '! se] 0 lift$ into ! *e/-l enclosure4 ,i c\ld n[ also disc]n him z pla9 z ,i _h ev] done1 & ,i took c>e n to turn my eyes away a mom5t'--9 :i* ef=t he probably fail$4 ,! prie/ n[ began to mutt]1 & f9ally spoke 9 a mix$ j>gon ( sc>cely intelligible dialects4 ,he n[ yell$1 pray$1 & foam$ at ! m\?1 till 9 ab\t ?ree qu>t]s ( an h\r he 0 exhau/$ & spee*less4 ',b 9 an in/ant he sprang ^u 8 feet1 not)/&+ at ! "t he 0 put 9 x appe>$ impossible = him to move ei!r 8 legs or arms1 & %ak+ (f 8 cov]+1 z quick z if ! b&s ) :i* x _h be5 b\nd 7 bur/ asund]1' he prophesi$4 ,! ,great ,_s did n say :5 ! trad]s w\ld arrive1 b1 j aft] high noon1 next day1 a canoe w\ld arrive1 & ! p 9 x w\ld tell :5 ! trad]s 7 to appe>4 ,next day1 j aft] high noon1 a canoe came r\nd a po9t ( l& ab\t a league away1 & ! m5 9 x1 :o _h met ! trad]s1 said !y w\ld come 9 two days1 :i* !y did4 ,c>v]1 pr(ess+ fre$om f any t9cture ( cr$ulity1 leaves u 'to draw :at conclusions we please4' ,! natural inf]5ce is 'private in=mation1' ab\t :i* ! only difficulty is t ,c>v]1 :o knew ! topography & ! *ances ( a secret mess5g] arriv+ to prompt ! ,jossake$1 does n allude to ?is !ory4#ch ,he seems to ?9k su* successes n uncommon4 ,all t psy*ology c tea* an?ropology1 on ?is :ole topic ( 'possession2' is t second>y or alt]nat+ p]sonalities are facts 9 r]um natura1 t ! man or woman 9 "o p]sonality may h no consci\s memory ( :at 0 done or said 9 ! o!r1 & t cases ( k said to be sup]normally ga9$ 9 ! second>y /ate are wor? inquir+ ab\t1 if !re be a *ance ( gett+ good evid5ce4 ,a few fairly respectable savage in/ances are giv5 9 ,dr4 ,gibi]'s ',le ,fakirisme ,occid5tal' & 9 ,mr4 ,mann+'s ',old ,new ,zeal&2' b1 :ile mod]n civilis$ p>allels dep5d on ! solit>y case ( ,mrs4 ,pip] 7= no o!r case has be5 well obs]v$71 no affirmative conclusion c be drawn f ,*9ese1 ,maori1 ,zulu1 or ,r$ ,indian practice4 ,footnote #a3 ,among ! ,zulus1 p4 #abj4 ,footnote #b3 ,burmah1 p4 #ajg4 ,footnote #c3 ,hodgson1 ,proce$+s1 ,s4,p4,e41 vol4 xiii4 pt4 xxxiii4 ,dr4 ,hodgson by no means agrees ) ?is view ( ! case--! case ( ,mrs4 ,pip]4 ,footnote #d3 ,prim4 ,cult4 ii4 #ahd4 ,footnote #e3 ,nevius's ,demon ,possession 9 ,*9a1 a curi\s collection ( examples by an ,am]ican mission>y4 ,! reports ( ,ca?olic mission>ies ab\nd 9 cases4 ,footnote #f3 ,op4 cit4 p4 #afi4 ,footnote #g3 ,putnam1 #ahha4 ,footnote #h3 ,nevius1 p4 #cc4 ,footnote #i3 ,ibid4 p4 #ce4 ,footnote #aj3 ,op4 cit4 p4 #ch4 ,footnote #aa3 ,see ',feti%ism & ,spiritualism4' ,footnote #ab3 ,ncroses et ,ides ,fixes4 ,alcan1 ,p>is1 #ahih4 ,?is is ! fir/ ( a s]ies ( works connect$ ) ! ,laboratoire de ,psy*ologie1 at ! ,salptritre1 9 ,p>is4 ,footnote #ac3 ',macleod %all return1 b ,macrimmon %all nev]6' ,footnote #ad3 ,see ,ribot1 ,les ,maladies de la ,p]sonnalit12 ,b\rru et ,burot1 ,v>iations de la ,p]sonnalit2 ,janet1 ,l',automatisme ,psy*ologique2 ,james1 ,pr9ciples ( ,psy*ology2 ,my]s1 9 ,proce$+s ( ,s4,p4,r41 ',! ,me*anism ( ,g5ius1' ',! ,sublim9al ,self4' ,footnote #ae3 ,prim4 ,cult4 ii4 #acc4 ,footnote #af3 ,doolittle's ,*9ese1 i4 #adc2 ii4 #aaj1 #cbj4 ,footnote #ag3 ,proce$+s1 ,s4,p4,r41 pt4 xxxiii4 ,footnote #ah3 ,proce$+s1 ,s4,p4,r41 vi4 #dcf-fej2 viii4 #a-afg2 xiii4 #bhd-ehb4 ,footnote #ai3 ,! ,w to ,believe1 p4 #had4 ,footnote #bj3 ,fig>o1 ,janu>y #ad1 #ahie4 ,footnote #ba3 ,proce$+s1 vi4 #fje1 #fjf4 ,footnote #bb3 ,proce$+s1 ,s4,p4,r1 "p xxxiii4 vol4 xiii4 ,footnote #bc3 ,op4 cit4 "p xxxiii4 p4 #djf4 ,footnote #bd3 ,see ',feti%ism4' ,comp>e ,callaway1 p4 #cbh4 ,footnote #be3 ,callaway1 pp4 #cfa-cgd4 ,footnote #bf3 ,cock ,lane & ,common ,s5se1 p4 #ff4 ,footnote #bg3 ,br\gh ,smy?1 i4 #dge4 ,?is po9t is disput$1 b ,i did n inv5t x1 & a case appe>s 9 ,mr4 ,curr's "w on ! natives4 ,footnote #bh3 ,prim4 ,cult4 i4 #aeb4 ,footnote #bi3 ,eusebius1 ,prap4 ,evang4 v4 #i4 ,footnote #cj3 ,br\gh ,smy?1 i4 #ajj1 #aac4 ,footnote #ca3 ,kirk1 ,secret ,commonweal? #afia4 ,footnote #cb3 ,crantz1 p4 #bji4 ,footnote #cc3 ,pre ,arnaud1 9 ,h9d's ,labrador1 ii4 #ajb4 ,footnote #cd3 ,major ,swan1 #agia1 (ficial lett] on ! ,creek ,indians1 ,s*oolcraft1 v4 #bgj4 ,footnote #ce3 ,crantz1 p4 #bcg4 ,footnote #cf3 ,polynesian ,rese>*es1 i4 #eai4 ,footnote #cg3 #a ,k+s xviii4 #db4 ,footnote #ch3 ,c>v]1 pp4 #abc1 #ahd4 ,,viii ,,feti%ism ,,& ,,spiritualism ,x has be5 %[n h[ ! doctr9e ( s\ls 0 develop$ accord+ to ! an?ropological !ory4 ,! hypo!sis z to h[ s\ls ( ! dead 7 lat] elevat$ to ! rank ( gods1 or suppli$ models aft] :i* su* gods might be inv5tively fa%ion$1 w be criticis$ 9 a lat] *apt]4 ,"h x mu/ suffice to say t ! conception ( a sep>able surviv+ s\l ( a dead man 0 n only n ess5tial to ! savage's idea ( 8 supreme god1 z x seems to me1 b w\ld h be5 :olly inconsi/5t ) t conception4 ,!re exi/1 h[ev]1 num]\s =ms ( savage religion 9 addition to ! cre$ 9 a ,supreme ,be+1 & ^! contribute _! /reams to ! ocean ( fai?4 ,?us among ! k9ds ( belief :i* s]v$ 9 ! developm5t ( ,poly!ism1 0 ,feti%ism1 itself an adaptation & ext5sion ( ! idea ( sep>able s\ls4 ,9 ?is reg>d1 l ance/or-wor%ip1 x diff]s f ! belief 9 a ,supreme ,be+1 :i*1 z we %all try to demon/rate1 is n d]iv$ f ! !ory ( gho/s or s\ls at all4 ,feti% 7fti*e7 seems to come f ,portuguese feitio1 a talisman or amulet1 appli$ by ! ,portuguese to v>i\s mat]ial objects reg>d$ by ! negroes ( ! we/ coa/ ) m or less ( religi\s rev]5ce4 ,^! objects may be held sacr$ 9 "s degree = a numb] ( incongru\s reasons4 ,!y may be tok5s1 or may be ( value 9 sympa!tic magic1 or m]ely odd1 & !re=e probably end[$ ) unkn[n my/ic qualities4 ,or !y may h be5 po9t$ out 9 a dream1 or met 9 a lucky h\r & associat$ ) good =tune1 or !y may 7l a tree ) an unexpla9$ /ir 9 its bran*es1 z report$ by ,kohl7 h seem$ to %[ signs ( life by spontane\s movem5ts2 9 fact1 a ?+ may be :at ,europeans call a feti% = scores ( reasons4 ,= our pres5t purpose1 z ,mr4 ,tylor says1 'to class an object z a feti% dem&s explicit /atem5t t a _s is consid]$ z embodi$ 9 x1 or act+ ?r\gh x1 or communicat+ by x1 or1 at lea/1 t ! p x belongs to d habitually ?9k ?is ( su* objects2 or x mu/ be %[n t ! object is treat$ z hav+ p]sonal consci\sness or p[]1 is talk$ )1 wor%ipp$444' & s =?4 ,! 9-dwell+ _s may be human1 z :5 a feti% is made out ( a fri5d's skull1 ! _s 9 :i* may ev5 be ask$ = oracles1 l ! ,head ( ,bran 9 ,wel% leg5d4 ,we h tri$ to %[ t ! belief 9 human s\ls may be1 9 "p at lea/1 bas$ on sup]normal ph5om5a :i* ,mat]ialism disreg>ds4 ,we %all n[ endeav\r to make x probable t ,feti%ism 7! belief 9 ! s\ls t5ant+ inanimate objects7 may also h s\rces :i* p]haps are n normal1 or :i* at all ev5ts seem$ sup]normal to savages4 ,we say 'p]haps n normal' because ! ph5om5a n[ to be discuss$ are ( ! mo/ puzzl+ "*4 ,we may lean to ! belief 9 a sup]normal cause ( c]ta9 halluc9ations1 b ! alleg$ movem5ts ( inanimate objects :i* probably supply "o orig9 ( ,feti%ism1 "o sugge/ion ( ! pres5ce ( a _s 9 ?+s dead1 leave ! inquir+ m9d 9 p]plexity4 ,9 foll[+ ,mr4 ,tylor's discussion ( ! subject1 x is necess>y to comb9e :at he says ab\t ,spiritualism 9 8 f\r? ) :at he says ab\t ,feti%ism 9 8 f\rte5? & lat] *apt]s4 ,= "s reason 8 book is s arrang$ t he criticises ',spiritualism' long be=e he puts =w>d 8 doctr9e ( ! orig9 & developm5t ( ! belief 9 spirits4 ,we h se5 a savage reason = suppos+ t human spirits inhabit c]ta9 lifeless ?+s1 su* z skulls & o!r relics ( ! dead4 ,b h[ did x come to be ?\ght t a _s dwelt 9 a lifeless & motionless piece ( /one or /ick8 ,mr4 ,tylor1 p]haps1 leads u to a plausible conjecture by writ+3 ',mr4 ,d>w9 saw two ,malay wom5 9 ,keel+ ,isl&1 :o held a wood5 spoon dress$ 9 clo!s l a doll3 ?is spoon _h be5 c>ri$ to ! grave ( a dead man1 & becom+ inspir$ at full moon1 9 fact lunatic1 x danc$ ab\t convulsively1 l a table or a hat at a mod]n _s sance4'#a ,n[ ,m4 ,lefbure has po9t$ out 79 ',mlus9e'7 t1 accord+ to ,de ,brosses1 ! ,african conjur]s gave an appe>ance ( indep5d5t motion to small objects1 :i* 7 !n accept$ z feti%es1 be+ visibly animat$4 ,m4 ,lefbure next comp>es1 l ,mr4 ,tylor1 ! alleg$ physical ph5om5a ( spiritualism1 ! flights & movem5ts ( inanimate objects app>5tly unt\*$4 ,! "q ?us arises1 ,is !re any tru? :atev] 9 ^! _w-wide & _w-old /ories ( inanimate objects act+ l animat$ ?+s8 ,has feti%ism "o ( its orig9s 9 ! actual field ( sup]normal exp]i5ce 9 ! ,x region8 ,?is "q we d n propose to answ]1 z ! evid5ce1 ?\gh practically univ]sal1 may be said to re/ on impo/ure & illusion4 ,b we c1 at lea/1 give a sket* ( ! nature ( ! evid5ce1 beg9n+ ) t z to ! app>5tly volunt>y movem5ts ( objects1 n unt\*$4 ,mr4 ,tylor quotes f ,john ,bell's ',j\rney 9 ,asia' 7#agai7 an acc\nt ( a ,mongol ,lama :o wi%$ to discov] c]ta9 /ol5 pieces ( damask4 ,8 me?od 0 to sit on a b5*1 :5 'he c>ri$ x1 or1 z 0 commonly believ$1 x c>ri$ him1 to ! v t5t' ( ! ?ief4 ,"h ! b5* is innoc5tly believ$ to be self-mov+4 ,aga91 ,mr4 ,r[ley tells h[ 9 ,manganjah ! sorc]]1 to f9d out a crim9al1 plac$1 ) magical c]emonies1 two /affs ( wood 9 ! h&s ( "s "y m54 ',! /icks :irl$ & dragg$ ! m5 r\nd l mad1' & f9ally escap$ & roll$ to ! feet ( ! wife ( a *ief1 :o 0 !n d5\nc$ z ! guilty p]son4#b ,mr4 ,duff ,macdonald describes ! same practice among ! ,yaos3#c ',! sorc]] occasionally makes m5 take hold ( a /ick1 :i*1 aft] a "t1 beg9s to move z if end[$ ) life1 & ultimately c>ries !m (f bodily & ) great spe$ to ! h\se ( ! ?ief4' ,! process is j t ( ,jacques ,aym>d 9 ! celebrat$ /ory ( ! detection ( ! ,lyons murd]]4#d ,9 ,melanesia1 f> en\gh away1 ,dr4 ,codr+ton f\nd a simil> practice1 & "h ! /icks are explicitly said by ! natives to be mov$ by spirits4#e ,! wiz>d & a fri5d hold a bamboo /ick by ea* end1 & ask :at man's gho/ is afflict+ a pati5t4 ,at ! m5tion ( ! "r gho/ '! /ick becomes viol5tly agitat$4' ,9 ! same way1 ! bamboo 'w\ld run ab\t' ) a man hold+ x only on ! palms ( 8 h&s4 ,aga91 a hut is built ) a p>tition d[n ! middle4 ,m5 sit !re ) _! h&s "u "o end ( ! bamboo1 :ile ! o!r end is ext5d$ into ! empty half ( ! hut4 ,!y !n call ov] ! names ( ! rec5tly dead1 till '!y feel ! bamboo mov+ 9 _! h&s4' ,a bamboo plac$ on a sacr$ tree1 ':5 ! "n ( a gho/ is call$1 moves ( itself1 & w lift & drag p ab\t4' ,put up into a tree1 x w\ld lift !m f ! gr\nd4 ,9 o!r cases ! hold+ ( ! /icks produces convulsions & trance4#f ,! div9+ /icks ( ! ,maori are also 'guid$ by spirits1'#g & ^? ( ! ,zulu sorc]]s rise1 fall1 & jump ab\t4#h ,^! ,zulu p]=mances mu/ be really v curi\s4 ,9 ! la/ *apt] we told h[ a ,zulu nam$ ,john1 hav+ a %ill+ to lay out 9 ! int]e/s ( psy*ical rese>*1 decl9$ to pay a p]plex$ div9]1 & res]v$ 8 capital f> a m m]itori\s p]=mance4 ,he tri$ a m$ium nam$ ,unomant%9t%i1 :o div9$ by ,umabakula1 or danc+ /icks-- ',if !y say no1 !y fall sudd5ly2 if !y say yes1 !y arise & jump ab\t v mu*1 & leap on ! p]son :o has come to inquire4 ,!y fix !mselves on ! place :]e ! sick man is affect$2 444 if ! head1 !y leap on 8 head4444 ,_m believe 9 ,umabakula m ?an 9 ! div9]4 ,b !re are n _m :o h ! ,umabakula4' ,dr4 ,callaway's in=mant only knew two ,umabakuli/s1 ,john 0 q satisfi$1 paid 8 %ill+1 & w5t home4#i ,! /icks are ab\t a foot long4 ,x is n report$ t !y are mov$ by spirits1 nor d !y seem to be reg>d$ z feti%es4 ,mr4 ,tylor also cites a =m ( ! famili> p5dulum exp]im5t4 ,among ! ,k>5s a r+ is susp5d$ by a ?read ov] a metal bas94 ,! relations ( ! dead /rike ! bas91 & :5 he :o 0 de>e/ to ! gho/ t\*es x ! _s twi/s ! ?read till x breaks1 & ! r+ falls into ! bas94 ,) u a r+ is held by a ?read ov] a tumbl]1 & our unconsci\s movem5ts sw+ x till x /rikes ! h\r4 ,h[ ! ,k>5s manage x is less obvi\s4 ,^! savage devices ) animat$ /icks cle>ly correspond to ! m mod]n 'table-turn+4' ,"h1 :5 ! play]s are hone/1 ! pu%+ is c]ta9ly unconsci\s4 ,i h te/$ ?is 9 two ways--fir/ by try+ ! m9imum ( consci\s muscul> action t w\ld /ir a table at :i* ,i 0 alone1 & by comp>+ ! absolute unconsci\sness ( muscul> action :5 ! table began to move 9 response to no volunt>y pu%4 ,aga91 ,i tri$ ) a fri5d1 :o said1 ',y are pu%+1' :5 ,i g5tly remov$ my h&s altoge!r1 ?\gh !y seem$ to re/ on ! table1 :i* /ill revolv$4 ,my fri5d 0 himself unconsci\sly pu%+4 ,x is und5iable t1 to a solit>y exp]im5t]1 ! table seems to make little d>ts ( its own w 9 a curi\s way4 ,?us1 ! unconsci\sness ( muscul> action on ! "p ( savages engag$ 9 ! exp]im5t ) /icks w\ld lead !m to believe t spirits 7 animat+ ! wood4 ,! same fallacy beset ! table-turn]s ( #ahee-fe1 & 01 to "s ext5t1 expos$ by ,f>aday4 ,( c\rse1 savages w\ld be ev5 m conv9c$ by ! danc+ spoon ( ,mr4 ,d>w9's tale1 by ! danc+ /icks ( ! ,zulus1 & ! re/1 :e!r ! ph5om5a 7 sup]normal or m]ely work$ by unse5 /r+s4 ,! same rem>k applies to mod]n exp]im5t]s1 :51 z !y decl>e1 v>i\s objects move unt\*$1 )\t physical contact4 ,/ill m analog\s ?an turn+ tables to ! savage use ( inspir$ /icks = direct+ ! inquir] to a lo/ object or to a crim9al1 is ! mod]n employm5t ( ! div9+-rod--a =k$ twig :i*1 held by ! ends1 revolves 9 ! h&s ( ! p]=m] :5 he rea*es ! object ( 8 que/4 ,he1 l ! savage cit$1 is occasionally agitat$ 9 a convulsive mann]2 & cases are quot$ 9 :i* ! twig wri!s :5 held 9 a pair ( tongs6 ,! be/-kn[n mod]n treatise on ! div9+-rod is t ( ,m4 ,*evreul1 ',la ,baguette ,div9atoire' 7#ahed74 ,we h also ',l',hi/oire du ,m]veilleux dans les ,temps ,mod]nes1' by ,m4 ,figui] 7#ahfj74 ,9 #agha ,?\v5el publi%$ 8 #fjj exp]im5ts ) ,bleton & o!rs2 & ,hegel ref]s to ,amoretti's collection ( hundr$s ( cases4 ,! case ( ,jacques ,aym>d1 :o 9 ! sev5te5? c5tury discov]$ a murd]] by ! use ( ! rod 9 true savage fa%ion1 is well kn[n4 ,9 mod]n ,engl& ! rod is us$ 9 ! int]e/s ( private individuals & public bodies 7su* z ,tr9ity ,college1 ,cambridge7 = ! discov]y ( wat]4 ,pr(essor ,b>rett has lately publi%$ a book ( #bhj pages1 9 :i* evid5ce ( failures & successes is collect$4#aj ,pr(essor ,b>rett gives ab\t "o hundr$ & fifty cases1 9 :i* he 0 only able to discov]1 on good au?ority1 twelve failures4 ,he gives a v>iety ( te/s calculat$ to *eck frauds & *ance co9cid5ce1 & he publi%es op9ions1 ho/ile or agno/ic1 by geologi/s4 ,! evid5ce1 z a g5]al rule1 is :at is call$ fir/-h& 9 o!r inquiries4 ,! actual spectators1 & (t5 ! own]s ( ! l&1 or ! p]sons 9 ^: int]e/ wat] 0 want$1 hav+ be5 pres5t1 give _! te/imony2 & x is c]ta9 t ! 'div9]' is call$ 9 by p ( s5se & education1 commonly too practical to h a !ory1 & cont5t ) gett+ :at !y want1 especially :]e sci5tific exp]ts h fail$4#aa ,9 ,mr4 ,b>rett's op9ion1 ! subconsci\s p]ception ( indications ( ! pres5ce ( wat] produces an equally unconsci\s muscul> 'spasm1' :i* twirls ! rod till x (t5 breaks4 ,yet 'x is almo/ impossible to imitate its *>act]i/ic movem5t by any volunt>y ef=t4' ,i h myself held ! h&s ( an amateur p]=m] :5 ! twig 0 mov+1 & nei!r by sight nor t\* c\ld ,i detect any muscul> movem5t on 8 "p1 mu* less a spasm4 ,! p]son 0 bailiff on a l>ge e/ate1 &1 hav+ accid5tally discov]$ t he possess$ ! gift1 us$ x :5 he want$ wells dug = ! t5ants on ! prop]ty4 ,! :ole topic is obscure2 nor am ,i conc]n$ "h ) ! successes or failures ( ! div9+-rod4 ,b ! movem5ts ( ! twig h nev]1 to my k1 be5 attribut$ by mod]n ,engli% p]=m]s to ! op]ation ( spirits4 ,!y say 'electricity4' ,mr4 ,tylor m]ely writes3 ',! action ( ! fam\s div9+-rod1 ) its curi\sly v]satile s5sibility to wat]1 ore1 treasure1 & ?ieves1 seems to belong p>tly to trick]y & p>tly to m or less consci\s direction by hone/] op]ators4' ,z ! div9+-rod is ! only in/ance 9 :i* automatism1 :atev] its nature & causes1 has be5 f\nd ( practical value by practical m51 & z x is obvi\sly associat$ ) a numb] ( analog\s ph5om5a1 bo? 9 civilis$ & savage life1 x c]ta9ly des]ves ! att5tion ( sci5ce4 ,b no advance w be made till sci5tifically tra9$ inquir]s !mselves arrange & te/ a l>ge numb] ( exp]im5ts4 ,k ( ! geological ignorance ( ! d[s]s1 examples ( fraud on _! "p1 & cases ( failure or report$ failure1 ) a g5]al ho/ile bias1 may prev5t su* exp]im5ts f be+ made by sci5tific exp]ts on an adequate scale4 ,su* exp]ts ought1 ( c\rse1 to avoid work+ ! d[s]s into a /ate ( irritation4 ,x is j wor? :ile to notice cases 9 :i* ! rod acts l ^? ( ! ,melanesians1 ,africans1 & o!r savages4 ,a ,mr4 ,?omas ,welton publi%$ an ,engli% translation ( ',la ,v]ge de ,jacob' 7,lyon1 #afic74 ,9 #afea he ask$ 8 s]vant to br+ into ! g>d5 'a /ick t /ood beh9d ! p>l\r door4 ,9 great t]ror %e br\ght x to ! g>d51 h] h& firmly clut*$ on x1 nor c\ld %e let x g4' ,:5 ,mrs4 ,welton took ! /ick1 'x drew h] ) v consid]able velocity to ne>ly ! c5tre ( ! g>d51' :]e a well 0 f\nd4 ,mr4 ,welton is n likely to h kn[n ( ! lately publi%$ savage examples4 ,! co9cid5ce ) ! ,african & ,melanesian cases is1 !re=e1 probably undesign$4 ,aga91 9 #afid1 ! rod 0 us$ by le ,pre ,m5e/ri] & o!rs1 j z x is by savages1 to indicate by its movem5ts answ]s to all sorts ( que/ions4 ,exp]im5ts ( ?is k9d h n be5 made by ,pr(essor ,b>rett1 & o!r mod]n inquir]s1 except by ,m4 ,ri*et1 z a mode ( detect+ automatic action4 ,b x w\ld be j z s5sible to use ! twig z to use plan*ette or any o!r 'autoscopic' app>atus4 ,if ^! elicit k unconsci\sly pres5t to ! m9d1 m]e wat]-f9d+ ought n to be ! sole prov9ce ( ! rod4 ,9 ! same class z ^! rods is ! =k$ twig :i*1 9 ,*9a1 is held at ea* end by two p]sons1 & made to write 9 ! s&4 ,! little app>atus call$ plan*ette1 or ! o!r1 ! ouija1 is ( c\rse1 consci\sly or unconsci\sly1 pu%$ by ! p]=m]s4 ,9 ! case ( ! twig1 z held by wat]-seek]s1 ! difficulty ( consci\sly mov+ x s z to escape close obs]vation is consid]able4 ,9 ! case ( ! ouija 7a little tripod1 :i*1 "u ! op]ators' h&s1 runs ab\t a table inscrib$ ) lett]s at :i* x po9ts71 ,i h kn[n curi\s successes to be a*iev$ by amateurs4 ,?us1 9 ! h\se ( a lady :o own$ an old *teau 9 ano!r c\nty1 ! ouija1 op]at$ on by two ladies kn[n to myself1 wrote a numb] ( details ab\t a visit paid to ! *teau = a c]ta9 purpose by ,m>y ,/u>t4 ,t visit1 & its object1 a purely p]sonal "o1 are unkn[n to hi/ory1 & ! *teau is n spok5 ( 9 ,mr4 ,hay ,flem+'s c>eful1 b unavoidably incomplete1 it9]>y ( ! ,que5's resid5ce 9 ,scotl&4 ,aft] ! communication _h be5 made1 ! own] ( ! *teau expla9$ t %e 0 already acqua9t$ ) ! circum/ances describ$1 z %e _h rec5tly read !m 9 docum5ts 9 h] *>t] *e/1 :]e !y rema94 ,( c\rse1 ! belief we ext5d to su* n>ratives is entirely condition$ by our k ( ! p]sonal "* ( ! p]=m]s4 ,! po9t "h is m]ely ! civilis$ & savage practice ( automatism1 ! app>5t elicit+ ( k n o!rwise accessible1 by ! movem5ts ( a /ick1 or a bit ( wood4 ,^! movem5ts1 made )\t consci\s ex]tion or direction1 seem1 to savage philosophy1 to be caus$ by 9-dwell+ spirits1 ! s\rces ( ,feti%ism4 ,^! examples1 !n1 demon/rat+ unconsci\s movem5t ( objects by ! op]ators1 make x cle> t movem5ts ev5 ( t\*$ objects1 may be attribut$1 by "s civilis$ & by savage amateurs1 to 'spirits4' ,! objects s mov$ may1 by savages1 be reg>d$ 9 "s cases z feti%es1 & _! movem5ts may h help$ to orig9ate ! belief t spirits c inhabit inanimate objects4 ,:5 objects app>5tly q unt\*$ become volatile1 ! my/]y is deep]4 ,?is app>5t animation & frolicsome behavi\r ( inanimate objects is report$ all ?r\gh hi/ory1 & atte/$ by imm5se quantities ( evid5ce ( e degree4 ,x w\ld be t$i\s to give a full acc\nt ( ! antiquity & diffusion ( reports ab\t su* occurr5ces4 ,we f9d !m among ,neo-,platoni/s1 9 ! ,engli% & ,cont95tal ,middle ,ages1 among ,eskimo1 ,hurons1 ,algonk9s1 ,t>t>s1 ,zulus1 ,malays1 ,nasquapees1 ,maoris1 9 wit* trials1 9 anci5t ,p]u 7imm$iately aft] ! ,spani% ,conque/71 9 ,*9a1 9 mod]n ,russia1 9 ,new ,engl& 7#afhj71 all ?r\gh ! c>e] ( mod]n spiritualism1 9 ,hayti 7:]e !y are attribut$ to ',obeah'71 &1 sporadically1 ev]y:]e4#ab ,among all ^! cases1 we mu/ dismiss :atev] ! mod]n paid m$ium does 9 ! d>k4 ,! only ?+ to be done ) ! e?nographic & mod]n acc\nts ( su* m>vels is to 'file !m = ref]5ce4' ,if a spontane\s example occurs1 "u prop] inspection1 we c !n comp>e our old tales4 ,pr(essor ,james says3 ',_! mutual resemblances sugge/ a natural type1 & ,i confess t till ^! records1 or o!rs l !m1 are positively expla9$ away1 ,i _c feel 79 spite ( su* va/ am\nts ( detect$ frauds7 z if ! case ( physical m$ium%ip itself1 z a freak ( nature1 7 def9itely clos$4444 ,s long z ! /ories multiply 9 v>i\s l&s1 & s few are positively expla9$ away1 x is bad me?od to ignore !m4'#ac ,"h !y are n ignor$1 because1 :atev] ! cause or causes ( ! ph5om5a1 !y w\ld buttress1 if !y did n orig9ate1 ! savage belief 9 spirits t5ant+ inanimate matt]1 :5ce came ,feti%ism4 ,z to facts1 we _c1 ( c\rse1 'expla9 away' ev5ts ( ?is k9d1 :i* we "k only ?r\gh report4 ,a conjur] _c expla9 a trick m]ely f a description1 especially a description by a non-conjur]4 ,b1 z a rule1 no?+ s mu* leads to d\bt on ?is !me z ! 'explanation' giv5--except1 ( c\rse1 9 ! case ( 'd>k sances' got up & prep>$ by paid m$iums4 ,we "k1 sometimes1 h[ ! 'explanation' arose4 ,?us1 ! h\se ( a c]ta9 ,m4 ,zoll]1 a lawy] & memb] ( ! ,swiss ,f$]al ,c\ncil1 a h\se at ,/ans1 9 ,unt]wald51 0 made simply un9habitable 9 #ahfj-ahfb4 ,! di/urbances1 includ+ movem5ts ( objects1 7 ( a truly odi\s description1 & occurr$ 9 full daylight4 ,m4 ,zoll]1 deeply atta*$ to 8 home1 :i* _h _m int]e/+ associations ) ! "p 8 family play$ 9 ! /ruggle aga9/ revolution>y ,france1 0 oblig$ to ab&on ! place4 ,he _h made e conceivable sort ( rese>*1 & _h call$ 9 ! local police & savants1 to no purpose4 ,b ! affair 0 expla9$ away ?us3 ,:ile ! ph5om5a c\ld /ill be conceal$ f public curiosity1 a cli5t call$ to see ,m4 ,zoll]1 :o 0 out4 ,! cli5t1 !re=e1 rema9$ 9 ! draw+-room4 ,l\d & heavy bl[s res\nd$ ?r\gh ! room4 ,! cli5t1 z x *anc$1 _h once felt ! effects ( an electric batt]y1 = "s m$ical reason1 app>5tly4 ,m4 ,zoll] writes3 ',my elde/ son 0 pres5t at ! "t1 &1 :5 my cli5t ask$ :e!r !re 0 su* a ?+ z an electrical ma*9e 9 ! h\se 7! family hav+ be5 enjo9$ to keep ! di/urbances z secret z possible71 he all[$ ,s4 to ?9k t !re 04' ,consequ5tly1 ! ph5om5a 7 set d[n to ,m4 ,zoll]'s s+ul> idea ( mak+ 8 h\se unt5antable ) an 'electric ma*9e'--:i* he did n possess4#ad ,a numb] ( ! mo/ respect$ citiz5s1 includ+ ! ,sup]9t5d5t ( ,police1 & ! *ief magi/rate = law1 publi%$ a /atem5t t nei!r ,zoll]1 nor any ( 8 family1 nor any ( !mselves1 produc$ or c\ld h produc$ ! ph5om5a witness$ by !m 9 ,augu/ #ahfb4 ,?is decl>ation !y put =? 9 ! ',s*wytz] ,zeitung1' ,octob] #e1 #ahfc4ae ,no electric ma*9e kn[n to mortals c\ld h produc$ ! va/ v>iety ( alleg$ effects1 none 0 ev] f\nd2 & z ,m4 ,zoll] *ang$ 8 s]vants )\t escap+ 8 tribulations1 !y c h>dly be blam$ = :at1 prima facie1 x seems t !y c\ld n possibly d4 ,h[ev]1 'electricity1' l ,mesopotamia1 is 'a bless$ ^w4'#af ,my own position 9 ?is matt] ( 'physical ph5om5a' is1 ,i hope1 cle>4 ,!y int]e/ me1 = my pres5t purpose1 z be+1 :atev] _! real nature & orig91 ?+s :i* w\ld sugge/ to a savage 8 !ory ( ,feti%ism4 ',an inanimate object may be t5ant$ by a _s1 z is prov$ by its extraord9>y movem5ts4' ,?us ! e>ly ?9k] might reason1 & g on to rev]e ! object4 ,x is to be wi%$ t compet5t obs]v]s w\ld pay m att5tion to su* savage practices z cry/al-gaz+ & automatism z illu/rat$ by ! /icks ( ! ,melanesians1 ,zulus1 & ,yaos4 ,our scanty in=mation we pick up out ( /ray allusions1 b x has ! advantage ( be+ uncontam9at$ by !ory1 ! ,european spectator n kn[+ ! wide range ( su* practices & _! value 9 exp]im5tal psy*ology4 ,we h n[ f9i%$ our /udy ( ! less normal & usual ph5om5a1 :i* gave rise to belief 9 sep>able1 self-exi/+1 consci\s1 & p[]ful s\ls4 ,we h %[n t ! sup]normal factors :i*1 :5 reflect$ on1 probably support$ ?is belief1 are repres5t$ 9 civilis$ z well z 9 savage life1 :ile z to _! exi/5ce among ! f\nd]s ( religion we c hi/orically "k no?+ at all4 ,if we may inf] f c]ta9 consid]ations1 ! sup]normal exp]i5ces 7 possibly m preval5t among ! remote ance/ors ( kn[n savage races ?an among _! mod]n desc5dants4 ,we h sugge/$ t clairvoyance1 ?\ght transf]5ce1 & telepa?y _c be dismiss$ z m]e fables1 by a cauti\s inquir]1 :ile ev5 ! f> m obscure /ories ( 'physical manife/ations' are b poorly expla9$ away by ^? :o _c expla9 !m4#ag ,aga91 ^! faculties h pres5t$--9 ! acquisition ( o!rwise unatta9able k1 9 co9cid5tal halluc9ations1 & 9 o!r ways--j ! k9d ( facts on :i* ! savage doctr9e ( s\ls might be bas$1 or by :i* x might be buttress$4 ,?us1 :ile ! actuality ( ! sup]normal facts & faculties rema9s at lea/ an op5 "q1 ! preval5t !ory ( ,mat]ialism _c be admitt$ z dogmatically c]ta9 9 its pres5t %ape4 ,no m ?an any o!r !ory1 nay1 less ?an "s o!r !ories1 c x acc\nt = ! psy*ical facts :i*1 at ! l[e/1 we may n hone/ly leave out ( ! reckon+4 ,we h !re=e no m to say ab\t ! sup]normal aspects ( ! orig9s ( religion4 ,we are h5ce=? conc]n$ ) matt]s ( v]ifiable belief & practice4 ,we h to ask :e!r1 :5 once ! doctr9e ( s\ls 0 conceiv$ by e>ly m51 x took precisely ! c\rse ( developm5t usually indicat$ by an?ropological sci5ce4 ,footnote #a3 ,d>w91 ,j\rnal1 p4 #deh2 ,tylor1 ,prim4 ,cult4 ii4 #aeb4 ,! spoon 0 n unt\*$4 ,footnote #b3 ,r[ley1 ,univ]sities' ,mission1 p4 #bag4 ,footnote #c3 ,africana1 vol4 i4 p4 #afa4 ,footnote #d3 ,9 ! au?or's ,cu/om & ,my?1 ',! ,div9+ ,rod4' ,footnote #e3 ,codr+ton's ,melanesia1 p4 #baj4 ,footnote #f3 ,op4 cit4 pp4 #bbi-cbe4 ,footnote #g3 ,prim4 ,cult4 vol4 i4 p4 #abe4 ,footnote #h3 ,callaway1 ,amazulu1 p4 #ccj4 ,footnote #i3 ,callaway1 ,amazulu1 p4 #cfh4 ,footnote #aj3 ,! ,s-call$ ,div9+-,rod1 ,s4,p4,r4 #ahig4 ,footnote #aa3 ,see especially ,! ,wat]=d ,exp]im5ts1 p4 #ajf4 ,footnote #ab3 ,au?orities & examples are collect$ 9 ! au?or's ,cock ,lane & ,common ,s5se4 ,footnote #ac3 ,proce$+s1 xii4 #g1 #h4 ,footnote #ad3 ,p]sonal ,n>rative1 by ,m4 ,zoll]4 ,hanke1 ,zuri*1 #ahfc4 ,footnote #ae3 ,daum]1 ,rei* des ,wund]sam51 ,reg5sburg1 #ahgb1 pp4 #bfe1 #bff4 ,footnote #af3 ,a criticism ( mod]n explanations ( ! ph5om5a "h t\*$ ^u w be f\nd 9 ,app5dix ,b4 ,footnote #ag3 ,see ,app5dix ,b4 ,,ix ,,evolution ,,( ,,! ,,idea ,,( ,,god ,to ! an?ropological philosoph] 'a pla9 man' w\ld naturally put ! "q3 ',hav+ got y\r idea ( _s or s\l--y\r !ory ( ,animism--out ( ! idea ( gho/s1 & hav+ got y\r idea ( gho/s out ( dreams & visions1 h[ d y get at ! ,idea ( ,god8' ,n[ by ',god' ! prov]bial 'pla9 man' ( controv]sy means a primal et]nal ,be+1 au?or ( all ?+s1 ! fa!r & fri5d ( man1 ! invisible1 omnisci5t gu>dian ( morality4 ,! usual ?\gh n inv>iable reply ( ! an?ropologi/ might be giv5 9 ! words ( ,mr4 ,im ,?urn1 au?or ( a mo/ int]e/+ "w on ! ,indians ( ,briti% ,guiana3 ',f ! notion ( gho/s1' says ,mr4 ,im ,?urn1 'a belief has aris51 b v gradually1 9 high] spirits1 & ev5tually 9 a ,highe/ ,_s1 &1 keep+ pace ) ! gr[? ( ^! beliefs1 a habit ( rev]5ce =1 & wor%ip ( spirits4444 ,! ,indians ( ,guiana "k no ,god4'#a ,z ano!r example ( ,mr4 ,im ,?urn's hypo!sis t ,god is a late developm5t f ! idea ( _s may be cit$ ,mr4 ,payne's le>n$ ',hi/ory ( ! ,new ,_w1' a "w ( mu* rese>*3#b ',! l[e/ savages n only h no gods1 b d n ev5 recognise ^? l[] be+s usually call$ spirits1 ! conception ( :i* has inv>iably prec$$ t ( gods 9 ! human m9d4' ,mr4 ,payne "h diff]s1 toto caelo1 f ,mr4 ,tylor1 :o f9ds no suffici5t pro( = :olly non-religi\s savages1 & f ,rosk(f1 :o has dispos$ ( ! argum5ts ( ,sir ,john ,lubbock4 ,mr4 ,payne1 !n1 = e?nological purposes1 def9es a god z 'a b5evol5t _s1 p]man5tly embodi$ 9 "s tangible object1 usually an image1 & to :om food1 dr9k1' & s on1 'are regul>ly (f]$ = ! purpose ( secur+ assi/ance 9 ! affairs ( life4' ,on ?is !ory '! l[e/ savages' are devoid ( ! idea ( god or ( _s4 ,lat] !y develop ! idea ( _s1 & :5 !y h secur$ ! _s1 z x 71 9 a tangible object1 & kept x on bo>d wages1 !n ! _s has atta9$ to ! dignity & ! savage to ! conception ( a god4 ,b :ile a god ( ?is k9d is1 9 ,mr4 ,payne's op9ion1 relatively a late fl[] ( culture1 = ! hunt+ races g5]ally 7) "s exceptions7 h no gods1 yet '! conception ( a creator or mak] ( all ?+s 444 obvi\sly a great _s' is '"o ( ! e>lie/ ef=ts ( primitive logic4'#c ,mr4 ,payne's own logic is n v cle>4 ,! 'primitive logic' ( ! savage leads him to seek = a cause or mak] ( ?+s1 :i* he f9ds 9 a great creative _s4 ,yet ! l[e/ savages h no idea ev5 ( _s1 & ! hunt+ races1 z a rule1 h no god4 ,does ,mr4 ,payne mean t a great creative _s is n a god1 :ile a _s kept on bo>d wages 9 a tangible object is a god8 ,we are unable1 by reason ( evid5ce lat] to be giv51 to agree ) ,mr4 ,payne's view ( ! facts1 :ile 8 reason+ appe>s some:at inconsi/5t1 ! l[e/ savages hav+1 9 8 op9ion1 no idea ( _s1 ?\gh ! idea ( a creative _s is1 = all t1 "o ( ! e>lie/ ef=ts ( primitive logic4 ,on any su* !ories z ^! ! belief 9 a moral ,supreme ,be+ is a v late 7or a v e>ly87 result ( evolution1 due to ! action ( advanc+ ?\ght ^u ! orig9al conception ( gho/s4 ,?is op9ion ( ,mr4 ,im ,?urn's is1 r\ghly /at$1 ! usual !ory ( an?ropologi/s4 ,we wi%1 on ! o!r h&1 to %[ t ! idea ( ,god1 z he is conceiv$ ( by our inquir+ pla9 man1 is %ad[$ =? 7among contradictory fables7 9 ! l[e/-kn[n grades ( savag]y1 & !re=e _c arise f ! lat] speculation ( m51 comp>atively civilis$ & advanc$1 on ! orig9al datum ( gho/s4 ,we %all demon/rate1 contr>y to ! op9ion ( ,mr4 ,sp5c]1 ,mr4 ,huxley1 & ev5 ,mr4 ,tylor1 t ! ,supreme ,be+1 &1 9 "o case at lea/1 ! casual sprites ( savage fai?1 are active moral influ5ces4 ,:at is ev5 m important1 we %all make x und5iable t ,an?ropology has simplifi$ h] problem by neglect+ or ignor+ h] facts4 ,:ile ! real problem is to acc\nt = ! evolution out ( gho/s ( ! et]nal1 creative moral god ( ! 'pla9 man1' ! g]m ( su* a god or be+ 9 ! cre$s ( ! l[e/ savages is by an?ropologi/s d5i$1 or left out ( sight1 or acc\nt$ = by !ories contradict$ by facts1 or1 at be/1 is expla9$ away z a result ( ,european or ,islamite influ5ces4 ,n[1 z ! problem is to acc\nt = ! evolution ( ! highe/ conception ( ,god1 z f> z t conception exi/s among ! mo/ backw>d races1 ! problem c nev] be solv$ :ile t highe/ conception ( ,god is practically ignor$4 ,?us1 an?ropologi/s1 z a rule1 9 place ( fac+ & solv+ _! problem1 h m]ely evad$ x--d\btless unwitt+ly4 ,?is1 ( c\rse1 is n ! practice ( ,mr4 ,tylor1 ?\gh ev5 8 great "w is pr(ess$ly mu* m conc]n$ ) ! developm5t ( ! idea ( _s & ) ! l[] =ms ( animism ?an ) ! real crux--! evolution ( ! idea 7always obscur$ by my?ology7 ( a moral1 uncreat$1 undy+ ,god among ! l[e/ savages4 ,?is neglig5ce ( an?ropologi/s has aris5 f a s+le circum/ance4 ,!y take x = grant$ t ,god is always 7except :]e ! ^w = ,god is appli$ to a liv+ human be+7 reg>d$ z ,_s4 ,?us1 hav+ acc\nt$ = ! developm5t ( ! idea ( _s1 !y reg>d ,god z t idea c>ri$ to its highe/ p[]1 & z ! f9al /ep 9 its evolution4 ,b1 if we c %[ t ! e>ly idea ( an undy+1 moral1 creative be+ does n necess>ily or logically imply ! doctr9e ( _s 7or gho/71 !n ?is idea ( an et]nal1 moral1 creative be+ may h exi/$ ev5 be=e ! doctr9e ( _s 0 evolv$4 ,we may admit t ,mr4 ,tylor's acc\nt ( ! process by :i* ,gods 7 evolv$ out ( gho/s is a little t\ffu--r buri$ 9 facts4 ,we 'c sc>cely see ! wood = ! trees4' ,we want to "k h[ ,gods1 mak]s ( ?+s 7or ( mo/ ?+s71 fa!rs 9 heav51 & fri5ds1 gu>dians ( morality1 see+ :at is good or bad 9 ! he>ts ( m51 7 evolv$1 z is suppos$1 out ( gho/s or surviv+ s\ls ( ! dead4 ,t su* moral1 practically omnisci5t ,gods are kn[n to ! v l[e/ savages--,bu%m51 ,fuegians1 ,au/ralians--we %all demon/rate4 ,"h ! inquir] mu/ be c>eful n to adopt ! common op9ion t ,gods improve1 morally & o!rwise1 9 direct ratio to ! ris+ grades 9 ! evolution ( culture & civilisation4 ,t is n necess>ily ! case2 usually ! rev]se occurs4 ,/ill less mu/ we take x = grant$1 foll[+ ,mr4 ,tylor & ,mr4 ,huxley1 t ! 'alliance ( religion & morality belongs almo/1 or :olly1 to religions above ! savage level--n to ! e>li] & l[] cre$s2' or t 'among ! ,au/ralian savages1' & '9 its simple/ condition1' '!ology is :olly indep5d5t ( e?ics4'#d ,^! /atem5ts c be prov$ 7by su* evid5ce z an?ropology is oblig$ to rely ^u7 to be errone\s4 ,&1 j because ^! /atem5ts are put =w>d1 ,an?ropology has an easi] task 9 expla9+ ! orig9 ( religion2 :ile1 j because ^! /atem5ts are incorrect1 h] conclusion1 be+ d$uc$ f premises s f> false1 is invalidat$4 ,giv5 s\ls1 acquir$ by ?9k+ on ! l9es already describ$1 ,mr4 ,tylor develops ,gods out ( !m4 ,b he is n "o ( ! writ]s :o is c]ta9 ab\t e detail4 ,he 'sc>cely attempts to cle> away ! haze t cov]s great p>ts ( ! subject4'#e ,! human s\l1 he says1 has be5 ! model on :i* man 'fram$ 8 ideas ( spiritual be+s 9 g5]al1 f ! t9ie/ elf t sports 9 ! grass up to ! heav5ly creator & rul] ( ! _w1 ! ,great ,_s4' ,"h x is tak5 = grant$ t ! ,heav5ly ,rul] 0 f ! fir/ envisag$ z a 'spiritual be+'--:i* is j ! difficulty4 ,0 ,he8#f ,! process ( fram+ ^! ideas is r obscure4 ,! savage 'lives 9 t]ror ( ! s\ls ( ! dead z h>mful spirits4' ,?is might yield a ,devil2 x w\ld n yield a ,god :o 'makes = righte\sness4' ,happily1 'deifi$ ance/ors are reg>d$1 on ! :ole1 z k9dly spirits4' ,! dead ance/or is 'n[ pass$ into a deity4'#g ,examples ( ance/or-wor%ip foll[4 ,b we are no ne>] home4 ,= among ! ,zulus _m ,amatongo 7ance/ral spirits7 are sacr$4 ',yet _! fa!r i4e4 ! fa!r ( ea* actual family is f> be=e all o!rs :5 !y wor%ip ! ,amatongo4444 ,!y d n "k ! anci5ts :o are dead1 nor _! laud-giv+ names1 nor _! names4'#h ,?us1 ea* new g5]ation ( ,zulus mu/ h a new fir/ wor%ipful object--its own fa!r's ,itongo4 ,?is fa!r1 & 8 v "n1 are1 9 a g5]ation or two1 =gott54 ,! "n ( su* a man1 !re=e1 _c survive z t ( ! ,god or ,supreme ,be+ f age to age2 &1 obvi\sly1 su* a real dead man1 :ile kn[n at all1 is mu* too well kn[n to be tak5 = ! creator & rul] ( ! _w1 despite "s ,african flatt]+ titles & sup]/itions ab\t k+s :o control ! wea!r4 ,! ,zulus1 ab\t z 'godless' a p z possible1 h a my?ical fir/ ance/or1 ,unkulunkulu1 b he is 'beyond ! rea* ( rites1' & is a c5tre ( my?s r ?an ( wor%ip or ( moral ideas4#i ,aft] o!r examples ( ance/or-wor%ip1 ,mr4 ,tylor bran*es (f into a long discussion ( ! !ory ( 'possession' or inspiration1#aj :i* does n assi/ ! argum5t at ! pres5t po9t4 ,!nce he passes to feti%ism 7already discuss$ by u71 & ! transitions f ! feti%--7#a7 to ! idol2 7#b7 to ! gu>dian angel 7'sublim9al self'72 7#c7 to tree & riv] spirits1 & local spirits :i* cause volcanoes2 & 7#d7 to poly!ism4 ,a feti% may inhabit a tree2 trees be+ g5]alis$1 ! feti% ( "o oak becomes ! god ( ! =e/4 ,or1 aga91 feti%es rise into 'species gods2' ! gods ( all bees1 owls1 or rabbits are ?us evolv$4 ,next1#aa ',z *iefs & k+s are among m51 s are ! great gods among ! less] spirits4444 ,) little exception1 :]ev] a savage or b>b>ic sy/em ( religion is ?or\ghly describ$1 great gods make _! appe>ance 9 ! spiritual _w z di/9ctly z *iefs 9 ! human tribe4' ,v good2 b :5ce comes ! great ,god among tribes :i* h nei!r *ief nor k+ & probably nev] _h1 z among ! ,fuegians1 ,bu%m51 & ,au/ralians8 ,! mak] & rul] ( ! _w kn[n to ^! races _c be ! %ad[ ( k+ or *ief1 reflect$ & magnifi$ on ! mi/ ( ?\ght2 = *ief or k+ ^! peoples h none4 ,?is !ory 7,hume's7 w n "w :]e p h a great ,god b no k+ or *ief2 nor :]e !y h a k+ b no ,zeus or o!r supreme ,k+-god1 z 7,i conceive7 among ! ,aztecs4 ,we n[ rea*1 9 ,mr4 ,tylor's !ory1 great feti% deities1 su* z ,heav5 & ,e>?1 ,sun & ,moon1 & 'dep>tm5tal deities1' gods ( ,agriculture1 ,w>1 & s =?1 unkn[n to l[ savages4 ,next ,mr4 ,tylor introduces an important p]sonage4 ',! !ory ( family ,manes1 c>ri$ back to tribal ,gods1 leads to ! recognition ( sup]ior deities ( ! nature ( ,div9e ,ance/or1 or ,fir/ ,man1' :o sometimes ranks z ,"l ( ! ,dead4 ,z an in/ance1 ,mr4 ,tylor gives ! ,maori ,maui1 :o1 l ! ,indian ,yama1 trod fir/ ( m5 ! pa? ( dea?4 ,b :e!r ,maui & ,yama are ! ,sun1 or n1 bo? ,maori & ,sanskrit religion reg>d ^! h]oes z mu* lat] ?an ! ,orig9al ,gods4 ,9 ,kams*atka ! ,fir/ ,man is ! 'son' ( ! ,creator1 & x is ab\t ! orig9 ( ! idea ( ! ,creator1 n ( ! ,fir/ ,man1 t we are inquir+4 ,adam is call$ '! son ( ,god' 9 a ,biblical g5ealogy1 b1 ( c\rse1 ,adam 0 made1 n begott54 ,! case ( ! ,zulu belief w be analys$ lat]4 ,on ! :ole1 we _c expla9 away ! conception ( ! ,creator z a =m ( ! conception ( an idealis$ div9e ,fir/ ,ance/or1 because ! conception ( a ,creator occurs :]e ance/or-wor%ip does n occur2 & aga91 because1 suppos+ t ! idea ( a ,creator came fir/1 & t ance/or-wor%ip lat] grew m popul>1 ! popul> idea ( ,ance/or might be transf]r$ to ! wan+ idea ( ,creator4 ,! ,creator might be recognis$ z ! ,fir/ ,ance/or1 aprs c\p4 ,mr4 ,tylor next approa*es ,dualism1 ! idea ( ho/ile ,good & ,bad ,be+s4 ,we mu/1 z he says1 be c>eful to disc\nt ,european tea*+1 /ill1 he admits1 ! savage has ?is duali/ic belief 9 a 'primitive' =m4 ,b ! savage conception is n m]ely t ( 'good fri5dly to me1' 'bad ho/ile to me4' ,e?ics1 z we %all %[1 already come into play 9 8 !ology4 ,mr4 ,tylor arrives1 at la/1 at ! ,supreme ,be+ ( savage cre$s4 ,8 words1 well weigh$1 mu/ be cit$ textually-- ',to m>k (f ! doctr9es ( mono!ism1 clos] def9ition is requir$ ?an ! b>e idea ( a ,supreme ,creator1 assign+ ! di/9ctive attributes ( ,deity to none save ! ,almighty ,creator4 ,x may be decl>$ t1 9 ?is /rict s5se1 no savage tribe ( mono!i/s has be5 ev] kn[n4#ab ,nor are any fair repres5tatives ( ! l[] culture 9 a /rict s5se pan!i/s4 ,! doctr9e :i* !y d widely hold1 & :i* op5s to !m a c\rse t5d+ 9 "o or o!r ( ^! directions1 is poly!ism culm9at+ 9 ! rule ( "o supreme div9ity4 ,high above ! doctr9e ( s\ls1 ( div9e ,manes1 ( local nature gods1 ( ! great gods ( class & elem5t1 !re are to be disc]n$ 9 b>b>ic !ology1 %ad[+s1 qua9t or maje/ic1 ( ! conception ( a ,supreme ,deity1 h5ce=? to be trac$ onw>d 9 exp&+ p[] & bright5+ glory along ! hi/ory ( ,religion4 ,x is no unimportant task1 p>tial z x is1 to select & gr\p ! typical data :i* %[ ! nature & position ( ! doctr9e ( supremacy1 z x comes into view )9 ! l[] culture4#ac ,we %all %[ t c]ta9 l[ savages are z mono!i/ic z "s ,*ri/ians4 ,!y h a ,supreme ,be+1 & ! 'di/9ctive attributes ( ,deity' are n by !m assign$ to o!r be+s1 fur!r ?an z ,*ri/ianity assigns !m to ,angels1 ,sa9ts1 ! ,devil1 &1 /range z x appe>s1 among savages1 to m$iat+ ',sons4' ,x is n kn[n t1 among ! ,&amanese & o!r tribes1 ?is la/ notion is due to mission>y influ5ce4 ,b1 9 reg>d to ! :ole *apt] ( savage ,supreme ,be+s1 we mu/1 z ,mr4 ,tylor advises1 keep wat*+ = ,*ri/ian & ,islamite contam9ation4 ,! savage notions1 z ,mr4 ,tylor says1 ev5 :5 ?us contam9at$1 may h 'to "s ext5t1 a native sub/ratum4' ,we %all select su* savage examples ( ! idea ( a ,supreme ,be+ z are atte/$ by anci5t native hymns1 or are inculcat$ 9 ! mo/ sacr$ & secret savage in/itutions1 ! religi\s ,my/]ies 7manife/ly ! la/ ?+s to be t\*$ by mission>y influ5ce71 or are f\nd among l[ insul> races def5d$ f ,european contact by ! jeal\s f]ocity & poison\s jungles ( p & soil4 ,we also note cases 9 :i* mission>ies f\nd su* native names z ',fa!r1' ',anci5t ( ,heav51' ',mak] ( ,all1' ready-made to _! h&s4 ,x is to be rem>k$ t1 :ile ?is bran* ( ! inquiry is practically omitt$ by ,mr4 ,sp5c]1 ,mr4 ,tylor c sp>e = x b "s tw5ty pages out ( 8 l>ge "w4 ,he arranges ! probable g]ms ( ! savage idea ( a ,supreme ,be+ ?us3 ,a god ( ! poly!i/ic cr[d is simply rais$ to ! primacy1 :i*1 ( c\rse1 _c occur :]e !re is no poly!ism4 ,or ! pr9ciple ( ,manes wor%ip may make a ,supreme ,deity out ( 'a primeval ance/or' say ,unkulunkulu1 :o is s f> f be+ supreme1 t he is abject4 ,or1 aga91 a great ph5om5on or =ce 9 ,nature-wor%ip1 say ,sun1 or ,heav51 is rais$ to supremacy4 ,or speculative philosophy asc5ds f ! ,_m to ! ,"o by try+ to disc]n ?r\gh & beyond ! univ]se a ,fir/ ,cause4 ,animi/ic conceptions ?us rea* _! utmo/ limit 9 ! notion ( ! ,anima ,mundi4 ,he may accumulate all p[]s ( all poly!i/ic gods1 or he may 'loom va/1 %ad[y1 & calm 444 too b5evol5t to ne$ human wor%ip 444 too m]ely exi/5t to conc]n himself ) ! petty race ( m54'#ad ,b he is always animi/ic4 ,n[1 9 addition to ! objections already not$ 9 pass+1 h[ c we tell t ! ,supreme ,be+ ( l[ savages 01 9 orig9al conception1 animi/ic at all8 ,h[ c we "k t he 0 envisag$1 orig9ally1 z ,_s8 ,we %all %[ t he probably 0 n1 t ! "q '_s or n _s' 0 n rais$ at all1 t ! ,mak] & ,fa!r 9 ,heav51 prior to ,dea?1 0 m]ely reg>d$ z a dea?less ,be+1 no "q ( '_s' be+ rais$4 ,if s1 ,animism 0 n ne$$ = ! e>lie/ idea ( a moral ,et]nal4 ,?is hypo!sis w be f\nd to lead to "s v s+ul> conclusions4 ,x w be m fully /at$ & illu/rat$1 pres5tly1 b ,i f9d t x _h already occurr$ to ,dr4 ,br9ton4#ae ,he is talk+ specially ( a heav5-god2 he says 'x came to pass t ! idea ( ,god 0 l9k$ to ! heav5s long ere man ask$ himself1 ,are ! heav5s mat]ial & ,god spiritual8' ,dr4 ,br9ton1 h[ev]1 does n develop 8 idea1 nor am ,i aw>e t x has be5 develop$ previ\sly4 ,! notion ( a ,god ab\t ^: spirituality nobody has inquir$ is new to u4 ,to ourselves1 & d\btless or probably to b>b>ians on a c]ta9 level ( culture1 su* a ,div9e ,be+ mu/ be animi/ic1 mu/ be a '_s4' ,to take only "o case1 to :i* we %all return1 ! ,banks ,isl&]s 7,melanesia7 believe 9 gho/s1 '& 9 ! exi/5ce ( ,be+s :o 7 n1 & nev] _h be51 human4 ,all alike might be call$ spirits1' says ,dr4 ,codr+ton1 b1 ex hypo!si1 ! ,be+s ':o nev] 7 human' are only call$ 'spirits1' by u1 because our habits ( ?\ght d n enable u to envisage !m except z 'spirits4' ,!y nev] 7 m51 '! natives w always ma9ta9 t he 7! ,vui7 0 some?+ diff]5t1 & d5y to him ! fle%ly body ( a man1' :ile resolute t he 0 n a gho/4#af ,?is po9t w be amply illu/rat$ lat]1 z we /udy t /rangely neglect$ *apt]1 t ess5tial *apt]1 ! ,high] beliefs ( ! ,l[e/ savages4 ,( ! exi/5ce ( a belief 9 a ,supreme ,be+1 n z m]ely 'alleg$1' !re is z good evid5ce z we possess = any fact 9 ! e?nographic region4 ,x is c]ta9 t savages1 :5 fir/ approa*$ by curi\s travell]s1 & mission>ies1 h aga9 & aga9 recognis$ our ,god 9 !irs4 ,! my?ical details & fables ab\t ! savage ,god are1 inde$1 diff]5t2 ! e?ical1 b5evol5t1 admoni%+1 rew>d+1 & creative aspects ( ! ,gods are apt to be ! same4#ag ',!re is no necessity = beg9n+ to tell ev5 ! mo/ degrad$ ( ^! p ( ! exi/5ce ( ,god1 or ( a future /ate1 '! facts be+ univ]sally admitt$4'#ah ',intellig5t m5 among ! ,bakwa9s h sc\t$ ! idea ( any ( !m ev] hav+ be5 )\t a tol]ably cle> conception ( good & evil1 ,god & ! future /ate2 ,no?+ we indicate z s9 ev] appe>$ to !m z o!rwise1' except polygamy1 says ,liv+/one4 ,n[ we may agree ) ,mr4 ,tylor t mod]n !ologians1 famili> ) savage cre$s1 w sc>cely argue t '!y are direct or ne>ly direct products ( revelation' 7vol4 ii4 p4 #cef74 ,b we may argue t1 consid]+ _! nasc5t e?ics 7d5i$ or m9imis$ by _m an?ropologi/s7 & ! di/ance :i* sep>ates ! high gods ( savag]y f ! gho/s out ( :i* !y are said to h sprung2 consid]+ too1 t ! relatively pure & l(ty elem5t :i*1 ex hypo!si1 is mo/ rec5t 9 evolution1 is also1 n ! mo/ hon\r$1 b (t5 j ! rev]se2 rememb]+1 above all1 t we "k no?+ hi/orically ( ! m5tal condition ( ! f\nd]s ( religion1 we may hesitate to accept ! an?ropological hypo!sis en masse4 ,at be/ x is conjectural1 & ! facts are su* t oppon5ts h m ju/ification ?an is commonly admitt$ = reg>d+ ! bulk ( savage religion z deg5]ate1 or corrupt$1 f its own highe/ elem5ts4 ,i am by no means1 z yet1 argu+ positively 9 fav\r ( t hypo!sis1 b ,i see :at its advocates mean1 or ought to mean1 & ! /r5g? ( _! position4 ,mr4 ,tylor1 ) 8 unique fairness1 says '! deg5]ation !ory1 no d\bt 9 "s in/ances ) ju/ice1 may claim su* beliefs z mutilat$ & p]v]t$ rema9s ( high] religion' 7vol4 ii4 p4 #ccf74 ,i d n pret5d to "k h[ ! l[e/ savages evolv$ ! !ory ( a ,god :o reads ! he>t & 'makes = righte\sness1' ,x is z easy1 almo/1 = me to believe t !y '7 n left )\t a witness1' z to believe t ?is ,god ( !irs 0 evolv$ out ( ! malefic5t gho/ ( a dirty mis*iev\s m$ic9e-man4 ,"h "o may repeat t :ile ! 'qua9t or maje/ic =e%ad[+s' ( a ,supreme ,be+1 among v l[ savages1 are only sket*$ lightly by ,mr4 ,tylor2 9 ,mr4 ,h]b]t ,sp5c]'s sy/em !y seem to be almo/ omitt$4 ,9 8 ',pr9ciples ( ,sociology' & ',ecclesia/ical ,in/itutions' "o looks 9 va9 = an adequate notice2 9 va9 = almo/ any notice1 ( ?is "p ( 8 topic4 ,! wat*] ( conduct1 ! fri5dly1 creative be+ ( l[ savage fai?1 :5ce 0 he evolv$8 ,! circum/ance ( 8 exi/5ce1 z f> z ,i c see2 ! *a/ity1 ! unselfi%ness1 ! pitifulness1 ! loyalty to plight$ ^w1 ! prohibition ( ev5 extra-tribal homicide1 enjo9$ 9 v>i\s places on 8 wor%ipp]s1 are problems t appe> someh[ to h escap$ ,mr4 ,sp5c]'s notice4 ,we are puzzl$ by endless difficulties 9 8 sy/em3 = example z to h[ savages c =get _! great-gr&fa!rs' v names1 & yet rememb] 'traditional p]sons f g5]ation to g5]ation1' s t '9 "t any am\nt ( expansion & idealisation c be rea*$1'#ai ,aga91 ,mr4 ,sp5c] w argue t x is a /range ?+ if 'primitive m5 _h1 z "s ?9k1 ! consci\sness ( a ,univ]sal ,p[] :5ce !y & all o!r ?+s proce$$1' & yet 'spontane\sly p]=m$ to t ,p[] an act l t p]=m$ by !m to ! dead body ( a fell[ savage'--by (f]+s ( food4#bj ,n[1 fir/1 !re w\ld be no?+ /range 9 ! matt] if ! crude idea ( ',univ]sal ,p[]' came e>lie/1 & 0 sup]s$$1 9 "p1 by a lat] propitiation ( ! dead & gho/s4 ,! new religi\s idea w\ld soon refract back on1 & influ5ce by its ritual1 ! old] conception4 ,&1 secondly1 x is precisely ?is ',univ]sal ,p[]' t is n propitiat$ by (f]+s ( food1 9 ,tonga1 7despite ,mr4 ,huxley7 ,au/ralia1 & ,africa1 = example4 ,we _c escape ! difficulty by say+ t !re ! old gho/ ( ,univ]sal ,p[] is reg>d$ z dead1 decrepit1 or z a roi-fa9ant n wor? propitiat+1 = t is n true ( ! puni%] ( s91 ! tea*] ( g5]osity1 & ! solit>y sanction ( fai? betwe5 m5 & peoples4 ,x w\ld appe> !n1 on ! :ole1 t ! "q ( ! pla9 man to ! an?ropologi/1 ',hav+ got y\r idea ( _s into ! savage's m9d1 h[ does he develop out ( x :at ,i call ,god8' has n be5 answ]$4 ,god _c be a reflection f human k+s :]e !re h be5 no k+s2 nor a presid5t elect$ out ( a poly!i/ic society ( gods :]e !re is z yet no poly!ism2 nor an ideal fir/ ance/or :]e m5 d n wor%ip _! ance/ors2 :ile1 aga91 ! _s ( a man :o di$1 real or ideal1 does n answ] to a common savage conception ( ! ,creator4 ,all ?is w become mu* m obvi\s z we /udy 9 detail ! highe/ gods ( ! l[e/ races4 ,our /udy1 ( c\rse1 does n pret5d to embrace ! religion ( all ! savages 9 ! _w4 ,we are cont5t ) typical1 &1 z a rule1 well-obs]v$ examples4 ,we range f ! cre$s ( ! mo/ backw>d & wor/-equipp$ nomad races1 to ^? ( peoples ) an ari/ocracy1 h]$it>y k+s1 h\ses & agriculture1 end+ ) ! ,supreme ,be+ ( ! highly civilis$ ,incas1 & ) ! ,jehovah ( ! ,hebrews4 ,footnote #a3 ,j\rnal ,an?rop4 ,in/4 xi4 #hgd4 ,we %all return to ?is passage4 ,footnote #b3 ,vol4 i4 p4 #chi1 #ahib4 ,footnote #c3 ,payne1 i4 #deh4 ,footnote #d3 ,prim4 ,cult4 vol4 ii4 p4 #cha2 ,sci5ce & ,hebrew ,tradition1 pp4 #cdf1 #cgb4 ,footnote #e3 ,prim4 ,cult4 vol4 ii4 p4 #aji4 ,footnote #f3 ,ibid4 vol4 ii4 p4 #aaj4 ,footnote #g3 ,ibid4 vol4 ii4 p4 #aac4 ,footnote #h3 ,prim4 ,cult4 vol4 ii4 pp4 #aae1 #aaf1 cit+ ,callaway & o!rs4 ,footnote #i3 ,! ,zulu religion w be analys$ lat]4 ,footnote #aj3 ,prim4 ,cult4 vol4 ii4 pp4 #acj-add4 ,footnote #aa3 ,ibid4 vol4 ii4 p4 #bdh4 ,footnote #ab3 ,& v few civilis$ populations1 if any1 are mono!i/ic 9 ?is s5se4 ,footnote #ac3 ,prim4 ,cult4 vol4 ii4 pp4 #ccb1 #ccc4 ,footnote #ad3 ,prim4 ,cult4 vol4 ii4 pp4 #cce1 #ccf4 ,footnote #ae3 ,my?s ( ! ,new ,_w1 #ahfh1 p4 #dg4 ,footnote #af3 ,i obs]v$ ?is po9t 9 ,my?1 ,ritual1 & ,religion1 :ile ,i did n see ! implication1 t ! idea ( '_s' 0 n necess>ily pres5t 9 ! savage conception ( ! primal ,be+s1 ,creators1 or ,mak]s4 ,footnote #ag3 ,see "o or two cases 9 ,prim4 ,cult4 vol4 ii4 p4 #cdj4 ,footnote #ah3 ,liv+/one1 speak+ ( ! ,bakwa91 ,mission>y ,travels1 p4 #afh4 ,footnote #ai3 ,pr9ciples ( ,sociology1 vol4 i4 p4 #dej4 ,footnote #bj3 ,op4 cit4 vol4 i4 p4 #cjb4 ,x ,,high ,,gods ,,( ,,l[ ,,races ,to avoid misconception we mu/ repeat ! necess>y cautions ab\t accept+ evid5ce z to high gods ( l[ races4 ,! mission>y :o does n see 9 e ali5 god a devil is apt to welcome traces ( an orig9al sup]natural revelation1 d>k5$ by all peoples b ! ,jews4 ,we %all n1 h[ev]1 rely mu* on mission>y evid5ce1 &1 :5 we d1 we mu/ n[ be equally on our gu>d aga9/ ! an?ropological bias 9 ! mission>y himself4 ,hav+ read ,mr4 ,sp5c] & ,mr4 ,tylor1 & f9d+ himself among ance/or-wor%ipp]s 7z he sometimes does71 he is apt to ?9k t ance/or-wor%ip expla9s any traces ( a belief 9 ! ,supreme ,be+4 ,aga9/ ea* & e bias ( obs]v]s we mu/ be wat*ful4 ,x may be ne$ful1 too1 to po9t out once aga9 ano!r weak po9t 9 all reason+ ab\t savage religion1 namely t we _c always tell :at may h be5 borr[$ f ,europeans4 ,?us1 ! ,fuegians1 9 #ahcj-ahdj1 7 f> out ( ! way1 b "o tribe1 ne> ,magellan's ,/raits1 wor%ipp$ an image call$ ,cri/o4 ,fitzroy attributes ?is obvi\s trace ( ,ca?olicism to a ,capta9 ,pelippa1 :o visit$ ! di/rict "s "t be=e 8 own exp$ition4 ,x is less probable t ,spani>ds e/abli%$ a belief 9 a moral ,deity 9 regions :]e !y left no mat]ial traces ( _! fai?4 ,! ,fuegians are n easily proselytis$4 ',:5 discov]$ by /rang]s1 ! in/ant impulse ( a ,fuegian family is to run (f into ! woods4' ,occasionally !y w em]ge to b>t]1 b 'sometimes no?+ w induce a s+le individual ( ! family to appe>4' ,fitzroy ?\ght !y _h no idea ( a future /ate1 because1 among o!r reasons n giv51 '! evil _s torm5ts !m 9 ?is _w1 if !y d wrong1 by /orms1 hail1 sn[1 c4' ,:y ! evil _s %\ld puni% evil de$s is n evid5t4 ',a great black man is suppos$ to be always w&]+ ab\t ! woods & m\nta9s1 :o is c]ta9 ( kn[+ e ^w & e action1 :o _c be escap$ & :o influ5ces ! wea!r accord+ to m5's conduct4'#a ,!re are no traces ( propitiation by food1 or sacrifice1 or any?+ b conduct4 ,to reg>d ! ,deity z 'a magnifi$ non-natural man' is n peculi> to ,fuegian !ologians1 & does n imply ,animism1 b ! rev]se4 ,b ! po9t is t ?is e?ical judge ( p]haps ! l[e/ savages 'makes = righte\sness' & se>*es ! he>t4 ,8 morality is s mu* above ! ord9>y savage /&>d t he reg>ds ! slay+ ( a /rang] & an enemy1 caught r$h&$ 9 robb]y1 z a s94 ,york's bro!r 7,york 0 a ,fuegian br\ght to ,engl& by ,fitzroy7 kill$ a 'wild man' :o 0 /eal+ 8 birds4 ',ra9 come d[n1 sn[ come d[n1 hail come d[n1 w9d bl[1 bl[1 v mu* bl[4 ,v bad to kill man4 ,big man 9 woods no l x1 he v angry4' ,"h be e?ics 9 savage religion4 ,! ,six? ,comm&m5t is 9 =ce4 ,! ,be+ also prohibits ! slay+ ( flapp]s be=e !y c fly4 ',v bad to %oot little duck1 come w9d1 come ra91 bl[1 v mu* bl[4'#b ,n[ ?is big man is n a deifi$ *ief1 = ! ,fuegians 'h no sup]iority ( "o ov] ano!r 444 b ! doctor-wiz>d ( ea* p>ty has mu* influ5ce4' ,mr4 ,sp5c] disposes ( ?is moral 'big man' ( ! ,fuegians z 'evid5tly a deceas$ wea!r-doctor4'#c ,b1 fir/1 !re is no evid5ce t ! be+ is reg>d$ z ev] hav+ di$4 ,aga91 x is n %[n t ,fuegians are ance/or-wor%ipp]s4 ,next1 ,fitzroy did n ?9k t ! ,fuegians believ$ 9 a future life4 ,la/ly1 :5 7 m$ic9e-m5 su* notable morali/s8 ,! wor/ spirits among ! neighb\r+ ,patagonians are ^? ( dead m$ic9e-m54 ,z a rule ev]y:]e ! gho/ ( a 'doctor-wiz>d1' %aman1 or :atev] he may be call$1 is ! wor/ & wick$e/ ( all gho/s4 ,h[1 !n1 ! ,fuegians1 :o are n prov$ to be ance/or-wor%ipp]s1 evolv$ out ( ! malignant gho/ ( an ance/or a be+ ^: /rong po9t is morality1 "o does n easily conceive4 ,! adjac5t ,*onos 'h great fai? 9 a good _s1 :om !y call ,y]ri ,yuppon1 & consid] to be ! au?or ( all good2 him !y invoke 9 di/ress or dang]4' ,h[ev] />v$ !y d n t\* food till a %ort pray] has be5 mutt]$ ov] ea* portion1 '! pray+ man look+ upw>d4'#d ,!y h magicians1 b no details are giv5 z to spirits or gho/s4 ,if ,fuegian & ,*ono religion is on ?is level1 & if ?is be ! e>lie/1 !n ! !ology ( _m o!r high] savages 7z ( ! ,zulus7 is decid$ly deg5]ate4 ',! ,bantu gives "o accu/om$ to ! negro ! impression t he once _h ! same set ( ideas1 b has =gott5 half ( !m1' says ,miss ,k+sley4#e ,( all races n[ extant1 ! ,au/ralians are probably l[e/ 9 culture1 &1 l ! fauna ( ! cont95t1 are ne>e/ to ! primitive model4 ,!y h nei!r metals1 b[s1 pott]y1 agriculture1 nor fix$ habitations2 & no traces ( high] culture h any:]e be5 f\nd above or 9 ! soil ( ! cont95t4 ,?is is important1 = 9 "s respects _! religi\s conceptions are s l(ty t x w\ld be natural to expla9 !m z ! result ei!r ( ,european influ5ce1 or z relics ( a high] civilisation 9 ! pa/4 ,! =m] notion is discr$it$ by ! fact t _! be/ religi\s ideas are imp>t$ 9 connection ) _! anci5t & secret my/]ies1 :ile = ! second idea1 t !y are deg5]ate f a l(ti] civilisation1 !re is absolutely no evid5ce4 ,x has be5 sugge/$1 inde$1 by ,mr4 ,sp5c] t ! s+ul>ly complex m>riage cu/oms ( ! ,au/ralian blacks po9t to a m polite condition 9 _! pa/ hi/ory4 ,( ?is /age1 z we said1 no mat]ial traces h ev] be5 discov]$1 nor c deg5]ation be rec5t4 ,our e>lie/ acc\nt ( ! ,au/ralians is t ( ,dampi]1 :o visit$ ,new ,holl& 9 ! unhappy ye> #afhh4 ,he f\nd ! natives '! mis]able/ p 9 ! _w4 ,! ,hodmadods1 ( ,mononamatapa1 ?\gh a na/y p1 yet = weal? are g5tlem5 to ^!3 :o h no h\ses1 %eep1 p\ltry1 & fruits ( ! e>?4444 ,!y h no h\ses1 b lie 9 ! op5 air4' ,curi\sly en\gh1 ,dampi] atte/s _! unselfi%ness3 ! ma9 e?ical feature 9 _! religi\s tea*+4 ',be x little or be x mu* !y get1 e "o has 8 "p1 z well ! "y & t5d] z ! old & feeble1 :o are n able to g abroad1 z ! /rong & lu/y4' ,dampi] saw no metals us$1 nor any b[s1 m]ely boom]angs 7'wood5 cutlasses'71 & lances ) po9ts h>d5$ 9 ! fire4 ',_! place ( dwell+ 0 only a fire ) a few b\ghs be=e x' 7! gunyeh74 ,?is description rema9s accurate = mo/ ( ! unsophi/icat$ ,au/ralian tribes1 b ,dampi] appe>s only to h se5 i*?yophag\s coa/ blacks4 ,!re is "o m important po9t4 ,9 ! ,bora1 or ,au/ralian my/]ies1 at :i* k ( ',! ,mak]' & ( 8 comm&m5ts is imp>t$1 ! front tee? ( ! initiat$ are /ill knock$ out4 ,n[1 ,dampi] obs]v$ '! two =e-tee? ( _! upp] jaw are want+ 9 all ( !m1 m5 & wom51 old & "y4' ,if ?is is to be tak5 q lit]ally1 ! ,bora rite1 9 #afhh1 mu/ h includ$ ! wom51 at lea/ locally4 ,dampi] 0 on ! nor?-we/ coa/ 9 latitude #af degrees1 longitude #abb-a_/d degrees ea/ 7,dampi] ,l&1 ,we/ ,au/ralia74 ,! natives _h nei!r boats1 canoes1 nor b>k logs2 b x seems t !y _h _! religi\s my/]ies & _! unselfi%ness1 two hundr$ ye>s ago4#f ,! ,au/ralians h be5 v c>efully /udi$ by _m obs]v]s1 & ! results entirely ov]?r[ ,mr4 ,huxley's bold /atem5t t '9 its simple/ condition1 su* z may be met ) among ! ,au/ralian savages1 !ology is a m]e belief 9 ! exi/5ce1 p[]s1 & dispositions 7usually malignant7 ( gho/-l entities :o may be propitiat$ or sc>$ away2 b no cult c prop]ly be said to exi/4 ,& 9 ?is /age !ology is :olly indep5d5t ( e?ics4' ,rem>ks m crudely 9 defiance ( kn[n facts c\ld n be made4 ,! ,au/ralians1 assur$ly1 believe 9 'spirits1' (t5 malici\s1 & probably 9 mo/ cases reg>d$ z gho/s ( m54 ,^! aid ! wiz>d1 & occasionally inspire him4 ,t ^! gho/s are wor%ipp$ does n appe>1 & is d5i$ by ,waitz4 ,aga91 9 ! matt] ( cult1 '!re is none' 9 ! way ( sacrifice to high] gods1 z !re %\ld be if ^! gods 7 hungry gho/s4 ,! cult among ! ,au/ralians is ! keep+ ( c]ta9 'laws1' express$ 9 moral tea*+1 suppos$ to be 9 con=mity ) ! in/itutes ( _! ,god4 ,wor%ip takes ! =m1 z at ,eleusis1 ( tribal my/]ies1 orig9ally in/itut$1 z at ,eleusis1 by ! ,god4 ,! "y m5 are initiat$ ) _m c]emonies1 "s ( :i* are cruel & f>cical1 b ! initiation includes e?ical in/ruction1 9 con=mity ) ! suppos$ comm&s ( a ,god :o wat*es ov] conduct4 ,z among ourselves1 ! e?ical ideal1 ) its !ological sanction1 is probably r above ! moral /&>d ( ord9>y practice4 ,:at conclusion we %\ld draw f ^! facts is unc]ta91 b ! facts1 at lea/1 _c be disput$1 & precisely contradict ! /atem5t ( ,mr4 ,huxley4 ,he 0 :olly 9 ! wrong :5 he said3 ',! moral code1 su* z is impli$ by public op9ion1 d]ives no sanction f !ological dogmas1'#g ,x reposes1 = its orig9 & sanction1 on su* dogmas4 ,! evid5ce z to ,au/ralian religion is abundant1 & is be+ add$ to ye>ly4 ,i %all "h cont5t myself ) ,mr4 ,h[itt's acc\nts4#h ,z reg>ds ! possible evolution ( ! ,au/ralian ,god f ance/or-wor%ip1 x mu/ be not$ t ,mr4 ,h[itt cr$its ! gr\ps ) possess+ 'headm51' a k9d ( *iefs1 :]eas "s inquir]s1 9 ,br\gh ,smy?'s collection1 disbelieve 9 regul> *iefs4 ,mr4 ,h[itt writes3-- ',! ,supreme ,_s1 :o is believ$ 9 by all ! tribes ,i ref] to "h 9 ,s\?-,ea/]n ,au/ralia1 ei!r z a b5evol5t1 or m frequ5tly z a malevol5t be+1 x seems to me repres5ts ! defunct headman4' ,n[1 ! traces ( 'headman%ip' among ! tribes are extremely fa9t2 no su* headman rules l>ge areas ( c\ntry1 none is kn[n to be wor%ipp$ aft] dea?1 & ! malevol5ce ( ! ,supreme ,_s is n illu/rat$ by ! details ( ,mr4 ,h[itt's own /atem5t1 b ! rev]se4 ,inde$1 he goes on at once to rem>k t ',d>umulun 0 n1 x seems to me1 ev]y:]e ?\ght a malevol5t be+1 b he 0 dread$ z "o :o c\ld sev]ely puni% ! trespasses committ$ aga9/ ^! tribal ord9ances & cu/oms ^: fir/ in/itution is ascrib$ to him4' ,to puni% transgressions ( 8 law is n ! ess5ce ( a malevol5t be+4 ,d>umulun 'wat*$ ! y\?s f ! sky1 prompt to puni%1 by disease or dea?1 ! brea* ( 8 ord9ances1' moral or ritual4 ,8 "n is too sacr$ to be spok5 except 9 :isp]s1 & ! an?ropologi/ w obs]ve t ! names ( ! human dead are also (t5 taboo$4 ,b ! div9e "n is n ?us taboo$ & sacr$ :5 ! m]e folklore ab\t him is n>rat$4 ,! in=mants ( ,mr4 ,h[itt in/9ctively di/+ui%$ betwe5 ! my?ology & ! religion ( ,d>umulun4#i ,?is di/9ction-- ! secrecy ab\t ! religion1 ! c&\r ab\t ! my?ology--is ess5tial1 & acc\nts = our ignorance ab\t ! inn] religi\s beliefs ( e>ly races4 ,mr4 ,h[itt himself knew little till he 0 initiat$4 ,! gr&fa!r ( ,mr4 ,h[itt's fri5d1 be=e ! :ite m5 came to ,melb\rne1 took him out at night1 &1 po9t+ to a />1 said3 ',y w soon be a man2 y see ,bunjil ,supreme ,be+ ( c]ta9 tribes up !re1 & he c see y1 & all y d d[n "h4' ,mr4 ,palm]1 speak+ ( ! ,my/]ies ( ,nor!rn ,au/ralians 7my/]ies "u div9e sanction71 m5tions ! nature ( ! moral in/ruction4 ,ea* lad is giv51 'by "o ( ! eld]s1 advice s k9dly1 fa!rly1 & impressive1 z (t5 to s(t5 ! he>t1 & draw te>s f ! y\?4' ,he is to avoid adult]y1 n to take advantage ( a woman if he f9ds h] alone1 he is n to be qu>relsome4#aj ,at ! ,my/]ies ,d>umulun's real "n may be utt]$1 at o!r times he is ',ma/]' 7,biamban7 or ',fa!r' 7,papang71 exactly z we say ',"l' & ',fa!r4' ,x is kn[n t all ^! ?+s are n due to mission>ies1 ^: in/ructions w\ld c]ta9ly n be convey$ 9 ! ,bora1 or tribal my/]ies1 :i*1 aga91 are p>tly describ$ by ,coll9s z e>ly z #agih1 & mu/ h be5 practis$ 9 #afhh4 ,mr4 ,h[itt m5tions1 among moral lessons div9ely sanction$1 respect = old age1 ab/95ce f lawless love1 & avoidance ( ! s9s s popul>1 poetic1 & sanction$ by ! example ( ,gods1 9 classical ,greece4#aa ,a repres5tation is made ( ! ,ma/]1 ,biamban2 & to make su* idols1 except at ! ,my/]ies1 is =bidd5 '"u pa9 ( dea?4' ,^? :i* are made are de/roy$ z soon z ! rites are end$4#ab ,! future life 7app>5tly7 is !n illu/rat$ by ! burial ( a liv+ eld]1 :o rises f a grave4 ,?is may1 h[ev]1 symbolise ! 'new life' ( ! ,my/ae1 ',worse h ,i fl$2 bett] h ,i f\nd1' z 0 sung 9 an ,a!nian rite4 ,! :ole result is1 by :at ,mr4 ,h[itt calls 'a quasi-religi\s elem5t1' to 'impress ^u ! m9d ( ! y\?1 9 an indelible mann]1 ^? rules ( conduct :i* =m ! moral law ( ! tribe4'#ac ,_m o!r au?orities c\ld be adduc$ = ! religi\s sanction ( morals 9 ,au/ralia4 ,a wat*ful be+ obs]ves & rew>ds ! conduct or m52 he is nam$ ) rev]5ce1 if nam$ at all2 8 abode is ! heav5s2 he is ! ,ma/] & ,"l ( ?+s2 8 lessons 's(t5 ! he>t1'#ad ',:at wants ?is ,knave ,t a ,god %\ld h8' ,i %all n[ demon/rate t ! religion patronis$ by ! ,au/ralian ,supreme ,be+1 & inculcat$ 9 8 ,my/]ies1 is actually us$ to c\nt]act ! immoral "* :i* natives acquire by associat+ ) ,anglo-,saxon ,*ri/ians4#ae ,mr4 ,h[itt#af gives an acc\nt ( ! ,j]aeil1 or ,my/]ies ( ! ,kurnai4 ,! old m5 deem$ t ?r\gh int]c\rse ) :ites '! lads _h become selfi% & no long] incl9$ to %>e t :i* !y obta9$ by _! own ex]tions1 or _h giv5 !m1 ) _! fri5ds4' ,"o ne$ n say t selflessness is ! v ess5ce ( goodness1 & ! c5tral moral doctr9e ( ,*ri/ianity4 ,s x is 9 ! religi\s ,my/]ies ( ! ,african ,yao2 a selfi% man1 we %all see1 is spok5 ( z 'un9itiat$4' ,s x is ) ! ,au/ralian ,kurnai1 ^: my/]ies & e?ical tea*+ are "u ! sanction ( _! ,supreme ,be+4 ,s mu* = ! an?ropological dogma t e>ly !ology has no e?ics4 ,! ,kurnai began by knead+ ! /oma*s ( ! lads ab\t to be initiat$ 7t is1 if !y h be5 associat+ ) ,*ri/ians71 to expel selfi%ness & gre$4 ,! *ief rite1 lat]1 is to bl9dfold e lad1 ) a blanket closely drawn ov] 8 head1 to make :irr+ s\nds ) ! tundun1 or ,greek rhombos1 !n to pluck (f ! blankets1 & bid ! initiate raise _! faces to ! sky4 ,! initiator po9ts to x1 call+ out1 ',look !re1 look !re1 look !re6' ,!y h se5 9 ?is solemn way ! home ( ! ,supreme ,be+1 ',our ,fa!r1' ,mungan-ngaur 7,mungan ',fa!r1' ngaur 'our'71 ^: doctr9e is !n unfold$ by ! old initiator 7'headman'7 '9 an impressive mann]4'#ag ',long ago !re 0 a great ,be+1 ,mungan-ngaur1 :o liv$ on ! e>?4' ,8 son ,tundun is direct ance/or ( ! ,kurnai4 ,mungan initiat$ ! rites1 & de/roy$ e>? by wat] :5 !y 7 impi\sly reveal$4 ',mungan left ! e>?1 & asc5d$ to ! sky1 :]e he /ill rema9s4' ,"h ,mungan-ngaur1 a ,be+ n def9$ z _s1 b immortal1 & dwell+ 9 heav51 is ,fa!r1 or r gr&fa!r1 n mak]1 ( ! ,kurnai4 ,?is may be int]pret$ z ance/or-wor%ip1 b ! opposite my?1 ( mak+ or creat+1 is ( frequ5t occurr5ce 9 _m widely-sev]$ ,au/ralian di/ricts1 & co-exi/s ) evolution>y my?s4 ,mungan-ngaur's precepts are3 #a4 ,to li/5 to & obey ! old m54 #b4 ,to %>e ev]y?+ !y h ) _! fri5ds4 #c4 ,to live peaceably ) _! fri5ds4 #d4 ,n to int]f]e ) girls or m>ri$ wom54 #e4 ,to obey ! food re/rictions until !y are releas$ f !m by ! old m54 ,mr4 ,h[itt concludes3 ',i v5ture to ass]t t x c no long] be ma9ta9$ t ! ,au/ralians h no belief :i* c be call$ religi\s1 t is1 9 ! s5se ( beliefs :i* gov]n tribal & individual morality "u a sup]natural sanction4' ,on ?is topic ,mr4 ,hewitt's op9ion became m affirmative ! m deeply he 0 initiat$4#ah ,! ,au/ralians are ! l[e/1 mo/ primitive savages1 yet no propitiation by food is made to _! moral ,rul]1 9 heav51 z if he 7 a gho/4 ,! laws ( ^! ,au/ralian div9e be+s apply to ritual z well z to e?ics1 z might naturally be expect$4 ,b ! moral elem5t is conspicu\s1 ! rev]5ce is conspicu\s3 we h "h no m]e gho/1 propitiat$ by food or sacrifice1 or by purely magical rites4 ,8 v image 7modell$ on a l>ge scale 9 e>?7 is no vulg> idol3 to make su* a ?+1 except on ! r>e sacr$ occasions1 is a capital (f5ce4 ,mean:ile ! my?ology ( ! ,god has (t51 9 or out ( ! rites1 no?+ rational ab\t x4 ,on ! :ole x is evid5t t ,mr4 ,h]b]t ,sp5c]1 = example1 und]rates ! nature ( ,au/ralian religion4 ,he cites a case ( address+ ! gho/ ( a man rec5tly dead1 :i* is ask$ n to br+ sickness1 'or make l\d noises 9 ! night1' & says3 ',"h we may recognise ! ess5tial elem5ts ( a cult4' ,b ,mr4 ,sp5c] does n allude to ! mu* m ess5tially religi\s elem5ts :i* he might h f\nd 9 ! v au?ority :om he cites1 ,mr4 ,br\gh ,smy?4#ai ,?is appe>s1 z f> z my scrut9y goes1 to be ,mr4 ,sp5c]'s solit>y ref]5ce to ,au/ralia 9 ! "w on ',ecclesia/ical ,in/itutions4' ,yet ! facts :i* he & ,mr4 ,huxley ignore ?r[ a light v diff]5t f !irs on :at !y consid] '! simple/ condition ( !ology4' ,among ! causes ( confusion 9 ?\ght ^u religion1 ,mr4 ,tylor m5tions '! p>tial & "o-sid$ application ( ! hi/orical me?od ( inquiry into !ological doctr9es4'#bj ,"h1 p]haps1 we h examples4 ,9 its highe/ aspect t 'simple/ !ology' ( ,au/ralia is free f ! faults ( popul> !ology 9 ,greece4 ,! ,god disc\rages s91 ?\gh1 9 my?1 he is f> f impeccable4 ,he is almo/ too rev]$ to be nam$ 7except 9 my?ology7 & is n to be repres5t$ by idols4 ,he is n mov$ by sacrifice2 he has n ! *ance2 l ,dea? 9 ,greece1 'he only1 ( all ,gods1 loves n gifts4' ,?us ! /atus ( !ology does n correspond to :at we look = 9 v l[ culture4 ,x w\ld sc>cely be a p>adox to say t ! popul> ,zeus1 or ,ares1 is deg5]ate f ,mungan-ngaur1 or ! ,fuegian be+ :o =bids ! slay+ ( an enemy1 & almo/ lit]ally 'm>ks ! sp>r['s fall4' ,if we knew all ! my?ology ( ,d>umulun1 we %\ld probably f9d x 7l mu* ( ! my? ( ,pundjel or ,bunjil7 on a v diff]5t level f ! !ology4 ,!re are two curr5ts1 ! religi\s & ! my?ical1 fl[+ toge!r ?r\gh religion4 ,! =m] curr5t1 religi\s1 ev5 among v l[ savages1 is pure f ! magical gho/-propitiat+ habit4 ,! latt] curr5t1 my?ological1 is full ( magic1 mumm]y1 & sc&al\s leg5d4 ,sometimes ! latt] /ream q pollutes ! =m]1 sometimes !y fl[ side by side1 p]fectly di/+ui%able1 z 9 ,aztec e?ical piety1 comp>$ ) ! bloody ,aztec ritualism4 ,an?ropology has ma9ly kept h] eyes fix$ on ! impure /ream1 ! lu/s1 mumm]ies1 conjur+s1 & frauds ( prie/hoods1 :ile relatively1 or altoge!r1 neglect+ 7z we h %[n7 :at is hone/ & ( good report4 ,! worse side ( religion is ! less sacr$1 & !re=e ! m conspicu\s4 ,bo? elem5ts are f\nd co-exi/+1 9 almo/ all races1 & nobody1 9 our total lack ( hi/orical in=mation ab\t ! beg9n+s1 c say :i*1 if ei!r1 elem5t is ! e>li]1 or :i*1 if ei!r1 is d]iv$ f ! o!r4 ,to suppose t propitiation ( corpses & !n ( gho/s came fir/ is agreeable1 & seems logical1 to "s writ]s :o are n )\t a bias aga9/ all religion z an unsci5tific sup]/ition4 ,b we "k s little6 ,! fir/ mission>ies 9 ,gre5l& suppos$ t !re 0 n1 !re1 a trace ( belief 9 a ,div9e ,be+4 ',b :5 !y came to und]/& _! language bett]1 !y f\nd q ! rev]se to be true 444 & n only s1 b !y c\ld pla9ly ga!r f a free dialogue !y _h ) "s p]fectly wild ,gre5l&]s 7at t "t avoid+ any direct application to _! he>ts7 t _! ance/ors mu/ h believ$ 9 a ,supreme ,be+1 & did r5d] him "s s]vice1 :i* _! po/]ity neglect$ little by little444'#ba ,mr4 ,tylor does n ref] to ?is z a trace ( ,*ri/ian ,sc&9avian influ5ce on ! ,eskimo4#bb ,t l9e1 ( c\rse1 may be tak54 ,b an ,eskimo said to a mission>y1 ',?\ mu/ n imag9e t no ,gre5l&] ?9ks ab\t ^! ?+s' 7!ology74 ,he !n /at$ ! argum5t f design4 ',c]ta9ly !re mu/ be "s ,be+ :o made all ^! ?+s4 ,he mu/ be v good too444 ,ah1 did ,i b "k him1 h[ ,i w\ld love & hon\r him4' ,z ,/4 ,paul writes3 ',t :i* may be kn[n ( ,god is manife/ 9 !m1 = ,god ha? %[$ x unto !m 444 be+ und]/ood by ! ?+s :i* are made 444 b !y became va9 9 _! imag9ations1 & _! fooli% he>t 0 d>k5$4'#bc ,9 fact1 my?ology subm]g$ religion4 ,/4 ,paul's !ory ( ! orig9 ( religion is n t ( an 'innate idea1' nor ( a direct revelation4 ,p1 he says1 rea*$ ! belief 9 a ,god f ! ,argum5t = ,design4 ,sci5ce conceives h]self to h annihilat$ teleological ideas4 ,b !y are among ! probable orig9s ( religion1 & w\ld lead to ! belief 9 a ,creator1 :om ! ,gre5l&] ?\ght b5efic5t1 & aft] :om he ye>n$4 ,?is is a v diff]5t initial /ep 9 religi\s developm5t1 if initial x 01 f ! fe$+ ( a corpse1 or a gho/4 ,f all ?is evid5ce x does n appe> h[ non-poly!i/ic1 non-mon>*ical1 non-,manes-wor%ipp+ savages evolv$ ! idea ( a relatively supreme1 moral1 & b5evol5t ,creator1 unborn1 undy+1 wat*+ m5's lives4 ',he c g ev]y:]e1 & d ev]y?+4'#bd ,footnote #a3 ,fitzroy1 ii4 #ahj4 ,d>w94 ,desc5t ( ,man1 p4 #fg4 ,footnote #b3 ,ibid4 ,we seem to h little in=mation ab\t ,fuegian religion ei!r be=e or aft] ! cruise ( ! ,beagle4 ,footnote #c3 ,pr9ciples ( ,sociology1 i4 #dbb4 ,footnote #d3 ,fitzroy1 ii4 #aij1 #aia ,footnote #e3 ,travels 9 ,we/ ,africa1 p4 #ddb4 ,footnote #f3 ,e>ly ,voyages to ,au/ralia1 #ajb-aaa 7,hakluyt ,society74 ,footnote #g3 ,sci5ce & ,hebrew ,tradition1 p4 #hdf4 ,footnote #h3 ,j\rnal ( ! ,an?rop4 ,in/itute1 #ahhd4 ,see1 = less dignifi$ acc\nts1 op4 cit4 xxiv4 xxv4 ,footnote #i3 ,j\rnal1 xiii4 #aic4 ,footnote #aj3 ,j\rnal1 xiii4 #bif4 ,footnote #aa3 ,op4 cit4 p4 #dej4 ,footnote #ab3 ,p4 #dec4 ,footnote #ac3 ,p4 #deg4 ,footnote #ad3 ,see ,br\gh ,smy?1 ,aborig9es1 i4 #dbf2 ,tapl91 ,native ,races ( ,au/ralia4 ,accord+ to ,tapl91 ,nurrumd]e 0 a deifi$ black fell[1 :o di$ on e>?4 ,?is is n ! case ( ,baiame1 b is said1 r vaguely1 to be true ( ,d>amulun4 ,j4,a4,i41 xiii4 #aid1 xxv4 #big4 ,footnote #ae3 ,f a brief acc\nt ( ! ,fire ,c]emony1 or ,engwurra ( c]ta9 tribes 9 ,c5tral ,au/ralia1 x seems t religi\s c]emonies connect$ ) ,totems are ! mo/ notable p]=mances4 ,also 'c]ta9 my?ical ance/ors1' ( ! 'al*]+a1 or dream-times1' 7 celebrat$2 ^! real or ideal human be+s appe> to 's9k _! id5tity 9 t ( ! object ) :i* !y are associat$1 & f :i* !y are suppos$ to h orig9at$4' ,!re appe> also to be places haunt$ by '_s individuals1' 9 "s way mix$ up ) ,totems1 b no?+ is said ( sacrifice to ^! ,manes4 ,! brief acc\nt is by ,pr(essor ,baldw9 ,sp5c] & ,mr4 ,f4,j4 ,gill51 ,proc4 ,royal ,soc4 ,victoria1 ,july #ahig4 ,?is ,fire ,c]emony is n = lads--n a k9d ( confirmation 9 ! savage *ur*--b is int5d$ = adults4 ,footnote #af3 ,j4 ,an?rop4 ,in/4 #ahhf1 p4 #caj4 ,footnote #ag3 ,j4 ,an?rop4 ,in/4 #ahhe1 p4 #cac4 ,footnote #ah3 ,j4 ,an?rop4 ,in/4 xiii4 p4 #dei4 ,footnote #ai3 ,ecclesia/ical ,in/itutions1 p4 #fgd4 ,footnote #bj3 ,prim4 ,cult4 ii4 #dej4 ,footnote #ba3 ,cranz1 pp4 #aih1 #aii4 ,footnote #bb3 ,j\rnal ,an?rop4 ,in/4 xiii4 #cdh-cef4 ,footnote #bc3 ,rom4 i4 #ai4 ,cranz1 i4 #aii4 ,footnote #bd3 ,9 ,mr4 ,c>r's "w1 ,! ,au/ralian ,race1 reports ( 'godless' natives are giv51 = in/ance1 9 ! ,m>y ,riv] c\ntry & 9 ,gippsl&4 ,^! reports are usually ! result ( ! ignorance or contempt ( :ite obs]v]s1 cf4 ,tylor1 i4 #dai4 ,! read] is ref]r$ to ! ,introduction = additional in=mation ab\t ,au/ralian beliefs1 & = replies to objections4 ,,xi ,,supreme ,,gods ,,n ,,necess>ily ,,develop$ ,,out ,,( ',,spirits' ,be=e go+ on to exam9e ! high gods ( o!r l[ savages1 ,i mu/ "h aga9 insi/ on & develop ! !ory1 n easily conceiv$ by u1 t ! ,supreme ,be+ ( savages belongs to ano!r bran* ( fai? ?an gho/s1 or gho/-gods1 or feti%es1 or ,totems1 & ne$ n be--probably is n--ess5tially d]iv$ f ^!4 ,we mu/ try to get rid ( our !ory t a p[]ful1 moral1 et]nal ,be+ 01 f ! fir/1 ex (ficio1 conceiv$ z '_s2' & s 0 necess>ily d]iv$ f a gho/4 ,fir/1 :at 0 ! process ( developm5t8 ,we h exam9$ ,mr4 ,tylor's !ory4 ,b1 to take a practical case3 ,"h are ! ,au/ralians1 roam+ 9 small b&s1 )\t m =mal rul]s ?an 'headm5' at mo/2 n ance/or wor%ipp]s2 n poly!i/s2 ) no dep>tm5tal deities to select & aggr&ise2 n apt to speculate on ! ,anima ,mundi4 ,h[1 !n1 did !y bridge ! gulf betwe5 ! gho/ ( a soon-=gott5 fight+ man1 & t conception ( a ,fa!r above1 'all-see+1' moral1 :i*1 "u v>i\s names1 is f\nd all ov] a huge cont95t8 ,i _c see t ?is problem has be5 solv$ or frankly fac$4 ,! di/9ction betwe5 ! ,au/ralian deity1 at 8 highe/ p[]1 unpropitiat$ by sacrifice1 & ! ord9>y1 wan+1 easily =gott51 *eaply propitiat$ gho/ ( a tribesman1 is ess5tial4 ,x is n easy to %[ h[1 9 '! d>k backw>d' ( ,au/ralian life1 ! notion ( ,mungan-ngaur grew f ! idea ( ! gho/ ( a w>rior4 ,b !re is no logical necessity = ! belief 9 ! evolution ( ?is god out ( t gho/4 ,^! two factors 9 religion--gho/ & god--seem to h p]fectly diff]5t s\rces1 & x appe>s extraord9>y t an?ropologi/s h n 7z f> z ,i am aw>e7 obs]v$ ?is circum/ance be=e4 ,mr4 ,sp5c]1 inde$1 speaks frequ5tly ( liv+ human be+s ador$ z gods4 ,i d n "k t ^! are f\nd on ! l[e/ levels ( savag]y1 & ,mr4 ,jevons has po9t$ out t1 be=e y c hail a man z a god1 y mu/ h ! idea ( ,god4 ,! murd] ( ,capta9 ,cook notori\sly result$ f a sci5tific exp]im5t 9 !ology4 ',if he is a god1 he _c be kill$4' ,s !y tri$ ) a dagg]1 & f\nd t ! hone/ capta9 0 b a mortal ,briti% m>9]--no god at all4 ',!re are degrees4' ,mr4 ,sp5c]'s m5-gods become real gods--aft] dea?4#a ,n[ ! ,supreme ,be+ ( savage fai?1 z a rule1 nev] di$ at all4 ,he belong$ to a _w t knew n ,dea?4 ,"o cause ( our bl9dness to ! po9t appe>s to be ?is3 ,we h f *ildhood be5 taught t ',god is a ,_s4' ,we1 n[1 c only conceive ( an et]nal be+ z a '_s4' ,we "k t legions ( savage gods are n[ reg>d$ z spirits4 ,& !re=e we h nev] rem>k$ t !re is no reason :y we %\ld take x = grant$ t ! e>lie/ deities ( ! e>lie/ m5 7 suppos$ by !m to be 'spirits' at all4 ,^! gods might mo/ judici\sly be spok5 (1 n z 'spirits1' b z 'undef9$ et]nal be+s4' ,to u1 su* a be+ is necess>ily a _s1 b he 0 by no means necess>ily s to an e>ly ?9k]1 :o may n yet h rea*$ ! conception ( a gho/4 ,a gho/ is said1 by an?ropologi/s1 to h develop$ into a god4 ,n[1 ! v idea ( a gho/ 7ap>t f a wrai? or fet*7 implies ! previ\s dea? ( 8 proprietor4 ,a gho/ is ! phantasm ( a dead man4 ,b an?ropologi/s cont9ually tell u1 ) tru?1 t ! idea ( dea? z a univ]sal ord9ance is unkn[n to ! savage4 ,diseases & dea? are ?+s t once did n exi/1 & t1 normally1 ought n to occur1 ! savage ?9ks4 ,!y are1 9 8 op9ion1 sup]normally caus$ by magicians & spirits4 ,dea? came into ! _w by a blund]1 an accid5t1 an error 9 ritual1 a decision ( a god :o 0 be=e ,dea? 04 ,scores ( my?s are told ev]y:]e on ?is subject4#b ,! savage ,supreme ,be+1 ) add$ p[]1 omnisci5ce1 & morality1 is ! idealisation ( ! savage1 z conceiv$ ( by himself1 m9us fle%ly body 7z a rule71 & m9us ,dea?4 ,he is n necess>ily a '_s1' ?\gh t t]m may n[ be appli$ to him4 ,he 0 n orig9ally diff]5tiat$ z '_s' or 'n _s4' ,he is a ,be+1 conceiv$ ( )\t ! "q ( '_s1' or 'no _s' be+ rais$2 p]haps he 0 orig9ally conceiv$ ( be=e t "q c\ld be rais$ by m54 ,:5 we call ! ,supreme ,be+ ( savages a '_s' we introduce our own animi/ic ideas into a conception :]e x may n h orig9ally exi/$4 ,if ! ,god is '! savage himself rais$ to ! n? p[]' s mu* ! less ( a _s is he4 ,mr4 ,mat!w ,arnold might z well h said3 ',! ,briti% ,phili/9e has no k ( ,god4 ,he believes t ! ,creator is a magnifi$ non-natural man1 liv+ 9 ! sky4' ,! ,gippsl& or ,fuegian or ,blackfoot ,supreme ,be+ is j a ,be+1 an?ropomorphic1 n a mr>t1 or '_s4' ,! ,supreme ,be+ is a wes51 ,be+1 ,vui2 we h h>dly a t]m = an immortal exi/5ce s undef9$4 ,if ! be+ is an idealis$ fir/ ance/or 7z among ! ,kurnai71 he is n1 on t acc\nt1 ei!r man or gho/ ( man4 ,9 ! orig9al conception he is a p[]ful intellig5ce :o 0 f ! fir/3 :o 0 already active long be=e1 by a brea* ( 8 laws1 an error 9 ! deliv]y ( a message1 a brea* ( ritual1 or :at n1 dea? ent]$ ! _w4 ,he 0 n affect$ by ! entry ( dea?1 he /ill exi/s4 ,mod]n m9ds ne$ to become famili> ) ?is indet]m9ate idea ( ! savage ,supreme ,be+1 :i*1 logically1 may be prior to ! evolution ( ! notion ( gho/ or _s4 ,b h[ does x apply :51 z by ! ,kurnai1 ! ,supreme ,be+ is reckon$ an ance/or8 ,x c v readily be %[n t1 :5 ! ,supreme ,be+ ( a savage p is ?us ! idealis$ ,fir/ ,ance/or1 he c nev] h be5 envisag$ by 8 wor%ipp]s z at any "t a gho/2 or1 at lea/1 _c logically h be5 s envisag$ :]e ! ne>ly univ]sal belief occurs t dea? came into ! _w by accid5t1 or ne$lessly4 ,adam is ! my?ical fir/ ance/or ( ! ,hebrews1 b he di$1 ,greek3 up] moron1 & 0 n wor%ipp$4 ,yama1 ! fir/ ( ,aryan m5 :o di$1 0 wor%ipp$ by ,v$ic ,aryans1 b confess$ly z a gho/-god4 ,mr4 ,tylor gives a li/ ( fir/ ance/ors deifi$4 ,! ,ance/or ( ! ,maudans did n die1 consequ5tly is no gho/2 emigravit1 he 'mov$ we/4' ,:]e ! ,fir/ ,ance/or is also ! ,creator 7,dog-rib ,indians71 he c h>dly be1 & is n1 reg>d$ z a mortal4 ,tamoi1 ( ! ,gu>anis1 0 '! anci5t ( heav51' cle>ly no mortal man4 ,! ,maori ,maui 0 ! fir/ :o di$1 b he is n "o ( ! orig9al ,maori gods4 ,haet%1 among ! ,kam*adals1 precisely answ]s to ,yama4 ,unkulunkulu w be describ$ lat]4#c ,?is is ! li/3 ,:]e ! ,fir/ ,ance/or is equival5t to ! ,creator1 & is supreme1 he is--f ! fir/--dea?less & immortal4 ,:5 he dies he is a confess$ gho/-god4 ,n[1 gho/-wor%ip & dead ance/or-wor%ip are impossible be=e ! ance/or is dead & is a gho/4 ,b ! ess5tial idea ( ,mungan-ngaur1 & ,baiame1 & mo/ ( ! high gods ( ,au/ralia1 & ( o!r l[ races1 is t !y nev] di$ at all4 ,!y belong to ! p]iod be=e dea? came into ! _w1 l ,qat among ! ,melanesians4 ,!y arise 9 an age t knew n dea?1 & _h n reflect$ on phantasms nor evolv$ gho/s4 ,!y c\ld h be5 conceiv$ (1 9 ! nature ( ! case1 by a race ( immortals :o nev] dream$ ( su* a ?+ z a gho/4 ,= ^! gods1 ! gho/-!ory is n requir$1 & is sup]flu\s1 ev5 contradictory4 ,! e>ly ?9k]s :o develop$ ^! be+s did n ne$ to "k t m5 die 7?\gh1 ( c\rse1 !y did "k x 9 practice71 /ill less did !y ne$ to h conceiv$ by ab/ract speculation ! hypo!sis ( gho/s4 ,baiame1 ,cagn1 ,bunjil1 9 _! ador]s' belief1 7 !re2 dea? lat] intrud$ among m51 b did n affect ^! div9e be+s 9 any way4 ,! gho/-!ory1 !re=e1 by ! evid5ce ( an?ropology itself1 is n ne$$ = ! evolution ( ! high gods ( savages4 ,x is only ne$$ = ! evolution ( gho/-propitiation & g5u9e dead-ance/or wor%ip4 ,!re=e1 ! high gods describ$ 7 n necess>ily once gho/s--7 n idealis$ mortal ance/ors4 ,!y 71 naturally1 f ! beg9n+1 f be=e ! com+ 9 ( dea?1 immortal ,fa!rs1 n[ dwell+ on high4 ,betwe5 !m & apo!osis$ mortal ance/ors !re is a great gulf fix$--! riv] ( dea?4 ,! explicitly /at$ di/9ction t ! high creative gods nev] 7 mortal m51 :ile o!r gods are spirits ( mortal m51 is made 9 e qu>t]4 ',ance/ors kn[n to be human 7 n wor%ipp$ z orig9al gods1 & ance/ors wor%ipp$ z orig9al gods 7 n believ$ to h be5 human4'#d ,bo? k9ds may h a g5]ic "n1 su* z kal\1 or wakan1 b ! specific di/9ction is univ]sally made by l[ savages4 ,on "o h&1 orig9al gods2 on ! o!r1 non-orig9al gods t 7 once gho/s4 ,n[1 ?is di/9ction is (t5 calmly ignor$2 :]eas1 :5 any race has develop$ 7l late ,sc&9avians7 ! ,euhem]i/ic hypo!sis 7'all gods 7 once m5'71 t hypo!sis is accept$ z an hi/orical /atem5t ( fact by "s writ]s4 ,x is "p ( my !ory t ! m popul> gho/-wor%ip ( s\ls ( p :om m5 h lov$1 invad$ ! possibly old] religion ( ! ,supreme ,fa!r4 ,mighty be+s1 :e!r orig9ally conceiv$ ( z 'spirits' or n1 came1 lat]1 "u ! ,animi/ic !ory1 to be reckon$ z spirits4 ,!y ev5 7b n among ! l[e/ savages7 came to be propitiat$ by food & sacrifice4 ,! alt]native1 = a ,supreme ,be+1 :5 once ,animism prevail$1 0 sacrifice 7z to m popul> gho/ deities7 or neglect4 ,we %all f9d examples ( bo? alt]natives4 ,b sacrifice does n prove t a ,god 01 9 orig9al conception1 a gho/1 or ev5 a _s4 ',! common doctr9e ( ! ,old ,te/am5t is n t ,god is _s1 b t ! _s rah 'w9d1' 'liv+ brea?' ( ,jehovah1 go+ =? f him1 works 9 ! _w & among m54'#e ,to resume4 ,! high ,gods ( savag]y--moral1 all-see+ directors ( ?+s & ( m5--are n explicitly envisag$ z spirits at all by _! ador]s4 ,! notion ( s\l or _s is "h out ( place4 ,we c be/ describe ,pirnmeheal1 & ,npi & ,baiame z 'magnifi$ non-natural m51' or undef9$ be+s :o 7 f ! beg9n+ & are undy+4 ,!y are1 l ! easy ,epicurean ,gods1 nihil indiga no/ri4 ,n be+ gho/s1 !y crave no food f m51 & receive no sacrifice1 z d gho/s1 or gods develop$ out ( gho/s1 or gods to :om ! gho/-ritual has be5 transf]r$4 ,= ?is v reason1 app>5tly1 !y seem to be spok5 ( by ,mr4 ,grant ,all5 z 'gods to talk ab\t1 n gods to adore2 my?ological conceptions r ?an religi\s be+s4'#f ,all ?is is r h>d on ! l[e/ savages4 ,if !y sacrifice to a god1 !n ! god is a hungry gho/2 if !y don't1 !n ! god is 'a god to talk ab\t1 n to adore1' ,luckily1 ! facts ( ! ,bora ritual & ! in/ruction giv5 !re prove t ,mungan-nganr & o!r names are gods to adore1 by e?ical con=mity to _! w & by solemn c]emony1 n m]ely gods to talk ab\t4 ,?us1 ! highe/ elem5t 9 ! religion ( ! l[e/ savages does n appe> to be d]iv$ f _! !ory ( gho/s4 ,z f> z we c say1 9 ! inevitable abs5ce ( hi/orical evid5ce1 ! highe/ gods ( savages may h be5 believ$ 91 z ,mak]s & ,fa!rs & ,lords ( an indet]m9ate nature1 be=e ! savage _h develop$ ! idea ( s\ls out ( dreams & phantasms4 ,x is logically conceivable t savages may h wor%ipp$ deities l ,baiame & ,d>umulun be=e !y _h evolv$ ! notion t ,tom1 ,dick1 or ,h>ry has a sep>able s\l1 capable ( surviv+ 8 bodily decease4 ,deities ( ! high] sort1 by ! v nature ( savage reflections on dea? & on its non-orig9al casual "*1 are prior1 or may be prior1 or _c be %[n n to be prior1 to ! gho/ !ory--! alleg$ orig9 ( religion4 ,= _! evolution ! gho/ !ory is n logically dem&$2 !y c d )\t x4 ,yet !y1 & n ! spirits1 bogles1 ,mr>ts1 ,brew91 & s =?1 are ! high gods1 ! gods :o h mo/ analogy--z mak]s1 moral guides1 rew>d]s1 & puni%]s ( conduct 7?\gh t duty is also occasionally assum$ by ance/ral spirits7--) our civilis$ conception ( ! div9e4 ,our conception ( ,god desc5ds n f gho/s1 b f ! ,supreme ,be+s ( non-ance/or-wor%ipp+ peoples4 ,z x seems impossible to po9t out any me?od by :i* l[1 *iefless1 non-poly!i/ic1 non-metaphysical savages 7if any su* !re be7 evolv$ out ( gho/s ! et]nal be+s :o made ! _w1 & wat* ov] morality3 z ! p !mselves unanim\sly di/+ui% su* be+s f gho/-gods1 ,i take x t su* be+s nev] 7 gho/s4 ,9 ?is case ! ,animi/ic !ory seems to me to break d[n completely4 ,yet ^! high gods ( l[ savages pres]ve f dimme/ ages ( ! meane/ culture ! sket* ( a ,god :i* our highe/ religi\s ?\ght c b fill up to its ideal4 ,come f :at g]m he may1 ,jehovah or ,allah does n come f a gho/4 ,x may be retort$ t ?is makes no real diff]5ce4 ,if savages did n inv5t gods 9 consequ5ce ( a fallaci\s belief 9 _s & s\l1 /ill1 9 "s o!r equally illogical way !y came to indulge ! hypo!sis t !y _h a ,judge & ,fa!r 9 heav54 ,b1 if ! gho/ !ory ( ! high ,gods is wrong1 z x is conspicu\sly sup]flu\s1 t does make "s diff]5ce4 ,x proves t a widely prea*$ sci5tific conclusion may be z spectral z ,ba?ybius4 ,on o!r m important po9ts1 !re=e1 we may diff] f ! newe/ sci5tific op9ion )\t too mu* diffid5t appreh5siv5ess4 ,footnote #a3 ,pr9ciples ( ,sociology1 i4 #dag1 #dba4 ',! m$ic9e m5 are treat$ z gods4444 ,! m$ic9e man becomes a god aft] dea?4' ,footnote #b3 ,i h publi%$ a *apt] on ,my?s on ! ,orig9 ( ,dea? 9 ,mod]n ,my?ology4 ,footnote #c3 ,prim4 ,cult4 ii4 #caa-caf4 ,footnote #d3 ,jevons1 ,introduction1 p4 #aig4 ,footnote #e3 ,rob]tson ,smi?4 ,! ,prophets ( ,israel1 p4 #fa4 ,footnote #f3 ,evolution ( ! ,idea ( ,god1 p4 #agj4 ,,xii ,,savage ,,supreme ,,be+s ,x is among '! l[e/ savages' t ! ,supreme ,be+s are mo/ reg>d$ z et]nal1 moral 7z ! morality ( ! tribe goes1 or above its habitual practice71 & p[]ful4 ,i h else:]e describ$ ! ,bu%man god ,cagn1 z he 0 portray$ to ,mr4 ,orp5 by ,q+1 :o '_h nev] be=e se5 a :ite man except fight+4' ,mr4 ,orp5 got ! facts f ,q+ by induc+ him to expla9 ! natives' pictures on ! walls ( caves4 ',cagn made all ?+s1 & we pray to him1' ?us3 ',o ,cagn1 ,o ,cagn1 are we n ?y *ildr58 ,d y n see u hung]8 ,give u food4' ,z to e?ics1 ',at fir/ ,cagn 0 v good1 b he got spoilt ?r\gh fight+ s _m ?+s4' ',h[ came he into ! _w8' ',p]haps ) ^? :o br\ght ! ,sun3 only ! initiat$ "k ^! ?+s4' ,x appe>s t ,q+ 0 n yet initiat$ 9 ! dance 7answ]+ to a high rite ( ! ,au/ralian ,bora7 9 :i* ! mo/ esot]ic my?s 7 unfold$4#a ,9 ,mr4 ,sp5c]'s ',descriptive ,sociology' ! religion ( ! ,bu%m5 is ?us dispos$ (4 ',pray to an insect ( ! cat]pill> k9d = success 9 ! *ase4' ,t is r meagre4 ,!y make arr[-poison out ( cat]pill>s1#b ?\gh ,dr4 ,bleek1 p]haps correctly1 id5tifies ,cagn ) i-kagg51 ! insect4 ,! case ( ! ,&aman ,isl&]s may be especially recomm5d$ to believ]s 9 ! an?ropological sci5ce ( religion4 ,= long ^! natives 7 ! joy ( emancipat$ inquir]s z ! 'godless ,&amanese4' ,!y only supply ,mr4 ,sp5c]'s ',ecclesia/ical ,in/itutions' ) a few in/ances ( ! gho/-belief4#c ,yet :5 ! ,&amanese are sci5tifically /udi$ 9 situ by an educat$ ,engli%man1 ,mr4 ,man1 :o kn[s _! language1 has liv$ ) !m = elev5 ye>s1 & presid$ ov] our b5evol5t ef=ts 'to reclaim !m f _! savage /ate1' ! ,&amanese turn out to be q emb>rass+ly ri* 9 ! high] elem5ts ( fai?4 ,!y h n only a pr(\ndly philosophical religion1 b an excessively absurd my?ology1 l ! ,au/ralian blacks1 ! ,greeks1 & o!r peoples4 ,if1 on ! :ole1 ! /ud5t ( ! ,&amanese despairs ( ! possibility ( an e?nological !ory ( religion1 he is h>dly to be blam$4 ,! p are probably ,negritos1 & probably '! orig9al inhabitants1 ^: occupation dates f prehi/oric times4'#d ,!y use ! b[1 !y make pots1 & are consid]ably above ! ,au/ralian level4 ,!y h second-sight$ m51 :o obta9 /atus 'by relat+ an extraord9>y dream1 ! details ( :i* are decl>$ to h be5 borne out subsequ5tly by "s un=ese5 ev5t1 z1 = in/ance1 a sudd5 dea? or accid5t4' ,!y h to produce fre% evid5tial dreams f "t to "t4 ,!y see phantasms ( ! dead1 & co9cid5tal halluc9ations4#e ,all ?is is z we %\ld expect x to be4 ,_! religion is probably n due to mission>ies1 z !y always %ot all =eign]s1 & h no traditions ( ! pres5ce ( ali5s on ! isl&s be=e our rec5t arrival4#f ,_! ,god1 ,puluga1 is 'l fire1' b invisible4 ,he 0 nev] born1 & is immortal4 ,by him 7 all ?+s creat$1 except ! p[]s ( evil4 ,he kn[s ev5 ! ?\ghts ( ! he>t4 ,he is ang]$ by yubda s91 or wrong-do+1 t is falsehood1 !ft1 grave assault1 murd]1 adult]y1 bad c>v+ ( meat1 & 7z a crime ( wit*craft7 by burn+ wax4#g ',to ^? 9 pa9 or di/ress he is pitiful1 & sometimes deigns to af=d relief4' ,he is ,judge ( ,s\ls1 & ! dread ( future puni%m5t 'to "s ext5t is said to affect _! c\rse ( action 9 ! pres5t life4'#h ,?is ,be+ c\ld n be evolv$ out ( ! ord9>y gho/ ( a second-sight$ man1 = ,i d n f9d t ance/ral gho/s are wor%ipp$1 nor is !re a trace ( e>ly mission>y influ5ce1 :ile ,mr4 ,man consult$ eld]ly &1 9 native religion1 well-in/ruct$ ,&amanese = 8 facts4 ,yet ,puluga lives 9 a l>ge /one h\se 7cle>ly d]iv$ f ours at ,port ,blair71 eats & dr9ks1 =ag+ = himself1 & is m>ri$ to a gre5 %rimp4#i ,!re is ! usual /ory ( a ,deluge caus$ by ! moral wra? ( ,puluga4 ,! :ole !ology 0 scrupul\sly collect$ f natives unacqua9t$ ) o!r races4 ,! acc\nt ( ,&amanese religion does n tally ) ! an?ropological hypo!sis4 ,=eign influ5ce seems to be m ?an usually exclud$ by insul> conditions & ! jeal\sy ( ! 'orig9al inhabitants4' ,! evid5ce ought to make u reflect on ! extreme obscurity ( ! :ole problem4 ,an?ropological /udy ( religion has hi!rto almo/ entirely ov]look$ ! my/]ies ( v>i\s races1 except 9 s f> z !y confirm ! entry ( ! "y p into ! ranks ( ! adult4 ,_! esot]ic moral & religi\s tea*+ is ne>ly unkn[n to u1 save 9 a few in/ances4 ,x is c]ta9 t ! my/]ies ( ,greece 7 survivals ( savage c]emonies1 because we "k t !y includ$ specific savage rites1 su* z ! use ( ! rhombos to make a :irr+ noise1 & ! cu/om ( ritual daub+ ) dirt2 & ! sacr$ ballets d'action1 9 :i*1 z ,lucian & ,q+ say1 my/ic facts are 'danc$ out4'#aj ,b1 :ile ,greece reta9$ ^! relics ( savag]y1 !re 0 some?+ taught at ,eleusis :i* fill$ m9ds l ,plato's & ,p9d>'s ) a happy religi\s awe4 ,n[1 simil> 's(t5+ ( ! he>t' 0 ! result ( ! tea*+ 9 ! ,au/ralian ,bora3 ! ,yao my/]ies inculcate ! victory ov] self2 &1 till we are admitt$ to ! secrets ( all o!r savage my/]ies ?r\gh\t ! _w1 we _c tell :e!r1 among mumm]ies1 frivolities1 & ev5 lic5se1 high e?ical doctr9es are n pres5t$ "u ! sanction ( religion4 ,! ,new ,life1 & p]haps ! future life1 are und5iably indicat$ 9 ! ,au/ralian my/]ies by ! simulat$ ,resurrection4 ,i w\ld !re=e no long] say1 z 9 #ahhg1 t ! ,hell5ic g5ius mu/ h add$ to 'an old m$ic9e dance' all t ! ,eleus9ian my/]ies possess$ ( beauty1 c\nsel1 & consolation#aa4 ,^! elem5ts1 z well z ! b>b>ic factors 9 ! rites1 may h be5 develop$ out ( su* savage doctr9e z s(t5s ! he>ts ( ,au/ralians & ,yaos4 ,t ?is k9d ( doctr9e receives religi\s sanction is c]ta91 :]e we "k ! secret ( savage my/]ies4 ,x is !re=e q incorrect1 & /rangely presumptu\s1 to d5y1 ) almo/ all an?ropologi/s1 ! alliance ( e?ics ) religion among ! mo/ backw>d races4 ,we mu/ always rememb] _! secrecy ab\t _! inn] religion1 _! frankness ab\t _! my?ological tales4 ,^! we "k3 ! inn] religion we ought to beg9 to recognise t we d n "k4 ,! case ( ! ,&amanese has taught u h[ vague1 ev5 n[1 is our k1 & h[ obscure is our problem4 ,! example ( ! ,melanesians en=ces ^! lessons4 ,x is h>d to br+ ! ,melanesians )9 any !ory4 ,dr4 ,codr+ton has made !m ! subject ( a c>eful /udy1 & reports t :ile ! ,european inquir] c communicate pretty freely on common subjects '! vocabul>y ( ord9>y life 9 almo/ useless :5 ! region ( my/]ies & sup]/itions is approa*$4'#ab ,! ,banks ,isl&]s are mo/ free f an ,asiatic elem5t ( population on "o side1 & a ,polynesian elem5t on ! o!r4 ,! ,banks ,isl&]s 'believe 9 two ord]s ( intellig5t be+s diff]5t f liv+ m54' 7#a7 ,gho/s ( ! dead1 7#b7 ',be+s :o 7 n1 & nev] _h be51 human4' ,?is1 z we h %[n1 & w cont9ue to %[1 is ! usual savage doctr9e4 ,on ! "o h& are sep>able s\ls ( m51 surviv+ ! dea? ( ! body4 ,on ! o!r are be+s1 creators1 :o 7 be=e m5 71 & be=e dea? ent]$ ! _w4 ,x is impossible1 logically1 to argue t ^! be+s are only gho/s ( real remote ance/ors1 or ( ideal ance/ors4 ,^! high] be+s are n safely to be def9$ z 'spirits1' _! ess5ce is vague1 &1 we repeat1 ! idea ( _! exi/5ce might h be5 evolv$ be=e ! gho/ !ory 0 atta9$ by m54 ,dr4 ,codr+ton says1 '! conception c h>dly be t ( a purely spiritual be+1 yet1 by :atev] "n ! natives call !m1 !y are su* z 9 ,engli% mu/ be call$ spirits4' ,t is our po9t4 ',god is a _s1' ^! be+s are ,gods1 !re=e '^! are spirits4' ,b to _! initial conception our idea ( '_s' is lack+4 ,!y are be+s :o exi/$ be=e dea?1 & /ill exi/4 ,! be+s :i* nev] 7 human1 nev] di$1 are ,vui1 ! gho/s are ,tamate4 ,dr4 ,codr+ton uses 'gho/s' = ,tamate1 'spirits' = ,vui4 ,b z to r5d] ,vui 'spirits' is to yield ! ess5tial po9t1 we %all call ,vui 'be+s1' or1 simply1 ,vui4 ,a ,vui is n a _s t has be5 a gho/2 ! /ory may repres5t him z if a man1 'b ! native w always ma9ta9 t he 0 some?+ diff]5t1 & d5y to him ! fle%ly body ( a man4'#ac ,?is di/9ction1 gho/ on "o side--orig9al be+1 n a man1 n a gho/ ( a man1 on ! o!r--is radical & ne>ly univ]sal 9 savage religion4 ,an?ropology1 neglect+ ! ess5tial di/9ction insi/$ on1 9 ?is case1 by ,dr4 ,codr+ton1 confuses bo? k9ds "u ! /yle ( 'spirits1' & d]ives bo? f gho/s ( ! dead4 ,dr4 ,codr+ton1 x %\ld be said1 does n g5]alise1 b conf9es himself to ! savages ( :om he has made a special /udy4 ,b1 f ! o!r examples ( ! same di/9ction :i* we h (f]$1 & ! re/ :i* we %all (f]1 we ?9k ourselves ju/ifi$ 9 reg>d+ ! di/9ction betwe5 a primeval1 et]nal1 be+ or be+s1 on "o h&1 & gho/s or spirits exalt$ f gho/'s e/ate1 on ! o!r1 z common1 if n univ]sal4 ,!re are corporeal & incorporeal ,vuis1 b ! body ( ! corporeal ,vui is 'n a human body4'#ad ,! *ief is ,qat1 '/ill at h& to help & invok$ 9 pray]s4' ',qat1 ,m>awa1 look d[n ^u me1 smoo? ! sea = u two1 t ,i may g safely ov] ! sea6' ,qat 'creat$ m5 & animals1' ?\gh1 9 a c]ta9 di/rict1 he is claim$ z an ance/or 7p4 #bfh74 ,two /rata ( belief h "h be5 confus$4 ,! my? ( ,qat is a jungle ( facetiae & frolic1 ) "o or two s]i\s incid5ts1 su* z ! beg9n+ ( ,dea? & ! com+ ( ,night4 ,8 "m 01 or became1 a /one2 /ones play+ a consid]able "p 9 ! sup]/itions4 ,! incorporeal ,vuis1 ') no?+ l a human life1 h a mu* high] place ?an ,qat & 8 bro!rs 9 ! religi\s sy/em4' ,!y h nei!r names1 nor %apes1 nor leg5ds1 !y receive sacrifice1 & are 9 "s unc]ta9 way connect$ ) /ones2 ^! /ones usually be> a fanciful resemblance to fruits or animals 7p4 #bge74 ,! only sacrifice1 9 ,banks ,isl&s1 is t ( %ell-money4 ,! mis*iev\s spirits are ,tamate1 gho/s ( m54 ,!re is a belief 9 mana 7magical rapport74 ,dr4 ,codr+ton _c det]m9e ! connection ( ?is belief ) t 9 spirits4 ,mana is ! uncanny1 is ,x1 ! unkn[n4 ,a reviv$ impression ( s5se is nunuai1 z :5 a tir$ fi%]1 half asleep at night1 feels ! 'draw' ( a salmon1 & automatically /rikes4#ae ,! common gho/ is a bag ( nunuai1 z liv+ man1 9 ! op9ion ( "s philosoph]s1 is a bag ( 's5sations4' ,gho/s are only se5 z spiritual lights1 :i* s commonly att5d halluc9ations among ! civilis$4 ,except 9 ! pray]s to ,qat & ,m>awa1 pray] only invokes ! dead 7p4 #bhe74 ',9 ! we/]n isl&s ! (f]+s are made to gho/s1 & consum$ by fire2 9 ! ea/]n 7,banks7 isles !y are made to spirits 7be+s1 ,vui71 & !re is no sacrificial fire4' ,n[1 ! wor%ip ( gho/s goes1 9 ^! isles1 ) ! high] culture1 'a m consid]able advance 9 ! arts ( life2' ! wor%ip ( non-gho/s1 ,vui1 goes ) ! l[] mat]ial culture4#af ,?is is r ! rev]se ( :at we %\ld expect1 9 accordance ) ! an?ropological !ory4 ,accord+1 h[ev]1 to our !ory1 ,animism & gho/-wor%ip may be ( lat] developm5t1 & belong to a high] level ( culture1 ?an wor%ip ( a be+1 or be+s1 t nev] 7 gho/s4 ,9 ,lep]'s ,isle1 'gho/s d n appe> to h pray]s or sacrifices (f]$ to !m1' b cause disease1 & "w magic4#ag ,! belief 9 ! s\l1 9 ,melanesia1 does n appe> to proce$ 'f _! dreams or visions 9 :i* deceas$ or abs5t p]sons are pres5t$ to !m1 = !y d n appe> to believe t ! s\l goes out f ! dream]1 or pres5ts itself z an object 9 8 dreams1' nor does belief 9 o!r spirits seem to be f\nd$ on '! appe>ance ( life or motion 9 inanimate ?+s4'#ah ,to myself x r looks z if all impressions _h _! nunuai1 real1 bodiless1 p]si/5t1 aft]-images2 t ! s\l is ! complex ( all ( ^! nunuai2 t !re is 9 ! univ]se a k9d ( magical o!r1 call$ mana1 possess$1 9 diff]5t proportions1 by diff]5t m51 ,vui1 tamate1 & mat]ial objects1 & t ! atai or at>o ( a man dead1 8 gho/1 reta9s its old1 & acquires new mana4#ai ,x is an odd k9d ( metaphysic to f9d among v backw>d & isolat$ savages4 ,b ! lesson ( ,melanesia tea*es u h[ v little we really "k ( ! religion ( l[ races1 h[ complex x is1 h[ h>dly x c be =c$ into our !ories1 if we take x z giv5 9 our k1 all[ = our ignorance1 & are n cont5t to select facts :i* suit our hypo!sis1 :ile ignor+ ! re/4 ,on a high] level ( mat]ial culture ?an ! ,melanesians are ! ,fijians4 ,fijian religion1 z f> z we und]/&1 resembles ! o!rs 9 draw+ an impassable l9e betwe5 gho/s & et]nal gods4 ,! ^w ,kal\ is appli$ to all sup]nal be+s1 & my/ic or magical ?+s alike4 ,x seems to answ] to mana 9 ,new ,zeal& & ,melanesia1 to wakan 9 ,nor? ,am]ica1 & to fe 9 old ,fr5*1 z :5 ,p]rault says1 ab\t ,bluebe>d's key1 'n[ ! key 0 fe4' ,all ,gods are ,kal\1 b all ?+s t are ,kal\ are n ,gods4 ,gods are ,kal\ vu2 deifi$ gho/s are ,kal\ yalo4 ,! =m] are et]nal1 )\t beg9n+ ( days or end ( ye>s2 ! latt] are subject to infirmity & ev5 to dea?4#bj ,! ,supreme ,be+1 if we c apply ! t]m to him1 is ,nd5gei1 or ,degei1 ':o seems to be an imp]sonation ( ! ab/ract idea ( et]nal exi/5ce4' ,?is idea is n easily develop$ out ( ! conception ( a human s\l :i* has di$ into a gho/ & may die aga94 ,8 my? repres5ts him z a s]p5t1 emblem ( et]nity1 or a body ( /one ) a s]p5t's head4 ,8 "o manife/ation is giv5 by eat+4 ,s neglect$ is he t a song exi/s ab\t 8 lack ( wor%ipp]s & gifts4 ',we made m51' says ,nd5gei1 'plac$ !m on e>?1 & yet !y %>e to u only ! "u %ell4'#ba ,"h is an extreme case ( ! self-exi/5t creative ,et]nal1 my?ically lodg$ 9 a s]p5t's body1 & r$uc$ to a je/4 ,x is n easy to see any explanation1 if we reject ! hypo!sis t ?is is an old1 fall5 =m ( fai?1 ') sc>cely a temple4' ,! o!r unborn immortals are my?ical w>riors & adult]]s1 l ! popul> deities ( ,greece4 ,yet ,nd5gei receives pray]s ?r\gh two sons ( 81 m$iat+ deities4 ,! prie/s are possess$1 or inspir$1 by spirits & gods4 ,"o is n q cle> z to :e!r ,nd5gei is an inspir+ god or n2 b t pray]s are made to him is inconsi/5t ) ! belief 9 8 et]nal inaction4 ,a prie/ is repres5t$ z speak+ = ,nd5gei1 probably by inspiration4 ',my own m9d dep>ts f me1 & !n1 :5 x is truly gone1 my god speaks by me1' is ! acc\nt ( ?is 'alt]nat+ p]sonality' giv5 by a prie/4#bb ,aft] in=m+ u t ,nd5gei is />v$1 ,mr4 ,williams next tells ab\t (f]+s to him1 9 e>li] days1 ( hundr$s ( hogs4#bc ,he s5ds ra9 on e>?4 ,animals1 m51 /ones1 may all be ,kal\4 ,!re is a ,hades z fanta/ic z t 9 ! ,egyptian ',book ( ! ,dead1' & second sight fl\ri%es4 ,! my/]ies include ! %am rais+ ( ! dead1 & appe> to be direct$ at propitiatory gho/s r ?an at ,nd5gei4 ,!re are sc5es ( lic5se2 'p>ticul>s ( almo/ incr$ible indec5cy h be5 privately =w>d$ to ,dr4 ,tylor4'#bd ,suppose a religi\s re=m] 7 to arise 9 "o ( ! _m savage tribes :o1 z we %all %[1 possess1 b neglect1 an ,et]nal ,creator4 ,he w\ld d :at1 9 ! secul> sph]e1 0 done by ! ,mikado ( ,japan4 ,! ,mikado 0 a political ,d5did or ,nd5gei--an awful1 )drawn1 impot5t pot5tate4 ,p[] 0 wield$ by ! ,tycoon4 ,a ,mikado ( g5ius ass]t$ himself2 h5ce arose mod]n ,japan4 ,9 ! same way1 a religi\s re=m] l ,khu5 ,aht5 9 ,egypt w\ld prea* d[n m9or gods1 gho/s & sacr$ bea/s1 & proclaim ! primal ,mak]1 ,nd5gei1 ,d5did1 ,mtanga4 ',! k+ %all hae 8 a9 aga94' ,_h x n be5 = ! ,prophets1 ,israel1 by ! "t t ,greece & ,rome knew ,israel1 w\ld h be5 wor%ipp+ a horde ( little gods1 & ev5 bea/s & gho/s1 :ile ! ,et]nal w\ld h become a m]e "n--p]haps1 l ,nd5gei & ,atahocan & ,unkulunkulu1 a je/4 ,! ,old ,te/am5t is ! /ory ( ! prolong$ ef=t to keep ,jehovah 9 ,8 supreme place4 ,to make & to succe$ 9 t ef=t 0 ! diff]5tia1 ( ,israel4 ,o!r peoples1 ev5 ! l[e/1 _h1 z we prove1 ! g]m9al conception ( a ,god--assur$ly n demon/rat$ to be d]iv$ f ! gho/ !ory1 logically 9 no ne$ ( ! gho/ !ory1 ev]y:]e explicitly contra/$ ) ! gho/ !ory4 ',b _! fooli% he>t 0 d>k5$4' ,x is impossible to prove1 hi/orically1 :i* ( ! two ma9 elem5ts 9 belief--! idea ( an ,et]nal ,be+ or ,be+s1 or ! idea ( surviv+ gho/s--came fir/ into ! m9ds ( m54 ,! idea ( primeval ,et]nal ,be+s1 z und]/ood by savages1 does n dep5d on1 or require1 ! gho/ !ory4 ,b1 z we almo/ always f9d gho/s & a ,supreme ,be+ toge!r1 :]e we f9d ei!r1 among ! l[e/ savages1 we h no hi/orical gr\nd = ass]t+ t ei!r is prior to ! o!r4 ,:]e we h no evid5ce to ! belief 9 ! ,mak]1 we mu/ n conclude t no su* belief exi/s4 ,our k is confus$ & scanty2 (t5 x is d]iv$ f m5 :o d n "k ! native language1 or ! native sacr$ language1 or h n be5 tru/$ ) :at ! savage treasures z 8 secret4 ,moreov]1 if any:]e gho/s are f\nd )\t gods1 x is an inf]5ce f ! argum5t t an idea famili> to v l[ savage tribes1 l ! ,au/ralians1 & fall+ m & m into ! backgr\nd else:]e1 ?\gh /ill extant & traceable1 might1 9 c]ta9 cases1 be lo/ & =gott5 altoge!r4 ,to take an example ( half-=gott5 deity4 ,mr4 ,im ,?urn1 a good obs]v]1 has writt5 on ',! ,animism ( ! ,indians ( ,briti% ,guiana4' ,mr4 ,im ,?urn ju/ly says3 ',! man :o above all o!rs has made ?is /udy possible is ,mr4 ,tylor4' ,b x is n unfair to rem>k t ,mr4 ,im ,?urn naturally sees mo/ di/9ctly t :i* ,mr4 ,tylor has taught him to see--namely1 ,animism4 ,he has also be5 p]suad$1 by ,mr4 ,dorman1 t ! ,great ,_s ( ,nor? ,am]ican tribes is 'almo/ c]ta9ly no?+ m ?an a figure ( ,european orig91 reflect$ & transmitt$ almo/ beyond recognition on ! mirror ( ! ,indian m9d1' ,t is n my op9ion3 ,i conceive t ! ,r$ ,indians _h _! native ,et]nal1 l ! ,au/ralians1 ,fijians1 ,&amanese1 ,d9kas1 ,yao1 & s =?1 z w be %[n lat]4 ,mr4 ,im ,?urn1 h[ev]1 dilates on ! dream orig9 ( ! gho/ !ory1 giv+ examples f 8 own k ( ! difficulty ) :i* ,guiana ,indians disc]n ! halluc9ations ( dreams f ! facts ( wak+ life4 ,_! wak+ halluc9ations are also s vivid z to be tak5 = realities4#be ,mr4 ,im ,?urn adopts ! hypo!sis t1 f gho/s1 'a belief has aris51 b v gradually1 9 high] spirits1 &1 ev5tually1 9 a ,highe/ ,_s2 &1 keep+ pace ) ! gr[? ( ^! beliefs1 a habit ( rev]5ce = & wor%ip ( spirits4' ,on ?is hypo!sis1 ! _s late/ evolv$1 & mo/ wor%ipful1 ought1 ( c\rse1 to be ! ',highe/ ,_s4' ,b ! rev]se1 z usual1 is ! case4 ,! ,guiana ,indians believe 9 ! cont9u$1 b n 9 ! ev]la/+1 exi/5ce ( a man's gho/4#bf ,!y believe 9 no spirits :i* 7 n once t5ants ( mat]ial bodies4#bg ,! belief 9 a ,supreme ,_s is only atta9$ '9 ! highe/ =m ( religion'--,&amanese1 = in/ance--z ,mr4 ,im ,?urn uses '_s' :]e we %\ld say 'be+4' ',! ,indians ( ,guiana "k no god4'#bh ',b x is true t v>i\s words h be5 f\nd 9 all1 or ne>ly all1 ! languages ( ,guiana :i* h be5 suppos$ to be names ( a ,supreme ,be+1 ,god1 a ,great ,_s1 9 ! s5se :i* ^? phrases be> 9 ! language ( ! high] religions4' ,be+ int]pret$1 ^! ,guiana names mean-- ,! ,anci5t ,"o1 ,! ,anci5t ,"o 9 ,sky-l&1 ,our ,mak]1 ,our ,fa!r1 ,our ,great ,fa!r4 ',none ( ^? 9 any way involves ! attributes ( a god4' ,! ,anci5t ( ,days1 ,our ,fa!r 9 ,sky-l&1 ,our ,mak]1 d r convoy ! s5se ( ,god to a ,european m9d4 ,mr4 ,im ,?urn1 h[ev]1 decides t ! be+s ?us designat$ 7 suppos$ ance/ors :o came into ,guiana f "s o!r c\ntry1 'sometimes said to h be5 t entirely natural c\ntry 787 :i* is sep>at$ f ,guiana by ! ocean ( ! air4'#bi ,mr4 ,im ,?urn casually obs]v$ 7hav+ said no?+ ab\t morals 9 alliance ) ,animism73 ',! fe> ( unwitt+ly (f5d+ ! c\ntless visible & invisible be+s 444 kept ! ,indians v /rictly )9 _! own rights & f (f5d+ aga9/ ! rights ( o!rs4' ,?is rem>k dropp$ out at a discussion ( ,mr4 ,im ,?urn's pap]1 & cle>ly demon/rat$ t ev5 a v l[ cre$ 'makes = righte\sness4'#cj ,probably few :o h foll[$ ! facts giv5 "h w agree ) ,mr4 ,im ,?urn's !ory t ',our ,mak]1' ',our ,fa!r1' ',! ,anci5t ,"o ( ! ,heav51' is m]ely an idealis$ human ance/or4 ,he falls naturally into 8 place ) ! o!r high gods ( l[ savages4 ,b we ne$ mu* m in=mation on ! subject ?an ,mr4 ,im ,?urn 0 able to give4 ,8 evid5ce is all ! bett]1 because he is a loyal foll[] ( ,mr4 ,tylor4 ,& ,mr4 ,tylor says3 ',savage ,animism is almo/ devoid ( t e?ical elem5t :i* to ! educat$ mod]n m9d is ! v ma9spr+ ( practical religion4'#ca ',yet x keeps ! ,indians v /rictly )9 _! own rights & f (f5d+ ! rights ( o!rs4' ,our own religion is r>ely s successful4#cb ,9 ! ,indians ( ,guiana we h an alleg$ case ( a p /ill deep 9 ! animi/ic or gho/-wor%ipp+ case1 :o1 by ! hypo!sis1 h n yet evolv$ ! idea ( a god at all4 ,:5 ! famili> names = ,god1 su* z ,mak]1 ,fa!r1 ,anci5t ( ,days1 occur 9 ! ,indian language1 ,mr4 ,im ,?urn expla9s ! neglect$ ,be+ :o be>s ^! titles z a remote deifi$ ance/or4 ,( c\rse1 :5 a ,be+ ) simil> titles occurs :]e ance/ors are n wor%ipp$1 z 9 ,au/ralia & ! ,&aman ,isl&s1 ! explanation sugge/$ by ,mr4 ,im ,?urn = ! problem ( religion 9 ,guiana1 w n fit ! facts4 ,x is pla9 t1 a priori1 ano!r explanation is conceivable4 ,if a p l ! ,&amanese1 or ! ,au/ralian tribes :om we h /udi$1 _h su* a conception z t ( ,puluga1 or ,baiame1 or ,mungan-ngaur & !n1 lat]1 develop$ ance/or-wor%ip ) its propitiatory sacrifices & c]emonies1 ance/or-wor%ip1 z ! newe/ evolv$ & inf9itely ! mo/ practical =m ( cult1 w\ld gradually ?ru/ ! belief 9 a ,puluga1 or ,mungan-ngaur1 or ,cagn into ! %ade4 ,! ance/ral _s1 to speak q pla9ly1 c be 'squ>$' by ! p 9 :om he takes a special int]e/ = family reasons4 ,! equal ,fa!r ( all m5 _c be 'squ>$1' & decl9es 7till corrupt$ by ! bad example ( ance/ral gho/s7 to make himself useful to "o man r ?an to ano!r4 ,= ^! v intelligible1 simple1 & practical reasons1 if ! belief 9 a ,mungan-ngaur came fir/ 9 evolution1 & ! belief 9 a practicable bribable family gho/ came second1 ! gho/-cult w\ld inevitably cr[d out ! ,god-cult4#cc ,! "n ( ! ,fa!r & ,mak] w\ld become a m]e survival1 nom9is umbra1 wor%ip & sacrifice go+ to ! ance/ral gho/4 ,t explanation w\ld fit ! /ate ( religion :i* ,mr4 ,im ,?urn has f\nd1 rightly or wrongly1 9 ,briti% ,guiana4 ,b1 if ! idea ( a univ]sal ,fa!r & ,mak] came la/ 9 evolution1 z a ref9em5t1 !n1 ( c\rse1 x ought to be ! newe/1 & !re=e ! mo/ fa%ionable & pot5t ( ,guianese cults4 ,precisely ! rev]se is said to be ! case4 ,nor c ! belief indicat$ 9 su* names z ,fa!r & ,mak] be satisfactorily expla9$ z a ref9em5t ( ance/or-wor%ip1 because1 we repeat1 x occurs :]e ance/ors are n wor%ipp$4 ,^! consid]ations1 h[ev] unpleasant to ! devotees ( ,animism1 or ! gho/ !ory1 are n1 9 !mselves1 illogical1 nor contradictory ( ! !ory ( evolution1 :i*1 on ! o!r h&1 fits !m p]fectly well4 ,t god ?rives be/ :o is mo/ suit$ to 8 environm5t4 ,:e!r an easy-go+1 hungry gho/-god ) a lik+ = 8 family1 or a moral ,creator n to be brib$1 is bett] suit$ to an environm5t ( n especially scrupul\s savages1 any man c decide4 ,:e!r a set ( n p>ticul>ly scrupul\s savages w readily evolve a moral unbribable ,creator1 :5 !y h a s]viceable family gho/-god eag] to oblige1 is a "q z easily resolv$4 ,beyond all d\bt1 savages :o f9d !mselves "u ! wat*ful eye ( a moral deity :om !y _c 'squ>e' w des]t him z soon z !y h evolv$ a practicable gho/-god1 useful = family purposes1 :om !y c squ>e4 ,no less manife/ly1 savages1 :o already possess a ?rong ( s]viceable gho/-gods1 w n en?usia/ically evolve a moral ,be+ :o despises gifts1 & only c>es = ob$i5ce4 ',!re is a great deal ( human nature 9 man1' &1 if ,mr4 ,im ,?urn's description ( ! ,guianese be correct1 ev]y?+ we "k ( human nature1 & ( evolution1 assures u t ! ,fa!r1 or ,mak]1 or ,anci5t ( ,days came fir/2 ! gho/-gods1 la/4 ,:at has "h be5 said ab\t ! ,indians ( ,guiana 7namely1 t !y are n[ m gho/ & _s wor%ipp]s1 ) only a "n surviv+ to atte/ a k ( a ,fa!r & ,mak] 9 ,heav57 applies equally well to ! ,zulus4 ,! ,zulus are ! great /&+ type ( an animi/ic or gho/-wor%ipp+ race )\t a ,god4 ,b1 _h !y a ,god 7on ! ,au/ralian patt]n7 :om !y h =gott51 or h !y n yet evolv$ a ,god out ( ,animism8 ,! evid5ce1 collect$ by ,dr4 ,callaway1 is hone/1 b confus$4 ,"o native1 among o!rs1 put =w>d ! v !ory "h propos$ by u z an alt]native to t ( ,mr4 ,im ,?urn4 ',unkulunkulu' 7! idealis$ b despis$ ,fir/ ,ance/or7 '0 n wor%ipp$ by m54 ,= x is n wor%ip :5 p see ?+s1 z ra91 or food1 or corn1 & say1 ,yes1 ^! ?+s 7 made by ,unkulunkulu4444 ,aft]w>ds !y m5 _h p[] to *ange ^? ?+s1 t !y might become ! ,amatongos might belong to ! ance/ral spirits4 ,!y took !m away f ,unkulunkulu4'#cd ,animism supplant$ ,!ism4 ,no?+ c\ld be m explicit4 ,b1 ?\gh we h f\nd an au!ntic ,zulu text to suit our provisional !ory1 ! mo/ em95t philosophical example mu/ n r$uce u into suppos+ t ?is text settles ! "q4 ,dr4 ,callaway collect$ great masses ( ,zulu answ]s to 8 inquiries1 & x is pla9 t a respond5t1 l ! native !ologian :om we h cit$1 may h adapt$ 8 reply to :at he _h le>n$ ( ,*ri/ian doctr9e4 ,hav+ n[ ! ,*ri/ian notion ( a ,div9e ,creator1 & kn[+1 too1 t ! unwor%ipp$ ,unkulunkulu is said to h 'made ?+s1' :ile only ance/ral spirits1 are wor%ipp$1 ! native may h inf]r$ t wor%ip 7by ,*ri/ians giv5 to ! ,creator7 0 at "s "t transf]r$ by ! ,zulus f ,unkulunkulu to ! ,amatongo4 ,! tru? is t bo? ! an?ropological !ory 7spirits fir/1 ,gods la/71 & our !ory 7,supreme ,be+ fir/1 spirits next7 c f9d w>rant 9 ,dr4 ,callaway's valuable collections4 ,= t reason1 ! problem mu/ be solv$ aft] a survey ( ! :ole field ( savage & b>b>ic religion2 x _c be settl$ by ! ambigu\s case ( ! ,zulus alone4 ,unkulunkulu is repres5t$ z '! ,fir/ ,man1 :o broke (f 9 ! beg9n+4' ',!y are ance/or-wor%ipp]s1' says ,dr4 ,callaway1 '& believe t _! fir/ ance/or1 ! ,fir/ ,man1 0 ! ,creator4'#ce ,b !y may1 l _m o!r peoples1 h _h a diff]5t orig9al tradition1 & h alt]$ x1 j because !y are n[ su* f]v5t ance/or-wor%ipp]s4 ,unkulunkulu 0 prior to ,dea?1 :i* came among m5 9 ! usual my?ical way4#cf ,:e!r ,unkulunkulu /ill exi/s1 is r a moot "q3 ,dr4 ,callaway ?9ks t he does n4#cg ,if n1 he is an exception to ! rule 9 ,au/ralia1 ,&aman1 among ! ,bu%m51 ! ,fuegians1 & savages 9 g5]al1 :o are less advanc$ 9 culture ?an ! ,zulus4 ,! idea1 !n1 ( a ,mak] ( ?+s :o has ceas$ to exi/ occurs1 if at all1 n 9 a relatively primitive1 b 9 a relatively late religion4 ,on ! analogy ( pott]y1 agriculture1 ! use ( iron1 villages1 h]$it>y k+s1 & s on1 ! notion ( a dead ,mak] is late1 n e>ly4 ,x occurs :]e m5 h iron1 cattle1 agriculture1 k+s1 h\ses1 a discipl9$ army1 n :]e m5 h none ( ^! ?+s4 ,! ,zulu godless ance/or-wor%ip1 !n1 by p>ity ( reason+1 is1 l _! mat]ial culture1 n an e>ly b a late developm5t4 ,! ,zulus 'he> ( a ,k+ :i* is above'--'! heav5ly ,k+4'#ch ',we did n he> ( him fir/ f :ite m54444 ,b he is n l ,unkulunkulu1 :o1 we say1 made all ?+s4' ,"h may be dimly descri$ ! ideas ( a ,god1 & a subord9ate demiurge4 ',! ,k+ is above1 ,unkulunkulu is b5ea?4' ,! ,k+ above puni%es s91 /rik+ ! s9n] by lightn+4 ,nor d ! ,zulus "k h[ !y h s9n$4 ',!re rema9$ only t ^w ab\t ! heav51' ':i*1' says ,dr4 ,callaway1 'implies t !re might h be5 o!r words :i* are n[ lo/4' ,!re is great confusion ( ?\ght4 ,unkulunkulu made ! heav51 :]e ! unkn[n ,k+ reigns1 a h>d task = a ,fir/ ,man4#ci ',9 process ( "t we h come to wor%ip ! ,amadhlozi 7spirits7 only1 because we "k n :at to say ab\t ,unkulunkulu4'#dj ',x is on t acc\nt1 !n1 t we seek out = ourselves ! ,amadhlozi 7spirits71 t we may n always be ?9k+ ab\t ,unkulunkulu4' ,all ?is atte/s a fa9t l+]+ %ad[ ( a belief too e!real1 too remote1 = a practical conqu]+ race1 :i* pref]s intelligible s]viceable gho/s1 ) a special reg>d = _! own families4 ,ukoto1 a v old ,zulu1 said3 ',:5 we 7 *ildr5 x 0 said ,! ,"l is 9 heav54 444 ,!y us$ to po9t to ! ,"l on high2 we did n he> 8 "n4' ,unkulunkulu 0 und]/ood1 by ?is patri>*1 to ref] to imm$iate ance/ors1 ^: mimes & g5ealogies he gave4#da ',we he>d x said t ! ,creator ( ! _w 0 ! ,"l :o is above2 p us$ always1 :5 ,i 0 gr[+ up1 to po9t t[>ds heav54' ,a v old woman 0 mo/ reluctant to speak ( ,unkulunkulu2 at la/ %e said1 ',ah1 x is he 9 fact :o is ! ,creator1 :o is 9 heav51 ( :om ! anci5ts spoke4' ,!n ! old woman began to babble humor\sly ( h[ ! :ite m5 made all ?+s4 ,aga91 ,unkulunkulu is said to h be5 creat$ by ,utilexo4 ,utilexo 0 invisible1 ,unkulunkulu 0 visible1 & s got cr$it n really 8 due4#db ,:5 ! heav5 is said to be ! ,*ief's 7! *ief be+ a liv+ ,zulu7 '!y d n believe :at !y say1' ! phrase is a m]e hyp]bolical complim5t4#dc ,on ?is exam9ation ( ! evid5ce1 x c]ta9ly seems z logical to conjecture t ! ,zulus _h once su* an idea ( a ,supreme ,be+ z l[] races ent]ta91 & !n ne>ly lo/ x2 z to say t ,zulus1 ?\gh a mon>*ical race1 h n yet develop$ a ,k+-,god out ( ! ?rong ( spirits 7,amatongo74 ,! ,zulus1 ! ,norsem5 ( ! ,s\?1 s to speak1 are a highly practical milit>y race4 ,a ,deity at all ab/ract 0 n to _! lik+4 ,s]viceable family spirits1 :o cont9ually provid$ an excuse = a d9n] ( roa/ beef1 7 to _! lik+4 ,! less develop$ races d n kill _! flocks commonly = food4 ,a sacrifice is ne$$ z a pretext4 ,to ! gods ( ,&amanese1 ,bu%m51 ,au/ralians1 no sacrifice is (f]$4 ,to ! ,supreme ,be+ ( mo/ ,african peoples no sacrifice is (f]$4 ,!re is no fe/ivity 9 ! wor%ip ( ^! ,supreme ,be+s1 no fea/+1 at all ev5ts4 ,!y are n to be 'got at' by gifts or sacrifices4 ,! ,amatongo are to be 'got at1' are bribable1 supply an excuse = a good d9n]1 & ?us ! practical ,amatongo are hon\r$1 :ile1 9 ! pres5t g5]ation ( ,zulus1 ,unkulunkulu is a joke1 & ! ,"l 9 ,heav5 is ! %ad[ ( a "n4 ,cle>ly ?is does n po9t to ! rec5t b to ! remote developm5t ( ! high] ideas1 n[ sup]s$$ by _s-wor%ip4 ,we %all next see h[ ?is view1 ! opposite ( ! an?ropological !ory1 works :5 appli$ to o!r races1 especially to o!r ,african races4 ,footnote #a3 ,:5 ,i wrote ,my?1 ,ritual1 & ,religion 7ii4 #aa-ac7 ,i reg>d$ ,cagn z 'only a successful & idealis$ m$ic9e man4' ,b ,i n[ ?9k t ,i confus$ 9 my m9d ! religi\s & ! my?ological aspects ( ,cagn4 ,"o ( unkn[n orig91 exi/+ be=e ! sun1 a ,mak] ( all ?+s1 pray$ to1 b n 9 receipt ( sacrifice1 is no m$ic9e man1 except 9 8 my?4 ,footnote #b3 ,! omissions 9 ,mr4 ,sp5c]'s sy/em may possibly be expla9$ by ! circum/ance t1 z he tells u1 he collect$ 8 facts 'by proxy4' ,:ile we f9d ,waitz mu* int]e/$ 9 & amaz$ by ! b5evol5t ,supreme ,be+ ( _m ,african tribes1 t p]sonage is only allud$ to z ',alleg$ ,b5evol5t ,supreme ,be+' 9 ,mr4 ,sp5c]'s ,descriptive ,sociology1 & is usually left out ( sight altoge!r 9 8 ,pr9ciples ( ,sociology & ,ecclesia/ical ,in/itutions4 ,yet we h precisely ! same k9d ( evid5ce ( obs]v]s = ?is 'alleg$' b5evol5t ,supreme ,be+ z we h = ! canaille ( gho/s & feti%es4 ,if he is a deity ( a r l(ty moral conception1 ( c\rse he ne$ n be propitiat$ by human sacrifices or cold *ick5s4 ,t k9d ( mat]ial evid5ce to ! fai? 9 him mu/ be abs5t by ! nature ( ! case2 b ! co9cid5t te/imony ( travell]s to belief 9 a ,supreme ,be+ _c be dismiss$ z 'alleg$4' ,footnote #c3 ,pp4 #fgf1 #fgg4 ,footnote #d3 ,man1 ,j4,a4,i4 xii4 #gj4 ,footnote #e3 ,man1 ,j4,a4,i4 xii4 #if-ih4 ,footnote #f3 xii4 #aef1 #aeg4 ,footnote #g3 xii4 #aab4 ,footnote #h3 xii4 #aeh4 ,footnote #i3 xii4 #aeh4 ,footnote #aj3 ,my?1 ,ritual1 & ,religion1 i4 #bha-bhh4 ,footnote #aa3 ,lobeck1 ,aglaophamus1 #acc4 ,footnote #ab3 ,j4,a4,i4 x4 #bfc4 ,footnote #ac3 ,j4,a4,i4 #bfg4 ,footnote #ad3 ,j4,a4,i4 x4 #bfg4 ,footnote #ae3 ,p4 #bha4 ,?is is a nunuai ) :i* ,i am famili>4 ,fly+ fi%1 9 ,banks ,isl&1 take ! rle ( salmon4 ,! natives ?9k x real1 b )\t =m or sub/ance4 ,footnote #af3 ,codr+ton1 ,melanesia1 p4 #abb4 ,footnote #ag3 ,j4,a4,i4 x4 #bid4 ,footnote #ah3 ,op4 cit4 x4 #cac4 ,footnote #ai3 ,j4,a4,i4 x4 #cjj4 ,footnote #bj3 ,williams's ,fiji1 p4 #bah4 ,see ,mr4 ,?omson's rem>ks cit$ lat]4 ,footnote #ba3 ,fiji1 p4 #bag4 ,footnote #bb3 ,ibid4 p4 #bbh4 ,footnote #bc3 ,ibid4 p4 #bcj4 ,footnote #bd3 ,j4,a4,i4 xiv4 #cj4 ,footnote #be3 ,j4,a4,i4 xi4 #cfa-cff4 ,footnote #bf3 ,ibid4 xi4 #cgd4 ,footnote #bg3 ,ibid4 xi4 #cgf4 ,footnote #bh3 ,ibid4 xi4 #cgf ,footnote #bi3 ,j4,a4,i4 xi4 #cgh4 ,footnote #cj3 ,ibid4 #chb4 ,footnote #ca3 ,prim4 ,cult4 ii4 #cfj4 ,footnote #cb3 ,conceivably1 h[ev]1 ! ,guiana spirits :o h s mu* moral influ5ce1 ex]t x by magical *>ms4 ',! belief 9 ! p[] ( *>ms = good or evil produces n only hone/y1 b a great am\nt ( g5tle deal+1' says ,liv+/one1 ( ! ,africans4 ,h[ev] !y "w1 ! spirits "w = righte\sness4 ,footnote #cc3 ,obvi\sly !re c\ld be no ,family ,god be=e !re 0 ! in/itution ( ! ,family4 ,footnote #cd3 ,callaway1 ,rel4 ( ,amazulu1 p4 #ag4 ,footnote #ce3 ,callaway1 p4 #a4 ,footnote #cf3 ,op4 cit4 p4 #h4 ,footnote #cg3 ,op4 cit4 p4 #g4 ,footnote #ch3 ,op4 cit4 p4 #ai4 ,footnote #ci3 ,callaway1 pp4 #bj1 #ba4 ,footnote #dj3 ,pp4 #bf1 #bg4 ,footnote #da3 ,pp4 #di1 #ej4 ,footnote #db3 ,p4 #fg4 ,footnote #dc3 ,p4 #abb4 ,,xiii ,,m ,,savage ,,supreme ,,be+s ,if _m ( ! l[e/ savages kn[n to u ent]ta9 ideas ( a ,supreme ,be+ su* z we f9d among ,fuegians1 ,au/ralians1 ,bu%m51 & ,&amanese1 are !re examples1 besides ! ,zulus1 ( tribes high] 9 mat]ial culture :o seem to h _h su* notions1 b to h p>tly =gott5 or neglect$ !m8 ,miss ,k+sley1 a lively1 obs]vant1 & unprejudic$1 ?\gh rambl+ writ]1 gives ?is v acc\nt ( ! ,bantu races4 ,oblivion1 or neglect1 w %[ itself 9 leav+ ! ,supreme ,be+ alone1 z he ne$s no propitiation1 :ile devot+ sacrifice & ritual to feti%es & gho/s4 ,t ?is %\ld be done is p]fectly natural if ! ,supreme ,be+ 7:o wants no sacrifice7 7 ! fir/ evolv$ 9 ?\ght1 :ile v5al feti%es & spirits came 9 z a result ( ! gho/ !ory4 ,b if1 z a result ( ! gho/ !ory1 ! ,supreme ,be+ came la/ 9 evolution1 he ought to be ! mo/ fa%ionable object ( wor%ip1 ! late/ develop$1 ! mo/ p[]ful1 & mo/ to be propitiat$4 ,he is ! rev]se4 ,to take an example3 ! ,d9kas ( ! ,upp] ,nile 7'godless1' says ,sir ,samuel ,bak]7 'pay a v !oretical k9d ( homage to ! all-p[]ful ,be+1 dwell+ 9 heav51 :5ce he sees all ?+s4 ,he is call$ ,d5did 7great ra91 t is1 univ]sal b5$iction874' ,he is omnipot5t1 b1 be+ all b5efic5ce1 c d no evil2 s1 n be+ fe>$1 he is n address$ 9 pray]4 ,! evil _s1 on ! o!r h&1 receives sacrifices4 ,! ,d9kas h a /range old *ant3 ',at ! beg9n+1 :5 ,d5did made all ?+s1 ,he creat$ ! ,sun1 ,& ! ,sun is born1 & dies1 & comes aga96 ,he creat$ ! ,/>s1 ,& ! ,/>s are born1 & die1 & come aga96 ,he creat$ ,man1 ,& ,man is born1 & dies1 & returns no m6' ,x is l ! lam5t ( ,mos*us4#a ,russegg] comp>es ! ,d9kas1 & all ! neighb\r+ peoples :o hold ! same beliefs1 to mod]n ,dei/s4#b ,!y are remote f ,a!ism & f cult6 ,sugge/ions ab\t an anci5t ,egyptian influ5ce are made1 b popul> ,egyptian religion 0 n mono!i/ic1 & prie/ly ?\ght c\ld sc>cely influ5ce ! ance/ors ( ! ,d9kas4 ,m4 ,lejean says ^! peoples are s practical & utilit>ian t mission>y religion takes no hold on !m4 ,mr4 ,sp5c] does n give ! ideas ( ! ,d9kas1 b x is n easy to see h[ ! too b5efic5t ,d5did c\ld be evolv$ out ( gho/-propitiation1 '! orig9 ( all religions4' ,r ! ,d9kas1 a practical p1 seem to h simply =gott5 to be grateful to _! ,mak]2 or h decid$1 m to ! cr$it ( ! cle>ness ( _! heads ?an ! w>m? ( _! he>ts1 t gratitude he does n want4 ,l ! ,fr5* philosoph] !y cultivate l'indp5dance du coeur1 be+ 9 ?is matt] /rik+ly unlike ! ,pawnees4 ,let u n[ take a case 9 :i* ance/or-wor%ip1 & no o!r =m ( religion 7beyond m]e sup]/itions71 has be5 decl>$ to be ! practice ( an ,african p4 ,mr4 ,sp5c] gives ! example ( natives ( ! s\?-ea/]n di/rict ( ,c5tral ,africa describ$ by ,mr4 ,macdonald 9 ',africana4'#c ,! dead man becomes a gho/-god1 receives pray] & sacrifice1 is call$ a ,mulungu 7 great ance/or or sky871 is pref]r$ above old] spirits1 n[ =gott52 su* old spirits may1 h[ev]1 h a m\nta9 top = home1 a great *ief be+ bett] rememb]$2 ! m\nta9 god is pray$ to = ra92 high] gods 7 probably simil> local gods 9 an old] habitat ( ! ,yao4#d ,su* is 9 ! ma9 ,mr4 ,sp5c]'s rsum ( ,mr4 ,duff ,macdonald's report4 ,he omits :atev] ,mr4 ,macdonald says ab\t a ,be+ among ! ,yaos1 analog\s to ! ,d5did ( ! ,d9kas1 or ! ,d>umulun ( ,au/ralia1 or ! ,huron ,ahone4 ,yet analysis detects1 9 ,mr4 ,macdonald's report1 copi\s traces ( su* a ,be+1 ?\gh ,mr4 ,macdonald himself believes 9 ance/or-wor%ip z ! ,s\rce ( ! local religion4 ,?us1 ,mulungu1 or ,mlungu1 us$ z a prop] "n1 'is said to be ! great _s1 msimu1 ( all m51 a _s =m$ by add+ all ! dep>t$ spirits toge!r4#e ,?is is a s+ul> /ret* ( savage philosophy1 & indicates 7says ,mr4 ,macdonald7 'a grasp+ aft] a ,be+ :o is ! totality ( all individual exi/5ce4444 ,if x fell f ! lips ( civilis$ m5 in/ead ( savages1 x w\ld be reg>d$ z philosophy4 ,expressions ( ?is k9d among ! natives are p>tly traditional1 & p>tly dictat$ by ! big ?\ghts ( ! mom5t4' ,philosophy x is1 b a philosophy dep5d5t on ! gho/ !ory4 ,i g on to %[ t ! ,wayao h1 ?\gh ,mr4 ,sp5c] omits him1 a ,be+ :o precisely answ]s to ,d>umulun1 if /ripp$ 7p]haps7 ( 8 e?ical aspect4 ,on ?is po9t we are left 9 unc]ta9ty1 j because ,mr4 ,macdonald c\ld n asc]ta9 ! secrets ( 8 my/]ies1 :i*1 9 ,au/ralia1 h be5 reveal$ to a few ,europeans4 ,:]e ,mulungu is us$ z a prop] "n1 x 'c]ta9ly po9ts to a p]sonal ,be+1 by ! ,wayao sometimes said to be ! same z ,mtanga4 ,at o!r times he is a ,be+ t possesses _m p[]ful s]vants1 b is himself kept a good deal beyond ! sc5e ( e>?ly affairs1 l ! gods ( ,epicurus4' ,?is is1 ( c\rse1 precisely ! feature 9 ,african !ology :i* int]e/s u4 ,! ,supreme ,be+1 9 spite ( ! pot5cy :i* 8 suppos$ place z late/ evolv$ out ( ! gho/-_w %\ld naturally give him1 is neglect$1 ei!r z half =gott51 or = philosophical reasons4 ,= ^! reasons ,epicurus & ,lucretius make _! gods otiosi1 unconc]n$1 & ! ,wayao1 ) _! univ]sal collective _s1 are no mean philosoph]s4 ',?is ,mulungu' or ,mtanga1 '9 ! _w beyond ! grave1 is repres5t$ z assign+ to spirits _! prop] places1' :e!r = e?ical reasons or n we are n in=m$4#f ,santos 7#aehf7 says '!y ackn[l$ge a ,god :o1 bo? 9 ?is _w & ! next1 measures retribution = ! good or evil done 9 ?is4' ',9 ! native hypo!sis ab\t creation ! p ( ,mulungu play a v important "p4' ,^! m9i/]s ( 8 :o d 8 pleasure are1 !re=e1 z is ,mulungu himself1 reg>d$ z prior to ! exi/+ _w4 ,!re=e !y _c1 9 ,wayao op9ion1 be gho/s ( ! dead at all2 nor c we prop]ly call !m 'spirits4' ,!y are be+s1 orig9al1 creative1 b undef9$4 ,! ^w ,mulungu1 h[ev]1 is n[ appli$ to spirits ( individuals1 b :e!r x means 'sky' 7,salt7 or :e!r x means 'ance/or' 7,bleek71 x _c be made to prove t ,mulungu himself 0 orig9ally envisag$ z '_s4' ,=1 manife/ly1 suppose t ! idea ( p[]ful be+s1 undef9$1 came fir/ 9 evolution1 & 0 foll[$ by ! gho/ idea1 t idea might !n be appli$ to expla9+ ! pre-exi/5t creative p[]s4 ,mtanga is by '"s' localis$ z ! god ( ,mango*i1 an ,olympus left beh9d by ! ,yao 9 _! w&]+s4 ,"h1 "s hold1 8 voice is /ill audible4 ',o!rs say t ,mtanga nev] 0 a man 444 he 0 conc]n$ 9 ! fir/ introduction ( m5 into ! _w4 ,he gets cr$it = 444 mak+ m\nta9s & riv]s4 ,he is intimately associat$ ) a ye> ( pl5ty4 ,he is call$ ,m*imw5e ju5e1 'a v *ief4' ,he has a k9d ( evil opposite1 ,*it[e1 b ?is be+1 ! ,satan ( ! cre$1 'is a *ild or subject ( ,mtanga1' an evil angel1 9 fact4#g ,! ?und] god1 ,mpambe1 9 ,yao1 ,njasi 7lightn+7 is also a m9i/] ( ! ,supreme ,be+4 ',he is s5t by ,mtanga ) ra94' ,europeans are clev]] ?an natives1 because we '/ay$ long] ) ! p ( ,god 7,mulungu74' ,i d n ga!r t1 ?\gh associat$ ) good crops1 ,mtanga or ,mulungu receives any sacrifice or propitiation4 ',! *ief addresses 8 own god2'#h ! *ief 'w n tr\ble himself ab\t 8 great-great-gr&-fa!r2 he w pres5t 8 (f]+ to 8 own imm$iate pr$ecessor1 say+1 ',o fa!r1 ,i d n "k all y\r relatives2 y "k !m all3 invite !m to fea/ ) y4'#i ',all ! (f]+s are suppos$ to po9t to "s want ( ! _s1' ,mtanga1 on ! o!r h&1 is nihil indiga no/ri4 ,a village god is giv5 be] to dr9k1 z ,indra got ,soma4 ,a dead *ief is propitiat$ by human sacrifices4 ,i f9d no trace ( any gift to ,mtanga4 ,8 my/]ies are really unkn[n to ,mr4 ,macdonald3 !y 7 laugh$ at by a travell$ & 'emancipat$' ,yao4#aj ',^! rites are suppos$ to be inviolably conceal$ by ! initiat$1 :o (t5 say t !y w\ld die if !y reveal$ !m4'#aa ,h[ c we pret5d to und]/& a religion if we d n "k its secret8 ,t secret1 9 ,au/ralia1 yields ! c]ta9ty ( ! e?ical "* ( ! ,supreme ,be+4 ,mr4 ,macdonald says ab\t ! initiator 7a grotesque figure73-- ',he deliv]s lectures1 & is said to give mu* good advice 444 ! lectures condemn selfi%ness1 & a selfi% p]son is call$ mwisi*ana1 t is1 un9itiat$4' ,!re c\ld n be bett] evid5ce ( ! pres5ce ( ! e?ical elem5t 9 ! religi\s my/]ies4 ,among ! ,yao1 z among ! ,au/ralian ,kurnai1 ! c5tral secret lesson ( religion is ! lesson ( unselfi%ness4 ,x is n /at$ t ,mtanga in/itut$ or presides ov] ! my/]ies4 ,judg+ f ! analogy ( ,eleusis1 ! ,bora1 ! ,r$ ,indian initiations1 & s on1 we may expect ?is to be ! belief2 b ,mr4 ,macdonald kn[s v little ab\t ! matt]4 ,! leg5d>y tales say 'all ?+s 9 ?is _w 7 made by ,god4' ',at fir/ !re 7 n p1 b ,god & bea/s4' ',god' "h1 is ,mlungu4 ,! o!r /atem5t is app>5tly d]iv$ f exi/+ ance/or-wor%ip1 p :o di$ became ',god' 7,mlungu74 ,b ,god is prior to dea?1 = ! ,yao h a =m ( ! usual my? ( ! orig9 ( dea?1 also ( sleep3 'dea? & sleep are "o ^w1 !y are ( "o family4' ,god dwells on high1 :ile a malevol5t 'great "o1' :o di/urb$ ! my/]ies & slew ! initiat$1 0 turn$ into a m\nta94#ab ,9 spite ( in=mation confess$ly defective1 ,i h extract$ f ,mr4 ,sp5c]'s *os5 au?ority a mass ( facts1 po9t+ to a ,yao belief 9 a primal be+1 mak] ( m\nta9s & riv]s2 exi/5t be=e m5 72 n liable to dea?--:i* came late among !m--b5efic5t2 n propitiat$ by sacrifice 7z f> z ! evid5ce goes72 moral 7if we may judge by ! analogy ( ! my/]ies71 & yet occupy+ ! religi\s backgr\nd1 :ile ! =egr\nd is held by ! mo/ rec5t gho/s4 ,to prove ,mr4 ,sp5c]'s !ory1 he ought to h giv5 a full acc\nt ( ?is be+1 & to h %[n h[ he 0 develop$ out ( gho/s :i* are =gott5 9 inv]se ratio to _! di/ance f ! actual g5]ation4 ,i conceive t ,mr4 ,sp5c] w\ld f9d a mid-po9t betwe5 a common gho/ & ,mtanga1 9 a gho/ ( a *ief atta*$ to a m\nta91 ! place & place-"n pres]v+ ! gho/'s "n & memory4 ,b x is1 ,i ?9k1 a f> cry f su* a *ief's gho/ to ! pre-human1 angel-s]v$ ,mtanga4 ,( ance/or wor%ip & gho/ wor%ip1 we h abundant evid5ce4 ,b ! position ( ,mtanga raises "o ( ^! delicate & crucial que/ions :i* _c be solv$ by ignor+ _! exi/5ce4 ,is ,mtanga evolv$ out ( an ance/ral gho/8 ,if s1 :y1 z greate/ ( div9e be+s1 ',v ,*ief1' & hav+ p[]ful m9i/]s "u him1 is he left unpropitiat$1 unless x be by moral disc\rses at ! my/]ies8 ,z a mu* m advanc$ idea ?an t ( a real fa!r's gho/1 he ought to be mu* lat] 9 evolution1 fre%] 9 conception1 & m ador$4 ,h[ d we expla9 8 lack ( adoration8 ,0 he orig9ally envisag$ z a gho/ at all1 &1 if s1 by :at curi\s b uni=m freak ( savage logic is he reg>d$ z prior to m51 & ?\gh a gho/1 prior to dea?8 ,is x n c]ta9 t su* a be+ c\ld be conceiv$ ( by m5 :o _h nev] dream$ ( gho/s8 ,is !re any logical reason :y ,mtanga %\ld n be reg>d$ z orig9ally on ! same foot+ z ,munganngaur1 b n[ half =gott5 & neglect$1 = practical or philosophical reasons8 ,on ^! problems light is ?r[n by a successor ( ,mr4 ,sp5c]'s au?ority1 ,mr4 ,duff ,macdonald1 9 ! ,blantyre ,mission4 ,?is g5tleman1 ! ,rev4 ,david ,clem5t ,scott1 has publi%$ ',a ,cyclopa$ic ,diction>y ( ! ,mang'anja ,language 9 ,briti% ,c5tral ,africa4'#ac ,look+ at ance/ral spirits fir/1 we f9d ,mzimu1 'spirits ( ! dep>t$1 suppos$ to come 9 dreams4' ,?\gh abid+ 9 ! _s _w1 !y also haunt ?ickets1 !y inspire ,mlauli1 prophets1 & make !m rave & utt] pr$ictions4 ,(f]+s are made to !m4 ,"h is a pray]3 ',wat* ov] me1 my ance/or1 :o di$ long ago2 tell ! great _s at ! head ( my race f :om my "m came4' ,!re are little hut-temples1 & ! *ief directs ! sacrifices ( food1 or ( animals4 ,!re are religi\s pilgrimages1 ) sacrifice1 to m\nta9s4 ,god1 l m5 9 ?is region1 has v>i\s names1 z ,*iuta1 ',god 9 space & ! ra9b[ sign across2' ,mpambe1 ',god ,almighty' 7or r 'pre-excell5t'72 ,mlezi1 ',god ! ,su/a9]1' & ,mulungu1 ',god :o is _s4' ,mulungu ,god1 'n spirits or feti%4' ',y c't put ! plural1 z ,god is ,"o1' say ! natives4 ',!re are no idols call$ gods1 & spirits are spirits ( p :o h di$1 n gods4' ,idols are ,zitunzi-zitunzi4 ',spirits are suppos$ to be ) ,mulungu4' ,god made ! _w & man4 ,our au?or says ':5 ! *ief or p sacrifice x is to ,god1' b he also says t !y sacrifice to ance/ral spirits4 ,!re is "s confusion ( ideas "h3 ,mr4 ,macdonald says no?+ ( sacrifice to ,mtanga4 ,mr4 ,scott does n seem to "k m ab\t ! ,my/]ies ?an ,mr4 ,macdonald1 & 8 article on ,mulungu does n mu* enlight5 u4 ,does ,mulungu1 z ,creative ,god1 receive sacrifice1 or n8#ad ,mr4 ,scott gives no in/ance ( ?is1 "u ,nsembe 7sacrifice71 :]e ance/ors1 or hill-dwell+ gho/s ( *iefs1 are (f]$ food2 yet1 z we h se51 "u ,mulungu1 he av]s t ! *iefs & p d sacrifice to ,god4 ,he appe>s to be confus+ ! ,creator ) spirits1 & no reliance c be plac$ on ?is "p ( 8 evid5ce4 ',at ! back ( all ?is' 7sacrifice to spirits7 '!re is ,god4' ,if ,i und]/& ,mr4 ,scott1 sacrifices are really made only to spirits1 b he is try+ to argue t1 aft] all1 ! !i/ic conception is at ! back ( ! animi/ic practice1 ?us import+ 8 !ory into 8 facts4 ,8 !ory w\ld1 really1 be 9 a bett] way1 if sacrifice is n (f]$ to ! ,creator1 b ?is _h n occurr$ to ,mr4 ,scott4 ,x is pla91 9 any case1 t ! religion ( ! ,africans 9 ! ,blantyre region has an elem5t n easily to be d]iv$ f ance/ral _s-wor%ip1 an elem5t n obs]v$ by ,mr4 ,sp5c]4 ,nobody :o has foll[$ ! examples already adduc$ w be amaz$ by :at ,waitz calls ! 'surpris+ result' ( rec5t inquiries among ! great negro race4 ,among ! bran*es :]e =eign influ5ce is lea/ to be suspect$1 we discov]1 beh9d _! m conspicu\s feti%isms & sup]/itions1 some?+ :i* we _c exactly call ,mono!ism1 yet :i* t5ds 9 t direction4#ae ,waitz quotes ,wilson = ! fact t1 _! feti%ism ap>t1 !y adore a ,supreme ,be+ z ! ,creator3 & d n hon\r him ) sacrifice4 ,! rem>ks ( ,waitz may be cit$ 9 full3 ',! religion ( ! negro may be consid]$ by "s z a p>ticul>ly rude =m ( poly!ism & may be br&$ ) ! special "n ( feti%ism4 ,x w\ld foll[1 f a m9ute exam9ation ( x1 t--ap>t f ! extravagant & fanta/ic traits1 :i* are root$ 9 ! "* ( ! negro1 & :i* radiate !refrom ov] all 8 creations--9 comp>ison ) ! religions ( o!r savages x is nei!r v specially diff]5tiat$ nor v specially crude 9 =m4 ',b ?is op9ion c be held to be q true only :ile we look at ! outside ( ! negro's religion1 or e/imate its significance f arbitr>y pre-suppositions1 z is specially ! case ) ,ad4 ,wuttke4 ',by a deep] insight1 :i* ( late sev]al sci5tific inve/igators h succe$$ 9 atta9+1 we rea*1 r1 ! surpris+ conclusion t sev]al ( ! negro races--on :om we _c z yet prove1 & c h>dly conjecture1 ! influ5ce ( a m civilis$ p--9 ! embody+ ( _! religi\s conceptions are fur!r advanc$ ?an almo/ all o!r savages1 s f> t1 ev5 if we d n call !m mono!i/s1 we may /ill ?9k ( !m z /&+ on ! b\nd>y ( mono!ism1 see+ t _! religion is also mix$ ) a great mass ( rude sup]/ition :i*1 9 turn1 among o!r peoples1 seems to ov]run completely ! pur] religi\s conceptions4' ,?is conclusion z to an elem5t ( pure fai? 9 negro religion w\ld n h surpris$ ,waitz1 _h rec5t evid5ce z to ! same cre$ among l[] savages la9 be=e him z he work$4 ,?is volume ( 8 book 0 compos$ 9 #ahfj4 ,9 #ahgb he _h become well aw>e ( ! belief 9 a good ,mak] among ! ,au/ralian natives1 & ( ! abs5ce among !m ( ance/or wor%ip4#af ,waitz's rem>ks on ! ,supreme ,be+ ( ! ,negro are well wor? not+1 f 8 unconceal$ a/oni%m5t at ! discov]y4 ,wilson's obs]vations on ,nor? & ,s\? ,gu9ea religion 7 publi%$ 9 #ahef4 ,aft] comm5t+ on ! delicate task ( f9d+ out :at a savage religion really is1 he writes3 ',! belief 9 "o great ,supreme ,be+1 :o made & upholds all ?+s1 is univ]sal4'#ag ,! names ( ! be+ are translat$ ',mak]1' ',pres]v]1' ',b5efactor1' ',great ,fri5d4' ,?\gh compact ( all good qualities1 ! be+ has all[$ ! _w to 'come "u ! control ( evil spirits1' :o1 alone1 receive religi\s wor%ip4 ,?\gh he leaves ?+s uncontroll$1 yet ! *ief be+ 7z 9 ,hom]7 ratifies ! ,oa?1 at a treaty1 & is invok$ to puni% crim9als :5 ordeal wat] is to be drunk4 ,s f>1 !n1 he has an e?ical influ5ce4 ',grossly wick$ p' are buri$ outside ( ! regul> place4 ,feti%ism prevails1 ) spiritualism1 & ,wilson ?9ks t m$iums might pick up "s good tricks 9 ,gu9ea4 ,he gives no examples4 ,_! inspir$ m5 d ?+s 't _c be acc\nt$ =1' by ! use ( n>cotics4 ,! ,s\? ,gu9ea ,creator1 ,anyambia 7 good _s871 is good1 b caprici\s4 ,he has a good deputy1 ,ombwiri 7spell$ ',mbuiri' by ,miss ,k+sley72 he alone has no prie/s1 b communicates directly ) m54 ,! neighb\r+ ,%ekuni h my/]ies ( ! ,great ,_s4 ,no details are giv54 ,?is great be+1 ,mwetyi1 witnesses cov5ants & puni%es p]jury4 ,?is p are ance/or-wor%ipp]s1 b _! ,supreme ,be+ is n said to receive sacrifice1 z gho/s d1 :ile he is s f> f be+ p[]less1 l ,unkulunkulu1 t1 b = fe> ( 8 wra?1 '_! national treaties w\ld h little or no =ce4'#ah ,hav+ no in=mation ab\t ! my/]ies1 ( c\rse1 we "k no?+ ( o!r moral influ5ces :i* are1 or may be ex]cis$ by ^! great1 p[]ful1 & n :olly otiose be+s4 ,! celebrat$ travell]1 ,mungo ,p>k1 :o visit$ ,africa 9 #ahje1 _h good opportunities ( und]/&+ ! natives4 ,he did n hurry ?r\gh ! l& ) a l>ge arm$ =ce1 b alone1 or almo/ alone1 paid 8 way ) 8 brass buttons4 ',i h conv]s$ ) all ranks & conditions ^u ! subject ( _! fai?1' he says1 '& c pron\nce1 )\t ! smalle/ %ad[ ( d\bt1 t ! belief 9 "o ,god & 9 a future /ate ( rew>d & puni%m5t is entire & univ]sal among !m4' ,?is _c /rictly be call$ mono!ism1 z !re are _m subord9ate spirits :o may be influ5c$ by 'magical c]emonies4' ,b if mono!ism means belief 9 ,"o ,_s alone1 or religi\s reg>d paid to ,"o ,_s alone1 x exi/s n[h]e--no1 n 9 ,islam4 ,p>k ?9ks x rem>kable t '! ,almighty' only receives pray]s at ! new moon 7( sacrifice to ! ,almighty he says no?+71 & t1 be+ ! creator & pres]v] ( all ?+s1 he is '( s exalt$ a nature t x is idle to imag9e ! feeble supplications ( wret*$ mortals c rev]se ! decrees & *ange ! purpose ( un]r+ ,wisdom4' ,! new moon pray]s are m]e matt]s ( tradition2 'our fa!rs did x be=e u4' ',su* is ! bl9dness ( unassi/$ nature1' says ,p>k1 :o is n satiris+1 9 ,swift's mann]1 ! pray]s ( ,presbyt]ians at home on ,y>r[4 ,?us1 ! ,african ,supreme ,be+ is unpropitiat$1 :ile inf]ior spirits are con/ra9$ by magic or propitiat$ ) food4 ,we meet our old problem3 ,h[ has ?is ,god1 9 ! conception ( :om !re is s mu* philosophy1 develop$ out ( ^! hungry gho/s8 ,! influ5ce ( ,islam c sc>cely be suspect$1 ,allah be+ address$1 ( c\rse1 9 endless pray]s1 :ile ! ,african god receives none4 ,inde$1 x w\ld be m plausible to say t ,mahomet borr[$ ,allah f ! widespread belief :i* we are /udy+1 ?an t ! negro's ,supreme ,be+ 0 borr[$ f ,allah4 ,p>k _h1 z we saw1 _m opportunities ( famili> discussion ) ! p on ^: m]cies he ?rew himself4 ',b x is n (t5 t ! negroes make _! religi\s op9ions ! subject ( conv]sation2 :5 int]rogat$1 9 p>ticul>1 conc]n+ _! ideas ( a future /ate1 !y express !mselves ) great rev]5ce1 b endeav\r to %ort5 ! discussion by say+1 ,mo o mo inta allo 7,no man kn[s any?+ ab\t x74'#ai ,p>k himself1 9 extreme di/ress1 & almo/ 9 despair1 *anc$ to obs]ve ! delicate beauty ( a small moss-plant1 &1 reflect+ t ! ,creator ( s frail a ?+ c\ld n be indiff]5t to any ( ,8 creatures1 pluck$ up c\rage & rea*$ safety4#bj ,he 0 n ( ! negro philosophy1 & is ! less likely to h inv5t$ x4 ,! new moon pray]1 said 9 a :isp]1 0 report$ to ,p>k1 'by _m diff]5t p1' to conta9 '?anks to ,god = 8 k9dness dur+ ! exi/5ce ( ! pa/ moon1 & to solicit a cont9uation ( 8 fav\r dur+ ! new "o4' ,?is1 ( c\rse1 may prove ,islamite influ5ce1 & is at v>iance ) ! g5]al t5d5cy ( ! religi\s philosophy z describ$4 ,we n[ arrive at a !ory ( ! ,supreme ,be+ among a c]ta9 ,african race :i* w\ld be entirely fatal to my :ole hypo!sis on ?is topic1 if x c\ld be demon/rat$ correct 9 fact1 & if x c\ld be /ret*$ s z to apply to ! ,au/ralians1 ,fuegians1 ,&amanese1 & o!r v backw>d peoples4 ,x is ! hypo!sis t ! ,supreme ,be+ is a 'loan-god1' borr[$ f ,europeans4 ,! !ory is v lucidly set =? 9 ,major ,ellis's ',t%i-speak+ ,peoples ( ! ,gold ,coa/4'#ba ,major ,ellis's op9ion co9cides ) t ( ,waitz 9 8 ',introduction to ,an?ropology' 7an op9ion to :i* ,waitz does n seem bigot$7--namely1 t '! orig9al =m ( all religion is a raw1 unsy/ematic poly!ism1' nature be+ peopl$ by inimical p[]s or spirits1 & ev]yone wor%ipp+ :at he ?9ks mo/ dang]\s or mo/ s]viceable4 ,!re are few g5]al1 _m local or p]sonal1 objects ( v5]ation4#bb ,major ,ellis only met ?is passage :5 he _h =m$ 8 own ideas by obs]vation ( ! ,t%i race4 ,we d n pret5d to guess :at '! orig9al =m ( all religion' may h be52 b we h giv51 & %all give1 abundant evid5ce = ! exi/5ce ( a l(ti] fai? ?an ?is1 among peoples mu* l[] 9 mat]ial culture ?an ! ,t%i races1 :o h metals & an organis$ prie/hood4 ,!y occupy1 9 small villages 7except ,coomassie & ,djuab971 ! =e/s ( ! ,gold ,coa/4 ,! m]e m5tion ( ,coomassie %[s h[ va/ly sup]ior 9 civilisation ! ,t%is 7,a%antis & ,fantis7 are to ! nak$1 h\seless ,au/ralians4 ,_! inl& communities1 h[ev]1 are 'm]e specks 9 a va/ tract ( imp5etrable =e/4' ,! coa/ p h = c5turies be5 9 t\* ) ,europeans1 b ! ',t%i-speak+ races are n[ mu* 9 ! same condition1 bo? socially & morally1 z !y 7 at ! "t ( ! ,portuguese discov]y4'#bc ,nev]!less1 ,major ,ellis expla9s _! ,supreme ,be+ z ! result ( ,european influ5ce6 ,a priori ?is appe>s highly improbable4 ,t a belief %\ld sweep ov] all ^! specks 9 imp5etrable =e/1 f ! coa/-tribes 9 contact ) ,europeans1 & t ?is belief %\ld1 ?\gh ! mo/ rec5t1 be inf9itely ! lea/ p[]ful1 _c be reg>d$ z a plausible hypo!sis4 ,moreov]1 on ,major ,ellis's !ory ! ,supreme ,be+s ( races :i* b rec5tly came = ! fir/ "t 9 contact ) ,europeans1 ,supreme ,be+s kept jeal\sly ap>t f ,european k51 & rev]$ 9 ! secrecy ( anci5t my/]ies1 mu/ also1 by p>ity ( reason1 be ! result ( ,european influ5ce4 ,un=tunately1 ,major ,ellis gives no evid5ce = 8 /atem5ts ab\t ! pa/ hi/ory ( ,t%i religion4 ,au?orities he mu/ h1 & ref]5ces w\ld be welcome4 ',) p 9 ! condition 9 :i* ! natives ( ! ,gold ,coa/ n[ are1 religion is n 9 any way alli$ ) moral ideas4'#bd ,we h giv5 abundant evid5ce t among mu* m backw>d tribes morals re/ on a religi\s sanction4 ,if ?is be n s on ! ,gold ,coa/ we _c accept ^! relatively advanc$ ,fantis & ,a%antis z repres5t+ ! 'orig9al' /ate ( e?ics & religion1 any m ?an ^? p ) cities1 a k+1 a prie/hood1 iron1 & gold1 repres5t ! 'orig9al' mat]ial condition ( society4 ,major ,ellis also %[s t ! ,gods exact *a/ity f aspirants to ! prie/hood4#be ,! pres5t beliefs ( ! ,gold ,coa/ are kept up by organis$ prie/hoods z 'lucrative bus9ess4'#bf ,:]e !re is no lucre & no prie/hood1 z among m backw>d races1 ?is k9d ( bus9ess _c be done4 ,on ! ,gold ,coa/ m5 c only approa* gods ?r\gh prie/s4#bg ,?is is deg5]ation4 ,obvi\sly1 if religion began 9 a =m relatively pure & moral1 x mu/ deg5]ate1 z civilisation advances1 "u prie/s :o 'exploit' ! lucrative1 & c see no money 9 ! pure elem5ts ( belief & practice4 ,t ! lucrative elem5ts 9 ,*ri/ianity 7 exploit$ by ! cl]gy1 to ! neglect ( e?ics1 0 precisely ! compla9t ( ! ,re=m]s4 ,f ^! lucrative elem5ts ! cre$ ( ! ,apo/les 0 free1 & a simil> fre$om m>ks ! religion ( ,au/ralia or ( ! ,pawnees4 ,we _c possibly1 !n1 expect to f9d ! 'orig9al' /ate ( religion among a p subdu$ to a money-grubb+ prie/hood1 l ! ,t%i races4 ,let religion beg9 z pure z sn[1 x w\ld be corrupt$ by prie/ly traffick+ 9 its lucrative animi/ic aspect4 ,& prie/s are develop$ relatively late4 ,major ,ellis discrim9ates ,t%i gods z-- #a4 ,g5]al1 wor%ipp$ by an entire tribe or m tribes4 #b4 ,local deities ( riv]1 hill1 =e/1 or sea4 #c4 ,deities ( families or corporations4 #d4 ,tutel>y deities ( individuals4 ,! second class1 accord+ to ! natives1 7 appo9t$ by ! fir/ class1 :o are 'too di/ant or indiff]5t to int]f]e ord9>ily 9 human affairs4' ,?us1 ! ,huron god1 ,ahone1 puni%es nobody4 ,he is all sweetness & light1 b has a deputy god1 call$ ,okeus4 ,on our hypo!sis ?is indiff]5ce ( high gods sugge/s ! cr[d+ out ( ! great dis9t]e/$ ,god by v5al animi/ic competition4 ,all ( class ,,ii4 'appe> to h be5 orig9ally malignant4' ,?\gh1 9 native belief1 class ,i4 0 prior to1 & 'appo9t$' class ,,ii41 ,major ,ellis ?9ks t malignant spirits ( class ,,ii4 7 rais$ to class ,i4 z if to ! pe]age1 :ile classes ,,iii4 & ,,iv4 'are cle>ly ! product ( prie/hood'--!re=e late4 ,major ,ellis !n av]s t :5 ,europeans rea*$ ! ,gold ,coa/1 9 ! fifte5? c5tury1 !y 'appe> to h f\nd' a ,nor!rn ,god1 ,t&o1 & a ,s\!rn ,god1 ,bob[issi1 /ill ador$4 ,bob[issi makes ?und] & ra91 lives on a hill1 & receives1 or receiv$1 human sacrifices4 ,b1 'aft] an int]c\rse ( "s ye>s ) ,europeans1' ! villag]s ne> ,european =ts 'add$ to _! sy/em a new deity1 :om !y t]m$ ,nana ,nyankupon4 ,?is 0 ! ,god ( ! ,*ri/ians1 borr[$ f !m1 & adapt$ "u a new designation1 mean+ ',"l ( ! sky4' 7,?is is conjectural4 ,nyankum ra94 ,nyansa has 'a lat] mean+1 craft4'7#bh ,n[ ,major ,ellis1 lat]1 has to contra/ ,bosman's acc\nt ( feti%ism 7#agjj7 ) 8 own obs]vations4 ,accord+ to ,bosman's native s\rce ( in=mation1 m5 !n select$ _! own feti%es4 ,^! are n[ select$ by prie/s4 ,bosman's au?ority 0 wrong--or prie/hood has ext5d$ its field ( bus9ess4 ,major ,ellis argues t ! revolution f amateur to prie/ly selection ( feti%es c\ld n occur 9 #aij ye>s1 'ov] a va/ tract ( c\ntry1 among/ peoples liv+ 9 semi-isolat$ communities1 9 ! mid/ ( pa?less =e/s1 :]e !re is b little opportunity = ! ex*ange ( ideas1 & :]e we "k !y h be5 un9flu5c$ by any high] race4' ,yet ,major ,ellis's !ory is t ?is isolat$ p 7 influ5c$ by a high] race1 to ! ext5t ( adopt+ a totally new ,supreme ,be+1 f ,europeans1 a be+ :om !y 9 no way s\ght to propitiate1 & :o 0 ( no practical use4 ,& ?is !y did1 he says1 n "u prie/ly influ5ce1 b 9 ! face ( prie/ly opposition4#bi ,major ,ellis's logic does n appe> to be consi/5t4 ,9 any case we ask = evid5ce h[1 9 ! 'imp5etrable =e/s' did a new ,supreme ,deity become univ]sally kn[n8 ,are we c]ta9 t travell]s 7unquot$7 did n discov] a deity ) no prie/s1 or ritual1 or 'money 9 ! conc]n1' lat] ?an !y discov]$ ! blood-/a9$1 conspicu\s1 lucrative ,bob[issi8 ,:y 0 ,nyankupon1 ! suppos$ new god ( a new p[]ful set ( /rang]s1 left :olly unpropitiat$8 ,! rev]se 0 to be expect$4 ,major ,ellis writes3 ',almo/ c]ta9ly ! addition ( "o m to an already num]\s family' ( gods1 '0 /r5u\sly resi/$ by ! prie/hood1' :o1 confess$ly1 are add+ n[ l[] gods e day6 ,yet ,nyankupon is univ]sally kn[n1 9 spite ( prie/ly resi/ance4 ,nyankupon1 ,i presume ,anzambi1 ,anyambi1 ,nyambi1 ,nzambi1 ,anzam1 ,nyam1 ! ,nzam ( ! ,fans1 '& ( all ,bantu coa/ races1 ! creator ( man1 plants1 animals1 & ! e>?2 he takes no fur!r int]e/ 9 ! affair4'#cj ,! cr[d ( spirits take only too mu* int]e/2 &1 !re=e1 are ! lucrative elem5t 9 religion4 ,x is n v easy to believe t ,nyam1 "u all 8 names1 0 pick$ up f ! ,portuguese1 & pass$ app>5tly f negroes to ,bantu all ov] ,we/ ,africa1 despite ! isolation ( ! gr\ps1 & ! resi/ance ( ! prie/hood among tribes 'un9flu5c$ by any high] race4' ,nyam1 l ,major ,ellis's class ,i41 appo9ts a subord9ate god to d 8 "w3 he is truly good1 & gov]ns ! malevol5t spirits4#ca ,! spread ( ,nyankupon1 z describ$ by ,major ,ellis1 is ! m rem>kable1 s9ce 'five or six miles f ! sea1 or ev5 less1 ! c\ntry 0 a t]ra incognita to ,europeans1'#cb ,nyankupon 01 x is alleg$1 adopt$1 because our sup]iority prov$ ,europeans to be 'protect$ by a deity ( great] p[] ?an any ( ^? to :i* !y !mselves' 7! ,t%i races7 '(f]$ sacrifices4' ,!n1 ( c\rse1 ,nyankupon w\ld receive ! be/ sacrifices ( all1 z ! mo/ p[]ful deity8 ,f> f t1 ,nyankupon receiv$ no sacrifice1 & _h no prie/s4 ,no prie/ w\ld h a traditional way ( s]v+ him4 ,z ! unlucky man 9 ,voltaire says to 8 gu>dian angel1 ',x is well wor? :ile to h a presid+ g5ius1' s ! ,t%is & ,bantu might ironically rem>k1 ',a useful ?+1 a new ,supreme ,be+6' ,a qu>t] ( a cont95t or s adopts a new =eign god1 & leaves him plant l2 uns]v$1 unhon\r$1 & unsung4 ,he !re=e came to be ?\ght too remote1 or too indiff]5t1 'to int]f]e directly 9 ! affairs ( ! _w4' ',?is idea 0 probably caus$ by ! fact t ! natives _h n exp]i5c$ any mat]ial improvem5t 9 _! condition 444 al?\gh !y also _h become foll[]s ( ! god ( ! :ites4'#cc ,b t 0 j :at !y _h n done6 ,ev5 at ,magellan's ,/raits1 ! ,fuegians pick$ up f a casual ,spani% sea-capta9 & ador$ an image ( ,cri/o4 ,"n & effigy !y accept$4 ,! ,t%i p took nei!r effigy nor "n ( a deity f ! ,portuguese settl$ among !m4 ,!y nei!r imitat$ ,ca?olic rites nor adapt$ _! own2 !y pray$ n1 nor sacrific$ to ! 'new' ,nyankupon4 ,only 8 "n & ! idea ( 8 nature are univ]sally diffus$ 9 ,we/ ,african belief4 ,he lives 9 no def9ite home1 or hill1 b '9 ,nyankupon's c\ntry4' ,nyankupon1 at ! pres5t day1 is 'ignor$ r ?an wor%ipp$1' :ile ,bob[issi has prie/s & (f]+s4 ,x is cle> t ,major ,ellis is endeav\r+ to expla91 by a s+ul> solution 7namely1 ! borr[+ ( a ,god f ,europeans71 & t a solution improbable & inadequate1 a ph5om5on ( v wide di/ribution4 ,nyankupon _c be expla9$ ap>t f ,ta>oa1 ,puluga1 ,ahone1 ,nd5gei1 ,d5did1 & ,ta-li-y-,to*oo1 ,gods to be lat] describ$1 :o _c1 by any /ret* ( probabilities1 be reg>d$ z ( ,european orig94 ,all ( ^! repres5t ! primeval ,supreme ,be+1 m or less or altoge!r /ripp$1 "u advanc+ conditions ( culture1 ( 8 e?ical influ5ce1 & cr[d$ out by ! horde ( useful gre$y gho/s or gho/ gods1 ^: bus9ess is lucrative4 ,nyankupon has no pret5sions to be1 or to h be5 a '_s4'#cd ,major ,ellis's !ory is a natural result ( 8 belief 9 a tangle ( poly!ism z '! orig9al /ate ( religion4' ,if s1 !re 0 n mu* room = ! natural developm5t ( ,nyankupon1 9 :om '! mission>ies f9d a p>allel to ! ,jahveh ( ! ,jews4'#ce ,on our !ory ,nyankupon takes 8 place 9 ! regul> process ( ! corruption ( !ism by animism4 ,! p>allel case ( ,nzambi ,mpungu1 ! ,creator among ! ,fiorts 7a ,bantu /ock71 is ?us /at$ by ,miss ,k+sley3 ',i h no hesitation 9 say+ ,i fully believe ,nzambi ,mpungu to be a purely native god1 & t he is a great god ov] all ?+s1 b ! /udy ( him is ev5 m difficult ?an ! /udy ( ,nzambi1 because ! ,jesuit mission>ies :o ga9$ s great an influ5ce ov] ! ,fiorts 9 ! sixte5? c5tury id5tifi$ him ) ,jehovah1 & work$ on ! native m9d f t /&-po9t4 ,consequ5tly semi-my?ical traces ( ,jesuit tea*+ l+]1 ev5 n[1 9 ! religi\s ideas ( ! ,fiorts4'#cf ,nzambi ,mpungu lives 'beh9d ! firmam5t4' ',he takes next to no int]e/ 9 human affairs2' :i* is n a ,jesuit idea ( ,god4 ,9 all mission>y acc\nts ( savage religion1 we h to gu>d aga9/ two k9ds ( bias4 ,"o is ! bias :i* makes ! obs]v] d5y any religion to ! native race1 except devil-wor%ip4 ,! o!r is ! bias :i* l5ds him to look = traces ( a pure primitive religi\s tradition4 ,yet we _c b obs]ve ?is reciprocal ph5om5on3 mission>ies (t5 f9d a native "n & idea :i* answ] s ne>ly to _! conception ( ,god t !y adopt ! idea & ! "n1 9 tea*+4 ,aga91 on ! o!r side1 ! savages1 :5 fir/ !y he> ! mission>ies' acc\nt ( ,god1 recognise x1 z d ! ,hurons & ,bakwa91 = :at has always be5 famili> to !m4 ,?is is record$ 9 v e>ly pre-mission>y travels1 z 9 ! book ( ,william ,/ra*ey on ,virg9ia 7#afab71 to :i* we n[ turn4 ,! ,god f\nd by ,/ra*ey 9 ,virg9ia _c1 by any latitude ( conjecture1 be reg>d$ z ! result ( contact ) ,europeans4 ,yet he almo/ exactly answ]s to ! ,african ,nyankupon1 :o is expla9$ away z a 'loan-god4' ,= ! belief 9 relatively pure creative be+s1 :e!r !y are morally ador$1 )\t sacrifice1 or m]ely neglect$1 is s widely diffus$1 t ,an?ropology mu/ ignore !m1 or acc\nt = !m z 'loan-gods'--or give up h] !ory6 ,footnote #a3 ,lejean1 ,rev4 des ,deux ,mondes1 ,april #ahfb1 p4 #gfj4 ,cit+ = ! *ant1 ,beltrame1 ,diction>io della l+ua d5ka1 ,,ms4 ,footnote #b3 ,waitz1 ii4 #gd4 ,footnote #c3 #ahhb4 ,footnote #d3 ,ecclesia/ical ,in/itutions1 #fha4 ,footnote #e3 ,africana1 i4 #ff4 ,footnote #f3 ,africana1 i4 #fg4 ,footnote #g3 ,africana1 i4 #ga1 #gb ,footnote #h3 i #hh4 ,footnote #i3 i4 #fh4 ,footnote #aj3 i4 #acj4 ,footnote #aa3 ,ibid4 ,footnote #ab3 ,africana1 i #bgi-cja4 ,footnote #ac3 ,ed9burgh1 #ahib4 ,footnote #ad3 ,incid5tally ,mr4 ,macdonald %[s t1 contr>y to ,mr4 ,sp5c]'s op9ion1 ^! savages h words = dreams & dream+4 ,!y int]pret dreams by a sy/em ( symbols1 'a canoe is ill luck1' & 'dreams g by contr>ies4' ,footnote #ae3 ,waitz1 ,an?ropologie1 ii4 #afg4 ,footnote #af3 ,waitz & ,g]l&1 ,an?ropologie1 vi4 #gif-gii & #hji4 ,9 #ahgd ,mr4 ,h[itt's evid5ce on ! moral elem5t 9 ! my/]ies 0 n publi%$4 ,waitz sc\ts ! idea t ! high] ,au/ralian beliefs are ( ,european orig94 ',wir s*5 vielmehr uralte ,trmm] hnli*] ,my?olog5ie 9 ihn51' 7vi4 #gih7 flotsam f ideas ( immemorial antiquity4 ,footnote #ag3 ,wilson1 p4 #bji4 ,footnote #ah3 ,wilson1 p4 #cib4 ,footnote #ai3 ,p>k's ,j\rney1 i4 #bgd1 #bge1 #ahae4 ,footnote #bj3 ,p4 #bde4 ,footnote #ba3 ,london1 #ahhg4 ,footnote #bb3 ,ellis1 pp4 #bj1 #ba4 ,footnote #bc3 ,p4 #d4 ,footnote #bd3 ,ellis1 p4 #aj4 ,footnote #be3 ,p4 #abj4 ,footnote #bf3 ,p4 #ae4 ,footnote #bg3 ,p4 #abe4 ,footnote #bh3 ,ellis1 pp4 #bd1 #be4 ,footnote #bi3 ,ellis1 p4 #ahi4 ,footnote #cj3 ,miss ,k+sley1 p4 #ddb4 ,footnote #ca3 ,ellis1 p4 #bbi4 ,footnote #cb3 ,ibid4 p4 #be4 ,footnote #cc3 ,op4 cit4 p4 #bg4 ,footnote #cd3 ,ellis1 p4 #bi4 ,footnote #ce3 ,op4 cit4 p4 #bh4 ,footnote #cf3 ',african ,religion & ,law1' ,national ,review1 ,septemb] #ahig1 p4 #acb4 ,,xiv ,,ahone4 ,,ti-,,ra-,w4 ,n-,,pi4 ,,pa*acamac4 ,,tui ,,laga4 ,,taa-,,roa ,9 ?is *apt] x is my object to set c]ta9 ,am]ican ,creators beside ! ,african be+s :om we h be5 exam9+4 ,we %all range f ,hurons to ,pawnees & ,blackfeet1 & end ) ,pa*acamac1 ! supreme be+ ( ! old ,inca civilisation1 ) ,tui ,laga & ,taa-roa4 ,x w be se5 t ! ,hurons h be5 accid5tally depriv$ ( _! b5evol5t ,creator by a bibliographical accid5t1 :ile t ,creator corresponds v well ) ! ,p]uvian ,pa*ucamac1 (t5 reg>d$ z a m]e philosophical ab/raction4 ,! ,pawnees w %[ u a ,creator involv$ 9 a sacrificial ritual1 :i* is n common1 :ile ! ,blackfeet pres5t a ,creator :o is n envisag$ z a _s at all1 &1 on our !ory1 repres5ts a v e>ly /age ( ! !i/ic conception4 ,to cont9ue ! argum5t f analogy aga9/ ,major ,ellis's !ory ( ! ,european orig9 ( ,nyankupon1 x seems desirable fir/ to produce a p>allel to 8 case1 & to t ( 8 blood-/a9$ subord9ate deity1 ,bob[issi1 f a qu>t] :]e ,european influ5ce is absolutely out ( ! "q4 ,virg9ia 0 fir/ p]man5tly colonis$ by ,engli%m5 9 #afjg1 & ! ',hi/orie ( ,travaile into ,virg9ia1' by ,william ,/ra*ey1 ,g5t41 fir/ ,secret>y ( ! ,colony1 dates f ! e>lie/ ye>s 7#afab-afaf74 ,x w h>dly be sugge/$1 !n1 t ! natives _h already adopt$ our ,supreme ,be+1 especially z ,/ra*ey says t ! native prie/s /r5u\sly oppos$ ! ,*ri/ian ,god4 ,/ra*ey f\nd a h\se-inhabit+1 agricultural1 & settl$ population1 "u *iefs1 "o ( :om1 ,p[hattan1 0 a k9d ( ,bretwalda4 ,! temples conta9$ ! dri$ bodies ( ! w]oances1 or ari/ocracy1 beside :i* 0 _! ,okeus1 or ,oki1 an image 'ill fav\r$ly c>v$1' all black dress$1 ':o do? !m all ! h>m !y suff]4 ,he is propitiat$ by sacrifices ( _! own *ildr5' 7probably an error7 '& ( /rang]s4' ,mr4 ,tylor quotes a description ( ?is ,oki1 or ,okeus1 ) 8 idol & bloody rites1 f ,smi?'s ',hi/ory ( ,virg9ia' 7#afcb7a4 ,! two books1 ,/ra*ey's & ,smi?'s1 are "h slightly v>y+ copies ( "o orig9al4 ,b1 aft] c5sur+ ,smi?'s 7& ,/ra*ey's7 ha/y !ory t ,okeus is 'no o!r ?an a devil1' ,mr4 ,tylor did n f9d 9 ,smi? :at foll[s 9 ,/ra*ey4 ,okeus has human sacrifices1 l ,bob[issi1 ':il/ ! great ,god 7! prie/s tell !m7 :o gov]nes all ! _w1 & makes ! son to %9e1 creatyng ! moone & />rs 8 companyons 444 !y call+ 7sic7 ,ahone4 ,! good & peaceable ,god requires no su* dutyes1 nor ne$s to be sacrific$ unto1 = he int5de? all good unto !m1' ,okeus1 on ! contr>y1 'look+ into all m5's accions1 & exam9+ ! same accord+ to ! sev]e s*eme ( ju/ice1 puni%e? !m4444 ,su* is ! mis]y & ?raldome "u :i* ,sa?an ha? b\nd ^! wret*$ miscreants4' ,z if1 9 ,mr4 ,/ra*ey's own cre$1 ,satan does n puni%1 9 hell1 ! (f5ces ( m5 aga9/ ,god6 ,"h1 !n1 9 addition to a devil 7or r a div9e police magi/rate71 & g5]al feti%ism & nature wor%ip1 we f9d t ! untutor$ ,virg9ian is equipp$ ) a m]ciful ,creator1 )\t idol1 temple1 or sacrifice1 z ne$+ n\ght ( ours4 ,x is by ! m]e/ accid5t1 ! use ( ,smi?'s book 7#afcb7 in/ead ( ,/ra*ey's book 7#afab71 t ,mr4 ,tylor is unaw>e ( ^! ess5tial facts#b4 ,dr4 ,br9ton1 l ,mr4 ,tylor1 cites ,smi? = ! nef>i\s or sev]e ,okeus1 & omits any m5tion ( ,ahone1 ! b5evol5t ,creator4#c ,n[1 ,/ra*ey's evid5ce is e>ly 7#afab71 is t ( a well-educat$ man1 fond ( air+ 8 ,greek1 & n prejudic$ 9 fav\r ( ^! wor%ipp]s ( ',sa?an4' ,9 ,virg9ia he f\nd ! unpropitiat$ lov+ ,supreme ,be+1 beside a subord9ate1 l ,nyankupon beside ,bob[issi 9 ,africa4 ,ea* highe/ deity1 9 ,virg9ia or on ! ,gold ,coa/1 is m or less eclips$ 9 popul> e/eem by nasc5t poly!ism & nature wor%ip4 ,?is is precisely :at we %\ld expect to f9d1 if ,ahone1 ! ,creator1 7 e>li] 9 evolution1 :ile ,okeus & ! re/ 7 ( ! usual gre$y class ( animi/ic corruptible deities1 useful to prie/s4 ,?is c\ld n be und]/ood :ile ,ahone 0 left out ( ! /atem5t4#d ,probably ,mr4 ,/ra*ey's n>rative ju/ifies1 by analogy1 our suspicion ( ,major ,ellis's !ory t ! ,african ,supreme ,be+ is ( ,european orig94 ,! purpose 9 ! ,ahone-,okeus cre$ is cle>4 ,god 7,ahone7 is omnipot5t & good1 yet calamities beset mank9d4 ,h[ are ^! to be expla9$8 ,cle>ly z p5alties = m5's s9s1 inflict$1 n by ,ahone1 b by 8 lieut5ant1 ,okeus4 ,b t magi/rate c be1 & is1 appeas$ by sacrifices1 :i* x w\ld be impi\s1 or1 at all ev5ts1 useless1 to (f] to ! ,supreme ,be+1 ,ahone4 ,x is a logical cre$1 b h[ 0 ! ,supreme ,be+ evolv$ out ( ! gho/ ( a 'p-dev\r+ k+' l ,p[hattan8 ,! facts1 v fairly atte/$1 d n fit ! an?ropological !ory4 ,x is to be rem>k$ t ,/ra*ey's ,ahone is a mu* less my?ological conception ?an t :i*1 on v good evid5ce1 he attributes to ! ,indians ( ! ,pat[emeck ,riv]4 ,_! ,creator is spok5 ( z 'a godly ,h>e1' :o receives _! s\ls into ,p>adise1 :5ce !y are reborn on e>? aga91 z 9 ,plato's my?4 ,!y also reg>d ! f\r w9ds z f\r ,gods4 ,h[ ! god took ! my?ological =m ( a h>e is div]sely expla9$4#e ,mean:ile ! ,ahone-,okeus cre$ corresponds to ! ,nyankupon-,bob[issi cre$4 ,! ,am]ican fai? is c]ta9ly n borr[$ f ,europe1 s x is less likely t ! ,african cre$ is borr[$4 ,z illu/rations ( ! g5]al !ory "h pres5t$1 we may n[ take two tribal religions among ! ,nor? ,am]ican ,indians4 ,! fir/ is t ( ! eque/rian ,pawnees1 :o1 ?irty ye>s ago1 7 dwell+ on ! ,l\p ,=k 9 ,nebraska4 ,! buffaloes h s9ce be5 de/roy$1 ! l&s seiz$1 & ! ,pawnees driv5 into a ',res]vation1' :]e !y are1 or lately 71 *eat$ & oppress$ 9 ! usual way4 ,!y 7 orig9ally kn[n to ,europeans 9 f\r hordes1 ! f\r? be+ ! ,skidi or ,wolf ,pawnees4 ,!y seem to h come into ,kansas & ,nebraska1 at a date relatively remote1 f ,mexico1 & are alli$ ) ! ,lipans & ,tonkaways ( t region4 ,! ,tonkaways are a tribe :o1 9 a sacr$ my/]y1 are admoni%$ to 'live l ! wolves1' 9 exactly ! same way z 7 ! ,hirpi 7wolf tribe71 ( ,m\nt ,soracte1 :o practis$ ! feat ( walk+ unhurt ?r\gh fire4#f ,! ,tonkaways reg>d ! ,pawnees1 :o also h a wolf tribe1 z a long-sep>at$ bran* ( _! race4 ,if1 !n1 !y are ( ,mexican orig91 we might expect to f9d traces ( ,aztec ritual among ! ,pawnees4 ,long aft] !y obta9$ bett] weapons !y us$ fl9t-head$ arr[s = slay+ ! only two bea/s :i* x 0 lawful to sacrifice1 ! de] & ! buffalo4 ,!y h long be5 a hunt+ & also an agricultural p4 ,! corn 0 giv5 to !m orig9ally by ! ,rul]3 _! god1 ,ti-ra-w1 '! ,_s ,fa!r4' ,!y (f] ! sacrifice ( a de] ) peculi> solemnity1 & are a v pray]ful p4 ,! prie/ 'held a relation to ! ,pawnees & _! deity n unlike t occupi$ by ,moses to ,jehovah & ! ,israelites4' ,a feature 9 ritual is ! sacr$ bundles ( unkn[n cont5ts1 br\ght f ! orig9al home 9 ,mexico4 ,! ,pawnees 7 creat$ by ,ti-ra-w4 ,!y believe 9 a happy future life1 :ile ! wick$ die1 & !re is an end ( !m4 ,!y cite _! dreams ( ! dead z an argum5t = a life beyond ! tomb4 ',we see ourselves liv+ ) ,ti-ra-w6' ,an evil e>li] race1 :i* knew n ,ti-ra-w1 0 de/roy$ by him 9 ! ,deluge2 evid5ce is f\nd 9 l>ge fossil bones1 & x w\ld be an int]e/+ inquiry :e!r su* fossils are always f\nd :]e ! /ory ( a 's9-flood' occurs4 ,if s1 fossils mu/ be univ]sally diffus$4 ,z is common1 ! future life is atte/$1 n only by dreams1 b 9 ! exp]i5ce ( m5 :o 'h di$' & come back to life1 l ,secret ,pipe ,*ief1 :o told ! /ory to ,mr4 ,gr9nell4 ,^! visions 9 a /ate ( app>5t dea? are n peculi> to savages1 &1 no d\bt1 h _h mu* effect on beliefs ab\t ! next _w4#g ,gho/s are r>ely se51 b auditory halluc9ations1 z ( a voice giv+ good advice 9 "t ( p]il1 are reg>d$ z ! spee* ( gho/s4 ,! bea/s are also fri5dly1 z fell[ *ildr5 ) m5 ( ,ti-ra-w4 ,to ! ,morn+ ,/> ! ,skidi or ,wolf ,pawnees (f]$ on r>e occasions a captive man4 ,! c]emony 0 n unlike t ( ! ,aztecs1 ?\gh less cruel4 ,curi\sly en\gh1 ! slay] ( ! captive _h in/antly to make a mock flight1 z 9 ! ,attic ,b\phonia4 ,?is1 h[ev]1 0 a rite paid to ! ,morn+ ,/>1 n to ,ti-ra-w1 '! p[] above t moves ! univ]se & controls all ?+s4' ,sacrifice to ,ti-ra-w 0 made on r>e & solemn occasions out ( 8 two *ief gifts1 de] & buffalo4 ',?r\gh corn1 de]1 buffalo1 & ! sacr$ bundles1 we wor%ip ,ti-ra-w4' ,! fle% 0 burn$ 9 ! fire1 :ile pray]s 7 made ) great e>ne/ness4 ,9 ! old ,skidi rite ! wom5 told ! fatt5$ captive :at !y desir$ to ga9 f ! ,rul]4 ,x is occasionally said t ! human sacrifice 0 made to ,ti-ra-w himself4 ,! sacrific] n only fl$1 b fa/$ & m\rn$4 ,x is possible t1 z among ! ,aztecs1 ! victim 0 reg>d$ z also an embodim5t ( ! ,god1 b ?is is n c]ta91 ! rite hav+ long be5 disus$4 ,mr4 ,gr9nell got ! description f a v old ,skidi4 ,!re 0 also a fe/ival ( ?anks to ,ti-ra-w = corn4 ,dur+ a sacr$ dance & hymn ! corn is held up to ! ,rul] by a woman4 ,corn is ritually call$ ',! ,"m1' z 9 ,p]u4#h ',we are l se$1 & we wor%ip ?r\gh ! ,corn4' ,disease is caus$ by evil spirits1 & _m ,am]ican soldi]s 7 heal$ by ,pawnee doctors1 ?\gh _! hurts _h refus$ to yield to ! treatm5t ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates ,army ,surgeons4#i ,! miracles wr\ght by ,pawnee m$ic9e m51 "u ! eyes ( ,major ,nor?1 f> surpass :at is told ( ,indian juggl]y4 ,b ?is 0 =ty ye>s ago1 & x is probably too late to le>n any?+ ( ^! a/\nd+ p]=mances ( nak$ m5 on ! h>d floor ( a lodge4 ',major ,nor? told me' 7,mr4 ,gr9nell7 't he saw ) 8 own eyes ! doctors make ! corn gr[1' ! doctor n manipulat+ ! plant1 z 9 ! ,mango trick1 b /&+ ap>t & s++4 ,mr4 ,gr9nell says3 ',i h nev] f\nd any "o :o c\ld ev5 sugge/ an explanation4' ,?is art places great p[] 9 ! h&s ( ! doctors1 :o exhibit _m o!r prodigies4 ,x is notable t 9 ?is religion we he> no?+ ( ance/or-wor%ip2 all t is /at$ z to gho/s has be5 report$4 ,we f9d ! cult ( an all-p[]ful be+1 9 ^: ritual sacrifice is ! only feature t sugge/s gho/-wor%ip4 ,! popul> tales & hi/orical rem9isc5ces ( ! la/ g5]ation entirely be> out by _! allusions ,mr4 ,gr9nell's acc\nt ( ! ,pawnee fai?1 9 :i* ! e?ical elem5t *iefly consi/s 9 a s5se ( dep5d5ce on & t\*+ gratitude to ,ti-ra-w1 z %[n 9 f]v5t pray]4 ,!ft he abhors1 he applauds val\r1 he puni%es ! wick$ by annihilation1 ! good dwell ) him 9 8 heav5ly home4 ,he is address$ z ,a-ti-u ta-kaw-a1 ',our fa!r 9 all places4' ,x is n s easy to see h[ ?is ,be+ 0 develop$ out ( ance/or-wor%ip1 ( :i* we f9d no traces among ,pawnees4 ,= ance/or-wor%ip among ! ,si\x1 x is usual to quote a rem>k ( "o ,prescott1 an int]pret]3 ',sometimes an ,indian w say1 ,wah negh on %e wan da1 :i* means1 ,spirits ( ! dead h m]cy on me4 ,!n !y w add :at !y want4 ,t is ab\t ! am\nt ( an ,indian's pray]4'#aj ,obvi\sly1 :5 we comp>e ,mr4 ,gr9nell's acc\nt ( ,pawnee religion1 bas$ on 8 own obs]vations1 & ^? ( ,major ,nor?1 & ,mr4 ,dunb>1 :o has writt5 on ! language ( ! tribe1 we are on mu* saf] gr\nd1 ?an :5 we foll[ a contemptu\s1 half-educat$ ,european4 ,! religion ( ! ,blackfoot ,indians appe>s to be a rud] =m ( ! ,pawnee fai?4 ,:e!r ! diff]5ces arise f tribal "*1 or f decad5ce1 or because ! ,blackfoot belief is 9 an e>li] & m backw>d condition ?an t ( ! ,pawnees1 x is n easy to be c]ta94 ,z 9 ,*9a1 !re exi/s a difficulty 9 decid+ :e!r ! ,supreme ,be+ is id5tical ) ! great nature-god2 9 ,*9a ! ,heav51 among ! ,blackfeet ! ,sun2 or is prior to him 9 conception1 or has be51 lat]1 sub/itut$ = him1 or plac$ beside him4 ,! ,blackfoot my?ology is l[1 crude1 &1 except 9 tales ( ,creation1 is d]isive4 ,z 9 ,au/ralia1 !re is a specific diff]5ce ( tone betwe5 my?ology & religion4 ,! ,blackfoot c\ntry runs ea/ f ! summit ( ! ,rocky ,m\nta9s1 to ! m\? ( ! ,yell[/one riv] on ! ,miss\ri1 !n we/ to ! ,yell[/one s\rces1 across ! ,rocky ,m\nta9s to ! ,beav]head1 !nce to _! summit4 ,z to spirits1 ! ,blackfeet believe 91 or at lea/ tell /ories (1 gho/s1 :i* conduct !mselves mu* z 9 our old-fa%ion$ gho/ /ories4 ,!y haunt p 9 a r sportive & irresponsible way4 ,! s\ls or %ad[s ( respectable p]sons g to ! bleak c\ntry call$ ! ,s& ,hills1 :]e !y live 9 a dull1 monoton\s k9d ( ,%eol4 ,! %ades ( ! wick$ are 'e>?-b\nd' & mis*iev\s1 especially gho/s ( m5 sla9 9 battle4 ,!y cause p>alysis & madness1 b dread int]iors ( lodges2 !y only 'tap on ! lodge-sk9s4' ,l _m ,indian tribes1 ! ,blackfeet h ! ,eurydice leg5d4 ,a man griev+ = 8 dead wife f9ds 8 way to ,hades1 is piti$ by ! dead1 & all[$ to c>ry ! woman back ) him1 "u c]ta9 ritual prohibitions1 "o ( :i* he unhappily infr+es4 ,! range ( ?is deeply t\*+ /ory among ! ,r$ ,m51 & its close resemblance to ! tale ( ,orpheus1 is "o ( ! mo/ curi\s facts 9 my?ology4 ,mr4 ,gr9nell's fri5d ,"y ,be>1 :5 lo/ ) 8 wife 9 a fog1 he>d a ,voice1 ',x is well4 ,g on1 y are go+ "r4' ',! top ( my head seem$ to lift up4 ,x seem$ z if a lot ( ne$les 7 runn+ into x4444 ,?is mu/ h be5 a gho/4' ,z ! wife also he>d ! ,voice x 0 probably human1 n halluc9atory4 ,animals receive ! usual am\nt ( fri5dly respect f ! ,blackfeet4 ,!y h also an in*oate poly!ism1 ',above ,p]sons1 ,gr\nd ,p]sons1 & ,"u ,wat] ,p]sons4' ,( ! fir/1 ,?und] is mo/ important1 & is wor%ipp$4 ,!re is ! ,cold ,mak]1 a :ite figure on a :ite horse1 ! ,w9d1 & s on4 ,! ,creator is ,n-pi1 ,old ,man2 ,dr4 ,br9ton ?9ks he is a p]sonification ( ,light1 b ,mr4 ,gr9nell reckons x absurd to attribute s ab/ract a conception to ! ,blackfeet4 ,n-pi is simply a primal ,be+1 an ,immortal ,man1#aa :o 0 be=e ,dea? came into ! _w1 conc]n+ :i* "o ( ! usual tales ( ! ,orig9 ( ,dea? is told4 ',all ?+s t he _h made und]/ood him :5 he spoke to !m--birds1 animals1 & p1' z 9 ! fir/ *apt]s ( ,g5esis4 ,) ,n-pi1 ,creation work$ on ! l9es ( adaptation to environm5t4 ,he put ! bighorn on ! prairie4 ,!re x 0 awkw>d1 s he set x on rocky places1 :]e x skipp$ ab\t ) ease4 ,! antelope fell on ! rocks1 s he remov$ x to ! level prairie4 ,n-pi creat$ man & woman1 out ( clay1 b ! folly ( ! woman introduc$ ,dea?4 ,n-pi1 z a ,prome!us1 gave fire1 & taught ! =e/ arts4 ,he inculcat$ ! duty ( pray]2 8 w %\ld be done by emiss>ies 9 ! %ape ( animals4 ,!n he w5t to o!r peoples4 ,! mis=tunes ( ! ,indians arise f disob$i5ce to 8 laws4 ,*iefs 7 elective1 = conduct1 c\rage1 & *>ity4 ,?\gh weapons & ut5sils 7 buri$ ) ! dead1 or expos$ on plat=ms1 & ?\gh great m5 7 left to sleep 9 _! lodges1 h5ce=? nev] to be ent]$ by ! liv+1 !re is no trace kn[n to me ( cont9u$ ance/or-wor%ip4 ,z _m ,blackfeet *ange _! names ye>ly1 ance/ral names are n likely to become ^? ( gods4 ,! ,sun is by _m believ$ to h tak5 ! previ\s place ( ,n-pi 9 religion2 or p]haps ,n-pi is ! ,sun4 ,h[ev]1 he is /ill sep>ately address$ 9 pray]4 ,! ,sun receives pres5ts ( furs & s =?2 a f+]1 :5 ! pray] is = life1 has be5 (f]$ to him4 ,feti%ism probably %[s itself 9 gifts to a great rock4 ,!re is daily pray]1 bo? to ! ,sun & to ,n-pi4 ,wom5 in/itute ,m$ic9e ,lodges1 pray+1 ',pity me1 ,sun4 ,y h se5 my life4 ,y "k t ,i am pure4' ',we look on ! ,m$ic9e ,lodge woman z y :ite p d on ! ,roman ,ca?olic ,si/]s4' ,be+ 'virtu\s 9 de$1 s]i\s1 & clean-m9d$1' ! ,m$ical ,lodge woman is 9 spiritual rapport ) ,n-pi & ! ,sun4 ,to ?is ext5t1 at lea/1 ,blackfoot religion is an e?ical influ5ce4 ,! cre$ seems to be a nasc5t poly!ism1 subord9ate to ,n-pi z supreme ,mak]1 & to ! p]sonifi$ ,sun4 ,z ,blackfoot gho/s are 'vapor\s1 ineffectual' = good1 !re seems to be no?+ l ance/or wor%ip4 ,^! two cults & beliefs1 ,pawnee & ,blackfoot1 may be reg>d$ z fairly well au!nticat$ examples ( un-,*ri/ianis$ ,am]ican religion among races on ! bord]l& ( agriculture & ! *ase4 ,x w\ld be difficult to ma9ta9 t gho/-wor%ip or ance/or-wor%ip is a pot5t factor 9 ! evolution ( ! dea?less ,ti-ra-w or ! immortal ,creator ,n-pi1 :o has no?+ ( ! _s ab\t him1 especially z gho/s are n wor%ipp$4#ab ,let u n[ look at ! ,supreme ,be+ ( a civilis$ ,am]ican p4 ,!re are few m int]e/+ acc\nts ( religion ?an ,g>cilasso de la ,vega's description ( fai? 9 ,p]u4 ,g>cilasso 0 ( ,inca p>5tage on ! sp9dle side2 he 0 born 9 #aedj1 & 8 book1 tak5 f ! traditions ( an uncle1 & aid$ by ! fragm5t>y collections ( ,fa!r ,blas ,val]a1 0 publi%$ 9 #afji4 ,9 ,g>cilasso's !ory ! orig9al p ( ,p]u1 ,totemi/s & wor%ipp]s ( hills & /reams1 ,e>? & ,sea1 7 conv]t$ to ,sun wor%ip by ! fir/ ,inca1 a *ild ( ! ,sun4 ,ev5 ! new religion includ$ ance/or-wor%ip & o!r sup]/itions4 ,b beh9d ,sun wor%ip 0 ! fai? 9 a ,be+ :o 'advanc$ ! ,sun s f> above all ! />s ( heav54'#ac ,?is ,be+ 0 ,pa*acamac1 '! su/a9] ( ! _w4' ,! "q !n arises1 ,is ,pa*acamac a =m ( ! same creative be+ :om we f9d among ! l[e/ savages2 or is he ! result ( philosophical reflection8 ,! latt] 0 ! op9ion ( ,g>cilasso4 ',! ,incas & _! ,amautas' 7le>n$ class7 '7 philosoph]s4'#ad ',pa*a1' he says1 univ]se1 & 'cama' s\l4 ,pa*acamac1 !n1 is ,anima ,mundi4 ',!y did n ev5 take ! "n ( ,pa*acamac into _! m\?s1' or b seldom & rev]5tly1 z ! ,au/ralians w n1 9 religi\s matt]s1 m5tion ,d>umulun4 ,pa*acamac _h no temple1 'b !y wor%ipp$ him 9 _! he>ts4' ,t he 0 ! ,creator appe>s 9 an e>li] writ]1 cit$ by ,g>cilasso1 ,agu/9 de ,z>ate 7ii4 *4 #e74 ,g>cilasso1 aft] d5y+ ! exi/5ce ( temples to ,pa*acamac1 m5tions "o1 b only "o4 ,he insi/s1 at l5g?1 & ) mu* logic1 t ,he :om1 z a ,*ri/ian1 he wor%ips1 is 9 ,qui*ua /yl$ ,pa*acamac4 ,moreov]1 ! "o temple to ,pa*acamac 0 n built by an ,inca1 b by a race :i*1 hav+ he>d ( ! ,inca god1 borr[$ 8 "n1 )\t und]/&+ 8 nature1 t ( a ,be+ :o dwells n 9 temples made ) h&s 7ii4 #ahf74 ,9 ! temple ?is p1 ! ,yuncas1 (f]$ ev5 human sacrifices4 ,by ! ,incas to ,pa*acamac no sacrifice 0 (f]$ 7ii4 #ahi74 ,?is negative cu/om !y also impos$ ^u ! ,yuncas1 & !y remov$ idols f ! ,yunca temple ( ,pa*acamac 7ii4 #aij74 ,yunca sup]/itions1 h[ev]1 infe/$ ! temple1 & a ,voice gave oracles !re94#ae ,! ,yuncas also _h a talk+ idol1 :i* ! ,inca1 9 accordance ) a religi\s treaty1 occasionally consult$4 ,:ile ,pa*acamac1 )\t temple or rite1 0 reckon$ ! ,creator1 we mu/ und]/& t ,sun-wor%ip & ance/or-wor%ip 7 ! practical elem5ts ( ! ,inca cult4 ,?is appe>s to h be5 di/a/eful to ! ,inca ,huayna ,ccapac1 = at a ,sun fea/ he gaz$ h>d on ! ,sun1 0 remon/rat$ ) by a prie/1 & repli$ t ! re/less ,sun 'mu/ h ano!r ,"l m p[]ful ?an himself4'#af ,?is rem>k c\ld n h be5 necess>y if ,pa*acamac 7 really an article ( liv+ & univ]sal belief4 ,p]haps we are to und]/& t ?is ,inca1 l 8 fa!r1 :o seems to h be5 ! orig9al au?or ( ! say+1 meant to sne] at ! elaborate wor%ip be/[$ on ! ,sun1 :ile ,pa*acamac 0 neglect$1 z f> z ritual w5t4 ,9 ,g>cilasso's book we h to all[ = 8 desire to ju/ify ! cre$ ( 8 mat]nal ance/ors4 ,8 criticism ( ,spani% v]sions is acute1 & he (t5 appeals to 8 k ( ,qui*ua1 & to ! direct traditions receiv$ by him f 8 uncle4 ,aga9/ 8 !ory ( ,pa*acamac z a result ( philosophical ?\ght1 x may be urg$ t simil> conceptions1 or ne>ly simil>1 exi/ among races n civilis$ l ! ,incas1 & n provid$ ) colleges ( le>n$ prie/s4 ,9 fact1 ! position ( ,pa*acamac & ! ,sun is v ne>ly t ( ! ,blackfoot ,creator ,n-pi1 & ! ,sun1 or ( ,%ang-ti & ! ,heav51 9 ,*9a4 ,we h ! ,creative ,be+ ^: cre$ is invad$ by t ( a wor%ipp$ aspect ( nature1 & ^: cult1 q logically1 is nil1 or ne>ly nil4 ,!re are also1 9 diff]5t /rata ( ! ,inca empire1 ance/or-wor%ip1 or mummy-wor%ip1 ,totemism & poly!ism1 ) a vague mass ( huaca ,elohim1 kal\1 wakan4 ,p]haps x w\ld n be too ra% to conjecture t ,pa*acamac is n a m]ely philosophical ab/raction1 b a survival ( a ,be+ l ,n-pi or ,ahone4 ,cieza de ,leon calls ,pa*acamac 'a devil1' ^: "n means 'creator ( ! _w'6#ag ,! "n1 :5 x 0 utt]$1 0 spok5 ) g5uflexions & signs ( rev]5ce4 ,s closely did ,pa*acamac resemble ! ,*ri/ian ,deity1 t ,cieza de ,leon decl>es ! devil to h =g$ & insi/$ on ! resemblance6#ah ,x 0 op5 to ,spani% mission>ies to use ,pa*acamac1 z to ! ,jesuits among ! ,bantu to use ,mpungu1 z a fulcrum = ! introduction ( ,*ri/ianity4 ,!y pref]r$ to reg>d ,pa*acamac z a fraudul5t fi5d4 ,n[ ,nzambi ,mpungu1 among ! ,bantu1 is assur$ly n a creation ( a le>n$ prie/hood1 = ! ,bantu h no le>n$ prie/s1 & ,mpungu w\ld be useless to ! gre$y conjur]s :om !y d consult1 z he is n propitiat$4 ,on gr\nds ( analogy1 !n1 ,pa*acamac may be said to resemble a savage ,supreme ,be+1 some:at e!realis$ ei!r by ,g>cilasso or by ! ,amautas1 ! le>n$ class among ! subjects ( ! ,incas4 ,he does n seem1 ev5 s1 mu* sup]ior to ! ,ahone ( ! ,virg9ians4 ,we possess1 h[ev]1 a diff]5t acc\nt ( ,inca religion1 f :i* ,g>cilasso /rongly diss5ts4 ,! be/ v]sion is t ( ,*ri/oval de ,mol9a1 :o 0 *apla9 ( ! hospital = natives1 & wrote betwe5 #aegj & #aehd4ai ,*ri/oval assembl$ a numb] ( old prie/s & o!r natives :o _h tak5 "p 9 ! anci5t s]vices1 & collect$ _! evid5ce4 ,he calls ! ,creator 7'n born ( woman1 un*angeable & et]nal'7 by ! "n ,pa*aya*a*i4 ',tea*] ( ! _w' & ',tecsiviraco*a1' :i* ,g>cilasso dismisses z mean+less4#bj ,he also tells ! tale ( ! ,inca ,yupanqui & ! ,"l ( ! ,sun1 b says t ! ,incas _h already k ( ! ,creator4 ,to ,yupanqui he attributes ! erection ( a gold image ( ! ,creator1 utt]ly d5i$ by ,g>cilasso4#ba ,*ri/oval decl>es1 aga9 contradict$ by ,g>cilasso1 t sacrifices 7 (f]$ to ! ,creator4 ,unlike ! ,sun1 ,*ri/oval says1 ! ,creator _h no woman assign$ to him1 'because1 z he creat$ !m1 !y all belong$ to him' 7p4 #bf71 :i*1 ( c\rse1 is an idea t w\ld also make sacrifice sup]flu\s4 ,*ri/oval gives pray]s 9 ,qui*ua1 :]e9 ! ,creator is address$ z ,uiraco*a4 ,*ri/oval assigns images1 sacrifice1 & ev5 human sacrifice1 to ! ,creator ,uiraco*a4 ,g>cilasso d5ies t ! ,creator ,pa*acamac _h any ( ^! ?+s1 he d5ies t ,uiraco*a 0 ! "n ( ! ,creator1 & he d5ies x1 kn[+ t ! ,spani>ds made ! ass]tion4#bb ,:o is "r8 ,uiraco*a1 says ,g>cilasso1 is "o ?+1 ) 8 sacrifices2 ! ,creator1 ,pa*acamac1 )\t sacrifices1 is ano!r1 is ,,god4 ,mr4 ,m>kham ?9ks t ,g>cilasso1 writ+ :5 he did1 & n consci\sly exagg]at+1 0 yet less tru/wor?y 7?\gh 'wond]fully accurate'7 ?an ,*ri/oval4 ,g>cilasso1 h[ev]1 is 'scrupul\sly tru?ful4'#bc ',! excell5ce ( 8 memory is p]haps be/ %[n 9 8 topographical details4444 ,he does n make a s+le mi/ake1' 9 ! topography ( ?ree hundr$ & tw5ty places6 ,a scrupul\sly tru?ful g5tleman1 end[$ ) an amaz+ memory1 & a ma/] ( 8 native language1 flatly contradicts ! v]sion ( a ,spani% prie/1 :o also appe>s to h be5 c>eful & hon\rable4 ,i %all n[ %[ t ,*ri/oval & ,g>cilasso h diff]5t v]sions ( ! same hi/orical ev5ts1 & t ,g>cilasso bases 8 confutation ( ! ,spani% !ory ( ! ,inca ,creator on 8 =m ( ?is hi/orical tradition1 :i* foll[s3 ,! ,inca ,yahu>huaccac1 l ,george ,,ii41 0 at odds ) 8 ,pr9ce ( ,wales4 ,he !re=e bani%$ ! ,pr9ce to ,*ita1 & made him s]ve z %eph]d ( ! llamas ( ! ,sun4 ,?ree ye>s lat] ! disgrac$ ,pr9ce came to ,c\rt1 ) :at ! ,inca reg>d$ z a cock-&-bull /ory ( an app>ition ( ! k9d te*nically /yl$ ',bord]l&4' ,asleep or awake1 he knew n1 he saw a be>d$ rob$ man hold+ a /range animal4 ,! appe>ance decl>$ himself z ,uiraco*a 7,*ri/oval's "n = ! ,creator71 a ,*ild ( ! ,sun2 by no means z ,pa*acamac1 ! ,creator ( ! ,sun4 ,he ann\nc$ a di/ant rebellion1 & promis$ 8 aid to ! ,pr9ce4 ,! ,inca1 he>+ ?is n>rative1 repli$ 9 ! tones ( ,*>les ,,ii41 :5 he said ab\t ,monm\?1 ',tell ,james to g to hell6'#bd ,! pr$ict$ rebellion1 h[ev]1 broke out1 ! ,inca fl$1 ! ,pr9ce sav$ ! city1 de?ron$ 8 fa!r1 & s5t him into ! c\ntry4 ,he !n adopt$1 f ! app>ition1 ! ?rone-"n ,uiraco*a1 grew a be>d1 & dress$ l ! app>ition1 to :om he erect$ a temple1 ro(less1 & unique 9 con/ruction4 ,!re9 he _h an image ( ! god1 = :i* he himself gave frequ5t sitt+s4 ,:5 ! ,spani>ds arriv$1 be>d$ m51 ! ,indians call$ !m ,uiraco*as 7z all ! ,spani% hi/orians say71 &1 to flatt] !m1 decl>$ falsely t ,uiraco*a 0 _! ^w = ! ,creator4 ,g>cilasso explodes ! ,spani% etymology ( ! "n1 9 ! language ( ,cuzco1 :i* he 'suck$ 9 ) 8 "m's milk4' ',! ,indians said t ! *ief ,spani>ds 7 *ildr5 ( ! ,sun1 to make gods ( !m1 j z !y said !y 7 *ildr5 ( ! app>ition1 ,uiraco*a4'#be ,moreov]1 ,g>cilasso & ,cieza de ,leon agree 9 _! descriptions ( ! image ( ,uiraco*a1 :i*1 bo? ass]t1 ! ,spani>ds conceiv$ to repres5t a ,*ri/ian e>ly mission>y1 p]haps ,/4 ,b>?olomew4#bf ,g>cilasso _h se5 ! mummy ( ! ,inca ,uiraco*a1 & relates ! :ole tale f ! oral v]sion ( 8 uncle1 add+ _m native comm5ts on ! ,c\rt revolution describ$4 ,to ,g>cilasso1 !n1 ! invocations ( ,uiraco*a1 9 ,*ri/oval's collection ( pray]s1 are a native adaptation to ,spani% prejudice3 ev5 9 !m ,pa*acamac occurs4#bg ,n[1 ,*ri/oval has got hold ( a v>iant ( ,g>cilasso's n>rative1 :i*1 9 ,g>cilasso1 has pl5ty ( hum\r & human nature4 ,accord+ to ,*ri/oval x 0 n ! ,pr9ce1 lat] ,inca ,uiraco*a1 :o beheld ! app>ition1 b ! ,inca ,uiraco*a's son1 ,pr9ce ( ,wales1 z x 71 ( ! p]iod1 lat] ! ,inca ,yupanqui4 ,g>cilasso corrects ,*ri/oval4 ,uiraco*a saw ! app>ition1 z ,pre ,aco/a rightly says1 & ,yupanqui 0 n ! son b ! gr&son ( ?is ,inca ,uiraco*a4#bh ,uiraco*a's own son 0 ,pa*acutec1 :i* simply means ',revolution1' '!y say1 by way ( by-^w ,pa*amcut91 :i* means ! _w *anges4' ,*ri/oval's =m ( ! /ory is peculi>ly gratify+ 9 "o way4 ,yupanqui saw ! app>ition 9 a piece ( cry/al1 '! app>ition vani%$1 :ile ! piece ( cry/al rema9$4 ,! ,inca took c>e ( x1 & !y say t he aft]w>ds saw ev]y?+ he want$ 9 x4' ,! app>ition1 9 human =m & 9 ,inca dress1 gave itself out = ! ,sun2 & ,yupanqui1 :5 he came to ! ?rone1 'ord]$ a /atue ( ! ,sun to be made1 z ne>ly z possible resembl+ ! figure he _h se5 9 ! cry/al4' ,he bade 8 subjects to 'rev]5ce ! new deity1 z !y _h h]et(ore wor%ipp$ ! ,creator1'#bi :o1 !re=e1 0 prior to ,uiraco*a4 ,int]e/+ z a pro( ( ,inca cry/al-gaz+1 ?is leg5d ( ,*ri/oval's _c compete z evid5ce ) ,aco/a & ,g>cilasso4 ,! read]1 h[ev]1 mu/ decide z to :e!r he pref]s ,g>cilasso's unpropitiat$ ,pa*acamac1 or ,*ri/oval's ,uiraco*a1 human sacrifices1 & all4#cj ,mr4 ,tylor pref]s ! v]sion ( ,*ri/oval1 mak+ ,pa*acamac a title ( ,uiraco*a4#ca ,he ?9ks t we h1 9 ,inca religion1 an example ( 'a subord9ate god' 7! ,sun7 'usurp+ ! place ( ! supreme deity1' '! rivalry betwe5 ! ,creator & ! div9e ,sun4' ,9 ,*9a1 z we %all see1 ,mr4 ,tylor ?9ks1 on ! o!r h&1 t ,heav5 is ! eld] god1 & t ,%ang-ti1 ! ,supreme ,be+1 is ! usurp]4 ,! tru? 9 ! ,uiraco*a v]sus ,pa*acamac controv]sy is difficult to asc]ta94 ,i confess a lean+ t[>d ,g>cilasso1 s tru?ful & s wond]fully accurate1 r ?an to ! ,spani% prie/4 ,*ri/oval1 x w be rem>k$1 says t ',*anca-,uiraco*a 0 a huaca 7sacr$ place7 9 ,*uqui-*aca4'#cb ,n[ ,*uqui-*aca is ! v place :]e1 accord+ to ,g>cilasso1 ! ,inca ,uiraco*a erect$ a temple to '8 ,uncle1 ! ,app>ition4'#cc ,uiraco*a1 !n1 ! deity :o receives human sacrifice1 w\ld be a late1 royally introduc$ ance/ral god1 no real rival ( ! ,creator1 :o receives no sacrifice at all1 &1 z he 0 be>d$1 8 "n w\ld be easily transf]r$ to ! be>d$ ,spani>ds1 ^: arrival ! ,inca ,uiraco*a 0 said to h pr$ict$4 ,b to call sev]al or all ,spani>ds by ! "n giv5 to ! ,creator w\ld be absurd4 ,mr4 ,tylor & ,mr4 ,m>kham d n ref] to ! passage 9 :i* ,*ri/oval obvi\sly gets hold ( a wrong v]sion ( ! /ory ( ! app>ition4 ,!re is yet ano!r v]sion ( ?is hi/orical leg5d1 writt5 =ty ye>s aft] ,*ri/oval's date by ,don ,juan de ,santa ,cruz ,pa*acuti-yamqui ,salcamayhua4 ,he ranks aft] ,g>cilasso & ,*ri/oval1 b be=e e>li] ,spani% writ]s1 su* z ,aco/a1 :o knew n ,qui*ua4 ,accord+ to ,salcamayhuia1 ! ,inca ,uiraco*a 0 l ,james ,,iii41 fond ( ar*itecture & av]se to w>4 ,he gave ! realm to 8 ba/>d1 ,urca1 :o 0 defeat$ & kill$ by ! ,*ancas4 ,uiraco*a meant to ab&on ! conte/1 b 8 legitimate son1 ,yupanqui1 saw a fair y\? on a rock1 :o promis$ him success 9 ! "n ( ! ,creator1 & !n vani%$4 ,! ,pr9ce 0 victori\s1 & ! ,inca ,uiraco*a retir$ into private life4 ,?is appe>s to be a mixture ( ! /ories ( ,g>cilasso & ,*ri/oval4#cd ,x is n1 9 itself1 a po9t ( mu* importance :e!r ! ,creator 0 call$ ,uiraco*a 7:i*1 if x means any?+1 means 'sea ( grease6'71 or :e!r he 0 call$ ,pa*acamac1 mak] ( ! _w1 or by bo? names4 ,! important "q is z to :e!r ! ,creator receiv$ ev5 human sacrifices 7,*ri/oval7 or none at all 7,g>cilasso74 ,z to ,pa*acamac1 we mu/ consult ,mr4 ,payne1 :o has ! advantage ( be+ a ,qui*ua s*ol>4 ,he consid]s t ,pa*acamac comb9es ! conception ( a g5]al _s ( liv+ ?+s ) t ( a ,creator or mak] ( all ?+s4 ',pa*acamac & ! ,creator are "o & ! same1' b ! conception ( ,pa*aya*acic1 'rul] ( ! _w1' 'belongs to ! lat] p]iod ( ! ,incas4'#ce ,mr4 ,payne appe>s to pref] ,*ri/oval's leg5d ( ! ,inca cry/al-gaz]1 to ! rival v]sion ( ,g>cilasso4 ,! ,yunca =m ( ! wor%ip ( ,pa*acamac ,mr4 ,payne reg>ds z an example ( degradation4#cf ,he disbelieves ,g>cilasso's /atem5t1 t human sacrifices 7 n made to ! ,sun4 ,g>cilasso mu/1 if ,mr4 ,payne is "r1 h be5 a delib]ate li>1 unless1 inde$1 he 0 deceiv$ by 8 ,inca k9sfolk4 ,! read] c n[ e/imate = himself ! difficulty ( kn[+ mu* ab\t ,p]uvian religion1 or1 inde$1 ( any religion4 ,=1 if ,mr4 ,payne is "r ab\t ! l[e/ savages hav+ no conception ( ,god1 or ev5 ( _s1 ?\gh ! idea ( a great ,creator1 a _s1 is "o ( ! e>lie/ ef=ts ( 'primitive logic1' we1 ( c\rse1 h be5 m]ely fabl+ ?r\gh\t4 ,g>cilasso's evid5ce1 h[ev]1 seems unta9t$ by ,*ri/ian attempts to f9d a primitive div9e tradition4 ,g>cilasso may possibly be ref9+ on facts1 b he asks = no !ory ( div9e primitive tradition 9 ! case ( ,pa*acamac1 :om he attributes to philosophical reflection4 ,9 ! foll[+ *apt] we discuss '! old ,deg5]ation !ory1' & contra/ x ) ! s*eme provisionally (f]$ 9 ?is book4 ,we h already obs]v$ t ! ,deg5]ation !ory biasses ! acc\nts ( "s mission>ies :o are obvi\sly anxi\s to f9d traces ( a ,primitive ,tradition1 orig9ally reveal$ to all m51 b only pres]v$ 9 a pure =m by ! ,jews4 ,to avoid deception by means ( ?is bias we h *os5 examples ( savage creative be+s f wide areas1 f div]se ages1 f non-mission>y /atem5ts1 f ! lea/ contam9at$ backw>d peoples1 & f _! secret my/]ies & hymns4 ,?us1 /ill conf9+ ourselves to ! ,am]ican cont95t1 we h ! anci5t hymns ( ! ,zuis1 9 no way ,*ri/ianis$1 & nev] *ant$ 9 ! pres5ce ( ! ,mexican ,spani%1 ,^! hymns run ?us3 ',be=e ! beg9n+ ( ! ,new ,mak+1 ,awonawilona1 ! ,mak] & conta9] ( ,all1 ! ,all-,fa!r1 solely _h be+4' ,he !n evolv$ all ?+s 'by ?9k+ himself outw>d 9 space4' ,hegelian6 b s are ! dateless hymns ( ! ,maoris1 despite ! savage my?ology :i* intrudes into bo? sets ( traditions4 ,! old fable ( ,ouranos & ,gaia recurs 9 ,zui z 9 ,maori4#cg ,i fail to see h[ ,awonawilona c\ld be develop$ out ( ! gho/ ( *ief or conjur]4 ,t 9 :i* all ?+s pot5tially exi/$1 yet :o 0 m ?an all1 is n ! gho/ ( a conjur] or *ief4 ,he c]ta9ly is n due to mission>y influ5ce4 ,no au?ority c be bett] ?an t ( traditional sacr$ *ants f\nd among a populace :i* w n s+ !m be=e "o ( _! ,mexican ma/]s4 ,we h tri$ to escape f ! bias ( belief 9 a primitive div9e tradition1 b bias ( e k9d exi/s1 & mu/ exi/4 ,at pres5t ! an?ropological hypo!sis ( ance/or-wor%ip z ! basis1 p]haps 7z 9 ,mr4 ,sp5c]'s !ory7 ! only basis ( religion1 affects obs]v]s4 ,be=e treat+ ! !ory ( ,deg5]ation let u exam9e a case ( ! an?ropological bias4 ,! ,fijians1 z we le>n$ f ,williams1 h ance/ral gods1 & also a s+ul> =m ( ! creative be+1 ,nd5gei1 or1 z ,mr4 ,basil ,?omson calls him1 ,degei4 ,mr4 ,?omson writes3 ',x is cle> t ! ,fijians humanis$ _! gods1 because !y _h once exi/$ on e>? 9 human =m4444 ,l o!r primitive p1 ! ,fijians deifi$ _! ance/ors4' ,yet ! ,fijians 'may h =gott5 ! names ( _! ance/ors ?ree g5]ations back'6 ,h[ 9 ! _w c y deify a p]son :om y don't rememb]8 ,moreov]1 only malevol5t *iefs 7 deifi$1 s app>5tly a ,fijian god is really a well-born human sc\ndrel1 s consid]able t he = "o is n =gott5--j z if we wor%ipp$ ! wick$ ,"l ,lyttelton6 ,( c\rse a god l ,ahone c\ld n be made out ( su* mat]ials z ^!1 &1 9 fact1 we le>n f ,mr4 ,?omson t !re are o!r ,fijian gods ( a diff]5t orig94 ',x is probable t !re 7 "h & !re1 gods t 7 ! creation ( ! prie/s t m9i/]$ to !m1 & 7 n ! spirits ( dead *iefs4 ,su* 0 ! god ( ! ,bure ,tribe on ! ,ra coa/1 :o 0 call$ ,tui ,laga or ,"l ( ,heav54 ,:5 ! mission>ies fir/ w5t to conv]t ?is t[n !y f\nd ! hea!n prie/ _! /aun* ally4 ,he decl>$ t !y _h come to prea* ! same god t he _h be5 prea*+1 ! ,tui ,laga1 & t m _h be5 reveal$ to !m ?an to him ( ! my/]ies ( ! god4' ,mr4 ,?omson is rem9d$ ( ,/4 ,paul at ,a!ns1 ':om !n ye ignorantly wor%ip1 him decl>e ,i unto y4'#ch ,mr4 ,?omson has cle>ly no bias 9 fav\r ( a ,god l our own1 kn[n to savages1 & n d]iv$ f gho/-wor%ip4 ,he d$uces ?is god1 ,tui ,laga1 f prie/ly reflection & speculation4 ,b we f9d su* a ,god :]e we f9d no prie/s1 :]e a prie/hood has n be5 develop$4 ,su* a ,god1 be+ usually unpropitiat$ by sacrifice & lucrative private practice1 is precisely ! k9d ( deity :o does n suit a prie/hood4 ,= ^! reasons--t a prie/hood 'sees no money 9' a ,god ( ?is k9d1 & t ,gods ( ?is k9d1 e?ical & creative1 are f\nd :]e !re are no prie/hoods--we _c look on ! conception z a late "o ( prie/ly orig91 z ,mr4 ,?omson does1 ?\gh a le>n$ ca/e1 l ! ,p]uvian ,amantas1 may ref9e on ! idea4 ,lea/ ( all c su* a ,god be '! creation ( ! prie/s t m9i/] to him1' :51 z 9 ,p]u1 ! ,&aman ,isles1 & mu* ( ,africa1 ?is ,god is m9i/]$ to by no prie/s4 ,nor1 la/ly1 c we reg>d ! abs5ce ( sacrifice to ! ,creative ,be+ z a m]e pro( t he is an ance/ral gho/ :o '_h liv$ on e>? at too remote a "t2' = ?is abs5ce ( sacrifice occurs :]e gho/s are dread$1 b are n propitiat$ by (f]+s ( food 7z among ,au/ralians1 ,&amanese1 & ,blackfoot ,indians71 :ile ! ,creative ,be+ is n & nev] 0 a gho/1 accord+ to 8 wor%ipp]s4 ,at ?is po9t criticism may naturally rem>k t :e!r ! savage ,supreme ,be+ is ft$1 z by ! ,coman*es1 :o (f] puffs ( smoke3 or is app>5tly half =gott51 z by ! ,algonqu9s & ,zulus3 :e!r he is propitiat$ by sacrifice 7:i* is v r>e inde$71 or only by conduct1 ,i equally claim him z ! probable desc5dant 9 evolution ( ! primitive1 undiff]5tiat$1 n necess>ily 'spiritual' ,be+ ( su* cre$s z ! ,au/ralian4 ,"o mu/ reply t ?is p$igree _c1 inde$1 be hi/orically trac$1 b t x pres5ts none ( ! logical difficulties inh]5t 9 ! animi/ic p$igree--namely1 t ! savage ,supreme ,be+ is ! la/ & highe/ result ( evolution on animi/ic l9es out ( gho/s4 ,x does n run c\nt] to ! evid5ce univ]sally (f]$ by savages1 t _! ,supreme ,be+ nev] 0 mortal man4 ,x is consi/5t1 :]eas ! animi/ic hypo!sis is1 9 ?is case1 inconsi/5t1 ) ! univ]sal savage !ory ( ,dea?4 ,f9ally1 z has be5 said be=e1 grant+ my op9ion t !re are two /reams ( religi\s ?\ght1 "o ris+ 9 ! conception ( an undiff]5tiat$ ,be+1 et]nal1 moral1 & creative1 ! o!r ris+ 9 ! gho/-doctr9e1 x /&s to reason t ! latt]1 z be/ adapt$ to ev]yday ne$s & exp]i5ces1 normal & sup]normal1 may contam9ate ! =m]1 & introduce sacrifice & food-propitiation into ! ritual ( ,be+s :o1 by ! orig9al conception1 'ne$ no?+ ( ours4' ,at ! same "t1 ! conception ( '_s1' once atta9$1 w\ld inevitably come to be atta*$ to ! idea ( ! ,supreme ,be+1 ev5 ?\gh he 0 n at fir/ conceiv$ ( z a _s4 ,we "k1 by our own exp]i5ce1 h[ difficult x has become = u to ?9k ( an et]nal1 p[]ful1 & immortal be+1 except z a _s4 ,yet ?is way ( look+ at ! ,supreme ,be+1 m]ely z be+1 n z _s1 mu/ h exi/$1 grant+ t ! idea ( _s has gho/ = its fir/ expression1 z1 by _! v def9ition1 ! high gods ( savages are n gho/s1 & nev] 7 gho/s1 b are prior to dea?4 ,"h let me introduce1 by way ( example1 a ,supreme ,be+ n ( ! l[e/ savage level4 ,metaphysically he is improv$ on 9 /atem5t1 morally he is /a9$ ) ! wor/ crimes ( ! hungry gho/-god1 or god fram$ on ! l9es ( animism4 ,?is v int]e/+ ,supreme ,be+1 9 a middle b>b>ic race1 is ! ,polynesian ,taa-roa1 z describ$ by ,ellis 9 t fasc9at+ book ',polynesian ,rese>*es4'#ci ',sev]al ( _! taata-pa>i1 or wise m51 pret5d t1 accord+ to o!r traditions1 ,taa-roa 0 only a man :o 0 deifi$ aft] dea?4' ,euhem]ism1 9 fact1 is a natural !ory ( m5 acqua9t$ ) ance/or-wor%ip1 b a ,euhem]i/ic hypo!sis by a ,polynesian ?9k] is n a /atem5t ( national belief4 ,taa-roa 0 'uncreat$1 exi/+ f ! beg9n+1 or f ! "t he em]ges f ! po1 or _w ( d>kness4' ,9 ! ,leew>d ,isles ,taa-roa 0 ,toivi1 fa!rless & mo!rless f all et]nity4 ,9 ! highe/ heav5s he dwells alone4 ,he creat$ ! gods ( poly!ism1 ! gods ( w>1 ( peace1 & s on4 ,says a native hymn1 ',he 03 he abode 9 ! void4 ,no e>?1 no sky1 no m56 ,he became ! univ]se4' ,9 ! ,w9dw>d ,isles he has a wife1 ,papa ! rock ,papa1 ,e>?1 wife ( ,rangi1 ,heav51 9 ,maori my?ology4 ,?us x may be argu$1 ,taa-roa is no 'primaeval !i/ic idea1' b m]ely ! ,heav5-,god 7,ouranos 9 ,greece74 ,b we may di/+ui%3 9 ! ,zui hymn we h ! my? ( ! m>riage ( ,heav5 & ,e>?1 b ,heav5 is n ! ,et]nal1 ,awonawilona1 :o '?\ght himself out into ! void1' be=e :i*1 z 9 ! ,polynesian hymn1 '!re 0 no sky4'#dj ,:5ce came ! idea ( ,taa-roa8 ,! ,euhem]i/ic !ory t he 0 a gho/ ( a dead man is absurd4 ,b z we are n[ among poly!i/s x may be argu$ t1 giv5 a cr[d ( gods on ! animi/ic model1 an orig9 _h to be f\nd = !m1 & t orig9 0 ,taa-roa4 ,?is w\ld be m plausible if we did n f9d ,supreme ,be+s :]e !re is no dep>tm5tal poly!ism to develop !m out (4 ,9 ,tahiti1 ,atuas are gods1 ,oramutuas tiis are spirits2 ! *ief ( ! spirits 7 gho/s ( w>riors4 ,^! 7 mis*iev\s3 !y1 _! images1 & ! skulls ( ! dead ne$$ propitiation1 & ^! ideas 7p]haps7 7 reflect$ on to ,taa-roa1 to :om human victims 7 sacrific$4#da ,n[ ?is k9d ( horror1 human sacrifice1 is unkn[n1 ,i ?9k1 9 e>ly savage religions ( ,supreme ,be+s1 z 9 ,au/ralia1 among ! ,bu%m51 ! ,&amanese1 & s on4 ,i !re=e sugge/ t 9 an advanc$ poly!ism1 su* z t ( ,polynesia1 ! evil sacrificial rites unpractis$ by l[ savages come to be atta*$ to ! wor%ip ev5 ( ! ,supreme ,be+4 ,gho/s & gho/-gods dem&$ food1 & food 0 !re=e also (f]$ to ! ,supreme ,be+4 ,x 0 f\nd difficult1 or impossible1 to induce ,*ri/ian conv]ts1 9 ,polynesia1 to repeat ! old pray]s4 ,!y began1 trembl$1 & ab/a9$4 ,!y _h a ritual '= almo/ e act ( _! lives1' a ?+ unfamili> to l[ savages4 ,9 fact1 beyond all d\bt1 religi\s crim9al acts1 f human sacrifice to ! burn+ ( ,jeanne d',arc1 increase z religion & culture move away f ! /age ( ,bu%m5 & ,&amanese to ! /age ( ,aztec & ,polynesian culture4 ,! ,supreme ,be+ is succe$$ 9 advanc+ civilisation1 & "u ! influ5ces ( animism1 by ru?less & insatiable gho/-gods1 full ( ! wor/ human qualities4 ,?us !re is :at we may really call deg5]ation1 moral & religi\s1 inevitably accompany+ e>ly progress4 ,t ?is is ! case1 t ! fir/ advances 9 culture necess>ily introduce religi\s deg5]ation1 we %all n[ try to demon/rate4 ,b we may obs]ve1 9 pass+1 t our array ( moral or augu/ savage supreme be+s 7! fir/ :o came to h&7 w1 = "s reason1 n be f\nd 9 an?ropological treatises on ! ,orig9 ( ,religion4 ,!y appe>1 someh[1 to h be5 ov]look$ by philosoph]s4 ,yet ! evid5ce = !m is suffici5tly good4 ,its excell5ce is prov$ by its v uni=mity1 assur$ly undesign$4 ,an old1 nay1 an obsolete !ory--t ( deg5]ation 9 religion--has facts at its basis1 :i* its v support]s h ignor$1 :i* or?odoxy has ov]look$4 ,?us ! ,rev4 ,pr(essor ,fl9t in=ms ! audi5ce 9 ! ,ca!dral ( ,/4 ,giles's1 t1 9 ! religions 'at ! bottom ( ! religi\s scale1' 'x is always easy to see h[ wret*$ly ! div9e is conceiv$ (2 h[ little consci\s ( 8 own true wants 444 is ! poor wor%ipp]4' ,! poor wor%ipp] ( ,baiame wi%es to obey ,8 ,law1 :i* makes1 to "s ext5t1 = righte\sness4#db ,footnote #a3 ,9 ,p9k]ton1 xiii4 pp4 #ac1 #ci2 ,prim4 ,cult4 ii4 #cdb4 ,footnote #b3 ,see ,preface to ?is edition = correct$ /atem5t4 ,footnote #c3 ,my?s ( ! ,new ,_w1 p4 #dg4 ,footnote #d3 ,!re is a description ( ,virg9ia1 by ,w4 ,/ra*ey1 includ+ ,smi?'s rem>ks1 publi%$ 9 #afab4 ,/ra*ey int]wove "s ( ?is "w ) 8 own ,,ms4 9 ! ,briti% ,museum1 d$icat$ to ,bacon 7,v]ulam74 ,?is ,,ms4 0 edit$ by ,mr4 ,major1 = ! ,hakluyt ,society1 9 #ahdi1 ) a gloss>y1 by ,/ra*ey1 ( ! native language4 ,! rem>ks on religion are 9 ,*apt] ,,vii4 ,! passage on ,ahone occurs 9 ,/ra*ey 7#afab71 b n 9 ,smi? 7#afhb71 9 ,p9k]ton4 ,i owe to ! k9dness ( ,mr4 ,edmund ,gosse photographs ( ! draw+s accompany+ ! ,,ms4 ,/ra*ey's /ory ( sacrifice ( *ildr5 7pp4 #id1 #ie7 seems to ref] to no?+ worse ?an ! initiation into ! my/]ies4 ,footnote #e3 ,see ,br9ton1 ,my?s ( ! ,new ,_w1 = a philological !ory4 ,footnote #f3 ,comp>e ',! ,fire ,walk' 9 ,mod]n ,my?ology4 ,footnote #g3 ,comp>e ,/4 ,augu/9e's curi\s anecdote 9 ,de ,cura pro ,mortuis hab5da ab\t ! dead & reviv$ ,curio4 ,! f\nd] ( ! new ,si\x religion1 bas$ on hypnotism1 'di$' & recov]$4 ,footnote #h3 ,cf4 ,demet]4 ,footnote #i3 ,major ,nor?1 = long ! ,u4,s4 ,sup]9t5d5t ( ! ,pawnees4 ,footnote #aj3 ,s*oolcraft1 iii4 #bcg4 ,footnote #aa3 ,z envisag$ "h1 ,n-pi is n a _s4 ,! "q ( _s or non-_s has n aris54 ,s f>1 ,n-pi answ]s to ,m>rang>rah1 ! ,creative ,be+ ( ! ,l>rakeah tribe ( ,au/ralians4 ',a v good ,man call$ ,m>rang>rah lives 9 ! sky2 he made all liv+ creatures1 except black fell[s4 ,he made ev]y?+4444 ,he nev] dies1 & likes all black fell[s4' ,he has a demiurge1 ,daw$ 7,mr4 ,foels*e1 apud ,dr4 ,/irl+1 ,j4,a4,i41 ,nov4 #ahid1 p4 #aia74 ,x is curi\s to obs]ve h[ savage cre$s (t5 %ift ! responsibility = evil f ! ,supreme ,creator1 entirely b5efic5t1 on to a subord9ate deity4 ,footnote #ab3 ,gr9nell's ,blackfoot ,lodge-,tales & ,pawnee ,h]o ,/ories4 ,footnote #ac3 ,g>cilasso1 i4 #aja4 ,footnote #ad3 ,op4 cit4 i4 #ajf4 ,footnote #ae3 ,f all ?is we might conjecture1 l ,mr4 ,prescott1 t ! ,incas borr[$ ,pa*acamac f ! ,yuncas1 & e!realis$ 8 religion4 ,b ,mr4 ,clem5ts ,m>kham po9ts out t ',pa*acamac is a pure ,qui*ua ^w4' ,footnote #af3 ,g>cilasso1 ii4 #ddf1 #ddg4 ,footnote #ag3 ,cieza de ,leon4 p4#bec ,footnote #ah3 ,m>kham's translation1 p4 #bec4 ,footnote #ai3 ,rites & ,laws ( ! ,yncas1 ,m>kham's translation1 p4 vii4 ,footnote #bj3 ,rites1 p4 #f4 ,g>cilasso1 i4 #aji4 ,footnote #ba3 ,rites1 p4 #aa4 ,footnote #bb3 ,comp>e ,reports on ,discov]y ( ,p]u1 ,introduction4 ,footnote #bc3 ,rites1 p4 xv4 ,footnote #bd3 ,"l ,ailesbury's ,memoirs4 ,footnote #be3 ,g>cilasso1 ii4 #fh4 ,footnote #bf3 ,cieza de ,leon1 p4 #ceg4 ,footnote #bg3 ,rites1 pp4 #bh1 #bi4 ,footnote #bh3 ,aco/a1 lib4 vi4 *4 #ba3 ,g>cilasso4 ii4 #hh1 #hi4 ,footnote #bi3 ,rites1 p4 #ab4 ,footnote #cj3 ,ibid4 p4#ed4 ,footnote #ca3 ,prim4 ,cult4 ii1 #ccg1 #cch4 ,footnote #cb3 ,rites1 p4 #bi4 ,footnote #cc3 ,g>cilasso1 ii4 #fi4 ,footnote #cd3 ,rites & ,laws1 p4 #ia et seq4 ,footnote #ce3 ,payne1 i4 #aci4 ,footnote #cf3 ,op4 cit4 i4 #dfh4 ,mr4 ,payne absolutely rejects ,ixtlilo*itl's /ory ( ! mono!ism ( ,nezahualcoyotl2 ',torquemada kn[s no?+ ( x1' i4 #dij4 ,footnote #cg3 ,cu%+1 ,report1 ,e?nol4 ,bureau1 #ahia-ib1 p4 #cgi4 ,footnote #ch3 ,j4,a4,i4 ,may #ahie1 pp4 #cda-cdd4 ,footnote #ci3 ii4 #aia1 #ahbi4 ,footnote #dj3 ,prim4 ,cult4 ii4 #cde1 #cdf4 ,ellis1 ii4 #aic4 ,footnote #da3 ,ellis1 ii4 #bba4 ,footnote #db3 ,! ,fai?s ( ,! ,_w1 p4 #dac4 ,,xv ,,! ,,old ,,deg5]ation ,,!ory ,if any p>tisan ( ! an?ropological !ory has read s f> into ?is argum5t1 he w (t5 h murmur$ to himself1 ',! old deg5]ation !ory6' ,on ?is ,dr4 ,br9ton rem>k$ 9 #ahfh3 ',! supposition t 9 anci5t times & 9 v un5light5$ conditions1 be=e my?ology _h gr[n1 a mono!ism prevail$ :i* aft]w>ds1 at v>i\s times1 0 reviv$ by re=m]s1 is a belief t %\ld h pass$ away :5 ! delights ( savage life & ! praises ( a /ate ( nature ceas$ to be ! !me ( philosoph]s#a4' ',! old deg5]ation !ory' practically1 & fallaci\sly1 resolv$ itself1 z ,mr4 ,tylor says1 into two assumptions--'fir/1 t ! hi/ory ( culture began ) ! appe>ance on e>? ( a semi-civilis$ race ( m52 & second1 t f ?is /age culture has proce$$ 9 two ways--backw>d to produce savages1 & =w>d to produce civilis$ m5#b4' ,t hypo!sis is false to all our k ( evolution4 ,! hypo!sis "h provisionally advocat$ makes no assumptions at all4 ,x is a positive fact t among "s ( ! l[e/ savages !re exi/s1 n a doctr9al & ab/ract ,mono!ism1 b a belief 9 a moral1 p[]ful1 k9dly1 creative ,be+1 :ile ?is fai? is f\nd 9 juxtaposition ) belief 9 unwor%ipp$ gho/s1 totems1 feti%es1 & s on4 ,! p[]ful creative ,be+ ( savage belief sanctions tru?1 unselfi%ness1 loyalty1 *a/ity1 & o!r virtues4 ,i h set =? ! difficulties involv$ 9 ! attempt to d]ive ?is ,be+ f gho/s & o!r l[] =ms ( belief4 ,n[1 x is m]e matt] ( fact1 & n ( assumption1 t ! ,supreme ,be+ ( _m r high] savages diff]s f ! ,supreme ,be+ ( c]ta9 l[] savages by ! neglect 9 :i* he is left1 by ! epicurean repose ) :i* he is cr$it$1 & by 8 comp>ative lack ( moral control ov] human conduct4 ,9 8 place a mob ( gho/s & spirits1 suppos$ to be pot5t & helpful 9 ev]yday life1 attract m5's reg>d & adoration1 & get paid by sacrifice--ev5 by human sacrifice4 ,turn+ to races yet high] 9 mat]ial culture1 we f9d a cr[d ( hungry & cruel gods4 ,on ?is po9t ,mr4 ,jevons rem>ks1 9 accordance ) my own obs]vation1 t 'human sacrifice appe>s at a mu* e>li] p]iod 9 ! rites = ! dead ?an x does 9 ! ritual ( ! gods4'#c ,! dead *ief ne$s s]vants & wives 9 ,hades1 :o are (f]$ to him4 ,! ,au/ralians h "s elem5ts ( cannibalism1 b d n1 z a g5]al rule1 (f] any human victims4 ,s f>1 !n1 ance/or-wor%ip introduc$ a sadly 'deg5]ate' rite1 comp>$ ) ! moral fai? 9 unf$ gods4 ,to gods ! human sacrifice 0 probably ext5d$ 79 "s cases7 ei!r by a cannibal civilis$ race1 l ! ,aztecs1 or by way ( piacula1 ! god be+ conciliat$ = man's s9 by ! (f]+ ( :at man mo/ priz$1 ! 'jeal\sy' ( ! god be+ appeas$ 9 a simil> way4 ,b ^! are relatively advanc$ conceptions1 n to be f\nd1 to my k1 among ! l[e/ & mo/ backw>d races4 ,!re=e1 advance to ! idea ( _s at "o po9t1 meant deg5]ation at ano!r po9t1 to ! ext5t ( human sacrifice4 ,?us1 on look+ at relatively advanc$ races1 we f9d !m wor%ipp+ poly!i/ic deities & gho/s ( ! k+s j dead1 :o are (t5 propitiat$ by t]rible massacres ( human victims1 :ile1 z 9 ! case ( ,taa-roa1 ! blood spurts back ev5 on ! uncreat$ ,creator1 :o 0 be=e e>? 01 or sea1 sun1 or sky4 ,und5iably ! hungry1 cruel gods are deg5]ate f ! ,au/ralian ,fa!r 9 ,heav51 :o receives no sacrifice b t ( m5's lu/s & selfi%ness2 :o desires ob$i5ce1 n ! fat ( kang>oos2 :o ne$s no?+ ( ours2 is unf$ & unbrib$4 ,?us1 9 ?is p>ticul> respect ! deg5]ation ( religion f ! ,au/ralian or ,&amanese to ! ,d9ka /&>d--& inf9itely m to ! ,polynesian1 or ,aztec1 or popul> ,greek /&>d--is z und5iable z any fact 9 human hi/ory4 ,an?ropology has only escap$ ! k ( ?is circum/ance by lay+ d[n ! rule1 demon/rably unbas$ on facts1 t '! div9e sanction ( e?ical laws 444 belongs almo/ or :olly to religions above ! savage level1 n to ! e>li] & l[] cre$s2' t 'savage ,animism is almo/ devoid ( t e?ical elem5t :i* to ! educat$ mod]n m9d is ! v ma9spr+ ( practical religion4'#d ,i h argu$1 inde$1 t ! ,god ( l[ savages :o imp>ts ! div9e sanction ( e?ical laws is n ( animi/ic orig94 ,b ev5 :]e ,mr4 ,im ,?urn f9ds1 9 ,guiana1 no?+ b ,animism ( ! l[e/ conceivable type1 he also f9ds 9 t ,animism ! only or mo/ pot5t moral re/ra9t on ! conduct ( m54 ,:ile ,an?ropology holds ! c]ta9ly errone\s idea t ! religion ( ! mo/ backw>d races is always non-moral1 ( c\rse %e _c "k t !re has1 9 fact1 be5 great deg5]ation 9 religion 7if religion began on ! ,au/ralian & ,&amanese level1 or ev5 high]7 :]ev] religion is non-moral or immoral4 ,aga91 ,an?ropology1 :ile fix+ h] gaze on totems1 on wor%ipp$ mummies1 ador$ gho/s1 & treasur$ feti%es1 has n1 to my k1 made a comp>ative /udy ( ! high] & pur] religi\s ideas ( savages4 ,^! h be5 pass$ by1 ) a ^w ab\t cr$ul\s mission>ies & ,*ri/ian influ5ces1 except 9 ! brief summ>y = :i* ,mr4 ,tylor f\nd room4 ,9 ?is "w ,i only take a h&ful ( cases ( ! high] religi\s op9ions ( savages1 & set !m side by side = purposes ( comp>ison4 ,mu* m rema9s to be done 9 ?is field4 ,b ! area cov]$ is wide1 ! evid5ce is ! be/ atta9able1 & x seems prov$ beyond d\bt t savages h 'felt aft]' a conception ( a ,creator mu* high] ?an t = :i* !y commonly get cr$it4 ,n[1 if t conception is orig9al1 or is v e>ly 7& no?+ 9 x sugge/s lat5ess ( developm5t71 !n ! o!r elem5ts ( _! fai? & practice are deg5]ate4 ',h[1' x has be5 ask$1 'c\ld all mank9d =get a pure religion8'#e ,t is :at ,i n[ try to expla94 ,t deg5]ation ,i w\ld acc\nt = by ! attractions :i* animism1 :5 once develop$1 possess$ = ! naughty natural man1 '! old ,adam4' ,a moral creator 9 ne$ ( no gifts1 & oppos$ to lu/ & mis*ief1 w n help a man ) love-spells1 or ) malevol5t 's5d+s' ( disease by wit*craft2 w n fav\r "o man above 8 neighb\r1 or "o tribe above its rivals1 z a rew>d = sacrifice :i* he does n accept1 or z con/ra9$ by *>ms :i* d n t\* 8 omnipot5ce4 ,gho/s & gho/-gods1 on ! o!r h&1 9 ne$ ( food & blood1 afraid ( spells & b9d+ *>ms1#f are a corrupt1 b1 to man1 a useful con/itu5cy4 ,man be+ :at he is1 man 0 c]ta9 to 'g a-:or+' aft] practically useful gho/s1 gho/-gods1 & feti%es :i* he c\ld keep 9 8 wallet or m$ic9e bag4 ,= ^! he 0 sure1 9 ! long run1 fir/ to neglect 8 idea ( 8 ,creator2 next1 p]haps1 to reckon ,him z only "o1 if ! highe/1 ( ! v5al rabble ( spirits or deities1 & to sacrifice to ,him1 z to !m4 ,& ?is is exactly :at happ5$6 ,if we are n to call x 'deg5]ation1' :at are we to call x8 ,x may be an old !ory1 b facts 'w9na d+1' & are on ! side ( an old !ory4 ,mean:ile1 on ! mat]ial plane1 culture kept advanc+1 ! crafts & arts arose2 dep>tm5ts arose1 ea* ne$+ a god2 ?\ght grew cle>]2 su* admirable e?ics z ^? ( ! ,aztecs 7 develop$1 & :ile ble$+ human he>ts smok$ on e alt>1 ,nezahuatl conceiv$ & erect$ a bloodless fane to ',! ,unkn[n ,god1 ,cause ( ,causes1' )\t alt> or idol2 & ! ,inca1 ,yupanqui1 or ano!r1 decl>$ t ',our ,fa!r & ,ma/]1 ! ,sun1 mu/ h a ,"l4'#g ,b1 at ?is /age ( culture1 ! luck ( ! /ate1 & ! int]e/s ( a ri* & p[]ful cl]gy1 7 involv$ 9 ! ma9t5ance ( ! old1 animi/ic1 relatively non-moral sy/em1 z 9 ,cuzco1 ,greece1 & ,rome4 ,t popul> & political reg>d = ! luck ( ! /ate1 t prie/ly self-int]e/ 7q natural71 c\ld only be swept away by ! moral mono!ism ( ,*ri/ianity or ( ,islam4 ,no?+ else c\ld d x4 ,9 ! case ( ,*ri/ianity1 ! c5tral & mo/ pot5t ( _m comb9$ influ5ces1 ap>t f ! ,life & ,dea? ( ,our ,"l1 0 ! moral ,mono!ism ( ! ,hebrew religion ( ,jehovah4 ,n[1 x is und5iable t ,jehovah1 at a c]ta9 p]iod ( ,hebrew hi/ory1 _h become degrad$ & an?ropomorphiz$1 f> bel[ ,d>umulun1 & ,puluga1 & ,pa*acamac1 & ,ahone1 z conceiv$ ( 9 _! pure/ =m1 & 9 ! high mood ( savage my/]ies :i* yet conta9 s mu* t is grotesque4 ,ev5 ! ,big ,black ,man ( ! ,fuegians is on a high] level 7z we reckon morals71 :5 he =bids ! slay+ ( a robb] enemy1 ?an c]ta9 examples ( e>ly ,hebrew conduct4 ,b our k ( ! ,fuegians is lam5tably scanty4 ,aga91 traces ( human sacrifice appe> 9 ! ritual ( ,israel1 & x is only relatively late t ! great prophets1 ju/ly decl>+ ,jehovah to be indiff]5t to ! blood ( bulls & rams1 try to br+ back 8 s]vice to t ( ! unpropitiat$1 unb\ght ,d5did1 or ,ahone1 or ,pundjel4 ,"h is deg5]ation1 ev5 9 ,israel4 ,h[ ! conception ( ,jehovah arose 9 ,israel1 :e!r x 0 a revival ( a half-oblit]at$ idea1 su* z we f9d among l[ savages2 or :e!r x 0 borr[$ f "s =eign cre$2 or 0 ! result ( m$itation on ! philosophical ,supreme ,be+ ( high ,egyptian !ology1 is ano!r "q4 ,! ,biblical /atem5t leans to ! fir/ alt]native4 ,jehovah1 n by t "n1 _h be5 ! ,god ( ,israel's fa!rs4 ,! "q w be discuss$ lat]2 b1 unless new facts are discov]$1 we mu/ accept ! v]sion ( ! ,p5tateu*1 or take refuge 9 conjecture4 ,n only is !re deg5]ation f ! ,au/ralian conception ( ,mungan-gnaur1 at its be/1 to ! conception ( ! ,semitic gods 9 g5]al1 b1 'humanly speak+1' if religion began 9 a pure =m among l[ savages1 deg5]ation 0 inevitable4 ,advanc+ social conditions compell$ m5 into deg5]ation4 ,mungan-ngaur is1 s f>1 9 l9e ) our own ideas ( div9ity because he is n localis$4 ,he dwelle? n 9 temples made ) h&s2 x is n likely t he %\ld1 :5 8 wor%ipp]s h nei!r h\se1 t5t1 nor tab]nacle4 ,z ,mr4 ,rob]tson ,smi? says1 ':]e ! ,god _h a h\se or a temple1 we recognise ! "w ( m5 :o 7 no long] pure nomads1 b _h begun to =m fix$ homes4' ,by ! nature ( ,au/ralian society1 a deity c\ld n be ti$ to a temple1 & temple-ritual1 & consequ5t my?s to expla9 t ritual1 c\ld n arise4 ,nor c\ld ,d>umulun be atta*$ to a di/rict1 j z '! nomad ,arabs c\ld n assimilate ! conception ( a god z a l&-own]1 & apply x to _! own tribal deities1 = ! simple reason t 9 ! des]t private prop]ty 9 l& 0 unkn[n4'#h ,d>umulun is ?us n capable ( deg5]at+ into 'a local god1 z ,baal1 or "l ( ! l&1' because ?is 'involves a s]ies ( ideas unkn[n to ! primitive life ( ! savage huntsman1' l ! widely spread ,murr+ tribes4#i ,nor c\ld ,d>umulun be ti$ d[n to a place 9 ,semitic fa%ion1 fir/ by manife/+ himself !re1 !re=e by receiv+ an alt> ( sacrifice !re1 & 9 ! end a sanctu>y1 = ,d>umulun receives no sacrifice at all4 ,aga91 ! sc5e ( ! ,bora c\ld n become a p]man5t home ( ,d>umulun1 because1 :5 ! rites are ov]1 ! effigy ( ! god is scrupul\sly de/roy$4 ,?us ,d>umulun1 9 8 own abode 'beyond ! sky1' c 'g ev]y:]e & d ev]y?+' 7is omnipres5t & omnipot5t71 dwells 9 no e>?ly places1 has no temple1 nor tab]nacle1 nor sacr$ m\nt1 nor1 l ,jehovah1 any limit ( l&4#aj ,! e>ly ,hebrew conception ( ,jehovah1 !n1 is inf9itely m condition$1 practically1 by space1 ?an ! ,supreme ,be+1 ',! ,ma/]1' 9 ! conception ( "s ,au/ralian blacks4 ',by a prophet l ,isaiah ! resid5ce ( ,jehovah 9 ,zion is almo/ :olly demat]ialis$4444 ,conceiv+ ,jehovah z ! ,k+ ( ,israel1 he necess>ily conceives ,8 k+ly activity z go+ =? f ! capital ( ! nation4'#aa ,b nomad hunt] tribes1 ) no ance/or-wor%ip1 no k+ & no capital1 _c l[] _! deity by ! conditions1 or limit him by ! limitations1 ( an e>?ly mon>*y4 ,9 precisely ! same way1 ,major ,ellis proves ! deg5]ation ( deity 9 ,africa1 s f> z be+ localis$ 9 place ( be+ ! ,univ]sal ,god1 implies deg5]ation1 z x c]ta9ly does to our m9ds4 ,by be+ atta*$ to a giv5 hill or riv] '! gods1 in/ead ( be+ reg>d$ z be+ int]e/$ 9 ! :ole ( mank9d1 w\ld ev5tually come to be reg>d$ z be+ int]e/$ 9 sep>ate tribes or nations alone4' ,to u ,milton seems nobly ,*auv9i/ic :5 he talks ( :at ,god has done by ',8 ,engli%4' ,b ?is localis$ & ess5tially deg5]ate conception 0 inevitable1 z soon z1 9 advanc+ civilisation1 ! god :o _h be5 'int]e/$ 9 ! :ole ( kn[n mank9d' 0 settl$ on a hill1 riv]1 or lagoon1 amid/ a nation ( wor%ipp]s4 ,9 ! c\rse ( ! education ( mank9d1 ?is =m ( deg5]ation 7ab/ractly s consid]$7 0 to "w1 z no?+ else c\ld h work$1 t[>ds ! l(ty conception ( univ]sal ,deity4 ,= t conception 0 only br\ght into practical religion 7z ap>t f philosophic speculation7 by ! union betwe5 ,israel & ! ,god ( ,s9ai & ,zion4 ,! ,prophets1 recognis+ 9 ! ,god ( ,s9ai1 _! nation's ,god--,"o to :om righte\sness 0 inf9itely de>] ?an ev5 8 ,*os5 ,p--fre$ ! conception ( ,god f local ties1 & made x ov]spread ! _w4 ,mr4 ,rob]tson ,smi? has po9t$ out1 aga91 ! mann] 9 :i* ! diff]5t political developm5t ( ,ea/ & ,we/ affect$ ! religion ( ,greece & ( ! ,semites4 ,9 ,greece1 mon>*y fell1 at an e>ly p]iod1 be=e ! ari/ocratic h\ses4 ,! result 0 'a div9e ari/ocracy ( _m gods1 only modifi$ by a weak rem9isc5ce ( ! old k+%ip 9 ! n v effective sov]eignty' 7or prytany7 '( ,zeus4 ,9 ! ,ea/ ! national god t5d$ to acquire a really mon>*ic sway4'#ab ,au/ralia escap$ poly!i/ic deg5]acy by hav+ no ari/ocracy1 z 9 ,polynesia1 :]e ari/ocracy1 z 9 e>ly ,greece1 _h develop$ poly!ism4 ,gho/s & spirits ! ,au/ralians knew1 b n poly!i/ic gods1 nor dep>tm5tal deities1 z ( w>1 agriculture1 art4 ,! savage _h no agriculture1 & 8 social condition 0 n dep>tm5tal4 ,9 yet ano!r way1 political advance produces religi\s deg5]ation1 if poly!ism be deg5]ation f ! conception ( "o relatively supreme moral be+4 ,to make a nation1 sev]al tribes mu/ unite4 ,ea* has its god1 & ! nation is apt to receive !m all1 equally1 into its ,pan!on4 ,?us1 if wor%ipp]s ( ,baiame1 ,pundjel1 & ,d>umulun coalesc$ into a nation1 we might f9d all ?ree gods liv+ toge!r 9 a new poly!ism4 ,9 fact1 grant+ a relatively pure />t+-po9t1 deg5]ation f x mu/ accompany e /ep ( civilisation1 to a c]ta9 di/ance4 ,unlike ,semitic gods1 ,d>umulun receives no sacrifice4 ,z we h said1 he has no k9 ) gho/s1 & _! sacrifices c\ld n be c>ri$ on into 8 cult1 if ,waitz-,g]l& 7vi4 #haa7 are "r 9 say+ t ! ,au/ralians h no ance/or-wor%ip4 ,! ,kurnai gho/s '7 believ$ to live ^u plants1'#ac :i* are n (f]$ to !m4 ,*ill gho/s1 unf$ by m51 w\ld come to wan+ camp-fires & batt5 on ! brok5 meats4 ,! ,ng>ego & ,wolgal held1 m h&somely1 t ,?>amulun 7,d>umulun7 met ! j dep>t$ _s '& conduct$ x to its future home beyond ! sky4'#ad ,gho/s might also accompany relics ( ! body1 su* z ! dead h&1 c>ri$ ab\t by ! family1 :o w\ld wave ! black fragm5t at ! dread$ ,aurora ,borealis1 cry+1 ',s5d x away6' ,i am unacqua9t$ ) any sacrifices to ance/ral gho/s among ?is p :o _c long rememb] _! ance/ors1 consequ5tly ! practice has n be5 refract$ on _! supreme ,ma/]'s cult4 ,9 ! cult ( ,d>umulun1 & ( o!r highe/ gods ( l[e/ savages1 no?+ answ]s to ! ,hebrew te*nical prie/ly ^w = sacrifice1 'food ( ! deity4'#ae ,nobody fe$s ,puluga1 nobody f$ ,ahone4 ,we he> ( no ,fuegian sacrifices4 ,mr4 ,rob]tson ,smi? says3 ',9 all religions 9 :i* ! gods h be5 develop$ out ( totems wor%ipp$ animals & o!r ?+s reg>d$ z ak9 to human /ocks ! ritual act ( lay+ food be=e ! deity is p]fectly intelligible4' ,pundjel1 an ,au/ralian ,supreme ,be+1 is mix$ up ) animals 9 "s my?s1 b x is n easy to see h[ su* ,supreme ,be+s z he c\ld be 'develop$ out ( totems'6 ,i am n aw>e1 aga91 t any ,au/ralian tribe fe$s ! animals :o are its totems1 s ,d>umulun c\ld n1 & did n inh]it sacrifice ?r\gh !m4 ,mr4 ,rob]tson ,smi? _h a celebrat$ !ory t c]eal sacrifice is a tribute to a god1 :ile sacrifice ( a bea/ or man is an act ( communion ) ! god4#af ,m5 & gods d9$ toge!r4#ag ',! god himself 0 conceiv$ ( z a be+ ( ! same /ock z 8 comrades4' ,bea/s 7 also ( ! same /ock1 "o bea/1 say a lob/]1 0 ( ! same blood z a lob/] k91 & its god4#ah ,occasionally ! sacr$ bea/ ( ! k91 usually n to be sla9 or ta/$1 is 'eat5 z a k9d ( my/ic sacram5t a mo/ dubi\s fact4'#ai ,n[1 !re is1 ,i believe1 "s evid5ce1 lately collect$ if n publi%$1 :i* makes 9 fav\r ( ! eat+ ( totems by ,au/ralians1 at a c]ta9 v r>e & solemn my/]y4 ,x w\ld n ev5 surprise me 7'f in=mation receiv$'7 if a v deeply initiat$ p]son 7 occasionally sla91 z ! highe/ degree ( initiation1 on c]ta9 mo/ unusual occasions4 ,?is rema9s unc]ta91 b ,i h at pres5t no evid5ce t1 ei!r by "o road or ano!r1 ei!r f gho/-fe$+ or totem-fe$+1 or fe$+ on totems1 any ,au/ralian ,supreme ,be+ receives any sacrifice at all4 ,mu* less1 z among ,pawnees & ,semitic peoples 7to judge f c]ta9 traces71 is ! ,au/ralian ,supreme ,be+ a cause ( & p>tak] 9 human sacrifice4#bj ,! horrible idea ( ! ,man :o is ! ,god1 & is eat5 9 ! ,god's hon\r1 occurs among poly!i/ic ,aztecs1 on a high level ( mat]ial culture1 n among ,au/ralians1 ,&amanese1 ,bu%m51 or ,fuegians4#ba ,?us1 9 religion1 ! ,d>umulun1 or o!r ,supreme ,be+ ( ! l[e/ kn[n savages1 m5 roam+ wild1 :5 orig9ally met1 on a cont95t peopl$ by old] k9ds ( animals ?an ours1 0 7z we reg>d purity7 on a high] plane by f> ?an ! gods ( ,greeks & ,semites 9 _! e>lie/ kn[n my?s4 ,sett+ my?ology aside & look+ only at cult1 ! ,god ( ! ,murr+ or ! ,kurnai1 ^: precepts s(t5 ! he>t1 :o kn[s ! he>t's secrets1 :o inculcates *a/ity1 respect ( age1 unselfi%ness1 :o is n b\nd by conditions ( space or place1 :o receives no blood ( slaught]$ man or bea/1 is a conception f :i* ! ord9>y poly!i/ic gods ( inf9itely m polite peoples are frankly deg5]ate4 ,! animi/ic sup]/itions wildly bas$ on ! belief 9 ! s\l h n soil$ him1 & ! social conditions ( ari/ocracy1 agriculture1 ar*itecture1 h n made him "o 9 a poly!i/ic cr[d ( rapaci\s gods1 nor fett]$ him z a ,baal to 8 e/ate1 nor localis$ him 9 a temple built ) h&s4 ,he _c appe> z a ',god ( ,battles2' no ,te ,deum c be sung to him = victory 9 a cause p]haps unju/1 = he is ! ,supreme ,be+ ( a c]ta9 gr\p ( alli$ local tribes4 ,"o ( ^! tribes has no m int]e/ ) him ?an ano!r1 & ! :ole gr\p d n1 z a body1 wage w> on ano!r ali5 gr\p4 ,! social conditions ( 8 wor%ipp]s1 !n1 pres]ve ,d>umulun f ! pat5t blots on ! escut*eon ( gods among mu* m advanc$ races4 ,once m1 ! idea ( ,animism admits ( endless expansion4 ,a _s c be locat$ any:]e1 9 any /one1 /ick1 bu%1 p]son1 hill1 or riv]4 ,a god made on ! animi/ic model c be assign$ to any dep>tm5t ( human activity1 d[n to sports1 or lu/s1 or ! prov9ce ( ,cloac9a4 ,?us religion becomes a m]e haunt$ & pe/il5tial jungle ( beliefs4 ,b ! !i/ic conception1 :5 n yet envisag$ z spiritual1 _c be subdivid$ & p>pill4 ,?us1 f e po9t ( view1 & on e side1 ,animism is full ( ! se$s ( religi\s deg5]ation1 :i* d n & _c exi/ 9 :at ,i take to be ! e>lie/ kn[n =m ( ! !i/ic conception3 t ( a ,be+ ab\t ^: metaphysical nature--_s or n _s--no que/ions 7 ask$1 z ,dr4 ,br9ton long ago rem>k$4 ,t conception alone c\ld nei!r supply ! moral motive ( 'a s\l to be sav$1' nor satisfy ! metaphysical in/9ct ( advanc+ mank9d4 ,to meet ^! wants1 to supply 's\l1' ) its moral /imulus1 & to provide a phrase or idea "u :i* ! ,deity c\ld be envisag$ 7i4e4 z a _s7 by advanc+ ?\ght1 ,animism 0 necess>y4 ,! bl5d+ ( ! !i/ic & ! animi/ic beliefs 0 indisp5sable to religion4 ,b1 9 ! process ( animi/ic developm5t "u advanc+ social conditions1 deg5]ation 0 necess>ily impli$4 ,deg5]ation ( ! !i/ic conception = a :ile1 !re=e1 occurr$4 ,! facts are ! pro(s2 & only contradictory facts1 9 suffici5t quantity1 c annihilate ! old !ory ( ,deg5]ation :5 x is pres5t$ 9 ?is =m4 ,x ma/ be repeat$ t on ?is !ory an explanation is giv5 ( :at ! old ,deg5]ation hypo!sis does n expla94 ,grant+ a primal religion relatively pure 9 its beg9n+s1 :y did x deg5]ate8 ,mr4 ,max ,mullet1 look+ on religion z ! developm5t ( ! s5tim5t ( ! ,inf9ite1 reg>ds feti%ism z a second>y & comp>atively late =m ( belief4 ,we f9d x1 he obs]ves1 9 v>i\s =ms ( ,*ri/ianity2 ,*ri/ianity1 !re=e1 is prim>y !re1 relic wor%ip is second>y4 ,religion beg9n+1 accord+ to him1 9 ! s5se ( ! inf9ite1 z awak5$ 9 man by tall trees1 high hills1 & s on1 x advances to ! inf9ite ( space & sky1 & s to ! inf9itely div9e4 ,?is is prim>y3 feti%ism is second>y4 ,argu+ else:]e aga9/ ?is idea1 ,i h ask$3 ,:at 0 ! modus ( deg5]ation :i* produc$ simil> results 9 ,*ri/ianity1 & 9 ,african & o!r religions8 ,h[ did x "w8 ,i am n aw>e t ,mr4 ,max ,mll] has answ]$ ?is "q4 ,b h[ deg5]ation work$--namely1 by ,animism supplant+ ,!ism--is conspicu\sly pla9 on our !ory4 ,take ! e>ly *apt]s ( ,g5esis1 or any savage cosmogonic my? y please4 ,dea?less man is face to face ) ! ,creator4 ,he _c deg5]ate 9 religion4 ,he _c (f] sacrifice1 = ! ,creator obvi\sly ne$s no?+1 & aga91 z !re is no dea?1 he _c slay animals = ! ,creator4 ,b1 9 "o way or ano!r1 usually by brea* ( a taboo1 ,dea? ent]s ! _w4 ,!n comes1 by process ( evolution1 belief 9 hungry spirits1 belief 9 spirits :o may inhabit /ones or /icks2 aga9 !re arise prie/s :o "k h[ to propitiate spirits & h[ to tempt !m into /icks & /ones4 ,^! arts become lucrative & are back$ by ! clev]e/ m51 & by ! app>5t evid5ce ( prophecies by convulsion>ies4 ,?us e kn[n k9d ( deg5]ation 9 religion is inevitably introduc$ z a result ( ! !ory ( ,animism4 ,we d n ne$ an hypo!sis ( ,orig9al ,s9 z a cause ( deg5]ation1 &1 if ,mr4 ,max ,mll]'s doctr9e ( ! ,inf9ite 7 viable1 we h suppli$1 9 ,animism1 "u advanc+ social conditions1 :at he does n seem to provide1 a cause & modus ( deg5]ation4 ,feti%ism w\ld ?us be really 'second>y1' ex hypo!si1 b z we n[h]e f9d ,feti%ism alone1 )\t ! o!r elem5ts ( religion1 we _c say1 hi/orically1 :e!r x is second>y or n4 ,feti%ism logically ne$s1 9 "s ( its aspects1 ! doctr9e ( spirits1 & ,!ism1 9 :at we take to be its e>lie/ kn[n =m1 does n logically ne$ ! doctr9e ( spirits z giv5 matt]4 ,s f> we c g1 b n f>!r1 z to ! fact ( priority 9 evolution4 ,nev]!less we meet1 among ! mo/ backw>d peoples kn[n to u1 among m5 j em]g$ f ! palaeoli?ic /age ( culture1 m5 :o are involv$ 9 dread ( gho/s1 a religi\s ,idea :i* c]ta9ly is n born ( gho/-wor%ip1 = by ^! m51 ance/ral gho/s are n wor%ipp$4 ,9 _! he>ts1 on _! lips1 9 _! moral tra9+ we f9d 7h[ev] bl5d$ ) b>b>\s absurdities1 & obscur$ by rites ( ano!r orig97 ! fai? 9 a ,be+ :o creat$ or con/ruct$ ! _w2 :o 0 f "t beyond memory or conjecture2 :o is primal1 :o makes = righte\sness1 & :o loves mank9d4 ,?is ,be+ has n ! notes ( deg5]ation2 8 home is 'among ! />s1' n 9 a hill or 9 a h\se4 ,to him no alt> smokes1 & = him no blood is %$4 ',god1 t made ! _w & all ?+s !re91 see+ t ,he is "l ( heav5 & e>?1 dwelle? n 9 temples made ) h&s2 nei!r is wor%ipp$ ) m5's h&s1 z ?\gh ,he ne$$ any ?+ 444 & ha? made ( "o blood all nations ( m5 444 t !y %\ld seek ! ,"l1 if haply !y might feel aft] ,him1 & f9d ,him1 ?\gh ,he be n f> f e "o ( u3 = 9 ,him we live1 & move1 & h our be+4' ,t ! words ( ,/4 ,paul are lit]ally true1 z to ! feel+ aft] a ,god :o ne$s n any?+ at man's h&s1 ! /udy ( an?ropology seems to u to demon/rate4 ,t 9 ?is ,god 'we h our be+1' 9 s f> z some:at ( ours may escape1 at mom5ts1 f ! bonds ( ,"t & ! manacles ( ,space1 ! e>li] "p ( ?is treatise is int5d$ to sugge/1 z a ?+ by no means necess>ily beyond a reasonable man's p[] to conceive4 ,t ^! two beliefs1 h[ev] atta9$ 7a po9t on :i* we possess no positive evid5ce71 h commonly be5 subject to deg5]ation 9 ! religions ( ! _w1 is only too obvi\s4 ,s f>1 !n1 ! nature ( ?+s & ( ! reason+ faculty does n seem to give ! lie to ! old ,deg5]ation !ory4 ,to ^! conclusions1 z f> z !y are matt]s ( sci5tific op9ion1 we h be5 l$ by no?+ b ! /udy ( an?ropology4 ,footnote #a3 ,my?s ( ! ,new ,_w1 p4 #dd4 ,footnote #b3 ,prim4 ,cult4 i4 #ce4 ,footnote #c3 ,introduction1 p4 #aii2 also p4 #afa4 ,footnote #d3 ,prim4 ,cult4 ii4 #cfj1cfa4 ,footnote #e3 ,pr(4 ,m5zies1 ,hi/ory ( ,religion1 p4 #bc4 ,footnote #f3 ,greek3 legom5ai !ion anag*ai4 ,porphyry4 ,footnote #g3 ,ixtlilo*itl4 ,balboa1 ,hi/4 du ,pr\1 p4 #fb4 ,footnote #h3 ,rob]tson ,smi?1 ,religion ( ! ,semites1 pp4 #ajd1 #aje4 ,footnote #i3 ,op4 cit4 p4 #ajf4 ,footnote #aj3 ,on ! ,gl5elg "s caves & m\nta9 tops are haunt$ or holy4 ,waitz1 vi4 #hjd1 ,no au?ority cit$4 ,footnote #aa3 ,religion ( ,semites1 p4 #aaj4 ,footnote #ab3 ,rel4 ,sem4 p4 #ga4 ,footnote #ac3 ,h[itt1 ,j4,a4,t4 #ahhd1 p4 #ahg4 ,footnote #ad3 ,op4 cit4 p4 #ahh4 ,footnote #ae3 ,rel4 ,sem4 p4 #bjg4 ,footnote #af3 ,rel4 ,sem4 p4 #bbe4 ,footnote #ag3 ,op4 cit4 p4 #bdg4 ,footnote #ah3 ,op4 cit4 p4 #bfi4 ,footnote #ai3 ,op4 cit4 p4 #bgg4 ,footnote #bj3 ,op4 cit4 p4 #cdc4 ,cit+ ,g54 xxii #b ,k+s xxi4 #f1 ,micah vi4 #g1 #b ,k+s iii4 #bg4 ,footnote #ba3 ,i mean1 does n occur to my k4 ,new evid5ce is always upsett+ an?ropological !ories4 ,,xvi ,,!ories ,,( ,,jehovah ,all speculation on ! curly hi/ory ( religion is apt to end 9 ! endeav\r to see h[ f> ! conclusions c be made to illu/rate ! fai? ( ,israel4 ,?us1 ! !ori/ :o believes 9 ance/or-wor%ip z ! key ( all ! cre$s w see 9 ,jehovah a develop$ ance/ral gho/1 or a k9d ( feti%-god1 atta*$ to a /one--p]haps an anci5t sepul*ral /ele ( "s des]t %eikh4 ,! exclusive admir] ( ! hypo!sis ( ,totemism w f9d evid5ce = 8 belief 9 wor%ip ( ! gold5 calf & ! bulls4 ,! p>tisan ( nature-wor%ip w insi/ on ,jehovah's connection ) /orm1 ?und]1 & ! fire ( ,s9ai4 ,on ! o!r h&1 :oev] accepts our sugge/ions w incl9e to see1 9 ! e>ly =ms ( belief 9 ,jehovah1 a %ape ( ! widely diffus$ conception ( a ,moral ,supreme ,be+1 at fir/ 7or1 at lea/1 :5 our in=mation beg9s7 envisag$ 9 an?ropomorphic =m1 b gradually purg$ ( all local traits by ! unexampl$ & unique inspiration ( ! great ,prophets4 ,!y1 z f> z our k ext5ds1 7 /rangely indiff]5t to ! animi/ic elem5t 9 religion1 to ! doctr9e ( surviv+ human s\ls1 & s1 ( c\rse1 to t elem5t ( ,animism :i* is priceless--! purification ( ! s\l 9 ! light ( ! hope ( et]nal life4 ,j z ! hung] aft] righte\sness ( ! ,prophets is int5se1 s _! hope ( f9ally sat+ t hung] 9 an et]nity ( s9less bliss & enjoym5t ( ,god is confess$ly inconspicu\s4 ,9 %ort1 !y h c>ri$ ,!ism to its au/]e extreme--'?\gh ,he slay me1 yet w ,i tru/ 9 ,him'--:ile unconc]n$ ab\t ! rew>ds ( ,animism4 ,?is is c]ta9ly a /range result ( a religion :i*1 accord+ to ! an?ropological !ory1 has ,animism = its basis4 ,we !re=e exam9e c]ta9 =ms ( ! animi/ic hypo!sis z appli$ to acc\nt = ! religion ( ,israel4 ,! topic is "o 9 :i* special k ( ,hebrew & o!r ,ori5tal languages seems absolutely indisp5sable2 b an?ropological speculators h n be5 ,ori5tal s*ol>s 7) r>e exceptions71 :ile "s ,ori5tal s*ol>s h borr[$ f popul> an?ropology )\t mu* critical discrim9ation4 ,^! circum/ances mu/ be our excuse = v5tur+ on to ?is difficult gr\nd4 ,x is probably impossible = u to trace ) accuracy ! rise ( ! religion ( ,jehovah4 ',! wise & le>n$' dispute endlessly ov] dates ( docum5ts1 ov] ! am\nt ( lat] doctr9e int]polat$ into ! e>li] texts1 ov] ! nature1 s\rce1 & quantity ( =eign influ5ce--,*aldaean1 ,accadian1 ,egyptian1 or ,assyrian4 ,we "k t ,israel _h1 9 an e>ly age1 ! conception ( ! moral ,et]nal2 we "k t1 at an e>ly age1 t conception 0 contam9at$ & an?ropomorphis$2 & we "k t x 0 rescu$1 9 a great degree1 f ?is corruption1 :ile always reta9+ its orig9al e?ical aspect & sanction4 ,:y matt]s w5t ?us 9 ,israel & n else:]e we "k n1 except t su* 0 ! w ( ,god 9 ! my/]i\s education ( ! _w4 ,h[ my/]i\s t education has be5 is be/ kn[n to all :o h /udi$ ! political & social results ( ,totemism4 ,on ! face ( x a p]fectly crazy & degrad+ belief--on ! face ( x meant = no?+ b to make ! family a hell ( int]nec9e hatr$--,totemism r5d]$ possible--nay1 inevitable--! union ( ho/ile gr\ps into l>ge & relatively peaceful tribal societies4 ,giv5 ! mat]ials z we "k !m1 we nev] %\ld h educat$ ! _w ?us2 & we d n see :y x %\ld ?us h be5 done4 ,b we are v an?ropomorphic1 & totally ignorant ( ! conditions ( ! problem4 ,an example ( an?ropological !ory conc]n+ ,jehovah 0 put =? by ,mr4 ,huxley4#a ,mr4 ,huxley's g5]al idea ( religion z x is on ! l[e/ kn[n level ( mat]ial culture--?r\gh :i* ! ance/ors ( ,israel mu/ h pass$ l o!r p--has already be5 criticis$4 ,he d5i$ to ! mo/ backw>d races bo? cult & religi\s sanction ( e?ics4 ,he 0 demon/rably1 ?\gh unconsci\sly1 9 error z to ! facts1 & !re=e c\ld n />t f ! idea t ,israel1 9 ! l[e/ hi/orically kn[n condition ( savag]y1 possess$1 or1 l o!r races1 might possess1 ! belief 9 an ,et]nal mak+ = righte\sness4 ',= my "p1' he says1 ',i see no reason to d\bt t1 l ! re/ ( ! _w1 ! ,israelites _h pass$ ?r\gh a p]iod ( m]e gho/-wor%ip1 & _h advanc$ ?r\gh ance/or-wor%ip & ,feti%ism & ,totemism to ! !ological level at :i* we f9d !m 9 ! ,books ( ,judges & ,samuel4'#b ,b :y does he ?9k ! ,israelites did all ?is8 ,! ,hebrew gho/s1 abid+1 accord+ to ,mr4 ,huxley1 9 a r torpid condition 9 ,%eol1 w\ld n be ( mu* practical use to a wor%ipp]4 ,a ref]5ce 9 ,deut]onomy xxvi4 #ad 7,deut]onomy be+1 ex hypo!si1 a late pi\s impo/ure7 does n prove mu*4 ,! ,hebrew is !re bidd5 to rem9d himself ( ! /ay ( 8 ance/ors 9 ,egypt1 & to say1 ',( ! hall[$ ?+s ,i h n giv5 aught = ! dead'--namely1 ( ! ti!s d$icat$ to ! ,levites & ! poor4 ,a race :i* abode = c5turies among ! ,egyptians1 z ,israel did--among a p :o elaborately f$ ! kas ( ! dep>t$--might pick up a trace ( a cu/om1 ! giv+ ( food = ! dead1 /ill p]sev]$ 9 by ,/4 ,monica till ,/4 ,ambrose admoni%$ h]4 ,b ,mr4 ,huxley is h>d put to x = evid5ce ( ance/or-wor%ip or gho/-wor%ip 9 ,israel :5 he looks = indications ( ^! rites 9 '! s+ul> weight atta*$ to ! v5]ation ( p>5ts 9 ! ,f\r? ,comm&m5t4'#c ,! ,f\r? ,comm&m5t1 ( c\rse1 is a slip ( ! p54 ,he adds3 ',! ,fif? ,comm&m5t1 z x /&s1 w\ld be an excell5t compromise betwe5 ance/or-wor%ip & ,mono!ism4' ,long may *ildr5 practise ?is excell5t compromise6 ,x is really too f>-fet*$ to reason ?us3 ',p 7 bidd5 to hon\r _! p>5ts1 z a compromise betwe5 ,mono!ism & gho/-wor%ip4' ,h>d1 h>d be/ead is he :o has to reason 9 t fa%ion6 ,?is comes ( 'tra9+ 9 ! use ( ! weapons ( precision ( sci5ce4' ,mr4 ,huxley goes on3 ',! ,ark ( ! ,cov5ant may h be5 a relic ( ance/or-wor%ip2' '!re is a good deal to be said = t speculation4' ,possibly !re is1 by way ( ! valuable hypo!sis t ,jehovah 0 a feti% /one :i* _h be5 a grave-/one1 or p]haps a l+am1 & 0 kept 9 ! ,ark on ! plausible pretext t x 0 ! two ,tables ( ! ,law6 ,h[ev]1 ,mr4 ,huxley really f9ds x saf] to suppose t ref]5ces to ance/or-wor%ip 9 ! ,bible 7 oblit]at$ by late mono!i/ic editors1 :o1 none ! less1 are s full & m9ute 9 _! descriptions ( ! v>i\s h]esies into :i* ,israel 0 et]nally laps+1 & mu/ n be all[$ to lapse aga94 ,_h ance/or-wor%ip be5 a p* mignon ( ,israel1 ! ,prophets w\ld h let ,israel he> _! m9d on x4 ,! ,hebrews' indiff]5ce to ! dep>t$ s\l is1 9 fact1 a puzzle1 especially :5 we consid] _! ,egyptian education--s important an elem5t 9 ,mr4 ,huxley's !ory4 ,mr4 ,h]b]t ,sp5c] is n m successful ?an ,mr4 ,huxley 9 f9d+ ance/or-wor%ip among ! ,hebrews4 ,on ! :ole subject he writes3 ',:]e ! levels ( m5tal nature & social progress are l[e/1 we usually f9d1 along ) an abs5ce ( religi\s ideas g5]ally1 an abs5ce1 or v slight developm5t1 ( ance/or-wor%ip4444 ,cook ,capta9 ,cook1 tell+ u :at ! ,fuegians 7 be=e contact ) ,europeans _h introduc$ =eign ideas1 said !re 7 no appe>ances ( religion among !m2 & we are n told by him or o!rs t !y 7 ance/or-wor%ipp]s4'#d ,probably !y are n2 b !y d possess a ,be+ :o reads _! he>ts1 & :o c]ta9ly %[s no traces ( ,european ideas4 ,if ! ,fuegians are n ance/or-wor%ipp]s1 ?is ,be+ 0 n develop$ out ( ance/or-wor%ip4 ,! evid5ce ( ,capta9 ,cook1 no an?ropologi/1 b a m>9] :o saw & knew little ( ! ,fuegians1 is precisely ( ! sort aga9/ :i* ,major ,ellis w>ns u4#e ,! m a religion consi/s 9 fe> ( a moral gu>dian ( conduct1 ! less does x %[ itself1 by sacrifice or rite1 to ! eyes ( ,capta9 ,cook1 ( 8 ,maje/y's %ip ,endeav\r4 ,mr4 ,sp5c] places ! ,&amanese on ! same level z ! ,fuegians1 's f> z ! scanty evid5ce may be tru/$4' ,we h %[n t 7z kn[n to ,mr4 ,sp5c] 9 #ahgf7 x may n be tru/$ at all2 ! ,&amanese possess+ a moral ,supreme ,be+1 ?\gh !y are n1 app>5tly1 ance/or-wor%ipp]s4 ,! ,au/ralians '%[ u n mu* p]si/5ce 9 gho/-propitiation1' :i*1 if x exi/s1 ceases :5 ! corpses are ti$ up & buri$1 or aft] !y are burn$1 or aft] ! bones1 c>ri$ ab\t = a :ile1 are expos$ on plat=ms4 ,yet _m ,au/ralian tribes possess a moral ,supreme ,be+4 ,9 fact gho/-wor%ip1 9 ,mr4 ,sp5c]'s s*eme1 _c be fairly well develop$ till society rea*es ! level ( 'settl$ gr\ps ^: burial-places are 9 _! mid/4' ,h5ce ! developm5t ( a moral ,supreme ,be+ among tribes n ?us settl$1 is inconceivable1 on ,mr4 ,sp5c]'s hypo!sis4#f ,by t hypo!sis1 'wor%ipp$ ance/ors1 accord+ to _! remot5ess1 7 reg>d$ z div9e1 semi-div9e1 & human4'#g ,:]e we f9d1 !n1 ! ,div9e ,be+ among nomads :o d n rememb] _! great-gr&fa!rs1 ! ,sp5c]ian !ory is refut$ by facts4 ,we h ! effect1 ! ,div9e ,be+1 )\t ! cause1 wor%ip ( ance/ors4 ,com+ to ! ,hebrews1 ,mr4 ,sp5c] argues t '! sil5ce ( _! leg5ds 7z to ance/or-wor%ip7 is b a negative fact1 :i* may be z mislead+ z negative facts usually are4' ,!y are1 inde$2 witness ,mr4 ,sp5c]'s own sil5ce ab\t savage ,supreme ,be+s4 ,b we may fairly argue t if ,israel _h be5 giv5 to ance/or-wor%ip 7z might p>tly be surmis$ f ! my/]y ab\t ! grave ( ,moses7 ! ,prophets w\ld n h sp>$ !m = _! cry+4 ,! ,prophets 7 unusually outspok5 m51 &1 z !y und5iably d scold ,israel = e o!r k9d ( conceivable h]esy1 !y 7 n likely to be sil5t ab\t ance/or-wor%ip1 if ance/or-wor%ip exi/$4 ,mr4 ,sp5c]1 !n1 r he$lessly1 ?\gh correctly1 argues t 'nomadic habits are unfav\rable to evolution ( ! gho/-!ory4'#h ,alas1 ?is gives away ! :ole case6 ,=1 if all m5 began z nomads1 & nomadic habits are unfav\rable ev5 to ! ord9>y gho/1 h[ did ! ,au/ralian & o!r nomads develop ! ,supreme ,be+1 :o1 ex hypo!si1 is ! f9al fruit ( ! gho/-fl[]8 ,if y _c h 'an e/abli%$ ance/or-wor%ip' till y ab&on nomadic habits1 h[1 :ile /ill nomadic1 d y evolve a ,supreme ,be+8 ,obvi\sly n out ( ance/or-wor%ip4 ,mr4 ,sp5c] !n assigns1 z evid5ce = ance/or-wor%ip 9 ,israel1 m\rn+ dresses1 fa/+1 ! law aga9/ self-ble$+ & cutt+ (f ! hair = ! dead1 & ! text 7,deut4 xxvi4 #ad7 ab\t ',i h n giv5 aught !re( = ! dead4' ',h5ce1 ! conclusion mu/ be t ance/or-wor%ip _h develop$ z f> z nomadic habits all[$1 be=e x 0 repress$ by a high] wor%ip4'#i ,b :5ce came t high] wor%ip :i* seems to h int]v5$ imm$iately aft] ! cessation ( nomadic habits8 ,!re are obvi\s traces ( grief express$ 9 a primitive way among ! ,hebrews4 ',ye %all n cut y\rselves1 nor make any baldness betwe5 y\r eyes = ! dead' 7,deut4 xiv4 #a74 ',nei!r %all m5 lam5t = !m1 nor cut !mselves1 nor make !mselves bald = !m2 nei!r %all m5 te> !mselves = !m 9 m\rn+1 to com=t !m = ! dead' 7by way ( c\nt]-irritant to grief72 'nei!r %all m5 give !m ! cup ( consolation to dr9k = _! fa!r or _! "m1' because ! ,jews 7 to be remov$ f _! homes4#aj ',ye %all n make any cutt+s 9 y\r fle% = ! dead1 nor pr9t any m>ks ^u y4'#aa ,x may be usual to reg>d inflictions1 su* z cutt+1 by m\rn]s1 z sacrifices to ! gho/ ( ! dead4 ,b "o has se5 a man /rike himself a heavy bl[ on receiv+ news ( a loss n by dea?1 & ,i v5ture to fancy t cutt+s & ga%+s at fun]als are m]ely a m viol5t =m ( appeal to a c\nt]-irritant ( grief1 &1 aga91 a tok5 ( recklessness caus$ by a sorr[ :i* makes void ! _w4 ,"o ( ,john ,ni*olson's native ador]s kill$ himself on news ( t w>rior's dea?1 say+1 ',:at is left wor? liv+ =8' ,?is 0 n a sacrifice to ! ,manes ( ,ni*olson4 ,! sacrifice ( ! m\rn]'s hair1 z by ,a*illes1 argues a simil> indiff]5ce to p]sonal *>m4 ,once m1 ! text 9 ,psalm cvi4 #bh1 ',!y jo9$ !mselves unto ,baal-,peor1 & ate ! sacrifices ( ! dead1' is usually tak5 by comm5tators z a ref]5ce to ! ritual ( gods :o are no gods4 ,b x r seems to indicate an acquiesc5ce 9 =eign burial rites4 ,all ?is additional evid5ce does n d mu* to prove ance/or-wor%ip 9 ,israel1 ?\gh ! secrecy ( ! burial ( ,moses1 '9 a valley ( ! l& ( ,moab1 ov] aga9/ ,be?-peor2 b no man kn[e? ( 8 sepul*re to ?is day1' may indicate a dread ( a nasc5t wor%ip ( ! great lead]4#ab ,! sc5e ( ! defection 9 ,psalm cvi41 ,be?-peor1 is indicat$ 9 ,numb]s xxv41 :]e ,israel runs aft] ! girls & ! gods ( ,moab3 ',& ,moab call$ ! p unto ! sacrifices ( _! gods2 & ! p did eat1 & b[$ d[n to _! gods4 ,& ,israel jo9$ himself unto ,baal-peor4' ,psalm cvi4 is obvi\sly a lat] re/atem5t ( ?is addiction to ! ,moabite gods1 & ! ,psalm adds '!y ate ! sacrifices ( ! dead4' ,x is pla9 t1 = :atev] reason1 ance/or-wor%ip among ! ,hebrews 01 at ! utmo/1 rudim5t>y4 ,o!rwise x mu/ h be5 cle>ly d5\nc$ by ! ,prophets among ! o!r h]esies ( ,israel4 ,!re=e1 z be+ at ! mo/ rudim5t>y1 ance/or-wor%ip 9 ,israel c\ld n be develop$ at once into ! wor%ip ( ,jehovah4 ,?\gh ance/or-wor%ip among ! ,hebrews c\ld n be fully develop$1 accord+ to ,mr4 ,sp5c]1 because ( _! nomadic habits1 x 0 fully develop$1 accord+ to ! ,rev4 ,a4,w4 ,ox=d4 ',e family1 l e old ,roman & ,greek family1 0 firmly held toge!r by ! wor%ip ( its ance/ors1 ! he>? 0 ! alt>1 ! head ( ! family ! prie/4444 ,! bond :i* kept toge!r ! families ( a tribe 0 its common religion1 ! wor%ip ( its reput$ ance/or4 ,! *ief ( ! tribe 01 ( c\rse1 ! prie/ ( ! cult4' ,( c\rse2 b :at a pity t ,mr4 ,huxley & ,mr4 ,sp5c] omitt$ facts s invaluable to _! !ory6 ,& h[ does ! ,rev4 ,mr4 ,ox=d "k8 ,well1 '!re is no direct pro(1' oddly en\gh1 ( s m>k$ a feature 9 ,hebrew religion b we are ref]r$ to #a ,sam4 xx4 #bi & ,judges xviii4 #ai4 #a ,sam4 xx4 #bi makes ,jona?an say t ,david wants to g to a family sacrifice1 t is1 a family d9n] p>ty4 ,?is h>dly cov]s ! l>ge ass]tions made by ,mr4 ,ox=d4 ,8 second citation is s unlucky z to contradict 8 obs]vation t '( c\rse' ! *ief ( ! tribe 0 ! prie/ ( ! cult4 ,micah1 9 ,judges xvii41 xviii41 is n ! *ief ( 8 tribe 7,ephraim71 nei!r is he ev5 ! prie/ 9 8 own h\se4 ,he 'consecrat$ "o ( 8 own sons :o became 8 prie/1' till he got hold ( a casual "y ,levite1 & said1 ',be unto me a fa!r & a prie/1' = t5 %ekels p] annum1 a suit ( clo!s1 & bo>d & lodg+4 ,9 place1 !n1 ( any remote ref]5ce to a *ief's be+ prie/ ( 8 ance/ral gho/s1 we h "h a man ( "o tribe :o is paid r h&somely to be family *apla9 to a memb] ( ano!r tribe4 ,"s moss-troop]s ( ! tribe ( ,dan !n kidnapp$ ?is valuable "y ,levite1 & seiz$ a few idols :i* ,micah _h p]mitt$ himself to make4 ,& all ?is1 accord+ to our cl]ical au?ority1 is evid5ce = ance/or-wor%ip6#ac ,all ?is appe>s to be d]iv$ f "s incoh]5t speculations ( ,/ade4 ,= example1 t le>n$ ,g]man cites ! /ory ( ,micah z a pro( t ! diff]5t tribes or clans _h diff]5t religions4 ,?is mu/ be s1 because ! ,danites ask$ ! "y ,levite :e!r x 0 n bett] to be prie/ to a clan ?an to an individual8 ,x is z if a patron (f]$ a ri* liv+ to somebody's private *apla91 say+ t ! new position 0 m cr$itable & lucrative4 ,?is w\ld h>dly prove a diff]5ce ( religion betwe5 ! individual & ! p>i%4#ad ,mr4 ,ox=d next av]s t '! e>lie/ =m ( ! ,israelite religion 0 ,feti%ism or ,totemism4' ,?is is ano!r example ( ,/ade's logic4 ,f9d+1 z he believes1 names sugge/ive ( ,totemism 9 ,simeon1 ,levi1 ,ra*el1 & s on1 ,/ade leaps to ! conclusion t ,totemism 9 ,israel 0 prior to any?+ resembl+ mono!ism4 ,= mono!ism1 he argues1 c\ld n give ! g]ms ( ! clan or tribal organisation1 :ile ,totemism c\ld d s4 ,c]ta9ly x c\ld1 b z1 9 _m regions 7,am]ica1 ,au/ralia71 we f9d ,totemism & ! belief 9 a b5evol5t ,supreme ,be+ co-exi/+ among savages1 :5 fir/ obs]v$ by ,europeans1 we _c possibly say dogmatically :e!r a r\gh mono!ism or :e!r ,totemism came fir/ 9 ord] ( evolution4 ,?is holds z good ( ,israel 7if once totemi/ic7 z x does ( ,pawnees or ,kurnai4 ,/ade has ov]look$ ^! well-kn[n facts1 & 8 op9ion filt]s into a *eap h&-book1 & is set 9 exam9ations6#ae ,we also le>n f ,mr4 ,ox=d's popul> manual ( ,g]man ,biblical conjecture t ',jehovah 0 n repres5t$ z a lov+ ,fa!r1 b z a ,be+ easily r\s$ to wra?1' a ?+ mo/ incid5t to lov+ fa!rs4 ,aga91 ,mr4 ,ox=d av]s t '! old ,israelites knew no di/9ction betwe5 physical & moral evil4444 ,! conception ( ,jehovah's hol9ess _h no?+ moral 9 x' 7p4 #ij74 ,?is r contradicts ,wellhaus53 ',9 all anci5t primitive peoples 444 religion furni%es a motive = law & morals2 9 ! case ( none did x become s ) su* purity & p[] z 9 t ( ! ,israelites4'#af ,we began by exam9+ ,mr4 ,huxley's endeav\rs to f9d traces ( ance/or-wor%ip 79 8 op9ion ! orig9 ( ,jehovah-wor%ip7 among ! ,israelites4 ,we next criticis$ ,mr4 ,sp5c]'s ef=ts 9 ! same que/1 & ! m dogmatic ass]tions ( ,mr4 ,ox=d & ,/ade4 ,we n[ return to ,mr4 ,huxley's acc\nt ( ! evolution f gho/-cult to ! cult ( ,jehovah4 ,f ! hi/ory ( ! ,wit* ( ,endor1 :i* ,mr4 ,huxley sees no reason to reg>d z o!r ?an a s9c]e /atem5t ( :at really occurr$1 he ga!rs t ! ,wit* cri$ out1 ',i see ,elohim4' ,^! ,elohim prov$ to be ! phantasm ( ! dead ,samuel4 ,mov$ by ?is halluc9ation ! ,wit* utt]$ a v]idical premonition1 totally adv]se to h] own int]e/s1 & uncommonly dang]\s to h] life4 ,?is is1 psy*ically1 int]e/+4 ,! po9t1 h[ev]1 is t ,elohim is a t]m equival5t to ,r$ ,indian ,wakan1 ,fijian ,kahu1 ,maori or ,melanesian ,mana1 mean+ ! 'sup]natural1' ! vaguely p[]ful--9 fact ,x4 ,?is p>ticul> example ( ,elohim 0 a phantasm ( ! dead1 b ,elohim is also us$ ( ! highe/ ,div9e ,be+1 !re=e ! highe/ ,div9e ,be+ is ( ! same g5us z a gho/--s ,mr4 ,huxley reasons4 ',! diff]5ce :i* 0 suppos$ to exi/ betwe5 ! diff]5t ,elohim 0 "o ( degree1 n ( k9d4'#ag ',if ,jehovah 0 ?us suppos$ to diff] only 9 degree f ! und\bt$ly zoomorphic or an?ropomorphic gods ( ! nations1 :y is x to be assum$ t he also 0 n ?\ght to h a human %ape8' ,he 0 ?\ght to h a human %ape1 at "o "t1 by "s !ori/s3 no d\bt exi/s on t head4 ,t1 h[ev]1 is n :]e we demur4 ,we demur :51 because an halluc9ation ( ! ,wit* ( ,endor 7probably /ill incompletely develop$7 is call$ by h] ,elohim1 !re=e ! highe/ ,elohim is said by ,mr4 ,huxley to diff] f a gho/ only 9 degree1 n 9 k9d4 ,elohim1 or ,el1 ! creative1 diff]s f a gho/ 9 k9d1 because he1 9 ,hebrew belief1 nev] 0 a gho/1 he is immortal & )\t beg9n+4 ,mr4 ,huxley n[ en=ces 8 !ory by a p>allel betwe5 ! religion ( ,tonga & ! religion ( ,israel "u ! ,judges4 ,he quotes ,m>9]1#ah ^: /atem5t av]s t !re is a supreme ,tongan be+3 '( 8 orig9 !y _h no idea1 r suppos+ him to be et]nal4 ,8 "n is ,t-li-y-,tooboo ,wait-!re-,tooboo4' ',he is a great *ief f ! top ( ! sky d[n to ! bottom ( ! e>?4' ,he1 & o!r 'orig9al gods' ( 8 mak+1 are c>efully & absolutely discrim9at$ f ! atua1 :i* are '! human s\l aft] its sep>ation f ! body4' ,all ,tongan gods are atua 7,elohim71 b all atua are n 'orig9al gods1' uns]v$ by prie/s1 & unpropitiat$ by food or libation1 l ! highe/ ,god1 ,t-li-y-,tooboo1 ! ,et]nal ( ,tonga4 ',he occasionally inspires ! ,h[' 7elective ,k+71 b (t5 a ,h[ is n inspir$ at all by ,t-li-y-,tooboo1 any m ?an ,saul1 at la/1 0 inspir$ by ,jehovah4 ,surely !re is a diff]5ce 9 k9d betwe5 an et]nal1 immortal ,god1 & a gho/1 ?\gh bo? are atua1 or bo? are ,elohim--! unkn[n ,x4 ,_m p call a gho/ 'sup]natural2' !y also call ,god 'sup]natural1' b ! diff]5ce betwe5 a phantasm ( a dead man & ! ,deity !y w\ld admit1 ,i conceive1 to be a diff]5ce ( k9d4 ,we h %[n1 or tri$ to %[1 t ! conceptions ( 'gho/' & ',supreme ,be+' are diff]5t1 n only 9 k9d1 b 9 orig94 ,! gho/ comes f1 & dep5ds on1 ! animi/ic !ory2 ! ,supreme ,be+1 z orig9ally ?\ght (1 does n4 ,all ,gods are ,elohim1 kal\1 wakan2 all ,elohim1 kal\1 wakan are n ,gods4 ,a gho/-god %\ld receive food or libation4 ,mr4 ,huxley says t ,t-li-y-,tooboo did s4 ',if ! god1 l ,t-li-y-,tooboo1 _h no prie/1 !n ! *ief place 0 left vacant1 & 0 suppos$ to be occupi$ by ! god himself4 ,:5 ! fir/ cup ( ,kava 0 fill$1 ! mataboole :o act$ z ma/] ( ! c]emonies said1 ,give x to y\r god1 & x 0 (f]$1 ?\gh only z a matt] ( =m4'#ai ,?is is incorrect4 ,9 ! case ( ,t-li-y-,tooboo '!re is no cup fill$ = ! god4'#bj ',be=e any cup is fill$ ! man by ! side ( ! b[l says3 ,! ,kava is 9 ! cup' 7:i* x is n71 '& ! mataboole answ]s1 ,give x to y\r god2' b ! ,kava is n 9 ! cup1 & ! ,tongan ,et]nal receives no oblation4 ,! sacrifice1 says ,mr4 ,huxley1 meant 't ! god 0 ei!r a deifi$ gho/1 or1 at any rate1 a be+ ( l nature to ^!4'#ba ,b z ,t-li-y-,tooboo _h no sacrifice1 contr>y to ,mr4 ,huxley's av]m5t1 he 0 n 'a deifi$ gho/1 or a be+ ( l nature to ^!4' ,to ! l[]1 non-gho/ly ,tongan gods ! animi/ic habit ( sacrifice _h be5 ext5d$1 b n yet to ! ,supreme ,be+4 ,ah1 if ,mr4 ,glad/one1 or ! ,duke ( ,argyll1 or "s bi%op _h made a mis/atem5t ( ?is k9d1 h[ ,mr4 ,huxley w\ld h cru%$ him6 ,b x is a m]e error ( c>eless read+1 su* z we all make daily4 ,x is manife/ t we _c prove ,jehovah to be a gho/ by ! p>allel ( a ,tongan god1 :o1 by ritual & by def9ition1 0 n a gho/4 ,! pro( !re=e re/s on ! an?ropomorphis$ pre-prophetic acc\nts1 & on ! ritual1 ( ,jehovah4 ,b man naturally 'an?ropises' 8 deities3 he does n !reby demon/rate t !y 7 once gho/s4 ,z reg>ds ! sacrifices to ,jehovah1 ! sweet sav\r :i* he 0 suppos$ to enjoy 7contr>y to ! op9ion ( ! ,prophets71 ^! sacrifices af=d ! be/ presumption t ,jehovah 0 a gho/-god1 or a god con/ruct$ on gho/ly l9es4 ,b we h %[n t among ! l[e/ races nei!r are gho/s wor%ipp$ by sacrifice1 nor does ! ,supreme ,be+1 ,d>umulun or ,puluga1 receive food (f]+s4 ,we h also in/anc$ _m ,supreme ,be+s ( m advanc$ races1 ,ahone1 & ,d5did1 & ,nyankupon1 :o d n sniff ! sav\r ( any (f]+s4 ,if !n 7z 9 ! case ( ,taa-roa71 a ,supreme ,be+ does receive sacrifice1 we may argue t a piece ( animi/ic ritual1 n connect$ ) ! ,supreme ,be+ 9 ,au/ralia or ,&aman1 n connect$ ) 8 cre$ 9 ,virg9ia or ,africa 7:]e gho/-gods d receive sacrifice71 may 9 o!r regions be transf]r$ f gho/-gods to ! ,supreme ,be+1 :o nev] 0 a gho/4 ,!re seems to be no?+ incr$ible or illogical 9 ! !ory ( su* transf]5ce4 ,on a ,god :o nev] 0 a gho/ m5 may come to conf] sacrifices 7:i* are n made to ,baiame & ! re/7 because1 be+ 9 ! habit ( ?us propitiat+ "o set ( bodiless p[]s1 m5 may n ?9k x civil or safe to leave ano!r set ( p[]s out4 ,by 8 v nature1 man mu/ clo! all gods ) "s human passions & attributes1 unless1 l a l>ge numb] ( savages1 he leaves 8 high ,god sev]ely alone1 & is ! slave ( feti%es & spectres4 ,b t practice makes aga9/ ! gho/-!ory4 ,9 ! attempt to acc\nt ?us1 namely by transf]5ce1 = ! sacrifices to ,jehovah1 we are met by a difficulty ( our own mak+4 ,if ! ,israelites did n sacrifice to ance/ors 7z we h %[n t !re is v scant reason = suppos+ t !y did71 h[ c\ld !y transf] to ,jehovah ! rite :i*1 by our hypo!sis1 !y are n prov$ to h (f]$ to ance/ors8 ,?is is c]ta9ly a h>d problem1 h>d] 7or p]haps easi]7 because we "k s v little ( ! e>ly hi/ory ( ! ,hebrews4 ,accord+ to _! own traditions1 ,israel _h be5 9 t\* ) all mann] ( races mu* m advanc$ ?an !mselves 9 mat]ial culture1 & /eep$ 9 highly develop$ poly!i/ic ,animism4 ,accord+ to _! hi/ory1 ! ,israelites 'w5t a-:or+' incorrigibly aft] /range gods4 ,x is impossible1 p]haps1 to dis5tangle ! =eign & ! native elem5ts4 ,x may !re=e be t5tatively sugge/$ t e>ly ,israel _h its ,ahone 9 a ,be+ p]haps n yet nam$ ,jehovah4 ,israel ent]ta9$1 h[ev]1 p]haps by reason ( 'nomadic habits1' only ! scantie/ conc]n ab\t ance/ral gho/s4 ,we !n f9d an hi/orical tradition ( secul> contact betwe5 ,israel & ,egypt1 f :i* ,israel em]ges ) ,jehovah = ,god1 & a sy/em ( sacrifices4 ,reg>d+ ,jehovah z a reviv$ memory ( ! moral ,supreme ,be+ :om ,israel mu/ h kn[n 9 extremely remote ages 7unless ,israel 0 less fav\r$ ?an ,au/ralians1 ,bu%m51 or ,&amanese71 we might look on ! sacrifices to him z an adaptation f ! practices ( religion among races m settl$ ?an ,israel1 & m civilis$4#bb ,speculation on subjects s remote mu/ be conjectural1 b our sugge/ion w\ld1 p]haps1 acc\nt = sacrifices to ,jehovah1 paid by a race :i*1 by reason ( 'nomadic habits1' 0 nev] mu* giv5 to ance/or-wor%ip1 b _h be5 9 contact ) great sacrific+1 poly!i/ic civilisations4 ,mr4 ,huxley1 h[ev]1 :ile he seems to slur ! ess5tial di/9ction betwe5 gho/-gods & ! ,et]nal1 grants1 lat]1 t '!re are v few p7s87 )\t additional gods1 :i* _c1 ) c]ta9ty1 be acc\nt$ = z deifi$ ance/ors4' ,t-li-y-,tooboo1 ( c\rse1 is "o ( ^! gods1 z is ,jehovah4 ,mr4 ,huxley gives no !ory ( h[ ^! gods came into belief1 except ! sugge/ion t '! poly!i/ic !ology has become modifi$ by ! selection ( ! cosmic or tribal god1 z ! only god to :om wor%ip is due on ! "p ( t nation1' )\t prejudice to ! "r ( o!r nations to wor%ip o!r gods4#bc ,?is is 'monolatry1' & '! e?ical code1 (t5 ( a v high ord]1 comes into clos] relation ) ! !ological cre$1' :y1 we are n in=m$4 ,nor d we le>n out ( :at poly!i/ic deities ,jehovah 0 select$1 nor = :at reason4 ,! hypo!sis1 z usual1 breaks d[n on ! close relation betwe5 ! e?ical code & ! !ological cre$1 among l[ savages1 ) a relatively ,supreme ,be+1 b )\t ance/or-wor%ip1 & )\t poly!i/ic gods f :om to select a heav5ly *ief4 ,:5ce came ! moral elem5t 9 ! idea ( ,jehovah8 ,mr4 ,huxley supposes t1 dur+ _! resid5ce 9 ! l& ( ,go%5 7& a =tiori be=e x71 ! ,israelites 'knew no?+ ( ,jehovah4'#bd ,!y 7 poly!i/ic idolat]s4 ,?is foll[s1 app>5tly1 f ,ezekiel xx4 #e3 ',9 ! day :5 ,i *ose ,israel1 & lift$ up m9e h& unto ! se$ ( ! h\se ( ,jacob1 & made myself kn[n unto !m 9 ! l& ( ,egypt4' ,! ,biblical acc\nt is t ! ,god ( ,moses's fa!rs1 ! ,god ( ,abraham1 enlight5$ ,moses 9 ,s9ai1 giv+ 8 "n z ',i am t ,i am' 7,exodus iii4 #f1 #ad2 translation unc]ta974 ,we are to und]/& t ,moses1 a religi\s re=m]1 reviv$ an old1 &1 9 ! ,egyptian bondage1 a half-oblit]at$ cre$ ( ! anci5t nomadic ,b5i-,israel4 ,!y 7 no long] to 'defile !mselves ) ! idols ( ,egypt1' z !y _h obvi\sly done4 ,we really "k no m ab\t ! matt]4 ,wellhaus5 says t ,jehovah 0 'orig9ally a family or tribal god1 ei!r ( ! family ( ,moses or ( ! tribe ( ,joseph4' ,h[ a family c\ld develop a ,supreme ,be+ all to itself1 we are n in=m$1 & we "k ( no su* analog\s case 9 ! e?nographic field4 ,aga91 ,jehovah 0 'only a special "n ( ,el1 curr5t )9 a p[]ful circle4' ,& :o 0 ,el8#be ',moses 0 n ! fir/ discov]] ( ! fai?4' ,probably n1 b ,mr4 ,huxley seems to ?9k t he 04 ,wellhaus5's & o!r ,g]man ideas filt] into popul> traditions1 z we saw1 ?r\gh ',a ,%ort ,introduction to ! ,hi/ory ( ,anci5t ,israel' 7pp4 #ai1 #bj71 by ! ,rev4 ,a4,w4 ,ox=d1 ,m4,a41 ,vic> ( ,/4 ,luke's1 ,soho4 ,"h foll[s ,mr4 ,ox=d's und5iably '%ort way ) ,jehovah4' ',moses 0 ! f\nd] ( ! ,israelite religion4 ,jehovah1 8 family or tribal god1 p]haps orig9ally ! ,god ( ! ,k5ites1 0 tak5 z a tribal god by all ! ,israelite tribes4444 ,t ,jehovah 0 n ! orig9al god ( ,israel' 7z ! ,bible impud5tly alleges7 'b 0 ! god ( ! ,k5ites1 we see ma9ly f ,deut4 xxxiii4 #b1 ,judges v4 #d1 #e1 & f ! hi/ory ( ,je?ro1 :o1 accord+ to ,judges i4 #af1 0 a ,k5ite4' ,! fir/ text says t1 accord+ to ,moses1 '! ,"l came f ,s9ai1' rose up f ,seir1 & %one f ,m\nt ,p>an4 ,! second text m5tions ,jehovah's go+ up out ( ,seir & ,s9ai4 ,! ?ird text says t ,je?ro1 ,moses's ,k5ite 7or ,midianite7 fa!r-9-law1 dwelt among ! p ( ,judah2 ,je?ro be+ a prie/ ( ,midian4 ,h[ all ?is proves t ',moses 0 a great impo/or1' z ! poet says1 & t ,jehovah 0 n '! orig9al ,god ( ,israel1' b 7#a7 ,moses's family or tribal god1 or 7#b7 '! god ( ! ,k5ites1' ,i pr(ess my inability to compreh5d4 ,wellhaus5 himself _h expla9$ ,jehovah z 'a family or tribal god1 ei!r ( ! family ( ,moses' 7tribe ( ,levi7 'or ( ! tribe ( ,joseph4' ,x seems to be all "o to ,mr4 ,ox=d :e!r ,jehovah 0 a god ( ,moses's tribe or q ! rev]se1 'a ,k5ite god4' ,yet x really makes a good deal ( diff]5ce6 ,= 9 a complex ( tribes1 speak+ "o language1 x is to ! la/ degree unexampl$ 7)9 my k7 t "o tribe1 or family1 possesses1 all to itself1 a family god :o is also ! ,creator & is lat] accept$ z su* by all ! o!r tribes4 ,"o may ask = in/ances ( su* a ?+ 9 any kn[n race1 9 any /age ( culture4 ,p]u w n help u--n ! ,creator1 ,pa*acamac1 b ! ,sun1 is ! god ( ! ,inca family4 ,if1 on ! o!r h&1 ,jehovah 0 a ,k5ite god1 ! ,k5ites 7 a half-,arab ,semitic p connect$ ) ,israel1 & may v well h reta9$ traditions ( a ,supreme ,be+ :i*1 9 ,egypt1 7 likely to be dimm$1 z ,exodus ass]ts1 by =eign religions4 ,! le>n$ ,/ade1 to be sure1 may disbelieve 9 ,israel's soj\rn 9 ,egypt1 b t revolution>y op9ion is n necess>ily b9d+ on u & involves a few difficulties4 ,h critics & manual-mak]s no k ( ! sci5ce ( comp>ative religion8 ,are !y unaw>e t peoples inf9itely m backw>d ?an ,israel 0 at ! date suppos$ h already moral ,supreme ,be+s ackn[l$g$ ov] va/ tracts ( t]ritory8 ,h !y a tittle ( positive evid5ce t e>ly ,israel 0 b5ight$ beyond ! d>kness ( ,bu%m51 ,&amanese1 ,pawnees1 ,blackfeet1 ,hurons1 ,indians ( ,briti% ,guiana1 ,d9kas1 ,negroes1 & s =?8 ,unless ,israel _h ?is r>e ill-luck 7:i* ,israel d5ies7 ( c\rse ,israel mu/ h _h a secul> tradition1 h[ev] dim1 ( a ,supreme ,be+4 ,we mu/ ask = a s+le in/ance ( a family or tribe1 9 a complex ( semi-b>b>ic b n savage tribes ( "o spee*1 own+ a private deity :o happ5$ to be ! ,mak] & ,rul] ( ! _w1 &1 z su*1 0 accept$ by all ! tribes4 ,jehovah came out f ,s9ai1 because1 !re hav+ be5 a ,!ophany at ,s9ai1 t m\nta9 0 reg>d$ z "o ( 8 seats4#bf ,we h se5 t x seem$ to make no diff]5ce to ,mr4 ,ox=d :e!r ,jehovah 0 a god ( ,moses's family or tribe or a ,k5ite god4 ,! =m] 7) ! alt]native ( ,joseph's family or tribal god7 is ,wellhaus5's !ory4 ,! latt] is ,/ade's4#bg ,ea* is inconsi/5t ) ! o!r2 ,wellhaus5's fancy is inconsi/5t ) all t we "k ( religi\s developm5t3 ,/ade's is hopelessly inconsi/5t ) ,exodus iv4 #bd-bf1 :]e ,moses's ,k5ite wife reproa*es him = a c]emony ( 81 n ( h]1 religion4 ,!re=e ! ,k5ite diff]$ f ! ,hebrew sacra4 ,! passage is v extraord9>y1 & is said by critics to be v ar*aic4 ,aft] ! revelation ( ! ,burn+ ,bu%1 ,jehovah met ,moses & 8 ,k5ite wife1 ,zipporah1 & _! *ild1 at a khan4 ,jehovah 0 anxi\s to slay ,moses1 nobody ev] knew :y1 s ,zipporah appeas$ ,jehovah's wra? by circumcis+ h] boy ) a fl9t4 ',a bloody husb& art ?\ to me1' %e said1 'because ( ! circumcision'--an ,egyptian1 b cle>ly n a ,k5ite practice4 ,:atev] all ?is may mean1 x does n look z if ,zipporah expect$ su* rites z circumcision 9 ! fai? ( a ,k5ite husb&1 nor does x fav\r ! idea t ! sacra ( ,moses 7 ( ,k5ite orig94 ,)\t be+ a s*ol>1 or an exp]t 9 ,biblical criticism1 "o may prote/ aga9/ ! pres5tation to ! manual-read+ intellectual middle classes ( a !ory s vague1 contradictory1 & 7by all analogy7 s impossible z ,mr4 ,ox=d collects f ,g]man writ]s4 ,( c\rse1 ! :ole subject1 s dogmatically h&l$1 is m]e matt] ( diss5ti5t op9ion among s*ol>s4 ,?us ,m4 ,r5an d]ives ! "n ( ,jehovah f ,assyria1 f ',aramais$ ,*aldaeanism4'#bh ,9 t case ! "n 0 long ant]ior to ! resid5ce 9 ,egypt4 ,b aga91 p]haps ,jehovah 0 a local god ( ,s9ai1 or a prov9cial deity 9 ,pale/9e4#bi ,he 0 kn[n to v anci5t sages1 :o pref]r$ su* names z ,el ,%addai & ,elohim4 ,9 %ort1 we h no c]ta9ty on ! subject4#cj ,i ne$ h>dly say1 p]haps1 t ,i h no antiquat$ prejudice aga9/ ,biblical criticism4 ,assur$ly ! ,bible mu/ be /udi$ l any o!r collection ( docum5ts1 l+ui/ically1 hi/orically1 & 9 ! light ( ! comp>ative me?od4 ,! lead+ ideas ( ,wellhaus51 = example1 are conspicu\s = acum53 ! humble/ layman c see t4 ,b "o may prote/ aga9/ criticis+ ! ,bible1 or ,hom]1 by me?ods l ^? :i* prove ,%akspe>e to h be5 ,bacon4 ,"o mu/ prote/1 too1 aga9/ ! pres5tation ( inconsi/5t & probably baseless critical hypo!ses 9 ! dogmatic brevity ( *eap h&books4 ,yet aga91 :5ce comes ! moral elem5t 9 ,jehovah8 ,mr4 ,huxley ?9ks t x possibly came f ! e?ical practice & !ory ( ,egypt4 ,9 ! ,egyptian ,book ( ! ,dead1 'a sort ( ,guide to ,_s ,l&1' !re are moral *apt]s2 ! gho/ tells 8 judges 9 ,am5ti :at s9s he has n committ$4 ,_m ( ^! s9s are =bidd5 9 ! ,t5 ,comm&m5ts4 ,!y are j z mu* =bidd5 9 ! nasc5t morality ( savage peoples4 ,moses did n ne$ ! ,book ( ! ,dead to tea* him elem5t>y morals4 ,f ! my/]ies ( ,mtanga he might h le>n$1 also1 _h he be5 pres5t1 ! virtue ( unselfi% g5]osity4 ,if ! cre$ ( ,jehovah1 or ( ,el1 reta9$ only z mu* ( e?ics z is "u div9e sanction among ! ,kurnai1 adaptation f ! ,book ( ! ,dead 0 sup]flu\s4 ,! c>e = ! dep>t$1 ! ritual ( ! ,ka1 ! int5se pre-occupation ) ! future life1 :i*1 f> m ?an its morality1 are ! ess5tial *>act]i/ics ( ! ,book ( ! ,dead--,israel c>$ = none ( ^! animi/ic ?+s1 br\ght none ( ^!1 or v little ( ^!1 out ( ! l& ( ,egypt4 ,moses 0 c]ta9ly v eclectic2 he took only ! morality ( ,egypt4 ,b z ,mr4 ,huxley advances ?is op9ion t5tatively1 z hav+ no secure hi/orical au?ority ab\t ,moses1 x h>dly answ]s our "q1 ,:5ce came ! moral elem5t 9 ,jehovah8 ,"o may surmise t x 0 ! survival ( ! primitive div9ely sanction$ e?ics ( ! anci5t savage ance/ors ( ! ,israelite1 kn[n to !m1 z to ! ,kurnai1 be=e !y _h a pot1 or a bronze knife1 or se$ to s[1 or %eep to h]d1 or ev5 a t5t ov] _! heads4 ,9 ! c\nsels ( et]nity ,israel 0 *os5 to keep burn+1 h[ev] obscur$ ) smoke ( sacrifice1 t flame :i* illum9es ! d>ke/ places ( ! e>?1 'a light to light5 ! ,g5tiles1 & ! glory ( ?y p ,israel'--a flame h[ litt5 a light :5ce %9+1 hi/ory _c in=m u1 & an?ropology c b conjecture4 ,"h sci5tific nesci5ce is wis] ?an ! cocksur5ess ( popul> sci5ce1 ) h] gho/s & feti%-/ones1 & gods t sprang f gho/s1 :i* gho/s1 h[ev]1 c\ld n be develop$1 ow+ to nomadic habits4 ,x appe>s1 !n1 if our g5]al sugge/ion meets ) any acceptance1 t :at occurr$ 9 ! developm5t ( ,hebrew religion 0 precisely :at ! ,bible tells u did occur4 ,?is mu/ necess>ily seem highly p>adoxical to our g5]ation2 b ! :ole tr5d ( our provisional sy/em makes 9 fav\r ( ! p>adox4 ,if savage nomadic ,israel _h ! high] religi\s conceptions prov$ to exi/ among sev]al ( ! l[e/ kn[n races1 ^! conceptions might be reviv$ by a lead] ( g5ius4 ,!y might1 9 a crisis ( tribal =tunes1 become ! rally+ po9t ( a new national s5tim5t4 ,obscur$1 9 "s degree1 by acqua9tance ) '! idols ( ,egypt1' & re/rict$ & localis$ by ! v national s5tim5t :i* !y fo/]$1 ^! conceptions 7 purifi$ & wid5$ f> beyond any local1 tribal1 or national re/rictions--wid5$ f> z ! flammantia mo5ia mundi--by ! hi/orically unique g5ius ( ! ,prophets4 ,bl5d$ ) ! doctr9e ( our ,"l1 & recomm5d$ by ! addition ( ,animism 9 its pure & priceless =m--! rew>d ( fai?1 hope1 & *>ity 9 et]nal life--! fai? ( ,israel enlight5$ ! _w4 ,all ?is is precisely :at occurr$1 accord+ to ! ,old & ,new ,te/am5ts4 ,all ?is is j :at1 on our hypo!sis1 might be expect$ to occur if1 out ( ! _m races :i*1 9 _! mo/ backw>d culture1 _h a rude conception ( a ,moral ,creative ,be+1 relatively supreme1 "o race endur$ ! education ( ,israel1 %[$ ! comp>ative indiff]5ce ( ,israel to ,animism & gho/-gods1 li/5$ to ! ,prophets ( ,israel1 & gave bir? to a great] ?an ,moses & ! ,prophets4 ,to ?is result ! ,logos1 z ,socrates says1 has l$ u1 by ! pa? ( an?ropology4 ,footnote #a3 ,sci5ce & ,hebrew ,tradition4 ,footnote #b3 ,op4 cit4 p4 #cfa4 ,footnote #c3 ,sci5ce & ,hebrew ,tradition4 p4 #cjh4 ,footnote #d3 ,pr94 ,soc4 p4 #cjf4 ,footnote #e3 ,! ,t%i-speak+ ,races1 p4 #ahc4 ,footnote #f3 ,"s ,au/ralian tribes h cemet]ies1 & ,i h f\nd "o native witness1 ,k+ ,billy1 to ! celebration ( ! my/]ies ne> "o ( ^! bury+-places4 ,i h n discov]$ o!r evid5ce to ?is effect1 ?\gh ,i h look$ = x4 ,! spot select$ is usually 'ne> ! camp1' & ! place = s l>ge a camp 9 *os51 naturally1 :]e ! supply ( food is adequate4 ,footnote #g3 ,cf4 ! ,aryans1 ,pr9ciples ( ,sociology1 p4 #cad4 ,footnote #h3 ,pr9ciples1 p4 #caf4 ,footnote #i3 ,ibid4 p4 #cag4 ,footnote #aj3 ,j]emiah xvi4 #f1 #g4 ,footnote #aa3 ,leviticus xix4 #bh4 ,footnote #ab3 ,deut]onomy xxxiv4 #f4 ,footnote #ac3 ,%ort ,introduction to ,hi/ory ( ,anci5t ,israel1 pp4 #hc1 #hd4 ,footnote #ad3 ,/ade i #djc4 ,footnote #ae3 ,/ade1 i4 #djf4 ,footnote #af3 ,wellhaus51 ,hi/ory ( ,israel1 p4 #dcg4 ,mr4 ,ox=d's book is only notic$ "h because x is meant = a popul> manual4 ,z ,mr4 ,h5ry ,fok] says1 'x seems a pity t ! cl]gy %\ld int]f]e 9 ^! matt]s4' ,footnote #ag3 ,sci5ce & ,hebrew ,tradition1 p4 #bii4 ,footnote #ah3 ,,ii4 #abg4 ,footnote #ai3 ,sci5ce & ,hebrew ,tradition1 p4 #cca4 ,footnote #bj3 ,m>9]1 ii4 #bje4 ,footnote #ba3 ,op4 cit4 p4 #cce4 ,footnote #bb3 ,( c\rse1 x 9 und]/ood t ,israel 79 ! d>k backw>d & abysm ( "t7 may also h be5 totemi/ic1 l ! ,au/ralians1 z texts po9t$ out by ,mr4 ,rob]tson ,smi? seem to h9t4 ,!re 0 also wor%ip ( t]aphim1 respect paid to /ones & trees1 & s =?4 ,footnote #bc3 ,sci5ce & ,hebrew ,tradition1 p4 #cdi4 ,footnote #bd3 ,p4 #cea4 ,footnote #be3 ,hi/ory ( ,israel1 p4 #ddc note4 ,footnote #bf3 ,religion ( ,semites4 ,footnote #bg3 ,ges*i*te des ,volkes ,israel1 i4 #ahj4 ,footnote #bh3 ,hi/oire du ,peuple d',israel1 cit+ ,s*rad]1 p4 #bc4 ,footnote #bi3 ,op4 cit4 p4 #he ,footnote #cj3 ,see ,pr(essor ,rob]tson's ,e>ly ,religion ( ,israel = a li/ ( ^! conjectures1 &1 g5]ally1 = criticisms ( ! occasional vag>ies ( critics4 ,,xvii ,,conclusion ,we may n[ glance backw>d at ! pa? :i* we h tri$ to cut ?r\gh ! jungles ( e>ly religions4 ,x is n a highway1 b ! track ( a solit>y explor]2 & ?is essay pret5ds to be no m ?an a sket*--n an exhau/ive survey ( cre$s4 ,its limitations are obvi\s1 b may "h be /at$4 ,! high] & ev5 ! l[] poly!isms are only allud$ to 9 pass+1 our object be+ to keep well 9 view ! conception ( a ,supreme1 or practically ,supreme1 ,be+1 f ! l[e/ /ages ( human culture up to ,*ri/ianity4 ,9 poly!ism t conception is necess>ily obscur$1 %[+ itself dimly ei!r 9 ! ,prytanis1 or ,presid5t ( ! ,immortals1 su* z ,zeus2 or 9 ,fate1 beh9d & above ! ,immortals2 or 9 ,mr4 ,max ,mll]'s ,h5o!ism1 :]e ! god address$--,indra1 or ,soma1 or ,agni--is1 = ! mom5t1 envisag$ z supreme1 & is ador$ 9 some?+ l a mono!i/ic _s2 or1 f9ally1 9 ! e!realis$ deity ( advanc$ philosophic speculation4 ,x has n be5 necess>y1 = our purpose1 to dwell on ^! civilis$ religions4 ,grant+ our hypo!sis ( an e>ly ,supreme ,be+ among savages1 obscur$ lat] by ance/or-wor%ip & gho/-gods1 b n (t5 absolutely lo/ to religi\s tradition1 ! b>b>ic & ! civilis$ poly!isms easily take _! position 9 l9e1 & are easily intelligible4 ,space =bids a discussion ( all kn[n religions2 only typical specim5s h be5 select$4 ,?us1 no?+ has be5 said ( ! religion ( ! great ,*9ese empire4 ,x appe>s to consi/1 on its high] plane1 ( ! wor%ip ( ,heav5 z a great feti%-god--a wor%ip :i* may well h begun 9 days1 z ,dr4 ,br9ton says1 'long ere man _h ask$ himself1 ,are ! heav5s mat]ial & ,god spiritual8'--p]haps1 = all we "k1 be=e ! idea ( '_s' _h be5 evolv$4 ,?us1 if x conta9s no?+ m augu/1 ! ,*9ese religion is1 s f>1 b5ea? t ( ! ,zuis1 or ! cre$ 9 ,taa-roa1 9 ,be+s :o are et]nal1 :o 7 be=e e>? 0 or sky 04 ,! ,*9ese religion ( ,heav5 is also col\r$ by ,*9ese political conditions2 ,heav5 7,ti57 corresponds to ! ,emp]or1 & t5ds to be conf\nd$ ) ,%ang-ti1 ! ,emp]or above4 ',dr4 ,legge *>ges ,confucius1' says ,mr4 ,tylor1 ') an incl9ation to sub/itute1 9 8 religi\s tea*+1 ! "n ( ,ti51 ,heav51 = t kn[n to m anci5t religion1 & us$ 9 m anci5t books--,%ang-ti1 ! p]sonal rul+ deity4' ,if s1 ,*9a too has its anci5t ,supreme ,be+1 :o is n a div9is$ aspect ( nature4 ,b ,mr4 ,tylor's read+1 9 h>mony ) 8 g5]al !ory1 is diff]5t3 ',x seems1 r1 t ! sage 01 9 fact1 uphold+ ! tradition ( ! anci5t fai?1 ?us act+ accord+ to ! "* on :i* he prid$ himself--t ( a transmitt]1 n a mak]1 a pres]v] ( old k1 n a new reveal]4'#a ,?is1 ( c\rse1 is purely a "q ( evid5ce1 to be settl$ by ,s9ologi/s4 ,if ! p]sonal ,supreme ,be+1 ,%ang-ti1 occupies 9 old] docum5ts ! situation held by ,ti5 7,heav57 9 ,confucius's lat] sy/em1 :y are we to say t ,confucius1 by putt+ =w>d ,heav5 9 place ( ,%ang-ti1 0 re/or+ an old] conception8 ,mr4 ,tylor's affection = 8 !ory leads him1 p]haps1 to t op9ion2 :ile my affection = my !ory leads me to pref] docum5t>y evid5ce 9 its fav\r4 ,! "q c only be settl$ by speciali/s4 ,z matt]s /&1 x seems to me probable t anci5t ,*9a possess$ a ,supreme ,p]sonal ,be+1 m remote & orig9al ?an ,heav51 j z ! ,zuis d4 ,on ! l[] plane1 ,*9ese religion is ov]run1 z ev]yone kn[s1 by ,animism & ance/or-wor%ip4 ,?is is s p[]ful t x has giv5 rise to a native !ory ( ,euhem]ism4 ,! dep>tm5tal deities ( ,*9ese poly!ism are expla9$ by ! ,*9ese on ,euhem]i/ic pr9ciples3 ',accord+ to leg5d1 ! ,w> ,god1 or ,milit>y ,sage1 0 once1 9 human life1 a di/+ui%$ soldi]2 ! ,sw9e ,god 0 a hog-bre$] :o lo/ 8 pigs & di$ ( sorr[2 ! ,god ( ,gambl]s 0 un dcav4'#b ,^! are n /atem5ts ( fact1 b ( ,*9ese ,euhem]i/ic !ory4 ,on t hypo!sis1 ,confucius %\ld n[ be a god2 b ( c\rse he is n2 8 _s is m]ely localis$ 9 8 temple1 :]e ! ,emp]or wor%ips him twice a ye> z ance/ral spirits are wor%ipp$4 ,e !ori/ w =ce facts into h>mony ) 8 sy/em1 b ,i d n see t ! ,*9ese facts are contr>y to m9e4 ,on ! highe/ plane is ei!r a p]sonal ,supreme ,be+1 ,%ang-ti1 or !re is ,ti51 ,heav5 7) ,e>?1 p>5t ( m571 nei!r ( !m necess>ily ow+1 9 orig91 any?+ to ,animism4 ,!n !re is ! political reflection ( ! ,emp]or on ,religion 7:i* _c exi/ :]e !re is no ,emp]or1 ,k+1 or ,*ief1 & !re=e mu/ be late71 !re is ! animi/ic rabble ( spirits ance/ral or n1 & !re is dep>tm5tal poly!ism4 ,! spirits are1 ( c\rse1 f$ & furni%$ by m5 9 ! usual symbolical way4 ,no?+ %[s or h9ts t ,%ang-ti is m]ely an imag9>y idealis$ fir/ ance/or4 ,inde$1 ab\t all su* explanations ( ! ,supreme ,be+ 7say among ! ,kurnai7 z an idealis$ imag9>y fir/ ance/or1 ,m4 ,rville ju/ly obs]ves z foll[s3 ',n only h we se5 t1 9 wide regions ( ! uncivilis$ _w1 ! wor%ip ( ance/ors has invad$ a doma9 previ\sly occupi$ by ,naturism & ,animism prop]ly s call$1 t x is1 !re=e1 po/]ior to ^!2 b1 f>!r1 we d n und]/&1 9 ,mr4 ,sp5c]'s sy/em1 :y1 9 s _m places1 ! fir/ ance/or is ! ,mak]1 if n ! ,creator ( ! _w1 ,ma/] ( life & dea?1 & possessor ( div9e p[]s1 n held by any ( 8 desc5dants4 ,?is proves t x 0 n ! fir/ ance/or :o became ,god1 9 ! belief ( 8 desc5dants1 b mu* r ! ,div9e ,mak] & ,beg9n] ( all1 :o1 9 ! cre$ ( 8 ador]s1 became ! fir/ ance/or4'#c ,our task has be5 limit$1 9 ?is way1 ma9ly to exam9ation ( ! religion ( "s ( ! v l[e/ races1 & ( ! highe/ _w-religions1 su* z ,judaism4 ,! hi/orical aspect ( ,*ri/ianity1 z aris+ 9 ! ,life1 ,dea?1 & ,resurrection ( our ,"l1 w\ld dem& a sep>ate treatise4 ,?is w\ld1 9 "p1 be conc]n$ ) ! attempts to f9d 9 ! n>ratives conc]n+ our ,"l1 a l>ge admixture ( ! my?ology & ritual connect$ ) ! sacrific$ ,rex ,nemor5sis1 & :atev] else survives 9 peasant folk-lore ( spr+ & h>ve/4#d ,aft] ^! apologies = ! limitations ( ?is essay1 we may survey ! backw>d track4 ,we began by %[+ t savages may /umble1 & h /umbl$1 on !ories n inconsi/5t ) sci5ce1 b n till rec5tly discov]$ by sci5ce4 ,! electric orig9 ( ! ,aurora ,borealis 7:e!r absolutely c]ta9 or n7 0 an example2 ano!r 0 ! efficacy ( 'sugge/ion1' especially = curative purposes4 ,x 01 !re=e1 h9t$ t1 if savages blund]$ 7if y please7 into a belief 9 ,god & ! ,s\l1 h[ev] obscurely envisag$1 ^! beliefs 7 n !re=e necess>ily & ess5tially false4 ,we !n /at$ our purpose ( exam9+ ! alleg$ sup]normal ph5om5a1 savage or civilis$1 :i*1 on ,mr4 ,tylor's hypo!sis1 help to orig9ate ! conception ( 'spirits4' ,we def5d$ ! nature ( our evid5ce1 z be=e an?ropologi/s1 by %[+ t1 = ! savage belief 9 ! sup]normal ph5om5a1 we h exactly ! k9d ( evid5ce on :i* all an?ropological sci5ce reposes4 ,! relative weakness ( t evid5ce1 our ne$ ( m & bett] evid5ce1 we w\ld be ! v la/ to d5y1 inde$ x is "p ( our case4 ,our exi/+ evid5ce w h>dly support any !ory ( religion4 ,anyone :o is 9 d\bt on t head has only to read ,m4 ,rville's ',les ,religions des ,peuples ,non-,civiliss1' "u ! heads ',mlansi5s1' ',m9copies1' ',les ,au/rali5s' 7ii4 #aaf-adc71 :5 he w obs]ve t ?is em95t ,fr5* au?ority is ignorant ( ! facts ab\t ^! races "h produc$4 ,9 #ahhc !y _h n come )9 8 k54 ,su* m9ute & c>eful inquiries by m5 closely intimate ) ! peoples conc]n$1 z ,dr4 ,codr+ton's1 ,mr4 ,hewitt's1 ,mr4 ,man's1 & ! au?orities compil$ by ,mr4 ,br\gh ,smy?1 7 unfamili> to ,m4 ,rville1 ,?us1 9 turn1 new facts1 or facts unkn[n to u1 may upset my !ory4 ,?is p]il is ( ! ess5ce ( sci5tific !oris+ on ! hi/ory ( religion4 ,hav+ ?us ju/ifi$ our evid5ce = ! savage belief 9 sup]normal ph5om5a1 z be=e an?ropologi/s1 we turn$ to a c\rt ( psy*ologi/s 9 def5ce ( our evid5ce = ! fact ( exactly ! same sup]normal ph5om5a 9 civilis$ exp]i5ce4 ,we po9t$ out t = subjective psy*ological exp]i5ces1 say ( telepa?y1 we _h precisely ! same evid5ce z all non-exp]im5tal psy*ology mu/ & does re/ ^u4 ,nay1 we h ev5 exp]im5tal evid5ce1 9 exp]im5ts 9 ?\ght-transf]5ce4 ,we h *iefly1 h[ev]1 /atem5ts ( subjective exp]i5ce4 ,= ! co9cid5ce ( su* exp]i5ce ) unkn[n ev5ts we h su* evid5ce z1 9 practical life1 is admitt$ by c\rts ( law4 ,exp]im5tal psy*ology1 ( c\rse1 relies on exp]im5ts conduct$ "u ! eyes ( ! exp]t1 = example1 by hypnotism or o!rwise1 "u ,dr4 ,hack ,tuke1 ,pr(essor ,james1 ,m4 ,ri*et1 ,m4 ,janet4 ,! evid5ce is ! conduct r ?an ! /atem5ts ( ! subject4 ,!re is also physiological exp]im5t1 by vivisection 7,i regret to say7 & po/-mortem dissection4 ,b non-exp]im5tal psy*ology reposes on ! self-exam9ation ( ! /ud5t1 & on ! /atem5ts ( psy*ological exp]i5ces made to him by p]sons :om he ?9ks he c tru/4 ,! psy*ologi/1 h[ev]1 if he be1 z ,mr4 ,galton says1 'unimag9ative 9 ! /rict b unusual s5se ( t ambigu\s ^w1' ne$s ,mr4 ,galton's '^w ( w>n+4' ,he is ask$ 'to resi/ a too frequ5t t5d5cy to assume t ! m9ds ( e o!r sane & heal?y p]son mu/ be l 8 own4 ,! psy*ologi/ %\ld inquire into ! m9ds ( o!rs z he %\ld into ^? ( animals ( diff]5t races1 & be prep>$ to f9d mu* to :i* 8 own exp]i5ce c af=d little if any clue4'#e ,mr4 ,galton _h to w>n ! unimag9ative psy*ologi/ 9 ?is way1 because he 0 ab\t to unfold 8 discov]y ( ! faculty :i* pres5ts numb]s to "s m9ds z visualis$ col\r$ num]als1 's vivid z to be undi/+ui%able f reality1 except by ! aid ( accid5tal circum/ances4' ,mr4 ,galton also f\nd 9 8 inquiries t occasional halluc9ations ( ! sane are mu* m preval5t ?an he _h suppos$1 or ?an sci5ce _h ev] tak5 into acc\nt4 ,all ?is 0 entirely new to psy*ologi/s1 _m ( :om /ill 7at lea/ _m popul> psy*ologi/s ( ! press7 appe> to be unacqua9t$ ) ! circum/ances4 ,"o ( !m in=m$ me1 q gravely1 t 'he nev] _h an halluc9ation1' !re=e--8 m9d be+ sane & heal?y--! inf]5ce seem$ to be t no sane & heal?y m9d 0 ev] halluc9at$4 ,mr4 ,galton has repli$ to t argum5t6 ,8 reply cov]s1 logically1 ! :ole field ( psy*ological faculties little reg>d$1 = example1 by ,mr4 ,sully1 :o is n exactly an imag9ative psy*ologi/4 ,x cov]s ! :ole field ( automatism 7z 9 automatic writ+7 p]haps ( ! div9+ rod1 c]ta9ly ( cry/al visions & ( occasional halluc9ations1 z ,mr4 ,galton1 9 ?is la/ case1 expressly decl>es4 ,psy*ologi/s at lea/ ne$ n be told t su* faculties _c1 any m ?an o!r human faculties1 be always evok$ = /udy & exp]im5t4 ,our evid5ce = ^! faculties & exp]i5ces1 !n1 is usually ( ! class on :i* ! psy*ologi/ relies4 ,b1 :5 ! psy*ologi/1 foll[+ ,leibnitz1 ,sir ,william ,hamilton1 & ,kant1 discusses ! ,subconsci\s 7= example1 k1 (t5 complex & abundant1 unconsci\sly acquir$7 we demon/rat$ by examples t ! psy*ologi/ w cont5t$ly repose on evid5ce :i* is n evid5ce at all4 ,he w swall[ an undat$1 unlocalis$ leg5d ( ,col]idge1 rea*+ ,col]idge on ! te/imony ( rum\r1 & told at lea/ tw5ty ye>s aft] ! unv]ifi$ occurr5ces4 ,nay1 ! psy*ologi/ w nev] dream ( procur+ contempor>y evid5ce = su* a mon/r\s /atem5t z t an ignorant ,g]man w5* unconsci\sly acquir$ & aft]w>ds subconsci\sly reproduc$ huge cantles ( dead languages1 by virtue ( hav+ casually he>d a =m] ma/] recite or read al\d f ,hebrew & ,greek books4 ,?is leg5d d psy*ologi/s accept on no evid5ce at all1 because x illu/rates a !ory :i* is1 d\btless1 a v good !ory1 ?\gh1 9 ?is case1 c>ri$ to an ext5t 'imag9ation boggles at4' ,"h ! psy*ologi/ may reply t mu* less evid5ce w cont5t him = a fact to :i* he possesses1 at lea/1 analogies 9 accr$it$ exp]i5ce1 ?an = a fact 7say telepa?ic cry/al-gaz+7 to :i* he kn[s1 9 exp]i5ce1 no?+ analog\s4 ,?us1 = ! my?ical ,g]man h&maid1 he has ! analogy ( languages le>n$ 9 *ildhood1 or passages got up by rote1 be+ =gott5 & br\ght back to ord9>y consci\s memory1 or deliri\s memory1 dur+ an illness1 or %ortly be=e dea?4 ,/rong 9 ^! analogies1 ! psy*ologi/ w v5ture to accept a case ( language n le>n$1 b reproduc$ 9 deliri\s memory1 on no evid5ce at all4 ,b1 n possess+ analogies = telepa?ic cry/al-gaz+1 he w probably decl9e to exam9e ours4 ,i w\ld fir/ draw 8 att5tion to ! diff]5ce betwe5 reviv$ memory ( a language once kn[n 7,breton & ,wel% 9 kn[n examples71 or le>n$ by rote 7z ,greek1 9 an anecdote ( ,goe!'s71 & v]bal reproduction ( a language n kn[n or le>n$ by rote b ov]he>d--ea* passage probably b once--z somebody recit$ fragm5ts4 ,9 ?is in/ance 7t ( ! my?ical maid7 '! difficulty 444 is t ! orig9al impressions _h n ! /r5g?--t is1 ! di/9ctness--( ! reproduction4 ,an unkn[n language ov]he>d is a m]e s\nd4444'#f ,! di/9ction "h drawn is s great & obvi\s t = pro( ( ! ,g]man girl's case we ne$ bett] evid5ce ?an ,col]idge's rum\r ( a rum\r1 cit$1 z x is1 by ,hamilton1 ,maudsley1 ,c>p5t]1 ,du ,prel1 & ! common run ( manuals4 ,n t ,i d5y1 a priori1 ! possibility ( ,col]idge's /ory4 ,z ,mr4 ,huxley says1 '/rictly speak+1 ,i am unaw>e ( any?+ t has a "r to ! title ( an impossibility1 except a contradiction 9 t]ms4'#g ,to ! horror ( "s ( 8 admir]s1 ,mr4 ,huxley w\ld n call ! exi/5ce ( demons & demoniacal possession 'impossible4'#h ,mr4 ,huxley 0 no bl9d foll[] ( ,hume4 ,i1 too1 d n call ,col]idge's tale 'impossible1' b1 unlike ! psy*ologi/s1 ,i refuse to accept x on ',b>dolph's security4' ,& ,i contra/ _! conduct1 9 swall[+ ,col]idge's leg5d1 ) _! refusal 7if !y d refuse7 to accept ! evid5ce = ! automatic writ+ ( n-consci\sly-kn[n languages 7z ( elev5?-c5tury ,fr5* poetry & prose by ,mr4 ,s*ill]71 or _! refusal 7if !y d refuse7 to look at ! evid5ce = telepa?ic cry/al-gaz+1 or any o!r sup]normal exhibitions ( faculty1 atte/$ by liv+ & hon\rable p]sons4 ,i wi% ,i saw a way = or?odox unimag9ative psy*ology out ( its dilemma4 ,aft] (f]+ to an?ropologi/s & psy*ologi/s ^! consid]ations1 :i* ,i purposely reit]ate1 we exam9$ hi/orically ! relations ( sci5ce to '! m>vell\s1' %[+ = example h[ ,hume1 foll[+ 8 a priori !ory ( ! impossible1 w\ld h decl9$ to inve/igate1 because !y 7 'miracul\s1' c]ta9 occurr5ces :i*1 to ,*>cot1 7 ord9>y incid5ts 9 m$ical exp]i5ce4 ,we next took up & criticis$ ! an?ropological !ory ( religion z exp\nd$ by ,mr4 ,tylor4 ,we !n collect$ f 8 "w a s]ies ( alleg$ sup]normal ph5om5a 9 savage belief1 all mak+ = ! f\ndation ( animi/ic religion4 ,?r\gh sev]al *apt]s we pursu$ ! /udy ( ^! ph5om5a1 *oos+ savage in/ances1 & sett+ beside !m civilis$ te/imony to facts ( exp]i5ce4 ,our conclusion 0 t su* civilis$ exp]i5ces1 if !y occurr$1 z !y are univ]sally said to d1 among savages1 w\ld help to orig9ate1 & w\ld v /rongly support ! savage doctr9e ( s\ls1 ! base ( religion 9 ! !ory ( ,engli% an?ropologi/s4 ,b ap>t f ! savage doctr9e ( 'spirits' 7:e!r !y exi/ or n71 ! evid5ce po9ts to ! exi/5ce ( human faculties n all[$ = 9 ! curr5t sy/ems ( mat]ialism4 ,we next turn$ f ! subject ( sup]normal exp]i5ces to ! admitt$ facts ab\t e>ly religion4 ,grant+ ! belief 9 s\ls & gho/s & spirits1 h[ev] atta9$1 h[ 0 ! idea ( a ,supreme ,be+ to be evolv$ out ( t belief8 ,we %[$ t1 tak+ ! cre$ z f\nd 9 ! l[e/ races1 ! processes put =w>d by an?ropologi/s c\ld n acc\nt = its evolution4 ,! facts w\ld n fit into1 b contradict$1 ! an?ropological !ory4 ,! necess>y social conditions po/ulat$ 7 n f\nd 9 places :]e ! belief is f\nd4 ,nay1 ! necess>y social conditions = ! evolution ev5 ( ance/or-wor%ip 7 confess$ly n f\nd :]e ! suppos$ ultimate result ( ance/or-wor%ip1 ! belief 9 a ,supreme ,be+1 fl\ri%$ abundantly4 ,aga91 ! belief 9 a ,supreme ,be+1 ex hypo!si ! late/ 9 evolution1 !re=e ! mo/ pot5t1 0 (t5 %elv$ & half =gott51 or neglect$1 or ridicul$1 :]e ! belief 9 ,animism 7ex hypo!si ! e>li]7 0 9 full vig\r4 ,we demon/rat$ by facts t ,an?ropology _h simplifi$ h] task by ignor+ t ess5tial feature1 ! preval5t alliance ( e?ics ) religion1 9 ! cre$ ( ! l[e/ & lea/ develop$ races4 ,"h1 happily1 we h n only ! evid5ce ( an e>ne/ animi/1 ,mr4 ,im ,?urn1 on our side1 b t ( a di/+ui%$ ,semitic s*ol>1 ! late ,mr4 ,rob]tson ,smi?4 ',we see t ev5 9 its rude/ =ms ,religion 0 a moral =ce1 ! p[]s t man rev]es 7 on ! side ( social ord] & moral law2 & ! fe> ( ! gods 0 a motive to en=ce ! laws ( society1 :i* 7 also ! laws ( morality4'#i ,wellhaus5 has already be5 cit$ to ! same effect4 ,h[ev]1 ! facts prov+ t tru?1 & unselfi%ness1 surely a l>ge elem5t ( ,*ri/ian e?ics1 are div9ely sanction$ 9 savage religion are m pot5t ?an ! mo/ le>n$ op9ion on t side4 ,our next /ep 0 to exam9e 9 detail sev]al religions ( ! mo/ remote & backw>d races1 ( races lea/ contam9at$ ) ,*ri/ian or ,islamite tea*+4 ,our evid5ce1 :5 possible1 0 d]iv$ f anci5t & secret tribal my/]ies1 & sacr$ native hymns4 ,we f\nd a relatively ,supreme ,be+1 a ,mak]1 sanction+ morality1 & unpropitiat$ by sacrifice1 among peoples :o g 9 dread ( gho/s & wiz>ds1 b d n always wor%ip ance/ors4 ,we %[$ t ! an?ropological !ory ( ! evolution ( ,god out ( gho/s 9 no way expla9s ! facts 9 ! savage conception ( a ,supreme ,be+4 ,we !n argu$ t ! notion ( '_s1' d]iv$ f gho/-belief1 0 n logically ne$$ = ! conception ( a ,supreme ,be+ 9 its e>lie/ =m1 0 detrim5tal to ! conception1 &1 by mu* evid5ce1 0 d5i$ to be "p ( ! conception4 ,! ,supreme ,be+1 ?us reg>d$1 may be 7?\gh he _c hi/orically be %[n to be7 prior to ! fir/ notion ( gho/ & sep>able s\ls4 ,we !n trac$ ! idea ( su* a ,supreme ,be+ ?r\gh ! cre$s ( races ris+ 9 ! scale ( mat]ial culture1 demon/rat+ t he 0 ?ru/ aside by ! competition ( rav5\s b s]viceable gho/s1 gho/-gods1 & %ades ( k+ly ance/ors1 ) _! magic & _! bloody rites4 ,^! rites & ! animi/ic conception beh9d !m 7 next1 9 r>e cases1 reflect$ or refract$ back on ! ,supreme ,et]nal4 ,ari/ocratic in/itutions fo/]$ poly!ism ) ! old ,supreme ,be+ obscur$1 or sup]s$$1 or en?ron$ z ,emp]or-,god1 or ,k+-,god4 ,we saw h[1 & 9 :at s5se1 ! old deg5]ation !ory c\ld be def9$ & def5d$4 ,we obs]v$ traces ( deg5]ation 9 c]ta9 ar*aic aspects ( ! fai? 9 ,jehovah2 & we prov$ t 7giv5 a tol]ably pure l[ savage belief 9 a ,supreme ,be+7 t belief mu/ deg5]ate1 "u social conditions1 z civilisation advanc$4 ,next1 /udy+ :at we may call ! re/oration ( ,jehovah1 "u ! great ,prophets ( ,israel1 we not$ t !y1 & ,israel g5]ally1 7 /rangely indiff]5t to t priceless aspect ( ,animism1 ! c>e = ! future happ9ess1 z condition$ by ! conduct ( ! individual s\l4 ,t aspect _h be5 neglect$ nei!r by ! popul> in/9ct nor ! prie/ly & philosophic reflection ( ,egypt1 ,greece1 & ,rome4 ,*ri/ianity1 la/1 comb9$ :at 0 good 9 ,animism1 ! c>e = ! individual s\l z an immortal _s "u et]nal responsibilities1 ) ! ,"o righte\s ,et]nal ( prophetic ,israel1 & s end$ ! long1 intricate1 & my/]i\s !ological education ( humanity4 ,su* is our !ory1 :i* does n1 to u1 appe> to lack evid5ce1 nor to be inconsi/5t 7z ! an?ropological !ory is app>5tly inconsi/5t7 ) ! hypo!sis ( evolution4 ,all ?is1 x mu/ be emphatically insi/$ on1 is prop\nd$ '"u all res]ves4' ,:ile ^! f\r /ages1 say 7#a7 ! ,au/ralian unpropitiat$ ,moral ,be+1 7#b7 ! ,african neglect$ ,be+1 /ill some:at moral1 7#c7 ! relatively ,supreme ,be+ involv$ 9 human sacrifice1 z 9 ,polynesia1 & 7#d7 ! ,moral ,be+ re9/at$ philosophically1 z 9 ,israel1 d sugge/ /eps 9 evolution1 we desire to base no h>d-&-fa/ sy/em ( asc5d+ & desc5d+ degrees ^u our pres5t evid5ce4 ,! real object is to %[ t facts may be reg>d$ 9 ?is light1 z well z 9 ! light ?r[n by ! an?ropological !ory1 9 ! h&s :e!r ( ,mr4 ,tylor1 ,mr4 ,sp5c]1 ,m4 ,rville1 or ,mr4 ,jevons1 ^: int]e/+ "w comes ne>e/ to our provisional hypo!sis4 ,we only ask = susp5se ( judgm5t1 & = hesitation 9 accept+ ! dogmas ( mod]n manual mak]s4 ,an exception to !m c]ta9ly appe>s to be ,mr4 ,clodd1 if we may safely attribute to him a review 7sign$ ,c47 ( ,mr4 ,grant ,all5's ',evolution ( ! ,idea ( ,god4' ',we fe> t all our speculations w rema9 summ>ies ( probabilities4 ,no docum5ts are extant to enlight5 u2 we h only mobile1 complex & confus$ ideas1 inc>nate 9 ecc5tric1 (t5 contradictory !ories4 ,t ?is "* atta*es to su* ideas %\ld keep u on gu>d aga9/ fram+ !ories ^: symmetry is sometimes _! condemnation' 7',daily ,*ronicle1' ,decemb] #aj1 #ahig74 ,no?+ excites my own suspicion ( my provisional hypo!sis m ?an its symmetry4 ,x really seems to fit ! facts1 z !y appe> to me1 too neatly4 ,i w\ld sugge/1 h[ev]1 t anci5t savage sacr$ hymns1 & practices 9 ! my/]ies1 are really r ( ! nature ( 'docum5ts2' m s1 at lea/1 ?an ! casual obs]vations ( "s travell]s1 or ! gossip extract$ f natives mu* 9 contact ) ,europeans4 ,suppos+ t ! argum5ts 9 ?is essay met ) "s acceptance1 :at effect w\ld !y h1 if any1 on our ?\ghts ab\t religion8 ,:at is _! practical t5d5cy8 ,! lea/ dubi\s effect w\ld be1 ,i hope1 to prev5t u f accept+ ! an?ropological !ory ( religion1 or any o!r !ory1 z a =egone conclusion1 ,i h tri$ to %[ h[ dim is our k1 h[ weak1 (t51 is our evid5ce1 & t1 f9d+ among ! l[e/ savages all ! elem5ts ( all religions already develop$ 9 diff]5t degrees1 we _c1 hi/orically1 say t "o is e>li] ?an ano!r4 ,?is po9t ( priority we c nev] hi/orically settle4 ,if we met savages ) gho/s & no gods1 we c\ld n be sure b t !y once possess$ a ,god1 & =got him4 ,if we met savages ) a ,god & no gho/s1 we c\ld n be hi/orically c]ta9 t a high] _h n oblit]at$ a l[] cre$4 ,= ^! reasons dogmatic decisions ab\t ! orig9 ( religion seem unwor?y ( sci5ce4 ,!y w appe> yet m futile to any /ud5t :o goes s f> ) me z to d\bt :e!r ! highe/ gods ( ! l[e/ races c\ld be develop$1 or c be %[n to h be5 develop$1 by way ( ! gho/-!ory4 ,to him :o rea*es ?is po9t ! :ole animi/ic doctr9e ( gho/s z ! "o g]m ( religion w appe> to be imp]ill$4 ,! ma9 practical result1 !n1 w be hesitation ab\t accept+ ! late/ sci5tific op9ion1 ev5 :5 back$ by great names1 & publi%$ 9 little prim]s4 ,on ! hypo!sis "h (f]$ to criticism !re are two *ief s\rces ( ,religion1 7#a7 ! belief1 h[ atta9$ we "k n1#aj 9 a p[]ful1 moral1 et]nal1 omnisci5t ,fa!r & ,judge ( m52 7#b7 ! belief 7probably develop$ out ( exp]i5ces normal & sup]normal7 9 some:at ( man :i* may survive ! grave4 ,?is second belief is n1 logically1 ne$$ z giv5 mat]ial = ! fir/1 9 its app>5tly e>lie/ =m4 ,x may1 = all we "k1 be ! lat] ( ! two beliefs1 *ronologically4 ,b ?is belief1 too1 0 necess>y to religion2 fir/1 z f9ally supply+ a =mula by :i* advanc+ intellects c\ld conceive ( ! ,mighty ,be+ involv$ 9 ! =m] cre$2 next1 z elevat+ man's conception ( 8 own nature4 ,by ! second belief he becomes ! *ild ( ! ,god 9 :om1 p]haps1 he already tru/$1 & 9 :om he has 8 be+1 a be+ n de/9$ to p]i% ) ! dea? ( ! body4 ,man is ?us n only ! *ild b ! heir ( ,god1 a 'nursel+ ( immortality1' capable ( ent]+ into et]nal life4 ,on ! moral influ5ce ( ?is belief x is sup]flu\s to dwell4 ,f ! mo/ backw>d races hi/orically kn[n to u1 to ^? ( our own /atus1 all h be5 m or less wa%$ by ! wat]s ( ?is d\ble /ream ( religion4 ,! ,hebrews1 z f> z our in=mation goes1 7 *iefly influ5c$ by ! fir/ belief1 ! fai? 9 ! ,et]nal1 & _h comp>atively slight int]e/ 9 :atev] po/hum\s =tunes might await individual s\ls4 ,o!r civilis$ peoples1 say ! ,greeks1 ext5d$ ! second1 or animi/ic !ory1 into =ms ( beautiful fantasy1 ! mat]ial ( art4 ,yet bo? 9 ,greece & ,rome1 z we le>n f ! ',republic' 7,books i4 iii47 ( ,plato1 & f ! :ole scope ( ! poem ( ,lucretius1 & f ! ,pa9t$ ,por* at ,delphi1 answ]+ to ! frescoes ( ! ,pisan ,campo ,santo1 !re exi/$1 among ! p1 :at 0 unkn[n to ! ,hebrews1 an extreme anxiety ab\t ! po/hum\s =tunes & possible puni%m5t ( ! individual s\l4 ,a k9d ( p>don]s & indulg5ce-sell]s made a liv+ out ( t anxiety 9 ,greece4 ,= ! ,greek p>don]s1 :o te/ify to an int]e/ 9 ! future happ9ess ( ! s\l n f\nd 9 ,israel1 ,mr4 ,jevons may be cit$3 ',! agyrtes pr(ess$ by means ( 8 rites to purify m5 f ! s9s !y _h !mselves committ$ 444 & s to secure to ^? :om he purifi$ an exemption f ! evil lot 9 ! next _w :i* await$ ^? :o 7 n initiat$4' ',a magic mirror' 7cry/al-gaz+7 '0 among 8 prop]ties4'#aa ,9 ,egypt a moral life did n suffice to secure immortal rew>d4 ,!re 0 also requir$ k ( ! spells t baffle ! demons :o1 9 ,am5ti1 z 9 ! ,r$ ,indian & ,polynesian ,hades1 lie 9 wait = s\ls4 ,t k 0 conta9$ 9 copies ( ! ,book ( ! ,dead--! gagne-pa9 ( prie/s & scribes4 ,e>ly ,israel1 hav+1 z f> z we "k1 a s+ul> lack ( int]e/ 9 ! future ( ! s\l1 0 born to give himself up to develop+1 undi/urb$1 ! !i/ic conception1 ! belief 9 a righte\s ,et]nal4 ,poly!ism ev]y:]e--9 ,greece especially--held ( ! animi/ic conception1 ) its freaki%1 corruptible deities4 ,greek philosophy c\ld h>dly re/ore t ,et]nal = :om ! ,prophets battl$ 9 ,israel2 :om "s ( ! l[e/ savages "k & fe>2 :om ! animi/ic !ory or cult ev]y:]e obscures ) its cr[d ( hungry1 cruel1 int]e/$1 food-propitiat$ gho/-gods4 ,9 ! religion ( our ,"l & ! ,apo/les ! two curr5ts ( fai? 9 "o righte\s ,god & c>e = ! individual s\l 7 purifi$ & comb9$4 ',god is a ,_s1 & !y :o wor%ip ,him mu/ wor%ip ,him 9 _s & 9 tru?4' ,man also is a _s1 &1 z su*1 is 9 ! h&s ( a ,god n to be propitiat$ by man's sacrifice or monk's ritual4 ,we "k h[ ?is doctr9e 0 aga9 di/urb$ by ! ,animism1 9 effect1 & by ! sacrifice & ritual ( ! ,m$iaeval ,*ur*4 ,too eag] 'to be all ?+s to all m51' ! augu/ & b5efic5t ,"m ( ,*ri/5dom readmitt$ ! e>li] ,animism 9 new =ms ( sa9t-wor%ip1 pilgrimage1 & popul> c]emonial--?+s ap>t f1 b commonly suppos$ to be sub/itutes =1 righte\sness ( life & ! selflessness enjo9$ 9 savage my/]ies4 ,= ! s(tness1 no less ?an = ! h>dness ( m5's he>ts1 ^! ?+s 7 orda9$3 su* z masses = ! belov$ dead4 ,mod]n ?\ght has dean?ropomorphis$ :at 0 left ( an?ropomorphic 9 religion1 &1 9 ! end1 has left u = ,god1 at mo/1 'a /ream ( t5d5cy mak+ = righte\sness1' or an en]gy unkn[n & unkn[able--! gho/ ( a gho/4 ,= ! s\l1 by virtue ( 8 belief 9 :i* man rais$ himself 9 8 own e/eem1 &1 m or less1 9 e?ical /&+1 is left to u a negation or a wi/ful d\bt4 ,to ?is "p ( mod]n sci5tific tea*+ ! e>li] position ( ?is essay sugge/s a demurr]4 ,by aid ( ! tradition ( & belief 9 sup]normal ph5om5a among ! l[ races1 by atte/$ ph5om5a ( ! same k9ds ( exp]i5ce among ! high] races1 ,i h v5tur$ to try to sugge/ t 'we are n m]ely bra92' t man has 8 "p1 we "k n h[1 9 we "k n :at--has faculties & vision sc>cely condition$ by ! limits ( 8 normal purview4 ,! evid5ce ( all ?is deals ) matt]s (t5 trivial1 l ! electric sp>ks rubb$ f ! de]'s hide1 :i* yet are cognate ) an illimitable1 ess5tial pot5cy ( ! univ]se4 ,n be+ able to expla9 away ^! facts1 or1 9 ?is place1 to (f] :at w\ld necess>ily be a premature !ory ( !m1 ,i reg>d !m1 ?\gh !y seem %ad[y1 z gr\nds ( hope1 or1 at lea/1 z tok5s t m5 ne$ n yet despair4 ,n n[ = ! fir/ "t h weak ?+s ( ! e>? be5 *os5 to conf\nd ?+s /rong4 ,nor h m5 ( ?is op9ion be5 always ! weake/2 n among ! feeble/ are ,socrates1 ,pascal1 ,napoleon1 ,cromwell1 ,*>les ,gordon1 ,/4 ,!resa1 & ,jeanne d',arc4 ,i am p]fectly aw>e t ! 'sup]/iti\sness' ( ! e>li] "p ( ?is essay mu/ injure any effect :i* ! argum5t ( ! latt] "p might possibly produce on critical op9ion4 ,yet t argum5t 9 no way dep5ds on :at we ?9k ab\t ! ph5om5a--normal1 sup]normal1 or illusory--on :i* ! !ory ( gho/1 s\l1 or _s may h be5 bas$4 ,x exhibits religion z probably beg9n+ 9 a k9d ( ,!ism1 :i* is !n sup]s$$1 9 "s degree1 or ev5 corrupt$1 by ,animism 9 all its v>ieties4 ,f9ally1 ! exclusive ,!ism ( ,israel receives its complem5t 9 a purifi$ ,animism1 & em]ges z ,*ri/ianity4 ,q ap>t1 too1 f any fav\rable conclusion :i* may1 by "s1 be drawn f ! ph5om5a1 & q ap>t f ! m g5]al op9ion t all mod]n in/ances are compact ( impo/ure1 malobs]vation1 my?opoeic memory1 & sup]/iti\s bias1 ! sy/ematic comp>ison ( civilis$ & savage beliefs & alleg$ exp]i5ces ( ?is k9d _c wisely be neglect$ by ,an?ropology4 ,humani nihil a se ali5um putat4 ,footnote #a3 ,prim4 ,cult4 ii4 #ceb4 ,footnote #b3 ,abridg$ f ,prim4 ,cult4 ii4 #aai4 ,footnote #c3 ,hi/oire des ,religions1 ii4 #bcg1 note4 ,m4 ,rville's sy/em1 x w be obs]v$1 diff]s f m9e 9 t he f9ds ! fir/ essays ( religion 9 wor%ip ( aspects ( nature 7naturisme7 & 9 'animism prop]ly s call$1' by :i* he und]/&s ! in/9ctive1 p]haps n explicitly =mulat$1 s5se t all ?+s :atev] are animat$ & p]sonal4 ,i h n rem>k$ ?is aspect ( belief z mu* preval5t 9 ! mo/ backw>d races1 & ,i d n try to look beh9d :at we "k hi/orically ab\t e>ly religion4 ,i s f> agree ) ,m4 ,rville z to ?9k ! belief 9 gho/s & spirits 7,mr4 ,tylor's ',animism'7 n necess>ily po/ulat$ 9 ! orig9al indet]m9ate conception ( ! ,supreme ,be+1 or g5]ally1 9 ',orig9al ,gods4' ,b ,m4 ,rville says1 ',l'objet de la religion huma9e e/ ncessairem5t un esprit' 7,prolgomnes1 #ajg74 ,?is does n seem consi/5t ) 8 own !ory4 ,footnote #d3 ,comp>e ,mr4 ,fraz]'s ,gold5 ,b\gh ) ,mr4 ,grant ,all5's ,evolution ( ! ,idea ( ,god4 ,footnote #e3 ,j4,a4,i4 x4 #he4 ,footnote #f3 ,massey4 ,note to ,du ,prel4 ,philosophy ( my/icism1 ii #aj4 ,footnote #g3 ,sci5ce & ,*ri/ian ,tradition1 p4 #aig ,footnote #h3 ,op4 cit4 p4 #aie4 ,footnote #i3 ,religion ( ! ,semites1 p4 #ec4 ,footnote #aj3 ,! hypo!sis ( ,/4 ,paul seems n ! mo/ unsatisfactory1 ,rom4 i4 #ai4 ,footnote #aa3 ,introd4 to ,hi/4 ( ,rel4 p4 #ccc2 ,ari/oph4 ,frogs1 #aei4 ,,app5dices ,,app5dix ,a ,,oppositions ,,( ,,sci5ce ,! mo/ elaborate reply to ! argum5ts = telepa?y1 bas$ on ,! ,report ( ! ,c5sus ( ,halluc9ations1 is t ( ,h]r ,p>i%1 9 8 ',halluc9ations & ,illusions4'#a ,h]r ,p>i% is1 at pres5t1 oppos$ to ! !ory t ! ,c5sus e/abli%es a telepa?ic cause 9 ! s-call$ 'co9cid5tal' /ories1 'put =w>d1' z he says1 ') due res]ve1 & bas$ on an a/oni%+ mass ( mat]ials1 to "s ext5t critically h&l$4' ,he fir/ demurs to an all[ance ( twelve h\rs = ! co9cid5ce ( halluc9ation & dea?2 b1 if we reflect t twelve h\rs is little ev5 9 a ye>1 co9cid5ces )9 twelve h\rs1 x may be admitt$1 donn5t p5s]1 ev5 if we reject ! !ory t1 grant$ a real telepa?ic impact1 x may ne$ "t & quiet = its developm5t into a complete halluc9ation4 ,we ne$ n l+] ov] ! v que] cases f ,muni*1 z ^! are n 9 ! select$ ?irty ( ! ,report4 ,h]r ,p>i% !n dwells on t halluc9ation ( memory1 9 :i* we feel z if ev]y?+ t is go+ on _h happ5$ be=e4 ,x may h occurr$ to mo/ ( u to be rem9d$ by "s association ( ideas dur+ ! day1 ( "s dream ( ! previ\s night1 :i* we _h =gott54 ,= in/ance1 look+ at a brook f a bridge1 & ?9k+ ( h[ ,i w\ld fi% x1 ,i rememb]$ t ,i _h dream$1 on ! previ\s night1 ( ca/+ a fly = practice1 on a lawn4 ,nobody w\ld ?9k ( disput+ ! fact t ,i really _h su* a dream1 =got x & rememb]$ x :5 rem9d$ ( x by association ( ideas4 ,b if ! =gott5 dream _h be5 'fulfill$1' & be5 recall$ to memory only 9 ! mom5t ( fulfilm5t1 sci5ce w\ld d5y t ,i ev] _h su* a dream at all4 ,! alleg$ dream w\ld be describ$ z an 'halluc9ation ( memory4' ,some?+ occurr+1 x w\ld be said1 ,i _h ! n v unusual s5sation1 ',?is has occurr$ to me be=e1' & ! s5sation w\ld become a false memory t x _h occurr$--9 a dream4 ,?is !ory w be advanc$1 ,i ?9k1 n :5 an ord9>y dream is recall$ by a wak+ exp]i5ce1 b only :5 ! dream co9cides ) & =]uns t exp]i5ce1 :i* is a ?+ t dreams h no bus9ess to d4 ,su* co9cid5tal dreams are necess>ily 'false memories1' sci5tifically speak+4 ,n[1 h[ does ?is !ory ( false memory be> on co9cid5tal halluc9ations8 ,! insane1 x seems1 are apt to h ! false memory ',?is occurr$ be=e1' & !n to say t ! ev5t 0 reveal$ to !m 9 a vision4#b ,! insane may be recomm5d$ to make a note ( ! vision1 & h x prop]ly atte/$1 be=e ! ev5t4 ,! same rem>k applies to ! 'pres5tim5ts' ( ! sane4 ,b x does n apply if ,jones tells me ',i saw my great aunt la/ night1' & if news comes aft] ?is rem>k t ,jones's aunt di$1 on t night1 9 ,timbuctoo4 ,yet ,h]r ,p>i% 7p4 #bhb7 seems to ?9k t ! argum5t ( fallaci\s memory comes 9 "p1 ev5 :5 an halluc9ation has be5 report$ to ano!r p]son be=e its fulfilm5t4 ,( c\rse all dep5ds on ! v]acity ( ! n>rator & ! p]son to :om he told 8 tale4 ,to take a case giv53#c ,br[n1 say1 travell+ ) 8 wife1 dreams t a mad dog bit 8 boy at home on ! elb[4 ,he tells 8 wife4 ,arriv+ at home ,br[n f9ds t x 0 s4 ,h]r ,p>i% appe>s to argue ?us3 ,br[n dream$ no?+ at all1 b he gets excit$ :5 he he>s ! bad news at home2 he ?9ks1 by false memory1 t he has a recollection ( x1 he says to 8 wife1 ',my de>1 didn't ,i tell y1 la/ night1 ,i _h dream$ all ?is8' & 8 equally excit$ wife replies1 ',true1 my ,br[n1 y did1 & ,i said x 0 only "o ( y\r dreams4' ,& bo? n[ believe t ! dream occurr$4 ,?is is v plausible1 is x n8 only sci5ce w\ld n say any?+ ab\t x if ! dream _h n be5 fulfill$--if ,br[n _h rem>k$1 ',egad1 my de>1 see+ t horse rem9ds me t ,i 0 dream+ la/ night ( driv+ 9 a dog-c>t4' ,= !n ,br[n 0 n excit$4 ,none ( ?is exquisite reason+ z to dreams applies to wak+ halluc9ations1 report$ be=e ! alleg$ co9cid5ce1 unless we accept a collective halluc9ation ( memory 9 se] or se]s1 & also 9 ! p]sons to :om _! /ory 0 told4 ,b1 x is obvi\s1 memory is apt to become my?opoeic1 s f> z to exagg]ate clos5ess ( co9cid5ce1 & to add romantic details4 ,we d n ne$ ,h]r ,p>i% to tell u t2 we meet ! circum/ance 9 all n>ratives f memory1 :atev] ! topic1 ev5 9 ,h]r ,p>i%'s own writ+s4 ,we mu/ admit t ! public1 9 gho/ly1 z 9 all n>ratives on all topics1 is giv5 to 'fanciful add5da4' ,!re=e1 z ,h]r ,p>i% ju/ly rem>ks1 we %\ld 'ma9ta9 a v sceptical attitude to all acc\nts' ( v]idical halluc9ations4 ',n t we %\ld dismiss !m z old wives' fables--an all too common me?od--or ev5 d\bt ! n>rator's good fai?4' ,we %\ld treat !m l tales ( big fi% t get away2 sometimes !re is good corroborative evid5ce t !y really 7 big fi%1 sometimes n4 ,we %all return to ^! false memories4 ,0 !re a co9cid5ce at all 9 ! ,society's cases pr9t$ 9 ! ,c5sus8 ,h]r ,p>i% ?9ks ?ree ( ! select$ tw5ty-six cases v dubi\s4 ,9 "o case is a possible m>g9 ( f\r days1 ano!r 7wrongly numb]$ by ! way7 does n occur at all among ! tw5ty-six4 ,9 ! ?ird1 ,h]r ,p>i% is wrong 9 8 /atem5t4#d ,?is is a lovely example ( ! sceptical slip%od1 &1 accompani$ by ! miscitation ( ! second case1 %[s t inexactitude is n all on ! side ( ! se]s4 ,h[ev] ! case is n v good1 ! two p]cipi5ts fancy+ t ! date ( ! ev5t 0 less remote ?an x really 04 ,unluckily ,h]r ,p>i% only criticises ^! ?ree cases1 h[ accurately we h rem>k$4 ,he _h no room = m4 ,h]r ,p>i% next c5sures ! probable selection ( good cases by collectors1 on :i* ! editors ( ! ,c5sus h already made obs]vations1 z !y h also made l>ge all[ances = ?is cause ( error4 ,he !n (f]s ! a/oni%+ /atem5t t1 '9 ! view ( ! ,engli% au?ors1 a view :i* is1 ( c\rse1 assum$ 9 all calculations ( ! k9d1 an halluc9ation p]si/s equally long 9 ! memory & is equally readily recall$ 9 reply to a "q1 :e!r ! exp]i5ce made b a slight impression on ! p]cipi5t1 or affect$ him deeply1 z w\ld be ! case1 = in/ance1 if ! halluc9ation _h be5 f\nd to co9cide ) ! dea? ( a ne> relative or fri5d4'#e ,?is ass]tion ( ,h]r ,p>i%'s is s errone\s t ! ,report expressly says 'z ye>s rec$e into ! di/ance1' ! proportion ( ! halluc9ations t are rememb]$ 9 !m to ^? :i* are =gott51 or at lea/ ignor$1 'is v l>ge4' ,aga91 ',halluc9ations ( ! mo/ impressive class w n only be bett] rememb]$ ?an o!rs1 b w1 we may reasonably suppose1 be m (t5 m5tion$ by ! p]cipi5ts to _! fri5ds4'#f ,yet ,h]r ,p>i% av]s t1 9 all calculations1 x is assum$ t halluc9ations are equally readily recall$ :e!r impressive or n6 ,once m1 ! ,report says 7p4 #bdf71 ',x is n ! case' t co9cid5tal 7& impressive7 halluc9ations are z easily subject to oblivion z non-co9cid5tal1 & non-impressive ones4 ,! editors !re=e multiply ! non-co9cid5tal cases by f\r1 argu+ t no co9cid5tal cases 7hits7 are =gott51 :ile ?ree out ( f\r non-co9cid5tals 7misses7 are =gott51 or may be suppos$ likely to be =gott54 ,imm$iately aft] decl>+ t ! ,engli% au?ors suppose all halluc9ations to be equally well rememb]$ 7:i* is ! precise rev]se ( :at !y d say71 ,h]r ,p>i% admits t ! au?ors multiply ! misses by f\r1 'influ5c$ by o!r consid]ations' 7p4 #bhi74 ,by :at o!r consid]ations8 ,!y give _! reason 7t v reason :i* !y decl9e to ent]ta91 says ,h]r ,p>i%71 namely1 t misses are f\r times z likely to be =gott5 z hits4 ',to g into ! reason = adopt+ ?is plan w\ld lead u too f>1' he writes4 ,:y1 x is ! v reason :i*1 he says1 does n f9d fav\r ) ! ,engli% au?ors6 ,h[ curi\sly remote f be+ 'co9cid5tal' ) pla9 facts1 or 'v]idical' at all1 is ?is sci5tific criticism6 ,h]r ,p>i% says t a 'view' 7:i* does n exi/7 is '( c\rse assum$ 9 all calculations2' &1 on ! v same page1 he says t x is n assum$6 ',! witnesses ( ! report--influ5c$1 x is true1 by o!r consid]ations' 7:i* is n ! case71 'h s\ght to turn ! po9t ( ?is objection by multiply+ ! :ole numb] ( 7non-co9cid5tal7 cases by f\r4' ,!n ! 'view' is n 'assum$ 9 all calculations1' z ,h]r ,p>i% has j ass]t$4 ,:at l$ ,h]r ,p>i%1 an hon\rable & cle>head$ critic1 into ?is maze ( incorrect & contradictory ass]tions8 ,x is int]e/+ to try to trace ! causes ( su* non-v]idical illusions1 to f9d ! po9ts de repre ( ^! lit]>y halluc9ations4 ,"o may sugge/ t :5 ,h]r ,p>i% 'reca/ ! *apt]s' ( 8 ,g]man edition1 z he says 9 8 preface to ! ,engli% v]sion1 he accid5tally left 9 a passage bas$ on an e>li] pap] by ,mr4 ,gurney1#g n obs]v+ t x 0 no long] accurate or appropriate4 ,aft] ?is odd passage1 ,h]r ,p>i% argues t a 'v]idical' halluc9ation is reg>d$ by ! ,engli% au?ors z 'co9cid5tal1' ev5 :5 ext]nal circum/ances h made t v halluc9ation a probable occurr5ce by produc+ 't5sion ( ! correspond+ n]ve elem5t gr\ps4' ,t is to say1 a p]son is 9 a condition--a n]v\s condition-- likely1 a priori1 to beget an halluc9ation4 ,an halluc9ation is begott51 q naturally2 & s1 if x happ5s to co9cide ) an ev5t1 ! co9cid5ce %\ld n c\nt--x is purely =tuit\s4#h ,"h is an example4 ,a lady1 fac+ an old sidebo>d1 saw a fri5d1 ) no coat on1 & 9 a wai/coat ) a back ( %9y mat]ial4 ,)9 an h\r %e 0 tak5 to :]e h] fri5d lay dy+1 )\t a coat1 & 9 a wai/coat ) a %9y back4#i ,"h is ! sci5tific explanation ( ,h]r ,p>i%3 ',! %imm] ( a reflect+ surface ! sidebo>d8 =m$ ! occasion = ! halluc9atory em]g5ce ( a subconsci\sly p]ceiv$ %9y black wai/coat quotation incorrect1 ( c\rse1 & an individual subconsci\sly associat$ ) t impression4#aj ,i ask any lady :e!r %e1 consci\sly or subconsci\sly1 associates ! m5 %e kn[s ) ! backs ( _! wai/coats4 ,h]r ,p>i%'s w\ld be a brilliantly satisfactory explanation if x 7 only true to ! pr9t$ words t lay "u 8 eyes :5 he wrote4 ,!re 0 no '%9y black wai/coat' 9 ! case1 b a wai/coat ) a %9y back4 ,g5tlem51 & especially old g5tlem5 :o g ab\t 9 ba?-*airs 7l ! man 9 ?is /ory71 don't habitually take (f _! coats & %[ ! backs ( _! wai/coats to ladies ( n9ete5 9 ,engl&4 ,&1 if ,h]r ,p>i% _h c>$ to read 8 case1 he w\ld h f\nd x expressly /at$ t ! lady '_h nev] se5 ! man )\t 8 coat' 7& s c\ld n associate him ) an impression ( a %9y back to 8 wai/coat7 till aft] ! halluc9ation1 :5 %e saw him coatless on 8 dea?-b$4 ,9 ?is in/ance ,h]r ,p>i% _h an halluc9atory memory1 all wrong1 ( ! page "u 8 eyes4 ,! case is got rid (1 !n1 by aid ( ! 'fanciful add5da1' to :i* ,h]r ,p>i% ju/ly objects4 ,he fir/ gives ! facts incorrectly1 & !n expla9s an occurr5ce :i*1 z report$ by him1 did n occur1 & 0 n ass]t$ to occur4 ,i confess t1 if ,h]r ,p>i%'s v]sion 7 z correct z x is ess5tially inaccurate1 8 explanation w\ld leave me d\btful4 ,= ! circum/ances 7 t ! old g5tleman ( ! /ory lun*$ daily ) ! "y lady's "m4 ,suppose t %e 0 famili> 7:i* %e 0 n7 ) ! %9y back ( 8 wai/coat1 /ill1 %e saw him daily1 & daily1 too1 0 9 ! way ( see+ ! 7hypo!tically7 %9y surface ( ! sidebo>d4 ,t be+ ! case1 %e _h1 e day1 ! mat]ials1 subjective & objective1 ( ! halluc9ation4 ,yet x only occurr$ once1 & !n x precisely co9cid$ ) ! dea? agony ( ! old g5tleman1 & ) 8 coatless condition4 ,:y only t once8 ,c'e/ l le miracle6 ',h[ mu* = ?is little veskit8' z ! man ask$ ,david ,copp]field4 ,h]r ,p>i% next inv5ts a cause = an halluc9ation1 :i*1 ,i myself ?9k1 ought n to h be5 reckon$1 because ! p]cipi5t _h be5 sitt+ up ) ! sick man4 ,?is he w\ld class z a 'suspici\s' case4 ,b1 ev5 grant+ him 8 own way ( h&l+ ! /ati/ics1 he w\ld /ill h f> too l>ge a proportion ( co9cid5ces = ! laws ( *ance to all[1 if we are to g by ^! /ati/ics at all4 ,8 next argum5t practically is t halluc9ations are always only a k9d ( dreams4#aa ,he proves ?is by ! l>ge numb] ( co9cid5tal halluc9ations :i* occurr$ 9 sleepy circum/ances4 ,"o man w5t to b$ e>ly1 & woke up e>ly2 ano!r 0 'r\s$ f sleep2' two ladies 7 sitt+ up 9 b$1 giv+ _! babies n\ri%m5t2 a man 0 read+ a newspap] on a s(a2 a lady 0 ly+ awake at sev5 9 ! morn+2 & !re are eight o!r ,engli% cases ( p 'awake' 9 b$ dur+ an halluc9ation4 ,n[1 9 ,dr4 ,p>i%'s op9ion1 we mu/ argue t !y 7 n awake1 or n mu*2 s ! halluc9ations 7 m]e dreams4 ,dreams are s num]\s t co9cid5ces 9 dreams c be got rid ( z pure flukes4 ,p may say1 to be sure1 ',i am us$ to dreams1 & don't reg>d !m2 ?is 0 some?+ solit>y 9 my exp]i5ce4' ,b we mu/ n m9d :at p say4 ,yet ,i fe> we mu/ m9d :at !y say4 ,at lea/1 we mu/ rememb] t sleep+ dreams are1 ( all ?+s1 mo/ easily =gott52 :ile a full-bodi$ halluc9ation1 :5 we1 at lea/1 believe ourselves awake1 seems to u on a p]fectly diff]5t plane ( impressiv5ess1 & 7exp]to cr$e7 is really v difficult to =get4 ,h]r ,p>i% _c be all[$1 !re=e1 to use ! regul> eighte5?-c5tury argum5t-- ',all dreams6' ,= ! two sorts ( dreams1 9 sleep & 9 app>5t wakefulness1 seem1 to ! subject1 to diff] 9 k9d4 ,& !y really d diff] 9 k9d4 ,x is ! ess5ce ( ! e night dream t we are unconsci\s ( our actual surr\nd+s & consci\s ( a fanta/ic environm5t4 ,x is ! ess5ce ( wideawak5ess to be consci\s ( our actual surr\nd+s4 ,9 ! ord9>y dream1 no?+ actual competes ) its visions4 ,:5 we are consci\s ( our surr\nd+s1 ev]y?+ actual does compete ) any halluc9ation4 ,!re=e1 an halluc9ation :i*1 :5 we are consci\s ( our mat]ial environm5t1 does compete ) x 9 reality1 is diff]5t 9 k9d f an ord9>y dream4 ,sci5ce ga9s no?+ by arbitr>ily decl>+ t two exp]i5ces s radically diff]5t are id5tical4 ,anybody w\ld see ?is if he 7 n argu+ "u a dom9ant idea4 ,h]r ,p>i% next cont5ds t p :o see pictures 9 cry/al balls1 & s on1 are n s wide awake z to be 9 _! normal consci\sness4 ,!re is 'dissociation' 7practically dr[s9ess71 ev5 if only a little4 ,h]r ,moll also speaks ( cry/al-gaz+ pictures z 'hypnotic ph5om5a4'#ab ,possibly nei!r ( ^! le>n$ m5 has ev] se5 a p]son attempt cry/al-gaz+4 ,h]r ,p>i% nev] ass]ts any su* p]sonal exp]i5ce z ! basis ( 8 op9ion ab\t ! non-normal /ate ( ! gaz]4 ,he rea*es ?is conclusion f an anecdote report$1 z a n unfamili> ph5om5on1 by a fri5d ( ,miss ,x4 ,b ! ph5om5on occurr$ :5 ,miss ,x4 0 n cry/al-gaz+ at all6 ,%e 0 look+ out ( a w9d[ 9 a br[n /udy4 ,?is is a noble example ( logic4 ,"s "o says t ,miss ,x4 0 n 9 h] normal consci\sness on a c]ta9 occasion :5 %e 0 n cry/al-gaz+1 & t ?is condition is famili> to ! obs]v]4 ,!re=e1 argues ,h]r ,p>i%1 nobody is 9 8 normal consci\sness :5 he is cry/al-gaz+4 ,9 va9 may 's good an obs]v] z ,miss ,x4 ?9k h]self fully awake' 7z %e does ?9k h]self7 :5 cry/al-gaz+1 because once1 :5 %e happ5$ to h 'h] eyes fix$ on ! w9d[1' h] expression 0 'associat$' by a fri5d ') some?+ uncanny1' & %e aft]w>ds spoke '9 a dreamy1 f>-away tone' 7p4 #big74 ,miss ,x41 ?\gh extremely 'wide awake1' may h look$ dreamily at a w9d[1 & may h se5 m\nta9s & m>vels4 ,b ! po9t is t %e 0 n volunt>ily gaz+ at a cry/al = amusem5t or exp]im5t--p]haps try+ to see h[ a microscope affect$ ! pictures--or to div]t a fri5d4 ,i appeal to ! %ades ( ,ari/otle & ,bacon aga9/ sci5tific logic 9 ! h&s ( ,h]r ,p>i%4 ,"h is 8 syllogism3 ,a4 is occasionally dreamy :5 n cry/al-gaz+4 ,a4 is human4 ,!re=e e human be+1 :5 cry/al-gaz+1 is m or less asleep4 ,he inf]s a g5]al affirmative f a s+le affirmative :i* happ5s n to be to ! po9t4 ,x is exactly z if ,h]r ,p>i% argu$3 ,mrs4 ,b4 sp5ds h\rs 9 %opp+4 ,mrs4 ,b4 is human4 ,!re=e e human be+ is always late = d9n]4 ,miss ,x41 ,i ?9k1 uplift$ h] voice 9 "s review1 & ma9ta9$ t1 :5 cry/al-gaz+1 %e 0 q 9 h] normal /ate1 dans son assiette4 ,yet ,h]r ,p>i% w\ld probably say to any cry/al-gaz] :o argu$ ?us1 ',oh1 no2 p>don me1 y 7 n :olly awake--y 7 a-dream4 ,i "k bett] ?an y4' ,b1 z he has n se5 cry/al-gaz]s1 :ile ,i h1 _m scores ( times1 ,i pref] my own op9ion4 ,& s1 z ?is ass]tion ab\t ! p]cipi5t's be+ 'dissociat$1' or asleep1 or n awake1 is c]ta9ly untrue ( all cry/al-gaz]s 9 my consid]able exp]i5ce1 ,i _c accept x on ! au?ority ( ,h]r ,p>i%1 :o makes no claim to any p]sonal exp]i5ce at all4 ,z to cry/al-gaz+1 :5 ! gaz] is talk+1 laugh+1 *att+1 mak+ exp]im5ts 9 turn+ ! ball1 *ang+ ! light1 us+ prisms & magnify+-glasses1 dropp+ mat*es into ! wat]-jug1 & s on1 h[ c we possibly say t 'x is impossible to di/+ui% betwe5 wak+ halluc9ations & ^? ( sleep' 7p4 #cjj78 ,if s1 x is impossible to di/+ui% betwe5 sleep+ & wak+ altoge!r4 ,we are all l ! dorm\se6 ,h]r ,p>i% is reason+ "h a priori1 )\t any p]sonal k ( ! facts2 &1 above all1 he is "u ! 'dom9ant idea' ( 8 own !ory--t ( dissociation4 ,h]r ,p>i% next cru%es telepa?y by an argum5t :i*--l "o ( ! reasons :y ! bells 7 n rung = ,que5 ,elizabe?1 namely1 t !re 7 no bells to r+--might h come fir/1 & alone4 ,we are told 79 italics--v impressive to ! popul> m9d73 ',no matt] h[ great ! numb] ( co9cid5ces1 !y af=d n ev5 ! %ad[ ( a pro( = telepa?y' 7p4 #cja74 ,:at1 n ev5 if all halluc9ations1 or n9ety-n9e p] c5t41 co9cid$ ) ! dea? ( ! p]son se58 ,9 heav5's "n1 :y n8 ,:y1 because ! 'weightie/' cause ( all has be5 omitt$ f our calculations1 namely1 our good old fri5d1 ! association ( ideas 7p4 #cjb74 ,our side _c prove ! abs5ce 7italics7 ( ! association ( ideas4 ,c]ta9ly we _c2 b ideas 9 endless millions are be+ associat$ all day long4 ,a hundr$ ?\s& diff]5t1 unnotic$ associations may br+ ,jones to my m9d1 or ,br[n4 ,b ,i don't !re=e see ,br[n1 or ,jones1 :o is n !re4 ,/ill less d ,i see ,dr4 ,p>i%1 or ,nebu*adnezz>1 or a monkey1 or a salmon1 or a golf ball1 or ,ar?ur's ,seat 7all ( :i* may be br\ght to my m9d by association ( ideas71 :5 !y are n pres5t4 ,suppose1 !n1 t once 9 my life ,i see ! abs5t ,jones1 :o dies 9 t h\r 7or )9 twelve h\rs74 ,i am puzzl$4 ,:y did ,association *oose t day1 ( all days 9 my life1 = h] solit>y freak8 ,&1 if ?is *oice ( freaks by ,association occurs among o!r p1 say two hundr$ times m (t5 ?an *ance all[s1 ! freak beg9s to sugge/ t x may h a cause4 ,n ev5 ! circum/ance cit$ by ,h]r ,p>i%1 t a dr[sy tailor1 'sew+ on 9 a dream1' poor fell[1 saw a cli5t 9 8 %op :ile ! cli5t 0 dy+1 solves ! problem4 ,! tailor is n said ev5 once to h se5 a cu/om] :o 0 n dy+2 yet he writes1 ',i 0 accu/om$ to "w all night frequ5tly4' ,! tailor ?9ks he 0 asleep1 because he _h be5 mak+ irregul> /it*es1 & p]haps he 04 ,b1 out ( all 8 vigils & all 8 cu/om]s1 association only =m$ "o halluc9ation1 & t 0 ( a dy+ cli5t :om he suppos$ to be p]fectly well4 ,:y on e>? is association s fond ( dy+ p-- grant+ ! /ati/ics1 :i* are 'ano!r /ory'8 ,! explanation expla9s no?+4 ,h]r ,p>i% only moves ! difficulty back a /ep1 &1 z we _c live )\t association ( ideas1 !y are tak5 = grant$ by our side4 ,association ( ideas does n cause halluc9ations1 z ,mrs4 ,sidgwick rem>ks1 ?\gh x may det]m9e _! cont5ts4 ,! difficult !me ( co9cid5tal collective halluc9ations1 z :5 two or m p at once h1 or pr(ess to h1 ! same false p]ception ( a p]son :o is really abs5t & dy+1 is next dispos$ ( by ,h]r ,p>i%4 ,! same po9ts de repre1 ! same s\nd1 or flick] ( light1 or arrangem5t ( %ad[1 may beget ! same or a simil> false p]ception 9 two or m p at once4 ,?us two girls1 9 diff]5t rooms1 are look+ out on diff]5t p>ts ( ! hall 9 _! h\se4 ',bo? he>d1 at ! same "t1 an objective8 noise' 7p4 #cac74 ,!n1 says ,h]r ,p>i%1 '! "o si/] saw h] fa!r cross ! hall aft] ent]+2 ! o!r saw ! dog 7! usual companion ( 8 walks7 run pa/ h] door4' ,fa!r & dog _h n left ! d9+-room4 ,h]r ,p>i% decides t ! same po9t de repre 7! app>5t noise ( a key 9 ! lock ( ! front door7 'act$ by way ( sugge/ion on bo? si/]s1' produc+1 h[ev]1 diff]5t halluc9ations1 '9 virtue ( ! diff]5ce ( ! connect$ associations4' ,"o girl associat$ ! s\nd ) h] hon\r$ sire1 ! o!r ) 8 fai?ful h\nd2 s "o saw a dog1 & ! o!r saw an eld]ly g5tleman4 ,n[1 fir/1 if s1 ?is %\ld always be occurr+1 = we all h diff]5t associations ( ideas4 ,?us1 we are 9 a haunt$ h\se2 !re is a noise ( a rattl+ w9d[2 ,i associate x ) a burgl>1 ,br[n ) a milkman1 ,miss ,jones ) a lady 9 gre51 ,miss ,smi? ) a knight 9 arm\r4 ,t collection ( phantasms %\ld !n be simultane\sly on view1 l ! dog & old g5tleman2 all our reports %\ld v>y4 ,b ?is does n occur4 ,mo/ unluckily = ,h]r ,p>i%1 he illu/rates 8 !ory by tell+ a /ory :i* happ5s n to be correctly report$4 ,at fir/ ,i ?\ght t a fallacy ( memory1 or an optical delusion1 _h betray$ him aga91 z 9 8 leg5d ( ! wai/coat4 ,b ,i am n[ incl9$ to believe t :at really occurr$ 0 ?is3 ,h]r ,p>i% br\ght out 8 book 9 ,g]man1 be=e ! ,report ( ! ,c5sus ( ,halluc9ations 0 publi%$4 ,9 8 ,g]man edition he probably quot$ a /ory :i* precisely suit$ 8 !ory ( ! orig9 ( collective halluc9ations4 ,?is anecdote he _h f\nd 9 ,pr(4 ,sidgwick's ,presid5tial ,address ( ,july #ahij4ac ,z /at$ by ,pr(4 ,sidgwick1 ! case j fitt$ ,h]r ,p>i%1 :o ref]s to x on p4 #aij1 & aga9 on p4 #cad4 ,he gives no ref]5ce1 b 8 v]sion reads l a traditional v>iant ( ,pr(4 ,sidgwick's4 ,n[ ,pr(4 ,sidgwick's v]sion 0 errone\s1 z is prov$ by ! elaborate acc\nt ( ! case 9 ! ,report ( ! ,c5sus1 :i* ,h]r ,p>i% _h be=e him1 b neglect$ :5 he prep>$ 8 ,engli% edition4 ,! /ory 0 wrong1 alas6 9 ! v po9t :]e1 = ,h]r ,p>i%'s purpose1 x ought to h be5 "r4 ,! halluc9ation is believ$ n to h be5 collective1 yet ,h]r ,p>i% uses x to expla9 collective halluc9ations4 ,d\btless he ov]look$ ! accurate v]sion 9 ! ,report4#ad ,! facts1 z !re report$1 7 n :at he n>rates1 b z foll[s3 ,miss ,c4,e4 0 9 ! breakfa/-room1 ab\t #f3cj ,p4,m41 9 ,janu>y #ahhc1 & suppos$ h] fa!r to be tak+ a walk ) 8 dog4 ,%e he>d noises1 :i* may h _h any o!r cause1 b :i* %e took to be ! s\nds ( a key 9 ! door lock1 a /ick tapp+ ! tiles ( ! hall1 & ! patt] ( ! dog's feet on ! tiles4 ,%e !n saw ! dog pass ! door4 ,miss ,c4,e4 next ent]$ ! hall1 :]e %e f\nd nobody2 b 9 ! pantry %e met h] si/]s--,miss ,e41 ,miss ,h4,g4,e4--& a work+-woman4 ,miss ,e4 & ! work+-woman _h be5 9 ! hall1 & !re _h he>d ! s\nd1 :i* !y1 l ,miss ,c4,e41 took = t ( a key 9 ! lock4 ,!y 7 break+ a little h\sehold rule 9 ! hall1 s !y 'ran /raightway into ! pantry1 meet+ ,miss ,h4,g4,e4 on ! way4' ,miss ,c4,e4 & ,miss ,e4 & ! work+-woman all he>d ! noise z ( a key 9 ! lock1 b nobody is said to h 'se5 ! fa!r cross ! hall' 7z ,h]r ,p>i% ass]ts74 ',miss ,h4,g4,e4 0 ( op9ion t ,miss ,e4 7n[ dead7 saw no?+1 & ,miss ,c4,e4 0 incl9$ to agree ) h]4' ,miss ,e4 & ! "w-woman 7n[ dead7 7 'emphatic z to ! fa!r hav+ ent]$ ! h\se2' b ?is ! two only inf]r$ f he>+ ! noise1 aft] :i* !y fl$ to ! pantry4 ,n[1 grant+ t "s o!r noise 0 mi/ak5 = t ( ! key 9 ! lock1 we h "h1 n 7z ,h]r ,p>i% decl>es7 a collective yet discrepant halluc9ation--! discrepancy be+ caus$ 'by ! diff]5ce ( connect$ associations'-- b a solit>y halluc9ation4 ,h]r ,p>i%1 h[ev]1 inadv]t5tly conv]ts a solit>y into a collective halluc9ation1 & !n uses ! example to expla9 collective halluc9ations 9 g5]al4 ,he ass]ts t ,miss ,e4 'saw h] fa!r cross ! hall4' ,miss ,e4's si/]s ?9k t %e saw no su* matt]4 ,n[1 suppose t ,mr4 ,e4 _h di$ at ! mom5t1 & t ! case 0 claim$ on our "p z a 'collective co9cid5tal halluc9ation1' ,h[ righte\sly ,h]r ,p>i% might exclaim t all ! evid5ce 0 aga9/ its be+ collective6 ,! s\nd 9 ! lock1 he>d by ?ree p]sons1 w\ld be1 & probably 01 ano!r noise mis9t]pret$4 ,&1 9 any case1 !re is no evid5ce = its hav+ produc$ two halluc9ations2 ! evid5ce is 9 exactly ! opposite direction4 ,"h1 !n1 ,h]r ,p>i%1 ) ! pr9t$ /ory "u 8 eyes1 once m illu/rates want ( att5tion4 ,9 "o way 8 errors improve 8 case4 ',if ,i1 a grave man ( sci5ce1 g on tell+ di/ort$ leg5ds out ( my own head1 :ile ! facts are pla9 9 pr9t be=e me1' ,h]r ,p>i% may reason1 'h[ mu* m are ! popul> tales ab\t co9cid5tal halluc9ations likely to be di/ort$8' ,x is really a v /rong argum5t1 b n exactly ! argum5t :i* ,h]r ,p>i% conceives himself to be pres5t+4#ae ,?is unlucky inexactitude is *ronic1 z we h %[n1 9 ,h]r ,p>i%'s "w1 & is probably to be expla9$ by inatt5tion to facts1 by 'expectation' ( suitable facts1 & by 'anxiety' to prove a !ory4 ,he expla9s ! simil> or id5tical reports ( witnesses to a collective halluc9ation by '! case ) :i* su* appe>ances adapt !mselves 9 recollection' 7p4 #cac71 especially1 ( c\rse1 aft] lapse ( "t4 ,& !n he unconsci\sly illu/rates 8 case by ! case ) :i* pr9t$ facts "u 8 v eyes adapt !mselves1 q errone\sly1 to 8 own memory & p]sonal bias z he copies !m on to 8 pap]4 ,f9ally he argues t ev5 if collective halluc9ations are also ') comp>ative frequ5cy' co9cid5tal1 t is to be expla9$ ?us3 ',! r>ity & ! degree ( int]e/ compell$ by x' 7by su* an halluc9ation7 'w naturally t5d to connect itself ) "s o!r prom95t ev5t2 &1 conv]sely1 ! occurr5ce ( su* an ev5t z ! dea? or mortal dang] ( a fri5d is mo/ calculat$ to produce memory illusions ( ?is k9d4' ,9 ! second case1 ! excitem5t caus$ by ! dea? ( a fri5d is likely1 x seems1 to make two or m sane p say1 & believe1 t !y saw him some:]e else1 :5 he 0 really dy+4 ,! only evid5ce = ?is fact is t su* illusions occasionally occur1 n collectively1 9 "s lunatic asylums4 ',x is n1 h[ev]1 a =m ( mnemonic error (t5 obs]v$ among ! insane4' ',kraepel9 gives two cases4' ',! process occurs sporadically 9 c]ta9 sane p1 "u c]ta9 excit+ conditions4' ,no examples are giv56 ,:at is r>e z an individual folly among lunatics1 is suppos$ by ,h]r ,p>i% to expla9 ! !oretically 'false memory' :]eby sane p p]suade !mselves t !y _h an halluc9ation1 & p]suade o!rs t !y 7 told ( x1 :5 no su* ?+ occurr$4 ,to return to our old example4 ,jones tells me t he has j se5 8 aunt1 :om he kn[s to be 9 ,timbuctoo4 ,news comes t ! lady di$ :5 ,jones beheld h] 9 8 smok+-room4 ',oh1 nons5se1' ,h]r ,p>i% w\ld argue1 'y1 ,jones1 saw no?+ ( ! k9d1 nor did y tell ,mr4 ,lang1 :o1 ,i am sorry to f9d1 agrees ) y4 ,:at happ5$ 0 ?is3 ,:5 ! awful news came to-day ( y\r aunt's dea?1 y 7 naturally1 & ev5 cr$itably1 excit$1 especially z ! poor lady 0 kill$ by be+ pegg$ d[n on an ant-heap4 ,?is excitem5t1 r praisewor?y ?an o!rwise1 made y believe y _h se5 y\r aunt1 & believe y _h told ,mr4 ,lang4 ,he also is a mo/ excitable p]son1 ?\gh ,i admit he nev] saw y\r de> aunt 9 8 life4 ,he1 !re=e 7by virtue ( 8 excitem5t71 n[ believes y told him ab\t see+ y\r unhappy k9swoman4 ,?is k9d ( false memory is v common4 ,two cases are record$ by ,kraepel91 among ! insane4 ,surely y q und]/& my reason+8' ,i q und]/& x1 b ,i don't see h[ x comes to seem good logic to ,h]r ,p>i%4 ,! o!r !ory is funni] /ill4 ,jones nev] _h an halluc9ation be=e4 ',! r>ity & ! degree ( int]e/ compell$ by x' made ,jones 'connect x ) "s o!r prom95t ev5t1' say1 ! dea? ( 8 aunt1 :i*1 really1 occurr$1 say1 n9e mon?s aft]w>ds4 ,b ?is is a m]e case ( evid5ce1 :i* x is ! affair ( ! ,s4,p4,r4 to criticise4 ,h]r ,p>i% is 9 ! happy position call$ 9 ,am]ican speculative circles 'a /raddle4' ,if a man has an halluc9ation :5 alone1 he 0 9 circum/ances conducive to ! sleep+ /ate4 ,s ! halluc9ation is probably a dream4 ,b1 if ! se] 0 9 company1 :o all _h ! same halluc9ation1 !n !y all _h ! same po9ts de repre1 & ! same adaptive memories4 ,s ,h]r ,p>i% kills ) bo? b>rels4 ,if any?+ extrane\s c\ld enc\rage a belief 9 co9cid5tal & v]idical halluc9ations1 x w\ld be ^! ',oppositions ( ,sci5ce4' ,if a le>n$ & fair oppon5t c f9d no bett] pro(s ?an logic & 7unconsci\s7 p]v]sions ( facts l ! logic & ! /atem5ts ( ,h]r ,p>i%1 ! case = telepa?ic halluc9ations may seem /rong inde$4 ,b we mu/ grant him ! exi/5ce ( ! adaptive & my?opoeic p[]s ( memory1 :i* he ass]ts1 & also illu/rates4 ,i grant1 too1 t a c5sus ( #ag1jjj inquiries may only h 'skimm$ ! cream (f' 7p4 #hg74 ,ano!r dip ( ! net1 br++ up #ag1jjj fre% answ]s1 might alt] ! :ole aspect ( ! case1 "o way or ! o!r4 ,moreov]1 we _c get sci5tific evid5ce 9 ?is way ( inquiry4 ,if ! public 7 int]e/$ 9 ! "q1 & und]/ood its nature1 & if ev]ybody :o _h an halluc9ation at once record$ x 9 black & :ite1 duly atte/$ on oa? be=e a magi/rate1 by p]sons to :om he report$1 be=e ! co9cid5ce 0 kn[n1 & if all su* records1 co9cid5tal or n1 7 kept 9 ! ,briti% ,museum = fifty ye>s1 !n an exam9ation ( !m might tea* u some?+4 ,b all ?is is q impossible4 ,we may =m a belief1 on ?is po9t ( v]idical halluc9ations1 = ourselves1 b beyond t x is impossible to advance4 ,/ill1 ,sci5ce might read h] brief6 ,footnote #a3 ,walt] ,scott4 ,footnote #b3 ,p>i%1 p4 #bgh4 ,footnote #c3 ,ibid4 pp4 #bhb1 #bhc4 ,footnote #d3 ,p4 #bhg1 ,mr4 ,sims1 ,proce$+s1 x4 #bcj4 ,footnote #e3 ,p>i% pp4 #bhh1 #bhi4 ,footnote #f3 ,report1 p4 #fh4 ,footnote #g3 ,p4 #bgd1 note #a4 ,footnote #h3 ,p>i%1 p4 #bij4 ,footnote #i3 ,report1 p4 #big4 ,footnote #aj3 ,p>i%1 p4 #bij4 ,footnote #aa3 ,pp4 #bia1 #bib4 ,footnote #ab3 ,moll1 ,hypnotism1 p4 #a4 ,footnote #ac ,proce$+s1 vol4 vi4 p4 #dcc4 ,footnote #ad3 ,p>i%1 p4 #cac4 ,footnote #ae3 ,comp>e ,report1 pp4 #aha-hc1 ) ,p>i%1 pp4 #aij & #cac1 #cad4 ,,app5dix ,b ,,! ,,polt]gei/ ,,& ,,8 ,,expla9]s4 ,9 ! *apt] on ',feti%ism & ,spiritualism' x 0 sugge/$ t ! movem5ts ( inanimate objects1 app>5tly )\t contact1 may h be5 "o ( ! causes lead+ to feti%ism1 to ! op9ion t a _s may inhabit a /ick1 /one1 or :at n4 ,we add$ t1 :e!r su* movem5ts 7 caus$ by trick]y or n1 0 iness5tial z long z ! savage did n discov] ! impo/ure4 ,! evid5ce = ! g5u9e sup]normal "* ( su* ph5om5a 0 n discuss$1 t we might pres]ve ! cont9uity ( ! g5]al argum5t4 ,! hi/ory ( su* ph5om5a is too long = /atem5t "h4 ,! same reports are f\nd 'f ,*9a to ,p]u1' f ,eskimo to ! ,cape1 f ,egyptian magical papyri to ye/]day's prov9cial newspap]4#a ,ab\t #ahej-ahgj ph5om5a1 :i* _h previ\sly be5 report$ z ( sporadic & spontane\s occurr5ce1 7 dome/icat$ & organis$ by ,m$iums1 g5]ally ,am]ican4 ,^! 7 imitators ( ! enigmatic ,david ,dunglas ,home1 :o 0 c]ta9ly a mo/ oddly gift$ man1 or a mo/ successful impo/or4 ,a good deal ( sci5tific att5tion 0 giv5 to ! occurr5ces2 ,mr4 ,d>w91 ,mr4 ,tyndall1 ,dr4 ,c>p5t]1 ,mr4 ,huxley1 _h all glanc$ at ! ph5om5a1 & be5 pres5t at sances4 ,9 mo/ cases ! exhibitions1 9 ! d>k1 or 9 a v bad light1 7 impud5t impo/ures1 & 7 s reg>d$ by ! savants :o look$ into !m4 ,a s]ies ( exposures culm9at$ 9 ! rec5t detection ( ,eusapia ,palad9o by ,dr4 ,hodgson & o!r memb]s ( ! ,s4,p4,r4 at ,cambridge4 ,!re 01 h[ev]1 an app>5t exception4 ,! ar* my/agogue1 ,home1 ?\gh by no means a clev] man1 0 nev] detect$ 9 fraudul5t productions ( feti%i/ic ph5om5a4 ,?is is ass]t$ "h because sev]al ?ird-h& /ories ( detect$ frauds by ,home are 9 circulation1 & x is hop$ t a well-atte/$ fir/-h& case ( detection may be elicit$4 ,( ,home's successes ) ,sir ,william ,crookes1 ,"l ,craw=d1 & o!rs1 some?+ rema9s to be said2 b fir/ we %all look into attempt$ explanations ( alleg$ physical ph5om5a occurr+ n 9 ! pres5ce ( a paid or ev5 ( a recognis$ ',m$ium4' ,x w appe>1 we ?9k1 t ! explanations ( evid5ce s widely diffus$1 s uni=m1 s old1 & s new1 are f> f satisfactory4 ,our inf]5ce w\ld be no m ?an t our eyes %\ld be kept on su* ph5om5a1 if !y are report$ to recur4 ,mr4 ,tylor says1 ',i am well aw>e t ! problem ( ^! ph5om5a is "o to be discuss$ on its m]its1 9 ord] to arrive at a di/9ct op9ion h[ f> x may be connect$ ) facts insuffici5tly appreciat$ & expla9$ by sci5ce1 & h[ f> ) sup]/ition1 delusion1 & %e] knav]y4 ,su* inve/igation1 pursu$ by c>eful obs]vation 9 a sci5tific _s1 w\ld seem apt to ?r[ light on "s int]e/+ psy*ological que/ions4' ,act+ on ,mr4 ,tylor's h9t1 ,mr4 ,podmore puts =w>d z explanations 7#a7 fraud2 7#b7 halluc9ations caus$ by excit$ expectation1 & by ! ,s*wrm]ei consequ5t on sitt+ 9 hu%$ hope ( m>vels4 ,to take fraud fir/3 ,mr4 ,podmore has collect$1 & analyses1 elev5 rec5t sporadic cases ( volatile objects4#b ,8 fir/ in/ance 7,worksop1 #ahhc7 yields no pro( ( fraud1 & c only be dismiss$ by reason ( ! bad "* ( ! o!r cases1 & because ,mr4 ,podmore took ! evid5ce five weeks aft] ! ev5ts4 ,to ?is example we conf9e ourselves4 ,?is case appe>s to h be5 fir/ report$ 9 ! ',ret=d & ,ga9sbor\gh ,times' 'e>ly 9 ,m>*1' #ahhc 7really ,m>* #i74 ,x does n seem to h /ruck ,mr4 ,podmore t he %\ld publi% ^! contempor>y reports1 to %[ u h[ f> !y agree ) evid5ce collect$ by him on ! spot five weeks lat]4 ,to d ?is 0 ! m necess>y1 z he lays s mu* /ress on failure ( memory4 ,i h !re=e secur$ ! orig9al newspap] report1 by ! c\rtesy ( ! editor4 ,to be brief1 ! ph5om5a began on ,febru>y #bj or #ba1 by ! table volunt>ily tipp+ up1 & upsett+ a c&le1 :ile ,mrs4 ,:ite only sav$ ! wa% tub by alacrity & address4 ',! :ole incid5t /ruck h] z v extraord9>y4' ,x is n 9 ! newspap] report4 ,on ,febru>y #bf1 ,mr4 ,:ite left 8 home1 & a girl1 ,eliza ,rose1 '*ild ( a half-imbecile "m1' 0 admitt$ by ! k9dness ( ,mrs4 ,:ite to %>e h] b$4 ,! girl 0 eighte5 ye>s ( age1 0 look+ = a place z s]vant1 & no?+ is said 9 ! newspap] ab\t h] "m4 ,mr4 ,:ite return$ on ,w$nesday night1 b left on ,?ursday morn+1 return+ on ,friday aft]noon4 ,on ,?ursday1 9 ,mr4 ,:ite's abs5ce1 ph5om5a set 94 ,on ,?ursday night1 9 ,mr4 ,:ite's pres5ce1 !y increas$ 9 vig\r4 ,a doctor 0 call$ 91 also a policeman4 ,on ,saturday1 at #h ,a4,m41 ! r[ recomm5c$4 ,at #d ,p4,m4 ,mr4 ,:ite s5t ,eliza ,rose away1 & peace return$4 ,we n[ (f] ! ,,/atem5t ,,( ,,police ,,con/able ,,higgs4 ,a man ( good intellig5ce1 & believ$ to be entirely hone/4444 ',on ! night ( ,friday1 ,m>* #bnd1 ,i he>d ( ! di/urbances at ,joe ,:ite's h\se f 8 "y bro!r1 ,tom4 ,i w5t r\nd to ! h\se at #aa4ee ,p4,m41 z ne> z ,i c judge1 & f\nd ,joe ,:ite 9 ! kit*5 ( 8 h\se4 ,!re 0 "o c&le light$ 9 ! room1 & a good fire burn+1 s t "o c\ld see ?+s pretty cle>ly4 ,! cupbo>d doors 7 op51 & ,:ite w5t & %ut !m1 & !n came & /ood aga9/ ! *e/ ( draw]s4 ,i /ood ne> ! out] door4 ,no "o else 0 9 ! room at ! "t4 ,:ite _h h>dly %ut ! cupbo>d doors :5 !y flew op51 & a l>ge glass j> came out pa/ me1 & pit*$ 9 ! y>d outside1 sma%+ itself4 ,i didn't see ! j> leave ! cupbo>d1 or fly ?r\gh ! air2 x w5t too quick4 ,b ,i am q sure t x wasn't ?r[n by ,:ite or any "o else4 ,:ite c\ldn't h done x )\t my see+ him4 ,! j> c\ldn't g 9 a /raight l9e f ! cupbo>d out ( ! door2 b x c]ta9ly did g4 ',!n ,:ite ask$ me to come & see ! ?+s :i* _h be5 sma%$ 9 ! inn] room4 ,he l$ ! way & ,i foll[$4 ,z ,i pass$ ! *e/ ( draw]s 9 ! kit*5 ,i notic$ a tumbl] /&+ on x4 ,j aft] ,i pass$ ,i he>d a cra%1 & look+ r\nd1 ,i saw t ! tumbl] _h fall5 on ! gr\nd 9 ! direction ( ! fireplace1 & 0 brok54 ,i don't "k h[ x happ5$4 ,!re 0 no "o else 9 ! room4 ',i w5t into ! inn] room1 & saw ! bits ( pots & ?+s on ! floor1 & !n ,i came back ) ,:ite into ! kit*54 ,! girl ,rose _h come into ! kit*5 dur+ our abs5ce4 ,%e 0 /&+ ) h] back aga9/ ! b9 ne> ! fire4 ,!re 0 a cup /&+ on ! b91 r ne>] ! door4 ,%e said to me1 ,cup'll g soon2 x has be5 d[n ?ree times already4 ,%e !n pu%$ x a little f>!r on ! b91 & turn$ r\nd & /ood talk+ to me by ! fire4 ,%e _h h>dly done s1 :5 ! cup jump$ up sudd5ly ab\t f\r or five feet into ! air1 & !n fell on ! floor & sma%$ itself4 ,:ite 0 sitt+ on ! o!r side ( ! fire4 ',!n ,mrs4 ,:ite came 9 ) ,dr4 ,lloyd2 also ,tom ,:ite & ,solomon ,wass4 ,aft] !y _h be5 9 two or ?ree m9utes1 some?+ else happ5$4 ,tom ,:ite & ,wass 7 /&+ ) _! backs to ! fire1 j 9 front ( x4 ,eliza ,rose & ,dr4 ,lloyd 7 ne> !m1 ) _! backs turn$ t[>ds ! b91 ! doctor ne>] to ! door4 ,i /ood by ! draw]s1 & ,mrs4 ,:ite 0 by me ne> ! inn] door4 ,!n sudd5ly a bas91 :i* /ood on ! end ( ! b9 ne> ! door1 got up into ! air1 turn+ ov] & ov] z x w5t4 ,x w5t up n v quickly1 n z quickly z if x _h be5 ?r[n4 ,:5 x rea*$ ! ceil+ x fell plump & sma%$4 ,i call$ ,dr4 ,lloyd's att5tion to x1 & we all saw x4 ,no "o 0 ne> x1 & ,i don't "k h[ x happ5$4 ,i /ay$ ab\t t5 m9utes m1 b saw no?+ else4 ,i don't "k :at to make ( x all4 ,i don't ?9k ,:ite or ! girl c\ld possibly h done ! ?+s :i* ,i saw4' ,?is /atem5t 0 made five weeks aft] date to ,mr4 ,podmore4 ,we comp>e x ) ! intellig5t con/able's /atem5t made betwe5 ,m>* #c & ,m>* #h1 t is1 imm$iately aft] ! ev5ts1 & report$ 9 ! local pap] ( ,m>* #i4 ,,/atem5t ,,by ,,police ,,con/able ,,higgs4--,dur+ ,friday night1 ,police ,con/able ,higgs visit$ ! h\se1 & conc]n+ ! visit he makes ! foll[+ /atem5t4 ',ab\t t5 m9utes pa/ to8 twelve on ,friday night1 ,i 0 met 9 ,bridge ,/reet by ,buck ,=d1 & ,joe's bro!r1 ,tom ,:ite & ,dr4 ,lloyd4 ,tom said to me1 ,w y g ) u to ,joe's1 & y w see some?+ y h nev] se5 be=e8 ,i w5t2 & :5 ,i got into ! h\se ,joe w5t & %ut ! cupbo>d doors4 ,no soon] _h he done s ?an ! doors flew op5 aga91 & an ord9>y siz$ glass j> flew across ! kit*51 out ( ! door into ! y>d4 ,a sug> j> also flew out ( ! cupbo>d unse54 ,9 fact1 we saw no?+ & he>d no?+ until we he>d x sma%4 ,! di/ance travell$ by ! articles 0 ab\t sev5 y>ds4 ,i /ood a m9ute or two1 & !n ! glass :i* ,i notic$ on ! draw]s jump$ (f ! draw]s a y>d away1 & broke 9 ab\t a hundr$ bits4 ,! next ?+ 0 a cup1 :i* /ood on ! fl\r-b9 j beyond ! y>d door4 ,x flew upw>ds1 & !n fell to ! gr\nd & broke4 ,! girl said t ?is cup _h be5 on ! floor ?ree times1 & t %e _h pick$ x up j be=e x w5t (f ! b5*4 ,i said1 ,i suppose ! cup w be ! next4 ,! cup fell a di/ance ( two y>ds away f ! fl\r-b94 ,dr4 ,lloyd _h be5 9 ! next h\se lanc+ ! back ( a little boy :o _h be5 remov$ !re4 ,he n[ came 91 & we began talk+1 ! doctor say+1 ,x is a mo/ my/]i\s ?+4 ,he turn$ ) 8 back to ! fl\r-b91 on :i* /ood a bas94 ,! bas9 flew up into ! air obliquely1 w5t ov] ! doctor's head1 & fell at 8 feet 9 pieces4 ,! doctor !n w5t out4 ,i /ood a %ort "t long]1 b saw no?+ f>!r4 ,!re 7 six p]sons 9 ! room :ile ^! ?+s 7 go+ on1 & s f> z ,i c\ld see1 !re 0 no human ag5cy at "w4 ,i _h n ! slighte/ belief 9 any?+ app]ta9+ to ! sup]-natural4 ,i left j be=e "o o'clock1 hav+ be5 9 ! h\se ?irty m9utes4' ,z ! policeman says1 !re 0 no?+ 'sup]-natural1' b !re 0 an appe>ance ( some?+ r sup]normal4 ,on ! aft]noon ( ,saturday ,:ite s5t ! girl ,rose away1 & a numb] ( p wat*$ 9 8 h\se till aft] midnight4 ,?\gh ! sceptical report] ?\ght t objects 7 plac$ :]e !y might easily be upset1 none 7 upset4 ,! gho/ 0 laid4 ',excit$ expectation' 0 s false to its function z to beget no ph5om5a4 ,! newspap] reports conta9 no !ory t w acc\nt = ,:ite's break+ 8 furniture & crock]y1 nor = ,rose's secur+ h] own dismissal f a h\se :]e %e 0 k9dly receiv$ by wilfully de/roy+ ! prop]ty ( h] ho/ess4 ,an amateur publi%$ a !ory ( silk5 ?reads atta*$ to light articles1 & ?ick cords to heavy articles1 :]e( no trace 0 f\nd by witnesses :o exam9$ ! volatile objects4 ,an elaborate ma*9]y ( pulleys fix$ 9 ! ceil+1 ! pres5ce ( a trick/] 9 a lock$ pantry1 app>5t errors 9 ! acc\nt ( ! flight ( ! objects1 & a numb] ( accomplices1 7 all involv$ 9 ?is local explanation1 ! expla9] admitt+ t he c\ld n imag9e :y ! tricks 7 play$4 ,six or eight p\nds' wor? ( goods 7 de/roy$1 nor is x s+ul> t poor ,mrs4 ,:ite wept ov] h] %att]$ p5ates4 ,! de/ruction began1 ( c\rse1 9 ! abs5ce ( ,:ite4 ,! girl ,rose gave to ! newspap] ! same acc\nt z ! o!r witnesses1 b1 z ,:ite ?\ght %e 0 ! ag5t1 s %e suspect$ ,:ite1 ?\gh %e admitt$ t he 0 n at home :5 ! tr\ble arose4 ,mr4 ,podmore1 review+ ! case1 says1 ',! ph5om5a describ$ are q inexplicable by ord9>y me*anical means4#c ,yet he else:]e#d sugge/s t ,rose h]self1 'z ! in/rum5t ( my/]i\s ag5cies1 or simply z a half-witt$ girl1 gift$ ) abnormal cunn+ & love ( mis*ief1 may h be5 directly responsible = all t took place4' ,t is to say1 a half-witt$ girl c\ld d 7b>r+ 'my/]i\s ag5cies'7 ':at is q inexplicable by ord9>y me*anical means1' :ile1 accord+ to ! policeman1 %e 0 n ev5 pres5t on "s occasions4 ,b x is n easy to make out1 9 ! evid5ce ( ,:ite1 ! o!r witness1 :e!r ?is girl ,rose 0 pres5t or n :5 ! j> flew circuit\sly out ( ! cupbo>d1 a ?+ easily work$ by a half-witt$ girl4 ,su* discrepancies are common 9 all evid5ce to ! mo/ ord9>y ev5ts4 ,9 any case a half-witt$ girl1 9 ,mr4 ,podmore's !ory1 c d :at 'is q inexplicable by ord9>y me*anical means4' ,!re is n ! %ad[ ( evid5ce t ! girl ,rose _h ! ine/imable advantage ( be+ 'half-witt$2' %e is describ$ by ,mr4 ,podmore z '! *ild ( an imbecile "m4' ,! ph5om5a began1 9 an isolat$ case 7! tilt$ table71 be=e ,rose ent]$ ! h\se4 ,%e 0 admitt$ 9 k9dness1 act$ z a maid1 & h] int]e/ 0 n to break ! crock]y & upset furniture4 ,! tr\bles1 :i* began be=e ! girl's arrival1 7 app>5tly active :5 %e 0 n pres5t1 &1 if %e 0 pres5t1 %e c\ld n h caus$ !m 'by ord9>y me*anical means1' :ile ( extraord9>y me*anical means !re 0 confess$ly no trace4 ,! di/urbances ceas$ aft] %e 0 dismiss$--no?+ else connects h] ) !m4 ,mr4 ,podmore's attempt at a normal explanation by fraud1 !re=e1 is ( no weight4 ,he has to exagg]ate ! value1 z dispro(1 ( su* discrepancies z occur 9 all human evid5ce on all subjects4 ,he has to lay /ress on ! int]val ( five weeks betwe5 ! ev5ts & ! collection ( te/imony by himself4 ,b contempor>y acc\nts appe>$ 9 ! local newspap]s1 & he does n comp>e ! contempor>y ) ! lat] evid5ce1 z we h done4 ,!re is "o discrepancy :i* looks z if a witness1 n "h cit$1 came to ?9k he _h se5 :at he he>d talk$ ab\t4 ,f9ally1 aft] ab&on+ ! idea t me*anical means c possibly h produc$ ! effect1 ,mr4 ,podmore falls back on ! cunn+ ( a half-witt$ girl :om no?+ %[s to h be5 half-witt$4 ,! alt]native is t ! girl 0 '! in/rum5t ( my/]i\s ag5cies4' ,s mu* = ! hypo!sis ( a fraud1 :i* has be5 id5tical 9 results f ,*9a to ,p]u & f ,gre5l& to ! ,cape4 ,we n[ turn to ! o!r1 & concomitantly active cause1 9 ,mr4 ,podmore's !ory1 halluc9ation4 ',_m ( ! witnesses describ$ ! articles z mov+ sl[ly ?r\gh ! air1 or exhibit+ "s peculi>ity ( flight4' 7,see e4g4 ! ,worksop case47 ,mr4 ,podmore adds ano!r ,engli% case1 pres5tly to be not$1 & a ,g]man "o4 ',9 default ( any exp]im5tal evid5ce' 7h[ ab\t ,mr4 ,william ,crookes's87 't di/urbances ( ?is k9d are ev] due to abnormal ag5cy1 ,i am dispos$ to expla9 ! appe>ance ( mov+ sl[ly or fly+ z a s5sory illusion1 condition$ by ! excit$ /ate ( ! p]cipi5t4' 7',/udies1' #aeg1 #aeh47 ,be=e criticis+ ?is explanation1 let u give ! ,engli% affair1 allud$ to by ,mr4 ,podmore4 ,! mo/ curi\s mod]n case kn[n to me is n ( rec5t date1 b x occurr$ 9 full daylight1 9 ! pres5ce ( _m witnesses1 & ! ph5om5a cont9u$ = weeks4 ,! ev5ts 7 ( #ahdi1 & ! record is exp&$1 by ,mr4 ,bri/[1 a spectator1 f an acc\nt writt5 by him 9 #ahed4 ,! sc5e 0 ,swanl&1 ne> ,hull1 9 a c>p5t]'s %op1 :]e ,mr4 ,bri/[ 0 employ$ ) two fell[ workm54 ,to be brief1 !y 7 pelt$ by odds & ends ( wood1 ab\t ! size ( a common mat*box4 ,ea* blam$ ! o!rs1 till ?is explanation became unt5able4 ,! workrooms & space above 7 se>*$ to no purpose4 ,! bits ( wood sometimes danc$ along ! floor1 m commonly sail$ g5tly along1 or mov$ z if borne on g5tly heav+ waves4 ,?is sort ( ?+ 0 repeat$ dur+ six weeks4 ,"o piece ( wood came f a di/ant corn] ( ! room t[>ds me1 describ+ :at may be lik5$ to a geometrical squ>e1 or corkscrew ( ab\t eighte5 in*es diamet]4444 ,nev] 0 a piece se5 to come 9 at ! doorway4 ,mr4 ,bri/[ deems ?is p]iod '! mo/ rem>kable episode 9 my life4' 7,june #bg1 #ahia47 ,! ph5om5a 'did n dep5d on ! pres5ce ( any "o p]son or numb] ( p]sons4' ,go+ to ,swanl&1 9 #ahia1 ,mr4 ,sidgwick f\nd "o surviv+ witness ( ^! occurr5ces1 :o av]r$ t ! objects c\ld n h be5 ?r[n because ( ! ecc5tricities ( _! c\rse1 :i* he describ$ 9 ! same way z ,mr4 ,bri/[4 ,! ?r[] mu/ c]ta9ly h _h a native g5ius = 'pit*+' at base-ball4 ,?is witness1 nam$ ,&rews1 0 m5tion$ by ,mr4 ,bri/[ 9 8 report1 b n ref]r$ to by him = confirmation4 ,^? to :om he ref]r$ 7 f\nd to be dead1 or _h emigrat$4 ,! villag]s _h a sup]/iti\s !ory ab\t ! ph5om5a be+ provok$ by a dead man1 ^: affairs _h n be5 settl$ to 8 lik+4 ,s ,mr4 ,d>w9's spoon danc$--on a grave4#e ,?is case has a c]ta9 int]e/ propos ( ,mr4 ,podmore's surmise t all su* ph5om5a arise 9 trick]y1 :i* produces excitem5t 9 ! spectators1 :ile excitem5t begets halluc9ation1 & halluc9ation takes ! =m ( see+ ! ?r[n objects move 9 a non-natural way4 ,?us1 ,i keep ?r[+ ?+s ab\t4 ,y1 n detect+ ?is /ratagem1 get excit$1 consequ5tly halluc9at$1 & y believe y see ! ?+s move 9 spirals1 or undulate z if on waves1 or hop1 or float1 or glide 9 an impossible way4 ,s close is ! uni=mity ( halluc9ation t ^! ph5om5a are describ$1 9 simil> t]ms1 by witnesses 7halluc9at$1 ( c\rse7 9 times old & new1 z 9 cases cit$ by ,glanvil1 ,increase ,ma!r1 ,telf] 7( ,r]rick71 &1 g5]ally1 9 works ( ! sev5te5? c5tury4 ,nor is ?is uni=m halluc9ation conf9$ to ,engl&4 ,mr4 ,podmore quotes a ,g]man example1 & ,i receiv$ a simil> te/imony 7to ! flight ( an object r\nd a corn]7 f a g5tleman :o employ$ ,e/h] ,te$1 '! ,amh]/ ,my/]y1' 9 8 s]vice4 ,he 0 n excit$1 = he 0 normally engag$ 9 8 normal /able1 :5 ! incid5t occurr$ unexpect$ly z he 0 look+ aft] 8 live /ock4 ,"o may add ! case ( ,cideville 7#ahea7 & ,sir ,w4 ,crookes's evid5ce1 & t ( ,mr4 ,s*hap(f4 ,mr4 ,podmore mu/1 !re=e1 suppose t1 9 /ates ( excitem5t1 ! same peculi> =m ( halluc9ation develops itself uni=mly 9 ,am]ica1 ,france1 ,g]many1 & ,engl& 7n to speak ( ,russia71 & p]si/s ?r\gh diff]5t ages4 ,?is is a novel & valuable psy*ological law4 ,moreov]1 ,mr4 ,podmore mu/ hold t 'excitem5t' la/$ = six weeks among ! c>p5t]s 9 ! %op at ,swanl&1 "o ( :om writes l a man ( mu* intellig5ce1 & has ?riv5 to be a ma/] 9 8 craft4 ,x is difficult to believe t he 0 excit$ = six weeks1 & we /ill m>vel t excitem5t produces ! same uni=mity ( halluc9ation1 affect+ policem51 c>p5t]s1 m>quises1 & a ,f4,r4,s4 ,we allude to ,sir ,w4 ,crookes's case4 ,/rictly sci5tific exam9ation ( ^! prodigies has be5 v r>e4 ,! be/ examples are ! exp]im5ts ( ,sir ,william ,crookes1 ,f4,r4,s41 ) ,home4#f ,he demon/rat$1 by means ( a ma*9e con/ruct$ = ! purpose1 & automatically regi/]+1 t1 9 ,home's pres5ce1 a balance 0 affect$ to ! ext5t ( two p\nds :5 ,home 0 n 9 contact ) ! table on :i* ! ma*9e 0 plac$4 ,he also saw objects float 9 air1 ) a motion l t ( a piece ( wood on small waves ( ! sea 7cle>ly excitem5t produc+ halluc9ation71 :ile ,home 0 at a di/ance1 o!r spectators hold+ 8 h&s1 & 8 feet be+ visibly enclos$ 9 a k9d ( cage4 ,all pres5t held ea* o!r's h&s1 & all witness$ ! ph5om5a4 ,sir ,w4 ,crookes be+1 pr(essionally1 celebrat$ = ! accuracy ( 8 obs]vations1 ^! circum/ances are difficult to expla91 & ^! are b a few cases among multitudes4 ,i v5ture to conceive t1 on reflection1 ,mr4 ,podmore w d\bt :e!r he has discov]$ an univ]sal law ( excit$ malp]ception1 or :e!r ! rem>kable1 & c]ta9ly undesign$1 co9cid5ce ( te/imony to ! s+ul> flight ( objects does n r po9t to an 'abnormal ag5cy' uni=m 9 its effects4 ,contagi\s halluc9ation _c affect witnesses ignorant ( ea* o!r's exi/5ce 9 _m l&s & ages1 nor c\ld !y cook _! reports to suit reports ( :i* !y nev] he>d4 ,we n[ turn to peculi>ities 9 ! s-call$ ,m$ium1 su* z float+ 9 air1 *ange ( bulk1 & escape f lesion :5 h&l+ or tread+ 9 fire4 ,mr4 ,tylor says no?+ ( ,sir ,william ,crookes's cases 7#ahga71 b speaks ( ! alleg$ levitation1 or float+ 9 air1 ( savages & civilis$ m54 ,^! are record$ 9 ,buddhi/ & ,neoplatonic writ+s1 & among ,r$ ,indians1 9 ,tonqu9 7:]e a ,jesuit saw & describ$ ! ph5om5a1 #agcj71 9 ! ',acta ,sanctorum1' & among mod]n spirituali/s4 ,9 #agfj1 ,"l ,el*o1 be+ at ,home1 0 pres5t at ! procs = canonis+ a ,sa9t 7unnam$71 & he>d witnesses swe> to hav+ se5 ! holy man levitat$4 ,sir ,w4 ,crookes atte/s hav+ se5 ,home float 9 air on sev]al occasions4 ,9 #ahga1 ! ,ma/] ( ,l9dsay1 n[ ,"l ,craw=d & ,balc>res1 ,f4,r4,s41 gave ! foll[+ evid5ce1 :i* 0 corroborat$ by ! two o!r spectators1 ,"l ,ad>e & ,capta9 ,wynne4 ',i 0 sitt+ ) ,mr4 ,home & ,"l ,ad>e & a c\s9 ( 84 ,dur+ ! sitt+1 ,mr4 ,home w5t into a trance1 & 9 t /ate 0 c>ri$ out ( ! w9d[ 9 ! room next to :]e we 71 & 0 br\ght 9 at our w9d[4 ,! di/ance betwe5 ! w9d[s 0 ab\t sev5 feet six in*es1 & !re 0 n ! slighte/ foo?old betwe5 !m1 nor 0 !re m ?an a twelve-in* projection to ea* w9d[1 :i* s]v$ z a l$ge to put fl[]s on4 ,we he>d ! w9d[ 9 ! next room lift$ up1 & almo/ imm$iately aft] we saw ,home float+ 9 ! air outside our w9d[4 ,! moon 0 %9+ full into ! room2 my back 0 to ! light1 & ,i saw ! %ad[ on ! wall ( ! w9d[ sill1 & ,home's feet ab\t six in*es above x4 ,he rema9$ 9 ?is position = a few seconds1 !n rais$ ! w9d[ & glid$ into ! room feet =emo/ & sat d[n4 ',"l ,ad>e !n w5t into ! next room to look at ! w9d[ f :i* he _h be5 c>ri$4 ,x 0 rais$ ab\t eighte5 in*es1 & he express$ 8 wond] h[ ,mr4 ,home _h be5 tak5 ?r\gh s n>r[ an ap]ture4 ,home said1 /ill entranc$1 ,i w %[ y1 & !n ) 8 back to ! w9d[ he lean$ back & 0 %ot out ( ! ap]ture1 head fir/1 ) ! body rigid1 & !n return$ q quietly4 ,! w9d[ is ab\t sev5ty feet f ! gr\nd4' ,! hypo!sis ( a me*anical arrangem5t ( ropes or supports outside has be5 sugge/$1 b does n cov] ! facts z describ$4 ,mr4 ,podmore1 :o quotes ?is1 (f]s ! explanation t ! witnesses 7 excit$1 & t ,home '?ru/ 8 head & %\ld]s out ( ! w9d[4' ,b1 if he did1 !y c\ld n see him d x1 = he 0 9 ! next room4 ,a brick wall 0 betwe5 !m & him4 ,_! fir/ view ( ,home 0 'float+ 9 ! air outside our w9d[4' ,x is n v easy to hold t a belief to :i* ! collective evid5ce is s l>ge & univ]sal1 z ! belief 9 levitation1 0 caus$ by a s]ies ( sa9ts1 sorc]]s1 & o!rs ?ru/+ _! heads &1 %\ld]s1 out ( w9d[s :]e ! obs]v]s c\ld n see !m4 ,nor 9 ,"l ,craw=d's case is x easy to suppose t ?ree educat$ m51 if halluc9at$1 w\ld all be halluc9at$ 9 ! same way4 ,! argum5t ( excit$ expectation & consequ5t halluc9ation does n apply to ,mr4 ,hamilton ,ad & ,m4 ,alphonse ,k>r1 nei!r ( :om 0 a man ( sci5ce4 ,bo? 7 extremely prejudic$ aga9/ ,home1 & at ,nice w5t to see1 &1 if possible1 to expose him4 ,home 0 a gue/ at a l>ge villa 9 ,nice1 ,m4 ,k>r & ,mr4 ,ad 7 two ( a p>ty 9 a spaci\s brilliantly light$ salon1 :]e ,home receiv$ !m4 ,a l>ge heavy table1 remote f _! gr\p1 mov$ t[>ds !m4 ,m4 ,k>r !n got "u a table :i* rose 9 air1 & c>efully exam9$ ! space b5ea?1 :ile ,mr4 ,ad obs]v$ x f above4 ,nei!r ( !m c\ld discov] any explanation ( ! ph5om5on1 & !y walk$ away toge!r1 disgu/$1 disappo9t$1 & revil+ ,home4#g ,9 ?is case !re 0 nei!r excitem5t nor desire to believe1 b a /rong wi% to disbelieve & to expose ,home4 ,if two su* witnesses c\ld be halluc9at$1 we mu/ greatly ext5d our notion ( ! limits ( ! capacity = ent]ta9+ halluc9ations4 ,"o s+ul> ph5om5on 0 report$ 9 ,home's case1 :i* has1 h[ev]1 little to d ) any conceivable !ory ( spirits4 ,he 0 said to become elongat$ 9 trance4#h ,mr4 ,podmore expla9s t 'p]haps he really /ret*$ himself to 8 full height'--"o ( ! easie/ ways conceivable ( work+ a miracle1 ,iambli*us reports ! same ph5om5on 9 8 possess$ m54#i ,iambli*us adds t !y 7 sometimes broad5$ z well z l5g!n$4 ,n[1 ,m4 ,fr obs]ves t 'any "p ( ! body ( an hy/]ical pati5t may *ange 9 volume1 simply ow+ to ! fact t ! pati5t's att5tion is fix$ on t "p4'#aj ,conceivably ! elongation ( ,home & ! anci5t ,egyptian m$iums may h be5 an extreme case ( ?is '*ange ( volume4' ,c\ld ?is be prov$ by examples1 ,home's elongation w\ld cease to be a 'miracle4' ,b x w\ld foll[ t 9 ?is case obs]v]s 7 n halluc9at$1 & ! presumption w\ld be rais$ t !y 7 n halluc9at$ 9 ! o!r cases4 ,inde$1 ?is argum5t is ( univ]sal application4 ,!re is ano!r class ( 'physical ph5om5a1' :i* has no direct be>+ on our subject4 ,_m p]sons1 9 _m ages1 are said to h h&l$ or walk$ ?r\gh fire1 n only )\t suff]+ pa91 b )\t lesion ( ! sk94 ,iambli*us m5tions ?is z among ! peculi>ities ( 8 'possess$' m52 & 9 ',mod]n ,my?ology' 7#ahig7 ,i h collect$ fir/-h& evid5ce = ! feat 9 classical times1 & 9 ,india1 ,fiji1 ,bulg>ia1 ,tr9idad1 ! ,/raits ,settlem5ts1 & _m o!r places4 ,! evid5ce is t ( travell]s1 (ficials1 mission>ies1 & o!rs1 & is back$ 7= :at photographic te/imony is wor?7 by photographs ( ! p]=mance4 ,to hold gl[+ coals 9 8 h&1 & to communicate ! p[] ( do+ s to o!rs1 0 9 ,home's rp]toire4 ,"l ,craw=d saw x done on eight occasions1 & himself receiv$ f ,home's h& ! gl[+ coal unh>m$4 ,a fri5d ( my own1 h[ev]1 /ill be>s ! bli/] ( ! hurt receiv$ 9 ! process4 ,sir ,w4 ,crookes's evid5ce foll[s3 ',at ,mr4 ,home's reque/1 :il/ he 0 entranc$1 ,i w5t ) him to ! fireplace 9 ! back draw+-room4 ,he said1 ,we want y to notice p>ticul>ly :at ,dan is do+4 ,accord+ly ,i /ood close to ! fire1 & /oop$ d[n to x :5 he put 8 h&s 94444 ',mr4 ,home !n wav$ ! h&k]*ief ab\t 9 ! air two or ?ree times1 held x above 8 head1 & !n fold$ x up & laid x on 8 h& l a cu%ion4 ,putt+ 8 o!r h& into ! fire1 he took out a l>ge lump ( c9d]1 r$-hot at ! l[] "p1 & plac$ ! r$ "p on ! h&k]*ief4 ,"u ord9>y circum/ances x w\ld h be5 9 a blaze4 ,9 ab\t half a m9ute he took x (f ! h&k]*ief ) 8 h&1 say+1 ,z ! p[] is n /rong1 if we leave ! coal long] x w burn4 ,he !n put x on 8 h&1 & br\ght x to ! table 9 ! front room1 :]e all b myself _h rema9$ seat$4' ,mr4 ,podmore expla9s t only two c&les & ! fire gave light on "o occasion1 & t 'possibly' ,home's h&s 7 protect$ by "s 'non-conduct+ sub/ance4' ,he does n expla9 h[ ?is sub/ance 0 put on ,"l ,craw=d's h&s1 nor tell u :at ?is valuable sub/ance may be4 ,none is kn[n to sci5ce1 ?\gh x seems to be kn[n to ,fijians1 ,tongans1 ,kl+s1 & ,bulg>ians1 :o walk ?r\gh fire unhurt4 ,x is n necess>y to believe ,sir ,w4 ,crookes's ass]tions t he saw ,home p]=m ! fire-tricks1 = we c fall back on ! lack ( light 7only two c&les & ! fire-light71 z also on ! law ( halluc9ation caus$ by excitem5t4 ,b x is necess>y to believe ?is di/+ui%$ au?ority's /atem5t ab\t 8 ignorance ( '"s non-conduct+ sub/ance3' ',s*oolboys' books & m$iaeval tales describe h[ ?is c be done ) alum & o!r +r$i5ts4 ,x is possible t ! sk9 may be s h>d5$ & ?ick5$ by su* prep>ations t sup]ficial *>r+ might take place )\t ! pa9 becom+ great2 b ! surface ( ! sk9 w\ld c]ta9ly suff] sev]ely4 ,aft] ,home _h recov]$ f ! trance1 ,i exam9$ 8 h& ) c>e to see if !re 7 any signs ( burn+ or ( previ\s prep>ation4 ,i c\ld detect no trace or injury to ! sk91 :i* 0 s(t & delicate1 l a woman's4 ,nei!r 7 !re signs ( any prep>ation hav+ be5 previ\sly appli$4 ,i h (t5 se5 conjur]s & o!rs h&le r$-hot coals & iron1 b !re 7 always palpable signs ( burn+4'#aa ,9 ,septemb] #ahig a crew ( pass5g]s w5t f ,new ,zeal& to see ! ,fijian rites1 :i*1 z report$ 9 ! ',fiji ,times1' correspond$ exactly ) ! description publi%$ by ,mr4 ,basil ,?omson1 himself a witness4 ,! int]e/+ po9t1 hi/orically1 is ! comb9ation 9 ,home ( all ! rp]toire ( ! possess$ m5 9 ,iambli*us4 ,we c]ta9ly _c get rid ( ! fire-trick by aid ( a hypo!tical 'non-conduct+ sub/ance4' ,till ! 'sub/ance' is te/$ exp]im5tally x is n a v]a causa4 ,we might z well say 'spirits' at once4 ,bo? t 'sub/ance' & ^? 'spirits' are equally '9 ! air4' ,yet ,mr4 ,podmore's 'explanations' 7n satisfactory to himself7 are conceiv$ s ?or\ghly 9 ! _s ( popul> sci5ce--"o ( !m casually discov]+ a new psy*ological law1 a second contradict+ ! facts x seeks to acc\nt =1 a ?ird g5]\sly inv5t+ an unkn[n sub/ance--t !y ought to be welcom$ by review]s & lectur]s4 ,x seems wis] to admit our ignorance & susp5d our belief4 ,"h closes ! futile *apt] ( explanations4 ,fraud is a v]a causa1 b an hypo!sis difficult ( application :5 x is admitt$ t ! effects c\ld n be caus$ by ord9>y me*anical means4 ,halluc9ation1 ?r\gh excitem5t1 is a v]a causa1 b its rem>kable uni=mity1 z describ$ by witnesses f diff]5t l&s & ages1 kn[+ no?+ ( ea* o!r1 makes u hesitate to accept a sweep+ hypo!sis ( halluc9ation4 ,! case = x is n confirm$1 :5 we h ! same reports f witnesses c]ta9ly n excit$4 ,?is extraord9>y bundle1 !n1 ( reports1 practically id5tical1 ( facts p>alys+ to belief1 ?is bundle made up ( /atem5ts f s _m ages & c\ntries1 c only be 'fil$ = ref]5ce4' ,b x is manife/ t any savage :o %>$ ! exp]i5ces ( ,sir ,w4 ,crookes1 ,"l ,craw=d1 ,mr4 ,hamilton ,ad1 ,m4 ,rob]t de ,/4 ,victor at ,cideville1 & ,policeman ,higgs at ,worksop1 w\ld believe t a _s might t5ant a /ick or /one--s believ+ he w\ld be a ,feti%i/4 ,?us ev5 ( ,feti%ism ! probable orig9 is 9 a region ( :i* we "k no?+--! ,x region4 ,footnote #a3 ,a sket* ( ! hi/ory w be f\nd 9 ! au?or's ,cock ,lane & ,common ,s5se4 ,footnote #b3 ,! be/ s\rce is 8 article on ',polt]gei/s4' ,proce$+s xi4 #de-aaf4 ,see1 too1 8 ',polt]gei/s' 9 ,/udies 9 ,psy*ical ,rese>*4 ,footnote #c3 ,/udies 9 ,psy*ical ,rese>*1 p4 #adj4 ,footnote #d3 ,see ,preface to ?is edition = correction4 ,footnote #e3 ,proce$+s1 ,s4,p4,r4 vii4 #chc-cid4 ,footnote #f3 ,see ,sir ,w4 ,crookes's ,rese>*es 9 ,spiritualism4 ,footnote #g3 ,mr4 ,ad has giv5 me ?is in=mation4 ,he record$ ! circum/ances 9 8 ,di>y at ! "t4 ,footnote #h3 ,report ( ,dialectical ,society1 p4 #bji4 ,footnote #i3 ,see ,porphyry1 9 ,p>!y's edition 7,b]l91 #aheg71 iii4 #d4 ,footnote #aj3 ,bullet9 de la ,socit de ,biologie1 #ahhj1 p4 #cii4 ,footnote #aa3 ,crookes1 ,proce$+s1 ix4 #cjh4 ,,app5dix ,c ,,cry/al-,,gaz+ ,s9ce ! *apt] on cry/al-gaz+ 0 9 type1 a "w by ,dr4 ,pi]re ,janet has appe>$1 /yl$ ',les ,nvroses et les ,ides ,fixes4'#a ,x conta9s a *apt] on cry/al-gaz+4 ,! op9ion ( ,dr4 ,janet1 z t ( a savant famili>1 at ! ,salptrire1 ) 'neurotic' vision>ies1 _c b be int]e/+4 ,unluckily1 ! essay mu/ be reg>d$ z s]i\sly impair$ 9 value by ,dr4 ,janet's s+ul> treatm5t ( 8 subject4 ,no?+ is m necess>y 9 ^! rese>*es ?an accuracy ( /atem5t4 ,n[1 ,dr4 ,janet has tak5 a set ( exp]i5ces1 or exp]im5ts1 ( ,miss ,x4's f t lady's int]e/+ essay1 already cit$2 has attribut$ !m1 n to ,miss ,x41 b to v>i\s p--= example1 to une jeune fille1 une pauvre voyante1 une p]sonne un peu my/ique2 has alt]$ ! facts 9 ! _s ( romance2 & has triumphantly giv5 t explanation1 revival ( memory1 :i* 0 assign$ by ,miss ,x4 h]self4 ,?r\gh\t 8 pap] ,dr4 ,janet appe>s z ! calm man ( sci5ce pron\nc+ judgm5t on ! vision>y vag>ies ( 'haunt$' "y girls & disappo9t$ se]esses4 ,no su* p]sons 7 conc]n$2 no su* haunt+s1 suppos$ premonitions1 or 'disillusions' occurr$2 ! romantic & 'm>vell\s' circum/ances are my?opoeic accretions due to ,dr4 ,janet's own memory or fancy2 8 sci5tific explanation is t giv5 by 8 tr9ity ( jeune fille1 pauvre voyante1 & p]sonne un peu my/ique4 ,be+ mu* engag$ 9 ! /udy ( 'neurotic' & hy/]ical pati5ts1 ,dr4 ,janet ?9ks t !y are mo/ apt to see cry/al visions4 ,p]haps !y are2 & "o d\bts if _! descriptions are m to be tru/$ ?an ! romantic essay ( _! m$ical att5dant4 ,9 cit+ ,miss ,x4's pap] 7z he did71 ,dr4 ,janet ought to h report$ h] exp]im5ts correctly1 ought to h attribut$ !m to h]self1 & %\ld1 decid$ly1 h rem>k$ t ! explanation he (f]$ 0 h] own hypo!sis1 v]ifi$ by h] own ex]tions4 ,n hav+ any acqua9tances 9 neurotic circles1 ,i am unable to say :e!r su* p]sons supply m cases ( ! faculty ( cry/al vision ?an ord9>y p2 :ile _! ^w1 "o w\ld ?9k1 is mu* less to be tru/$ ?an t ( m5 & wom5 9 excell5t heal?4 ,! cry/al visions :i* ,i h cit$ f my own k 7& ,i c\ld cite scores ( o!rs7 7 beheld by m5 & wom5 engag$ 9 ! ord9>y duties ( life4 ,/ud5ts1 b>ri/]s1 noveli/s1 lawy]s1 s*ool-ma/]s1 s*ool-mi/resses1 golf]s--to all ( :om ! topic 0 p]fectly new--h all exhibit$ ! faculty4 ,x is curi\s t an ,arabian au?or ( ! ?irte5? c5tury1 ,ibn ,khald\n1 cit$ by ,m4 ,lefbure1 (f]s ! same acc\nt ( h[ ! visions appe> z t giv5 by ,miss ,angus 9 ! ,j\rnal ( ! ,s4,p4,r41 ,april #ahih4 ,m4 ,lefbure's citation 0 s5t to me 9 a lett]4 ,i app5d ,m4 ,lefbure's quotation f ,ibn ,khald\n4 ,! orig9al is translat$ 9 ',notices et ,extraits des ,,mss4 de la ,biblio?que ,impriale1' ,i4 xix4 p4 #fdc-fde4 ',ibn ,kald\n admet que c]ta9s hommes ont la facult de dev9] l'av5ir4 ',ceux1 aj\te-t-il1 qui reg>d5t dans les corps diaphanes1 tels que les miroirs1 les cuvettes remplies d'eau et les liquides2 ceux qui inspect5t les coeurs1 les foies et les os des animaux1 444 t\s ces g5s-l app>ti5n5t aussi la catgorie des dev9s1 mais1 cause de l'imp]fection de leur nature1 ils y occup5t un rang infrieur4 ,p\r c>t] le voile des s5s1 le vrai dev9 n'a pas beso9 de gr&s ef=ts2 quant aux autres1 ils t*5t d'arriv] au b en essayant de conc5tr] en un seul s5s t\tes leurs p]ceptions4 ,comme la vue e/ le s5s le plus noble1 ils lui donn5t la prfr5ce2 fixant leur reg>d sur on objet sup]ficie unie1 ils le considr5t avec att5tion jusqu' ce qu'ils y ap]oiv5t la *ose qu'ils veul5t annonc]4 ,quelques p]sonnes croi5t que l'image ap]ue de cette manire se dess9e sur la surface du miroir2 mais ils se tromp5t4 ,le dev9 reg>de fixem5t cette surface jusqu' ce qu'elle disp>aisse et qu'un rideau1 semblable un br\ill>d1 s'int]pose entre lui et le miroir4 ,sur ce rideau se dess95t les *oses qu'il dsira ap]cevoir1 et cela lui p]met de donn] des indications soit affirmatives1 soit ngatives1 sur ce que l'on dsire savoir4 ,il raconte alors les p]ceptions telles qu'il les reoit4 ,les dev9s1 p5dant qu'ils sont dans cet tat1 n'ap]oiv5t pas ce qui se voit rellem5t dans le miroir2 c'e/ un autre mode de p]ception qui nat *ez eux et qui s'opre1 non pas au moy5 de la vue1 mais de l'me4 ,il e/ vrai que1 p\r eux1 les p]ceptions de l'me ressembl5t celles des s5s au po9t de les tromp]2 fait qui1 du re/e1 e/ bi5 connu4 ,la mme *ose arrive ceux qui exam95t les coeurs et les foies d'animaux4 ,n\s avons vu quelques-uns de ces individus entrav] l'opration des s5s p> l'emploi de simples fumigations1 puis se s]vir d'incantations#b af9 de donn] l'me la disposition requise2 ensuite ils racont5t ce qu'ils ont ap]u4 ,ces =mes1 dis5t-ils1 se montr5t dans l'air et reprs5t5t des p]sonnages3 elles leur appr5n5t1 au moy5 d'emblmes et de signes1 les *oses qu'ils *]*5t savoir4 ,les individus de cette classe se dta*5t mo9s de l'influ5ce des s5s que ceux de la classe prcd5te4' ,footnote #a3 ,lican1 ,p>is1 #ahih4 ,footnote #b3 ,l'auteur arabe avait dj m5tionn 7p4 #bji7 l'emploi des incantations et indiqu qu'elles tui5t un simple adjuvant physique de/9 donn] c]ta9s hommes une exaltation dont ils se s]vai5t p\r t*] de dc\vrir l'av5ir4 ',p\r arriv] au plus haut degr d'inspiration dont il e/ capable1 le dev9 doit avoir rec\rs l'emploi de c]ta9es phrases qui se di/+u5t p> une cad5ce et un p>allelisme p>ticuli]s4 ,il essaye ce moy5 af9 de s\/raire son me aux influ5ces des s5s et de lui donn] assez de =ce p\r se mettre dans un contact imp>fait avec le monde spirituel4a ,cette agitation d'esprit1 jo9te l'emploi des moy5s intr9sques dont n\s avons p>l1 excite dans son coeur des ides que cet organe exprime p> le m9i/re de la langne4 ,les p>oles qu'il prononce sont tantt vraies1 tantt fausses4 ,en effet1 le dev91 v\lant suppler l'imp]fection de son naturel1 se s]t de moy5s t\t fait trang]s sa facult p]ceptive et qui ne s'accord5t en aucune faon avec elle4 ,donc la vrit et l'erreur se prs5t5t lui en mme temps1 aussi ne doit on mettre aucune confiance en ses p>oles4 ,quelquefois mme il a rec\rs des suppositions et des conjectures dans l'espoir de r5contr] la vrit et de tromp] ceux qui l'int]rog5t4' ,footnote a3 ,comp>e ,t5nyson's way ( atta9+ a /ate ( trance by repeat+ to himself 8 own "n4 ,,app5dix ,d ,,*iefs ,,9 ,,au/ralia ,9 ! rem>ks on ,au/ralian religion1 x is argu$ t *iefs 9 ,au/ralia are1 at mo/1 v inconspicu\s1 & t a dead *ief _c h ?riv5 into a ,supreme ,be+4 ,att5tion %\ld be call$1 h[ev]1 to ,mr4 ,h[itt's rem>ks on ,au/ralian ',head-m51' 9 8 tract on ',! ,organisation ( ,au/ralian ,tribes' 7pp4 #ajc-aac74 ,he atta*es m ( ! idea ( p[] to ',head-m5' ?an does ,mr4 ,curr 9 8 "w1 ',! ,au/ralian ,race4' ,! ,head-m51 z a rule1 arrive at su* influ5ce z !y possess by s5iority1 if accompani$ by c\rage1 wisdom1 &1 9 "s cases1 by magical acquirem5ts4 ,!re are traces ( a t5d5cy to keep ! (fice 7if x may be call$ "o7 9 ! same k9%ip4 ',b ,vi* ,ian ,vohr or ,*+ahgook are n to be f\nd 9 ,au/ralian tribes' 7p4 #aac74 ,i d n obs]ve t ! manes or gho/ ( a dead ,head-man receives any wor%ip or s]vice calculat$ to fix him 9 ! tribal memory1 & s lead to ! evolution ( a deity1 ?\gh "o ,head-man 0 pot5t ?r\gh ! :ole ,dieyri tribe ov] ?ree hundr$ miles ( c\ntry4 ,su* a p]son1 if propitiat$ aft] dea?1 might conceivably develop into a h]o1 if n into a creative be+4 ,b we mu/ await evid5ce to ! effect t any po/hum\s rev]5ce 0 paid to ?is man1 ,ial9a ,piramurane 7,new ,moon74 ,mr4 ,h[itt's essay is 9 ! ',transactions ( ! ,royal ,society ( ,victoria = #ahhi4' ,,index ,academy ( ,m$ic9e1 ,p>is1 inquiry into animal magnetism1 #cd ,a*ille1 ! case (1 #acd ,aco/a1 ,pre1 cit$1 #gd1 #bdd1 #bdf ,ad>e1 ,"l1 cit$1 #cce ,addison1 cit$1 #af ,africans1 religi\s fai?s (1 #bab1 #bah1 #bba1 #bbb4 ,see "u sep>ate tribal names4 ,ahone1 ,nor?-,am]ican ,indian god1 #bca-bcc1 #bda1 #bdh1 #beh1 #bfb1 #bhj ,ad1 ,hamilton1 cit$1 #ccf ,algonqu9s1 !1 #bej ,all51 ,grant1 cit$1 #aij ,am]ican ,creators1 #bcj2 p>allel ) ,african gods1 #bcj2 savage gods ( ,virg9ia1 #bca2 ! ,ahone-,okeus cre$1 #bca-bcc2 ,pawnee tribal religions1 #bcc-bcf2 ,ti-ra-w1 ! ,_s ,fa!r1 #bcd1 #bce2 rite to ! ,morn+ ,/>1 #bcd2 religion ( ! ,blackfeet1 #bcf2 ,n-pi1 #bcg-bci2 "o acc\nt ( ! ,inca religion1 #bci-bdb2 ,sun-wor%ip1 #bci-bda2 cult ( ,pa*acamac1 ! ,inca deity1 #bci-bdg2 ano!r acc\nt ( ! ,inca religion1 #bdb-bdf2 hymns ( ! ,zuis1 #bdg2 ,awonawilona1 #bdg ,amoretti1 ,sig41 cit$1 #cj1 #aeb ,ance/or1 wor%ip1 #afd-aff1 #agh1 #bje1 #bab1 #bfh1 #bga-bgg ,&amanese1 !1 religi\s beliefs (1 #afg1 #aid-aig1 #bje1 #bjh1 #baa1 #bdi1 #beb1 #bef1 #bgb ',angus1 ,miss1' cases 9 h] exp]i5ce ( cry/al-gaz+1 #hi-ajb1 #cda ,animal magnetism1 inquiry into1 #bi1 #cd1 #ce ,animism1 nature & influ5ce (1 #dh1 #di1 #ec1 #eh1 #fc1 #abi1 #afh1 #aij1 #aia1 #bjf1 #bef1 #bfd1 #bff1 #bfh1 #bfi1 #cjc ,an?ropology & halluc9ations1 #aje2 sleep+ & wak+ exp]i5ce1 #aje1 #ajf2 halluc9ations 9 m5tally s\nd p1 #ajg2 gho/s1 #ajg2 co9cid5ce ( halluc9ations ( ! sane ) dea? or o!r crisis ( p]son se51 #ajg2 morbid halluc9ations & co9cid5tal 'flukes1' #ajh2 connection ( cause & effect1 #ajh2 ! emotional effect1 #ajh2 illu/rative co9cid5ce1 #ajh2 halluc9ations ( sight1 #aji2 causes ( halluc9ations1 #aaj2 collective halluc9ations1 #aaj2 ! prop]ly receptive /ate1 #aaj2 telepa?y1 #aaa2 phantasms ( ! liv+1 #aab2 ,maori cases1 #aac-aae2 evid5ce to be reject$1 #aaf2 subjective halluc9ation caus$ by expectancy1 #aaf2 puzzl+ nature ( halluc9ations %>$ by sev]al p at once1 #aaf1 #aag2 halluc9ations co9cid5t ) a dea?1 #aag2 app>itions & dea?s connect$ 9 fact1 #aag2 ,c5sus ( ! ,society = ,psy*ical ,rese>* !reupon1 #aah2 numb] & "* ( ! in/ances1 #aai2 weigh+ evid5ce1 #aai2 op9ion ( ! ,committee on ,halluc9ations1 #aba2 remot5ess ( occurr5ce ( in/ances1 #aba2 want ( docum5t>y evid5ce1 #aba non-co9cid5tal halluc9ations1 #aba2 telepa?y exi/+ betwe5 k9sfolk & fri5ds1 #abb2 influ5ce ( anxiety1 #abc2 exi/5ce ( illness kn[n1 #abc2 m5tal & n]v\s conditions 9 connection ) halluc9ations1 #acd2 value ( ! /ati/ics ( ! ,c5sus1 #abd2 anecdote ( an ,engli% (fic]1 #abe ,an?ropology & religion1 #cj2 e>ly sci5tific prejudice aga9/1 #dj2 evolution & evid5ce1 #dj2 te/+ ( evid5ce1 #da-dc2 psy*ical rese>*1 #dh2 orig9 ( religion1 #dd2 inf]5ces drawn f sup]normal ph5om5a1 #da1 #ec2 savage p>allels ( psy*ical ph5om5a1 #de2 mean+s ( religion1 #de1 #dj2 dispro( ( godless tribes1 #dg2 ,animism1 #dh1 #di2 limits ( savage tongues1 #di2 wak+ & sleep+ halluc9ations1 #fj2 cry/al-gaz+1 #ej2 ! gho/-s\l1 #ea2 savage ab/ract speculation1 #eb2 analogy ( ! ideas ( *ildr5 & primitive man1 #ec2 e>ly man's conception ( life1 #cb2 gho/-se]s1 #ed2 psy*ical conditions 9 :i* savages diff] f civilis$ m51 #ed2 p[] ( produc+ non-normal psy*ological conditions1 #ee2 faculties ( ! l[] animals1 #ef2 man's fir/ conception ( religion1 #ef2 ! sugge/$ hypnotic /ate1 #eg2 second-sight1 #fh2 savage names = ! gho/-s\l1 #fj2 ! migratory _s1 #fj-fd ,anynrabia1 ,s\? ,gu9ea ,creator1 #bbj ,apa*es1 cry/al-gaz+ by1 #hd1 #he ,apollonius ( ,tyana1 #ff ,atua1 ! ,tongan ,elohim1 #bgi ,aurora ,borealis1 savage ideas ( !1 #d1 #bfb1 #bib ,au/ralians1 religi\s beliefs (1 #ej1 #hc1 #aah1 #abh1 #afe1 #age-ahb1 #ahe1 #ahh1 #aij1 #bje1 #bjh1 #baa1 #bae1 #bai1 #bbd1 #bdj1 #bdi1 #bec1 #bff1 #bfa-bfc ,automatism1 #aee ,awonawilona1 ,zui deity1 #bdh1 #bea ,ay9>d1 ,jacques1 case (1 #aej1 #ahb ,aztecs1 cre$ (1 #ajd note1 #ahc1 #bcc1 #bcd1 #bee1 #beh1 #bfc ,bealz1 ,dr41 cit$1 #acb ,baiame1 deity1 #ahi1 #aij1 #aia1 #bje1 #bfa1 #bhj ,bak]1 ,sir ,samuel1 cit$1 #db1 #baa ,bakwa9s1 !1 #afi ,balf\r1 ,a4,j41 quot$1 #dd1 #eg note ,banks ,isl&]s1 _! gods1 #afi1 #aig-aih ,bantus1 religi\s beliefs (1 #agf1 #baa1 #bbj1 #bdh ,b>kwor?1 ,mr41 8 op9ion ( ,mrs4 ,pip]1 #adj ,b>rett1 ,pr(essor1 on ! div9+-rod1 #afb-aed ,bo/ian1 ,adolf1 cit$1 #f1 #dc ,baxt]1 cit$1 #ae ,beaton1 ,c>d9al1 8 mi/ress visualiz$1 #ig ,bell1 ,john1 cit$1 #adi ,b5i-,israel1 #bhb ,b]na1 magnetis]1 #cd ,b]nadette1 case (1 #aag ,big ,black ,man1 ,fuegian deity1 #beh ,b9et & ,fr1 quot$1 #bj1 #gf ,bissett1 ,mr4 & ,mrs41 exp]i5ces ( cry/al-gaz+1 #ii-ajb ,blackfeet1 beliefs (1 #bcj1 #bcf ,blantyre region1 religion 9 !1 #bag1 #bah ,bleck1 ,dr41 cit$1 #aid ,bob[issi1 ,gold ,coa/ god1 #bbe-bbg1 #bcj-bcb ,bod9us1 cit$1 #ae ,book ( ! ,dead1 #bhf1 #cjc ,bora1 ,au/ralian my/]ies1 #agf1 #agi1 #aij1 #aif1 #bfj ,bosman1 cit$1 #bbe ,b\rget1 ,paul1 8 op9ion ( ,mrs4 ,pip]1 #aci1 #adj ,b\rke1 ,capta9 ,j4,g41 cit$1 #hc ,boyle1 cit$1 #ae ,braid1 inv5tor ( ! ^w 'hypnotism1' #bd1 #ce1 #cf ,brew/]1 ,sir ,david1 cit$1 #cc ,br9ton1 ,dr41 cit$1 #fg1 #afh1 #bcb1 #bcf1 #bed1 #bfd1 #bij ,bri/[1 ,mr41 cit$1 #ccb ,briti% ,association decl9e to he> ,braid's essay1 #bd rejection ( an?ropological pap]s1 #hi ,brasses1 de1 cit$1 #adi ,br[n1 ,g5]al ,mason1 cit$1 #fh1 #fg ,bunjil1 deity1 #ahi ,bu%m51 religi\s beliefs (1 #afe1 #aih1 #bjh1 #baa1 #beb ,button1 ,jemmy1 ! ,faegian1 case (1 #aaf ,caon1 ,bo%mon deity1 #ahi1 #aic1 #bje ,callawoy1 ,dr41 on ,zulu beliefs1 #gb1 #he1 #ajf1 #adb1 #aea #bjg1 #bjh ,c>dan1 cit$1 #ae ,c>p5t]1 ,dr41 cit$1 #cbd ,c>v]1 ,capta9 ,jona?an1 8 in/ance ( savage possession1 #adb cit$1 #fj1 #add1 #ade ,*>cot1 ,dr41 on fai? cures1 #bj-bc1 #bd note ,*evreul1 ,m41 cit$1 #aeb ,*9ese1 !1 demon possession 91 #aha1 #ahc div9+-rod1 #aed religi\s beliefs1 #bcg1 #bij1 #bia ,*onos1 !1 #agf ,circumcision1 #bhf ,clairvoyance 7vue di/ance71 #fe 'op5+ ! ,gates at ,di/ance4' #fe1 #ff atte/$ cases among savages1 #ff conflict ) ! laws ( exact sci5ce1 #fg in/ances1 #fg among ! ,zulus1 #fh-gj among ! ,lapps1 #gj ! ,ll>son case1 #ga se]s1 #gb ! elem5t ( trick]y1 #gc a ,r$ ,indian se]ess1 #gc ,p]uvian clairvoyants1 #ge ,pr(essor ,ri*et's case1 #ge ,mr4 ,dobbie's case1 #gf ,scotti% tales ( second-sight1 #gh-ha visions provok$ by v>i\s me?ods1 #ha ,see ,cry/al visions ,clodd1 ,edw>d1 cit$1 #aai1 #abj1 #cjj ',cockburn1 ,mrs41' te/ ( cry/al-gaz+1 #ii-aja ,codr+ton1 ,dr41 cit$1 #aej1 #afi1 #aig-aii ,coir91 ,mlle41 h] miracul\s cure1 #bj ,col]idge1 cit$1 #i1 #aa1 #ab note1 #bie1 #bif ,coll9s1 cit$1 #agi ,coman*es1 !1 #bej ,confucius1 religi\s tea*+ (1 #bij1 #bia ,cook1 ,capta91 cit$1 #bga ,corpse-b9d+1 #adc1 #add ,craw=d1 ,"l1 cit$1 #cbe1 #ccd1 #ccj1 #chg ,creeks1 !1 #adc ,croesus1 te/s ! ,delphic ,oracle1 #ad ,crookes1 ,sir ,william1 cit$1 #cbe1 #cca1 #ccc1 #ccd1 #ccg1 #cch ,cry/al visions1 #hc savage in/ances1 #hc-he 9 lat] ,europe1 #he nature ( ',miss ,x's' exp]im5ts1 #he attribut$ to 'dissociation1' #hf examples ( '?\ght-transf]5ce1' #hg argum5ts aga9/ accept+ recognition ( objects describ$ by ano!r p]son1 #hg co9cid5ce ( fact & fiction1 #hh cases 9 ! exp]i5ce ( ',miss ,angus1' #hi-ajb ',miss ,rose's' exp]i5ce1 #ia1 #ib ph5om5a sugge/ ! savage !ory ( ! w&]+ s\l1 #ajc cit$1 #g1 #dd1 #ej1 #cad-caf1 #cdj ,cumb]l&1 ,/u>t1 #gb ,cures by sugge/ion1 #bj1 #ba ,curr1 ,mr41 reports 'godless' savages1 #ahd note ,dampi]1 cit$1 #agf ,danc+ /icks1 #adi-aca ,d>umulun1 ,au/ralian ,supreme ,be+1 #agh1 #agi1 #ahc1 #ahf1 #aia1 #bac1 #bdj1 #beh-bfd1 #bhj ,d>w91 cit$1 #aae1 #adi1 #agd note1 #cbd1 #ccb ,dea?1 savage ideas on1 #ahg ,deg5]ation !ory1 !1 #bed ! p[]ful creative ,be+ ( l[e/ savages1 #bed diff]5ces betwe5 ! ,supreme ,be+ ( high] & l[] savages1 #bee human sacrifice1 #bee hungry1 cruel gods deg5]ate f ! ,au/ralian ,fa!r 9 ,heav51 #bef savage ,animism1 #bef a pure religion =gott51 #beg an inconv5i5t moral ,creator1 #beg hank]+ aft] useful gho/-gods1 #beg l[]+ ( ! ideal ( a ,creator1 #beg ma9t5ance ( an immoral sy/em 9 ! int]e/s ( ! ,/ate & ! cl]gy1 #beh moral mono!ism ( ! ,hebrew religion1 #beh degradation ( ,jehovah1 #beh human sacrifice 9 ritual ( ,israel1 #beh orig9 ( conception ( ,jehovah1 #beh ,semitic gods1 #bei /atus ( ,d>umulun1 #bei conception ( ,jehovah condition$ by space1 #bfj deg5]ation ( deity 9 ,africa1 #bfj political advance produces religi\s deg5]ation1 #bfa sacrificial ideas1 #bfb ! savage ,supreme ,be+ on a high] plane ?an ! ,semitic & ,greek gods1 #bfc ,animism full ( ! se$s ( religions deg5]ation1 #bfd fall+ (f 9 ! !i/ic conception1 #bfe feti%ism1 #bfe modus ( deg5]ation by ,animism supplant+ ,!ism1 #bfe feel+ aft] a ,god :o ne$s n any?+ at man's h&s1 #bfg ,demoniacal possession1 #abh ! 'inspir$' or 'possess$1' #abi '*ange ( control1' #acj gift ( eloqu5ce & poetry1 #aca in/ances 9 ,*9a1 #aca attempt$ explanations ( ! ph5om5a1 #acb 'alt]nat+ p]sonality1' #acb symptoms ( possession1 #acb evid5ce =1 #acc sci5tific acc\nt ( a demoniac & 8 cure1 #acd induc+ ! 'possess$' /ate1 #ace exhibition ( abnormal k by ! possess$1 #acf ,sci5tific /udy ( ! ph5om5a1 #acf details ( ! case ( ,mrs4 ,pip]1 #acf-ada diagnos+ & prescrib+ = pati5ts1 #adb ,c>v]'s example ( savage possession1 #adb1 #aeg cu/om ( b9d+ ! se] ) bonds1 #adb1 #ade corpse-b9d+1 #adc1 #add ,d5did1 ,d9ka ,supreme ,be+1 #baa1 #bab1 #beh1 #bhj ,deslon1 ,m41 disciple ( ,mesm]1 #bd ,dessoir1 ,dr4 ,max1 quot$1 #cb1 #cc1 #eg ,d9kas1 beliefs ( !1 #db1 #baa1 #bab1 #bef ,div9+-rod1 use ( !1 #cj1 #aeb-aee ,dobbie1 ,mr41 8 case ( clairvoyance1 #gf ,dorman1 ,mr41 cit$1 #bjc ,dunb>1 ,mr41 cit$1 #bcf ,du ,pont1 cit$1 #ge ,du ,prel1 cit$1 #bh ,dynois1 ,jonka1 trance (1 #fe ,ebumtupism1 second sight1 #gc ,egyptians1 beliefs (1 #hc1 #cjb ,el*o1 ,"l1 cit$1 #ccd ,eleus9ian my/]ies1 #aif ,elliotson1 ,dr41 cit$1 #bd1 #ce1 #cg1 #dj ,ellis1 ,major1 on ,polynesian & ,african religions ideas1 #hc1 #add1 #bbb-bbh1 #bcb1 #bea1 #bfj1 #bgb ,elohim1 savage equival5ts to ! t]m1 #bgg ,esemk(u1 ,zulu gho/s1 #abh1 #abi ,eskimo1 religi\s beliefs (1 #gb1 #aac1 #ahd ,fai?-,cures1 #bj-bb ,f5ton1 ,francis ,d>t1 on ,maori gho/-see+1 #aad ,f]r&1 ,mlle41 on halluc9ations1 #cb ,feti%ism & ,spiritualism1 #adg ! feti%1 #adg s\rces sup]-normal to savages1 #adh indep5d5t motion 9 inanimate objects1 #adi comp>ison ) physical ph5om5a ( spiritualism1 #adi ,melanesian belief 9 /icks mov$ by spirits1 #aej a sceptical ,zulu1 #aej a =m ( ! p5dulum exp]im5t1 #aea table-turn+1 #aeb ! div9+-rod1 #aeb ! civilis$ & savage practice ( automatism1 #aef d>k room manife/ations1 #aef ! di/urbances 9 ! h\se ( ,m4 ,zoll]1 #aef consid]ation ( physical ph5om5a1 #aeh in/anc$1 #afe1 #bbe1 #bfe1 #bff1 #bgf1 #cbd-cci ,figui]1 ,m41 cit$1 #aeb ,fijians1 religi\s beliefs (1 #abh1 #acf1 #bjj1 #bdh1 #cch ,f9ns1 !1 #eh ,fire c]emony1 !1 #ahj note ,fison1 ,mr41 cit$1 #abh ,fitzroy1 ,admiral1 cit$1 #aae1 #agc1 #agd ,flac\rt1 ,sieur de1 on cry/al-gaz+ 9 ,madagasc>1 #hd ,fl9t1 ,pr(essor1 cit$1 #bec ,francis1 ,/41 /igmata (1 #bb ,fuegians1 beliefs & cu/oms (1 #aae1 #afe1 #agc-age1 #ahc1 #ahg1 #bjh1 #baa1 #bbg1 #beh1 #bfb1 #bgb ,galton1 ,mr41 cit$1 #ab1 #if1 #ajg1 #bid1 #bie ,g>cilasso de la ,vega1 on ,inca beliefs1 #bci-bdd ',gates ( ,di/ance1 ,op5+ !1' #fe1 #ff1 #fh ,gho/-se]s1 #ed1 #fc ,gho/-s\l1 !1 #ea names = !1 #fj ,gib]t1 ,dr41 on 'will+' sleep1 #cf ,gibi]1 ,dr41 cit$1 #adf ,gippsl& tribes1 #ahg ,glanvil1 ,rev4 ,joseph1 8 sci5tific inve/igations1 #ae ,god1 evolution ( ! idea (1 #afj an?ropological hypo!sis1 #afj primitive logic ( ! savage1 #afa reg>d$ z a _s1 #afb idea ( spiritual be+s fram$ on ! human s\l1 #afd deifi$ ance/ors1 #afd ! ,zulu fir/ ance/or1 #afd feti%es1 #afe great gods 9 savage sy/ems ( religion1 #afe ! ,"l ( ! ,dead1 #afe conception ( an idealis$ div9e ,fir/ ,ance/or1 #ahh ho/ile ,good & ,bad ,be+s1 #aff ! ,supreme ,be+ ( savage cre$s1 #aff m$iat+ ',sons1' #afg ,*ri/ian & ,islamite influ5ce on savage conceptions1 #afg probable g]ms ( ! savage idea ( a ,supreme ,be+1 #afh animi/ic conceptions1 #afh gho/s1 & ,be+s :o nev] 7 human1 #afi recognition by savages ( our ,god 9 !irs1 #afi ! hypo!sis ( deg5]acy1 #agj ! moral1 fri5dly creative ,be+ ( l[ savage fai?1 #aga food (f]+s to a ,univ]sal ,p[]1 #aga ! ,high ,gods ( l[ races1 #agc intrusion ( ,european ideas into savage religions1 #agc ! ,fuegian ,big ,man1 #agd gho/s ( dead m$ic9e man1 #age ! ,bora1 or ,au/ralian tribal my/]ies1 #agf1 #agg1 #agi possible evolution ( ! ,au/ralian god1 #agh my?ology & !ology ( ,d>umulun1 ! highe/ ,au/ralian god1 #agh1 #agi1 #ahc religi\s sanction ( morals1 #agi selflessness ! v ess5ce ( goodness1 #ahj precepts ( ,d>umulan1 #aha1 #ahb argum5t f design1 #ahd ,supreme ,gods n necess>ily develop$ out ( 'spirits1' #ahe di/9ction betwe5 deities & gho/s1 #ahe human be+s ador$ z gods1 #ahf dea?lessness ( ! ,supreme ,be+ ( savage fai?1 #ahf1 #ahh idealisation ( ! savage himself1 #ahg negation ( ! gho/-!ory1 #ahh1 #ahi high creative gods nev] wore mortal m51 #ahi l[ savage di/9ction betwe5 gods1 #ahi propitiation by food & sacrifice1 #aij 'magnifi$ non-natural m51' #aij gods to talk ab\t1 n to adore1 #aij high] gods prior to ! gho/ !ory1 #aia ,see ,supreme ,be+s2 ,am]ican ,creators2 ,jehovah ,greeks1 !1 beliefs (1 #cjb ,gre5l&]s1 !1 #add1 #ahb ,gregory1 ,dr41 cit$1 #hf ,gries+]1 ,dr41 cit$1 #acb ,gr9nell1 ,mr41 on ,pawnee beliefs1 #bcd-bcg ,guiana ,indians1 religi\s beliefs (1 #bjb-bjf1 #bef ,gu9ea1 ,nor? & ,s\?1 religi\s beliefs 91 #bbj ,gurney1 ,mr41 8 exp]im5ts 9 hypnotism1 #he1 #hf cit$1 #ajg1 #aad1 #aag ,guyau1 ,m41 cit$1 #ab1 #bd1 #be ,halluc9ations4 ,see ,an?ropology & ,halluc9ations ,hamilton1 ,sir ,william1 cit$1 #ab ,hammond1 ,dr41 on demoniacal possession1 #aca ,h>teville1 ,madame1 case (1 #bf ,he>ne1 on ! ,aurora ,borealis1 #c on cure by sugge/ion1 #ba1 #bb ,hebrews4 ,see ,israelites ,hegel1 cit$1 #cj-cd1 #ej1 #ef1 #eh1 #gh1 #aaa1 #aeb ,higgs1 ,police ,con/able1 /atem5t (1 on ! di/urbances at ,mr4 ,:ite's h\se1 #cbf-cbh ,highl& second-sight1 #adc-ade ,hodgson1 ,dr41 report on ,mrs4 ,pip]1 #acg1 #adj1 #ada cit$1 #ace1 #cbe ,home1 ,david ,dunglas1 8 p[]s z a m$ium1 #cbd1 #cbe1 #ccd-cci ,h[itt1 ,mr41 cit$1 #abh1 #agg-ahb ,hume1 ,david1 attitude t[>ds miracles1 #af def9ition ( a miracle1 #af self-contradictions1 #ag refuses to exam9e miracle ( ! ,abb ,p>is1 #ah1 #ai1 #bb-be alt]native def9ition ( a miracle1 #be cit$1 #big ,huxley1 ,pr(essor1 on savage religi\s cults1 #db1 #dc1 #dh1 #afb1 #afc1 #aga1 #agf1 #agg1 #ahb on ! evolution ( ,jehovah1 #bgj1 #bga1 #bgg1 #bgi1 #bhb1 #bhf cit$1 #ag note1 #bif1 #cbd ,hypnotism1 #f1 #bd1 #bi1 #cb1 #cd1 #ce1 #cg1 #ge1 #gf ,iambli*us1 cit$1 #ad1 #ccf1 #ccg1 #cci ,ibn ,khald\n1 cit$1 #cda ,im ,?urn1 on ! religi\s ideas ( ! ,indians ( ,guiana1 #ej1 #afj1 #bjb-bjg1 #bef1 #bih ,incas1 !1 #he1 #bdj-bdg1 #beh ,iroquois1 !1 #hd1 #he ,islam1 influ5ce (1 on ,african beliefs1 #bba ,israelites1 developm5t ( _! religi\s ideas1 #beh1 #bfj1 #bfh-bhd1 #cjb ,james1 ,pr(essor ,william1 quot$1 #bc1 #ei1 #gc1 #ajg1 #aaj1 #acb1 #acg1 #aef1 #bid ,janet1 ,dr4 ,pi]re1 on 'will+' sleep1 #cf on demoniacal possession1 #acd1 #ace cit$1 #gc1 #bid1 #cdj1 #cda ,jeanne d',arc1 #cd1 #gc1 #aae1 #abh1 #bgf ,jehovah1 !ories (1 #beh1 #bfj1 #bfh z a ,moral ,supreme ,be+1 #bfh an?ropological !ory ( ! orig9 ( ,jehovah-wor%ip1 #bgj abs5ce ( ance/or-wor%ip f ! ,hebrew tradition1 #bgj-bgc alleg$ evid5ce = ance/or-wor%ip 9 ,israel1 #bgc-bgg evolution f gho/-cult to ! cult ( ,jehovah1 #bgg ! t]m ,elohim1 #bgg human %ape assum$1 #bgh consid]$ z a gho/-god1 #bgi sacrifices to1 #bhj sugge/ion ( a ,be+ n yet nam$ ,jehovah1 #bha traditional em]g5ce ( ,jehovah z ! god ( ,israel1 #bha z a deifi$ ance/or1 #bhb moral elem5t 9 ! idea ( ,jehovah1 #bhb1 #bhf a m]e tribal god1 #bhc a ,k5ite god1 #bhc1 #bhd inconsi/5cies ( !ori/s conc]n+1 #bhe ! moral elem5t a survival ( primitive e?ics 9 ! savage ance/ors ( ! ,israelites1 #bhg v]ity ( ! ,biblical acc\nt1 #bhg cit$1 #bii ,j]aeil1 my/]ies ( ! ,kurnai1 #ahj ,jevons1 ,mr41 cit$1 #ahf1 #bee1 #cjj1 #cjb ,juggl]y1 ,pawnee1 #bce ,jung-,/ill+1 cit$1 #cj1 #fc ,kaloc1 ,fijian "n = gods1 #bjj1 #bja ,kams*atkans1 #aff ,kant1 inquires into ,sw$5borg's visions1 #bf1 #ei disappo9t$ ) ,sw$5borg's ',arcana ,coele/ia'1 #bf1 #bg on ! metaphysics ( 'spirits1' #bg discusses ! subconsci\s1 #bh cit$1 #abe ,k>5s1 beliefs (1 #fj1 #gc1 #aea ,k>r1 ,alphonse1 cit$1 #ccf ,kelv91 ,"l1 on hypnotism1 #cg ,k5ites1 !1 #bhd ,k+sley1 ,miss1 cit$1 #age1 #baa1 #bbj1 #cbh ,kirk1 cit$1 #add ,kohl1 cit$1 #adh ,kul91 ,au/ralian tribe1 #di ,kurnai1 ,au/ralian tribe1 _! religi\s conceptions1 #di1 #ahj1 #aha1 #ahg1 #bae1 #bfb1 #bfc1 #bhg1 #bia ,la+1 ,mr4 ,samuel1 cit$1 #ab note ,langlois1 ,m41 ! case (1 #ge1 #gf ,lapps1 beliefs (1 #eh1 #ga1 #ha ,latukas1 !1 #db ,lav]t]us1 telepa?ic hypo!sis (1 #ae ,le ,loy]1 cit$1 #ae ,leaf1 ,mr41 cit$1 #aab note ,leew>d ,isles1 ideas ( a god 91 #bea ,lefbure1 ,m41 cit$1 #hd1 #adi1 #cda ,legge1 ,dr41 on ! tea*+ ( ,confucius1 #bij ,lejean1 ,m41 on ! ,d9kas1 #bab ,lejeaune1 ,pre1 cit$1 #gd1 #hc ,l5g1 ,mr41 cit$1 #acc ,leon1 ,cieza de1 cit$1 #bda1 #bdd ,lonie1 ! case ( h] hypnotisation1 #ge1 #gf ,leslie1 ,david1 on ,zulu clairvoyance1 #fh on gho/s1 #abh ,levitation1 #ccd ,littr1 ,m41 cit$1 #acf ,liv+/one1 ,dr41 cit$1 #f1 #ace1 #agj ,lloyd1 ,dr41 cit$1 #cbg1 #cbh ,loan-god1 a1 ,t%i !ory (1 #bbb-bbi ,l\rdes1 cures at1 #ai ,lubbock1 ,sir ,john1 cit$1 #db ,macali/]1 ,pr(essor1 8 op9ion ( ,mrs4 ,pip]1 #adj ,mac,culloch1 ,dr41 on second-sight1 #eh ,macdonald1 ,duff1 cit$1 #aej1 #bac1 #bae1 #bah ,macgregor1 ,dr4 ,ala/air1 gives in/ances ( second-sight1 #gi-ha ,madagasc>1 #hd ,magnetism1 #bi1 #cd1 #ce ,malagasies1 beliefs (1 #hd ,malays ( ,keel+ ,isl&1 feti%ism 91 #ada ,man1 ,mr41 on ,&amanese religion & my?ology1 #aid1 #aie ,mans1 magical rapport1 #aii1 #bjj ,m&ans1 !1 #ahh ,manganjah1 practice ( sorc]y 91 #adi ,mann+1 ,mr41 cit$1 #adf ,maoris1 religi\s beliefs (1 #hc1 #aac-aae1 #aah1 #aai1 #aej1 #aff1 #ahh ,m>awa1 ,banks ,isl&s deity1 #aih1 #aii ,m>9]1 cit$1 #bgh ,m>kham1 ,mr41 cit$1 #bdc1 #bdf ,m>son1 ,madame1 case (1 #ga ,mason1 ,dr41 on famili> spirits1 #acj ,ma!r1 ,cotton1 cit$1 #af1 #ee ,maudsloy1 ,dr41 cit$1 #bc note ,mani1 ,maori deity1 #aff1 #ahh ,mayo1 ,dr41 cit$1 #hf ,m$ici1 ,ca!r9e de'1 cit$1 #ff ,m$ic9e-m51 #hd ,m$iums1 #cbd-cci ,melanesians1 religi\s beliefs (1 #aej1 #afi1 #ahi1 #aig1 #aii1 #bjj ,m5e/ri]1 le ,pre1 uses ! div9+-rod1 #aed ,m5zies1 ,pr(essor1 cit$1 #beg ,mesm]1 8 !ory ( magnetism1 #bi1 #cd ,mill>1 cit$1 #dj1 #da ,miracles1 reg>d$ f ! /&po9t ( sci5ce1 #ad e>ly te/s1 #ad & m mod]n rese>*1 #ae wit*craft1 #ae1 #af ,hume's essay on1 #af & 8 def9itions ( a miracle1 #af1 #be cures at ! tomb ( ! ,abb ,p>is1 #ah-bj1 #bc ,b9et & ,fr's explanation ( ^! cures1 #bj cures by sugge/ion1 #bj1 #ba ,dr4 ,*>cot's views1 #bj fai? cures1 #bj-bb sci5ce oppos$ to sy/ematic negation1 #bb refusal to exam9e evid5ce1 #bc-be 'm>vell\s facts1' #bd sugge/ion di/ance1 #bd ,kant's rese>*es1 #bf-bi ,sw$5borg's clairvoyance1 #bf1 #bg ?\ght-transf]5ce & hypnotic sleep1 #bi1 #cj1 #cb1 #ce wat]-f9d+1 #ci ph5om5a ( clairvoyance1 #ca ,hegel's 'magic tie1' #ca ,dr4 ,max ,dessoir's views1 #ca1 #cb halluc9ations1 #cb animal magnetism1 #cd hypnotism1 #ce 'will+1' #cf facts & ph5om5a confront+ sci5ce1 #cg ',miss ,x1' on cry/al-gaz+1 #hg1 #cae1 #caf1 #cdj1 #cda ,mlungu1 ,c5tral ,african deity1 #bac-bah ,mol9a1 ,*ri/oval de1 on ,inca beliefs1 #bdb1 #bdc ,moll1 ,h]r1 cit$1 #cad ,montg]on1 ,m41 cit$1 #ai1 #bj ,m1 ,h5ry1 cit$1 #ae ,moses1 f\nd] ( ! ,hebrew religion1 #bhc-bhf ,mtanga1 ,african deity1 #bac-bag ,mll]1 ,max1 cit$1 #da1 #dc1 #df1 #bfe1 #bff1 #bhi ,mungan-ngaur1 ,kurnai ,supreme ,be+1 #aha1 #ahh1 #aij1 #bje1 #bag1 #bei ,mwetyi1 ,%ekuni ,great ,_s1 #bbj ,my]s1 ,fr$]ic1 on hypnotic slumb]1 #cj1 #cc cit$1 #ae note ,nana ,nyankupon1 ,gold ,coa/ ,supreme ,be+1 #bbe-bbh1 #bcb1 #bhj ,n-pi1 ,am]ican ,indian deity1 #bcg-bci1 #bda ,nd5gei1 ,fijian ,supreme ,be+1 #bjj-bjb1 #bbh1 #bdh ,nevius1 ,dr41 on demoniacal possession1 #aca-ace ,newbold1 ,pr(essor ,w4 ,roma9e1 #ace ,nezahuati1 erects a bloodless fane to ! ,unkn[n ,god1 #beh ,nic>aguans1 !1 #fj ,nor?1 ,major1 on ,pawnee juggl]y1 #bce1 #bcf ,nzambi ,mpungu1 ,bantu ,supreme ,be+1 #bbf1 #bbh1 #bdb ,okeus 7,oki71 ,am]ican ,indian deity1 #bca1 #bcb ,okey1 ! si/]s1 case (1 #cg note ,ombwiri1 ,s\? ,gu9ea god1 #bbj ,orp51 ,mr41 cit$1 #aic ,ox=d1 ,rev4 ,a4,w41 on anci5t ,israel1 #bge-bgg1 #bhc-bhe ,pa*acamac1 ,inca1 ,supreme ,be+1 #bcj1 #bci-bdg1 #beh ,pa*aya*a*i1 ,inca god1 #bdb1 #bdf ,palad9o1 ,eusapia1 case (1 #cbe ,palm]1 ,mr41 cit$1 #agi ,p>is1 ,abb miracles wr\ght at 8 tomb1 #ah-bj1 #bc ,p>i%1 ,h]r1 criticism ( 8 reply to ! 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