,,volume ,,vii ,,georg ,,wilhelm ,,friedrich ,,hegel ,,bettina ,,von ,,arnim ,,karl ,,lebrecht ,,immermann ,,karl ,,ferdinand ,,gutzkow ,,anastasius ,,gr,n ,,nikolaus ,,lenau ,,eduard ,m,,rike ,,annette ,,elisabeth ,,von ,,droste-,h,,lshoff ,,ferdinand ,,freiligrath ,,moritz ,,graf ,,von ,,strachwitz ,,emanuel ,,geibel ,,georg ,,herwegh ,,the ,,german ,,classics ,masterpieces of ,german ,literature ,,translated ,,into ,,english ,,patrons' ,,edition ,,in ,,twenty ,,volumes ,,illustrated #aiad ,,the ,,german ,,publication ,,society ,,contributors ,,and ,,translators ,,volume ,,vii 99 99 99 99 99 ,,contents ,,of ,,volume ,,vii ,georg ,wilhelm ,friedrich ,hegel ,the ,life of ,georg ,wilhelm ,friedrich ,hegel4 ,by ,j4 ,loewenberg4 ,introduction to the ,philosophy of ,history4 ,translated by ,j4 ,sibree4 ,the ,philosophy of ,law4 ,translated by ,j4 ,loewenberg4 ,introduction to the ,philosophy of ,art4 ,translated by ,j4 ,loewenberg4 ,bettina von ,arnim ,the ,life of ,bettina von ,arnim4 ,by ,henry ,wood4 ,goethe's ,correspondence with a ,child4 ,translated by ,wallace ,smith ,murray4 ,karl ,lebrecht ,immermann ,immermann and ,his ,drama ,merlin4 ,by ,martin ,schtze4 ,immermann's ,mnchhausen4 ,by ,allen ,wilson ,porterfield4 ,the ,oberhof4 ,translated by ,paul ,bernard ,thomas4 ,karl ,ferdinand ,gutzkow ,gutzkow and ,young ,germany4 ,by ,starr ,willard ,cutting4 ,sword and ,queue4 ,translated by ,grace ,isabel ,colbron4 ,german ,lyric ,poetry from #ahcj to #ahdh4 ,by ,john ,s4 ,nollen4 ,anastasius ,grn ,a ,salon ,scene4 ,translated by ,sarah ,t4 ,barrows4 ,nikolaus ,lenau ,prayer4 ,translated by ,charles ,wharton ,stork4 ,sedge ,songs4 ,translated by ,kate ,freiligrath-,kroeker4 ,songs by the ,lake4 ,translated by ,charles ,wharton ,stork4 ,the ,postilion4 ,translated by ,charles ,wharton ,stork4 ,to the ,beloved from ,afar4 ,translated by ,charles ,wharton ,stork4 ,the ,three ,gipsies4 ,translated by ,charles ,wharton ,stork4 ,my ,heart4 ,translated by ,charles ,wharton ,stork4 ,eduard ,mrike ,an ,error ,chanced4 ,translated by ,charles ,wharton ,stork4 ,a ,song for ,two in the ,night4 ,translated by ,charles ,wharton ,stork4 ,early ,away4 ,translated by ,charles ,wharton ,stork4 ,the ,forsaken ,maiden4 ,translated by ,charles ,wharton ,stork ,weyla's ,song4 ,translated by ,charles ,wharton ,stork ,seclusion4 ,translated by ,charles ,wharton ,stork ,the ,soldier's ,betrothed4 ,translated by ,charles ,wharton ,stork ,the ,old ,weathercock3 ,an ,idyll4 ,translated by ,charles ,wharton ,stork ,think of ,it1 ,my ,soul4 ,translated by ,charles ,wharton ,stork ,erinna to ,sappho4 ,translated by ,charles ,wharton ,stork 99 99 99 99 99 ,mozart's ,journey from ,vienna to ,prague4 ,translated by ,florence ,leonard ,annette ,elizabeth von ,droste-,hlshoff ,pentecost4 ,translated by ,charles ,wharton ,stork ,the ,house in the ,heath4 ,translated by ,charles ,wharton ,stork ,the ,boy on the ,moor4 ,translated by ,charles ,wharton ,stork ,on the ,tower4 ,translated by ,charles ,wharton ,stork ,the ,desolate ,house4 ,translated by ,charles ,wharton ,stork ,the ,jew's ,beech-,tree4 ,translated by ,lillie ,winter ,ferdinand ,freiligrath ,the ,duration of ,love4 ,translated by ,m4,g4 in ,chambers' ,journal ,the ,emigrants4 ,translated by ,c4,t4 ,brooks ,the ,lion's ,ride4 ,translated by ,c4,t4 ,brooks ,the ,spectre-,caravan4 ,translated by ,j4,c4 ,mangan ,had ,i at ,mecca's ,gate been ,nourished4 ,translated by ,charles ,wharton ,stork ,wild ,flowers4 ,translated by ,charles ,wharton ,stork ,the ,dead to the ,living4 ,translated by ,bayard ,taylor ,hurrah1 ,germania6 ,in ,pall ,mall ,gazette1 ,london ,the ,trumpet of ,gravelotte4 ,translated by ,kate ,freiligrath-,kroeker ,moritz ,graf von ,strachwitz ,douglas of the ,bleeding ,heart4 ,translated by ,charles ,wharton ,stork ,georg ,herwegh ,the ,stirrup-,cup4 ,translated by ,william ,g4 ,howard ,emanuel ,geibel ,the ,watchman's ,song4 ,translated by ,a4,i4 du ,p4 ,coleman ,the ,call of the ,road4 ,translated by ,a4,i4 du ,p4 ,coleman ,autumn ,days4 ,translated by ,a4,i4 du ,p4 ,coleman ,the ,death of ,tiberius4 ,translated by ,a4,i4 du ,p4 ,coleman ,,illustrations--,,volume ,,vii ,arco4 ,by ,benno ,becker ,georg ,wilhelm ,frederich ,hegel4 ,by ,schlesinger ,royal ,old ,museum in ,berlin4 ,by ,schinkel ,bettina von ,arnim ,the ,goethe ,monument4 ,by ,bettina von ,arnim ,karl ,lebrecht ,immermann4 ,by ,c4,t4 ,lessing ,the ,master of the ,oberhof4 ,by ,benjamin ,vautier ,the ,oberhof4 ,by ,benjamin ,vautier ,the ,freemen's ,tribunal4 ,by ,benjamin ,vautier ,lisbeth4 ,by ,benjamin ,vautier ,oswald1 the ,hunter4 ,by ,benjamin ,vautier ,karl ,ferdinand ,gutzkow ,the ,potsdam ,guard4 ,by ,adolph von ,menzel ,king ,frederick ,william ,i of ,prussia4 ,by ,r4 ,siemering ,king ,frederick ,william ,i and ,his ,tobacco ,collegium4 ,by ,adolph von ,menzel ,anastasius ,grn ,nikolaus ,lenau ,evening on the ,shore4 ,by ,hans am ,ende ,eduard ,mrike4 ,by ,weiss ,annette von ,droste-,hlshoff ,the ,farm ,house4 ,by ,hans am ,ende ,ferdinand ,freiligrath4 ,by ,j ,hasenclever ,dusk on the ,dead ,sea4 ,by ,eugen ,bracht ,death on the ,barricade4 ,by ,alfred ,rethel ,george ,herwegh ,emanuel ,geibel4 ,by ,hader ,journeying4 ,by ,ludwig ,richter ,,the ,,life ,,of ,,georg ,,wilhelm ,,friedrich ,,hegel ,,by ,j4 ,,loewenberg1 ,,ph4,d4 ,assistant in ,philosophy1 ,harvard ,university ,among students of philosophy the mention of ,hegel's name arouses at once a definite emotion4 ,few thinkers indeed have ever so completely fascinated the minds of their sympathetic readers1 or have so violently repulsed their unwilling listeners1 as ,hegel has4 ,to his followers ,hegel is the true prophet of the only true philosophic creed1 to his opponents1 he has1 in ,professor ,james's words1 like ,byron's corsair1 left a name 'to other times1 linked with one virtue and a thousand crimes4' ,the feelings of attraction to ,hegel or repulsion from him do not emanate from his personality4 ,unlike ,spinoza's1 his life offers nothing to stir the imagination4 ,briefly1 some of his biographical data are as follows3 ,he was born at ,stuttgart1 the capital of ,wrtemberg1 ,august #bg1 #aggj4 ,his father was a government official1 and the family belonged to the upper middle class4 ,hegel received his early education at the ,latin ,school and the ,gymnasium of his native town4 ,at both these institutions1 as well as at the ,university of ,tbingen which he entered in #aghh to study theology1 he distinguished himself as an eminently industrious1 but not as a rarely gifted student4 ,the certificate which he received upon leaving the ,university in #agic speaks of his good character1 his meritorious acquaintance with theology and languages1 and his meagre knowledge of philosophy4 ,this does not quite represent his equipment1 however1 for his private reading and studies carried him far beyond the limits of the regular curriculum4 ,after leaving the ,university he spent seven years as family tutor in ,switzerland and in ,frankfurt-on-the-,main4 ,soon after1 in #ahja1 we find him as ,privat-,docent2 then1 in #ahje1 as professor at the ,university of ,jena4 ,his academic activities were interrupted by the battle of ,jena4 ,for the next two years we meet him as an editor of a political journal at ,bamberg1 and from #ahjh to #ahaf as rector of the ,gymnasium at ,nuremberg4 ,he was then called to a professorship of philosophy at ,heidelberg4 ,in #ahah he was called to ,berlin to fill the vacancy left by the death of ,fichte4 ,from this time on until his death in #ahca1 he was the recognized dictator of one of the most powerful philosophic schools in the history of thought4 ,it is no easy task to convey an adequate idea of ,hegel's philosophy within the limits of a short introduction4 ,there is1 however1 one central thought animating the vast range of his whole philosophic system which permits of non-technical statement4 ,this thought will be more easily grasped1 if we consider first the well-known concept of permanence and change4 ,they may be said to constitute the most fundamental distinction in life and in thought4 ,religion and poetry have always dwelt upon their tragic meaning4 ,that there is nothing new under the sun and that we are but fair creatures of an hour in an ever-changing world1 are equally sad reflections4 ,interesting is the application of the difference between permanence and change to extreme types of temperament4 ,we may speak loosely of the static and the dynamic temperaments1 the former clinging to everything that is traditional1 conservative1 and abiding in art1 religion1 philosophy1 politics1 and life2 the latter everywhere pointing to1 and delighting in1 the fluent1 the novel1 the evanescent4 ,these extreme types1 by no means rare or unreal1 illustrate the deep-rooted need of investing either permanence or change with a more fundamental value4 ,and to the value of the one or the other1 philosophers have always endeavored to give metaphysical expression4 ,illustration3 ,,schliesinger ,,georg ,,wilhelm ,,friedrich ,,hegel ,some thinkers have proclaimed change to be the deepest manifestation of reality1 while others have insisted upon something abiding behind a world of flux4 ,the question whether change or permanence is more essential arose early in ,greek philosophy4 ,heraclitus was the first one to see in change a deeper significance than in the permanence of the ,eleatics4 ,a more dramatic opposition than the one which ensued between the ,heracliteans and the ,eleatics can scarcely be imagined--both schools claiming a monopoly of reason and truth1 both distrusting the senses1 and each charging the other with illusion4 ,now the significance of ,hegel's philosophy can be grasped only when we bear in mind that it was just this profound distinction between the permanent and the changing that ,hegel sought to understand and to interpret4 ,he saw more deeply into the reality of movement and change than any other philosopher before or after him4 ,very early in his life1 judging by the recently published writings of his youth1 ,hegel became interested in various phases of movement and change4 ,the vicissitudes of his own inner or outer life he did not analyze4 ,he was not given to introspection4 ,romanticism and mysticism were foreign to his nature4 ,his temperament was rather that of the objective thinker4 ,not his own passions1 hopes1 and fears1 but those of others invited his curiosity4 ,with an humane attitude1 the young ,hegel approached religious and historical problems4 ,the dramatic life and death of ,jesus1 the tragic fate of the glory that was ,greece and the grandeur that was ,rome1 the discrepancies between ,christ's teachings and the positive ,christian religion1 the fall of paganism and the triumph of the ,christian ,church--these were the problems over which the young ,hegel pondered4 ,through an intense study of these problems1 he discovered that evil1 sin1 longing1 and suffering are woven into the very tissue of religious and historical processes1 and that these negative elements determine the very meaning and progress of history and religion4 ,thereupon he began a systematic sketch of a philosophy in which a negative factor was to be recognized as the positive vehicle in the development of the whole world4 ,and thus his genius came upon a method which revealed to him an orderly unfolding in the world with stages of relative values1 the higher developing from the lower1 and all stages constituting an organic whole4 ,the method which the young ,hegel discovered empirically1 and which the mature rationalist applied to every sphere of human life and thought1 is the famous ,dialectical ,method4 ,this method is1 in general1 nothing else than the recognition of the necessary presence of a negative factor in the constitution of the world4 ,everything in the world--be it a religious cult or a logical category1 a human passion or a scientific law--is1 so ,hegel holds1 the result of a process which involves the overcoming of a negative element4 ,without such an element to overcome1 the world would indeed be an inert and irrational affair4 ,that any rational and worthy activity entails the encounter of opposition and the removal of obstacles is an observation commonplace enough4 ,a prestablished harmony of foreseen happy issues--a fool's paradise--is scarcely our ideal of a rational world4 ,just as a game is not worth playing when its result is predetermined by the great inferiority of the opponent1 so life without something negative to overcome loses its zest4 ,but the process of overcoming is not anything contingent2 it operates according to a uniform and universal law4 ,and this law constitutes ,hegel's most central doctrine--his doctrine of ,evolution4 ,in order to bring this doctrine into better relief1 it may be well to contrast it superficially with the ,darwinian theory of transformation4 ,in general1 ,hegel's doctrine is a concept of value1 ,darwin's is not4 ,what ,darwinians mean by evolution is not an unfolding of the past1 a progressive development of a hierarchy of phases1 in which the later is superior and organically related to the earlier4 ,no sufficient criterion is provided by them for evaluating the various stages in the course of an evolutionary process4 ,the biologist's world would probably have been just as rational if the famous ape-like progenitor of man had chanced to become his offspring-assuming an original environment favorable for such transformation4 ,some criterion besides the mere external and accidental struggle for existence and survival of the fittest must be furnished to account for a progressive evolution4 ,does the phrase survival of the fittest say much more than that those who happen to survive are the fittest1 or that their survival proves their fitness8 ,but that survival itself is valuable3 that it is better to be alive than dead2 that existence has a value other than itself2 that what comes later in the history of the race or of the universe is an advance over what went before-that1 in a word1 the world is subject to an immanent development1 only a comprehensive and systematic philosophy can attempt to show4 ,the task of ,hegel's whole philosophy consists in showing1 by means of one uniform principle1 that the world manifests everywhere a genuine evolution4 ,unlike the participants in the biological struggle for existence1 the struggling beings of ,hegel's universe never end in slaying1 but in reconciliation4 ,their very struggle gives birth to a new being which includes them1 and this being is higher in the scale of existence1 because it represents the preservation of two mutually opposed beings4 ,only where conflicts are adjusted1 oppositions overcome1 negations removed1 is there advance1 in ,hegel's sense2 and only where there is a passage from the positive through its challenging negative to a higher form inclusive of both is there a case of real development4 ,the ordinary process of learning by experience illustrates somewhat ,hegel's meaning4 ,an individual finds himself1 for instance1 in the presence of a wholly new situation that elicits an immediate1 definite reaction4 ,in his ignorance1 he chooses the wrong mode of behavior4 ,as a consequence1 trouble ensues2 feelings are hurt1 pride is wounded1 motives are misconstrued4 ,embittered and disappointed with himself1 he experiences great mental sorrow4 ,but he soon learns to see the situation in its true light2 he condemns his deed and offers to make amends4 ,and after the wounds begin to heal again1 the inner struggles experienced commence to assume a positive worth4 ,they have led him to a deeper insight into his own motives1 to a better self-comprehension4 ,and he finally comes forth from the whole affair enriched and enlightened4 ,now in this formal example1 to which any content may be supplied1 three phases can be distinguished4 ,first1 we have the person as he meant to be in the presence of the new situation1 unaware of trouble4 ,then1 his wrong reaction engendered a hostile element4 ,he was at war with himself2 he was not what he meant to be4 ,and finally1 he returned to himself richer and wiser1 including within himself the negative experience as a valuable asset in the advance of his development4 ,this process of falling away from oneself1 of facing oneself as an enemy whom one reconciles to and includes in one's larger self1 is certainly a familiar process4 ,it is a process just like this that develops one's personality4 ,however the self may be defined metaphysically1 it is for every self-conscious individual a never-ceasing battle with conflicting motives and antagonistic desires--a never-ending cycle of endeavor1 failure1 and success through the very agency of failure4 ,a more typical instance of this rhythmic process is ,hegel's view of the evolution of religion4 ,religion1 in general1 is based on a dualism which it seeks to overcome4 ,though ,god is in heaven and man on earth1 religion longs to bridge the gulf which separates man and ,god4 ,the religions of the ,orient emphasize ,god's infinity4 ,god is everything1 man is nothing4 ,like an ,oriental prince1 ,god is conceived to have despotic sway over man1 his creature4 ,only in contemplating ,god's omnipotence and his own nothingness can man find solace and peace4 ,opposed to this religion of the infinite is the finite religion of ,greece4 ,man in ,greece stands in the centre of a beautiful cosmos which is not alien to his spirit4 ,the gods on high1 conceived after the likeness of man1 are the expression of a free people conscious of their freedom4 ,and the divinities worshiped1 under the form of ,zeus1 ,apollo1 ,aphrodite--what are they but idealized and glorified ,greeks8 ,can a more complete antithesis be imagined8 ,but ,christianity becomes possible after this struggle only1 for in ,christianity is contained both the principle of ,oriental infinity and the element of ,hellenic finitude1 for in a being who is both ,god and man--a ,god-man--the gulf between the infinite and finite is bridged4 ,the ,christian1 like the ,greek1 worships man--,jesus2 but this man is one with the eternal being of the ,orient4 ,because it is the outcome of the ,oriental and ,greek opposition1 the ,christian religion is1 in ,hegel's sense1 a higher one4 ,viewing the ,oriental and the ,hellenic religions historically in terms of the biological struggle for existence1 the extinction of neither has resulted4 ,the ,christian religion is the unity of these two struggling opposites2 in it they are conciliated and preserved4 ,and this for ,hegel is genuine evolution4 ,that evolution demands a union of opposites seems at first paradoxical enough4 ,to say that ,christianity is a religion of both infinity and finitude means nothing less than that it contains a contradiction4 ,hegel's view1 strange as it may sound1 is just this3 everything includes a contradiction in it1 everything is both positive and negative1 everything expresses at once its ,everlasting ,yea and its ,everlasting ,no4 ,the negative character of the world is the very vehicle of its progress4 ,life and activity mean the triumph of the positive over the negative1 a triumph which results from absorbing and assimilating it4 ,the myth of the ,phoenix typifies the life of reason eternally preparing for itself1 as ,hegel says1 a funeral pile1 and consuming itself upon it2 but so that from its ashes it produces the new1 renovated1 fresh life4 ,that the power of negativity enters constitutively into the rationality of the world1 nay1 that the rationality of the world demands negativity in it1 is ,hegel's most original contribution to thought4 ,his complete philosophy is the attempt to show in detail that the whole universe and everything it contains manifests the process of uniformly struggling with a negative power1 and is an outcome of conflicting1 but reconciled forces4 ,an impressionistic picture of the world's eternal becoming through this process is furnished by the first of ,hegel's great works1 the ,phenomenology of ,spirit4 ,the book is1 in a sense1 a cross-section of the entire spiritual world4 ,it depicts the necessary unfolding of typical phases of the spiritual life of mankind4 ,logical categories1 scientific laws1 historical epochs1 literary tendencies1 religious processes1 social1 moral1 and artistic institutions1 all exemplify the same onward movement through a union of opposites4 ,there is eternal and total instability everywhere4 ,but this unrest and instability is of a necessary and uniform nature1 according to the one eternally fixed principle which renders the universe as a whole organic and orderly4 ,organic ,wholeness6 ,this phrase contains the rationale of the restless flow and the evanescent being of the ,hegelian world4 ,it is but from the point of view of the whole that its countless conflicts1 discrepancies1 and contradictions can be understood4 ,as the members of the body find only in the body as a whole their raison d'tre1 so the manifold expressions of the world are the expressions of one organism4 ,a hand which is cut off1 as ,hegel somewhere remarks1 still looks like a hand1 and exists2 but it is not a real hand4 ,similarly any part of the world1 severed from its connection with the whole1 any isolated historical event1 any one religious view1 any particular scientific explanation1 any single social body1 any mere individual person1 is like an amputated bodily organ4 ,hegel's view of the world as organic depends upon exhibiting the partial and abstract nature of other views4 ,in his ,phenomenology a variety of interpretations of the world and of the meaning and destiny of life are scrutinized as to their adequacy and concreteness4 ,when not challenged1 the point of view of common sense1 for instance1 seems concrete and natural4 ,the reaction of common sense to the world is direct and practical1 it has few questions to ask1 and philosophic speculations appear to it abstract and barren4 ,but1 upon analysis1 it is the common sense view that stands revealed as abstract and barren4 ,for an abstract object is one that does not fully correspond to the rich and manifold reality2 it is incomplete and one-sided4 ,precisely such an object is the world of common sense4 ,its concreteness is ignorance4 ,there are more things in heaven and earth than are dreamt of by common sense4 ,its work-a-day world is not even a faint reflex of the vast and complex universe4 ,it sees but the immediate1 the obvious1 the superficial4 ,so instead of being concrete1 it is1 in truth1 the very opposite4 ,nor is empirical science with its predilection for facts better off4 ,every science able to cope with a mere fragmentary aspect of the world and from a partial point of view1 is forced to ignore much of the concrete content of even its own realm4 ,likewise1 art and religion1 though in their views more synthetic and therefore more concrete1 are one-sided2 they seek to satisfy special needs4 ,philosophy alone--,hegelian philosophy--is concrete4 ,its aim is to interpret the world in its entirety and complexity1 its ideal is to harmonize the demands of common sense1 the interests of science1 the appeal of art1 and the longing of religion into one coherent whole4 ,this view of philosophy1 because it deals with the universe in its fulness and variety1 alone can make claim to real concreteness4 ,nor are the other views false4 ,they form for ,hegel the necessary rungs on the ladder which leads up to his own philosophic vision4 ,thus the ,hegelian vision is itself an organic process1 including all other interpretations of life and of the world as its necessary phases4 ,in the immanent unfolding of the ,hegelian view is epitomized the onward march and the organic unity of the ,world-,spirit itself4 ,the technical formulation of this view is contained in his ,logic4 ,this book may indeed be said to be ,hegel's master-stroke4 ,nothing less is attempted in it than the proof that the very process of reasoning manifests the same principle of evolution through a union of opposites4 ,hegel was well aware1 as much as recent exponents of anti-intellectualism1 that through static concepts we transmute and falsify the fluent reality4 ,as ,professor ,james says ,the essence of life is its continuously changing character2 but our concepts are all discontinuous and fixed 444 ,when we conceptualize we cut out and fix1 and exclude everything but what we have fixed4 ,a concept means a that-and-no-other4 ,but are our concepts static1 fixed1 and discontinuous8 ,what if the very concepts we employ in reasoning should exemplify the universal flow of life8 ,hegel finds that indeed to be the case4 ,concepts we daily use1 such as quality and quantity1 essence and phenomenon1 appearance and reality1 matter and force1 cause and effect1 are not fixed and isolated entities1 but form a continuous system of interdependent elements4 ,stated dogmatically the meaning is this3 ,as concavity and convexity are inseparably connected1 though one is the very opposite of the other--as one cannot1 so to speak1 live without the other1 both being always found in union--so can no concept be discovered that is not thus wedded to its contradiction4 ,every concept develops1 upon analysis1 a stubbornly negative mate4 ,no concept is statable or definable without its opposite2 one involves the other4 ,one cannot speak of motion without implying rest2 one cannot mention the finite without at the same time referring to the infinite2 one cannot define cause without explicitly defining effect4 ,not only is this true1 but concepts1 when applied1 reveal perpetual oscillation4 ,take the terms north and south4 ,the mention of the north pole1 for example1 implies at once the south pole also2 it can be distinguished only by contrast with the other1 which it thus includes4 ,but it is a north pole only by excluding the south pole from itself--by being itself and not merely what the other is not4 ,the situation is paradoxical enough3 ,each aspect--the negative or the positive--of anything appears to exclude the other1 while each requires its own other for its very definition and expression4 ,it needs the other1 and yet is independent of it4 ,how ,hegel proves this of all concepts1 cannot here be shown4 ,the result is that no concept can be taken by itself as a that-and-no-other4 ,it is perpetually accompanied by its other as man is by his shadow4 ,the attempt to isolate any logical category and regard it as fixed and stable thus proves futile4 ,each category--to show this is the task of ,hegel's ,logic--is itself an organism1 the result of a process which takes place within its inner constitution4 ,and all logical categories1 inevitably used in describing and explaining our world1 form one system of interdependent and organically related parts4 ,hegel begins with an analysis of a concept that most abstractly describes reality1 follows it through its countless conflicts and contradictions1 and finally reaches the highest category which1 including all the foregoing categories in organic unity1 is alone adequate to characterize the universe as an organism4 ,what these categories are and what ,hegel's procedure is in showing their necessary sequential development1 can here not even be hinted at4 ,that the logical development of the categories of thought is the same as the historical evolution of life--and vice versa--establishes for ,hegel the identity of thought and reality4 ,in the history of philosophy1 the discrepancy between thought and reality has often been emphasized4 ,there are those who insist that reality is too vast and too deep for man with his limited vision to penetrate2 others1 again1 who set only certain bounds to man's understanding1 reality consisting1 they hold1 of knowable and unknowable parts2 and others still who see in the very shifts and changes of philosophic and scientific opinion the delusion of reason and the illusiveness of reality4 ,the history of thought certainly does present an array of conflicting views concerning the limits of human reason4 ,but all the contradictions and conflicts of thought prove to ,hegel the sovereignty of reason4 ,the conflicts of reason are its own necessary processes and expressions4 ,its dialectic instability is instability that is peculiar to all reality4 ,both thought and reality manifest one nature and one process4 ,hence reason with its dynamic categories can comprehend the fluent reality1 because it is flesh of its flesh and bone of its bone4 ,hegel's bold and oft quoted words ,what is rational is real2 and what is real is rational1 pithily express his whole doctrine4 ,the nature of rationality and the nature of reality are1 for ,hegel1 one and the same spiritual process1 the organic process of triumphing over and conquering conflicts and contradictions4 ,where reality conforms to this process it is rational 7that which does not conform to it is not reality at all1 but has1 like an amputated leg1 mere contingent existence72 the logical formula of this process is but an abstract account of what reality is in its essence4 ,the equation of the real and the rational1 or the discovery of one significant process underlying both life and reason1 led ,hegel to proclaim a new kind of logic1 so well characterized by ,professor ,royce as the logic of passion4 ,to repeat what has been said above1 this means that categories are related to one another as historical epochs1 as religious processes1 as social and moral institutions1 nay1 as human passions1 wills1 and deeds are related to one another4 ,mutual conflict and contradiction appear as their sole constant factor amid all their variable conditions4 ,the introduction of contradiction into logical concepts as their sine qua non meant indeed a revolutionary departure from traditional logic4 ,prior to ,hegel1 logical reasoning was reasoning in accordance with the law of contradiction1 i4 e41 with the assumption that nothing can have at the same time and at the same place contradictory and inconsistent qualities or elements4 ,for ,hegel1 on the contrary1 contradiction is the very moving principle of the world1 the pulse of its life4 ,alle ,dinge sind an sich selbst widersprechend1 as he drastically says4 ,the deeper reason why ,hegel invests contradiction with a positive value lies in the fact that1 since the nature of everything involves the union of discrepant elements1 nothing can bear isolation and independence4 ,terms1 processes1 epochs1 institutions1 depend upon one another for their meaning1 expression1 and existence2 it is impossible to take anything in isolation4 ,but this is just what one does in dealing with the world in art or in science1 in religion or in business2 one is always dealing with error and contradiction1 because one is dealing with fragments or bits of life and experience4 ,hence--and this is ,hegel's crowning thought--anything short of the whole universe is inevitably contradictory4 ,in brief1 contradiction has the same sting for ,hegel as it has for any one else4 ,without losing its nature of contradictoriness1 contradiction has logically this positive meaning4 ,since it is an essential element of every partial1 isolated1 and independent view of experience and thought1 one is necessarily led to transcend it and to see the universe in organic wholeness4 ,thus1 as ,hegel puts his fundamental idea1 the truth is the whole4 ,neither things nor categories1 neither histories nor religions1 neither sciences nor arts1 express or exhaust by themselves the whole essence of the universe4 ,the essence of the universe is the life of the totality of all things1 not their sum4 ,as the life of man is not the sum of his bodily and mental functions1 the whole man being present in each and all of these1 so must the universe be conceived as omnipresent in each of its parts and expressions4 ,this is the significance of ,hegel's conception of the universe as an organism4 ,the ,world-,spirit--,hegel's ,god--constitutes1 thinks1 lives1 wills1 and is all in unity4 ,the evolution of the universe is thus the evolution of ,god himself4 ,the task of philosophy1 then1 as ,hegel conceives it1 is to portray in systematic form the evolution of the ,world-,spirit in all its necessary ramifications4 ,these ramifications themselves are conceived as constituting complete wholes1 such as logic1 nature1 mind1 society1 history1 art1 religion1 philosophy1 so that the universe in its onward march through these is represented as a ,whole of ,wholes--ein ,kreis von ,kreisen4 ,in ,hegel's complete philosophy each of these special spheres finds its proper place and elaborate treatment4 ,whether ,hegel has well or ill succeeded in the task of exhibiting in each and all of these spheres the one universal movement1 whether or no he was justified in reading into logic the same kind of development manifested by life1 or in making life conform to one logical formula--these and other problems should arouse an interest in ,hegel's writings4 ,the following selections may give some glimpse of their spirit4 ,in conclusion1 some bare suggestions must suffice to indicate the reason for ,hegel's great influence4 ,hegel has partly1 if not wholly1 created the modern historical spirit4 ,reality for him1 as even this inadequate sketch has shown1 is not static1 but is essentially a process4 ,thus until the history of a thing is known1 the thing is not understood at all4 ,it is the becoming and not the being of the world that constitutes its reality4 ,and thus in emphasizing the fact that everything has a past1 the insight into which alone reveals its significant meaning1 ,hegel has given metaphysical expression and impetus to the awakening modern historical sense4 ,his idea of evolution also epitomizes the spirit of the nineteenth century with its search everywhere for geneses and transformations--in religion1 philology1 geology1 biology4 ,closely connected with the predominance of the historical in ,hegel's philosophy is its explicit critique of individualism and particularism4 ,according to his doctrine1 the individual as individual is meaningless4 ,the particular--independent and unrelated--is an abstraction4 ,the isolation of anything results in contradiction4 ,it is only the whole that animates and gives meaning to the individual and the particular4 ,this idea of subordinating the individual to universal ends1 as embodied particularly in ,hegel's theory of the ,state1 has left its impress upon political1 social1 and economic theories of his century4 ,not less significant is the glorification of reason of which ,hegel's complete philosophy is an expression4 ,reason never spoke with so much self-confidence and authority as it did in ,hegel4 ,to the clear vision of reason the universe presents no dark or mysterious corners1 nay1 the very negations and contradictions in it are marks of its inherent rationality4 ,but ,hegel's rationalism is not of the ordinary shallow kind4 ,reason he himself distinguishes from understanding4 ,the latter is analytical1 its function is to abstract1 to define1 to compile1 to classify4 ,reason1 on the other hand1 is synthetic1 constructive1 inventive4 ,apart from ,hegel's special use of the term1 it is this synthetic and creative and imaginative quality pervading his whole philosophy which has deepened men's insight into history1 religion1 and art1 and which has wielded its general influence on the philosophic and literary constellation of the nineteenth century4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,georg ,,wilhelm ,,friedrich ,,hegel ,,introduction ,,to ,,the ,,philosophy ,,of ,,history#a 7#ahcg7 ,,translated ,,by ,j4 ,,sibree1 ,m4,a4 ,the subject of this course of lectures is the ,philosophical ,history of the ,world4 ,and by this must be understood1 not a collection of general observations respecting it1 suggested by the study of its records and proposed to be illustrated by its facts1 but universal history itself4 ,to gain a clear idea1 at the outset1 of the nature of our task1 it seems necessary to begin with an examination of the other methods of treating history4 ,the various methods may be ranged under three heads3 ,i4 ,original ,history4 ,,ii4 ,reflective ,history4 ,,iii4 ,philosophical ,history4 ,i4 ,of the first kind1 the mention of one or two distinguished names will furnish a definite type4 ,to this category belong ,herodotus1 ,thucydides1 and other historians of the same order1 whose descriptions are for the most part limited to deeds1 events1 and states of society1 which they had before their eyes and whose spirit they shared4 ,they simply transferred what was passing in the world around them to the realm of re-presentative intellect2 an external phenomenon was thus translated into an internal conception4 ,in the same way the poet operates upon the material supplied him by his emotions1 projecting it into an image for the conceptive faculty4 ,these original historians did1 it is true1 find statements and narratives of other men ready to hand2 one person cannot be an eye-and-ear witness of everything4 ,but1 merely as an ingredient1 they make use only of such aids as the poet does of that heritage of an already-formed language to which he owes so much2 historiographers bind together the fleeting elements of story1 and treasure them up for immortality in the temple of ,mnemosyne4 ,legends1 ballad-stories1 and traditions must be excluded from such original history2 they are but dim and hazy forms of historical apprehension1 and therefore belong to nations whose intelligence is but half awakened4 ,here1 on the contrary1 we have to do with people fully conscious of what they were and what they were about4 ,the domain of reality--actually seen1 or capable of being so-affords a very different basis in point of firmness from that fugitive and shadowy element in which were engendered those legends and poetic dreams whose historical prestige vanishes as soon as nations have attained a mature individuality4 ,such original historians1 then1 change the events1 the deeds1 and the states of society with which they are conversant1 into an object for the conceptive faculty2 the narratives they leave us cannot1 therefore1 be very comprehensive in their range4 ,herodotus1 ,thucydides1 ,guicciardini1 may be taken as fair samples of the class in this respect4 ,what is present and living in their environment is their proper material4 ,the influences that have formed the writer are identical with those which have molded the events that constitute the matter of his story4 ,the author's spirit and that of the actions he narrates are one and the same4 ,he describes scenes in which he himself has been an actor1 or at any rate an interested spectator4 ,it is short periods of time1 individual shapes of persons and occurrences1 single1 unreflected traits1 of which he makes his picture4 ,and his aim is nothing more than the presentation to posterity of an image of events as clear as that which he himself possessed in virtue of personal observation1 or lifelike descriptions4 ,reflections are none of his business1 for he lives in the spirit of his subject2 he has not attained an elevation above it4 ,if1 as in ,csar's case1 he belongs to the exalted rank of generals or statesmen1 it is the prosecution of his own aims that constitutes the history4 ,such speeches as we find in ,thucydides1 for example1 of which we can positively assert that they are not bona fide reports1 would seem to make against our statement that a historian of his class presents us no reflected picture1 that persons and people appear in his works in propria persona 444 ,granted that such orations as those of ,pericles--that most profoundly accomplished1 genuine1 noble statesman--were elaborated by ,thucydides1 it must yet be maintained that they were not foreign to the character of the speaker4 ,in the orations in question1 these men proclaim the maxims adopted by their countrymen and formative of their own character2 they record their views of their political relations and of their moral and spiritual nature1 and publish the principles of their designs and conduct4 ,what the historian puts into their mouths is no supposititious system of ideas1 but an uncorrupted transcript of their intellectual and moral habitudes4 ,of these historians whom we must make thoroughly our own1 with whom we must linger long if we would live with their respective nations and enter deeply into their spirit--of these historians to whose pages we may turn1 not for the purposes of erudition merely1 but with a view to deep and genuine enjoyment1 there are fewer than might be imagined4 ,herodotus1 the ,father1 namely the ,founder1 of ,history1 and ,thucydides have been already mentioned4 ,xenophon's ,retreat of the ,ten ,thousand is a work equally original4 ,csar's ,commentaries are the simple masterpiece of a mighty spirit2 among the ancients these annalists were necessarily great captains and statesmen4 ,in the ,middle ,ages1 if we except the bishops1 who were placed in the very centre of the political world1 the monks monopolize this category as nave chroniclers who were as decidedly isolated from active life as those elder annalists had been connected with it4 ,in modern times the relations are entirely altered4 ,our culture is essentially comprehensive1 and immediately changes all events into historical representations4 ,belonging to the class in question1 we have vivid1 simple1 clear narrations--especially of military transactions--which might fairly take their place with those of ,csar4 ,in richness of matter and fulness of detail as regards strategic appliances and attendant circumstances1 they are even more instructive4 ,the ,french ,memoirs also fall under this category4 ,in many cases these are written by men of mark1 though relating to affairs of little note2 they not unfrequently contain such a large amount of anecdotal matter that the ground they occupy is narrow and trivial4 ,yet they are often veritable masterpieces in history1 as are those of ,cardinal ,retz1 which1 in fact1 trench on a larger historical field4 ,in ,germany such masters are rare1 ,frederick the ,great in his ,histoire de mon temps being an illustrious exception4 ,writers of this order must occupy an elevated position1 for only from such a position is it possible to take an extensive view of affairs--to see everything4 ,this is out of the question for him who from below merely gets a glimpse of the great world through a miserable cranny4 ,,ii4 ,the second kind of history we may call the ,reflective4 ,it is history whose mode of representation is not really confined by the limits of the time to which it relates1 but whose spirit transcends the present4 ,in this second order a strongly marked variety of species may be distinguished4 #a4 ,it is the aim of the investigator to gain a view of the entire history of a people1 of a country1 or of the world in short1 what we call universal history4 ,in this case the working up of the historical material is the main point4 ,the workman approaches his task with his own spirit--a spirit distinct from that of the element he is to manipulate4 ,here a very important consideration is the principles to which the author refers the bearing and motives of the actions and events which he describes1 as well as those which determine the form of his narrative4 ,among us ,germans this reflective treatment and the display of ingenuity which it affords assume a manifold variety of phases4 ,every writer of history proposes to himself an original method4 ,the ,english and ,french confess to general principles of historical composition1 their viewpoint being more nearly that of cosmopolitan or national culture4 ,among us1 each labors to invent a purely individual point of view2 instead of writing history1 we are always beating our brains to discover how history ought to be written4 ,this first kind of ,reflective history is most nearly akin to the preceding1 when it has no further aim than to present the annals of a country complete4 ,such compilations 7among which may be mentioned the works of ,livy1 ,diodorus ,siculus1 ,johannes von ,mller's ,history of ,switzerland7 are1 if well performed1 highly meritorious4 ,among the best of the kind may be included such annalists as approach those of the first-class writers who give so vivid a transcript of events that the reader may well fancy himself listening to contemporaries and eye-witnesses4 ,but it often happens that the individuality of tone which must characterize a writer belonging to a different culture is not modified in accordance with the periods which such a record must traverse4 ,the spirit of the writer may be quite apart from that of the times of which he treats4 ,thus ,livy puts into the mouths of the old ,roman kings1 consuls1 and generals1 such orations as would be delivered by an accomplished advocate of the ,livian era1 and which strikingly contrast with the genuine traditions of ,roman antiquity--witness1 for example1 the fable of ,menenius ,agrippa4 ,in the same way he gives us descriptions of battles as if he had been an actual spectator2 but their salient points would serve well enough for battles in any period1 for their distinctness contrasts1 even in his treatment of chief points of interest1 with the want of connection and the inconsistency that prevail elsewhere4 ,the difference between such a compiler and an original historian may be best seen by comparing ,polybius himself with the style in which ,livy uses1 expands1 and abridges his annals in those periods of which ,polybius' account has been preserved4 ,johannes von ,mller1 in the endeavor to remain faithful in his portraiture to the times he describes1 has given a stiff1 formal1 pedantic aspect to his history4 ,we much prefer the narratives we find in old ,tschudi2 all is more nave and natural than when appearing in the garb of a fictitious and affected archaism4 ,a history which aspires to traverse long periods of time1 or to be universal1 must indeed forego the attempt to give individual representations of the past as it actually existed4 ,it must foreshorten its pictures by abstractions1 and this includes not merely the omission of events and deeds1 but whatever is involved in the fact that ,thought is1 after all1 the most trenchant epitomist4 ,a battle1 a great victory1 a siege no longer maintains its original proportions1 but is put off with a mere allusion4 ,when ,livy1 for instance1 tells us of the war with the ,volsci1 we sometimes have the brief announcement3 ,this year war was carried on with the ,volsci4 #b4 ,a second species of ,reflective history is what we may call the pragmatical4 ,when we have to deal with the past and occupy ourselves with a remote world1 a present rises into being for the mind--produced by its own activity1 as the reward of its labor4 ,the occurrences are1 indeed1 various2 but the idea which pervades them-their deeper import and connection--is one4 ,this takes the occurrence out of the category of the past and makes it virtually present4 ,pragmatical 7didactic7 reflections1 though in their nature decidedly abstract1 are truly and indefeasibly of the present1 and quicken the annals of the dead past with the life of today4 ,whether1 indeed1 such reflections are truly interesting and enlivening depends on the writer's own spirit4 ,moral reflections must here be specially noticed--the moral teaching expected from history2 the latter has not infrequently been treated with a direct view to the former4 ,it may be allowed that examples of virtue elevate the soul and are applicable in the moral instruction of children for impressing excellence upon their minds4 ,but the destinies of people and states1 their interests1 relations1 and the complicated tissue of their affairs1 present quite another field4 ,rulers1 statesmen1 nations1 are wont to be emphatically commended to the teaching which experience offers in history2 yet what experience and history teach is this-that peoples and governments have never learned anything from history1 nor have they acted on principles deduced from it4 ,each period is involved in such peculiar circumstances1 exhibits a condition of things so strictly idiosyncratic1 that its conduct must be regulated by considerations connected with itself1 and itself alone4 ,amid the pressure of great events a general principle gives no help4 ,it is useless to revert to similar circumstances in the past4 ,the pallid shades of memory struggle in vain with the life and freedom of the present4 ,looked at in this light nothing can be shallower than the oft-repeated appeal to ,greek and ,roman examples during the ,french ,revolution2 nothing is more diverse than the genius of those nations and that of our times4 ,johannes von ,mller1 in his ,universal ,history as also in his ,history of ,switzerland1 had such moral aims in view4 ,he designed to prepare a body of political doctrines for the instruction of princes1 governments1 and peoples 7he formed a special collection of doctrines and reflections1 frequently giving us in his correspondence the exact number of apothegms which he had compiled in a week72 but he cannot assert that this part of his labor was among the best he accomplished4 ,it is only a thorough1 liberal1 comprehensive view of historical relations 7such for instance1 as we find in ,montesquieu's ,l',esprit des ,lois7 that can give truth and interest to reflections of this order4 ,one ,reflective history1 therefore1 supersedes another4 ,the materials are patent to every writer2 each is prone to believe himself capable of arranging and manipulating them1 and we may expect that each will insist upon his own spirit as that of the age in question4 ,disgusted by such reflective histories1 readers have often returned with pleasure to narratives adopting no particular point of view--which certainly have their value1 although1 for the most part1 they offer only material for history4 ,we ,germans are content with such2 but the ,french1 on the other hand1 display great genius in reanimating bygone times and in bringing the past to bear upon the present condition of things4 #c4 ,the third form of ,reflective history is the ,critical4 ,this deserves mention as preeminently the mode1 now current in ,germany1 of treating history4 ,it is not history itself that is here presented4 ,we might more properly designate it as a ,history of ,history--a criticism of historical narratives and an investigation of their truth and credibility4 ,its peculiarity1 in point of fact as well as intention1 consists in the acuteness with which the writer extorts from the records something which was not in the matters recorded4 ,the ,french have given us much that is profound and judicious in this class of composition1 but have not endeavored to make a merely critical procedure pass for substantial history2 their judgments have been duly presented in the form of critical treatises4 ,among us1 the so-called higher criticism1 which reigns supreme in the domain of philology1 has also taken possession of our historical literature2 it has been the pretext for introducing all the anti-historical monstrosities that a vain imagination could suggest4 ,here we have the other method of making the past a living reality2 for historical data subjective fancies are substituted1 whose merit is measured by their boldness--that is1 the scantiness of the particulars on which they are based and the peremptoriness with which they contravene the best established facts of history4 #d4 ,the last species of ,reflective history announces its fragmentary character on its very face4 ,it adopts an abstract position2 yet1 since it takes general points of view 7such1 for instance1 as the ,history of ,art1 of ,law1 of ,religion71 it forms a transition to the ,philosophical ,history of the ,world4 ,in our time this form of the history of ideas has been especially developed and made prominent4 ,such branches of national life stand in close relation to the entire complex of a people's annals2 and the question of chief importance in relation to our subject is1 whether the connection of the whole is exhibited in its truth and reality1 or is referred to merely external relations4 ,in the latter case1 these important phenomena 7art1 law1 religion1 etc471 appear as purely accidental national peculiarities4 ,it must be remarked1 if the position taken is a true one1 that when ,reflective history has advanced to the adoption of general points of view1 these are found to constitute not a merely external thread1 a superficial series1 but are the inward guiding soul of the occurrences and actions that occupy a nation's annals4 ,for1 like the soul-conductor1 ,mercury1 the ,idea is1 in truth1 the leader of peoples and of the world2 and ,spirit1 the rational and necessitated will of that conductor1 is and has been the director of the events of the world's history4 ,to become acquainted with ,spirit in this1 its office of guidance1 is the object of our present undertaking4 ,,iii4 ,the third kind of history is the ,philosophical4 ,no explanation was needed of the two previous classes2 their nature was self-evident4 ,it is otherwise with the last1 which certainly seems to require an exposition or justification4 ,the most general definition that can be given is1 that the philosophy of history means nothing but the thoughtful consideration of it4 ,thought is1 indeed1 essential to humanity4 ,it is this that distinguishes us from the brutes4 ,in sensation1 cognition1 and intellection1 in our instincts and volitions1 as far as they are truly human1 thought is a constant element4 ,to insist upon thought in this connection with history may1 however1 appear unsatisfactory4 ,in this science it would seem as if thought must be subordinate to what is given1 to the realities of fact--that this is its basis and guide2 while philosophy dwells in the region of self-produced ideas1 without reference to actuality4 ,approaching history thus prepossessed1 speculation might be supposed to treat it as a mere passive material1 and1 so far from leaving it in its native truth1 to force it into conformity with a tyrannous idea1 and to construe it1 as the phrase is1 a priori4 ,but as it is the business of history simply to adopt into its records what is and has been-actual occurrences and transactions2 and since it remains true to its character in proportion as it strictly adheres to its data1 we seem to have in philosophy a process diametrically opposed to that of the historiographer4 ,this contradiction1 and the charge consequently brought against speculation1 shall be explained and confuted4 ,we do not1 however1 propose to correct the innumerable special misrepresentations1 whether trite or novel1 that are current respecting the aims1 the interests1 and the modes of treating history and its relation to philosophy4 ,the only thought which philosophy brings with it to the contemplation of history1 is the simple conception of ,reason2 that ,reason is the sovereign of the world2 that the history of the world1 therefore1 presents us with a rational process4 ,this conviction and intuition is a hypothesis in the domain of history as such2 in that of philosophy it is no hypothesis4 ,it is there proved by speculative cognition that ,reason--and this term may here suffice us1 without investigating the relation sustained by the universe to the ,divine ,being--is substance1 as well as ,infinite ,power2 its own ,infinite ,material is that underlying all the natural and spiritual life which it originates1 as also the ,infinite ,form--that which sets this material in motion4 ,on the one hand1 ,reason is the substance of the universe--viz41 that by which and in which all reality has its being and subsistence4 ,on the other hand1 it is the infinite energy of the universe2 since ,reason is not so powerless as to be incapable of producing anything but a mere ideal1 a mere intention--having its place outside reality1 nobody knows where2 something separate and abstract in the heads of certain human beings4 ,it is the infinite complex of things1 their entire essence and truth4 ,it is its own material which it commits to its own active energy to work up--not needing1 as finite action does1 the conditions of an external material of given means from which it may obtain its support and the objects of its activity4 ,it supplies its own nourishment and is the object of its own operations4 ,while it is exclusively its own basis of existence and absolute final aim1 it is also the energizing power realizing this aim1 developing it not only in the phenomena of the natural1 but also of the spiritual universe--the history of the world4 ,that this ,idea or ,reason is the true1 the eternal1 the absolutely powerful essence2 that it reveals itself in the world1 and that in that world nothing else is revealed but this and its honor and glory--is the thesis which1 as we have said1 has been proved in philosophy and is here regarded as demonstrated4 ,in entering upon this course of lectures1 ,i may fairly presume1 at least1 the existence in those of my hearers who are not acquainted with philosophy1 of a belief in ,reason1 a desire1 a thirst for acquaintance with it4 ,it is1 in fact1 the wish for rational insight1 not the ambition to amass a mere heap of acquirements1 that should be presupposed in every case as possessing the mind of the learner in the study of science4 ,if the clear idea of ,reason is not already developed in our minds1 in beginning the study of universal history1 we should at least have the firm1 unconquerable faith that ,reason does exist there1 and that the world of intelligence and conscious volition is not abandoned to chance1 but must show itself in the light of the self-cognizant ,idea4 ,yet ,i am not obliged to make such a preliminary demand upon your faith4 ,what ,i have said thus provisionally1 and what ,i shall have further to say1 is1 even in reference to our branch of science1 not to be regarded as hypothetical1 but as a summary view of the whole1 the result of the investigation we are about to pursue--a result which happens to be known to me1 because ,i have traversed the entire field4 ,it is only an inference from the history of the world that its development has been a rational process1 that the history in question has constituted the rational necessary course of the ,world-,spirit--that ,spirit whose nature is always one and the same1 but which unfolds this1 its one nature1 in the phenomena of the world's existence4 ,this must1 as before stated1 present itself as the ultimate result of history2 but we have to take the latter as it is4 ,we must proceed historically--empirically4 ,among other precautions we must take care not to be misled by professed historians who 7especially among the ,germans1 and those enjoying a considerable authority7 are chargeable with the very procedure of which they accuse the philosopher--introducing a priori inventions of their own into the records of the past4 ,it is1 for example1 a widely current fiction that there was an original primeval people1 taught directly by ,god1 endowed with perfect insight and wisdom1 possessing a thorough knowledge of all natural laws and spiritual truth2 that there have been such or such sacerdotal peoples2 or1 to mention a more specific claim1 that there was a ,roman ,epos1 from which the ,roman historians derived the early annals of their city1 etc4444 ,i will mention only two phases and points of view that concern the generally diffused conviction that ,reason has ruled1 and is still ruling in the world1 and consequently in the world's history2 because they give us1 at the same time1 an opportunity for more closely investigating the question that presents the greatest difficulty1 and for indicating a branch of the subject which will have to be enlarged on in the sequel4 #a4 ,one of these points is that passage in history which informs us that the ,greek ,anaxagoras was the first to enunciate the doctrine that ,,greek3 nous1--,understanding in general1 or ,reason1 governs the world4 ,it is not intelligence as self-conscious ,reason--not a spirit as such that is meant2 and we must clearly distinguish these from each other4 ,the movement of the solar system takes place according to unchangeable laws4 ,these laws are ,reason1 implicit in the phenomena in question2 but neither the sun nor the planets which revolve around it according to these laws can be said to have any consciousness of them4 ,a thought of this kind--that nature is an embodiment of ,reason1 that is1 unchangeably subordinate to universal laws--appears nowise striking or strange to us4 ,we are accustomed to such conceptions and find nothing extraordinary in them2 and ,i have mentioned this extraordinary occurrence partly to show how history teaches that ideas of this kind1 which may seem trivial to us1 have not always been in the world2 that1 on the contrary1 such a thought makes an epoch in the annals of human intelligence4 ,aristotle says of ,anaxagoras1 as the originator of the thought in question1 that he appeared as a sober man among the drunken4 ,socrates adopted the doctrine from ,anaxagoras1 and it forthwith became the ruling idea in philosophy--except in the school of ,epicurus1 who ascribed all events to chance4 ,i was delighted with the sentiment1 ,plato makes ,socrates say1 and hoped ,i had found a teacher who would show me ,nature in harmony with ,reason1 who would demonstrate in each particular phenomenon its specific aim1 and1 in the whole1 the grand object of the universe4 ,i would not have surrendered this hope for a great deal4 ,but how very much was ,i disappointed1 when1 having zealously applied myself to the writings of ,anaxagoras1 ,i found that he adduces only external causes1 such as atmosphere1 ether1 water1 and the like4 ,it is evident that the defect which ,socrates complains of respecting ,anaxagoras' doctrine does not concern the principle itself1 but the shortcoming of the propounder in applying it to nature in the concrete4 ,nature is not deduced from that principle2 the latter remains1 in fact1 a mere abstraction1 inasmuch as the former is not comprehended and exhibited as a development of it--an organization produced by and from ,reason4 ,i wish1 at the very outset1 to call your attention to the important difference between a conception1 a principle1 a truth limited to an abstract form1 and its determinate application and concrete development4 ,this distinction affects the whole fabric of philosophy2 and among other bearings of it there is one to which we shall have to revert at the close of our view of universal history1 in investigating the aspect of political affairs in the most recent period4 ,we have next to notice the rise of this idea that ,reason directs the world1 in connection with a further application of it well known to us--in the form1 viz41 of the religious truth that the world is not abandoned to chance and external contingent causes1 but that a ,providence controls it4 ,i stated above that ,i would not make a demand on your faith in regard to the principle announced4 ,yet ,i might appeal to your belief in it1 in this religious aspect1 if as a general rule1 the nature of philosophical science allowed it to attach authority to presuppositions4 ,to put it in another shape--this appeal is forbidden1 because the science of which we have to treat proposes itself to furnish the proof1 not indeed of the abstract truth of the doctrine1 but of its correctness as compared with facts4 ,the truth1 then1 that a ,providence 7that of ,god7 presides over the events of the world consorts with the proposition in question2 for ,divine ,providence is wisdom1 endowed with an infinite power1 which realizes its aim1 viz41 the absolute rational design of the world4 ,reason is thought conditioning itself with perfect freedom4 ,but a difference--rather a contradiction--will manifest itself between this belief and our principle1 just as was the case in reference to the demand made by ,socrates in the case of ,anaxagoras' dictum4 ,for that belief is similarly indefinite2 it is what is called a belief in a general providence1 and is not followed out into definite application1 or displayed in its bearing on the grand total--the entire course of human history4 ,but to explain history is to depict the passions of mankind1 the genius1 the active powers1 that play their part on the great stage2 and the providentially determined process which these exhibit constitutes what is generally called the plan of ,providence4 ,yet it is this very plan which is supposed to be concealed from our view1 which it is deemed presumption even to wish to recognize4 ,the ignorance of ,anaxagoras as to how intelligence reveals itself in actual existence was ingenuous4 ,neither in his consciousness1 nor in that of ,greece at large1 had that thought been further expanded4 ,he had not attained the power to apply his general principle to the concrete1 so as to deduce the latter from the former2 it was ,socrates who took the first step in comprehending the union of the concrete with the universal4 ,anaxagoras1 then1 did not take up a hostile position toward such an application2 the common belief in ,providence does2 at least it opposes the use of the principle on a large scale1 and denies the possibility of discerning the plan of ,providence4 ,in isolated cases this plan is supposed to be manifest4 ,pious persons are encouraged to recognize in particular circumstances something more than mere chance1 to acknowledge the guiding hand of ,god2 for instance1 when help has unexpectedly come to an individual in great perplexity and need4 ,but these instances of providential design are of a limited kind1 and concern the accomplishment of nothing more than the desires of the individual in question4 ,but in the history of the world1 the individuals we have to do with are peoples1 totalities that are ,states4 ,we cannot1 therefore1 be satisfied with what we may call this peddling view of ,providence1 to which the belief alluded to limits itself4 ,equally unsatisfactory is the merely abstract1 undefined belief in a ,providence1 when that belief is not brought to bear upon the details of the process which it conducts4 ,on the contrary our earnest endeavor must be directed to the recognition of the ways of ,providence1 the means it uses1 and the historical phenomena in which it manifests itself2 and we must show their connection with the general principle above mentioned4 ,but in noticing the recognition of the plan of ,divine ,providence generally1 ,i have implicitly touched upon a prominent question of the day1 viz41 that of the possibility of knowing ,god2 or rather--since public opinion has ceased to allow it to be a matter of question--the doctrine that it is impossible to know ,god4 ,in direct contravention of what is commanded in holy ,scripture as the highest duty--that we should not merely love1 but know ,god--the prevalent dogma involves the denial of what is there said--namely1 that it is the ,spirit1 der ,geist1 that leads into truth1 knows all things1 penetrates even into the deep things of the ,godhead4 ,while the ,divine ,being is thus placed beyond our knowledge and outside the limit of all human things1 we have the convenient license of wandering as far as we list1 in the direction of our own fancies4 ,we are freed from the obligation to refer our knowledge to the ,divine and ,true4 ,on the other hand1 the vanity and egoism which characterize our knowledge find1 in this false position1 ample justification2 and the pious modesty which puts far from itself the knowledge of ,god can well estimate how much furtherance thereby accrues to its own wayward and vain strivings4 ,i have been unwilling to leave out of sight the connection between our thesis--that ,reason governs and has governed the world--and the question of the possibility of a knowledge of ,god1 chiefly that ,i might not lose the opportunity of mentioning the imputation against philosophy of being shy of noticing religious truths1 or of having occasion to be so2 in which is insinuated the suspicion that it has anything but a clear conscience in the presence of these truths4 ,so far from this being the case1 the fact is that in recent times philosophy has been obliged to defend the domain of religion against the attacks of several theological systems4 ,in the ,christian religion ,god has revealed ,himself--that is1 ,he has given us to understand what ,he is1 with the result that ,he is no longer a concealed or secret existence4 ,and this possibility of knowing ,him1 thus afforded us1 renders such knowledge a duty4 ,god wishes for ,his children no narrow-hearted souls or empty heads1 but those whose spirit is of itself indeed1 poor1 but rich in the knowledge of ,him1 and who regard this knowledge of ,god as the only valuable possession4 ,that development of the thinking spirit1 which has resulted from the revelation of the ,divine ,being as its original basis1 must ultimately advance to the intellectual comprehension of what was presented1 in the first instance1 to feeling and imagination4 ,the time must eventually come for understanding that rich product of active ,reason which the history of the world offers to us4 ,it was for a while the fashion to profess admiration for the wisdom of ,god1 as displayed in animals1 plants1 and isolated occurrences4 ,but if it be allowed that ,providence manifests itself in such objects and forms of existence1 why not also in universal history8 ,this is deemed too great a matter to be thus regarded4 ,but divine wisdom1 i4 e41 ,reason1 is one and the same in the great as in the little2 and we must not imagine ,god to be too weak to exercise his wisdom on the grand scale4 ,our intellectual striving aims at realizing the conviction that what was intended by eternal wisdom is actually accomplished in the domain of existent1 active ,spirit1 as well as in that of mere ,nature4 ,our mode of treating the subject is1 in this aspect1 a ,theodicaea--a justification of the ways of ,god--which ,leibnitz attempted metaphysically in his method1 i4 e41 in indefinite abstract categories--so that the ill that is found in the world may be comprehended1 and the thinking ,spirit reconciled with the fact of the existence of evil4 ,indeed1 nowhere is such a harmonizing view more pressingly demanded than in universal history2 and it can be attained only by recognizing the positive existence1 in which that negative element is a subordinate and vanquished nullity4 ,on the one hand1 the ultimate design of the world must be perceived1 and1 on the other1 the fact that this design has been actually realized in it1 and that evil has not been able permanently to establish a rival position4 ,but this conviction involves much more than the mere belief in a superintending ,,greek3 nous or in ,providence4 ,reason1 whose sovereignty over the world has been maintained1 is as indefinite a term as ,providence1 supposing the term to be used by those who are unable to characterize it distinctly1 to show wherein it consists1 so as to enable us to decide whether a thing is rational or irrational4 ,an adequate definition of ,reason is the first desideratum2 and whatever boast may be made of strict adherence to it in explaining phenomena1 without such a definition we get no farther than mere words4 ,with these observations we may proceed to the second point of view that has to be considered in this ,introduction4 #b4 ,the inquiry into the essential destiny of ,reason1 as far as it is considered in reference to the world1 is identical with the question ,what is the ultimate design of the world8 ,and the expression implies that that design is destined to be realized4 ,two points of consideration suggest themselves3 first1 the import of this design--its abstract definition2 secondly1 its realization4 ,it must be observed at the outset that the phenomenon we investigate--universal history--belongs to the realm of spirit4 ,the term ,world includes both physical and psychical nature4 ,physical nature also plays its part in the world's history1 and attention will have to be paid to the fundamental natural relations thus involved4 ,but ,spirit1 and the course of its development1 is our substantial object4 ,our task does not require us to contemplate nature as a rational system in itself--though in its own proper domain it proves itself such-but simply in its relation to ,spirit4 ,on the stage on which we are observing it--universal history--,spirit displays itself in its most concrete reality4 ,notwithstanding this 7or rather for the very purpose of comprehending the general principles which this1 its form of concrete reality1 embodies7 we must premise some abstract characteristics of the nature of ,spirit4 ,we have therefore to mention here 7#a7 ,the abstract characteristics of the nature of ,spirit4 7#b7 ,what means ,spirit uses in order to realize its ,idea4 7#c7 ,lastly1 we must consider the shape which the perfect embodiment of ,spirit assumes--the ,state4 7#a7 ,the nature of ,spirit may be understood by a glance at its direct opposite--,matter4 ,as the essence of ,matter is gravity1 so1 on the other hand1 we may affirm that the substance1 the essence of ,spirit is freedom4 ,all will readily assent to the doctrine that ,spirit1 among other properties1 is also endowed with freedom2 but philosophy teaches that all the qualities of ,spirit exist only through freedom2 that all are but means for attaining freedom2 that all seek and produce this and this alone4 ,it is a result of speculative philosophy that freedom is the sole truth of ,spirit4 ,matter possesses gravity in virtue of its tendency toward a central point4 ,it is essentially composite1 consisting of parts that exclude one another4 ,it seeks its unity2 and therefore exhibits itself as self-destructive1 as verging toward its opposite--an indivisible point4 ,if it could attain this1 it would be ,matter no longer2 it would have perished4 ,it strives after the realization of its ,idea2 for in unity it exists ideally4 ,spirit1 on the contrary1 may be defined as that which has its centre in itself4 ,it has not a unity outside itself1 but has already found it2 it exists in and with itself4 ,matter has its essence out of itself2 ,spirit is self-contained existence 7,bei-sich-selbst-seyn74 ,now this is freedom1 exactly4 ,for if ,i am dependent1 my being is referred to something else which ,i am not2 ,i cannot exist independently of something external4 ,i am free1 on the contrary1 when my existence depends upon myself4 ,this self-contained existence of ,spirit is none other than self-consciousness-consciousness of one's own being4 ,two things must be distinguished in consciousness2 first1 the fact that ,i know2 secondly1 what ,i know4 ,in self-consciousness these are merged in one2 for ,spirit knows itself4 ,it involves an appreciation of its own nature1 as also an energy enabling it to realize itself2 to make itself actually what it is potentially4 ,according to this abstract definition it may be said of universal history that it is the exhibition of ,spirit in the process of working out the knowledge of that which it is potentially4 ,and as the germ bears in itself the whole nature of the tree and the taste and form of its fruits1 so do the first traces of ,spirit virtually contain the whole of that history4 ,the ,orientals have not attained the knowledge that ,spirit--,man as such--is free2 and because they do not know this1 they are not free4 ,they only know that one is free2 but on this very account1 the freedom of that one is only caprice2 ferocity--brutal recklessness of passion1 or a mildness and tameness of the desires1 which is itself only an accident of nature--is mere caprice like the former4 ,that one is therefore only a despot1 not a free man4 ,the consciousness of freedom first arose among the ,greeks1 and therefore they were free2 but they1 and the ,romans likewise1 knew only that some are free1 not man as such4 ,even ,plato and ,aristotle did not know this4 ,the ,greeks1 therefore1 had slaves1 and their whole life and the maintenance of their splendid liberty was implicated with the institution of slavery--a fact1 moreover1 which made that liberty1 on the one hand1 only an accidental1 transient and limited growth1 and on the other1 a rigorous thraldom of our common nature--of the ,human4 ,the ,germanic nations1 under the influence of ,christianity1 were the first to attain the consciousness that man is free2 that it is the freedom of ,spirit which constitutes its essence4 ,this consciousness arose first in religion1 the inmost region of ,spirit2 but to introduce the principle into the various relations of the actual world involves a more extensive problem than its simple implantation--a problem whose solution and application require a severe and lengthened process of culture4 ,in proof of this we may note that slavery did not cease immediately on the reception of ,christianity4 ,still less did liberty predominate in ,states2 or governments and constitutions adopt a rational organization1 or recognize freedom as their basis4 ,that application of the principle to political relations1 the thorough molding and interpenetration of the constitution of society by it1 is a process identical with history itself4 ,i have already directed attention to the distinction here involved1 between a principle as such and its application--that is1 its introduction and fulfilment in the actual phenomena of ,spirit and life4 ,this is a point of fundamental importance in our science1 and one which must be constantly respected as essential4 ,and in the same way as this distinction has attracted attention in view of the ,christian principle of self-consciousness--freedom1 it also shows itself as an essential one in view of the principle of freedom generally4 ,the history of the world is none other than the progress of the consciousness of freedom--progress whose development1 according to the necessity of its nature1 it is our business to investigate4 ,the general statement given above of the various grades in the consciousness of freedom-which we applied in the first instance to the fact that the ,eastern nations knew only that one is free1 the ,greek and ,roman world only that some are free1 while we know that all men absolutely 7man as man7 are free--supplies us with the natural division of universal history1 and suggests the mode of its discussion4 ,this is remarked1 however1 only incidentally and anticipatively2 some other ideas must be first explained4 ,the destiny of the spiritual world1 and--since this is the substantial world1 while the physical remains subordinate to it1 or1 in the language of speculation1 has no truth as against the spiritual--the final cause of the world at large we allege to be the consciousness of its own freedom on the part of ,spirit1 and1 ipso facto1 the reality of that freedom4 ,but that this term freedom is1 without further qualification1 an indefinite1 incalculable1 ambiguous term1 and that1 while what it represents is the ne plus ultra of attainment1 it is liable to an infinity of misunderstandings1 confusions1 and errors1 and to become the occasion for all imaginable excesses--has never been more clearly known and felt than in modern times4 ,yet1 for the present1 we must content ourselves with the term itself without further definition4 ,attention was also directed to the importance of the infinite difference between a principle in the abstract and its realization in the concrete4 ,in the process before us the essential nature of freedom--which involves absolute necessity--is to be displayed as coming to a consciousness of itself 7for it is in its very nature1 self-consciousness7 and thereby realizing its existence4 ,itself is its own object of attainment and the sole aim of ,spirit4 ,this result it is at which the process of the world's history has been continually aiming1 and to which the sacrifices that have ever and anon been laid on the vast altar of the earth1 through the long lapse of ages1 have been offered4 ,this is the only aim that sees itself realized and fulfilled1 the only pole of repose amid the ceaseless change of events and conditions1 and the sole efficient principle that pervades them4 ,this final aim is ,god's purpose with the world2 but ,god is the absolutely perfect ,being1 and can1 therefore1 will nothing other than ,himself--,his own will4 ,the nature of ,his will--that is ,his nature itself--is what we here call the idea of freedom1 translating the language of religion into that of thought4 ,the question1 then1 which we may next put1 is ,what means does this principle of freedom use for its realization8 ,this is the second point we have to consider4 7#b7 ,the question of the means by which freedom develops itself to a world conducts us to the phenomenon of history itself4 ,although freedom is1 primarily1 an undeveloped idea1 the means it uses are external and phenomenal1 presenting themselves in history to our sensuous vision4 ,the first glance at history convinces us that the actions of men proceed from their needs1 their passions1 when the occasion seems to call for it--is that what we call principle1 aim1 destiny1 or the nature and idea of ,spirit1 is something merely general and abstract4 ,principle--,plan of ,existence--,law--is a hidden1 undeveloped essence which1 as such--however true in itself--is not completely real4 ,aims1 principles1 etc41 have a place in our thoughts1 in our subjective design only1 but not as yet in the sphere of reality4 ,that which exists for itself only is a possibility1 a potentiality1 but it has not emerged into existence4 ,a second element must be introduced in order to produce actuality--viz41 actuation1 realization2 and its motive power is the will--the activity of man in the widest sense4 ,it is only by this activity that that ,idea1 as well as abstract characteristics generally1 are realized1 actualized2 for of themselves they are powerless4 ,the motive power that puts them in operation and gives them determinate existence1 is the need1 instinct1 inclination1 and passion of man4 ,that some conception of mine should be developed into act and existence1 is my earnest desire2 ,i wish to assert my personality in connection with it2 ,i wish to be satisfied by its execution4 ,if ,i am to exert myself for any object1 it must in some way or other be my object4 ,in the accomplishment of such or such designs ,i must at the same time find my satisfaction2 although the purpose for which ,i exert myself includes a complication of results1 many of which have no interest for me4 ,this is the absolute right of personal existence--to find itself satisfied in its activity and labor4 ,if men are to interest themselves for anything1 they must1 so to speak1 have part of their existence involved in it and find their individuality gratified by its attainment4 ,here a mistake must be avoided4 ,we intend blame1 and justly impute it as a fault1 when we say of an individual that he is interested 7in taking part in such or such transactions7--that is1 seeks only his private advantage4 ,in reprehending this we find fault with him for furthering his personal aims without any regard to a more comprehensive design1 of which he takes advantage to promote his own interest or which1 with this view1 he even sacrifices4 ,but he who is active in promoting an object is not simply interested1 but interested in that object itself4 ,language faithfully expresses this distinction4 ,nothing therefore happens1 nothing is accomplished1 unless the individuals concerned seek their own satisfaction in the issue4 ,they are particular units of society--that is1 they have special needs1 instincts1 and interests generally1 peculiar to themselves4 ,among these needs are not only such as we usually call necessities--the stimuli of individual desire and volition--but also those connected with individual views and convictions2 or--to use a term expressing less decision--leanings of opinion1 supposing the impulses of reflection1 understanding1 and reason1 to have been awakened4 ,in these cases people demand1 if they are to exert themselves in any direction1 that the object should commend itself to them1 that1 in point of opinion-whether as to its goodness1 justice1 advantage1 profit they should be able to enter into it 7dabei sein74 ,this is a consideration of special importance in our age1 when people are less than formerly influenced by reliance on others1 and by authority2 when1 on the contrary1 they devote their activities to a cause on the ground of their own understanding1 their independent conviction and opinion4 ,we assert then that nothing has been accomplished without interest on the part of the actors2 and--if interest be called passion1 inasmuch as the whole individuality1 to the neglect of all other actual or possible interests and claims1 is devoted to an object with every fibre of volition1 concentrating all its desires and powers upon it--we may affirm absolutely that nothing great in the world has been accomplished without passion4 ,two elements1 therefore1 enter into the object of our investigation--the first the ,idea1 the second the complex of human passions2 the one the warp1 the other the woof of the vast arras-web of universal history4 ,the concrete mean and union of the two is liberty1 under the conditions of morality in a ,state4 ,we have spoken of the idea of freedom as the nature of ,spirit1 and the absolute goal of history4 ,passion is regarded as a thing of sinister aspect1 as more or less immoral4 ,man is required to have no passions4 ,passion1 it is true1 is not quite the suitable word for what ,i wish to express4 ,i mean here nothing more than human activity as resulting from private interests1 special1 or if you will1 self-seeking designs--with this qualification1 that the whole energy of will and character is devoted to their attainment1 and that other interests 7which would in themselves constitute attractive aims71 or1 rather1 all things else1 are sacrificed to them4 ,the object in question is so bound up with the man's will that it entirely and alone determines the hue of resolution and is inseparable from it2 it has become the very essence of his volition4 ,for a person is a specific existence--not man in general 7a term to which no real existence corresponds72 but a particular human being4 ,the term character likewise expresses this idiosyncrasy of will and intelligence4 ,but character comprehends all peculiarities whatever1 the way in which a person conducts himself in private relations1 etc41 and is not limited to his idiosyncrasy in its practical and active phase4 ,i shall1 therefore1 use the term passion1 understanding thereby the particular bent of character1 as far as the peculiarities of volition are not limited to private interest but supply the impelling and actuating force for accomplishing deeds shared in by the community at large4 ,passion is1 in the first instance1 the subjective and therefore the formal side of energy1 will1 and activity--leaving the object or aim still undetermined4 ,and there is a similar relation of formality to reality in merely individual conviction1 individual views1 individual conscience4 ,it is always a question of essential importance--what is the purport of my conviction1 what the object of my passion--in deciding whether the one or the other is of a true and substantial nature4 ,conversely1 if it is so1 it will inevitably attain actual existence--be realized4 ,from this comment on the second essential element in the historical embodiment of an aim1 we infer--glancing at the institution of the ,state in passing--that a ,state is well constituted and internally powerful when the private interest of its citizens is one with the common interest of the ,state1 when the one finds its gratification and realization in the other--a proposition in itself very important4 ,but in a ,state many institutions must be adopted1 and much political machinery invented1 accompanied by appropriate political arrangements--necessitating long struggles of the understanding before what is really appropriate can be discovered--involving1 moreover1 contentions with private interest and passions and a tedious discipline of the latter in order to bring about the desired harmony4 ,the epoch when a ,state attains this harmonious condition marks the period of its bloom1 its virtue1 its vigor1 and its prosperity4 ,but the history of mankind does not begin with a conscious aim of any kind1 as is the case with the particular circles into which men form themselves of set purpose4 ,the mere social instinct implies a conscious purpose of security for life and property2 and when society has been constituted this purpose becomes more comprehensive4 ,the history of the world begins with its general aim--the realization of the idea of ,spirit--only in an implicit form 7an sich71 that is1 as nature--a hidden1 most profoundly hidden1 unconscious instinct2 and the whole process of history 7as already observed7 is directed to rendering this unconscious impulse a conscious one4 ,thus appearing in the form of merely natural existence1 natural will--that which has been called the subjective side--physical craving1 instinct1 passion1 private interest1 as also opinion and subjective conception1 spontaneously present themselves at the very commencement4 ,this vast congeries of volitions1 interests1 and activities1 constitute the instruments and means of the ,world-,spirit for attaining its object1 bringing it to consciousness and realizing it4 ,and this aim is none other than finding itself--coming to itself--and contemplating itself in concrete actuality4 ,but that those manifestations of vitality on the part of individuals and peoples1 in which they seek and satisfy their own purposes1 are1 at the same time1 the means and instruments of a higher and broader purpose of which they know nothing-which they realize unconsciously might be made a matter of question-rather has been questioned1 and1 in every variety of form1 negatived1 decried1 and contemned as mere dreaming and philosophy4 ,but on this point ,i announced my view at the very outset and asserted our hypothesis--which1 however1 will appear in the sequel in the form of a legitimate inference--and our belief that ,reason governs the world and has consequently governed its history4 ,in relation to this independently universal and substantial existence all else is subordinate1 subservient to it1 and the means for its development4 ,the union of universal abstract existence generally with the individual--the subjective--that this alone is truth belongs to the department of speculation and is treated in this general form in logic4 ,but in the process of the world's history itself--as still incomplete--the abstract final aim of history is not yet made the distinct object of desire and interest4 ,while these limited sentiments are still unconscious of the purpose they are fulfilling1 the universal principle is implicit in them and is realizing itself through them4 ,the question also assumes the form of the union of freedom and necessity1 the latent abstract process of ,spirit being regarded as necessity1 while that which exhibits itself in the conscious will of men1 as their interest1 belongs to the domain of freedom4 ,as the metaphysical connection 7i4 e41 the connection in the ,idea7 of these forms of thought1 belongs to logic1 it would be out of place to analyze it here4 ,the chief and cardinal points only shall be mentioned4 ,philosophy shows that the ,idea advances to an infinite antithesis--that1 namely1 between the ,idea in its free1 universal form1 in which it exists for itself1 and the contrasted form of abstract introversion1 reflection on itself1 which is formal existence-for-self1 personality1 formal freedom1 such as belongs to ,spirit only4 ,the universal ,idea exists thus as the substantial totality of things on the one side1 and as the abstract essence of free volition on the other4 ,this reflection of the mind on itself is individual self-consciousness--the polar-opposite of the ,idea in its general form and therefore existing in absolute limitation4 ,this polar-opposite is consequently limitation1 particularization for the universal absolute being2 it is the side of the definite existence1 the sphere of its formal reality1 the sphere of the reverence paid to ,god4 ,to comprehend the absolute connection of this antithesis is the profound task of metaphysics4 ,this limitation originates all forms of particularity of whatever kind4 ,the formal volition 7of which we have spoken7 wills itself and desires to make its own personality valid in all that it purposes and does2 even the pious individual wishes to be saved and happy4 ,this pole of the antithesis1 existing for itself1 is--in contrast with the ,absolute ,universal ,being--a special separate existence1 taking cognizance of speciality only and willing that alone4 ,in short1 it plays its part in the region of mere phenomena4 ,this is the sphere of particular purposes1 in effecting which individuals exert themselves on behalf of their individuality--give it full play and objective realization4 ,this is also the sphere of happiness and its opposite4 ,he is happy who finds his condition suited to his special character1 will1 and fancy1 and so enjoys himself in that condition4 ,the history of the world is not the theatre of happiness4 ,periods of happiness are blank pages in it1 for they are periods of harmony--periods when the antithesis is in abeyance4 ,reflection of self--the freedom above described--is abstractly defined as the formal element of the activity of the absolute ,idea4 ,the realizing activity of which we have spoken is the middle term of the syllogism1 one of whose extremes is the universal essence1 the ,idea1 which reposes in the penetralia of ,spirit2 and the other1 the complex of external things--objective matter4 ,that activity is the medium by which the universal latent principle is translated into the domain of objectivity4 ,i will endeavor to make what has been said more vivid and clear by examples4 ,the building of a house is1 in the first instance1 a subjective aim and design4 ,on the other hand we have1 as means1 the several substances required for the work--iron1 wood1 stones4 ,the elements are made use of in working up this material--fire to melt the iron1 wind to blow the fire1 water to set the wheels in motion in order to cut the wood1 etc4 ,the result is that the wind1 which has helped to build the house1 is shut out by the house2 so also are the violence of rains and floods and the destructive powers of fire1 so far as the house is made fire-proof4 ,the stones and beams obey the law of gravity--press downward--and so high walls are carried up4 ,thus the elements are made use of in accordance with their nature1 and yet are made to coperate for a product by which their operation is limited4 ,it is thus that the passions of men are gratified2 they develop themselves and their aims in accordance with their natural tendencies and build up the edifice of human society1 thus fortifying a position for ,right and ,order against themselves4 ,the connection of events above indicated involves also the fact that1 in history1 an additional result is commonly produced by human actions beyond what they aim at and obtain what they immediately recognize and desire4 ,they gratify their own interest2 but something further is thereby accomplished1 latent in the actions in question1 though not present to their consciousness and not included in their design4 ,an analogous example is offered in the case of a man who1 from a feeling of revenge--perhaps not an unjust one1 but produced by injury on the other's part--burns that other man's house4 ,a connection is immediately established between the deed itself1 taken abstractly1 and a train of circumstances not directly included in it4 ,in itself it consisted in merely bringing a small flame into contact with a small portion of a beam4 ,events not involved in that simple act follow of themselves4 ,the part of the beam which was set afire is connected with its remote portions1 the beam itself is united with the woodwork of the house generally1 and this with other houses1 so that a wide conflagration ensues which destroys the goods and chattels of many other persons besides those belonging to the person against whom the act of revenge was first directed1 perhaps even costs not a few men their lives4 ,this lay neither in the deed intrinsically nor in the design of the man who committed it4 ,but the action has a further general bearing4 ,in the design of the doer it was only revenge executed against an individual in the destruction of his property1 but it is1 moreover1 a crime1 and that involves punishment also4 ,this may not have been present to the mind of the perpetrator1 still less in his intention2 but his deed itself1 the general principles it calls into play1 its substantial content1 entail it4 ,by this example ,i wish only to impress on you the consideration that1 in a simple act1 something further may be implicated than lies in the intention and consciousness of the agent4 ,the example before us involves1 however1 the additional consideration that the substance of the act1 consequently1 we may say1 the act itself1 recoils upon the perpetrator--reacts upon him with destructive tendency4 ,this union of the two extremes--the embodiment of a general idea in the form of direct reality and the elevation of a speciality into connection with universal truth--is brought to pass1 at first sight1 under the conditions of an utter diversity of nature between the two and an indifference of the one extreme toward the other4 ,the aims which the agents set before them are limited and special2 but it must be remarked that the agents themselves are intelligent thinking beings4 ,the purport of their desires is interwoven with general1 essential considerations of justice1 good1 duty1 etc42 for mere desire--volition in its rough and savage forms--falls not within the scene and sphere of universal history4 ,those general considerations1 which form at the same time a norm for directing aims and actions1 have a determinate purport2 for such an abstraction as good for its own sake1 has no place in living reality4 ,if men are to act they must not only intend the ,good1 but must have decided for themselves whether this or that particular thing is a good4 ,what special course of action1 however1 is good or not1 is determined1 as regards the ordinary contingencies of private life1 by the laws and customs of a ,state2 and here no great difficulty is presented4 ,each individual has his position2 he knows1 on the whole1 what a just1 honorable course of conduct is4 ,as to ordinary1 private relations1 the assertion that it is difficult to choose the right and good--the regarding it as the mark of an exalted morality to find difficulties and raise scruples on that score--may be set down to an evil or perverse will1 which seeks to evade duties not in themselves of a perplexing nature1 or1 at any rate1 to an idly reflective habit of mind--where a feeble will affords no sufficient exercise to the faculties--leaving them therefore to find occupation within themselves and to expand themselves on moral self-adulation4 ,it is quite otherwise with the comprehensive relations with which history has to do4 ,in this sphere are presented those momentous collisions between existing1 acknowledged duties1 laws1 and rights1 and those contingencies which are adverse to this fixed system1 which assail and even destroy its foundations and existence1 and whose tenor may nevertheless seem good--on the large scale1 advantageous--yes1 even indispensable and necessary4 ,these contingencies realize themselves in history2 they involve a general principle of a different order from that on which depends the permanence of a people or a ,state4 ,this principle is an essential phase in the development of the creating ,idea1 of ,truth striving and urging toward 7consciousness of7 itself4 ,historical men--world-famous individuals--are those in whose aims such a general principle lies4 ,csar1 in danger of losing a position--not perhaps at that time of superiority1 yet at least of equality with the others who were at the head of the ,state1 and of succumbing to those who were just on the point of becoming his enemies--belongs essentially to this category4 ,these enemies--who were at the same time pursuing their own personal aims--had on their side the form of the constitution1 and the power conferred by an appearance of justice4 ,csar was contending for the maintenance of his position1 honor1 and safety2 and1 since the power of his opponents included the sovereignty over the provinces of the ,roman ,empire1 his victory secured for him the conquest of that entire ,empire2 and he thus became--though leaving the form of the constitution--the autocrat of the ,state4 ,what secured for him the execution of a design1 which in the first instance was of negative import--the autocracy of ,rome--was1 however1 at the same time an independently necessary feature in the history of ,rome and of the world4 ,it was not1 then1 his private gain merely1 but an unconscious impulse that occasioned the accomplishment of that for which the time was ripe4 ,such are all great historical men1 whose own particular aims involve those large issues which are the will of the ,world-,spirit4 ,they may be called heroes1 inasmuch as they have derived their purposes and their vocation1 not from the calm1 regular course of things1 sanctioned by the existing order1 but from a concealed fount--one which has not attained to phenomenal1 present existence--from that inner ,spirit1 still hidden beneath the surface1 which1 impinging on the outer world as on a shell1 bursts it in pieces1 because it is another kernel than that which belonged to the shell in question4 ,they are men1 therefore1 who appear to draw the impulse of their life from themselves1 and whose deeds have produced a condition of things and a complex of historical relations which appear to be only their own interest and their own work4 ,such individuals had no consciousness of the general ,idea they were unfolding1 while prosecuting their aims2 on the contrary1 they were practical1 political men4 ,but1 at the same time1 they were thinking men1 who had an insight into the requirements of the time--what was ripe for development4 ,this was the very truth for their age1 for their world--the species next in order1 so to speak1 and which was already formed in the womb of time4 ,it was theirs to know this nascent principle1 the necessary1 directly sequent step in progress1 which their world was to take1 to make this their aim1 and to expend their energy in promoting it4 ,world-historical men--the heroes of an epoch--must1 therefore1 be recognized as its clear-sighted ones2 their deeds1 their words are the best of that time4 ,great men have formed purposes to satisfy themselves1 not others4 ,whatever prudent designs and counsels they might have learned from others would be the more limited and inconsistent features in their career2 for it was they who best understood affairs1 from whom others learned1 and approved1 or at least acquiesced in1 their policy4 ,for that ,spirit which had taken this fresh step in history is the inmost soul of all individuals1 but in a state of unconsciousness which the great men in question aroused4 ,their fellows1 therefore1 follow these soul-leaders2 for they feel the irresistible power of their own inner ,spirit thus embodied4 ,if we go on to cast a look at the fate of these world-historical persons1 whose vocation it was to be the agents of the ,world-,spirit1 we shall find it to have been no happy one4 ,they attained no calm enjoyment2 their whole life was labor and trouble2 their whole nature was naught else but their master-passion4 ,when their object is attained they fall off like empty husks from the kernel4 ,they die early1 like ,alexander2 they are murdered1 like ,csar2 transported to ,st4 ,helena1 like ,napoleon4 ,this fearful consolation--that historical men have not enjoyed what is called happiness1 and of which only private life 7and this may be passed under various external circumstances7 is capable--this consolation those may draw from history who stand in need of it2 and it is craved by envy1 vexed at what is great and transcendent1 striving1 therefore1 to depreciate it and to find some flaw in it4 ,thus in modern times it has been demonstrated ad nauseam that princes are generally unhappy on their thrones2 in consideration of which the possession of a throne is tolerated1 and men acquiesce in the fact that not themselves but the personages in question are its occupants4 ,the free man1 we may observe1 is not envious1 but gladly recognizes what is great and exalted1 and rejoices that it exists4 ,it is in the light of those common elements which constitute the interest and therefore the passions of individuals that these historical men are to be regarded4 ,they are great men1 because they willed and accomplished something great--not a mere fancy1 a mere intention1 but whatever met the case and fell in with the needs of the age4 ,this mode of considering them also excludes the so-called psychological view1 which1 serving the purpose of envy most effectually1 contrives so to refer all actions to the heart1 to bring them under such a subjective aspect1 that their authors appear to have done everything under the impulse of some passion1 mean or grand1 some morbid craving1 and1 on account of these passions and cravings1 to have been immoral men4 ,alexander of ,macedon partly subdued ,greece1 and then ,asia2 therefore he was possessed by a morbid craving for conquest4 ,he is alleged to have acted from a craving for fame1 for conquest2 and the proof that these were the impelling motives is that he did what resulted in fame4 ,what pedagogue has not demonstrated of ,alexander the ,great1 of ,julius ,csar1 that they were instigated by such passions1 and were consequently immoral men8 ,from this the conclusion immediately follows that he1 the pedagogue1 is a better man than they1 because he has not such passions--a proof of which lies in the fact that he does not conquer ,asia1 or vanquish ,darius and ,porus1 but1 while he enjoys life himself1 lets others enjoy it too4 ,these psychologists are particularly fond of contemplating those peculiarities of great historical figures which appertain to them as private persons4 ,man must eat and drink2 he sustains relations to friends and acquaintances2 he has passing impulses and ebullitions of temper4 ,no man is a hero to his valet-de-chambre1 is a well-known proverb2 ,i have added--and ,goethe repeated it ten years later--but not because the former is no hero1 but because the latter is a valet4 ,he takes off the hero's boots1 assists him to bed1 knows that he prefers champagne1 etc4 ,historical personages waited upon in historical literature by such psychological valets come poorly off2 they are brought down by these their attendants to a level with1 or1 rather1 a few degrees below the level of1 the morality of such exquisite discerners of spirits4 ,the ,thersites of ,homer who abuses the kings is a standing figure for all times4 ,blows--that is1 beating with a solid cudgel--he does not get in every age1 as in the ,homeric one2 but his envy1 his egotism1 is the thorn which he has to carry in his flesh2 and the undying worm that gnaws him is the tormenting consideration that his excellent views and vituperations remain absolutely without result in the world4 ,but our satisfaction at the fate of ,thersitism also1 may have its sinister side4 ,a world-famous individual is not so unwise as to indulge a variety of wishes to divide his regards4 ,he is devoted to the one aim1 regardless of all else4 ,it is even possible that such men may treat other great1 even sacred interests1 inconsiderately--conduct which is deserving of moral reprehension4 ,but so mighty a form must trample down many innocent flowers and crush to pieces many an object in its path4 ,the special interest of passion is thus inseparable from the active development of a general principle2 for it is from the special and determinate1 and from its negation1 that the universal results4 ,particularity contends with its like1 and some loss is involved in the issue4 ,it is not the general idea that is implicated in opposition and combat1 and that is exposed to danger4 ,it remains in the background1 untouched and uninjured4 ,this may be called the cunning of reason--that it sets the passions to work for itself1 while that which develops its existence through such impulsion pays the penalty and suffers loss4 ,for it is phenomenal being that is so treated1 and1 of this1 a portion is of no value1 another is positive and real4 ,the particular is1 for the most part1 of too trifling value as compared with the general2 individuals are sacrificed and abandoned4 ,the ,idea pays the penalty of determinate existence and of corruptibility1 not from itself1 but from the passions of individuals4 ,but though we might tolerate the idea that individuals1 their desires1 and the gratification of them1 are thus sacrificed1 and their happiness given up to the empire of chance1 to which it belongs1 and that1 as a general rule1 individuals come under the category of means to an ulterior end1 there is one aspect of human individuality which we should hesitate to regard in that subordinate light1 even in relation to the highest1 since it is absolutely no subordinate element1 but exists in those individuals as inherently eternal and divine--,i mean morality1 ethics1 religion4 ,even when speaking of the realization of the great ideal aim by means of individuals1 the subjective element in them--their interest and that of their cravings and impulses1 their views and judgments1 though exhibited as the merely formal side of their existence--was spoken of as having an infinite right to be consulted4 ,the first idea that presents itself in speaking of means is that of something external to the object1 yet having no share in the object itself4 ,but merely natural things--even the commonest lifeless objects--used as means1 must be of such a kind as adapts them to their purpose2 they must possess something in common with it4 ,human beings1 least of all1 sustain the bare external relation of mere means to the great ideal aim4 ,not only do they1 in the very act of realizing it1 make it the occasion of satisfying personal desires whose purport is diverse from that aim1 but they share in that ideal aim itself1 and are1 for that very reason1 objects of their own existence--not formally merely1 as the world of living beings generally is1 whose individual life is essentially subordinate to that of man and its properly used up as an instrument4 ,men1 on the contrary1 are objects of existence to themselves1 as regards the intrinsic import of the aim in question4 ,to this order belongs that in them which we would exclude from the category of mere means--morality1 ethics1 religion4 ,that is to say1 man is an object of existence in himself only in virtue of the ,divine that is in him--the quality that was designated at the outset as ,reason1 which1 in view of its activity and power of self-determination1 was called freedom4 ,and we affirm--without entering at present on the proof of the assertion--that religion1 morality1 etc41 have their foundation and source in that principle1 and so are essentially elevated above all alien necessity and chance4 ,and here we must remark that individuals1 to the extent of their freedom1 are responsible for the depravation and enfeeblement of morals and religion4 ,this is the seal of the absolute and sublime destiny of man--that he knows what is good and what is evil2 that his destiny is his very ability to will either good or evil--in one word1 that he is the subject of moral imputation1 imputation not only of evil1 but of good1 and not only concerning this or that particular matter1 and all that happens ab extra1 but also the good and evil attaching to his individual freedom4 ,the brute alone is simply innocent4 ,it would1 however1 demand an extensive explanation--as extensive as the analysis of moral freedom itself--to preclude or obviate all the misunderstandings which the statement that what is called innocence imports the entire unconsciousness of evil--is wont to occasion4 ,in contemplating the fate which virtue1 morality1 even piety experience in history1 we must not fall into the ,litany of ,lamentations1 that the good and pious often1 or for the most part1 fare ill in the world1 while the evil-disposed and wicked prosper4 ,the term prosperity is used in a variety of meanings--riches1 outward honor1 and the like4 ,but in speaking of something which in and for itself constitutes an aim of existence1 that so-called well or ill faring of these or those isolated individuals cannot be regarded as an essential element in the rational order of the universe4 ,with more justice than happiness--or a fortunate environment for individuals--it is demanded of the grand aim of the world's existence that it should foster1 nay1 involve the execution and ratification of good1 moral1 righteous purposes4 ,what makes men morally discontented 7a discontent1 by the way1 on which they somewhat pride themselves71 is that they do not find the present adapted to the realization of aims which they hold to be right and just--more especially1 in modern times1 ideals of political constitutions2 they contrast unfavorably things as they are1 with their idea of things as they ought to be4 ,in this case it is not private interest nor passion that desires gratification1 but reason1 justice1 liberty2 and1 equipped with this title1 the demand in question assumes a lofty bearing and readily adopts a position1 not merely of discontent1 but of open revolt against the actual condition of the world4 ,to estimate such a feeling and such views aright1 the demands insisted upon and the very dogmatic opinions asserted must be examined4 ,at no time so much as in our own1 have such general principles and notions been advanced1 or with greater assurance4 ,if1 in days gone by1 history seems to present itself as a struggle of passions1 in our time--though displays of passion are not wanting--it exhibits1 partly a predominance of the struggle of notions assuming the authority of principles1 partly that of passions and interests essentially subjective but under the mask of such higher sanctions4 ,the pretensions thus contended for as legitimate in the name of that which has been stated as the ultimate aim of ,reason1 pass accordingly for absolute aims--to the same extent as religion1 morals1 ethics4 ,nothing1 as before remarked1 is now more common than the complaint that the ideals which imagination sets up are not realized1 that these glorious dreams are destroyed by cold actuality4 ,these ideals which1 in the voyage of life1 founder on the rocks of hard reality may be in the first instance only subjective and belong to the idiosyncrasy of the individual1 imagining himself the highest and wisest4 ,such do not properly belong to this category4 ,for the fancies which the individual in his isolation indulges cannot be the model for universal reality1 just as universal law is not designed for the units of the mass4 ,these as such may1 in fact1 find their interests thrust decidedly into the background4 ,but by the term ,ideal we also understand the ideal of ,reason--of the good1 of the true4 ,poets--as1 for instance1 ,schiller--have painted such ideals touchingly and with strong emotion1 and with the deeply melancholy conviction that they could not be realized4 ,in affirming1 on the contrary1 that the ,universal ,reason does realize itself1 we have indeed nothing to do with the individual1 empirically regarded2 that admits of degrees of better and worse1 since here chance and speciality have received authority from the ,idea to exercise their monstrous power2 much1 therefore1 in particular aspects of the grand phenomenon1 might be criticized4 ,this subjective fault-finding--which1 however1 only keeps in view the individual and its deficiency1 without taking notice of ,reason pervading the whole--is easy2 and inasmuch as it asserts an excellent intention with regard to the good of the whole1 and seems to result from a kindly heart1 it feels authorized to give itself airs and assume great consequence4 ,it is easier to discover a deficiency in individuals1 in ,states1 and in ,providence1 than to see their real import and value4 ,for in this merely negative fault-finding a proud position is taken--one which overlooks the object without having entered into it1 without having comprehended its positive aspect4 ,age generally makes men more tolerant2 youth is always discontented4 ,the tolerance of age is the result of the ripeness of a judgment which1 not merely as the result of indifference1 is satisfied even with what is inferior1 but1 more deeply taught by the grave experience of life1 has been led to perceive the substantial1 solid worth of the object in question4 ,the insight1 then1 to which--in contradistinction to those ideals--philosophy is to lead us1 is1 that the real world is as it ought to be--that the truly good1 the universal divine ,reason1 is not a mere abstraction1 but a vital principle capable of realizing itself4 ,this ,good1 this ,reason1 in its most concrete form1 is ,god4 ,god governs the world2 the actual working of ,his government1 the carrying out of ,his plan1 is the history of the world4 ,this plan philosophy strives to comprehend2 for only that which has been developed as the result of it possesses bona fide reality4 ,that which does not accord with it is negative1 worthless existence4 ,before the pure light of this divine ,idea--which is no mere ,ideal--the phantom of a world whose events are an incoherent concourse of fortuitous circumstances1 utterly vanishes4 ,philosophy wishes to discover the substantial purport1 the real side of the divine idea1 and to justify the so much despised reality of things2 for ,reason is the comprehension of the divine work4 ,but as to what concerns the perversion1 corruption1 and ruin of religious1 ethical1 and moral purposes and states of society generally1 it must be affirmed that1 in their essence1 these are infinite and eternal1 but that the forms they assume may be of a limited order1 and consequently may belong to the domain of mere nature and be subject to the sway of chance2 they are therefore perishable and exposed to decay and corruption4 ,religion and morality--in the same way as inherently universal essences--have the peculiarity of being present in the individual soul1 in the full extent of their ,idea1 and therefore truly and really2 although they may not manifest themselves in it in extenso and are not applied to fully developed relations4 ,the religion1 the morality of a limited sphere of life1 for instance that of a shepherd or a peasant1 in its intensive concentration and limitation to a few perfectly simple relations of life has infinite worth--the same worth as the religion and morality of extensive knowledge and of an existence rich in the compass of its relations and actions4 ,this inner focus1 this simple region of the claims of subjective freedom1 the home of volition1 resolution1 and action1 the abstract sphere of conscience--that which comprises the responsibility and moral value of the individual--remains untouched and is quite shut out from the noisy din of the world's history--including not merely external and temporal changes but also those entailed by the absolute necessity inseparable from the realization of the idea of freedom itself4 ,but1 as a general truth1 this must be regarded as settled1 that whatever in the world possesses claims as noble and glorious has nevertheless a higher existence above it4 ,the claim of the ,world-,spirit rises above all special claims4 ,these observations may suffice in reference to the means which the ,world-,spirit uses for realizing its ,idea4 ,stated simply and abstractly1 this mediation involves the activity of personal existences in whom ,reason is present as their absolute1 substantial being1 but a basis1 in the first instance1 still obscure and unknown to them4 ,but the subject becomes more complicated and difficult when we regard individuals not merely in their aspect of activity1 but more concretely1 in conjunction with a particular manifestation of that activity in their religion and morality--forms of existence which are intimately connected with ,reason and share in its absolute claims4 ,here the relation of mere means to an end disappears1 and the chief bearings of this seeming difficulty in reference to the absolute aim of ,spirit have been briefly considered4 7#c7 ,the third point to be analyzed is1 therefore3 ,what is the object to be realized by these means--that is1 ,what is the form it assumes in the realm of reality8 ,we have spoken of means2 but1 in carrying out of a subjective1 limited aim1 we have also to take into consideration the element of a material either already present or which has to be procured4 ,thus the question would arise3 ,what is the material in which the ,ideal of ,reason is wrought out8 ,the primary answer would be3 ,personality itself1 human desires1 subjectivity generally4 ,in human knowledge and volition as its material element ,reason attains positive existence4 ,we have considered subjective volition where it has an object which is the truth and essence of reality--viz41 where it constitutes a great world-historical passion4 ,as a subjective will1 occupied with limited passions1 it is dependent1 and can gratify its desires only within the limits of this dependence4 ,but the subjective will has also a substantial life1 a reality1 in which it moves in the region of essential being and has the essential itself as the object of its existence4 ,this essential being is the union of the subjective with the rational will2 it is the moral whole1 the ,state1 which is that form of reality in which the individual has and enjoys his freedom1 but on the condition of his recognizing1 believing in1 and willing that which is common to the whole4 ,and this must not be understood as if the subjective will of the social unit attained its gratification and enjoyment through that common will1 as if this were a means provided for its benefit1 as if the individual1 in his relations to other individuals1 thus limited his freedom1 in order that this universal limitation1 the mutual constraint of all1 might secure a small space of liberty for each4 ,rather1 we affirm1 are law1 morality1 government1 and these alone1 the positive reality and completion of freedom4 ,freedom of a low and limited order is mere caprice1 which finds its exercise in the sphere of particular and limited desires4 ,subjective volition1 passion1 is that which sets men in activity1 that which effects practical realization4 ,the ,idea is the inner spring of action2 the ,state is the actually existing1 realized moral life4 ,for it is the unity of the universal1 essential will1 with that of the individual2 and this is morality4 ,the individual living in this unity has a moral life and possesses a value that consists in this substantiality alone4 ,sophocles in his ,antigone says1 ,the divine commands are not of yesterday1 nor of today2 no1 they have an infinite existence1 and no one could say whence they came4 ,the laws of morality are not accidental1 but are the essentially rational4 ,it is the very object of the ,state that what is essential in the practical activity of men and in their dispositions should be duly recognized2 that it should have a manifest existence and maintain its position4 ,it is the absolute interest of ,reason that this moral whole should exist2 and herein lies the justification and merit of heroes who have founded ,states1 however rude these may have been4 ,in the history of the world1 only those peoples can come under our notice which form a ,state2 for it must be understood that the ,state is the realization of freedom1 i4 e41 of the absolute final aim1 and that it exists for its own sake4 ,it must further be understood that all the worth which the human being possesses--all spiritual reality--he possesses only through the ,state4 ,for his spiritual reality consists in this1 that his own essence1 ,reason1 is objectively present to him1 that it possesses objective immediate existence for him4 ,thus only is he fully conscious2 thus only is he a partaker of morality1 of a just and moral social and political life4 ,for truth is the unity of the universal and subjective will2 and the universal is to be found in the ,state1 in its laws1 and in its universal and rational arrangements4 ,the ,state is the ,divine ,idea as it exists on earth4 ,we have in it1 therefore1 the object of history in a more definite shape than before--that in which freedom obtains objectivity and lives in the enjoyment of this objectivity4 ,for law is the objectivity of ,spirit1 volition in its true form4 ,only that will which obeys law is free2 for it obeys itself--it is independent and1 therefore1 free4 ,when the ,state or our country constitutes a community of existence1 when the subjective will of man submits to laws1 the contradiction between liberty and necessity vanishes4 ,the rational has necessary existence1 as being the reality and substance of things1 and we are free in recognizing it as law and following it as the substance of our own being4 ,the objective and the subjective will are then reconciled and present one identical homogeneous whole4 ,for the morality 7,sittlichkeit7 of the ,state is not of that ethical 7moralische7 reflective kind1 in which one's own conviction bears sway2 the latter is rather the peculiarity of the modern time1 while the true antique morality is based on the principle of abiding by one's duty 7to the ,state at large74 ,an ,athenian citizen did what was required of him1 as it were from instinct2 but if ,i reflect on the object of my activity ,i must have the consciousness that my will has been called into exercise4 ,but morality is duty--substantial right1 a second nature1 as it has been justly called2 for the first nature of man is his primary1 merely animal1 existence4 ,the development in extenso of the idea of the ,state belongs to the philosophy of jurisprudence2 but it must be observed that in the theories of our time various errors are current respecting it1 which pass for established truths and have become fixed prejudices4 ,we will mention only a few of them1 giving prominence to such as have a reference to the object of our history4 ,the error which first meets us is the direct opposite of our principle that the ,state presents the realization of freedom--the opinion--that man is free by nature1 but that in society1 in the ,state1 to which nevertheless he is irresistibly impelled1 he must limit this natural freedom4 ,that man is free by nature is quite correct in one sense1 namely1 that he is so according to the idea of humanity2 but we imply thereby that he is such only in virtue of his destiny--that he has an undeveloped power to become such2 for the nature of an object is exactly synonymous with its idea4 ,but the view in question imports more than this4 ,when man is spoken of as free by nature1 the mode of his existence as well as his destiny is implied2 his merely natural and primary condition is intended4 ,in this sense a state of nature is assumed in which mankind at large is in the possession of its natural rights with the unconstrained exercise and enjoyment of its freedom4 ,this assumption is not raised to the dignity of the historical fact2 it would indeed be difficult1 were the attempt seriously made1 to point out any such condition as actually existing or as having ever occurred4 ,examples of a savage state of life can be pointed out1 but they are marked by brutal passions and deeds of violence2 while1 however rude and simple their1 conditions1 they involve social arrangements which1 to use the common phrase1 restrain freedom4 ,that assumption is one of those nebulous images which theory produces1 an idea which it cannot avoid originating1 but which it fathers upon real existence without sufficient historical justification4 ,what we find such a state of nature to be1 in actual experience1 answers exactly to the idea of a merely natural condition4 ,freedom as the ideal of that which is original and natural does not exist as original and natural2 rather must it first be sought out and won1 and that by an incalculable medial discipline of the intellectual and moral powers4 ,the state of nature is1 therefore1 predominantly that of injustice and violence1 of untamed natural impulses1 of inhuman deeds and feelings4 ,limitation is certainly produced by society and the ,state1 but it is a limitation of the mere brute emotions and rude instincts1 as also1 in a more advanced stage of culture1 of the premeditated self-will of caprice and passion4 ,this kind of constraint is part of the instrumentality by which only the consciousness of freedom and the desire for its attainment1 in its true--that is1 its rational and ideal form--can be obtained4 ,to the ideal of freedom1 law and morality are indispensably requisite2 and they are1 in and for themselves1 universal existences1 objects1 and aims1 which are discovered only by the activity of thought1 separating itself from the merely sensuous and developing itself in opposition thereto1 and which must1 on the other hand1 be introduced into and incorporated with the originally sensuous will1 and that contrarily to its natural inclination4 ,the perpetually recurring misapprehension of freedom consists in regarding that term only in its formal1 subjective sense1 abstracted from its essential objects and aims2 thus a constraint put upon impulse1 desire1 passion--pertaining to the particular individual as such--a limitation of caprice and self-will is regarded as a fettering of freedom4 ,we should1 on the contrary1 look upon such limitation as the indispensable proviso of emancipation4 ,society and the ,state are the very conditions in which freedom is realized4 ,we must notice a second view1 contravening the principle of the development of moral relations into a legal form4 ,the patriarchal condition is regarded1 either in reference to the entire race of man or to some branches of it1 as exclusively that condition of things in which the legal element is combined with a due recognition of the moral and emotional parts of our nature1 and in which justice1 as united with these1 truly influences the intercourse of the social units4 ,the basis of the patriarchal condition is the family relation1 which develops the primary form of conscious morality1 succeeded by that of the ,state as its second phase4 ,the patriarchal condition is one of transition1 in which the family has already advanced to the position of a race of people1 where the union1 therefore1 has already ceased to be simply a bond of love and confidence and has become one of plighted service4 ,we must first examine the ethical principle of the ,family1 which may be reckoned as virtually a single person1 since its members have either mutually surrendered their individual personality and consequently their legal position toward one another1 with the rest of their particular interests and desires1 as in the case of the parents1 or1 in the care of children who are primarily in that merely natural condition already mentioned1 have not yet attained such an independent personality4 ,they live1 therefore1 in a unity of feeling1 love1 confidence1 and faith in one another1 and1 in a relation of mutual love1 the one individual has the consciousness of himself in the consciousness of another2 he lives out of self2 and in this mutual self-renunciation each regains the life that had been virtually transferred to the other--gains1 in fact1 the other's existence and his own1 as involved with that other4 ,the ultimate interests connected with the necessities and external concerns of life1 as well as the development that has to take place within their circle1 i4 e41 of the children1 constitute a common object for the members of the family4 ,the spirit of the family--the ,penates--form one substantial being1 as much as the spirit of a people in the ,state2 and morality in both cases consists in a feeling1 a consciousness1 and a will1 not limited to individual personality and interest1 but embracing the common interests of the members generally4 ,but this unity is1 in the case of the family1 essentially one of feeling1 not advancing beyond the limits of the merely natural4 ,the piety of the family relation should be respected in the highest degree by the ,state2 by its means the ,state obtains as its members individuals who are already moral 7for as mere persons they are not7 and who1 in uniting to form a ,state1 bring with them that sound basis of a political edifice--the capacity of feeling one with a whole4 ,but the expansion of the family to a patriarchal unity carries us beyond the ties of blood-relationship--the simply natural elements of that basis2 and outside of these limits the members of the community must enter upon the position of independent personality4 ,a review of the patriarchal condition1 in extenso1 would lead us to give special attention to the theocratical constitution4 ,the head of the patriarchal clan is also its priest4 ,if the family in its general relations is not yet separated from civic society and the ,state1 the separation of religion from it has also not yet taken place2 and so much the less since the piety of the hearth is itself a profoundly subjective state of feeling4 ,we have considered two aspects of freedom--the objective and the subjective2 if1 therefore1 freedom is asserted to consist in the individuals of a ,state1 all agreeing in its arrangements1 it is evident that only the subjective aspect is regarded4 ,the natural inference from this principle is1 that no law can be valid without the approval of all4 ,it is attempted to obviate this difficulty by the decision that the minority must yield to the majority2 the majority therefore bears sway2 but long ago ,j4,j4 ,rousseau remarked that1 in that case1 there would no longer be freedom1 for the will of the minority would cease to be respected4 ,at the ,polish ,diet each individual member had to give his consent before any political step could be taken2 and this kind of freedom it was that ruined the ,state4 ,besides1 it is a dangerous and false prejudice that the people alone have reason and insight1 and know what justice is2 for each popular faction may represent itself as the people1 and the question as to what constitutes the ,state is one of advanced science and not of popular decision4 ,if the principle of regard for the individual will is recognized as the only basis of political liberty1 viz41 that nothing should be done by or for the ,state to which all the members of the body politic have not given their sanction1 we have1 properly speaking1 no constitution4 ,the only arrangement found necessary would be1 first1 a centre having no will of its own1 but which should take into consideration what appeared to be the necessities of the ,state1 and1 secondly1 a contrivance for calling the members of the ,state together1 for taking the votes1 and for performing the arithmetical operations of reckoning and comparing the number of votes for the different propositions1 and thereby deciding upon them4 ,the ,state is an abstraction1 having even its generic existence in its citizens2 but it is an actuality1 and its simply generic existence must embody itself in individual will and activity4 ,the want of government and political administration in general is felt2 this necessitates the selection and separation from the rest of those who have to take the helm in political affairs1 to decide concerning them1 and to give orders to other citizens1 with a view to the execution of their plans4 ,if1 for instance1 even the people in a democracy resolve on a war1 a general must head the army4 ,it is only by a constitution that the abstraction--the ,state--attains life and reality2 but this involves the distinction between those who command and those who obey4 ,yet obedience seems inconsistent with liberty1 and those who command appear to do the very opposite of that which the fundamental idea of the ,state1 viz41 that of freedom1 requires4 ,it is1 however1 urged that though the distinction between commanding and obeying is absolutely necessary1 because affairs could not go on without it1 and indeed1 this seems only a compulsory limitation1 external to and even contravening freedom in the abstract--the constitution should be at least so framed that the citizens may obey as little as possible and the smallest modicum of free volition be left to the commands of the superiors2 that the substance of that for which subordination is necessary1 even in its most important bearings1 should be decided and resolved on by the people1 by the will of many or of all the citizens2 though it is supposed to be thereby provided that the ,state should be possessed of vigor and strength as a reality--an individual unity4 ,the primary consideration is1 then1 the distinction between the governing and the governed1 and political constitutions in the abstract have been rightly divided into monarchy1 aristocracy1 and democracy2 this gives occasion1 however1 for the remark that monarchy itself must be further divided into despotism and monarchy proper2 that in all the divisions to which the leading idea gives rise1 only the generic character is to be made prominent1 it being not intended thereby that the particular category under review should be exhausted as a form1 order1 or kind in its concrete development4 ,but it must especially be observed that the above mentioned divisions admit of a multitude of particular modifications--not only such as lie within the limits of those classes themselves but also such as are mixtures of several of these essentially distinct classes and which are consequently misshapen1 unstable1 and inconsistent forms4 ,in such a collision1 the concerning question is3 ,what is the best constitution--that is1 by what arrangement1 organization1 or mechanism of the power of the ,state can its object be most surely attained8 ,this object may indeed be variously understood2 for instance1 as the calm enjoyment of life on part of the citizens1 or as universal happiness4 ,such aims have suggested the so-called ideals of constitutions1 and1 as a particular branch of the subject1 ,ideals of the education of princes 7,fnelon71 or of the governing body1 the aristocracy at large 7,plato72 for the chief point they treat of is the condition of those subjects who stand at the head of affairs1 and in these ideals the concrete details of political organization are not at all considered4 ,the inquiry into the best constitution is frequently treated as if not only the theory were an affair of subjective independent conviction1 but as if the introduction of a constitution recognized as the best1 or as superior to others1 could be the result of a resolve adopted in this theoretical manner1 as if the form of a constitution were a matter of free choice1 determined by nothing else but reflection4 ,of this artless fashion was that deliberation--not indeed of the ,persian people1 but of the ,persian grandees1 who had conspired to overthrow the pseudo-,smerdis and the ,magi1 after their undertaking had succeeded and when there was no scion of the royal family living--as to what constitution they should introduce into ,persia2 and ,herodotus gives an equally nave account of this deliberation4 ,in the present day1 the constitution of a country and people is not represented as so entirely dependent on free and deliberate choice4 ,the fundamental1 but abstractly and therefore imperfectly1 entertained conception of freedom1 has resulted in the republic being very generally regarded--in theory--as the only just and true political constitution4 ,even many who occupy elevated official positions under monarchical constitutions1 so far from being opposed to this idea are actually its supporters2 only they see that such a constitution1 though the best1 cannot be realized under all circumstances1 and that1 while men are what they are1 we must be satisfied with less freedom1 the monarchical constitution1 under the given circumstances and the present moral condition of the people1 being even regarded as the most advantageous4 ,in this view also the necessity of a particular constitution is made to depend on the condition of the people as though the latter were non-essential and accidental4 ,this representation is founded on the distinction which the reflective understanding makes between an idea and the corresponding reality4 ,this reflection holding to an abstract and consequently untrue idea1 not grasping it in its completeness1 or--which is virtually1 though not in point of form1 the same--not taking a concrete view of a people and a ,state4 ,we shall have to show1 further1 on1 that the constitution adopted by a people makes one substance1 one spirit1 with its religion1 its art1 and its philosophy1 or1 at least1 with its conceptions1 thoughts and culture generally--not to expatiate upon the additional influences ab extra1 of climate1 of neighbors1 of its place in the world4 ,a ,state is an individual totality1 of which you cannot select any particular side1 although a supremely important one1 such as its political constitution1 and deliberate and decide respecting it in that isolated form4 ,not only is that constitution most intimately connected with and dependent on those other spiritual forces1 but the form of the entire moral and intellectual individuality1 comprising all the forces it embodies1 is only a step in the development of the grand whole1 with its place pre-appointed in the process--a fact which gives the highest sanction to the constitution in question and establishes its absolute necessity4 ,the origin of a ,state involves imperious lordship on the one hand1 instinctive submission on the other4 ,but even obedience--lordly power1 and the fear inspired by a ruler--in itself implies some degree of voluntary connection4 ,even in barbarous states this is the case2 it is not the isolated will of individuals that prevails2 individual pretensions are relinquished1 and the general will is the essential bond of political union4 ,this unity of the general and the particular is the ,idea itself1 manifesting itself as a ,state1 and which subsequently undergoes further development within itself4 ,the abstract yet necessitated process in the development of truly independent states is as follows3 ,they begin with regal power1 whether of patriarchal or military origin2 in the next phase1 particularity and individuality assert themselves in the form of aristocracy and democracy2 lastly1 we have the subjection of these separate interests to a single power1 but one which can be absolutely none other than one outside of which those spheres have an independent position1 viz41 the monarchical4 ,two phases of royalty1 therefore1 must be distinguished--a primary and a secondary4 ,this process is necessitated to the end that the form of government assigned to a particular stage of development must present itself2 it is therefore no matter of choice1 but is the form adapted to the spirit of the people4 ,in the constitution the main feature of interest is the self-development of the rational1 that is1 the political condition of a people1 the setting free of the successive elements of the ,idea1 so that the several powers in the ,state manifest themselves as separate1 attain their appropriate and special perfection1 and yet1 in this independent condition1 work together for one object and are held together by it--i4 e41 form an organic whole4 ,the ,state is thus the embodiment of rational freedom1 realizing and recognizing itself in an objective form4 ,for its objectivity consists in this--that its successive stages are not merely ideal1 but are present in an appropriate reality1 and that in their separate and several workings they are absolutely merged in that agency by which the totality1 the soul1 the individuate unity1 is produced1 and of which it is the result4 ,the ,state is the ,idea of ,spirit in the external manifestation of human will and its freedom4 ,it is to the ,state1 therefore1 that change in the aspect of history indissolubly attaches itself2 and the successive phases of the idea manifest themselves in it as distinct political principles4 ,the constitutions under which world-historical peoples have reached their culmination1 are peculiar to them1 and therefore do not present a generally applicable political basis4 ,were it otherwise the differences of similar constitutions would consist only in a peculiar method of expanding and developing that generic basis1 whereas they really originate in diversity of principle4 ,from the comparison therefore of the political institutions of the ancient world-historical peoples1 it so happens that1 for the most recent principle of a constitution for the principle of our own times1 nothing1 so to speak1 can be learned4 ,in science and art it is quite otherwise--that is1 the ancient philosophy is so decidedly the basis of the modern that it is inevitably contained in the latter and constitutes its basis4 ,in this case the relation is that of a continuous development of the same structure1 whose foundation-stone1 walls1 and roof have remained what they were4 ,in art1 the ,greek itself1 in its original form1 furnishes us the best models1 but in regard to political constitution it is quite otherwise2 here the ancient and the modern have not their essential principle in common4 ,abstract definitions and dogmas respecting just government--importing that intelligence and virtue ought to bear sway--are1 indeed1 common to both1 but nothing is so absurd as to look to ,greeks1 ,romans1 or ,orientals1 for models for the political arrangements of our time4 ,from the ,east may be derived beautiful pictures of a patriarchal condition1 of paternal government1 and of devotion to it on the part of peoples2 from ,greeks and ,romans1 descriptions of popular liberty4 ,among the latter we find the idea of a free constitution admitting all the citizens to a share in deliberations and resolves respecting the affairs and laws of the commonwealth4 ,in our times1 too1 this is its general acceptation2 only with this modification1 that--since our ,states are so large1 and there are so many of the many1 the latter 7direct action being impossible7 should by the indirect method of elective substitution express their concurrence with resolves affecting the common weal--that is1 that for legislative purposes generally the people should be represented by deputies4 ,the so-called representative constitution is that form of government with which we connect the idea of a free constitution2 and this notion has become a rooted prejudice4 ,on this theory people and government are separated4 ,but there is a perversity in this antithesis1 an ill-intentioned ruse designed to insinuate that the people are the totality of the ,state4 ,besides1 the basis of this view is the principle of isolated individuality--the absolute validity of the subjective will--a dogma which we have already investigated4 ,the great point is that freedom1 in its ideal conception1 has not subjective will and caprice for its principle1 but the recognition of the universal will1 and that the process by which freedom is realized is the free development of its successive stages4 ,the subjective will is a merely formal determination--a carte blanche--not including what it is that is willed4 ,only the rational will is that universal principle which independently determines and unfolds its own being and develops its successive elemental phases as organic members4 ,of this ,gothic-cathedral architecture the ancients knew nothing4 ,at an earlier stage of the discussion we established the two elemental considerations3 ,first1 the idea of freedom as the absolute and final aim2 secondly1 the means for realizing it1 i4 e41 the subjective side of knowledge and will1 with its life1 movement1 and activity4 ,we then recognized the ,state as the moral whole and the reality of freedom1 and consequently as the objective unity of these two elements4 ,for although we make this distinction in two aspects for our consideration1 it must be remarked that they are intimately connected1 and that their connection is involved in the idea of each when examined separately4 ,we have1 on the one hand1 recognized the ,idea in the definite form of freedom1 conscious of and willing itself1 having itself alone as its object1 involving at the same time the pure and simple ,idea of ,reason and1 likewise1 what we have called ,subject1 self-consciousness1 ,spirit1 actually existing in the world4 ,if1 on the other hand1 we consider subjectivity1 we find that subjective knowledge and will is thought4 ,but by the very act of thoughtful cognition and volition1 ,i will the universal object--the substance of absolute ,reason4 ,we observe1 therefore1 an essential union between the objective side--the ,idea1 and the subjective side--the personality that conceives and wills it4 ,the objective existence of this union is the ,state1 which is therefore the basis and centre of the other concrete elements of the life of a people--of art1 of law1 of morals1 of religion1 of science4 ,all the activity of ,spirit has only this object--the becoming conscious of this union1 i4 e41 of its own freedom4 ,among the forms of this conscious union religion occupies the highest position4 ,in it ,spirit-rising above the limitations of temporal and secular existence--becomes conscious of the ,absolute ,spirit1 and1 in this consciousness of the ,self-,existent ,being1 renounces its individual interest2 it lays this aside in devotion--a state of mind in which it refuses to occupy itself any longer with the limited and particular4 ,by sacrifice man expresses his renunciation of his property1 his will1 his individual feelings4 ,the religious concentration of the soul appears in the form of feeling2 it nevertheless passes also into reflection2 a form of worship 7cultus7 is a result of reflection4 ,the second form of the union of the objective and subjective in the human spirit is art2 this advances farther into the realm of the actual and sensuous than religion4 ,in its noblest walk it is occupied with representing1 not1 indeed1 the ,spirit of ,god1 but certainly the ,form of ,god2 and1 in its secondary aims1 that which is divine and spiritual generally4 ,its office is to render visible the divine1 presenting it to the imaginative and intuitive faculty4 ,but the true is the object not only of conception and feeling1 as in religion--and of intuition1 as in art--but also of the thinking faculty2 and this gives us the third form of the union in question--philosophy4 ,this is consequently the highest1 freest1 and wisest place4 ,of course we are not intending to investigate these three phases here2 they have only suggested themselves in virtue of their occupying the same general ground as the object here considered the ,state4 ,,the ,,philosophy ,,of ,,law 7#ahcb7 ,,by ,,georg ,,wilhelm ,,friedrich ,,hegel ,,translated ,,by ,j4 ,,loewenberg1 ,,ph4,d4 ,assistant in ,philosophy1 ,harvard ,university ,,the ,,state ,,idea ,,and ,,aim ,,of ,,the ,,state ,the ,state is the realization of the ethical idea4 ,it is the ethical spirit as revealed1 self-conscious1 substantial will4 ,it is the will which thinks and knows itself1 and carries out what it knows1 and in so far as it knows4 ,the unreflected existence of the ,state rests on custom1 and its reflected existence on the self-consciousness of the individual1 on his knowledge and activity4 ,the individual1 in return1 has his substantial freedom in the ,state1 as the essence1 purpose1 and product of his activity4 ,the true ,state is the ethical whole and the realization of freedom4 ,it is the absolute purpose of reason that freedom should be realized4 ,the ,state is the spirit1 which lives in the world and there realizes itself consciously2 while in nature it is actual only as its own other or as dormant spirit4 ,only as present in consciousness1 knowing itself as an existing object1 is it the ,state4 ,the ,state is the march of ,god through the world1 its ground is the power of reason realizing itself as will4 ,the idea of the ,state should not connote any particular ,state1 or particular institution2 one must rather consider the ,idea only1 this actual ,god1 by itself4 ,because it is more easy to find defects than to grasp the positive meaning1 one readily falls into the mistake of emphasizing so much the particular nature of the ,state as to overlook its inner organic essence4 ,the ,state is no work of art4 ,it exists in the world1 and thus in the realm of caprice1 accident1 and error4 ,evil behavior toward it may disfigure it on many sides4 ,but the ugliest man1 the criminal1 the invalid1 and the cripple1 are still living human beings4 ,the affirmative1 life1 persists in spite of defects1 and it is this affirmative which alone is here in question4 ,in the ,state1 everything depends upon the unity of the universal and the particular4 ,in the ancient ,states the subjective purpose was absolutely one with the will of the ,state4 ,in modern times1 on the contrary1 we demand an individual opinion1 an individual will and conscience4 ,the ancients had none of these in the modern sense2 the final thing for them was the will of the ,state4 ,while in ,asiatic despotisms the individual had no inner self and no self-justification1 in the modern world man demands to be honored for the sake of his subjective individuality4 ,the union of duty and right has the twofold aspect that what the ,state demands as duty should directly be the right of the individual1 since the ,state is nothing but the organization of the concept of freedom4 ,the determinations of the individual will are given by the ,state objectivity1 and it is through the ,state alone that they attain truth and realization4 ,the ,state is the sole condition of the attainment of the particular end and good4 ,political disposition1 called patriotism--the assurance resting in truth and the will which has become a custom--is simply the result of the institutions subsisting in the ,state1 institutions in which reason is actually present4 ,under patriotism one frequently understands a mere willingness to perform extraordinary acts and sacrifices4 ,but patriotism is essentially the sentiment of regarding1 in the ordinary circumstances and ways of life1 the weal of the community as the substantial basis and the final end4 ,it is upon this consciousness1 present in the ordinary course of life and under all circumstances1 that the disposition to heroic effort is founded4 ,but as people are often rather magnanimous than just1 they easily persuade themselves that they possess the heroic kind of patriotism1 in order to save themselves the trouble of having the truly patriotic sentiment1 or to excuse the lack of it4 ,political sentiment1 as appearance1 must be distinguished from what people truly will4 ,what they at bottom will is the real cause1 but they cling to particular interests and delight in the vain contemplation of improvements4 ,the conviction of the necessary stability of the ,state in which alone the particular interests can be realized1 people indeed possess1 but custom makes invisible that upon which our whole existence rests2 it does not occur to any one1 when he safely passes through the streets at night1 that it could be otherwise4 ,the habit of safety has become a second nature1 and we do not reflect that it is the result of the activity of special institutions4 ,it is through force this is frequently the superficial opinion-that the ,state coheres1 but what alone holds it together is the fundamental sense of order1 which is possessed by all4 ,the ,state is an organism or the development of the idea into its differences4 ,these different sides are the different powers of the ,state with their functions and activities1 by means of which the universal is constantly and necessarily producing itself1 and1 being presupposed in its own productive function1 it is thus always actively present4 ,this organism is the political constitution4 ,it eternally springs from the ,state1 just as the ,state in turn maintains itself through the constitution4 ,if these two things fall asunder1 if both different sides become independent of each other1 then the unity which the constitution produces is no longer operative2 the fable of the stomach and the other organs may be applied to it4 ,it is the nature of an organism that all its parts must constitute a certain unity2 if one part asserts its independence the other parts must go to destruction4 ,no predicates1 principles1 and the like suffice to express the nature of the ,state2 it must be comprehended as an organism4 ,the ,state is real1 and its reality consists in the interest of the whole being realized in particular ends4 ,actuality is always the unity of universality and particularity1 and the differentiation of the universal into particular ends4 ,these particular ends seem independent1 though they are borne and sustained by the whole only4 ,in so far as this unity is absent1 no thing is real1 though it may exist4 ,a bad ,state is one which merely exists4 ,a sick body also exists2 but it has no true reality4 ,a hand1 which is cut off1 still looks like a hand and exists1 but it has no reality4 ,true reality is necessity4 ,what is real is internally necessary4 ,to the complete ,state belongs1 essentially1 consciousness and thought4 ,the ,state knows thus what it wills1 and it knows it under the form of thought4 ,the essential difference between the ,state and religion consists in that the commands of the ,state have the form of legal duty1 irrespective of the feelings accompanying their performance2 the sphere of religion1 on the other hand1 is in the inner life4 ,just as the ,state1 were it to frame its commands as religion does1 would endanger the right of the inner life1 so the church1 if it acts as a ,state and imposes punishment1 degenerates into a tyrannical religion4 ,in the ,state one must want nothing which is not an expression of rationality4 ,the ,state is the world which the spirit has made for itself2 it has therefore a determinate and self-conscious course4 ,one often speaks of the wisdom of ,god in nature1 but one must not believe that the physical world of nature is higher than the world of spirit4 ,just as spirit is superior to nature1 so is the ,state superior to the physical life4 ,we must therefore adore the ,state as the manifestation of the divine on earth1 and consider that1 if it is difficult to comprehend nature1 it is infinitely harder to grasp the essence of the ,state4 ,it is an important fact that we1 in modern times1 have attained definite insight into the ,state in general and are much engaged in discussing and making constitutions2 but that does not advance the problem much4 ,it is necessary to treat a rational matter in the light of reason1 in order to learn its essential nature and to know that the obvious does not always constitute the essential4 ,when we speak of the different functions of the powers of the ,state1 we must not fall into the enormous error of supposing each power to have an abstract1 independent existence1 since the powers are rather to be differentiated as elements in the conception of the ,state4 ,were the powers to be in abstract independence1 however1 it is clear that two independent things could never constitute a unity1 but must produce war1 and the result would be destruction of the whole or restoration of unity by force4 ,thus1 in the ,french ,revolution1 at one time the legislative power had swallowed up the executive1 at another time the executive had usurped the legislative power4 ,,the ,,constitution ,the constitution is rational1 in so far as the ,state defines and differentiates its functions according to the nature of its concept4 ,who shall make the constitution8 ,this question seems intelligible1 yet on closer examination reveals itself as meaningless1 for it presupposes the existence of no constitution1 but only a mere mass of atomic individuals4 ,how a mass of individuals is to come by a constitution1 whether by its own efforts or by those of others1 whether by goodness1 thought1 or force1 it must decide for itself1 for with a disorganized mob the concept of the ,state has nothing to do4 ,but if the question does presuppose an already existing constitution1 then to make a constitution means only to change it4 ,the presupposition of a constitution implies1 however1 at once1 that any modification in it must take place constitutionally4 ,it is absolutely essential that the constitution1 though having a temporal origin1 should not be regarded as made4 ,it 7the principle of constitution7 is rather to be conceived as absolutely perpetual and rational1 and therefore as divine1 substantial1 and above and beyond the sphere of what is made4 ,subjective freedom is the principle of the whole modern world--the principle that all essential aspects of the spiritual totality should develop and attain their right4 ,from this point of view one can hardly raise the idle question as to which form is the better1 monarchy or democracy4 ,one can but say that the forms of all constitutions are one-sided that are not able to tolerate the principle of free subjectivity and that do not know how to conform to the fully developed reason4 ,since spirit is real only in what it knows itself to be1 and since the ,state1 as the nation's spirit1 is the law permeating all its affairs1 its ethical code1 and the consciousness of its individuals1 the constitution of a people chiefly depends upon the kind and the character of its self-consciousness4 ,in it lies both its subjective freedom and the reality of the constitution4 ,to think of giving a people a constitution a priori1 though according to its content a more or less rational one--such a whim would precisely overlook that element which renders a constitution more than a mere abstract object4 ,every nation1 therefore1 has the constitution which is appropriate to it and belongs to it4 ,the ,state must1 in its constitution1 permeate all situations4 ,a constitution is not a thing just made2 it is the work of centuries1 the idea and the consciousness of what is rational1 in so far as it is developed in a people4 ,no constitution1 therefore1 is merely created by the subjects of the ,state4 ,the nation must feel that its constitution embodies its right and its status1 otherwise the constitution may exist externally1 but has no meaning or value4 ,the need and the longing for a better constitution may often indeed be present in individuals1 but that is quite different from the whole multitude being permeated with such an idea--that comes much later4 ,the principle of morality1 the inwardness of ,socrates originated necessarily in his day1 but it took time before it could pass into general self-consciousness4 ,,the ,,power ,,of ,,the ,,prince ,because sovereignty contains in ideal all special privileges1 the common misconception is quite natural1 which takes it to be mere force1 empty caprice1 and synonymous with despotism4 ,but despotism means a state of lawlessness1 in which the particular will as such1 whether that of monarch or people 7ochlocracy71 is the law1 or rather instead of the law4 ,sovereignty1 on the contrary1 constitutes the element of ideality of particular spheres and functions under lawful and constitutional conditions4 ,the sovereignty of the people1 conceived in opposition to the sovereignty residing in the monarch1 stands for the common view of democracy1 which has come to prevail in modern times4 ,the idea of the sovereignty of the people1 taken in this opposition1 belongs to a confused idea of what is commonly and crudely understood by the people4 ,the people without its monarch and without that whole organization necessarily and directly connected with him is a formless mass1 which is no longer a ,state4 ,in a people1 not conceived in a lawless and unorganized condition1 but as a self-developed and truly organic totality--in such a people sovereignty is the personality of the whole1 and this is represented in reality by the person of the monarch4 ,the ,state must be regarded as a great architectonic edifice1 a hieroglyph of reason1 manifesting itself in reality4 ,everything referring merely to utility1 externality1 and the like1 must be excluded from its philosophic treatment4 ,that the ,state is the self-determining and the completely sovereign will1 the final decision being necessarily referred to it--that is easy to comprehend4 ,the difficulty lies in grasping this ,i will as a person4 ,by this it is not meant that the monarch can act arbitrarily4 ,he is bound1 in truth1 by the concrete content of the deliberations of his council1 and1 when the constitution is stable1 he has often nothing more to do than to sign his name--but this name is important2 it is the point than which there is nothing higher4 ,it may be said that an organic ,state has already existed in the beautiful democracy of ,athens4 ,the ,greeks1 however1 derived the final decision from entirely external phenomena1 from oracles1 entrails of sacrificial animals1 and from the flight of birds4 ,nature they considered as a power which in this wise made known and gave expression to what was good for the people4 ,self-consciousness had at that time not yet attained to the abstraction of subjectivity2 it had not yet come to the realization that an ,i will must be pronounced by man himself concerning the decisions of the ,state4 ,this ,i will constitutes the great difference between the ancient and the modern world1 and must therefore have its peculiar place in the great edifice of the ,state4 ,unfortunately this modern characteristic is regarded as merely external and arbitrary4 ,it is often maintained against the monarch that1 since he may be ill-educated or unworthy to stand at the helm of the ,state1 its fortunes are thus made to depend upon chance4 ,it is therefore absurd to assume the rationality of the institution of the monarch4 ,the presupposition1 however1 that the fortunes of the ,state depend upon the particular character of the monarch is false4 ,in the perfect organization of the ,state the important thing is only the finality of formal decision and the stability against passion4 ,one must not therefore demand objective qualification of the monarch2 he has but to say yes and to put the dot upon the i4 ,the crown shall be of such a nature that the particular character of its bearer is of no significance4 ,beyond his function of administering the final decision1 the monarch is a particular being who is of no concern4 ,situations may indeed arise in which his particularity alone asserts itself1 but in that case the ,state is not yet fully developed1 or else is ill constructed4 ,in a well-ordered monarchy the law alone has objective power to which the monarch has but to affix the subjective ,i will4 ,monarchs do not excel in bodily strength or intellect1 and yet millions permit themselves to be ruled by them4 ,to say that the people permit themselves to be governed contrary to their interests1 aims1 and intentions is preposterous1 for people are not so stupid4 ,it is their need1 it is the inner power of the idea1 which1 in opposition to their apparent consciousness1 urges them to this situation and retains them therein4 ,out of the sovereignty of the monarch flows the prerogative of pardoning criminals4 ,only to the sovereignty belongs the spiritual power to undo what has been done and to cancel the crime by forgiving and forgetting4 ,pardon is the remission of punishment1 but does not abolish right4 ,right remains1 and the pardoned is a criminal as he was before the pardon4 ,the act of mercy does not mean that no crime has been committed4 ,this remission of punishment may be effected in religion1 for by and in spirit what has been done can be made un-done4 ,but in so far as remission occurs in the world1 it has its place only in majesty and is due only to its arbitrary decision4 ,,the ,,executive ,the main point upon which the function of the government depends is the division of labor4 ,this division is concerned with the transition from the universal to the particular and the individual2 and the business is to be divided according to the different branches4 ,the difficulty lies in harmonizing the superior and the inferior functions4 ,for some time past the main effort has been spent in organizing from above1 the lower and bulky part of the whole being left more or less unorganized2 yet it is highly important that it should become organic1 for only thus is it a power and a force2 otherwise it is but a heap or mass of scattered atoms4 ,authoritative power resides only in the organic state of the particular spheres4 ,the ,state cannot count on service which is capricious and voluntary 7the administration of justice by knights-errant1 for instance71 precisely because it is capricious and voluntary4 ,such service presupposes acting according to subjective opinion1 and also the possibility of neglect and of the realization of private ends4 ,the opposite extreme to the knight-errant in reference to public service would be the ,state-servant who was attached to his task solely by want1 without genuine duty and right4 ,the efficiency of the ,state depends upon individuals1 who1 however1 are not entitled to carry on the business of the ,state through natural fitness1 but according to their objective qualification4 ,ability1 skill1 character1 belong to the particular nature of the individual2 for a particular office1 however1 he must be specially educated and trained4 ,an office in the ,state can1 therefore1 be neither sold nor bequeathed4 ,public service demands the sacrifice of independent self-satisfaction and the giving up of the pursuit of private ends1 but grants the right of finding these in dutiful service1 and in it only4 ,herein lies the unity of the universal and the particular interests which constitutes the concept and the inner stability of the ,state4 ,the members of the executive and the officials of the ,state form the main part of the middle class which represents the educated intelligence and the consciousness of right of the mass of a people4 ,this middle class is prevented by the institutions of sovereignty from above and the rights of corporation from below1 from assuming the exclusive position of an aristocracy and making education and intelligence the means for caprice and despotism4 ,thus the administration of justice1 whose object is the proper interest of all individuals1 had at one time been perverted into an instrument of gain and despotism1 owing to the fact that the knowledge of the law was hidden under a learned and foreign language1 and the knowledge of legal procedure under an involved formalism4 ,in the middle class1 to which the ,state officials belong1 resides the consciousness of the ,state and the most conspicuous cultivation3 the middle class constitutes therefore the ground pillar of the ,state in regard to uprightness and intelligence4 ,the ,state in which there is no middle class stands as yet on no high level4 ,,the ,,legislature ,the legislature is concerned with the interpretation of the laws and with the internal affairs of the ,state1 in so far as they have a universal content4 ,this function is itself a part of the constitution and thus presupposes it4 ,being presupposed1 the constitution lies1 to that degree1 outside the direct province of the legislature1 but in the forward development of the laws and the progressive character of the universal affairs of government1 the constitution receives its development also4 ,the constitution must alone be the firm ground on which the legislature stands2 hence it must not be created for purposes of legislation4 ,but the constitution not only is1 its essence is also to become--that is1 it progresses with the advance of civilization4 ,this progress is an alteration which is imperceptible1 but has not the form of an alteration4 ,thus1 for example1 the emperor was formerly judge1 and went about the empire administering justice4 ,through the merely apparent advance of civilization it has become practically necessary that the emperor should gradually yield his judicial function to others1 and thus came about the transition of the judicial function from the person of the prince to a body of judges2 thus the progress of any condition is an apparently calm and imperceptible one4 ,in this way and after a lapse of time a constitution attains a character quite different from what it had before4 ,in the legislative power as a whole are operative both the monarchical element and the executive4 ,to the former belongs the final decision2 the latter as advisory element possesses concrete knowledge1 perspective over the whole in all its ramifications1 and acquaintance with the objective principles and wants of the power of the ,state4 ,finally1 in the legislature the different classes or estates are also active4 ,these classes or estates represent in the legislature the element of subjective formal freedom1 the public consciousness1 the empirical totality of the views and thought of the many4 ,the expression ,the ,many ,greek3 oi polloi characterizes the empirical totality more correctly than the customary word ,all4 ,though one may reply that1 under this all1 children1 women1 etc41 are obviously meant to be excluded1 yet it is more obvious that the definite expression all should not be used when something quite indefinite is in question4 ,there are1 in general1 current among the public so unspeakably many distorted and false notions and phrases about the people1 the constitution1 and the classes1 that it would be a vain task to mention1 explain1 and correct them4 ,the prevalent idea concerning the necessity and utility of an assembly of estates amounts to the assumption that the people's deputies1 nay1 the people itself1 best understand what would promote the common weal1 and that they have indubitably the good will to promote it4 ,as for the first point1 the case is just the reverse4 ,the people1 in so far as this term signifies a special part of the citizens1 stands precisely for the part that does not know what it wills4 ,to know what one wills1 and1 what is more difficult1 to know what the absolute will1 viz41 reason1 wills1 is the fruit of deep knowledge and insight2 and that is obviously not a possession of the people4 ,as for the especially good will1 which the classes are supposed to have for the common good1 the usual point of view of the masses is the negative one of suspecting the government of a will which is evil or of little good4 ,the attitude of the government toward the classes must not be essentially a hostile one4 ,belief in the necessity of this hostile relation is a sad mistake4 ,the government is not one party in opposition to another1 so that both are engaged in wresting something from each other4 ,when the ,state is in such a situation it is a misfortune and not a mark of health4 ,furthermore1 the taxes1 for which the classes vote1 are not to be looked upon as gifts1 but are consented to for the best interests of those consenting4 ,what constitutes the true meaning of the classes is this--that through them the ,state enters into the subjective consciousness of the people and thus the people begin to share in the ,state4 ,in despotic countries1 where there are only princes and people1 the people assert themselves1 whenever they act1 as a destructive force directed against the organization1 but the masses1 when they become organically related to the ,state1 obtain their interests in a lawful and orderly way4 ,when this organic relation is lacking1 the self-expression of the masses is always violent2 in despotic ,states the despot shows1 therefore1 indulgence for his people1 and his rage is always felt by those surrounding him4 ,moreover1 the people of a despotic ,state pay light taxes1 which in a constitutional ,state are increased through the very consciousness of the people4 ,in no other country are taxes so heavy as they are in ,england4 ,there exists a current notion to the effect that1 since the private class is raised in the legislature to a participation in the universal cause1 it must appear in the form of individuals--either that representatives are chosen for the function1 or that every individual exercises a vote4 ,this abstract atomic view prevails neither in the family nor in civic society1 in both of which the individual appears only as a member of a universal4 ,the ,state1 however1 is in essence an organization of members1 and these members are themselves spheres2 in it no element shall show itself as an unorganized mass4 ,the many1 as individuals1 whom one chooses to call the people1 are indeed a collection1 but only as a multitude1 a formless mass1 whose movement and action would be elemental1 irrational1 savage1 and terrible4 ,the concrete ,state is the whole1 organized into its particular spheres1 and the member of the ,state is a member of such a particular class4 ,only in this objective determination can the individual find recognition in the ,state4 ,only in his coperate capacity1 as member of the community and the like1 can the individual first find a real and vital place in the universal4 ,it remains1 of course1 open to him to rise through his skill to any class for which he can qualify himself1 including even the universal class4 ,it is a matter of great advantage to have among the delegates representatives of every special branch of society1 such as trade1 manufacture1 etc4--individuals thoroughly familiar with their branch and belonging to it4 ,in the notion of a loose and indefinite election this important matter is left to accident2 every branch1 however1 has the same right to be represented as every other4 ,to view the delegates as representatives has1 then1 an organic and rational meaning only if they are not representatives of mere individuals1 of the mere multitude1 but of one of the essential spheres of society and of its large interests4 ,representation thus no longer means substitution of one person by another1 but it means1 rather1 that the interest itself is actually present in the representative4 ,of the elections by many separate individuals it may be observed that there is necessarily an indifference1 especially in large ,states1 about using one's vote1 since one vote is of such slight importance2 and those who have the right to vote will not do so1 no matter how much one may extol the privilege of voting4 ,hence this institution turns into the opposite of what it stands for4 ,the election becomes the business of a few1 of a single party1 of a special interest1 which should1 in fact1 be neutralized4 ,through the publicity of the assembly of classes public opinion first acquires true thoughts and an insight into the condition and the notion of the ,state and its affairs1 and thus develops the capacity of judging more rationally concerning them2 it learns1 furthermore1 to know and respect the routine1 talents1 virtues1 and skill of the authorities and officers of the ,state4 ,while publicity stimulates these talents in their further development and incites their honorable display1 it is also an antidote for the pride of individuals and of the multitude1 and is one of the greatest opportunities for their education4 ,it is a widespread popular notion that everybody already knows what is good for the ,state1 and that it is this common knowledge which finds expression in the assembly4 ,here1 in the assembly1 are developed virtues1 talents1 skill1 which have to serve as examples4 ,to be sure1 the ministers may find these assemblies onerous1 for ministers must possess large resources of wit and eloquence to resist the attacks which are hurled against them4 ,nevertheless1 publicity is one of the best means of instruction in the interests of the ,state generally1 for where publicity is found the people manifest an entirely different regard for the ,state than in those places where there are no assemblies or where they are not public4 ,only through the publication of every one of their proceedings are the chambers related to the larger public opinion2 and it is shown that what one imagines at home with his wife and friends is one thing1 and what happens in a great assembly1 where one feat of eloquence wrecks another1 is quite a different thing4 ,,public ,,opinion ,public opinion is the unorganized way in which what a people wants and thinks is promulgated4 ,that which is actually effective in the ,state must be so in an organic fashion4 ,in the constitution this is the case4 ,but at all times public opinion has been a great power1 and it is particularly so in our time1 when the principle of subjective freedom has such importance and significance4 ,what shall now prevail1 prevails no longer through force1 little through use and custom1 but rather through insight and reasons4 ,public opinion contains1 therefore1 the eternal substantial principles of justice1 the true content1 and the result of the whole constitution1 legislation1 and the universal condition in general4 ,the form underlying public opinion is sound common sense1 which is a fundamental ethical principle winding its way through everything1 in spite of prepossessions4 ,but when this inner character is formulated in the shape of general propositions1 partly for their own sake1 partly for the purpose of actual reasoning about events1 institutions1 relations1 and the recognized wants of the ,state1 there appears also the whole character of accidental opinion1 with its ignorance and perversity1 its false knowledge and incorrect judgment4 ,it is therefore not to be regarded as merely a difference in subjective opinion when it is asserted on the one hand-- ,vox populi1 vox dei2 and on the other 7in ,ariosto1 for instance7--#b ,che'l ,volgare ignorante ogn' un riprenda ,e parli pi di quel che meno intenda4 ,both sides co-exist in public opinion4 ,since truth and endless error are so directly united in it1 neither one nor the other side is truly in earnest4 ,which one is in earnest1 is difficult to decide--difficult1 indeed1 if one confines oneself to the direct expression of public opinion4 ,but as the substantial principle is the inner character of public opinion1 this alone is its truly earnest aspect2 yet this insight cannot be obtained from public opinion itself1 for a substantial principle can only be apprehended apart from public opinion and by a consideration of its own nature4 ,no matter with what passion an opinion is invested1 no matter with what earnestness a view is asserted1 attacked1 and defended1 this is no criterion of its real essence4 ,and least of all could public opinion be made to see that its seriousness is nothing serious at all4 ,a great mind has publicly raised the question whether it is permissible to deceive a people4 ,the answer is that a people will not permit itself to be deceived concerning its substantial basis1 the essence1 and the definite character of its spirit1 but it deceives itself about the way in which it knows this1 and according to which it judges of its acts1 events1 etc4 ,public opinion deserves1 therefore1 to be esteemed as much as to be despised2 to be despised for its concrete consciousness and expression1 to be esteemed for its essential fundamental principle1 which only shines1 more or less dimly1 through its concrete expression4 ,since public opinion possesses within itself no standard of discrimination1 no capacity to rise to a recognition of the substantial1 independence of it is the first formal condition of any great and rational enterprise 7in actuality as well as in science74 ,anything great and rational is eventually sure to please public opinion1 to be espoused by it1 and to be made one of its prepossessions4 ,in public opinion all is false and true1 but to discover the truth in it is the business of the great man4 ,the great man of his time is he who expresses the will and the meaning of that time1 and then brings it to completion2 he acts according to the inner spirit and essence of his time1 which he realizes4 ,and he who does not understand how to despise public opinion1 as it makes itself heard here and there1 will never accomplish anything great4 ,,freedom ,,of ,,the ,,press ,the freedom of public utterance 7of which the press is one means1 having advantage over speech in its more extended reach1 though inferior to it in vivacity71 the gratification of that prickling impulse to express and to have expressed one's opinion1 is directly controlled by the police and ,state laws and regulations1 which partly hinder and partly punish its excesses4 ,the indirect guarantee lies in its innocuousness1 and this again is mainly based on the rationality of the constitution1 the stability of the government1 and also on the publicity given to the assemblies of the classes4 ,another security is offered by the indifference and contempt with which insipid and malicious words are1 as a rule1 quickly met4 ,the definition of the freedom of the press as freedom to say and write what one pleases1 is parallel to the one of freedom in general1 viz41 as freedom to do what one pleases4 ,such views belong to the uneducated crudity and superficiality of nave thinking4 ,the press1 with its infinite variety of content and expression1 represents what is most transient1 particular1 and accidental in human opinion4 ,beyond the direct incitation to theft1 murder1 revolt1 etc41 lies the art of cultivating the expression which in itself seems general and indefinite enough1 but which1 in a measure1 conceals a perfectly definite meaning4 ,such expressions are partly responsible for consequences of which1 since they are not actually expressed1 one is never sure how far they are contained in the utterances and really follow from them4 ,it is this indefiniteness of the content and form of the press which prevents the laws governing it from assuming that precision which one demands of laws4 ,thus the extreme subjectivity of the wrong1 injury1 and crime committed by the press1 causes the decision and sentence to be equally subjective4 ,the laws are not only indefinite1 but the press can1 by the skill and subtlety of its expressions1 evade them1 or criticise the judgment of the court as wholly arbitrary4 ,furthermore1 if the utterance of the press is treated as an offensive deed1 one may retort that it is not a deed at all1 but only an opinion1 a thought1 a mere saying4 ,consequently1 impunity is expected for opinions and words1 because they are merely subjective1 trivial1 and insignificant1 and1 in the same breath1 great respect and esteem is demanded for these opinions and words--for the opinions1 because they are mine and my mental property1 and for the words1 because they are the free expression and use of that property4 ,and yet the basic principle remains that injury to the honor of individuals generally1 abuse1 libel1 contemptuous caricaturing of the government1 its officers and officials1 especially the person of the prince1 defiance of the laws1 incitement to revolt1 etc41 are all offenses and crimes of different grades4 ,however1 the peculiar and dangerous effect of these acts for the individuals1 the community1 and the ,state depends upon the nature of the soil on which they are committed1 just as a spark1 if thrown upon a heap of gunpowder1 has a much more dangerous result than if thrown on the mere ground1 where it vanishes and leaves no trace4 ,but1 on the whole1 a good many such acts1 though punishable by law1 may come under a certain kind of nemesis which internal impotence is forced to bring about4 ,in entering upon opposition to the superior talents and virtues1 by which impotence feels oppressed1 it comes to a realization of its inferiority and to a consciousness of its own nothingness1 and the nemesis1 even when bad and odious1 is1 by treating it with contempt1 rendered ineffectual4 ,like the public1 which forms a circle for such activity1 it is confined to a harmless malicious joy1 and to a condemnation which reflects upon itself4 ,,meaning ,,of ,,war ,there is an ethical element in war4 ,it must not be regarded as an absolute ill1 or as merely an external calamity which is accidentally based upon the passions of despotic individuals or nations1 upon acts of injustice1 and1 in general1 upon what ought not to be4 ,the recognition of the finite1 such as property and life1 as accidental1 is necessary4 ,this necessity is at first wont to appear under the form of a force of nature1 for all things finite are mortal and transient4 ,in the ethical order1 in the ,state1 however1 nature is robbed of its force1 and the necessity is exalted to a work of freedom1 to an ethical law4 ,the transient and negative nature of all things is transformed in the ,state into an expression of the ethical will4 ,war1 often painted by edifying speech as a state in which the vanity of temporal things is demonstrated1 now becomes an element whereby the ideal character of the particular receives its right and reality4 ,war has the deep meaning that by it the ethical health of the nations is preserved and their finite aims uprooted4 ,and as the winds which sweep over the ocean prevent the decay that would result from its perpetual calm1 so war protects the people from the corruption which an everlasting peace would bring upon it4 ,history shows phases which illustrate how successful wars have checked internal unrest and have strengthened the entire stability of the ,state4 ,in peace1 civic life becomes more extended1 every sphere is hedged in and grows immobile1 and at last all men stagnate1 their particular nature becoming more and more hardened and ossified4 ,only in the unity of a body is health1 and1 where the organs become stiff1 there is death4 ,eternal peace is often demanded as an ideal toward which mankind should move4 ,thus ,kant proposed an alliance of princes1 which should settle the controversies of ,states1 and the ,holy ,alliance probably aspired to be an institution of this kind4 ,the ,state1 however1 is individual1 and in individuality negation is essentially contained4 ,a number of ,states may constitute themselves into a family1 but this confederation1 as an individuality1 must create an opposition and so beget an enemy4 ,not only do nations issue forth invigorated from their wars1 but those nations torn by internal strife win peace at home as a result of war abroad4 ,war indeed causes insecurity in property1 but this real insecurity is only a necessary commotion4 ,from the pulpits much is preached concerning the insecurity1 vanity1 and instability of temporal things1 and yet every one1 though he may be touched by his own words1 thinks that he1 at least1 will manage to hold on to his possessions4 ,let the insecurity finally come1 in the form of ,hussars with glistening sabres1 and show its earnest activity1 and that touching edification which foresaw all this now turns upon the enemy with curses4 ,in spite of this1 wars will break out whenever necessity demands them2 but the seeds spring up anew1 and speech is silenced before the grave repetitions of history4 ,the military class is the class of universality4 ,the defense of the ,state is its privilege1 and its duty is to realize the ideality contained in it1 which consists in self-sacrifice4 ,there are different kinds of bravery4 ,the courage of the animal1 or the robber1 the bravery which arises from a sense of honor1 the chivalrous bravery1 are not yet the true forms of it4 ,in civilized nations true bravery consists in the readiness to give oneself wholly to the service of the ,state1 so that the individual counts but as one among many4 ,not personal valor1 but the important aspect of it1 lies in self-subordination to the universal cause4 ,to risk one's life is indeed something more than mere fear of death1 but this is only negative2 only a positive character--an aim and content--gives meaning to bravery4 ,robbers and murderers in the pursuit of crime1 adventurers in the search of their fanciful objects1 etc41 also possess courage1 and do not fear death4 ,the principle of the modern world--the power of thought and of the universal--has given to bravery a higher form2 the higher form causes the expression of bravery to appear more mechanical4 ,the brave deeds are not the deeds of any particular person1 but those of the members of a whole4 ,and1 again1 since hostility is directed1 not against separate individuals1 but against a hostile whole1 personal valor appears as impersonal4 ,this principle it is which has caused the invention of the gun2 it is not a chance invention that has brought about the change of the mere personal form of bravery into the more abstract4 ,,international ,,relations ,just as the individual is not a real person unless related to other persons1 so the ,state is no real individuality unless related to other ,states4 ,the legitimate power of a ,state1 and more especially its princely power1 is1 from the point of view of its foreign relations1 a wholly internal affair4 ,a ,state shall1 therefore1 not interfere with the internal affairs of another ,state4 ,on the other hand1 for a complete ,state1 it is essential that it be recognized by others2 but this recognition demands as a guarantee that it shall recognize those ,states which recognize it1 and shall respect their independence4 ,hence its internal affairs cannot be a matter of indifference to them4 ,when ,napoleon1 before the peace of ,campoformio1 said1 ,the ,french ,republic requires recognition as little as the sun needs to be recognized1 his words suggest nothing but the strength of existence1 which already carries with it the guarantee of recognition1 without needing to be expressed4 ,when the particular wills of the ,state can come to no agreement their controversy can be decided only by war4 ,what offense shall be regarded as a breach of a treaty1 or as a violation of respect and honor1 must remain indefinite1 since many and various injuries can easily accrue from the wide range of the interests of the ,states and from the complex relations of their citizens4 ,the ,state may identify its infinitude and honor with every one of its single aspects4 ,and if a ,state1 as a strong individuality1 has experienced an unduly protracted internal rest1 it will naturally be more inclined to irritability1 in order to find an occasion and field for intense activity4 ,the nations of ,europe form a family according to the universal principle of their legislation1 their ethical code1 and their civilization4 ,but the relation among ,states fluctuates1 and no judge exists to adjust their differences4 ,the higher judge is the universal and absolute ,spirit alone--the ,world-,spirit4 ,the relation of one particular ,state to another presents1 on the largest possible scale1 the most shifting play of individual passions1 interests1 aims1 talents1 virtues1 power1 injustice1 vice1 and mere external chance4 ,it is a play in which even the ethical whole1 the independence of the ,state1 is exposed to accident4 ,the principles which control the many national spirits are limited4 ,each nation as an existing individuality is guided by its particular principles1 and only as a particular individuality can each national spirit win objectivity and self-consciousness2 but the fortunes and deeds of ,states in their relation to one another reveal the dialectic of the finite nature of these spirits4 ,out of this dialectic rises the universal ,spirit1 the unlimited ,world-,spirit1 pronouncing its judgment--and its judgment is the highest--upon the finite nations of the world's history2 for the history of the world is the world's court of justice4 ,,introduction ,,to ,,the ,,philosophy ,,of ,,art 7#ahbj-ba7 ,,by ,,georg ,,wilhelm ,,friedrich ,,hegel ,,translated ,,by ,j4 ,,loewenberg1 ,,ph4,d4 ,assistant in ,philosophy1 ,harvard ,university ,,the ,,meaning ,,of ,,art ,the appropriate expression for our subject is the ,philosophy of ,art1 or1 more precisely1 the ,philosophy of ,fine ,arts4 ,by this expression we wish to exclude the beauty of nature4 ,in common life we are in the habit of speaking of beautiful color1 a beautiful sky1 a beautiful river1 beautiful flowers1 beautiful animals1 and beautiful human beings4 ,but quite aside from the question1 which we wish not to discuss here1 how far beauty may be predicated of such objects1 or how far natural beauty may be placed side by side with artistic beauty1 we must begin by maintaining that artistic beauty is higher than the beauty of nature4 ,for the beauty of art is beauty born--and born again--of the spirit4 ,and as spirit and its products stand higher than nature and its phenomena1 by so much the beauty that resides in art is superior to the beauty of nature4 ,to say that spirit and artistic beauty stand higher than natural beauty1 is to say very little1 for higher is a very indefinite expression1 which states the difference between them as quantitative and external4 ,the higher quality of spirit and of artistic beauty does not at all stand in a merely relative position to nature4 ,spirit only is the true essence and content of the world1 so that whatever is beautiful is truly beautiful only when it partakes of this higher essence and is produced by it4 ,in this sense natural beauty appears only as a reflection of the beauty that belongs to spirit2 it is an imperfect and incomplete expression of the spiritual substance4 ,illustration3 ,,royal ,,old ,,museum ,,in ,,berlin ,by ,schinkel ,confining ourselves to artistic beauty1 we must first consider certain difficulties4 ,the first that suggests itself is the question whether art is at all worthy of a philosophic treatment4 ,to be sure1 art and beauty pervade1 like a kindly genius1 all the affairs of life1 and joyously adorn all its inner and outer phases1 softening the gravity and the burden of actual existence1 furnishing pleasure for idle moments1 and1 where it can accomplish nothing positive1 driving evil away by occupying its place4 ,yet1 although art wins its way everywhere with its pleasing forms1 from the crude adornment of the savages to the splendor of the temple with its marvelous wealth of decoration1 art itself appears to fall outside the real aims of life4 ,and though the creations of art cannot be said to be directly disadvantageous to the serious purposes of life1 nay1 on occasion actually further them by holding evil at bay1 on the whole1 art belongs to the relaxation and leisure of the mind1 while the substantial interests of life demand its exertion4 ,at any rate1 such a view renders art a superfluity1 though the tender and emotional influence which is wrought upon the mind by occupation with art is not thought necessarily detrimental1 because effeminate4 ,there are others1 again1 who1 though acknowledging art to be a luxury1 have thought it necessary to defend it by pointing to the practical necessities of the fine arts and to the relation they bear to morality and piety4 ,very serious aims have been ascribed to art4 ,art has been recommended as a mediator between reason and sensuousness1 between inclination and duty1 as the reconcilor of all these elements constantly warring with one another4 ,but it must be said that1 by making art serve two masters1 it is not rendered thereby more worthy of a philosophic treatment4 ,instead of being an end in itself1 art is degraded into a means of appealing to higher aims1 on the one hand1 and to frivolity and idleness on the other4 ,art considered as means offers another difficulty which springs from its form4 ,granting that art can be subordinated to serious aims and that the results which it thus produces will be significant1 still the means used by art is deception1 for beauty is appearance1 its form is its life2 and one must admit that a true and real purpose should not be achieved through deception4 ,even if a good end is thus1 now and then1 attained by art its success is rather limited1 and even then deception cannot be recommended as a worthy means2 for the means should be adequate to the dignity of the end1 and truth can be produced by truth alone and not by deception and semblance4 ,it may thus appear as if art were not worthy of philosophic consideration because it is supposed to be merely a pleasing pastime2 even when it pursues more serious aims it does not correspond with their nature4 ,on the whole1 it is conceived to serve both grave and light interests1 achieving its results by means of deception and semblance4 ,as for the worthiness of art to be philosophically considered1 it is indeed true that art can be used as a casual amusement1 furnishing enjoyment and pleasure1 decorating our surroundings1 lending grace to the external conditions of life1 and giving prominence to other objects through ornamentation4 ,art thus employed is indeed not an independent or free1 but rather a subservient art4 ,that art might serve other purposes and still retain its pleasure-giving function1 is a relation which it has in common with thought4 ,for science1 too1 in the hands of the servile understanding is used for finite ends and accidental means1 and is thus not self-sufficient1 but is determined by outer objects and circumstances4 ,on the other hand1 science can emancipate itself from such service and can rise in free independence to the pursuit of truth1 in which the realization of its own aims is its proper function4 ,art is not genuine art until it has thus liberated itself4 ,it fulfils its highest task when it has joined the same sphere with religion and philosophy and has become a certain mode of bringing to consciousness and expression the divine meaning of things1 the deepest interests of mankind1 and the most universal truths of the spirit4 ,into works of art the nations have wrought their most profound ideas and aspirations4 ,fine ,art often constitutes the key1 and with many nations it is the only key1 to an understanding of their wisdom and religion4 ,this character art has in common with religion and philosophy4 ,art's peculiar feature1 however1 consists in its ability to represent in sensuous form even the highest ideas1 bringing them thus nearer to the character of natural phenomena1 to the senses1 and to feeling4 ,it is the height of a supra-sensuous world into which thought reaches1 but it always appears to immediate consciousness and to present experience as an alien beyond4 ,through the power of philosophic thinking we are able to soar above what is merely here1 above sensuous and finite experience4 ,but spirit can heal the breach between the supra-sensuous and the sensuous brought on by its own advance2 it produces out of itself the world of fine art as the first reconciling medium between what is merely external1 sensuous1 and transient1 and the world of pure thought1 between nature with its finite reality and the infinite freedom of philosophic reason4 ,concerning the unworthiness of art because of its character as appearance and deception1 it must be admitted that such criticism would not be without justice1 if appearance could be said to be equivalent to falsehood and thus to something that ought not to be4 ,appearance is essential to reality2 truth could not be1 did it not shine through appearance4 ,therefore not appearance in general can be objected to1 but merely the particular kind of appearance through which art seeks to portray truth4 ,to charge the appearance in which art chooses to embody its ideas as deception1 receives meaning only by comparison with the external world of phenomena and its immediate materiality1 as well as with the inner world of sensations and feelings4 ,to these two worlds we are wont1 in our empirical work-a-day life1 to attribute the value of actuality1 reality1 and truth1 in contrast to art1 which is supposed to be lacking such reality and truth4 ,but1 in fact1 it is just the whole sphere of the empirical inner and outer world that is not the world of true reality2 indeed it may be called a mere show and a cruel deception in a far stricter sense than in the case of art4 ,only beyond the immediacy of sense and of external objects is genuine reality to be found4 ,truly real is but the fundamental essence and the underlying substance of nature and of spirit1 and the universal element in nature and in spirit is precisely what art accentuates and makes visible4 ,this essence of reality appears also in the common outer and inner world1 but it appears in the form of a chaos of contingencies1 distorted by the immediateness of sense perception1 and by the capriciousness of conditions1 events1 characters1 etc4 ,art frees the true meaning of appearances from the show and deception of this bad and transient world1 and invests it with a higher reality1 born of the spirit4 ,thus1 far removed from being mere appearances1 the products of art have a higher reality and a more genuine being than the things of ordinary life4 ,,the ,,content ,,and ,,ideal ,,of ,,art ,the content of art is spiritual1 and its form is sensuous2 both sides art has to reconcile into a united whole4 ,the first requirement is that the content1 which art is to represent1 must be worthy of artistic representation2 otherwise we obtain only a bad unity1 since a content not capable of artistic treatment is made to take on an artistic form1 and a matter prosaic in itself is forced into a form quite opposed to its inherent nature4 ,the second requirement demands of the content of art that it shall be no abstraction4 ,by this is not meant that it must be concrete1 as the sensuous is alleged to be concrete in contrast to everything spiritual and intellectual4 ,for everything that is genuinely true1 in the realm of thought as well as in the domain of nature1 is concrete1 and has1 in spite of universality1 nevertheless1 a particular and subjective character4 ,by saying1 for example1 that ,god is simply ,one1 the ,supreme ,being as such1 we express thereby nothing but a lifeless abstraction of an understanding devoid of reason4 ,such a ,god1 as indeed he is not conceived in his concrete truth1 can furnish no content for art1 least of all for plastic art4 ,thus the ,jews and the ,turks have not been able to represent their ,god1 who is still more abstract1 in the positive manner in which the ,christians have represented theirs4 ,for in ,christianity ,god is conceived in his truth1 and therefore concrete1 as a person1 as a subject1 and1 more precisely still1 as ,spirit4 ,what he is as spirit appears to the religious consciousness as a ,trinity of persons1 which at the same time is ,one4 ,here the essence of ,god is the reconciled unity of universality and particularity1 such unity alone being concrete4 ,hence1 as a content in order to be true must be concrete in this sense1 art demands the same concreteness2 because a mere abstract idea1 or an abstract universal1 cannot manifest itself in a particular and sensuous unified form4 ,if a true and therefore concrete content is to have its adequate sensuous form and shape1 this sensuous form must--this being the third requirement--also be something individual1 completely concrete1 and one4 ,the nature of concreteness belonging to both the content and the representation of art1 is precisely the point in which both can coincide and correspond to each other4 ,the natural shape of the human body1 for example1 is a sensuous concrete object1 which is perfectly adequate to represent the spiritual in its concreteness2 the view should therefore be abandoned that an existing object from the external world is accidentally chosen by art to express a spiritual idea4 ,art does not seize upon this or that form either because it simply finds it or because it can find no other1 but the concrete spiritual content itself carries with it the element of external1 real1 yes1 even sensuous1 representation4 ,and this is the reason why a sensuous concrete object1 which bears the impress of an essentially spiritual content1 addresses itself to the inner eye2 the outward shape whereby the content is rendered visible and imaginable aims at an existence only in our heart and mind4 ,for this reason alone are content and artistic shape harmoniously wrought4 ,the mere sensuously concrete external nature as such has not this purpose for its only origin4 ,the gay and variegated plumage of the birds shines unseen1 and their song dies away unheard2 the torch-thistle which blossoms only for a night withers without having been admired in the wilds of southern forests2 and these forests1 groves of the most beautiful and luxuriant vegetation1 with the most odorous and fragrant perfumes1 perish and waste1 no more enjoyed4 ,the work of art is not so unconsciously self-immersed1 but it is essentially a question1 an address to the responsive soul1 an appeal to the heart and to the mind4 ,although the sensuous form in which art clothes its content is not accidental1 yet it is not the highest form whereby the spiritually concrete may be grasped4 ,a higher mode than representation through a sensuous form1 is thought4 ,true and rational thinking1 though in a relative sense abstract1 must not be one-sided1 but concrete4 ,how far a definite content can be adequately treated by art and how far it needs1 according to its nature1 a higher and more spiritual form1 is a distinction which we see at once if1 for example1 the ,greek gods are compared with ,god as conceived in accordance with ,christian notions4 ,the ,greek god is not abstract but individual1 closely related to the natural human form4 ,the ,christian ,god is also a concrete personality1 but he is pure spiritually1 and can be known only as spirit and in spirit4 ,his sphere of existence is therefore essentially inner knowledge1 and not the outer natural shape through which he can be represented but imperfectly and not in the whole depth of his essence4 ,but the task of art is to represent a spiritual idea to direct contemplation in sensuous form1 and not in the form of thought or of pure spirituality4 ,the value and dignity of such representation lies in the correspondence and unity of the two sides1 of the spiritual content and its sensuous embodiment1 so that the perfection and excellency of art must depend upon the grade of inner harmony and union with which the spiritual idea and the sensuous form interpenetrate4 ,the requirement of the conformity of spiritual idea and sensuous form might at first be interpreted as meaning that any idea whatever would suffice1 so long as the concrete form represented this idea and no other4 ,such a view1 however1 would confound the ideal of art with mere correctness1 which consists in the expression of any meaning in its appropriate form4 ,the artistic ideal is not to be thus understood4 ,for any content whatever is capable1 according to the standard of its own nature1 of adequate representation1 but yet it does not for that reason lay claim to artistic beauty in the ideal sense4 ,judged by the standard of ideal beauty1 even such correct representation will be defective4 ,in this connection we may remark that the defects of a work of art are not to be considered simply as always due to the incapacity of the artist2 defectiveness of form has also its root in defectiveness of content4 ,thus1 for instance1 the ,chinese1 ,indians1 ,egyptians1 in their artistic objects1 their representations of the gods1 and their idols1 adhered to formlessness1 or to a vague and inarticulate form1 and were not able to arrive at genuine beauty1 because their mythological ideas1 the content and conception of their works of art1 were as yet vague and obscure4 ,the more perfect in form works of art are1 the more profound is the inner truth of their content and thought4 ,and it is not merely a question of the greater or lesser skill with which the objects of external nature are studied and copied1 for1 in certain stages of artistic consciousness and artistic activity1 the misrepresentation and distortion of natural objects are not unintentional technical inexpertness and incapacity1 but conscious alteration1 which depends upon the content that is in consciousness1 and is1 in fact1 demanded by it4 ,we may thus speak of imperfect art1 which1 in its own proper sphere1 may be quite perfect both technically and in other respects4 ,when compared with the highest idea and ideal of art1 it is indeed defective4 ,in the highest art alone are the idea and its representation in perfect congruity1 because the sensuous form of the idea is in itself the adequate form1 and because the content1 which that form embodies1 is itself a genuine content4 ,the higher truth of art consists1 then1 in the spiritual having attained a sensuous form adequate to its essence4 ,and this also furnishes the principle of division for the philosophy of art4 ,for the ,spirit1 before it wins the true meaning of its absolute essence1 has to develop through a series of stages which constitute its very life4 ,to this universal evolution there corresponds a development of the phases of art1 under the form of which the ,spirit--as artist--attains to a comprehension of its own meaning4 ,this evolution within the spirit of art has two sides4 ,the development is1 in the first place1 a spiritual and universal one1 in so far as a gradual series of definite conceptions of the universe--of nature1 man1 and ,god--finds artistic representation4 ,in the second place1 this universal development of art1 embodying itself in sensuous form1 determines definite modes of artistic expression and a totality of necessary distinctions within the sphere of art4 ,these constitute the particular arts4 ,we have now to consider three definite relations of the spiritual idea to its sensuous expression4 ,,symbolic ,,art ,art begins when the spiritual idea1 being itself still indefinite and obscure and ill-comprehended1 is made the content of artistic forms4 ,as indefinite1 it does not yet have that individuality which the artistic ideal demands2 its abstractness and one-sidedness thus render its shape defective and whimsical4 ,the first form of art is therefore rather a mere search after plasticity than a capacity of true representation4 ,the spiritual idea has not yet found its adequate form1 but is still engaged in striving and struggling after it4 ,this form we may1 in general1 call the symbolic form of art2 in such form the abstract idea assumes a shape in natural sensuous matter which is foreign to it2 with this foreign matter the artistic creation begins1 from which1 however1 it seems unable to free itself4 ,the objects of external nature are reproduced unchanged1 but at the same time the meaning of the spiritual idea is attached to them4 ,they thus receive the vocation of expressing it1 and must be interpreted as if the spiritual idea were actually present in them4 ,it is indeed true that natural objects possess an aspect which makes them capable of representing a universal meaning1 but in symbolic art a complete correspondence is not yet possible4 ,in it the correspondence is confined to an abstract quality1 as when1 for example1 a lion is meant to stand for strength4 ,this abstract relation brings also to consciousness the foreignness of the spiritual idea to natural phenomena4 ,and the spiritual idea1 having no other reality to express its essence1 expatiates in all these natural shapes1 seeks itself in their unrest and disproportion1 but finds them inadequate to it4 ,it then exaggerates these natural phenomena and shapes them into the huge and the boundless4 ,the spiritual idea revels in them1 as it were1 seethes and ferments in them1 does violence to them1 distorts and disfigures them into grotesque shapes1 and endeavors by the diversity1 hugeness1 and splendor of such forms to raise the natural phenomena to the spiritual level4 ,for here it is the spiritual idea which is more or less vague and non-plastic1 while the objects of nature have a thoroughly definite form4 ,the incongruity of the two elements to each other makes the relation of the spiritual idea to objective reality a negative one4 ,the spiritual as a wholly inner element and as the universal substance of all things1 is conceived unsatisfied with all externality1 and in its sublimity it triumphs over the abundance of unsuitable forms4 ,in this conception of sublimity the natural objects and the human shapes are accepted and left unaltered1 but at the same time recognized as inadequate to their own inner meaning2 it is this inner meaning which is glorified far and above every worldly content4 ,these elements constitute1 in general1 the character of the primitive artistic pantheism of the ,orient1 which either invests even the lowest objects with absolute significance1 or forces all phenomena with violence to assume the expression of its world-view4 ,this art becomes therefore bizarre1 grotesque1 and without taste1 or it represents the infinite substance in its abstract freedom turning away with disdain from the illusory and perishing mass of appearances4 ,thus the meaning can never be completely molded into the expression1 and1 notwithstanding all the aspiration and effort1 the incongruity between the spiritual idea and the sensuous form remains insuperable4 ,this is1 then1 the first form of art-symbolic art with its endless quest1 its inner struggle1 its sphinx-like mystery1 and its sublimity4 ,,classical ,,art ,in the second form of art1 which we wish to designate as the classical1 the double defect of symbolic art is removed4 ,the symbolic form is imperfect1 because the spiritual meaning which it seeks to convey enters into consciousness in but an abstract and vague manner1 and thus the congruity between meaning and form must always remain defective and therefore abstract4 ,this double aspect disappears in the classical type of art2 in it we find the free and adequate embodiment of the spiritual idea in the form most suitable to it1 and with it meaning and expression are in perfect accord4 ,it is classical art1 therefore1 which first affords the creation and contemplation of the completed ideal1 realizing it as a real fact in the world4 ,but the congruity of idea and reality in classical art must not be taken in a formal sense of the agreement of a content with its external form2 otherwise every photograph of nature1 every picture of a countenance1 landscape1 flower1 scene1 etc41 which constitutes the aim of a representation1 would1 through the conformity of content and form1 be at once classical4 ,the peculiarity of classical art1 on the contrary1 consists in its content being itself a concrete idea1 and1 as such1 a concrete spiritual idea1 for only the spiritual is a truly essential content4 ,for a worthy object of such a content1 ,nature must be consulted as to whether she contains anything to which a spiritual attribute really belongs4 ,it must be the ,world-,spirit itself that invented the proper form for the concrete spiritual ideal--the subjective mind--in this case the spirit of art--has only found it1 and given it natural plastic existence in accordance with free individual spirituality4 ,the form in which the idea1 as spiritual and individual1 clothes itself when revealed as a temporal phenomenon1 is the human form4 ,to be sure1 personification and anthropomorphism have frequently been decried as a degradation of the spiritual2 but art1 in so far as its task is to bring before direct contemplation the spiritual in sensuous form1 must advance to such anthropomorphism1 for only in its body can mind appear in an adequately sensuous fashion4 ,the migration of souls is1 in this respect1 an abstract notion1 and physiology should make it one of its fundamental principles that life has necessarily1 in its evolution1 to advance to the human shape as the only sensuous phenomenon appropriate to the mind4 ,the human body as portrayed by classical art is not represented in its mere physical existence1 but solely as the natural and sensuous form and garb of mind2 it is therefore divested of all the defects that belong to the merely sensuous and of all the finite contingencies that appertain to the phenomenal4 ,but if the form must be thus purified in order to express the appropriate content1 and1 furthermore1 if the conformity of meaning and expression is to be complete1 the content which is the spiritual idea must be perfectly capable of being expressed through the bodily form of man1 without projecting into another sphere beyond the physical and sensuous representation4 ,the result is that ,spirit is characterized as a particular form of mind1 namely1 as human mind1 and not as simply absolute and eternal2 but the absolute and eternal ,spirit must be able to reveal and express itself in a manner far more spiritual4 ,this latter point brings to light the defect of classical art1 which demands its dissolution and its transition to a third and higher form1 to wit1 the romantic form of art4 ,,romantic ,,art ,the romantic form of art destroys the unity of the spiritual idea and its sensuous form1 and goes back1 though on a higher level1 to the difference and opposition of the two1 which symbolic art left unreconciled4 ,the classical form of art attained1 indeed1 the highest degree of perfection which the sensuous process of art was capable of realizing2 and1 if it shows any defects1 the defects are those of art itself1 due to the limitation of its sphere4 ,this limitation has its root in the general attempt of art to represent in sensuous concrete form the infinite and universal ,spirit1 and in the attempt of the classical type of art to blend so completely spiritual and sensuous existence that the two appear in mutual conformity4 ,but in such a fusion of the spiritual and sensuous aspects ,spirit cannot be portrayed according to its true essence1 for the true essence of ,spirit is its infinite subjectivity2 and its absolute internal meaning does not lend itself to a full and free expression in the confinement of the bodily form as its only appropriate existence4 ,now1 romantic art dissolves the inseparable unity which is the ideal of the classical type1 because it has won a content which goes beyond the classical form of art and its mode of expression4 ,this content--if familiar ideas may be recalled--coincides with what ,christianity declares to be true of ,god as ,spirit1 in distinction to the ,greek belief in gods which constitutes the essential and appropriate subject for classical art4 ,the concrete content of ,hellenic art implies the unity of the human and divine nature1 a unity which1 just because it is merely implied and immediate1 permits of a representation in an immediately visible and sensuous mold4 ,the ,greek god is the object of nave contemplation and sensuous imagination2 his shape is1 therefore1 the bodily shape of man2 the circle of his power and his essence is individual and confined4 ,to man the ,greek god appears as a being and a power with whom he may feel a kinship and unity1 but this kinship and unity1 are not reflected upon or raised into definite knowledge4 ,the higher stage is the knowledge of this unconscious unity1 which underlies the classical form of art and which it has rendered capable of complete plastic embodiment4 ,the elevation of what is unconscious and implied into self-conscious knowledge brings about an enormous difference2 it is the infinite difference which1 for example1 separates man from the animal4 ,man is an animal1 but1 even in his animal functions1 does not rest satisfied with the potential and the unconscious as the animal does1 but becomes conscious of them1 reflects upon them1 and raises them--as1 for instance1 the process of digestion--into self-conscious science4 ,and it is thus that man breaks through the boundary of his merely immediate and unconscious existence1 so that1 just because he knows himself to be animal1 he ceases in virtue of such knowledge to be animal1 and1 through such self-knowledge only1 can characterize himself as mind or spirit4 ,if in the manner just described the unity of the human and divine nature is raised from an immediate to a conscious1 unity1 the true mold for the reality of this content is no longer the sensuous1 immediate existence of the spiritual1 the bodily frame of man1 but self-consciousness and internal contemplation4 ,for this reason ,christianity1 in depicting ,god as ,spirit--not as particularized individual mind1 but as absolute and universal ,spirit--retires from the sensuousness of imagination into the sphere of inner being1 and makes this1 and not the bodily form1 the material and mold of its content2 and thus the unity of the human and divine nature is a conscious unity1 capable of realization only by spiritual knowledge4 ,the new content1 won by this unity1 is not dependent upon sensuous representation2 it is now exempt from such immediate existence4 ,in this way1 however1 romantic art becomes art which transcends itself1 carrying on this process of self-transcendence within its own artistic sphere and artistic form4 ,briefly stated1 the essence of romantic art consists in the artistic object being the free1 concrete1 spiritual idea itself1 which is revealed in its spirituality to the inner1 and not the outer1 eye4 ,in conformity with such a content1 art can1 in a sense1 not work for sensuous perception1 but must aim at the inner mood1 which completely fuses with its object1 at the most subjective inner shrine1 at the heart1 the feeling1 which1 as spiritual feeling1 longs for freedom within itself and seeks and finds reconciliation only within the inner recesses of the spirit4 ,this inner world is the content of romantic art1 and as such an inner life1 or as its reflection1 it must seek embodiment4 ,the inner life thus triumphs over the outer world--indeed1 so triumphs over it that the outer world itself is made to proclaim its victory1 through which the sensuous appearance sinks into worthlessness4 ,on the other hand1 the romantic type of art1 like every other1 needs an external mode of expression4 ,but the spiritual has now retired from the outer mode into itself1 and the sensuous externality of form assumes again1 as it did in symbolic art1 an insignificant and transient character4 ,the subjective1 finite mind and will1 the peculiarity and caprice of the individual1 of character1 action1 or of incident and plot1 assume likewise the character they had in symbolic art4 ,the external side of things is surrendered to accident and committed to the excesses of the imagination1 whose caprice now mirrors existence as it is1 now chooses to distort the objects of the outer world into a bizarre and grotesque medley1 for the external form no longer possesses a meaning and significance1 as in classical art1 on its own account and for it own sake4 ,feeling is now everything4 ,it finds its artistic reflection1 not in the world of external things and their forms1 but in its own expression2 and in every incident and accident of life1 in every misfortune1 grief1 and even crime1 feeling preserves or regains its healing power of reconciliation4 ,hence1 the indifference1 incongruity1 and antagonism of spiritual idea and sensuous form1 the characteristics of symbolic art1 reappear in the romantic type1 but with this essential difference4 ,in the romantic realm1 the spiritual idea1 to whose defectiveness was due the defective forms of symbolic art1 now reveals itself in its perfection within mind and feeling4 ,it is by virtue of the higher perfection of the idea that it shuns any adequate union with an external form1 since it can seek and attain its true reality and expression best within itself4 ,this1 in general terms1 is the character of the symbolic1 classical1 and romantic forms of art1 which stand for the three relations of the spiritual idea to its expression in the realm of art4 ,they consist in the aspiration after1 and the attainment and transcendence of1 the ideal as the true idea of beauty4 ,,the ,,particular ,,arts ,but1 now1 there inhere in the idea of beauty different modifications which art translates into sensuous forms4 ,and we find a fundamental principle by which the several particular arts may be arranged and defined--that is1 the species of art contain in themselves the same essential differences which we have found in the three general types of art4 ,external objectivity1 moreover1 into which these types are molded by means of a sensuous and particular material1 renders them independent and separate means of realizing different artistic functions1 as far as each type finds its definite character in some one definite external material whose mode of portrayal determines its adequate realization4 ,furthermore1 the general types of art correspond to the several particular arts1 so that they 7the particular arts7 belong each of them specifically to one of the general types of art4 ,it is these particular arts which give adequate and artistic external being to the general types4 ,,architecture ,the first of the particular arts with which1 according to their fundamental principle1 we have to begin1 is architecture4 ,its task consists in so shaping external inorganic nature that it becomes homogeneous with mind1 as an artistic outer world4 ,the material of architecture is matter itself in its immediate externality as a heavy mass subject to mechanical laws1 and its forms remain the forms of inorganic nature1 but are merely arranged and ordered in accordance with the abstract rules of the understanding1 the rules of symmetry4 ,but in such material and in such forms the ideal as concrete spirituality cannot be realized2 the reality which is represented in them remains1 therefore1 alien to the spiritual idea1 as something external which it has not penetrated or with which it has but a remote and abstract relation4 ,hence the fundamental type of architecture is the symbolical form of art4 ,for it is architecture that paves the way1 as it were1 for the adequate realization of the ,god1 toiling and wrestling in his service with external nature1 and seeking to extricate it from the chaos of finitude and the abortiveness of chance4 ,by this means it levels a space for the ,god1 frames his external surroundings1 and builds him his temple as the place for inner contemplation and for reflection upon the eternal objects of the spirit4 ,it raises an inclosure around those gathered together1 as a defense against the threatening of the wind1 against rain1 the thunder-storm1 and wild beasts1 and reveals the will to gather together1 though externally1 yet in accordance with the artistic form4 ,a meaning such as this1 the art of architecture is able to mold into its material and its forms with more or less success1 according as the determinate nature of the content which it seeks to embody is more significant or more trivial1 more concrete or more abstract1 more deeply rooted within its inner being or more dim and superficial4 ,indeed1 it may even advance so far as to endeavor to create for such meaning an adequate artistic expression with its material and forms1 but in such an attempt it has already overstepped the bounds of its own sphere1 and inclines towards sculpture1 the higher phase of art4 ,for the limit of architecture lies precisely in this1 that it refers to the spiritual as an internal essence in contrast with the external forms of its art1 and thus whatever spirit and soul are possessed it must point to as something other than itself4 ,,sculpture ,architecture1 however1 has purified the inorganic external world1 has given it symmetric order1 has impressed upon it the seal of mind1 and the temple of the ,god1 the house of his community1 stands ready4 ,into this temple now enters the ,god himself4 ,the lightning-flash of individuality strikes the inert mass1 permeates it1 and a form no longer merely symmetrical1 but infinite and spiritual1 concentrates and molds its adequate bodily shape4 ,this is the task of sculpture4 ,inasmuch as in it the inner spiritual element1 which architecture can no more than hint at1 completely abides with the sensuous form and its external matter1 and as both sides are so merged into each other that neither predominates1 sculpture has the classical form of art as its fundamental type4 ,in fact1 the sensuous realm itself can command no expression which could not be that of the spiritual sphere1 just as1 conversely1 no spiritual content can attain perfect plasticity in sculpture which is incapable of being adequately presented to perception in bodily form4 ,it is sculpture which arrests for our vision the spirit in its bodily frame1 in immediate unity with it1 and in an attitude of peace and repose2 and the form in turn is animated by the content of spiritual individuality4 ,therefore the external sensuous matter is here not wrought1 either according to its mechanical quality alone1 as heavy mass1 nor in forms peculiar to inorganic nature1 nor as indifferent to color1 etc41 but in ideal forms of the human shape1 and in the whole of the spatial dimensions4 ,in this last respect sculpture should be credited with having first revealed the inner and spiritual essence in its eternal repose and essential self-possession4 ,to such repose and unity with itself corresponds only that external element which itself persists in unity and repose4 ,such an element is the form taken in its abstract spatiality4 ,the spirit which sculpture represents is that which is solid in itself1 not variously broken up in the play of contingencies and passions2 nor does its external form admit of the portrayal of such a manifold play1 but it holds to this one side only1 to the abstraction of space in the totality of its dimensions4 ,,the ,,development ,,of ,,the ,,romantic ,,arts ,after architecture has built the temple and the hand of sculpture has placed inside it the statue of the ,god1 then this sensuously visible ,god faces in the spacious halls of his house the community4 ,the community is the spiritual1 self-reflecting element in this sensuous realm1 it is the animating subjectivity and inner life4 ,a new principle of art begins with it4 ,both the content of art and the medium which embodies it in outward form now demand particularization1 individualization1 and the subjective mode of expressing these4 ,the solid unity which the ,god possesses in sculpture breaks up into the plurality of inner individual lives1 whose unity is not sensuous1 but essentially ideal4 ,and now ,god comes to assume the aspect which makes him truly spiritual4 ,as a hither-and-thither1 as an alternation between the unity within himself and his realization in subjective knowledge and individual consciousness1 as well as in the common and unified life of the many individuals1 he is genuinely ,spirit--the ,spirit in his community4 ,in his community ,god is released from the abstractness of a mysterious self-identity1 as well as from the nave imprisonment in a bodily shape1 in which he is represented by sculpture4 ,here he is exalted into spirituality1 subjectivity1 and knowledge4 ,for this reason the higher content of art is now this spirituality in its absolute form4 ,but since what chiefly reveals itself in this stage is not the serene repose of ,god in himself1 but rather his appearance1 his being1 and his manifestation to others1 the objects of artistic representation are now the most varied subjective expressions of life and activity for their own sake1 as human passions1 deeds1 events1 and1 in general1 the wide range of human feeling1 will1 and resignation4 ,in accordance with this content1 the sensuous element must differentiate and show itself adequate to the expression of subjective feeling4 ,such different media are furnished by color1 by the musical sound1 and finally by the sound as the mere indication of inner intuitions and ideas2 and thus as different forms of realizing the spiritual content of art by means of these media we obtain painting1 music1 and poetry4 ,the sensuous media employed in these arts being individualized and in their essence recognized as ideal1 they correspond most effectively to the spiritual content of art1 and the union between spiritual meaning and sensuous expression develops1 therefore1 into greater intimacy than was possible in the case of architecture and sculpture4 ,this intimate unity1 however1 is due wholly to the subjective side4 ,leaving1 then1 the symbolic spirit of architecture and the classical ideal of sculpture behind1 these new arts in which form and content are raised to an ideal level borrow their type from the romantic form of art1 whose mode of expression they are most eminently fitted to voice4 ,they form1 however1 a totality of arts1 because the romantic type is the most concrete in itself4 ,,painting ,the first art in this totality1 which is akin to sculpture1 is painting4 ,the material which it uses for its content and for the sensuous expression of that content is visibility as such1 in so far as it is individualized1 viz41 specified as color4 ,to be sure1 the media employed in architecture and sculpture are also visible and colored1 but they are not1 as in painting1 visibility as such1 not the simple light which contrasts itself with darkness and in combination with it becomes color4 ,this visibility as a subjective and ideal attribute1 requires neither1 like architecture1 the abstract mechanical form of mass which we find in heavy matter1 nor1 like sculpture1 the three dimensions of sensuous space1 even though in concentrated and organic plasticity1 but the visibility which appertains to painting has its differences on a more ideal level1 in the particular kinds of color2 and thus painting frees art from the sensuous completeness in space peculiar to material things only1 by confining itself to a plane surface4 ,on the other hand1 the content also gains in varied particularization4 ,whatever can find room in the human heart1 as emotion1 idea1 and purpose1 whatever it is able to frame into a deed1 all this variety of material can constitute the many-colored content of painting4 ,the whole range of particular existence1 from the highest aspirations of the mind down to the most isolated objects of nature1 can obtain a place in this art4 ,for even finite nature1 in its particular scenes and aspects1 can here appear1 if only some allusion to a spiritual element makes it akin to thought and feeling4 ,,music ,the second art in which the romantic form finds realization1 on still a higher level than in painting1 is music4 ,its material1 though still sensuous1 advances to a deeper subjectivity and greater specification4 ,the idealization of the sensuous1 music brings about by negating space4 ,in music the indifferent extension of space whose appearance painting admits and consciously imitates is concentrated and idealized into a single point4 ,but in the form of a motion and tremor of the material body within itself1 this single point becomes a concrete and active process within the idealization of matter4 ,such an incipient ideality of matter which no longer appears under the spatial form1 but as temporal ideality1 is sound the sensuous acknowledged as ideal1 whose abstract visibility is transformed into audibility4 ,sound1 as it were1 exempts the ideal from its absorption in matter4 ,this earliest animation and inspiration of matter furnishes the medium for the inner and intimate life of the spirit1 as yet on an indefinite level2 it is through the tones of music that the heart pours out its whole scale of feelings and passions4 ,thus as sculpture constitutes the central point between architecture and the arts of romantic subjectivity1 so music forms the centre of the romantic arts1 and represents the point of transition between abstract spatial sensuousness1 which belongs to painting1 and the abstract spirituality of poetry4 ,within itself music has1 like architecture1 an abstract quantitative relation1 as a contrast to its inward and emotional quality2 it also has as its basis a permanent law to which the tones with their combinations and successions must conform4 ,,poetry ,for the third and most spiritual expression of the romantic form of art1 we must look to poetry4 ,its characteristic peculiarity lies in the power with which it subjugates to the mind and to its ideas the sensuous element from which music and painting began to set art free4 ,for sound1 the one external medium of which poetry avails itself1 is in it no longer a feeling of the tone itself1 but is a sign which is1 by itself1 meaningless4 ,this sign1 moreover1 is a sign of an idea which has become concrete1 and not merely of indefinite feeling and of its nuances and grades4 ,by this means the tone becomes the word1 an articulate voice1 whose function it is to indicate thoughts and ideas4 ,the negative point to which music had advanced now reveals itself in poetry as the completely concrete point1 as the spirit or the self-consciousness of the individual1 which spontaneously unites the infinite space of its ideas with the time-element of sound4 ,but this sensuous element which1 in music1 was still in immediate union with inner feelings and moods1 is1 in poetry1 divorced from the content of consciousness1 for in poetry the mind determines this content on its own account and for the sake of its ideas1 and while it employs sound to express them1 yet sound itself is reduced to a symbol with out value or meaning4 ,from this point of view sound may just as well be considered a mere letter1 for the audible1 like the visible1 is now relegated to a mere suggestion of mind4 ,thus the genuine mode of poetic representation is the inner perception and the poetic imagination itself4 ,and since all types of art share in this mode1 poetry runs through them all1 and develops itself independently in each4 ,poetry1 then1 is the universal art of the spirit which has attained inner freedom1 and which does not depend for its realization upon external sensuous matter1 but expatiates only in the inner space and inner time of the ideas and feelings4 ,but just in this1 its highest phase1 art oversteps the bounds of its own sphere by abandoning the harmoniously sensuous mode of portraying the spirit and by passing from the poetry of imagination into the prose of thought4 ,,summary ,such1 then1 is the organic totality of the several arts the external art of architecture1 the objective art of sculpture1 and the subjective arts of painting1 music1 and poetry4 ,the higher principle from which these are derived we have found in the types of art1 the symbolic1 the classical1 and the romantic1 which form the universal phases of the idea of beauty itself4 ,thus symbolic art finds its most adequate reality and most perfect application in architecture1 in which it is self-complete1 and is not yet reduced1 so to speak1 to the inorganic medium for another art4 ,the classical form of art1 on the other hand1 attains its most complete realization in sculpture1 while it accepts architecture only as forming an inclosure round its products and is as yet not capable of developing painting and music as absolute expressions of its meaning4 ,the romantic type of art1 finally1 seizes upon painting1 music1 and poetry as its essential and adequate modes of expression4 ,poetry1 however1 is in conformity with all types of the beautiful and extends over them all1 because its characteristic element is the esthetic imagination1 and imagination is necessary for every product of art1 to whatever type it may belong4 ,thus what the particular arts realize in individual artistic creations are1 according to the philosophic conception1 simply the universal types of the self-unfolding idea of beauty4 ,out of the external realization of this idea arises the wide ,pantheon of art1 whose architect and builder is the self-developing spirit of beauty1 for the completion of which1 however1 the history of the world will require its evolution of countless ages4 ,,the ,,life ,,of ,,bettina ,,von ,,arnim ,,by ,,henry ,,wood1 ,,ph4,d4 ,professor of ,german1 ,johns ,hopkins ,university ,the ten years succeeding the publication of ,goethe's ,briefwechsel mit einem ,kinde 7#ahce7 coincided in point of time with the awakening in ,england1 through ,thomas ,carlyle1 and in ,america as well1 of an intense if not yet profound interest in ,german ,literature4 ,it must remain a tribute to the ideal enthusiasm of the movement that1 among the first ,german works to receive a permanent welcome and become domiciled in ,american literary circles1 was that strange and glittering mass1 flotsam of a great poet's life dislodged and jettisoned from his personality by the subtle arts of the ,child who had now gathered it up again and was presenting it to the astonished world4 ,at a time when the ,foreign ,quarterly ,review in ,england 7#ahch7 was vainly endeavoring to persuade ,madame von ,arnim not to undertake the translation of her work1 whose unrestrained effusions far exceed the-bounds authorized by ,english decorum1 ,margaret ,fuller was preparing in ,boston to translate ,bettina's ,gnderode1 and soon felt herself in a position to state#c that ,goethe's ,correspondence with a ,child is as popular here as in ,germany4 ,in one respect1 indeed1 ,bettina's vogue in ,america remained for the rest of her lifetime more secure than in her own country1 where the publication of her later politico-sociological works1 ,dies ,buch gehrt dem ,knig 7#ahdc7 and ,gesprche mit ,dmonen 7#aheb71 was followed by a temporary eclipse of her popularity1 and where also her fate1 in persistently associating her with ,rahel1 the wife of ,varnhagen1 as a foil for ,rahel's brilliant but transitory glitter1 had tarnished her own fame4#d ,illustration3 ,,bettina ,,von ,,arnim ,for these things ,american readers of the ,correspondence seem to have cared but little4 ,while ,german critics were deliberating as to what grouping of characteristics could best express ,bettina as a type1 the ,american public had already discovered in her a rare personality--the recipient and custodian of ,frau ,rat's fondest memories of ,goethe's childhood2 the mythological nurse-maid1#e to whom1 though in her proper name as well as to her first-born son1 successive editions of ,grimm's ,fairy ,tales had been dedicated2 the youthful friend of ,beethoven1 from whom she had received treasured confidences as to the influence exerted by ,goethe's verse upon his mind and art2 at times the haunting ,muse of ,germany's greatest poet and1 since #ahaa1 the wife of the most chivalrous of ,german poets1 ,achim von ,arnim4 ,if we add to these characteristics the circumstance that1 as ,arnim's wife and as the mother of their rarely endowed children1 she had become the centre of a distinguished and devoted circle in the ,mark ,brandenburg and in the ,prussian capital1 the distance separating us from ,ben ,jonson's attitude in his ,epitaph on the ,countess of ,pembroke is no longer very great3 ,sidney's sister1 ,pembroke's mother4#f ,it is1 nevertheless1 not through the aid of ,ben ,jonson's line1 fair and wise and good as she1 that ,bettina may be described4 ,she suggests far rather an electrical1 inspired1 lyrical nature4 ,the spokesman of this literary estimate of ,bettina was ,margaret ,fuller1 and it is interesting to note that this best of ,american critics at once instituted a comparison between ,bettina and ,karoline von ,gnderode1 in which the former was made to stand for ,nature and the latter for ,art4 ,but it appears to have escaped notice that ,margaret ,fuller1 in presenting her example of the artistic type1 has1 with no express intention1 given us a picture of herself4#g ,the subtle harmonies1 the soft aerial grace1 the multiplied traits1 the soul delicately appareled1 the soft dignity of each look and gesture1 the silvery spiritual clearness of an angel's lyre1 drawing from every form of life its eternal meaning--these are all lineaments of the ,countess of ,pembroke type1 and these characteristics ,margaret ,fuller herself shared4 ,how different is her description of ,bettina6 ,bettina1 hovering from object to object1 drawing new tides of vital energy from all1 living freshly alike in man and tree1 loving the breath of the damp earth as well as the flower which springs from it1 bounding over the fences of society as well as over the fences of the field1 intoxicated with the apprehension of each new mystery1 never hushed into silence by the highest1 flying and singing like a bird1 sobbing with the hopelessness of an infant1 prophetic1 yet astonished at the fulfilment of each prophecy1 restless1 fearless1 clinging to love1 yet unwearied in experiment--is not this the pervasive vital force1 cause of the effect which we call ,nature8 ,on the part of both ,goethe and ,bettina1 there was always a recognition of such a natural force operating in her4 ,as ,gnderode once put it1 ,bettina seems like clay1 which a divine artificer1 preparing to fashion it into something rare1 is treading with his feet4 ,on the #acth of ,august1 #ahjg1 ,bettina wrote3 ,farewell1 glorious one1 thou who dost both dazzle and intimidate me4 ,from this steep cliff ,goethe upon which my love has risked the climb1 there is no possible path down again4 ,that is not to be thought of2 ,i should simply break my neck4 ,goethe's reply1 in this as in other cases1 was characteristic3 ,what can one say or give to thee1 which thou hast not after thy own fashion already appropriated8 ,there is nothing left for me but to keep still1 and let thee have thy way4 ,in this passage-at-arms1 the whole of the ,correspondence1 though not its charm1 is concentrated4 ,goethe was intent on keeping the relationship within its first limitations1 that is to say1 as a friendship in which his mother1 ,frau ,rat1 was included as a necessary third party4 ,the impetuous young confidante was already transmitting to ,goethe chapters from the history of his childhood1 as seen through the communications of his mother to her4 ,these had given the poet the purest pleasure1 and he intended making use of them for his ,autobiography4#h ,but1 on the other hand1 as soon as ,bettina risked independent judgments on his creations1 as in the case of the ,elective ,affinities 7#ahji71 her inadequacy and her presumption in claiming for herself the rle of a better ,ottilie were both painfully apparent4 ,her attitude toward the adored object was a combination of meekness and pretension1 the latter predominating as time went on4 ,it was sung at my cradle1 that ,i must love a star that should always remain apart4 ,but thou ,goethe hast sung me a cradle song1 and to that song1 which lulls me into a dream on the fate of my days1 ,i must listen to the end of my days4 ,to this humility succeeded the self-deception of the so-called later ,diary4 ,under date of ,march #bb1 #ahcb1 ,bettina relates that ,goethe1 at their last interview in the early days1 had called her his ,muse4 ,hence1 on learning of his death1 she reproached herself for ever having left him--the tree of whose fame1 with its eternally budding shoots1 had been committed to my care4 ,alas for the false world1 which separated us1 and led me1 poor blind child1 away from my master6 ,margaret ,fuller#i called ,goethe my parent4 ,but how sharp is the contrast between her tone of reverent affection and the umbrageous jealousy of ,bettina6 ,and ,goethe8 ,while the poet safeguarded his fatherly relation to ,bettina1 up to the break in #ahaa1 in a hundred ways1 we find him already1 in #ahjg1 inclosing in a letter to his mother the text of ,sonnet ,i41 which had been inspired1 in the first instance1 by his friendship with ,minna ,herzlieb4 ,bettina1 left to draw her own conclusions1 at once identified herself with ,oreas in the sonnet1 and reproached herself for having plunged1 like a mountain avalanche1 into the broad1 full current of the poet's life4 ,from the letter of ,september #agth it is plain that ,bettina indulged1 in all seriousness1 the fanciful notion that her inspiration was1 in a sense1 necessary to ,goethe's fame4 ,in her fond1 mystical interpretation of the sonnets1 her heart seems to her the fruitful furrow1 the earth-womb1 in which ,goethe's songs are sown1 and out of which1 accompanied by birth-pangs for her1 they are destined to soar aloft as heavenly poems4 ,she closes with a partial application to herself of the ,biblical text 7,luke #a4 #dj73 ,blessed art thou among women4 ,goethe's detractors1 particularly among the literary school called ,young ,germany1 were fond of repeating the insinuation of ,fanny ,tarnow 7#ahce71 that the poet prized in ,bettina only her capacity for idolizing him4 ,but ,goethe's attitude toward the ,child was far removed from that of poet-pasha1 and ,bettina had nothing of the vacuous odalisque in her composition4 ,g4 von ,lper has well said of her composite traits3 ,the tender radiance of first youth hovers over her descriptions2 but1 while one is beholding1 ,bettina suddenly changes into a mischievous elf1 and1 if we reach out to grasp the kobold1 lo6 a sibyl stands before us6 ,behind all ,bettina's mobility there is a force of individuality1 as irresistible and as recurrent as the tides4 ,her brother ,clemens and her brother-in-law ,savigny tried in vain to temper the violence of her enthusiasm for the insurgent ,tyrolese1 of her flaming patriotism1 of her hatred of philistinism in every form1 of her scorn for the then fashionable neutrality and moderation in the expression of political opinion4 ,illustration3 ,,the ,,goethe ,,monument 7,,by ,,bettina ,,non ,,arnim7 ,she was by nature and choice the advocate of the oppressed1 whenever and wherever met with4 ,the aristocratic lgant ,rumohr was obliged to put up with the following from her3 ,why are you not willing to exchange your boredom1 your melancholy caprices1 for a rifle8 ,with your figure1 slender as a birch1 you could leap over abysses and spring from rock to rock2 but you are lazy and infected with the disease of neutrality4 ,you cannot hear the voices saying3 ',where is the enemy8 ,on1 on1 for ,god1 the ,kaiser1 and the ,fatherland6' ,even ,goethe's ,wilhelm ,meister1 who is1 according to ,bettina1 merely a supine hero1 fails to elude her electric grasp3 ,come1 flee with me across the ,alps to the ,tyrolese4 ,there will we whet our swords and forget thy rabble of comedians2 and as for all thy darling mistresses1 they must lack thee awhile4 ,the end of poets' friendships with literary women is not always marked by an anticlimax4 ,of ,margaret ,fuller1 ,emerson wrote in the privacy of his ,journal3 ,i have no friend whom ,i more wish to be immortal than she4 ,an influence ,i cannot spare1 but would always have at hand for recourse4 ,words like these ,bettina was continually listening for from her poet-idol1 but she heard instead only the disillusioning echo of her own enthusiasms4 ,possessing neither stability of mind nor any consistent roundness of character1 she was incapable of rendering herself necessary to ,goethe4 ,in her case1 however1 the gifts that were denied at her cradle seem to have been more than made up to her4 ,her ardent and aspiring soul1 shutting out all thoughts1 all passions1 all delights else1 was distilled into longing to share in the unending life of ,goethe's poesy4#aj ,through the possession of this quality1 ,bettina1 though not herself of heroic mold1 enters the society of the great heroines and speaks to posterity4 ,ariadne on the island of ,naxos lives not more truly in ,ovid's poetical ,epistles1 than ,bettina in the ,correspondence4 ,but ,bettina has not1 like ,ariadne1 had immortality conferred upon her through the verses of two great poets4 ,she has rather taken it for herself1 as ,goethe said she was wont to do1 in anticipating every gift4 ,it is accordingly not in the ,elegiacs of ,ovid1 flowing as a counter-stream to ,lethe1 that we may discern ,bettina's gesture of immortal repose as a metamorphosed heroine4 ,she is a type of the inspired lyrical nature1 a belated child of the ,renaissance4 ,a graceful ,english song-writer of the ,elizabethan period1 ,thomas ,campion1 who was as fond as ,bettina of the figure of the flower and the sun1 through which she symbolized her relation to ,goethe1 has in his verses anticipated her pose and her tone of agitated expectancy3 ,is he come8 ,o how near is he8 ,how far yet from this friendly place8 ,how many steps from me8 ,when shall ,i him embrace8 ,these armes ,i'll spread1 which only at 7his7 sight shall close1 ,attending1 as the starry flower that the sun's noone-tide knowes4 ,campion termed his verses ,light ,conceits of ,lovers4 ,it is difficult to weigh ,bettina's fancies1 for she has1 as it were1 taken the scales with her when she closed the ,correspondence3 but it is only just to say of her ,letters1 that they realize1 as a whole1 ,tasso's description of the permanent state of the true lover3 ,brama assai1 poco spera e nulla chiede 7,desire much1 hope little and nothing demand74 ,,goethe',s ,,correspondence ,,with ,a ,,child 7#ahce7 ,,by ,,bettina ,,von ,,arnim ,,translated ,,by ,,wallace ,,smith ,,murray ,,letters ,,to ,,goethe',s ,,mother ,may #aa1 #ahjg4 ,dear ,frau ,rat3 ,i have been lying in bed for some time1 but shall get up now to write you all about our trip4 ,i wrote you that we passed through the military lines in male attire4 ,just before we reached the city gate my brother-in-law made us get out1 because he wanted to see how becoming the clothes were4 ,lulu looked very well in them1 for she has a splendid figure and the fit was perfect1 whereas all my clothes were too loose and too long and looked as if ,i had bought them at a rag fair4 ,my brother-in-law laughed at me and said ,i looked like a ,savoyard boy and could be of great service to them4 ,the coachman had driven us off the road through a forest1 and when we came to a cross-road he didn't know which way to turn4 ,although it was only the beginning of the four weeks' trip1 ,i was afraid we might get lost and then arrive in ,weimar too late4 ,i climbed up the highest pine and soon saw where the main road lay4 ,i made the whole trip on the driver's box1 with a fox-skin cap on my head and the brush hanging down my back4 ,whenever we arrived at a station1 ,i would unharness the horses and help hitch up the fresh ones1 and would speak broken ,german with the postilions as though ,i were a ,frenchman4 ,at first we had beautiful weather1 just as though spring were coming2 but soon it turned very cold and wintry4 ,we passed through a forest of huge pines and firs all covered with frost2 everything was spotless1 for not a soul had driven along the road1 which was absolutely white4 ,moreover the moon shone upon this deserted paradise of silver2 a death-like stillness reigned-only the wheels creaked from the cold4 ,i sat up on the box and wasn't a bit cold2 winter weather strikes sparks from me6 ,along toward midnight we heard some one whistling in the forest4 ,my brother-in-law handed me a pistol out of the carriage and asked whether ,i should have the courage to shoot in case robbers came along4 ,i said ,yes1 and he answered1 ,but don't shoot too soon4 ,lulu1 who was inside the carriage1 was frightened nearly to death1 but where ,i was1 out under the open sky1 with my pistol cocked and my sabre buckled on1 countless stars twinkled above me1 the glistening trees casting their gigantic shadows on the broad1 moon-lit way--all that made me brave away up on my lofty seat6 ,then ,i thought of him and wondered1 if he had met me under such circumstances in his youthful years1 whether it would not have made so poetic an impression on him that he would have composed sonnets to me and never have forgotten me4 ,now perhaps he thinks differently1 and has probably risen above such a magic impression4 ,it may be that higher qualities--how shall ,i ever attain them8--will maintain a right over him1 unless eternal fidelity1 cleaving to his threshold1 finally wins him for me6 ,such was my mood on that cold1 clear1 winter night1 in which ,i found no occasion to shoot off my pistol4 ,not until daybreak did ,i receive permission to fire it4 ,the carriage stopped and ,i ran into the forest and bravely shot it off into the dense solitude1 in honor of your son4 ,in the meantime our axle had broken2 we felled a tree with an axe we had with us and bound it securely with ropes2 then my brother-in-law discovered how handy ,i was and complimented me4 ,thus we went on to ,magdeburg4 ,precisely at seven o'clock in the evening the fortress gates are closed2 we arrived just a minute late and had to wait outside till seven the next morning4 ,it wasn't very cold1 and the two inside the chaise went to sleep4 ,in the night it began to snow2 ,i had pulled my cloak over my head and sat quietly in my exposed seat4 ,in the morning they peeped out of the carriage at me and beheld a snow man2 but before they could get thoroughly frightened ,i threw off the cloak under which ,i had kept quite warm4 ,in ,berlin ,i was like a blind man in a throng and was so absent-minded that ,i could take no interest in anything4 ,i only longed for a dark place where ,i shouldn't be disturbed and could think of the future that was so near at hand4 ,oh1 mother1 mother1 think of your son6 ,if you knew you were to see him in a short time1 you too would be like a lightning-rod attracting every flash of lightning4 ,when we were only a few miles from ,weimar1 my brother-in-law said he did not wish to make the detour through ,weimar1 but would rather take another road4 ,i remained silent1 but ,lulu would not hear of it2 she said it had been promised me and he would have to keep his word4 ,oh1 mother1 the sword hung by a hair over my head1 but ,i managed to escape from under it4 ,we reached ,weimar at twelve o'clock and sat down to dinner1 but ,i couldn't eat4 ,the other two lay down on the sofa and went to sleep1 for we hadn't slept in three nights4 ,i advise you1 said my brother-in-law1 to take a rest too2 it won't make much difference to ,goethe whether you go to see him or not1 and there's nothing remarkable to see in him anyway4 ,can you imagine how these words discouraged me8 ,oh1 ,i didn't know what to do1 all alone in a strange town4 ,i had changed my dress and stood at the window and looked at the town clock2 it was just striking half-past two4 ,it seemed to me1 too1 that ,goethe wouldn't care particularly about seeing me2 ,i remembered that people called him proud4 ,i compresses my heart to quell its yearning4 ,suddenly the clock struck three1 and then it seemed exactly as though he had called me4 ,i ran down for the servant1 but there was no carriage to be found4 ,will a sedan chair do8 ,no1 ,i said1 that's an equipage for the hospital--and we went on foot4 ,there was a regular chocolate porridge in the streets and ,i had to have myself carried over the worst bogs4 ,in this way ,i came to ,wieland1 not to your son4 ,i had never seen ,wieland1 but ,i pretended to be an old acquaintance4 ,he thought and thought1 and finally said1 ,you certainly are a dear familiar angel1 but ,i can't seem to remember when and where ,i have seen you4 ,i jested with him and said1 ,now ,i know that you dream of me1 for you can't possibly have seen me elsewhere6 ,i had him give me a note to your son which ,i afterwards took with me and kept as a souvenir4 ,here's a copy of it3 ,bettina ,brentano1 ,sophie's sister1 ,maximilian's daughter1 ,sophie ,la ,roche's granddaughter wishes to see you1 dear brother1 and pretends that she's afraid of you and that a note from me would serve as a talisman and give her courage4 ,although ,i am pretty certain that she is merely making sport of me1 ,i nevertheless have to do what she wants and ,i shall be astonished if you don't have the same experience4 ,w4 ,april #bc1 #ahjg4 ,with this note ,i sallied forth4 ,the house lies opposite the fountain--how deafening the waters sounded in my ears6 ,i ascended the simple staircase2 in the wall stand plaster statues which impose silence--at any rate ,i couldn't utter a sound in this sacred hallway4 ,everything is cheery and yet solemn6 ,the greatest simplicity prevails in the rooms1 and yet it is all so inviting6 ,do not fear1 said the modest walls1 he will come1 and he will be1 and he will not claim to be more than you4 ,and then the door opened and there he stood1 solemnly serious1 with his eyes fixed upon me4 ,i stretched out my hands toward him1 ,i believe1 and soon ,i knew no more4 ,goethe caught me up quickly to his heart4 ,poor child1 did ,i frighten you8--those were the first words through which his voice thrilled my heart4 ,he led me into his room and placed me on the sofa opposite him4 ,there we sat1 both mute1 until at last he broke the silence4 ,you have doubtless read in the paper that we suffered a great bereavement a few days ago in the death of the ,duchess ,amalia4 ,oh1 ,i said1 ,i do not read the papers4 ,why1 ,i thought everything that goes on in ,weimar interests you4 ,no1 nothing interests me but you alone1 and therefore ,i'm far too impatient to pore over the papers4 ,you are a kind child4 ,a long pause--,i1 glued in such anxiety to the odious sofa2 you know how impossible it is for me to sit up in such well-bred fashion4 ,oh1 mother1 is it possible for any one to forget herself thus8 ,suddenly ,i said1 ,i can't stay here on this sofa any longer1 and jumped up4 ,well1 said he1 make yourself comfortable2 and with that ,i flew into his arms4 ,he drew me on his knee and pressed me to his heart4 ,everything was quiet1 oh1 so quiet1 and then all vanished4 ,i hadn't slept for so long--years had passed in longing for him--and ,i fell asleep on his breast4 ,when ,i awoke a new life began for me4 ,i'll not write you more this time4 ,,bettina4 ,may1 #ahjg4 99 99 99 ,yes1 man has a conscience2 it exhorts him to fear nothing and to leave no demand of the heart unsatisfied4 ,passion is the only key to the world and through it the spirit learns to know and feel everything1 for how could he enter the world otherwise8 ,and so ,i feel that only through my love for him am ,i born into the spirit1 that only through him the world is opened to me where the sun shines and day becomes distinct from night4 ,the things ,i do not learn through this love1 ,i shall never comprehend4 ,i wish ,i were a poor beggar girl and might sit at his door-step1 and take a morsel of bread from him1 and that in my glance my soul would be revealed to him4 ,then he would draw me close to him and wrap me in his cloak1 that ,i might grow warm4 ,surely he would not bid me depart2 ,i could remain1 wandering on and on in his home4 ,and so the years would roll by and no one would know who ,i am and no one would know what had become of me1 and thus the years and life itself would go by4 ,the whole world would be mirrored in his face1 and ,i should have no need of learning anything more499 99 99 ,october1 #ahjh4 99 99 99 ,i hadn't yet seen him at that time when you used to while away for me those hours of ardent longing by picturing to me in a thousand different ways our first meeting and his joyous astonishment4 ,now ,i know him and ,i know how he smiles and the tone of his voice--how calm it is and yet so full of love2 and his exclamations--how they come swelling from the depths of his heart like the tones of a melody1 and how gently he soothes and affirms what surges forth in wild disorder from an overflowing heart4 ,when ,i met him so unexpectedly again last year1 ,i was so beside myself and wanted to speak1 but simply could not compose myself4 ,then he placed his fingers on my lips and said1 ,speak with your eyes--,i understand it all2 and when he saw that they were full of tears he pressed my eyelids down and said2 ,quiet1 quiet1 that is best for both of us6 ,yes1 dear mother1 quiet was instantly suffused through my whole being1 for didn't ,i possess everything for which ,i had longed for years6 ,oh1 mother1 ,i shall never cease thanking you for bearing this friend2 where else could ,i have found him8 ,now don't laugh at me1 but remember that ,i loved him before ,i knew the least thing about him1 and if you had not borne him what would have become of him8 ,that is a question you cannot answer4 99 99 99 ,thus a part of the winter passed4 ,i was in a very happy frame of mind--others might call it exaltation1 but it was natural to me4 ,by the fortress wall that surrounded the large garden there was a watch-tower with a broken ladder inside4 ,a house close by had been broken into1 and though the thieves could not be traced it was believed they were concealed in the tower4 ,i had examined it by day and seen that it would be impossible for a strong man to climb up this very high ladder1 which was rotten and lacked many rungs4 ,i tried it1 but slid down again after ,i had gone up a short distance4 ,in the night1 after ,i had lain in bed awhile and ,meline was asleep1 the thought left me no peace4 ,i threw a cloak about my shoulders1 climbed out of the window1 and walked by the old ,marburg castle1 where the ,elector ,philip and ,elizabeth peeped laughingly out of the window4 ,often enough in the daytime ,i had observed this marble couple leaning far out of the window arm in arm1 as though they wanted to survey their lands2 but now at night ,i was so afraid of them that ,i jumped quickly into the tower4 ,there ,i seized the ladder and helped myself up1 heaven knows how2 what ,i was unable to do in the daytime ,i accomplished at night with anxiously throbbing heart4 ,when ,i was almost at the top1 ,i stopped and considered that the thieves might really be up there and that they might attack me and hurl me from the tower4 ,there ,i hung1 not knowing whether to climb up or down1 but the fresh air ,i scented lured me to the top4 ,what feelings came over me when ,i suddenly1 by snow and moonlight1 surveyed the landscape spread out beneath me and stood there1 alone and safe1 with the great host of stars above me6 ,thus it is after death2 the soul1 striving to free itself1 feels the burden of the body most as it is about to cast it off1 but it is victorious in the end and relieved of its anguish4 ,i was conscious only of being alone and nothing was closer to me at that moment than my solitude2 all else had to vanish before this blessing4 99 99 99 ,,letters to ,,goethe4 ,may #be1 #ahjg4 99 99 99 ,ah1 ,i can impart nothing else to thee than simply that which goes on in my heart6 ,oh1 if ,i could be with him now6 ,i thought1 the sunlight of my joy would beam on him with radiance as glowing as when his eye meets mine in friendly greeting4 ,oh1 how splendid6 ,my mind a sky of purple1 my words the warm dew of love2 my soul must issue like an unveiled bride from her chamber and confess3 ,oh1 lord and master1 in the future ,i will see thee often and long by day1 and the day shall often be closed by such an evening as this4 ,this ,i promise--that whatever goes on in my soul1 all that is untouched by the outer world1 shall be secretly and faithfully revealed to him who takes such loving interest in me and whose all-embracing power assures abundant1 fruitful nourishment to the budding germs within my breast6 ,without faith the lot of the soul is hard2 its growth is slow and meagre like that of a hot-plant between rocks4 ,thus am ,i--thus ,i was until today--and this fountain of my heart1 always without an outlet1 suddenly finds its way to the light1 and banks of balsam-breathing fields1 blooming like paradise1 accompany it on its way4 ,oh1 ,goethe6 ,my longing1 my feelings1 are melodies seeking a song to cling to6 ,may ,i cling to thee8 ,then shall these melodies ascend high enough to accompany thy songs699 99 99 ,june #bj1 #ahjg4 99 99 99 ,i cannot resist telling thee what ,i have dreamed of thee at night--as if thou wert in the world for no other purpose4 ,often ,i have had the same dream and ,i have pondered much why my soul should always commune with thee under the same conditions4 ,it is always as though ,i were to dance before thee in ethereal garments4 ,i have a feeling that ,i shall accomplish all4 ,the crowd surrounds me4 ,now ,i seek thee1 and thou sittest opposite me calm and serene as if thou didst not observe me and wert busy with other things4 ,now ,i step out before thee with shoes of gold and my silvery arms hanging down carelessly--and wait4 ,then thou raisest thy head1 involuntarily thy gaze is fixed upon me as ,i describe magic circles with airy tread4 ,thy eye leaves me no more2 thou must follow me in my movements1 and ,i experience the triumph of success6 ,all that thou scarcely divinest ,i reveal to thee in the dance1 and thou art astonished at the wisdom concealed in it4 ,soon ,i cast off my airy robe and show thee my wings and mount on high6 ,then ,i rejoice to see thy eye following me1 and ,i glide to earth again and sink into thy embrace4 ,then thou sighest and gazest at me in rapture4 ,waking from these dreams ,i return to mankind as from a distant land2 their voices seem so strange and their demeanor too6 ,and now let me confess that my tears are flowing at this confession of my dreams4 99 99 99 ,march #ae1 #ahjh4 ,when in a few weeks ,i go into the ,rhine country1 for spring will be here then1 ,i shall write thee from every mountain2 ,i am always so much nearer thee when ,i am outside the city walls4 ,i sometimes seem to feel thee then with every breath ,i take4 ,i feel thee reigning in my heart when it is beautiful without1 when the air caresses2 yes1 when nature is good and kind like thee1 then ,i feel thee so distinctly6 99 99 99 99 99 99 ,all other men seem to me as one and the same--,i do not distinguish between them1 and ,i take no interest in the great universal sea of human events4 ,the stream of life bears thee1 and thou me4 ,in thy arms ,i shall pass over it1 and thou wilt bear me until the end--wilt thou not8 ,and even though there were thousands of existences yet to come1 ,i can not take wing to them1 for with thee ,i am at home4 ,so be thou also at home in me--or dost thou know anything better than me and thee in the magic circle of life8 99 99 99 ,march #cj1 #ahjh4 99 99 99 ,the vineyards were still partially covered with snow4 ,i was sitting on a broken window-bar and freezing1 yet my ardent love for thee permeated my being4 ,i was trembling for fear of falling1 yet ,i climbed still higher because it occurred to me too venturesome for thy sake2 thus thou often inspirest me with daring4 ,it was fortunate that the wild wolves from the ,odenwald#aa did not appear1 for ,i should have grappled with them had ,i thought of thy honor4 ,it seems foolish1 but it's true4--,midnight1 the evil hour of spirits1 awakens me1 and ,i lie at the window in the cold winter wind4 ,all ,frankfurt is dead1 the wicks in the street lamps are on the point of expiring1 and the old rusty weather-vanes cry out to me1 and ,i ask myself1 is that the eternal tune8 ,then ,i feel that this life is a prison where we all have only a pitiful vision of real freedom2 that is one's own soul4 ,then a tumult rages in my breast and ,i long to soar above these old pointed gabled roofs that cut off heaven from me4 ,i leave my chamber1 run through the wide halls of our house1 and search for a way through the old garrets4 ,i suspect there are ghosts behind the rafters1 but ,i do not heed them4 ,then ,i seek the steps to the little turret1 and1 when ,i am at last on top1 ,i look out through the small window at the wide heavens and am not at all cold4 ,it seems to me then as if ,i must give vent to all my pent-up tears1 and the next day ,i am so cheerful and feel new-born1 and ,i look with cunning for a prank to play4 ,and--canst thou believe it8--all this is--thou6 ,may1 #ahjh4 ,if it pleases thee to see me at thy feet in deep shame and confusion1 then look down upon me now4 ,thus does the poor shepherd-maiden fare1 on whose head the king places a crown2 even though her heart be proud to love him1 yet the crown is too heavy and her little head staggers under the burden4 ,and besides1 she is intoxicated with the honor and the homage which her beloved pays her4 ,oh1 ,i shall be careful never to complain again or to pray for fine weather1 for ,i cannot bear the blinding sunbeams6 ,no1 rather sigh in silent darkness than be led by thy muse into the brilliant daylight1 confused and crowned--that breaks my heart4 ,o1 do not gaze on me so long2 remove the crown and press me to thy heart6 ,teach me to forget in thee that thou returnest me1 glorified1 to myself4 ,july #g1 #ahjh4 99 99 99 ,ah1 the rainbow even now setting its diamond foot on the meadow at ,ingelheim and reaching over the house to ,mount ,st4 ,john is just like the blissful illusion ,i have of thee and me6 ,the ,rhine1 spreading out its net to catch the vision of its banks of paradise1 is like this flame of life nourished by reflections of the unattainable4 ,let it then win nothing more from reality than this illusion2 it will give to me the peculiar spirit and the character expressive of my own self1 just as the reflection does to the river in which it is mirrored4 99 99 99 ,july #ah1 #ahjh4 99 99 99 ,yesterday evening ,i went up the ,rochus mountain alone and wrote thee thus far2 then ,i dreamed a little1 and when ,i came to myself ,i thought the sun was just going down1 but it was the rising moon4 ,i was astonished and should have been afraid1 but the stars wouldn't let me--these hundreds of thousands and ,i together on that night4 ,who am ,i1 then1 that ,i should be of raid8 ,am ,i not numbered with them8 ,i didn't dare descend and1 besides1 ,i shouldn't have found a boat to cross in4 ,the nights aren't so very long now1 anyway1 so ,i turned over on the other side1 said good night to the stars and was soon fast asleep4 ,now and then ,i was awakened by flitting breezes1 and then ,i thought of thee4 ,as often as ,i awoke ,i called thee to me and always said in my heart3 ,goethe be with me1 that ,i may not be afraid4 ,then ,i dreamed that ,i was floating along the reedy banks of the ,rhine1 and where it is deepest between black rocky cliffs the ring thou gavest me slipped off4 ,i saw it sinking deeper and deeper till it reached the bottom4 ,i wanted to call for help1 but then ,i awoke in the radiance of the morning1 rejoicing that the ring was still on my finger4 ,ah1 prophet1 interpret my dream for me6 ,anticipate fate1 and let no dangers beset our love after this beautiful night when1 betwixt fear and joy1 in counsel with the stars1 ,i thought of thy future6 99 99 99 ,no one knows where ,i was--and1 even if they did1 could they imagine why ,i was there8 ,thou tamest toward me through the whispering forest1 enveloped in a soft haze1 and when thou wert quite near me my tired senses could not endure it1 so strong was the fragrance of the wild thyme4 ,then ,i fell asleep--it was so beautiful--all blossoms and fragrance6 ,and the great boundless host of stars and the flickering silver moon that danced near and far upon the stream1 the intense stillness of nature in which one hears all that stirs--ah1 ,i feel my soul implanted here in this nocturnal trembling6 ,future thoughts are blossoming here2 these cold dew-pearls that weigh down grass and herbs1 from these the spirit grows6 ,oh1 it hastens to blossom for thee1 ,goethe6 ,it will unfold its gayest colors before thee6 ,it is for love of thee that ,i wish to think1 that ,i struggle with the inexpressible4 ,thou lookest upon me in spirit and thy gaze draws thoughts from me1 and then ,i am often compelled to say things ,i do not understand but only see4 ,the spirit also has senses4 ,just as there is much that we only hear1 or only see1 or only feel1 so there are thoughts which the spirit also perceives with only one of these senses4 ,often ,i only see what ,i am thinking2 often ,i only feel it1 and when ,i hear it ,i experience a shock4 ,i do not know how ,i come by this knowledge which is not the fruit of my own meditation4 ,i look about me for the author of this opinion and then conclude that it is all created from the fire of love4 ,there is warmth in the spirit2 we feel it2 the cheeks glow from our thoughts and cold chills come over us1 which fan our inspiration into new flame4 ,yes1 dear friend1 this morning when ,i awoke it seemed to me as though ,i had experienced great things1 as though the pledges of my heart had wings and soared over hill and dale into the pure1 serene1 radiant ether4 ,no vow1 no conditions--nothing but appropriate motion1 pure striving for the divine4 ,this is my pledge3 ,freedom from all ties1 and that ,i will have faith only in that spirit which reveals the beautiful and prophesies eternal bliss4 99 99 99 ,we were on the road five days1 and since then it has rained incessantly4 ,the whole house full of guests1 and not even a little corner where ,i could enjoy solitude and write thee6 ,as long as ,i have anything to tell thee1 ,i firmly believe that thy spirit is fixed upon me as upon so many enigmas of nature4 ,in fact1 ,i believe that every human being is such an enigma1 and that the mission of love between friends is to solve that enigma so that each shall learn to know his deeper nature through and in his friend4 ,yes1 dearest1 it makes me happy that my life is gradually developing through thee1 and for that reason ,i do not want to seem what ,i am not2 ,i should prefer to have all my faults and weaknesses known to thee rather than give thee a false conception of what ,i am1 for then thy love would not concern me but rather an illusion that ,i had substituted for myself4 ,for that reason1 also1 a feeling often warns me that ,i must avoid this or that for love of thee1 because ,i should deny it in thy presence4 ,from the ,rochusberg4 ,oh1 ,goethe1 thy letters are so dear to me that ,i have tied them up in a silk kerchief embroidered with bright flowers and golden ornaments4 ,the last day before our ,rhine trip ,i did not know what to do with them4 ,i did not want to take them along1 since we had only one portmanteau between us1 and ,i did not want to leave them in my little room1 which ,i could not lock because it was being used2 ,i thought the boat might sink and ,i drown--and then these letters1 one after the other of which has reposed close to my heart1 would fall into strange hands4 ,at first ,i wanted to leave them with the nuns in ,vollratz 7they are ,st4 ,bernard nuns who were driven from their convent and are now living there71 but ,i changed my mind afterwards4 ,the last time ,i was up here on the mountain ,i found a spot4 ,beneath the confession-chair still standing in the ,rochus chapel1 in which ,i'm also in the habit of keeping my writings1 ,i dug a hole and lined it on the inside with shells from the ,rhine and beautiful little pebbles that ,i found on the mountain4 ,i placed the letters in it1 wrapped in their silken covering1 and before the spot planted a thistle which ,i had pulled up carefully by the roots together with the earth about them4 ,on the journey ,i was often worried about them2 what a shock it would have been if ,i had not found them again6 ,my heart stands still at the very thought of it6 ,august #bd1 #ahjh4 99 99 99 ,it was midnight2 the moon rose dim4 ,the ship1 whose shadow sailed along beside it1 like a monster1 upon the illuminated ,rhine1 cast a dazzling light upon the woody meadow of ,ingelheim along which it was moving4 ,the moon appeared behind the meadow1 mild and modest1 and gradually wrapped itself in a thin cloud of mist as in a veil4 ,whenever we contemplate nature in calm meditation1 it always lays hold of our heartstrings4 ,what could have turned my senses more fervently to ,god1 what could have more easily freed me from the trivial things that oppress me8 ,i am not ashamed to confess to thee that at that moment thy image flamed up impetuously in my soul4 ,it is true3 ,thy radiance pierces me as the sun pours into the crystal of the grape and1 like the sun1 thou dost ripen me with ever increasing fire and ever increasing purity4 99 99 99 ,february #bc1 #ahji4 ,if thy imagination is supple enough to accompany me into all the recesses of ruined walls1 over mountains and chasms1 then ,i shall venture farther and introduce thee to the recesses of my heart4 ,i beg thee1 therefore1 to climb up here1 still higher1 up three flights to my room2 sit on the blue stool by the green table opposite me4 ,i merely want to gaze at thee--and1 ,goethe--does thy imagination still follow me8--then thou must discover the most constant love in my eyes1 and must draw me lovingly into thy arms1 and say1 ,such a faithful child is given me as a reward1 as amends1 for much6 ,this child is dear to me1 'tis a treasure1 a precious jewel that ,i do not wish to lose4 ,dost thou understand8 ,and thou must kiss me1 for that is what my imagination bestows on thine6 ,i shall lead thee still farther6 ,step softly into the chamber of my heart-here we are in the vestibule--utter stillness--no ,humboldt--no architect--no barking dog4 ,thou art not a stranger2 go up and knock2 it will be alone and call to thee ,come in6 ,thou wilt find it on a cool1 quiet couch1 and a friendly light will greet thee4 ,all will be peace and order1 and thou wilt be welcome6 ,what is that8 ,heavens6 ,see the flames shooting up over him6 ,whence this conflagration8 ,who can save here8 ,poor heart6 ,poor1 suffering heart6 ,what can reason accomplish here8 ,it knows everything better and yet can not help2 its arms drop helpless by its side4 99 99 99 ,good night1 good night until tomorrow6 ,everything is quiet and all in the house are asleep dreaming of the things they desire when awake2 but ,i alone am awake with thee4 ,outside1 on the street1 all is still4 ,i should like to be assured that at this moment no soul besides mine is thinking of thee1 that no other heart gives a throb for thee1 and that ,i alone in the wide world am sitting at thy feet1 my heart beating with full strokes4 ,and while all are asleep ,i am awake in order to press thy knee to my breast--and thou8--the world need not know that thou lovest me6 ,october #bc1 #ahji4 ,the moon is shining from afar over the mountains and winter clouds drive by in droves4 ,i have been standing at the window awhile and watching the tumult in the heavens4 ,dear ,goethe6 ,good ,goethe6 ,i am all alone2 it has taken me out of myself again and up to thee4 ,i must nurse this love between us like a new-born babe4 ,beautiful butterflies balance themselves on the flowers ,i have planted about his cradle1 golden fables adorn his dreams2 ,i jest and play with him1 and employ all my cunning to gain his favor4 ,but thou dost master it without effort by the splendid harmony of thy spirit2 with thee there is no need of tender outbursts1 of protestations4 ,while ,i look after each moment of the present1 the power of blessing emanates from thee that transcends all reason and all the universe4 99 99 99 ,last night ,i dreamed of thee6 ,what could have been more beautiful8 ,thou wast serious and very busy and didst ask me not to disturb thee4 ,that made me sad and then thou didst press my hand tenderly to my bosom and didst say1 ,be quiet2 ,i know thee and understand all4 ,then ,i awoke1 and thy ring1 which ,i had pressed to myself in my sleep1 had left its imprint on my bosom4 ,i pressed it more firmly against the same spot1 since ,i could not embrace thee4 ,is there nothing1 then1 in a dream8 ,to me it is everything1 and ,i will gladly give up the activities of the day if ,i can be with thee and speak with thee at night4 ,oh1 be thou my happiness in my dreams6 ,munich1 ,november #i1 #ahji4 99 99 99 ,this is my vow3 ,i will gather flowers for thee and bright garlands shall adorn thy entrance2 should thy foot stumble1 it will be over the wreaths which ,i have laid on thy threshold1 and shouldst thou dream1 it is the balsam of magic blossoms that intoxicates thee--flowers of a strange and distant world where ,i am at home and not a stranger as in this book#ab where a ravenous tiger devours the delicate image of spiritual love4 ,i do not understand this cruel riddle2 ,i cannot comprehend why they all make themselves unhappy and why they all serve a malicious demon with a thorny sceptre1 why ,charlotte1 who strews incense before him daily1 yes1 hourly1 should prepare misfortune for them all with mathematical precision6 ,is not love free8 ,are those two not affinities8 ,why should she prevent them from living this innocent life with and near each other8 ,they are twins2 twined round each other they ripen on to their birth into the light1 and she would separate these seedlings because she cannot believe in innocence1 which she inoculates with the monstrous sin of prejudice6 ,o what a fatal precaution6 ,let me tell you3 ,no one seems to comprehend ideal love2 they all believe in sensual love1 and consequently they neither experience nor bestow any happiness that springs from that higher emotion or might be fully realized through it4 ,whatever may fall to my lot1 let it be through this ideal love that tears down all barriers to new worlds of art1 divination1 and poetry4 ,naturally it can live only in a noble element just as it feels at home only in a lofty mind4 ,here thy ,mignon occurs to me--how she dances blindfolded between eggs4 ,my love is adroit2 you can rely thoroughly on its instinct2 it will also dance on blindly1 and will make no misstep4 99 99 99 ,november #bi1 #ahji4 ,i had written thus far yesterday1 when ,i crept into bed from fear1 but ,i could not succeed yesterday in falling asleep at thy feet1 lost in contemplation of thee as ,i do every evening4 ,i was ashamed that ,i had chattered so arrogantly1 and perhaps all is not as ,i mean it4 ,maybe it is jealousy that excites me so and impels me to seek a way to draw thee to me again and make thee forget her4#ac ,well1 put me to the test1 and1 be it as it may1 do not forget my love4 ,forgive me also for sending thee my diary4 ,i wrote it on the ,rhine and have spread out before thee my childhood years and shown thee how our mutual affinity drove me on like a rivulet hastening on over crags and rocks1 through thorns and mosses1 till thou1 mighty stream1 didst engulf me4 ,yes1 ,i wanted to keep this book until ,i should at last be with thee again1 so that ,i might tell by looking into thy eyes in the morning what thou hadst read in it the evening before4 ,but now it torments me to think of thee substituting my diary for ,ottilie's1 and loving the living one who remains with thee more than the one who has departed from thee4 ,do not burn my letters1 do not tear them up1 for it might give thee pain--so firmly1 so absolutely1 am ,i joined to thee4 ,but do not show them to any one2 keep them concealed like a secret beauty1 for my love is becoming to thee2 thou art beautiful because thou feelest thyself loved6 ,february #bi1 #ahaj4 ,i will confess to thee and honestly acknowledge all my sins--first1 those for which thou art partly responsible and which thou too must expiate with me1 then those which weigh most heavily on me1 and finally those in which ,i actually rejoice4 ,first3 ,i tell thee too often that ,i love thee1 yet ,i know nothing else1 no matter how1 much ,i turn it one way or the other2 that's all there is4 ,secondly3 ,i am jealous of all thy friends1 the playmates of thy youth1 the sun that shines into thy room1 thy servants1 and1 above all1 thy gardener that lays out the asparagus-beds at thy command4 ,thirdly3 ,i begrudge thee all pleasure because ,i am not along4 ,when any one has seen thee and speaks of thy gaiety and charm1 it does not please me particularly2 but when he says thou wast serious1 cool1 and reserved1 then ,i am delighted6 ,fourthly3 ,i neglect every one for thy sake2 nobody is anything to me1 and ,i don't care anything about their love2 indeed1 if any one praises me1 he displeased me4 ,that is jealousy of thee and me1 and by no means a proof of a generous heart2 it is a sign of a wretched character that withers on one side when it would blossom on the other4 ,fifthly3 ,i have a great inclination to despise everybody1 especially those that praise thee1 and ,i cannot bear to hear anything good said of thee4 ,only a few simple persons can ,i allow to speak of thee1 and it need not be praise at that4 ,no1 they may even make fun of thee a little1 and then1 ,i can tell thee1 an unmerciful roguishness comes over me when ,i can throw off the chains of slavery for a brief spell4 ,sixthly3 ,i have a deep resentment in my soul that it is not thee with whom ,i live under the same roof and with whom ,i breathe the same air4 ,i am afraid to be near strangers4 ,in church ,i look for a seat on the beggars' bench1 because they are the most neutral2 the finer the people1 the stronger my aversion4 ,to be touched makes me angry1 ill1 and unhappy1 and so ,i cannot stand it long in society at dances4 ,i am fond of dancing1 could ,i but dance alone in the open where the breath of strangers would not touch me4 ,what influence would it have on the soul if one could always live near one's friend8--all the more painful the struggle against that which must remain forever estranged1 spiritually as well as physically4 ,seventhly3 ,when ,i have to listen to any one reading aloud in company1 ,i sit in a corner and secretly hold my ears shut or1 at the first word that comes along1 completely lose myself in thoughts4 ,then1 when some one does not understand1 ,i awaken out of another world and presume to supply the explanation1 and what the rest consider madness is all reasonable enough to me and consistent with an inner knowledge that ,i cannot impart4 ,above all1 ,i cannot bear to hear anything read from thy works1 nor can ,i bear to read them aloud2 ,i must be alone with me and thee4 ,vienna1 ,may #bh1 #ahaj4 ,it is ,beethoven of whom ,i want to speak now1 and in whom ,i have forgotten the world and thee4 ,i may not be qualified to judge1 but ,i am not mistaken when ,i say 7what perhaps no one now realizes or believes7 that he is far in advance of the culture of all mankind1 and ,i wonder whether we can ever catch up with him6 ,i doubt it4 ,i only hope that he may live until the mighty and sublime enigma that lies in his soul may have reached its highest and ripest perfection4 ,may he reach his highest ideal1 for then he will surely leave in our hands the key to a divine knowledge which will bring us one step nearer true bliss6 ,to thee ,i may confess that ,i believe in a divine magic which is the element of spiritual nature1 and this magic ,beethoven employs in his music4 ,all he can teach thee about it is pure magic2 every combination of sounds is a phase of a higher existence1 and for this reason ,beethoven feels that he is the founder of a new sensuous basis in the spiritual life4 ,thou wilt probably be able to feel intuitively what ,i am trying to say1 and that it is true4 ,who could replace this spirit8 ,from whom could we expect anything equivalent to it8 ,all human activity passes to and fro before him like clockwork2 he alone creates freely from his inmost self the undreamed of1 the untreated4 ,what would intercourse with the outside world profit this man1 who is at his sacred work before sunrise and scarcely looks about him before sunset1 who forgets bodily nourishment1 and who is borne in his flight by the stream of inspiration past the shores of superficial1 everyday life4 ,he himself said to me1 ,whenever ,i open my eyes ,i cannot but sigh1 for all ,i see is counter to my religion and ,i must despise the world which does not comprehend that music is a higher revelation than all wisdom and philosophy4 ,it is the wine which inspires new creations1 and ,i am the ,bacchus who presses out this glorious wine for men and intoxicates their spirit6 99 99 99 ,i have no friend and must ever be alone1 but ,i know that ,god is nearer to me in my art than to others1 and ,i commune with him without fear2 ,i have always recognized ,him and understood ,him4 ,nor have ,i any fears for my music2 it can meet no evil fate1 for he to whom it makes itself intelligible will be freed from all misery with which others are burdened4 ,all this ,beethoven said to me the first time ,i saw him1 and ,i was penetrated with a feeling of reverence when he expressed himself to me with such friendly candor1 since ,i must have seemed very unimportant to him4 ,besides1 ,i was astonished1 for ,i had been told that he was exceedingly reticent and avoided conversation with any one2 in fact1 they were afraid to introduce me to him1 so ,i had to look him up alone4 ,he has three dwellings in which he alternately conceals himself--one in the country1 one in the city1 and the third on the bastion1 in the third story of which ,i found him4 ,i entered unannounced and mentioned my name4 ,he was seated at the piano and was quite amiable4 ,he inquired whether ,i did not wish to hear a song that he had just composed4 ,then he sang1 in a shrill and piercing voice1 so that the plaintiveness reacted upon the listener1 ,knowest thou the land8 ,it is beautiful1 isn't it1 very beautiful6 he cried1 enraptured2 ,i'll sing it again2 and was delighted at my ready applause4 ,most people are stirred by something good1 but they are not artistic natures2 artists are fiery--they do not weep4 ,then he sang one of thy songs that he had composed lately1 ,dry not1 ,tears of ,eternal ,love4 ,yesterday ,i went for a walk with him through a beautiful garden at ,schnbrunn that was in full blossom2 all the hothouses were open and the fragrance was overpowering4 ,beethoven stopped in the burning sun and said1 ,goethe's poems exercise a great power over me1 not alone through their content1 but also through their rhythm1 and ,i am incited and moved to compose by his language1 which is built up as if by the aid of spirits into a sublime structure that bears within it the mystery of harmonies4 ,then from the focus of my inspiration ,i must let the melody stream forth in every direction2 ,i pursue it1 passionately overtake it again1 see it escaping me a second time and disappearing in a host of varying emotions2 soon ,i seize it with renewed ardor2 ,i can no longer separate myself from it1 but with impetuous rapture ,i must reproduce it in all modulations1 and1 in the final moment1 ,i triumph over the musical idea--and that1 you see1 is a symphony6 ,yes1 music is truly the mediator between the spiritual and the sensuous world4 ,i should like to discuss this with ,goethe2 ,i wonder whether he would understand me6 ,melody is the sensuous life of poetry4 ,does not the spiritual content of a poem become sensuous feeling through melody8 ,do we not in the song of ,mignon feel her whole sensuous mood through melody1 and does not this sensation incite one in turn to new creations8 ,then the spirit longs to expand to boundless universality where everything together forms a channel for the feelings that spring from the simple musical thought and that otherwise would die away unnoted4 ,this is harmony2 this is expressed in my symphonies2 the blending of manifold forms rolls on to the goal in a single channel4 ,at such moments one feels that something eternal1 infinite1 something that can never be wholly comprehended1 lies in all things spiritual2 and although ,i always have the feeling of success in my compositions1 yet with the last stroke of the drum with which ,i have driven home my own enjoyment1 my musical conviction1 to my hearers1 ,i feel an eternal hunger to begin anew1 like a child1 what a moment before seemed to me to have been exhausted4 ,speak to ,goethe of me2 and tell him to hear my symphonies4 ,then he will agree with me that music is the sole incorporeal entrance into a higher world of knowledge which1 to be sure1 embraces man1 but which he1 on the other hand1 can never embrace4 ,rhythm of the spirit is necessary to comprehend music in its essence2 music imparts presentiments1 inspirations of divine science1 and what the spirit experiences of the sensuous in it is the embodiment of spiritual knowledge4 ,although the spirits live upon music as man lives upon air1 it is a very different matter to comprehend it with the spirit4 ,but the more the soul draws its sensuous nourishment from it1 the riper the spirit becomes for a happy mutual understanding4 ,but few ever attain this understanding1 for just as thousands marry for love and yet love is never once revealed to them1 although they all pursue the trade of love1 so do thousands hold communion with music and yet do not possess its revelation4 ,for music also has as its foundation the sublime tokens of the moral sense1 just as every art does2 every genuine invention indicates moral progress4 ,to subject oneself to its inscrutable laws1 to curb and guide one's spirit by means of these laws1 so that it will pour forth the revelations of music--this is the isolating principle of art4 ,to be dissolved by its revelation--that is the surrender to the divine1 which quietly exercises its mastery over the delirium of unbridled forces and thus imparts the greatest efficacy to the imagination4 ,thus art always represents divinity1 and the human relationship to art constitutes religion4 ,whatever we acquire through art comes from ,god2 it is a divine inspiration1 which sets up an attainable goal for human capacities4 ,we do not know whence our knowledge comes2 the firmly inclosed seed requires the warm1 moist1 electric soil to sprout1 to think1 to express itself4 ,music is the electric soil in which the soul lives1 thinks1 invents4 ,philosophy is a precipitation of its electric spirit1 and the need that philosophy feels of basing everything on an ultimate principle is in turn relieved by music4 ,although the spirit is not master of what it creates through the mediation of music1 yet it experiences ecstasy in this creation4 ,in this way every genuine creation of art is independent1 mightier than the artist himself1 and through its expression it returns to its divine source2 it is concerned with man only insomuch as it bears witness to divine mediation in him4 ,music gives the spirit its relation to harmony4 ,a thought1 even when isolated1 still senses the totality of relationship in the spirit2 thus every thought in music is most intimately and inseparably related to the totality of harmony1 which is unity4 ,everything electric stimulates the spirit to fluent1 precipitous1 musical creation4 ,i myself am of an electrical nature4 99 99 99 ,he took me to a grand rehearsal with full orchestra1 and ,i sat back in a box all alone in the large1 unlighted hall1 and saw this mighty spirit wield his authority4 ,oh1 ,goethe ,i ,no emperor1 no king1 is so conscious of his power1 so conscious that all power radiates from him1 as this same ,beethoven is1 who only now in the garden was searching for the source of his inspiration4 ,if ,i understood him as ,i feel him1 ,i should be omniscient4 ,there he stood1 so firmly resolved1 his gestures and features expressing the perfection of his creation1 anticipating every error1 every misconception2 every breath obeyed his will1 and everything was set into the most rational activity by the superb presence of his spirit4 ,one might well prophesy that such a spirit will reappear in a later reincarnation as ruler of the universe6 ,november #d1 #ahaj4 ,dost thou want me to tell thee of bygone days1 how1 when thy spirit was revealed to me1 ,i gained control over my own spirit in order the more perfectly to embrace and love thine8 ,and why should ,i not become dizzy with ecstasy8 ,is the prospect of a fall so fearful after all8 ,just as the precious jewel1 touched by a single ray of light1 reflects a thousand colors1 so also thy beauty1 illumined only by the ray of my enthusiasm1 will be enriched a thousandfold4 ,it is only when everything is comprehended that the ,something can prove its full worth1 and so thou wilt understand when ,i tell thee that the bed in which thy mother brought thee into the world had blue checkered hangings4 ,she was eighteen years old at the time1 and had been married a year4 ,in this connection she remarked that thou wouldst remain forever young and that thy heart would never grow old1 since thou hadst received thy mother's youth into the bargain4 ,thou didst ponder the matter for three days before thou didst decide to come into the world1 and thy mother was in great pain4 ,angry that necessity had driven thee from thy nature-abode and because of the bungling of the nurse1 thou didst arrive quite black and with no signs of life4 ,they laid thee in a so-called butcher's tray and bathed thee in wine1 quite despairing of thy life4 ,thy grandmother stood behind the bed1 and when thou didst open thine eyes she cried out1 ,frau ,rat1 he lives6 ,then my maternal heart awoke and it has lived in unceasing enthusiasm to this very hour1 said thy mother to me in her seventy-fifth year4 ,thy grandfather1 one of the most honored citizens of ,frankfurt and at that time syndic1 always applied good as well as bad fortune to the welfare of the city1 and so thy difficult birth resulted in an accoucher being appointed for the poor4 ,even in his cradle he was a blessing to mankind1 said thy mother4 ,she gave thee her breast but thou couldst not be induced to take nourishment1 and so a nurse was procured for thee4 ,since he drank from her with such appetite and comfort and we discovered that ,i had no milk1 she said1 we soon noticed that he was wiser than all of us when he wouldn't take nourishment from me4 ,now that thou art born at last ,i can pause a little2 now that thou art in the world1 each moment is dear enough to me to linger over it1 and ,i have no desire to call up the second moment1 since it will drive me away from the first4 ,where'er thou art are love and goodness1 where'er thou art is nature too4 ,now ,i shall wait till thou writest me again1 ,pray go on with thy story4 ,then ,i shall first ask1 ,well1 where did we leave off8 and then ,i shall tell thee of thy grandparents1 thy dreams1 thy beauty1 pride1 love1 etc4 ,amen4 ,frau ,rat1 he lives6 ,these words always thrilled me through and through whenever thy mother uttered them in exultant tones4 ,of thy birth we may well say3 ,the sword that threatens danger ,hangs often by a thread2 ,but the blessing of eternity ,on us one gracious glance may shed4 ,extract from a letter written in #ahbb1 ten years after the breach in their relations4 ,to give perfect expression to thee would probably be the most powerful seal of my love1 indeed1 being a creation of divine nature1 it would prove my affinity to thee4 ,it would be an enigma solved1 like unto a long restrained mountain torrent which at last penetrates to the light1 enduring the tremendous fall in voluptuous rapture1 at a moment of life through which and after which a higher existence begins4 ,thou destroyer1 who hast taken my free will from me2 thou creator1 who hast produced within me the sensation of awakening1 who hast convulsed me with a thousand electric sparks from the realm of sacred nature6 ,through thee ,i learned to love the curling of the tender vine1 and the tears of my longing have fallen on its frost-kissed fruits2 for thy sake ,i have kissed the young grass1 for thy sake offered my open bosom to the dew2 for thy sake ,i have listened intently when the butterfly and the bee swarmed about me1 for ,i wanted to feel thee in the sacred sphere of thy enjoyments4 ,oh1 thou2 toy in disguise with thy beloved--could ,i help1 after ,i had divined thy secret1 becoming intoxicated with love for thee8 ,canst thou divine the thrills that shook me when the trees poured down their fragrance and their blossoms upon me8 ,for ,i thought and felt and firmly believed that it was thy caressing of nature1 thy enjoyment of her beauty1 that it was her yearning1 her surrender to thee1 that loosened these blossoms from their trembling boughs and sent them gently whirling into my lap4 ,,bettina4 ,,immermann ,,and ,,his ,,drama ,,merlin ,,by ,,martin ,,sch,,tze1 ,,ph4,d4 ,associate ,professor of ,german ,literature1 ,university of ,chicago ,karl ,lebrecht ,immermann was born in ,magdeburg1 in ,april1 #agif4 ,his father1 who held a good position in the ,civil ,service1 was a very severe and domineering man2 his mother1 imaginative and over-indulgent4 ,karl's childhood and early youth were uneventful4 ,after passing through the regular course of preparatory education in a ,gymnasium1 he entered1 in #ahac1 the ,university of ,halle4 ,during his first year there1 ,germany rose up to throw off the yoke of ,napoleon1 and the ,king of ,prussia issued a proclamation calling the nation to arms1 to which the people responded with unprecedented unanimity and enthusiasm4 ,schoolboys and bearded men1 laborers and professional men1 merchants and soldiers1 united in one patriotic purpose4 ,the regular army was everywhere supplemented by volunteer organizations4 ,an epoch began which in its enthusiasm1 its idealism1 the force and richness of its inspiration1 and its overwhelming impetus deserved1 more than any other in modern history1 its title3 ,the ,spring of ,nations4 ,immermann's sensitive and responsive nature thrilled with the general impulse1 and he asked his father to let him join the army1 but was told1 peremptorily1 not to interrupt the first year of his studies4 ,he submitted1 and plunged into the study of the literature of the ,romanticists1 which1 in its remoteness from actuality1 offered distraction from his disappointment4 ,during this time he fell ill of typhoid fever1 from which he did not fully recover until the campaign had victoriously ended in the battle of ,leipzig4 ,he joined1 however1 after ,napoleon's escape from ,elba1 the second campaign1 in which he took part in two battles4 ,at the end of the war1 having retired as an officer of the reserves1 he returned to ,halle to finish his study of the law4 ,he found a new spirit dominant among the students4 ,this spirit1 characterized by a strongly democratic desire for national unity1 pride of race1 and impatience with external and conventional restraints1 had a rich network of roots in the immediate past3 in the individualism and the humanism of the ,storm and ,stress ,movement and the ,classic ,era of the eighteenth century2 in the subjective idealism of the ,romantic school2 in the nationalism of ,klopstock1 ,herder1 ,schiller1 and ,fichte1 and in the self-reliant transcendentalism of ,kant's philosophy and ,schleiermacher's theology4 ,this spirit had received its political direction principally through the genius of the ,baron von ,stein1 the ,prussian statesman1 whose aim was the restoration of ,german national unity4 ,he believed that the political unity of ,germany must rest on the soundness of the common people1 rather than on the pretensions of the aristocracy whose corruption he held responsible for the decadence of the nation4 ,following the example of ,frederick the ,great1 he tried to foster the simple virtues of the common man4 ,he was1 however1 opposed to radicalism1 seeing permanent progress only in order1 self-discipline1 and moderation4 ,his leading idea1 which was shared by such men as ,scharnhorst1 ,gneisenau1 ,niebuhr1 and others1 was that the principal task of the time was to arouse the whole nation to independent political thinking and activity1 in order to develop self-confidence1 courage1 and devotion to a great unselfish ideal4 ,these ideas became a national ideal1 an active passion1 under the pressure and stress of the ,napoleonic usurpation and in the heat and fervor of war and victory4 ,illustration3 ,c4,t4 ,,lessing ,,karl ,,lerrecht ,,immermann ,it was unavoidable that this spirit produced among the younger men1 and especially among the university students1 traditionally unaccustomed to patience with restraints1 many excesses1 absurdities and follies4 ,an extreme and tyrannical nativism1 a tasteless archaism in dress1 manner1 and speech1 an intolerant and aggressive democratic propaganda offended and bullied the more conservative4 ,this spirit spread particularly through the agencies of the student fraternities called ,burschenschaften1 and the athletic associations1 the ,turners1 advocated and fostered by ,jahn4 ,immermann became the mouthpiece of the conservatives among the students1 and he went so far as to publish some pamphlets denouncing specific acts of violence of the leading radical fraternity1 the ,teutonia4 ,when the university authorities1 who to a considerable extent sympathized with the radicals1 neglected to act1 ,immermann addressed a complaint to the ,king4 ,this move resulted in the dissolution of the accused fraternity and in governmental hostility to all fraternities1 and brought the hatred and contempt of the radicals on ,immermann4 ,immermann acted undoubtedly from sincere motives1 yet deserved much of the condemnation he suffered4 ,he had not sufficient vision to penetrate through the objectionable and tasteless externalities of the liberal movement--with which he was unfairly preoccupied even at the time of ,die ,epigonen1 a score of years later--to the greater and enduring core of the aspirations of the modern age4 ,the petty things were too near to his eye and obscured the greater things which were further removed4 ,he thought he upheld a higher principle of morality by applying the principles of von ,stein to a new situation2 but be failed to see the new1 larger morality imbedded in much confusion4 ,history has reversed his judgment4 ,after completing his studies he received a government appointment in the provincial capital of ,westphalia1 ,muenster4 ,here1 in this conservative old town1 began one of the most extraordinary relations between man and woman in modern ,german literary history4 ,immermann fell in love with ,countess ,elisa von ,luetzow-,ahlefeldt1 wife of the famous old commander of volunteers1 ,brigadier-,general von ,luetzow4 ,elisa1 an extremely gifted and spirited woman1 had formed a circle of interesting people1 in which her husband1 a dashing soldier but a man of uninteresting mentality1 played a very subordinate part4 ,immermann and ,elisa struggled along against the tyranny of the affinity that drew them together4 ,immermann wrote a number of dramas1 highly romantic1 in which the passion and strife within him found varied expression4 ,the play which made him known beyond his immediate circle1 was ,cardenio and ,celinde1 the conflict of which was suggested by his own4 ,elisa was finally divorced from ,luetzow4 ,immermann was appointed a judge in ,magdeburg1 and later in ,duesseldorf4 ,he asked ,elisa to marry him4 ,she refused1 but offered to live with him in free companionship4 ,they joined their lives1 pledging themselves not to enter other relations4 ,they remained together until #ahci1 less than a year before ,immermann's death1 when he married a young girl of nineteen4 ,elisa left his house in sorrow and bitterness4 ,immermann characterized his relation to her thus in a letter to his fiance1 in #ahci3 ,i loved the countess deeply and purely when ,i was kindled by her flame4 ,but she took such a strange position toward me that ,i never could have a pure1 genuine1 enduring joy in this love4 ,there were delights1 but no quiet gladness4 ,i always felt as if a splendid comet had appeared on the horizon1 but never as if the dear warm ,god's sun had risen4 ,his life with ,elisa in ,duesseldorf was rich in friends and works4 ,the sculptor ,schadow1 the founder of the art school there1 the dramatists von ,uechtritz and ,michael ,beer1 brother of ,meyerbeer1 were among his friends4 ,he had intimate relations with ,mendelssohn during the years of the latter's stay in ,duesseldorf4 ,he tried to assist ,grabbe1 the erratic and unfortunate dramatist4 ,during three years he was manager of the ,duesseldorf theatre1 trying many valuable and idealistic experiments4 ,he died ,august #be1 #ahdj4 ,the most important of his works are ,das ,trauerspiel in ,tirol1 #ahbf1 treating of the tragic story of ,andreas ,hofer2 ,kaiser ,friedrich ,,ii41 #ahbg1 a drama of the ,hohenstaufen2 the comic heroic epic1 ,tulifaentchen1 #ahcj1 a satiric version of an heroic ,tom ,thumb2 ,alexis1 #ahcb1 a trilogy setting forth the destruction of the reforms begun by ,peter the ,great2 ,merlin1 #ahcb2 and his two novels1 ,die ,epigonen1 #ahcf1 and ,mnchhausen1 #ahch-i4 ,in ,die ,epigonen1 one of the long list of representatives of the species of novels which began with ,goethe's ,wilhelm ,meister1 ,immermann tried to present the development of a young man and a picture of the principal social forces of his period4 ,but he was too imitative in following his great model1 and too much confused by subjective preoccupations1 to comprehend and to state clearly the substance of the matter4 ,only two of his works have enduring value1 his mystical tragedy ,merlin1 and the part of ,mnchhausen called ,der ,oberhof 7,the ,upper ,farm71 which deals with the lives and types of the small freehold farmers4 ,immermann1 following ,baron von ,stein1 believed that the health and future of society1 endangered by the corrupt and dissipated nobility1 rested1 on the sturdy1 self-reliant1 individualistic yet severely moral and patriotic1 small peasant4 ,in the main character of the story1 the rugged1 proud1 inflexibly honorable old farmer1 who has inherited the sword of ,charles the ,great1 he has drawn one of the most living characters in early modern ,german fiction4 ,the other figures1 too1 are full of life and reality4 ,the story has1 aside from its importance in the history of the ,german novel1 an enduring value of its own4 ,immermann1 in spite of his unremitting endeavor1 failed to attain literary or moral greatness4 ,he lacked the fundamental and organic unity of great natures4 ,he had more qualities of mind than most of his important contemporaries1 but in not one of these qualities did he attain to the degree which assures distinction4 ,in his ,merlin he treated a conflict which was fundamentally similar to that of ,grillparzer's ,libussa4 ,yet ,grillparzer1 much more one-sided than he1 possessed the true ,romantic-mystic quality1 whereas ,immermann had to elaborate his symbolism with the patchwork of careful1 allegoric analysis4 ,he had a richer contact with social forces than ,heine1 yet his realizations of them were awkward and meagre1 his humor wooden1 his imagery derived4 ,he had much greater intellectual force than ,platen1 yet he lacked the incisive and controlled critical sense of the latter4 ,having no one faculty to a distinguished degree1 he constantly had to substitute the strained labor of one faculty for the spontaneous production of another4 ,predominantly rationalistic1 he labored at the symbolistic vision of ,romanticism2 preminently a man of prose1 he endeavored all his life to be a great poet4 ,he mistook the responsive excitement produced by the ideas and visions of others for authentic inspiration1 the vivacity of a sociable and conversational gift for the creative force of genius1 and the immobility of obvious and established conventional judgments for an extraordinary soundness and incisiveness of fundamental analysis4 ,there was in him1 as he himself once said1 a certain aftertaste of a worthy philistinism4 ,the dominant bent of his mind was toward the immediate actualities1 and this bent in the end1 as in his antagonism against the radical students in ,halle1 always overcame his endeavor to grasp the more remote realities of a larger vision4 ,the purposes of his literary works1 like the beginning and purpose of his intimacy with ,elisa1 are always large1 comprehensive1 and idealistic1 but they always1 even in his most important work1 ,merlin1 dwindle to petty details of actuality4 ,his significance for the present age does not so much rest on his objective achievement1 as on some of his qualities which prevented achievement4 ,he was perhaps the most considerable representative of the literary ,epigones intervening between the esthetic individualistic humanism of the eighteenth1 and the economic-coperative humanism of the nineteenth century4 ,he1 more fully perhaps than any of his contemporaries1 represented the peculiar border-type of literary personality which is both compounded and torn asunder by all the principal conflicting forces of a period of historic transition4 ,he was a victim of the manifold division of impulses1 the ill-related patchwork of impressions1 and the disconcerting refractions of vision1 which characterized his contemporaries4 ,it is in the fact that he united in himself the principal factors which made up the complexion of his age1 to an extraordinary degree1 that he has his strongest claim upon the sympathetic and studious interest of the modern age4 ,,merlin3 ,a ,,myth ,the principal dramatic agencies in ,merlin are ,satan1 ,klingsor1 ,titurel1 ,king ,artus and his ,round ,table1 ,niniana1 and ,merlin4 ,in them1 ,immermann tried to embody the dominant moral and intellectual tendencies1 as he saw them in history and his own times4 ,satan1 the demiurgos1 is to him no theological devil1 but a princely character1 the ,lord of ,necessity1 the non-moral1 irresistible1 cosmic force of physical creation4 ,he demands1 expressing the faith of ,young-,germany3 ,o6 naked bodies1 insolent art1 ,o6 wrath of heroes1 and heroic voice6 ,the pride of life in him and in ,lucifer1 who personifies the creative fire1 is aroused against the narrow asceticism of orthodox ,christianity1 embodied in the wan and feeble ,titurel4 ,satan decides to imitate the ,lord of ,christianity1 by begetting upon a virgin1 ,candida1 a son who is to save the world from the sterility of asceticism4 ,candida is briefly introduced1 acknowledging the power of the mighty spirit and bewailing her fate in one of the finest passages in the play4 ,merlin is born1 combining the supernatural creative powers of his father with the tenderness and sympathy of his mother4 ,his purpose is to reconcile the true principles of primitive ,christianity with the natural impulses of life4 ,merlin thus is opposed to his father as well as to ,titurel and his dull and narrow guild who keep the true spirit of humanity captive4 ,he is both anti-,satan and anti-,christ4 ,he next comes into conflict with the third fundamental force1 ,klingsor4 ,the latter is really only a variant of ,satan and1 while interesting1 is somewhat less fundamental1 being more a philosophic and literary1 than an active1 antagonist4 ,his symbol is the circled serpent1 the embodiment of permanence within the changing world of actuality4 ,he represents the nature-philosophy of ,romanticism and especially of ,schelling1 a philosophy so vast and unsubstantial that all values of conduct and all incentives to action disappeared in its featureless abyss4 ,immermann intensely disliked it4 ,he was1 as he said1 a lover of men2 the worship of nature drained and exhausted the sympathies1 the wills and the spirits of men4 ,the passages in which ,klingsor himself1 in his moments of despair1 and ,merlin expose the emptiness of this philosophy1 are among the best philosophic statements of the play4 ,they are1 how ever1 too exhaustive4 ,but they are good philosophy1 if they are bad drama and poetry4 ,klingsor says of the nature book ,it asserts3 all is vain2 nought but stale mediocrity--while we are shaken from1 shell to core by the breath of the times4 ,he is worshipped by the dwarfs because he has opened the mysteries of inanimate nature1 and he commands the spirits of classical life represented by ,antinous1 and the pagan' gods and demi-gods1 the personifications of the nave impulses of nature4 ,but he realizes that his wisdom1 while it makes dwarfs happy1 is inadequate for human beings4 ,the teaching of ,merlin is essentially the humanism of the moderate liberalism of ,baron von ,stein and his followers4 ,klingsor1 voicing the sentiments of ,romantic aristocratism1 accuses him3 ,you tell the mob3 ,be your own ,savior2 seek inspiration in your own work4 ,the people like to be told of their majesty4 ,keep on bravely lying1 sweetly flattering1 and the prophet is complete4 ,merlin retorts3 ,you describe yourself1 not me4 ,men have a deep sense of truth1 and pay in false coin only him that offers them false gifts4 ,he then continues1 lashing the transcendent egotism of the ,romantic conception of man in the universe3 ,to you the earth1 the ocean1 the firmament1 are nothing but a ladder for your own elevation1 and you must absolutely reject the thing called humility4 ,in order to maintain yourself strong and whole you have to find men weak and only partial beings1 etc4 ,later1 in lines #afcg;ff41 he proceeds1 in what are probably the finest and richest passages in the work1 to state his own purpose of combining all that is great1 true1 beautiful1 human1 and noble1 into one comprehensive and rational faith of humanity4 ,merlin tries to teach his faith to ,king ,artus and his circle1 who embody the frivolous1 irresponsible1 though refined1 conduct of the nobility1 essentially the same nobility whom von ,stein accused of injuring the nation and ,immermann satirized and exposed in ,mnchhausen4 ,they decide to seek salvation in the primitive idealism of ,india1 appointing ,merlin their guide4 ,merlin1 however1 succumbs to the silly ,niniana1 the personification of wanton desire4 ,she makes him tell her a fated word1 after promising not to repeat it4 ,she thoughtlessly repeats it4 ,he now loses his superhuman power1 i4 e41 the power of absolute spiritual integrity1 and becomes subject to the limitations of earth1 like a common man4 ,he can no longer lead ,artus and his court1 who perish of their own spiritual vacuity4 ,the end of the play is unsatisfactory4 ,the hero's surrender to the lust of the flesh1 undoubtedly suggested by ,goethe's ,faust and consistent in ,goethe's poem1 is foreign to the conflict of this play1 which1 not being human1 as is that of ,faust1 but an abstract antagonism of general historic principles1 should have been solved without the interference of the mere creature weaknesses of the hero and the mere creature sympathies of the reader4 ,immermann planned to untie the knot in a second part1 which was to treat of the salvation of ,merlin2 but he never carried his purpose beyond a few slight introductory passages4 ,,immermann',s ,m,,nchhausen ,,by ,,allen ,,wilson ,,porterfield1 ,,ph4,d4 ,instructor in ,german1 ,columbia ,university ,immermann first thought of writing a new ,mnchhausen in #ahba1 the year of his satirical comedy1 ,the ,princes of ,syracuse1 which contains the embryonic idea of this history in arabesques4 ,conscientious performance of his duties as a judge and incessant activity as a writer along other lines forced the idea into the background until #ahcj1 the year of his satirical epic1 ,tulifntchen1 in which the theme again received attention4 ,in #ahce he finished ,die ,epigonen1 a novel portraying the social and political conditions in ,germany from #ahae to #ahcj1 and in #ahcg he began systematic work on ,mnchhausen1 continuing1 from a different point of view and in a different mood1 his delineation of the civic and intellectual status of ,germany of his own time4 ,the last part of the entire work was published in #ahci1 having occupied1 intermittently1 eighteen of his twenty years of literary productivity4 ,the first edition was exhausted one year after publication1 a second appeared in #ahda1 a third in #ahed1 and since #aheg there have been many of all kinds1 ranging from the popular ,reclam to critical editions with all the helps and devices known to modern scholarship4 ,in so far as the just appreciation of a literary production is dependent upon a study of its genesis1 the reading of ,die ,epigonen is necessary to a complete understanding of ,mnchhausen1 for through these two works runs a strong thread of unbroken development4 ,hermann1 the immature hero of the former1 and his associates1 bequeath a number of characteristics to the title-hero and his associates of the latter2 but where the earlier work is predominantly sarcastic1 political1 and pessimistic1 the later one is humorous1 intellectual1 and optimistic4 ,it would seem1 therefore1 that1 in view of its bright outlook1 mature view1 and sympathetic treatment1 ,immermann's greatest epic in prose was destined to be read in its entirety1 frequently1 and with pleasure4 ,this is1 however1 not the case4 ,starting from a long line of models1 ,sterne's ,tristram ,shandy among others1 ,mnchhausen resembles the diffusive works of similar title by ,raspe 7#aghe7 and ,brger 7#aghg74 ,it takes its name from ,hieronymus ,karl ,friedrich1 ,baron of ,mnchhausen 7#agbj-agig71 and satirizes many of the whimsicalities of ,herman ,ludwig ,heinrich1 ,prince of ,pckler-,muskau 7#aghe-ahga74 ,and it flagellates again and again such bizarre literary and intellectual phenomena of the time as ,raupach's ,hohenstaufen dramas1 ,grres' mysticism1 ,menzel's calumniations1 ,eduard ,gans' liberalism1 ,bettina's pretensions1 ,young ,germany's reaction1 even the ,indian studies of the ,schlegels and ,alexander von ,humboldt's substantial scholarship1 so that1 for the general reader1 the larger part of the work is a sealed book4 ,its references are obscure1 its satire abstruse1 its humor vague4 ,even ,ferdinand ,freiligrath1 ,immermann's contemporary and friend1 declined1 on the ground of lack of familiarity with the allusions1 to write a commentary to it4 ,according to ,immermann's own statement1 he began ,mnchhausen without a shimmer of an idea as to how he would finish it2 but he finished it1 having in the meantime gone through a complete inner transformation1 in a way that surprised even himself and greatly pleased his readers4 ,we have here1 consequently1 a novel which1 though written as a whole1 falls naturally into two parts1 the one negative and satirical1 the other positive and human4 ,and odd indeed is the situation in the negative part4 ,as in ,die ,epigonen1 the scene is laid in ,westphalia4 ,the impoverished ,baron ,schnuck-,puckelig-,erbsenscheucher1 a faithful representative of the narrow-minded and prejudiced nobility1 lives with his prudish1 sentimental daughter1 ,emerentia1 in the dilapidated castle1 ,schnick ,schnack-,schnurr4 ,their sole companion is the daft school-teacher1 ,agesel1 who1 having lost1 from too much study of phonetics1 the major part of his never gigantic mind1 imagines that he is a direct descendant of the ,spartan ,king ,agesilaus4 ,with these occupants and no more1 the castle resembles a harmless home for the insane4 ,but one day ,mnchhausen1 the prince of liars and chief of swindlers1 accompanied by his servant1 ,karl ,buttervogel1 the ,sancho ,panza of the story1 comes to the castle4 ,his presence enlivens2 his interminable stories1 through which ,immermann satirizes the tendencies of the time1 delight at first1 then tire1 then become intolerable4 ,to maintain his influence1 he suggests to the old ,baron the establishment of a stock company for the selling of compressed air1 assuring this gullible old soul that hereby his fortunes can be retrieved and his appointment as ,privy ,councilor can be realized4 ,the ,baron1 though pleased1 enters into the proposition with caution4 ,but ,mnchhausen1 unable to execute his scheme1 finds himself in an embarrassing dilemma from which he disentangles himself by mysteriously disappearing and never again coming to light4 ,emerentia has in the meantime fallen in love with ,karl ,buttervogel1 whom she erroneously looks upon as a ,prince in disguise4 ,at the prospect of so humble a son-in-law1 the ,baron becomes frantic1 violently removes ,buttervogel from the castle1 which1 as a result of the ,baron's ravings1 falls to the ground with a crash and a roar--a catastrophe which reminds one of ,poe's ,fall of the ,house of ,usher--and the ,baron and ,agesel are restored to their senses4 ,the chief trouble with this fantastic story is that it lacks artistic measure and objective plausibility4 ,immermann1 omnivorous reader that he was1 wrote this part of his book1 not from life1 but from other books4 ,and even granting that he carried out his plan with a reasonable degree of cleverness1 the average reader is not sufficiently acquainted with ,kerner and ,platen and their long line of queer contemporaries to see the point1 so he skips over this part of the work and turns at once to ,der ,oberhof4 ,it is needless to state that ,immermann never wrote a work with such a title4 ,editors and publishers have simply followed the lead of readers and brought out separately the best parts of the complete novel under the heading of the third chapter of the second book4 ,there is not even final agreement as to how much of the original work should be included in order to make a well-rounded story4 ,the editions1 of which there are many1 vary in size from seventy-five to three hundred and seventy-five octavo pages4 ,the best arrangement is that which includes the second1 fifth1 seventh and eighth books4 ,here again we meet with three leading characters--the very honest and reliable ,hofschulze1 the owner of the ,upper ,farm1 in whom are personified and glorified the best traditions of ,westphalia2 ,lisbeth1 the daughter of ,mnchhausen and ,emerentia1 the connecting link between romantic and realistic ,germany2 and ,oswald1 the ,suabian ,count disguised as a hunter1 a thoroughly good fellow4 ,but this by no means exhausts the list of pleasing personalities4 ,the good ,deacon1 who had lost interest in life and faith in men while tutoring a young ,swedish ,count1 and who was made over by his new work among the solid middle class of ,westphalia1 is a character of real charm2 his ideals are humanitarian in the best sense1 his wisdom is sound1 his help generous4 ,jochem1 ,oswald's servant1 is the incarnation of fidelity2 the old ,captain1 who finds himself today in a ,french and tomorrow in a ,prussian mood1 is instructive at least1 for such dualistic patriotism was not unknown at the time2 the ,collector follows his vocation with inspiring avidity1 the ,sexton is droll without knowing it1 and each of the ,hofschulze's servants has something about him that separates him from his confederates even though he be nameless4 ,there are no supernumeraries among the characters4 ,by reason of her common sense and energy1 ,lisbeth had for some time kept the old ,baron's head above water4 ,one of her duties was to collect taxes1 a business which frequently brought her to the ,upper ,farm1 where she was always sure of a kind reception4 ,oswald1 too1 came to the ,farm one day to settle an affair of honor with ,mnchhausen4 ,instead of finding him1 however1 he meets ,lisbeth1 and here the love story begins4 ,while waiting at the ,farm for ,jochem to find ,mnchhausen1 ,oswald agrees to recompense the ,hofschulze for his hospitality by keeping the wild deer away from the grain fields4 ,his duties are nominal2 he exchanges views with the men of the ,farm1 corresponds with his friends in ,suabia1 wanders over the fields and occasionally shoots at some game without ever hitting4 ,his room must have been occupied before his arrival by a beautiful girl1 for in it he finds a tidy hood and kerchief that betray the charms of their wearer1 and he dreams of her at night4 ,and one day1 while wandering through the woods1 he catches sight of a lovely girl looking into the calyx of a wonderful forest flower4 ,he is on the point of going up to her when her very charm holds him back1 and that night he dreams again of his beautiful predecessor in the ,hofschulze's corner room4 ,and then1 while wandering again through the pathless woods1 he shoots at a roe but hits ,lisbeth1 the girl of his dreams4 ,the wound is1 however1 slight1 and by the time it has healed their love has become perfect1 so that1 immediately after the wedding of the ,hofschulze's daughter1 for whom ,lisbeth had been a bridesmaid1 and before the same altar at which the ceremony had just been performed1 the good ,deacon pronounces the blessing upon the newly betrothed pair4 ,with the ,deacon's official act over1 imaginary troubles cease and real ones begin4 ,oswald1 grieved beyond expression to learn that ,lisbeth is the daughter of ,mnchhausen and ,emerentia1 is on the point of leaving the ,farm immediately and ,lisbeth forever2 ,lisbeth1 having thought all the time that her lover was a plain hunter1 is in complete despair when told that he is a real ,count2 the ,hofschulze does not take kindly to the idea of their marriage1 for ,oswald has not always revered ,westphalian traditions1 the secret tribunal1 for example1 as he should have done2 ,oswald's friends in ,suabia object to his marrying a foundling1 and advise him to come home and straighten out a love affair he has there before entering into a new and foreign one2 the doctor is not even certain that the wedding is hygienically wise4 ,but love dispels all fears and doubts1 and the good ,deacon makes ,oswald and ,lisbeth man and wife4 ,immermann's lifelong attempts at the studied poetizations of traditional1 aristocratic1 high-flown themes brought him but scant recognition even in his day1 and they have since been well-nigh forgotten4 ,but when1 one year before his death1 he wrote an unpretentious love story taken from the life of simple people whom he met on his daily walks1 he thereby assured himself of immortality4 ,few works prove more convincingly than ,der ,oberhof that great literature is neither more nor less than an artistic visualization and faithful reflection of life4 ,the reading of this unassuming village story1 the first of its kind in ,german literature1 warms the heart and stirs the springs of living fancy1 simply because it relates in terse and direct language a series of incidents in the lives of very possible and very real human beings4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,karl ,,lebrecht ,,immermann ,,the ,,oberhof 7#ahci7 ,,translated ,,by ,,paul ,,bernard ,,thomas ,,chapter ,i ,,the ,,justice ,,of ,,the ,,estate ,with the sleeves of his shirt rolled up the old ,justice of the estate was standing in the yard between the barns and the farm buildings and gazing attentively into a fire which he had kindled on the ground between stones and logs1 and which was now crackling merrily4 ,he straightened around a small anvil which was standing beside it1 laid down a hammer and a pair of tongs so as to have them ready to grasp1 tested the points of some large wheel-nails which he drew forth from the breast-pocket of a leather apron he had tied around him1 put the nails down in the bottom of the rack-wagon1 the wheel of which he was about to repair1 carefully turned the rim around until the place where the tire was broken was on top1 and then made the wheel fast by putting stones under it4 ,after he had again looked into the fire for a few moments1 but not long enough to cause his bright1 sharp eyes to blink1 he quickly thrust the tongs into it1 lifted out the red-hot piece of iron1 laid it on the anvil1 pounded it with the hammer so that the sparks flew in all directions1 clapped the still glowing piece of iron down on the broken place in the tire1 hammered and welded it fast with two heavy blows1 and then drove the nails into their places1 which was easily done1 as the iron was still soft and pliable4 ,a few very sharp and powerful blows gave the inserted piece its finishing touch4 ,the ,justice kicked away the stones with which he had made the wheel fast1 seized the wagon by its tongue in order to test the mended tire1 and in spite of its weight hauled it without exertion diagonally across the yard1 so that the hens1 geese and ducks1 which had been quietly sunning themselves1 flew1 with loud cries1 before the rattling vehicle1 and a couple of pigs jumped up1 grunting1 from their mud-holes4 ,two men1 the one a horse-dealer1 the other a tax-collector or receiver1 who were sitting at a table beneath the large linden in front of the house and imbibing their drink1 had been watching the work of the robust old man4 ,it must be true6 one of them1 the horse-dealer1 called out4 ,you would have made an excellent blacksmith1 ,judge6 ,the ,justice washed his hands and face in a pail of water which was standing beside the anvil1 poured the water into the fire to extinguish it1 and said3 ,he is a fool who gives to the blacksmith what he can earn himself6 ,he picked up the anvil as if it were a feather1 and carried it1 along with the hammer and tongs1 under a little shed which stood between the house and the barn1 and in which there were standing1 or hanging1 a work-bench1 saws1 chisels1 and whatever other tools pertain to the carpenter's or joiner's trade1 as well as a quantity of wood and boards of many kinds4 ,while the old man was still busying himself under the shed1 the horse-dealer said to the receiver3 ,would you believe it that he also repairs with his own hands all the posts1 doors1 thresholds1 boxes1 and cases in the house1 or if luck favors him makes new ones himself8 ,i believe that he could be an expert joiner1 if he wanted to1 and put together a first-class cabinet4 ,you are wrong there1 said the ,justice1 who had overheard the latter remark and who1 having taken off his leather apron1 now emerged from the shed in a smock-frock of white linen and sat down at the table with the two men4 ,illustration3 ,the ,master of the ,oberhof ,a maid brought a glass to him also1 and1 after drinking the health of his guests1 he continued3 ,to make a post or a door or a threshold1 all you need is a pair of sound eyes and a steady hand1 but a cabinet-maker has to have more than that4 ,i once allowed my conceit to deceive me into thinking that ,i could put together1 as you call it1 a first-class cabinet1 because ,i had handled plane and chisel and ,t-square more or less doing carpenter's work4 ,i measured and marked and squared off the wood and had everything fitted down to the inch4 ,yes1 but now when it came to the joining and gluing together1 everything was all wrong2 the sides were warped and wouldn't come together1 the lid in front was too large1 and the drawers too small for the openings4 ,you can still see the contraption2 ,i let it stand on the sill to guard me from future temptation4 ,for it always does a man good to have a reminder of his weakness constantly before his eyes4 ,at this moment a loud neigh was heard from the stable across the yard4 ,the horse-dealer cleared his throat1 spat1 struck a light for his pipe1 blew a dense cloud of smoke into the receiver's face1 and looked first longingly toward the stable1 and then thoughtfully down at the ground4 ,then he spat once more1 removed the varnished hat from his head1 wiped his brow with his sleeve1 and said3 ,still this sultry weather6 ,thereupon he unbuckled his leather money-pouch from his body1 threw it down on the table with a bang1 so that its contents rattled and jingled1 untied the strings1 and counted out twenty bright gold pieces1 the sight of which caused the receiver's eyes to sparkle1 while the old ,justice did not even look at them4 ,here is the money6 cried the horse-dealer1 bringing his clenched fist down on the table with a thump4 ,do ,i get the brown mare for it8 ,god knows1 she's not worth a penny more6 ,then keep your money1 so that you won't suffer any loss6 replied the ,justice cold-bloodedly4 ,twenty-six is my price1 as ,i have already said1 and not a farthing less6 ,you've known me a good many years1 ,mr4 ,marx1 and you ought to realize by this time that dickering and beating down don't work with me1 because ,i never take back what ,i say4 ,i ask for a thing what it is worth to me1 and never overcharge4 ,so an angel with a trumpet might come down from heaven1 but he wouldn't get the bay mare for less than twenty-six6 ,but1 exclaimed the horse-dealer1 provoked1 business consists of demanding and offering1 doesn't it8 ,i'd overcharge my own brother6 ,when there is no more overcharging in the world1 business will come to an end4 ,on the contrary1 replied the ,justice1 business will then take much less time1 and for that very reason will be more profitable4 ,and besides that1 both parties always derive much benefit from a transaction involving no overcharge4 ,it has always been my experience that1 when an overcharge is made1 one's nature gets hot1 and it results in nobody's knowing exactly what he is doing or saying4 ,the seller1 in order to put an end to the argument1 often lets his wares go for a lower price than that which he had quietly made up his mind to charge1 and the buyer1 on the other hand1 just as often1 in the eagerness and ardor of bidding1 wastes his money4 ,where there is absolutely no talk of abatement1 then both parties remain beautifully calm and safe from loss4 ,inasmuch as you talk so sensibly1 you have1 ,i presume1 thought better of my proposal1 broke in the receiver4 ,as ,i1 have already said1 the government wants to convert into cash all the corn due from the farms in this region4 ,it alone suffers a loss from it1 for corn is corn1 whereas money is worth so much today and so much tomorrow4 ,meanwhile1 you see1 it is their wish to free themselves from the burden of storing up corn4 ,kindly do me the favor1 then1 to sign this new cash-contract1 which ,i have brought with me for that purpose4 ,by no means6 answered the ,justice vehemently4 ,for many hundreds of years corn1 and only corn1 has been paid over from the ,oberhof to the monastery1 and the receiver's office will have to content itself with that1 just as the monastery has done4 ,does cash grow in my fields8 ,no6 ,corn grows in them6 ,where1 then1 are you going to get the cash8 ,you're not going to be cheated1 you know6 cried the receiver4 ,we must always stand by the old ways of doing things1 said the ,justice solemnly4 ,those were good times when the tablets with the lists of imposts and taxes of the peasantry used to hang in the church4 ,in those days everything was fixed1 and there were never any disagreements1 as there are nowadays all too often4 ,afterwards it was said that the tablets with the hens and eggs and bushels and pecks of grain4 interfered with devotion1 and they were done away with4 ,with that he went into the house4 ,there is a stubborn fellow for you6 cried the horse-dealer1 when he could no longer see his business friend4 ,he put his varnished hat back on his head again with an air of vexation4 ,if he once makes up his mind not to do something1 the devil himself cannot bring him around4 ,the worst of it is that the fellow rears the best horses in this region1 and after all1 if you get right down to it1 lets them go cheap enough4 ,an obstinate1 headstrong sort of people it is that lives hereabouts1 said the receiver4 ,i have just recently come from ,saxony and ,i notice the contrast4 ,there they all live together1 and for that reason they have to be courteous and obliging and tractable toward one another4 ,but here1 each one lives on his own property1 and has his own wood1 his own field1 his own pasture around him1 as if there were nothing else in the world4 ,for that reason they cling so tenaciously to all their old foolish ways and notions1 which have everywhere else fallen into disuse4 ,what a lot of trouble ,i've had already with the other peasants on account of this stupid change in the mode of taxation6 ,but this fellow here is the worst of all6 ,the reason for that1 ,mr4 ,receiver1 is that he is so rich1 remarked the horse-dealer4 ,it is a wonder to me that you have put it through with the other peasants around here without him1 for he is their general1 their attorney and everything2 they all follow his example in every matter and he bows to no one4 ,a year ago a prince passed through here2 the way the old fellow took off his hat to him1 really1 it looked as if he wanted to say3 ',you are one1 ,i am another4' ,to expect to get twenty-six pistoles for the mare6 ,but that is the unfortunate part of it1 when a peasant acquires too much property4 ,when you come out on the other side of that oak wood1 you walk for half an hour by the clock through his fields6 ,and everything arranged in first rate order all the way6 ,the day before yesterday ,i drove my team through the rye and wheat1 and may ,god punish me if anything more than the horses' heads showed up above the tops4 ,i thought ,i should be drowned4 ,where did he get it all8 asked the receiver4 ,oh6 cried the horse-dealer1 there are a lot more estates like this around here2 they call them ,oberhofs4 ,and if they do not surpass many a nobleman's1 my name isn't ,marx4 ,the land has been held intact for generations4 ,and the good-for-nothing fellow has always been economical and industrious1 you'll have to say that much for him ,i ,you saw1 didn't you1 how he worked away merely to save the expense of paying the blacksmith a few farthings8 ,now his daughter is marrying another rich fellow2 she'll get a dowry1 ,i tell you6 ,i happened to pass the linen closet2 flax1 yarn1 tablecloths and napkins and sheets and shirts and every possible kind of stuff are piled up to the ceiling in there4 ,and in addition to that the old codger will give her six thousand thalers in cash6 ,just glance about you2 don't you feel as if you were stopping with a count8 ,during the foregoing dialogue the vexed horse-dealer had quietly put his hand into his money-bag and to the twenty gold pieces had added1 with an air of unconcern1 six more4 ,the ,justice appeared again at the door1 and the other1 without looking up1 said1 grumbling2 ,there are the twenty-six1 since there is no other way out of it4 ,the old peasant smiled ironically and said3 ,i knew right well that you would buy the horse1 ,mr4 ,marx1 for you are trying to find one for thirty pistoles for the cavalry lieutenant in ,unna1 and my little roan fills the bill as if she had been made to order4 ,i went into the house only to fetch the gold-scales1 and could see in advance that you would have bethought yourself in the meantime4 ,the old man1 who one moment displayed something akin to hurry in his movements and the next the greatest deliberation1 depending upon the business with which he happened to be occupied1 sat down at the table1 slowly and carefully wiped off his spectacles1 fastened them on his nose1 and began carefully to weigh the gold pieces4 ,two or three of them he rejected as being too light4 ,the horse-dealer raised a loud objection to this1 but the ,justice1 holding the scales in his hands1 only listened in cold-blooded silence1 until the other replaced them with pieces having full weight4 ,finally1 the business was completed2 the seller deliberately wrapped the money in a piece of paper and went with the horse-dealer to the stable1 in order to deliver the horse over to him4 ,the receiver did not wait for them to return4 ,one can't accomplish anything with a clod-hopper like that1 he said4 ,i ,but in the end if you don't come around and pay us up regularly1 we will-- ,he felt for the legal documents in his pocket1 realized by their crackling that they were still there1 and left the yard4 ,out of the stable came the horse-dealer1 the ,justice1 and a farm-hand who was leading behind him two horses1 the horse-dealer's own and the brown mare which he had just bought4 ,the ,justice1 giving the latter a farewell pat1 said ,it always grieves one to sell a creature which one has raised1 but who can do otherwise8--,now behave well1 little brownie6 he added1 giving the animal a hearty slap on her round1 glossy haunches4 ,in the meantime the horse-dealer had mounted4 ,with his gaunt figure1 his short riding-jacket under the broad-brimmed1 varnished hat1 his yellow breeches over his lean thighs1 his high leather boots1 his large1 heavy spurs1 and his whip1 he looked like a highwayman4 ,he rode away cursing and swearing1 without saying good-by1 leading the brown mare by a halter4 ,he never once glanced back at the farm-house1 but the mare several times bent her neck around and emitted a doleful neigh1 as if complaining because her good days were now over4 ,the ,justice remained standing with the laborer1 his arms set akimbo1 until the two horses had passed out of sight through the orchard4 ,then the man said3 ,the animal is grieving4 ,why shouldn't she8 replied the ,justice4 ,aren't we grieving too8 ,come up to the granary--we'll measure the oats4 ,,chapter ,,ii ,,advice ,,and ,,sympathy ,as he turned around toward the house with the laborer1 he saw that the place under the linden had already been reoccupied by new guests4 ,the latter1 however1 had a very dissimilar appearance4 ,for three or four peasants1 his nearest neighbors1 were sitting there1 and beside them sat a young girl1 as beautiful as a picture4 ,this beautiful girl was the blond ,lisbeth1 who had passed the night at the ,oberhof4 ,i shall not venture to describe her beauty2 it would only result in telling of her red cheeks and blue eyes1 and these things1 fresh as they may be in reality1 have become somewhat stale when put down in black and white4 ,the ,justice1 without paying any attention to his long-haired neighbors in blouses1 approached his charming guest and said3 ,well1 did you sleep all right1 my little miss8 ,splendidly6 replied ,lisbeth4 ,what's the matter with your finger8--you have it bandaged1 inquired the old man4 ,nothing1 answered the young girl1 blushing4 ,she wanted to change the subject1 but the ,justice would not allow himself to be diverted2 grasping her hand1 the one with the bandaged finger1 he said3 ,it's nothing serious1 is it8 ,nothing worth talking about1 answered ,lisbeth4 ,yesterday evening when ,i was helping your daughter with her sewing1 the needle pricked my finger and it bled a little4 ,that is all4 ,oho6 exclaimed the ,justice1 smirking4 ,and ,i notice that it is the ring-finger too6 ,that augurs something good4 ,you doubtless know that when an unmarried girl helps an engaged one to sew her bridal linen1 and in doing it pricks her ring-finger1 it means that she herself is to become engaged in the same year8 ,well1 you have my best wishes for a nice lover6 ,the peasants laughed1 but the blond ,lisbeth did not allow herself to be disconcerted2 she cried out joyfully3 ,and do you know my motto8 ,it runs3 ,as far as ,god on lily fair ,and raven young bestows his care1 ,thus far runs my land2 ,and1 therefore1 he who seeks my hand ,must have four horses to his carriage ,before ,i'll give myself in marriage4 ,and1 broke in the ,justice-- ,and he must catch me like a mouse1 ,and hook me like a fish1 ,and shoot me like a roe4 ,the report of a gun rang out nearby4 ,see1 my little miss1 it's coming true6 ,now1 ,judge1 make an end of your frivolous talk1 said the young girl4 ,i have called to get your advice1 and so give it to me now without any more foolish nonsense4 ,the ,justice settled himself in an attitude of dignity1 ready to talk and listen4 ,lisbeth drew forth a little writing-tablet and read off the names of the peasants among whom she had been going around during the past few days for the purpose of collecting back-rent due her foster-father4 ,then she told the ,justice how they had refused to pay their debts and what their excuses had been4 ,one claimed to have paid up long ago1 another said that he had only recently come into the farm1 a third knew nothing about the matter1 a fourth had pretended that he couldn't hear well1 and so forth and so forth2 so that the poor girl1 like a little bird flying about in the winter in search of food and not finding a single grain of corn1 had been turned away empty-handed from one door after another4 ,but any one who thinks that these futile efforts had plunged her into grief is mistaken1 for nothing greatly disturbed her and she related the story of her irksome wanderings with a cheerful smile4 ,the ,justice wrote down on the table with chalk several of the names mentioned1 and1 when she had reached the end of her list1 said3 ,as far as the others are concerned1 they do not live with us and ,i have no authority over them4 ,if they are base enough to refuse to do their duty and to meet their obligations1 then simply strike out the names of the scamps1 for you can never get anything out of a peasant by a law-suit4 ,but as against those who live in our precinct1 ,i will help you to secure your rights4 ,we still have means of accomplishing that4 ,oho1 ,squire6 said one of the peasants to him1 half-aloud4 ,you talk as if you always carried the rope around with you in your coat-sleeve4 ,when is the secret court to be held8 ,be still1 tree-warden6 interrupted the old man with earnestness4 ,sneering remarks like that might get you into trouble6 ,the man addressed was disconcerted2 he cast down his eyes and made no reply4 ,lisbeth thanked the old man for his offer of help1 and inquired about the roads and paths to the other peasants whose names she still had left on her writing-tablet4 ,the ,justice pointed out to her the shortest way to the nearest farm1 which led across the ,priests' ,meadow1 past the three mills and over the ,holle ,hills4 ,when she had put on her straw hat1 taken her staff1 expressed her thanks for the hospitality shown her1 and had thus made herself ready to leave1 he begged her to make her arrangements such that on her return she could stay for the wedding and a day thereafter4 ,he hoped that he would be able to give her by that time definite assurance in regard to the rents1 or1 perhaps1 even to give her the money itself to take home with her4 ,when the young girl's slender and graceful form had disappeared behind the last walnut-trees at the farther end of the orchard1 the peasants broached the subject which had brought them to the ,justice4 ,the building of a new road1 which was to establish a connection with the main highway1 threatened1 if the idea were carried out1 to deprive them of a few strips of their land over which it was necessary to lay the new road4 ,against this loss1 although the project would redound to the advantage of all the surrounding peasantry1 they were anxious to protect themselves2 and how to avert it was the question about which they were anxious to secure the advice of the owner of the ,oberhof4 ,good day6 ,how are you8 called out a voice1 well known in this locality4 ,a pedestrian1 a man in respectable attire1 but covered with dust from his gray gaiters to his green1 visored cap1 had entered through the gate and approached the table1 unnoticed at first by the conversers4 ,ah1 ,mr4 ,schmitz1 so we see you too1 once more1 eh8 said the old peasant very cordially1 and he had the servant bring the fatigued man the best there was in the wine-cellar4 ,the peasants politely moved closer together to make room for the new arrival4 ,they insisted upon his sitting down1 and he lowered himself into a chair with great care and deliberation1 so as not to break what he was carrying4 ,and this procedure was indeed very necessary1 for the man was loaded down like an express-wagon1 and the outlines of his form resembled a conglomeration of bundles tied together4 ,not only did his coat-pockets1 which were crammed full of all sorts of round1 square and oblong objects1 bulge out from his body in an astonishing manner1 but also his breast and side pockets1 which were used for the same purpose1 protruded in a manifold variety of swellings and eminences1 which stuck out all the more sharply as the ,collector1 in order not to lose any of his treasures1 had1 in spite of the summer heat1 buttoned his coat tightly together4 ,even the inside of his cap had been obliged to serve for the storing of several smaller articles1 and had acquired from its contents the shape and semblance of a watermelon4 ,he sipped1 with manifest relish1 the good wine that was put before him1 and his elderly countenance1 bloated and reddened with heat and fatigue1 gradually acquired its natural color and form again4 ,been doing good business1 ,mr4 ,schmitz8 inquired the ,justice1 smiling4 ,judging from appearances1 one might think so4 ,oh1 fairly good1 replied the ,collector4 ,there is a rich blessing hidden in the dear earth4 ,it not only brings forth corn and vegetables constantly and untiringly--an alert searcher may secure a harvest of antiquities from it all the time1 no matter how much other people have scratched and dug for them4 ,so ,i have once more taken my little trip through the country1 and this time ,i got as far as the border of the ,sieg valley4 ,i am on my way back now and intend to go on as far as the city today4 ,but ,i had to stop over a while at your place on the way1 ,justice1 in order to rest myself a bit1 for ,i am certainly tired4 ,what are you bringing with you8 asked the ,justice4 ,the ,collector tapped gently and affectionately on all the swellings and protuberances of his various pockets1 and said3 ,oh1 well1 some very nice things--all sorts of curiosities4 ,a battle-axe1 a pair of thunderbolts1 some heathen rings--beautiful things all covered with green rust--ash-urns1 tear-bottles1 three idols and a pair of valuable lamps4 ,he struck the nape of his neck with the back of his hand and continued3 ,and ,i also have here with me a perfectly preserved piece of bronze--,i had no other place to put it1 so ,i tied it fast here on my back under my coat4 ,well1 it will probably not look amiss1 once it is all cleaned up and given its proper place4 ,the peasants displayed some curiosity to see a few of the articles1 but old ,schmitz declared himself unable to satisfy it1 because the antiquities were so carefully packed and put away with such ingenious use of every bit of space that it would be difficult1 if it were once taken out1 to get the entire load back in again4 ,the ,justice said something into the servant's ear1 and the latter went into the house4 ,in the meanwhile the ,collector told in detail all about the places where he had come across the various acquisitions2 then he moved his chair nearer to his host and said confidentially3 ,but what is by far the most important discovery of this trip--,i have now really found the actual place where ,hermann defeated ,varus6 ,you don't mean it8 replied the ,justice1 pushing his cap back and forth4 ,they have all been on the wrong track--,clostermeier1 ,schmid1 and whatever the names of the other people may be who have written about it6 cried the ,collector ardently4 ,they have always thought that ,varus withdrew in the direction of ,aliso--the exact situation of which no man has ever discovered--well1 anyway1 in a northerly direction1 and in accordance with that theory the battle is supposed to have taken place between the sources of the ,lippe and the ,ems1 near ,detmold1 ,lippspring1 ,paderborn1 and ,god knows where else6 ,the ,justice said3 ,i think that ,varus had to try with all his might to reach the ,rhine1 and that he could have done only by gaining the open country4 ,the battle is said to have lasted three days1 and in that length of time you can march a good distance4 ,hence ,i am rather of the opinion that the attack in the mountains which surround our plain did not take place very far from here4 ,wrong1 wrong1 ,justice6 cried the ,collector4 ,here below everything was occupied and blocked up by the ,cherusci1 ,catti1 and ,sigambri4 ,no the battle was much farther south1 near the region of the ,ruhr1 not far from ,arnsberg4 ,varus had to push his way through the mountains1 he had no egress anywhere1 and his mind was bent on reaching the middle ,rhine1 whither the road leads diagonally across ,sauerland4 ,that is what ,i have always thought1 and now ,i have discovered the most unmistakable evidence of it4 ,close by the ,ruhr ,i found the bronze and bought the three idols1 and a man from the village told me that hardly an hour's walk from there was a place in the woods among the mountains where an enormous quantity of bones were piled up in the sand and gravel4 ,ha6 ,i exclaimed1 the day is beginning to break4 ,i went out there with a few peasants1 had them excavate a little1 and1 behold6 we came across bones to my heart's content4 ,so that is the place where ,germanicus had the remnants of the ,roman legions buried six years after the battle of ,teutoburg ,wood1 when he directed his last expeditions against ,hermann4 ,and ,i have therefore discovered the right battlefield4 ,bones do not ordinarily preserve themselves for a thousand years and more1 said the ,justice1 shaking his head doubtfully4 ,they have become petrified among the minerals there1 said the collector angrily4 ,i'll have to put an evidence of my theory in your hand--here is one ,i have brought with me4 ,he drew forth a large bone from his shirt and held it before his opponent's eyes4 ,now1 what do you call that8 he asked triumphantly4 ,the peasants stared at the bone in amazement4 ,the ,justice1 after he had examined it1 replied3 ,a cow's bone1 ,mr4 ,schmitz6 ,you discovered a carrion-pit1 not the battlefield of ,teutoburg4 ,the ,collector indignantly put the discredited antiquity back into its place and uttered a few violent imprecations1 to which the old peasant knew the most effective way to reply4 ,it seemed as if a quarrel might ensue between the two men1 but as a matter of fact the appearances were of no significance4 ,for it was a common thing for them1 whenever they got together1 to disagree about this and similar matters4 ,but in spite of these controversies they always remained good friends4 ,the ,collector1 who1 in order to follow up his hobbies1 even begrudged himself bread1 was in the habit all the year round of feeding himself for weeks at a time out of the full meat-pots of the ,oberhof1 and in return for it he helped along his host's business by doing all kinds of writing for him4 ,for the ,collector had formerly been1 by profession1 a sworn and matriculated ,imperial ,notary4 ,finally1 after a great deal of fruitless argument on both sides1 the ,justice said3 ,i won't wrangle with you over the battlefield1 although ,i still persist in my belief that ,hermann defeated ,varus somewhere around this neighborhood4 ,as a matter of fact it doesn't make any particular difference to me where it happened--the question is one for the scholars4 ,for if the other ,roman general1 six years afterwards1 as you have often told me1 marched into this region with another army1 then the whole battle had but little significance4 ,you don't know anything about it6 exclaimed the ,collector4 ,the present existence and position of ,germany rests entirely upon the battle won by ,hermann4 ,if it had not been for ,hermann 'the liberator1' you would not be occupying these extensive premises now1 marked off by your hedges and stakes4 ,but you people simply live along from one day to the next1 and have no use for history and antiquity4 ,oho1 ,mr4 ,schmitz1 you do me great injustice there1 replied the old peasant proudly4 ,god knows what pleasure it gives me to sit down of a winter evening and read the chronicles and histories1 and you yourself know that ,i treat the sword of ,carolus ,magnus 7the old man pronounced the second syllable long71 which has now for a thousand years and more been in the possession of the ,oberhof1 as ,i do the apple of my eye1 and consequently-- ,the sword of ,charles the ,great6 exclaimed the ,collector scornfully4 ,friend1 is it impossible to get these notions out of your head8 ,listen-- ,i say and maintain that it is the genuine and actual sword of ,carolus ,magnus with which he here at the ,oberhof located and established the ',freemen's ,tribunal4' ,and even today the sword still performs and fulfils its office1 although nothing further may be said about it4 ,the old man uttered these words with an expression on his features and a gesture which had something sublime in them4 ,and ,i say and maintain that all that is sheer nonsense6 exclaimed the ,collector with emphasis4 ,i have examined the old toasting-iron no less than a hundred times1 and it isn't five hundred years old6 ,it comes down perhaps from the time of the feud of ,soest1 when very likely one of the ,archbishop's cavalrymen crawled into the bushes here and left it4 ,the devil take you6 cried the ,justice1 pounding his fist on the table4 ,then he mumbled softly to himself ,just wait2 you'll get your punishment for that this very day6 ,the servant came out of the door4 ,he was carrying a terra-cotta jug with a rather large circumference and a strange1 exotic appearance1 gripping it firmly and carefully by the handles with both hands4 ,oh6 cried the ,collector1 when he had obtained a closer view of it4 ,what a splendid large amphora6 ,where did it come from8 ,the ,justice replied with an air of indifference3 ,oh1 ,i found the old jug in the ditch a week ago when we were digging out gravel4 ,there was a lot more stuff around there1 but the men smashed it all to pieces with their picks4 ,this jug was the only thing they spared1 and1 inasmuch as you are here1 ,i wanted you to see it4 ,the ,collector looked at the large1 well-preserved vessel with moist eyes4 ,finally he stammered3 ,can't we strike a bargain for it8 ,no1 replied the peasant coldly4 ,i'll keep the pot for myself4 ,he motioned to the servant1 and the latter started to carry the amphora back into the house4 ,he was prevented from doing so1 however1 by the ,collector1 who1 without turning his eyes away from it1 besought its owner with all kinds of lively arguments to turn the longed-for wine-jug over to him4 ,but it was all in vain2 the ,justice1 in the face of the most urgent entreaties1 maintained an attitude of unshakable composure4 ,in this way he formed the motionless centre-figure of the group1 of which the peasants1 listening to the business with open mouths1 the servant tugging the jug with both handles toward the house1 and the antiquarian holding on to the lower end1 constituted the excited lateral and secondary figures4 ,finally the ,justice said that he had been of a mind to give the jug to his guest along with several other pieces which he had previously discovered1 because he himself would take pleasure in seeing the old things arranged in order on the shelves of the collection around the room1 but that the constant attacks made by the ,collector against the sword of ,carolus ,magnus had annoyed him1 and that he had decided1 therefore1 to keep the jug after all4 ,thereupon1 after a pause1 the ,collector said in a dejected tone that to err was human1 that medieval weapons could not always be distinguished with certainty as to their age1 that he himself was less of an expert in these than in ,roman relics1 and that there were after all many things about the sword which seemed to indicate a more remote age1 before the feud of ,soest4 ,whereupon the ,justice replied that general statements of that kind were of no use to him2 he wanted to have the dispute and doubt regarding his sword settled once and for all1 and there was only one way for the ,collector to gain possession of the old jug1 namely1 by writing out on the spot a signed statement1 wherein he should formally recognize the sword kept in the ,oberhof as the actual sword of ,charles the ,great4 ,on hearing this a severe conflict ensued in the ,collector's mind between his antiquarian conscience and his antiquarian longing4 ,he pouted his lips and tapped with his fingers about the spot where he had concealed the bone from the battlefield of ,teutoburg4 ,evidently he was striving to subdue the exhortations of a desire which was seducing him into signing an untruthful statement4 ,finally1 however1 passion1 as is always the way1 got the upper hand2 suddenly demanding pen and paper1 he made out in hot haste1 now and then casting furtive glances at the amphora1 a direct statement to the effect that he1 after frequent examinations of it1 recognized and declared the sword in the ,oberhof as one formerly belonging to the ,emperor1 ,charles the ,great4 ,this document the ,justice had signed by the two peasants as witnesses2 then he folded the paper several times and put it into his pocket4 ,old ,schmitz1 on the other hand1 made a quick grab for the amphora which he had purchased at the expense of his better judgment4 ,the ,justice said that he would deliver the jug to him in the city on the following day4 ,but what collector could ever get along1 even for a minute1 without the actual possession of a piece of property acquired at so high a price8 ,our ,collector resolutely declined to submit to any delay2 he had a string brought to him1 ran it through the handles1 and suspended the large wine-jug over his shoulders4 ,after that1 the ,collector having first been invited to the wedding1 the two men parted in the best of humor2 and the latter with his bulging angularities1 his swelled-up1 protruding coat-tails1 and with the amphora bobbing back and forth at his left side1 made a remarkable spectacle as he walked away4 ,the peasants wished their adviser a good morning1 promised to bear his advice in mind1 and departed1 each one to his own farmstead4 ,the ,justice1 who1 dealing with all the people who had come to him in the course of an hour1 had successfully handled everything undertaken1 first took the newly-acquired document of recognition to the room where he kept the sword of ,charles the ,great1 and then went with the servant to the granary to measure out oats for the horses4 ,,chapter ,,iii ,,the ,,oberhof ,westphalia formerly consisted of individual estates1 each one of which had its own free possessor4 ,several such estates constituted a ,bauerschaft 7peasant community71 which1 as a rule1 bore the name of the oldest estate4 ,it lay in the original character of the peasant communities that the oldest estate should also stand first in rank and come to be the most aristocratic1 and here from time to time the children1 grandchildren and house-inmates1 ceasing work for a few days1 came together and feasted4 ,the beginning1 or else the end1 of the summer was the usual time for this event1 and then every estate-owner brought along with him for the feast some of the fruits which he himself had raised1 and perhaps a calf or lamb as well4 ,then all sorts of matters were discussed1 opinions were exchanged1 marriages performed1 deaths made known1 and then the son1 as the succeeding head of his father's estate1 was sure to make his first appearance in the company with fuller hands and a choicer animal4 ,disagreements were unavoidable on these days of joy1 and in the event of one1 the father1 as the head of the oldest estate1 stepped in and1 with the approval of the rest1 put an end to the quarrel4 ,if during the previous year any of the estate-owners had disagreed about some matter1 both of them brought forward their grievances before the next gathering1 and both were satisfied with whatever decision their fellows deemed right and just4 ,after all the eatables had been devoured1 and the tree set aside for the occasion had been burned up1 the feast1 or the gathering1 came to an end4 ,each one returned home1 related the events of the occasion to the waiting members of his household1 and came to be a living and continuing authority regarding all the happenings of their peasant community4 ,these gatherings were called ,conferences1 ,peasant ,conferences1 because all the estate-owners of a peasant community came together to confer with one another1 and also ,peasant ,tribunals1 because here the conflicting claims of the men1 already by tacit agreement combined in a union1 were either settled or rejected4 ,inasmuch as the ,peasant ,conferences or ,peasant ,tribunals were held at the oldest and most aristocratic estate1 such an estate was called ,court ,estate1 and the ,peasant ,conferences and ,peasant ,tribunals were called ,court ,conferences and ,court ,tribunals2 and the latter1 even at the present day1 have not entirely disappeared4 ,the oldest estate1 the ,court ,estate1 was called by way of distinction simply the ,estate1 the name whereby the people designated the ,main ,estate or the ,oberhof of the peasant community1 and its owner as the head or chief of the rest4 ,thus in a general way we account for the origin of the first association and the first judicial arrangement of the ,westphalian ,estates or peasant communities4 ,it is the less surprising when we consider that the former condition of ,westphalia permitted only a slow increase of population and a gradual development of agriculture2 and precisely this gradual progress led to those simple and uniform arrangements1 as also to the similarity of culture1 manners and customs1 which we find among the ancient inhabitants of ,westphalia4 ,illustration3 ,,the ,,oberhof ,,by ,,benjamin ,,vautier ,this passage from ,kindlinger's ,contributions to the ,history of the ,diocese of ,mnster conducts us to the scene of our story4 ,it throws a light on our hero1 the ,justice4 ,he was the owner of one of the largest and wealthiest of the ,main ,estates1 or ,oberhofs1 which still exist in those regions1 but which1 to be sure1 have now fused together to a small number4 ,there is something remarkable about the first traditions of a tribe1 and the people as a whole have just as long a memory as the individual persons1 who are wont to retain faithfully to extreme old age the impressions of early childhood4 ,when now we consider that an individual human life may last as long as ninety years1 and1 furthermore1 that the years of a people are as centuries1 it is no longer a matter of wonder to us that1 in the regions where the events of our story took place1 we still here and there come across much that points back to the time when the great ,emperor of the ,franks succeeded1 by means of fire and sword1 in converting the obstinate inhabitants4 ,and so if1 in the place where once the ,supreme ,justice and the heir of the region lived1 ,nature once more awakens special qualities in a person1 there may grow up amid these thousand-year-old memories and between the boundaries and ditches which are1 after all1 still recognizable1 a figure like our ,justice1 whose right of existence is not acknowledged by the powers of the present1 to be sure1 but which for its own self1 and among its own kind1 may temporarily restore a condition which disappeared long ago4 ,let us look around in the ,oberhof itself4 ,if the praise of a friend is always very ambiguous1 then surely one may trust the envy of an enemy2 and the person most worthy of credit is a horse-dealer1 who calls special attention to the comfortable circumstances of a peasant with whom he could not agree in a matter of business4 ,to be sure1 one could not say1 as the horse-dealer ,marx did1 that the surroundings reminded one of a count's estate2 on the other hand1 in whatever direction one looked there was an atmosphere of peasant prosperity and opulence which could not but call out to the hungriest stranger3 ,here you can eat your fill2 the plate is never empty4 ,the estate lay entirely alone on the border of the fertile plain1 at the point where it passes over into hilly woodland2 indeed1 the ,justice's last fields lay on a gentle slope1 and a mile away were the mountains4 ,the nearest neighbor in the peasant community lived a quarter of an hour away from the estate1 around which were spread out all the possessions which a large country household had need of--fields1 woods and meadows1 all in compact uninterrupted continuity4 ,from the foot of the hills the fields ran down in beautiful order across the plain4 ,it was1 moreover1 about the time when the rye was in blossom2 its exhalation1 as a thank-offering of the soil1 rose from the spikelets and was wafted aloft on the warm summer breezes4 ,single rows of high-trunked ashes and knotty elms1 planted on either side of the old boundary ditches1 inclosed a part of the cornfields1 and1 being visible from afar1 indicated1 more definitely than stones and stakes can do1 the limits of the inheritance4 ,a deep road ran between dikes of earth diagonally across the fields1 branched off into paths at several places on both sides1 and led1 at the point where the grain ceased1 into a vigorous and well-kept oak grove1 under which a number of hogs were comfortably imbedded in the soil1 the shade of which1 however1 was equally refreshing to human beings4 ,this grove1 which supplied the ,justice with wood1 extended to within a few paces of the farmhouse and inclosed it on two sides1 thus1 at the same time1 affording it protection against the east and north winds4 ,the house1 which had two stories1 and the walls of which were of panel-work painted white and yellow1 was roofed only with straw2 but1 as the latter was always kept in the very best condition1 it did not produce an impression of poverty1 but1 on the contrary1 rather increased the general effect of comfort which the house imparted4 ,of the inside we shall learn more anon2 suffice it to say for the present that on the other side of the house there was a large yard1 surrounded by barns and stables1 in the plastered walls of which the keenest eye could not detect a faulty spot4 ,large lindens stood before the front door1 and there too1 but not on the wall side1 seats were placed1 as we have already seen4 ,for the ,justice1 even when he was resting1 wanted to keep an eye on his household4 ,directly opposite the house one looked through a lattice gate into the orchard1 where strong and healthy fruit-trees spread their leafy branches out over the fresh grass1 vegetables and lettuce4 ,here and there1 in between1 little beds of red roses and fire-lilies were thriving4 ,of the latter1 however1 there were very few1 for a true peasant devotes his ground only to necessary things1 even when his circumstances permit him to cultivate some of nature's luxuries4 ,everything beyond the orchard1 as far as the eye could see1 was green4 ,for on the other side of the garden lay the extensive meadows of the ,oberhof1 in which the ,justice had room and fodder for his horses4 ,their breeding1 carried on with great industry1 was one of the most lucrative sources of income the estate enjoyed4 ,these verdant meadows were also surrounded by hedges and ditches2 one of them1 moreover1 contained a pond in which well-fed carp swam about in shoals4 ,on this rich estate1 surrounded by full barns1 full lofts and stables1 dwelt the old1 widely respected ,justice4 ,but if one climbed the highest hill on the border of his land1 one could see from there the towers of three of the oldest cities in ,westphalia4 ,at the time of which ,i speak it was approaching eleven o'clock in the forenoon4 ,the whole vast estate was so quiet that scarcely any noise was audible1 save the rustling of the leaves in the tree-tops4 ,the ,justice was measuring out oats to his servant1 who flung each sack across his shoulders and trudged slowly over to the stable with it4 ,the daughter was counting up her dowry of linen and wool1 and a maid was working in the kitchen4 ,all the other dwellers on the estate were lying asleep2 for it was just before the harvest-time1 when peasants have the least to do1 and the workmen use every spare minute for sleep1 in order to prepare themselves1 in a measure1 for the approaching days of toil and sweat4 ,for in general1 country people1 like dogs1 can1 if they wish to1 sleep at all hours of the day and night4 ,,chapter ,,iv ,,wherein ,,the ,,hunter ,,sends ,,his ,,companion ,,out ,,after ,a ,,person ,,by ,,the ,,name ,,of ,,schrimbs ,,or ,,peppel1 ,,and ,,comes ,,himself ,,to ,,the ,,oberhof ,from the hills which bordered the ,justice's fields there came forth two men of different appearance and age4 ,the one1 clad in a green hunter's jacket1 with a little cap on his curly head and a light ,lige gun on his arm1 was a strikingly handsome youth2 the other1 dressed in more quiet colors1 was an elderly man with a frank and sincere manner4 ,the younger strode on ahead1 as nimbly as a stag1 while the older maintained a somewhat slower gait1 like that of a worn-out hunting-dog lagging behind the master to whom he is still ever faithful4 ,after they had emerged into an open space at the foot of the hills1 they both sat down on a large stone1 which lay there beside several others in the shade of a mighty linden4 ,the younger man gave some money and papers to the older1 pointed out to him the direction in which he was to continue his way1 and said3 ,go now1 ,jochem1 and be discreet1 so that we can get hold of this confounded ,schrimbs or ,peppel who has been inventing such monstrous lies1 and as soon as you discover him1 let me know4 ,i'll be discreet all right1 replied old ,jochem4 ,i'll make such sly and secret inquiries in all the villages and cities about a man who signs his name ,schrimbs or ,peppel1 that it would have to be the devil's own fault if ,i don't succeed in locating the wretch4 ,in the meanwhile you lie low here incognito1 until you receive further news from me4 ,very well1 said the young man1 and now1 ,jochem1 be very cautious and thoughtful all the time in the way you handle the matter1 for we are no longer in dear ,suabia1 but out among the ,saxons and ,franks4 ,the miserable fellows6 exclaimed old ,jochem4 ,faith1 they have long talked about ,suabian stupidities6 ,they shall see that a ,suabian can be a sly bird too when it is necessary4 ,and keep always to the right1 my ,jochem1 for the last tracks of this ,schrimbs or ,peppel are headed that way1 said the young man1 standing up and giving the old man a cordial parting handshake4 ,always to the right1 of course1 replied the latter4 ,he handed over to the other his hunting-bag1 which was stuffed full1 and which up to now he had been carrying1 lifted his hat and went off1 following a side-path at the right1 down toward the region where1 in the distance1 one could see towering up one of the steeples mentioned in the foregoing chapter4 ,the young man1 on the other hand1 went directly down toward the ,oberhof4 ,he had taken perhaps a hundred steps when he heard somebody running behind him and panting4 ,he turned around and saw that his old companion was hurrying after him4 ,there was one more thing ,i wanted to ask and beg of you1 the latter cried4 ,now that you are alone and left to yourself1 get rid of your gun2 for you certainly won't hit anything and1 sure as death1 you will have a mishap again1 as you almost did not long ago when you fired at the hare and came very near killing the child4 ,yes1 it is damnable to be always firing at things and never hitting them1 said the young man4 ,but1 truly1 ,i'll put restraint on myself1 no matter how hard it may be to do it1 and not a single shot shall fly out of these barrels as long as you are away from me4 ,the old man begged him for the gun1 but the young man refused to give it up1 saying that1 without a gun1 it would surely cost no self-restraint to refrain from shooting1 and that his method of procedure would then lose all its merit4 ,that is very true1 replied the old man1 and1 without bidding his companion a second good-by1 inasmuch as the first one still held good1 he went back reassured1 along the path which had been pointed out to him4 ,the young man stood still1 rested the gun on the ground1 thrust the ramrod into the barrel1 and said3 ,it will be difficult to get the charge out1 and yet it can't stay in4 ,with that he tossed the gun over his shoulder and walked in the direction of the ,justice's oak grove4 ,just before he got there a drove of heath fowl started up from a narrow strip of borderland1 flapping their wings and screaming loudly4 ,in exultation the young man snatched the gun from his shoulder1 crying3 ,here's my chance to get rid of the shot forthwith6 and took aim4 ,both barrels went off with a roar1 and the birds flew away uninjured4 ,the hunter gazed after them in astonishment and said3 ,this time ,i thought ,i couldn't have helped hitting something4 ,well1 from now on ,i shall certainly restrain myself4 ,with that he continued his way through the oak grove to the house4 ,when he entered the door he saw1 sitting at dinner in a high and spacious hall which took up the entire centre of the house1 the ,justice1 his daughter1 his farm-hands and maids1 and in a resonant1 euphonious voice he gave them a friendly greeting4 ,the ,justice scrutinized him with care1 the daughter with astonishment2 as for the men and maids1 they did not look at him at all1 but went on eating without paying any attention to him4 ,the ,hunter approached the master of the estate and inquired about the distance to the nearest city and the way to get there4 ,at first the ,justice did not understand his strange-sounding language1 but the daughter1 without once turning her eyes from the handsome ,hunter1 helped her father to get the meaning1 whereupon he gave the correct information4 ,only after three repetitions was the ,hunter1 on his part1 able to understand the reply2 but he finally succeeded in making out that the city was not to be reached in less than two long hours1 and then only by a path which was difficult to find4 ,the midday heat1 combined with the sight of the tidy meal before him and his own hunger1 prompted the ,hunter to ask the question whether for love or money he could have something to eat and drink and shelter till the cool of evening4 ,for money1 no6 replied the ,justice1 but for love the gentleman may have dinner and supper and a place to rest as long as he wants it4 ,he had a tin plate1 as clear and bright as a mirror1 a knife1 a fork and a spoon1 just as bright as the plate1 laid upon the table1 and pressed his guest to sit down4 ,the latter fell upon the well-cooked ham1 the big beans1 the eggs and sausages1 which constituted the meal1 with all the appetite of youth1 and discovered that the food of the country1 which was everywhere decried as ,boeotian1 was1 on the contrary1 not at all bad4 ,very little talking was done by the hosts1 for peasants do not like to speak while they are eating4 ,howsoever1 the ,hunter1 on inquiry1 managed to find out from the ,justice that no man by the name of ,schrimbs or ,peppel was known anywhere around in that vicinity4 ,the farm-hands and maids1 who sat apart from the seats of honor at the other end of the long table1 kept absolutely silent and looked only at the dishes out of which they spooned their food into their mouths4 ,after they had finished eating1 however1 and had wiped their mouths1 they stepped up to the ,justice1 one after the other1 and said3 ,master1 my motto2 whereupon the ,justice addressed to each one a proverbial phrase or a biblical passage4 ,thus to the first man1 a red-haired fellow1 he said3 ,proneness to dispute lights a fire1 and proneness to fight sheds blood2 to the second1 a slow1 fat man3 ,go to the ant1 thou sluggard1 consider her ways and be wise2 to the third1 a small1 black-eyed1 bold-looking customer3 ,a bird in the hand is worth two in the bush4 ,the first maid received the motto3 ,if you have cattle1 take care of them1 and if they bring you profit1 keep it2 and to the second he said3 ,nothing's ever locked so tight but it will some day come to light4 ,after each one had been remembered in this way1 they all went off to their work1 some looking unconcerned1 others embarrassed4 ,the second girl blushed a deep crimson when she heard her motto4 ,the ,hunter1 who was gradually learning to understand the local dialect1 listened to this lesson with astonishment1 and after it was over he asked what the purpose of it was4 ,to give them something to think about1 said the ,justice4 ,when they come together here again tonight1 each one of them will tell me what he or she has been thinking relative to the motto4 ,most of the work in the country is of such a kind that1 in doing it1 the people are liable to think all sorts of things1 and they get a lot of bad notions in their heads1 which afterwards break out in the form of wantonness1 lies1 and deception4 ,but when a man has such a motto to ponder over1 he will not rest until he has extracted the moral from it1 and meanwhile the time has elapsed without any evil thoughts having entered his mind4 ,you are a true philosopher and priest1 cried the ,hunter1 whose amazement was increasing with every minute4 ,one can accomplish a great deal with a person when one brings morality home to him1 said the ,justice thoughtfully4 ,but morality sticks in short sayings better than in long speeches and sermons4 ,my people keep straight much longer since ,i hit upon the morality idea4 ,to be sure it does not work all the year round2 during planting and harvest-time all thinking ceases4 ,but it isn't necessary then anyway1 because they have no time for wickedness4 ,you have1 then1 regular sections in your teaching8 asked the ,hunter4 ,in winter1 replied the ,justice1 the mottoes usually begin after threshing and last until sowing4 ,in summer1 on the other hand1 they are assigned from ,walpurgis ,night until dog days4 ,those are the times when peasants have the least to do4 ,with that he left the young man1 who got up and looked around in the house1 the yard1 the orchard1 and the meadow4 ,he spent several hours in this inspection1 since everything he saw attracted him4 ,the rural stillness1 the green of the meadows1 the prosperity which beamed upon him from the whole estate1 all made a most pleasant impression1 and aroused in him a desire to spend the one or two weeks that might elapse before he received news from old ,jochem there in the open country rather than in the narrow alleys of a small city4 ,inasmuch as he wore his heart on his tongue1 he went forthwith to the ,justice1 who was in the oak grove marking a pair of trees for felling1 and expressed his wish4 ,in return he offered to assist in anything that might be of use to his host4 ,beauty is an excellent dowry4 ,it is a key which1 like that little one of gold1 opens by magic seven locks1 each one different from the rest4 ,the old man gazed for a moment at the youth's slim yet robust figure and at his honest and at the same time splendidly aristocratic face1 and at first shook his head persistently2 then1 however1 he nodded approvingly1 and1 finally growing friendly1 granted him his request4 ,he assigned to the ,hunter a corner room on the upper floor of the house1 from one side of which one could see across the oak grove toward the hills and mountains1 and from the other out over the meadows and corn fields4 ,the guest had1 to be sure1 in place of paying for his room and board1 to promise to fulfil a very peculiar condition4 ,for the ,justice did not like to have even beauty favored without an equivalent return4 ,,chapter ,v ,,the ,,hunter ,,hires ,,out ,,as ,,poacher ,he asked the young man1 before he promised him quarters1 whether he was a lover of hunting1 as his green suit1 gun and hunting-bag seemed to indicate4 ,the latter replied that1 as far back as he could remember1 he had always had a passion amounting to real madness for deer-shooting2 in saying which1 to be sure1 he concealed the fact that1 with the exception of a sparrow1 a crow1 and a cat1 no creature of ,god had ever fallen victim to his powder and lead4 ,this was in reality the case4 ,he could not live without firing a few times a day at something1 but he regularly missed his aim2 in his eighteenth year he had killed a sparrow1 in his twentieth a crow1 and in his twenty-fourth a cat4 ,and that was all4 ,after the ,justice had received his guest's affirmative answer1 he came out with his proposition1 which was1 namely1 that the ,hunter should every day lie out in the fields a few hours and keep off the wild animals1 which were causing a great deal of injury to his corn fields1 especially those lying on the slope at the foot of the hills4 ,yonder in the mountains1 said the old peasant1 the noblemen have their great hunting-ranges4 ,the creatures have already in past years eaten up and trampled down enough of my crops1 but this is the first year that it has become serious4 ,the reason is1 that the young count over there is an ardent hunter and has enlarged his stock of game1 so that his stags and roes come out of the forest like sheep and completely ruin the product of my toil and sweat4 ,i myself do not understand the business1 and ,i don't like to turn it over to my men because it gives them an easy chance1 under the pretext of lying in wait1 to become disorderly4 ,consequently the beasts have now and then worked enough havoc to make a man's heart ache4 ,your coming now is1 therefore1 very opportune1 and if for these two weeks before harvest you will keep the creatures out of my corn for me1 we'll call that payment for your room and board4 ,what8 ,i a poacher8 ,i a game thief8 cried the man1 and he laughed so loudly and heartily that the ,justice could not help joining in4 ,still laughing1 the latter ran his hand over the fine cloth of which his guest's clothing was made4 ,that is just why ,i want you to do it1 he said1 because with you there will be no particular danger even if you are caught4 ,you will know how to get yourself out of it better than one of these poor farm laborers4 ,flies get caught in a cobweb1 but wasps flit straight through them4 ,but what kind of a crime is it anyway to protect your own property against monsters that eat it up and ruin it8 he cried1 the laugh on his face suddenly changing into an expression of the most fervent anger4 ,the veins in his brow swelled up1 the blood in his cheeks turned deep crimson1 and the whites of his eyes became bloodshot2 one might have taken fright at the sight of the old man4 ,you are right1 father1 there is nothing more unreasonable than the so-called hunting privileges1 said the ,hunter1 in order to pacify him4 ,for that reason ,i will take upon myself the sin of violating the game laws of the local nobility in the interest of your estate1 although by so doing ,i shall really be-- ,he was going to add something more1 but suddenly broke off and passed over to other indifferent matters4 ,but any one who thinks that the conversation between this ,westphalian justice and the ,suabian hunter ran as smoothly as my pen has written it down1 is mistaken4 ,on the contrary1 it was frequently necessary for them to repeat several times before a barely sufficient understanding came about between them4 ,now and then they were even compelled to resort to making signs with their fingers4 ,for in all his life the ,justice had never heard ch pronounced after s2 furthermore he brought all his sounds up out of his gullet1 or1 if you will1 out of his throat4 ,in the ,hunter1 on the other hand1 the divine gift which distinguishes us from beasts was located between his front teeth and his lips1 whence the sounds broke forth in a wonderful sonorous gravity and fulness and a buzzing sibilancy4 ,but through these strange husks the young man and the old one soon learned to like each other4 ,inasmuch as both were men of full-weight1 sterling stuff they could not fail to understand each other's inmost nature4 ,,chapter ,,vi ,,the ,,hunter ,,writes ,,to ,,his ,,friend ,now ,i may write about things that are pleasant4 ,i cannot possibly tell you how happy ,i am here in the solitude of this hill-girt ,westphalian plain1 where ,i have been quartered for a week among people and cattle4 ,among people and cattle is indeed literally the case1 for the cows do actually stand right in the house on both sides of the large entrance-hall4 ,there is1 however1 absolutely nothing unpleasant or unclean about this2 on the contrary it rather helps to increase the impression of patriarchal house-management4 ,in front of my window stand rustling oak-trees1 and beyond them ,i look out on long1 long meadows and waving cornfields1 between which ,i see here and there a grove of oaks and a lone farmstead4 ,for here it is as it was in the time of ,tacitus3 ,colunt discreti ac diversi1 ut fons1 ut campus1 ut nemus placuit4 ,consequently even a single farm like this is a small ,state in itself1 complete and rounded off1 and the lord of it is just as much a king in his small domain as a real king on a throne4 ,my host is a splendid old fellow4 ,he is called ,justice1 although he certainly has another name too2 for that name1 you see1 has reference only to the ownership of his property4 ,i hear1 however1 that this is the custom around here everywhere4 ,for the most part only the estate has a name--the name of the owner sinks in that of the property2 hence the earth-born1 tough and enduring character of the people here4 ,my ,justice is a man of some sixty-odd years perhaps1 but he carries a strong1 large1 rugged body1 as yet unbent by age4 ,in his reddish-yellow face is deposited the solar heat of the fifty harvests he has gathered in1 his large nose stands out on his face like a tower1 and his white1 bristly eyebrows hang out over his glistening1 blue eyes like a straw roof4 ,he reminds me of a patriarch1 who erects a monument of unhewn stones to the god of his ancestors and pours libations and oil upon it1 rears his colts1 cuts his corn1 and at the same time judges and rules his people with unlimited authority4 ,i have never come across a more compact mixture of venerability and cunning1 reason and obstinacy2 he is a genuine1 old-time1 free peasant in the full sense of the word4 ,i believe that this is the only place where people of this kind are still to be found1 here where precisely this living apart and this stubbornness peculiar to the ancient ,saxons1 combined with the absence of large cities1 has perpetuated the original character of ,germania4 ,all governments and powers have merely skimmed over the surface here2 they have perhaps been able to break off the tops of the various growths1 but not to destroy their roots1 from which fresh shoots have ever sprouted up again1 even though they may no longer close together into leafy crowns4 ,the region is not at all what one would call beautiful1 for it consists solely of billowy risings and fallings of the ground1 and only in the distance does one see the mountains2 furthermore1 the latter look more like a dark hill-slope than a beautifully outlined mountain-range4 ,but just this absence of pretension1 the fact that the mountains do not seem to place themselves in dress parade directly in front of one's eyes and say3 ,how do you like me8 but rather1 like a dutiful stewardess1 to serve the tilth of human hands even down to the smallest detail--after all makes me like them very much1 and ,i have enjoyed many a pleasant hour in my solitary rambles4 ,perhaps the fact has something to do with it that my heart can once more swing out its pendulum undisturbed1 without having wise people tinkering and twisting at the clock-works4 ,i have even become poetic--what do you say to that1 old ,ernst8 ,i have jotted down something to which a divinely beautiful ,sunday that ,i spent some time ago in the wooded glens of the ,spessart inspired me4 ,i think you will like it4 ,it is called3 ,the ,marvels of the ,spessart4 ,what ,i like best is to sit up on the hill in a quiet spot between the ,justice's cornfields1 which terminate there4 ,in front of me there is a large depression in the ground1 grown over with weeds and blackberry bushes1 around which1 in a circle1 lie a lot of large stones4 ,over the largest of these1 directly opposite the field1 the branches of three old lindens spread out4 ,behind me rustles the forest4 ,the spot is infinitely lonesome1 secluded and secret1 especially now that the corn is grown up1 as tall as a man1 behind it4 ,i spend a great deal of time up there--not always1 to be sure1 in sentimental contemplation of nature2 it is my usual evening watchpost1 from which ,i shoot the stags and roes out of the ,justice's corn4 ,they call the place the ,freemen's ,tribunal4 ,presumably1 in days of yore1 the ,fehme used to hatch out its sentences there in the darkness of the night4 ,when ,i praised the place to my ,justice1 an expression of friendliness passed over his face4 ,he made no reply1 but after a time conducted me1 without any inducement on my part1 to a room on the upper floor of the house4 ,there he opened an iron-bound trunk1 showed me an old1 rusty sword which was lying in it1 and said with great solemnity3 ,that is a great curiosity2 it is the sword of ,charles the ,great1 preserved for a thousand and more years in the ,oberhof1 and still in full strength and power4 ,without adding any further explanations1 he clapped the cover down again4 ,i wouldn't for anything have shaken his belief in this sacred relic1 although a fleeting glance convinced me that the broad-sword could scarcely be more than a few hundred years old4 ,but he showed me too a formal attestation concerning the genuineness of the weapon1 made out for him by an obliging provincial scholar4 ,illustration3 ,,the ,,freemen',s ,,tribunal ,by ,benjamin ,vautier ,well1 then1 ,i shall stay here among the peasants until old ,jochem sends me news of ,schrimbs or ,peppel4 ,to be sure1 in the course of my eighty-mile journey ,i have cooled down a little1 for it makes considerable difference when two weeks intervene between a project and its execution4 ,furthermore the question now is3 ,what sort of revenge shall ,i take on him8 ,but all that will take care of itself later on4 ,mentor1 you shall soon hear more1 ,i hope1 from your ,not-,telemachus4 ,,chapter ,,vii ,,how ,,the ,,hunter ,,lives ,,at ,,the ,,oberhof ,several days passed at the ,oberhof in the usual quiet1 monotonous way4 ,still no word came from old ,jochem1 regarding either himself or the escaped adventurer2 and a mild anxiety gradually began1 after a while1 to steal over his young master4 ,for nowadays time is so regulated and so enmeshes us that nobody1 no matter how free and independent he may be1 can long endure an existence which does not offer him some occupation or social relation to fall back on4 ,as much as he could1 to be sure1 the ,hunter associated with the ,justice1 and the man's originality continued to attract him just as strongly as it had done on the first day of their acquaintance4 ,but the old man was occupied the greater part of the time with matters pertaining to his household1 and then he had1 too1 a great many things to discuss with outsiders1 since every day people dropped in at the farm to solicit his help or advice4 ,on these occasions the ,hunter noticed that the ,justice1 in the truest sense of the word1 never did anything gratis4 ,for neighbors1 relatives1 and friends he was ready to do anything1 but they had always to do something for him in return1 even were it only an errand in a neighboring peasant community1 or some other small service of this kind4 ,every day something was fired at1 but regularly missed2 so that the old man1 who invariably hit his mark1 no matter what he aimed at1 began to look with astonishment upon these futile efforts4 ,it was a fortunate thing for our ,hunter that the nearest estate-owner happened at that time to be away on a trip with his family and servants1 otherwise the professional gunners up on the ,open ,tribunal would probably have caught him sooner or later4 ,at noon on the following day the ,hunter heard a noise under his window2 he looked out and saw that a number of men were standing in front of the house4 ,just then the ,justice1 dressed in his ,sunday clothes1 stepped out of the door1 and at the same time a two-horse wagon drew up opposite by the oak grove4 ,in the wagon was a man in black robes1 apparently a clergyman2 he was sitting among several baskets1 in some of which fowls seemed to be fluttering4 ,a little behind him sat a woman in bourgeois dress1 who was holding another basket rigidly in her lap4 ,in front by the horses stood a peasant with the whip1 his arm resting on the neck of one of the animals4 ,beside him was a maid1 also holding a basket1 covered with a snow-white napkin1 under her arm4 ,a man in a wide brown overcoat1 whose thoughtful gait and solemn face made it at once unmistakably evident that he was a sexton1 walked with dignity from the wagon to the house1 placed himself in front of the ,justice1 lifted his hat1 and recited the following verses3 ,before your gate you now may see ,the ,sexton and the ,dominie1 ,the ,sexton's wife1 the house-maid too1 ,who've come to get what is their due1 ,by custom old from this domain1 ,the hens1 the eggs1 the cheeses twain2 ,so tell us then without delay ,if you are all prepared to pay4 ,while listening to this little recitation the ,justice had respectfully removed his hat4 ,afterwards he approached the wagon1 bowed to the clergyman1 reverently helped him to alight1 and then stood off at one side with him and held a conversation1 which the ,hunter could not overhear1 about various matters4 ,in the meantime the woman with the basket had also stepped down and taken a position beside the ,sexton1 the peasant and the maid1 and behind the two chief persons1 as if for a procession4 ,the ,hunter1 in order to ascertain the significance of this scene1 went downstairs and observed that the entrance-hall was sprinkled with white sand1 and the best room1 adjacent to it1 decorated with green branches4 ,inside1 also dressed up in her ,sunday best1 sat the daughter2 she was spinning as if she meant to turn out an entire skein of yarn that very day4 ,she looked very red and did not glance up from her work4 ,he entered the room and was just about to obtain his information from her1 when the procession of strangers1 including the ,justice1 crossed the threshold of the entrance-hall4 ,at the head marched the clergyman1 behind him the ,sexton1 then the peasant1 then the maid1 then the ,sexton's wife1 and finally the ,justice1 each one marching alone4 ,the clergyman approached the daughter1 who had not yet glanced up from her spinning-wheel1 addressed her with a friendly greeting1 and said3 ,quite right1 ,miss6 ,when the bride-to-be makes her wheel go so industriously beforehand1 her sweetheart may hope and expect to have full chests and boxes afterwards4 ,when is the wedding to be8 ,a week from ,thursday1 your reverence1 if it is permissible1 replied the bride1 turning1 if possible1 even redder than before4 ,she humbly kissed the clergyman's hand--the latter was still a youngish man--took his hat and cane from him1 and handed him1 by way of welcome1 a refreshing drink4 ,the others1 after they had formed a circle around the bride1 and had likewise remembered her with a handshake and an expression of good will1 also partook of the refreshing beverage2 thereupon they left the room and went into the entrance-hall4 ,the clergyman1 however1 continued to discuss the affairs of the community with the ,justice1 who1 with his hat in his hand all the time1 stood before him in reverential posture4 ,the young ,hunter1 who1 unnoticed by the others1 had been watching the scene from a corner of the room1 would have liked to greet the clergyman before now1 but he felt that it would be rude to break in upon the conversation between the strangers and the inmates of the house1 a conversation which1 in spite of the rusticity of the scene1 had yet an air of diplomatic ceremony4 ,for in the clergyman he recognized1 with joyful astonishment1 a former academic acquaintance4 ,the ,justice now left the room for a moment1 and the ,hunter went over to the ,pastor and greeted him by name4 ,the clergyman started and passed his hand across his eyes1 but he1 likewise1 at once recognized the other and was no less happy to see him4 ,but1 he added to the first words of greeting1 this is no place nor time for a talk4 ,come along with me afterwards when ,i drive away from the farm--then we can have a chat together4 ,i am a public character here and stand under the constraint of a most imperious ceremonial4 ,we cannot take any notice of each other1 and you too1 in a passive sort of way1 must conform to the ritual4 ,above all things don't laugh at anything that you see--that would offend the good people extremely4 ,these old established customs1 strange as they may seem1 always have1 nevertheless1 their venerable side4 ,have no fear1 replied the ,hunter4 ,but ,i should like to know-- ,everything afterwards6 whispered the clergyman1 glancing toward the door1 which the ,justice was just then re-entering4 ,he retreated from the ,hunter just as from a stranger4 ,the ,justice and his daughter themselves brought in the food and laid it on the table1 which had been set in this room4 ,there were chicken soup1 a dish of ,french beans and a long sausage1 roast pork and plums1 butter1 bread1 and cheese1 and1 in addition1 a bottle of wine4 ,all this was put on the table at the same time4 ,the peasant too had left the horses and come into the room4 ,when everything was steaming on the table1 which had been laid for only two persons1 the ,justice politely invited the clergyman to seat himself1 and the latter1 after saying grace1 sat down1 as did likewise1 a short distance away from him1 the peasant4 ,do ,i not eat here too8 inquired the ,hunter4 ,nay1 ,god forbid6 answered the ,justice1 and the bride looked at him from one side in amazement4 ,only the ,diaconus and the ,colonus eat here--you sit at the table with the ,sexton outside4 ,the ,hunter went into another room1 opposite1 after observing to his surprise that the ,justice and his daughter themselves attended to the serving of this first and most aristocratic table4 ,in the other room he found the ,sexton1 his wife1 and the maid1 all standing around a table which had been laid there1 and impatiently awaiting1 as it seemed1 the arrival of their fourth companion4 ,the same eatables were steaming on this table1 except that the butter and cheese were missing and beer took the place of the wine4 ,the ,sexton stepped with dignity to the head seat and1 keeping his eyes on the dishes1 recited aloud the following verses3 ,the birds that fly1 the beasts that crawl1 ,for man's behoof ,god made them all2 ,chicken soup1 beans1 pork1 plums and veal1 ,are gifts divine--,lord bless the meal6 ,thereupon the company sat down1 with the ,sexton at the head of the table4 ,the latter did not for a moment forget his solemn dignity1 nor his wife her basket1 which she put down close beside her4 ,the ,pastor's maid1 on the other hand1 had unassumingly set hers aside4 ,during the meal1 which was piled up on the dishes in veritable mountains1 not a word was spoken4 ,the ,sexton gravely devoured portions that might be called enormous1 while his wife was not a great way behind him4 ,here again it was the maid who showed herself to be most modest4 ,as for the ,hunter1 he confined his attention almost entirely to looking on2 for the day's ceremonies were not to his liking4 ,after the meal was over the ,sexton1 smirking solemnly1 said to the two maids who had waited on the table3 ,now1 if it please ,god1 we will receive our legitimate dues and the good-will accompanying them4 ,the maids1 who had already cleared off the table1 then went out4 ,the ,sexton sat down on a chair in the middle of the room1 while the two women1 his wife and the maid1 took seats on either side of him1 putting the newly-opened baskets down in front of them4 ,after the expectation which the faces of the three expressed had lasted for several minutes1 the two maids re-entered1 accompanied by their master1 the ,justice4 ,the first was holding aloft a roomy basket of wickerwork1 in which some hens were anxiously clucking and flapping their wings4 ,she put it down in front of the ,sexton1 who glanced into it and counted3 ,one1 two1 three1 four1 five1 six--it is all right4 ,thereupon the second maid counted out from a large piece of cloth into a basket in front of the ,pastor's maid1 three score eggs and six round cheeses1 not without the ,sexton's carefully counting them all over after her4 ,after this was done1 the ,sexton said3 ,so then the ,pastor is provided for1 and now comes the ,sexton4 ,thereupon thirteen eggs and a single cheese were put into the basket in front of his wife1 who tested the freshness of each egg by shaking and smelling it1 and rejected two4 ,after this proceeding the ,sexton stood up and said to the ,justice3 ,how is it1 ,justice1 about the second cheese which the ,sexton still has the right to expect from the farm8 ,you yourself know1 ,sexton1 that the right to the second cheese has never been recognized by the ,oberhof1 replied the ,justice4 ,this alleged second cheese was due from the ,baumann estate1 which more than a hundred years ago was united under one hand with the ,oberhof4 ,later on1 the two were again divided1 and the ,oberhof is obligated for only one cheese4 ,the ,sexton's ruddy brown face took on the deepest wrinkles that it was capable of producing1 and divided itself into several pensive sections of a square1 roundish or angular shape4 ,he said3 ,where is the ,baumann estate8 ,it was split up and went to pieces in the times of disturbance4 ,is the ,sexton's office to be the loser on that account8 ,it should not be so6 ,nevertheless1 expressly reserving each and every right in the matter of the second cheese due from the ,oberhof1 and contested now for a hundred years1 ,i hereby receive and accept one cheese4 ,in accordance with which the legitimate dues of the ,oberhof to both ,pastor and ,sexton are paid1 and now comes the good-will4 ,the latter consisted of freshly-baked rolls1 six of which were laid in the ,pastor's basket and two in the ,sexton's4 ,with that the entire ceremony was concluded4 ,the ,sexton came closer to the ,justice1 and recited the following third effusion3 ,i find the six hens all correct1 ,the cheeses too without defect2 ,the eggs delivered are freshly laid1 ,and all the dues were promptly paid4 ,and so the ,lord preserve your farm ,from famine1 fire1 and other harm6 ,he is beloved of ,god and man ,who pays his debts as best he can4 ,after that the ,justice made a deep bow as a sign of thanks4 ,the ,sexton's wife and the maid carried the baskets out and packed them in the wagon4 ,at the same time the ,hunter saw a maid carrying some dishes and plates out of the room in which the clergyman had eaten1 into the entrance-hall1 where she washed them before the eyes of the latter1 who had stepped up to the threshold of the room4 ,after she had finished this washing she approached the clergyman1 who drew a small coin out of a piece of paper and gave it to her4 ,in the meanwhile the ,sexton was drinking his coffee with relish1 and when a cup was brought for the ,hunter too1 he sat down with it beside the ,sexton4 ,i am a stranger here1 said the young man1 and do not entirely understand the customs which ,i have been witnessing today4 ,will you1 sir1 be good enough to explain them to me8 ,is it obligatory for the peasants to supply the ,pastor with these products of nature8 ,it is obligatory as far as the hens1 eggs and cheeses are concerned1 but not the rolls4 ,they represent merely goodwill1 but have always been paid without objection1 replied the ,sexton with great seriousness4 ,three peasant communities are affiliated with the diaconate or head pastorate in the city1 and part of the ,pastor's and ,sexton's income is derived from these dues1 which are collected every year from the various farms4 ,in order to do this collecting1 as has been done every year since time immemorial1 we make annually two trips or rounds1 namely1 this short summer trip1 and then a long winter trip1 shortly after ,advent4 ,on the summer trip the hens1 eggs and cheeses come due1 one farm paying so much1 another so much4 ,the first item1 namely1 the hens1 is payable1 however1 only pro ,diaconatu1 the ,sexton having to content himself with eggs and cheese only4 ,in the winter1 corn1 barley1 oats and rye fall due2 we come then with two carts1 because one would not hold all the sacks4 ,thus twice a year we go the rounds of the three communities4 ,and where do you go from here8 asked the ,hunter4 ,straight home1 answered the ,sexton4 ,this community is the last of the three1 and this ,oberhof is the last farm in this community where the customary dues are collected4 ,the ,sexton was then called away1 for the horses were hitched to the cart1 and the clergyman1 with cordial handshakes and good wishes1 was taking leave of the ,justice and his daughter1 who were now standing before him with the same air of friendly reverence that they had shown for him during all the other proceedings of the day4 ,the procession now went rocking off between corn fields and high hedges along another road than the one it had come by4 ,the peasant1 with the whip in his hand1 went on foot in front of the horses1 and the cart rolled heavily along behind him4 ,in addition to the two women1 the ,sexton now sat in among the baskets with a feather pillow propped against his stomach for protection4 ,the ,hunter1 who had modestly stood back during the preparations for departure1 now1 when the wagon had advanced a short distance1 hurried after it with hasty steps4 ,he found the ,pastor1 who had also remained behind his accumulation of property1 waiting for him in a pleasant spot under some trees4 ,here1 unrestrained by the ceremonial of the ,oberhof1 they embraced each other1 and the ,pastor said1 laughing3 ,i'll wager this is something you never expected--to discover in your former acquaintance1 who used to conduct his young ,swedish ,count so neatly about on the slippery ground of science and elegant life in the big city1 a figure who must remind you of the ,reverend ,lopez in ,fletcher's ,spanish ,curate4 ,as for the proceedings which you have witnessed today1 it was absolutely necessary for me to go through with them in person2 my entire relation with the people would be broken if ,i manifested any squeamishness about participating in the old custom4 ,my predecessor in office1 who was not a native of these parts1 was ashamed of these regular trips and refused downright to have anything to do with them4 ,what was the result8 ,he got himself into serious difficulties with these rural parishes1 which even had an influence on the decadence of school and church affairs4 ,he had finally to petition for his transference1 and ,i immediately made up my mind1 when ,i received my appointment1 that ,i would adapt myself in all things to the customs of the place4 ,in pursuance of this policy ,i have so far got along very well1 and the appearance of dependency which these trips give me1 far from damaging my prestige1 rather enhances and secures it4 ,how could it be otherwise8 cried the ,hunter4 ,i must confess to you that during the entire ceremony1 in spite of the comical atmosphere which your ,sexton spread over it1 ,i was really touched and the feeling never once left me4 ,somehow ,i saw on the one hand1 in your acceptance of these most simple and material gifts1 and1 on the other1 in the reverence with which they were bestowed1 the most pious and unpretending symbol of the church1 which must have its daily bread in order to exist1 and of the faithful who supply her earthly needs in the humble conviction that by so doing they will gain something of high and eternal value4 ,hence on neither the one side nor the other does a sense of servitude arise1 but rather on both sides there is a deep feeling of the most perfect mutuality4 ,i am glad1 said the ,pastor1 pressing the ,hunter's hand1 that you so regard it1 since another person would perhaps have made fun of the whole business4 ,for that reason--,i can now own up to it--,i was at first not at all pleased to have you appear so unexpectedly as a witness of those scenes4 ,god forbid that ,i should make fun of anything that ,i have seen in this country6 replied the ,hunter4 ,i now rejoice that a mad freak brought me here to these woods and fields1 for otherwise ,i should probably never have learned to know the region2 for it has very little reputation abroad1 and there is1 in fact1 nothing here to attract exhausted and surfeited tourists4 ,but the feeling has gripped me here even more strongly than in my own home--this is soil which an unmixed race has trod for more than a thousand years6 ,and the idea of the immortality of the people was wafted toward me in the rustling of these oaks and of this surrounding vegetation in an almost1 ,i might say1 tangible form4 ,a long conversation resulted from this remark1 which was carried on alternately by both the ,hunter and the ,pastor1 as they walked slowly along behind the cart4 ,when they took leave of each other the young ,suabian was obliged to make his friend a promise that he would visit him for a few days in the city4 ,after that they separated and went off in opposite directions4 ,,chapter ,,viii ,,the ,,strange ,,flower ,,and ,,the ,,beautiful ,,girl ,the sun was still high in the heavens4 ,the ,hunter felt no particular inclination to return to the ,oberhof so early in the day1 so he stepped up to one of the highest hedges to obtain a general view of the region4 ,from there he saw rising1 a short distance away1 the bushy summits of a group of hills1 through which he thought he could probably make his way and get back to his quarters before late in the evening4 ,his foot trod the fresh1 damp green of a meadow bordered by bushes1 under which a stream of clear water was flowing4 ,not far away appeared some small rocks1 over which ran a narrow slippery path4 ,he walked across1 climbed down between the cliffs1 tucked up his sleeves1 and put his arm in the water2 it sent a pleasant thrill through him and cooled his hot blood4 ,thus1 half kneeling1 half sitting in the damp1 dark1 rock-begirt spot1 he glanced aside into the open4 ,there his eyes were fascinated by a glorious sight4 ,some old tree stumps had rotted in the grass1 and their black forms protruded from the surrounding vivid green4 ,one of them was entirely hollowed out1 and inside of it the rotted wood had formed a deposit of brown earth4 ,out of this earth and out of the stump1 as from a crater1 a most beautiful flower was growing4 ,above a crown of soft1 round leaves rose a long1 slender stalk which bore large cups of an indescribably beautiful red4 ,deep down in the cups of the flower was a spot of soft1 gleaming white which ran out to the edge of the petals in tiny light-green veins4 ,it was evidently not a native flower1 but an exotic1 whose seed some chance--who knows what8--had deposited here in this little garden-bed1 prepared by the putrefactive powers of ,nature1 and which a friendly summer sun had caused to grow and blossom4 ,the ,hunter refreshed his eye in this charming sight4 ,intoxicated by the magic of ,nature1 he leaned back and closed his eyes in sweet reveries4 ,when he opened them again the scene had changed4 ,a beautiful girl in simple attire1 her straw hat hung over her arm1 was kneeling by the flower1 gently embracing its stalk as if it were her sweetheart's neck1 and gazing into its red calyx with the sweetest look of joyful surprise4 ,she must have approached quietly while the ,hunter was lying back1 half asleep4 ,she did not see him1 for the cliffs hid him from her sight2 and he was careful not to make any motion that might frighten the vision away4 ,but after a while1 as she looked up from the flower with a sigh1 her sidewise glance fell upon the water1 and she caught sight of a man's shadow6 ,the ,hunter saw her color pale1 saw the flower drop from her hands--otherwise she remained motionless on her knees4 ,he half arose between the cliffs1 and four young eyes met6 ,but only for a moment6 ,the girl1 with fire in her face1 quickly got up1 tossed her straw hat on her head1 and with three swift steps disappeared into the bushes4 ,the ,hunter now came out from among the cliffs and stretched out his arm toward the bushes4 ,had the spirit of the flower become alive8 ,he looked at it again--it did not seem as beautiful as it had a few minutes before4 ,an amaryllis1 he said1 coldly4 ,i recognize it now--,i have it in my green-house4 ,should he follow the girl8 ,he wanted to--but a mysterious shyness shackled his feet4 ,he grasped his forehead4 ,he had not been dreaming--he was sure of that4 ,and the occurrence1 he cried at last with something like an effort1 is not so extraordinary that it must necessarily have been a dream4 ,a pretty girl1 who happened along this way1 was enjoying a pretty flower--that is all6 ,he wandered about among unknown mountains1 valleys and tracts of country1 as long as his feet would carry him4 ,finally it became necessary for him to think of returning4 ,late1 in the dark1 and only through the help of a guide whom he came across by accident1 he reached the ,oberhof4 ,here the cows were lowing1 and the ,justice was sitting at the table in the entrance-hall with his daughter1 men and maids1 about to begin his moral talks4 ,but it was impossible for the ,hunter to enter into them--everything seemed different to him1 coarse and inappropriate4 ,he repaired immediately to his room1 wondering how he could pass away any more time here without knowing what was going to happen4 ,a letter which he found there from his friend ,ernst in the ,black ,forest added to his discomfort4 ,in this state of mind1 which robbed him of part of his night's sleep and even the following morning had not yet left him1 he was glad indeed when the ,pastor sent a wagonette to bring him to the city4 ,even from a distance1 towers1 high walls and bulwarks made it evident that the city1 once a mighty member of the ,hanseatic ,league1 had seen its great days of defensive fighting4 ,the deep moat was still extant1 although now devoted to trees and vegetables4 ,his vehicle1 after it had passed under the dark ,gothic gate1 moved along somewhat heavily on the rough stone pavement1 and finally drew up in front of a comfortable-looking house1 on the threshold of which the ,pastor was standing ready to receive him4 ,he entered a cheerful and cosy household1 which was animated by a sprightly1 pretty wife and a couple of lively boys whom she had presented to her husband4 ,after breakfast they went for a walk through the city4 ,in the course of it the ,hunter told his friend about his adventure in the woods4 ,to judge by your description1 said the latter1 it was the blond ,lisbeth whom you saw4 ,the dear child wanders around the country getting money for her old foster-father4 ,she was at my home a few days ago1 but would not tarry with us4 ,the girl is a most charming ,cinderella1 and ,i only hope that she may find the ,prince who will fall in love with her little shoe4 ,illustration3 ,,lisbeth ,,chapter ,,ix ,,the ,,hunter ,,shoots ,,and ,,hits ,,the ,,mark ,after a sojourn of several days in the city the ,hunter returned to the ,oberhof1 and found the ,justice repairing a barn door4 ,the ,hunter informed him that he was going to depart soon1 and the old man replied3 ,i am rather glad of it2 the little woman who had the room before you sent word to me that she would be back today or tomorrow2 you would have to give way to her and ,i couldn't make you comfortable anywhere else4 ,the entire estate was swimming in the red light of evening4 ,a pure summer warmth pervaded the air1 which was uncharged with any exhalations4 ,it was quite deserted around the buildings2 all the men and maids must have been still busy in the fields4 ,even in the house he saw nobody when he went to his room4 ,there he picked up and arranged what he had from time to time written down during his stay1 packed up his few belongings1 and then looked around for his gun4 ,after a short search he discovered it behind a large cabinet where the peasant had concealed it4 ,he loaded it1 and in two steps he was out of the house and headed for the ,open ,tribunal1 bent on shooting the restlessly heaving visions out of his soul4 ,by the time he was traversing the fragrant1 golden oak grove he had recovered his high spirits4 ,when he reached the ,freemen's ,tribunal up on the hill he felt quite cheerful4 ,the ears of grain1 heavy and plentiful1 were nodding and rustling1 the large red disk of the full moon was rising over the eastern horizon1 and the reflection of the sun1 which had already sunk in the west1 was still lighting up the sky4 ,the atmosphere was so clear that this reflected light shone a yellowish green4 ,the ,hunter felt his youth1 his health1 his hopes4 ,he took his position behind a large tree on the edge of the forest4 ,today1 he said1 ,i will see whether fate can be bent4 ,i'll fire only when something comes within three paces of the muzzle1 and then if ,i should miss it1 there would needs be magic in it4 ,behind him was the forest1 before him the low ground of the ,freemen's ,tribunal1 with its large stones and trees1 and over opposite the solitary spot was shut in by yellow corn fields4 ,in the tree-tops above him the turtle-doves were cooing now and then a faint note1 and through the branches of the trees by the ,freemen's ,tribunal the wild hawk-moths were beginning to whir with their red-green wings4 ,gradually the ground in the forest also began to show signs of life4 ,a hedgehog crept sleepily through the underbrush2 a little weasel dragged his supple body forth from a crevice in the rocks no broader than a quill4 ,little hares darted with cautious leaps out from the bushes1 stopping in front of each to crouch down and lay their ears back1 until finally1 growing more brave1 they mounted the ridge by the cornfield and danced and played together1 using their fore paws to strike one another in sport4 ,the ,hunter took care not to disturb these little animals4 ,finally a slender roe stepped out of the forest4 ,shrewdly thrusting its nose into the wind and glancing around to the right and left out of its big brown eyes1 it stalked along on its delicate feet with an easy grace4 ,the gentle1 wild1 fleet animal now reached a point just opposite the hidden ,hunter's gun1 and so close to him that he could hardly fail to hit it4 ,he was just about to pull the trigger when the deer took fright1 faced about in a different direction1 and made a leap straight for the tree behind which the ,hunter was standing4 ,his gun cracked1 and the animal1 unwounded1 made off with a series of mighty leaps into the forest4 ,but from amid the corn he heard a loud cry1 and a few moments afterwards a woman's form staggered out of the fields on a narrow path which lay in the line of his aim4 ,the ,hunter threw down the gun and rushed toward the form2 when he saw who it was he nearly collapsed4 ,illustration3 ,,oswald4 ,,the ,,hunter ,by ,benjamin ,vautier ,it was the beautiful girl of the flower scene in the woods4 ,he had hit her instead of the roe6 ,she was holding one hand over the region between her shoulder and left breast1 where the blood was gushing out copiously beneath her kerchief4 ,her face was pale1 and somewhat drawn1 though not distorted1 by pain4 ,she drew a deep breath three times and then said with a soft1 weak voice3 ,god be praised6 ,the wound can't be very dangerous1 for ,i can draw breath1 even though it hurts me4 ,i will try1 she continued1 to reach the ,oberhof1 whither ,i was bound on this short-cut when ,i had to go and meet with this accident4 ,give me your arm4 ,he had supported her only a few steps down the hill when she collapsed and said3 ,it won't do--the pain is too severe--,i might faint on the way4 ,we must wait here in this place until somebody comes along who can fetch a stretcher4 ,in spite of the pain of her wound she was clutching tightly in her left hand a small package2 this she now handed to him and said3 ,keep it for me--it is the money that ,i have collected for the baron--,i might lose it4 ,we must prepare ourselves1 she continued1 to remain here for some little time4 ,if it were only possible for you to make a place for me to lie down and to give me something warm1 so that the cold won't penetrate to the wound6 ,thus she had presence of mind both for herself and him4 ,he stood speechless1 pale and immovable1 like a statue4 ,utter dismay filled his heart and let not a single word escape from his lips4 ,her appeal now put new life into him2 he hurried to the tree behind which he had hidden his hunting-bag4 ,there he saw1 lying on the ground1 the unfortunate gun4 ,he seized it furiously and brought it down on a stone with such strength that the stock was shattered to pieces1 both barrels bent1 and the lock wrenched from the screws4 ,he cursed the day1 himself1 and his hand4 ,then1 rushing back to the girl1 who had sat down on a stone in the ,open ,tribunal1 he fell at her feet1 kissed the hem of her dress1 and with passionate tears flowing from his eyes in a torrent1 besought her forgiveness4 ,she merely begged him to please arise2 he couldn't help doing it1 the wound was surely of no significance1 and the thing for him to do now was to help4 ,he now fitted up a seat for her by laying his bag on the stone1 bound his handkerchief around her neck1 and gently and loosely laid his coat over her shoulders4 ,she sat down on the stone4 ,he took a seat beside her and invited her to rest her head1 for relief1 against his breast4 ,she did so4 ,the moon1 in its full clarity1 had risen high in the heavens1 and now shone down with almost daytime brightness on the couple1 whom a rude accident had thus brought so close together4 ,in the most intimate proximity the strange man sat by the strange girl2 she uttered low moans of pain on his breast1 while down his cheeks the tears ran irrepressibly4 ,round about them the silent solitude of night was slowly gathering4 ,finally ,fortune so willed it that a late wanderer passed through the cornfields4 ,the ,hunter's call reached his ears2 he hurried to the spot and was dispatched at once to the ,oberhof4 ,soon afterwards footsteps were heard coming up the hill2 the men were bringing a sedan chair with cushions4 ,the ,hunter gently lifted the wounded girl into it1 and thus1 late at night1 she reached the sheltering roof of her old friend1 who was1 to be sure1 greatly astonished to see his expected guest arrive in such a condition4 ,,chapter ,x ,,the ,,wedding ,on a clear morning in ,august there were so many cooking fires burning at the ,oberhof that it seemed as if they might be expecting the entire population of all the surrounding towns to dinner4 ,over the hearth fire1 built up to unusual size with great logs and fagots1 there was hanging on a notched iron hook the very largest kettle that the household possessed4 ,six or seven iron pots stood round these fires with their contents boiling and bubbling4 ,in the space before the house1 toward the oak grove1 there were crackling1 if history reports the truth1 nine fires1 and an equal number1 or at the most one less1 in the yard near the lindens4 ,over all these cooking-places jacks or roasters had been erected1 on which frying-pans were resting1 or on which kettles of no small size were hanging1 although none of them could compare in capacity with the one which was doing duty over the hearth fire4 ,the maids of the ,oberhof were briskly hurrying back and forth with skimming-spoons or forks between the various cooking-places4 ,if the guests were to find the food palatable1 there could not be any dawdling over the skimming and turning4 ,for in the large kettle over the hearth eight hens lent strength to the soup1 and in the other twenty-three or-four pots1 kettles1 and pans there were boiling or roasting six hams1 three turkeys1 and five pigs1 besides a corresponding number of hens4 ,while the maids were exerting themselves1 the men too were industriously attending to their part of the work4 ,the one with the black eyes was building an immense1 long table with stands1 blocks1 and boards1 in the orchard among the flower-beds1 having already completed a similar construction in the entrance-hall4 ,the fat1 slow one was decorating with green birch twigs the gates of the house1 the walls of the entrance-hall1 and the doors of the two rooms in which the ,pastor and his ,sexton had once eaten4 ,he sighed deeply over this delightful green work1 and the heat1 too1 seemed to oppress him greatly4 ,nevertheless an easier task had fallen to him than to his fellow-partner1 the gruff1 red-haired man4 ,for the former had only flexible ,may twigs to deal with1 whereas it fell to the latter to decorate the cattle for the festivity4 ,the red-haired man was1 accordingly1 gilding with gold tinsel the horns of the cows and bullocks1 which were standing on one side of the entrance-hall behind their mangers1 or else was tying bright-colored bows and tassels around them4 ,this was1 in fact1 a provoking task1 especially for an irascible man4 ,for many of the cows and an occasional bullock would have absolutely nothing to do with the festival1 but shook their heads and butted sideways with their horns1 as often as the red-haired fellow came anywhere near them with the tinsel and brush4 ,for a long time he suppressed his natural instinct1 and merely grumbled softly once in a while when a horn knocked the brush or the tinsel out of his hand4 ,these grumbles1 however1 scarcely interrupted the general silence in which all the busily occupied people were attending to their work4 ,but when1 finally1 the pride of the stable1 a large white-spotted cow1 with which he had been struggling in vain for more than a quarter of an hour1 became positively malicious and tried to give the red-haired fellow a dangerous thrust1 he lost all patience4 ,springing aside1 he seized that fence-pole with which he had once restrained himself from striking ,peter of the ,bandkotten1 and which happened by chance to be handy1 and gave the obstinate beast such a mighty blow on the groins with the heavy end of it that the cow bellowed with pain1 her sides began to quiver1 and her nostrils to snort4 ,the slow1 fat fellow dropped the twigs which he had in his hand1 the first maid looked up from the kettle1 and both cried out simultaneously3 ,heaven help us6 ,what are you doing8 ,when a worthless brute like this refuses to listen to reason and will not be decent and let itself be gilded1 it ought to have its confounded bones smashed6 ,he then wrenched the cow's head around and decorated her even more beautifully than her mates4 ,for the animal1 having in her pain become more tractable1 now stood perfectly still and permitted the rough artist to do anything he wanted to with her4 ,while the preparations for the wedding were being carried on below in this energetic manner1 the ,justice was upstairs in the room where he kept the sword of ,charles the ,great1 putting on his best finery4 ,the chief factor in the festive attire which the peasants of that region wear is the number of vests that they put on under their coats4 ,the richer a peasant is1 the more vests he wears on extraordinary occasions4 ,the ,justice had nine1 and all of them were destined by him to be assembled around his body on this day4 ,he kept them hung up in a row on wooden pegs behind a seed-cloth1 which partitioned off one part of the room from the other like a curtain4 ,first the under ones of silver-gray or red woolen damask1 adorned with flowers1 and then the outside ones of brown1 yellow and green cloth4 ,these were all adorned with heavy silver buttons4 ,behind this seed-cloth the ,justice was dressing4 ,he had neatly combed his white hair1 and his yellow1 freshly-washed face shone forth under it like a rape-field over which the snow has fallen in ,may4 ,the expression of natural dignity1 which was peculiar to these features1 was today greatly intensified2 he was the father of the bride1 and felt it4 ,his movements were even slower and more measured than on the day when he bargained with the horse-dealer4 ,he examined each vest carefully before he removed it from its peg1 and then deliberately put them on1 one after the other1 without over-hurrying himself in the process of buttoning them up4 ,when the ,justice was ready he slowly descended the stairs4 ,in the entrance-hall he surveyed the preparations--the fires1 the kettles1 the pots1 the green twigs1 the ribboned and gilded horns of his cattle4 ,he seemed to be satisfied with everything1 for several times he nodded his head approvingly4 ,he walked through the entrance-hall to the yard1 then toward the side of the oak grove1 looked at the fires which were burning there1 and gave similar signs of approval1 although always with a certain dignity4 ,when the white sand1 with which the entire entrance-hall and the space in front of the house was thickly sprinkled1 grated and crunched in a lively manner under his feet1 this seemed to afford him a special pleasure4 ,a maid was asked to put a chair for him in front of the house2 he sat down there1 opposite the oak grove1 and1 with his legs stretched out in front of him1 his hat and cane in his hand1 he awaited in sturdy silence the continuation of the proceedings1 while the golden sunlight shone brightly down on him4 ,in the meantime two bridesmaids were adorning the bride in her room4 ,all around her were standing chests and linen bags1 gaily painted with flowers1 which contained her dowry of cloth1 bedding1 yarn1 linen and flax4 ,even in the door-way and far out into the hall all the space was occupied4 ,in the midst of all these riches sat the bride in front of a small mirror1 very red and serious4 ,the first bridesmaid put on her blue stockings with the red clocks1 the second threw over her a skirt of fine black cloth1 and on top of this a bodice of the same material and color4 ,thereupon both occupied themselves with her hair1 which was combed back and braided behind into a sort of wheel4 ,during these preparations the bride never once said a word1 while her friends were all the more talkative4 ,they praised her finery1 extolled her piled-up treasures1 and every now and then a furtive sigh led one to suspect that they would rather have been the adorned than the adorning4 ,finally both girls1 with solemn mien1 came bringing in the bride's crown2 for the girls in that region do not wear a wreath on their wedding-day1 but a crown of gold and silver tinsel4 ,the merchant who provides their adornment merely rents the crown1 and after the wedding-day takes it back4 ,thus it wanders from one bride's head to another4 ,the bride lowered her head a little while her friends were putting on the crown1 and her face1 when she felt the light weight of it on her hair1 became1 if possible1 even redder than before4 ,in her hair1 which1 strange enough1 was black1 although she lived among a blond people1 the gold and silver tinsel glittered gaily4 ,she straightened herself up1 supported by her friends1 and the two broad1 gold bands which belonged to the crown hung far down her back4 ,the men were already standing in front of the door ready to carry her dotal belongings down into the entrance-hall4 ,the bridesmaids seized their friend by the hand1 and one of them picked up the spinning-wheel1 which likewise had a definite function to perform in the coming ceremony4 ,and thus the three girls went slowly down the stairs to the bride's father1 while the men seized the chests and bags and started to carry them down into the entrance-hall4 ,then the bride1 escorted by both bridesmaids1 entered the door1 holding her head stiff and firm under the quivering gold crown1 as if she were afraid of losing the ornament4 ,she offered her hand to her father1 and1 without looking up1 bade him a good morning4 ,the old man1 without any show of feeling1 replied ,thank you1 and assumed his previous posture4 ,the bride sat down at the other side of the door1 put her spinning-wheel in front of her and began to spin industriously1 an occupation which custom required her to continue until the moment the bridegroom arrived and conducted her to the bridal carriage4 ,in the distance faint notes of music were heard1 which announced the approach of the bridal carriage4 ,but even this sign that the decisive moment was at hand1 the moment which separates a child from the parental house and shoves the father into the background so far as his child's dependence is concerned1 did not produce any commotion at all among the people1 who1 like models of old usages1 were sitting on either side of the door4 ,the daughter1 very red1 but with a look of unconcern1 spun away unwearyingly2 the father looked steadily ahead of him1 and neither of them1 bride or father1 said a word to the other4 ,the first bridesmaid1 in the meanwhile1 was out in the orchard gathering a bouquet for the bridegroom4 ,she selected late roses1 fire-lilies1 orange-yellow starworts--a flower which in that locality they call ,the-,longer-the-,prettier and in other places ,the ,jesus ,flowerlet--and sage4 ,the bouquet finally grew to such proportions that it could have sufficed for three bridegrooms of high rank--for peasants must always do things on a large scale4 ,but all together it did not smell any too sweet1 for the sage emitted a strange odor1 and the starworts a positively bad one4 ,on the other hand1 neither of them1 especially the sage1 could be left out1 if the bouquet was to possess the traditional completeness4 ,when she had it ready1 the girl held it out before her with proud enjoyment1 and tied it together with a broad1 dark-red ribbon4 ,she then went to take her place beside the bride4 ,,chapter ,,xi ,,the ,,hunter ,,and ,,his ,,prey ,while the ceremony was thus monopolizing the entire ,oberhof1 there were1 wholly without ceremony1 two young people together upstairs in the room which the ,hunter had formerly occupied4 ,the young girl was sitting at a little table by the window and hemming a beautiful kerchief which the ,hunter had bought for her in the city and given to her for a wedding-day adornment4 ,she pricked her finger more often today than on the evening when she was helping the bride with her linen4 ,for when the eyes do not watch the needle1 it is apt to take its own malicious course4 ,the young man was standing before her and working at something2 he was1 namely1 cutting out a pen for her4 ,for at last the girl had said she would of course have to send news as to where she was1 and request permission to remain a few days longer at the ,oberhof4 ,he stood on the opposite side of the little table1 and in a glass between him and the girl a white lily and a rose1 freshly cut1 were emitting a sweet perfume4 ,he did not hurry unduly with his work2 before he applied the knife he asked the girl several times whether she preferred to write with a soft or a hard point1 fine or blunt1 and whether he should make the quill short or leave it long4 ,he plied her with numerous other questions of this kind1 as thoroughly as if he were a writing-master producing a calligraphic work of art4 ,to these detailed questions the girl1 in a low voice1 made many indefinite replies2 now she wanted the pen cut so1 now so1 and every once in a while she looked at him1 sighing each time she did it4 ,the youth sighed even more often1 ,i do not know whether it was on account of the indefiniteness of her answers1 or for some other reason4 ,once he handed the pen to her1 so that she might indicate how long she wanted the slit to be4 ,she did so1 and when she handed the pen back to him1 he seized something more than the pen--namely1 her hand4 ,his own hand grasped it in such a way that the pen fell to the floor and for a moment was lost to their memories1 all consciousness on both their parts being directed to their hands4 ,i will betray a great secret to you4 ,the youth and the girl were the ,hunter and the beautiful1 blond ,lisbeth4 ,the wounded girl had been carried to her room on that night1 and the ,justice1 very much perturbed--something he seldom was--had come out of his room and sent immediately for the nearest surgeon4 ,the latter1 however1 lived an hour and a half's ride from the ,oberhof2 he was1 moreover1 a sound sleeper1 and reluctant to go out at night4 ,thus1 the morning had already dawned when he finally arrived with his meagre outfit of instruments4 ,he removed the cloth from her shoulders1 examined the wound1 and made a very grave face4 ,luckily1 the young ,suabian's charge had merely grazed ,lisbeth2 only two shot had penetrated her flesh1 and these not very deeply4 ,the surgeon extracted them1 bandaged the wound1 recommended rest and cold water1 and went home with the proud feeling that if he had not been summoned so promptly and had not so cheerfully done his duty1 even in the night1 gangrene would inevitably have resulted from the wound4 ,lisbeth1 while they were waiting for the doctor1 had been very calm2 she had scarcely uttered a complaint1 although her face1 which was deathly pale1 betrayed the fact that she was suffering pain4 ,even the operation1 which the surgeon's clumsy hand caused to be more painful than was necessary1 she had undergone bravely4 ,she asked for the shot and presented them jokingly to the ,hunter4 ,they were sure shot1 she said to him--he should keep them1 and they would bring him luck4 ,the ,hunter accepted the sure shot1 wrapped them in a piece of paper1 and gently withdrew his beautiful victim's head from his encircling arms to let her sleep4 ,in these arms ,lisbeth had rested with her pain1 as up on the ,open ,tribunal1 ever since entering the room in the ,oberhof4 ,with sorrowful eyes he had gazed fixedly into her face1 and had now and then met a friendly return-glance1 which she directed up to him as if to comfort him4 ,he went out into the open4 ,it was impossible for him to leave the ,oberhof now2 he had1 he said1 to await the recovery of the poor wounded girl1 for human nature1 he added1 demanded that much4 ,in the orchard he found the ,justice1 who1 having found out that there was no danger1 had gone on about his business as if nothing had happened4 ,he asked the old man to furnish him with quarters for a longer stay4 ,the ,justice bethought himself1 but knew of no room to accommodate the ,hunter4 ,and even if it is only a corner in the corn-loft6 cried the ,hunter1 who was awaiting the decision of his old host as if his fate depended on it4 ,after much deliberation it finally occurred to the ,justice that there was a corner in the corn-loft1 where he stored grain when the harvest turned out too abundant for the usual storing-places4 ,at that time it was empty1 and to it the old man now conducted his young guest1 adding1 however1 that he would probably not like it up there4 ,the ,hunter went up1 and although the bare and depressing room received its small amount of light only through a hole in the roof1 and there was nothing but a board and a chest to sit on1 nevertheless he was well satisfied4 ,for1 he said1 it is all the same to me1 if ,i can only remain here until ,i feel certain that ,i haven't done any lasting damage with my accursed shooting4 ,the weather is fine1 and ,i shan't need to be up here much of the time4 ,and1 as a matter of fact1 he was not up there in his nook much of the time1 but down with ,lisbeth4 ,he begged her forgiveness for his act so often that she grew impatient1 and told him1 with a frown of annoyance which became her very well1 to just stop it4 ,after five days the wound had completely healed1 the bandage could be removed1 and light reddish spots on her white shoulder were all that remained to show the place of the injury4 ,she remained at the ,oberhof1 for the ,justice had previously invited her to the wedding4 ,this event was postponed a few days because the dowry would not be ready at the time appointed4 ,the ,hunter remained too1 although the ,justice did not invite him4 ,he invited himself to the wedding1 however1 by saying to the old man one day that the customs of the country seemed to him so remarkable that he wished to learn what they were on the occasion of a wedding4 ,soon there were just two times in the day for the ,hunter1 an unhappy and a happy one4 ,the unhappy time was when ,lisbeth was helping the bride with her linen--and this she did every day4 ,the ,hunter then was absolutely at a loss what to do with his time4 ,the happy time1 on the other hand1 began when ,lisbeth rested from her work and took the fresh air4 ,it was then certain that the two would come together1 the ,hunter and she4 ,and were he ever so far away behind the bushes1 it would always seem as if somebody were saying to him1 ,lisbeth is now outdoors4 ,then he would fly to the place where he suspected she was1 and behold6 his suspicions had not deceived him1 for even from a distance he would catch sight of her slender form and pretty face4 ,then she would always bend over sideways after a flower1 as if she were not aware of his approach4 ,but beforehand1 to be sure1 she had looked in the direction from which he was coming4 ,and now they would walk together through field and meadow1 for he would beg her so earnestly to do it that it seemed almost sinful to her to refuse him so small a request4 ,the further away from the ,oberhof they wandered in the waving fields and green meadows1 the more free and happy would their spirits grow4 ,when the red1 setting sun lighted up everything about them1 including their own youthful forms1 it seemed to them as if anxiety and pain could never enter into their lives again4 ,on these walks the ,hunter would do everything possible to please ,lisbeth that he could guess from her eyes she wanted him to do4 ,if she happened accidentally to look toward a cluster of wild field-flowers that were blooming on a high hedge at some distance from the road1 before the wish to have them had even had time to enter her mind1 he had swung himself up on the hedge4 ,and in places where the road dropped off somewhat abruptly1 or where a stone lay in their way1 or where it was necessary for them to cross an insignificant bit of water1 he would stretch out his arm to lead and support her1 while she would laugh over this unnecessary readiness to help4 ,nevertheless she would accept his arm1 and permit her own to rest in it for a while1 even after the road had become level again4 ,on these quiet1 pleasant walks the young souls had a great deal to impart to each other4 ,he told her all about the ,suabian mountains1 the great ,neckar1 the ,alps1 the ,murg ,valley1 and the ,hohenstaufen ,mountain on which the illustrious imperial family1 whose deeds he related to her1 originated4 ,then he would speak of the great city where he had studied1 and of the many clever people whose acquaintance he had made there4 ,finally1 he told her about his mother1 how tenderly he had loved her1 and how it was perhaps for that reason that he afterwards came to cherish and revere all women more1 because each one of them made him think of his own deceased mother4 ,lisbeth1 on the other hand1 had only the story of her own simple life to tell him4 ,in it there were no big cities1 no clever people1 and1 alas1 no mother6 ,and yet he thought he had never heard anything more beautiful4 ,for every menial service which she had performed1 she had rendered noble by love4 ,of the young lady and the ,baron she had a thousand touching things to tell1 in all the little haunts in and behind the castle garden she had had adventures to relate1 and she had read in the books which she had secretly brought down from the garret all sorts of astounding things about strange peoples and countries and remarkable occurrences on land and water--and all this she had retained in her memory4 ,thus their days at the ,oberhof passed1 one after the other4 ,the ,justice1 to be sure1 looked upon it all with different eyes1 but was1 of course1 obliged to let things which he could not prevent go on4 ,but he often shook his head when he saw his young guests walking and talking with each other so much1 and would say to himself3 ,it isn't right for a young nobleman like that6 ,,chapter ,,xii ,,the ,,disturbance4 ,,what ,,happened ,,in ,a ,,village ,,church ,finally the ,hunter finished cutting the pen4 ,he pushed a sheet of paper toward her and asked her to try it and see if it would write4 ,she did so1 but could not make it work very well2 it had teeth1 she said4 ,he looked at what she had written2 it was her own name1 in the clearest and most regular lines4 ,the fine letters delighted him4 ,then the door opened and the bridesmaid entered with a dress and a request that ,lisbeth be the third bridesmaid4 ,outside the music1 varied by the ringing of bells1 was coming nearer and nearer1 and now the bridal carriage1 drawn by two strong horses1 hove into sight at the farther end of the road leading through the oak grove4 ,the first bridesmaid stood demurely beside the bride1 with her large and rather malodorous bouquet2 the men stood by the chests and bundles in the entrance-hall1 all ready to seize them for the last time2 the ,justice was looking about anxiously for the second and third bridesmaids1 for if the latter were not on hand before the appearance of the bridegroom to take the place which the day assigned to them1 the entire ceremony1 according to his notion1 was done for4 ,but finally1 exactly at the right time1 the two awaited girls came down the steps and took their stands on either side of the first1 just as the carriage turned in toward the open space in front of the house4 ,with an expression of unconcern on his face1 like that of all the principal persons of this ceremony1 the bridegroom alighted from the carriage4 ,some young people1 his most intimate friends1 followed him1 adorned with ribbons and bouquets4 ,he slowly approached the bride1 who even now did not look up1 but went on spinning and spinning4 ,the first bridesmaid then fastened the large bouquet of sage to the breast of his wedding-jacket4 ,the bridegroom accepted the bouquet without thanks1 for thanks were not included in the traditional routine4 ,he silently offered his hand to his father-in-law1 then1 just as silently1 to his bride1 who thereupon arose and placed herself with the bridesmaids1 between the first and second and in front of the third4 ,in the meanwhile1 the servants had carried the dowry to the wagon4 ,the scene assumed a rather wild aspect1 for the people with the baggage1 in hurrying back and forth among the cooking-fires1 kicked from its place many a burning fagot which crackled and showered sparks in the very path down which the bridal pair were to walk4 ,after the loading of linen1 the flax1 and the various pieces of wearing apparel1 the bride1 with the three bridesmaids and the spinning wheel1 which she carried herself1 took a seat in the carriage4 ,the bridegroom sat down apart from her in the back part of the vehicle1 and the young fellows were obliged to follow on foot1 as the dowry occupied so much room that there was none left for them4 ,one of them made this the subject of traditional facetious remarks1 which he addressed to the ,justice1 who replied to them with a smirk4 ,he walked along behind the young men1 and the ,hunter placed himself at his side4 ,thus two men walked together1 who on this day were cherishing the most radically opposed feelings4 ,for the ,justice was thinking of nothing but the wedding1 and the ,hunter of anything but the wedding1 although his thoughts were hovering about the bridal carriage4 ,now let us allow the latter to drive slowly to the home of the bridegroom1 where already the entire wedding-company is waiting for it--men1 women1 girls and youths from all the surrounding estates1 in addition to friends from the city1 the ,captain and the ,collector4 ,there the carriage is unloaded4 ,meanwhile let us go on ahead to the church1 which1 shaded by walnut-trees and wild chestnuts1 stands on a green hill in the centre of the entire community4 ,inasmuch as it was the proper time1 and as the people had already gathered in the church1 the ,sexton began to play the customary ,battle of ,prague on the organ4 ,he knew but one prelude1 and this was that forgotten battle-hymn which perhaps a few elderly people will recollect if ,i recall to their memories that the musical picture begins with the advance of ,ziethen's ,hussars4 ,from this march the ,sexton managed to swing over1 with transitions which1 to be sure1 were not infrequently rather bold1 into the ordinary church melodies4 ,while the hymn was being sung the ,pastor entered the pulpit1 and when he chanced to cast his eyes over the congregation1 they met an unexpected sight4 ,a gentleman from court1 namely1 was standing among the peasants1 whose attention he was diverting because they were all constantly looking up from their hymnals and glancing at his star4 ,the aristocratic gentleman wanted to share a hymn book with some one of the peasants1 in order to join in the singing1 but since each one of them1 as soon as the gentleman drew near to him1 respectfully stepped aside1 he was unable to accomplish his purpose1 and succeeded only in causing an almost general unrest4 ,for when he sat down in one of the pews1 every one of the peasants seated in it moved along to the extreme farther end1 and when he moved along toward them they finally deserted the pew altogether4 ,this moving along and getting up was repeated in three or four pews1 so that the aristocratic gentleman1 who was attending this little country service with the best of intentions1 was finally obliged to give up the idea of taking an active part in it4 ,he had business in the region1 and did not want to miss an opportunity of winning1 by means of condescension1 the hearts of these country people for the throne to which he felt himself so near4 ,for that reason1 as soon as he heard of the peasant wedding1 the idea of attending it affably from beginning to end immediately occurred to him4 ,the sight of the gentleman did not make a pleasant impression on the ,pastor1 who knew him to be a member of one of the brilliant social circles in the capital4 ,he knew what a peculiar custom would follow the sermon and feared the gentleman's ridicule4 ,for that reason his thoughts lost some of their usual clearness1 his feelings were somewhat concealed1 and the more he talked the further he digressed from the subject4 ,his distraction increased when he noticed that the gentleman was casting appreciative glances at him and occasionally nodding his head in approval2 this last happened usually when the speaker was most dissatisfied with what he was saying4 ,he consequently cut short certain parts of the nuptial address and hurried along to the formal ceremony4 ,the bridal pair were kneeling1 and the fateful questions were being put to them4 ,then something happened which gave the aristocratic stranger a violent shock4 ,for1 looking to the right and left and before and behind him1 he saw men and women1 girls and youths drawing out thick clubs of twisted sack-cloth4 ,everybody was standing up and whispering and looking around1 as it seemed to him1 with wild and malicious glances4 ,as it was impossible for him to guess the true meaning of these preparations1 he completely lost his composure2 and since the clubs seemed to indicate incontestably that somebody was to be the recipient of blows1 he got the notion into his head that he himself was going to be the object of a general maltreatment4 ,he remembered how fearsomely the people had moved away from him1 and he thought to himself how rough the character of country people was1 and how perhaps the peasants1 not understanding his condescending motive1 had resolved to get rid of the disagreeable intruder4 ,all this went through his soul like a streak of lightning1 and he was at a loss to know how he was going to protect his person and dignity from the horrible attack4 ,while he was helplessly wrestling for a decision1 the ,pastor concluded the ceremonies1 and there immediately arose the wildest tumult4 ,all the bearers of clubs1 men and women1 rushed forward yelling and screaming and flourishing their weapons2 the aristocratic gentleman1 however1 in three sidewise bounds over several pews1 reached the pulpit4 ,in a trice he had ascended it1 and from this elevated position called out in a loud voice to the raging crowd below3 ,i advise you not to attack me6 ,i cherish the kindest and most condescending feelings toward you all1 and any injury done to me will be resented by the ,king1 as one done to himself4 ,the peasants1 however1 inspired by the object they had in view1 did not listen to this speech1 but ran on up to the altar4 ,on the way this and that person received some unpremeditated blows before the intended object of them was reached4 ,this was the bridegroom4 ,clapping his hands over his head1 the latter with great exertion forced a passage for himself through the crowd1 who rained blows on his back1 shoulders and wherever there was room4 ,he ran1 violently pushing people aside1 to the church door2 but before he got there he had received certainly more than a hundred blows1 and thus1 well covered with black-and-blue marks1 he left the church on his wedding-day4 ,everybody ran after him2 the bride's father and bride followed1 the ,sexton closed the door immediately after the last one had passed through it and betook himself to the vestry1 which had a private exit4 ,in a few seconds the entire church was empty4 ,all this time the aristocratic gentleman had remained in the pulpit1 while the ,pastor stood before the altar1 bowing to him with a friendly smile4 ,the gentleman1 when he saw from his ,ararat that the blows were not meant for him1 grew calm and dropped his arms4 ,when it was quiet1 he asked the clergyman3 ,for heaven's sake1 ,pastor1 tell me what this furious scene meant2 what had the poor man done to his assailants8 ,nothing1 your ,excellency1 replied the ,pastor who1 notwithstanding the dignity of the place1 could hardly help laughing at the nobleman in the pulpit4 ,this act of beating the bridegroom after the marriage ceremony is an old1 old custom which the people refuse to give up4 ,they say that it is intended to let the bridegroom feel how much blows hurt1 so that in the future he will not abuse his rights as a husband toward his wife4 ,well1 but that is certainly a most remarkable custom1 mumbled his ,excellency1 descending from the pulpit4 ,the ,pastor received him very courteously below and conducted his aristocratic acquaintance into the vestry1 in order to let him outdoors from there4 ,the latter1 who was still somewhat frightened1 said that he would have to think it over1 whether or not he could take part in the further proceedings of the ceremony4 ,the clergyman1 on the way to the vestry1 expressed profound regret that he had not been previously advised of his ,excellency's design1 because he then would have been in a position to inform him of the beating custom1 and thus to avert so great a fright and shock4 ,after both had departed1 peace and silence reigned once more in the church4 ,it was a pretty little church1 dainty and not too gay--a rich benefactor had done a great deal for it4 ,the ceiling was painted blue with gold stars4 ,the pulpit displayed some artistic carving and among the tablets on the floor1 which covered the tombs of former pastors1 there were even two or three of bronze4 ,the pews were kept very tidy and clean1 and to that end the ,justice had exerted his strong influence4 ,a beautiful cloth adorned the altar1 above which rose a twisted column painted to resemble marble4 ,the light fell brightly into the little church1 the trees outside were rustling1 and now and then a gentle breeze coming in by a broken window-pane stirred the white scarf with which the angel above the baptismal font was decked1 or the tinsel of the wreaths which1 having been taken from the coffins of the maidens who had died1 were used to decorate the surrounding pillars4 ,bride and bridegroom were gone1 the bridal procession was gone1 but still the peaceful little church was not yet entirely deserted4 ,two young people had remained inside of it1 without knowing of each other's presence2 and this is how it happened4 ,the ,hunter1 when the wedding-party entered the church1 had separated from them and quietly gone up a flight of stairs to a gallery4 ,there1 unseen by the rest1 he sat down on a stool all alone by himself1 his back to the people and to the altar4 ,he buried his face in his hands1 but that he could not long endure to do2 his cheek and brow were too hot4 ,the hymn with its solemn tones cooled the heat like falling dew2 he thanked ,god that finally1 finally the supreme happiness had been granted to him3 ,in thy sadness1 in thy laughter1 ,thou art thine own by law of love6 99 99 99 ,a little child had crept up to him out of curiosity2 he gently grasped his hand and caressed it4 ,then he started to give him money1 did not do it1 but pressed him against his breast and kissed his forehead4 ,and when the boy1 a bit frightened by his hot caress1 moved toward the stairs1 he slowly led him down lest he should fall4 ,then he returned to his seat and heard nothing of the sermon1 nothing of the noise which followed it4 ,he was sunk in deep and blissful dreams which revealed to him his beautiful mother and his white castle on the green hillside and himself and somebody else in the castle4 ,lisbeth1 embarrassed in her strange attire1 had bashfully walked along behind the bride4 ,oh1 she thought1 just when the good man thinks ,i am always natural ,i must wear borrowed clothes4 ,she longed to have back her own4 ,she heard the peasants behind her talking about her in a whisper4 ,the aristocratic gentleman1 who met the procession in front of the church1 looked at her critically for a long time through his lorgnette4 ,all that she was obliged to endure1 when she had just been so beautifully extolled in verse1 when her heart was overflowing with joyful delight4 ,half dazed she entered the church1 where she made up her mind to desert the procession on the way back1 in order to avoid becoming again the object of conversation or facetious remarks1 which now for a quarter of an hour had been far from her thoughts4 ,she too heard but little of the sermon1 earnestly as she strove to follow the discourse of her respected clerical friend4 ,and when the rings were exchanged1 the matter-of-course expression on the faces of the bridal pair aroused a peculiar emotion in her--a mixture of sadness1 envy1 and quiet resentment that so heavenly a moment should pass by two such stolid souls4 ,then came the tumult1 and she fled involuntarily behind the altar4 ,when it grew quiet again1 she drew a deep breath1 adjusted her apron1 gently stroked back a lock of hair that had fallen over on her brow1 and took courage4 ,she was anxious to see how she could make her way back to the ,oberhof unnoticed and get rid of the disagreeable clothes4 ,with short steps and eyes cast down she walked along a side passage toward the door4 ,having finally awakened from his dreams1 the ,hunter was descending the stairs4 ,he too was anxious to quit the church1 but where to go he did not know4 ,his heart throbbed when he saw ,lisbeth2 she lifted her eyes and stood still1 shy and artless4 ,then1 without looking at each other1 they went in silence to the door1 and the ,hunter laid his hand on the latch to open it4 ,it is locked6 he cried in a tone of delight1 as if the best luck in the world had befallen him4 ,we are locked in the church6 ,locked in8 she said1 filled with sweet horror4 ,why does that cause you dismay8 ,where can one possibly have better quarters than in a church8 he said soulfully4 ,he gently put his arm around her waist1 and with his other hand grasped her hand4 ,then he led her to a seat1 gently forced her to sit down and himself sat down beside her4 ,she dropped her eyes and toyed with the ribbons on the gay-colored bodice she was wearing4 ,this is a horrible dress1 isn't it8 she said scarce audibly after a long silence4 ,oh6 he cried1 ,i hadn't been looking at the dress6 ,he seized both of her hands1 pressed them violently to his breast1 and then lifted her from the pew4 ,i cannot bear to sit so still4--,let's take a look at the church6 he cried4 ,probably there is not much here worth seeing1 she replied trembling4 ,but his strong arms had already surrounded1 lifted1 and borne her to the altar4 ,there he let her down2 she lay half-fainting against his breast4 ,lisbeth6 he stammered his voice choking with love4 ,my only love6 ,forgive me6 ,will you be my wife8--my eternal1 sweet wife8 ,she did not answer4 ,her heart was throbbing against his4 ,her tears were flowing on his breast4 ,now he raised her head1 and their lips met4 ,for a long1 long time they held them together4 ,then he gently drew her down to her knees beside him1 and both raised their hands in prayer before the altar4 ,they could give voice to nothing save1 ,father6 ,dear ,father in ,heaven6 ,and that they did not tire of repeating in voices trembling with bliss4 ,they said it as confidingly as if the ,father whom they meant were offering them ,his hand4 ,finally the prayer died out and they both silently laid their faces on the altar-cloth4 ,thus united they continued for some time to kneel in the church1 and neither made a sound4 ,suddenly they felt their hands lightly touched and looked up4 ,the ,pastor was standing between them with a shining face1 and holding his hands on their heads in blessing4 ,by chance he had entered the church once more from the vestry and1 touched and amazed1 had witnessed the betrothal which had been consummated here apart from the wedding in the presence of ,god4 ,he1 too1 said no word1 but his eyes spoke4 ,he drew the youth and the girl to his breast1 and pressed his favorites affectionately to him4 ,then1 leading the way1 he went with the couple into the vestry in order to let them out4 ,and thus the three left the little1 quiet1 bright village church4 ,lisbeth and the ,hunter had found each other--for their lives6 99 99 99 99 99 ,,gutzkow ,,and ,,young ,,germany ,by ,starr ,willard ,cutting1 ,ph4,d4 ,professor of ,german ,literature1 ,university of ,chicago ,a group of men1 including1 among others1 ,ludwig ,brne1 ,heinrich ,heine1 ,heinrich ,laube1 ,theodor ,mundt1 ,ludolf ,wienbarg1 and ,karl ,gutzkow1 dominate the literary activity of ,germany from the beginning of the fourth decade to about the middle of the nineteenth century4 ,the common bond of coherence among the widely divergent types of mind here represented1 is the spirit of protest against the official program of the reaction which had succeeded the rise of the people against ,napoleon ,bonaparte4 ,this ,german phase of an essentially ,european political restoration had turned fiercely upon all intelligent1 patriotic leaders1 who called for a redemption of the unfulfilled pledges of constitutional government1 given by the princes of ,germany1 in dire need of popular support against foreign invasion1 and had construed such reminders as disloyalty and as proof of dark designs against the government4 ,it had branded indiscriminately1 as infamous demagogues1 traitors1 and revolutionists1 all those who1 like ,jahn1 the ,turners1 and most of the members of the earliest ,burschenschaften 7open student societies71 longed for the creation of a new empire under the leadership of ,prussia1 or1 like ,karl ,follen 7,charles ,follen1 first professor of ,german at ,harvard71 preferred the establishment of a ,german republic on lines similar to those of the ,united ,states of ,america4 ,under a policy of suppression1 manipulated by ,metternich with consummate skill in the interest of ,austria against ,prussia and against ,german confidence in the sincerity and trustworthiness of the ,prussian government1 the reaction had by arrests1 prosecutions1 circumlocution-office delays1 banishments1 and an elaborate system of espionage1 for the most part silenced opposition and saved1 not the state1 but1 at any rate1 the status quo4 ,this success had incidentally cost ,germany the presence and service of some of the ablest and best of her own youth1 who spent the rest of their lives in ,france1 ,england1 ,switzerland1 or the ,united ,states4 ,we ,americans owe to this success some of the most admirable types of our citizenship--expatriated ,germans like ,karl ,follen1 ,karl ,beck1 ,franz ,lieber1 the brothers ,wesselhoeft1 and many others4 ,wienbarg dedicated in #ahcd his ,esthetic ,campaigns to ,young ,germany4 ,this term has since then served friend and foe to designate the group of writers of whom we speak4 ,their slogan was freedom4 ,freedom from cramping police surveillance2 freedom from the arbitrary control of government1 unchecked by responsibility to the people2 freedom from the narrowing prescriptions of ecclesiastical authority1 backed by the power of the state2 freedom from the literary restraint of medievalism in modern letters--these and various other brands of freedom were demanded by different members of the school4 ,just because the birth-throes of modern ,germany1 which extend over the first seventy years of the nineteenth century1 were especially violent during the period under consideration1 the program of the school had from the outset a strong political bias4 ,the broad masses of the people were unacquainted with political forms and principles4 ,they were by time-hallowed tradition virtually the wards of their patriarchal princes1 sharing with these protectors a high degree of jealous regard for state sovereignty and of instinctive opposition towards any and all attempts to secure popular restraint of the sovereign's will and national unification1 that should demand subordination of the single state to the central government4 ,all early attempts to awaken popular interest in social and political reform had fallen flat1 because of this helpless ignorance and indifference of public opinion4 ,but the drastic official measures against early agitators proved to be a challenge to further activity in the direction of progress4 ,illustration3 ,,karl ,,ferdinand ,,gutzkow ,the ,july revolution of #ahcj in ,paris added fuel to the flame of this agitation in ,germany and intensified the interest of still wider masses in the question of large nationality and popular control4 ,then came1 on the twenty-seventh of ,may1 #ahcb1 the ,german revolutionary speeches of the ,hambach celebration1 and1 on ,april third1 #ahcc1 the ,frankfurt riot1 with its attempt to take the ,confederate ,council by surprise and to proclaim the unification of ,germany4 ,the resulting persecution of ,fritz ,reuter1 the tragedy of ,friedrich ,ludwig ,weidig1 the simultaneous withdrawal or curtailment of the freedom of the press and the right of holding public meetings were most eloquent advocates with the public mind for a sturdy opposition to the conservatism of princes and officials4 ,no wonder1 then1 that thinking men1 like ,heine and ,gutzkow1 were fairly forced by circumstances into playing the game4 ,no wonder that their tales1 novels1 and dramas became in many cases editorials to stimulate and guide public thought and feeling in one direction or another4 ,this swirl of agitation put a premium upon a sort of rapid-fire work and journalistic tone1 quite incompatible with the highest type of artistic performance4 ,while the ,young ,germans were all politically liberal and opposed to the ,confederate ,council and to the ,metternich program1 they were in many ways more cosmopolitan than national in temper4 ,the foregoing may serve to show the only substantial ground for the charge of didacticism1 frequently lodged by their critics against the writers of the school4 ,for it is beside the mark to speak of their opposition to romanticism as a ground for the charge in question4 ,they were all1 to be sure1 anti-,romanticists4 ,they declined to view life through roseate-hued spectacles or to escape the world of everyday reality by fairy-tale flights into the world of the imagination4 ,they called upon men to discover by clear-eyed vision not only the beauties but also the defects of contemporary social existence4 ,they would employ literature1 not as an opiate to make us forget such defects1 but as a stimulant to make us remedy them4 ,hence their repeated exhortations to use the senses and to trust them as furnishing the best kind of raw material for legitimate art4 ,hence also their protests against the bloodless abstractions of the ,nazarene school of painting and to transcendental idealism in art and literature4 ,they cultivated art1 not for its own sake1 but for the sake of a fuller1 saner1 and freer human life4 ,in this sense they were didactic2 but they were no more didactic than the ,romanticists and the ,pseudo-,classicists who had preceded them4 ,in their earnest contention for an organic connection between ,german life and ,german art and literature they were hewing more closely to the line of nature and truth than any other ,germans since the time of ,herder4 ,they are usually spoken of as free-thinkers and frequently as anti-religious in temper and conviction4 ,the charge of irreligion seems based upon the misconception or the misrepresentation of their orthodox critics4 ,it is1 at any rate1 undeserved1 as far as ,gutzkow1 the leader of the school1 is concerned4 ,it is true that they were liberal in the matter of religious and philosophical thought4 ,they were also skeptical as to the sincerity and usefulness of many current practises and institutions of the ,catholic and ,protestant branches of the church2 their wit1 irony1 and satire were directed1 however1 not against religion1 but against the obnoxious externals of ecclesiasticism4 ,this attack was provoked by the obvious fact that the reaction employed the institutional state church as a weapon with which to combat the rising tide of popular discontent with existing social and political forms and functions4 ,this was especially true after the accession to the throne of ,prussia of that romantic and reactionary prince1 ,frederick ,william ,,iv41 in #ahdj4 ,critics have ascribed the negative1 disintegrating1 and cosmopolitan spirit of the group as a whole to the fact that ,brne and ,heine were ,jews4 ,in addition1 however1 to the abundant non-racial grounds for this spirit1 already urged as inherent in the historic crisis under discussion1 we should recall the fact that ,heine1 as a literary producer1 is more closely allied with the ,romanticists than with ,young ,germany1 and that ,brne1 who in his celebrated ,letters from ,paris 7#ahcj-cd7 and elsewhere went farther than all other members of the school in transforming art criticism into political criticism1 was no cosmopolitan but an ardent1 sincere1 and consistent ,german patriot4 ,moreover1 while ,brne and ,heine belong through sympathy and deliberate choice to ,young ,germany1 the real spokesmen of the group1 ,wienbarg1 ,laube1 ,mundt1 and ,gutzkow1 were non-,jewish ,germans4 ,among the external facts of ,gutzkow's life1 worth remembering in this connection1 are the following3 ,his birth on the seventeenth of ,march1 #ahaa1 as the son of humble parents2 his precocious development in school and at the ,university of ,berlin2 his deep interest in the revolution of #ahcj in ,paris2 his student experiments in journalism and the resulting association with the narrow-minded patriot1 ,wolfgang ,menzel2 his doctorate in ,jena and subsequent study of books and men in ,heidelberg1 ,munich1 ,leipzig1 ,berlin1 and ,hamburg2 his association with ,heine1 ,laube1 ,mundt1 and ,wienbarg and his journey with ,laube through ,austria and ,italy in #aecc2 his breach with ,menzel at the instance of ,laube in the same year2 his publication in #ahce of the crude sketch of an emancipation novel1 ,wally the ,skeptic1 compounded of suggestions from ,lessing's ,dr4 ,reimarus1 from ,saint ,simonism1 and from the sentimental tragedy of ,charlotte ,stieglitz in real life2 ,menzel's revengeful denunciation of this colorless and tedious novel1 as an outrageous attack upon ethics and the ,christian religion2 the resulting verdict of the ,mannheim municipal court1 punishing ,gutzkow by one month's imprisonment1 with no allowance for a still longer detention during his trial2 the official proscription of all present and future writings by ,gutzkow1 ,wienbarg1 ,laube1 ,mundt1 and ,heine2 ,gutzkow's continued energetic championship of the new literary movement and editorial direction of the ,frankfurt ,telegraph1 from #ahce to #ahcg1 under the very eyes of the ,confederate ,council2 his removal in #ahcg to ,hamburg and his gradual transformation there from a short story writer and journalist into a successful dramatist2 his series of eleven plays1 produced within the space of fifteen years1 from #ahci to #ahed2 the success of his tragedy1 ,uriel ,acosta1 in #ahdf1 and the resulting appointment of the author in the same year as playwright and critic at the ,royal ,theatre in ,dresden2 his temperate participation in the popular movement of #ahdh and consequent loss of the ,dresden position2 the death of his wife1 ,amalia1 in the same-year after an estrangement of seven years1 due to his own infatuation for ,therese von ,bacharacht2 his happy marriage in #ahdi with ,bertha ,meidinger1 a cousin of his first wife2 the publication in #ahej-ea of his first great novel of contemporary ,german life1 entitled1 ,spiritual ,knighthood2 his continuous editorial work upon the journal1 ,fireside ,conversations1 from #ahdi until the appearance of his other great contemporary novel1 ,the ,magician of ,rome1 #aheh-fa2 his attack of insanity under the strain of ill health in #ahfe and unsuccessful attempt at suicide2 and1 finally1 his rapidly declining health and frequent change of residence from ,berlin to ,italy1 thence to ,heidelberg1 and from there to ,sachsenhausen1 near ,frankfurt-on-the-,main1 and his tragic death there1 either intentional or accidental1 in the night of ,december fifteenth1 #ahgh1 when under the influence of chloral he upset the candle1 by the light of which he had been reading1 and perished in the stifling fumes of the burning room4 ,this bare outline recalls the personality and career of the best single embodiment of the spirit of ,young ,germany4 ,his humble birth1 unusual grasp of intellect1 and ambition to secure an adequate education brought him into early touch with alert representatives of the educated middle classes1 who were the keenest and most consistent critics of the political1 social1 and ecclesiastical reaction which gripped ,german life at that time4 ,menzel's student connection with the ,jena ,burschenschaft1 his early published protest against the emptiness of recent ,german literature1 and his polemic1 entitled ,german ,literature1 and aimed at the imitators of ,goethe and at ,goethe's own lack of interest in ,german unification1 attracted young ,gutzkow1 who had also been a member of the ,burschenschaft1 and prompted him to write and publish in his student paper a defense of ,menzel against his critics4 ,this led ,menzel to invite ,gutzkow to ,stuttgart and to propose a coperation which could be but short-lived2 for ,menzel was timid and vacillating1 whereas ,gutzkow was sincere1 courageous1 and consistent4 ,this steadfastness and singleness of purpose1 combined with a remarkable power to appreciate1 adopt1 and express the leading thoughts and aspirations of his own time1 make ,gutzkow the most efficient leader of the whole group4 ,heine was1 as already noted1 too much of a ,romanticist to be a thorough-going ,young ,german4 ,besides1 he lacked the sincerity and the enthusiastic conviction which dedicated practically every work of ,karl ,gutzkow to the task of restoring the proper balance between ,german literature and ,german life4 ,gutzkow felt that literature had1 in the hands of the ,romanticists1 abandoned life to gain a fool's paradise4 ,after a brief apprenticeship to ,jean ,paul and to the romantic ideal1 never whole-hearted1 because of the disintegrating influence of his simultaneous acquaintance with ,brne and ,heine1 ,gutzkow utterly renounced the earlier movement and became the champion of a definite reform4 ,he aimed henceforth to enrich ,german literature by abundant contact with the large1 new thoughts of modern life in its relation to the individual and to the community4 ,he was no less sincere in his determination to make literature introduce the ,german people to a larger1 richer1 freer1 and truer human life for the individual and for the state4 ,in his eyes statecraft1 religion1 philosophy1 science1 and industry teemed with raw material of surpassing interest and importance for the literary artist4 ,he accordingly set himself the task in one way and another to make his own generation share this conviction4 ,it is quite true that he was not the man to transform with his own hands this raw material into works of art of consummate beauty and perfection4 ,he was conscious of his own artistic limitations and would have confessed them in the best years of his life with the frankness of a ,lessing in similar circumstances4 ,we may agree that he lacked the skill of many greater poets than he1 to compress into artistic shape1 with due regard for line1 color1 movement1 and atmosphere of the original1 the material of his observation4 ,yet we still have to explain the fact that he wrote novels and dramas pulsating with the life of his own contemporaries--works that claimed the attention and touched the heart of thousands of readers and theatre-goers and inspired many better artists than he to treat themes drawn from the public and private life of the day4 ,it would take us too far afield to trace in detail the nature and sources of ,gutzkow's writings1 by which he accomplished this important result4 ,a few suggestions1 together with a reminder of his great indebtedness to the simultaneous efforts of other ,young ,germans1 notably those of ,laube and ,wienbarg1 must suffice4 ,practically all of his earlier writings1 like the short story1 ,the ,sadducee of ,amsterdam 7#ahcc71 as well as the essays entitled ,public ,characters 7#ahce71 ,on the ,philosophy of ,history 7#ahcf71 and ,contemporaries 7#ahcg71 are evidence of the intense interest of the author in the social1 philosophical1 and political leaders of the time4 ,they are preliminary studies1 to be used by him presently in his work as a dramatist4 ,in his two powerful novels1 ,spiritual ,knighthood 7#ahej-ea7 and ,the ,magician of ,rome 7#aheh-fa71 he states and discusses with great boldness and skill those problems of the relation between ,church and ,state--between religion and citizenship--that confronted the thoughtful men of the day4 ,the backbone of each of his numerous serious plays is some conflict1 reflecting directly or indirectly the prejudices1 antagonisms1 shortcomings1 and struggles of modern ,german social1 religious1 and civic life4 ,king ,saul 7#ahci7 embodies1 for instance1 the conflict between ecclesiastical and temporal authority--between the authority of the church and the claims of the thinker and the poet2 ,richard ,savage 7#ahci7 that between the pride of noble birth and the promptings of the mother's heart2 ,werner 7#ahdj71 ,a ,white ,leaf 7#ahdb71 and ,ottfried 7#ahdh71 variations of the conflict between a man's duty and his vacillating1 simultaneous love of two women2 ,patkul 7#ahdj71 the conflict between the hero's championship of truth and justice and the triumphant inertia of authority in the hands of a weak prince2 ,uriel ,acosta 7#ahdf71 the best of the author's serious plays1 embodies the tragic conflict between the hero's conviction of truth and his love for his mother and for his intended wife4 ,gutzkow wrote three comedies which in point of continued popularity have outlived all his other numerous contributions to the ,german stage3 ,sword and ,queue 7#ahdc71 ,the ,prototype of ,tartuffe 7#ahdd71 and ,the ,royal ,lieutenant 7#ahdi74 ,the second of the three has the best motivated plot2 the first and third have1 by virtue of their national substance1 their witty dialogue1 and their droll humor1 proved dearer to the heart of the ,german people4 ,in ,the ,prototype of ,tartuffe we are shown ,president ,la ,roquette at the court of ,louis ,,xiv41 obliged at last1 in spite of his long continued successful efforts to suppress the play1 to witness his own public unmasking in the person of ,molire's ,tartuffe1 of whom he is the sneaking1 hypocritical original4 ,we hear him in anger declare his readiness to join the ,jesuits and we join in the laugh at his discomfiture4 ,the scene of ,the ,royal ,lieutenant1 written to celebrate the hundredth recurrence of ,goethe's birthday1 is laid in the ,seven ,years' ,war in the house of ,goethe's father in ,frankfurt4 ,the ,riccaut-like figure of the ,royal ,lieutenant himself1 ,count ,thorane1 and his outlandish attempts to speak ,german1 the clever portraits of the dignified father and the cheerful mother1 and the unhistorical sketch of little ,wolfgang1 with his pleased and precocious anticipation of his future laurels1 are woven by means of witty dialogue into an amusing1 though not very coherent or logical whole4 ,in ,gutzkow's ,sword and ,queue an entertaining situation at the court of ,frederick ,william ,i4 of ,prussia is developed by a very free use of the facts of history1 after the manner of the comedy of ,scribe4 ,with rare skill the different characters of the play are sketched and shown upon a background1 which corresponds closely enough to historic fact to produce the illusion of reality4 ,the comedy pilots the ,crown ,prince's friend1 the ,prince of ,baireuth1 through a maze of intrigue1 including ,prussian ambition to secure an alliance with ,england by the marriage of the ,princess ,wilhelmine to the ,prince of ,wales2 a diplomatic blocking of this plan1 with the help of the ,english ,ambassador ,hotham2 the changed front of the old ,king1 who prefers a union of his daughter with an ,austrian ,archduke to the hard terms of the proposed ,english treaty2 ,hotham's proposal to the ,king to bring him a promising recruit for the corps of ,royal ,grenadiers2 the evening of the ,tobacco ,parliament1 in which the ,prince of ,baireuth feigns tipsiness and in a mocking funeral oration1 in honor of the old ,king1 tells the pseudo-deceased some bitter truths1--to a final scene1 in which1 as ,hotham's proposed grenadier recruit with ,queue and ,sword1 he wins not only the cordial approval of the ,king but also the heart and hand of ,wilhelmine4 ,karl ,gutzkow's life-work was a struggle for freedom and truth4 ,we recognize in the web of his serious argument familiarity with the best thought of the poets1 theologians1 and philosophers of his own day and of the eighteenth century4 ,in religion a pantheist1 he believed in the immortality of the soul1 had unshaken confidence in the tendency of the world that makes for righteousness1 and recommends the ideal of truth and justice as the best central thought to guide each man's whole life4 ,he shares in an eminent degree1 with other members of the group known as ,young ,germany1 a significance for the subsequent development of ,german literature1 far transcending the artistic value of his works4 ,people are just beginning to perceive his genetic importance for the student of ,ibsen1 ,nietzsche1 and the recent naturalistic movement in ,european letters4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,karl ,,ferdinand ,,gutzkow ,,sword ,,and ,,queue 7#ahdc7 ,,translated ,,by ,,grace ,,isabel ,,colbron ,,preface ,,of ,,the ,,author ,the essence of the comic is self-contradiction1 contrast4 ,even professional estheticians must acknowledge that by the very nature of its origin the following comedy answers this definition4 ,a king lacking the customary attributes of his station2 a royal court governed by the rules that regulate any simple middle-class household--surely here is a contradiction sufficient in itself to attract the ,comic ,muse4 ,and it was indeed only when the author was well along in his work that he felt any inclination to introduce a few political allusions with what is called a definite purpose1 into a work inspired by the principles of pure comedy4 ,ever since the example set by those great ,greeks1 schylus and ,aristophanes1 the stage has claimed the right to deal with extremes4 ,he who1 sinning and laden with the burden of human guilt1 has once fallen a victim to the ,eumenides1 cannot1 as a figure in a drama1 go off on pleasure trips1 nor can he go about the usual business of daily life4 ,fate seizes him red-handed1 causes him to see blood in every glass of champagne and to read his warrant of arrest on every chance scrap of paper4 ,and the ,comic ,muse is even less indulgent4 ,when ,aristophanes would mock the creations of ,euripides1 which are meant to move the public by their declining fortunes1 he at once turns the tragedian into a rag-picker4 ,comedy may1 tragedy must1 exaggerate4 ,the exaggerations in ,sword and ,queue brought forth many a contemptuous grimace from the higher-priced seats in the ,court ,theatres4 ,but it needs only a perusal of the ,memoirs of the ,markgravine of ,baireuth1 ,princess of ,prussia1 to give the grotesque picture a certificate of historical veracity4 ,not only the character-drawing1 but the very plot1 is founded on those ,memoirs1 written in a less sophisticated age than our own1 and the authenticity of which is undisputed4 ,in the case of ,seckendorf1 the technical1 or1 ,i might say1 the symphonic composition of the play1 which allots the parts as arbitrarily as in the ,midsummer ,night's ,dream does ,peter ,quince1 who says to highly respectable people3 ,you play the ,lion1 and you play the ,ass1 necessitates making a victim of a man who was a mediocre diplomat1 but for a time1 at least1 a fairly good soldier4 ,the author feels no compunction on this score4 ,stupidity1 as ,comus artlessly thinks1 is not wickedness2 the ,lion or the ,ass--each is necessary to different moments in the play4 ,a ,brandenburg-,prussian comedy of #agcc can1 a priori1 hardly fail to be unjust to an ,imperial ,ambassador of that epoch4 ,such injustice belongs to the native wantonness of the ,comic ,muse4 ,in plays of a specifically ,austrian character1 ,prussia1 and especially the people of ,berlin1 have suffered the same necessary injustice of comedy4 ,fortunately1 according to ,chevalier ,lang and other more reliable authorities1 this particular ,seckendorf was both vain and tyrannous4 ,his hatred for ,frederick ,,ii4 and his eternal combinations went to such lengths that1 during the first ,silesian war1 he offered the ,austrian ,court a detailed plan by which the ,land-hungry conqueror might be personally rendered innocuous4 7,see ,arneth1 ,maria ,theresa1 ,vol4 ,i74 ,however1 ,puck's manner of writing history may be softened a little4 ,it is not necessary for the actor to present ,seckendorf as an imbecile4 ,actors have the unfortunate habit of taking the whole hand when a finger is offered4 ,in truth ,i have seen but a very few performances of my play in which ,frederick ,william ,i4 still retained1 beneath his attitude of stern father1 some share of royal dignity2 in which ,eversmann1 despite his confident impudence1 still held his tongue like a trembling lackey2 in which the ,hereditary ,prince1 despite his desire to find everything in the ,castle ridiculous1 still maintained a reserve sufficient to save him from being expelled from ,berlin for his impertinent criticisms--or where the ,princess was still proud and witty beneath her girlish simplicity4 ,and still rarer is it to see a ,seckendorf who1 in spite of his clumsy combinations1 did not quite sink to the level of the ,marshal von ,kalb4 ,at this point a dramaturgic hint might not come amiss4 ,in cases where there is danger of degrading the part1 the stage manager should take care to intrust such rles to the very actors who at first thought might seem least suited for them--those whose personalities will compel them to raise the part to a higher level4 ,the buffoon and sometimes even the finer comedian cannot free ,shakespeare from the reproach of having given two kings of ,denmark a clown as ,prime ,minister4 ,it is very much less necessary that the audience should laugh at ,polonius' quips than that the quips should in no wise impair his position as courtier1 as royal adviser1 as father of two excellent children1 and1 at the last1 as a man who met death with tragic dignity4 ,in such a case a wise manager intrusts the comic part to an actor who--is not comic4 ,the following play was written in the spring of #ahdc4 ,some of our readers may chance to know the little garden of the ,htel ,reichmann in ,milan4 ,in a room which opens out into the oleander bushes1 the trickling fountains1 and the sandstone cupids of that garden1 the first four acts ripened during four weeks of work4 ,the fifth act followed on the shores of ,lake ,como4 ,amid surroundings which1 by their beauty1 bring to mind only the laws of the ideal1 to hold fast to those burlesque memories from the history of the sandy ,mark ,brandenburg was1 one may feel sure1 possible only to a mind which turned in love to its ,prussian home1 however treasonable its other opinions4 ,and yet the romanticism of ,san ,souci1 as well as the estheticism of the ,berlin ,board of ,censors1 has at all times persecuted the play1 now forbidding it1 again permitting an occasional performance1 and again prohibiting it even after #ahdh4 ,when the aged and revered ,genast from ,weimar had played the king a dozen times in the ,friedrich-,wilhelmstdtisches ,theater1 ,hinckeldey's messengers brought the announcement that the presentation of the piece met with disfavor in high places4 ,frederick ,william ,,iv4 did everything possible to hamper and curtail the author's ambitions4 ,but to give truth its due1 ,i will not neglect to mention that this last prohibition was softened by assigning as its motion the allusion made in the play to that legend of the ,berlin ,castle1 ,the ,white ,lady1 who is supposed to bring a presage of death to the ,prussian royal family4 ,the ,dresden ,court ,theatre was formerly a model of impartiality4 ,and above all1 ,emil ,devrient's energetic partisanship for the newer dramatic literature was a great assistance to authors in cases of this kind4 ,this play1 like many another1 owes to his artistic zeal its introduction to those high-class theatres where alone a ,german dramatist finds his best encouragement and advance4 ,unfortunately1 the war of #ahff again banished ,sword and ,queue from the ,vienna ,burgtheater1 where it had won a place for itself4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,sword ,,and ,,queue ,,dramatis ,,personae ,,frederick ,,william ,i41 ,king ,of ,prussia1 father of ,frederick the ,great4 ,,the ,,queen1 his wife4 ,,princess ,,wilhelmine1 their daughter4 ,,the ,,prince ,,hereditary ,,of ,,baireuth ,,general ,,von ,,grumbkow ,,count ,,schwerin ,councilors and ,confidants of the ,king4 ,,count ,,wartensleben ,,count ,,seckendorf1 ,imperial ,ambassador ,,baronet ,,hotham1 ,envoy of ,great ,britain ,,frau ,,von ,,viereck ,,frau ,,von ,,holzendorf ,the ,queen's ,ladies4 ,,fra,,lein ,,von ,,sonnsfeld1 ,lady-in-waiting to the ,princess4 ,,eversmann1 the ,king's valet4 ,,kamke1 in the ,queen's service4 ,,eckhof1 a grenadier4 ,a ,lackey in the ,king's service4 ,generals1 ,officers1 ,court ,ladies4 ,members of the ,smoking-,circle4 ,grenadiers1 ,lackeys4 ,scene of action3 ,the ,royal ,castle of ,berlin4 ,first performance1 ,january #ast1 #ahdd1 in the ,court ,theatre in ,dresden4 ,illustration3 ,,the ,,potsdam ,,guard ,,adolph ,,von ,,menzel ,,sword ,,and ,,queue ,,act ,i ,,scene ,i ,a room in the ,palace4 ,one window and four doors4 ,a table and two armchairs on the left of the room4 ,,eversmann1 taking snuff comfortably4 ,two ,drummers of the ,guard4 ,later ,,fra,,lein ,,von ,,sonnsfeld4 ,the drummers take up a position near the door to the left1 leading to the apartments of the ,,princess1 and execute a roll of the drums4 ,,fra,,lein ,,von ,,sonnsfeld 7opens the door and looks in74 ,that will do4 ,the drummers play a second roll4 ,,sonnsfeld 7looks in again74 ,yes1 yes4 ,we heard it4 ,,eversmann gives the sign again and the drummers play a third long roll4 ,,sonnsfeld 7comes out angrily1 speaks when the noise has subsided74 ,this is unendurable6 ,it is enough to ruin one's nerves--left wheel--march--out with you to the parade ground where you be long6 ,the drummers march out still playing4 ,when the noise can no longer be heard she continues4 ,eversmann1 you ought to be ashamed of yourself4 ,you should remind the ,king of the respect due to ladies4 ,,eversmann4 ,i obey my royal master's orders1 ma'am4 ,and inasmuch as late rising is a favorite vice of the youth of today1 it has been ordered that the reveille be played at six o'clock every morning before the doors of the royal ,princes and ,princesses4 ,,sonnsfeld4 ,princess ,wilhelmine is no longer a child4 ,,eversmann4 ,her morning dreams are all the sweeter for that reason4 ,,sonnsfeld4 ,dreams of our final release--of despair--of death-- ,,eversmann4 ,or possibly dreams of marriage--and the like-- ,,sonnsfeld4 ,have a care1 ,eversmann6 ,the ,crown ,prince has won his freedom at last2 he is keeping a most exact record of all that happens in ,berlin and in the immediate environment of his severe father4 ,it is well known that you influence the ,king more than do his ministers4 ,,eversmann4 ,if the poetic fancy of our ,crown ,prince1 who1 by the way1 is my devoted young friend ,fritz1 cannot see the truth more clearly than that1 then ,i have little respect for the imaginative power of poets4 ,i--and influence8 ,i twist ,his ,majesty's stately pigtail every morning1 clip his fine manly beard1 fill his cozy little ,dutch pipe for him each evening--and if in the course of these innocent employments ,his ,most ,sacred ,majesty lets fall a hint1 a remark--a little command possibly--why--naturally-- ,,sonnsfeld4 ,you pick them up and weave them into a nice innocent little influence for yourself4 ,eh8 ,an influence that has already earned you three city houses1 five estates1 and a carriage-and-four4 ,have a care that the ,crown ,prince does not auction off all these objects under the gallows-tree some fine day4 ,,eversmann4 ,oh1 but your ,ladyship must have slept badly4 ,pray spare me these--predictions and prophesyings1 which are made up of whole cloth4 ,his ,royal ,highness the ,crown ,prince is far too much1 of a philosopher to take such revenge on a man who has no more dealings with ,his ,majesty than to fill his pipe each evening1 to braid his pigtail each morning1 and to shave him in the good old ,german fashion every second day4 ,have ,i made my meaning clear8 ,he goes out4 ,,sonnsfeld4 ,go your way1 you old sinner6 ,you may pretend to be ever so honest and simple--we know you and your like4 ,oh1 what a life we lead here in this ,court6 ,cannons thunder in the garden under our windows every morning or else they send up a company of soldiers to accustom us to early rising4 ,after the morning prayer the ,princess knits1 sews1 presses her linen1 studies her catechism1 and1 alas6 is forced to listen to a stupid sermon every day4 ,at dinner1 we get very little to eat2 then the ,king takes his afternoon nap4 ,he's forever quarreling with the ,queen1 they have scarcely a good word to say to each other1 and yet the entire family are expected to look on at ,his ,majesty's melodious snore-concert1 and even to brush away the flies from the face of the sleeping ,father of his country4 ,if my ,princess did not possess so much natural wit and spirit1 the sweet creature would be quite crushed by such a life4 ,if the ,king only knew that she is learning ,french secretly1 and can almost write a polite little note already--6 ,i hear her coming4 ,,scene ,,ii ,,princess ,,wilhelmine comes in1 carrying a letter4 ,,wilhelmine 7timidly74 ,can any one hear us8 ,,sonnsfeld4 ,not unless the walls have ears4 ,is the letter written8 ,,wilhelmine4 ,i hardly dare send it1 dear ,sonnsfeld4 ,i know there are a hundred mistakes in it4 ,,sonnsfeld4 ,a hundred8 ,then the letter must be much longer than ,your ,highness first planned it4 ,,wilhelmine4 ,i wrote that ,i fully appreciate the value of the services offered me1 but that my position forces me to refuse any aid to my education which cannot be attained at least by the help of my mother1 the ,queen4 ,,sonnsfeld4 ,is that what you have written8 ,and made a hundred mistakes8 ,in that case we are just where we were before4 ,i appreciate that an eighteen-year-old ,princess has to consider history1 posterity and so forth--but this conscientiousness will be your ruin4 ,the ,king will continue to make a slave of you1 the ,queen to treat you as a child4 ,you are the victim of the conflict between two characters who both perhaps desire what is best for you1 but who are so totally different that you will never know whom or which one to please4 ,the ,crown ,prince has made himself free--and how did he do it8 ,only by courage and independence4 ,he tore himself loose from the oppressive bondage imposed on him by the caprice of others1 and won the means to complete his education4 ,and now he sends to you from ,rheinsberg his friend1 the ,prince ,hereditary of ,baireuth1 to be a support and protection to you and to the ,queen--so that here in this ,court where they drum1 trumpet1 and parade all day long1 you may not finally1 in your despair1 seize a musket yourself and join the ,potsdam ,guards6 ,,wilhelmine4 ,you have a sense of humor1 my dear ,sonnsfeld4 ,it is all well enough for my brother to make plans and send out emissaries1 when he is safe in ,rheinsberg4 ,he knows that the path to the freedom he has won led past the very foot of the scaffold4 ,i am of the sex whose duty it is to be patient4 ,my father is so good at heart1 gentler possibly1 in his true self1 than is my mother4 ,she indeed1 absorbed in her political ambitions1 often turns from me with a harshness that accords ill with mother-love4 ,it is my fate to endure this life4 ,ask yourself1 dear friend1 how could ,i trust to a chance adventurous stranger whom my brother sends to me from out of his wild1 artistic circle in ,rheinsberg--sends to me to be my knight and paladin8 ,such a thought could have been conceived only in the brains of that group of poets4 ,i'll confess to you in secret that ,i should greatly enjoy being in the midst of the ,rheinsberg merriment1 disguised of course4 ,but ,i'm in ,berlin--not in ,rheinsberg1 and so ,i have gathered up my meagre scraps of ,french and thanked the ,prince of ,baireuth for his offer in a manner which is far more a refusal than an acceptance4 ,hands ,,sonnsfeld the letter4 ,,sonnsfeld4 ,and ,i am to dispatch this letter8 ,with droll pathos4 ,no1 ,your ,highness1 ,i cannot have anything to do with this forbidden correspondence4 ,,wilhelmine4 ,no joking please1 ,sonnsfeld4 ,it was the only answer ,i could possibly send to the ,prince's tender epistle4 ,,sonnsfeld4 ,impossible6--,to become an accomplice to a forbidden correspondence in this ,court might cost one's life4 ,,wilhelmine4 ,you will make me angry6--here1 dispatch this letter1 and quickly4 ,,sonnsfeld4 ,no1 ,princess4 ,but ,i know a better means1 an absolutely sure means of dispatching the letter to its destination1 and that is--,she glances toward a door in the background deliver it yourself4 ,she slips out of a side door4 ,,scene ,,iii ,the ,,prince ,,hereditary ,,of ,,baireuth1 dressed in the ,french taste of the period1 as different as possible from the king's favorite garb1 comes in cautiously4 ,,wilhelmine 7aside74 ,the ,prince of ,baireuth6 ,,the ,,prince 7aside74 ,her very picture6 ,it is the ,princess6 ,aloud4 ,i crave ,your ,highness' pardon that my impatience to deliver the greeting of ,your ,royal brother the ,crown ,prince in person-- ,,wilhelmine4 ,the ,prince of ,baireuth places me in no slight embarrassment by this early visit4 ,,prince4 ,the visit was not paid to you1 ,princess1 but to this noble and venerable castle1 these stairways1 these galleries1 these winding corridors--it was a visit of recognizance1 ,your ,highness1 such as must precede any important undertaking4 ,,wilhelmine4 ,then you are preparing to do battle here8 ,,prince4 ,my intentions are not altogether peaceful1 and yet1 as ,princess ,wilhelmine doubtless knows1 ,i am compelled to confine myself to a policy of defense solely4 ,,wilhelmine4 ,and even in this you cannot exercise too much care4 ,aside4 ,the letter is no longer necessary4 ,aloud4 ,how did you leave my brother8 ,in good health8 ,and thoroughly occupied8 ,,prince4 ,the ,crown ,prince leads a life of the gayest diversity in his exile4 ,he has made of ,rheinsberg a veritable little ,court of the ,muses1 devoted now to serious study1 now to poetic recreation4 ,we have enjoyed unforgettably beautiful hours there2 one would hardly believe that so much imagination could be developed and encouraged on the borders of ,mecklenburg6 ,we paint1 we build1 we model1 we write4 ,the regiment which is under the immediate command of our talented ,prince serves merely to carry out1 by military evolutions1 the strategic descriptions of ,polybius4 ,in short1 ,i should deeply regret leaving so delightful a spot had it not been for the flattering and important task intrusted to me4 ,princess1 the ,crown ,prince desires full and true information1 obtained at the source1 as to the situation of his sister1 his mother1 here1 that he may1 if necessary1 advise how this situation be improved1 how any difficulties may be met4 ,,wilhelmine4 ,if it became known that ,i am granting an audience1 here in this public hall1 to a ,prince who has not yet been presented either to my father or to my mother--,i could prepare myself for several weeks in ,fortress ,kstrin4 ,she bows and turns as if to go4 ,,prince4 ,princess6 ,then it is really true--that which is whispered1 with horror1 at every court in ,europe8 ,it is true that the ,king of ,prussia tyrannizes not only his court1 his entire environment1 but his own family as well8 ,,wilhelmine4 ,prince1 you employ too harsh an expression for what ,i would rather term merely our own peculiar ceremonial4 ,in ,versailles they glide as on butterfly wings over the polished floors4 ,here we tread the earth with ringing spurs4 ,in ,versailles the ,royal ,family consider themselves but as a merry company1 recognizing no ties as sacred save those of congeniality1 no bond but that of--unfettered inclination4 ,here the ,court is merely one big middle-class family1 where a prayer is said before meat1 where the parents must always be the first to speak1 where strictest obedience must1 if necessary1 tolerate even absurdities2 where one quarrels1 out of one's mutual affection1 sometimes--where we even torture one another and make life harder for one another--all out of love-- ,,prince4 ,princess1 ,i swear to you--this must be changed4 ,,wilhelmine4 ,and how1 pray8 ,,prince4 ,the ,crown ,prince asked me to employ all conceivable means to free you from this barbarism4 ,i am at your service entirely--command me4 ,his first thought was for your mental needs4 ,how is it with your knowledge of ,french8 ,,wilhelmine4 ,the ,king detests all things foreign1 and most of all does he detest ,france1 her literature1 her language4 ,,prince4 ,the ,crown ,prince is aware of that4 ,he sends you therefore1 as a beginning1 a member of his ,rheinsberg circle1 a talkative but very learned little man1 a ,frenchman1 ,laharpe by name-- ,,wilhelmine4 ,all instructors of the ,french language have been banished from ,berlin by strictest order4 ,,prince4 ,laharpe will come to you without his identity becoming known4 ,,wilhelmine4 ,that is impossible4 ,no one dare approach me who cannot first satisfy the questioning of the ,castle ,guard4 ,,prince4 ,cannot ,laharpe instruct you in the apartments of your1 ,lady-in-waiting1 ,fralein von ,sonnsfeld8 ,,wilhelmine4 ,impossible4 ,,prince4 ,in the ,queen's rooms1 then4 ,,wilhelmine4 ,impossible4 ,,the ,,prince4 ,by ,heaven6 ,do they never leave you alone for one hour8 ,,wilhelmine4 ,oh yes1 two hours every ,sunday--in church4 ,,prince4 ,but this is appalling6 ,why1 in ,versailles every ,princess has her own establishment when she is but ten years old--and even her very dolls have their ladies-in-waiting6 ,,wilhelmine4 ,the only place which ,i may visit occasionally1 and remain in unaccompanied1 are those rooms over there1 in the lower story of the palace4 ,,prince4 ,the ,king's private library1 no doubt8 ,,wilhelmine4 ,no4 ,,prince4 ,a gallery of family portraits8 ,,wilhelmine4 ,do you see the smoke issuing from the open window8 ,,prince4 ,that is--oh1 it cannot be--the kitchen8 ,,wilhelmine4 ,not exactly--but hardly much better4 ,it is1 ,i have the honor to inform you1 the ,royal ,prussian ,laundry4 ,yes1 ,prince1 the sister of the ,prussian ,crown ,prince is permitted to remain in that room for an hour or two if she will1 to look on at the washing1 the starching1 the ironing1 the sorting-out of body and house linen-- ,,prince4 ,this--for a ,princess8 ,,wilhelmine4 ,do you see the little window with the flower pots and the bird in a tiny cage8 ,the wife of our silver-cleaner lives there1 and occasionally1 when the poor daughter of a ,king is supposed to be busied1 like any serving-maid1 among the steaming pots and boilers1 this same poor ,princess slips in secretly to the good woman's little room4 ,ah6 there1 behind those flower-pots1 ,i can laugh freely and merrily--there ,i can let the little linnet feed from my hand1 and ,i can say to myself that with all my troubles1 with all my sorrows1 ,i am still happier than the poor little singer in his cage4 ,for he will never regain his freedom no matter how sweetly he may sing 444 in all the tongues of earth4 ,,prince 7aside74 ,she is charming4 ,aloud4 ,and ,laharpe8 ,,wilhelmine4 ,if ,i must dare it--send the learned gentleman to me down there1 ,prince4 ,in that little room ,i will obey my brother's command to perfect my ,french style4 ,among many other things ,i should really like to learn to say1 in most elegant and modern ,french1 these words3 ,yes ,i will dare to begin a new life4 ,remain my brother's friend--and my protector6 ,but for the moment--goodby4 ,she hurries out4 ,,scene ,,iv ,,prince 7alone74 ,where am ,i8 ,was that a scene from the ,arabian ,nights8 ,or am ,i really on the banks of that homely river ,spree which flows into the ,havel8 ,of a truth this ,prussian ,court with its queer pigtails and gaiters is more romantic than ,i had thought4 ,laharpe down there behind the flower-pots6 ,laharpe tte--tte with a ,princess who visits the kitchen and with a linnet which--happy bird--is privileged to bite her fingers4 ,how beautiful she is--much fairer than the miniature ,frederick wears next his heart6 ,and yet ,i had fallen in love with this miniature4 ,looks about him4 ,there is a spell that seems to hold me in these rooms1 through which she glides like the ,genius of the bower4 ,goes to the window4 ,down there in the square1 the bayonets of the parading troops flash in the sunlight--and that door over yonder leads to the apartments of a ,princess whose possession would mean the highest bliss earth can afford4 ,and there--whither leads that door through which the kind guardian of this paradise disappeared8 ,he turns toward the second door at the back1 to his right4 ,,sonnsfeld 7comes in quickly1 excitedly74 ,away ,prince--away1 the ,queen is approaching4 ,,prince4 ,the ,queen8 ,where shall ,i go8 ,,sonnsfeld4 ,into that room over there--you may find some way out--no one must see you here4 ,she pushes him to an opposite side-door4 ,,prince4 ,my knowledge of the territory is growing rapidly4 ,he goes out4 ,,scene ,v ,the ,,queen comes in1 followed by two ladies-in-waiting4 ,she motions them to leave her4 ,they go out4 ,the ,,queen sinks into a chair4 ,,queen4 ,has my daughter risen8 ,i worked so late into the night that ,i am still quite fatigued4 ,these wretched politics6 ,have you seen ,kamke8 ,,sonnsfeld4 ,your ,majesty's lackey8 ,no1 ,your ,majesty4 ,,queen4 ,he's been gone so long4 ,i sent him to the ,prince of ,baireuth4 ,,prince 7peeping out from the door1 aside74 ,to me8 ,,queen4 ,if ,i may judge by the letters the ,prince brings me from my son1 he himself will one day be one of the best sovereigns of our century4 ,,prince 7aside74 ,the field is all in my favor4 ,,queen4 ,my son1 who judges men so keenly1 assures me that ,i may trust this ,prince completely4 ,and ,i need some one of force and character to aid me2 ,i need such a one now more than ever4 ,,sonnsfeld 7alarmed74 ,is there--is there anything new in the air1 ,your ,majesty8 ,,queen4 ,i shall need to display all my strength1 all my will-power4 ,i shall have need of it to uphold the dignity of a monarchy whose natural head appears to forget more and more that ,prussia has recently joined the ranks of the ,great ,powers of ,europe4 ,,sonnsfeld4 ,your ,majesty--is laying plots8 ,,queen4 ,i am consumed with curiosity to make the acquaintance of this ,prince whom my son considers worthy of his friendship4 ,,sonnsfeld motions to the ,prince4 ,as soon as he arrives1 dear ,sonnsfeld-- ,,sonnsfeld 7pointing to the ,,prince1 who comes in74 ,kamke has just shown him in4 ,here he is1 ,your ,majesty4 ,,queen 7rising74 ,this is a surprise1 ,prince4 ,i did not hear you enter4 ,,prince4 ,your ,majesty was so deeply absorbed in thought-- ,,queen 7aside74 ,he has a pleasing exterior and intelligent eyes4 ,aloud4 ,did my messenger-- ,,prince4 ,the good fellow met me just as ,i was about to leave my hotel4 ,he gave me ,your ,majesty's gracious command4 ,,queen4 ,prince--,she sits down1 motioning him to do the same4 ,my heartiest thanks for the letters from my worthy son4 ,one sentence1 which ,i reread many times1 permits me to assume that he has informed you of a certain matter1 a certain plan of mine-- ,,prince4 ,certainly1 ,your ,majesty4 ,aside4 ,i haven't heard a word about it4 ,,queen4 ,it makes me very happy to know that in this matter1 as indeed in most things1 my son and ,i are so completely in accord4 ,then you1 also1 think as we do on this subject8 ,,prince4 ,undoubtedly--undoubtedly1 ,your ,majesty4 ,aside4 ,if ,i only knew what subject6 ,,queen4 ,my son writes me that ,i may rely entirely on your sympathy in this affair4 ,,prince4 ,he did not exaggerate1 ,your ,majesty4 ,when ,i parted from him1 his last words1 called after my moving carriage1 were these3 ,dear friend1 my gracious mother1 the ,queen1 will inform you as to all further details concerning the affair in question4 ,,queen4 ,that sounds very like him4 ,i am quite ready to do as he says4 ,,prince 7aside74 ,the plot thickens4 ,,queen4 ,you know that the ,electors of ,brandenburg have but recently become ,kings of ,prussia4 ,although a ,hanoverian ,princess myself1 ,i find my happiness in ,prussia's greatness1 my pride in ,prussia's fame4 ,no state has such need to be careful in the choice of its alliances1 political or matrimonial1 as our own4 ,and hence there is no subject so interesting and so important to our country at the moment as a certain question which is already exciting the ,cabinets of ,europe1 a question--the answer to which you have doubtless already guessed4 ,,prince4 ,i think--,i may say--that ,i understand ,your ,majesty entirely4 ,aside4 ,what can she mean8 ,,queen4 ,no one can call me unduly proud4 ,but if one belongs to a family which has recently had the honor of being chosen to fill the throne of ,england--if one is the daughter of a ,king1 the wife of a ,king1 the mother of a future ,king--you will understand that in this matter of my daughter's future--there are weighty considerations which force me to avoid any possible political msalliance4 ,,prince4 ,msalliance8 ,the ,princess8 ,your daughter ,bewildered4 ,i must confess--,i was but superficially informed of all these matters4 ,,queen4 ,what ,i am about to tell you1 ,prince1 under the seal of your utmost discretion1 is a secret and the result of the gravest negotiations and plans4 ,you know what kind of a ,court this is at which ,i live4 ,i am denied the influence which should be my right as mother of my country4 ,the ,king has surrounded himself with persons who have separated him from me4 ,i dare not think how this company of corporals and sergeants will receive my deeply thought-out plans4 ,how will the ,king be inclined in regard to a matter that is of such decisive importance for the happiness of his children and the fair fame of his house8 ,in this1 ,prince1 you see my need of a man of your intelligence1 your insight1 that ,i may know what to hope--or firmly if need be--what to dare6 ,,prince4 ,i shall be most eagerly anxious to justify ,your ,majesty's confidence4 ,aside4 ,good ,heavens6 ,,queen4 ,let me then inform you of a secret but completed negotiation in which all the nearest relatives of our house have already taken part1 and into the nature of which ,i now initiate you1 too1 as my son's friend4 ,my daughter is to become the wife of my nephew1 the ,prince of ,wales2 she will therefore be the future ,queen of ,england4 ,,prince 7aside74 ,zounds6 ,a nice rival this6 ,,queen4 ,so you see1 ,prince1 the importance of the issue involved6 ,will you consent to mediate this question--a question of such importance to all ,europe--with my husband8 ,,prince4 ,i8 ,with the ,king8 ,mediate8 ,oh1 of course1 ,your ,majesty1 with the greatest pleasure6 ,aside4 ,what a detestable errand6 ,,queen4 ,very well1 then you can begin at once4 ,the ,king will be here shortly4 ,introduce yourself to him4 ,use this favorable moment to draw from him an expression of his opinion concerning the throne of ,england1 and let me know the result at once4 ,,prince4 ,i am still quite bewildered by this--this flattering commission4 ,and when may ,i pay my respects to ,your ,majesty again8 ,,queen4 ,at almost any time4 ,but ,i should prefer the evening hours1 when those on whom ,i can rely gather around me1 while the ,king is with those persons whom ,i mentioned a short time ago4 ,farewell now1 my dear ,prince of--oh1 dear me1 now my son has forgotten to write me whether it is ,ansbach or ,baireuth that you inherit4 ,it is so easy to confuse these little principalities4 ,ansbach--,baireuth--,ansbach--yes1 that was it4 ,very well1 my dear ,prince of ,ansbach1 remember1 ,prussia1 ,hanover and ,england6 ,she bows to him with proud condescension and goes out4 ,,scene ,,vi ,,prince 7alone74 ,the future ,queen of ,england6 ,and ,i--the ,hereditary ,prince of ,ansbach6 ,that was a cruel blow of fate4 ,and ,i am to mediate these matters of international importance6 ,this angelic being1 whom ,i love more madly with every breath ,i draw--this exquisite sister of my dear ,frederick--is destined to become a victim of political intrigue8 ,oh no1 she cannot possibly love the ,prince of ,wales2 she has never seen him4 ,but will they consult her inclination8 ,will cold considerations of politics heed the cry of her heart8--,the parade is over1 the suite is entering the castle2 ,i dare not meet the king now in this excited mood4 ,he looks about as if seeking some means of escape4 ,,eversmann comes in carrying a large book4 ,he has a pen stuck in behind one ear4 ,he crosses to the door through which the ,,queen has gone out4 ,,prince 7aside74 ,who's this8 ,,eversmann looks the ,,prince over from head to foot1 moves forward a few paces1 then halts again4 ,,prince 7aside74 ,can any one have seen me8 ,,eversmann 7goes to the door1 halts again1 looks at the ,,prince impudently74 ,,prince4 ,why are you looking at me1 sirrah8 ,i am the ,prince ,hereditary of ,baireuth4 ,,eversmann 7is quite indifferent1 comes down a few steps1 bows very slightly74 ,his ,majesty is coming in from the parade1 but does not grant audiences in this room4 ,,prince4 ,i thank you for the information1 my good man4 ,,eversmann4 ,don't mention it1 pray4 ,,prince4 ,and who are you8 ,,eversmann4 ,i8 ,there is along pause4 ,i am ,eversmann4 ,he goes out into the ,,queen's room4 ,,prince4 ,eversmann8 ,the ,minister of ,finance or the ,head ,steward1 ,i wonder8 ,he betrays parsimony in every shred of his garments4 ,drums and the sound of presented arms is heard back of the rear entrance4 ,the ,king is coming4 ,the ,king8 ,why should ,i feel so timid1 so oppressed1 all of a sudden8 ,does my courage fail me because ,i am about to confront this curiosity of his century8 ,i'd rather observe him from the side at first4 ,he draws back and stands close by the door to the left4 ,,scene ,,vii ,a loud knocking1 as with a cane1 is heard at the centre door4 ,,prince4 ,come in4 ,,king 7outside74 ,eversmann6 ,,prince4 ,now1 what's that8 ,,king 7still without1 beats the door loudly with his cane74 ,eversmann6 ,,prince4 ,surely this castle is haunted6 ,he slips into the door at the right4 ,,king 7knocking again1 still outside74 ,eversmann6 ,doesn't the fellow hear8 ,,eversmann 7coming in hurriedly74 ,the door is open1 ,your ,majesty4 ,goes to centre door1 opens it4 ,,prince 7looking in at his door74 ,your ,majesty8 ,is that the ,king8 ,,king 7in corridor but not yet visible74 ,eversmann1 have you forgotten that this is the day for revising the books8 ,,eversmann4 ,no1 indeed1 ,your ,majesty4 ,i was occupied in balancing the books of ,her ,majesty the ,queen4 ,,queen 7comes out from her door1 listens timidly74 ,was that the ,king's voice8 ,,king 7outside74 ,eversmann1 tell the castellan that eleven o'clock is closing hour for my wife's apartment1 and that1 if ,i see a light again in her rooms until after midnight1 ,i will come over myself at the stroke of twelve to search into every corner and to discover what political plot is brewing there4 ,you'd better tell my wife yourself1 sirrah--so that she may obey orders4 ,,eversmann4 ,so that she may obey orders4 ,,queen4 ,miserable lackey6 ,goes out4 ,,prince 7aside74 ,will he go now8 ,,king 7outside74 ,eversmann6 ,,eversmann4 ,your ,majesty6 ,,king4 ,now go to my daughter too1 the ,princess ,wilhelmine-- ,,wilhelmine opens her door softly4 ,,eversmann4 ,to ,her ,royal ,highness-- ,,king4 ,and tell her to have a care--this ,laharpe--is a rascal4 ,,wilhelmine 7aside74 ,laharpe8 ,,prince 7aside74 ,what's that8 ,,king4 ,laharpe is a rascal1 ,i say4 ,,eversmann4 ,a rascal4 ,,king4 ,and tell my daughter that ,i will teach a lesson to the ,crown ,prince for sending these ,french vagabonds here1 who pretend to be teachers of the language and are merely ordinary1 good-for-nothing wigmakers4 ,,wilhelmine4 ,how disgusting6 ,she goes out4 ,,prince 7aside74 ,wigmakers8 ,,king 7still outside74 ,and now get back to the books6 ,,eversmann4 ,at once1 ,your ,majesty4 ,,king4 ,eversmann--one thing more1 ,eversmann6 ,,eversmann4 ,your ,majesty8 ,,king4 ,if you should see the ,prince ,hereditary of ,baireuth-- ,,prince 7aside74 ,it's my turn now4 ,,king4 ,that ,french windbag who's been hanging about ,berlin since yesterday-- ,,prince 7aside74 ,pleasing description6 ,,eversmann4 ,i'll tell him ,your ,majesty will not receive him4 ,,prince 7aside74 ,rascal6 ,,king4 ,no1 ,eversmann1 tell him ,i have something very important to say to him--something very confidential4 ,,prince 7aside74 ,confidential8 ,to me8 ,,king4 ,concerning an important and pressing matter4 ,,eversmann4 ,oh1 yes1 ,i know4 ,,king4 ,you know1 sirrah8 ,what do you know8 ,you know nothing at all4 ,,eversmann4 ,i thought--one might guess-- ,,king4 ,guess8 ,what right have you to guess8 ,you're not to guess at all4 ,understand8 ,idiot6 ,shoulder arms1 march6 ,as he goes off a short roll of drums is heard4 ,,prince 7crosses quickly to ,,eversmann74 ,what do you know8 ,what do you think it is that the ,king has to say to me8 ,,eversmann4 ,oh1 ,your ,highness is still here8 ,,prince4 ,the ,king wishes to speak to me4 ,do you know why8 ,tell me what you think4 ,,eversmann4 ,if ,your ,highness promises not to betray me--,i think it concerns a certain affair--between ,prussia and ,austria4 ,,prince4 ,austria8 ,,eversmann4 ,arch-,duke ,leopold is willing1 they say--that is if with a sly gesture toward the ,,princess' room if ,princess ,wilhelmine-- ,,prince 7excited74 ,the ,princess8 ,,eversmann4 ,sh6 ,you will probably be chosen to conduct the negotiations between ,prussia and-- ,,prince 7beside himself74 ,the ,princess is--destined-- ,,eversmann4 ,to be the future ,empress of ,austria4 ,he goes out into the ,,queen',s room4 ,,prince 7alone74 ,empress6 ,queen6 ,and ,i--,i who love her to desperation1 ,i am to help bring about either of these alliances8 ,that will mean a tragedy or after a pause he continues more cheerfully--,courage--courage--it may turn out a comedy after all1 as merry a comedy as ever was played at any ,royal ,court4 ,he goes out4 ,,act ,,ii ,,grumbkow and ,,seckendorf come in with ,,eversmann4 ,the latter carries a wide orange-colored ribbon with many stars and ,orders on it1 and a gleaming sword4 ,,scene ,i ,the ,,king',s room4 ,a side door on the left2 a centre door4 ,a writing table and chairs4 ,,grumbkow4 ,it was a dispatch1 you say1 ,eversmann8 ,,seckendorf4 ,a dispatch from ,hanover4 ,,grumbkow4 ,and all this elegance8 ,the ribbon8 ,the sword of state8 ,what does it mean8 ,,eversmann4 ,his ,majesty ordered these immediately after the arrival of the dispatch4 ,,seckendorf4 ,a dispatch from ,hanover--arrived about an hour ago--grand cordon commanded--sword of state--we must put these facts together1 ,grumbkow--find their meaning4 ,,eversmann4 ,there are to be twelve plates more at table today4 ,meaningfully4 ,thirty-six thalers are set aside for the dinner--everybody to appear in full court dress4 ,,seckendorf4 ,a dispatch from ,hanover-grand cordon--sword of state--twelve plates extra--thirty-six thalers--the combination1 ,grumbkow--we must find the combination6 ,,eversmann4 ,when he had torn the seal from the dispatch1 he wept two big tears and said3 ,i'll make them all happy if ,i have to beat them to a jelly to do it4 ,and now he's all eagerness and would like to invite the whole city to dinner4 ,,grumbkow4 ,on thirty-six thalers8 ,,eversmann4 ,the orphans in the asylum are to have new clothes4 ,,grumbkow 7startled74 ,the orphans8 ,that looks like a wedding4 ,,seckendorf4 ,dispatch--,hanover--thirty-six thalers--two tears--beat them all--the meaning of that1 ,grumbkow8--we must put two and two together and find it4 ,,eversmann 7startled74 ,he's coming6 ,the ,king6 ,,scene ,,ii ,the ,,king looks in from the side door4 ,,king4 ,good morning6 ,good morning6 ,hope you slept well1 gentlemen4 ,well1 you rascal1 where's that frippery8 ,what's this--the ,english orders are missing8 ,fasten it on well4 ,i don't want the fol-dols knocking about my knees4 ,,eversmann 7as if joking74 ,is there something so important on hand8 ,doesn't ,your ,majesty want the crown also8 ,,king4 ,the crown6 ,idiot6 ,he comes out4 ,you can be glad that you don't have to wear it1 sirrah6 ,off with you now4 ,eversmann1 and see that everything is in order4 ,,eversmann goes out4 ,good morning1 ,grumbkow and ,seckendorf4 ,no time for you now--my compliments to the ,state of ,prussia and ,i beg to be left to myself today4 ,good morning--good morning4 ,the two ministers prepare reluctantly to depart4 ,,grumbkow 7in the door74 ,your ,majesty is in such a merry mood-- ,,seckendorf4 ,could it be the arrival of the courier--8 ,,king 7indifferently74 ,oh1 yes4 ,a courier came-- ,,grumbkow4 ,from ,hanover8 ,,king4 ,from ,hanover4 ,,seckendorf4 ,with news of importance1 ,your ,majesty8 ,,king4 ,news of importance6 ,,grumbkow4 ,concerning ,english affairs1 doubtless8 ,,king4 ,english affairs6 ,,seckendorf4 ,doubtless the ,east ,indian commercial treaties4 ,,king4 ,no--no4 ,,grumbkow4 ,the ,dutch shipping agreement8 ,,king 7enjoying their curiosity74 ,something of that nature4 ,good morning1 gentlemen4 ,,grumbkow 7aside74 ,he is in a desperate mood again4 ,,seckendorf 7aside1 going out74 ,thirty-six thalers--twelve places--the orphans--we must find the combination6 ,they go out4 ,,scene ,,iii ,,king4 ,they've gone4 ,at last ,i have a moment to myself4 ,,eversmann comes in4 ,i am supremely happy4 ,,eversmann4 ,my respectful congratulations4 ,,king4 ,thankee-now just imagine--oh1 yes--no4 ,aside4 ,no one must know of it4 ,,eversmann4 ,did ,your ,majesty intend to-- ,,king4 ,change my clothes8 ,yes--take this coat off2 we'll spare no expense4 ,they shall see that ,i possess wealth2 they shall see that though ,i may be parsimonious ordinarily1 still ,i can spend as well as any of them when an occasion offers4 ,an occasion like this--with an out-burst4 ,eversmann1 just imagine6 ,remembering4 ,oh1 yes4 ,,eversmann 7takes off the ,,king',s coat74 ,will ,your ,majesty put on the embroidered uniform8 ,,king4 ,the embroidered uniform1 ,eversmann4 ,i am expecting guests to whom all honor must be shown4 ,great honor--for when it concerns the arrival of persons who--,he sits down4 ,take off my boots4 ,,eversmann pulls off the boots with difficulty4 ,has the ,prince of ,baireuth been here yet8 ,,eversmann4 ,is ,your ,majesty going to all this trouble on his account8 ,,king4 ,on his account8 ,possibly4 ,aside4 ,i'll lead them all a dance4 ,aloud4 ,zounds6 ,villain6 ,rascal6 ,my corns6 ,i believe the rogue is hurting me on purpose--because ,i won't tell him anything4 ,,eversmann4 ,but1 ,your ,majesty1 ,i haven't asked any questions yet4 ,,king4 ,i'll have you asking questions6 ,now what are you laughing at1 sirrah8 ,heh8 ,fetch me my dressing gown until you have found the uniform4 ,,eversmann turns to go4 ,hey1 there6 ,why did you laugh just now8 ,,eversmann4 ,because ,i know--that before ,i have brought ,your ,majesty your hat ,your ,majesty will have told me all about it4 ,,king 7threatening him with his cane74 ,you rascal--how dare you8 ,,eversmann 7retiring toward the door74 ,your ,majesty can't keep a secret4 ,there is only one thing ,your ,majesty can hold fast to1 and that is--your money6 ,ha6 ha6 ,i'll fetch the dressing-gown4 ,he goes out4 ,,scene ,,iv ,,king 7sitting in his shirt-sleeves74 ,he's right4 ,it burns my heart out4 ,but they shan't know4 ,not any of them--they shan't4 ,they've spoiled my pet plans before now4 ,i'll play a different game1 this time1 and ,i'll send all the camels through the needle's eye at once4 ,they think ,i'm on the side of ,austria4 ,but no--ha6 ha6 ,england's own offer1 brought by the ,hanoverian courier1 was a great surprise to me--he6 he6 ,england is my wife's idea--therefore ,i am for ,england1 too--and soon we'll have the wedding and the christening1 ha6 ha6 ,a lackey comes in1 announces4 ,,lackey4 ,his ,highness the ,prince ,hereditary of ,baireuth4 ,,king4 ,pleased to receive him4 ,the lackey goes out and the ,,prince comes in4 ,,prince 7aside74 ,are these old crosspatch's apartments8 ,to the ,,king4 ,that's the ,king's study in there1 isn't it8 ,,king4 ,yes--at your service4 ,,prince4 ,go in and announce me4 ,i'm the ,prince of ,baireuth4 ,,king 7surprised1 aside74 ,what does he take me for8 ,,prince4 ,what fashion is this8 ,are you in the ,king's service8 ,is this the style in which to receive guests to whom ,his ,majesty has promised an audience8 ,,king4 ,then ,your ,highness--wishes to speak to--to the ,king of ,prussia8 ,,prince4 ,you heard me say so1 did you not8 ,announce me4 ,,king4 ,at once1 ,your ,highness4 ,turns to go4 ,,prince4 ,is this the way to go into your master's presence8 ,in your shirt-sleeves8 ,,king4 ,i'm--,i'm on a very confidential footing with the ,king4 ,he goes out4 ,,prince 7alone74 ,this is a strange ,royal ,household indeed6 ,the servants stand about the anterooms in their shirt-sleeves--doubtless from motives of economy to save their liveries4 ,well1 the great hour has arrived--the die will fall4 ,wilhelmine--she--she alone ,i love--and she is to consent to unite herself to the painted picture of a ,prince of ,wales--the colored silhouette of an ,austrian ,arch-,duke whom she has never seen6 ,ah1 no1 my fate rests on the ,genius of ,love--on chance1 which may be even kinder to me than ,i expect4 ,her parents are of divided minds--thereby do ,i gain time to win ,wilhelmine's heart--for myself4 ,the ,king is coming4 ,now ,i can listen to his favorable opinions regarding--,austria4 ,,scene ,v ,the ,,king comes in1 in dress uniform1 with the grand cordon4 ,,prince 7looking at him74 ,is that not-- ,,king4 ,you are surprised8 ,it was a slight mistake in identity4 ,,prince 7embarrassed74 ,your ,majesty--,i am a stranger-- ,,king4 ,it's of no consequence4 ,you were deucedly insolent--but my people are thick-skinned4 ,well--,i want to speak to you1 my dear ,prince of ,baireuth4 ,are you just come from ,baireuth8 ,,prince4 ,yes1 ,your ,majesty--that is1 ,i left ,baireuth three years ago4 ,,king4 ,and where were you all this time8 ,,prince4 ,in--in ,england4 ,,king4 ,ah--you spent much time in ,england8 ,,prince 7aside74 ,i suppose he wants me to help him with ,austria1 and to disparage ,england4 ,aloud4 ,in ,england8 ,yes1 quite time enough to learn all about that unmannerly and extremely ridiculous country and its ways4 ,,king3 ,what's that8 ,england ridiculous8 ,here1 here1 young friend--we have some distance to go yet before we reach the point where ,england stands today4 ,h'm--have you been in ,italy8 ,or in ,austria--or thereabouts8 ,,prince 7aside74 ,does he favor ,england8 ,i thought it was ,austria--yes1 he favors ,austria4 ,aloud4 ,austria8 ,surely2 a wonderful country--such development of industry--and commerce--such life and activity in all directions6 ,,king4 ,activity8 ,h'm6 ,the activity in ,austria isn't dangerous yet6 ,,prince 7aside74 ,then he does not favor ,austria4 ,i fancy ,i'm not ingratiating myself at all4 ,,king 7aside74 ,has ,seckendorf1 or any of the others1 been talking to him8 ,is he trying to please me8 ,aloud4 ,a nice little country1 that ,baireuth of yours4 ,soil somewhat stony1 though6--doesn't yield your father much revenue1 ,i dare say6 ,,prince4 ,we're learning to improve the soil4 ,aside4 ,these geographical prejudices6 ,,king4 ,trying to improve it by the pleasure palaces your father is building8 ,what's got into the man8 ,puts up one gimcrack after another1 as if he were ,louis ,quatorze--and runs his country into debt meanwhile4 ,about how much debt does your country carry8 ,,prince 7aside74 ,i don't know that myself4 ,aloud1 saucily4 ,ten millions4 ,,king4 ,ten millions8 ,,prince4 ,more or less4 ,,king4 ,good heavens6 ,who is to pay that debt eventually8 ,and with such a state of things in the exchequer you're traveling about ,europe1 taking money out of the country8 ,,prince4 ,i'm completing my education1 sire4 ,,king4 ,in ,versailles8 ,in ,rheinsburg8 ,well1 never mind1 we've had enough of that4 ,he whistles the first bars of the ,dessauer ,march4 ,tell me1 you've taken part in those heathenish performances--at my son's ,court1 ,i mean8 ,,prince4 ,the part of a confidant1 ,your ,majesty4 ,,king4 ,good6 ,it was about these heathenish performances that ,i wanted to speak to you4 ,prince1 they tell me you are a man of taste1 a man who is well acquainted with those godless ,greek and ,roman doings4 ,as it is in my mind to celebrate my daughter's wedding with all pomp worthy of my crown--,i want to ask you--to consult with my son--as to how most gracefully and amusingly to entertain the ,courts of ,poland1 ,saxony1 ,brunswick and ,mecklenburg1 who will all be here for an entire week--in a word1 how we can win much honor and glory by this wedding4 ,,prince4 ,wedding8 ,the ,princess--your daughter's wedding8 ,,king4 ,yes1 ,prince4 ,my artillery will furnish the salutes1 and ,i will see to the reviews and parades my self4 ,but it is in the evening that our guests grow weary in ,berlin--they go to sleep in their chairs4 ,beer drinking and pipe smoking is not yet to every one's taste4 ,we'll have to swim with the stream1 therefore1 and provide suitable amusements--illumination1 operas1 allegorical presentations1 and such fol-da-rol--all about ,prussia and ,england4 ,,prince4 ,england8 ,,king 7rises74 ,zounds6 that ran over my tongue like a hare hurrying across the highway4 ,h'm--,i mean a sort of spectacle--oh1 say unicorn--eagle--eagle--unicorn--leopard- -intermingled--,prussia and ,england--and it must be in rhyme--in verse1 as it were4 ,,prince4 ,england8 ,this news comes with such a surprise6 ,the whole country1 ,europe--the world--will wonder how ,england came to deserve such honor4 ,,king4 ,oh1 ho6 don't flatter the old--lackey6 ,it's an old affair1 this one with ,england2 my wife has been working at it for years4 ,,prince4 ,the ,queen8 ,why1 ,i fancied--that ,her ,majesty the ,queen was much more in favor of ,austria-- ,,king4 ,austria8 ,aside4 ,i might have known she would want to put her own will through4 ,aloud with decision4 ,no4 ,i received today a dispatch from our ,ambassador1 who assures me that ,england is thinking seriously of this plan1 of this marriage arranged in all secrecy4 ,the ,prince of ,wales has taken ship from ,england2 it is supposed that he is already landed on the ,hanoverian coast4 ,meanwhile1 a plenipotentiary has left ,london1 in strictest incognito1 on his way to treat with me concerning all the details of the marriage4 ,the envoy is likely to arrive at any moment4 ,you would place me under obligations to you1 therefore-- ,,prince 7in despair74 ,shall it be a pastoral masque8 ,,king4 ,yes4 ,and the ,crown ,prince can play the flute for it1 since he has learned that art behind my back4 ,,prince 7turns to go1 but comes back74 ,and the ladies and gentlemen of the ,court are to act in it8 ,,king4 ,surely4 ,give every one of them something to say1 only not me4 ,but ,grumbkow must act in it4 ,yes1 ,grumbkow must be in it--and the ladies ,viereck and ,sonnsfeld--and ,seckendorf--and-- ,,prince 7as above74 ,must it be in ,english or in ,french8 ,,king4 ,neither4 ,in ,german1 good1 pure1 fiery ,german--,high ,german1 you understand1 not the ,berlin flavor4 ,confidentially4 ,and if you could bring in a little ,dutch somewhere--certain considerations of commerce would render that very pleasing to me2 it will be spoken of in the papers and the ,ambassador of ,holland will be there--you see1 it's about the importation of tobacco4 ,makes gestures as of smoking and whispers into the ,,prince',s ear4 ,but ,i suppose a fine young gentleman like yourself doesn't smoke4 ,,prince 7in despair74 ,no1 ,your ,majesty--but my imagination is smoking like any volcano already4 ,a ,,lackey 7coming in74 ,the ,privy ,councilors urgently pray ,your ,majesty to receive them4 ,,king4 ,gad1 but they must be eaten up by curiosity6 ,bring them in4 ,the lackey goes out4 ,well1 as ,i was saying--an allegorical marriage masque--that's what4 ,not quite in the style of ,versailles4 ,and yet ,i want the pre-marital feast to be fine enough to compare favorably with the one they rigged up in ,dresden4 ,now--as for ,holland4 ,put in some verses about the colonies1 ,prince1 about the land where tobacco grows4 ,you know--it's the land where the-- ,,prince 7beside himself74 ,where the ,bong-tree grows6 ,he goes out4 ,,scene ,,vi ,,grumbkow and ,,seckendorf come in4 ,each carries under his arm a small bundle of red-bound books4 ,,grumbkow4 ,forgive us1 ,your ,majesty--but it is incredible that such unprecedented crimes should occur in the very bosom of the ,royal ,family6 ,,king4 ,what's the matter now8 ,,grumbkow4 ,your ,majesty has already been informed about the ,frenchman who was found wandering through the streets of ,berlin without any proper passport or identification1 the man who had the temerity to say he had come to teach ,princess ,wilhelmine his language4 ,,king4 ,it was only a wigmaker from ,orleans4 ,,seckendorf4 ,oh1 but we have discovered further complications1 ,your ,majesty6 ,books were found in this man's possession1 books which point to a dangerous connection with ,rheinsberg4 ,,grumbkow4 ,convince yourself1 ,your ,majesty4 ,these immoral ,french writings are all marked with the initials of ,his ,highness the ,crown ,prince4 ,,seckendorf4 ,f4,p4,r4 ,,grumbkow4 ,frdric1 ,prince ,royal4 ,the ,,king starts in anger1 takes up one of the books and then touches the bell4 ,,eversmann comes in4 ,,king4 ,eversman with conscious impressiveness1 my spectacles6 ,,eversmann goes out and returns again with a big pair of glasses4 ,the ,attorney-,general must make a thorough examination of this vagrant's papers4444 ,i will not have these ,french clowns in my country4 ,he looks through one of the books4 ,the ,crown ,prince's seal--,but no--no 444 the vagabond must have stolen it from him4 ,,grumbkow4 ,or else the books were intended for the ,princess' instruction4 ,,king4 ,this sort of book8 ,these ,french--hold6 hold6 what have we here--is this not the disgusting novel written by the hunchback ,scarron1 the husband of the fine ,madame ,maintenon--his notorious satire upon our ,court8 ,,grumbkow ,,and ,,eversmann 7together74 ,our ,court8 ,,king 7turning the leaves74 ,a satire on us all--on me--on ,seckendorf1 ,grumbkow1 ,eversmann4 ,,eversmann4 ,on me1 too8 ,,king 7serious74 ,the ,crown ,prince has underscored most of it1 that it may be better understood4 ,here is a ,marshal with the nickname le chicaneur4 ,you know that's meant for you1 ,grumbkow4 ,,grumbkow4 ,outrageous6 ,,king4 ,the ,ambassador1 ,vicomte de la ,rancune1 otherwise le petit combinateur4 ,that's you1 ,seckendorf4 ,,seckendorf4 ,it's--it's an international insult4 ,,king4 ,and he called ,eversmann la rapinire1 or1 as we would say1 ,old ,rapacity6 ,,eversmann4 ,the rogue6 ,and such books find their way into the country--marked properly by the ,crown ,prince at that6 ,,king4 ,can ,wilhelmine be a party to this8 ,that would indeed be scandalous4 ,the ,attorney-,general must make a thorough investigation4 ,in extreme anger4 ,isn't it possible for me to have a single quiet moment8 ,,eversmann4 ,your ,majesty1 shall ,i take these ungodly books to the executioner1 to have them burned8 ,,king4 ,no4 ,i wouldn't use them even to light my pipe--not even as bonfires for our festivities4 ,gentlemen1 shake this matter off1 as ,i have done4 ,this evening1 over our glowing pipes1 and in the enjoyment of a glass of good ,german beer1 we also can be just as witty at the expense of ,versailles and the entire ,french cabinet4 ,,grumbkow ,,and ,,seckendorf 7together1 aside74 ,bonfires for the festivities8 ,,eversmann4 ,but the books are to be burned1 ,your ,majesty8 ,,king4 ,yes1 in another manner4 ,send them out to the powder mills by the ,oranienburger gate4 ,they can make cartridges for my grenadiers out of them4 ,he goes out4 ,,grumbkow1 ,,seckendorf1 ,,eversmann 7aside74 ,festivities8 ,they go out4 ,,scene ,,vii ,the scene changes to the room of ,act ,i4 ,,baronet ,,hotham comes in cautiously through the centre door1 followed by ,,kamke4 ,,hotham4 ,a hall with four doors8 ,quite right4 ,the ,princess' room there8 ,and the ,queen's here8 ,thanks1 good friend4 ,,kamke goes out4 ,baronet ,hotham is preserving his incognito to the extent of becoming entirely invisible4 ,i've smuggled myself into the country from ,london--by way of ,hanover--as if ,i were a bale of prohibited merchandise4 ,wipes his forehead4 ,the deuce take this equestrian official business1 where a man needs have the manners of a dandy with the unfeeling bones of a postilion4 ,for four days ,i've scarcely been out of the saddle4 ,he throws himself into a chair4 ,gad6 if the nations knew how a man has to win his way through to the ,foreign ,office by years of courier-riding1 they'd not think it strange that their statesmen1 grown mature1 seem disinclined to trip the light fantastic4 ,faith1 it weighs one's pocket heavily1 this carrying a kingdom about with one4 ,he slaps his right coat-pocket4 ,here lies the crown of ,england4 ,now the left coat-pocket4 ,here the crown of ,scotland--and here1 in my waistcoat pocket1 is ,ireland4 ,what shall ,i take from herein exchange8 ,he looks about4 ,is the gilding real8 ,it looks deuced niggardly and close-fisted4 ,there's space enough in these great halls1 but ,i'll wager there are many mice here4 ,it's as quiet as an ,english ,sunday4 ,rises4 ,there's some one coming4 ,rises ,,prince opens the centre door1 then halts on the threshold as if in despair4 ,,hotham 7in surprise74 ,well8 ,the ,,prince comes down a step and claps his hand to his forehead4 ,,hotham4 ,i believe he's writing verses4 ,the ,,prince moves as before1 toward the ,,princess' door1 then sees ,,hotham4 ,,prince4 ,what8 ,who--who is this ,i see8 ,,hotham 7surprised74 ,do my eyes deceive me8 ,,prince4 ,hotham6 ,is it possible8 ,you here in ,berlin1 friend8 ,,hotham4 ,why1 what is the matter1 ,prince8 ,,prince4 ,think of meeting you--you dear1 excellent fellow--and just at the very moment when my despair threatened to overcome me6 ,is it really true8 ,where do you come from8 ,from ,paris8 ,,hotham4 ,i've just come from ,england1 ,prince1 with the very best greetings from our mutual friends and a special commission to capture you and bring you back to the race-track1 to the hunting field1 and the boxing ring1 which you so enjoyed4 ,,prince4 ,alas1 ,hotham--all those pleasures are over for me6 ,,hotham4 ,has your father cut you off from the succession8 ,,prince4 ,ah1 do not touch that sensitive wound6 ,fetch me1 instead1 the ,empire of ,morocco4 ,,hotham4 ,you are ill of a fever1 ,prince1 or else you need a friend to aid you with his sane mind4 ,,prince4 ,hotham1 you are a genius--many an intrigue of your country's foes will be shattered against that brain of yours4 ,but you cannot help me4 ,,hotham4 ,i wish that ,i could1 ,prince4 ,i am so deeply in your debt for a hundred good services rendered me during your sojourn in ,england4 ,it was your influence that put me in touch with our leading statesmen2 you opened the diplomatic career to me4 ,to you ,i owe all that ,i am and have--my brain is at your service1 let it think for you2 my arm is at your service1 let it act for you4 ,,prince4 ,hotham1 ,i'm in a most peculiar situation-- ,,hotham4 ,i will devote my very life to your service4 ,what would ,i be without you8 ,to you ,i owe this flattering mission1 to you ,i owe my very presence here4 ,,prince4 ,yes--why are you here8 ,,hotham 7looks about74 ,it is an affair of the greatest secrecy4 ,but if you desire ,i shall not hesitate to tell you what it is4 ,,prince4 7absently74 ,i am not curious4 ,will it keep you here long8 ,,hotham4 ,that depends upon circumstances--circumstances of a most delicate nature4 ,,prince4 ,an affair of honor8 ,,hotham 7low74 ,it concerns a possible marriage contract--between ,princess ,wilhelmine and the ,prince of ,wales4 ,,prince 7as if beside himself74 ,you8 ,you are the ambassador of whom the ,king spoke to me just now8 ,,hotham4 ,has the ,king been informed already8 ,,prince4 ,then you--you are that irresistibly clever diplomat whom they are awaiting with open arms8 ,,hotham4 ,does the ,king really look with favor upon this marriage with the ,prince of ,wales8 ,,prince4 ,horrible6 ,i picked this man for a genius from among a thousand others4 ,i took him from ,paris1 and put him into ,english diplomacy and now ,i must suffer because he does honor to my judgment4 ,let me tell you1 then1 my friend1 that the ,king and the ,queen1 quite ignorant of their mutual agreement1 are both heartily desirous of this marriage and all of its implications4 ,but you are to know also that ,princess ,wilhelmine1 the unhappy sacrifice of your political ambitions1 is loved by a prince who cannot compete in power or position with your ,prince of ,wales1 but who in devotion1 love1 passion so far outdistances all and any crowned suitors for the hand of this angel as heaven1 nay1 as paradise1 outdistances earth--and that this prince is--myself4 ,,hotham4 ,this is indeed a discovery ,i did not dream of1 and ,i must1 unhappily1 add not a pleasant one4 ,but if you ask in due form1 why should they not grant you the hand of the ,princess8 ,,prince4 ,grant it to me8 ,a petty ,german sovereign ,when they have the choice of future ,kings and ,emperors8 ,speak of me to the ,queen and you will discover that she invariably confuses ,baireuth with ,ansbach4 ,,hotham4 ,the discovery is all the less pleasing in that ,i1 as envoy of my government1 must do all ,i can to bring about the marriage4 ,,prince4 ,of course1 you must justify my recommendation4 ,,hotham4 ,and yet ,i take the liberty of suggesting that possibly--under certain conditions--this marriage with ,england might not come about4 ,of a truth1 ,prince1 take courage6 ,circumstances might arise which would not only give me the right1 but would even make it my duty to give up all thoughts of the match4 ,,prince4 ,you revive my very soul4 ,,hotham4 ,your ,highness1 it is not the ,prince of ,wales whom ,i represent here4 ,the ,english nation1 the cabinet1 the ,houses of ,parliament send me4 ,you are aware1 ,prince1 your sojourn in ,england must have made it plain to you that the house of ,hanover was called to the throne of ,england under conditions which make it the duty of that house to subordinate its own personal desires to the general welfare of the nation4 ,whether or not the ,prince of ,wales feels any personal interest in his cousin is of little moment4 ,parliament takes no cognizance of whether they love each other or not4 ,the ,prince of ,wales1 as future ,king of ,england1 will contract any matrimonial alliance that is suggested to him as necessary to the national welfare4 ,an alliance with the dynasty of the rising young kingdom of ,prussia seems1 under the present political constellation1 to be the most favorable4 ,,prince4 ,and this holds out some hope for me8 ,,hotham4 ,there lies no hope in this unfortunate mission of mine1 but in one of its clauses which states that the marriage1 if all else be favorable1 may be concluded only on this condition looking about cautiously3 that certain ,english manufacturers shut out by ,prussia be readmitted into the country softly on acceptable terms4 ,,prince4 ,and into this--this mercantile scheming you would mingle a question of love--an affair of the heart8 ,,hotham4 ,i am here to speak for the hearts of our merchants1 hearts that beat warmly for the throne1 but still more warmly for their balance-sheets4 ,if our factories have nothing to hope for1 then1 ,prince takes his hands1 my protector1 my patron1 then ,i am all yours4 ,and you shall see that ,i have other talents besides those of diplomacy4 ,,prince4 ,talents to awaken a hope on which the bitterest disappointment must follow4 ,,hotham4 ,wait1 ,prince1 wait and trust-- ,,prince4 ,to the counting-room8 ,,hotham4 ,why not8 ,and when1 in case the ,king will not agree to the new treaties1 ,i have devoted myself entirely to your cause1 when you under stand that my heart beats high in gratitude to a ,prince whom ,i met by mere chance and who has been my benefactor--when you have finally won the heart and hand of the ,princess1 then all ,i shall ask of ,your ,highness1 as a ,german sovereign at the ,diet of ,regensburg1 in ,germany's very heart1 is merely your assistance in obtaining from the ,german ,empire some little concession for our harmless1 innocent--manufactures4 ,,kamke 7opens the door to the right74 ,,hotham4 ,everything else later4 ,for the present--trust me4 ,over there are the ,queen's apartments4 ,farewell4 ,he goes out4 ,,scene ,,viii ,,prince 7alone74 ,land6 ,land in sight6 ,something1 surely1 can be done now6 ,with ,hotham at my right hand1 ,i need only some female reinforcement at my left4 ,the moment seems favorable4 ,i will try to draw little ,sonnsfeld1 the ,princess' lady-in-waiting1 into the plot4 ,she is waiting in the anteroom4 ,i'll knock4 ,he goes softly to the ,,princess' door and knocks4 ,i hear a sound4 ,he knocks again4 ,the rustle of a gown--it is she4 ,he draws back a step and turns4 ,first one must take these little outposts and then--to the main battle4 ,,wilhelmine comes in4 ,,prince 7startled74 ,ah1 it is you--yourself6 ,,wilhelmine4 ,oh1 then it was you1 ,prince8 ,i have reason to be very angry with you4 ,,prince4 ,with me1 ,your ,highness8 ,why with me8 ,,wilhelmine4 ,as if you did not know the insult you have offered me4 ,,prince4 ,princess1 would you drive me mad8 ,i offer you an insult8 ,,wilhelmine4 ,have you not heard what sort of a person this learned ,laharpe of yours really is8 ,,prince4 ,princess1 ,laharpe is one of the most intelligent of men and possessed of a pretty wit4 ,one might search long among your scholars here in ,berlin before finding his equal in cultivation4 ,,wilhelmine4 ,he is a wigmaker from ,orleans6 ,,prince4 ,but ,i assure you1 ,princess1 he is not a wigmaker4 ,it is true ,laharpe does understand the splitting of hairs1 but only in scientific controversy2 it is true he does use paint and powder1 in that he paints his thoughts in words of elegance1 and lays on them the powder of ingenious sophistry--an art that is better understood in ,france than here4 ,it is unfortunate enough1 ,your ,highness1 that your royal father's kingdom should be in such bad repute that foreigners of wit1 poetry1 and cultivation can be admitted only when they come bearing the passport of wigmakers4 ,,wilhelmine4 ,but our plan has come to naught2 ,laharpe has been banished4 ,,prince4 ,a weak reflection of his brilliancy has remained1 ,princess4 ,do not think me quite unworthy of taking his place4 ,grant me the blessed consciousness of having aided you to escape a situation which passes all bounds of filial obedience4 ,,wilhelmine4 ,prince--this language-- ,,prince4 ,it is the language of a feeling ,i can no longer control1 of an indignation ,i can no longer suppress4 ,princess1 do you know that you are destined as a sacrifice to political and commercial intrigue8 ,that you are to be sent to ,england in exchange for the produce of ,english factories8 ,,wilhelmine 7in indignation74 ,who says that8 ,,prince4 ,far be it from me to pass judgment on your desires--far be it from me to inquire if it may not surprise1 perhaps even please your ambitions when you hear that you might win even an ,imperial crown--but1 if you love the ,prince of ,wales-- ,,wilhelmine4 ,the ,prince of ,wales8 ,who says that ,i love him8 ,,prince4 ,your mother1 who presupposes it--your father1 who commands it4 ,,wilhelmine4 ,the ,prince of ,wales8 ,my cousin1 whom ,i have never seen8 ,who has never betrayed the slightest interest in me8 ,a ,prince whose loose living has made me despise him6 ,,prince4 ,then you do not love the ,prince8 ,,wilhelmine4 ,my heart is free4 ,and no power on earth can force me to give it to any man but to him whom ,i shall choose myself4 ,,prince4 ,do ,i hear aright8 ,,wilhelmine4 ,i have been obedient and dutiful from the very first stirring of my personal consciousness4 ,i have never had a will of my own1 or dared1 if ,i had that will1 to give it expression4 ,but when they would take the one thing from me1 the one thing that is still mine after all these years of humiliation1 my own inalienable possession1 my heart's free choice--then indeed the bottomless depths of my obedience will be found exhausted4 ,i feel that my brother was justified in throwing off such a yoke--and ,i will show the world that ,i am indeed his sister4 ,,prince4 ,princess6 ,aside4 ,what can ,i do--it is too much joy--too much bliss6 ,aloud4 ,princess6 the green garlands on the little window down there1 the potted flowers offer a secret retreat--the little linnet in his cage is impatient for the return of his beautiful and benign mistress4 ,,wilhelmine 7drawing her hand from his74 ,you would-- ,,prince4 ,i would take the place of that misjudged and slandered scholar4 ,and down there1 alone with you1 not worried by threatening footfalls in the corridors1 undisturbed by noise of drums outside those cruel guardians of your freedom1 ,i would tell the most charming ,princess of ,europe that-- ,,wilhelmine4 ,you have nothing to tell me--nothing at all4 ,,prince 7throws himself at her feet74 ,i would tell her that there is one ,prince who1 although he will one day reign over no more than a tiny plot of ,german earth1 still can gather from the spell of her beauty1 the kindness of her heart1 the courage to say to her--,i love you--,i worship you4 ,,wilhelmine4 ,prince1 what are you doing--please arise--some one is coming6 ,,prince4 ,not until you promise me you will meet me there4 ,,wilhelmine4 ,oh--if we should be surprised like this6 ,please get up6 ,,prince4 ,you will promise8 ,you will meet me8 ,,wilhelmine4 ,where8 ,he points to the window4 ,there8 ,but ,i am not alone even there4 ,,prince4 ,those simple people are overjoyed when their ,princess consents to linger an hour with them in their poverty4 ,i have much to say to you1 ,princess1 very much4 ,i will tell you of the plans concerning ,england or ,austria of which you are the central figure4 ,and you must tell me again--in the very best style of ,versailles1 which ,i know thoroughly--that you hate me--that you detest me-- ,,wilhelmine4 ,prince1 you torture me--,i hear voices4 ,some one is approaching--,please get up4 ,,prince4 ,will you promise8 ,,wilhelmine4 ,cruel one6 ,you won't get up-- ,,prince4 ,not until you promise-- ,,wilhelmine4 ,if you promise to talk only about the plans that concern me--and about ,french grammar-- ,,prince 7springing up74 ,you promise8 ,you will come8 ,by every star in the firmament ,i swear ,i will begin with the verb ,j'aime--,i love--and you shall see how1 in comparison with the language of a devoted heart1 in comparison with the art which unadorned nature can practise1 even ,voltaire is only--a wigmaker4 ,he goes out4 ,,scene ,,ix ,the noise of drums in the distance is no longer heard4 ,,wilhelmine left alone1 starts as if to follow the ,,prince4 ,then she turns back hesitating1 and walks with uncertain steps to the table4 ,she rings the bell4 ,,sonnsfeld comes in1 looks at the ,princess as if surprised1 speaks after a pause4 ,,sonnsfeld4 ,your ,highness commands8 ,,wilhelmine 7as if awakening from a dream74 ,i8 ,nothing4 ,,sonnsfeld4 ,your ,highness rang8 ,,wilhelmine4 ,yes1 ,i did4 ,my mantilla--my fan--the veil4 ,,sonnsfeld4 ,your ,highness is going out8 ,,wilhelmine4 ,i am going out4 ,,sonnsfeld4 ,has ,your ,highness permission8 ,,wilhelmine4 ,permission8 ,are you beginning to take that tone1 too8 ,fetch the things ,i want4 ,,sonnsfeld looks at her1 astounded1 then goes out4 ,,wilhelmine 7alone74 ,i am tired of all this4 ,i am beginning to be conscious of myself1 now that ,i know there is some one who recognizes my meagre worth4 ,the situation here is unbearable4 ,i am weary of this unworthy subordination1 this barrack-room service4 ,,sonnsfeld comes back with mantilla1 fan and veil4 ,,wilhelmine4 ,you might have chosen the mantilla with the ,brussels lace4 ,,sonnsfeld4 ,your ,highness--what is your purpose8 ,,wilhelmine4 ,throw the veil about my head4 ,don't question everything ,i do4 ,must ,i give you an accounting for every trifle8 ,,sonnsfeld4 ,good ,heavens--have you joined your mother in her revolutionary ideas8 ,,wilhelmine4 ,i have joined no one4 ,i want to show the world that a ,princess of ,prussia has at least the right to pass from one court of the palace to another of her own free will4 ,i am tired of being tyrannized in this way4 ,the ,grand ,elector lived for me as well as for the others--the ,hohenzollerns are what they are for my sake also4 ,adieu4 ,holds out her hand4 ,you may kiss my hand4 ,and do not forget that ,i am the daughter of a king who is forming great and important plans for his child's future1 and that this child1 even though she should be stubborn enough to refuse to acquiesce in his plans1 will still be none the less a ,princess of ,prussia4 ,she turns to go4 ,the centre door opens and ,,eckhof comes in1 followed by three grenadiers4 ,the door remains open4 ,,eckhof4 ,halt6 ,,sonnsfeld4 ,are you to have a ,guard of ,honor1 ,princess8 ,,eckhof4 ,grenadiers--front6 ,three more men come in without their muskets4 ,the first carries a ,bible1 the second a soup tureen1 the third a half-knitted stocking4 ,,eckhof 7comes forward and salutes the ,,princess74 ,may it please your ,royal ,highness graciously to forgive me1 if by reason of a special investigation commanded by ,his ,majesty the ,king1 in consequence of forbidden communication with ,castle ,rheinsberg1 ,i ask ,your ,highness to graciously submit to a strict room-arrest1 as ordered by ,his ,majesty the ,king4 ,,sonnsfeld4 ,what's that8 ,princess6 ,,eckhof4 ,likewise1 ,his ,majesty the ,king has graciously pleased to make the following dispositions ,first grenadier1 front6 ,the first grenadier marches forward with the ,bible4 ,your ,royal ,highness is to learn chapters three to five of the ,song of ,solomon so thoroughly that the ,court ,chaplain can examine ,your ,highness in the same tomorrow morning at five o'clock4 ,second grenadier1 front6 ,the second grenadier comes forward with the soup tureen4 ,the food ordered for ,your ,highness will be brought up from the garrison kitchen punctually every day4 ,,sonnsfeld 7opens the tureen74 ,dreadful stuff6 ,boiled beans6 ,,eckhof4 ,third grenadier1 front6 ,the third grenadier comes forward with the half-knitted stocking4 ,and1 finally1 ,his ,majesty the ,king pleases to command ,your ,highness to knit1 every two days1 a pair of woolen stockings for the worthy ,foundling ,asylum of ,berlin4 ,may it please ,your ,royal ,highness--this ends my orders4 ,,sonnsfeld 7in a tone of despair74 ,princess1 are these the ,king's plans for your future8 ,,wilhelmine 7trembling in excitement74 ,calm yourself1 dear friend4 ,yes1 this is the beginning of a new life for me4 ,the battle is on6 ,go to my father and tell him-- ,,sonnsfeld4 ,go to the ,king and tell him--,to the ,,princess4 ,what are they to tell him8 ,,wilhelmine 7with tragic decision74 ,tell him that ,i-- ,,sonnsfeld4 ,tell him that we-- ,,wilhelmine4 ,that ,i--,her courage begins to fail4 ,that although we will learn the chapters-- ,,sonnsfeld4 ,and although we will eat the beans-- ,,wilhelmine4 ,it will not be our fault if with renewed courage if in the despair of our hearts-- ,,sonnsfeld 7tragically74 ,we let fall the stitches in the orphan's stockings-- ,,wilhelmine4 ,and wish that we were merely the ,princess of ,reuss-- ,,sonnsfeld4 ,schleiz-- ,,wilhelmine4 ,greiz and ,lobenstein6 ,they go out angrily4 ,,act ,,iii ,the ,,princess' room4 ,attractive1 cozy apartment4 ,an open window to the right4 ,doors centre1 right and left4 ,a cupboard1 a table4 ,,scene ,i ,,princess ,,wilhelmine leans against the window-casing1 deep in thought4 ,,sonnsfeld sits on the left side of the room1 knitting a child's stocking4 ,,wilhelmine 7aside74 ,hour after hour passes6 ,what will the ,prince think of me8 ,or can he have learned my fate already8 ,,sonnsfeld4 ,did ,your ,highness speak8 ,,wilhelmine4 ,no1 ,i--,i merely sighed4 ,,sonnsfeld4 ,it seemed as if you were talking to yourself4 ,don't be too melancholy4 ,you'll soon learn the ,bible verses and ,i'll relieve you of most of the knitting4 ,,wilhelmine4 ,you are too good--you are kinder to me than ,i have deserved of you today4 ,that work is tiring you--give it to me4 ,,sonnsfeld4 ,no1 let me have it4 ,you take the other one that is started4 ,in this way we will gain time to rest later4 ,,wilhelmine 7listening toward the door74 ,and we aren't even allowed a word with each other in freedom4 ,,sonnsfeld 7rises and looks toward the door74 ,it is cruel to let soldiers see a ,princess humiliated to the extent of knitting stockings4 ,,wilhelmine4 ,why complain8 ,it is--of itself1 quite nicely domestic4 ,she knits4 ,,sonnsfeld4 ,what would the ,prince of ,baireuth say if he could see you now8 ,,wilhelmine4 ,the ,prince8 ,what made you think of the ,prince8 ,,sonnsfeld4 ,you cannot deny that his attentions to you might be called almost--tender-- ,,wilhelmine4 ,almost-- ,,sonnsfeld4 ,such eyes6 ,such burning glances6 ,i am very much mistaken or it was ,your ,royal brother's intention1 in sending this young ,prince to you1 to send you at the same time the most ardent lover under the sun4 ,,wilhelmine4 ,lovers hold more with the moon4 ,,sonnsfeld4 ,and he shows so great an admiration for you that ,i am again mistaken if our sentry outside the door there has not already in his pocket a billet-doux addressed to ,your ,highness--a billet-doux written by the ,prince4 ,,wilhelmine4 ,sonnsfeld6 ,what power of combination6 ,,sonnsfeld4 ,almost worthy of a ,seckendorf1 isn't it8 ,i'll question the man1 in any case4 ,,wilhelmine4 ,are you crazy8 ,,sonnsfeld 7at the door74 ,hey1 there1 grenadier6 ,,eckhof 7comes in74 ,at your service1 madam4 ,,sonnsfeld4 ,have you a letter for us8 ,,eckhof4 ,please ,your ,honor1 yes4 ,,sonnsfeld 7to the ,,princess74 ,there you are6 ,to ,,eckhof4 ,from the ,prince of ,baireuth8 ,,eckhof4 ,please ,your ,honor1 yes4 ,,wilhelmine4 ,where is it8 ,did you take it8 ,,eckhof4 ,please ,your ,honor1 no4 ,wheels and goes out4 ,,sonnsfeld4 ,what a dreadful country6 ,the general heartlessness penetrates even to the uneducated classes4 ,,wilhelmine4 ,but how dare the ,prince imagine that our sentry could forget all--all sense of propriety in this way8 ,,sonnsfeld4 ,would you not have accepted it8 ,,wilhelmine4 ,never6 ,a letter1 attached to a little stone1 is thrown in at the window4 ,,sonnsfeld4 ,a letter8 ,through the window6 ,oh1 how it frightened me6 ,,wilhelmine4 ,pick it up4 ,,sonnsfeld 7doing so74 ,but you won't accept it1 you say4 ,it can only be from the ,prince--and it is addressed to ,your ,highness4 ,gives her the letter4 ,,wilhelmine4 ,to me8 ,why1 then--why shouldn't ,i accept it8 ,she opens the letter4 ,it is--it is from the ,prince4 ,she reads1 aside4 ,adored one6 ,is there to be no end to these cruelties8 ,have they begun to torture you with ,england yet8 ,they will come to you and will try to force you into this marriage4 ,but ,baronet ,hotham1 the ,english ,envoy1 is my friend and your friend1 and will work for you while he seems to be working against you4 ,it is a dangerous game1 but it means your freedom and my life4 ,love comprehends--,love4 ,,sonnsfeld4 ,may ,i hear8 ,,wilhelmine4 ,it is a little message of sympathy--from--from one of our faithful servants4 ,,sonnsfeld4 ,the good people are all so fond of you4 ,you must answer it1 ,i suppose8 ,,wilhelmine4 ,just a word or two-it is really of no importance whatever4 ,,sonnsfeld4 ,but we need not offend any one4 ,aside4 ,what clever pretending6 ,aloud4 ,let me try if our grenadier is still as stubborn as before4 ,,wilhelmine4 ,what are you thinking of8 ,,sonnsfeld4 ,we'll make the trial4 ,she goes to the door4 ,here you--stern warrior-- ,,eckhof 7in the door74 ,at your service4 ,,sonnsfeld4 ,why didn't you take the letter8 ,,eckhof4 ,it would mean running the gauntlet for me4 ,,sonnsfeld4 ,we would compensate you for any such punishment4 ,,eckhof4 ,you could not4 ,,sonnsfeld4 ,would money be no compensation8 ,,eckhof4 ,even if shame could be healed by money1 that would be the one remedy you couldn't apply4 ,,wilhelmine4 ,and why8 ,,eckhof4 ,because ,your ,highness hasn't any money4 ,,sonnsfeld4 ,dreadful creature6 ,,wilhelmine 7aside74 ,he knows our situation only too well4 ,we must give up all thought of sending an answer4 ,,eckhof4 ,may ,i go now8 ,,sonnsfeld4 ,impertinent creature6 ,what is your name8 ,,eckhof4 ,eckhof4 ,,sonnsfeld4 ,where were you born8 ,,eckhof4 ,hamburg4 ,,sonnsfeld4 ,what have you learned8 ,,eckhof4 ,nothing4 ,,wilhelmine4 ,nothing8 ,that is little enough4 ,,sonnsfeld4 ,what did you want to make of yourself8 ,,eckhof4 ,everything4 ,,wilhelmine 7aside74 ,a strange man6 ,let us cross-examine him4 ,it will afford us a little amusement at least4 ,,sonnsfeld 7to ,,eckhof74 ,we are not clever enough to understand such witty answers4 ,how do you reconcile nothing with everything4 ,,eckhof4 ,i grew up in a theatre1 but all ,i ever learned there was to clean the lamps4 ,our manager discharged his company and ,i was compelled to take service with a secretary in the post office4 ,but when my new master's wife demanded that ,i should climb up behind her carriage1 as her footman1 ,i took to wandering again4 ,i begged my way to ,schwerin and a learned man of the law made me his clerk4 ,the post office and the courtroom were just two new sorts of theatre for me4 ,the addresses on the letters excited my imagination1 the lawsuits gave my brain exercise4 ,the desire to create1 upon the stage1 true pictures of human greatness and human degradation1 to depict vice and virtue in reality's own colors1 still inspired me1 but ,i saw no opportunity to satisfy it4 ,then1 in a reckless moment1 when ,i had sought to drown my melancholy in drink1 fate threw me into the hands of the ,prussian recruiting officers4 ,i was dazzled by the handful of silver they offered me2 for its sake ,i bartered away my golden freedom4 ,since that day ,i carry the musket4 ,the noisy drums drown the longing that awakens a thousand times a day1 the longing for an ,art that still calls me as to a sacred mission2 the uniform smothers the impulse to create human nobility2 and in these drilled1 unnatural motions of my limbs1 my free will and my sense of personal dignity will perish at last4 ,from such a fate there is no release for the poor bought soldier--no release but death4 ,,wilhelmine 7aside1 sadly74 ,it is a picture of my own sorrow4 ,,sonnsfeld4 ,that is all very well1 but you really should be glad that now you are something--as you were nothing before and had not learned any trade4 ,,eckhof4 ,i learned little from books but much from life4 ,i understand something of music4 ,,sonnsfeld4 ,of music8 ,ah1 then you can entertain this poor imprisoned ,princess4 ,your ,highness1 where is the ,crown ,prince's flute8 ,,eckhof4 ,i play the violin4 ,,sonnsfeld4 ,we have a violin1 too4 ,we have the ,crown ,prince's entire orchestra hidden here4 ,she goes to the cupboard and brings out a violin4 ,here1 now play something for us and we will dance4 ,,wilhelmine4 ,what are you thinking of8 ,with the ,queen's room over there8 ,and the ,king may surprise us at any moment from the other side4 ,,sonnsfeld4 ,just a little ,franaise shall be a rehearsal for the torchlight dance at your wedding4 ,,wilhelmine4 ,you know the ,king's aversion toward music and dancing4 ,,sonnsfeld4 ,here1 ,eckhof1 take the violin-and now begin4 ,,eckhof 7looks about timidly74 ,but if ,i--much moved ,heavens--it is three years since ,i have touched that noble1 that magical instrument4 ,,sonnsfeld4 ,come now6 ,i'm the cavalier1 ,princess1 and you are the lady4 ,,eckhof plays one of the simple nave dance tunes of the day4 ,the two ladies dance4 ,,sonnsfeld4 ,bravo1 ,eckhof6 ,this is going nicely--ah1 what joy to dance once more6 ,this way now la--la--la6 ,she hums the melody4 ,,scene ,,ii ,during the dance the ,,king comes in softly through the door to the right4 ,he starts when he sees the dancers and the grenadier playing the violin4 ,they do not notice him4 ,he comes-nearer and attempts to join the dance unobserved4 ,,wilhelmine4 ,sonnsfeld1 that's not right6 ,now it's the gentleman's turn4 ,holds her hand out behind her back--,like this4 ,the ,,king takes her hand gently with one finger and dances a few steps4 ,,wilhelmine4 ,how clumsy1 dear friend4 ,dancing4 ,and your hand is strangely rough today4 ,she turns and sees the ,,king1 who had begun to hum the tune in a gruff voice4 ,the three start in alarm4 ,,eckhof salutes with the violin4 ,,king 7angry74 ,very nice--very pretty indeed6 ,are these the sayings of ,solomon8 ,music and dancing in my castle by broad daylight8 ,and a ,prussian grenadier playing the violin to the prisoner he is set to watch8 ,,sonnsfeld4 ,pardon1 ,your ,majesty--it was we who forced him4 ,,king4 ,forced him8 ,forced a soldier8 ,forced him to violate his duty in this devilish manner8 ,i'll have to invent a punishment for him such as the ,prussian army has never yet seen4 ,,wilhelmine4 ,have mercy1 ,your ,majesty--have mercy6 ,,king4 ,i'll talk to you later4 ,as for you1 ,conrad ,eckhof1 ,i know that is your name--,i will tell you what your punishment shall be4 ,you are discharged from the army that serves under my glorious flag1 discharged in disgrace4 ,but you are not to be honored by being sent to a convict company or into the worthy station of a subject4 ,listen to the fate ,i have decreed for you4 ,a troop of ,german comedians has taken quarters in the ,warehouse in the ,cloister street4 ,these mountebanks--histriones--are in straits because their clown--for whom they sent to ,leipzig1 has not arrived4 ,you are to take off the honorable ,prussian uniform and to join this group of mountebanks1 sent there by me1 as a warning to every one4 ,you are to become an actor1 a clown of clowns-and henceforth amuse the ,german nation with your foolish and criminal jokes and quips4 ,shame upon you6 ,,eckhof 7with a grateful glance to heaven1 trying to conceal his joyful excitement74 ,an actor6 ,oh1 ,i thank ,your ,majesty for this most gracious sentence4 ,conrad ,eckhof will endeavor to do honor to himself and his despised new profession4 ,goes out4 ,,king4 ,and as for you1 my ,lady ,sonnsfeld1 you may1 the sooner the better1 pack up your belongings and be off to ,dresden where my cousin1 the ,elector of ,saxony1 has need of just such nymphs and graces for his court fireworks and his ballets4 ,,sonnsfeld 7going out1 speaks aside74 ,in his anger he chooses punishments that can only delight any person of refinement4 ,she goes out4 ,,king4 ,wilhelmine6 ,,wilhelmine4 ,your ,majesty1 what have ,i done that ,i am so unhappy as always to arouse your displeasure8 ,,king4 ,you call me ,majesty because you lack a daughter's heart for your father4 ,i have brought up my children in the good old ,german fashion2 ,i have tried to keep all ,french vanities and ,french follies far from their childish hearts2 on my throne ,i have tried to prove that ,kings may set an example to their subjects1 an example of how the simplest honest household may be ruled4 ,have ,i succeeded in this8 ,,wilhelmine4 ,you have punished us severely enough for our faults4 ,,king4 ,this wigmaker--who was to instruct you in all the ambiguities of the ,french language-- ,,wilhelmine4 ,he was not a wigmaker4 ,,king4 ,he was4 ,,wilhelmine4 ,well1 if he was1 then you dislike him simply because you are so fond of your horrid pigtail4 ,,king4 ,the pigtail is a man's best adornment4 ,in that braided hair lies concentrated power4 ,a pigtail is not a wild fluttering mass of disorder about one's head--the seat of the human soul--such as our ,hottentot dandies of today show in their long untidy hair4 ,it expresses1 instead1 a simple1 pious and well-brushed order1 entwined obedience1 falling gently down over the shoulders1 fit symbol for a ,christian gentleman4 ,but ,i am tired of this eternal quarreling with you4 ,this present arrest shall be the last proof of my fatherly affection4 ,you will soon be free and mistress of your own actions4 ,i announce herewith that you will shortly be able to come and go at your own discretion4 ,,wilhelmine4 ,father6 ,,king4 ,is that tone sincere8 ,,wilhelmine4 ,it comes from a heart that will never cease to revere the best of men4 ,,king4 ,then you realize that ,i desire only your happiness8 ,yes1 ,wilhelmine1 you will soon be able to do whatever you like1 you may read ,french books1 dance the minuet1 keep an entire orchestra of musicians4 ,i have arranged all things for your happiness and for your freedom4 ,illustration3 ,,king ,,frederick ,,william ,i ,,of ,,prussia ,r4 ,,siemering ,,wilhelmine4 ,how may ,i understand this1 father8 ,,king4 ,you will have horses and carriages1 and footmen1 as becomes a future ,queen4 ,,wilhelmine4 ,queen8 ,,king4 ,you will see that ,i do in very truth deserve the name you gave me1 the name of the best of fathers4 ,but still--,i hear your mother4 ,,wilhelmine4 ,what--what is going to happen-- ,,king4 ,prepare yourself for a weighty moment--the moment of your betrothal4 ,,scene ,,iii ,the ,,queen comes in1 leaning on the arm of the ,,prince ,,of ,,baireuth4 ,,hotham and several lackeys follow4 ,,wilhelmine 7aside1 surprised74 ,the ,prince6 ,the ,,queen bows coldly to the ,,king4 ,,king 7equally coldly74 ,good morning4 ,,queen 7to the ,,princess74 ,my dear child1 ,i here present to you the ,envoy of the ,king of ,england1 ,baronet ,hotham4 ,,wilhelmine 7bows1 speaks aside74 ,the ,prince's friend8 ,how am ,i to understand all this8 ,,king4 ,pardon me1 wife1 the ,prince of ,baireuth should take precedence4 ,my dear child1 ,i present to you here the ,prince ,hereditary of ,baireuth4 ,,prince 7bows1 speaks aside to ,,wilhelmine74 ,do not lose courage4 ,it will all work out for the best4 ,,queen4 ,have you good news from ,ansbach1 dear ,prince8 ,,prince4 7aside74 ,this eternal mistake of hers4 ,aloud4 ,your ,majesty1 ,i hear there is a plan on foot to transplant ,ansbach to ,baireuth4 ,,king4 7has been only half listening74 ,hush6 ,let us cast aside all these earthly thoughts and plans and prepare ourselves for a work of sacred import4 ,sit down by your mother1 ,wilhelmine4 ,,wilhelmine4 ,what is going to happen8 ,,king4 ,you1 ,prince1 as my natural aide--here6 ,baronet ,hotham1 you are in the centre4 ,the lackeys place the table in the centre of the room and then go off4 ,,prince 7aside74 ,hotham--the commercial treaties-- ,,hotham sits down at the centre of the table1 opens the portfolio which he has brought with him1 lays out sheets of paper1 and examines his pen4 ,,king 7folding his hands74 ,in ,god's name--,after a pause ,if ,i should ask you1 my faithful spouse1 companion of my life1 what a happy marriage is-- ,,queen4 ,has that anything to do with our daughter's wedding-contract8 ,,king4 ,do not interrupt me4 ,you may not be conscious of it--but ,i am fully aware of how much this solemn moment imports4 ,,hotham4 ,please ,your ,majesty--,i have already written ,in ,god's name4 ,,king 7looks surprised and pleased74 ,did you really write that8 ,,hotham4 ,it is customary to print it at the head of these and similar contracts4 ,,king4 ,printing is not as good--the letter killeth1 saith the ,scriptures2 but you may begin now4 ,,hotham4 ,we are concerned here with an affiliation between two nations which1 although differing in language1 manners1 and customs1 still have so many points of contact that they should seize every opportunity to come closer to each other4 ,,king4 ,couldn't you weave in something there about the ,english being really descended from the ,germans8 ,,hotham4 ,that would lead us too far afield4 ,,king4 ,oh1 very well1 as you say4 ,it was a good beginning4 ,,hotham4 ,such an opportunity now offers in the mutually expressed wish of the dynasties of ,england and ,prussia1 to unite in the bonds of holy matrimony two of their illustrious scions4 ,the ,prince of ,wales sues for the hand of ,princess ,wilhelmine4 ,,wilhelmine4 ,the ,prince of ,wales8 ,,hotham4 ,his suit is accepted attendant upon the conditions here following4 ,,wilhelmine4 ,accepted8 ,,king4 ,hush6 ,do not disturb this solemn procedure by idle chatter4 ,,wilhelmine4 ,but--but how is this possible-- ,,prince 7to the ,,princess74 ,your ,highness1 the conditions are but just being drawn up4 ,,queen 7aside to the ,,princess74 ,do not interrupt4 ,what must the envoy of the elegant court of ,st4 ,james think of the manners of our ,prussian ,princesses6 ,,king4 ,these chattering women6 ,very good1 ,baronet ,hotham2 the beginning was excellent4 ,don't you think so1 ,prince8 ,,prince4 ,certainly1 ,your ,majesty4 ,aside ,it was odious4 ,,queen4 ,and the conditions8 ,aside ,i am eager to hear about the dowry4 ,,hotham4 ,first paragraph-- ,,king4 ,pardon me1 ,i can tell you that in fewer words4 ,i give my daughter as dowry1 forty thousand thalers1 and a yearly pin-money of two thousand thalers4 ,i will bear the expense of the wedding4 ,but that is all4 ,,queen 7rising74 ,i trust that this is not ,your ,majesty's real intention4 ,baronet ,hotham1 ,i beg you will not include such a declaration in the protocol4 ,,king 7seated74 ,not include it in the protocol8 ,h'm--h'm--forty thousand thalers in cash--too little8 ,,hotham4 ,the question of dowry will offer but little difficulty to a country as rich as ,england4 ,far more important are the political matters which1 in the case of so intimate an alliance1 must come up for especial consideration4 ,,king4 ,political matters8 ,,hotham4 ,i mean--certain questions and points of discussion which1 with your gracious permission1 ,i would now like to present to you4 ,,king4 ,questions8 ,points of discussion8 ,do you see anything to object to in my daughter8 ,he rises4 ,,hotham4 ,your ,majesty1 there are certain--advantages for both nations-- ,,king4 ,advantages for ,prussia8 ,he sits down again4 ,you may speak then4 ,,hotham4 ,to take up one point4 ,for this marriage ,england will confirm without hindrance ,your ,majesty's investiture of the ,duchies ,jlich and ,berg4 ,,king4 ,very decent2 thanks4 ,,prince 7aside74 ,hotham1 you fox6 ,,hotham4 ,and furthermore ,parliament declares itself willing-- ,,king4 ,declares itself willing-- ,,wilhelmine4 ,what has ,parliament to do with it8 ,am ,i marrying the two houses of ,parliament8 ,,queen 7half aloud74 ,be quiet4 ,you don't understand4 ,in ,england1 all political parties have something to say in such matters4 ,,king 7half aside74 ,yes1 child1 that would be the country for your mother1 wouldn't it8 ,well8 ,,hotham4 ,parliament declares itself willing1 in case ,your ,majesty wishes to complete the conquest of ,swedish ,pommerania1 to let the matter pass without an interpellation4 ,,queen 7pleased and excited74 ,very polite indeed4 ,i should not have believed ,parliament would be so amiable4 ,just think1 ,wilhelmine1 ,parliament promises not to interpellate4 ,,wilhelmine4 ,what sort of a new political torture is that8 ,,king 7to the ,,princess74 ,to interpellate means to harass and embarrass the government by continual contradictions1 interruptions1 and objections4 ,that's why your mother understood it at once4 ,much obliged1 my gear ,hotham4 ,my kindest greetings to ,parliament4 ,but continue--continue6 ,,prince 7aside74 ,i am on tenter-hooks4 ,,hotham4 ,for these many tokens of unselfish cordiality1 for further manifold proofs of political complaisance1 to be reviewed by me in detail later1 proofs of a sincere desire to be enduringly united with a brother nation-- ,,king4 ,well8 ,,hotham4 ,for all this we ask but one little concession1 which would make this marriage a true blessing for both countries4 ,,king4 ,out with it6 ,,hotham4 ,prussian industry has now reached a standard which renders ,england desirous of testing its products under certain conditions of importation4 ,for this-- ,,king4 ,for this8 ,,hotham4 ,england would feel grateful if the former friendly understanding1 interrupted somewhat since ,your ,majesty's illustrious accession to the throne1 if the former friendly commercial understanding-- ,,king4 ,understanding8 ,,hotham4 ,could be restored2 and if ,your ,majesty would graciously decide1 on the occasion of this auspicious union1 welcomed in ,england with such rejoicing1 to repeal1 in part1 the present--prohibitive regulations-- ,,king4 ,what8 ,,hotham4 ,in a word1 ,england asks for a new commercial treaty4 ,,king4 ,new commercial treaty8 ,commercial--,he rises1 there is a slight pause4 ,the meeting is adjourned4 ,,queen4 ,what's that8 ,,king4 ,is it for this then1 that ,i have sought to raise and ennoble the civilization of my country1 that ,i have furthered commerce and industry1 promoted shipping1 given an asylum within the state to thousands of religious refugees from ,france--for this1 that now1 as the price for the honor of an alliance with ,england1 ,i should open the door and let in the forbidden ,english merchandise--to the ruin of my own subjects8 ,he goes to the table and rings4 ,a lackey appears4 ,,king4 ,my ministers6 ,,queen4 ,what8 ,you would sacrifice your daughter's happiness8 ,,scene ,,iv ,,grumbkow1 ,,seckendorf and three generals come in4 ,,king4 ,step nearer1 gentlemen4 ,i have allowed you to remain in uncertainty concerning a dispatch which arrived this morning from ,hanover4 ,you shall now hear my formal answer to it4 ,prince1 poet1 do not be alarmed4 ,our festivities will take place for all that1 our cannon will thunder1 our lanterns will blaze through the night4 ,prince1 do you want to put me under eternal obligation to you8 ,,prince 7misunderstanding74 ,your ,majesty6 ,can it be possible8 ,,king4 ,do you want to make me your debtor forever8 ,,prince 7joyfully74 ,i8 ,wilhel--6 ,,king4 ,take to horse1 ,prince1 and ride off within the hour1 as my special envoy to ,vienna4 ,,prince1 ,,grumbkow ,,and ,,seckendorf 7together74 ,to ,vienna8 ,,king4 ,my daughter's hand is promised to ,vienna4 ,within a fortnight a scion of the illustrious ,imperial ,house will enter the walls of our capital4 ,,hotham4 ,your ,majesty compels me1 in the eventuality of an ,arch-,duke's arrival1 to make a certain declaration herewith-- ,,king4 ,and that is8 ,,hotham4 ,the ,prince of ,wales--is already here4 ,,all4 ,the ,prince of ,wales--in ,berlin8 ,,hotham4 ,the ,prince of ,wales arrived three hours ago4 ,,grumbkow ,,and ,,seckendorf4 ,impossible6 ,,queen 7triumphant74 ,i breathe again4 ,,king 7in real consternation1 but controling himself74 ,baronet ,hotham1 ,i confess that this news surprises1 nay1 moves me greatly4 ,but you can lay it to the account of your own egotistical politics if ,i declare to you that no stranger in ,berlin exists for me1 until he has been properly registered at the gates of the capital4 ,if you will drive me to the last stand1 if you would make the ground of my own country too hot for me--then tell the ,prince of ,wales that although ,i am deeply touched by his affection for my family1 still1 under conditions threatening the peace of my country1 the welfare of my subjects--,i must beg of him to return whence he came4 ,prince1 you ride to ,vienna as envoy of this monarchy4 ,wilhelmine1 the ,imperial ,crown will console you4 ,and as for you1 ,madame aside to the ,queen1 has not your pride found its limits at last8 ,,queen4 ,i have pledged my word to ,england4 ,,king 7good-naturedly74 ,but if it isn't possible-- ,comes nearer cordially1 holds out his hand4 ,,queen 7touched1 hesitating74 ,an hour ago1 possibly--firm and decided again1 but now--the personal presence of the ,prince of ,wales has taken the decision out of our hands4 ,,king4 ,very well--he who will have war--,to ,,hotham ,have you any other instructions than those we have already heard8 ,,hotham4 ,none1 ,your ,majesty4 ,,king4 ,then come to me1 ,prince1 for the contract with ,vienna4 ,a ,german state in ,england's stead6 ',tis better so1 gentlemen1 better so4 ,i will cleave to ,germany with all my soul4 ,foreign egotism shall teach ,german peoples and ,princes how to be truly united4 ,he goes out into his study4 ,,grumbkow1 ,,seckendorf and the generals follow4 ,,queen 7to ,,hotham74 ,sir1 you have been witness to a scene which confirms for you the truth as to my position here1 the truth that is not yet credited in ,england4 ,wilhelmine1 the news of the arrival of the ,prince of ,wales gives me fresh hope4 ,ride to ,vienna1 ,prince--become1 if you must1 a traitor to a cause which will conquer1 despite the intrigues of my enemies4 ,give me your arm1 ,lord ,hotham4 ,the ,prince of ,wales in ,berlin6 ,i can hardly realize it4 ,bring him to me and prepare him for everything--but no--do not mention to him--those revolting forty thousand thalers4 ,she goes out with ,,otham4 ,,scene ,v ,,wilhelmine4 ,what do you say to your friend now8 ,the ,prince of ,wales in ,berlin6 ,,prince4 ,i do not know where ,i am in all this tangle4 ,hotham is a traitor1 an ingrate who has betrayed me1 betrayed us all4 ,,wilhelmine4 ,be more cautious in the future when you talk of friendship--and love4 ,farewell4 ,she turns to follow the ,,queen4 ,,prince4 ,princess1 is this your farewell--while ,i prepare to meet death or despair8 ,,wilhelmine4 ,it's not so easy to die in ,vienna4 ,,prince4 ,and you believe that ,i will leave you now1 when the glamour of the personal presence of a ,prince of ,wales may dazzle your eye--perhaps even your heart8 ,,wilhelmine4 ,i must1 ,i realize it now1 begin to consider my heart only from the political point of view4 ,,prince4 ,you doubt my sincerity1 ,princess8 ,you distrust a heart which has truly loved but once--once and for all time--loved you1 ,wilhelmine6 ,,wilhelmine 7aside74 ,can such language be deception8 ,,prince4 ,i realize what ,i owe to you1 ,princess4 ,frankness before the world1 an honest suit for your hand--even in face of the danger of losing you forever4 ,i will go to the ,king4 ,i will tell him1 yes1 ,i will tell him now that ,i cannot do as he wishes4 ,i will throw myself at his feet and confess with honest sincerity that ,i love you4 ,do you wish it8 ,,wilhelmine 7hesitating74 ,no--never1 no4 ,,prince4 ,you are trembling1 ,princess4 ,oh1 ,i know your dutiful heart shudders at the thought of defying your parents1 of following the call of your own inclination4 ,but--tell me1 do you trust your father's heart8 ,,wilhelmine4 ,it is full of kindness and love4 ,,prince4 ,very well1 then4 ,he has honored me1 he has shown confidence in me2 the arrival of the ,prince of ,wales provokes him to rebuke such hardiness4 ,i will show him what is in my heart1 and then1 ,wilhelmine--then8 ,if he refuse the hand ,i ask-- ,,wilhelmine 7turning from him74 ,you will--find consolation8 ,,prince4 ,and if he grant it8 ,,wilhelmine 7overcome by her emotion1 allows her heart full sway1 but is still roguish and maidenly74 ,then--,i fear that you will not keep your word--to punish me for torturing you so cruelly4 ,she goes out quickly4 ,,scene ,,vi ,,prince 7alone74 ,she loves me4 ,then one thing is sure6 ,i will now take the straight road into the very jaws of the lion4 ,what else remains8 ,betrayed by ,hotham1 there is naught but ,wilhelmine's love--and my own courage4 ,he goes toward the ,,king',s door4 ,,scene ,,vii ,,eversmann comes from the ,,king',s room4 ,,eversmann4 ,whither1 ,your ,highness8 ,,prince4 ,to the ,king4 ,,eversmann4 ,you will find him very angry4 ,,prince4 ,angry at whom8 ,,eversmann4 ,angry at you1 ,prince4 ,,prince4 ,you are joking6 ,,eversmann4 ,the ,duke of ,weissenfels is to undertake the mission to ,vienna4 ,,prince4 ,what does that mean8 ,,eversmann4 ,investigation by the ,attorney-,general--just come to the ,king's ears4 ,the man was a wigmaker4 ,,prince4 ,you are quite mad4 ,i must speak to the ,king4 ,it concerns the most important affair of my whole life4 ,starts for the door again4 ,,eversmann4 ,pardon me1 ,prince1 ,his ,majesty sends you this letter4 ,,prince 7takes the letter74 ,to my son1 the ,crown ,prince of ,prussia1 to be delivered personally in ,rheinsberg within twenty-four hours2 kindness of the ,prince of ,baireuth4 ,why this--this is a formal decree of banishment from ,berlin6 ,how could it happen just now8 ,,eversmann4 ,it's merely a polite hint4 ,everything is discovered--and not only the matter of ,rapinire4 ,his ,majesty knows you now as the emissary of the ,crown ,prince1 sent to stir up a revolution here in ,berlin and in the palace4 ,the wigmaker confessed it all4 ,i suspected ,your ,highness from the first4 ,wish you a pleasant journey to ,rheinsberg4 ,he goes out4 ,,prince4 ,betrayed--forsaken by all-- ,,hotham 7coming hastily from the ,,queen',s room74 ,good news1 ,prince4 ,the ,princess is under arrest again4 ,,prince4 ,and you call that good news1 traitor6 ,,hotham4 ,there is more1 ,prince4 ,the traitor is pleased to hear that you also have fallen under the ban of the royal displeasure4 ,,prince4 ,you are pleased to hear that8 ,,hotham4 ,the traitor assures you on his honor that there could be no better means of fulfilling your heart's desire4 ,,prince4 ,would you drive me mad8 ,,hotham4 ,to throw a preliminary cold shower on your doubt looks about cautiously kindly read this portion of a letter ,i have but just received4 ,,prince4 ,a billet-doux from your ,prince of ,wales8 ,,hotham4 ,read it1 please4 ,,prince 7reads74 ,london1 ,june the fifth-- ,,hotham 7indicating a line lower down74 ,there--read there4 ,,prince 7reads74 ,you ask for news from court4 ,we are very poor in such news just now4 ,the ,prince of ,wales is still hunting wild boars in the ,welsh mountains4 ,the ,prince is--not in ,berlin8 ,,hotham 7still cautious1 but smiling74 ,just as little as you are in the ,palace of ,st4 ,james at this moment4 ,,prince4 ,but what am ,i to think8 ,what am ,i to believe8 ,,hotham4 ,you are to believe that you could well afford to place more confidence in ,hotham's friendship1 devotion--and cleverness4 ,,prince4 ,the ,prince of ,wales is not in ,berlin8 ,,hotham4 ,h'st6 ,we know he is not here--but he is here for all the others4 ,the ,prince of ,wales is here1 there1 behind the screen1 up the chimney1 in the air1 under the earth1 nowhere where he would be in our way1 but anywhere where we might need him for the merriest comedy in all the world4 ,,prince4 ,hotham6 ,then ,i am not deceived in your friendship8 ,,hotham4 ,just as little1 since our commercial treaty is doomed1 as ,i am mistaken in your chances1 despite arrest and displeasure4 ,but come now1 come to that friendly goblin who will work for us--to the mysterious spirit on whose account we will keep this corner of the world in anxiety and terror--your doughty rival but your still doughtier ally4 ,,prince 7in laughing surprise74 ,you mean8 ,,hotham4 ,the ,prince of ,wales4 ,they both go out4 ,,act ,,iv ,anteroom in the ,,king',s apartments4 ,the same as in ,,scene ,i of ,,act ,,ii4 ,writing materials on the table4 ,,scene ,i ,,eversmann comes from the ,,king',s room4 ,,seckendorf 7puts his head in at another door74 ,pst6 ,eversmann6 ,have you seen him yet8 ,,eversmann4 ,seen whom1 ,count8 ,,seckendorf4 ,the ,prince of ,wales4 ,he is indeed in ,berlin--he has been seen everywhere4 ,unter den ,linden--by the river--even beyond ,treptow--a frail figure of a man1 stooping slightly--his left shoulder higher than the right4 ,when he speaks you see that one eye-tooth is missing-- ,,eversmann4 ,the ,king will not recognize the presence of the ,prince of ,wales4 ,,seckendorf4 ,we are being deceived1 ,eversmann4 ,the ,king has recognized it4 ,low4 ,or can it be that you have not heard of that most strange--most remarkable command that has gone out to the ,castle ,guards--a command which upsets all our deductions and plans8 ,all sentries have orders to let a white domino1 if such a one should appear at night about the castle1 pass unhindered and even unchallenged4 ,do you not see the thoughtfulness for the ,prince of ,wales in that8 ,it is he who is to visit ,his ,majesty secretly in disguise4 ,eversmann1 all our pro-,austrian plans are in danger4 ,there is a knock at the door4 ,every noise startles me these days4 ,,eversmann4 ,it is the court tailor most likely1 pardon me4 ,he goes to the door4 ,ha1 ha6 the white domino6 ,,seckendorf4 ,the court tailor8 ,what can the court tailor be doing here8 ,and a white domino8 ,vienna's interests are in danger4 ,the ,king does favor ,england4 ,i must have certainty4 ,this is the moment when ,i must show my whole power4 ,,scene ,,ii ,,hotham 7comes in1 bows74 ,his ,majesty graciously consented to give me a farewell audience4 ,,eversmann returns with a little package which he opens1 drawing out a white domino4 ,,eversmann 7to ,,hotham74 ,i will announce you at once1 sir4 ,to ,,seckendorf1 smiling4 ,now1 ,count ,seckendorf1 if you wish to see the ,prince of ,wales ,pointing to the domino here he is4 ,he goes out into the ,,king',s room4 ,,seckendorf 7aside74 ,that the ,prince of ,wales8 ,,hotham 7aside74 ,a white domino the ,prince of ,wales8 ,,seckendorf 7aside74 ,what's the key to this new riddle8 ,,hotham 7aside74 ,can there be some secret doings here8 ,,seckendorf 7aside74 ,i will question ,baronet ,hotham cautiously4 ,,hotham 7aside74 ,mayhap this much-decorated gentleman can give me some information4 ,,seckendorf 7clearing his throat74 ,may ,i ask--how ,his ,royal ,highness1 the ,prince of ,wales1 is enjoying himself in ,berlin8 ,i am ,count ,seckendorf4 ,,hotham4 ,most happy to meet you4 ,as ,your ,excellency perceives1 he is at this moment in the very best hands4 ,points after ,,eversmann4 ,,seckendorf 7startled1 aside74 ,in the best hands8 ,is he mocking me or is he deceived himself8 ,it looks as though he too were in the conspiracy4 ,,hotham 7aside74 ,this misunderstanding whets my curiosity4 ,,seckendorf4 ,you are in error1 ,baronet1 if you believe that we have opposed the suit of the ,prince of ,wales4 ,procure me an opportunity to speak to the ,prince1 and ,i will consider it an honor to be allowed to repeat this assurance in his own presence4 ,,hotham 7pointing to the ,,king's door74 ,the door of ,his ,majesty's ,cabinet is1 ,i am told1 always open to the ,imperial ,envoy4 ,,seckendorf 7aside74 ,the ,king's ,cabinet6 ,where the ,court tailor has just taken the white domino ,aloud4 ,h'm6 ,baronet ,hotham1 do you happen to be acquainted with the legend of the ,white ,lady1 connected for centuries with the history of the ,house of ,brandenberg8 ,,hotham4 ,i am1 ,your ,excellency4 ,and ,i hear that the ,white ,lady has been seen again recently4 ,,seckendorf 7aside74 ,recently8 ,it is a conspiracy4 ,they are deceiving us under cloak of the mystery of the ,white ,lady4 ,the ,prince of ,wales and the ,king have a thorough understanding with each other4 ,aloud4 ,baronet ,hotham1 this is double-dealing4 ,be honest6 ,confess that the ,prince is not only here1 but that he is received by the ,king at any hour4 ,,hotham4 ,what grounds have you for your belief8 ,,seckendorf4 ,it was neatly done1 to bring up the talk about the ,white ,lady just at this time4 ,,hotham4 ,the ,king may have his own reasons for that4 ,,seckendorf4 ,the ,king8 ,the ,king has his--ha1 ha6 ,and you believe that no one sees through this fine game8 ,you do not realize that there are eyes which even at night can see certain persons stealing across the courtyards of the ,royal ,palace8 ,that there are ears which can hear plainly how such persons are let pass unchallenged because--ha1 ha1 ha6--because these persons wear white dominos8 ,my dear sir1 you must lay your plans more carefully if you would not have them patent to the simplest deductions4 ,but do not trust too much to the ,king's indulgence toward the ,prince of ,wales4 ,he is his nephew2 he may not wish him compromised4 ,therefore he allows him to pass in and out in disguise4 ,but1 believe me1 that is all the ,prince has to hope for here4 ,and ,i at least should be very sorry for a young diplomat1 just beginning his career as you are1 who cannot profit by a direct hint from a statesman of twenty years' experience1 whose power of diplomatic manipulation has not yet been excelled4 ,he goes out4 ,,scene ,,iii ,,hotham 7alone74 ,then the sentries let the white domino pass unchallenged1 out of consideration for a ,prince of ,wales who does not exist8 ,and the white domino is taken into the ,king's study8 ,here are two definite facts4 ,the ,king himself plans some midnight adventure1 and does not wish interference on the part of his sentries4 ,his favorites1 prying into everything1 but winning only imperfect knowledge1 connect the sentry order with the ghost of the ,prince of ,wales1 and presuppose a tender thoughtfulness for the young adventurer on family or political grounds4 ,delicious6 ,he sits down to write on a paper he has taken from his portfolio4 ,why1 then--with the excuse of introducing the ,prince of ,wales1 ,i might bring the poor ,prince of ,baireuth1 banished from the palace and from the city1 back again quite unhindered to his captive princess--and even to the ,queen4 ,the sun shines once more--but there is another storm to conquer first4 ,the ,king approaches4 ,the ,,king comes an1 dressed for the street4 ,,grumbkow and ,,eversmann follow4 ,,king 7still outside74 ,who is it1 you say8 ,,grumbkow4 ,baronet ,hotham4 ,,king 7coming in74 ,tell him that ,i send my regards to him and his ,english price-lists4 ,we in ,berlin are not cottonwards inclined just at present4 ,,grumbkow 7designating the bowing ,,hotham74 ,baronet ,hotham desires to pay his respects to ,your ,majesty personally4 ,,king4 ,tell him ,prussia is putting her best foot forward4 ,german manufacturers need a chance to catch up with what the ,english already know about spinning and weaving4 ,,grumbkow4 ,baronet ,hotham is about to ask ,your ,majesty in person for his dismissal4 ,,king 7paying no attention74 ,the incident is closed4 ,my ministers can attend to it now4 ,i prefer the customary procedure4 ,he sits down4 ,,grumbkow 7in the centre74 ,you see1 ,baronet ,hotham-- ,,hotham 7to ,,grumbkow74 ,general1 will you say to ,his ,majesty that ,i deeply regret having failed in my mission8 ,tell him-- ,,grumbkow4 ,his ,majesty is present4 ,,hotham4 ,tell him that a country's industries need centuries of preparation to be able to sell at the low prices quoted by ,english merchants4 ,tell him-- ,,grumbkow4 ,will you not address ,his ,majesty in person8 ,,hotham4 ,i prefer the customary procedure4 ,,king 7sitting1 absorbed in his note-book74 ,very good4 ,and now1 ,grumbkow1 tell him1 for the account of the ,prince of ,wales--that ,i'm planning to build a couple of new gates in ,berlin1 but for the present he'll have to put up with the old ones through which to leave the city4 ,,grumbkow4 ,very good4 ,,hotham4 ,and kindly add1 ,general von ,grumbkow1 that as one may suppose the ,princess ,wilhelmine to cherish the same feeling for her cousin1 the ,prince of ,wales1 as-- ,,king4 ,pay no attention to that1 ,grumbkow4 ,but announce to the gentleman that my children are accustomed to obey my wishes1 and that the affair with ,vienna is as good as settled4 ,understand8 ,,grumbkow4 ,very well1 ,your ,majesty4 ,,hotham4 ,and you might add1 ,general von ,grumbkow1 that ,i have a favor to beg of ,his ,majesty before departing4 ,,king4 ,grumbkow1 you might casually inquire what sort of a favor it is he wants4 ,,hotham4 ,general-- ,,grumbkow4 ,baronet ,hotham4 ,,hotham4 ,if ,his ,majesty should seem inclined1 out of the nobility of his heart1 to make amends for the cruel manner in which he has just dismissed an ardent admirer of his military greatness1 then tell him that ,i know of a finely-built1 strong young man1 a close friend of mine1 of good family1 who would deem it an honor to serve up from the ranks under ,his ,majesty's glorious flag4 ,,king4 ,grumbkow1 you may tell ,baronet ,hotham that his personality and manner have pleased me greatly1 and that ,i most heartily wish all ,englishmen were of his sort4 ,in the matter of the young man1 you may ask him if the recruit will furnish his own equipment4 ,,hotham4 ,kindly state1 ,general1 that the young man will take service in ,his ,majesty's army1 fully equipped according to regulations1 his hair and his heart in the right place1 and that he furthermore brings with him a neat little inheritance of his own4 ,,king 7more and more pleased74 ,quite what one might expect from a born ,englishman4 ,grumbkow1 ask the ,baronet whether the young man1 who is doubtless destined to introduce ,prussian tactics into ,england1 would serve better on foot or to horse4 ,,hotham4 ,he begs for a place with the ,dragoons of the ,guard in ,potsdam4 ,,king4 ,potsdam8 ,that won't do4 ,they all want to serve in the ,guard4 ,no--no4444 ,but he can--for a while1 at least--join the ,glasenapp ,musketiers in ,pasewalk4 ,that's a fine regiment1 too4 ,,hotham4 ,please express my sincere thanks to ,his ,majesty4 ,the young recruit will have the honor to present himself personally to ,his ,majesty in a few days4 ,,king4 ,grumbkow1 suppose we offered ,baronet ,hotham1 as a sign of our friendship1 a position as recruiting officer8 ,,hotham4 ,he would decline this honor1 but he would beg another favor4 ,,king4 ,and that is--8 ,,hotham4 ,in all journals1 in all records of travel1 we read of a certain gathering in ,berlin which goes beyond anything an ,englishman can imagine in the way of clubs or private affairs4 ,,king4 ,dear me--our police permit that sort of thing in ,berlin8 ,really1 ,i am most curious4 ,,hotham4 ,a certain genial personage gathers around him several times weekly1 in a small1 low-ceilinged room in the palace1 a small but select circle of men on whom be bestows his confidence4 ,sitting on wooden stools1 often in their shirt-sleeves1 beer tankards before them on the great open table1 ,dutch clay pipes in their mouths1 they entertain each other in the most unrestrained manner in spite of the exalted position held by most of these men4 ,some who do not smoke hold cold pipes between their teeth1 that they may not mar the harmony of the picture4 ,one member of the circle is singled out nightly as an object for mirth1 and the choice is made by lot4 ,each and every one can in turn become the butt of merry satire4 ,to have been present at a meeting of this oddest of all court gatherings would furnish me with the most notable memory ,i could carry away from ,berlin4 ,,king4 ,egad1 ,grumbkow6 ,i believe he means our ,smoker4 ,,hotham4 ,the world-renowned ,prussian tobacco-conference4 ,,king4 ,and you have--the gentleman has--no4 ,he rises4 ,i shan't use the customary procedure any more4 ,baronet ,hotham1 you have heard of my ,smokers8 ,you have said nice things about them4 ,that reconciles me--can you smoke8 ,,hotham4 ,yes1 ,your ,majesty1 the light ,dutch ,varinas1 at least4 ,,king4 ,i have that--and the ,porto-,rican and ,hungarian tobaccos as well4 ,in fact1 ,i'm having quite a good sort grown here in the ,mark ,brandenberg now4 ,,hotham4 ,i fear ,i should have to decline trying that4 ,,king4 ,give me your hand1 ,baronet4 ,come to our conference tonight4 ,we will wash down our diplomatic disagreement with a good drink of beer1 and blue clouds of smoke from our pipes shall waft away all the intrigues1 plots and counter-plots4 ,,grumbkow4 ,but--,your ,majesty1 who is to furnish the source of amusement tonight8 ,,hotham4 ,will ,your ,majesty take me as the scapegoat8 ,,king4 ,oho1 ,baronet6 it will be a hot skirmish4 ,he who has been under fire from a dozen such old soldiers needs a week or two to recover from the experience4 ,,hotham 7aside74 ,a pleasing fate indeed1 to play the fox to such hounds6 ,,king4 ,we'll find some one to be the central figure this evening4 ,you must be among the laughers1 and then you can tell us something of the cock-fights and the boxing-bouts in ,england4 ,that sort of amusement pleases me mightily1 and ,i would permit it to come into this country without excise or other duty4 ,very well1 then1 the ,smoker is at eight o'clock4 ,your pardon for this queer audience of dismissal4 ,bring a brave thirst with you4 ,for in the matter of drinking we pay no attention to the customary procedure4 ,he goes out1 followed by all except ,,hotham4 ,,scene ,,iv ,,hotham 7alone74 ,excellent6 ,we adapt ourselves to circumstances and circumstances adapt themselves to us4 ,now for my letter to the ,queen4 ,he sits down1 takes a partly written letter from his portfolio and reads it4 ,exalted ,lady3 ,your wish to see the ,prince of ,wales is a command for your devoted servant4 ,unless all plans should go awry ,i will have the honor to lead the ,prince of ,wales this very night into the presence of his ,royal ,aunt4 ,he hopes not only for the happiness of pressing a kiss on ,your ,majesty's hand1 but desires1 with all the longing of an ardent heart1 finally to look upon his dear affianced1 the ,princess ,wilhelmine4 ,use all your power to free the ,princess from her imprisonment for this evening4 ,he begins to write4 ,i would suggest that you advise the ,princess to wrap herself in a white domino4 ,this disguise will carry her safely past the palace sentries4 ,there--the young people can see each other again1 can storm the fortress of the mother's heart1 and can win for themselves the support of public opinion1 as represented by the invited guests4 ,he seals the letter4 ,now if ,i could find the ,prince--,ah1 there he is6 ,,prince 7looking in cautiously74 ,hotham1 ,i've been looking for you everywhere4 ,what do you think has just happened to me8 ,,hotham4 ,another ,royal mission8 ,,prince4 ,i can scarce believe it myself4 ,disconsolate1 ,i was preparing for the journey1 and stopped to cast one last look up to the windows behind which my beloved sits captive--a lackey of the ,king's suite approached me4 ,i anticipated some new humiliation4 ,but imagine my astonishment at the surprise in store for me4 ,you know the value the ,king sets on his nightly smoking-bouts4 ,he invites to these gatherings only persons for whom he has especial plans4 ,now picture my amazement when ,i learned that ,his ,majesty begs me1 before my departure tonight1 to do him the pleasure to attend his ,smoker6 ,,hotham4 ,you have an invitation8 ,,prince4 ,you're--you're laughing4 ,,hotham laughs heartily4 ,what are you laughing at8 ,,hotham4 ,it's unspeakably comical4 ,,prince4 ,comical8 ,i should consider it rather tragical1 when a sovereign first humiliates us and then suddenly heaps amiabilities upon us4 ,what is the matter with you4 ,,hotham4 ,stand up straight-breast thrown out--head up--hands at your side--no1 more to the back-- ,,prince4 ,what do you mean8 ,,hotham 7pulling his hair74 ,fine growth--fine strong growth4 ,,prince4 ,what are you doing to my hair8 ,and you're still laughing6 ,,hotham4 ,as a consequence of a most droll diplomatic transaction1 ,i also have been honored with an invitation to the ,smoker4 ,and that ,i may enjoy the true savor of the customary and1 methinks1 sometimes strongly realistic entertainment of such occasions1 those in charge have bestirred themselves to find royal game for the baiting4 ,,prince4 ,and ,i am to be--the game8 ,this is too much6 ,i will be there1 ,hotham2 ,i will take my place humbly at the foot of the great table1 but ,i warn you that my patience is exhausted4 ,i will show them that ,i have weapons to parry the jibes of rough soldiers1 weapons ,i have not yet brought into play4 ,i will be there1 ,i will listen with apparent calm to what they are planning to do to me--but then--then ,i will draw from my quiver6 ,i will send arrow after arrow at this brutal despotism--and should the shafts be too weak to penetrate their leathern harness1 then1 ,hotham1 then out with my sword and at them6 ,,hotham4 ,bravo1 ,prince6 ,excellent6 ,that's the right mood6 ,that is the language one must use in this court4 ,the hour draws near4 ,it would take us too far a-field were ,i to detail my plans to you now4 ,i will first dispatch this letter to the ,queen4 ,then1 as we set out for the ,smoker--but ,i see you are in no mood for explanations4 ,cherish this noble anger1 ,prince6 ,rage as much as you will--snort like an angry tiger4 ,takes him by the arm and leads him out4 ,more--more--heap it up--there1 now you are ready to aid my plan1 which is none other than to have you win the ,king by forcing him to respect you4 ,they go out4 ,,scene ,v ,a plain low-ceilinged room in the palace4 ,the walls are gray4 ,the main entrance is in the centre4 ,one door at the left1 a small window at the right4 ,lackeys carry in an oaken table and place a number of wooden stools around it4 ,then they bring tankards on wooden platters and set them in a circle on the table4 ,a brazier with live coals is also brought in4 ,the lackeys go out4 ,the ,,king comes from the door on the left in easy1 undress house uniform4 ,he has a short ,dutch pipe in his mouth1 he shuts the door carefully behind him4 ,,king4 ,are they gathering already ,,eversmann4 ,there's noise enough outside there4 ,,king4 ,my only recreation6 ,while ,i may keep this little diversion1 ,i am willing to bear the burdens and cares of government4 ,are the clay cannons loaded8 ,,eversmann4 ,aye--and some are fuming already outside there4 ,,king4 ,is the beer right fresh8 ,and a little bitter1 eh8 ,,eversmann4 ,it might be better4 ,,king4 ,those ,bernau brewers had best have a care--,i may pay an unexpected visit to their brewery4 ,how about the white smock ,i ordered8 ,,eversmann4 ,ready1 at hand4 ,,king4 ,when the meeting is over--you know what ,i have planned ,,eversmann4 ,everything is ready for ,your ,majesty4 ,,king4 ,you may go now4 ,the door is to be opened at the stroke of ten4 ,,eversmann4 ,yes1 ,your ,majesty4 ,he goes out4 ,the ,,king walks to the window1 remaining there for a few moments4 ,there is a pause4 ,,king4 ,light in my wife's apartments again6 ,three rooms illuminated where one would have been enough--and tallow so expensive now4 ,a dozen women have been invited there tonight1 and a great conspiracy is going forward1 with the ,prince of ,wales received incognito--all to defy me4 ,but wait a bit--,i'll be with you4 ,this day has begun weightily and shall end weightily4 ,,scene ,,vi ,a small clock strikes ten4 ,the door to the right is thrown open and the members of the ,tobacco-,conference come in1 led by ,,grumbkow and ,,seckendorf4 ,there are about ten of them besides the principal actors4 ,they come in solemnly1 wearing their hats1 carrying pipes in their mouths4 ,passing the ,,king they touch their hats and remove their pipes for a moment4 ,,hotham and the ,,prince of ,,baireuth come last of all4 ,the ,,king stands to the left and lets the procession move past him toward the right of the room4 ,,grumbkow 7with the prescribed greeting74 ,good evening1 ,your ,majesty4 ,,king4 ,good evening1 ,grumbkow4 ,,seckendorf4 ,good evening1 ,your ,majesty4 ,,king4 ,good evening1 ,seckendorf4 ,,count ,,schwerin4 ,good evening1 ,your ,majesty4 ,,king4 ,good evening1 ,schwerin4 ,does it taste good8 ,,schwerin4 ,fine6 ,thanks1 ,your ,majesty4 ,,count ,,wartensleben4 ,good evening1 ,your ,majesty4 ,,king4 ,good evening1 ,wartensleben4 ,pipe draw well8 ,,wartensleben4 ,yes4 ,thanks1 ,your ,majesty4 ,he moves past the ,,king 4 ,the others pass one after the other1 or sometimes several at once1 with similar greetings4 ,,king4 ,take your seats1 gentlemen--no formalities--free choice--the smoke of war levels all rank4 ,,grumbkow4 ,but the subject1 ,your ,majesty1 the subject promised for this evening8 ,,king4 ,ha1 ha6 ,the target8 ,there it comes4 ,,hotham and the ,,prince ,,of ,,baireuth come in4 ,,all4 ,the ,prince of ,baireuth8 ,,prince4 ,good evening4 ,,king4 ,right1 oh6 ,prince1 that you are come4 ,now1 at least1 you will have something good about my family to tell them in ,rheinsberg4 ,aside4 ,spy6 ,aloud4 ,but your pipe is cold4 ,,prince 7with suppressed anger74 ,i am hoping that ,i may find fire enough here4 ,the company sit down1 the ,,king and ,,grumbkow at one end of the table1 ,,hotham and the ,,prince at the other4 ,,king4 ,lay on1 gentlemen--there stand the care-chasers4 ,,seckendorf4 ,to ,his ,majesty's health6 ,,king4 ,no1 let us rather drink1 after such a day of annoyance and sorrow--let us rather drink to cheer1 jollity1 and a happy turn of wit6 ,they touch glasses with one another4 ,,evermann moves about1 serving the guests1 passing coal for the pipes1 and so forth4 ,,king 7aside74 ,grumbkow1 ,i wager it will be right jolly tonight4 ,,grumbkow 7aside74 ,we'll soon begin to tap the ,prince4 ,,king 7aside74 ,be merciful4 ,his brow is already bedewed with the sweat of anxiety4 ,aloud4 ,tell me4 ,prince1 since you have windbagged yourself about so much of the world--do they smoke tobacco in ,versailles also8 ,illustration3 ,,king ,,frederick ,,william ,i ,,and ,,his ,,tobacco ,,collegium ,,adolph ,,von ,,menzel ,,prince4 ,no4 ,your ,majesty1 but ,i've seen sailors in ,london who chew it4 ,,king4 ,brr6 ,grumbkow1 we'll not introduce that fashion here4 ,it's not because of the taste1 but such meals would be right costly4 ,,hotham4 ,our sailors use tobacco as a remedy for scurvy4 ,,seckendorf4 ,what is scurvy8 ,,prince4 ,the scurvy1 ,count1 is a disease which begins with an evil tongue4 ,,king 7aside74 ,take notice1 ,grumbkow1 he's pricked4 ,on with the attack4 ,,grumbkow4 ,eversmann1 have the newest ,dutch journals arrived8 ,,eversmann4 ,yes1 ,your ,excellency2 full of lies1 as usual4 ,,king4 ,lies8 ,then1 according to the proverb1 that explains why our beer is so sour4 ,,grumbkow4 ,tell me1 ,eversmann1 is there no news from ,ansbach in the journals8 ,,hotham 7aside to ,,prince74 ,arm yourself4 ,,eversmann 7impertinently74 ,why should there be news from such a little country8 ,,king4 ,be quiet6 ,prussia also was once a little country4 ,tell me rather1 what do the ,dutch write about ,prussia8 ,,eversmann4 ,outrageous things4 ,they say that many deserters have again fled from ,potsdam4 ,,king4 ,that's not a lie1 unfortunately4 ,,prince4 ,but they express themselves with more politeness in ,holland4 ,,king4 ,how then1 ,prince8 ,,prince4 ,they say that ,your ,majesty's ,guards consist mostly of men who suffer from an abnormal growth4 ,these giants1 so they say1 have periods where they shoot up to such an extent that they grow and grow beyond the tree-tops and disappear altogether from human ken4 ,,king4 ,ha1 ha6 ,wittily expressed4 ,but drink1 ,prince1 drink4 ,,grumbkow4 ,i imagined that ,your ,highness read only ,french journals4 ,,prince4 ,i would rather read ,prussian newspapers4 ,but1 thanks to ,general von ,grumbkow's policies1 no newspaper dare appear in ,prussia4 ,,king4 ,ha1 ha6 ,there you have it6 ,aside4 ,see1 see1 he's not afraid to speak his mind4 ',twill be a merry night4 ,,hotham 7aside to ,,prince74 ,not too sharp--be milder at first4 ,,grumbkow 7aside74 ,seckendorf1 it's time to exercise your wit4 ,,seckendorf 7aside74 ,hush--,i'm getting something ready4 ,i will choose my own time4 ,,king4 ,but you're not drinking1 ,prince4 ,you're expected to drink here4 ,aside4 ,eversmann1 keep his glass well filled-- ,,hotham 7aside74 ,they want to make you drunk4 ,push your tankard nearer my place4 ,,king4 ,you know the old ,dessauer1 ,prince8 ,,prince 7surprised74 ,why1 ,your ,majesty-- ,,king4 ,but do you know for what great invention mankind is indebted to the old ,dessauer8 ,,prince 7aside74 ,do you know that1 ,hotham8 ,,hotham4 ,damn their cross questioning--say it was gaiters4 ,,prince4 ,your ,majesty wishes to know what--what the old ,dessauer invented8 ,,king4 ,yes1 what did the old ,dessauer invent8 ,,seckendorf 7aside74 ,aha1 you see1 now we have caught him4 ,,prince4 ,it can't be gunpowder1 because ,count ,seckendorf has already discovered that4 ,all laugh4 ,,seckendorf 7aside74 ,never mind1 ,grumbkow1 ,i'll wait the fitting moment4 ,,king4 ,he invented iron ramrods4 ,now1 you see1 my son in ,rheinsberg1 for all his ,homers and ,voltaires1 and whatever their heathen names may be1 that he gathers round him1 couldn't think of anything like that4 ,aside4 ,is he drinking1 ,eversmann8 ,,hotham 7to ,,prince74 ,don't let slip your advantage4 ,,prince4 ,who the devil could think of iron ramrods6 ,,grumbkow 7rising74 ,we'll drink a pleasant journey to ,his ,highness1 the ,prince ,hereditary of ,baireuth4 ,they all rise except the ,,king4 ,,all4 ,a pleasant journey4 ,,hotham 7aside74 ,you're done for--you've lost everything4 ,,prince 7aside74 ,it was shameful perfidy6 ,,hotham 7aside74 ,make him respect you--be as brutal as he is--pretend to be drunk4 ,they all sit down after having touched glasses amid laughter4 ,,prince 7rises1 his tankard in his hand4 ,speaks as if slightly intoxicated74 ,gentlemen-- ,,king 7aside74 ,i believe he's hipped4 ,,prince4 ,and--and--and--,i thank you4 ,he sits down4 ,they all laugh4 ,,king4 ,bravo1 ,prince1 you are a most excellent speaker4 ,,grumbkow4 ,he's done for1 ,your ,majesty3 we must have him make a speech now4 ,,king4 ,yes4 ,give us a speech1 ,prince4 ,,all4 ,a speech--speech6 ,the ,,prince rests his head in his hands and does not rise4 ,,hotham4 ,the question is--what shall he talk about8 ,,king4 ,about anything--whatever he chooses4 ,,hotham4 ,i could suggest an interesting subject4 ,,king4 ,out with it4 ,,hotham4 ,what if he were to discuss some member of this merry company8 ,,king4 ',tis done6 ,and that we need waste no time in choice--let him discuss--me4 ,,all 7startled74 ,your ,majesty8 ,,king4 ,it's very warm here4 ,opens his coat4 ,let's make ourselves comfortable1 ,eversmann4 ,well1 ,prince--begin4 ,give us a speech about me4 ,,hotham4 ,please-- ,,king4 ,no hesitation--let it be as if ,i had just died-- ,,hotham4 ,your ,majesty-- ,,king4 ,quiet6 ,silence all4 ,the ,prince of ,baireuth will give us a speech about me4 ,aside4 ,in vino veritas4 ,i am curious to know whether such a ,french windbag is composed entirely of falsehoods4 ,,hotham 7aside74 ,this is the decisive moment4 ,,prince 7steps forward1 he staggers slightly then controls himself74 ,merry company6 ,,king4 ,merry8 ,i'm dead4 ,,prince4 ,no matter1 they're merry just the same4 ,,king4 ,gad6 is that true8 ,,prince4 ,merry company--cheerful mourners--permit me to interrupt your enjoyment by a few painful remarks on the qualities of the deceased4 ,,king4 ,painful remarks8 ,that's a good beginning4 ,,prince4 ,friedrich ,wilhelm ,i41 ,king of ,prussia1 was a great man1 in whose character were united the strangest contradictions4 ,,king4 ,contradictions6 ,,prince4 ,as with all those who owe their education to their own efforts1 so his mind1 noble in itself1 fell under the influence of disturbing emotions1 the saddest of which was distrust4 ,,king4 ,these are nice things ,i hear4 ,,prince4 ,he brought his country to a high degree of prosperity1 he simplified administration1 he improved judicial procedure4 ,but the enjoyment of all these blessings was spoiled for him by his own fault4 ,,king4 ,well--well--by his own fault6 ,,seckendorf 7aside74 ,the young man must indeed have been drinking heavily4 ,,prince4 ,his vivacity of spirit kept him in a continual unrest which was as painful to others as to himself4 ,when fatigued he could not conceal his desire for pleasant recreation1 but his tastes were sufficiently simple to let him prefer satisfying this desire in the bosom of his own family4 ,,eversmann4 ,there'll be a misfortune1 surely6 ,,prince4 ,but even here1 where he might have reposed on a couch of roses1 this unfortunate sovereign made for himself a bed of thorns4 ,his son's unhappy history is so well known that ,i can pass over it in silence4444 ,,king4 ,in silence--8 ,,prince4 ,friedrich ,wilhelm could not understand the freedom of the human will4 ,he would have grafted stem to stem1 son on father1 youth on age4 ,in planning to bestow the hand of his charming daughter1 now here1 now there1 it never came to his mind that her heart might have a right to choose--it never occurred to him to ask3 ,does my choice make you happy1 child8 ,,king4 ,eversmann1 take this pipe4 ,,prince4 ,now he is departed4 ,those minions who during his lifetime came between the heart of the mother and the heart of the husband and father1 those minions tremble now4 ,it remains to be seen how the misunderstood son will dispose of them4 ,the father's deeds will remain the foundation of this state4 ,but a milder spirit will reign in the land2 the arts and sciences will outdistance the fame of cannon and bullet4 ,and the soaring eagle of ,prussia will now truly fulfil his device1 ,nec ,soli ,cedis--or1 to put it in ,german1 ,even the sun's glance shall not dazzle thee6 ,even the sun shall stand aside from out thy path6 ,he recollects himself1 and after a pause returns to the table1 again pretending drunkenness4 ,hotham1 give me something to drink4 ,,king 7after a pause74 ,what hour is it8 ,,eversmann4 ,eleven past1 ,your ,majesty4 7,aside47 ,if we should meet the ,prince of ,wales now1 woe unto him4 ,,king 7taking a tankard from the table74 ,prince1 when you have come to your senses tomorrow1 let them tell you that the ,king touched glasses with you4 ,,prince4 ,at ,your ,majesty's service4 ,,king4 ,he doesn't understand1 ,hotham4 ,translate it into sober language for him4 ,good night1 gentlemen4 ,he turns again and looks at the ,,prince thoughtfully1 repeating the words4 ,does my choice make you happy1 child8 ,looking at the ,,prince4 ,pity he's only a bookish man4 ,,eversmann takes up a candlestick with officious haste1 brushes angrily past the triumphant ,,hotham and throws a glance of suppressed rage at the ,,prince4 ,,eversmann4 ,may ,i light ,your ,majesty--on your visit to-- ,,king 7interrupts him with the ,,prince',s words74 ,these minions tremble-- ,after a pause1 during which he glances over them all ,i would be alone4 ,he goes out4 ,,act ,v ,a drawing-room in the ,,queen's apartments4 ,a window to the right4 ,three doors1 centre1 right1 and left4 ,tables and chairs4 ,candles on the tables1 playing-cards1 and tea service4 ,,scene ,i ,,kamke stands on a step-ladder fastening a large curtain over the window4 ,two lackeys are assisting him4 ,,kamke 7on the ladder74 ,there6 ,and now be ready to receive the ladies at the little side stairway4 ,they will arrive in sedan chairs4 ,no noise1 do you hear--softly--softly4 ,the lackeys go out4 ,,sonnsfeld 7comes in from the left74 ,ah1 at last a festival of which the ,prussian ,court need not be ashamed4 ,kamke1 why are you draping that window8 ,,kamke4 ,so that our festival may not be observed4 ,coming down off the ladder4 ,then you too are concerned in this conspiracy8 ,,sonnsfeld4 ,the ,queen has taken all responsibility4 ,she risks her own freedom for that of her daughter1 and will receive the ,prince of ,wales tonight in strictest incognito4 ,is everything in readiness8 ,,kamke4 ,you're planning to free the ,princess from her imprisonment8 ,that is high treason1 remember4 ,,sonnsfeld4 ,it must succeed1 at whatever cost4 ,the ,queen wishes to see the ,princess amid the circle of friends whom she has invited this evening for a secret purpose4 ,the ,princess has been instructed4 ,she knows that ,i will come to her room and remain there in her place to deceive the sentry4 ,she will meet you in the ,blue ,room4 ,,kamke4 ,the ,blue ,room--where--for the last few nights the ,white ,lady has been seen8 ,,sonnsfeld4 ,she will meet you there-- ,,kamke 7horrified74 ,me8 ,,sonnsfeld4 ,she will speak to you-- ,,kamke4 ,me8 ,,sonnsfeld 7pulling him to the door at the right74 ,yes1 me--,i mean you--and you will lead her from the ,blue ,room--you will take her hand and bring her safely hither by the surest and quickest route4 ,,kamke4 ,my lady--whom--whom8 ,the ,princess ,wilhelmine8 ,,sonnsfeld 7going out74 ,no1 no1 ,kamke1 the ,white ,lady--but come quickly now1 quickly4 ,they both go out4 ,,scene ,,ii ,,frau ,,von ,,viereck1 ,,frau ,,von ,,holzendorf1 and about six more ladies enter cautiously1 one by one1 through the centre door4 ,,viereck4 ,hush6 ,step cautiously6 ,,holzendorf 7whispering74 ,it's all quiet here--if only these wretched shoes of mine didn't creak so4 ,,viereck 7whispering74 ,what can ,her ,majesty the ,queen be planning for tonight8 ,,holzendorf4 ,has ,his ,majesty the ,king gone from home8 ,,viereck4 ,i heard it said1 at the ,french ,embassy1 that ,his ,highness1 the ,crown ,prince1 had come from ,rheinsberg-- ,,holzendorf4 ,doubtless at the same time with ,his ,highness1 the ,prince of ,wales ,,viereck 7low74 ,at the moment both are at the ,king's ,smoker4--,they say the ,crown ,prince has again disagreed with his father on questions concerning the future administration of the state4 ,,holzendorf4 ,is it possible8 ,,viereck4 ,and they say that the ,prince of ,baireuth tried to bring about a reconciliation1 but that the ,prince of ,wales took the part of the ,crown ,prince4 ,,holzendorf4 ,the ,prince of ,wales8 ,then he has been received8 ,,viereck4 ,and the ,king1 so they say1 in the heat of the argument1 commanded that ,princess ,wilhelmine1 the cause of the quarrel1 be sent to ,kstrin at once4 ,,holzendorf4 ,good ,heavens1 ladies6 ,there are cards on the table4 ,hush6 ,i hear a noise4 ,,viereck4 ,it is the ,queen4 ,the ,,queen comes in in full toilet4 ,she is excited and yet timorous4 ,the ladies bow4 ,,queen4 ,welcome1 ladies4 ,i am happy to have about me once again the circle of those who1 ,i know1 are devoted to me4 ,pray sit down4 ,i have decided to be more sociable in future and to have you with me oftener than ,i have done of late4 ,will you have a game of cards1 ,frau von ,viereck8 ,,viereck4 ,cards1 ,your ,majesty8 ,for eighteen years now ,i cannot recall having seen a card in the palace4 ,,queen4 ,we will change all that4 ,ladies1 you have not yet heard my plans1 you do not yet know what surprises this evening has in store for you-- ,,holzendorf4 ,surprises1 ,your ,majesty8 ,,queen 7indicating a card-table near the window74 ,sit down there1 my dear ,holzendorf4 ,try your luck with ,frau von ,viereck4 ,,viereck 7aside74 ,heavens--play cards there8 ,when every outline of my shadow can plainly be seen through that curtain8 ,,queen 7sitting74 ,why do you hesitate8 ,,viereck4 ,have we ,your ,majesty's permission to draw the tables nearer together8 ,there--there is so much air at this window4 ,the lackeys place the table farther from the window4 ,,queen4 ,yes1 ladies1 this evening a new era begins for our monarchy4 ,i will break at last with the established etiquette4 ,lackeys come in with trays4 ,order what pleases you4 ,the beverages of ,china and the ,levant shall from now on no longer be strangers to our court4 ,,holzendorf4 ,what is this8 ,tea8 ,,viereck4 ,and coffee8 ,these forbidden beverages8 ,,holzendorf4 ,if ,his ,majesty the ,king-- ,,queen4 ,have no fear4 ,give your feelings full sway--express yourself without fear1 in assurance of perfect safety--,there is a knock at the door1 right4 ,was not that a knock8 ,,viereck 7aside1 trembling74 ,what does this mean8 ,the knock is repeated4 ,the ladies all rise as if frightened4 ,,queen4 ,be calm1 ladies4 ,there is no danger4 ,the evening will offer one surprise after another4 ,who1 do you imagine1 is at that door now8 ,the knock is repeated4 ,the ladies all rise as if frightened4 ,,holzendorf4 ,the hand seems none of the most delicate4 ,,queen4 ,and yet it is4 ,that knock expresses the impetuous longing of a being whom my courage has freed from a humiliating situation4 ,you may resume your seats1 ladies4 ,do not allow yourselves to be disturbed by anything that may occur1 not even by any surprise4 ,this is but the beginning of many things that will come to pass this evening4 ,and so ,i cry--in overflowing emotion--,there is another knock4 ,moderate your impatience1 beloved being2 you shall find here what you seek--your mother6 ,she opens the door4 ,,scene ,,iii ,the ,,king steps in4 ,he is wrapped in a white cloak1 his hat pulled down over his face4 ,,king4 ,yes1 your mother4 ,the ladies all rise with exclamations of horror4 ,the ,,king removes his hat4 ,,queen 7aside1 crushed74 ,the ,king6 ,,king 7angry1 but forcing himself to be affable74 ,on my word1 how fine we are here1 very fine indeed6 ,and how nice it does look with so many lights burning4 ,he blows out several4 ,why are you hiding yourselves1 ladies8 ,did you expect such a visitor8 ,,queen4 ,your ,majesty ,the ladies place themselves so that they screen the table4 ,they hide the cards quickly4 ,,king4 ,do not let me disturb you1 ladies4 ,what is your particular entertainment this evening8 ,enjoying a cup of soup1 ,frau von ,holzendorf8 ,comes nearer4 ,oho--the silver service8 ,he looks into cups4 ,what's that8 ,tea8 ,chocolate8 ,coffee8 ,,queen4 ,your ,majesty will surely--permit us--to keep pace with our age4 ,,king4 ,frau von ,viereck1 you1 ,i imagine1 have been keeping pace with your age long enough4 ,about thirty years ago you'd give an old boy like myself a handshake occasionally4 ,slyly he holds out his hand to her4 ,,viereck 7tries to hide the cards behind her back74 ,your ,majesty--such graciousness-- ,she holds out one hand4 ,,king4 ,both1 ,fran von ,viereck--let me have both4 ,,viereck lets the cards fall behind her back4 ,,king4 ,what's that8 ,did you not drop something8 ,my ,god6 ,cards6 ,he stands as if speechless4 ,playing-cards6 ,to the ,,queen4 ,cards1 madam--a ,christian court--and cards6 ,i am sure1 ,frau von ,viereck1 you were merely prophesying from those cards4 ,i know1 ladies1 that you were only telling your fortunes from the cards4 ,i am quite sure1 ,frau von ,viereck1 that you were merely endeavoring to ascertain whether you would bury your fifth husband also4 ,surely--or--is it possible8 ,money on the tables6 ,he clasps his hands in horror4 ,you--have-been-playing8--at my court8--playing-cards8 ,there is a knock at the door to the left4 ,who knocks there8 ,,queen 7aside74 ,it is ,wilhelmine or the ,prince of ,wales6 ,i am lost6 ,another gentle knock is heard4 ,,king4 ,you are awaiting more visitors8 ,come in6 ,he goes to the door himself and opens it4 ,,scene ,,iv ,,wilhelmine1 wearing a white veil and domino1 comes in cautiously4 ,,king4 ,a veiled lady6 ,and such mysterious visitors are received here8 ,he lifts the veil4 ,what do ,i see6 ,wilhelmine6 ,,wilhelmine 7throwing herself at his feet74 ,father6 ,forgive me6 ,,king4 ,forgive you6 ,this invasion of the ,state ,prison--this attack on my sovereign will8 ,,wilhelmine 7rising1 aside74 ,this is a nice reception4 ,there is a knock from the left4 ,,king4 ,was that not another knock8 ,a stronger knock4 ,this castle is haunted1 ,i do believe4 ,and ,i have indeed been fortunate enough to prevent the outbreak of a conspiracy6 ,a louder knock4 ,who is there at that door8 ,you will not answer8 ,then ,i must open it myself4 ,,queen 7steps before him74 ,no1 you will not4 ,,king4 ,you would hinder me from discovering who are enemies of the ,crown8 ,i will open that door4 ,,queen4 ,never6 ,,king4 ,you defy me8 ,you set yourself in opposition to the ,king8 ,,queen4 ,yes4 ,i feel within me the power to do it4 ,ladies1 hear now why ,i invited you to these rooms tonight--why ,i asked you to appear before your queen4 ,yes1 ,sire1 the purpose of this hour was that the threads of your political scheming might be torn apart by two hands destined to be united for life4 ,,wilhelmine4 ,two hands6 ,,queen4 ,wilhelmine1 ,i freed you from a captivity unworthy the daughter of a ,king4 ,open that door1 ,sire2 you will find there my nephew1 my future son-in-law1 the ,prince of ,wales4 ,,all4 ,the ,prince of ,wales6 ,,king 7when he has gained control of himself74 ,madame1 you have achieved your purpose4 ,you have torn asunder the ties that bound me to my family1 that bound me to life4 ,you know that my honor1 that my good name1 are more to me than all political calculations4 ,you know that this scene here at night1 this secret understanding with one who in my eyes is merely an adventurous stranger1 has ruined ,wilhelmine's reputation forever4 ,you may enjoy your triumph at your future widow's-seat1 ,oranienbaum1 to which place ,i now banish you1 according to our ,house's laws1 for the few remaining years of my life4 ,,wilhelmine 7hurrying to the ,,king's side74 ,no--no1 not that4 ,,king4 ,madame1 admit the ,prince of ,wales4 ,,scene ,v ,the ,,queen1 breathing heavily1 staggers to the door4 ,after a moment's upward glance she opens it4 ,the ,,prince ,,of ,,baireuth comes in1 wrapped in a white cloak4 ,,hotham follows1 carrying a pointed metal helmet1 such as belonged to the ,prussian uniform of that day4 ,the helmet must not be seen at first4 ,,wilhelmine4 ,what8 ,whom do ,i see8 ,,all4 ,the ,prince of ,baireuth8 ,,queen4 ,baronet1 what does this mean8 ,where is the ,prince of ,wales8 ,,hotham4 ,your ,majesty1 ,i am all astonishment4 ,i have but just learned that the prince is now on a journey to ,scotland4 ,,all4 ,what's that8 ,,queen4 ,the ,prince is not in ,berlin8 ,,hotham4 ,while some trustworthy witnesses insist that the ,prince was actually here1 others again assert that he returned to ,england the very moment in which he realized that his patriotic interests--the interests of the cotton industry--could not be reconciled with the inclinations of his heart4 ,,king4 ,and what is the ,prince of ,baireuth doing here8 ,,hotham4 ,he seeks1 as we do1 the ,prince of ,wales1 with whom he desires a duel to the death4 ,all exclaim4 ,,king4 ,a duel8 ,and why8 ,,hotham4 ,because this poor ,prince of a tiny country does not begrudge the heir to a ,world-,power his fleet1 his army1 nor his treasures2 but he refuses to yield one treasure to him except at the price of his heart's blood--and that treasure is the hand of ,princess ,wilhelmine1 whom he loves4 ,general emotion4 ,,king4 ,whom he loves8 ,my daughter's hand8 ,but does the ,prince of ,baireuth understand sword-craft8 ,,hotham takes off the ,,prince',s cloak and places the helmet on his head4 ,the ,,prince stands there in the uniform of a grenadier of the period4 ,his hair is braided into a long pigtail4 ,he stands motionless in a military attitude4 ,,king4 ,what's this ,i see8 ,the ,prince of ,baireuth a grenadier8 ,with--pigtail--and--sword--8 ,,hotham4 ,the equipment of the young recruit of the ,glasenapp ,regiment4 ,i have the honor to present him to ,your ,majesty before his departure for ,pasewalk4 ,,king4 ,a ,german ,prince1 who deems it an honor to serve up from the ranks in my army8 ,commands4 ,battalion--left wheel6 ,battalion--forward march6 ,,prince executes manoeuvers and marches to ,,wilhelmine4 ,,king4 ,halt6 ,to ,,wilhelmine ,is the enemy yonder disposed to accept the capitulation on this side8 ,,wilhelmine4 ,until death6 ,,king4 ,entire regiment--right wheel6 ,forward march--right1 left1 twenty-one1 twenty-two-- ,all three march over to the ,,queen who stands to the left of the room4 ,,king4 ,halt6 ,,wilhelmine ,,and ,,the ,,prince 7kneeling at the ,,queen',s feet74 ,mother6 ,,king4 ,there was no such order given4 ,,prince4 ,but it was the hearts' impulse4 ,,hotham 7good-naturedly1 whispering to the ,,queen74 ,your ,majesty1 won't you correct the mistakes of these two young recruits8 ,,queen4 ,out of my sight1 you traitor to your ,royal ,house6 ,arise1 ,wilhelmine4 ,to the ,,king1 hesitating4 ,but we still have ,austria4444 ,,king4 ,but ,austria hasn't us4 ,the minions--eh1 prince6 ,tomorrow there'll be dismissals--dismissals and pensionings6 ,well1 mother1 shall we take him for a son-in-law8 ,,queen4 ,on the condition that ,i--that ,i fix the amount of the dowry4 ,,king4 ,and also that you embracing the ,,queen remain close to my heart4 ,now only ,friedrich is lacking4 ,and all this is the result of your--your cotton industries6 ,baronet ,hotham8 ,thanks for this splendid recruit4 ,in ,,hotham',s ear1 audibly ,how did he sober up so soon8 ,,prince4 ,i crave your forgiveness ,your ,majesty--,i am still drunk with joy4 ,,king4 ,forgiveness8 ,for your speech1 my son8 ,if that which you have said shall one day be written into the book of history1 then my old heart is quite content1 and has but the wish that they might add3 ,with his ,sword he would be ,king1 but with his ,pigtail--merely the first citizen of his ,state4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,german ,,lyric ,,poetry ,,from #ahcj to #ahdh ,,by ,,john ,s4 ,,nollen1 ,,ph4,d4 ,president of ,lake ,forest ,college ,the years from #ahcj to #ahdh were distinctively revolutionary years in ,germany1 which until then had remained strongly conservative4 ,the spirit of political and social reformation1 which had caused the great upheaval of the ,french ,revolution late in the eighteenth century1 had made itself felt much more slowly across the ,rhine4 ,even the generous enthusiasm that animated the ,german people in the ,war of ,liberation against ,napoleon in #ahac had ebbed away into disappointment and lethargy when the ,german princes forgot their pledges of internal reform4 ,the policy of the ,german and ,austrian rulers was dominated by the reactionary ,austrian ,prime ,minister1 ,prince ,metternich1 a consistent champion of aristocratic ideas and of the divine right of ,kings4 ,the ,revolution of ,july1 #ahcj1 however1 which overthrew the ,bourbon dynasty in ,france1 had its counterpart in popular movements that forced the granting of constitutions or other liberal concessions in several ,german states2 and1 though the policy of ,metternich still remained dominant1 the liberal sentiment grew in power until the ,february revolution of #ahdh in ,paris inspired similar upheavals in all ,germany4 ,metternich himself was now compelled to retire1 ,frederick ,william ,,iv4 of ,prussia granted his people a constitution1 and the other ,german states seethed with revolt2 but the great liberal plan to unify ,germany under the leadership of ,prussia was nullified by ,frederick ,william's refusal to accept the imperial crown from a democratic assembly4 ,the lyric poetry of ,germany in these years inevitably reflected the liberal sentiment of the time2 it is always the radical emotion of any revolutionary period that finds the most effective lyric expression1 the conservative state of mind being more characteristically prosaic4 ,for the group of ardent spirits who made themselves the heralds of the new day1 one of their number1 the novelist and dramatist ,karl ,gutzkow1 found the name ,young ,germany4 ,just as the ,storm and ,stress of #aggj to #aghj1 and the ,romantic movement of the opening nineteenth century1 represented a spirit of sharp revolt against the then dominant pseudo-classicism and rationalism1 so ,young ,germany reacted passionately against the moonlight sentimentality of the popular romantic poets1 as well as against the stupid political conservatism of the time4 ,the aim of the ,young ,germans was to bring literature down from the clouds into vital contact with the immediate problems of the day4 ,thus there was developed a body of literature strongly polemic in purpose1 quite hostile to the ideals of detachment and disinterested worship of beauty that ,goethe and ,schiller in their classical period had preached and practised4 ,this literature took the form of fiction1 drama1 and journalism1 as well as of poetry4 ,indeed1 the only important lyric poet of the ,young ,german group was ,,heinrich ,,heine 7#agig-ahef71 who had begun his career with the most intimate poetry of personal confession1 in which the simplicity of the folk-song and the nature-feeling of the romanticist are strongly tinged with wit and cynicism4 ,heine's impatience with ,german conditions led him to expatriate himself1 and from his retreat in ,paris to aim venomous shafts of satire at his native land1 with its three dozen masters and its philistine conservative nightcaps and dumplings4 ,this brilliant poet1 with his marvelous mastery of ,german lyric tones1 expressed a wide range of poetic inspiration2 but he loved particularly to conceive of himself as an apostle of liberty1 an outpost of the revolutionary army1 and none so well as he could tip the barb with biting sarcasm and satire4 ,heine's personality was full of seemingly inconsistent traits4 ,he was both fanciful and rational1 serious and flippant1 tender and cynical1 reverent and impious2 and he could be at once a patriot and an alien4 ,he was1 to use his own phrase1 an unfrocked romanticist--at once a brilliant representative of the poetry of self-expression and personal caprice1 and an exemplar and prophet of a new ideal1 the holy alliance of poetry with the cause of the nations4 ,the different attitudes of thoughtful men toward the influences of the time were variously reflected in the work of three leading poets1 all older than ,heine1 who contributed largely to the lyric output of the period4 ,,adelbert ,,von ,,chamisso 7#agha-ahce71 of aristocratic ,french descent1 and using all the familiar romantic forms and motives1 was yet thoroughly democratic and prophetically modern in his unalloyed sympathy with the impoverished victims of the social order4 ,it was something new for ,german poetry to find inspiration in the wrath of a beggar who cannot pay his dog-tax1 the sardonic piety of an old widow reduced to penury by the exactions of the gracious prince1 or the laborious resignation of an aged washerwoman4--,the ,silesian nobleman ,,joseph ,,von ,,eichendorff 7#aghh-aheg71 ,prussian officer and civil official1 was a consistent conservative in his political attitude1 a pious ,catholic1 and a romanticist in every fibre of his poetic soul4 ,his lyrics are the purest echoes of folk-song and folk-lore1 and the simplicity and genuineness of his art give an undying charm to his songs of idyllic meadows and woodlands1 post-chaises1 carefree wanderers1 and lovely maidens in picturesque settings2 all suffused with gentle yearning and melting into soft melody4 ,eichendorff's patriotism was of the traditional type1 echoing faintly the battle-hymns of the ,war of ,liberation4 ,for the great liberal movement of the thirties and forties he had neither sympathy nor comprehension4--,,friedrich ,r,,ckert 7#aghh-ahff71 endowed with a fatal facility of lyric expression1 a virtuoso for whom no tour-de-force was too difficult1 lived most of his life aloof from the political and social movements of his time4 ,in his youth his ,sonnets in ,armor had done sturdy service in the national awakening against ,napoleon1 but his maturer years were devoted to domestic and academic interests4 ,every impression of his life1 whether deep or fleeting1 was material for a poem or a cycle4 ,he handled with consummate skill the odd or complicated metres of eastern and southern lyric forms1 and he was most versatile as a translator of foreign poetry1 ancient and modern1 occidental and oriental4 ,his unusual formal talent and mastery of language were a constant temptation to rapid and superficial versifying2 but there are in the vast mass of his production many genuine poems of great beauty4 ,two other poets of quite distinctive quality stood aloof from the political interests of the time4 ,the talented ,westphalian ,catholic poetess ,,annette ,,von ,,droste-,h,,lshoff 7#agig-ahdh7 has a place apart in her generation1 not only for the fine religious poems of her ,christian ,year 7similar in plan to ,keble's cycle71 but also for her nature-lyrics and songs of common life1 which are marked by minute realistic detail and refreshing originality of observation and sentiment4 ,this pious gentlewoman1 usually so maidenly in her reserve1 nevertheless expressed something of the spirit of emancipation in her quiet protest against the narrow conventional limits of the feminine life4 ,but she would have recoiled with horror from the reckless propaganda for sex-freedom that was a part of the ,young ,german campaign1 as she also repudiated the violence of the revolutionists of #ahdh4--;,if there is something masculine in ,frulein von ,droste's firm and plastic touch1 there is something almost feminine in the finely-chiseled lyrics of the ,protestant pastor ,,eduard ,m,,rike 7#ahjd-ahge71 whose ,poems appeared in the same year 7#ahch71 and blended the folk-song simplicity and melody of an ,eichendorff with the classical form-sense of a ,keats4 ,this ,suabian country vicar1 the youngest member of the group about ,uhland1 lived in the utmost serenity amid the troubles of revolutionary agitation1 devoted to his art1 turning the common experiences of every day into forms of beauty1 or reviving with charming navet the romantic figures of medieval poetry4 ,we emerge completely from the quietude and piety of these individualists when we come to a group of men who were distinctively political poets4 ,here we find the direct lyric expression of the revolutionary movement4 ,the first in the field was ,,anastasius ,,gr,n 7the pen-name of ,count ,anton von ,auersperg1 #ahjf-ahgf74 ,this ,austrian nobleman boldly attacked the reactionary policy of ,metternich in his ,saunterings of a ,viennese ,poet 7#ahca72 with biting irony he pictures the fate of the ,greek patriot ,hypsilantes1 broken in health by the hospitality of ,austrian prison-fortresses1 or describes the all-powerful minister-of-state enjoying his social triumphs in the palace ball-room1 while ,austria stands outside the gate vainly pleading for liberty4 ,in another collection entitled ,debris 7#ahcf7 there are whole-hearted protests against the political martyrdom of the best patriots1 and the oppressive despotism under which ,italy groaned1 with which ,grn contrasts the blessings of liberty in ,america4 ,anastasius ,grn was the forerunner4 ,the period of the real dominance of political poetry began with #ahdj1 when a petty official in a ,rhenish village1 ,nikolaus ,becker1 electrified ,germany with a martial poem1 ,the ,german ,rhine1 inspired by ,french threats of war with ,prussia and of the conquest of the ,rhine territory4 ,the same events inspired ,max ,schneckenburger's ,wacht am ,rhein1 which at the time could not compete in popularity with ,becker's poem1 but in later years has quite supplanted it as a permanent national song4 ,german officialdom1 which had looked askance at all political poetry1 easily saw the value to the national defense of such patriotic strains1 and now encouraged these national singers with gifts and honors4 ,but political poetry could not be kept within officially recognized bounds4 ,inevitably it became partisan and revolutionary in character4 ,,heinrich ,,hoffmann 7who styled himself ,,von ,,fallers-,,leben after his birthplace2 #agih-ahgd71 one of the most prolific lyric poets of ,germany1 had the knack of expressing the common feeling in poems that became genuine national songs2 the most famous of these1 ,deutschland1 ,deutschland ber alles 7#ahda71 is still sung wherever those who love ,germany congregate4 ,but from this expression of the common ,german tradition ,hoffmann went on to espouse the liberal cause1 and he had his taste of martyrdom when he lost his professorship at ,breslau because of his ironical ,unpolitical ,songs 7#ahdj-db74 ,hoffmann was essentially an improviser1 and sang only too copiously in all the tones and fashions of ,german verse4 ,,ferdinand ,,freiligrath 7#ahaj-ahgf7 gained immediate fame with the brilliant color and tropical exuberance of his early oriental lyrics1 of which the much-declaimed ,lion's ,ride is an excellent example4 ,but ,freiligrath's strongest work was in the field of political poetry4 ,he1 too1 made sacrifices for the faith that was in him2 he gave up a royal pension and twice went into voluntary exile in order to be free to express his liberal sentiments4 ,he began1 indeed1 with the denial of any partisan bias2 but when the ,revolution of #ahdh broke1 no other poet found more daring and eloquent words for the spirit of revolt and of democratic enthusiasm than ,freiligrath4 ,and when the war of #ahgj again brought new hope of ,german unity1 ,freiligrath sang in stirring measures this national awakening4 ,,georg ,,herwegh 7#ahag-ahge71 also driven into exile by his opposition to the government1 created a sensation with his ,poems of the ,living 7#ahda71 which in ringing refrains incited to revolutionary action4 ,but when the deed followed the word1 and ,herwegh led an invading column of laborers into ,baden in #ahdh1 he lacked the courage of the martyr and fled from the peril of death4 ,,gottfried ,,kinkel 7#ahae-ahhb7 also took part in the insurrection in ,baden1 was captured1 and condemned to life imprisonment1 but escaped with the aid of ,carl ,schurz in #ahej4 ,,franz ,,dingelstedt 7#ahad-ahha71 on the other hand1 found his sarcastic ,songs of a ,political ,night-,watchman 7#ahdb7 no bar to appointment as director of the theatres of ,munich1 ,weimar and ,vienna4 ,while the poets of the revolution were busily at work1 the conservatives were not altogether voiceless2 nor were the notes of the romantic lyric silenced4 ,indeed1 men like ,hoffmann1 ,herwegh1 and ,kinkel could not deny the strong influence of the romantic motives and tones upon much of their best poetry4 ,one lyrist greater than any of them was dominated by the romantic tradition--an ,austrian nobleman of mingled ,german1 ,slavonic and ,hungarian blood1 ,,nikolaus ,,lenau 7the pen-name of ,nikolaus ,franz ,niembsch ,edler von ,strehlenau1 #ahjb-ahej74 ,a gifted musician1 ,lenau was also a master of the melody of words1 and his nature-feeling was unusually deep and true4 ,abnormally proud1 self-centred and sensitive as he was1 ,lenau was born to unhappiness and disillusionment2 his journey to ,america1 begun with the most generous anticipations1 ended in homesickness and bitter disappointment4 ,before he had reached middle life1 his genius went out in the darkness of insanity4 ,the picturesque and the tragic fascinated ,lenau2 he could sing with genuine sympathy the fate of dismembered ,poland1 or the lawless freedom of ,hungarian rebels and gipsies2 but for the great political movements of the day he had little regard4 ,in the melodious interpretation of nature in sad and quiet moods he had no rival4 ,very different was the wholesome and chivalrous nature of the young ,moravian ,count ,,moritz ,,von ,,strachwitz 7#ahbb-ahdg71 whose ballads are unmatched in ,german literature for spirit and fire4 ,strachwitz despised the democratic agitation of the revolutionists1 and sang with fine enthusiasm the coming of the strong man1 who1 after all the intrigues of the demagogues1 like another ,alexander should cut the ,gordian knot with the sword4 ,with ,,emanuel ,,geibel 7#ahae-ahhd7 we come to the voice of fair compromise between the extremes4 ,geibel was a conservative liberal1 honestly patriotic without partisanship4 ,thus his ,twelve ,sonnets for ,schleswig-,holstein 7#ahdf7 were broadly ,german in inspiration1 and his love of liberty was matched by his aristocratic hatred of the mob4 ,geibel succeeded in once more gaining the widest popularity1 in days filled with partisan clamor1 for the pure lyric of romantic inspiration4 ,he was in a true sense the poet-laureate of his generation4 ,lacking in real originality1 he was yet sincere in the expression of his emotion1 and his faultless form clothed the utterance of a soul of rare purity and nobility4 ,as in the days after the ,war of ,liberation1 so in the years following the revolutionary movements of #ahdh1 the generous hopes of the people seemed doomed to perish in weariness and disappointment1 and the voice of democratic poetry was silenced4 ,in the reaction that followed the intoxication of liberal enthusiasm1 with the failure of the attempt to unify ,germany under ,prussian leadership1 the ,german lands relapsed into dull acquiescence in the old regime4 ,but the seed of the new day had been sown1 and the harvest came in due time4 ,strachwitz's intuition was justified2 the strong man did appear1 in the person of ,bismarck1 and the ,gordian knot was cut with the sword of the war of #ahgj4 ,but the liberal dream of #ahdh was realized1 also1 in the creation of a unified and powerful ,german ,empire on a constitutional basis4 99 99 99 99 99 ,illustration3 ,,anastasius ,,gr,n ,,anastasius ,,gr,n ,a ,,salon ,,scene#ad 7#ahca7 ,evening3 ,in the festive halls the light of many candles gleams1 ,shedding from the mirrors' crystal thousand-fold reflected beams4 ,in the sea of light are gliding1 with a stately1 solemn air1 ,honored1 venerable matrons1 ladies young and very fair4 ,and among them wander slowly1 clad in festive garments grand1 ,here the valiant sons of battle1 there the rulers of the land4 ,but on one that ,i see moving every eye is fixed with fear-- ,few indeed among the chosen have the courage to draw near4 ,he it is by whose firm guidance ,austrians' fortunes rise or sink1 ,he who in the ,princes' ,congress for them all must act and think4 ,but behold him now6 ,how gracious1 courteous1 gentle he's to all1 ,and how modest1 unassuming1 and how kind to great and small6 ,in the light his orders sparkle with a faint and careless grace1 ,but a friendly1 gentle smile is always playing on his face ,when he plucks the ruddy rose leaves that some rounded bosom wears1 ,or when1 like to withered blossoms1 kingdoms he asunder tears4 ,equally enchanting is it1 when he praises golden curls1 ,or when1 from anointed heads1 the royal crowns away he hurls4 ,yes1 methinks 'tis heavenly rapture1 which delights the happy man ,whom his words to ,elba's fastness or to ,munkacs' prison ban4 ,could all ,europe now but see him1 so engaging1 so gallant1 ,how the ladies1 young and old1 his winning smiles delight1 enchant2 ,how the church's pious clergy1 and the doughty men of war1 ,and the state's distinguished servants by his grace enraptured are4 ,man of state and man of counsel1 since you're in a mood so kind1 ,since you're showing to all present such a gracious frame of mind1 ,see1 without1 a needy client standing waiting at your door ,whom the slightest sign of favor will make happy evermore4 ,and you do not need to fear him2 he's intelligent and fair2 ,hidden 'neath his homely garments1 knife nor dagger does he wear4 ',tis the ,austrian people1 open1 honest1 courteous as can be4 ,see1 they're pleading3 ,may we ask you for the freedom to be free8 99 99 99 99 99 ,illustration3 ,,nicolaus ,,lenau ,,nikolaus ,,lenau ,,prayer#ae 7#ahcb7 ,eye of darkness1 dim dominioned1 ,stay1 enchant me with thy might1 ,earnest1 gentle1 dreamy-pinioned1 ,sweet1 unfathomable night4 ,with magician's mantle cover ,all this day-world from my sight1 ,that for aye thy form may hover ,o'er my being1 lovely night4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,sedge ,,songs#af 7#ahcb7 ,i ,in the west the sun departing ,leaves the weary day asleep1 ,and the willows trail their streamers ,in these waters still and deep4 ,flow1 my bitter tears1 flow ever2 ,all ,i love ,i leave behind2 ,sadly whisper here the willows1 ,and the reed shakes in the wind4 ,into my deep lonely sufferings ,tenderly you shine afar1 ,as athwart these reeds and rushes ,trembles soft yon evening star4 ,,ii ,oft at eve ,i love to saunter ,where the sedge sighs drearily1 ,by entangled hidden footpaths1 ,love6 and then ,i think of thee4 ,when the woods gloom dark and darker1 ,sedges in the night-wind moan1 ,then a faint mysterious wailing ,bids me weep1 still weep alone4 ,and methinks ,i hear it wafted1 ,thy sweet voice1 remote yet clear1 ,till thy song1 descending slowly1 ,sinks into the silent mere4 ,,iii ,angry sunset sky1 ,thunder-clouds o'erhead1 ,every breeze doth fly1 ,sultry air and dead4 ,from the lurid storm ,pallid lightnings break1 ,their swift transient form ,flashes through the lake4 ,and ,i seem to see ,thyself1 wondrous nigh-- ,streaming wild and free ,thy long tresses fly4 99 99 99 99 99 ,illustration3 ,,evening ,,on ,,the ,,shore ,,hans ,,am ,,ende ,,songs ,,by ,,the ,,lake#ag 7#ahcb7 ,i ,in the sky the sun is failing1 ,and the weary day would sleep1 ,here the willow fronds are trailing ,in the water still and deep4 ,from my darling ,i must sever3 ,stream1 oh tears1 stream forth amain6 ,in the breeze the rushes quiver ,and the willow sighs in pain4 ,on my soul in silence grieving ,mild thou gleamest from afar1 ,as through rushes interweaving ,gleams the mirrored evening star4 ,,iv ,sunset dull and drear2 ,dark the clouds drive past2 ,sultry1 full of fear1 ,all the winds fly fast4 ,through the sky's wild rack ,shoots the lightning pale2 ,o'er the waters black ,burns its flickering trail4 ,in the vivid glare ,half ,i see thy form1 ,and thy streaming hair ,flutters in the storm4 ,v ,on the lake as it reposes ,dwells the moon with glow serene ,interweaving pallid roses ,with the rushes' crown of green4 ,stags from out the hillside bushes ,gaze aloft into the night1 ,waterfowl amid the rushes ,vaguely stir with flutterings light ,down my tear-dim glance ,i bend now1 ,while through all my soul a rare ,thrill of thought toward thee doth tend now ,like an ecstasy of prayer4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,the ,,postilion#ah 7#ahcc7 ,passing lovely was the night1 ,silver clouds flew o'er us1 ,spring1 methought1 with splendor dight ,led the happy chorus4 ,sleep-entranced lay wood and dale1 ,empty now each by-way2 ,no one but the moonlight pale ,roamed upon the highway4 ,breezes wandering in the gloom ,soft their footsteps numbered ,through ,dame ,nature's sleeping-room ,where her children slumbered4 ,timidly the brook stole by1 ,while the beds of blossom ,breathed their perfume joyously ,on the still night's bosom4 ,my postilion1 heedless all1 ,cracked his whip most gaily1 ,and his merry trumpet-call ,rang o'er hill and valley4 ,hoofs beat steadily the while1 ,as the horses gamboled1 ,and along the shady aisle ,spiritedly rambled4 ,grove and meadow gliding past ,vanished at a glimmer3 ,peaceful towns were gone as fast1 ,like to dreams that shimmer4 ,midway in the ,maytide trance ,tombs were shining whitely2 ',twas the churchyard met our glance-- ,none might view it lightly4 ,close against the mountain braced ,ran the long white wall there1 ,and the cross1 in sorrow placed1 ,silent rose o'er all there4 ,jehu straight1 his humor spent1 ,left his tuneful courses2 ,on the cross his gaze he bent ,then pulled up his horses4 ,here's where horse and coach must wait-- ,you may think it odd1 sir3-- ,but up yonder1 lies my mate ,underneath the sod1 sir4 ,better lad was never born-- 7,sir 'twas ,god's own pity67 ,no one else could blow the horn ,half as shrill and pretty4 ,so ,i stop beside the wall ,every time ,i pass here1 ,and ,i blow his favorite call ,to him under grass here4 ,toward the churchyard then he blew ,one call after other1 ,that they might go ringing through ,to his sleeping brother4 ,from the cliff each lively note ,echoing resounded1 ,as it were the dead man's throat ,answering strains had sounded4 ,on we went through field and hedge1 ,loosened bridles jingling2 ,long that echo from the ledge ,in my ear kept tingling4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,to ,,the ,,beloved ,,from ,,afar#ai 7#ahch7 ,his sweet rose here oversea ,i must gather sadly2 ,which1 beloved1 unto thee ,i would bring how gladly6 ,but alas6 if o'er the foam ,i this flower should carry1 ,it would fade ere ,i could come2 ,roses may not tarry4 ,farther let no mortal fare ,who would be a wooer1 ,than unwithered he may bear ,blushing roses to her1 ,or than nightingale may fly ,for her nesting grasses1 ,or than with the west wind's sigh ,her soft warbling passes4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,the ,,three ,,gipsies#bj ,three gipsy men ,i saw one day ,stretched out on the grass together1 ,as wearily o'er the sandy way ,my wagon brushed the heather4 ,the first of the three was fiddling there ,in the glow of evening pallid1 ,playing a wild and passionate air1 ,the tune of some gipsy ballad4 ,from the second's pipe the smoke-wreaths curled1 ,he watched them melt at his leisure4 ,so full of content1 it seemed the world ,had naught to add to his pleasure4 ,and what of the third8--,he was fast asleep1 ,his harp to a bough confided2 ,the breezes across the strings did sweep1 ,a dream o'er his heart-strings glided4 ,the garb of all was worn and frayed1 ,with tatters grotesquely mended2 ,but flouting the world1 and undismayed1 ,the three with fate contended4 ,they showed me how1 by three-fold scoff1 ,when cares of life perplex us1 ,to smoke1 or sleep1 or fiddle them off1 ,and scorn the ills that vex us4 ,i passed them1 but my gaze for long ,dwelt on the trio surly-- ,their dark bronze features sharp and strong1 ,their loose hair black and curly4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,my ,,heart#ba 7#ahdd7 ,sleepless night1 the rushing rain1 ,while my heart with ceaseless pain ,hears the mournful past subsiding ,or the uncertain future striding4 ,heart1 'tis fatal thus to harken1 ,let not fear thy courage darken1 ,though the past be all regretting ,and the future helpless fretting4 ,onward1 let what's mortal die4 ,is the storm near1 beat thou high4 ,who came safe o'er ,galilee ,makes the voyage now in thee4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,eduard ,m,,rike ,,an ,,error ,,chanced#bb 7#ahbd7 ,an error chanced in the moonlight garden ,of a once inviolate love4 ,shuddering ,i came on an outworn deceit1 ,and with sorrowing look1 yet cruel1 ,bade ,i the slender ,enchanting maiden ,leave me and wander far4 ,alas6 her lofty forehead ,was bowed1 for she loved me well2 ,yet did she go in silence ,into the dim gray ,world outside4 ,sick since then1 ,wounded and woeful heart6 ,never shall it be whole4 ,meseems that1 spun of the air1 a thread of magic ,binds her yet to me1 an unrestful bond2 ,it draws1 it draws me faint with love toward her4 ,might it yet be some day that on my threshold ,i should find her1 as erst1 in the morning twilight1 ,her traveler's bundle beside her1 ,and her eye true-heartedly looking up to me1 ,saying1 ,see1 ,i've come back1 ,back once more from the lonely world6 99 99 99 99 99 ,a ,,song ,,for ,,two ,,in ,,the ,,night#bc 7#ahbe7 ,she4 ,how soft the night wind strokes the meadow grasses ,and1 breathing music1 through the woodland passes6 ,now that the upstart day is dumb1 ,one hears from the still earth a whispering throng ,of forces animate1 with murmured song ,joining the zephyrs' well-attund hum4 ,he4 ,i catch the tone from wondrous voices brimming1 ,which sensuous on the warm wind drifts to me1 ,while1 streaked with misty light uncertainly1 ,the very heavens in the glow are swimming4 ,she4 ,the air like woven fabric seems to wave1 ,then more transparent and more lustrous groweth2 ,meantime a muted melody outgoeth ,from happy fairies in their purple cave4 ,to sphere-wrought harmony ,sing they1 and busily ,the thread upon their silver spindles floweth4 ,he4 ,oh lovely night6 how effortless and free ,o'er samite black-though green by day--thou movest6 ,and to the whirring music that thou lovest ,thy foot advances imperceptibly4 ,thus hour by hour thy step doth measure-- ,in trancd self-forgetful pleasure ,thou'rt rapt2 creation's soul is rapt with thee6 99 99 99 99 99 ,illustration3 ,,eduard ,m,,rike ,,weiss ,,early ,,away#bd 7#ahbh7 ,the morning frost shines gray ,along the misty field ,beneath the pallid way ,of early dawn revealed4 ,amid the glow one sees ,the day-star disappear2 ,yet o'er the western trees ,the moon is shining clear4 ,so1 too1 ,i send my glance ,on distant scenes to dwell2 ,i see in torturing trance ,the night of our farewell4 ,blue eyes1 a lake of bliss1 ,swim dark before my sight1 ,thy breath1 ,i feel1 thy kiss2 ,i hear thy whispering light4 ,my cheek upon thy breast ,the streaming tears bedew1 ,till1 purple-black1 is cast ,a veil across my view4 ,the sun comes out2 he glows1 ,and straight my dreams depart1 ,while from the cliffs he throws ,a chill across my heart4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,the ,,forsaken ,,maiden#be 7#ahbi7 ,early when cocks do crow ,ere the stars dwindle1 ,down to the hearth ,i go1 ,fire must ,i kindle4 ,fair leap the flames on high1 ,sparks they whirl drunken2 ,i watch them listlessly ,in sorrow sunken4 ,sudden it comes to me1 ,youth so fair seeming1 ,that all the night of thee ,i have been dreaming4 ,tears then on tears do run ,for my false lover2 ,thus has the day begun-- ,would it were over6 99 99 99 99 99 ,,weyla',s ,,song#bf 7#ahca7 ,thou art ,orplede1 my land ,remotely gleaming2 ,the mist arises from thy sun-bright strand ,to where the faces of the gods are beaming4 ,primeval rivers spring renewed ,thy silver girdle weaving1 child6 ,before the godhead bow subdued ,kings1 thy worshipers and watchers mild4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,seclusion#bg 7#ahcb7 ,let1 oh world1 ah let me be6 ,tempt me not with gifts of pleasure4 ,leave alone this heart to treasure ,all its joy1 its misery4 ,what my grief ,i can not say1 ',tis a strange1 a wistful sorrow2 ,yet through tears at every morrow ,i behold the light of day4 ,when my weary soul finds rest ,oft a beam of rapture brightens ,all the gloom of cloud1 and lightens ,this oppression in my breast4 ,let1 oh world1 all1 let me be6 ,tempt me not with gifts of pleasure4 ,leave alone this heart to treasure ,all its joy1 its misery4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,the ,,soldier',s ,,betrothed#bh 7#ahcg7 ,oh dear1 if the king only knew ,how brave is my sweetheart1 how true6 ,he would give his heart's blood for the king1 ,but for me he would do the same thing4 ,my love has no ribbon or star1 ,no cross such as gentlemen wear1 ,a gen'ral he'll never become2 ,if only they'd leave him at home6 ,for stars there are three shining bright ,o'er the ,church of ,st4 ,mary each night2 ,we are bound by a rose-woven band1 ,and a house-cross is always at hand4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,the ,,old ,,weathercock3 ,,an ,,idyll#bi 7#ahdj1 #aheb7 ,at ,cleversulzbach in the ,underland ,a hundred and thirteen years did ,i stand ,up on the tower in wind and rain1 ,an ornament and a weathervane4 ,through night and tempest gazing down1 ,like a good old cock ,i watched the town4 ,the lightning oft my form has grazed1 ,the frost my scarlet comb o'erglazed1 ,and many a warm long summer's day1 ,in times when all seek shade who may1 ,the scorching sun with rage unslaked ,my golden body well has baked4 ,so in my age all black ,i'd grown1 ,my beauteous glint and gleam was gone1 ,till ,i at length1 despised by all1 ,was lifted from my pedestal4 ,ah well6 'tis thus we run our race1 ,another now must have my place4 ,go strut1 and preen1 but don't forget ,what court the wind will pay you yet6 ,farewell1 sweet landscape1 mount and dell6 ,vineyard and forest1 fare ye well6 ,belovd tower1 the roof's high ridge1 ,churchyard and streamlet with its bridge2 ,oh fountain1 where the cattle throng ,and sheep come trooping all day long1 ,with ,hans to urge them on their way4 ,and ,eva on the piebald gray6 ,ye storks and swallows with your clatter1 ,and sparrows1 how ,i'll miss your chatter6 ,for every bit of dirt seems dear ,which o'er my form you used to smear4 ,goodby1 my worthy friend the pastor1 ,and you1 poor driveling old schoolmaster4 ',tis o'er1 what cheered my heart so long4 ,the sound of organ1 bells and song4 ,so from my1 lofty perch ,i crew1 ,and would have sung much longer too1 ,when came a crooked devil's minion1 ,the slater 'twas in my opinion4 ,who after many a knock and shake ,detached me wholly from my stake4 ,my poor old heart was broke at last ,when from the roof he pulled me past ,the bells which from their station glared ,and on my fate in wonder stared1 ,but vexed themselves no more about me1 ,thinking they'd hang as well without me4 ,then to the scrap-heap ,i was brought1 ,for twopence by the blacksmith bought1 ,which as he paid he said 'twas wonder ,how much folk wanted for such plunder4 ,and there at noon of that same day ,in grief before his hut ,i lay4 ,the time being ,may1 a little tree ,shed snow-white blossoms over me1 ,while other chickens by the dozen ,unheeding cackled round their cousin4 ',twas then the pastor happened by1 ,spoke to the smith1 then smiling1 ,hi6 ,and have you come to this1 poor cock ,a strange bird1 ,andrew1 for your flock6 ,he'll hardly do to broil or roast2 ,for me though1 ,i may fairly boast ,things must go hard if ,i've no place ,for old church servants in hard case4 ,bring him along then speedily ,and drink a glass of wine with me4 ,the sooty lout with quick assent ,laughed1 picked me up1 and off we went4 ,a little more1 and from my throat ,toward heaven ,i'd sent a joyous note4 ,within the manse the strange new guest ,astounded all from most to least2 ,but soon each face1 before afraid1 ,the glowing light of joy displayed4 ,wife1 maids and menfolks1 girls and boys ,surrounded with a seven-fold noise ,the giant rooster in the hall1 ,welcoming1 looking1 handling all4 ,the man of ,god with jealous care ,took me himself and climbed the stair ,to his own study1 while the pack ,came stumbling after at his back4 ,within these walls is peace enshrined6 ,entering1 we left the world behind4 ,i seemed to breathe a magic air1 ,essence of books and learning rare1 ,geranium scent and mignonette1 ,and faint tobacco lingering yet4 7,to me of course all this was new47 ,an ancient stove ,i noticed1 too1 ,in the left corner in full view4 ,quite like a tower its bulk was raised ,until its peak the ceiling grazed1 ,with pillared strength and flowery grace1 ,o most delightful resting-place6 ,on the top wreath as on a mast ,the blacksmith set me firm and fast4 ,behold my stove with reverent eyes6 ,cathedral-like its noble size2 ,with store of pictures overwrought1 ,and rhymes that tell of pious thought4 ,of such ,i learned full many a word1 ,while the old stove from out its hoard ,would draw them forth for young and old1 ,when the snow fell and winds blew cold4 ,here you may see where on the tile ,stands ,bishop ,hatto's towered isle1 ,while rats and mice on every side ,swim through the ,rhine's opposing tide4 ,the armed grooms in vain wage war1 ,the host of tails grows more and more1 ,till thousands ranged in close array ,leap from the walls on those at bay ,and seize the bishop in his room3 ,an awful death is now his doom2 ,devoured straightway shall he be ,to pay the price of perjury4 --,there too ,belshazzar's banquet shines1 ,voluptuous women1 costly wines2 ,but in the amazd sight of all ,the dread hand writes upon the wall4 --,lastly the pictures represent ,how ,sarah listens in the tent ,while ,god ,almighty1 come to earth1 ,foretells to ,abraham the birth ,of ,isaac and his seed thereafter4 ,sarah cannot restrain her laughter1 ,since both are well advanced in years4 ,god asks when he the laughter hears3 ,doth ,sarah laugh then at ,god's will1 ,and doubt if this he may fulfil8 ,her indiscretion to recall ,she says1 ,i did not laugh at all4 ,which commonly would be a lie2 ,but ,god prefers to pass it by1 ,since 'tis not done with malice dark1 ,and she's a lady patriarch4 ,now that ,i'm here1 ,i think with reason ,that winter is the fairest season ,how smooth the daily current flows ,to ev'ry week's belovd close6 --,just about nine on ,friday night1 ,sole by the lamp's reposeful light ,my master with a mind perplexed ,sets out to choose his ,sunday text4 ,before the stove a while he stands1 ,walks to and fro with twisted hands1 ,and vainly struggles to determine ,the theme on which to thread his sermon4 ,now and again amid his doubt ,he lifts the window and looks out4 --,oh cooling surge of starlit air1 ,pour on my brow your tide so rare6 ,i see where ,verrenberg doth glimmer1 ,and ,shepherds' ,knoll with snows a-shimmer4 ,he sits him down to write at last1 ,dips pen and makes the ,a and ,o1 ,which o'er his ,preface always go4 ,i meanwhile from my post on high ,ne'er from my master turn an eye1 ,look at him now1 with far-off gaze ,pondering1 testing every phrase2 ,the snuffer once he seizes quick ,and cleans of soot the flaming wick2 ,then oft in deep abstraction1 he ,murmurs a sentence audibly1 ,which ,i with outstretched bill peck up ,and fill with lore my eager crop4 ,so do we come by smooth gradation ,to where begins the ,application4 ,eleven6 comes the watchman's shout4 ,my master hears and turns about4 ,bedtime6 ,he rises1 takes the light1 ,nor ever hears my shrill good-night6 ,alone in darkness then ,i'd be2 ,that has no terrors1 though1 for me4 ,behind the wainscot sharply picking ,i hear a while the death-clock ticking1 ,i hear the marten vainly scoop ,the earth around the chicken-coop4 ,along the eaves the night-wind brushes1 ,and through far trees the tempest rushes-- ,bird ,wood's the name that forest bears1 ,where rude old ,winter raves and tears4 ,now splits a beech with such a crack ,that all the valleys echo it back4 --,my goodness6 when these sounds ,i hear ,i'm glad a pious stove's so near1 ,which warms you so the long hours through ,that night seems fraught with blessings too4 --,just now ,i well might feel afraid1 ,when thieves and murderers ply their trade2 ',tis lucky1 faith1 for those who are ,secured from harm by bolt and bar4 ,how could ,i call so men would hear me ,if some one raised a ladder near me8 ,when thoughts like this attack my brain ,the sweat runs down my back like rain4 ,at two1 thank ,god6 again at three1 ,a cock-crow rises clear and free1 ,and with the morning bell at five ,my whole heart1 now once more alive1 ,high in my breast with rapture springs1 ,when finally the watchman sings ,arise1 good friends1 for ,jesus' sake1 ,for bright and fair the day doth break4 ,soon after this1 an hour at most1 ,my spurs are growing stiff with frost ,when in comes ,lisa1 hums some snatches1 ,and rakes the fire until it catches4 ,then from below1 quite savory too1 ,i scent the steam of onion stew4 ,at length my master enters gay1 ,fresh for the business of the day4 ,on ,saturday a worthy priest ,should keep his room1 his house at least2 ,not visit or distract his brain1 ,turning his thoughts to things profane4 ,my master was not tempted so1 ,but once--don't let it out1 you know-- ,he squandered all his precious wits ,making a titmouse trap for ,fritz-- ,right here1 and talked and had a smoke2 ,to me1 ,i'll own1 it seemed a joke4 ,the blessed ,sabbath now is here4 ,the church-bells call both far and near1 ,the organ sounds so loud to me ,i think ,i'm in the sacristy4 ,there's not a soul in all the house2 ,i hear a fly1 and then a mouse4 ,the sunlight now the window reaches ,and through the cactus stems it stretches1 ,fain o'er the walnut desk to glide1 ,some ancient cabinet-maker's pride4 ,there it beholds with searching looks ,concordances and children's books1 ,on wafer-box and seal it dances ,and lights the inkwell with its glances2 ,across the sand it strikes its wedge1 ,is cut upon the penknife's edge1 ,across the armchair freely roams1 ,then to the bookcase with its tomes4 ,there clad in parchment and in leather ,the ,suabian ,fathers stand together3 ,andrea1 ,bengel1 ,riegers two1 ,and ,oetinger are well in view4 ,the sun each golden name reads o'er ,and with a kiss he gilds yet more4 ,as ,hiller's ,harp his fingers touch-- ,hark6 does it ring8 ,it lacks not much4 ,with that a spider slim and small ,begins upon my frame to crawl1 ,and1 never asking my goodwill1 ,suspends his web from neck to bill4 ,i don't disturb myself a whit1 ,just wait and watch him for a bit4 ,for him it is a lucky hap ,that ,i'm disposed to take a nap4-- ,but tell me now if anywhere ,an old church cock might better fare4 ,a twinge of longing now and then ,will vex1 no doubt1 the happiest men4 ,in summer ,i could wish outside ,upon the dove-cote roof to bide1 ,with just beneath the garden bright ,and stretch of greensward too in sight4 ,or else again in winter time1 ,when1 as today1 the weather's prime3-- ,now ,i've begun1 ,i'll say it out ,we've got a sleigh here1 staunch and stout1 ,all colored1 yellow1 black and green2 ,just freshly painted1 neat and clean2 ,and on the dashboard proudly strutting ,a strange1 new-fangled fowl is sitting3 ,now if they'd have me fixed up right-- ,the whole expense would be but slight-- ,i'd stand there quite as well as he ,and none need feel ashamed of me6 --,fool6 ,i reply1 accept your fate1 ,and be not so immoderate4 ,perhaps 'twould suit your high behest ,if some one1 for a common jest1 ,would take you1 stove and all1 away ,and set you up there on the sleigh1 ,with all the family round you too3 ,man1 woman1 child--the whole blest crew6 ,old image1 what6 so shameless yet1 ,and prone on gauds your mind to set8 ,think on your latter end at last6 ,your hundredth year's already past4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,think ,,of ,,it1 ,,my ,,soul6#cj 7#aheb7 ,somewhere a pine is green1 ,just where who knoweth1 ,and in a garth unseen ,a rose-tree bloweth4 ,these are ordained for thee-- ,think1 oh soul1 fixedly-- ,over thy grave to be2 ,swift the time floweth4 ,two black steeds on the down ,briskly are faring1 ,or on their way to town ,canter uncaring4 ,these may with heavy tread ,slowly convey the dead ,e'en ere the shoes be shed ,they now are wearing4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,erinna ,,to ,,sappho#ca 7#ahfc7 7,erinna was a ,greek poetess1 a friend and pupil of ,sappho of ,lesbos4 ,she died at the age of nineteen47 ,many the paths to ,hades1 an ancient proverb ,tells us1 and one of them thou thyself shalt follow1 ,doubt not6 ,my sweetest ,sappho1 who can doubt it8 ,tells not each day the old tale8 ,yet the foreboding word in a youthful bosom ,rankles not1 as a fisher bred by the seashore1 ,deafened by use1 perceives the breaker's thunder no more4 --,strangely1 however1 today my heart misgave me4 ,attend3 ,sunny the glow of morn-tide1 pouring ,through the trees of my well-walled garden1 ,roused the slugabed 7so of late thou calledst ,erinna7 ,early up from her sultry couch4 ,full was my soul of quiet1 although my blood beat ,quick with uncertain waves o'er the thin cheek's pallor4 ,then1 as ,i loosed the plaits of my shining tresses1 ,parting with nard-moist comb above my forehead ,the veil of hair--in the glass my own glance met me4 ,eyes1 strange eyes1 ,i said1 what will ye8 ,spirit of me1 that within there dwelled securely as yet1 ,occultly wed to my living senses-- ,demon-like1 half smiling thy solemn message1 ,thou dost nod to me1 ,death presaging6 --,ha6 all at once like lightning a thrill went through me1 ,or as a deadly arrow with sable feathers ,whizzing had grazed my temples1 ,so that1 with hands pressed over my face1 a long time ,dumb-struck ,i sat1 while my thought reeled at the frightful abyss4 ,tearless at first ,i pondered1 ,weighing the terror of ,death2 ,till ,i bethought me of thee1 my ,sappho1 ,and of my comrades all1 ,and of the muses' lore1 ,when straightway the tears ran fast4 ,but there on the table gleamed a beautiful hair-net1 thy gift1 ,costly handwork of ,byssos1 spangled with golden bees4 ,this1 when next in the flowery festal season ,we shall worship the glorious child of ,demeter1 ,this will ,i offer to her for thy and my sake1 ,so may she favor us both 7for she much availeth71 ,that no mourning lock thou untimely sever ,from thy beloved head for thy poor ,erinna4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,mozart',s ,,journey ,,from ,,vienna ,,to ,,prague 7about #ahej7 ,a ,,romance ,,of ,,his ,,private ,,life ,,by ,,eduard ,m,,rike ,,translated ,,by ,,florence ,,leonard ,in the fall of the year #aghg ,mozart and his wife undertook a journey to ,prague1 where he was to finish and bring out his masterpiece1 ,don ,juan4 ,eleven o'clock of the fourteenth of ,september found them well on their way and in the best of spirits4 ,they had been traveling two days1 and were about one hundred and twenty miles from ,vienna1 among the beautiful ,mhrische mountains4 ,the splendid coach1 drawn by three post-horses1 belonged to an elderly ,frau ,volkstett1 wife of ,general ,volkstett1 who prided herself on her intimacy with the ,mozarts and on the favors she had shown them4 ,the carriage was painted a bright yellowish-red1 the body adorned with garlands of gay-colored flowers1 the wheels finished with narrow stripes of gold4 ,the high top was fitted with stiff leather curtains1 now drawn back and fastened4 ,the dress of the travelers was simple1 for the new clothes to be worn at court were carefully packed in the trunk4 ,mozart wore an embroidered waistcoat of a somewhat faded blue1 his ordinary brown coat--with a row of large1 curiously fashioned gilt buttons--black silk stockings and small-clothes1 and shoes with gilt buckles4 ,as the day grew warm1 unusually warm for ,september1 he had taken off both hat and coat and was sitting in his shirt-sleeves1 bare headed1 serenely chatting4 ,his thick hair1 drawn back into a braid1 was powdered even more carelessly than usual4 ,frau ,mozart's hair1 a wealth of light brown curls1 never disfigured by powder1 fell1 half unfastened1 upon her shoulders4 ,she wore a traveling-suit of striped stuff--light green and white4 ,they were slowly ascending a gentle slope1 where rich fields alternated with long stretches of woodland1 when ,mozart exclaimed3 ,how many woods we have passed every day of our journey1 and ,i hardly noticed them1 much less thought of going into them6 ,postilion1 stop and let your horses rest a bit1 while we get some of those blue-bells yonder in the shade6 ,as they rose to leave the coach they became aware of a slight accident for which the master had to take the blame4 ,through his carelessness a bottle of choice perfume had lost its cork1 and its contents had run1 unperceived1 over clothing and carriage cushions4 ,i might have known it1 lamented ,frau ,mozart1 ,i have smelled it this long while6 ,oh dear6 ,a whole bottle of real ',rose d',aurore6' ,i was as careful of it as if it had been gold6 ,never mind1 little goose1 was ,mozart's comforting answer4 ,this was the only way that your sacred smelling-stuff would do us any good4 ,the air was like an oven here1 and all your fanning made it no cooler4 ,but presently the carriage was comfortable--you said it was because ,i poured a couple of drops on my jabot--and we could talk and enjoy our journey instead of hanging our heads like sheep in a butcher's cart4 ,it will last all the rest of the way4 ,come now1 let us stick our two ,vienna noses into this green wilderness6 ,they climbed the bank arm-in-arm1 and strolled into the shade of the pines1 which grew deeper and deeper1 till only here and there a stray sunbeam lighted up the green mossy carpet4 ,so cool was the air that ,mozart soon had to put on the coat1 which1 but for his prudent wife1 he would have left behind4 ,presently he stopped and looked up through the rows of lofty tree-trunks4 ,how beautiful6 he cried4 ,it is like being in church6 ,this is a real wood1 a whole family of trees6 ,no human hand planted them1 but they seem to have come and stood there just because it is pleasant to live and grow in company4 ,to think that ,i have traveled half over ,europe1 have seen the ,alps and the ocean1 and yet1 happening to come into an ordinary ,bohemian pine-woods1 ,i am astonished that such a thing actually exists2 not as a poetic fiction like the nymphs and fauns1 but really living1 drawn out of the earth by moisture and sunshine6 ,imagine the deer1 with his wonderful antlers1 at home here1 and the mischievous squirrel1 the wood-cock1 and the jay6 ,he stooped and picked a mushroom1 praised its deep red color and delicate white lines1 and put a handful of cones into his pocket4 ,any one would think that you had never walked a dozen steps in the ,prater1 said his wife2 these same rare cones and mushrooms are to be found there too6 ,the ,prater6 ,heavens1 how can you mention it6 ,what is there in the ,prater but carriages and swords1 gowns and fans1 music and hubbub6 ,as for the trees1 large as they are--well1 even the acorns on the ground seem like second cousins to the old corks lying beside them6 ,you could walk there two hours1 and still smell waiters and sauces6 ,oh1 what a speech from a man whose greatest pleasure is to eat a good supper in the ,prater6 ,after they had returned to the carriage and sat watching the smiling fields which stretched away to the mountains behind them1 ,mozart exclaimed3 ,indeed the earth is beautiful1 and no one can be blamed for wanting to stay on it as long as possible4 ,thank ,god1 ,i feel as fresh and strong as ever1 and ready for a thousand things as soon as my new opera is finished and brought out4 ,but how much there is in the outside world1 and how much at home1 both wonderful and beautiful1 that ,i know nothing about6 ,beauties of nature1 sciences1 and both fine arts and useful arts6 ,that black charcoal-burner there by his kiln knows just as much as ,i do about many things4 ,and ,i should like well enough to look into some subjects that aren't connected with my own trade6 ,the other day1 interrupted his wife1 ,i came across your old pocket-calendar for '#he4 ,there were three or four special memoranda at the end4 ,one read3 ',about the middle of ,october they are to cast the great lions at the imperial brass foundry4' ,another was underlined twice ',call on ,professor ,gottner4' ,who is he8 ,oh ,oh yes1 ,i remember6 ,that kind old gentleman in the observatory1 who invites me there now and then4 ,i meant1 long ago1 to take you to see the moon and the man in it4 ,they have a new telescope1 so strong that they can see distinctly mountains and valleys and chasms1 and1 on the side where the sun does not fall1 the shadows of the mountains4 ,two years ago ,i planned to go there6 ,shameful6 ,well1 the moon will not run away6 ,but it is so with everything4 ,it is too hard to think of all that one puts off and loses1 not duties to ,god and to man only1 but pure pleasures--those small innocent pleasures which are within one's grasp every day6 ,madame ,mozart could not or would not turn his thoughts into another channel1 and could only agree with him as he went on3 ,have ,i ever been able to have a whole hour of pleasure with my own children8 ,even they can be only half enjoyed6 ,the boys have one ride on my knee1 chase me once around the room1 and stop4 ,i must shake them off and go6 ,i cannot remember that we have had once a whole day in the country together1 at ,easter or ,whitsuntide1 in garden or woods or meadows to grow young again among the children and flowers4 ,and meanwhile life is gradually slipping and running and rushing away from us6 ,dear ,lord6 ,to think of it6 ,with such self-reproach began a serious conversation4 ,how sad that ,mozart1 passionate as he was1 keenly alive to all the beauties of the world1 and full of the highest aspirations1 never knew peace and contentment1 in spite of all that he enjoyed and created in his short life4 ,the reason is easily found in those weaknesses1 apparently unconquerable1 which were so large a part of his character4 ,the man's needs were many2 his fondness for society extraordinarily great4 ,honored and sought by all the families of rank1 he seldom refused an invitation to a fte or social gathering of any sort4 ,he had1 besides1 his own circle of friends whom he entertained of a ,sunday evening1 and often at dinner at his own well-ordered table4 ,occasionally1 to the inconvenience of his wife1 he would bring in unexpected guests of diverse gifts1 any one whom he might happen to meet--amateurs1 fellow-artists1 singers1 poets4 ,an idle hanger-on whose only merit lay in his companionable mood or in his jests1 was as welcome as a gifted connoisseur or a distinguished musician4 ,but the greater part of his recreation ,mozart sought away from home4 ,he was to be found almost every afternoon at billiards in the ,kaffeehaus1 and many an evening at the inn4 ,he enjoyed both driving and riding1 frequented balls and masquerades--a finished dancer--and took part in popular celebrations also1 masquerading regularly on ,st4 ,bridget's ,day as ,pierrot4 ,these pleasures1 sometimes wild and extravagant1 sometimes quieter in tone1 were designed to refresh the severely taxed brain after extreme labors2 and in the mysterious ways of genius they bore fruit in later days4 ,but unfortunately he was so bent on enjoying to the full every moment of pleasure that there was room for no other consideration1 whether of prudence or duty1 of self-preservation or of economy4 ,both in his amusements and in his creative activity ,mozart knew no limits4 ,part of the night was always devoted to composition2 early in the morning1 often even while in bed1 he finished his work4 ,then1 driving or walking1 he made the rounds of his lessons1 which generally took a part of the afternoon also4 ,we take a great deal of trouble for our pupils1 and it is often hard not to lose patience1 he wrote to one of his patrons4 ,because we are well recommended as pianists and teachers of music we load ourselves down with pupils1 and are always willing to add another2 if only the bills are promptly paid it does not matter whether the new student be a ,hungarian mustachio from the engineer corps1 whom ,satan has tempted to wade through thorough-bass and counterpoint1 or the haughtiest little countess who receives us in a fury1 as she would ,master ,coquerel1 the hair-dresser1 if we do not arrive on the stroke of the hour4 ,so1 when weary with the occupations of his profession1 school-work1 and rehearsals as well as private lessons1 and in need of refreshment1 he gave his nerves a seeming restorative only in new excitement4 ,his health began to suffer1 and ever-recurring fits of melancholy were certainly fostered1 if not actually induced1 by his ill health2 and the premonition of his early death1 which for a long time haunted him1 was finally fulfilled4 ,the deepest melancholy and remorse were the bitter fruits of every pleasure which he tasted2 yet we know that even these troubled streams emptied pure and clear in the deep spring from which all joy and all woe flowed in marvelous melodies4 ,the effects of ,mozart's illness showed most plainly when at home4 ,the temptation to spend his money foolishly and carelessly was very great4 ,it was due1 as a matter of course1 to one of his most lovely traits4 ,if any one in need came to him to borrow money or to ask his name as security1 he consented at once with smiling generosity and without making arrangements to insure the return of the loan4 ,the means which such generosity1 added to the needs of his household1 required1 were out of all proportion to his actual income4 ,the sums which he received from theatres and concerts1 from publishers and pupils1 together with the ,emperor's pension1 were the smaller because the public taste was far from declaring itself in favor of ,mozart's compositions4 ,the very beauty1 depth1 and fulness of his music were1 in general1 opposed to the easily understood compositions then in favor4 ,to be sure1 the ,viennese public could not get enough of ,die ,entfhrung aus dem ,serail1 thanks to its popular element4 ,but1 on the other hand1 several years later ,figaro made a most unexpected and lamentable fiasco1 in comparison with the success of its pleasing1 though quite insignificant rival ,cosa rara--and not alone through the intrigue of the manager4 ,it was the same ,figaro which1 soon after1 the cultivated and unprejudiced people of ,prague received with such enthusiasm that the master1 in gratitude1 determined to write his next great opera for them4 ,but despite the unfavorable period and the influence of his enemies1 ,mozart1 if he had been more prudent and circumspect1 might have received a very considerable sum from his art4 ,as it was1 he was in arrears after every enterprise1 even when full houses shouted their applause to him4 ,so circumstances1 his own nature1 and his own faults conspired to keep him from prosperity4 ,and what a sad life was that of ,frau ,mozart6 ,she was young and of a cheerful disposition1 musical1 and of a musical family1 and had the best will in the world to stop the mischief at the outset1 and1 failing in that1 to make up for the loss in great things by saving in small affairs4 ,but she lacked1 perhaps1 skill and experience4 ,she held the purse1 and kept the account of the house expenses4 ,every claim1 every bill1 every vexation was carried to her4 ,how often must she have choked back the tears when to such distress and want1 painful embarrassment1 and fear of open disgrace1 was added the melancholy of her husband1 in which he would remain for days1 accomplishing nothing1 refusing all comfort1 and either sighing and complaining1 or sitting silent in a corner1 thinking continually of death6 ,but she seldom lost courage1 and almost always her clear judgment found counsel and relief1 though it might be but temporary4 ,in reality she could make no radical change in the situation4 ,if she persuaded him in seriousness or in jest1 by entreaties or by coaxing1 to eat his supper and spend his evening with his family1 she had gained but little4 ,perhaps1 touched by the sight of his wife's distress1 he would curse his bad habits and promise all that she asked--even more4 ,but to no purpose2 he would soon1 unexpectedly1 find himself in the old ruts again4 ,one is tempted to believe that he could not do otherwise1 and that a code of morals1 totally different from our ideas of right and wrong1 of necessity controlled him4 ,yet ,frau ,constanze hoped continually for a favorable turn of affairs1 a great improvement in their financial condition1 which could hardly fail to follow ,mozart's increasing fame4 ,if the anxiety which always pressed upon him1 more or less1 could be lightened2 if1 instead of devoting half his strength and time to earning money he could live only for his art1 and1 moreover1 could enjoy with a clear conscience those pleasures which he needed for body and mind1 then he would grow calmer and more natural4 ,she hoped1 indeed1 for an opportunity to leave ,vienna1 for1 in spite of his affection for the place1 she was convinced that he would never prosper there4 ,some decisive step toward the realization of her plans and wishes she promised herself as the result of the new opera1 for which they were now on their way to ,prague4 ,the composition was more than half written4 ,trusty friends and competent judges who had heard the beginning of the work talked of it with such enthusiasm that many of ,mozart's enemies1 even1 were prepared to hear1 within six months1 that his ,don ,juan had taken all ,germany by storm4 ,his more prudent and moderate friends1 who took into consideration the state of the public taste1 hardly expected an immediate and universal success2 and with these the master himself secretly agreed4 ,constanze1 however1 was like all women4 ,if once they hope1 particularly in a righteous cause1 they are less apt than men are to give heed to discouraging features4 ,she still held fast to her favorable opinion1 and had1 even now1 new occasion to defend it4 ,she did so in her gay and lively fashion1 the more earnestly because ,mozart's spirits had fallen decidedly in the course of the previous conversation4 ,she described minutely how1 after their return1 she should use the hundred ducats which the manager at ,prague would pay for the score4 ,that sum would supply their most pressing needs1 and they could live comfortably till spring4 ,your ,herr ,bondine will make some money with this opera1 you may be sure2 and if he is half as honest as you think him1 he will give you later also a fair per cent4 of the price that other theatres pay him for their copies of ,don ,juan4 ,but1 even if he doesn't1 there are plenty of other good things that might happen to us2 they are more probable too6 ,what1 for instance8 ,a little bird told me that the ,king of ,prussia needs a leader for his orchestra4 ,oh6 ,a general music director1 ,i mean4 ,let me build you an air-castle6 ,that weakness ,i got from my mother4 ,build away6 ,the higher the better6 ,no1 my air-castles are very real ones6 ,in a year from now they'll be reporting-- ,if the ,pope to ,gretchen comes a-courting6 ,keep quiet1 you ridiculous goose6 ,i tell you by the first of next ,september there will be no ',imperial ,court ,composer' of the name of ,wolf ,mozart to be found in ,vienna4 ,may the foxes bite you for that6 ,i hear already what our old friends are saying and gossiping about us4 ,what1 then8 ,well1 a little after nine o'clock one fine morning our old friend and admirer ,frau ,volkstett comes sailing at full speed across the ,kahlmarkt4 ,she has been away for three months4 ,that famous visit to her brother-in-law in ,saxony1 that we have heard about every day1 has at last come off4 ,she returned yesterday1 and cannot wait any longer to see her dear friend1 the ,colonel's wife4 ,upstairs she goes and knocks at the door1 and does not wait for an answer4 ,you may imagine the rejoicing and the embracing an both sides4 ',now dearest1 best ,frau ,colonel1' she begins after the greetings are over1 ',i have so many messages for you4 ,guess from whom8 ,i didn't come straight from ,stendal1 but by way of ,brandenburg4' ',what6 ,not through ,berlin6 ,you haven't been with the ,mozarts8' ',yes1 ten heavenly days6' ',oh1 my dear1 good ,frau ,general1 tell me all about them6 ,how are our dear people8 ,do they like ,berlin as well as ever8 ,i can hardly imagine ,mozart living in ,berlin6 ,how does he act8 ,how does he look8' ',mozart6 ,you should see him6 ,this summer the ,king sent him to ,karlsbad4 ,when would that have occurred to his dear ,emperor ,joseph8 ,they had but just returned when ,i arrived4 ,he is fairly radiant with health and good spirits1 as sound and solid and lively as quicksilver1 with happiness and comfort beaming from his countenance4' ,and then the speaker began to paint in the brightest colors the glories of the new position4 ,from their dwelling on ,unter den ,linden1 from their garden and country-house to the brilliant scenes of public activity and the smaller circle of the court--where he was to play accompaniments for the ,queen--all were vividly described4 ,she recited1 with the greatest ease1 whole conversations1 and the most delightful anecdotes4 ,indeed she seemed more familiar with ,berlin1 ,potsdam1 and ,sans ,souci than with the palace at ,schnbrunn and the ,emperor ,joseph's castle4 ,she was1 moreover1 cunning enough to depict our hero with many new domestic virtues which had developed on the firm ground of the ,berlin life1 and among which ,frau ,volkstett had perceived 7as a most remarkable phenomenon and a proof that extremes sometimes meet7 the disposition of a veritable little miser--and it made him altogether most charming4 ',yes1 think of it6 ,he is sure of his three thousand thalers1 and for what8 ,for directing a chamber concert once a week1 and the opera twice4 ,ah1 ,frau ,colonel1 ,i have seen him1 our dear1 precious little man1 in the midst of his excellent orchestra who adore him6 ,i sat with ,frau ,mozart in her box almost opposite the ,king's box4 ,and what was on the posters1 do you think8 ,look1 please6 ,i brought it for you1 wrapped around a little souvenir from the ,mozarts and myself4 ,look1 read it1 printed in letters a yard long6' ',heaven forbid6 ,not ,tarare6' ',yes6 ,what cannot one live to see6 ,two years ago1 when ,mozart wrote ,don ,juan1 and the wretched1 malicious1 yellow1 old ,salieri was preparing to repeat in ,vienna the triumph which he had won with his piece1 in ,paris1 and to show our good plain public1 contented with ,cosa rara1 a hawk or two2 while he and his arch-accomplice were plotting to present ,don ,juan just as they had presented ,figaro1 mutilated1 ruined1 ,i vowed that if the infamous ,tarare was ever given1 nothing should hire me to go to see it4 ,and ,i kept my word4 ,when everybody else ran to hear it--you too1 ,frau ,colonel--,i sat by my fire with my cat in my lap1 and ate my supper4 ,several times after that1 too4 ,but now imagine6 ,tarare on the ,berlin stage1 the work of his deadly foe1 conducted by ,mozart himself6' ',you must certainly go1' he said1 'if it is only to be able to say in ,vienna whether ,i had a hair clipped from ,absalom's head4 ,i wish he were here himself6 ,the jealous old sheep should see that ,i do not need to bungle another person's composition in order to show off my own4' ,brava6 ,bravissima6 shouted ,mozart1 and taking his wife by the ears he kissed her and teased her till the play with the bright bubbles of an imaginary future--which1 sad to say1 were never in the least to be realized--ended finally in laughter and jollity4 ,meanwhile they had long ago reached the valley1 and were approaching a town1 behind which lay the small modern palace of ,count ,schinzberg4 ,in this town they were to feed the horses1 to rest1 and to take their noonday meal4 ,the inn where they stopped stood alone near the end of the village where an avenue of poplar trees led to the count's garden1 not six hundred paces away4 ,after they had alighted1 ,mozart1 as usual1 left to his wife the arrangements for dinner1 and ordered for himself a glass of wine1 while she asked only for water and a quiet room where she could get a little sleep4 ,the host led the way upstairs1 and ,mozart1 now singing1 now whistling1 brought up the rear4 ,the room was newly whitewashed1 clean1 and fresh4 ,the ancient articles of furniture were of noble descent2 they had probably once adorned the dwelling of the ,count4 ,the clean white bed was covered with a painted canopy1 resting upon slender green posts1 whose silken curtains were long ago replaced by a more ordinary stuff4 ,constanze prepared for her nap1 ,mozart promising to wake her in time for dinner4 ,she bolted the door behind him1 and he descended to seek entertainment in the coffee-room4 ,here1 however1 no one but the host was to be seen1 and1 since his conversation suited ,mozart no better than his wine1 the master proposed a walk to the palace garden while dinner was preparing4 ,respectable strangers1 he was told1 were allowed to enter the grounds2 besides1 the family were away for the day4 ,a short walk brought him to the gate1 which stood open2 then he slowly followed a path overhung by tall old linden-trees1 till he suddenly came upon the palace which stood a little to the left4 ,it was a light1 plaster building1 in the ,italian style1 with a broad1 double flight of steps in front2 the slate-covered roof was finished in the usual manner1 with a balustrade1 and was adorned with statues of gods and goddesses4 ,our master turned toward the shrubbery1 and1 passing many flower-beds still gay with blossoms1 took his leisurely way through a dark grove of pines until he came to an open space where a fountain was playing4 ,the rather large oval basin was surrounded with carefully kept orange-trees1 interspersed with laurels and oleanders2 a smooth gravel walk upon which an arbor opened ran around the fountain4 ,it was a most tempting resting-place1 and ,mozart threw himself down upon the rustic bench which stood by a table within the arbor4 ,listening to the splash of the water1 and watching an orange-tree which stood1 heavy with fruit1 apart from the rest1 our friend was carried away by visions of the ,south and favorite memories of his childhood4 ,smiling thoughtfully1 he reached toward the nearest orange1 as if to take the tempting fruit in his hand4 ,but closely connected with that scene of his youth there flashed upon him a long-forgotten1 half-effaced1 musical memory1 which he pondered long and tried to follow out4 ,then his glance brightened1 and darted here and there2 an idea had come to him1 and he worked it out eagerly4 ,absently he grasped the orange again--it broke from the tree and remained in his hand4 ,he looked at it1 but did not see it2 indeed1 his artistic abstraction went so far that1 after rolling the fragrant fruit back and forth before his nose1 while his lips moved silently with the melody which was singing itself to him1 he presently took from his pocket an enameled case1 and with a small silver-handled knife slowly cut open the fruit4 ,perhaps he had a vague sense of thirst1 but1 if so1 the fragrance of the open fruit allayed it4 ,he looked long at the inner surfaces1 then fitted them gently together1 opened them again1 and again put them together4 ,just then steps approached the arbor4 ,mozart started1 suddenly remembering where he was and what he had done4 ,he was about to hide the orange1 but stopped1 either from pride or because he was too late4 ,a tall1 broad-shouldered man in livery1 the head-gardener1 stood before him4 ,he had evidently seen the last guilty movement1 and stopped1 amazed4 ,mozart1 likewise1 was too much surprised to speak1 and1 sitting as if nailed to his chair1 half laughing yet blushing1 looked the gardener somewhat boldly in the face with his big1 blue eyes4 ,then--it would have been most amusing for a third person--with a sort of defiant courage he set the apparently uninjured orange in the middle of the table4 ,i beg your pardon1 sir1 began the gardener rather angrily1 as he looked at ,mozart's unprepossessing clothing1 ,i do not know whom ,i have the honor-- ,kapellmeister ,mozart1 of ,vienna4 ,you are acquainted in the palace1 ,i presume4 ,i am a stranger1 merely passing through the village4 ,is the ,count at home8 ,no4 ,his wife8 ,she is engaged and would hardly see you4 ,mozart rose1 as if he would go4 ,with your permission1 sir1 how do you happen to be pilfering here8 ,what6 cried ,mozart4 ,pilfering6 ,the devil6 ,do you believe1 then1 that ,i meant to steal and eat that thing8 ,i believe what ,i see1 sir4 ,those oranges are counted1 and ,i am responsible for them4 ,that tree was just to be carried to the house for an entertainment4 ,i cannot let you go until ,i have reported the matter and you yourself have told how it happened4 ,very well4 ,be assured that ,i will wait here4 ,the gardener hesitated1 and ,mozart1 thinking that perhaps he expected a fee1 felt in his pocket2 but he found nothing4 ,two men now came by1 lifted the tree upon a barrow and carried it away4 ,meanwhile ,mozart had taken a piece of paper from his pocket-book1 and1 as the gardener did not stir1 began to write3 ,dear ,madam4--,here ,i sit1 miserable1 in your ,paradise1 like ,adam of old1 after he had tasted the apple4 ,the mischief is done1 and ,i cannot even put the blame on a good ,eve1 for she is at the inn sleeping the sleep of innocence in a canopy-bed1 surrounded by ,graces and ,cupids4 ,if you require it ,i will give you an account of my offense1 which is incomprehensible even to myself4 ,i am covered with confusion1 and remain ,your most obedient servant1 ,w4 ,a4 ,,mozart4 ,on the way to ,prague4 ,he hastily folded the note and handed it to the impatient servant4 ,the fellow had scarcely gone when a carriage rolled up to the opposite side of the palace4 ,in it was the ,count1 who had brought with him1 from a neighboring estate1 his niece and her fianc1 a young and wealthy ,baron4 ,the betrothal had just taken place at the house of the latter's invalid mother2 but the event was also to be celebrated at the ,count's palace1 which had always been a second home to his niece4 ,the ,countess1 with her son1 ,lieutenant ,max1 had returned from the betrothal somewhat earlier1 in order to complete arrangements at the palace4 ,now corridors and stairways were alive with servants1 and only with difficulty did the gardener finally reach the antechamber and hand the note to the ,countess4 ,she did not stop to open it1 but1 without noticing what the messenger said1 hurried away4 ,he waited and waited1 but she did not come back4 ,one servant after another ran past him--waiters1 chambermaids1 valets2 he asked for the ,count1 only to be told ,he is dressing4 ,at last he found ,count ,max in his own room2 but he was talking with the ,baron1 and for fear the gardener would let slip something which the ,baron was not to know beforehand1 cut the message short with3 ,go along1 ,i'll be there in a moment4 ,then there was quite a long while to wait before father and son at last appeared together1 and heard the fatal news4 ,that is outrageous1 cried the fat1 good-natured1 but somewhat hasty ,count4 ,that is an impossible story6 ,a ,vienna musician is he8 ,some ragamuffin1 who walks along the high-road and helps himself to whatever he sees6 ,i beg your pardon1 sir4 ,he doesn't look just like that4 ,i thinks he's not quite right in the head1 sir1 and he seems to be very proud4 ,he says his name is ',moser4' ,he is waiting downstairs4 ,i told ,franz to keep an eye on him4 ,the deuce6 ,what good will that do1 now8 ,even if ,i should have the fool arrested1 it wouldn't mend matters4 ,i've told you a thousand times that the front gates were to be kept locked6 ,besides1 it couldn't have happened if you had had things ready at the proper time6 ,just then the ,countess1 pleased and excited1 entered the room with the open note in her hand4 ,do you know who is downstairs8 she exclaimed4 ,for goodness' sake1 read that note6 ,mozart from ,vienna1 the composer6 ,some body must go at once and invite him in6 ,i'm afraid he will be gone6 ,what will he think of me8 ,you treated him very politely1 ,i hope1 ,velten4 ,what was it that happened8 ,what happened8 interrupted the ,count1 whose wrath was not immediately assuaged by the prospect of a visit from a famous man4 ,the madman pulled one of the nine oranges from the tree which was for ,eugenie4 ,monster6 ,so the point of our joke is gone1 and ,max may as well tear up his poem4 ,oh1 no6 she answered1 earnestly2 the gap can easily be filled4 ,leave that to me4 ,but go1 both of you1 release the good man1 and persuade him to come in1 if you possibly can4 ,he shall not go further today if we can coax him to stay4 ,if you do not find him in the garden1 go to the inn and bring him and his wife too4 ,fate could not have provided a greater gift or a finer surprise for ,eugenie today4 ,no1 indeed1 answered ,max1 that was my first thought1 too4 ,come1 ,papa6 ,and--as they descended the staircase--you may be quite easy about the verses4 ,the ninth ,muse will not desert me2 instead1 ,i can use the accident to especial advantage4 ,impossible6 ,not at all6 ,well1 if that is so--,i take your word for it--we will do the lunatic all possible honor4 ,while all this was going on in the palace1 our quasi-prisoner1 not very anxious over the outcome of the affair1 had busied himself some time in writing4 ,then1 as no one appeared1 he began to walk uneasily up and down4 ,presently came an urgent message from the inn1 that dinner was ready long ago and the postilion was anxious to start2 would he please come at once4 ,so he packed up his papers and was just about to leave1 when the two men appeared before the arbor4 ,the ,count greeted him in his jovial1 rather noisy fashion1 and would hear not a word of apology1 but insisted that ,mozart should accompany him to the house1 for the afternoon and evening at least4 ,you are so well known to us1 my dear ,maestro1 that ,i doubt if you could find a family where your name is spoken more often1 or with greater enthusiasm4 ,my niece sings and plays1 she spends almost the whole day at her piano1 knows your works by heart1 and has had the greatest desire to meet you1 particularly since the last of your concerts4 ,she had been promised an invitation from ,princess ,gallizin1 in ,vienna1 in a few weeks--a house where you often play1 ,i hear4 ,but now you are going to ,prague1 and no one knows whether you will ever come back to us4 ,take today and tomorrow for rest2 let us send away your traveling carriage and be responsible for the remainder of your journey4 ,the composer1 who would willingly have sacrificed upon the altar of friendship or of pleasure ten times as much as was asked of him now1 did not hesitate long4 ,he insisted1 however1 that very early next morning they must continue their journey4 ,count ,max craved the pleasure of bringing ,frau ,mozart and of attending to all necessary matters at the inn2 he would walk over1 and a carriage should follow immediately4 ,count ,max inherited from both father and mother a lively imagination1 and had1 besides1 talent and inclination for belles lettres4 ,as an officer he was distinguished rather for his learning and culture than because of fondness for military life4 ,he was well read in ,french literature1 and at a time when ,german verse was of small account in the higher circles had won appreciation for uncommon ease of style--writing after such models as ,hagedorn and ,gtz4 ,the betrothal had offered him1 as we already learned1 a particularly happy occasion for the exercise of his gifts4 ,he found ,madame ,mozart seated at the table1 where she had already begun the meal1 talking with the inn-keeper's daughter4 ,she was too well used to ,mozart's habits of forming acquaintances and accepting impromptu invitations to be greatly surprised at the appearance and message of the young officer4 ,with undisguised pleasure she prepared to accompany him1 and thoughtfully and quickly gave all necessary orders4 ,satchels were repacked1 the inn-keeper was paid1 the postilion dismissed1 and1 without too great anxiety over her toilet1 she herself made ready1 and drove off in high spirits to the palace1 never guessing in what a strange fashion her spouse had introduced himself there4 ,he1 meanwhile1 was most comfortably and delightfully entertained4 ,he had met ,eugenie1 a most lovely creature1 fair and slender1 gay in shining crimson silk and costly lace1 with a white ribbon studded with pearls in her hair4 ,the ,baron1 too1 was presented1 a man of gentle and frank disposition1 but little older than his fiance and seemingly well suited to her4 ,the jovial host1 almost too generous with his jests and stories1 led the conversation2 refreshments were offered1 which our traveler did not refuse4 ,then some one opened the piano1 upon which ,figaro was lying1 and ,eugenie began to sing1 to the ,baron's accompaniment1 ,susanne's passionate aria in the garden scene4 ,the embarrassment which for a moment made her bright color come and go1 fled with the first notes from her lips1 and she sang as if inspired4 ,mozart was evidently surprised4 ,as she finished he went to her with unaffected pleasure4 ,how can one praise you1 dear child1 he said4 ,such singing is like the sunshine1 which praises itself best because it does every one good4 ,it is to the soul like a refreshing bath to a child2 he laughs1 and wonders1 and is content4 ,not every day1 ,i assure you1 do we composers hear ourselves sung with such purity and simplicity--with such perfection6 and he seized her hand and kissed it heartily4 ,mozart's amiability and kindness1 no less than his high appreciation of her talent1 touched ,eugenie deeply1 and her eyes filled with tears of pleasure4 ,at that moment ,madame ,mozart entered1 and immediately after appeared other guests who had been expected--a family of distant relatives1 of whom one1 ,franziska1 had been from childhood ,eugenie's intimate friend4 ,when all the greetings and congratulations were over1 ,mozart seated himself at the piano4 ,he played a part of one of his concertos1 which ,eugenie happened to be learning4 ,it was a great delight to have the artist and his genius so near--within one's own walls4 ,the composition was one of those brilliant ones in which pure ,beauty1 in a fit of caprice1 seems to have lent herself to the service of ,elegance1 but1 only half disguised in changing forms and dazzling lights1 betrays in every movement her own nobility and pours out lavishly her glorious pathos4 ,the ,countess noticed that most of the listeners1 even ,eugenie herself1 were divided between seeing and hearing1 although they gave the close attention and kept the perfect silence which were due to such enchanting playing4 ,indeed it was not easy to resist a throng of distracting and wondering thoughts as one watched the composer--his erect1 almost stiff position1 his good-natured face1 the graceful movements of his small hands and curved fingers4 ,turning to ,madame ,mozart1 as the playing ceased1 the ,count began3 ,when it is necessary to give a compliment to a composer--not everybody's business--how easy it is for kings and emperors4 ,all words are equally good and equally extraordinary in their mouths2 they dare to say whatever they please4 ,and how comfortable it must be1 for instance1 to sit close behind ,herr ,mozart's chair1 and1 at the final chord of a brilliant ,fantasia1 to clap the modest and learned man on the shoulder and say3 ',my dear ,mozart1 you are a ,jack-at-all-trades6' ,and the word goes like wild-fire through the hall3 ',what did he say8' ',he said ,mozart was a ,jack-at-all-trades6' and everybody who fiddles or pipes a song or composes is enraptured over the expression4 ,in short1 that is the way of the great1 the familiar manner of the emperors1 and quite inimitable4 ,i have always envied the ,friedrichs and the ,josefs that faculty1 but never more than now when ,i quite despair of finding in my mind's pockets the suitable coin6 ,the ,count's jest provoked a laugh1 as usual1 and the guests followed their hostess toward the dining-hall1 where the fragrance of flowers and refreshingly cool air greeted them4 ,they took their places at the table1 ,mozart opposite ,eugenie and the ,baron4 ,his neighbor on one side was a little elderly lady1 an unmarried aunt of ,franziska's2 on the other side was the charming young niece who soon commended herself to him by her wit and gaiety4 ,frau ,constanze sat between the host and her friendly guide1 the ,lieutenant4 ,the lower end of the table was empty4 ,in the centre stood two large epergnes1 heaped with fruits and flowers4 ,the walls were hung with rich festoons1 and all the appointments indicated an extensive banquet4 ,upon tables and side-boards were the choicest wines1 from the deepest red to the pale yellow1 whose sparkling foam crowns the second half of the feast4 ,for some time the conversation1 carried on from all sides1 had been general4 ,but when the ,count1 who1 from the first1 had been hinting at ,mozart's adventure in the garden1 came mysteriously nearer and nearer to it1 so that some were smiling1 others puzzling their brains to know what it all meant1 ,mozart at last took the cue4 ,i will truthfully confess1 he began1 how ,i came to have the honor of an acquaintance with this noble house4 ,i do not play a very dignified rle in the tale2 in fact1 ,i came within a hair's breadth of sitting1 not here at this bountiful table1 but hungry and alone in the most remote dungeon of the palace1 watching the spider-webs on the wall4 ,it must1 indeed1 be a pretty story1 cried ,madame ,mozart4 ,then ,mozart related minutely all that we already know1 to the great entertainment of his audience4 ,there was no end to the merriment1 even the gentle ,eugenie shaking with uncontrollable laughter4 ,well1 he went on1 according to the proverb ,i need not mind your laughter1 for ,i have made my small profit out of the affair1 as you will soon see4 ,but first hear how it happened that an old fellow could so forget himself4 ,a reminiscence of my childhood was to blame for it4 ,in the spring of #aggj1 a thirteen-year-old boy1 ,i traveled with my father in ,italy4 ,we went from ,rome to ,naples1 where ,i had already played twice in the conservatory and several times in other places4 ,the nobility and clergy had shown us many attentions1 but especially attracted to us was a certain ,abb1 who flattered himself that he was a connoisseur1 and who1 moreover1 had some influence at court4 ,the day before we left he conducted us1 with some other acquaintances1 into a royal garden1 the ,villa ,reale1 situated upon a beautiful street1 close to the sea4 ,a company of ,sicilian comedians were performing there--',sons of ,neptune' was one of the many names they gave themselves4 ,with many distinguished spectators1 among whom were the young and lovely ,queen ,carolina and two princesses1 we sat on benches ranged in long rows in a gallery shaded with awnings1 while the waves splashed against the wall below4 ,the many-colored sea reflected the glorious heavens2 directly before us rose ,vesuvius2 on the left gleamed the gentle curve of the shore4 ,the first part of the entertainment was rather uninteresting4 ,a float which lay on the water had served as a stage4 ,but the second part consisted of rowing1 swimming1 and diving1 and every detail has always remained fresh in my memory4 ,from opposite sides of the water two graceful light boats approached each other1 bent1 as it seemed1 upon a pleasure-trip4 ,the larger one1 gorgeously painted1 with a gilded prow1 was provided with a quarter-deck1 and had1 besides the rowers' seats1 a slender mast and a sail4 ,five youths1 ideally handsome1 with bared shoulders and limbs1 were busy about the boat1 or were amusing themselves with a like number of maidens1 their sweethearts4 ,one of these1 who was sitting in the centre of the deck twining wreaths of flowers1 was noticeable as well for her beauty as for her dress4 ,the others waited upon her1 stretched an awning to shield her from the sun1 and passed her flowers from the basket4 ,one1 a flute player1 sat at her feet1 and accompanied with her clear tones the singing of the others4 ,the beauty in the centre had her own particular admirer2 yet the pair seemed rather indifferent to each other1 and ,i thought the youth almost rude4 ,meanwhile the other boat had come nearer4 ,it was more simply fashioned1 and carried youths only4 ,the colors of the first boat were red1 but the crew of this one wore green4 ,they stopped at sight of the others1 nodded greetings to the maidens1 and made signs that they wished to become better acquainted4 ,thereupon the liveliest of the girls took a rose from her bosom1 and roguishly held it on high1 as if to ask whether such a gift would be welcome4 ,she was answered with enthusiasm4 ,the red youths looked on1 sullen and contemptuous1 but could not object when several of the maidens proposed to throw to the poor strangers at least enough to keep them from starving4 ,a basket of oranges--probably only yellow balls--stood on deck2 and now began a charming display1 accompanied by music from the quay4 ,one of the girls tossed from light fingers a couple of oranges2 back they came from fingers in the other boat1 as light4 ,on they went1 back and forth1 and as one girl after another joined in the sport dozens of oranges were soon flying through the air4 ,only one1 the beauty in the middle of the boat1 took no part1 except to look on1 curiously1 from her comfortable couch4 ,we could not sufficiently admire the skill on both sides4 ,the boats circled slowly about1 turning now the prow1 now the sides1 toward each other4 ,there were about two dozen balls continually in the air1 yet they seemed many more1 sometimes falling in regular figures1 sometimes rising high in lofty curves1 almost never going astray1 but seeming to be attracted by some mysterious power in the outstretched hands4 ,the ear was quite as well entertained as the eye--with charming melodies1 ,sicilian airs1 dances1 ,saltorelli1 ,canzoni a ballo--a long medley woven together like a garland4 ,the youngest princess1 an impulsive little creature1 about my own age1 kept nodding her head in time to the music4 ,her smile and her eyes with their long lashes ,i can see to this day4 ,now let me briefly describe the rest of the entertainment1 though it has nothing to do with my affair in the garden4 ,you could hardly imagine anything prettier4 ,the play with the balls gradually ceased1 and then1 all of a sudden1 one of the youths of the green colors drew out of the water a net with which he seemed to have been playing4 ,to the general surprise1 a huge shining fish lay in it4 ,the boy's companions sprang to seize it1 but it slipped from their hands to the sea1 as if it had really been alive4 ,this was only a ruse1 however1 to lure the red youths from their boat2 and they fell into the trap4 ,they1 as well as those of the green1 threw themselves into the water after the fish4 ,so began a lively and most amusing chase4 ,at last the green swimmers1 seeing their opportunity1 boarded the red boat1 which now had only the maidens to defend it4 ,the noblest of the enemy1 as handsome as a god1 hastened joyfully to the beautiful maiden1 who received him with rapture1 heedless of the despairing shrieks of the others4 ,all efforts of the red to recover their boat were vain2 they were beaten back with oars and weapons4 ,their futile rage and struggles1 the cries and prayers of the maidens1 the music--now changed in tone--the waters--all made a scene beyond description1 and the audience applauded wildly4 ,then suddenly the sail was loosed1 and out of it sprang to the bowsprit a rosy1 silver-winged boy1 with bow and arrows and quiver2 the oars began to move1 the sail filled1 and the boat glided away1 as if under the guidance of the god1 to a little island4 ,thither1 after signals of truce had been exchanged1 the red youths hastened after boarding the deserted boat4 ,the unhappy maidens were released1 but the fairest one of all sailed away1 of her own free will1 with her lover4 ,and that was the end of the comedy4 ,i think1 whispered ,eugenie to the ,baron1 in the pause that followed1 that we had there a complete symphony in the true ,mozart spirit4 ,am ,i not right8 ,hasn't it just the grace of ,figaro8 ,but just as the ,baron would have repeated this remark to ,mozart1 the composer continued3 ,it is seventeen years since ,i was in ,italy4 ,but who that has once seen ,italy1 ,naples especially1 even with the eyes of a child1 will ever forget it8 ,yet ,i have never recalled that last beautiful day more vividly than today in your garden4 ,when ,i closed my eyes the last veil vanished1 and ,i saw the lovely spot--sea and shore1 mountain and city1 the gay throng of people1 and the wonderful game of ball4 ,i seemed to hear the same music--a stream of joyful melodies1 old and new1 strange and familiar1 one after another4 ,presently a little dance-song came along1 in six-eighth measure1 something quite new to me4 ,hold on1 ,i thought1 that is a devilishly cute little tune6 ,i listened more closely4 ,good ,heavens6 ,that is ,masetto1 that is ,zerlina6 ,he smiled and nodded at ,madame ,mozart1 who guessed what was coming4 ,it was this way1 he went on2 there was a little1 simple number of my first act unfinished--the duet and chorus of a country wedding4 ,two months ago1 when in composing my score ,i came to this number1 the right theme did not present itself at the first attempt4 ,it should be a simple child-like melody1 sparkling with joy--a fresh bunch of flowers tucked in among a maiden's fluttering ribbons4 ,so1 because one should not force such a thing1 and because such trifles often come of themselves1 ,i left that number1 and was so engrossed in the rest of the work that ,i almost forgot it4 ,today1 while we were driving along1 just outside the village1 the text came into my head2 but ,i cannot remember that ,i thought much about it4 ,yet1 only an hour later1 in the arbor by the fountain1 ,i caught just the right motif1 more happily than ,i could have found it in any other way1 at any other time4 ,an artist has strange experiences now and then1 but such a thing never happened to me be fore4 ,for to find a melody exactly fitted to the verse--but ,i must not anticipate4 ,the bird had only his head out of the shell1 and ,i proceeded to pull off the rest of it6 ,meantime ,zerlina's dance floated before my eyes1 and1 somehow1 too1 the view on the ,gulf of ,naples4 ,i heard the voices of the bridal couple1 and the chorus of peasants1 men and girls4 ,here ,mozart gayly hummed the beginning of the song4 ,meantime my hands had done the mischief1 ,nemesis was lurking near1 and suddenly appeared in the shape of the dreadful man in livery4 ,had an eruption of ,vesuvius suddenly destroyed and buried with its rain of ashes audience and actors1 the whole majesty of ,parthenope1 on that heavenly day by the sea1 ,i could not have been more surprised or horrified4 ,the fiend6 ,people do not easily make me so hot6 ,his face was as hard as bronze--and very like the terrible ,emperor ,tiberius1 too6 ,if the servant looks like that1 thought ,i1 what must ,his ,grace the ,count be6 ,but to tell the truth ,i counted--and not without reason--on the protection of the ladies4 ,for ,i overheard the fat hostess of the inn telling my wife1 ,constanze there1 who is somewhat curious in disposition1 all the most interesting facts about the family1 and so ,i knew-- ,here ,madame ,mozart had to interrupt him and give them most positive assurance that he was the one who asked the questions1 and a lively and amusing discussion followed4 ,however that may be1 he said at last1 ,i heard something about a favorite foster-daughter who1 besides being beautiful1 was goodness itself1 and sang like an angel4 ',per ,dio6' ,i said to myself1 as ,i remembered that1 'that will help you out of your scrape6 ,sit down and write out the song as far as you can1 explain your behavior truthfully1 and they will think it all a good joke4' ,no sooner said than done6 ,i had time enough1 and found a blank piece of paper--and here is the result6 ,i place it in these fair hands1 an impromptu wedding-song1 if you will accept it6 ,he held out the neatly written manuscript toward ,eugenie1 but the ,count anticipated her1 and quickly taking it himself1 said3 ,have patience a moment longer1 my dear6 ,at his signal the folding-doors of the salon opened1 and servants appeared1 bringing in the fateful orange-tree1 which they put at the foot of the table1 placing on each side a slender myrtle-tree4 ,an inscription fastened to the orange-tree proclaimed it the property of ,eugenie2 but in front of it1 upon a porcelain plate1 was seen1 as the napkin which covered it was lifted1 an orange1 cut in pieces1 and beside it the count placed ,mozart's autograph note4 ,i believe1 said the ,countess1 after the mirth had subsided1 that ,eugenie does not know what that tree really is4 ,she does not recognize her old friend with all its fruit and blossoms4 ,incredulous1 ,eugenie looked first at the tree1 then at her uncle4 ,it isn't possible1 she said2 ,i knew very well that it couldn't be saved4 ,and so you think that we have found another to take its place8 ,that would have been worth while6 ,no6 ,i shall have to do as they do in the play1 when the long-lost son or brother proves his identity by his moles and scars6 ,look at that knot1 and at this crack1 which you must have noticed a hundred times4 ,is it your tree or isn't it8 ,eugenie could doubt no longer1 and her surprise and delight knew no bounds4 ,to the ,count's family this tree always suggested the story of a most excellent woman1 who lived more than a hundred years before their day1 and who well deserves a word in passing4 ,the ,count's grandfather--a statesman of such repute in ,vienna that he had been honored with the confidence of two successive rulers--was as happy in his private life as in his public life2 for he possessed a most excellent wife1 ,renate ,leonore4 ,during her repeated visits to ,france she came in contact with the brilliant court of ,louis ,,xiv41 and with the most distinguished men and women of the day4 ,she sympathized with the ever-varying intellectual pleasures of the court without sacrificing in the least her strong1 inborn sense of honor and propriety4 ,on this very account1 perhaps1 she was the leader of a certain nave opposition1 and her correspondence gives many a hint of the courage and independence with which she could defend her sound principles and firm opinions1 and could attack her adversary in his weakest spot1 all without giving offense4 ,her lively interest in all the personages whom one could meet at the house of a ,ninon1 in the centres of cultivation and learning1 was nevertheless so modest and so well controlled that she was honored with the friendship of one of the noblest women of the time--,mme4 de ,svign4 ,the ,count1 after his grandmother's death1 had found in an old oaken chest1 full of interesting papers1 the most charming letters from the ,marquise and her daughter4 ,from the hand of ,mme4 de ,svign1 indeed1 she had received1 during a fte at ,trianon1 the sprig from an orange-tree1 which she had planted and which became in ,germany a flourishing tree4 ,for perhaps twenty-five years it grew under her care1 and afterward was treated with the greatest solicitude by children and grandchildren4 ,prized for its own actual worth1 it was treasured the more as the living symbol of an age which1 intellectually1 was then regarded as little less than divine--an age in which we1 today1 can find little that is truly admirable1 but which was preparing the way for events1 only a few years distant from our innocent story1 which shook the world4 ,to the bequest of her excellent ancestor ,eugenie showed much devotion1 and her uncle had often said that the tree should some day belong to her4 ,the greater was her disappointment then1 when1 during her absence in the preceding spring1 the leaves of the precious tree began to turn yellow and many branches died4 ,the gardener gave it up for lost1 since he could find no particular cause for its fading1 and did not succeed in reviving it4 ,but the ,count1 advised by a skilful friend1 had it placed in a room by itself and treated according to one of the strange and mysterious prescriptions which exist among the country folk1 and his hope of surprising his beloved niece with her old friend in all its new strength and fruitfulness was realized beyond expectation4 ,repressing his impatience1 and anxious1 moreover1 lest those oranges which had ripened first should fall from the tree1 he had postponed the surprise for several weeks1 until the day of the betrothal2 and there is no need of further excuse for the good man's emotion1 when1 at the last moment1 he found that a stranger had robbed him of his pleasure4 ,but the ,lieutenant had long before dinner found opportunity to arrange his poetical contribution to the festive presentation1 and had altered the close of his verses1 which might otherwise have been almost too serious4 ,now he rose and drew forth his manuscript1 and1 turning to ,eugenie1 began to read4 ,the oft-sung tree of the ,hesperides--so ran the story--sprang up1 ages ago1 in the garden of ,juno on a western island1 as a wedding gift from ,mother ,earth1 and was watched over by three nymphs1 gifted with song4 ,a shoot from this tree had often wished for a similar fate1 for the custom of bestowing one of his race on a royal bride had descended from gods to mortals4 ,after long and vain waiting1 the maiden to whom he might turn his fond glances seemed at last to be found4 ,she was kind to him and lingered by him often4 ,but the proud laurel 7devoted to the ,muses71 his neighbor beside the spring1 roused his jealousy by threatening to steal from the talented beauty all thought of love for man4 ,in vain the myrtle comforted him and taught him patience by her own example2 finally the absence of his beloved increased his malady till it became well-nigh fatal4 ,but summer brought back the absent one1 and1 happily1 with a changed heart4 ,town1 palace1 and garden received her with the greatest joy4 ,roses and lilies1 more radiant than ever1 looked up with modest rapture2 shrubs and trees nodded greetings to her2 but for one1 the noblest1 she came alas6 too late4 ,his leaves were withered1 and only the lifeless stem and the dry tips of his branches were left4 ,he would never know his kind friend again4 ,and how she wept and mourned over him6 ,but ,apollo heard her voice from afar1 and1 coming nearer1 looked with compassion upon her grief4 ,he touched the tree with his all-healing hands4 ,immediately the sap began to stir and rise in the trunk2 young leaves unfolded2 white1 nectar-laden flowers opened here and there4 ,yes--for what cannot the immortals do-the beautiful1 round fruits appeared1 three times three1 the number of the nine sisters2 they grew and grew1 their young green changing before his eyes to the color of gold4 ,phoebus--so ended the poem-- ,phoebus1 in his work rejoicing1 ,counts the fruit2 but1 ah6 the sight ,tempts him4 ,in another moment ,doth he yield to appetite4 ,smiling1 plucks the god of music ,one sweet orange from the tree ,share with me the fruit1 thou fair one1 ,and this1 slice shall ,amor's be4 ,the verses were received with shouts of applause1 and ,max was readily pardoned for the unexpected ending which had so completely altered the really charming effect which he had made in the first version4 ,franziska1 whose ready wit had already been called out by the ,count and ,mozart1 suddenly left the table1 and returning brought with her a large old ,english engraving which had hung1 little heeded1 in a distant room4 ,it must be true1 as ,i have always heard1 that there is nothing new under the sun1 she cried1 as she set up the picture at the end of the table4 ,here in the ,golden ,age is the same scene which we have heard about today4 ,i hope that ,apollo will recognize himself in this situation4 ,excellent1 answered ,max4 ,there we have the god just as he is bending thoughtfully over the sacred spring4 ,and1 look6 behind him in the thicket is an old ,satyr watching him4 ,i would take my oath that ,apollo is thinking of some long-forgotten ,acadian dances which old ,chiron taught him to play on the cithern when he was young4 ,exactly1 applauded ,franziska1 who was standing behind ,mozart's chair4 ,turning to him1 she continued1 ,do you see that bough heavy with fruit1 bending down toward the god8 ,yes2 that is the olive-tree1 which was sacred to him4 ,not at all4 ,those are the finest oranges4 ,and in a moment--in a fit of abstraction--he will pick one4 ,instead1 cried ,mozart1 he will stop this roguish mouth with a thousand kisses4 ,and catching her by the arm he vowed that she should not go until she had paid the forfeit--which was promptly done4 ,max1 read us what is written beneath the picture1 said the ,countess4 ,they are verses from a celebrated ode of ,horace4#cb ,the poet ,ramler1 of ,berlin1 made a fine translation of them a while ago4 ,it is in most beautiful rhythm4 ,how splendid is even this one passage3 --,and he1 who never more ,will from his shoulders lay aside the bow1 ,who in the pure dew of ,castalia's fountain ,laves loosened hair2 who holds the ,lycian thicket ,and his own native wood-- ,apollo6 ,delian and ,pataran ,king4 ,beautiful6 exclaimed the ,count1 but it needs a little explanation here and there4 ,for instance1 ',he who will never lay aside the bow1' would1 of course1 mean in plain prose1 ',he who was always a most diligent fiddler4' ,but1 ,mozart1 you are sowing discord in two gentle hearts4 ,how so8 ,eugenie is envying her friend--and with good reason4 ,ah6 you have discovered my weak point4 ,but what would the ,herr ,baron say8 ,i could forgive for once4 ,very well1 then2 ,i shall not neglect my opportunity4 ,but you need not be alarmed1 ,herr ,baron4 ,there is no danger as long as the god does not lend me his countenance and his long yellow hair4 ,i wish he would4 ,i would give him on the spot ,mozart's braid and his very best hair-ribbon besides4 ,apollo would have to be careful1 in future1 how he gracefully laved his new ,french finery in the ,castalian fountain1 laughed ,franziska4 ,with such exchange of jests the merriment grew2 the wines were passed1 many a toast was offered1 and ,mozart soon fell into his way of talking in rhyme4 ,the ,lieutenant was an able second1 and his father1 also1 would not be outdone2 indeed1 once or twice the latter succeeded remarkably well4 ,but such conversations cannot well be repeated1 because the very elements which make them irresistible at the time--the gaiety of the mood and the charm of personality in word and look--are lacking4 ,among the toasts was one proposed by ,franziska's aunt--that ,mozart should live to write many more immortal works4 ,exactly6 ,i am with you in that1 cried ,mozart1 and they eagerly touched glasses4 ,then the ,count began to sing--with much power and certainty1 thanks to his inspiration3 ,here's to ,mozart's latest score2 ,may he write us many more4 ,max4 ,works1 da ,ponte1 such as you 7,mighty ,schikaneder1 too71 ,mozart4 ,and ,mozart1 even1 until now ,never thought of once1 ,i vow4 ,the ,count4 ,works that you shall live to see1 ,great arch-thief of ,italy2 ,that shall drive you to despair1 ,clever ,signor ,bonbonnire4 ,max4 ,you may have a hundred years1 ,mozart4 ,unless you with all your wares1 ,all three1 con forza4 ,straight zum ,teufel first repair1 ,clever ,monsieur ,bonbonnire4 ,the ,count was loth to stop singing1 and the last four lines of the impromptu terzetto suddenly became a so-called endless canon1 and ,franziska's aunt had wit and confidence enough to add all sorts of ornamentation in her quavering soprano4 ,mozart promised afterward to write out the song at leisure1 according to the rules of the art1 and he did send it to the ,count after he returned to ,vienna4 ,eugenie had long ago quietly examined her inheritance from the shrubbery of ,tiberius1 and presently some one asked to hear the new duet from her and ,mozart4 ,the uncle was glad to join in the chorus1 and all rose and hastened to the piano1 in the large salon4 ,the charming composition aroused the greatest enthusiasm2 but its very character was a temptation to put music to another use1 and indeed it was ,mozart himself who gave the signal1 as he left the piano1 to ask ,franziska for a waltz1 while ,max took up his violin4 ,the ,count was not slow in doing the honors for ,madame ,mozart1 and one after another joined in the dance4 ,even ,franziska's aunt became young again as she trod the minuet with the gallant ,lieutenant4 ,finally1 as ,mozart and the fair ,eugenie finished the last dance1 he claimed his promised privilege4 ,it was now almost sunset1 and the garden was cool and pleasant4 ,there the ,countess invited the ladies to rest and refresh themselves1 while the ,count led the way to the billiard room1 for ,mozart was known to be fond of the game4 ,we will follow the ladies4 ,after they had walked about they ascended a little slope1 half inclosed by a high vine-covered trellis4 ,from the hill they could look off into the fields1 and down into the streets of the village4 ,the last rosy rays of sunlight shone in through the leaves4 ,could we not sit here for a little1 suggested the ,countess1 if ,madame ,mozart would tell us about herself and her husband8 ,madame ,mozart was willing enough1 and her eager listeners drew their chairs close about her4 ,i will tell you a story that you must know in order to understand a little plan of mine4 ,i wish to give to the ,baroness-to-be a souvenir of a very unusual kind4 ,it is no article of luxury or of fashion but it is interesting solely because of its history4 ,what can it be1 ,eugenie8 asked ,franziska4 ,perhaps the ink-bottle of some famous man4 ,not a bad guess4 ,you shall see the treasure within an hour2 it is in my trunk4 ,now for the story and with your permission it shall begin back a year or more4 ,the winter before last1 ,mozart's health caused me much anxiety1 on account of his increasing nervousness and despondency4 ,although he was now and then in unnaturally high spirits when in company1 yet at home he was generally silent and depressed1 or sighing and ailing4 ,the physician recommended dieting and exercise in the country4 ,but his patient paid little heed to the good advice2 it was not easy to follow a prescription which took so much time and was so directly contrary to all his plans and habits4 ,then the doctor frightened him with a long lecture on breathing1 the human blood1 corpuscles1 phlogiston1 and such unheard-of things2 there were dissertations on ,nature and her purposes in eating1 drinking1 and digestion--a subject of which ,mozart was1 till then1 as ignorant as a five-year-old child4 ,the lesson made a distinct impression4 ,for the doctor had hardly been gone a half hour when ,i found my husband1 deep in thought but of a cheerful countenance1 sitting in his room and examining a walking-stick which he had ferreted out of a closet full of old things4 ,i supposed that he had entirely forgotten it4 ,it was a handsome stick1 with a large head of lapis lazuli1 and had belonged to my father4 ,but no one had ever before seen a cane in ,mozart's hand1 and ,i had to laugh at him4 ',you see1' he cried1 ',i have surrendered myself to my cure1 with all its appurtenances4 ,i will drink the water1 and take exercise every day in the open air1 with this stick as my companion4 ,i have been thinking about it2 there is our neighbor1 the privy-councilor1 who cannot even cross the street to visit his best friend without his cane2 tradesmen and officers1 chancellors and shop-keepers1 when they go with their families on ,sunday for a stroll in the country1 carry each one his trusty cane4 ,and ,i have noticed how in the ,stephansplatz1 a quarter of an hour before church or court1 the worthy citizens stand talking in groups and leaning on their stout sticks1 which1 one can see1 are the firm supports of their industry1 order1 and tranquillity4 ,in short1 this old-fashioned and rather homely custom must be a blessing and a comfort4 ,you may not believe it1 but ,i am really impatient to go off with this good friend for my first constitutional across the bridge4 ,we are already slightly acquainted1 and ,i hope that we are partners for life4' ,the partnership was but a brief one1 however4 ,on the third day of their strolls the companion failed to return4 ,another was procured1 and lasted somewhat longer2 and1 at any rate1 ,i was thankful to ,mozart's sudden fancy for canes1 since it helped him for three whole weeks to carry out the doctor's instructions4 ,good results began to appear2 we had almost never seen him so bright and cheerful4 ,but after a while the fancy passed1 and ,i was in despair again4 ,then it happened that1 after a very fatiguing day1 he went with some friends who were passing through ,vienna to a musical soire4 ,he promised faithfully that he would stay but an hour1 but those are always the occasions when people most abuse his kindness1 once he is seated at the piano and lost in music2 for he sits there like a man in a balloon1 miles above the earth1 where one cannot hear the clocks strike4 ,i sent twice for him1 in the middle of the night2 but the servant could not even get a word with him4 ,at last1 at three in the morning1 he came home1 and ,i made up my mind that ,i must be very severe with him all day4 ,here ,madame ,mozart passed over some circumstances in silence4 ,it was not unlikely that the ,signora ,malerbi 7a woman with whom ,frau ,constanze had good reason to be angry7 would have gone also to this soire4 ,the young ,roman singer had1 through ,mozart's influence1 obtained a place in the opera1 and without doubt her coquetry had assisted her in winning his favor4 ,indeed1 some gossips would have it that she had made a conquest of him1 and had kept him for months on the rack4 ,however that may have been1 she conducted herself afterward in the most impertinent and ungrateful manner1 and even permitted herself to jest at the expense of her benefactor4 ,so it was quite like her to speak of ,mozart to one of her more fortunate admirers as un piccolo grifo raso 7a little well-shaven pig74 ,the comparison1 worthy of a ,circe1 was the more irritating because one must confess that it contained a grain of truth4 ,as ,mozart was returning from this soire 7at which1 as it happened1 the singer was not present71 a somewhat excited friend was so indiscreet as to repeat to him the spiteful remark4 ,it was the more amazing to him because it was the first unmistakable proof of the utter ingratitude of his protege4 ,in his great indignation he did not notice the extreme coolness of ,frau ,constanze's reception4 ,without stopping to take breath he poured out his grievance1 and well-nigh roused her pity2 yet she held conscientiously to her determination that he should not so easily escape punishment4 ,so when he awoke from a sound sleep shortly after noon1 he found neither wife nor children at home1 and the table was spread for him alone4 ,ever since ,mozart's marriage there had been little which could make him so unhappy as any slight cloud between his better half and himself4 ,if he had only known how heavy an anxiety had burdened her during the past few days6 ,but1 as usual1 she had put off as long as possible the unpleasant communication4 ,her money was now almost spent1 and there was no prospect that they should soon have more4 ,although ,mozart did not guess this state of affairs1 yet his heart sank with discouragement and uncertainty4 ,he did not wish to eat2 he could not stay in the house4 ,he dressed himself quickly1 to go out into the air4 ,on the table he left an open note in ,italian3 ,you have taken a fair revenge1 and treated me quite as ,i deserved4 ,but be kind and smile again when ,i come home1 ,i beg you4 ,i should like to turn ,carthusian or ,trappist and make amends for my sins4 ,then he took his hat1 but not his cane--that had had its day--and set off4 ,since we have excused ,frau ,constanze from telling so much of her story we may as well spare her a little longer4 ,the good man sauntered along past the market toward the armory--it was a warm1 sunshiny1 summer afternoon--and slowly and thoughtfully crossed the ,hof1 and1 turning to the left1 climbed the ,mlkenbastei1 thus avoiding the greetings of several acquaintances who were just entering the town4 ,although the silent sentinel who paced up and down beside the cannon did not disturb him1 he stopped but a few minutes to enjoy the beautiful view across the green meadows and over the suburbs to the ,kahlenberg4 ,the peaceful calm of nature was too little in sympathy with his thoughts4 ,with a sigh he set out across the esplanade1 and so went on1 without any particular aim1 through the ,alser-,vorstadt4 ,at the end of ,whringer ,street there was an inn1 with a bowling alley2 the proprietor1 a master rope-maker1 was as well known for his good beer as for the excellence of his ropes4 ,mozart heard the balls and saw a dozen or more guests within4 ,a half-unconscious desire to forget himself among natural and unassuming people moved him to enter the garden4 ,he sat down at one of the tables--but little shaded by the small trees--with an inspector of the water-works and two other ,philistines1 ordered his glass of beer1 joined in their conversation1 and watched the bowling4 ,not far from the bowling-ground1 toward the house1 was the open shop of the rope-maker4 ,it was a small room1 full to overflowing2 for1 besides the necessaries of his trade1 he had for sale all kinds of dishes and utensils for kitchen1 cellar1 and farm-oil and wagon grease1 also seeds of various kinds1 and dill and cheap brandy4 ,a girl1 who had to serve the guests and at the same time attend to the shop1 was busy with a countryman1 who1 leading his little boy by the hand1 had just stepped up to make a few purchases--a measure for fruit1 a brush1 a whip4 ,he would choose one article1 try it1 lay it down1 take up a second and a third1 and go back1 uncertainly1 to the first one2 he could not decide upon any one4 ,the girl went off several times to wait on the guests1 came back1 and with the utmost patience helped him make his choice4 ,mozart1 on a bench near the alley1 saw and heard1 with great amusement1 all that was going on4 ,as much as he was interested in the good1 sensible girl1 with her calm and earnest countenance1 he was still more entertained by the countryman who1 even after he had gone1 left ,mozart much to think about4 ,the master1 for the time being1 had changed places with him2 he felt how important in his eyes was the small transaction1 how anxiously and conscientiously the prices1 differing only by a few kreutzers1 were considered4 ,now1 he thought1 the man will go home to his wife and tell her of his purchases1 and the children will all wait until the sack is opened1 to see if it holds anything for them2 while the good wife will hasten to bring the supper and the mug of fresh home-brewed cider1 for which her husband has been keeping his appetite all day4 ,if only ,i could be as happy and independent waiting only on ,nature1 and enjoying her blessings though they be hard to win6 ,but if my art demands of me a different kind of work1 that ,i would not1 after all1 exchange for anything in the world1 why should ,i meanwhile remain in circumstances which are just the opposite of such a simple and innocent life8 ,if ,i had a little land in a pleasant spot near the village1 and a little house1 then ,i could really live4 ,in the mornings ,i could work diligently at my scores2 all the rest of the time ,i could spend with my family4 ,i could plant trees1 visit my garden1 in the fall gather apples and pears with my boys1 now and then take a trip to town for an opera1 or have a friend or two with me--what delight6 ,well1 who knows what may happen6 ,he walked up to the shop1 spoke to the girl1 and began to examine her stock more closely4 ,his mind had not quite descended from its idyllic flight1 and the clean1 smooth1 shining wood1 with its fresh smell1 attracted him4 ,it suddenly occurred to him that he would pick out several articles for his wife1 such as she might need or might like to have4 ,at his suggestion1 ,constanze had1 a long time ago1 rented a little piece of ground outside the ,krnthner ,thor1 and had raised a few vegetables2 so now it seemed quite fitting to invest in a long rake and a small rake and a spade4 ,then1 as he looked further1 he did honor to his principles of economy by denying himself1 with an effort and after some deliberation1 a most tempting churn4 ,to make up for this1 however1 he chose a deep dish with a cover and a prettily carved handle2 for it seemed a most useful article4 ,it was made of narrow strips of wood1 light and dark1 and was carefully varnished4 ,there was also a particularly fine choice of spoons1 bread-boards1 and plates of all sizes1 and a salt-box of simple construction to hang on the wall4 ,at last he spied a stout stick1 which had a handle covered with leather and studded with brass nails4 ,as the strange customer seemed somewhat undecided about this also1 the girl remarked with a smile that that was hardly a suitable stick for a gentleman to carry4 ,you are right1 child1 he answered4 ,i think ,i have seen butchers carry such sticks4 ,no1 ,i will not have it4 ,but all the other things which we have laid out you may bring to me today or tomorrow4 ,and he gave his name and address4 ,then he went back to the table to finish his beer4 ,only one of his former companions was sitting there1 a master-tinker4 ,the girl there has had a good day for once1 he remarked4 ,her uncle gives her a commission on all that she sells4 ,mozart was now more pleased with his purchase than ever4 ,but his interest was to become still greater4 ,for1 in a moment1 as the girl passed near1 the tinker called out1 ,well1 ,crescenz1 how is your friend the locksmith8 ,will he soon be filing his own iron8 ,oh1 she answered without stopping1 that iron is still growing deep in the mountain4 ,she is a good goose1 said the tinsmith4 ,for a long time she kept house for her stepfather1 and took care of him when he was ill2 but after he died it came out that he had spent all her money4 ,since that she has lived with her uncle1 and she is a treasure1 in the shop1 in the inn1 and with the children4 ,there is a fine young apprentice who would have liked to marry her long ago1 but there is a hitch somewhere4 ,how so8 ,has he nothing to live on8 ,they both have saved a little1 but not enough4 ,now comes word of a good situation and a part of a house in ,ghent4 ,her uncle could easily lend them the little money that they need1 but of course he will not let her go4 ,he has good friends in the council and in the union1 and the young fellow is meeting with all sorts of difficulties4 ,the wretches6 cried ,mozart1 so loud that the other looked around anxiously1 fearing that they might have been overheard4 ,and is there no one who could speak the right word or show those fellows a fist8 ,the villains6 ,we will get the best of them yet4 ,the tinker was on thorns4 ,he tried1 clumsily enough1 to moderate his statements1 and almost contradicted himself4 ,but ,mozart would not listen4 ,shame on you1 how you chatter6 ,that's just the way with all of you as soon as you have to answer for anything6 ,and with that he turned on his heel and left the astonished tinker4 ,he hastened to the girl1 who was busy with new guests3 ,come early tomorrow1 and give my respects to your good friend4 ,i hope that your affairs will prosper4 ,she was too busy and too much surprised to thank him4 ,he retraced his way to the city at a quick pace1 for the incident had stirred his blood4 ,wholly occupied with the affairs of the poor young couple1 he ran over in his mind a list of his friends and acquaintances who might be able to help them4 ,then1 since it was necessary to have more particulars from the girl before he could decide upon any step1 he dismissed the subject from his thoughts and hastened eagerly toward home4 ,he confidently expected a more than cordial welcome and a kiss at the door1 and longing redoubled his haste4 ,presently the postman called to him and handed him a small but heavy parcel1 which was addressed in a fair clear hand which he at once recognized4 ,he stepped into the first shop to give the messenger his receipt1 but when once in the street again his impatience was not to be checked1 so he broke the seal1 and1 now walking1 now standing still1 devoured his letter4 ,i was sitting at my sewing-table1 continued ,madame ,mozart1 in her story1 and heard my husband come upstairs and ask the servant for me4 ,his step and tone were more cheerful and gay than ,i had expected1 and more so than ,i quite liked4 ,he went first to his room1 but came immediately to me4 ',good-evening6' he said4 ,i answered him quietly1 without looking up4 ,after walking across the room once or twice1 with a smothered yawn he took up the fly-clap from behind the door--a most unusual proceeding--and remarking1 ',where do all these flies come from8' began to slap about1 as loudly as possible4 ,the noise is particularly unpleasant to him1 and ,i had been careful not to let him hear it4 ',h'm1' ,i thought1 'when he does it himself it's another matter4' ,besides1 ,i had not noticed many flies4 ,his strange behavior vexed me much4 ',six at a blow6' he cried4 ',do you see8' ,no answer4 ,then he laid something on the table before me1 so near that ,i could not help seeing it without lifting my eyes from my work4 ,it was nothing less than a heap of ducats4 ,he kept on with his nonsense behind my back1 talking to himself1 and giving a slap now and then4 ',the disagreeable good-for-nothing beasts6 ,what were they put in the world for' ,pitsch4 ',to be killed1 ,i suppose6' ,patsch4 ',natural history teaches us how rapidly their numbers multiply4' ,pitsch1 patsch4 ',in my house they are soon dispatched4 ,ah1 maledette6 disperate6 ,here are twenty more4 ,do you want them8' ,and he came and laid down another pile of gold4 ,i had had hard work to keep from laughing1 and could hold out no longer4 ,he fell on my neck and we laughed as if for a wager4 ',but where did the money come from' ,i asked1 as he shook the last pieces from the roll4 ',from ,prince ,esterhazy1#ccrough ,haydn4 ,read the letter4' ,i read3 ',eisenstadt1 ,etc4 ',my good friend4--,his ,highness has1 to my great delight1 intrusted me with the errand of sending to you these #fj ducats4 ,we have been playing your quartettes again1 and his ,highness was even more charmed and delighted than at the first hearing1 three months ago4 ,he said to me 7,i must write it word for word73 ,when ,mozart dedicated these works to you1 he thought to honor you alone4 ,yet he cannot take it amiss if ,i find in them a compliment to myself also4 ,tell him that ,i think as highly of his genius as you do1 and more than that he could not wish4 ,amen1 said ,i4 ,are you satisfied8 ',postscript 7for the ear of the good wife74--,take care that the acknowledgment be not too long delayed4 ,a note from ,mozart himself would be best4 ,we must not lose so favorable a breeze4' ',you angel6 ,you divine creature6' cried ,mozart again and again4 ,it would be hard to say which pleased him most1 the letter1 or the praise of the prince1 or the money4 ,i confess that just then the money appealed most to me4 ,we passed a very happy evening1 as you may guess4 ,of the affair in the suburb ,i heard neither that day nor the next4 ,the whole week went by2 no ,crescenz appeared1 and my husband1 in a whirl of engagements1 soon forgot her4 ,one ,sunday evening we had a small musicale4 ,captain ,wasselt1 ,count ,hardegg1 and others were there4 ,during a pause ,i was called out1 and there was the outfit4 ,i went back to the room and asked1 ',have you ordered a lot of woodenware from the ,alservorsstadt8' ',by thunder1 so ,i did6 ,i suppose the girl is here8 ,tell her to come in4' ,so in she came1 quite at ease1 with rakes1 spades1 and all1 and apologized for her delay1 saying that she had forgotten the name of the street and had only just found it4 ,mozart took the things from her1 one after another1 and handed them to me with great satisfaction4 ,i thanked him and was pleased with everything1 praising and admiring1 though ,i wondered all the time what he had bought the garden tools for4 ',for your garden1' he said4 ',goodness6 we gave that up long ago1 because the river did so much damage2 and besides we never had good luck with it4 ,i told you1 and you didn't object4' ',what6 ,and so the asparagus that we had this spring--' ',was always from the market6' ',hear that6 ,if ,i had only known it6 ,and ,i praised it just out of pity for your poor garden1 when really the stalks were no bigger than ,dutch quills4' ,the guests enjoyed the fun1 and ,i had to give them some of the unnecessary articles at once4 ,and when ,mozart inquired of the girl about the prospects of her marriage1 and encouraged her to speak freely1 assuring her that whatever assistance we could offer should be quietly given and cause her no trouble1 she told her story with so much modesty and discretion that she quite won her audience1 and was sent away much encouraged4 ',those people must be helped1' said the ,captain4 ',the tricks of the union do not amount to much4 ,i know some one who will see to that4 ,the important thing is a contribution toward the expenses of the house and the furniture4 ,let us give a benefit concert1 admission fee ad libitum6' ,the suggestion found hearty approval4 ,somebody picked up the salt-box and said3 ',we must have an historic introduction1 with a description of ,herr ,mozart's purchase1 and an account of his philanthropic spirit2 and we will put this box on the table to receive the contributions and arrange the rakes as decorations4' ,this did not happen1 however1 though the concert came off2 and what with the receipts of the concert and outside contributions1 the young couple had more than enough for their housekeeping outfit1 and also the other obstacles were quickly removed4 ,the ,duscheks1 in ,prague1 dear friends of ours1 with whom we are to stay1 heard the story1 and ,frau ,duschek asked for some of the woodenware as souvenirs4 ,so ,i laid aside two which ,i thought were suitable1 and was taking them to her4 ,but since we have made another artist friend by the way1 one who is1 too1 about to provide her wedding furnishings1 and who will not despise what ,mozart has chosen1 ,i will divide my gift1 and you1 ,eugenie1 may choose between a lovely open-work rod for stirring chocolate and the salt-box1 which is decorated with a tasteful tulip4 ,my advice is to take the salt-box2 salt1 as ,i have heard1 is a symbol of home and hospitality1 and with the gift go the best and most affectionate wishes4 ,so ended ,madame ,mozart's story4 ,how pleased and gratified her listeners were is easily to be imagined4 ,their delight was redoubled when1 in the presence of the whole party1 the interesting articles were brought out1 and the model of patriarchal simplicity was formally presented4 ,this1 the ,count vowed1 should have in the silver-chest of its present owner and all her posterity1 as important a place as that of the ,florentine master's famous work4 ,it was1 by this time1 almost eight o'clock and tea-time1 and soon our master was pressingly reminded of his promise to show his friends ,don ,juan1 which lay under lock and key1 but1 happily1 not too deep down in his trunk4 ,mozart was ready and willing1 and by the time he had told the story of the plot and had brought the libretto1 the lights were burning at the piano4 ,we could wish that our readers could here realize a touch1 at least1 of that peculiar sensation with which a single chord1 floating from a window as we pass1 stops us and holds us spellbound--a touch of that pleasant suspense with which we sit before the curtain in the theatre while the orchestra is still tuning6 ,or am ,i wrong8 ,can the soul stand more deeply in awe of everlasting beauty than when pausing before any sublime and tragic work of art--,macbeth1 ,o,edipus1 or whatever it may be8 ,man wishes and yet fears to be moved beyond his ordinary habit2 he feels that the ,infinite will touch him1 and he shrinks before it in the very moment when it draws him most strongly4 ,reverence for perfect art is present1 too2 the thought of enjoying a heavenly miracle--of being able and being permitted to make it one's own--stirs an emotion--pride1 if you will--which is perhaps the purest and happiest of which we are capable4 ,this little company1 however1 was on very different ground from ours4 ,they were about to hear1 for the first time1 a work which has been familiar to us from childhood4 ,if one subtracts the very enviable pleasure of hearing it through its creator1 we have the advantage of them2 for in one hearing they could not fully appreciate and understand such a work1 even if they had heard the whole of it4 ,of the eighteen numbers which were already written the composer did not give the half 7in the authority from which we have our statement we find only the last number1 the sextet1 expressly mentioned71 and he played them in a free sort of transcription1 singing here and there as he felt disposed4 ,of his wife it is only told that she sang two arias4 ,we might guess1 since her voice was said to be as strong as it was sweet1 that she chose ,donna ,anna's ,or sai1 chi l'onore1 and one of ,zerlina's two arias4 ,in all probability ,eugenie and her fianc were the only listeners who1 in spirit1 taste1 and judgment1 were what ,mozart could wish4 ,they sat far back in the room1 ,eugenie motionless as a statue1 and so engrossed that1 in the short pauses when the rest of the audience expressed their interest or showed their delight in involuntary exclamations1 she gave only the briefest replies to the ,baron's occasional remarks4 ,when ,mozart stopped1 after the beautiful sextet1 and conversation began again1 he showed himself particularly pleased with the ,baron's comments4 ,they spoke of the close of the opera1 and of the first performance1 announced for an early date in ,november2 and when some one remarked that certain portions yet to be written must be a gigantic task1 the master smiled1 and ,constanze said to the ,countess1 so loudly that ,mozart must needs hear3 ,he has ideas which he works at secretly2 before me1 sometimes4 ,you are playing your part badly1 my dear1 he interrupted4 ,what if ,i should want to begin anew8 ,and1 to tell the truth1 ,i'd rather like to4 ,leporello6 cried the ,count1 springing up and nodding to a servant4 ,bring some wine4 ,sillery--three bottles4 ,no1 if you please4 ,that is past2 my husband will not drink more than he still has in his glass4 ,may it bring him luck--and so to every one6 ,good heavens6 ,what have ,i done1 lamented ,constanze1 looking at the clock4 ,it is nearly eleven1 and we must start early tomorrow4 ,how shall we manage8 ,don't manage at all1 dear ,frau ,mozart4 ,sometimes1 began ,mozart1 things work out very strangely4 ,what will my ,stanzl say when she learns that the piece of work which you are going to hear came to life at this very hour of the night1 just before ,i was to go on a journey8 ,is it possible6 ,when8 ,oh6 three weeks ago1 when you were to go to ,eisenstadt4 ,exactly4 ,this is how it came about4 ,i came in after ten 7you were fast asleep7 from dinner at the ,richters'4 and intended to go to bed early1 as ,i had promised1 for ,i was to start very early in the morning4 ,meanwhile ,veit had lighted the candles on the writing-table1 as usual4 ,i made ready for bed mechanically1 and then thought ,i would take just a look at the last notes ,i had written4 ,but1 cruel fate6 with woman's deuced inconvenient spirit of order you had cleared up the room and packed the music--for the ,prince wished to see a number or two from the opera4 ,i hunted1 grumbled1 scolded-all in vain4 ,then my eye fell on a sealed envelope from ,abbate--his pot-hooks in the address4 ,yes2 he had sent me the rest of his revised text1 which ,i had not hoped to see for months4 ,i sat down with great curiosity and began to read1 and was enraptured to find how well the fellow understood what ,i wanted4 ,it was all much simpler1 more condensed1 and at the same time fuller4 ,the scene in the churchyard and the finale1 with the disappearance of the hero1 were greatly improved4 ',but1 my excellent poet1' ,i said to myself1 'you need not have loaded me with heaven and hell a second time1 so carelessly4' ,now1 it is never my habit to write any number out of order1 be it never so tempting2 that is a mistake which may be too severely punished4 ,yet there are exceptions1 and1 in short1 the scene near the statue of the governor1 the warning which1 coming suddenly from the grave of the murdered man1 interrupts so horribly the laughter of the revelers--that scene was already in my head4 ,i struck a chord1 and felt that ,i had knocked at the right door1 behind which lay all the legion of horrors to be let loose in the finale4 ,first came out an adagio--,d-minor1 only four measures2 then a second1 with five4 ',there will be an extraordinary effect in the theatre1' thought ,i1 'when the strongest wind instruments accompany the voice4' ,now you shall hear it1 as well as it can be done without the orchestra4 ,he snuffed out the candles beside him1 and that fearful choral1 ,your laughter shall be ended ere the dawn1 rang through the death-like stillness of the room4 ,the notes of the silver trumpet fell through the blue night as if from another sphere--ice-cold1 cutting through nerve and marrow4 ,who is here8 ,answer6 they heard ,don ,juan ask4 ,then the choral1 monotonous as before1 bade the ruthless youth leave the dead in peace4 ,after this warning had rung out its last notes1 ,mozart went on3 ,now1 as you can think1 there was no stopping4 ,when the ice begins to break at the edge1 the whole lake cracks and snaps from end to end4 ,involuntarily1 ,i took up the thread at ,don ,juan's midnight feast1 when ,donna ,elvira has just departed and the ghost enters in response to the invitation4 ,listen6 ,and then the whole1 long1 horrible dialogue followed4 ,when the human voices have become silent1 the voice of the dead speaks again4 ,after that first fearful greeting1 in which the half-transformed being refuses the earthly nourishment offered him1 how strangely and horribly moves the unsteady voice up and down in that singular scale6 ,he demands speedy repentance2 the spirit's time is short1 the way it must travel1 long4 ,and ,don ,juan1 in monstrous obstinacy withstanding the eternal commands1 beneath the growing influence of the dark spirits1 struggles and writhes and finally perishes1 keeping to the last1 nevertheless1 that wonderful expression of majesty in every gesture4 ,how heart and flesh tremble with delight and terror6 ,it is a feeling like that with which one watches the mighty spectacle of an unrestrained force of nature1 or the burning of a splendid ship4 ,in spite of ourselves1 we sympathize with the blind majesty1 and1 shuddering1 share the pain of its self-destruction4 ,the composer paused4 ,for a while no one could speak4 ,finally1 the ,countess1 with voice still unsteady1 said ,will you give us some idea of your own feelings when you laid down the pen that night8 ,he looked up at her as if waked from a dream1 hesitated a moment1 and then said1 half to the ,countess1 half to his wife3 ,yes1 my head swam at last4 ,i had written this dialogue and the chorus of demons1 in fever heat1 by the open window1 and1 after resting a moment1 ,i rose to go to your room1 that ,i might talk a little and cool off4 ,but another thought stopped me half way to the door4 ,his glance fell1 and his voice betrayed his emotion4 ,i said to myself1 ',if you should die tonight and leave your score just here1 could you rest in your grave8' ,my eye fell on the wick of the light in my hand and on the mountain of melted wax4 ,the thought that it suggested was painful4 ',then1' ,i went on1 'if after this1 sooner or later1 some one else were to complete the opera1 perhaps even an ,italian1 and found all the numbers but one1 up to the seventeenth--so many sound1 ripe fruits1 lying ready to his hand in the long grass-if he dreaded the finale1 and found1 unhoped for1 the rocks for its construction close by--he might well laugh in his sleeve4 ,perhaps he would be tempted to rob me of my honor4 ,he would burn his fingers1 though1 for ,i have many a good friend who knows my stamp and would see that ,i had my rights4' ,then ,i thanked ,god and went back1 and thanked your good angel1 dear wife1 who held his hand so long over your brow1 and kept you sleeping so soundly that you could not once call to me4 ,when at last ,i did go to bed and you asked me the hour1 ,i told you you were two hours younger than you were1 for it was nearly four2 and now you will understand why you could not get me to leave the feathers at six1 and why you had to dismiss the coach and order it for another day4 ,certainly1 answered ,constanze2 but the sly man must not think that ,i was so stupid as not to know something of what was going on4 ,you didn't need1 on that account1 to keep your beautiful new numbers all to yourself4 ,that was not the reason4 ,no1 ,i know4 ,you wanted to keep your treasure away from criticism yet a little while4 ,i am glad1 cried the good-natured host1 that we shall not need to grieve the heart of a noble ,vienna coachman to-morrow1 when ,herr ,mozart cannot arise4 ,the order1 ',hans1 you may unharness6' always makes one sad4 ,this indirect invitation for a longer stay1 which was heartily seconded by the rest of the family1 obliged the travelers to explain their urgent reason for declining it2 yet they readily agreed that the start need not be made so early as to interfere with a meeting at breakfast4 ,they stood1 talking in groups1 a little while longer4 ,mozart looked about him1 apparently for ,eugenie2 since she was not there he turned navely with his question to ,franziska4 ,what do you think1 on the whole1 of our ,don ,juan8 ,can you prophesy anything good for him8 ,in the name of my aunt1 ,i will answer as well as ,i can1 was the laughing reply4 ,my opinion is that if ,don ,juan does not set the world mad1 the good ,lord may shut up his music chests for years to come1 and give mankind to understand-- ,and give mankind1 corrected the ,count1 the bag-pipes to play on1 and harden the hearts of the people so that they worship ,baal4 ,the ,lord preserve us6 laughed ,mozart4 ,but in the course of the next sixty or seventy years1 long after ,i am gone1 will arise many false prophets4 ,eugenie approached1 with the ,baron and ,max2 the conversation took a new turn1 growing ever more earnest and serious1 and the composer1 ere the company separated1 rejoiced in many a word of encouragement and good cheer4 ,finally1 long after midnight1 all retired2 nor1 till then1 had any one felt weary4 ,next day--for the fair weather still held--at ten o'clock a handsome coach1 loaded with the effects of the two travelers1 stood in the courtyard4 ,the ,count1 with ,mozart1 was waiting for the horses to be put in1 and asked the master how the carriage pleased him4 ,very well1 indeed2 it seems most comfortable4 ,good6 ,then be so kind as to keep it to remind you of me4 ,what6 ,you are not in earnest8 ,why not8 ,holy ,sixtus and ,calixtus6 ,constanze1 here6 he called up to the window where1 with the others1 she sat looking out4 ,the coach is mine4 ,you will ride hereafter in your own carriage4 ,he embraced the smiling donor1 and examined his new possession on all sides2 finally he threw open the door and jumped in1 exclaiming3 ,i feel as rich and happy as ,ritter ,gluck4 ,what eyes they will make in ,vienna6 ,i hope1 said the ,countess1 when you return from ,prague1 to see your carriage again1 all hung with wreaths4 ,soon after this last happy scene the much-praised carriage moved away with the departing guests1 and rolled rapidly toward the road to ,prague4 ,at ,wittingau the ,count's horses were to be exchanged for post-horses1 with which they would continue their journey4 ,when such excellent people have enlivened our houses by their presence1 have given us new impulses through their fresh spirits1 and have made us feel the blessings of dispensing hospitality1 their departure leaves an uncomfortable sense of vacancy and interruption1 at least for the rest of the day1 and especially if we are left to ourselves4 ,the latter case1 at least1 was not true with our friends in the palace4 ,franziska's parents and aunt soon followed the ,mozarts4 ,franziska herself1 the ,baron1 and ,max of course1 remained4 ,eugenie1 with whom we are especially concerned1 because she appreciated more deeply than the others the priceless experience she had had--she1 one would think1 could not feel in the least unhappy or troubled4 ,her pure happiness in the truly beloved man to whom she was now formally betrothed would drown all other considerations2 rather1 the most noble and lovely things which could move her heart must be mingled with that other happiness4 ,so would it have been1 perhaps1 if she could have lived only in the present1 or in joyful retrospect4 ,but she had been moved by anxiety while ,frau ,mozart was telling her story1 and the apprehension increased all the while that ,mozart was playing1 in spite of the ineffable charm beneath the mysterious horror of the music1 and was brought to a climax by his own story of his night work4 ,she felt sure that this man's energy would speedily and inevitably destroy him2 that he could be but a fleeting apparition in this world1 which was unable to appreciate the profusion of his gifts4 ,this thought1 mingled with many others and with echoes of ,don ,juan1 had surged through her troubled brain the night before1 and it was almost daylight when she fell asleep4 ,now1 the three women had seated themselves in the garden with their work2 the men bore them company1 and when the conversation1 as was natural1 turned upon ,mozart1 ,eugenie did not conceal her apprehensions4 ,no one shared them in the least1 although the ,baron understood her fully4 ,she tried to rid herself of the feeling1 and her friends1 particularly her uncle1 brought to her mind the most positive and cheering proofs that she was wrong4 ,how gladly she heard them6 ,she was almost ready to believe that she had been foolishly alarmed4 ,some moments afterward1 as she passed through the large hall which had just been swept and put in order1 where the half-drawn green damask curtains made a soft twilight1 she stopped sadly before the piano4 ,it was like a dream1 to think who had sat there but a few hours before4 ,she looked long and thoughtfully at the keys which he had touched last2 then she softly closed the lid and took away the key1 in jealous care lest some other hand should open it too soon4 ,as she went away1 she happened to return to its place a book of songs2 an old leaf fell out1 the copy of a ,bohemian folk-song1 which ,franziska1 and she too1 had sung long ago4 ,she took it up1 not without emotion1 for in her present mood the most natural occurrence might easily seem an oracle4 ,and the simple verses1 as she read them through again1 brought the hot tears to her eyes3 ,a pine-tree stands in a forest--who knows where8 ,a rose-tree in some garden fair doth grow2 ,remember they are waiting there1 my soul1 ,till o'er thy grave they bend to whisper and to blow4 ,far in the pasture two black colts are feeding4 ,toward home they canter when the master calls2 ,they shall go slowly with thee to thy grave1 ,perchance ere from their hoofs the gleaming iron falls4 99 99 99 99 99 ,illustration3 ,,annette ,,von ,,droste-,h,,lshoff ,,annette ,,elizabeth ,,von ,,droste-,h,,lshoff ,,pentecost#cd 7#ahci7 ,the day was still1 the sun's bright glare ,fell sheer upon the ,temple's beauteous wall ,withered by tropic heat1 the air ,let1 like a bird1 its listless pinions fall4 ,behold a group1 young men and gray1 ,and women1 kneeling2 silence holds them all2 ,they mutely pray6 ,where is the faithful ,comforter ,whom1 parting1 ,thou didst promise to ,thine own8 ,they trust ,thy word which cannot err1 ,but sad and full of fear the time has grown4 ,the hour draws nigh2 for forty days ,and forty wakeful nights toward ,thee we've thrown ,our weeping gaze4 ,where is ,he8 ,hour on hour doth steal1 ,and minute after minute swells the doubt4 ,where doth ,he bide8 ,and though a seal ,be on the mouth1 the soul must yet speak out4 ,hot winds blow1 in the sandy lake ,the panting tiger moans and rolls about1 ,parched is the snake4 ,but hark6 a murmur rises now1 ,swelling and swelling like a storm's advance1 ,yet standing grass-blades do not bow1 ,and the still palm-tree listens in a trance4 ,why seem these men to quake with fear ,while each on other casts a wondering glance8 ,behold6 ',tis here6 ',tis here1 'tis here6 the quivering light ,rests on each head2 what floods of ecstasy ,throng in our veins with wondrous might6 ,the future dawns2 the flood-gates open free2 ,resistless pours the mighty ,word2 ,now as a herald's call1 now whisperingly1 ,its tone is heard4 ,oh ,light1 oh ,comforter1 but there ,alas6 and but to them art ,thou revealed ,and not to us1 not everywhere ,where drooping souls for comfort have appealed6 ,i yearn for day that never breaks2 ,oh shine1 before this eye is wholly sealed1 ,which weeps and wakes4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,the ,,house ,,in ,,the ,,heath#ce 7#ahda7 ,beneath yon fir trees in the west1 ,the sunset round it glowing1 ,a cottage lies like bird on nest1 ,with thatch roof hardly showing4 ,and there across the window-sill ,leans out a white-starred heifer2 ,she snorts and stamps2 then breathes her fill ,of evening's balmy zephyr4 ,near-by reposes1 hedged with thorn1 ,a garden neatly tended2 ,the sunflower looks about with scorn2 ,the bell-flower's head is bended4 ,and in the garden kneels a child1 ,she weeds or merely dallies1 ,a lily plucks with gesture mild ,and wanders down the alleys4 ,a shepherd group in distance dim ,lie stretched upon the heather1 ,and with a simple evening hymn ,wake the still breeze together4 ,and from the roomy threshing hall ,the hammer strokes ring cheery1 ,the plane gives forth a crunching drawl1 ,the rasping saw sounds weary4 ,the evening star now greets the scene ,and smoothly soars above it1 ,and o'er the cottage stands serene2 ,he seems in truth to love it4 ,a vision with such beauty crowned1 ,had pious monks observed it1 ,they straight upon a golden ground ,had painted and preserved it4 ,the carpenter1 the herdsmen there ,a pious choral sounding2 ,the maiden with the lily fair1 ,and peace the whole surrounding2 ,the wondrous star that beams on all ,from out the fields of heaven-- ,may it not be that in the stall ,the ,christ is born this even8 ,illustration3 ,,hans ,,am ,,ende ,,the ,,farm ,,house 99 99 99 99 99 ,,the ,,boy ,,on ,,the ,,moor#cf 7#ahda7 ',tis an eerie thing o'er the moor to fare ,when the eddies of peat-smoke justle1 ,when the wraiths of mist whirl here and there ,and wind-blown tendrils tussle1 ,when every step starts a hidden spring ,and the trodden moss-tufts hiss and sing ',tis an eerie thing o'er the moor to fare ,when the tangled reed-beds rustle4 ,the child with his primer sets out alone ,and speeds as if he were hunted1 ,the wind goes by with a hollow moan-- ,there's a noise in the hedge-row stunted4 ',tis the turf-digger's ghost1 near-by he dwells1 ,and for drink his master's turf he sells4 ,whoo6 whoo6 comes a sound like a stray cow's groan2 ,the poor boy's courage is daunted4 ,then stumps loom up beside the ditch1 ,uncannily nod the bushes1 ,the boy running on1 each nerve a twitch1 ,through a jungle of spear-grass pushes4 ,and where it trickles and crackles apace ,is the ,spinner's unholy hiding-place1 ,the home of the cursd ,spinning-witch ,who turns her wheel 'mid the rushes4 ,on1 ever on1 goes the fearsome rout1 ,in pursuit through that region fenny1 ,at each wild stride the bubbles burst out1 ,and the sounds from beneath are many4 ,until at length from the midst of the din ,comes the squeak of a spectral violin1 ,that must be the rascally fiddler lout ,who ran off with the bridal penny6 ,the turf splits open1 and from the hole ,bursts forth an unhappy sighing1 ,alas1 alas1 for my wretched soul6 ',tis poor damned ,margaret crying6 ,the lad he leaps like a wounded deer1 ,and were not his guardian angel near ,some digger might find in a marshy knoll ,where his little bleached bones were lying4 ,but the ground grows firmer beneath his feet1 ,and there from over the meadow ,a lamp is flickering homely-sweet2 ,the boy at the edge of the shadow ,looks back as he pauses to take his breath1 ,and in his glance is the fear of death4 ',twas eerie there 'mid the sedge and peat1 ,ah1 that was a place to dread1 ,o6 99 99 99 99 99 ,,on ,,the ,,tower#cg 7#ahdb7 ,i stand aloft on the balcony1 ,the starlings around me crying1 ,and let like maenad my hair stream free ,to the storm o'er the ramparts flying4 ,oh headlong wind1 on this narrow ledge ,i would ,i could try thy muscle ,and1 breast to breast1 two steps from the edge1 ,fight it out in a deadly tussle4 ,beneath me ,i see1 like hounds at play1 ,how billow on billow dashes2 ,yea1 tossing aloft the glittering spray1 ,the fierce throng hisses and clashes4 ,oh1 might ,i leap into the raging flood ,and urge on the pack to harry ,the hidden glades of the coral wood1 ,for the walrus1 a worthy quarry6 ,from yonder mast a flag streams out ,as bold as a royal pennant2 ,i can watch the good ship lunge about ,from this tower of which ,i am tenant2 ,but oh1 might ,i be in the battling ship1 ,might ,i seize the rudder and steer her1 ,how gay o'er the foaming reef we'd slip ,like the sea-gulls circling near her6 ,were ,i a hunter wandering free1 ,or a soldier in some sort of fashion1 ,or if ,i at least a man might be1 ,the heav'ns would grant me my passion4 ,but now ,i must sit as fine and still ,as a child in its best of dresses1 ,and only in secret may have my will ,and give to the wind my tresses4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,the ,,desolate ,,house#ch 7#ahdb7 ,deep in a dell a woodsman's house ,has sunk in wild dilapidation2 ,there buried under vines and boughs ,i often sit in contemplation4 ,so dense the tangle that the day ,through heavy lashes can but glimmer2 ,the rocky cleft is rendered dimmer ,by overshadowing tree-trunks gray4 ,within that dell ,i love to hear ,the flies with their tumultuous humming1 ,and solitary beetles near ,amid the bushes softly drumming4 ,and when the trickling cliffs of slate ,the color from the sunset borrow1 ,methinks an eye all red with sorrow ,looks down on me disconsolate4 ,the arbor peak with jagged edge ,wears many a vine-shoot long and meagre ,and from the moss beneath the hedge ,creep forth carnations1 nowise eager4 ,there from the moist cliff overhead ,the muddy drippings oft bedew them1 ,then creep in lazy streamlets through them ,to sink within a fennel-bed4 ,along the roof o'ergrown with moss ,has many a tuft of thatch projected1 ,a spider-web is built across ,the window-jamb1 else unprotected2 ,the wing of a gleaming dragon-fly ,hangs in it like some petal tender1 ,the body armed in golden splendor ,lies headless on the sill near-by4 ,a butterfly sometimes may chance ,in heedless play to flutter hither ,and stop in momentary trance ,where the narcissus blossoms wither2 ,a dove that through the grove has flown ,above this dell no more will utter ,her coo1 one can but hear her flutter ,and see her shadow on the stone4 ,and in the fireplace where the snow ,each winter down the chimney dashes ,a mass of bell-capped toad-stools grow ,on viscid heaps of moldering ashes4 ,high on a peg above the rest ,a hank of rope-yarn limply dangles ,like rotted hair1 and in the tangles ,the swallow built her last year's nest4 ,an old dog-collar set with bells ,swings from a hook by clasp and tether1 ,with rude embroidery that spells ,diana worked upon the leather4 ,a flute too1 when the woodsman died1 ,the men who dug his grave forgot here2 ,the dog1 his only friend1 they shot here ,and laid her by her master's side4 ,but while ,i sit in reverie1 ,a field-mouse near me shrilly crying1 ,the squirrel barking from his tree1 ,and from the marsh the frogs replying-- ,then eerie shudders o'er me shoot1 ,as if ,i caught from out the dingle ,diana's bells once more a-jingle ,and echoes of the dead man's flute4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,the ,,jew',s ,,beech-,,tree 7#ahda7 ,,by ,,annette ,,elizabeth ,,von ,,droste-,h,,lshoff ,,translated ,,by ,,lillie ,,winter1 ,a4,b4 ,frederick ,mergel1 born in #agch1 was the son of a so-called ,halbmeier or property holder of low station in the village of ,b41 which1 however badly built and smoky it may be1 still engrosses the eye of every traveler by the extremely picturesque beauty of its situation in a green woody ravine of an important and historically noteworthy mountain chain4 ,the little country to which it belonged was1 at that time1 one of those secluded corners of the earth1 without trade or manufacturing1 without highways1 where a strange face still excited interest and a journey of thirty miles made even one of the more important inhabitants the ,ulysses of his vicinage--in short1 a spot1 as so many more that once could be found in ,germany1 with all the failings and the virtues1 all the originality and the narrowness that can flourish only under such conditions4 ,under very simple and often inadequate laws the inhabitants' ideas of right and wrong had1 in some measure1 become confused1 or1 rather1 a second law had grown up beside the official1 a law of public opinion1 of custom1 and of long uncontested privilege4 ,the property holders1 who sat as judges in the lower courts1 meted out punishments or rewards in accordance with their own notions1 which were1 in most cases1 honest4 ,the common people did what seemed to them practicable and compatible with a somewhat lax conscience1 and it was only the loser to whom it sometimes occurred to look up dusty old documents4 ,it is hard to view that period without prejudice2 since it has passed away it has been either haughtily criticised or foolishly praised2 for those who lived through it are blinded by too many precious recollections1 and the newer generation does not understand it4 ,this much1 however1 one may assert1 that the shell was weaker1 the kernel stronger1 crime more frequent1 want of principle rarer4 ,for he who acts according to his convictions1 be they ever so faulty1 can never be entirely debased2 whereas nothing kills the soul more surely than appealing to the written law when it is at variance with one's own sense of what is right4 ,the inhabitants of the little country of which we speak1 being more restless and enterprising than their neighbors1 certain features of life came out more sharply here than would have been the case elsewhere under like conditions4 ,wood stealing and poaching were every-day occurrences1 and in the numerous fights which ensued each one had to seek his own consolation if his head was bruised4 ,since great and productive forests constituted the chief wealth of the country1 these forests were of course vigilantly watched over1 less1 however1 by legal means than by continually renewed efforts to defeat violence and trickery with like weapons4 ,the village of ,b4 was reputed to be the most arrogant1 most cunning1 and most daring community in the entire principality4 ,perhaps its situation in the midst of the deep and proud solitude of the forest had early strengthened the innate obstinacy of its inhabitants4 ,the proximity of a river which flowed into the sea and bore covered vessels large enough to transport shipbuilding timber conveniently and safely to foreign ports1 helped much in encouraging the natural boldness of the wood-thieves2 and the fact that the entire neighborhood swarmed with foresters served only to aggravate matters1 since in the oft-recurring skirmishes the peasants usually had the advantage4 ,thirty or forty wagons would start off together on beautiful moonlight nights with about twice as many men of every age1 from the half-grown boy to the seventy-year-old village magistrate1 who1 as an experienced bell-wether1 led the procession as proudly and self-consciously as when he took his seat in the court-room4 ,those who were left behind listened unconcernedly to the grinding and pounding of the wheels dying away in the narrow passes1 and slept calmly on4 ,now and then an occasional shot1 a faint scream1 startled perhaps a young wife or an engaged girl2 no one else paid any attention to it4 ,at the first gray light of dawn the procession returned just as silently--every face bronzed1 and here and there a bandaged head1 which did not matter4 ,a few hours later the neighborhood would be alive with talk about the misfortune of one or more foresters1 who were being carried out of the woods1 beaten1 blinded with snuff1 and rendered unable to attend to their business for some time4 ,in this community ,frederick ,mergel was born1 in a house which attested the pretensions of its builder by the proud addition of a chimney and somewhat less diminutive window panes1 but at the same time bespoke the miserable circumstances of its owner by its present state of dilapidation4 ,what had once been a hedge around the yard and the garden had given way to a neglected fence2 the roof was damaged2 other people's cattle grazed in the pastures2 other people's corn grew in the field adjoining the yard2 and the garden contained1 with the exception of a few woody rose bushes of a better time1 more weeds than useful plants4 ,strokes of misfortune had1 it is true1 brought on much of this1 but disorder and mismanagement had played their part4 ,frederick's father1 old ,herman ,mergel1 was1 in his bachelor days1 a so-called orderly drinker--that is1 one who lay in the gutter on ,sundays and holidays1 but during the week was as well behaved as any one1 and so he had had no difficulty in wooing and winning a right pretty and wealthy girl4 ,there was great merrymaking at the wedding4 ,mergel did not get so very drunk1 and the bride's parents went home in the evening satisfied2 but the next ,sunday the young wife1 screaming and bloody1 was seen running through the village to her family1 leaving behind all her good clothes and new household furniture4 ,of course that meant great scandal and vexation for ,mergel1 who naturally needed consolation2 by afternoon therefore there was not an unbroken pane of glass in his house and he was seen late at night still lying on his threshold1 raising1 from time to time1 the neck of a broken bottle to his mouth and pitifully lacerating his face and hands4 ,the young wife remained with her parents1 where she soon pined away and died4 ,whether it was remorse or shame that tormented ,mergel1 no matter2 he seemed to grow more and more in need of spiritual bolstering up1 and soon began to be counted among the completely demoralized good-for-nothings4 ,the household went to pieces1 hired girls caused disgrace and damage2 so year after year passed4 ,mergel was and remained a distressed and finally rather pitiable widower1 until all of a sudden he again appeared as a bridegroom4 ,if the event itself was unexpected1 the personality of the bride added still more to the general astonishment4 ,margaret ,semmler was a good1 respectable person1 in her forties1 a village belle in her youth1 still respected for her good sense and thrift1 and at the same time not without some money4 ,what had induced her to take this step was consequently incomprehensible to every one4 ,we think the reason is to be found in her very consciousness of perfection4 ,on the evening before the wedding she is reported to have said3 ,a woman who is badly treated by her husband is either stupid or good-for-nothing2 if ,i am unhappy1 put it down as my fault4 ,the result proved1 unfortunately1 that she had overestimated her strength4 ,at first she impressed her husband2 if he had taken too much1 he would not come home1 or would creep into the barn4 ,but the yoke was too oppressive to be borne long1 and soon they saw him quite often staggering across the street right into his house1 heard his wild shouting within1 and saw ,margaret hastily closing doors and windows4 ,on one such day--it was no longer a ,sunday now--they saw her rush out of the house in the evening1 without hood or ,shawl1 with her hair flying wildly about her head4 ,they saw her throw herself down in the garden beside a vegetable bed and dig up the earth with her hands1 then1 anxiously looking about her1 quickly pick off some vegetables and slowly return with them in the direction of the house1 but1 instead of entering it1 go into the barn4 ,it was said that this was the first time that ,mergel had struck her1 although she never let such an admission pass her lips4 ,the second year of this unhappy marriage was marked by the coming of a son--one cannot say gladdened1 for ,margaret is reported to have wept bitterly when the child was handed to her4 ,nevertheless1 although born beneath a heart full of grief1 ,frederick was a healthy1 pretty child who grew strong in the fresh air4 ,his father loved him dearly1 never came home without bringing him a roll or something of that sort1 and it was even thought he had become more temperate since the birth of the boy2 at least the noise in the house decreased4 ,frederick was in his ninth year4 ,it was about the ,feast of the ,three ,kings1 a raw and stormy winter night4 ,herman had gone to a wedding1 and had started out early because the bride's house was three miles away4 ,although he had promised to return in the evening1 ,mistress ,mergel hardly counted on it because a heavy snowfall had set in after sunset4 ,about ten o'clock she banked the fire and made ready to go to bed4 ,frederick stood beside her1 already half undressed1 and listened1 to the howling of the wind and the rattling of the garret windows4 ,mother1 isn't father coming home tonight8 he asked4 ,no1 child2 tomorrow4 ,but why not1 mother8 ,he promised to4 ,oh1 ,god1 if he only kept every promise he makes6--,hurry now1 hurry and get ready4 ,they had hardly gone to bed when a gale started to rage as though it would carry the house along with it4 ,the bed-stead quivered1 and the chimney-stack rattled as if there were goblins in it4 ,mother1 some one's knocking outside6 ,quiet1 ,fritzy2 that's the loose board on the gable being shaken by the wind4 ,no2 mother1 it's at the door4 ,it does not lock2 the latch is broken4 ,heavens1 go to sleep6 ,don't deprive me of my bit of rest at night6 ,but what if father should come now6 ,his mother turned angrily in her bed4 ,the devil holds him tight enough6 ,where is the devil1 mother8 ,wait1 you restless boy6 ,he's standing at the door1 ready to get you if you don't keep quiet6 ,frederick became quiet4 ,a little while longer he listened1 and then fell asleep4 ,a few hours later he awoke4 ,the wind had changed1 and hissed like a snake through the cracks in the window near his ear4 ,his shoulder was stiff2 he crept clear under his quilt and lay still and trembling with fear4 ,after a while he noticed that his mother was not asleep either4 ,he heard her weep and moan between sobs3 ,hail1 ,mary6 and ,pray for us poor sinners6 ,the beads of the rosary slid by his face4 ,an involuntary sigh escaped him4 ,frederick1 are you awake8 ,yes1 mother4 ,child1 pray a little--you know half of the ,paternoster already1 don't you8-that ,god protect us from flood and fire4 ,frederick thought of the devil1 and wondered how he looked1 anyway4 ,the confused noise and rumbling in the house seemed strange to him4 ,he thought there must be something alive within and without4 ,listen1 mother6 ,i am sure ,i hear people knocking4 ,oh1 no1 child2 but there's not an old board in the house that isn't rattling4 ,hark6 ,don't you hear8 ,someone's calling6 ,listen6 ,his mother sat up2 the raging of the storm subsided a moment4 ,knocking on the shutters1 was distinctly audible1 and several voices called3 ,margaret64 ,mistress ,margaret6 ,hey there6 ,open the door6 ,margaret ejaculated violently1 ,there1 they're again bringing the swine home to me6 ,the rosary flew clattering down on the wooden chair2 hastily she snatched her clothes2 she rushed to the hearth1 and soon ,frederick heard her walk across the hall with defiant steps4 ,margaret did not return2 but in the kitchen there was a loud murmuring of strange voices4 ,twice a strange man came into the bedroom and seemed to be nervously searching for something4 ,suddenly a lamp was brought in2 two men were supporting his mother4 ,she was white as chalk and her eyes were closed2 ,frederick thought she was dead4 ,he emitted a fearful scream1 whereupon some one boxed his ear4 ,that silenced him2 and now he gradually gleaned from the remarks of the bystanders that his father had been found dead in the woods by his ,uncle ,franz ,semmler and by ,huelsmeyer1 and was now lying in the kitchen4 ,as soon as ,margaret regained consciousness she tried to get rid of the strangers4 ,her brother remained with her1 and ,frederick1 who was threatened with severe punishment if he got out of bed1 heard the fire crackling in the kitchen all night and a noise like stroking something back and forth1 and brushing it4 ,there was little spoken and that quietly1 but now and then sobs broke out that went through and through the child1 young as he was4 ,once he understood his uncle to say1 ,margaret1 don't take it so badly2 we will all have three masses read1 and at ,eastertide we'll make together a pilgrimage to the ,holy ,virgin of ,werl4 ,when the body was carried away two days later1 ,margaret sat on the hearth and covered her face with her apron4 ,after a few minutes1 when everything had become quiet1 she mumbled1 ,ten years1 ten crosses6 ,but we carried them together1 after all1 and now ,i am alone6 ,then louder1 ,fritzy1 come here6 ,frederick approached her timidly2 his mother had become quite uncanny to him with her black ribbons and her haggard1 troubled face4 ,fritzy1 she said1 will you now really be good and make me happy1 or will you be naughty and lie1 or drink and steal8 ,mother1 ,huelsmeyer steals4 ,huelsmeyer8 ,god forbid6 ,must ,i spank you8 ,who tells you such wicked things8 ,the other day he beat ,aaron and took six groschen from him4 ,if he took money from ,aaron1 no doubt the accursed ,jew had first cheated him out of it4 ,huelsmeyer is a respectable householder1 and the ,jews are all rascals6 ,but1 mother1 ,brandes also says that he steals wood and deer4 ,child1 ,brandes is a forester4 ,mother1 do foresters tell lies8 ,margaret was silent a moment1 and then said1 ,listen1 ,fritz6 ,our ,lord makes the wood grow free and the wild game moves from one landowner's property into another's4 ,they can belong to no one4 ,but you do not understand that yet4 ,now go into the shed and get me some fagots4 ,frederick had seen his father lying on the straw1 where he was said to have looked blue and fearful2 but the boy never spoke of it and seemed indisposed to think of it4 ,on the whole1 the recollection of his father had left behind a feeling of tenderness mingled with horror1 for nothing so engrosses one as love and devotion on the part of a person who seems hardened against everything else2 and in ,frederick's case this sentiment grew with the years1 through the experience of many slights on the part of others4 ,as a child he was very sensitive about having any one mention his deceased father in a tone not altogether flattering to him--a cause for grief that the none too delicate neighbors did not spare him4 ,there is a tradition in those parts which denies rest in the grave to a person killed by accident4 ,old ,mergel had thus become the ghost of the forest of ,brede2 as a will o' the wisp he led a drunken man into the pond by a hair2 the shepherd boys1 when they crouched by their fires at night and the owls screeched in the hollows1 sometimes heard quite clearly in broken accents his ,just listen1 sweet ,lizzie2 and an unprivileged woodman who had fallen asleep under the broad oak and been overtaken by nightfall1 had1 upon awakening1 seen his swollen blue face peeping through the branches4 ,frederick was obliged to hear much of this from other boys2 then he would howl and strike any one who was near2 once he even cut some one with his little knife and was1 on this occasion1 pitilessly thrashed4 ,after that he drove his mother's cows alone to the other end of the valley1 where one could often see him lie in the grass for hours in the same position1 pulling up the thyme4 ,he was twelve years old when his mother received a visit from her younger brother who lived in ,brede and had not crossed his sister's threshold since her foolish marriage4 ,simon ,semmler was a short1 restless1 lean man with bulging fishlike eyes and a face altogether like a pike--an uncanny fellow1 in whom exaggerated reserve often alternated with affability no less affected--who would have liked to pass for a shrewd intellect but was considered disagreeable instead4 ,he was a quarrelsome chap1 and everybody grew more anxious to avoid him the farther he advanced toward that age when persons of limited intellect are apt to make up in pretensions for what they lose in usefulness4 ,nevertheless poor ,margaret was glad to see him1 as she had no other relatives living4 ,simon1 is that you8 she asked1 trembling so that she had to steady herself on a chair4 ,you want to see how ,i am getting along with my dirty boy8 ,simon looked at her earnestly and clasped her hand4 ,you have grown old1 ,margaret4 ,margaret sighed4 ,i've had much sorrow and all kinds of bad luck since ,i saw you4 ,yes1 girl1 marry at leisure1 repent in haste6 ,now you are old and the child is small4 ,everything has its time4 ,but when an old house is burning nothing will quench the fire4 ,a flame1 red as blood1 flashed across ,margaret's care-worn face4 ,but ,i hear your son is cunning and smart1 ,simon continued4 ,well1 rather1 but good withal1 replied ,margaret4 ,h'm1 some one once stole a cow2 he was called 'good' too4 ,but he is quiet and thoughtful1 isn't he8 ,he doesn't run around with the other boys8 ,he is a peculiar child1 said ,margaret1 as though to herself2 it's not a good thing4 ,simon laughed aloud4 ,your boy is timid because the others have given him a few good thrashings4 ,don't worry1 the lad will repay them6 ,huelsmeyer came to see me lately2 said the boy was like a deer4 ,what mother's heart does not rejoice when she hears her child praised8 ,poor ,margaret seldom had this pleasure2 every one called her boy malicious and close-mouthed4 ,tears started to her eyes4 ,yes1 thank ,god1 his limbs are straight6 ,what does he look like8 continued ,simon4 ,he's a good deal like you1 ,simon1 a good deal4 ,simon laughed4 ,indeed1 he must be a rare fellow2 ,i'm getting better-looking every day4 ,of course he shouldn't be wasting his time at school4 ,you let him pasture the cows8 ,just as well2 what the teacher says isn't half true anyway4 ,but where does he pasture8 ,in the ,telgen glen8 ,in the ,roder woods8 ,in the ,teutoburg forest8 ,at night and early in the morning1 too8 ,all through the night2 but what do you mean8 ,simon seemed not to hear this4 ,he craned his neck toward the door4 ,look1 there comes the youngster6 ,his father's son6 ,he swings his arms like your departed husband4 ,and just see6 ,the lad actually has my light hair6 ,a proud smile spread secretly over the mother's face2 her ,frederick's blond curls and ,simon's reddish bristles6 ,without answering she broke a branch from the hedge near-by and went to meet her son1 apparently to hurry on a lazy cow1 in reality1 however1 to whisper a few hasty1 half threatening words into his ear2 for she knew his obstinate disposition1 and ,simon's manner today had seemed to her more intimidating than ever4 ,but everything ran smoothly beyond expectation2 ,frederick showed himself neither obdurate nor insolent-rather1 somewhat embarrassed and anxious to please his uncle4 ,and so matters progressed until1 after half an hour's discussion1 ,simon proposed a kind of adoption of the boy1 by virtue of which he was not to take him entirely away from his mother but was1 nevertheless1 to command the greater part of his time4 ,and for this the boy was eventually to inherit the old bachelor's fortune1 which1 to be sure1 couldn't have escaped him anyway4 ,margaret patiently allowed her brother to explain how great the advantages of the arrangement would be to her1 how slight the loss4 ,she knew best what a sickly widow misses in the help of a twelve-year-old boy whom she has trained practically to replace a daughter4 ,but she kept silent and yielded to everything4 ,she only begged her brother to be firm1 but not harsh1 with the boy4 ,he is good1 she said1 but ,i am a lonely woman2 my son is not like one who has been ruled by a father's hand4 ,simon nodded slyly4 ,leave it to me2 we'll get along all right2 and1 do you know what8--let me have the boy right now2 ,i have two bags to fetch from the mill2 the smallest is just right for him and that's how he'll learn to help me4 ,come1 ,fritzy1 put your wooden shoes on6 ,and presently ,margaret was watching them both as they walked away1 ,simon ahead with his face set forward and the tails of his red coat flying out behind him like flames1 looking a good deal like a man of fire doing penance beneath the sack he has stolen4 ,frederick followed him1 tall and slender for his age1 with delicate1 almost noble1 features and long blond curls that were better cared for than the rest of his exterior appearance would have led one to expect2 for the rest1 ragged1 sunburnt1 with a look of neglect and a certain hard melancholy in his countenance4 ,nevertheless a strong family resemblance between the two could not be mistaken1 and as ,frederick slowly followed his leader1 with his eyes riveted on the man who attracted him by the very strangeness of his appearance1 involuntarily he reminded one of a person who with anxious interest gazes on the picture of his future in a magic mirror4 ,they were now approaching the place in the ,teutoburg ,forest where the ,forest of ,brede extends down the slope of the mountain and fills a very dark ravine4 ,until now they had spoken little4 ,simon seemed pensive1 the boy absent-minded1 and both were panting under their sacks4 ,suddenly ,simon asked1 ,do you like whiskey8 ,the boy did not answer4 ,i say1 do you like whiskey8 ,does your mother give you some once in a while8 ,mother hasn't any herself1 answered ,frederick4 ,well1 well1 so much the better6 ,do you know the woods before us8 ,it is the ,forest of ,brede4 ,do you know what happened here8 ,frederick remained silent4 ,meanwhile they came nearer and nearer to the gloomy ravine4 ,does your mother still pray much8 ,simon began again4 ,yes1 she tells her beads twice every evening4 ,really8 ,and you pray with her8 ,somewhat ill at ease1 the boy looked aside slyly and laughed4 ,at twilight before supper she tells her beads once--then ,i have not yet returned with the cows2 and again in bed--then ,i usually fall asleep4 ,well1 well1 my boy6 ,these last words were spoken under the sheltering branches of a broad beech-tree which arched the entrance to the glen4 ,it was now quite dark and the new1 moon shone in the sky1 but its weak rays served only to lend a strange appearance to the objects they occasionally touched through an aperture between the branches4 ,frederick followed close behind his uncle2 his breath came fast and1 if one could have distinguished his features1 one would have noticed in them an expression of tremendous agitation caused by imagination rather than terror4 ,thus both trudged ahead sturdily1 ,simon with the firm step of the hardened wanderer1 ,frederick unsteadily and as if in a dream4 ,it seemed to him that everything was in motion1 and that the trees swayed in the lonely rays of the moon now towards one another1 now away4 ,roots of trees and slippery places where water had gathered made his steps uncertain2 several times he came near falling4 ,now some distance ahead the darkness seemed to break1 and presently both entered a rather large clearing4 ,the moon shone down brightly and showed that only a short while ago the axe had raged here mercilessly4 ,everywhere stumps of trees jutted up1 some many feet above the ground1 just as it had been most convenient to cut through them in haste2 the forbidden work must have been interrupted unexpectedly1 for directly across the path lay a beech-tree with its branches rising high above it1 and its leaves1 still fresh1 trembling in the evening breeze4 ,simon stopped a moment and surveyed the fallen tree-trunk with interest4 ,in the centre of the open space stood an old oak1 broad in proportion to its height4 ,a pale ray of light that fell on its trunk through the branches showed that it was hollow1 a fact that had probably saved it from the general destruction4 ,here ,simon suddenly clutched the boy's arm4 ,frederick1 do you know that tree8 ,that is the broad oak4 ,frederick started1 and with his cold hands clung to his uncle4 ,see1 ,simon continued1 here ,uncle ,franz and ,huelsmeyer found your father1 when without confession and extreme unction he had gone to the ,devil in his drunkenness4 ,uncle1 uncle6 gasped ,frederick4 ,what's coming over you8 ,i should hope you are not afraid8 ,devil of a boy1 you're pinching my arm6 ,let go1 let go6 ,he tried to shake the boy off4 ,on the whole your father was a good soul2 ,god won't be too strict with him4 ,i loved him as well as my own brother4 ,frederick let go his uncle's arm2 both walked the rest of the way through the forest in silence1 and soon the village of ,brede lay before them with its mud houses and its few better brick houses1 one of which belonged to ,simon4 ,the next evening ,margaret sat at the door with her flax for fully an hour1 awaiting her boy4 ,it had been the first night she had passed without hearing her child's breathing beside her1 and still ,frederick did not come4 ,she was vexed and anxious1 and yet knew that there was no reason for being so4 ,the clock in the tower struck seven2 the cattle returned home2 still he was not there1 and she had to get up to look after the cows4 ,when she rentered the dark kitchen1 ,frederick was standing on the hearth2 he was bending forward and warming his hands over the coal fire4 ,the light played on his features and gave him an unpleasant look of leanness and nervous twitching4 ,margaret stopped at the door2 the child seemed to her so strangely changed4 ,frederick1 how's your uncle8 ,the boy muttered a few unintelligible words and leaned close against the chimney4 ,frederick1 have you forgotten how to talk8 ,boy1 open your mouth6 ,don't you know ,i do not hear well with my right ear8 ,the child raised his voice and began to stammer so that ,margaret failed to understand anything4 ,what are you saying8 ,greeting from ,master ,semmler8 ,away again8 ,where8 ,the cows are at home already4 ,you bad boy1 ,i can't understand you4 ,wait1 ,i'll have to see if you have no tongue in your mouth6 ,she made a few angry steps forward4 ,the child looked up to her with the pitiful expression of a poor1 half-grown dog that is learning to sit up on his hind legs4 ,in his fear he began to stamp his feet and rub his back against the chimney4 ,margaret stood still2 her glances became anxious4 ,the boy looked as though he had shrunk together4 ,his clothes were not the same either2 no1 that was not her child6 ,and4 yet--,frederick1 ,frederick6 she cried4 ,a closet door in the bedroom slammed and the real ,frederick came out1 with a so-called clog-violin in one hand1 that is1 a wooden shoe strung with three or four resined strings1 and in his other hand a bow1 quite befitting the instrument4 ,then he went right up to his sorry double1 with an attitude of conscious dignity and independence on his part1 which at that moment revealed distinctly the difference between the two boys who otherwise resembled each other so remarkably4 ,here1 ,john6 he said1 and handed him the work of art with a patronizing air2 here is the violin that ,i promised you4 ,my play-days are over2 now ,i must earn money4 ,john cast another timid glance at ,margaret1 slowly stretched out his hand until he had tightly grasped the present1 and then hid it stealthily under the flaps of his shabby coat4 ,margaret stood perfectly still and let the children do as they liked4 ,her thoughts had taken another1 very serious1 turn1 and she looked restlessly from one to the other4 ,the strange boy had again bent over the coals with an expression of momentary comfort which bordered on simple-mindedness1 while ,frederick's features showed the alternating play of a sympathy evidently more selfish than good-humored1 and his eyes1 in almost glassy clearness1 for the first time distinctly showed the expression of that unrestrained ambition and tendency to swagger which afterwards revealed itself as so strong a motive in most of his actions4 ,his mother's call aroused him from his thoughts which were as new as they were pleasant to him2 again she was sitting at her spinning-wheel4 ,frederick1 she said1 hesitating1 tell me-- and then stopped4 ,frederick looked up and1 hearing nothing more1 again turned to his charge4 ,no1 listen6 ,and then1 more softly3 ,who is that boy ,i ,what is his name8 ,frederick answered1 just as softly3 ,that is ,uncle ,simon's swineherd2 he has a message for ,huelsmeyer4 ,uncle gave me a pair of shoes and a huckaback vest which the boy carried for me2 in return ,i promised him my violin2 you see1 he's a poor child4 ,his name is ,john4 ,well8 said ,margaret4 ,what do you want1 mother8 ,what's his other name8 ,well--he has none1 but1 wait--yes1 ,nobody1 ,john ,nobody is his name4 ,he has no father1 he added under his breath4 ,margaret arose and went into the bedroom4 ,after a while she came out with a harsh1 gloomy expression on her countenance4 ,well1 ,frederick1 she said1 let the boy go1 so that he may attend to his errand4 ,boy1 why do you lie there in the ashes8 ,have you nothing to do at home8 ,with the air of one who is persecuted the boy roused himself so hastily that all his limbs got in his way1 and the clog-violin almost fell into the fire4 ,wait1 ,john1 said ,frederick proudly1 ,i'll give you half of my bread and butter2 it's too much for me anyhow4 ,mother always gives me a whole slice4 ,never mind1 said ,margaret1 he is going home4 ,yes1 but he won't get anything to eat now4 ,uncle ,simon eats at seven o'clock4 ,margaret turned to the boy4 ,won't they save anything for you8 ,tell me6 ,who takes care of you8 ,nobody1 stuttered the child4 ,nobody8 she repeated2 then take it1 take it6 she added nervously2 your name is ,nobody and nobody takes care of you4 ,may ,god have pity on you6 ,and now see that you get away6 ,frederick1 do not go with him1 do you hear8 ,do not go through the village together4 ,why1 ,i only want to get wood out of the shed1 answered ,frederick4 ,when both boys had gone ,margaret sank down in a chair and clasped her hands with an expression of the deepest grief4 ,her face was as white as a sheet4 ,a false oath1 a false oath6 she groaned4 ,simon1 ,simon1 how will you acquit yourself before ,god6 ,thus she sat for a while1 motionless1 with her lips shut tight1 as if completely unconscious4 ,frederick stood before her and had already spoken to her twice4 ,what's the matter8 ,what do you want8 she cried1 starting up4 ,i have some money for you1 he said1 more astonished than frightened4 ,money8 ,where8 ,she moved and the little coin fell jingling to the floor4 ,frederick picked it up4 ,money from ,uncle ,simon1 because ,i helped him work4 ,now ,i can earn something for myself4 ,money from ,simon6 ,throw it away1 away6--,no1 give it to the poor4 ,but no1 keep it6 she whispered1 scarcely audibly4 ,we are poor ourselves2 who knows whether we won't be reduced to begging6 ,i am to go back to ,uncle ,monday and help him with the sowing4 ,you go back to him8 ,no1 no1 never6 ,she embraced her child wildly4 ,yet1 she added1 and a stream of tears suddenly rushed down her sunken cheeks1 go2 he is the only brother ,i have1 and slander is great6 ,but keep ,god before your eyes1 and do not forget your daily prayers6 ,margaret pressed her face against the wall and wept aloud4 ,she had borne many a heavy burden--her husband's harsh treatment1 and1 worse than that1 his death2 and it was a bitter moment when the widow was compelled top give over to a creditor the usufruct of her last piece of arable land1 and her own plow stood useless in front of her house4 ,but as badly as this she had never felt before2 nevertheless1 after she had wept through an evening and lain awake a whole night1 she made herself believe that her brother ,simon could not be so godless1 that the boy certainly did not belong to him2 for resemblances can prove nothing4 ,why1 had she not herself lost a little sister forty years ago who looked exactly like the strange peddler6 ,one is willing to believe almost anything when one has so little1 and is liable to lose that little by unbelief6 ,from this time on ,frederick was seldom at home4 ,simon seemed to have lavished on his nephew all the more tender sentiments of which he was capable2 at least he missed him greatly and never ceased sending messages if some business at home kept him at his mother's house for any length of time4 ,the boy was as if transformed since that time2 his dreamy nature had left him entirely2 he walked firmly1 began to care for his external appearance1 and soon to have the reputation of being a handsome1 clever youth4 ,his uncle1 who could not be happy without schemes1 sometimes undertook important public works--for example1 road building1 at which ,frederick was everywhere considered one of his best workmen and his right-hand man2 for although the boy's physical strength had not yet attained its fullest development1 scarcely any one could equal him in endurance4 ,heretofore ,margaret had only loved her son2 now she began to be proud of him and even feel a kind of respect for him1 seeing the young fellow develop so entirely without her aid1 even without her advice1 which she1 like most people1 considered invaluable2 for that reason she could not think highly enough of the boy's capabilities which could dispense with such a precious means of furtherance4 ,in his eighteenth year ,frederick had already secured for himself an important reputation among the village youth by the successful execution of a wager that he could carry a wild boar for a distance of more than two miles without resting4 ,meanwhile participation in his glory was about the only advantage that ,margaret derived from these favorable circumstances1 since ,frederick spent more and more on his external appearance and gradually began1 to take it to heart if want of money compelled him to be second to any one in that respect4 ,moreover1 all his powers were directed toward making his living outside2 quite in contrast to his reputation all steady work around the house seemed irksome to him now1 and he preferred to submit to a hard but short exertion which soon permitted him to follow his former occupation of herding the cattle1 although it was beginning to be unsuitable for his age and at times drew upon him ridicule4 ,that he silenced1 however1 by a few blunt reprimands with his fist4 ,so people grew accustomed to seeing him1 now dressed up and jolly as a recognized village beau and leader of the young folks1 and again as a ragged boy slinking along1 lonely and dreamily1 behind his cows1 or lying in a forest clearing1 apparently thoughtless1 scratching the moss from the trees4 ,about this time1 however1 the slumbering laws were roused somewhat by a band of forest thieves which1 under the name of the ,blue ,smocks1 surpassed all its predecessors in cunning and boldness to such an extent that even the most indulgent would have lost patience4 ,absolutely contrary to the usual state of affairs1 when the leading bucks of the herd could always be pointed out1 it had thus far been impossible1 in spite of all watchfulness1 to specify even one member of this company of thieves4 ,their name they derived from their uniform clothing which made recognition more difficult if a forester happened by chance to see a few stragglers disappear in the thicket4 ,like caterpillars they destroyed everything2 whole tracts of forest-land would be cut down in a single night and immediately made away with1 leaving nothing to be found next morning but chips and disordered heaps of brushwood4 ,the fact that there were never any wagon tracks leading towards a village1 but always to and from the river1 proved that the work was carried on under the protection1 perhaps with the coperation1 of the shipowners4 ,there must have been some very skilful spies in the band1 for the foresters could watch in vain for weeks at a time2 nevertheless1 the first night they failed1 from sheer fatigue1 to watch1 the devastation began again1 whether it was a stormy night or moonlight4 ,it was strange that the country folk in the vicinity seemed just as ignorant and excited as the foresters themselves4 ,of several villages it could be asserted with certainty that they did not belong to the ,blue ,smocks1 while no strong suspicion could be attached to a single one1 since the most suspected of all1 the village of ,b41 had to be acquitted4 ,an accident had brought this about--a wedding1 at which almost every resident of this village had notoriously passed the night1 while during this very time the ,blue ,smocks had carried out one of their most successful expeditions4 ,the damage to the forest1 in the meanwhile1 was so enormous that preventive measures were made more stringent than ever before2 the forest was patrolled day and night2 head-servants and domestics were provided with firearms and sent to help the forest officers4 ,nevertheless1 their success was but slight1 for the guards had often scarcely left one end of the forest when the ,blue ,smocks were already entering the other4 ,this lasted more than a whole year2 guards and ,blue ,smocks1 ,blue ,smocks and guards1 like sun and moon1 ever alternating in the possession of the land and never meeting each other4 ,it was ,july1 #agef1 at three o'clock in the morning2 the moon shone brightly in the sky1 but its light had begun to grow dim2 and in the ,east there was beginning to appear a narrow1 yellow streak which bordered the horizon and closed the entrance to the narrow dale as with a hand of gold4 ,frederick was lying in the grass in his accustomed position1 whittling a willow stick1 the knotty end of which he was trying to form roughly into the shape of an animal4 ,he seemed to be very tired1 yawned1 rested his head against a weather-beaten stump and cast glances1 more sleepy than the horizon1 over the entrance of the glen which was almost overgrown with shrubbery and underbrush4 ,now and then his eyes manifested life and assumed their characteristic glassy glitter1 but immediately afterwards be half shut them again1 and yawned1 and stretched1 as only lazy shepherds may4 ,his dog lay some distance away near the cows which1 unconcerned by forest laws1 feasted indiscriminately on tender saplings and the grass1 and snuffed the fresh morning air4 ,out of the forest there sounded from time to time a muffled1 crashing noise2 it lasted but a few seconds1 accompanied by a long echo on the mountain sides1 and was repeated about every five or eight minutes4 ,frederick paid no attention to it2 only at times1 when the noise was exceptionally loud or long continued1 he lifted his head and glanced slowly down the several paths which led to the valley4 ,day was already dawning2 the birds were beginning to twitter softly and the dew was rising noticeably from the ground4 ,frederick had slid down the trunk and was staring1 with his arms crossed back of his head1 into the rosy morning light softly stealing in4 ,suddenly he started1 a light flashed across his face1 and he listened a few moments with his body bent forward like a hunting dog which scents something in the air4 ,then he quickly put two fingers in his mouth and gave a long1 shrill whistle4 ,fido1 you cursed beast6 ,he threw a stone and hit the unsuspecting dog which1 frightened out of his sleep1 first snarled and then1 limping on three feet and howling1 went in search of consolation to the very place from which the hurt had come4 ,at the same moment the branches of a near-by bush were pushed back almost without a rustle1 and a man stepped out1 dressed in a green hunting jacket1 with a silver shield on his arm and his rifle cocked in his hand4 ,he cast a hurried glance over the glen and stared sharply at the boy1 then stepped forward1 nodded toward the shrubbery1 and gradually seven or eight men came into sight1 all in the same costume1 with hunting knives in their belts and cocked weapons in their hands4 ,frederick1 what was that8 asked the one who had first appeared4 ,i wish the cur would die on the spot4 ,for all he knows1 the cows could chew the ears off my head4 ,the scoundrel has seen us1 said another4 ,tomorrow you'll go on a trip with a stone about your neck1 ,frederick went on1 and kicked at the dog4 ,frederick1 don't act like a fool6 ,you know me1 and you understand me too6 ,a look accompanied these words1 which had an immediate effect4 ,mr4 ,brandes1 think of my mother6 ,that's what ,i'm doing4 ,didn't you hear anything in the forest8 ,in the forest8 ,the boy threw a hasty glance at the forester's face4 ,your woodchoppers--nothing else4 ,my woodchoppers6 ,the naturally dark complexion of the forester changed to a deep brownish red4 ,how many of them are there1 and where are they doing their job8 ,wherever you have sent them2 ,i don't know4 ,brandes turned to his comrades4 ,go ahead2 ,i'll follow directly4 ,when one by one they had disappeared in the thicket1 ,brandes stepped close up to the boy4 ,frederick1 he said in tones of suppressed rage1 my patience is worn out2 ,i'd like to thrash you like a dog1 and that's no worse than you deserve4 ,you bundle of rags1 without a tile in your roof to call your own6 ,thank ,god1 you'll soon find yourself begging2 and at my door1 your mother1 the old witch1 shan't get as much as a moldy crust6 ,but first both of you'll go to the dungeon6 ,frederick clutched a branch convulsively4 ,he was pale as death1 and his eyes looked as if they would shoot out of his head like crystal bullets--but only for a moment4 ,then the greatest calmness1 bordering on complete relaxation1 returned4 ,sir1 he said firmly1 in an almost gentle voice1 you have said something that you cannot defend1 and so1 perhaps1 have ,i4 ,let us call it quits2 and now ,i will tell you what you wish4 ,if you did not engage the woodchoppers yourself1 they must be the ',blue ,smocks1' for not a wagon has come from the village2 why1 the road is right before me1 and there are four wagons4 ,i did not see them1 but ,i heard them drive up the pass4 ,he faltered a moment4 ,can you say that ,i have ever hewn a tree on your land1 or even that ,i ever raised my axe in any other place but where ,i was ordered to8 ,think it over1 whether you can say that8 ,a confused muttering was the forester's only answer2 like most blunt people1 he repented easily4 ,he turned1 exasperated1 and started toward the shrubbery4 ,no1 sir1 called ,frederick1 if you want to follow the other foresters1 they've gone up yonder by the beech-tree4 ,by the beech-tree6 exclaimed ,brandes doubtfully4 ,no1 across there1 toward ,mast ,gorge4 ,i tell you1 by the beech-tree2 long ,heinrich's gun-sling even caught on the crooked branch2 why1 ,i saw it6 ,the forester turned into the path designated4 ,frederick had not changed his position the whole time2 half reclining1 with his arm wound about a dry branch1 he gazed immovably after the departing man1 as he glided through the thickly wooded path with the long cautious steps characteristic of his profession1 as noiseless as a lynx climbing into the hen-roost4 ,here and there a branch sank behind him2 the outlines of his body became fainter and fainter4 ,then there was one final flash through the foliage2 it was a steel button on his hunting jacket2 and now he was gone4 ,during this gradual disappearance ,frederick's face had lost its expression of coldness1 and his features had finally become anxious and restless4 ,was he sorry1 perhaps1 that he had not asked the forester to keep his information secret8 ,he took a few steps forward1 then stopped4 ,it is too late1 he mused1 and reached for his hat4 ,there was a soft pecking in the thicket1 not twenty paces from him4 ,it was the forester sharpening his flint-stone4 ,frederick listened4 ,no6 he said in a decisive tone1 gathered up his belongings1 and hastily drove the cattle down into the hollow4 ,about noon1 ,margaret was sitting by the hearth1 boiling tea4 ,frederick had come home sick2 he had complained of a violent headache and had told her1 upon her anxious questioning1 how he had become deeply provoked with the forester--in short1 all about the incident just described1 with the exception of several details which he considered wiser to keep to himself4 ,margaret gazed into the boiling water1 silent and sad4 ,she was not unaccustomed to hear her son complain at times1 but today he seemed more shaken than ever4 ,was this perhaps the symptom of some illness8 ,she1 sighed deeply and dropped a log of wood she had just lifted4 ,mother6 called ,frederick from the bedroom4 ,what is it8 ,was that a shot8 ,oh1 no6 ,i don't know what you mean4 ,i suppose it's the throbbing in my head1 he replied4 ,a neighbor stepped in and related in a low whisper some bit of unimportant gossip which ,margaret listened to without interest4 ,then she went4 ,mother6 called ,frederick4 ,margaret went in to him4 ,what did ,huelsmeyer's wife say8 ,oh1 nothing at all--lies1 nonsense6 ,frederick sat up4 ,about ,gretchen ,siemers2 you know the old story well enough6--there isn't a word of truth in it either4 ,frederick lay down again4 ,i'll see if ,i can sleep1 he said4 ,margaret was sitting by the hearth4 ,she was spinning and thinking of rather unpleasant things4 ,the village clock struck half-past eleven2 the door opened and the court-clerk1 ,kapp1 came in4 ,good day1 ,mrs4 ,mergel1 he said4 ,can you give me a drink of milk8 ,i'm on my way from ,m4 ,when ,mrs4 ,mergel brought what he wished1 he asked ,where is ,frederick8 ,she was just then busy getting a plate out and did not hear the question4 ,he drank hesitatingly and in short draughts4 ,then he asked1 ,do you know that last night the ',blue ,smocks' again cleared away a whole tract in the ,mast forest as bare as my hand8 ,oh1 you don't mean it6 she replied indifferently4 ,the scoundrels6 continued the clerk4 ,they ruin everything2 if only they had a little regard at least for the young trees2 but they go after little oaks of the thickness of my arm1 too small even to make oars of6 ,it looks as if loss on the part of other people were just as gratifying to them as gain on their own part6 ,it's a shame6 said ,margaret4 ,the clerk had finished his milk1 but still he did not go4 ,he seemed to have something on his mind4 ,have you heard nothing about ,brandes8 he asked suddenly4 ,nothing2 he never enters this house4 ,then you don't know what has happened to him8 ,why1 what8 asked ,margaret1 agitated4 ,he is dead6 ,dead6 she cried4 ,what1 dead8 ,for ,god's sake6 ,why1 only this morning he passed by here1 perfectly well1 with his gun on his back6 ,he is dead1 repeated the clerk1 eyeing her sharply1 killed by the ',blue ,smocks4' ,the body was brought into the village fifteen minutes ago4 ,margaret clasped her hands4 ,god in ,heaven1 do not judge him6 ,he did not know what he was doing6 ,him6 cried the clerk--the cursd murderer you mean8 ,a heavy groan came from the bedroom4 ,margaret hurried there and the clerk followed her4 ,frederick was sitting upright in bed1 with his face buried in his hands1 and moaning like one dying4 ,frederick1 how do you feel8 asked his mother4 ,how do you feel8 repeated the clerk4 ,oh1 my body1 my head6 he wailed4 ,what's the matter with him8 inquired the clerk4 ,oh1 ,god knows1 she replied2 he came home with the cows as early as four o'clock because he felt sick4 ,frederick1 ,frederick1 answer me6 ,shall ,i go for the doctor8 ,no1 no1 he groaned2 it is only the colic2 ,i'll be better soon4 ,he lay down again2 his face twitched convulsively with pain2 then his color returned4 ,go1 he said1 feebly2 ,i must sleep2 then it will pass away4 ,mistress ,mergel1 asked the clerk earnestly1 are you sure that ,frederick came home at four and did not go away again8 ,she stared in his face4 ,ask any child on the street4 ,and go away8--,i wish to ,god he could6 ,didn't he tell you anything about ,brandes8 ,in the name of ,god1 yes--that ,brandes had reviled him in the woods and reproached him with our poverty1 the rascal6 ,but ,god forgive me1 he is dead6 ,go6 she continued2 have you come to insult honest people8 ,go6 ,she turned to her son again1 as the clerk went out4 ,frederick1 how do you feel8 asked his mother4 ,did you hear8 ,terrible1 terrible--without confession or absolution6 ,mother1 mother1 for ,god's sake1 let me sleep4 ,i can stand no more6 ,at this moment ,john ,nobody entered the room2 tall and thin like a bean-pole1 but ragged and shy1 as we had seen him five years before4 ,his face was even paler than usual4 ,frederick1 he stuttered1 you are to come to your ,uncle immediately2 he has work for you2 without delay1 now6 ,frederick turned toward the wall4 ,i won't come1 he snapped1 ,i am sick4 ,but you must come1 gasped ,john2 he said ,i must bring you back4 ,frederick laughed scornfully4 ,i'd like to see you6 ,let him alone2 he can't1 sighed ,margaret2 you see how it is4 ,she went out for a few minutes2 when she returned1 ,frederick was already dressed4 ,what are you thinking of8 she cried4 ,you cannot1 you shall not go6 ,what must be1 must1 he replied1 and was gone through the door with ,john4 ,oh1 ,god1 sobbed the mother1 when children are small they trample our laps1 and when they are grown1 our hearts6 ,the judicial investigation had begun1 the deed was as clear as day2 but the evidence concerning the perpetrator was so scanty that1 although all circumstances pointed strongly towards the ,blue ,smocks1 nothing but conjectures could be risked4 ,one clue seemed to throw some light upon the matter2 there were reasons1 however1 why but little dependence could be placed on it4 ,the absence of the owner of the estate had made it necessary for the clerk of the court to start the case himself4 ,he was sitting at his table2 the room was crowded with peasants1 partly those who came out of curiosity1 and partly those from whom the court hoped to receive some information1 since actual witnesses were lacking--shepherds who had been watching their flocks that night1 laborers who had been working in near-by fields2 all stood erect and firm11 with their hands in their pockets1 as if thus silently manifesting their intention not to interfere4 ,eight forest officers were heard2 their evidence was entirely identical4 ,brandes1 on the tenth day of the month1 had ordered them to go the rounds because he had evidently secured information concerning a plan of the ,blue ,smocks2 he had1 however1 expressed himself but vaguely regarding the matter4 ,at about two o'clock at night they had gone out and had come upon many traces of destruction1 which put the head-forester in a very bad humor2 otherwise1 everything had been quiet4 ,about four o'clock ,brandes had said1 ,we have been led astray2 let us go home4 ,when they had come around ,bremer mountain and the wind had changed at the same time1 they had distinctly heard chopping in the ,mast forest and concluded from the quick succession of the strokes that the ,blue ,smocks were at work4 ,they had deliberated a while whether it were practical to attack the bold band with such a small force1 and then had slowly approached the source of the sound without any fixed determination4 ,then followed the scene with ,frederick4 ,finally1 after ,brandes had sent them away without instructions they had gone forward a while and then1 when they noticed that the noise in the woods1 still rather far away1 had entirely ceased1 they had stopped to wait for the head-forester4 ,they had grown tired of waiting1 and after about ten minutes had gone on toward the scene of devastation4 ,it was all over2 not another sound was to be heard in the forest2 of twenty fallen trees eight were still left1 the rest had been made way with4 ,it was incomprehensible to them how this had been accomplished1 since no wagon tracks were to be found4 ,moreover1 the dryness of the season and the fact that the earth was strewn with pine-needles had prevented their distinguishing any footprints1 although the ground in the vicinity looked as if it had been firmly stamped down4 ,then1 having come to the conclusion that there was no point in waiting for the head-forester1 they had quickly walked to the other side of the wood in the hope of perhaps catching a glimpse of the thieves4 ,here one of them had caught his bottle-string in the brambles on the way out of the wood1 and when he had looked around he had seen something flash in the shrubbery2 it was the belt-buckle of the head-forester whom they then found lying behind the brambles1 stretched out1 with his right hand clutching the barrel of his gun1 the other clenched1 and his forehead split with an axe4 ,these were the statements of the foresters4 ,it was then the peasants' turn1 but no evidence could be obtained from them4 ,some declared they had been at home or busy somewhere else at four o'clock1 and they were all decent people1 not to be suspected4 ,the court had to content itself with their negative testimonies4 ,frederick was called in4 ,he entered with a manner in no respect different from his usual one1 neither strained nor bold4 ,his hearing lasted some time1 and some of the questions were rather shrewdly framed2 however1 he answered them frankly and decisively and related the incident between himself and the forester truthfully1 on the whole1 except the end1 which he deemed expedient to keep to himself4 ,his alibi at the time of the murder was easily proved4 ,the forester lay at the end of the ,mast forest more than three-quarters of an hour's walk from the ravine where he had spoken with ,frederick at four o'clock1 and whence the latter had driven his cows only ten minutes later4 ,every one had seen this2 all the peasants present did their utmost to confirm it2 to this one he had spoken1 to that one1 nodded4 ,the court clerk sat ill-humored and embarrassed4 ,suddenly he reached behind him and1 presenting something gleaming to ,frederick's gaze1 cried3 ,to whom does this belong8 ,frederick jumped back three paces1 exclaiming1 ,lord ,jesus6 ,i thought you were going to brain me4 ,his eyes had quickly passed across the deadly tool and seemed to fix themselves for a moment on a splinter broken out of the handle4 ,i do not know1 he added firmly4 ,it was the axe which they had found plunged in the head-forester's skull4 ,look at it carefully1 continued the clerk4 ,frederick took it in his hand1 looked at the top1 the bottom1 turned it over4 ,one axe looks like another1 he then said1 and laid it unconcernedly on the table4 ,a blood-stain was visible2 he seemed to shudder1 but he repeated once more with decision3 ,i do not know it4 ,the clerk of the court sighed with displeasure4 ,he himself knew of nothing more1 and had only sought to bring about a possible disclosure through surprise4 ,there was nothing left to do but to close the hearing4 ,to those who are perhaps interested in the outcome of this affair1 ,i must say that the story was never cleared up1 although much effort was made to throw light upon it and several other judicial examinations followed4 ,the sensation which the incident had caused and the more stringent measures adopted in consequence of it1 seemed to have broken the courage of the ,blue ,smocks2 from now on it looked as though they had entirely disappeared1 and although many a wood-thief was caught after that1 they never found cause to connect him with the notorious band4 ,twenty years afterwards the axe lay as a useless corpus delicti in the archives of the court1 where it is probably resting yet with its rust spots4 ,in a made-up story it would be wrong thus to disappoint the curiosity of the reader1 but all this actually happened2 ,i can add or detract nothing4 ,the next ,sunday ,frederick rose very early to go to confession4 ,it was the day of the ,assumption of the ,blessed ,virgin and the parish priests were in the confessionals before dawn4 ,he dressed in the dark1 and as quietly as possible left the narrow closet which had been consigned to him in ,simon's house4 ,his prayer-book1 he thought1 would be lying on the mantelpiece in the kitchen1 and he hoped to find it with the help of the faint moonlight4 ,it was not there4 ,he glanced searchingly around1 and started2 at the bedroom door stood ,simon1 half-dressed2 his rough figure1 his uncombed1 tangled hair1 and the paleness of his face in the moonlight1 gave him a horribly changed appearance4 ,can he possibly be walking in his sleep8 thought ,frederick1 and kept quite still4 ,frederick1 where are you going8 whispered the old man4 ,uncle1 is that you8 ,i am on my way to confession4 ,that's what ,i thought2 go1 in the name of ,god1 but confess like a good ,christian4 ,that ,i will1 said ,frederick4 ,think of the ,ten ,commandments3 ',thou shalt not bear witness against thy neighbor4' ,not false witness6 ,no1 none at all2 you have been badly taught2 he who accuses another in his confession is unworthy to receive the ,sacrament4 ,both were silent4 ,uncle1 what makes you think of this8 ,frederick finally asked4 ,your conscience is not clear2 you have lied to me4 ,i8 ,how8 ,where is your axe8 ,my axe8 ,on the barn-floor4 ,did you make a new handle for it8 ,where is the old one8 ,you'll find it at daylight in the woodshed4 ,go1 he continued scornfully4 ,i thought you were a man2 but you are like an old woman who thinks the house must be on fire as soon as she sees smoke rising from her pot4 ,see1 he went on1 if ,i know anything more about this story than that doorpost there1 may ,i never hope for salvation4 ,i was at home long before1 he added4 ,frederick stood still1 oppressed and doubtful4 ,he would have given much to be able to see his uncle's face4 ,but while they were whispering1 the sky had clouded over4 ,i am very guilty1 sighed ,frederick1 because ,i sent him the wrong way2 although--but still1 ,i never thought it would come to this1 no1 certainly not6 ,uncle1 ,i have you to thank for a troubled conscience4 ,well1 go and confess6 whispered ,simon in a trembling voice4 ,desecrate the ,sacrament by tale-bearing1 and set a spy on poor people who will manage to find a way to snatch their bit of bread from between their teeth1 even if he is not permitted to talk--go6 ,frederick stood1 undecided2 he heard a soft noise2 the clouds cleared away1 the moonlight again fell on the bedroom door2 it was closed4 ,frederick did not go to confession that morning4 ,the impression which this incident had made on ,frederick wore off only too soon4 ,who doubts that ,simon did everything to lead his adopted son down the same paths that he was following8 ,and ,frederick possessed qualities which made this only too easy3 carelessness1 excitability1 and1 above all1 boundless pride1 which did not always scorn pretense and ended by doing its utmost to escape possible disgrace1 by trying to realize what it first had pretended to possess4 ,he was not naturally ignoble1 but he fell into the habit of preferring inward to outward shame4 ,one need only say that he habitually made a display while his mother starved4 ,this unfortunate change in his character was1 however1 the work of many years1 during which it was noticed that ,margaret became more and more quiet on the subject of her son1 and gradually came to a state of demoralization which once would have been thought impossible4 ,she became timid1 negligent1 even slovenly1 and many thought her brain had suffered4 ,frederick1 on the other hand1 grew all the more self-assertive2 he missed no fair or wedding1 and since his irritable sense of honor would not permit him to overlook the secret disapprobation of many1 he was1 so to speak1 up in arms1 not so much to defy public opinion as to direct it into the channel which pleased him4 ,externally he was neat1 sober1 apparently affable1 but crafty1 boastful1 and often coarse--a man in whom no one could take delight1 least of all his mother1 and who1 nevertheless1 through his audacity1 which every one feared1 and through his cunning1 which they dreaded even more1 had attained a certain preeminence in the village4 ,the preminence came to be acknowledged more and more as people became conscious of the fact that they neither knew him nor could guess of what he might be capable4 ,only one young fellow in the village1 ,will ,huelsmeyer1 who realized his own strength and good circumstances1 dared to defy him4 ,since he was also readier with his tongue than ,frederick1 and could always make a pointed joke1 he was the only one whom ,frederick did not like to meet4 ,four years had passed4 ,it was the month of ,october2 the open autumn of #agfj1 which filled every barn with corn and every cellar with wine1 had also lavished its riches on this corner of the earth1 and more intoxicated people were seen and more fights and stupid tricks were heard of than ever before4 ,everywhere there were festivities2 ,blue ,mondays were the fashion1 and whoever had laid aside a few dollars quickly wanted also a wife to help him feast today and starve tomorrow4 ,a big1 noteworthy wedding took place in the village1 and the guests could expect more than the one violin1 generally out of tune1 than the single glass of whiskey1 and higher spirits than they themselves brought along4 ,since the early morning all had been astir2 clothing had been aired in front of every door1 and all day ,b4 had looked like a frippery-stall4 ,since many outsiders were expected1 everybody was anxious to uphold the honor of the village4 ,it was seven o'clock in the evening and everything was in full swing2 fun and laughter were rampant on every side1 and the low rooms were crowded to suffocation with blue1 red1 and yellow figures1 like pen-folds into which too large a herd had been huddled4 ,on the barn floor there was dancing--that is1 whoever succeeded in capturing a two-foot space twirled around on it and tried to make up by shouting for what was lacking in motion4 ,the orchestra was brilliant1 the first violinist as a recognized artist drowned out the second1 and a great bass-viol with three strings was sounded ad libitum by dilettantes1 whiskey and coffee flowed in abundance1 all the guests were dripping with perspiration--in short1 it was a glorious affair4 ,frederick strutted about like a cock in his new sky-blue jacket and asserted his position as the first beau of the village4 ,when the lord of the manor and his family arrived he happened to be sitting behind the bass-viol1 sounding the lowest string with great strength and much decorum4 ,john1 he called imperiously1 and up stepped his protg from the dancing-floor1 where he too had tried to swing his awkward legs and shout a cheer4 ,frederick handed him the bow1 made his wishes known by a proud nod1 and joined the dancers4 ,now1 strike up1 musician1 the ',pape van ,istrup6' ,the favorite dance was played1 and ,frederick cut such capers before the company that the cows in the barn drew back their horns and a lowing and a rattling of chains sounded from their stalls4 ,a foot high above the others1 his blond head bobbed up and down like a pike diving out of the waters1 on every side girls screamed as he dashed his long flaxen hair1 by a quick movement of the head1 into their faces as a sign of admiration4 ,now is the time1 he said finally1 and stepped up to the refreshment table1 dripping with perspiration4 ,here's to the gracious lords and ladies and all the noble princes and princesses2 and whoever doesn't join in the toast will get such a boxing on the ears from me that he'll hear the angels singing6 ,a loud ,vivat responded to the gallant toast4 ,frederick bowed4 ,take nothing amiss1 gracious lords and ladies2 we are but ignorant peasant people4 ,at this moment a disturbance arose at the end of the floor--shouting1 scolding1 laughter1 all in confusion4 ,butter-thief1 butter-thief6 called a few children2 and ,john ,nobody pushed his way1 or rather was pushed1 through the crowd1 his head sunk between his shoulders and pressing with all his might toward the door4 ,what's the matter8 ,what are you doing to our ,john6 called ,frederick imperiously4 ,you'll find out soon enough1 coughed an old woman in a kitchen apron and with a dish-rag in her hand4 ,shame6 ,john1 the poor devil1 who had to put up with the worst at home1 had tried to secure for himself a paltry half pound of butter for the coming time of scarcity1 and1 without remembering that he had concealed it in his pocket1 neatly wrapped in his handkerchief1 had stepped near the kitchen fire1 and now the grease was disgracing him by running down his coat4 ,there was general excitement2 the girls sprang back from fear of soiling their clothes1 or pushed the culprit forward4 ,others made room as much out of pity as of caution4 ,but ,frederick stepped forward4 ,rogue6 he cried2 and a few hard slaps struck his patient protg2 then he pushed him toward the door and gave him a good kick on the way4 ,the gallant came back dejected2 his dignity was injured2 the general laughter cut him to the quick1 although he tried to bring himself into the swing again by a bold huzza6--,it did not work4 ,he was on the point of taking refuge behind the bass-viol again1 but before that he wanted to produce still another brilliant effect2 he drew out his silver watch1 at that time a rare and precious ornament4 ,it is almost ten o'clock1 he said4 ,now the ,bride's ,minuet6 ,i will strike up4 ,a beautiful watch6 said the swineherd1 and leaned forward in reverential curiosity4 ,what did it cost8 cried ,will ,huelsmeyer1 ,frederick's rival4 ,will you pay for it8 asked ,frederick4 ,have you paid for it8 retorted ,will4 ,frederick threw him a haughty glance and seized the bow in silent majesty4 ,well1 well1 ,huelsmeyer went on1 such things have happened4 ,as you know well enough1 ,franz ,ebel had a beautiful watch too1 till ,aaron the ,jew took it away from him4 ,frederick did not answer1 but nodded proudly to the first violin and they began to play with all their might and main4 ,meanwhile the lord of the manor had stepped into the room where the women of the neighborhood were investing the bride with the white head band1 the insignia of her new position4 ,the young girl was crying bitterly1 partly because custom so decreed1 partly from honest nervousness4 ,she was to manage a run-down household1 under the eye of a peevish old man1 whom1 moreover1 she was expected to love4 ,he stood beside her1 by no means like the groom in the ,song of ,solomon who steps into the chamber like the morning sun4 ,you've cried enough now1 he said crossly2 remember1 it isn't you who are making me happy2 ,i am making you happy6 ,she looked up to him humbly and seemed to feel that he was right4 ,the business was ended2 the young wife had drunk to her husband's health1 some young wags had looked through the tripod to see if the bride's head band was straight1 and they were all crowding again toward the dancing-floor1 whence there still resounded inextinguishable laughter and noise4 ,frederick was no longer there4 ,he had met with a great unbearable disgrace1 when ,aaron the ,jew1 a butcher and casual second-hand dealer from the nearest town1 had suddenly appeared1 and1 after a short unsatisfactory conversation1 had dunned him before the whole company for the sum of ten thalers in payment of a watch delivered at ,eastertide4 ,frederick had gone away1 as if annihilated1 and the ,jew followed him1 shouting all the while3 ,oh1 woe is me6 ,why didn't ,i listen to sensible people6 ,didn't they tell me a hundred times you had all your possessions on your back and no bread in your cupboard6 ,the room shook with laughter4 ,some had pushed after them into the yard4 ,catch the ,jew6 ,balance him against a pig6 called some2 others had become serious4 ,frederick looked as white as a sheet1 said an old woman1 and the crowd separated as the carriage of the lord of the estate turned into the yard4 ,herr von ,s4 was out of sorts on the way home1 the usual and inevitable effect when the desire to maintain popularity induced him to attend such feasts4 ,he looked out of the carriage silently4 ,what two figures are those8 ,he pointed to two dark forms running ahead of the wagon like two ostriches4 ,now they sneaked into the castle4 ,another blessed pair of swine out of our own pen6 sighed ,herr von ,s4 ,having arrived at home1 he found the corridor crowded with all the domestics standing around two lower-servants1 who had sunk down pale and breathless on the steps4 ,they declared that they had been chased by old ,mergel's ghost1 when they were coming home through the forest of ,brede4 ,first they had heard a rustling and crackling high above them1 and then1 up in the air1 a rattling noise like sticks beating against one another2 then suddenly had sounded a shrieking yell and quite distinctly the words1 ,o1 my poor soul6 coming down from on high4 ,one of them even claimed to have seen fiery eyes gleaming through the branches1 and both had run as fast as their legs could carry them4 ,stupid nonsense6 exclaimed the lord of the estate crossly1 and went into his room to change his clothes4 ,the next morning the fountain in the garden would not play1 and it was discovered that some one had removed a pipe1 apparently to look for the head of a horse's skeleton which had the reputation of being an attested instrument against any wiles of witches or ghosts4 ,h'm1 said ,baron von ,s42 what rogues do not steal1 fools destroy4 ,three days later a frightful storm was raging4 ,it was midnight1 but every one in the castle was out of bed4 ,the ,baron stood at the window and looked anxiously out into the dark toward his fields4 ,leaves and twigs flew against the panes2 now and1 then a brick fell and was dashed to pieces on the pavement of the courtyard4 ,terrible weather6 said ,herr von ,s4 ,his wife looked out anxiously4 ,are you sure the fire is well banked8 she asked2 ,gretchen1 look again2 if not1 put it all out with water6 ,come1 let us read the ,gospel of ,st4 ,john4 ,they all knelt down and the lady of the house began3 ,in the beginning was the ,word1 and the ,word was with ,god1 and the ,word was ,god4 ,there was a terrible clap of thunder4 ,all started2 then there was a terrible scream and noise up the stairs4 ,for ,god's sake6 ,is something burning8 cried ,frau von ,s41 and sank down with her face on the chair4 ,the door burst open and in rushed the wife of ,aaron the ,jew1 pale as death1 with her hair wildly disheveled1 dripping with rain4 ,she threw herself on her knees before the ,baron4 ,justice6 she cried1 ,justice6 ,my husband is murdered6 and she fell in a faint4 ,it was only too true1 and the ensuing investigation proved that ,aaron the ,jew had lost his life by a single blow on the temples delivered by some blunt instrument1 probably a staff4 ,on his left temple was the blue mark2 beyond that there was no other injury4 ,the statement of the ,jewess and her servant1 ,samuel1 ran thus3 ,three days ago ,aaron had gone out in the afternoon to buy cattle and had said at the time that he would probably be gone overnight1 because there were still several bad debtors in ,b4 and ,s41 on whom he would call for payment2 in this case he would spend the night with the butcher1 ,solomon1 in ,b4 ,when he did not return home the next day his wife had become greatly worried and had finally set out at three o'clock in the afternoon with her servant and the big butcher dog4 ,at the house of ,solomon the ,jew1 no one knew anything about ,aaron2 he had not been there at all4 ,then they had gone to all the peasants with whom they knew ,aaron had intended to transact some business4 ,only two had seen him1 and those on the very day when he had left home4 ,meanwhile it had become very late4 ,her great anxiety drove the woman back home1 where she cherished a faint hope of finding her husband after all4 ,they had been overtaken by the storm in the ,forest of ,brede and had sought shelter under a great beech on the mountain side4 ,in the meantime the dog had been running about and acting strangely1 and had1 in spite of repeated calling1 finally run off into the woods4 ,suddenly1 during a lightning flash1 the woman had seen something white beside her on the moss4 ,it was her husband's staff1 and almost at the same moment the dog had broken through the shrubbery with something in his mouth2 it was her husband's shoe4 ,before long they found the ,jew's body in a trench filled with dry leaves4 ,this was the report of the servant1 supported only in general by the wife2 her intense agitation had subsided and her senses now seemed half confused or1 rather1 blunted4 ,an eye for an eye1 a tooth for a tooth6 ,these were her only words1 which she at intervals ejaculated4 ,the same night the guards were summoned to take ,frederick into custody4 ,they needed no warrant1 because ,herr von ,s4 himself had been witness to a scene which inevitably threw the strongest suspicion on him2 furthermore there was the ghost story of that night1 the beating together of the sticks in the forest of ,brede1 the scream from above4 ,since the clerk of the court was at that time absent1 ,herr von ,s4 hastened everything faster than would otherwise have been done4 ,nevertheless dawn was already breaking when the riflemen as quietly as possible surrounded poor ,margaret's house4 ,the ,baron himself knocked2 it was hardly a minute before the door was opened1 and ,margaret appeared1 fully dressed4 ,herr von ,s4 started2 he scarcely recognized her1 so pale and stony did she look4 ,where is ,frederick8 he asked in an unsteady voice4 ,search for him6 she answered1 and sat down on a chair4 ,the ,baron hesitated a moment longer4 ,come in1 come in1 he then said roughly to the guards2 what are we waiting for8 ,they stepped into ,frederick's room4 ,he was not there1 but the bed was still warm4 ,they climbed to the garret1 down the cellar1 examined the straw1 looked behind every barrel1 even into the oven2 he was not there4 ,some of them went into the garden1 looked behind the fence and up into the apple trees2 he was not to be found4 ,escaped6 said the ,baron with conflicting feelings2 the sight of the old woman made a strong impression on him4 ,give me the key to that trunk6 ,margaret did not answer4 ,give me the key1 he repeated1 and noticed now for the first time that the key was already in the lock4 ,the contents of the trunk were brought into view--the fugitive's best ,sunday clothes and his mother's poor finery1 then two shrouds with black ribbons1 one made for a man1 the other for a woman4 ,herr von ,s4 was deeply affected4 ,under everything else1 at the very bottom of the trunk1 lay the silver watch and some documents in a very legible hand1 one of these signed by a man who was strongly suspected of alliance with the forest-thieves4 ,herr von ,s4 took them along to examine them1 and the guards left the house without ,margaret's giving another sign of life than that of incessantly biting her lips and blinking her eyes4 ,having arrived at the castle1 the ,baron found the court clerk1 who had returned the night before and declared he had slept through the whole affair because his ,honor had not sent for him4 ,you always come too late1 said ,herr von ,s4 crossly2 wasn't there any old woman in the village to tell your maid about it8 ,and why didn't they wake you up then8 ,your ,honor1 replied ,kapp1 of course my ,anne ,marie learned of the incident an hour before ,i did2 but she knew that your ,honor was directing the matter yourself--and then1 he added in a plaintive tone1 that ,i was deathly tired6 ,a fine police force6 muttered the ,baron4 ,every old hag in the village knows about a thing whenever it's supposed to be conducted in absolute secrecy4 ,then he continued angrily3 ,he'd have indeed to be a stupid devil of a criminal who would let himself be caught6 ,both were silent a moment4 ,my driver lost his way in the dark1 began the clerk again2 we were delayed over an hour in the wood2 the weather was awful2 ,i thought the wind would blow the wagon over4 ,at last1 when the rain slackened1 we drove on in the name of ,god1 heading toward the ,zellerfeld1 unable to see our hands before our eyes4 ,then the coachman said3 ',if only we don't get too near the stone-quarries6' ,i was frightened myself2 ,i had him stop1 and struck a light1 to find some comfort at least in my pipe4 ,suddenly we heard a bell ring very near1 perpendicularly under us4 ,your ,honor will realize that ,i felt dreadfully4 ,i jumped out of the wagon1 for one can trust one's own limbs1 but not those of a horse4 ,so ,i stood in the mud and rain without moving1 until presently1 thank ,god1 it began to dawn4 ,and where had we stopped8 ,right near the ,heerse ravine with the tower of ,heerse directly under us6 ,if we had driven on twenty paces farther1 we should all have been children of ,death4 ,that was indeed no joke6 exclaimed the ,baron1 half conciliated4 ,meanwhile he had examined the papers that he had taken along4 ,they were dunning letters for money lent1 most of them from usurers4 ,i had not thought1 he muttered1 that the ,mergels were so deeply in debt4 ,yes1 and that it must come to light in this way1 replied ,kapp2 that will be no little cause for vexation to ,mistress ,margaret4 ,oh1 dear me1 she does not think of that now6 ,with these words the ,baron arose and left the room to proceed together with ,kapp to the judicial examination of the body4 ,the examination was short--death by violence evident2 the suspected criminal escaped2 the evidence against him very strong indeed1 but not sufficient to establish his guilt without a personal confession2 his flight at all events very suspicious4 ,so the judicial investigation had to be closed without satisfactory results4 ,the ,jews in the vicinity had manifested great interest4 ,the widow's house was never empty of mourners and advisers4 ,within the memory of man never had so many ,jews been seen together in ,l4 ,extremely embittered by the murder of their co-religionist they had spared neither pains nor money to trace the criminal4 ,it is even known that one of them1 commonly called ,joel the ,usurer1 offered one of his customers1 who owed him many hundreds and whom he considered an especially sly fellow1 remission of the entire sum if he could help him to arrest ,mergel2 for the belief was general among the ,jews that the murderer could not have escaped without efficient assistance1 and was probably still in the vicinity4 ,when1 nevertheless1 all this did no good1 and the judicial investigation had been declared closed1 a number of the most prominent ,israelites appeared in the castle the next morning to make a business proposition to the gracious lord4 ,the object was the beech-tree1 under which ,aaron's staff had been found and where the murder had probably been committed4 ,do you want to hew it down1 now that it is in full leaf8 asked the ,baron4 ,no1 gracious ,sir1 it must remain standing winter and summer1 as long as there is a chip of it left4 ,but then1 if ,i should have the forest cut down1 it would injure the young trees4 ,well1 we do not want it for any ordinary price4 ,they offered two hundred thalers4 ,the deal was made1 and all the foresters were strictly forbidden to injure the ,jew's ,beech in any way4 ,soon after1 about sixty ,jews with a ,rabbi at their head were seen going toward the ,forest of ,brede1 all silent1 with their eyes cast down4 ,they stayed in the woods over an hour1 and then returned just as seriously and ceremoniously through the village of ,b4 up to the ,zellerfeld1 where they separated and each went his own way4 ,the next morning there was a ,hebrew inscription carved on the oak with an axe3,hebrew3 ,and where was ,frederick8 ,without doubt1 gone1 and far enough away to find it no longer necessary to fear the short arms of such a weak police force4 ,soon he was completely forgotten4 ,his ,uncle ,simon seldom spoke of him1 and then ill4 ,the ,jew's wife finally consoled herself and took another husband4 ,only poor ,margaret remained without consolation4 ,about half a year afterward the lord of the estate read in the presence of the court clerk some letters just received4 ,remarkable1 remarkable6 he exclaimed4 ,just think1 ,kapp1 perhaps ,mergel is innocent of the murder4 ,the chairman of the court of ,p4 has just written me3 ',le vrai n'est pas toujours vraisemblable' 7,truth does not always bear the marks of probability74 ,i often find this out in my profession1 and now ,i have a new proof of it4 ,do you know that it is possible that your dear trusty ,frederick ,mergel killed the ,jew no more than you or ,i8 ,unfortunately proofs are lacking1 but the probability is great4 ,a member of the ,schlemming band 7which1 by-the-by1 we now have1 for the most part1 under lock and key71 named ,ragged ,moses1 alleged in the last hearing that he repented of nothing so much as of murdering one of his co-religionists1 ,aaron1 whom he had beaten to death in the woods1 and had found only six groschen on him4 ,unfortunately the examination was interrupted by the noon recess and1 while we were at lunch1 the dog of a ,jew hanged himself with a garter4 ,what do you say to that8 ,aaron is a common name1 to be sure1 etc4 ,what do you say to that8 repeated the ,baron2 and what reason then did the fool of a fellow have for running away8 ,the court clerk reflected4 ,well1 perhaps on account of the forest thefts which we were just then investigating4 ,isn't it said3 ',the wicked man flees from his own shadow8' ,mergel's conscience was dirty enough1 even without this spot4 ,with these considerations they let the matter drop4 ,frederick had gone1 disappeared2 and ,john ,nobody--poor1 neglected ,john--with him on the same day4 ,a long1 long time had passed--twenty-eight years1 almost half a lifetime4 ,the ,baron was grown very old and gray1 and his good-natured assistant1 ,kapp1 had been long since buried4 ,people1 animals1 and plants had arisen1 matured1 passed away2 only ,castle ,b41 gray and dignified as of old1 still looked down on the cottages which1 like palsied old people1 always seemed about to fall1 yet always kept their balance4 ,it was ,christmas ,eve1 ,december #bd1 #aghh4 ,the narrow passes were covered with snow1 probably about twelve feet deep1 and the penetrating1 frosty air froze the window panes in the heated room4 ,it was almost midnight1 and yet faint lights flickered from the snow mounds everywhere1 and in every house the inmates were on their knees awaiting in prayer the advent of the holy ,christmas festival1 as is the custom in ,catholic countries1 or1 at least1 as was general in those times4 ,that night a figure moved slowly down from the heights of ,brede toward the village4 ,the wanderer seemed to be very tired or sick2 he groaned heavily and dragged himself with extreme difficulty through the snow4 ,half the way down he stopped1 leaned on his staff1 and gazed fixedly at the lights4 ,everything was so quiet1 so dead and cold2 one could not have helped thinking of will o' the wisps in cemeteries4 ,at that moment the clock struck twelve in the tower2 as the last stroke died slowly away1 soft singing arose in the nearest house and1 spreading from house to house1 ran through the whole village3 ,a little babe1 a worthy child1 ,was born to us today1 ,of ,mary ,virgin undefiled2 ,we all rejoice and say3 ,yea1 had the ,christ-child ne'er been born1 ,to lasting woe we'd all been sworn1 ,for ,he is our salvation4 ,o1 thou our ,jesus ,christ adored1 ,a man in form but yet our ,lord1 ,from ,hell grant us ,redemption4 ,the man on the mountain slope had sunk to his knees and with a trembling voice made an effort to join in the song2 it turned into nothing but loud sobbing1 and large hot drops fell on the snow4 ,the second verse began2 he prayed along silently2 then the third and the fourth4 ,the song was ended and the lights in the houses began to move4 ,then the man rose laboriously and slunk slowly down to the village4 ,he panted past several houses1 then stopped in front of one and knocked on the door softly4 ,i wonder what that is6 said a woman's voice inside4 ,the door is rattling1 and there's no wind blowing6 ,he knocked louder4 ,for ,god's sake1 let in a half-frozen man1 who comes out of ,turkish slavery6 ,there was whispering in the kitchen4 ,go to the inn1 answered another voice1 the fifth house from here6 ,in the name of our merciful ,god1 let me in6 ,i have no money4 ,after some delay the door opened4 ,a man came out with a lighted lamp4 ,come right in1 he then said2 you won't cut our heads off4 ,in the kitchen there were1 besides the man1 a middle-aged woman1 an old mother1 and five children4 ,all crowded around the newcomer and scrutinized him with timid curiosity4 ,a wretched figure6 ,wry-necked1 with his back bent1 his whole body broken and powerless2 long hair1 white as snow1 fell about his face1 which bore the distorted expression of long suffering4 ,the woman went silently to the hearth and added some fresh fagots4 ,a bed we cannot give you1 she said1 but ,i will make a good litter of straw here2 you'll have to make the best of that4 ,god reward you6 answered the stranger2 indeed ,i am used to worse than that4 ,the man who had returned home was recognized as ,john ,nobody1 and he himself avowed that it was he who had once fled with ,frederick ,mergel4 ,the next day the village was full of the adventures of the man who had so long been forgotten4 ,everybody wanted to see the man from ,turkey1 and they were almost surprised that he should still look like other people4 ,the young folks1 to be sure1 did not remember him1 but the old could still recognize his features perfectly1 wretchedly disfigured though he was4 ,john1 ,john1 how gray you've grown6 said an old woman2 and where did you get your wry neck8 ,from carrying wood and water in slavery1 he replied4 ,and what has become of ,mergel8 ,you ran away together1 didn't you8 ,yes1 indeed2 but ,i do not know where he is2 we got separated4 ,if you think of him1 pray for him1 he added2 he probably needs it4 ,they asked him why ,frederick had disappeared1 inasmuch as he had not murdered the ,jew4 ,not killed him6 said ,john1 and listened intently when they told him what the lord of the estate had purposely spread abroad in order to erase the spot from ,mergel's name4 ,so all was in vain1 he said musing1 all in vain--so much suffering6 ,he sighed deeply and asked1 on his part1 about many things4 ,he was told that ,simon had been dead a long while1 but had first fallen into complete poverty through lawsuits and bad debtors whom he could not sue because1 it was said1 the business relations between them had been questionable4 ,finally he had been reduced to begging and had died on the straw in a strange barn4 ,margaret had lived longer1 but in absolute mental torpor4 ,the people in the village had soon grown tired of helping her1 because she let everything that they gave her go to ruin2 for it is1 after all1 characteristic of people to abandon the most helpless1 those whom assistance does not relieve for any length of time and who are and always will be in need of aid4 ,nevertheless she had not suffered any actual want2 the family of the ,baron had cared for her1 sent her meals daily1 and even provided medical treatment for her1 when her pitiable condition had developed into complete emaciation4 ,in her house now lived the son of the former swineherd1 who had so admired ,frederick's watch on that unfortunate night4 ,all gone1 all dead6 sighed ,john4 ,in the evening1 when it had grown dark and the moon was shining1 he was seen limping about the cemetery in the snow2 he did not pray over any one grave1 nor did he go very close to any1 but he seemed to gaze fixedly at some of them from a distance4 ,thus he was found by ,forester ,brandes1 the son of the murdered forester1 whom the ,baron had sent to bring ,john to the castle4 ,upon entering the living-room he looked about him timidly1 as though dazed by the light1 and then at the ,baron who was sitting in his armchair2 he had aged greatly but still had his old bright eyes1 and the little red cap was still on his head1 as it had been twenty-eight years ago2 beside him was the ,baroness1 his wife1 also grown old1 very old4 ,now1 ,john1 said the ,baron1 do tell me all about your adventures4 ,but1 as he surveyed him through his glasses1 you wasted away terribly there in ,turkey1 didn't you8 ,john began telling how ,mergel had called him away from the hearth at night and said he must go away with him4 ,but why did the foolish fellow ever run away8--,i suppose you know that he was innocent8 ,john looked down4 ,i don't know exactly2 ,i think it was on account of some forest affairs4 ,simon had all kinds of dealings1 you know2 they never told me anything about it1 but ,i do not believe everything was as it should have been4 ,but what did ,frederick tell you8 ,nothing but that we must run away1 that they were at our heels4 ,so we ran to ,heerse2 it was still dark then and we hid behind the big cross in the churchyard until it grew somewhat lighter1 because we were afraid of the stone-quarries at ,bellerfeld2 and after we had been sitting a while we suddenly heard snorting and stamping over us and saw long streaks of fire in the air directly over the church-tower of ,heerse4 ,we jumped up and ran straight ahead in the name of ,god as fast as we could1 and1 when dawn arose1 we were actually on the right road to ,p4 ,john seemed to shudder at the remembrance even now1 and the ,baron thought of his departed ,kapp and his adventures on the slope of ,heerse4 ,remarkable6 he mused2 you were so near each other6 ,but go ahead4 ,john now related how they had successfully passed through ,p4 and across the border1 telling how1 from that point1 they had begged their way through to ,freiburg in ,breisgau as itinerant workmen4 ,i had my haversack with me1 and ,frederick a little bundle2 so they believed us1 he went on4 ,in ,freiburg they had been induced to enlist in the ,austrian army2 he had not been wanted1 but ,frederick had insisted4 ,so he was put with the commissariat4 ,we stayed over the winter in ,freiburg1 he continued1 and we got along pretty well2 ,i did1 too1 because ,frederick often advised me and helped me when ,i did something wrong4 ,in the spring we had to march to ,hungary1 and in the fall the war with the ,turks broke out4 ,i can't repeat very much about it because ,i was taken prisoner in the very first encounter and from that time was a ,turkish slave for twenty-six years6 ,god in ,heaven1 but that is terrible6 exclaimed ,frau von ,s4 ,bad enough6 ,the ,turks consider us ,christians no better than dogs2 the worst of it was that my strength left me with the hard work2 ,i grew older1 too1 and was still expected to do as in former years4 ,he was silent for a moment4 ,yes1 he then said1 it was beyond human strength and human patience1 and ,i was unable to endure it4 ,from there ,i got on a ,dutch vessel4 ,but how did you get there8 asked the ,baron4 ,they fished me out of the ,bosphorus1 replied ,john4 ,the ,baron looked at him in astonishment and raised his finger in warning2 but ,john continued4 ,on the vessel ,i did not fare much better4 ,the scurvy broke out2 whoever was not absolutely helpless was compelled to work beyond his strength1 and the ship's tow ruled as severely as the ,turkish whip4 ,at last1 he concluded1 when we arrived in ,holland1 at ,amsterdam1 they let me go free because ,i was useless1 and the merchant to whom the ship belonged sympathized with me1 too1 and wanted to make me his porter4 ,but1 he shook his head1 ,i preferred to beg my way along back here4 ,that was foolish enough6 said the ,baron4 ,john sighed deeply4 ,oh1 sir1 ,i had to spend my life among ,turks and heretics2 should ,i not at least go to rest in a ,catholic cemetery8 ,the lord of the estate had taken out his purse4 ,here1 ,john1 now go and come back soon4 ,you must tell me the whole story more in detail2 today it was a bit confused4 ,i suppose you are still very tired4 ,very tired1 replied ,john2 and--he pointed to his forehead--my thoughts are at times so curious ,i cannot exactly tell how things are4 ,i understand1 said the baron2 that is an old story4 ,now1 go4 ,huelsmeyer will probably put you up for another night2 come again tomorrow4 ,herr von ,s4 felt the deepest sympathy with the poor chap2 by the next day he had decided where to lodge him2 he should take his meals in the castle and his clothing could1 of course1 be provided for too4 ,sir1 said ,john1 ,i can still do something2 ,i can make wooden spoons and you can also send me on errands4 ,herr von ,s4 shook his head sympathetically4 ,but that wouldn't work so remarkably well4 ,oh1 yes1 sir1 if once ,i get started--,i can't move very fast1 but ,i'll get there somehow1 and it won't be as hard as you might think1 either4 ,well1 said the ,baron1 doubtfully1 do you want to try it8 ,here is a letter to ,p4 ,there is no particular hurry4 ,the next day ,john moved into his little room in the house of a widow in the village4 ,he carved spoons1 ate at the castle1 and did errands for the ,baron4 ,on the whole he was getting along tolerably well2 the ,baron's family was very kind1 and ,herr von ,s4 often conversed with him about ,turkey1 service in ,austria1 and the ocean4 ,john could tell many things1 he said to his wife1 if he wasn't so downright simple4 ,more melancholic than simple1 she replied2 ,i am always afraid he'll lose his wits some day4 ,not a bit of it1 answered the ,baron2 he's been a simpleton all his life2 simple people never go crazy4 ,some time after1 ,john stayed away much longer than usual on an errand4 ,the good ,frau von ,s4 was greatly worried and was already on the point of sending out people1 when they heard him limping up the stairs4 ,you stayed out a long time1 ,john1 she said2 ,i was beginning to think you had lost your way in the forest of ,brede4 ,i went through ,fir-tree ,hollow4 ,why1 that's a long roundabout way6 ,why didn't you go through the ,brede ,woods8 ,he looked up at her sadly4 ,people told me the woods were cut down and there were now so many paths this way and that way that ,i was afraid ,i would not find my way out4 ,i am growing old and shaky1 he added slowly4 ,did you see1 ,frau von ,s4 said afterwards to her husband1 what a queer1 squinting look there was in his eyes8 ,i tell you1 ,ernest1 there's a bad ending in store for him6 ,meanwhile ,september was approaching4 ,the fields were empty1 the leaves were beginning to fall1 and many a hectic person felt the scissors on his life's thread4 ,john1 too1 seemed to be suffering under the influence of the approaching equinox2 those who saw him at this time said he looked particularly disturbed and talked to himself incessantly--something which he used to do at times1 but not very often4 ,at last one evening he did not come home4 ,it was thought the ,baron had sent him somewhere4 ,the second day he was still not there4 ,on the third his housekeeper grew anxious4 ,she went to the castle and inquired4 ,god forbid6 said the ,baron1 ,i know nothing of him2 but1 quick6--call the forester and his son ,william6 ,if the poor cripple1 he added1 in agitation1 has fallen even into a dry pit1 he cannot get out again4 ,who knows if he may not even have broken one of his distorted limbs6 ,take the dogs along1 he called to the foresters on their way1 and1 first of all1 search in the quarries2 look among the stone-quarries1 he called out louder4 ,the foresters returned home after a few hours2 no trace had been found4 ,herr von ,s4 was restless4 ,when ,i think of such a man1 forced to lie like a stone and unable to help himself1 ,i--but he may still be alive2 a man can surely hold out three days without food4 ,he set out himself2 inquiry was made at every house1 horns were blown everywhere1 alarms were sent out1 and dogs set on the trail--in vain6 ,a child had seen him sitting at the edge of the forest of ,brede1 carving a spoon4 ,but he cut it right in two1 said the little girl4 ,that had happened two days before4 ,in the afternoon there was another clue4 ,again a child had seen him on the other side of the woods1 where he had been sitting in the shrubbery1 with his face resting on his knees as though he were asleep4 ,that was only the day before4 ,it seemed he had kept rambling about the forest of ,brede4 ,if only that damned shrubbery weren't so dense6 ,not a soul can get through it1 said the ,baron4 ,the dogs were driven to the place where the woods had just been cut down2 the searching-party blew their horns and hallooed1 but finally returned home1 dissatisfied1 when they had convinced themselves that the animals had made a thorough search of the whole forest4 ,don't give up6 ,don't give up6 begged ,frau von ,s4 ,it's better to take a few steps in vain than to leave anything undone4 ,the ,baron was almost as worried as she2 his restlessness even drove him to ,john's room1 although he was sure not to find him there4 ,he had the room of the lost man opened4 ,here stood his bed still in disorder as he had left it2 there hung his good coat which the ,baroness had had made for him out of the ,baron's old hunting-suit2 on the table lay a bowl1 six new wooden spoons1 and a box4 ,herr von ,s4 opened the box2 five groschen lay in it1 neatly wrapped in paper1 and four silver vest-buttons4 ,the ,baron examined them with interest4 ,a remembrance from ,mergel1 he muttered1 and stepped out1 for he felt quite oppressed in the musty1 close room4 ,the search was continued until they had convinced themselves that ,john was no longer in the vicinity--at least1 not alive4 ,so1 then1 he had disappeared for the second time6 ,would they ever find him again--perhaps some time1 after many years1 find his bones in a dry pit8 ,there was little hope of seeing him again alive1 or1 at all events1 certainly not after another twenty-eight years4 ,one morning two weeks later young ,brandes was passing through the forest of ,brede1 on his way from inspecting his preserve4 ,the day was unusually warm for that time of the year2 the air quivered2 not a bird was singing2 only the ravens croaked monotonously in the branches and opened their beaks to the air4 ,brandes was very tired4 ,he took off his cap1 heated through by the sun2 and then he put it on again2 but one way was as unbearable as another1 and working his way through the knee-high underbrush was very laborious4 ,round about there was not a single tree save the ,jew's beech2 for that he made1 therefore1 with all his might1 and stretched himself on the shady moss under it1 tired to death4 ,the coolness penetrated to his limbs so soothingly that he closed his eyes4 ,foul mushrooms6 he muttered1 half asleep4 ,there is1 you must know1 in that region a species of very juicy mushrooms which live only a few days and then shrivel up and emit an insufferable odor4 ,brandes thought he smelt some of these unpleasant neighbors2 he looked around him several times1 but did not feel like getting up2 meanwhile his dog leaped about1 scratched at the trunk of the beech1 and barked at the tree4 ,what have you there1 ,bello8 ,a cat8 muttered ,brandes4 ,he half opened his lids and the ,hebrew inscription met his eye1 much distorted but still quite legible4 ,he shut his eyes again2 the dog kept on barking and finally put his cold nose against his master's face4 ,let me alone6 ,what's the matter with you1 anyway8 ,brandes was lying on his back1 looking up2 suddenly he jumped up with a bound and sprang into the thicket like one possessed4 ,pale as death he reached the castle2 a man was hanging in the ,jew's ,beech-tree2 he had seen his limbs suspended directly above his face4 ,and you did not cut him down1 you fool8 cried the ,baron4 ,sir1 gasped ,brandes1 if ,your ,honor had been there you would have realized that the man is no longer alive4 ,at first ,i thought it was the mushrooms6 ,nevertheless ,herr von ,s4 urged the greatest haste1 and went out there himself4 ,they had arrived beneath the beech4 ,i see nothing1 said ,herr von ,s4 ,you must step over there1 right here on this spot6 ,yes1 it was true2 the ,baron recognized his own old shoes4 ,god1 it is ,john6 ,prop up the ladder6--so--now down--gently1 gently6 ,don't let him fall6 ,good heaven1 the worms are at him already6 ,but loose the knot anyway1 and his necktie6 ,a broad scar was visible2 the ,baron drew back4 ,good ,god6 he said2 he bent over the body again1 examined the scar with great care1 and in his intense agitation was silent for some time4 ,then he turned to the foresters4 ,it is not right that the innocent should suffer for the guilty2 just tell everybody this man here--he pointed to the dead body--was ,frederick ,mergel4 ,the body was buried in the potter's field4 ,as far as all main events are concerned1 this actually happened during the month of ,september in the year #aghi4 ,the ,hebrew inscription on the tree read3 ,when thou comest near this spot1 thou wilt suffer what thou didst to me4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,ferdinand ,,freiligrath ,,the ,,duration ,,of ,,love#ci 7#ahca7 ,oh6 love while ,love is left to thee2 ,oh6 love while ,love is yet thine own2 ,the hour will come when bitterly ,thou'lt mourn by silent graves1 alone6 ,and let thy breast with kindness glow1 ,and gentle thoughts within thee move1 ,while yet a heart1 through weal and woe1 ,beats to thine own in faithful love4 ,and who to thee his heart doth bare1 ,take heed thou fondly cherish him2 ,and gladden thou his every hour1 ,and not an hour with sorrow dim6 ,and guard thy lips and keep them still2 ,too soon escapes an angry word4 ,o ,god6 ,i did not mean it ill6 ,but yet he sorrowed as he heard4 ,oh6 love while ,love is left to thee2 ,oh6 love while ,love is yet thine own2 ,the hour will come when bitterly ,thou'lt mourn by silent graves1 alone4 ,unheard1 unheeded then1 alas6 ,kneeling1 thou'lt hide thy streaming eyes ,amid the long1 damp1 churchyard grass1 ,where1 cold and low1 thy loved one lies1 ,and murmur3 ,oh1 look down on me1 ,mourning my causeless anger still2 ,forgive my hasty word to thee-- ,o ,god6 ,i did not mean it ill6 ,he hears not now thy voice to bless1 ,in vain thine arms are flung to heaven6 ,and1 hushed the loved lip's fond caress1 ,it answers not3 ,i have forgiven6 ,he did forgive--long1 long ago6 ,but many a burning tear he shed ,o'er thine unkindness--softly now6 ,he slumbers with the silent dead4 ,oh6 love while ,love is left to thee2 ,oh6 love while ,love is yet thine own2 ,the hour will come when bitterly ,thou'lt mourn by silent graves--alone6 99 99 99 99 99 ,,the ,,emigrants#dj 7#ahcb7 ,i cannot take my eyes away ,from you1 ye busy1 bustling band1 ,your little all to see you lay ,each in the waiting boatman's hand4 ,ye men1 that from your necks set down ,your heavy baskets on the earth1 ,of bread1 from ,german corn baked brown1 ,by ,german wives1 on ,german hearth4 ,and you1 with braided tresses neat1 ,black ,forest maidens1 slim and brown1 ,how careful1 on the sloop's green seat1 ,you set your pails and pitchers down4 ,illustration3 ,j4,p4 ,,hasenclever ,,ferdinand ,,freiligrath ,ah6 oft have home's cool shady tanks ,those pails and pitchers filled for you2 ,by far ,missouri's silent banks ,shall these the scenes of home renew-- ,the stone-rimmed fount1 in village street1 ,where oft ye stooped to chat and draw-- ,the hearth1 and each familiar seat-- ,the pictured tiles your childhood saw4 ,soon1 in the far and wooded ,west ,shall log-house walls therewith be graced2 ,soon1 many a tired1 tawny guest ,shall sweet refreshment from them taste4 ,from them shall drink the ,cherokee1 ,faint with the hot and dusty chase2 ,no more from ,german vintage1 ye ,shall bear them home1 in leaf-crowned grace4 ,oh say1 why seek ye other lands8 ,the ,neckar's vale hath wine and corn2 ,full of dark firs the ,schwarzwald stands2 ,in ,spessart rings the ,alp-herd's horn4 ,ah1 in strange forests you will yearn ,for the green mountains of your home2 ,to ,deutschland's yellow wheat-fields turn2 ,in spirit o'er her vine-hills roam4 ,how will the form of days grown pale ,in golden dreams float softly by1 ,like some old legendary tale1 ,before fond memory's moistened eye6 ,the boatman calls--go hence in peace6 ,god bless you1 wife and child1 and sire6 ,bless all your fields with rich increase1 ,and crown each faithful heart's desire6 99 99 99 99 99 ,,the ,,lion',s ,,ride #da 7#ahcd7 ,king of deserts reigns the lion2 will he through his realm go riding1 ,down to the lagoon he paces1 in the tall sedge there lies hiding4 ,where gazelles and camelopards drink1 he crouches by the shore2 ,ominous1 above the monster1 moans the quivering sycamore4 ,when1 at dusk1 the ruddy hearth-fires in the ,hottentot kraals are glowing1 ,and the motley1 changeful signals on the ,table ,mountain growing ,dim and distant--when the ,caffre sweeps along the lone karroo-- ,when in the bush the antelope slumbers1 and beside the stream the gnu-- ,lo6 majestically stalking1 yonder comes the tall giraffe1 ,hot with thirst1 the gloomy waters of the dull lagoon to quaff2 ,o'er the naked waste behold her1 with parched tongue1 all panting hasten-- ,now she sucks the cool draught1 kneeling1 from the stagnant1 slimy basin4 ,hark1 a rustling in the sedges6 with a roar1 the lion springs ,on her back now4 ,what a race-horse6 ,say1 in proudest stalls of kings1 ,saw one ever richer housings than the courser's motley hide1 ,on whose back the tawny monarch of the beasts tonight will ride8 ,fixed his teeth are in the muscles of the nape1 with greedy strain2 ,round the giant courser's withers waves the rider's yellow mane4 ,with a hollow cry of anguish1 leaps and flies the tortured steed2 ,see her1 how with skin of leopard she combines the camel's speed6 ,see1 with lightly beating footsteps1 how she scours the moonlit plains6 ,from their sockets start the eyeballs2 from the torn and bleeding veins1 ,fast the thick1 black drops come trickling1 o'er the brown and dappled neck1 ,and the flying beast's heart-beatings audible the stillness make4 ,like the cloud1 that1 guiding ,israel through the land of ,yemen1 shone1 ,like a spirit of the desert1 like a phantom1 pale and wan1 ,o'er the desert's sandy ocean1 like a waterspout at sea1 ,whirls a yellow1 cloudy column1 tracking them where'er they flee4 ,on their track the vulture follows1 flapping1 croaking1 through the air1 ,and the terrible hyena1 plunderer of tombs1 is there2 ,follows them the stealthy panther--,cape-town's folds have known him well2 ,them their monarch's dreadful pathway1 blood and sweat full plainly tell4 ,on his living throne1 they1 quaking1 see their ruler sitting there1 ,with sharp claw the painted cushion of his seat they see him tear4 ,restless the giraffe must bear him on1 till strength and life-blood fail her2 ,mastered by such daring rider1 rearing1 plunging1 naught avail her4 ,to the desert's verge she staggers--sinks--one groan--and all is o'er4 ,now the steed shall feast the rider1 dead1 and smeared with dust and gore4 ,far across1 o'er ,madagascar1 faintly now the morning breaks2 ,thus the king of beasts his journey nightly through his empire makes4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,the ,,spectre-,,caravan#db 7#ahce7 ',twas at midnight1 in the ,desert1 where we rested on the ground2 ,there my ,bedouins were sleeping1 and their steeds were stretched around2 ,in the farness lay the moonlight on the mountains of the ,nile1 ,and the camel-bones that strewed the sands for many an arid mile4 ,with my saddle for a pillow did ,i prop my weary head1 ,and my caftan-cloth unfolded o'er my limbs was lightly spread1 ,while beside me1 both as ,captain and as watchman of my band1 ,lay my ,bazra sword and pistols twain a-shimmering on the sand4 ,and the stillness was unbroken1 save at moments by a cry ,from some stray belated vulture sailing blackly down the sky1 ,or the snortings of a sleeping steed at waters fancy-seen1 ,or the hurried warlike mutterings of some dreaming ,bedouin4 ,when1 behold6--a sudden sandquake--and atween the earth and moon ,rose a mighty ,host of ,shadows1 as from out some dim lagoon2 ,then our coursers gasped with terror1 and a thrill shook every man1 ,and the cry was ,allah ,akbar6--'tis the ,spectre-,caravan6 ,on they came1 their hueless faces toward ,mecca evermore2 ,on they came1 long files of camels1 and of women whom they bore2 ,guides and merchants1 youthful maidens1 bearing pitchers like ,rebecca1 ,and behind them troops of horsemen1 dashing1 hurrying on to ,mecca6 ,more and more6 the phantom-pageant overshadowed all the ,plains1 ,yea1 the ghastly camel-bones arose1 and grew to camel-trains2 ,and the whirling column-clouds of sand to forms in dusky garbs1 ,here1 afoot as ,hadjee pilgrims--there1 as warriors on their barbs6 ,whence we knew the ,night was come when all whom ,death had sought and found1 ,long ago amid the sands whereon their bones yet bleach around1 ,rise by legions from the darkness of their prisons low and lone1 ,and in dim procession march to kiss the ,kaaba's ,holy ,stone4 ,more and more6 the last in order have not passed across the plain1 ,ere the first with slackened bridle fast are flying back again4 ,from ,cape ,verde's palmy summits1 even to ,bab-el-,mandeb's sands1 ,they have sped ere yet my charger1 wildly rearing1 breaks his bands6 ,courage6 hold the plunging horses2 each man to his charger's head6 ,tremble not as timid sheep-flocks tremble at the lion's tread4 ,fear not1 though yon waving mantles fan you as they hasten on2 ,call on ,allah6 and the pageant1 ere you look again1 is gone6 ,patience6 till the morning breezes wave again your turban's plume2 ,morning air and rosy dawning are their heralds to the tomb4 ,once again to dust shall daylight doom these ,wand'rers of the night2 ,see1 it dawns6--,a joyous welcome neigh our horses to the light6 99 99 99 99 99 ,illustration3 ,,dusk ,,on ,,the ,,dead ,,sea ,,eugen ,,bracht ,,had ,i ,,at ,,mecca',s ,,gate ,,been ,,nourished#dc 7#ahcf7 ,had ,i at ,mecca's gate been nourished1 ,or dwelt on ,yemen's glowing sand1 ,or from my youth in ,sinai flourished1 ,a sword were now within this hand4 ,then would ,i ride across the mountains ,until to ,jethro's land ,i came1 ,and rest my flock beside the fountains ,where once the bush broke forth in flame4 ,and ever with the evening's coolness ,my kindred to the tent would throng1 ,when verses with impassioned fulness ,would stream from me in glowing song4 ,the treasure of my lips would dower ,a mighty tribe1 a mighty land1 ,and as with a magician's power ,i'd rule1 a monarch1 'mid the sand4 ,my list'ners are a nomad nation1 ,to whom the desert's voice is dear2 ,who dread the simoon's devastation ,and fall before his wrath in fear4 ,all day they gallop1 never idle-- ,save by the spring--till set of sun2 ,they dash with loosely swaying bridle ,from ,aden unto ,lebanon4 ,at night upon the earth reclining ,they watch amid their sleeping herds1 ,and read the scroll of heaven1 shining ,with golden-lettered mystic words4 ,they often hear strange voices mutter ,from ,sinai's earthquake-shattered1 height1 ,while desert phantoms rise and flutter ,in wreaths of smoke before their sight4 ,see6--through yon fissure deep and dim there ,the demon's forehead glows amain1 ,for as with me so 'tis with him there-- ,in the skull's cavern seethes the brain4 ,oh1 land of tents and arrows flying6 ,oh1 desert people brave and wise6 ,thou ,arab on thy steed relying1-- ,a poem in fantastic guise6 ,here in the dark ,i roam so blindly-- ,how cunning is the ,north1 and cold6 ,oh1 for the ,east1 the warm and kindly1 ,to sing and ride1 a ,bedouin bold6 99 99 99 99 99 ,,wild ,,flowers#dd 7#ahdj7 ,alone ,i strode where the broad ,rhine flowed1 ,the hedge with roses was covered1 ,and wondrous rare through all the air ,the scent of the vineyards hovered4 ,the cornflowers blue1 the poppies too1 ,waved in the wheat so proudly6 ,from a cliff near-by the joyous cry ,of a falcon echoed loudly4 ,then ,i thought ere long of the old love song3 ,ah1 would that ,i were a falcon6 ,with its melody as a falcon free1 ,and daring1 too1 as a falcon4 ,as ,i sang1 thought ,i3 ,toward the sun ,i'll fly1 ,the very tune shall upbear me ,to her window small with a bolt in the wall1 ,where ,i'll beat till she shall hear me4 ,where the rose is brave1 and curtains wave1 ,and ships by the bank are lying1 ,two brown eyes dream o'er the lazy stream-- ,oh1 thither would ,i be flying6 ,with talons long and strange wild song ,i'd perch me at her feet then1 ,or bold ,i'd spread my wings o'er her head1 ,and gladly we should greet then4 ,though ,i gaily sang and gaily sprang1 ,no pinions had ,i to aid me2 ,i took my path through the corn in wrath-- ,so restless my love had made me4 ,then branch and tree all ruthlessly ,i stripped1 nor ceased from my ranting ,till with hands all torn and heart forlorn ,i sank down1 weary and panting4 ,while ,i heard the sound from all around ,of frolicking lads and lasses1 ,alone for hours ,i gathered flowers ,and bound them together with grasses4 ,o crude bouquet1 ,o rude bouquet6-- ,though many a girl despise it1 ,yet come there may the happy day ,when thou1 my love1 shalt prize it4 ,in fitting place it well might grace ,an honest farmer's dwelling ,these cornflowers mild and poppies wild1 ,with others past my telling2 ,the osier fine1 the blossoming vine1 ,the meadow-sweetening clover-- ,all vagrant stuff1 and like enough ,to him1 thy vagrant lover4 ,his dark eye beams1 his visage gleams1 ,his clenched hand--how it trembles6 ,his fierce blood burns1 his mad heart yearns1 ,his brow the storm resembles4 ,he breathes oppressed1 with laboring breast-- ,his weeds and he rejected6 ,his flowers1 oh1 see6--shall they and he ,lie here at thy door neglected8 99 99 99 99 99 ,illustration3 ,,death ,,on ,,the ,,barricade ,,alfred ,,rethel ,,the ,,dead ,,to ,,the ,,living#de 7,july1 #ahdh7 ,the bullet in the marble breast1 the gash upon the brow1 ,you raised us on the bloody planks with wild and wrathful vow6 ,high in the air you lifted us1 that every writhe of pain ,might be an endless curse to him1 at whose word we were slain2 ,that he might see us in the gloom1 or in the daylight's shine1 ,whether he turns his ,bible's leaf1 or quaffs his foaming wine2 ,that the dread memory on his soul should evermore be burned1 ,a wasting and destroying flame within its gloom inurned2 ,that every mouth with pain convulsed1 and every gory wound1 ,be round him in the terror-hour1 when his last bell shall sound2 ,that every sob above us heard smite shuddering on his ear2 ,that each pale hand be clenched to strike1 despite his dying fear-- ,whether his sinking head still wear its mockery of a crown1 ,or he should lay it1 bound1 dethroned1 on bloody scaffold down6 ,thus1 with the bullet in the breast1 the gash upon the brow1 ,you laid us at the altar's foot1 with deep and solemn vow6 ,come down6 ye cried--he trembling came--even to our bloody bed2 ,uncover6 and 'twas tamely done6--7like a mean puppet led1 ,sank he whose life had been a farce1 with fear unwonted shaken74 ,meanwhile his army fled the field1 which1 dying1 we had taken6 ,loudly in ,jesus1 thou my trust6 the anthem'd voices peal2 ,why did the victor-crowds forget the sterner trust of steel8 ,that morning followed on the night when we together fell1 ,and when ye made our burial1 there was triumph in the knell6 ,though crushed behind the barricades1 and scarred in every limb1 ,the pride of conscious ,victory lay on our foreheads grim6 ,we thought3 the price is dearly paid1 but the treasures must be true1 ,and rested calmly in the graves we swore to fill for you6 ,alas6 for you--we were deceived6 ,four moons have scarcely run1 ,since cowardly you've forfeited what we so bravely won6 ,squandered and cast to every wind the gain our death had brought6 ,aye1 all1 we know--each word and deed our spirit-ears have caught6 ,like waves came thundering every sound of wrong the country through3 ,the foolish war with ,denmark6 ,poland betrayed anew6 ,the vengeance of ,vendean men in many a province stern6 ,the calling back of banished troops6 ,the ,prince's base return6 ,wherever barricades were built1 the lock on press and tongue6 ,on the free right of all debate1 the daily-practised wrong6 ,the groaning clang of prison-doors in ,north and ,south afar6 ,for all who plead the ,people's right1 ,oppression's ancient bar6 ,the bond with ,russia's ,cossacks6 ,the slander fierce and loud1 ,alas6 that has become your share1 instead of laurels proud-- ,ye who have borne the hardest brunt1 that ,freedom might advance1 ,victorious in defeat and death--,june-warriors of ,france6 ,yes1 wrong and treason everywhere1 the ,elbe and ,rhine beside1 ,and beat1 oh ,german men6 your hearts1 with calm and sluggish tide8 ,no war within your apron's folds8 ,out with it1 fierce and bold6 ,the second1 final war with all who ,freedom would withhold6 ,shout3 ,the ,republic6 till it drowns the chiming minster bells1 ,whose sound this swindle of your rights by crafty ,austria tells6 ,in vain6 ',tis time your faltering hands should disentomb us yet1 ,and lift us on the planks1 begirt with many a bayonet2 ,not to the palace-court1 as then1 that he may near us stand-- ,no2 to the tent1 the market-place1 and through the wakening land6 ,out through the broad land bear us--the dead ,insurgents sent1 ,to join1 upon our ghastly biers1 the ,german ,parliament4 ,oh solemn sight6 there we should lie1 the grave-earth on each brow1 ,and faces sunken in decay--the proper ,regents now6 ,there we should lie and say to you3 ,ere we could waste away1 ,your ,freedom-gift1 ye archons brave1 is rotting in decay6 ,the ,corn is housed which burst the sod1 when the ,march sun on us shone1 ,but before all other harvests was ,freedom's ,march-seed mown6 ,chance poppies1 which the sickle spared1 among the stubbles stand2 ,oh1 would that ,wrath1 the crimson ,wrath1 thus blossomed in the land6 ,and yet1 it does remain2 it springs behind the reaper's track2 ,too much had been already gained1 too much been stolen back2 ,too much of scorn1 too much of shame1 heaped daily on your head-- ,wrath and ,revenge must still be left1 believe it1 from the ,dead6 ,it does remain1 and it awakes--it shall and must awake6 ,the ,revolution1 half complete1 yet wholly forth will break4 ,it waits the hour to rise in power1 like an up-rolling storm1 ,with lifted arms and streaming hair--a wild and mighty form6 ,it grasps the rusted gun once more1 and swings the battered blade1 ,while the red banners flap the air from every barricade6 ,those banners lead the ,german ,guards--the armies of the ,free-- ,till ,princes fly their blazing thrones and hasten towards the sea6 ,the boding eagles leave the land--the lion's claws are shorn-- ,the sovereign ,people1 roused and bold1 await the ,future's morn6 ,now1 till the wakening hour shall strike1 we keep our scorn and wrath ,for you1 ye ,living6 who have dared to falter on your path6 ,up1 and prepare--keep watch in arms6 ,oh1 make the ,german sod1 ,above our stiffened forms1 all free1 and blest by ,freedom's ,god2 ,that this one bitter thought no more disturb us in our graves3 ,they once were free--they fell--and now1 forever they are ,slaves6 99 99 99 99 99 ,,hurrah1 ,,germania6#df 7,july #be1 #ahgj7 ,hurrah6 thou lady proud and fair1 ,hurrah6 ,germania mine6 ,what fire is in thine eye1 as there ,thou bendest o'er the ,rhine6 ,how in ,july's full blaze dost thou ,flash forth thy sword1 and go1 ,with heart elate and knitted brow1 ,to strike the invader low6 ,hurrah6 ,hurrah6 ,hurrah6 ,hurrah6 ,germania6 ,no thought hadst thou1 so calm and light1 ,of war or battle plain1 ,but on thy broad fields1 waving bright1 ,didst mow the golden grain1 ,with clashing sickles1 wreaths of corn1 ,thy sheaves didst garner in1 ,when1 hark6 across the ,rhine ,war's horn ,breaks through the merry din6 ,hurrah6 ,hurrah6 ,hurrah6 ,hurrah6 ,germania6 ,down sickle then and wreath of wheat ,amidst the corn were cast1 ,and1 starting fiercely to thy feet1 ,thy heart beat loud and fast2 ,then with a shout ,i heard thee call3 ,well1 since you will1 you may6 ,up1 up1 my children1 one and all1 ,on to the ,rhine6 ,away6 ,hurrah6 ,hurrah6 ,hurrah6 ,hurrah6 ,germania6 ,from port to port the summons flew1 ,rang o'er our ,german wave2 ,the ,oder on her harness drew1 ,the ,elbe girt on her glaive2 ,neckar and ,weser swell the tide1 ,main flashes to the sun1 ,old feuds1 old hates are dash'd aside1 ,all ,german men are one6 ,hurrah6 ,hurrah6 ,hurrah6 ,hurrah6 ,germania6 ,suabian and ,prussian1 hand in hand1 ,north1 ,south1 one host1 one vow6 ,what is the ,german's ,fatherland8 ,who asks that question now8 ,one soul1 one arm1 one close-knit frame1 ,one will are we today2 ,hurrah1 ,germania6 thou proud dame1 ,oh1 glorious time1 hurrah6 ,hurrah6 ,hurrah6 ,hurrah6 ,hurrah6 ,germania6 ,germania now1 let come what may1 ,will stand unshook through all2 ,this is our country's festal day2 ,now woe betide thee1 ,gaul6 ,woe worth the hour a robber thrust ,thy sword into thy hand6 ,a curse upon him that we must ,unsheathe our ,german brand6 ,hurrah6 ,hurrah6 ,hurrah6 ,hurrah6 ,germania6 ,for home and hearth1 for wife and child1 ,for all loved things that we ,are bound to keep all undefiled ,from foreign ruffianry6 ,for ,german right1 for ,german speech1 ,for ,german household ways1 ,for ,german homesteads1 all and each1 ,strike home through battle's blaze6 ,hurrah6 ,hurrah6 ,hurrah6 ,hurrah6 ,germania6 ,up1 ,germans1 up1 with ,god6 ,the die ,clicks loud--we wait the throw6 ,oh1 who may think without a sigh ,what blood is doom'd to flow8 ,yet1 look thou up1 with fearless heart6 ,thou must1 thou shalt prevail6 ,great1 glorious1 free as ne'er thou wert1 ,all hail1 ,germania1 hail6 ,hurrah6 ,victoria6 ,hurrah6 ,germania6 99 99 99 99 99 ,,the ,,trumpet ,,of ,,gravelotte#dg 7,aug4 #af1 #ahgj7 ,death and ,destruction they belched forth in vain1 ,we grimly defied their thunder2 ,two columns of foot and batteries twain1 ,we rode and cleft them asunder4 ,with brandished sabres1 with reins all slack1 ,raised standards1 and low-couched lances1 ,thus we ,uhlans and ,cuirassiers wildly drove back1 ,and hotly repelled their advances4 ,but the ride was a ride of death and of blood2 ,with our thrusts we forced them to sever2 ,but of two whole regiments1 lusty and good1 ,out of two men1 one rose never4 ,with breast shot through1 with brow gaping wide1 ,they lay pale and cold in the valley1 ,snatched away in their youth1 in their manhood's pride-- ,now1 ,trumpeter1 sound to the rally6 ,and he took the trumpet1 whose angry thrill ,urged us on to the glorious battle1 ,and he blew a blast--but all silent and still ,was the trump1 save a dull hoarse rattle1 ,save a voiceless wail1 save a cry of woe1 ,that burst forth in fitful throbbing-- ,a bullet had pierced its metal through1 ,for the ,dead the wounded was sobbing6 ,for the faithful1 the brave1 for our brethren all1 ,for the ,watch on the ,rhine1 true-hearted6 ,oh1 the sound cut into our inmost soul6-- ,it brokenly wailed the ,departed6 ,and now fell the night1 and we galloped past1 ,watch-fires were flaring and flying1 ,our chargers snorted1 the rain poured fast-- ,and we thought of the ,dead and the ,dying6 99 99 99 99 99 ,,moritz ,,graf ,,von ,,strachwitz ,,douglas ,,of ,,the ,,bleeding ,,heart#dh 7#ahdb7 ,earl ,douglas1 don thy helm so bright1 ,and buckle thy sword with speed1 ,bind on thy sharpest spurs to-night ,and saddle thy swiftest steed6 ,the death watch ticks in the hall of ,scone1 ,all ,scotland hears its warning1 ,king ,robert in pains of death does groan1 ,he'll never see the morning4 ,for nigh on forty miles they sped ,and spoke of words not four1 ,and horse and spur with blood were red ,when they came to the palace door4 ,king ,robert lay at the north tower's turn2 ,with death he'd begun to battle3 ,i hear the sword of ,bannockburn ,on the stairway clatter and rattle4 ,ha6 ,welcome in ,god's name1 gallant lord6 ,my end cometh presently1 ,and thou shalt harken my latest word ,and write down my will for me3 ',twas on the day of ,bannockburn1 ,when ,scotland's star rose high1 ',twas on the day of ,bannockburn ,that a vow to ,god vowed ,i2 ,i vowed that1 should ,he defend my right ,and give me the victory there1 ,with a thousand lances ,i'd go to fight ,for ,his holy sepulchre4 ,i'm perjured1 for still my heart doth stand1 ',twas broken with care and strife2 ,the man who would rule o'er the ,scottish land ,may scarce lead a pilgrim's life4 ,but thou1 when my voice has sunk to rest1 ,when grief and glory depart1 ,shalt straightway cut from out my breast ,my battle-o'erwearied heart4 ,then thou shalt wrap the samite red ,and lock it in yellow gold1 ,and when o'er my bier the mass is said1 ,let the flag of the cross be unrolled4 ,take a thousand steeds at thy command ,and a thousand knights also1 ,and carry my heart to the ,savior's land ,that peace my soul may know4 99 99 99 99 99 ,make ready1 gallants1 for the start1 ,let plume from helmet sway6 ,the ,douglas bears the ,bruce's heart1 ,and who shall bar his way8 ,now cut the ropes1 ye seamen brave ,and hoist the sail so free6 ,the king must to his dark1 dark grave1 ,and we to the dark-blue sea4 ,then into the east they sailed away ,full ninety days and nine1 ,and at the dawn of the hundredth day ,they landed in ,palestine4 ,across the yellow desert they wound ,as a shining river might flow1 ,the sun it pierced through their helmets' round ,like an arrow shot from a bow4 ,the desert was still1 there breathed no gust1 ,all limply the flags were streaming1 ,when up to the sky rose a cloud of dust ,whence lightning of spears was gleaming4 ,the desert was thronged1 the din grew loud1 ,the dust was on every side4 ,and thick as rain from each bursting cloud ,did the spear-armed ,saracens ride4 ,ten thousand lances glittered to right1 ,ten thousand sparkled to left1 ,allah il ,allah6 they shouted to right1 ,il ,allah6 they echoed to left4 ,the ,douglas drew his bridle rein1 ,and still stood earl and knight2 ,by the cross on which our ,lord was slain ',twill be a deadly fight6 ,a noble chain his neck embraced ,in golden windings three4 ,the locket to his lips he placed ,and kissed it fervently3 ,since thou hast ever gone before1 ,o heart1 by night and day1 ,e'en so today do thou once more ,precede me in the fray4 ,and now may ,god this boon bestow1 ,as ,i to thee have been true1 ,that ,i may strike a ,christian blow ,against this heathen crew4 ,he threw his shield o'er his left side1 ,bound on his helm so proud1 ,and as to battle he did ride1 ,he rose and called aloud3 ,who brings this locket back to me ,be his the day's renown6 ,then 'mid the paynims mightily ,he hurled the king's heart down4 ,each made the cross with his left thumb1 ,the right hand held the lance1 ,no fear had they though fiends had come ,to check their bold advance4 ,a sudden crash1 a headlong flight1 ,and mad death raging around-- ,but when the sun sank in the sea's blue light ,from the desert there came no sound4 ,for the pride of the east was there laid low ,in the sweep of the death-strewed plain1 ,and the sand so red in the afterglow ,would never be white again4 ,of all the heathen1 by ,god's good grace ,not one had escaped that harm1 ,short patience have men of the ,scottish race ,and ever a long sword-arm6 ,but where had been the fellest strife1 ,there lay in the moonlight clear ,the good ,earl ,douglas1 reft of life ,by a hellish heathen spear4 ,all cleft and rent was the mail he wore1 ,and finished his mortal smart4 ,yet under his shield he clasped once more ,king ,robert ,bruce's heart4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,georg ,,herwegh ,,the ,,stirrup-,,cup#di 7#ahdj7 ,the anxious night is gone at last1 ,silent and mute we gallop past ,and ride to our destiny4 ,how keen the morning breezes blow6 ,hostess1 one glass more ere we go1 ,we go to die6 ,thou soft young grass1 why now so green8 ,soon like the rose shall be thy sheen1 ,my blood thee red shall dye4 ,the first quick sip with sword in hand ,i drink1 a toast to our native land1 ,for our native land to die4 ,now for the next1 the time is short1 ,the next to ,freedom1 the queen we court1-- ,the fiery cup drain dry6 ,these dregs--to whom shall we dedicate8 ,to thee1 ,imperial ,german ,state1 ,for the ,german ,state to die6 ,my sweetheart6--,but there's no more wine-- ,the bullets whistle1 the lance heads shine-- ,to her the glass where the fragments lie6 ,up6 ,like a whirlwind into the fray6 ,o horseman's joy1 at the break of day1 ,at the break of day to die6 ,illustration3 ,,georg ,,herwegh 99 99 99 99 99 ,,emanuel ,,geibel ,,the ,,watchman',s ,,song#ej 7#ahdj7 ,wake--awake6 ,the cry rings out2 ,from the high watch-tower comes the shout4 ,awake1 imperial ,german land-- ,ye by distant ,danube dwelling1 ,and where the infant ,rhine is swelling1 ,and where the bleak dunes pile their sand6 ,for hearth and home keep watch1 ,sword from its scabbard snatch2 ,every hour ,for bitter fight ,prepare aright-- ,the day of combat is in sight6 ,hear in the ,east the ominous cry ,that tells a greedy foe draws nigh-- ,the vulture1 thirsting for the strife4 ,hear in the west the serpent's hiss ,whose siren-fangs are set for this1 ,to poison all your virtuous life4 ,near is the vulture's swoop2 ,the serpent coils to stoop ,for the stroke2 ,then watch and pray ,until the day-- ,your swords be sharpened for the fray6 ,pure in life1 in faith as strong1 ,let no man do your courage wrong2 ,be one1 what time the trump shall sound4 ,cleanse your souls by fervent prayer1 ,that so the ,lord may find them fair ,when ,he shall make ,his questioning round1 ,the ,cross be still your pride1 ,your banner and your guide ,in the battle6 ,who in the field ,their fealty yield ,to ,god1 victorious weapons wield4 ,look ,thou down from heaven above1 ,thou ,whom the angels praise and love-- ,be gracious to our ,german land6 ,speak from the clouds with thunder-voice2 ,princes and people of ,thy choice1 ,unite them with a mighty hand4 ,be ,thou our fortress-tower1 ,bring us through danger's hour4 ,hallelujah6 ,thine is today ,and shall alway ,kingdom1 and power1 and glory stay6 99 99 99 99 99 ,illustration3 ,e4 ,,hader ,,emanuel ,,geibel ,,the ,,call ,,of ,,the ,,road#ea 7#ahda7 ,sweet ,may it is come1 and the trees are in bloom-- ,who wills may sit listless with sorrow at home6 ,as the clouds go a-roving up there in the sky1 ,so away for a life of adventure am ,i6 ,kind father1 dear mother1 ,god be with you now6 ,who knows what my fortune is waiting to show8 ,there is many a road that ,i never have gone1 ,there is many a wine that ,i never have known4 ,then up with the sun1 and away where it leads1 ,high over the mountains and down through the meads6 ,the brooks they are singing1 the trees hear the call2 ,my heart's like a lark and sings out with them all4 ,and at night1 when ,i come to a cozy old nest1 ,mine host1 now a bottle--and make it your best6 ,and you1 merry fiddler1 tune up for a song1 ,a song of my sweetheart--,i'll help it along6 ,if ,i come to no inn1 then my slumber ,i'll snatch ',neath the kindly blue sky1 with the stars to keep watch4 ,the trees with their rustling will lull me to sleep2 ,dawn's kisses will wake me1 and up ,i shall leap4 ,then ho6 for the road1 and the life that ,i love1 ,and ,god's pure air to cool your hot brow as you rove4 ,the heart sings for joy in the sun's merry beams-- ,all1 wherefore so lovely1 wide world of my dreams8 99 99 99 99 99 ,,autumn ,,days#eb 7#ahde7 ,sunny days of the autumn1 ,days that shall make me whole1 ,when a balm for wounds that were bleeding ,drops silently on the soul6 ,now seem the hours to be brooding ,in still1 beneficent rest1 ,and with a quieter motion ,heaves now the laboring breast4 ,to rest from the world's endeavor1 ,to build on the soul's deep base-- ,that is my only craving1 ,in the stillness of love to gaze4 ,o'er the hills1 through the dales ,i wander1 ,where the shy sweet streamlets call1 ,following each clear sunbeam1 ,whether scorching or kind it fall4 ,there where the leaves are turning1 ,i harken with reverent ear2 ,all that is growing or dying1 ,fading or blooming1 ,i hear4 ,blissful ,i learn my lesson-- ,how through the world's wide sweep ,matter and spirit together ,their concord eternal keep4 ,what blows in the rustling forest1 ,takes life from the sun and rain1 ,is a symbol of truth immortal ,to the soul that can read it plain4 ,each tiniest plant that blossoms ,with the perfume of its birth ,holds in its cup the secret ,of the whole mysterious earth4 ,it looks down from the cliffs in silence1 ,speaks in the waves' long swell-- ,but all its wonderful meaning ,the poet alone can tell4 99 99 99 99 99 ,illustration3 ,,ludwig ,,richter ,,journeying ,,the ,,death ,,of ,,tiberius#ec 7#ahef87 ,on ,cape ,misenum shone a palace fair ,among the laurels by the summer sea2 ,long colonnades1 and wondrous artistry1 ,and all that should a gorgeous feast prepare4 ,oft saw it scenes of midnight revelry ,where moved soft boys1 their brows with ivy crowned1 ,and silver-footed damsels1 capering round1 ,the thyrsus swung2 with merry shouts of glee ,and rippling laughter1 and the lyre's soft tone1 ,it rang till fell the dew1 and night was gone4 ,tonight1 how still6 ,but here and there is traced ,a lighted window2 in the shadowy space ,about the doors1 slaves throng with awestruck face4 ,litters draw nigh1 and men spring out in haste2 ,and as each comes1 a question runs its round ,through all the quivering circle of the spies ,what says the leech8 ,how goes it8 ,hush--no sound6 ,the end is near--the fierce old tiger dies6 ,up there on purple cushion1 in the light ,of flickering lamps1 pale ,csar waits for morn2 ,his sallow face1 by hideous ulcers torn1 ,looks ghastlier than was e'er its wont tonight2 ,hollow the eyes2 the fire of fell disease ,and burning fever runs through every limb2 ,none but the aged leech abides with him1 ,and ,macro1 trusted bearer of the keys4 ,and now1 with stifled cry1 by fears oppressed1 ,the sick man feebly throws his coverings off ,let me1 ,o ,greek1 a cooling potion quaff6 ,ice--ice6 ,vesuvius burns within my breast4 ,gods6 how it flames6 ,yet in my anguished brain ,the torturing thoughts burn fiercer far1 and worse 444 ,a thousand times their tireless strength ,i curse1 ,yet cannot find refreshment4 ',tis in vain ,i cry for ,lethe2 where the frankincense ,sends up its smoke1 from all the ancient wars ,the victims lift their faces1 seamed with scars1 ,in grim reproachful gaze to call me hence4 ,germanicus--,sejanus--,drusus rise 444 ,who brought you hither8 ,has the grave no bars8 ,ah1 'tis past bearing1 how with corpse-cold eyes ,ye suck the life-blood from me pitilessly6 ,i know ,i slew you--but it had to be4 ,was it my fault ye threw the losing dice8 ,away6 ,alas--when ends my misery8 ,the grave physician held the cup2 he drank ,its cooling at a draught1 then feebly sank ,among the pillows1 still with wandering eye ,about the chamber1 from his forehead dank ,wiping the dews3 ,they're gone8 ,no more they try ,to fright me8 ,ah1 perchance 'twas but the mist 444 ,yet often have they come1 by night--in what dread guise ,none knows but ,i 444 ,come1 sit thee near me 444 hist6 ,and let me tell of dim old memories4 ,i too was young once1 trusted in my star1 ,had faith in men2 but all the glamour of youth ,vanished too soon--and1 piercing to the truth1 ,i found some evil each fair show to mar4 ,no thing ,i saw so high and free from blame ,but worms were at its heart2 each noble deed ,revealed self-seeking as its primal seed4 ,love1 honor1 virtue--each was but a name6 ,naught marked us off1 vile creatures of the dust1 ,from ravening brutes1 save on the smiling face ,a honeyed falseness--in the heart so base ,a craven weakness and a fiercer lust4 ,where was a friend had not his friend betrayed ,a brother guiltless of a brother's death1 ,a wife that hid no poisoned sting beneath ,a fond embrace8 ,of one clay all were made6 ,thus ,i became as they4 ,since only fear ,could tame that crew1 ,i bade its form draw near4 ,it was a war ,i waged2 ,i found a joy ,undreamed-of in their death-cries1 and in blood ,full ankle-deep ,i waded--victor stood1 ,to find at last that horror too could cloy6 ,now1 grimly bearing what ,i may not mend1 ,remorseless1 unconsoled1 ,i wait the end4 ,his dull voice sank to silence4 ,moaning low1 ,he met new pains3 cold sweat stood on his brow4 ,in fearsome change his face the watchers saw ,grow like some hideous mask2 till ,macro came ,nearer the throne-like couch1 and spoke a name ,shall ,i thy nephew call--,caligula8 ,thy sickness waxes-- ,hissed the prince in scorn3 ,my curse upon thee1 viper6 ,what to thee ,is ,caius8 ,still ,i live6 ,and he was born ,to ape the others--lies1 greed1 roguery1 ,and aught but manhood4 ,if he had1 'twere vain2 ,no hero now ,rome's downfall may restrain4 ,if gods there were1 upon this ruined soil ,no god could bring forth fruit2 but that weak lad6 ,nay1 nay1 not him--the spirits stern and sad ,that dog my steps and mock at all my coil1 ,the ,furies of the abyss that drive me mad1 ,them--them and chaos--leave ,i of my toil ,the heritage4 ,for them the sceptre6 ,so ,up leaped he as he was1 dire agony ,twisting his features1 from the window high ,tore back the curtain1 cast with frenzied throw ,the wand of empire far into the night-- ,then1 senseless1 crumbled4 ,in the court below ,a soldier stood at guard--a man of might1 ,fair-haired and long of limb4 ,straight to his feet ,it rolled1 the rounded ivory1 and upsprang ,from off the polished marble with a clang ,that seemed to say 'twas minded him to greet4 ,he took it up1 unknowing what it meant2 ,and soon his thoughts pursued their former bent4 ,of far-off1 sombre ,german woods he dreamed2 ,he saw the waving tree-tops of the north1 ,he saw the comrades to their tryst go forth4 ,each word true as their own sharp weapons seemed1 ,as much for friendship as for war their worth4 ,then thought he of his wife2 he saw her sit ,in all the glory of her golden hair ,before their hut1 whirling the spindle there ,send forth her thoughts across the leagues to flit ,and reach him here4 ,in that same woodland shrine ,a merry boy was carving his first spear1 ,his blue eyes flashing boldly in scorn of fear1 ,as though he said--,a sword--the world is mine6 ,then swift he saw another vision come ,unbidden1 hide the pictures of his home1 ,press on his soul with irresistible might-- ,how once1 far in the ,east1 he stood to guard ,the cross where hung a ,man with visage marred-- ,and at ,his death the sun was plunged in night4 ,long since1 that day had faded in the ,west2 ,yet could he ne'er the ,sufferer's look forget-- ,the deep abyss of infinite sorrow1 and yet ,the fulness of all blessing it expressed4 ,now 7what could this portend87 to his old home ,he saw that cross a conquering symbol come2 ,and lo1 the assembled tribes of all his race ,innumerable moved1 and o'er their host ,on all their banners1 as their proudest boast1 ,the same ,man's image1 a glory round ,his face 444 ,sudden he started2 from the halls above ,came harsh1 quick shouts--the lord of the world was dead6 ,awe struck the soldier stared where dawn hung red1 ,and saw the ,future's mighty curtain move4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,footnotes3 ,footnote #a3 ,permission ,macmillan and ,co41 ,new ,york1 and ,george ,bell ,sons1 ,ltd41 ,london4 ,footnote #b3 ,or in ,goethe3 ,zuschlagen kann die ,masse1 ,da ist sie respektabel2 ,urteilen gelingt ihr miserabel4 ,footnote #c3 ,the ,dial1 ,vol4 ,,ii1 ,no4 #a4 ,footnote #d3 ,cf4 ,fanny ,tarnow 7#ahce71 ,z4 ,funck 7#ahcf71 and ,otto ,berdrow1 #b;d ,edition1 #aijb1 p4 #cch seq4 ,footnote #e3 ,this is ,rahel's expression1 the tribute of admiration forced from the childless woman fresh from the ,berlin salons1 by the spectacle of ,bettina romping with her children in the nursery4 ,footnote #f3 ,cf4 ,herman ,grimm1 ,briefwechsel1 #c ,aug4 #ahha1 s4 ,,xvii3 ,for her circle of relatives and friends in the descending line1 ,bettina has remained a near relative of a higher order4 ,footnote #g3 ,james ,freeman ,clarke's estimate of ,margaret ,fuller and her influence 7,memoirs1 ,i1 #ig7 supplies interesting1 though not specific confirmation of the point of view here suggested4 ,footnote #h3 ,in his ,aristeia der ,mutter4 ,werke1 ,weimarer ,ausgabe1 ,bd4 #bi1 ss4 #bca-bch1 ,goethe acknowledged ,bettina's faithfulness and complete credibility for these details4 ,cf4 also ,reinhold ,steig1 ,achim von ,arnim and ,clemens ,brentano1 ,stuttgart1 #ahid1 s4 #cgi4 ,footnote #i3 ,translator's ,preface to ,eckermann's ,conversations with ,goethe4 ,footnote #aj3 ,according to the investigations of ,r4 ,steig1 ,achim von ,arnim and ,clemens ,brentano 7#ahid71 ,bettina was born in the year #aghh4 ,internal evidence is at hand to support this view4 ,bettina herself stated 7,briefwechsel1 #ech7 that she was sixteen when her enthusiasm for ,goethe first manifested itself as an elemental force4 ,from another passage we learn that this was three years before her first meeting with the poet in #ahjg1 in the heyday between childhood and maidenhood4 ,the ,child of the first letters of the ,correspondence was1 accordingly1 just nineteen4 ,german authorities have accepted #aghh as ,bettina's birth-year1 but ,english publications1 including the ,encyclopdia ,britannica 7#aiaa7 still cling to #aghe1 the old date4 ,herman ,grimm's account of ,bettina's interests at threescore 7,briefwechsel1 ,,xix1 f47 reveals the same preoccupation with ,goethe1 ,shakespeare1 and ,beethoven4 ,she died in the year #ahei4 ,footnote #aa3 ,a mountain range between the ,neckar and ,main rivers4 ,footnote #ab3 ,the reference is to the ,elective ,affinities of ,goethe1 in which ,edward1 the husband of ,charlotte1 is obsessed with a passion for the latter's foster-daughter1 ,ottilie1 which results in the death of the two lovers4 ,footnote #ac3 ,ottilie in ,elective ,affinities4 ,footnote #ad3 ,from ,spaziergaenge eines ,wiener ,poeten4 ,translator3 ,sarah ,t4 ,barrows4 ,footnote #ae3 ,translator3 ,charles ,wharton ,stork4 ,footnote #af3 ,translator3 ,kate ,freiligrath ,kroeker4 7,from ,a ,century of ,german ,lyrics47 ,footnote #ag3 ,translator3 ,charles ,wharton ,stork4 ,footnote #ah3 ,translator3 ,charles ,wharton ,stork4 ,footnote #ai3 ,translator3 ,charles ,wharton ,stork4 ,footnote #bj3 ,translator3 ,charles ,wharton ,stork4 ,footnote #ba3 ,translator3 ,charles ,wharton ,stork4 ,footnote #bb3 ,translator3 ,charles ,wharton ,stork4 ,footnote #bc3 ,translator3 ,charles ,wharton ,stork4 ,footnote #bd3 ,translator3 ,charles ,wharton ,stork4 ,footnote #be3 ,translator3 ,charles ,wharton ,stork4 ,footnote #bf3 ,translator3 ,charles ,wharton ,stork4 ,footnote #bg3 ,translator3 ,charles ,wharton ,stork4 ,footnote #bh3 ,translator3 ,charles ,wharton ,stork4 ,footnote #bi3 ,translator3 ,charles ,wharton ,stork4 ,footnote #cj3 ,translator3 ,charles ,wharton ,stork4 ,footnote #ca3 ,translator3 ,charles ,wharton ,stork4 ,footnote #cb3 ,invocation to ,calliope1 ,bk4 ,,iii1 ,ode ,,iv4 ,footnote #cc3 ,the friend and patron of ,haydn1 to whose support and interest we owe many works of art4 ,footnote #cd3 ,translator3 ,charles ,wharton ,stork4 ,footnote #ce3 ,translator3 ,charles ,wharton ,stork4 ,footnote #cf3 ,translator3 ,charles ,wharton ,stork4 ,footnote #cg3 ,translator3 ,charles ,wharton ,stork4 ,footnote #ch3 ,translator3 ,charles ,wharton ,stork4 ,footnote #ci3 ,translator3 ,m4,g4 in ,chambers' ,journal4 ,permission ,bernhard ,tauchnitz1 ,leipzig4 ,footnote #dj3 ,translator3 ,c4,t4 ,brooks4 ,permission ,bernhard ,tauchnitz1 ,leipzig4 ,footnote #da3 ,translator3 ,j4,c4 ,mangan4 ,permission ,bernhard ,tauchnitz1 ,leipzig4 ,footnote #db3 ,translator3 ,charles ,wharton ,stork4 ,footnote #dc3 ,translator3 ,charles ,wharton ,stork4 ,footnote #dd3 ,translator3 ,bayard ,taylor4 ,permission ,bernhard ,tauchnitz1 ,leipzig4 ,footnote #de3 ,pall ,mall ,gazette1 ,london4 ,permission ,bernhard ,tauchnitz1 ,leipzig4 ,footnote #df3 ,translator3 ,kate ,freiligrath-,kroeker4 ,permission ,bernhard ,tauchnitz1 ,leipzig4 ,footnote #dg3 ,translator3 ,charles ,wharton ,stork4 ,footnote #dh3 ,translator3 ,william ,g4 ,howard4 ,footnote #di3 ,translator3 ,a4,i4 du ,p4 ,coleman4 ,footnote #ej3 ,translator3 ,a4,i4 du ,p4 ,coleman4 ,footnote #ea3 ,translator3 ,a4,i4 du ,p4 ,coleman ,footnote #eb3 ,translator3 ,a4,i4 du ,p4 ,coleman4 ,footnote #ec3 ,translator3 ,a4,i4 du ,p4 ,coleman4