,! ,pr9ce by ,nicolo ,ma*iavelli ,translat$ by ,w4 ,k4 ,m>riott ,cont5ts ,,introduction ,,y\? t4 #a-be--adfi-id ,,(fice t4 #be-dc--adid-aeab ,,lit]ature ,,& ,,dea? t4 #dc-eh--aeab-bg ,,! ,,man ,,& ,,8 ,,works ,,d$ication ,,! ,,pr9ce ,,*apt] ,i4 ,,h[ ,,_m ,,k9ds ,,( ,,pr9cipalities ,,!re ,,are1 ,,& ,,by ,,:at ,,means ,,!y ,,are ,,acquir$ ,,*apt] ,,ii4 ,,conc]n+ ,,h]$it>y ,,pr9cipalities ,,*apt] ,,iii4 ,,conc]n+ ,,mix$ ,,pr9cipalities ,,*apt] ,,iv4 ,,:y ,,! ,,k+dom ,,( ,,d>ius1 ,,conqu]$ ,,by ,,alex&]1 ,,did ,,n ,,rebel ,,aga9/ ,,! ,,successors ,,( ,,alex&] ,,at ,,8 ,,dea? ,,*apt] ,v4 ,,conc]n+ ,,! ,,way ,,to ,,gov]n ,,cities ,,or ,,pr9cipalities ,,:i* ,,liv$ ,,"u ,,_! ,,own ,,laws ,,be=e ,,!y ,,7 ,,annex$ ,,*apt] ,,vi4 ,,conc]n+ ,,new ,,pr9cipalities ,,:i* ,,are ,,acquir$ ,,by ,,"o',s ,,own ,,arms ,,& ,,ability ,,*apt] ,,vii4 ,,conc]n+ ,,new ,,pr9cipalities ,,:i* ,,are ,,acquir$ ,,ei!r ,,by ,,! ,,arms ,,( ,,o!rs ,,or ,,by ,,good ,,=tune ,,*apt] ,,viii4 ,,conc]n+ ,,^? ,,:o ,,h ,,obta9$ ,a ,,pr9cipality ,,by ,,wick$ness ,,*apt] ,,ix4 ,,conc]n+ ,a ,,civil ,,pr9cipality ,,*apt] ,x4 ,,conc]n+ ,,! ,,way ,,9 ,,:i* ,,! ,,/r5g? ,,( ,,all ,,pr9cipalities ,,ought ,,to ,,be ,,measur$ ,,*apt] ,,xi4 ,,conc]n+ ,,ecclesia/ical ,,pr9cipalities ,,*apt] ,,xii4 ,,h[ ,,_m ,,k9ds ,,( ,,soldi]y ,,!re ,,are ,,& ,,conc]n+ ,,m]c5>ies ,,*apt] ,,xiii4 ,,conc]n+ ,,auxili>ies1 ,,mix$ ,,soldi]y1 ,,& ,,"o',s ,,own ,,*apt] ,,xiv4 ,,t ,,:i* ,,conc]ns ,a ,,pr9ce ,,on ,,! ,,subject ,,( ,,w> ,,*apt] ,,xv4 ,,conc]n+ ,,?+s ,,= ,,:i* ,,m51 ,,& ,,especially ,,pr9ces1 ,,are ,,prais$ ,,or ,,blam$ ,,*apt] ,,xvi4 ,,conc]n+ ,,lib]ality ,,& ,,meanness ,,*apt] ,,xvii4 ,,conc]n+ ,,cruelty ,,& ,,clem5cy1 ,,& ,,:e!r ,,x ,,is ,,bett] ,,to ,,be ,,lov$ ,,?an ,,fe>$ ,,*apt] ,,xviii4 ,,conc]n+ ,,! ,,way ,,9 ,,:i* ,,pr9ces ,,%\ld ,,keep ,,fai? ,,*apt] ,,xix4 ,,t ,,"o ,,%\ld ,,avoid ,,be+ ,,despis$ ,,& ,,hat$ ,,*apt] ,,xx4 ,,are ,,=tresses1 ,,& ,,_m ,,o!r ,,?+s ,,to ,,:i* ,,pr9ces ,,(t5 ,,resort1 ,,advantage\s ,,or ,,hurtful8 ,,*apt] ,,xxi4 ,,h[ ,a ,,pr9ce ,,%\ld ,,conduct ,,himself ,,s ,,z ,,to ,,ga9 ,,r5[n ,,*apt] ,,xxii4 ,,conc]n+ ,,! ,,secret>ies ,,( ,,pr9ces ,,*apt] ,,xxiii4 ,,h[ ,,flatt]]s ,,%\ld ,,be ,,avoid$ ,,*apt] ,,xxiv4 ,,:y ,,! ,,pr9ces ,,( ,,italy ,,h ,,lo/ ,,_! ,,/ates ,,*apt] ,,xxv4 ,,:at ,,=tune ,,c ,,effect ,,9 ,,human ,,affairs ,,& ,,h[ ,,to ,,)/& ,,h] ,,*apt] ,,xxvi4 ,,an ,,exhortation ,,to ,,lib]ate ,,italy ,,f ,,! ,,b>b>ians ,,description ,,( ,,! ,,me?ods ,,adopt$ ,,by ,,! ,,duke ,,val5t9o ,,:5 ,,murd]+ ,,vitellozzo ,,vitelli1 ,,oliv]otto ,,da ,,f]mo1 ,,! ,,signor ,,pagolo1 ,,& ,,! ,,duke ,,di ,,grav9a ,,ors9i ,,! ,,life ,,( ,,ca/ruccio ,,ca/racani ,,( ,,lucca ,nicolo ,ma*iavelli1 born at ,flor5ce on #crd ,may #adfi4 ,f #adid to #aeab held an (ficial po/ at ,flor5ce :i* includ$ diplomatic missions to v>i\s ,european c\rts4 ,imprison$ 9 ,flor5ce1 #aeab2 lat] exil$ & return$ to ,san ,casciano4 ,di$ at ,flor5ce on #bbnd ,june #aebg4 ,,introduction ,nicolo ,ma*iavelli 0 born at ,flor5ce on #crd ,may #adfi4 ,he 0 ! second son ( ,b]n>do di ,nicolo ,ma*iavelli1 a lawy] ( "s repute1 & ( ,b>tolommea di ,/efano ,nelli1 8 wife4 ,bo? p>5ts 7 memb]s ( ! old ,flor5t9e nobility4 ,8 life falls naturally into ?ree p]iods1 ea* ( :i* s+ul>ly en\gh con/itutes a di/9ct & important era 9 ! hi/ory ( ,flor5ce4 ,8 y\? 0 concurr5t ) ! greatness ( ,flor5ce z an ,italian p[] "u ! guidance ( ,lor5zo de' ,m$ici1 ,il ,magnifico4 ,! d[nfall ( ! ,m$ici 9 ,flor5ce occurr$ 9 #adid1 9 :i* ye> ,ma*iavelli ent]$ ! public s]vice4 ,dur+ 8 (ficial c>e] ,flor5ce 0 free "u ! gov]nm5t ( a ,republic1 :i* la/$ until #aeab1 :5 ! ,m$ici return$ to p[]1 & ,ma*iavelli lo/ 8 (fice4 ,! ,m$ici aga9 rul$ ,flor5ce f #aeab until #aebg1 :5 !y 7 once m driv5 out4 ,?is 0 ! p]iod ( ,ma*iavelli's lit]>y activity & increas+ influ5ce2 b he di$1 )9 a few weeks ( ! expulsion ( ! ,m$ici1 on #bbnd ,june #aebg1 9 8 fifty-eigh? ye>1 )\t hav+ rega9$ (fice4 ,,y\? -- t4 #a-be--adfi-id ,al?\gh !re is little record$ ( ! y\? ( ,ma*iavelli1 ! ,flor5ce ( ^? days is s well kn[n t ! e>ly environm5t ( ?is repres5tative citiz5 may be easily imag9$4 ,flor5ce has be5 describ$ z a city ) two opposite curr5ts ( life1 "o direct$ by ! f]v5t & au/]e ,savon>ola1 ! o!r by ! spl5d\r-lov+ ,lor5zo4 ,savon>ola's influ5ce ^u ! "y ,ma*iavelli mu/ h be5 slight1 = al?\gh at "o "t he wield$ imm5se p[] ov] ! =tunes ( ,flor5ce1 he only furni%$ ,ma*iavelli ) a subject ( a gibe 9 ,! ,pr9ce1 :]e he is cit$ z an example ( an un>m$ prophet :o came to a bad end4 ,:]eas ! magnific5ce ( ! ,m$icean rule dur+ ! life ( ,lor5zo appe>$ to h impress$ ,ma*iavelli /rongly1 = he frequ5tly recurs to x 9 8 writ+s1 & x is to ,lor5zo's gr&son t he d$icates ,! ,pr9ce4 ,ma*iavelli1 9 8 8,hi/ory ( ,flor5ce10 gives u a picture ( ! "y m5 among :om 8 y\? 0 pass$4 ,he writes3 8,!y 7 fre] ?an _! =efa!rs 9 dress & liv+1 & sp5t m 9 o!r k9ds ( excesses1 consum+ _! "t & money 9 idl5ess1 gam+1 & wom52 _! *ief aim 0 to appe> well dress$ & to speak ) wit & acut5ess1 :il/ he :o c\ld w\nd o!rs ! mo/ clev]ly 0 ?\ght ! wise/40 ,9 a lett] to 8 son ,guido1 ,ma*iavelli %[s :y y\? %\ld avail itself ( its opportunities = /udy1 & leads u to inf] t 8 own y\? _h be5 s occupi$4 ,he writes3 8,i h receiv$ y\r lett]1 :i* has giv5 me ! greate/ pleasure1 especially because y tell me y are q re/or$ 9 heal?1 ?an :i* ,i c\ld h no bett] news2 = if ,god grant life to y1 & to me1 ,i hope to make a good man ( y if y are will+ to d y\r %>e40 ,!n1 writ+ ( a new patron1 he cont9ues3 8,?is w turn out well = y1 b x is necess>y = y to /udy2 s9ce1 !n1 y h no long] ! excuse ( illness1 take pa9s to /udy lett]s & music1 = y see :at hon\r is done to me = ! little skill ,i h4 ,!re=e1 my son1 if y wi% to please me1 & to br+ success & hon\r to y\rself1 d "r & /udy1 because o!rs w help y if y help y\rself40 ,,(fice -- t4 #be-dc--adid-aeab ,! second p]iod ( ,ma*iavelli's life 0 sp5t 9 ! s]vice ( ! free ,republic ( ,flor5ce1 :i* fl\ri%$1 z /at$ above1 f ! expulsion ( ! ,m$ici 9 #adid until _! return 9 #aeab4 ,aft] s]v+ f\r ye>s 9 "o ( ! public (fices he 0 appo9t$ ,*ancellor & ,secret>y to ! ,second ,*anc]y1 ! ,t5 ( ,lib]ty & ,peace4 ,"h we are on firm gr\nd :5 deal+ ) ! ev5ts ( ,ma*iavelli's life1 = dur+ ?is "t he took a lead+ "p 9 ! affairs ( ! ,republic1 & we h its decrees1 records1 & dispat*es to guide u1 z well z 8 own writ+s4 ,a m]e recapitulation ( a few ( 8 transactions ) ! /atesm5 & soldi]s ( 8 "t gives a fair indication ( 8 activities1 & supplies ! s\rces f :i* he drew ! exp]i5ces & *>act]s :i* illu/rate ,! ,pr9ce4 ,8 fir/ mission 0 9 #adii to ,ca!r9a ,s=za1 8my lady ( ,=li0 ( ,! ,pr9ce1 f ^: conduct & fate he drew ! moral t x is f> bett] to e>n ! confid5ce ( ! p ?an to rely on =tresses4 ,?is is a v noticeable pr9ciple 9 ,ma*iavelli1 & is urg$ by him 9 _m ways z a matt] ( vital importance to pr9ces4 ,9 #aejj he 0 s5t to ,france to obta9 t]ms f ,l\is ,,xii = cont9u+ ! w> aga9/ ,pisa3 ?is k+ x 0 :o1 9 8 conduct ( affairs 9 ,italy1 committ$ ! five capital errors 9 /atecraft summ>iz$ 9 ,! ,pr9ce1 & 0 consequ5tly driv5 out4 ,he1 also1 x 0 :o made ! dissolution ( 8 m>riage a condition ( support to ,pope ,alex&] ,,vi2 :i* leads ,ma*iavelli to ref] ^? :o urge t su* promises %\ld be kept to :at he has writt5 conc]n+ ! fai? ( pr9ces4 ,ma*iavelli's public life 0 l>gely occupi$ ) ev5ts aris+ out ( ! ambitions ( ,pope ,alex&] ,,vi & 8 son1 ,ces>e ,borgia1 ! ,duke ,val5t9o1 & ^! *>act]s fill a l>ge space ( ,! ,pr9ce4 ,ma*iavelli nev] hesitates to cite ! actions ( ! duke = ! b5efit ( usurp]s :o wi% to keep ! /ates !y h seiz$2 he c1 inde$1 f9d no precepts to (f] s good z ! patt]n ( ,ces>e ,borgia's conduct1 insomu* t ,ces>e is acclaim$ by "s critics z ! 8h]o0 ( ,! ,pr9ce4 ,yet 9 ,! ,pr9ce ! duke is 9 po9t ( fact cit$ z a type ( ! man :o rises on ! =tune ( o!rs1 & falls ) !m2 :o takes e c\rse t might be expect$ f a prud5t man b ! c\rse :i* w save him2 :o is prep>$ = all ev5tualities b ! "o :i* happ5s2 & :o1 :5 all 8 abilities fail to c>ry him ?r\gh1 exclaims t x 0 n 8 fault1 b an extraord9>y & un=ese5 fatality4 ,on ! dea? ( ,pius ,,iii1 9 #aejc1 ,ma*iavelli 0 s5t to ,rome to wat* ! election ( 8 successor1 & !re he saw ,ces>e ,borgia *eat$ into all[+ ! *oice ( ! ,college to fall on ,giuliano delle ,rov]e 7,julius ,,ii71 :o 0 "o ( ! c>d9als t _h mo/ reason to fe> ! duke4 ,ma*iavelli1 :5 comm5t+ on ?is election1 says t he :o ?9ks new fav\rs w cause great p]sonages to =get old injuries deceives himself4 ,julius did n re/ until he _h ru9$ ,ces>e4 ,x 0 to ,julius ,,ii t ,ma*iavelli 0 s5t 9 #aejf1 :5 t pontiff 0 comm5c+ 8 ent]prise aga9/ ,bologna2 :i* he br\ght to a successful issue1 z he did _m ( 8 o!r adv5tures1 ow+ *iefly to 8 impetu\s "*4 ,x is 9 ref]5ce to ,pope ,julius t ,ma*iavelli moralizes on ! resemblance betwe5 ,=tune & wom51 & concludes t x is ! bold r ?an ! cauti\s man t w w9 & hold !m bo?4 ,x is impossible to foll[ "h ! v>y+ =tunes ( ! ,italian /ates1 :i* 9 #aejg 7 controll$ by ,france1 ,spa91 & ,g]many1 ) results t h la/$ to our day2 we are conc]n$ ) ^? ev5ts1 & ) ! ?ree great actors 9 !m1 s f> only z !y imp+e on ! p]sonality ( ,ma*iavelli4 ,he _h sev]al meet+s ) ,l\is ,,xii ( ,france1 & 8 e/imate ( t mon>*'s "* has already be5 allud$ to4 ,ma*iavelli has pa9t$ ,f]d9& ( ,aragon z ! man :o accompli%$ great ?+s "u ! cloak ( religion1 b :o 9 reality _h no m]cy1 fai?1 humanity1 or integrity2 & :o1 _h he all[$ himself to be influ5c$ by su* motives1 w\ld h be5 ru9$4 ,! ,emp]or ,maximilian 0 "o ( ! mo/ int]e/+ m5 ( ! age1 & 8 "* has be5 drawn by _m h&s2 b ,ma*iavelli1 :o 0 an envoy at 8 c\rt 9 #aejg-h1 reveals ! secret ( 8 _m failures :5 he describes him z a secretive man1 )\t =ce ( "*--ignor+ ! human ag5cies necess>y to c>ry 8 s*emes into effect1 & nev] insi/+ on ! fulfilm5t ( 8 wi%es4 ,! rema9+ ye>s ( ,ma*iavelli's (ficial c>e] 7 fill$ ) ev5ts aris+ out ( ! ,league ( ,cambrai1 made 9 #aejh betwe5 ! ?ree great ,european p[]s already m5tion$ & ! pope1 ) ! object ( cru%+ ! ,v5etian ,republic4 ,?is result 0 atta9$ 9 ! battle ( ,vaila1 :5 ,v5ice lo/ 9 "o day all t %e _h won 9 eight hundr$ ye>s4 ,flor5ce _h a difficult "p to play dur+ ^! ev5ts1 complicat$ z !y 7 by ! feud :i* broke out betwe5 ! pope & ! ,fr5*1 because fri5d%ip ) ,france _h dictat$ ! entire policy ( ! ,republic4 ,:51 9 #aeaa1 ,julius ,,ii f9ally =m$ ! ,holy ,league aga9/ ,france1 & ) ! assi/ance ( ! ,swiss drove ! ,fr5* out ( ,italy1 ,flor5ce lay at ! m]cy ( ! ,pope1 & _h to submit to 8 t]ms1 "o ( :i* 0 t ! ,m$ici %\ld be re/or$4 ,! return ( ! ,m$ici to ,flor5ce on #a/ ,septemb] #aeab1 & ! consequ5t fall ( ! ,republic1 0 ! signal = ! dismissal ( ,ma*iavelli & 8 fri5ds1 & ?us put an end to 8 public c>e]1 =1 z we h se51 he di$ )\t rega9+ (fice4 ,,lit]ature ,,& ,,dea? -- t4 #dc-eh--aeab-bg ,on ! return ( ! ,m$ici1 ,ma*iavelli1 :o = a few weeks _h va9ly hop$ to reta9 8 (fice "u ! new ma/]s ( ,flor5ce1 0 dismiss$ by decree dat$ #g? ,novemb] #aeab4 ,%ortly aft] ?is he 0 accus$ ( complicity 9 an abortive conspiracy aga9/ ! ,m$ici1 imprison$1 & put to ! "q by torture4 ,! new ,m$icean pope1 ,leo ,x1 procur$ 8 release1 & he retir$ to 8 small prop]ty at ,san ,casciano1 ne> ,flor5ce1 :]e he devot$ himself to lit]ature4 ,9 a lett] to ,francesco ,vettori1 dat$ #ac? ,decemb] #aeac1 he has left a v int]e/+ description ( 8 life at ?is p]iod1 :i* elucidates 8 me?ods & 8 motives 9 writ+ ,! ,pr9ce4 ,aft] describ+ 8 daily occupations ) 8 family & neighb\rs1 he writes3 8,! ev5+ be+ come1 ,i return home & g to my /udy2 at ! entrance ,i pull (f my peasant-clo!s1 cov]$ ) du/ & dirt1 & put on my noble c\rt dress1 & ?us becom+ly re-clo!d ,i pass into ! anci5t c\rts ( ! m5 ( old1 :]e1 be+ lov+ly receiv$ by !m1 ,i am f$ ) t food :i* is m9e alone2 :]e ,i d n hesitate to speak ) !m1 & to ask = ! reason ( _! actions1 & !y 9 _! b5ignity answ] me2 & = f\r h\rs ,i feel no we>9ess1 ,i =get e tr\ble1 pov]ty does n dismay1 dea? does n t]rify me2 ,i am possess$ entirely by ^? great m54 ,& because ,dante says3 ,k do? come ( le>n+ well reta9$1 ,unfruitful else1 ,i h not$ d[n :at ,i h ga9$ f _! conv]sation1 & h compos$ a small "w on #8,pr9cipalities1' :]e ,i p\r myself out z fully z ,i c 9 m$itation on ! subject1 discuss+ :at a pr9cipality is1 :at k9ds !re are1 h[ !y c be acquir$1 h[ !y c be kept1 :y !y are lo/3 & if any ( my fancies ev] pleas$ y1 ?is ought n to displease y3 & to a pr9ce1 especially to a new "o1 x %\ld be welcome3 !re=e ,i d$icate x to 8 ,magnific5ce ,giuliano4 ,filippo ,casavec*io has se5 x2 he w be able to tell y :at is 9 x1 & ( ! disc\rses ,i h _h ) him2 nev]!less1 ,i am /ill enri*+ & poli%+ x40 ,! 8little book0 suff]$ _m vicissitudes be=e atta9+ ! =m 9 :i* x has rea*$ u4 ,v>i\s m5tal influ5ces 7 at "w dur+ its composition2 its title & patron 7 *ang$2 & = "s unkn[n reason x 0 f9ally d$icat$ to ,lor5zo de' ,m$ici4 ,al?\gh ,ma*iavelli discuss$ ) ,casavec*io :e!r x %\ld be s5t or pres5t$ 9 p]son to ! patron1 !re is no evid5ce t ,lor5zo ev] receiv$ or ev5 read x3 he c]ta9ly nev] gave ,ma*iavelli any employm5t4 ,al?\gh x 0 plagi>iz$ dur+ ,ma*iavelli's lifetime1 ,! ,pr9ce 0 nev] publi%$ by him1 & its text is /ill disputable4 ,ma*iavelli concludes 8 lett] to ,vettori ?us3 8,& z to ?is little ?+ 8 book1 :5 x has be5 read x w be se5 t dur+ ! fifte5 ye>s ,i h giv5 to ! /udy ( /atecraft ,i h nei!r slept nor idl$2 & m5 ought ev] to desire to be s]v$ by "o :o has reap$ exp]i5ce at ! exp5se ( o!rs4 ,& ( my loyalty none c\ld d\bt1 because hav+ always kept fai? ,i c\ld n n[ le>n h[ to break x2 = he :o has be5 fai?ful & hone/1 z ,i h1 _c *ange 8 nature2 & my pov]ty is a witness to my hone/y40 ,be=e ,ma*iavelli _h got ,! ,pr9ce (f 8 h&s he comm5c$ 8 8,disc\rse on ! ,fir/ ,decade ( ,titus ,livius10 :i* %\ld be read concurr5tly ) ,! ,pr9ce4 ,^! & sev]al m9or works occupi$ him until ! ye> #aeah1 :5 he accept$ a small commission to look aft] ! affairs ( "s ,flor5t9e m]*ants at ,g5oa4 ,9 #aeai ! ,m$icean rul]s ( ,flor5ce grant$ a few political concessions to h] citiz5s1 & ,ma*iavelli ) o!rs 0 consult$ ^u a new con/itution "u :i* ! ,great ,c\ncil 0 to be re/or$2 b on "o pretext or ano!r x 0 n promulgat$4 ,9 #aebj ! ,flor5t9e m]*ants aga9 _h rec\rse to ,ma*iavelli to settle _! difficulties ) ,lucca1 b ?is ye> 0 *iefly rem>kable = 8 re-entry into ,flor5t9e lit]>y society1 :]e he 0 mu* s\ght aft]1 & also = ! production ( 8 8,art ( ,w>40 ,x 0 9 ! same ye> t he receiv$ a commission at ! in/ance ( ,c>d9al de' ,m$ici to write ! 8,hi/ory ( ,flor5ce10 a task :i* occupi$ him until #aebe4 ,8 return to popul> fav\r may h det]m9$ ! ,m$ici to give him ?is employm5t1 = an old writ] obs]ves t 8an able /atesman out ( "w1 l a huge :ale1 w endeav\r to ov]turn ! %ip unless he has an empty cask to play )40 ,:5 ! 8,hi/ory ( ,flor5ce0 0 f9i%$1 ,ma*iavelli took x to ,rome = pres5tation to 8 patron1 ,giuliano de' ,m$ici1 :o _h 9 ! mean:ile become pope "u ! title ( ,clem5t ,,vii4 ,x is some:at rem>kable t1 z1 9 #aeac1 ,ma*iavelli _h writt5 ,! ,pr9ce = ! in/ruction ( ! ,m$ici aft] !y _h j rega9$ p[] 9 ,flor5ce1 s1 9 #aebe1 he d$icat$ ! 8,hi/ory ( ,flor5ce0 to ! head ( ! family :5 its ru9 0 n[ at h&4 ,9 t ye> ! battle ( ,pavia de/roy$ ! ,fr5* rule 9 ,italy1 & left ,francis ,i a prison] 9 ! h&s ( 8 great rival1 ,*>les ,v4 ,?is 0 foll[$ by ! sack ( ,rome1 ^u ! news ( :i* ! popul> p>ty at ,flor5ce ?rew (f ! yoke ( ! ,m$ici1 :o 7 once m bani%$4 ,ma*iavelli 0 abs5t f ,flor5ce at ?is "t1 b ha/5$ 8 return1 hop+ to secure 8 =m] (fice ( secret>y to ! 8,t5 ( ,lib]ty & ,peace40 ,unhappily he 0 tak5 ill soon aft] he rea*$ ,flor5ce1 :]e he di$ on #bbnd ,june #aebg4 ,,! ,,man ,,& ,,8 ,,works ,no "o c say :]e ! bones ( ,ma*iavelli re/1 b mod]n ,flor5ce has decre$ him a /ately c5otaph 9 ,santa ,croce1 by ! side ( h] mo/ fam\s sons2 recogniz+ t1 :atev] o!r nations may h f\nd 9 8 works1 ,italy f\nd 9 !m ! idea ( h] unity & ! g]ms ( h] r5aissance among ! nations ( ,europe4 ,:il/ x is idle to prote/ aga9/ ! _w-wide & evil signification ( 8 "n1 x may be po9t$ out t ! h>% con/ruction ( 8 doctr9e :i* ?is s9i/] reputation implies 0 unkn[n to 8 own day1 & t ! rese>*es ( rec5t times h enabl$ u to int]pret him m reasonably4 ,x is due to ^! inquiries t ! %ape ( an 8unholy necromanc]10 :i* s long haunt$ m5's vision1 has begun to fade4 ,ma*iavelli 0 und\bt$ly a man ( great obs]vation1 acut5ess1 & indu/ry2 not+ ) appreciative eye :atev] pass$ be=e him1 & ) 8 supreme lit]>y gift turn+ x to acc\nt 9 8 en=c$ retirem5t f affairs4 ,he does n pres5t himself1 nor is he depict$ by 8 contempor>ies1 z a type ( t r>e comb9ation1 ! successful /atesman & au?or1 = he appe>s to h be5 only mod]ately prosp]\s 9 8 sev]al embassies & political employm5ts4 ,he 0 misl$ by ,ca!r9a ,s=za1 ignor$ by ,l\is ,,xii1 ov]aw$ by ,ces>e ,borgia2 sev]al ( 8 embassies 7 q b>r5 ( results2 8 attempts to =tify ,flor5ce fail$1 & ! soldi]y t he rais$ a/oni%$ ev]ybody by _! c[>dice4 ,9 ! conduct ( 8 own affairs he 0 timid & "t-s]v+2 he d>$ n appe> by ! side ( ,sod]9i1 to :om he ow$ s mu*1 = fe> ( compromis+ himself2 8 connection ) ! ,m$ici 0 op5 to suspicion1 & ,giuliano appe>s to h recogniz$ 8 real =te :5 he set him to write ! 8,hi/ory ( ,flor5ce10 r ?an employ him 9 ! /ate4 ,& x is on ! lit]>y side ( 8 "*1 & !re alone1 t we f9d no weakness & no failure4 ,al?\gh ! light ( almo/ f\r c5turies has be5 focus$ on ,! ,pr9ce1 its problems are /ill debatable & int]e/+1 because !y are ! et]nal problems betwe5 ! rul$ & _! rul]s4 ,su* z !y are1 its e?ics are ^? ( ,ma*iavelli's contempor>ies2 yet !y _c be said to be out ( date s long z ! gov]nm5ts ( ,europe rely on mat]ial r ?an on moral =ces4 ,its hi/orical incid5ts & p]sonages become int]e/+ by reason ( ! uses :i* ,ma*iavelli makes ( !m to illu/rate 8 !ories ( gov]nm5t & conduct4 ,leav+ out ( consid]ation ^? maxims ( /ate :i* /ill furni% "s ,european & ea/]n /atesm5 ) pr9ciples ( action1 ,! ,pr9ce is be/rewn ) tru?s t c be prov$ at e turn4 ,m5 are /ill ! dupes ( _! simplicity & gre$1 z !y 7 9 ! days ( ,alex&] ,,vi4 ,! cloak ( religion /ill conceals ! vices :i* ,ma*iavelli laid b>e 9 ! "* ( ,f]d9& ( ,aragon4 ,m5 w n look at ?+s z !y really are1 b z !y wi% !m to be--& are ru9$4 ,9 politics !re are no p]fectly safe c\rses2 prud5ce consi/s 9 *oos+ ! lea/ dang]\s ones4 ,!n--to pass to a high] plane--,ma*iavelli reit]ates t1 al?\gh crimes may w9 an empire1 !y d n w9 glory4 ,necess>y w>s are j w>s1 & ! arms ( a nation are hall[$ :5 x has no o!r res\rce b to fight4 ,x is ! cry ( a f> lat] day ?an ,ma*iavelli's t gov]nm5t %\ld be elevat$ into a liv+ moral =ce1 capable ( inspir+ ! p ) a j recognition ( ! fundam5tal pr9ciples ( society2 to ?is 8high argum5t0 ,! ,pr9ce contributes b little4 ,ma*iavelli always refus$ to write ei!r ( m5 or ( gov]nm5ts o!rwise ?an z he f\nd !m1 & he writes ) su* skill & insight t 8 "w is ( abid+ value4 ,b :at inve/s ,! ,pr9ce ) m ?an a m]ely arti/ic or hi/orical int]e/ is ! incontrov]tible tru? t x deals ) ! great pr9ciples :i* /ill guide nations & rul]s 9 _! relation%ip ) ea* o!r & _! neighb\rs4 ,9 translat+ ,! ,pr9ce my aim has be5 to a*ieve at all co/s an exact lit]al r5d]+ ( ! orig9al1 r ?an a flu5t p>aphrase adapt$ to ! mod]n notions ( /yle & expression4 ,ma*iavelli 0 no facile phrasemong]2 ! conditions "u :i* he wrote oblig$ him to weigh e ^w2 8 !mes 7 l(ty1 8 sub/ance grave1 8 mann] nobly pla9 & s]i\s4 ,quis eo fuit unquam 9 p>tiundis rebus1 9 def9i5dis1 9 explan&is pressior8 ,9 ,! ,pr9ce1 x may be truly said1 !re is reason assignable1 n only = e ^w1 b = ! position ( e ^w4 ,to an ,engli%man ( ,%akespe>e's "t ! translation ( su* a treatise 0 9 "s ways a comp>atively easy task1 = 9 ^? times ! g5ius ( ! ,engli% m ne>ly resembl$ t ( ! ,italian language2 to ! ,engli%man ( to-day x is n s simple4 ,to take a s+le example3 ! ^w intratt5]e1 employ$ by ,ma*iavelli to indicate ! policy adopt$ by ! ,roman ,s5ate t[>ds ! weak] /ates ( ,greece1 w\ld by an ,elizabe?an be correctly r5d]$ 8ent]ta910 & e contempor>y read] w\ld und]/& :at 0 meant by say+ t 8,rome ent]ta9$ ! tolians & ! ,a*aeans )\t augm5t+ _! p[]40 ,b to-day su* a phrase w\ld seem obsolete & ambigu\s1 if n unmean+3 we are compell$ to say t 8,rome ma9ta9$ fri5dly relations ) ! tolians10 etc41 us+ f\r words to d ! "w ( "o4 ,i h tri$ to pres]ve ! pi?y brevity ( ! ,italian s f> z 0 consi/5t ) an absolute fidelity to ! s5se4 ,if ! result be an occasional asp]ity ,i c only hope t ! read]1 9 8 eag]ness to rea* ! au?or's mean+1 may ov]look ! r\ghness ( ! road t leads him to x4 ,! foll[+ is a li/ ( ! works ( ,ma*iavelli3 ,pr9cipal works4 ,discorso sopra le cose di ,pisa1 #adii2 ,del modo di tratt>e i popoli della ,valdi*iana ribellati1 #aejb2 ,del modo t5uto dal duca ,val5t9o nell' ammazz>e ,vitellozzo ,vitelli1 ,oliv]otto da ,f]mo1 etc41 #aejb2 ,discorso sopra la provisione del dan>o1 #aejb2 ,dec5nale primo 7poem 9 t]za rima71 #aejf2 ,ritratti delle cose dell' ,alemagna1 #aejh-ab2 ,dec5nale secondo1 #aeji2 ,ritratti delle cose di ,francia1 #aeaj2 ,discorsi sopra la prima deca di ,t4 ,livio1 #c vols41 #aeab-ag2 ,il ,pr9cipe1 #aeac2 ,&ria1 com$y translat$ f ,t]5ce1 #aeac 7872 ,m&ragola1 prose com$y 9 five acts1 ) prologue 9 v]se1 #aeac2 ,della l+ua 7dialogue71 #aead2 ,clizia1 com$y 9 prose1 #aeae 7872 ,belfagor arcidiavolo 7novel71 #aeae2 ,as9o d'oro 7poem 9 t]za rima71 #aeag2 ,dell' arte della gu]ra1 #aeai-bj2 ,discorso sopra il ri=m>e lo /ato di ,fir5ze1 #aebj2 ,somm>io delle cose della citta di ,lucca1 #aebj2 ,vita di ,ca/ruccio ,ca/racani da ,lucca1 #aebj2 ,i/orie fior5t9e1 #h books1 #aeba-e2 ,framm5ti /orici1 #aebe4 ,o!r poems include ,sonetti1 ,canzoni1 ,ottave1 & ,canti c>nasciales*i4 ,editions4 ,aldo1 ,v5ice1 #aedf2 della ,t]t9a1 #aeej2 ,cambiagi1 ,flor5ce1 #f vols41 #aghb-e2 dei ,classici1 ,milan1 #aj #ahac2 ,silve/ri1 #i vols41 #ahbj-b2 ,pass]9i1 ,fanfani1 ,milanesi1 #f vols4 only publi%$1 #ahgc-g4 ,m9or works4 ,ed4 ,f4 ,l4 ,polidori1 #aheb2 ,lett]e famili>i1 ed4 ,e4 ,alvisi1 #ahhc1 #b editions1 "o ) excisions2 ,cr$it$ ,writ+s1 ed4 ,g4 ,cane/r9i1 #aheg2 ,lett]s to ,f4 ,vettori1 see ,a4 ,ridolfi1 ,p5si]i intorno allo scopo di ,n4 ,ma*iavelli nel libro ,il ,pr9cipe1 etc42 ,d4 ,f]r>a1 ,! ,private ,correspond5ce ( ,nicolo ,ma*iavelli1 #aibi4 ,,d$ication ,to ! ,magnific5t ,lor5zo ,di ,pi]o ,de' ,m$ici ,^? :o /rive to obta9 ! good graces ( a pr9ce are accu/om$ to come be=e him ) su* ?+s z !y hold mo/ preci\s1 or 9 :i* !y see him take mo/ delight2 :5ce "o (t5 sees horses1 arms1 clo? ( gold1 preci\s /ones1 & simil> ornam5ts pres5t$ to pr9ces1 wor?y ( _! greatness4 ,desir+ !re=e to pres5t myself to y\r ,magnific5ce ) "s te/imony ( my devotion t[>ds y1 ,i h n f\nd among my possessions any?+ :i* ,i hold m de> ?an1 or value s mu* z1 ! k ( ! actions ( great m51 acquir$ by long exp]i5ce 9 contempor>y affairs1 & a cont9ual /udy ( antiquity2 :i*1 hav+ reflect$ ^u x ) great & prolong$ dilig5ce1 ,i n[ s5d1 dige/$ into a little volume1 to y\r ,magnific5ce4 ,& al?\gh ,i may consid] ?is "w unwor?y ( y\r c\nt5ance1 nev]!less ,i tru/ mu* to y\r b5ignity t x may be acceptable1 see+ t x is n possible = me to make a bett] gift ?an to (f] y ! opportunity ( und]/&+ 9 ! %orte/ "t all t ,i h le>nt 9 s _m ye>s1 & ) s _m tr\bles & dang]s2 :i* "w ,i h n embelli%$ ) swell+ or magnific5t words1 nor /uff$ ) r\nd$ p]iods1 nor ) any extr9sic allurem5ts or adornm5ts :atev]1 ) :i* s _m are accu/om$ to embelli% _! works2 = ,i h wi%$ ei!r t no hon\r %\ld be giv5 x1 or else t ! tru? ( ! matt] & ! weight9ess ( ! !me %all make x acceptable4 ,nor d ,i hold ) ^? :o reg>d x z a presumption if a man ( l[ & humble condition d>e to discuss & settle ! conc]ns ( pr9ces2 because1 j z ^? :o draw l&scapes place !mselves bel[ 9 ! pla9 to contemplate ! nature ( ! m\nta9s & ( l(ty places1 & 9 ord] to contemplate ! pla9s place !mselves ^u high m\nta9s1 ev5 s to und]/& ! nature ( ! p x ne$s to be a pr9ce1 & to und]/& t ( pr9ces x ne$s to be ( ! p4 ,take !n1 y\r ,magnific5ce1 ?is little gift 9 ! _s 9 :i* ,i s5d x2 :]e91 if x be dilig5tly read & consid]$ by y1 y w le>n my extreme desire t y %\ld atta9 t greatness :i* =tune & y\r o!r attributes promise4 ,& if y\r ,magnific5ce f ! summit ( y\r greatness w sometimes turn y\r eyes to ^! l[] regions1 y w see h[ unm]it$ly ,i suff] a great & cont9u$ malignity ( =tune4 ,,! ,,pr9ce ,,*apt] ,i4 ,,h[ ,,_m ,,k9ds ,,( ,,pr9cipalities ,,!re ,,are1 ,,& ,,by ,,:at ,,means ,,!y ,,are ,,acquir$ ,all /ates1 all p[]s1 t h held & hold rule ov] m5 h be5 & are ei!r republics or pr9cipalities4 ,pr9cipalities are ei!r h]$it>y1 9 :i* ! family has be5 long e/abli%$2 or !y are new4 ,! new are ei!r entirely new1 z 0 ,milan to ,francesco ,s=za1 or !y are1 z x 71 memb]s annex$ to ! h]$it>y /ate ( ! pr9ce :o has acquir$ !m1 z 0 ! k+dom ( ,naples to t ( ! ,k+ ( ,spa94 ,su* dom9ions ?us acquir$ are ei!r accu/om$ to live "u a pr9ce1 or to live 9 fre$om2 & are acquir$ ei!r by ! arms ( ! pr9ce himself1 or ( o!rs1 or else by =tune or by ability4 ,,*apt] ,,ii4 ,,conc]n+ ,,h]$it>y ,,pr9cipalities ,i w leave out all discussion on republics1 inasmu* z 9 ano!r place ,i h writt5 ( !m at l5g?1 & w address myself only to pr9cipalities4 ,9 do+ s ,i w keep to ! ord] indicat$ above1 & discuss h[ su* pr9cipalities are to be rul$ & pres]v$4 ,i say at once !re are few] difficulties 9 hold+ h]$it>y /ates1 & ^? long accu/om$ to ! family ( _! pr9ce1 ?an new ones2 = x is suffici5t only n to transgress ! cu/oms ( 8 ance/ors1 & to deal prud5tly ) circum/ances z !y arise1 = a pr9ce ( av]age p[]s to ma9ta9 himself 9 8 /ate1 unless he be depriv$ ( x by "s extraord9>y & excessive =ce2 & if he %\ld be s depriv$ ( x1 :5ev] any?+ s9i/] happ5s to ! usurp]1 he w rega9 x4 ,we h 9 ,italy1 = example1 ! ,duke ( ,f]r>a1 :o c\ld n h )/ood ! attacks ( ! ,v5etians 9 '#hd1 nor ^? ( ,pope ,julius 9 '#aj1 unless he _h be5 long e/abli%$ 9 8 dom9ions4 ,= ! h]$it>y pr9ce has less cause & less necessity to (f5d2 h5ce x happ5s t he w be m lov$2 & unless extraord9>y vices cause him to be hat$1 x is reasonable to expect t 8 subjects w be naturally well dispos$ t[>ds him2 & 9 ! antiquity & duration ( 8 rule ! memories & motives t make = *ange are lo/1 = "o *ange always leaves ! too?+ = ano!r4 ,,*apt] ,,iii4 ,,conc]n+ ,,mix$ ,,pr9cipalities ,b ! difficulties occur 9 a new pr9cipality4 ,& fir/ly1 if x be n entirely new1 b is1 z x 71 a memb] ( a /ate :i*1 tak5 collectively1 may be call$ composite1 ! *anges arise *iefly f an inh]5t difficulty :i* !re is 9 all new pr9cipalities2 = m5 *ange _! rul]s will+ly1 hop+ to bett] !mselves1 & ?is hope induces !m to take up arms aga9/ him :o rules3 :]e9 !y are deceiv$1 because !y aft]w>ds f9d by exp]i5ce !y h gone f bad to worse4 ,?is foll[s also on ano!r natural & common necessity1 :i* always causes a new pr9ce to burd5 ^? :o h submitt$ to him ) 8 soldi]y & ) inf9ite o!r h>d%ips :i* he mu/ put ^u 8 new acquisition4 ,9 ?is way y h enemies 9 all ^? :om y h injur$ 9 seiz+ t pr9cipality1 & y are n able to keep ^? fri5ds :o put y !re because ( y\r n be+ able to satisfy !m 9 ! way !y expect$1 & y _c take /rong measures aga9/ !m1 feel+ b\nd to !m4 ,=1 al?\gh "o may be v /rong 9 arm$ =ces1 yet 9 ent]+ a prov9ce "o has always ne$ ( ! goodwill ( ! natives4 ,= ^! reasons ,l\is ! ,twelf?1 ,k+ ( ,france1 quickly occupi$ ,milan1 & z quickly lo/ x2 & to turn him out ! fir/ "t x only ne$$ ,lodovico's own =ces2 because ^? :o _h op5$ ! gates to him1 f9d+ !mselves deceiv$ 9 _! hopes ( future b5efit1 w\ld n endure ! ill-treatm5t ( ! new pr9ce4 ,x is v true t1 aft] acquir+ rebelli\s prov9ces a second "t1 !y are n s lightly lo/ aft]w>ds1 because ! pr9ce1 ) little reluctance1 takes ! opportunity ( ! rebellion to puni% ! del9qu5ts1 to cle> out ! suspects1 & to /r5g!n himself 9 ! weake/ places4 ,?us to cause ,france to lose ,milan ! fir/ "t x 0 en\gh = ! ,duke ,lodovico#a to raise insurrections on ! bord]s2 b to cause him to lose x a second "t x 0 necess>y to br+ ! :ole _w aga9/ him1 & t 8 armies %\ld be defeat$ & driv5 out ( ,italy2 :i* foll[$ f ! causes above m5tion$4 #a ,duke ,lodovico 0 ,lodovico ,moro1 a son ( ,francesco ,s=za1 :o m>ri$ ,beatrice d',e/e4 ,he rul$ ov] ,milan f #adid to #aejj1 & di$ 9 #aeaj4 ,nev]!less ,milan 0 tak5 f ,france bo? ! fir/ & ! second "t4 ,! g5]al reasons = ! fir/ h be5 discuss$2 x rema9s to "n ^? = ! second1 & to see :at res\rces he _h1 & :at any "o 9 8 situation w\ld h _h = ma9ta9+ himself m securely 9 8 acquisition ?an did ! ,k+ ( ,france4 ,n[ ,i say t ^? dom9ions :i*1 :5 acquir$1 are add$ to an anci5t /ate by him :o acquires !m1 are ei!r ( ! same c\ntry & language1 or !y are n4 ,:5 !y are1 x is easi] to hold !m1 especially :5 !y h n be5 accu/om$ to self-gov]nm5t2 & to hold !m securely x is en\gh to h de/roy$ ! family ( ! pr9ce :o 0 rul+ !m2 because ! two peoples1 pres]v+ 9 o!r ?+s ! old conditions1 & n be+ unlike 9 cu/oms1 w live quietly toge!r1 z "o has se5 9 ,brittany1 ,burgundy1 ,gascony1 & ,norm&y1 :i* h be5 b\nd to ,france = s long a "t3 &1 al?\gh !re may be "s diff]5ce 9 language1 nev]!less ! cu/oms are alike1 & ! p w easily be able to get on among/ !mselves4 ,he :o has annex$ !m1 if he wi%es to hold !m1 has only to be> 9 m9d two consid]ations3 ! "o1 t ! family ( _! =m] "l is ext+ui%$2 ! o!r1 t nei!r _! laws nor _! taxes are alt]$1 s t 9 a v %ort "t !y w become entirely "o body ) ! old pr9cipality4 ,b :5 /ates are acquir$ 9 a c\ntry diff]+ 9 language1 cu/oms1 or laws1 !re are difficulties1 & good =tune & great en]gy are ne$$ to hold !m1 & "o ( ! greate/ & mo/ real helps w\ld be t he :o has acquir$ !m %\ld g & reside !re4 ,?is w\ld make 8 position m secure & durable1 z x has made t ( ! ,turk 9 ,greece1 :o1 not)/&+ all ! o!r measures tak5 by him = hold+ t /ate1 if he _h n settl$ !re1 w\ld n h be5 able to keep x4 ,because1 if "o is on ! spot1 disord]s are se5 z !y spr+ up1 & "o c quickly rem$y !m2 b if "o is n at h&1 !y are he>d ( only :5 !y are great1 & !n "o c no long] rem$y !m4 ,besides ?is1 ! c\ntry is n pillag$ by y\r (ficials2 ! subjects are satisfi$ by prompt rec\rse to ! pr9ce2 ?us1 wi%+ to be good1 !y h m cause to love him1 & wi%+ to be o!rwise1 to fe> him4 ,he :o w\ld attack t /ate f ! outside mu/ h ! utmo/ caution2 z long z ! pr9ce resides !re x c only be wre/$ f him ) ! greate/ difficulty4 ,! o!r & bett] c\rse is to s5d colonies to "o or two places1 :i* may be z keys to t /ate1 = x is necess>y ei!r to d ?is or else to keep !re a great numb] ( cavalry & infantry4 ,a pr9ce does n sp5d mu* on colonies1 = ) little or no exp5se he c s5d !m out & keep !m !re1 & he (f5ds a m9ority only ( ! citiz5s f :om he takes l&s & h\ses to give !m to ! new inhabitants2 & ^? :om he (f5ds1 rema9+ poor & scatt]$1 are nev] able to injure him2 :il/ ! re/ be+ un9jur$ are easily kept quiet1 & at ! same "t are anxi\s n to err = fe> x %\ld happ5 to !m z x has to ^? :o h be5 despoil$4 ,9 conclusion1 ,i say t ^! colonies are n co/ly1 !y are m fai?ful1 !y injure less1 & ! injur$1 z has be5 said1 be+ poor & scatt]$1 _c hurt4 ,^u ?is1 "o has to rem>k t m5 ought ei!r to be well treat$ or cru%$1 because !y c av5ge !mselves ( light] injuries1 ( m s]i\s ones !y _c2 !re=e ! injury t is to be done to a man ought to be ( su* a k9d t "o does n /& 9 fe> ( rev5ge4 ,b 9 ma9ta9+ arm$ m5 !re 9 place ( colonies "o sp5ds mu* m1 hav+ to consume on ! g>rison all ! income f ! /ate1 s t ! acquisition turns into a loss1 & _m m are exasp]at$1 because ! :ole /ate is injur$2 ?r\gh ! %ift+ ( ! g>rison up & d[n all become acqua9t$ ) h>d%ip1 & all become ho/ile1 & !y are enemies :o1 :il/ beat5 on _! own gr\nd1 are yet able to d hurt4 ,= e reason1 !re=e1 su* gu>ds are z useless z a colony is useful4 ,aga91 ! pr9ce :o holds a c\ntry diff]+ 9 ! above respects ought to make himself ! head & def5d] ( 8 less p[]ful neighb\rs1 & to weak5 ! m p[]ful among/ !m1 tak+ c>e t no =eign] z p[]ful z himself %all1 by any accid5t1 get a foot+ !re2 = x w always happ5 t su* a "o w be introduc$ by ^? :o are discont5t$1 ei!r ?r\gh excess ( ambition or ?r\gh fe>1 z "o has se5 already4 ,! ,romans 7 br\ght into ,greece by ! tolians2 & 9 e o!r c\ntry :]e !y obta9$ a foot+ !y 7 br\ght 9 by ! inhabitants4 ,& ! usual c\rse ( affairs is t1 z soon z a p[]ful =eign] ent]s a c\ntry1 all ! subject /ates are drawn to him1 mov$ by ! hatr$ :i* !y feel aga9/ ! rul+ p[]4 ,s t 9 respect to ^? subject /ates he has n to take any tr\ble to ga9 !m ov] to himself1 = ! :ole ( !m quickly rally to ! /ate :i* he has acquir$ !re4 ,he has only to take c>e t !y d n get hold ( too mu* p[] & too mu* au?ority1 & !n ) 8 own =ces1 & ) _! goodwill1 he c easily keep d[n ! m p[]ful ( !m1 s z to rema9 entirely ma/] 9 ! c\ntry4 ,& he :o does n prop]ly manage ?is bus9ess w soon lose :at he has acquir$1 & :il/ he does hold x he w h endless difficulties & tr\bles4 ,! ,romans1 9 ! c\ntries :i* !y annex$1 obs]v$ closely ^! measures2 !y s5t colonies & ma9ta9$ fri5dly relations )#b ! m9or p[]s1 )\t increas+ _! /r5g?2 !y kept d[n ! great]1 & did n all[ any /rong =eign p[]s to ga9 au?ority4 ,greece appe>s to me suffici5t = an example4 ,! ,a*aeans & tolians 7 kept fri5dly by !m1 ! k+dom ( ,mac$onia 0 humbl$1 ,antio*us 0 driv5 out2 yet ! m]its ( ! ,a*aeans & tolians nev] secur$ = !m p]mission to increase _! p[]1 nor did ! p]suasions ( ,philip ev] induce ! ,romans to be 8 fri5ds )\t fir/ humbl+ him1 nor did ! influ5ce ( ,antio*us make !m agree t he %\ld reta9 any lord%ip ov] ! c\ntry4 ,because ! ,romans did 9 ^! in/ances :at all prud5t pr9ces ought to d1 :o h to reg>d n only pres5t tr\bles1 b also future ones1 = :i* !y mu/ prep>e ) e en]gy1 because1 :5 =ese51 x is easy to rem$y !m2 b if y wait until !y approa*1 ! m$ic9e is no long] 9 "t because ! malady has become incurable2 = x happ5s 9 ?is1 z ! physicians say x happ5s 9 hectic fev]1 t 9 ! beg9n+ ( ! malady x is easy to cure b difficult to detect1 b 9 ! c\rse ( "t1 n hav+ be5 ei!r detect$ or treat$ 9 ! beg9n+1 x becomes easy to detect b difficult to cure4 ,?us x happ5s 9 affairs ( /ate1 = :5 ! evils t arise h be5 =ese5 7:i* x is only giv5 to a wise man to see71 !y c be quickly r$ress$1 b :51 ?r\gh n hav+ be5 =ese51 !y h be5 p]mitt$ to gr[ 9 a way t e "o c see !m1 !re is no long] a rem$y4 ,!re=e1 ! ,romans1 =esee+ tr\bles1 dealt ) !m at once1 &1 ev5 to avoid a w>1 w\ld n let !m come to a head1 = !y knew t w> is n to be avoid$1 b is only to be put (f to ! advantage ( o!rs2 moreov] !y wi%$ to fight ) ,philip & ,antio*us 9 ,greece s z n to h to d x 9 ,italy2 !y c\ld h avoid$ bo?1 b ?is !y did n wi%2 nor did t ev] please !m :i* is =ev] 9 ! m\?s ( ! wise ones ( our "t3--,let u enjoy ! b5efits ( ! "t--b r ! b5efits ( _! own val\r & prud5ce1 = "t drives ev]y?+ be=e x1 & is able to br+ ) x good z well z evil1 & evil z well z good4 #b ,see rem>k 9 ! introduction on ! ^w 8intratt5]e40 ,b let u turn to ,france & inquire :e!r %e has done any ( ! ?+s m5tion$4 ,i w speak ( ,l\is#c 7& n ( ,*>les7#d z ! "o ^: conduct is ! bett] to be obs]v$1 he hav+ held possession ( ,italy = ! longe/ p]iod2 & y w see t he has done ! opposite to ^? ?+s :i* ought to be done to reta9 a /ate compos$ ( div]s elem5ts4 #c ,l\is ,,xii1 ,k+ ( ,france1 8,! ,fa!r ( ! ,p10 born #adfb1 di$ #aeae4 #d ,*>les ,,viii1 ,k+ ( ,france1 born #adgj1 di$ #adih4 ,k+ ,l\is 0 br\ght into ,italy by ! ambition ( ! ,v5etians1 :o desir$ to obta9 half ! /ate ( ,lomb>dy by 8 int]v5tion4 ,i w n blame ! c\rse tak5 by ! k+1 because1 wi%+ to get a foo?old 9 ,italy1 & hav+ no fri5ds !re--see+ r t e door 0 %ut to him ow+ to ! conduct ( ,*>les--he 0 =c$ to accept ^? fri5d%ips :i* he c\ld get1 & he w\ld h succe$$ v quickly 9 8 design if 9 o!r matt]s he _h n made "s mi/akes4 ,! k+1 h[ev]1 hav+ acquir$ ,lomb>dy1 rega9$ at once ! au?ority :i* ,*>les _h lo/3 ,g5oa yield$2 ! ,flor5t9es became 8 fri5ds2 ! ,m>quess ( ,mantua1 ! ,duke ( ,f]r>a1 ! ,b5tivogli1 my lady ( ,=li1 ! ,lords ( ,fa5za1 ( ,pes>o1 ( ,rim9i1 ( ,cam]9o1 ( ,piomb9o1 ! ,luc*ese1 ! ,pisans1 ! ,si5ese--ev]ybody made advances to him to become 8 fri5d4 ,!n c\ld ! ,v5etians realize ! ra%ness ( ! c\rse tak5 by !m1 :i*1 9 ord] t !y might secure two t[ns 9 ,lomb>dy1 _h made ! k+ ma/] ( two-?irds ( ,italy4 ,let any "o n[ consid] ) :at little difficulty ! k+ c\ld h ma9ta9$ 8 position 9 ,italy _h he obs]v$ ! rules above laid d[n1 & kept all 8 fri5ds secure & protect$2 = al?\gh !y 7 num]\s !y 7 bo? weak & timid1 "s afraid ( ! ,*ur*1 "s ( ! ,v5etians1 & ?us !y w\ld always h be5 =c$ to /& 9 ) him1 & by _! means he c\ld easily h made himself secure aga9/ ^? :o rema9$ p[]ful4 ,b he 0 no soon] 9 ,milan ?an he did ! contr>y by assi/+ ,pope ,alex&] to occupy ! ,romagna4 ,x nev] occurr$ to him t by ?is action he 0 weak5+ himself1 depriv+ himself ( fri5ds & ( ^? :o _h ?r[n !mselves into 8 lap1 :il/ he aggr&iz$ ! ,*ur* by add+ mu* temporal p[] to ! spiritual1 ?us giv+ x great] au?ority4 ,& hav+ committ$ ?is prime error1 he 0 oblig$ to foll[ x up1 s mu* s t1 to put an end to ! ambition ( ,alex&]1 & to prev5t 8 becom+ ! ma/] ( ,tuscany1 he 0 himself =c$ to come into ,italy4 ,& z if x 7 n en\gh to h aggr&iz$ ! ,*ur*1 & depriv$ himself ( fri5ds1 he1 wi%+ to h ! k+dom ( ,naples1 divid$ x ) ! ,k+ ( ,spa91 & :]e he 0 ! prime arbit] 9 ,italy he takes an associate1 s t ! ambiti\s ( t c\ntry & ! malcont5ts ( 8 own %\ld h some:]e to %elt]2 & :]eas he c\ld h left 9 ! k+dom 8 own p5sion] z k+1 he drove him out1 to put "o !re :o 0 able to drive him1 ,l\is1 out 9 turn4 ,! wi% to acquire is 9 tru? v natural & common1 & m5 always d s :5 !y c1 & = ?is !y w be prais$ n blam$2 b :5 !y _c d s1 yet wi% to d s by any means1 !n !re is folly & blame4 ,!re=e1 if ,france c\ld h attack$ ,naples ) h] own =ces %e ought to h done s2 if %e c\ld n1 !n %e ought n to h divid$ x4 ,& if ! p>tition :i* %e made ) ! ,v5etians 9 ,lomb>dy 0 ju/ifi$ by ! excuse t by x %e got a foo?old 9 ,italy1 ?is o!r p>tition m]it$ blame1 = x _h n ! excuse ( t necessity4 ,!re=e ,l\is made ^! five errors3 he de/roy$ ! m9or p[]s1 he increas$ ! /r5g? ( "o ( ! great] p[]s 9 ,italy1 he br\ght 9 a =eign p[]1 he did n settle 9 ! c\ntry1 he did n s5d colonies4 ,:i* errors1 _h he liv$1 7 n en\gh to injure him _h he n made a six? by tak+ away _! dom9ions f ! ,v5etians2 because1 _h he n aggr&iz$ ! ,*ur*1 nor br\ght ,spa9 into ,italy1 x w\ld h be5 v reasonable & necess>y to humble !m2 b hav+ fir/ tak5 ^! /eps1 he ought nev] to h cons5t$ to _! ru91 = !y1 be+ p[]ful1 w\ld always h kept (f o!rs f designs on ,lomb>dy1 to :i* ! ,v5etians w\ld nev] h cons5t$ except to become ma/]s !mselves !re2 also because ! o!rs w\ld n wi% to take ,lomb>dy f ,france 9 ord] to give x to ! ,v5etians1 & to run c\nt] to bo? !y w\ld n h _h ! c\rage4 ,& if any "o %\ld say3 8,k+ ,l\is yield$ ! ,romagna to ,alex&] & ! k+dom to ,spa9 to avoid w>10 ,i answ] = ! reasons giv5 above t a blund] ought nev] to be p]petrat$ to avoid w>1 because x is n to be avoid$1 b is only def]r$ to y\r disadvantage4 ,& if ano!r %\ld allege ! pl$ge :i* ! k+ _h giv5 to ! ,pope t he w\ld assi/ him 9 ! ent]prise1 9 ex*ange = ! dissolution ( 8 m>riage#e & = ! cap to ,r\51#f to t ,i reply :at ,i %all write lat] on conc]n+ ! fai? ( pr9ces1 & h[ x ought to be kept4 #e ,l\is ,,xii divorc$ 8 wife1 ,jeanne1 daught] ( ,l\is ,,xi1 & m>ri$ 9 #adii ,anne ( ,brittany1 wid[ ( ,*>les ,,viii1 9 ord] to reta9 ! ,du*y ( ,brittany = ! cr[n4 #f ,! ,ar*bi%op ( ,r\54 ,he 0 ,georges d',amboise1 creat$ a c>d9al by ,alex&] ,,vi4 ,born #adfj1 di$ #aeaj4 ,?us ,k+ ,l\is lo/ ,lomb>dy by n hav+ foll[$ any ( ! conditions obs]v$ by ^? :o h tak5 possession ( c\ntries & wi%$ to reta9 !m4 ,nor is !re any miracle 9 ?is1 b mu* t is reasonable & q natural4 ,& on ^! matt]s ,i spoke at ,nantes ) ,r\51 :5 ,val5t9o1 z ,ces>e ,borgia1 ! son ( ,pope ,alex&]1 0 usually call$1 occupi$ ! ,romagna1 & on ,c>d9al ,r\5 obs]v+ to me t ! ,italians did n und]/& w>1 ,i repli$ to him t ! ,fr5* did n und]/& /atecraft1 mean+ t o!rwise !y w\ld n h all[$ ! ,*ur* to rea* su* greatness4 ,& 9 fact x has be5 se5 t ! greatness ( ! ,*ur* & ( ,spa9 9 ,italy has be5 caus$ by ,france1 & h] ru9 may be attribut$ to !m4 ,f ?is a g5]al rule is drawn :i* nev] or r>ely fails3 t he :o is ! cause ( ano!r becom+ p[]ful is ru9$2 because t pr$om9ancy has be5 br\ght ab\t ei!r by a/ut5ess or else by =ce1 & bo? are di/ru/$ by him :o has be5 rais$ to p[]4 ,,*apt] ,,iv4 ,,:y ,,! ,,k+dom ,,( ,,d>ius1 ,,conqu]$ ,,by ,,alex&]1 ,,did ,,n ,,rebel ,,aga9/ ,,! ,,successors ,,( ,,alex&] ,,at ,,8 ,,dea? ,consid]+ ! difficulties :i* m5 h _h to hold to a newly acquir$ /ate1 "s might wond] h[1 see+ t ,alex&] ! ,great became ! ma/] ( ,asia 9 a few ye>s1 & di$ :il/ x 0 sc>cely settl$ 7:5ce x might appe> reasonable t ! :ole empire w\ld h rebell$71 nev]!less 8 successors ma9ta9$ !mselves1 & _h to meet no o!r difficulty ?an t :i* arose among !mselves f _! own ambitions4 ,i answ] t ! pr9cipalities ( :i* "o has record are f\nd to be gov]n$ 9 two diff]5t ways2 ei!r by a pr9ce1 ) a body ( s]vants1 :o assi/ him to gov]n ! k+dom z m9i/]s by 8 fav\r & p]mission2 or by a pr9ce & b>ons1 :o hold t dignity by antiquity ( blood & n by ! grace ( ! pr9ce4 ,su* b>ons h /ates & _! own subjects1 :o recognize !m z lords & hold !m 9 natural affection4 ,^? /ates t are gov]n$ by a pr9ce & 8 s]vants hold _! pr9ce 9 m consid]ation1 because 9 all ! c\ntry !re is no "o :o is recogniz$ z sup]ior to him1 & if !y yield ob$i5ce to ano!r !y d x z to a m9i/] & (ficial1 & !y d n be> him any p>ticul> affection4 ,! examples ( ^! two gov]nm5ts 9 our "t are ! ,turk & ! ,k+ ( ,france4 ,! entire mon>*y ( ! ,turk is gov]n$ by "o "l1 ! o!rs are 8 s]vants2 &1 divid+ 8 k+dom into sanjaks1 he s5ds !re diff]5t adm9i/rators1 & %ifts & *anges !m z he *ooses4 ,b ! ,k+ ( ,france is plac$ 9 ! mid/ ( an anci5t body ( lords1 ackn[l$g$ by _! own subjects1 & belov$ by !m2 !y h _! own pr]ogatives1 nor c ! k+ take ^! away except at 8 p]il4 ,!re=e1 he :o consid]s bo? ( ^! /ates w recognize great difficulties 9 seiz+ ! /ate ( ! ,turk1 b1 once x is conqu]$1 great ease 9 hold+ x4 ,! causes ( ! difficulties 9 seiz+ ! k+dom ( ! ,turk are t ! usurp] _c be call$ 9 by ! pr9ces ( ! k+dom1 nor c he hope to be assi/$ 9 8 designs by ! revolt ( ^? :om ! "l has ar\nd him4 ,?is arises f ! reasons giv5 above2 = 8 m9i/]s1 be+ all slaves & bondm51 c only be corrupt$ ) great difficulty1 & "o c expect little advantage f !m :5 !y h be5 corrupt$1 z !y _c c>ry ! p ) !m1 = ! reasons assign$4 ,h5ce1 he :o attacks ! ,turk mu/ be> 9 m9d t he w f9d him unit$1 & he w h to rely m on 8 own /r5g? ?an on ! revolt ( o!rs2 b1 if once ! ,turk has be5 conqu]$1 & r\t$ 9 ! field 9 su* a way t he _c replace 8 armies1 !re is no?+ to fe> b ! family ( ?is pr9ce1 &1 ?is be+ ext]m9at$1 !re rema9s no "o to fe>1 ! o!rs hav+ no cr$it ) ! p2 & z ! conqu]or did n rely on !m be=e 8 victory1 s he ought n to fe> !m aft] x4 ,! contr>y happ5s 9 k+doms gov]n$ l t ( ,france1 because "o c easily ent] !re by ga9+ ov] "s b>on ( ! k+dom1 = "o always f9ds malcont5ts & su* z desire a *ange4 ,su* m51 = ! reasons giv51 c op5 ! way into ! /ate & r5d] ! victory easy2 b if y wi% to hold x aft]w>ds1 y meet ) inf9ite difficulties1 bo? f ^? :o h assi/$ y & f ^? y h cru%$4 ,nor is x en\gh = y to h ext]m9at$ ! family ( ! pr9ce1 because ! lords t rema9 make !mselves ! heads ( fre% movem5ts aga9/ y1 & z y are unable ei!r to satisfy or ext]m9ate !m1 t /ate is lo/ :5ev] "t br+s ! opportunity4 ,n[ if y w consid] :at 0 ! nature ( ! gov]nm5t ( ,d>ius1 y w f9d x simil> to ! k+dom ( ! ,turk1 & !re=e x 0 only necess>y = ,alex&]1 fir/ to ov]?r[ him 9 ! field1 & !n to take ! c\ntry f him4 ,aft] :i* victory1 ,d>ius be+ kill$1 ! /ate rema9$ secure to ,alex&]1 = ! above reasons4 ,& if 8 successors _h be5 unit$ !y w\ld h enjoy$ x securely & at _! ease1 = !re 7 no tumults rais$ 9 ! k+dom except ^? !y provok$ !mselves4 ,b x is impossible to hold ) su* tranquillity /ates con/itut$ l t ( ,france4 ,h5ce arose ^? frequ5t rebellions aga9/ ! ,romans 9 ,spa91 ,france1 & ,greece1 ow+ to ! _m pr9cipalities !re 7 9 ^! /ates1 ( :i*1 z long z ! memory ( !m endur$1 ! ,romans always held an insecure possession2 b ) ! p[] & long cont9uance ( ! empire ! memory ( !m pass$ away1 & ! ,romans !n became secure possessors4 ,& :5 fight+ aft]w>ds among/ !mselves1 ea* "o 0 able to atta* to himself 8 own p>ts ( ! c\ntry1 accord+ to ! au?ority he _h assum$ !re2 & ! family ( ! =m] "l be+ ext]m9at$1 none o!r ?an ! ,romans 7 ackn[l$g$4 ,:5 ^! ?+s are rememb]$ no "o w m>vel at ! ease ) :i* ,alex&] held ! ,empire ( ,asia1 or at ! difficulties :i* o!rs h _h to keep an acquisition1 su* z ,pyrrhus & _m m2 ?is is n occasion$ by ! little or abundance ( ability 9 ! conqu]or1 b by ! want ( uni=mity 9 ! subject /ate4 ,,*apt] ,v4 ,,conc]n+ ,,! ,,way ,,to ,,gov]n ,,cities ,,or ,,pr9cipalities ,,:i* ,,liv$ ,,"u ,,_! ,,own ,,laws ,,be=e ,,!y ,,7 ,,annex$ ,:5ev] ^? /ates :i* h be5 acquir$ z /at$ h be5 accu/om$ to live "u _! own laws & 9 fre$om1 !re are ?ree c\rses = ^? :o wi% to hold !m3 ! fir/ is to ru9 !m1 ! next is to reside !re 9 p]son1 ! ?ird is to p]mit !m to live "u _! own laws1 draw+ a tribute1 & e/abli%+ )9 x an olig>*y :i* w keep x fri5dly to y4 ,because su* a gov]nm5t1 be+ creat$ by ! pr9ce1 kn[s t x _c /& )\t 8 fri5d%ip & int]e/1 & does its utmo/ to support him2 & !re=e he :o w\ld keep a city accu/om$ to fre$om w hold x m easily by ! means ( its own citiz5s ?an 9 any o!r way4 ,!re are1 = example1 ! ,sp>tans & ! ,romans4 ,! ,sp>tans held ,a!ns & ,!bes1 e/abli%+ !re an olig>*y3 nev]!less !y lo/ !m4 ,! ,romans1 9 ord] to hold ,capua1 ,c>?age1 & ,numantia1 dismantl$ !m1 & did n lose !m4 ,!y wi%$ to hold ,greece z ! ,sp>tans held x1 mak+ x free & p]mitt+ its laws1 & did n succe$4 ,s to hold x !y 7 compell$ to dismantle _m cities 9 ! c\ntry1 = 9 tru? !re is no safe way to reta9 !m o!rwise ?an by ru9+ !m4 ,& he :o becomes ma/] ( a city accu/om$ to fre$om & does n de/roy x1 may expect to be de/roy$ by x1 = 9 rebellion x has always ! wat*word ( lib]ty & its anci5t privileges z a rally+ po9t1 :i* nei!r "t nor b5efits w ev] cause x to =get4 ,& :atev] y may d or provide aga9/1 !y nev] =get t "n or _! privileges unless !y are disunit$ or disp]s$1 b at e *ance !y imm$iately rally to !m1 z ,pisa aft] ! hundr$ ye>s %e _h be5 held 9 bondage by ! ,flor5t9es4 ,b :5 cities or c\ntries are accu/om$ to live "u a pr9ce1 & 8 family is ext]m9at$1 !y1 be+ on ! "o h& accu/om$ to obey & on ! o!r h& n hav+ ! old pr9ce1 _c agree 9 mak+ "o f among/ !mselves1 & !y d n "k h[ to gov]n !mselves4 ,= ?is reason !y are v sl[ to take up arms1 & a pr9ce c ga9 !m to himself & secure !m mu* m easily4 ,b 9 republics !re is m vitality1 great] hatr$1 & m desire = v5geance1 :i* w nev] p]mit !m to all[ ! memory ( _! =m] lib]ty to re/2 s t ! safe/ way is to de/roy !m or to reside !re4 ,,*apt] ,,vi4 ,,conc]n+ ,,new ,,pr9cipalities ,,:i* ,,are ,,acquir$ ,,by ,,"o',s ,,own ,,arms ,,& ,,ability ,let no "o be surpris$ if1 9 speak+ ( entirely new pr9cipalities z ,i %all d1 ,i adduce ! highe/ examples bo? ( pr9ce & ( /ate2 because m51 walk+ almo/ always 9 pa?s beat5 by o!rs1 & foll[+ by imitation _! de$s1 are yet unable to keep entirely to ! ways ( o!rs or atta9 to ! p[] ( ^? !y imitate4 ,a wise man ought always to foll[ ! pa?s beat5 by great m51 & to imitate ^? :o h be5 supreme1 s t if 8 ability does n equal !irs1 at lea/ x w sav\r ( x4 ,let him act l ! clev] ar*]s :o1 design+ to hit ! m>k :i* yet appe>s too f> di/ant1 & kn[+ ! limits to :i* ! /r5g? ( _! b[ atta9s1 take aim mu* high] ?an ! m>k1 n to rea* by _! /r5g? or arr[ to s great a height1 b to be able ) ! aid ( s high an aim to hit ! m>k !y wi% to rea*4 ,i say1 !re=e1 t 9 entirely new pr9cipalities1 :]e !re is a new pr9ce1 m or less difficulty is f\nd 9 keep+ !m1 accord+ly z !re is m or less ability 9 him :o has acquir$ ! /ate4 ,n[1 z ! fact ( becom+ a pr9ce f a private /ation presupposes ei!r ability or =tune1 x is cle> t "o or o!r ( ^! ?+s w mitigate 9 "s degree _m difficulties4 ,nev]!less1 he :o has reli$ lea/ on =tune is e/abli%$ ! /ronge/4 ,fur!r1 x facilitates matt]s :5 ! pr9ce1 hav+ no o!r /ate1 is compell$ to reside !re 9 p]son4 ,b to come to ^? :o1 by _! own ability & n ?r\gh =tune1 h ris5 to be pr9ces1 ,i say t ,moses1 ,cyrus1 ,romulus1 ,!seus1 & su* l are ! mo/ excell5t examples4 ,& al?\gh "o may n discuss ,moses1 he hav+ be5 a m]e executor ( ! w ( ,god1 yet he ought to be admir$1 if only = t fav\r :i* made him wor?y to speak ) ,god4 ,b 9 consid]+ ,cyrus & o!rs :o h acquir$ or f\nd$ k+doms1 all w be f\nd admirable2 & if _! p>ticul> de$s & conduct %all be consid]$1 !y w n be f\nd inf]ior to ^? ( ,moses1 al?\gh he _h s great a preceptor4 ,& 9 exam9+ _! actions & lives "o _c see t !y ow$ any?+ to =tune beyond opportunity1 :i* br\ght !m ! mat]ial to m\ld into ! =m :i* seem$ be/ to !m4 ,)\t t opportunity _! p[]s ( m9d w\ld h be5 ext+ui%$1 & )\t ^? p[]s ! opportunity w\ld h come 9 va94 ,x 0 necess>y1 !re=e1 to ,moses t he %\ld f9d ! p ( ,israel 9 ,egypt enslav$ & oppress$ by ! ,egyptians1 9 ord] t !y %\ld be dispos$ to foll[ him s z to be deliv]$ out ( bondage4 ,x 0 necess>y t ,romulus %\ld n rema9 9 ,alba1 & t he %\ld be ab&on$ at 8 bir?1 9 ord] t he %\ld become ,k+ ( ,rome & f\nd] ( ! fa!rl&4 ,x 0 necess>y t ,cyrus %\ld f9d ! ,p]sians discont5t$ ) ! gov]nm5t ( ! ,m$es1 & ! ,m$es s(t & effem9ate ?r\gh _! long peace4 ,!seus c\ld n h %[n 8 ability _h he n f\nd ! ,a!nians disp]s$4 ,^! opportunities1 !re=e1 made ^? m5 =tunate1 & _! high ability enabl$ !m to recognize ! opportunity :]eby _! c\ntry 0 ennobl$ & made fam\s4 ,^? :o by valor\s ways become pr9ces1 l ^! m51 acquire a pr9cipality ) difficulty1 b !y keep x ) ease4 ,! difficulties !y h 9 acquir+ x rise 9 "p f ! new rules & me?ods :i* !y are =c$ to introduce to e/abli% _! gov]nm5t & its security4 ,& x ought to be rememb]$ t !re is no?+ m difficult to take 9 h&1 m p]il\s to conduct1 or m unc]ta9 9 its success1 ?an to take ! lead 9 ! introduction ( a new ord] ( ?+s1 because ! innovator has = enemies all ^? :o h done well "u ! old conditions1 & lukew>m def5d]s 9 ^? :o may d well "u ! new4 ,?is coolness arises p>tly f fe> ( ! oppon5ts1 :o h ! laws on _! side1 & p>tly f ! incr$ulity ( m51 :o d n readily believe 9 new ?+s until !y h _h a long exp]i5ce ( !m4 ,?us x happ5s t :5ev] ^? :o are ho/ile h ! opportunity to attack !y d x l p>tisans1 :il/ ! o!rs def5d lukew>mly1 9 su* wise t ! pr9ce is endang]$ along ) !m4 ,x is necess>y1 !re=e1 if we desire to discuss ?is matt] ?or\ghly1 to inquire :e!r ^! innovators c rely on !mselves or h to dep5d on o!rs3 t is to say1 :e!r1 to consummate _! ent]prise1 h !y to use pray]s or c !y use =ce8 ,9 ! fir/ in/ance !y always succe$ badly1 & nev] compass any?+2 b :5 !y c rely on !mselves & use =ce1 !n !y are r>ely endang]$4 ,h5ce x is t all arm$ prophets h conqu]$1 & ! un>m$ ones h be5 de/roy$4 ,besides ! reasons m5tion$1 ! nature ( ! p is v>iable1 & :il/ x is easy to p]suade !m1 x is difficult to fix !m 9 t p]suasion4 ,& ?us x is necess>y to take su* measures t1 :5 !y believe no long]1 x may be possible to make !m believe by =ce4 ,if ,moses1 ,cyrus1 ,!seus1 & ,romulus _h be5 un>m$ !y c\ld n h en=c$ _! con/itutions = long--z happ5$ 9 our "t to ,fra ,girolamo ,savon>ola1 :o 0 ru9$ ) 8 new ord] ( ?+s imm$iately ! multitude believ$ 9 him no long]1 & he _h no means ( keep+ /eadfa/ ^? :o believ$ or ( mak+ ! unbeliev]s to believe4 ,!re=e su* z ^! h great difficulties 9 consummat+ _! ent]prise1 = all _! dang]s are 9 ! asc5t1 yet ) ability !y w ov]come !m2 b :5 ^! are ov]come1 & ^? :o envi$ !m _! success are ext]m9at$1 !y w beg9 to be respect$1 & !y w cont9ue aft]w>ds p[]ful1 secure1 hon\r$1 & happy4 ,to ^! great examples ,i wi% to add a less] "o2 /ill x be>s "s resemblance to !m1 & ,i wi% x to suffice me = all ( a l k9d3 x is ,hi]o ! ,syracusan4#a ,?is man rose f a private /ation to be ,pr9ce ( ,syracuse1 nor did he1 ei!r1 owe any?+ to =tune b opportunity2 = ! ,syracusans1 be+ oppress$1 *ose him = _! capta91 aft]w>ds he 0 rew>d$ by be+ made _! pr9ce4 ,he 0 ( s great ability1 ev5 z a private citiz51 t "o :o writes ( him says he want$ no?+ b a k+dom to be a k+4 ,?is man aboli%$ ! old soldi]y1 organiz$ ! new1 gave up old alliances1 made new ones2 & z he _h 8 own soldi]s & allies1 on su* f\ndations he 0 able to build any edifice3 ?us1 :il/ he _h endur$ mu* tr\ble 9 acquir+1 he _h b little 9 keep+4 #a ,hi]o ,,ii1 born ab\t #cjg ,b4,c41 di$ #baf ,b4,c4 ,,*apt] ,,vii4 ,,conc]n+ ,,new ,,pr9cipalities ,,:i* ,,are ,,acquir$ ,,ei!r ,,by ,,! ,,arms ,,( ,,o!rs ,,or ,,by ,,good ,,=tune ,^? :o solely by good =tune become pr9ces f be+ private citiz5s h little tr\ble 9 ris+1 b mu* 9 keep+ atop2 !y h n any difficulties on ! way up1 because !y fly1 b !y h _m :5 !y rea* ! summit4 ,su* are ^? to :om "s /ate is giv5 ei!r = money or by ! fav\r ( him :o be/[s x2 z happ5$ to _m 9 ,greece1 9 ! cities ( ,ionia & ( ! ,hellespont1 :]e pr9ces 7 made by ,d>ius1 9 ord] t !y might hold ! cities bo? = 8 security & 8 glory2 z also 7 ^? emp]ors :o1 by ! corruption ( ! soldi]s1 f be+ citiz5s came to empire4 ,su* /& simply elevat$ ^u ! goodwill & ! =tune ( him :o has elevat$ !m--two mo/ incon/ant & un/able ?+s4 ,nei!r h !y ! k requisite = ! position2 because1 unless !y are m5 ( great wor? & ability1 x is n reasonable to expect t !y %\ld "k h[ to comm&1 hav+ always liv$ 9 a private condition2 besides1 !y _c hold x because !y h n =ces :i* !y c keep fri5dly & fai?ful4 ,/ates t rise unexpect$ly1 !n1 l all o!r ?+s 9 nature :i* are born & gr[ rapidly1 _c leave _! f\ndations & correspond5cies#a fix$ 9 su* a way t ! fir/ /orm w n ov]?r[ !m2 unless1 z is said1 ^? :o unexpect$ly become pr9ces are m5 ( s mu* ability t !y "k !y h to be prep>$ at once to hold t :i* =tune has ?r[n into _! laps1 & t ^? f\ndations1 :i* o!rs h laid be=e !y became pr9ces1 !y mu/ lay aft]w>ds4 #a 8,le radici e corrispond5ze10 _! roots 7i4e4 f\ndations7 & correspond5cies or relations ) o!r /ates--a common mean+ ( 8correspond5ce0 & 8correspond5cy0 9 ! sixte5? & sev5te5? c5turies4 ,conc]n+ ^! two me?ods ( ris+ to be a pr9ce by ability or =tune1 ,i wi% to adduce two examples )9 our own recollection1 & ^! are ,francesco ,s=za#b & ,ces>e ,borgia4 ,francesco1 by prop] means & ) great ability1 f be+ a private p]son rose to be ,duke ( ,milan1 & t :i* he _h acquir$ ) a ?\s& anxieties he kept ) little tr\ble4 ,on ! o!r h&1 ,ces>e ,borgia1 call$ by ! p ,duke ,val5t9o1 acquir$ 8 /ate dur+ ! asc5dancy ( 8 fa!r1 & on its decl9e he lo/ x1 not)/&+ t he _h tak5 e measure & done all t ought to be done by a wise & able man to fix firmly 8 roots 9 ! /ates :i* ! arms & =tunes ( o!rs _h be/[$ on him4 #b ,francesco ,s=za1 born #adja1 di$ #adff4 ,he m>ri$ ,bianca ,m>ia ,visconti1 a natural daught] ( ,filippo ,visconti1 ! ,duke ( ,milan1 on ^: dea? he procur$ 8 own elevation to ! du*y4 ,ma*iavelli 0 ! accr$it$ ag5t ( ! ,flor5t9e ,republic to ,ces>e ,borgia 7#adgh-aejg7 dur+ ! transactions :i* l$ up to ! assass9ations ( ! ,ors9i & ,vitelli at ,s9igalia1 & along ) 8 lett]s to 8 *iefs 9 ,flor5ce he has left an acc\nt1 writt5 t5 ye>s be=e ,! ,pr9ce1 ( ! proce$+s ( ! duke 9 8 8,descritione del modo t5uto dal duca ,val5t9o nello ammazz>e ,vitellozzo ,vitelli10 etc41 a translation ( :i* is app5d$ to ! pres5t "w4 ,because1 z is /at$ above1 he :o has n fir/ laid 8 f\ndations may be able ) great ability to lay !m aft]w>ds1 b !y w be laid ) tr\ble to ! ar*itect & dang] to ! build+4 ,if1 !re=e1 all ! /eps tak5 by ! duke be consid]$1 x w be se5 t he laid solid f\ndations = 8 future p[]1 & ,i d n consid] x sup]flu\s to discuss !m1 because ,i d n "k :at bett] precepts to give a new pr9ce ?an ! example ( 8 actions2 & if 8 dispositions 7 ( no avail1 t 0 n 8 fault1 b ! extraord9>y & extreme malignity ( =tune4 ,alex&] ! ,six?1 9 wi%+ to aggr&ize ! duke1 8 son1 _h _m imm$iate & prospective difficulties4 ,fir/ly1 he did n see 8 way to make him ma/] ( any /ate t 0 n a /ate ( ! ,*ur*2 & if he 0 will+ to rob ! ,*ur* he knew t ! ,duke ( ,milan & ! ,v5etians w\ld n cons5t1 because ,fa5za & ,rim9i 7 already "u ! protection ( ! ,v5etians4 ,besides ?is1 he saw ! arms ( ,italy1 especially ^? by :i* he might h be5 assi/$1 9 h&s t w\ld fe> ! aggr&izem5t ( ! ,pope1 namely1 ! ,ors9i & ! ,colonnesi & _! foll[+4 ,x behov$ him1 !re=e1 to upset ?is /ate ( affairs & embroil ! p[]s1 s z to make himself securely ma/] ( "p ( _! /ates4 ,?is 0 easy = him to d1 because he f\nd ! ,v5etians1 mov$ by o!r reasons1 incl9$ to br+ back ! ,fr5* into ,italy2 he w\ld n only n oppose ?is1 b he w\ld r5d] x m easy by dissolv+ ! =m] m>riage ( ,k+ ,l\is4 ,!re=e ! k+ came into ,italy ) ! assi/ance ( ! ,v5etians & ! cons5t ( ,alex&]4 ,he 0 no soon] 9 ,milan ?an ! ,pope _h soldi]s f him = ! attempt on ! ,romagna1 :i* yield$ to him on ! reputation ( ! k+4 ,! duke1 !re=e1 hav+ acquir$ ! ,romagna & beat5 ! ,colonnesi1 :ile wi%+ to hold t & to advance fur!r1 0 h9d]$ by two ?+s3 ! "o1 8 =ces did n appe> loyal to him1 ! o!r1 ! goodwill ( ,france3 t is to say1 he fe>$ t ! =ces ( ! ,ors9i1 :i* he 0 us+1 w\ld n /& to him1 t n only might !y h9d] him f w9n+ m1 b might !mselves seize :at he _h won1 & t ! k+ might also d ! same4 ,( ! ,ors9i he _h a w>n+ :51 aft] tak+ ,fa5za & attack+ ,bologna1 he saw !m g v unwill+ly to t attack4 ,& z to ! k+1 he le>n$ 8 m9d :5 he himself1 aft] tak+ ! ,du*y ( ,urb9o1 attack$ ,tuscany1 & ! k+ made him desi/ f t und]tak+2 h5ce ! duke decid$ to dep5d no m ^u ! arms & ! luck ( o!rs4 ,= ! fir/ ?+ he weak5$ ! ,ors9i & ,colonnesi p>ties 9 ,rome1 by ga9+ to himself all _! adh]5ts :o 7 g5tlem51 mak+ !m 8 g5tlem51 giv+ !m good pay1 &1 accord+ to _! rank1 hon\r+ !m ) (fice & comm& 9 su* a way t 9 a few mon?s all atta*m5t to ! factions 0 de/roy$ & turn$ entirely to ! duke4 ,aft] ?is he await$ an opportunity to cru% ! ,ors9i1 hav+ scatt]$ ! adh]5ts ( ! ,colonna h\se4 ,?is came to him soon & he us$ x well2 = ! ,ors9i1 p]ceiv+ at l5g? t ! aggr&izem5t ( ! duke & ! ,*ur* 0 ru9 to !m1 call$ a meet+ ( ! ,magione 9 ,p]ugia4 ,f ?is sprung ! rebellion at ,urb9o & ! tumults 9 ! ,romagna1 ) endless dang]s to ! duke1 all ( :i* he ov]came ) ! help ( ! ,fr5*4 ,hav+ re/or$ 8 au?ority1 n to leave x at risk by tru/+ ei!r to ! ,fr5* or o!r outside =ces1 he _h rec\rse to 8 wiles1 & he knew s well h[ to conceal 8 m9d t1 by ! m$iation ( ,signor ,pagolo--:om ! duke did n fail to secure ) all k9ds ( att5tion1 giv+ him money1 app>el1 & horses--! ,ors9i 7 reconcil$1 s t _! simplicity br\ght !m into 8 p[] at ,s9igalia4#c ,hav+ ext]m9at$ ! lead]s1 & turn$ _! p>tisans into 8 fri5ds1 ! duke laid suffici5tly good f\ndations to 8 p[]1 hav+ all ! ,romagna & ! ,du*y ( ,urb9o2 & ! p n[ beg9n+ to appreciate _! prosp]ity1 he ga9$ !m all ov] to himself4 ,& z ?is po9t is wor?y ( notice1 & to be imitat$ by o!rs1 ,i am n will+ to leave x out4 #c ,s9igalia1 #ca/ ,decemb] #aejb4 ,:5 ! duke occupi$ ! ,romagna he f\nd x "u ! rule ( weak ma/]s1 :o r plund]$ _! subjects ?an rul$ !m1 & gave !m m cause = disunion ?an = union1 s t ! c\ntry 0 full ( robb]y1 qu>rels1 & e k9d ( viol5ce2 & s1 wi%+ to br+ back peace & ob$i5ce to au?ority1 he consid]$ x necess>y to give x a good gov]nor4 ,!reupon he promot$ ,mess] ,ramiro d',orco1#d a swift & cruel man1 to :om he gave ! fulle/ p[]4 ,?is man 9 a %ort "t re/or$ peace & unity ) ! greate/ success4 ,aft]w>ds ! duke consid]$ t x 0 n advisable to conf] su* excessive au?ority1 = he _h no d\bt b t he w\ld become odi\s1 s he set up a c\rt ( judgm5t 9 ! c\ntry1 "u a mo/ excell5t presid5t1 :]e9 all cities _h _! advocates4 ,& because he knew t ! pa/ sev]ity _h caus$ "s hatr$ aga9/ himself1 s1 to cle> himself 9 ! m9ds ( ! p1 & ga9 !m entirely to himself1 he desir$ to %[ t1 if any cruelty _h be5 practis$1 x _h n orig9at$ ) him1 b 9 ! natural /]nness ( ! m9i/]4 ,"u ?is pret5ce he took ,ramiro1 & "o morn+ caus$ him to be execut$ & left on ! piazza at ,ces5a ) ! block & a bloody knife at 8 side4 ,! b>b>ity ( ?is spectacle caus$ ! p to be at once satisfi$ & dismay$4 #d ,ramiro d',orco4 ,ramiro de ,lorqua4 ,b let u return :5ce we />t$4 ,i say t ! duke1 f9d+ himself n[ suffici5tly p[]ful & p>tly secur$ f imm$iate dang]s by hav+ arm$ himself 9 8 own way1 & hav+ 9 a great measure cru%$ ^? =ces 9 8 vic9ity t c\ld injure him if he wi%$ to proce$ ) 8 conque/1 _h next to consid] ,france1 = he knew t ! k+1 :o too late 0 aw>e ( 8 mi/ake1 w\ld n support him4 ,& f ?is "t he began to seek new alliances & to temporize ) ,france 9 ! exp$ition :i* %e 0 mak+ t[>ds ! k+dom ( ,naples aga9/ ! ,spani>ds :o 7 besieg+ ,gaeta4 ,x 0 8 int5tion to secure himself aga9/ !m1 & ?is he w\ld h quickly accompli%$ _h ,alex&] liv$4 ,su* 0 8 l9e ( action z to pres5t affairs4 ,b z to ! future he _h to fe>1 9 ! fir/ place1 t a new successor to ! ,*ur* might n be fri5dly to him & might seek to take f him t :i* ,alex&] _h giv5 him1 s he decid$ to act 9 f\r ways4 ,fir/ly1 by ext]m9at+ ! families ( ^? lords :om he _h despoil$1 s z to take away t pretext f ! ,pope4 ,secondly1 by w9n+ to himself all ! g5tlem5 ( ,rome1 s z to be able to curb ! ,pope ) _! aid1 z has be5 obs]v$4 ,?irdly1 by conv]t+ ! college m to himself4 ,f\r?ly1 by acquir+ s mu* p[] be=e ! ,pope %\ld die t he c\ld by 8 own measures resi/ ! fir/ %ock4 ,( ^! f\r ?+s1 at ! dea? ( ,alex&]1 he _h accompli%$ ?ree4 ,= he _h kill$ z _m ( ! dispossess$ lords z he c\ld lay h&s on1 & few _h escap$2 he _h won ov] ! ,roman g5tlem51 & he _h ! mo/ num]\s p>ty 9 ! college4 ,& z to any fre% acquisition1 he int5d$ to become ma/] ( ,tuscany1 = he already possess$ ,p]ugia & ,piomb9o1 & ,pisa 0 "u 8 protection4 ,& z he _h no long] to /udy ,france 7= ! ,fr5* 7 already driv5 out ( ! k+dom ( ,naples by ! ,spani>ds1 & 9 ?is way bo? 7 compell$ to buy 8 goodwill71 he p\nc$ d[n ^u ,pisa4 ,aft] ?is1 ,lucca & ,si5a yield$ at once1 p>tly ?r\gh hatr$ & p>tly ?r\gh fe> ( ! ,flor5t9es2 & ! ,flor5t9es w\ld h _h no rem$y _h he cont9u$ to prosp]1 z he 0 prosp]+ ! ye> t ,alex&] di$1 = he _h acquir$ s mu* p[] & reputation t he w\ld h /ood by himself1 & no long] h dep5d$ on ! luck & ! =ces ( o!rs1 b solely on 8 own p[] & ability4 ,b ,alex&] di$ five ye>s aft] he _h fir/ drawn ! sword4 ,he left ! duke ) ! /ate ( ,romagna alone consolidat$1 ) ! re/ 9 ! air1 betwe5 two mo/ p[]ful ho/ile armies1 & sick unto dea?4 ,yet !re 7 9 ! duke su* boldness & ability1 & he knew s well h[ m5 are to be won or lo/1 & s firm 7 ! f\ndations :i* 9 s %ort a "t he _h laid1 t if he _h n _h ^? armies on 8 back1 or if he _h be5 9 good heal?1 he w\ld h ov]come all difficulties4 ,& x is se5 t 8 f\ndations 7 good1 = ! ,romagna await$ him = m ?an a mon?4 ,9 ,rome1 al?\gh b half alive1 he rema9$ secure2 & :il/ ! ,baglioni1 ! ,vitelli1 & ! ,ors9i might come to ,rome1 !y c\ld n effect any?+ aga9/ him4 ,if he c\ld n h made ,pope him :om he wi%$1 at lea/ ! "o :om he did n wi% w\ld n h be5 elect$4 ,b if he _h be5 9 s\nd heal? at ! dea? ( ,alex&]1#e ev]y?+ w\ld h be5 diff]5t to him4 ,on ! day t ,julius ! ,second#f 0 elect$1 he told me t he _h ?\ght ( ev]y?+ t might occur at ! dea? ( 8 fa!r1 & _h provid$ a rem$y = all1 except t he _h nev] anticipat$ t1 :5 ! dea? did happ51 he himself w\ld be on ! po9t to die4 #e ,alex&] ,,vi di$ ( fev]1 #ah? ,augu/ #aejc4 #f ,julius ,,ii 0 ,giuliano della ,rov]e1 ,c>d9al ( ,san ,pietro ad ,v9cula1 born #addc1 di$ #aeac4 ,:5 all ! actions ( ! duke are recall$1 ,i d n "k h[ to blame him1 b r x appe>s to be1 z ,i h said1 t ,i ought to (f] him = imitation to all ^? :o1 by ! =tune or ! arms ( o!rs1 are rais$ to gov]nm5t4 ,because he1 hav+ a l(ty _s & f>-rea*+ aims1 c\ld n h regulat$ 8 conduct o!rwise1 & only ! %ortness ( ! life ( ,alex&] & 8 own sickness fru/rat$ 8 designs4 ,!re=e1 he :o consid]s x necess>y to secure himself 9 8 new pr9cipality1 to w9 fri5ds1 to ov]come ei!r by =ce or fraud1 to make himself belov$ & fe>$ by ! p1 to be foll[$ & rev]$ by ! soldi]s1 to ext]m9ate ^? :o h p[] or reason to hurt him1 to *ange ! old ord] ( ?+s = new1 to be sev]e & graci\s1 magnanim\s & lib]al1 to de/roy a disloyal soldi]y & to create new1 to ma9ta9 fri5d%ip ) k+s & pr9ces 9 su* a way t !y mu/ help him ) zeal & (f5d ) caution1 _c f9d a m lively example ?an ! actions ( ?is man4 ,only c he be blam$ = ! election ( ,julius ! ,second1 9 :om he made a bad *oice1 because1 z is said1 n be+ able to elect a ,pope to 8 own m9d1 he c\ld h h9d]$ any o!r f be+ elect$ ,pope2 & he ought nev] to h cons5t$ to ! election ( any c>d9al :om he _h injur$ or :o _h cause to fe> him if !y became pontiffs4 ,= m5 injure ei!r f fe> or hatr$4 ,^? :om he _h injur$1 among/ o!rs1 7 ,san ,pietro ad ,v9cula1 ,colonna1 ,san ,giorgio1 & ,ascanio4#g ,! re/1 9 becom+ ,pope1 _h to fe> him1 ,r\5 & ! ,spani>ds except$2 ! latt] f _! relation%ip & obligations1 ! =m] f 8 influ5ce1 ! k+dom ( ,france hav+ relations ) him4 ,!re=e1 above ev]y?+1 ! duke ought to h creat$ a ,spani>d ,pope1 &1 fail+ him1 he ought to h cons5t$ to ,r\5 & n ,san ,pietro ad ,v9cula4 ,he :o believes t new b5efits w cause great p]sonages to =get old injuries is deceiv$4 ,!re=e1 ! duke err$ 9 8 *oice1 & x 0 ! cause ( 8 ultimate ru94 #g ,san ,giorgio is ,raffaello ,ri>io4 ,ascanio is ,ascanio ,s=za4 ,,*apt] ,,viii4 ,,conc]n+ ,,^? ,,:o ,,h ,,obta9$ ,a ,,pr9cipality ,,by ,,wick$ness ,al?\gh a pr9ce may rise f a private /ation 9 two ways1 nei!r ( :i* c be entirely attribut$ to =tune or g5ius1 yet x is manife/ to me t ,i mu/ n be sil5t on !m1 al?\gh "o c\ld be m copi\sly treat$ :5 ,i discuss republics4 ,^! me?ods are :51 ei!r by "s wick$ or nef>i\s ways1 "o asc5ds to ! pr9cipality1 or :5 by ! fav\r ( 8 fell[-citiz5s a private p]son becomes ! pr9ce ( 8 c\ntry4 ,& speak+ ( ! fir/ me?od1 x w be illu/rat$ by two examples--"o anci5t1 ! o!r mod]n--& )\t ent]+ fur!r into ! subject1 ,i consid] ^! two examples w suffice ^? :o may be compell$ to foll[ !m4 ,aga?ocles1 ! ,sicilian1#a became ,k+ ( ,syracuse n only f a private b f a l[ & abject position4 ,?is man1 ! son ( a pott]1 ?r\gh all ! *anges 9 8 =tunes always l$ an infam\s life4 ,nev]!less1 he accompani$ 8 infamies ) s mu* ability ( m9d & body t1 hav+ devot$ himself to ! milit>y pr(ession1 he rose ?r\gh its ranks to be ,praetor ( ,syracuse4 ,be+ e/abli%$ 9 t position1 & hav+ delib]ately resolv$ to make himself pr9ce & to seize by viol5ce1 )\t obligation to o!rs1 t :i* _h be5 conc$$ to him by ass5t1 he came to an und]/&+ = ?is purpose ) ,amilc>1 ! ,c>?ag9ian1 :o1 ) 8 army1 0 fight+ 9 ,sicily4 ,"o morn+ he assembl$ ! p & ! s5ate ( ,syracuse1 z if he _h to discuss ) !m ?+s relat+ to ! ,republic1 & at a giv5 signal ! soldi]s kill$ all ! s5ators & ! ri*e/ ( ! p2 ^! dead1 he seiz$ & held ! pr9c$om ( t city )\t any civil commotion4 ,& al?\gh he 0 twice r\t$ by ! ,c>?ag9ians1 & ultimately besieg$1 yet n only 0 he able to def5d 8 city1 b leav+ "p ( 8 m5 = its def5ce1 ) ! o!rs he attack$ ,africa1 & 9 a %ort "t rais$ ! siege ( ,syracuse4 ,! ,c>?ag9ians1 r$uc$ to extreme necessity1 7 compell$ to come to t]ms ) ,aga?ocles1 &1 leav+ ,sicily to him1 _h to be cont5t ) ! possession ( ,africa4 #a ,aga?ocles ! ,sicilian1 born #cfa ,b4,c41 di$ #bhi ,b4,c4 ,!re=e1 he :o consid]s ! actions & ! g5ius ( ?is man w see no?+1 or little1 :i* c be attribut$ to =tune1 inasmu* z he atta9$ pre-em95ce1 z is %[n above1 n by ! fav\r ( any "o1 b /ep by /ep 9 ! milit>y pr(ession1 :i* /eps 7 ga9$ ) a ?\s& tr\bles & p]ils1 & 7 aft]w>ds boldly held by him ) _m haz>d\s dang]s4 ,yet x _c be call$ tal5t to slay fell[-citiz5s1 to deceive fri5ds1 to be )\t fai?1 )\t m]cy1 )\t religion2 su* me?ods may ga9 empire1 b n glory4 ,/ill1 if ! c\rage ( ,aga?ocles 9 ent]+ into & extricat+ himself f dang]s be consid]$1 toge!r ) 8 greatness ( m9d 9 endur+ & ov]com+ h>d%ips1 x _c be se5 :y he %\ld be e/eem$ less ?an ! mo/ notable capta94 ,nev]!less1 8 b>b>\s cruelty & inhumanity ) inf9ite wick$ness d n p]mit him to be celebrat$ among ! mo/ excell5t m54 ,:at he a*iev$ _c be attribut$ ei!r to =tune or g5ius4 ,9 our times1 dur+ ! rule ( ,alex&] ! ,six?1 ,oliv]otto da ,f]mo1 hav+ be5 left an orphan _m ye>s be=e1 0 br\ght up by 8 mat]nal uncle1 ,giovanni ,fogliani1 & 9 ! e>ly days ( 8 y\? s5t to fight "u ,pagolo ,vitelli1 t1 be+ tra9$ "u 8 discipl9e1 he might atta9 "s high position 9 ! milit>y pr(ession4 ,aft] ,pagolo di$1 he f\ght "u 8 bro!r ,vitellozzo1 & 9 a v %ort "t1 be+ end[$ ) wit & a vigor\s body & m9d1 he became ! fir/ man 9 8 pr(ession4 ,b x appe>+ a paltry ?+ to s]ve "u o!rs1 he resolv$1 ) ! aid ( "s citiz5s ( ,f]mo1 to :om ! slav]y ( _! c\ntry 0 de>] ?an its lib]ty1 & ) ! help ( ! ,vitelles*i1 to seize ,f]mo4 ,s he wrote to ,giovanni ,fogliani t1 hav+ be5 away f home = _m ye>s1 he wi%$ to visit him & 8 city1 & 9 "s measure to look ^u 8 patrimony2 & al?\gh he _h n lab\r$ to acquire any?+ except hon\r1 yet1 9 ord] t ! citiz5s %\ld see he _h n sp5t 8 "t 9 va91 he desir$ to come hon\rably1 s w\ld be accompani$ by "o hundr$ horsem51 8 fri5ds & reta9]s2 & he entreat$ ,giovanni to arrange t he %\ld be receiv$ hon\rably by ! ,f]mians1 all ( :i* w\ld be n only to 8 hon\r1 b also to t ( ,giovanni himself1 :o _h br\ght him up4 ,giovanni1 !re=e1 did n fail 9 any att5tions due to 8 nephew1 & he caus$ him to be hon\rably receiv$ by ! ,f]mians1 & he lodg$ him 9 8 own h\se1 :]e1 hav+ pass$ "s days1 & hav+ arrang$ :at 0 necess>y = 8 wick$ designs1 ,oliv]otto gave a solemn banquet to :i* he invit$ ,giovanni ,fogliani & ! *iefs ( ,f]mo4 ,:5 ! vi&s & all ! o!r ent]ta9m5ts t are usual 9 su* banquets 7 f9i%$1 ,oliv]otto artfully began c]ta9 grave disc\rses1 speak+ ( ! greatness ( ,pope ,alex&] & 8 son ,ces>e1 & ( _! ent]prises1 to :i* disc\rse ,giovanni & o!rs answ]$2 b he rose at once1 say+ t su* matt]s ought to be discuss$ 9 a m private place1 & he betook himself to a *amb]1 :i!r ,giovanni & ! re/ ( ! citiz5s w5t 9 aft] him4 ,no soon] 7 !y seat$ ?an soldi]s issu$ f secret places & slaught]$ ,giovanni & ! re/4 ,aft] ^! murd]s ,oliv]otto1 m\nt$ on horseback1 rode up & d[n ! t[n & besieg$ ! *ief magi/rate 9 ! palace1 s t 9 fe> ! p 7 =c$ to obey him1 & to =m a gov]nm5t1 ( :i* he made himself ! pr9ce4 ,he kill$ all ! malcont5ts :o 7 able to injure him1 & /r5g!n$ himself ) new civil & milit>y ord9ances1 9 su* a way t1 9 ! ye> dur+ :i* he held ! pr9cipality1 n only 0 he secure 9 ! city ( ,f]mo1 b he _h become =midable to all 8 neighb\rs4 ,& 8 de/ruction w\ld h be5 z difficult z t ( ,aga?ocles if he _h n all[$ himself to be ov]rea*$ by ,ces>e ,borgia1 :o took him ) ! ,ors9i & ,vitelli at ,s9igalia1 z 0 /at$ above4 ,?us "o ye> aft] he _h committ$ ?is p>ricide1 he 0 /rangl$1 toge!r ) ,vitellozzo1 :om he _h made 8 lead] 9 val\r & wick$ness4 ,"s may wond] h[ x c happ5 t ,aga?ocles1 & 8 l1 aft] inf9ite trea*]ies & cruelties1 %\ld live = long secure 9 8 c\ntry1 & def5d himself f ext]nal enemies1 & nev] be conspir$ aga9/ by 8 own citiz5s2 see+ t _m o!rs1 by means ( cruelty1 h nev] be5 able ev5 9 peaceful times to hold ! /ate1 /ill less 9 ! d\btful times ( w>4 ,i believe t ?is foll[s f sev]ities#b be+ badly or prop]ly us$4 ,^? may be call$ prop]ly us$1 if ( evil x is possible to speak well1 t are appli$ at "o bl[ & are necess>y to "o's security1 & t are n p]si/$ 9 aft]w>ds unless !y c be turn$ to ! advantage ( ! subjects4 ,! badly employ$ are ^? :i*1 not)/&+ !y may be few 9 ! comm5cem5t1 multiply ) "t r ?an decrease4 ,^? :o practise ! fir/ sy/em are able1 by aid ( ,god or man1 to mitigate 9 "s degree _! rule1 z ,aga?ocles did4 ,x is impossible = ^? :o foll[ ! o!r to ma9ta9 !mselves4 #b ,mr ,burd sugge/s t ?is ^w probably comes ne> ! mod]n equival5t ( ,ma*iavelli's ?\ght :5 he speaks ( 8crudelta0 ?an ! m obvi\s 8cruelties40 ,h5ce x is to be rem>k$ t1 9 seiz+ a /ate1 ! usurp] ought to exam9e closely into all ^? injuries :i* x is necess>y = him to inflict1 & to d !m all at "o /roke s z n to h to repeat !m daily2 & ?us by n unsettl+ m5 he w be able to reassure !m1 & w9 !m to himself by b5efits4 ,he :o does o!rwise1 ei!r f timidity or evil advice1 is always compell$ to keep ! knife 9 8 h&2 nei!r c he rely on 8 subjects1 nor c !y atta* !mselves to him1 ow+ to _! cont9u$ & repeat$ wrongs4 ,= injuries ought to be done all at "o "t1 s t1 be+ ta/$ less1 !y (f5d less2 b5efits ought to be giv5 little by little1 s t ! flav\r ( !m may la/ long]4 ,& above all ?+s1 a pr9ce ought to live among/ 8 p 9 su* a way t no unexpect$ circum/ances1 :e!r ( good or evil1 %all make him *ange2 because if ! necessity = ?is comes 9 tr\bl$ times1 y are too late = h>% measures2 & mild ones w n help y1 = !y w be consid]$ z =c$ f y1 & no "o w be "u any obligation to y = !m4 ,,*apt] ,,ix4 ,,conc]n+ ,a ,,civil ,,pr9cipality ,b com+ to ! o!r po9t--:]e a lead+ citiz5 becomes ! pr9ce ( 8 c\ntry1 n by wick$ness or any intol]able viol5ce1 b by ! fav\r ( 8 fell[ citiz5s--?is may be call$ a civil pr9cipality3 nor is g5ius or =tune altoge!r necess>y to atta9 to x1 b r a happy %rewdness4 ,i say !n t su* a pr9cipality is obta9$ ei!r by ! fav\r ( ! p or by ! fav\r ( ! nobles4 ,because 9 all cities ^! two di/9ct p>ties are f\nd1 & f ?is x arises t ! p d n wi% to be rul$ nor oppress$ by ! nobles1 & ! nobles wi% to rule & oppress ! p2 & f ^! two opposite desires !re arises 9 cities "o ( ?ree results1 ei!r a pr9cipality1 self-gov]nm5t1 or an>*y4 ,a pr9cipality is creat$ ei!r by ! p or by ! nobles1 accord+ly z "o or o!r ( !m has ! opportunity2 = ! nobles1 see+ !y _c )/& ! p1 beg9 to cry up ! reputation ( "o ( !mselves1 & !y make him a pr9ce1 s t "u 8 %ad[ !y c give v5t to _! ambitions4 ,! p1 f9d+ !y _c resi/ ! nobles1 also cry up ! reputation ( "o ( !mselves1 & make him a pr9ce s z to be def5d$ by 8 au?ority4 ,he :o obta9s sov]eignty by ! assi/ance ( ! nobles ma9ta9s himself ) m difficulty ?an he :o comes to x by ! aid ( ! p1 because ! =m] f9ds himself ) _m ar\nd him :o consid] !mselves 8 equals1 & because ( ?is he c nei!r rule nor manage !m to 8 lik+4 ,b he :o rea*es sov]eignty by popul> fav\r f9ds himself alone1 & has none ar\nd him1 or few1 :o are n prep>$ to obey him4 ,besides ?is1 "o _c by fair deal+1 & )\t injury to o!rs1 satisfy ! nobles1 b y c satisfy ! p1 = _! object is m righte\s ?an t ( ! nobles1 ! latt] wi%+ to oppress1 :ile ! =m] only desire n to be oppress$4 ,x is to be add$ also t a pr9ce c nev] secure himself aga9/ a ho/ile p1 because ( !re be+ too _m1 :il/ f ! nobles he c secure himself1 z !y are few 9 numb]4 ,! wor/ t a pr9ce may expect f a ho/ile p is to be ab&on$ by !m2 b f ho/ile nobles he has n only to fe> ab&onm5t1 b also t !y w rise aga9/ him2 = !y1 be+ 9 ^! affairs m f>-see+ & a/ute1 always come =w>d 9 "t to save !mselves1 & to obta9 fav\rs f him :om !y expect to prevail4 ,fur!r1 ! pr9ce is compell$ to live always ) ! same p1 b he c d well )\t ! same nobles1 be+ able to make & unmake !m daily1 & to give or take away au?ority :5 x pleases him4 ,!re=e1 to make ?is po9t cle>]1 ,i say t ! nobles ought to be look$ at ma9ly 9 two ways3 t is to say1 !y ei!r %ape _! c\rse 9 su* a way z b9ds !m entirely to y\r =tune1 or !y d n4 ,^? :o s b9d !mselves1 & are n rapaci\s1 ought to be hon\r$ & lov$2 ^? :o d n b9d !mselves may be dealt ) 9 two ways2 !y may fail to d ?is ?r\gh pusillanimity & a natural want ( c\rage1 9 :i* case y ought to make use ( !m1 especially ( ^? :o are ( good c\nsel2 & ?us1 :il/ 9 prosp]ity y hon\r !m1 9 adv]sity y d n h to fe> !m4 ,b :5 = _! own ambiti\s ends !y %un b9d+ !mselves1 x is a tok5 t !y are giv+ m ?\ght to !mselves ?an to y1 & a pr9ce ought to gu>d aga9/ su*1 & to fe> !m z if !y 7 op5 enemies1 because 9 adv]sity !y always help to ru9 him4 ,!re=e1 "o :o becomes a pr9ce ?r\gh ! fav\r ( ! p ought to keep !m fri5dly1 & ?is he c easily d see+ !y only ask n to be oppress$ by him4 ,b "o :o1 9 opposition to ! p1 becomes a pr9ce by ! fav\r ( ! nobles1 ought1 above ev]y?+1 to seek to w9 ! p ov] to himself1 & ?is he may easily d if he takes !m "u 8 protection4 ,because m51 :5 !y receive good f him ( :om !y 7 expect+ evil1 are b\nd m closely to _! b5efactor2 ?us ! p quickly become m devot$ to him ?an if he _h be5 rais$ to ! pr9cipality by _! fav\rs2 & ! pr9ce c w9 _! affections 9 _m ways1 b z ^! v>y accord+ to ! circum/ances "o _c give fix$ rules1 s ,i omit !m2 b1 ,i repeat1 x is necess>y = a pr9ce to h ! p fri5dly1 o!rwise he has no security 9 adv]sity4 ,nabis1#a ,pr9ce ( ! ,sp>tans1 su/a9$ ! attack ( all ,greece1 & ( a victori\s ,roman army1 & aga9/ !m he def5d$ 8 c\ntry & 8 gov]nm5t2 & = ! ov]com+ ( ?is p]il x 0 only necess>y = him to make himself secure aga9/ a few1 b ?is w\ld n h be5 suffici5t _h ! p be5 ho/ile4 ,& d n let any "o impugn ?is /atem5t ) ! trite prov]b t 8,he :o builds on ! p1 builds on ! mud10 = ?is is true :5 a private citiz5 makes a f\ndation !re1 & p]suades himself t ! p w free him :5 he is oppress$ by 8 enemies or by ! magi/rates2 :]e9 he w\ld f9d himself v (t5 deceiv$1 z happ5$ to ! ,grac*i 9 ,rome & to ,mess] ,giorgio ,scali#b 9 ,flor5ce4 ,b grant$ a pr9ce :o has e/abli%$ himself z above1 :o c comm&1 & is a man ( c\rage1 undismay$ 9 adv]sity1 :o does n fail 9 o!r qualifications1 & :o1 by 8 resolution & en]gy1 keeps ! :ole p enc\rag$--su* a "o w nev] f9d himself deceiv$ 9 !m1 & x w be %[n t he has laid 8 f\ndations well4 #a ,nabis1 tyrant ( ,sp>ta1 conqu]$ by ! ,romans "u ,flam99us 9 #aie ,b4,c42 kill$ #aib ,b4,c4 #b ,mess] ,giorgio ,scali4 ,?is ev5t is to be f\nd 9 ,ma*iavelli's 8,flor5t9e ,hi/ory10 ,book ,,iii4 ,^! pr9cipalities are liable to dang] :5 !y are pass+ f ! civil to ! absolute ord] ( gov]nm5t1 = su* pr9ces ei!r rule p]sonally or ?r\gh magi/rates4 ,9 ! latt] case _! gov]nm5t is weak] & m insecure1 because x re/s entirely on ! goodwill ( ^? citiz5s :o are rais$ to ! magi/racy1 & :o1 especially 9 tr\bl$ times1 c de/roy ! gov]nm5t ) great ease1 ei!r by intrigue or op5 defiance2 & ! pr9ce has n ! *ance amid tumults to ex]cise absolute au?ority1 because ! citiz5s & subjects1 accu/om$ to receive ord]s f magi/rates1 are n ( a m9d to obey him amid ^! confusions1 & !re w always be 9 d\btful times a sc>city ( m5 :om he c tru/4 ,= su* a pr9ce _c rely ^u :at he obs]ves 9 quiet times1 :5 citiz5s h ne$ ( ! /ate1 because !n e "o agrees ) him2 !y all promise1 & :5 dea? is f> di/ant !y all wi% to die = him2 b 9 tr\bl$ times1 :5 ! /ate has ne$ ( its citiz5s1 !n he f9ds b few4 ,& s mu* ! m is ?is exp]im5t dang]\s1 inasmu* z x c only be tri$ once4 ,!re=e a wise pr9ce ought to adopt su* a c\rse t 8 citiz5s w always 9 e sort & k9d ( circum/ance h ne$ ( ! /ate & ( him1 & !n he w always f9d !m fai?ful4 ,,*apt] ,x4 ,,conc]n+ ,,! ,,way ,,9 ,,:i* ,,! ,,/r5g? ,,( ,,all ,,pr9cipalities ,,ought ,,to ,,be ,,measur$ ,x is necess>y to consid] ano!r po9t 9 exam9+ ! "* ( ^! pr9cipalities3 t is1 :e!r a pr9ce has su* p[] t1 9 case ( ne$1 he c support himself ) 8 own res\rces1 or :e!r he has always ne$ ( ! assi/ance ( o!rs4 ,& to make ?is q cle> ,i say t ,i consid] ^? :o are able to support !mselves by _! own res\rces :o c1 ei!r by abundance ( m5 or money1 raise a suffici5t army to jo9 battle aga9/ any "o :o comes to attack !m2 & ,i consid] ^? always to h ne$ ( o!rs :o _c %[ !mselves aga9/ ! enemy 9 ! field1 b are =c$ to def5d !mselves by %elt]+ beh9d walls4 ,! fir/ case has be5 discuss$1 b we w speak ( x aga9 %\ld x recur4 ,9 ! second case "o c say no?+ except to enc\rage su* pr9ces to provision & =tify _! t[ns1 & n on any acc\nt to def5d ! c\ntry4 ,& :oev] %all =tify 8 t[n well1 & %all h manag$ ! o!r conc]ns ( 8 subjects 9 ! way /at$ above1 & to be (t5 repeat$1 w nev] be attack$ )\t great caution1 = m5 are always adv]se to ent]prises :]e difficulties c be se51 & x w be se5 n to be an easy ?+ to attack "o :o has 8 t[n well =tifi$1 & is n hat$ by 8 p4 ,! cities ( ,g]many are absolutely free1 !y own b little c\ntry ar\nd !m1 & !y yield ob$i5ce to ! emp]or :5 x suits !m1 nor d !y fe> ?is or any o!r p[] !y may h ne> !m1 because !y are =tifi$ 9 su* a way t e "o ?9ks ! tak+ ( !m by assault w\ld be t$i\s & difficult1 see+ !y h prop] dit*es & walls1 !y h suffici5t artill]y1 & !y always keep 9 public depots en\gh = "o ye>'s eat+1 dr9k+1 & fir+4 ,& beyond ?is1 to keep ! p quiet & )\t loss to ! /ate1 !y always h ! means ( giv+ "w to ! community 9 ^? lab\rs t are ! life & /r5g? ( ! city1 & on ! pursuit ( :i* ! p are support$2 !y also hold milit>y ex]cises 9 repute1 & moreov] h _m ord9ances to uphold !m4 ,!re=e1 a pr9ce :o has a /rong city1 & _h n made himself odi\s1 w n be attack$1 or if any "o %\ld attack he w only be driv5 (f ) disgrace2 aga91 because t ! affairs ( ?is _w are s *angeable1 x is almo/ impossible to keep an army a :ole ye> 9 ! field )\t be+ int]f]$ )4 ,& :oev] %\ld reply3 ,if ! p h prop]ty outside ! city1 & see x burnt1 !y w n rema9 pati5t1 & ! long siege & self-int]e/ w make !m =get _! pr9ce2 to ?is ,i answ] t a p[]ful & c\rage\s pr9ce w ov]come all su* difficulties by giv+ at "o "t hope to 8 subjects t ! evil w n be = long1 at ano!r "t fe> ( ! cruelty ( ! enemy1 !n pres]v+ himself adroitly f ^? subjects :o seem to him to be too bold4 ,fur!r1 ! enemy w\ld naturally on 8 arrival at once burn & ru9 ! c\ntry at ! "t :5 ! spirits ( ! p are /ill hot & ready = ! def5ce2 &1 !re=e1 s mu* ! less ought ! pr9ce to hesitate2 because aft] a "t1 :5 spirits h cool$1 ! damage is already done1 ! ills are incurr$1 & !re is no long] any rem$y2 & !re=e !y are s mu* ! m ready to unite ) _! pr9ce1 he appe>+ to be "u obligations to !m n[ t _! h\ses h be5 burnt & _! possessions ru9$ 9 8 def5ce4 ,= x is ! nature ( m5 to be b\nd by ! b5efits !y conf] z mu* z by ^? !y receive4 ,!re=e1 if ev]y?+ is well consid]$1 x w n be difficult = a wise pr9ce to keep ! m9ds ( 8 citiz5s /eadfa/ f fir/ to la/1 :5 he does n fail to support & def5d !m4 ,,*apt] ,,xi4 ,,conc]n+ ,,ecclesia/ical ,,pr9cipalities ,x only rema9s n[ to speak ( ecclesia/ical pr9cipalities1 t\*+ :i* all difficulties are prior to gett+ possession1 because !y are acquir$ ei!r by capacity or good =tune1 & !y c be held )\t ei!r2 = !y are su/a9$ by ! anci5t ord9ances ( religion1 :i* are s all-p[]ful1 & ( su* a "* t ! pr9cipalities may be held no matt] h[ _! pr9ces behave & live4 ,^! pr9ces alone h /ates & d n def5d !m2 & !y h subjects & d n rule !m2 & ! /ates1 al?\gh ungu>d$1 are n tak5 f !m1 & ! subjects1 al?\gh n rul$1 d n c>e1 & !y h nei!r ! desire nor ! ability to ali5ate !mselves4 ,su* pr9cipalities only are secure & happy4 ,b be+ upheld by p[]s1 to :i* ! human m9d _c rea*1 ,i %all speak no m ( !m1 because1 be+ exalt$ & ma9ta9$ by ,god1 x w\ld be ! act ( a presumptu\s & ra% man to discuss !m4 ,nev]!less1 if any "o %\ld ask ( me h[ comes x t ! ,*ur* has atta9$ su* greatness 9 temporal p[]1 see+ t f ,alex&] backw>ds ! ,italian pot5tates 7n only ^? :o h be5 call$ pot5tates1 b e b>on & "l1 ?\gh ! smalle/7 h valu$ ! temporal p[] v slightly--yet n[ a k+ ( ,france trembles be=e x1 & x has be5 able to drive him f ,italy1 & to ru9 ! ,v5etians--al?\gh ?is may be v manife/1 x does n appe> to me sup]flu\s to recall x 9 "s measure to memory4 ,be=e ,*>les1 ,k+ ( ,france1 pass$ into ,italy1#a ?is c\ntry 0 "u ! dom9ion ( ! ,pope1 ! ,v5etians1 ! ,k+ ( ,naples1 ! ,duke ( ,milan1 & ! ,flor5t9es4 ,^! pot5tates _h two pr9cipal anxieties3 ! "o1 t no =eign] %\ld ent] ,italy "u arms2 ! o!r1 t none ( !mselves %\ld seize m t]ritory4 ,^? ab\t :om !re 0 ! mo/ anxiety 7 ! ,pope & ! ,v5etians4 ,to re/ra9 ! ,v5etians ! union ( all ! o!rs 0 necess>y1 z x 0 = ! def5ce ( ,f]r>a2 & to keep d[n ! ,pope !y made use ( ! b>ons ( ,rome1 :o1 be+ divid$ into two factions1 ,ors9i & ,colonnesi1 _h always a pretext = disord]1 &1 /&+ ) arms 9 _! h&s "u ! eyes ( ! ,pontiff1 kept ! pontificate weak & p[]less4 ,& al?\gh !re might arise sometimes a c\rage\s pope1 su* z ,sixtus1 yet nei!r =tune nor wisdom c\ld rid him ( ^! annoyances4 ,& ! %ort life ( a pope is also a cause ( weakness2 = 9 ! t5 ye>s1 :i* is ! av]age life ( a pope1 he c ) difficulty l[] "o ( ! factions2 & if1 s to speak1 "o p %\ld almo/ de/roy ! ,colonnesi1 ano!r w\ld arise ho/ile to ! ,ors9i1 :o w\ld support _! oppon5ts1 & yet w\ld n h "t to ru9 ! ,ors9i4 ,?is 0 ! reason :y ! temporal p[]s ( ! pope 7 little e/eem$ 9 ,italy4 #a ,*>les ,,viii invad$ ,italy 9 #adid4 ,alex&] ! ,six? arose aft]w>ds1 :o ( all ! pontiffs t h ev] be5 %[$ h[ a pope ) bo? money & arms 0 able to prevail2 & ?r\gh ! in/rum5tality ( ! ,duke ,val5t9o1 & by reason ( ! entry ( ! ,fr5*1 he br\ght ab\t all ^? ?+s :i* ,i h discuss$ above 9 ! actions ( ! duke4 ,& al?\gh 8 int5tion 0 n to aggr&ize ! ,*ur*1 b ! duke1 nev]!less1 :at he did contribut$ to ! greatness ( ! ,*ur*1 :i*1 aft] 8 dea? & ! ru9 ( ! duke1 became ! heir to all 8 lab\rs4 ,pope ,julius came aft]w>ds & f\nd ! ,*ur* /rong1 possess+ all ! ,romagna1 ! b>ons ( ,rome r$uc$ to impot5ce1 &1 ?r\gh ! *a/isem5ts ( ,alex&]1 ! factions wip$ out2 he also f\nd ! way op5 to accumulate money 9 a mann] su* z _h nev] be5 practis$ be=e ,alex&]'s "t4 ,su* ?+s ,julius n only foll[$1 b improv$ ^u1 & he int5d$ to ga9 ,bologna1 to ru9 ! ,v5etians1 & to drive ! ,fr5* out ( ,italy4 ,all ( ^! ent]prises prosp]$ ) him1 & s mu* ! m to 8 cr$it1 inasmu* z he did ev]y?+ to /r5g!n ! ,*ur* & n any private p]son4 ,he kept also ! ,ors9i & ,colonnesi factions )9 ! b\nds 9 :i* he f\nd !m2 & al?\gh !re 0 among !m "s m9d to make di/urbance1 nev]!less he held two ?+s firm3 ! "o1 ! greatness ( ! ,*ur*1 ) :i* he t]rifi$ !m2 & ! o!r1 n all[+ !m to h _! own c>d9als1 :o caus$ ! disord]s among !m4 ,= :5ev] ^! factions h _! c>d9als !y d n rema9 quiet = long1 because c>d9als fo/] ! factions 9 ,rome & out ( x1 & ! b>ons are compell$ to support !m1 & ?us f ! ambitions ( prelates arise disord]s & tumults among ! b>ons4 ,= ^! reasons 8 ,hol9ess ,pope ,leo#b f\nd ! pontificate mo/ p[]ful1 & x is to be hop$ t1 if o!rs made x great 9 arms1 he w make x /ill great] & m v5]at$ by 8 goodness & inf9ite o!r virtues4 #b ,pope ,leo ,x 0 ! ,c>d9al de' ,m$ici4 ,,*apt] ,,xii4 ,,h[ ,,_m ,,k9ds ,,( ,,soldi]y ,,!re ,,are1 ,,& ,,conc]n+ ,,m]c5>ies ,hav+ disc\rs$ p>ticul>ly on ! *>act]i/ics ( su* pr9cipalities z 9 ! beg9n+ ,i propos$ to discuss1 & hav+ consid]$ 9 "s degree ! causes ( !re be+ good or bad1 & hav+ %[n ! me?ods by :i* _m h s\ght to acquire !m & to hold !m1 x n[ rema9s = me to discuss g5]ally ! means ( (f5ce & def5ce :i* belong to ea* ( !m4 ,we h se5 above h[ necess>y x is = a pr9ce to h 8 f\ndations well laid1 o!rwise x foll[s ( necessity he w g to ru94 ,! *ief f\ndations ( all /ates1 new z well z old or composite1 are good laws & good arms2 & z !re _c be good laws :]e ! /ate is n well arm$1 x foll[s t :]e !y are well arm$ !y h good laws4 ,i %all leave ! laws out ( ! discussion & %all speak ( ! arms4 ,i say1 !re=e1 t ! arms ) :i* a pr9ce def5ds 8 /ate are ei!r 8 own1 or !y are m]c5>ies1 auxili>ies1 or mix$4 ,m]c5>ies & auxili>ies are useless & dang]\s2 & if "o holds 8 /ate bas$ on ^! arms1 he w /& nei!r firm nor safe2 = !y are disunit$1 ambiti\s1 & )\t discipl9e1 unfai?ful1 valiant be=e fri5ds1 c[>dly be=e enemies2 !y h nei!r ! fe> ( ,god nor fidelity to m51 & de/ruction is def]r$ only s long z ! attack is2 = 9 peace "o is robb$ by !m1 & 9 w> by ! enemy4 ,! fact is1 !y h no o!r attraction or reason = keep+ ! field ?an a trifle ( /ip5d1 :i* is n suffici5t to make !m will+ to die = y4 ,!y are ready en\gh to be y\r soldi]s :il/ y d n make w>1 b if w> comes !y take !mselves (f or run f ! foe2 :i* ,i %\ld h little tr\ble to prove1 = ! ru9 ( ,italy has be5 caus$ by no?+ else ?an by re/+ all h] hopes = _m ye>s on m]c5>ies1 & al?\gh !y =m]ly made "s display & appe>$ valiant among/ !mselves1 yet :5 ! =eign]s came !y %[$ :at !y 74 ,?us x 0 t ,*>les1 ,k+ ( ,france1 0 all[$ to seize ,italy ) *alk 9 h&2#a & he :o told u t our s9s 7 ! cause ( x told ! tru?1 b !y 7 n ! s9s he imag9$1 b ^? :i* ,i h relat$4 ,& z !y 7 ! s9s ( pr9ces1 x is ! pr9ces :o h also suff]$ ! p5alty4 #a 8,) *alk 9 h&10 8col gesso40 ,?is is "o ( ! bons mots ( ,alex&] ,,vi1 & ref]s to ! ease ) :i* ,*>les ,,viii seiz$ ,italy1 imply+ t x 0 only necess>y = him to s5d 8 qu>t]ma/]s to *alk up ! billets = 8 soldi]s to conqu] ! c\ntry4 ,cf4 8,! ,hi/ory ( ,h5ry ,,vii10 by ,"l ,bacon3 8,k+ ,*>les _h conqu]$ ! realm ( ,naples1 & lo/ x aga91 9 a k9d ( a felicity ( a dream4 ,he pass$ ! :ole l5g? ( ,italy )\t resi/ance3 s t x 0 true :at ,pope ,alex&] 0 wont to say3 ,t ! ,fr5*m5 came into ,italy ) *alk 9 _! h&s1 to m>k up _! lodg+s1 r ?an ) swords to fight40 ,i wi% to demon/rate fur!r ! infelicity ( ^! arms4 ,! m]c5>y capta9s are ei!r capable m5 or !y are n2 if !y are1 y _c tru/ !m1 because !y always aspire to _! own greatness1 ei!r by oppress+ y1 :o are _! ma/]1 or o!rs contr>y to y\r int5tions2 b if ! capta9 is n skilful1 y are ru9$ 9 ! usual way4 ,& if x be urg$ t :oev] is arm$ w act 9 ! same way1 :e!r m]c5>y or n1 ,i reply t :5 arms h to be resort$ to1 ei!r by a pr9ce or a republic1 !n ! pr9ce ought to g 9 p]son & p]=m ! duty ( a capta92 ! republic has to s5d its citiz5s1 & :5 "o is s5t :o does n turn out satisfactorily1 x ought to recall him1 & :5 "o is wor?y1 to hold him by ! laws s t he does n leave ! comm&4 ,& exp]i5ce has %[n pr9ces & republics1 s+le-h&$1 mak+ ! greate/ progress1 & m]c5>ies do+ no?+ except damage2 & x is m difficult to br+ a republic1 arm$ ) its own arms1 "u ! sway ( "o ( its citiz5s ?an x is to br+ "o arm$ ) =eign arms4 ,rome & ,sp>ta /ood = _m ages arm$ & free4 ,! ,switz]s are completely arm$ & q free4 ,( anci5t m]c5>ies1 = example1 !re are ! ,c>?ag9ians1 :o 7 oppress$ by _! m]c5>y soldi]s aft] ! fir/ w> ) ! ,romans1 al?\gh ! ,c>?ag9ians _h _! own citiz5s = capta9s4 ,aft] ! dea? ( ,epam9ondas1 ,philip ( ,mac$on 0 made capta9 ( _! soldi]s by ! ,!bans1 & aft] victory he took away _! lib]ty4 ,duke ,filippo be+ dead1 ! ,milanese enli/$ ,francesco ,s=za aga9/ ! ,v5etians1 & he1 hav+ ov]come ! enemy at ,c>avaggio1#b alli$ himself ) !m to cru% ! ,milanese1 8 ma/]s4 ,8 fa!r1 ,s=za1 hav+ be5 engag$ by ,que5 ,johanna#c ( ,naples1 left h] unprotect$1 s t %e 0 =c$ to ?r[ h]self into ! arms ( ! ,k+ ( ,aragon1 9 ord] to save h] k+dom4 ,& if ! ,v5etians & ,flor5t9es =m]ly ext5d$ _! dom9ions by ^! arms1 & yet _! capta9s did n make !mselves pr9ces1 b h def5d$ !m1 ,i reply t ! ,flor5t9es 9 ?is case h be5 fav\r$ by *ance1 = ( ! able capta9s1 ( :om !y might h /ood 9 fe>1 "s h n conqu]$1 "s h be5 oppos$1 & o!rs h turn$ _! ambitions else:]e4 ,"o :o did n conqu] 0 ,giovanni ,acuto1#d & s9ce he did n conqu] 8 fidelity _c be prov$2 b e "o w ackn[l$ge t1 _h he conqu]$1 ! ,flor5t9es w\ld h /ood at 8 discretion4 ,s=za _h ! ,bracces*i always aga9/ him1 s !y wat*$ ea* o!r4 ,francesco turn$ 8 ambition to ,lomb>dy2 ,braccio aga9/ ! ,*ur* & ! k+dom ( ,naples4 ,b let u come to t :i* happ5$ a %ort :ile ago4 ,! ,flor5t9es appo9t$ z _! capta9 ,pagolo ,vitelli1 a mo/ prud5t man1 :o f a private position _h ris5 to ! greate/ r5[n4 ,if ?is man _h tak5 ,pisa1 nobody c d5y t x w\ld h be5 prop] = ! ,flor5t9es to keep 9 ) him1 = if he became ! soldi] ( _! enemies !y _h no means ( resi/+1 & if !y held to him !y mu/ obey him4 ,! ,v5etians1 if _! a*ievem5ts are consid]$1 w be se5 to h act$ safely & glori\sly s long z !y s5t to w> _! own m51 :5 ) arm$ g5tlem5 & plebians !y did valiantly4 ,?is 0 be=e !y turn$ to ent]prises on l&1 b :5 !y began to fight on l& !y =sook ?is virtue & foll[$ ! cu/om ( ,italy4 ,& 9 ! beg9n+ ( _! expansion on l&1 ?r\gh n hav+ mu* t]ritory1 & because ( _! great reputation1 !y _h n mu* to fe> f _! capta9s2 b :5 !y exp&$1 z "u ,c>mignuola1#e !y _h a ta/e ( ?is mi/ake2 =1 hav+ f\nd him a mo/ valiant man 7!y beat ! ,duke ( ,milan "u 8 lead]%ip71 &1 on ! o!r h&1 kn[+ h[ lukew>m he 0 9 ! w>1 !y fe>$ !y w\ld no long] conqu] "u him1 & = ?is reason !y 7 n will+1 nor 7 !y able1 to let him g2 & s1 n to lose aga9 t :i* !y _h acquir$1 !y 7 compell$1 9 ord] to secure !mselves1 to murd] him4 ,!y _h aft]w>ds = _! capta9s ,b>tolomeo da ,b]gamo1 ,rob]to da ,san ,sev]9o1 ! c\nt ( ,pitigliano1#f & ! l1 "u :om !y _h to dread loss & n ga91 z happ5$ aft]w>ds at ,vaila1#g :]e 9 "o battle !y lo/ t :i* 9 eight hundr$ ye>s !y _h acquir$ ) s mu* tr\ble4 ,because f su* arms conque/s come b sl[ly1 long delay$ & inconsid]able1 b ! losses sudd5 & port5t\s4 #b ,battle ( ,c>avaggio1 #ae? ,septemb] #addh4 #c ,johanna ,,ii ( ,naples1 ! wid[ ( ,ladislao1 ,k+ ( ,naples4 #d ,giovanni ,acuto4 ,an ,engli% knight ^: "n 0 ,sir ,john ,hawkwood4 ,he f\ght 9 ! ,engli% w>s 9 ,france1 & 0 knight$ by ,edw>d ,,iii2 aft]w>ds he collect$ a body ( troops & w5t into ,italy4 ,^! became ! fam\s 8,:ite ,company40 ,he took "p 9 _m w>s1 & di$ 9 ,flor5ce 9 #acid4 ,he 0 born ab\t #acbj at ,sible ,h$+ham1 a village 9 ,essex4 ,he m>ri$ ,domnia1 a daught] ( ,b]nabo ,visconti4 #e ,c>mignuola4 ,francesco ,bussone1 born at ,c>magnola ab\t #acij1 execut$ at ,v5ice1 #e? ,may #adcb4 #f ,b>tolomeo ,colleoni ( ,b]gamo2 di$ #adeg4 ,rob]to ( ,san ,sev]9o2 di$ fight+ = ,v5ice aga9/ ,sigismund1 ,duke ( ,au/ria1 9 #adhg4 8,primo capitano 9 ,italia40--,ma*iavelli4 ,c\nt ( ,pitigliano2 ,nicolo ,ors9i1 born #addb1 di$ #aeaj4 #g ,battle ( ,vaila 9 #aeji4 ,& z ) ^! examples ,i h rea*$ ,italy1 :i* has be5 rul$ = _m ye>s by m]c5>ies1 ,i wi% to discuss !m m s]i\sly1 9 ord] t1 hav+ se5 _! rise & progress1 "o may be bett] prep>$ to c\nt]act !m4 ,y mu/ und]/& t ! empire has rec5tly come to be repudiat$ 9 ,italy1 t ! ,pope has acquir$ m temporal p[]1 & t ,italy has be5 divid$ up into m /ates1 = ! reason t _m ( ! great cities took up arms aga9/ _! nobles1 :o1 =m]ly fav\r$ by ! emp]or1 7 oppress+ !m1 :il/ ! ,*ur* 0 fav\r+ !m s z to ga9 au?ority 9 temporal p[]3 9 _m o!rs _! citiz5s became pr9ces4 ,f ?is x came to pass t ,italy fell p>tly into ! h&s ( ! ,*ur* & ( republics1 &1 ! ,*ur* consi/+ ( prie/s & ! republic ( citiz5s unaccu/om$ to arms1 bo? comm5c$ to enli/ =eign]s4 ,! fir/ :o gave r5[n to ?is soldi]y 0 ,alb]igo da ,conio1#h ! ,romagnian4 ,f ! s*ool ( ?is man sprang1 among o!rs1 ,braccio & ,s=za1 :o 9 _! "t 7 ! arbit]s ( ,italy4 ,aft] ^! came all ! o!r capta9s :o till n[ h direct$ ! arms ( ,italy2 & ! end ( all _! val\r has be51 t %e has be5 ov]run by ,*>les1 robb$ by ,l\is1 ravag$ by ,f]d9&1 & insult$ by ! ,switz]s4 ,! pr9ciple t has guid$ !m has be51 fir/1 to l[] ! cr$it ( infantry s t !y might increase _! own4 ,!y did ?is because1 subsi/+ on _! pay & )\t t]ritory1 !y 7 unable to support _m soldi]s1 & a few infantry did n give !m any au?ority2 s !y 7 l$ to employ cavalry1 ) a mod]ate =ce ( :i* !y 7 ma9ta9$ & hon\r$2 & affairs 7 br\ght to su* a pass t1 9 an army ( tw5ty ?\s& soldi]s1 !re 7 n to be f\nd two ?\s& foot soldi]s4 ,!y _h1 besides ?is1 us$ e art to less5 fatigue & dang] to !mselves & _! soldi]s1 n kill+ 9 ! fray1 b tak+ prison]s & lib]at+ )\t ransom4 ,!y did n attack t[ns at night1 nor did ! g>risons ( ! t[ns attack encampm5ts at night2 !y did n surr\nd ! camp ei!r ) /ockade or dit*1 nor did !y campaign 9 ! w9t]4 ,all ^! ?+s 7 p]mitt$ by _! milit>y rules1 & devis$ by !m to avoid1 z ,i h said1 bo? fatigue & dang]s2 ?us !y h br\ght ,italy to slav]y & contempt4 #h ,alb]igo da ,conio4 ,alb]ico da ,b>biano1 ,c\nt ( ,cunio 9 ,romagna4 ,he 0 ! lead] ( ! fam\s 8,company ( ,/ ,george10 compos$ entirely ( ,italian soldi]s4 ,he di$ 9 #adji4 ,,*apt] ,,xiii4 ,,conc]n+ ,,auxili>ies1 ,,mix$ ,,soldi]y1 ,,& ,,"o',s ,,own ,auxili>ies1 :i* are ! o!r useless arm1 are employ$ :5 a pr9ce is call$ 9 ) 8 =ces to aid & def5d1 z 0 done by ,pope ,julius 9 ! mo/ rec5t times2 = he1 hav+1 9 ! ent]prise aga9/ ,f]r>a1 _h poor pro( ( 8 m]c5>ies1 turn$ to auxili>ies1 & /ipulat$ ) ,f]d9&1 ,k+ ( ,spa91#a = 8 assi/ance ) m5 & arms4 ,^! arms may be useful & good 9 !mselves1 b = him :o calls !m 9 !y are always disadvantage\s2 = los+1 "o is undone1 & w9n+1 "o is _! captive4 #a ,f]d9& ,v 7,f4 ,,ii ( ,aragon & ,sicily1 ,f4 ,,iii ( ,naples71 surnam$ 8,! ,ca?olic10 born #adeb1 di$ #aeaf4 ,& al?\gh anci5t hi/ories may be full ( examples1 ,i d n wi% to leave ?is rec5t "o ( ,pope ,julius ! ,second1 ! p]il ( :i* _c fail to be p]ceiv$2 = he1 wi%+ to get ,f]r>a1 ?rew himself entirely into ! h&s ( ! =eign]4 ,b 8 good =tune br\ght ab\t a ?ird ev5t1 s t he did n reap ! fruit ( 8 ra% *oice2 because1 hav+ 8 auxili>ies r\t$ at ,rav5na1 & ! ,switz]s hav+ ris5 & driv5 out ! conqu]ors 7aga9/ all expectation1 bo? 8 & o!rs71 x s came to pass t he did n become prison] to 8 enemies1 !y hav+ fl$1 nor to 8 auxili>ies1 he hav+ conqu]$ by o!r arms ?an !irs4 ,! ,flor5t9es1 be+ entirely )\t arms1 s5t t5 ?\s& ,fr5*m5 to take ,pisa1 :]eby !y ran m dang] ?an at any o!r "t ( _! tr\bles4 ,! ,emp]or ( ,con/ant9ople1#b to oppose 8 neighb\rs1 s5t t5 ?\s& ,turks into ,greece1 :o1 on ! w> be+ f9i%$1 7 n will+ to quit2 ?is 0 ! beg9n+ ( ! s]vitude ( ,greece to ! infidels4 #b ,joannes ,cantacuz5us1 born #acjj1 di$ #achc4 ,!re=e1 let him :o has no desire to conqu] make use ( ^! arms1 = !y are mu* m haz>d\s ?an m]c5>ies1 because ) !m ! ru9 is ready made2 !y are all unit$1 all yield ob$i5ce to o!rs2 b ) m]c5>ies1 :5 !y h conqu]$1 m "t & bett] opportunities are ne$$ to injure y2 !y are n all ( "o community1 !y are f\nd & paid by y1 & a ?ird p>ty1 :i* y h made _! head1 is n able all at once to assume en\gh au?ority to injure y4 ,9 conclusion1 9 m]c5>ies da/>dy is mo/ dang]\s2 9 auxili>ies1 val\r4 ,! wise pr9ce1 !re=e1 has always avoid$ ^! arms & turn$ to 8 own2 & has be5 will+ r to lose ) !m ?an to conqu] ) ! o!rs1 n deem+ t a real victory :i* is ga9$ ) ! arms ( o!rs4 ,i %all nev] hesitate to cite ,ces>e ,borgia & 8 actions4 ,?is duke ent]$ ! ,romagna ) auxili>ies1 tak+ !re only ,fr5* soldi]s1 & ) !m he captur$ ,imola & ,=li2 b aft]w>ds1 su* =ces n appe>+ to him reliable1 he turn$ to m]c5>ies1 disc]n+ less dang] 9 !m1 & enli/$ ! ,ors9i & ,vitelli2 :om pres5tly1 on h&l+ & f9d+ !m d\btful1 unfai?ful1 & dang]\s1 he de/roy$ & turn$ to 8 own m54 ,& ! diff]5ce betwe5 "o & ! o!r ( ^! =ces c easily be se5 :5 "o consid]s ! diff]5ce !re 0 9 ! reputation ( ! duke1 :5 he _h ! ,fr5*1 :5 he _h ! ,ors9i & ,vitelli1 & :5 he reli$ on 8 own soldi]s1 on ^: fidelity he c\ld always c\nt & f\nd x ev] increas+2 he 0 nev] e/eem$ m highly ?an :5 e "o saw t he 0 complete ma/] ( 8 own =ces4 ,i 0 n int5d+ to g beyond ,italian & rec5t examples1 b ,i am unwill+ to leave out ,hi]o1 ! ,syracusan1 he be+ "o ( ^? ,i h nam$ above4 ,?is man1 z ,i h said1 made head ( ! army by ! ,syracusans1 soon f\nd out t a m]c5>y soldi]y1 con/itut$ l our ,italian condotti]i1 0 ( no use2 & x appe>+ to him t he c\ld nei!r keep !m nor let !m g1 he _h !m all cut to pieces1 & aft]w>ds made w> ) 8 own =ces & n ) ali5s4 ,i wi% also to recall to memory an in/ance f ! ,old ,te/am5t applicable to ?is subject4 ,david (f]$ himself to ,saul to fight ) ,golia?1 ! ,phili/9e *ampion1 &1 to give him c\rage1 ,saul arm$ him ) 8 own weapons2 :i* ,david reject$ z soon z he _h !m on 8 back1 say+ he c\ld make no use ( !m1 & t he wi%$ to meet ! enemy ) 8 sl+ & 8 knife4 ,9 conclusion1 ! arms ( o!rs ei!r fall f y\r back1 or !y weigh y d[n1 or !y b9d y fa/4 ,*>les ! ,sev5?1#c ! fa!r ( ,k+ ,l\is ! ,elev5?1#d hav+ by good =tune & val\r lib]at$ ,france f ! ,engli%1 recogniz$ ! necessity ( be+ arm$ ) =ces ( 8 own1 & he e/abli%$ 9 8 k+dom ord9ances conc]n+ m5-at-arms & infantry4 ,aft]w>ds 8 son1 ,k+ ,l\is1 aboli%$ ! infantry & began to enli/ ! ,switz]s1 :i* mi/ake1 foll[$ by o!rs1 is1 z is n[ se51 a s\rce ( p]il to t k+dom2 because1 hav+ rais$ ! reputation ( ! ,switz]s1 he has entirely dim9i%$ ! value ( 8 own arms1 = he has de/roy$ ! infantry altoge!r2 & 8 m5-at-arms he has subord9at$ to o!rs1 =1 be+ z !y are s accu/om$ to fight along ) ,switz]s1 x does n appe> t !y c n[ conqu] )\t !m4 ,h5ce x arises t ! ,fr5* _c /& aga9/ ! ,switz]s1 & )\t ! ,switz]s !y d n come (f well aga9/ o!rs4 ,! armies ( ! ,fr5* h ?us become mix$1 p>tly m]c5>y & p>tly national1 bo? ( :i* arms toge!r are mu* bett] ?an m]c5>ies alone or auxili>ies alone1 b mu* inf]ior to "o's own =ces4 ,& ?is example proves x1 = ! k+dom ( ,france w\ld be unconqu]able if ! ord9ance ( ,*>les _h be5 enl>g$ or ma9ta9$4 #c ,*>les ,,vii ( ,france1 surnam$ 8,! ,victori\s10 born #adjc1 di$ #adfa4 #d ,l\is ,,xi1 son ( ! above1 born #adbc1 di$ #adhc4 ,b ! scanty wisdom ( man1 on ent]+ into an affair :i* looks well at fir/1 _c disc]n ! poison t is hidd5 9 x1 z ,i h said above ( hectic fev]s4 ,!re=e1 if he :o rules a pr9cipality _c recognize evils until !y are ^u him1 he is n truly wise2 & ?is insight is giv5 to few4 ,& if ! fir/ disa/] to ! ,roman ,empire#e %\ld be exam9$1 x w be f\nd to h comm5c$ only ) ! enli/+ ( ! ,go?s2 because f t "t ! vig\r ( ! ,roman ,empire began to decl9e1 & all t val\r :i* _h rais$ x pass$ away to o!rs4 #e 8,_m speak]s to ! ,h\se ! o!r night 9 ! debate on ! r$uction ( armam5ts seem$ to %[ a mo/ lam5table ignorance ( ! conditions "u :i* ! ,briti% ,empire ma9ta9s its exi/5ce4 ,:5 ,mr ,balf\r repli$ to ! allegations t ! ,roman ,empire sank "u ! weight ( its milit>y obligations1 he said t ?is 0 #8:olly unhi/orical4' ,he might well h add$ t ! ,roman p[] 0 at its z5i? :5 e citiz5 ackn[l$g$ 8 liability to fight = ! ,/ate1 b t x began to decl9e z soon z ?is obligation 0 no long] recognis$40--,pall ,mall ,gazette1 #ae? ,may #aijf4 ,i conclude1 !re=e1 t no pr9cipality is secure )\t hav+ its own =ces2 on ! contr>y1 x is entirely dep5d5t on good =tune1 n hav+ ! val\r :i* 9 adv]sity w\ld def5d x4 ,& x has always be5 ! op9ion & judgm5t ( wise m5 t no?+ c be s unc]ta9 or un/able z fame or p[] n f\nd$ on its own /r5g?4 ,& "o's own =ces are ^? :i* are compos$ ei!r ( subjects1 citiz5s1 or dep5d5ts2 all o!rs are m]c5>ies or auxili>ies4 ,& ! way to make ready "o's own =ces w be easily f\nd if ! rules sugge/$ by me %all be reflect$ ^u1 & if "o w consid] h[ ,philip1 ! fa!r ( ,alex&] ! ,great1 & _m republics & pr9ces h arm$ & organiz$ !mselves1 to :i* rules ,i entirely commit myself4 ,,*apt] ,,xiv4 ,,t ,,:i* ,,conc]ns ,a ,,pr9ce ,,on ,,! ,,subject ,,( ,,! ,,art ,,( ,,w> ,a pr9ce ought to h no o!r aim or ?\ght1 nor select any?+ else = 8 /udy1 ?an w> & its rules & discipl9e2 = ?is is ! sole art t belongs to him :o rules1 & x is ( su* =ce t x n only upholds ^? :o are born pr9ces1 b x (t5 enables m5 to rise f a private /ation to t rank4 ,&1 on ! contr>y1 x is se5 t :5 pr9ces h ?\ght m ( ease ?an ( arms !y h lo/ _! /ates4 ,& ! fir/ cause ( y\r los+ x is to neglect ?is art2 & :at enables y to acquire a /ate is to be ma/] ( ! art4 ,francesco ,s=za1 ?r\gh be+ m>tial1 f a private p]son became ,duke ( ,milan2 & ! sons1 ?r\gh avoid+ ! h>d%ips & tr\bles ( arms1 f dukes became private p]sons4 ,= among o!r evils :i* be+ un>m$ br+s y1 x causes y to be despis$1 & ?is is "o ( ^? ignom9ies aga9/ :i* a pr9ce ought to gu>d himself1 z is %[n lat] on4 ,because !re is no?+ proportionate betwe5 ! arm$ & ! un>m$2 & x is n reasonable t he :o is arm$ %\ld yield ob$i5ce will+ly to him :o is un>m$1 or t ! un>m$ man %\ld be secure among arm$ s]vants4 ,because1 !re be+ 9 ! "o disda9 & 9 ! o!r suspicion1 x is n possible = !m to "w well toge!r4 ,& !re=e a pr9ce :o does n und]/& ! art ( w>1 ov] & above ! o!r mis=tunes already m5tion$1 _c be respect$ by 8 soldi]s1 nor c he rely on !m4 ,he ought nev]1 !re=e1 to h out ( 8 ?\ghts ?is subject ( w>1 & 9 peace he %\ld addict himself m to its ex]cise ?an 9 w>2 ?is he c d 9 two ways1 ! "o by action1 ! o!r by /udy4 ,z reg>ds action1 he ought above all ?+s to keep 8 m5 well organiz$ & drill$1 to foll[ incessantly ! *ase1 by :i* he accu/oms 8 body to h>d%ips1 & le>ns some?+ ( ! nature ( localities1 & gets to f9d out h[ ! m\nta9s rise1 h[ ! valleys op5 out1 h[ ! pla9s lie1 & to und]/& ! nature ( riv]s & m>%es1 & 9 all ?is to take ! greate/ c>e4 ,:i* k is useful 9 two ways4 ,fir/ly1 he le>ns to "k 8 c\ntry1 & is bett] able to und]take its def5ce2 aft]w>ds1 by means ( ! k & obs]vation ( t locality1 he und]/&s ) ease any o!r :i* x may be necess>y = him to /udy h]eaft]2 because ! hills1 valleys1 & pla9s1 & riv]s & m>%es t are1 = in/ance1 9 ,tuscany1 h a c]ta9 resemblance to ^? ( o!r c\ntries1 s t ) a k ( ! aspect ( "o c\ntry "o c easily arrive at a k ( o!rs4 ,& ! pr9ce t lacks ?is skill lacks ! ess5tial :i* x is desirable t a capta9 %\ld possess1 = x tea*es him to surprise 8 enemy1 to select qu>t]s1 to lead armies1 to array ! battle1 to besiege t[ns to advantage4 ,philopoem51#a ,pr9ce ( ! ,a*aeans1 among o!r praises :i* writ]s h be/[$ on him1 is comm5d$ because 9 "t ( peace he nev] _h any?+ 9 8 m9d b ! rules ( w>2 & :5 he 0 9 ! c\ntry ) fri5ds1 he (t5 /opp$ & reason$ ) !m3 8,if ! enemy %\ld be ^u t hill1 & we %\ld f9d ourselves "h ) our army1 ) :om w\ld be ! advantage8 ,h[ %\ld "o be/ advance to meet him1 keep+ ! ranks8 ,if we %\ld wi% to retreat1 h[ ought we to pursue80 ,& he w\ld set =? to !m1 z he w5t1 all ! *ances t c\ld befall an army2 he w\ld li/5 to _! op9ion & /ate 81 confirm+ x ) reasons1 s t by ^! cont9ual discussions !re c\ld nev] arise1 9 "t ( w>1 any unexpect$ circum/ances t he c\ld n deal )4 #a ,philopoem51 8! la/ ( ! ,greeks10 born #beb ,b4,c41 di$ #ahc ,b4,c4 ,b to ex]cise ! intellect ! pr9ce %\ld read hi/ories1 & /udy !re ! actions ( illu/ri\s m51 to see h[ !y h borne !mselves 9 w>1 to exam9e ! causes ( _! victories & defeat1 s z to avoid ! latt] & imitate ! =m]2 & above all d z an illu/ri\s man did1 :o took z an exempl> "o :o _h be5 prais$ & fam\s be=e him1 & ^: a*ievem5ts & de$s he always kept 9 8 m9d1 z x is said ,alex&] ! ,great imitat$ ,a*illes1 ,caes> ,alex&]1 ,scipio ,cyrus4 ,& :oev] reads ! life ( ,cyrus1 writt5 by ,x5ophon1 w recognize aft]w>ds 9 ! life ( ,scipio h[ t imitation 0 8 glory1 & h[ 9 *a/ity1 affability1 humanity1 & lib]ality ,scipio con=m$ to ^? ?+s :i* h be5 writt5 ( ,cyrus by ,x5ophon4 ,a wise pr9ce ought to obs]ve "s su* rules1 & nev] 9 peaceful times /& idle1 b increase 8 res\rces ) indu/ry 9 su* a way t !y may be available to him 9 adv]sity1 s t if =tune *ances x may f9d him prep>$ to resi/ h] bl[s4 ,,*apt] ,,xv4 ,,conc]n+ ,,?+s ,,= ,,:i* ,,m51 ,,& ,,especially ,,pr9ces1 ,,are ,,prais$ ,,or ,,blam$ ,x rema9s n[ to see :at ought to be ! rules ( conduct = a pr9ce t[>ds subject & fri5ds4 ,& z ,i "k t _m h writt5 on ?is po9t1 ,i expect ,i %all be consid]$ presumptu\s 9 m5tion+ x aga91 especially z 9 discuss+ x ,i %all dep>t f ! me?ods ( o!r p4 ,b1 x be+ my int5tion to write a ?+ :i* %all be useful to him :o appreh5ds x1 x appe>s to me m appropriate to foll[ up ! real tru? ( ! matt] ?an ! imag9ation ( x2 = _m h pictur$ republics & pr9cipalities :i* 9 fact h nev] be5 kn[n or se51 because h[ "o lives is s f> di/ant f h[ "o ought to live1 t he :o neglects :at is done = :at ought to be done1 soon] effects 8 ru9 ?an 8 pres]vation2 = a man :o wi%es to act entirely up to 8 pr(essions ( virtue soon meets ) :at de/roys him among s mu* t is evil4 ,h5ce x is necess>y = a pr9ce wi%+ to hold 8 own to "k h[ to d wrong1 & to make use ( x or n accord+ to necessity4 ,!re=e1 putt+ on "o side imag9>y ?+s conc]n+ a pr9ce1 & discuss+ ^? :i* are real1 ,i say t all m5 :5 !y are spok5 (1 & *iefly pr9ces = be+ m highly plac$1 are rem>kable = "s ( ^? qualities :i* br+ !m ei!r blame or praise2 & ?us x is t "o is reput$ lib]al1 ano!r mis]ly1 us+ a ,tuscan t]m 7because an av>ici\s p]son 9 our language is /ill he :o desires to possess by robb]y1 :il/ we call "o mis]ly :o deprives himself too mu* ( ! use ( 8 own72 "o is reput$ g5]\s1 "o rapaci\s2 "o cruel1 "o compassionate2 "o fai?less1 ano!r fai?ful2 "o effem9ate & c[>dly1 ano!r bold & brave2 "o affable1 ano!r haughty2 "o lascivi\s1 ano!r *a/e2 "o s9c]e1 ano!r cunn+2 "o h>d1 ano!r easy2 "o grave1 ano!r frivol\s2 "o religi\s1 ano!r unbeliev+1 & ! l4 ,& ,i "k t e "o w confess t x w\ld be mo/ praisewor?y 9 a pr9ce to exhibit all ! above qualities t are consid]$ good2 b because !y c nei!r be entirely possess$ nor obs]v$1 = human conditions d n p]mit x1 x is necess>y = him to be suffici5tly prud5t t he may "k h[ to avoid ! reproa* ( ^? vices :i* w\ld lose him 8 /ate2 & also to keep himself1 if x be possible1 f ^? :i* w\ld n lose him x2 b ?is n be+ possible1 he may ) less hesitation ab&on himself to !m4 ,& aga91 he ne$ n make himself uneasy at incurr+ a reproa* = ^? vices )\t :i* ! /ate c only be sav$ ) difficulty1 = if ev]y?+ is consid]$ c>efully1 x w be f\nd t some?+ :i* looks l virtue1 if foll[$1 w\ld be 8 ru92 :il/ some?+ else1 :i* looks l vice1 yet foll[$ br+s him security & prosp]ity4 ,,*apt] ,,xvi4 ,,conc]n+ ,,lib]ality ,,& ,,meanness ,comm5c+ !n ) ! fir/ ( ! above-nam$ *>act]i/ics1 ,i say t x w\ld be well to be reput$ lib]al4 ,nev]!less1 lib]ality ex]cis$ 9 a way t does n br+ y ! reputation = x1 injures y2 = if "o ex]cises x hone/ly & z x %\ld be ex]cis$1 x may n become kn[n1 & y w n avoid ! reproa* ( its opposite4 ,!re=e1 any "o wi%+ to ma9ta9 among m5 ! "n ( lib]al is oblig$ to avoid no attribute ( magnific5ce2 s t a pr9ce ?us incl9$ w consume 9 su* acts all 8 prop]ty1 & w be compell$ 9 ! end1 if he wi% to ma9ta9 ! "n ( lib]al1 to unduly weigh d[n 8 p1 & tax !m1 & d ev]y?+ he c to get money4 ,?is w soon make him odi\s to 8 subjects1 & becom+ poor he w be little valu$ by any "o2 ?us1 ) 8 lib]ality1 hav+ (f5d$ _m & rew>d$ few1 he is affect$ by ! v fir/ tr\ble & imp]ill$ by :atev] may be ! fir/ dang]2 recogniz+ ?is himself1 & wi%+ to draw back f x1 he runs at once into ! reproa* ( be+ mis]ly4 ,!re=e1 a pr9ce1 n be+ able to ex]cise ?is virtue ( lib]ality 9 su* a way t x is recogniz$1 except to 8 co/1 if he is wise he ought n to fe> ! reputation ( be+ mean1 = 9 "t he w come to be m consid]$ ?an if lib]al1 see+ t ) 8 economy 8 rev5ues are en\gh1 t he c def5d himself aga9/ all attacks1 & is able to engage 9 ent]prises )\t burd5+ 8 p2 ?us x comes to pass t he ex]cises lib]ality t[>ds all f :om he does n take1 :o are numb]less1 & meanness t[>ds ^? to :om he does n give1 :o are few4 ,we h n se5 great ?+s done 9 our "t except by ^? :o h be5 consid]$ mean2 ! re/ h fail$4 ,pope ,julius ! ,second 0 assi/$ 9 rea*+ ! papacy by a reputation = lib]ality1 yet he did n /rive aft]w>ds to keep x up1 :5 he made w> on ! ,k+ ( ,france2 & he made _m w>s )\t impos+ any extraord9>y tax on 8 subjects1 = he suppli$ 8 additional exp5ses out ( 8 long ?rift9ess4 ,! pres5t ,k+ ( ,spa9 w\ld n h und]tak5 or conqu]$ 9 s _m ent]prises if he _h be5 reput$ lib]al4 ,a pr9ce1 !re=e1 provid$ t he has n to rob 8 subjects1 t he c def5d himself1 t he does n become poor & abject1 t he is n =c$ to become rapaci\s1 ought to hold ( little acc\nt a reputation = be+ mean1 = x is "o ( ^? vices :i* w enable him to gov]n4 ,& if any "o %\ld say3 ,caes> obta9$ empire by lib]ality1 & _m o!rs h rea*$ ! highe/ positions by hav+ be5 lib]al1 & by be+ consid]$ s1 ,i answ]3 ,ei!r y are a pr9ce 9 fact1 or 9 a way to become "o4 ,9 ! fir/ case ?is lib]ality is dang]\s1 9 ! second x is v necess>y to be consid]$ lib]al2 & ,caes> 0 "o ( ^? :o wi%$ to become pre-em95t 9 ,rome2 b if he _h surviv$ aft] becom+ s1 & _h n mod]at$ 8 exp5ses1 he w\ld h de/roy$ 8 gov]nm5t4 ,& if any "o %\ld reply3 ,_m h be5 pr9ces1 & h done great ?+s ) armies1 :o h be5 consid]$ v lib]al1 ,i reply3 ,ei!r a pr9ce sp5ds t :i* is 8 own or 8 subjects' or else t ( o!rs4 ,9 ! fir/ case he ought to be sp>+1 9 ! second he ought n to neglect any opportunity = lib]ality4 ,& to ! pr9ce :o goes =? ) 8 army1 support+ x by pillage1 sack1 & extortion1 h&l+ t :i* belongs to o!rs1 ?is lib]ality is necess>y1 o!rwise he w\ld n be foll[$ by soldi]s4 ,& ( t :i* is nei!r y\rs nor y\r subjects' y c be a ready giv]1 z 7 ,cyrus1 ,caes>1 & ,alex&]2 because x does n take away y\r reputation if y squ&] t ( o!rs1 b adds to x2 x is only squ&]+ y\r own t injures y4 ,& !re is no?+ wa/es s rapidly z lib]ality1 = ev5 :il/ y ex]cise x y lose ! p[] to d s1 & s become ei!r poor or despis$1 or else1 9 avoid+ pov]ty1 rapaci\s & hat$4 ,& a pr9ce %\ld gu>d himself1 above all ?+s1 aga9/ be+ despis$ & hat$2 & lib]ality leads y to bo?4 ,!re=e x is wis] to h a reputation = meanness :i* br+s reproa* )\t hatr$1 ?an to be compell$ ?r\gh seek+ a reputation = lib]ality to incur a "n = rapacity :i* begets reproa* ) hatr$4 ,,*apt] ,,xvii4 ,,conc]n+ ,,cruelty ,,& ,,clem5cy1 ,,& ,,:e!r ,,x ,,is ,,bett] ,,to ,,be ,,lov$ ,,?an ,,fe>$ ,com+ n[ to ! o!r qualities m5tion$ above1 ,i say t e pr9ce ought to desire to be consid]$ clem5t & n cruel4 ,nev]!less he ought to take c>e n to misuse ?is clem5cy4 ,ces>e ,borgia 0 consid]$ cruel2 not)/&+1 8 cruelty reconcil$ ! ,romagna1 unifi$ x1 & re/or$ x to peace & loyalty4 ,& if ?is be rightly consid]$1 he w be se5 to h be5 mu* m m]ciful ?an ! ,flor5t9e p1 :o1 to avoid a reputation = cruelty1 p]mitt$ ,pi/oia to be de/roy$4#a ,!re=e a pr9ce1 s long z he keeps 8 subjects unit$ & loyal1 ought n to m9d ! reproa* ( cruelty2 because ) a few examples he w be m m]ciful ?an ^? :o1 ?r\gh too mu* m]cy1 all[ disord]s to arise1 f :i* foll[ murd]s or robb]ies2 = ^! are wont to injure ! :ole p1 :il/ ^? executions :i* orig9ate ) a pr9ce (f5d ! individual only4 #a ,dur+ ! riot+ betwe5 ! ,cancelli]i & ,panciati*i factions 9 #aejb & #aejc4 ,& ( all pr9ces1 x is impossible = ! new pr9ce to avoid ! imputation ( cruelty1 ow+ to new /ates be+ full ( dang]s4 ,h5ce ,virgil1 ?r\gh ! m\? ( ,dido1 excuses ! inhumanity ( h] reign ow+ to its be+ new1 say+3 8,res dura1 et regni novitas me talia cogunt ,moliri1 et late f9es cu/ode tu]i40#b ,nev]!less he ought to be sl[ to believe & to act1 nor %\ld he himself %[ fe>1 b proce$ 9 a temp]ate mann] ) prud5ce & humanity1 s t too mu* confid5ce may n make him incauti\s & too mu* di/ru/ r5d] him intol]able4 #b 4 4 4 aga9/ my w1 my fate ,a ?rone unsettl$1 & an infant /ate1 ,bid me def5d my realms ) all my p['rs1 ,& gu>d ) ^! sev]ities my %ores4 ,*ri/oph] ,pitt4 ,^u ?is a "q arises3 :e!r x be bett] to be lov$ ?an fe>$ or fe>$ ?an lov$8 ,x may be answ]$ t "o %\ld wi% to be bo?1 b1 because x is difficult to unite !m 9 "o p]son1 x is mu* saf] to be fe>$ ?an lov$1 :51 ( ! two1 ei!r mu/ be disp5s$ )4 ,because ?is is to be ass]t$ 9 g5]al ( m51 t !y are ungrateful1 fickle1 false1 c[>dly1 covet\s1 & z long z y succe$ !y are y\rs entirely2 !y w (f] y _! blood1 prop]ty1 life1 & *ildr51 z is said above1 :5 ! ne$ is f> di/ant2 b :5 x approa*es !y turn aga9/ y4 ,& t pr9ce :o1 rely+ entirely on _! promises1 has neglect$ o!r precautions1 is ru9$2 because fri5d%ips t are obta9$ by paym5ts1 & n by greatness or nobility ( m9d1 may inde$ be e>n$1 b !y are n secur$1 & 9 "t ( ne$ _c be reli$ ^u2 & m5 h less scruple 9 (f5d+ "o :o is belov$ ?an "o :o is fe>$1 = love is pres]v$ by ! l9k ( obligation :i*1 ow+ to ! bas5ess ( m51 is brok5 at e opportunity = _! advantage2 b fe> pres]ves y by a dread ( puni%m5t :i* nev] fails4 ,nev]!less a pr9ce ought to inspire fe> 9 su* a way t1 if he does n w9 love1 he avoids hatr$2 because he c endure v well be+ fe>$ :il/ he is n hat$1 :i* w always be z long z he ab/a9s f ! prop]ty ( 8 citiz5s & subjects & f _! wom54 ,b :5 x is necess>y = him to proce$ aga9/ ! life ( someone1 he mu/ d x on prop] ju/ification & = manife/ cause1 b above all ?+s he mu/ keep 8 h&s (f ! prop]ty ( o!rs1 because m5 m quickly =get ! dea? ( _! fa!r ?an ! loss ( _! patrimony4 ,besides1 pretexts = tak+ away ! prop]ty are nev] want+2 = he :o has once begun to live by robb]y w always f9d pretexts = seiz+ :at belongs to o!rs2 b reasons = tak+ life1 on ! contr>y1 are m difficult to f9d & soon] lapse4 ,b :5 a pr9ce is ) 8 army1 & has "u control a multitude ( soldi]s1 !n x is q necess>y = him to disreg>d ! reputation ( cruelty1 = )\t x he w\ld nev] hold 8 army unit$ or dispos$ to its duties4 ,among ! wond]ful de$s ( ,hannibal ?is "o is enum]at$3 t hav+ l$ an enorm\s army1 compos$ ( _m v>i\s races ( m51 to fight 9 =eign l&s1 no diss5sions arose ei!r among !m or aga9/ ! pr9ce1 :e!r 9 8 bad or 9 8 good =tune4 ,?is arose f no?+ else ?an 8 inhuman cruelty1 :i*1 ) 8 b\ndless val\r1 made him rev]$ & t]rible 9 ! sight ( 8 soldi]s1 b )\t t cruelty1 8 o!r virtues 7 n suffici5t to produce ?is effect4 ,& %ort-sight$ writ]s admire 8 de$s f "o po9t ( view & f ano!r condemn ! pr9cipal cause ( !m4 ,t x is true 8 o!r virtues w\ld n h be5 suffici5t = him may be prov$ by ! case ( ,scipio1 t mo/ excell5t man1 n only ( 8 own times b )9 ! memory ( man1 aga9/ :om1 nev]!less1 8 army rebell$ 9 ,spa92 ?is arose f no?+ b 8 too great =be>ance1 :i* gave 8 soldi]s m lic5se ?an is consi/5t ) milit>y discipl9e4 ,= ?is he 0 upbraid$ 9 ! ,s5ate by ,fabius ,maximus1 & call$ ! corrupt] ( ! ,roman soldi]y4 ,! ,locrians 7 laid wa/e by a legate ( ,scipio1 yet !y 7 n av5g$ by him1 nor 0 ! insol5ce ( ! legate puni%$1 ow+ entirely to 8 easy nature4 ,insomu* t someone 9 ! ,s5ate1 wi%+ to excuse him1 said !re 7 _m m5 :o knew mu* bett] h[ n to err ?an to correct ! errors ( o!rs4 ,?is disposition1 if he _h be5 cont9u$ 9 ! comm&1 w\ld h de/roy$ 9 "t ! fame & glory ( ,scipio2 b1 he be+ "u ! control ( ! ,s5ate1 ?is injuri\s *>act]i/ic n only conceal$ itself1 b contribut$ to 8 glory4 ,return+ to ! "q ( be+ fe>$ or lov$1 ,i come to ! conclusion t1 m5 lov+ accord+ to _! own w & fe>+ accord+ to t ( ! pr9ce1 a wise pr9ce %\ld e/abli% himself on t :i* is 9 8 own control & n 9 t ( o!rs2 he mu/ endeav\r only to avoid hatr$1 z is not$4 ,,*apt] ,,xviii4#a ,,conc]n+ ,,! ,,way ,,9 ,,:i* ,,pr9ces ,,%\ld ,,keep ,,fai? #a 8,! pres5t *apt] has giv5 great] (f5ce ?an any o!r portion ( ,ma*iavelli's writ+s40 ,burd1 8,il ,pr9cipe10 p4 #big4 ,e "o admits h[ praisewor?y x is 9 a pr9ce to keep fai?1 & to live ) integrity & n ) craft4 ,nev]!less our exp]i5ce has be5 t ^? pr9ces :o h done great ?+s h held good fai? ( little acc\nt1 & h kn[n h[ to circumv5t ! intellect ( m5 by craft1 & 9 ! end h ov]come ^? :o h reli$ on _! ^w4 ,y mu/ "k !re are two ways ( conte/+1#b ! "o by ! law1 ! o!r by =ce2 ! fir/ me?od is prop] to m51 ! second to bea/s2 b because ! fir/ is frequ5tly n suffici5t1 x is necess>y to h rec\rse to ! second4 ,!re=e x is necess>y = a pr9ce to und]/& h[ to avail himself ( ! bea/ & ! man4 ,?is has be5 figuratively taught to pr9ces by anci5t writ]s1 :o describe h[ ,a*illes & _m o!r pr9ces ( old 7 giv5 to ! ,c5taur ,*iron to nurse1 :o br\ght !m up 9 8 discipl9e2 :i* means solely t1 z !y _h = a tea*] "o :o 0 half bea/ & half man1 s x is necess>y = a pr9ce to "k h[ to make use ( bo? natures1 & t "o )\t ! o!r is n durable4 ,a pr9ce1 !re=e1 be+ compell$ kn[+ly to adopt ! bea/1 ought to *oose ! fox & ! lion2 because ! lion _c def5d himself aga9/ sn>es & ! fox _c def5d himself aga9/ wolves4 ,!re=e1 x is necess>y to be a fox to discov] ! sn>es & a lion to t]rify ! wolves4 ,^? :o rely simply on ! lion d n und]/& :at !y are ab\t4 ,!re=e a wise "l _c1 nor ought he to1 keep fai? :5 su* obs]vance may be turn$ aga9/ him1 & :5 ! reasons t caus$ him to pl$ge x exi/ no long]4 ,if m5 7 entirely good ?is precept w\ld n hold1 b because !y are bad1 & w n keep fai? ) y1 y too are n b\nd to obs]ve x ) !m4 ,nor w !re ev] be want+ to a pr9ce legitimate reasons to excuse ?is non-obs]vance4 ,( ?is endless mod]n examples c\ld be giv51 %[+ h[ _m treaties & engagem5ts h be5 made void & ( no effect ?r\gh ! fai?lessness ( pr9ces2 & he :o has kn[n be/ h[ to employ ! fox has succe$$ be/4 #b 8,conte/+10 i4e4 8/riv+ = ma/]y40 ,mr ,burd po9ts out t ?is passage is imitat$ directly f ,cic]o's 8,de ,(ficiis03 8,nam cum s9t duo g5]a dec]t&i1 unum p] disceptationem1 alt]um p] vim2 cumque illud proprium sit hom9is1 hoc belu>um2 confugi5dum e/ ad po/]ius1 si uti non licet sup]iore40 ,b x is necess>y to "k well h[ to disguise ?is *>act]i/ic1 & to be a great pret5d] & dissembl]2 & m5 are s simple1 & s subject to pres5t necessities1 t he :o seeks to deceive w always f9d someone :o w all[ himself to be deceiv$4 ,"o rec5t example ,i _c pass ov] 9 sil5ce4 ,alex&] ! ,six? did no?+ else b deceive m51 nor ev] ?\ght ( do+ o!rwise1 & he always f\nd victims2 = !re nev] 0 a man :o _h great] p[] 9 ass]t+1 or :o ) great] oa?s w\ld affirm a ?+1 yet w\ld obs]ve x less2 nev]!less 8 deceits always succe$$ accord+ to 8 wi%es1#c because he well und]/ood ?is side ( mank9d4 #c 8,nondimanco sempre gli succ$]ono gli +anni 7ad votum740 ,! words 8ad votum0 are omitt$ 9 ! ,te/9a addition1 #aeej4 ,alex&] nev] did :at he said1 ,ces>e nev] said :at he did4 ,italian ,prov]b4 ,!re=e x is unnecess>y = a pr9ce to h all ! good qualities ,i h enum]at$1 b x is v necess>y to appe> to h !m4 ,& ,i %all d>e to say ?is also1 t to h !m & always to obs]ve !m is injuri\s1 & t to appe> to h !m is useful2 to appe> m]ciful1 fai?ful1 humane1 religi\s1 upright1 & to be s1 b ) a m9d s fram$ t %\ld y require n to be s1 y may be able & "k h[ to *ange to ! opposite4 ,& y h to und]/& ?is1 t a pr9ce1 especially a new "o1 _c obs]ve all ^? ?+s = :i* m5 are e/eem$1 be+ (t5 =c$1 9 ord] to ma9ta9 ! /ate1 to act contr>y to fidelity1#d fri5d%ip1 humanity1 & religion4 ,!re=e x is necess>y = him to h a m9d ready to turn itself accord+ly z ! w9ds & v>iations ( =tune =ce x1 yet1 z ,i h said above1 n to div]ge f ! good if he c avoid do+ s1 b1 if compell$1 !n to "k h[ to set ab\t x4 #d 8,contr>y to fidelity0 or 8fai?10 8contro alla f$e10 & 8tutto f$e10 8altoge!r fai?ful10 9 ! next p>agraph4 ,x is notewor?y t ^! two phrases1 8contro alla f$e0 & 8tutto f$e10 7 omitt$ 9 ! ,te/9a edition1 :i* 0 publi%$ ) ! sanction ( ! papal au?orities4 ,x may be t ! mean+ atta*$ to ! ^w 8f$e0 0 8! fai?10 i4e4 ! ,ca?olic cre$1 & n z r5d]$ "h 8fidelity0 & 8fai?ful40 ,obs]ve t ! ^w 8religione0 0 suff]$ to /& 9 ! text ( ! ,te/9a1 be+ us$ to signify indiff]5tly e %ade ( belief1 z witness 8! religion10 a phrase inevitably employ$ to designate ! ,hugu5ot h]esy4 ,s\? 9 8 ,s]mon ,,ix1 p4 #fi1 ed4 #ahdc1 comm5ts on ?is passage z foll[s3 8,t great patron & ,coryphaeus ( ?is tribe1 ,nicolo ,ma*iavel1 laid d[n ?is = a ma/] rule 9 8 political s*eme3 #8,t ! %[ ( religion 0 helpful to ! politician1 b ! reality ( x hurtful & p]nici\s4'0 ,= ?is reason a pr9ce ought to take c>e t he nev] lets any?+ slip f 8 lips t is n replete ) ! above-nam$ five qualities1 t he may appe> to him :o sees & he>s him altoge!r m]ciful1 fai?ful1 humane1 upright1 & religi\s4 ,!re is no?+ m necess>y to appe> to h ?an ?is la/ quality1 inasmu* z m5 judge g5]ally m by ! eye ?an by ! h&1 because x belongs to ev]ybody to see y1 to few to come 9 t\* ) y4 ,e "o sees :at y appe> to be1 few really "k :at y are1 & ^? few d>e n oppose !mselves to ! op9ion ( ! _m1 :o h ! maje/y ( ! /ate to def5d !m2 & 9 ! actions ( all m51 & especially ( pr9ces1 :i* x is n prud5t to *all5ge1 "o judges by ! result4 ,= t reason1 let a pr9ce h ! cr$it ( conqu]+ & hold+ 8 /ate1 ! means w always be consid]$ hone/1 & he w be prais$ by ev]ybody2 because ! vulg> are always tak5 by :at a ?+ seems to be & by :at comes ( x2 & 9 ! _w !re are only ! vulg>1 = ! few f9d a place !re only :5 ! _m h no gr\nd to re/ on4 ,"o pr9ce#e ( ! pres5t "t1 :om x is n well to "n1 nev] prea*es any?+ else b peace & good fai?1 & to bo? he is mo/ ho/ile1 & ei!r1 if he _h kept x1 w\ld h depriv$ him ( reputation & k+dom _m a "t4 #e ,f]d9& ( ,aragon4 8,:5 ,ma*iavelli 0 writ+ ,! ,pr9ce x w\ld h be5 cle>ly impossible to m5tion ,f]d9&'s "n "h )\t giv+ (f5ce40 ,burd's 8,il ,pr9cipe10 p4 #cjh4 ,,*apt] ,,xix4 ,,t ,,"o ,,%\ld ,,avoid ,,be+ ,,despis$ ,,& ,,hat$ ,n[1 conc]n+ ! *>act]i/ics ( :i* m5tion is made above1 ,i h spok5 ( ! m important ones1 ! o!rs ,i wi% to discuss briefly "u ?is g5]ality1 t ! pr9ce mu/ consid]1 z has be5 9 "p said be=e1 h[ to avoid ^? ?+s :i* w make him hat$ or contemptible2 & z (t5 z he %all h succe$$ he w h fulfill$ 8 "p1 & he ne$ n fe> any dang] 9 o!r reproa*es4 ,x makes him hat$ above all ?+s1 z ,i h said1 to be rapaci\s1 & to be a violator ( ! prop]ty & wom5 ( 8 subjects1 f bo? ( :i* he mu/ ab/a94 ,& :5 nei!r _! prop]ty nor _! honor is t\*$1 ! majority ( m5 live cont5t1 & he has only to cont5d ) ! ambition ( a few1 :om he c curb ) ease 9 _m ways4 ,x makes him contemptible to be consid]$ fickle1 frivol\s1 effem9ate1 mean-spirit$1 irresolute1 f all ( :i* a pr9ce %\ld gu>d himself z f a rock2 & he %\ld endeav\r to %[ 9 8 actions greatness1 c\rage1 gravity1 & =titude2 & 9 8 private deal+s ) 8 subjects let him %[ t 8 judgm5ts are irrevocable1 & ma9ta9 himself 9 su* reputation t no "o c hope ei!r to deceive him or to get r\nd him4 ,t pr9ce is highly e/eem$ :o conveys ?is impression ( himself1 & he :o is highly e/eem$ is n easily conspir$ aga9/2 =1 provid$ x is well kn[n t he is an excell5t man & rev]$ by 8 p1 he c only be attack$ ) difficulty4 ,= ?is reason a pr9ce ought to h two fe>s1 "o f )91 on acc\nt ( 8 subjects1 ! o!r f )\t1 on acc\nt ( ext]nal p[]s4 ,f ! latt] he is def5d$ by be+ well arm$ & hav+ good allies1 & if he is well arm$ he w h good fri5ds1 & affairs w always rema9 quiet )9 :5 !y are quiet )\t1 unless !y %\ld h be5 already di/urb$ by conspiracy2 & ev5 %\ld affairs outside be di/urb$1 if he has c>ri$ out 8 prep>ations & has liv$ z ,i h said1 z long z he does n despair1 he w resi/ e attack1 z ,i said ,nabis ! ,sp>tan did4 ,b conc]n+ 8 subjects1 :5 affairs outside are di/urb$ he has only to fe> t !y w conspire secretly1 f :i* a pr9ce c easily secure himself by avoid+ be+ hat$ & despis$1 & by keep+ ! p satisfi$ ) him1 :i* x is mo/ necess>y = him to accompli%1 z ,i said above at l5g?4 ,& "o ( ! mo/ efficaci\s rem$ies t a pr9ce c h aga9/ conspiracies is n to be hat$ & despis$ by ! p1 = he :o conspires aga9/ a pr9ce always expects to please !m by 8 removal2 b :5 ! conspirator c only look =w>d to (f5d+ !m1 he w n h ! c\rage to take su* a c\rse1 = ! difficulties t confront a conspirator are inf9ite4 ,& z exp]i5ce %[s1 _m h be5 ! conspiracies1 b few h be5 successful2 because he :o conspires _c act alone1 nor c he take a companion except f ^? :om he believes to be malcont5ts1 & z soon z y h op5$ y\r m9d to a malcont5t y h giv5 him ! mat]ial ) :i* to cont5t himself1 = by d5\nc+ y he c look = e advantage2 s t1 see+ ! ga9 f ?is c\rse to be assur$1 & see+ ! o!r to be d\btful & full ( dang]s1 he mu/ be a v r>e fri5d1 or a ?or\ghly ob/9ate enemy ( ! pr9ce1 to keep fai? ) y4 ,&1 to r$uce ! matt] into a small compass1 ,i say t1 on ! side ( ! conspirator1 !re is no?+ b fe>1 jeal\sy1 prospect ( puni%m5t to t]rify him2 b on ! side ( ! pr9ce !re is ! maje/y ( ! pr9cipality1 ! laws1 ! protection ( fri5ds & ! /ate to def5d him2 s t1 add+ to all ^! ?+s ! popul> goodwill1 x is impossible t any "o %\ld be s ra% z to conspire4 ,= :]eas 9 g5]al ! conspirator has to fe> be=e ! execution ( 8 plot1 9 ?is case he has also to fe> ! sequel to ! crime2 because on acc\nt ( x he has ! p = an enemy1 & ?us _c hope = any escape4 ,endless examples c\ld be giv5 on ?is subject1 b ,i w be cont5t ) "o1 br\ght to pass )9 ! memory ( our fa!rs4 ,mess] ,annibale ,b5tivogli1 :o 0 pr9ce 9 ,bologna 7gr&fa!r ( ! pres5t ,annibale71 hav+ be5 murd]$ by ! ,cannes*i1 :o _h conspir$ aga9/ him1 n "o ( 8 family surviv$ b ,mess] ,giovanni1#a :o 0 9 *ildhood3 imm$iately aft] 8 assass9ation ! p rose & murd]$ all ! ,cannes*i4 ,?is sprung f ! popul> goodwill :i* ! h\se ( ,b5tivogli enjoy$ 9 ^? days 9 ,bologna2 :i* 0 s great t1 al?\gh none rema9$ !re aft] ! dea? ( ,annibale :o 0 able to rule ! /ate1 ! ,bolognese1 hav+ in=mation t !re 0 "o ( ! ,b5tivogli family 9 ,flor5ce1 :o up to t "t _h be5 consid]$ ! son ( a blacksmi?1 s5t to ,flor5ce = him & gave him ! gov]nm5t ( _! city1 & x 0 rul$ by him until ,mess] ,giovanni came 9 due c\rse to ! gov]nm5t4 #a ,giovanni ,b5tivogli1 born 9 ,bologna #adch1 di$ at ,milan #aejh4 ,he rul$ ,bologna f #adfb to #aejf4 ,ma*iavelli's /rong condemnation ( conspiracies may get its edge f 8 own v rec5t exp]i5ce 7,febru>y #aeac71 :5 he _h be5 arre/$ & tortur$ = 8 alleg$ complicity 9 ! ,boscoli conspiracy4 ,= ?is reason ,i consid] t a pr9ce ought to reckon conspiracies ( little acc\nt :5 8 p hold him 9 e/eem2 b :5 x is ho/ile to him1 & be>s hatr$ t[>ds him1 he ought to fe> ev]y?+ & ev]ybody4 ,& well-ord]$ /ates & wise pr9ces h tak5 e c>e n to drive ! nobles to desp]ation1 & to keep ! p satisfi$ & cont5t$1 = ?is is "o ( ! mo/ important objects a pr9ce c h4 ,among ! be/ ord]$ & gov]n$ k+doms ( our times is ,france1 & 9 x are f\nd _m good in/itutions on :i* dep5d ! lib]ty & security ( ! k+2 ( ^! ! fir/ is ! p>liam5t & its au?ority1 because he :o f\nd$ ! k+dom1 kn[+ ! ambition ( ! nobility & _! boldness1 consid]$ t a bit to _! m\?s w\ld be necess>y to hold !m 92 &1 on ! o!r side1 kn[+ ! hatr$ ( ! p1 f\nd$ 9 fe>1 aga9/ ! nobles1 he wi%$ to protect !m1 yet he 0 n anxi\s = ?is to be ! p>ticul> c>e ( ! k+2 !re=e1 to take away ! reproa* :i* he w\ld be liable to f ! nobles = fav\r+ ! p1 & f ! p = fav\r+ ! nobles1 he set up an arbit]1 :o %\ld be "o :o c\ld beat d[n ! great & fav\r ! less] )\t reproa* to ! k+4 ,nei!r c\ld y h a bett] or a m prud5t arrangem5t1 or a great] s\rce ( security to ! k+ & k+dom4 ,f ?is "o c draw ano!r important conclusion1 t pr9ces ought to leave affairs ( reproa* to ! managem5t ( o!rs1 & keep ^? ( grace 9 _! own h&s4 ,& fur!r1 ,i consid] t a pr9ce ought to *]i% ! nobles1 b n s z to make himself hat$ by ! p4 ,x may appe>1 p]haps1 to "s :o h exam9$ ! lives & dea?s ( ! ,roman emp]ors t _m ( !m w\ld be an example contr>y to my op9ion1 see+ t "s ( !m liv$ nobly & %[$ great qualities ( s\l1 nev]!less !y h lo/ _! empire or h be5 kill$ by subjects :o h conspir$ aga9/ !m4 ,wi%+1 !re=e1 to answ] ^! objections1 ,i w recall ! *>act]s ( "s ( ! emp]ors1 & w %[ t ! causes ( _! ru9 7 n diff]5t to ^? alleg$ by me2 at ! same "t ,i w only submit = consid]ation ^? ?+s t are notewor?y to him :o /udies ! affairs ( ^? times4 ,x seems to me suffici5t to take all ^? emp]ors :o succe$$ to ! empire f ,m>cus ! philosoph] d[n to ,maxim9us2 !y 7 ,m>cus & 8 son ,commodus1 ,p]t9ax1 ,julian1 ,sev]us & 8 son ,anton9us ,c>acalla1 ,macr9us1 ,heliogabalus1 ,alex&]1 & ,maxim9us4 ,!re is fir/ to note t1 :]eas 9 o!r pr9cipalities ! ambition ( ! nobles & ! insol5ce ( ! p only h to be cont5d$ )1 ! ,roman emp]ors _h a ?ird difficulty 9 hav+ to put up ) ! cruelty & av>ice ( _! soldi]s1 a matt] s beset ) difficulties t x 0 ! ru9 ( _m2 = x 0 a h>d ?+ to give satisfaction bo? to soldi]s & p2 because ! p lov$ peace1 & = ?is reason !y lov$ ! unaspir+ pr9ce1 :il/ ! soldi]s lov$ ! w>like pr9ce :o 0 bold1 cruel1 & rapaci\s1 :i* qualities !y 7 q will+ he %\ld ex]cise ^u ! p1 s t !y c\ld get d\ble pay & give v5t to _! own gre$ & cruelty4 ,h5ce x arose t ^? emp]ors 7 always ov]?r[n :o1 ei!r by bir? or tra9+1 _h no great au?ority1 & mo/ ( !m1 especially ^? :o came new to ! pr9cipality1 recogniz+ ! difficulty ( ^! two oppos+ hum\rs1 7 incl9$ to give satisfaction to ! soldi]s1 c>+ little ab\t injur+ ! p4 ,:i* c\rse 0 necess>y1 because1 z pr9ces _c help be+ hat$ by someone1 !y ought1 9 ! fir/ place1 to avoid be+ hat$ by e "o1 & :5 !y _c compass ?is1 !y ought to endeav\r ) ! utmo/ dilig5ce to avoid ! hatr$ ( ! mo/ p[]ful4 ,!re=e1 ^? emp]ors :o ?r\gh inexp]i5ce _h ne$ ( special fav\r adh]$ m readily to ! soldi]s ?an to ! p2 a c\rse :i* turn$ out advantage\s to !m or n1 accord+ly z ! pr9ce knew h[ to ma9ta9 au?ority ov] !m4 ,f ^! causes x arose t ,m>cus1 ,p]t9ax1 & ,alex&]1 be+ all m5 ( mode/ life1 lov]s ( ju/ice1 enemies to cruelty1 humane1 & b5ignant1 came to a sad end except ,m>cus2 he alone liv$ & di$ hon\r$1 because he _h succe$$ to ! ?rone by h]$it>y title1 & ow$ no?+ ei!r to ! soldi]s or ! p2 & aft]w>ds1 be+ possess$ ( _m virtues :i* made him respect$1 he always kept bo? ord]s 9 _! places :il/ he liv$1 & 0 nei!r hat$ nor despis$4 ,b ,p]t9ax 0 creat$ emp]or aga9/ ! wi%es ( ! soldi]s1 :o1 be+ accu/om$ to live lic5ti\sly "u ,commodus1 c\ld n endure ! hone/ life to :i* ,p]t9ax wi%$ to r$uce !m2 ?us1 hav+ giv5 cause = hatr$1 to :i* hatr$ !re 0 add$ contempt = 8 old age1 he 0 ov]?r[n at ! v beg9n+ ( 8 adm9i/ration4 ,& "h x %\ld be not$ t hatr$ is acquir$ z mu* by good works z by bad ones1 !re=e1 z ,i said be=e1 a pr9ce wi%+ to keep 8 /ate is v (t5 =c$ to d evil2 = :5 t body is corrupt :om y ?9k y h ne$ ( to ma9ta9 y\rself--x may be ei!r ! p or ! soldi]s or ! nobles--y h to submit to its hum\rs & to gratify !m1 & !n good works w d y h>m4 ,b let u come to ,alex&]1 :o 0 a man ( su* great goodness1 t among ! o!r praises :i* are accord$ him is ?is1 t 9 ! f\rte5 ye>s he held ! empire no "o 0 ev] put to dea? by him unjudg$2 nev]!less1 be+ consid]$ effem9ate & a man :o all[$ himself to be gov]n$ by 8 "m1 he became despis$1 ! army conspir$ aga9/ him1 & murd]$ him4 ,turn+ n[ to ! opposite *>act]s ( ,commodus1 ,sev]us1 ,anton9us ,c>acalla1 & ,maxim9us1 y w f9d !m all cruel & rapaci\s-m5 :o1 to satisfy _! soldi]s1 did n hesitate to commit e k9d ( iniquity aga9/ ! p2 & all1 except ,sev]us1 came to a bad end2 b 9 ,sev]us !re 0 s mu* val\r t1 keep+ ! soldi]s fri5dly1 al?\gh ! p 7 oppress$ by him1 he reign$ successfully2 = 8 val\r made him s mu* admir$ 9 ! sight ( ! soldi]s & p t ! latt] 7 kept 9 a way a/oni%$ & aw$ & ! =m] respectful & satisfi$4 ,& because ! actions ( ?is man1 z a new pr9ce1 7 great1 ,i wi% to %[ briefly t he knew well h[ to c\nt]feit ! fox & ! lion1 :i* natures1 z ,i said above1 x is necess>y = a pr9ce to imitate4 ,kn[+ ! slo? ( ! ,emp]or ,julian1 he p]suad$ ! army 9 ,sclavonia1 ( :i* he 0 capta91 t x w\ld be "r to g to ,rome & av5ge ! dea? ( ,p]t9ax1 :o _h be5 kill$ by ! praetorian soldi]s2 & "u ?is pretext1 )\t appe>+ to aspire to ! ?rone1 he mov$ ! army on ,rome1 & rea*$ ,italy be=e x 0 kn[n t he _h />t$4 ,on 8 arrival at ,rome1 ! ,s5ate1 ?r\gh fe>1 elect$ him emp]or & kill$ ,julian4 ,aft] ?is !re rema9$ = ,sev]us1 :o wi%$ to make himself ma/] ( ! :ole empire1 two difficulties2 "o 9 ,asia1 :]e ,nig]1 head ( ! ,asiatic army1 _h caus$ himself to be proclaim$ emp]or2 ! o!r 9 ! we/ :]e ,alb9us 01 :o also aspir$ to ! ?rone4 ,& z he consid]$ x dang]\s to decl>e himself ho/ile to bo?1 he decid$ to attack ,nig] & to deceive ,alb9us4 ,to ! latt] he wrote t1 be+ elect$ emp]or by ! ,s5ate1 he 0 will+ to %>e t dignity ) him & s5t him ! title ( ,caes>2 &1 moreov]1 t ! ,s5ate _h made ,alb9us 8 colleague2 :i* ?+s 7 accept$ by ,alb9us z true4 ,b aft] ,sev]us _h conqu]$ & kill$ ,nig]1 & settl$ ori5tal affairs1 he return$ to ,rome & compla9$ to ! ,s5ate t ,alb9us1 little recogniz+ ! b5efits t he _h receiv$ f him1 _h by trea*]y s\ght to murd] him1 & = ?is +ratitude he 0 compell$ to puni% him4 ,aft]w>ds he s\ght him out 9 ,france1 & took f him 8 gov]nm5t & life4 ,he :o w1 !re=e1 c>efully exam9e ! actions ( ?is man w f9d him a mo/ valiant lion & a mo/ cunn+ fox2 he w f9d him fe>$ & respect$ by e "o1 & n hat$ by ! army2 & x ne$ n be wond]$ at t he1 a new man1 0 able to hold ! empire s well1 because 8 supreme r5[n always protect$ him f t hatr$ :i* ! p might h conceiv$ aga9/ him = 8 viol5ce4 ,b 8 son ,anton9us 0 a mo/ em95t man1 & _h v excell5t qualities1 :i* made him admirable 9 ! sight ( ! p & acceptable to ! soldi]s1 = he 0 a w>like man1 mo/ endur+ ( fatigue1 a despis] ( all delicate food & o!r luxuries1 :i* caus$ him to be belov$ by ! armies4 ,nev]!less1 8 f]ocity & cruelties 7 s great & s unhe>d ( t1 aft] endless s+le murd]s1 he kill$ a l>ge numb] ( ! p ( ,rome & all ^? ( ,alex&ria4 ,he became hat$ by ! :ole _w1 & also fe>$ by ^? he _h ar\nd him1 to su* an ext5t t he 0 murd]$ 9 ! mid/ ( 8 army by a c5turion4 ,& "h x mu/ be not$ t su*-l dea?s1 :i* are delib]ately inflict$ ) a resolv$ & desp]ate c\rage1 _c be avoid$ by pr9ces1 because any "o :o does n fe> to die c inflict !m2 b a pr9ce may fe> !m ! less because !y are v r>e2 he has only to be c>eful n to d any grave injury to ^? :om he employs or has ar\nd him 9 ! s]vice ( ! /ate4 ,anton9us _h n tak5 ?is c>e1 b _h contumeli\sly kill$ a bro!r ( t c5turion1 :om also he daily ?reat5$1 yet reta9$ 9 8 bodygu>d2 :i*1 z x turn$ out1 0 a ra% ?+ to d1 & prov$ ! emp]or's ru94 ,b let u come to ,commodus1 to :om x %\ld h be5 v easy to hold ! empire1 =1 be+ ! son ( ,m>cus1 he _h inh]it$ x1 & he _h only to foll[ 9 ! foot/eps ( 8 fa!r to please 8 p & soldi]s2 b1 be+ by nature cruel & brutal1 he gave himself up to amus+ ! soldi]s & corrupt+ !m1 s t he might indulge 8 rapacity ^u ! p2 on ! o!r h&1 n ma9ta9+ 8 dignity1 (t5 desc5d+ to ! !atre to compete ) gladiators1 & do+ o!r vile ?+s1 little wor?y ( ! imp]ial maje/y1 he fell into contempt ) ! soldi]s1 & be+ hat$ by "o p>ty & despis$ by ! o!r1 he 0 conspir$ aga9/ & 0 kill$4 ,x rema9s to discuss ! "* ( ,maxim9us4 ,he 0 a v w>like man1 & ! armies1 be+ disgu/$ ) ! effem9acy ( ,alex&]1 ( :om ,i h already spok51 kill$ him & elect$ ,maxim9us to ! ?rone4 ,?is he did n possess = long1 = two ?+s made him hat$ & despis$2 ! "o1 8 hav+ kept %eep 9 ,?race1 :i* br\ght him into contempt 7x be+ well kn[n to all1 & consid]$ a great indignity by e "o71 & ! o!r1 8 hav+ at ! accession to 8 dom9ions def]r$ go+ to ,rome & tak+ possession ( ! imp]ial seat2 he _h also ga9$ a reputation = ! utmo/ f]ocity by hav+1 ?r\gh 8 prefects 9 ,rome & else:]e 9 ! empire1 practis$ _m cruelties1 s t ! :ole _w 0 mov$ to ang] at ! meanness ( 8 bir? & to fe> at 8 b>b>ity4 ,fir/ ,africa rebell$1 !n ! ,s5ate ) all ! p ( ,rome1 & all ,italy conspir$ aga9/ him1 to :i* may be add$ 8 own army2 ?is latt]1 besieg+ ,aquileia & meet+ ) difficulties 9 tak+ x1 7 disgu/$ ) 8 cruelties1 & fe>+ him less :5 !y f\nd s _m aga9/ him1 murd]$ him4 ,i d n wi% to discuss ,heliogabalus1 ,macr9us1 or ,julian1 :o1 be+ ?or\ghly contemptible1 7 quickly wip$ out2 b ,i w br+ ?is disc\rse to a conclusion by say+ t pr9ces 9 our times h ?is difficulty ( giv+ inord9ate satisfaction to _! soldi]s 9 a f> less degree1 because1 not)/&+ "o has to give !m "s indulg5ce1 t is soon done2 none ( ^! pr9ces h armies t are vet]ans 9 ! gov]nance & adm9i/ration ( prov9ces1 z 7 ! armies ( ! ,roman ,empire2 & :]eas x 0 !n m necess>y to give satisfaction to ! soldi]s ?an to ! p1 x is n[ m necess>y to all pr9ces1 except ! ,turk & ! ,soldan1 to satisfy ! p r ! soldi]s1 because ! p are ! m p[]ful4 ,f ! above ,i h except$ ! ,turk1 :o always keeps r\nd him twelve ?\s& infantry & fifte5 ?\s& cavalry on :i* dep5d ! security & /r5g? ( ! k+dom1 & x is necess>y t1 putt+ aside e consid]ation = ! p1 he %\ld keep !m 8 fri5ds4 ,! k+dom ( ! ,soldan is simil>2 be+ entirely 9 ! h&s ( soldi]s1 x foll[s aga9 t1 )\t reg>d to ! p1 he mu/ keep !m 8 fri5ds4 ,b y mu/ note t ! /ate ( ! ,soldan is unlike all o!r pr9cipalities1 = ! reason t x is l ! ,*ri/ian pontificate1 :i* _c be call$ ei!r an h]$it>y or a newly =m$ pr9cipality2 because ! sons ( ! old pr9ce are n ! heirs1 b he :o is elect$ to t position by ^? :o h au?ority1 & ! sons rema9 only noblem54 ,& ?is be+ an anci5t cu/om1 x _c be call$ a new pr9cipality1 because !re are none ( ^? difficulties 9 x t are met ) 9 new ones2 = al?\gh ! pr9ce is new1 ! con/itution ( ! /ate is old1 & x is fram$ s z to receive him z if he 7 its h]$it>y "l4 ,b return+ to ! subject ( our disc\rse1 ,i say t :oev] w consid] x w ackn[l$ge t ei!r hatr$ or contempt has be5 fatal to ! above-nam$ emp]ors1 & x w be recogniz$ also h[ x happ5$ t1 a numb] ( !m act+ 9 "o way & a numb] 9 ano!r1 only "o 9 ea* way came to a happy end & ! re/ to unhappy ones4 ,because x w\ld h be5 useless & dang]\s = ,p]t9ax & ,alex&]1 be+ new pr9ces1 to imitate ,m>cus1 :o 0 heir to ! pr9cipality2 & likewise x w\ld h be5 utt]ly de/ructive to ,c>acalla1 ,commodus1 & ,maxim9us to h imitat$ ,sev]us1 !y n hav+ suffici5t val\r to enable !m to tread 9 8 foot/eps4 ,!re=e a pr9ce1 new to ! pr9cipality1 _c imitate ! actions ( ,m>cus1 nor1 aga91 is x necess>y to foll[ ^? ( ,sev]us1 b he ought to take f ,sev]us ^? p>ts :i* are necess>y to f\nd 8 /ate1 & f ,m>cus ^? :i* are prop] & glori\s to keep a /ate t may already be /able & firm4 ,,*apt] ,,xx4 ,,are ,,=tresses1 ,,& ,,_m ,,o!r ,,?+s ,,to ,,:i* ,,pr9ces ,,(t5 ,,resort1 ,,advantage\s ,,or ,,hurtful8 #a4 ,"s pr9ces1 s z to hold securely ! /ate1 h dis>m$ _! subjects2 o!rs h kept _! subject t[ns di/ract$ by factions2 o!rs h fo/]$ enmities aga9/ !mselves2 o!rs h laid !mselves out to ga9 ov] ^? :om !y di/ru/$ 9 ! beg9n+ ( _! gov]nm5ts2 "s h built =tresses2 "s h ov]?r[n & de/roy$ !m4 ,& al?\gh "o _c give a f9al judgm5t on all ( ^! ?+s unless "o possesses ! p>ticul>s ( ^? /ates 9 :i* a decision has to be made1 nev]!less ,i w speak z compreh5sively z ! matt] ( itself w admit4 #b4 ,!re nev] 0 a new pr9ce :o has dis>m$ 8 subjects2 r :5 he has f\nd !m dis>m$ he has always arm$ !m1 because1 by arm+ !m1 ^? arms become y\rs1 ^? m5 :o 7 di/ru/$ become fai?ful1 & ^? :o 7 fai?ful are kept s1 & y\r subjects become y\r adh]5ts4 ,& :]eas all subjects _c be arm$1 yet :5 ^? :om y d arm are b5efit$1 ! o!rs c be h&l$ m freely1 & ?is diff]5ce 9 _! treatm5t1 :i* !y q und]/&1 makes ! =m] y\r dep5d5ts1 & ! latt]1 consid]+ x to be necess>y t ^? :o h ! mo/ dang] & s]vice %\ld h ! mo/ rew>d1 excuse y4 ,b :5 y dis>m !m1 y at once (f5d !m by %[+ t y di/ru/ !m1 ei!r = c[>dice or = want ( loyalty1 & ei!r ( ^! op9ions bre$s hatr$ aga9/ y4 ,& because y _c rema9 un>m$1 x foll[s t y turn to m]c5>ies1 :i* are ( ! "* already %[n2 ev5 if !y %\ld be good !y w\ld n be suffici5t to def5d y aga9/ p[]ful enemies & di/ru/$ subjects4 ,!re=e1 z ,i h said1 a new pr9ce 9 a new pr9cipality has always di/ribut$ arms4 ,hi/ories are full ( examples4 ,b :5 a pr9ce acquires a new /ate1 :i* he adds z a prov9ce to 8 old "o1 !n x is necess>y to dis>m ! m5 ( t /ate1 except ^? :o h be5 8 adh]5ts 9 acquir+ x2 & ^! aga91 ) "t & opportunity1 %\ld be r5d]$ s(t & effem9ate2 & matt]s %\ld be manag$ 9 su* a way t all ! arm$ m5 9 ! /ate %all be y\r own soldi]s :o 9 y\r old /ate 7 liv+ ne> y4 #c4 ,our =efa!rs1 & ^? :o 7 reckon$ wise1 7 accu/om$ to say t x 0 necess>y to hold ,pi/oia by factions & ,pisa by =tresses2 & ) ?is idea !y fo/]$ qu>rels 9 "s ( _! tribut>y t[ns s z to keep possession ( !m ! m easily4 ,?is may h be5 well en\gh 9 ^? times :5 ,italy 0 9 a way balanc$1 b ,i d n believe t x c be accept$ z a precept = to-day1 because ,i d n believe t factions c ev] be ( use2 r x is c]ta9 t :5 ! enemy comes ^u y 9 divid$ cities y are quickly lo/1 because ! weake/ p>ty w always assi/ ! outside =ces & ! o!r w n be able to resi/4 ,! ,v5etians1 mov$1 z ,i believe1 by ! above reasons1 fo/]$ ! ,guelph & ,ghibell9e factions 9 _! tribut>y cities2 & al?\gh !y nev] all[$ !m to come to blood%$1 yet !y nurs$ ^! disputes among/ !m1 s t ! citiz5s1 di/ract$ by _! diff]5ces1 %\ld n unite aga9/ !m4 ,:i*1 z we saw1 did n aft]w>ds turn out z expect$1 because1 aft] ! r\t at ,vaila1 "o p>ty at once took c\rage & seiz$ ! /ate4 ,su* me?ods argue1 !re=e1 weakness 9 ! pr9ce1 because ^! factions w nev] be p]mitt$ 9 a vigor\s pr9cipality2 su* me?ods = enabl+ "o ! m easily to manage subjects are only useful 9 times ( peace1 b if w> comes ?is policy proves fallaci\s4 #d4 ,)\t d\bt pr9ces become great :5 !y ov]come ! difficulties & ob/acles by :i* !y are confront$1 & !re=e =tune1 especially :5 %e desires to make a new pr9ce great1 :o has a great] necessity to e>n r5[n ?an an h]$it>y "o1 causes enemies to arise & =m designs aga9/ him1 9 ord] t he may h ! opportunity ( ov]com+ !m1 & by !m to m\nt high]1 z by a ladd] :i* 8 enemies h rais$4 ,= ?is reason _m consid] t a wise pr9ce1 :5 he has ! opportunity1 ought ) craft to fo/] "s animosity aga9/ himself1 s t1 hav+ cru%$ x1 8 r5[n may rise high]4 #e4 ,pr9ces1 especially new ones1 h f\nd m fidelity & assi/ance 9 ^? m5 :o 9 ! beg9n+ ( _! rule 7 di/ru/$ ?an among ^? :o 9 ! beg9n+ 7 tru/$4 ,p&olfo ,petrucci1 ,pr9ce ( ,si5a1 rul$ 8 /ate m by ^? :o _h be5 di/ru/$ ?an by o!rs4 ,b on ?is "q "o _c speak g5]ally1 = x v>ies s mu* ) ! individual2 ,i w only say ?is1 t ^? m5 :o at ! comm5cem5t ( a pr9c$om h be5 ho/ile1 if !y are ( a description to ne$ assi/ance to support !mselves1 c always be ga9$ ov] ) ! greate/ ease1 & !y w be tightly held to s]ve ! pr9ce ) fidelity1 inasmu* z !y "k x to be v necess>y = !m to cancel by de$s ! bad impression :i* he _h =m$ ( !m2 & ?us ! pr9ce always extracts m pr(it f !m ?an f ^? :o1 s]v+ him 9 too mu* security1 may neglect 8 affairs4 ,& s9ce ! matt] dem&s x1 ,i mu/ n fail to w>n a pr9ce1 :o by means ( secret fav\rs has acquir$ a new /ate1 t he mu/ well consid] ! reasons :i* induc$ ^? to fav\r him :o did s2 & if x be n a natural affection t[>ds him1 b only discont5t ) _! gov]nm5t1 !n he w only keep !m fri5dly ) great tr\ble & difficulty1 = x w be impossible to satisfy !m4 ,& weigh+ well ! reasons = ?is 9 ^? examples :i* c be tak5 f anci5t & mod]n affairs1 we %all f9d t x is easi] = ! pr9ce to make fri5ds ( ^? m5 :o 7 cont5t$ "u ! =m] gov]nm5t1 & are !re=e 8 enemies1 ?an ( ^? :o1 be+ discont5t$ ) x1 7 fav\rable to him & enc\rag$ him to seize x4 #f4 ,x has be5 a cu/om ) pr9ces1 9 ord] to hold _! /ates m securely1 to build =tresses t may s]ve z a bridle & bit to ^? :o might design to "w aga9/ !m1 & z a place ( refuge f a fir/ attack4 ,i praise ?is sy/em because x has be5 made use ( =m]ly4 ,not)/&+ t1 ,mess] ,nicolo ,vitelli 9 our times has be5 se5 to demoli% two =tresses 9 ,citta di ,ca/ello s t he might keep t /ate2 ,guido ,ubaldo1 ,duke ( ,urb9o1 on return+ to 8 dom9ion1 :5ce he _h be5 driv5 by ,ces>e ,borgia1 raz$ to ! f\ndations all ! =tresses 9 t prov9ce1 & consid]$ t )\t !m x w\ld be m difficult to lose x2 ! ,b5tivogli return+ to ,bologna came to a simil> decision4 ,=tresses1 !re=e1 are useful or n accord+ to circum/ances2 if !y d y good 9 "o way !y injure y 9 ano!r4 ,& ?is "q c be reason$ ?us3 ! pr9ce :o has m to fe> f ! p ?an f =eign]s ought to build =tresses1 b he :o has m to fe> f =eign]s ?an f ! p ought to leave !m alone4 ,! ca/le ( ,milan1 built by ,francesco ,s=za1 has made1 & w make1 m tr\ble = ! h\se ( ,s=za ?an any o!r disord] 9 ! /ate4 ,= ?is reason ! be/ possible =tress is--n to be hat$ by ! p1 because1 al?\gh y may hold ! =tresses1 yet !y w n save y if ! p hate y1 = !re w nev] be want+ =eign]s to assi/ a p :o h tak5 arms aga9/ y4 ,x has n be5 se5 9 our times t su* =tresses h be5 ( use to any pr9ce1 unless to ! ,c\ntess ( ,=li1#a :5 ! ,c\nt ,girolamo1 h] consort1 0 kill$2 = by t means %e 0 able to )/& ! popul> attack & wait = assi/ance f ,milan1 & ?us recov] h] /ate2 & ! po/ure ( affairs 0 su* at t "t t ! =eign]s c\ld n assi/ ! p4 ,b =tresses 7 ( little value to h] aft]w>ds :5 ,ces>e ,borgia attack$ h]1 & :5 ! p1 h] enemy1 7 alli$ ) =eign]s4 ,!re=e1 x w\ld h be5 saf] = h]1 bo? !n & be=e1 n to h be5 hat$ by ! p ?an to h _h ! =tresses4 ,all ^! ?+s consid]$ !n1 ,i %all praise him :o builds =tresses z well z him :o does n1 & ,i %all blame :oev]1 tru/+ 9 !m1 c>es little ab\t be+ hat$ by ! p4 #a ,ca!r9e ,s=za1 a daught] ( ,galeazzo ,s=za & ,lucrezia ,l&riani1 born #adfc1 di$ #aeji4 ,x 0 to ! ,c\ntess ( ,=li t ,ma*iavelli 0 s5t z envoy on #adii4 ,a lett] f ,=tunati to ! c\ntess ann\nces ! appo9tm5t3 8,i h be5 ) ! signori10 wrote ,=tunati1 8to le>n :om !y w\ld s5d & :54 ,!y tell me t ,nicolo ,ma*iavelli1 a le>n$ "y ,flor5t9e noble1 secret>y to my ,lords ( ! ,t51 is to leave ) me at once40 ,cf4 8,ca!r9e ,s=za10 by ,c\nt ,pasol9i1 translat$ by ,p4 ,sylve/]1 #ahih4 ,,*apt] ,,xxi4 ,,h[ ,a ,,pr9ce ,,%\ld ,,conduct ,,himself ,,s ,,z ,,to ,,ga9 ,,r5[n ,no?+ makes a pr9ce s mu* e/eem$ z great ent]prises & sett+ a f9e example4 ,we h 9 our "t ,f]d9& ( ,aragon1 ! pres5t ,k+ ( ,spa94 ,he c almo/ be call$ a new pr9ce1 because he has ris51 by fame & glory1 f be+ an insignificant k+ to be ! =emo/ k+ 9 ,*ri/5dom2 & if y w consid] 8 de$s y w f9d !m all great & "s ( !m extraord9>y4 ,9 ! beg9n+ ( 8 reign he attack$ ,granada1 & ?is ent]prise 0 ! f\ndation ( 8 dom9ions4 ,he did ?is quietly at fir/ & )\t any fe> ( h9drance1 = he held ! m9ds ( ! b>ons ( ,ca/ile occupi$ 9 ?9k+ ( ! w> & n anticipat+ any innovations2 ?us !y did n p]ceive t by ^! means he 0 acquir+ p[] & au?ority ov] !m4 ,he 0 able ) ! money ( ! ,*ur* & ( ! p to su/a9 8 armies1 & by t long w> to lay ! f\ndation = ! milit>y skill :i* has s9ce di/+ui%$ him4 ,fur!r1 always us+ religion z a plea1 s z to und]take great] s*emes1 he devot$ himself ) pi\s cruelty to driv+ out & cle>+ 8 k+dom ( ! ,moors2 nor c\ld !re be a m admirable example1 nor "o m r>e4 ,"u ?is same cloak he assail$ ,africa1 he came d[n on ,italy1 he has f9ally attack$ ,france2 & ?us 8 a*ievem5ts & designs h always be5 great1 & h kept ! m9ds ( 8 p 9 susp5se & admiration & occupi$ ) ! issue ( !m4 ,& 8 actions h aris5 9 su* a way1 "o out ( ! o!r1 t m5 h nev] be5 giv5 "t to "w /eadily aga9/ him4 ,aga91 x mu* assi/s a pr9ce to set unusual examples 9 int]nal affairs1 simil> to ^? :i* are relat$ ( ,mess] ,b]nabo da ,milano1 :o1 :5 he _h ! opportunity1 by any "o 9 civil life do+ "s extraord9>y ?+1 ei!r good or bad1 w\ld take "s me?od ( rew>d+ or puni%+ him1 :i* w\ld be mu* spok5 ab\t4 ,& a pr9ce ought1 above all ?+s1 always endeav\r 9 e action to ga9 = himself ! reputation ( be+ a great & rem>kable man4 ,a pr9ce is also respect$ :5 he is ei!r a true fri5d or a d[nright enemy1 t is to say1 :51 )\t any res]vation1 he decl>es himself 9 fav\r ( "o p>ty aga9/ ! o!r2 :i* c\rse w always be m advantage\s ?an /&+ neutral2 because if two ( y\r p[]ful neighb\rs come to bl[s1 !y are ( su* a "* t1 if "o ( !m conqu]s1 y h ei!r to fe> him or n4 ,9 ei!r case x w always be m advantage\s = y to decl>e y\rself & to make w> /r5u\sly2 because1 9 ! fir/ case1 if y d n decl>e y\rself1 y w inv>iably fall a prey to ! conqu]or1 to ! pleasure & satisfaction ( him :o has be5 conqu]$1 & y w h no reasons to (f]1 nor any?+ to protect or to %elt] y4 ,because he :o conqu]s does n want d\btful fri5ds :o w n aid him 9 ! "t ( trial2 & he :o loses w n h>b\r y because y did n will+ly1 sword 9 h&1 c\rt 8 fate4 ,antio*us w5t into ,greece1 be+ s5t = by ! tolians to drive out ! ,romans4 ,he s5t envoys to ! ,a*aeans1 :o 7 fri5ds ( ! ,romans1 exhort+ !m to rema9 neutral2 & on ! o!r h& ! ,romans urg$ !m to take up arms4 ,?is "q came to be discuss$ 9 ! c\ncil ( ! ,a*aeans1 :]e ! legate ( ,antio*us urg$ !m to /& neutral4 ,to ?is ! ,roman legate answ]$3 8,z = t :i* has be5 said1 t x is bett] & m advantage\s = y\r /ate n to int]f]e 9 our w>1 no?+ c be m errone\s2 because by n int]f]+ y w be left1 )\t fav\r or consid]ation1 ! gu]don ( ! conqu]or40 ,?us x w always happ5 t he :o is n y\r fri5d w dem& y\r neutrality1 :il/ he :o is y\r fri5d w entreat y to decl>e y\rself ) arms4 ,& irresolute pr9ces1 to avoid pres5t dang]s1 g5]ally foll[ ! neutral pa?1 & are g5]ally ru9$4 ,b :5 a pr9ce decl>es himself gallantly 9 fav\r ( "o side1 if ! p>ty ) :om he allies himself conqu]s1 al?\gh ! victor may be p[]ful & may h him at 8 m]cy1 yet he is indebt$ to him1 & !re is e/abli%$ a bond ( amity2 & m5 are nev] s %ameless z to become a monum5t ( +ratitude by oppress+ y4 ,victories aft] all are nev] s complete t ! victor mu/ n %[ "s reg>d1 especially to ju/ice4 ,b if he ) :om y ally y\rself loses1 y may be %elt]$ by him1 & :il/ he is able he may aid y1 & y become companions on a =tune t may rise aga94 ,9 ! second case1 :5 ^? :o fight are ( su* a "* t y h no anxiety z to :o may conqu]1 s mu* ! m is x great] prud5ce to be alli$1 because y assi/ at ! de/ruction ( "o by ! aid ( ano!r :o1 if he _h be5 wise1 w\ld h sav$ him2 & conqu]+1 z x is impossible t he %\ld n d ) y\r assi/ance1 he rema9s at y\r discretion4 ,& "h x is to be not$ t a pr9ce ought to take c>e nev] to make an alliance ) "o m p[]ful ?an himself = ! purposes ( attack+ o!rs1 unless necessity compels him1 z is said above2 because if he conqu]s y are at 8 discretion1 & pr9ces ought to avoid z mu* z possible be+ at ! discretion ( any "o4 ,! ,v5etians jo9$ ) ,france aga9/ ! ,duke ( ,milan1 & ?is alliance1 :i* caus$ _! ru91 c\ld h be5 avoid$4 ,b :5 x _c be avoid$1 z happ5$ to ! ,flor5t9es :5 ! ,pope & ,spa9 s5t armies to attack ,lomb>dy1 !n 9 su* a case1 = ! above reasons1 ! pr9ce ought to fav\r "o ( ! p>ties4 ,nev] let any ,gov]nm5t imag9e t x c *oose p]fectly safe c\rses2 r let x expect to h to take v d\btful ones1 because x is f\nd 9 ord9>y affairs t "o nev] seeks to avoid "o tr\ble )\t runn+ into ano!r2 b prud5ce consi/s 9 kn[+ h[ to di/+ui% ! "* ( tr\bles1 & = *oice to take ! less] evil4 ,a pr9ce ought also to %[ himself a patron ( ability1 & to hon\r ! pr(ici5t 9 e art4 ,at ! same "t he %\ld enc\rage 8 citiz5s to practise _! call+s peaceably1 bo? 9 comm]ce & agriculture1 & 9 e o!r foll[+1 s t ! "o %\ld n be det]r$ f improv+ 8 possessions = fe> le/ !y be tak5 away f him or ano!r f op5+ up trade = fe> ( taxes2 b ! pr9ce ought to (f] rew>ds to :oev] wi%es to d ^! ?+s & designs 9 any way to hon\r 8 city or /ate4 ,fur!r1 he ought to ent]ta9 ! p ) fe/ivals & spectacles at conv5i5t seasons ( ! ye>2 & z e city is divid$ into guilds or into societies1#a he ought to hold su* bodies 9 e/eem1 & associate ) !m sometimes1 & %[ himself an example ( c\rtesy & lib]ality2 nev]!less1 always ma9ta9+ ! maje/y ( 8 rank1 = ?is he mu/ nev] cons5t to abate 9 any?+4 #a 8,guilds or societies10 89 arti o 9 tribu40 8,arti0 7 craft or trade guilds1 cf4 ,florio3 8,arte 4 4 4 a :ole company ( any trade 9 any city or corporation t[n40 ,! guilds ( ,flor5ce are mo/ admirably describ$ by ,mr ,edgcumbe ,/aley 9 8 "w on ! subject 7,me?u51 #aijf74 ,in/itutions ( a some:at simil> "*1 call$ 8artel10 exi/ 9 ,russia to-day1 cf4 ,sir ,mack5zie ,wallace's 8,russia10 ed4 #aije3 8,! sons 4 4 4 7 always dur+ ! work+ season memb]s ( an artel4 ,9 "s ( ! l>g] t[ns !re are artels ( a mu* m complex k9d-- p]man5t associations1 possess+ l>ge capital1 & pecuni>ily responsible = ! acts ( ! individual memb]s40 ,! ^w 8artel10 despite its app>5t simil>ity1 has1 ,mr ,aylm] ,maude assures me1 no connection ) 8ars0 or 8arte40 ,its root is t ( ! v]b 8rotisya10 to b9d oneself by an oa?2 & x is g5]ally admitt$ to be only ano!r =m ( 8rota10 :i* n[ signifies a 8regim5tal company40 ,9 bo? words ! und]ly+ idea is t ( a body ( m5 unit$ by an oa?4 8,tribu0 7 possibly g5tile gr\ps1 unit$ by common desc5t1 & includ$ individuals connect$ by m>riage4 ,p]haps our words 8sects0 or 8clans0 w\ld be mo/ appropriate4 ,,*apt] ,,xxii4 ,,conc]n+ ,,! ,,secret>ies ,,( ,,pr9ces ,! *oice ( s]vants is ( no little importance to a pr9ce1 & !y are good or n accord+ to ! discrim9ation ( ! pr9ce4 ,& ! fir/ op9ion :i* "o =ms ( a pr9ce1 & ( 8 und]/&+1 is by obs]v+ ! m5 he has ar\nd him2 & :5 !y are capable & fai?ful he may always be consid]$ wise1 because he has kn[n h[ to recognize ! capable & to keep !m fai?ful4 ,b :5 !y are o!rwise "o _c =m a good op9ion ( him1 = ! prime error :i* he made 0 9 *oos+ !m4 ,!re 7 none :o knew ,mess] ,antonio da ,v5afro z ! s]vant ( ,p&olfo ,petrucci1 ,pr9ce ( ,si5a1 :o w\ld n consid] ,p&olfo to be a v clev] man 9 hav+ ,v5afro = 8 s]vant4 ,because !re are ?ree classes ( intellects3 "o :i* compreh5ds by itself2 ano!r :i* appreciates :at o!rs compreh5d$2 & a ?ird :i* nei!r compreh5ds by itself nor by ! %[+ ( o!rs2 ! fir/ is ! mo/ excell5t1 ! second is good1 ! ?ird is useless4 ,!re=e1 x foll[s necess>ily t1 if ,p&olfo 0 n 9 ! fir/ rank1 he 0 9 ! second1 = :5ev] "o has judgm5t to "k good & bad :5 x is said & done1 al?\gh he himself may n h ! initiative1 yet he c recognize ! good & ! bad 9 8 s]vant1 & ! "o he c praise & ! o!r correct2 ?us ! s]vant _c hope to deceive him1 & is kept hone/4 ,b to enable a pr9ce to =m an op9ion ( 8 s]vant !re is "o te/ :i* nev] fails2 :5 y see ! s]vant ?9k+ m ( 8 own int]e/s ?an ( y\rs1 & seek+ inw>dly 8 own pr(it 9 ev]y?+1 su* a man w nev] make a good s]vant1 nor w y ev] be able to tru/ him2 because he :o has ! /ate ( ano!r 9 8 h&s ought nev] to ?9k ( himself1 b always ( 8 pr9ce1 & nev] pay any att5tion to matt]s 9 :i* ! pr9ce is n conc]n$4 ,on ! o!r h&1 to keep 8 s]vant hone/ ! pr9ce ought to /udy him1 hon\r+ him1 enri*+ him1 do+ him k9dnesses1 %>+ ) him ! hon\rs & c>es2 & at ! same "t let him see t he _c /& alone1 s t _m hon\rs may n make him desire m1 _m ri*es make him wi% = m1 & t _m c>es may make him dread *ances4 ,:51 !re=e1 s]vants1 & pr9ces t[>ds s]vants1 are ?us dispos$1 !y c tru/ ea* o!r1 b :5 x is o!rwise1 ! end w always be disa/r\s = ei!r "o or ! o!r4 ,,*apt] ,,xxiii4 ,,h[ ,,flatt]]s ,,%\ld ,,be ,,avoid$ ,i d n wi% to leave out an important bran* ( ?is subject1 = x is a dang] f :i* pr9ces are ) difficulty pres]v$1 unless !y are v c>eful & discrim9at+4 ,x is t ( flatt]]s1 ( :om c\rts are full1 because m5 are s self-complac5t 9 _! own affairs1 & 9 a way s deceiv$ 9 !m1 t !y are pres]v$ ) difficulty f ?is pe/1 & if !y wi% to def5d !mselves !y run ! dang] ( fall+ into contempt4 ,because !re is no o!r way ( gu>d+ oneself f flatt]]s except lett+ m5 und]/& t to tell y ! tru? does n (f5d y2 b :5 e "o may tell y ! tru?1 respect = y abates4 ,!re=e a wise pr9ce ought to hold a ?ird c\rse by *oos+ ! wise m5 9 8 /ate1 & giv+ to !m only ! lib]ty ( speak+ ! tru? to him1 & !n only ( ^? ?+s ( :i* he inquires1 & ( none o!rs2 b he ought to "q !m ^u ev]y?+1 & li/5 to _! op9ions1 & aft]w>ds =m 8 own conclusions4 ,) ^! c\ncillors1 sep>ately & collectively1 he ought to c>ry himself 9 su* a way t ea* ( !m %\ld "k t1 ! m freely he %all speak1 ! m he %all be pref]r$2 outside ( ^!1 he %\ld li/5 to no "o1 pursue ! ?+ resolv$ on1 & be /eadfa/ 9 8 resolutions4 ,he :o does o!rwise is ei!r ov]?r[n by flatt]]s1 or is s (t5 *ang$ by v>y+ op9ions t he falls into contempt4 ,i wi% on ?is subject to adduce a mod]n example4 ,fra ,luca1 ! man ( affairs to ,maximilian1#a ! pres5t emp]or1 speak+ ( 8 maje/y1 said3 ,he consult$ ) no "o1 yet nev] got 8 own way 9 any?+4 ,?is arose because ( 8 foll[+ a practice ! opposite to ! above2 = ! emp]or is a secretive man--he does n communicate 8 designs to any "o1 nor does he receive op9ions on !m4 ,b z 9 c>ry+ !m into effect !y become reveal$ & kn[n1 !y are at once ob/ruct$ by ^? m5 :om he has ar\nd him1 & he1 be+ pliant1 is div]t$ f !m4 ,h5ce x foll[s t ^? ?+s he does "o day he undoes ! next1 & no "o ev] und]/&s :at he wi%es or int5ds to d1 & no "o c rely on 8 resolutions4 #a ,maximilian ,i1 born 9 #adei1 di$ #aeai1 ,emp]or ( ! ,holy ,roman ,empire4 ,he m>ri$1 fir/1 ,m>y1 daught] ( ,*>les ! ,bold2 aft] h] dea?1 ,bianca ,s=za2 & ?us became involv$ 9 ,italian politics4 ,a pr9ce1 !re=e1 ought always to take c\nsel1 b only :5 he wi%es & n :5 o!rs wi%2 he ought r to disc\rage e "o f (f]+ advice unless he asks x2 b1 h[ev]1 he ought to be a con/ant inquir]1 & aft]w>ds a pati5t li/5] conc]n+ ! ?+s ( :i* he inquir$2 also1 on le>n+ t any "o1 on any consid]ation1 has n told him ! tru?1 he %\ld let 8 ang] be felt4 ,& if !re are "s :o ?9k t a pr9ce :o conveys an impression ( 8 wisdom is n s ?r\gh 8 own ability1 b ?r\gh ! good advis]s t he has ar\nd him1 beyond d\bt !y are deceiv$1 because ?is is an axiom :i* nev] fails3 t a pr9ce :o is n wise himself w nev] take good advice1 unless by *ance he has yield$ 8 affairs entirely to "o p]son :o happ5s to be a v prud5t man4 ,9 ?is case inde$ he may be well gov]n$1 b x w\ld n be = long1 because su* a gov]nor w\ld 9 a %ort "t take away 8 /ate f him4 ,b if a pr9ce :o is n inexp]i5c$ %\ld take c\nsel f m ?an "o he w nev] get unit$ c\nsels1 nor w he "k h[ to unite !m4 ,ea* ( ! c\nsellors w ?9k ( 8 own int]e/s1 & ! pr9ce w n "k h[ to control !m or to see ?r\gh !m4 ,& !y are n to be f\nd o!rwise1 because m5 w always prove untrue to y unless !y are kept hone/ by con/ra9t4 ,!re=e x mu/ be inf]r$ t good c\nsels1 :5cesoev] !y come1 are born ( ! wisdom ( ! pr9ce1 & n ! wisdom ( ! pr9ce f good c\nsels4 ,,*apt] ,,xxiv4 ,,:y ,,! ,,pr9ces ,,( ,,italy ,,h ,,lo/ ,,_! ,,/ates ,! previ\s sugge/ions1 c>efully obs]v$1 w enable a new pr9ce to appe> well e/abli%$1 & r5d] him at once m secure & fix$ 9 ! /ate ?an if he _h be5 long seat$ !re4 ,= ! actions ( a new pr9ce are m n>r[ly obs]v$ ?an ^? ( an h]$it>y "o1 & :5 !y are se5 to be able !y ga9 m m5 & b9d f> tight] ?an anci5t blood2 because m5 are attract$ m by ! pres5t ?an by ! pa/1 & :5 !y f9d ! pres5t good !y enjoy x & seek no fur!r2 !y w also make ! utmo/ def5ce ( a pr9ce if he fails !m n 9 o!r ?+s4 ,?us x w be a d\ble glory = him to h e/abli%$ a new pr9cipality1 & adorn$ & /r5g!n$ x ) good laws1 good arms1 good allies1 & ) a good example2 s w x be a d\ble disgrace to him :o1 born a pr9ce1 %all lose 8 /ate by want ( wisdom4 ,& if ^? seigniors are consid]$ :o h lo/ _! /ates 9 ,italy 9 our times1 su* z ! ,k+ ( ,naples1 ! ,duke ( ,milan1 & o!rs1 !re w be f\nd 9 !m1 fir/ly1 "o common defect 9 reg>d to arms f ! causes :i* h be5 discuss$ at l5g?2 9 ! next place1 "s "o ( !m w be se51 ei!r to h _h ! p ho/ile1 or if he has _h ! p fri5dly1 he has n kn[n h[ to secure ! nobles4 ,9 ! abs5ce ( ^! defects /ates t h p[] en\gh to keep an army 9 ! field _c be lo/4 ,philip ( ,mac$on1 n ! fa!r ( ,alex&] ! ,great1 b he :o 0 conqu]$ by ,titus ,qu9tius1 _h n mu* t]ritory comp>$ to ! greatness ( ! ,romans & ( ,greece :o attack$ him1 yet be+ a w>like man :o knew h[ to attract ! p & secure ! nobles1 he su/a9$ ! w> aga9/ 8 enemies = _m ye>s1 & if 9 ! end he lo/ ! dom9ion ( "s cities1 nev]!less he reta9$ ! k+dom4 ,!re=e1 d n let our pr9ces accuse =tune = ! loss ( _! pr9cipalities aft] s _m ye>s' possession1 b r _! own slo?1 because 9 quiet times !y nev] ?\ght !re c\ld be a *ange 7x is a common defect 9 man n to make any provision 9 ! calm aga9/ ! tempe/71 & :5 aft]w>ds ! bad times came !y ?\ght ( flight & n ( def5d+ !mselves1 & !y hop$ t ! p1 disgu/$ ) ! insol5ce ( ! conqu]ors1 w\ld recall !m4 ,?is c\rse1 :5 o!rs fail1 may be good1 b x is v bad to h neglect$ all o!r exp$i5ts = t1 s9ce y w\ld nev] wi% to fall because y tru/$ to be able to f9d someone lat] on to re/ore y4 ,?is aga9 ei!r does n happ51 or1 if x does1 x w n be = y\r security1 because t deliv]ance is ( no avail :i* does n dep5d ^u y\rself2 ^? only are reliable1 c]ta91 & durable t dep5d on y\rself & y\r val\r4 ,,*apt] ,,xxv4 ,,:at ,,=tune ,,c ,,effect ,,9 ,,human ,,affairs ,,& ,,h[ ,,to ,,)/& ,,h] ,x is n unkn[n to me h[ _m m5 h _h1 & /ill h1 ! op9ion t ! affairs ( ! _w are 9 su* wise gov]n$ by =tune & by ,god t m5 ) _! wisdom _c direct !m & t no "o c ev5 help !m2 & because ( ?is !y w\ld h u believe t x is n necess>y to lab\r mu* 9 affairs1 b to let *ance gov]n !m4 ,?is op9ion has be5 m cr$it$ 9 our times because ( ! great *anges 9 affairs :i* h be5 se51 & may /ill be se51 e day1 beyond all human conjecture4 ,sometimes pond]+ ov] ?is1 ,i am 9 "s degree incl9$ to _! op9ion4 ,nev]!less1 n to ext+ui% our free w1 ,i hold x to be true t ,=tune is ! arbit] ( "o-half ( our actions1#a b t %e /ill leaves u to direct ! o!r half1 or p]haps a little less4 #a ,fr$]ick ! ,great 0 accu/om$ to say3 8,! old] "o gets ! m conv9c$ "o becomes t 8 ,maje/y ,k+ ,*ance does ?ree-qu>t]s ( ! bus9ess ( ?is mis]able univ]se40 ,sorel's 8,ea/]n ,"q40 ,i comp>e h] to "o ( ^? rag+ riv]s1 :i* :5 9 flood ov]fl[s ! pla9s1 sweep+ away trees & build+s1 be>+ away ! soil f place to place2 ev]y?+ flies be=e x1 all yield to its viol5ce1 )\t be+ able 9 any way to )/& x2 & yet1 ?\gh its nature be su*1 x does n foll[ !re=e t m51 :5 ! wea!r becomes fair1 %all n make provision1 bo? ) def5ces & b>ri]s1 9 su* a mann] t1 ris+ aga91 ! wat]s may pass away by canal1 & _! =ce be nei!r s unre/ra9$ nor s dang]\s4 ,s x happ5s ) =tune1 :o %[s h] p[] :]e val\r has n prep>$ to resi/ h]1 & ?i!r %e turns h] =ces :]e %e kn[s t b>ri]s & def5ces h n be5 rais$ to con/ra9 h]4 ,& if y w consid] ,italy1 :i* is ! seat ( ^! *anges1 & :i* has giv5 to !m _! impulse1 y w see x to be an op5 c\ntry )\t b>ri]s & )\t any def5ce4 ,= if x _h be5 def5d$ by prop] val\r1 z are ,g]many1 ,spa91 & ,france1 ei!r ?is invasion w\ld n h made ! great *anges x has made or x w\ld n h come at all4 ,& ?is ,i consid] en\gh to say conc]n+ resi/ance to =tune 9 g5]al4 ,b conf9+ myself m to ! p>ticul>1 ,i say t a pr9ce may be se5 happy to-day & ru9$ to-morr[ )\t hav+ %[n any *ange ( disposition or "*4 ,?is1 ,i believe1 arises fir/ly f causes t h already be5 discuss$ at l5g?1 namely1 t ! pr9ce :o relies entirely on =tune is lo/ :5 x *anges4 ,i believe also t he w be successful :o directs 8 actions accord+ to ! _s ( ! times1 & t he ^: actions d n accord ) ! times w n be successful4 ,because m5 are se51 9 affairs t lead to ! end :i* e man has be=e him1 namely1 glory & ri*es1 to get !re by v>i\s me?ods2 "o ) caution1 ano!r ) ha/e2 "o by =ce1 ano!r by skill2 "o by pati5ce1 ano!r by its opposite2 & ea* "o succe$s 9 rea*+ ! goal by a diff]5t me?od4 ,"o c also see ( two cauti\s m5 ! "o atta9 8 end1 ! o!r fail2 & simil>ly1 two m5 by diff]5t obs]vances are equally successful1 ! "o be+ cauti\s1 ! o!r impetu\s2 all ?is arises f no?+ else ?an :e!r or n !y con=m 9 _! me?ods to ! _s ( ! times4 ,?is foll[s f :at ,i h said1 t two m5 work+ diff]5tly br+ ab\t ! same effect1 & ( two work+ simil>ly1 "o atta9s 8 object & ! o!r does n4 ,*anges 9 e/ate also issue f ?is1 = if1 to "o :o gov]ns himself ) caution & pati5ce1 times & affairs conv]ge 9 su* a way t 8 adm9i/ration is successful1 8 =tune is made2 b if times & affairs *ange1 he is ru9$ if he does n *ange 8 c\rse ( action4 ,b a man is n (t5 f\nd suffici5tly circumspect to "k h[ to accommodate himself to ! *ange1 bo? because he _c deviate f :at nature incl9es him to d1 & also because1 hav+ always prosp]$ by act+ 9 "o way1 he _c be p]suad$ t x is well to leave x2 &1 !re=e1 ! cauti\s man1 :5 x is "t to turn adv5tur\s1 does n "k h[ to d x1 h5ce he is ru9$2 b _h he *ang$ 8 conduct ) ! times =tune w\ld n h *ang$4 ,pope ,julius ! ,second w5t to "w impetu\sly 9 all 8 affairs1 & f\nd ! times & circum/ances con=m s well to t l9e ( action t he always met ) success4 ,consid] 8 fir/ ent]prise aga9/ ,bologna1 ,mess] ,giovanni ,b5tivogli be+ /ill alive4 ,! ,v5etians 7 n agreeable to x1 nor 0 ! ,k+ ( ,spa91 & he _h ! ent]prise /ill "u discussion ) ! ,k+ ( ,france2 nev]!less he p]sonally ent]$ ^u ! exp$ition ) 8 accu/om$ boldness & en]gy1 a move :i* made ,spa9 & ! ,v5etians /& irresolute & passive1 ! latt] f fe>1 ! =m] f desire to recov] ! k+dom ( ,naples2 on ! o!r h&1 he drew aft] him ! ,k+ ( ,france1 because t k+1 hav+ obs]v$ ! movem5t1 & desir+ to make ! ,pope 8 fri5d s z to humble ! ,v5etians1 f\nd x impossible to refuse him4 ,!re=e ,julius ) 8 impetu\s action accompli%$ :at no o!r pontiff ) simple human wisdom c\ld h done2 = if he _h wait$ 9 ,rome until he c\ld get away1 ) 8 plans arrang$ & ev]y?+ fix$1 z any o!r pontiff w\ld h done1 he w\ld nev] h succe$$4 ,because ! ,k+ ( ,france w\ld h made a ?\s& excuses1 & ! o!rs w\ld h rais$ a ?\s& fe>s4 ,i w leave 8 o!r actions alone1 z !y 7 all alike1 & !y all succe$$1 = ! %ortness ( 8 life did n let him exp]i5ce ! contr>y2 b if circum/ances _h aris5 :i* requir$ him to g cauti\sly1 8 ru9 w\ld h foll[$1 because he w\ld nev] h deviat$ f ^? ways to :i* nature incl9$ him4 ,i conclude1 !re=e t1 =tune be+ *angeful & mank9d /eadfa/ 9 _! ways1 s long z ! two are 9 agreem5t m5 are successful1 b unsuccessful :5 !y fall out4 ,= my "p ,i consid] t x is bett] to be adv5tur\s ?an cauti\s1 because =tune is a woman1 & if y wi% to keep h] "u x is necess>y to beat & ill-use h]2 & x is se5 t %e all[s h]self to be ma/]$ by ! adv5tur\s r ?an by ^? :o g to "w m coldly4 ,%e is1 !re=e1 always1 woman-l1 a lov] ( "y m51 because !y are less cauti\s1 m viol5t1 & ) m audacity comm& h]4 ,,*apt] ,,xxvi4 ,,an ,,exhortation ,,to ,,lib]ate ,,italy ,,f ,,! ,,b>b>ians ,hav+ c>efully consid]$ ! subject ( ! above disc\rses1 & wond]+ )9 myself :e!r ! pres5t times 7 propiti\s to a new pr9ce1 & :e!r !re 7 elem5ts t w\ld give an opportunity to a wise & virtu\s "o to introduce a new ord] ( ?+s :i* w\ld d hon\r to him & good to ! p ( ?is c\ntry1 x appe>s to me t s _m ?+s concur to fav\r a new pr9ce t ,i nev] knew a "t m fit ?an ! pres5t4 ,& if1 z ,i said1 x 0 necess>y t ! p ( ,israel %\ld be captive s z to make manife/ ! ability ( ,moses2 t ! ,p]sians %\ld be oppress$ by ! ,m$es s z to discov] ! greatness ( ! s\l ( ,cyrus2 & t ! ,a!nians %\ld be disp]s$ to illu/rate ! capabilities ( ,!seus3 !n at ! pres5t "t1 9 ord] to discov] ! virtue ( an ,italian _s1 x 0 necess>y t ,italy %\ld be r$uc$ to ! extremity t %e is n[ 91 t %e %\ld be m enslav$ ?an ! ,hebrews1 m oppress$ ?an ! ,p]sians1 m scatt]$ ?an ! ,a!nians2 )\t head1 )\t ord]1 beat51 despoil$1 torn1 ov]run2 & to h endur$ e k9d ( desolation4 ,al?\gh lately "s sp>k may h be5 %[n by "o1 :i* made u ?9k he 0 orda9$ by ,god = our r$emption1 nev]!less x 0 aft]w>ds se51 9 ! height ( 8 c>e]1 t =tune reject$ him2 s t ,italy1 left z )\t life1 waits = him :o %all yet heal h] w\nds & put an end to ! ravag+ & plund]+ ( ,lomb>dy1 to ! sw9dl+ & tax+ ( ! k+dom & ( ,tuscany1 & cleanse ^? sores t = long h fe/]$4 ,x is se5 h[ %e entreats ,god to s5d someone :o %all deliv] h] f ^! wrongs & b>b>\s insol5cies4 ,x is se5 also t %e is ready & will+ to foll[ a bann] if only someone w raise x4 ,nor is !re to be se5 at pres5t "o 9 :om %e c place m hope ?an 9 y\r illu/ri\s h\se1#a ) its val\r & =tune1 fav\r$ by ,god & by ! ,*ur* ( :i* x is n[ ! *ief1 & :i* c\ld be made ! head ( ?is r$emption4 ,?is w n be difficult if y w recall to y\rself ! actions & lives ( ! m5 ,i h nam$4 ,& al?\gh !y 7 great & wond]ful m51 yet !y 7 m51 & ea* "o ( !m _h no m opportunity ?an ! pres5t (f]s1 = _! ent]prises 7 nei!r m j nor easi] ?an ?is1 nor 0 ,god m _! fri5d ?an ,he is y\rs4 #a ,giuliano de ,m$ici4 ,he _h j be5 creat$ a c>d9al by ,leo ,x4 ,9 #aebc ,giuliano 0 elect$ ,pope1 & took ! title ( ,clem5t ,,vii4 ,) u !re is great ju/ice1 because t w> is j :i* is necess>y1 & arms are hall[$ :5 !re is no o!r hope b 9 !m4 ,"h !re is ! greate/ will+ness1 & :]e ! will+ness is great ! difficulties _c be great if y w only foll[ ^? m5 to :om ,i h direct$ y\r att5tion4 ,fur!r ?an ?is1 h[ extraord9>ily ! ways ( ,god h be5 manife/$ beyond example3 ! sea is divid$1 a cl\d has l$ ! way1 ! rock has p\r$ =? wat]1 x has ra9$ manna1 ev]y?+ has contribut$ to y\r greatness2 y ought to d ! re/4 ,god is n will+ to d ev]y?+1 & ?us take away our free w & t %>e ( glory :i* belongs to u4 ,& x is n to be wond]$ at if none ( ! above-nam$ ,italians h be5 able to accompli% all t is expect$ f y\r illu/ri\s h\se2 & if 9 s _m revolutions 9 ,italy1 & 9 s _m campaigns1 x has always appe>$ z if milit>y virtue 7 exhau/$1 ?is has happ5$ because ! old ord] ( ?+s 0 n good1 & none ( u h kn[n h[ to f9d a new "o4 ,& no?+ hon\rs a man m ?an to e/abli% new laws & new ord9ances :5 he himself 0 newly ris54 ,su* ?+s :5 !y are well f\nd$ & dignifi$ w make him rev]$ & admir$1 & 9 ,italy !re are n want+ opportunities to br+ su* into use 9 e =m4 ,"h !re is great val\r 9 ! limbs :il/ x fails 9 ! head4 ,look att5tively at ! duels & ! h&-to-h& combats1 h[ sup]ior ! ,italians are 9 /r5g?1 dext]ity1 & subtlety4 ,b :5 x comes to armies !y d n be> comp>ison1 & ?is spr+s entirely f ! insuffici5cy ( ! lead]s1 s9ce ^? :o are capable are n ob$i5t1 & ea* "o seems to himself to "k1 !re hav+ nev] be5 any "o s di/+ui%$ above ! re/1 ei!r by val\r or =tune1 t o!rs w\ld yield to him4 ,h5ce x is t = s long a "t1 & dur+ s mu* fight+ 9 ! pa/ tw5ty ye>s1 :5ev] !re has be5 an army :olly ,italian1 x has always giv5 a poor acc\nt ( itself2 ! fir/ witness to ?is is ,il ,t>o1 aft]w>ds ,alles&ria1 ,capua1 ,g5oa1 ,vaila1 ,bologna1 ,me/ri4#b #b ,! battles ( ,il ,t>o1 #adie2 ,aless&ria1 #adii2 ,capua1 #aeja2 ,g5oa1 #aejg2 ,vaila1 #aeji2 ,bologna1 #aeaa2 ,me/ri1 #aeac4 ,if1 !re=e1 y\r illu/ri\s h\se wi%es to foll[ ^! rem>kable m5 :o h r$eem$ _! c\ntry1 x is necess>y be=e all ?+s1 z a true f\ndation = e ent]prise1 to be provid$ ) y\r own =ces1 because !re c be no m fai?ful1 tru]1 or bett] soldi]s4 ,& al?\gh s+ly !y are good1 altoge!r !y w be mu* bett] :5 !y f9d !mselves comm&$ by _! pr9ce1 hon\r$ by him1 & ma9ta9$ at 8 exp5se4 ,!re=e x is necess>y to be prep>$ ) su* arms1 s t y c be def5d$ aga9/ =eign]s by ,italian val\r4 ,& al?\gh ,swiss & ,spani% infantry may be consid]$ v =midable1 nev]!less !re is a defect 9 bo?1 by reason ( :i* a ?ird ord] w\ld n only be able to oppose !m1 b might be reli$ ^u to ov]?r[ !m4 ,= ! ,spani>ds _c resi/ cavalry1 & ! ,switz]s are afraid ( infantry :5ev] !y enc\nt] !m 9 close combat4 ,ow+ to ?is1 z has be5 & may aga9 be se51 ! ,spani>ds are unable to resi/ ,fr5* cavalry1 & ! ,switz]s are ov]?r[n by ,spani% infantry4 ,& al?\gh a complete pro( ( ?is latt] _c be %[n1 nev]!less !re 0 "s evid5ce ( x at ! battle ( ,rav5na1 :5 ! ,spani% infantry 7 confront$ by ,g]man battalions1 :o foll[ ! same tactics z ! ,swiss2 :5 ! ,spani>ds1 by agility ( body & ) ! aid ( _! %ields1 got 9 "u ! pikes ( ! ,g]mans & /ood out ( dang]1 able to attack1 :ile ! ,g]mans /ood helpless1 &1 if ! cavalry _h n da%$ up1 all w\ld h be5 ov] ) !m4 ,x is possible1 !re=e1 kn[+ ! defects ( bo? ^! infantries1 to inv5t a new "o1 :i* w resi/ cavalry & n be afraid ( infantry2 ?is ne$ n create a new ord] ( arms1 b a v>iation ^u ! old4 ,& ^! are ! k9d ( improvem5ts :i* conf] reputation & p[] ^u a new pr9ce4 ,?is opportunity1 !re=e1 ought n to be all[$ to pass = lett+ ,italy at la/ see h] lib]ator appe>4 ,nor c "o express ! love ) :i* he w\ld be receiv$ 9 all ^? prov9ces :i* h suff]$ s mu* f ^! =eign sc\r+s1 ) :at ?ir/ = rev5ge1 ) :at /ubborn fai?1 ) :at devotion1 ) :at te>s4 ,:at door w\ld be clos$ to him8 ,:o w\ld refuse ob$i5ce to him8 ,:at envy w\ld h9d] him8 ,:at ,italian w\ld refuse him homage8 ,to all ( u ?is b>b>\s dom9ion /9ks4 ,let1 !re=e1 y\r illu/ri\s h\se take up ?is *>ge ) t c\rage & hope ) :i* all j ent]prises are und]tak51 s t "u its /&>d our native c\ntry may be ennobl$1 & "u its auspices may be v]ifi$ t say+ ( ,petr>*3 ,virtu contro al ,furore ,pr5d]a l'arme1 e fia il combatt] corto3 ,*e l'antico valore ,negli italici cuor non e ancor morto4 ,virtue aga9/ fury %all advance ! fight1 ,& x i' ?' combat soon %all put to flight3 ,= ! old ,roman val\r is n dead1 ,nor 9 ?' ,italians' bre/s ext+ui%$4 ,edw>d ,dacre1 #afdj4 ,,description ,,( ,,! ,,me?ods ,,adopt$ ,,by ,,! ,,duke ,,val5t9o ,,:5 ,,murd]+ ,,vitellozzo ,,vitelli1 ,,oliv]otto ,,da ,,f]mo1 ,,! ,,signor ,,pagolo1 ,,& ,,! ,,duke ,,di ,,grav9a ,,ors9i ,,by ,,nicolo ,,ma*iavelli ,! ,duke ,val5t9o _h return$ f ,lomb>dy1 :]e he _h be5 to cle> himself ) ! ,k+ ( ,france f ! calumnies :i* _h be5 rais$ aga9/ him by ! ,flor5t9es conc]n+ ! rebellion ( ,arezzo & o!r t[ns 9 ! ,val di ,*iana1 & _h arriv$ at ,imola1 :5ce he int5d$ ) 8 army to ent] ^u ! campaign aga9/ ,giovanni ,b5tivogli1 ! tyrant ( ,bologna3 = he int5d$ to br+ t city "u 8 dom9ation1 & to make x ! head ( 8 ,romagnian du*y4 ,^! matt]s com+ to ! k ( ! ,vitelli & ,ors9i & _! foll[+1 x appe>$ to !m t ! duke w\ld become too p[]ful1 & x 0 fe>$ t1 hav+ seiz$ ,bologna1 he w\ld seek to de/roy !m 9 ord] t he might become supreme 9 ,italy4 ,^u ?is a meet+ 0 call$ at ,magione 9 ! di/rict ( ,p]ugia1 to :i* came ! c>d9al1 ,pagolo1 & ! ,duke di ,grav9a ,ors9i1 ,vitellozzo ,vitelli1 ,oliv]otto da ,f]mo1 ,gianpagolo ,baglioni1 ! tyrant ( ,p]ugia1 & ,mess] ,antonio da ,v5afro1 s5t by ,p&olfo ,petrucci1 ! ,pr9ce ( ,si5a4 ,"h 7 discuss$ ! p[] & c\rage ( ! duke & ! necessity ( curb+ 8 ambitions1 :i* might o!rwise br+ dang] to ! re/ ( be+ ru9$4 ,& !y decid$ n to ab&on ! ,b5tivogli1 b to /rive to w9 ov] ! ,flor5t9es2 & !y s5t _! m5 to "o place & ano!r1 promis+ to "o p>ty assi/ance & to ano!r enc\ragem5t to unite ) !m aga9/ ! common enemy4 ,?is meet+ 0 at once report$ ?r\gh\t all ,italy1 & ^? :o 7 discont5t$ "u ! duke1 among :om 7 ! p ( ,urb9o1 took hope ( effect+ a revolution4 ,?us x arose t1 m5's m9ds be+ ?us unsettl$1 x 0 decid$ by c]ta9 m5 ( ,urb9o to seize ! =tress ( ,san ,leo1 :i* 0 held = ! duke1 & :i* !y captur$ by ! foll[+ means4 ,! ca/ellan 0 =tify+ ! rock & caus+ timb] to be tak5 !re2 s ! conspirators wat*$1 & :5 c]ta9 beams :i* 7 be+ c>ri$ to ! rock 7 ^u ! bridge1 s t x 0 prev5t$ f be+ drawn up by ^? inside1 !y took ! opportunity ( leap+ ^u ! bridge & !nce into ! =tress4 ,^u ?is capture be+ effect$1 ! :ole /ate rebell$ & recall$ ! old duke1 be+ enc\rag$ 9 ?is1 n s mu* by ! capture ( ! =t1 z by ! ,diet at ,magione1 f :om !y expect$ to get assi/ance4 ,^? :o he>d ( ! rebellion at ,urb9o ?\ght !y w\ld n lose ! opportunity1 & at once assembl$ _! m5 s z to take any t[n1 %\ld any rema9 9 ! h&s ( ! duke 9 t /ate2 & !y s5t aga9 to ,flor5ce to beg t republic to jo9 ) !m 9 de/roy+ ! common firebr&1 %[+ t ! risk 0 less5$ & t !y ought n to wait = ano!r opportunity4 ,b ! ,flor5t9es1 f hatr$1 = sundry reasons1 ( ! ,vitelli & ,ors9i1 n only w\ld n ally !mselves1 b s5t ,nicolo ,ma*iavelli1 _! secret>y1 to (f] %elt] & assi/ance to ! duke aga9/ 8 enemies4 ,! duke 0 f\nd full ( fe> at ,imola1 because1 aga9/ ev]ybody's expectation1 8 soldi]s _h at once gone ov] to ! enemy & he f\nd himself dis>m$ & w> at 8 door4 ,b recov]+ c\rage f ! (f]s ( ! ,flor5t9es1 he decid$ to temporize be=e fight+ ) ! few soldi]s t rema9$ to him1 & to negotiate = a reconciliation1 & also to get assi/ance4 ,?is latt] he obta9$ 9 two ways1 by s5d+ to ! ,k+ ( ,france = m5 & by enli/+ m5-at-arms & o!rs :om he turn$ into cavalry ( a sort3 to all he gave money4 ,not)/&+ ?is1 8 enemies drew ne> to him1 & approa*$ ,fossombrone1 :]e !y enc\nt]$ "s m5 ( ! duke &1 ) ! aid ( ! ,ors9i & ,vitelli1 r\t$ !m4 ,:5 ?is happ5$1 ! duke resolv$ at once to see if he c\ld n close ! tr\ble ) (f]s ( reconciliation1 & be+ a mo/ p]fect dissembl] he did n fail 9 any practices to make ! insurg5ts und]/& t he wi%$ e man :o _h acquir$ any?+ to keep x1 z x 0 en\gh = him to h ! title ( pr9ce1 :il/ o!rs might h ! pr9cipality4 ,& ! duke succe$$ s well 9 ?is t !y s5t ,signor ,pagolo to him to negotiate = a reconciliation1 & !y br\ght _! army to a /&/ill4 ,b ! duke did n /op 8 prep>ations1 & took e c>e to provide himself ) cavalry & infantry1 & t su* prep>ations might n be app>5t to ! o!rs1 he s5t 8 troops 9 sep>ate p>ties to e "p ( ! ,romagna4 ,9 ! mean:ile !re came also to him five hundr$ ,fr5* lanc]s1 & al?\gh he f\nd himself suffici5tly /rong to take v5geance on 8 enemies 9 op5 w>1 he consid]$ t x w\ld be saf] & m advantage\s to outwit !m1 & = ?is reason he did n /op ! "w ( reconciliation4 ,& t ?is might be effect$ ! duke conclud$ a peace ) !m 9 :i* he confirm$ _! =m] cov5ants2 he gave !m f\r ?\s& ducats at once2 he promis$ n to injure ! ,b5tivogli2 & he =m$ an alliance ) ,giovanni2 & moreov] he w\ld n =ce !m to come p]sonally into 8 pres5ce unless x pleas$ !m to d s4 ,on ! o!r h&1 !y promis$ to re/ore to him ! du*y ( ,urb9o & o!r places seiz$ by !m1 to s]ve him 9 all 8 exp$itions1 & n to make w> aga9/ or ally !mselves ) any "o )\t 8 p]mission4 ,?is reconciliation be+ complet$1 ,guido ,ubaldo1 ! ,duke ( ,urb9o1 aga9 fl$ to ,v5ice1 hav+ fir/ de/roy$ all ! =tresses 9 8 /ate2 because1 tru/+ 9 ! p1 he did n wi% t ! =tresses1 :i* he did n ?9k he c\ld def5d1 %\ld be held by ! enemy1 s9ce by ^! means a *eck w\ld be kept ^u 8 fri5ds4 ,b ! ,duke ,val5t9o1 hav+ complet$ ?is conv5tion1 & disp]s$ 8 m5 ?r\gh\t ! ,romagna1 set out = ,imola at ! end ( ,novemb] toge!r ) 8 ,fr5* m5-at-arms3 !nce he w5t to ,ces5a1 :]e he /ay$ "s "t to negotiate ) ! envoys ( ! ,vitelli & ,ors9i1 :o _h assembl$ ) _! m5 9 ! du*y ( ,urb9o1 z to ! ent]prise 9 :i* !y %\ld n[ take "p2 b no?+ be+ conclud$1 ,oliv]otto da ,f]mo 0 s5t to propose t if ! duke wi%$ to und]take an exp$ition aga9/ ,tuscany !y 7 ready2 if he did n wi% x1 !n !y w\ld besiege ,s9igalia4 ,to ?is ! duke repli$ t he did n wi% to ent] into w> ) ,tuscany1 & ?us become ho/ile to ! ,flor5t9es1 b t he 0 v will+ to proce$ aga9/ ,s9igalia4 ,x happ5$ t n long aft]w>ds ! t[n surr5d]$1 b ! =tress w\ld n yield to !m because ! ca/ellan w\ld n give x up to any "o b ! duke 9 p]son2 !re=e !y exhort$ him to come !re4 ,?is appe>$ a good opportunity to ! duke1 z1 be+ invit$ by !m1 & n go+ ( 8 own w1 he w\ld awak5 no suspicions4 ,& ! m to reassure !m1 he all[$ all ! ,fr5* m5-at-arms :o 7 ) him 9 ,lomb>dy to dep>t1 except ! hundr$ lanc]s "u ,mons4 di ,c&ales1 8 bro!r-9-law4 ,he left ,ces5a ab\t ! middle ( ,decemb]1 & w5t to ,fano1 & ) ! utmo/ cunn+ & clev]ness he p]suad$ ! ,vitelli & ,ors9i to wait = him at ,s9igalia1 po9t+ out to !m t any lack ( compliance w\ld ca/ a d\bt ^u ! s9c]ity & p]man5cy ( ! reconciliation1 & t he 0 a man :o wi%$ to make use ( ! arms & c\ncils ( 8 fri5ds4 ,b ,vitellozzo rema9$ v /ubborn1 = ! dea? ( 8 bro!r w>n$ him t he %\ld n (f5d a pr9ce & aft]w>ds tru/ him2 nev]!less1 p]suad$ by ,pagolo ,ors9i1 :om ! duke _h corrupt$ ) gifts & promises1 he agre$ to wait4 ,^u ?is ! duke1 be=e 8 dep>ture f ,fano1 :i* 0 to be on #cj? ,decemb] #aejb1 communicat$ 8 designs to eight ( 8 mo/ tru/$ foll[]s1 among :om 7 ,don ,mi*ele & ! ,monsignor d',euna1 :o 0 aft]w>ds c>d9al2 & he ord]$ t1 z soon z ,vitellozzo1 ,pagolo ,ors9i1 ! ,duke di ,grav9a1 & ,oliv]otto %\ld arrive1 8 foll[]s 9 pairs %\ld take !m "o by "o1 entru/+ c]ta9 m5 to c]ta9 pairs1 :o %\ld ent]ta9 !m until !y rea*$ ,s9igalia2 nor %\ld !y be p]mitt$ to leave until !y came to ! duke's qu>t]s1 :]e !y %\ld be seiz$4 ,! duke aft]w>ds ord]$ all 8 horsem5 & infantry1 ( :i* !re 7 m ?an two ?\s& cavalry & t5 ?\s& footm51 to assemble by daybreak at ! ,metauro1 a riv] five miles di/ant f ,fano1 & await him !re4 ,he f\nd himself1 !re=e1 on ! la/ day ( ,decemb] at ! ,metauro ) 8 m51 & hav+ s5t a cavalcade ( ab\t two hundr$ horsem5 be=e him1 he !n mov$ =w>d ! infantry1 :om he accompani$ ) ! re/ ( ! m5-at-arms4 ,fano & ,s9igalia are two cities ( ,la ,m>ca situat$ on ! %ore ( ! ,adriatic ,sea1 fifte5 miles di/ant f ea* o!r1 s t he :o goes t[>ds ,s9igalia has ! m\nta9s on 8 "r h&1 ! bases ( :i* are t\*$ by ! sea 9 "s places4 ,! city ( ,s9igalia is di/ant f ! foot ( ! m\nta9s a little m ?an a b[-%ot & f ! %ore ab\t a mile4 ,on ! side opposite to ! city runs a little riv] :i* ba!s t "p ( ! walls look+ t[>ds ,fano1 fac+ ! high road4 ,?us he :o draws ne> to ,s9igalia comes = a good space by road along ! m\nta9s1 & rea*es ! riv] :i* passes by ,s9igalia4 ,if he turns to 8 left h& along ! bank ( x1 & goes = ! di/ance ( a b[-%ot1 he arrives at a bridge :i* crosses ! riv]2 he is !n almo/ abrea/ ( ! gate t leads into ,s9igalia1 n by a /raight l9e1 b transv]sely4 ,be=e ?is gate !re /&s a collection ( h\ses ) a squ>e to :i* ! bank ( ! riv] =ms "o side4 ,! ,vitelli & ,ors9i hav+ receiv$ ord]s to wait = ! duke1 & to hon\r him 9 p]son1 s5t away _! m5 to sev]al ca/les di/ant f ,s9igalia ab\t six miles1 s t room c\ld be made = ! m5 ( ! duke2 & !y left 9 ,s9igalia only ,oliv]otto & 8 b&1 :i* consi/$ ( "o ?\s& infantry & "o hundr$ & fifty horsem51 :o 7 qu>t]$ 9 ! suburb m5tion$ above4 ,matt]s hav+ be5 ?us arrang$1 ! ,duke ,val5t9o left = ,s9igalia1 & :5 ! lead]s ( ! cavalry rea*$ ! bridge !y did n pass ov]1 b hav+ op5$ x1 "o portion :eel$ t[>ds ! riv] & ! o!r t[>ds ! c\ntry1 & a way 0 left 9 ! middle ?r\gh :i* ! infantry pass$1 )\t /opp+1 into ! t[n4 ,vitellozzo1 ,pagolo1 & ! ,duke di ,grav9a on mules1 accompani$ by a few horsem51 w5t t[>ds ! duke2 ,vitellozo1 un>m$ & we>+ a cape l9$ ) gre51 appe>$ v deject$1 z if consci\s ( 8 approa*+ dea?--a circum/ance :i*1 9 view ( ! ability ( ! man & 8 =m] =tune1 caus$ "s amazem5t4 ,& x is said t :5 he p>t$ f 8 m5 be=e sett+ out = ,s9igalia to meet ! duke he act$ z if x 7 8 la/ p>t+ f !m4 ,he recomm5d$ 8 h\se & its =tunes to 8 capta9s1 & advis$ 8 nephews t x 0 n ! =tune ( _! h\se1 b ! virtues ( _! fa!rs t %\ld be kept 9 m9d4 ,^! ?ree1 !re=e1 came be=e ! duke & salut$ him respectfully1 & 7 receiv$ by him ) goodwill2 !y 7 at once plac$ betwe5 ^? :o 7 commission$ to look aft] !m4 ,b ! duke notic+ t ,oliv]otto1 :o _h rema9$ ) 8 b& 9 ,s9igalia1 0 miss+--= ,oliv]otto 0 wait+ 9 ! squ>e be=e 8 qu>t]s ne> ! riv]1 keep+ 8 m5 9 ord] & drill+ !m--signall$ ) 8 eye to ,don ,mi*elle1 to :om ! c>e ( ,oliv]otto _h be5 committ$1 t he %\ld take measures t ,oliv]otto %\ld n escape4 ,!re=e ,don ,mi*ele rode (f & jo9$ ,oliv]otto1 tell+ him t x 0 n "r to keep 8 m5 out ( _! qu>t]s1 because ^! might be tak5 up by ! m5 ( ! duke2 & he advis$ him to s5d !m at once to _! qu>t]s & to come himself to meet ! duke4 ,& ,oliv]otto1 hav+ tak5 ?is advice1 came be=e ! duke1 :o1 :5 he saw him1 call$ to him2 & ,oliv]otto1 hav+ made 8 obeisance1 jo9$ ! o!rs4 ,s ! :ole p>ty ent]$ ,s9igalia1 dism\nt$ at ! duke's qu>t]s1 & w5t ) him into a secret *amb]1 :]e ! duke made !m prison]s2 he !n m\nt$ on horseback1 & issu$ ord]s t ! m5 ( ,oliv]otto & ! ,ors9i %\ld be /ripp$ ( _! arms4 ,^? ( ,oliv]otto1 be+ at h&1 7 quickly settl$1 b ^? ( ! ,ors9i & ,vitelli1 be+ at a di/ance1 & hav+ a pres5tim5t ( ! de/ruction ( _! ma/]s1 _h "t to prep>e !mselves1 & be>+ 9 m9d ! val\r & discipl9e ( ! ,ors9ian & ,vitellian h\ses1 !y /ood toge!r aga9/ ! ho/ile =ces ( ! c\ntry & sav$ !mselves4 ,b ! duke's soldi]s1 n be+ cont5t ) hav+ pillag$ ! m5 ( ,oliv]otto1 began to sack ,s9igalia1 & if ! duke _h n repress$ ?is outrage by kill+ "s ( !m !y w\ld h completely sack$ x4 ,night hav+ come & ! tumult be+ sil5c$1 ! duke prep>$ to kill ,vitellozzo & ,oliv]otto2 he l$ !m into a room & caus$ !m to be /rangl$4 ,nei!r ( !m us$ words 9 keep+ ) _! pa/ lives3 ,vitellozzo pray$ t he might ask ( ! pope full p>don = 8 s9s2 ,oliv]otto cr+$ & laid ! blame = all injuries aga9/ ! duke on ,vitellozzo4 ,pagolo & ! ,duke di ,grav9a ,ors9i 7 kept alive until ! duke he>d f ,rome t ! pope _h tak5 ! ,c>d9al ,ors9o1 ! ,ar*bi%op ( ,flor5ce1 & ,mess] ,jacopo da ,santa ,croce4 ,aft] :i* news1 on #ah? ,janu>y #aejb1 9 ! ca/le ( ,pieve1 !y also 7 /rangl$ 9 ! same way4 ,,! ,,life ,,( ,,ca/ruccio ,,ca/racani ,,( ,,lucca ,,writt5 ,,by ,,nicolo ,,ma*iavelli ,& s5t to 8 fri5ds ,,zanobi ,,buondelmonti ,& ,,luigi ,,alamanni ,,ca/ruccio ,,ca/racani #abhd-acbh ,x appe>s1 de>e/ ,zanobi & ,luigi1 a wond]ful ?+ to ^? :o h consid]$ ! matt]1 t all m51 or ! l>g] numb] ( !m1 :o h p]=m$ great de$s 9 ! _w1 & excell$ all o!rs 9 _! day1 h _h _! bir? & beg9n+ 9 bas5ess & obscurity2 or h be5 aggriev$ by ,=tune 9 "s outrage\s way4 ,!y h ei!r be5 expos$ to ! m]cy ( wild bea/s1 or !y h _h s mean a p>5tage t 9 %ame !y h giv5 !mselves out to be sons ( ,jove or ( "s o!r deity4 ,x w\ld be we>isome to relate :o ^! p]sons may h be5 because !y are well kn[n to ev]ybody1 &1 z su* tales w\ld n be p>ticul>ly edify+ to ^? :o read !m1 !y are omitt$4 ,i believe t ^! l[ly beg9n+s ( great m5 occur because ,=tune is desir\s ( %[+ to ! _w t su* m5 owe mu* to h] & little to wisdom1 because %e beg9s to %[ h] h& :5 wisdom c really take no "p 9 _! c>e]3 ?us all success mu/ be attribut$ to h]4 ,ca/ruccio ,ca/racani ( ,lucca 0 "o ( ^? m5 :o did great de$s1 if he is measur$ by ! times 9 :i* he liv$ & ! city 9 :i* he 0 born2 b1 l _m o!rs1 he 0 nei!r =tunate nor di/+ui%$ 9 8 bir?1 z ! c\rse ( ?is hi/ory w %[4 ,x appe>$ to be desirable to recall 8 memory1 because ,i h disc]n$ 9 him su* indications ( val\r & =tune z %\ld make him a great exempl> to m54 ,i ?9k also t ,i ought to call y\r att5tion to 8 actions1 because y ( all m5 ,i "k delight mo/ 9 noble de$s4 ,! family ( ,ca/racani 0 =m]ly numb]$ among ! noble families ( ,lucca1 b 9 ! days ( :i* ,i speak x _h some:at fall5 9 e/ate1 z s (t5 happ5s 9 ?is _w4 ,to ?is family 0 born a son ,antonio1 :o became a prie/ ( ! ord] ( ,san ,mi*ele ( ,lucca1 & = ?is reason 0 hon\r$ ) ! title ( ,mess] ,antonio4 ,he _h an only si/]1 :o _h be5 m>ri$ to ,buonaccorso ,c5ami1 b ,buonaccorso dy+ %e became a wid[1 & n wi%+ to m>ry aga9 w5t to live ) h] bro!r4 ,mess] ,antonio _h a v9ey>d beh9d ! h\se :]e he resid$1 & z x 0 b\nd$ on all sides by g>d5s1 any p]son c\ld h access to x )\t difficulty4 ,"o morn+1 %ortly aft] sunrise1 ,madonna ,dianora1 z ! si/] ( ,mess] ,antonio 0 call$1 _h occasion to g into ! v9ey>d z usual to ga!r h]bs = season+ ! d9n]1 & he>+ a slight ru/l+ among ! leaves ( a v9e %e turn$ h] eyes 9 t direction1 & he>d some?+ resembl+ ! cry ( an infant4 ,:]eupon %e w5t t[>ds x1 & saw ! h&s & face ( a baby :o 0 ly+ envelop$ 9 ! leaves & :o seem$ to be cry+ = its "m4 ,p>tly wond]+ & p>tly fe>+1 yet full ( compassion1 %e lift$ x up & c>ri$ x to ! h\se1 :]e %e wa%$ x & clo!d x ) clean l95 z is cu/om>y1 & %[$ x to ,mess] ,antonio :5 he return$ home4 ,:5 he he>d :at _h happ5$ & saw ! *ild he 0 n less surpris$ or compassionate ?an 8 si/]4 ,!y discuss$ betwe5 !mselves :at %\ld be done1 & see+ t he 0 prie/ & t %e _h no *ildr51 !y f9ally det]m9$ to br+ x up4 ,!y _h a nurse = x1 & x 0 re>$ & lov$ z if x 7 _! own *ild4 ,!y baptiz$ x1 & gave x ! "n ( ,ca/ruccio aft] _! fa!r4 ,z ! ye>s pass$ ,ca/ruccio grew v h&some1 & gave evid5ce ( wit & discretion1 & le>nt ) a quickness beyond 8 ye>s ^? lessons :i* ,mess] ,antonio imp>t$ to him4 ,mess] ,antonio int5d$ to make a prie/ ( him1 & 9 "t w\ld h induct$ him into 8 canonry & o!r b5efices1 & all 8 in/ruction 0 giv5 ) ?is object2 b ,antonio discov]$ t ! "* ( ,ca/ruccio 0 q unfitt$ = ! prie/hood4 ,z soon z ,ca/ruccio rea*$ ! age ( f\rte5 he began to take less notice ( ! *id+ ( ,mess] ,antonio & ,madonna ,dianora & no long] to fe> !m2 he left (f read+ ecclesia/ical books1 & turn$ to play+ ) arms1 delight+ 9 no?+ s mu* z 9 le>n+ _! uses1 & 9 runn+1 leap+1 & wre/l+ ) o!r boys4 ,9 all ex]cises he f> excell$ 8 companions 9 c\rage & bodily /r5g?1 & if at any "t he did turn to books1 only ^? pleas$ him :i* told ( w>s & ! mighty de$s ( m54 ,mess] ,antonio beheld all ?is ) vexation & sorr[4 ,!re liv$ 9 ! city ( ,lucca a g5tleman ( ! ,gu9igi family1 nam$ ,mess] ,francesco1 ^: pr(ession 0 arms & :o 9 ri*es1 bodily /r5g?1 & val\r excell$ all o!r m5 9 ,lucca4 ,he _h (t5 f\ght "u ! comm& ( ! ,visconti ( ,milan1 & z a ,ghibell9e 0 ! valu$ lead] ( t p>ty 9 ,lucca4 ,?is g5tleman resid$ 9 ,lucca & 0 accu/om$ to assemble ) o!rs mo/ morn+s & ev5+s "u ! balcony ( ! ,pode/a1 :i* is at ! top ( ! squ>e ( ,san ,mi*ele1 ! f9e/ squ>e 9 ,lucca1 & he _h (t5 se5 ,ca/ruccio tak+ "p ) o!r *ildr5 ( ! /reet 9 ^? games ( :i* ,i h spok54 ,notic+ t ,ca/ruccio f> excell$ ! o!r boys1 & t he appe>$ to ex]cise a royal au?ority ov] !m1 & t !y lov$ & obey$ him1 ,mess] ,francesco became greatly desir\s ( le>n+ :o he 04 ,be+ in=m$ ( ! circum/ances ( ! br++ up ( ,ca/ruccio he felt a great] desire to h him ne> to him4 ,!re=e he call$ him "o day & ask$ him :e!r he w\ld m will+ly live 9 ! h\se ( a g5tleman1 :]e he w\ld le>n to ride horses & use arms1 or 9 ! h\se ( a prie/1 :]e he w\ld le>n no?+ b masses & ! s]vices ( ! ,*ur*4 ,mess] ,francesco c\ld see t x pleas$ ,ca/ruccio greatly to he> horses & arms spok5 (1 ev5 ?\gh he /ood sil5t1 blu%+ mode/ly2 b be+ enc\rag$ by ,mess] ,francesco to speak1 he answ]$ t1 if 8 ma/] 7 agreeable1 no?+ w\ld please him m ?an to give up 8 prie/ly /udies & take up ^? ( a soldi]4 ,?is reply delight$ ,mess] ,francesco1 & 9 a v %ort "t he obta9$ ! cons5t ( ,mess] ,antonio1 :o 0 driv5 to yield by 8 k ( ! nature ( ! lad1 & ! fe> t he w\ld n be able to hold him mu* long]4 ,?us ,ca/ruccio pass$ f ! h\se ( ,mess] ,antonio ! prie/ to ! h\se ( ,mess] ,francesco ,gu9igi ! soldi]1 & x 0 a/oni%+ to f9d t 9 a v %ort "t he manife/$ all t virtue & be>+ :i* we are accu/om$ to associate ) a true g5tleman4 ,9 ! fir/ place he became an accompli%$ horseman1 & c\ld manage ) ease ! mo/ fi]y *>g]1 & 9 all j\/s & t\rnam5ts1 al?\gh /ill a y\?1 he 0 obs]v$ beyond all o!rs1 & he excell$ 9 all ex]cises ( /r5g? & dext]ity4 ,b :at enhanc$ s mu* ! *>m ( ^! accompli%m5ts1 0 ! delightful mode/y :i* enabl$ him to avoid (f5ce 9 ei!r act or ^w to o!rs1 = he 0 def]5tial to ! great m51 mode/ ) 8 equals1 & c\rte\s to 8 inf]iors4 ,^! gifts made him belov$1 n only by all ! ,gu9igi family1 b by all ,lucca4 ,:5 ,ca/ruccio _h rea*$ 8 eighte5? ye>1 ! ,ghibell9es 7 driv5 f ,pavia by ! ,guelphs1 & ,mess] ,francesco 0 s5t by ! ,visconti to assi/ ! ,ghibell9es1 & ) him w5t ,ca/ruccio1 9 *>ge ( 8 =ces4 ,ca/ruccio gave ample pro( ( 8 prud5ce & c\rage 9 ?is exp$ition1 acquir+ great] reputation ?an any o!r capta91 & 8 "n & fame 7 kn[n1 n only 9 ,pavia1 b ?r\gh\t all ,lomb>dy4 ,ca/ruccio1 hav+ return$ to ,lucca 9 f> high] e/imation ?an he left x1 did n omit to use all ! means 9 8 p[] to ga9 z _m fri5ds z he c\ld1 neglect+ none ( ^? arts :i* are necess>y = t purpose4 ,ab\t ?is "t ,mess] ,francesco di$1 leav+ a son ?irte5 ye>s ( age nam$ ,pagolo1 & hav+ appo9t$ ,ca/ruccio to be 8 son's tutor & adm9i/rator ( 8 e/ate4 ,be=e he di$ ,francesco call$ ,ca/ruccio to him1 & pray$ him to %[ ,pagolo t goodwill :i* he 7,francesco7 _h always %[n to ,,him1 & to r5d] to ! son ! gratitude :i* he _h n be5 able to repay to ! fa!r4 ,^u ! dea? ( ,francesco1 ,ca/ruccio became ! gov]nor & tutor ( ,pagolo1 :i* increas$ enorm\sly 8 p[] & position1 & creat$ a c]ta9 am\nt ( envy aga9/ him 9 ,lucca 9 place ( ! =m] univ]sal goodwill1 = _m m5 suspect$ him ( h>b\r+ tyrannical int5tions4 ,among ^! ! lead+ man 0 ,giorgio degli ,opizi1 ! head ( ! ,guelph p>ty4 ,?is man hop$ aft] ! dea? ( ,mess] ,francesco to become ! *ief man 9 ,lucca1 b x seem$ to him t ,ca/ruccio1 ) ! great abilities :i* he already %[$1 & hold+ ! position ( gov]nor1 depriv$ him ( 8 opportunity2 !re=e he began to s[ ^? se$s :i* %\ld rob ,ca/ruccio ( 8 em95ce4 ,ca/ruccio at fir/ treat$ ?is ) scorn1 b aft]w>ds he grew al>m$1 ?9k+ t ,mess] ,giorgio might be able to br+ him into disgrace ) ! deputy ( ,k+ ,rub]to ( ,naples & h him driv5 out ( ,lucca4 ,! ,"l ( ,pisa at t "t 0 ,uguccione ( ! ,faggiuola ( ,arezzo1 :o be+ 9 ! fir/ place elect$ _! capta9 aft]w>ds became _! "l4 ,!re resid$ 9 ,p>is "s exil$ ,ghibell9es f ,lucca1 ) :om ,ca/ruccio held communications ) ! object ( effect+ _! re/oration by ! help ( ,uguccione4 ,ca/ruccio also br\ght into 8 plans fri5ds f ,lucca :o w\ld n endure ! au?ority ( ! ,opizi4 ,hav+ fix$ ^u a plan to be foll[$1 ,ca/ruccio cauti\sly =tifi$ ! t[] ( ! ,one/i1 fill+ x ) supplies & munitions ( w>1 9 ord] t x might /& a siege = a few days 9 case ( ne$4 ,:5 ! night came :i* _h be5 agre$ ^u ) ,uguccione1 :o _h occupi$ ! pla9 betwe5 ! m\nta9s & ,pisa ) _m m51 ! signal 0 giv51 & )\t be+ obs]v$ ,uguccione approa*$ ! gate ( ,san ,pi]o & set fire to ! portcullis4 ,ca/ruccio rais$ a great upro> )9 ! city1 call+ ! p to arms & =c+ op5 ! gate f 8 side4 ,uguccione ent]$ ) 8 m51 p\r$ ?r\gh ! t[n1 & kill$ ,mess] ,giorgio ) all 8 family & _m ( 8 fri5ds & support]s4 ,! gov]nor 0 driv5 out1 & ! gov]nm5t re=m$ accord+ to ! wi%es ( ,uguccione1 to ! detrim5t ( ! city1 because x 0 f\nd t m ?an "o hundr$ families 7 exil$ at t "t4 ,( ^? :o fl$1 "p w5t to ,flor5ce & "p to ,pi/oia1 :i* city 0 ! headqu>t]s ( ! ,guelph p>ty1 & = ?is reason x became mo/ ho/ile to ,uguccione & ! ,luc*ese4 ,z x n[ appe>$ to ! ,flor5t9es & o!rs ( ! ,guelph p>ty t ! ,ghibell9es absorb$ too mu* p[] 9 ,tuscany1 !y det]m9$ to re/ore ! exil$ ,guelphs to ,lucca4 ,!y assembl$ a l>ge army 9 ! ,val di ,nievole1 & seiz$ ,montecat9i2 f !nce !y m>*$ to ,montec>lo1 9 ord] to secure ! free passage into ,lucca4 ,^u ?is ,uguccione assembl$ 8 ,pisan & ,luc*ese =ces1 & ) a numb] ( ,g]man cavalry :i* he drew out ( ,lomb>dy1 he mov$ aga9/ ! qu>t]s ( ! ,flor5t9es1 :o ^u ! appe>ance ( ! enemy )drew f ,montec>lo1 & po/$ !mselves betwe5 ,montecat9i & ,pescia4 ,uguccione n[ took up a position ne> to ,montec>lo1 & )9 ab\t two miles ( ! enemy1 & slight skirmi%es betwe5 ! horse ( bo? p>ties 7 ( daily occurr5ce4 ,ow+ to ! illness ( ,uguccione1 ! ,pisans & ,luc*ese delay$ com+ to battle ) ! enemy4 ,uguccione1 f9d+ himself gr[+ worse1 w5t to ,montec>lo to be cur$1 & left ! comm& ( ! army 9 ! h&s ( ,ca/ruccio4 ,?is *ange br\ght ab\t ! ru9 ( ! ,guelphs1 :o1 ?9k+ t ! ho/ile army hav+ lo/ its capta9 _h lo/ its head1 grew ov]-confid5t4 ,ca/ruccio obs]v$ ?is1 & all[$ "s days to pass 9 ord] to enc\rage ?is belief2 he also %[$ signs ( fe>1 & did n all[ any ( ! munitions ( ! camp to be us$4 ,on ! o!r side1 ! ,guelphs grew m insol5t ! m !y saw ^! evid5ces ( fe>1 & e day !y drew out 9 ! ord] ( battle 9 front ( ! army ( ,ca/ruccio4 ,pres5tly1 deem+ t ! enemy 0 suffici5tly embold5$1 & hav+ ma/]$ _! tactics1 he decid$ to jo9 battle ) !m4 ,fir/ he spoke a few words ( enc\ragem5t to 8 soldi]s1 & po9t$ out to !m ! c]ta9ty ( victory if !y w\ld b obey 8 comm&s4 ,ca/ruccio _h notic$ h[ ! enemy _h plac$ all 8 be/ troops 9 ! c5tre ( ! l9e ( battle1 & 8 less reliable m5 on ! w+s ( ! army2 :]eupon he did exactly ! opposite1 putt+ 8 mo/ valiant m5 on ! flanks1 :ile ^? on :om he c\ld n s /rongly rely he mov$ to ! c5tre4 ,obs]v+ ?is ord] ( battle1 he drew out ( 8 l9es & quickly came 9 sight ( ! ho/ile army1 :o1 z usual1 _h come 9 _! insol5ce to defy him4 ,he !n comm&$ 8 c5tre squadrons to m>* sl[ly1 :il/ he mov$ rapidly =w>d ^? on ! w+s4 ,?us1 :5 !y came into contact ) ! enemy1 only ! w+s ( ! two armies became engag$1 :il/ ! c5t] battalions rema9$ out ( action1 = ^! two portions ( ! l9e ( battle 7 sep>at$ f ea* o!r by a long int]val & ?us unable to rea* ea* o!r4 ,by ?is exp$i5t ! m valiant "p ( ,ca/ruccio's m5 7 oppos$ to ! weak] "p ( ! enemy's troops1 & ! mo/ effici5t m5 ( ! enemy 7 dis5gag$2 & ?us ! ,flor5t9es 7 unable to fight ) ^? :o 7 array$ opposite to !m1 or to give any assi/ance to _! own flanks4 ,s1 )\t mu* difficulty1 ,ca/ruccio put ! enemy to flight on bo? flanks1 & ! c5tre battalions took to flight :5 !y f\nd !mselves expos$ to attack1 )\t hav+ a *ance ( display+ _! val\r4 ,! defeat 0 complete1 & ! loss 9 m5 v heavy1 !re be+ m ?an t5 ?\s& m5 kill$ ) _m (fic]s & knights ( ! ,guelph p>ty 9 ,tuscany1 & also _m pr9ces :o _h come to help !m1 among :om 7 ,pi]o1 ! bro!r ( ,k+ ,rub]to1 & ,c>lo1 8 nephew1 & ,filippo1 ! "l ( ,t>anto4 ,on ! "p ( ,ca/ruccio ! loss did n am\nt to m ?an ?ree hundr$ m51 among :om 0 ,francesco1 ! son ( ,uguccione1 :o1 be+ "y & ra%1 0 kill$ 9 ! fir/ onset4 ,?is victory s greatly increas$ ! reputation ( ,ca/ruccio t ,uguccione conceiv$ "s jeal\sy & suspicion ( him1 because x appe>$ to ,uguccione t ?is victory _h giv5 him no increase ( p[]1 b r ?an dim9i%$ x4 ,be+ ( ?is m9d1 he only wait$ = an opportunity to give effect to x4 ,?is occurr$ on ! dea? ( ,pi] ,agnolo ,mi*eli1 a man ( great repute & abilities 9 ,lucca1 ! murd]] ( :om fl$ to ! h\se ( ,ca/ruccio = refuge4 ,on ! s]geants ( ! capta9 go+ to arre/ ! murd]]1 !y 7 driv5 (f by ,ca/ruccio1 & ! murd]] escap$4 ,?is affair com+ to ! k ( ,uguccione1 :o 0 !n at ,pisa1 x appe>$ to him a prop] opportunity to puni% ,ca/ruccio4 ,he !re=e s5t = 8 son ,n]i1 :o 0 ! gov]nor ( ,lucca1 & commission$ him to take ,ca/ruccio prison] at a banquet & put him to dea?4 ,ca/ruccio1 fe>+ no evil1 w5t to ! gov]nor 9 a fri5dly way1 0 ent]ta9$ at supp]1 & !n ?r[n into prison4 ,b ,n]i1 fe>+ to put him to dea? le/ ! p %\ld be inc5s$1 kept him alive1 9 ord] to he> fur!r f 8 fa!r conc]n+ 8 int5tions4 ,ugucionne curs$ ! hesitation & c[>dice ( 8 son1 & at once set out f ,pisa to ,lucca ) f\r hundr$ horsem5 to f9i% ! bus9ess 9 8 own way2 b he _h n yet rea*$ ! ba?s :5 ! ,pisans rebell$ & put 8 deputy to dea? & creat$ ,c\nt ,gaddo della ,gh]>desca _! "l4 ,be=e ,uguccione rea*$ ,lucca he he>d ( ! occurr5ces at ,pisa1 b x did n appe> wise to him to turn back1 le/ ! ,luc*ese ) ! example ( ,pisa be=e !m %\ld close _! gates aga9/ him4 ,b ! ,luc*ese1 hav+ he>d ( :at _h happ5$ at ,pisa1 avail$ !mselves ( ?is opportunity to dem& ! lib]ation ( ,ca/ruccio1 not)/&+ t ,uguccione _h arriv$ 9 _! city4 ,!y fir/ began to speak ( x 9 private circles1 aft]w>ds op5ly 9 ! squ>es & /reets2 !n !y rais$ a tumult1 & ) arms 9 _! h&s w5t to ,uguccione & dem&$ t ,ca/ruccio %\ld be set at lib]ty4 ,uguccione1 fe>+ t worse might happ51 releas$ him f prison4 ,:]eupon ,ca/ruccio ga!r$ 8 fri5ds ar\nd him1 & ) ! help ( ! p attack$ ,uguccione2 :o1 f9d+ he _h no res\rce b 9 flight1 rode away ) 8 fri5ds to ,lomb>dy1 to ! lords ( ,scale1 :]e he di$ 9 pov]ty4 ,b ,ca/ruccio f be+ a prison] became almo/ a pr9ce 9 ,lucca1 & he c>ri$ himself s discreetly ) 8 fri5ds & ! p t !y appo9t$ him capta9 ( _! army = "o ye>4 ,hav+ obta9$ ?is1 & wi%+ to ga9 r5[n 9 w>1 he plann$ ! recov]y ( ! _m t[ns :i* _h rebell$ aft] ! dep>ture ( ,uguccione1 & ) ! help ( ! ,pisans1 ) :om he _h conclud$ a treaty1 he m>*$ to ,s]ezzana4 ,to capture ?is place he con/ruct$ a =t aga9/ x1 :i* is call$ to-day ,z]ezzanello2 9 ! c\rse ( two mon?s ,ca/ruccio captur$ ! t[n4 ,) ! reputation ga9$ at t siege1 he rapidly seiz$ ,massa1 ,c>r>a1 & ,lav5za1 & 9 a %ort "t _h ov]run ! :ole ( ,lunigiana4 ,9 ord] to close ! pass :i* leads f ,lomb>dy to ,lunigiana1 he besieg$ ,pontremoli & wre/$ x f ! h&s ( ,mess] ,ana/agio ,palavic9i1 :o 0 ! "l ( x4 ,aft] ?is victory he return$ to ,lucca1 & 0 welcom$ by ! :ole p4 ,& n[ ,ca/ruccio1 deem+ x imprud5t any long] to def] mak+ himself a pr9ce1 got himself creat$ ! "l ( ,lucca by ! help ( ,pazz9o del ,poggio1 ,pucc9ello dal ,portico1 ,francesco ,boccansac*i1 & ,cecco ,gu9igi1 all ( :om he _h corrupt$2 & he 0 aft]w>ds solemnly & delib]ately elect$ pr9ce by ! p4 ,at ?is "t ,fr$]ick ( ,bav>ia1 ! ,k+ ( ! ,romans1 came into ,italy to assume ! ,imp]ial cr[n1 & ,ca/ruccio1 9 ord] t he might make fri5ds ) him1 met him at ! head ( five hundr$ horsem54 ,ca/ruccio _h left z 8 deputy 9 ,lucca1 ,pagolo ,gu9igi1 :o 0 held 9 high e/imation1 because ( ! p's love = ! memory ( 8 fa!r4 ,ca/ruccio 0 receiv$ 9 great hon\r by ,fr$]ick1 & _m privileges 7 conf]r$ ^u him1 & he 0 appo9t$ ! emp]or's lieut5ant 9 ,tuscany4 ,at ?is "t ! ,pisans 7 9 great fe> ( ,gaddo della ,gh]>desca1 :om !y _h driv5 out ( ,pisa1 & !y _h rec\rse = assi/ance to ,fr$]ick4 ,fr$]ick creat$ ,ca/ruccio ! "l ( ,pisa1 & ! ,pisans1 9 dread ( ! ,guelph p>ty1 & p>ticul>ly ( ! ,flor5t9es1 7 con/ra9$ to accept him z _! "l4 ,fr$]ick1 hav+ appo9t$ a gov]nor 9 ,rome to wat* 8 ,italian affairs1 return$ to ,g]many4 ,all ! ,tuscan & ,lomb>dian ,ghibell9es1 :o foll[$ ! imp]ial lead1 _h rec\rse to ,ca/ruccio = help & c\nsel1 & all promis$ him ! gov]nor%ip ( 8 c\ntry1 if enabl$ to recov] x ) 8 assi/ance4 ,among ^! exiles 7 ,matteo ,guidi1 ,n>do ,scol>i1 ,lapo ,ub]ti1 ,g]ozzo ,n>di1 & ,pi]o ,buonaccorsi1 all exil$ ,flor5t9es & ,ghibell9es4 ,ca/ruccio _h ! secret int5tion ( becom+ ! ma/] ( all ,tuscany by ! aid ( ^! m5 & ( 8 own =ces2 & 9 ord] to ga9 great] weight 9 affairs1 he ent]$ into a league ) ,mess] ,matteo ,visconti1 ! ,pr9ce ( ,milan1 & organiz$ = him ! =ces ( 8 city & ! c\ntry di/ricts4 ,z ,lucca _h five gates1 he divid$ 8 own c\ntry di/ricts into five p>ts1 :i* he suppli$ ) arms1 & enroll$ ! m5 "u capta9s & ensigns1 s t he c\ld quickly br+ into ! field tw5ty ?\s& soldi]s1 )\t ^? :om he c\ld summon to 8 assi/ance f ,pisa4 ,:ile he surr\nd$ himself ) ^! =ces & allies1 x happ5$ at ,mess] ,matteo ,visconti 0 attack$ by ! ,guelphs ( ,piac5za1 :o _h driv5 out ! ,ghibell9es ) ! assi/ance ( a ,flor5t9e army & ! ,k+ ,rub]to4 ,mess] ,matteo call$ ^u ,ca/ruccio to invade ! ,flor5t9es 9 _! own t]ritories1 s t1 be+ attack$ at home1 !y %\ld be compell$ to draw _! army out ( ,lomb>dy 9 ord] to def5d !mselves4 ,ca/ruccio invad$ ! ,vald>no1 & seiz$ ,fucec*io & ,san ,m9iato1 inflict+ imm5se damage ^u ! c\ntry4 ,:]eupon ! ,flor5t9es recall$ _! army1 :i* _h sc>cely rea*$ ,tuscany1 :5 ,ca/ruccio 0 =c$ by o!r necessities to return to ,lucca4 ,!re resid$ 9 ! city ( ,lucca ! ,poggio family1 :o 7 s p[]ful t !y c\ld n only elevate ,ca/ruccio1 b ev5 advance him to ! dignity ( pr9ce2 & x appe>+ to !m !y _h n receiv$ su* rew>ds = _! s]vices z !y des]v$1 !y incit$ o!r families to rebel & to drive ,ca/ruccio out ( ,lucca4 ,!y f\nd _! opportunity "o morn+1 & arm+ !mselves1 !y set ^u ! lieut5ant :om ,ca/ruccio _h left to ma9ta9 ord] & kill$ him4 ,!y endeav\r$ to raise ! p 9 revolt1 b ,/efano di ,poggio1 a peaceable old man :o _h tak5 no h& 9 ! rebellion1 int]v5$ & compell$ !m by 8 au?ority to lay d[n _! arms2 & he (f]$ to be _! m$iator ) ,ca/ruccio to obta9 f him :at !y desir$4 ,!re=e !y laid d[n _! arms ) no great] intellig5ce ?an !y _h tak5 !m up4 ,ca/ruccio1 hav+ he>d ! news ( :at _h happ5$ at ,lucca1 at once put ,pagolo ,gu9igi 9 comm& ( ! army1 & ) a troop ( cavalry set out = home4 ,contr>y to 8 expectations1 he f\nd ! rebellion at an end1 yet he po/$ 8 m5 9 ! mo/ advantage\s places ?r\gh\t ! city4 ,z x appe>$ to ,/efano t ,ca/ruccio ought to be v mu* oblig$ to him1 he s\ght him out1 & )\t say+ any?+ on 8 own behalf1 = he did n recognize any ne$ = do+ s1 he begg$ ,ca/ruccio to p>don ! o!r memb]s ( 8 family by reason ( _! y\?1 _! =m] fri5d%ips1 & ! obligations :i* ,ca/ruccio 0 "u to _! h\se4 ,to ?is ,ca/ruccio graci\sly respond$1 & begg$ ,/efano to reassure himself1 decl>+ t x gave him m pleasure to f9d ! tumult at an end ?an x _h ev] caus$ him anxiety to he> ( its inception4 ,he enc\rag$ ,/efano to br+ 8 family to him1 say+ t he ?ank$ ,god = hav+ giv5 him ! opportunity ( %[+ 8 clem5cy & lib]ality4 ,^u ! ^w ( ,/efano & ,ca/ruccio !y surr5d]$1 & ) ,/efano 7 imm$iately ?r[n into prison & put to dea?4 ,mean:ile ! ,flor5t9es _h recov]$ ,san ,m9iato1 :]eupon x seem$ advisable to ,ca/ruccio to make peace1 z x did n appe> to him t he 0 suffici5tly secure at ,lucca to leave him4 ,he approa*$ ! ,flor5t9es ) ! proposal ( a truce1 :i* !y readily ent]ta9$1 = !y 7 we>y ( ! w>1 & desir\s ( gett+ rid ( ! exp5ses ( x4 ,a treaty 0 conclud$ ) !m = two ye>s1 by :i* bo? p>ties agre$ to keep ! conque/s !y _h made4 ,ca/ruccio ?us releas$ f ?is tr\ble1 turn$ 8 att5tion to affairs 9 ,lucca1 & 9 ord] t he %\ld n aga9 be subject to ! p]ils f :i* he _h j escap$1 he1 "u v>i\s pret5ces & reasons1 fir/ wip$ out all ^? :o by _! ambition might aspire to ! pr9cipality2 n sp>+ "o ( !m1 b depriv+ !m ( c\ntry & prop]ty1 & ^? :om he _h 9 8 h&s ( life also1 /at+ t he _h f\nd by exp]i5ce t none ( !m 7 to be tru/$4 ,!n = 8 fur!r security he rais$ a =tress 9 ,lucca ) ! /ones ( ! t[]s ( ^? :om he _h kill$ or hunt$ out ( ! /ate4 ,:il/ ,ca/ruccio made peace ) ! ,flor5t9es1 & /r5g!n$ 8 position 9 ,lucca1 he neglect$ no opportunity1 %ort ( op5 w>1 ( increas+ 8 importance else:]e4 ,x appe>$ to him t if he c\ld get possession ( ,pi/oia1 he w\ld h "o foot 9 ,flor5ce1 :i* 0 8 great desire4 ,he1 !re=e1 9 v>i\s ways made fri5ds ) ! m\nta9e]s1 & work$ matt]s s 9 ,pi/oia t bo? p>ties confid$ _! secrets to him4 ,pi/oia 0 divid$1 z x always _h be51 into ! ,bian*i & ,n]i p>ties2 ! head ( ! ,bian*i 0 ,ba/iano di ,poss5te1 & ( ! ,n]i1 ,jacopo da ,gia4 ,ea* ( ^! m5 held secret communications ) ,ca/ruccio1 & ea* desir$ to drive ! o!r out ( ! city2 &1 aft] _m ?reat5+s1 !y came to bl[s4 ,jacopo =tifi$ himself at ! ,flor5t9e gate1 ,ba/iano at t ( ! ,luc*ese side ( ! city2 bo? tru/$ m 9 ,ca/ruccio ?an 9 ! ,flor5t9es1 because !y believ$ t ,ca/ruccio 0 f> m ready & will+ to fight ?an ! ,flor5t9es1 & !y bo? s5t to him = assi/ance4 ,he gave promises to bo?1 say+ to ,ba/iano t he w\ld come 9 p]son1 & to ,jacopo t he w\ld s5d 8 pupil1 ,pagolo ,gu9igi4 ,at ! appo9t$ "t he s5t =w>d ,pagolo by way ( ,pisa1 & w5t himself direct to ,pi/oia2 at midnight bo? ( !m met outside ! city1 & bo? 7 admitt$ z fri5ds4 ,?us ! two lead]s ent]$1 & at a signal giv5 by ,ca/ruccio1 "o kill$ ,jacopo da ,gia1 & ! o!r ,ba/iano di ,poss5te1 & bo? took prison]s or kill$ ! p>tisans ( ei!r faction4 ,)\t fur!r opposition ,pi/oia pass$ into ! h&s ( ,ca/ruccio1 :o1 hav+ =c$ ! ,signoria to leave ! palace1 compell$ ! p to yield ob$i5ce to him1 mak+ !m _m promises & remitt+ _! old debts4 ,! c\ntryside flock$ to ! city to see ! new pr9ce1 & all 7 fill$ ) hope & quickly settl$ d[n1 influ5c$ 9 a great measure by 8 great val\r4 ,ab\t ?is "t great di/urbances arose 9 ,rome1 ow+ to ! de>ness ( liv+ :i* 0 caus$ by ! abs5ce ( ! pontiff at ,avignon4 ,! ,g]man gov]nor1 ,enrico1 0 mu* blam$ = :at happ5$--murd]s & tumults foll[+ ea* o!r daily1 )\t 8 be+ able to put an end to !m4 ,?is caus$ ,enrico mu* anxiety le/ ! ,romans %\ld call 9 ,rub]to1 ! ,k+ ( ,naples1 :o w\ld drive ! ,g]mans out ( ! city1 & br+ back ! ,pope4 ,hav+ no ne>] fri5d to :om he c\ld apply = help ?an ,ca/ruccio1 he s5t to him1 begg+ him n only to give him assi/ance1 b also to come 9 p]son to ,rome4 ,ca/ruccio consid]$ t he ought n to hesitate to r5d] ! emp]or ?is s]vice1 because he believ$ t he himself w\ld n be safe if at any "t ! emp]or ceas$ to hold ,rome4 ,leav+ ,pagolo ,gu9igi 9 comm& at ,lucca1 ,ca/ruccio set out = ,rome ) six hundr$ horsem51 :]e he 0 receiv$ by ,enrico ) ! greate/ di/9ction4 ,9 a %ort "t ! pres5ce ( ,ca/ruccio obta9$ su* respect = ! emp]or t1 )\t blood%$ or viol5ce1 good ord] 0 re/or$1 *iefly by reason ( ,ca/ruccio hav+ s5t by sea f ! c\ntry r\nd ,pisa l>ge quantities ( corn1 & ?us remov$ ! s\rce ( ! tr\ble4 ,:5 he _h *a/is$ "s ( ! ,roman lead]s1 & admoni%$ o!rs1 volunt>y ob$i5ce 0 r5d]$ to ,enrico4 ,ca/ruccio receiv$ _m hon\rs1 & 0 made a ,roman s5ator4 ,?is dignity 0 assum$ ) ! greate/ pomp1 ,ca/ruccio be+ clo!d 9 a brocad$ toga1 :i* _h ! foll[+ words embroid]$ on its front3 8,i am :at ,god wills40 ,:il/ on ! back 03 8,:at ,god desires %all be40 ,dur+ ?is "t ! ,flor5t9es1 :o 7 mu* enrag$ t ,ca/ruccio %\ld h seiz$ ,pi/oia dur+ ! truce1 consid]$ h[ !y c\ld tempt ! city to rebel1 to d :i* !y ?\ght w\ld n be difficult 9 8 abs5ce4 ,among ! exil$ ,pi/oians 9 ,flor5ce 7 ,baldo ,cec*i & ,jacopo ,bald9i1 bo? m5 ( lead+ & ready to face dang]4 ,^! m5 kept up communications ) _! fri5ds 9 ,pi/oia1 & ) ! aid ( ! ,flor5t9es ent]$ ! city by night1 & aft] driv+ out "s ( ,ca/ruccio's (ficials & p>tisans1 & kill+ o!rs1 !y re/or$ ! city to its fre$om4 ,! news ( ?is greatly ang]$ ,ca/ruccio1 & tak+ leave ( ,enrico1 he press$ on 9 great ha/e to ,pi/oia4 ,:5 ! ,flor5t9es he>d ( 8 return1 kn[+ t he w\ld lose no "t1 !y decid$ to int]cept him ) _! =ces 9 ! ,val di ,nievole1 "u ! belief t by do+ s !y w\ld cut (f 8 road to ,pi/oia4 ,assembl+ a great army ( ! support]s ( ! ,guelph cause1 ! ,flor5t9es ent]$ ! ,pi/oian t]ritories4 ,on ! o!r h&1 ,ca/ruccio rea*$ ,montec>lo ) 8 army2 & hav+ he>d :]e ! ,flor5t9es' lay1 he decid$ n to enc\nt] x 9 ! pla9s ( ,pi/oia1 nor to await x 9 ! pla9s ( ,pescia1 b1 z f> z he possibly c\ld1 to attack x boldly 9 ! ,pass ( ,s]ravalle4 ,he believ$ t if he succe$$ 9 ?is design1 victory 0 assur$1 al?\gh he 0 in=m$ t ! ,flor5t9es _h ?irty ?\s& m51 :il/ he _h only twelve ?\s&4 ,al?\gh he _h e confid5ce 9 8 own abilities & ! val\r ( 8 troops1 yet he hesitat$ to attack 8 enemy 9 ! op5 le/ he %\ld be ov]:elm$ by numb]s4 ,s]ravalle is a ca/le betwe5 ,pescia & ,pi/oia1 situat$ on a hill :i* blocks ! ,val di ,nievole1 n 9 ! exact pass1 b ab\t a b[%ot beyond2 ! pass itself is 9 places n>r[ & /eep1 :il/ 9 g5]al x asc5ds g5tly1 b is /ill n>r[1 especially at ! summit :]e ! wat]s divide1 s t tw5ty m5 side by side c\ld hold x4 ,! "l ( ,s]ravalle 0 ,manfr$1 a ,g]man1 :o1 be=e ,ca/ruccio became "l ( ,pi/oia1 _h be5 all[$ to rema9 9 possession ( ! ca/le1 x be+ common to ! ,luc*ese & ! ,pi/oians1 & unclaim$ by ei!r--nei!r ( !m wi%+ to displace ,manfr$ z long z he kept 8 promise ( neutrality1 & came "u obligations to no "o4 ,= ^! reasons1 & also because ! ca/le 0 well =tifi$1 he _h always be5 able to ma9ta9 8 position4 ,x 0 "h t ,ca/ruccio _h det]m9$ to fall ^u 8 enemy1 = "h 8 few m5 w\ld h ! advantage1 & !re 0 no fe> le/1 see+ ! l>ge masses ( ! ho/ile =ce be=e !y became engag$1 !y %\ld n /&4 ,z soon z ?is tr\ble ) ,flor5ce arose1 ,ca/ruccio saw ! imm5se advantage :i* possession ( ?is ca/le w\ld give him1 & hav+ an intimate fri5d%ip ) a resid5t 9 ! ca/le1 he manag$ matt]s s ) him t f\r hundr$ ( 8 m5 7 to be admitt$ into ! ca/le ! night be=e ! attack on ! ,flor5t9es1 & ! ca/ellan put to dea?4 ,ca/ruccio1 hav+ prep>$ ev]y?+1 _h n[ to enc\rage ! ,flor5t9es to p]si/ 9 _! desire to c>ry ! seat ( w> away f ,pi/oia into ! ,val di ,nievole1 !re=e he did n move 8 army f ,montec>lo4 ,?us ! ,flor5t9es hurri$ on until !y rea*$ _! encampm5t "u ,s]ravalle1 int5d+ to cross ! hill on ! foll[+ morn+4 ,9 ! meantime1 ,ca/ruccio _h seiz$ ! ca/le at night1 _h also mov$ 8 army f ,montec>lo1 & m>*+ f !nce at midnight 9 dead sil5ce1 _h rea*$ ! foot ( ,s]ravalle3 ?us he & ! ,flor5t9es comm5c$ ! asc5t ( ! hill at ! same "t 9 ! morn+4 ,ca/ruccio s5t =w>d 8 infantry by ! ma9 road1 & a troop ( f\r hundr$ horsem5 by a pa? on ! left t[>ds ! ca/le4 ,! ,flor5t9es s5t =w>d f\r hundr$ cavalry ahead ( _! army :i* 0 foll[+1 nev] expect+ to f9d ,ca/ruccio 9 possession ( ! hill1 nor 7 !y aw>e ( 8 hav+ seiz$ ! ca/le4 ,?us x happ5$ t ! ,flor5t9e horsem5 m\nt+ ! hill 7 completely tak5 by surprise :5 !y discov]$ ! infantry ( ,ca/ruccio1 & s close 7 !y ^u x !y _h sc>cely "t to pull d[n _! visors4 ,x 0 a case ( unready soldi]s be+ attack$ by ready1 & !y 7 assail$ ) su* vig\r t ) difficulty !y c\ld hold _! own1 al?\gh "s few ( !m got ?r\gh4 ,:5 ! noise ( ! fight+ rea*$ ! ,flor5t9e camp bel[1 x 0 fill$ ) confusion4 ,! cavalry & infantry became inextricably mix$3 ! capta9s 7 unable to get _! m5 ei!r backw>d or =w>d1 ow+ to ! n>r[ness ( ! pass1 & amid all ?is tumult no "o knew :at ought to be done or :at c\ld be done4 ,9 a %ort "t ! cavalry :o 7 engag$ ) ! enemy's infantry 7 scatt]$ or kill$ )\t hav+ made any effective def5ce because ( _! un=tunate position1 al?\gh 9 %e] desp]ation !y _h (f]$ a /\t resi/ance4 ,retreat _h be5 impossible1 ) ! m\nta9s on bo? flanks1 :il/ 9 front 7 _! enemies1 & 9 ! re> _! fri5ds4 ,:5 ,ca/ruccio saw t 8 m5 7 unable to /rike a decisive bl[ at ! enemy & put !m to flight1 he s5t "o ?\s& infantrym5 r\nd by ! ca/le1 ) ord]s to jo9 ! f\r hundr$ horsem5 he _h previ\sly dispat*$ !re1 & comm&$ ! :ole =ce to fall ^u ! flank ( ! enemy4 ,^! ord]s !y c>ri$ out ) su* fury t ! ,flor5t9es c\ld n su/a9 ! attack1 b gave way1 & 7 soon 9 full retreat--conqu]$ m by _! un=tunate position ?an by ! val\r ( _! enemy4 ,^? 9 ! re> turn$ t[>ds ,pi/oia1 & spread ?r\gh ! pla9s1 ea* man seek+ only 8 own safety4 ,! defeat 0 complete & v sangu9>y4 ,_m capta9s 7 tak5 prison]s1 among :om 7 ,b&9i dei ,rossi1 ,francesco ,brunelles*i1 & ,giovanni della ,tosa1 all ,flor5t9e noblem51 ) _m ,tuscans & ,neapolitans :o f\ght on ! ,flor5t9e side1 hav+ be5 s5t by ,k+ ,rub]to to assi/ ! ,guelphs4 ,imm$iately ! ,pi/oians he>d ( ?is defeat !y drove out ! fri5ds ( ! ,guelphs1 & surr5d]$ to ,ca/ruccio4 ,he 0 n cont5t ) occupy+ ,prato & all ! ca/les on ! pla9s on bo? sides ( ! ,arno1 b m>*$ 8 army into ! pla9 ( ,p]etola1 ab\t two miles f ,flor5ce4 ,"h he rema9$ _m days1 divid+ ! spoils1 & celebrat+ 8 victory ) fea/s & games1 hold+ horse races1 & foot races = m5 & wom54 ,he also /ruck m$als 9 commemoration ( ! defeat ( ! ,flor5t9es4 ,he endeav\r$ to corrupt "s ( ! citiz5s ( ,flor5ce1 :o 7 to op5 ! city gates at night2 b ! conspiracy 0 discov]$1 & ! p>ticipators 9 x tak5 & behead$1 among :om 7 ,tommaso ,lupacci & ,lamb]tuccio ,frescobaldi4 ,?is defeat caus$ ! ,flor5t9es great anxiety1 & despair+ ( pres]v+ _! lib]ty1 !y s5t envoys to ,k+ ,rub]to ( ,naples1 (f]+ him ! dom9ion ( _! city2 & he1 kn[+ ( :at imm5se importance ! ma9t5ance ( ! ,guelph cause 0 to him1 accept$ x4 ,he agre$ ) ! ,flor5t9es to receive f !m a ye>ly tribute ( two hundr$ ?\s& flor9s1 & he s5t 8 son ,c>lo to ,flor5ce ) f\r ?\s& horsem54 ,%ortly aft] ?is ! ,flor5t9es 7 reliev$ 9 "s degree ( ! pressure ( ,ca/ruccio's army1 ow+ to 8 be+ compell$ to leave 8 positions be=e ,flor5ce & m>* on ,pisa1 9 ord] to suppress a conspiracy t _h be5 rais$ aga9/ him by ,b5$etto ,lanfran*i1 "o ( ! fir/ m5 9 ,pisa1 :o c\ld n endure t 8 fa!rl& %\ld be "u ! dom9ion ( ! ,luc*ese4 ,he _h =m$ ?is conspiracy1 int5d+ to seize ! citadel1 kill ! p>tisans ( ,ca/ruccio1 & drive out ! g>rison4 ,z1 h[ev]1 9 a conspiracy paucity ( numb]s is ess5tial to secrecy1 s = its execution a few are n suffici5t1 & 9 seek+ m adh]5ts to 8 conspiracy ,lanfran*i enc\nt]$ a p]son :o reveal$ ! design to ,ca/ruccio4 ,?is betrayal _c be pass$ by )\t sev]e reproa* to ,bonifacio ,c]*i & ,giovanni ,guidi1 two ,flor5t9e exiles :o 7 suff]+ _! bani%m5t 9 ,pisa4 ,!reupon ,ca/ruccio seiz$ ,b5$etto & put him to dea?1 & behead$ _m o!r noble citiz5s1 & drove _! families into exile4 ,x n[ appe>$ to ,ca/ruccio t bo? ,pisa & ,pi/oia 7 ?or\ghly disaffect$2 he employ$ mu* ?\ght & en]gy ^u secur+ 8 position !re1 & ?is gave ! ,flor5t9es _! opportunity to reorganize _! army1 & to await ! com+ ( ,c>lo1 ! son ( ! ,k+ ( ,naples4 ,:5 ,c>lo arriv$ !y decid$ to lose no m "t1 & assembl$ a great army ( m ?an ?irty ?\s& infantry & t5 ?\s& cavalry--hav+ call$ to _! aid e ,guelph !re 0 9 ,italy4 ,!y consult$ :e!r !y %\ld attack ,pi/oia or ,pisa fir/1 & decid$ t x w\ld be bett] to m>* on ! latt]--a c\rse1 ow+ to ! rec5t conspiracy1 m likely to succe$1 & ( m advantage to !m1 because !y believ$ t ! surr5d] ( ,pi/oia w\ld foll[ ! acquisition ( ,pisa4 ,9 ! e>ly "p ( ,may #acbh1 ! ,flor5t9es put 9 motion ?is army & quickly occupi$ ,la/ra1 ,signa1 ,montelupo1 & ,empoli1 pass+ f !nce on to ,san ,m9iato4 ,:5 ,ca/ruccio he>d ( ! enorm\s army :i* ! ,flor5t9es 7 s5d+ aga9/ him1 he 0 9 no degree al>m$1 believ+ t ! "t _h n[ arriv$ :5 ,=tune w\ld deliv] ! empire ( ,tuscany into 8 h&s1 = he _h no reason to ?9k t 8 enemy w\ld make a bett] fight1 or _h bett] prospects ( success1 ?an at ,pisa or ,s]ravalle4 ,he assembl$ tw5ty ?\s& foot soldi]s & f\r ?\s& horsem51 & ) ?is army w5t to ,fucec*io1 :il/ he s5t ,pagolo ,gu9igi to ,pisa ) five ?\s& infantry4 ,fucec*io has a /rong] position ?an any o!r t[n 9 ! ,pisan di/rict1 ow+ to its situation betwe5 ! riv]s ,arno & ,gusciana & its slight elevation above ! surr\nd+ pla94 ,moreov]1 ! enemy c\ld n h9d] its be+ victuall$ unless !y divid$ _! =ces1 nor c\ld !y approa* x ei!r f ! direction ( ,lucca or ,pisa1 nor c\ld !y get ?r\gh to ,pisa1 or attack ,ca/ruccio's =ces except at a disadvantage4 ,9 "o case !y w\ld f9d !mselves plac$ betwe5 8 two armies1 ! "o "u 8 own comm& & ! o!r "u ,pagolo1 & 9 ! o!r case !y w\ld h to cross ! ,arno to get to close qu>t]s ) ! enemy1 an und]tak+ ( great haz>d4 ,9 ord] to tempt ! ,flor5t9es to take ?is latt] c\rse1 ,ca/ruccio )drew 8 m5 f ! banks ( ! riv] & plac$ !m "u ! walls ( ,fucec*io1 leav+ a wide expanse ( l& betwe5 !m & ! riv]4 ,! ,flor5t9es1 hav+ occupi$ ,san ,m9iato1 held a c\ncil ( w> to decide :e!r !y %\ld attack ,pisa or ! army ( ,ca/ruccio1 &1 hav+ weigh$ ! difficulties ( bo? c\rses1 !y decid$ ^u ! latt]4 ,! riv] ,arno 0 at t "t l[ en\gh to be =dable1 yet ! wat] rea*$ to ! %\ld]s ( ! infantrym5 & to ! saddles ( ! horsem54 ,on ! morn+ ( #aj ,june #acbh1 ! ,flor5t9es comm5c$ ! battle by ord]+ =w>d a numb] ( cavalry & t5 ?\s& infantry4 ,ca/ruccio1 ^: plan ( action 0 fix$1 & :o well knew :at to d1 at once attack$ ! ,flor5t9es ) five ?\s& infantry & ?ree ?\s& horsem51 n all[+ !m to issue f ! riv] be=e he *>g$ !m2 he also s5t "o ?\s& light infantry up ! riv] bank1 & ! same numb] d[n ! ,arno4 ,! infantry ( ! ,flor5t9es 7 s mu* imp$$ by _! arms & ! wat] t !y 7 n able to m\nt ! banks ( ! riv]1 :il/ ! cavalry _h made ! passage ( ! riv] m difficult = ! o!rs1 by reason ( ! few :o _h cross$ hav+ brok5 up ! b$ ( ! riv]1 & ?is be+ deep ) mud1 _m ( ! horses roll$ ov] ) _! rid]s & _m ( !m _h /uck s fa/ t !y c\ld n move4 ,:5 ! ,flor5t9e capta9s saw ! difficulties _! m5 7 meet+1 !y )drew !m & mov$ high] up ! riv]1 hop+ to f9d ! riv] b$ less trea*]\s & ! banks m adapt$ = l&+4 ,^! m5 7 met at ! bank by ! =ces :i* ,ca/ruccio _h already s5t =w>d1 :o1 be+ light arm$ ) buckl]s & javel9s 9 _! h&s1 let fly ) trem5d\s %\ts into ! faces & bodies ( ! cavalry4 ,! horses1 al>m$ by ! noise & ! w\nds1 w\ld n move =w>d1 & trampl$ ea* o!r 9 great confusion4 ,! fight betwe5 ! m5 ( ,ca/ruccio & ^? ( ! enemy :o succe$$ 9 cross+ 0 %>p & t]rible2 bo? sides f\ght ) ! utmo/ desp]ation & nei!r w\ld yield4 ,! soldi]s ( ,ca/ruccio f\ght to drive ! o!rs back into ! riv]1 :il/ ! ,flor5t9es /rove to get a foot+ on l& 9 ord] to make room = ! o!rs press+ =w>d1 :o if !y c\ld b get out ( ! wat] w\ld be able to fight1 & 9 ?is ob/9ate conflict !y 7 urg$ on by _! capta9s4 ,ca/ruccio %\t$ to 8 m5 t ^! 7 ! same enemies :om !y _h be=e conqu]$ at ,s]ravalle1 :il/ ! ,flor5t9es reproa*$ ea* o!r t ! _m %\ld be ov]come by ! few4 ,at l5g? ,ca/ruccio1 see+ h[ long ! battle _h la/$1 & t bo? 8 m5 & ! enemy 7 utt]ly exhau/$1 & t bo? sides _h _m kill$ & w\nd$1 pu%$ =w>d ano!r body ( infantry to take up a position at ! re> ( ^? :o 7 fight+2 he !n comm&$ ^! latt] to op5 _! ranks z if !y int5d$ to retreat1 & "o "p ( !m to turn to ! "r & ano!r to ! left4 ,?is cle>$ a space ( :i* ! ,flor5t9es at once took advantage1 & ?us ga9$ possession ( a portion ( ! battlefield4 ,b :5 ^! tir$ soldi]s f\nd !mselves at close qu>t]s ) ,ca/ruccio's res]ves !y c\ld n /& aga9/ !m & at once fell back into ! riv]4 ,! cavalry ( ei!r side _h n z yet ga9$ any decisive advantage ov] ! o!r1 because ,ca/ruccio1 kn[+ 8 inf]iority 9 ?is arm1 _h comm&$ 8 lead]s only to /& on ! def5sive aga9/ ! attacks ( _! adv]s>ies1 z he hop$ t :5 he _h ov]come ! infantry he w\ld be able to make %ort "w ( ! cavalry4 ,?is fell out z he _h hop$1 = :5 he saw ! ,flor5t9e army driv5 back across ! riv] he ord]$ ! rema9d] ( 8 infantry to attack ! cavalry ( ! enemy4 ,?is !y did ) lance & javel91 &1 jo9$ by _! own cavalry1 fell ^u ! enemy ) ! greate/ fury & soon put him to flight4 ,! ,flor5t9e capta9s1 hav+ se5 ! difficulty _! cavalry _h met ) 9 cross+ ! riv]1 _h attempt$ to make _! infantry cross l[] d[n ! riv]1 9 ord] to attack ! flanks ( ,ca/ruccio's army4 ,b "h1 also1 ! banks 7 /eep & already l9$ by ! m5 ( ,ca/ruccio1 & ?is movem5t 0 q useless4 ,?us ! ,flor5t9es 7 s completely defeat$ at all po9ts t sc>cely a ?ird ( !m escap$1 & ,ca/ruccio 0 aga9 cov]$ ) glory4 ,_m capta9s 7 tak5 prison]s1 & ,c>lo1 ! son ( ,k+ ,rub]to1 ) ,mi*elagnolo ,falconi & ,taddeo degli ,albizzi1 ! ,flor5t9e commission]s1 fl$ to ,empoli4 ,if ! spoils 7 great1 ! slaught] 0 inf9itely great]1 z might be expect$ 9 su* a battle4 ,( ! ,flor5t9es !re fell tw5ty ?\s& two hundr$ & ?irty-"o m51 :il/ ,ca/ruccio lo/ "o ?\s& five hundr$ & sev5ty m54 ,b ,=tune gr[+ envi\s ( ! glory ( ,ca/ruccio took away 8 life j at ! "t :5 %e %\ld h pres]v$ x1 & ?us ru9$ all ^? plans :i* = s long a "t he _h work$ to c>ry into effect1 & 9 ! successful prosecution ( :i* no?+ b dea? c\ld h /opp$ him4 ,ca/ruccio 0 9 ! ?ick ( ! battle ! :ole ( ! day2 & :5 ! end ( x came1 al?\gh fatigu$ & ov]heat$1 he /ood at ! gate ( ,fucec*io to welcome 8 m5 on _! return f victory & p]sonally ?ank !m4 ,he 0 also on ! wat* = any attempt ( ! enemy to retrieve ! =tunes ( ! day2 he be+ ( ! op9ion t x 0 ! duty ( a good g5]al to be ! fir/ man 9 ! saddle & ! la/ out ( x4 ,"h ,ca/ruccio /ood expos$ to a w9d :i* (t5 rises at midday on ! banks ( ! ,arno1 & :i* is (t5 v unheal?y2 f ?is he took a *ill1 ( :i* he ?\ght no?+1 z he 0 accu/om$ to su* tr\bles2 b x 0 ! cause ( 8 dea?4 ,on ! foll[+ night he 0 attack$ ) high fev]1 :i* increas$ s rapidly t ! doctors saw x mu/ prove fatal4 ,ca/ruccio1 !re=e1 call$ ,pagolo ,gu9igi to him1 & address$ him z foll[s3 8,if ,i c\ld h believ$ t ,=tune w\ld h cut me (f 9 ! mid/ ( ! c>e] :i* 0 lead+ to t glory :i* all my successes promis$1 ,i %\ld h lab\r$ less1 & ,i %\ld h left !e1 if a small] /ate1 at lea/ ) few] enemies & p]ils1 because ,i %\ld h be5 cont5t ) ! gov]nor%ips ( ,lucca & ,pisa4 ,i %\ld nei!r h subjugat$ ! ,pi/oians1 nor outrag$ ! ,flor5t9es ) s _m injuries4 ,b ,i w\ld h made bo? ^! peoples my fri5ds1 & ,i %\ld h liv$1 if no long]1 at lea/ m peacefully1 & h left y a /ate )\t a d\bt small]1 b "o m secure & e/abli%$ on a sur] f\ndation4 ,b ,=tune1 :o insi/s ^u hav+ ! arbitram5t ( human affairs1 did n end[ me ) suffici5t judgm5t to recognize ?is f ! fir/1 nor ! "t to surm\nt x4 ,?\ ha/ he>d1 = _m h told !e1 & ,i h nev] conceal$ x1 h[ ,i ent]$ ! h\se ( ?y fa!r :il/ yet a boy--a /rang] to all ^? ambitions :i* e g5]\s s\l %\ld feel--& h[ ,i 0 br\ght up by him1 & lov$ z ?\gh ,i _h be5 born ( 8 blood2 h[ "u 8 gov]nance ,i le>n$ to be valiant & capable ( avail+ myself ( all t =tune1 ( :i* ?\ ha/ be5 witness4 ,:5 ?y good fa!r came to die1 he committ$ !e & all 8 possessions to my c>e1 & ,i h br\ght !e up ) t love1 & increas$ ?y e/ate ) t c>e1 :i* ,i 0 b\nd to %[4 ,& 9 ord] t ?\ %\ld/ n only possess ! e/ate :i* ?y fa!r left1 b also t :i* my =tune & abilities h ga9$1 ,i h nev] m>ri$1 s t ! love ( *ildr5 %\ld nev] deflect my m9d f t gratitude :i* ,i ow$ to ! *ildr5 ( ?y fa!r4 ,?us ,i leave !e a va/ e/ate1 ( :i* ,i am well cont5t1 b ,i am deeply conc]n$1 inasmu* z ,i leave x !e unsettl$ & insecure4 ,?\ ha/ ! city ( ,lucca on ?y h&s1 :i* w nev] re/ cont5t$ "u ?y gov]nm5t4 ,?\ ha/ also ,pisa1 :]e ! m5 are ( nature *angeable & unreliable1 :o1 al?\gh !y may be sometimes held 9 subjection1 yet !y w ev] disda9 to s]ve "u a ,luc*ese4 ,pi/oia is also disloyal to !e1 %e be+ eat5 up ) factions & deeply inc5s$ aga9/ ?y family by reason ( ! wrongs rec5tly inflict$ ^u !m4 ,?\ ha/ = neighb\rs ! (f5d$ ,flor5t9es1 injur$ by u 9 a ?\s& ways1 b n utt]ly de/roy$1 :o w hail ! news ( my dea? ) m delight ?an !y w\ld ! acquisition ( all ,tuscany4 ,9 ! ,emp]or & 9 ! pr9ces ( ,milan ?\ can/ place no reliance1 = !y are f> di/ant1 sl[1 & _! help is v long 9 com+4 ,!re=e1 ?\ ha/ no hope 9 any?+ b 9 ?9e own abilities1 & 9 ! memory ( my val\r1 & 9 ! pre/ige :i* ?is late/ victory has br\ght !e2 :i*1 z ?\ kn[e/ h[ to use x ) prud5ce1 w assi/ !e to come to t]ms ) ! ,flor5t9es1 :o1 z !y are suff]+ "u ?is great defeat1 %\ld be incl9$ to li/5 to !e4 ,& :]eas ,i h s\ght to make !m my enemies1 because ,i believ$ t w> ) !m w\ld conduce to my p[] & glory1 ?\ ha/ e inducem5t to make fri5ds ( !m1 because _! alliance w br+ !e advantages & security4 ,x is ( ! greate/ important 9 ?is _w t a man %\ld "k himself1 & ! measure ( 8 own /r5g? & means2 & he :o kn[s t he has n a g5ius = fight+ mu/ le>n h[ to gov]n by ! arts ( peace4 ,& x w be well = !e to rule ?y conduct by my c\nsel1 & to le>n 9 ?is way to enjoy :at my life-"w & dang]s h ga9$2 & 9 ?is ?\ wilt easily succe$ :5 ?\ ha/ le>nt to believe t :at ,i h told !e is true4 ,& ?\ wilt be d\bly indebt$ to me1 9 t ,i h left !e ?is realm & h taught !e h[ to keep x40 ,aft] ?is !re came to ,ca/ruccio ^? citiz5s ( ,pisa1 ,pi/oia1 & ,lucca1 :o _h be5 fight+ at 8 side1 & :il/ recomm5d+ ,pagolo to !m1 & mak+ !m swe> ob$i5ce to him z 8 successor1 he di$4 ,he left a happy memory to ^? :o _h kn[n him1 & no pr9ce ( ^? times 0 ev] lov$ ) su* devotion z he 04 ,8 obsequies 7 celebrat$ ) e sign ( m\rn+1 & he 0 buri$ 9 ,san ,francesco at ,lucca4 ,=tune 0 n s fri5dly to ,pagolo ,gu9igi z %e _h be5 to ,ca/ruccio1 = he _h n ! abilities4 ,n long aft] ! dea? ( ,ca/ruccio1 ,pagolo lo/ ,pisa1 & !n ,pi/oia1 & only ) difficulty held on to ,lucca4 ,?is latt] city cont9u$ 9 ! family ( ,gu9igi until ! "t ( ! great-gr&son ( ,pagolo4 ,f :at has be5 relat$ "h x w be se5 t ,ca/ruccio 0 a man ( exceptional abilities1 n only measur$ by m5 ( 8 own "t1 b also by ^? ( an e>li] date4 ,9 /ature he 0 above ! ord9>y height1 & p]fectly proportion$4 ,he 0 ( a graci\s pres5ce1 & he welcom$ m5 ) su* urbanity t ^? :o spoke ) him r>ely left him displeas$4 ,8 hair 0 incl9$ to be r$1 & he wore x cut %ort above ! e>s1 &1 :e!r x ra9$ or sn[$1 he always w5t )\t a hat4 ,he 0 delightful among fri5ds1 b t]rible to 8 enemies2 j to 8 subjects2 ready to play false ) ! unfai?ful1 & will+ to ov]come by fraud ^? :om he desir$ to subdue1 because he 0 wont to say t x 0 ! victory t br\ght ! glory1 n ! me?ods ( a*iev+ x4 ,no "o 0 bold] 9 fac+ dang]1 none m prud5t 9 extricat+ himself4 ,he 0 accu/om$ to say t m5 ought to attempt ev]y?+ & fe> no?+2 t ,god is a lov] ( /rong m51 because "o always sees t ! weak are *a/is$ by ! /rong4 ,he 0 also wond]fully %>p or bit+ ?\gh c\rte\s 9 8 answ]s2 & z he did n look = any indulg5ce 9 ?is way ( speak+ f o!rs1 s he 0 n ang]$ ) o!rs did n %[ x to him4 ,x has (t5 happ5$ t he has li/5$ quietly :5 o!rs h spok5 %>ply to him1 z on ! foll[+ occasions4 ,he _h caus$ a ducat to be giv5 = a p>tridge1 & 0 tak5 to task = do+ s by a fri5d1 to :om ,ca/ruccio _h said3 8,y w\ld n h giv5 m ?an a p5ny40 8,t is true10 answ]$ ! fri5d4 ,!n said ,ca/ruccio to him3 8,a ducat is mu* less to me40 ,hav+ ab\t him a flatt]] on :om he _h spat to %[ t he scorn$ him1 ! flatt]] said to him3 8,fi%]man are will+ to let ! wat]s ( ! sea saturate !m 9 ord] t !y may take a few little fi%es1 & ,i all[ myself to be wett$ by spittle t ,i may cat* a :ale02 & ?is 0 n only he>d by ,ca/ruccio ) pati5ce b rew>d$4 ,:5 told by a prie/ t x 0 wick$ = him to live s sumptu\sly1 ,ca/ruccio said3 8,if t be a vice !n y %\ld n f>e s spl5didly at ! fea/s ( our sa9ts40 ,pass+ ?r\gh a /reet he saw a "y man z he came out ( a h\se ( ill fame blu% at be+ se5 by ,ca/ruccio1 & said to him3 8,?\ %\ld/ n be a%am$ :5 ?\ come/ out1 b :5 ?\ goe/ into su* places40 ,a fri5d gave him a v curi\sly ti$ knot to undo & 0 told3 8,fool1 d y ?9k t ,i wi% to untie a ?+ :i* gave s mu* tr\ble to fa/540 ,ca/ruccio said to "o :o pr(ess$ to be a philosoph]3 8,y are l ! dogs :o always run aft] ^? :o w give !m ! be/ to eat10 & 0 answ]$3 8,we are r l ! doctors :o g to ! h\ses ( ^? :o h ! greate/ ne$ ( !m40 ,go+ by wat] f ,pisa to ,leghorn1 ,ca/ruccio 0 mu* di/urb$ by a dang]\s /orm t sprang up1 & 0 reproa*$ = c[>dice by "o ( ^? ) him1 :o said t he did n fe> any?+4 ,ca/ruccio answ]$ t he did n wond] at t1 s9ce e man valu$ 8 s\l = :at is 0 wor?4 ,be+ ask$ by "o :at he ought to d to ga9 e/imation1 he said3 8,:5 ?\ goe/ to a banquet take c>e t ?\ do/ n seat "o piece ( wood ^u ano!r40 ,to a p]son :o 0 boa/+ t he _h read _m ?+s1 ,ca/ruccio said3 8,he kn[s bett] ?an to boa/ ( rememb]+ _m ?+s40 ,someone bragg$ t he c\ld dr9k mu* )\t becom+ intoxicat$4 ,ca/ruccio repli$3 8,an ox does ! same40 ,ca/ruccio 0 acqua9t$ ) a girl ) :om he _h intimate relations1 & be+ blam$ by a fri5d :o told him t x 0 undignifi$ = him to be tak5 9 by a woman1 he said3 8,%e has n tak5 me 91 ,i h tak5 h]40 ,be+ also blam$ = eat+ v da9ty foods1 he answ]$3 8,?\ do/ n sp5d z mu* z ,i d80 & be+ told t x 0 true1 he cont9u$3 8,!n ?\ art m av>ici\s ?an ,i am glutton\s40 ,be+ invit$ by ,taddeo ,b]n>di1 a v ri* & spl5did citiz5 ( ,luca1 to supp]1 he w5t to ! h\se & 0 %[n by ,taddeo into a *amb] hung ) silk & pav$ ) f9e /ones repres5t+ fl[]s & foliage ( ! mo/ beautiful col\r+4 ,ca/ruccio ga!r$ "s saliva 9 8 m\? & spat x out ^u ,taddeo1 & see+ him mu* di/urb$ by ?is1 said to him3 8,i knew n :]e to spit 9 ord] to (f5d !e less40 ,be+ ask$ h[ ,caes> di$ he said3 8,god will+ ,i w die z he did40 ,be+ "o night 9 ! h\se ( "o ( 8 g5tlem5 :]e _m ladies 7 assembl$1 he 0 reprov$ by "o ( 8 fri5ds = danc+ & amus+ himself ) !m m ?an 0 usual 9 "o ( 8 /ation1 s he said3 8,he :o is consid]$ wise by day w n be consid]$ a fool at night40 ,a p]son came to dem& a fav\r ( ,ca/ruccio1 & ?9k+ he 0 n li/5+ to 8 plea ?rew himself on 8 knees to ! gr\nd1 & be+ %>ply reprov$ by ,ca/ruccio1 said3 8,?\ art ! reason ( my act+ ?us = ?\ ha/ ?y e>s 9 ?y feet10 :]eupon he obta9$ d\ble ! fav\r he _h ask$4 ,ca/ruccio us$ to say t ! way to hell 0 an easy "o1 see+ t x 0 9 a d[nw>d direction & y travell$ bl9dfold$4 ,be+ ask$ a fav\r by "o :o us$ _m sup]flu\s words1 he said to him3 8,:5 y h ano!r reque/ to make1 s5d someone else to make x40 ,hav+ be5 we>i$ by a simil> man ) a long oration :o w\nd up by say+3 8,p]haps ,i h fatigu$ y by speak+ s long10 ,ca/ruccio said3 8,y h n1 because ,i h n li/5$ to a ^w y said40 ,he us$ to say ( "o :o _h be5 a beautiful *ild & :o aft]w>ds became a f9e man1 t he 0 dang]\s1 because he fir/ took ! husb&s f ! wives & n[ he took ! wives f _! husb&s4 ,to an envi\s man :o laugh$1 he said3 8,d y laugh because y are successful or because ano!r is un=tunate80 ,:il/ he 0 /ill 9 ! *>ge ( ,mess] ,francesco ,gu9igi1 "o ( 8 companions said to him3 8,:at %all ,i give y if y w let me give y a bl[ on ! nose80 ,ca/ruccio answ]$3 8,a helmet40 ,hav+ put to dea? a citiz5 ( ,lucca :o _h be5 in/rum5tal 9 rais+ him to p[]1 & be+ told t he _h done wrong to kill "o ( 8 old fri5ds1 he answ]$ t p deceiv$ !mselves2 he _h only kill$ a new enemy4 ,ca/ruccio prais$ greatly ^? m5 :o int5d$ to take a wife & !n did n d s1 say+ t !y 7 l m5 :o said !y w\ld g to sea1 & !n refus$ :5 ! "t came4 ,he said t x always /ruck him ) surprise t :il/ m5 9 buy+ an e>!n or glass vase w\ld s\nd x fir/ to le>n if x 7 good1 yet 9 *oos+ a wife !y 7 cont5t ) only look+ at h]4 ,he 0 once ask$ 9 :at mann] he w\ld wi% to be buri$ :5 he di$1 & answ]$3 8,) ! face turn$ d[nw>ds1 = ,i "k :5 ,i am gone ?is c\ntry w be turn$ upside d[n40 ,on be+ ask$ if x _h ev] occurr$ to him to become a fri> 9 ord] to save 8 s\l1 he answ]$ t x _h n1 because x appe>$ /range to him t ,fra ,laz]one %\ld g to ,p>adise & ,uguccione della ,faggiuola to ! ,inf]no4 ,he 0 once ask$ :5 %\ld a man eat to pres]ve 8 heal?1 & repli$3 8,if ! man be ri* let him eat :5 he is hungry2 if he be poor1 !n :5 he c40 ,see+ "o ( 8 g5tlem5 make a memb] ( 8 family lace him up1 he said to him3 8,i pray ,god t y w let him fe$ y also40 ,see+ t someone _h writt5 ^u 8 h\se 9 ,lat9 ! words3 8,may ,god pres]ve ?is h\se f ! wick$10 he said1 8,! own] mu/ nev] g 940 ,pass+ ?r\gh "o ( ! /reets he saw a small h\se ) a v l>ge door1 & rem>k$3 8,t h\se w fly ?r\gh ! door40 ,he 0 hav+ a discussion ) ! ambassador ( ! ,k+ ( ,naples conc]n+ ! prop]ty ( "s bani%$ nobles1 :5 a dispute arose betwe5 !m1 & ! ambassador ask$ him if he _h no fe> ( ! k+4 8,is ?is k+ ( y\rs a bad man or a good "o80 ask$ ,ca/ruccio1 & 0 told t he 0 a good "o1 :]eupon he said1 8,:y %\ld y sugge/ t ,i %\ld be afraid ( a good man80 ,i c\ld rec\nt _m o!r /ories ( 8 say+s bo? witty & weighty1 b ,i ?9k t ! above w be suffici5t te/imony to 8 high qualities4 ,he liv$ =ty-f\r ye>s1 & 0 9 e way a pr9ce4 ,& z he 0 surr\nd$ by _m evid5ces ( 8 good =tune1 s he also desir$ to h ne> him "s memorials ( 8 bad =tune2 !re=e ! manacles ) :i* he 0 *a9$ 9 prison are to be se5 to ?is day fix$ up 9 ! t[] ( 8 resid5ce1 :]e !y 7 plac$ by him to te/ify =ev] to 8 days ( adv]sity4 ,z 9 8 life he 0 inf]ior nei!r to ,philip ( ,mac$on1 ! fa!r ( ,alex&]1 nor to ,scipio ( ,rome1 s he di$ 9 ! same ye> ( 8 age z !y did1 & he w\ld d\btless h excell$ bo? ( !m _h ,=tune decre$ t he %\ld be born1 n 9 ,lucca1 b 9 ,mac$onia or ,rome4