,a ,,/udy ,,9 ,,magic ,,& ,,religion ,,?ird ,,edition ,,"p ,,vii ,,bald] ,,! ,,beautiful ,,vol4 ,i ,,bald] ,,! ,,beautiful ,,! ,,fire-,,fe/ivals ,,( ,,europe ,,& ,,! ,,doctr9e ,,( ,,! ,,ext]nal ,,s\l ,j4,g4 ,,fraz]1 ,d4,c4,l41 ,,ll4,d41 ,litt4,d4 ,,fell[ ,,( ,,tr9ity ,,college1 ,,cambridge ,,pr(essor ,,( ,,social ,,an?ropology ,,9 ,,! ,,univ]sity ,,( ,,liv]pool4 ,,9 ,,two ,,volumes ,,vol4 ,i #aiac ,,preface ,9 ?is conclud+ "p ( ,! ,gold5 ,b\gh ,i h discuss$ ! problem :i* gives its title to ! :ole "w4 ,if ,i am "r1 ! ,gold5 ,b\gh ov] :i* ! ,k+ ( ! ,wood1 ,diana's prie/ at ,aricia1 kept wat* & w>d 0 no o!r ?an a bran* ( mi/letoe gr[+ on an oak )9 ! sacr$ grove2 & z ! pluck+ ( ! b\gh 0 a necess>y prelude to ! slaught] ( ! prie/1 ,i h be5 l$ to in/itute a p>allel betwe5 ! ,k+ ( ! ,wood at ,nemi & ! ,norse god ,bald]1 :o 0 wor%ipp$ 9 a sacr$ grove beside ! beautiful ,sogne fiord ( ,norway & 0 said to h p]i%$ by a /roke ( mi/letoe1 :i* alone ( all ?+s on e>? or 9 heav5 c\ld w\nd him4 ,on ! !ory "h sugge/$ bo? ,bald] & ! ,k+ ( ! ,wood p]sonifi$ 9 a s5se ! sacr$ oak ( our ,aryan =efa!rs1 & bo? _h deposit$ _! lives or s\ls = safety 9 ! p>asite :i* sometimes1 ?\gh r>ely1 is f\nd gr[+ on an oak & by ! v r>ity ( its appe>ance excites ! wond] & /imulates ! devotion ( ignorant m54 ,?\gh ,i am n[ less ?an ev] dispos$ to lay weight on ! analogy betwe5 ! ,italian prie/ & ! ,norse god1 ,i h all[$ x to /& because x furni%es me ) a pretext = discuss+ n only ! g5]al "q ( ! ext]nal s\l 9 popul> sup]/ition1 b also ! fire-fe/ivals ( ,europe1 s9ce fire play$ a "p bo? 9 ! my? ( ,bald] & 9 ! ritual ( ! ,arician grove4 ,?us ,bald] ! ,beautiful 9 my h&s is little m ?an a /alk+-horse to c>ry two heavy pack-loads ( facts4 ,& :at is true ( ,bald] applies equally to ! prie/ ( ,nemi himself1 ! nom9al h]o ( ! long trag$y ( human folly & suff]+ :i* has unroll$ itself be=e ! read]s ( ^! volumes1 & on :i* ! curta9 is n[ ab\t to fall4 ,he1 too1 = all ! qua9t g>b he we>s & ! gravity ) :i* he /alks across ! /age1 is m]ely a puppet1 & x is "t to unmask him be=e lay+ him up 9 ! box4 ,to drop metaphor1 :ile nom9ally inve/igat+ a p>ticul> problem ( anci5t my?ology1 ,i h really be5 discuss+ que/ions ( m g5]al int]e/ :i* conc]n ! gradual evolution ( human ?\ght f savag]y to civilization4 ,! enquiry is beset ) difficulties ( _m k9ds1 = ! record ( man's m5tal developm5t is ev5 m imp]fect ?an ! record ( 8 physical developm5t1 & x is h>d] to read1 n only by reason ( ! incomp>ably m subtle & complex nature ( ! subject1 b because ! read]'s eyes are apt to be dimm$ by ?ick mi/s ( passion & prejudice1 :i* cl\d 9 a f> less degree ! fields ( comp>ative anatomy & geology4 ,my contribution to ! hi/ory ( ! human m9d consi/s ( little m ?an a r\gh & purely provisional classification ( facts ga!r$ almo/ entirely f pr9t$ s\rces4 ,if !re is "o g5]al conclusion :i* seems to em]ge f ! mass ( p>ticul>s1 ,i v5ture to ?9k t x is ! ess5tial simil>ity 9 ! work+ ( ! less develop$ human m9d among all races1 :i* corresponds to ! ess5tial simil>ity 9 _! bodily frame reveal$ by comp>ative anatomy4 ,b :ile ?is g5]al m5tal simil>ity may1 ,i believe1 be tak5 z e/abli%$1 we mu/ always be on our gu>d aga9/ trac+ to x a multitude ( p>ticul> resemblances :i* may be & (t5 are due to simple diffusion1 s9ce no?+ is m c]ta9 ?an t ! v>i\s races ( m5 h borr[$ f ea* o!r _m ( _! arts & crafts1 _! ideas1 cu/oms1 & in/itutions4 ,to sift out ! elem5ts ( culture :i* a race has indep5d5tly evolv$ & to di/+ui% !m accurately f ^? :i* x has d]iv$ f o!r races is a task ( extreme difficulty & delicacy1 :i* promises to occupy /ud5ts ( man = a long "t to come2 inde$ s complex are ! facts & s imp]fect 9 mo/ cases is ! hi/orical record t x may be d\bt$ :e!r 9 reg>d to _m ( ! l[] races we %all ev] arrive at m ?an probable conjectures4 ,s9ce ! la/ edition ( ,! ,gold5 ,b\gh 0 publi%$ "s ?irte5 ye>s ago1 ,i h se5 reason to *ange my views on sev]al matt]s discuss$ 9 ?is conclud+ "p ( ! "w1 & ?\gh ,i h call$ att5tion to ^! *anges 9 ! text1 x may be well = ! sake ( cle>ness to recapitulate !m "h4 ,9 ! fir/ place1 ! argum5ts ( ,dr4 ,edw>d ,we/]m>ck h satisfi$ me t ! sol> !ory ( ! ,european fire-fe/ivals1 :i* ,i accept$ f ,w4 ,mannh>dt1 is v slightly1 if at all1 support$ by ! evid5ce & is probably errone\s4 ,! true explanation ( ! fe/ivals ,i n[ believe to be ! "o advocat$ by ,dr4 ,we/]m>ck himself1 namely t !y are purificatory 9 int5tion1 ! fire be+ design$ n1 z ,i =m]ly held1 to re9=ce ! sun's light & heat by sympa!tic magic1 b m]ely to burn or repel ! noxi\s ?+s1 :e!r conceiv$ z mat]ial or spiritual1 :i* ?reat5 ! life ( man1 ( animals1 & ( plants4 ,?is aspect ( ! fire-fe/ivals _h n :olly escap$ me 9 =m] editions2 ,i po9t$ x out explicitly1 b1 biass$ p]haps by ! great au?ority ( ,mannh>dt1 ,i treat$ x z second>y & subord9ate in/ead ( prim>y & dom9ant4 ,out ( def]5ce to ,mannh>dt1 = ^: "w ,i ent]ta9 ! highe/ respect1 & because ! evid5ce = ! purificatory !ory ( ! fires is p]haps n q conclusive1 ,i h 9 ?is edition repeat$ & ev5 re9=c$ ! argum5ts = ! sol> !ory ( ! fe/ivals1 s t ! read] may see = himself :at c be said on bo? sides ( ! "q & may draw 8 own conclusion2 b = my "p ,i _c b ?9k t ! argum5ts = ! purificatory !ory f> outweigh ! argum5ts = ! sol> !ory4 ,dr4 ,we/]m>ck bas$ 8 criticisms l>gely on 8 own obs]vations ( ! ,mohamm$an fire-fe/ivals ( ,morocco1 :i* pres5t a rem>kable resemblance to ^? ( ,*ri/ian ,europe1 ?\gh !re seems no reason to assume t h]e9 ,africa has borr[$ f ,europe or ,europe f ,africa4 ,s f> z ,europe is conc]n$1 ! evid5ce t5ds /rongly to %ew t ! gr& evil :i* ! fe/ivals aim$ at combat+ 0 wit*craft1 & t !y 7 conceiv$ to atta9 _! end by actually burn+ ! wit*es1 :e!r visible or invisible1 9 ! flames4 ,if t 0 s1 ! wide preval5ce & ! imm5se popul>ity ( ! fire-fe/ivals provides u ) a measure = e/imat+ ! ext5t ( ! hold :i* ! belief 9 wit*craft _h on ! ,european m9d be=e ! rise ( ,*ri/ianity or r ( rationalism2 = ,*ri/ianity1 bo? ,ca?olic & ,prote/ant1 accept$ ! old belief & en=c$ x 9 ! old way by ! faggot & ! /ake4 ,x 0 n until human reason at la/ awoke aft] ! long slumb] ( ! ,middle ,ages t ?is dreadful obsession gradually pass$ away l a d>k cl\d f ! intellectual horizon ( ,europe4 ,yet we %\ld deceive ourselves if we imag9$ t ! belief 9 wit*craft is ev5 n[ dead 9 ! mass ( ! p2 on ! contr>y !re is ample evid5ce to %[ t x only hib]nates "u ! *ill+ influ5ce ( rationalism1 & t x w\ld />t into active life if t influ5ce 7 ev] s]i\sly relax$4 ,! tru? seems to be t to ?is day ! peasant rema9s a pagan & savage at he>t2 8 civilization is m]ely a ?9 v5e] :i* ! h>d knocks ( life soon abrade1 expos+ ! solid core ( paganism & savag]y bel[4 ,! dang] creat$ by a bottomless lay] ( ignorance & sup]/ition "u ! cru/ ( civiliz$ society is less5$1 n only by ! natural torpidity & in]tia ( ! bucolic m9d1 b also by ! progressive decrease ( ! rural z comp>$ ) ! urban population 9 mod]n /ates2 = ,i believe x w be f\nd t ! artisans :o congregate 9 t[ns are f> less ret5tive ( primitive modes ( ?\ght ?an _! ru/ic bre?r54 ,9 e age cities h be5 ! c5tres & z x 7 ! ligh?\ses f :i* ideas radiate into ! surr\nd+ d>kness1 k9dl$ by ! friction ( m9d ) m9d 9 ! cr[d$ haunts ( m52 & x is natural t at ^! beacons ( intellectual light all %\ld p>take 9 "s measure ( ! g5]al illum9ation4 ,no d\bt ! m5tal f]m5t & unre/ ( great cities h _! d>k z well z _! bright side2 b among ! evils to be appreh5d$ f !m ! *ances ( a pagan revival ne$ h>dly be reckon$4 ,ano!r po9t on :i* ,i h *ang$ my m9d is ! nature ( ! great ,aryan god :om ! ,romans call$ ,jupit] & ! ,greeks ,zeus4 ,:]eas ,i =m]ly argu$ t he 0 prim>ily a p]sonification ( ! sacr$ oak & only 9 ! second place a p]sonification ( ! ?und]+ sky1 ,i n[ inv]t ! ord] ( 8 div9e functions & believe t he 0 a sky-god be=e he came to be associat$ ) ! oak4 ,9 fact1 ,i rev]t to ! traditional view ( ,jupit]1 recant my h]esy1 & am ga!r$ l a lo/ %eep into ! fold ( my?ological or?odoxy4 ,! good %eph]d :o has br\ght me back is my fri5d ,mr4 ,w4 ,w>de ,f[l]4 ,he has remov$ ! /one ov] :i* ,i /umbl$ 9 ! wild]ness by expla9+ 9 a simple & natural way h[ a god ( ! ?und]+ sky might easily come to be aft]w>ds associat$ ) ! oak4 ,! explanation turns on ! great frequ5cy ) :i*1 z /ati/ics prove1 ! oak is /ruck by lightn+ beyond any o!r tree ( ! wood 9 ,europe4 ,to our rude =efa!rs1 :o dwelt 9 ! gloomy dep?s ( ! primaeval =e/1 x might well seem t ! riv5 & black5$ oaks mu/ inde$ be fav\rites ( ! sky-god1 :o s (t5 desc5d$ on !m f ! murky cl\d 9 a fla% ( lightn+ & a cra% ( ?und]4 ,?is *ange ( view z to ! great ,aryan god necess>ily affects my int]pretation ( ! ,k+ ( ! ,wood1 ! prie/ ( ,diana at ,aricia1 if ,i may take t disc>d$ puppet out ( ! box aga9 = a mom5t4 ,on my !ory ! prie/ repres5t$ ,jupit] 9 ! fle%1 & accord+ly1 if ,jupit] 0 prim>ily a sky-god1 8 prie/ _c h be5 a m]e inc>nation ( ! sacr$ oak1 b mu/1 l ! deity ^: commission he bore1 h be5 inve/$ 9 ! imag9ation ( 8 wor%ipp]s ) ! p[] ( ov]ca/+ ! heav5 ) cl\ds & elicit+ /orms ( ?und] & ra9 f ! cele/ial vault4 ,! attribution ( wea!r-mak+ p[]s to k+s or prie/s is v common 9 primitive society1 & is inde$ "o ( ! pr9cipal lev]s by :i* su* p]sonages raise !mselves to a position ( sup]iority above _! fell[s4 ,!re is !re=e no improbability 9 ! supposition t z a repres5tative ( ,jupit] ! prie/ ( ,diana enjoy$ ?is reputation1 ?\gh positive evid5ce ( x appe>s to be lack+4 ,la/ly1 9 ! pres5t edition ,i h %ewn "s gr\nds = ?9k+ t ! ,gold5 ,b\gh itself1 or 9 common p>lance ! mi/letoe on ! oak1 0 suppos$ to h dropp$ f ! sky ^u ! tree 9 a fla% ( lightn+ & !re=e to conta9 )9 itself ! se$ ( cele/ial fire1 a sort ( sm\ld]+ ?und]bolt4 ,?is view ( ! prie/ & ( ! b\gh :i* he gu>d$ at ! p]il ( 8 life has ! advantage ( acc\nt+ = ! importance :i* ! sanctu>y at ,nemi acquir$ & ! treasure :i* x amass$ ?r\gh ! (f]+s ( ! fai?ful2 = ! %r9e w\ld seem to h be5 to anci5t :at ,loreto has be5 to mod]n ,italy1 a place ( pilgrimage1 :]e pr9ces & nobles z well z common]s p\r$ weal? into ! c(f]s ( ,diana 9 h] gre5 recess among ! ,alban hills1 j z 9 mod]n times k+s & que5s vi$ ) ea* o!r 9 enri*+ ! black ,virg9 :o f h] ,holy ,h\se on ! hillside at ,loreto looks out on ! blue ,adriatic & ! purple ,ap5n9es4 ,su* pi\s prodigality becomes m intelligible if ! greate/ ( ! gods 0 inde$ believ$ to dwell 9 human %ape ) 8 wife among ! woods ( ,nemi4 ,^! are ! pr9cipal po9ts on :i* ,i h alt]$ my op9ion s9ce ! la/ edition ( my book 0 publi%$4 ,! m]e admission ( su* *anges may suffice to indicate ! d\bt & unc]ta9ty :i* att5d enquiries ( ?is nature4 ,! :ole fabric ( anci5t my?ology is s =eign to our mod]n ways ( ?\ght1 & ! evid5ce conc]n+ x is = ! mo/ "p s fragm5t>y1 obscure1 & conflict+ t 9 our attempts to piece toge!r & int]pret x we c h>dly hope to rea* conclusions t w completely satisfy ei!r ourselves or o!rs4 ,9 ?is z 9 o!r bran*es ( /udy x is ! fate ( !ories to be wa%$ away l *ildr5's ca/les ( s& by ! ris+ tide ( k1 & ,i am n s presumptu\s z to expect or desire = m9e an exemption f ! common lot4 ,i hold !m all v lightly & h us$ !m *iefly z conv5i5t pegs on :i* to hang my collections ( facts4 ,= ,i believe t1 :ile !ories are transitory1 a record ( facts has a p]man5t value1 & t z a *ronicle ( anci5t cu/oms & beliefs my book may reta9 its utility :5 my !ories are z obsolete z ! cu/oms & beliefs !mselves des]ve to be4 ,i _c dismiss )\t "s natural regret a task :i* has occupi$ & amus$ me at int]vals = _m ye>s4 ,b ! regret is temp]$ by ?ankfulness & hope4 ,i am ?ankful t ,i h be5 able to conclude at lea/ "o *apt] ( ! "w ,i project$ a long "t ago4 ,i am hopeful t ,i may n n[ be tak+ a f9al leave ( my indulg5t read]s1 b t1 z ,i am s5sible ( little abatem5t 9 my bodily /r5g? & ( none 9 my ard\r = /udy1 !y w be> ) me yet a :ile if ,i %\ld attempt to ent]ta9 !m ) fre% subjects ( laught] & te>s drawn f ! com$y & ! trag$y ( man's endless que/ aft] happ9ess & tru?4 ,j4,g4 ,,fraz]4 ,,cambridge1 #ag? ,octob] #aiac4 ,,cont5ts ,,preface1 ,pp4 v-xii ,,*apt] ,i4--,,betwe5 ,,heav5 ,,& ,,e>?1 ,pp4 #a-ba #a4 ,n to t\* ! ,e>?1 pp4 #a-ah4--,! prie/ ( ,aricia & ! ,gold5 ,b\gh1 #a sq42 sacr$ k+s & prie/s =bidd5 to t\* ! gr\nd ) _! feet1 #b-d2 c]ta9 p]sons on c]ta9 occasions =bidd5 to t\* ! gr\nd ) _! feet1 #d-f2 sacr$ p]sons app>5tly ?\ght to be *>g$ ) a my/]i\s virtue :i* w run to wa/e or explode by contact ) ! gr\nd1 #f sq42 ?+s z well z p]sons *>g$ ) ! my/]i\s virtue ( hol9ess or taboo & !re=e kept f contact ) ! gr\nd1 #g2 fe/ival ( ! wild mango1 :i* is n all[$ to t\* ! e>?1 #g-aa2 o!r sacr$ objects kept f contact ) ! gr\nd1 #aa sq42 sacr$ food n all[$ to t\* ! e>?1 #ac sq42 magical implem5ts & rem$ies ?\ght to lose _! virtue by contact ) ! gr\nd1 #ad sq42 s]p5ts' eggs or snake /ones1 #ae sq42 m$ic9al plants1 wat]1 etc41 n all[$ to t\* ! e>?1 #ag sq4 #b4 ,n to see ! ,sun1 pp4 #ah-ba4--,sacr$ p]sons n all[$ to see ! sun1 #ah-bj2 taboo$ p]sons n all[$ to see ! sun1 #bj2 c]ta9 p]sons =bidd5 to see fire1 #bj sq42 ! /ory ( ,pr9ce ,sunless1 #ba4 ,,*apt] ,,ii4--,,! ,,seclusion ,,( ,,girls ,,at ,,pub]ty1 ,pp4 #bb-ajj #a4 ,seclusion ( ,girls at ,pub]ty 9 ,africa1 pp4 #bb-cb4--;,girls at pub]ty =bidd5 to t\* ! gr\nd & see ! sun1 #bb2 seclusion ( girls at pub]ty among ! ,zulus & k9dr$ tribes1 #bb2 among ! ,a-,kamba ( ,briti% ,ea/ ,africa1 #bc2 among ! ,bag&a ( ,c5tral ,africa1 #bc sq42 among ! tribes ( ! ,tanganyika plateau1 #bd sq42 among ! tribes ( ,briti% ,c5tral ,africa1 #be sq42 ab/95ce f salt associat$ ) a rule ( *a/ity 9 _m tribes1 #bf-bh2 seclusion ( girls at pub]ty among ! tribes ab\t ,lake ,nyassa & on ! ,zambesi1 #bh sq42 among ! ,?onga ( ,delagoa ,bay1 #bi sq42 among ! ,caffre tribes ( ,s\? ,africa1 #cj sq42 among ! ,bavili ( ! ,l[] ,congo1 #ca sq4 #b4 ,seclusion ( ,girls at ,pub]ty 9 ,new ,irel&1 ,new ,gu9ea1 & ,indonesia1 pp4 #cb-cf4--,seclusion ( girls at pub]ty 9 ,new ,irel&1 #cb-cd2 9 ,new ,gu9ea1 ,borneo1 ,c]am1 & ! ,c>ol9e ,isl&s1 #ce sq4 #c4 ,seclusion ( ,girls at ,pub]ty 9 ! ,torres ,/raits ,isl&s & ,nor!rn ,au/ralia1 pp4 #cf-da4--,seclusion ( girls at pub]ty 9 ,mabuiag1 ,torres ,/raits1 #cf sq42 9 ,nor!rn ,au/ralia1 #cg-ci2 9 ! isl&s ( ,torres ,/raits1 #ci-da4 #d4 ,seclusion ( ,girls at ,pub]ty among ! ,indians ( ,nor? ,am]ica1 pp4 #da-ee4--,seclusion ( girls at pub]ty among ! ,indians ( ,cali=nia1 #da-dc2 among ! ,indians ( ,wa%+ton ,/ate1 #dc2 among ! ,nootka ,indians ( ,vanc\v] ,isl&1 #dc sq42 among ! ,haida ,indians ( ! ,que5 ,*>lotte ,isl&s1 #dd sq42 among ! ,tl+it ,indians ( ,alaska1 #de sq42 among ! ,tsetsaut & ,bella ,coola ,indians ( ,briti% ,columbia1 #df sq42 among ! ,t9neh ,indians ( ,briti% ,columbia1 #dg sq42 among ! ,t9neh ,indians ( ,alaska1 #dh sq42 among ! ,?ompson ,indians ( ,briti% ,columbia1 #di-eb2 among ! ,lillooet ,indians ( ,briti% ,columbia1 #eb sq42 among ! ,%uswap ,indians ( ,briti% ,columbia1 #ec sq42 among ! ,delaw>e & ,*ey5ne ,indians1 #ed sq42 among ! ,esquimaux1 #ee sq4 #e4 ,seclusion ( ,girls at ,pub]ty among ! ,indians ( ,s\? ,am]ica1 pp4 #ef-fh4--,seclusion ( girls at pub]ty among ! ,gu>anis1 ,*iriguanos1 & ,l5gua ,indians1 #ef sq42 among ! ,yurac>es ( ,bolivia1 #eg sq42 among ! ,indians ( ! ,gran ,*aco1 #eh sq42 among ! ,indians ( ,brazil1 #ei sq42 among ! ,indians ( ,guiana1 #fj sq42 beat+ ! girls & /++ !m ) ants1 #fa2 /++ "y m5 ) ants & wasps z an initiatory rite1 #fa-fc2 /++ m5 & wom5 ) ants to improve _! "* or heal? or to r5d] !m invuln]able1 #fc sq42 9 su* cases ! beat+ or /++ 0 orig9ally a purification1 n a te/ ( c\rage & endurance1 #fe sq42 ?is explanation confirm$ by ! beat+ ( girls among ! ,banivas ( ! ,or9oco to rid !m ( a demon1 #ff-fh2 symptoms ( pub]ty 9 a girl reg>d$ z w\nds inflict$ on h] by a demon1 #fh4 #f4 ,seclusion ( ,girls at ,pub]ty 9 ,india & ,cambodia1 pp4 #fh-gj4--,seclusion ( girls at pub]ty among ! ,h9doos1 #fh2 9 ,s\!rn ,india1 #fh-gj2 9 ,cambodia1 #gj4 #g4 ,seclusion ( ,girls at ,pub]ty 9 ,folk-tales1 pp4 #gj-gf4--;,dani% /ory ( ! girl :o might n see ! sun1 #gj-gb2 ,tyrolese /ory ( ! girl :o might n see ! sun1 #gb2 mod]n ,greek /ories ( ! maid :o might n see ! sun1 #gb sq42 anci5t ,greek /ory ( ,danae & its p>allel 9 a ,kirghiz leg5d1 #gc sq42 impregnation ( wom5 by ! sun 9 leg5ds1 #gd sq42 traces 9 m>riage cu/oms ( ! belief t wom5 c be impregnat$ by ! sun1 #ge2 belief 9 ! impregnation ( wom5 by ! moon1 #ge sq4 #h4 ,reasons = ! ,seclusion ( ,girls at ,pub]ty1 pp4 #gf-ajj4--,! reason = ! seclusion ( girls at pub]ty is ! dread ( m5/ru\s blood1 #gf2 dread & seclusion ( m5/ru\s wom5 among ! aborig9es ( ,au/ralia1 #gf-gh2 9 ,torres ,/raits ,isl&s1 ,new ,gu9ea1 ,galela1 & ,sumatra1 #gh sq42 among ! tribes ( ,s\? ,africa1 #gi sq42 among ! tribes ( ,c5tral & ,ea/ ,africa1 #hj-hb2 among ! tribes ( ,we/ ,africa1 #hb2 p[]ful influ5ce ascrib$ to m5/ru\s blood 9 ,arab leg5d1 #hb sq42 dread & seclusion ( m5/ru\s wom5 among ! ,jews & 9 ,syria1 #hc sq42 9 ,india1 #hd sq42 9 ,annam1 #he2 among ! ,indians ( ,c5tral & ,s\? ,am]ica1 #he sq42 among ! ,indians ( ,nor? ,am]ica1 #hg-id2 among ! ,creek1 ,*octaw1 ,omaha & ,*ey5ne ,indians1 #hh sq42 among ! ,indians ( ,briti% ,columbia1 #hi sq42 among ! ,*ippeway ,indians1 #ij sq42 among ! ,t9neh or ,dn ,indians1 #ia2 among ! ,c>ri] ,indians1 #ia-id2 simil> rules ( seclusion enjo9$ on m5/ru\s wom5 9 anci5t ,h9doo1 ,p]sian1 & ,hebrew codes1 #id-if2 sup]/itions z to m5/ru\s wom5 9 anci5t & mod]n ,europe1 #if sq42 ! int5tion ( seclud+ m5/ru\s wom5 is to neutralize ! dang]\s influ5ces :i* are ?\ght to emanate f !m 9 t condition1 #ig2 susp5sion betwe5 heav5 & e>?1 #ig2 ! same explanation applies to ! simil> rules ( seclusion obs]v$ by div9e k+s & prie/s1 #ig-ii2 /ories ( immortality atta9$ by susp5sion betwe5 heav5 & e>?1 #ii sq4 ,,*apt] ,,iii4--,,! ,,my? ,,( ,,bald]1 ,pp4 #aja-aje ,h[ ,bald]1 ! good & beautiful god1 0 done to dea? by a /roke ( mi/letoe1 #aja sq42 /ory ( ,bald] 9 ! old] ,edda1 #ajb sq42 /ory ( ,bald] z told by ,saxo ,grammaticus1 #ajc2 ,bald] wor%ipp$ 9 ,norway1 #ajd2 leg5d>y dea? ( ,bald] resembles ! leg5d>y dea? ( ,isf5diy> 9 ! epic ( ,firdusi1 #ajd sq42 ! my? ( ,bald] p]haps act$ z a magical c]emony2 ! two ma9 incid5ts ( ! my?1 namely ! pull+ ( ! mi/letoe & ! burn+ ( ! god1 h p]haps _! c\nt]p>t 9 popul> ritual1 #aje4 ,,*apt] ,,iv4--,,! ,,fire ,,fe/ivals ,,( ,,europe1 ,pp4 #ajf-cbg #a4 ,! ,l5t5 ,fires1 pp4 #ajf-abj4--;,european cu/om ( k9dl+ bonfires on c]ta9 days ( ! ye>1 danc+ r\nd !m1 leap+ ov] !m1 & burn+ effigies 9 ! flames1 #ajf2 seasons ( ! ye> at :i* ! bonfires are lit1 #ajf sq42 bonfires on ! fir/ ,sunday 9 ,l5t 9 ! ,belgian ,ard5nes1 #ajg sq42 9 ! ,fr5* dep>tm5t ( ! ,ard5nes1 #aji sq42 9 ,fran*e-,comt1 #aaj sq42 9 ,auv]gne1 #aaa-aac2 ,fr5* cu/om ( c>ry+ light$ tor*es 7br&ons7 ab\t ! or*>ds & fields to f]tilize !m on ! fir/ ,sunday ( ,l5t1 #aac-aae2 bonfires on ! fir/ ,sunday ( ,l5t 9 ,g]many & ,au/ria1 #aae sq42 burn+ ! wit*1 #aaf2 burn+ discs ?r[n into ! air1 #aaf sq42 burn+ :eels roll$ d[n hill1 #aag sq42 bonfires on ! fir/ ,sunday 9 ,l5t 9 ,switz]l&1 #aah sq42 burn+ discs ?r[n into ! air1 #aai2 connexion ( ^! fires ) ! cu/om ( c>ry+ out ,dea?1 #aai sq4 #b4 ,! ,ea/] ,fires1 #abj-adf4--;,cu/om 9 ,ca?olic c\ntries ( k9dl+ a holy new fire on ,ea/] ,saturday1 m>vell\s prop]ties ascrib$ to ! emb]s ( ! fire1 #aba2 effigy ( ,judas burnt 9 ! fire1 #aba2 ,ea/] fires 9 ,bav>ia & ! ,abruzzi1 #abb2 wat] z well z fire consecrat$ at ,ea/] 9 ,italy1 ,bohemia1 & ,g]many1 #abb-abd2 new fire at ,ea/] 9 ,c>9?ia1 #abd2 ,?omas ,kir*mey]'s acc\nt ( ! consecration ( fire & wat] by ! ,ca?olic ,*ur* at ,ea/]1 #abd sq42 ! new fire on ,ea/] ,saturday at ,flor5ce1 #abf sq42 ! new fire & ! burn+ ( ,judas on ,ea/] ,saturday 9 ,mexico & ,s\? ,am]ica1 #abg sq42 ! new fire on ,ea/] ,saturday 9 ! ,*ur* ( ! ,holy ,sepul*re at ,j]usalem1 #abh-acj2 ! new fire & ! burn+ ( ,judas on ,ea/] ,saturday 9 ,greece1 #acj sq42 ! new fire at ,c&lemas 9 ,arm5ia1 #aca2 ! new fire & ! burn+ ( ,judas at ,ea/] are probably relics ( paganism1 #aca sq42 new fire at ! summ] sol/ice among ! ,incas ( ,p]u1 #acb2 new fire among ! ,indians ( ,mexico & ,new ,mexico1 ! ,iroquois1 & ! ,esquimaux1 #acb-acd2 new fire 9 ,wadai1 among ! ,swahili1 & 9 o!r p>ts ( ,africa1 #acd-acf2 new fires among ! ,todas & ,nagas ( ,india1 #acf2 new fire 9 ,*9a & ,japan1 #acg sq42 new fire 9 anci5t ,greece & ,rome1 #ach2 new fire at ,hall[e'en among ! old ,celts ( ,irel&1 #aci2 new fire on ! fir/ ( ,septemb] among ! ,russian peasants1 #aci2 ! rite ( ! new fire probably common to _m peoples ( ! ,m$it]ranean area be=e ! rise ( ,*ri/ianity1 #aci sq42 ! pagan "* ( ! ,ea/] fire manife/ f ! sup]/itions associat$ ) x1 su* z ! belief t ! fire f]tilizes ! fields & protects h\ses f conflagration & sickness1 #adj sq42 ! ,ea/] fires 9 ,mn/]l&1 ,old5burg1 ! ,h>z ,m\nta9s1 & ! ,altm>k1 #ada-adc2 ,ea/] fires & ! burn+ ( ,judas or ! ,ea/] ,man 9 ,bav>ia1 #adc sq42 ,ea/] fires & ?und] poles 9 ,bad51 #ade2 ,ea/] fires 9 ,holl& & ,sw$51 #ade sq42 ! burn+ ( ,judas 9 ,bohemia1 #adf4 #c4 ,! ,beltane ,fires1 pp4 #adf-afj4--,! ,beltane fires on ! fir/ ( ,may 9 ! ,highl&s ( ,scotl&1 #adf-aed2 ,john ,ramsay ( ,o*t]tyre1 8 description ( ! ,beltane fires & cakes & ! ,beltane c>l9e1 #adf-adi2 ,beltane fires & cakes 9 ,p]?%ire1 #aej-aec2 ,beltane fires 9 ! nor?-ea/ ( ,scotl& to burn ! wit*es1 #aec sq42 ,beltane fires & cakes 9 ! ,hebrides1 #aed2 ,beltane fires & cakes 9 ,wales1 #aee-aeg2 9 ! ,isle ( ,man to burn ! wit*es1 #aeg2 9 ,nott+ham%ire1 #aeg2 9 ,irel&1 #aeg-aei2 fires on ! ,eve ( ,may ,day 9 ,sw$51 #aei2 9 ,au/ria & ,saxony to burn ! wit*es1 #aei sq4 #d4 ,! ,midsumm] ,fires1 pp4 #afj-bai4--,! great season = fire-fe/ivals 9 ,europe is ,midsumm] ,eve or ,midsumm] ,day1 :i* ! *ur* has d$icat$ to ,/4 ,john ! ,bapti/1 #afj sq42 ! bonfires1 ! tor*es1 & ! burn+ :eels ( ! fe/ival1 #afa2 ,?omas ,kir*mey]'s description ( ! ,midsumm] fe/ival1 #afb sq42 ! ,midsumm] fires 9 ,g]many1 #afc-aga2 burn+ :eel roll$ d[n hill at ,konz on ! ,moselle1 #afc sq42 ,midsumm] fires 9 ,bav>ia1 #afd-aff2 9 ,swabia1 #aff sq42 9 ,bad51 #afg-afi2 9 ,alsace1 ,lorra9e1 ! ,eifel1 ! ,h>z di/rict1 & ,?ur+ia1 #afi2 ,midsumm] fires k9dl$ by ! friction ( wood1 #afi sq42 driv+ away ! wit*es & demons1 #agj2 ,midsumm] fires 9 ,silesia1 sc>+ away ! wit*es1 #agj sq42 ,midsumm] fires 9 ,d5m>k & ,norway1 keep+ (f ! wit*es1 #aga2 ,midsumm] fires 9 ,sw$51 #agb2 ,midsumm] fires 9 ,switz]l& & ,au/ria1 #agb sq42 9 ,bohemia1 #agc-age2 9 ,moravia1 ,au/rian ,silesia1 & ! di/rict ( ,crac[1 #age2 among ! ,slavs ( ,russia1 #agf2 9 ,prussia & ,li?uania z a protection aga9/ wit*craft1 ?und]1 hail1 & cattle disease1 #agf sq42 9 ,masur5 ! fire is k9dl$ by ! revolution ( a :eel1 #agg2 ,midsumm] fires among ! ,letts ( ,russia1 #agg sq42 among ! ,s\? ,slavs1 #agh2 among ! ,magy>s1 #agh sq42 among ! ,e/honians1 #agi sq42 among ! ,f9ns & ,*]emiss ( ,russia1 #ahj sq42 9 ,france1 #aha-aid2 ,bossuet on ! ,midsumm] fe/ival1 #ahb2 ! ,midsumm] fires 9 ,brittany1 #ahc-ahe2 9 ,norm&y1 ! ,bro!rhood ( ! ,gre5 ,wolf at ,jumiges1 #ahe sq42 ,midsumm] fires 9 ,pic>dy1 #ahg sq42 9 ,beauce & ,p]*e1 #ahh2 ! fires a protection aga9/ wit*craft1 #ahh2 ! ,midsumm] fires 9 ! ,ard5nes1 ! ,vosges1 & ! ,jura1 #ahh sq42 9 ,fran*e-,comt1 #ahi2 9 ,b]ry & o!r p>ts ( ,c5tral ,france1 #ahi sq42 9 ,poit\1 #aij sq42 9 ! dep>tm5ts ( ,vi5ne & ,deux-,svres & 9 ! prov9ces ( ,sa9tonge & ,aunis1 #aia sq42 9 ,s\!rn ,france1 #aib sq42 ,midsumm] fe/ival ( fire & wat] 9 ,prov5ce1 #aic sq42 ,midsumm] fires 9 ,belgium1 #aid-aif2 9 ,engl&1 #aif-bjj2 ,/['s description ( ! ,midsumm] fires 9 ,london1 #aif sq42 ,john ,aubrey on ! ,midsumm] fires1 #aig2 ,midsumm] fires 9 ,cumb]l&1 ,nor?umb]l&1 & ,york%ire1 #aig sq42 9 ,h]e=d%ire1 ,som]set%ire1 ,devon%ire1 & ,cornwall1 #aii sq42 9 ,wales & ! ,isle ( ,man1 #bjj sq42 9 ,irel&1 #bja-bje2 holy wells resort$ to on ,midsumm] ,eve 9 ,irel&1 #bje sq42 ,midsumm] fires 9 ,scotl&1 #bjf sq42 ,midsumm] fires & div9ation 9 ,spa9 & ! ,azores1 #bjh sq42 ,midsumm] fires 9 ,corsica & ,s>d9ia1 #bji2 9 ! ,abruzzi1 #bji sq42 9 ,sicily1 #baj2 9 ,malta1 #baj sq42 9 ,greece & ! ,greek isl&s1 #baa sq42 9 ,mac$onia & ,albania1 #bab2 9 ,s\? ,am]ica1 #bab sq42 among ! ,mohamm$ans ( ,morocco & ,alg]ia1 #bac-baf2 ! ,midsumm] fe/ival 9 ,nor? ,africa comprises rites ( wat] z well z fire1 #baf2 simil> fe/ival ( fire & wat] at ,new ,ye> 9 ,nor? ,africa1 #bag sq42 ! duplication ( ! fe/ival probably due to a conflict betwe5 ! sol> cal5d> ( ! ,romans & ! lun> cal5d> ( ! ,arabs1 #bah sg42 ! ,midsumm] fe/ival 9 ,morocco app>5tly ( ,b]b] orig91 #bai4 #e4 ,! ,autumn ,fires1 pp4 #bbj-bbb4--;,fe/ivals ( fire 9 ,augu/1 #bbj2 liv+ fire made by ! friction ( wood1 #bbj2 fea/ ( ! ,nativity ( ! ,virg9 on ! eigh? ( ,septemb] at ,capri & ,naples1 #bbj-bbb4 #f4 ,! ,hall[e5 ,fires1 pp4 #bbb-bdf4--,:ile ! ,midsumm] fe/ival implies obs]vation ( ! sol/ices1 ! ,celts appe> to h divid$ _! ye>1 )\t reg>d to ! sol/ices1 by ! times :5 !y drove _! cattle to & f ! summ] pa/ure on ! fir/ ( ,may & ! la/ ( ,octob] 7,hall[e'en71 #bbb-bbd2 ! two great ,celtic fe/ivals ( ,beltane 7,may ,day7 & ,hall[e'en 7! la/ ( ,octob]71 #bbd2 ,hall[e'en seems to h m>k$ ! beg9n+ ( ! ,celtic ye>1 #bbd sq42 x 0 a season ( div9ation & a fe/ival ( ! dead1 #bbe sq42 fairies & hobgobl9s let loose at ,hall[e'en1 #bbf-bbh2 div9ation 9 ,celtic c\ntries at ,hall[e'en1 #bbh sq42 ,hall[e'en bonfires 9 ! ,highl&s ( ,scotl&1 #bbi-bcb2 ,hall[e'en fires 9 ,bu*an to burn ! wit*es1 #bcb sq42 processions ) tor*es at ,hall[e'en 9 ! ,braem> ,highl&s1 #bcc sq42 div9ation at ,hall[e'en 9 ! ,highl&s & ,l[l&s ( ,scotl&1 #bcd-bci2 ,hall[e'en fires 9 ,wales1 om5s drawn f /ones ca/ into ! fires1 #bci sq42 div9ation at ,hall[e'en 9 ,wales1 #bdj sq42 div9ation at ,hall[e'en 9 ,irel&1 #bda-bdc2 ,hall[e'en fires & div9ation 9 ! ,isle ( ,man1 #bdc sq42 ,hall[e'en fires & div9ation 9 ,lanca%ire1 #bdd sq42 m>*+ ) light$ c&les to keep (f ! wit*es1 #bde2 div9ation at ,hall[e'en 9 ,nor?umb]l&1 #bde2 ,hall[e'en fires 9 ,france1 #bde sq4 #g4 ,! ,midw9t] ,fires1 pp4 #bdf-bfi4--;,*ri/mas ! cont9uation ( an old hea!n fe/ival ( ! sun1 #bdf2 ! ,yule log ! ,midw9t] c\nt]p>t ( ! ,midsumm] bonfire1 #bdg2 ! ,yule log 9 ,g]many1 #bdg-bdi2 9 ,switz]l&1 #bdi2 9 ,belgium1 #bdi2 9 ,france1 #bdi-bee2 ,fr5* sup]/itions z to ! ,yule log1 #bej2 ! ,yule log at ,m>seilles & 9 ,p]igord1 #bej sq42 9 ,b]ry1 #bea sq42 9 ,norm&y & ,brittany1 #beb sq42 9 ! ,ard5nes1 #bec sq42 9 ! ,vosges1 #bed2 9 ,fran*e-,comt1 #bed sq42 ! ,yule log & ,yule c&le 9 ,engl&1 #bee-beh2 ! ,yule log 9 ! nor? ( ,engl& & ,york%ire1 #bef sq42 9 ,l9coln%ire1 ,w>wick%ire1 ,%rop%ire1 & ,h]e=d%ire1 #beg sq42 9 ,wales1 #beh2 9 ,s]via1 #beh-bfb2 among ! ,s]vians ( ,slavonia1 #bfb sq42 among ! ,s]vians ( ,dalmatia1 ,h]zegov9a1 & ,mont5egro1 #bfc sq42 9 ,albania1 #bfd2 belief t ! ,yule log protects aga9/ fire & lightn+1 #bfd sq42 public fire-fe/ivals at ,midw9t]1 #bfe-bfi2 ,*ri/mas bonfire at ,s*we9a 9 ,?ur+ia1 #bfe sq42 ,*ri/mas bonfires 9 ,norm&y1 #bff2 bonfires on ,/4 ,?omas's ,day 9 ! ,isle ( ,man1 #bff2 ! ,burn+ ( ! ,clavie at ,burghead on ! la/ day ( ,decemb]1 #bff-bfh2 ,*ri/mas procession ) burn+ t>-b>rels at ,l]wick1 #bfh sq4 #h4 ,! ,ne$-fire1 pp4 #bfi-cjj4--,ne$-fire k9dl$ n at fix$ p]iods b on occasions ( di/ress & calamity1 #bfi2 ! ne$-fire 9 ! ,middle ,ages & d[n to ! end ( ! sixte5? c5tury1 #bgj sq42 mode ( k9dl+ ! ne$-fire by ! friction ( wood1 #bga sq42 ! ne$-fire 9 ,c5tral ,g]many1 p>ticul>ly ab\t ,hilde%eim1 #bgb sq42 ! ne$-fire 9 ! ,m>k1 #bgc2 9 ,meckl5burg1 #bgd sq42 9 ,hanov]1 #bge sq42 9 ! ,h>z ,m\nta9s1 #bgf sq42 9 ,brunswick1 #bgg sq42 9 ,silesia & ,bohemia1 #bgh sq42 9 ,switz]l&1 #bgi sq42 9 ,sw$5 & ,norway1 #bhj2 among ! ,slavonic peoples1 #bha-bhf2 9 ,russia & ,pol&1 #bha sq42 9 ,slavonia1 #bhb2 9 ,s]via1 #bhb-bhd2 9 ,bulg>ia1 #bhd-bhf2 9 ,bosnia & ,h]zegov9a1 #bhf2 9 ,engl&1 #bhf-bhi2 9 ,york%ire1 #bhf-bhh2 9 ,nor?umb]l&1 #bhh sq42 9 ,scotl&1 #bhi-big2 ,m>t9's acc\nt ( x 9 ! ,highl&s1 #bhi2 ! ne$-fire 9 ,mull1 #bhi sq42 9 ,cai?ness1 #bij-bib2 ,w4 ,grant ,/ew>t's acc\nt ( ! ne$-fire1 #bib sq42 ,alex&] ,c>mi*ael's acc\nt1 #bic-bie2 ! ne$-fire 9 ,ab]de5%ire1 #bif2 9 ,p]?%ire1 #bif sq42 9 ,irel&1 #big2 ! use ( ne$-fire a relic ( ! "t :5 all fires 7 simil>ly k9dl$ by ! friction ( wood1 #big sq42 ! belief t ne$-fire _c k9dle if any o!r fire rema9s alight 9 ! neighb\rhood1 #bih sq42 ! ne$-fire among ! ,iroquois ( ,nor? ,am]ica1 #bii sq4 #i4 ,! ,sacrifice ( an ,animal to /ay a ,cattle-plague1 pp4 #cjj-cbg4--,! burnt sacrifice ( a calf 9 ,engl& & ,wales1 #cjj sq42 burnt sacrifices ( animals 9 ,scotl&1 #cja sq42 calf burnt 9 ord] to break a spell :i* has be5 ca/ on ! h]d1 #cjb sq42 mode 9 :i* ! burn+ ( a bewit*$ animal is suppos$ to break ! spell1 #cjc-cje2 9 burn+ ! bewit*$ animal y burn ! wit* h]self1 #cje2 practice ( burn+ cattle & %eep z sacrifices 9 ! ,isle ( ,man1 #cje-cjg2 by burn+ a bewit*$ animal y compel ! wit* to appe>1 #cjg2 magic sympa?y betwe5 ! wit* & ! bewit*$ animal1 #cjh2 simil> sympa?y betwe5 a 7-wolf & 8 or h] human %ape1 w\nds inflict$ on ! animal are felt by ! man or woman1 #cjh2 7-wolves 9 ,europe1 #cjh-caj2 9 ,*9a1 #caj sq42 among ! ,toradjas ( ,c5tral ,celebes1 #caa-cac sq42 9 ! ,egyptian ,sudan1 #cac sq42 ! 7-wolf /ory 9 ,petronius1 #cac sq42 wit*es l 7-wolves c tempor>ily trans=m !mselves into animals1 & w\nds inflict$ on ! trans=m$ animals appe> on ! p]sons ( ! wit*es1 #cae sq42 in/ances ( su* trans=mations & w\nds 9 ,scotl&1 ,engl&1 ,irel&1 ,france1 & ,g]many1 #caf-cba2 h5ce ! reason = burn+ bewit*$ animals is ei!r to burn ! wit* h]self or at all ev5ts to compel h] to appe>1 #cba sq42 ! l reason = burn+ bewit*$ ?+s1 #cbb sq42 simil>ly by burn+ alive a p]son ^: lik5ess a wit* has assum$ y compel ! wit* to disclose h]self1 #cbc2 woman burnt alive z a wit* 9 ,irel& at ! end ( ! n9ete5? c5tury1 #cbc sq42 bewit*$ animals sometimes buri$ alive in/ead ( be+ burn$1 #cbd-cbf2 calves kill$ & buri$ to save ! re/ ( ! h]d1 #cbf sq4 ,,*apt] ,v4--,,! ,,int]pretation ,,( ,,! ,,fire-,,fe/ivals1 ,pp4 #cbh-cdf #a4 ,on ! ,fire-fe/ivals 9 g5]al pp4 #cbh-cca4--;,g5]al resemblance ( ! fire-fe/ivals to ea* o!r1 #cbh sq42 two explanations ( ! fe/ivals sugge/$1 "o by ,w4 ,mannh>dt t !y are sun-*>ms1 ! o!r by ,dr4 ,e4 ,we/]m>ck t !y are purificatory1 #cbi sq42 ! two explanations p]haps n mutually exclusive1 #ccj sq4 #b4 ,! ,sol> ,!ory ( ! ,fire-fe/ivals1 pp4 #cca-cda4--,!ory t ! fire-fe/ivals are *>ms to ensure a supply ( sun%9e1 #cca2 co9cid5ce ( two ( ! fe/ivals ) ! sol/ices1 #cca sq42 attempt ( ! ,bu%m5 to w>m up ! fire ( ,sirius 9 midw9t] by k9dl+ /icks1 #ccb sq42 ! burn+ :eels & discs ( ! fire-fe/ivals may be direct imitations ( ! sun1 #ccd2 ! :eel :i* is sometimes us$ to k9dle ! fire by friction may also be an imitation ( ! sun1 #ccd-ccf2 ! influ5ce :i* ! bonfires are suppos$ to ex]t on ! wea!r & vegetation may be ?\ght to be due to an increase ( sol> heat produc$ by ! fires1 #ccf-cch2 ! effect :i* ! bonfires are suppos$ to h 9 f]tiliz+ cattle & wom5 may also be attribut$ to an increase ( sol> heat produc$ by ! fires1 #cch sq42 ! c>ry+ ( light$ tor*es ab\t ! c\ntry at ! fe/ivals may be expla9$ z an attempt to diffuse ! sun's heat1 #cci-cda4 #c4 ,! ,purificatory ,!ory ( ! ,fire-fe/ivals1 pp4 #cda-cdf4--,!ory t ! fires at ! fe/ivals are purificatory1 be+ int5d$ to burn up all h>mful ?+s1 #cda2 ! purificatory or de/ructive effect ( ! fires is (t5 alleg$ by ! p :o light !m1 & !re is no reason to reject ?is explanation1 #cda sq42 ! great evil aga9/ :i* ! fire at ! fe/ivals appe>s to be direct$ is wit*craft1 #cdb2 among ! evils = :i* ! fire-fe/ivals are deem$ rem$ies ! =emo/ is cattle-disease1 & cattle-disease is (t5 suppos$ to be an effect ( wit*craft1 #cdc sq42 aga91 ! bonfires are ?\ght to av]t hail1 ?und]1 lightn+1 & v>i\s maladies1 all ( :i* are attribut$ to ! malefic5t arts ( wit*es1 #cdd sq42 ! burn+ :eels roll$ d[n hill & ! burn+ discs ?r[n into ! air may be int5d$ to burn ! invisible wit*es1 #cde sq42 on ?is view ! f]tility suppos$ to foll[ ! use ( fire results indirectly f break+ ! spells ( wit*es1 #cdf2 on ! :ole ! !ory ( ! purificatory or de/ructive int5tion ( ! fire-fe/ivals seems ! m probable1 #cdf4 ,transcrib]'s ,note3 ,! brief descriptions (t5 f\nd enclos$ 9 squ>e brackets are sid5otes1 :i* appe>$ 9 ! orig9al book 9 ! m>g9s ( ! p>agraph foll[+ ! sid5ote4 ,footnotes 7 orig9ally at ! bottoms ( ! pr9t$ pages4 ,,*apt] ,i ,,betwe5 ,,heav5 ,,& ,,e>? #a4 ,n to t\* ! ,e>? ,! prie/ ( ,aricia & ! ,gold5 ,b\gh ,we h travell$ f> s9ce we turn$ our backs on ,nemi & set =? 9 que/ ( ! secret ( ! ,gold5 ,b\gh4 ,) ! pres5t volume we ent] on ! la/ /age ( our long j\rney4 ,! read] :o has _h ! pati5ce to foll[ ! enquiry ?us f> may rememb] t at ! outset two que/ions 7 propos$ = answ]3 ,:y _h ! prie/ ( ,aricia to slay 8 pr$ecessor8 ,& :y1 be=e do+ s1 _h he to pluck ! ,gold5 ,b\gh8#a ,( ^! two que/ions ! fir/ has n[ be5 answ]$4 ,! prie/ ( ,aricia1 if ,i am "r1 0 "o ( ^? sacr$ k+s or human div9ities on ^: life ! welf>e ( ! community & ev5 ! c\rse ( nature 9 g5]al are believ$ to be intimately dep5d5t4 ,x does n appe> t ! subjects or wor%ipp]s ( su* a spiritual pot5tate =m to !mselves any v cle> notion ( ! exact relation%ip 9 :i* !y /& to him2 probably _! ideas on ! po9t are vague & fluctuat+1 & we %\ld err if we attempt$ to def9e ! relation%ip ) logical precision4 ,all t ! p "k1 or r imag9e1 is t someh[ !y !mselves1 _! cattle1 & _! crops are my/]i\sly b\nd up ) _! div9e k+1 s t accord+ z he is well or ill ! community is heal?y or sickly1 ! flocks & h]ds ?rive or langui% ) disease1 & ! fields yield an abundant or a scanty h>ve/4 ,! wor/ evil :i* !y c conceive ( is ! natural dea? ( _! rul]1 :e!r he succumb to sickness or old age1 = 9 ! op9ion ( 8 foll[]s su* a dea? w\ld entail ! mo/ disa/r\s consequ5ces on !mselves & _! possessions2 fatal epidemics w\ld sweep away man & bea/1 ! e>? w\ld refuse h] increase1 nay ! v frame ( nature itself might be dissolv$4 ,to gu>d aga9/ ^! cata/rophes x is necess>y to put ! k+ to dea? :ile he is /ill 9 ! full bloom ( 8 div9e manhood1 9 ord] t 8 sacr$ life1 transmitt$ 9 unabat$ =ce to 8 successor1 may r5ew its y\?1 & ?us by successive transmissions ?r\gh a p]petual l9e ( vigor\s inc>nations may rema9 et]nally fre% & "y1 a pl$ge & security t m5 & animals %all 9 l mann] r5ew _! y\? by a p]petual succession ( g5]ations1 & t se$time & h>ve/1 & summ] & w9t]1 & ra9 & sun%9e %all nev] fail4 ,t1 if my conjecture is "r1 0 :y ! prie/ ( ,aricia1 ! ,k+ ( ! ,wood at ,nemi1 _h regul>ly to p]i% by ! sword ( 8 successor4 ,:at 0 ! ,gold5 ,b\gh8 ,b we h /ill to ask1 ,:at 0 ! ,gold5 ,b\gh8 & :y _h ea* c&idate = ! ,arician prie/hood to pluck x be=e he c\ld slay ! prie/8 ,^! que/ions ,i w n[ try to answ]4 ,sacr$ k+s & prie/s =bidd5 to t\* ! gr\nd ) _! feet4 ,x w be well to beg9 by notic+ two ( ^? rules or taboos by :i*1 z we h se51 ! life ( div9e k+s or prie/s is regulat$4 ,! fir/ ( ! rules to :i* ,i desire to call ! read]'s att5tion is t ! div9e p]sonage may n t\* ! gr\nd ) 8 foot4 ,?is rule 0 obs]v$ by ! supreme pontiff ( ! ,zapotecs 9 ,mexico2 he pr(an$ 8 sanctity if he s mu* z t\*$ ! gr\nd ) 8 foot4#b ,montezuma1 emp]or ( ,mexico1 nev] set foot on ! gr\nd2 he 0 always c>ri$ on ! %\ld]s ( noblem51 & if he light$ any:]e !y laid ri* tape/ry = him to walk ^u4#c ,= ! ,mikado ( ,japan to t\* ! gr\nd ) 8 foot 0 a %ameful degradation2 inde$1 9 ! sixte5? c5tury1 x 0 en\gh to deprive him ( 8 (fice4 ,outside 8 palace he 0 c>ri$ on m5's %\ld]s2 )9 x he walk$ on exquisitely wr\ght mats4#d ,! k+ & que5 ( ,tahiti might n t\* ! gr\nd any:]e b )9 _! h]$it>y doma9s2 = ! gr\nd on :i* !y trod became sacr$4 ,9 travell+ f place to place !y 7 c>ri$ on ! %\ld]s ( sacr$ m54 ,!y 7 always accompani$ by sev]al pairs ( ^! sanctifi$ att5dants2 & :5 x became necess>y to *ange _! be>]s1 ! k+ & que5 vault$ on to ! %\ld]s ( _! new be>]s )\t lett+ _! feet t\* ! gr\nd4#e ,x 0 an evil om5 if ! k+ ( ,dosuma t\*$ ! gr\nd1 & he _h to p]=m an expiatory c]emony4#f ,)9 8 palace ! k+ ( ,p]sia walk$ on c>pets on :i* no "o else might tread2 outside ( x he 0 nev] se5 on foot b only 9 a *>iot or on horseback4#g ,9 old days ! k+ ( ,siam nev] set foot ^u ! e>?1 b 0 c>ri$ on a ?rone ( gold f place to place4#h ,=m]ly nei!r ! k+s ( ,ug&a1 nor _! mo!rs1 nor _! que5s might walk on foot outside ( ! spaci\s enclosures 9 :i* !y liv$4 ,:5ev] !y w5t =? !y 7 c>ri$ on ! %\ld]s ( m5 ( ! ,buffalo clan1 sev]al ( :om accompani$ any ( ^! royal p]sonages on a j\rney & took x 9 turn to be> ! burd54 ,! k+ sat a/ride ! be>]'s neck ) a leg ov] ea* %\ld] & 8 feet tuck$ "u ! be>]'s arms4 ,:5 "o ( ^! royal c>ri]s grew tir$ he %ot ! k+ on to ! %\ld]s ( a second man )\t all[+ ! royal feet to t\* ! gr\nd4 ,9 ?is way !y w5t at a great pace & travell$ long di/ances 9 a day1 :5 ! k+ 0 on a j\rney4 ,! be>]s _h a special hut 9 ! k+'s enclosure 9 ord] to be at h& ! mom5t !y 7 want$4#i ,among ! ,bakuba or r ,bu%ongo1 a nation 9 ! s\!rn region ( ! ,congo1 d[n to a few ye>s ago p]sons ( ! royal blood 7 =bidd5 to t\* ! gr\nd2 !y mu/ sit on a hide1 a *air1 or ! back ( a slave1 :o cr\*$ on h&s & feet2 _! feet re/$ on ! feet ( o!rs4 ,:5 !y travell$ !y 7 c>ri$ on ! backs ( m52 b ! k+ j\rney$ 9 a litt] support$ on %afts4#aj ,among ! ,ibo p ab\t ,awka1 9 ,s\!rn ,nig]ia1 ! prie/ ( ! ,e>? has to obs]ve _m taboos2 = example1 he may n see a corpse1 & if he meets "o on ! road he mu/ hide 8 eyes ) 8 wri/let4 ,he mu/ ab/a9 f _m foods1 su* z eggs1 birds ( all sorts1 mutton1 dog1 bu%-buck1 & s =?4 ,he may nei!r we> nor t\* a mask1 & no mask$ man may ent] 8 h\se4 ,if a dog ent]s 8 h\se1 x is kill$ & ?r[n out4 ,z prie/ ( ! ,e>? he may n sit on ! b>e gr\nd1 nor eat ?+s t h fall5 on ! gr\nd1 nor may e>? be ?r[n at him4#aa ,accord+ to anci5t ,brahmanic ritual a k+ at 8 inauguration trod on a tig]'s sk9 & a gold5 plate2 he 0 %od ) %oes ( bo>'s sk91 & s long z he liv$ !reaft] he might n /& on ! e>? ) 8 b>e feet4#ab ,c]ta9 p]sons on c]ta9 occasions =bidd5 to t\* ! gr\nd ) _! feet4 ,b besides p]sons :o are p]man5tly sacr$ or taboo$ & are !re=e p]man5tly =bidd5 to t\* ! gr\nd ) _! feet1 !re are o!rs :o enjoy ! "* ( sanctity or taboo only on c]ta9 occasions1 & to :om accord+ly ! prohibition 9 "q only applies at ! def9ite seasons dur+ :i* !y exhale ! od\r ( sanctity4 ,?us among ! ,kayans or ,bahaus ( ,c5tral ,borneo1 :ile ! prie/esses are engag$ 9 ! p]=mance ( c]ta9 rites !y may n /ep on ! gr\nd1 & bo>ds are laid = !m to tread on4#ac ,at a fun]al c]emony obs]v$ by night among ! ,mi*emis1 a ,tibetan tribe ne> ! nor!rn fronti] ( ,assam1 a prie/ fanta/ically b$eck$ ) tig]'s tee?1 _m-col\r$ plumes1 bells1 & %ells1 execut$ a wild dance = ! purpose ( exorcis+ ! evil spirits2 !n all fires 7 ext+ui%$ & a new light 0 /ruck by a man susp5d$ by 8 feet f a beam 9 ! ceil+2 he did n t\* ! gr\nd1 we are told1 9 ord] to indicate t ! light came f heav54#ad ,aga91 newly born infants are /rongly taboo$2 accord+ly 9 ,loango !y are n all[$ to t\* ! e>?4#ae ,among ! ,iluvans ( ,malab> ! bridegroom on 8 w$d+-day is ba!d by sev5 "y m5 & !n c>ri$ or walks on planks f ! ba?+-place to ! m>riage boo?2 he may n t\* ! gr\nd ) 8 feet4#af ,) ! ,dyaks ( ,l&ak & ,tajan1 two di/ricts ( ,dut* ,borneo1 x is a cu/om t = a c]ta9 "t aft] m>riage nei!r bride nor bridegroom may tread on ! e>?4#ag ,w>riors1 aga91 on ! w>-pa? are surr\nd$1 s to say1 by an atmosph]e ( taboo2 h5ce "s ,indians ( ,nor? ,am]ica might n sit on ! b>e gr\nd ! :ole "t !y 7 out on a w>like exp$ition4#ah ,9 ,laos ! hunt+ ( elephants gives rise to _m taboos2 "o ( !m is t ! *ief hunt] may n t\* ! e>? ) 8 foot4 ,accord+ly1 :5 he alights f 8 elephant1 ! o!rs spread a c>pet ( leaves = him to /ep ^u4#ai ,g]man wiseacres recomm5d$ t :5 wit*es 7 l$ to ! block or ! /ake1 !y %\ld n be all[$ to t\* ! b>e e>?1 & a reason sugge/$ = ! rule 0 t if !y t\*$ ! e>? !y might make !mselves invisible & s escape4 ,! sagaci\s au?or ( ,! ,/rip$-petticoat ,philosophy 9 ! eighte5? c5tury ridicules ! idea z m]e silly talk4 ,he admits1 inde$1 t ! wom5 7 convey$ to ! place ( execution 9 c>ts2 b he d5ies t !re is any deep significance 9 ! c>t1 & he is prep>$ to ma9ta9 ?is view by a *emical analysis ( ! timb] ( :i* ! c>t 0 built4 ,to cl9* 8 argum5t he appeals to pla9 matt] ( fact & 8 own p]sonal exp]i5ce4 ,n a s+le in/ance1 he assures u ) app>5t satisfaction1 c be produc$ ( a wit* :o escap$ ! axe or ! fire 9 ?is fa%ion4 ,i h myself1 says he1 9 my y\? se5 div]s wit*es burn$1 "s at ,arn/adt1 "s at ,ilm5au1 "s at ,s*w5da1 a noble village betwe5 ,arn/adt & ,ilm5au1 & "s ( !m 7 p>don$ & behead$ be=e be+ burn$4 ,!y 7 laid on ! e>? 9 ! place ( execution & behead$ l any o!r poor s9n]2 :]eas if !y c\ld h escap$ by t\*+ ! e>?1 n "o ( !m w\ld h fail$ to d s4#bj ,sacr$ or taboo$ p]sons app>5tly ?\ght to be *>g$ ) a my/]i\s virtue l a fluid1 :i* w run to wa/e or explode if x t\*es ! gr\nd4 ,app>5tly hol9ess1 magical virtue1 taboo1 or :atev] we may call t my/]i\s quality :i* is suppos$ to p]vade sacr$ or taboo$ p]sons1 is conceiv$ by ! primitive philosoph] z a physical sub/ance or fluid1 ) :i* ! sacr$ man is *>g$ j z a ,leyd5 j> is *>g$ ) electricity2 & exactly z ! electricity 9 ! j> c be dis*>g$ by contact ) a good conductor1 s ! hol9ess or magical virtue 9 ! man c be dis*>g$ & dra9$ away by contact ) ! e>?1 :i* on ?is !ory s]ves z an excell5t conductor = ! magical fluid4 ,h5ce 9 ord] to pres]ve ! *>ge f runn+ to wa/e1 ! sacr$ or taboo$ p]sonage mu/ be c>efully prev5t$ f t\*+ ! gr\nd2 9 electrical language he mu/ be insulat$1 if he is n to be empti$ ( ! preci\s sub/ance or fluid ) :i* he1 z a vial1 is fill$ to ! brim4 ,& 9 _m cases app>5tly ! insulation ( ! taboo$ p]son is recomm5d$ z a precaution n m]ely = 8 own sake b = ! sake ( o!rs2 = s9ce ! virtue ( hol9ess or taboo is1 s to say1 a p[]ful explosive :i* ! smalle/ t\* may detonate1 x is necess>y 9 ! int]e/ ( ! g5]al safety to keep x )9 n>r[ b\nds1 le/ break+ out x %\ld bla/1 blight1 & de/roy :atev] x comes into contact )4 ,?+s z well z p]sons c be *>g$ ) ! my/]i\s quality ( hol9ess or taboo2 & :5 s *>g$ !y mu/ be kept f contact ) ! gr\nd4 ,b ?+s z well z p]sons are (t5 *>g$ ) ! my/]i\s quality ( hol9ess or taboo2 h5ce x frequ5tly becomes necess>y = simil> reasons to gu>d !m also f com+ into contact ) ! gr\nd1 le/ !y %\ld 9 l mann] be dra9$ ( _! valuable prop]ties & be r$uc$ to m]e commonplace mat]ial objects1 empty husks f :i* ! good gra9 has be5 elim9at$4 ,?us1 = example1 ! mo/ sacr$ object ( ! ,arunta tribe 9 ,c5tral ,au/ralia is1 or r us$ to be1 a pole ab\t tw5ty feet high1 :i* is completely sme>$ ) human blood1 cr[n$ ) an imitation ( a human head1 & set up on ! gr\nd :]e ! f9al initiatory c]emonies ( "y m5 are p]=m$4 ,a "y gum-tree is *os5 to =m ! pole1 & x mu/ be cut d[n & transport$ 9 su* a way t x does n t\* ! e>? till x is erect$ 9 its place on ! holy gr\nd4 ,app>5tly ! pole repres5ts "s fam\s ance/or ( ! old5 "t4#ba ,fe/ival ( ! wild manog tree 9 ,briti% ,new ,gu9ea4 ,aga91 at a great danc+ fe/ival celebrat$ by ! natives ( ,b>tle ,bay1 9 ,briti% ,new ,gu9ea1 a wild mango tree plays a prom95t "p4 ,! tree mu/ be self-s[n1 t is1 really wild & s "y t x has nev] fl[]$4 ,x is *os5 9 ! jungle "s five or six weeks be=e ! fe/ival1 & a circle is cle>$ r\nd its trunk4 ,f t "t ! ma/] ( ! c]emonies & "s eight to tw5ty o!r m51 :o h aid$ him 9 *oos+ ! tree & 9 cle>+ ! jungle1 become /rictly holy or taboo$4 ,!y sleep by !mselves 9 a h\se into :i* no "o else may intrude3 !y may n wa% or dr9k wat]1 nor ev5 all[ x accid5tally to t\* _! bodies3 !y are =bidd5 to eat boil$ food & ! fruit ( mango trees3 !y may dr9k only ! milk ( a "y coco-nut :i* has be5 bak$1 & !y may eat c]ta9 fruits & vegetables1 su* z paw-paws 7,c>ica papaya7 & sug>-cane1 b only on condition t !y h be5 bak$4 ,all refuse ( _! food is kept 9 baskets 9 _! sleep+-h\se & may n be remov$ f x till ! fe/ival is ov]4 ,at ! "t :5 ! m5 beg9 to obs]ve ^! rules ( ab/95ce1 "s six to t5 wom51 memb]s ( ! same clan z ! ma/] ( ! c]emonies1 ent] on a l p]iod ( mortification1 avoid+ ! company ( ! o!r sex1 & refra9+ f wat]1 all boil$ food1 & ! fruit ( ! mango tree4 ,^! fa/+ m5 & wom5 are ! pr9cipal danc]s at ! fe/ival4 ,! danc+ takes place on a special plat=m 9 a tempor>y village :i* has be5 erect$ = ! purpose4 ,:5 ! plat=m is ab\t to be set up1 ! fa/+ m5 rub ! /epp+ po/s & !n suck _! h&s = ! purpose ( extract+ ! gho/ ( any dead man t might *ance to be 9 ! po/ & might be injur$ by ! weight ( ! plat=m press+ d[n on him4 ,hav+ c>efully extract$ ^! poor s\ls1 ! m5 c>ry !m away t5d]ly & set !m free 9 ! =e/ or ! long grass4 ,! wild mango tree n all[$ to t\* ! gr\nd4 ,on ! day be=e ! fe/ival "o ( ! fa/+ m5 cuts d[n ! *os5 mango tree 9 ! jungle ) a /one adze1 :i* is nev] aft]w>ds put to any o!r use2 an iron tool may n be us$ = ! purpose1 ?\gh iron tools are n[ common en\gh 9 ! di/rict4 ,9 cutt+ d[n ! mango !y place nets on ! gr\nd to cat* any leaves or twigs t might fall f ! tree z x is be+ fell$ & !y surr\nd ! trunk ) new mats to receive ! *ips :i* fly out "u ! adze ( ! woodman2 = ! *ips may n drop on ! e>?4 ,once ! tree is d[n1 x is c>ri$ to ! c5tre ( ! tempor>y village1 ! greate/ c>e be+ tak5 to prev5t x f com+ into contact ) ! gr\nd4 ,b :5 x is br\ght into ! village1 ! h\ses are connect$ ) ! top ( ! mango by means ( long v9es decorat$ ) ! /ream]s4 ,9 ! aft]noon ! fa/+ m5 & wom5 beg9 to dance1 ! m5 b$iz5$ ) gay fea!rs1 armlets1 /ream]s1 & anklets1 ! wom5 flaunt+ 9 p>ti-col\r$ petticoats & sprigs ( croton leaves1 :i* wave f _! wai/b&s z !y dance4 ,! danc+ /ops at sund[n1 & :5 ! full moon rises ov] ! %\ld] ( ! ea/]n hill 7= ! date ( ! fe/ival seems to be det]m9$ ) ref]5ce to ! "t ( ! moon71 two *iefs m\nt ! gables ( two h\ses on ! ea/]n side ( ! squ>e1 &1 _! dusky figures /&+ %>ply out aga9/ ! moonlight1 pray to ! evil spirits to g away & n to hurt ! p4 ,next morn+ pigs are kill$ by be+ spe>$ z sl[ly z possible 9 ord] t !y may squeal l\d & long2 = ! p believe t ! mango trees he> ! squeal+1 & are pleas$ at ! s\nd1 & be> pl5ty ( fruit1 :]eas if !y he>d no squeals !y w\ld be> no fruit4 ,h[ev]1 ! trees h to cont5t !mselves ) ! squeals2 ! fle% ( ! pigs is eat5 by ! p4 ,?is ends ! fe/ival4 ,f9al disposition ( ! wild mango tree4 ,next day ! mango is tak5 d[n f ! plat=m1 wrapt 9 new mats1 & c>ri$ by ! fa/+ m5 to _! sleep+ h\se1 :]e x is hung f ! ro(4 ,b aft] an int]val1 x may be ( _m mon?s1 ! tree is br\ght =? aga94 ,z to ! reason = its reappe>ance 9 public op9ions are divid$2 b "s say t ! tree itself ord]s ! ma/] ( ! c]emonies to br+ x =?1 appe>+ to him 9 8 dreams & say+1 ,let me smell ! smok+ fat ( pigs4 ,s w y\r pigs be heal?y & y\r crops w gr[4 ,be t z x may1 out x comes1 conduct$ by ! fa/+ m5 9 _! danc+ co/ume2 & ) x come 9 ! solemn procession all ! pots1 spoons1 cups & s =? us$ by ! fa/+ m5 dur+ _! p]iod ( hol9ess or taboo1 also all ! refuse ( _! food :i* has be5 collect$ = mon?s1 & all ! fall5 leaves & *ips ( ! mango 9 _! bundles ( mats4 ,^! holy relics are c>ri$ 9 front & ! mango tree itself br+s up ! re> ( ! procession4 ,:ile ^! sacr$ objects are be+ h&$ out ( ! h\se1 ! m5 :o are pres5t ru% up1 wipe (f ! hall[$ du/ :i* has accumulat$ on !m1 & sme> x ov] _! own bodies1 no d\bt 9 ord] to /eep !mselves 9 _! bless$ influ5ce4 ,?us ! tree is c>ri$ z be=e to ! c5tre ( ! tempor>y village1 c>e be+ aga9 tak5 n to let x t\* ! gr\nd4 ,!n "o ( ! fa/+ m5 takes f a basket a numb] ( "y gre5 mangoes1 cuts !m 9 pieces1 & places !m ) 8 own h&s 9 ! m\?s ( 8 fell[s1 ! o!r fa/+ m51 :o *ew ! pieces small & turn+ r\nd spit ! morsels 9 ! direction ( ! sett+ sun1 9 ord] t ! sun %\ld c>ry ! mango bits ov] ! :ole c\ntry & ev]yone %\ld "k4 ,a portion ( ! mango tree is !n brok5 (f & 9 ! ev5+ x is burnt along ) ! bundles ( leaves1 *ips1 & refuse ( food1 :i* h be5 /or$ up4 ,:at rema9s ( ! tree is tak5 to ! h\se ( ! ma/] ( ! c]emonies & hung ov] ! fire-place2 x w be br\ght out aga9 at int]vals & burn$ bit by bit1 till all is consum$1 :]eupon a new mango w be cut d[n & treat$ 9 l mann]4 ,! a%es ( ! holy fire on ea* occasion are ga!r$ by ! p & pres]v$ 9 ! h\se ( ! ma/] ( ! c]emonies4#bb ,! c]emony app>5tly int5d$ to f]tilize ! mango trees4 ,! mean+ ( ^! c]emonies is n expla9$ by ! au?orities :o describe !m2 b we may conjecture t !y are int5d$ to f]tilize ! mango trees & cause !m to be> a good crop ( fruit4 ,! c5tral feature ( ! :ole ritual is a wild mango tree1 s "y t x has nev] fl[]$3 ! m5 :o cut x d[n1 c>ry x into ! village1 & dance at ! fe/ival1 are =bidd5 to eat mangoes3 pigs are kill$ 9 ord] t _! dy+ squeals may move ! mango trees to be> fruit3 at ! end ( ! c]emonies pieces ( "y gre5 mangoes are solemnly plac$ 9 ! m\?s ( ! fa/+ m5 & are by !m spurt$ out t[>ds ! sett+ sun 9 ord] t ! lum9>y may c>ry ! fragm5ts to e "p ( ! c\ntry2 & f9ally :5 aft] a long] or %ort] int]val ! tree is :olly consum$1 its place is suppli$ by ano!r4 ,all ^! circum/ances are expla9$ simply & naturally by ! supposition t ! "y mango tree is tak5 z a repres5tative ( mangoes g5]ally1 t ! dances are int5d$ to quick5 x1 & t x is pres]v$1 l a ,may-pole ( old 9 ,engl&1 z a sort ( g5]al fund ( vegetable life1 till ! fund be+ exhau/$ by ! de/ruction ( ! tree x is r5ew$ by ! importation ( a fre% "y tree f ! =e/4 ,we c !re=e und]/& :y1 z a /oreh\se ( vital en]gy1 ! tree %\ld be c>efully kept f contact ) ! gr\nd1 le/ ! p5t-up & conc5trat$ en]gy %\ld escape & dribbl+ away into ! e>? be dissipat$ to no purpose4 ,sacr$ objects ( v>i\s sorts n all[$ to t\* ! gr\nd4 ,to take o!r in/ances ( :at we may call ! cons]vation ( en]gy 9 magic or religion by insulat+ sacr$ bodies f ! gr\nd1 ! natives ( ,new ,brita9 h a secret society call$ ! ,duk-duk1 ! memb]s ( :i* masqu]ade 9 petticoats ( leaves & tall headdresses ( wick]work %ap$ l c&le ext+ui%]s1 :i* desc5d to ! %\ld]s ( ! we>]s1 completely conceal+ _! faces4 ,?us disguis$ !y dance ab\t to ! awe & t]ror1 real or assum$1 ( ! wom5 & un9itiat$1 :o take1 or pret5d to take1 !m = spirits4 ,:5 lads are be+ initiat$ into ! secrets ( ?is augu/ society1 ! adepts cut d[n "s v l>ge & heavy bamboos1 "o = ea* lad1 & ! novices c>ry !m1 c>efully wrapt up 9 leaves1 to ! sacr$ gr\nd1 :]e !y arrive v tir$ & we>y1 = !y may n let ! bamboos t\* ! gr\nd nor ! sun %9e on !m4 ,outside ! f5ce ( ! enclosure e lad deposits 8 bamboo on a c\ple ( =k$ /icks & cov]s x up ) nut leaves4#bc ,among ! ,c>ri] ,indians ( ,nor?-,we/]n ,am]ica1 :o burn$ _! dead1 ! a%es ( a *ief us$ to be plac$ 9 a box & set on ! top ( a pole beside 8 hut3 ! box 0 nev] all[$ to t\* ! gr\nd4#bd ,9 ! ,omaha tribe ( ,nor? ,am]ican ,indians ! sacr$ clam %ell ( ! ,elk clan 0 wrapt up f sight 9 a mat1 plac$ on a /&1 & nev] suff]$ to come 9 contact ) ! e>?4#be ,! ,*]okees & k9dr$ ,indian tribes ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates us$ to h c]ta9 sacr$ boxes or arks1 :i* !y regul>ly took ) !m to w>4 ,su* a holy ark consi/$ ( a squ>e wood5 box1 :i* conta9$ c]ta9 consecrat$ vessels made by belov$ sup]annuat$ wom51 & ( su* v>i\s antiquat$ =ms1 z w\ld h puzzl$ ,adam to h giv5 significant names to ea*4 ,! lead] ( a w> p>ty & 8 att5dant bore ! ark by turns1 b !y nev] set x on ! gr\nd nor w\ld !y !mselves sit on ! b>e e>? :ile !y 7 c>ry+ x aga9/ ! enemy4 ,:]e /ones 7 pl5tiful !y re/$ ! ark on !m2 b :]e no /ones 7 to be f\nd1 !y deposit$ x on %ort logs4 ,! ,indian ark is deem$ s sacr$ & dang]\s to be t\*$1 ei!r by _! own sanctifi$ w>riors1 or ! spoil+ enemy1 t !y dur/ n t\* x ^u any acc\nt4 ,x is n to be m$dl$ ) by any1 except ! w> *iefta9 & 8 wait]1 "u ! p5alty ( incurr+ great evil4 ,nor w\ld ! mo/ invet]ate enemy t\* x 9 ! woods1 = ! v same reason4 ,aft] _! return home !y us$ to hang ! ark on ! lead]'s r$-pa9t$ w> pole4#bf ,at ,sipi1 ne> ,simla1 9 ,nor!rn ,india1 an annual fair is held1 at :i* m5 pur*ase wives4 ,a squ>e box ) a dom$ top figures prom95tly at ! fair4 ,x is fix$ on two poles to be c>ri$ on m5's %\ld]s1 & long heavily-plait$ petticoats hang f x ne>ly to ! gr\nd4 ,?ree sides ( ! box are adorn$ ) ! head & %\ld]s ( a female figure & ! f\r? side ) a black yak's tail4 ,f\r m5 be> ! poles1 ea* c>ry+ an axe 9 8 "r h&4 ,!y dance r\nd1 ) a sw++ rhy?mical /ep1 to ! music ( drums & a pipe4 ,! dance goes on = h\rs & is ?\ght to av]t ill-luck f ! fair4 ,x is said t ! box is br\ght to ,simla f a place sixty miles (f by relays ( m51 :o may n /op nor set ! box on ! gr\nd ! :ole way4#bg ,9 ,scotl&1 :5 wat] 0 c>ri$ f sacr$ wells to sick p1 ! wat]-vessel might n t\* ! e>?4#bh ,9 "s p>ts ( ,ab]de5%ire ! la/ bun* ( /&+ corn1 :i* is commonly view$ z v sacr$1 be+ ! la/ refuge ( ! corn-_s retreat+ be=e ! reap]s1 is n suff]$ to t\* ! gr\nd2 ! ma/] or gue$man sits d[n & receives ea* h&ful ( corn z x is cut on 8 lap4#bi ,sacr$ food n all[$ to t\* ! e>?4 ,aga91 sacr$ food may n "u c]ta9 circum/ances be br\ght into contact ) ! e>?4 ,"s ( ! aborig9es ( ,victoria us$ to reg>d ! fat ( ! emu z sacr$1 believ+ t x _h once be5 ! fat ( ! black man4 ,9 tak+ x f ! bird or giv+ x to ano!r !y h&l$ x rev]5tly4 ,any "o :o ?rew away ! fat or fle% ( ! emu 0 held accurs$4 ,! late ,mr4 ,?omas obs]v$ on "o occasion1 at ,n]re-n]re-,w>re51 a rem>kable exhibition ( ! effects ( ?is sup]/ition4 ,an aborig9al *ild--"o att5d+ ! s*ool--hav+ eat5 "s "p ( ! fle% ( an emu1 ?rew away ! sk94 ,! sk9 fell to ! gr\nd1 & ?is be+ obs]v$ by 8 p>5ts1 !y %[$ by _! ge/ures e tok5 ( horror4 ,!y look$ ^u _! *ild z "o utt]ly lo/4 ,8 desecration ( ! bird 0 reg>d$ z a s9 = :i* !re 0 no atonem5t4#cj ,! ,r\manians ( ,transylvania believe t e fre%-bak$ loaf ( :eat5 bread is sacr$1 & %\ld a piece inadv]t5tly fall to ! gr\nd1 x is ha/ily pick$ up1 c>efully wip$ & kiss$1 & if soil$1 ?r[n into ! fire--p>tly z an (f]+ to ! dead1 & p>tly because x 7 a heavy s9 to ?r[ away or tread ^u any p>ticle ( x4#ca ,at c]ta9 fe/ivals 9 s\?-ea/]n ,borneo ! food :i* is consum$ 9 ! common h\se may n t\* ! gr\nd2 h5ce1 a little be=e ! fe/ivals take place1 foot-bridges made ( ?9 poles are con/ruct$ f ! private dwell+s to ! common h\se4#cb ,:5 ,hall 0 liv+ ) ! ,esquimaux & grew tir$ ( eat+ walrus1 "o ( ! wom5 br\ght ! head & neck ( a re9de] = him to eat4 ,?is v5ison _h to be completely wrapt up be=e x 0 br\ght into ! h\se1 & once 9 ! h\se x c\ld only be plac$ on ! plat=m :i* s]v$ z a b$4 ,to h plac$ x on ! floor or on ! plat=m beh9d ! fire-lamp1 among ! walrus1 musk-ox1 & pol>-be> meat :i* occupy a goodly portion ( bo? ( ^! places1 w\ld h horrifi$ ! :ole t[n1 z1 accord+ to ! actual belief ( ! ,innuits1 n ano!r walrus c\ld be secur$ ?is ye>1 & !re w\ld ev] be tr\ble 9 cat*+ any m4#cc ,b 9 ?is case ! real scruple appe>s to h be5 felt n s mu* at plac+ ! v5ison on ! gr\nd z at br++ x into contact ) walrus meat4#cd ,magical implem5ts & rem$ies ?\ght to lose _! virtue by contact ) ! gr\nd4 ,sometimes magical implem5ts & rem$ies are suppos$ to lose _! virtue by contact ) ! gr\nd1 ! volatile ess5ce ) :i* !y are impregnat$ be+ no d\bt dra9$ (f into ! e>?4 ,?us 9 ! ,b\lia di/rict ( ,que5sl& ! magical bone1 :i* ! native sorc]] po9ts at 8 victim z a means ( kill+ him1 is nev] by any *ance all[$ to t\* ! e>?4#ce ,! wives ( rajahs 9 ,macass>1 a di/rict ( s\!rn ,celebes1 pride !mselves on _! luxuriant tresses & are at great pa9s to oil & pres]ve !m4 ,%\ld ! hair beg9 to gr[ ?91 ! lady resorts to _m devices to /ay ! ravages ( "t2 among o!r ?+s %e applies to h] locks a fat extract$ f crocodiles & v5om\s snakes4 ,! ungu5t is believ$ to be v efficaci\s1 b dur+ its application ! woman's feet may n come into contact ) ! gr\nd1 or all ! b5efit ( ! no/rum w\ld be lo/4#cf ,"s p 9 antiquity believ$ t a woman 9 h>d lab\r w\ld be deliv]$ if a spe>1 :i* _h be5 wr5*$ f a man's body )\t t\*+ ! gr\nd1 7 ?r[n ov] ! h\se :]e ! suff]] lay4 ,aga91 accord+ to c]ta9 anci5t writ]s1 arr[s :i* _h be5 extract$ f a body )\t com+ into contact ) ! e>? & laid "u sleep]s1 act$ z a love-*>m4#cg ,among ! peasantry ( ! nor?-ea/ ( ,scotl& ! prehi/oric weapons call$ celts w5t by ! "n ( ?und]bolts & 7 covet$ z ! sure br+]s ( success1 always provid$ t !y 7 n all[$ to fall to ! gr\nd4#ch ,s]p5ts eggs or ,snake ,/ones4 ,9 anci5t ,gaul c]ta9 glass or pa/e beads atta9$ great celebrity z amulets "u ! "n ( s]p5ts' eggs2 x 0 believ$ t s]p5ts1 coil+ toge!r 9 a wriggl+1 wri?+ mass1 g5]at$ !m f _! slav] & %ot !m into ! air f _! hiss+ jaws4 ,if a man 0 bold & dext]\s en\gh to cat* "o ( ^! eggs 9 8 cloak be=e x t\*$ ! gr\nd1 he rode (f on horseback ) x at full spe$1 pursu$ by ! :ole pack ( s]p5ts1 till he 0 sav$ by ! int]position ( a riv]1 :i* ! snakes c\ld n pass4 ,! pro( ( ! egg be+ g5u9e 0 t if x 7 ?r[n into a /ream x w\ld float up aga9/ ! curr5t1 ev5 ?\gh x 7 hoop$ 9 gold4 ,! ,druids held ^! beads 9 high e/eem2 accord+ to !m1 ! preci\s objects c\ld only be obta9$ on a c]ta9 day ( ! moon1 & ! peculi> virtue t resid$ 9 !m 0 to secure success 9 law suits & free access to k+s4 ,pl9y knew ( a ,gauli% knight :o 0 execut$ by ! emp]or ,claudius = we>+ "o ( ^! amulets4#ci ,"u ! "n ( ,snake ,/ones 7gla9 neidr7 or ,add] ,/ones ! beads are /ill kn[n 9 ^? p>ts ( our own c\ntry :]e ! ,celtic population has l+]$1 ) its immemorial sup]/itions1 d[n to ! pres5t or rec5t times2 & ! old /ory ( ! orig9 ( ! beads f ! slav] ( s]p5ts 0 believ$ by ! mod]n peasantry ( ,cornwall1 ,wales1 & ,scotl& z by ! ,druids ( anci5t ,gaul4 ,9 ,cornwall ! "t :5 ! s]p5ts unit$ to fa%ion ! beads 0 commonly said to be at or ab\t ,midsumm] ,eve2 9 ,wales x 0 usually ?\ght to be spr+1 especially ! ,eve ( ,may ,day1 & ev5 )9 rec5t ye>s p]sons 9 ! ,pr9cipality h affirm$ t !y witness$ ! great v]nal congress ( ! snakes & saw ! magic /one 9 ! mid/ ( ! fro?4 ,! ,wel% peasants believe ! beads to possess m$ic9al virtues ( _m sorts & to be p>ticul>ly efficaci\s = all maladies ( ! eyes4 ,9 ,wales & ,irel& ! beads sometimes w5t by ! "n ( ! ,magician's or ,druid's ,glass 7,gle9i na ,dro$h & ,gla9e nan ,druidhe74 ,specim5s ( !m may be se5 9 museums2 "s h be5 f\nd 9 ,briti% b>r[s4 ,!y are ( glass ( v>i\s col\rs1 gre51 blue1 p9k1 r$1 br[n1 & s =?1 "s pla9 & "s ribb$4 ,"s are /reak$ ) brilliant hues4 ,! beads are p]=at$1 & 9 ! ,highl&s ( ,scotl& ! hole is expla9$ by say+ t :5 ! bead has j be5 conflat$ by ! s]p5ts jo9tly1 "o ( ! reptiles /icks 8 tail ?r\gh ! /ill visc\s glass4 ,an ,engli%man :o visit$ ,scotl& 9 #afii f\nd _m ( ^! beads 9 use ?r\gh\t ! c\ntry4 ,!y 7 hung f *ildr5's necks to protect !m f :oop+ c\gh & o!r ailm5ts4 ,snake ,/ones 71 moreov]1 a *>m to ensure prosp]ity 9 g5]al & to repel evil spirits4 ,:5 "o ( ^! priceless treasures 0 n on active s]vice1 ! own] kept x 9 an iron box to gu>d x aga9/ fairies1 :o1 z is well kn[n1 _c abide iron4#dj ,m$ic9al plants1 wat]1 are n all[$ to t\* ! e>?4 ,pl9y m5tions sev]al m$ic9al plants1 :i*1 if !y 7 to reta9 _! heal+ virtue1 ought n to be all[$ to t\* ! e>?4#da ,! curi\s m$ical treatise ( ,m>cellus1 a native ( ,bordeaux 9 ! f\r? c5tury ( our era1 ab\nds ) prescriptions ( ?is sort2 & we c well believe ! writ] :5 he assures u t he borr[$ _m ( 8 qua9t rem$ies f ! lips ( common folk & peasants r ?an f ! books ( ! le>n$4#db ,?us he tells u t c]ta9 :ite /ones f\nd 9 ! /oma*s ( "y swall[s assuage ! mo/ p]si/5t heada*e1 always provid$ t _! virtue be n impair$ by contact ) ! gr\nd4#dc ,ano!r ( 8 cures = ! same malady is a wrea? ( fleabane plac$ on ! head1 b x mu/ n t\* ! e>?4#dd ,on ! same condition a decoction ( ! root ( elecampane 9 w9e kills worms2 a f]n1 f\nd gr[+ on a tree1 relieves ! /oma*-a*e2 & ! pa/]n-bone ( a h>e is an infallible rem$y = colic1 provid$1 fir/1 x be f\nd 9 ! dung ( a wolf1 second1 t x docs n t\* ! gr\nd1 &1 ?ird1 t x is n t\*$ by a woman4#de ,ano!r cure = colic is effect$ by c]ta9 hocus-pocus ) a scrap ( wool f ! =ehead ( a fir/-born lamb1 if only ! lamb1 in/ead ( be+ all[$ to fall to ! gr\nd1 has be5 caught by h& z x dropp$ f its dam4#df ,9 ,&jra1 a di/rict ( ,morocco1 ! p attribute _m magical virtues to ra9-wat] :i* has fall5 on ! tw5ty-sev5? day ( ,april1 ,old ,/yle2 accord+ly !y collect x & use x = a v>iety ( purposes4 ,mix$ ) t> & spr9kl$ on ! door-po/s x prev5ts snakes & scorpions f ent]+ ! h\se3 spr9kl$ on heaps ( ?re%$ corn x protects !m f ! evil eye3 mix$ ) an egg1 h5na1 & se$s ( cress x is an invaluable m$ic9e = sick c[s3 p\r$ ov] a plate1 on :i* a passage ( ! ,koran has be5 writt51 x /r5g!ns ! memory ( s*oolboys :o dr9k x2 & if y mix x ) c[dung & r$ e>? & pa9t r+s ) ! mixture r\nd ! trunks ( y\r fig-trees at sunset on ,midsumm] ,day1 y may dep5d on x t ! trees w be> an excell5t crop & w n %$ _! fruit untimely on ! gr\nd4 ,b 9 ord] to pres]ve ^! rem>kable prop]ties x is absolutely ess5tial t ! wat] %\ld on no acc\nt be all[$ to t\* ! gr\nd2 "s say too t x %\ld n be expos$ to ! sun nor brea!d ^u by anybody4#dg ,aga91 ! ,moors ascribe great magical efficacy to :at !y call ! sultan ( ! ole&]1 :i* is a /alk ( ole&] ) a clu/] ( f\r pairs ( leaves spr++ f x4 ,!y ?9k t ! magical virtue is greate/ if ! /alk has be5 cut imm$iately be=e midsumm]4 ,b :5 ! plant is br\ght into ! h\se1 ! bran*es may n t\* ! gr\nd1 le/ !y %\ld lose _! m>vell\s qualities4#dh ,9 ! old5 days1 be=e a ,li?uanian or ,prussian f>m] w5t =? to pl\gh = ! fir/ "t 9 spr+1 he call$ 9 a wiz>d to p]=m a c]ta9 c]emony = ! good ( ! crops4 ,! sage seiz$ a mug ( be] ) 8 tee?1 quaff$ ! liquor1 & !n toss$ ! mug ov] 8 head4 ,?is signifi$ t ! corn 9 t ye> %\ld gr[ tall] ?an a man4 ,b ! mug might n fall to ! gr\nd2 x _h to be caught by somebody /ation$ at ! wiz>d's back1 = if x fell to ! gr\nd ! consequ5ce naturally w\ld be t ! corn also w\ld be laid l[ on ! e>?4#di #b4 ,n to see ! ,sun ,sacr$ p]sons n all[$ to see ! sun4 ,! second rule to be "h not$ is t ! sun may n %9e ^u ! div9e p]son4 ,?is rule 0 obs]v$ bo? by ! ,mikado & by ! pontiff ( ! ,zapotecs4 ,! latt] 0 look$ ^u z a god :om ! e>? 0 n wor?y to hold1 nor ! sun to %9e ^u4#ej ,! ,japanese w\ld n all[ t ! ,mikado %\ld expose 8 sacr$ p]son to ! op5 air1 & ! sun 0 n ?\ght wor?y to %9e on 8 head4#ea ,! ,indians ( ,granada1 9 ,s\? ,am]ica1 kept ^? :o 7 to be rul]s or comm&]s1 :e!r m5 or wom51 lock$ up = sev]al ye>s :5 !y 7 *ildr51 "s ( !m sev5 ye>s1 & ?is s close t !y 7 n to see ! sun1 = if !y %\ld happ5 to see x !y =feit$ _! lord%ip1 eat+ c]ta9 sorts ( food appo9t$2 & ^? :o 7 _! keep]s at c]ta9 times w5t into _! retreat or prison & sc\rg$ !m sev]ely4#eb ,?us1 = example1 ! heir to ! ?rone ( ,bogota1 :o 0 n ! son b ! si/]'s son ( ! k+1 _h to und]go a rigor\s tra9+ f 8 infancy3 he liv$ 9 complete retirem5t 9 a temple1 :]e he might n see ! sun nor eat salt nor conv]se ) a woman3 he 0 surr\nd$ by gu>ds :o obs]v$ 8 conduct & not$ all 8 actions3 if he broke a s+le "o ( ! rules laid d[n = him1 he 0 deem$ infam\s & =feit$ all 8 rights to ! ?rone4#ec ,s1 too1 ! heir to ! k+dom ( ,sogamoso1 be=e succe$+ to ! cr[n1 _h to fa/ = sev5 ye>s 9 ! temple1 be+ %ut up 9 ! d>k & n all[$ to see ! sun or light4#ed ,! pr9ce :o 0 to become ,inca ( ,p]u _h to fa/ = a mon? )\t see+ light4#ee ,on ! day :5 a ,brahman /ud5t ( ! ,v$a took a ba?1 to signify t ! "t ( 8 /ud5t%ip 0 at an end1 he ent]$ a c[-%$ be=e sunrise1 hung ov] ! door a sk9 ) ! hair inside1 & sat !re2 on t day ! sun %\ld n %9e ^u him4#ef ,taboo$ p]sons n all[$ to see ! sun2 c]ta9 p]sons =bidd5 to see fire4 ,aga91 wom5 aft] *ildbir? & _! (fspr+ are m or less taboo$ all ! _w ov]2 h5ce 9 ,corea ! rays ( ! sun are rigidly exclud$ f bo? "m & *ild = a p]iod ( tw5ty-"o or a hundr$ days1 accord+ to _! rank1 aft] ! bir? has tak5 place4#eg ,among "s ( ! tribes on ! nor?-we/ coa/ ( ,new ,gu9ea a woman may n leave ! h\se = mon?s aft] *ildbir?4 ,:5 %e does g out1 %e mu/ cov] h] head ) a hood or mat2 = if ! sun 7 to %9e ^u h]1 x is ?\ght t "o ( h] male relations w\ld die4#eh ,aga91 m\rn]s are ev]y:]e taboo2 accord+ly 9 m\rn+ ! ,a9os ( ,japan we> peculi> caps 9 ord] t ! sun may n %9e ^u _! heads4#ei ,dur+ a solemn fa/ ( ?ree days ! ,indians ( ,co/a ,rica eat no salt1 speak z little z possible1 light no fires1 & /ay /rictly indoors1 or if !y g out dur+ ! day !y c>efully cov] !mselves f ! light ( ! sun1 believ+ t exposure to ! sun's rays w\ld turn !m black4#fj ,on ,yule ,night x has be5 cu/om>y 9 p>ts ( ,sw$5 f "t immemorial to g on pilgrimage1 :]eby p le>n _m secret ?+s & "k :at is to happ5 9 ! com+ ye>4 ,z a prep>ation = ?is pilgrimage1 "s secrete !mselves = ?ree days previ\sly 9 a d>k cell>1 s z to be %ut out altoge!r f ! light ( heav54 ,o!rs retire at an e>ly h\r ( ! prec$+ morn+ to "s out-(-!-way place1 su* z a hay-l(t1 :]e !y bury !mselves 9 ! hay1 t !y may nei!r see nor he> any liv+ creature2 & "h !y rema91 9 sil5ce & fa/+1 until aft] sund[n2 :il/ !re are ^? :o ?9k x suffici5t if !y rigidly ab/a9 f food on ! day be=e comm5c+ _! w&]+s4 ,dur+ ?is p]iod ( probation a man ought n to see fire1 b %\ld ?is h happ5$1 he mu/ /rike a light ) fl9t & /eel1 :]eby ! evil t w\ld o!rwise h ensu$ w be obviat$4#fa ,dur+ ! sixte5 days t a ,pima ,indian is und]go+ purification = kill+ an ,apa*e he may n see a blaz+ fire4#fb ,! /ory ( ,pr9ce ,sunless4 ,ac>nanian peasants tell ( a h&some pr9ce call$ ,sunless1 :o w\ld die if he saw ! sun4 ,s he liv$ 9 an und]gr\nd palace on ! site ( ! anci5t ,o5iadae1 b at night he came =? & cross$ ! riv] to visit a fam\s en*antress :o dwelt 9 a ca/le on ! fur!r bank4 ,%e 0 lo? to "p ) him e night long be=e ! sun 0 up1 & z he turn$ a deaf e> to all h] entreaties to l+]1 %e hit ^u ! device ( cutt+ ! ?roats ( all ! cocks 9 ! neighb\rhood4 ,s ! pr9ce1 ^: e> _h le>n$ to expect ! %rill cl>ion ( ! birds z ! signal ( ! gr[+ light1 t>ri$ too long1 & h>dly _h he rea*$ ! =d :5 ! sun rose ov] ! ,aetolian m\nta9s1 & its fatal beams fell on him be=e he c\ld rega9 8 d>k abode4#fc ,notes3 #a ,! ,magic ,art & ! ,evolution ( ,k+s1 i4 #dd4 #b ,h4,h4 ,bancr(t1 ,native ,races ( ! ,pacific ,/ates 7,london1 #ahge-ahgf71 ii4 #adb2 ,brasseur de ,b\rb\rg1 ,hi/oire des ,nations civilises du ,mexique et de l',amrique-,c5trale 7,p>is1 #aheg-ahei71 iii4 #bi4 #c ,manuscrit ,ramirez1 ,hi/oire de l'orig9e des ,indi5s1 publi p> ,d4 ,*>nay 7,p>is1 #aijc71 p4 #ajh2 ,j4 de ,aco/a1 ,! ,natural & ,moral ,hi/ory ( ! ,indies1 bk4 vii4 *ap4 #bb1 vol4 ii4 p4 #eje ( ,e4 ,grim/on's translation1 edit$ by 7,sir7 ,clem5ts ,r4 ,m>kham 7,hakluyt ,society1 ,london1 #ahhj74 #d ,memorials ( ! ,empire ( ,japon 9 ! ,,xvi4 & ,,xvii4 ,c5turies1 edit$ by ,t4 ,rundall 7,hakluyt ,society1 ,london1 #ahej71 pp4 #ad1 #ada2 ,b4 ,v>5ius1 ,descriptio regni ,japoniae et ,siam 7,cambridge1 #afgc71 p4 #aa2 ,c>on1 ,acc\nt ( ,japan1 9 ,john ,p9k]ton's ,voyages & ,travels 7,london1 #ahjh-ahad71 vii4 #fac2 ,kaempf]1 ,hi/ory ( ,japan1 9 id4 vii4 #gaf4 #e ,w4 ,ellis1 ,polynesian ,rese>*es1 ,second ,edition 7,london1 #ahcb-ahcf71 iii4 #ajb sq42 ,capta9 ,james ,wilson1 ,mission>y ,voyage to ! ,s\!rn ,pacific ,ocean 7,london1 #agii71 p4 #cbi4 #f ,a4 ,ba/ian1 ,d] ,m5s* 9 d] ,ges*i*te 7,leipsic1 #ahfj71 iii4 #ha4 #g ,a!naeus1 xii4 #h1 p4 #ead c4 #h ,! ,voiages & ,travels ( ,john ,/ruys 7,london1 #afhd71 p4 #cj4 #i ,rev4 ,j4 ,roscoe1 ,fur!r ,notes on ! ,mann]s & ,cu/oms ( ! ,bag&a1 ,j\rnal ( ! ,an?ropological ,in/itute1 xxxii4 7#aijb7 pp4 #fb1 #fg2 id41 ,! ,bag&a 7,london1 #aiaa71 pp4 #aed sq4 ,comp>e ,l4 ,decle1 ,?ree ,ye>s 9 ,savage ,africa 7,london1 #ahih71 p4 #dde note3 ,be=e horses _h be5 introduc$ into ,ug&a ! k+ & 8 "m nev] walk$1 b always w5t ab\t p]*$ a/ride ! %\ld]s ( a slave--a mo/ ludicr\s sight4 ,9 ?is way !y (t5 travell$ hundr$s ( miles4 ,! use bo? ( horses & ( *>iots by royal p]sonages may (t5 h be5 int5d$ to prev5t _! sacr$ feet f t\*+ ! gr\nd4 #aj ,e4 ,torday et ,t4,a4 ,joyce1 ,les ,bu%ongo 7,brussels1 #aiaj71 p4 #fa4 #aa ,nor?cote ,w4 ,?omas1 ,an?ropological ,report on ! ,ibo-speak+ ,peoples ( ,nig]ia 7,london1 #aiac71 i4 #eg sq4 #ab ,satapa?a ,brhmana1 translat$ by ,julius ,eggel+1 ,"p iii4 7,ox=d1 #ahid7 pp4 #ha1 #ia1 #ib1 #ajb1 #abh sq4 7,sacr$ ,books ( ! ,ea/1 vol4 xli474 #ac ,a4,w4 ,nieuw5huis1 ,qu] dur* ,borneo 7,leyd51 #aijd-aijg71 i4 #agb4 #ad ,lett] ( ,mission>y ,krick1 9 ,annales de la ,propagation de la ,foi1 xxvi4 7#ahed7 pp4 #hf-hh4 #ae ,pe*uel-,loes*e1 ,indiscretes aus ,loango1 ,zeits*rift fr ,e?nologie1 x4 7#ahgh7 pp4 #bi sq4 #af ,edg> ,?ur/on1 ,e?nographic ,notes 9 ,s\!rn ,india 7,madras1 #aijf71 p4 #gj4 #ag ,m4,c4 ,s*adee1 ,het familielev5 en famili]e*t d] ,dajaks van ,l&ak en ,tajan1 ,bijdrag5 tot de ,taal-,l& en ,volk5kunde van ,n$]l&s*-,indi1 lxiii4 7#aiaj7 p4 #dcc4 #ah ,james ,adair1 ,hi/ory ( ! ,am]ican ,indians 7,london1 #agge71 p4 #chb2 ,n>rative ( ! ,captivity & ,adv5tures ( ,john ,tann] 7,london1 #ahcj71 p4 #abc4 ,z to ! taboos to :i* w>riors are subject see ,taboo & ! ,p]ils ( ! ,s\l1 pp4 #aeg sqq4 #ai ,eti5ne ,aymoni]1 ,notes sur le ,laos 7,saigon1 #ahhe71 p4 #bf4 #bj ,die ge/ritgelte ,rock5philosophie99#e 7,*emnitz1 #agei71 pp4 #ehf sqq4 #ba ,baldw9 ,sp5c] & ,f4,j4 ,gill51 ,native ,tribes ( ,c5tral ,au/ralia 7,london1 #ahii71 pp4 #cfd1 #cgj sqq41 #fbi2 id41 ,across ,au/ralia 7,london1 #aiab71 ii4 #bhj1 #bhe sq4 #bb ,c4,g4 ,seligmann1 ,m4,d41 ,! ,melanesians ( ,briti% ,new ,gu9ea 7,cambridge1 #aiaj71 pp4 #ehi-eii4 #bc ,george ,br[n1 ,d4,d41 ,melanesians & ,polynesians 7,london1 #aiaj71 pp4 #fj sq41 #fd4 ,z to ! ,duk-duk society1 see bel[1 vol4 ii4 pp4 #bdf sq4 #bd ,john ,kea/ ,"l1 ,! ,naturali/ 9 ,vanc\v] ,isl& & ,briti% ,columbia 7,london1 #ahff71 ii4 #bcg4 #be ,edw9 ,james1 ,acc\nt ( an ,exp$ition f ,pittsburgh to ! ,rocky ,m\nta9s 7,london1 #ahbc71 ii4 #dg2 ,rev4 ,j4 ,ow5 ,dorsey1 ,omaha ,sociology1 ,?ird ,annual ,report ( ! ,bureau ( ,e?nology 7,wa%+ton1 #ahhd71 p4 #bbf4 #bf ,james ,adair1 ,hi/ory ( ! ,am]ican ,indians 7,london1 #agge71 pp4 #afa-afc4 #bg 7,sir7 ,h5ry ,bab+ton ,smi?1 9 ,folk-lore1 v4 7#ahid7 p4 #cdj4 #bh ,miss ,c4,f4 ,gordon ,cumm+1 ,9 ! ,hebrides 7,london1 #ahhc71 p4 #baa4 #bi ,w4 ,gregor1 ,quelques c\tumes du ,nord-e/ du ,comt d',ab]de51 ,revue des ,traditions populaires1 iii4 7#ahhh7 p4 #dhe ,b4 ,comp>e ,spirits ( ! ,corn & ( ! ,wild1 i4 #aeh sq4 #cj ,r4 ,br\gh ,smy?1 ,aborig9es ( ,victoria 7,melb\rne & ,london1 #ahgh71 i4 #dej4 #ca ,e4 ,g]>d1 ,! ,l& beyond ! ,=e/ 7,ed9burgh & ,london1 #ahhh71 ii4 #g4 #cb ,f4 ,grab[sky1 ,d] ,di/rikt ,dusson ,timor 9 ,sdo/-,borneo und se9e ,bewohn]1 ,das ,ausl&1 #ahhd1 ,no4 #bd1 p4 #dgj4 #cc ,n>rative ( ! ,second ,arctic ,exp$ition made by ,*>les ,f4 ,hall1 edit$ by ,pr(4 ,j4,e4 ,n\rse 7,wa%+ton1 #ahgi71 pp4 #aaj sq4 #cd ,see ,taboo & ,p]ils ( ! ,s\l1 pp4 #bjg sqq4 #ce ,walt] ,e4 ,ro?1 ,e?nological ,/udies among ! ,nor?-,we/-,c5tral ,que5sl& ,aborig9es 7,brisbane & ,london1 #ahig71 p4 #aef1 #bfe4 ,! cu/om ( kill+ a man by po9t+ a bone or /ick at him1 :ile ! sorc]] utt]s appropriate curses1 is common among ! tribes ( ,c5tral ,au/ralia2 b among/ !m !re seems to be no objection to place ! bone or /ick on ! gr\nd2 on ! contr>y1 an ,arunta wiz>d ins]ts ! bone or /ick 9 ! gr\nd :ile he invokes dea? & de/ruction on 8 enemy4 ,see ,baldw9 ,sp5c] & ,f4,j4 ,gill51 ,native ,tribes ( ,c5tral ,au/ralia 7,london1 #ahii71 pp4 #ecd sqq42 id41 ,nor!rn ,tribes ( ,c5tral ,au/ralia 7,london1 #aijd71 pp4 #dee sqq4 #cf ,hugh ,l[1 ,s>awak 7,london1 #ahdh71 pp4 #ade sq4 #cg ,pl9y1 ,naturalis ,hi/oria xxviii4 #cc sq4 #ch ,rev4 ,walt] ,gregor1 ,notes on ! ,folk-lore ( ! ,nor?-,ea/ ( ,scotl& 7,london1 #ahha71 p4 #ahd4 ,z to ! sup]/itions atta*+ to /one arr[heads & axeheads 7celts71 commonly kn[n z ?und]bolts1 9 ! ,briti% ,isl&s1 see ,w4,w4 ,skeat1 ,snake/ones & ,/one ,?und]bolts1 ,folklore1 xxiii4 7#aiab7 pp4 #fj sqq42 & z to su* sup]/itions 9 g5]al1 see ,*r4 ,bl9k5b]g1 ,! ,?und]weapon 9 ,religion & ,folklore 7,cambridge1 #aiaa74 #ci ,pl9y1 ,naturalis ,hi/oria1 xxix4 #eb-ed4 #dj ,w4 ,borlase1 ,antiquities1 ,hi/orical & ,monum5tal1 ( ! ,c\nty ( ,cornwall 7,london1 #agfi71 pp4 #adb sq42 ,j4 ,br&1 ,popul> ,antiquities ( ,great ,brita9 7,london1 #ahhb-ahhc71 i4 #cbb2 ,j4,g4 ,dalyell1 ,d>k] ,sup]/itions ( ,scotl& 7,ed9burgh1 #ahcd71 pp4 #adj sq42 ,daniel ,wilson1 ,! ,ar*aeology & ,prehi/oric ,annals ( ,scotl& 7,ed9burgh1 #ahea71 pp4 #cjc sqq42 ,lieut4-,col4 ,=bes ,leslie1 ,! ,e>ly ,races ( ,scotl& & _! ,monum5ts 7,ed9burgh1 #ahff71 i4 #ge sqq42 ,j4,g4 ,campbell1 ,wit*craft & ,second ,sight 9 ! ,highl&s & ,isl&s ( ,scotl& 7,glasg[1 #aijb71 pp4 #hd-hh2 ,m>ie ,trevelyan1 ,folk-lore & ,folk-/ories ( ,wales 7,london1 #aiji71 pp4 #agj sq42 ,j4,c4 ,davies1 ,folk-lore ( ,we/ & ,mid-,wales 7,ab]y/wy?1 #aiaa71 p4 #gf4 ,comp>e ,w4,w4 ,skeat1 ,snake/ones & ,/one ,?und]bolts1 ,folk-lore1 xxiii4 7#aiab7 pp4 #de sqq4 ,! sup]/ition is describ$ z foll[s by ,edw>d ,lhwyd 9 a lett] quot$ by ,w4 ,borlase 7op4 cit4 p4 #adb73 ,9 mo/ p>ts ( ,wales1 & ?r\gh\t all ,scotl&1 & 9 ,cornwall1 we f9d x a common op9ion ( ! vulg>1 t ab\t ,midsumm]-,eve 7?\gh 9 ! "t !y d n all agree7 x is usual = snakes to meet 9 companies2 & t1 by jo9+ heads toge!r1 & hiss+1 a k9d ( bubble is =m$1 :i* ! re/1 by cont9ual hiss+1 bl[ on till x passes q ?r\gh ! body1 & !n x imm$iately h>d5s1 & resembles a glass-r+1 :i* :oev] f9ds 7z "s old wom5 & *ildr5 are p]suad$7 %all prosp] 9 all 8 und]tak+s4 ,! r+s ?us g5]at$1 are call$ ,gle9eu ,nadroe?2 9 ,engli%1 ,snake-/ones4 ,!y are small glass amulets1 commonly ab\t half z wide z our f+]-r+s1 b mu* ?ick]1 ( a gre5 col\r usually1 ?\gh sometimes blue1 & wav$ ) r$ & :ite4 #da ,pl9y1 ,naturalis ,hi/oria xxiv4 #ab & #fh1 xxv4 #aga4 #db ,m>cellus1 ,de m$icam5tis1 ed4 ,g4 ,helmrei* 7,leipsic1 #ahhi71 preface1 p4 i43 ,nec solum vet]es m$ic9ae artis auctores ,lat9o dumtaxat s]mone p]scriptos 444 lectione scrutatus sum1 s$ etiam ab agre/ibus et plebeis rem$ia =tuita atque simplicia1 quae exp]im5tis probav]ant didici4 ,z to ,m>cellus & 8 "w1 see ,jacob ,grimm1 ,ueb] ,m>cellus ,burdigal5sis1 ,abh&lung5 d] konigli*5 ,akademie d] ,wiss5s*aft zu ,b]l91 #ahdg1 pp4 #dbi-dfj2 id41 ,ueb] die ,m>cellis*5 ,=meln1 ibid44 #ahee1 pp4 #ej-fh4 #dc ,m>cellus1 ,de m$icam5tis1 i4 #fh4 #dd ,m>cellus1 op4 cit4 i4 #gf4 #de ,m>cellus1 op4 cit4 xxviii4 #bh & #ga1 xxix4 #ce4 #df ,m>cellus1 op4 cit4 xxix4 #ea4 #dg ,edw>d ,we/]m>ck1 ,midsumm] ,cu/oms 9 ,morocco1 ,folklore1 xvi4 7#aije7 pp4 #cb sq42 id41 ,c]emonies & ,beliefs connect$ ) ,agriculture1 c]ta9 ,dates ( ! ,sol> ,ye>1 & ! ,wea!r 9 ,morocco 7,hels+=s1 #aiac71 pp4 #ge sq4 #dh ,e4 ,we/]m>ck1 ,midsumm] ,cu/oms 9 ,morocco1 ,folk-lore1 xvi4 7#aije7 p4 #ce id41 ,c]emonies & ,beliefs connect$ ) ,agriculture1 c]ta9 ,dates ( ! ,sol> ,ye>1 & ! ,wea!r 9 ,morocco 7,hels+=s1 #aiac71 pp4 #hh sq4 #di ,mat?u ,prtorius1 ,deliciae ,prussicae1 h]ausgegeb5 von ,dr4 ,w4 ,pi]son 7,b]l91 #ahga71 p4 #ed4 #ej ,h4,h4 ,bancr(t1 ,native ,races ( ! ,pacific ,/ates 7,london1 #ahge-ahgf71 ii4 #adb2 ,brasseur de ,b\rb\rg1 ,hi/oire des ,nations civilises du ,mexique et de l',amrique ,c5trale 7,p>is1 #aheg-ahei71 iii4 #bi4 #ea ,kaempf]1 ,hi/ory ( ,japan1 9 ,j4 ,p9k]ton's ,voyages & ,travels1 vii4 #gag2 ,c>on1 ,acc\nt ( ,japan1 ibid4 vii4 #fac2 ,b4 ,v>5ius1 ,descriptio regni ,japoniae et ,siam 7,cambridge1 #afgc71 p4 #aa3 ,radiis solis caput nunquam illu/rabatur3 9 ap]tum acrem non proc$ebat4 #eb ,a4 de ,h]r]a1 ,g5]al ,hi/ory ( ! va/ ,cont95t & ,isl&s ( ,am]ica1 trans1 by ,capt4 ,john ,/ev5s 7,london1 #agbe-agbf71 v4 #hh4 #ec ,h4 ,t]naux-,compans1 ,essai sur l'anci5 ,cund9am>ca 7,p>is1 ,n4,d471 p4 #ef2 ,!odor ,waitz1 ,an?ropologie d] ,naturvlk] iv4 7,leipsic1 #ahfd7 p4 #cei4 #ed ,alonzo de ,zurita1 ,rapport sur les diff]5tes classes de *efs de la ,n\velle-,espagne1 p4 #cj1 9 ,h4 ,t]naux-,compans's ,voyages1 ,relations et ,mmoires orig9aux1 p\r s]vir l',hi/oire de la ,dc\v]t$e l',amrique 7,p>is1 #ahdj72 ,?4 ,waitz1 l4c42 ,a4 ,ba/ian1 ,die ,culturlnd] des alt5 ,am]ika 7,b]l91 #ahgh71 ii4 #bjd4 #ee ,cieza de ,leon1 ,second ,"p ( ! ,*ronicle ( ,p]u 7,hakluyt ,society1 ,london1 #ahhc71 p4 #ah4 #ef ,! ,grihya ,stras1 translat$ by ,h4 ,old5b]g1 ,"p ii4 7,ox=d1 #ahib7 pp4 #afe1 #bge 7,sacr$ ,books ( ! ,ea/1 vol4 xxx474 ,umbrellas appe> to h be5 sometimes us$ 9 ritual = ! purpose ( prev5t+ ! sunlight f fall+ on sacr$ p]sons or ?+s4 ,see ,w4 ,cal&1 ,alt9dis*es ,zaub]ritual 7,am/]dam1 #aijj71 p4 #aaj note #ab4 ,at an ,a!nian fe/ival call$ ,scira ! prie/ess ( ,a!na1 ! prie/ ( ,poseidon1 & ! prie/ ( ! ,sun walk$ f ! ,acropolis "u ! %ade ( a huge :ite umbrella :i* 0 borne ov] _! heads by ! ,eteobutads4 ,see ,h>pocration & ,suidas1 s4v4 ,greek3 ,skiron2 ,s*olia/ on ,ari/ophanes1 ,eccles4 #ah4 #eg ,mrs4 ,bi%op1 ,korea & h] ,neighb\rs 7,london1 #ahih71 ii4 #bdh4 #eh ,j4,l4 van ,hasselt1 ,e5ige aanteek5+5 aanga&e de bewon]s d] ,n4 ,we/ku/ van ,nieuw ,gu9ea1 ,tijds*rift voor ,indis*e ,taal-,l&5 ,volk5kunde1 xxxi4 7#ahhf7 p4 #ehg4 #ei ,a4 ,ba/ian1 ,die ,vlk] des /li*5 ,asi51 v4 7,j5a1 #ahfi7 p4 #cff4 #fj ,w4,m4 ,gabb1 ,on ! ,indian ,tribes & ,languages ( ,co/a ,rica1 ,proce$+s ( ! ,am]ican ,philosophical ,society held at ,philadelphia1 xiv4 7,philadelphia1 #ahgf71 p4 #eaj4 #fa ,l4 ,lloyd1 ,peasant ,life 9 ,sw$5 7,london1 #ahgj71 p4 #aid4 #fb ,h4,h4 ,bancr(t1 ,native ,races ( ! ,pacific ,/ates1 i4 #eec4 ,see ,taboo & ! ,p]ils ( ! ,s\l1 p4 #ahb4 #fc ,l4 ,heuzey1 ,le ,mont ,olympe et l',ac>nanie 7,p>is1 #ahfj71 pp4 #deh sq4 ,,*apt] ,,ii ,,! ,,seclusion ,,( ,,girls ,,at ,,pub]ty #a4 ,seclusion ( ,girls at ,pub]ty 9 ,africa ,girls at pub]ty =bidd5 to t\* ! gr\nd & to see ! sun2 seclusion ( girls at pub]ty among ! ,a-,kamba2 seclusion ( girls at pub]ty among ! ,bag&a4 ,n[ x is rem>kable t ! =ego+ two rules--n to t\* ! gr\nd & n to see ! sun--are obs]v$ ei!r sep>ately or conjo9tly by girls at pub]ty 9 _m p>ts ( ! _w4 ,?us among/ ! negroes ( ,loango girls at pub]ty are conf9$ 9 sep>ate huts1 & !y may n t\* ! gr\nd ) any "p ( _! b>e body4#fd ,among ! ,zulus & k9dr$ tribes ( ,s\? ,africa1 :5 ! fir/ signs ( pub]ty %ew !mselves :ile a girl is walk+1 ga!r+ wood1 or work+ 9 ! field1 %e runs to ! riv] & hides h]self among ! re$s = ! day1 s z n to be se5 by m54 ,%e cov]s h] head c>efully ) h] blanket t ! sun may n %9e on x & %rivel h] up into a )]$ skeleton1 z w\ld result f exposure to ! sun's beams4 ,aft] d>k %e returns to h] home & is seclud$ 9 a hut = "s "t4#fe ,dur+ h] seclusion1 :i* la/s = ab\t a =tnight1 nei!r %e nor ! girls :o wait ^u h] may dr9k any milk1 le/ ! cattle %\ld die4 ,& %\ld %e be ov]tak5 by ! fir/ fl[ :ile %e is 9 ! fields1 %e mu/1 aft] hid+ 9 ! bu%1 scrupul\sly avoid all pa?ways 9 return+ home4#ff ,a reason = ?is avoidance is assign$ by ! ,a-,kamba ( ,briti% ,ea/ ,africa1 ^: girls "u simil> circum/ances obs]ve ! same rule4 ,a girl's fir/ m5/ruation is a v critical p]iod ( h] life accord+ to ,a-,kamba beliefs4 ,if ?is condition appe>s :5 %e is away f ! village1 say at "w 9 ! fields1 %e returns at once to h] village1 b is c>eful to walk ?r\gh ! grass & n on a pa?1 = if %e foll[$ a pa? & a /rang] accid5tally trod on a spot ( blood & !n cohabit$ ) a memb] ( ! opposite sex be=e ! girl 0 bett] aga91 x is believ$ t %e w\ld nev] be> a *ild4 ,%e rema9s at home till ! symptoms h ceas$1 & dur+ ?is "t %e may be f$ by none b h] "m4 ,:5 ! flux is ov]1 h] fa!r & "m are b\nd to cohabit ) ea* o!r1 else x is believ$ t ! girl w\ld be b>r5 all h] life4#fg ,simil>ly1 among ! ,bag&a1 :5 a girl m5/ruat$ = ! fir/ "t %e 0 seclud$ & n all[$ to h&le food2 & at ! end ( h] seclusion ! k9sman ) :om %e 0 /ay+ 7= among ! ,bag&a "y p did n reside ) _! p>5ts7 0 oblig$ to jump ov] 8 wife1 :i* ) ! ,bag&a is reg>d$ z equival5t to hav+ int]c\rse ) h]4 ,%\ld ! girl happ5 to be liv+ ne> h] p>5ts at ! mom5t :5 %e atta9$ to pub]ty1 %e 0 expect$ on h] recov]y to in=m !m ( ! fact1 :]eupon h] fa!r jump$ ov] h] "m4 ,7 ?is cu/om omitt$1 ! ,bag&a1 l ! ,a-,kamba1 ?\ght t ! girl w\ld nev] h *ildr5 or t !y w\ld die 9 infancy4#fh ,?us ! pret5ce ( sexual int]c\rse betwe5 ! p>5ts or o!r relatives ( ! girl 0 a magical c]emony to ensure h] f]tility4 ,x is significant t among ! ,bag&a ! fir/ m5/ruation 0 (t5 call$ a m>riage1 & ! girl 0 spok5 ( z a bride4#fi ,^! t]ms s appli$ po9t to a belief l t ( ! ,siamese1 t a girl's fir/ m5/ruation results f h] defloration by "o ( a ho/ ( a]ial spirits1 & t ! w\nd ?us inflict$ is repeat$ aft]w>ds e mon? by ! same gho/ly ag5cy4#gj ,= a l reason1 probably1 ! ,bag&a imag9e t a woman :o does n m5/ruate ex]ts a malign influ5ce on g>d5s & makes !m b>r5#ga if %e works 9 !m4 ,= n be+ h]self f]tiliz$ by a _s1 h[ c %e f]tilize ! g>d58 ,seclusion ( girls at pub]ty among ! tribes ( ! ,tanganyika plateau4 ,among ! ,amambwe1 ,w9amwanga1 ,alungu1 & o!r tribes ( ! great plateau to ! we/ ( ,lake ,tanganyika1 :5 a "y girl kn[s t %e has atta9$ pub]ty1 %e =?) leaves h] "m's hut1 & hides h]self 9 ! long grass ne> ! village1 cov]+ h] face ) a clo? & weep+ bitt]ly4 ,t[>ds sunset "o ( ! old] wom5--:o1 z directress ( ! c]emonies1 is call$ na*imbusa-- foll[s h]1 places a cook+-pot by ! cross-roads1 & boils !re9 a concoction ( v>i\s h]bs1 ) :i* %e ano9ts ! neophyte4 ,at nightfall ! girl is c>ri$ on ! old woman's back to h] "m's hut4 ,:5 ! cu/om>y p]iod ( a few days has elaps$1 %e is all[$ to cook aga91 aft] fir/ :itewa%+ ! floor ( ! hut4 ,b1 by ! foll[+ mon?1 ! prep>ations = h] initiation are complete4 ,! novice mu/ rema9 9 h] hut ?r\gh\t ! :ole p]iod ( initiation1 & is c>efully gu>d$ by ! old wom51 :o accompany h] :5ev] %e leaves h] qu>t]s1 veil+ h] head ) a native clo?4 ,! c]emonies la/ = at lea/ "o mon?4 ,dur+ ?is p]iod ( seclusion1 drumm+ & songs are kept up )9 ! "m's hut by ! village wom51 & no male1 except1 x is said1 ! fa!r ( tw9s1 is all[$ to ent]4 ,! directress ( ! rites & ! old] wom5 in/ruct ! "y girl z to ! elem5t>y facts ( life1 ! duties ( m>riage1 & ! rules ( conduct1 decorum1 & hospitality to be obs]v$ by a m>ri$ woman4 ,among/ o!r ?+s ! damsel mu/ submit to a s]ies ( te/s su* z leap+ ov] f5ces1 ?ru/+ h] head into a coll> made ( ?orns1 & s on4 ,! lessons :i* %e receives are illu/rat$ by mud figures ( animals & ( ! common objects ( dome/ic life4 ,moreov]1 ! directress ( /udies embelli%es ! walls ( ! hut ) rude pictures1 ea* ) its special significance & song1 :i* mu/ be und]/ood & le>n$ by ! girl4#gb ,9 ! =ego+ acc\nt ! rule t a damsel at pub]ty may nei!r see ! sun nor t\* ! gr\nd seems impli$ by ! /atem5t t on ! fir/ discov]y ( h] condition %e hides 9 long grass & is c>ri$ home aft] sunset on ! back ( an old woman4 ,seclusion ( girls at pub]ty among ! tribes ( ,briti% ,c5tral ,africa4 ,among ! ,nyanja-speak+ tribes ( ,c5tral ,angonil&1 9 ,briti% ,c5tral ,africa1 :5 a "y girl f9ds t %e has become a woman1 %e /&s sil5t by ! pa?way lead+ to ! village1 h] face wrapt 9 h] calico4 ,an old woman1 f9d+ h] !re1 takes h] (f to a /ream to ba!2 aft] t ! girl is seclud$ = six days 9 ! old woman's hut4 ,%e eats h] porridge out ( an old basket & h] reli%1 9 :i* no salt is put1 f a pot%]d4 ,! basket is aft]w>ds ?r[n away4 ,on ! sev5? day ! ag$ matrons ga!r toge!r1 g ) ! girl to a /ream1 & ?r[ h] into ! wat]4 ,9 return+ !y s+ songs1 & ! old woman1 :o directs ! proce$+s1 c>ries ! maid5 on h] back4 ,!n !y spread a mat & fet* h] husb& & set ! two d[n on ! mat & %ave 8 head4 ,:5 x is d>k1 ! old wom5 escort ! girl to h] husb&'s hut4 ,!re ! ndiwo reli% is cook+ on ! fire4 ,dur+ ! night ! woman rises & puts "s salt 9 ! pot4 ,next morn+1 be=e dawn1 :ile all is d>k & ! villag]s h n yet op5$ _! doors1 ! "y m>ri$ woman goes (f & gives "s ( ! reli% to h] "m & to ! old woman :o 0 mi/ress ( ! c]emony4 ,?is reli% %e sets d[n at ! doors ( _! h\ses & goes away4 ,& 9 ! morn+1 :5 ! sun has ris5 & all is light 9 ! village1 ! two wom5 op5 _! doors1 & !re !y f9d ! reli% ) ! salt 9 x2 & !y take ( x & rub x on _! feet & "u _! arm-pits2 & if !re are little *ildr5 9 ! h\se1 !y eat ( x4 ,& if ! "y wife has a k9sman :o is abs5t f ! village1 "s ( ! reli% is put on a spl9t] ( bamboo & kept aga9/ 8 return1 t :5 he comes he1 too1 may rub 8 feet ) x4 ,b if ! woman f9ds t h] husb& is impot5t1 %e does n rise betimes & g out 9 ! d>k to lay ! reli% at ! doors ( h] "m & ! old woman4 ,& 9 ! morn+1 :5 ! sun is up & all ! village is light1 ! old wom5 op5 _! doors1 & see no reli% !re1 & !y "k :at has happ5$1 & s !y g wilily to "w4 ,= !y p]suade ! husb& to consult ! div9] t he may discov] h[ to cure 8 impot5ce2 & :ile he is closet$ ) ! wiz>d1 !y fet* ano!r man1 :o f9i%es ! c]emony ) ! "y wife1 9 ord] t ! reli% may be giv5 out & t p may rub _! feet ) x4 ,b if x happ5s t :5 a girl comes to maturity %e is n yet betro!d to any man1 & !re=e has no husb& to g to1 ! matrons tell h] t %e mu/ g to a lov] in/ead4 ,& ?is is ! cu/om :i* !y call *igango4 ,s 9 ! ev5+ %e takes h] cook+ pot & reli% & hies away to ! qu>t]s ( ! "y ba*elors1 & !y v civilly sleep some:]e else t night4 ,& 9 ! morn+ ! girl goes back to ! kuka hut4#gc ,ab/95ce f salt associat$ ) a rule ( *a/ity 9 _m tribes4 ,f ! =ego+ acc\nt x appe>s t among ^! tribes no soon] has a girl atta9$ to womanhood ?an %e is expect$ & inde$ requir$ to give pro( ( h] newly acquir$ p[]s by cohabit+ ) a man1 :e!r h] husb& or ano!r4 ,& ! ab/95ce f salt dur+ ! girl's seclusion is all ! m rem>kable because z soon z ! seclusion is ov] %e has to use salt = a p>ticul> purpose1 to :i* ! p evid5tly atta* v great importance1 s9ce 9 ! ev5t ( h] husb& prov+ impot5t %e is ev5 compell$1 app>5tly1 to commit adult]y 9 ord] t ! salt$ reli% may be giv5 out z usual4 ,9 ?is connexion x des]ves to be not$ t among ! ,wagogo ( ,g]man ,ea/ ,africa wom5 at _! mon?ly p]iods may n sleep ) _! husb&s & may n put salt 9 food4#gd ,a simil> rule is obs]v$ by ! ,nyanja-speak+ tribes ( ,c5tral ,angonil&1 ) ^: pub]ty cu/oms we are "h conc]n$4 ,among !m1 we are told1 "s sup]/ition exi/s ) reg>d to ! use ( salt4 ,a woman dur+ h] mon?ly sickness mu/ on no acc\nt put salt into any food %e is cook+1 le/ %e give h] husb& or *ildr5 a disease call$ tsempo 7*itsoko soko7 b calls a *ild to put x 91 or1 z ! song goes1 ',natira ni*]e ni bondo *ifukwa n'kup&a mwana' & p\rs 9 ! salt by plac+ x on h] knee1 because !re is no *ild h&y4 ,%\ld a p>ty ( villag]s h gone to make salt1 all sexual int]c\rse is =bidd5 among ! p ( ! village1 until ! p :o h gone to make ! salt 7f grass7 return4 ,:5 !y d come back1 !y mu/ make _! entry into ! village at night1 & no "o mu/ see !m4 ,!n "o ( ! eld]s ( ! village sleeps ) 8 wife4 ,%e !n cooks "s reli%1 into :i* %e puts "s ( ! salt4 ,?is reli% is h&$ r\nd to ! p :o w5t to make ! salt1 :o rub x on _! feet & "u _! armpits4#ge ,h5ce x w\ld seem t 9 ! m9d ( ^! p ab/95ce f salt is someh[ associat$ ) ! idea ( *a/ity4 ,! same association meets u 9 ! cu/oms ( _m peoples 9 v>i\s p>ts ( ! _w4 ,= example1 anci5t ,h9doo ritual prescrib$ t = ?ree nights aft] a husb& _h br\ght 8 bride home1 ! two %\ld sleep on ! gr\nd1 rema9 *a/e1 & eat no salt4#gf ,among ! ,bag&a1 :5 a man 0 mak+ a net1 he _h to refra9 f eat+ salt & meat & f liv+ ) 8 wife2 ^! re/rictions he obs]v$ until ! net took its fir/ cat* ( fi%4 ,simil>ly1 s long z a fi%]man's nets or traps 7 9 ! wat]1 he mu/ live ap>t f 8 wife1 & nei!r he nor %e nor _! *ildr5 might eat salt or meat4#gg ,evid5ce ( ! same sort c\ld be multipli$1#gh b )\t go+ into x fur!r we may say t = "s reason :i* is n obvi\s to u primitive man connects salt ) ! int]c\rse ( ! sexes & !re=e =bids ! use ( t condim5t 9 a v>iety ( circum/ances 9 :i* he deems cont95ce necess>y or desirable4 ,z !re is no?+ :i* ! savage reg>ds z a great] b> betwe5 ! sexes ?an ! /ate ( m5/ruation1 he naturally prohibits ! use ( salt to wom5 & girls at _! mon?ly p]iods4 ,seclusion ( girls at pub]ty among ! tribes ab\t ,lake ,nyassa & on ! ,zambesi4 ,) ! ,awa-nkonde1 a tribe at ! nor!rn end ( ,lake ,nyassa1 x is a rule t aft] h] fir/ m5/ruation a girl mu/ be kept ap>t1 ) a few companions ( h] own sex1 9 a d>k5$ h\se4 ,! floor is cov]$ ) dry banana leaves1 b no fire may be lit 9 ! h\se1 :i* is call$ ! h\se ( ! ,awasungu1 t is1 ( maid5s :o h no he>ts4#gi ,:5 a girl rea*es pub]ty1 ! ,wafiomi ( ,ea/]n ,africa hold a fe/ival at :i* !y make a noise ) a peculi> k9d ( rattle4 ,aft] t ! girl rema9s = a ye> 9 ! l>ge common hut 7tembe71 :]e %e occupies a special comp>tm5t scre5$ (f f ! m5's qu>t]s4 ,%e may n cut h] hair or t\* food1 b is f$ by o!r wom54 ,at night1 h[ev]1 %e quits ! hut & dances ) "y m54#hj ,among ! ,b>otse or ,m>otse ( ! upp] ,zambesi1 :5 a girl arrives at ! age ( pub]ty %e is s5t into ! fields1 :]e a hut is con/ruct$ f> f ! village4 ,!re1 ) two or ?ree companions1 %e sp5ds a mon?1 return+ home late & />t+ be=e dawn 9 ord] n to be se5 by ! m54 ,! wom5 ( ! village visit h]1 br++ food & honey1 & s++ & danc+ to amuse h]4 ,at ! end ( a mon? h] husb& comes & fet*es h]4 ,x is only aft] ?is c]emony t wom5 h ! "r to sme> !mselves ) o*re4#ha ,we may suspect t ! *ief reason :y ! girl dur+ h] seclusion may visit h] home only by night is a fe>1 n s mu* le/ %e %\ld be se5 by m51 z t %e might be se5 by ! sun4 ,among ! ,wafiomi1 z we h j le>n$1 ! "y woman 9 simil> circum/ances is ev5 free to dance ) m51 provid$ always t ! dance is danc$ at night4 ,! c]emonies among ! ,b>otse or ,m>otse are some:at m elaborate = a girl ( ! royal family4 ,%e is %ut up = ?ree mon?s 9 a place :i* is kept secret f ! public2 only ! wom5 ( h] family "k :]e x is4 ,!re %e sits alone 9 ! d>kness ( ! hut1 wait$ on by female slaves1 :o are /rictly =bidd5 to speak & may communicate ) h] & ) ea* o!r only by signs4 ,dur+ all ?is "t1 ?\gh %e does no?+1 %e eats mu*1 & :5 at la/ %e comes =?1 h] appe>ance is q *ang$1 s fat has %e gr[n4 ,%e is !n l$ by night to ! riv] & ba!d 9 pres5ce ( all ! wom5 ( ! village4 ,next day %e flaunts be=e ! public 9 h] gaye/ attire1 h] head b$eck$ ) ornam5ts & h] face mottl$ ) r$ pa9t4 ,s ev]ybody kn[s :at has happ5$4#hb ,seclusion ( girls at pub]ty among ! ,?onga on ,delagoa ,bay4 ,among ! nor!rn clans ( ! ,?onga tribe1 9 ,s\?-,ea/]n ,africa1 ab\t ,delagoa ,bay1 :5 a girl ?9ks t ! "t ( h] nubility is ne>1 %e *ooses an adoptive "m1 p]haps 9 a neighb\r+ village4 ,:5 ! symptoms appe>1 %e flies away f h] own village & repairs to t ( h] adopt$ "m to weep ne> h]4 ,aft] t %e is seclud$ ) sev]al o!r girls 9 ! same condition = a mon?4 ,!y are %ut up 9 a hut1 & :5ev] !y come outside !y mu/ we> a dirty greasy clo? ov] _! faces z a veil4 ,e morn+ !y are l$ to a pool & plung$ 9 ! wat] up to _! necks4 ,initiat$ girls or wom5 accompany !m1 s++ obsc5e songs & driv+ away ) /icks any man :o meets !m2 = no man may see a girl dur+ ?is "t ( seclusion4 ,if he saw h]1 x is said t he w\ld be /ruck bl9d4 ,on _! return f ! riv]1 ! girls are aga9 imprison$ 9 ! hut1 :]e !y rema9 wet & %iv]+1 = !y may n g ne> ! fire to w>m !mselves4 ,dur+ _! seclusion !y li/5 to lascivi\s songs sung by gr[n wom5 & are in/ruct$ 9 sexual matt]s4 ,at ! end ( ! mon? ! adoptive "m br+s ! girl home to h] true "m & pres5ts h] ) a pot ( be]4#hc ,seclusion ( girls at pub]ty among ! ,caffre tribes ( ,s\? ,africa4 ,among ! ,caffre tribes ( ,s\? ,africa ! p]iod ( a girl's seclusion at pub]ty v>ies ) ! rank ( h] fa!r4 ,if he is a ri* man1 x may la/ twelve days2 if he is a *ief1 x may la/ tw5ty-f\r days4#hd ,& :5 x is ov]1 ! girl rubs h]self ov] ) r$ e>?1 & /rews f9ely p[d]$ r$ e>? on ! gr\nd1 be=e %e leaves ! hut :]e %e has be5 %ut up4 ,f9ally1 ?\gh %e 0 =bidd5 to dr9k milk all ! days ( h] sep>ation1 %e wa%es out h] m\? ) milk1 & is f t mom5t reg>d$ z a full-gr[n woman4#he ,aft]w>ds1 9 ! dusk ( ! ev5+1 %e c>ries away all ! objects ) :i* %e came into contact 9 ! hut dur+ h] seclusion & buries !m secretly 9 a seque/]$ spot4#hf ,:5 ! girl is a *ief's daught] ! c]emonies at h] lib]ation f ! hut are m elaborate ?an usual4 ,%e is l$ =? f ! hut by a son ( h] fa!r's c\ncillor1 :o1 we>+ ! w+s ( a blue crane1 ! badge ( brav]y1 on 8 head1 escorts h] to ! cattle kraal1 :]e c[s are slaught]$ & danc+ takes place4 ,l>ge sk9s full ( milk are s5t to ! spot f neighb\r+ villages2 & aft] ! dances are ov] ! girl dr9ks milk = ! fir/ "t s9ce ! day %e ent]$ into retreat4 ,b ! fir/ m\?ful is drunk by ! girl's aunt or o!r female relative :o _h *>ge ( h] dur+ h] seclusion2 & a little ( x is p\r$ on ! fire-place4#hg ,among/ ! ,zulus1 :5 ! girl 0 a pr9cess royal1 ! end ( h] "t ( sep>ation 0 celebrat$ by a sort ( saturnalia3 law & ord] 7 = ! "t be+ 9 abeyance3 e man1 woman1 & *ild might appropriate any article ( prop]ty3 ! k+ ab/a9$ f int]f]+2 & if dur+ ?is reign ( misrule he 0 robb$ ( any?+ he valu$ he c\ld only recov] x by pay+ a f9e4#hh ,among ! ,basutos1 :5 girls at pub]ty are ba!d z usual by ! matrons 9 a riv]1 !y are hidd5 sep>ately 9 ! turns & b5ds ( ! /ream1 & told to cov] _! heads1 z !y w be visit$ by a l>ge s]p5t4 ,_! limbs are !n pla/]$ ) clay1 little masks ( /raw are put on _! faces1 & ?us array$ !y daily foll[ ea* o!r 9 procession1 s++ melan*oly airs1 to ! fields1 !re to le>n ! lab\rs ( husb&ry 9 :i* a great "p ( _! adult life w be pass$4#hi ,we may suppose1 ?\gh we are n told1 t ! /raw masks :i* !y we> 9 ^! processions are int5d$ to hide _! faces f ! gaze ( m5 & ! rays ( ! sun4 ,seclusion ( girls at pub]ty 9 ! ,l[] ,congo4 ,among ! tribes 9 ! l[] valley ( ! ,congo1 su* z ! ,bavili1 :5 a girl arrives at pub]ty1 %e has to pass two or ?ree mon?s 9 seclusion 9 a small hut built = ! purpose4 ,! hair ( h] head is %av$ (f1 & e day ! :ole ( h] body is sme>$ ) a r$ pa9t 7takulla7 made f a p[d]$ wood mix$ ) wat]4 ,"s ( h] companions reside 9 ! hut ) h] & prep>e ! pa9t = h] use4 ,a woman is appo9t$ to take *>ge ( ! hut & to keep (f intrud]s4 ,at ! end ( h] conf9em5t %e is tak5 to wat] by ! wom5 ( h] family & ba!d2 ! pa9t is rubb$ (f h] body1 h] arms & legs are load$ ) brass r+s1 & %e is l$ 9 solemn procession "u an umbrella to h] husb&'s h\se4 ,if ^! c]emonies 7 n p]=m$1 ! p believe t ! girl w\ld be b>r5 or w\ld give bir? to mon/]s1 t ! ra9 w\ld cease to fall1 ! e>? to be> fruit1 & ! fi%+ to be successful4#ij ,su* s]i\s importance d ^! savages ascribe to ! p]=mance ( rites :i* to u seem s *ildi%4 #b4 ,seclusion ( ,girls at ,pub]ty 9 ,new ,irel&1 ,new ,gu9ea1 & ,indonesia ,seclusion ( girls at pub]ty 9 ,new ,irel&4 ,9 ,new ,irel& girls are conf9$ = f\r or five ye>s 9 small cages1 be+ kept 9 ! d>k & n all[$ to set foot on ! gr\nd4 ,! cu/om has be5 ?us describ$ by an eye-witness4 ,i he>d f a tea*] ab\t "s /range cu/om connect$ ) "s ( ! "y girls "h1 s ,i ask$ ! *ief to take me to ! h\se :]e !y 74 ,! h\se 0 ab\t tw5ty-five feet 9 l5g?1 & /ood 9 a re$ & bamboo enclosure1 across ! entrance to :i* a bundle ( dri$ grass 0 susp5d$ to %[ t x 0 /rictly 'tabu4' ,inside ! h\se 7 ?ree conical /ructures ab\t sev5 or eight feet 9 height1 & ab\t t5 or twelve feet 9 circumf]5ce at ! bottom1 & = ab\t f\r feet f ! gr\nd1 at :i* po9t !y tap]$ (f to a po9t at ! top4 ,^! cages 7 made ( ! broad leaves ( ! p&anus-tree1 sewn q close toge!r s t no light & little or no air c\ld ent]4 ,on "o side ( ea* is an op5+ :i* is clos$ by a d\ble door ( plait$ cocoa-nut tree & p&anus-tree leaves4 ,ab\t ?ree feet f ! gr\nd !re is a /age ( bamboos :i* =ms ! floor4 ,9 ea* ( ^! cages we 7 told !re 0 a "y woman conf9$1 ea* ( :om _h to rema9 = at lea/ f\r or five ye>s1 )\t ev] be+ all[$ to g outside ! h\se4 ,i c\ld sc>cely cr$it ! /ory :5 ,i he>d x2 ! :ole ?+ seem$ too horrible to be true4 ,i spoke to ! *ief1 & told him t ,i wi%$ to see ! inside ( ! cages1 & also to see ! girls t ,i might make !m a pres5t ( a few beads4 ,he told me t x 0 'tabu1' =bidd5 = any m5 b _! own relations to look at !m2 b ,i suppose ! promis$ beads act$ z an inducem5t1 & s he s5t away = "s old lady :o _h *>ge1 & :o alone is all[$ to op5 ! doors4 ,:ile we 7 wait+ we c\ld he> ! girls talk+ to ! *ief 9 a qu]ul\s way z if object+ to some?+ or express+ _! fe>s4 ,! old woman came at l5g? & c]ta9ly %e did n seem a v pleasant jailor or gu>dian2 nor did %e seem to fav\r ! reque/ ( ! *ief to all[ u to see ! girls1 z %e reg>d$ u ) any?+ b pleasant looks4 ,h[ev]1 %e _h to undo ! door :5 ! *ief told h] to d s1 & !n ! girls peep$ out at u1 &1 :5 told to d s1 !y held out _! h&s = ! beads4 ,i1 h[ev]1 purposely sat at "s di/ance away & m]ely held out ! beads to !m1 z ,i wi%$ to draw !m q outside1 t ,i might inspect ! inside ( ! cages4 ,?is desire ( m9e gave rise to ano!r difficulty1 z ^! girls 7 n all[$ to put _! feet to ! gr\nd all ! "t !y 7 conf9$ 9 ^! places4 ,h[ev]1 !y wi%$ to get ! beads1 & s ! old lady _h to g outside & collect a lot ( pieces ( wood & bamboo1 :i* %e plac$ on ! gr\nd1 & !n go+ to "o ( ! girls1 %e help$ h] d[n & held h] h& z %e /epp$ f "o piece ( wood to ano!r until %e came ne> en\gh to get ! beads ,i held out to h]4 ,i !n w5t to inspect ! inside ( ! cage out ( :i* %e _h come1 b c\ld sc>cely put my head inside ( x1 ! atmosph]e 0 s hot & /ifl+4 ,x 0 clean & conta9$ no?+ b a few %ort l5g?s ( bamboo = hold+ wat]4 ,!re 0 only room = ! girl to sit or lie d[n 9 a cr\*$ position on ! bamboo plat=m1 & :5 ! doors are %ut x mu/ be ne>ly or q d>k inside4 ,! girls are nev] all[$ to come out except once a day to ba! 9 a di% or wood5 b[l plac$ close to ea* cage4 ,!y say t !y p]spire pr(usely4 ,!y are plac$ 9 ^! /ifl+ cages :5 q "y1 & mu/ rema9 !re until !y are "y wom51 :5 !y are tak5 out & h ea* a great m>riage fea/ provid$ = !m4 ,"o ( !m 0 ab\t f\rte5 or fifte5 ye>s old1 & ! *ief told u t %e _h be5 !re = five ye>s1 b w\ld soon be tak5 out n[4 ,! o!r two 7 ab\t eight & t5 ye>s old1 & !y h to /ay !re = sev]al ye>s long]4#ia ,a m rec5t obs]v] has describ$ ! cu/om z x is obs]v$ on ! we/]n coa/ ( ,new ,irel&4 ,he says3 ,a buck is ! "n ( a little h\se1 n l>g] ?an an ord9>y h5-coop1 9 :i* a little girl is %ut up1 sometimes = weeks only1 & at o!r times = mon?s4444 ,briefly /at$1 ! cu/om is ?is4 ,girls1 on atta9+ pub]ty or betro?al1 are enclos$ 9 "o ( ^! little coops = a consid]able "t4 ,!y mu/ rema9 !re night & day4 ,we saw two ( ^! girls 9 two coops2 ! girls 7 n m ?an t5 ye>s old1 /ill !y 7 ly+ 9 a d\bl$-up position1 z _! little h\ses w\ld n admit ( !m ly+ 9 any o!r way4 ,^! two coops 7 inside a l>ge h\se2 b ! *ief1 9 consid]ation ( a pres5t ( a c\ple ( tomahawks1 ord]$ ! ends to be torn out ( ! h\se to admit ! light1 s t we might photograph ! buck4 ,! occupant 0 all[$ to put h] face ?r\gh an op5+ to be photograph$1 9 consid]ation ( ano!r pres5t4#ib ,z a consequ5ce ( _! long en=c$ idl5ess 9 ! %ade ! girls gr[ fat & _! dusky complexion blea*es to a m pallid hue4 ,bo? _! corpul5ce & _! pallor are reg>d$ z beauties4#ic ,seclusion ( girls at pub]ty 9 ,new ,gu9ea1 ,borneo1 ,c]am & ,yap4 ,9 ,kabadi1 a di/rict ( ,briti% ,new ,gu9ea1 daught]s ( *iefs1 :5 !y are ab\t twelve or ?irte5 ye>s ( age1 are kept indoors = two or ?ree ye>s1 nev] be+ all[$1 "u any pret5ce1 to desc5d f ! h\se1 & ! h\se is s %ad$ t ! sun _c %9e on !m4#id ,among ! ,yabim & ,bukaua1 two neighb\r+ & k9dr$ tribes on ! coa/ ( ,g]man ,new ,gu9ea1 a girl at pub]ty is seclud$ = "s five or six weeks 9 an inn] "p ( ! h\se2 b %e may n sit on ! floor1 le/ h] uncleanness %\ld cleave to x1 s a log ( wood is plac$ = h] to squat on4 ,moreov]1 %e may n t\* ! gr\nd ) h] feet2 h5ce if %e is oblig$ to quit ! h\se = a %ort "t1 %e is muffl$ up 9 mats & walks on two halves ( a coconut %ell1 :i* are fa/5$ l s&als to h] feet by creep+ plants4 ,dur+ h] seclusion %e is 9 *>ge ( h] aunts or o!r female relatives4 ,at ! end ( ! "t %e ba!s1 h] p]son is load$ ) ornam5ts1 h] face is grotesquely pa9t$ ) r$ /ripes on a :ite gr\nd1 & ?us adorn$ %e is br\ght =? 9 public to be admir$ by ev]ybody4 ,%e is n[ m>riageable4#ie ,among ! ,ot ,danoms ( ,borneo girls at ! age ( eight or t5 ye>s are %ut up 9 a little room or cell ( ! h\se1 & cut (f f all int]c\rse ) ! _w = a long "t4 ,! cell1 l ! re/ ( ! h\se1 is rais$ on piles above ! gr\nd1 & is lit by a s+le small w9d[ op5+ on a lonely place1 s t ! girl is 9 almo/ total d>kness4 ,%e may n leave ! room on any pretext :atev]1 n ev5 = ! mo/ necess>y purposes4 ,none ( h] family may see h] all ! "t %e is %ut up1 b a s+le slave woman is appo9t$ to wait on h]4 ,dur+ h] lonely conf9em5t1 :i* (t5 la/s sev5 ye>s1 ! girl occupies h]self 9 weav+ mats or ) o!r h&iwork4 ,h] bodily gr[? is /unt$ by ! long want ( ex]cise1 & :51 on atta9+ womanhood1 %e is br\ght out1 h] complexion is pale & wax-l4 ,%e is n[ %ewn ! sun1 ! e>?1 ! wat]1 ! trees1 & ! fl[]s1 z if %e 7 newly born4 ,!n a great fea/ is made1 a slave is kill$1 & ! girl is sme>$ ) 8 blood4#if ,9 ,c]am girls at pub]ty 7 =m]ly %ut up by !mselves 9 a hut :i* 0 kept d>k4#ig ,9 ,yap1 "o ( ! ,c>ol9e ,isl&s1 %\ld a girl be ov]tak5 by h] fir/ m5/ruation on ! public road1 %e may n sit d[n on ! e>?1 b mu/ beg = a coco-nut %ell to put "u h]4 ,%e is %ut up = sev]al days 9 a small hut at a di/ance f h] p>5ts' h\se1 & aft]w>ds %e is b\nd to sleep = a hundr$ days 9 "o ( ! special h\ses :i* are provid$ = ! use ( m5/ru\s wom54#ih #c4 ,seclusion ( ,girls at ,pub]ty 9 ! ,torres ,/raits ,isl&s & ,nor!rn ,au/ralia ,seclusion ( girls at pub]ty 9 ,mabuiag1 ,torres ,/raits4 ,9 ! isl& ( ,mabuiag1 ,torres ,/raits1 :5 ! signs ( pub]ty appe> on a girl1 a circle ( bu%es is made 9 a d>k corn] ( ! h\se4 ,"h1 deck$ ) %\ld]-belts1 armlets1 leglets j bel[ ! knees1 & anklets1 we>+ a *aplet on h] head1 & %ell ornam5ts 9 h] e>s1 on h] *e/1 & on h] back1 %e squats 9 ! mid/ ( ! bu%es1 :i* are pil$ s high r\nd ab\t h] t only h] head is visible4 ,9 ?is /ate ( seclusion %e mu/ rema9 = ?ree mon?s4 ,all ?is "t ! sun may n %9e ^u h]1 b at night %e is all[$ to slip out ( ! hut1 & ! bu%es t h$ge h] 9 are !n *ang$4 ,%e may n fe$ h]self or h&le food1 b is f$ by "o or two old wom51 h] mat]nal aunts1 :o are especially appo9t$ to look aft] h]4 ,"o ( ^! wom5 cooks food = h] at a special fire 9 ! =e/4 ,! girl is =bidd5 to eat turtle or turtle eggs dur+ ! season :5 ! turtles are bre$+2 b no vegetable food is refus$ h]4 ,no man1 n ev5 h] own fa!r1 may come into ! h\se :ile h] seclusion la/s2 = if h] fa!r saw h] at ?is "t he w\ld c]ta9ly h bad luck 9 8 fi%+1 & w\ld probably sma% 8 canoe ! v next "t he w5t out 9 x4 ,at ! end ( ! ?ree mon?s %e is c>ri$ d[n to a fre%-wat] creek by h] att5dants1 hang+ on to _! %\ld]s 9 su* a way t h] feet d n t\* ! gr\nd1 :ile ! wom5 ( ! tribe =m a r+ r\nd h]1 & ?us escort h] to ! bea*4 ,arriv$ at ! %ore1 %e is /ripp$ ( h] ornam5ts1 & ! be>]s /agg] ) h] into ! creek1 :]e !y imm]se h]1 & all ! o!r wom5 jo9 9 spla%+ wat] ov] bo? ! girl & h] be>]s4 ,:5 !y come out ( ! wat] "o ( ! two att5dants makes a heap ( grass = h] *>ge to squat ^u4 ,! o!r runs to ! reef1 cat*es a small crab1 te>s (f its claws1 & ha/5s back ) !m to ! creek4 ,"h 9 ! meantime a fire has be5 k9dl$1 & ! claws are roa/$ at x4 ,! girl is !n f$ by h] att5dants ) ! roa/$ claws4 ,aft] t %e is fre%ly decorat$1 & ! :ole p>ty m>*es back to ! village 9 a s+le rank1 ! girl walk+ 9 ! c5tre betwe5 h] two old aunts1 :o hold h] by ! wri/s4 ,! husb&s ( h] aunts n[ receive h] & lead h] into ! h\se ( "o ( !m1 :]e all p>take ( food1 & ! girl is all[$ once m to fe$ h]self 9 ! usual mann]4 ,a dance foll[s1 9 :i* ! girl takes a prom95t "p1 danc+ betwe5 ! husb&s ( ! two aunts :o _h *>ge ( h] 9 h] retirem5t4#ii ,seclusion ( girls at pub]ty 9 ,nor!rn ,au/ralia4 ,among ! ,y>aikanna tribe ( ,cape ,york ,p59sula1 9 ,nor!rn ,que5sl&1 a girl at pub]ty is said to live by h]self = a mon? or six weeks2 no man may see h]1 ?\gh any woman may4 ,%e /ays 9 a hut or %elt] specially made = h]1 on ! floor ( :i* %e lies sup9e4 ,%e may n see ! sun1 & t[>ds sunset %e mu/ keep h] eyes %ut until ! sun has gone d[n1 o!rwise x is ?\ght t h] nose w be diseas$4 ,dur+ h] seclusion %e may eat no?+ t lives 9 salt wat]1 or a snake w\ld kill h]4 ,an old woman waits ^u h] & supplies h] ) roots1 yams1 & wat]4#ajj ,"s tribes are wont to bury _! girls at su* seasons m or less deeply 9 ! gr\nd1 p]haps 9 ord] to hide !m f ! light ( ! sun4 ,?us ! ,l>rakeeyah tribe 9 ! nor!rn t]ritory ( ,s\? ,au/ralia us$ to cov] a girl up ) dirt = ?ree days at h] fir/ mon?ly p]iod4#aja ,9 simil> circum/ances ! ,otati tribe1 on ! ea/ coa/ ( ! ,cape ,york ,p59sula1 make an excavation 9 ! gr\nd1 :]e ! girl squats4 ,a b[] is !n built ov] ! hole1 & s& is ?r[n on ! "y woman till %e is cov]$ up to ! hips4 ,9 ?is condition %e rema9s = ! fir/ day1 b comes out at night4 ,s long z ! p]iod la/s1 %e /ays 9 ! b[] dur+ ! day-"t1 b is n aga9 cov]$ ) s&4 ,aft]w>ds h] body is pa9t$ r$ & :ite f ! head to ! hips1 & %e returns to ! camp1 :]e %e squats fir/ on ! "r side1 !n on ! left side1 & !n on ! lap ( h] future husb&1 :o has be5 previ\sly select$ = h]4#ajb ,among ! natives ( ! ,p5nefa!r ,riv]1 9 ! ,cape ,york ,p59sula1 ,que5sl&1 :5 a girl m5/ruates = ! fir/ "t1 h] "m takes h] away f ! camp to "s seclud$ spot1 :]e %e digs a circul> hole 9 ! s&y soil "u ! %ade ( a tree4 ,9 ?is hole ! girl squats ) cross$ legs & is cov]$ ) s& f ! wai/ d[nw>ds4 ,a digg+-/ick is plant$ firmly 9 ! s& on ea* side ( h]1 & ! place is surr\nd$ by a f5ce ( bu%es except 9 front1 :]e h] "m k9dles a fire4 ,"h ! girl /ays all day1 sitt+ ) h] arms cross$ & ! palms ( h] h&s re/+ on ! s&4 ,%e may n move h] arms except to take food f h] "m or to scrat* h]self2 & 9 scrat*+ h]self %e may n t\* h]self ) h] own h&s1 b mu/ use = ! purpose a spl9t] ( wood1 :i*1 :5 x is n 9 use1 is /uck 9 h] hair4 ,%e may speak to nobody b h] "m2 inde$ nobody else w\ld ?9k ( com+ ne> h]4 ,at ev5+ %e lays hold ( ! two digg+-/icks & by _! help frees h]self f ! sup]9cumb5t weight ( s& & returns to ! camp4 ,next morn+ %e is aga9 buri$ 9 ! s& "u ! %ade ( ! tree & rema9s !re aga9 till ev5+4 ,?is %e does daily = five days4 ,on h] return at ev5+ on ! fif? day h] "m decorates h] ) a wai/-b&1 a =ehead-b&1 & a necklet ( pe>l-%ell1 ties gre5 p>rot fea!rs r\nd h] arms & wri/s & across h] *e/1 & sme>s h] body1 back & front1 f ! wai/ upw>ds ) blot*es ( r$1 :ite1 & yell[ pa9t4 ,%e has 9 l mann] to be buri$ 9 ! s& at h] second & ?ird m5/ruations1 b at ! f\r? %e is all[$ to rema9 9 camp1 only signify+ h] condition by we>+ a basket ( empty %ells on h] back4#ajc ,among ! ,kia blacks ( ! ,prosp]9e ,riv]1 on ! ea/ coa/ ( ,que5sl&1 a girl at pub]ty has to sit or lie d[n 9 a %all[ pit away f ! camp2 a r\gh hut ( bu%es is erect$ ov] h] to protect h] f ! inclem5cy ( ! wea!r4 ,!re %e /ays = ab\t a week1 wait$ on by h] "m & si/]1 ! only p]sons to :om %e may speak4 ,%e is all[$ to dr9k wat]1 b may n t\* x ) h] h&s2 & %e may scrat* h]self a little ) a mussel-%ell4 ,?is seclusion is repeat$ at h] second & ?ird mon?ly p]iods1 b :5 ! ?ird is ov] %e is br\ght to h] husb& b$eck$ ) savage f9]y4 ,eagle-hawk or cockatoo fea!rs are /uck 9 h] hair3 a %ell hangs ov] h] =ehead3 grass bugles encircle h] neck & an apron ( opossum sk9 h] wai/3 /r+s are ti$ to h] arms & wri/s2 & h] :ole body is mottl$ ) patt]ns drawn 9 r$1 :ite1 & yell[ pigm5ts & *>coal4#ajd ,seclusion ( girls at pub]ty 9 ! isl&s ( ,torres ,/raits4 ,among ! ,uiyumkwi tribe 9 ,r$ ,isl& ! girl lies at full l5g? 9 a %all[ tr5* dug 9 ! =e%ore1 & s& is lightly ?r[n ov] h] legs & body up to ! brea/s1 :i* appe> n to be cov]$4 ,a r\gh %elt] ( b\ghs is !n built ov] h]1 & ?us %e rema9s ly+ = a few h\rs4 ,!n %e & h] att5dant g into ! bu% & look = food1 :i* !y cook at a fire close to ! %elt]4 ,!y sleep "u ! b\ghs1 ! girl rema9+ seclud$ f ! camp b app>5tly n be+ aga9 buri$4 ,at ! end ( ! symptoms %e /&s ov] hot /ones & wat] is p\r$ ov] h]1 till1 trickl+ f h] body on ! /ones1 x is conv]t$ into /eam & envelops h] 9 a cl\d ( vap\r4 ,!n %e is pa9t$ ) r$ & :ite /ripes & returns to ! camp4 ,if h] future husb& has already be5 *os51 %e goes to him & !y eat "s food toge!r1 :i* ! girl has previ\sly br\ght f ! bu%4#aje ,9 ,pr9ce ( ,wales ,isl&1 ,torres ,/rait1 ! treatm5t ( ! pati5t is simil>1 b la/s = ab\t two mon?s4 ,dur+ ! day %e lies cov]$ up ) s& 9 a %all[ hole on ! bea*1 ov] :i* a hut is built4 ,at night %e may get out ( ! hole1 b %e may n leave ! hut4 ,h] pat]nal aunt looks aft] h]1 & bo? ( !m mu/ ab/a9 f eat+ turtle1 dugong1 & ! heads ( fi%4 ,7 !y to eat ! heads ( fi% no m fi% w\ld be caught4 ,dur+ ! "t ( ! girl's seclusion1 ! aunt :o waits ^u h] has ! "r to ent] any h\se & take f x any?+ %e likes )\t paym5t1 provid$ %e does s be=e ! sun rises4 ,:5 ! "t ( h] retirem5t has come to an end1 ! girl ba!s 9 ! sea :ile ! morn+ /> is ris+1 & aft] p]=m+ v>i\s o!r c]emonies is readmitt$ to society4#ajf ,9 ,saibai1 ano!r isl& ( ,torres ,/raits1 at h] fir/ mon?ly sickness a girl lives seclud$ 9 ! =e/ = ab\t a =tnight1 dur+ :i* no man may see h]2 ev5 ! wom5 :o h spok5 to h] 9 ! =e/ mu/ wa% 9 salt wat] be=e !y speak to a man4 ,two girls wait ^u & fe$ ! damsel1 putt+ ! food into h] m\?1 = %e is n all[$ to t\* x ) h] own h&s4 ,nor may %e eat dugong & turtle4 ,at ! end ( a =tnight ! girl & h] att5dants ba! 9 salt wat] :ile ! tide is runn+ out4 ,aft]w>ds !y are clean1 may aga9 speak to m5 )\t c]emony1 & move freely ab\t ! village4 ,9 ,yam & ,tutu a girl at pub]ty retires = a mon? to ! =e/1 :]e no man nor ev5 h] own "m may look ^u h]4 ,%e is wait$ on by wom5 :o /& to h] 9 a c]ta9 relation%ip 7m[ai71 app>5tly h] pat]nal aunts4 ,%e is black5$ all ov] ) *>coal & we>s a long petticoat rea*+ bel[ h] knees4 ,dur+ h] seclusion ! m>ri$ wom5 ( ! village (t5 assemble 9 ! =e/ & dance1 & ! girl's aunts relieve ! t$ium ( ! proce$+s by ?ra%+ h] f "t to "t z a useful prep>ation = matrimony4 ,at ! end ( a mon? ! :ole p>ty g into ! sea1 & ! *>coal is wa%$ (f ! girl4 ,aft] t %e is decorat$1 h] body black5$ aga91 h] hair r$d5$ ) o*re1 & 9 ! ev5+ %e is br\ght back to h] fa!r's h\se1 :]e %e is receiv$ ) weep+ & lam5tation because %e has be5 s long away4#ajg #d4 ,seclusion ( ,girls at ,pub]ty among ! ,indians ( ,nor? ,am]ica ,seclusion ( girls at pub]ty among ! ,indians ( ,cali=nia ,among ! ,indians ( ,cali=nia a girl at h] fir/ m5/ruation 0 ?\ght to be possess$ ( a p>ticul> degree ( sup]natural p[]1 & ?is 0 n always reg>d$ z entirely defil+ or malevol5t4 ,(t51 h[ev]1 !re 0 a /rong feel+ ( ! p[] ( evil inh]5t 9 h] condition4 ,n only 0 %e seclud$ f h] family & ! community1 b an attempt 0 made to seclude ! _w f h]4 ,"o ( ! injunctions mo/ /rongly laid ^u h] 0 n to look ab\t h]4 ,%e kept h] head b[$ & 0 =bidd5 to see ! _w & ! sun4 ,"s tribes cov]$ h] ) a blanket4 ,_m ( ! cu/oms 9 ?is connection resembl$ ^? ( ! ,nor? ,pacific ,coa/ mo/ /rongly1 su* z ! prohibition to ! girl to t\* or scrat* h] head ) h] h&1 a special implem5t be+ furni%$ h] = ! purpose4 ,sometimes %e c\ld eat only :5 f$ & 9 o!r cases fa/$ altoge!r4 ,"s =m ( public c]emony1 (t5 accompani$ by a dance & sometimes by a =m ( ordeal = ! girl1 0 practis$ ne>ly ev]y:]e4 ,su* c]emonies 7 well develop$ 9 ,s\!rn ,cali=nia1 :]e a numb] ( actions symbolical ( ! girl's maturity & subsequ5t life 7 p]=m$4#ajh ,?us among ! ,maidu ,indians ( ,cali=nia a girl at pub]ty rema9$ %ut up 9 a small sep>ate hut4 ,= five days %e might n eat fle% or fi% nor fe$ h]self1 b 0 f$ by h] "m or o!r old woman4 ,%e _h a basket1 plate1 & cup = h] own use1 & a /ick ) :i* to scrat* h] head1 = %e might n scrat* x ) h] f+]s4 ,at ! end ( five days %e took a w>m ba? &1 :ile %e /ill rema9$ 9 ! hut & pli$ ! scrat*+-/ick on h] head1 0 privileg$ to fe$ h]self ) h] own h&s4 ,aft] five days m %e ba!d 9 ! riv]1 aft] :i* h] p>5ts gave a great fea/ 9 h] hon\r4 ,at ! fea/ ! girl 0 dress$ 9 h] be/1 & anybody might ask h] p>5ts = any?+ he pleas$1 & !y _h to give x1 ev5 if x 0 ! h& ( _! daught] 9 m>riage4 ,dur+ ! p]iod ( h] seclusion 9 ! hut ! girl 0 all[$ to g by night to h] p>5ts' h\se & li/5 to songs sung by h] fri5ds & relations1 :o assembl$ = ! purpose4 ,among ! songs 7 "s t relat$ to ! diff]5t roots & se$s :i* 9 ^! tribes x is ! bus9ess ( wom5 to ga!r = food4 ,:ile ! s+]s sang1 %e sat by h]self 9 a corn] ( ! h\se muffl$ up completely 9 mats & sk9s2 no man or boy might come ne> h]4#aji ,among ! ,hupa1 ano!r ,indian tribe ( ,cali=nia1 :5 a girl _h rea*$ maturity h] male relatives danc$ all night = n9e successive nights1 :ile ! girl rema9$ ap>t1 eat+ no meat & bl9dfold$4 ,b on ! t5? night %e ent]$ ! h\se & took "p 9 ! la/ dance4#aaj ,among ! ,w9tun1 ano!r ,cali=nian tribe1 a girl at pub]ty 0 bani%$ f ! camp & liv$ alone 9 a di/ant boo?1 fa/+ rigidly f animal food2 x 0 dea? to any p]son to t\* or ev5 approa* h]4#aaa ,seclusion ( girls at pub]ty among ! ,indians ( ,wa%+ton ,/ate4 ,9 ! int]ior ( ,wa%+ton ,/ate1 ab\t ,colville1 ! cu/oms ( ! ,indians1 9 relation to ! treatm5t ( females1 are s+ul>4 ,on ! fir/ appe>ance ( ! m5ses1 !y are furni%$ ) provisions1 & s5t into ! woods1 to rema9 conceal$ = two days2 = !y h a sup]/ition1 t if a man %\ld be se5 or met ) dur+ t "t1 dea? w be ! consequ5ce4 ,at ! end ( ! second day1 ! woman is p]mitt$ to return to ! lodge1 :5 %e is plac$ 9 a hut j l>ge en\gh = h] to lie 9 at full l5g?1 9 :i* %e is compell$ to rema9 = tw5ty days1 cut (f f all communication ) h] fri5ds1 & is oblig$ to hide h] face at ! appe>ance ( a man4 ,provisions are suppli$ h] daily4 ,aft] ?is1 %e is requir$ to p]=m repeat$ ablutions1 be=e %e c resume h] place 9 ! family4 ,at e return1 ! wom5 g into seclusion = two or m days4#aab ,among ! ,*9ook ,indians :o inhabit$ ! coa/ ( ,wa%+ton ,/ate1 f ,%oalwat] ,bay z f> z ,grey's ,h>b\r1 :5 a *ief's daught] atta9$ to pub]ty1 %e 0 hidd5 = five days f ! view ( ! p2 %e might n look at !m nor at ! sky1 nor might %e pick b]ries4 ,x 0 believ$ t if %e 7 to look at ! sky1 ! wea!r w\ld be bad2 t if %e pick$ b]ries1 x w\ld ra92 & t :5 %e hung h] t[el ( c$>-b>k on a spruce-tree1 ! tree )]$ up at once4 ,%e w5t out ( ! h\se by a sep>ate door & ba!d 9 a creek f> f ! village4 ,%e fa/$ = "s days1 & = _m days m %e might n eat fre% food4#aac ,seclusion ( girls at pub]ty among ! ,nootka ,indians ( ,vanc\v] ,isl&4 ,among/ ! ,aht or ,nootka ,indians ( ,vanc\v] ,isl&1 :5 girls rea* pub]ty !y are plac$ 9 a sort ( gall]y 9 ! h\se & are !re surr\nd$ completely ) mats1 s t nei!r ! sun nor any fire c be se54 ,9 ?is cage !y rema9 = sev]al days4 ,wat] is giv5 !m1 b no food4 ,! long] a girl rema9s 9 ?is retirem5t ! great] hon\r is x to ! p>5ts2 b %e is disgrac$ = life if x is kn[n t %e has se5 fire or ! sun dur+ ?is initiatory ordeal4#aad ,pictures ( ! my?ical ?und]-bird are pa9t$ on ! scre5s beh9d :i* %e hides4 ,dur+ h] seclusion %e may nei!r move nor lie d[n1 b mu/ always sit 9 a squatt+ po/ure4 ,%e may n t\* h] hair ) h] h&s1 b is all[$ to scrat* h] head ) a comb or a piece ( bone provid$ = ! purpose4 ,to scrat* h] body is also =bidd51 z x is believ$ t e scrat* w\ld leave a sc>4 ,= eight mon?s aft] rea*+ maturity %e may n eat any fre% food1 p>ticul>ly salmon2 moreov]1 %e mu/ eat by h]self1 & use a cup & di% ( h] own4#aae ,seclusion ( girls at pub]ty among ! ,haida ,indians ( ! ,que5 ,*>lotte ,isl&s4 ,among ! ,haida ,indians ( ! ,que5 ,*>lotte ,isl&s girls at pub]ty 7 seclud$ beh9d scre5s 9 ! h\se = ab\t tw5ty days4 ,9 "s p>ts ( ! isl&s sep>ate fires 7 provid$ = ! girls1 & !y w5t out & 9 by a sep>ate door at ! back ( ! h\se4 ,if a girl at su* a "t 0 oblig$ to g out by ! front door1 all ! weapons1 gambl+-/icks1 m$ic9e1 & o!r articles _h to be remov$ f ! h\se till h] return1 = o!rwise x 0 ?\ght t !y w\ld be unlucky2 & if !re 0 a good hunt] 9 ! h\se1 he also _h to g out at ! same "t on pa9 ( los+ 8 good luck if he rema9$4 ,dur+ sev]al mon?s or ev5 half a ye> ! girl 0 b\nd to we> a peculi> cloak or hood made ( c$>-b>k1 ne>ly conical 9 %ape & rea*+ d[n bel[ ! brea/1 b op5 be=e ! face4 ,aft] ! tw5ty days 7 ov] ! girl took a ba?2 none ( ! wat] might be spill$1 x _h all to be tak5 back to ! woods1 else ! girl w\ld n live long4 ,on ! we/ coa/ ( ! isl&s ! damsel might eat no?+ b black cod = f\r ye>s2 = ! p believ$ t o!r k9ds ( fi% w\ld become sc>ce if %e p>took ( !m4 ,at ,kloo ! "y woman at su* times 0 =bidd5 to look at ! sea1 & = =ty days %e might n gaze at ! fire2 = a :ole ye> %e might n walk on ! bea* bel[ high-wat] m>k1 because !n ! tide w\ld come 91 cov]+ "p ( ! food supply1 & !re w\ld be bad wea!r4 ,= five ye>s %e might n eat salmon1 or ! fi% w\ld be sc>ce2 & :5 h] family w5t to a salmon-creek1 %e l&$ f ! canoe at ! m\? ( ! creek & came to ! smoke-h\se f beh9d2 = 7 %e to see a salmon leap1 all ! salmon might leave ! creek4 ,among ! ,haidas ( ,masset x 0 believ$ t if ! girl look$ at ! sky1 ! wea!r w\ld be bad1 & t if %e /epp$ ov] a salmon-creek1 all ! salmon w\ld disappe>4#aaf ,seclusion ( girls at pub]ty among ! ,tl+it ,indians ( ,alaska4 ,among/ ! ,tl+it 7,?l9keet7 or ,kolo% ,indians ( ,alaska1 :5 a girl %ew$ signs ( womanhood %e us$ to be conf9$ to a little hut or cage1 :i* 0 completely block$ up ) ! exception ( a small air-hole4 ,9 ?is d>k & fil?y abode %e _h to rema9 a ye>1 )\t fire1 ex]cise1 or associates4 ,only h] "m & a female slave might supply h] ) n\ri%m5t4 ,h] food 0 put 9 at ! little w9d[2 %e _h to dr9k out ( ! w+-bone ( a :ite-head$ eagle4 ,! "t ( h] seclusion 0 aft]w>ds r$uc$ 9 "s places to six or ?ree mon?s or ev5 less4 ,%e _h to we> a sort ( hat ) long flaps1 t h] gaze might n pollute ! sky2 = %e 0 ?\ght unfit = ! sun to %9e ^u1 & x 0 imag9$ t h] look w\ld de/roy ! luck ( a hunt]1 fi%]1 or gambl]1 turn ?+s to /one1 & d o!r mis*ief4 ,at ! end ( h] conf9em5t h] old clo!s 7 burnt1 new ones 7 made1 & a fea/ 0 giv51 at :i* a slit 0 cut 9 h] "u lip p>allel to ! m\?1 & a piece ( wood or %ell 0 ins]t$ to keep ! ap]ture op54#aag ,seclusion ( girls at pub]ty among ! ,tsetsaut & ,bella ,coola ,indians ( ,briti% ,columbia4 ,9 ! ,tsetsaut tribe ( ,briti% ,columbia a girl at pub]ty we>s a l>ge hat ( sk9 :i* comes d[n ov] h] face & scre5s x f ! sun4 ,x is believ$ t if %e 7 to expose h] face to ! sun or to ! sky1 ra9 w\ld fall4 ,! hat protects h] face also aga9/ ! fire1 :i* ought n to /rike h] sk92 to %ield h] h&s %e we>s mitt5s4 ,9 h] m\? %e c>ries ! too? ( an animal to prev5t h] own tee? f becom+ holl[4 ,= a :ole ye> %e may n see blood unless h] face is black5$2 o!rwise %e w\ld gr[ bl9d4 ,= two ye>s %e we>s ! hat & lives 9 a hut by h]self1 al?\gh %e is all[$ to see o!r p4 ,at ! end ( two ye>s a man takes ! hat f h] head & ?r[s x away4#aah ,9 ! ,bilqula or ,bella ,coola tribe ( ,briti% ,columbia1 :5 a girl atta9s pub]ty %e mu/ /ay 9 ! %$ :i* s]ves z h] b$room1 :]e %e has a sep>ate fireplace4 ,%e is n all[$ to desc5d to ! ma9 "p ( ! h\se1 & may n sit by ! fire ( ! family4 ,= f\r days %e is b\nd to rema9 motionless 9 a sitt+ po/ure4 ,%e fa/s dur+ ! day1 b is all[$ a little food & dr9k v e>ly 9 ! morn+4 ,aft] ! f\r days' seclusion %e may leave h] room1 b only ?r\gh a sep>ate op5+ cut 9 ! floor1 = ! h\ses are rais$ on piles4 ,%e may n yet come into ! *ief room4 ,9 leav+ ! h\se %e we>s a l>ge hat :i* protects h] face aga9/ ! rays ( ! sun4 ,x is believ$ t if ! sun 7 to %9e on h] face h] eyes w\ld suff]4 ,%e may pick b]ries on ! hills1 b may n come ne> ! riv] or sea = a :ole ye>4 ,7 %e to eat fre% salmon %e w\ld lose h] s5ses1 or h] m\? w\ld be *ang$ into a long beak4#aai ,seclusion ( girls at pub]ty among ! ,t9neh ,indians ( ,briti% ,columbia4 ,among ! ,t9neh ,indians ab\t ,/u>t ,lake1 ,bab9e ,lake1 & ,fras] ,lake 9 ,briti% ,columbia girls v]g+ on maturity1 t is :5 _! brea/s beg9 to =m1 take swans' fea!rs mix$ ) human hair & plait b&s1 :i* !y tie r\nd _! wri/s & ankles to secure long life4 ,at ?is "t !y are c>eful t ! di%es out ( :i* !y eat1 are us$ by no o!r p]son1 & :olly devot$ to _! own use2 dur+ ?is p]iod !y eat no?+ b dog fi%1 & />vation only w drive !m to eat ei!r fre% fi% or meat4 ,:5 _! fir/ p]iodical sickness comes on1 !y are f$ by _! mo!rs or ne>e/ female relation by !mselves1 & on no acc\nt w !y t\* _! food ) _! own h&s4 ,!y are at ?is "t also c>eful n to t\* _! heads ) _! h&s1 & keep a small /ick to scrat* _! heads )4 ,!y rema9 outside ! lodge1 all ! "t !y are 9 ?is /ate1 9 a hut made = ! purpose4 ,dur+ all ?is p]iod !y we> a skull-cap made ( sk9 to fit v tight2 ?is is nev] tak5 (f until _! fir/ mon?ly sickness ceases2 !y also we> a /rip ( black pa9t ab\t "o in* wide across _! eyes1 & we> a fr+e ( %ells1 bones1 etc41 hang+ d[n f _! =eheads to bel[ _! eyes2 & ?is is nev] tak5 (f till ! second mon?ly p]iod arrives & ceases1 :5 ! ne>e/ male relative makes a fea/2 aft] :i* %e is consid]$ a fully matur$ woman2 b %e has to refra9 f eat+ any?+ fre% = "o ye> aft] h] fir/ mon?ly sickness2 %e may h[ev] eat p>tridge1 b x mu/ be cook$ 9 ! crop ( ! bird to r5d] x h>mless4 ,i w\ld h ?\ght x impossible to p]=m ?is feat _h ,i n se5 x done4 ,! crop is bl[n out1 & a small b5t will[ put r\nd ! m\?2 x is !n fill$ ) wat]1 & ! meat be+ fir/ m9c$ up1 put 9 also1 !n put on ! fire & boil$ till cook$4 ,_! reason = hang+ fr+es be=e _! eyes1 is to h9d] any bad m$ic9e man f h>m+ !m dur+ ?is critical p]iod3 !y are v c>eful n to dr9k :il/ fac+ a m$ic9e man1 & d s only :5 _! backs are turn$ to him4 ,all ^! habits are left (f :5 ! girl is a recognis$ woman1 ) ! exception ( _! go+ out ( ! lodge & rema9+ 9 a hut1 e "t _! p]iodical sickness comes on4 ,?is is a rigidly obs]v$ law ) bo? s+le & m>ri$ wom54#abj ,seclusion ( girls at pub]ty among ! ,t9neh ,indians ( ,alaska4 ,among ! ,h>esk9 ,t9neh a girl at pub]ty 0 seclud$ = five days 9 a hut made specially = ! purpose2 %e might only dr9k out ( a tube made f a swan's bone1 & = a mon? %e might n break a h>e's bones1 nor ta/e blood1 nor eat ! he>t or fat ( animals1 nor birds' eggs4#aba ,among ! ,t9neh ,indians ( ! middle ,yukon valley1 9 ,alaska1 ! p]iod ( ! girl's seclusion la/s exactly a lun> mon?2 = ! day ( ! moon on :i* ! symptoms fir/ occur is not$1 & %e is seque/]$ until ! same day ( ! next moon4 ,if ! season is w9t]1 a corn] ( ! h\se is curta9$ (f = h] use by a blanket or a %eet ( canvas2 if x is summ]1 a small t5t is erect$ = h] ne> ! common "o4 ,"h %e lives & sleeps4 ,%e we>s a long robe & a l>ge hood1 :i* %e mu/ pull d[n ov] h] eyes :5ev] %e leaves ! hut1 & %e mu/ keep x d[n till %e returns4 ,%e may n speak to a man nor see 8 face1 mu* less t\* 8 clo!s or any?+ t belongs to him2 = if %e did s1 ?\gh no h>m w\ld come to h]1 he w\ld gr[ unmanly4 ,%e has h] own di%es = eat+ out ( & may use no o!r2 at ,kaltag %e mu/ suck ! wat] ?r\gh a swan's bone )\t apply+ h] lips to ! cup4 ,%e may eat no fre% meat or fi% except ! fle% ( ! porcup9e4 ,%e may n undress1 b sleeps ) all h] clo!s on1 ev5 h] mitt5s4 ,9 h] socks %e we>s1 next to ! sk91 ! horny soles cut f ! feet ( a porcup9e1 9 ord] t = ! re/ ( h] life h] %oes may nev] we> out4 ,r\nd h] wai/ %e we>s a cord to :i* are ti$ ! heads ( femurs ( a porcup9e2 because ( all animals kn[n to ! ,t9neh ! porcup9e suff]s lea/ 9 p>turition1 x simply drops its "y & cont9ues to walk or skip ab\t z if no?+ _h happ5$4 ,h5ce x is easy to see t a girl :o we>s ^! portions ( a porcup9e ab\t h] wai/1 w be deliv]$ j z easily z ! animal4 ,to make q sure ( ?is1 if anybody happ5s to kill a porcup9e big ) "y :ile ! girl is und]go+ h] p]iod ( sep>ation1 ! foetus is giv5 to h]1 & %e lets x slide d[n betwe5 h] %irt & h] body s z to fall on ! gr\nd l an infant4#abb ,"h ! imitation ( *ildbir? is a piece ( homoeopa?ic or imitative magic design$ to facilitate ! effect :i* x simulates4#abc ,seclusion ( girls at pub]ty among ! ,?ompson ,indians ( ,briti% ,columbia4 ,among ! ,?ompson ,indians ( ,briti% ,columbia1 :5 a girl atta9$ pub]ty1 %e 0 at once sep>at$ f all ! p4 ,a conical hut ( fir bran*es & b>k 0 erect$ at "s little di/ance f ! o!r h\ses1 & 9 x ! girl _h to squat on h] heels dur+ ! day4 ,(t5 a deep circul> hole 0 dug 9 ! hut & ! girl squatt$ 9 ! hole1 ) h] head project+ above ! surface ( ! gr\nd4 ,%e might quit ! hut = v>i\s purposes 9 ! e>ly morn+1 b _h always to be back at sunrise4 ,on ! fir/ appe>ance ( ! symptoms h] face 0 pa9t$ r$ all ov]1 & ! pa9t 0 r5ew$ e morn+ dur+ h] t]m ( seclusion4 ,a heavy blanket swa!d h] body f top to toe1 & dur+ ! fir/ f\r days %e wore a conical cap made ( small fir bran*es1 :i* rea*$ bel[ ! brea/ b left an op5+ = ! face4 ,9 h] hair 0 fa/5$ an implem5t made ( de]-bone ) :i* %e scrat*$ h]self4 ,= ! fir/ f\r days %e might nei!r wa% nor eat1 b a little wat] 0 giv5 h] 9 a bir*-b>k cup pa9t$ r$1 & %e suck$ up ! liquid ?r\gh a tube made out ( ! leg ( a crane1 a swan1 or a goose1 = h] lips might n t\* ! surface ( ! wat]4 ,aft] ! f\r days %e 0 all[$1 dur+ ! re/ ( ! p]iod ( isolation1 to eat1 to wa%1 to lie d[n1 to comb h] hair1 & to dr9k ( /reams & spr+s4 ,b 9 dr9k+ at ^! s\rces %e _h /ill to use h] tube1 o!rwise ! spr+ w\ld dry up4 ,:ile h] seclusion la/$ %e p]=m$ by night v>i\s c]emonies1 :i* 7 suppos$ to ex]t a b5eficial influ5ce on h] future life4 ,= example1 %e ran z fa/ z %e c\ld1 pray+ at ! same "t to ! ,e>? or ,nature t %e might be fleet ( foot & tireless ( limb4 ,%e dug tr5*es1 9 ord] t 9 aft] life %e might be able to dig well & to "w h>d4 ,^! & o!r c]emonies %e repeat$ = f\r nights or morn+s 9 succession1 f\r times ea* morn+1 & ea* "t %e supplicat$ ! ,dawn ( ! ,day4 ,among ! ,l[] ,?ompson ,indians %e c>ri$ a /aff = "o night2 & :5 ! day 0 break+ %e lean$ ! /aff aga9/ ! /ump ( a tree & pray$ to ! ,dawn t %e might be bless$ ) a good husb&1 :o 0 symboliz$ by ! /aff4 ,%e also w&]$ "s nights to lonely p>ts ( ! m\nta9s1 :]e %e w\ld dance1 implor+ ! spirits to pity & protect h] dur+ h] future life2 !n1 ! dance & pray] ov]1 %e w\ld lie d[n on ! spot & fall asleep4 ,aga91 %e c>ri$ f\r /ones 9 h] bosom to a spr+1 :]e %e spat ^u ! /ones & ?rew !m "o aft] ! o!r into ! wat]1 pray+ t all disease might leave h]1 z ^! /ones did4 ,also %e ran f\r times 9 ! e>ly morn+ ) two small /ones 9 h] bosom2 & z %e ran ! /ones slipp$ d[n betwe5 h] b>e body & h] clo!s & fell to ! gr\nd4 ,at ! same "t %e pray$ to ! ,dawn t :5 %e %\ld be ) *ild1 %e might be deliv]$ z easily z %e 0 deliv]$ ( ^! /ones4 ,b :atev] ex]cises %e p]=m$ or pray]s %e (f]$ on ! lonely m\nta9s dur+ ! h\rs ( d>kness or :ile ! morn+ light 0 gr[+ 9 ! ea/1 %e mu/ always be back 9 h] little hut be=e ! sun rose4 ,!re %e (t5 pass$ ! t$i\s h\rs away pick+ ! ne$les1 "o by "o1 f ! cones on two l>ge bran*es ( fir1 :i* hung f ! ro( ( h] hut on purpose to provide h] ) occupation4 ,& z %e pick$ %e pray$ to ! fir-bran* t %e might nev] be lazy1 b always quick & active at "w4 ,dur+ h] seclusion1 too1 %e _h to make m9iatures ( all ! articles t ,indian wom5 make1 or us$ to make1 su* z baskets1 mats1 ropes1 & ?read4 ,?is %e did 9 ord] t aft]w>ds %e might be able to make ! real ?+s prop]ly4 ,f\r l>ge fir-bran*es also 7 plac$ 9 front ( ! hut1 s t :5 %e w5t out or 91 %e _h to /ep ov] !m4 ,! bran*es 7 r5ew$ e morn+ & ! old ones ?r[n away into ! wat]1 :ile ! girl pray$1 ,may ,i nev] bewit* any man1 nor my fell[-wom56 ,may x nev] happ56 ,! fir/ f\r times t %e w5t out & 91 %e pray$ to ! fir-bran*es1 say+1 ,if ev] ,i /ep into tr\ble or difficulties or /ep unkn[+ly inside ! magical spell ( "s p]son1 may y help me1 ,o ,fir-bran*es1 ) y\r p[]6 ,e day %e pa9t$ h] face afre%1 & %e wore /r+s ( p>ts ( de]-ho(s r\nd h] ankles & knees1 & ti$ to h] wai/b& on ei!r side1 :i* rattl$ :5 %e walk$ or ran4 ,ev5 ! %ape ( ! hut 9 :i* %e liv$ 0 adapt$ to h] future r ?an to h] pres5t ne$s & wi%es4 ,if %e wi%$ to be tall1 ! hut 0 tall2 if %e wi%$ to be %ort1 x 0 l[1 sometimes s l[ t !re 0 n room 9 x = h] to /& erect1 & %e w\ld lay ! palm ( h] h& on ! top ( h] head & pray to ! ,dawn t %e might gr[ no tall]4 ,h] seclusion la/$ f\r mon?s4 ,! ,indians say t long ago x ext5d$ ov] a ye>1 & t f\rte5 days elaps$ be=e ! girl 0 p]mitt$ to wa% = ! fir/ "t4 ,! dress :i* %e wore dur+ h] "t ( sep>ation 0 aft]w>ds tak5 to ! top ( a hill & burn$1 & ! re/ ( h] clo!s 7 hung up on trees4#abd ,seclusion ( girls at pub]ty among ! ,lillooet ,indians ( ,briti% ,columbia4 ,among ! ,lillooet ,indians ( ,briti% ,columbia1 neighb\rs ( ! ,?ompsons1 ! cu/oms obs]v$ by girls at pub]ty 7 simil>4 ,! damsels 7 seclud$ = a p]iod ( n less ?an "o ye> nor m ?an f\r ye>s1 accord+ to _! own incl9ation & ! wi%es ( _! p>5ts4 ,among ! ,upp] ,lillooets ! hut 9 :i* ! girl lodg$ 0 made ( bu%y fir-trees set up l a conical t5t1 ! inn] bran*es be+ lopp$ (f1 :ile ! out] bran*es 7 closely int]wov5 & padd$ to =m a ro(4 ,e mon? or half-mon? ! hut 0 %ift$ to ano!r site or a new "o erect$4 ,by day ! girl sat 9 ! hut2 = ! fir/ mon? %e squatt$ 9 a hole dug 9 ! middle ( x2 & %e pass$ ! "t mak+ m9iature baskets ( bir*-b>k & o!r ?+s1 pray+ t %e might be able to make ! real ?+s well 9 aft] ye>s4 ,at ! dusk ( ! ev5+ %e left ! hut & w&]$ ab\t all night1 b %e return$ be=e ! sun rose4 ,be=e %e quitt$ ! hut at nightfall to roam abroad1 %e pa9t$ h] face r$ & put on a mask ( fir-bran*es1 & 9 h] h&1 z %e walk$1 %e c>ri$ a basket-rattle to fright5 gho/s & gu>d h]self f evil4 ,among ! ,l[] ,lillooets1 ! girl's mask 0 (t5 made ( goat-sk91 cov]+ h] head1 neck1 %\ld]s & brea/1 & leav+ only a n>r[ op5+ f ! br[ to ! *94 ,dur+ ! nocturnal h\rs %e p]=m$ _m c]emonies4 ,?us %e put two smoo? /ones 9 h] bosom & ran1 & z !y fell d[n betwe5 h] body & h] clo!s1 %e pray$1 say+1 ,may ,i always h easy *ild-bir?s6 ,n[ "o ( ^! /ones repres5t$ h] future *ild & ! o!r repres5t$ ! aft]bir?4 ,also %e dug tr5*es1 pray+ t 9 ! ye>s to come %e might be /rong & tireless 9 digg+ roots2 %e pick$ leaves & ne$les f ! fir-trees1 pray+ t h] f+]s might be nimble 9 pick+ b]ries2 & %e tore %eets ( bir*-b>k into %r$s1 dropp+ ! %r$s z %e walk$ & ask+ t h] h&s might nev] tire & t %e might make neat & f9e "w ( bir*-b>k4 ,moreov]1 %e ran & walk$ mu* t %e might be light ( foot4 ,& e ev5+1 :5 ! %ad[s 7 fall+1 & e morn+1 :5 ! day 0 break+1 %e pray$ to ! ,dusk ( ! ,ev5+ or to ! ,dawn ( ,day1 say+1 ,o ,dawn ( ,day6 or ,o ,dusk1 z x might be1 may ,i be able to dig roots fa/ & easily1 & may ,i always f9d pl5ty6 ,all h] pray]s 7 address$ to ! ,dusk ( ! ,ev5+ or ! ,dawn ( ,day4 ,%e supplicat$ bo?1 ask+ = long life1 heal?1 weal?1 & happ9ess4#abe ,seclusion ( girls at pub]ty among ! ,%uswap ,indians ( ,briti% ,columbia4 ,among ! ,%uswap ,indians ( ,briti% ,columbia1 :o are neighb\rs ( ! ,?ompsons & ,lillooets1 a girl on rea*+ maturity has to g ?r\gh a great numb] ( c]emonies4 ,%e mu/ leave ! village & live alone 9 a small hut on ! m\nta9s4 ,%e cooks h] own food1 & mu/ n eat any?+ t ble$s4 ,%e is =bidd5 to t\* h] head1 = :i* purpose %e uses a comb ) ?ree po9ts4 ,nei!r is %e all[$ to scrat* h] body1 except ) a pa9t$ de]-bone4 ,%e we>s ! bone & ! comb susp5d$ f h] belt4 ,%e dr9ks out ( a pa9t$ cup ( bir*-b>k1 & nei!r m nor less ?an ! quantity x holds4 ,e night %e walks ab\t h] hut1 & plants will[ twigs1 :i* %e has pa9t$1 & to ! ends ( :i* %e has atta*$ pieces ( clo?1 into ! gr\nd4 ,x is believ$ t ?us %e w become ri* 9 lat] life4 ,9 ord] to become /rong %e %\ld climb trees & try to break (f _! po9ts4 ,%e plays ) lehal /icks t h] future husb&s might h good luck :5 gambl+4#abf ,dur+ ! day ! girl /ays 9 h] hut & occupies h]self 9 mak+ m9iature bags1 mats1 & baskets1 9 sew+ & embroid]y1 9 manufactur+ ?read1 tw9e1 & s =?2 9 %ort %e makes a beg9n+ ( all k9ds ( woman's "w1 9 ord] t %e may be a good h\sewife 9 aft] life4 ,by night %e roams ! m\nta9s & practises runn+1 climb+1 c>ry+ burd5s1 & digg+ tr5*es1 s t %e may be exp]t at digg+ roots4 ,if %e has w&]$ f> & daylight ov]takes h]1 %e hides h]self beh9d a veil ( fir bran*es2 = no "o1 except h] in/ructor or ne>e/ relatives1 %\ld see h] face dur+ h] p]iod ( seclusion4 ,%e wore a l>ge robe pa9t$ r$ on ! brea/ & sides1 & h] hair 0 done up 9 a knot at ea* e>4#abg ,seclusion ( girls at pub]ty among ! ,delaw>e & ,*ey5ne ,indians4 ,c]emonies ( ! same g5]al type 7 probably obs]v$ by girls at pub]ty among all ! ,indian tribes ( ,nor? ,am]ica4 ,b ! record ( !m is f> less full = ! ,c5tral & ,ea/]n tribes1 p]haps because ! settl]s :o fir/ came into contact ) ! ,r$ ,man 9 ^! regions 7 too busy fight+ him to f9d leisure1 ev5 if !y _h ! desire1 to /udy 8 mann]s & cu/oms4 ,h[ev]1 among ! ,delaw>e ,indians1 a tribe 9 ! extreme ea/ ( ! cont95t1 we read t :5 a ,delaw>e girl has h] fir/ mon?ly p]iod1 %e mu/ )draw into a hut at "s di/ance f ! village4 ,h] head is wrapp$ up = twelve days1 s t %e c see nobody1 & %e mu/ submit to frequ5t vomits & fa/+1 & ab/a9 f all labor4 ,aft] ?is %e is wa%$ & new clo!d1 b conf9$ to a solit>y life = two mon?s1 at ! close ( :i* %e is decl>$ m>riageable4#abh ,aga91 among ! ,*ey5nes1 an ,indian tribe ( ! ,miss\ri valley1 a girl at h] fir/ m5/ruation is pa9t$ r$ all ov] h] body & seclud$ 9 a special little lodge = f\r days4 ,h[ev]1 %e may rema9 9 h] fa!r's lodge provid$ t !re are no *>ms 7m$ic9e71 no sacr$ bundle1 & no %ield 9 x1 or t ^! & all o!r objects inve/$ ) a sacr$ "* h be5 remov$4 ,= f\r days %e may n eat boil$ meat2 ! fle% ( :i* %e p>takes mu/ be roa/$ ov] coals4 ,"y m5 w n eat f ! di% nor dr9k f ! pot1 :i* has be5 us$ by h]2 because !y believe t 7 !y to d s !y w\ld be w\nd$ 9 ! next fight4 ,%e may n h&le nor ev5 t\* any weapon ( w> or any sacr$ object4 ,if ! camp moves1 %e may n ride a horse1 b is m\nt$ on a m>e4#abi ,seclusion ( girls at pub]ty among ! ,esquimaux4 ,among ! ,esquimaux also1 9 ! extreme nor? ( ! cont95t1 :o belong to an entirely diff]5t race f ! ,indians1 ! atta9m5t ( pub]ty 9 ! female sex is1 or us$ to be1 ! occasion ( simil> obs]vances4 ,?us among ! ,koniags1 an ,esquimau p ( ,alaska1 a girl at pub]ty 0 plac$ 9 a small hut 9 :i* %e _h to rema9 on h] h&s & knees = six mon?s2 !n ! hut 0 enl>g$ a little s z to all[ h] to /raight5 h] back1 b 9 ?is po/ure %e _h to rema9 = six mon?s m4 ,all ?is "t %e 0 reg>d$ z an unclean be+ ) :om no "o might hold int]c\rse4 ,at ! end ( ! ye> %e 0 receiv$ back by h] p>5ts & a great fea/ held4#acj ,aga91 among ! ,malemut1 & s\?w>d f ! l[] ,yukon & adjac5t di/ricts1 :5 a girl rea*es ! age ( pub]ty %e is consid]$ unclean = =ty days & mu/ !re=e live by h]self 9 a corn] ( ! h\se ) h] face to ! wall1 always keep+ h] hood ov] h] head & h] hair hang+ di%evell$ ov] h] eyes4 ,b if x is summ]1 %e commonly lives 9 a r\gh %elt] outside ! h\se4 ,%e may n g out by day1 & only once at night1 :5 e "o else is asleep4 ,at ! end ( ! p]iod %e ba!s & is clo!d 9 new g>m5ts1 :]eupon %e may be tak5 9 m>riage4 ,dur+ h] seclusion %e is suppos$ to be envelop$ 9 a peculi> atmosph]e ( su* a sort t 7 a "y man to come ne> en\gh = x to t\* him1 x w\ld r5d] him visible to e animal he might hunt1 s t 8 luck z a hunt] w\ld be gone4#aca #e4 ,seclusion ( ,girls at ,pub]ty among ! ,indians ( ,s\? ,am]ica ,seclusion ( girls at pub]ty among ! ,gu>anis1 ,*iriguanos1 & ,l5gua ,indians ( ,s\? ,am]ica4 ,:5 symptoms ( pub]ty appe>$ on a girl = ! fir/ "t1 ! ,gu>anis ( ,s\!rn ,brazil1 on ! bord]s ( ,p>aguay1 us$ to sew h] up 9 h] hammock1 leav+ only a small op5+ 9 x to all[ h] to brea!4 ,9 ?is condition1 wrapt up & %r\d$ l a corpse1 %e 0 kept = two or ?ree days or s long z ! symptoms la/$1 & dur+ ?is "t %e _h to obs]ve a mo/ rigor\s fa/4 ,aft] t %e 0 entru/$ to a matron1 :o cut ! girl's hair & enjo9$ h] to ab/a9 mo/ /rictly f eat+ fle% ( any k9d until h] hair %\ld be gr[n long en\gh to hide h] e>s4 ,mean:ile ! div9]s drew om5s ( h] future "* f ! v>i\s birds or animals t flew pa/ or cross$ h] pa?4 ,if !y saw a p>rot1 !y w\ld say %e 0 a *att]box2 if an owl1 %e 0 lazy & useless = dome/ic lab\rs1 & s on4#acb ,9 simil> circum/ances ! ,*iriguanos ( s\!a/]n ,bolivia hoi/$ ! girl 9 h] hammock to ! ro(1 :]e %e /ay$ = a mon?3 ! second mon? ! hammock 0 let half-way d[n f ! ro(2 & 9 ! ?ird mon? old wom51 arm$ ) /icks1 ent]$ ! hut & ran ab\t /rik+ ev]y?+ !y met1 say+ !y 7 hunt+ ! snake t _h w\nd$ ! girl4#acc ,! ,l5gua ,indians ( ! ,p>aguayan ,*aco "u simil> circum/ances hang ! girl 9 h] hammock f ! ro( ( ! h\se1 b !y leave h] !re only ?ree days & nights1 dur+ :i* !y give h] no?+ to eat b a little ,p>aguay tea or boil$ maize4 ,only h] "m or gr&mo!r has access to h]2 nobody else approa*es or speaks to h]4 ,if %e is oblig$ to leave ! hammock = a little1 h] fri5ds take great c>e to prev5t h] f t\*+ ! ,boyrusu1 :i* is an imag9>y s]p5t t w\ld swall[ h] up4 ,%e mu/ also be v c>eful n to set foot on ! dropp+s ( f[ls or animals1 else %e w\ld suff] f sores on ! ?roat & brea/4 ,on ! ?ird day !y let h] d[n f ! hammock1 cut h] hair1 & make h] sit 9 a corn] ( ! room ) h] face turn$ to ! wall4 ,%e may speak to nobody1 & mu/ ab/a9 f fle% & fi%4 ,^! rigor\s obs]vances %e mu/ practise = ne>ly a ye>4 ,_m girls die or are injur$ = life 9 consequ5ce ( ! h>d%ips !y endure at ?is "t4 ,_! only occupations dur+ _! seclusion are sp9n+ & weav+4#acd ,seclusion ( girls at pub]ty among ! ,yurac>es ( ,bolivia4 ,among ! ,yurac>es1 an ,indian tribe ( ,bolivia1 at ! ea/]n foot ( ! ,&es1 :5 a girl p]ceives ! signs ( pub]ty1 %e in=ms h] p>5ts4 ,! "m weeps & ! fa!r con/ructs a little hut ( palm leaves ne> ! h\se4 ,9 ?is cab9 he %uts up 8 daught] s t %e _c see ! light1 & !re %e rema9s fa/+ rigor\sly = f\r days4 ,meantime ! "m1 assi/$ by ! wom5 ( ! neighb\rhood1 has brew$ a l>ge quantity ( ! native intoxicant call$ *i*a1 & p\r$ x into wood5 tr\ghs & palm leaves4 ,on ! morn+ ( ! f\r? day1 ?ree h\rs be=e ! dawn1 ! girl's fa!r1 hav+ array$ himself 9 8 savage f9]y1 summons all 8 neighb\rs ) l\d cries4 ,! damsel is seat$ on a /one1 & e gue/ 9 turn cuts (f a lock ( h] hair1 & runn+ away hides x 9 ! holl[ trunk ( a tree 9 ! dep?s ( ! =e/4 ,:5 !y h all done s & seat$ !mselves aga9 gravely 9 ! circle1 ! girl (f]s to ea* ( !m a calaba% full ( v /rong *i*a4 ,be=e ! wassail+ beg9s1 ! v>i\s fa!rs p]=m a curi\s op]ation on ! arms ( _! sons1 :o are seat$ beside !m4 ,! op]ator takes a v %>p bone ( an ape1 rubs x ) a pung5t spice1 & !n p9*+ up ! sk9 ( 8 son's arm he pi]ces x ) ! bone ?r\gh & ?r\gh1 z a surgeon might introduce a seton4 ,?is op]ation he repeats till ! "y man's arm is riddl$ ) holes at regul> int]vals f ! %\ld] to ! wri/4 ,almo/ all :o take "p 9 ! fe/ival are cov]$ ) ^! w\nds1 :i* ! ,indians call culucute4 ,hav+ ?us prep>$ !mselves to sp5d a happy day1 !y dr9k1 play on flutes1 s+ & dance till ev5+4 ,ra91 ?und]1 & lightn+1 %\ld !y befall1 h no effect 9 damp+ ! g5]al enjoym5t or prev5t+ its cont9uance till aft] ! sun has set4 ,! motive = p]=at+ ! arms ( ! "y m5 is to make !m skilful hunt]s2 at ea* p]=ation ! suff]] is *e]$ by ! promise ( ano!r sort ( game or fi% :i* ! surgical op]ation w infallibly procure = him4 ,! same op]ation is p]=m$ on ! arms & legs ( ! girls1 9 ord] t !y may be brave & /rong2 ev5 ! dogs are op]at$ on ) ! int5tion ( mak+ !m run d[n ! game bett]4 ,= five or six mon?s aft]w>ds ! damsel mu/ cov] h] head ) b>k & refra9 f speak+ to m54 ,! ,yurac>es ?9k t if !y did n submit a "y girl to ?is sev]e ordeal1 h] *ildr5 w\ld aft]w>ds p]i% by accid5ts ( v>i\s k9ds1 su* z ! /+ ( a s]p5t1 ! bite ( a jagu>1 ! fall ( a tree1 ! w\nd ( an arr[1 or :at n4#ace ,seclusion ( girls at pub]ty among ! ,indians ( ! ,gran ,*aco4 ,among ! ,matacos or ,mataguayos1 an ,indian tribe ( ! ,gran ,*aco1 a girl at pub]ty has to rema9 9 seclusion = "s "t4 ,%e lies cov]$ up ) bran*es or o!r ?+s 9 a corn] ( ! hut1 see+ no "o & speak+ to no "o1 & dur+ ?is "t %e may eat nei!r fle% nor fi%4 ,meantime a man beats a drum 9 front ( ! h\se4#acf ,simil>ly among ! ,tobas1 ano!r ,indian tribe ( ! same region1 :5 a *ief's daught] has j atta9$ to womanhood1 %e is %ut up = two or ?ree days 9 ! h\se1 all ! m5 ( ! tribe sc\r ! c\ntry to br+ 9 game & fi% = a fea/1 & a ,mataco ,indian is engag$ to drum1 s+1 & dance 9 front ( ! h\se )\t cessation1 day & night1 till ! fe/ival is ov]4 ,z ! m]rymak+ la/s = two or ?ree weeks1 ! exhau/ion ( ! musician at ! end ( x may be readily conceiv$4 ,meat & dr9k are suppli$ to him on ! spot :]e he pays 8 labori\s c\rt to ! ,muses4 ,! proce$+s w9d up ) a saturnalia & a drunk5 debau*4#acg ,among ! ,yaguas1 an ,indian tribe ( ! ,upp] ,amazon1 a girl at pub]ty is %ut up = ?ree mon?s 9 a lonely hut 9 ! =e/1 :]e h] "m br+s h] food daily4#ach ,:5 a girl ( ! ,pegu5*es tribe p]ceives 9 h]self ! fir/ signs ( womanhood1 %e is seclud$ by h] "m 9 a corn] ( ! hut scre5$ (f ) blankets1 & is w>n$ n to lift up h] eyes on any man4 ,next day1 v e>ly 9 ! morn+ & aga9 aft] sunset1 %e is tak5 out by two wom5 & made to run till %e is tir$2 9 ! int]val %e is aga9 seclud$ 9 h] corn]4 ,on ! foll[+ day %e lays ?ree packets ( wool beside ! pa? ne> ! h\se to signify t %e is n[ a woman4#aci ,among ! ,passes1 ,mauhes1 & o!r tribes ( ,brazil ! "y woman 9 simil> circum/ances is hung 9 h] hammock f ! ro( & has to fa/ !re = a mon? or z long z %e c hold out4#adj ,"o ( ! e>ly settl]s 9 ,brazil1 ab\t ! middle ( ! sixte5? c5tury1 has describ$ ! sev]e ordeal :i* damsels at pub]ty _h to und]go among ! ,indians on ! s\?-ea/ coa/ ( t c\ntry1 ne> :at is n[ ,rio de ,janeiro4 ,:5 a girl _h rea*$ ?is critical p]iod ( life1 h] hair 0 burn$ or %av$ (f close to ! head4 ,!n %e 0 plac$ on a flat /one & cut ) ! too? ( an animal f ! %\ld]s all d[n ! back1 till %e ran ) blood4 ,next ! a%es ( a wild g\rd 7 rubb$ into ! w\nds2 ! girl 0 b\nd h& & foot1 & hung 9 a hammock1 be+ envelop$ 9 x s closely t no "o c\ld see h]4 ,"h %e _h to /ay = ?ree days )\t eat+ or dr9k+4 ,:5 ! ?ree days 7 ov]1 %e /epp$ out ( ! hammock ^u ! flat /one1 = h] feet might n t\* ! gr\nd4 ,if %e _h a call ( nature1 a female relation took ! girl on h] back & c>ri$ h] out1 tak+ ) h] a live coal to prev5t evil influ5ces f ent]+ ! girl's body4 ,be+ replac$ 9 h] hammock1 %e 0 n[ all[$ to get "s fl\r1 boil$ roots1 & wat]1 b might n ta/e salt or fle%4 ,?us %e cont9u$ to ! end ( ! fir/ mon?ly p]iod1 at ! expiry ( :i* %e 0 ga%$ on ! brea/ & belly z well z all d[n ! back4 ,dur+ ! second mon? %e /ill /ay$ 9 h] hammock1 b h] rule ( ab/95ce 0 less rigid1 & %e 0 all[$ to sp94 ,! ?ird mon? %e 0 black5$ ) a c]ta9 pigm5t & began to g ab\t z usual4#ada ,seclusion ( girls at pub]ty among ! ,indians ( ,guiana2 cu/om ( beat+ ! girls & ( caus+ !m to be /ung by ants4 ,among/ ! ,macusis ( ,briti% ,guiana1 :5 a girl %ews ! fir/ signs ( pub]ty1 %e is hung 9 a hammock at ! highe/ po9t ( ! hut4 ,= ! fir/ few days %e may n leave ! hammock by day1 b at night %e mu/ come d[n1 light a fire1 & sp5d ! night beside x1 else %e w\ld break out 9 sores on h] neck1 ?roat1 & o!r p>ts ( h] body4 ,s long z ! symptoms are at _! height1 %e mu/ fa/ rigor\sly4 ,:5 !y h abat$1 %e may come d[n & take up h] abode 9 a little comp>tm5t t is made = h] 9 ! d>ke/ corn] ( ! hut4 ,9 ! morn+ %e may cook h] food1 b x mu/ be at a sep>ate fire & 9 a vessel ( h] own4 ,aft] ab\t t5 days ! magician comes & undoes ! spell by mutt]+ *>ms & brea?+ on h] & on ! m valuable ( ! ?+s ) :i* %e has come 9 contact4 ,! pots & dr9k+-vessels :i* %e us$ are brok5 & ! fragm5ts buri$4 ,aft] h] fir/ ba?1 ! girl mu/ submit to be beat5 by h] "m ) ?9 rods )\t utt]+ a cry4 ,at ! end ( ! second p]iod %e is aga9 beat51 b n aft]w>ds4 ,%e is n[ clean1 & c mix aga9 ) p4#adb ,o!r ,indians ( ,guiana1 aft] keep+ ! girl 9 h] hammock at ! top ( ! hut = a mon?1 expose h] to c]ta9 l>ge ants1 ^: bite is v pa9ful4#adc ,sometimes1 9 addition to be+ /ung ) ants1 ! suff]] has to fa/ day & night s long z %e rema9s slung up on high 9 h] hammock1 s t :5 %e comes d[n %e is r$uc$ to a skeleton4 ,! int5tion ( /++ h] ) ants is said to be to make h] /rong to be> ! burd5 ( mat]nity4#add ,among/ ! ,uaupes ( ,brazil a girl at pub]ty is seclud$ 9 ! h\se = a mon?1 & all[$ only a small quantity ( bread & wat]4 ,!n %e is tak5 out into ! mid/ ( h] relations & fri5ds1 ea* ( :om gives h] f\r or five bl[s ) pieces ( sipo 7an ela/ic climb]71 till %e falls s5seless or dead4 ,if %e recov]s1 ! op]ation is repeat$ f\r times at int]vals ( six h\rs1 & x is consid]$ an (f5ce to ! p>5ts n to /rike h>d4 ,meantime1 pots ( meats & fi% h be5 made ready2 ! sipos are dipp$ into !m & !n giv5 to ! girl to lick1 :o is n[ consid]$ a m>riageable woman4#ade ,cu/om 9 ,s\? ,am]ica ( caus+ "y m5 to be /ung ) ants z an initiatory rite4 ,! cu/om ( /++ ! girl at su* times ) ants or beat+ h] ) rods is int5d$1 we may be sure1 n z a puni%m5t or a te/ ( endurance1 b z a purification1 ! object be+ to drive away ! malignant influ5ces ) :i* a girl 9 ?is condition is believ$ to be beset & envelop$4 ,examples ( purification1 by beat+1 by incisions 9 ! fle%1 & by /++ ) ants1 h already come be=e u4#adf ,9 "s ,indian tribes ( ,brazil & ,guiana "y m5 d n rank z w>riors & may n m>ry till !y h pass$ ?r\gh a t]rible ordeal1 :i* consi/s 9 be+ /ung by sw>ms ( v5om\s ants ^: bite is l fire4 ,?us among ! ,mauhes on ! ,tapajos riv]1 a s\!rn tribut>y ( ! ,amazon1 boys ( eight to t5 ye>s are oblig$ to ?ru/ _! arms into sleeves /uff$ ) great f]oci\s ants1 :i* ! ,indians call toc&eira 7,cryptoc]us atratus1 ,f474 ,:5 ! "y victim %rieks ) pa91 an excit$ mob ( m5 dances r\nd him1 %\t+ & enc\rag+ him till he falls exhau/$ to ! gr\nd4 ,he is !n committ$ to ! c>e ( old wom51 :o treat 8 fe>fully swoll5 arms ) fre% juice ( ! manioc2 & on 8 recov]y he has to %ew 8 /r5g? & skill 9 b5d+ a b[4 ,?is cruel ordeal is commonly repeat$ aga9 & aga91 till ! lad has rea*$ 8 f\rte5? ye> & c be> ! agony )\t betray+ any sign ( emotion4 ,!n he is a man & c m>ry4 ,a lad's age is reckon$ by ! numb] ( times he has pass$ ?r\gh ! ordeal4#adg ,an eye-witness has describ$ h[ a "y ,mauhe h]o bore ! torture ) an endurance m ?an ,sp>tan1 danc+ & s++1 ) 8 arms cas$ 9 ! t]rible mitt5s1 be=e e cab9 ( ! great common h\se1 till pallid1 /agg]+1 & ) *att]+ tee? he triumphantly laid ! gloves be=e ! old *ief & receiv$ ! congratulations ( ! m5 & ! c>esses ( ! wom52 !n break+ away f 8 fri5ds & admir]s he ?rew himself into ! riv] & rema9$ 9 its cool soo?+ wat] till nightfall4#adh ,simil>ly among ! ,ticunas ( ! ,upp] ,amazon1 on ! bord] ( ,p]u1 ! "y man :o w\ld take 8 place among ! w>riors mu/ plunge 8 arm into a sort ( basket full ( v5om\s ants & keep x !re = sev]al m9utes )\t utt]+ a cry4 ,he g5]ally falls backw>ds & sometimes succumbs to ! fev] :i* ensues2 h5ce z soon z ! ordeal is ov] ! wom5 are prodigal ( _! att5tions to him1 & rub ! swoll5 arm ) a p>ticul> k9d ( h]b4#adi ,ordeals ( ?is sort appe> to be 9 vogue among ! ,indians ( ! ,rio ,negro z well z ( ! ,amazon4#aej ,among ! ,rucuy5nes1 a tribe ( ,indians 9 ! nor? ( ,brazil1 on ! bord]s ( ,guiana1 "y m5 :o are c&idates = m>riage mu/ submit to be /ung all ov] _! p]sons n only ) ants b ) wasps1 :i* are appli$ to _! nak$ bodies 9 curi\s in/rum5ts ( trellis-"w %ap$ l fanta/ic quadrup$s or birds4 ,! pati5t inv>iably falls d[n 9 a swoon & is c>ri$ l dead to 8 hammock1 :]e he is tightly la%$ ) cords4 ,z !y come to !mselves1 !y wri! 9 agony1 s t _! hammocks rock viol5tly to & fro1 caus+ ! hut to %ake z if x 7 ab\t to collapse4 ,?is dreadful ordeal is call$ by ! ,indians a m>ak4#aea ,cu/om ( caus+ m5 & wom5 to be /ung ) ants to improve _! "* & heal? or to r5d] !m invuln]able4 ,! same ordeal1 "u ! same "n1 is also practis$ by ! ,wayanas1 an ,indian tribe ( ,fr5* ,guiana1 b ) !m1 we are told1 x is no long] deem$ an indisp5sable prelim9>y to m>riage2 x is r a sort ( national m$ic9e adm9i/]$ *iefly to ! y\? ( bo? sexes4 ,appli$ to m51 ! m>ak1 z x is call$1 %>p5s !m1 prev5ts !m f be+ heavy & lazy1 makes !m active1 brisk1 indu/ri\s1 imp>ts /r5g?1 & helps !m to %oot well ) ! b[2 )\t x ! ,indians w\ld always be slack & r sickly1 w\ld always h a little fev]1 & w\ld lie p]petually 9 _! hammocks4 ,z = ! wom51 ! m>ak keeps !m f go+ to sleep1 r5d]s !m active1 al]t1 brisk1 gives !m /r5g? & a lik+ = "w1 makes !m good h\sekeep]s1 good work]s at ! /ockade1 good mak]s ( ca*iri4 ,e "o und]goes ! m>ak at lea/ twice 9 8 life1 sometimes ?rice1 & (t5] if he likes4 ,x may be _h f ! age ( ab\t eight ye>s & upw>d1 & no "o ?9ks x odd t a man ( =ty %\ld volunt>ily submit to x4#aeb ,simil>ly ! ,indians ( ,/4 ,juan ,capi/rano 9 ,cali=nia us$ to be br&$ on "s "p ( _! bodies1 g5]ally on ! "r arm1 b sometimes on ! leg also1 n z a pro( ( manly =titude1 b because !y believ$ t ! cu/om add$ great] /r5g? to ! n]ves1 & gave a bett] pulse = ! managem5t ( ! b[4 ,aft]w>ds !y 7 :ipp$ ) nettles1 & cov]$ ) ants1 t !y might become robu/1 & ! infliction 0 always p]=m$ 9 summ]1 dur+ ! mon?s ( ,july & ,augu/1 :5 ! nettle 0 9 its mo/ fi]y /ate4 ,!y ga!r$ small bun*es1 :i* !y fa/5$ toge!r1 & ! poor delud$ ,indian 0 *a/is$1 by inflict+ bl[s ) !m ^u 8 nak$ limbs1 until unable to walk2 & !n he 0 c>ri$ to ! ne/ ( ! ne>e/ & mo/ furi\s species ( ants1 & laid d[n among !m1 :ile "s ( 8 fri5ds1 ) /icks1 kept annoy+ ! insects to make !m /ill m viol5t4 ,:at torm5ts did !y n und]go6 ,:at pa96 ,:at helli% inflictions6 ,yet _! fai? gave !m p[] to endure all )\t a murmur1 & !y rema9$ z if dead4 ,hav+ und]gone ^! dreadful ordeals1 !y 7 consid]$ z invuln]able1 & believ$ t ! arr[s ( _! enemies c\ld no long] h>m !m4#aec ,among ! ,alur1 a tribe inhabit+ ! s\?-we/]n region ( ! upp] ,nile1 to bury a man 9 an ant-hill & leave him !re = a :ile is ! regul> treatm5t = insanity4#aed ,9 su* cases ! beat+ or /++ 0 orig9ally a purification2 at a lat] "t x is int]pret$ z a te/ ( c\rage & endurance4 ,9 l mann] x is probable t beat+ or sc\rg+ z a religi\s or c]emonial rite 0 orig9ally a mode ( purification4 ,x 0 meant to wipe (f & drive away a dang]\s contagion1 :e!r p]sonifi$ z demoniacal or n1 :i* 0 suppos$ to be adh]+ physically1 ?\gh invisibly1 to ! body ( ! suff]]4#aee ,! pa9 inflict$ on ! p]son beat5 0 no m ! object ( ! beat+ ?an x is ( a surgical op]ation ) u2 x 0 a necess>y accid5t1 t 0 all4 ,9 lat] times su* cu/oms 7 int]pret$ o!rwise1 & ! pa91 f be+ an accid5t1 became ! prime object ( ! c]emony1 :i* 0 n[ reg>d$ ei!r z a te/ ( endurance impos$ ^u p]sons at critical epo*s ( life1 or z a mortification ( ! fle% well pleas+ to ! god4 ,b asceticism1 "u any %ape or =m1 is nev] primitive4 ,! savage1 x is true1 9 c]ta9 circum/ances w volunt>ily subject himself to pa9s & privations :i* appe> to u :olly ne$less2 b he nev] acts ?us unless he believes t "s solid temporal advantage is to be ga9$ by s do+4 ,pa9 = ! sake ( pa91 :e!r z a moral discipl9e 9 ?is life or z a means ( w9n+ a glori\s immortality h]eaft]1 is n an object :i* he sets himself delib]ately to pursue4 ,?is explanation confirm$ ) ref]5ce to ! beat+ ( girls at pub]ty among ! ,s\? ,am]ican ,indians2 treatm5t ( a girl at pub]ty among ! ,banivas ( ! ,or9oco2 symptoms ( pub]ty 9 a girl reg>d$ z w\nds inflict$ by a demon4 ,if ?is view is correct1 we c und]/& :y s _m ,indian tribes ( ,s\? ,am]ica compel ! y\? ( bo? sexes to submit to ^! pa9ful & sometimes fatal ordeals4 ,!y imag9e t 9 ?is way !y rid ! "y folk ( c]ta9 evils inh]5t 9 y\?1 especially at ! critical age ( pub]ty2 & :5 !y picture to !mselves ! evils 9 a p]sonal =m z dang]\s spirits or demons1 ! c]emony ( _! expulsion may 9 ! /rict s5se be t]m$ an exorcism4 ,?is c]ta9ly appe>s to be ! int]pretation :i* ! ,banivas ( ! ,or9oco put ^u ! cruel sc\rg+s :i* !y inflict on girls at pub]ty4 ,at h] fir/ m5/ruation a ,baniva girl mu/ pass sev]al days & nights 9 h] hammock1 almo/ motionless & gett+ no?+ to eat & dr9k b wat] & a little manioc4 ,:ile %e lies !re1 ! suitors = h] h& apply to h] fa!r1 & he :o c af=d to give mo/ = h] or c prove himself ! be/ man1 is promis$ ! damsel 9 m>riage4 ,! fa/ ov]1 "s old m5 ent] ! hut1 b&age ! girl's eyes1 cov] h] head ) a bonnet ( :i* ! fr+es fall on h] %\ld]s1 & !n lead h] =? & tie h] to a po/ set up 9 an op5 place4 ,! head ( ! po/ is c>v$ 9 ! %ape ( a grotesque face4 ,none b ! old m5 may witness :at foll[s4 ,7 a woman caught peep+ & pry+1 x w\ld g ill ) h]2 %e w\ld be m>k$ out = ! v5geance ( ! demon1 :o w\ld make h] expiate h] crime at ! v next moon by madness or dea?4 ,e p>ticipant 9 ! c]emony comes arm$ ) a sc\rge ( cords or ( fi% sk9s2 "s ( !m re9=ce ! virtue ( ! in/rum5t by ty+ little %>p /ones to ! end ( ! ?ongs4 ,!n1 to ! dismal & deaf5+ notes ( %ell-trumpets bl[n by two or ?ree sup]num]>ies1 ! m5 circle r\nd & r\nd ! po/1 e "o apply+ 8 sc\rge z he passes to ! girl's back1 till x /reams ) blood4 ,at la/ ! musicians1 w9d+ trem5d\s bla/s on _! trumpets aga9/ ! demon1 advance & t\* ! po/ 9 :i* he is suppos$ to be incorporate4 ,!n ! bl[s cease to desc5d2 ! girl is unti$1 (t5 9 a fa9t+ /ate1 & c>ri$ away to h h] w\nds wa%$ & simples appli$ to !m4 ,! y\nge/ ( ! execution]s1 or r ( ! exorci/s1 ha/5s to in=m h] betro!d husb& ( ! happy issue ( ! exorcism4 ,! _s1 he says1 _h ca/ ?y belov$ into a sleep z deep almo/ z t ( dea?4 ,b we h rescu$ h] f 8 attacks1 & laid h] d[n 9 su* & su* a place4 ,g seek h]4 ,!n go+ f h\se to h\se ?r\gh ! village he cries to ! inmates1 ,come1 let u burn ! demon :o w\ld h tak5 possession ( su* & su* a girl1 our fri5d4 ,! bridegroom at once c>ries 8 w\nd$ & suff]+ bride to 8 own h\se2 & all ! p ga!r r\nd ! po/ = ! pleasure ( burn+ x & ! demon toge!r4 ,a great pile ( firewood has mean:ile be5 heap$ up ab\t x1 & ! wom5 run r\nd ! pyre curs+ 9 %rill voices ! wick$ _s :o has wr\ght all ?is evil4 ,! m5 jo9 9 ) ho>s] cries & animate !mselves = ! bus9ess 9 h& by deep draughts ( an intoxicant :i* has be5 provid$ = ! occasion by ! p>5ts-9-law4 ,soon ! bridegroom1 hav+ committ$ ! bride to ! c>e ( 8 "m1 appe>s on ! sc5e br&i%+ a light$ tor*4 ,he addresses ! demon ) bitt] mock]y & reproa*es2 in=ms him t ! fair creature on :om he1 ! demon1 _h nef>i\s designs1 is n[ 81 ! bridegroom's1 bloom+ sp\se2 & %ak+ 8 tor* at ! gr9n+ head on ! po/1 he screams out1 ,?is is h[ ! victims ( ?y p]secution take v5geance on !e6 ,) ^! words he puts a light to ! pyre4 ,at once ! drums /rike up1 ! trumpets bl>e1 & m51 wom51 & *ildr5 beg9 to dance4 ,9 two long r[s !y dance1 ! m5 on "o side1 ! wom5 on ! o!r1 advanc+ till !y almo/ t\* & !n retir+ aga94 ,aft] t ! two r[s jo9 h&s1 & =m+ a huge circle trip x r\nd & r\nd ! blaze1 till ! po/ ) its grotesque face is consum$ 9 ! flames & no?+ ( ! pyre rema9s b a heap ( r$ & gl[+ emb]s4 ,! evil _s has be5 de/roy$4 ,?us deliv]$ f h] p]secutor1 ! "y wife w be free f sickness1 w n die 9 *ildb$1 & w be> _m *ildr5 to h] husb&4#aef ,f ?is acc\nt x appe>s t ! ,banivas attribute ! symptoms ( pub]ty 9 girls to ! w\nds inflict$ on !m by an amor\s devil1 :o1 h[ev]1 c be n only exorcis$ b burnt to a%es at ! /ake4 #f4 ,seclusion ( ,girls at ,pub]ty 9 ,india & ,cambodia ,seclusion ( girls at pub]ty among ! ,h9doos2 seclusion ( girls at pub]ty 9 ,s\!rn ,india4 ,:5 a ,h9doo maid5 rea*es maturity %e is kept 9 a d>k room = f\r days1 & is =bidd5 to see ! sun4 ,%e is reg>d$ z unclean2 no "o may t\* h]4 ,h] diet is re/rict$ to boil$ rice1 milk1 sug>1 curd1 & tam>9d )\t salt4 ,on ! morn+ ( ! fif? day %e goes to a neighb\r+ tank1 accompani$ by five wom5 ^: husb&s are alive4 ,sme>$ ) turm]ic wat]1 !y all ba! & return home1 ?r[+ away ! mat & o!r ?+s t 7 9 ! room4#aeg ,! ,r>hi ,brahmans ( ,b5gal compel a girl at pub]ty to live alone1 & d n all[ h] to see ! face ( any male4 ,= ?ree days %e rema9s %ut up 9 a d>k room1 & has to und]go c]ta9 p5ances4 ,fi%1 fle%1 & sweetmeats are =bidd5 h]2 %e mu/ live ^u rice & ghee4#aeh ,among ! ,tiyans ( ,malab> a girl is ?\ght to be pollut$ = f\r days f ! beg9n+ ( h] fir/ m5/ruation4 ,dur+ ?is "t %e mu/ keep to ! nor? side ( ! h\se1 :]e %e sleeps on a grass mat ( a p>ticul> k9d1 9 a room fe/oon$ ) g>l&s ( "y coco-nut leaves4 ,ano!r girl keeps h] company & sleeps ) h]1 b %e may n t\* any o!r p]son1 tree or plant4 ,fur!r1 %e may n see ! sky1 & woe betide h] if %e cat*es sight ( a cr[ or a cat6 ,h] diet mu/ be /rictly veget>ian1 )\t salt1 tam>9ds1 or *illies4 ,%e is arm$ aga9/ evil spirits by a knife1 :i* is plac$ on ! mat or c>ri$ on h] p]son4#aei ,among ! ,kappiliyans ( ,madura & ,t9nevelly a girl at h] fir/ mon?ly p]iod rema9s "u pollution = ?irte5 days1 ei!r 9 a corn] ( ! h\se1 :i* is scre5$ (f = h] use by h] mat]nal uncle1 or 9 a tempor>y hut1 :i* is erect$ by ! same relative on ! common l& ( ! village4 ,on ! ?irte5? day %e ba!s 9 a tank1 &1 on ent]+ ! h\se1 /eps ov] a pe/le & a cake4 ,ne> ! entrance "s food is plac$ & a dog is all[$ to p>take ( x2 b 8 enjoym5t is m>r$ by suff]+1 = :ile he eats he receives a s\nd ?ra%+1 & ! l\d] he h[ls ! bett]1 = ! l>g] w be ! family to :i* ! "y woman w give bir?2 %\ld !re be no h[ls1 !re w be no *ildr54 ,! tempor>y hut 9 :i* ! girl pass$ ! days ( h] seclusion is burnt d[n1 & ! pots :i* %e us$ are sma%$ to %iv]s4#afj ,simil>ly among ! ,p>iv>ams ( ,madura1 :5 a girl atta9s to pub]ty %e is kept = sixte5 days 9 a hut1 :i* is gu>d$ at night by h] relations2 & :5 h] seque/ration is ov] ! hut is burnt d[n & ! pots %e us$ are brok5 into v small pieces1 because !y ?9k t if ra9-wat] ga!r$ 9 any ( !m1 ! girl w\ld be *ildless4#afa ,! ,pulay>s ( ,travancore build a special hut 9 ! jungle = ! use ( a girl at pub]ty2 !re %e rema9s = sev5 days4 ,no "o else may ent] ! hut1 n ev5 h] "m4 ,wom5 /& a little way (f & lay d[n food = h]4 ,at ! end ( ! "t %e is br\ght home1 clad 9 a new or clean clo?1 & fri5ds are treat$ to betel-nut1 toddy1 & arack4#afb ,among ! ,s+halese a girl at h] fir/ m5/ruation is conf9$ to a room1 :]e %e may nei!r see nor be se5 by any male4 ,aft] be+ ?us seclud$ = two weeks %e is tak5 out1 ) h] face cov]$1 & is ba!d by wom5 at ! back ( ! h\se4 ,ne> ! ba?+-place are kept bran*es ( any milk-be>+ tree1 usually ( ! jak-tree4 ,9 "s cases1 :ile ! "t ( purification or uncleanness la/s1 ! maid5 /ays 9 a sep>ate hut1 :i* is aft]w>ds burnt d[n4#afc ,seclusion ( girls at pub]ty 9 ,cambodia4 ,9 ,cambodia a girl at pub]ty is put to b$ "u a mosquito curta91 :]e %e %\ld /ay a hundr$ days4 ,usually1 h[ev]1 f\r1 five1 t51 or tw5ty days are ?\ght en\gh2 & ev5 ?is1 9 a hot climate & "u ! close me%es ( ! curta91 is suffici5tly try+4#afd ,accord+ to ano!r acc\nt1 a ,cambodian maid5 at pub]ty is said to ent] into ! %ade4 ,dur+ h] retirem5t1 :i*1 accord+ to ! rank & position ( h] family1 may la/ any "t f a few days to sev]al ye>s1 %e has to obs]ve a numb] ( rules1 su* z n to be se5 by a /range man1 n to eat fle% or fi%1 & s on4 ,%e goes n[h]e1 n ev5 to ! pagoda4 ,b ?is /ate ( seclusion is discont9u$ dur+ eclipses2 at su* times %e goes =? & pays h] devotions to ! mon/] :o is suppos$ to cause eclipses by cat*+ ! heav5ly bodies betwe5 8 tee?4#afe ,?is p]mission to break h] rule ( retirem5t & appe> abroad dur+ an eclipse seems to %ew h[ lit]ally ! injunction is int]pret$ :i* =bids maid5s ent]+ on womanhood to look ^u ! sun4 #g4 ,seclusion ( ,girls at ,pub]ty 9 ,folk-tales ,traces ( ! seclusion ( girls at pub]ty 9 folk-tales4 ,dani% /ory ( ! girl :o might n see ! sun4 ,a sup]/ition s widely diffus$ z ?is might be expect$ to leave traces 9 leg5ds & folk-tales4 ,& x has done s4 ,9 a ,dani% /ory we read ( a pr9cess :o 0 fat$ to be c>ri$ (f by a w>lock if ev] ! sun %one on h] be=e %e _h pass$ h] ?irtie? ye>2 s ! k+ h] fa!r kept h] %ut up 9 ! palace1 & _h all ! w9d[s on ! ea/1 s\?1 & we/ sides block$ up1 le/ a sunbeam %\ld fall on 8 d>l+ *ild1 & he %\ld ?us lose h] = ev]4 ,only at ev5+1 :5 ! sun 0 d[n1 might %e walk = a little 9 ! beautiful g>d5 ( ! ca/le4 ,9 "t a pr9ce came a-woo+1 foll[$ by a tra9 ( gorge\s knights & squires on horses all ablaze ) gold & silv]4 ,! k+ said ! pr9ce might h 8 daught] to wife on condition t he w\ld n c>ry h] away to 8 home till %e 0 ?irty ye>s old b w\ld live ) h] 9 ! ca/le1 :]e ! w9d[s look$ out only to ! nor?4 ,! pr9ce agre$1 s m>ri$ !y 74 ,! bride 0 only fifte51 & fifte5 m long we>y ye>s mu/ pass be=e %e might /ep out ( ! gloomy donjon1 brea! ! fre% air1 & see ! sun4 ,b %e & h] gallant "y bridegroom lov$ ea* o!r & !y 7 happy4 ,(t5 !y sat h& 9 h& at ! w9d[ look+ out to ! nor? & talk$ ( :at !y w\ld d :5 !y 7 free4 ,/ill x 0 a little dull to look out always at ! same w9d[ & to see no?+ b ! ca/le woods1 & ! di/ant hills1 & ! cl\ds drift+ sil5tly ov] !m4 ,well1 "o day x happ5$ t all ! p 9 ! ca/le _h gone away to a neighb\r+ ca/le to witness a t\rnam5t & o!r gaieties1 & ! two "y folks 7 left z usual all alone at ! w9d[ look+ out to ! nor?4 ,!y sat sil5t = a "t gaz+ away to ! hills4 ,x 0 a grey sad day1 ! sky 0 ov]ca/1 & ! wea!r seem$ to draw to ra94 ,at la/ ! pr9ce said1 ,!re w be no sun%9e to-day4 ,:at if we 7 to drive ov] & jo9 ! re/ at ! t\rnam5t8 ,8 "y wife gladly cons5t$1 = %e long$ to see m ( ! _w ?an ^? et]nal gre5 woods & ^? et]nal blue hills1 :i* 7 all %e ev] saw f ! w9d[4 ,s ! horses 7 put into ! coa*1 & x rattl$ up to ! door1 & 9 !y got & away !y drove4 ,at fir/ all w5t well4 ,! cl\ds hung l[ ov] ! woods1 ! w9d sigh$ 9 ! trees1 a dre>i] day y c\ld h>dly imag9e4 ,s !y jo9$ ! re/ at ! o!r ca/le & took _! seats to wat* ! j\/+ 9 ! li/s4 ,s int5t 7 !y 9 wat*+ ! gay spectacle ( ! pranc+ /e$s1 ! flutt]+ p5nons1 & ! glitt]+ arm\r ( ! knights1 t !y fail$ to m>k ! *ange1 ! fatal *ange1 9 ! wea!r4 ,= ! w9d 0 ris+ & _h begun to disp]se ! cl\ds1 & sudd5ly ! sun broke ?r\gh1 & ! glory ( x fell l an aureole on ! "y wife1 & at once %e vani%$ away4 ,no soon] did h] husb& miss h] f 8 side ?an he1 too1 my/]i\sly disappe>$4 ,! t\rnam5t broke up 9 confusion1 ! b]eft fa!r ha/5$ home1 & %ut himself up 9 ! d>k ca/le f :i* ! light ( life _h dep>t$4 ,! gre5 woods & ! blue hills c\ld /ill be se5 f ! w9d[ t look$ to ! nor?1 b ! "y faces t _h gaz$ out ( x s wi/fully 7 gone1 z x seem$1 = ev]4#aff ,tyrolese /ory ( ! girl :o might n see ! sun4 ,a ,tyrolese /ory tells h[ x 0 ! doom ( a lovely maid5 ) gold5 hair to be transport$ into ! belly ( a :ale if ev] a sunbeam fell on h]4 ,he>+ ( ! fame ( h] beauty ! k+ ( ! c\ntry s5t = h] to be 8 bride1 & h] bro!r drove ! fair damsel to ! palace 9 a c>efully clos$ coa*1 himself sitt+ on ! box & h&l+ ! re9s4 ,on ! way !y ov]took two hide\s wit*es1 :o pret5d$ !y 7 we>y & begg$ = a lift 9 ! coa*4 ,at fir/ ! bro!r refus$ to take !m 91 b 8 t5d]-he>t$ si/] entreat$ him to h compassion on ! two poor footsore wom52 = y may easily imag9e t %e 0 n acqua9t$ ) _! true "*4 ,s d[n he got r surlily f ! box1 op5$ ! coa* door1 & 9 ! two wit*es /epp$1 laugh+ 9 _! sleeves4 ,b no soon] _h ! bro!r m\nt$ ! box & :ipp$ up ! horses1 ?an "o ( ! two wick$ wit*es bor$ a hole 9 ! clos$ coa*4 ,a sunbeam at once %ot ?r\gh ! hole & fell on ! fair damsel4 ,s %e vani%$ f ! coa* & 0 spirit$ away into ! belly ( a :ale 9 ! neighb\r+ sea4 ,y c imag9e ! con/]nation ( ! k+1 :5 ! coa* door op5$ & in/ead ( 8 bloom+ bride out b\nc$ two hide\s hags6#afg ,mod]n ,greek /ories ( ! maid :o might n see ! sun4 ,9 a mod]n ,greek folk-tale ! ,fates pr$ict t 9 h] fifte5? ye> a pr9cess mu/ be c>eful n to let ! sun %9e on h]1 = if ?is 7 to happ5 %e w\ld be turn$ into a liz>d4#afh ,9 ano!r mod]n ,greek tale ! ,sun be/[s a daught] ^u a *ildless woman on condition ( tak+ ! *ild back to himself :5 %e is twelve ye>s old4 ,s1 :5 ! *ild 0 twelve1 ! "m clos$ ! doors & w9d[s1 & /opp$ up all ! *9ks & crannies1 to prev5t ! ,sun f com+ to fet* away h] daught]4 ,b %e =got to /op up ! key-hole1 & a sunbeam /ream$ ?r\gh x & c>ri$ (f ! girl4#afi ,9 a ,sicilian /ory a se] =etells t a k+ w h a daught] :o1 9 h] f\rte5? ye>1 w conceive a *ild by ! ,sun4 ,s1 :5 ! *ild 0 born1 ! k+ %ut h] up 9 a lonely t[] :i* _h no w9d[1 le/ a sunbeam %\ld fall on h]4 ,:5 %e 0 ne>ly f\rte5 ye>s old1 x happ5$ t h] p>5ts s5t h] a piece ( roa/$ kid1 9 :i* %e f\nd a %>p bone4 ,) ?is bone %e scrap$ a hole 9 ! wall1 & a sunbeam %ot ?r\gh ! hole & got h] ) *ild4#agj ,! /ory ( ,danae & its p>allel 9 a ,kirghiz leg5d4 ,! old ,greek /ory ( ,danae1 :o 0 conf9$ by h] fa!r 9 a subt]ranean *amb] or a braz5 t[]1 b impregnat$ by ,zeus1 :o rea*$ h] 9 ! %ape ( a %[] ( gold1#aga p]haps belongs to ! same class ( tales4 ,x has its c\nt]p>t 9 ! leg5d :i* ! ,kirghiz ( ,sib]ia tell ( _! ance/ry4 ,a c]ta9 ,khan _h a fair daught]1 :om he kept 9 a d>k iron h\se1 t no man might see h]4 ,an old woman t5d$ h]2 & :5 ! girl 0 gr[n to maid5hood %e ask$ ! old woman1 ,:]e d y g s (t58 ,my *ild1 said ! old dame1 !re is a bright _w4 ,9 t bright _w y\r fa!r & "m live1 & all sorts ( p live !re4 ,t is :]e ,i g4 ,! maid5 said1 ,good "m1 ,i w tell nobody1 b %ew me t bright _w4 ,s ! old woman took ! girl out ( ! iron h\se4 ,b :5 %e saw ! bright _w1 ! girl tott]$ & fa9t$2 & ! eye ( ,god fell ^u h]1 & %e conceiv$4 ,h] angry fa!r put h] 9 a gold5 *e/ & s5t h] float+ away 7fairy gold c float 9 fairyl&7 ov] ! wide sea4#agb ,! %[] ( gold 9 ! ,greek /ory1 & ! eye ( ,god 9 ! ,kirghiz leg5d1 probably /& = sunlight & ! sun4 ,impregnation ( wom5 by ! sun 9 leg5ds4 ,! idea t wom5 may be impregnat$ by ! sun is n uncommon 9 leg5ds4 ,?us1 = example1 among ! ,indians ( ,gua*eta 9 ,colombia1 x is said1 a report once ran t ! sun w\ld impregnate "o ( _! maid5s1 :o %\ld be> a *ild & yet rema9 a virg94 ,! *ief _h two daught]s1 & 0 v desir\s t "o ( !m %\ld conceive 9 ?is miracul\s mann]4 ,s e day he made !m climb a hill to ! ea/ ( 8 h\se 9 ord] to be t\*$ by ! fir/ beams ( ! ris+ sun4 ,8 wi%es 7 fulfill$1 = "o ( ! damsels conceiv$ & aft] n9e mon?s gave bir? to an em]ald4 ,s %e wrapp$ x 9 cotton & plac$ x 9 h] bosom1 & 9 a few days x turn$ into a *ild1 :o receiv$ ! "n ( ,g>an*a*a & 0 univ]sally recogniz$ z a son ( ! sun4#agc ,aga91 ! ,samoans tell ( a woman nam$ ,mangamangai1 :o became pregnant by look+ at ! ris+ sun4 ,h] son grew up & 0 nam$ ,*ild ( ! ,sun4 ,at 8 m>riage he appli$ to 8 "m = a d[ry1 b %e bade him apply to 8 fa!r1 ! sun1 & told him h[ to g to him4 ,s "o morn+ he took a long v9e & made a noose 9 x2 !n climb+ up a tree he ?rew ! noose ov] ! sun & caught him fa/4 ,?us arre/$ 9 8 progress1 ! lum9>y ask$ him :at he want$1 & be+ told by ! "y man t he want$ a pres5t = 8 bride1 ! sun oblig+ly pack$ up a /ore ( bless+s 9 a basket1 ) :i* ! y\? desc5d$ to ! e>?4#agd ,traces 9 m>riage cu/oms ( ! belief t wom5 c be impregnat$ by ! sun4 ,ev5 9 ! m>riage cu/oms ( v>i\s races we may p]haps detect traces ( ?is belief t wom5 c be impregnat$ by ! sun4 ,?us among/ ! ,*aco ,indians ( ,s\? ,am]ica a newly m>ri$ c\ple us$ to sleep ! fir/ night on a m>e's or bullock's sk9 ) _! heads t[>ds ! we/1 = ! m>riage is n consid]$ ratifi$ till ! ris+ sun %9es on _! feet ! succe$+ morn+4#age ,at old ,h9doo m>riages ! fir/ c]emony 0 ! ,impregnation-rite 7,g>bhadhana72 dur+ ! previ\s day ! bride 0 made to look t[>ds ! sun or to be 9 "s way expos$ to its rays4#agf ,among/ ! ,turks ( ,sib]ia x 0 =m]ly ! cu/om on ! morn+ aft] ! m>riage to lead ! "y c\ple out ( ! hut to greet ! ris+ sun4 ,! same cu/om is said to be /ill practis$ 9 ,iran & ,c5tral ,asia "u a belief t ! beams ( ! ris+ sun are ! sure/ means ( impregnat+ ! new bride4#agg ,belief 9 ! impregnation ( wom5 by ! moon4 ,& z "s p ?9k t wom5 may be gott5 ) *ild by ! sun1 s o!rs imag9e t !y c conceive by ! moon4 ,accord+ to ! ,gre5l&]s ! moon is a "y man1 & he n[ & !n comes d[n to give _! wives a visit & c>ess !m2 = :i* reason no woman d>e sleep ly+ ^u h] back1 )\t %e fir/ spits ^u h] f+]s & rubs h] belly ) x4 ,= ! same reason ! "y maids are afraid to />e long at ! moon1 imag9+ !y may get a *ild by ! b>ga94#agh ,simil>ly ,breton peasants are report$ to believe t wom5 or girls :o expose _! p]sons to ! moonlight may be impregnat$ by x & give bir? to mon/]s4#agi #h4 ,reasons = ! ,seclusion ( ,girls at ,pub]ty ,! reason = ! seclusion ( wom5 at pub]ty is ! dread ( m5/ru\s blood4 ,! motive = ! re/ra9ts s commonly impos$ on girls at pub]ty is ! deeply engra9$ dread :i* primitive man univ]sally ent]ta9s ( m5/ru\s blood4 ,he fe>s x at all times b especially on its fir/ appe>ance2 h5ce ! re/rictions "u :i* wom5 lie at _! fir/ m5/ruation are usually m /r+5t ?an ^? :i* !y h to obs]ve at any subsequ5t recurr5ce ( ! my/]i\s fl[4 ,"s evid5ce ( ! fe> & ( ! cu/oms bas$ on x has be5 cit$ 9 an e>li] "p ( ?is "w2#ahj b z ! t]ror1 = x is no?+ less1 :i* ! ph5om5on p]iodically /rikes into ! m9d ( ! savage has deeply influ5c$ 8 life & in/itutions1 x may be well to illu/rate ! subject ) "s fur!r examples4 ,dread & seclusion ( m5/ru\s wom5 among ! aborig9es ( ,au/ralia4 ,?us 9 ! ,enc\nt] ,bay tribe ( ,s\? ,au/ralia !re is1 or us$ to be1 a sup]/ition :i* obliges a woman to sep>ate h]self f ! camp at ! "t ( h] mon?ly illness1 :51 if a "y man or boy %\ld approa*1 %e calls out1 & he imm$iately makes a circuit to avoid h]4 ,if %e is neglectful ^u ?is po9t1 %e exposes h]self to scold+1 & sometimes to sev]e beat+ by h] husb& or ne>e/ relation1 because ! boys are told f _! infancy1 t if !y see ! blood !y w e>ly become grey-head$1 & _! /r5g? w fail prematurely4#aha ,& ( ! ,s\? ,au/ralian aborig9es 9 g5]al we read t !re is a cu/om requir+ all boys & un9itiat$ "y m5 to sleep at "s di/ance f ! huts ( ! adults1 & to remove altoge!r away 9 ! morn+ z soon z daylight dawns1 & ! natives beg9 to move ab\t4 ,?is is to prev5t _! see+ ! wom51 "s ( :om may be m5/ruat+2 & if look$ ^u by ! "y males1 x is suppos$ t dire results w foll[4#ahb ,& among/ ^! tribes wom5 9 _! c\rses are n all[$ to eat fi% ( any k9d1 or to g ne> ! wat] at all2 x be+ "o ( _! sup]/itions1 t if a female1 9 t /ate1 goes ne> ! wat]1 no success c be expect$ by ! m5 9 fi%+4#ahc ,simil>ly1 among ! natives ( ! ,murray ,riv]1 m5/ru\s wom5 7 n all[$ to g ne> wat] = fe> ( fright5+ ! fi%4 ,!y 7 also n all[$ to eat !m1 = ! same reason4 ,a woman dur+ su* p]iods w\ld nev] cross ! riv] 9 a canoe1 or ev5 fet* wat] = ! camp4 ,x 0 suffici5t = h] to say ,?ama1 to ensure h] husb& gett+ ! wat] himself4#ahd ,! ,di]i ( ,c5tral ,au/ralia believe t if wom5 at ^! times 7 to eat fi% or ba! 9 a riv]1 ! fi% w\ld all die & ! wat] w\ld dry up4 ,9 ?is tribe a m>k made ) r$ o*re r\nd a woman's m\? indicates t %e has h] c\rses2 no "o w\ld (f] fi% to su* a woman4#ahe ,! ,arunta ( ,c5tral ,au/ralia =bid m5/ru\s wom5 to ga!r ! irriakura bulbs1 :i* =m a /aple article ( diet = bo? m5 & wom54 ,!y believe t 7 a woman to break ?is rule1 ! supply ( bulbs w\ld fail4#ahf ,among ! aborig9es ( ,victoria ! wife at h] mon?ly p]iods _h to sleep on ! opposite side ( ! fire f h] husb&2 %e might p>take ( nobody's food1 & nobody w\ld p>take ( h]s1 = p ?\ght t if !y ate or drank any?+ t _h be5 t\*$ by a woman 9 h] c\rses1 x w\ld make !m weak or ill4 ,unm>ri$ girls & wid[s at su* times _h to pa9t _! heads & ! upp] p>ts ( _! bodies r$1#ahg no d\bt z a dang] signal4 ,sev]e p5alties inflict$ = brea*es ( ! cu/om ( seclusion4 ,9 "s ,au/ralian tribes ! seclusion ( m5/ru\s wom5 0 ev5 m rigid1 & 0 en=c$ by sev]] p5alties ?an a scold+ or a beat+4 ,?us ) reg>d to c]ta9 tribes ( ,new ,s\? ,wales & ,s\!rn ,que5sl& we are told t dur+ ! mon?ly illness1 ! woman is n all[$ to t\* any?+ t m5 use1 or ev5 to walk on a pa? t any man frequ5ts1 on pa9 ( dea?4#ahh ,aga91 !re is a regulation relat+ to camps 9 ! ,wakelbura tribe :i* =bids ! wom5 com+ into ! encampm5t by ! same pa? z ! m54 ,any violation ( ?is rule w\ld 9 a l>ge camp be puni%$ ) dea?4 ,! reason = ?is is ! dread ) :i* !y reg>d ! m5/rual p]iod ( wom54 ,dur+ su* a "t1 a woman is kept entirely away f ! camp1 half a mile at lea/4 ,a woman 9 su* a condition has b\ghs ( "s tree ( h] totem ti$ r\nd h] lo9s1 & is con/antly wat*$ & gu>d$1 = x is ?\ght t %\ld any male be s un=tunate z to see a woman 9 su* a condition1 he w\ld die4 ,if su* a woman 7 to let h]self be se5 by a man1 %e w\ld probably be put to dea?4 ,:5 ! woman has recov]$1 %e is pa9t$ r$ & :ite1 h] head cov]$ ) fea!rs1 & returns to ! camp4#ahi ,dread & seclusion ( m5/ru\s wom5 9 ! ,torres ,/raits ,isl&s1 ,new ,gu9ea1 ,galela1 & ,sumatra4 ,9 ,muralug1 "o ( ! ,torres ,/raits ,isl&s1 a m5/ru\s woman may n eat any?+ t lives 9 ! sea1 else ! natives believe t ! fi%]ies w\ld fail4 ,aga91 9 ,mabuiag1 ano!r ( ^! isl&s1 wom5 :o h _! c\rses on !m may n eat turtle fle% nor turtle eggs1 probably = a simil> reason4 ,& dur+ ! season :5 ! turtles are pair+ ! re/rictions laid on su* a woman are mu* sev]]4 ,%e may n ev5 ent] a h\se 9 :i* !re is turtle fle%1 nor approa* a fire on :i* ! fle% is cook+2 %e may n g ne> ! sea & %e %\ld n walk on ! bea* bel[ high-wat] m>k4 ,nay1 ! infection ext5ds to h] husb&1 :o may n himself h>poon or o!rwise take an active "p 9 cat*+ turtle2 h[ev]1 he is p]mitt$ to =m "o ( ! crew on a turtl+ exp$ition1 provid$ he takes ! precaution ( rubb+ 8 armpits ) c]ta9 leaves1 to :i* no d\bt a dis9fectant virtue is ascrib$4#aij ,among ! ,kai ( ,g]man ,new ,gu9ea wom5 at _! mon?ly sickness mu/ live 9 little huts built = !m 9 ! =e/2 !y may n ent] ! cultivat$ fields1 = if !y did g to !m1 & ! pigs 7 to ta/e ( ! blood1 x w\ld inspire ! animals ) an irresi/ible desire to g likewise into ! fields1 :]e !y w\ld commit great depr$ations on ! gr[+ crops4 ,h5ce ! issue f wom5 at ^! times is c>efully buri$ to prev5t ! pigs f gett+ at x4 ,& conv]sely1 if ! pigs (t5 break into ! fields1 ! blame is laid on ! wom5 :o by ! neglect ( ^! elem5t>y precautions h put temptation 9 ! way ( ! sw9e4#aia ,9 ,galela1 to ! we/ ( ,new ,gu9ea1 wom5 at _! mon?ly p]iods may n ent] a tobacco-field1 or ! plants w\ld be attack$ by disease4#aib ,! ,m9angkabau]s ( ,sumatra are p]suad$ t if a woman 9 h] unclean /ate 7 to g ne> a rice-field1 ! crop w\ld be spoil$4#aic ,dread & seclusion ( m5/ru\s wom5 among ! tribes ( ,s\? ,africa4 ,! ,bu%m5 ( ,s\? ,africa ?9k t1 by a glance ( a girl's eye at ! "t :5 %e ought to be kept 9 /rict retirem5t1 m5 become fix$ 9 :atev] position !y happ5 to occupy1 ) :atev] !y 7 hold+ 9 _! h&s1 & are *ang$ into trees t talk4#aid ,cattle-re>+ tribes ( ,s\? ,africa hold t _! cattle w\ld die if ! milk 7 drunk by a m5/ru\s woman2#aie & !y fe> ! same disa/] if a drop ( h] blood 7 to fall on ! gr\nd & ! ox5 7 to pass ov] x4 ,to prev5t su* a calamity wom5 9 g5]al1 n m5/ru\s wom5 only1 are =bidd5 to ent] ! cattle enclosure2 & m ?an t1 !y may n use ! ord9>y pa?s 9 ent]+ ! village or 9 pass+ f "o hut to ano!r4 ,!y are oblig$ to make circuit\s tracks at ! back ( ! huts 9 ord] to avoid ! gr\nd 9 ! middle ( ! village :]e ! cattle /& or lie d[n4 ,^! wom5's tracks may be se5 at e ,caffre village4#aif ,dread & seclusion ( m5/ru\s wom5 among ! tribes ( ,c5tral & ,ea/ ,africa4 ,simil>ly among ! ,bahima1 a cattle-bre$+ tribe ( ,ankole1 9 ,c5tral ,africa1 no m5/ru\s woman may dr9k milk1 le/ by s do+ %e %\ld injure ! c[s2 & %e may n lie on h] husb&'s b$1 no d\bt le/ %e %\ld injure him4 ,inde$ %e is =bidd5 to lie on a b$ at all & mu/ sleep on ! gr\nd4 ,h] diet is re/rict$ to vegetables & be]4#aig ,among ! ,bag&a1 9 l mann]1 no m5/ru\s woman might dr9k milk or come into contact ) any milk-vessel2#aih & %e might n t\* any?+ t belong$ to h] husb&1 nor sit on 8 mat1 nor cook 8 food4 ,if %e t\*$ any?+ ( 8 at su* a "t x 0 deem$ equival5t to wi%+ him dead or to actually work+ magic = 8 de/ruction4#aii ,7 %e to h&le any article ( 81 he w\ld surely fall ill2 7 %e to h&le 8 weapons1 he w\ld c]ta9ly be kill$ 9 ! next battle4 ,ev5 a woman :o did n m5/ruate 0 believ$ by ! ,bag&a to be a s\rce ( dang] to h] husb&1 inde$ capable ( kill+ him4 ,h5ce1 be=e he w5t to w>1 he us$ to w\nd h] slightly ) 8 spe> s z to draw blood2 ?is 0 ?\ght to ensure 8 safe return4#bjj ,app>5tly ! notion 0 t if ! wife did n lose blood 9 "o way or ano!r1 h] husb& w\ld be bl$ 9 w> to make up = h] defici5cy2 s by way ( gu>d+ aga9/ ?is undesirable ev5t1 he took c>e to relieve h] ( a little sup]flu\s blood be=e he repair$ to ! field ( hon\r4 ,fur!r1 ! ,bag&a w\ld n suff] a m5/ru\s woman to visit a well2 if %e did s1 !y fe>$ t ! wat] w\ld dry up1 & t %e h]self w\ld fall sick & die1 unless %e confess$ h] fault & ! m$ic9e-man made atonem5t = h]4#bja ,among ! ,akikuyu ( ,briti% ,ea/ ,africa1 if a new hut is built 9 a village & ! wife *ances to m5/ruate 9 x on ! day %e lights ! fir/ fire !re1 ! hut mu/ be brok5 d[n & demoli%$ ! v next day4 ,! woman may on no acc\nt sleep a second night 9 x2 !re is a curse 7?ahu7 bo? on h] & on x4#bjb ,9 ! ,suk tribe ( ,briti% ,ea/ ,africa w>riors may n eat any?+ t has be5 t\*$ by m5/ru\s wom54 ,if !y did s1 x is believ$ t !y w\ld lose _! virility2 9 ! ra9 !y w %iv] & 9 ! heat !y w fa9t4 ,suk m5 & wom5 take _! meals ap>t1 because ! m5 fe> t "o or m ( ! wom5 may be m5/ruat+4#bjc ,! ,anyanja ( ,briti% ,c5tral ,africa1 at ! s\!rn end ( ,lake ,nyassa1 ?9k t a man :o %\ld sleep ) a woman 9 h] c\rses w\ld fall sick & die1 unless "s rem$y 7 appli$ 9 "t4 ,& ) !m x is a rule t at su* times a woman %\ld n put any salt into ! food %e is cook+1 o!rwise ! p :o p>took ( ! food salt$ by h] w\ld suff] f a c]ta9 disease call$ tsempo2 h5ce to obviate ! dang] %e calls a *ild to put ! salt into ! di%4#bjd ,dread & seclusion ( m5/ru\s wom5 among ! tribes ( ,we/ ,africa4 ,among ! ,hos1 a tribe ( ,ewe negroes ( ,togol& 9 ,we/ ,africa1 s long z a wife has h] mon?ly sickness %e may n cook = h] husb&1 nor lie on 8 b$1 nor sit on 8 /ool2 an infraction ( ^! rules w\ld assur$ly1 x is believ$1 cause h] husb& to die4 ,if h] husb& is a prie/1 or a magician1 or a *ief1 %e may n pass ! days ( h] uncleanness 9 ! h\se1 b mu/ g else:]e till %e is clean4#bje ,among ! ,ewe negroes ( ?is region ea* village has its huts :]e wom5 :o h _! c\rses on !m mu/ sp5d _! "t seclud$ f int]c\rse ) o!r p4 ,sometimes ^! huts /& by !mselves 9 public places2 sometimes !y are m]e %elt]s built ei!r at ! back or front ( ! ord9>y dwell+-h\ses4 ,a woman is puni%able if %e does n pass ! "t ( h] mon?ly sickness 9 "o ( ^! huts or %elt]s provid$ = h] use4 ,?us1 if %e %ews h]self 9 h] own h\se or ev5 9 ! y>d ( ! h\se1 %e may be f9$ a %eep1 :i* is kill$1 its fle% divid$ among ! p1 & its blood p\r$ on ! image ( ! *ief god z a s9-(f]+ to expiate h] (f5ce4 ,%e is also =bidd5 to g to ! place :]e ! villag]s draw wat]1 & if %e breaks ! rule1 %e mu/ give a goat to be kill$2 its fle% is di/ribut$1 & its blood1 dilut$ ) wat] & mix$ ) h]bs1 is spr9kl$ on ! wat]+-place & on ! pa?s lead+ to x4 ,7 any woman to disreg>d ^! salut>y precautions1 ! *ief feti%-man 9 ! village w\ld fall sick & die1 :i* w\ld be an irrep>able loss to society4#bjf ,p[]ful influ5ce ascrib$ to m5/ru\s blood 9 ,arab leg5d4 ,! miracul\s virtue ascrib$ to m5/ru\s blood is well illu/rat$ 9 a /ory told by ! ,arab *ronicl] ,tab>i4 ,he relates h[ ,sapor1 k+ ( ,p]sia1 besieg$ ! /rong city ( ,atrae1 9 ! des]t ( ,mesopotamia1 = sev]al ye>s )\t be+ able to take x4 ,b ! k+ ( ! city1 ^: "n 0 ,daizan1 _h a daught]1 & :5 x 0 ) h] aft] ! mann] ( wom5 %e w5t =? f ! city & dwelt = a "t 9 ! suburb1 = su* 0 ! cu/om ( ! place4 ,n[ x fell out t1 :ile %e t>ri$ !re1 ,sapor saw h] & lov$ h]1 & %e lov$ him2 = he 0 a h&some man & %e a lovely maid4 ,& %e said to him1 ,:at w y give me if ,i %ew y h[ y may de/roy ! walls ( ?is city & slay my fa!r8 ,& he said to h]1 ,i w give y :at y w1 & ,i w exalt y above my o!r wives1 & w set y ne>] to me ?an !m all4 ,!n %e said to him1 ,take a gre5i% dove ) a r+ ab\t its neck1 & write some?+ on its foot ) ! m5/ru\s blood ( a blue-ey$ maid2 !n let ! bird loose1 & x w p]* on ! walls ( ! city1 & !y w fall d[n4 ,= t1 says ! ,arab hi/orian1 0 ! talisman ( ! city1 :i* c\ld n be de/roy$ 9 any o!r way4 ,& ,sapor did z %e bade him1 & ! city fell d[n 9 a heap1 & he /orm$ x & slew ,daizan on ! spot4#bjg ,dread & seclusion ( m5/ru\s wom5 among ! ,jews & 9 ,syria4 ,accord+ to ! ,talmud1 if a woman at ! beg9n+ ( h] p]iod passes betwe5 two m51 %e !reby kills "o ( !m2 if %e passes betwe5 !m t[>ds ! end ( h] p]iod1 %e only causes !m to qu>rel viol5tly4#bjh ,maimonides tells u t d[n to 8 "t x 0 a common cu/om 9 ! ,ea/ to keep wom5 at _! p]iods 9 a sep>ate h\se & to burn ev]y?+ on :i* !y _h trodd52 a man :o spoke ) su* a woman or :o 0 m]ely expos$ to ! same w9d t blew ov] h]1 became !reby unclean4#bji ,peasants ( ! ,lebanon ?9k t m5/ru\s wom5 are ! cause ( _m mis=tunes2 _! %ad[ causes fl[]s to )] & trees to p]i%1 x ev5 arre/s ! movem5ts ( s]p5ts2 if "o ( !m m\nts a horse1 ! animal might die or at lea/ be disabl$ = a long "t4#baj ,9 ,syria to ?is day a woman :o has h] c\rses on h] may nei!r salt nor pickle1 = ! p ?9k t :atev] %e pickl$ or salt$ w\ld n keep4#baa ,! ,to>ipi ( ,new ,gu9ea1 d\btless = a simil> reason1 w n all[ wom5 at su* times to cook4#bab ,dread & seclusion ( m5/ru\s wom5 9 ,india4 ,! ,bhuiy>s1 a ,dravidian tribe ( ,s\? ,mirzapur1 are said to feel an int5se dread ( m5/rual pollution4 ,e h\se has two doors1 "o ( :i* is us$ only by wom5 9 ?is condition4 ,dur+ h] impurity ! wife is f$ by h] husb& ap>t f ! re/ ( ! family1 & :5ev] %e has to quit ! h\se %e is oblig$ to creep out on h] h&s & knees 9 ord] n to defile ! ?at* by h] t\*4#bac ,! ,kh>w>s1 ano!r aborig9al tribe ( ! same di/rict1 keep _! wom5 at su* seasons 9 ! out] v]&ah ( ! h\se = eight days1 & w n let !m ent] ! kit*5 or ! c[h\se2 dur+ ?is "t ! unclean woman may n cook nor ev5 t\* ! cook+ vessels4 ,:5 ! eight days are ov]1 %e ba!s1 wa%es h] clo!s1 & returns to family life4#bad ,h9doo wom5 seclude !mselves at _! mon?ly p]iods & obs]ve a numb] ( rules1 su* z n to dr9k milk1 n to milk c[s1 n to t\* fire1 n to lie on a high b$1 n to walk on common pa?s1 n to cross ! track ( animals1 n to walk by ! side ( fl[]+ plants1 & n to obs]ve ! heav5ly bodies4#bae ,! motive = ^! re/rictions is n m5tion$1 b probably x is a dread ( ! baleful influ5ce :i* is suppos$ to emanate f wom5 at ^! times4 ,! ,p>sees1 :o rev]5ce fire1 w n suff] m5/ru\s wom5 to see x or ev5 to look on a light$ tap]2#baf dur+ _! infirmity ! wom5 retire f _! h\ses to little lodges 9 ! c\ntry1 :i!r victuals are br\ght to !m daily2 at ! end ( _! seclusion !y ba! & s5d a kid1 a f[l1 or a pigeon to ! prie/ z an (f]+4#bag ,9 ,annam a woman at h] mon?ly p]iods is deem$ a c5tre ( impurity1 & contact ) h] is avoid$4 ,%e is subject to all sorts ( re/rictions :i* %e mu/ obs]ve h]self & :i* o!rs mu/ obs]ve t[>ds h]4 ,%e may n t\* any food :i* is to be pres]v$ by salt+1 :e!r x be fi%1 fle%1 or vegetables2 = 7 %e to t\* x ! food w\ld putrefy4 ,%e may n ent] any sacr$ place1 %e may n be pres5t at any religi\s c]emony4 ,! l95 :i* %e we>s at su* times mu/ be wa%$ by h]self at sunrise1 nev] at night4 ,on rea*+ pub]ty girls may n t\* fl[]s or ! fruits ( c]ta9 trees1 = t\*$ by !m ! fl[]s w\ld fade & ! fruits fall to ! gr\nd4 ,x is on acc\nt ( _! reputation = impurity t ! wom5 g5]ally live isolat$4 ,9 e h\se !y h an ap>tm5t res]v$ = !m1 & !y nev] eat at ! same table z ! m54 ,= ! same reason !y are exclud$ f all religi\s c]emonies4 ,!y may only be pres5t at family c]emonies1 b )\t ev] (ficiat+ 9 !m4#bah ,dread & seclusion ( m5/ru\s wom5 among ! ,indians ( ,s\? & ,c5tral ,am]ica4 ,! ,guayquiries ( ! ,or9oco ?9k t :5 a woman has h] c\rses1 ev]y?+ ^u :i* %e /eps w die1 & t if a man treads on ! place :]e %e has pass$1 8 legs w imm$iately swell up4#bai ,among ! ,gu>aunos ( ! same great riv]1 wom5 at _! p]iods are reg>d$ z unclean & kept ap>t 9 special huts1 :]e all t !y ne$ is br\ght to !m4#bbj ,9 l mann] among ! ,piapocos1 an ,indian tribe on ! ,guayab]o1 a tribut>y ( ! ,or9oco1 a m5/ru\s woman is seclud$ f h] family e mon? = f\r or five days4 ,%e passes ! "t 9 a special hut1 :i!r h] husb& br+s h] food2 & at ! end ( ! "t %e takes a ba? & resumes h] usual occupations4#bba ,s among ! ,indians ( ! ,mosquito t]ritory 9 ,c5tral ,am]ica1 :5 a woman is 9 h] c\rses1 %e mu/ quit ! village = sev5 or eight days4 ,a small hut is built = h] 9 ! wood1 & at night "s ( ! village girls g & sleep ) h] to keep h] company4 ,or if ! nights are d>k & jagu>s are kn[n to be pr[l+ 9 ! neighb\rhood1 h] husb& w take 8 gun or b[ & sleep 9 a hammock ne> h]4 ,%e may nei!r h&le nor cook food2 all is prep>$ & c>ri$ to h]4 ,:5 ! sickness is ov]1 %e ba!s 9 ! riv]1 puts on clean clo!s1 & returns to h] h\sehold duties4#bbb ,among ! ,bri-bri ,indians ( ,co/a ,rica a girl at h] fir/ m5/ruation retires to a hut built = ! purpose 9 ! =e/1 & !re %e mu/ /ay till %e has be5 purifi$ by a m$ic9e-man1 :o brea!s on h] & places v>i\s objects1 su* z fea!rs1 ! beaks ( birds1 ! tee? ( bea/s1 & s =?1 ^u h] body4 ,a m>ri$ woman at h] p]iods rema9s 9 ! h\se ) h] husb&1 b %e is reckon$ unclean 7bukuru7 & mu/ avoid all intimate relations ) him4 ,%e uses = plates only banana leaves1 :i*1 :5 %e has done ) !m1 %e ?r[s away 9 a seque/]$ spot2 = %\ld a c[ f9d & eat !m1 ! animal w\ld wa/e away & p]i%4 ,also %e dr9ks only out ( a special vessel1 because any p]son :o %\ld aft]w>ds dr9k out ( ! same vessel w\ld infallibly p9e away & die4#bbc ,dread & seclusion ( m5/ru\s wom5 among ! ,indians ( ,nor? ,am]ica4 ,among mo/ tribes ( ,nor? ,am]ican ,indians ! cu/om 0 t wom5 9 _! c\rses retir$ f ! camp or ! village & liv$ dur+ ! "t ( _! uncleanness 9 special huts or %elt]s :i* 7 appropriat$ to _! use4 ,!re !y dwelt ap>t1 eat+ & sleep+ by !mselves1 w>m+ !mselves at _! own fires1 & /rictly ab/a9+ f all communications ) m51 :o %unn$ !m j z if !y 7 /rick5 ) ! plague4 ,no article ( furniture us$ 9 ^! m5/rual huts might be us$ 9 any o!r1 n ev5 ! fl9t & /eel ) :i* 9 ! old days ! fires 7 k9dl$4 ,no "o w\ld borr[ a light f a woman 9 h] seclusion4 ,if a :ite man 9 8 ignorance ask$ to light 8 pipe at h] fire1 %e w\ld refuse to grant ! reque/1 tell+ him t x w\ld make 8 nose ble$ & 8 head a*e1 & t he w\ld fall sick 9 consequ5ce4 ,if an ,indian's wood5 pipe crack$1 8 fri5ds w\ld ?9k t he _h ei!r lit x at "o ( ^! pollut$ fires or _h held "s conv]se ) a woman dur+ h] retirem5t1 :i* 0 e/eem$ a mo/ disgraceful & wick$ ?+ to d4 ,dec5t m5 w\ld n approa* )9 a c]ta9 di/ance ( a woman at su* times1 & if !y _h to convey any?+ to h] !y w\ld /& "s =ty or fifty paces (f & ?r[ x to h]4 ,ev]y?+ :i* 0 t\*$ by h] h&s dur+ ?is p]iod 0 deem$ c]emonially unclean4 ,inde$ h] t\* 0 ?\ght to convey su* pollution t if %e *anc$ to lay a f+] on a *ief's lodge or 8 gun or any?+ else belong+ to him1 x w\ld be in/antly de/roy$4 ,if %e cross$ ! pa? ( a hunt] or a w>rior1 8 luck = t day at lea/ w\ld be gone4 ,7 %e n ?us seclud$1 x 0 suppos$ t ! m5 w\ld be attack$ by diseases ( v>i\s k9ds1 :i* w\ld prove mortal4 ,9 "s tribes a woman :o infr+$ ! rules ( sep>ation might h to answ] ) h] life = any mis=tunes t might happ5 to individuals or to ! tribe 9 consequ5ce1 z x 0 suppos$1 ( h] crim9al neglig5ce4 ,:5 %e quitt$ h] t5t or hut to g into retirem5t1 ! fire 9 x 0 ext+ui%$ & ! a%es ?r[n away outside ( ! village1 & a new fire 0 k9dl$1 z if ! old "o _h be5 defil$ by h] pres5ce4 ,at ! end ( _! seclusion ! wom5 ba!d 9 runn+ /reams & return$ to _! usual occupations4#bbd ,dread & seclusion ( m5/ru\s wom5 among ! ,creek1 ,*octaw1 ,omaha1 & ,*ey5ne ,indians4 ,?us1 to take examples1 ! ,creek & k9dr$ ,indians ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates compell$ wom5 at m5/ruation to live 9 sep>ate huts at "s di/ance f ! village4 ,!re ! wom5 _h to /ay1 at ! risk ( be+ surpris$ & cut (f by enemies4 ,x 0 ?\ght a mo/ horrid & dang]\s pollution to g ne> ! wom5 at su* times2 & ! dang] ext5d$ to enemies :o1 if !y slew ! wom51 _h to cleanse !mselves f ! pollution by means ( c]ta9 sacr$ h]bs & roots4#bbe ,simil>ly1 ! ,*octaw wom5 _h to quit _! huts dur+ _! mon?ly p]iods1 & might n return till aft] !y _h be5 purifi$4 ,:ile _! uncleanness la/$ !y _h to prep>e _! own food4 ,! m5 believ$ t if !y 7 to approa* a m5/ru\s woman1 !y w\ld fall ill1 & t "s mi%ap w\ld ov]take !m :5 !y w5t to ! w>s4#bbf ,:5 an ,omaha woman has h] c\rses on h]1 %e retires f ! family to a little %elt] ( b>k or grass1 support$ by /icks1 :]e %e k9dles a fire & cooks h] victuals alone4 ,h] seclusion la/s f\r days4 ,dur+ ?is "t %e may n approa* or t\* a horse1 = ! ,indians believe t su* contam9ation w\ld impov]i% or weak5 ! animal4#bbg ,among ! ,potawatomis ! wom5 at _! mon?ly p]iods are n all[$ to associate ) ! re/ ( ! nation2 !y are completely laid aside1 & are n p]mitt$ to t\* any article ( furniture or food :i* ! m5 h occasion to use4 ,if ! ,indians be /ation>y at ! "t1 ! wom5 are plac$ outside ( ! camp2 if on a m>*1 !y are n all[$ to foll[ ! trail1 b mu/ take a diff]5t pa? & keep at a di/ance f ! ma9 body4#bbh ,among ! ,*ey5nes m5/ru\s wom5 slept 9 special lodges2 ! m5 believ$ t if !y slept ) _! wives at su* times1 !y w\ld probably be w\nd$ 9 _! next battle4 ,a man :o own$ a %ield _h v p>ticul>ly to be on 8 gu>d aga9/ wom5 9 _! c\rses4 ,he might n g into a lodge :]e "o ( !m happ5$ to be1 nor ev5 into a lodge :]e "o ( !m _h be51 until a c]emony ( purification _h be5 p]=m$4 ,sweet grass & junip] 7 burnt 9 ! t5t1 & ! pegs 7 pull$ up & ! cov]+ ?r[n back1 z if ! t5t 7 ab\t to be /ruck4 ,aft] ?is pret5ce ( decamp+ f ! pollut$ spot ! own] ( ! %ield might ent] ! t5t4#bbi ,dread & seclusion ( m5/ru\s wom5 among ! ,indians ( ,briti% ,columbia4 ,! ,/seelis ,indians ( ,briti% ,columbia imag9$ t if a m5/ru\s woman 7 to /ep ov] a bundle ( arr[s1 ! arr[s w\ld !reby be r5d]$ useless & might ev5 cause ! dea? ( _! own]2 & simil>ly t if %e pass$ 9 front ( a hunt] :o c>ri$ a gun1 ! weapon w\ld nev] %oot /raight aga94 ,nei!r h] husb& nor h] fa!r w\ld dream ( go+ out to hunt :ile %e 0 9 ?is /ate2 & ev5 if he _h wi%$ to d s1 ! o!r hunt]s w\ld n g ) him4 ,h5ce to keep !m out ( h>m's way1 ! wom51 bo? m>ri$ & unm>ri$1 7 seclud$ at ^! times = f\r days 9 %elt]s4#bcj ,among ! ,?ompson ,indians ( ,briti% ,columbia e woman _h to isolate h]self f ! re/ ( ! p dur+ e recurr+ p]iod ( m5/ruation1 & _h to live "s little way (f 9 a small bru% or b>k lodge made = ! purpose4 ,at ^! times %e 0 consid]$ unclean1 mu/ use cook+ & eat+ ut5sils ( h] own1 & 0 suppli$ ) food by "s o!r woman4 ,if %e smok$ out ( a pipe o!r ?an h] own1 t pipe w\ld ev] aft]w>ds be hot to smoke4 ,if %e cross$ 9 front ( a gun1 t gun w\ld !nce=? be useless = ! w> or ! *ase1 unless inde$ ! own] promptly wa%$ ! weapon 9 m$ec9e or /ruck ! woman ) x once on ea* pr9cipal "p ( h] body4 ,if a man ate or _h any int]c\rse ) a m5/ru\s woman1 nay if he m]ely wore clo!s or mocass9s made or pat*$ by h]1 he w\ld h bad luck 9 hunt+ & ! be>s w\ld attack him fi]cely4 ,be=e be+ admitt$ aga9 among ! p1 %e _h to *ange all h] clo!s & wa% sev]al times 9 cle> wat]4 ,! clo!s worn dur+ h] isolation 7 hung on a tree1 to be us$ next "t1 or to be wa%$4 ,= "o day aft] com+ back among ! p %e did n cook food4 ,7 a man to eat food cook$ by a woman at su* times1 he w\ld h incapacitat$ himself = hunt+ & expos$ himself to sickness or dea?4#bca ,dread & seclusion ( m5/ru\s wom5 among ! ,*ippeway ,indians4 ,among ! ,*ippeways & o!r ,indians ( ! ,hudson ,bay ,t]ritory1 m5/ru\s wom5 are exclud$ f ! camp1 & take up _! abode 9 huts ( bran*es4 ,!y we> long hoods1 :i* effectually conceal ! head & brea/4 ,!y may n t\* ! h\sehold furniture nor any objects us$ by m52 = _! t\* is suppos$ to defile !m1 s t _! subsequ5t use w\ld be foll[$ by c]ta9 mis*ief or mis=tune1 su* z disease or dea?4 ,!y mu/ dr9k out ( a swan's bone4 ,!y may n walk on ! common pa?s nor cross ! tracks ( animals4 ,!y are nev] p]mitt$ to walk on ! ice ( riv]s or lakes1 or ne> ! "p :]e ! m5 are hunt+ beav]1 or :]e a fi%+-net is set1 = fe> ( av]t+ _! success4 ,!y are also prohibit$ at ^? times f p>tak+ ( ! head ( any animal1 & ev5 f walk+ 9 or cross+ ! track :]e ! head ( a de]1 moose1 beav]1 & _m o!r animals h lately be5 c>ri$1 ei!r on a sl$ge or on ! back4 ,to be guilty ( a violation ( ?is cu/om is consid]$ z ( ! greate/ importance2 because !y firmly believe t x w\ld be a means ( prev5t+ ! hunt] f hav+ an equal success 9 8 future excursions4#bcb ,s ! ,lapps =bid wom5 at m5/ruation to walk on t "p ( ! %ore :]e ! fi%]s are 9 ! habit ( sett+ out _! fi%2#bcc & ! ,esquimaux ( ,b]+ ,/rait believe t if hunt]s 7 to come ne> wom5 9 _! c\rses !y w\ld cat* no game4#bcd ,dread & seclusion ( m5/ru\s wom5 among ! ,t9neh or ,dn ,indians2 cu/oms & beliefs ( ! ,c>ri] ,indians 9 reg>d to m5/ru\s wom54 ,b ! beliefs & sup]/itions ( ?is sort t prevail among ! we/]n tribes ( ! great ,dn or ,t9neh /ock1 to :i* ! ,*ippeways belong1 h be5 s well describ$ by an exp]i5c$ mission>y1 t ,i w give 8 description 9 8 own words4 ,prom95t among ! c]emonial rites ( ^! ,indians1 he says1 are ! obs]vances peculi> to ! fair sex1 & _m ( !m are rem>kably analog\s to ^? practis$ by ! ,hebrew wom51 s mu* s t1 7 x n sav\r+ ( pr(anity1 ! ord9ances ( ! ,dn ritual code might be t]m$ a new edition 'revis$ & consid]ably augm5t$' ( ! ,mosaic c]emonial law4 ,among ! ,c>ri]s1#bce z soon z a girl has exp]i5c$ ! fir/ fl[ ( ! m5ses :i* 9 ! female con/itution are a natural dis*>ge1 h] fa!r believ$ himself "u ! obligation ( aton+ = h] suppos$ly s9ful condition by a small impromptu di/ribution ( clo!s among ! natives4 ,?is p]iodical /ate ( wom5 0 consid]$ z "o ( legal impurity fateful bo? to ! man :o happ5$ to h any int]c\rse1 h[ev] indirect1 ) h]1 & to ! woman h]self :o fail$ 9 scrupul\sly obs]v+ all ! rites prescrib$ by anci5t usage = p]sons 9 h] condition4 ,seclusion ( ,c>ri] girls at pub]ty4 ,^u ent]+ into t /age ( h] life1 ! maid5 0 imm$iately seque/]$ f company1 ev5 t ( h] p>5ts1 & compell$ to dwell 9 a small bran* hut by h]self away f beat5 pa?s & ! gaze ( pass]s-by4 ,z %e 0 suppos$ to ex]cise malefic influ5ce on any man :o might inadv]t5tly glance at h]1 %e _h to we> a sort ( head-dress comb9+ 9 itself ! purposes ( a veil1 a bonnet1 & a mantlet4 ,x 0 made ( tann$ sk91 its =ep>t 0 %ap$ l a long fr+e completely hid+ f view ! face & brea/s2 !n x =m$ on ! head a close-fitt+ cap or bonnet1 & f9ally fell 9 a broad b& almo/ to ! heels4 ,?is head-dress 0 made & publicly plac$ on h] head by a pat]nal aunt1 :o receiv$ at once "s pres5t f ! girl's fa!r4 ,:51 ?ree or f\r ye>s lat]1 ! p]iod ( seque/ration ceas$1 only ?is same aunt _h ! "r to take (f h] niece's c]emonial head-dress4 ,fur!rmore1 ! girl's f+]s1 wri/s1 & legs at ! ankles & imm$iately bel[ ! knees1 7 encircl$ ) ornam5tal r+s & bracelets ( s9ew int5d$ z a protection aga9/ ! malign influ5ces %e 0 suppos$ to be possess$ )4#bcf ,to a belt gird+ h] wai/ 7 susp5d$ two bone implem5ts call$ respectively ,tso5kuz 7bone tube7 & ,tsiltsoet 7head scrat*]74 ,! =m] 0 a holl[$ swan bone to dr9k )1 any o!r mode ( dr9k+ be+ unlawful to h]4 ,! latt] 0 =k-l & 0 call$ into requisition :5ev] %e want$ to scrat* h] head--imm$iate contact ( ! f+]s ) ! head be+ reput$ injuri\s to h] heal?4 ,:ile ?us seclud$1 %e 0 call$ a/a1 t is 'int]r$ alive' 9 ,c>ri]1 & %e _h to submit to a rigor\s fa/ & ab/95ce4 ,h] only all[$ food consi/$ ( dri$ fi% boil$ 9 a small b>k vessel :i* nobody else mu/ t\*1 & %e _h to ab/a9 especially f meat ( any k9d1 z well z fre% fi%4 ,nor 0 ?is all %e _h to endure2 ev5 h] contact1 h[ev] remote1 ) ^! two articles ( diet 0 s dread$ t %e c\ld n cross ! public pa?s or trails1 or ! tracks ( animals4 ,:5ev] absolute necessity con/ra9$ h] to g beyond su* spots1 %e _h to be pack$ or c>ri$ ov] !m le/ %e %\ld contam9ate ! game or meat :i* _h pass$ t way1 or _h be5 br\ght ov] ^! pa?s2 & also = ! sake ( self-pres]vation aga9/ taboo$1 & consequ5tly to h]1 delet]i\s food4 ,9 ! same way %e 0 nev] all[$ to wade 9 /reams or lakes1 = fe> ( caus+ dea? to ! fi%4 ,x 0 also a prescription ( ! anci5t ritual code = females dur+ ?is prim>y condition to eat z little z possible1 & to rema9 ly+ d[n1 especially 9 c\rse ( ea* mon?ly fl[1 n only z a natural consequ5ce ( ! prolong$ fa/ & result+ weakness2 b *iefly z an exhibition ( a becom+ p5it5tial _s :i* 0 believ$ to be rew>d$ by long life & cont9ual good heal? 9 aft] ye>s4 ,seclusion ( ,c>ri] wom5 at _! mon?ly p]iods2 reasons = ! seclusion ( m5/ru\s wom5 among ! ,indians4 ,^! mortifications or seclusion did n la/ less ?an ?ree or f\r ye>s4 ,useless to say t dur+ all t "t m>riage c\ld n be ?\ght (1 s9ce ! girl c\ld n s mu* z be se5 by m54 ,:5 m>ri$1 ! same seque/ration 0 practis$ relatively to husb& & fell[-villag]s--)\t ! p>ticul> head-dress & r+s spok5 (--on ! occasion ( e recurr+ m5/ruation4 ,sometimes x 0 protract$ z long z t5 days at a "t1 especially dur+ ! fir/ ye>s ( cohabitation4 ,ev5 :5 %e return$ to h] mate1 %e 0 n p]mitt$ to sleep ) him on ! fir/ nor frequ5tly on ! second night1 b w\ld *oose a di/ant corn] ( ! lodge to spread h] blanket1 z if afraid to defile him ) h] dread uncleanness4#bcg ,else:]e ! same writ] tells u t mo/ ( ! devices to :i* ^! ,indians us$ to resort = ! sake ( ensur+ success 9 ! *ase 7 bas$ on _! reg>d = cont95ce & _! excessive repugnance =1 & dread (1 m5/ruat+ wom54#bch ,b ! /rict obs]vances impos$ on ,t9neh or ,dn wom5 at su* times 7 design$ at ! same "t to protect ! wom5 !mselves f ! evil consequ5ces ( _! dang]\s condition4 ,?us x 0 ?\ght t wom5 9 _! c\rses c\ld n p>take ( ! head1 he>t1 or h9d "p ( an animal t _h be5 caught 9 a sn>e )\t expos+ !mselves to a premature dea? ?r\gh a k9d ( rabies4 ,!y might n cut or c>ve salmon1 because to d s w\ld s]i\sly endang] _! heal?1 & especially w\ld enfeeble _! arms = life4 ,& !y _h to ab/a9 f cutt+ up ! grebes :i* are caught by ! ,c>ri]s 9 great numb]s e spr+1 because o!rwise ! blood ) :i* ^! f[ls ab\nd w\ld occasion haemorrhage or an unnaturally prolong$ flux 9 ! transgressor4#bci ,simil>ly ,indian wom5 ( ! ,?ompson tribe ab/a9$ f v5ison & ! fle% ( o!r l>ge game dur+ m5/ruation1 le/ ! animals %\ld be displeas$ & ! m5/rual fl[ increas$4#bdj ,= a simil> reason1 probably1 ,%uswap girls dur+ _! seclusion at pub]ty are =bidd5 to eat any?+ t ble$s4#bda ,! same pr9ciple may p]haps p>tly expla9 ! rule1 ( :i* we h _h "s examples1 t wom5 at su* times %\ld refra9 f fi% & fle%1 & re/rict !mselves to a vegetable diet4 ,simil> rules ( seclusion enjo9$ on m5/ru\s wom5 9 anci5t ,h9doo1 ,p]sian1 & ,hebrew codes4 ,! philosophic /ud5t ( human nature w obs]ve1 or le>n1 )\t surprise t ideas ?us deeply +ra9$ 9 ! savage m9d reappe> at a m advanc$ /age ( society 9 ^? elaborate codes :i* h be5 drawn up = ! guidance ( c]ta9 peoples by lawgiv]s :o claim to h d]iv$ ! rules !y inculcate f ! direct inspiration ( ! deity4 ,h[ev] we may expla9 x1 ! resemblance :i* exi/s betwe5 ! e>lie/ (ficial utt]ances ( ! deity & ! ideas ( savages is unque/ionably close & rem>kable2 :e!r x be1 z "s suppose1 t ,god commun$ face to face ) man 9 ^? e>ly days1 or1 z o!rs ma9ta91 t man mi/ook 8 wild & w&]+ ?\ghts = a revelation f heav54 ,be t z x may1 c]ta9 x is t ! natural uncleanness ( woman at h] mon?ly p]iods is a conception :i* has occurr$1 or be5 reveal$1 ) s+ul> unanimity to sev]al anci5t legislators4 ,! ,h9doo lawgiv] ,manu1 :o pr(ess$ to h receiv$ 8 in/itutes f ! creator ,brahman1 in=ms u t ! wisdom1 ! en]gy1 ! /r5g?1 ! sight1 & ! vitality ( a man :o approa*es a woman 9 h] c\rses w utt]ly p]i%2 :]eas1 if he avoids h]1 8 wisdom1 en]gy1 /r5g?1 sight1 & vitality w all increase4#bdb ,! ,p]sian lawgiv] ,zoroa/]1 :o1 if we c take 8 ^w = x1 d]iv$ 8 code f ! m\? ( ! supreme be+ ,ahura ,mazda1 devot$ special att5tion to ! subject4 ,accord+ to him1 ! m5/r\s fl[1 at lea/ 9 its abnormal manife/ations1 is a "w ( ,ahriman1 or ! devil4 ,!re=e1 s long z x la/s1 a woman is unclean & possess$ ( ! demon2 %e mu/ be kept conf9$1 ap>t f ! fai?ful :om h] t\* w\ld defile1 & f ! fire :i* h] v look w\ld injure2 %e is n all[$ to eat z mu* z %e wi%es1 z ! /r5g? %e might acquire w\ld accrue to ! fi5ds4 ,h] food is n giv5 h] f h& to h&1 b is pass$ to h] f a di/ance1 9 a long lead5 spoon4#bdc ,! ,hebrew lawgiv] ,moses1 ^: div9e legation is z little op5 to "q z t ( ,manu & ,zoroa/]1 treats ! subject at /ill great] l5g?2 b ,i mu/ leave to ! read] ! task ( comp>+ ! inspir$ ord9ances on ?is head ) ! m]ely human regulations ( ! ,c>ri] ,indians :i* !y s closely resemble4 ,sup]/itions z to m5/ru\s wom5 9 anci5t & mod]n ,europe4 ,among/ ! civiliz$ nations ( ,europe ! sup]/itions :i* clu/] r\nd ?is my/]i\s aspect ( woman's nature are n less extravagant ?an ^? :i* prevail among savages4 ,9 ! olde/ exi/+ cyclopa$ia--! ,natural ,hi/ory ( ,pl9y--! li/ ( dang]s appreh5d$ f m5/ruation is long] ?an any furni%$ by m]e b>b>ians4 ,accord+ to ,pl9y1 ! t\* ( a m5/ru\s woman turn$ w9e to v9eg>1 blight$ crops1 kill$ se$l+s1 bla/$ g>d5s1 br\ght d[n ! fruit f trees1 dimm$ mirrors1 blunt$ razors1 ru/$ iron & brass 7especially at ! wan+ ( ! moon71 kill$ bees1 or at lea/ drove !m f _! hives1 caus$ m>es to misc>ry1 & s =?4#bdd ,simil>ly1 9 v>i\s p>ts ( ,europe1 x is /ill believ$ t if a woman 9 h] c\rses ent]s a brew]y ! be] w turn s\r2 if %e t\*es be]1 w9e1 v9eg>1 or milk1 x w g bad2 if %e makes jam1 x w n keep2 if %e m\nts a m>e1 x w misc>ry2 if %e t\*es buds1 !y w )]2 if %e climbs a *]ry tree1 x w die4#bde ,9 ,brunswick p ?9k t if a m5/ru\s woman assi/s at ! kill+ ( a pig1 ! pork w putrefy4#bdf ,9 ! ,greek isl& ( ,calymnos a woman at su* times may n g to ! well to draw wat]1 nor cross a runn+ /ream1 nor ent] ! sea4 ,h] pres5ce 9 a boat is said to raise /orms4#bdg ,! int5tion ( seclud+ m5/ru\s wom5 is to neutralize ! dang]\s influ5ces :i* are ?\ght to emanate f !m 9 t condition2 susp5sion betwe5 heav5 & e>?4 ,?us ! object ( seclud+ wom5 at m5/ruation is to neutralize ! dang]\s influ5ces :i* are suppos$ to emanate f !m at su* times4 ,t ! dang] is believ$ to be especially great at ! fir/ m5/ruation appe>s f ! unusual precautions tak5 to isolate girls at ?is crisis4 ,two ( ^! precautions h be5 illu/rat$ above1 namely1 ! rules t ! girl may n t\* ! gr\nd nor see ! sun4 ,! g5]al effect ( ^! rules is to keep h] susp5d$1 s to say1 betwe5 heav5 & e>?4 ,:e!r envelop$ 9 h] hammock & slung up to ! ro(1 z 9 ,s\? ,am]ica1 or rais$ above ! gr\nd 9 a d>k & n>r[ cage1 z 9 ,new ,irel&1 %e may be consid]$ to be out ( ! way ( do+ mis*ief1 s9ce1 be+ %ut (f bo? f ! e>? & f ! sun1 %e c poison nei!r ( ^! great s\rces ( life by h] deadly contagion4 ,9 %ort1 %e is r5d]$ h>mless by be+1 9 electrical language1 insulat$4 ,b ! precautions ?us tak5 to isolate or insulate ! girl are dictat$ by a reg>d = h] own safety z well z = ! safety ( o!rs4 ,= x is ?\ght t %e h]self w\ld suff] if %e 7 to neglect ! prescrib$ regim54 ,?us ,zulu girls1 z we h se51 believe t !y w\ld %rivel to skeletons if ! sun 7 to %9e on !m at pub]ty1 & 9 "s ,brazilian tribes ! "y wom5 ?9k t a transgression ( ! rules w\ld entail sores on ! neck & ?roat4 ,9 %ort1 ! girl is view$ z *>g$ ) a p[]ful =ce :i*1 if n kept )9 b\nds1 may prove de/ructive bo? to h]self & to all ) :om %e comes 9 contact4 ,to repress ?is =ce )9 ! limits necess>y = ! safety ( all conc]n$ is ! object ( ! taboos 9 "q4 ,! same explanation applies to ! simil> rules ( seclusion obs]v$ by div9e k+s & prie/s2 susp5sion betwe5 heav5 & e>?4 ,! same explanation applies to ! obs]vance ( ! same rules by div9e k+s & prie/s4 ,! uncleanness1 z x is call$1 ( girls at pub]ty & ! sanctity ( holy m5 d n1 to ! primitive m9d1 diff] mat]ially f ea* o!r4 ,!y are only diff]5t manife/ations ( ! same my/]i\s en]gy :i*1 l en]gy 9 g5]al1 is 9 itself nei!r good nor bad1 b becomes b5efic5t or malefic5t accord+ to its application4#bdh ,accord+ly1 if1 l girls at pub]ty1 div9e p]sonages may nei!r t\* ! gr\nd nor see ! sun1 ! reason is1 on ! "o h&1 a fe> le/ _! div9ity might1 at contact ) e>? or heav51 dis*>ge itself ) fatal viol5ce on ei!r2 &1 on ! o!r h&1 an appreh5sion t ! div9e be+1 ?us dra9$ ( 8 e!real virtue1 might !reby be incapacitat$ = ! future p]=mance ( ^? magical functions1 ^u ! prop] dis*>ge ( :i* ! safety ( ! p & ev5 ( ! _w is believ$ to hang4 ,?us ! rules 9 "q fall "u ! head ( ! taboos :i* we exam9$ 9 ! second "p ( ?is "w2#bdi !y are int5d$ to pres]ve ! life ( ! div9e p]son & ) x ! life ( 8 subjects & wor%ipp]s4 ,n[h]e1 x is ?\ght1 c 8 preci\s yet dang]\s life be at once s safe & s h>mless z :5 x is nei!r 9 heav5 nor 9 e>?1 b1 z f> z possible1 susp5d$ betwe5 ! two4#bej ,/ories ( immortality atta9$ by susp5sion betwe5 heav5 & e>?4 ,9 leg5ds & folk-tales1 :i* reflect ! ideas ( e>li] ages1 we f9d ?is susp5sion betwe5 heav5 & e>? attribut$ to be+s :o h be5 end[$ ) ! covet$ yet burd5some gift ( immortality4 ,! wiz5$ rema9s ( ! dea?less ,sibyl are said to h be5 pres]v$ 9 a j> or urn :i* hung 9 a temple ( ,apollo at ,cumae2 & :5 a gr\p ( m]ry *ildr51 tir$1 p]haps1 ( play+ 9 ! sunny /reets1 s\ght ! %ade ( ! temple & amus$ !mselves by ga!r+ und]nea? ! famili> j> & call+ out1 ,sibyl1 :at d y wi%8 a holl[ voice1 l an e*o1 us$ to answ] f ! urn1 ,i wi% to die4#bea ,a /ory1 tak5 d[n f ! lips ( a ,g]man peasant at ,?omsdorf1 relates t once ^u a "t !re 0 a girl 9 ,london :o wi%$ to live = ev]1 s !y say3 ,london1 ,london is a f9e t[n4 ,a maid5 pray$ to live = ev]4 ,& /ill %e lives & hangs 9 a basket 9 a *ur*1 & e ,/4 ,john's ,day1 ab\t ! h\r ( noon1 %e eats a roll ( bread4#beb ,ano!r ,g]man /ory tells ( a lady :o resid$ at ,danzig & 0 s ri* & s ble/ ) all t life c give t %e wi%$ to live always4 ,s :5 %e came to h] latt] end1 %e did n really die b only look$ l dead1 & v soon !y f\nd h] 9 a holl[ ( a pill> 9 ! *ur*1 half /&+ & half sitt+1 motionless4 ,%e /irr$ nev] a limb1 b !y saw q pla9ly t %e 0 alive1 & %e sits !re d[n to ?is bless$ day4 ,e ,new ,ye>'s ,day ! sacri/an comes & puts a morsel ( ! holy bread 9 h] m\?1 & t is all %e has to live on4 ,long1 long has %e ru$ h] fatal wi% :o set ?is transi5t life above ! et]nal joys ( heav54#bec ,a ?ird ,g]man /ory tells ( a noble damsel :o *]i%$ ! same fooli% wi% = immortality4 ,s !y put h] 9 a basket & hung h] up 9 a *ur*1 & !re %e hangs & nev] dies1 ?\gh _m a ye> has come & gone s9ce !y put h] !re4 ,b e ye> on a c]ta9 day !y give h] a roll1 & %e eats x & cries out1 ,= ev]6 = ev]6 = ev]6 ,& :5 %e has s cri$ %e falls sil5t aga9 till ! same "t next ye>1 & s x w g on = ev] & = ev]4#bed ,a f\r? /ory1 tak5 d[n ne> ,old5burg 9 ,hol/e91 tells ( a jolly dame t ate & drank & liv$ "r m]rily & _h all t he>t c\ld desire1 & %e wi%$ to live always4 ,= ! fir/ hundr$ ye>s all w5t well1 b aft] t %e began to %r9k & %rivel up1 till at la/ %e c\ld nei!r walk nor /& nor eat nor dr9k4 ,b die %e c\ld n4 ,at fir/ !y f$ h] z if %e 7 a little *ild1 b :5 %e grew small] & small] !y put h] 9 a glass bottle & hung h] up 9 ! *ur*4 ,& !re %e /ill hangs1 9 ! *ur* ( ,/4 ,m>y1 at ,lbeck4 ,%e is z small z a m\se1 b once a ye> %e /irs4#bee ,notes3 #fd ,pe*uel-,loes*e1 ,indiscretes aus ,loango1 ,zeits*rift fr ,e?nologie1 x4 7#ahgh7 p4 #bc4 #fe ,rev4 ,j4 ,macdonald1 ,mann]s1 ,cu/oms1 ,sup]/itions1 & ,religions ( ,s\? ,african ,tribes1 ,j\rnal ( ! ,an?ropological ,in/itute1 xx4 7#ahia7 p4 #aah4 #ff ,dudley ,kidd1 ,! ,ess5tial ,kafir 7,london1 #aijd71 p4 #bji4 ,! prohibition to dr9k milk "u su* circum/ances is also m5tion$1 ?\gh )\t ! reason = x1 by ,l4 ,alb]ti 7,de ,kaff]saan de ,zuidku/ van ,afrika1 ,am/]dam1 #ahaj1 p4 #gi71 ,george ,?ompson 7,travels & ,adv5tures 9 ,s\!rn ,africa1 ,london1 #ahbg1 ii4 #ced sq471 & ,mr4 ,w>n] 79 ,col4 ,maclean's ,comp5dium ( ,kafir ,laws & ,cu/oms2 ,cape ,t[n1 #ahff1 p4 #ih74 ,z to ! reason = ! prohibition1 see bel[1 p4 #hj4 #fg ,c4,w4 ,hobley1 ,e?nology ( ,a-,kamba & o!r ,ea/ ,african ,tribes 7,cambridge1 #aiaj71 p4 #fe4 #fh ,rev4 ,j4 ,roscoe1 ,! ,bag&a 7,london1 #aiaa71 p4 #hj4 ,z to ! int]pretation :i* ! ,bag&a put on ! act ( jump+ or /epp+ ov] a woman1 see id41 pp4 #dh1 #ceg note #a4 ,app>5tly "s ( ! ,l[] ,congo p int]pret ! act simil>ly4 ,see ,j4,h4 ,weeks1 ,notes on "s ,cu/oms ( ! ,l[] ,congo ,p1 ,folk-lore1 xix4 7#aijh7 p4 #dca4 ,among ! ,bag&a ! sep>ation ( *ildr5 f _! p>5ts took place aft] wean+2 girls usually w5t to live ei!r ) an eld] m>ri$ bro!r or 7if !re 0 none su*7 ) "o ( _! fa!r's bro!rs2 boys 9 l mann] w5t to live ) "o ( _! fa!r's bro!rs4 ,see ,j4 ,roscoe1 op4 cit4 p4 #gd4 ,z to ! prohibition to t\* food ) ! h&s1 see ,taboo & ! ,p]ils ( ! ,s\l1 pp4 #ach sqq41 #adf sqq41 etc4 #fi ,rev4 ,j4 ,roscoe1 ,! ,bag&a1 p4 #hj4 #gj ,de la ,l\b]e1 ,du royaume de ,siam 7,am/]dam1 #afia71 i4 #bjc4 ,9 ,travancore x is believ$ t wom5 at pub]ty & aft] *ildbir? are peculi>ly liable to be attack$ by demons4 ,see ,s4 ,mate]1 ,! ,l& ( ,*>ity 7,london1 #ahga71 p4 #bjh4 #ga ,rev4 ,j4 ,roscoe1 ,! ,bag&a1 p4 #hj4 #gb ,c4 ,g\ldsbury & ,h4 ,%eane1 ,! ,great ,plateau ( ,nor!rn ,nig]ia 7,london1 #aiaa71 pp4 #aeh-afj4 #gc ,r4 ,su!rl& ,rattray1 ,"s ,folk-lore1 ,/ories & ,songs 9 ,*9yanja 7,london1 #aijg71 pp4 #ajb-aje4 #gd ,rev4 ,h4 ,cole1 ,notes on ! ,wagogo ( ,g]man ,ea/ ,africa1 ,j\rnal ( ! ,an?ropological ,in/itute1 xxxii4 7#aijb7 pp4 #cji sq4 #ge ,r4 ,su!rl& ,rattray1 op4 cit4 pp4 #aia sq4 #gf ,! ,grihya ,sutras1 translat$ by ,h4 ,old5b]g1 ,"p i4 p4 #ceg1 ,"p ii4 p4 #bfg 7,sacr$ ,books ( ! ,ea/1 vols4 xxix41 xxx474 #gg ,rev4 ,j4 ,roscoe1 ,! ,bag&a 7,london1 #aiaa71 pp4 #cic sq41 comp>e pp4 #cif1 #cih4 #gh ,see ,totemism & ,exogamy1 iv4 #bbd sqq4 #gi ,sir ,h>ry ,h4 ,john/on1 ,briti% ,c5tral ,africa 7,london1 #ahig71 p4 #daa4 #hj ,osc> ,baumann1 ,dur* ,massail& zur ,nilquelle 7,b]l91 #ahid71 p4 #agh4 #ha ,lionel ,decle1 ,?ree ,ye>s 9 ,savage ,africa 7,london1 #ahih71 p4 #gh4 ,comp>e ,e4 ,jacottet1 tudes sur les ,langues du ,haut-,zambze1 ,troisime ,p>tie 7,p>is1 #aija71 pp4 #agd sq4 7z to ! ,a-,l\yi74 #hb ,e4 ,bgu91 ,les ,ma-rots 7,lausanne & ,fonta9es1 #aijc71 p4 #aac4 #hc ,h5ri ,a4 ,junod1 ,! ,life ( a ,s\? ,african ,tribe 7,neu*atel1 #aiab-aiac71 i4 #agh sq4 #hd ,g4 ,mc,call ,!al1 ,kaffir ,folk-lore 7,london1 #ahhf71 p4 #bah4 #he ,l4 ,alb]ti1 ,de ,kaff]s aan de ,zuidku/ van ,afrika 7,am/]dam1 #ahaj71 pp4 #gi sq42 ,h4 ,li*t5/e91 ,reis5 im sdli*5 ,africa 7,b]l91 #ahaa-ahab71 i4 #dbh4 #hf ,gu/av ,frits*1 ,die ,e+ebor55 ,sd-,afrika's 7,breslau1 #ahgb71 p4 #aab4 ,?is /atem5t applies especially to ! ,ama-,xosa4 #hg ,g4 ,mc,call ,!al1 ,kaffir ,folk-lore1 p4 #bah4 #hh ,rev4 ,canon ,h5ry ,callaway1 ,nurs]y ,tales1 ,traditions1 & ,hi/ories ( ! ,zulus 7,natal & ,london1 #ahfh71 p4 #ahb1 note #bj4 ,f "o ( ! ,zulu texts :i* ! au?or edits & translates 7p4 #ahi7 we may inf] t dur+ ! p]iod ( h] seclusion a ,zulu girl may n light a fire4 ,comp>e above1 p4 #bh4 #hi ,e4 ,casalis1 ,! ,basutos 7,london1 #ahfa71 p4 #bfh4 #ij ,j4 ,m]olla1 ,voyage to ,congo1 9 ,j4 ,p9k]ton's ,voyages & ,travels 7,london1 #ahjh-ahad71 xvi4 #bch2 ,fa!r ,campana1 ,congo2 ,mission ,ca?olique de ,l&ana1 ,les ,missions ,ca?oliques1 xxvii4 7#ahie7 p4 #afa2 ,r4,e4 ,d5nett1 ,at ! ,back ( ! ,black ,man's ,m9d 7,london1 #aijf71 pp4 #fi sq44 ,accord+ to ,m]olla1 x is ?\ght t if girls did n g ?r\gh ^! c]emonies1 !y w\ld nev] be fit = procreation4 ,! o!r consequ5ces suppos$ to fl[ f ! omission ( ! rites are m5tion$ by ,fa!r ,campana4 ,f ,mr4 ,d5nett's acc\nt 7op4 cit4 pp4 #ec1 #fg-ga7 we ga!r t dr\ght & fam9e are ?\ght to result f ! int]c\rse ( a man ) a girl :o has n yet pass$ ?r\gh ! pa9t-h\se1 z ! hut is call$ :]e ! "y wom5 live 9 seclusion4 ,accord+ to ,o4 ,dapp]1 ! wom5 ( ,loango pa9t !mselves r$ on e recurr5ce ( _! mon?ly sickness2 also !y tie a cord tightly r\nd _! heads & take c>e nei!r to t\* _! husb&'s food nor to appe> be=e him 7,description de l',afrique1 ,am/]dam1 #afhf1 p4 #cbf74 #ia ,! ,rev4 ,g4 ,br[n1 quot$ by ! ,rev4 ,b4 ,danks1 ,m>riage ,cu/oms ( ! ,new ,brita9 ,gr\p1 ,j\rnal ( ! ,an?ropological ,in/itute1 xviii4 7#ahhi7 pp4 #bhd4 sq42 id41 ,melanesians & ,polynesians 7,london1 #aiaj71 pp4 #aje-ajg4 ,comp>e id41 ,notes on ! ,duke ( ,york ,gr\p1 ,new ,brita91 & ,new ,irel&1 ,j\rnal ( ! ,royal ,geographical ,society1 xlvii4 7#ahgg7 pp4 #adb sq42 ,a4 ,hahl1 ,das mittl]e ,neumeckl5burg1 ,globus1 xci4 7#aijg7 p4 #cac4 ,wilfr$ ,p[ell's description ( ! ,new ,irel& cu/om is simil> 7,w&]+s 9 a ,wild ,c\ntry1 ,london1 #ahhc1 p4 #bdi74 ,accord+ to him1 ! girls we> wrea?s ( sc5t$ h]bs r\nd ! wai/ & neck2 an old woman or a little *ild occupies ! l[] floor ( ! cage2 & ! conf9em5t la/s only a mon?4 ,probably ! long p]iod m5tion$ by ,dr4 ,br[n is t prescrib$ = *iefs' daught]s4 ,poor p c\ld n af=d to keep _! *ildr5 s long idle4 ,?is di/9ction is sometimes expressly /at$4 ,see above1 p4 #cj4 ,among ! ,goajiras ( ,colombia ri* p keep _! daught]s %ut up 9 sep>ate huts at pub]ty = p]iods v>y+ f "o to f\r ye>s1 b poor p _c af=d to d s = m ?an a =tnight or a mon?4 ,see ,f4,a4 ,simons1 ,an ,exploration ( ! ,goajira ,p59sula1 ,proce$+s ( ! ,royal ,geographical ,society1 ,n4,s41 vii4 7#ahhe7 p4 #gia4 ,9 ,fiji1 brides :o 7 be+ tattoo$ 7 kept f ! sun 7,?omas ,williams1 ,fiji & ! ,fijians1 ,second ,edition1 ,london1 #ahfj1 i4 #agj74 ,?is 0 p]haps a modification ( ! ,melanesian cu/om ( seclud+ girls at pub]ty4 ,! reason m5tion$ by ,mr4 ,williams1 to improve h] complexion1 c h>dly h be5 ! orig9al "o4 #ib ,rev4 ,r4,h4 ,rick>d1 quot$ by ,dr4 ,george ,br[n1 ,melanesians & ,polynesians1 pp4 #ajg sq44 ,8 obs]vations 7 made 9 #ahib4 #ic ,r4 ,p>k9son1 ,dreissig ,jahre 9 d] ,sdsee 7,/uttg>t1 #aijg71 p4 #bgb4 ,! natives told ,mr4 ,p>k9son t ! conf9em5t ( ! girls la/s f twelve to tw5ty mon?s4 ,! l5g? ( x may h be5 r$uc$ s9ce ,dr4 ,george ,br[n describ$ ! cu/om 9 #ahgf4 #id ,j4 ,*alm]s & ,w4 ,wyatt ,gill1 ,"w & ,adv5ture 9 ,new ,gu9ea 7,london1 #ahhe71 p4 #aei4 #ie ,h4 ,zahn & ,s4 ,lehn]1 9 ,r4 ,neuhauss's ,deuts* ,new-,gu9ea 7,b]l91 #aiaa71 iii4 #bih1 #dah-dbj4 ,! cu/oms ( ! two tribes seem to be 9 sub/antial agreem5t1 & ! acc\nts ( !m supplem5t ea* o!r4 ,! description ( ! ,bukaua practice is ! full]4 #if ,c4,a4,l4,m4 ,s*wan]1 ,borneo1 ,bes*rijv+ van het /roomgebi$ van d5 ,b>ito 7,am/]dam1 #ahec-ahed71 ii4 #gg sq42 ,w4,f4,a4 ,zimm]mann1 ,die ,inseln des ,indis*5 und ,/ill5 ,me]es 7,b]l91 #ahfd-ahfe71 ii4 #fcb sq42 ,otto ,f9s*1 ,neu ,gu9ea und se9e ,bewohn] 7,brem51 #ahfe71 pp4 #aaf sq44 #ig ,j4,g4,f4 ,ri$el1 ,de sluik--en kroe%>ige rass5 tuss*5 ,selebes en ,papua 7,! ,hague1 #ahhf71 p4 #ach4 #ih ,a4 ,s5fft1 ,e?nographis*e ,beitrge b] die ,k>ol959sel ,yap1 ,pet]manns ,mitteilung51 xlix4 7#aijc7 p4 #ec2 id41 ,die ,re*tssitt5 d] ,jap-,e+ebor551 ,globus1 xci4 7#aijg7 pp4 #adb sq44 #ii ,dr4 ,c4,g4 ,seligmann1 9 ,j\rnal ( ! ,an?ropological ,in/itute1 xxix4 7#ahii7 pp4 #bab sq42 id41 9 ,reports ( ! ,cambridge ,an?ropological ,exp$ition to ,torres ,/raits1 v4 7,cambridge1 #aijd7 pp4 #bjc sq4 #ajj ,dr4 ,c4,g4 ,seligmann1 9 ,reports ( ! ,cambridge ,exp$ition to ,torres ,/raits1 v4 7,cambridge1 #aijd7 p4 #bje4 #aja ,l4 ,crau=d1 9 ,j\rnal ( ! ,an?ropological ,in/itute1 xxiv4 7#ahie7 p4 #aha4 #ajb ,dr4 ,c4,g4 ,seligmann1 op4 cit4 v4 #bjf4 #ajc ,walt] ,e4 ,ro?1 ,nor? ,que5sl& ,e?nography1 ,bullet9 ,no4 #e1 ,sup]/ition1 ,magic1 & ,m$ic9e 7,brisbane1 #aijc71 pp4 #bd sq4 #ajd ,walt] ,e4 ,ro?1 op4 cit4 p4 #be4 #aje ,dr4 ,c4,g4 ,seligmann1 9 ,reports ( ! ,cambridge ,an?ropological ,exp$ition to ,torres ,/raits1 v4 7,cambridge1 #aijd71 p4 #bje4 #ajf ,f notes k9dly s5t me by ,dr4 ,c4,g4 ,seligmann4 ,! practice ( bury+ a girl at pub]ty 0 obs]v$ also by "s ,indian tribes ( ,cali=nia1 b app>5tly r = ! purpose ( produc+ a sweat ?an = ! sake ( concealm5t4 ,! treatm5t la/$ only tw5ty-f\r h\rs1 dur+ :i* ! pati5t 0 remov$ f ! gr\nd & wa%$ ?ree or f\r times1 to be aft]w>ds reimb$d$4 ,danc+ 0 kept up ! :ole "t by ! wom54 ,see ,h4 ,r4 ,s*oolcraft1 ,indian ,tribes ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates 7,philadelphia1 #ahec-ahef71 v4 #bae4 #ajg ,dr4 ,c4,g4 ,seligmann1 9 ,reports ( ! ,cambridge ,an?ropological ,exp$ition to ,torres ,/raits1 v4 #bja sq4 #ajh ,a4,l4 ,kroeb]1 ,! ,religion ( ! ,indians ( ,cali=nia1 ,univ]sity ( ,cali=nia ,publications 9 ,am]ican ,ar*aeology & ,e?nology1 vol4 iv4 ,no4 #f 7,septemb]1 #aijg71 p4 #cbd4 #aji ,rol& ,b4 ,dixon1 ,! ,nor!rn ,maidu1 ,bullet9 ( ! ,am]ican ,museum ( ,natural ,hi/ory1 vol4 xvii4 ,"p iii4 7,may #aije7 pp4 #bcb sq41 comp>e pp4 #bcc-bch4 #aaj ,/eph5 ,p[]s1 ,tribes ( ,cali=nia 7,wa%+ton1 #ahgg71 p4 #he 7,contributions to ,nor? ,am]ican ,e?nology1 vol4 iii474 #aaa ,/eph5 ,p[]s1 op4 cit4 p4 #bce4 #aab ,*>les ,wilkes1 ,n>rative ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates ,explor+ ,exp$ition1 ,new ,edition 7,new ,york1 #ahea71 iv4 #def4 #aac ,franz ,boas1 ,*9ook ,texts 7,wa%+ton1 #ahid71 pp4 #bdf sq4 ,! acc\nt1 tak5 d[n f ! lips ( a ,*9ook ,indian1 is n p]fectly cle>2 "s ( ! re/rictions 7 prolong$ aft] ! girl's second mon?ly p]iod4 #aad ,g4,m4 ,sproat1 ,sc5es & ,/udies ( ,savage ,life 7,london1 #ahfh71 pp4 #ic sq4 #aae ,franz ,boas1 9 ,six? ,report on ! ,nor?-,we/]n ,tribes ( ,canada1 pp4 #dj-db 7sep>ate repr9t f ! ,report ( ! ,briti% ,association = ! ,advancem5t ( ,sci5ce1 ,le$s meet+1 #ahij74 ,! rule n to lie d[n is obs]v$ also dur+ _! seclusion at pub]ty by ,tsim%ian girls1 :o always sit propp$ up betwe5 boxes & mats2 _! heads are cov]$ ) small mats1 & !y may n look at m5 nor at fre% salmon & ola*54 ,see ,franz ,boas1 9 ,fif? ,report on ! ,nor?-,we/]n ,tribes ( ,canada1 p4 #da 7sep>ate repr9t f ! ,report ( ! ,briti% ,association = ! ,advancem5t ( ,sci5ce1 ,newca/le-^u-,tyne meet+1 #ahhi72 ,g4,m4 ,dawson1 ,report on ! ,que5 ,*>lotte ,isl&s1 #ahgh 7,montreal1 #ahhj71 pp4 #acj ,b sq4 ,"s div9e k+s are n all[$ to lie d[n4 ,see ,taboo & ! ,p]ils ( ! ,s\l1 p4 #e4 #aaf ,george ,m4 ,dawson1 ,report on ! ,que5 ,*>lotte ,isl&s1 #ahgh 7,montreal1 #ahhj71 p4 #acj ,b2 ,j4,r4 ,swanton1 ,contributions to ! ,e?nology ( ! ,haida 7,leyd5 & ,new ,york1 #aije71 pp4 #dh-ej 7,! ,jesup ,nor? ,pacific ,exp$ition1 ,memoir ( ! ,am]ican ,museum ( ,natural ,hi/ory1 ,new ,york74 ,speak+ ( ! cu/oms obs]v$ at ,kloo1 :]e ! girls _h to ab/a9 f salmon = five ye>s1 ,mr4 ,swanton says 7p4 #di73 ,:5 five ye>s _h pass$1 ! girl came out1 & c\ld d z %e pleas$4 ,?is seems to imply t ! girl 0 seclud$ 9 ! h\se = five ye>s4 ,we h se5 7above1 p4 #cb7 t 9 ,new ,irel& ! girls us$ sometimes to be seclud$ = ! same p]iod4 #aag ,g4,h4 von ,langsdorff1 ,reise um die ,welt 7,frank=t1 #ahab71 ii4 #aad sq42 ,h4,j4 ,holmb]g1 ,e?nographis*e ,skizz5 b] die ,vlk] des ,russis*5 ,am]ika1 ,acta ,societatis ,sci5ti>um ,f5nicae1 iv4 7,hels+=s1 #ahef7 pp4 #cai sq42 ,t4 de ,pauly1 ,description ,e?nographique des ,peuples de la ,russie 7,/4 ,pet]sburg1 #ahfb71 ,peuples de l',amrique ,russe1 p4 #ac2 ,a4 ,erman1 ,e?nographis*e ,wahrnehmung5 und ,erfahrung5 an d5 ,k/5 des ,b]+s-,me]es1 ,zeits*rift fr ,e?nologie1 ii4 7#ahgj7 pp4 #cah sq42 ,h4,h4 ,bancr(t1 ,native ,races ( ! ,pacific ,/ates 7,london1 #ahge-ahgf71 i4 #aaj sq42 ,rev4 ,%eldon ,jackson1 ,alaska & its ,inhabitants1 ,! ,am]ican ,antiqu>ian1 ii4 7,*icago1 #ahgi-ahhj7 pp4 #aaa sq42 ,a4 ,woldt1 ,capta9 ,jacobs5's ,reise an d] ,nordwe/kii/e ,am]icas1 #ahha-ahhc 7,leipsic1 #ahhd71 p4 #cic2 ,aurel ,krause1 ,die ,tl9kit-,indian] 7,j5a1 #ahhe71 pp4 #bag sq42 ,w4,m4 ,grant1 9 ,j\rnal ( ,am]ican ,folk-lore1 i4 7#ahhh7 p4 #afi2 ,john ,r4 ,swanton1 ,social ,conditions1 ,beliefs1 & ,l+ui/ic ,relation%ip ( ! ,tl+it ,indians1 ,tw5ty-six? ,annual ,report ( ! ,bureau ( ,am]ican ,e?nology 7,wa%+ton1 #aijh71 p4 #dbh4 #aah ,franz ,boas1 9 ,t5? ,report ( ! ,committee on ! ,nor?-,we/]n ,tribes ( ,canada1 p4 #de 7sep>ate repr9t f ! ,report ( ! ,briti% ,association = ! ,advancem5t ( ,sci5ce1 ,ipswi* meet+1 #ahie74 #aai ,franz ,boas1 9 ,fif? ,report ( ! ,committee on ! ,nor?-,we/]n ,tribes ( ,canada1 p4 #db 7sep>ate repr9t f ! ,report ( ! ,briti% ,association = ! ,advancem5t ( ,sci5ce1 ,newca/le-^u-,tyne meet+1 #ahhi72 id41 9 ,sev5? ,report1 etc41 p4 #ab 7sep>ate repr9t f ! ,report ( ! ,briti% ,association = ! ,advancem5t ( ,sci5ce1 ,c>diff meet+1 #ahia74 #abj ,cu/oms ( ! ,new ,cal$onian wom5 belong+ to ! ,nancau%y ,t9e1 or ,/u>t's ,lake ,indians1 ,natot9 ,t9e1 or ,bab9e's & ,nantley ,t9e1 or ,fras] ,lake ,tribes1 f in=mation suppli$ by ,gav9 ,hamilton1 *ief factor ( ! ,hudson's ,bay ,company's s]vice1 :o has be5 = _m ye>s among ^! ,indians1 bo? he & 8 wife speak+ _! languages flu5tly 7communicat$ by ,dr4 ,john ,rae71 ,j\rnal ( ! ,an?ropological ,in/itute1 vii4 7#ahgh7 pp4 #bjf sq4 #aba mile ,petitot1 ,traditions ,indi5nes du ,canada ,nord-oue/ 7,p>is1 #ahhf71 pp4 #beg sq4 #abb ,fr4 ,julius ,jett1 ,s4,j41 ,on ! ,sup]/itions ( ! ,t5'a ,indians1 ,an?ropos1 vi4 7#aiaa7 pp4 #gjj-gjb4 #abc ,comp>e ,! ,magic ,art & ! ,evolution ( ,k+s1 i4 #gj sqq4 #abd ,james ,teit1 ,! ,?ompson ,indians ( ,briti% ,columbia1 pp4 #caa-cag 7,! ,jesup ,nor? ,pacific ,exp$ition1 ,memoir ( ! ,am]ican ,museum ( ,natural ,hi/ory1 ,new ,york1 ,april1 #aijj74 ,z to ! cu/oms obs]v$ among ^! ,indians by ! fa!r ( a girl at su* times 9 ord] n to lose 8 luck 9 hunt+1 see ,spirits ( ! ,corn & ( ! ,wild1 ii4 #bfh4 #abe ,james ,teit1 ,! ,lillooet ,indians 7,leyd5 & ,new ,york1 #aijf71 pp4 #bfc-bfe 7,! ,jesup ,nor? ,pacific ,exp$ition1 ,memoir ( ! ,am]ican ,museum ( ,natural ,hi/ory1 ,new ,york74 ,comp>e ,c4 ,hill ,t\t1 ,report on ! ,e?nology ( ! ,/latlumh ( ,briti% ,columbia1 ,j\rnal ( ! ,an?ropological ,in/itute1 xxxv4 7#aije7 p4 #acf4 #abf ,franz ,boas1 9 ,six? ,report ( ! ,committee on ! ,nor?-,we/]n ,tribes ( ,canada1 pp4 #hi sq4 7sep>ate repr9t f ! ,report ( ! ,briti% ,association = ! ,advancem5t ( ,sci5ce1 ,le$s meet+1 #ahij74 #abg ,james ,teit1 ,! ,%uswap 7,leyd5 & ,new ,york1 #aiji71 pp4 #ehg sq4 7,! ,jesup ,nor? ,pacific ,exp$ition1 ,memoir ( ! ,am]ican ,museum ( ,natural ,hi/ory1 ,new ,york74 #abh ,g4,h4 ,loskiel1 ,hi/ory ( ! ,mission ( ! ,unit$ ,bre?r5 among ! ,indians ( ,nor? ,am]ica 7,london1 #agid71 ,"p i4 pp4 #ef sq4 #abi ,g4,b4 ,gr9nell1 ,*ey5ne ,woman ,cu/oms1 ,am]ican ,an?ropologi/1 ,new ,s]ies1 iv4 7,new ,york1 #aijb7 pp4 #ac sq4 ,! ,*ey5nes appe> to h be5 at fir/ settl$ on ! ,mississippi1 f :i* !y 7 driv5 we/w>d to ! ,miss\ri4 ,see ,h&book ( ,am]ican ,indians nor? ( ,mexico1 edit$ by ,f4,w4 ,hodge 7,wa%+ton1 #aijg-aiaj71 i4 #bej sqq4 #acj ,h4,j4 ,holmb]g1 ,ueb] die ,vlk] des ,russis*5 ,am]ika1 ,acta ,societatis ,sci5ti>um ,f5nicae1 iv4 7,hels+=s1 #ahef7 pp4 #dja sq42 ,ivan ,petr(f1 ,report on ! ,population1 ,indu/ries & ,res\rces ( ,alaska1 p4 #adc4 #aca ,e4,w4 ,nelson1 ,! ,eskimo ab\t ,b]+ ,/rait1 ,eighte5? ,annual ,report ( ! ,bureau ( ,am]ican ,e?nology1 ,"p i4 7,wa%+ton1 #ahii7 p4 #bia4 #acb ,jose ,guev>a1 ,hi/oria del ,p>aguay1 ,rio de la ,plata1 y ,tucuman1 pp4 #af sq41 9 ,p$ro de ,angelis1 ,coleccion de ,obras y ,docum5tos relativos a la ,hi/oria antigua y mod]na de las ,prov9cias del ,rio de la ,plata1 vol4 ii4 7,bu5os-,ayres1 #ahcf72 ,j4,f4 ,lafitau1 ,moeurs des ,sauvages ,am]iqua9s 7,p>is1 #agbd71 i4 #bfb sq4 #acc ,fa!r ,ignace ,*om1 9 ,lettres difiantes et ,curieuses1 ,n\velle ,edition 7,p>is1 #aghj-aghc71 viii4 #ccc4 ,z to ! ,*iriguanos1 see ,c4,f4 ,phil4 von ,m>tius1 ,zur ,e?nographie ,am]ika's1 zumal ,brasili5s 7,leipsic1 #ahfg71 pp4 #bab sqq42 ,colonel ,g4,e4 ,*ur*1 ,aborig9es ( ,s\? ,am]ica 7,london1 #aiab71 pp4 #bjg-bbg4 #acd ,a4 ,?\>1 ,explorations dans l',amrique du ,sud 7,p>is1 #ahia71 pp4 #dh sq42 ,g4 ,kurze1 ,sitt5 und ,gebru*e d] ,l5gua-,indian]1 ,mitteilung5 d] ,geographis*5 ,gesells*aft zu ,j5a1 xxiii4 7#aije7 pp4 #bf sq4 ,! two acc\nts appe> to be id5tical2 b ! =m] attributes ! cu/om to ! ,*iriguanos1 ! latt] to ! ,l5guas4 ,z ! latt] acc\nt is bas$ on ! reports ( ! ,rev4 ,w4,b4 ,grubb1 a mission>y :o has be5 settl$ among ! ,indians ( ! ,*aco = _m ye>s & is our pr9cipal au?ority on !m1 ,i assume t ! ascription ( ! cu/om to ! ,l5guas is correct4 ,h[ev]1 9 ! volume on ! ,l5gua ,indians1 :i* has be5 edit$ f ,mr4 ,grubb's pap]s 7,an ,unkn[n ,p 9 an ,unkn[n ,l&1 ,london1 #aiaa71 ^! details z to ! seclusion ( girls at pub]ty are n m5tion$1 ?\gh :at seems to be ! f9al c]emony is describ$ 7op4 cit4 pp4 #agg sq474 ,f ! description we le>n t boys dress$ 9 o/ri* fea!rs & we>+ masks circle r\nd ! girl ) %rill cries1 b are repell$ by ! wom54 #ace ,alcide d',orbigny1 ,voyage dans l',amrique ,mridionale vol4 iii4 #ato ,p>tie 7,p>is & ,/rasburg1 #ahdd71 pp4 #bje sq4 #acf ,a4 ,?\>1 ,explorations dans l',amrique du ,sud 7,p>is1 #ahia7 pp4 #ef sq42 ,fa!r ,c>dus1 quot$ 9 ,j4 ,pelles*i's ,los ,indios ,matacos 7,bu5os ,ayres1 #ahig71 pp4 #dg sq4 #acg ,a4 ,?\>1 op4 cit4 p4 #fc4 #ach ,francis de ,ca/elnau1 ,expdition dans les p>ties c5trales de l',amrique du ,sud 7,p>is1 #ahej-ahea71 v4 #be4 #aci ,d4 ,luis de la ,cruz1 ,descripcion de la ,naturaleza de los ,t]r5os que se compr5d5 en los ,&es1 poseidos por los ,pegu5*es y los demas espacios ha/a el rio de ,*adileuba1 p4 #fb1 9 ,p$ro de ,angelis1 ,coleccion de ,obras y ,docum5tos relativos a la ,hi/oria antigua y mod]na de las ,prov9cias del ,rio de la ,plata1 vol4 i4 7,bu5os-,ayres1 #ahcf74 ,app>5tly ! ,pegu5*es are an ,indian tribe ( ,*ili4 #adj ,j4,b4 von ,spix und ,c4,f4 ,ph4 von ,m>tius1 ,reise 9 ,brasili5 7,muni*1 #ahbc-ahca71 iii4 #aahf1 #aahg1 #acah4 #ada ,&r ,!vet1 ,cosmographie ,univ]selle 7,p>is1 #aege71 ii4 #idf ,b #ihj sq42 id41 ,les ,s+ul>ites de la ,france ,ant>ctique1 autrem5t nomme ,am]ique 7,antw]p1 #aeeh71 p4 #gf2 ,j4,f4 ,lafitau1 ,moeurs des ,sauvages ,am]iqua9s 7,p>is1 #agbd71 i4 #bij sqq4 #adb ,r4 ,s*omburgk1 ,reis5 9 ,britis* ,guiana 7,leipsic1 #ahdg-ahdh71 ii4 #cae sq42 ,c4,f4,ph4 von ,m>tius1 ,zur ,e?nographie ,am]ika's1 zumal ,brasili5s 7,leipsic1 #ahfg71 p4 #fdd4 #adc ,labat1 ,voyage du ,*evali] des ,m>*ais en ,gu9e1 ,isles vois9es1 et ,cay5ne1 iv4 #cfe sq4 7,p>is1 #agcj71 pp4 #ag sq4 7,am/]dam1 #agca74 #add ,a4 ,caul91 ,hi/oria ,coro-graphica natural y evangelica dela ,nueva ,&alucia 7#aggi71 p4 #ic4 ,a simil> cu/om1 ) ! omission ( ! /++1 is report$ ( ! ,tamanaks 9 ! region ( ! ,or9oco4 ,see ,f4,s4 ,gilij1 ,saggio di ,/oria ,am]icana1 ii4 7,rome1 #agha71 p4 #acc4 #ade ,a4,r4 ,wallace1 ,n>rative ( ,travels on ! ,amazon & ,rio ,negro1 p4 #dif 7p4 #cde ( ! ,m9]va ,libr>y edition1 ,london1 #ahhi74 #adf ,taboo & ! ,p]ils ( ! ,s\l1 pp4 #aje sqq42 ,! ,scapegoat pp4 #bei sqq4 #adg ,j4,b4 von ,spix & ,c4,f4,ph4 von ,m>tius1 ,reise 9 ,brasili5 7,muni*1 #ahbc-ahca71 iii4 #acbj4 #adh ,w4 ,lewis ,h]ndon1 ,exploration ( ! ,valley ( ! ,amazon 7,wa%+ton1 #ahed71 pp4 #cai sq4 ,! sc5e 0 describ$ to ,mr4 ,h]ndon by a ,fr5* eng9e] & ar*itect1 ,m4 de ,l9c\rt1 :o witness$ x at ,m&uassu1 a village on ! ,tapajos riv]4 ,mr4 ,h]ndon adds3 ,! ,toc&eira ants n only bite1 b are also arm$ ) a /+ l ! wasp2 b ! pa9 felt f x is m viol5t4 ,i ?9k x equal to t occasion$ by ! /+ ( ! black scorpion4 ,he gives ! "n ( ! ,indians z ,mahues1 b ,i assume t !y are ! same z ! ,mauhes describ$ by ,spix & ,m>tius4 #adi ,francis de ,ca/elnau1 ,expdition dans les p>ties c5trals de l',amrique du ,sud 7,p>is1 #ahej-ahea71 v4 #df4 #aej ,l',abb ,dur&1 ,le ,rio ,negro du ,nord et son bass91 ,bullet9 de la ,socit de ,gographie 7,p>is71 vi4 ,srie1 iii4 7#ahgb7 pp4 #ba sq4 ,! writ] says t ! c&idate has to keep 8 arms plung$ up to ! %\ld]s 9 vessels full ( ants1 z 9 a ba? ( vitriol1 = h\rs4 ,he gives ! native "n ( ! ant z issauba4 #aea ,j4 ,crevaux1 ,voyages dans l',amrique du ,sud 7,p>is1 #ahhc71 pp4 #bde-bej4 #aeb ,h4 ,c\dreau1 ,*ez nos ,indi5s3 quatre annes dans la ,guyane ,franaise 7,p>is1 #ahie71 p4 #bbh4 ,= details z to ! diff]5t modes ( adm9i/]+ ! m>ak see ibid4 pp4 #bbh-bce4 #aec ,fa!r ,g]onimo ,boscana1 ,*9ig*9i*1 9 ,life 9 ,cali=nia by an ,am]ican ,a4 ,rob9son 7,new ,york1 #ahdf71 pp4 #bgc sq4 #aed ,f4 ,/uhlmann1 ,mit ,em9 ,pas*a ins ,h]z von ,afrika 7,b]l91 #ahid71 p4 #ejf4 #aee ,z a confirmation ( ?is view x may be po9t$ out t beat+ or sc\rg+ is inflict$ on inanimate objects expressly = ! purpose indicat$ 9 ! text4 ,?us ! ,indians ( ,co/a ,rica hold t !re are two k9ds ( c]emonial uncleanness1 nya & bu-ku-r4 ,any?+ t has be5 connect$ ) a dea? is nya4 ,b bu-ku-r is mu* m virul5t4 ,x c n only make "o sick b kill4 ,bu-ku-r emanates 9 a v>iety ( ways2 arms1 ut5sils1 ev5 h\ses become affect$ by x aft] long disuse1 & be=e !y c be us$ aga9 mu/ be purifi$4 ,9 ! case ( portable objects left undi/urb$ = a long "t1 ! cu/om is to beat !m ) a /ick be=e t\*+ !m4 ,i h se5 a woman take a long walk+-/ick & beat a basket hang+ f ! ro( ( a h\se by a cord4 ,on ask+ :at t 0 =1 ,i 0 told t ! basket conta9$ h] treasures1 t %e w\ld probably want to take some?+ out ! next day1 & t %e 0 driv+ (f ! bu-ku-r4 ,a h\se long unus$ mu/ be swept1 & !n ! p]son :o is purify+ x mu/ take a /ick & beat n only ! movable objects1 b ! b$s1 po/s1 & 9 %ort e accessible "p ( ! int]ior4 ,! next day x is fit = occupation4 ,a place n visit$ = a long "t or rea*$ = ! fir/ "t is bu-ku-r4 ,on our return f ! asc5t ( ,pico ,blanco1 ne>ly all ! p>ty suff]$ f little cal5turas1 ! result ( extraord9>y exposure to wet & cold & ( want ( food4 ,! ,indians said t ! peak 0 especially bu-ku-r s9ce nobody _h ev] be5 on x be=e4 ,"o day ,mr4 ,gabb took d[n "s du/y bl[-guns amid cries ( bu-ku-r f ! ,indians4 ,"s weeks aft]w>ds a boy di$1 & ! ,indians firmly believ$ t ! bu-ku-r ( ! bl[-guns _h kill$ him4 ,f all ! =ego+1 x w\ld seem t bu-ku-r is a sort ( evil _s t takes possession ( ! object1 & res5ts be+ di/urb$2 b ,i h nev] be5 able to le>n f ! ,indians t !y consid] x s4 ,!y seem to ?9k ( x z a prop]ty ! object acquires4 ,b ! wor/ bu-ku-r ( all1 is t ( a "y woman 9 h] fir/ pregnancy4 ,%e infects ! :ole neighb\rhood4 ,p]sons go+ f ! h\se :]e %e lives1 c>ry ! infection ) !m to a di/ance1 & all ! dea?s or o!r s]i\s mis=tunes 9 ! vic9ity are laid to h] *>ge4 ,9 ! old times1 :5 ! savage laws & cu/oms 7 9 full =ce1 x 0 n an uncommon ?+ = ! husb& ( su* a woman to pay damages = casualties ?us caus$ by 8 un=tunate wife4 ,see ,wm4 ,m4 ,gabb1 ,on ! ,indian ,tribes & ,languages ( ,co/a ,rica1 ,proce$+s ( ! ,am]ican ,philosophical ,society held at ,philadelphia1 xiv4 7,philadelphia1 #ahgf7 pp4 #ejd sq4 #aef ,j4 ,*affanjon1 ,l',ornoque et le ,caura 7,p>is1 #ahhi71 pp4 #bac-bae4 #aeg ,%ib ,*und] ,bose1 ,! ,h9doos z !y are 7,london & ,calcutta1 #ahha71 p4 #hf4 ,simil>ly1 aft] a ,brahman boy has be5 inve/$ ) ! sacr$ ?read1 he is = ?ree days /rictly =bidd5 to see ! sun4 ,he may n eat salt1 & he is enjo9$ to sleep ei!r on a c>pet or a de]'s sk91 )\t a mattress or mosquito curta9 7ibid4 p4 #ahf74 ,9 ,bali1 boys :o h _h _! tee? fil$1 z a prelim9>y to m>riage1 are kept %ut up 9 a d>k room = ?ree days 7,r4 ,van ,eck1 ,s*ets5 van het eil& ,bali1 ,tijds*rift voor ,n$]l&s* ,indi1 ,n4,s41 ix4 7#ahhj7 pp4 #dbh sq474 #aeh 7,sir7 ,h4,h4 ,risley1 ,tribes & ,ca/es ( ,b5gal1 ,e?nographic ,gloss>y 7,calcutta1 #ahia-ahib71 i4 #aeb4 #aei ,edg> ,?ur/on1 ,ca/es & ,tribes ( ,s\!rn ,india 7,madras1 #aiji71 vii4 #fc sq4 #afj ,edg> ,?ur/on1 op4 cit4 iii4 #bah4 #afa ,edg> ,?ur/on1 op4 cit4 vi4 #aeg4 #afb ,s4 ,mate]1 ,native ,life 9 ,travancore 7,london1 #ahhc71 p4 #de4 #afc ,ar?ur ,a4 ,p]]a1 ,glimpses ( ,s+halese ,social ,life1 ,indian ,antiqu>y xxxi1 7#aijb7 p4 #chj4 #afd ,j4 ,m\ra1 ,le ,royaume du ,cambodge 7,p>is1 #ahhc71 i4 #cgg4 #afe ti5ne ,aymoni]1 ,notes sur les c\tumes et croyances sup]/itieuses des ,cambodgi5s1 ,co*9*9e ,franaise3 ,excursions et ,reconnaissances1 ,no4 #af 7,saigon1 #ahhc71 pp4 #aic sq4 ,comp>e id41 ,notice sur le ,cambodge 7,p>is1 #ahge71 p4 #ej id41 ,notes sur le ,laos 7,saigon1 #ahhe71 p4 #agg4 #aff ,sv5d ,grundtvig1 ,dnis*e ,volks-mr*51 b]setzt von ,a4 ,/rodtmann1 ,zweite ,sammlung 7,leipsic1 #ahgi71 pp4 #aii sqq4 #afg ,*ri/ian ,s*nell]1 ,mr*5 und ,sag5 aus ,wls*tirol 7,innsbruck1 #ahfg71 ,no4 #bb1 pp4 #ea sqq4 #afh ,b]nb>d ,s*midt1 ,grie*is*e ,mr*51 ,sag5 und ,volksli$] 7,leipsic1 #ahgg71 p4 #ih4 #afi ,j4,g4 von ,hahn1 ,grie*is*e und albanesis*e ,mr*5 7,leipsic1 #ahfd71 ,no4 #da1 vol4 i4 pp4 #bde sqq4 #agj ,laura ,gonz5ba*1 ,sicilianis*e ,mr*5 7,leipsic1 #ahgj71 ,no4 #bh1 vol4 i4 pp4 #agg sqq4 ,! incid5t ( ! bone occurs 9 o!r folk-tales4 ,a pr9ce or pr9cess is %ut up = safety 9 a t[] & makes 8 or h] escape by scrap+ a hole 9 ! wall ) a bone :i* has be5 accid5tally convey$ into ! t[]2 sometimes x is expressly said t c>e 0 tak5 to let ! pr9cess h no bones ) h] meat 7,j4,g4 von ,hahn1 op4 cit4 ,no4 #ae2 ,l4 ,gonz5ba*1 op4 cit4 ,nos4 #bf1 #bg2 ,d] ,p5tam]one1 aus dem ,neapolitanis*5 b]trag5 von ,felix ,liebre*t 7,breslau1 #ahdf71 ,no4 #bc1 vol4 i4 pp4 #bid sqq474 ,f ?is we %\ld inf] t x is a rule ) savages n to let wom5 h&le ! bones ( animals dur+ _! mon?ly seclusions4 ,we h already se5 ! great respect ) :i* ! savage treats ! bones ( game 7,spirits ( ! ,corn & ( ! ,wild ii4 #bch sqq41 #bef sqq472 & wom5 9 _! c\rses are specially =bidd5 to m$dle ) ! hunt] or fi%]1 z _! contact or neighb\rhood w\ld spoil 8 sport 7see bel[1 pp4 #gg1 #gh sq41 #hg1 #hi sqq474 ,9 folk-tales ! h]o :o uses ! bone is sometimes a boy2 b ! incid5t might easily be transf]r$ f a girl to a boy aft] its real mean+ _h be5 =gott54 ,among/ ! ,t9neh ,indians a girl at pub]ty is =bidd5 to break ! bones ( h>es 7above1 p4 #dh74 ,on ! o!r h&1 %e dr9ks out ( a tube made ( a swan's bone 7above1 pp4 #dh1 #di71 & ! same in/rum5t is us$ = ! same purpose by girls ( ! ,c>ri] tribe ( ,indians 7see bel[1 p4 #ib74 ,we h se5 t a ,tl+it 7,?l9keet7 girl 9 ! same circum/ances us$ to dr9k out ( ! w+-bone ( a :ite-head$ eagle 7above1 p4 #de71 & t among ! ,nootka & ,%uswap tribes girls at pub]ty are provid$ ) bones or combs ) :i* to scrat* !mselves1 because !y may n use _! f+]s = ?is purpose 7above1 pp4 #dd1 #ec74 #aga ,sophocles1 ,antigone1 #idd sqq42 ,apollodorus1 ,biblio!ca1 ii4 #d4 ,i2 ,horace1 ,odes1 iii4 #af4 ,i sqq42 ,pausanias1 ii4 #bc4 #g4 #agb ,w4 ,radl(f1 ,prob5 d] ,volks-litt]atur d] trkis*5 ,/mme ,sd-,sib]i5s1 iii4 7,/4 ,pet]sburg1 #ahgj7 pp4 #hb sq4 #agc ,h4 ,t]naux-,compans1 ,essai sur l'anci5 ,cund9am>ca 7,p>is1 ,n4,d471 p4 #ah4 #agd ,george ,turn]1 ,,ll4,d41 ,samoa1 a ,hundr$ ,ye>s ago & long be=e 7,london1 #ahhd71 p4 #bjj4 ,= o!r examples ( su* tales1 see ,adolph ,ba/ian1 ,die ,voelk] des ,oe/li*5 ,asi51 i4 #daf1 vi4 #be2 ,panjab ,notes & ,qu]ies1 ii4 p4 #adh1 #gig 7,june1 #ahhe72 ,a4 ,pfizmai]1 ,na*ri*t5 von d5 alt5 ,bewohn]n des heutig5 ,corea1 ,sitzungsb]i*te d] philosoph4 hi/or4 ,classe d] kais]4 ,akademie d] ,wiss5s*aft5 7,vi5na71 lvii4 7#ahfh7 pp4 #die sq4 #age ,?omas ,j4 ,hut*9son1 ,on ! ,*aco & o!r ,indians ( ,s\? ,am]ica1 ,transactions ( ! ,e?nological ,society ( ,london1 ,n4,s4 iii4 7#ahfe7 p4 #cbg4 ,among/ ! ,l5gua ,indians ( ! ,p>aguayan ,*aco ! m>riage fea/ is n[ app>5tly ext9ct4 ,see ,w4 ,b>brooke ,grubb1 ,an ,unkn[n ,p 9 an ,unkn[n ,l& 7,london1 #aiaa71 p4 #agi4 #agf ,moni] ,williams1 ,religi\s ,?\ght & ,life 9 ,india 7,london1 #ahhc71 p4 #ced4 #agg ,h4 ,vamb]y1 ,das ,trk5volk 7,leipsic1 #ahhe71 p4 #aab4 #agh ,hans ,eg$e1 ,a ,description ( ,gre5l& 7,london1 #ahah71 p4 #bji4 #agi ,revue des ,traditions ,populaires1 xv4 7#aijj7 p4 #dga4 #ahj ,taboo & ! ,p]ils ( ! ,s\l1 pp4 #ade sqq4 #aha ,h4,e4,a4 ,mey]1 ,mann]s & ,cu/oms ( ! ,aborig9es ( ! ,enc\nt] ,bay ,tribe1 ,s\? ,au/ralia1 ,! ,native ,tribes ( ,s\? ,au/ralia 7,adelaide1 #ahgi71 p4 #ahf4 #ahb ,e4,j4 ,eyre1 ,j\rnals ( ,exp$itions ( ,discov]y into ,c5tral ,au/ralia 7,london1 #ahde71 ii4 #cjd4 #ahc ,e4,j4 ,eyre1 op4 cit4 ii4 #bie4 #ahd ,r4 ,br\gh ,smy?1 ,! ,aborig9es ( ,victoria 7,melb\rne & ,london1 #ahgh71 i4 #bcf4 #ahe ,samuel ,gason1 9 ,j\rnal ( ! ,an?ropological ,in/itute1 xxiv4 7#ahie7 p4 #aga4 #ahf ,baldw9 ,sp5c] & ,f4,j4 ,gill51 ,native ,tribes ( ,c5tral ,au/ralia 7,london1 #ahii71 p4 #dgc2 idem1 ,nor!rn ,tribes ( ,c5tral ,au/ralia 7,london1 #aijd71 p4 #fae4 #ahg ,james ,dawson1 ,au/ralian ,aborig9es 7,melb\rne1 ,sydney1 & ,adelaide1 #ahha71 pp4 ci4 sq4 #ahh ,rev4 ,william ,ridley1 ,report on ,au/ralian ,languages & ,traditions1 ,j\rnal ( ! ,an?ropological ,in/itute1 ii4 7#ahgc7 p4 #bfh4 ,comp>e id41 ,kamil>oi & o!r ,au/ralian ,languages 7,sydney1 #ahge71 p4 #aeg4 #ahi ,a4,w4 ,h[itt1 ,! ,native ,tribes ( ,s\?-,ea/ ,au/ralia 7,london1 #aijd471 pp4 #ggf sq41 on ! au?ority ( ,mr4 ,j4,c4 ,muirhead4 ,! ,wakelbura are 9 ,c5tral ,que5sl&4 ,comp>e ,capta9 ,w4,e4 ,armit1 quot$ 9 ,j\rnal ( ! ,an?ropological ,in/itute1 ix4 7#ahhj7 pp4 #dei sq4 #aij ,reports ( ! ,cambridge ,an?ropological ,exp$ition to ,torres ,/raits1 v4 7,cambridge1 #aijd7 pp4 #aif1 #bjg4 #aia ,*4 ,keyss]1 ,aus dem ,leb5 d] ,kaileute1 9 ,r4 ,neuhauss's ,deuts* ,neu-,gu9ea 7,b]l91 #aiaa71 iii4 #ia4 #aib ,m4,j4 van ,ba>da1 ,fabel51 ,v]hal5 en ,ov]lev]+5 d] ,galel>eez51 ,bijdrag5 tot de ,taal-,l&5 ,volk5k9de van ,n$]l&s*-,indi1 xlv4 7#ahie7 p4 #dhi4 #aic ,j4,l4 van d] ,toorn1 ,het animisme bij d5 ,m9angkabau] d] ,padangs*e ,bov5l&51 ,bijdrag5 tot de ,taal-,l&- en ,volk5kunde van ,n$]l&s*-,indi1 xxxix4 7#ahij7 p4 #ff4 #aid ,w4,h4,i4 ,bleek1 ,a ,brief ,acc\nt ( ,bu%man ,folk-lore 7,london1 #ahge71 p4 #ad2 comp>e ibid41 p4 #aj4 #aie ,rev4 ,james ,macdonald1 ,mann]s1 ,cu/oms1 ,sup]/itions & ,religions ( ,s\? ,african ,tribes1 ,j\rnal ( ! ,an?ropological ,in/itute1 xx4 7#ahia7 p4 #ach2 id41 ,light 9 ,africa1 ,second ,edition 7,london1 #ahij71 p4 #bba4 #aif ,dudley ,kidd1 ,! ,ess5tial ,kafir 7,london1 #aijd71 p4 #bch2 ,mr4 ,w>r5's ,notes1 9 ,col4 ,maclean's ,comp5dium ( ,kafir ,laws & ,cu/oms 7,cape ,t[n1 #ahff71 p4 #ic2 ,rev4 ,j4 ,macdonald1 ,light 9 ,africa1 p4 #bba2 id41 ,religion & ,my? 7,london1 #ahic71 p4 #aih4 ,comp>e ,h5ri ,a4 ,junod1 ,les conceptions physiologiques des ,bant\ ,sud-,africa9s et leurs tab\s1 ,revue d',e?nographie et de ,sociologie1 i4 7#aiaj7 p4 #aci4 ,! dang] ( dea? to ! cattle f ! blood ( wom5 is m5tion$ only by ,mr4 ,kidd4 ,! "p ( ! village :i* is frequ5t$ by ! cattle1 & :i* accord+ly mu/ be %unn$ by wom51 has a special "n1 inkundhla 7,mr4 ,w>n]'s ,notes1 l4c474 #aig ,rev4 ,j4 ,roscoe1 ,! ,bahima1 a ,c[ ,tribe ( ,enkole1 ,j\rnal ( ! ,royal ,an?ropological ,in/itute1 xxxvii4 7#aijg7 p4 #ajf4 #aih ,rev4 ,j4 ,roscoe1 ,! ,bag&a 7,london1 #aiaa71 p4 #dai4 #aii ,rev4 ,j4 ,roscoe1 ,! ,bag&a1 p4 #if4 #bjj ,rev4 ,j4 ,roscoe1 ,notes on ! ,mann]s & ,cu/oms ( ! ,bag&a1 ,j\rnal ( ! ,an?ropological ,in/itute1 xxxi4 7#aija7 p4 #aba2 id41 ,fur!r ,notes on ! ,mann]s & ,cu/oms ( ! ,bag&a1 ,j\rnal ( ! ,an?ropological ,in/itute1 xxxii4 7#aijb7 p4 #ci2 id41 ,! ,bag&a1 p4 #ceb4 #bja ,rev4 ,j4 ,roscoe1 ,! ,bag&a1 p4 #dei4 #bjb ,c4,w4 ,hobley1 ,fur!r ,rese>*es into ,kikuyu & ,kamba ,religi\s ,beliefs & ,cu/oms1 ,j\rnal ( ! ,royal ,an?ropological ,in/itute1 xli4 7#aiaa7 p4 #dji4 #bjc ,m]vyn ,w4,h4 ,bee*1 ,! ,suk1 _! ,language & ,folklore 7,ox=d1 #aiaa71 p4 #aa4 #bjd ,h4,s4 ,/annus1 ,notes on "s ,tribes ( ,briti% ,c5tral ,africa1 ,j\rnal ( ! ,royal ,an?ropological ,in/itute1 xl4 7#aiaj7 p4 #cje2 ,r4 ,su!rl& ,rattray1 ,"s ,folk-lore ,/ories & ,songs 9 ,*9yanja 7,london1 #aijg71 p4 #aia4 ,see above1 p4 #bg4 #bje ,jakob ,spie?1 ,die ,ewe-,/mme 7,b]l91 #aijf71 p4 #aib4 #bjf ,anton ,witte1 ,m5/ruation und ,pub]ttsfei] d] ,md*5 9 ,kp&ugebiet ,togo1 ,baessl]-,ar*iv1 i4 7#aiaa7 p4 #bgi4 #bjg ,?4 ,nldeke1 ,ges*i*te d] ,p]s] und ,arab] zur ,zeit d] ,sassanid51 aus d] arabis*5 ,*ronik des ,tab>i b]setzt 7,leyd51 #ahgi71 pp4 #cc-ch4 ,i h to ?ank my fri5d ,pr(essor ,a4,a4 ,bevan = po9t+ out to me ?is passage4 ,_m anci5t cities _h talismans on ! pres]vation ( :i* _! safety 0 believ$ to dep5d4 ,! ,palladium ( ,troy is ! mo/ famili> in/ance4 ,see ,*r4 ,a4 ,lobeck1 ,aglaophamus 7,knigsb]g1 #ahbi71 pp4 #bgh sqq41 & my note on ,pausanias1 viii4 #dg4 #e 7vol4 iv4 pp4 #dcc sq474 #bjh ,j4 ,m]gel1 ,die ,m$ez9 d] ,talmudi/5 7,leipsic & ,b]l91 #ahhe71 pp4 #ae sq4 #bji ,maimonides1 quot$ by ,d4 ,*wolsohn1 ,die ,ssabi] und d] ,ssabismus 7,/4 ,pet]sburg1 #ahef71 ii4 #dhc4 ,accord+ to ! editor 7p4 #gce7 by ! ,ea/ ,maimonides means ,india & ea/]n c\ntries g5]ally4 #baj ,l'abb ,b*>a ,*mali1 ,naissance et premi] ge au ,liban1 ,an?ropos1 v4 7#aiaj7 p4 #gce4 #baa ,eijub ,abela1 ,beitrge zur ,k5ntniss ab]glubis*] ,gebru*e 9 ,syri51 ,zeits*rift des deuts*5 ,palae/9a-,v]e9s1 vii4 7#ahhd7 p4 #aaa4 #bab ,j4 ,*alm]s1 ,to>ipi1 ,j\rnal ( ! ,an?ropological ,in/itute1 xxvii4 7#ahih7 p4 #cbh4 #bac ,w4 ,crooke1 ,tribes & ,ca/es ( ! ,nor?-,we/]n ,prov9ces & ,qudh 7,calcutta1 #ahif71 ii4 #hg4 #bad ,w4 ,crooke1 9 ,nor? ,indian ,notes & ,qu]ies1 i4 p4 #fg1 #dfg 7,july1 #ahia74 #bae ,l4,k4 ,anan?a ,kri%na ,iy]1 ,! ,co*9 ,tribes & ,ca/es1 i4 7,madras1 #aiji7 pp4 #bja-bjc4 ,z to ! seclusion ( m5/ru\s wom5 among ! ,h9doos1 see also ,sonn]at1 ,voyage aux ,indes ,ori5tates et la ,*9e 7,p>is1 #aghb71 i4 #ca2 ,j4,a4 ,dubois1 ,moeurs1 ,in/itutions et ,crmonies des ,peuples de l',inde 7,p>is1 #ahbe71 i4 #bde sq4 ,nair wom5 9 ,malab> seclude !mselves = ?ree days at m5/ruation & prep>e _! food 9 sep>ate pots & pans4 ,see ,du>te ,b>bosa1 ,description ( ! ,coa/s ( ,ea/ ,africa & ,malab> 9 ! beg9n+ ( ! ,sixte5? ,c5tury 7,hakluyt ,society1 ,london1 #ahff71 pp4 #acb sq4 #baf ,g4 ,h(fman1 ,auszge aus ,syris*5 ,akt5 p]sisis*] ,m>tyr] b]setzt 7,leipsic1 #ahhj71 p4 #ii4 ,?is passage 0 po9t$ out to me by my fri5d ,pr(essor ,a4,a4 ,bevan4 #bag ,j4,b4 ,tav]ni]1 ,voyages en ,turquie1 en ,p]se1 et aux ,indes 7,! ,hague1 #agah71 i4 #dhh4 #bah ,paul ,giran1 ,magie et ,religion ,annamites 7,p>is1 #aiab71 pp4 #ajg sq41 #aab4 #bai ,joseph ,gumilla1 ,hi/oire ,naturelle1 ,civile1 et ,gographique de l',or5oque 7,avignon1 #ageh71 i4 #bdi4 #bbj ,dr4 ,l\is ,plass>d1 ,les ,gu>aunos et le delta de l',ornoque1 ,bullet9 de la ,socit de ,gographie 7,p>is71 v4 ,srie1 xv4 7#ahfh7 p4 #ehd4 #bba ,j4 ,crevaux1 ,voyages dans l',amrique du ,sud 7,p>is1 #ahhc71 p4 #ebf4 ,z to ! cu/oms obs]v$ at m5/ruation by ,indian wom5 9 ,s\? ,am]ica1 see fur!r ,a4 d',orbigny1 ,l',homme ,am]ica9 7,p>is1 #ahci71 i4 #bcg4 #bbb ,*as4 ,n4 ,bell1 ,! ,mosquito ,t]ritory1 ,j\rnal ( ! ,royal ,geographical ,society1 xxxii4 7#ahfb7 p4 #bed4 #bbc ,h4 ,pitti] de ,fabrega1 ,die ,spra*e d] ,bribri-,indian] 9 ,co/a ,rica1 ,sitztungsb]i*te d] philosophis*5-hi/oris*5 ,classe d] ,kais]li*5 ,akademie d] ,wiss5s*aft5 7,vi5na71 cxxxviii4 7#ahih7 pp4 #ai sq4 #bbd ,gabriel ,sag>d1 ,le ,gr& ,voyage du ,pays des ,hurons1 ,n\velle dition 7,p>is1 #ahfe71 p4 #ed 7orig9al edition1 ,p>is1 #afcb72 ,j4,f4 ,lafitau1 ,moeurs des ,sauvages ,am]iqua9s 7,p>is1 #agbd71 i4 #bfb2 ,*>levoix1 ,hi/oire de la ,n\velle ,france 7,p>is1 #agdd71 v4 #dbc sq42 ,capta9 ,jona?an ,c>v]1 ,travels ?r\gh ! ,int]ior ,p>ts ( ,nor? ,am]ica1 ,?ird ,edition 7,london1 #agha71 pp4 #bcf sq42 ,capta9s ,lewis & ,cl>k1 ,exp$ition to ! ,s\rces ( ! ,miss\ri1 etc4 7,london1 #aije71 iii4 #ij 7orig9al edition1 #ahad72 ,rev4 ,j$idiah ,morse1 ,report to ! ,secret>y ( ,w> ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates on ,indian ,affairs 7,new ,hav51 #ahbb71 pp4 #acf sq42 ,annales de l',association de la ,propagation de la ,foi1 iv1 7,p>is & ,lyons1 #ahcj7 pp4 #dhc1 #did sq42 ,george ,catl91 ,lett]s & ,notes on ! ,mann]s1 ,cu/oms1 & ,condition ( ! ,nor? ,am]ican ,indians1 ,f\r? ,edition 7,london1 #ahdd71 ii4 #bcc2 ,h4,r4 ,s*oolcraft1 ,indian ,tribes ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates 7,philadelphia1 #ahec-ahef71 v4 #gj2 ,a4,l4 ,kroeb]1 ,! ,religion ( ! ,indians ( ,cali=nia1 ,univ]sity ( ,cali=nia ,publication 9 ,am]ican ,ar*aeology & ,e?nology1 vol4 iv4 ,no4 #f 7,b]keley1 ,septemb]1 #aijg71 pp4 #cbc sq42 ,frank ,g4 ,speck1 ,e?nology ( ! ,yu*i ,indians 7,philadelphia1 #aiji71 p4 #if4 ,among ! ,hurons ( ,canada wom5 at _! p]iods did n retire f ! h\se or village1 b !y ate f small di%es ap>t f ! re/ ( ! family at ^! times 7,gabriel ,sag>d1 l4c474 #bbe ,james ,adair1 ,hi/ory ( ! ,am]ican ,indians 7,london1 #agge71 pp4 #abc sq4 #bbf ,bossu1 ,n\veaux ,voyages aux ,indes occid5tales 7,p>is1 #agfh71 ii4 #aje4 #bbg ,edw9 ,james1 ,acc\nt ( an ,exp$ition f ,pittsburgh to ! ,rocky ,m\nta9s 7,london1 #ahbc71 i4 #bad4 #bbh ,william ,h4 ,keat+1 ,n>rative ( an ,exp$ition to ! ,s\rce ( ,/4 ,pet]'s ,riv] 7,london1 #ahbe71 i4 #acb4 #bbi ,g4,b4 ,gr9nell1 ,*ey5ne ,woman ,cu/oms1 ,am]ican ,an?ropologi/1 ,new ,s]ies1 iv4 7,new ,york1 #aijb7 p4 #ad4 #bcj ,c4 ,hill ,t\t1 ,e?nological ,report on ! ,/seelis & ,skaulits ,tribes ( ! ,halokmelem ,division ( ! ,sali% ( ,briti% ,columbia1 ,j\rnal ( ! ,an?ropological ,in/itute1 xxxiv4 7#aijd7 p4 #cbj4 #bca ,james ,teit1 ,! ,?ompson ,indians ( ,briti% ,columbia1 pp4 #cbf sq4 7,! ,jesup ,nor? ,pacific ,exp$ition1 ,memoir ( ! ,am]ican ,museum ( ,natural ,hi/ory1 ,new ,york1 ,april1 #aijj74 #bcb ,samuel ,he>ne1 ,j\rney f ,pr9ce ( ,wales's ,=t 9 ,hudson's ,bay to ! ,nor!rn ,ocean 7,london1 #agie71 pp4 #cad sq42 ,alex4 ,mack5zie1 ,voyages ?r\gh ! ,cont95t ( ,nor? ,am]ica 7,london1 #ahja71 p4 cxxiii42 ,e4 ,petitot1 ,monographic des ,dn-,d9dji 7,p>is1 #ahgf71 pp4 #ge sq4 #bcc ,c4 ,leemius1 ,de ,lapponibus ,f9m>*iae eorumque l+ua vita et religione pri/9a 7,cop5hag51 #agfg71 p4 #did4 #bcd ,e4,w4 ,nelson1 ,! ,eskimo ab\t ,b]+ ,/rait1 ,eighte5? ,annual ,report ( ! ,bureau ( ,am]ican ,e?nology1 ,"p i4 7,wa%+ton1 #ahii7 p4 #ddj4 #bce ,! ,c>ri]s are a tribe ( ,dn or ,t9neh ,indians :o get _! "n f a cu/om obs]v$ among !m by wid[s1 :o c>ry1 or r us$ to c>ry1 ! *>r$ bones ( _! dead husb&s ab\t ) !m 9 bundles4 #bcf ,h5ce we may conjecture t ! simil> ornam5ts worn by ,mabuiag girls 9 simil> circum/ances are also amulets4 ,see above1 p4 #cf4 ,among ! aborig9es ( ! ,upp] ,y>ra riv] 9 ,victoria1 a girl at pub]ty us$ to h cords ti$ v tightly r\nd sev]al p>ts ( h] body4 ,! cords 7 worn = sev]al days1 caus+ ! :ole body to swell v mu* & inflict+ great pa94 ,! girl might n remove !m till %e 0 clean4 ,see ,r4 ,br\gh ,smy?1 ,aborig9es ( ,victoria 7,melb\rne & ,london1 #ahgh71 i4 #fe4 ,p]haps ! cords 7 int5d$ to arre/ ! fl[ ( blood4 #bcg ,rev4 ,fa!r ,a4,g4 ,morice1 ,! ,we/]n ,dns1 _! ,mann]s & ,cu/oms1 ,proce$+s ( ! ,canadian ,in/itute1 ,toronto1 ,?ird ,s]ies1 vii4 7#ahhh-hi7 pp4 #afb-afd4 ,! writ] has repeat$ ! sub/ance ( ?is acc\nt 9 a lat] "w1 ,au pays de l',ours ,noir3 *ez les sauvages de la ,colombia ,britannique 7,p>is & ,lyons1 #ahig71 pp4 #gb sq4 #bch ,a4,g4 ,morice1 ,notes1 ,ar*aeological1 ,indu/rial1 & ,sociological1 on ! ,we/]n ,dns1 ,transactions ( ! ,canadian ,in/itute1 iv4 7#ahib-ic7 pp4 #ajf sq4 ,comp>e ,rev4 ,fa!r ,julius ,jett1 ,on ! ,sup]/itions ( ! ,t5'a ,indians1 ,an?ropos1 vi4 7#aiaa7 pp4 #gjc sq41 :o tells u t ,t9neh wom5 at ^! times may n lift _! own nets1 may n /ep ov] o!r p's nets1 & may n pass 9 a boat or canoe ne> a place :]e nets are be+ set4 #bci ,a4,g4 ,morice1 9 ,transactions ( ! ,canadian ,in/itute1 iv4 7#ahib-ic7 pp4 #ajg1 #aaj4 #bdj ,james ,teit1 ,! ,?ompson ,indians ( ,briti% ,columbia1 p4 #cbg 7,! ,jesup ,nor? ,pacific ,exp$ition1 ,memoir ( ! ,am]ican ,museum ( ,natural ,hi/ory1 ,new ,york1 ,april #aijj74 #bda ,see above1 p4 #ec4 #bdb ,laws ( ,manu1 translat$ by ,g4 ,buhl] 7,ox=d1 #ahhf71 *4 iv4 #da sq41 p4 #ace 7,sacr$ ,books ( ! ,ea/1 vol4 xxv474 #bdc ,! ,z5d-,ave/a1 translat$ by ,j4 ,d>me/et]1 i4 7,ox=d1 #ahhj7 p4 xcii4 7,sacr$ ,books ( ! ,ea/1 vol4 iv474 ,see id41 pp4 #i1 #aha-ahe1 ,f>g>d1 i4 #ah & #ai1 xvi4 #a-ah4 #bdd ,pl9y1 ,nat4 ,hi/4 vii4 #fd sq41 xxviii4 #gg sqq4 ,comp>e ,geoponica1 xii4 #bj4 #e & #be4 #b2 ,columella1 ,de re ru/ica1 xi4 #ceg sqq4 #bde ,augu/ ,s*lei*]1 ,volk/mli*es aus ,sonn5b]g 7,weim>1 #aheh71 p4 #acd2 ,b4 ,s\*1 ,croyances1 ,prsages et ,traditions div]ses 7,niort1 #ahhj71 p4 #aa2 ,a4 ,meyrac1 ,traditions1 ,c\tumes ,lg5des et ,contes des ,ard5nes 7,*>leville1 #ahij71 p4 #aga2 ,v4 ,fossel1 ,volksm$ic9 und m$ic9is*] ,ab]glaube 9 ,/ei]m>k#b 7,graz1 #ahhf71 p4 #abd4 ,a correspond5t1 :o )holds h] "n1 writes to me t 9 a ,suffolk village1 :]e %e us$ to live "s tw5ty or ?irty ye>s ago1 e "o pickl$ _! own beef1 & x 0 held t if ! pickl+ 7 p]=m$ by a woman dur+ h] m5/rual p]iod ! meat w\ld n keep4 ,if ! cook 7 incapacitat$ at ! "t :5 ! pickl+ 0 due1 ano!r woman 0 s5t = out ( ! village r ?an risk :at 0 consid]$ a c]ta9ty4 ,ano!r correspond5t in=ms me t 9 "s ( ! dales 9 ! nor? ( ,york%ire a simil> belief prevail$ d[n to rec5t ye>s ) reg>d to ! salt+ ( pork4 ,ano!r correspond5t writes to me3 ,! prohibition t a m5/ruat+ woman mu/ n t\* meat t is int5d$ = keep+ appe>s to be common all ov] ! c\ntry2 at lea/ ,i h met ) x z a confirm$ & active cu/om 9 widely sep>at$ p>ts ( ,engl&4444 ,x is 9 reg>d to ! salt+ ( meat = bacon t ! prohibition is mo/ usual1 because t is ! commone/ process2 b x exi/s 9 reg>d to any meat food t is requir$ to be kept4 #bdf ,r4 ,&ree1 ,brauns*weig] ,volkskunde 7,brunswick1 #ahif71 p4 #bia4 #bdg ,w4,r4 ,paton1 9 ,folk-lore1 i4 7#ahij7 p4 #ebd4 #bdh ,! ,greeks & ,romans ?\ght t a field 0 completely protect$ aga9/ insects if a m5/ru\s woman walk$ r\nd x ) b>e feet & /ream+ hair 7,pl9y1 ,nat4 ,hi/4 xvii4 #bff1 xxviii4 #gh2 ,columella1 ,de re ru/ica1 x4 #ceh sq41 xi4 #c4 #fd2 ,palladius1 ,de re ru/ica1 i4 #ce4 #c2 ,geoponica1 xii4 #h4 #e sq42 ,aelian1 ,nat4 ,anim4 vi4 #cf74 ,a simil> prev5tive is employ$ = ! same purpose by ,nor? ,am]ican ,indians & ,european peasants4 ,see ,h4,r4 ,s*oolcraft1 ,indian ,tribes ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates 7,philadelphia1 #ahec-ahef71 v4 #gj2 ,f4,j4 ,wi$emann1 ,aus dem inn]5 und ass]n ,leb5 d] ,eh/5 7,/4 ,pet]sburg1 #ahgf71 p4 #dhd4 ,comp>e ,j4 ,haltri*1 ,zur ,volkskunde d] ,sieb5brg] ,sa*s5 7,vi5na1 #ahhe71 p4 #bhj2 ,adolph ,he9ri*1 ,agr>is*e ,sitt5 und ,gebru*e unt] d5 ,sa*s5 ,sieb5brg5s 7,h]mann/adt1 #ahhj71 p4 #ad2 ,j4 ,grimm1 ,deuts*e ,my?ologie199#d iii4 #dfh2 ,g4 ,lamm]t1 ,volksm$iz9 und m$iz9is*] ,ab]glaube aus ,bay]n 7,wrzburg1 #ahfi71 p4 #adg4 ,among ! ,we/]n ,dns x is believ$ t "o or two transv]se l9es tattoo$ on ! arms or legs ( a "y man by a pubesc5t girl are a specific aga9/ premature weakness ( ^! limbs4 ,see ,a4,g4 ,morice1 ,notes1 ,ar*aeological1 ,indu/rial1 & ,sociological1 on ! ,we/]n ,dns1 ,transactions ( ! ,canadian ,in/itute1 iv4 7#ahib-ic7 p4 #ahb4 ,! ,?ompson ,indians ( ,briti% ,columbia ?\ght t ! ,dawn ( ,day c\ld & w\ld cure h]nia if only an adolesc5t girl pray$ to x to d s4 ,j be=e daybreak ! girl w\ld put "s *>coal 9 h] m\?1 *ew x f9e1 & spit x out f\r times on ! diseas$ place4 ,!n %e pray$3 ,o ,day-dawn6 ?y *ild relies on me to obta9 heal+ f !e1 :o art my/]y4 ,remove ?\ ! swell+ ( ?y *ild4 ,pity ?\ him1 ,day-,dawn6 ,see ,james ,teit1 ,! ,?ompson ,indians ( ,briti% ,columbia1 pp4 #cde sq4 7,! ,jesup ,nor? ,pacific ,exp$ition1 ,memoir ( ! ,am]ican ,museum ( ,natural ,hi/ory1 ,new ,york1 ,april1 #aijj74 ,to cure ! pa9ful & dang]\s w\nd inflict$ by a ray-fi%1 ! ,indians ( ! ,gran ,*aco smoke ! w\nd$ limb & !n cause a woman 9 h] c\rses to sit a/ride ( x4 ,see ,g4 ,pelles*i1 ,eight ,mon?s on ! ,gran ,*aco ( ! ,arg5t9e ,republic 7,london1 #ahhf71 p4 #ajf4 ,an anci5t ,h9doo me?od ( secur+ prosp]ity 0 to swall[ a portion ( ! m5/ru\s fluid4 ,see ,w4 ,cal&1 ,alt9dis*es ,zaub]ritual 7,am/]dam1 #aijj71 pp4 #eg sq4 ,to pres]ve a new c[ f ! evil eye ,scotti% ,highl&]s us$ to spr9kle m5/ru\s blood on ! animal2 & at c]ta9 seasons ( ! ye>1 especially at ,beltane 7! fir/ ( ,may7 & ,lammas 7! fir/ ( ,augu/7 x 0 _! cu/om to spr9kle ! same pot5t liquid on ! doorpo/s & h\ses all r\nd to gu>d !m f h>m4 ,! fluid 0 appli$ by means ( a wisp ( /raw1 & ! p]son :o dis*>g$ ?is salut>y (fice w5t r\nd ! h\se 9 ! direction ( ! sun4 ,see ,j4,g4 ,campbell1 ,sup]/itions ( ! ,highl&s & ,isl&s ( ,scotl& 7,glasg[1 #aijj71 p4 #bdh4 ,^! are examples ( ! b5efic5t application ( ! m5/ru\s en]gy4 #bdi ,taboo & ! ,p]ils ( ! ,s\l1 pp4 #a sqq4 #bej ,= a simil> reason1 p]haps1 anci5t ,h9doo ritual prescrib$ t :5 ! hair ( a *ild's head 0 %orn 9 ! ?ird ye>1 ! clipp+s %\ld be buri$ 9 a c[-/able1 or ne> an udumb>a tree1 or 9 a clump ( d>bha grass1 ) ! words1 ,:]e ,pu%an1 ,brihaspati1 ,savitri1 ,soma1 ,agni dwell1 !y h 9 _m ways se>*$ :]e !y %\ld deposit x1 betwe5 heav5 & e>?1 ! wat]s & heav54 ,see ,! ,grihya-,stras1 translat$ by ,h4 ,old5b]g1 ,"p ii4 7,ox=d1 #ahib7 p4 #bah 7,sacr$ ,books ( ! ,ea/1 vol4 xxx474 #bea ,petronius1 ,sat4 #dh2 ,pausanias1 x4 #ab3 #h2 ,ju/9 ,m>tyr1 ,cohort ad ,graecos1 #cg1 p4 #cd c 7ed4 #agdb74 ,accord+ to ano!r acc\nt1 ! rema9s ( ! ,sibyl 7 enclos$ 9 an iron cage :i* hung f a pill> 9 an anci5t temple ( ,h]cules at ,argyrus 7,ampelius1 ,lib] ,memorialis1 viii4 #af74 #beb ,a4 ,kuhn und ,w4 ,s*w>tz1 ,nord-deuts*e ,sag51 ,mr*5 und ,gebru*e 7,leipsic1 #ahdh71 p4 #gj1 ,no4 #gb4 i4 ,?is & ! foll[+ ,g]man p>allels to ! /ory ( ! ,sibyl's wi% 7 fir/ indicat$ by ,dr4 ,m4,r4 ,james 7,classical ,review1 vi4 7#ahib7 p4 #gd74 ,i h already giv5 ! /ories at l5g? 9 a note on ,pausanias1 x4 #ab4 #h 7vol4 v4 pp4 #bib sq474 #bec ,a4 ,kuhn und ,w4 ,s*w>tz1 op4 cit4 pp4 #gj sq41 ,no4 #gb4 #b4 #bed ,a4 ,kuhn und ,w4 ,s*w>tz1 op4 cit4 p4 #ga1 ,no4 #gb4 #c4 #bee ,k>l ,mll5h(f1 ,sag51 ,mr*5 und ,li$] d] ,h]zog?m] ,hol/e9 und ,lau5burg 7,kiel1 #ahde71 pp4 #aeh sg41 ,no4 #bag4 ,,*apt] ,,iii ,,! ,,my? ,,( ,,bald] ,h[ ,bald]1 ! good & beautiful god1 0 done to dea? by a /roke ( ! mi/letoe4 ,a deity ^: life might 9 a s5se be said to be nei!r 9 heav5 nor on e>? b betwe5 ! two1 0 ! ,norse ,bald]1 ! good & beautiful god1 ! son ( ! great god ,od91 & himself ! wise/1 milde/1 be/ belov$ ( all ! immortals4 ,! /ory ( 8 dea?1 z x is told 9 ! y\ng] or prose ,edda1 runs ?us4 ,once on a "t ,bald] dream$ heavy dreams :i* seem$ to =ebode 8 dea?4 ,!reupon ! gods held a c\ncil & resolv$ to make him secure aga9/ e dang]4 ,s ! goddess ,frigg took an oa? f fire & wat]1 iron & all metals1 /ones & e>?1 f trees1 sicknesses & poisons1 & f all f\r-foot$ bea/s1 birds1 & creep+ ?+s1 t !y w\ld n hurt ,bald]4 ,:5 ?is 0 done ,bald] 0 deem$ invuln]able2 s ! gods amus$ !mselves by sett+ him 9 _! mid/1 :ile "s %ot at him1 o!rs hew$ at him1 & o!rs ?rew /ones at him4 ,b :atev] !y did1 no?+ c\ld hurt him2 & at ?is !y 7 all glad4 ,only ,loki1 ! mis*ief-mak]1 0 displeas$1 & he w5t 9 ! guise ( an old woman to ,frigg1 :o told him t ! weapons ( ! gods c\ld n w\nd ,bald]1 s9ce %e _h made !m all swe> n to hurt him4 ,!n ,loki ask$1 ,h all ?+s sworn to sp>e ,bald]8 ,%e answ]$1 ,ea/ ( ,walhalla gr[s a plant call$ mi/letoe2 x seem$ to me too "y to swe>4 ,s ,loki w5t & pull$ ! mi/letoe & took x to ! assembly ( ! gods4 ,!re he f\nd ! bl9d god ,ho!r /&+ at ! outside ( ! circle4 ,loki ask$ him1 ,:y d y n %oot at ,bald]8 ,ho!r answ]$1 ,because ,i d n see :]e he /&s2 besides ,i h no weapon4 ,!n said ,loki1 ,d l ! re/ & %ew ,bald] hon\r1 z !y all d4 ,i w %ew y :]e he /&s1 & d y %oot at him ) ?is twig4 ,ho!r took ! mi/letoe & ?rew x at ,bald]1 z ,loki direct$ him4 ,! mi/letoe /ruck ,bald] & pi]c$ him ?r\gh & ?r\gh1 & he fell d[n dead4 ,& t 0 ! greate/ mis=tune t ev] befell gods & m54 ,= a :ile ! gods /ood spee*less1 !n !y lift$ up _! voices & wept bitt]ly4 ,!y took ,bald]'s body & br\ght x to ! sea-%ore4 ,!re /ood ,bald]'s %ip2 x 0 call$ ,r+horn1 & 0 ! huge/ ( all %ips4 ,! gods wi%$ to laun* ! %ip & to burn ,bald]'s body on x1 b ! %ip w\ld n /ir4 ,s !y s5t = a giantess call$ ,hyrrock94 ,%e came rid+ on a wolf & gave ! %ip su* a pu% t fire fla%$ f ! roll]s & all ! e>? %ook4 ,!n ,bald]'s body 0 tak5 & plac$ on ! fun]al pile ^u 8 %ip4 ,:5 8 wife ,nanna saw t1 h] he>t bur/ = sorr[ & %e di$4 ,s %e 0 laid on ! fun]al pile ) h] husb&1 & fire 0 put to x4 ,bald]'s horse1 too1 ) all its trapp+s1 0 burn$ on ! pile4#bef ,tale ( ,bald] 9 ! old] ,edda4 ,9 ! old] or poetic ,edda ! tragic tale ( ,bald] is h9t$ at r ?an told at l5g?4 ,among ! visions :i* ! ,norse ,sibyl sees & describes 9 ! weird prophecy kn[n z ! ,voluspa is "o ( ! fatal mi/letoe4 ,i behold1 says %e1 ,fate loom+ = ,bald]1 ,wod5's son1 ! bloody victim4 ,!re /&s ! ,mi/letoe sl5d] & delicate1 bloom+ high above ! gr\nd4 ,out ( ?is %oot1 s sl5d] to look on1 !re %all gr[ a h>mful fateful %aft4 ,hod %all %oot x1 b ,frigga 9 ,f5-hall %all weep ov] ! woe ( ,wal-hall4#beg ,yet look+ f> into ! future ! ,sibyl sees a bright] vision ( a new heav5 & a new e>?1 :]e ! fields uns[n %all yield _! increase & all sorr[s %all be heal$2 !n ,bald] w come back to dwell 9 ,od9's mansions ( bliss1 9 a hall bright] ?an ! sun1 %+l$ ) gold1 :]e ! righte\s %all live 9 joy = ev] m4#beh ,! /ory ( ,bald] z relat$ by ,saxo ,grammaticus4 ,writ+ ab\t ! end ( ! twelf? c5tury1 ! old ,dani% hi/orian ,saxo ,grammaticus tells ! /ory ( ,bald] 9 a =m :i* pr(esses to be hi/orical4 ,accord+ to him1 ,bald] & ,ho!r 7 rival suitors = ! h& ( ,nanna1 daught] ( ,gew>1 ,k+ ( ,norway4 ,n[ ,bald] 0 a demigod & common /eel c\ld n w\nd 8 sacr$ body4 ,! two rivals enc\nt]$ ea* o!r 9 a t]rific battle1 & ?\gh ,od9 & ,?or & ! re/ ( ! gods f\ght = ,bald]1 yet 0 he defeat$ & fl$ away1 & ,ho!r m>ri$ ! pr9cess4 ,nev]!less ,bald] took he>t ( grace & aga9 met ,ho!r 9 a /rick5 field4 ,b he f>$ ev5 worse ?an be=e2 = ,ho!r dealt him a deadly w\nd ) a magic sword1 :i* he _h receiv$ f ,mim+1 ! ,satyr ( ! woods2 & aft] l+]+ ?ree days 9 pa9 ,bald] di$ ( 8 hurt & 0 buri$ ) royal hon\rs 9 a b>r[4#bei ,bald] wor%ipp$ 9 ,norway4 ,:e!r he 0 a real or m]ely a my?ical p]sonage1 ,bald] 0 wor%ipp$ 9 ,norway4 ,on "o ( ! bays ( ! beautiful ,sogne ,fiord1 :i* p5etrates f> into ! dep?s ( ! solemn ,norwegian m\nta9s1 ) _! sombre p9e-=e/s & _! l(ty cascades dissolv+ into spray be=e !y rea* ! d>k wat] ( ! fiord f> bel[1 ,bald] _h a great sanctu>y4 ,x 0 call$ ,bald]'s ,grove4 ,a palisade enclos$ ! hall[$ gr\nd1 & )9 x /ood a spaci\s temple ) ! images ( _m gods1 b none ( !m 0 wor%ipp$ ) su* devotion z ,bald]4 ,s great 0 ! awe ) :i* ! hea!n reg>d$ ! place t no man might h>m ano!r !re1 nor /eal 8 cattle1 nor defile himself ) wom54 ,b wom5 c>$ = ! images ( ! gods 9 ! temple2 !y w>m$ !m at ! fire1 ano9t$ !m ) oil1 & dri$ !m ) clo?s4#bfj ,! leg5d>y dea? ( ,bald] resembles ! leg5d>y dea? ( ! ,p]sian h]o ,isf5diy> 9 ! epic ( ,firdusi4 ,x might be ra% to affirm t ! romantic figure ( ,bald] 0 no?+ b a creation ( ! my?ical fancy1 a radiant phantom conjur$ up z by a wiz>d's w& to glitt] = a "t aga9/ ! gloomy backgr\nd ( ! /]n ,norwegian l&scape4 ,x may be s2 yet x is also possible t ! my? 0 f\nd$ on ! tradition ( a h]o1 popul> & belov$ 9 8 lifetime1 :o long surviv$ 9 ! memory ( ! p1 ga!r+ m & m ( ! m>vell\s ab\t him z he pass$ f g5]ation to g5]ation ( /ory-tell]s4 ,at all ev5ts x is wor? :ile to obs]ve t a some:at simil> /ory is told ( ano!r national h]o1 :o may well h be5 a real man4 ,9 8 great poem1 ,! ,epic ( ,k+s1 :i* is f\nd$ on ,p]sian traditions1 ! poet ,firdusi tells u t 9 ! combat betwe5 ,ru/em & ,isf5diy> ! arr[s ( ! =m] did no h>m to 8 adv]s>y1 because ,z]du%t _h *>m$ 8 body aga9/ all dang]s1 s t x 0 l unto brass4 ,b ,simurgh1 ! bird ( ,god1 %ew$ ,ru/em ! way he %\ld foll[ 9 ord] to vanqui% 8 r$\btable foe4 ,he rode aft] h]1 & !y halt$ n till !y came to ! sea-%ore4 ,!re %e l$ him into a g>d51 :]e grew a tam>isk1 tall & /rong1 & ! roots !re( 7 9 ! gr\nd1 b ! bran*es pi]c$ ev5 unto ! sky4 ,!n ! bird ( ,god bade ,ru/em break f ! tree a bran* t 0 long & sl5d]1 & fa%ion x into an arr[1 & %e said1 ,only ?r\gh 8 eyes c ,isf5diy> be w\nd$4 ,if1 !re=e1 ?\ w\ld/ slay him1 direct ?is arr[ unto 8 =ehead1 & v]ily x %all n miss its aim4 ,ru/em did z he 0 bid2 & :5 next he f\ght ) ,isf5diy>1 he %ot ! arr[ at him1 & x pi]c$ 8 eye1 & he di$4 ,great 0 ! m\rn+ = ,isf5diy>4 ,= ! space ( "o ye> m5 ceas$ n to lam5t = him1 & = _m ye>s !y %$ bitt] te>s = t arr[1 & !y said1 ,! glory ( ,iran ha? be5 laid l[4#bfa ,! my? ( ,bald] 0 p]haps act$ z a magical c]emony4 ,! two *ief incid5ts ( ! my?1 namely ! pull+ ( ! mi/letoe & ! dea? & burn+ ( ! god1 h p]haps _! c\nt]p>ts 9 popul> ritual4 ,:atev] may be ?\ght ( an hi/orical k]nel und]ly+ a my?ical husk 9 ! leg5d ( ,bald]1 ! details ( ! /ory sugge/ t x belongs to t class ( my?s :i* h be5 dramatiz$ 9 ritual1 or1 to put x o!rwise1 :i* h be5 p]=m$ z magical c]emonies = ! sake ( produc+ ^? natural effects :i* !y describe 9 figurative language4 ,a my? is nev] s graphic & precise 9 its details z :5 x is1 s to speak1 ! book ( ! words :i* are spok5 & act$ by ! p]=m]s ( ! sacr$ rite4 ,t ! ,norse /ory ( ,bald] 0 a my? ( ?is sort w become probable if we c prove t c]emonies resembl+ ! incid5ts 9 ! tale h be5 p]=m$ by ,norsem5 & o!r ,european peoples4 ,n[ ! ma9 incid5ts 9 ! tale are two--fir/1 ! pull+ ( ! mi/letoe1 & second1 ! dea? & burn+ ( ! god2 & bo? ( !m may p]haps be f\nd to h _h _! c\nt]p>ts 9 ye>ly rites obs]v$1 :e!r sep>ately or conjo9tly1 by p 9 v>i\s p>ts ( ,europe4 ,^! rites w be describ$ & discuss$ 9 ! foll[+ *apt]s4 ,we %all beg9 ) ! annual fe/ivals ( fire & %all res]ve ! pull+ ( ! mi/letoe = consid]ation lat] on4 ,notes3 #bef ,die ,edda1 b]setzt von ,k4 ,simrock99#h 7,/uttg>t1 #ahhb71 pp4 #bhf-bhh4 ,comp>e pp4 #h1 #cd1 #bfd4 ,bald]'s /ory is told 9 a pr(ess$ly hi/orical =m by ! old ,dani% hi/orian ,saxo ,grammaticus 9 8 ?ird book4 ,see bel[1 p4 #ajc4 ,9 ,engli% ! /ory is told at l5g? by ,pr(essor 7,sir7 ,john ,rhys1 ,celtic ,hea!ndom 7,london & ,ed9burgh1 #ahhh71 pp4 #ebi sqq4 ,x is elaborately discuss$ by ,pr(essor ,f4 ,knuffmann 9 a le>n$ monograph1 ,bald]1 ,my?us und ,sage 7,/rasburg1 #aijb74 #beg ,gudbr& ,vigfusson & ,f4 ,york ,p[ell1 ,corpus ,poeticum ,boreale1 i4 7,ox=d1 #ahhc7 p4 #aig4 ,comp>e ,edda ,rhy?mica seu ,antiquior1 vulgo ,saemund9a dicta1 ,p>s iii4 7,cop5hag51 #ahbh7 pp4 #ci sq42 ,die ,edda1 b]setzt von ,k4 ,simrock99#h 7,/uttg>t1 #ahhb71 p4 #h2 ,k4 ,mll5h(f1 ,deuts*e ,alt]tumskunde1 v4 ,zweite ,abteilung 7,b]l91 #ahia71 pp4 #gh sq42 ,fr4 ,kauffmann1 ,bald]1 ,my?us und ,sage1 pp4 #bj sq4 ,9 ?is passage ! words translat$ bloody victim 7blaupom tivor7 & fate loom+ 7rlog flg57 are some:at unc]ta9 & h be5 v>i\sly int]pret$4 ,! ^w tivor1 usually und]/ood to mean god1 seems to be f\nd n[h]e else4 ,pr(essor ,h4,m4 ,*adwick has k9dly furni%$ me ) ! foll[+ lit]al translation ( ! passage3 ,i saw 7or 'h se5'7 held 9 safe keep+ ! life ( ,bald]1 ! bloody god1 ,o?9's son4 ,high above ! fields 7i4e4 ! surface ( ! e>?7 grew a mi/letoe1 sl5d] & v beautiful4 ,f a %aft 7or '/em'7 :i* appe>$ sl5d]1 came a dang]\s sorr[-br++ missile 7i4e4 ! %aft became a 444 missile72 ,hodr proce$$ to %oot4 ,soon 0 a bro!r ( ,bald] born4 ,he1 ,o?9's son1 proce$$ to d battle :5 "o day old4 ,he did n wa% 8 h&s or comb 8 head be=e he br\ght ,bald]'s antagoni/ on to ! pyre4 ,b ,frigg 9 ,f5-salir 7i4e4 ! ,f5-abode7 lam5t$ ! tr\ble ( ,val-holl4 ,9 translat+ ! words rlog flg5 held 9 safe keep+ ! life ,pr(essor ,*adwick foll[s ,pr(essor ,f4 ,kauffmann's r5d]+ 7das ,leb5 v]wahrt72 b he writes to me t he is n q confid5t ab\t x1 z ! ^w rlog usually means fate r ?an life4 ,sev]al s5t5ces translat$ by ,pr(essor ,*adwick 7,soon 0 a bro!r ( ,bald] born 444 he br\ght ,bald]'s antagoni/ on ! pyre7 are omitt$ by "s editors & translators ( ! ,edda4 #beh ,g4 ,vigfusson & ,f4 ,york ,p[ell1 ,corpus ,poeticum ,boreale1 i4 #bjj sq42 ,edda ,rhy?mica seu ,antiquior1 vulgo ,saemund9a dicta1 ,p>s iii4 pp4 #ea-ed2 ,die ,edda1 b]setzt von ,k4 ,simrock199#h p4 #aj sq42 ,k4 ,mll5h(f1 ,deuts*e ,alt]tumskunde1 v4 ,zweite ,abteilung1 pp4 #hd sq4 #bei ,saxo ,grammaticus1 ,hi/oria ,danica1 ed4 ,p4,e4 ,mll] 7,cop5hag51 #ahci-aheh71 lib4 iii4 vol4 i4 pp4 #aaj sqq42 ,! ,fir/ ,n9e ,books ( ! ,dani% ,hi/ory ( ,saxo ,grammaticus1 translat$ by ,oliv] ,elton 7,london1 #ahid71 pp4 #hc-ic4 #bfj ,frid?j(s ,saga1 aus dem ,alt-islndis*51 von ,j4,c4 ,poe/ion1 7,vi5na1 #ahgi71 pp4 #c sq41 #ad-ag1 #de-eb4 #bfa ,! ,epic ( ,k+s1 ,/ories retold f ,firdusi1 by ,hel5 ,zimm]n 7,london1 #ahhc71 pp4 #cbe-cca4 ,! p>allel betwe5 ,bald] & ,isf5diy> 0 po9t$ out 9 ! ,lexicon ,my?ologicum app5d$ to ! ,edda ,rhy?mifa seu ,antiquior1 vulgo ,saemund9a dicta1 ,p>s iii4 7,cop5hag51 #ahbh7 p4 #eac note1 ) a ref]5ce to ,s*ah ,name*1 v]deuts*t von ,grres1 ii4 #cbd1 #cbg sq4 ,x is briefly m5tion$ by ,dr4 ,p4 ,wagl]1 ,die ,ei*e 9 alt] und neu] ,zeit1 ii4 ,teil 7,b]l91 #ahia71 p4 #dj4 ,,*apt] ,,iv ,,! ,,fire-,,fe/ivals ,,( ,,europe #a4 ,! ,l5t5 ,fires ,european cu/om ( k9dl+ bonfires on c]ta9 days ( ! ye>1 danc+ r\nd !m & leap+ ov] !m4 ,effigies are sometimes burnt 9 ! fires4 ,all ov] ,europe ! peasants h be5 accu/om$ f "t immemorial to k9dle bonfires on c]ta9 days ( ! ye>1 & to dance r\nd or leap ov] !m4 ,cu/oms ( ?is k9d c be trac$ back on hi/orical evid5ce to ! ,middle ,ages1#bfb & _! analogy to simil> cu/oms obs]v$ 9 antiquity goes ) /rong int]nal evid5ce to prove t _! orig9 mu/ be s\ght 9 a p]iod long prior to ! spread ( ,*ri/ianity4 ,inde$ ! e>lie/ pro( ( _! obs]vance 9 ,nor!rn ,europe is furni%$ by ! attempts made by ,*ri/ian synods 9 ! eigh? c5tury to put !m d[n z hea!ni% rites4#bfc ,n uncommonly effigies are burn$ 9 ^! fires1 or a pret5ce is made ( burn+ a liv+ p]son 9 !m2 & !re are gr\nds = believ+ t anci5tly human be+s 7 actually burn$ on ^! occasions4 ,a g5]al survey ( ! cu/oms 9 "q w br+ out ! traces ( human sacrifice1 & w s]ve at ! same "t to ?r[ light on _! mean+4#bfd ,seasons ( ! ye> at :i* ! bonfires are lit4 ,! seasons ( ! ye> :5 ^! bonfires are mo/ commonly lit are spr+ & midsumm]2 b 9 "s places !y are k9dl$ also at ! end ( autumn or dur+ ! c\rse ( ! w9t]1 p>ticul>ly on ,hall[ ,e'en 7! ?irty-fir/ ( ,octob]71 ,*ri/mas ,day1 & ! ,eve ( ,twelf? ,day4 ,we %all consid] !m 9 ! ord] 9 :i* !y occur 9 ! cal5d> ye>4 ,! e>lie/ ( !m is ! w9t] fe/ival ( ! ,eve ( ,twelf? ,day 7! fif? ( ,janu>y72 b z x has be5 already describ$ 9 an e>li] "p ( ?is "w#bfe we %all pass x ov] "h & beg9 ) ! fire-fe/ivals ( spr+1 :i* usually fall on ! fir/ ,sunday ( ,l5t 7,quadragesima or ,invocavit71#bff ,ea/] ,eve1 & ,may ,day4 ,cu/om ( k9dl+ bonfires on ! fir/ ,sunday 9 ,l5t 9 ! ,belgian ,ard5nes4 ,! cu/om ( k9dl+ bonfires on ! fir/ ,sunday 9 ,l5t has prevail$ 9 ,belgium1 ! nor? ( ,france1 & _m p>ts ( ,g]many4 ,?us 9 ! ,belgian ,ard5nes = a week or a =tnight be=e ! day ( ! great fire1 z x is call$1 *ildr5 g ab\t f f>m to f>m collect+ fuel4 ,at ,gr& ,halleux any "o :o refuses _! reque/ is pursu$ next day by ! *ildr51 :o try to black5 8 face ) ! a%es ( ! ext9ct fire4 ,:5 ! day has come1 !y cut d[n bu%es1 especially junip] & broom1 & 9 ! ev5+ great bonfires blaze on all ! heights4 ,x is a common say+ t sev5 bonfires %\ld be se5 if ! village is to be safe f conflagrations4 ,if ! ,meuse happ5s to be froz5 h>d at ! "t1 bonfires are lit also on ! ice4 ,at ,gr& ,halleux !y set up a pole call$ makral or ! wit*1 9 ! mid/ ( ! pile1 & ! fire is k9dl$ by ! man :o 0 la/ m>ri$ 9 ! village4 ,9 ! neighb\rhood ( ,morlanwelz a /raw man is burnt 9 ! fire4 ,"y p & *ildr5 dance & s+ r\nd ! bonfires1 & leap ov] ! emb]s to secure good crops or a happy m>riage )9 ! ye>1 or z a means ( gu>d+ !mselves aga9/ colic4 ,9 ,brabant on ! same ,sunday1 d[n to ! beg9n+ ( ! n9ete5? c5tury1 wom5 & m5 disguis$ 9 female attire us$ to g ) burn+ tor*es to ! fields1 :]e !y danc$ & sang comic songs = ! purpose1 z !y alleg$1 ( driv+ away ! wick$ s[]1 :o is m5tion$ 9 ! ,gospel = ! day4 ,at ,maeseyck & 9 _m villages ( ,limburg1 on ! ev5+ ( ! day *ildr5 run ?r\gh ! /reets c>ry+ light$ tor*es2 !n !y k9dle little fires ( /raw 9 ! fields & dance r\nd !m4 ,at ,ensival old folks tell "y folks t !y w h z _m ,ea/] eggs z !y see bonfires on ?is day4#bfg ,at ,pturages1 9 ! prov9ce ( ,ha9aut1 d[n to ab\t #ahdj ! cu/om 0 obs]v$ "u ! "n ( ,esc\vion or ,sc\vion4 ,e ye> on ! fir/ ,sunday ( ,l5t1 :i* 0 call$ ! ,day ( ! ,little ,sc\vion1 "y folks & *ildr5 us$ to run ) light$ tor*es ?r\gh ! g>d5s & or*>ds4 ,z !y ran !y cri$ at ! pit* ( _! voices1 ,be> apples1 be> pe>s ,& *]ries all black ,to ,sc\vion6 ,at ^! words ! tor*-be>] :irl$ 8 blaz+ br& & hurl$ x among ! bran*es ( ! apple-trees1 ! pe>-trees1 & ! *]ry-trees4 ,! next ,sunday 0 call$ ! ,day ( ! ,great ,sc\vion1 & ! same race ) light$ tor*es among ! trees ( ! or*>ds 0 repeat$ 9 ! aft]noon till d>kness fell4 ,! same cu/om 0 obs]v$ on ! same two days at ,wasmes4#bfh ,9 ! neighb\rhood ( ,lige1 :]e ! ,l5t5 fires 7 put d[n by ! police ab\t ! middle ( ! n9ete5? c5tury1 girls ?\ght t by leap+ ov] ! fires )\t be+ smir*$ !y made sure ( a happy m>riage4 ,else:]e 9 ord] to get a good husb& x 0 necess>y to see sev5 ( ! bonfires f "o spot4 ,9 ,fam5ne1 a di/rict ( ,namur1 m5 & cattle :o trav]s$ ! ,l5t5 fires 7 ?\ght to be safe f sickness & wit*craft4 ,anybody :o saw sev5 su* fires at once _h no?+ to fe> f sorc]]s4 ,an old say+ ran1 t if y d n light ! great fire1 ,god w light x = y2 :i* seems to imply t ! k9dl+ ( ! bonfires 0 deem$ a protection aga9/ conflagrations ?r\gh\t ! ye>4#bfi ,bonfires on ! fir/ ,sunday ( ,l5t 9 ! ,fr5* dep>tm5t ( ! ,ard5nes4 ,9 ! ,fr5* dep>tm5t ( ! ,ard5nes ! :ole village us$ to dance & s+ r\nd ! bonfires :i* 7 light$ on ! fir/ ,sunday 9 ,l5t4 ,"h1 too1 x 0 ! p]son la/ m>ri$1 sometimes a man & sometimes a woman1 :o put ! mat* to ! fire4 ,! cu/om is /ill kept up v commonly 9 ! di/rict4 ,cats us$ to be burnt 9 ! fire or roa/$ to dea? by be+ held ov] x2 & :ile !y 7 burn+ ! %eph]ds drove _! flocks ?r\gh ! smoke & flames z a sure means ( gu>d+ !m aga9/ sickness & wit*craft4 ,9 "s communes x 0 believ$ t ! liveli] ! dance r\nd ! fire1 ! bett] w\ld be ! crops t ye>4#bgj ,9 ! ,vosges ,m\nta9s x is /ill cu/om>y to light great fires on ! heights & ar\nd ! villages on ! fir/ ,sunday 9 ,l5t2 & at ,rupt & else:]e ! "r ( k9dl+ !m belongs to ! p]son :o 0 la/ m>ri$4 ,r\nd ! fires ! p dance & s+ m]rily till ! flames h di$ out4 ,!n ! ma/] ( ! fire1 z !y call ! man :o k9dl$ x1 invites all :o contribut$ to ! erection ( ! pile to foll[ him to ! ne>e/ tav]n1 :]e !y p>take ( good *e]4 ,at ,domm>t9 !y say t1 if y w\ld h ! hemp tall1 x is absolutely necess>y t ! wom5 %\ld be tipsy on ! ev5+ ( ?is day4#bga ,at p9al 9 ! ,vosges1 on ! fir/ ,sunday 9 ,l5t1 bonfires us$ to be k9dl$ at v>i\s places bo? 9 ! t[n & on ! banks ( ! ,moselle4 ,!y consi/$ ( pyramids ( /icks & faggots1 :i* _h be5 collect$ "s days e>li] by "y folks go+ f door to door4 ,:5 ! flames blaz$ up1 ! names ( v>i\s c\ples1 :e!r "y or old1 h&some or ugly1 ri* or poor1 7 call$ out1 & ! p]sons ?us l9k$ 9 mock m>riage 7 =c$1 :e!r !y lik$ x or n1 to m>* arm 9 arm r\nd ! fire amid ! laught] & je/s ( ! cr[d4 ,! fe/ivity la/$ till ! fire di$ out1 & !n ! spectators disp]s$ ?r\gh ! /reets1 /opp+ "u ! w9d[s ( ! h\ses & proclaim+ ! names ( ! f*5ots & f*5ottes or ,val5t9es :om ! popul> voice _h assign$ to ea* o!r4 ,^! c\ples _h to ex*ange pres5ts2 ! mock bridegroom gave 8 mock bride some?+ = h] toilet1 :ile %e 9 turn pres5t$ him ) a cockade ( col\r$ ribbon4 ,next ,sunday1 if ! wea!r all[$ x1 all ! c\ples1 array$ 9 _! be/ attire & att5d$ by _! relations1 repair$ to ! wood ( ,sa9t ,antony1 :]e !y m\nt$ a fam\s /one call$ ! dans]osse or dans]esse4 ,"h !y f\nd cakes & refre%m5ts ( all sorts1 & danc$ to ! music ( a c\ple ( fiddl]s4 ,! ev5+ bell1 r++ ! ,angelus1 gave ! signal to dep>t4 ,z soon z its solemn *ime 0 he>d1 e "o quitt$ ! =e/ & return$ home4 ,! ex*ange ( pres5ts betwe5 ! ,val5t9es w5t by ! "n ( ransom or r$emption 7ra*at71 because x 0 suppos$ to r$eem ! c\ple f ! flames ( ! bonfire4 ,any pair :o fail$ ?us to ransom !mselves 7 n suff]$ to %>e ! m]rymak+ at ! great /one 9 ! =e/2 & a pret5ce 0 made ( burn+ !m 9 small fires k9dl$ be=e _! own doors4#bgb ,bonfires on ! ,fir/ ,sunday ( ,l5t 9 ,fran*e-,comt4 ,9 ! ,fr5* prov9ce ( ,fran*e-,comt1 to ! we/ ( ! ,jura ,m\nta9s1 ! fir/ ,sunday ( ,l5t is kn[n z ! ,sunday ( ! ,firebr&s 7,br&ons71 on acc\nt ( ! fires :i* x is cu/om>y to k9dle on t day4 ,on ! ,saturday or ! ,sunday ! village lads h>ness !mselves to a c>t & drag x ab\t ! /reets1 /opp+ at ! doors ( ! h\ses :]e !re are girls & begg+ = a faggot4 ,:5 !y h got en\gh1 !y c>t ! fuel to a spot at "s little di/ance f ! village1 pile x up1 & set x on fire4 ,all ! p ( ! p>i% come out to see ! bonfire4 ,9 "s villages1 :5 ! bells h rung ! ,angelus1 ! signal = ! obs]vance is giv5 by cries (1 ,to ! fire6 to ! fire6 ,lads1 lasses1 & *ildr5 dance r\nd ! blaze1 & :5 ! flames h di$ d[n !y vie ) ea* o!r 9 leap+ ov] ! r$ emb]s4 ,he or %e :o does s )\t s+e+ 8 or h] g>m5ts w be m>ri$ )9 ! ye>4 ,"y folk also c>ry light$ tor*es ab\t ! /reets or ! fields1 & :5 !y pass an or*>d !y cry out1 ,m fruit ?an leaves6 ,d[n to rec5t ye>s at ,laviron1 9 ! dep>tm5t ( ,d\bs1 x 0 ! "y m>ri$ c\ples ( ! ye> :o _h *>ge ( ! bonfires4 ,9 ! mid/ ( ! bonfire a pole 0 plant$ ) a wood5 figure ( a cock fa/5$ to ! top4 ,!n !re 7 races1 & ! w9n] receiv$ ! cock z a prize4#bgc ,bonfires on ! fir/ ,sunday ( ,l5t 9 ,auv]gne2 ! ,granno invok$ at ^! bonfires may be ! old ,celtic god ,grannus1 :o 0 id5tifi$ ) ,apollo4 ,9 ,auv]gne fires are ev]y:]e k9dl$ on ! ev5+ ( ! fir/ ,sunday 9 ,l5t4 ,e village1 e hamlet1 ev5 e w>d1 e isolat$ f>m has its bonfire or figo1 z x is call$1 :i* blazes up z ! %ades ( night are fall+4 ,! fires may be se5 fl>+ on ! heights & 9 ! pla9s2 ! p dance & s+ r\nd ab\t !m & leap ?r\gh ! flames4 ,!n !y proce$ to ! c]emony ( ! ,grannas-mias4 ,a granno-mio#bgd is a tor* ( /raw fa/5$ to ! top ( a pole4 ,:5 ! pyre is half consum$1 ! by/&]s k9dle ! tor*es at ! expir+ flames & c>ry !m into ! neighb\r+ or*>ds1 fields1 & g>d5s1 :]ev] !re are fruit-trees4 ,z !y m>* !y s+ at ! top ( _! voices1 ,granno1 mo mio1 ,granno1 mon p\re1 ,granno1 mo m\re6 t is1 ,grannus my fri5d1 ,grannus my fa!r1 ,grannus my "m4 ,!n !y pass ! burn+ tor*es "u ! bran*es ( e tree1 s++1 ,br&o1 br&\nci ,tsaque brantso1 9 plan panei6 t is1 ,firebr& burn2 e bran* a basketful6 ,9 "s villages ! p also run across ! s[n fields & %ake ! a%es ( ! tor*es on ! gr\nd2 also !y put "s ( ! a%es 9 ! f[ls' ne/s1 9 ord] t ! h5s may lay pl5ty ( eggs ?r\gh\t ! ye>4 ,:5 all ^! c]emonies h be5 p]=m$1 ev]ybody goes home & fea/s2 ! special di%es ( ! ev5+ are fritt]s & pancakes4#bge ,"h ! application ( ! fire to ! fruit-trees1 to ! s[n fields1 & to ! ne/s ( ! p\ltry is cle>ly a *>m int5d$ to ensure f]tility2 & ! ,granno to :om ! invocations are address$1 & :o gives 8 "n to ! tor*es1 may possibly be1 z ,dr4 ,pomm]ol sugge/s1#bgf no o!r ?an ! anci5t ,celtic god ,grannus1 :om ! ,romans id5tifi$ ) ,apollo1 & ^: wor%ip is atte/$ by inscriptions f\nd n only 9 ,france b 9 ,scotl& & on ! ,danube4#bgg ,if ! "n ,grannus is d]iv$1 z ! le>n$ tell u1 f a root mean+ to gl[1 burn1 %9e1#bgh ! deity :o bore ! "n & 0 id5tifi$ ) ,apollo may well h be5 a sun-god2 & 9 t case ! pray]s address$ to him by ! peasants ( ! ,auv]gne1 :ile !y wave ! blaz+1 crackl+ tor*es ab\t ! fruit-trees1 w\ld be em95tly appropriate4 ,= :o c\ld rip5 ! fruit s well z ! sun-god8 & :at bett] process c\ld be devis$ to draw ! blossoms f ! b>e b\ghs ?an ! application to !m ( t g5ial w>m? :i* is ultimately d]iv$ f ! sol> beams8 ,?us ! fire-fe/ival ( ! fir/ ,sunday 9 ,l5t1 z x is obs]v$ 9 ,auv]gne1 may be int]pret$ v naturally & simply z a religi\s or r p]haps magical c]emony design$ to procure a due supply ( ! sun's heat = plants & animals4 ,at ! same "t we %\ld rememb] t ! employm5t ( fire 9 ?is & k9dr$ c]emonies may h be5 design$ orig9ally1 n s mu* to /imulate gr[? & reproduction1 z to burn & de/roy all ag5cies1 :e!r 9 ! %ape ( v]m91 wit*es1 or :at n1 :i* ?reat5$ or 7 suppos$ to ?reat5 ! gr[? ( ! crops & ! multiplication ( animals4 ,x is (t5 difficult to decide betwe5 ^! two diff]5t int]pretations ( ! use ( fire 9 agricultural rites4 ,9 any case ! fire-fe/ival ( ,auv]gne on ! fir/ ,sunday 9 ,l5t may date f ,druidical times4 ,fr5* cu/om ( c>ry+ light$ tor*es 7br&ons7 ab\t ! or*>ds & fields to f]tilize !m on ! fir/ ,sunday ( ,l5t4 ,! cu/om ( c>ry+ light$ tor*es ( /raw 7br&ons7 ab\t ! or*>ds & fields to f]tilize !m on ! fir/ ,sunday ( ,l5t seems to h be5 common 9 ,france1 :e!r x 0 accompani$ ) ! practice ( k9dl+ bonfires or n4 ,?us 9 ! prov9ce ( ,pic>dy on ! fir/ ,sunday ( ,l5t p c>ri$ tor*es ?r\gh ! fields1 exorcis+ ! field-mice1 ! d>nel1 & ! smut4 ,!y imag9$ t !y did mu* good to ! g>d5s & caus$ ! onions to gr[ l>ge4 ,*ildr5 ran ab\t ! fields1 tor* 9 h&1 to make ! l& m f]tile4 ,all t 0 done habitually 9 ,pic>dy1 & ! c]emony ( ! tor*es is n entirely =gott51 especially 9 ! villages on bo? sides ! ,somme z f> z ,sa9t-,val]y4#bgi ,a v agreeable spectacle1 said ! curate ( l'toile1 is to survey f ! portal ( ! *ur*1 situat$ almo/ on ! top ( ! m\nta91 ! va/ pla9s ( ,vimeux all illum9at$ by ^! w&]+ fires4 ,! same pa/ime is obs]v$ at ,poix1 at ,conty1 & 9 all ! villages r\nd ab\t4#bhj ,aga91 9 ! di/rict ( ,beauce a fe/ival ( tor*es 7br&ons or br&elons7 us$ to be held bo? on ! fir/ & on ! second ,sunday 9 ,l5t2 ! fir/ 0 call$ ! ,great ,tor*es & ! second ! ,little ,tor*es4 ,! tor*es 71 z usual1 bundles ( /raw wrapt r\nd poles4 ,9 ! ev5+ ! village lads c>ri$ ! burn+ br&s ?r\gh ! c\ntry1 runn+ ab\t 9 disord] & s++1 ,tor*es burn ,at ^! v9es1 at ?is :eat2 ,tor*es burn ,= ! maid5s t %all w$6 ,f "t to "t ! be>]s w\ld /& /ill & smite ! e>? all toge!r ) ! blaz+ /raw ( ! tor*es1 :ile !y cri$1 ,a %eaf ( a peck & a half6 7,ge>be boissiaux74 ,if two tor*be>]s happ5$ to meet ea* o!r on _! r\nds1 !y p]=m$ ! same c]emony & utt]$ ! same words4 ,:5 ! /raw 0 burnt out1 ! poles 7 collect$ & a great bonfire made ( !m4 ,lads & lasses danc$ r\nd ! flames1 & ! lads leap$ ov] !m4 ,aft]w>ds x 0 cu/om>y to eat a special sort ( ha/y-pudd+ made ( :eat5 fl\r4 ,^! usages 7 /ill 9 vogue at ! beg9n+ ( ! n9ete5? c5tury1 b !y h n[ almo/ disappe>$4 ,! peasants believ$ t by c>ry+ light$ tor*es ?r\gh ! fields !y protect$ ! crops f field-mice1 d>nel1 & smut4#bha ,at ,dijon1 9 ,burgundy1 x is ! cu/om ^u ! fir/ ,sunday 9 ,l5t to make l>ge fires 9 ! /reets1 :5ce x is call$ ,firebr& ,sunday4 ,?is practice orig9at$ 9 ! processions =m]ly made on t day by ! peasants ) light$ tor*es ( /raw1 to drive away1 z !y call$ x1 ! bad air f ! e>?4#bhb ,9 "s p>ts ( ,france1 :ile ! p sc\r$ ! c\ntry ) burn+ br&s on ! fir/ ,sunday 9 ,l5t1 !y w>n$ ! fruit-trees t if !y did n take he$ & be> fruit !y w\ld surely be cut d[n & ca/ into ! fire4#bhc ,on ! same day peasants 9 ! dep>tm5t ( ,loiret us$ to run ab\t ! s[$ fields ) burn+ tor*es 9 _! h&s1 :ile !y adjur$ ! field-mice to quit ! :eat on pa9 ( hav+ _! :isk]s burn$4#bhd ,9 ! dep>tm5t ( ,a9 ! great fires ( /raw & faggots :i* are k9dl$ 9 ! fields at ?is "t are or 7 suppos$ to de/roy ! ne/s ( ! cat]pill>s4#bhe ,at ,v]ges1 a lonely village surr\nd$ by =e/s betwe5 ! ,jura & ! ,combe d',a91 ! tor*es us$ at ?is season 7 k9dl$ 9 a peculi> mann]4 ,! "y p climb$ to ! top ( a m\nta91 :]e !y plac$ ?ree ne/s ( /raw 9 ?ree trees4 ,^! ne/s be+ !n set on fire1 tor*es made ( dry lime-wood 7 light$ at !m1 & ! m]ry troop desc5d$ ! m\nta9 to _! flick]+ light1 & w5t to e h\se 9 ! village1 dem&+ roa/$ peas & oblig+ all c\ples :o _h be5 m>ri$ )9 ! ye> to dance4#bhf ,9 ,b]ry1 a di/rict ( c5tral ,france1 x appe>s t bonfires are n light$ on ?is day1 b :5 ! sun has set ! :ole population ( ! villages1 arm$ ) blaz+ tor*es ( /raw1 disp]se ov] ! c\ntry & sc\r ! fields1 ! v9ey>ds1 & ! or*>ds4 ,se5 f af>1 ! multitude ( mov+ lights1 tw9kl+ 9 ! d>kness1 appe> l w-o'-!-wisps *as+ ea* o!r across ! pla9s1 along ! hillsides1 & d[n ! valleys4 ,:ile ! m5 wave _! flambeaus ab\t ! bran*es ( ! fruit-trees1 ! wom5 & *ildr5 tie b&s ( :eat5-/raw r\nd ! tree-trunks4 ,! effect ( ! c]emony is suppos$ to be to av]t ! v>i\s plagues f :i* ! fruits ( ! e>? are apt to suff]2 & ! b&s ( /raw fa/5$ r\nd ! /ems ( ! trees are believ$ to r5d] !m fruitful4#bhg ,9 ! p59sula ( ,la ,man*e ! ,norman peasants us$ to sp5d almo/ ! :ole night ( ! fir/ ,sunday 9 ,l5t ru%+ ab\t ! c\ntry ) light$ tor*es = ! purpose1 z !y suppos$1 ( driv+ away ! moles & field-mice2 fires 7 also k9dl$ on "s ( ! dolm5s4#bhh ,bonfires on ! fir/ ,sunday 9 ,l5t 9 ,g]many & ,au/ria2 burn+ ! wit*2 burn+ discs ?r[n into ! air2 burn+ :eels roll$ d[n hill2 bonfires on ! fir/ ,sunday 9 ,l5t 9 ,switz]l&4 ,9 ,g]many1 ,au/ria1 & ,switz]l& at ! same season simil> cu/oms h prevail$4 ,?us 9 ! ,eifel ,m\nta9s1 ,rh5i% ,prussia1 on ! fir/ ,sunday 9 ,l5t "y p us$ to collect /raw & bru%wood f h\se to h\se4 ,^! !y c>ri$ to an em95ce & pil$ up r\nd a tall1 slim bee*-tree1 to :i* a piece ( wood 0 fa/5$ at "r angles to =m a cross4 ,! /ructure 0 kn[n z ! hut or ca/le4 ,fire 0 set to x & ! "y p m>*$ r\nd ! blaz+ ca/le b>ehead$1 ea* c>ry+ a light$ tor* & pray+ al\d4 ,sometimes a /raw-man 0 burn$ 9 ! hut4 ,p obs]v$ ! direction 9 :i* ! smoke blew f ! fire4 ,if x blew t[>ds ! corn-fields1 x 0 a sign t ! h>ve/ w\ld be abundant4 ,on ! same day1 9 "s p>ts ( ! ,eifel1 a great :eel 0 made ( /raw & dragg$ by ?ree horses to ! top ( a hill4 ,?i!r ! village boys m>*$ at nightfall1 set fire to ! :eel1 & s5t x roll+ d[n ! slope4 ,two lads foll[$ x ) lev]s to set x 9 motion aga91 9 case x %\ld any:]e meet ) a *eck4 ,at ,ob]/attfeld ! :eel _h to be provid$ by ! "y man :o 0 la/ m>ri$4#bhi ,ab\t ,e*t]na* 9 ,luxemburg ! same c]emony is call$ burn+ ! wit*2 :ile x is go+ on1 ! old] m5 asc5d ! heights & obs]ve :at w9d is bl[+1 = t is ! w9d :i* w prevail ! :ole ye>4#bij ,at ,voralb]g 9 ! ,tyrol1 on ! fir/ ,sunday 9 ,l5t1 a sl5d] "y fir-tree is surr\nd$ ) a pile ( /raw & firewood4 ,to ! top ( ! tree is fa/5$ a human figure call$ ! wit*1 made ( old clo!s & /uff$ ) gunp[d]4 ,at night ! :ole is set on fire & boys & girls dance r\nd x1 sw++ tor*es & s++ rhymes 9 :i* ! words corn 9 ! w9n[+-basket1 ! pl\gh 9 ! e>? may be di/+ui%$4#bia ,9 ,swabia on ! fir/ ,sunday 9 ,l5t a figure call$ ! wit* or ! old wife or w9t]'s gr&mo!r is made up ( clo!s & fa/5$ to a pole4 ,?is is /uck 9 ! middle ( a pile ( wood1 to :i* fire is appli$4 ,:ile ! wit* is burn+1 ! "y p ?r[ blaz+ discs into ! air4 ,! discs are ?9 r\nd pieces ( wood1 a few in*es 9 diamet]1 ) not*$ edges to imitate ! rays ( ! sun or />s4 ,!y h a hole 9 ! middle1 by :i* !y are atta*$ to ! end ( a w&4 ,be=e ! disc is ?r[n x is set on fire1 ! w& is swung to & fro1 & ! impetus ?us communicat$ to ! disc is augm5t$ by da%+ ! rod %>ply aga9/ a slop+ bo>d4 ,! burn+ disc is ?us ?r[n (f1 & m\nt+ high into ! air1 describes a long fi]y curve be=e x rea*es ! gr\nd4 ,a s+le lad may fl+ up =ty or fifty ( ^! discs1 "o aft] ! o!r4 ,! object is to ?r[ !m z high z possible4 ,! w& by :i* !y are hurl$ mu/1 at lea/ 9 "s p>ts ( ,swabia1 be ( hazel4 ,sometimes ! lads also leap ov] ! fire br&i%+ light$ tor*es ( p9e-wood4 ,! *>r$ emb]s ( ! burn$ wit* & discs are tak5 home & plant$ 9 ! flaxfields ! same night1 9 ! belief t !y w keep v]m9 f ! fields4#bib ,at ,wang51 ne> ,mol%eim 9 ,bad51 a l cu/om is obs]v$ on ! fir/ ,sunday 9 ,l5t4 ,! "y p k9dle a bonfire on ! cre/ ( ! m\nta9 above ! village2 & ! burn+ discs :i* !y hurl into ! air are said to pres5t 9 ! d>kness ! aspect ( a cont9ual %[] ( fall+ />s4 ,:5 ! supply ( discs is exhau/$ & ! bonfire beg9s to burn l[1 ! boys light tor*es & run ) !m at full spe$ d[n "o or o!r ( ! ?ree /eep & w9d+ pa?s t desc5d ! m\nta9-side to ! village4 ,bumps1 bruises1 & scrat*es are (t5 ! result ( _! ef=ts to out/rip ea* o!r 9 ! headlong race4#bic ,9 ! ,rhn ,m\nta9s1 situat$ on ! bord]s ( ,hesse & ,bav>ia1 ! p us$ to m>* to ! top ( a hill or em95ce on ! fir/ ,sunday 9 ,l5t4 ,*ildr5 & lads c>ri$ tor*es1 brooms daub$ ) t>1 & poles swa!d 9 /raw4 ,a :eel1 wrapt 9 combu/ibles1 0 k9dl$ & roll$ d[n ! hill2 & ! "y p ru%$ ab\t ! fields ) _! burn+ tor*es & brooms1 till at la/ !y flung !m 9 a heap1 & /&+ r\nd !m1 /ruck up a hymn or a popul> song4 ,! object ( runn+ ab\t ! fields ) ! blaz+ tor*es 0 to drive away ! wick$ s[]4 ,or x 0 done 9 hon\r ( ! ,virg91 t %e might pres]ve ! fruits ( ! e>? ?r\gh\t ! ye> & bless !m4#bid ,9 neighb\r+ villages ( ,hesse1 betwe5 ! ,rhn & ! ,vogel ,m\nta9s1 x is ?\ght t :]ev] ! burn+ :eels roll1 ! fields w be safe f hail & /orm4#bie ,at ,konz on ! ,moselle1 on ! ,?ursday be=e ! fir/ ,sunday 9 ,l5t1 ! two guilds ( ! but*]s & ! weav]s us$ to repair to ! ,m>xb]g & !re set up an oak-tree ) a :eel fa/5$ to x4 ,on ! foll[+ ,sunday ! p asc5d$ ! hill1 cut d[n ! oak1 set fire to ! :eel1 & s5t bo? oak & :eel roll+ d[n ! hillside1 :ile a gu>d ( but*]s1 m\nt$ on horses1 fir$ at ! flam+ :eel 9 its desc5t4 ,if ! :eel roll$ d[n into ! ,moselle1 ! but*]s 7 rew>d$ ) a waggon-load ( w9e by ! ar*bi%op ( ,treves4#bif ,burn+ discs ?r[n into ! air4 ,9 ,switz]l&1 also1 x is or us$ to be cu/om>y to k9dle bonfires on high places on ! ev5+ ( ! fir/ ,sunday 9 ,l5t1 & ! day is !re=e popul>ly kn[n z ,sp>k ,sunday4 ,! cu/om prevail$1 = example1 ?r\gh\t ! canton ( ,luc]ne4 ,boys w5t ab\t f h\se to h\se begg+ = wood & /raw1 !n pil$ ! fuel on a conspicu\s m\nta9 or hill r\nd ab\t a pole1 :i* bore a /raw effigy call$ ! wit*4 ,at nightfall ! pile 0 set on fire1 & ! "y folks danc$ wildly r\nd x1 "s ( !m crack+ :ips or r++ bells2 & :5 ! fire burn$ l[ en\gh1 !y leap$ ov] x4 ,?is 0 call$ burn+ ! wit*4 ,9 "s p>ts ( ! canton also !y us$ to wrap old :eels 9 /raw & ?orns1 put a light to !m1 & s5d !m roll+ & blaz+ d[n hill4 ,! same cu/om ( roll+ light$ :eels d[n hill is atte/$ by old au?orities = ! cantons ( ,a>gau & ,ble4 ,! m bonfires c\ld be se5 sp>kl+ & fl>+ 9 ! d>kness1 ! m fruitful 0 ! ye> expect$ to be2 & ! high] ! danc]s leap$ beside or ov] ! fire1 ! high]1 x 0 ?\ght1 w\ld gr[ ! flax4 ,9 ! di/rict ( ,freiburg & at ,birseck 9 ! di/rict ( ,ble x 0 ! la/ m>ri$ man or woman :o mu/ k9dle ! bonfire4 ,:ile ! bonfires blaz$ up1 x 0 cu/om>y 9 "s p>ts ( ,switz]l& to propel burn+ discs ( wood ?r\gh ! air by means ( ! same simple ma*9]y :i* is us$ = ! purpose 9 ,swabia4 ,ea* lad tri$ to s5d 8 disc fizz+ & fl>+ ?r\gh ! d>kness z f> z possible1 & 9 dis*>g+ x he m5tion$ ! "n ( ! p]son to ^: hon\r x 0 d$icat$4 ,b 9 ,prttigau ! words utt]$ 9 laun*+ ! fi]y discs ref]r$ to ! abundance :i* 0 app>5tly expect$ to foll[ ! p]=mance ( ! c]emony4 ,among !m 71 ,grease 9 ! pan1 corn 9 ! fan1 & ! pl\gh 9 ! e>?6#big ,connexion ( ^! bonfires ) ! cu/om ( c>ry+ out ,dea?2 effigies burnt on ,%rove ,tuesday4 ,x seems h>dly possible to sep>ate f ^! bonfires1 k9dl$ on ! fir/ ,sunday 9 ,l5t1 ! fires 9 :i*1 ab\t ! same season1 ! effigy call$ ,dea? is burn$ z "p ( ! c]emony ( c>ry+ out ,dea?4 ,we h se5 t at ,spa*5dorf1 9 ,au/rian ,silesia1 on ! morn+ ( ,rup]t's ,day 7,%rove ,tuesday871 a /raw-man1 dress$ 9 a fur coat & a fur cap1 is laid 9 a hole outside ! village & !re burn$1 & t :ile x is blaz+ e "o seeks to snat* a fragm5t ( x1 :i* he fa/5s to a bran* ( ! highe/ tree 9 8 g>d5 or buries 9 8 field1 believ+ t ?is w make ! crops to gr[ bett]4 ,! c]emony is kn[n z ! bury+ ( ,dea?4#bih ,ev5 :5 ! /raw-man is n designat$ z ,dea?1 ! mean+ ( ! obs]vance is probably ! same2 = ! "n ,dea?1 z ,i h tri$ to %ew1 does n express ! orig9al int5tion ( ! c]emony4 ,at ,cob]n 9 ! ,eifel ,m\nta9s ! lads make up a /raw-man on ,%rove ,tuesday4 ,! effigy is =mally tri$ & accus$ ( hav+ p]petrat$ all ! !fts t h be5 committ$ 9 ! neighb\rhood ?r\gh\t ! ye>4 ,be+ condemn$ to dea?1 ! /raw-man is l$ ?r\gh ! village1 %ot1 & burn$ ^u a pyre4 ,!y dance r\nd ! blaz+ pile1 & ! la/ bride mu/ leap ov] x4#bii ,9 ,old5burg on ! ev5+ ( ,%rove ,tuesday p us$ to make long bundles ( /raw1 :i* !y set on fire1 & !n ran ab\t ! fields wav+ !m1 %riek+1 & s++ wild songs4 ,f9ally !y burn$ a /raw-man on ! field4#cjj ,9 ! di/rict ( ,dsseldorf ! /raw-man burn$ on ,%rove ,tuesday 0 made ( an un?re%$ %eaf ( corn4#cja ,on ! fir/ ,monday aft] ! spr+ equ9ox ! ur*9s ( ,zuri* drag a /raw-man on a little c>t ?r\gh ! /reets1 :ile at ! same "t ! girls c>ry ab\t a ,may-tree4 ,:5 vesp]s r+1 ! /raw-man is burn$4#cjb ,9 ! di/rict ( ,aa*5 on ,a% ,w$nesday a man us$ to be encas$ 9 peas-/raw & tak5 to an appo9t$ place4 ,"h he slipp$ quietly out ( 8 /raw cas+1 :i* 0 !n burn$1 ! *ildr5 ?9k+ t x 0 ! man :o 0 be+ burn$4#cjc ,9 ! ,val di ,l$ro 7,tyrol7 on ! la/ day ( ! ,c>nival a figure is made up ( /raw & bru%wood & !n burn$4 ,! figure is call$ ! ,old ,woman1 & ! c]emony burn+ ! ,old ,woman4#cjd #b4 ,! ,ea/] ,fires ,fire-fe/ivals on ,ea/] ,eve4 ,cu/om 9 ,ca?olic c\ntries ( k9dl+ a holy new fire at ! *ur* on ,ea/] ,saturday2 m>vell\s prop]ties ascrib$ to ! emb]s ( ! fire2 ! burn+ ( ,judas4 ,ano!r occasion on :i* ^! fire-fe/ivals are held is ,ea/] ,eve1 ! ,saturday be=e ,ea/] ,sunday4 ,on t day x has be5 cu/om>y 9 ,ca?olic c\ntries to ext+ui% all ! lights 9 ! *ur*es1 & !n to make a new fire1 sometimes ) fl9t & /eel1 sometimes ) a burn+-glass4 ,at ?is fire is lit ! great ,pas*al or ,ea/] c&le1 :i* is !n us$ to rek9dle all ! ext+ui%$ lights 9 ! *ur*4 ,9 _m p>ts ( ,g]many a bonfire is also k9dl$1 by means ( ! new fire1 on "s op5 space ne> ! *ur*4 ,x is consecrat$1 & ! p br+ /icks ( oak1 walnut1 & bee*1 :i* !y *> 9 ! fire1 & !n take home ) !m4 ,"s ( ^! *>r$ /icks are !reupon burn$ at home 9 a newly-k9dl$ fire1 ) a pray] t ,god w pres]ve ! home/ead f fire1 lightn+1 & hail4 ,?us e h\se receives new fire4 ,"s ( ! /icks are kept ?r\gh\t ! ye> & laid on ! he>?-fire dur+ heavy ?und]-/orms to prev5t ! h\se f be+ /ruck by lightn+1 or !y are ins]t$ 9 ! ro( ) ! l int5tion4 ,o!rs are plac$ 9 ! fields1 g>d5s1 & mead[s1 ) a pray] t ,god w keep !m f blight & hail4 ,su* fields & g>d5s are ?\ght to ?rive m ?an o!rs2 ! corn & ! plants t gr[ 9 !m are n beat5 d[n by hail1 nor dev\r$ by mice1 v]m91 & beetles2 no wit* h>ms !m1 & ! e>s ( corn /& close & full4 ,! *>r$ /icks are also appli$ to ! pl\gh4 ,! a%es ( ! ,ea/] bonfire1 toge!r ) ! a%es ( ! consecrat$ palm-bran*es1 are mix$ ) ! se$ at s[+4 ,a wood5 figure call$ ,judas is sometimes burn$ 9 ! consecrat$ bonfire1 & ev5 :]e ?is cu/om has be5 aboli%$ ! bonfire itself 9 "s places goes by ! "n ( ! burn+ ( ,judas4#cje ,ea/] fires 9 ,bav>ia & ! ,abruzzi4 ,9 ! ,holl]tau1 ,bav>ia1 ! "y m5 us$ to light _! lant]ns at ! newly-k9dl$ ,ea/] c&le 9 ! *ur* & !n race to ! bonfire2 he :o rea*$ x fir/ set fire to ! pile1 & next day1 ,ea/] ,sunday1 0 rew>d$ at ! *ur*-door by ! h\sewives1 :o pres5t$ him ) r$ eggs4 ,great 0 ! jubilation :ile ! effigy ( ! traitor 0 be+ consum$ 9 ! flames4 ,! a%es 7 c>efully collect$ & ?r[n away at sunrise 9 runn+ wat]4#cjf ,9 _m p>ts ( ! ,abruzzi1 also1 pi\s p k9dle _! fires on ,ea/] ,saturday ) a br& br\ght f ! sacr$ new fire 9 ! *ur*4 ,:5 ! br& has ?us s]v$ to bless ! fire on ! dome/ic he>?1 x is ext+ui%$1 & ! rema9d] is pres]v$1 p>tly 9 a cranny ( ! out] wall ( ! h\se1 p>tly on a tree to :i* x is ti$4 ,?is is done = ! purpose ( gu>d+ ! home/ead aga9/ injury by /orms4 ,at ,campo di ,giove ! p say t if y c get a piece ( "o ( ! ?ree holy c&les :i* ! prie/ lights f ! new fire1 y %\ld all[ a few drops ( ! wax to fall into ! cr[n ( y\r hat2 = aft] t1 if x %\ld ?und] & light51 y h no?+ to d b to clap ! hat on y\r head1 & no fla% ( lightn+ c possibly /rike y4#cjg ,wat] z well z fire consecrat$ 9 ! ,abruzzi on ,ea/] ,saturday2 wat] consecrat$ 9 ,calabria on ,ea/] ,saturday2 wat] & fire consecrat$ on ,ea/] ,saturday among ! ,g]mans ( ,bohemia2 ,ea/] rites ( fire & wat] at ,hilde%eim4 ,fur!r1 x des]ves to be not$ t 9 ! ,abruzzi wat] z well z fire is1 z x 71 r5ew$ & consecrat$ on ,ea/] ,saturday4 ,mo/ p fet* holy wat] on t day f ! *ur*es1 & e memb] ( ! family dr9ks a little ( x1 believ+ t x has p[] to protect him or h] aga9/ wit*craft1 fev]1 & /oma*-a*es ( all sorts4 ,& :5 ! *ur* bells r+ aga9 aft] _! en=c$ sil5ce1 ! wat] is spr9kl$ ab\t ! h\se1 & especially "u ! b$s1 ) ! help ( a palm-bran*4 ,"s ( ?is bless$ wat] is also kept 9 ! h\se = use 9 great em]g5cies1 :5 !re is no "t to fet* a prie/2 ?us x may be employ$ to baptize a newborn infant gasp+ = life or to spr9kle a sick man 9 ! la/ agony2 su* a spr9kl+ is reckon$ equal to prie/ly absolution4#cjh ,9 ,calabria ! cu/oms ) reg>d to ! new wat]1 z x is call$1 on ,ea/] ,saturday are simil>2 x is p\r$ into a new vessel1 adorn$ ) ribbons & fl[]s1 is bless$ by ! prie/1 & is ta/$ by e "o ( ! h\sehold1 beg9n+ ) ! p>5ts4 ,& :5 ! air vibrates ) ! glad music ( ! *ur* bells ann\nc+ ! resurrection1 ! p spr9kle ! holy wat] ab\t ! h\ses1 bidd+ 9 a l\d voice all evil ?+s to g =? & all good ?+s to come 94 ,at ! same "t1 to emphasize ! exorcism1 !y knock on doors1 w9d[-%utt]s1 *e/s1 & o!r dome/ic articles ( furniture4 ,at ,cetr>o p :o suff] f diseases ( ! sk9 ba! 9 ! sea at ?is propiti\s mom5t2 at ,pietro 9 ,gu>ano !y plunge into ! riv] on ! night ( ,ea/] ,saturday be=e ,ea/] ,sunday dawns1 & :ile !y ba! !y utt] nev] a ^w4 ,moreov]1 ! ,calabrians keep ! new wat] z a sacr$ ?+4 ,!y believe t x s]ves z a protection aga9/ wit*craft if x is spr9kl$ on a fire or a lamp1 :5 ! wood crackles or ! wick sputt]s2 = !y reg>d x z a bad om5 :5 ! fire talks1 z !y say4#cji ,among ! ,g]mans ( ,we/]n ,bohemia1 also1 wat] z well z fire is consecrat$ by ! prie/ 9 front ( ! *ur* on ,ea/] ,saturday4 ,p br+ jugs full ( wat] to ! *ur* & set !m beside ! holy fire2 aft]w>ds !y use ! wat] to spr9kle on ! palm-bran*es :i* are /uck 9 ! fields4 ,*>r$ /icks ( ! ,judas fire1 z x is popul>ly call$1 are suppos$ to possess a magical & heal+ virtue2 h5ce ! p take !m home ) !m1 & ev5 scuffle ) ea* o!r = ! /ill gl[+ emb]s 9 ord] to c>ry !m1 /ill glimm]+1 to _! h\ses & s obta9 ! light or ! holy light4#caj ,at ,hilde%eim1 also1 & ! neighb\r+ villages ( c5tral ,g]many rites bo? ( fire & wat] are or 7 till lately obs]v$ at ,ea/]4 ,?us on ,ea/] night _m p fet* wat] f ! ,inn]/e riv] & keep x c>efully1 believ+ x to be a rem$y = _m sorts ( ailm5ts bo? ( man & bea/4 ,9 ! villages on ! ,le9e riv] s]vant m5 & maids us$ to g sil5tly on ,ea/] night betwe5 ! h\rs ( elev5 & twelve & sil5tly draw wat] 9 buckets f ! riv]2 !y mix$ ! wat] ) ! fodd] & ! dr9k ( ! cattle to make ! animals ?rive1 & !y imag9$ t to wa% 9 x 0 good = human be+s4 ,_m 7 also ( op9ion t at ! same my/ic h\r ! wat] turn$ to w9e z f> z ! cr[+ ( a cock c\ld be he>d1 & 9 ?is belief !y laid !mselves flat on _! /oma*s & kept _! tongues 9 ! wat] till ! miracul\s *ange occurr$1 :5 !y took a great gulp ( ! trans=m$ wat]4 ,at ,hilde%eim1 too1 & ! neighb\r+ villages fires us$ to blaze on all ! heights on ,ea/] ,eve2 & emb]s tak5 f ! bonfires 7 dipp$ 9 ! cattle tr\ghs to b5efit ! bea/s & 7 kept 9 ! h\ses to av]t lightn+4#caa ,new fire at ,ea/] 9 ,c>9?ia2 consecration ( fire & wat] by ! ,ca?olic ,*ur* at ,ea/]4 ,9 ! ,lesa*?al1 ,c>9?ia1 all ! fires 9 ! h\ses us$ to be ext+ui%$ on ,ea/] ,saturday1 & rek9dl$ ) a fre% fire br\ght f ! *ur*y>d1 :]e ! prie/ _h lit x by ! friction ( fl9t & /eel & _h be/[$ 8 bless+ on x4#cab ,su* cu/oms 7 probably widespread4 ,9 a ,lat9 poem ( ! sixte5? c5tury1 writt5 by a c]ta9 ,?omas ,kir*mey] & translat$ into ,engli% by ,b>nabe ,googe1 we read3-- ,on ,ea/] ,eve ! fire all is qu5*t 9 e place1 ,& fre% aga9e f out ! fl9t is fet*t ) solemne grace3 ,! prie/ do? hal[ ?is aga9/ great daung]s _m "o1 ,a br&e :]e( do? e man ) gre$ie m9d take home1 ,t :5 ! fe>efull /orme appe>es1 or tempe/ black arise1 ,by light+ ?is he safe may be f /roke ( hurtful skies3 ,a tap] great1 ! ,pas*all namde1 ) musicke !n !y blesse1 ,& franck5s5ce h]e9 !y pricke1 = great] holynesse3 ,?is burne? night & day z signe ( ,*ri/ t conqu]de hell1 ,z if s be ?is fooli% toye suffise? ?is to tell4 ,!n do? ! ,bi%op or ! ,prie/1 ! wat] hal[ /raight1 ,t = _! baptisme is res]vde3 = n[ no m ( waight ,is t !y usde ! ye>e be=e1 nor c !y any m1 ,yong *ildr5 *ri/5 ) ! same1 z !y h done be=e4 ,) wondr\s pompe & furniture1 amid ! ,*ur* !y g1 ,) c&les1 crosses1 bann]s1 ,*risme1 & oyle appoynt$ ?o3 ,n9e times ab\t ! font !y m>*e1 & on ! sa9tes doe call1 ,!n /ill at l5g? !y /&e1 & /raight ! ,prie/ beg9s )all1 ,& ?rise ! wat] do? he t\*e1 & crosses !reon make1 ,"h bigge & b>br\s wordes he speakes1 to make ! devill quake3 ,& holsome wat]s conjure?1 & fooli%ly do? dresse1 ,suppos+ holy> t to make1 :i* ,god be=e did blesse3 ,& aft] ?is 8 c&le ?an1 he ?ru/e? 9 ! floode1 ,& ?rise he brea!s !reon ) brea?1 t /9kes ( =m] foode3 ,& mak+ "h an ende1 8 ,*risme he p\re? !reupon1 ,! p />+ h]eat /&e1 amaz$ e "o2 ,beleev+ t great p[re is giv5 to ?is wat] "h1 ,by gap+ ( ^! le>n$ m51 & su* l trifl+ g]e4 ,!re=e 9 vessels br\ght !y draw1 & home !y c>ie "s1 ,aga9/ ! grieves t to !mselves1 or to _! bea/es may come4 ,!n ,clapp]s ceasse1 & belles are set aga9e at lib]te1 ,& h]e)all ! hungrie times ( fa/+ end$ be4#cac ,x is said t =m]ly all ! fires 9 ,rome 7 light$ afre% f ! holy fire k9dl$ 9 ,/4 ,pet]'s on ,ea/] ,saturday4#cad ,! new fire on ,ea/] ,saturday at ,flor5ce4 ,9 ,flor5ce ! c]emony ( k9dl+ ! new fire on ,ea/] ,eve is peculi>4 ,! holy flame is elicit$ f c]ta9 fl9ts :i* are said to h be5 br\ght by a memb] ( ! ,pazzi family f ! ,holy ,l&4 ,!y are kept 9 ! *ur* ( ! ,holy ,apo/les on ! ,piazza del ,limbo1 & on ! morn+ ( ,ea/] ,saturday ! prior /rikes fire f !m & lights a c&le f ! new flame4 ,! burn+ c&le is !n c>ri$ 9 solemn procession by ! cl]gy & memb]s ( ! municipality to ! high alt> 9 ! ca!dral4 ,a va/ cr[d has mean:ile assembl$ 9 ! ca!dral & ! neighb\r+ squ>e to witness ! c]emony2 among/ ! spectators are _m peasants drawn f ! surr\nd+ c\ntry1 = x is commonly believ$ t on ! success or failure ( ! c]emony dep5ds ! fate ( ! crops = ! ye>4 ,outside ! door ( ! ca!dral /&s a fe/al c> drawn by two f9e :ite ox5 ) gild$ horns4 ,! body ( ! c> is load$ ) a pyramid ( squibs & crack]s & is connect$ by a wire ) a pill> set up 9 front ( ! high alt>4 ,! wire ext5ds d[n ! middle ( ! nave at a height ( ab\t six feet f ! gr\nd4 ,b5ea? x a cle> passage is left1 ! spectators be+ rang$ on ei!r side & cr[d+ ! va/ int]ior f wall to wall4 ,:5 all is ready1 ,high ,mass is celebrat$1 & precisely at noon1 :5 ! fir/ words ( ! ,gloria are be+ *ant$1 ! sacr$ fire is appli$ to ! pill>1 :i* l ! c> is wrea!d ) fireworks4 ,a mom5t m & a fi]y dove comes fly+ d[n ! nave1 ) a hiss+ s\nd & a sputt] ( sp>ks1 betwe5 ! two h$ges ( eag] spectators4 ,if all goes well1 ! bird pursues its c\rse along ! wire & out at ! door1 & 9 ano!r mom5t a prolong$ s]ies ( fizzes1 pops & bangs ann\nces to ! excit$ cr[d 9 ! ca!dral t ! fireworks on ! c> are go+ (f4 ,great is ! joy accord+ly1 especially among ! bumpk9s1 :o are n[ sure ( an abundant h>ve/4 ,b if1 z sometimes happ5s1 ! dove /ops %ort 9 its c>e] & fizzles out1 reveal+ itself z a /uff$ bird ) a packet ( squibs ti$ to its tail1 great is ! con/]nation1 & deep ! curses t issue f betwe5 ! set tee? ( ! clodhopp]s1 :o n[ give up ! h>ve/ = lo/4 ,=m]ly ! unskilful me*anician :o 0 responsible = ! failure w\ld h be5 clapp$ into gaol2 b n[adays he is ?\ght suffici5tly puni%$ by ! /orm ( public indignation & ! loss ( 8 pay4 ,! disa/] is ann\nc$ by plac>ds po/$ ab\t ! /reets 9 ! ev5+2 & next morn+ ! newspap]s are full ( gloomy progno/ications4#cae ,! new fire & burn+ ( ,judas on ,ea/] ,saturday 9 ,mexico4 ,"s ( ^! cu/oms h be5 transport$ by ! ,ca?olic ,*ur* to ! ,new ,_w4 ,?us 9 ,mexico ! new fire is /ruck f a fl9t e>ly 9 ! morn+ ( ,ea/] ,saturday1 & a c&le :i* has be5 light$ at ! sacr$ flame is c>ri$ ?r\gh ! *ur* by a deacon %\t+ ,lum5 ,*ri/i4 ,meantime ! :ole city1 we are in=m$1 has be5 conv]t$ into a va/ place ( execution4 ,ropes /ret* across ! /reets f h\se to h\se1 & f e h\se dangles an effigy ( ,judas1 made ( pap] pulp4 ,scores or hundr$s ( !m may adorn a s+le /reet4 ,!y are ( all %apes & sizes1 grotesque 9 =m & g>b$ 9 /range attire1 /uff$ ) gunp[d]1 squibs & crack]s1 sometimes1 too1 ) meat1 bread1 soap1 c&y1 & clo?+1 = :i* ! cr[d w scramble & scuffle :ile ! effigies are burn+4 ,!re !y hang grim1 black1 & sull5 9 ! /rong sun%9e1 greet$ ) a ro> ( execration by ! pi\s mob4 ,a peal ( bells f ! ca!dral t[] on ! /roke ( noon gives ! signal = ! execution4 ,at ! s\nd a fr5zy seizes ! cr[d4 ,!y ?r[ !mselves furi\sly on ! figures ( ! dete/$ traitor1 cut !m d[n1 hurl !m ) curses into ! fire1 & fight & /ruggle ) ea* o!r 9 _! ef=ts to te> ! effigies to tatt]s & appropriate _! cont5ts4 ,smoke1 /9k1 sputt] ( crack]s1 oa?s1 curses1 yells are n[ ! ord] ( ! day4 ,b ! traitor does n p]i% unav5g$4 ,= ! anatomy ( 8 frame has be5 cunn+ly contriv$ s z 9 burn+ to dis*>ge volleys ( squibs into 8 assailants2 & ! w\nds & burns ) :i* _! piety is rew>d$ =m a feature ( ! morn+'s ent]ta9m5t4 ,! ,engli% ,jockey ,club 9 ,mexico us$ to improve on ?is popul> pa/ime by susp5d+ huge figures ( ,judas1 /uff$ ) copp] co9s1 f ropes 9 front ( _! clubh\se4 ,^! 7 ignit$ at ! prop] mom5t & l[]$ )9 rea* ( ! expectant rabble1 & x 0 ! privilege ( memb]s ( ! club1 seat$ 9 ! balcony1 to wat* ! grimaces & to he> ! %rieks ( ! victims1 z !y /amp$ & cap]$ ab\t ) ! hot copp]s /ick+ to _! h&s1 divid$ 9 _! m9ds betwe5 an acute s5se ( pa9 & a ?ir/ = fil?y lucre4#caf ,! burn+ ( ,judas at ,ea/] 9 ,s\? ,am]ica4 ,sc5es ( ! same sort1 ?\gh on a less ambiti\s scale1 are witness$ among ! ,ca?olics ( ,s\? ,am]ica on ! same day4 ,9 ,brazil ! m\rn+ = ! dea? ( ,*ri/ ceases at noon on ,ea/] ,saturday & gives place to an extravagant bur/ ( joy at 8 resurrection4 ,%ots are fir$ ev]y:]e1 & effigies ( ,judas are hung on trees or dragg$ ab\t ! /reets1 to be f9ally burn$ or o!rwise de/roy$4#cag ,9 ! ,indian villages scatt]$ among ! wild valleys ( ! ,p]uvian ,&es figures ( ! traitor1 made ( pa/ebo>d & /uff$ ) squibs & crack]s1 are hang$ on gibbets be=e ! door ( ! *ur* on ,ea/] ,saturday4 ,fire is set to !m1 & :ile !y crackle & explode1 ! ,indians dance & %\t = joy at ! de/ruction ( _! hat$ enemy4#cah ,simil>ly at ,rio ,ha*a1 9 ,colombia1 ,judas is repres5t$ dur+ ,holy ,week by life-siz$ effigies1 & ! p fire at !m z if !y 7 dis*>g+ a sacr$ duty4#cai ,! new fire on ,ea/] ,saturday 9 ! ,*ur* ( ! ,holy ,sepul*re at ,j]usalem4 ,b usages ( ?is sort are n conf9$ to ! ,lat9 ,*ur*2 !y are common to ! ,greek ,*ur* also4 ,e ye> on ! ,saturday be=e ,ea/] ,sunday a new fire is miracul\sly k9dl$ at ! ,holy ,sepul*re 9 ,j]usalem4 ,x desc5ds f heav5 & ignites ! c&les :i* ! patri>* holds 9 8 h&s1 :ile ) clos$ eyes he wre/les 9 pray] all alone 9 ! *apel ( ! ,angel4 ,! wor%ipp]s mean:ile wait anxi\sly 9 ! body ( ! *ur*1 & great are _! transports ( joy :5 at "o ( ! w9d[s ( ! *apel1 :i* _h be5 all d>k a m9ute be=e1 !re sudd5ly appe>s ! h& ( an angel1 or ( ! patri>*1 hold+ a light$ tap]4 ,?is is ! sacr$ new fire2 x is pass$ out to ! expectant believ]s1 & ! desp]ate /ruggle :i* ensues among !m to get a %>e ( its bless$ influ5ce is only t]m9at$ by ! int]v5tion ( ! ,turki% soldi]y1 :o re/ore peace & ord] by hu/l+ ! :ole multitude imp>tially out ( ! *ur*4 ,9 days gone by _m lives 7 (t5 lo/ 9 ^! holy scrimmages4 ,= example1 9 ! ye> #ahcd1 ! fam\s ,ibrahim ,pa%a witness$ ! frantic sc5e f "o ( ! gall]ies1 &1 be+ mov$ ) compassion at ! sight1 desc5d$ ) a few gu>ds into ! ar5a 9 ! *im]ical hope ( re/or+ peace & ord] among ! cont5d+ ,*ri/ians4 ,he contriv$ to =ce 8 way into ! mid/ ( ! d5se cr[d1 b !re ! heat & pressure 7 s great t he fa9t$ away2 a body ( soldi]s1 see+ 8 dang]1 *>g$ /raight into ! ?rong & c>ri$ him out ( x 9 _! arms1 trampl+ "u foot ! dy+ & dead 9 _! passage4 ,ne>ly two hundr$ p 7 kill$ t day 9 ! *ur*4 ,! =tunate survivors on ^! occasions :o succe$$ 9 obta9+ a portion ( ! covet$ fire appli$ x freely to _! faces1 _! be>ds1 & _! g>m5ts4 ,! !ory 0 t ! fire1 be+ miracul\s1 c\ld only bless & n burn !m2 b ! practical results ( ! exp]im5t 7 (t5 disappo9t+1 = :ile ! bless+s 7 m or less dubi\s1 !re c\ld be no d\bt :atev] ab\t ! burns4#cbj ,! hi/ory ( ! miracle has be5 c>efully inve/igat$ by a ,jesuit fa!r4 ,! conclusions at :i* he arrives are t ! miracle 0 a miracle inde$ s long z ! ,ca?olics _h ! managem5t ( x2 b t s9ce x fell into ! h&s ( ! h]etics x has be5 no?+ b a b>efac$ trick & impo/ure4#cba ,_m p w be dispos$ to agree ) ! latt] conclusion :o might hesitate to accept ! =m]4 ,! new fire & ! burn+ ( ,judas on ,ea/] ,saturday 9 ,greece4 ,at ,a!ns ! new fire is k9dl$ 9 ! ca!dral at midnight on ,holy ,saturday4 ,a d5se cr[d ) unlit c&les 9 _! h&s fills ! squ>e 9 front ( ! ca!dral2 ! k+1 ! ar*bi%op1 & ! highe/ dignit>ies ( ! *ur*1 array$ 9 _! gorge\s robes1 occupy a plat=m2 & at ! exact mom5t ( ! resurrection ! bells r+ out1 & ! :ole squ>e bur/s z by magic into a blaze ( light4 ,!oretically all ! c&les are lit f ! sacr$ new fire 9 ! ca!dral1 b practically x may be suspect$ t ! mat*es :i* be> ! "n ( ,lucif] h "s %>e 9 ! sudd5 illum9ation4#cbb ,effigies ( ,judas us$ to be burn$ at ,a!ns on ,ea/] ,saturday1 b ! cu/om has be5 =bidd5 by ! ,gov]nm5t4 ,h[ev]1 fir+ goes on m or less cont9u\sly all ov] ! city bo? on ,ea/] ,saturday & ,ea/] ,sunday1 & ! c>tridges us$ on ?is occasion are n always blank4 ,! %ots are aim$ at ,judas1 b sometimes !y miss him & hit o!r p4 ,outside ( ,a!ns ! practice ( burn+ ,judas 9 effigy /ill survives 9 "s places4 ,= example1 9 ,cos a /raw image ( ! traitor is made on ,ea/] ,day1 & aft] be+ hung up & %ot at x is burn$4#cbc ,a simil> cu/om appe>s to prevail at ,!bes2#cbd x us$ to be obs]v$ by ! ,mac$onian peasantry1 & x is /ill kept up at ,!rapia1 a fa%ionable summ] resort ( ,con/ant9ople4#cbe ,! new fire at ,c&lemas 9 ,arm5ia4 ,9 ! ,arm5ian ,*ur* ! sacr$ new fire is k9dl$ n at ,ea/] b at ,c&lemas1 t is1 on ! second ( ,febru>y1 or on ! eve ( t fe/ival4 ,! mat]ials ( ! bonfire are pil$ 9 an op5 space ne> a *ur*1 & !y are g5]ally ignit$ by "y c\ples :o h be5 m>ri$ )9 ! ye>4 ,h[ev]1 x is ! bi%op or 8 vic> :o lights ! c&les ) :i* fire is set to ! pile4 ,all "y m>ri$ pairs are expect$ to range !mselves ab\t ! fire & to dance r\nd x4 ,"y m5 leap ov] ! flames1 b girls & wom5 cont5t !mselves ) go+ r\nd !m1 :ile !y pray to be pres]v$ f ! it* & o!r sk9-diseases4 ,:5 ! c]emony is ov]1 ! p eag]ly pick up *>r$ /icks or a%es ( ! fire & pres]ve !m or scatt] !m on ! f\r corn]s ( ! ro(1 9 ! cattle-/all1 9 ! g>d51 & on ! pa/ures2 = ^! holy /icks & a%es protect m5 & cattle aga9/ disease1 & fruit-trees aga9/ worms & cat]pill>s4 ,om5s1 too1 are drawn f ! direction 9 :i* ! w9d bl[s ! flames & ! smoke3 if x c>ries !m ea/w>d1 !re is hope ( a good h>ve/2 b if x incl9es !m we/w>d1 ! p fe> t ! crops w fail4#cbf ,! new fire & ! burn+ ( ,judas at ,ea/] are probably relics ( paganism4 ,9 spite ( ! ?9 cloak ( ,*ri/ianity ?r[n ov] ^! cu/oms by repres5t+ ! new fire z an emblem ( ,*ri/ & ! figure burn$ 9 x z an effigy ( ,judas1 we c h>dly d\bt t bo? practices are ( pagan orig94 ,nei!r ( !m has ! au?ority ( ,*ri/ or ( 8 disciples2 b bo? ( !m h abundant analogies 9 popul> cu/om & sup]/ition4 ,"s in/ances ( ! practice ( annually ext+ui%+ fires & relight+ !m f a new & sacr$ flame h already come be=e u2#cbg b a few examples may "h be cit$ = ! sake ( illu/rat+ ! wide diffusion ( a cu/om :i* has f\nd its way into ! ritual bo? ( ! ,ea/]n & ( ! ,we/]n ,*ur*4 ,! new fire at ! summ] sol/ice among ! ,incas ( ,p]u2 ! new fire among ! ,indians ( ,mexico & ,new ,mexico2 ! new fire among ! ,esquimaux4 ,! ,incas ( ,p]u celebrat$ a fe/ival call$ ,raymi1 a ^w :i* _! native hi/orian ,g>cilasso de la ,vega tells u 0 equival5t to our ,ea/]4 ,x 0 held 9 hon\r ( ! sun at ! sol/ice 9 ,june4 ,= ?ree days be=e ! fe/ival ! p fa/$1 m5 did n sleep ) _! wives1 & no fires 7 light$ 9 ,cuzco1 ! capital4 ,! sacr$ new fire 0 obta9$ direct f ! sun by conc5trat+ 8 beams on a highly poli%$ concave plate & reflect+ !m on a little cotton wool4 ,) ?is holy fire ! %eep & lambs (f]$ to ! sun 7 consum$1 & ! fle% ( su* z 7 to be eat5 at ! fe/ival 0 roa/$4 ,portions ( ! new fire 7 also convey$ to ! temple ( ! sun & to ! conv5t ( ! sacr$ virg9s1 :]e !y 7 kept burn+ all ! ye>1 & x 0 an ill om5 if ! holy flame w5t out4#cbh ,at a fe/ival held 9 ! la/ mon? ( ! old ,mexican ye> all ! fires bo? 9 ! temples & 9 ! h\ses 7 ext+ui%$1 & ! prie/ k9dl$ a new fire by rubb+ two /icks aga9/ ea* o!r be=e ! image ( ! fire-god4#cbi ,! ,zuni ,indians ( ,new ,mexico k9dle a new fire by ! friction ( wood bo? at ! w9t] & ! summ] sol/ice4 ,at ! w9t] sol/ice ! *os5 fire-mak] collects a faggot ( c$>-wood f e h\se 9 ! village1 & ea* p]son1 z he h&s ! wood to ! fire-mak]1 prays t ! crops may be good 9 ! com+ ye>4 ,= sev]al days be=e ! new fire is k9dl$1 no a%es or sweep+s may be remov$ f ! h\ses & no artificial light may appe> outside ( !m1 n ev5 a burn+ cig>ette or ! fla% ( fire>ms4 ,! ,indians believe t no ra9 w fall on ! fields ( ! man outside ^: h\se a light has be5 se5 at ?is season4 ,! signal = k9dl+ ! new fire is giv5 by ! ris+ ( ! ,morn+ ,/>4 ,! flame is produc$ by twirl+ an upright /ick betwe5 ! h&s on a horizontal /ick laid on ! floor ( a sacr$ *amb]1 ! sp>ks be+ caught by a t9d] ( c$>-du/4 ,x is =bidd5 to bl[ up ! sm\ld]+ t9d] ) ! brea?1 = t w\ld (f5d ! gods4 ,aft] ! fire has ?us be5 c]emonially k9dl$1 ! wom5 & girls ( all ! families 9 ! village clean out _! h\ses4 ,!y c>ry ! sweep+s & a%es 9 baskets or b[ls to ! fields & leave !m !re4 ,to ! sweep+s ! woman says3 ,i n[ deposit y z sweep+s1 b 9 "o ye> y w return to me z corn4 ,& to ! a%es %e says3 ,i n[ deposit y z a%es1 b 9 "o ye> y w return to me z meal4 ,at ! summ] sol/ice ! sacr$ fire :i* has be5 procur$ by ! friction ( wood is us$ to k9dle ! grass & trees1 t !re may be a great cl\d ( smoke1 :ile bull-ro>]s are swung & pray]s (f]$ t ! ,ra9-mak]s up al(t w wat] ! e>?4#ccj ,f ?is acc\nt we see h[ intimately ! k9dl+ ( a new fire at ! two turn+-po9ts ( ! sun's c\rse is associat$ 9 ! m9ds ( ^! ,indians ) ! f]tility ( ! l&1 p>ticul>ly ) ! gr[? ( ! corn4 ,! roll+ smoke is app>5tly an imitation ( ra9-cl\ds design$1 on ! pr9ciple ( homoeopa?ic magic1 to draw %[]s f ! blue sky4 ,once a ye> ! ,iroquois prie/hood suppli$ ! p ) a new fire4 ,z a prep>ation = ! annual rite ! fires 9 all ! huts 7 ext+ui%$ & ! a%es scatt]$ ab\t4 ,!n ! prie/1 we>+ ! insignia ( 8 (fice1 w5t f hut to hut relight+ ! fires by means ( a fl9t4#cca ,among ! ,esquimaux ) :om ,c4,f4 ,hall resid$1 x 0 ! cu/om t at a c]ta9 "t1 :i* answ]$ to our ,new ,ye>'s ,day1 two m5 w5t ab\t f h\se to h\se bl[+ out e light 9 ! village4 ,"o ( ! m5 0 dress$ to repres5t a woman4 ,aft]w>ds ! lights 7 rek9dl$ f a fre% fire4 ,an ,esquimau woman be+ ask$ :at all ?is meant1 repli$1 ,new sun--new light4#ccb ,among ! ,esquimaux ( ,iglulik1 :5 ! sun fir/ rises above ! horizon aft] ! long night ( ! ,arctic w9t]1 ! *ildr5 :o h wat*$ = 8 reappe>ance run into ! h\ses & bl[ out ! lamps4 ,!n !y receive f _! mo!rs pres5ts ( pieces ( wick4#ccc ,! new fire 9 ,wadai1 among ! ,swahili1 & 9 o!r p>ts ( ,africa4 ,9 ! ,sudanese k+dom ( ,wadai all ! fires 9 ! villages are put out & ! a%es remov$ f ! h\ses on ! day :i* prec$es ! ,new ,ye> fe/ival4 ,at ! beg9n+ ( ! new ye> a new fire is lit by ! friction ( wood 9 ! great /raw hut :]e ! village eld]s l\nge away ! sultry h\rs toge!r2 & e man takes !nce a burn+ br& ) :i* he rek9dles ! fire on 8 dome/ic he>?4#ccd ,9 ! ,bahr-el-,ghazal prov9ce ( ! ,egyptian ,sudan ! p ext+ui% _! old fires at ! ,arab ,new ,ye> & br+ 9 new fire4 ,on ! same occasion !y beat ! walls ( _! huts1 ! grass ?at*es1 & ! walls ( _! enclosures 9 ord] to drive away ! devil or evil spirits4 ,! beat+ ( ! walls & ro(s is accompani$ by ! fir+ ( guns1 ! %\t+ ( m51 & ! %rill] cries ( ! wom54#cce ,?us ^! p comb9e an annual expulsion ( demons ) an annual light+ ( a new fire4 ,among ! ,swahili ( ,ea/ ,africa ! greate/ fe/ival is t ( ! ,new ,ye>1 :i* falls 9 ! second half ( ,augu/4 ,at a giv5 mom5t all ! fires are ext+ui%$ ) wat] & aft]w>ds relit by ! friction ( two dry pieces ( wood4 ,! a%es ( ! old fires are c>ri$ out & deposit$ at cross-roads4 ,all ! p get up v e>ly 9 ! morn+ & ba! 9 ! sea or "s o!r wat]1 pray+ to be kept 9 good heal? & to live t !y may ba! aga9 next ye>4 ,%am-fights =m "p ( ! amusem5ts ( ! day2 sometimes !y pass into grim reality4 ,inde$ ! day 0 =m]ly "o ( g5]al lic5se2 e man did t :i* 0 good 9 8 own eyes4 ,no awkw>d que/ions 7 ask$ ab\t any crimes committ$ on ?is occasion1 s "s p improv$ ! %9+ h\r by knock+ a few poor devils on ! head4 ,%oot+ /ill goes on dur+ ! :ole day1 & at night ! proce$+s g5]ally w9d up ) a great dance4#ccf ,! ,k+ ( ,b5ametapa1 z ! e>ly ,portuguese trad]s call$ him1 9 ,ea/ ,africa us$ to s5d commission]s annually to e t[n 9 8 dom9ions2 on ! arrival ( "o ( ^! (fic]s ! inhabitants ( ea* t[n _h to put out all _! fires & to receive a new fire f him4 ,failure to comply ) ?is cu/om 0 treat$ z rebellion4#ccg ,"s tribes ( ,briti% ,c5tral ,africa c>efully ext+ui% ! fires on ! he>?s at ! beg9n+ ( ! hoe+ season & at h>ve/2 ! fires are aft]w>ds rek9dl$ by friction1 & ! p indulge 9 dances ( v>i\s k9ds4#cch ,! new fire among ! ,todas ( ,s\!rn ,india & among ! ,nagas ( ,nor?-,ea/]n ,india4 ,! ,todas ( ! ,neilgh5y ,hills1 9 ,s\!rn ,india1 annually k9dle a sacr$ new fire by ! friction ( wood 9 ! mon? :i* beg9s ) ! ,octob] moon4 ,! c]emony is p]=m$ by two holy dairym5 at ! foot ( a high hill4 ,:5 !y h light$ ! fire by rubb+ two dry /icks toge!r1 & x beg9s to burn well1 !y /& a little way (f & pray1 say+1 ,may ! "y grass fl[]6 ,may honey fl\ri%6 ,may fruit rip56 ,! purpose ( ! c]emony is to make ! grass & honey pl5tiful4 ,9 anci5t times ! ,todas liv$ l>gely on wild fruits1 & !n ! rite ( ! new fire 0 v important4 ,n[ t !y subsi/ *iefly on ! milk ( _! buffaloes1 ! c]emony has lo/ mu* ( its old significance4#cci ,:5 ! ,nagas ( ,nor?-,ea/]n ,india h fell$ ! timb] & cut d[n ! scrub 9 ^? pat*es ( jungle :i* !y propose to cultivate1 !y put out all ! fires 9 ! village & light a new fire by rubb+ two dry pieces ( wood toge!r4 ,!n hav+ k9dl$ tor*es at x !y proce$ ) !m to ! jungle & ignite ! fell$ timb] & bru%wood4 ,! fle% ( a c[ or buffalo is also roa/$ on ! new fire & furni%es a sacrificial meal4#cdj ,ne> ! small t[n ( ,kahma 9 ,burma1 betwe5 ,prome & ,?ayetmyo1 c]ta9 gases escape f a holl[ 9 ! gr\nd & burn ) a /eady flame dur+ ! dry season ( ! ye>4 ,! p reg>d ! flame z ! =ge ( a spectral smi? :o "h c>ri$ on 8 bus9ess aft] dea? _h remov$ him f 8 old smi?y 9 ! village4 ,once a ye> all ! h\sehold fires 9 ,kahma are ext+ui%$ & !n light$ afre% f ! gho/ly flame4#cda ,! new fire 9 ,*9a & ,japan4 ,9 ,*9a e ye>1 ab\t ! beg9n+ ( ,april1 c]ta9 (ficials1 call$ ,sz'hen1 us$ ( old to g ab\t ! c\ntry arm$ ) wood5 clapp]s4 ,_! bus9ess 0 to summon ! p & comm& !m to put out e fire4 ,?is 0 ! beg9n+ ( a season call$ ,han-%ih-tsieh1 or eat+ cold food4 ,= ?ree days all h\sehold fires rema9$ ext9ct z a prep>ation = ! solemn r5ewal ( ! fire1 :i* took place on ! fif? or six? day ( ,april1 be+ ! hundr$ & fif? day aft] ! w9t] sol/ice4 ,! c]emony 0 p]=m$ ) great pomp by ! same (ficials1 :o procur$ ! new fire f heav5 by reflect+ ! sun's rays ei!r f a metal mirror or f a cry/al on dry moss4 ,fire ?us obta9$ is call$ by ! ,*9ese heav5ly fire1 & its use is enjo9$ 9 sacrifices2 :]eas fire elicit$ by ! friction ( wood is t]m$ by !m e>?ly fire1 & its use is prescrib$ = cook+ & o!r dome/ic purposes4 ,:5 once ! new fire _h ?us be5 drawn f ! sun1 all ! p 7 free to rek9dle _! dome/ic he>?s2 &1 z a ,*9ese di/i* has x-- ,at ! fe/ival ( ! cold food !re are a ?\s& :ite /alks among ! fl[]s2 ,on ! day ,ts+-m+1 at sunrise1 y may see ! smoke ( t5 ?\s& h\ses4 ,accord+ to a ,*9ese philosoph]1 ! reason = ?us r5ew+ fire p]iodically is t ! vital pr9ciple gr[s weak] & weak] 9 old fire1 :]eas 9 new fire x is "y & vigor\s4 ,?is annual r5ewal ( fire 0 a c]emony ( v great antiquity 9 ,*9a1 s9ce x is kn[n to h be5 obs]v$ 9 ! "t ( ! fir/ dyna/y1 ab\t two ?\s& ye>s be=e ,*ri/4 ,"u ! ,t*e\ dyna/y a *ange 9 ! cal5d> l$ to %ift+ ! fire-fe/ival f spr+ to ! summ] sol/ice1 b aft]w>ds x 0 br\ght back to its orig9al date4 ,al?\gh ! cu/om appe>s to h long fall5 into disuse1 ! b>b>\s inhabitants ( ,ha9an1 an isl& to ! s\? ( ,*9a1 /ill call a ye> a fire1 z if 9 memory ( ! "t :5 ! ye>s 7 reckon$ by ! annually recurr+ c]emony ( rek9dl+ ! sacr$ fire4#cdb ,a ,japanese book writt5 two c5turies ago in=ms u t /icks resembl+ ! w&s us$ = (f]+s at ! purification c]emony 7 "p %av5 & set up 9 bundles at ! f\r corn]s ( ! ,gion %r9e on ! la/ day ( ! ye>4 ,! prie/s1 aft] pray]s 7 recit$1 broke up ! bundles & set fire to ! /icks1 :i* ! p !n c>ri$ home to light _! h\sehold fires ) = ! ,new ,ye>4 ,! object ( ?is c]emony 0 to av]t pe/il5ce4#cdc ,! new fire 9 anci5t ,greece & ,rome4 ,9 classical antiquity ! ,greek isl& ( ,lemnos 0 devot$ to ! wor%ip ( ! smi?-god ,hephae/us1 :o 0 said to h fall5 on x :5 ,zeus hurl$ him f heav54#cdd ,once a ye> e fire 9 ! isl& 0 ext+ui%$ & rema9$ ext9ct = n9e days1 dur+ :i* sacrifices 7 (f]$ to ! dead & to ! inf]nal p[]s4 ,new fire 0 br\ght 9 a %ip f ! sacr$ isle ( ,delos1 & ) x ! fires 9 ! h\ses & ! work%ops 7 relit4 ,! p said t ) ! new fire !y made a new beg9n+ ( life4 ,if ! %ip t bore ! sacr$ flame arriv$ too soon1 x might n put 9 to %ore1 b _h to cruise 9 ! (f+ till ! n9e days 7 expir$4#cde ,at ,rome ! sacr$ fire 9 ! temple ( ,ve/a 0 k9dl$ anew e ye> on ! fir/ ( ,m>*1 :i* us$ to be ! beg9n+ ( ! ,roman ye>2#cdf ! task ( light+ x 0 entru/$ to ! ,ve/al ,virg9s1 & !y p]=m$ x by drill+ a hole 9 a bo>d ( lucky wood till ! flame 0 elicit$ by friction4 ,! new fire ?us produc$ 0 c>ri$ into ! temple ( ,ve/a by "o ( ! virg9s 9 a bronze sieve4#cdg ,! new fire at ,hall[ ,e'en among ! old ,celts ( ,irel&2 ! new fire on ,septemb] #a/ among ! ,russian peasants4 ,among ! ,celts ( ,irel& a new fire 0 annually k9dl$ on ,hall[e'en or ! ,eve ( ,samha91 z !y call$ x1 ! la/ day ( ,octob]1 f :i* ! ,iri% new ye> began2 & all ! he>?s ?r\gh\t ! c\ntry are said to h be5 relight$ f ! fre% fire4 ,! place :]e ?is holy flame 0 lit bore ! "n ( ,tla*tga or ,tlactga2 x has be5 id5tifi$ ) a ra? or native =t on ! ,hill ( ,w>d ne> ,a?boy 9 ! c\nty ( ,mea?4 ,x 0 !re1 says ! old ,iri% hi/orian1 ,ge(frey ,keat+1 t ! ,fe/ival ( ! ,fire ( ,tlactga 0 ord]$ to be held1 & x 0 ?i!r t ! ,druids ( ,irel& 7 wont to repair & to assemble1 9 solemn meet+1 on ! eve ( ,samha91 = ! purpose ( mak+ a sacrifice to all ! gods4 ,x 0 9 t fire at ,tlactga1 t _! sacrifice 0 burnt2 & x 0 made obligatory1 "u pa9 ( puni%m5t1 to ext+ui% all ! fires ( ,irel&1 on t eve2 & ! m5 ( ,irel& 7 all[$ to k9dle no o!r fire b t "o2 & = ea* ( ! o!r fires1 :i* 7 all to be light$ f x1 ! k+ ( ,mun/] 0 to receive a tax ( a sgreball1 t is1 ( ?ree p5ce1 because ! l&1 ^u :i* ,tlactga 0 built1 belongs to ! portion ( ,mea? :i* _h be5 tak5 f ,mun/]4#cdh ,9 ! villages ne> ,mosc[ at ! pres5t "t ! peasants put out all _! fires on ! eve ( ! fir/ ( ,septemb]1 & next morn+ at sunrise a wise man or a wise woman rek9dles !m ) ! help ( mutt]$ incantations & spells4#cdi ,?us ! c]emony ( ! new fire 9 ! ,ea/]n & ,we/]n ,*ur* is probably a relic ( an old hea!n rite4 ,in/ances ( su* practices might d\btless be multipli$1 b ! =ego+ examples may suffice to r5d] x probable t ! ecclesia/ical c]emony ( light+ a sacr$ new fire on ,ea/] ,saturday _h orig9ally no?+ to d ) ,*ri/ianity1 b is m]ely "o case ( a _w-wide cu/om :i* ! ,*ur* has se5 fit to incorporate 9 its ritual4 ,x might be suppos$ t 9 ! ,we/]n ,*ur* ! cu/om 0 m]ely a survival ( ! old ,roman usage ( r5ew+ ! fire on ! fir/ ( ,m>*1 7 x n t ! obs]vance by ! ,ea/]n ,*ur* ( ! cu/om on ! same day seems to po9t back to a /ill old] p]iod :5 ! c]emony ( light+ a new fire 9 spr+1 p]haps at ! v]nal equ9ox1 0 common to _m peoples ( ! ,m$it]ranean area4 ,we may conjecture t :]ev] su* a c]emony has be5 obs]v$1 x orig9ally m>k$ ! beg9n+ ( a new ye>1 z x did 9 anci5t ,rome & ,irel&1 & z x /ill does 9 ! ,sudanese k+dom ( ,wadai & among ! ,swahili ( ,ea/]n ,africa4 ,! pagan "* ( ! ,ea/] fire appe>s f ! sup]/itions associat$ ) x1 su* z ! belief t ! fire f]tilizes ! fields & protects h\ses f conflagration & sickness4 ,! ess5tially pagan "* ( ! ,ea/] fire fe/ival appe>s pla9ly bo? f ! mode 9 :i* x is celebrat$ by ! peasants & f ! sup]/iti\s beliefs :i* !y associate ) x4 ,all ov] nor!rn & c5tral ,g]many1 f ,altm>k & ,anhalt on ! ea/1 ?r\gh ,brunswick1 ,hanov]1 ,old5burg1 ! ,h>z di/rict1 & ,hesse to ,we/phalia ! ,ea/] bonfires /ill blaze simultane\sly on ! hill-tops4 ,z _m z =ty may sometimes be c\nt$ )9 sight at once4 ,long be=e ,ea/] ! "y p h be5 busy collect+ firewood2 e f>m] contributes1 & t>-b>rels1 petroleum cases1 & s =? g to swell ! pile4 ,neighb\r+ villages vie ) ea* o!r z to :i* %all s5d up ! greate/ blaze4 ,! fires are always k9dl$1 ye> aft] ye>1 on ! same hill1 :i* accord+ly (t5 takes ! "n ( ,ea/] ,m\nta94 ,x is a f9e spectacle to wat* f "s em95ce ! bonfires fl>+ up "o aft] ano!r on ! neighb\r+ heights4 ,z f> z _! light rea*es1 s f>1 9 ! belief ( ! peasants1 ! fields w be fruitful1 & ! h\ses on :i* !y %9e w be safe f conflagration or sickness4 ,at ,volkm>s5 & o!r places 9 ,hesse ! p us$ to obs]ve :i* way ! w9d blew ! flames1 & !n !y s[$ flax se$ 9 t direction1 confid5t t x w\ld gr[ well4 ,br&s tak5 f ! bonfires pres]ve h\ses f be+ /ruck by lightn+2 & ! a%es increase ! f]tility ( ! fields1 protect !m f mice1 & mix$ ) ! dr9k+-wat] ( cattle make ! animals ?rive & ensure !m aga9/ plague4 ,z ! flames die d[n1 "y & old leap ov] !m1 & cattle are sometimes driv5 ?r\gh ! sm\ld]+ emb]s4 ,9 "s places t>-b>rels or :eels wrapt 9 /raw us$ to be set on fire1 & !n s5t roll+ d[n ! hillside4 ,9 o!rs ! boys light tor*es & wisps ( /raw at ! bonfires & ru% ab\t br&i%+ !m 9 _! h&s4 ,:]e ! p are divid$ betwe5 ,prote/antism & ,ca?olicism1 z 9 ,hilde%eim1 x has be5 obs]v$ t among ,prote/ants ! ,ea/] bonfires are g5]ally left to ! boys1 :ile 9 ,ca?olic di/ricts !y are c>$ = by gr[n-up p]sons1 & "h ! :ole population w ga!r r\nd ! blaz+ pile & jo9 9 s++ *oral hymns1 :i* e*o f> & wide 9 ! /illness ( night4#cej ,! ,ea/] fires 9 ,mn/]l&1 ,old5burg1 ! ,h>z ,m\nta9s & ! ,altm>k4 ,9 ,mn/]l& ^! ,ea/] fires are always k9dl$ ^u c]ta9 def9ite hills1 :i* are h5ce kn[n z ,ea/] or ,pas*al ,m\nta9s4 ,! :ole community assembles ab\t ! fire4 ,fa!rs ( families =m an inn] circle r\nd x4 ,an out] circle is compos$ ( ! "y m5 & maid5s1 :o1 s++ ,ea/] hymns1 m>* r\nd & r\nd ! fire 9 ! direction ( ! sun1 till ! blaze dies d[n4 ,!n ! girls jump ov] ! fire 9 a l9e1 "o aft] ! o!r1 ea* support$ by two "y m5 :o hold h] h&s & run beside h]4 ,:5 ! fire has burn$ out1 ! :ole assembly m>*es 9 solemn procession to ! *ur*1 s++ hymns4 ,!y g ?rice r\nd ! *ur*1 & !n break up4 ,9 ! twilight boys ) blaz+ bundles ( /raw run ov] ! fields to make !m fruitful4#cea ,at ,delm5hor/1 9 ,old5burg1 x us$ to be ! cu/om to cut d[n two trees1 plant !m 9 ! gr\nd side by side1 & pile twelve t>-b>rels1 "o above ! o!r1 aga9/ ea* ( ! trees4 ,bru%wood 0 !n heap$ ab\t ! trees1 & on ! ev5+ ( ,ea/] ,saturday ! boys1 aft] ru%+ ab\t ) blaz+ beanpoles 9 _! h&s1 set fire to ! :ole4 ,at ! end ( ! c]emony ! ur*9s tri$ to black5 ea* o!r & ! clo!s ( gr[n-up p4#ceb ,9 ,s*aumburg ! ,ea/] bonfires may be se5 blaz+ on all ! m\nta9s ar\nd = miles4 ,!y are made ) a t>-b>rel fa/5$ to a p9e-tree1 :i* is wrapt 9 /raw4 ,! p dance s++ r\nd !m4#cec ,9 ! ,h>z ,m\nta9s ! fire is commonly made by pil+ bru%wood ab\t a tree & sett+ x on fire4 ,at ,o/]ode e "o tries to snat* a br& f ! bonfire & runs ab\t ) x2 ! bett] x burns1 ! m lucky x is4 ,9 ,grund !re are tor*-races4#ced ,9 ! ,altm>k ! ,ea/] bonfires are compos$ ( t>-b>rels1 bee-hives1 & s =?1 pil$ r\nd a pole4 ,! "y folk dance r\nd ! fire2 & :5 x has di$ out1 ! old folk come & collect ! a%es1 :i* !y pres]ve z a rem$y = ! ailm5ts ( bees4 ,x is also believ$ t z f> z ! blaze ( ! bonfire is visible1 ! corn w gr[ well ?r\gh\t ! ye>1 & no conflagration w break out4#cee ,at ,braunrde1 9 ! ,h>z ,m\nta9s1 x 0 ! cu/om to burn squirrels 9 ! ,ea/] bonfire4#cef ,9 ! ,altm>k1 bones 7 burn$ 9 x4#ceg ,! ,ea/] fires 9 ,bav>ia2 ! burn+ ( ,judas2 burn+ ! ,ea/] ,man4 ,fur!r s\? ! ,ea/] fires are1 or us$ to be1 lit 9 _m di/ricts ( ,bav>ia4 ,?us on ,ea/] ,monday 9 "s p>ts ( ,middle ,frank5 ! s*oolboys collect all ! old worn-out besoms !y c lay h&s on1 & m>* ) !m 9 a long procession to a neighb\r+ height4 ,:5 ! fir/ *ime ( ! ev5+ bell comes up f ! dale !y set fire to ! brooms1 & run along ! ridges wav+ !m1 s t se5 f bel[ ! hills appe> to be cre/$ ) a tw9kl+ & mov+ *a9 ( fire4#ceh ,9 "s p>ts ( ,upp] ,bav>ia at ,ea/] burn+ arr[s or discs ( wood 7 %ot f hill-tops high into ! air1 z 9 ! ,swabian & ,swiss cu/oms already describ$4#cei ,at ,ob]au1 in/ead ( ! discs1 an old c>t-:eel 0 sometimes wrapt 9 /raw1 ignit$1 & s5t roll+ & blaz+ d[n ! m\nta94 ,! lads :o hurl$ ! discs receiv$ pa9t$ ,ea/] eggs f ! girls4#cfj ,ne> ,=*heim1 9 ,upp] ,frank51 a /raw-man call$ ! ,judas us$ to be burn$ 9 ! *ur*y>ds on ,ea/] ,saturday4 ,! :ole village contribut$ wood to ! pyre on :i* he p]i%$1 & ! *>r$ /icks 7 aft]w>ds kept & plant$ 9 ! fields on ,walpurgis ,day 7! fir/ ( ,may7 to pres]ve ! :eat f blight & mildew4#cfa ,ab\t a hundr$ ye>s ago or m ! cu/om at ,al!nneb]g1 9 ,upp] ,bav>ia1 us$ to be z foll[s4 ,on ! aft]noon ( ,ea/] ,saturday ! lads collect$ wood1 :i* !y pil$ 9 a cornfield1 :ile 9 ! middle ( ! pile !y set up a tall wood5 cross all swa!d 9 /raw4 ,aft] ! ev5+ s]vice !y light$ _! lant]ns at ! consecrat$ c&le 9 ! *ur*1 & ran ) !m at full spe$ to ! pyre1 ea* /riv+ to get !re fir/4 ,! fir/ to arrive set fire to ! heap4 ,no woman or girl might come ne> ! bonfire1 b !y 7 all[$ to wat* x f a di/ance4 ,z ! flames rose ! m5 & lads rejoic$ & made m]ry1 %\t+1 ,we are burn+ ! ,judas6 ,two ( !m _h to wat* ! gl[+ emb]s ! :ole night long1 le/ p %\ld come & /eal !m4 ,next morn+ at sunrise !y c>efully collect$ ! a%es1 & ?rew !m into ! runn+ wat] ( ! ,rt5 brook4 ,! man :o _h be5 ! fir/ to rea* ! pyre & to k9dle x 0 rew>d$ on ,ea/] ,sunday by ! wom51 :o gave him col\r$ eggs at ! *ur* door4 ,well-to-d wom5 gave him two2 poor] wom5 gave him only "o4 ,! object ( ! :ole c]emony 0 to keep (f ! hail4 ,ab\t a c5tury ago ! ,judas fire1 z x 0 call$1 0 put d[n by ! police4#cfb ,at ,gigg5haus5 & ,aufkir*51 two o!r villages ( ,upp] ,bav>ia1 a simil> cu/om prevail$1 yet ) "s int]e/+ diff]5ces4 ,"h ! c]emony1 :i* took place betwe5 n9e & t5 at night on ,ea/] ,saturday1 0 call$ burn+ ! ,ea/] ,man4 ,on a height ab\t a mile f ! village ! "y fell[s set up a tall cross envelop$ 9 /raw1 s t x look$ l a man ) 8 arms /ret*$ out4 ,?is 0 ! ,ea/] ,man4 ,no lad "u eighte5 ye>s ( age might take "p 9 ! c]emony4 ,"o ( ! "y m5 /ation$ himself beside ! ,ea/] ,man1 hold+ 9 8 h& a consecrat$ tap] :i* he _h br\ght f ! *ur* & light$4 ,! re/ /ood at equal int]vals 9 a great circle r\nd ! cross4 ,at a giv5 signal !y rac$ ?rice r\nd ! circle1 & !n at a second signal ran /raight at ! cross & at ! lad ) ! light$ tap] beside x2 ! "o :o rea*$ ! goal fir/ _h ! "r ( sett+ fire to ! ,ea/] ,man4 ,great 0 ! jubilation :ile he 0 burn+4 ,:5 he _h be5 consum$ 9 ! flames1 ?ree lads 7 *os5 f among ! re/1 & ea* ( ! ?ree drew a circle on ! gr\nd ) a /ick ?rice r\nd ! a%es4 ,!n !y all left ! spot4 ,on ,ea/] ,monday ! villag]s ga!r$ ! a%es & /rew$ !m on _! fields2 also !y plant$ 9 ! fields palm-bran*es :i* _h be5 consecrat$ on ,palm ,sunday1 & /icks :i* _h be5 *>r$ & hall[$ on ,good ,friday1 all = ! purpose ( protect+ _! fields aga9/ %[]s ( hail4 ,! cu/om ( burn+ an ,ea/] ,man made ( /raw on ,ea/] ,saturday 0 obs]v$ also at ,ab5sb]g1 9 ,l[] ,bav>ia4#cfc ,9 "s p>ts ( ,swabia ! ,ea/] fires might n be k9dl$ ) iron or /eel or fl9t1 b only by ! friction ( wood4#cfd ,! ,ea/] fires 9 ,bad52 ,?und] poles4 ,9 ,bad5 bonfires are /ill k9dl$ 9 ! *ur*y>ds on ,ea/] ,saturday1 & ecclesia/ical refuse ( v>i\s sorts1 su* z c&le-ends1 old surplices1 & ! wool us$ by ! prie/ 9 ! application ( extreme unction1 is consum$ 9 ! flames4 ,at ,zoznegg d[n to ab\t #ahej ! fire 0 light$ by ! prie/ by means ( a fl9t :i* _h nev] be5 us$ be=e4 ,p br+ /icks1 especially oak5 /icks1 *> !m 9 ! fire1 & !n c>ry !m home & keep !m 9 ! h\se z a pres]vative aga9/ lightn+4 ,at ,zoznegg ^! oak5 /icks 7 sword-%ap$1 ea* ab\t an ell & a half long1 & !y w5t by ! "n ( wea!r or ?und] poles 7,wett]pfhle74 ,:5 a ?und]/orm ?reat5$ to break out1 "o ( ! /icks 0 put into a small fire1 9 ord] t ! hall[$ smoke1 asc5d+ to ! cl\ds1 might w>d (f ! lightn+ f ! h\se & ! hail f ! fields & g>d5s4 ,at ,s*llbronn ! oak5 /icks1 :i* are ?us *>r$ 9 ! ,ea/] bonfire & kept 9 ! h\se z a protective aga9/ ?und] & lightn+1 are ?ree 9 numb]1 p]haps ) an allusion to ! ,tr9ity2 !y are br\ght e ,ea/] to be consecrat$ afre% 9 ! bonfire1 till !y are q burnt away4 ,9 ! lake di/rict ( ,bad5 x is also cu/om>y to burn "o ( ^! holy /icks 9 ! fire :5 a heavy ?und]/orm is rag+4#cfe ,h5ce x seems t ! anci5t association ( ! oak ) ! ?und]#cff p]si/s 9 ! m9ds ( ,g]man peasants to ! pres5t day4 ,ea/] fires 9 ,holl& & ,sw$52 ! burn+ ( ,judas 9 ,bohemia4 ,?us ! cu/om ( ! ,ea/] fires appe>s to h prevail$ all ov] c5tral & we/]n ,g]many f nor? to s\?4 ,we f9d x also 9 ,holl&1 :]e ! fires 7 k9dl$ on ! highe/ em95ces1 & ! p danc$ r\nd !m & leap$ ?r\gh ! flames or ov] ! gl[+ emb]s4 ,"h too1 z s (t5 9 ,g]many1 ! mat]ials = ! bonfire 7 collect$ by ! "y folk f door to door4#cfg ,9 _m p>ts ( ,sw$5 fire>ms are1 z at ,a!ns1 dis*>g$ 9 all directions on ,ea/] eve1 & huge bonfires are light$ on hills & em95ces4 ,"s p ?9k t ! int5tion is to keep (f ! ,troll & o!r evil spirits :o are especially active at ?is season4#cfh ,:5 ! aft]noon s]vice on ,good ,friday is ov]1 ,g]man *ildr5 9 ,bohemia drive ,judas out ( ! *ur* by runn+ ab\t ! sacr$ edifice & ev5 ! /reets %ak+ rattles & clapp]s4 ,next day1 on ,ea/] ,saturday1 ! rema9s ( ! holy oil are burnt be=e ! *ur* door 9 a fire :i* mu/ be k9dl$ ) fl9t & /eel4 ,?is fire is call$ ! burn+ ( ,judas1 b 9 spite ( its evil "n a b5efic5t virtue is ascrib$ to x1 = ! p scuffle = ! c9d]s1 :i* !y put 9 ! ro(s ( _! h\ses z a safegu>d aga9/ fire & lightn+4#cfi #c4 ,! ,beltane ,fires ,! ,beltane fires on ! fir/ ( ,may 9 ! ,highl&s ( ,scotl&2 description ( ! ,beltane fires by ,john ,ramsay ( ,o*t]tyre 9 ! eighte5? c5tury4 ,9 ! c5tral ,highl&s ( ,scotl& bonfires1 kn[n z ! ,beltane fires1 7 =m]ly k9dl$ ) great c]emony on ! fir/ ( ,may1 & ! traces ( human sacrifices at !m 7 p>ticul>ly cle> & unequivocal4 ,! cu/om ( light+ ! bonfires la/$ 9 v>i\s places f> into ! eighte5? c5tury1 & ! descriptions ( ! c]emony by writ]s ( t p]iod pres5t su* a curi\s & int]e/+ picture ( anci5t hea!ndom surviv+ 9 our own c\ntry t ,i w reproduce !m 9 ! words ( _! au?ors4 ,! fulle/ ( ! descriptions1 s f> z ,i "k1 is ! "o bequea!d to u by ,john ,ramsay1 laird ( ,o*t]tyre1 ne> ,crieff1 ! patron ( ,burns & ! fri5d ( ,sir ,walt] ,scott4 ,f 8 volum9\s manuscripts1 writt5 9 ! la/ qu>t] ( ! eighte5? c5tury1 a selection 0 publi%$ 9 ! latt] "p ( ! n9ete5? c5tury4 ,! foll[+ acc\nt ( ,beltane is extract$ f a *apt] deal+ ) ,highl& sup]/itions4 ,ramsay says3 ,b ! mo/ consid]able ( ! ,druidical fe/ivals is t ( ,beltane1 or ,may-day1 :i* 0 lately obs]v$ 9 "s p>ts ( ! ,highl&s ) extraord9>y c]emonies4 ,( lat] ye>s x is *iefly att5d$ to by "y p1 p]sons advanc$ 9 ye>s consid]+ x z inconsi/5t ) _! gravity to give x any c\nt5ance4 ,yet a numb] ( circum/ances relative to x may be collect$ f tradition1 or ! conv]sation ( v old p1 :o witness$ ?is fea/ 9 _! y\?1 :5 ! anci5t rites 7 bett] obs]v$4 ,ne$-fire4 ,?is fe/ival is call$ 9 ,gaelic ,beal-t5e--i4e41 ! fire ( ,bel4444 ,l ! o!r public wor%ip ( ! ,druids1 ! ,beltane fea/ seems to h be5 p]=m$ on hills or em95ces4 ,!y ?\ght x degrad+ to him ^: temple is ! univ]se1 to suppose t he w\ld dwell 9 any h\se made ) h&s4 ,_! sacrifices 7 !re=e (f]$ 9 ! op5 air1 frequ5tly ^u ! tops ( hills1 :]e !y 7 pres5t$ ) ! gr&e/ views ( nature1 & 7 ne>e/ ! seat ( w>m? & ord]4 ,&1 accord+ to tradition1 su* 0 ! mann] ( celebrat+ ?is fe/ival 9 ! ,highl&s )9 ! la/ hundr$ ye>s4 ,b s9ce ! decl9e ( sup]/ition1 x has be5 celebrat$ by ! p ( ea* hamlet on "s hill or ris+ gr\nd ar\nd :i* _! cattle 7 pa/ur+4 ,?i!r ! "y folks repair$ 9 ! morn+1 & cut a tr5*1 on ! summit ( :i* a seat ( turf 0 =m$ = ! company4 ,& 9 ! middle a pile ( wood or o!r fuel 0 plac$1 :i* ( old !y k9dl$ ) te9-eig9-- i4e41 =c$-fire or ne$-fire4 ,al?\gh1 = _m ye>s pa/1 !y h be5 cont5t$ ) common fire1 yet we %all n[ describe ! process1 because x w h]eaft] appe> t rec\rse is /ill _h to ! te9-eig9 ^u extraord9>y em]g5cies4 ,ne$-fire k9dl$ by ! friction ( oak wood4 ,! night be=e1 all ! fires 9 ! c\ntry 7 c>efully ext+ui%$1 & next morn+ ! mat]ials = excit+ ?is sacr$ fire 7 prep>$4 ,! mo/ primitive me?od seems to be t :i* 0 us$ 9 ! isl&s ( ,skye1 ,mull1 & ,tiree4 ,a well-season$ plank ( oak 0 procur$1 9 ! mid/ ( :i* a hole 0 bor$4 ,a wimble ( ! same timb] 0 !n appli$1 ! end ( :i* !y fitt$ to ! hole4 ,b 9 "s p>ts ( ! ma9l& ! ma*9]y 0 diff]5t4 ,!y us$ a frame ( gre5 wood1 ( a squ>e =m1 9 ! c5tre ( :i* 0 an axle-tree4 ,9 "s places ?ree times ?ree p]sons1 9 o!rs ?ree times n9e1 7 requir$ = turn+ r\nd by turns ! axle-tree or wimble4 ,if any ( !m _h be5 guilty ( murd]1 adult]y1 !ft1 or o!r atroci\s crime1 x 0 imag9$ ei!r t ! fire w\ld n k9dle1 or t x w\ld be devoid ( its usual virtue4 ,s soon z any sp>ks 7 emitt$ by means ( ! viol5t friction1 !y appli$ a species ( ag>ic :i* gr[s on old bir*-trees1 & is v combu/ible4 ,?is fire _h ! appe>ance ( be+ imm$iately d]iv$ f heav51 & manifold 7 ! virtues ascrib$ to x4 ,!y e/eem$ x a pres]vative aga9/ wit*craft1 & a sov]eign rem$y aga9/ malignant diseases1 bo? 9 ! human species & 9 cattle2 & by x ! /ronge/ poisons 7 suppos$ to h _! nature *ang$4 ,! ,beltane cake & ! ,beltane c>l9e 7caillea*74 ,aft] k9dl+ ! bonfire ) ! te9-eig9 ! company prep>$ _! victuals4 ,& z soon z !y _h f9i%$ _! meal1 !y amus$ !mselves a :ile 9 s++ & danc+ r\nd ! fire4 ,t[>ds ! close ( ! ent]ta9m5t1 ! p]son :o (ficiat$ z ma/] ( ! fea/ produc$ a l>ge cake bak$ ) eggs & scallop$ r\nd ! edge1 call$ am bonna* beal-t9e--i4e4 ! ,beltane cake4 ,x 0 divid$ into a numb] ( pieces1 & di/ribut$ 9 great =m to ! company4 ,!re 0 "o p>ticul> piece :i* :oev] got 0 call$ caillea* beal-t9e--i4e41 ! ,beltane c>l9e1 a t]m ( great reproa*4 ,^u 8 be+ kn[n1 "p ( ! company laid hold ( him & made a %[ ( putt+ him into ! fire2 b ! majority int]pos+1 he 0 rescu$4 ,& 9 "s places !y laid him flat on ! gr\nd1 mak+ z if !y w\ld qu>t] him4 ,aft]w>ds1 he 0 pelt$ ) egg-%ells1 & reta9$ ! odi\s appellation dur+ ! :ole ye>4 ,& :ile ! fea/ 0 fre% 9 p's memory1 !y affect$ to speak ( ! caillea* beal-t9e z dead4 ,?is fe/ival 0 longe/ obs]v$ 9 ! int]ior ,highl&s1 = t[>ds ! we/ coa/ ! traces ( x are fa9te/4 ,9 ,gl5or*y & ,lorne1 a l>ge cake is made on t day1 :i* !y consume 9 ! h\se2 & 9 ,mull x has a l>ge hole 9 ! middle1 ?r\gh :i* ea* ( ! c[s 9 ! fold is milk$4 ,9 ,tiree x is ( a triangul> =m4 ,! m eld]ly p rememb] :5 ?is fe/ival 0 celebrat$ )\t-doors ) "s solemnity 9 bo? ^! isl&s4 ,!re are at pres5t no ve/iges ( x 9 ,skye or ! ,long ,isl&1 ! inhabitants ( :i* h sub/itut$ ! conna* ,mi*eil or ,/4 ,mi*ael's cake4 ,x is made at ,mi*aelmas ) milk & oatmeal1 & "s eggs are spr9kl$ on its surface4 ,"p ( x is s5t to ! neighb\rs4 ,x is probable t at ! orig9al ,beltane fe/ival !re 7 two fires k9dl$ ne> "o ano!r4 ,:5 any p]son is 9 a critical dilemma1 press$ on ea* side by unsurm\ntable difficulties1 ! ,highl&]s h a prov]b1 ,! e' eada &a !9e bealtu9--i4e41 he is betwe5 ! two ,beltane fires4 ,!re are 9 sev]al p>ts small r\nd hills1 :i*1 x is l1 owe _! pres5t names to su* solemn uses4 ,"o ( ! highe/ & mo/ c5tral 9 ,icolmkil is call$ ,cno*-nan-a9neal--i4e41 ! hill ( ! fires4 ,!re is ano!r ( ! same "n ne> ! kirk ( ,balquhidd]2 & at ,kill9 !re is a r\nd gre5 em95ce :i* seems to h be5 rais$ by art4 ,x is call$ ,tom-nan-a9neal--i4e41 ! em95ce ( ! fires4 ,ar\nd x !re are ! rema9s ( a circul> wall ab\t two feet high4 ,on ! top a /one /&s ^u end4 ,accord+ to ! tradition ( ! inhabitants1 x 0 a place ( ,druidical wor%ip2 & x 0 aft]w>ds pit*$ on z ! mo/ v5]able spot = hold+ c\rts ( ju/ice = ! c\ntry ( ,breadalbane4 ,! e>? ( ?is em95ce is /ill ?\ght to be possess$ ( "s heal+ virtue1 = :5 cattle are obs]v$ to be diseas$ "s ( x is s5t =1 :i* is rubb$ on ! "p affect$4#cgj ,local diff]5ces 9 ! ,beltane cakes2 evid5ce ( two fires at ,beltane2 ,beltane pies & cakes 9 ! p>i% ( ,call&]4 ,9 ! p>i% ( ,call&]1 a beautiful di/rict ( we/]n ,p]?%ire1 ! ,beltane cu/om 0 /ill 9 vogue t[>ds ! end ( ! eighte5? c5tury4 ,x has be5 describ$ z foll[s by ! p>i% m9i/] ( ! "t3 ,^u ! fir/ day ( ,may1 :i* is call$ ,beltan1 or ,bal-te9 day1 all ! boys 9 a t[n%ip or hamlet1 meet 9 ! moors4 ,!y cut a table 9 ! gre5 sod1 ( a r\nd figure1 by ca/+ a tr5* 9 ! gr\nd1 ( su* circumf]5ce z to hold ! :ole company4 ,!y k9dle a fire1 & dress a repa/ ( eggs & milk 9 ! consi/5ce ( a cu/>d4 ,!y knead a cake ( oatmeal1 :i* is toa/$ at ! emb]s aga9/ a /one4 ,aft] ! cu/>d is eat5 up1 !y divide ! cake into s _m portions1 z simil> z possible to "o ano!r 9 size & %ape1 z !re are p]sons 9 ! company4 ,!y daub "o ( ^! portions all ov] ) *>coal1 until x be p]fectly black4 ,!y put all ! bits ( ! cake into a bonnet4 ,e "o1 bl9dfold1 draws out a portion4 ,he :o holds ! bonnet1 is entitl$ to ! la/ bit4 ,:oev] draws ! black bit1 is ! devot$ p]son :o is to be sacrific$ to ,baal#cga ^: fav\r !y mean to implore1 9 r5d]+ ! ye> productive ( ! su/5ance ( man & bea/4 ,!re is little d\bt ( ^! inhuman sacrifices hav+ be5 once (f]$ 9 ?is c\ntry1 z well z 9 ! ea/1 al?\gh !y n[ pass f ! act ( sacrific+1 & only compel ! devot$ p]son to leap ?ree times ?r\gh ! flames2 ) :i* ! c]emonies ( ?is fe/ival are clos$4#cgb ,p5nant's description ( ! ,beltane fires & cakes 9 ,p]?%ire4 ,?omas ,p5nant1 :o travell$ 9 ,p]?%ire 9 ! ye> #agfi1 tells u t on ! fir/ ( ,may1 ! h]dsm5 ( e village hold _! ,bel-ti51 a rural sacrifice4 ,!y cut a squ>e tr5* on ! gr\nd1 leav+ ! turf 9 ! middle2 on t !y make a fire ( wood1 on :i* !y dress a l>ge caudle ( eggs1 butt]1 oatmeal & milk2 & br+ besides ! +r$i5ts ( ! caudle1 pl5ty ( be] & :isky2 = ea* ( ! company mu/ contribute some?+4 ,! rites beg9 ) spill+ "s ( ! caudle on ! gr\nd1 by way ( libation3 on t e "o takes a cake ( oatmeal1 ^u :i* are rais$ n9e squ>e knobs1 ea* d$icat$ to "s p>ticul> be+1 ! suppos$ pres]v] ( _! flocks & h]ds1 or to "s p>ticul> animal1 ! real de/roy] ( !m3 ea* p]son !n turns 8 face to ! fire1 breaks (f a knob1 & fl++ x ov] 8 %\ld]s1 says1 ',?is ,i give to !e1 pres]ve ?\ my horses2 ?is to !e1 pres]ve ?\ my %eep2 & s on1' ,aft] t1 !y use !-same c]emony to ! noxi\s animals3 ',?is ,i give to !e1 ,o fox6 sp>e ?\ my lambs2 ?is to !e1 ,o hood$ cr[6 ?is to !e1 ,o eagle6' ,:5 ! c]emony is ov]1 !y d9e on ! caudle2 & aft] ! fea/ is f9i%$1 :at is left is hid by two p]sons deput$ = t purpose2 b on ! next ,sunday !y re-assemble1 & f9i% ! reliques ( ! fir/ ent]ta9m5t#cgc ,beltane cakes & fires 9 ! p>i%es ( ,logi]ait & ,kirkmi*ael2 om5s drawn f ! cakes4 ,ano!r writ] ( ! eighte5? c5tury has describ$ ! ,beltane fe/ival z x 0 held 9 ! p>i% ( ,logi]ait 9 ,p]?%ire4 ,he says3 ,on ! fir/ ( ,may1 ,o4,s41 a fe/ival call$ ,beltan is annually held "h4 ,x is *iefly celebrat$ by ! c[-h]ds1 :o assemble by scores 9 ! fields1 to dress a d9n] = !mselves1 ( boil$ milk & eggs4 ,^! di%es !y eat ) a sort ( cakes bak$ = ! occasion1 & hav+ small lumps 9 ! =m ( nipples1 rais$ all ov] ! surface4#cgd ,9 ?is la/ acc\nt no m5tion is made ( bonfires1 b !y 7 probably light$1 = a contempor>y writ] in=ms u t 9 ! p>i% ( ,kirkmi*ael1 :i* adjo9s ! p>i% ( ,logi]ait on ! ea/1 ! cu/om ( light+ a fire 9 ! fields & bak+ a consecrat$ cake on ! fir/ ( ,may 0 n q obsolete 9 8 "t4#cge ,we may conjecture t ! cake ) knobs 0 =m]ly us$ = ! purpose ( det]m9+ :o %\ld be ! ,beltane c>l9e or victim doom$ to ! flames4 ,a trace ( ?is cu/om surviv$1 p]haps1 9 ! cu/om ( bak+ oatmeal cakes ( a special k9d & roll+ !m d[n hill ab\t noon on ! fir/ ( ,may2 = x 0 ?\ght t ! p]son ^: cake broke z x roll$ w\ld die or be un=tunate )9 ! ye>4 ,^! cakes1 or bannocks z we call !m 9 ,scotl&1 7 bak$ 9 ! usual way1 b !y 7 wa%$ ov] ) a ?9 batt] compos$ ( :ipp$ egg1 milk or cream1 & a little oatmeal4 ,?is cu/om appe>s to h prevail$ at or ne> ,k+ussie 9 ,inv]ness-%ire4 ,at ,a*t]ne$1 ne> ,/ra?peff] 9 ,ross-%ire1 ! ,beltane bannocks 7 call$ t*>nican or h&-cakes1 because !y 7 knead$ entirely 9 ! h&1 & n on a bo>d or table l common cakes2 & aft] be+ bak$ !y might n be plac$ any:]e b 9 ! h&s ( ! *ildr5 :o 7 to eat !m4#cgf ,beltane fires 9 ! nor?-ea/ ( ,scotl& to burn ! wit*es2 ! ,beltane cake4 ,9 ! nor?-ea/ ( ,scotl& ! ,beltane fires 7 /ill k9dl$ 9 ! latt] half ( ! eighte5? c5tury2 ! h]dsm5 ( sev]al f>ms us$ to ga!r dry wood1 k9dle x1 & dance ?ree times s\?ways ab\t ! burn+ pile4#cgg ,b 9 ?is region1 accord+ to a lat] au?ority1 ! ,beltane fires 7 lit n on ! fir/ b on ! second ( ,may1 ,old ,/yle4 ,!y 7 call$ bone-fires4 ,! p believ$ t on t ev5+ & night ! wit*es 7 abroad & busy ca/+ spells on cattle & /eal+ c[s' milk4 ,to c\nt]act _! ma*9ations1 pieces ( r[an-tree & woodb9e1 b especially ( r[an-tree1 7 plac$ ov] ! doors ( ! c[-h\ses1 & fires 7 k9dl$ by e f>m] & cott>4 ,old ?at*1 /raw1 furze1 or broom 0 pil$ 9 a heap & set on fire a little aft] sunset4 ,:ile "s ( ! by/&]s kept toss+ ! blaz+ mass1 o!rs hoi/$ portions ( x on pit*=ks or poles & ran hi!r & ?i!r1 hold+ !m z high z !y c\ld4 ,meantime ! "y p danc$ r\nd ! fire or ran ?r\gh ! smoke %\t+1 ,fire6 blaze & burn ! wit*es2 fire6 fire6 burn ! wit*es4 ,9 "s di/ricts a l>ge r\nd cake ( oat or b>ley meal 0 roll$ ?r\gh ! a%es4 ,:5 all ! fuel 0 consum$1 ! p scatt]$ ! a%es f> & wide1 & till ! night grew q d>k !y cont9u$ to run ?r\gh !m1 cry+1 ,fire6 burn ! wit*es4#cgh ,beltane cakes & fires 9 ! ,hebrides4 ,9 ! ,hebrides ! ,beltane bannock is small] ?an t made at ,/4 ,mi*ael's1 b is made 9 ! same way2 x is no long] made 9 ,ui/1 b ,fa!r ,allan rememb]s see+ 8 gr&mo!r make "o ab\t tw5ty-five ye>s ago4 ,!re 0 also a *eese made1 g5]ally on ! fir/ ( ,may1 :i* 0 kept to ! next ,beltane z a sort ( *>m aga9/ ! bewit*+ ( milk-produce4 ,! ,beltane cu/oms seem to h be5 ! same z else:]e4 ,e fire 0 put out & a l>ge "o lit on ! top ( ! hill1 & ! cattle driv5 r\nd x sunw>ds 7dessil71 to keep (f murra9 all ! ye>4 ,ea* man w\ld take home fire :]e) to k9dle 8 own4#cgi ,beltane fires & cakes 9 ,wales4 ,9 ,wales also ! cu/om ( light+ ,beltane fires at ! beg9n+ ( ,may us$ to be obs]v$1 b ! day on :i* !y 7 k9dl$ v>i$ f ! ,eve ( ,may ,day to ! ?ird ( ,may4 ,! flame 0 sometimes elicit$ by ! friction ( two pieces ( oak1 z appe>s f ! foll[+ description4 ,! fire 0 done 9 ?is way4 ,n9e m5 w\ld turn _! pockets inside out1 & see t e piece ( money & all metals 7 (f _! p]sons4 ,!n ! m5 w5t into ! ne>e/ woods1 & collect$ /icks ( n9e diff]5t k9ds ( trees4 ,^! 7 c>ri$ to ! spot :]e ! fire _h to be built4 ,!re a circle 0 cut 9 ! sod1 & ! /icks 7 set crosswise4 ,all ar\nd ! circle ! p /ood & wat*$ ! proce$+s4 ,"o ( ! m5 w\ld !n take two bits ( oak1 & rub !m toge!r until a flame 0 k9dl$4 ,?is 0 appli$ to ! /icks1 & soon a l>ge fire 0 made4 ,sometimes two fires 7 set up side by side4 ,^! fires1 :e!r "o or two1 7 call$ coelc]? or bonfire4 ,r\nd cakes ( oatmeal & br[n meal 7 split 9 f\r1 & plac$ 9 a small fl\r-bag1 & ev]ybody pres5t _h to pick out a portion4 ,! la/ bit 9 ! bag fell to ! lot ( ! bag-hold]4 ,ea* p]son :o *anc$ to pick up a piece ( br[n-meal cake 0 compell$ to leap ?ree times ov] ! flames1 or to run ?rice betwe5 ! two fires1 by :i* means ! p ?\ght !y 7 sure ( a pl5tiful h>ve/4 ,%\ts & screams ( ^? :o _h to face ! ordeal c\ld be he>d ev] s f>1 & ^? :o *anc$ to pick ! oatmeal portions sang & danc$ & clapp$ _! h&s 9 approval1 z ! hold]s ( ! br[n bits leap$ ?ree times ov] ! flames1 or ran ?ree times betwe5 ! two fires4 ,z a rule1 no dang] att5d$ ^! curi\s celebrations1 b occasionally somebody's clo!s caught fire1 :i* 0 quickly put out4 ,! greate/ fire ( ! ye> 0 ! eve ( ,may1 or ,may fir/1 second1 or ?ird4 ,! ,midsumm] ,eve fire 0 m = ! h>ve/4 ,v (t5 a fire 0 built on ! eve ( ,novemb]4 ,! high gr\nd ne> ! ,ca/le ,dit*es at ,llantwit ,major1 9 ! ,vale ( ,glamorgan1 0 a famili> spot = ! ,beltane on ,may ?ird & on ,midsumm] ,eve4444 ,sometimes ! ,beltane fire 0 light$ by ! flames produc$ by /one in/ead ( wood friction4 ,*>r$ logs & faggots us$ 9 ! ,may ,beltane 7 c>efully pres]v$1 & f !m ! next fire 0 light$4 ,may fires 7 always />t$ ) old faggots ( ! previ\s ye>1 & midsumm] f ^? ( ! la/ summ]4 ,x 0 unlucky to build a midsumm] fire f ,may faggots4 ,p c>ri$ ! a%es left aft] ^! fires to _! homes1 & a *>r$ br& 0 n only effectual aga9/ pe/il5ce1 b magical 9 its use4 ,a few ( ! a%es plac$ 9 a p]son's %oes protect$ ! we>] f any great sorr[ or woe4#chj ,wel% belief t passage ov] or betwe5 ! fires ensur$ good crops4 ,f ! =ego+ acc\nt we le>n t bonfires 7 k9dl$ 9 ,wales on ,midsumm] ,eve & ,hall[e'en 7! ?irty-fir/ ( ,octob]71 z well z at ! beg9n+ ( ,may1 b t ! ,beltane fires 9 ,may 7 deem$ ! mo/ important4 ,to ! ,midsumm] ,eve & ,hall[e'en fires we %all return pres5tly4 ,! belief ( ! p t by leap+ ?rice ov] ! bonfires or runn+ ?rice betwe5 !m !y ensur$ a pl5tiful h>ve/ is wor?y ( note4 ,! mode 9 :i* ?is result 0 suppos$ to be br\ght ab\t is indicat$ by ano!r writ] on ,wel% folk-lore1 accord+ to :om x us$ to be held t ! bonfires light$ 9 ,may or ,midsumm] protect$ ! l&s f sorc]y1 s t good crops w\ld foll[4 ,! a%es 7 also consid]$ valuable z *>ms4#cha ,h5ce x appe>s t ! heat ( ! fires 0 ?\ght to f]tilize ! fields1 n directly by quick5+ ! se$s 9 ! gr\nd1 b indirectly by c\nt]act+ ! baleful influ5ce ( wit*craft or p]haps by burn+ up ! p]sons ( ! wit*es4 ,beltane fires 9 ! ,isle ( ,man to burn ! wit*es2 ,beltane fires 9 ,nott+ham%ire4 ,! ,druidical anniv]s>y ( ,beil or ,baal is /ill celebrat$ 9 ! ,isle ( ,man4 ,on ! fir/ ( ,may1 #ahcg1 ! ,baal fires 71 z usual on t day1 s num]\s z to give ! isl& ! appe>ance ( a g5]al conflagration4#chb ,by ,may ,day 9 ,manx folk-lore is meant ,may ,day ,old ,/yle1 or ,%5n ,laa ,boaldyn1 z x is call$ 9 ,manx4 ,! day 0 "o on :i* ! p[] ( elves & wit*es 0 p>ticul>ly dread$1 & ! p resort$ to _m precautions 9 ord] to protect !mselves aga9/ ^! mis*iev\s be+s4 ,h5ce at daybreak !y set fire to ! l+ or gorse1 = ! purpose ( burn+ out ! wit*es1 :o are wont to lurk 9 ! =m ( h>es4#chc ,on ! ,hemlock ,/one1 a natural pill> ( s&/one /&+ on ,/aple=d ,hill 9 ,nott+ham%ire1 a fire us$ to be solemnly k9dl$ e ye> on ,beltane ,eve4 ,! cu/om seems to h surviv$ d[n to ! beg9n+ ( ! n9ete5? c5tury2 old p c\ld rememb] & describe ! c]emony long aft] x _h fall5 into desuetude4#chd ,beltane fires 9 ,irel&4 ,! ,beltane fires appe> to h be5 k9dl$ also 9 ,irel&1 = ,cormac1 or somebody 9 8 "n1 says t bellta9e1 ,may-day1 0 s call$ f ! 'lucky fire1' or ! 'two fires1' :i* ! druids ( ,er9 us$ to make on t day ) great incantations2 & cattle1 he adds1 us$ to be br\ght to ^? fires1 or to be driv5 betwe5 !m1 z a safegu>d aga9/ ! diseases ( ! ye>4#che ,aga91 a v anci5t ,iri% poem1 enum]at+ ! ,may ,day celebrations1 m5tions among !m a bonfire on a hill 7t5dal ar cnuc72 & ano!r old au?ority says t ^! fires 7 k9dl$ 9 ! "n ( ! idol-god ,bel4#chf ,f an old life ( ,/4 ,patrick we le>n t on a day 9 spr+ ! hea!n ( ,irel& 7 wont to ext+ui% all _! fires until a new fire 0 k9dl$ ) solemn c]emony 9 ! k+'s h\se at ,t>a4 ,9 ! ye> 9 :i* ,/4 ,patrick l&$ 9 ,irel& x *anc$ t ! night ( ! ext+ui%$ fires co9cid$ ) ! ,eve ( ,ea/]2 & ! sa9t1 ignorant ( ?is pagan sup]/ition1 resolv$ to celebrate 8 fir/ ,ea/] 9 ,irel& aft] ! true ,*ri/ian fa%ion by light+ ! holy ,pas*al fire on ! hill ( ,slane1 :i* rises high above ! left bank ( ! ,boyne1 ab\t twelve miles f ! m\? ( ! riv]4 ,s t night1 look+ f 8 palace at ,t>a across ! d>k5$ l&scape1 ! k+ ( ,t>a saw ! solit>y fire fl>+ on ! top ( ! hill ( ,slane1 & 9 con/]nation he ask$ 8 wise m5 :at t light meant4 ,!y w>n$ him ( ! dang] t x betok5$ = ! anci5t fai? ( ,er94#chg ,9 spite ( ! diff]5ce ( date betwe5 ,ea/] & ,beltane1 we may suspect t ! new fire annually k9dl$ ) solemn c]emony ab\t ,ea/] 9 ! k+ ( ,irel&'s palace at ,t>a 0 no o!r ?an ! ,beltane fire4 ,we h se5 t 9 ! ,highl&s ( ,scotl& d[n to mod]n times x 0 cu/om>y to ext+ui% all fires 9 ! neighb\rhood be=e proce$+ to k9dle ! sacr$ flame4#chh ,! ,iri% hi/orian ,ge(frey ,keat+1 :o wrote 9 ! fir/ "p ( ! sev5te5? c5tury1 tells u t ! m5 ( ,irel& held a great fair e ye> 9 ! mon? ( ,may at ,uisne* 7,u%nagh7 9 ! c\nty ( ,mea?1 & at x !y 7 wont to ex*ange _! goods & _! w>es & _! jewels4 ,at x1 !y 71 also1 wont to make a sacrifice to ! ,ar*-,god t !y ador$1 ^: "n 0 ,bl 7bayl74 ,x 01 likewise1 _! usage to light two fires to ,bl1 9 e di/rict ( ,irel&1 at ?is season1 & to drive a pair ( ea* k9d ( cattle t ! di/rict conta9$1 betwe5 ^? two fires1 z a pres]vative to gu>d !m aga9/ all ! diseases ( t ye>4 ,x is f t fire1 ?us made 9 hon\r ( ,bl1 t ! day ! fir/ ( ,may on :i* ! noble fea/ ( ! apo/les1 ,philip & ,james1 is held1 has be5 call$ ,blta9i1 or ,balta9e 7,baylt9nie72 = ,belta9i is ! same z ,bil-te91 i4e4 ,te9 ,bhil 7,t9nie ,vayl7 or ,bl's ,fire4#chi ,! cu/om ( driv+ cattle ?r\gh or betwe5 fires on ,may ,day or ! eve ( ,may ,day p]si/$ 9 ,irel& d[n to a "t )9 liv+ memory4 ,?us ,sir ,john ,rhys 0 in=m$ by a ,manxman t an ,iri% cattle-deal] ( 8 acqua9tance us$ to drive 8 cattle ?r\gh fire on ,may ,day s z to s+e !m a little1 s9ce he believ$ t x w\ld pres]ve !m f h>m4 ,:5 ! ,manxman 0 ask$ :]e ! deal] came f1 he answ]$1 ,f ! m\nta9s ov] !re1 po9t+ to ! ,m\rne ,m\nta9s !n loom+ fa9tly 9 ! mi/s on ! we/]n horizon4#cij ,fires on ! ,eve ( ,may ,day 9 ,sw$52 fires on ! ,eve ( ,may ,day 9 ,au/ria & ,saxony = ! purpose ( burn+ ! wit*es4 ,! fir/ ( ,may is a great popul> fe/ival 9 ! m midl& & s\!rn p>ts ( ,sw$54 ,on ! eve ( ! fe/ival1 huge bonfires1 :i* %\ld be light$ by /rik+ two fl9ts toge!r1 blaze on all ! hills & knolls4 ,e l>ge hamlet has its own fire1 r\nd :i* ! "y p dance 9 a r+4 ,! old folk notice :e!r ! flames incl9e to ! nor? or to ! s\?4 ,9 ! =m] case1 ! spr+ w be cold & backw>d2 9 ! latt]1 x w be mild & g5ial4#cia ,simil>ly1 9 ,bohemia1 on ! eve ( ,may ,day1 "y p k9dle fires on hills & em95ces1 at crossways1 & 9 pa/ures1 & dance r\nd !m4 ,!y leap ov] ! gl[+ emb]s or ev5 ?r\gh ! flames4 ,! c]emony is call$ burn+ ! wit*es4 ,9 "s places an effigy repres5t+ a wit* us$ to be burnt 9 ! bonfire4#cib ,we h to rememb] t ! eve ( ,may ,day is ! notori\s ,walpurgis ,night1 :5 ! wit*es are ev]y:]e spe$+ unse5 ?r\gh ! air on _! helli% err&s4 ,on ?is wit*+ night *ildr5 9 ,voigtl& also light bonfires on ! heights & leap ov] !m4 ,moreov]1 !y wave burn+ brooms or toss !m into ! air4 ,s f> z ! light ( ! bonfire rea*es1 s f> w a bless+ re/ on ! fields4 ,! k9dl+ ( ! fires on ,walpurgis ,night is call$ driv+ away ! wit*es4#cic ,! cu/om ( k9dl+ fires on ! eve ( ,may ,day 7,walpurgis ,night7 = ! purpose ( burn+ ! wit*es is1 or us$ to be1 widespread 9 ! ,tyrol1 ,moravia1 ,saxony & ,silesia4#cid #d4 ,! ,midsumm] ,fires ,! great season = fire-fe/ivals 9 ,europe is ! summ] sol/ice1 ,midsumm] ,eve or ,midsumm] ,day1 :i* ! *ur* has d$icat$ to ,/4 ,john ! ,bapti/2 ! bonfires1 ! tor*es1 & ! burn+ :eels ( ! fe/ival4 ,b ! season at :i* ^! fire-fe/ivals h be5 mo/ly g5]ally held all ov] ,europe is ! summ] sol/ice1 t is ,midsumm] ,eve 7! tw5ty-?ird ( ,june7 or ,midsumm] ,day 7! tw5ty-f\r? ( ,june74 ,a fa9t t+e ( ,*ri/ianity has be5 giv5 to !m by nam+ ,midsumm] ,day aft] ,/4 ,john ! ,bapti/1 b we _c d\bt t ! celebration dates f a "t long be=e ! beg9n+ ( our era4 ,! summ] sol/ice1 or ,midsumm] ,day1 is ! great turn+-po9t 9 ! sun's c>e]1 :51 aft] climb+ high] & high] day by day 9 ! sky1 ! lum9>y /ops & !nce=? retraces 8 /eps d[n ! heav5ly road4 ,su* a mom5t c\ld n b be reg>d$ ) anxiety by primitive man s soon z he began to obs]ve & pond] ! c\rses ( ! great lights across ! cele/ial vault2 & hav+ /ill to le>n 8 own p[]lessness 9 face ( ! va/ cyclic *anges ( nature1 he may h fanci$ t he c\ld help ! sun 9 8 seem+ decl9e--c\ld prop 8 fail+ /eps & rek9dle ! s9k+ flame ( ! r$ lamp 9 8 feeble h&4 ,9 "s su* ?\ghts z ^! ! midsumm] fe/ivals ( our ,european peasantry may p]haps h tak5 _! rise4 ,:atev] _! orig91 !y h prevail$ all ov] ?is qu>t] ( ! globe1 f ,irel& on ! we/ to ,russia on ! ea/1 & f ,norway & ,sw$5 on ! nor? to ,spa9 & ,greece on ! s\?4#cie ,accord+ to a m$ival writ]1 ! ?ree great features ( ! midsumm] celebration 7 ! bonfires1 ! procession ) tor*es r\nd ! fields1 & ! cu/om ( roll+ a :eel4 ,he tells u t boys burn$ bones & fil? ( v>i\s k9ds to make a f\l smoke1 & t ! smoke drove away c]ta9 noxi\s dragons :i* at ?is "t1 excit$ by ! summ] heat1 copulat$ 9 ! air & poison$ ! wells & riv]s by dropp+ _! se$ into !m2 & he expla9s ! cu/om ( trundl+ a :eel to mean t ! sun1 hav+ n[ rea*$ ! highe/ po9t 9 ! ecliptic1 beg9s !nce=w>d to desc5d4#cif ,t4 ,kir*mey]'s description ( ! ,midsumm] ,fe/ival4 ,a good g5]al acc\nt ( ! midsumm] cu/oms1 toge!r ) "s ( ! reasons popul>ly alleg$ = obs]v+ !m1 is giv5 by ,?omas ,kir*mey]1 a writ] ( ! sixte5? c5tury1 9 8 poem ,! ,popi% ,k+dome3-- ,!n do? ! joyfull fea/ ( ,john ! ,bapti/ take 8 turne1 ,:5 bonfi]s great ) l(tie flame1 9 e t[ne doe burne2 ,& yong m5 r\nd ab\t ) maides1 doe daunce 9 e /reete1 ,) g>l&s wr\ght ( ,mo!rwort1 or else ) ,v]va9 sweete1 ,& _m o!r fl[res faire1 ) ,violets 9 _! h&es1 ,:]eas !y all d fondly ?9ke1 t :osoev] /&es1 ,& ?or[ ! fl[res beholds ! flame1 8 eyes %all feele no pa9e4 ,:5 ?us till night !y daunc$ h1 !y ?r\gh ! fire ama9e ,) /riv+ m9des doe runne1 & all _! he>bes !y ca/ !r91 ,& !n ) wordes dev\t & pray]s1 !y solemnely beg91 ,desir+ ,god t all _! illes may !re consum$ bee1 ,:]eby !y ?9ke ?r\gh all t ye>e f ,agues to be free4 ,"s o!rs get a rott5 :eele1 all worne & ca/ aside1 ,:i* cov]$ r\nd ab\t ) /rawe1 & t[1 !y closely hide3 ,& c>y$ to "s m\nta9es top1 be+ all ) fire light1 ,!y hurle x d[ne ) viol5ce1 :5 d>ke appe>es ! night3 ,resembl+ mu* ! ,sunne1 t f ! heav5s d[ne %\ld fal1 ,a /raunge & mon/r\s sight x seemes1 & fe>full to !m all2 ,b !y suppose _! mis*iefes all are likewise ?r[ne to hell1 ,& t f h>mes & daung]s n[1 9 safetie "h !y dwell4#cig ,f ^! g5]al descriptions1 :i* to "s ext5t /ill hold good1 or did s till lately1 we see t ! ma9 features ( ! midsumm] fire-fe/ival resemble ^? :i* we h f\nd to *>act]ize ! v]nal fe/ivals ( fire4 ,! simil>ity ( ! two sets ( c]emonies w pla9ly appe> f ! foll[+ examples4 ,! ,midsumm] fires 9 ,g]many2 ! celebration at ,konz on ! ,moselle3 ! roll+ ( a burn+ :eel d[n hill4 ,a writ] ( ! fir/ half ( ! sixte5? c5tury in=ms u t 9 almo/ e village & t[n ( ,g]many public bonfires 7 k9dl$ on ! ,eve ( ,/4 ,john1 & "y & old1 ( bo? sexes1 ga!r$ ab\t !m & pass$ ! "t 9 danc+ & s++4 ,p on ?is occasion wore *aplets ( mugwort & v]va91 & !y look$ at ! fire ?r\gh bun*es ( l>kspur :i* !y held 9 _! h&s1 believ+ t ?is w\ld pres]ve _! eyes 9 a heal?y /ate ?r\gh\t ! ye>4 ,z ea* dep>t$1 he ?rew ! mugwort & v]va9 into ! fire1 say+1 ,may all my ill-luck dep>t & be burnt up ) ^!4#cih ,at ,l[] ,konz1 a village prettily situat$ on a hillside ov]look+ ! ,moselle1 9 ! mid/ ( a wood ( walnut-trees & fruit-trees1 ! midsumm] fe/ival us$ to be celebrat$ z foll[s4 ,a quantity ( /raw 0 collect$ on ! top ( ! /eep ,/romb]g ,hill4 ,e inhabitant1 or at lea/ e h\sehold]1 _h to contribute 8 %>e ( /raw to ! pile2 a recusant 0 look$ at askance1 & if 9 ! c\rse ( ! ye> he happ5$ to break a leg or lose a *ild1 !re 0 n a gossip 9 ! village b knew ! reason :y4 ,at nightfall ! :ole male population1 m5 & boys1 mu/]$ on ! top ( ! hill2 ! wom5 & girls 7 n all[$ to jo9 !m1 b _h to take up _! position at a c]ta9 spr+ half-way d[n ! slope4 ,on ! summit /ood a huge :eel completely encas$ 9 "s ( ! /raw :i* _h be5 jo9tly contribut$ by ! villag]s2 ! re/ ( ! /raw 0 made into tor*es4 ,f ea* side ( ! :eel ! axle-tree project$ ab\t ?ree feet1 ?us furni%+ h&les to ! lads :o 7 to guide x 9 its desc5t4 ,! mayor ( ! neighb\r+ t[n ( ,si]ck1 :o always receiv$ a basket ( *]ries = 8 s]vices1 gave ! signal2 a light$ tor* 0 appli$ to ! :eel1 & z x bur/ into flame1 two "y fell[s1 /rong-limb$ & swift ( foot1 seiz$ ! h&les & began runn+ ) x d[n ! slope4 ,a great %\t w5t up4 ,e man & boy wav$ a blaz+ tor* 9 ! air1 & took c>e to keep x alight s long z ! :eel 0 trundl+ d[n ! hill4 ,"s ( !m foll[$ ! fi]y :eel1 & wat*$ ) amusem5t ! %ifts to :i* its guides 7 put 9 /e]+ x r\nd ! holl[s & ov] ! brok5 gr\nd on ! m\nta9side4 ,! great object ( ! "y m5 :o guid$ ! :eel 0 to plunge x blaz+ into ! wat] ( ! ,moselle2 b !y r>ely succe$$ 9 _! ef=ts1 = ! v9ey>ds :i* cov] ! great] "p ( ! declivity imp$$ _! progress1 & ! :eel 0 (t5 burn$ out be=e x rea*$ ! riv]4 ,z x roll$ pa/ ! wom5 & girls at ! spr+1 !y rais$ cries ( joy :i* 7 answ]$ by ! m5 on ! top ( ! m\nta92 & ! %\ts 7 e*o$ by ! inhabitants ( neighb\r+ villages :o wat*$ ! spectacle f _! hills on ! opposite bank ( ! ,moselle4 ,if ! fi]y :eel 0 successfully convey$ to ! bank ( ! riv] & ext+ui%$ 9 ! wat]1 ! p look$ = an abundant v9tage t ye>1 & ! inhabitants ( ,konz _h ! "r to exact a waggon-load ( :ite w9e f ! surr\nd+ v9ey>ds4 ,on ! o!r h&1 !y believ$ t1 if !y neglect$ to p]=m ! c]emony1 ! cattle w\ld be attack$ by gidd9ess & convulsions & w\ld dance 9 _! /alls4#cii ,! ,midsumm] fires 9 ,bav>ia2 ,cattle driv5 ?r\gh ! fire2 ! new fire2 om5s ( ! h>ve/ drawn f ! fires2 burn+ discs ?r[n into ! air4 ,d[n at lea/ to ! middle ( ! n9ete5? c5tury ! midsumm] fires us$ to blaze all ov] ,upp] ,bav>ia4 ,!y 7 k9dl$ especially on ! m\nta9s1 b also f> & wide 9 ! l[l&s1 & we are told t 9 ! d>kness & /illness ( night ! mov+ gr\ps1 lit up by ! flick]+ gl[ ( ! flames1 pres5t$ an impressive spectacle4 ,9 "s places ! p %ew$ _! s5se ( ! sanctity ( ! fires by us+ = fuel ! trees pa/ :i* ! gay procession _h defil$1 ) flutt]+ bann]s1 on ,corpus ,*ri/i ,day4 ,9 o!rs ! *ildr5 collect$ ! firewood f door to door on ! eve ( ! fe/ival1 s++ _! reque/ = fuel at e h\se 9 dogg]el v]se4 ,cattle 7 driv5 ?r\gh ! fire to cure ! sick animals & to gu>d su* z 7 s\nd aga9/ plague & h>m ( e k9d ?r\gh\t ! ye>4 ,_m a h\sehold] on t day put out ! fire on ! dome/ic he>? & rek9dl$ x by means ( a br& tak5 f ! midsumm] bonfire4 ,! p judg$ ( ! height to :i* ! flax w\ld gr[ 9 ! ye> by ! height to :i* ! flames ( ! bonfire rose2 & :oev] leap$ ov] ! burn+ pile 0 sure n to suff] f backa*e 9 reap+ ! corn at h>ve/4 ,b x 0 especially ! practice = lov]s to spr+ ov] ! fire h& 9 h&1 & ! way 9 :i* ea* c\ple made ! leap 0 ! subject ( _m a je/ & _m a sup]/ition4 ,9 "o di/rict ! cu/om ( k9dl+ ! bonfires 0 comb9$ ) t ( light+ wood5 discs & hurl+ !m 9 ! air aft] ! mann] :i* prevails at "s ( ! spr+ fe/ivals4#djj ,9 _m p>ts ( ,bav>ia x 0 believ$ t ! flax w\ld gr[ z high z ! "y p leap$ ov] ! fire4#dja ,9 o!rs ! old folk us$ to plant ?ree *>r$ /icks f ! bonfire 9 ! fields1 believ+ t ?is w\ld make ! flax gr[ tall4#djb ,else:]e an ext+ui%$ br& 0 put 9 ! ro( ( ! h\se to protect x aga9/ fire4 ,9 ! t[ns ab\t ,wrzburg ! bonfires us$ to be k9dl$ 9 ! m>ket-places1 & ! "y p :o jump$ ov] !m wore g>l&s ( fl[]s1 especially ( mugwort & v]va91 & c>ri$ sprigs ( l>kspur 9 _! h&s4 ,!y ?\ght t su* z look$ at ! fire hold+ a bit ( l>kspur be=e _! face w\ld be tr\bl$ by no malady ( ! eyes ?r\gh\t ! ye>4#djc ,fur!r1 x 0 cu/om>y at ,wrzburg1 9 ! sixte5? c5tury1 = ! bi%op's foll[]s to ?r[ burn+ discs ( wood into ! air f a m\nta9 :i* ov]hangs ! t[n4 ,! discs 7 dis*>g$ by means ( flexible rods1 & 9 _! flight ?r\gh ! d>kness pres5t$ ! appe>ance ( fi]y dragons4#djd ,! ,midsumm] fires 9 ,swabia2 om5s drawn f ! leaps ov] ! fires2 burn+ :eels roll$ d[n hill2 burn+ ! ,angel-,man at ,rott5burg4 ,9 ! valley ( ! ,le*1 :i* divides ,upp] ,bav>ia f ,swabia1 ! midsumm] cu/oms & beliefs are1 or us$ to be1 v simil>4 ,bonfires are k9dl$ on ! m\nta9s on ,midsumm] ,day2 & besides ! bonfire a tall beam1 ?ickly wrapt 9 /raw & surm\nt$ by a cross-piece1 is burn$ 9 _m places4 ,r\nd ?is cross z x burns ! lads dance ) l\d %\ts2 & :5 ! flames h subsid$1 ! "y p leap ov] ! fire 9 pairs1 a "y man & a "y woman toge!r4 ,if !y escape unsmir*$1 ! man w n suff] f fev]1 & ! girl w n become a "m )9 ! ye>4 ,fur!r1 x is believ$ t ! flax w gr[ t ye> z high z !y leap ov] ! fire2 & t if a *>r$ billet be tak5 f ! fire & /uck 9 a flax-field x w promote ! gr[? ( ! flax4#dje ,simil>ly 9 ,swabia1 lads & lasses1 h& 9 h&1 leap ov] ! midsumm] bonfire1 pray+ t ! hemp may gr[ ?ree ells high1 & !y set fire to :eels ( /raw & s5d !m roll+ d[n ! hill4 ,among ! places :]e burn+ :eels 7 ?us b[l$ d[n hill at ,midsumm] 7 ! ,hoh5/auf5 m\nta9s 9 ,wurtemb]g & ! ,frau5b]g ne> ,g]haus54#djf ,at ,deff+51 9 ,swabia1 z ! p sprang ov] ! midsumm] bonfire !y cri$ out1 ,flax1 flax6 may ! flax ?is ye> gr[ sev5 ells high6#djg ,at ,rott5burg 9 ,swabia1 d[n to ! ye> #ahjg or #ahjh1 ! fe/ival 0 m>k$ by "s special features4 ,ab\t mid-day troops ( boys w5t ab\t ! t[n begg+ = firewood at ! h\ses4 ,9 ea* troop !re 7 ?ree lead]s1 "o ( :om c>ri$ a dagg]1 a second a pap] bann]1 & a ?ird a :ite plate cov]$ ) a :ite clo?4 ,^! ?ree ent]$ ea* h\se & recit$ v]ses1 9 :i* !y express$ an int5tion ( roa/+ ,m>t9 ,lu!r & s5d+ him to ! devil2 & = ?is m]itori\s s]vice !y expect$ to be paid1 ! contributions be+ receiv$ 9 ! clo?-cov]$ plate4 ,9 ! ev5+ !y c\nt$ up _! money & proce$$ to behead ! ,angel-man4 ,= ?is c]emony an op5 space 0 *os51 sometimes 9 ! middle ( ! t[n4 ,"h a /ake 0 ?ru/ into ! gr\nd & /raw wrapt ab\t x1 s z to make a rude effigy ( human =m ) arms1 head1 & face4 ,e boy br\ght a h&ful ( nosegays & fa/5$ !m to ! /raw-man1 :o 0 ?us envelop$ 9 fl[]s4 ,fuel 0 heap$ ab\t ! /ake & set on fire4 ,:5 ! ,angel-man1 z ! /raw-effigy 0 call$1 blaz$ up1 all ! boys ( ! neighb\rhood1 :o _h ga!r$ expectantly ar\nd1 fell ^u him ) _! wood5 swords & hew$ him to pieces4 ,z soon z he _h vani%$ 9 smoke & flame1 ! lads leap$ backw>d & =w>d ov] ! gl[+ emb]s1 & lat] 9 ! ev5+ !y fea/$ on ! proce$s ( _! collection4#djh ,"h ! ,angel-man burnt 9 ! fire appe>s to be id5tifi$ ) ,m>t9 ,lu!r1 to :om1 z we h se51 allusion 0 made dur+ ! h\se-to-h\se visitation4 ,! id5tification 0 probably mod]n1 = we may assume t ! cu/om ( burn+ an effigy 9 ! ,midsumm] bonfire is f> old] ?an ! "t ( ,lu!r4 ,! ,midsumm] fires 9 ,bad52 om5s drawn f leaps ov] ! fires2 burn+ discs ?r[n into ! air2 ,midsumm] fires 9 ,alsace1 ,lorra9e1 ! ,eifel1 ! ,h>z di/ricts & ,?ur+ia2 burn+ b>rel swung r\nd a pole4 ,9 ,bad5 ! *ildr5 us$ to collect fuel f h\se to h\se = ! ,midsumm] bonfire on ,/4 ,john's ,day2 & lads & lasses leap$ ov] ! fire 9 c\ples4 ,"h1 z else:]e1 a close connexion 0 trac$ betwe5 ^! bonfires & ! h>ve/4 ,9 "s places x 0 ?\ght t ^? :o leap$ ov] ! fires w\ld n suff] f backa*e at reap+4 ,sometimes1 z ! "y folk sprang ov] ! flames1 !y cri$1 ,gr[1 t ! hemp may be ?ree ells high6 ,?is notion t ! hemp or ! corn w\ld gr[ z high z ! flames blaz$ or z ! p jump$ ov] !m1 seems to h be5 widespread 9 ,bad54 ,x 0 held t ! p>5ts ( ! "y p :o b\nd$ highe/ ov] ! fire w\ld h ! mo/ abundant h>ve/2 & on ! o!r h&1 if a man contribut$ no?+ to ! bonfire1 x 0 imag9$ t !re w\ld be no bless+ on 8 crops1 & t 8 hemp 9 p>ticul> w\ld nev] gr[4#dji ,9 ! neighb\rhood ( ,bhl & ,a*]n ! ,/4 ,john's fires 7 k9dl$ on ! tops ( hills2 only ! unm>ri$ lads ( ! village br\ght ! fuel1 & only ! unm>ri$ "y m5 & wom5 sprang ?r\gh ! flames4 ,b mo/ ( ! villag]s1 old & "y1 ga!r$ r\nd ! bonfires1 leav+ a cle> space = ! leap]s to take _! run4 ,"o ( ! by/&]s w\ld call out ! names ( a pair ( swee!>ts2 on :i* ! two w\ld /ep out f ! ?rong1 take ea* o!r by ! h&1 & leap high & lightly ?r\gh ! swirl+ smoke & flames1 :ile ! spectators wat*$ !m critically & drew om5s ( _! m>ri$ life f ! height to :i* ea* ( !m b\nd$4 ,su* an invitation to jump toge!r ov] ! bonfire 0 reg>d$ z tantam\nt to a public betro?al4#daj ,ne> ,(f5burg1 9 ! ,black ,=e/1 on ,midsumm] ,day ! village boys us$ to collect faggots & /raw on "s /eep & conspicu\s height1 & !y sp5t "s "t 9 mak+ circul> wood5 discs by slic+ ! trunk ( a p9e-tree across4 ,:5 d>kness _h fall51 !y k9dl$ ! bonfire1 & !n1 z x blaz$ up1 !y light$ ! discs at x1 &1 aft] sw++ !m to & fro at ! end ( a /\t & supple hazel-w&1 !y hurl$ !m "o aft] ! o!r1 :izz+ & flam+1 into ! air1 :]e !y describ$ great arcs ( fire1 to fall at l5g?1 l %oot+-/>s1 at ! foot ( ! m\nta94#daa ,9 _m p>ts ( ,alsace & ,lorra9e ! midsumm] fires /ill blaze annually or did s n v _m ye>s ago4#dab ,at ,spei*] 9 ! ,eifel1 a di/rict :i* lies on ! middle ,rh9e1 to ! we/ ( ,cobl5tz1 a bonfire us$ to be k9dl$ 9 front ( ! village on ,/4 ,john's ,day1 & all ! "y p _h to jump ov] x4 ,^? :o fail$ to d s 7 n all[$ to jo9 ! re/ 9 begg+ = eggs f h\se to h\se4 ,:]e no eggs 7 giv51 !y drove a w$ge into ! keyhole ( ! door4 ,on ?is day *ildr5 9 ! ,eifel us$ also to ga!r fl[]s 9 ! fields1 weave !m into g>l&s1 & ?r[ ! g>l&s on ! ro(s or hang !m on ! doors ( ! h\ses4 ,s long z ! fl[]s rema9$ !re1 !y 7 suppos$ to gu>d ! h\se f fire & lightn+4#dac ,9 ! s\!rn ,h>z di/rict & 9 ,?ur+ia ! ,midsumm] or ,/4 ,john's fires us$ to be commonly light$ d[n to ab\t ! middle ( ! n9ete5? c5tury1 & ! cu/om has probably n di$ out4 ,at ,ed]sleb51 ne> ,sang]haus51 a high pole 0 plant$ 9 ! gr\nd & a t>-b>rel 0 hung f x by a *a9 :i* rea*$ to ! gr\nd4 ,! b>rel 0 !n set on fire & swung r\nd ! pole amid %\ts ( joy4#dad ,midsumm] fires k9dl$ by ! friction ( wood 9 ,g]many & ,switz]l&2 driv+ away demons & wit*es4 ,accord+ to "o acc\nt1 ,g]man tradition requir$ t ! midsumm] fire %\ld be light$1 n f a common he>?1 b by ! friction ( two sorts ( wood1 namely oak & fir4#dae ,9 "s old f>m-h\ses ( ! ,sur5?al & ,w95?al1 9 ,switz]l&1 a c\ple ( holes or a :ole r[ ( !m may be se5 fac+ ea* o!r 9 ! door-po/s ( ! b>n or /able4 ,sometimes ! holes are smoo? & r\nd2 sometimes !y are deeply burnt & black5$4 ,! explanation ( !m is ?is4 ,ab\t midsumm]1 b especially on ,midsumm] ,day1 two su* holes are bor$ opposite ea* o!r1 into :i* ! extremities ( a /rong pole are fix$4 ,! holes are !n /uff$ ) t[ /eep$ 9 res9 & oil2 a rope is loop$ r\nd ! pole1 & two "y m51 :o mu/ be bro!rs or mu/ h ! same baptismal "n1 & mu/ be ( ! same age1 pull ! ends ( ! rope backw>ds & =w>ds s z to make ! pole revolve rapidly1 till smoke & sp>ks issue f ! two holes 9 ! door-po/s4 ,! sp>ks are caught & bl[n up ) t9d]1 & ?is is ! new & pure fire1 ! appe>ance ( :i* is greet$ ) cries ( joy4 ,heaps ( combu/ible mat]ials are n[ ignit$ ) ! new fire1 & blaz+ bundles are plac$ on bo>ds & s5t float+ d[n ! brook4 ,! boys light tor*es at ! new fire & run to fumigate ! pa/ures4 ,?is is believ$ to drive away all ! demons & wit*es t mole/ ! cattle4 ,f9ally ! tor*es are ?r[n 9 a heap on ! mead[ & all[$ to burn out4 ,on _! way back ! boys /rew ! a%es ov] ! fields1 :i* is suppos$ to make !m f]tile4 ,if a f>m] has tak5 possession ( a new h\se1 or if s]vants h *ang$ ma/]s1 ! boys fumigate ! new abode & are rew>d$ by ! f>m] ) a supp]4#daf ,midsumm] fires 9 ,silesia2 sc>+ away ! wit*es4 ,9 ,silesia1 f ! s\?-ea/]n "p ( ! ,sudet5 range & nor?-we/w>d z f> z ,lausitz1 ! m\nta9s are ablaze ) bonfires on ,midsumm] ,eve2 & f ! valleys & ! pla9s r\nd ab\t ,leobs*tz1 ,neu/adt1 ,zlz1 ,oels1 & o!r places answ]+ fires tw9kle ?r\gh ! deep5+ gloom4 ,:ile !y are sm\ld]+ & s5d+ =? volumes ( smoke across ! fields1 "y m5 k9dle broom-/umps1 soak$ 9 pit*1 at ! bonfires & !n1 br&i%+ ! /umps1 :i* emit %[]s ( sp>ks1 !y *ase "o ano!r or dance ) ! girls r\nd ! burn+ pile4 ,%ots1 too1 are fir$1 & %\ts rais$4 ,! fire1 ! smoke1 ! %ots1 & ! %\ts are all int5d$ to sc>e away ! wit*es1 :o are let loose on ?is wit*+ day1 & :o w\ld c]ta9ly "w h>m to ! crops & ! cattle1 if !y 7 n det]r$ by ^! salut>y measures4 ,m]e contact ) ! fire br+s all sorts ( bless+s4 ,h5ce :5 ! bonfire is burn+ l[1 ! lads leap ov] x1 & ! high] !y b\nd1 ! bett] is ! luck 9 /ore = !m4 ,he :o surpasses 8 fell[s is ! h]o ( ! day & is mu* admir$ by ! village girls4 ,x is also ?\ght to be v good = ! eyes to />e /eadily at ! bonfire )\t bl9k+2 moreov] he :o does s w n dr[se & fall asleep betimes 9 ! long w9t] ev5+s4 ,on ,midsumm] ,eve ! w9d[s & doors ( h\ses 9 ,silesia are cr[n$ ) fl[]s1 especially ) ! blue cornfl[]s & ! bright corn-cockles2 9 "s villages long /r+s ( g>l&s & nosegays are /ret*$ across ! /reets4 ,! p believe t on t night ,/4 ,john comes d[n f heav5 to bless ! fl[]s & to keep all evil ?+s f h\se & home4#dag ,! ,midsumm] fires 9 ,d5m>k & ,norway2 keep+ (f ! wit*es2 ! ,midsumm] fires 9 ,sw$54 ,9 ,d5m>k & ,norway also ,midsumm] fires 7 k9dl$ on ,/4 ,john's ,eve on roads1 op5 spaces1 & hills4 ,p 9 ,norway ?\ght t ! fires bani%$ sickness f among ! cattle4#dah ,ev5 yet ! fires are said to be light$ all ov] ,norway on ! night ( ,june ! tw5ty-?ird1 ,midsumm] ,eve1 ,old ,/yle4 ,z _m z fifty or sixty bonfires may (t5 be c\nt$ burn+ on ! hills r\nd ,b]g54 ,sometimes fuel is pil$ on rafts1 ignit$1 & all[$ to drift blaz+ across ! fiords 9 ! d>kness ( night4 ,! fires are ?\ght to be k9dl$ 9 ord] to keep (f ! wit*es1 :o are said to be fly+ f all p>ts t night to ! ,blocksb]g1 :]e ! big wit* lives4#dai ,9 ,sw$5 ! ,eve ( ,/4 ,john 7,/4 ,hans7 is ! mo/ joy\s night ( ! :ole ye>4 ,?r\gh\t "s p>ts ( ! c\ntry1 especially 9 ! prov9ces ( ,bohus & ,scania & 9 di/ricts bord]+ on ,norway1 x is celebrat$ by ! frequ5t dis*>ge ( fire>ms & by huge bonfires1 =m]ly call$ ,bald]'s ,balefires 7,bald]'s ,bal>71 :i* are k9dl$ at dusk on hills & em95ces & ?r[ a gl>e ( light ov] ! surr\nd+ l&scape4 ,! p dance r\nd ! fires & leap ov] or ?r\gh !m4 ,9 p>ts ( ,norrl& on ,/4 ,john's ,eve ! bonfires are lit at ! cross-roads4 ,! fuel consi/s ( n9e diff]5t sorts ( wood1 & ! spectators ca/ into ! flames a k9d ( toad-/ool 7,bran7 9 ord] to c\nt]act ! p[] ( ! ,trolls & o!r evil spirits1 :o are believ$ to be abroad t night2 = at t my/ic season ! m\nta9s op5 & f _! cav]n\s dep?s ! uncanny crew p\rs =? to dance & disport !mselves = a "t4 ,! peasants believe t %\ld any ( ! ,trolls be 9 ! vic9ity !y w %ew !mselves2 & if an animal1 = example a he or %e goat1 happ5s to be se5 ne> ! blaz+1 crackl+ pile1 ! peasants are firmly p]suad$ t x is no o!r ?an ! ,evil ,"o 9 p]son4#dbj ,fur!r1 x des]ves to be rem>k$ t 9 ,sw$5 ,/4 ,john's ,eve is a fe/ival ( wat] z well z ( fire2 = c]ta9 holy spr+s are !n suppos$ to be end[$ ) wond]ful m$ic9al virtues1 & _m sick p resort to !m = ! heal+ ( _! infirmities4#dba ,! ,midsumm] fires 9 ,switz]l& & ,au/ria2 effigies burnt 9 ! fires2 burn+ :eels roll$ d[n hill4 ,9 ,switz]l& on ,midsumm] ,eve fires are1 or us$ to be1 k9dl$ on high places 9 ! cantons ( ,b]n1 ,neu*atel1 ,valais1 & ,g5eva4#dbb ,9 ,au/ria ! midsumm] cu/oms & sup]/itions resemble ^? ( ,g]many4 ,?us 9 "s p>ts ( ! ,tyrol bonfires are k9dl$ & burn+ discs hurl$ into ! air4#dbc ,9 ! l[] valley ( ! ,inn a tat]demalian effigy is c>t$ ab\t ! village on ,midsumm] ,day & !n burn$4 ,he is call$ ! ,lott]1 :i* has be5 corrupt$ into ,lu!r4 ,at ,ambras1 "o ( ! villages :]e ,m>t9 ,lu!r is ?us burn$ 9 effigy1 !y say t if y g ?r\gh ! village betwe5 elev5 & twelve on ,/4 ,john's ,night & wa% y\rself 9 ?ree wells1 y w see all :o are to die 9 ! foll[+ ye>4#dbd ,at ,gratz on ,/4 ,john's ,eve 7! tw5ty-?ird ( ,june7 ! common p us$ to make a puppet call$ ! ,tat]mann1 :i* !y dragg$ to ! blea*+ gr\nd1 & pelt$ ) burn+ besoms till x took fire4#dbe ,at ,reutte1 9 ! ,tyrol1 p believ$ t ! flax w\ld gr[ z high z !y leap$ ov] ! midsumm] bonfire1 & !y took pieces ( *>r$ wood f ! fire & /uck !m 9 _! flax-fields ! same night1 leav+ !m !re till ! flax h>ve/ _h be5 got 94#dbf ,9 ,l[] ,au/ria fires are lit 9 ! fields1 commonly 9 front ( a cross1 & ! p dance & s+ r\nd !m & ?r[ fl[]s into ! flames4 ,be=e ea* h&ful ( fl[]s is toss$ into ! fire1 a set spee* is made2 !n ! dance is resum$ & ! danc]s s+ 9 *orus ! la/ words ( ! spee*4 ,at ev5+ bonfires are k9dl$ on ! heights1 & ! boys cap] r\nd !m1 br&i%+ light$ tor*es dr5*$ 9 pit*4 ,:oev] jumps ?rice across ! fire w n suff] f fev] )9 ! ye>4 ,c>t-:eels are (t5 sme>$ ) pit*1 ignit$1 & s5t roll+ & blaz+ d[n ! hillsides4#dbg ,midsumm] fires 9 ,bohemia2 wrea?s ?r[n across ! fire2 uses made ( ! s+$ wrea?s2 burn+ :eels roll$ d[n hill2 emb]s ( ! fire /uck 9 fields1 g>d5s1 & h\ses z a talisman aga9/ lightn+ & conflagration2 use ( mugwort2 cattle protect$ aga9/ wit*craft4 ,all ov] ,bohemia bonfires /ill burn on ,midsumm] ,eve4 ,9 ! aft]noon boys g ab\t ) h&c>ts f h\se to h\se collect+ fuel1 su* z /icks1 bru%wood1 old besoms1 & s =?4 ,!y make _! reque/ at ea* h\se 9 rhym+ v]ses1 ?reat5+ ) evil consequ5ces ! curmudgeons :o refuse !m a dole4 ,sometimes ! "y m5 fell a tall /raight fir 9 ! woods & set x up on a height1 :]e ! girls deck x ) nosegays1 wrea?s ( leaves1 & r$ ribbons4 ,!n bru%wood is pil$ ab\t x1 & at nightfall ! :ole is set on fire4 ,:ile ! flames break out1 ! "y m5 climb ! tree & fet* d[n ! wrea?s :i* ! girls _h plac$ on x4 ,aft] t1 lads & lasses /& on opposite sides ( ! fire & look at "o ano!r ?r\gh ! wrea?s to see :e!r !y w be true to ea* o!r & m>ry )9 ! ye>4 ,also ! girls ?r[ ! wrea?s across ! flames to ! m51 & woe to ! awkw>d swa9 :o fails to cat* ! wrea? ?r[n him by 8 swee!>t4 ,:5 ! blaze has di$ d[n1 ea* c\ple takes h&s1 & leaps ?rice across ! fire4 ,he or %e :o does s w be free f ague ?r\gh\t ! ye>1 & ! flax w gr[ z high z ! "y folks leap4 ,a girl :o sees n9e bonfires on ,midsumm] ,eve w m>ry be=e ! ye> is out4 ,! s+$ wrea?s are c>ri$ home & c>efully pres]v$ ?r\gh\t ! ye>4 ,dur+ ?und]/orms a bit ( ! wrea? is burn$ on ! he>? ) a pray]2 "s ( x is giv5 to k9e t are sick or calv+1 & "s ( x s]ves to fumigate h\se & cattle-/all1 t man & bea/ may keep hale & well4 ,sometimes an old c>t:eel is sme>$ ) res91 ignit$1 & s5t roll+ d[n ! hill4 ,(t5 ! boys collect all ! worn-out besoms !y c get hold (1 dip !m 9 pit*1 & hav+ set !m on fire wave !m ab\t or ?r[ !m high into ! air4 ,or !y ru% d[n ! hillside 9 troops1 br&i%+ ! flam+ brooms & %\t+1 only h[ev] to return to ! bonfire on ! summit :5 ! brooms h burnt out4 ,! /umps ( ! brooms & emb]s f ! fire are pres]v$ & /uck 9 cabbage g>d5s to protect ! cabbages f cat]pill>s & gnats4 ,"s p ins]t *>r$ /icks & a%es f ! bonfire 9 _! s[n fields & mead[s1 9 _! g>d5s & ! ro(s ( _! h\ses1 z a talisman aga9/ lightn+ & f\l wea!r2 or !y fancy t ! a%es plac$ 9 ! ro( w prev5t any fire f break+ out 9 ! h\se4 ,9 "s di/ricts !y cr[n or gird !mselves ) mugwort :ile ! midsumm] fire is burn+1 = ?is is suppos$ to be a protection aga9/ gho/s1 wit*es1 & sickness2 9 p>ticul>1 a wrea? ( mugwort is a sure prev5tive ( sore eyes4 ,sometimes ! girls look at ! bonfires ?r\gh g>l&s ( wild fl[]s1 pray+ ! fire to /r5g!n _! eyes & eyelids4 ,%e :o does ?is ?rice w h no sore eyes all t ye>4 ,9 "s p>ts ( ,bohemia !y us$ to drive ! c[s ?r\gh ! midsumm] fire to gu>d !m aga9/ wit*craft4#dbh ,! ,midsumm] fires 9 ,moravia1 ,au/rian ,silesia1 & ! di/rict ( ,crac[2 fire k9dl$ by ! friction ( wood4 ,! ,g]mans ( ,moravia 9 l mann] /ill light bonfires on op5 gr\nds & high places on ,midsumm] ,eve2 & !y k9dle besoms 9 ! flames & !n /ick ! *>r$ /umps 9 ! cabbage-fields z a p[]ful protection aga9/ cat]pill>s4 ,on ! same my/ic ev5+ ,moravian girls ga!r fl[]s ( n9e sorts & lay !m "u _! pill[ :5 !y g to sleep2 !n !y dream e "o ( him :o is to be h] p>tn] = life4 ,= 9 ,moravia maid5s 9 _! b$s z well z poets by haunt$ /reams h _! ,midsumm] ,night's dreams4#dbi ,9 ,au/rian ,silesia ! cu/om also prevails ( light+ great bonfires on hilltops on ,midsumm] ,eve1 & "h too ! boys sw+ blaz+ besoms or hurl !m high 9 ! air1 :ile !y %\t & leap & dance wildly4 ,next morn+ e door is deck$ ) fl[]s & bir*5 sapl+s4#dcj ,9 ! di/rict ( ,crac[1 especially t[>ds ! ,c>pa?ian ,m\nta9s1 great fires are k9dl$ by ! peasants 9 ! fields or on ! heights at nightfall on ,midsumm] ,eve1 :i* among !m goes by ! "n ( ,kupalo's ,night4 ,! fire mu/ be k9dl$ by ! friction ( two /icks4 ,! "y p dance r\nd or leap ov] x2 & a b& ( /urdy fell[s run a race ) light$ tor*es1 ! w9n] be+ rew>d$ ) a peacock's fea!r1 :i* he keeps ?r\gh\t ! ye> z a di/9ction4 ,cattle also are driv5 r\nd ! fire 9 ! belief t ?is is a *>m aga9/ pe/il5ce & disease ( e sort4#dca ,! ,midsumm] fires among ! ,slavs ( ,russia2 cattle protect$ aga9/ wit*craft2 ! fires light$ by ! friction ( wood4 ,! "n ( ,kupalo's ,night1 appli$ 9 ?is "p ( ,galicia to ,midsumm] ,eve1 rem9ds u t we h n[ pass$ f ,g]man to ,slavonic gr\nd2 ev5 9 ,bohemia ! midsumm] celebration is common to ,slavs & ,g]mans4 ,we h already se5 t 9 ,russia ! summ] sol/ice or ,eve ( ,/4 ,john is celebrat$ by "y m5 & maid5s1 :o jump ov] a bonfire 9 c\ples c>ry+ a /raw effigy ( ,kupalo 9 _! arms4#dcb ,9 "s p>ts ( ,russia an image ( ,kupalo is burnt or ?r[n into a /ream on ,/4 ,john's ,night4#dcc ,aga91 9 "s di/ricts ( ,russia ! "y folk we> g>l&s ( fl[]s & girdles ( holy h]bs :5 !y spr+ ?r\gh ! smoke or flames2 & sometimes !y drive ! cattle also ?r\gh ! fire 9 ord] to protect ! animals aga9/ wiz>ds & wit*es1 :o are !n rav5\s aft] milk4#dcd ,9 ,little ,russia a /ake is driv5 into ! gr\nd on ,/4 ,john's ,night1 wrapt 9 /raw1 & set on fire4 ,z ! flames rise ! peasant wom5 ?r[ bir*5 b\ghs into !m1 say+1 ,may my flax be z tall z ?is b\gh6#dce ,9 ,ru!nia ! bonfires are light$ by a flame procur$ by ! friction ( wood4 ,:ile ! eld]s ( ! p>ty are engag$ 9 ?us *urn+ ! fire1 ! re/ ma9ta9 a respectful sil5ce2 b :5 ! flame bur/s f ! wood1 !y break =? into joy\s songs4 ,z soon z ! bonfires are k9dl$1 ! "y p take h&s & leap 9 pairs ?r\gh ! smoke1 if n ?r\gh ! flames2 & aft] t ! cattle 9 _! turn are driv5 ?r\gh ! fire4#dcf ,! ,midsumm] fires 9 ,prussia & ,li?uania ?\ght to protect aga9/ wit*craft1 ?und]1 hail1 & cattle disease2 ! fire k9dl$ by ! friction ( wood4 ,9 _m p>ts ( ,prussia & ,li?uania great fires are k9dl$ on ,midsumm] ,eve4 ,all ! heights are ablaze ) !m1 z f> z ! eye c see4 ,! fires are suppos$ to be a protection aga9/ wit*craft1 ?und]1 hail1 & cattle disease1 especially if next morn+ ! cattle are driv5 ov] ! places :]e ! fires burn$4 ,above all1 ! bonfires ensure ! f>m] aga9/ ! arts ( wit*es1 :o try to /eal ! milk f 8 c[s by *>ms & spells4 ,t is :y next morn+ y may see ! "y fell[s :o lit ! bonfire go+ f h\se to h\se & receiv+ jugfuls ( milk4 ,& = ! same reason !y /ick burs & mugwort on ! gate or ! h$ge ?r\gh :i* ! c[s g to pa/ure1 because t is suppos$ to be a pres]vative aga9/ wit*craft4#dcg ,9 ,masur51 a di/rict ( ,ea/]n ,prussia inhabit$ by a bran* ( ! ,poli% family1 x is ! cu/om on ! ev5+ ( ,midsumm] ,day to put out all ! fires 9 ! village4 ,!n an oak5 /ake is driv5 into ! gr\nd & a :eel is fix$ on x z on an axle4 ,?is :eel ! villag]s1 work+ by relays1 cause to revolve ) great rapidity till fire is produc$ by friction4 ,e "o takes home a light$ br& f ! new fire & ) x rek9dles ! fire on ! dome/ic he>?4#dch ,9 ! sixte5? c5tury ,m>t9 ( ,urz$[1 a ,poli% prie/1 d5\nc$ ! hea!n practices ( ! wom5 :o on ,/4 ,john's ,eve 7,midsumm] ,eve7 k9dl$ fires by ! friction ( wood1 danc$1 & sang songs 9 hon\r ( ! devil4#dci ,! ,midsumm] fires among ! ,letts ( ,russia2 ,midsumm] ,day 9 anci5t ,rome4 ,among ! ,letts :o inhabit ! ,baltic prov9ces ( ,russia ! mo/ joyful fe/ival ( ! ye> is held on ,midsumm] ,day4 ,! p dr9k & dance & s+ & adorn !mselves & _! h\ses ) fl[]s & bran*es4 ,*opp$ b\ghs ( fir are /rewn ab\t ! rooms1 & leaves are /uck 9 ! ro(s4 ,9 e f>m-y>d a bir* tree is set up1 & e p]son ( ! "n ( ,john :o ent]s ! f>m t day mu/ break (f a twig f ! tree & hang up on its bran*es 9 return a small pres5t = ! family4 ,:5 ! s]5e twilight ( ! summ] night has veil$ ! l&scape1 bonfires gleam on all ! hills1 & wild %\ts ( ,ligho6 ,ligho6 e*o f ! woods & fields4 ,9 ,riga ! day is a fe/ival ( fl[]s4 ,f all ! neighb\rhood ! peasants /ream into ! city lad5 ) fl[]s & g>l&s4 ,a m>ket ( fl[]s is held 9 an op5 squ>e & on ! *ief bridge ov] ! riv]2 "h wrea?s ( immortelles1 :i* gr[ wild 9 ! mead[s & woods1 are sold 9 great pr(usion & deck ! h\ses ( ,riga = long aft]w>ds4 ,roses1 too1 are n[ at ! prime ( _! beauty1 & masses ( !m adorn ! fl[]-/alls4 ,till f> into ! night gay cr[ds p>ade ! /reets to music or float on ! riv] 9 gondolas deck$ ) fl[]s4#ddj ,s long ago 9 anci5t ,rome b>ges cr[n$ ) fl[]s & cr[d$ ) revell]s us$ to float d[n ! ,tib] on ,midsumm] ,day1 ! tw5ty-f\r? ( ,june1#dda & no d\bt ! /ra9s ( music 7 waft$ z sweetly across ! wat] to li/5]s on ! banks z !y /ill are to ! ?rongs ( m]rymak]s at ,riga4 ,! ,midsumm] fires among ! ,s\? ,slavs4 ,bonfires are commonly k9dl$ by ! ,s\? ,slavonian peasantry on ,midsumm] ,eve1 & lads & lasses dance & %\t r\nd !m 9 ! usual way4 ,! v names ( ,/4 ,john's ,day 7,ivanje7 & ! ,/4 ,john's fires 7kries7 are said to act l electric sp>ks on ! he>ts & m9ds ( ^! swa9s1 k9dl+ a ?\s& wild1 m]ry1 & happy fancies & ideas 9 _! ru/ic brea/s4 ,at ,kam5agora 9 ,croatia ! h]dsm5 ?r[ n9e ?ree-ye> old v9es into ! bonfire1 & :5 ^! bur/ into flames ! "y m5 :o are c&idates = matrimony jump ?r\gh ! blaze4 ,he :o succe$s 9 leap+ ov] ! fire )\t s+e+ himself w be m>ri$ )9 ! ye>4 ,at ,vidovec 9 ,croatia p>ties ( two girls & "o lad unite to k9dle a ,midsumm] bonfire & to leap ?r\gh ! flames2 he or %e :o leaps fur!/ w soone/ w$4 ,aft]w>ds lads & lasses dance 9 sep>ate r+s1 b ! r+ ( lads bumps up aga9/ ! r+ ( girls & breaks x1 & ! girl :o has to let g h] neighb\r's h& w =sake h] true love h]eaft]4#ddb ,9 ,s]via on ,midsumm] ,eve h]dsm5 light tor*es ( bir* b>k & m>* r\nd ! %eepfolds & cattle-/alls2 !n !y climb ! hills & !re all[ ! tor*es to burn out4#ddc ,! ,midsumm] fires among ! ,magy>s ( ,hung>y4 ,among ! ,magy>s 9 ,hung>y ! midsumm] fire-fe/ival is m>k$ by ! same features t meet u 9 s _m p>ts ( ,europe4 ,on ,midsumm] ,eve 9 _m places x is cu/om>y to k9dle bonfires on heights & to leap ov] !m1 & f ! mann] 9 :i* ! "y p leap ! by/&]s pr$ict :e!r !y w m>ry soon4 ,at ,nograd-,ludany ! "y m5 & wom51 ea* c>ry+ a truss ( /raw1 repair to a mead[1 :]e !y pile ! /raw 9 sev5 or twelve heaps & set x on fire4 ,!n !y g r\nd ! fire s++1 & hold a bun* ( iron-wort 9 ! smoke1 :ile !y say1 ,no boil on my body1 no spra9 9 my foot6 ,?is hold+ ( ! fl[]s ov] ! flames is reg>d$1 we are told1 z equally important ) ! practice ( walk+ ?r\gh ! fire b>efoot & /amp+ x out4 ,on ?is day also _m ,hung>ian sw9eh]ds make fire by rotat+ a :eel r\nd a wood5 axle wrapt 9 hemp1 & ?r\gh ! fire ?us made !y drive _! pigs to pres]ve !m f sickness4#ddd ,9 villages on ! ,danube1 :]e ! population is a cross betwe5 ,magy> & ,g]man1 ! "y m5 & maid5s g to ! high banks ( ! riv] on ,midsumm] ,eve2 & :ile ! girls po/ !mselves l[ d[n ! slope1 ! lads on ! height above set fire to little wood5 :eels &1 aft] sw++ !m to & fro at ! end ( a w&1 s5d !m :irl+ ?r\gh ! air to fall into ! ,danube4 ,z he does s1 ea* lad s+s out ! "n ( 8 swee!>t1 & %e li/5s well pleas$ d[n bel[4#dde ,! ,midsumm] fires among ! ,e/honians2 ! ,midsumm] fires 9 ,oesel4 ,! ,e/honians ( ,russia1 :o1 l ! ,magy>s1 belong to ! great ,turanian family ( mank9d1 also celebrate ! summ] sol/ice 9 ! usual way4 ,on ! ,eve ( ,/4 ,john all ! p ( a f>m1 a village1 or an e/ate1 walk solemnly 9 procession1 ! girls deck$ ) fl[]s1 ! m5 ) leaves & c>ry+ bundles ( /raw "u _! arms4 ,! lads c>ry light$ tor*es or flam+ hoops /eep$ 9 t> at ! top ( long poles4 ,?us !y g s++ to ! cattle-%$s1 ! gran>ies1 & s =?1 & aft]w>ds m>* ?rice r\nd ! dwell+-h\se4 ,f9ally1 prec$$ by ! %rill music ( ! bagpipes & %awms1 !y repair to a neighb\r+ hill1 :]e ! mat]ials ( a bonfire h be5 collect$4 ,t>-b>rels fill$ ) combu/ibles are hung on poles1 or ! trunk ( a fell$ tree has be5 set up ) a great mass ( junip] pil$ ab\t x 9 ! =m ( a pyramid4 ,:5 a light has be5 set to ! pile1 old & "y ga!r ab\t x & pass ! "t m]rily ) song & music till break ( day4 ,e "o :o comes br+s fre% fuel = ! fire1 & !y say1 ,n[ we all ga!r toge!r1 :]e ,/4 ,john's fire burns4 ,he :o comes n to ,/4 ,john's fire w h 8 b>ley full ( ?i/les1 & 8 oats full ( we$s4 ,?ree logs are ?r[n into ! fire ) special c]emony2 9 ?r[+ ! fir/ !y say1 ,gold ( pleasure 7a plant ) yell[ fl[]s7 into ! fire6 9 ?r[+ ! second !y say1 ,we$s to ! unpl\gh$ l&6 b 9 ?r[+ ! ?ird !y cry1 ,flax on my field6 ,! fire is said to keep ! wit*es f ! cattle4#ddf ,accord+ to o!rs1 x ensures t = ! :ole ye> ! milk %all be z pure z silv] & z ! />s 9 ! sky1 & ! butt] z yell[ z ! sun & ! fire & ! gold4#ddg ,9 ! ,e/honian isl& ( ,oesel1 :ile !y ?r[ fuel into ! midsumm] fire1 !y call out1 ,we$s to ! fire1 flax to ! field1 or !y fl+ ?ree billets into ! flames1 say+1 ,flax gr[ long6 ,& !y take *>r$ /icks f ! bonfire home ) !m & keep !m to make ! cattle ?rive4 ,9 "s p>ts ( ! isl& ! bonfire is =m$ by pil+ bru%wood & o!r combu/ibles r\nd a tree1 at ! top ( :i* a flag flies4 ,:oev] succe$s 9 knock+ d[n ! flag ) a pole be=e x beg9s to burn w h good luck4 ,=m]ly ! fe/ivities la/$ till daybreak1 & end$ 9 sc5es ( debau*]y :i* look$ d\bly hide\s by ! gr[+ light ( a summ] morn+4#ddh ,! ,midsumm] fires among ! ,f9ns & ,*]emiss ( ,russia4 ,/ill f>!r nor?1 among a p ( ! same ,turanian /ock1 we le>n f an eye-witness t ,midsumm] ,night us$ to witness a sort ( wit*es' sabba? on ! top ( e hill 9 ,f9l&4 ,! bonfire 0 made by sett+ up f\r tall bir*es 9 a squ>e & pil+ ! int]m$iate space ) fuel4 ,r\nd ! ro>+ flames ! p sang & drank & gamboll$ 9 ! usual way4#ddi ,f>!r ea/1 9 ! valley ( ! ,volga1 ! ,*]emiss celebrate ab\t midsumm] a fe/ival :i* ,hax?aus5 reg>d$ z id5tical ) ! midsumm] c]emonies ( ! re/ ( ,europe4 ,a sacr$ tree 9 ! =e/1 g5]ally a tall & solit>y oak1 m>ks ! sc5e ( ! solemnity4 ,all ! males assemble !re1 b no woman may be pres5t4 ,a hea!n prie/ lights sev5 fires 9 a r[ f nor?-we/ to s\?-ea/2 cattle are sacrific$ & _! blood p\r$ 9 ! fires1 ea* ( :i* is d$icat$ to a sep>ate deity4 ,aft]w>ds ! holy tree is illum9$ by light$ c&les plac$ on its bran*es2 ! p fall on _! knees & ) faces b[$ to ! e>? pray t ,god w\ld be pleas$ to bless !m1 _! *ildr51 _! cattle1 & _! bees1 grant !m success 9 trade1 9 travel1 & 9 ! *ase1 enable !m to pay ! ,cz>'s taxes1 & s =?4#dej ,! ,midsumm] fires 9 ,france2 ,bossuet on ! ,midsumm] fe/ival4 ,:5 we pass f ! ea/ to ! we/ ( ,europe we /ill f9d ! summ] sol/ice celebrat$ ) rites ( ! same g5]al "*4 ,d[n to ab\t ! middle ( ! n9ete5? c5tury ! cu/om ( light+ bonfires at midsumm] prevail$ s commonly 9 ,france t !re 0 h>dly a t[n or a village1 we are told1 :]e !y 7 n k9dl$4#dea ,?\gh ! pagan orig9 ( ! cu/om may be reg>d$ z c]ta91 ! ,ca?olic ,*ur* ?rew a ,*ri/ian cloak ov] x by boldly decl>+ t ! bonfires 7 lit 9 tok5 ( ! g5]al rejoic+ at ! bir? ( ! ,bapti/1 :o opportunely came into ! _w at ! sol/ice ( summ]1 j z 8 great] successor did at ! sol/ice ( w9t]2 s t ! :ole ye> might be said to revolve on ! gold5 h+es ( ^! two great bir?days4#deb ,writ+ 9 ! sev5te5? c5tury ,bi%op ,bossuet expressly affirms ?is edify+ !ory ( ! ,midsumm] bonfires1 & he tells 8 cate*um5s t ! ,*ur* h]self p>ticipat$ 9 ! illum9ation1 s9ce 9 sev]al dioceses1 includ+ 8 own diocese ( ,meaux1 a numb] ( p>i%es k9dl$ :at 7 call$ ecclesia/ical fires = ! purpose ( bani%+ ! sup]/itions practis$ at ! purely mundane bonfires4 ,^! sup]/itions1 he goes on to say1 consi/$ 9 danc+ r\nd ! fire1 play+1 fea/+1 s++ ribald songs1 ?r[+ h]bs across ! fire1 ga!r+ h]bs at noon or :ile fa/+1 c>ry+ !m on ! p]son1 pres]v+ !m ?r\gh\t ! ye>1 keep+ br&s or c9d]s ( ! fire1 & o!r simil> practices4#dec ,h[ev] excell5t ! int5tions ( ! ecclesia/ical au?orities may h be51 !y fail$ ( effect+ _! purpose2 = ! sup]/itions z well z ! bonfires surviv$ 9 ,france f> into ! n9ete5? c5tury1 if inde$ !y are ext9ct ev5 n[ at ! beg9n+ ( ! tw5tie?4 ,writ+ 9 ! latt] "p ( ! n9ete5? c5tury ,mr4 ,*4 ,cuiss>d tells u t he himself witness$ 9 ,t\ra9e & ,poit\ ! sup]/iti\s practices :i* he describes z foll[s3 ,! mo/ cr$ul\s exam9e ! ways 9 :i* ! flame burns & draw good or bad om5s accord+ly4 ,o!rs1 aft] leap+ ?r\gh ! flames crosswise1 pass _! little *ildr5 ?r\gh !m ?rice1 fully p]suad$ t ! little ones w !n be able to walk at once4 ,9 "s places ! %eph]ds make _! %eep tread ! emb]s ( ! ext9ct fire 9 ord] to pres]ve !m f ! foot-rot4 ,"h y may see ab\t midnight an old woman grubb+ among ! c9d]s ( ! pyre to f9d ! hair ( ! ,holy ,virg9 or ,sa9t ,john1 :i* %e deems an infallible specific aga9/ fev]4 ,!re1 ano!r woman is busy pluck+ ! roots ( ! h]bs :i* h be5 burn$ on ! surface ( ! gr\nd2 %e int5ds to eat !m1 imag9+ t !y are an infallible pres]vative aga9/ canc]4 ,else:]e a girl we>s on h] neck a fl[] :i* ! t\* ( ,/4 ,john's fire has turn$ = h] into a talisman1 & %e is sure to m>ry )9 ! ye>4 ,%ots are fir$ at ! tree plant$ 9 ! mid/ ( ! fire to drive away ! demons :o might purpose to s5d sicknesses ab\t ! c\ntry4 ,seats are set r\nd ab\t ! bonfire1 9 ord] t ! s\ls ( dead relations may come & enjoy !mselves = a little ) ! liv+4#ded ,! ,midsumm] fires 9 ,brittany2 uses made ( ! *>r$ /icks & fl[]s4 ,9 ,brittany1 app>5tly1 ! cu/om ( ! ,midsumm] bonfires is kept up to ?is day4 ,?us 9 ,l[] ,brittany e t[n & e village /ill lights its tantad or bonfire on ,/4 ,john's ,night4 ,:5 ! flames h di$ d[n1 ! :ole assembly kneels r\nd ab\t ! bonfire & an old man prays al\d4 ,!n !y all rise & m>* ?rice r\nd ! fire2 at ! ?ird turn !y /op & e "o picks up a pebble & ?r[s x on ! burn+ pile4 ,aft] t !y disp]se4#dee ,9 ,f9i/re ! bonfires ( ,/4 ,john's ,day are k9dl$ by pref]5ce 9 an op5 space ne> a *apel ( ,/4 ,john2 b if !re is no su* *apel1 !y are light$ 9 ! squ>e fac+ ! p>i% *ur* & 9 "s di/ricts at cross-roads4 ,ev]ybody br+s fuel = ! fire1 x may be a faggot1 a log1 a bran*1 or an armful ( gorse4 ,:5 ! vesp]s are ov]1 ! p>i% prie/ sets a light to ! pile4 ,all heads are b>$1 pray]s recit$1 & hymns sung4 ,!n ! danc+ beg9s4 ,! "y folk skip r\nd ! blaz+ pile & leap ov] x1 :5 ! flames h di$ d[n4 ,if anybody makes a false /ep & falls or rolls 9 ! hot emb]s1 he or %e is greet$ ) hoots & retires aba%$ f ! circle ( danc]s4 ,br&s are c>ri$ home f ! bonfire to protect ! h\ses aga9/ lightn+1 conflagrations1 & c]ta9 maladies & spells4 ,! preci\s talisman is c>efully kept 9 a cupbo>d till ,/4 ,john's ,day ( ! foll[+ ye>4#def ,at ,quimp]1 & 9 ! di/rict ( ,lon1 *airs us$ to be plac$ r\nd ! midsumm] bonfire1 t ! s\ls ( ! dead might sit on !m & w>m !mselves at ! blaze4#deg ,at ,bre/ on ?is day ?\s&s ( p us$ to assemble on ! ramp>ts t[>ds ev5+ & br&i% light$ tor*es1 :i* !y swung 9 circles or flung by hundr$s into ! air4 ,! clos+ ( ! t[n gates put an end to ! spectacle1 & ! lights might be se5 disp]s+ 9 all directions l w&]+ w-o'-!-wisps4#deh ,9 ,upp] ,brittany ! mat]ials = ! midsumm] bonfires1 :i* g5]ally consi/ ( bundles ( furze & hea?1 are furni%$ by volunt>y contributions1 & pil$ on ! tops ( hills r\nd poles1 ea* ( :i* is surm\nt$ by a nosegay or a cr[n4 ,?is nosegay or cr[n is g5]ally provid$ by a man nam$ ,john or a woman nam$ ,jean1 & x is always a ,john or a ,jean :o puts a light to ! bonfire4 ,:ile ! fire is blaz+ ! p dance & s+ r\nd x1 & :5 ! flames h subsid$ !y leap ov] ! gl[+ emb]s4 ,*>r$ /icks f ! bonfire are ?r[n into wells to improve ! wat]1 & !y are also tak5 home z a protection aga9/ ?und]4#dei ,to make !m ?or\ghly effective1 h[ev]1 aga9/ ?und] & lightn+ y %\ld keep !m ne> y\r b$1 betwe5 a bit ( a ,twelf? ,night cake & a sprig ( boxwood :i* has be5 bless$ on ,palm ,sunday4#dfj ,fl[]s f ! nosegay or cr[n :i* ov]hung ! fire are acc\nt$ *>ms aga9/ disease & pa91 bo? bodily & spiritual2 h5ce girls hang !m at _! brea/ by a ?read ( sc>let wool4 ,9 _m p>i%es ( ,brittany ! prie/ us$ to g 9 procession ) ! crucifix & k9dle ! bonfire ) 8 own h&s2 & f>m]s 7 wont to drive _! flocks & h]ds ?r\gh ! fire 9 ord] to pres]ve !m f sickness till midsumm] ( ! foll[+ ye>4 ,also x 0 believ$ t e girl :o danc$ r\nd n9e ( ! bonfires w\ld m>ry )9 ! ye>4#dfa ,! ,midsumm] fires 9 ,norm&y2 ! fires z a protection aga9/ wit*craft2 ! ,bro!rhood ( ! ,gre5 ,wolf at ,jumiges2 pret5ce ( ?r[+ ! ,gre5 ,wolf into ! fire4 ,9 ,norm&y ! midsumm] fires h n[ almo/ disappe>$1 at lea/ 9 ! di/rict kn[n z ! ,bocage1 b !y us$ to %9e on e hill4 ,!y 7 commonly made by pil+ bru%wood1 broom1 & f]ns ab\t a tall tree1 :i* 0 decorat$ ) a cr[n ( moss & sometimes ) fl[]s4 ,:ile !y burn$1 p danc$ & sang r\nd !m1 & "y folk leap$ ov] ! flames or ! gl[+ a%es4 ,9 ! valley ( ! ,orne ! cu/om 0 to k9dle ! bonfire j at ! mom5t :5 ! sun 0 ab\t to dip bel[ ! horizon2 & ! peasants drove _! cattle ?r\gh ! fires to protect !m aga9/ wit*craft1 especially aga9/ ! spells ( wit*es & wiz>ds :o attempt$ to /eal ! milk & butt]4#dfb ,at ,jumiges 9 ,norm&y1 d[n to ! fir/ half ( ! n9ete5? c5tury1 ! midsumm] fe/ival 0 m>k$ by c]ta9 s+ul> features :i* bore ! /amp ( a v high antiquity4 ,e ye>1 on ! tw5ty-?ird ( ,june1 ! ,eve ( ,/4 ,john1 ! ,bro!rhood ( ! ,gre5 ,wolf *ose a new *ief or ma/]1 :o _h always to be tak5 f ! hamlet ( ,conih\t4 ,on be+ elect$1 ! new head ( ! bro!rhood assum$ ! title ( ! ,gre5 ,wolf1 & donn$ a peculi> co/ume consi/+ ( a long gre5 mantle & a v tall gre5 hat ( a conical %ape & )\t a brim4 ,?us array$ he /alk$ solemnly at ! head ( ! bro!rs1 *ant+ ! hymn ( ,/4 ,john1 ! crucifix & holy bann] lead+ ! way1 to a place call$ ,*\quet4 ,"h ! procession 0 met by ! prie/1 prec5tors1 & *oir1 :o conduct$ ! bro!rhood to ! p>i% *ur*4 ,aft] he>+ mass ! company adj\rn$ to ! h\se ( ! ,gre5 ,wolf1 :]e a simple repa/1 su* z is requir$ by ! *ur* on fa/-days1 0 s]v$ up to !m4 ,!n !y danc$ be=e ! door till x 0 "t to light ! bonfire4 ,night be+ come1 ! fire 0 k9dl$ to ! s\nd ( h&-bells by a "y man & a "y woman1 bo? deck$ ) fl[]s4 ,z ! flames rose1 ! ,te ,deum 0 sung1 & a villag] ?und]$ out a p>ody 9 ! ,norman dialect ( ! hymn ut queant laxis4 ,meantime ! ,gre5 ,wolf & 8 bro!rs1 ) _! hoods d[n on _! %\ld]s & hold+ ea* o!r by ! h&1 ran r\nd ! fire aft] ! man :o _h be5 *os5 to be ! ,gre5 ,wolf ( ! foll[+ ye>4 ,?\gh only ! fir/ & ! la/ man ( ! *a9 _h a h& free1 _! bus9ess 0 to surr\nd & seize ?rice ! future ,gre5 ,wolf1 :o 9 8 ef=ts to escape belab\r$ ! bro!rs ) a long w& :i* he c>ri$4 ,:5 at la/ !y succe$$ 9 cat*+ him !y c>ri$ him to ! burn+ pile & made z if !y w\ld ?r[ him on x4 ,?is c]emony ov]1 !y return$ to ! h\se ( ! ,gre5 ,wolf1 :]e a supp]1 /ill ( ! mo/ meagre f>e1 0 set be=e !m4 ,up till midnight a sort ( religi\s solemnity prevail$4 ,no unbecom+ ^w might fall f ! lips ( any ( ! company1 & a c5sor1 arm$ ) a h&-bell1 0 appo9t$ to m>k & puni% in/antly any infraction ( ! rule4 ,b at ! /roke ( twelve all ?is 0 *ang$4 ,con/ra9t gave way to lic5se2 pi\s hymns 7 replac$ by ,bac*analian ditties1 & ! %rill quav]+ notes ( ! village fiddle h>dly rose above ! ro> ( voices t w5t up f ! m]ry bro!rhood ( ! ,gre5 ,wolf4 ,next day1 ! tw5ty-f\r? ( ,june or ,midsumm] ,day1 0 celebrat$ by ! same p]sonages ) ! same noisy gaiety4 ,"o ( ! c]emonies consi/$ 9 p>ad+1 to ! s\nd ( musketry1 an enorm\s loaf ( consecrat$ bread1 :i*1 ris+ 9 ti]s1 0 surm\nt$ by a pyramid ( v]dure adorn$ ) ribbons4 ,aft] t ! holy h&bells1 deposit$ on ! /ep ( ! alt>1 7 entru/$ z insignia ( (fice to ! man :o 0 to be ! ,gre5 ,wolf next ye>4#dfc ,! ,midsumm] fires 9 ,pic>dy4 ,9 ! canton ( ,breteuil 9 ,pic>dy 7dep>tm5t ( ,oise7 ! prie/ us$ to k9dle ! midsumm] bonfire1 & ! p m>*$ ?rice r\nd x 9 procession4 ,"s ( !m took a%es ( ! fire home ) !m to protect ! h\ses aga9/ lightn+4#dfd ,! cu/om is1 or 0 d[n to rec5t ye>s1 simil> at ,vorges1 ne> ,laon4 ,an enorm\s pyre1 "s fifty or sixty feet high1 support$ 9 ! middle by a tall pole1 is con/ruct$ e ye> on ! tw5ty-?ird ( ,june1 ! ,eve ( ,/4 ,john4 ,x /&s at "o end ( ! village1 & all ! inhabitants contribute fuel to x3 a c>t goes r\nd ! village 9 ! morn+1 by ord] ( ! mayor1 collect+ combu/ibles f h\se to h\se3 no "o w\ld dream ( refus+ to comply ) ! cu/om>y obligation4 ,9 ! ev5+1 aft] a s]vice 9 hon\r ( ,/4 ,john has be5 p]=m$ 9 ! *ur*1 ! cl]gy1 ! mayor1 ! municipal au?orities1 ! rural police1 & ! fire-brigade m>* 9 procession to ! bonfire1 accompani$ by ! inhabitants & a cr[d ( idl]s drawn by curiosity f ! neighb\r+ villages4 ,aft] address+ ! ?rong 9 a s]mon1 to :i* !y pay little he$1 ! p>i% prie/ spr9kles ! pyre ) holy wat]1 & tak+ a light$ tor* f ! h& ( an assi/ant sets fire to ! pile4 ,! enorm\s blaze1 fl>+ up aga9/ ! d>k sky ( ! summ] night1 is se5 = _m miles ar\nd1 p>ticul>ly f ! hill ( ,laon4 ,:5 x has di$ d[n into a huge heap ( gl[+ emb]s & grey a%es1 e "o c>ries home a *>r$ /ick or "s c9d]s2 & ! fire-brigade1 play+ _! hose on :at rema9s1 ext+ui%es ! sm\ld]+ fire4 ,! p pres]ve ! *>r$ /icks & c9d]s ?r\gh\t ! ye>1 believ+ t ^! relics ( ,/ ,john's bonfire h p[] to gu>d !m f lightn+ & f contagi\s diseases4#dfe ,at ,*teau-,?i]ry1 a t[n ( ! dep>tm5t ( ,aisne1 betwe5 ,p>is & ,reims1 ! cu/om ( light+ bonfires & danc+ r\nd !m at ! midsumm] fe/ival ( ,/4 ,john la/$ d[n to ab\t #ahej2 ! fires 7 k9dl$ especially :5 ,june _h be5 ra9y1 & ! p ?\ght t ! light+ ( ! bonfires w\ld cause ! ra9 to cease4#dff ,! ,midsumm] fires 9 ,beauce & ,p]*e2 ! fires z a protection aga9/ wit*craft4 ,9 ,beauce & ,p]*e1 two neighb\r+ di/ricts ( ,france to ! s\?-we/ ( ,p>is1 ! midsumm] bonfires h ne>ly or :olly disappe>$1 b =m]ly !y 7 commonly k9dl$ & w5t by ! "n ( ! fires ( ,/4 ,john4 ,! site ( ! bonfire 0 ei!r ! village squ>e or beside ! cross 9 ! cemet]y4 ,"h a great pile ( faggots1 bru%wood1 & grass 0 accumulat$ ab\t a huge bran*1 :i* bore at ! top a cr[n ( fre% fl[]s4 ,! prie/ bless$ ! bonfire & ! p danc$ r\nd x4 ,:5 x blaz$ & crackl$1 ! by/&]s ?ru/ _! heads into ! puffs ( smoke1 9 ! belief t x w\ld pres]ve !m f a multitude ( ills2 & :5 ! fire 0 burnt out1 !y ru%$ ^u ! *>r$ emb]s & a%es & c>ri$ !m home1 imag9+ t !y _h a secret virtue to gu>d _! h\ses f be+ /ruck by lightn+ or consum$ by fire4 ,"s ( ! ,p]*e f>m]s 9 ! old days1 n cont5t ) ! public bonfire1 us$ to light little private bonfires 9 _! f>my>ds & make all _! cattle pass ?r\gh ! smoke & flames = ! purpose ( protect+ !m aga9/ wit*craft or disease4#dfg ,! ,midsumm] fires 9 ! ,ard5nes1 ! ,vosges1 & ! ,jura2 ! ,midsumm] fires 9 ,fran*e-,comt2 ! ,midsumm] fires 9 ,b]ry & o!r p>ts ( ,c5tral ,france4 ,9 ! dep>tm5t ( ! ,ard5nes e "o 0 wont to contribute 8 faggot to ! midsumm] bonfire1 & ! cl]gy m>*$ at ! head ( ! procession to k9dle x4 ,failure to light ! fires w\ld1 9 ! popul> belief1 h expos$ ! fields to ! greate/ dang]4 ,at ,rev9 ! "y folk1 besides danc+ r\nd ! fire to ! /ra9s ( ! village fiddl]1 ?rew g>l&s ( fl[]s across ! flames to ea* o!r4#dfh ,9 ! ,vosges x is /ill cu/om>y to k9dle bonfires ^u ! hill-tops on ,midsumm] ,eve2 ! p believe t ! fires help to pres]ve ! fruits ( ! e>? & ensure good crops4#dfi ,9 ! ,jura ,m\nta9s ! midsumm] bonfires w5t by ! "n ( b or beau4 ,!y 7 lit on ! mo/ conspicu\s po9ts ( ! l&scape4#dgj ,ne> ,/4 ,jean1 9 ! ,jura1 x appe>s t at ?is season "y p /ill repair to ! cross-roads & heights1 & !re wave burn+ tor*es s z to pres5t ! appe>ance ( fi]y :eels 9 ! d>kness4#dga ,9 ,fran*e-,comt1 ! prov9ce ( ,france :i* lies imm$iately to ! we/ ( ! ,jura m\nta9s1 ! fires ( ,/4 ,john /ill %one on ! sa9t's day 9 sev]al villages d[n to rec5t ye>s4 ,!y 7 g5]ally lit on high gr\nd & ! "y folks ( bo? sexes sang & danc$ r\nd !m1 & sprang ov] ! dy+ flames4#dgb ,9 ,bresse bonfires us$ to be k9dl$ on ,midsumm] ,eve 7! tw5ty-?ird ( ,june7 & ! p danc$ ab\t !m 9 a circle4 ,dev\t p]sons1 p>ticul>ly old wom51 circumambulat$ ! fires f\rte5 times1 tell+ _! beads & mumbl+ sev5 ,pat]s & sev5 ,aves 9 ! hope t !reby !y w\ld feel no pa9s 9 _! backs :5 !y /oop$ ov] ! sickle 9 ! h>ve/ field4#dgc ,9 ,b]ry1 a di/rict ( ,c5tral ,france1 ! midsumm] fire 0 lit on ! ,eve ( ,/4 ,john & w5t by ! "n ( ! jne1 joanne1 or j\anne4 ,e family accord+ to its means contribut$ faggots1 :i* 7 pil$ r\nd a pole on ! highe/ gr\nd 9 ! neighb\rhood4 ,9 ! hamlets ! (fice ( k9dl+ ! fire devolv$ on ! olde/ man1 b 9 ! t[ns x 0 ! prie/ or ! mayor :o dis*>g$ ! duty4 ,"h1 z 9 ,brittany1 p suppos$ t a girl :o _h danc$ r\nd n9e ( ! midsumm] bonfires w\ld m>ry )9 ! ye>4 ,to leap sev]al times ov] ! fire 0 reg>d$ z a sort ( purification :i* kept (f sickness & br\ght good luck to ! leap]4 ,h5ce ! nimble y\? b\nd$ ?r\gh ! smoke & flames1 & :5 ! fire _h some:at abat$ p>5ts jump$ across x ) _! *ildr5 9 _! arms 9 ord] t ! little ones might also p>take ( its b5efic5t influ5ce4 ,emb]s f ! ext9ct bonfire 7 tak5 home1 & aft] be+ dipp$ 9 holy wat] 7 kept z a talisman aga9/ all k9ds ( mis=tune1 b especially aga9/ lightn+4#dgd ,! same virtue 0 ascrib$ to ! a%es & *>r$ /icks ( ! midsumm] bonfire 9 ,prigord1 :]e ev]ybody contribut$ 8 %>e ( fuel to ! pile & ! :ole 0 cr[n$ ) fl[]s1 especially ) roses & lilies4#dge ,on ! bord]s ( ! dep>tm5ts ( ,creuse & ,corrze1 9 ,c5tral ,france1 ! fires ( ,/4 ,john us$ to be lit on ! ,eve ( ! sa9t's day 7! tw5ty-?ird ( ,june72 ! cu/om seems to h surviv$ till t[>ds ! end ( ! n9ete5? c5tury4 ,m51 wom51 & *ildr5 assembl$ r\nd ! fires1 & ! "y p jump$ ov] !m4 ,*ildr5 7 br\ght by _! p>5ts or eld] bro!rs into contact ) ! flames 9 ! belief t ?is w\ld save !m f fev]4 ,old] p gird$ !mselves ) /alks ( rye tak5 f a neighb\r+ field1 because !y fanci$ t by s do+ !y w\ld n gr[ we>y 9 reap+ ! corn at h>ve/4#dgf ,! ,midsumm] fires 9 ,poit\4 ,bonfires 7 lit 9 almo/ all ! hamlets ( ,poit\ on ! ,eve ( ,/4 ,john4 ,p m>*$ r\nd !m ?rice1 c>ry+ a bran* ( walnut 9 _! h&4 ,%eph]desses & *ildr5 pass$ sprigs ( mulle9 7v]bascum7 & nuts across ! flames2 ! nuts 7 suppos$ to cure too?a*e1 & ! mulle9 to protect ! cattle f sickness & sorc]y4 ,:5 ! fire di$ d[n p took "s ( ! a%es home ) !m1 ei!r to keep !m 9 ! h\se z a pres]vative aga9/ ?und] or to scatt] !m on ! fields = ! purpose ( de/roy+ corn-cockles & d>nel4 ,/ones 7 also plac$ r\nd ! fire1 & x 0 believ$ t ! fir/ to lift "o ( ^! /ones next morn+ w\ld f9d "u x ! hair ( ,/4 ,john4#dgg ,9 ,poit\ also x us$ to be cu/om>y on ! ,eve ( ,/4 ,john to trundle a blaz+ :eel wrapt 9 /raw ov] ! fields to f]tilize !m4#dgh ,?is la/ cu/om is said to be n[ ext9ct1#dgi b x is /ill usual1 or 0 s d[n to rec5t ye>s1 9 ,poit\ to k9dle fires on ?is day at cross-roads or on ! heights4 ,! olde/ or y\nge/ p]son pres5t sets a light to ! pile1 :i* consi/s ( broom1 gorse1 & hea?4 ,a bright & crackl+ blaze %oots up1 b soon dies d[n1 & ov] x ! "y folk leap4 ,!y also ?r[ /ones into x1 pick+ ! /one accord+ to ! size ( ! turnips t !y wi% to h t ye>4 ,x is said t ! good ,virg9 comes & sits on ! prettie/ ( ! /ones1 & next morn+ !y see !re h] beautiful gold5 tresses4 ,at ,lussac1 9 ,poit\1 ! light+ ( ! midsumm] bonfire is /ill an affair ( "s c]emony4 ,a pyramid ( faggots is pil$ r\nd a tree or tall pole on ! gr\nd :]e ! fair is held2 ! prie/ goes 9 procession to ! spot & k9dles ! pile4 ,:5 pray]s h be5 said & ! cl]gy h )drawn1 ! p cont9ue to m>* r\nd ! fire1 tell+ _! beads1 b x is n till ! flames h begun to die d[n t ! y\? jump ov] !m4 ,a br& f ! midsumm] bonfire is suppos$ to be a pres]vative aga9/ ?und]4#dhj ,! ,midsumm] fires 9 ! dep>tm5ts ( ,vi5ne & ,deux-,svres & 9 ! prov9ces ( ,sa9tonge & ,aunis4 ,9 ! dep>tm5t ( ,vi5ne ! bonfire 0 k9dl$ by ! olde/ man1 & be=e ! dance r\nd ! flames began x 0 ! cu/om to pass across !m a great bun* ( mulle9 7b\illon blanc7 & a bran* ( walnut1 :i* next morn+ be=e sunrise 7 fa/5$ ov] ! door ( ! *ief cattle-%$4#dha ,a simil> cu/om prevail$ 9 ! neighb\r+ dep>tm5t ( ,deux-,svres2 b "h x 0 ! prie/ :o k9dl$ ! bonfire1 & old m5 us$ to put emb]s ( ! fire 9 _! wood5 %oes z a pres]vative aga9/ _m evils4#dhb ,9 "s t[ns & villages ( ,sa9tonge & ,aunis1 prov9ces ( ,we/]n ,france n[ mo/ly compris$ 9 ! dep>tm5t ( ,*>5te ,infrieure1 ! fires ( ,/4 ,john are /ill k9dl$ on ,midsumm] ,eve1 b ! cu/om is nei!r s common nor c>ri$ out ) s mu* pomp & c]emony z =m]ly4 ,great quantities ( wood us$ to be pil$ on an op5 space r\nd ab\t a huge po/ or a tree /ripp$ ( its leaves & bran*es4 ,e "o took c>e to contribute a faggot to ! pile1 & ! :ole population m>*$ to ! spot 9 procession ) ! crucifix at _! head & ! prie/ br++ up ! re>4 ,! squire1 or o!r p]son ( high degree1 put ! tor* to ! pyre1 & ! prie/ bless$ x4 ,9 ! s\!rn & ea/]n p>ts ( ,sa9tonge *ildr5 & cattle 7 pass$ ?r\gh ! smoke ( ! bonfires to pres]ve !m f contagi\s diseases1 & :5 ! fire _h gone out ! p scuffl$ = ! *>r$ fragm5ts ( ! great po/1 :i* !y reg>d$ z talismans aga9/ ?und]4 ,next morn+1 on ,midsumm] ,day1 e %eph]dess 9 ! neighb\rhood 0 up v e>ly1 = ! fir/ to drive h] %eep ov] ! black5$ c9d]s & a%es ( ! great bonfire 0 sure to h ! be/ flock all t ye>4 ,:]e ! %eph]ds %runk f driv+ _! flocks ?r\gh ! smoke & flames ( ! bonfire !y cont5t$ !mselves ) m>k+ ! h9d]-qu>t]s ( ! animals ) a broom :i* _h be5 black5$ 9 ! a%es4#dhc ,! ,midsumm] fires 9 ,s\!rn ,france2 ,midsumm] fe/ival ( fire & wat] 9 ,prov5ce2 ba?+ 9 ! sea at ,midsumm]2 tempor>y ,midsumm] k+s at ,aix & ,m>seilles4 ,9 ! m\nta9\s "p ( ,comm+es1 a prov9ce ( ,s\!rn ,france1 n[ compris$ 9 ! dep>tm5t ( ,haute ,g>onne1 ! midsumm] fire is made by splitt+ op5 ! trunk ( a tall tree1 /uff+ ! crevice ) %av+s1 & ignit+ ! :ole4 ,a g>l& ( fl[]s is fa/5$ to ! top ( ! tree1 & at ! mom5t :5 ! fire is light$ ! man :o 0 la/ m>ri$ has to climb up a ladd] & br+ ! fl[]s d[n4 ,9 ! flat p>ts ( ! same di/rict ! mat]ials ( ! midsumm] bonfires consi/ ( fuel pil$ 9 ! usual way2 b !y mu/ be put toge!r by m5 :o h be5 m>ri$ s9ce ! la/ midsumm] fe/ival1 & ea* ( ^! b5$icts is oblig$ to lay a wrea? ( fl[]s on ! top ( ! pile4#dhd ,at ! entrance ( ! valley ( ,aran "y p set up on ! banks ( ! ,g>onne a tree cov]$ ) ribbons & g>l&s2 at ! end ( a ye> ! )]$ tree & fad$ fl[]s furni% excell5t fuel4 ,s on ! ,eve ( ,/4 ,john ! villag]s assemble1 & an old man or a *ild k9dles ! fire :i* is to consume tree & g>l&s toge!r4 ,:ile ! blaze la/s ! p s+ & dance2 & ! burnt tree is !n replac$ by ano!r :i* w suff] ! same fate aft] ! lapse ( a ye>4#dhe ,9 "s di/ricts ( ! ,fr5* ,pyr5ees x is deem$ necess>y to leap n9e times ov] ! midsumm] fire if y w\ld be assur$ ( prosp]ity4#dhf ,a travell] 9 ,s\!rn ,france at ! beg9n+ ( ! n9ete5? c5tury tells u t ! ,eve ( ,/4 ,john is also a day ( joy = ! ,prov5als4 ,!y light great fires & ! "y folk leap ov] !m4 ,at ,aix !y %[] squibs & crack]s on ! pass]s-by1 :i* has (t5 _h disagreeable consequ5ces4 ,at ,m>seilles !y dr5* ea* o!r ) sc5t$ wat]1 :i* is p\r$ f ! w9d[s or squirt$ f little syr+es2 ! r\ghe/ je/ is to s\se pass]s-by ) clean wat]1 :i* gives rise to l\d bur/s ( laught]4#dhg ,at ,draguignan1 9 ! dep>tm5t ( ,v>1 fires us$ to be lit 9 e /reet on ! ,eve ( ,/4 ,john1 & ! p roa/$ pods ( g>lic at !m2 ! pods 7 aft]w>ds di/ribut$ to e family4 ,ano!r div]sion ( ! ev5+ 0 to p\r cans ( wat] f ! h\ses on ! heads ( p 9 ! /reets4#dhh ,9 ,prov5ce ! midsumm] fires are /ill popul>4 ,*ildr5 g f door to door begg+ = fuel1 & !y are seldom s5t empty away4 ,=m]ly ! prie/1 ! mayor1 & ! ald]m5 us$ to walk 9 procession to ! bonfire1 & ev5 deign$ to light x2 aft] :i* ! assembly m>*$ ?rice r\nd ! burn+ pile1 :ile ! *ur* bells peal$ & rockets fizz$ & sputt]$ 9 ! air4 ,danc+ began lat]1 & ! by/&]s ?rew wat] on ea* o!r4 ,at ,ciotat1 :ile ! fire 0 blaz+1 ! "y p plung$ into ! sea & spla%$ ea* o!r vigor\sly4 ,at ,vitrolles !y ba!d 9 a pond 9 ord] t !y might n suff] f fev] dur+ ! ye>1 & at ,sa9tes-,m>ies !y wat]$ ! horses to protect !m f ! it*4#dhi ,at ,aix a nom9al k+1 *os5 f among ! y\? = 8 skill 9 %oot+ at a pop9jay1 presid$ ov] ! fe/ival4 ,he select$ 8 own (fic]s1 & escort$ by a brilliant tra9 m>*$ to ! bonfire1 k9dl$ x1 & 0 ! fir/ to dance r\nd x4 ,next day he di/ribut$ l>gesse to 8 foll[]s4 ,8 reign la/$ a ye>1 dur+ :i* he enjoy$ c]ta9 privileges4 ,he 0 all[$ to att5d ! mass celebrat$ by ! comm&] ( ! ,knights ( ,/4 ,john on ,/4 ,john's ,day3 ! "r ( hunt+ 0 accord$ to him2 & soldi]s might n be qu>t]$ 9 8 h\se4 ,at ,m>seilles also on ?is day "o ( ! guilds *ose a k+ ( ! bada*e or d\ble axe2 b x does n appe> t he k9dl$ ! bonfire1 :i* is said to h be5 light$ ) great c]emony by ! prfet & o!r au?orities4#dij ,! ,midsumm] fires 9 ,belgium2 bonfires on ,/4 ,pet]'s ,day 9 ,brabant2 ! ,k+ & ,que5 ( ! ,roses2 effigies burnt 9 ! ,midsumm] fires4 ,9 ,belgium ! cu/om ( k9dl+ ! midsumm] bonfires has long disappe>$ f ! great cities1 b x is /ill kept up 9 rural di/ricts & small t[ns ( ,brabant1 ,fl&]s1 & ,limburg4 ,p leap across ! fires to protect !mselves aga9/ fev]1 & 9 ea/]n ,fl&]s wom5 p]=m simil> leaps = ! purpose ( ensur+ an easy deliv]y4 ,at ,t]monde "y p g f door to door collect+ fuel = ! fires & recit+ v]ses1 9 :i* !y beg ! inmates to give !m wood ( ,/4 ,john & to keep "s wood = ,/4 ,pet]'s ,day 7! tw5ty-n9? ( ,june72 = 9 ,belgium ! ,eve ( ,/4 ,pet]'s ,day is celebrat$ by bonfires & dances exactly l ^? :i* commemorate ,/4 ,john's ,eve4 ,! a%es ( ! ,/4 ,john's fires are deem$ by ,belgian peasants an excell5t rem$y = consumption1 if y take a spoonful or two ( !m1 moi/5$ ) wat]1 day by day4 ,p also burn v]va9 9 ! fires1 & !y say t 9 ! a%es ( ! plant y may f9d1 if y look = x1 ! ,fool's ,/one4#dia ,9 _m p>ts ( ,brabant ,/4 ,pet]'s bonfire us$ to be mu* l>g] ?an t ( 8 rival ,/4 ,john4 ,:5 x _h burn$ out1 bo? sexes engag$ 9 a game ( ball1 & ! w9n] became ! ,k+ ( ,summ] or ( ! ,ball & _h ! "r to *oose 8 ,que54 ,sometimes ! w9n] 0 a woman1 & x 0 !n h] privilege to select h] royal mate4 ,?is pa/ime 0 well kn[n at ,l\va9 & x cont9u$ to be practis$ at ,grammont & ,mespela] d[n to ! second half ( ! n9ete5? c5tury4 ,at ,mespela]1 :i* is a village ne> ,t]monde1 a huge pile ( eglant9e1 re$s1 & /raw 0 collect$ 9 a m>%y mead[ = ! bonfire2 & next ev5+ aft] vesp]s ! "y folk :o _h lit x assembl$ at ! ,good ,life tav]n to play ! game4 ,! w9n] 0 cr[n$ ) a wrea? ( roses1 & ! re/ danc$ & sang 9 a r+ ab\t him4 ,at ,grammont1 :ile ! bonfire 0 lit & ! dances r\nd x took place on ,/4 ,pet]'s ,eve1 ! fe/ival ( ! ,cr[n ( ,roses 0 def]r$ till ! foll[+ ,sunday4 ,! "y folk arrang$ among !mselves be=eh& :o %\ld be ,k+ & ,que5 ( ! ,roses3 ! rosy wrea?s 7 hung on cords across ! /reet3 ! danc]s danc$ bel[ !m1 & at a giv5 mom5t ! wrea?s fell on ! heads ( ! *os5 ,k+ & ,que51 :o _h to ent]ta9 _! fell[s at a fea/4 ,accord+ to "s p ! fires ( ,/4 ,pet]1 l ^? ( ,/4 ,john1 7 light$ 9 ord] to drive away dragons4#dib ,9 ,fr5* ,fl&]s d[n to #aghi a /raw figure repres5t+ a man 0 always burn$ 9 ! midsumm] bonfire1 & ! figure ( a woman 0 burn$ on ,/4 ,pet]'s ,day4#dic ,9 ,belgium p jump ov] ! midsumm] bonfires z a prev5tive ( colic1 & !y keep ! a%es at home to h9d] fire f break+ out4#did ,! ,midsumm] fires 9 ,engl&2 ,/['s description ( ! ,midsumm] fires 9 ,london2 ! ,midsumm] fires at ,eton4 ,! cu/om ( light+ bonfires at midsumm] has be5 obs]v$ 9 _m p>ts ( our own c\ntry4 ,on ! ,vigil ( ,sa9t ,john ! ,bapti/1 commonly call$ ,midsumm] ,eve1 x 0 usual 9 mo/ c\ntry places1 & also 9 t[ns & cities1 = ! inhabitants1 bo? old & "y1 & ( bo? sexes1 to meet toge!r1 & make m]ry by ! side ( a l>ge fire made 9 ! middle ( ! /reet1 or 9 "s op5 & conv5i5t place1 ov] :i* ! "y m5 frequ5tly leap$ by way ( frolic1 & also ex]cis$ !mselves ) v>i\s sports & pa/imes1 m especially ) runn+1 wre/l+1 & danc+4 ,^! div]sions !y cont9u$ till midnight1 & sometimes till cock-cr[+4#die ,9 ! /reets ( ,london ! midsumm] fires 7 light$ 9 ! "t ( ,que5 ,elizabe? d[n to ! end ( ! sixte5? c5tury1 z we le>n f ,/['s description1 :i* runs ?us3 ,9 ! mon?s ( ,june & ,july1 on ! vigils ( fe/ival days1 & on ! same fe/ival days 9 ! ev5+s aft] ! sun sett+1 !re 7 usually made bonfires 9 ! /reets1 e man be/[+ wood or lab\r t[>ds !m2 ! weal?i] sort also1 be=e _! doors ne> to ! said bonfires1 w\ld set out tables on ! vigils furni%$ ) sweet bread & good dr9k1 & on ! fe/ival days ) meats & dr9ks pl5tifully1 :]eunto !y w\ld invite _! neighb\rs & pass5g]s also to sit & be m]ry ) !m 9 great famili>ity1 prais+ ,god = ,8 b5efits be/[$ on !m4 ,^! 7 call$ bonfires z well ( good amity among/ neighb\rs t be+ be=e at controv]sy1 7 !re1 by ! lab\r ( o!rs1 reconcil$1 & made ( bitt] enemies lov+ fri5ds2 & also = ! virtue t a great fire ha? to purge ! infection ( ! air4 ,on ! vigil ( ,/4 ,john ! ,bapti/1 & on ,/4 ,pet] & ,paul ! ,apo/les1 e man's door be+ %ad[$ ) gre5 bir*1 long f5nel1 ,/ ,john's wort1 orp91 :ite lilies1 & su* l1 g>ni%$ ^u ) g>l&s ( beautiful fl[]s1 _h also lamps ( glass1 ) oil burn+ 9 !m all ! night2 "s hung out bran*es ( iron curi\sly wr\ght1 conta9+ hundr$s ( lamps alight at once1 :i* made a goodly %[1 namely1 9 ,new ,fi% ,/reet1 ,?ames ,/reet1 etc4#dif ,9 ! sixte5? c5tury ! ,eton boys us$ to k9dle a bonfire on ! ea/ side ( ! *ur* bo? on ,/ ,john's ,day & on ,/4 ,pet]'s ,day4#dig ,writ+ 9 ! second half ( ! sev5te5? c5tury1 ! antiqu>y ,john ,aubrey tells u t bonfires 7 /ill k9dl$ 9 _m places on ,/4 ,john's ,night1 b t ! civil w>s _h ?r[n _m ( ^! old cu/oms out ( fa%ion4 ,w>s1 he adds1 ext+ui% sup]/ition z well z religion & laws1 & !re is no?+ l gunp[d] = putt+ phantoms to flight4#dih ,! ,midsumm] fires 9 ! nor? ( ,engl&2 ! ,midsumm] fires 9 ,nor?umb]l&4 ,9 ! nor? ( ,engl& ^! fires us$ to be lit 9 ! op5 /reets4 ,"y & old ga!r$ r\nd !m1 & :ile ! "y leap$ ov] ! fires & engag$ 9 games1 _! eld]s look$ on & probably rememb]$ ) regret ! days :5 !y us$ to foot x z nimbly4 ,sometimes ! fires 7 k9dl$ on ! tops ( high hills4 ,! p also c>ri$ firebr&s ab\t ! fields4#dii ,! cu/om ( k9dl+ bonfires on ,midsumm] ,eve prevail$ all ov] ,cumb]l& d[n to ! second half ( ! eighte5? c5tury4#ejj ,9 ,nor?umb]l& ! cu/om seems to h la/$ into ! fir/ qu>t] ( ! n9ete5? c5tury2 ! fires 7 lit 9 ! villages & on ! tops ( high hills1 & ! p sport$ & danc$ r\nd !m4#eja ,moreov]1 ! villag]s us$ to run ) burn+ br&s r\nd _! fields & to snat* a%es f a neighb\r's fire1 say+ z !y did s1 ,we h ! fl[] 7or fl\r7 ( ! wake4#ejb ,at ,s&hill bonfires 7 k9dl$ on ! ,eve ( ,/4 ,pet] z well z on ,midsumm] ,eve2 ! cu/om is atte/$ = ! ye> #aege1 :5 x 0 describ$ z anci5t4#ejc ,we are told t on ,midsumm]'s eve1 reckon$ accord+ to ! old /yle1 x 0 =m]ly ! cu/om ( ! inhabitants1 "y & old1 n only ( ,:alton1 b ( mo/ ( ! adjac5t villages1 to collect a l>ge c>tload ( :9s & o!r combu/ible mat]ials1 :i* 0 dragg$ by !m ) great rejoic+ 7a fiddl] be+ seat$ on ! top ( ! c>t7 into ! village & erect$ into a pile4 ,! p f ! surr\nd+ c\ntry assembl$ t[>ds ev5+1 :5 x 0 set on fire2 & :il/ ! "y danc$ ar\nd x1 ! eld]s look$ on smok+ _! pipes & dr9k+ _! be]1 until x 0 consum$4 ,!re c be little d\bt t ?is curi\s old cu/om dates f a v remote antiquity4 ,9 a law-suit1 :i* 0 tri$ 9 #ahgh1 ! rector ( ,:alton gave evid5ce ( ! con/ant use ( ! village gre5 = ! c]emony s9ce #ahdc4 ,! bonfire1 he said1 0 light$ a little to ! nor?-ea/ ( ! well at ,:alton1 & p>tly on ! footpa?1 & p danc$ r\nd x & jump$ ?r\gh x4 ,t 0 nev] int]rupt$4 ,! ,rev4 ,g4,r4 ,hall1 writ+ 9 #ahgi1 says t ! fire fe/ivals or bonfires ( ! summ] sol/ice at ! ,old ,midsumm] until rec5tly 7 commemorat$ on ,*ri/5burg ,crags & else:]e by leap+ ?r\gh & danc+ r\nd ! fires1 z ^? :o h be5 pres5t h told me4#ejd ,d[n to ! e>ly "p ( ! n9ete5? c5tury bonfires call$ ,beal-fires us$ to be lit on ,midsumm] ,eve all ov] ! wolds 9 ! ,ea/ ,rid+ ( ,york%ire4#eje ,! ,midsumm] fires 9 ,h]e=d%ire1 ,som]set%ire1 ,devon%ire1 & ,cornwall2 ! ,corni% fires on ,midsumm] ,eve & ,/4 ,pet]'s ,eve4 ,9 ,h]e=d%ire & ,som]set%ire ! peasants us$ to make fires 9 ! fields on ,midsumm] ,eve to bless ! apples4#ejf ,9 ,devon%ire ! cu/om ( leap+ ov] ! midsumm] fires 0 also obs]v$4#ejg ,9 ,cornwall1 ! fe/ival fires1 call$ bonfires1 are k9dl$ on ! ,eves ( ,/4 ,john ,bapti/ & ,/4 ,pet]'s day2 & ,midsumm] is !nce1 9 ! ,corni% tongue1 call$ ,goluan1 :i* signifies bo? light & rejoic+4 ,at ^! fires ! ,corni% att5d ) light$ tor*es1 t>r$ & pit*$ at ! end1 & make _! p]ambulations r\nd _! fires1 go+ f village to village & c>ry+ _! tor*es be=e !m2 ?is is c]ta9ly ! rema9s ( ,druid sup]/ition2 =1 ,faces praef]re1 to c>ry light$ tor*es 0 reckon$ a k9d ( g5tilism1 & z su* p>ticul>ly prohibit$ by ! ,gallick ,c\ncils4#ejh ,at ,p5zance & else:]e 9 ! c\nty ! p danc$ & sang ab\t ! bonfires on ,midsumm] ,eve4 ,on ,:itebor\gh1 a l>ge tumulus ne> ,launce/on1 a huge bonfire us$ to be k9dl$ on ,midsumm] ,eve2 a tall summ] pole ) a l>ge bu% at ! top 0 fix$ 9 ! c5tre ( ! bonfire4#eji ,! ,corni% fires at ?is season appe> to h be5 commonly lit on high & conspicu\s hills1 su* z ,tregonan1 ,godolph91 ,c>nw>?1 & ,cam ,brea4 ,:5 x grew dusk on ,midsumm] ,eve1 old m5 w\ld hobble away to "s height :5ce !y c\nt$ ! fires & drew a presage f _! numb]4#eaj ,x is ! immemorial usage 9 ,p5zance1 & ! neighb\r+ t[ns & villages1 to k9dle bonfires & tor*es on ,midsumm]-eve2 & on ,midsumm]-day to hold a fair on ,p5zance quay1 :]e ! c\ntry folks assemble f ! adjo9+ p>i%es 9 great numb]s to make excursions on ! wat]4 ,/4 ,pet]'s ,eve 7! tw5ty-eigh? ( ,june7 is di/+ui%$ by a simil> display ( bonfires & tor*es1 al?\gh ! 'quay-fair' on ,/4 ,pet]'s-day 7! tw5ty-n9? ( ,june71 has be5 discont9u$ upw>ds ( =ty ye>s4 ,on ^! eves a l9e ( t>-b>rels1 reliev$ occasionally by l>ge bonfires1 is se5 9 ! c5tre ( ea* ( ! pr9cipal /reets 9 ,p5zance4 ,on ei!r side ( ?is l9e "y m5 & wom5 pass up & d[n1 sw++ r\nd _! heads heavy tor*es made ( l>ge pieces ( fold$ canvas /eep$ 9 t>1 & nail$ to ! ends ( /icks betwe5 ?ree & f\r feet long2 ! flames ( "s ( ^! almo/ equal ^? ( ! t>-b>rels4 ,r[s ( light$ c&les1 also1 :5 ! air is calm1 are fix$ outside ! w9d[s or along ! sides ( ! /reets4 ,9 ,/4 ,j1 & o!r m9+ p>i%es1 ! "y m9]s1 mimick+ _! fa!rs' employm5ts1 bore r[s ( holes 9 ! rocks1 load !m ) gunp[d]1 & explode !m 9 rapid succession by tra9s ( ! same sub/ance4 ,z ! holes are n deep en\gh to split ! rocks1 ! same little batt]ies s]ve = _m ye>s4 ,on ^! nights1 ,m\nt's ,bay has a mo/ animat+ appe>ance1 al?\gh n equal to :at 0 annually witness$ at ! beg9n+ ( ! pres5t c5tury1 :5 ! :ole coa/1 f ! ,l&'s ,end to ! ,liz>d1 :]ev] a t[n or a village exi/$1 0 light$ up ) ^! /ation>y or mov+ fires4 ,9 ! e>ly "p ( ! ev5+1 *ildr5 may be se5 we>+ wrea?s ( fl[]s--a cu/om 9 all probability orig9at+ f ! anci5t use ( ^! ornam5ts :5 !y danc$ ar\nd ! fires4 ,at ! close ( ! fireworks 9 ,p5zance1 a great numb] ( p]sons ( bo? sexes1 *iefly f ! neighb\rhood ( ! quay1 us$ always1 until )9 ! la/ few ye>s1 to jo9 h& 9 h&1 =m+ a long /r+1 & run ?r\gh ! /reets1 play+ '?read ! ne$le1' he$less ( ! fireworks %[]$ ^u !m1 & (t5times leap+ ov] ! yet gl[+ emb]s4 ,i h on ^! occasions se5 boys foll[+ "o ano!r1 jump+ ?r\gh flames high] ?an !mselves4#eaa ,! ,midsumm] fires 9 ,wales & ! ,isle ( ,man2 burn+ :eel roll$ d[n hill4 ,9 ,wales ! midsumm] fires 7 k9dl$ on ,/4 ,john's ,eve & on ,/4 ,john's ,day4 ,?ree or n9e diff]5t k9ds ( wood & *>r$ faggots c>efully pres]v$ f ! la/ midsumm] 7 deem$ necess>y to build ! bonfire1 :i* 0 g5]ally done on ris+ gr\nd4 ,v>i\s h]bs 7 ?r[n into ! blaze2 & girls ) bun*es ( ?ree or n9e diff]5t k9ds ( fl[]s w\ld take ! h&s ( boys1 :o wore fl[]s 9 _! buttonholes & hats1 & toge!r ! "y c\ples w\ld leap ov] ! fires4 ,on ! same two midsumm] days roses & wrea?s ( fl[]s 7 hung ov] ! doors & w9d[s4 ,describ+ a midsumm] fire1 an old inhabitant1 born 9 #ahji1 rememb]$ be+ tak5 to diff]5t hills 9 ! ,vale ( ,glamorgan to see fe/ivities 9 :i* p f all p>ts ( ! di/rict p>ticipat$4 ,%e 0 at t "t ab\t f\rte51 & old en\gh to reta9 a vivid recollection ( ! circum/ances4 ,p convey$ trusses ( /raw to ! top ( ! hill1 :]e m5 & y\?s wait$ = ! contributions4 ,wom5 & girls 7 /ation$ at ! bottom ( ! hill4 ,!n a l>ge c>t-:eel 0 ?ickly swa!d ) /raw1 & n an in* ( wood 0 left 9 sight4 ,a pole 0 ins]t$ ?r\gh ! c5tre ( ! :eel1 s t long ends ext5d$ ab\t a y>d on ea* side4 ,if any /raw rema9$1 x 0 made up into tor*es at ! top ( tall /icks4 ,at a giv5 signal ! :eel 0 light$1 & s5t roll+ d[nhill4 ,if ?is fire-:eel w5t out be=e x rea*$ ! bottom ( ! hill1 a v poor h>ve/ 0 promis$4 ,if x kept light$ all ! way d[n1 & cont9u$ blaz+ = a long "t1 ! h>ve/ w\ld be exceptionally abundant4 ,l\d *e]s & %\ts accompani$ ! progress ( ! :eel4#eab ,at ,d>[5 9 ,wales small bonfires 7 k9dl$ on ,midsumm] ,eve4#eac ,on ! same day p 9 ! ,isle ( ,man 7 wont to light fires to ! w9dw>d ( e field1 s t ! smoke might pass ov] ! corn2 & !y fold$ _! cattle & c>ri$ blaz+ furze or gorse r\nd !m sev]al times4#ead ,! ,midsumm] fires 9 ,irel&2 passage ( p & cattle ?r\gh ! fires2 cattle driv5 ?r\gh ! fire2 a%es us$ to f]tilize ! fields2 ! ,:ite ,horse at ! ,midsumm] fire4 ,a writ] ( ! la/ qu>t] ( ! sev5te5? c5tury tells u t 9 ,irel&1 on ! ,eves ( ,/4 ,john ,bapti/ & ,/4 ,pet]1 !y always h 9 e t[n a bonfire1 late 9 ! ev5+s1 & c>ry ab\t bundles ( re$s fa/ ti$ & fir$2 ^! be+ dry1 w la/ long1 & flame bett] ?an a tor*1 & be a pleas+ div]tive prospect to ! di/ant behold]2 a /rang] w\ld g ne> to imag9e ! :ole c\ntry 0 on fire4#eae ,ano!r writ] says ( ! ,s\? ( ,irel&3 ,on ,midsumm]'s ,eve1 e em95ce1 ne> :i* is a habitation1 blazes ) bonfires2 & r\nd ^! !y c>ry num]\s tor*es1 %\t+ & danc+1 :i* af=ds a beautiful sight4#eaf ,an au?or :o describ$ ,irel& 9 ! fir/ qu>t] ( ! eighte5? c5tury says3 ,on ! vigil ( ,/4 ,john ! ,bapti/'s ,nativity1 !y make bonfires1 & run along ! /reets & fields ) wisps ( /raw blaz+ on long poles to purify ! air1 :i* !y ?9k infecti\s1 by believ+ all ! devils1 spirits1 gho/s1 & hobgobl9s fly abroad ?is night to hurt mank9d4#eag ,ano!r writ] /ates t he witness$ ! fe/ival 9 ,irel& 9 #aghb3 ,at ! h\se :]e ,i 0 ent]ta9$1 x 0 told me1 t we %\ld see1 at midnight1 ! mo/ s+ul> sight 9 ,irel&1 :i* 0 ! light+ ( fires 9 hon\r ( ! sun4 ,accord+ly1 exactly at midnight1 ! fires began to appe>2 & tak+ ! advantage ( go+ up to ! leads ( ! h\se1 :i* _h a widely ext5d$ view1 ,i saw on a radius ( ?irty miles1 all ar\nd1 ! fires burn+ on e em95ce :i* ! c\ntry af=d$4 ,i _h a f>!r satisfaction 9 le>n+1 f und\bt$ au?ority1 t ! p danc$ r\nd ! fires1 & at ! close w5t ?r\gh ^! fires1 & made _! sons & daught]s1 toge!r ) _! cattle1 pass ?r\gh ! fire2 & ! :ole 0 conduct$ ) religi\s solemnity4#eah ,t ! cu/om prevail$ 9 full =ce z late z #ahfg appe>s f a notice 9 a newspap] ( t date1 :i* runs ?us3 ,! old pagan fire-wor%ip /ill survives 9 ,irel&1 ?\gh nom9ally 9 hon\r ( ,/4 ,john4 ,on ,sunday night bonfires 7 obs]v$ ?r\gh\t ne>ly e c\nty 9 ! prov9ce ( ,le9/]4 ,9 ,kilk5ny1 fires blaz$ on e hillside at int]vals ( ab\t a mile4 ,!re 7 v _m 9 ! ,que5's ,c\nty1 also 9 ,kild>e & ,wex=d4 ,! effect 9 ! ri* sunset appe>$ to travell]s v gr&4 ,! p assemble1 & dance r\nd ! fires1 ! *ildr5 jump ?r\gh ! flames1 & 9 =m] times live coals 7 c>ri$ into ! corn-fields to prev5t blight4#eai ,9 ,c\nty ,leitrim on ,/4 ,john's ,eve1 :i* is call$ ,bonfire ,day1 fires are /ill light$ aft] dusk on ! hills & along ! sides ( ! roads4#ebj ,all ov] ,k]ry ! same ?+ cont9ues to be done1 ?\gh n s commonly z ( old4 ,small fires 7 made across ! road1 & to drive ?r\gh !m br\ght luck = ! ye>4 ,cattle 7 also driv5 ?r\gh ! fires4 ,on ,lett]more ,isl&1 9 ,s\? ,connem>a1 "s ( ! a%es f ! midsumm] bonfire are ?r[n on ! fields to f]tilize !m4#eba ,"o writ] in=ms u t 9 ,mun/] & ,connaught a bone mu/ always be burn$ 9 ! fire2 = o!rwise ! p believe t ! fire w br+ no luck4 ,he adds t 9 _m places /]ile bea/s & human be+s are pass$ ?r\gh ! fire1 & t z a boy he himself jump$ ?r\gh ! fire = luck4#ebb ,an eye-witness has describ$ z foll[s a rem>kable c]emony obs]v$ 9 ,irel& on ,midsumm] ,eve3 ,:5 ! fire burn$ = "s h\rs1 & got l[1 an indisp5sable "p ( ! c]emony comm5c$4 ,e "o pres5t ( ! peasantry pass$ ?r\gh x1 & sev]al *ildr5 7 ?r[n across ! sp>kl+ emb]s2 :ile a wood5 frame1 ( "s eight feet long1 ) a horse's head fix$ to "o end1 & a l>ge :ite %eet ?r[n ov] x conceal+ ! wood & ! man on ^: head x 0 c>ri$1 made its appe>ance4 ,?is 0 greet$ ) l\d %\ts ( ',! :ite horse6' & hav+ be5 safely c>ri$ by ! skill ( its be>] sev]al times ?r\gh ! fire ) a bold leap1 x pursu$ ! p1 :o ran scream+ & laugh+ 9 e direction4 ,i ask$ :at ! horse 0 meant =1 & 0 told t x repres5t$ 'all cattle4'#ebc ,lady ,wilde's acc\nt ( ! ,midsumm] fires 9 ,irel&4 ,lady ,wilde's acc\nt ( ! midsumm] fe/ival 9 ,irel& is picturesque & probably correct 9 sub/ance1 al?\gh %e does n cite h] au?orities4 ,z x conta9s "s int]e/+ features :i* are n notic$ by ! o!r writ]s on ,irel& :om ,i h consult$1 ,i w quote ! great] "p ( x 9 full4 ,9 anci5t times1 %e says1 ! sacr$ fire 0 light$ ) great c]emony on ,midsumm] ,eve2 & on t night all ! p ( ! adjac5t c\ntry kept fix$ wat* on ! we/]n promontory ( ,h[?1 & ! mom5t ! fir/ fla% 0 se5 f t spot ! fact ( ignition 0 ann\nc$ ) wild cries & *e]s repeat$ f village to village1 :5 all ! local fires began to blaze1 & ,irel& 0 circl$ by a cordon ( flame ris+ up f e hill4 ,!n ! dance & song began r\nd e fire1 & ! wild hurrahs fill$ ! air ) ! mo/ frantic revelry4 ,_m ( ^! anci5t cu/oms are /ill cont9u$1 & ! fires are /ill light$ on ,/4 ,john's ,eve on e hill 9 ,irel&4 ,:5 ! fire has burn$ d[n to a r$ gl[ ! "y m5 /rip to ! wai/ & leap ov] or ?r\gh ! flames2 ?is is done backw>ds & =w>ds sev]al times1 & he :o braves ! greate/ blaze is consid]$ ! victor ov] ! p[]s ( evil1 & is greet$ ) trem5d\s applause4 ,:5 ! fire burns /ill l[]1 ! "y girls leap ! flame1 & ^? :o leap clean ov] ?ree times back & =w>d w be c]ta9 ( a spe$y m>riage & good luck 9 aft]-life1 ) _m *ildr54 ,! m>ri$ wom5 !n walk ?r\gh ! l9es ( ! burn+ emb]s2 & :5 ! fire is ne>ly burnt & trampl$ d[n1 ! ye>l+ cattle are driv5 ?r\gh ! hot a%es1 & _! back is s+$ ) a light$ hazel twig4 ,^! rods are kept safely aft]w>ds1 be+ consid]$ ( imm5se p[] to drive ! cattle to & f ! wat]+ places4 ,z ! fire dim9i%es ! %\t+ gr[s fa9t]1 & ! song & ! dance comm5ce2 :ile pr(essional /ory-tell]s n>rate tales ( fairy-l&1 or ( ! good old times long ago1 :5 ! k+s & pr9ces ( ,irel& dwelt among/ _! own p1 & !re 0 food to eat & w9e to dr9k = all com]s to ! fea/ at ! k+'s h\se4 ,:5 ! cr[d at l5g? sep>ate1 e "o c>ries home a br& f ! fire1 & great virtue is atta*$ to ! light$ brone :i* is safely c>ri$ to ! h\se )\t break+ or fall+ to ! gr\nd4 ,_m conte/s also arise among/ ! "y m52 = :oev] ent]s 8 h\se fir/ ) ! sacr$ fire br+s ! good luck ( ! ye> ) him4#ebd ,holy wat] resort$ to on ,midsumm] ,eve 9 ,irel&4 ,9 ,irel&1 z else:]e1 wat] 0 also app>5tly ?\ght to acquire a c]ta9 my/ical virtue at midsumm]4 ,at ,/oole1 ne> ,d[npatrick1 !re is a c]emony comm5c+ at twelve o'clock at night on ,midsumm] ,eve4 ,its sacr$ m\nt is consecrat$ to ,/4 ,patrick2 ! pla9 conta9s ?ree wells1 to :i* ! mo/ extraord9>y virtues are attribut$4 ,"h & !re are heaps ( /ones1 ar\nd "s ( :i* appe> great numb]s ( p1 runn+ ) z mu* spe$ z possible2 ar\nd o!rs cr[ds ( wor%ipp]s kneel ) b>e legs & feet z an indisp5sable "p ( ! p5ance4 ,! m51 )\t coats1 ) h&k]*iefs on _! heads in/ead ( hats1 hav+ gone sev5 times r\nd ea* heap1 kiss ! gr\nd1 cross !mselves1 & proce$ to ! hill2 "h !y asc5d1 on _! b>e knees1 by a pa? s /eep & rugg$ t x w\ld be difficult to walk up4 ,_m hold _! h&s clasp$ at ! back ( _! necks1 & sev]al c>ry l>ge /ones on _! heads4 ,hav+ repeat$ ?is c]emony sev5 times1 !y g to :at is call$ ,/4 ,patrick's ,*air1 :i* are two great flat /ones fix$ upright 9 ! hill2 "h !y cross & bless !mselves z !y /ep 9 betwe5 ^! /ones1 &1 :ile repeat+ pray]s1 an old man1 seat$ = ! purpose1 turns !m r\nd on _! feet ?ree times1 = :i* he is paid2 ! devotee !n goes to conclude 8 p5ance at a pile ( /ones1 nam$ ! ,alt>4 ,:ile ?is busy sc5e is cont9u$ by ! multitude1 ! wells & /reams issu+ f !m are ?rong$ by cr[ds ( halt1 maim$1 & bl9d1 press+ to wa% away _! infirmities ) wat] consecrat$ by _! patron sa9t1 & s p[]ful is ! impression ( its efficacy on _! m9ds1 t _m ( ^? :o g to be heal$1 & :o are n totally bl9d1 or altoge!r crippl$1 really believe = a "t t !y are by means ( its miracul\s virtues p]fectly re/or$4#ebe ,! ,midsumm] fires 9 ,scotl&2 fires on ,/4 ,pet]'s ,day 7! tw5ty-n9? ( ,june74 ,9 ,scotl& ! traces ( midsumm] fires are few4 ,we are told by a writ] ( ! eighte5? c5tury t ! midsumm]-ev5 fire1 a relict ( ,druidism1 0 k9dl$ 9 "s p>ts ( ! c\nty ( ,p]?4#ebf ,ano!r writ] ( ! same p]iod1 describ+ :at he calls ! ,druidical fe/ivals ( ! ,highl&]s1 says t ! lea/ consid]able ( !m is t ( midsumm]4 ,9 ! ,highl&s ( ,p]?%ire !re are "s ve/iges ( x4 ,! c[h]d goes ?ree times r\nd ! fold1 accord+ to ! c\rse ( ! sun1 ) a burn+ tor* 9 8 h&4 ,!y imag9$ ?is rite _h a t5d5cy to purify _! h]ds & flocks1 & to prev5t diseases4 ,at _! return ! l&lady makes an ent]ta9m5t = ! c[h]d & 8 associates4#ebg ,9 ! nor!a/ ( ,scotl&1 d[n to ! latt] half ( ! eighte5? c5tury1 f>m]s us$ to g r\nd _! l&s ) burn+ tor*es ab\t ! middle ( ,june4#ebh ,on ! hill ( ,cairn%ee1 9 ! p>i% ( ,durris1 ,k9c>d9e%ire1 ! h]dsm5 ( ! c\ntry r\nd ab\t annually k9dle a bonfire at sunset on ,midsumm] ,day 7! tw5ty-f\r? ( ,june72 ! m5 or lads collect ! fuel & pu% ea* o!r ?r\gh ! smoke & flames4 ,! cu/om is kept up ?r\gh ! b5efaction ( a c]ta9 ,alex&] ,hogg1 a native ( ! p>i%1 :o di$ ab\t #agij & left a small sum = ! ma9t5ance ( a midsumm] bonfire on ! spot1 because z a boy he _h h]d$ cattle on ! hill4 ,we may conjecture t 9 do+ s he m]ely provid$ = ! cont9uance ( an old cu/om :i* he himself _h obs]v$ 9 ! same place 9 8 y\?4#ebi ,at ! village ( ,t>bolton 9 ,ayr%ire a bonfire has be5 annually k9dl$ f "t immemorial on ! ev5+ ( ! fir/ ,monday aft] ! elev5? ( ,june4 ,a not$ cattle-m>ket 0 =m]ly held at ! fair on ! foll[+ day4 ,! bonfire is /ill lit at ! gloam+ by ! lads & lasses ( ! village on a high m\nd or hillock j outside ( ! village4 ,fuel = x is collect$ by ! lads f door to door4 ,! y\? dance r\nd ! fire & leap ov] ! fr+es ( x4 ,! _m cattle-drov]s :o us$ to assemble = ! fair 7 wont to ga!r r\nd ! blaz+ pile1 smoke _! pipes1 & li/5 to ! "y folk s++ 9 *orus on ! hillock4 ,aft]w>ds !y wrapp$ !mselves 9 _! plaids & slept r\nd ! bonfire1 :i* 0 int5d$ to la/ all night4#ecj ,?omas ,mores9 ( ,ab]de51 a writ] ( ! sixte5? c5tury1 says t on ,/4 ,pet]'s ,day1 :i* is ! tw5ty-n9? ( ,june1 ! ,scot* ran ab\t at night ) light$ tor*es on m\nta9s & high gr\nds1 z ,c]es did :5 %e roam$ ! :ole e>? 9 se>* ( ,pros]p9e2#eca & t[>ds ! end ( ! eighte5? c5tury ! p>i% m9i/] ( ,l\d\n1 a di/rict ( ,ayr%ire ^: bonny woods & braes h be5 sung by ,burns1 wrote t ! cu/om /ill rema9s among/ ! h]ds & "y p to k9dle fires 9 ! high gr\nds 9 hon\r ( ,beltan4 ,beltan1 :i* 9 ,gaelic signifies ,baal1 or ,bel's-fire1 0 anti5tly ! "t ( ?is solemnity4 ,x is n[ kept on ,/4 ,pet]'s day4#ecb ,! ,midsumm] fires 9 ,spa9 & ! ,azores2 div9ation on ,midsumm] ,eve 9 ! ,azores2 ! ,midsumm] fires 9 ,corsica & ,s>d9ia4 ,all ov] ,spa9 great bonfires call$ lumes are /ill lit on ,midsumm] ,eve4 ,!y are kept up all night1 & ! *ildr5 leap ov] !m 9 a c]ta9 rhy?mical way :i* is said to resemble ! anci5t dances4 ,on ! coa/1 p at ?is season plunge into ! sea2 9 ! inl& di/ricts ! villag]s g & roll nak$ 9 ! dew ( ! mead[s1 :i* is suppos$ to be a sov]eign pres]vative aga9/ diseases ( ! sk94 ,on ?is ev5+1 too1 girls :o w\ld pry into ! future put a vessel ( wat] on ! sill outside _! w9d[2 & :5 ! clocks /rike twelve1 !y break an egg 9 ! wat] & see1 or fancy !y see1 9 ! %apes assum$ by ! pulp1 z x bl5ds ) ! liquid1 ! lik5ess ( future bridegrooms1 ca/les1 c(f9s1 & s =?4 ,b g5]ally1 z might p]haps h be5 anticipat$1 ! oblig+ egg exhibits ! features ( a bridegroom4#ecc ,9 ! ,azores1 also1 bonfires are lit on ,midsumm] ,eve 7,/4 ,john's ,eve71 & boys jump ov] !m = luck4 ,on t night ,/4 ,john himself is suppos$ to appe> 9 p]son & bless all ! seas & wat]s1 driv+ out ! devils & demons :o _h be5 disport+ !mselves 9 !m ev] s9ce ! second day ( ,novemb]2 t is :y 9 ! int]val betwe5 ! second ( ,novemb] & ! tw5ty-?ird ( ,june nobody w ba! 9 ! sea or 9 a hot spr+4 ,on ,midsumm] ,eve1 too1 y c always see ! devil1 if y w g into a g>d5 at midnight4 ,he is inv>iably f\nd /&+ ne> a mu/>d-plant4 ,8 reason = adopt+ ?is po/ure has n be5 asc]ta9$2 p]haps 9 ! *illy air ( ! upp] _w he is attract$ by ! g5ial w>m? ( ! mu/>d4 ,v>i\s =ms ( div9ation are practis$ by p 9 ! ,azores on ,midsumm] ,eve4 ,?us a new-laid egg is brok5 into a glass ( wat]1 & ! %apes :i* x assumes =e%ad[ ! fate ( ! p]son conc]n$4 ,aga91 sev5 sauc]s are plac$ 9 a r[1 fill$ respectively ) wat]1 e>?1 a%es1 keys1 a ?imble1 money1 & grass1 :i* ?+s signify travel1 dea?1 wid[hood1 h\sekeep+1 sp9/]hood1 ri*es1 & f>m+4 ,a bl9dfold$ p]son t\*es "o or o!r ( ! sauc]s ) a w& & s discov]s 8 or h] fate4 ,aga91 ?ree broad beans are tak52 "o is left 9 its sk91 "o is half peel$1 & ! ?ird is peel$ outright4 ,! ?ree d5ote respectively ri*es1 compet5ce1 & pov]ty4 ,!y are hidd5 & se>*$ =2 & he :o f9ds "o ( !m kn[s accord+ly :e!r he w be ri*1 mod]ately well-(f1 or poor4 ,aga91 girls take slips ( pap] & write ! names ( "y m5 twice ov] on !m4 ,^! !y fold up & crumple & place "o set "u _! pill[s & ! o!r set 9 a sauc] full ( wat]4 ,9 ! morn+ !y draw "o slip ( pap] f "u _! pill[1 & see :e!r "o 9 ! wat] has op5$ out4 ,if ! names on ! two slips are ! same1 x is ! "n ( h] future husb&4 ,"y m5 d ! same ) girls' names4 ,once m1 if a girl rises at sunrise1 goes out into ! /reet1 & asks ! fir/ pass]-by 8 ,*ri/ian "n1 t w be h] husb&'s "n4#ecd ,"s ( ^! modes ( div9ation resemble ^? :i* are or us$ to be practis$ 9 ,scotl& at ,hall[e'en4#ece ,9 ,corsica on ! ,eve ( ,/4 ,john ! p set fire to ! trunk ( a tree or to a :ole tree1 & ! "y m5 & maid5s dance r\nd ! blaze1 :i* is call$ fuc>aia4#ecf ,we h se5 t at ,ozi]i1 9 ,s>d9ia1 a great bonfire is k9dl$ on ,/4 ,john's ,eve1 & t ! "y p dance r\nd x4#ecg ,! ,midsumm] fires 9 ! ,abruzzi2 ba?+ on ,midsumm] ,eve 9 ! ,abruzzi2 ! ,midsumm] fires 9 ,sicily2 ! wit*es at ,midsumm]4 ,pass+ to ,italy1 we f9d t ! midsumm] fires are /ill light$ on ,/4 ,john's ,eve 9 _m p>ts ( ! ,abruzzi4 ,!y are commone/ 9 ! t]ritory :i* 0 inhabit$ 9 antiquity by ! ,ve/9i2 !y are r>] 9 ! l& ( ! anci5t ,m>si1 & !y disappe> entirely 9 ! l[] valley ( ! ,sangro4 ,= ! mo/ "p1 ! fires are f$ ) /raw & dry grass1 & are k9dl$ 9 ! fields ne> ! villages or on high gr\nd4 ,z !y blaze up1 ! p dance r\nd or ov] !m4 ,9 leap+ across ! flames ! boys cry out1 ,/4 ,john1 pres]ve my ?ighs & legs6 ,=m]ly x us$ to be common to light ! bonfires also 9 ! t[ns 9 front ( *ur*es ( ,/4 ,john1 & ! rema9s ( ! sacr$ fire 7 c>ri$ home by ! p2 b ?is cu/om has mo/ly fall5 into disuse4 ,h[ev]1 at ,celano ! practice is /ill kept up ( tak+ br&s & a%es f ! bonfires to ! h\ses1 al?\gh ! fires are no long] k9dl$ 9 front ( ! *ur*es1 b m]ely 9 ! /reets4#ech ,9 ! ,abruzzi wat] also is suppos$ to acquire c]ta9 m>vell\s & b5efic5t prop]ties on ,/4 ,john's ,night4 ,h5ce _m p ba! or at lea/ wa% _! faces & h&s 9 ! sea or a riv] at t season1 especially at ! mom5t ( sunrise4 ,su* a ba? is said to be an excell5t cure = diseases ( ! sk94 ,at ,ca/iglione a ,casauria ! p1 aft] wa%+ 9 ! riv] or 9 spr+s1 gird _! wai/s & wrea? _! br[s ) sprigs ( briony 9 ord] to keep !m f a*es & pa9s4#eci ,9 v>i\s p>ts ( ,sicily1 also1 fires are k9dl$ on ,midsumm] ,eve 7,/4 ,john's ,eve71 ! tw5ty-?ird ( ,june4 ,on ! ,madonie m\nta9s1 9 ! nor? ( ! isl&1 ! h]dsm5 k9dle !m at int]vals1 s t ! cre/s ( ! m\nta9s are se5 ablaze 9 ! d>kness = _m miles4 ,ab\t ,acireale1 on ! ea/ coa/ ( ! isl&1 ! bonfires are lit by boys1 :o jump ov] !m4 ,at ,*i>omonte ! wit*es t night acquire extraord9>y p[]s2 h5ce ev]ybody !n puts a broom outside ( 8 h\se1 because a broom is an excell5t protective aga9/ wit*craft4#edj ,at ,orvieto ! midsumm] fires 7 specially except$ f ! prohibition direct$ aga9/ bonfires 9 g5]al4#eda ,! ,midsumm] fires 9 ,malta ,9 ,malta also ! p celebrate ,midsumm] ,eve 7,/4 ,john's ,eve7 by k9dl+ great fires 9 ! public /reets1 & giv+ _! *ildr5 dolls to c>ry 9 _! arms on ?is day1 9 ord] to make good ! prophecy respect+ ! ,bapti/1 ,multi 9 nativitate ejus gaudebunt4 ,days & ev5 weeks be=e ?is fe/ival1 gr\ps ( *ildr5 are se5 go+ out into ! c\ntry fields to ga!r /raw1 twigs1 & all sorts ( o!r combu/ibles1 :i* !y /ore up = ,/4 ,john's ,eve4 ,on ! night ( ! tw5ty-?ird ( ,june1 ! day be=e ! fe/ival ( ! ,sa9t1 great fires are k9dl$ 9 ! /reets1 squ>es1 & m>ket places ( ! t[ns & villages ( ! ,isl&1 & z fire aft] fire blazes out ( ! d>kness ( t summ] night1 ! effect is s+ul>ly /rik+4 ,^! fires are sometimes kept up = h\rs1 be+ cont9ually f$ by ! scores ( by/&]s1 :o take great delight 9 ?r[+ amid/ ! flames "s old rickety piece ( furniture :i* !y consid] z lumb] 9 _! h\ses4 ,lots ( happy & reckless *ildr51 & v (t5 m51 are se5 m]rily leap+ 9 succession ov] & ?r\gh ! crackl+ flames4 ,at ! "t ( ! ,ord] ( ,/4 ,john ( ,j]usalem1 ! ,gr& ,ma/] himself1 soon aft] ! ,angelus1 us$ to leave 8 palace1 accompani$ by ! ,gr& ,prior1 ! ,bi%op1 & two bailiffs1 to set fire to "s pit* b>rels :i* 7 plac$ = ! occasion 9 ! squ>e fac+ ! sacr$ ,hospital4 ,great cr[ds us$ to assemble "h 9 ord] to assi/ at ?is c]emony4 ,! sett+ ablaze ( ! five casks1 & lat] on ( ! eight casks1 by ! ,gr& ,ma/]1 0 a signal = ! o!rs to k9dle _! fires 9 ! diff]5t p>ts ( ! t[n4#edb ,! ,midsumm] fires 9 ,greece2 ! ,midsumm] fires 9 ,mac$onia & ,albania4 ,9 ,greece1 ! cu/om ( k9dl+ fires on ,/4 ,john's ,eve & jump+ ov] !m is said to be /ill univ]sal4 ,"o reason assign$ = x is a wi% to escape f ! fleas4#edc ,accord+ to ano!r acc\nt1 ! wom5 cry out1 z !y leap ov] ! fire1 ,i leave my s9s beh9d me4#edd ,9 ,lesbos ! fires on ,/4 ,john's ,eve are usually light$ by ?rees1 & ! p spr+ ?rice ov] !m1 ea* ) a /one on 8 head1 say+1 ,i jump ! h>e's fire1 my head a /one6 ,on ! morn+ ( ,/4 ,john's ,day ^? :o dwell ne> ! coa/ g to ba! 9 ! sea4 ,z !y g !y gird !mselves ) osi]s1 & :5 !y are 9 ! wat] !y let ! osi]s float away1 say+1 ,let my maladies g away6 ,!n !y look = :at is call$ ! hairy /one1 :i* possesses ! rem>kable prop]ty n only ( keep+ mo?s f clo!s b ev5 ( multiply+ ! clo!s 9 ! *e/ :]e x is laid up1 & ! m hairs on ! /one ! m w ! clo!s multiply 9 ! *e/4#ede ,9 ,calymnos ! midsumm] fire is suppos$ to ensure abundance 9 ! com+ ye> z well z deliv]ance f fleas4 ,! p dance r\nd ! fires s++1 ) /ones on _! heads1 & !n jump ov] ! blaze or ! gl[+ emb]s4 ,:5 ! fire is burn+ l[1 !y ?r[ ! /ones into x2 & :5 x is ne>ly out1 !y make crosses on _! legs & !n g /raightway & ba! 9 ! sea4#edf ,9 ,cos ! lads & lasses dance r\nd ! bonfires on ,/4 ,john's ,eve4 ,ea* ( ! lads b9ds a black /one on 8 head1 signify+ t he wi%es to become z /rong z ! /one4 ,also !y make ! sign ( ! cross on _! feet & legs & jump ov] ! fire4#edg ,on ,midsumm] ,eve ! ,greeks ( ,mac$onia light fires aft] supp] 9 front ( _! gates4 ,! g>l&s1 n[ fad$1 :i* 7 hung ov] ! doors on ,may ,day1 are tak5 d[n & ca/ into ! flames1 aft] :i* ! "y folk leap ov] ! blaze1 fully p]suad$ t ,/4 ,john's fire w n burn !m4#edh ,9 ,albania fires ( dry h]bage are1 or us$ to be1 lit ev]y:]e on ,/4 ,john's ,eve2 "y & old leap ov] !m1 = su* a leap is ?\ght to be good = ! heal?4#edi ,! ,midsumm] fires 9 ,am]ica4 ,f ! ,old ,_w ! midsumm] fires h be5 c>ri$ across ! ,atlantic to ,am]ica4 ,9 ,brazil p jump ov] ! fires ( ,/4 ,john1 & at ?is season !y c take hot coals 9 _! m\?s )\t burn+ !mselves4#eej ,9 ,bolivia on ! ,eve ( ,/4 ,john x is usual to see bonfires light$ on ! hills & ev5 9 ! /reets ( ! capital ,la ,paz4 ,z ! city /&s at ! bottom ( an imm5se rav9e1 & ! ,indians ( ! neighb\rhood take a pride 9 k9dl+ bonfires on heights :i* might seem inaccessible1 ! sc5e is v /rik+ :5 ! d>kness ( night is sudd5ly & simultane\sly lit up by hundr$s ( fires1 :i* ca/ a gl>e on surr\nd+ objects1 produc+ an effect at once weird & picturesque4#eea ,! ,midsumm] fires among ! ,mohamm$ans ( ,morocco & ,alg]ia4 ,! cu/om ( k9dl+ bonfires on ,midsumm] ,day or on ,midsumm] ,eve is widely spread among ! ,mohamm$an peoples ( ,nor? ,africa1 p>ticul>ly 9 ,morocco & ,alg]ia2 x is common bo? to ! ,b]b]s & to _m ( ! ,arabs or ,arabic-speak+ tribes4 ,9 ^! c\ntries ,midsumm] ,day 7! tw5ty-f\r? ( ,june1 ,old ,/yle7 is call$ ,arabic3 l'ans>a4 ,! fires are lit 9 ! c\rty>ds1 at cross-roads1 9 ! fields1 & sometimes on ! ?re%+-floors4 ,plants :i* 9 burn+ give out a ?ick smoke & an aromatic smell are mu* s\ght aft] = fuel on ^! occasions2 among ! plants us$ = ! purpose are giant-f5nel1 ?yme1 rue1 *]vil-se$1 camomile1 g]anium1 & p5ny-royal4 ,p expose !mselves1 & especially _! *ildr51 to ! smoke1 & drive x t[>ds ! or*>ds & ! crops4 ,also !y leap across ! fires2 9 "s places ev]ybody ought to repeat ! leap sev5 times4 ,moreov] !y take burn+ br&s f ! fires & c>ry !m ?r\gh ! h\ses 9 ord] to fumigate !m4 ,!y pass ?+s ?r\gh ! fire1 & br+ ! sick into contact ) x1 :ile !y utt] pray]s = _! recov]y4 ,! a%es ( ! bonfires are also reput$ to possess b5eficial prop]ties2 h5ce 9 "s places p rub _! hair or _! bodies ) !m4#eeb ,= example1 ! ,&jra m\nta9e]s ( ,morocco k9dle l>ge fires 9 op5 places ( _! villages on ,midsumm] ,day4 ,m51 wom51 & *ildr5 jump ov] ! flames or ! gl[+ emb]s1 believ+ t by s do+ !y rid !mselves ( all mis=tune :i* may be cl++ to !m2 !y imag9e1 also1 t su* leaps cure ! sick & procure (fspr+ = *ildless c\ples4 ,moreov]1 !y burn /raw1 toge!r ) "s m>joram & alum1 9 ! fold :]e ! cattle1 %eep1 & goats are p5n$ = ! night2 ! smoke1 9 _! op9ion1 w make ! animals ?rive4 ,on ,midsumm] ,day ! ,arabs ( ! ,mnas>a tribe make fires outside _! t5ts1 ne> _! animals1 on _! fields1 & 9 _! g>d5s4 ,l>ge quantities ( p5ny-royal are burn$ 9 ^! fires1 & ov] "s ( !m ! p leap ?rice to & fro4 ,sometimes small fires are also k9dl$ inside ! t5ts4 ,!y say t ! smoke conf]s bless+s on ev]y?+ ) :i* x comes into contact4 ,at ,salee1 on ! ,atlantic coa/ ( ,morocco1 p]sons :o suff] f diseas$ eyes rub !m ) ! a%es ( ! midsumm] fire2 & 9 ,casablanca & ,azemmur ! p hold _! faces ov] ! fire1 because ! smoke is ?\ght to be good = ! eyes4 ,! ,arab tribe ,ulad ,bu ,aziz1 9 ! ,dukkala prov9ce ( ,morocco1 k9dle midsumm] bonfires1 n = !mselves & _! cattle1 b only = crops & fruit2 nobody likes to reap 8 crops be=e ,midsumm] ,day1 because if he did !y w\ld lose ! b5efit ( ! bless$ influ5ce :i* fl[s f ! smoke ( ! bonfires4 ,aga91 ! ,b5i ,mgild1 a ,b]b] tribe ( ,morocco1 light fires ( /raw on ,midsumm] ,eve & leap ?rice ov] !m to & fro4 ,!y let "s ( ! smoke pass und]nea? _! clo!s1 & m>ri$ wom5 hold _! brea/s ov] ! fire1 9 ord] t _! *ildr5 may be /rong4 ,moreov]1 !y pa9t _! eyes & lips ) "s black p[d]1 9 :i* a%es ( ! bonfire are mix$4 ,& 9 ord] t _! horses may also b5efit by ! fires1 !y dip ! "r =elegs ( ! animals 9 ! smoke & flames or 9 ! hot emb]s1 & !y rub a%es on ! =eheads & betwe5 ! no/rils ( ! horses4 ,b]b]s ( ! ,rif prov9ce1 9 nor!rn ,morocco1 simil>ly make great use ( fires at midsumm] = ! good ( !mselves1 _! cattle1 & _! fruit-trees4 ,!y jump ov] ! bonfires 9 ! belief t ?is w pres]ve !m 9 good heal?1 & !y light fires "u fruit-trees to keep ! fruit f fall+ untimely4 ,& !y imag9e t by rubb+ a pa/e ( ! a%es on _! hair !y prev5t ! hair f fall+ (f _! heads4#eec ,b5eficial effect ascrib$ to ! smoke ( ! fires2 ill luck suppos$ to be burnt 9 ! ,midsumm] fires2 ! ,midsumm] fe/ival 9 ,nor? ,africa comprises rites conc]n$ ) wat] z well z ) fire2 ! ,midsumm] fe/ival 9 ,nor? ,africa is probably old] ?an ,mohamm$anism4 ,9 all ^! ,moroccan cu/oms1 we are told1 ! b5eficial effect is attribut$ :olly to ! smoke1 :i* is suppos$ to be endu$ ) a magical quality t removes mis=tune f m51 animals1 fruit-trees1 & crops4 ,b 9 "s p>ts ( ,morocco p at midsumm] k9dle fires ( a diff]5t sort1 n = ! sake ( fumigation1 b 9 ord] to burn up mis=tune 9 ! flames4 ,?us on ,midsumm] ,eve ! ,b]b] tribe ( ! ,b5i ,mgild burn ?ree %eaves ( un?re%$ :eat or b>ley1 "o = ! *ildr51 "o = ! crops1 & "o = ! animals4 ,on ! same occasion !y burn ! t5t ( a wid[ :o has nev] giv5 bir? to a *ild2 by s do+ !y ?9k to rid ! village ( ill luck4 ,x is said t at midsumm] ! ,zemmur burn a t5t1 :i* belongs to somebody :o 0 kill$ 9 w> dur+ a fea/2 or if !re is no su* p]son 9 ! village1 ! s*oolma/]'s t5t is burn$ in/ead4 ,among ! ,arabic-speak+ ,b5i ,ahs5 x is cu/om>y = ^? :o live ne> ! riv] ,sbu to make a little hut ( /raw at midsumm]1 set x on fire1 & let x float d[n ! riv]4 ,simil>ly ! inhabitants ( ,salee burn a /raw hut on ! riv] :i* fl[s pa/ _! t[n4#eed ,fur!r x des]ves to be notic$ t 9 ,nor!rn ,africa1 z 9 ,s\!rn ,europe1 ! midsumm] fe/ival comprises rites conc]n$ ) wat] z well z ) fire4 ,= example1 among ! ,b5i-,sn\s ! wom5 light a fire 9 an ov51 ?r[ p]fumes into x1 & circumambulate a tank1 :i* !y also inc5se aft] a fa%ion4 ,9 _m places on ! coa/1 z 9 ! prov9ce ( ,oran & p>ticul>ly 9 ! nor? ( ,morocco1 ev]ybody goes & ba!s 9 ! sea at midsumm]2 & 9 _m t[ns ( ! int]ior1 su* z ,fez1 ,mequ9ez1 & especially ,m]rake*1 p ?r[ wat] ov] ea* o!r on ?is day2 & :]e wat] is sc>ce1 e>? is us$ in/ead1 accord+ to ! ,mohamm$an pr9ciple :i* p]mits ablutions to be p]=m$ ) e>? or s& :5 wat] _c be sp>$ = ! purpose4#eee ,p ( ! ,&jra di/rict 9 ,morocco n only ba! !mselves 9 ! sea or 9 riv]s at midsumm]1 !y also ba! _! animals1 _! horses1 mules1 donkeys1 cattle1 %eep1 & goats2 = !y ?9k t on t day wat] possesses a bless$ virtue 7b>aka71 :i* removes sickness & mis=tune4 ,9 ,aglu1 aga91 m51 wom51 & *ildr5 ba! 9 ! sea or spr+s or riv]s at midsumm]1 alleg+ t by s do+ !y protect !mselves aga9/ disease = ! :ole ye>4 ,among ! ,b]b]s ( ! ,rif di/rict ! cu/om ( ba?+ on ?is day is commonly obs]v$1 & animals %>e ! ablutions4#eef ,"s ,mohamm$ans ( ,nor? ,africa k9dle fires & obs]ve wat] c]emonies at _! movable ,new ,ye>2 wat] c]emonies at ,new ,ye> 9 ,morocco2 ! rites ( fire & wat] at ,midsumm] & ,new ,ye> 9 ,morocco seem to be id5tical 9 "*2 ! duplication ( ! fe/ival is probably due to a conflict betwe5 ! sol> cal5d> ( ! ,romans & ! lun> cal5d> ( ! ,arabs4 ,! celebration ( a midsumm] fe/ival by ,mohamm$an peoples is p>ticul>ly rem>kable1 because ! ,mohamm$an cal5d>1 be+ purely lun> & uncorrect$ by int]calation1 necess>ily takes no note ( fe/ivals :i* occupy fix$ po9ts 9 ! sol> ye>2 all /rictly ,mohamm$an fea/s1 be+ p9n$ to ! moon1 slide gradually ) t lum9>y ?r\gh ! :ole p]iod ( ! e>?'s revolution ab\t ! sun4 ,?is fact ( itself seems to prove t among ! ,mohamm$an peoples ( ,nor!rn ,africa1 z among ! ,*ri/ian peoples ( ,europe1 ! midsumm] fe/ival is q indep5d5t ( ! religion :i* ! p publicly pr(ess1 & is a relic ( a f> old] paganism4 ,!re are1 inde$1 indep5d5t gr\nds = ?9k+ t ! ,arabs enjoy$ ! advantage ( a comp>atively well-regulat$ sol> ye> be=e ! prophet ( ,god saddl$ !m ) ! absurdity & inconv5i5ce ( a purely lun> cal5d>4#eeg ,be t z x may1 x is notable t "s ,mohamm$an p ( ,nor? ,africa k9dle fires & ba! 9 wat] at ! movable ,new ,ye> ( _! lun> cal5d> in/ead ( at ! fix$ ,midsumm] ( ! sol> ye>2 :ile o!rs aga9 practise ^! obs]vances at bo? seasons4 ,new ,ye>'s ,day1 on :i* ! rites are celebrat$1 is call$ ,a%ur2 x is ! t5? day ( ,moh>ram1 ! fir/ mon? ( ! ,mohamm$an cal5d>4 ,on t day bonfires are k9dl$ 9 ,tunis & also at ,m]rake* & among "s tribes ( ! neighb\rhood4#eeh ,at ,demnat1 9 ! ,great ,atlas m\nta9s1 p k9dle a l>ge bonfire on ,new ,ye>'s ,eve & leap to & fro ov] ! flames1 utt]+ words :i* imply t by ^! leaps !y ?9k to purify !mselves f all k9ds ( evil4 ,at ,aglu1 9 ! prov9ce ( ,sus1 ! fire is light$ at ?ree diff]5t po9ts by an unm>ri$ girl1 & :5 x has di$ d[n ! "y m5 leap ov] ! gl[+ emb]s1 say+1 ,we %ook on y1 ,o ,lady ,a%ur1 fleas1 & lice1 & ! illnesses ( ! he>t1 z also ^? ( ! bones2 we %all pass ?r\gh y aga9 next ye> & ! foll[+ ye>s ) safety & heal?4 ,bo? at ,aglu & ,glawi1 9 ! ,great ,atlas1 small] fires are also k9dl$1 ov] :i* ! animals are driv54 ,at ,demnat girls :o wi% to m>ry wa% !mselves 9 wat] :i* has be5 boil$ ov] ! ,new ,ye> fire2 & 9 ,dukkala p use ! a%es ( t fire to rub sore eyes )4 ,new ,ye> fires appe> to be commonly k9dl$ among ! ,b]b]s :o inhabit ! we/]n portion ( ! ,great ,atlas1 & also among ! ,arabic-speak+ tribes ( ! pla9s2 b ,dr4 ,we/]m>ck f\nd no traces ( su* fires among ! ,arabic-speak+ m\nta9e]s ( ,nor!rn ,morocco & ! ,b]b]s ( ! ,rif prov9ce4 ,fur!r1 x %\ld be obs]v$ t wat] c]emonies l ^? :i* are practis$ at ,midsumm] are v commonly obs]v$ 9 ,morocco at ! ,new ,ye>1 t is1 on ! t5? day ( ! fir/ mon?4 ,on ! morn+ ( t day 7,a%ur7 all wat] or1 accord+ to "s p1 only spr+ wat] is end[$ ) a magical virtue 7b>aka71 especially be=e sunrise4 ,h5ce at t "t ! p ba! & p\r wat] ov] ea* o!r2 9 "s places !y also spr9kle _! animals1 t5ts1 or rooms4 ,9 ,dukkala "s ( ! ,new ,ye> wat] is pres]v$ at home till ,new ,ye>'s ,day 7,a%ur7 ( next ye>2 "s ( x is kept to be us$ z m$ic9e1 "s ( x is p\r$ on ! place :]e ! corn is ?re%$1 & "s is us$ to wat] ! money :i* is to be buri$ 9 ! gr\nd2 = ! p ?9k t ! e>?-spirits w n be able to /eal ! buri$ treasures :i* h ?us be5 sanctifi$ ) ! holy wat]4#eei ,! ,midsumm] fe/ival 9 ,morocco seems to be ( ,b]b] orig94 ,?us ! rites ( fire & wat] :i* are obs]v$ 9 ,morocco at ,midsumm] & ,new ,ye> appe> to be id5tical 9 "* & int5tion1 & x seems c]ta9 t ! duplication ( ! rites is due to a conflict betwe5 two cal5d>s1 namely ! old ,julian cal5d> ( ! ,romans1 :i* 0 bas$ on ! sun1 & ! new] ,mohamm$an cal5d> ( ! ,arabs1 :i* is bas$ on ! moon4 ,= n only 0 ! ,julian cal5d> 9 use ?r\gh\t ! :ole ( ,nor!rn ,africa "u ! ,roman ,empire2 to ?is day x is ev]y:]e employ$ among ,mohamm$ans = ! regulation ( agriculture & all ! affairs ( daily life2 its practical conv5i5ce has made x indisp5sable1 & ! lun> cal5d> ( or?odox ,mohamm$anism is sc>cely us$ except = purposes ( *ronology4 ,ev5 ! old ,lat9 names ( ! mon?s are kn[n & employ$1 9 slightly disguis$ =ms1 ?r\gh\t ! :ole ,moslem _w2 & little cal5d>s ( ! ,julian ye> circulate 9 manuscript among ,mohamm$ans1 p]mitt+ !m to comb9e ! practical advantages ( pagan sci5ce ) a nom9al adh]5ce to or?odox absurdity4#efj ,?us ! hea!n orig9 ( ! midsumm] fe/ival is too palpable to escape ! att5tion ( good ,mohamm$ans1 :o accord+ly fr[n ^u ! midsumm] bonfires z pagan sup]/itions1 precisely z simil> obs]vances 9 ,europe h (t5 be5 d5\nc$ by or?odox ,*ri/ianity4 ,inde$1 _m religi\s p 9 ,morocco entirely disapprove ( ! :ole ( ! midsumm] c]emonies1 ma9ta9+ t !y are all bad2 & a consci5ti\s s*oolma/] w ev5 refuse 8 pupils a holiday at midsumm]1 ?\gh ! boys sometimes (f] him a bribe if he w sacrifice 8 scruples to 8 av>ice4#efa ,z ! midsumm] cu/oms appe> to fl\ri% among all ! ,b]b]s ( ,morocco b to be unkn[n among ! pure ,arabs :o h n be5 affect$ by ,b]b] influ5ce1 x seems reasonable to inf] ) ,dr4 ,we/]m>ck t ! midsumm] fe/ival has belong$ f "t immemorial to ! ,b]b] race1 & t s f> z x is n[ obs]v$ by ! ,arabs ( ,morocco1 x has be5 le>n$ by !m f ! ,b]b]s1 ! old indig5\s inhabitants ( ! c\ntry4 ,dr4 ,we/]m>ck may also be "r 9 hold+ t1 9 spite ( ! close simil>ity :i* obta9s betwe5 ! midsumm] fe/ival ( ,europe & ! midsumm] fe/ival ( ,nor? ,africa1 ! latt] is n a copy ( ! =m]1 b t bo? h be5 h&$ d[n indep5d5tly f a "t beyond ! purview ( hi/ory1 :5 su* c]emonies 7 common to ! ,m$it]ranean race4#efb #e4 ,! ,autumn ,fires ,fe/ivals ( fire 9 ,augu/2 ,russian fea/ ( ,florus & ,laurus on ,augu/ #ah?2 ,liv+ fire made by ! friction ( wood4 ,9 ! mon?s :i* elapse betwe5 midsumm] & ! sett+ 9 ( w9t] ! ,european fe/ivals ( fire appe> to be few & unimportant4 ,on ! ev5+ ( ! fir/ day ( ,augu/1 :i* is ! ,fe/ival ( ! ,cross1 bonfires are commonly lit 9 ,mac$onia & boys jump ov] !m1 %\t+1 ,dig up6 bury6 b :om or :at !y wi% to dig up or bury !y d n "k4#efc ,! ,russians hold ! fea/ ( two m>tyrs1 ,florus & ,laurus1 on ! eighte5? day ( ,augu/1 ,old ,/yle4 ,on ?is day ! ,russians lead _! horses r\nd ! *ur* ( _! village1 beside :i* on ! =ego+ ev5+ !y dig a hole ) two m\?s4 ,ea* horse has a bridle made ( ! b>k ( ! l9d5-tree4 ,! horses g ?r\gh ?is hole "o aft] ! o!r1 opposite to "o ( ! m\?s ( :i* ! prie/ /&s ) a spr9kl] 9 8 h&1 ) :i* he spr9kles !m4 ,z soon z ! horses h pass$ by _! bridles are tak5 (f1 & !y are made to g betwe5 two fires t !y k9dle1 call$ by ! ,russians ,givoy ,agon1 t is to say1 liv+ fires1 ( :i* ,i %all give an acc\nt4 ,i %all be=e rem>k1 t ! ,russian peasantry ?r[ ! bridles ( _! horses into "o ( ^! fires to be consum$4 ,?is is ! mann] ( _! light+ ^! givoy agon1 or liv+ fires4 ,"s m5 hold ! ends ( a /ick made ( ! plane-tree1 v dry1 & ab\t a fa?om long4 ,?is /ick !y hold firmly ov] "o ( bir*1 p]fectly dry1 & rub ) viol5ce & quickly aga9/ ! =m]2 ! bir*1 :i* is some:at s(t] ?an ! plane1 9 a %ort "t inflames1 & s]ves !m to light bo? ! fires ,i h describ$4#efd ,fea/ ( ! ,nativity ( ! ,virg9 on ! eigh? ( ,septemb] at ,capri & ,naples4 ,! ,fea/ ( ! ,nativity ( ! ,virg9 on ! eigh? day ( ,septemb] is celebrat$ at ,naples & ,capri ) fireworks1 bonfires1 & assass9ations4 ,on ?is subject my fri5d ,pr(essor ,a4 ,e4 ,h\sman1 :o witness$ ! celebration 9 diff]5t ye>s at bo? places1 has k9dly furni%$ me ) ! foll[+ p>ticul>s3 ,9 #aijf ,i 0 9 ! isl& ( ,capri on ,septemb] ! eigh?1 ! fea/ ( ! ,nativity ( ! ,virg94 ,! anniv]s>y 0 duly solemnis$ by fire-works at n9e or t5 9 ! ev5+1 :i* ,i suppose 7 municipal2 b j aft] sund[n ! boys outside ! villages 7 mak+ small fires ( bru%wood on wa/e bits ( gr\nd by ! wayside4 ,v pretty x look$1 ) ! flames bl[+ ab\t 9 ! twilight2 b :at took my att5tion 0 ! li/lessness ( ! boys & _! lack ( int]e/ 9 ! proce$+4 ,a s+le lad1 ! y\nge/1 w\ld be rak+ ! fire toge!r & keep+ x alight1 b ! re/ /ood l\ng+ ab\t & look+ 9 e o!r direction1 ) ! air ( dis*>g+ me*anically a traditional (fice f :i* all ze/ _h evaporat$4 ,! pi\s orgy at ,naples on ,septemb] ! eigh? w5t ?r\gh ! foll[+ phases :5 ,i witness$ x 9 #ahig4 ,x began at eight 9 ! ev5+ ) an illum9ation ( ! faade ( ,santa ,m>ia ,pi$igrotta & ) ! :ole population walk+ ab\t bl[+ p5ny trumpets4 ,aft] f\r h\rs ( ?is ,i w5t to b$ at midnight1 & 0 lull$ to sleep by b>rel-organs1 :i* sup]s$e ! trumpets ab\t t h\r4 ,at f\r 9 ! morn+ ,i 0 wak$ by detonations z if ! ,briti% fleet 7 bomb>d+ ! city1 caus$1 ,i 0 aft]w>ds told1 by dynamite rockets4 ,! only /ep possible beyond ?is is assass9ation1 :i* accord+ly takes place ab\t peep ( day3 ,i =get n[ ! numb] ( ! sla91 b ,i ?9k ! av]age is eight or t51 & ,i "k t 9 hon\r ( my pres5ce !y murd]$ a few m ?an usual4 ,! ,fea/ ( ! ,nativity ( ! ,virg9 may h replac$ a pagan fe/ival2 ! co9cid5ce ( ! ,midsumm] fe/ival ) ! summ] sol/ice implies t ! f\nd]s ( ! fe/ival regulat$ _! cal5d> by obs]vation ( ! sun4 ,x is no d\bt possible t ^! illum9ations & fireworks1 l ! assass9ations1 are m]ely ! natural & spontane\s expressions ( t ov]fl[+ joy ) :i* ! ?\ght ( ! bir? ( ! ,virg9 mu/ fill e pi\s he>t2 b :5 we rememb] h[ (t5 ! ,*ur* has skilfully decant$ ! new w9e ( ,*ri/ianity into ! old bottles ( hea!ndom1 we may be all[$ to conjecture t ! ecclesia/ical au?orities adroitly tim$ ! ,nativity ( ! ,virg9 s z to co9cide ) an old pagan fe/ival ( t day1 9 :i* fire1 noise1 & upro>1 if n brok5 heads & blood%$1 7 conspicu\s features4 ,! p5ny trumpets bl[n on ?is occasion recall ! l melodi\s in/rum5ts :i* figure s l>gely 9 ! celebration ( ,befana 7! ,eve ( ,epiphany7 at ,rome4#efe #f4 ,! ,hall[e'en ,fires ,on ! o!r h& ! ,celts divid$ _! ye>1 n by ! sol/ices1 b by ! beg9n+ ( summ] 7! fir/ ( ,may7 & ! beg9n+ ( w9t] 7! fir/ ( ,novemb]74 ,f ! =ego+ survey we may inf] t among ! hea!n =efa!rs ( ! ,european peoples ! mo/ popul> & widespread fire-fe/ival ( ! ye> 0 ! great celebration ( ,midsumm] ,eve or ,midsumm] ,day4 ,! co9cid5ce ( ! fe/ival ) ! summ] sol/ice c h>dly be accid5tal4 ,r we mu/ suppose t our pagan ance/ors purposely tim$ ! c]emony ( fire on e>? to co9cide ) ! arrival ( ! sun at ! highe/ po9t ( 8 c\rse 9 ! sky4 ,if t 0 s1 x foll[s t ! old f\nd]s ( ! midsumm] rites _h obs]v$ ! sol/ices or turn+-po9ts ( ! sun's app>5t pa? 9 ! sky1 & t !y accord+ly regulat$ _! fe/al cal5d> to "s ext5t by a/ronomical consid]ations4 ,! division seems to h be5 nei!r a/ronomical nor agricultural b pa/oral1 be+ det]m9$ by ! times :5 cattle are driv5 to & f _! summ] pa/ure4 ,b :ile ?is may be reg>d$ z fairly c]ta9 = :at we may call ! aborig9es ?r\gh\t a l>ge "p ( ! cont95t1 x appe>s n to h be5 true ( ! ,celtic peoples :o inhabit$ ! ,l&'s ,end ( ,europe1 ! isl&s & promontories t /ret* out into ! ,atlantic ocean on ! ,nor?-,we/4 ,! pr9cipal fire-fe/ivals ( ! ,celts1 :i* h surviv$1 ?\gh 9 a re/rict$ area & ) dim9i%$ pomp1 to mod]n times & ev5 to our own day1 7 seem+ly tim$ )\t any ref]5ce to ! position ( ! sun 9 ! heav54 ,!y 7 two 9 numb]1 & fell at an int]val ( six mon?s1 "o be+ celebrat$ on ! eve ( ,may ,day & ! o!r on ,allhall[ ,ev5 or ,hall[e'en1 z x is n[ commonly call$1 t is1 on ! ?irty-fir/ ( ,octob]1 ! day prec$+ ,all ,sa9ts' or ,allhall[s' ,day4 ,^! dates co9cide ) none ( ! f\r great h+es on :i* ! sol> ye> revolves1 to wit1 ! sol/ices & ! equ9oxes4 ,nor d !y agree ) ! pr9cipal seasons ( ! agricultural ye>1 ! s[+ 9 spr+ & ! reap+ 9 autumn4 ,= :5 ,may ,day comes1 ! se$ has long be5 committ$ to ! e>?2 & :5 ,novemb] op5s1 ! h>ve/ has long be5 reap$ & g>n]$1 ! fields lie b>e1 ! fruit-trees are /ripp$1 & ev5 ! yell[ leaves are fa/ flutt]+ to ! gr\nd4 ,yet ! fir/ ( ,may & ! fir/ ( ,novemb] m>k turn+-po9ts ( ! ye> 9 ,europe2 ! "o u%]s 9 ! g5ial heat & ! ri* vegetation ( summ]1 ! o!r h]alds1 if x does n %>e1 ! cold & b>r5ness ( w9t]4 ,n[ ^! p>ticul> po9ts ( ! ye>1 z has be5 well po9t$ out by a le>n$ & +5i\s writ]1#eff :ile !y are ( comp>atively little mom5t to ! ,european husb&man1 d deeply conc]n ! ,european h]dsman2 = x is on ! approa* ( summ] t he drives 8 cattle out into ! op5 to crop ! fre% grass1 & x is on ! approa* ( w9t] t he leads !m back to ! safety & %elt] ( ! /all4 ,accord+ly x seems n improbable t ! ,celtic bisection ( ! ye> into two halves at ! beg9n+ ( ,may & ! beg9n+ ( ,novemb] dates f a "t :5 ! ,celts 7 ma9ly a pa/oral p1 dep5d5t = _! subsi/5ce on _! h]ds1 & :5 accord+ly ! great epo*s ( ! ye> = !m 7 ! days on :i* ! cattle w5t =? f ! home/ead 9 e>ly summ] & return$ to x aga9 9 e>ly w9t]4#efg ,ev5 9 ,c5tral ,europe1 remote f ! region n[ occupi$ by ! ,celts1 a simil> bisection ( ! ye> may be cle>ly trac$ 9 ! great popul>ity1 on ! "o h&1 ( ,may ,day & its ,eve 7,walpurgis ,night71 &1 on ! o!r h&1 ( ! ,fea/ ( ,all ,s\ls at ! beg9n+ ( ,novemb]1 :i* "u a ?9 ,*ri/ian cloak conceals an anci5t pagan fe/ival ( ! dead4#efh ,h5ce we may conjecture t ev]y:]e ?r\gh\t ,europe ! cele/ial division ( ! ye> accord+ to ! sol/ices 0 prec$$ by :at we may call a t]re/rial division ( ! ye> accord+ to ! beg9n+ ( summ] & ! beg9n+ ( w9t]4 ,! two great ,celtic fe/ivals1 ,beltane & ,hall[e'en4 ,be t z x may1 ! two great ,celtic fe/ivals ( ,may ,day & ! fir/ ( ,novemb] or1 to be m accurate1 ! ,eves ( ^! two days1 closely resemble ea* o!r 9 ! mann] ( _! celebration & 9 ! sup]/itions associat$ ) !m1 & alike1 by ! antique "* impress$ ^u bo?1 betray a remote & purely pagan orig94 ,! fe/ival ( ,may ,day or ,beltane1 z ! ,celts call$ x1 :i* u%]$ 9 summ]1 has already be5 describ$2#efi x rema9s to give "s acc\nt ( ! correspond+ fe/ival ( ,hall[e'en1 :i* ann\nc$ ! arrival ( w9t]4 ,hall[e'en 7! ev5+ ( ,octob] #ca/7 seems to h m>k$ ! beg9n+ ( ! ,celtic ye>2 ! _m =ms ( div9ation resort$ to at ,hall[e'en are appropriate to ! beg9n+ ( a ,new ,ye>2 ,hall[e'en also a fe/ival ( ! dead4 ,( ! two fea/s ,hall[e'en 0 p]haps ( old ! m important1 s9ce ! ,celts w\ld seem to h dat$ ! beg9n+ ( ! ye> f x r ?an f ,beltane4 ,9 ! ,isle ( ,man1 "o ( ! =tresses 9 :i* ! ,celtic language & lore longe/ held out aga9/ ! siege ( ! ,saxon invad]s1 ! fir/ ( ,novemb]1 ,old ,/yle1 has be5 reg>d$ z ,new ,ye>'s day d[n to rec5t times4 ,?us ,manx mumm]s us$ to g r\nd on ,hall[e'en 7,old ,/yle71 s++1 9 ! ,manx language1 a sort ( ,hogmanay song :i* began ,to-night is ,new ,ye>'s ,night1 ,hog-unnaa6#egj ,"o ( ,sir ,john ,rhys's ,manx in=mants1 an old man ( sixty-sev51 _h be5 a f>m s]vant f ! age ( sixte5 till he 0 tw5ty-six to ! same man1 ne> ,regaby1 9 ! p>i% ( ,&reas1 & he rememb]s 8 ma/] & a ne> neighb\r ( 8 discuss+ ! t]m ,new ,ye>'s ,day z appli$ to ! fir/ ( ,novemb]1 & expla9+ to ! y\ng] m5 t x _h always be5 s 9 old times4 ,9 fact1 x seem$ to him natural en\gh1 z all t5ure ( l& ends at t "t1 & z all s]vant m5 beg9 _! s]vice !n4#ega ,9 anci5t ,irel&1 z we saw1 a new fire us$ to be k9dl$ e ye> on ,hall[e'en or ! ,eve ( ,samha91 & f ?is sacr$ flame all ! fires 9 ,irel& 7 rek9dl$4#egb ,su* a cu/om po9ts /rongly to ,samha9 or ,all ,sa9ts' ,day 7! fir/ ( ,novemb]7 z ,new ,ye>'s ,day2 s9ce ! annual k9dl+ ( a new fire takes place mo/ naturally at ! beg9n+ ( ! ye>1 9 ord] t ! bless$ influ5ce ( ! fre% fire may la/ ?r\gh\t ! :ole p]iod ( twelve mon?s4 ,ano!r confirmation ( ! view t ! ,celts dat$ _! ye> f ! fir/ ( ,novemb] is furni%$ by ! manifold modes ( div9ation :i*1 z we %all see pres5tly1 7 commonly resort$ to by ,celtic peoples on ,hall[e'en = ! purpose ( asc]ta9+ _! de/9y1 especially _! =tune 9 ! com+ ye>2 = :5 c\ld ^! devices = pry+ into ! future be m reasonably put 9 practice ?an at ! beg9n+ ( ! ye>8 ,z a season ( om5s & auguries ,hall[e'en seems to h f> surpass$ ,beltane 9 ! imag9ation ( ! ,celts2 f :i* we may ) "s probability inf] t !y reckon$ _! ye> f ,hall[e'en r ?an ,beltane4 ,ano!r circum/ance ( great mom5t :i* po9ts to ! same conclusion is ! association ( ! dead ) ,hall[e'en4 ,n only among ! ,celts b ?r\gh\t ,europe1 ,hall[e'en1 ! night :i* m>ks ! transition f autumn to w9t]1 seems to h be5 ( old ! "t ( ye> :5 ! s\ls ( ! dep>t$ 7 suppos$ to revisit _! old homes 9 ord] to w>m !mselves by ! fire & to com=t !mselves ) ! good *e] provid$ = !m 9 ! kit*5 or ! p>l\r by _! affectionate k9sfolk4#egc ,x 01 p]haps1 a natural ?\ght t ! approa* ( w9t] %\ld drive ! poor %iv]+ hungry gho/s f ! b>e fields & ! leafless woodl&s to ! %elt] ( ! cottage ) its famili> fireside4#egd ,did n ! l[+ k9e !n troop back f ! summ] pa/ures 9 ! =e/s & on ! hills to be f$ & c>$ = 9 ! /alls1 :ile ! bleak w9ds :i/l$ among ! sway+ b\ghs & ! sn[ drifts deep5$ 9 ! holl[s8 & c\ld ! good-man & ! good-wife d5y to ! spirits ( _! dead ! welcome :i* !y gave to ! c[s8 ,fairies & ,hobgobl9s let loose at ,hall[e'en4 ,b x is n only ! s\ls ( ! dep>t$ :o are suppos$ to be hov]+ unse5 on ! day :5 autumn to w9t] resigns ! pale ye>4 ,wit*es !n spe$ on _! err&s ( mis*ief1 "s sweep+ ?r\gh ! air on besoms1 o!rs gallop+ along ! roads on tabby-cats1 :i* = t ev5+ are turn$ into coal-black /e$s4#ege ,! fairies1 too1 are all let loose1 & hobgobl9s ( e sort roam freely ab\t ,9 ,s\? ,ui/ & ,eriskay !re is a say+3-- ,hall[e'en w come1 w come1 ,wit*craft or div9ation w be set ago+1 ,fairies w be at full spe$1 ,runn+ 9 e pass4 ,avoid ! road1 *ildr51 *ildr54#egf ,danc+ ) ! fairies at ,hall[e'en4 ,9 ,c>digan%ire on ,novemb] ,eve a bogie sits on e /ile4#egg ,on t night 9 ,irel& all ! fairy hills are ?r[n wide op5 & ! fairies sw>m =?2 any man :o is bold en\gh may !n peep into ! op5 gre5 hills & see ! treasures hidd5 9 !m4 ,worse ?an t1 ! cave ( ,crua*an 9 ,connaught1 kn[n z ! ,hell-gate ( ,irel&1 is unb>r$ on ,samha9 ,eve or ,hall[e'en1 & a ho/ ( horrible fi5ds & gobl9s us$ to ru% =?1 p>ticul>ly a flock ( copp]-r$ birds1 :i* blight$ crops & kill$ animals by _! poison\s brea?4#egh ,! ,scot* ,highl&]s h a special "n ,samhana* 7d]iv$ f ,samha91 ,all-hall[s7 = ! dreadful bogies t g ab\t t night /eal+ babies & committ+ o!r atrocities4#egi ,& ?\gh ! fairies are a k9dli] folk1 x is dang]\s to see ev5 !m at _! revels on ,hall[e'en4 ,a melan*oly case ( ?is sort is report$ f ! ,f]9to% di/rict ( ! ,highl&s1 ?\gh o!rs say t x happ5$ at ! ,slope ( ,big ,/ones 9 ,h>ris4 ,two "y m5 7 com+ home aft] nightfall on ,hall[e'en1 ea* ) a j> ( :isky on 8 back1 :5 !y saw1 z !y ?\ght1 a h\se all lit up by ! roadside1 f :i* proce$$ ! s\nds ( music & danc+4 ,9 reality x 0 n a h\se at all b a fairy knoll1 & x 0 ! fairies :o 7 jigg+ x ab\t !re s m]rily4 ,b "o ( ! "y m5 0 deceiv$ & /epp+ into ! h\se jo9$ 9 ! dance1 )\t ev5 /opp+ to put d[n ! j> ( :isky4 ,8 companion 0 wis]2 he _h a %rewd suspicion t ! place 0 n :at x seem$1 & on ent]+ he took ! precaution ( /ick+ a ne$le 9 ! door4 ,t dis>m$ ! p[] ( ! fairies1 & he got away safely4 ,well1 t day twelve mon?s he came back to ! spot & :at %\ld he see b 8 poor fri5d /ill danc+ away ) ! j> ( :isky on 8 back8 ,a we>y man 0 he1 z y may well believe1 b he begg$ to be all[$ to f9i% ! reel :i* he 0 9 ! act ( execut+1 & :5 !y took him out into ! op5 air1 !re 0 no?+ ( him left b sk9 & bones4#ehj ,aga91 ! wick$ fairies are apt to c>ry (f m5's wives ) !m to fairyl&2 b ! lo/ sp\ses c be recov]$ )9 a ye> & a day :5 ! procession ( ! fairies is defil+ pa/ on ,hall[e'en1 always provid$ t ! mortals did n p>take ( elf9 food :ile !y 7 9 elf9l&4#eha ,gulee% & ! revels ( ! fairies at ,hall[e'en4 ,sometimes valuable in=mation may be obta9$ f ! fairies on ,hall[e'en4 ,!re 0 a "y man nam$ ,gulee% 9 ! ,c\nty ( ,mayo4 ,ne> 8 h\se 0 a ra? or old =t ) a f9e grass bank runn+ r\nd x4 ,"o ,hall[e'en1 :5 ! d>kness 0 fall+1 ,gulee% w5t to ! ra? & /ood on a gray old flag4 ,! night 0 calm & /ill2 !re 0 n a brea? ( w9d /irr+1 nor a s\nd to be he>d except ! hum ( ! insects flitt+ pa/1 or ! :i/le ( ! plov]s1 or ! ho>se scream ( ! wild geese z !y w+$ _! way f> ov]head4 ,above ! :ite fog ! moon rose l a knob ( fire 9 ! ea/1 & a ?\s& ?\s& />s 7 tw9kl+ 9 ! sky4 ,!re 0 a little fro/ 9 ! air1 ! grass 0 :ite & crisp & crackl$ "u foot4 ,gulee% expect$ to see ! fairies1 b !y did n come4 ,h\r aft] h\r wore away1 & he 0 j be?9k+ him ( go+ home to b$1 :5 8 e> caught a s\nd f> (f com+ t[>ds him1 & he knew :at x 0 9 a mom5t4 ,! s\nd grew l\d] & l\d]2 at fir/ x 0 l ! beat+ ( waves on a /ony %ore1 !n x 0 l ! ro> ( a wat]fall1 at la/ x 0 l a mighty ru%+ w9d 9 ! tops ( ! trees1 !n ! /orm bur/ ^u ! ra?1 & sure en\gh ! fairies 7 9 x4 ,! r\t w5t by s sudd5ly t ,gulee% lo/ 8 brea?2 b he came to himself & li/5$4 ,! fairies 7 n[ ga!r$ )9 ! grassy bank ( ! ra?1 & a f9e upro> !y made4 ,b ,gulee% li/5$ ) all 8 e>s1 & he he>d "o fairy say+ to ano!r t a magic h]b grew by ,gulee%'s own door1 & t ,gulee% _h no?+ to d b pluck x & boil x & give x to 8 swee!>t1 ! daught] ( ! ,k+ ( ,france1 & %e w\ld be well1 = j !n %e 0 ly+ v ill4 ,gulee% took ! h9t1 & ev]y?+ w5t z ! fairy _h said4 ,& he m>ri$ ! daught] ( ! ,k+ ( ,france2 & !y _h nev] a c>k nor a c>e1 a sickness nor a sorr[1 a mi%ap nor a mis=tune to ! day ( _! dea?4#ehb ,div9ation resort$ to 9 ,celtic c\ntries at ,hall[e'en4 ,9 all ,celtic c\ntries ,hall[e'en seems to h be5 ! great season ( ! ye> = pry+ into ! future2 all k9ds ( div9ation 7 put 9 practice t night4 ,we read t ,da?i1 a k+ ( ,irel& 9 ! fif? c5tury1 happ5+ to be at ! ,druids' ,hill 7,cnoc-nan-druad7 9 ! c\nty ( ,sligo "o ,hall[e'en1 ord]$ 8 druid to =eca/ = him ! future f t day till ! next ,hall[e'en %\ld come r\nd4 ,! druid pass$ ! night on ! top ( ! hill1 & next morn+ made a pr$iction to ! k+ :i* came true4#ehc ,9 ,wales ,hall[e'en 0 ! weirde/ ( all ! ,teir ,nos ,ysbrydion1 or ,?ree ,_s ,nights1 :5 ! w9d1 bl[+ ov] ! feet ( ! corpses1 bore sighs to ! h\ses ( ^? :o 7 to die )9 ! ye>4 ,p ?\ght t if on t night !y w5t out to a cross-road & li/5$ to ! w9d1 !y w\ld le>n all ! mo/ important ?+s t w\ld befall !m dur+ ! next twelve mon?s4#ehd ,9 ,wales1 too1 n s long ago wom5 us$ to congregate 9 ! p>i% *ur*es on ! night ( ,hall[e'en & read _! fate f ! flame ( ! c&le :i* ea* ( !m held 9 h] h&2 also !y he>d ! names or saw ! c(f9s ( ! p>i%ion]s :o w\ld die )9 ! ye>1 & _m 7 ! sad sc5es to :i* ^! gloomy visions gave rise4#ehe ,& 9 ! ,highl&s ( ,scotl& anybody :o pleas$ c\ld he> proclaim$ al\d ! names ( p>i%ion]s doom$ to p]i% )9 ! next twelve mon?s1 if he w\ld only take a ?ree-legg$ /ool & g & sit on x at ?ree cross-roads1 :ile ! *ur* clock 0 /rik+ twelve at midnight on ,hall[e'en4 ,x 0 ev5 9 8 p[] to save ! de/9$ victims f _! doom by tak+ ) him articles ( we>+ app>el & ?r[+ !m away1 "o by "o1 z ea* "n 0 call$ out by ! my/]i\s voice4#ehf ,hall[e'en bonfires 9 ! ,highl&s ( ,scotl&2 ,john ,ramsay's acc\nt ( ! ,hall[e'en bonfires2 div9ation f /ones at ! fire2 ,hall[e'en fires 9 ! p>i%es ( ,call&] & ,logi]ait4 ,b :ile a glam\r ( my/]y & awe has always clung to ,hall[e'en 9 ! m9ds ( ! ,celtic peasantry1 ! popul> celebration ( ! fe/ival has be51 at lea/ 9 mod]n times1 by no means ( a prevail+ly gloomy ca/2 on ! contr>y x has be5 att5d$ by picturesque features & m]ry pa/imes1 :i* r5d]$ x ! gaye/ night ( all ! ye>4 ,among/ ! ?+s :i* 9 ! ,highl&s ( ,scotl& contribut$ to inve/ ! fe/ival ) a romantic beauty 7 ! bonfires :i* us$ to blaze at frequ5t int]vals on ! heights4 ,on ! la/ day ( autumn *ildr5 ga!r$ f]ns1 t>-b>rels1 ! long ?9 /alks call$ ginisg1 & ev]y?+ suitable = a bonfire4 ,^! 7 plac$ 9 a heap on "s em95ce ne> ! h\se1 & 9 ! ev5+ set fire to4 ,! fires 7 call$ ,samhnagan4 ,!re 0 "o = ea* h\se1 & x 0 an object ( ambition :o %\ld h ! bigge/4 ,:ole di/ricts 7 brilliant ) bonfires1 & _! gl>e across a ,highl& lo*1 & f _m em95ces1 =m$ an exce$+ly picturesque sc5e4#ehg ,l ! ,beltane fires on ! fir/ ( ,may1 ! ,hall[e'en bonfires seem to h be5 k9dl$ mo/ commonly 9 ! ,p]?%ire ,highl&s4 ,travell+ 9 ! p>i% ( ,m\l91 ne> ,pitlo*rie1 9 ! ye> #aggb1 ! ,engli%man ,?omas ,p5nant writes t ,hall[ ,eve is also kept sacr$3 z soon z x is d>k1 a p]son sets fire to a bu% ( broom fa/5$ r\nd a pole1 &1 att5d$ ) a cr[d1 runs ab\t ! village4 ,he !n fl+s x d[n1 heaps great quantity ( combu/ible matt]s on x1 & makes a great bonfire4 ,a :ole tract is ?us illum9at$ at ! same "t1 & makes a f9e appe>ance4#ehh ,! cu/om has be5 describ$ m fully by a ,scot*man ( ! eighte5? c5tury1 ,john ,ramsay ( ,o*t]tyre4 ,on ! ev5+ ( ,hall[e'en ! "y p ( e hamlet assembl$ ^u "s em95ce ne> ! h\ses4 ,!re !y made a bonfire ( f]ns or o!r fuel1 cut ! same day1 :i* f ! fea/ 0 call$ ,samh-nag or ,savnag1 a fire ( re/ & pleasure4 ,ar\nd x 0 plac$ a circle ( /ones1 "o = ea* p]son ( ! families to :om !y belong$4 ,& :5 x grew d>k ! bonfire 0 k9dl$1 at :i* a l\d %\t 0 set up4 ,!n ea* p]son tak+ a tor* ( f]ns or /icks 9 8 h&1 ran r\nd ! fire exult+2 & sometimes !y w5t into ! adjac5t fields1 :]e1 if !re 0 ano!r company1 !y visit$ ! bonfire1 taunt+ ! o!rs if inf]ior 9 any respect to !mselves4 ,aft] ! fire 0 burn$ out !y return$ home1 :]e a fea/ 0 prep>$1 & ! rema9d] ( ! ev5+ 0 sp5t 9 mir? & div]sions ( v>i\s k9ds4 ,next morn+ !y repair$ betimes to ! bonfire1 :]e ! situation ( ! /ones 0 exam9$ ) mu* att5tion4 ,if any ( !m 7 misplac$1 or if ! pr9t ( a foot c\ld be disc]n$ ne> any p>ticul> /one1 x 0 imag9$ t ! p]son = :om x 0 set w\ld n live out ! ye>4 ,( late ye>s ?is is less att5d$ to1 b ab\t ! beg9n+ ( ! pres5t c5tury x 0 reg>d$ z a sure pr$iction4 ,! ,hall[e'en fire is /ill kept up 9 "s p>ts ( ! ,l[ c\ntry2 b on ! we/]n coa/ & 9 ! ,isles x is nev] k9dl$1 ?\gh ! night is sp5t 9 m]rim5t & ent]ta9m5ts4#ehi ,9 ! ,p]?%ire p>i% ( ,call&]1 :i* includes ! n[ fam\s pass ( ! ,trossa*s op5+ out on ! w9d+ & wood$ %ores ( ! lovely ,lo* ,katr9e1 ! ,hall[e'en bonfires 7 /ill k9dl$ d[n to ne> ! end ( ! eighte5? c5tury4 ,:5 ! fire _h di$ d[n1 ! a%es 7 c>efully collect$ 9 ! =m ( a circle1 & a /one 0 put 91 ne> ! circumf]5ce1 = e p]son ( ! sev]al families int]e/$ 9 ! bonfire4 ,next morn+1 if any ( ^! /ones 0 f\nd to be displac$ or injur$1 ! p made sure t ! p]son repres5t$ by x 0 fey or devot$1 & t he c\ld n live twelve mon?s f t day4#eij ,9 ! p>i% ( ,logi]ait1 :i* cov]s ! beautiful valley ( ! ,tummel1 "o ( ! faire/ regions ( all ,scotl&1 ! ,hall[e'en fire 0 some:at diff]5t4 ,faggots ( hea?1 broom1 & ! dress+s ( flax 7 k9dl$ & c>ri$ on poles by m51 :o ran ) !m r\nd ! villages1 att5d$ by a cr[d4 ,z soon z "o faggot 0 burnt out1 a fre% "o 0 light$ & fa/5$ to ! pole4 ,numb]s ( ^! blaz+ faggots 7 (t5 c>ri$ ab\t toge!r1 & :5 ! night happ5$ to be d>k1 !y =m$ a spl5did illum9ation4#eia ,hall[e'en fires on ,lo* ,tay2 ,hall[e'en fires at ,balquhidd]4 ,nor did ! ,hall[e'en fires die out 9 ,p]?%ire ) ! end ( ! eighte5? c5tury4 ,j\rney+ f ,dunkeld to ,ab]feldy on ,hall[e'en 9 ! fir/ half ( ! n9ete5? c5tury1 ,%]iff ,b>clay c\nt$ ?irty fires blaz+ on ! hill tops1 & saw ! figures ( ! p danc+ l phantoms r\nd ! flames4#eib ,aga91 9 #ahfj1 ,i 0 resid+ ne> ! head ( ,lo* ,tay dur+ ! season ( ! ,hall[e'en fea/4 ,= sev]al days be=e ,hall[e'en1 boys & y\?s collect$ wood & convey$ x to ! mo/ prom95t places on ! hill sides 9 _! neighb\rhood4 ,"s ( ! heaps 7 z l>ge z a corn-/ack or hayrick4 ,aft] d>k on ,hall[e'en1 ^! heaps 7 k9dl$1 & = sev]al h\rs bo? sides ( ,lo* ,tay 7 illum9at$ z f> z ! eye c\ld see4 ,i 0 told by old m5 t at ! beg9n+ ( ?is c5tury m5 z well z boys took "p 9 gett+ up ! bonfires1 & t1 :5 ! fire 0 ablaze1 all jo9$ h&s & danc$ r\nd ! fire1 & made a great noise2 b t1 z ^! ga!r+s g5]ally end$ 9 drunk5ness & r\gh & dang]\s fun1 ! m9i/]s set _! faces aga9/ ! obs]vance1 & 7 second$ 9 _! ef=ts by ! m intellig5t & well-behav$ 9 ! community2 & s ! practice 0 discont9u$ by adults & relegat$ to s*ool boys4#eic ,at ,balquhidd] d[n to ! latt] "p ( ! n9ete5? c5tury ea* h\sehold k9dl$ its bonfire at ,hall[e'en1 b ! cu/om 0 *iefly obs]v$ by *ildr54 ,! fires 7 light$ on any high knoll ne> ! h\se2 !re 0 no danc+ r\nd !m4#eid ,hall[e'en fires 9 ,bu*an to burn ! wit*es2 processions ) tor*es at ,hall[e'en 9 ! ,braem> ,highl&s4 ,hall[e'en fires 7 also light$ 9 "s di/ricts ( ! nor?-ea/ ( ,scotl&1 su* z ,bu*an4 ,villag]s & f>m]s alike mu/ h _! fire4 ,9 ! villages ! boys w5t f h\se to h\se & begg$ a peat f ea* h\sehold]1 usually ) ! words1 ,ge's a peat t' burn ! wit*es4 ,9 "s villages ! lads collect$ ! peats 9 a c>t1 "s ( !m draw+ x along & ! o!rs receiv+ ! peats & load+ !m on ! c>t4 ,along ) ! peats !y accumulat$ /raw1 furze1 potato haulm1 ev]y?+ t w\ld burn quickly1 & :5 !y _h got en\gh !y pil$ x all 9 a heap & set x on fire4 ,!n ea* ( ! y\?s1 "o aft] ano!r1 laid himself d[n on ! gr\nd z ne> to ! fire z he c\ld )\t be+ scor*$1 & ?us ly+ all[$ ! smoke to roll ov] him4 ,! o!rs ran ?r\gh ! smoke & jump$ ov] _! pro/rate comrade4 ,:5 ! heap 0 burn$ d[n1 !y scatt]$ ! a%es4 ,ea* "o took a %>e 9 ?is "p ( ! c]emony1 giv+ a kick fir/ ) ! "r foot & !n ) ! left2 & ea* vi$ ) ! o!r :o %\ld scatt] ! mo/4 ,aft] t "s ( !m /ill cont9u$ to run ?r\gh ! scatt]$ a%es & to pelt ea* o!r ) ! half-burn$ peats4 ,at ea* f>m a spot z high z possible1 n too ne> ! /ead+1 0 *os5 = ! fire1 & ! proce$+s 7 mu* ! same z at ! village bonfire4 ,! lads ( "o f>m1 :5 _! own fire 0 burn$ d[n & ! a%es scatt]$1 sometimes w5t to a neighb\r+ fire & help$ to kick ! a%es ab\t4#eie ,ref]r+ to ?is "p ( ,scotl&1 a writ] at ! end ( ! eighte5? c5tury obs]ves t ! ,hall[-ev5 fire1 ano!r relict ( druidism1 0 k9dl$ 9 ,bu*an4 ,v>i\s magic c]emonies 7 !n celebrat$ to c\nt]act ! influ5ce ( wit*es & demons1 & to progno/icate to ! "y _! success or disappo9tm5t 9 ! matrimonial lott]y4 ,^! be+ dev\tly f9i%$1 ! hall[ fire 0 k9dl$1 & gu>d$ by ! male "p ( ! family4 ,societies 7 =m$1 ei!r by pique or hum\r1 to scatt] c]ta9 fires1 & ! attack & def5ce 7 (t5 conduct$ ) art & ) fury4#eif ,d[n to ab\t ! middle ( ! n9ete5? c5tury ! ,braem> ,highl&]s made ! circuit ( _! fields ) light$ tor*es at ,hall[e'en to ensure _! f]tility 9 ! com+ ye>4 ,at t date ! cu/om 0 z foll[s3 ,e memb] ( ! family 79 ^? days h\seholds 7 l>g] ?an !y are n[7 0 provid$ ) a bundle ( fir 'c'les' ) :i* to g ! r\nd4 ,! fa!r & "m /ood at ! he>? & lit ! spl9ts 9 ! peat fire1 :i* !y pass$ to ! *ildr5 & s]vants1 :o troop$ out "o aft] ! o!r1 & proce$$ to tread ! b\nds ( _! little prop]ty1 go+ sl[ly r\nd at equal di/ances ap>t1 & inv>iably ) ! sun4 ,to g ')]%9s' seems to h be5 res]v$ = curs+ & excommunication4 ,:5 ! fields _h ?us be5 circumambulat$ ! rema9+ spills 7 ?r[n toge!r 9 a heap & all[$ to burn out4#eig ,div9ation at ,hall[-e'en 9 ! ,highl&s & ,l[l&s ( ,scotl&2 ! /ol5 kail2 s[+ hemp se$2 ! w9n[+ basket2 ! wet %irt2 ! ?r[n %oe4 ,9 ! ,highl&s ( ,scotl&1 z ! ev5+ ( ,hall[e'en wore on1 "y p ga!r$ 9 "o ( ! h\ses & resort$ to an almo/ endless v>iety ( games1 or r =ms ( div9ation1 = ! purpose ( asc]ta9+ ! future fate ( ea* memb] ( ! company4 ,7 !y to m>ry or rema9 s+le1 0 ! m>riage to take place t ye> or nev]1 :o 0 to be m>ri$ fir/1 :at sort ( husb& or wife %e or he 0 to get1 ! "n1 ! trade1 ! col\r ( ! hair1 ! am\nt ( prop]ty ( ! future sp\se--^! 7 que/ions t 7 eag]ly canvass$ & ! answ]s to !m furni%$ nev]-fail+ ent]ta9m5t4#eih ,nor 7 ^! modes ( div9ation at ,hall[e'en conf9$ to ! ,highl&s1 :]e ! bonfires 7 k9dl$2 !y 7 practis$ ) equal fai? & 9 practically ! same =ms 9 ! ,l[l&s1 z we le>n1 = example1 f ,burns's poem ,hall[e'en1 :i* describes ! auguries drawn f a v>iety ( om5s by ! ,ayr%ire peasantry4 ,^! ,l[l&]s ( ,saxon desc5t may well h inh]it$ ! rites f ! ,celts :o prec$$ !m 9 ! possession ( ! s\? c\ntry4 ,a common practice at ,hall[e'en 0 to g out /eal?ily to a neighb\r's kaily>d & !re1 ) %ut eyes1 to pull up ! fir/ kail /ock t came to h&4 ,x 0 necess>y t ! plants %\ld be /ol5 )\t ! k or cons5t ( _! own]2 o!rwise !y 7 q useless = ! purpose ( div9ation4 ,/rictly speak+1 too1 ! neighb\r ^u ^: g>d5 ! raid 0 made %\ld be unm>ri$1 :e!r a ba*elor or a sp9/]4 ,! /ol5 kail 0 tak5 home & exam9$1 & accord+ to its height1 %ape1 & features w\ld be ! height1 %ape1 & features ( ! future husb& or wife4 ,! ta/e ( ! cu/ock1 t is1 ! he>t ( ! /em1 0 an infallible indication ( 8 or h] temp]2 & a clod ( e>? adh]+ to ! root signifi$1 9 proportion to its size1 ! am\nt ( prop]ty :i* he or %e w\ld br+ to ! common /ock4 ,!n ! kail-/ock or runt1 z x 0 call$ 9 ,ayr%ire1 0 plac$ ov] ! l9tel ( ! door2 & ! baptismal "n ( ! "y man or woman :o fir/ ent]$ ! door aft] ! kail 0 9 position w\ld be ! baptismal "n ( ! husb& or wife4#eii ,aga91 "y wom5 s[$ hemp se$ ov] n9e ridges ( pl\gh$ l&1 say+1 ,i s[ hemp se$1 & he :o is to be my husb&1 let him come & h>r[ x4 ,on look+ back ov] h] left %\ld] ! girl w\ld see ! figure ( h] future mate beh9d h] 9 ! d>kness4 ,9 ! nor?-ea/ ( ,scotl& l9t se$ 0 us$ in/ead ( hemp se$ & answ]$ ! purpose q z well4#fjj ,aga91 a mode ( asc]ta9+ y\r future husb& or wife 0 ?is4 ,take a clue ( blue y>n & g to a lime-kiln4 ,?r[ ! clue into ! kiln1 b keep "o end ( ! ?read 9 y\r h& & w9d x on to ano!r clue4 ,z y come ne> ! end somebody or some?+ w hold ! o!r end tight 9 ! kiln4 ,!n y call out1 ,:o holds8 giv+ ! ?read at ! same "t a g5tle pull4 ,"s "o or some?+ w !reupon pull ! o!r end ( ! ?read1 & a voice w m5tion ! "n ( y\r future husb& or wife4#fja ,ano!r way is ?is4 ,g to ! b>n alone & secretly4 ,be sure to op5 bo? doors & if possible take !m (f _! h+es2 = if ! be+ :o is ab\t to appe> %\ld cat* y 9 ! b>n & clap ! doors to on y1 he or %e might d y a mis*ief4 ,hav+ done ?is1 take ! sieve or w9n[+-basket1 :i* 9 ,l[l& ,scot* is call$ a we*t or wai*t1 & g ?r\gh ! action ( w9n[+ corn4 ,repeat x ?rice1 & at ! ?ird "t ! app>ition ( y\r future husb& or wife w pass ?r\gh ! b>n1 ent]+ at ! w9dy door & pass+ out at ! o!r4#fjb ,or ?is4 ,g to a s\?w>d runn+ /ream1 :]e ! l&s ( ?ree lairds meet1 or to a =d :]e ! dead & liv+ h cross$4 ,dip ! left sleeve ( y\r %irt 9 ! wat]4 ,!n g home1 take (f ! %irt1 hang x up be=e a fire to dry1 & g to b$1 tak+ c>e t ! b$ /&s s t y c see y\r %irt hang+ be=e ! fire4 ,keep awake1 & at midnight y w see ! =m ( y\r future sp\se come into ! room & turn ! o!r side ( ! sleeve to ! fire to dry x4#fjc ,a ,highl& =m ( div9ation at ,hall[e'en is to take a %oe by ! tip & ?r[ x ov] ! h\se1 !n obs]ve ! direction 9 :i* ! toe po9ts z x lies on ! gr\nd on ! o!r side2 = 9 t direction y are de/9$ to g be=e long4 ,if ! %oe %\ld fall sole upp]mo/1 x is v unlucky = y4#fjd ,! :ite ( eggs 9 wat]2 ! names on ! *imney piece2 ! nuts 9 ! fire2 ! milk & meal2 ! apples 9 ! wat]2 ! ?ree plates4 ,^! ways ( pry+ into ! future are practis$ outside ( ! h\se2 o!rs are obs]v$ 9 ! kit*5 or ! p>l\r be=e ! *e]ful blaze ( ! fire4 ,?us ! :ite ( eggs1 dropp$ 9 a glass ( pure wat]1 indicates by c]ta9 m>ks h[ _m *ildr5 a p]son w h4 ,! impati5ce & clam\r ( ! *ildr51 eag] to asc]ta9 ! exact numb] ( _! future prog5y1 (t5 induc$ ! h\sewife to p]=m ?is c]emony = !m by daylight2 & ! k9dly "m1 /&+ ) h] face to ! w9d[1 dropp+ ! :ite ( an egg into a cry/al glass ( clean wat]1 & surr\nd$ by a gr\p ( *ildr5 int5tly wat*+ h] proce$+s1 made up a pretty picture4#fje ,:5 ! fun ( ! ev5+ _h fairly comm5c$1 ! names ( eligible or likely mat*es 7 writt5 on ! *imney-piece1 & ! "y man :o wi%$ to try 8 =tune 0 l$ up bl9dfold$ to ! li/4 ,:atev] "n he put 8 f+] on w\ld prove t ( 8 future wife4#fjf ,aga91 two nuts1 repres5t+ a lad & a lass ^: names 7 ann\nc$ to ! company1 7 put side by side 9 ! fire4 ,if !y burn$ quietly toge!r1 ! pair w\ld be man & wife1 & f ! l5g? ( "t !y burn$ & ! brightness ( ! flame ! l5g? & happ9ess ( ! m>ri$ life ( ! two 7 augur$4 ,b if in/ead ( burn+ toge!r "o ( ! nuts leap$ away f ! o!r1 !n !re w\ld be no m>riage1 & ! blame w\ld re/ ) ! p]son ^: nut _h ?us />t$ away by itself4#fjg ,aga91 a di% ( milk & meal 79 ,gaelic fu>ag1 9 ,l[l& ,scot* cr[die7 or ( beat potatoes 0 made & a r+ 0 hidd5 9 x4 ,spoons 7 s]v$ out to ! company1 :o supp$ ! cont5ts ( ! di% ha/ily ) !m1 & ! "o :o got ! r+ w\ld be ! fir/ to be m>ri$4#fjh ,aga91 apples & a silv] sixp5ce 7 put 9 a tub ( wat]2 ! apples naturally float$ on ! top & ! sixp5ce sank to ! bottom4 ,:oev] c\ld lift an apple or ! sixp5ce f ! wat] ) 8 m\?1 )\t us+ 8 tee?1 0 c\nt$ v lucky & got ! prize to himself4#fji ,aga91 ?ree plates or bas9s 7 plac$ on ! he>?4 ,"o 0 fill$ ) clean wat]1 ano!r ) dirty wat]1 & ! ?ird 0 empty4 ,! enquir] 0 bl9dfold$1 knelt 9 front ( ! he>?1 & grop$ ab\t till he put 8 f+] 9 "o ( !m4 ,if he light$ on ! plate ) ! clean wat]1 he w\ld w$ a maid2 if on ! plate ) ! dirty wat]1 he w\ld m>ry a wid[2 & if on ! empty plate1 he w\ld rema9 a ba*elor4 ,= a girl ! answ] ( ! oracle 0 analog\s2 %e w\ld m>ry a ba*elor1 a wid[]1 or nobody accord+ to ! plate into :i* %e *anc$ to dip h] f+]4 ,b to make sure1 ! op]ation _h to be repeat$ ?rice1 ! position ( ! plates be+ *ang$ ea* "t4 ,if ! enquir] put 8 or h] f+] into ! same plate ?rice or ev5 twice1 x 0 q conclusive4#faj ,! slic$ apple2 ! :ite ( egg 9 wat]2 ! salt cake or salt h]r+4 ,^! =ms ( div9ation 9 ! h\se 7 practis$ by ! company 9 a body2 b ! foll[+ _h to be p]=m$ by ! p]son alone4 ,y took an apple & /ood ) x 9 y\r h& 9 front ( a look+-glass4 ,!n y slic$ ! apple1 /uck ea* slice on ! po9t ( ! knife1 & held x ov] y\r left %\ld]1 :ile y look$ into ! glass & comb$ y\r hair4 ,! spectre ( y\r future husb& w\ld !n appe> 9 ! mirror /ret*+ =? 8 h& to take ! slices ( ! apple ov] y\r %\ld]4 ,"s say t ! numb] ( slices %\ld be n9e1 t y %\ld eat ! fir/ eight y\rself1 & only ?r[ ! n9? ov] y\r left %\ld] = y\r husb&2 also t at ea* slice y %\ld say1 ,9 ! "n ( ! ,fa!r & ! ,son4#faa ,aga91 take an egg1 prick x ) a p91 & let ! :ite drop into a w9e-glass ne>ly full ( wat]4 ,take "s ( ?is 9 y\r m\? & g out = a walk4 ,! fir/ "n y he> call$ out al\d w be t ( y\r future husb& or wife4 ,an old woman told a lady t %e _h tri$ ?is mode ( div9ation 9 h] y\?1 t ! "n ( ,ar*ibald came up z x 7 f ! v gr\nd1 & t ,ar*ibald sure en\gh 0 ! "n ( h] husb&4#fab ,9 ,s\? ,ui/ & ,eriskay1 two ( ! out] ,hebrides1 a salt cake call$ ,bonna* ,sala9n is eat5 at ,hall[e'en to induce dreams t w reveal ! future4 ,x is bak$ ( common meal ) a great deal ( salt4 ,aft] eat+ x y may n dr9k wat] nor utt] a ^w1 n ev5 to say y\r pray]s4 ,a salt h]r+1 eat5 bones & all 9 ?ree bites1 is equally efficaci\s1 always provid$ t y dr9k no wat] & hold y\r tongue4#fac ,hall[e'en fires 9 ,wales2 om5s drawn f /ones ?r[n into ! fire2 div9ation by /ones 9 ! a%es4 ,9 ! nor!rn "p ( ,wales x us$ to be cu/om>y = e family to make a great bonfire call$ ,coel ,coe? on ,hall[e'en4 ,! fire 0 k9dl$ on ! mo/ conspicu\s spot ne> ! h\se2 & :5 x _h ne>ly gone out ev]yone ?rew into ! a%es a :ite /one1 :i* he _h fir/ m>k$4 ,!n hav+ said _! pray]s r\nd ! fire1 !y w5t to b$4 ,next morn+1 z soon z !y 7 up1 !y came to se>* out ! /ones1 & if any "o ( !m 0 f\nd to be miss+1 !y _h a notion t ! p]son :o ?rew x w\ld die be=e he saw ano!r ,hall[e'en4#fad ,a writ] on ,wales at ! beg9n+ ( ! n9ete5? c5tury says t ! autumnal fire is /ill k9dl$ 9 ,nor? ,wales1 be+ on ! eve ( ! fir/ day ( ,novemb]1 & is att5d$ by _m c]emonies2 su* z runn+ ?r\gh ! fire & smoke1 ea* ca/+ a /one into ! fire1 & all runn+ (f at ! conclusion to escape f ! black %ort-tail$ s[2 !n supp+ ^u p>snips1 nuts1 & apples2 cat*+ up an apple susp5d$ by a /r+ ) ! m\? alone1 & ! same by an apple 9 a tub ( wat]3 ea* ?r[+ a nut into ! fire2 & ^? t burn bright1 betok5 prosp]ity to ! own]s ?r\gh ! foll[+ ye>1 b ^? t burn black & crackle1 d5ote mis=tune4 ,on ! foll[+ morn+ ! /ones are se>*$ = 9 ! fire1 & if any be miss+1 !y betide ill to ^? :o ?rew !m 94#fae ,accord+ to ,sir ,john ,rhys1 ! habit ( celebrat+ ,hall[e'en by light+ bonfires on ! hills is p]haps n yet ext9ct 9 ,wales1 & m5 /ill liv+ c rememb] h[ ! p :o assi/$ at ! bonfires w\ld wait till ! la/ sp>k 0 out & !n w\ld sudd5ly take to _! heels1 %\t+ at ! top ( _! voices1 ,! cropp$ black s[ seize ! h9dmo/6 ,! say+1 z ,sir ,john ,rhys ju/ly rem>ks1 implies t orig9ally "o ( ! company became a victim 9 dead e>ne/4 ,d[n to ! pres5t "t ! say+ is curr5t 9 ,c>n>von%ire1 :]e allusions to ! cutty black s[ are /ill occasionally made to fright5 *ildr54#faf ,we c n[ und]/& :y 9 ,l[] ,brittany e p]son ?r[s a pebble into ! midsumm] bonfire4#fag ,d\btless !re1 z 9 ,wales & ! ,highl&s ( ,scotl&1#fah om5s ( life & dea? h at "o "t or o!r be5 drawn f ! position & /ate ( ! pebbles on ! morn+ ( ,all ,sa9ts' ,day4 ,! cu/om1 ?us f\nd among ?ree sep>ate bran*es ( ! ,celtic /ock1 probably dates f a p]iod be=e _! disp]sion1 or at lea/ f a "t :5 ali5 races _h n yet driv5 home ! w$ges ( sep>ation betwe5 !m4 ,div9ation z to love & m>riage at ,hall[e'en 9 ,wales4 ,9 ,wales1 z 9 ,scotl&1 ,hall[e'en 0 also ! great season = =eca/+ ! future 9 respect ( love & m>riage1 & "s ( ! =ms ( div9ation employ$ = ?is purpose resembl$ ^? :i* 7 9 use among ! ,scot* peasantry4 ,two girls1 = example1 w\ld make a little ladd] ( y>n1 )\t break+ x f ! ball1 & hav+ done s !y w\ld ?r[ x out ( ! w9d[4 ,!n "o ( ! girls1 hold+ ! ball 9 h] h&1 w\ld w9d ! y>n back1 repeat+ a rhyme 9 ,wel%4 ,?is %e did ?rice1 & z %e w\nd ! y>n %e w\ld see h] future husb& climb+ up ! little ladd]4 ,aga91 ?ree b[ls or bas9s 7 plac$ on a table4 ,"o ( !m conta9$ clean wat]1 "o dirty wat]1 & "o 0 empty4 ,! girls ( ! h\sehold1 & sometimes ! boys too1 !n eag]ly tri$ _! =tunes4 ,!y 7 bl9dfold$1 l$ up to ! table1 & dipp$ _! h&s into a b[l4 ,if !y happ5$ to dip into ! clean wat]1 !y w\ld m>ry maid5s or ba*elors2 if into ! dirty wat]1 !y w\ld be wid[]s or wid[s2 if into ! empty b[l1 !y w\ld live unm>ri$4 ,aga91 if a girl1 walk+ backw>ds1 w\ld place a knife among ! leeks on ,hall[e'en1 %e w\ld see h] future husb& come & pick up ! knife & ?r[ x into ! middle ( ! g>d54#fai ,div9ation at ,hall[e'en 9 ,irel&4 ,9 ,irel& ! ,hall[e'en bonfires w\ld seem to h di$ out1 b ! ,hall[e'en div9ation has surviv$4 ,writ+ t[>ds ! end ( ! eighte5? c5tury1 ,g5]al ,vallancey tells u t on ,hall[e'en or ! vigil ( ,saman1 z he calls x1 ! peasants 9 ,irel& assemble ) /icks & clubs 7! emblems ( lac]ation7 go+ f h\se to h\se1 collect+ money1 bread-cake1 butt]1 *eese1 eggs1 etc41 etc41 = ! fea/1 repeat+ v]ses 9 hon\r ( ! solemnity1 dem&+ prep>ations = ! fe/ival1 9 ! "n ( ,/4 ,columb ,kill1 desir+ !m to lay aside ! fatt$ calf1 & to br+ =? ! black %eep4 ,! good wom5 are employ$ 9 mak+ ! griddle cake & c&les2 ^! la/ are s5t f h\se to h\se 9 ! vic9ity1 & are light$ up on ! 7,saman7 next day1 be=e :i* !y pray1 or are suppos$ to pray1 = ! dep>t$ s\ls ( ! donor4 ,e h\se ab\nds 9 ! be/ vi&s !y c af=d3 apples & nuts are dev\r$ 9 abundance3 ! nut-%ells are burnt1 & f ! a%es _m /range ?+s are =etold3 cabbages are torn up by ! root3 hemp se$ is s[n by ! maid5s1 & !y believe1 t if !y look back1 !y w see ! app>ition ( ! man int5d$ = _! future sp\se3 !y hang a smock be=e ! fire1 on ! close ( ! fea/1 & sit up all night1 conceal$ 9 a corn] ( ! room1 conv9c$ t 8 app>ition w come d[n ! *imney & turn ! smock3 !y ?r[ a ball ( y>n out ( ! w9d[1 & w9d x on ! reel )91 conv9c$1 t if !y repeat ! ,pat] ,no/] backw>ds1 & look at ! ball ( y>n )\t1 !y w !n also see 8 si? or app>ition3 !y dip = apples 9 a tub ( wat]1 & endeav\r to br+ "o up 9 ! m\?3 !y susp5d a cord ) a cross-/ick1 ) apples at "o po9t1 & c&les light$ at ! o!r1 & endeav\r to cat* ! apple1 :ile x is 9 a circul> motion1 9 ! m\?4 ,^!1 & _m o!r sup]/iti\s c]emonies1 ! rema9s ( ,druidism1 are obs]v$ on ?is holiday1 :i* w nev] be eradicat$1 :ile ! "n ( ,saman is p]mitt$ to rema94#fbj ,div9ation at ,hall[-e'en 9 ,que5's ,c\nty2 div9ation at ,hall[-e'en 9 ,c\nty ,leitrim2 div9ation at ,hall[e'en 9 ,c\nty ,roscommon4 ,9 ,que5's ,c\nty1 ,irel&1 d[n to ! latt] "p ( ! n9ete5? c5tury *ildr5 practis$ v>i\s ( ^! rites ( div9ation on ,hall[e'en4 ,girls w5t out into ! g>d5 bl9dfold & pull$ up cabbages3 if ! cabbage 0 well gr[n1 ! girl w\ld h a h&some husb&1 b if x _h a crook$ /alk1 ! future sp\se w\ld be a /+y old man4 ,nuts1 aga91 7 plac$ 9 pairs on ! b> ( ! fire1 & f _! behavi\r om5s 7 drawn ( ! fate 9 love & m>riage ( ! c\ple :om !y repres5t$4 ,lead1 also1 0 melt$ & all[$ to drop into a tub ( cold wat]1 & f ! %apes :i* x assum$ 9 ! wat] pr$ictions 7 made to ! *ildr5 ( _! future de/9y4 ,aga91 apples 7 bobb$ = 9 a tub ( wat] & br\ght up ) ! tee?2 or a /ick 0 hung f a hook ) an apple at "o end & a c&le at ! o!r1 & ! /ick be+ made to revolve y made a bite at ! apple & sometimes got a m\?ful ( c&le in/ead4#fba ,9 ,c\nty ,leitrim1 also1 d[n to ne> ! end ( ! n9ete5? c5tury v>i\s =ms ( div9ation 7 practis$ at ,hall[e'en4 ,girls asc]ta9$ ! "* ( _! future husb&s by ! help ( cabbages j z 9 ,que5's ,c\nty4 ,aga91 if a girl f\nd a bran* ( a bri>-?orn :i* _h b5t ov] & gr[n into ! gr\nd s z to =m a loop1 %e w\ld creep ?r\gh ! loop ?rice late 9 ! ev5+ 9 ! devil's "n1 !n cut ! bri> & put x "u h] pill[1 all )\t speak+ a ^w4 ,!n %e w\ld lay h] head on ! pill[ & dream ( ! man %e 0 to m>ry4 ,boys1 also1 w\ld dream 9 l mann] ( love & m>riage at ,hall[e'en1 if only !y w\ld ga!r t5 leaves ( ivy )\t speak+1 ?r[ away "o1 & put ! o!r n9e "u _! pill[4 ,aga91 div9ation 0 practis$ by means ( a cake call$ b>m-breac1 9 :i* a nut & a r+ 7 bak$4 ,:oev] got ! r+ w\ld be m>ri$ fir/2 :oev] got ! nut w\ld m>ry a wid[ or a wid[]2 b if ! nut 7 an empty %ell1 he or %e w\ld rema9 unw$4 ,aga91 a girl w\ld take a clue ( wor/$1 g to a lime kiln 9 ! gloam+1 & ?r[ ! clew into ! kiln 9 ! devil's "n1 :ile %e held fa/ ! o!r end ( ! ?read4 ,!n %e w\ld rew9d ! ?read & ask1 ,:o holds my clue8 & ! "n ( h] future husb& w\ld come up f ! dep? ( ! kiln4 ,ano!r way 0 to take a rake1 g to a rick & walk r\nd x n9e times1 say+1 ,i rake ?is rick 9 ! devil's "n4 ,at ! n9? "t ! wrai? ( y\r de/9$ p>tn] = life w\ld come & take ! rake out ( y\r h&4 ,once m1 be=e ! company sep>at$ = ! night1 !y w\ld rake ! a%es smoo? on ! he>?1 & se>* !m next morn+ = tracks1 f :i* !y judg$ :e!r anybody %\ld come to ! h\se1 or leave x1 or die 9 x be=e ano!r ye> 0 out4#fbb ,9 ,c\nty ,roscommon1 :i* bord]s on ,c\nty ,leitrim1 a cake is made 9 ne>ly e h\se on ,hall[e'en1 & a r+1 a co91 a sloe1 & a *ip ( wood are put into x4 ,:oev] gets ! co9 w be ri*2 :oev] gets ! r+ w be m>ri$ fir/2 :oev] gets ! *ip ( wood1 :i* /&s = a c(f91 w die fir/2 & :oev] gets ! sloe w live longe/1 because ! fairies blight ! sloes 9 ! h$ges on ,hall[e'en1 s t ! sloe 9 ! cake w be ! la/ ( ! ye>4 ,aga91 on ! same my/ic ev5+ girls take n9e gra9s ( oats 9 _! m\?s1 & go+ out )\t speak+ walk ab\t till !y he> a man's "n pron\nc$2 x w be ! "n ( _! future husb&4 ,9 ,c\nty ,roscommon1 too1 on ,hall[e'en !re is ! usual dipp+ 9 wat] = apples or sixp5ces1 & ! usual bites at a revolv+ apple & tall[ c&le4#fbc ,hall[e'en fires 9 ! ,isle ( ,man2 div9ation at ,hall[e'en 9 ! ,isle ( ,man4 ,9 ! ,isle ( ,man also1 ano!r ,celtic c\ntry1 ,hall[-e'en 0 celebrat$ d[n to mod]n times by ! k9dl+ ( fires1 accompani$ ) all ! usual c]emonies design$ to prev5t ! baneful influ5ce ( fairies & wit*es4 ,b&s ( "y m5 p]ambulat$ ! isl& by night1 & at ! door ( e dwell+-h\se !y /ruck up a ,manx rhyme1 beg9n+ ,noght oie h[ney hop-dy-naw1 t is to say1 ,?is is ,hollantide ,eve4 ,= ,hollantide is ! ,manx way ( express+ ! old ,engli% ,all hall[5 tide1 t is1 ,all ,sa9ts' ,day1 ! fir/ ( ,novemb]4 ,b z ! p reckon ?is fe/ival accord+ to ! ,old ,/yle1 ,hollantide 9 ! ,isle ( ,man is our twelf? ( ,novemb]4 ,! native ,manx "n = ! day is ,sau9 or ,laa ,h\ney4 ,potatoes1 p>snips & fi%1 p\nd$ up toge!r & mix$ ) butt]1 =m$ ! prop] ev5+ meal 7mra/yr7 on ,hall[e'en 9 ! ,isle ( ,man4#fbd ,"h1 too1 z 9 ,scotl& =ms ( div9ation are practis$ by "s p on ?is important ev5+4 ,= example1 ! h\sewife fills a ?imble full ( salt = ea* memb] ( ! family & ea* gue/2 ! cont5ts ( ! ?imblefuls are empti$ out 9 z _m neat little piles on a plate1 & left !re ov] night4 ,next morn+ ! piles are exam9$1 & if any ( !m has fall5 d[n1 he or %e :om x repres5ts w die )9 ! ye>4 ,aga91 ! wom5 c>efully sweep out ! a%es f "u ! fireplace & flatt5 !m d[n neatly on ! op5 he>?4 ,if !y f9d next morn+ a footpr9t turn$ t[>ds ! door1 x signifies a dea? 9 ! family )9 ! ye>2 b if ! footpr9t is turn$ 9 ! opposite direction1 x bodes a m>riage4 ,aga91 div9ation by eavesdropp+ is practis$ 9 ! ,isle ( ,man 9 mu* ! same way z 9 ,scotl&4 ,y g out ) y\r m\? full ( wat] & y\r h&s full ( salt & li/5 at a neighb\r's door1 & ! fir/ "n y he> w be ! "n ( y\r husb&4 ,aga91 ,manx maids b&age _! eyes & grope ab\t ! room till !y dip _! h&s 9 vessels full ( clean or dirty wat]1 & s on2 & f ! ?+ !y t\* !y draw correspond+ om5s4 ,b "s p 9 ! ,isle ( ,man obs]ve ^! auguries1 n on ,hall[e'en or ,hollantide ,eve1 z !y call x1 :i* 0 ! old ,manx ,new ,ye>'s ,eve1 b on ! mod]n ,new ,ye>'s ,eve1 t is1 on ! ?irty-fir/ ( ,decemb]4 ,! *ange no d\bt m>ks a transition f ! anci5t to ! mod]n mode ( dat+ ! beg9n+ ( ! ye>4#fbe ,hall[e'en fires & div9ation 9 ,lanca%ire2 c&les light$ to keep (f ! wit*es2 div9ation at ,hall[e'en 9 ,nor?umb]l&2 ,hall[e'en fires 9 ,france4 ,9 ,lanca%ire1 also1 "s traces ( ! old ,celtic celebration ( ,hall[e'en h be5 report$ 9 mod]n times4 ,x is said t fires are /ill light$ 9 ,lanca%ire1 on ,hall[e'en1 "u ! "n ( ,belta9s or ,teanlas2 & ev5 su* cakes z ! ,jews are said to h made 9 hon\r ( ! ,que5 ( ,heav51 are yet to be f\nd at ?is season among/ ! inhabitants ( ! banks ( ! ,ribble4444 ,bo? ! fires & ! cakes1 h[ev]1 are n[ connect$ ) sup]/iti\s notions respect+ ,purgatory1 etc4#fbf ,on ,hall[e'en1 too1 ! ,lanca%ire maid5 /rews ! a%es :i* are to take ! =m ( "o or m lett]s ( h] lov]'s "n2 %e ?r[s hemp-se$ ov] h] %\ld] & timidly glances to see :o foll[s h]4#fbg ,aga91 wit*es 9 ,lanca%ire us$ to ga!r on ,hall[e'en at ! ,malk9 ,t[]1 a ru9$ & desolate f>m-h\se 9 ! =e/ ( ,p5dle4 ,!y assembl$ = no good purpose2 b y c\ld keep ! inf]nal r\t at bay by c>ry+ a light$ c&le ab\t ! fells f elev5 to twelve o'clock at night4 ,! wit*es tri$ to bl[ out ! c&le1 & if !y succe$$1 s mu* ! worse = y2 b if ! flame burn$ /eadily till ! clocks _h /ruck midnight1 y 7 safe4 ,"s p p]=m$ ! c]emony by deputy2 & p>ties w5t ab\t f h\se to h\se 9 ! ev5+ collect+ c&les1 "o = ea* inmate1 & (f]+ _! s]vices to late or leet ! wit*es1 z ! phrase ran4 ,?is cu/om 0 practis$ at ,longridge ,fell 9 ! e>ly "p ( ! n9ete5? c5tury4#fbh ,9 ,nor?umb]l& on ,hall[e'en om5s ( m>riage 7 drawn f nuts ?r[n into ! fire2 & ! sports ( duck+ = apples & bit+ at a revolv+ apple & light$ c&le 7 also practis$ on t ev5+4#fbi ,! equival5t ( ! ,hall[e'en bonfires is report$ also f ,france4 ,we are told t 9 ! dep>tm5t ( ,deux-,svres1 :i* =ms "p ( ! old prov9ce ( ,poit\1 "y p us$ to assemble 9 ! fields on ,all ,sa9ts' ,day 7! fir/ ( ,novemb]7 & k9dle great fires ( f]ns1 ?orns1 leaves1 & /ubble1 at :i* !y roa/$ *e/nuts4 ,!y also danc$ r\nd ! fires & indulg$ 9 noisy pa/imes4#fcj #g4 ,! ,midw9t] ,fires ,a ,midw9t] fe/ival ( fire2 ,*ri/mas ! cont9uation ( an old hea!n fe/ival ( ! sun4 ,if ! hea!n ( anci5t ,europe celebrat$1 z we h good reason to believe1 ! season ( ,midsumm] ) a great fe/ival ( fire1 ( :i* ! traces h surviv$ 9 _m places d[n to our own "t1 x is natural to suppose t !y %\ld h obs]v$ ) simil> rites ! correspond+ season ( ,midw9t]2 = ,midsumm] & ,midw9t]1 or1 9 m te*nical language1 ! summ] sol/ice & ! w9t] sol/ice1 are ! two great turn+-po9ts 9 ! sun's app>5t c\rse ?r\gh ! sky1 & f ! /&po9t ( primitive man no?+ might seem m appropriate ?an to k9dle fires on e>? at ! two mom5ts :5 ! fire & heat ( ! great lum9>y 9 heav5 beg9 to wane or to wax4 ,9 ?is way ! savage philosoph]1 to ^: m$itations on ! nature ( ?+s we owe _m anci5t cu/oms & c]emonies1 might easily imag9e t he help$ ! lab\r+ sun to relight 8 dy+ lamp1 or at all ev5ts to bl[ up ! flame into a bright] blaze4 ,c]ta9 x is t ! w9t] sol/ice1 :i* ! anci5ts errone\sly assign$ to ! tw5ty-fif? ( ,decemb]1 0 celebrat$ 9 antiquity z ! ,bir?day ( ! ,sun1 & t fe/al lights or fires 7 k9dl$ on ?is joyful occasion4 ,our ,*ri/mas fe/ival is no?+ b a cont9uation "u a ,*ri/ian "n ( ?is old sol> fe/ivity2 = ! ecclesia/ical au?orities saw fit1 ab\t ! end ( ! ?ird or ! beg9n+ ( ! f\r? c5tury1 arbitr>ily to transf] ! nativity ( ,*ri/ f ! six? ( ,janu>y to ! tw5ty-fif? ( ,decemb]1 = ! purpose ( div]t+ to _! ,"l ! wor%ip :i* ! hea!n _h hi!rto paid on t day to ! sun4#fca ,! ,yule log is ! ,midw9t] c\nt]p>t ( ! ,midsumm] bonfire4 ,9 mod]n ,*ri/5dom ! anci5t fire-fe/ival ( ! w9t] sol/ice appe>s to survive1 or to h surviv$ d[n to rec5t ye>s1 9 ! old cu/om ( ! ,yule log1 clog1 or block1 z x 0 v>i\sly call$ 9 ,engl&4#fcb ,! cu/om 0 widespread 9 ,europe1 b seems to h fl\ri%$ especially 9 ,engl&1 ,france1 & among ! ,s\? ,slavs2 at lea/ ! fulle/ acc\nts ( ! cu/om come f ^! qu>t]s4 ,t ! ,yule log 0 only ! w9t] c\nt]p>t ( ! ,midsumm] bonfire1 k9dl$ )9 doors in/ead ( 9 ! op5 air on acc\nt ( ! cold & inclem5t wea!r ( ! season1 0 po9t$ out long ago by our ,engli% antiqu>y ,john ,br&2#fcc & ! view is support$ by ! _m qua9t sup]/itions atta*+ to ! ,yule log1 sup]/itions :i* h no app>5t connexion ) ,*ri/ianity b c>ry _! hea!n orig9 pla9ly /amp$ ^u !m4 ,b :ile ! two sol/itial celebrations 7 bo? fe/ivals ( fire1 ! necessity or desirability ( hold+ ! w9t] celebration )9 doors l5t x ! "* ( a private or dome/ic fe/ivity1 :i* contra/s /rongly ) ! publicity ( ! summ] celebration1 at :i* ! p ga!r$ on "s op5 space or conspicu\s height1 k9dl$ a huge bonfire 9 common1 & danc$ & made m]ry r\nd x toge!r4 ,! ,yule log 9 ,g]many2 ! ,yule log 9 ,switz]l&4 ,among ! ,g]mans ! cu/om ( ! ,yule log is kn[n to h be5 obs]v$ 9 ! elev5? c5tury2 = 9 ! ye> #aahd ! p>i% prie/ ( ,ahl51 9 ,mn/]l&1 spoke ( br++ a tree to k9dle ! fe/al fire at ! ,"l's ,nativity4#fcd ,d[n to ab\t ! middle ( ! n9ete5? c5tury ! old rite 0 kept up 9 "s p>ts ( c5tral ,g]many1 z we le>n f an acc\nt ( x giv5 by a contempor>y writ]4 ,aft] m5tion+ ! cu/om ( fe$+ ! cattle & %ak+ ! fruit-trees on ,*ri/mas night1 to make !m be> fruit1 he goes on z foll[s3 ,o!r cu/oms po9t+ back to ! f>-(f times ( hea!ndom may /ill be met ) among ! old-fa%ion$ peasants ( ! m\nta9 regions4 ,su* is 9 ! valleys ( ! ,sieg & ,lahn ! practice ( lay+ a new log z a f\ndation ( ! he>?4 ,a heavy block ( oak-wood1 g5]ally a /ump grubb$ up f ! gr\nd1 is fitt$ ei!r into ! floor ( ! he>?1 or into a ni*e made = ! purpose 9 ! wall "u ! hook on :i* ! kettle hangs4 ,:5 ! fire on ! he>? gl[s1 ?is block ( wood gl[s too1 b x is s plac$ t x is h>dly r$uc$ to a%es )9 a ye>4 ,:5 ! new f\ndation is laid1 ! rema9s ( ! old block are c>efully tak5 out1 gr\nd to p[d]1 & /rew$ ov] ! fields dur+ ! ,twelve ,nights4 ,?is1 s p fanci$1 promotes ! fruitfulness ( ! ye>'s crops4#fce ,9 "s p>ts ( ! ,eifel ,m\nta9s1 to ! we/ ( ,cobl5tz1 a log ( wood call$ ! ,*ri/br& us$ to be plac$ on ! he>? on ,*ri/mas ,eve2 & ! *>r$ rema9s ( x on ,twelf? ,night 7 put 9 ! corn-b9 to keep ! mice f dev\r+ ! corn4#fcf ,at ,weid5haus5 & ,girk%aus51 9 ,we/phalia1 ! practice 0 to )draw ! ,yule log 7,*ri/br&7 f ! fire s soon z x 0 slightly *>r$2 x 0 !n kept c>efully to be replac$ on ! fire :5ev] a ?und]-/orm broke1 because ! p believ$ t lightn+ w\ld n /rike a h\se 9 :i* ! ,yule log 0 sm\ld]+4#fcg ,9 "s villages ne> ,b]leburg 9 ,we/phalia ! old cu/om 0 to tie up ! ,yule log 9 ! la/ %eaf cut at h>ve/4#fch ,on ,*ri/mas ,eve ! peasantry ( ! ,ob]l&1 9 ,me9+51 a prov9ce ( ,c5tral ,g]many1 us$ to put a great block ( wood call$ ! ,*ri/klots on ! fire be=e !y w5t to b$2 x %\ld burn all night1 & ! *>r$ rema9s 7 believ$ to gu>d ! h\se = ! :ole ye> aga9/ ! risk ( fire1 burgl>y1 & o!r mis=tunes4#fci ,! ,yule log seems to be kn[n only 9 ! ,fr5*-speak+ p>ts ( ,switz]l&1 :]e x goes by ! usual ,fr5* "n ( ,b*e de ,nol4 ,9 ! ,jura m\nta9s ( ! canton ( ,b]n1 :ile ! log is burn+ on ! he>? ! p s+ a bless+ ov] x z foll[s3-- ,may ! log burn6 ,may all good come 96 ,may ! wom5 h *ildr5 ,& ! %eep lambs6 ,:ite bread = e "o ,& ! vat full ( w9e6 ,! emb]s ( ! ,yule log 7 kept c>efully1 = !y 7 believ$ to be a protection aga9/ lightn+4#fdj ,! ,yule log 9 ,belgium4 ,! ,*ri/mas fires1 :i* 7 =m]ly lit ev]y:]e 9 ! ,l[ ,c\ntries1 h fall5 into disuse4 ,b 9 ,fl&]s a great log ( wood1 call$ ! k]savondblok & usually cut f ! roots ( a fir or a bee*1 is /ill put on ! fire2 all ! lights 9 ! h\se are ext+ui%$1 & ! :ole family ga!rs r\nd ! log to sp5d "p ( ! night 9 s++1 9 tell+ /ories1 especially ab\t gho/s1 7-wolves1 & s on1 & also 9 dr9k+ g94 ,at ,grammont & 9 ! neighb\rhood ( t t[n1 :]e ! ,yule log is call$ ,k]smismot1 x is cu/om>y to set fire to ! rema9d] ( ! g9 at ! mom5t :5 ! log is r$uc$ to a%es4 ,else:]e a piece ( ! log is kept & put "u ! b$ to protect ! h\se aga9/ ?und] & lightn+4 ,! *>coal ( ! log :i* burn$ dur+ ,*ri/mas ,night1 if p\nd$ up & mix$ ) wat]1 is a cure = consumption4 ,9 ! c\ntry ( ,limburg ! log burns sev]al nights1 & ! p\nd$ *>coal is kept z a prev5tive 7s !y say71 ( too?a*e4#fda ,! ,yule log 9 ,france4 ,9 sev]al prov9ces ( ,france1 & p>ticul>ly 9 ,prov5ce1 ! cu/om ( ! ,yule log or trfoir1 z x 0 call$ 9 _m places1 0 long obs]v$4 ,a ,fr5* writ] ( ! sev5te5? c5tury tells u t on ,*ri/mas ,eve ! log 0 prep>$1 & :5 ! :ole family _h assembl$ 9 ! kit*5 or p>l\r ( ! h\se1 !y w5t & br\ght x 91 walk+ 9 procession & s++ ,prov5al v]ses to ! foll[+ effect3-- ,let ! log rejoice1 ,to-morr[ is ! day ( bread2 ,let all good ent] "h2 ,let ! wom5 be> *ildr52 ,let ! %e-goats br+ =? kids2 ,let ! ewes drop lambs2 ,let !re be mu* :eat & fl\r1 ,& ! vat full ( w9e4 ,!n ! log 0 bless$ by ! smalle/ & y\nge/ *ild ( ! h\se1 :o p\r$ a glass ( w9e ov] x say+1 ,9 nom9e patris1 etc42 aft] :i* ! log 0 set on ! fire4 ,! *>coal ( ! burnt wood 0 kept ! :ole ye>1 & us$ z an +r$i5t 9 sev]al rem$ies4#fdb ,fr5* sup]/itions z to ! ,yule log4 ,among/ ! sup]/itions d5\nc$ by ! same writ] is ! belief t a log call$ ! trefoir or ,*ri/mas br&1 :i* y put on ! fire = ! fir/ "t on ,*ri/mas ,eve & cont9ue to put on ! fire = a little :ile e day till ,twelf? ,night1 c1 if kept "u ! b$1 protect ! h\se = a :ole ye> f fire & ?und]2 t x c prev5t ! inmates f hav+ *ilbla9s on _! heels 9 w9t]2 t x c cure ! cattle ( _m maladies2 t if a piece ( x be /eep$ 9 ! wat] :i* c[s dr9k x helps !m to calve2 & la/ly t if ! a%es ( ! log be /rewn on ! fields x c save ! :eat f mildew4#fdc ,! ,yule log at ,m>seilles & 9 ,p]igord2 virtues ascrib$ to ! *>coal & a%es ( ! burnt log2 ! ,yule log 9 ,b]ry4 ,9 ,m>seilles ! ,yule log us$ to be a great block ( oak1 :i* w5t by ! "n ( cal5deau or calignau2 x 0 spr9kl$ ) w9e & oil1 & ! head ( ! h\se k9dl$ x himself4#fdd ,! ,yule log plays a great "p at ! fe/ival ( ! w9t] sol/ice 9 ,p]igord4 ,! c\ntryman ?9ks t x is be/ made ( plum-tree1 *]ry1 or oak1 & t ! l>g] x is ! bett]4 ,if x burns well1 x is a good om51 ! bless+ ( heav5 re/s ^u x4 ,! *>coal & a%es1 :i* are collect$ v c>efully1 are excell5t = heal+ swoll5 gl&s2 ! "p ( ! trunk :i* has n be5 burnt 9 ! fire is us$ by pl\ghm5 to make ! w$ge 7tco9 ou cale7 = _! pl\gh1 because !y allege t x causes ! se$s to ?rive bett]2 & ! wom5 keep pieces ( x till ,twelf? ,night = ! sake ( _! *ick5s4 ,nev]!less if y sit d[n on ! log1 y become subject to boils1 & to cure y\rself ( !m y mu/ pass n9e times "u a bramble bran* :i* happ5s to be root$ 9 ! gr\nd at bo? ends4 ,! *>coal heals %eep ( a disease call$ ! g\mon2 & ! a%es1 c>efully wrapt up 9 :ite l951 pres]ve ! :ole h\sehold f accid5ts4 ,"s p ?9k t !y w h z _m *ick5s z !re are sp>ks t fly out ( ! br&s ( ! log :5 !y %ake !m2 & o!rs place ! ext9ct br&s "u ! b$ to drive away v]m94 ,9 ,vi5ne1 on ,*ri/mas ,eve1 :5 supp] is ov]1 ! ma/] ( ! h\se has a great log--! ,*ri/mas br&--br\ght 91 & !n1 surr\nd$ by all ! spectators ga!r$ 9 pr(\nd sil5ce1 he spr9kles salt & wat] on ! log4 ,x is !n put on ! fire to burn dur+ ! ?ree fe/ivals2 b !y c>efully pres]ve a piece to be k9dl$ e "t t x ?und]s4#fde ,9 ,b]ry1 a di/rict ( ,c5tral ,france1 ! ,yule log 0 call$ ! cosse de ,nau1 ! la/ ^w be+ an abbreviation ( ! usual ,fr5* ^w = ,*ri/mas 7,nol74 ,x consi/$ ( an enorm\s tree-trunk1 s heavy t ! unit$ /r5g? ( sev]al m5 0 ne$$ to c>ry x 9 & place x on ! he>?1 :]e x s]v$ to fe$ ! fire dur+ ! ?ree days ( ! ,*ri/mas fe/ivity4 ,/rictly speak+1 x %\ld be ! trunk ( an old oak-tree :i* _h nev] be5 lopp$ & _h be5 fell$ at midnight4 ,x 0 plac$ on ! he>? at ! mom5t :5 ! t9kle ( ! bell ann\nc$ ! elevation ( ! ho/ at ! midnight mass2 & ! head ( ! family1 aft] spr9kl+ x ) holy wat]1 set x on fire4 ,! rema9s ( ! log 7 pres]v$ till ! same day next ye>4 ,!y 7 kept "u ! b$ ( ! ma/] ( ! h\se2 & :5ev] ?und] 0 he>d1 "o ( ! family w\ld take a piece ( ! log & ?r[ x on ! fire1 :i* 0 believ$ to gu>d ! family aga9/ lightn+4 ,9 ! ,middle ,ages1 we are told1 sev]al fiefs 7 grant$ on condition t ! vassal %\ld br+ 9 p]son a ,yule log e ye> = ! he>? ( 8 liege "l4#fdf ,! ,yule log 9 ,norm&y & ,brittany4 ,simil> cu/oms & beliefs surviv$ till rec5t ye>s 9 "s ( ! remote c\ntry villages ( ! picturesque di/rict kn[n z ! ,bocage ( ,norm&y4 ,!re x 0 ! gr&fa!r or o!r olde/ man ( ! family :o *ose ! ,yule log 9 good "t & _h x ready = ,*ri/mas ,eve4 ,!n he plac$ x on ! he>? at ! mom5t :5 ! *ur* bell began to r+ = ! ev5+ s]vice4 ,kneel+ rev]5tly at ! he>? ) ! memb]s ( 8 family 9 a l attitude ( devotion1 ! old man recit$ ?ree ,pat] ,no/]s & ?ree ,aves1 & invok$ ! bless+ ( heav5 on ! log & on ! cottage4 ,!n at ! s\nd ( ! bell :i* proclaim$ ! sacram5t ( ! mass1 or1 if ! *ur* 0 too f> (f to all[ ! t9kle ( ! bell to be he>d1 at ! mom5t :5 !y judg$ t ! prie/ 0 elevat+ ! ho/ be=e ! high alt>1 ! patri>* spr9kl$ ! burn+ log ) holy wat]1 bless$ x 9 ! "n ( ! ,fa!r & ( ! ,son & ( ! ,holy ,gho/1 & drew x out ( ! fire4 ,! *>r$ log 0 !n c>efully kept till ! foll[+ ,*ri/mas z a preci\s relic :i* w\ld gu>d ! h\se aga9/ ! lev9 bolt1 evil spirits1 sorc]]s1 & e mis=tune t might befall 9 ! c\rse ( ! ye>4#fdg ,9 ! dep>tm5t ( ,orne ! ,yule-log is call$ tref\et2 holy wat] is p\r$ on x2 x %\ld la/ ! ?ree days ( ! fe/ival1 & ! rema9s ( x are kept to be put on ! fire :5 x ?und]s4 ,?is br& is a protection bo? aga9/ ?und] & aga9/ sorc]]s4#fdh ,9 ,upp] ,brittany1 also1 ! ,yule log is ?\ght to be a safegu>d aga9/ ?und] & lightn+4 ,x is spr9kl$ ) holy wat] on ,*ri/mas morn+ & all[$ to burn till ev5+4 ,if a piece ( x is ?r[n into ! well1 x w ensure a supply ( good wat]4#fdi ,! ,yule log 9 ! ,ard5nes4 ,9 almo/ all ! families ( ! ,ard5nes1 we are told1 at ! pres5t day !y nev] fail to put ! ,yule log on ! fireplace1 b =m]ly x 0 ! object ( a sup]/iti\s wor%ip :i* is n[ obsolete4 ,! *>r$ rema9s ( x1 plac$ "u ! pill[ or "u ! h\se1 pres]v$ ! h\se f /orms1 & be=e x 0 burn$ ! ,virg9 us$ to come & sit on x1 invisible1 swaddl+ ! infant ,jesus4 ,at ,n\zon1 tw5ty ye>s ago1 ! traditional log 0 br\ght into ! kit*5 on ,*ri/mas ,eve1 & ! gr&mo!r1 ) a sprig ( box 9 h] h&1 spr9kl$ ! log ) holy wat] z soon z ! clock /ruck ! fir/ /roke ( midnight4 ,z %e did s %e *ant$1 ',:5 ,*ri/mas comes1 ,e "o %\ld rejoice1 ,= x is a ,new ,cov5ant4' ,foll[+ ! gr&mo!r & jo9+ 9 ! song1 ! *ildr5 & ! re/ ( ! family m>*$ ?rice r\nd ! log1 :i* 0 z f9e a log z c\ld be got4#fej ,we c n[1 p]haps1 und]/& :y 9 ,p]igord p :o sat on ! ,yule log suff]$ f boils1#fea & :y 9 ,lorra9e "y folks us$ to be w>n$ t if !y sat on x !y w\ld h ! scab4#feb ,! reason probably 0 t ! ,virg9 & *ild 7 suppos$ to be seat$1 invisible1 ^u ! log & to res5t ! indignity ( contact ) mortal *ildr54 ,! ,yule log 9 ! ,vosges2 ! ,yule log 9 ,fran*e-,comt & ,burgundy4 ,on ,*ri/mas ,eve ! m\nta9e]s ( ,rupt1 9 ! ,vosges1 also nev] fail to put on ! he>? ! l>ge/ log :i* ! he>? c hold2 !y call x la galeu*e de ,no1 t is1 ! ,yule log4 ,next morn+ !y rake ! a%es = any *>r$ fragm5ts & keep !m z valuable talismans to gu>d !m aga9/ ! /roke ( lightn+4 ,at ,vagney & o!r places ne> x 9 ! ,vosges x us$ to be cu/om>y on ! same ev5+ to grease ! h+es & ! lat*es ( ! doors1 t no h>% grat+ s\nd %\ld break ! slumb]s ( ! infant ,*ri/4 ,9 ! ,vosges ,m\nta9s1 too1 z inde$ 9 _m o!r places1 cattle acquir$ ! gift ( spee* on ,*ri/mas ,eve & conv]s$ ) ea* o!r 9 ! language ( ,*ri/ians4 ,_! conv]sation 01 inde$1 mo/ in/ructive2 = ! future1 x seems1 _h no secret wor? m5tion+ = !m4 ,yet few p c>$ to be caught eavesdropp+ at ! byre2 wise folk cont5t$ !mselves ) sett+ a good /ore ( fodd] 9 ! mang]1 !n %ut ! door1 & left ! animals to _! rum9ations4 ,a f>m] ( ,vec\x once hid 9 a corn] ( ! byre to ov]he> ! edify+ talk ( ! bea/s4 ,b x did him little good2 = "o ox said to ano!r ox1 ,:at %all we d to-morr[8 & ! o!r repli$1 ,we %all c>ry our ma/] to ! *ur*y>d4 ,sure en\gh ! f>m] di$ t v night & 0 buri$ next morn+4#fec ,9 ,fran*e-,comt1 ! prov9ce ( ,france to ! we/ ( ! ,jura m\nta9s1 if ! ,yule log is really to protect a h\se aga9/ ?und] & lightn+1 x is ess5tial t x %\ld burn dur+ ! midnight mass1 & t ! flame %\ld n g out be=e ! div9e s]vice is conclud$4 ,o!rwise ! log is q useless = ! purpose4#fed ,9 ,burgundy ! log :i* is plac$ on ! fire on ,*ri/mas ,eve is call$ ! su*e4 ,:ile x is burn+1 ! fa!r ( ! family1 assi/$ by 8 wife & *ildr51 s+s ,*ri/mas c>ols2 & :5 he has f9i%$1 he tells ! smalle/ *ildr5 to g into a corn] ( ! room & pray ,god t ! log may give !m sweeties4 ,! pray] is inv>iably answ]$4#fee ,! ,yule log & ! ,yule c&le 9 ,engl&4 ,9 ,engl& ! cu/oms & beliefs conc]n+ ! ,yule log1 clog1 or block1 z x 0 v>i\sly call$1 us$ to be simil>4 ,on ! night ( ,*ri/mas ,eve1 says ! antiqu>y ,john ,br&1 our ance/ors 7 wont to light up c&les ( an uncommon size1 call$ ,*ri/mas ,c&les1 & lay a log ( wood ^u ! fire1 call$ a ,yule-clog or ,*ri/mas-block1 to illum9ate ! h\se1 &1 z x 71 to turn night into day4 ,?is cu/om is1 9 "s measure1 /ill kept up 9 ! ,nor? ( ,engl&4 ,9 ! butt]y ( ,/4 ,john's ,college1 ,ox=d1 an anci5t c&le-socket ( /one /ill rema9s ornam5t$ ) ! figure ( ! ,holy ,lamb4 ,x 0 =m]ly us$ to burn ! ,*ri/mas ,c&le 91 on ! high table at supp]1 dur+ ! twelve nights ( t fe/ival4#fef ,a tall m\ld c&le1 call$ a ,yule c&le1 is light$ & set on ! table2 ^! c&les are pres5t$ by ! *&l]s & groc]s to _! cu/om]s4 ,! ,yule-log is b\ght ( ! c>p5t]s' lads4 ,x w\ld be unlucky to light ei!r ( !m be=e ! "t1 or to /ir ! fire or c&le dur+ ! supp]2 ! c&le mu/ n be snuff$1 nei!r mu/ any "o /ir f ! table till supp] is end$4 ,9 ^! supp]s x is consid]$ unlucky to h an odd numb] at table4 ,a fragm5t ( ! log is occasionally sav$1 & put "u a b$1 to rema9 till next ,*ri/mas3 x secures ! h\se f fire2 a small piece ( x ?r[n into a fire occurr+ at ! h\se ( a neighb\r1 w quell ! rag+ flame4 ,a piece ( ! c&le %\ld likewise be kept to ensure good luck4#feg ,9 ! sev5te5? c5tury1 z we le>n f "s v]ses ( ,h]rick1 ! ,engli% cu/om 0 to light ! ,yule log ) a fragm5t ( its pr$ecessor1 :i* _h be5 kept ?r\gh\t ! ye> = ! purpose2 :]e x 0 s kept1 ! fi5d c\ld d no mis*ief4#feh ,inde$ ! practice ( pres]v+ a piece ( ! ,yule-log ( "o ye> to light t ( ! next 0 obs]v$ by at lea/ "o family at ,*eadle 9 ,/af=d%ire d[n to ! latt] "p ( ! n9ete5? c5tury4#fei ,! ,yule-log 9 ,york%ire2 ! ,yule log 9 ,l9coln%ire2 ! ,yule log 9 ,w>wick%ire1 ,%rop%ire1 & ,h]e=d%ire2 ! ,yule log 9 ,wales4 ,9 ! ,nor? ( ,engl& f>m-s]vants us$ to lay by a l>ge knotty block ( wood = ! ,*ri/mas fire1 & s long z ! block la/$ !y 7 entitl$ by cu/om to ale at _! meals4 ,! log 0 z l>ge z ! he>? c\ld hold4#ffj ,at ,bel=d1 9 ,nor?umb]l&1 ! "l ( ! manor s5ds r\nd to e h\se1 on ! aft]noon ( ,*ri/mas ,eve1 ! ,yule ,logs--f\r or five l>ge logs--to be burnt on ,*ri/mas ,eve & ,day4 ,?is old cu/om has always1 ,i am told1 be5 kept up "h4#ffa ,! cu/om ( burn+ ! ,yule log at ,*ri/mas us$ to be obs]v$ 9 ,w5sleydale & o!r p>ts ( ,york%ire1 & prud5t h\sewives c>efully pres]v$ pieces ( ! log ?r\gh\t ! ye>4 ,at ,:itby ! portions s kept 7 /[$ away "u ! b$ till next ,*ri/mas1 :5 !y 7 burnt ) ! new log2 9 ! int]val !y 7 believ$ to protect ! h\se f conflagration1 & if "o ( !m 7 ?r[n into ! fire1 x w\ld quell a rag+ /orm4#ffb ,! practice & ! belief 7 simil> at ,filey on ! coa/ ( ,york%ire1 :]e besides ! ,yule log a tall ,yule c&le 0 lit on ! same ev5+4#ffc ,9 ! ,we/ ,rid+1 :ile ! log blaz$ *e]fully1 ! p quaff$ _! ale & sang1 ,yule6 ,yule6 a pack ( new c>ds & a ,*ri/mas /ool6#ffd ,at ,clee1 9 ,l9coln%ire1 :5 ,*ri/mas ,eve has come ! ,yule cake is duly cut & ! ,yule log lit1 & ,i "k ( "s ev5 middle-class h\ses :]e ! new log mu/ always re/ ^u & be light$ by ! old "o1 a small portion ( :i* has be5 c>efully /or$ away to pres]ve a cont9uity ( light & heat4#ffe ,at ! village ( ,wootton ,waw5 9 ,w>wick%ire1 d[n to #agei at lea/1 ! ,yule-block1 z x 0 call$1 0 drawn into ! h\se by a horse on ,*ri/mas ,eve z a f\ndation = ! fire on ,*ri/mas ,day1 & accord+ to ! sup]/ition ( ^? times = ! twelve days foll[+1 z ! said block 0 n to be entirely r$uc$ to a%es till t "t _h pass$ by4#fff ,z late z #ahcj1 or !reab\t1 ! sc5e ( light+ ! he>?-fire on ,*ri/mas ,eve1 to cont9ue burn+ ?r\gh\t ! ,*ri/mas season1 might h be5 witness$ 9 ! seclud$ & beautiful hill-c\ntry ( ,we/ ,%rop%ire1 f ,*irbury & ,wor!n to ,pulv]bat* & ,pontesbury4 ,! ,*ri/mas br& or brund1 z !y call$ x1 0 a great trunk ( season$ oak1 holly1 yew1 or crab-tree1 drawn by horses to ! f>m-h\se door & !nce roll$ by means ( roll]s & lev]s to ! back ( ! wide op5 he>?1 :]e ! fire 0 made up 9 front ( x4 ,! emb]s 7 rak$ up to x e night1 & x 0 c>efully t5d$1 t x might n g out dur+ ! :ole ,*ri/mas season4 ,all ^? days no light might be /ruck1 giv51 or borr[$4 ,su* 0 ! cu/om at ,wor!n 9 ! e>ly "p ( ! n9ete5? c5tury4#ffg ,9 ,h]e=d%ire ! ,*ri/mas fea/ la/$ = twelve days1 & no "w 0 done4 ,all h\ses 71 & are n[1 decorat$ ) sprigs ( holly & ivy1 :i* mu/ n be br\ght 9 until ,*ri/mas ,eve4 ,a ,yule log1 z l>ge z ! op5 he>? c\ld accommodate1 0 br\ght into ! kit*5 ( ea* f>mh\se1 & small] ones 7 us$ 9 ! cottages4 ,w---- ,p---- said he _h se5 a tree drawn into ! kit*5 at ,k+/one ,grange ye>s ago by two c>t horses2 :5 x _h be5 consum$ a small portion 0 c>efully kept to be us$ = light+ next ye>'s log4 ',"m always kept x v c>efully2 %e said x 0 lucky1 & kept ! h\se f fire & f lightn+4' ,x seems to h be5 ! g5]al practice to light x on ,*ri/mas ,eve4#ffh ,9 _m p>ts ( ,wales x is /ill cu/om>y to keep "p ( ! ,yule-log until ! foll[+ ,*ri/mas ,eve '= luck4' ,x is !n put into ! fireplace & burnt1 b be=e x is consum$ ! new log is put on1 & ?us '! old fire & ! new' burn toge!r4 ,9 "s families ?is is done f =ce ( habit1 & !y _c n[ tell :y !y d x2 b 9 ! pa/ ! obs]vance ( ?is cu/om 0 to keep wit*es away1 & d\btless 0 a survival ( fire-wor%ip4#ffi ,! ,yule log 9 ,s]via2 ! cutt+ ( ! oak tree to =m ! ,yule log4 ,b n[h]e1 app>5tly1 9 ,europe is ! old hea!n ritual ( ! ,yule log pres]v$ to ! pres5t day m p]fectly ?an 9 ,s]via4 ,at e>ly dawn on ,*ri/mas ,eve 7,badnyi ,dan7 e peasant h\se s5ds two ( its /ronge/ "y m5 to ! ne>e/ =e/ to cut d[n a "y oak tree & br+ x home4 ,!re1 aft] (f]+ up a %ort pray] or cross+ !mselves ?rice1 !y ?r[ a h&ful ( :eat on ! *os5 oak & greet x ) ! words1 ,happy ,badnyi day to y6 ,!n !y cut x d[n1 tak+ c>e t x %all fall t[>ds ! ea/ at ! mom5t :5 ! sun's orb appe>s ov] ! rim ( ! ea/]n horizon4 ,%\ld ! tree fall t[>ds ! we/1 x w\ld be ! wor/ possible om5 = ! h\se & its inmates 9 ! ensu+ ye>2 & x is also an evil om5 if ! tree %\ld be caught & /opp$ 9 its fall by ano!r tree4 ,x is important to keep & c>ry home ! fir/ *ip f ! fall5 oak4 ,! trunk is sawn into two or ?ree logs1 "o ( !m r long] ?an ! o!rs4 ,a flat1 unleav5$ cake ( ! pure/ :eat5 fl\r is br\ght out ( ! h\se & brok5 on ! l>g] ( ! logs by a woman4 ,! logs are left = ! pres5t to /& outside1 lean+ on "o ( ! walls ( ! h\se4 ,ea* ( !m is call$ a ,yule log 7badnyak74 ,pray]s to ,coll$a4 ,mean:ile ! *ildr5 & "y p g f h\se to h\se s++ special songs call$ ,coll$a because ( an old pagan div9ity ,coll$a1 :o is invok$ 9 e l9e4 ,9 "o ( !m %e is spok5 ( z a beautiful little maid2 9 ano!r %e is implor$ to make ! c[s yield milk abundantly4 ,! day is sp5t 9 busy prep>ations4 ,! wom5 bake little cakes ( a special sort 9 ! %ape ( lambs1 pigs1 & *ick5s2 ! m5 make ready a pig = roa/+1 = 9 e ,s]vian h\se roa/ pig is ! pr9cipal di% at ,*ri/mas4 ,a bundle ( /raw1 ti$ ) a rope1 is br\ght into ! c\rty>d & left to /& !re ne> ! ,yule logs4 ,! br++ 9 ( ! ,yule log4 ,at ! mom5t :5 ! sun is sett+ all ! memb]s ( ! family assemble 9 ! c5tral hall 7! great family kit*57 ( ! pr9cipal h\se4 ,! "m ( ! family 7or ! wife ( ! *ief ( ! ,zadrooga7#fgj gives a pair ( wooll5 gloves to "o ( ! "y m51 :o goes out & pres5tly returns c>ry+ 9 8 glov$ h&s ! l>ge/ ( ! logs4 ,! "m receives him at ! ?re%old1 ?r[+ at him a h&ful ( :eat1 9 :i* ! fir/ *ip ( ! oak tree cut 9 ! e>ly morn+ = ! ,yule log has be5 kept all day4 ,ent]+ ! c5tral hall ) ! ,yule log ! "y man greets all pres5t ) ! words3 ,good ev5+1 & may y h a happy ,*ri/mas6 & !y all answ] 9 *orus1 ,may ,god & ! happy & holy ,*ri/mas help !e6 ,9 "s p>ts ( ,s]via ! *ief ( ! family1 hold+ a glass ( r$ w9e 9 8 h&1 greets ! ,yule log z if x 7 a liv+ p]son1 & dr9ks to its heal?4 ,aft] t1 ano!r glass ( r$ w9e is p\r$ on ! log4 ,!n ! olde/ male memb] ( ! family1 assi/$ by ! "y man :o br\ght 9 ! log1 places x on ! burn+ fire s t ! ?ick] end ( ! log protrudes = ab\t a foot f ! he>?4 ,9 "s places ?is end is sme>$ ) honey4 ,! c]emony ) ! /raw2 ! ,yule c&le4 ,next ! "m ( ! family br+s 9 ! bundle ( /raw :i* 0 left /&+ outside4 ,all ! "y *ildr5 arrange !mselves beh9d h] 9 a r[4 ,%e !n walks sl[ly r\nd ! hall & ! adjo9+ rooms1 ?r[+ h&fuls ( /raw on ! floor & imitat+ ! cackl+ ( a h51 :ile all ! *ildr5 foll[ h] peep+ ) _! lips z if !y 7 *ick5s *eep+ & waddl+ aft] ! "m bird4 ,:5 ! floor is well /rewn ) /raw1 ! fa!r or ! elde/ memb] ( ! family ?r[s a few walnuts 9 e corn] ( ! hall1 pron\nc+ ! words3 ,9 ! "n ( ,god ! ,fa!r1 & ! ,son1 & ! ,holy ,gho/1 ,am56 ,a l>ge pot1 or a small wood5 box1 fill$ ) :eat is plac$ high 9 ! ea/ corn] ( ! hall1 & a tall c&le ( yell[ wax is /uck 9 ! middle ( ! :eat4 ,!n ! fa!r ( ! family rev]5tly lights ! c&le & prays ,god to bless ! family ) heal? & happ9ess1 ! fields ) a good h>ve/1 ! beehives ) pl5ty ( honey1 ! cattle & %eep ) "y1 & ! c[s ) abundant milk & ri* cream4 ,aft] t !y all sit d[n to supp]1 squatt+ on ! floor1 = ! use ( *airs & tables is =bidd5 on ?is occasion4 ,! roa/ ,pig2 ! draw+ ( ! wat]4 ,by f\r o'clock next morn+ 7,*ri/mas ,day7 ! :ole village is a/ir2 inde$ mo/ p d n sleep at all t night4 ,x is deem$ mo/ important to keep ! ,yule log burn+ brightly all night long4 ,v e>ly1 too1 ! pig is laid on ! fire to roa/1 & at ! same mom5t "o ( ! family goes out into ! y>d & fires a pi/ol or gun2 & :5 ! roa/ pig is remov$ f ! fire ! %ot is repeat$4 ,h5ce = sev]al h\rs 9 ! e>ly morn+ ( ,*ri/mas ,day su* a popp+ & bang+ ( fire>ms goes on t a /rang] might ?9k a /ubborn skirmi% 0 9 progress4 ,j be=e ! sun rises a girl goes & draws wat] at ! village spr+ or at ! brook4 ,be=e %e fills h] vessels1 %e wi%es ! wat] a happy ,*ri/mas & ?r[s a h&ful ( :eat into x4 ,! fir/ cupfuls ( wat] %e br+s home are us$ to bake a special ,*ri/mas cake 7*esnitsa71 ( :i* all ! memb]s p>take at d9n]1 & portions are kept = abs5t relatives4 ,a small silv] co9 is bak$ 9 ! cake1 & he or %e :o gets x w be lucky dur+ ! ye>4 ,! ,*ri/mas visit] 7polaznik74 ,all ! family ga!r$ r\nd ! blaz+ ,yule log n[ anxi\sly expect ! arrival ( ! special ,*ri/mas visit]1 :o be>s ! title ( polaznik4 ,he is usually a "y boy ( a fri5dly family4 ,no o!r p]son1 n ev5 ! prie/ or ! mayor ( ! village1 w\ld be all[$ to set foot 9 ! h\se be=e ! arrival ( ?is important p]sonage4 ,!re=e he ought to come1 & g5]ally does come1 v e>ly 9 ! morn+4 ,he c>ries a wooll5 glove full ( :eat1 & :5 ! door is op5$ at 8 knock he ?r[s h&fuls ( :eat on ! family ga!r$ r\nd ! he>?1 greet+ !m ) ! words1 ,*ri/ is born6 ,!y all answ]1 ,he is born inde$1 & ! ho/ess fl+s a h&ful ( :eat ov] ! ,*ri/mas visit]1 :o moreov] ca/s "s ( 8 :eat into ! corn]s ( ! hall z well z ^u ! p4 ,!n he walks /raight to ! he>?1 takes a %ovel & /rikes ! burn+ log s t a cl\d ( sp>ks flies up ! *imney1 :ile he says1 ,may y h ?is ye> s _m ox51 s _m horses1 s _m %eep1 s _m pigs1 s _m beehives full ( honey1 s mu* good luck1 prosp]ity1 progress1 & happ9ess6 ,hav+ utt]$ ^! good wi%es1 he embraces & kisses 8 ho/4 ,!n he turns aga9 to ! he>?1 & aft] cross+ himself falls on 8 knees & kisses ! project+ "p ( ! ,yule log4 ,on ris+ to 8 feet he places a co9 on ! log z 8 gift4 ,mean:ile a l[ wood5 *air has be5 br\ght 9 by a woman1 & ! visit] is l$ to x to take 8 seat4 ,b j z he is ab\t to d s1 ! *air is j]k$ away f "u him by a male memb] ( ! family & he measures 8 l5g? on ! floor4 ,by ?is fall he is suppos$ to fix into ! gr\nd all ! good wi%es :i* he has utt]$ t morn+4 ,! ho/ess !reupon wraps him 9 a ?ick blanket1 & he sits quietly muffl$ 9 x = a few m9utes2 ! ?ick blanket 9 :i* he is swa!d is believ$1 on ! pr9ciples ( homoeopa?ic magic1 to ensure t ! c[s w give ?ick cream next ye>4 ,:ile he sits ?us enri*+ ! milk ( ! dairy1 ! lads :o are to h]d ! %eep 9 ! com+ ye> g to ! he>? & kneel+ d[n be=e x kiss ea* o!r across ! project+ end ( ! ,yule log4 ,by ?is demon/ration ( affection !y are ?\ght to seal ! love ( ! ewes = _! lambs4#fga ,! ,yule log among ! ,s]vians ( ,slavonia2 ! ,*ri/mas visit] 7polaz5ik74 ,! ritual ( ! ,yule log is obs]v$ 9 a simil> =m by ! ,s]vians :o inhabit ! s\!rn prov9ces ( ,au/ria4 ,?us 9 ,syrmia1 a di/rict ( ,slavonia :i* bord]s on ,s]via1 ! head ( ! h\se s5ds out "o or two "y m5 on ,*ri/mas ,eve to cut ! ,yule log 9 ! ne>e/ =e/4 ,on be+ br\ght 91 ! log is n mix$ ) ! ord9>y fuel b plac$ by itself1 g5]ally lean+ aga9/ a fruit-tree till ! ev5+ %ad[s beg9 to fall4 ,:5 a man c>ries x into ! kit*5 & lays x on ! fire1 ! ma/] ( ! h\se ?r[s corn ov] him1 & ! two greet ea* o!r solemnly ! "o say+1 ,*ri/ is born1 & ! o!r answ]+ ,he is born inde$4 ,lat] 9 ! ev5+ ! ma/] ( ! h\se p\rs a glass ( w9e on ! *>r$ end ( ! log1 :]eupon "o ( ! y\ng] m5 takes ! burnt piece ( wood1 c>ries x to ! or*>d1 & sets x up aga9/ "o ( ! fruit-trees4 ,= ?is s]vice he is rew>d$ by ! ma/] ( ! h\se ) a piece ( money4 ,on ,*ri/mas ,day1 :5 ! family is assembl$ at table1 !y expect ! arrival ( ! special ,*ri/mas visit] 7call$ polaz5ik71 ! only p]son :o is all[$ to ent] ! h\se t day4 ,:5 he comes1 he goes to ! he>?1 /irs ! fire ) ! pok] & says1 ,*ri/ is born4 ,may ! family enjoy all good luck & happ9ess 9 ?is ye>6 ,may ! cattle increase 9 numb] l ! sp>ks ,i h /ruck6 ,z he says ^! words1 ! mi/ress ( ! h\se p\rs corn ov] him & leads him to ! p>l\r1 :]e he takes ! place ( hon\r beside ! ma/] ( ! h\se4 ,he is treat$ ) m>k$ att5tion & respect4 ,! family are at pa9s to ent]ta9 him2 !y s+ _! be/ songs = 8 amusem5t1 & aft] midnight a num]\s b& ( m5 & maid5s escorts him by tor*light1 ) songs & jubilation1 to 8 own h\se4#fgb ,! ,yule log among ! ,s]vians ( ,dalmatia1 ,h]zegov9a1 & ,mont5egro2 ! ,yule log 9 ,albania4 ,among ! ,s]vians ( ,dalmatia1 ,h]zegov9a1 & ,mont5egro x is cu/om>y on ,*ri/mas ,eve 7,badnyi ,dan7 to fet* a great ,yule log 7badnyak71 :i* s]ves z a symbol ( family luck4 ,x is g5]ally cut f an ev]gre5 oak1 b sometimes f an olive-tree or a bee*4 ,at nightfall ! ma/] ( ! h\se himself br+s 9 ! log & lays x on ! fire4 ,!n he & all pres5t b>e _! heads1 spr9kle ! log ) w9e1 & make a cross on x4 ,aft] t ! ma/] ( ! h\se says1 ,welcome1 ,o log6 ,may ,god keep y f mi%ap6 ,s say+ he /rews peas1 maize1 rais9s1 & :eat on ! log1 pray+ = ,god's bless+ on all memb]s ( ! family liv+ & dead1 = heav5's bless+ on _! und]tak+s1 & = dome/ic prosp]ity4 ,9 ,mont5egro !y meet ! log ) a loaf ( bread & a jug ( w9e1 dr9k to x1 & p\r w9e on x1 :]eupon ! :ole family dr9ks out ( ! same beak]4 ,9 ,dalmatia & o!r places1 = example 9 ,rizano1 ! ,yule logs are deck$ by "y wom5 ) r$ silk1 fl[]s1 laurel leaves1 ribbons1 & ev5 gold wire2 & ! lights ne> ! doorpo/s are k9dl$ :5 ! log is br\ght into ! h\se4 ,among ! ,morlaks1 z soon z ! ma/] ( ! h\se crosses ! ?re%old ) ! ,yule log1 "o ( ! family mu/ spr9kle corn on him & say1 ,god bless y1 to :i* he answ]s1 ,! same to y4 ,a piece ( ! log is kept till ,new ,ye>'s ,day to k9dle a light ) or x is c>ri$ out to ! fields to protect !m f hail4 ,x is cu/om>y to invite be=e h& a ,*ri/mas visitor 7polazaynik7 & to admit no "o else into ! h\se on t day4 ,he comes e>ly1 c>ry+ 9 8 sleeves a quantity ( corn :i* he ?r[s into ! h\se1 say+1 ,*ri/ is born4 ,"o ( ! h\sehold replies1 ,he is born inde$1 & ?r[s corn on ! visit]4 ,!n ! newcom] goes up to ! he>?1 pokes ! fire & /rikes ! burn+ log ) ! pok] s h>d t sp>ks fly (f 9 all directions4 ,at ea* bl[ he says1 ,i wi% ! family z _m c[s1 calves1 suck+ pigs1 goats1 & %eep1 & z _m /rokes ( good luck1 z ! sp>ks t n[ fly f ! log4 ,) ^! words he ?r[s "s small co9s into ! a%es4#fgc ,9 ,albania d[n to rec5t ye>s x 0 a common cu/om to burn a ,yule log at ,*ri/mas1 & ) x corn1 maize1 & beans2 moreov]1 w9e & rakia 7 p\r$ on ! flames1 & ! a%es ( ! fire 7 scatt]$ on ! fields to make !m f]tile4#fgd ,! ,huzuls1 a ,slavonic p ( ! ,c>pa?ians1 k9dle fire by ! friction ( wood on ,*ri/mas ,eve 7,old ,/yle1 ! fif? ( ,janu>y7 & keep x burn+ till ,twelf? ,night4#fge ,belief t ! ,yule log protects aga9/ fire & lightn+4 ,x is rem>kable h[ common ! belief appe>s to h be5 t ! rema9s ( ! ,yule-log1 if kept ?r\gh\t ! ye>1 _h p[] to protect ! h\se aga9/ fire & especially aga9/ lightn+4#fgf ,z ! ,yule log 0 frequ5tly ( oak1#fgg x seems possible t ?is belief may be a relic ( ! old ,aryan cre$ :i* associat$ ! oak-tree ) ! god ( ?und]4#fgh ,:e!r ! curative & f]tiliz+ virtues ascrib$ to ! a%es ( ! ,yule log1 :i* are suppos$ to heal cattle z well z m51 to enable c[s to calve1 & to promote ! fruitfulness ( ! e>?1#fgi may n be d]iv$ f ! same anci5t s\rce1 is a "q :i* des]ves to be consid]$4 ,public celebrations ( ! fire-fe/ival at ,midw9t]2 ! bonfire on ,*ri/mas ,eve at ,s*we9a 9 ,?ur+ia4 ,?us f> we h reg>d$ only ! private or dome/ic celebration ( ! fire-fe/ival at midw9t]4 ,! public celebration ( su* rites at t season ( ! ye> appe>s to h be5 r>e & exceptional 9 ,c5tral & ,nor!rn ,europe4 ,h[ev]1 "s in/ances are on record4 ,?us at ,s*we9a1 9 ,?ur+ia1 d[n to ! second half ( ! n9ete5? c5tury1 ! "y p us$ to k9dle a great bonfire on ! ,antonius ,m\nta9 e ye> on ,*ri/mas ,eve4 ,nei!r ! civil nor ! ecclesia/ical au?orities 7 able to suppress ! celebration2 nor c\ld ! cold1 ra91 & sn[ ( ! season damp or *ill ! en?usiasm ( ! celebrants4 ,= "s "t be=e ,*ri/mas ! "y m5 & boys 7 busy build+ a f\ndation = ! bonfire on ! top ( ! m\nta91 :]e ! olde/ *ur* ( ! village us$ to /&4 ,! f\ndation consi/$ ( a pyramidal /ructure compos$ ( /ones1 turf1 & moss4 ,:5 ,*ri/mas ,eve came r\nd1 a /rong pole1 ) bundles ( bru%wood ti$ to x1 0 erect$ on ! pyramid4 ,! "y folk also provid$ !mselves ) poles to :i* old brooms or faggots ( %av+s 7 atta*$4 ,^! 7 to s]ve z tor*es4 ,:5 ! ev5+ grew d>k & ! *ur* bells rang to s]vice1 ! troop ( lads asc5d$ ! m\nta92 & soon f ! top ! gl>e ( ! bonfire lit up ! d>kness1 & ! s\nd ( a hymn broke ! /illness ( night4 ,9 a circle r\nd ! great fire less] fires 7 k9dl$2 & la/ ( all ! lads ran ab\t sw++ _! light$ tor*es1 till ^! tw9kl+ po9ts ( fire1 mov+ d[n ! m\nta9-side1 w5t out "o by "o 9 ! d>kness4 ,at midnight ! bells rang out f ! *ur* t[]1 m+l$ ) ! bla/ ( horns & ! s\nd ( s++4 ,fea/+ & revelry 7 kept up ?r\gh\t ! night1 & 9 ! morn+ "y & old w5t to e>ly mass to be edifi$ by he>+ ( ! light et]nal4#fhj ,bonfires on ,*ri/mas ,eve 9 ,norm&y4 ,9 ! ,bocage ( ,norm&y ! peasants us$ to repair1 (t5 f a di/ance ( miles1 to ! *ur*es to he> ! midnight mass on ,*ri/mas ,eve4 ,!y m>*$ 9 procession by tor*light1 *ant+ ,*ri/mas c>ols1 & ! fitful illum9ation ( ! woods1 ! h$ges1 & ! fields z !y mov$ ?r\gh ! d>kness1 pres5t$ a succession ( picturesque sc5es4 ,m5tion is also made ( bonfires k9dl$ on ! heights2 ! cu/om is said to h be5 obs]v$ at ,a?is ne> ,cond d[n to rec5t ye>s4#fha ,bonfires on ,/4 ,?omas's ,day 9 ! ,isle ( ,man2 ! ,burn+ ( ! ,clavie at ,burghead on ! la/ day ( ,decemb]2 ! old ramp>t at ,burghead ,9 ! ,isle ( ,man1 on ! tw5ty-fir/ ( ,decemb]1 a day d$icat$ to ,sa9t ,?omas1 ! p w5t to ! m\nta9s to cat* de] & %eep = ,*ri/mas1 & 9 ! ev5+s always k9dl$ a l>ge fire on ! top ( e f+an or cliff4 ,h5ce1 at ! "t ( ca/+ peats1 e "o laid aside a l>ge "o1 say+1 ',faaid moo> moayney son oie'l f+an'2 t is1 'a l>ge turf = ,f+an ,eve4'#fhb ,at ,burghead1 an anci5t village on ! s\!rn %ore ( ! ,moray ,fir?1 ab\t n9e miles f ! t[n ( ,elg91 a fe/ival ( fire call$ ! ,burn+ ( ! ,clavie has be5 celebrat$ f "t immemorial on ,hogmanay1 ! la/ day ( ,decemb]4 ,a t>-b>rel is sawn 9 two1 "o half ( x is set on ! top ( a /\t pole1 & fill$ ) t> & o!r combu/ibles4 ,! half-b>rel is fa/5$ to ! pole by means ( a long nail1 :i* is made = ! purpose & furni%$ gratuit\sly by ! village blacksmi?4 ,! nail mu/ be knock$ 9 ) a /one2 ! use ( a hamm] is =bidd54 ,:5 ! %ades ( ev5+ h begun to fall1 ! ,clavie1 z x is call$1 is set on fire by means ( a burn+ peat1 :i* is always fet*$ f ! same h\se2 x may n be k9dl$ ) a mat*4 ,z soon z x is 9 a blaze1 x is %\ld]$ by a man1 :o proce$s to c>ry x at a run1 fl>+ & dripp+ melt$ t>1 r\nd ! old b\nd>ies ( ! village2 ! mod]n "p ( ! t[n is n includ$ 9 ! circuit4 ,close at 8 heels foll[s a motley cr[d1 *e]+ & %\t+4 ,"o be>] relieves ano!r z ea* we>ies ( 8 burd54 ,! fir/ to %\ld] ! ,clavie1 :i* is e/eem$ an hon\r1 is usually a man :o has be5 lately m>ri$4 ,%\ld ! be>] /umble or fall1 x is deem$ a v ill om5 = him & = ! village4 ,9 bygone times x 0 ?\ght necess>y t "o man %\ld c>ry x all r\nd ! village2 h5ce ! /ronge/ man 0 *os5 = ! purpose4 ,moreov] x 0 cu/om>y to c>ry ! burn+ ,clavie r\nd e fi%+-boat & vessel 9 ! h>b\r2 b ?is "p ( ! c]emony 0 aft]w>ds discont9u$4 ,f9ally1 ! blaz+ t>-b>rel is borne to a small hill call$ ! ,doorie1 :i* rises ne> ! nor!rn end ( ! promontory4 ,"h ! pole is fix$ into a socket 9 a pill> ( free/one1 & fre% fuel is heap$ ^u ! flames1 :i* fl>e up high] & bright] ?an ev]4 ,=m]ly ! ,clavie 0 all[$ to burn "h ! :ole night1 b n[1 aft] blaz+ = ab\t half an h\r1 x is lift$ f ! socket & ?r[n d[n ! we/]n slope ( ! hill4 ,!n ! cr[d ru%es ^u x1 demoli%es x1 & scrambles = ! burn+1 smok+ emb]s1 :i* !y c>ry home & c>efully pres]ve z *>ms to protect !m aga9/ wit*craft & mis=tune4#fhc ,! great antiquity ( ,burghead1 :]e ?is curi\s & no d\bt anci5t fe/ival is /ill annually obs]v$1 appe>s f ! rema9s ( a v rem>kable ramp>t :i* =m]ly encircl$ ! place4 ,x consi/s ( a m\nd ( e>? fac$ on bo? sides ) a solid wall ( /one & /r5g!n$ int]nally by oak beams & planks1 ! :ole be+ laid on a f\ndation ( b\ld]s4 ,! /yle ( ! ramp>t agrees 9 g5]al ) ,caes>'s description ( ! mode 9 :i* ! ,gauls con/ruct$ _! walls ( e>?1 /one1 & logs1#fhd & x resembles ! ru9s ( ,gallic =tifications :i* h be5 discov]$ 9 ,france1 ?\gh x is said to surpass !m 9 ! /r5g? & solidity ( its /ructure4 ,no simil> walls appe> to be kn[n 9 ,brita94 ,a great "p ( ?is int]e/+ prehi/oric =tress 0 b>b>\sly de/roy$ 9 ! e>ly "p ( ! n9ete5? c5tury1 mu* ( x be+ tumbl$ into ! sea & _m ( ! /ones us$ to build ! h>b\r pi]s4#fhe ,procession ) burn+ t>-b>rels on ,*ri/mas ,eve 7,old ,/yle7 at ,l]wick4 ,9 ,l]wick1 ! capital ( ! ,%etl& ,isl&s1 on ,*ri/mas ,eve1 ! f\r? ( ,janu>y1--= ! old /yle is /ill obs]v$--! *ildr5 g a guiz+1 t is to say1 !y disguis+ !mselves 9 ! mo/ fanta/ic & gaudy co/umes1 p>ade ! /reets1 & infe/ ! h\ses & %ops1 begg+ = ! :]e)al to c>ry on _! ,*ri/mas amusem5ts4 ,"o o'clock on ,yule morn+ hav+ /ruck1 ! "y m5 turn out 9 l>ge numb]s1 dress$ 9 ! co>se/ ( g>m5ts1 &1 at ! d\ble-quick m>*1 drag huge t> b>rels ?r\gh ! t[n1 %\t+ & *e]+ z !y g1 or bl[+ l\d bla/s ) _! 'l\d] horns4' ,! t> b>rel simply consi/s ( sev]al--say f f\r to eight--tubs fill$ ) t> & *ips1 plac$ on a plat=m ( wood4 ,x is dragg$ by means ( a *a91 to :i* scores ( jubilant y\?s readily yoke !mselves4 ,!y h rec5tly be5 describ$ by ! wor?y burgh (fic] ( ,l]wick z 'fi]y *>iots1 ! effect ( :i* is truly gr& & t]rific4' ,9 a ,*ri/mas morn+ ! d>k /reets ( ,l]wick are g5]ally light$ up by ! bright gl>e1 & its atmosph]e black5$ by ! d5se smoke ( six or eight t> b>rels 9 succession4 ,on ! appe>ance ( daybreak1 at six ,a4,m41 ! morn+ revell]s put (f _! co>se g>m5ts--well begrim$ by ?is "t--& 9 _! turn become guiz>ds4 ,!y assume e imag9able =m ( co/ume--^? ( soldi]s1 sailors1 ,highl&]s1 ,spani% *evali]s1 etc4 ,?us disguis$1 !y ei!r g 9 pairs1 z man & wife1 or 9 l>g] gr\ps1 & proce$ to call on _! fri5ds1 to wi% !m ! complim5ts ( ! season4 ,=m]ly1 ^! adolesc5t guiz>ds us$ to seat !mselves 9 crates1 & accompani$ by fiddl]s1 7 dragg$ ?r\gh ! t[n4#fhf ,p]sian fe/ival ( fire at ! w9t] sol/ice4 ,! ,p]sians us$ to celebrate a fe/ival ( fire call$ ,sada or ,saza at ! w9t] sol/ice4 ,on ! longe/ night ( ! ye> !y k9dl$ bonfires ev]y:]e1 & k+s & pr9ces ti$ dry grass to ! feet ( birds & animals1 set fire to ! grass1 & !n let ! birds & bea/s fly or run blaz+ ?r\gh ! air or ov] ! fields & m\nta9s1 s t ! :ole air & e>? appe>$ to be on fire4#fhg #h4 ,! ,ne$-fire ,european fe/ivals ( fire 9 seasons ( di/ress & calamity2 ! ne$-fire4 ,! fire-fe/ivals hi!rto describ$ are all celebrat$ p]iodically at c]ta9 /at$ times ( ! ye>4 ,b besides ^! regul>ly recurr+ celebrations ! peasants 9 _m p>ts ( ,europe h be5 wont f "t immemorial to resort to a ritual ( fire at irregul> int]vals 9 seasons ( di/ress & calamity1 above all :5 _! cattle 7 attack$ by epidemic disease4 ,no acc\nt ( ! popul> ,european fire-fe/ivals w\ld be complete )\t "s notice ( ^! rem>kable rites1 :i* h all ! great] claim on our att5tion because !y may p]haps be reg>d$ z ! s\rce & orig9 ( all ! o!r fire-fe/ivals2 c]ta9ly !y mu/ date f a v remote antiquity4 ,! g5]al "n by :i* !y are kn[n among ! ,teutonic peoples is ne$-fire4#fhh ,! ne$fire 9 ! ,middle ,ages2 ! ne$fire at ,neu/adt 9 #aeih4 ,! hi/ory ( ! ne$-fire c be trac$ back to e>ly ,middle ,ages2 = 9 ! reign ( ,pipp91 ,k+ ( ,franks1 ! practice ( k9dl+ ne$-fires 0 d5\nc$ z a hea!n sup]/ition by a synod ( prelates & nobles held "u ! presid5cy ( ,boniface1 ,ar*bi%op ( ,ma9z4#fhi ,n long aft]w>ds ! cu/om 0 aga9 =bidd51 along ) _m m relics ( expir+ paganism1 9 an ,index ( ,sup]/itions & ,hea!ni% ,obs]vances1 :i* has be5 usually ref]r$ to ! ye> #gdc ,a4,d41 ?\gh "s s*ol>s assign x a lat] date "u ! reign ( ,*>lemagne4#fij ,9 ,g]many ! ne$-fires w\ld seem to h be5 popul> d[n to ! second half ( ! n9ete5? c5tury4 ,?us 9 ! ye> #aeih1 :5 a fatal cattle-plague 0 rag+ at ,neu/adt1 ne> ,m>burg1 a wise man ( ! "n ( ,joh4 ,khl] induc$ ! au?orities ( ! t[n to adopt ! foll[+ rem$y4 ,a new waggon-:eel 0 tak5 & twirl$ r\nd an axle1 :i* _h nev] be5 us$ be=e1 until ! friction elicit$ fire4 ,) ?is fire a bonfire 0 next k9dl$ betwe5 ! gates ( ! t[n1 & all ! cattle 7 driv5 ?r\gh ! smoke & flames4 ,moreov]1 e h\sehold] _h to rek9dle ! fire on 8 he>? by means ( a light tak5 f ! bonfire4 ,/range to say1 ?is salut>y measure _h no effect :atev] 9 /ay+ ! cattle-plague1 & sev5 ye>s lat] ! sapi5t ,joh4 ,khl] himself 0 burnt z a wit*4 ,! f>m]s1 ^: pigs & c[s _h d]iv$ no b5efit f ! ne$-fire1 p]haps assi/$ z spectators at ! burn+1 &1 :ile !y %ook _! heads1 agre$ among !mselves t x s]v$ ,joh4 ,khl] p]fectly "r4#fia ,accord+ to a writ] :o publi%$ 8 book ab\t n9e ye>s aft]w>ds1 "s ( ! ,g]mans1 especially 9 ! ,wassgaw m\nta9s1 confid5tly believ$ t a cattle-plague c\ld be /ay$ by driv+ ! animals ?r\gh a ne$-fire :i* _h be5 k9dl$ by ! viol5t friction ( a pole on a quantity ( dry oak wood2 b x 0 a necess>y condition ( success t all fires 9 ! village %\ld previ\sly be ext+ui%$ ) wat]1 & any h\sehold] :o fail$ to put out 8 fire 0 heavily f9$4#fib ,me?od k9dl+ ! ne$ fire4 ,! me?od ( k9dl+ ! ne$-fire is describ$ z foll[s by a writ] t[>ds ! end ( ! sev5te5? c5tury3 ,:5 an evil plague has brok5 out among ! cattle1 l>ge & small1 & ! h]ds h !reby suff]$ great ravages1 ! peasants resolve to light a ne$-fire4 ,on a day appo9t$ !re mu/ be no s+le flame 9 any h\se nor on any he>?4 ,f e h\se a quantity ( /raw & wat] & und]wood mu/ be br\ght =?2 !n a /rong oak5 pole is fix$ firmly 9 ! e>?1 a hole is bor$ 9 x1 & a wood5 w9*1 well sme>$ ) pit* & t>1 is ins]t$ 9 ! hole & turn$ r\nd =cibly till great heat & !n fire is g5]at$4 ,! fire s produc$ is caught 9 fuel & f$ ) /raw1 hea?1 & und]wood till x bur/s out into a regul> ne$-fire1 :i* mu/ !n be some:at spread out betwe5 walls or f5ces1 & ! cattle & horses driv5 ?r\gh x twice or ?rice ) /icks & :ips4 ,o!rs set up two po/s1 ea* ) a hole 9 x1 & ins]t a w9*1 along ) old greasy rags1 9 ! holes4 ,o!rs use a ?ick rope1 collect n9e k9ds ( wood1 & keep !m 9 viol5t motion till fire leaps =?4 ,p]haps !re may be o!r ways ( g5]at+ or k9dl+ ?is fire1 b !y are all direct$ simply at ! cure ( ! cattle4 ,aft] pass+ twice or ?rice ?r\gh ! fire ! cattle are driv5 to _! /alls or to pa/ure1 & ! heap ( wood t _h be5 collect$ is de/roy$1 b 9 "s places e h\sehold] mu/ take ) him a br&1 ext+ui% x 9 a wa%+-tub or tr\gh1 & put x 9 ! mang] :]e ! cattle are f$1 :]e x mu/ lie = "s "t4 ,! poles t 7 us$ to make ! ne$-fire1 toge!r ) ! wood t 0 employ$ z a w9*1 are sometimes burn$ ) ! re/ ( ! fuel1 sometimes c>efully pres]v$ aft] ! cattle h be5 ?rice driv5 ?r\gh ! flames4#fic ,! mode ( k9dl+ ! ne$-fire ab\t ,hilde%eim4 ,sometimes ! ne$-fire 0 kn[n z ! wild fire1 to di/+ui% x no d\bt f ! tame fire produc$ by m ord9>y me?ods4 ,! foll[+ is ,grimm's acc\nt ( ! mode ( k9dl+ x :i* prevail$ 9 "s p>ts ( ,c5tral ,g]many1 p>ticul>ly ab\t ,hilde%eim1 d[n app>5tly to ! fir/ half ( ! n9ete5? c5tury3 ,9 _m places ( ,l[] ,saxony1 especially among ! m\nta9s1 ! cu/om prevails ( prep>+ ! s-call$ 'wild fire' = ! purpose ( prev5t+ cattle-plague2 & ?r\gh x fir/ ! pigs1 !n ! c[s1 & la/ ( all ! geese are driv54 ,! proce$+s on ! occasion are z foll[s4 ,! pr9cipal f>m]s & p>i%ion]s assemble1 & notice is s]v$ to e inhabitant to ext+ui% entirely all fire 9 8 h\se1 s t n ev5 a sp>k rema9s alight 9 ! :ole village4 ,!n "y & old repair to a road 9 a holl[1 usually t[>ds ev5+1 ! wom5 c>ry+ l951 & ! m5 wood & t[4 ,two oak5 poles are driv5 into ! gr\nd ab\t a foot & a half f ea* o!r4 ,ea* pole has 9 ! side fac+ ! o!r a socket into :i* a cross-piece z ?ick z a man's arm is fitt$4 ,! sockets are /uff$ ) l951 & ! cross-piece is ramm$ 9 z tight z possible1 :ile ! poles are b\nd toge!r at ! top by ropes4 ,a rope is w\nd ab\t ! r\nd1 smoo? cross-piece1 & ! free ends ( ! rope at bo? sides are gripp$ by sev]al p]sons1 :o pull ! cross-piece to & fro ) ! utmo/ rapidity1 till ?r\gh ! friction ! l95 9 ! sockets takes fire4 ,! sp>ks ( ! l95 are imm$iately caught 9 t[ or oakum & wav$ ab\t 9 a circle until !y bur/ into a bright gl[1 :5 /raw is appli$ to x1 & ! flam+ /raw us$ to k9dle ! bru%wood :i* has be5 /ack$ 9 piles 9 ! holl[ way4 ,:5 ?is wood has blaz$ up & ! fire has ne>ly di$ out aga91 ! p ha/5 to ! h]ds1 :i* h be5 wait+ 9 ! backgr\nd1 & drive !m =cibly1 "o aft] ! o!r1 ?r\gh ! gl[4 ,z soon z all ! bea/s are ?r\gh1 ! "y folk ru% wildly at ! a%es & c9d]s1 spr9kl+ & black5+ ea* o!r ) !m2 ^? :o h be5 mo/ spr9kl$ & black5$ m>* 9 triumph beh9d ! cattle into ! village & d n wa% !mselves = a long "t4 ,if aft] long rubb+ ! l95 %\ld n cat* fire1 !y guess t !re is /ill fire some:]e 9 ! village2 !n a /rict se>* is made f h\se to h\se1 any fire t may be f\nd is put out1 & ! h\sehold] is puni%$ or upbraid$4 ,! 'wild fire' mu/ be made by prolong$ friction2 x may n be /ruck ) fl9t & /eel4 ,"s villages d n prep>e x ye>ly z a prev5tive ( cattle-plague1 b only k9dle x :5 ! disease has actually brok5 out4#fid ,9 ! ,halb]/adt di/rict ! ends ( ! rope :i* 0 us$ to make ! cross-piece revolve 9 ! sockets _h to be pull$ by two *a/e "y m54#fie ,! mode ( k9dl+ ! ne$-fire 9 ! ,m>k4 ,9 ! ,m>k d[n to ! fir/ half ( ! n9ete5? c5tury ! practice 0 simil>4 ,we read t 9 _m p>ts ( ! ,m>k !re /ill prevails on c]ta9 occasions ! cu/om ( k9dl+ a ne$-fire1 x happ5s p>ticul>ly :5 a f>m] has sick pigs4 ,two po/s ( dry wood are plant$ 9 ! e>? amid solemn sil5ce be=e ! sun rises1 & r\nd ^! po/s hemp5 ropes are pull$ to & fro till ! wood k9dles2 :]eupon ! fire is f$ ) dry leaves & twigs & ! sick bea/s are driv5 ?r\gh x ,9 "s places ! fire is produc$ by ! friction ( an old c>t-:eel4#fif ,! mode ( k9dl+ ! ne$-fire 9 ,meckl5burg ,9 ,meckl5burg ! ne$-fire us$ to be light$ by ! friction ( a rope w\nd ab\t an oak5 pole or by rubb+ two bo>ds aga9/ ea* o!r4 ,hav+ be5 ?us elicit$1 ! flame 0 f$ ) wood ( sev5 k9ds4 ,! practice 0 =bidd5 by ,gu/avus ,adolphus1 ,duke ( ,meckl5burg1 9 #afhb2 b ! prohibition app>5tly _h little effect1 = d[n to ! end ( ! eighte5? c5tury ! cu/om 0 s common t ! inhabitants ev5 ( l>ge t[ns made no scruple ( resort+ to x4 ,= example1 9 ! mon? ( ,july #agib sickness broke out among ! cattle belong+ to ! t[n ( ,/]nb]g2 "s ( ! bea/s di$ sudd5ly1 & s ! p resolv$ to drive all ! survivors ?r\gh a ne$-fire4 ,on ! t5? day ( ,july ! magi/rates issu$ a proclamation ann\nc+ t next morn+ be=e sunrise a ne$-fire w\ld be k9dl$ = ! beho( ( all ! cattle ( ! t[n1 & w>n+ all ! inhabitants aga9/ light+ fires 9 _! kit*5s t ev5+4 ,s next morn+ v e>ly1 ab\t two o'clock1 ne>ly ! :ole population 0 a/ir1 & hav+ assembl$ outside "o ( ! gates ( ! t[n !y help$ to drive ! timid cattle1 n )\t mu* ado1 ?r\gh ?ree sep>ate ne$-fires2 aft] :i* !y disp]s$ to _! homes 9 ! unalt]able conviction t !y _h rescu$ ! cattle f de/ruction4 ,b to make assurance d\bly sure !y deem$ x advisable to adm9i/] ! re/ ( ! a%es z a bolus to ! animals4 ,h[ev]1 "s p 9 ,meckl5burg us$ to /rew ! a%es ( ! ne$-fire on fields = ! purpose ( protect+ ! crops aga9/ v]m94 ,z late z ,june #ahfh a travell] 9 ,meckl5burg saw a c\ple ( peasants sweat+ away at a rope1 :i* !y 7 pull+ backw>ds & =w>ds s z to make a t>ry roll] revolve ) great spe$ 9 ! socket ( an upright po/4 ,ask$ :at !y 7 ab\t1 !y v\*saf$ no reply2 b an old woman :o appe>$ on ! sc5e f a neighb\r+ cottage 0 m communicative4 ,9 ! fulness ( h] he>t %e confid$ to ! /rang] t h] pigs 7 sick1 t ! two taciturn bumpk9s 7 h] sons1 :o 7 busy extract+ a ne$-fire f ! roll]1 & t1 :5 !y succe$$1 ! flame w\ld be us$ to ignite a heap ( rags & bru%wood1 ?r\gh :i* ! ail+ sw9e w\ld be driv54 ,%e fur!r expla9$ t ! p]sons :o k9dle a ne$-fire %\ld always be two bro!rs or at lea/ be> ! same ,*ri/ian "n4#fig ,! mode ( k9dl+ ! ne$-fire 9 ,hanov]4 ,9 ! summ] ( #ahbh !re 0 mu* sickness among ! pigs & ! c[s ( ,eddesse1 a village ne> ,me9]s51 9 ! s\? ( ,hanov]4 ,:5 all ord9>y measures to arre/ ! malady fail$1 ! f>m]s met 9 solemn conclave on ! village gre5 & det]m9$ t next morn+ !re %\ld be a ne$-fire4 ,!reupon ! head man ( ! village s5t ^w f h\se to h\se t on ! foll[+ day nobody %\ld k9dle a fire be=e sunrise1 & t ev]ybody %\ld /& by ready to drive out ! cattle4 ,! same aft]noon all ! necess>y prep>ations 7 made = giv+ effect to ! decision ( ! collective wisdom4 ,a n>r[ /reet 0 enclos$ ) planks1 & ! village c>p5t] set to "w at ! ma*9]y = k9dl+ ! fire4 ,he took two po/s ( oak wood1 bor$ a hole ab\t ?ree in*es deep & broad 9 ea*1 & set ! two poles up fac+ ea* o!r at a di/ance ( ab\t two feet4 ,!n he fitt$ a roll] ( oak wood into ! two holes ( ! po/s1 s t x =m$ a cross-piece betwe5 !m4 ,ab\t two o'clock next morn+ e h\sehold] br\ght a bundle ( /raw & bru%wood & laid x d[n across ! /reet 9 a prescrib$ ord]4 ,! /urdie/ swa9s :o c\ld be f\nd 7 *os5 to make ! ne$-fire4 ,= ?is purpose a long hemp5 rope 0 w\nd twice r\nd ! oak5 roll] 9 ! oak5 po/s3 ! pivots 7 well sme>$ ) pit* & t>3 a bundle ( t[ & o!r t9d] 0 laid close at h&1 & all 0 ready4 ,! /alw>t clodhopp]s n[ seiz$ ! two ends ( ! rope & w5t to "w ) a w4 ,puffs ( smoke soon issu$ f ! sockets1 b to ! con/]nation ( ! by/&]s n a sp>k ( fire c\ld be elicit$4 ,"s p op5ly decl>$ _! suspicion t "s rascal _h n put out ! fire 9 8 h\se1 :5 sudd5ly ! t9d] bur/ into flame4 ,! cl\d pass$ away f all faces2 ! fire 0 appli$ to ! heaps ( fuel1 & :5 ! flames _h some:at di$ d[n1 ! h]ds 7 =cibly driv5 ?r\gh ! fire1 fir/ ! pigs1 next ! c[s1 & la/ ( all ! horses4 ,! h]dsm5 !n drove ! bea/s to pa/ure1 & p]sons ^: fai? 9 ! efficacy ( ! ne$-fire 0 p>ticul>ly robu/ c>ri$ home br&s4#fih ,! mode ( k9dl+ ! ne$-fire 9 ! ,h>z ,m\nta9s4 ,aga91 at a village ne> ,qu$l9burg1 9 ! ,h>z ,m\nta9s1 x 0 resolv$ to put a h]d ( sick sw9e ?r\gh ! ne$-fire4 ,he>+ ( ?is int5tion ! ,sup]9t5d5t ( ,qu$l9burg hurri$ to ! spot & has describ$ = u :at he saw4 ,! beadles w5t f h\se to h\se to see t !re 0 no fire 9 any h\se2 = x is well kn[n t %\ld !re be common fire burn+ 9 a h\se ! ne$-fire w n k9dle4 ,! m5 made _! r\nds v e>ly 9 ! morn+ to make q sure t all lights 7 out4 ,at two o'clock a night-light 0 /ill burn+ 9 ! p>sonage1 & ?is 0 ( c\rse a h9drance to ! ne$-fire4 ,! peasants knock$ at ! w9d[ & e>ne/ly entreat$ t ! night-light might be ext+ui%$4 ,b ! p>son's wife refus$ to put ! light out2 x /ill glimm]$ at ! w9d[2 & 9 ! d>kness outside ! angry ru/ics v[$ t ! p>son's pigs %\ld get no b5efit ( ! ne$-fire4 ,h[ev]1 z good luck w\ld h x1 j z ! morn+ broke1 ! night-light w5t out ( itself1 & ! hopes ( ! p reviv$4 ,f e h\se bundles ( /raw1 t[1 faggots & s =? 7 n[ c>ri$ to fe$ ! bonfire4 ,! noise & ! *e]ful bu/le 7 su* t y might h ?\ght !y 7 all hurry+ to witness a public execution4 ,outside ! village1 betwe5 two g>d5 walls1 an oak5 po/ _h be5 driv5 into ! gr\nd & a hole bor$ ?r\gh x4 ,9 ! hole a wood5 w9*1 sme>$ ) t>1 0 ins]t$ & made to revolve ) su* =ce & rapidity t fire & smoke 9 "t issu$ f ! socket4 ,! collect$ fuel 0 !n ?r[n ^u ! fire & soon a great blaze %ot up4 ,! pigs 7 n[ driv5 into ! upp] end ( ! /reet4 ,z soon z !y saw ! fire1 !y turn$ tail1 b ! peasants drove !m ?r\gh ) %rieks & %\ts & la%es ( :ips4 ,at ! o!r end ( ! /reet !re 0 ano!r cr[d wait+1 :o *as$ ! sw9e back ?r\gh ! fire a second "t4 ,!n ! o!r cr[d repeat$ ! manoeuvre1 & ! h]d ( sw9e 0 driv5 = ! ?ird "t ?r\gh ! smoke & flames4 ,t 0 ! end ( ! p]=mance4 ,_m pigs 7 scor*$ s sev]ely t !y gave up ! gho/4 ,! bonfire 0 brok5 up1 & e h\sehold] took home ) him a br&1 :i* he wa%$ 9 ! wat]-b>rel & laid = "s "t1 z a treasure ( great price1 9 ! mang] f :i* ! cattle 7 f$4 ,b ! p>son's wife _h reason bitt]ly to rep5t h] folly 9 refus+ to put out t night-light2 = n "o ( h] pigs 0 driv5 ?r\gh ! ne$-fire1 s !y di$4#fii ,! mode ( k9dl+ ! ne$-fire 9 ,brunswick4 ,9 ,brunswick1 also1 ! ne$-fire is kn[n to h be5 repeat$ly k9dl$ dur+ ! n9ete5? c5tury4 ,aft] driv+ ! pigs ?r\gh ! fire1 :i* 0 k9dl$ by ! friction ( wood1 "s p took br&s home1 dipp$ !m 9 wat]1 & !n gave ! wat] to ! pigs to dr9k1 no d\bt = ! purpose ( inoculat+ !m /ill m effectually ) ! preci\s virtue ( ! ne$-fire4 ,9 ! villages ( ! ,drml+ di/rict ev]ybody :o bore a h& 9 k9dl+ ! wild fire mu/ h ! same ,*ri/ian "n2 o!rwise !y lab\r$ 9 va94 ,! fire 0 produc$ by ! friction ( a rope r\nd ! beams ( a door2 & bread1 corn1 & old boots contribut$ _! mites to swell ! blaze ?r\gh :i* ! pigs z usual 7 driv54 ,9 "o place1 app>5tly n f> f ,wolf5bttel1 ! ne$fire is said to h be5 k9dl$1 contr>y to cu/om1 by ! smi? /rik+ a sp>k f ! cold anvil4#gjj ,at ,g&]%eim d[n to ab\t ! beg9n+ ( ! n9ete5? c5tury ! ne$-fire 0 lit 9 ! common way by caus+ a cross-b> to revolve rapidly on its axis betwe5 two upright po/s4 ,! rope :i* produc$ ! revolution ( ! b> _h to be new1 b x 0 if possible wov5 f ?reads tak5 f a gall[s-rope1 ) :i* p _h be5 hang$4 ,:ile ! ne$-fire 0 be+ k9dl$ 9 ?is fa%ion1 e o!r fire 9 ! t[n _h to be put out2 se>* 0 made ?r\gh ! h\ses1 & any fire discov]$ to be burn+ 0 ext+ui%$4 ,if 9 spite ( e precaution no flame c\ld be elicit$ by ! friction ( ! rope1 ! failure 0 set d[n to wit*craft2 b if ! ef=ts 7 successful1 a bonfire 0 lit ) ! new fire1 & :5 ! flames _h di$ d[n1 ! sick sw9e 7 driv5 ?rice ?r\gh ! gl[+ emb]s4#gja ,on ! l[] ,rh9e ! ne$-fire is said to h be5 k9dl$ by ! friction ( oak-wood on fir-wood1 all fires 9 ! village hav+ be5 previ\sly ext+ui%$4 ,! bonfires s k9dl$ 7 compos$ ( wood ( n9e diff]5t sorts2 !re 7 ?ree su* bonfires1 & ! cattle 7 driv5 r\nd !m ) great gravity & devotion4#gjb ,! mode ( k9dl+ ! ne$-fire 9 ,silesia & ,bohemia4 ,9 ,silesia1 also1 ne$-fires 7 (t5 employ$ = ! purpose ( cur+ a murra9 or prev5t+ its spread4 ,:ile all o!r lights )9 ! b\nd>ies 7 ext+ui%$1 ! new fire 0 produc$ by ! friction ( n9e k9ds ( wood1 & ! flame s obta9$ 0 us$ to k9dle heaps ( bru%wood or /raw to :i* e inhabitant _h contribut$4 ,?r\gh ^! fires ! cattle1 bo? sick & s\nd1 7 driv5 9 ! confid5t expectation t !reby ! sick w\ld be heal$ & ! s\nd sav$ f sickness4#gjc ,:5 plague breaks out among ! h]ds at ,dobis*wald1 9 ,au/rian ,silesia1 a spl9t] ( wood is *ipp$ f ! ?re%old ( e h\se1 ! cattle are driv5 to a cross-road1 & !re a tree1 gr[+ at ! b\nd>y1 is fell$ by a pair ( tw9 bro!rs4 ,! wood ( ! tree & ! spl9t]s f ! ?re%olds furni% ! fuel ( a bonfire1 :i* is k9dl$ by ! rubb+ ( two pieces ( wood toge!r4 ,:5 ! bonfire is ablaze1 ! horns ( ! cattle are p>$ & ! p>+s ?r[n into ! flames1 aft] :i* ! animals are driv5 ?r\gh ! fire4 ,?is is believ$ to gu>d ! h]d aga9/ ! plague4#gjd ,! ,g]mans ( ,we/]n ,bohemia resort to simil> measures = /ay+ a murra94 ,y set up a po/1 bore a hole 9 x1 & ins]t 9 ! hole a /ick1 :i* y h fir/ ( all sme>$ ) pit* & wrapt 9 inflammable /uffs4 ,!n y w9d a rope r\nd ! /ick & give ! two ends ( ! rope to two p]sons :o mu/ ei!r be bro!rs or h ! same baptismal "n4 ,!y haul ! rope backw>ds & =w>ds s z to make ! t>r$ /ick revolve rapidly1 till ! rope fir/ smokes & !n emits sp>ks4 ,! sp>ks are us$ to k9dle a bonfire1 ?r\gh :i* ! cattle are driv5 9 ! usual way4 ,& z usual no o!r fire may burn 9 ! village :ile ! ne$-fire is be+ k9dl$2 = o!rwise ! rope c\ld n possibly be ignit$4#gje ,9 ,upp] ,au/ria sick pigs are report$ to h be5 driv5 ?r\gh a ne$-fire ab\t ! beg9n+ ( ! n9ete5? c5tury4#gjf ,! use ! ne$-fire 9 ,switz]l&4 ,! ne$-fire is /ill 9 use 9 "s p>ts ( ,switz]l&1 b x seems to h deg5]at$ into a *ildr5's game & to be employ$ r = ! disp]sal ( a mi/ ?an = ! prev5tion or cure ( cattle-plague4 ,9 "s cantons x goes by ! "n ( mi/-heal+1 :ile 9 o!rs x is call$ butt]-*urn+4 ,on a mi/y or ra9y day a numb] ( *ildr5 w %ut !mselves up 9 a /able or byre & proce$ to make fire = ! purpose ( improv+ ! wea!r4 ,! way 9 :i* !y make x is ?is4 ,a boy places a bo>d aga9/ 8 brea/1 takes a peg po9t$ at bo? ends1 &1 sett+ "o end ( ! peg aga9/ ! bo>d on 8 brea/1 presses ! o!r end firmly aga9/ a second bo>d1 ! surface ( :i* has be5 flak$ into a nap4 ,a /r+ is ti$ r\nd ! peg1 & two o!r boys pull x to & fro1 till ?r\gh ! rapid motion ( ! po9t ( ! peg a hole is burnt 9 ! flak$ bo>d1 to :i* t[ or dry moss is !n appli$ z a t9d]4 ,9 ?is way fire & smoke are elicit$1 & ) _! appe>ance ! *ildr5 fancy t ! mi/ w vani%4#gjg ,we may conjecture t ?is me?od ( disp]s+ a mi/1 :i* is n[ left to *ildr51 0 =m]ly practis$ 9 all s]i\sness by gr[n m5 9 ,switz]l&4 ,x is ?us t religi\s or magical rites dw9dle away into ! sports ( *ildr54 ,9 ! canton ( ! ,grisons !re is /ill 9 common use an imprecation1 ,mi/1 g away1 or ,i'll heal y1 :i* po9ts to an old cu/om ( burn+ up ! fog ) fire4 ,a long] =m ( ! curse l+]s 9 ! ,valle des ,bagnes ( ! canton ,valais4 ,x runs ?us3 ,mi/1 mi/1 fly1 fly1 or ,/4 ,m>t9 w come ) a %eaf ( /raw to burn y\r guts1 a great log ( wood to sma% y\r br[1 & an iron *a9 to drag y to hell4#gjh ,! mode ( k9dl+ ! ne$-fire 9 ,sw$5 & ,norway2 ! ne$-fire z a protection aga9/ wit*craft4 ,9 ,sw$5 ! ne$-fire is call$1 f ! mode ( its production1 ei!r vrid-eld1 turn$ fire1 or gnid-eld1 rubb$ fire4 ,d[n to ne> ! end ( ! eighte5? c5tury ! ne$-fire 0 k9dl$1 z 9 ,g]many1 by ! viol5t rubb+ ( two pieces ( wood aga9/ ea* o!r2 sometimes n9e diff]5t k9ds ( wood 7 us$ = ! purpose4 ,! smoke ( ! fire 0 deem$ salut>y2 fruit-trees & nets 7 fumigat$ ) x1 9 ord] t ! trees might be> fruit & ! nets cat* fi%4 ,cattle 7 also driv5 ?r\gh ! smoke4#gji ,9 ,sundal1 a n>r[ ,norwegian valley1 %ut 9 on bo? sides by precipit\s m\nta9s1 !re liv$ d[n to ! second half ( ! n9ete5? c5tury an old man :o 0 v sup]/iti\s4 ,he set salmon-traps 9 ! riv] ,driva1 :i* trav]ses ! valley1 & he caught _m fi% bo? 9 spr+ & autumn4 ,:5 8 fi%+ w5t wrong1 he k9dl$ naueld 7ne$-fire7 or gnideild 7rubb$ fire1 friction fire7 to c\nt]act ! wit*craft1 :i* he believ$ to be ! cause ( 8 bad luck4 ,he set up two planks ne> ea* o!r1 bor$ a hole 9 ea*1 ins]t$ a po9t$ rod 9 ! holes1 & twi/$ a long cord r\nd ! rod4 ,!n he pull$ ! cord s z to make ! rod revolve rapidly4 ,?us by reason ( ! friction he at la/ drew fire f ! wood4 ,t cont5t$ him1 = he believ$ t ! wit*]y 0 ?us r5d]$ p[]less1 & t good luck 9 8 fi%+ 0 n[ ensur$4#gaj ,! ne$-fire among ! ,slavonic peoples4 ,slavonic peoples hold ! ne$-fire 9 high e/eem4 ,!y call x liv+ fire1 & attribute to x a heal+ virtue4 ,! ascription ( m$ic9al p[] to fire k9dl$ by ! friction ( wood is said to be especially *>act]i/ic ( ! ,slavs :o inhabit ! ,c>pa?ian ,m\nta9s & ! ,balkan p59sula4 ,! mode 9 :i* !y produce ! ne$-fire diff]s some:at 9 diff]5t places4 ,?us 9 ! ,s*> m\nta9s ( ,s]via ! task is entru/$ to a boy & girl betwe5 elev5 & f\rte5 ye>s ( age4 ,!y are l$ into a p]fectly d>k room1 & hav+ /ripp$ !mselves nak$ k9dle ! fire by rubb+ two roll]s ( lime wood aga9/ ea* o!r1 till ! friction produces sp>ks1 :i* are caught 9 t9d]4 ,! ,s]bs ( ,we/]n ,mac$onia drive two oak5 po/s into ! gr\nd1 bore a r\nd hole 9 ! upp] end ( ea*1 ins]t a roll] ( lime wood 9 ! holes1 & set x revolv+ rapidly by means ( a cord1 :i* is loop$ r\nd ! roll] & work$ by a b[4 ,else:]e ! roll] is put 9 motion by two m51 :o hold ea* "o end ( ! cord & pull x backw>ds & =w>ds =cibly betwe5 !m4 ,bulg>ian %eph]ds sometimes k9dle ! ne$-fire by draw+ a prism-%ap$ piece ( lime wood to & fro across ! flat surface ( a tree-/ump 9 ! =e/4#gaa ,b 9 ! neighb\rhood ( ,k/5dil1 9 ,bulg>ia1 ! ne$-fire is k9dl$ by ! friction ( two pieces ( oak wood & ! cattle are driv5 ?r\gh x4#gab ,! ne$-fire 9 ,russia & ,pol&2 ! ne$-fire 9 ,slavonia4 ,9 _m di/ricts ( ,russia1 also1 liv+ fire is made by ! friction ( wood on ,/4 ,john's ,day1 & ! h]ds are driv5 ?r\gh x1 & ! p leap ov] x 9 ! conviction t _! heal? is !reby assur$2 :5 a cattle-plague is rag+1 ! fire is produc$ by rubb+ two pieces ( oak wood aga9/ ea* o!r1 & x is us$ to k9dle ! lamps be=e ! holy pictures & ! c5s]s 9 ! *ur*es4#gac ,?us x appe>s t 9 ,russia ! ne$-fire is k9dl$ = ! sake ( ! cattle p]iodically z well z on special em]g5cies4 ,simil>ly 9 ,pol& ! peasants are said to k9dle fires 9 ! village /reets on ,/4 ,ro*us's day & to drive ! cattle ?rice ?r\gh !m 9 ord] to protect ! animals aga9/ ! murra94 ,! fire is produc$ by rubb+ a pole ( popl> wood on a plank ( popl> or fir wood & cat*+ ! sp>ks 9 t[4 ,! emb]s are c>ri$ home to be us$ z rem$ies 9 sickness4#gad ,z practis$ 9 ,slavonia1 ! cu/om ( ! ne$-fire us$ to pres5t "s int]e/+ features1 :i* are be/ describ$ 9 ! words ( an eyewitness3--,9 ! ye> #ahcc ,i came = ! fir/ "t z a "y m]*ant to ,slavonia2 x 0 to ,gaj t ,i w5t1 9 ! ,pozega di/rict4 ,! "t 0 autumn1 & x *anc$ t a cattle-plague 0 rag+ 9 ! neighb\rhood1 :i* inflict$ mu* loss on ! p4 ,! peasants believ$ t ! plague 0 a woman1 an evil _s 7,kutga71 :o 0 de/roy+ ! cattle2 s !y s\ght to bani% h]4 ,i _h !n occasion to obs]ve ! proce$+s 9 ! villages ( ,gaj1 ,kukunjevac1 ,brez9a1 & ,brek9jska4 ,t[>ds ev5+ ! :ole population ( ! village 0 busy lay+ a r+ ( bru%wood r\nd ! b\nd>ies ( ! village4 ,all fires 7 ext+ui%$ ?r\gh\t ! village4 ,!n pairs ( m5 9 sev]al places took pieces ( wood1 :i* _h be5 specially prep>$ = ! purpose1 & rubb$ !m toge!r till !y emitt$ sp>ks4 ,! sp>ks 7 all[$ to fall on t9d] & fann$ into a flame1 ) :i* ! dry bru%wood 0 k9dl$4 ,?us ! fire burn$ all r\nd ! village4 ,! peasants p]suad$ !mselves t !reupon ,kuga mu/ take h] dep>ture4#gae ,! ne$-fire 9 ,s]via4 ,?is la/ acc\nt leaves no d\bt z to ! significance ( ! ne$-fire 9 ! m9ds ( ,slavonian peasantry4 ,!y reg>d x simply z a b>ri] int]pos$ betwe5 _! cattle & ! evil _s1 :i* pr[ls1 l a hungry wolf1 r\nd ! fold & c1 l a wolf1 be kept at bay by fire4 ,! same int]pretation ( ! ne$-fire comes out1 h>dly less cle>ly1 9 ! acc\nt :i* ano!r writ] gives ( a c]emony witness$ by him at ! village ( ,setonje1 at ! foot ( ! ,homolje m\nta9s 9 ! great =e/ ( ,s]via4 ,an epidemic 0 rag+ among ! *ildr51 & ! ne$-fire 0 resort$ to z a means ( /ay+ ! plague4 ,x 0 produc$ by an old man & an old woman 9 ! fir/ ( ! ways describ$ above2 t is1 !y made x 9 ! d>k by rubb+ two /icks ( lime wood aga9/ ea* o!r4 ,be=e ! heal+ virtue ( ! fire 0 appli$ to ! inhabitants ( ! village1 two old wom5 p]=m$ ! foll[+ c]emony4 ,bo? bore ! "n ( ,/ana1 f ! v]b /ati1 to rema9 /&+2 = ! c]emony c\ld n be successfully p]=m$ by p]sons ( any o!r "n4 ,"o ( !m c>ri$ a copp] kettle full ( wat]1 ! o!r an old h\se-lock ) ! key4 ,?us equipp$ !y repair$ to a spot outside ( ! village1 & !re ! old dame ) ! kettle ask$ ! old dame ) ! lock1 ,:i!r away8 & ! o!r answ]$ h]1 ,i came to %ut ! village aga9/ ill-luck4 ,) t %e lock$ ! lock & ?rew x ) ! key into ! kettle ( wat]4 ,!n !y m>*$ ?rice r\nd ! village1 repeat+ ! c]emony ( ! lock & key at ea* r\nd4 ,meantime all ! villag]s1 array$ 9 _! be/ clo!s1 7 assembl$ 9 an op5 place4 ,all ! fires 9 ! h\ses _h be5 previ\sly ext+ui%$4 ,two /urdy yokels n[ dug a tunnel ?r\gh a m\nd beside an oak tree2 ! tunnel 0 j high en\gh to let a man creep ?r\gh x on all f\rs4 ,two fires1 lit by ! ne$-fire1 7 n[ laid1 "o at ea* end ( ! tunnel2 & ! old woman ) ! kettle took h] /& at ! entrance ( ! tunnel1 :ile ! "o ) ! lock po/$ h]self at ! exit4 ,fac+ ! latt] /ood ano!r woman ) a great pot ( milk be=e h]1 & on ! o!r side 0 set a pot full ( melt$ sw9e's fat4 ,all 0 n[ ready4 ,! villag]s !reupon crawl$ ?r\gh ! tunnel on h&s & knees1 "o beh9d ! o!r4 ,ea*1 z he em]g$ f ! tunnel1 receiv$ a spoonful ( milk f ! woman & look$ at 8 face reflect$ 9 ! pot ( melt$ sw9e's fat4 ,!n ano!r woman made a cross ) a piece ( *>coal on 8 back4 ,:5 all ! inhabitants _h ?us crept ?r\gh ! tunnel & be5 doctor$ at ! o!r end1 ea* took "s gl[+ emb]s home ) him 9 a pot :]e) to rek9dle ! fire on ! dome/ic he>?4 ,la/ly !y put "s ( ! *>coal 9 a vessel ( wat] & drank ! mixture 9 ord] to be !reby magically protect$ aga9/ ! epidemic4#gaf ,x w\ld be sup]flu\s to po9t out 9 detail h[ admirably ^! measures are calculat$ to arre/ ! ravages ( disease2 b = ! sake ( ^?1 if !re are any1 to :om ! m$ic9al effect ( crawl+ ?r\gh a hole on h&s & knees is n at once app>5t1 ,i %all m]ely say t ! proc$ure 9 "q is "o ( ! mo/ p[]ful specifics :i* ! wit ( man has devis$ = maladies ( all sorts4 ,ample evid5ce ( its application w be adduc$ 9 a lat] "p ( ?is "w4#gag ,! ne$-fire 9 ,bulg>ia4 ,9 ,bulg>ia ! h]ds suff] mu* f ! raids ( c]ta9 blood-suck+ vampyres call$ ,u/rels4 ,an ,u/rel is ! _s ( a ,*ri/ian *ild :o 0 born on a ,saturday & di$ un=tunately be=e he c\ld be baptiz$4 ,on ! n9? day aft] burial he grubs 8 way out ( ! grave & attacks ! cattle at once1 suck+ _! blood all night & return+ at peep ( dawn to ! grave to re/ f 8 lab\rs4 ,9 t5 days or s ! copi\s draughts ( blood :i* he has swall[$ h s =tifi$ 8 con/itution t he c und]take long] j\rneys2 s :5 he falls 9 ) great h]ds ( cattle or flocks ( %eep he returns no m to ! grave = re/ & refre%m5t at night1 b takes up 8 qu>t]s dur+ ! day ei!r betwe5 ! horns ( a /urdy calf or ram or betwe5 ! h9d legs ( a mil*-c[4 ,bea/s ^: blood he has suck$ die ! same night4 ,9 any h]d t he may fa/5 on he beg9s ) ! fatte/ animal & works 8 way d[n /eadily ?r\gh ! lean] k9e till n "o s+le bea/ is left alive4 ,! c>cases ( ! victims swell up1 & :5 ! hide is /ripp$ (f y c always p]ceive ! livid pat* ( fle% :]e ! mon/] suck$ ! blood ( ! poor creature4 ,9 a s+le night he may1 by work+ h>d1 kill five c[s2 b he seldom exce$s t numb]4 ,he c *ange 8 %ape & weight v easily2 = example1 :5 he is sitt+ by day betwe5 ! horns ( a ram1 ! animal sc>cely feels 8 weight1 b at night he w sometimes ?r[ himself on an ox or a c[ s heavily t ! animal _c /ir1 & l[s s pitifully t x w\ld make y\r he>t ble$ to he>4 ,p :o 7 born on a ,saturday c see ^! mon/]s1 & !y h describ$ !m accurately1 s t !re c be no d\bt :atev] ab\t _! exi/5ce4 ,x is1 !re=e1 a matt] ( great importance to ! peasant to protect 8 flocks & h]ds aga9/ ! ravages ( su* dang]\s vampyres4 ,! way 9 :i* he does s is ?is4 ,on a ,saturday morn+ be=e sunrise ! village drumm] gives ! signal to put out e fire 9 ! village2 ev5 smok+ is =bidd54 ,next all ! dome/ic animals1 ) ! exception ( f[ls1 geese1 & ducks1 are driv5 out into ! op54 ,9 front ( ! flocks & h]ds m>* two m51 ^: names dur+ ! c]emony may n be m5tion$ 9 ! village4 ,!y g into ! wood1 pick two dry bran*es1 & hav+ /ript !mselves ( _! clo!s !y rub ! two bran*es toge!r v h>d till !y cat* fire2 !n ) ! fire s obta9$ !y k9dle two bonfires1 "o on ea* side ( a cross-road :i* is kn[n to be frequ5t$ by wolves4 ,aft] t ! h]d is driv5 betwe5 ! two fires4 ,coals f ! bonfires are !n tak5 back to ! village & us$ to rek9dle ! fires on ! dome/ic he>?s4 ,= sev]al days no "o may g ne> ! *>r$ & black5$ rema9s ( ! bonfires at ! cross-road4 ,! reason is t ! vampyre is ly+ !re1 hav+ dropp$ f 8 seat betwe5 ! c['s horns :5 ! animals 7 driv5 betwe5 ! two fires4 ,s if any "o 7 to pass by ! spot dur+ ^! days1 ! mon/] w\ld be sure to call him by "n & to foll[ him to ! village2 :]eas if he is left alone1 a wolf w come at midnight & /rangle him1 & 9 a few days ! h]dsm5 c see ! gr\nd soak$ ) 8 slimy blood4 ,s t is ! end ( ! vampyre4#gah ,9 ?is ,bulg>ian cu/om1 z 9 ! ,slavonian cu/om describ$ above1 ! conception ( ! ne$-fire z a b>ri] set up betwe5 ! cattle & a dang]\s _s is cle>ly work$ out4 ,! _s rides ! c[ till he comes to ! n>r[ pass betwe5 ! two fires1 b ! heat !re is too mu* = him2 he drops 9 a fa9t f ! saddle1 or r f ! horns1 & ! n[ rid]less animal escapes safe & s\nd beyond ! smoke & flame1 leav+ h] p]secutor pro/rate on ! gr\nd on ! fur!r side ( ! bless$ b>ri]4 ,! ne$-fire 9 ,bosnia & ,h]zegov9a4 ,9 ,bosnia & ,h]zegov9a !re are "s local diff]5ces 9 ! mode ( k9dl+ ! ne$-fire1 or liv+ fire1 z x is call$4 ,?us at ,jablanica bo? ! uprights & ! roll] or cross-piece1 :i* by its revolution k9dles ! fire1 are made ( cornel-tree wood2 :]eas at ,dolac1 ne> ,s>ajevo1 ! uprights & ! cross-piece or roll] are all made ( lime wood4 ,9 ,gacko1 contr>y to ! usual cu/om1 ! fire is made by /rik+ a piece ( iron on an anvil1 till sp>ks are giv5 out1 :i* are caught 9 t9d]4 ,! liv+ fire ?us produc$ is employ$ = purposes ( heal+4 ,9 p>ticul>1 if any "o suff]s f w\nds or sores1 a%es ( ! ne$-fire are spr9kl$ on ! ail+ "p4 ,9 ,gacko x is also believ$ t if a pregnant woman witnesses a conflagration1 h] *ild w ei!r be born ) a r$ eruption on its sk9 or w contract ! malady soon] or lat] aft]w>ds4 ,! only rem$y consi/s 9 a%es ( ! ne$-fire1 :i* are mix$ ) wat] & giv5 to ! *ild to dr9k4#gai ,! ne$-fire 9 ,engl&2 ! ne$-fire 9 ,york%ire4 ,9 ,engl& ! e>lie/ notice ( ! ne$-fire seems to be conta9$ 9 ! ,*ronicle ( ,lan]co/ = ! ye> #abfh4 ,! annali/ tells ) pi\s horror h[1 :5 an epidemic 0 rag+ 9 t ye> among ! cattle1 c]ta9 bea/ly m51 monks 9 g>b b n 9 m9d1 taught ! idiots ( _! c\ntry to make fire by ! friction ( wood & to set up an image ( ,priapus1 :]eby !y ?\ght to succ\r ! animals4#gbj ,! use ( ! ne$-fire is p>ticul>ly atte/$ = ! c\nties ( ,york%ire & ,nor?umb]l&4 ,?us 9 ,york%ire d[n to ! middle ( ! eighte5? c5tury ! fav\rite rem$y ( ! c\ntry p1 n only 9 ! way ( cure1 b ( prev5tion1 0 an odd "o2 x 0 to smoke ! cattle almo/ to suffocation1 by k9dl+ /raw1 litt]1 & o!r combu/ible matt] ab\t !m4 ,! effects ( ?is mode ( cure are n /at$1 b ! mo/ s+ul> "p ( x 0 t by :i* x 0 report$ to h be5 discov]$4 ,an angel 7says ! leg5d71 desc5d$ into ,york%ire1 & !re set a l>ge tree on fire2 ! /range appe>ance ( :i* or else ! sav\r ( ! smoke1 incit$ ! cattle ar\nd 7"s ( :i* 7 infect$7 to draw ne> ! miracle1 :5 !y all ei!r receiv$ an imm$iate cure or an absolute prev5tion ( ! disord]4 ,x is n affirm$ t ! angel /aid to speak to anybody1 b only t he left a writt5 direction = ! neighb\r+ p to cat* ?is sup]natural fire1 & to communicate x f "o to ano!r ) all possible spe$ ?r\gh\t ! c\ntry2 & 9 case x %\ld be ext+ui%$ & utt]ly lo/1 t !n new fire1 ( equal virtue1 might be obta9$1 n by any common me?od1 b by rubb+ two pieces ( wood toge!r till !y ignit$4 ,^u :at f\ndation ?is /ory /ood1 is n exactly kn[n1 b x put ! f>m]s actually into a hurry ( communicat+ flame & smoke f "o h\se to ano!r ) wond]ful spe$1 mak+ x run l wildfire ov] ! c\ntry4#gba ,aga91 we read t ! fa!r ( ! writ]1 :o di$ 9 #ahdc1 9 8 sev5ty-n9? ye>1 _h a p]fect remembrance ( a great numb] ( p]sons1 belong+ to ! upp] & middle classes ( 8 native p>i% ( ,b[es1 assembl+ on ! banks ( ! riv] ,greta to "w = ne$-fire4 ,a disease among cattle1 call$ ! murra91 !n prevail$ to a v great ext5t ?r\gh t di/rict ( ,york%ire4 ,! cattle 7 made to pass ?r\gh ! smoke rais$ by ?is miracul\s fire1 & _! cure 0 look$ ^u z c]ta91 & to neglect do+ s 0 look$ ^u z wick$4 ,?is fire 0 produc$ by ! viol5t & cont9u$ friction ( two dry pieces ( wood until su* "t z x 0 !reby obta9$4 ',to "w z ?\gh "o 0 work+ = ne$-fire' is a common prov]b 9 ! ,nor? ( ,engl&4#gbb ,at ,+leton1 a small t[n ne/l+ picturesquely at ! foot ( ! high hill ( ,+lebor\gh 9 we/]n ,york%ire1 )9 ! la/ ?irty ye>s or s x 0 a common practice to k9dle ! s-call$ ',ne$-fire' by rubb+ two pieces ( wood briskly toge!r1 & sett+ ablaze a l>ge heap ( /icks & bru%wood1 :i* 7 disp]s$1 & cattle !n driv5 ?r\gh ! smok+ br&s4 ,?is 0 ?\ght to act z a *>m aga9/ ! spread or developem5t ( ! v>i\s ailm5ts to :i* cattle are liable1 & ! f>m]s seem to h _h great fai? 9 x4#gbc ,writ+ ab\t ! middle ( ! n9ete5? c5tury1 ,kemble tells u t ! w-fire or ne$-fire _h be5 us$ 9 ,devon%ire = ! purpose ( /ay+ a murra9 )9 ! memory ( man4#gbd ,! ne$-fire 9 ,nor?umb]l&4 ,s 9 ,nor?umb]l&1 d[n to ! fir/ half ( ! n9ete5? c5tury1 :5 a contagi\s disease ent]s among cattle1 ! fires are ext+ui%$ 9 ! adjac5t villages4 ,two pieces ( dri$ wood are !n rubb$ toge!r until fire be produc$2 ) ?is a quantity ( /raw is k9dl$1 junip] is ?r[n into ! flame1 & ! cattle are repeat$ly driv5 ?r\gh ! smoke4 ,"p ( ! =c$ fire is s5t to ! neighb\rs1 :o aga9 =w>d x to o!rs1 &1 z great exp$ition is us$1 ! fires may be se5 blaz+ ov] a great ext5t ( c\ntry 9 a v %ort space ( "t4#gbe ,x is /range1 says ! antiqu>y ,william ,h5d]son1 writ+ ab\t #ahff1 to f9d ! cu/om ( light+ 'ne$-fires' on ! occasion ( epidemics among cattle /ill l+]+ among u1 b s x is4 ,! vic> ( ,/am=dham writes ?us respect+ x3 ',:5 ! murra9 broke out among ! cattle ab\t eighte5 ye>s ago1 ?is fire 0 produc$ by rubb+ two pieces ( dry wood toge!r1 & 0 c>ri$ f place to place all ?r\gh ?is di/rict1 z a *>m aga9/ cattle tak+ ! disease4 ,bonfires 7 k9dl$ ) x1 & ! cattle driv5 into ! smoke1 :]e !y 7 left = "s "t4 ,_m f>m]s h]eab\ts1 ,i am in=m$1 _h ! ne$-fire4'#gbf ,m>t9's acc\nt ( ! ne$-fire 9 ! ,highl&s ( ,scotl&4 ,9 ! e>lie/ sy/ematic acc\nt ( ! we/]n isl&s ( ,scotl& we read t ! inhabitants "h did also make use ( a fire call$ ,t9-eg91 i4e4 a =c$ fire1 or fire ( necessity1 :i* !y us$ z an antidote aga9/ ! plague or murra9 9 cattle2 & x 0 p]=m$ ?us3 all ! fires 9 ! p>i% 7 ext+ui%$1 & !n eighty-"o m>ri$ m51 be+ ?\ght ! necess>y numb] = effect+ ?is design1 took two great planks ( wood1 & n9e ( !m 7 employ$ by turns1 :o by _! repeat$ ef=ts rubb$ "o ( ! planks aga9/ ! o!r until ! heat !re( produc$ fire2 & f ?is =c$ fire ea* family is suppli$ ) new fire1 :i* is no soon] k9dl$ ?an a pot full ( wat] is quickly set on x1 & aft]w>ds spr9kl$ ^u ! p infect$ ) ! plague1 or ^u ! cattle t h ! murra94 ,& ?is !y all say !y f9d successful by exp]i5ce3 x 0 practis$ 9 ! ma9 l&1 opposite to ! s\? ( ,skie1 )9 ^! ?irty ye>s4#gbg ,! ne$-fire 9 ! isl& ( ,mull2 sacrifice ( a heif]4 ,9 ! isl& ( ,mull1 "o ( ! l>ge/ ( ! ,hebrides1 ! ne$-fire 0 k9dl$ z late z #agfg4 ,9 consequ5ce ( a disease among ! black cattle ! p agre$ to p]=m an incantation1 ?\gh !y e/eem$ x a wick$ ?+4 ,!y c>ri$ to ! top ( ,c>nmoor a :eel & n9e sp9dles ( oakwood4 ,!y ext+ui%$ e fire 9 e h\se )9 sight ( ! hill2 ! :eel 0 !n turn$ f ea/ to we/ ov] ! n9e sp9dles long en\gh to produce fire by friction4 ,if ! fire 7 n produc$ be=e noon1 ! incantation lo/ its effect4 ,!y fail$ = sev]al days runn+4 ,!y attribut$ ?is failure to ! ob/9acy ( "o h\sehold]1 :o w\ld n let 8 fires be put out = :at he consid]$ s wrong a purpose4 ,h[ev]1 by brib+ 8 s]vants !y contriv$ to h !m ext+ui%$ & on t morn+ rais$ _! fire4 ,!y !n sacrific$ a heif]1 cutt+ 9 pieces & burn+1 :ile yet alive1 ! diseas$ "p4 ,!y !n light$ _! own he>?s f ! pile & end$ by fea/+ on ! rema9s4 ,words ( incantation 7 repeat$ by an old man f ,morv51 :o came ov] z ma/] ( ! c]emonies1 & :o cont9u$ speak+ all ! "t ! fire 0 be+ rais$4 ,?is man 0 liv+ a begg> at ,bello*roy4 ,ask$ to repeat ! spell1 he said1 ! s9 ( repeat+ x once _h br\ght him to begg>y1 & t he d>$ n say ^? words aga94 ,! :ole c\ntry believ$ him accurs$4#gbh ,f ?is acc\nt we see t 9 ,mull ! k9dl+ ( ! ne$-fire z a rem$y = cattle disease 0 accompani$ by ! sacrifice ( "o ( ! diseas$ animals2 & ?\gh ! two cu/oms are = ! mo/ "p m5tion$ sep>ately by our au?orities1 we may surmise t !y 7 (t51 p]haps usually1 practis$ toge!r = ! purpose ( *eck+ ! ravages ( sickness 9 ! h]ds4#gbi ,! ne$-fire 9 ,cai?ness4 ,9 ! c\nty ( ,cai?ness1 =m+ ! extreme nor!a/ corn] ( ! ma9l& ( ,scotl&1 ! practice ( ! ne$-fire surviv$ d[n at lea/ to ab\t #aghh4 ,we read t 9 ^? days1 :5 ! /ock ( any consid]able f>m] 0 seiz$ ) ! murra91 he w\ld s5d = "o ( ! *>m-doctors to sup]9t5d ! rais+ ( a ne$-fire4 ,x 0 done by friction1 ?us2 ^u any small isl&1 :]e ! /ream ( a riv] or burn ran on ea* side1 a circul> boo? 0 erect$1 ( /one & turf1 z x c\ld be _h1 9 :i* a semicircul> or highl& c\ple ( bir*1 or o!r h>d wood1 0 set2 &1 9 %ort1 a ro( clos$ on x4 ,a /raight pole 0 set up 9 ! c5tre ( ?is build+1 ! upp] end fix$ by a wood5 p9 to ! top ( ! c\ple1 & ! l[] end 9 an oblong tr9k 9 ! e>? or floor2 & la/ly1 ano!r pole 0 set across horizontally1 hav+ bo? ends tap]$1 "o end ( :i* 0 support$ 9 a hole 9 ! side ( ! p]p5dicul> pole1 & ! o!r 9 a simil> hole 9 ! c\ple leg4 ,! horizontal /ick 0 call$ ! aug]1 hav+ f\r %ort arms or lev]s fix$ 9 its c5tre1 to "w x by2 ! build+ hav+ be5 ?us f9i%$1 z _m m5 z c\ld be collect$ 9 ! vic9ity1 7be+ dive/$ ( all k9ds ( metal 9 _! clo!s1 etc471 w\ld set to "w ) ! said aug]1 two aft] two1 con/antly turn+ x r\nd by ! arms or lev]s1 & o!rs occasionally driv+ w$ges ( wood or /one beh9d ! l[] end ( ! upright pole1 s z to press x ! m on ! end ( ! aug]3 by ?is con/ant friction & pressure1 ! ends ( ! aug] w\ld take fire1 f :i* a fire w\ld be in/antly k9dl$1 & ?us ! ne$fire w\ld be accompli%$4 ,! fire 9 ! f>m]'s h\se1 etc41 0 imm$iately qu5*$ ) wat]1 a fire k9dl$ f ?is ne$fire1 bo? 9 ! f>m-h\ses & (fices1 & ! cattle br\ght to feel ! smoke ( ?is new & sacr$ fire1 :i* pres]v$ !m f ! murra94#gcj ,! ne$-fire 9 ,cai?ness4 ,! la/ record$ case ( ! ne$-fire 9 ,cai?ness happ5$ 9 #ahji or #ahaj4 ,at ,h\/ry1 ,dunbea?1 a cr(t] nam$ ,david ,gunn _h made = himself a kail-y>d & 9 do+ s _h wilfully encroa*$ on "o ( ^? prehi/oric ru9s call$ bro*s1 :i* ! p ( ! neighb\rhood believ$ to be a fairy habitation4 ,soon aft]w>ds a murra9 broke out among ! cattle ( ! di/rict & c>ri$ (f _m bea/s4 ,s ! wise m5 put _! heads toge!r & resolv$ to light a te9e-eig9 or ne$-fire z ! be/ way ( /opp+ ! plague4 ,!y cut a bran* f a tree 9 a neighb\r+ wood1 /ripp$ x ( b>k1 & c>ri$ x to a small isl& 9 ! ,h\/ry ,burn4 ,e fire 9 ! di/rict hav+ be5 qu5*$1 new fire 0 made by ! friction ( wood 9 ! isl&1 & f ?is sacr$ flame all ! he>?s ( ! h\ses 7 lit afre%4 ,"o ( ! /icks us$ 9 mak+ ! fire 0 pres]v$ d[n to ab\t ! end ( ! n9ete5? c5tury2 app>5tly ! mode ( op]ation 0 ! "o kn[n z ! fire-drill3 a po9t$ /ick 0 twirl$ 9 a hole made 9 ano!r /ick till fire 0 elicit$ by ! friction4#gca ,ano!r acc\nt ( ! ne$-fire 9 ! ,highl&s4 ,ano!r acc\nt ( ! use ( ne$-fire 9 ! ,highl&s ( ,scotl& runs z foll[s3 ,:51 by ! neglect ( ! prescrib$ safegu>ds aga9/ wit*craft1 ! se$s ( iniquity h tak5 root1 & a p]son's means are decay+ 9 consequ5ce1 ! only alt]native1 9 ?is case1 is to resort to t gr& rem$y1 ! ,te9 ,econu*1 or ',=lorn ,fire1' :i* seldom fails ( be+ productive ( ! be/ effects4 ,! cure = wit*craft1 call$ ,te9 ,econu*1 is wr\ght 9 ! foll[+ mann]3--,a consultation be+ held by ! unhappy suff]] & 8 fri5ds z to ! mo/ advisable measures ( effect+ a cure1 if ?is process is adopt$1 notice is privately communicat$ to all ^? h\sehold]s :o reside )9 ! ne>e/ ( two runn+ /reams1 to ext+ui% _! lights & fires on "s appo9t$ morn+4 ,on its be+ asc]ta9$ t ?is notice has be5 duly obs]v$1 a sp9n+-:eel1 or "s o!r conv5i5t in/rum5t1 calculat$ to produce fire by friction1 is set to "w ) ! mo/ furi\s e>ne/ness by ! un=tunate suff]]1 & all :o wi% well to 8 cause4 ,reliev+ ea* o!r by turns1 !y drive on ) su* p]sev]+ dilig5ce1 t at l5g? ! sp9dle ( ! :eel1 ignit$ by excessive friction1 emits '=lorn fire' 9 abundance1 :i*1 by ! application ( t[1 or "s o!r combu/ible mat]ial1 is widely ext5d$ ov] ! :ole neighb\rhood4 ,communicat+ ! fire to ! t[1 ! t[ communicates x to a c&le1 ! c&le to a fir-tor*1 ! tor* to a c>tful ( peats1 :i* ! ma/] ( ! c]emonies1 ) pi\s ejaculations = ! success ( ! exp]im5t1 di/ributes to mess5g]s1 :o w proce$ ) portions ( x to ! diff]5t h\ses )9 ! said two runn+ /reams1 to k9dle ! diff]5t fires4 ,by ! influ5ce ( ?is op]ation1 ! ma*9ations & spells ( wit*craft are r5d]$ null & void4#gcb ,alex&] ,c>mi*ael's acc\nt ( ! ne$-fire 9 ! ,highl&s ( ,scotl& dur+ ! n9ete5? c5tury4 ,9 v>i\s p>ts ( ! ,highl&s ( ,scotl& ! ne$fire 0 /ill k9dl$ dur+ ! fir/ half ( ! n9ete5? c5tury1 z we le>n f ! foll[+ acc\nt3-- ,te9-eig91 neid-fire1 ne$-fire1 =c$ fire1 fire produc$ by ! friction ( wood or iron aga9/ wood4 ,! fire ( purification 0 k9dl$ f ! neid-fire1 :ile ! dome/ic fire on ! he>? 0 re-k9dl$ f ! purification fire on ! knoll4 ,among o!r names1 ! purification fire 0 call$ ,te9e ,bheuil1 fire ( ,beul1 & ,te9e mor ,bheuil1 great fire ( ,beul4 ,! fire ( ,beul 0 divid$ into two fires betwe5 :i* p & cattle ru%$ au/rally = purposes ( purification4 ,! ordeal 0 try+1 z may be inf]r$ f phrases /ill curr5t4 ,is teodha s na te9e teodha ,bheuil1 ',hott] is ?is ?an ! hot fire ( ,beul4' ,reply+ to 8 gr&*ild1 an old man 9 ,lewis said 444 ',m>y6 sonnie1 x 7 worse = me to d t = !e ?an to g betwe5 ! two great fires ( ,beul4' ,! neid-fire 0 resort$ to 9 imm95t or actual calamity ^u ! fir/ day ( ! qu>t]1 & to ensure success 9 great or important ev5ts4 ,! ne$fire 9 ,arran4 ,! writ] conv]s$ ) sev]al p]sons :o saw ! neid-fire made1 & :o jo9$ 9 ! c]emony4 ,z m5tion$ else:]e1 a woman 9 ,arran said t h] fa!r1 & ! o!r m5 ( ! t[nl&1 made ! neid-fire on ! knoll on ,la buidhe ,beallta9--,yell[ ,day ( ,beltane4 ,!y f$ ! fire f cuaile mor conaidh cao9--great bundles ( sacr$ faggots br\ght to ! knoll on ,beltane ,eve4 ,:5 ! sacr$ fire became k9dl$1 ! p ru%$ home & br\ght _! h]ds & drove !m ?r\gh & r\nd ! fire ( purification1 to sa9 !m f ! bana bhuitsea* mhor ,nic ,creafa9 ,mac ,creafa9--! great ar* wit* ,mac ,crau=d1 n[ ,craw=d4 ,t 0 9 ! second decade ( ?is c5tury4 ,! ne$-fire 9 ,nor? ,ui/4 ,john ,macphail1 ,middlequ>t]1 ,nor? ,ui/1 said t ! la/ occasion on :i* ! neid-fire 0 made 9 ,nor? ,ui/ 0 bliadhna an t-snea*da bhuidhe--! ye> ( ! yell[ sn[--#ahbi 7874 ,! sn[ lay s deep & rema9$ s long on ! gr\nd1 t x became yell[4 ,"s sugge/ t ! sn[ 0 orig9ally yell[1 z sn[ is occasionally r$4 ,?is extraord9>y cont9uance ( sn[ caus$ mu* want & suff]+ ?r\gh\t ! ,isles4 ,! p ( ,nor? ,ui/ ext+ui%$ _! own fires & g5]at$ a purification fire at ,sail ,dh>ai*1 ,sollas4 ,! fire 0 produc$ f an oak log by rapidly bor+ ) an aug]4 ,?is 0 accompli%$ by ! ex]tions ( naoi nao9e> ciad g9eala* mac--! n9e n9es ( fir/-begott5 sons4 ,f ! neid-fire produc$ on ! knoll ! p ( ! p>i% obta9$ fire = _! dwell+s4 ,_m cults & c]emonies 7 obs]v$ on ! occasion1 cults & c]emonies 9 :i* ,pagan & ,*ri/ian beliefs int]m+l$4 ,sail ,dh>ai*1 ,oak ,log1 obta9$ its "n f ! log ( oak = ! neid-fire be+ !re4 ,a fragm5t ( ?is log riddl$ ) aug] holes m>ks a grave 9 ,cladh ,sgealoir1 ! bury+-gr\nd ( ,sgealoir1 9 ! neighb\rhood4 ,! ne$-fire 9 ,reay1 ,su!rl&4 ,mr4 ,alex&] ,mackay1 ,ed9burgh1 a native ( ,reay1 ,su!rl&1 says3--',my fa!r 0 ! skipp] ( a fi%+ crew4 ,be=e beg9n+ op]ations = ! season1 ! crew ( ! boat met at night 9 our h\se to settle acc\nts = ! pa/1 & to plan op]ations = ! new season4 ,my "m & ! re/ ( u 7 s5t to b$4 ,i lay 9 ! kit*51 & 0 li/5+ & wat*+1 ?\gh !y ?\ght ,i 0 asleep4 ,aft] ! m5 _h settl$ _! pa/ affairs & future plans1 !y put out ! fire on ! he>?1 n a sp>k be+ all[$ to live4 ,!y !n rubb$ two pieces ( wood "o aga9/ ano!r s rapidly z to produce fire1 ! m5 jo9+ 9 "o aft] ! o!r1 & work+ ) ! utmo/ en]gy & nev] all[+ ! friction to relax4 ,f ?is friction-fire !y rek9dl$ ! fire on ! he>?1 f :i* all ! m5 pres5t c>ri$ away a k9dl+ to _! own homes4 ,:e!r _! success 0 due to _! skill1 _! indu/ry1 _! p]sev]ance1 or to ! neid-fire1 ,i d n "k1 b ,i "k t !y 7 mu* ! mo/ successful crew 9 ! place4 ,!y met on ,saturday1 & w5t to *ur* on ,sunday l ! good m5 & ! good ,*ri/ians !y 7--a little ( _! ,pagan fai? m+l+ ) _! ,*ri/ian belief4 ,i h reason to believe t o!r crews 9 ! place z well z my fa!r's crew practis$ ! neid-fire4' ,a man at ,helmsdale1 ,su!rl&1 saw ! te9-eig9 made 9 8 boyhood4 ,! neid-fire 0 made 9 ,nor? ,ui/ ab\t ! ye> #ahbi1 9 ,arran ab\t #ahbj1 9 ,helmsdale ab\t #ahah1 9 ,reay ab\t #ahcj4gcc ,! ,beltane fire a precaution aga9/ wit*craft4 ,f ! =ego+ acc\nt we le>n t 9 ,arran ! annual ,beltane fire 0 regul>ly made by ! friction ( wood1 & t x 0 us$ to protect m5 & cattle aga9/ a great wit*4 ,:5 we rememb] t ,beltane ,eve or ! ,eve ( ,may ,day 7,walpurgis ,night7 is ! great wit*+ "t ( ! ye> ?r\gh\t ,europe1 we may surmise t :]ev] bonfires h be5 c]emonially k9dl$ on t day x has be5 done simply z a precaution aga9/ wit*craft2 inde$ ?is motive is expressly alleg$ n only 9 ,scotl&1 b 9 ,wales1 ! ,isle ( ,man1 & _m p>ts ( ,c5tral ,europe4#gcd ,x des]ves1 fur!r1 to be notic$ t 9 ,nor? ,ui/ ! wood us$ to k9dle ! ne$-fire 0 oak1 & t ! n9e times n9e m5 by ^: ex]tions ! flame 0 elicit$ 7 all fir/-born sons4 ,app>5tly ! fir/-born son ( a family 0 ?\ght to be end[$ ) m magical virtue ?an 8 y\ng] bro!rs4 ,simil>ly 9 ! ,punjaub ! sup]natural p[] ascrib$ to ! fir/ born is n due to 8 be+ unlucky1 b ! idea und]ly+ ! belief seems to be t be+ ! fir/ product ( ! p>5ts1 he inh]its ! spiritual p[]s 7or magnetism7 9 a high degree4 ,! success ( su* p]sons 9 /opp+ ra9 & hail & 9 /upefy+ snakes is prov]bial4 ,x is believ$ t a fir/ *ild born ) feet =w>d c cure backa*e by kick+ ! pati5t 9 ! back1 on a cross+4#gce ,! ne$-fire 9 ,ab]de5%ire4 ,9 ! nor?-ea/ ( ,ab]de5%ire & ! neighb\rhood1 :5 ! cattle-disease kn[n z ! qu>t]-ill broke out1 ! 'muckle :eel' 0 set 9 motion & turn$ till fire 0 produc$4 ,f ?is virg9 flame fires 7 k9dl$ 9 ! byres4 ,at ! same "t1 if neighb\rs reque/$ ! fav\r1 live coals 7 giv5 !m to k9dle fires = ! purification ( _! home/eads & turn+ (f ! disease4 ,fumigat+ ! byres ) junip] 0 a me?od adopt$ to w>d (f disease4 ,su* a fire 0 call$ 'ne$fyre4' ,! k9dl+ ( x came "u ! c5sure ( ! ,presbyt]y at times4#gcf ,! ne$-fire 9 ,p]?%ire4 ,9 ,p]?%ire ! ne$-fire 0 k9dl$ z a rem$y = cattle-disease z late z #ahbf4 ,a weal?y old f>m]1 hav+ lo/ sev]al ( 8 cattle by "s disease v preval5t at pres5t1 & be+ able to acc\nt = x 9 no way s rationally z by wit*craft1 _h rec\rse to ! foll[+ rem$y1 recomm5d$ to him by a weird si/] 9 8 neighb\rhood1 z an effectual protection f ! attacks ( ! f\l fi5d4 ,a few /ones 7 pil$ toge!r 9 ! b>ny>d1 & woodcoals hav+ be5 laid !reon1 ! fuel 0 ignit$ by w-fire1 t is fire obta9$ by friction2 ! neighb\rs hav+ be5 call$ 9 to witness ! solemnity1 ! cattle 7 made to pass ?r\gh ! flames1 9 ! ord] ( _! dignity & age1 comm5c+ ) ! horses & end+ ) ! sw9e4 ,! c]emony hav+ be5 duly & decor\sly gone ?r\gh1 a neighb\r+ f>m] obs]v$ to ! enlight5$ own] ( ! h]d1 t he1 along ) 8 family1 ought to h foll[$ ! example ( ! cattle1 & ! sacrifice to ,baal w\ld h be5 complete4#gcg ,! ne$-fire 9 ,irel&4 ,9 ,c\nty ,leitrim1 ,irel&1 9 ord] to prev5t fev] f spread+1 all ! fires on ! t[nl&1 & ! two adjo9+ 7"o on ea* side71 w\ld be put out4 ,!n ! m5 ( ! ?ree t[nl&s w\ld come to "o h\se1 & get two l>ge blocks ( wood4 ,"o w\ld be set 9 ! gr\nd1 & ! o!r "o1 fitt$ ) two h&les1 plac$ on ! top ( x4 ,! m5 w\ld !n draw ! upp] block backw>ds & =w>ds ov] ! l[] until fire 0 produc$ by friction1 & f ?is ! fires w\ld be light$ aga94 ,?is w\ld prev5t ! fev] f spread+1#gch ,! use ( ! ne$-fire a relic ( a "t :5 all fires 7 k9dl$ by ! friction ( wood4 ,?us x appe>s t 9 _m p>ts ( ,europe x has be5 cu/om>y to k9dle fire by ! friction ( wood = ! purpose ( cur+ or prev5t+ ! spread ( disease1 p>ticul>ly among cattle4 ,! mode ( /rik+ a light by rubb+ two dry /icks aga9/ ea* o!r is ! "o to :i* all ov] ! _w savages h mo/ commonly resort$ = ! sake ( provid+ !mselves ) fire2#gci & we c sc>cely d\bt t ! practice ( k9dl+ ! ne$-fire 9 ?is primitive fa%ion is m]ely a survival f ! "t :5 our savage =efa!rs lit all _! fires 9 t way4 ,no?+ is s cons]vative ( old cu/oms z religi\s or magical ritual1 :i* inve/s ^! relics ( ! pa/ ) an atmosph]e ( my/]i\s virtue & sanctity4 ,to ! educat$ m9d x seems obvi\s t a fire :i* a man k9dles ) ! sweat ( 8 br[ by labori\sly rubb+ "o /ick aga9/ ea* o!r c possess nei!r m nor less virtue ?an "o :i* he has /ruck 9 a mom5t by ! friction ( a lucif] mat*2 b to ! ignorant & sup]/iti\s ?is tru? is f> f app>5t1 & accord+ly !y take inf9ite pa9s to d 9 a r\ndab\t way :at !y might h done directly ) ! greate/ ease1 & :at1 ev5 :5 x is done1 is ( no use :atev] = ! purpose 9 h&4 ,a va/ proportion ( ! lab\r :i* mank9d has exp5d$ ?r\gh\t ! ages has be5 no bett] sp5t2 x has be5 l ! /one ( ,sisyphus et]nally roll$ up hill only to revolve et]nally d[n aga91 or l ! wat] p\r$ = ev] by ! ,danaids into brok5 pit*]s :i* x c\ld nev] fill4 ,! belief t ! ne$-fire _c k9dle if any o!r fire rema9s alight 9 ! neighb\rhood4 ,! curi\s notion t ! ne$-fire _c k9dle if any o!r fire rema9s alight 9 ! neighb\rhood seems to imply t fire is conceiv$ z a unity :i* is brok5 up into fractions & consequ5tly weak5$ 9 exact proportion to ! numb] ( places :]e x burns2 h5ce 9 ord] to obta9 x at full /r5g? y mu/ light x only at a s+le po9t1 = !n ! flame w bur/ out ) a conc5trat$ en]gy d]iv$ f ! tribut>y fires :i* burn$ on all ! ext+ui%$ he>?s ( ! c\ntry4 ,s 9 a mod]n city if all ! gas 7 turn$ (f simultane\sly at all ! burn]s b "o1 ! flame w\ld no d\bt blaze at t "o burn] ) a fi]c5ess su* z no s+le burn] c\ld %ew :5 all are burn+ at ! same "t4 ,! analogy may help u to und]/& ! process ( reason+ :i* leads ! peasantry to insi/ on ! ext9ction ( all common fires :5 ! ne$-fire is ab\t to be k9dl$4 ,p]haps1 too1 x may p>tly expla9 t c]emonial ext9ction ( all old fires on o!r occasions :i* is (t5 requir$ by cu/om z a prelim9>y to ! light+ ( a new & sacr$ fire4#gdj ,we h se5 t 9 ! ,highl&s ( ,scotl& all common fires 7 ext+ui%$ on ! ,eve ( ,may-day z a prep>ation = k9dl+ ! ,beltane bonfire by friction next morn+2#gda & no d\bt ! reason = ! ext9ction 0 ! same z 9 ! case ( ! ne$-fire4 ,inde$ we may assume ) a fair degree ( probability t ! ne$-fire 0 ! p>5t ( ! p]iodic fire-fe/ivals2 at fir/ invok$ only at irregul> int]vals to cure c]ta9 evils z !y occurr$1 ! p[]ful virtue ( fire 0 aft]w>ds employ$ at regul> int]vals to prev5t ! occurr5ce ( ! same evils z well z to rem$y su* z _h actually aris54 ,! ne$fire among ! ,iroquois ( ,nor? ,am]ica4 ,! ne$-fire ( ,europe has its p>allel 9 a c]emony :i* us$ to be obs]v$ by ! ,iroquois ,indians ( ,nor? ,am]ica4 ,=m]ly :5 an epidemic prevail$ among ! ,iroquois despite ! ef=ts to /ay x1 x 0 cu/om>y = ! pr9cipal %aman to ord] ! fires 9 e cab9 to be ext+ui%$ & ! a%es & c9d]s to be c>efully remov$2 = x 0 believ$ t ! pe/il5ce 0 s5t z a puni%m5t = neglect+ to rek9dle 'new fire1' or because ( ! mann] 9 :i* ! fire !n 9 use _h be5 k9dl$4 ,s1 aft] all ! fires 7 out1 two suitable logs ( slipp]y elm 7,ulmus fulva7 7 provid$ = ! new fire4 ,"o ( ! logs 0 f six to eight in*es 9 diamet] & f eight to t5 feet long2 ! o!r 0 f t5 to twelve in*es 9 diamet] & ab\t t5 feet long4 ,ab\t midway across ! l>g] log a cunei=m not* or cut ab\t six in*es deep 0 made1 & 9 ! w$ge-%ap$ not* punk 0 plac$4 ,! o!r log 0 drawn rapidly to & fro 9 ! cut by f\r /rong m5 *os5 = ! purpose until ! punk 0 ignit$ by ! friction ?us produc$4 ,be=e & dur+ ! progress ( ! "w ( ignit+ ! fire ! %aman votively spr9kl$ tc>-hu'-e-we1 'real tobacco1' ?ree sev]al times into ! cunei=m not* & (f]$ e>ne/ pray]s to ! ,fire-god1 besee*+ him 'to aid1 to bless1 & to r$eem ! p f _! calamities4' ,! ignit$ punk 0 us$ to light a l>ge bonfire1 & !n ! head ( e family 0 requir$ to take home 'new fire' to rek9dle a fire 9 8 or h] fire-place4#gdb #i4 ,! ,sacrifice ( an ,animal to /ay a ,cattle-,plague ,! burnt sacrifice ( a calf 9 ,engl& & ,wales2 burnt sacrifice a pig 9 ,scotl&4 ,sometimes app>5tly 9 ,engl& z well z 9 ,scotl& ! k9dl+ ( a ne$-fire 0 accompani$ by ! sacrifice ( a calf4 ,?us 9 ,nor?ampton%ire1 at "s "t dur+ ! fir/ half ( ! n9ete5? c5tury1 ,miss ,c---- & h] c\s9 walk+ saw a fire 9 a field & a cr[d r\nd x4 ,!y said1 ',:at is ! matt]8' ',kill+ a calf4' ',:at =8' ',to /op ! murra94' ,!y w5t away z quickly z possible4 ,on speak+ to ! cl]gyman he made enquiries4 ,! p did n l to talk ( ! affair1 b x appe>$ t :5 !re is a disease among ! c[s or ! calves are born sickly1 !y sacrifice 7i4e4 kill & burn7 "o '= good luck4'#gdc ,x is n "h said t ! fire 0 a ne$-fire1 ( :i* inde$ ! two horrifi$ ladies _h probably nev] he>d2 b ! analogy ( ! p>allel cu/om 9 ,mull#gdd r5d]s x probable t 9 ,nor?ampton%ire also ! fire 0 k9dl$ by ! friction ( wood1 & t ! calf or "s "p ( x 0 burnt 9 ! fire4 ,c]ta9ly ! practice ( burn+ a s+le animal alive 9 ord] to save all ! o!rs w\ld seem to h be5 n uncommon 9 ,engl& d[n to ! n9ete5? c5tury4 ,?us a f>m] 9 ,cornwall ab\t ! ye> #ahjj1 hav+ lo/ _m cattle by disease1 & tri$ _m rem$ies 9 va91 consult$ ) "s ( 8 neighb\rs & lay+ _! heads toge!r !y recall$ to _! recollections a tale1 :i* tradition _h h&$ d[n f remote antiquity1 t ! calamity w\ld n cease until he _h actually burn$ alive ! f9e/ calf :i* he _h ^u 8 f>m2 b t1 :5 ?is sacrifice 0 made1 ! murra9 w\ld afflict 8 cattle no m4 ,accord+ly1 on a day appo9t$ !y met1 light$ a l>ge fire1 plac$ ! be/ calf 9 x1 & /&+ r\nd ! blaz+ pile drove ! animal ) pit*=ks back into ! flames :5ev] x attempt$ to escape4 ,?us ! victim 0 burn$ alive to save ! re/ ( ! cattle4#gde ,!re c be no d\bt b t a belief prevail$ until a v rec5t p]iod1 among/ ! small f>m]s 9 ! di/ricts remote f t[ns 9 ,cornwall1 t a liv+ sacrifice appeas$ ! wra? ( ,god4 ,?is sacrifice mu/ be by fire2 & ,i h he>d x argu$ t ! ,bible gave !m w>ranty = ?is belief4444 ,:ile correct+ ^! %eets ,i am in=m$ ( two rec5t in/ances ( ?is sup]/ition4 ,"o ( !m 0 ! sacrifice ( a calf by a f>m] ne> ,portrea?1 = ! purpose ( remov+ a disease :i* _h long foll[$ 8 horses & 8 c[s4 ,! o!r 0 ! burn+ ( a liv+ lamb1 to save1 z ! f>m] said1 '8 flocks f spells :i* _h be5 ca/ on 'em4'#gdf ,9 a rec5t acc\nt ( ! fire-fe/ivals ( ,wales we read t ,i h also he>d my gr&fa!r & fa!r say t 9 times gone by ! p w\ld ?r[ a calf 9 ! fire :5 !re 0 any disease among ! h]ds4 ,! same w\ld be done ) a %eep if !re 0 any?+ ! matt] ) a flock4 ,i c rememb] myself see+ cattle be+ driv5 betwe5 two fires to '/op ! disease spread+4' ,:5 9 lat] times x 0 n consid]$ humane to drive ! cattle betwe5 ! fires1 ! h]dsm5 7 accu/om$ to =ce ! animals ov] ! wood a%es to protect !m aga9/ v>i\s ailm5ts4#gdg ,writ+ ab\t #ahff1 ! antiqu>y ,w4 ,h5d]son says t a live ox 0 burn$ ne> ,halt:i/le 9 ,nor?umb]l& only tw5ty ye>s ago to /op a murra94#gdh ,ab\t ! ye> #ahej disease broke out among ! cattle ( a small f>m 9 ! p>i% ( ,resoliss1 ,black ,isle1 ,ross-%ire4 ,! f>m] prevail$ on 8 wife to und]take a j\rney to a wise woman ( r5[n 9 ,banff%ire to ask a *>m aga9/ ! effects ( ! 'ill eye4' ,! long j\rney ( upw>ds ( fifty miles 0 p]=m$ by ! good wife1 & ! *>m 0 got4 ,"o *ief ?+ ord]$ 0 to burn to dea? a pig1 & spr9kle ! a%es ov] ! byre & o!r f>m build+s4 ,?is ord] 0 c>ri$ out1 except t ! pig 0 kill$ be=e x 0 burn$4 ,a m t]rible sacrifice 0 made at times4 ,"o ( ! diseas$ animals 0 rubb$ ov] ) t>1 driv5 =?1 set on fire1 & all[$ to run till x fell d[n & di$4#gdi ,liv+ animals h be5 burnt alive 9 sacrifice )9 memory to av]t ! loss ( o!r /ock4 ,! burial ( ?ree puppies 'br&ise-wise' 9 a field is suppos$ to rid x ( we$s4 ,?r\gh\t ! rural di/ricts ( ,devon wit*craft is an article ( curr5t fai?1 & ! toad is ?r[n into ! flames z an emiss>y ( ! evil "o4#gej ,! calf is burnt 9 ord] to break a spell :i* has be5 ca/ on ! h]d4 ,b :y1 we may ask1 %\ld ! burn+ alive ( a calf or a %eep be suppos$ to save ! re/ ( ! h]d or ! flock f ! murra98 ,accord+ to "o writ]1 z we h se51 ! burnt sacrifice 0 ?\ght to appease ! wra? ( ,god4#gea ,! idea ( appeas+ ! wra? ( a f]oci\s deity by burn+ an animal alive is probably no m ?an a !ological gloss put on an old hea!n rite2 x w\ld h>dly occur to ! simple m9d ( an ,engli% bumpk91 :o1 ?\gh he may be /upid1 is n naturally cruel & does n conceive ( a div9ity :o takes delight 9 ! contemplation ( suff]+4 ,to 8 ?9k+ ,god has little or no?+ to d ) ! murra91 b wit*es1 ill-wi%]s1 & fairies h a great deal to d ) x4 ,! ,engli% f>m] :o burn$ "o ( 8 lambs alive said t he did x to save 8 flocks f spells :i* _h be5 ca/ on !m2 & ! ,scot* f>m] :o 0 bidd5 to burn a pig alive = a simil> purpose1 b :o _h ! humanity to kill ! animal fir/1 believ$ t ?is 0 a rem$y = ! evil eye :i* _h be5 ca/ ^u 8 bea/s4 ,aga91 we read t a f>m]1 :o possess$ broad acres1 & :o 0 9 _m respects a s5sible man1 0 greatly annoy$ to f9d t 8 cattle became diseas$ 9 ! spr+4 ,no?+ c\ld satisfy him b t !y 7 bewit*$1 & he 0 resolv$ to f9d out ! p]son :o _h ca/ ! evil eye on 8 ox54 ,accord+ to an anci5tly-prescrib$ rule1 ! f>m] took "o ( 8 bullocks & bl$ x to dea?1 cat*+ all ! blood on bundles ( /raw4 ,! bloody /raw 0 !n pil$ into a heap1 & set on fire4 ,burn+ ) a va/ quantity ( smoke1 ! f>m] expect$ to see ! wit*1 ei!r 9 reality or 9 %ad[1 amid/ ! smoke4#geb ,su* reasons express ! real beliefs ( ! peasants4 ,cattle1 l human be+s1 7 expos$ to ! influ5ces ( ! evil eye1 ( =espeak+1 & ( ! ca/+ ( evil4 ,wit*es & w>locks did ! "w ( evil among _! neighb\rs' cattle if _! ang] _h be5 ar\s$ 9 any way4 ,! fairies (t5 wr\ght injury among/ cattle4 ,e animal t di$ sudd5ly 0 kill$ by ! d>t ( ! fairies1 or1 9 ! language ( ! p1 0 '%ot-a-dead4' ,fl9t arr[s & spe>-heads w5t by ! "n ( 'fa]y dairts4444' ,:5 an animal di$ sudd5ly ! canny woman ( ! di/rict 0 s5t = to se>* = ! 'fa]y dairt1' & 9 due c\rse %e f\nd "o1 to ! great satisfaction ( ! own] ( ! dead animal4#gec ,mode 9 :i* ! burn+ ( a bewit*$ animal is suppos$ to break ! spell4 ,b h[1 we mu/ /ill ask1 c burn+ an animal alive break ! spell t has be5 ca/ ^u its fell[s by a wit* or a w>lock8 ,"s light is ?r[n on ! "q by ! foll[+ acc\nt ( measures :i* ru/ic wiseacres 9 ,suffolk are said to h adopt$ z a rem$y = wit*craft4 ,a woman ,i knew =ty-?ree ye>s _h be5 employ$ by my pr$ecessor to take c>e ( 8 p\ltry4 ,at ! "t ,i came to make h] acqua9tance %e 0 a b$ridd5 too?less crone1 ) *9 & nose all b meet+4 ,%e did n disc\rage 9 h] neighb\rs ! idea t %e knew m ?an p ought to "k1 & _h m p[] ?an o!rs _h4 ,_m ye>s be=e ,i knew h] x happ5$ "o spr+ t ! ducks1 :i* 7 a "p ( h] *>ge1 fail$ to lay eggs4444 ,%e at once took x = grant$ t ! ducks _h be5 bewit*$4 ,?is misbelief involv$ v %ock+ consequ5ces1 = x necessitat$ ! idea t s diabolical an act c\ld only be combat$ by diabolical cruelty4 ,& ! mo/ diabolical act ( cruelty %e c\ld imag9e 0 t ( bak+ alive 9 a hot ov5 "o ( ! ducks4 ,& t 0 :at %e did4 ,! sequ5ce ( ?\ght 9 h] m9d 0 t ! spell t _h be5 laid on ! ducks 0 t ( pret]naturally wick$ wilfulness2 t ?is spell c\ld only be brok5 ?r\gh int5sity ( suff]+1 9 ?is case dea? by burn+2 t ! int5sity ( suff]+ w\ld break ! spell 9 ! "o roa/$ to dea?2 & t ! spell brok5 9 "o w\ld be altoge!r brok51 t is1 9 all ! ducks4444 ,%ock+1 h[ev]1 z 0 ?is me?od ( exorcis+ ! ducks1 !re 0 no?+ 9 x orig9al4 ,j ab\t a hundr$ ye>s be=e1 ev]yone 9 ! t[n & neighb\rhood ( ,ipswi* _h he>d1 & _m _h believ$1 t a wit* _h be5 burnt to dea? 9 h] own h\se at ,ipswi* by ! process ( burn+ alive "o ( ! %eep %e _h bewit*$4 ,x 0 curi\s1 b x 0 z conv9c+ z curi\s1 t ! h&s & feet ( ?is wit* 7 ! only p>ts ( h] t _h n be5 inc9]at$4 ,?is1 h[ev]1 0 satisfactorily expla9$ by ! fact t ! f\r feet ( ! %eep1 by :i* x _h be5 susp5d$ ov] ! fire1 _h n be5 de/roy$ 9 ! flames t _h consum$ its body4#ged ,accord+ to a slightly diff]5t acc\nt ( ! same tragic incid5t1 ! la/ ( ! ,ipswit* wit*es1 "o ,grace ,pett1 laid h] h& heavily on a f>m]'s %eep1 :o1 9 ord] to puni% h]1 fa/5$ "o ( ! %eep 9 ! gr\nd & burnt x1 except ! feet1 :i* 7 "u ! e>?4 ,! next morn+ ,grace ,pett 0 f\nd burnt to a c9d]1 except h] feet4 ,h] fate is record$ 9 ! ,philosophical ,transactions z a case ( spontane\s combu/ion4#gee ,9 burn+ ! bewit*$ animal y burn ! wit* h]self4 ,?is la/ anecdote is in/ructive1 if p]haps n /rictly au!ntic4 ,x %[s t 9 burn+ alive "o ( a bewit*$ flock or h]d :at y really d is to burn ! wit*1 :o is ei!r actually inc>nate 9 ! animal or p]haps m probably /&s 9 a relation ( sympa?y ) x s close z almo/ to am\nt to id5tity4 ,h5ce if y burn ! creature to a%es1 y utt]ly de/roy ! wit* & !reby save ! :ole ( ! re/ ( ! flock or h]d f h] abom9able ma*9ations2 :]eas if y only p>tially burn ! animal1 all[+ "s p>ts ( x to escape ! flames1 ! wit* is only half-bak$1 & h] p[] = mis*ief may be h>dly1 if at all1 impair$ by ! grill+4 ,we c n[ see t 9 su* matt]s half-measures are useless4 ,to kill ! animal fir/ & burn x aft]w>ds is a weak compromise1 dictat$ no d\bt by a well-meant b utt]ly mi/ak5 k9dness2 x is l %utt+ ! /able-door :5 ! /e$ is /ol51 = obvi\sly by leav+ ! animal's1 & !re=e ! wit*'s1 body ne>ly intact at ! mom5t ( dea?1 x all[s h] s\l to escape & return safe & s\nd to h] own human body1 :i* all ! "t is probably ly+ quietly at home 9 b$4 ,& ! same tra9 ( reason+ t ju/ifies ! burn+ alive ( bewit*$ animals ju/ifies & inde$ requires ! burn+ alive ( ! wit*es !mselves2 x is really ! only way ( de/roy+ !m1 body & s\l1 & !re=e ( ?or\ghly extirpat+ ! :ole inf]nal crew4 ,practice ( burn+ cattle & %eep z sacrifices 9 ! ,isle ( ,man4 ,9 ! ,isle ( ,man ! practice ( burn+ cattle alive 9 ord] to /op a murra9 seems to h p]si/$ d[n to a "t )9 liv+ memory4 ,on ?is subject ,i w quote ! evid5ce collect$ by ,sir ,john ,rhys3 ,a respectable f>m] f ,&reas told me t he 0 driv+ ) 8 wife to ! neighb\r+ p>i% ( ,jurby "s ye>s ago1 & t on ! way !y beheld ! c>case ( a c[ or an ox burn+ 9 a field1 ) a woman engag$ 9 /irr+ ! fire4 ,on rea*+ ! village to :i* !y 7 go+1 !y f\nd t ! burn+ bea/ belong$ to a f>m] :om !y knew4 ,!y 7 fur!r told x 0 no wond] t ! said f>m] _h "o ( 8 cattle burnt1 z sev]al ( !m _h rec5tly di$4 ,:e!r ?is 0 a case ( sacrifice or n ,i _c say4 ,b let me give y ano!r in/ance3 a man :om ,i h already m5tion$1 saw at a f>m ne>] ! c5tre ( ! isl& a live calf be+ burnt4 ,! own] be>s an ,engli% "n1 b 8 family has long be5 settl$ 9 ,man4 ,! f>m]'s explanation to my in=mant 0 t ! calf 0 burnt to secure luck = ! re/ ( ! h]d1 "s ( :i* 7 ?reat5+ to die4 ,my in=mant ?\ght !re 0 absolutely no?+ ! matt] ) !m1 except t !y _h too little to eat4 ,be t z x may1 ! "o calf 0 sacrific$ z a burnt-(f]+ to secure luck = ! re/ ( ! cattle4 ,let me "h also quote ,mr4 ,moore's note 9 8 ,manx ,surnames1 p4 #ahd1 on ! place "n ,cabbal yn ,oural ,lo%t1 or ! ,*apel ( ! ,burnt ,sacrifice4 ',?is "n1' he says1 'records a circum/ance :i* took place 9 ! n9ete5? c5tury1 b :i*1 x is to be hop$1 0 nev] cu/om>y 9 ! ,isle ( ,man4 ,a f>m]1 :o _h lo/ a numb] ( 8 %eep & cattle by murra91 burn$ a calf z a propitiatory (f]+ to ! ,deity on ?is spot1 :]e a *apel 0 aft]w>ds built4 ,h5ce ! "n4' ,p>ticul>s1 ,i may say1 ( "t1 place1 & p]son c\ld be easily add$ to ,mr4 ,moore's /atem5t1 except+1 p]haps z to ! deity 9 "q2 on t po9t ,i h nev] be5 in=m$1 b ,mr4 ,moore is probably "r 9 ! use ( ! capital d1 z ! sacrific] is1 accord+ to all acc\nts1 a highly dev\t ,*ri/ian4 ,"o m in/ance3 an octog5>ian woman1 born 9 ! p>i% ( ,bride1 & n[ liv+ at ,kirk ,&reas1 saw1 :5 %e 0 a 'lump ( a girl' ( t5 or fifte5 ye>s ( age1 a live %eep be+ burnt 9 a field 9 ! p>i% ( ,&reas1 on ,may-day1 :]eby %e meant ! fir/ ( ,may reckon$ accord+ to ! ,old ,/yle4 ,%e ass]ts v decid$ly t x 0 son oural1 'z a sacrifice1' z %e put x1 & '= an object to ! public'3 ^? 7 h] words :5 %e express$ h]self 9 ,engli%4 ,fur!r1 %e made ! /atem5t t x 0 a cu/om to burn a %eep on old ,may-day = a sacrifice4 ,i 0 fully alive to ! int]e/ ( ?is evid5ce1 & cross-exam9$ h] s f> z h] age all[s ( x1 & ,i f9d t %e adh]es to h] /atem5t ) all firmness4#gef ,by burn+ a bewit*$ animal y compel ! wit* to appe>4 ,b ,manxm5 burn bea/s :5 !y are dead z well z :5 !y are alive2 & _! reasons = burn+ ! dead animals may help u to und]/& _! reasons = burn+ ! liv+ animals4 ,on ?is subject ,i w aga9 quote ,sir ,john ,rhys3 ,:5 a bea/ dies on a f>m1 ( c\rse x dies1 accord+ to ! old-fa%ion$ view ( ?+s1 z ,i und]/& x1 f ! influ5ce ( ! evil eye or ! int]position ( a wit*4 ,s if y want to "k to :om y are indebt$ = ! loss ( ! bea/1 y h simply to burn its c>case 9 ! op5 air & wat* :o comes fir/ to ! spot or :o fir/ passes by2 t is ! crim9al to be *>g$ ) ! dea? ( ! animal1 & he _c help com+ !re--su* is ! effect ( ! fire4 ,a ,mi*ael woman1 :o is n[ ab\t ?irty1 relat$ to me h[ %e wat*$ :ile ! c>case ( a bewit*$ colt 0 burn+1 h[ %e saw ! wit* com+1 & h[ %e rememb]s h] %rivell$ face1 ) nose & *9 9 close proximity4 ,accord+ to ano!r native ( ,mi*ael1 a well-in=m$ middle-ag$ man1 ! animal 9 "q 0 (t5e/ a calf1 & x 0 wont to be burnt :ole1 sk9 & all4 ,! object1 accord+ to him1 is inv>iably to br+ ! bewit*] on ! spot1 & he always comes2 b ,i am n cle> :at happ5s to him :5 he appe>s4 ,my in=mant add$1 h[ev]1 t x 0 believ$ t1 unless ! bewit*] got possession ( ! he>t ( ! burn+ bea/1 he lo/ all 8 p[] ( bewit*+4#geg ,magic sympa?y betwe5 ! wit* & ! bewit*$ animal4 ,^! /atem5ts %ew t 9 ! ,isle ( ,man ! sympa!tic relation betwe5 ! wit* & 8 or h] animal victim is believ$ to be s close t by burn+ ! animal y compel ! wit* to appe>4 ,! orig9al idea may h be5 t1 by virtue ( a magic sympa?y :i* b9ds ! two toge!r1 :atev] h>m y d to ! animal is felt by ! wit* z if x 7 done to h]self4 ,t notion w\ld fully expla9 :y ,manx p us$ also to burn bewit*$ animals alive2 9 do+ s !y probably imag9$ t !y 7 simultane\sly burn+ ! wit* :o _h ca/ ! spell on _! cattle4 ,p>allel belief 9 magic sympa?y betwe5 ! animal %ape ( a 7-wolf & 8 or h] ord9>y human %ape3 by w\nd+ ! wolf y simultane\sly w\nd ! man or woman4 ,?is explanation ( ! reason = burn+ a bewit*$ animal1 dead or alive1 is confirm$ by ! p>allel belief conc]n+ 7-wolves4 ,x is commonly suppos$ t c]ta9 m5 & wom5 c trans=m !mselves by magic art into wolves or o!r animals1 b t any w\nd inflict$ on su* a trans=m$ bea/ 7a 7-wolf or o!r 7-animal7 is simultane\sly inflict$ on ! human body ( ! wit* or w>lock :o _h trans=m$ h]self or himself into ! creature4 ,?is belief is widely diffus$2 x meets u 9 ,europe1 ,asia1 & ,africa4 ,= example1 ,olaus ,magnus tells u t 9 ,livonia1 n _m ye>s be=e he wrote1 a noble lady _h a dispute ) h] slave on ! subject ( 7-wolves1 %e d\bt+ :e!r !re 7 any su* ?+s1 & he ma9ta9+ t !re 74 ,to conv9ce h] he retir$ to a room1 f :i* he soon appe>$ 9 ! =m ( a wolf4 ,be+ *as$ by ! dogs into ! =e/ & br\ght to bay1 ! wolf def5d$ himself fi]cely1 b lo/ an eye 9 ! /ruggle4 ,next day ! slave return$ to 8 mi/ress 9 human =m b ) only "o eye4#geh ,aga91 x happ5$ 9 ! ye> #aehh t a g5tleman 9 a village among ! m\nta9s ( ,auv]gne1 look+ out ( ! w9d[ "o ev5+1 saw a fri5d ( 8 go+ out to hunt4 ,he begg$ him to br+ him back "s ( 8 bag1 & 8 fri5d said t he w\ld4 ,well1 he _h n gone v f> be=e he met a huge wolf4 ,he fir$ & miss$ x1 & ! animal attack$ him furi\sly1 b he /ood on 8 gu>d & ) an adroit /roke ( 8 hunt+ knife he cut (f ! "r =e-paw ( ! brute1 :i* !reupon fl$ away & he saw x no m4 ,he return$ to 8 fri5d1 & draw+ f 8 p\* ! sev]$ paw ( ! wolf he f\nd to 8 horror t x 0 turn$ into a woman's h& ) a gold5 r+ on "o ( ! f+]s4 ,8 fri5d recogniz$ ! r+ z t ( 8 own wife & w5t to f9d h]4 ,%e 0 sitt+ by ! fire ) h] "r arm "u h] apron4 ,z %e refus$ to draw x out1 h] husb& confront$ h] ) ! h& & ! r+ on x4 ,%e at once confess$ ! tru?1 t x 0 %e 9 ! =m ( a 7-wolf :om ! hunt] _h w\nd$4 ,h] confession 0 confirm$ by apply+ ! sev]$ h& to ! /ump ( h] arm1 = ! two fitt$ exactly4 ,! angry husb& deliv]$ up 8 wick$ wife to ju/ice2 %e 0 tri$ & burnt z a wit*4#gei ,x is said t a 7-wolf1 sc\r+ ! /reets ( ,padua1 0 caught1 & :5 !y cut (f 8 f\r paws he at once turn$ into a man1 b ) bo? 8 h&s & feet amputat$4#gfj ,aga91 9 a f>m ( ! ,fr5* di/rict ( ,beauce1 !re 0 once a h]dsman :o nev] slept at home4 ,^! nocturnal abs5ces naturally attract$ att5tion & set p talk+4 ,at ! same "t1 by a curi\s co9cid5ce1 a wolf us$ to pr[l r\nd ! f>m e night & to excite ! dogs 9 ! f>my>d to fury by ?ru/+ 8 sn\t d]isively ?r\gh ! cat's hole 9 ! great gate4 ,! f>m] _h 8 suspicions & he det]m9$ to wat*4 ,"o night1 :5 ! h]dsman w5t out z usual1 8 ma/] foll[$ him quietly till he came to a hut1 :]e ) 8 own eyes he saw ! man put on a broad belt & at once turn into a wolf1 :i* sc\r$ away ov] ! fields4 ,! f>m] smil$ a sickly sort ( smile & w5t back to ! f>m4 ,!re he took a /\t /ick & sat d[n at ! cat's hole to wait4 ,he _h n long to wait4 ,! dogs b>k$ l mad1 a wolf's sn\t %ew$ ?r\gh ! hole1 d[n came ! /ick1 out gu%$ ! blood1 & a voice 0 he>d to say )\t ! gate1 ,a good job too4 ,i _h /ill ?ree ye>s to run4 ,next day ! h]dsman appe>$ z usual1 b he _h a sc> on 8 br[1 & he nev] w5t out aga9 at night4#gfa ,w]ewolves 9 ,*9a4 ,9 ,*9a also ! fai? 9 simil> trans=mation is reflect$ 9 ! foll[+ tale4 ,a c]ta9 man 9 ,sung-yang w5t into ! m\nta9s to ga!r fuel4 ,night fell & he 0 pursu$ by two tig]s1 b scrambl$ up a tree out ( _! rea*4 ,!n said ! "o tig] to ! o!r tig]1 ,if we c f9d ,*u-,tu-%i1 we are sure to cat* ?is man up ! tree4 ,s (f w5t "o ( !m to f9d ,*u-,tu-%i1 :ile ! o!r kept wat* at ! foot ( ! tree4 ,soon aft] t ano!r tig]1 lean] & long] ?an ! o!r two1 appe>$ on ! sc5e & made a grab at ! man's coat4 ,b =tunately ! moon 0 %9+1 ! man saw ! paw1 & ) a /roke ( 8 axe cut (f "o ( its claws4 ,! tig]s ro>$ & fl$1 "o aft] ! o!r1 s ! man climb$ d[n ! tree & w5t home4 ,:5 he told 8 tale 9 ! village1 suspicion naturally fell on ! said ,*u-,tu-%i2 next day "s m5 w5t to see him 9 8 h\se4 ,!y 7 told t !y c\ld n see him2 = he _h be5 out ! night be=e & _h hurt 8 h&1 & he 0 n[ ill 9 b$4 ,s !y put two & two toge!r & report$ him to ! police4 ,! police arriv$1 surr\nd$ ! h\se1 & set fire to x2 b ,*u-,tu-%i rose f 8 b$1 turn$ into a tig]1 *>g$ "r ?r\gh ! police1 & escap$1 & to ?is day nobody ev] knew :]e he w5t to4#gfb ,w]ewolves among ! ,toradjas ( ,c5tral ,celebes4 ,! ,toradjas ( ,c5tral ,celebes /& 9 v great fe> ( w]ewolves1 t is ( m5 & wom51 :o h ! p[] ( trans=m+ _! spirits into animals su* z cats1 crocodiles1 wild pigs1 apes1 de]1 & buffaloes1 :i* roam ab\t batt5+ on human fle%1 & especially on human liv]s1 :ile ! m5 & wom5 9 _! own prop] human =m are sleep+ quietly 9 _! b$s at home4 ,among !m a man is ei!r born a 7-wolf or becomes "o by infection2 = m]e contact ) a 7-wolf1 or ev5 ) any?+ t has be5 t\*$ by 8 spittle1 is q en\gh to turn ! mo/ innoc5t p]son into a 7-wolf2 nay ev5 to lean y\r head aga9/ any?+ aga9/ :i* a 7-wolf has lean$ 8 head suffices to d x4 ,! p5alty = be+ a 7-wolf is dea?2 b ! s5t5ce is nev] pass$ until ! accus$ has _h a fair trial & 8 guilt has be5 cle>ly demon/rat$ by an ordeal1 :i* consi/s 9 dipp+ ! middle f+] into boil+ res94 ,if ! f+] is n burnt1 ! man is no 7-wolf2 b if x is burnt1 a w]ewolf he mo/ assur$ly is1 s !y take him away to a quiet spot & hack him to bits4 ,9 cutt+ him up ! execution]s are naturally v c>eful n to be bespatt]$ ) 8 blood1 = if t 7 to happ5 !y w\ld ( c\rse be turn$ into 7-wolves !mselves4 ,fur!r1 !y place 8 sev]$ head beside 8 h9d]-qu>t]s to prev5t 8 s\l f com+ to life aga9 & pursu+ 8 depr$ations4 ,s great is ! horror ( 7-wolves among ! ,toradjas1 & s great is _! fe> ( contract+ ! deadly ta9t by infection1 t _m p]sons h assur$ a mission>y t !y w\ld n sp>e _! own *ild if !y knew him to be a 7-wolf4#gfc ,n[ ^! p1 ^: fai? 9 7-wolves is n a m]e dy+ or dead sup]/ition b a liv+1 dreadful conviction1 tell /ories ( 7-wolves :i* con=m to ! type :i* we are exam9+4 ,!y say t once ^u a "t a 7-wolf came 9 human %ape "u ! h\se ( a neighb\r1 :ile 8 real body lay asleep z usual at home1 & call+ out s(tly to ! man's wife made an assignation ) h] to meet him 9 ! tobacco-field next day4 ,b ! husb& 0 ly+ awake & he he>d x all1 b he said no?+ to anybody4 ,next day *anc$ to be a busy "o 9 ! village1 = a ro( _h to be put on a new h\se & all ! m5 7 l5d+ a h& ) ! "w1 & among !m to be sure 0 ! 7-wolf himself1 ,i mean to say 8 own human self2 !re he 0 up on ! ro( work+ away z h>d z anybody4 ,b ! woman w5t out to ! tobacco-field1 & beh9d w5t unse5 h] husb&1 sl9k+ ?r\gh ! und]wood4 ,:5 !y 7 come to ! field1 he saw ! 7-wolf make up to 8 wife1 s out he ru%$ & /ruck at him ) a /ick4 ,quick z ?\ght1 ! 7-wolf turn$ himself into a leaf1 b ! man 0 z nimble1 = he caught up ! leaf1 ?ru/ x into ! jo9t ( bamboo1 9 :i* he kept 8 tobacco1 & bung$ x up tight4 ,!n he walk$ back ) 8 wife to ! village1 c>ry+ ! bamboo ) ! w]ewolf 9 x4 ,:5 !y came to ! village1 ! human body ( ! 7-wolf 0 /ill on ! ro(1 work+ away ) ! re/4 ,! man put ! bamboo 9 a fire4 ,at t ! human 7-wolf look$ d[n f ! ro( & said1 ,don't d t4 ,! man drew ! bamboo f ! fire1 b a mom5t aft]w>ds he put x 9 ! fire aga91 & aga9 ! human 7-wolf on ! ro( look$ d[n & cri$1 ,don't d t4 ,b ?is "t ! man kept ! bamboo 9 ! fire1 & :5 x blaz$ up1 d[n fell ! human 7-wolf f ! ro( z dead z a /one4#gfd ,aga91 ! foll[+ /ory w5t r\nd among ! ,toradjas n s v _m ye>s ago4 ,! ?+ happ5$ at ,soem>a1 on ! ,gulf ( ,tomori4 ,x 0 ev5+ & "s m5 sat *att+ ) a c]ta9 ,hadji ,mohammad4 ,:5 x _h gr[n d>k1 "o ( ! m5 w5t out ( ! h\se = some?+ or o!r4 ,a little :ile aft]w>ds "o ( ! company ?\ght he saw a /ag's antl]s /&+ out %>p & cle> aga9/ ! bright ev5+ sky4 ,s ,hadji ,mohammad rais$ 8 gun & fir$4 ,a m9ute or two aft]w>ds back comes ! man :o _h gone out1 & says he to ,hadji ,mohammad1 ,y %ot at me & hit me4 ,y mu/ pay me a f9e4 ,!y se>*$ him b f\nd no w\nd on him any:]e4 ,!n !y knew t he 0 a 7-wolf :o _h turn$ himself into a /ag & _h heal$ ! bullet-w\nd by lick+ x4 ,h[ev]1 ! bullet _h f\nd its billet1 = two days aft]w>ds he 0 a dead man4#gfe ,7-wolves 9 ! ,egyptian ,sudan4 ,9 ,s5n>1 a prov9ce ( ! ,egyptian ,sudan1 ! ,hammeg & ,fungi enjoy ! reputation ( be+ p[]ful magicians :o c turn !mselves into hya5as & 9 t guise sc\r ! c\ntry at night1 h[l+ & gorg+ !mselves4 ,b by day !y are m5 aga94 ,x is v dang]\s to %oot at su* human hya5as by night4 ,on ! ,jebel ,bela m\nta9 a soldi] once %ot at a hya5a & hit x1 b x dragg$ itself (f1 ble$+1 9 ! d>kness & escap$4 ,next morn+ he foll[$ up ! trail ( blood & x l$ him /raight to ! hut ( a man :o 0 ev]y:]e kn[n = a wiz>d4 ,no?+ ( ! hya5a 0 to be se51 b ! man himself 0 laid up 9 ! h\se ) a fre% w\nd & di$ soon aft]w>ds4 ,& ! soldi] did n long survive him4#gff ,! 7-wolf /ory 9 ,petronius4 ,b ! classical example ( ^! /ories is an old ,roman tale told by ,petronius4 ,x is put 9 ! m\? ( "o ,nic]os4 ,late at night he left ! t[n to visit a fri5d ( 81 a wid[1 :o liv$ at a f>m five miles d[n ! road4 ,he 0 accompani$ by a soldi]1 :o lodg$ 9 ! same h\se1 a man ( ,h]culean build4 ,:5 !y set out x 0 ne> dawn1 b ! moon %one z bright z day4 ,pass+ ?r\gh ! outskirts ( ! t[n1 !y came among/ ! tombs1 :i* l9$ ! highroad = "s di/ance4 ,!re ! soldi] made an excuse = retir+ beh9d a monum5t1 & ,nic]os sat d[n to wait = him1 humm+ a tune & c\nt+ ! tomb/ones to pass ! "t4 ,9 a little he look$ r\nd = 8 companion1 & saw a sight :i* froze him ) horror4 ,! soldi] _h /ripp$ (f 8 clo!s to ! la/ rag & laid !m at ! side ( ! highway4 ,!n he p]=m$ a c]ta9 c]emony ov] !m1 & imm$iately 0 *ang$ into a wolf1 & ran h[l+ into ! =e/4 ,:5 ,nic]os _h recov]$ himself a little1 he w5t to pick up ! clo!s1 b f\nd t !y 7 turn$ to /one4 ,m dead ?an alive1 he drew 8 sword1 &1 /rik+ at e %ad[ ca/ by ! tomb/ones on ! moonlit road1 he tott]$ to 8 fri5d's h\se4 ,he ent]$ x l a gho/1 to ! surprise ( ! wid[1 :o wond]$ to see him abroad s late4 ,if y _h only be5 "h a little ago1 said %e1 y might h be5 ( "s use4 ,= a wolf came te>+ into ! y>d1 sc>+ ! cattle & ble$+ !m l a but*]4 ,b he did n get (f s easily1 = ! s]vant spe>$ him 9 ! neck4 ,aft] he>+ ^! words1 ,nic]os felt t he c\ld n close an eye1 s he hurri$ away home aga94 ,x 0 n[ broad daylight1 b :5 he came to ! place :]e ! clo!s _h be5 turn$ to /one1 he f\nd only a pool ( blood4 ,he rea*$ home1 & !re lay ! soldi] 9 b$ l an ox 9 ! %ambles1 & ! doctor 0 b&ag+ 8 neck4 ,!n ,i knew1 said ,nic]os1 t ! man 0 a 7-wolf1 & nev] aga9 c\ld ,i break bread ) him1 no1 n if y _h kill$ me = x4#gfg ,wit*es l 7-wolves c tempor>ily trans=m !mselves into animals4 ,^! /ories may help u to und]/& ! cu/om ( burn+ a bewit*$ animal1 :i* has be5 obs]v$ 9 our own c\ntry d[n to rec5t times1 if inde$ x is ev5 n[ ext9ct4 ,= a close p>allel may be trac$ 9 "s respects betwe5 wit*es & 7-wolves4 ,l 7-wolves1 wit*es are commonly suppos$ to be able to trans=m !mselves tempor>ily into animals = ! purpose ( play+ _! mis*iev\s pranks2#gfh & l 7-wolves !y c 9 _! animal disguise be compell$ to unmask !mselves to any "o :o succe$s 9 draw+ _! blood4 ,9 ei!r case ! animal-sk9 is conceiv$ z a cloak ?r[n r\nd ! wick$ en*ant]2 & if y c only pi]ce ! sk91 :e!r by ! /ab ( a knife or ! %ot ( a gun1 y s r5d ! disguise t ! man or woman inside ( x /&s reveal$ 9 8 or h] true col\rs4 ,/rictly speak+1 ! /ab %\ld be giv5 on ! br[ or betwe5 ! eyes 9 ! case bo? ( a wit* & ( a 7-wolf2#gfi & x is va9 to %oot at a 7-wolf unless y h _h ! bullet bless$ 9 a *apel ( ,/4 ,hub]t or happ5 to be c>ry+ ab\t y1 )\t kn[+ x1 a f\r-leav$ clov]2 o!rwise ! bullet w m]ely reb\nd f ! 7-wolf l wat] f a duck's back4#ggj ,h[ev]1 9 ,arm5ia !y say t ! 7-wolf1 :o 9 t c\ntry is usually a woman1 c be kill$ nei!r by %ot nor by /eel2 ! only way ( deliv]+ ! unhappy woman f h] bondage is to get hold ( h] wolf's sk9 & burn x2 = t naturally prev5ts h] f turn+ into a wolf aga94 ,b x is n easy to f9d ! sk91 = %e is cunn+ en\gh to hide x by day4#gga ,s ) wit*es1 x is n only useless b ev5 dang]\s to %oot at "o ( !m :5 %e has turn$ h]self into a h>e2 if y d1 ! gun may bur/ 9 y\r h& or ! %ot come back & kill y4 ,! only way to make q sure ( hitt+ a wit*-animal is to put a silv] sixp5ce or a silv] button 9 y\r gun4#ggb ,= example1 x happ5$ "o ev5+ t a native ( ! isl& ( ,tiree 0 go+ home ) a new gun1 :5 he saw a black %eep runn+ t[>ds him across ! pla9 ( ,reef4 ,some?+ ab\t ! creature excit$ 8 suspicion1 s he put a silv] sixp5ce 9 8 gun & fir$ at x4 ,in/antly ! black %eep became a woman ) a drugget coat wrapt r\nd h] head4 ,! man knew h] q well1 = %e 0 a wit* :o _h (t5 p]secut$ him be=e 9 ! %ape ( a cat4#ggc ,w\nds inflict$ on an animal into :i* a wit* has trans=m$ h]self are inflict$ on ! wit* h]self4 ,aga91 ! w\nds inflict$ on a wit*-h>e or a wit*-cat are to be se5 on ! wit* h]self1 j z ! w\nds inflict$ on a 7-wolf are to be se5 on ! man himself :5 he has d(f$ ! wolfs sk94 ,to take a few in/ances out ( a multitude1 a "y man 9 ! isl& ( ,lismore 0 out %oot+4 ,:5 he 0 ne> ,balnag[n lo*1 he />t$ a h>e & fir$ at x4 ,! animal gave an une>?ly scream1 & !n = ! fir/ "t x occurr$ to him t !re 7 no real h>es 9 ,lismore4 ,he ?rew away 8 gun 9 t]ror & fl$ home2 & next day he he>d t a notori\s wit* 0 laid up ) a brok5 leg4 ,a man ne$ be no conjuror to guess h[ %e came by t brok5 leg4#ggd ,aga91 at ,?urso c]ta9 wit*es us$ to turn !mselves into cats & 9 t %ape to torm5t an hone/ man4 ,"o night he lo/ pati5ce1 :ipp$ out 8 broadsword1 & put !m to flight4 ,z !y 7 scurry+ away he /ruck at !m & cut (f a leg ( "o ( ! cats4 ,to 8 a/oni%m5t x 0 a woman's leg1 & next morn+ he f\nd "o ( ! wit*es %ort ( ! correspond+ limb4#gge ,glanvil tells a /ory ( an old woman 9 ,cambridge-%ire1 ^: a/ral _s1 com+ into a man's h\se 7z he 0 sitt+ alone at ! fire7 9 ! %ape ( an huge cat1 & sett+ h] self be=e ! fire1 n f> f him1 he /ole a /roke at ! back ( x ) a fire-=k1 & seem$ to break ! back ( x1 b x scambl$ f him1 & vani%t he knew n h[4 ,b su* an old woman1 a reput$ wit*1 0 f\nd dead 9 h] b$ t v night1 ) h] back brok51 z ,i h he>d "s ye>s ago cr$ibly report$4#ggf ,9 ,york%ire dur+ ! latt] half ( ! n9ete5? c5tury a p>i% cl]gyman 0 told a circum/antial /ory ( an old wit* nam$ ,nanny1 :o 0 hunt$ 9 ! =m ( a h>e = sev]al miles ov] ! ,we/]dale moors & kept well away f ! dogs1 till a black "o jo9$ ! pack & succe$$ 9 tak+ a bit out ( "o ( ! h>e's legs4 ,t 0 ! end ( ! *ase1 & imm$iately aft]w>ds ! sportsm5 f\nd old ,nanny laid up 9 b$ ) a sore leg4 ,on exam9+ ! w\nd$ limb !y discov]$ t ! hurt 0 precisely 9 t "p ( x :i* 9 ! h>e _h be5 bitt5 by ! black dog &1 :at 0 /ill m significant1 ! w\nd _h all ! appe>ance ( hav+ be5 inflict$ by a dog's tee?4 ,s !y put two & two toge!r4#ggg ,! same sort ( ?+ is (t5 report$ 9 ,l9coln%ire4 ,"o night1 said a s]vant f ,kirton ,l9dsey1 my fa!r & bro!r saw a cat 9 front ( !m4 ,fa!r knew x 0 a wit*1 & took a /one & hamm]$ x4 ,next day ! wit* _h h] face all ti$ up1 & %ortly aft]w>ds di$4 ,aga91 a ,b>dney bumpk9 told h[ a wit* 9 8 neighb\rhood c\ld take all sorts ( %apes4 ,"o night a man %ot a h>e1 & :5 he w5t to ! wit*'s h\se he f\nd h] pla/]+ a w\nd j :]e he _h %ot ! h>e4#ggh ,s 9 ,c\nty ,leitrim1 9 ,irel&1 !y say t a h>e pursu$ by dogs fl$ to a h\se ne> at h&1 b j z x 0 bolt+ 9 at ! door "o ( ! dogs came up ) x & nipp$ a piece out ( its leg4 ,! hunt]s ent]$ ! h\se & f\nd no h>e !re b only an old woman1 & h] side 0 ble$+2 s !y knew :at to ?9k ( h]4#ggi ,w\nd$ wit*es 9 ! ,vosges4 ,aga91 9 ! ,vosges ,m\nta9s a great big h>e us$ to come out e ev5+ to take ! air at ! foot ( ! ,mont des ,f\r*es4 ,all ! sportsm5 ( ! neighb\rhood tri$ _! h&s on t h>e = a mon?1 b n "o ( !m c\ld hit x4 ,at la/ "o m>ksman1 m kn[+ ?an ! re/1 load$ 8 gun ) "s pellets ( a consecrat$ waf] 9 addition to ! usual pellets ( lead4 ,t did ! trick4 ,if puss 0 n kill$ outright1 %e 0 badly hurt1 & limp$ away utt]+ %rieks & curses 9 a human voice4 ,lat] x transpir$ t %e 0 no o!r ?an ! wit* ( a neighb\r+ village :o _h ! p[] ( putt+ on ! %ape ( any animal %e pleas$4#ghj ,aga91 a hunt] ( ,travex91 9 ! ,vosges1 fir$ at a h>e & almo/ %ot away "o ( its h9d legs4 ,nev]!less ! creature contriv$ to escape into a cottage ?r\gh ! op5 door4 ,imm$iately a *ild's cries 7 he>d to proce$ f ! cottage1 & ! hunt] c\ld di/+ui% ^! words1 ,daddy1 daddy1 come quick6 ,poor mammy has h] leg brok54#gha ,w\nd$ wit*es 9 ,swabia4 ,9 ,swabia ! wit*es are liable to accid5ts ( ! same sort :5 !y g ab\t _! bus9ess 9 ! =m ( animals4 ,= example1 !re 0 a soldi] :o 0 betro!d to a "y woman & us$ to visit h] e ev5+ :5 he 0 (f duty4 ,b "o ev5+ ! girl told him t he mu/ n come to ! h\se on ,friday nights1 because x 0 nev] conv5i5t to h] to see him !n4 ,?is r\s$ 8 suspicion1 & ! v next ,friday night he set out to g to 8 swee!>t's h\se4 ,on ! way a :ite cat ran up to him 9 ! /reet & dogg$ 8 /eps1 & :5 ! animal w\ld n make (f he drew 8 sword & sla%$ (f "o ( its paws4 ,on t ! cat bolt$4 ,! soldi] walk$ on1 b :5 he came to 8 swee!>t's h\se he f\nd h] 9 b$1 & :5 he ask$ h] :at 0 ! matt]1 %e gave a v confus$ reply4 ,notic+ /a9s ( blood on ! b$1 he drew d[n ! cov]let & saw t ! girl 0 welt]+ 9 h] gore1 = "o ( h] feet 0 lopp$ (f4 ,s t's :at's ! matt] ) y1 y wit*6 said he1 & turn$ on 8 heel & left h]1 & )9 ?ree days %e 0 dead4#ghb ,aga91 a f>m] 9 ! neighb\rhood ( ,wies5/eig frequ5tly f\nd 9 8 /able a horse ov] & above ! f\r horses he actually own$4 ,he did n "k :at to make ( x & m5tion$ ! matt] to ! smi?4 ,! smi? said quietly1 ,! next "t y see a fif? horse 9 ! /able1 j y s5d = me4 ,well1 x 0 n long be=e ! /range horse 0 !re aga91 & ! f>m] at once s5t = ! smi?4 ,he came br++ f\r horse-%oes ) him1 & said1 ,i'm sure ! nag has no %oes2 ,i'll %oe h] = y4 ,no soon] said ?an done4 ,h[ev]1 ! smi? ov]rea*$ himself2 = next day :5 8 fri5d ! f>m] paid him a visit he f\nd ! smi?'s own wife pranc+ ab\t ) horse-%oes nail$ on h] h&s & feet4 ,b x 0 ! la/ "t %e ev] appe>$ 9 ! %ape ( a horse4#ghc ,! mill]'s wife & ! two grey cats4 ,once m1 9 ,silesia !y tell ( a mill]'s appr5tice1 a /urdy & indu/ri\s "y fell[1 :o set out on 8 travels4 ,"o day he came to a mill1 & ! mill] told him t he want$ an appr5tice b did n c>e to engage "o1 because hi!rto all 8 appr5tices _h run away 9 ! night1 & :5 he came d[n 9 ! morn+ ! mill 0 at a /&4 ,h[ev]1 he lik$ ! looks ( ! "y *ap & took him into 8 pay4 ,b :at ! new appr5tice he>d ab\t ! mill & 8 pr$ecessors 0 n enc\rag+2 s ! fir/ night :5 x 0 8 duty to wat* 9 ! mill he took c>e to provide himself ) an axe & a pray]-book1 & :ile he kept "o eye on ! :irr+1 humm+ :eels he kept ! o!r on ! good book1 :i* he read by ! flick]+ light ( a c&le set on a table4 ,s ! h\rs at fir/ pass$ quietly ) no?+ to di/urb him b ! monoton\s drone & click ( ! ma*9]y4 ,b on ! /roke ( twelve1 z he 0 /ill read+ ) ! axe ly+ on ! table )9 rea*1 ! door op5$ & 9 came two grey cats mew+1 an old "o & a "y "o4 ,!y sat d[n opposite him1 b x 0 easy to see t !y did n l 8 wakefulness & ! pray]-book & ! axe4 ,sudd5ly ! old cat rea*$ out a paw & made a grab at ! axe1 b ! "y *ap 0 too quick = h] & held x fa/4 ,!n ! "y cat tri$ to d ! same = ! pray]-book1 b ! appr5tice gripp$ x tight4 ,?us balk$1 ! two cats set up su* a squall+ t ! "y fell[ c\ld h>dly say 8 pray]s4 ,j be=e "o o'clock ! y\ng] cat sprang on ! table & fet*$ a bl[ ) h] "r paw at ! c&le to put x out4 ,b ! appr5tice /ruck at h] ) 8 axe & slic$ ! paw (f1 :]eupon ! two cats vani%$ ) a frightful scree*4 ,! appr5tice wrapp$ ! paw up 9 pap] to %ew x to 8 ma/]4 ,v glad ! mill] 0 next morn+ :5 he came d[n & f\nd ! mill go+ & ! "y *ap at 8 po/4 ,! appr5tice told him :at _h happ5$ 9 ! night & gave him ! p>cel conta9+ ! cat's paw4 ,b :5 ! mill] op5$ x1 :at 0 ! a/oni%m5t ( ! two to f9d 9 x no cat's paw b a woman's h&6 ,at breakfa/ ! mill]'s "y wife did n z usual take h] place at ! table4 ,%e 0 ill 9 b$1 & ! doctor _h to be call$ 9 to b9d up h] "r arm1 because 9 hew+ wood1 s !y said1 %e _h made a slip & cut (f h] own "r h&4 ,b ! appr5tice pack$ up 8 traps & turn$ 8 back on t mill be=e ! sun _h set4#ghd ,! analogy ( 7-wolves confirms ! view t ! reason = burn+ bewit*$ animals is ei!r to burn ! wit* or to compel h] to appe>4 ,x w\ld no d\bt be easy to multiply in/ances1 all equally well atte/$ & au!ntic1 ( ! trans=mation ( wit*es into animals & ( ! damage :i* ! wom5 !mselves h su/a9$ ?r\gh injuries inflict$ on ! animals4#ghe ,b ! =ego+ evid5ce may suffice to e/abli% ! complete p>allelism betwe5 wit*es & 7-wolves 9 ^! respects4 ,! analogy appe>s to confirm ! view t ! reason = burn+ a bewit*$ animal alive is a belief t ! wit* h]self is 9 ! animal1 & t by burn+ x y ei!r de/roy ! wit* completely or at lea/ unmask h] & compel h] to reassume h] prop] human %ape1 9 :i* %e is naturally f> less pot5t = mis*ief ?an :5 %e is c>e]+ ab\t ! c\ntry 9 ! lik5ess ( a cat1 a h>e1 a horse1 or :at n4 ,?is pr9ciple is /ill inde$ cle>ly recogniz$ by p 9 ,old5burg1 ?\gh1 z might be expect$1 !y d n n[ c>ry out ! pr9ciple to its logical conclusion by burn+ ! bewit*$ animal or p]son alive2 in/ead !y resort to a feeble &1 x mu/ be add$1 p]fectly futile subt]fuge dictat$ by a mi/ak5 humanity or a fe> ( ! police4 ,:5 any?+ liv+ is bewit*$ 9 a h\se1 = example1 *ildr5 or animals1 !y burn or boil ! nobl] inw>ds ( animals1 especially ! he>ts1 b also ! lungs or ! liv]4 ,if animals h di$1 !y take ! inw>ds ( "o ( !m or ( an animal ( ! same k9d slaught]$ = ! purpose2 b if t is n possible !y take ! inw>ds ( a cock1 by pref]5ce a black "o4 ,! he>t1 lung1 or liv] is /uck all ov] ) ne$les1 or m>k$ ) a cross cut1 or plac$ on ! fire 9 a tightly clos$ vessel1 /rict sil5ce be+ obs]v$ & doors & w9d[s well %ut4 ,:5 ! he>t boils or is r$uc$ to a%es1 ! wit* mu/ appe>1 = dur+ ! boil+ %e feels ! burn+ pa94 ,%e ei!r begs to be releas$ or seeks to borr[ some?+1 = example1 salt or a coal ( fire1 or %e takes ! lid (f ! pot1 or tries to induce ! p]son ^: spell is on h] to speak4 ,!y say1 too1 t a woman comes ) a sp9n+-:eel4 ,if x is a %eep t has di$1 y proce$ 9 ! same way ) a tripe f its /oma* & prick x ) ne$les :ile x is on ! boil4 ,in/ead ( boil+ x1 "s p nail ! he>t to ! highe/ raft] ( ! h\se1 or lay x on ! edge ( ! he>?1 9 ord] t x may dry up1 no d\bt because ! same ?+ happ5s to ! wit*4 ,we may conjecture t o!r sympa!tic means ( de/ruction are employ$ aga9/ wit*craft4 ,! foll[+ is expressly report$3 ! he>t ( a calf t has di$ is /uck all ov] ) ne$les1 enclos$ 9 a bag1 & ?r[n into fl[+ wat] be=e sunset4#ghf ,!re is ! same reason = burn+ bewit*$ ?+s2 simil>ly by burn+ alive a p]son ^: =m a wit* has assum$1 y compel ! wit* to disclose h]self4 ,& ! same ?+ holds good also ( inanimate objects on :i* a wit* has ca/ h] spell4 ,9 ,wales !y say t if a ?+ is bewit*$1 burn x1 & imm$iately aft]w>ds ! wit* w come to borr[ some?+ ( y4 ,if y give :at %e asks1 %e w g free2 if y refuse x1 %e w burn1 & a m>k w be on h] body ! next day4#ghg ,s1 too1 9 ,old5burg1 ! burn+ ( ?+s t are bewit*$ or t h be5 receiv$ f wit*es is ano!r way ( break+ ! spell4 ,x is (t5 said t ! burn+ %\ld take place at a cross-road1 & 9 sev]al places cross-roads are %ewn :]e ! burn+ us$ to be p]=m$4444 ,z a rule1 :ile ! ?+s are burn+1 ! guilty wit*es appe>1 ?\gh n always 9 _! own %ape4 ,at ! burn+ ( bewit*$ butt] !y (t5 appe> z cock*af]s & c be kill$ ) impunity4 ,victuals receiv$ f wit*es may be safely consum$ if only y fir/ burn a portion ( !m4#ghh ,= example1 a "y man 9 ,old5burg 0 woo+ a girl1 & %e gave him two f9e apples z a gift4 ,n feel+ any appetite at ! "t1 he put ! apples 9 8 pocket1 & :5 he came home he laid !m by 9 a *e/4 ,two or ?ree days aft]w>ds he rememb]$ ! apples & w5t to ! *e/ to fet* !m4 ,b :5 he w\ld h put 8 h& on !m1 :at 0 8 horror to f9d 9 _! /ead two fat ugly toads 9 ! *e/4 ,he ha/5$ to a wise man & ask$ him :at he %\ld d ) ! toads4 ,! man told him to boil ! toads alive1 b :ile he 0 do+ s he mu/ be sure on no acc\nt to l5d any?+ out ( ! h\se4 ,well1 j z he _h ! toads 9 a pot on ! fire & ! wat] began to gr[ nicely w>m1 :o %\ld come to ! door b ! girl :o _h giv5 him ! apples1 & %e wi%$ to borr[ some?+2 b he refus$ to give h] any?+1 rat$ h] z a wit*1 & drove h] out ( ! h\se4 ,a little aft]w>ds 9 came ! girl's "m & begg$ ) te>s 9 h] eyes = some?+ or o!r2 b he turn$ h] out also4 ,! la/ ^w %e said to him 0 t he %\ld at lea/ sp>e h] daught]'s life2 b he paid no he$ to h] & let ! toads boil till !y fell to bits4 ,next day ^w came t ! girl 0 dead4#ghi ,c any reasonable man d\bt t ! wit* h]self 0 boil$ alive 9 ! p]son ( ! toads8 ,! burn+ alive ( a suppos$ wit* 9 ,irel& 9 #ahie4 ,moreov]1 j z a wit* c assume ! =m ( an animal1 s %e c assume ! =m ( "s o!r human be+1 & ! lik5ess is sometimes s good t x is difficult to detect ! fraud4 ,h[ev]1 by burn+ alive ! p]son ^: %ape ! wit* has put on1 y =ce ! wit* to disclose h]self1 j z by burn+ alive ! bewit*$ animal y 9 l mann] oblige ! wit* to appe>4 ,?is pr9ciple may p]haps be unkn[n to sci5ce1 falsely s call$1 b x is well und]/ood 9 ,irel& & has be5 act$ on )9 rec5t ye>s4 ,9 ,m>* #ahie a peasant nam$ ,mi*ael ,cle>y1 resid+ at ,ballyvadlea1 a remote & lonely di/rict 9 ! c\nty ( ,tipp]>y1 burn$ 8 wife ,bridget ,cle>y alive ov] a sl[ fire on ! kit*5 he>? 9 ! pres5ce ( & ) ! active assi/ance ( "s neighb\rs1 includ+ ! woman's own fa!r & sev]al ( h] c\s9s4 ,!y ?\ght t %e 0 n ,bridget ,cle>y at all1 b a wit*1 & t :5 !y held h] d[n on ! fire %e w\ld vani% up ! *imney2 s !y cri$1 :ile %e 0 burn+1 ,away %e goes6 ,away %e goes6 ,ev5 :5 %e lay q dead on ! kit*5 floor 7= contr>y to ! g5]al expectation %e did n disappe> up ! *imney71 h] husb& /ill believ$ t ! woman ly+ !re 0 a wit*1 & t 8 own de> wife _h gone ) ! fairies to ! old ra? or =t on ! hill ( ,kyl5agranagh1 :]e he w\ld see h] at night rid+ a grey horse & rop$ to ! saddle1 & t he w\ld cut ! ropes1 & t %e w\ld /ay ) him ev] aft]w>ds4 ,s he w5t ) "s fri5ds to ! =t night aft] night1 tak+ a big table-knife ) him to cut ! ropes4 ,b he nev] saw 8 wife aga94 ,he & ! m5 :o _h held ! woman on ! fire 7 arre/$ & tri$ at ,clonmel = wilful murd] 9 ,july #ahie2 !y 7 all f\nd guilty ( manslaught] & s5t5c$ to v>i\s t]ms ( p5al s]vitude & imprisonm5t2 ! s5t5ce pass$ on ,mi*ael ,cle>y 0 tw5ty ye>s' p5al s]vitude4#gij ,sometimes bewit*$ animals are buri$ alive in/ead ( be+ burn$4 ,h[ev]1 our ,briti% peasants1 x mu/ be confess$1 h n always act$ up to ! /rict logical !ory :i* seems to call = dea? by fire z ! prop] treatm5t bo? ( bewit*$ animals & ( wit*es4 ,sometimes1 p]haps 9 mom5ts ( weakness1 !y h m]ely buri$ ! bewit*$ animals alive in/ead ( burn+ !m4 ,= example1 9 ! ye> #afdc1 _m cattle hav+ di$1 ,john ,brughe & ,neane ,nikcl]i?1 also "o ( ! initiat$1 conjo9$ _! mutual skill = ! safety ( ! h]d4 ,! surviv+ animals 7 drove pa/ a tub ( wat] conta9+ two en*ant$ /ones3 & ea* 0 spr9kl$ f ! liquid cont5ts 9 its c\rse4 ,"o1 h[ev]1 be+ unable to walk1 '0 by =ce draw9 out at ! byre dure2 & ! said ,johnne ) ,nikcl]i? smell+ ! nois !re( said x wald n leive1 caus$ are hoill to be maid 9 ,maw ,greane1 quhilk 0 put quick 9 ! hole & maid all ! re/ ( ! cattell !ireftir to g ov] t place3 & 9 t devillis*e man]1 be *>me+1' !y 7 cur$4#gia ,aga91 dur+ ! preval5ce ( a murra9 ab\t ! ye> #afbi1 c]ta9 p]sons propos$ to /ay ! plague ) ! help ( a celebrat$ cure+ /ane ( :i* ! laird ( ,lee 0 ! =tunate own]4 ,b f ?is !y 7 dissuad$ by "o :o _h s5e be/iall curet be tak+ are quik seik ox1 & mak+ are deip pitt1 & bure+ him !r91 & be call+ ! ox9 & be/iall ov] t place4 ,inde$ ,issobell ,"y1 ! "m ( ^! p]sons1 _h h]self endeav\r$ to *eck ! progress ( ! di/emp] by tak+ ane quik ox ) ane catt1 & ane grit quantitie ( salt1 & proce$+ to burie ! ox & catt quik ) ! salt1 9 ane deip hoill 9 ! grund1 z ane sacrifice to ! devill1 t ! re/ ( ! guidis might be fr$ ( ! seiknes or diseases4#gib ,writ+ t[>ds ! end ( ! eighte5? c5tury1 ,john ,ramsay ( ,o*t]tyre tells u t ! viol5t dea? ev5 ( a brute is 9 "s cases held to be ( great avail4 ,!re is a disease call$ ! black spauld1 :i* sometimes rages l a pe/il5ce among black cattle1 ! symptoms ( :i* are a mortification 9 ! legs & a corruption ( ! mass ( blood4 ,among ! o!r eng9es ( sup]/ition t are direct$ aga9/ ?is fatal malady1 ! fir/ c[ seiz$ ) x is commonly buri$ alive1 & ! o!r cattle are =c$ to pass backw>ds & =w>ds ov] ! pit4 ,at o!r times ! he>t is tak5 out ( ! bea/ alive1 & !n ! c>cass is buri$4 ,x is rem>kable t ! leg affect$ is cut (f1 & hung up 9 "s "p ( ! h\se or byre1 :]e x rema9s susp5d$1 not)/&+ ! seem+ dang] ( infection4 ,!re is h>dly a h\se 9 ,mull :]e ^! may n be se54 ,?is practice seems to h tak5 its rise antec$5t to ,*ri/ianity1 z x rem9ds u ( ! pagan cu/om ( hang+ up (f]+s 9 _! temples4 ,9 ,breadalbane1 :5 a c[ is obs]v$ to h symptoms ( madness1 !re is rec\rse _h to a peculi> process4 ,!y tie ! legs ( ! mad creature1 & ?r[ h] into a pit dug at ! door ( ! fold4 ,aft] cov]+ ! hole ) e>?1 a l>ge fire is k9dl$ ^u x2 & ! re/ ( ! cattle are driv5 out1 & =c$ to pass ?r\gh ! fire "o by "o4#gic ,9 ?is latt] cu/om we may suspect t ! fire k9dl$ on ! grave ( ! buri$ c[ 0 orig9ally made by ! friction ( wood1 9 o!r words1 t x 0 a ne$-fire4 ,aga91 writ+ 9 ! ye> #ahfb1 ,sir ,ar?ur ,mit*ell tells u t = ! cure ( ! murra9 9 cattle1 "o ( ! h]d is /ill sacrific$ = ! good ( ! :ole4 ,?is is done by bury+ x alive4 ,i am assur$ t )9 ! la/ t5 ye>s su* a b>b>ism occurr$ 9 ! c\nty ( ,moray4#gid ,calves kill$ & buri$ to save ! re/ ( ! h]d4 ,sometimes1 h[ev]1 ! animal has n ev5 be5 buri$ alive1 x has be5 m]ely kill$ & !n buri$4 ,9 ?is emasculat$ =m ! sacrifice1 we may say ) confid5ce1 is absolutely useless = ! purpose ( /opp+ a murra94 ,nev]!less1 x has be5 tri$4 ,?us 9 ,l9coln%ire1 :5 ! cattle plague 0 s preval5t 9 #ahff1 !re 01 ,i believe1 n a s+le c[%$ 9 ,m>%l& b _h its wick5 cross ov] ! door2 & o!r *>ms m p[]ful ?an ?is 7 9 "s cases resort$ to4 ,i nev] he>d ( ! use ( ! ne$fire 9 ! ,m>%1 ?\gh x 01 ,i believe1 us$ on ! wolds n _m miles (f4 ,b ,i knew ( at lea/ "o case 9 :i* a calf 0 kill$ & solemnly buri$ feet po9t+ upw>ds at ! ?re%old ( ! c[%$4 ,:5 our g>?man told me ( ?is1 ,i po9t$ out to him t ! *>m _h fail$1 = ! disease _h n sp>$ t %$4 ,b he promptly repli$1 ,yis1 b owd ,edw>ds 7 a soight too cliv]2 he 7 t mean he slew nobbutt a wankl+ cauf z 7 b\nd to d5y anny road2 if he _h nobbutt tekk5 8 be/ cauf x wud hev work$ reight enuff2 'ta9't 9 reason t owd skrat 'ud be hansell$ wi' wankl+ draffle4#gie ,notes3 #bfb ,see ,jacob ,grimm1 ,deuts*e ,my?ologie99#d 7,b]l91 #ahge-ahgh71 i4 #ejb1 #eaj1 #eaf4 #bfc ,w4 ,mannh>dt1 ,d] ,baumkultus d] ,g]man5 und ihr] ,na*b>/mme 7,b]l91 #ahge71 pp4 #eah sq4 #bfd ,9 ! foll[+ survey ( ^! fire-cu/oms ,i foll[ *iefly ,w4 ,mannh>dt1 ,d] ,baumkultus1 kap4 vi4 pp4 #dig sqq4 ,comp>e also ,j4 ,grimm1 ,deuts*e ,my?ologie199#d i4 #ejj sqq42 ,walt] ,e4 ,kelly1 ,curiosities ( ,indo-,european ,tradition & ,folk-lore 7,london1 #ahfc71 pp4 #df sqq42 ,f4 ,vogt1 ,s*eib5treib5 und ,frhl+sfeu]1 ,zeits*rift des ,v]e9s fr ,volkskunde1 iii4 7#ahic7 pp4 #cdi-cfi2 ibid4 iv4 7#ahid7 pp4 #aie-aig4 #bfe ,! ,scapegoat1 pp4 #caf sqq4 #bff ,! fir/ ,sunday 9 ,l5t is kn[n z ,invocavit f ! fir/ ^w ( ! mass = ! day 7,o4 ,frh4 von ,re9sb]g-,dr+sfeld1 ,fe/-,kal5d] aus ,bhm51 p4 #fg74 #bfg ,le ,b>on de ,re9sb]g-,dr+sfeld1 ,cal5dri] ,belge 7,brussels1 #ahfa-ahfb71 i4 #ada-adc2 ,e4 ,monseur1 ,le ,folklore ,wallon 7,brussels1 ,n4,d471 pp4 #abd sq4 #bfh mile ,hubl>d1 ,ftes du ,temps ,jadis1 les ,feux du ,c>me 7,mons1 #ahii71 pp4 #be4 ,= ! loan ( ?is "w ,i am indebt$ to ,mrs4 ,:]ry ( ,/4 ,pet]'s ,t]race1 ,cambridge4 #bfi 4 ,hubl>d1 op4 cit4 pp4 #bg sq4 #bgj ,a4 ,meyrac1 ,traditions1 c\tumes1 lg5des et contes des ,ard5nes 7,*>leville1 #ahij71 p4 #fh4 #bga ,l4,f4 ,sauv1 ,le ,folk-lore des ,hautes-,vosges 7,p>is1 #ahhi71 p4 #ef4 ,! popul> "n = ! bonfires 9 ! ,upp] ,vosges 7,hautes-,vosges7 is *av&es4 #bgb ,e4 ,cortet1 ,essai sur les ftes religieuses 7,p>is1 #ahfg71 pp4 #aja sq4 ,! local "n = ^! bonfires is bures4 #bgc ,*>les ,beauqui]1 ,les mois en ,fran*e-,comt 7,p>is1 #aijj71 pp4 #cc sq4 ,9 ,bresse ! cu/om 0 simil>4 ,see ,la ,bresse ,l\hannaise1 ,bullet9 ,m5suel1 ,organe de la ,socit d',agriculture et d',horticulture de l',arrondissem5t de ,l\hans1 ,m>s1 #aijf1 pp4 #aaa sq42 ,e4 ,cortet1 op4 cit4 p4 #ajj4 ,! usual "n = ! bonfires is *evannes or s*vannes2 b 9 "s places !y are call$ f\lres1 f\alres1 failles1 or b\rdifailles 7,*4 ,beauqui]1 op4 cit4 p4 #cd74 ,b ! ,sunday is call$ ! ,sunday ( ! br&ons1 bures1 bordes1 or boids1 accord+ to ! place4 ,! br&ons are ! tor*es :i* are c>ri$ ab\t ! /reets & ! fields2 ! bonfires1 z we h se51 be> ano!r "n4 ,a curi\s cu/om1 obs]v$ on ! same ,sunday 9 ,fran*e-,comt1 requires t c\ples m>ri$ )9 ! ye> %\ld di/ribute boil$ peas to all ! "y folks ( bo? sexes :o dem& !m at ! door4 ,! lads & lasses g ab\t f h\se to h\se1 mak+ ! cu/om>y reque/2 9 "s places !y we> masks or are o!rwise disguis$4 ,see ,*4 ,beauqui]1 op4 cit4 pp4 #ca-cc4 #bgd ,curi\sly en\gh1 :ile ! s+ul> is granno-mio1 ! plural is grannas-mias4 #bge ,dr4 ,pomm]ol1 ,la fte des ,br&ons et le dieu ,gaulois ,grannus1 ,bullet9s et ,mmoires de la ,socit d',an?ropologie de ,p>is1 v4 ,srie1 ii4 7#aija7 pp4 #dbg-dbi4 #bgf ,op4 cit4 pp4 #dbh sq4 #bgg ,h4 ,dessau1 ,inscriptiones ,lat9ae ,selectae1 vol4 ii4 ,p>s i4 7,b]l91 #aijb7 pp4 #baf sq41 ,nos4 #dfdf-dfeb4 #bgh 7,sir7 ,john ,rhys1 ,celtic ,hea!ndom 7,london1 #ahhh71 pp4 #bb-be4 #bgi mile ,hubl>d1 ,ftes du ,temps ,jadis1 les ,feux du ,c>me 7,mons1 #ahii71 p4 #ch1 quot+ ,dom ,gr5i]1 ,hi/oire de la ,prov9ce de ,pic>die4 #bhj 4 ,hubl>d1 op4 cit4 p4 #ci1 quot+ ,dom ,gr5i]4 #bha ,m4 ,desgranges1 ,usages du ,canton de ,bonneval1 ,mmoires de la ,socit ,royale des ,antiquaires de ,france1 i4 7,p>is1 #ahag7 pp4 #bcf-bch2 ,felix ,*apiseau1 ,le folk-lore de la ,beauce et du ,p]*e 7,p>is1 #aijb71 i4 #cae sq4 #bhb ,john ,br&1 ,popul> ,antiquities ( ,great ,brita9 7,london1 #ahhb-ahhc71 i4 #ajj4 #bhc ,e4 ,cortet1 ,essai sur les ftes religieuses 7,p>is1 #ahfg71 pp4 #ii sq42 ,la ,bresse ,l\hannaise1 ,m>s1 #aijf1 p4 #aaa4 #bhd ,a4 de ,nore1 ,c\tumes1 my!s et traditions des prov9ces de ,france 7,p>is & ,lyons1 #ahdf71 pp4 #bhc sq4 ,a simil>1 ?\gh n id5tical1 cu/om prevail$ at ,val5ci5nes 7ibid4 p4 #cch74 #bhe ,a4 de ,nore1 op4 cit4 p4 #cjb4 #bhf ,dsir ,monni]1 ,traditions populaires comp>es 7,p>is1 #ahed71 pp4 #aia sq4 #bhg ,laisnel de la ,salle1 ,croyances et lg5des du c5tre de la ,france 7,p>is1 #ahge74 i4 #ce sqq4 #bhh ,jules ,lecoeur1 ,esquisses du ,rocage ,norm& 7,cond-sur-,noireau1 #ahhg71 ii4 #aca sq4 ,= m evid5ce ( cu/oms ( ?is sort obs]v$ 9 v>i\s p>ts ( ,france on ! fir/ ,sunday 9 ,l5t1 see ,madame ,clm5t1 ,hi/oire des ,ftes civiles et religieuses1 etc41 du ,dp>tem5t du ,nord99#b 7,cambrai1 #ahcf71 pp4 #cea sqq42 mile ,hubl>d1 ,ftes du ,temps ,jadis1 les ,feux du ,c>me 7,mons1 #ahii71 pp4 #cc sqq4 #bhi ,j4,h4 ,s*mitz1 ,sitt5 und ,sag51 ,li$]1 ,spr*wrt] und ,r?sel des ,eifl] ,volkes 7,trves1 #ahef-aheh71 i4 #ba-be2 ,n4 ,hock]1 9 ,zeits*rift fr deuts*e ,my?ologie und ,sitt5kunde1 i4 7#ahec7 p4 #ij2 ,w4 ,mannh>dt1 ,d] ,baumkultus d] ,g]man5 und ihr] ,na*b>/mme 7,b]l91 #ahge71 p4 #eja4 #bij ,n4 ,hock]1 op4 cit4 pp4 #hi sq42 ,w4 ,mannh>dt1 l4c4 #bia ,f4,j4 ,vonbun1 ,beitrge zur deuts*5 ,my?ologie 7,*ur1 #ahfb71 p4 #bj2 ,w4 ,mannh>dt1 l4c4 #bib ,ern/ ,mei]1 ,deuts*e ,sag51 ,sitt5 und ,gebru*e aus ,s*wab5 7,/uttg>t1 #aheb71 pp4 #chj sqq42 ,anton ,birl+]1 ,volk/hmli*es aus ,s*wab5 7,freiburg im ,breisgau1 #ahfa-ahfb71 ii4 #ef sqq41 #ff sqq42 ,bav>ia1 ,l&es-und ,volkskunde des ,knigrei*s ,bay]n 7,muni*1 #ahfj-ahfg71 ii4 #b1 pp4 #hch sq42 ,f4 ,panz]1 ,beitrag zur deuts*5 ,my?ologie 7,muni*1 #ahdh-ahee71 i4 #baa1 #bcb2 ,w4 ,mannh>dt1 l4c4 ,"o ( ! popul> ,g]man names = ! fir/ ,sunday 9 ,l5t is ,:ite ,sunday1 :i* is n to be confus$ ) ! fir/ ,sunday aft] ,ea/]1 :i* also goes by ! "n ( ,:ite ,sunday 7,e4 ,mei]1 op4 cit4 p4 #chj2 ,a4 ,birl+]1 op4 cit4 ii4 #ef74 #bic ,h4 ,gaidoz1 ,le dieu gaulois du soleil et le symbolisme de la r\e1 ,revue ,ar*ologique1 iii4 srie1 iv4 7#ahhd7 pp4 #aci sq4 #bid ,augu/ ,witzs*el1 ,sag51 ,sitt5 und ,gebru*e aus ,?r+5 7,vi5na1 #ahgh71 p4 #ahi2 ,f4 ,panz]1 ,beitrag zur deuts*5 ,my?ologie 7,muni*1 #ahdh-ahee71 ii4 #bjg2 ,w4 ,mannh>dt1 ,d] ,baumkultus1 pp4 #ejj sq4 #bie ,w4 ,kolbe1 ,hessi*e ,volks-,sitt5 und ,gebru*e99#b 7,m>burg1 #ahhh71 p4 #cf4 #bif ,adalb]t ,kuhn1 ,die ,h]abkunft des ,feu]s und des ,gtt]tranks99#b 7,gt]sloh1 #ahhf71 p4 #hf1 quot+ ,hock]1 ,des ,mosell&es ,ges*i*t51 ,sag5 und ,leg5d5 7,tri]1 #aheb71 pp4 #dae sqq4 ,comp>e ,w4 ,mannh>dt1 ,d] ,baumkultus1 p4 #eja2 & bel[1 pp4 #afc sq4 ,?us x appe>s t ! c]emony ( roll+ ! fi]y :eel d[n hill 0 obs]v$ twice a ye> at ,konz1 once on ! fir/ ,sunday 9 ,l5t1 & once at ,midsumm]4 #big ,h4 ,h]zog1 ,s*weiz]is*e ,volksfe/e1 ,sitt5 und ,gebru*e 7,a>au1 #ahhd71 pp4 #bad-baf2 ,e4 ,h(fmann-,kray]1 ,fru*tb>keitsrit5 im s*weiz]is*5 ,volksbrau*1 ,s*weiz]is*es ,ar*iv fr ,volkskunde1 xi4 7#aijg7 pp4 #bdg-bdi2 id41 ,fe/e und ,bru*e des ,s*weiz]volkes 7,zuri*1 #aiac71 pp4 #ace sq4 #bih ,!odor ,v]nalek51 ,my!n und ,bru*e des ,volkes 9 ,oe/]rei* 7,vi5na1 #ahei71 pp4 #bic sq42 ,w4 ,mannh>dt1 ,d] ,baumkultus1 p4 #dih4 ,see ,! ,dy+ ,god1 p4 #bci4 #bii ,j4 ,h4 ,s*mitz1 ,sitt5 und ,sag51 ,li$]1 ,spr*wrt] und ,r?sel des ,eifl] ,volkes 7,treves1 #ahef-aheh71 i4 #bj2 ,w4 ,mannh>dt1 ,d] ,baumkultus1 p4 #dii4 #cjj ,l4 ,/rack]jan1 ,ab]glaube und ,sag5 aus dem ,h]zog?um ,old5burg 7,old5burg1 #ahfg71 ii4 #ci1 #cjf2 ,w4 ,mannh>dt1 ,d] ,baumkultus1 p4 #dih4 #cja ,w4 ,mannh>dt1 ,d] ,baumkultus1 p4 #dii4 #cjb ,w4 ,mannh>dt1 op4 cit4 pp4 #dih sq4 #cjc ,w4 ,mannh>dt1 op4 cit4 p4 #dii4 #cjd ,*ri/ian ,s*nell]1 ,mr*5 und ,sag5 aus ,wls*tirol 7,innsbruck1 #ahfg71 pp4 #bcd sq42 ,w4 ,mannh>dt1 op4 cit4 pp4 #dii sq4 #cje ,john ,br&1 ,popul> ,antiquities ( ,great ,brita9 7,london1 #ahhb-ahhc71 i4 #aeg sq42 ,w4 ,mannh>dt1 ,d] ,baumkultus1 pp4 #ejb-eje2 ,k>l ,freih]r von ,leopre*t+1 ,aus dem ,le*ra9 7,muni*1 #ahee71 pp4 #agb sq42 ,anton ,birl+]1 ,volk/hmli*es aus ,s*wab5 7,freiburg im ,breisgau1 #ahfa-ahfb71 i4 #dgb sq42 ,montanus1 ,die deuts*5 ,volksfe/e1 ,volksbru*e und deuts*] ,volksglaube 7,is]lohn1 ,n4,d471 p4 #bf2 ,f4 ,panz]1 ,beitrag zur deuts*5 ,my?ologie 7,muni*1 #ahdh-ahee71 ii4 #bda sq42 ,ern/ ,mei]1 ,deuts*e ,sag51 ,sitt5 und ,gebru*e aus ,s*wab5 7,/uttg>t1 #aheb71 pp4 #aci sq42 ,bav>ia1 ,l&es- und ,volkskunde des ,knigrei*s ,bay]n 7,muni*1 #ahfj-ahfg71 i4 #cga2 ,a4 ,wuttke1 ,d] deuts*e ,volksab]glaube99#b 7,b]l91 #ahfi71 pp4 #fh sq41 #ha2 ,ignaz ,v4 ,z+]le1 ,sitt51 ,bru*e und ,me9ung5 des ,tirol] ,volkes99#b 7,innsbruck1 #ahga71 p4 #adi1 #abhf-abhi2 ,w4 ,kolbe1 ,hessis*e ,volks-,sitt5 und ,gebru*e99#b 7,m>burg1 #ahhh71 pp4 #dd sqq42 ,c\nty ,folk-lore1 ,pr9t$ ,extracts1 ,leice/]%ire & ,rutl&1 collect$ by ,c4,j4 ,billson 7,london1 #ahie71 pp4 #ge sq42 ,a4 ,tirabos*i1 ,usi pasquali nel ,b]gamasco1 ,ar*ivio p] lo ,/udio delle ,tradizione ,popol>i1 i4 7#ahib7 pp4 #ddb sq4 ,! ecclesia/ical cu/om ( light+ ! ,pas*al or ,ea/] c&le is v fully describ$ by ,mr4 ,h4,j4 ,feasey1 ,anci5t ,engli% ,holy ,week ,c]emonial 7,london1 #ahig71 pp4 #agi sqq4 ,^! c&les 7 sometimes ( prodigi\s size2 9 ! ca!drals ( ,norwi* & ,durham1 = example1 !y rea*$ almo/ to ! ro(1 f :i* !y _h to be light$4 ,(t5 !y w5t by ! "n ( ! ,judas ,light or ! ,judas ,c&le2 & sometimes small wax5 figures ( ,judas 7 hung on !m4 ,see ,h4,j4 ,feasey1 op4 cit4 pp4 #aic1 #bac sqq4 ,z to ! ritual ( ! new fire at ,/4 ,pet]'s 9 ,rome1 see ,r4 ,*amb]s1 ,! ,book ( ,days 7,london & ,ed9burgh1 #ahhf71 i4 #dba2 & z to ! e>ly hi/ory ( ! rite 9 ! ,ca?olic *ur*1 see ,mgr4 ,l4 ,du*esne1 ,orig9es du ,culte ,*rti599#c 7,p>is1 #aijc71 pp4 #bej-beg4 #cjf ,bav>ia1 ,l&es und ,volkskunde des ,knigrei*s ,bay]n 7,muni*1 #ahfj-ahfg71 i4 #ajjb sq4 #cjg ,g5n>o ,f9amore1 ,cr$5ze1 ,usi e ,co/umi ,abruzzesi 7,pal]mo1 #ahij71 pp4 #abb sq4 #cjh ,g4 ,f9amore1 op4 cit4 pp4 #abc sq4 #cji ,v9c5zo ,dorsa1 ,la ,tradizione ,greco-,lat9a negli ,usi e nelle ,cr$5ze ,popol>i della ,calabria ,cit]iore 7,cos5za1 #ahhd71 pp4 #dh sq4 #caj ,alois ,john1 ,sitte1 ,brau* und ,volksglaube im deuts*5 ,we/bhm5 7,prague1 #aije71 pp4 #fb sq4 #caa ,k4 ,seif>t1 ,sag51 ,mr*51 ,s*wnke und ,gebru*e aits ,/adt und ,/ift ,hilde%eim99#b 7,hilde%eim1 #ahhi71 pp4 #agg sq41 #agi sq4 #cab ,m4 ,lex]1 ,volksb]lief]ung5 aus dem ,lesa*?al 9 ,k>nt51 ,zeits*rift fr deuts*e ,my?ologie und ,sitt5kunde1 iii4 7#ahee7 p4 #ca4 #cac ,! ,popi% ,k+dome or reigne ( ,anti*ri/1 writt5 9 ,lat9 v]se by ,?omas ,naogeorgus & ,engly%$ by ,b>nabe ,googe1 #aegj1 edit$ by ,r4,c4 ,hope 7,london1 #ahhj71 p4 #eb1 recto4 ,! title ( ! orig9al poem 0 ,regnum ,papi/icum4 ,! au?or1 ,?omas ,kir*mey] 7,naogeorgus1 z he call$ himself71 di$ 9 #aegg4 ,! book is a satire on ! abuses & sup]/itions ( ! ,ca?olic ,*ur*4 ,only "o p]fect copy ( ,googe's translation is kn[n to exi/3 x is 9 ! ,univ]sity ,libr>y at ,cambridge4 ,see ,mr4 ,r4,c4 ,hope's introduction to 8 repr9t ( ?is r>e "w1 pp4 xv4 sq4 ,! words1 ,!n ,clapp]s ceasse1 & belles are set aga9e at lib]te1 ref] to ! cu/om 9 ,ca?olic c\ntries ( sil5c+ ! *ur* bells = two days f noon on ,maundy ,?ursday to noon on ,ea/] ,saturday & sub/itut+ = _! music ! h>% clatt] ( wood5 rattles4 ,see ,r4 ,*amb]s1 ,! ,book ( ,days 7,london & ,ed9burgh1 #ahhf71 i1 #dab sq4 ,accord+ to ano!r acc\nt ! *ur* bells are sil5t f midnight on ! ,w$nesday prec$+ ,maundy ,?ursday till mat9s on ,ea/] ,day4 ,see ,w4 ,smi? & ,s4 ,*ee?am1 ,diction>y ( ,*ri/ian ,antiquities 7,london1 #ahge-ahhj71 ii4 #aafa1 ref]r+ to ,ordo ,roman4 i4 u4s4 #cad ,r4 ,*amb]s1 ,! ,book ( ,days 7,london & ,ed9burgh1 #ahhf71 i4 #dba4 #cae ,miss ,jessie ,l4 ,we/on1 ,! ,scoppio del ,c>ro at ,flor5ce1 ,folk-lore1 xvi4 7#aije7 pp4 #ahb-ahd2 ,lo ,scoppio del ,c>ro1 ,resurrezione1 ,num]o ,unico del ,sabato ,santo 7,flor5ce1 ,april1 #aijf71 p4 #a 7giv+ a picture ( ! c> ) its pyramid ( fire-works74 ,! latt] pap] 0 k9dly s5t to me f ,flor5ce by my fri5d ,pr(essor ,w4,j4 ,lewis4 ,i h also receiv$ a lett] on ! subject f ,signor ,c>lo ,placci1 dat$ #d 7or #g7 ,septemb]1 #aije1 #a ,via ,alfi]i1 ,fir5ze4 #caf ,fr$]ick ,/>r1 ,holy ,week 9 ,mexico1 ,! ,j\rnal ( ,am]ican ,folk-lore1 xii4 7#ahii7 pp4 #afd sq42 ,c4 ,boyson ,taylor1 ,ea/] 9 ,_m ,l&s1 ,ev]ybody's ,magaz9e1 ,new ,york1 #aijc1 p4 #bic4 ,i h to ?ank ,mr4 ,s4,s4 ,coh51 ( #aebe ,walnut ,/reet1 ,philadelphia1 = s5d+ me a cutt+ f ! latt] magaz9e4 #cag ,k4 von d5 ,/e951 ,unt] d5 ,naturvlk]n ,z5tral-,brasili5s 7,b]l91 #ahid71 pp4 #deh sq42 ,e4 ,montet1 ,religion et ,sup]/ition dans l',amrique du ,sud1 ,revue de l',hi/oire des ,religions1 xxxii4 7#ahie7 p4 #ade4 #cah ,j4,j4 von ,ts*udi1 ,p]u1 ,reiseskizz5 aus d5 ,jahr5 #ahch-ahdb 7,/4 ,gall51 #ahdf71 ii4 #ahi sq4 #cai ,h4 ,c&eli]1 ,rio-,ha*a et les ,indi5s ,goajires 7,p>is1 #ahic71 p4 #he4 #cbj ,h5ry ,maundrell1 ,a ,j\rney f ,aleppo to ,j]usalem at ,ea/]1 ,a4,d4 #afig1 9 ,bohn's ,e>ly ,travell]s 9 ,pale/9e 7,london1 #ahdh71 pp4 #dfb-dfe2 ,mgr4 ,auv]gne1 9 ,annales de la ,propagation de la ,foi1 x4 7#ahcg7 pp4 #bc sq42 ,a4,p4 ,/anley1 ,s9ai & ,pale/9e1 ,second ,edition 7,london1 #ahef71 pp4 #dfj-dfe2 ,e4 ,cortet1 ,essai sur les ,ftes ,religieuses 7,p>is1 #ahfg71 pp4 #acg-aci2 ,a4,w4 ,k+lake1 ,eo!n1 *apt] xvi4 pp4 #aeh-afc 7,temple ,classics edition72 ,fa!r ,n4 ,ab\git1 ,s4,j41 ,le feu du ,sa9t-,spulcre1 ,les ,missions ,ca?oliques1 viii4 7#ahgf7 pp4 #eah sq42 ,rev4 ,c4,t4 ,wilson1 ,peasant ,life 9 ! ,holy ,l& 7,london1 #aijf71 pp4 #de sq42 ,p4 ,sa9t-yves1 ,le ,r5\vellem5t du ,feu ,sacr1 ,revue des ,traditions ,populaires1 xxvii4 7#aiab7 pp4 #ddi sqq4 ,! di/ribution ( ! new fire 9 ! ,*ur* ( ! ,holy ,sepul*re is ! subject ( a picture by ,holman ,hunt4 ,f "s pr9t$ notes on ! picture1 ) :i* ,mrs4 ,holman ,hunt 0 s k9d z to furni% me1 x appe>s t ! new fire is c>ri$ by horsem5 to ,be?lehem & ,jaffa1 & t a ,russian %ip conveys x f ,jaffa to ,odessa1 :5ce x is di/ribut$ all ov] ! c\ntry4 #cba ,fa!r ,x4 ,ab\git1 ,s4,j41 ,le feu du ,sa9t-,spulcre1 ,les ,missions ,ca?oliques1 viii4 7#ahgf7 pp4 #afe-afh4 #cbb ,i h describ$ ! c]emony z ,i witness$ x at ,a!ns1 on ,april #ac?1 #ahij4 ,comp>e ,folk-lore1 i4 7#ahij7 p4 #bge4 ,hav+ be5 hon\r$1 l o!r /rang]s1 ) a place on ! plat=m1 ,i did n myself detect ,lucif] at "w among ! multitude bel[2 ,i m]ely suspect$ 8 insidi\s pres5ce4 #cbc ,w4,h4,d4 ,r\se1 ,folk-lore f ! ,s\!rn ,sporades1 ,folk-lore1 x4 7#ahii7 p4 #agh4 #cbd ,mrs4 ,a4,e4 ,g>dn] 0 s k9d z to s5d me a photograph ( a ,!ban ,judas dangl+ f a gall[s & p>tially envelop$ 9 smoke4 ,! photograph 0 tak5 at ,!bes dur+ ! ,ea/] celebration ( #ahia4 #cbe ,g4,f4 ,abbott1 ,mac$onian ,folklore 7,cambridge1 #aijc7 p4 #cg4 #cbf ,cirbi$1 ,mmoire sur la g\v]nm5t et sur la religion des anci5s ,armni5s1 ,mmoires publies p> la ,socit ,royale des ,antiquaires de ,france1 ii4 7#ahbj7 pp4 #bhe-bhg2 ,manuk ,abeghian1 ,d] arm5is*e ,volksglaube 7,leipsic1 #ahii71 pp4 #gb-gd4 ,! c]emony is said to be m]ely a cont9uation ( an old hea!n fe/ival :i* 0 held at ! beg9n+ ( spr+ 9 hon\r ( ! fire-god ,mihr4 ,a bonfire 0 made 9 a public place1 & lamps k9dl$ at x 7 kept burn+ ?r\gh\t ! ye> 9 ea* ( ! fire-god's temples4 #cbg ,! ,magic ,art & ! ,evolution ( ,k+s1 i4 #cb1 ii4 #bdc2 ,spirits ( ! ,corn & ( ! ,wild1 ii4 #fe1 #gd1 #ge1 #gh1 #acf4 #cbh ,g>cilasso de la ,vega1 ,royal ,comm5t>ies ( ! ,yncas translat$ by 7,sir7 ,clem5ts ,r4 ,m>kham 7,hakluyt ,society1 ,london1 #ahfi-ahga71 vol4 ii4 pp4 #aee-afc4 ,comp>e ,juan de ,velasco1 ,hi/oire du ,royaume de ,quito1 9 ,h4 ,t]naux-,compans's ,voyages1 ,relations et ,mmoires orig9aux p\r s]vir l',hi/oire de la ,dc\v]te de l',amrique1 xviii4 7,p>is1 #ahdj7 p4 #adj4 #cbi ,b4 de ,sahagun1 ,hi/oire ,gnrale des ,*oses de la ,n\velle ,espagne1 traduite p> ,d4 ,j\rdanet et ,r4 ,simeon 7,p>is1 #ahhj71 bk4 ii4 *apt]s #ah & #cg1 pp4 #gf1 #afa2 ,brasseur de ,b\rb\rg1 ,hi/oire des ,nations civilises du ,mexique et de l',amrique-,c5trale 7,p>is1 #aheg-ahei71 iii4 #acf4 #ccj ,mrs4 ,matilda ,coxe ,/ev5son1 ,! ,zui ,indians1 ,tw5ty-?ird ,annual ,report ( ! ,bureau ( ,am]ican ,e?nology 7,wa%+ton1 #aijd71 pp4 #ajh-ada1 #adh-afb1 especially pp4 #ajh1 #aji1 #aad sq41 #abj sq41 #acj sq41 #acb1 #adh sq41 #aeg sq4 ,i h already describ$ ^! c]emonies 9 ,totemism & ,exogamy1 iii4 #bcg sq4 ,among ! ,hopi 7,moqui7 ,indians ( ,walpi1 ano!r pueblo village ( ?is region1 new fire is c]emonially k9dl$ by friction 9 ,novemb]4 ,see ,jesse ,walt] ,fewkes1 ,! ,tusayan ,new ,fire ,c]emony1 ,proce$+s ( ! ,bo/on ,society ( ,natural ,hi/ory1 xxvi4 #dbb-deh2 id41 ,! ,gr\p ( ,tusayan ,c]emonials call$ ,katc9as1 ,fifte5? ,annual ,report ( ! ,bureau ( ,e?nology 7,wa%+ton1 #ahig71 p4 #bfc2 id41 ,hopi ,katc9as1 ,tw5ty-fir/ ,annual ,report ( ! ,bureau ( ,am]ican ,e?nology 7,wa%+ton1 #aijc71 p4 #bd4 #cca ,h5ry ,r4 ,s*oolcraft1 ,notes on ! ,iroquois 7,albany1 #ahdg71 p4 #acg4 ,s*oolcraft did n "k ! date ( ! c]emony1 b he conjectur$ t x fell at ! end ( ! ,iroquois ye>1 :i* 0 a lun> ye> ( twelve or ?irte5 mon?s4 ,he says3 ,t ! close ( ! lun> s]ies %\ld h be5 ! p]iod ( putt+ out ! fire1 & ! beg9n+ ( ! next1 ! "t ( relum9ation1 f new fire1 is s consonant to analogy 9 ! tropical tribes1 z to be probable 7op4 cit4 p4 #ach74 #ccb ,c4,f4 ,hall1 ,life ) ! ,esquimaux 7,london1 #ahfd71 ii4 #cbc4 #ccc ,franz ,boas1 ,! ,eskimo ( ,baff9 ,l& & ,hudson ,bay1 ,bullet9 ( ! ,am]ican ,museum ( ,natural1 ,hi/ory1 xv4 ,"p i4 7,new ,york1 #aija7 p4 #aea4 #ccd ,g4 ,na*tigal1 ,sah> und ,sdn1 iii4 7,leipsic1 #ahhi7 p4 #bea4 #cce ,major ,c4 ,p]cival1 ,tropical ,africa1 on ! ,bord] ,l9e ( ,moham$an ,civilization1 ,! ,geographical ,j\rnal1 xlii4 7#aiac7 pp4 #bec sq4 #ccf ,adri5 ,g]ma91 ,note sur ,zanzib> et la cte ori5tale de l',afrique1 ,bullet9 de la ,socit de ,gographie 7,p>is71 v4 ,srie xvi4 7#ahfh7 p4 #eeg2 ,les ,missions ,ca?oliques1 iii4 7#ahgj7 p4 #bgj2 ,*>les ,new1 ,life1 ,w&]+s1 & ,lab\rs 9 ,ea/]n ,africa 7,london1 #ahgc71 p4 #fe2 ,j]ome ,beck]1 ,la ,vie en ,afrique 7,p>is & ,brussels1 #ahhg71 ii4 #cf2 ,o4 ,baumann1 ,usamb>a und se9e ,na*b>gebiele 7,b]l91 #ahia71 pp4 #ee sq42 ,c4 ,velt51 ,sitt5 und ,gebru*ea] ,suaheli 7,gtt+51#aijc71 pp4 #cdb-cdd4 #ccg ,du>te ,b>bosa1 ,description ( ! ,coa/s ( ,ea/ ,africa & ,malab> 7,hakluyt ,society1 ,london1 #ahff71 p4 #h2 id41 9 ,records ( ,s\?-,ea/]n ,africa1 collect$ by ,g4 ,mc,call ,!al1 vol4 i4 7#ahih7 p4 #if2 ,damio de ,goes1 ,*ronicle ( ! ,mo/ ,=tunate ,k+ ,dom ,emanuel1 9 ,records ( ,s\?-,ea/]n ,africa1 collect$ by ,g4 ,mc,call ,!al1 vol4 iii4 7#ahii7 pp4 #acj sq4 ,! "n ,b5ametapa 7m correctly monomotapa7 appe>s to h be5 ! regul> title ( ! p>am\nt *ief1 :i* ! ,portuguese took to be ! "n ( ! c\ntry4 ,! p ov] :om he rul$ seem to h be5 ! ,bantu tribe ( ! ,makalanga 9 ! neighb\rhood ( ,s(ala4 ,see ,g4 ,mc,call ,!al1 ,records ( ,s\?-,ea/]n ,africa1 vii4 7#aija7 pp4 #dha-dhd4 ,x is to _! cu/om ( annually ext+ui%+ & relight+ ! fire t ,montaigne ref]s 9 8 essay 7i4 #bb1 vol4 i4 p4 #adj ( ,*>p5ti]'s edition71 ?\gh he m5tions no names4 #cch ,sir ,h4,h4 ,johnson1 ,briti% ,c5tral ,africa 7,london1 #ahig71 pp4 #dbf1 #dci4 #cci ,w4,h4,r4 ,riv]s1 ,! ,todas 7,london1 #aijf71 pp4 #bij-bib4 #cdj ,lieut4 ,r4 ,/ew>t1 ,notes on ,nor!rn ,ca*>1 ,j\rnal ( ! ,asiatic ,society ( ,b5gal xxiv4 7#ahee7 p4 #fab4 #cda ,a4 ,ba/ian1 ,die ,vlk] des /li*5 ,asi51 ii4 7,leipsic1 #ahff7 pp4 #di sq42 ,%way ,yoe1 ,! ,burman 7,london1 #ahhb71 ii4 #cbe sq4 #cdb ,g4 ,s*legel1 ,uranographie ,*9oise 7,! ,hague & ,leyd51 #ahge71 pp4 #aci-adc2 ,c4 ,pu9i1 ,il fuoco nella tradizione degli anti*i ,c9esi1 ,giornale della ,societ ,asiatica ,italiana1 i4 7#ahhg7 pp4 #bj-bc2 ,j4,j4,m4 de ,groot1 ,les ,ftes annuellem5t clbres m\i 7,amoy7 7,p>is1 #ahhf71 i4 #bjh sqq4 ,! notion t fire c be worn out ) age meets u also 9 ,brahman ritual4 ,see ! ,satapa?a ,brahmana1 translat$ by ,julius ,eggel+1 ,"p i4 7,ox=d1 #ahhb7 p4 #bcj 7,sacr$ ,books ( ! ,ea/1 vol4 xii474 #cdc ,w4,g4 ,a/on1 ,%9to1 ,! ,way ( ! ,gods 7,london1 #aije71 pp4 #beh sq41 comp>e p4 #aic4 ,! w&s 9 "q are /icks :ittl$ ne> ! top into a mass ( adh]5t %av+s2 !y g by ! "n ( k$zurikake 7"p-%av$71 & resemble ! sacr$ inao ( ! ,a9o4 ,see ,w4,g4 ,a/on1 op4 cit4 p4 #aia2 & z to ! inao1 see ,spirits ( ! ,corn & ( ! ,wild1 ii4 #ahe1 ) note #b4 #cdd ,ovid1 ,fa/i1 iii4 #hb2 ,hom]1 ,iliad1 i4 #eij1 sqq4 #cde ,philo/iatus1 ,h]oica1 xx4 #bd4 #cdf ,ovid1 ,fa/i1 iii4 #adc sq42 ,macrobius1 ,saturn1 i4 #ab4 #f4 #cdg ,fe/us1 ed4 ,c4,o4 ,mll] 7,leipsic1 #ahci71 p4 #ajf1 s4v4 ,ignis4 ,plut>* describes a me?od ( rek9dl+ ! sacr$ fire by means ( ! sun's rays reflect$ f a holl[ mirror 7,numa1 #i72 b he seems to be ref]r+ to a ,greek r ?an to ! ,roman cu/om4 ,! rule ( celibacy impos$ on ! ,ve/als1 ^: duty x 0 to relight ! sacr$ fire z well z to pres]ve x :5 x 0 once made1 is p]haps expla9$ by a sup]/ition curr5t among ,fr5* peasants t if a girl c bl[ up a sm\ld]+ c&le into a flame %e is a virg91 b t if %e fails to d s1 %e is n4 ,see ,jules ,lecoeur1 ,esquisses du ,bocage ,norm& 7,cond-sur-,noireau1 #ahhc-ahhg71 ii4 #bg2 ,b4 ,s\*1 ,croyances1 ,prsages et ,traditions div]ses 7,niort1 #ahhj71 p4 #ab4 ,at lea/ x seems m likely t ! rule sprang f a sup]/ition ( ?is sort ?an f a simple calculation ( exp$i5cy1 z ,i =m]ly sugge/$ 7,j\rnal ( ,philology1 xiv4 7#ahhe7 p4 #aeh74 ,comp>e ,! ,magic ,art & ! ,evolution ( ,k+s ii4 #bcd sqq4 #cdh ,ge(frey ,keat+1 ,d4,d41 ,! ,hi/ory ( ,irel&1 translat$ f ! orig9al ,gaelic1 & copi\sly annotat$1 by ,john ,o',mahony 7,new ,york1 #aheg71 p4 #cjj1 ) ! translator's note4 ,comp>e 7,sir7 ,john ,rhys1 ,celtic ,hea!ndom 7,london1 #ahhh71 pp4 #ead sq4 #cdi ,w4,r4,s4 ,ral/on1 ,songs ( ! ,russian ,p1 ,second ,edition 7,london1 #ahgb71 pp4 #bed sq4 #cej ,a4 ,kuhn und ,w4 ,s*w>tz1 ,norddeuts*e ,sag51 ,mr*5 und ,gebru*e 7,leipsic1 #ahdh71 p4 #cgc2 ,a4 ,kuhn1 ,sag51 ,gebru*e und ,mr*5 aus ,we/fal5 7,leipsic1 #ahei71 ii4 #acd sqq42 id41 ,mrkis*e ,sag5 und ,mr*5 7,b]l91 #ahdc71 pp4 #cab sq42 ,j4,d4,h4 ,temme1 ,die ,volkssag5 d] ,altm>k 7,b]l91 #ahci71 pp4 #ge sq42 ,k4 ,lynk]1 ,deuts*e ,sag5 und ,sitt5 9 hessis*5 ,gau599#b 7,cassel & ,gtt+51 #ahfj71 p4 #bdj2 ,h4 ,prhle1 ,h>zbild] 7,leipsic1 #ahee71 p4 #fc2 ,r4 ,&ree1 ,brauns*weig] ,volkskunde 7,brunswick1 #ahif71 pp4 #bdj-bdb2 ,w4 ,kolbe1 ,hessis*e ,volks-,sitt5 und ,gebru*e 7,m>burg1 #ahhh71 pp4 #dd-dg2 ,f4,a4 ,reimann1 ,deuts*e ,volksfe/e 7,weim>1 #ahci71 p4 #cg2 ,sitt5 und ,gebru*e 9 ,dud]/adt1 ,zeits*rift fr deuts*e ,my?ologie und ,sitt5-kunde1 ii4 7#ahee7 p4 #ajg2 ,k4 ,seif>t1 ,sag51 ,mr*51 ,s*wnke und ,gebru*e aus ,/adt und ,/ift ,hilde%eim99#b 7,hilde%eim1 #ahhi71 pp4 #agg1 #ahj2 ,o4 ,h>tung1 ,zur ,volkskunde aus ,anhalt1 ,zeits*rift des ,v]e9s fr ,volkskunde1 vii4 7#ahig7 p4 #gf4 #cea ,l4 ,/rack]jan1 ,ab]glaube und ,sag5 aus dem ,h]zog?um ,old5burg 7,old5burg1 #ahfg71 ii4 p4 #dc sq41 #cac2 ,w4 ,mannh>dt1 ,d] ,baumkultus d] ,g]man5 und ihr] ,na*b>/mme 7,b]l91 #ahge71 pp4 #eje sq4 #ceb ,l4 ,/rack]jan1 op4 cit4 ii4 p4 #dc1 #cac4 #cec ,j4 ,grimm1 ,deuts*e ,my?ologie199#d 7,b]l91 #ahge-ahgh71 i4 #eab2 ,w4 ,mannh>dt1 ,d] ,baumkultus d] ,g]man5 und ihr] ,na*b>/mme1 pp4 #ejf sq4 #ced ,h4 ,prhle1 ,h>zbild] 7,leipsic1 #ahee71 p4 #fc2 id41 9 ,zeits*rift fr deuts*e ,my?ologie und ,sitt5kunde1 i4 7#ahec7 p4 #gi2 ,a4 ,kuhn und ,w4 ,s*w>tz1 ,norddeuts*e ,sag51 ,mr*5 und ,gebru*e 7,leipsic1 #ahdh71 p4 #cgc2 ,w4 ,mannh>dt1 ,d] ,baumkultus1 p4 #ejg4 #cee ,a4 ,kuhn1 ,mrkis*e ,sag5 und ,mr*5 7,b]l91 #ahdc71 pp4 #cab sq42 ,w4 ,mannh>dt1 l4c4 #cef ,w4 ,mannh>dt1 ,d] ,baumkultus p4 #ejh4 ,comp>e ,j4,w4 ,wolf1 ,beitrge zur deuts*5 ,my?ologie 7,gtt+51 #aheb-aheg71 i4 #gd2 ,j4 ,grimm1 ,deuts*e ,my?ologie199#d i4 #eab4 ,! two latt] writ]s only /ate t be=e ! fires 7 k9dl$ x 0 cu/om>y to hunt squirrels 9 ! woods4 #ceg ,a4 ,kuhn1 l4c42 ,w4 ,mannh>dt1 ,d] ,baumkultus1 p4 #ejh4 #ceh ,bav>ia1 ,l&es- und ,volkskunde des ,knigrei*s ,bay]n 7,muni*1 #ahfj-ahfg71 iii4 #ief4 #cei ,see above1 pp4 #aaf sq41 #aai4 #cfj ,f4 ,panz]1 ,beitrag zur deuts*5 ,my?ologie 7,muni*1 #ahdh-ahee71 i4 pp4 #baa sq41 #bcc2 ,w4 ,mannh>dt1 ,d] ,baumkultus1 pp4 #ejg sq4 #cfa ,bav>ia1 ,l&es- und ,volkskunde des ,knigrei*s ,bay]n1 iii4 #ceg4 #cfb ,f4 ,panz]1 ,beitrag zur deuts*5 ,my?ologie 7,muni*1 #ahdh-ahee71 i4 pp4 #bab sq41 #bcf4 #cfc ,f4 ,panz]1 op4 cit4 ii4 pp4 #gh sq41 #aad1 #aae4 ,! cu/oms obs]v$ at ^! places & at ,al!nneb]g are describ$ toge!r by ,w4 ,mannh>dt1 ,d] ,baumkultus1 p4 #eje4 #cfd ,a4 ,birl+]1 ,volk/hmli*es aus ,s*wab5 7,freiburg im ,breisgau1 #ahfa-ahfb71 ii4 p4 #hb1 #ajf2 ,w4 ,mannh>dt1 ,d] ,baumkultus1 p4 #ejh4 #cfe ,el>d ,hugo ,mey]1 ,badis*es ,volksleb5 7,/rasburg1 #aijj71 pp4 #ig sq4 #cff ,! ,magic ,art & ! ,evolution ( ,k+s1 ii4 #cdi sqq4 ,see fur!r bel[1 vol4 ii4 pp4 #bih sqq4 #cfg ,j4,w4 ,wolf1 ,beitrge sur deuts*5 ,my?ologie1 i4 #ge sq42 ,w4 ,mannh>dt1 ,d] ,baumkultus1 p4 #ejf4 #cfh ,l4 ,lloyd1 ,peasant ,life 9 ,sw$5 7,london1 #ahgj71 p4 #bbh4 #cfi ,w4 ,mll]1 ,beitrge sur ,volkskunde d] ,deuts*5 9 ,mahr5 7,vi5na & ,olmtz1 #ahic71 pp4 #cba1 #cig sq4 ,9 ,wag/adt1 a t[n ( ,au/rian ,silesia1 a boy 9 a r$ wai/coat us$ to play ! "p ( ,judas on ! ,w$nesday be=e ,good ,friday4 ,he 0 *as$ f be=e ! *ur* door by ! o!r s*ool *ildr51 :o pursu$ him ?r\gh ! /reets ) %\ts & ! noise ( rattles & clapp]s till !y rea*$ a c]ta9 suburb1 :]e !y always caught & beat him because he _h betray$ ! ,r$eem]4 ,see ,anton ,pet]1 ,volk/hmli*es aus /]rei*is*-,s*lesi5 7,troppau1 #ahfe-ahfg71 ii4 #bhb sq42 ,paul ,dre*sl]1 ,sitte1 ,brau* und ,volksglaube 9 ,s*lesi5 7,leipsic1 #aijc-aijf71 i4 #gg sq4 #cgj ,scotl& & ,scotsm5 9 ! ,eighte5? ,c5tury1 f ! ,,mss4 ( ,john ,ramsay1 ,esq41 ( ,o*t]tyre1 edit$ by ,alex&] ,all>dyce 7,ed9burgh & ,london1 #ahhh71 ii4 #dci-dde4 ,z to ! te9-eig9 or ne$-fire1 see bel[1 pp4 #bfi sqq4 ,! etymology ( ! ^w ,beltane is unc]ta92 ! popul> d]ivation ( ! fir/ "p f ! ,pho5ician ,baal is absurd4 ,see1 = example1 ,john ,graham ,dalyell1 ,! ,d>k] ,sup]/itions ( ,scotl& 7,ed9burgh1 #ahcd71 pp4 #agf sq43 ,! recognition ( ! pagan div9ity ,baal1 or ,bel1 ! ,sun1 is discov]$ ?r\gh innum]able etymological s\rces4 ,9 ! records ( ,scotti% hi/ory1 d[n to ! sixte5? or sev5te5? c5turies1 multipli$ prohibitions 7 issu$ f ! f\nta9s ( ecclesia/ical ord9ances1 aga9/ k9dl+ ,bailfires1 ( :i* ! orig9 _c be mi/ak54 ,! fe/ival ( ?is div9ity 0 commemorat$ 9 ,scotl& until ! late/ date4 ,mod]n s*ol>s are n agre$ z to ! d]ivation ( ! "n ,beltane4 ,see ,rev4 ,john ,gregorson ,campbell1 ,wit*craft & ,second ,sight 9 ! ,highl&s & ,isl&s ( ,scotl& 7,glasg[1 #aijb71 pp4 #bfh sq42 ,j4,a4 ,mac,culloch1 ,! ,religion ( ! ,anci5t ,celts 7,ed9burgh1 #aiaa71 p4 #bfd4 #cga ,bal-te9 signifies ! fire ( ,baal4 ,baal or ,ball is ! only ^w 9 ,gaelic = a globe4 ,?is fe/ival 0 probably 9 hon\r ( ! sun1 ^: return1 9 8 app>5t annual c\rse1 !y celebrat$1 on acc\nt ( 8 hav+ su* a visible influ5ce1 by 8 g5ial w>m?1 on ! productions ( ! e>?4 ,t ! ,cal$onians paid a sup]/iti\s respect to ! sun1 z 0 ! practice among _m o!r nations1 is evid5t1 n only by ! sacrifice at ,balte91 b ^u _m o!r occasions4 ,:5 a ,highl&] goes to ba!1 or to dr9k wat]s out ( a consecrat$ f\nta91 he mu/ always approa* by go+ r\nd ! place1 f ea/ to we/ on ! s\? side1 9 imitation ( ! app>5t diurnal motion ( ! sun4 ,:5 ! dead are laid 9 ! e>?1 ! grave is approa*$ by go+ r\nd 9 ! same mann]4 ,! bride is conduct$ to h] future sp\se1 9 ! pres5ce ( ! m9i/]1 & ! glass goes r\nd a company1 9 ! c\rse ( ! sun4 ,?is is call$1 9 ,gaelic1 go+ r\nd ! "r1 or ! lucky way4 ,! opposite c\rse is ! wrong1 or ! unlucky way4 ,& if a p]son's meat or dr9k 7 to affect ! w9d-pipe1 or come aga9/ 8 brea?1 !y in/antly cry out dei%eal6 :i* is an ejaculation pray+ t x may g by ! "r way 7,rev4 ,j4 ,rob]tson1 9 ,sir ,john ,s9clair's ,/ati/ical ,acc\nt ( ,scotl&1 xi4 #fba note74 ,comp>e ,j4,g4 ,campbell1 ,sup]/itions ( ! ,highl&s & ,isl&s ( ,scotl& 7,glasg[1 #aijj71 pp4 #bbi sq43 ,! ,"r-h& ,turn 7,deiseal74-- ,?is 0 ! mo/ important ( all ! obs]vances4 ,! rule is ',deiseal 7i4e4 ! "r-h& turn7 = ev]y?+1' & consi/s 9 do+ all ?+s ) a motion correspond+ to ! c\rse ( ! sun1 or f left to "r4 ,?is is ! mann] 9 :i* screw-nails are driv51 & is common ) _m = no reason b its conv5i5ce4 ,old m5 9 ! ,highl&s 7 v p>ticul> ab\t x4 ,! c(f9 0 tak5 deiseal ab\t ! grave1 :5 ab\t to be l[]$2 boats 7 turn$ to sea accord+ to x1 & drams are giv5 to ! pres5t day to a company4 ,:5 putt+ a /raw rope on a h\se or corn-/ack1 if ! assi/ant w5t tuai!al 7i4e4 aga9/ ! c\rse ( ! sun71 ! old man 0 ready to come d[n & ?ra% him4 ,on com+ to a h\se ! visitor %\ld g r\nd x deiseal to secure luck 9 ! object ( 8 visit4 ,aft] milk+ a c[ ! dairy-maid %\ld /rike x deiseal ) ! %ackle1 say+ 'out & home' 7ma* 'u da*aigh74 ,?is secures its safe return4 ,! ^w is f deas1 "r-h&1 & iul1 direction1 & ( itself conta9s no allusion to ! sun4 ,comp>e ,m4 ,m>t91 ,description ( ! ,we/]n ,isl&s ( ,scotl&1 9 ,j4 ,p9k]ton's ,voyages & ,travels1 iii4 #fab sq43 ,!re 0 an anci5t cu/om 9 ! isl& ( ,lewis1 to make a fi]y circle ab\t ! h\ses1 corn1 cattle1 etc41 belong+ to ea* p>ticul> family3 a man c>ri$ fire 9 8 "r h&1 & w5t r\nd1 & x 0 call$ dessil1 f ! "r h&1 :i* 9 ! anci5t language is call$ dess4444 ,!re is ano!r way ( ! dessil1 or c>ry+ fire r\nd ab\t wom5 be=e !y are *ur*$1 aft] *ild-be>+2 & x is us$ likewise ab\t *ildr5 until !y are *ri/5$2 bo? :i* are p]=m$ 9 ! morn+ & at night4 ,?is is only practis$ n[ by "s ( ! anci5t midwives3 ,i enquir$ _! reason = ?is cu/om1 :i* ,i told !m 0 altoge!r unlawful2 ?is disoblig$ !m mightily1 insomu* t !y w\ld give me no satisfaction4 ,b o!rs1 t 7 ( a m agreeable temp]1 told me t fire-r\nd 0 an effectual means to pres]ve bo? ! "m & ! infant f ! p[] ( evil spirits1 :o are ready at su* times to d mis*ief1 & sometimes c>ry away ! infant2 & :5 !y get !m once 9 _! possession1 return !m poor meagre skeletons2 & ^! infants are said to h voraci\s appetites1 con/antly crav+ = meat4 ,9 ?is case x 0 usual ) ^? :o believ$ t _! *ildr5 7 ?us tak5 away1 to dig a grave 9 ! fields ^u qu>t]-day1 & !re to lay ! fairy skeleton till next morn+2 at :i* "t ! p>5ts w5t to ! place1 :]e !y d\bt$ n to f9d _! own *ild in/ead ( ?is skeleton4 ,"s ( ! poor] sort ( p 9 ^! isl&s reta9 ! cu/om ( p]=m+ ^! r\nds sun-ways ab\t ! p]sons ( _! b5efactors ?ree times1 :5 !y bless !m1 & wi% good success to all _! ent]prizes4 ,"s are v c>eful :5 !y set out to sea t ! boat be fir/ r[$ ab\t sun-ways2 & if ?is be neglect$1 !y are afraid _! voyage may prove un=tunate4 ,probably ! sup]/ition 0 bas$ entirely on ! suppos$ luck9ess ( ! "r h&1 :i* accord+ly1 9 mak+ a circuit r\nd an object1 is kept t[>ds ! c5tre4 ,z to a suppos$ wor%ip ( ! sun among ! ,scotti% ,highl&]s1 comp>e ,j4,g4 ,campbell1 ,wit*craft & ,second ,sight 9 ! ,highl&s & ,isl&s ( ,scotl&1 p4 #cjd3 ,bo? ! sun 7a ,ghrian7 & moon 7a ,gheala*7 are fem99e 9 ,gaelic1 & ! names are simply descriptive ( _! appe>ance4 ,!re is no trace ( a ,sun-,god or ,moon-,goddess4 ,z to ! etymology ( ,beltane1 see above1 p4 #adi note4 #cgb ,rev4 ,james ,rob]tson 7,p>i% ,m9i/] ( ,call&]71 9 ,sir ,john ,s9clair's ,/ati/ical ,acc\nt ( ,scotl& 7,ed9burgh1 #agia-agii71 xi4 #fbj sq4 #cgc ,p5nant's ,t\r 9 ,scotl&1 9 ,john ,p9k]ton's ,voyages & ,travels 7,london1 #ahjh-ahad71 iii4 #di4 #cgd ,rev4 ,dr4 ,?omas ,bisset1 9 ,sir ,john ,s9clair's ,/ati/ical ,acc\nt ( ,scotl&1 v4 #hd4 #cge ,rev4 ,allan ,/ew>t1 9 ,sir ,john ,s9clair's ,/ati/ical ,acc\nt ( ,scotl&1 xv4 #eag note4 #cgf ,rev4 ,walt] ,gregor1 ,notes on ,beltane ,cakes1 ,folk-lore1 vi4 7#ahie7 pp4 #b sq4 ,! ,beltane cakes ) ! n9e knobs on !m rem9d u ( ! cakes ) twelve knobs :i* ! ,a!nians (f]$ to ,cronus & o!r deities 7see ,! ,scapegoat1 p4 #cea74 ,! ,k+ ( ! ,bean on ,twelf? ,night 0 *os5 by means ( a cake1 :i* 0 brok5 9 z _m pieces z !re 7 p]sons pres5t1 & ! p]son :o receiv$ ! piece conta9+ a bean or a co9 became k+4 ,see ,j4 ,boemus1 ,mores1 leges et ritus omnium g5tium 7,lyons1 #aeda71 p4 #bbb2 ,john ,br&1 ,popul> ,antiquities ( ,great ,brita9 7,london1 #ahhb-ahhc71 i4 #bb sq42 ,! ,scapegoat1 pp4 #cac sqq4 #cgg ,%aw1 9 ,p5nant's ,t\r 9 ,scotl&1 pr9t$ 9 ,j4 ,p9k]ton's ,voyages & ,travels1 iii4 #acf4 ,! "p ( ,scotl& to :i* ,%aw's description applies is :at he calls ! prov9ce or c\ntry ( ,murray1 ext5d+ f ! riv] ,spey on ! ea/ to ! riv] ,beauly on ! we/1 & s\?-we/ to ,lo* ,lo*y4 #cgh ,rev4 ,walt] ,gregor1 ,notes on ! ,folk-lore ( ! ,nor?-,ea/ ( ,scotl& 7,london1 #ahha71 p4 #afg4 #cgi ,a4 ,goodri*-,fre]1 ,m ,folklore f ! ,hebrides1 ,folk-lore1 xiii4 7#aijb7 p4 #da4 ,! ,/4 ,mi*ael's cake 7,/r?an na h'eill ,mi*eil71 ref]r$ to 9 ! text1 is describ$ z ! size ( a qu]n 9 circumf]5ce4 ,x is knead$ simply ) wat]1 & m>k$ across l a scone1 divid+ x into f\r equal p>ts1 & !n plac$ 9 front ( ! fire re/+ on a qu]n4 ,x is n poli%$ ) dry meal z is usual 9 mak+ a cake1 b :5 x is cook$ a ?9 coat+ ( eggs 7f\r 9 numb]71 mix$ ) butt]milk1 is spread fir/ on "o side1 !n on ! o!r1 & x is put be=e ! fire aga94 ,an e>li] %ape1 /ill 9 use1 :i* tradition associates ) ! female sex1 is t ( a triangle ) ! corn]s cut (f4 ,a /rh?an or /rhdhan 7! ^w seems to be us$ = no o!r k9d ( cake7 is made = ea* memb] ( ! h\sehold1 includ+ s]vants & h]ds4 ,:5 h>ve/ is late1 an e>ly pat* ( corn is m[n on purpose = ! /r?an 7,a4 ,goodri*-,fre]1 op4 cit4 pp4 #dd4 sq447 #chj ,m>ie ,trevelyan1 ,folk-lore & ,folk-/ories ( ,wales 7,london1 #aiji71 pp4 #bb-bd4 #cha ,jona?an ,c]$ig ,davies1 ,folklore ( ,we/ & ,mid-,wales 7,ab]y/wy?1 #aiaa71 p4 #gf4 #chb ,joseph ,tra91 ,an ,hi/orical & ,/ati/ical ,acc\nt ( ! ,isle ( ,man 7,d\glas1 ,isle ( ,man1 #ahde71 i4 #cad sq4 #chc 7,sir7 ,john ,rhys1 ,celtic ,folk-lore1 ,wel% & ,manx 7,ox=d1 #aija71 i4 #cji2 id41 ,! ,coligny ,cal5d>1 ,proce$+s ( ! ,briti% ,academy1 #aiji-aiaj1 pp4 #bfa sq4 ,see fur!r ,! ,magic ,art & ! ,evolution ( ,k+s1 ii4 #ec sq4 #chd ,pr(essor ,frank ,grang]1 ,e>ly ,man1 9 ,! ,victoria ,hi/ory ( ! ,c\nty ( ,nott+ham1 edit$ by ,william ,page1 i4 7,london1 #aijf7 pp4 #ahf sq4 #che 7,sir7 ,john ,rhys1 ,celtic ,folk-lore1 ,wel% & ,manx 7,ox=d1 #aija71 i4 #caj2 id41 ,manx ,folk-lore & ,sup]/itions1 ,folk-lore1 ii4 7#ahia7 pp4 #cjc sq4 #chf ,p4,w4 ,joyce1 ,a ,social ,hi/ory ( ,anci5t ,irel& 7,london1 #aijc71 i4 #bij sq41 ref]r+ to ,kuno ,mey]1 ,hib]nia ,m9ora1 p4 #di & ,gloss>y1 #bc4 #chg ,j4,b4 ,bury1 ,! ,life ( ,/4 ,patrick 7,london1 #aije71 pp4 #ajd sqq4 #chh ,above1 p4 #adg4 #chi ,ge(frey ,keat+1 ,d4,d41 ,! ,hi/ory ( ,irel&1 translat$ by ,john ,o',mahony 7,new ,york1 #aheg71 pp4 #cjj sq4 #cij 7,sir7 ,john ,rhys1 ,manx ,folk-lore & ,sup]/ition1 ,folk-lore1 ii4 7#ahia7 p4 #cjc2 id41 ,celtic ,folk-lore1 ,wel% & ,manx 7,ox=d1 #aija71 i4 #cji4 ,comp>e ,p4,w4 ,joyce1 ,a ,social ,hi/ory ( ,anci5t ,irel& 7,london1 #aijc71 i4 #bia3 ,! cu/om ( driv+ cattle ?r\gh fires aga9/ disease on ! eve ( ! #a/ ( ,may1 & on ! eve ( ! #bd? ,june 7,/4 ,john's ,day71 cont9u$ 9 ,irel&1 z well z 9 ! ,scotti% ,highl&s1 to a p]iod )9 liv+ memory4 ,9 a footnote ,mr4 ,joyce ref]s to ,c>mi*ael1 ,c>m9a ,gadelica1 ii4 #cdj1 = ,scotl&1 & adds1 ,i saw x done 9 ,irel&4 #cia ,l4 ,lloyd1 ,peasant ,life 9 ,sw$5 7,london1 #ahgj71 pp4 #bcc sq4 #cib ,re9sb]g-,dr+sfeld1 ,fe/-,kal5d] aus ,bhm5 7,prague1 ,n4,d471 pp4 #baa sq42 ,br4 ,jelnek1 ,mat]iali5 zur ,vorges*i*te und ,volkskunde ,bhm5s1 ,mit!ilung5 d] an?ropologis*5 ,gesells*aft 9 ,wi51 xxi4 7#ahia7 p4 #ac2 ,alois ,john1 ,sitte1 ,bran*1 und ,volksglaube im deuts*5 ,we/bhm5 7,prague1 #aije71 p4 #ga4 #cic ,j4,a4,e4 ,khl]1 ,volksbrau*1 ,ab]glaub51 ,sag5 und &re alte ,ueb]lief]ung5 im ,voigtl&e 7,leipsic1 #ahfg71 p4 #cgc4 ,! sup]/itions relat+ to wit*es at ?is season are legion4 ,= in/ance1 9 ,saxony & ,?ur+ia any "o :o lab\rs "u a physical blemi% c easily rid himself ( x by transf]r+ x to ! wit*es on ,walpurgis ,night4 ,he has only to g out to a cross-road1 make ?ree crosses on ! blemi%1 & say1 ,9 ! "n ( ,god ! ,fa!r1 ! ,son1 & ! ,holy ,gho/4 ,?us ! blemi%1 :atev] x may be1 is left beh9d him at ! cross-road1 & :5 ! wit*es sweep by on _! way to ! ,brock51 !y mu/ take x ) !m1 & x /icks to !m h5ce=?4 ,moreov]1 ?ree crosses *alk$ up on ! doors ( h\ses & cattle-/alls on ,walpurgis ,night w effectually prev5t any ( ! inf]nal crew f ent]+ & do+ h>m to man or bea/4 ,see ,e4 ,somm]1 ,sag51 ,mr*5 und ,gebru*e aus ,sa*s5 und ,?r+5 7,halle1 #ahdf71 pp4 #adh sq42 ,die ge/riegelte ,rock5philosophie 7,*emnitz1 #agei71 p4 #aaf4 #cid ,see ,! ,scapegoat1 pp4 #aeh sqq4 #cie ,z to ! ,midsumm] ,fe/ival ( ,europe 9 g5]al see ! evid5ce collect$ 9 ! ,specim5 ,cal5d>ii ,g5tilis1 app5d$ to ! ,edda ,rhy?mica seu ,antiquior1 vulgo ,saemund9a dicta1 ,p>s iii4 7,cop5hag51 #ahbh7 pp4 #ajhf-ajig4 #cif ,john ,mit*ell ,kemble1 ,! ,saxons 9 ,engl&1 ,new ,edition 7,london1 #ahgf71 i4 #cfa sq41 quot+ an anci5t ,,ms4 writt5 9 ,engl&1 & n[ 9 ! ,h>leian ,collection1 ,no4 #bcde1 fol4 #ej4 ,! passage is quot$ 9 "p by ,j4 ,br&1 ,popul> ,antiquities ( ,great ,brita9 7,london1 #ahhb-ahhc71 i4 #bih sq41 by ,r4,t4 ,hampson1 ,m$ii ,aevi ,kal5d>ium 7,london1 #ahda71 i4 #cjj1 & by ,w4 ,mannh>dt1 ,d] ,baumkultus1 p4 #eji4 ,! same explanations ( ! ,midsumm] fires & ( ! cu/om ( trundl+ a burn+ :eel on ,midsumm] ,eve are giv5 also by ,john ,bele?1 a writ] ( ! twelf? c5tury4 ,see 8 ,rationale ,div9orum ,(ficiorum 7app5d$ to ! ,rationale ,div9orum ,(ficiorum ( ,g4 ,w4 ,dur&us1 ,lyons1 #aehd71 p4 #eef recto3 ,sol5t porro hoc tempore ! ,eve ( ,/4 ,john ! ,bapti/ ex vet]i consuetud9e mortuorum animalium ossa comburi1 quod hujusmodi habet orig9em4 ,sunt enim animalia1 quae dracones appellamus4444 ,haec inquam animalia 9 a]e volant1 9 aquis natant1 9 t]ra ambulant4 ,s$ qu&o 9 a]e ad libid9em concitantur 7quod f]e fit7 saepe ipsum sp]ma vel 9 puteos1 vel 9 aquas fluviales ejicunt ex quo le?alis sequitur annus4 ,adv]sus haec ergo hujusmodi inv5tum e/ rem$ium1 ut videlicet rogus ex ossibus con/ru]etur1 et ita fumus hujusmodi animalia fug>et4 ,et quia i/ud maxime hoc tempore fiebat1 idem etiam modo ab omnibus obs]vatur4444 ,consuetum item e/ hac vigilia ard5tes def]ri faculas quod ,johannes fu]it ard5s luc]na1 et qui vias ,dom9i praep>av]it4 ,s$ quod etiam rota v]tatur h9c esse putant quia 9 eum circulum tunc ,sol desc5d]it ultra quem progr$i nequit1 a quo cogitur paulatim desc5d]e4 ,! sub/ance ( ! passage is repeat$ 9 o!r words by ,g4 ,dur&us 7,wilh4 ,durantis71 a writ] ( ! ?irte5? c5tury1 9 8 ,rationale ,div9orum ,(ficiorum1 lib4 vii4 cap4 #ad 7p4 #ddb v]so1 ed4 ,lyons1 #aehd74 ,comp>e ,j4 ,grimm1 ,deuts*e ,my?ologie199#d i4 #eaf4 ,) ! notion t ! air is poison$ at midsumm] we may comp>e ! popul> belief t x is simil>ly infect$ at an eclipse4 ,?us among ! ,esquimaux on ! ,l[] ,yukon riv] 9 ,alaska x is believ$ t a subtle ess5ce or unclean influ5ce desc5ds to ! e>? dur+ an eclipse1 & if any ( x is caught 9 ut5sils ( any k9d x w produce sickness4 ,z a result1 imm$iately on ! comm5cem5t ( an eclipse1 e woman turns bottom side up all h] pots1 wood5 buckets1 & di%es 7,e4,w4 ,nelson1 ,! ,eskimo ab\t ,b]+ ,/rait1 ,eighte5? ,annual ,report ( ! ,bureau ( ,am]ican ,e?nology1 ,"p i4 7,wa%+ton1 #ahii7 p4 #dca74 ,simil> notions & practices prevail among ! peasantry ( s\!rn ,g]many4 ,?us ! ,swabian peasants ?9k t dur+ an eclipse ( ! sun poison falls on ! e>?2 h5ce at su* a "t !y w n s[1 m[1 ga!r fruit or eat x1 !y br+ ! cattle into ! /alls1 & refra9 f bus9ess ( e k9d4 ,if ! eclipse la/s long1 ! p get v anxi\s1 set a burn+ c&le on ! mantel-%elf ( ! /ove1 & pray to be deliv]$ f ! dang]4 ,see ,anton ,birl+]1 ,volk/hmli*es aus ,s*wab5 7,freiburg im ,breisgau1 #ahfa-ahfb71 i4 #ahi4 ,simil>ly ,bav>ian peasants imag9e t wat] is poison$ dur+ a sol> eclipse 7,f4 ,panz]1 ,beitrag zur deuts*5 ,my?ologie1 ii4 #big72 & ,?ur+ian bumpk9s cov] up ! wells & br+ ! cattle home f pa/ure dur+ an eclipse ei!r ( ! sun or ( ! moon2 an eclipse is p>ticul>ly poison\s :5 x happ5s to fall on a ,w$nesday4 ,see ,augu/ ,witzs*el1 ,sag51 ,sitt5 und ,gebru*e aus ,?r+5 7,vi5na1 #ahgh71 p4 #bhg4 ,z eclipses are commonly suppos$ by ! ignorant to be caus$ by a mon/] attack+ ! sun or moon 7,e4,b4 ,tylor1 ,primitive ,culture199#b ,london1 #ahgc1 i4 #cbh sqq471 we may surmise1 on ! analogy ( ! explanation giv5 ( ! ,midsumm] fires1 t ! unclean influ5ce :i* is ?\ght to desc5d on ! e>? at su* times is popul>ly attribut$ to se$ dis*>g$ by ! mon/] or possibly by ! sun or moon !n 9 conjunction ) ea* o!r4 #cig ,! ,popi% ,k+dome or reigne ( ,anti*ri/1 writt5 9 ,lat9 v]se by ,?omas ,naogeorgus & ,engly%$ by ,b>nabe ,googe1 #aegj1 edit$ by ,r4,c4 ,hope 7,london1 #ahhj71 p4 #ed v]so4 ,z to ?is "w see above1 p4 #abe note #a4 #cih ,j4 ,boemus1 ,mores1 leges et ritus omnium g5tium 7,lyons1 #aeda71 pp4 #bbe sq4 #cii ,tessi]1 ,sur la fte annuelle de la r\e flamboyante de la ,sa9t-,jean1 ,basse-,kontz1 arrondissem5t de ,?ionville1 ,mmoires et diss]tations publis p> la ,socit ,royale des ,antiquaires de ,france1 v4 7#ahbc7 pp4 #cgi-cic4 ,tessi] witness$ ! c]emony1 #bcrd ,june #ahbb 7n #ahbc1 z is sometimes /at$74 ,8 acc\nt has be5 reproduc$ m or less fully by ,j4 ,grimm 7,deuts*e ,my?ologie199#d i4 #eae sq47 ,w4 ,mannh>dt 7,d] ,baumkultus1 pp4 #eaj sq471 & ,h4 ,gaidoz 7,le dieu gaulois du ,soleil et le symbolisme de la ,r\e1 ,revue ,ar*ologique1 iii4 ,srie1 iv4 7#ahhd7 pp4 #bd sq474 #djj ,bav>ia1 ,l&es- und ,volkskunde des ,knigrei*s ,bay]n 7,muni*1 #ahfj-ahfg71 i4 #cgc sq42 comp>e id41 iii4 #cbg sq4 ,z to ! burn+ discs at ! spr+ fe/ivals1 see above1 pp4 #aaf sq41 #aai1 #adc4 #dja ,op4 cit4 ii4 #bfj sq41 iii4 #icf1 #ief1 iv4 #b4 p4 #cfj4 #djb ,op4 cit4 ii4 #bfj4 #djc ,op4 cit4 iv4 i4 p4 #bdb4 ,we h se5 7p4 #afc7 t 9 ! sixte5? c5tury ^! cu/oms & beliefs 7 common 9 ,g]many4 ,x is also a ,g]man sup]/ition t a h\se :i* conta9s a br& f ! midsumm] bonfire w n be /ruck by lightn+ 7,j4,w4 ,wolf1 ,beitrge1 zur deuts*5 ,my?ologie1 i4 p4 #bag1 #ahe74 #djd ,j4 ,boemus1 ,mores1 leges et ritus omnium g5tium 7,lyons1 #aeda71 p4 #bbf4 #dje ,k>l ,freih]r von ,leopre*t+1 ,aus dem ,le*ra9 7,muni*1 #ahee71 pp4 #aha sqq42 ,w4 ,mannh>dt1 ,d] ,baumkultus1 p4 #eaj4 #djf ,a4 ,birl+]1 ,volk/hmli*es aus ,s*wab5 7,freiburg im ,breisgau1 #ahfa-ahfb71 ii4 pp4 #if sqq41 #abh1 pp4 #ajc sq41 #abi2 id41 ,aus ,s*wab5 7,wiesbad51 #ahgd71 ii4 #aaf-abj2 ,e4 ,mei]1 ,deuts*e ,sag51 ,sitt5 und ,gebru*e aus ,s*wab5 7,/uttg>t1 #aheb71 pp4 #dbc sqq42 ,w4 ,mannh>dt1 ,d] ,baumkultus1 p4 #eaj4 #djg ,f4 ,panz]1 ,beitrag zur deuts*5 ,my?ologie 7,muni*1 #ahdh-ahee71 i4 pp4 #bae sq41 #bdb2 id41 ii4 #edi4 #djh ,a4 ,birl+]1 ,volk/hmli*es aus ,s*wab5 7,freiburg im ,breisgau1 #ahfa-ahfb71 ii4 #ii-aja4 #dji ,el>d ,hugo ,may]1 ,badis*es ,volksleb5 7,/rasburg1 #aijj71 pp4 #ajc sq41 #bbe sq4 #daj ,w4 von ,s*ul5b]g1 9 ,v]h&lung5 d] ,b]l9] ,gesells*aft fr ,an?ropologie1 ,e?nologie und ,urges*i*te1 ,jahrgang #ahig1 pp4 #did sq4 7b\nd up ) ,zeits*rift fr ,e?nologie1 xxix4 #ahig74 #daa ,h4 ,gaidoz1 ,le dieu ,gaulois du ,soleil et le symbolisme de la ,r\e1 ,revue ,ar*ologique1 iii4 ,srie1 iv4 7#ahhd7 pp4 #bi sq4 #dab ,bruno ,/ehle1 ,volksglaub51 ,sitt5 und ,gebru*e 9 ,lo?r+51 ,globus1 lix4 7#ahia7 pp4 #cgh sq42 ,die ,somm]w5dfei] im ,/4 ,am>9?ale1 ,d] ,urquell1 ,n4,f41 i4 7#ahig7 pp4 #aha sqq4 #dac ,j4,h4 ,s*mitz1 ,sitt5 und ,sag5 ,li$]1 ,spr*wrt] und ,r?sel des ,eifl] ,volkes 7,treves1 #ahef-aheh71 i4 #dj sq4 ,accord+ to "o writ]1 ! g>l&s are compos$ ( ,/4 ,john's wort 7,montanus1 ,die deuts*5 ,volksfe/e1 ,volksbru*e und deuts*] ,volksglaube1 ,is]lohn1 ,n4,d41 p4 #cc74 ,z to ! use ( ,/4 ,john's wort at ,midsumm]1 see bel[1 vol4 ii4 pp4 #ed sqq4 #dad ,a4 ,kuhn und ,w4 ,s*w>tz1 ,norddeuts*e ,sag51 ,mr*5 und ,gebru*e 7,leipsic1 #ahdh71 p4 #cij4 #dae ,montanus1 ,die deuts*5 ,volksfe/e1 ,volksbru*e und deuts*] ,volksglaube 7,is]lohn1 ,n4,d471 pp4 #cc sq4 #daf ,c4,l4 ,ro*holz1 ,deuts*] ,glaube und ,brau* 7,b]l91 #ahfg71 ii4 #add sqq4 #dag ,philo vom ,walde1 ,s*lesi5 9 ,sage und ,brau* 7,b]l91 ,n4,d471 p4 #abd2 ,paul ,dre*sl]1 ,sitte1 ,brau*1 und ,volksglaube 9 ,s*lesi5 7,leipsic1 #aijc-aijf71 i4 #acf sq4 #dah ,j4 ,grimm1 ,deuts*e ,my?ologie199#d i4 #eag sq4 #dai ,f in=mation suppli$ by ,mr4 ,sigurd ,k4 ,heib]g1 eng9e]1 ( ,b]g51 ,norway1 :o 9 8 boyhood regul>ly collect$ fuel = ! fires4 ,i h to ?ank ,miss ,&]son1 ( ,b>skimm+1 ,mau*l9e1 ,ayr%ire1 = k9dly procur+ ! in=mation = me f ,mr4 ,heib]g4 ,! ,blocksb]g1 :]e ,g]man z well z ,norwegian wit*es ga!r = _! great ,sabba?s on ! ,eve ( ,may ,day 7,walpurgis ,night7 & ,midsumm] ,eve1 is commonly id5tifi$ ) ! ,brock51 ! highe/ peak ( ! ,h>z m\nta9s4 ,b 9 ,meckl5burg1 ,pom]ania1 & probably else:]e1 villages h _! own local ,blocksb]g1 :i* is g5]ally a hill or op5 place 9 ! neighb\rhood2 a numb] ( places 9 ,pom]ania g by ! "n ( ! ,blocksb]g4 ,see ,j4 ,grimm1 ,deuts*e ,my?ologie99#d ii4 #hgh sq42 ,ulri* ,jahn1 ,hex5wes5 und ,zaub]ei 9 ,pomm]n 7,breslau1 #ahhf71 pp4 #d sq42 id41 ,volkssag5 aus ,pomm]n und ,rg5 7,/ett91 #ahhf71 p4 #cbi4 #dbj ,l4 ,lloyd1 ,peasant ,life 9 ,sw$5 7,london1 #ahgj71 pp4 #bei1 #bfe4 #dba ,l4 ,lloyd1 op4 cit4 pp4 #bfa sq4 ,^! spr+s are call$ sacrificial fonts 7,(f] kllor7 & are s nam$ because 9 hea!n times ! limbs ( ! slaught]$ victim1 :e!r man or bea/1 7 "h wa%$ prior to immolation 7,l4 ,lloyd1 op4 cit4 p4 #bfa74 #dbb ,e4 ,h(fmann-,kray]1 ,fe/e und ,bru*e des ,s*weiz]volkes 7,zuri*1 #aiac71 p4 #afd4 #dbc ,ignaz ,v4 ,z+]le1 ,sitt51 ,bru*e und ,me9ung5 des ,tirol] ,volkes99#b 7,innsbruck1 #ahga71 ii4 p4 #aei1 #aced4 #dbd ,i4,v4 ,z+]le1 op4 cit4 p4 #aei1 #acec1 #acee1 #acef2 ,w4 ,mannh>dt1 ,d] ,baumkultus1 p4 #eac4 #dbe ,w4 ,mannh>dt1 l4c4 #dbf ,f4 ,panz]1 ,beitrag zur deuts*5 ,my?ologie 7,muni*1 #ahdh-ahee71 i4 p4 #baj1 #bca4 #dbg ,!odor ,v]nalek51 ,my!n und ,bru*e des ,volkes 9 ,oe/]rei* 7,vi5na1 #ahei71 pp4 #cjg sq4 #dbh ,j4 ,grimm1 ,deuts*e ,my?ologie99#d i4 #eai2 ,!odor ,v]nalek51 ,my!n und ,bru*e des ,volkes 9 ,oe/]rei* 7,vi5na1 #ahei71 p4 #cjh2 ,joseph ,virgil ,grohmann1 ,ab]glaub5 und ,gebru*e aus ,bohm5 und ,mhr5 7,prague & ,leipsic1 #ahfd71 p4 #hj1 #fcf2 ,re9sb]g-,dr+sfeld1 ,fe/-,kal5d] aus ,bohm5 7,prague1 ,n4,d471 pp4 #cjf-caa2 ,br4 ,jelfnek1 ,mat]iali5 zur ,vorges*i*te und ,volkskunde ,bhm5s1 ,mit!ilung5 d] an?ropologis*5 ,gesells*aft 9 ,wi5 xxi4 7#ahia7 p4 #ac2 ,alois ,john1 ,sitte1 ,brau* und ,volksglaube im deuts*5 ,we/bhm5 7,prague1 #aije7 pp4 #hd-hf4 #dbi ,willibald ,mll]1 ,beitrge zur ,volkskunde d] ,deuts*5 9 ,mhr5 7,vi5na & ,olmutz1 #ahic71 pp4 #bfc-bfe4 #dcj ,anton ,pet]1 ,volk/hmli*es aus /]rei*is*-,s*lesi5 7,troppau1 #ahfe-ahfg71 ii4 #bhg4 #dca ,?4 ,v]nalek51 ,my!n und ,bru*e des ,volkes 9 ,oe/]rei* 7,vi5na1 #ahei71 pp4 #cjh sq4 #dcb ,! ,dy+ ,god1 p4 #bfb4 ,comp>e ,m4 ,k[alewsky1 9 ,folk-lore1 i4 7#ahij7 p4 #dfg4 #dcc ,w4,r4,s4 ,ral/on1 ,songs ( ! ,russian ,p1 ,second ,edition 7,london1 #ahgb71 p4 #bdj4 #dcd ,j4 ,grimm1 ,deuts*e ,my?ologie199#d i4 #eai2 ,w4,r4,s4 ,ral/on1 ,songs ( ! ,russian ,p 7,london1 #ahgb71 pp4 #bdj1 #cia4 #dce ,w4,r4,s4 ,ral/on1 op4 cit4 p4 #bdj4 #dcf ,w4,r4,s4 ,ral/on1 l4c4 #dcg ,w4,j4,a4 von ,tettau und ,j4,d4,h4 ,temme1 ,die ,volkssag5 ,o/preuss5s1 ,lit?au5s und ,we/preuss5s 7,b]l91 #ahcg71 p4 #bgg4 #dch ,m4 ,tpp51 ,ab]glaub5 aus ,masur599#b 7,danzig1 #ahfg71 p4 #ga4 #dci ,f4,s4 ,krauss1 ,altslavis*e ,feu]gew9nung1 ,globus1 lix4 7#ahia7 p4 #cah4 #ddj ,j4,g4 ,kohl1 ,die deuts*-russis*5 ,o/seeprov9z5 7,dresd5 & ,leipsic1 #ahda71 i4 #agh-ahj1 ii4 #bd sq4 ,ligho 0 an old hea!n deity1 ^: joy\s fe/ival us$ to fall 9 spr+4 #dda ,ovid1 ,fa/i1 vi4 #gge sqq4 #ddb ,fri$]i* ,s4 ,krauss1 ,sitte und ,brau* d] ,sdslav5 7,vi5na1 #ahhe71 pp4 #agf sq4 #ddc ,j4 ,grimm1 ,deuts*e ,my?ologie199#d i4 #eai4 #ddd ,h4 von ,wlislocki1 ,volksglaube und religis] ,brau* d] ,magy> 7,mn/] i4 ,w41 #ahic71 pp4 #dj-dd4 #dde ,a4 von ,ipolyi1 ,beitrge zur deuts*5 ,my?ologie aus ,ung>n1 ,zeits*rift fr deuts*e ,my?ologie und ,sitt5kunde1 i4 7#ahec7 pp4 #bgj sq4 #ddf ,j4,g4 ,kohl1 ,die deuts*-russis*5 ,o/seeprov9z51 ii4 #bfh sq42 ,f4,j4 ,wi$emann1 ,aus dem inn]5 und uss]5 ,leb5 d] ,eh/5 7,/4 ,pet]sburg1 #ahgf71 p4 #cfb4 ,! ^w :i* ,i h translat$ we$s is 9 ,e/honian ka/e-he9ad1 9 ,g]man ,?augras4 ,app>5tly x is ! "n ( a special k9d ( we$4 #ddg ,fr4 ,kreutzwald und ,h4 ,neus1 ,my?is*e und ,magis*e ,li$] d] ,eh/5 7,/4 ,pet]sburg1 #ahed71 p4 #fb4 #ddh ,j4,b4 ,holzmay]1 ,osiliana1 ,v]h&lung5 d] gelehrt5 ,e/nis*5 ,gesells*aft zu ,dorpat1 vii4 7#ahgb7 pp4 #fb sq4 ,wi$emann also obs]ves t ! sports 9 :i* "y c\ples engage 9 ! woods on ?is ev5+ are n always decor\s 7,aus dem inn]5 und uss]5 ,leb5 d] ,eh/51 p4 #cfb74 #ddi ,j4,g4 ,kohl1 ,die deuts*-russis*5 ,o/seeprov9z51 ii4 #ddg sq4 #dej ,j4,g4 ,georgi1 ,bes*reibung all] ,nation5 des russis*5 ,rei*s 7,/4 ,pet]sburg1 #aggf71 p4 #cf2 ,augu/ ,freih]r von ,hax?aus51 ,/udi5 b] die inn]e ,zu/nde das ,volksleb5 und insbesond]e die lndli*5 ,e9ri*tung5 ,russl&s 7,hanov]1 #ahdg71 i4 #ddf sqq4 #dea ,alfr$ de ,nore1 ,c\tumes1 ,my!s et ,traditions des ,prov9ces de ,france 7,p>is & ,lyons1 #ahdf71 p4 #ai4 #deb ,x is notable t ,/4 ,john is ! only sa9t ^: bir?day ! ,*ur* celebrates ) hon\rs l ^? :i* %e accords to ! nativity ( ,*ri/4 ,comp>e ,edmond ,d\tt1 ,magie et ,religion dans l',afrique du ,nord 7,algi]s1 #aijh71 p4 #ega note ,i4 #dec ,bossuet1 ,oeuvres 7,v]sailles1 #ahae-ahai71 vi4 #bgf 7,cat*isme du diocse de ,meaux74 ,8 description ( ! sup]/itions is1 9 8 own words1 z foll[s3 ,dans] l'ent\r du feu1 j\]1 faire des fe/9s1 *ant] des *ansons de%onntes1 jet] des h]bes p>-dessus le feu1 en cueillir avant midi ou jeun1 en port] sur soi1 les cons]v] le long de l'anne1 g>d] des tisons ou des *>bons du feu1 et autres semblables4 ,?is & o!r evid5ce ( ! cu/om ( k9dl+ ,midsumm] bonfires 9 ,france is cit$ by ,*4 ,cuiss>d 9 8 tract ,les ,feux de la ,sa9t-,jean 7,orleans1 #ahhd74 #ded ,*4 ,cuiss>d1 ,les ,feux de la ,sa9t-,jean 7,orleans1 #ahhd71 pp4 #dj sq4 #dee ,a4 ,le ,braz1 ,la ,lg5de de la ,mort en ,basse-,bretagne 7,p>is1 #ahic71 p4 #bgi4 ,= an explanation ( ! cu/om ( ?r[+ a pebble into ! fire1 see bel[1 p4 #bdj4 #def ,m4 ,quelli51 quot$ by ,alex&re ,b]tr&1 ,la ,religion des ,gaulois 7,p>is1 #ahig71 pp4 #aaf sq4 #deg ,coll9 de ,plancy1 ,dictionnaire ,inf]nal 7,p>is1 #ahbe-ahbf71 iii4 #dj2 ,j4,w4 ,wolf1 ,beitrge zur deuts*5 ,my?ologie 7,gtt+51 #aheb-aheg71 i4 p4 #bag1 #ahe2 ,a4 ,breuil1 ,du ,culte de ,/4 ,jean ,bapti/e1 ,mmoires de la ,socit des ,antiquaires de ,pic>die1 viii4 7,ami5s1 #ahde7 pp4 #ahi sq4 #deh ,eug5e ,cortet1 ,essai sur les ,ftes ,religieuses 7,p>is1 #ahfg71 p4 #baf2 ,*4 ,cuiss>d1 ,les ,feux de la ,sa9t-,jean 7,orleans1 #ahhd71 p4 #bd4 #dei ,paul ,sbillot1 ,c\tumes populaires de la ,haute-,bretagne 7,p>is1 #ahhf71 pp4 #aib-aie4 ,9 ,upp] ,brittany ^! bonfires are call$ rieux or ravi]s4 #dfj ,a4 de ,nore1 ,c\tumes1 ,my!s et ,traditions des ,prov9ces de ,france 7,p>is & ,lyons1 #ahdf71 p4 #bai2 ,e4 ,cortet1 ,essai sur les ,ftes ,religieuses1 p4 #baf4 #dfa ,a4 de ,nore1 ,c\tumes1 ,my!s et ,traditions des ,prov9ces de ,france1 pp4 #bai1 #bbh1 #bca2 ,e4 ,cortet1 op4 cit4 pp4 #bae sq4 #dfb ,j4 ,lecoeur1 ,esquisses du ,bocage ,norm& 7,cond-sur-,noireau1 #ahhc-ahhg71 ii4 #bai-bbd4 #dfc ,?is description is quot$ by ,madame ,clm5t 7,hi/oire des ftes civites et religieuses1 etc41 de la ,belgique ,mridionale1 ,avesnes1 #ahdf1 pp4 #cid-cif72 ,f4 ,liebre*t 7,des ,g]vasius von ,tilbury ,otia ,imp]ialia1 ,hanov]1 #ahef1 pp4 #bji sq472 & ,w4 ,mannh>dt 7,antike ,wald und ,feldkulte1 ,b]l91 #ahgg1 pp4 #cbc sqq47 f ! ,magaz9 pittoresque1 ,p>is1 viii4 7#ahdj7 pp4 #bhg sqq4 ,a slightly cond5s$ acc\nt is giv51 f ! same s\rce1 by ,e4 ,cortet 7,essai sur les ,ftes ,religieuses1 pp4 #bba sq474 #dfd ,baz91 quot$ by ,breuil1 9 ,mmoires de la ,socit d' ,antiquaires de ,pic>die1 viii4 7#ahde7 p4 #aia note4 #dfe ,correspond5ts quot$ by ,a4 ,b]tr&1 ,la ,religion des ,gaulois 7,p>is1 #ahig71 pp4 #aah1 #djf4 #dff ,correspond5t quot$ by ,a4 ,b]tr&1 op4 cit4 p4 #djg4 #dfg ,felix ,*apiseau1 ,le folk-lore de la ,beauce et du ,p]*e 7,p>is1 #aijb71 i4 #cah-cbj4 ,9 ,p]*e ! midsumm] bonfires 7 call$ m>olles4 ,z to ! cu/om =m]ly obs]v$ at ,bull\1 ne> ,*ateaudun1 see a correspond5t quot$ by ,a4 ,b]tr&1 ,la ,religion des ,gaulois 7,p>is1 #ahig71 p4 #aag4 #dfh ,alb]t ,meyrac1 ,traditions1 ,c\tumes1 ,lg5des1 et ,contes des ,ard5nes 7,*>leville1 #ahij71 pp4 #hh sq4 #dfi ,l4,f4 ,sauv1 ,le ,folk-lore des ,hautes-,vosges 7,p>is1 #ahhi71 p4 #ahf4 #dgj ,dsir ,monni]1 ,traditions populaires comp>es 7,p>is1 #ahed71 pp4 #bjg sqq42 ,e4 ,cortet1 ,essai sur les ,ftes ,religieuses1 pp4 #bag sq4 #dga ,br5g]-,fraud1 ,rm9isc5ces populaires de la ,prov5ce 7,p>is1 #ahhe71 p4 #adb4 #dgb ,*>les ,beauqui]1 ,les ,mois en ,fran*e-,comt 7,p>is1 #aijj71 p4 #hi4 ,! names ( ! bonfires v>y ) ! place2 among !m are failles1 b\rdifailles1 bs or baux1 feulres or folires1 & *avannes4 #dgc ,la ,bresse ,l\hannaise1 ,ju91 #aijf1 p4 #bjg4 #dgd ,laisnel de la ,salle1 ,croyances et ,lg5des du ,c5tre de la ,france 7,p>is1 #ahge71 i4 #gh sqq4 ,! writ] adopts ! absurd d]ivation ( jne f ,janus4 ,ne$less to say t our old fri5d ,baal1 ,bel1 or ,belus figures prom95tly 9 ?is & _m o!r acc\nts ( ! ,european fire-fe/ivals4 #dge ,a4 de ,nore1 ,c\tumes1 ,my!s et ,traditions des ,prov9ces de ,france 7,p>is & ,lyons1 #ahdf71 p4 #aej4 #dgf ,correspond5t1 quot$ by ,a4 ,b]tr&1 ,la ,religion des ,gaulois 7,p>is1 #ahig71 p4 #djh4 #dgg ,gu]ry1 ,sur les usages et traditions du ,poit\1 ,mmoires et diss]tations publis p> la ,socit ,royale des ,antiquaires de ,france1 viii4 7#ahbi7 pp4 #dea sq4 #dgh ,breuil1 9 ,mmoires de la ,socit des ,antiquaires de ,pic>die1 viii4 7#ahde7 p4 #bjf2 ,e4 ,cortet1 ,essai sur les ,ftes ,religieuses1 p4 #baf2 ,laisnel de la ,salle1 ,croyances et ,lg5des du ,c5tre de la ,france1 i4 #hc2 ,j4 ,lecoeur1 ,esquisses du ,bocage ,norm&1 ii4 #bbe4 #dgi ,h4 ,gaidoz1 ,le dieu gaulois du soleil et le symbolisme de la r\e1 ,revue ,ar*ologique1 iii4 ,srie1 iv4 7#ahhd7 p4 #bf1 note #c4 #dhj ,l4 ,p9eau1 ,le ,folk-lore du ,poit\ 7,p>is1 #ahib71 pp4 #dii sq4 ,9 ,prigord ! a%es ( ! midsumm] bonfire are se>*$ = ! hair ( ! ,virg9 7,e4 ,cortet1 ,essai sur les ,ftes ,religieuses1 p4 #bai74 #dha ,a4 de ,nore1 ,c\tumes ,my!s et ,traditions des ,prov9ces de ,france1 pp4 #adi sq42 ,e4 ,cortet1 op4 cit4 pp4 #bah sq4 #dhb ,dup91 ,notice sur quelques ftes et div]tissem5s populaires du dp>tem5t des ,deux-,svres1 ,mmoires et ,diss]tations publis p> la ,socit ,royale des ,antiquaires de ,france1 iv4 7#ahbc7 p4 #aaj4 #dhc ,j4,l4,m4 ,nogus1 ,les moeurs d'autrefois en ,sa9tonge et en ,aunis 7,sa9tes1 #ahia71 pp4 #gb1 #agh sq4 #dhd ,h4 ,gaidoz1 ,le dieu soleil et le symbolisme de la r\e1 ,revue ,ar*ologique1 iii4 ,srie1 iv4 7#ahhd7 p4 #cj4 #dhe ,*4 ,cuiss>d1 ,les ,feux de la ,sa9t-,jean 7,orleans1 #ahhd71 pp4 #bb sq4 #dhf ,a4 de ,nore1 ,c\tumes1 ,my!s et ,traditions des ,prov9ces de ,france p4 #abg4 #dhg ,aub9-,l\is ,mill91 ,voyage dans les ,dp>tem5s du ,midi de la ,france 7,p>is1 #ahjg-ahaa71 iii4 #cda sq4 #dhh ,aub9-,l\is ,mill91 op4 cit4 iii4 #bh4 #dhi ,a4 de ,nore1 op4 cit4 pp4 #ai sq42 ,br5g]-,fraud1 ,rem9isc5ces populaires de la ,prov5ce 7,p>is1 #ahhe71 pp4 #ace-ada4 ,z to ! cu/om at ,t\lon1 see ,poncy1 quot$ by ,breuil1 ,mmoires de la ,socit des ,antiquaires de ,pic>die1 viii4 7#ahde7 p4 #aij note4 ,! cu/om ( dr5*+ p on ?is occasion ) wat] us$ to prevail 9 ,t\lon1 z well z 9 ,m>seilles & o!r t[ns 9 ! s\? ( ,france4 ,! wat] 0 squirt$ f syr+es1 p\r$ on ! heads ( pass]s-by f w9d[s1 & s on4 ,see ,breuil1 op4 cit4 pp4 #bcg sq4 #dij ,a4 de ,nore1 op4 cit4 pp4 #bj sq42 ,e4 ,cortet1 op4 cit4 pp4 #bah1 #bai sq4 #dia ,le ,b>on de ,re9sb]g-,dr+sfeld1 ,cal5dri] ,belge 7,brussels1 #ahfa-ahfb71 i4 #daf sq4 #dci4 #dib ,le ,b>on de ,re9sb]g-,dr+sfeld1 op4 cit4 i4 #dci-ddb4 #dic ,madame ,clm5t1 ,hi/oire des ftes civiles et religieuses1 etc41 du ,dp>tem5t du ,nord 7,cambrai1 #ahcf71 p4 #cfd2 ,j4,w4 ,wolf1 ,beitrge zur deuts*5 ,my?ologie 7,gtt+51 #aheb-aheg71 ii4 #cib2 ,w4 ,mannh>dt1 ,d] ,baumkultus4 p4 #eac4 #did ,e4 ,monseur1 ,folklore ,wallon 7,brussels1 ,n4,d471 p4 #acj1 #aghc1 #aghf1 #aghg4 #die ,joseph ,/rutt1 ,! ,sports & ,pa/imes ( ! ,p ( ,engl&1 ,new ,edition1 by ,w4 ,hone 7,london1 #ahcd71 p4 #cei4 #dif ,john ,/[1 ,a ,survay ( ,london1 edit$ by ,h5ry ,morley 7,london1 ,n4,d471 pp4 #abf sq4 ,/['s ,survay 0 writt5 9 #aeih4 #dig ,john ,br&1 ,popul> ,antiquities ( ,great ,brita9 7,london1 #ahhb-ahhc71 i4 #cch2 ,t4,f4 ,?iselton ,dy]1 ,briti% ,popul> ,cu/oms 7,london1 #ahgf71 p4 #cca4 ,bo? writ]s ref] to ,/atus ,s*olae ,eton5sis 7,a4,d4 #aefj74 #dih ,john ,aubrey1 ,rema9es ( ,g5tilisme & ,judaisme 7,london1 #ahha71 p4 #bf4 #dii ,j4 ,br&1 ,popul> ,antiquities ( ,great ,brita9 7,london1 #ahhb-ahhc71 i4 #cjj sq41 #cah1 comp>e pp4 #cje1 #cjf1 #cjh sq42 ,w4 ,mannh>dt1 ,d] ,baumkultus1 p4 #eab4 ,comp>e ,w4 ,hut*9son1 ,view ( ,nor?umb]l&1 vol4 ii4 7,newca/le1 #aggh71 ,app5dix1 p4 7#ae71 "u ! head ,midsumm]3--,x is usual to raise fires on ! tops ( high hills & 9 ! villages1 & sport & danse ar\nd !m2 ?is is ( v remote antiquity1 & ! fir/ cause lo/ 9 ! di/ance ( "t4 #ejj ,dr4 ,lyttelton1 ,bi%op ( ,c>lisle1 quot$ by ,william ,borlase1 ,antiquities1 ,hi/orical & ,monum5tal1 ( ! ,c\nty ( ,cornwall 7,london1 #agfi71 p4 #ace note4 #eja ,c\nty ,folk-lore1 vol4 iv4 ,nor?umb]l&1 collect$ by ,m4,c4 ,balf\r 7,london1 #aijd71 p4 #gf1 quot+ ,e4 ,mack5zie1 ,an ,hi/orical1 ,topographical1 & ,descriptive ,view ( ! ,c\nty ( ,nor?umb]l&1 ,second ,edition 7,newca/le1 #ahbe71 i4 #bag4 #ejb ,c\nty ,folk-lore1 vol4 iv4 ,nor?umb]l&1 collect$ by ,m4,c4 ,balf\r1 p4 #ge4 #ejc ,c\nty ,folk-lore1 vol4 iv4 ,nor?umb]l&1 collect$ by ,m4,c4 ,balf\r1 p4 #ge4 #ejd ,! ,d5ham ,tracts1 edit$ by ,j4 ,h>dy 7,london1 #ahib-ahie71 ii4 #cdb sq41 quot+ ,ar*logia ,aeliana1 ,n4,s41 vii4 #gc1 & ! ,proce$+s ( ! ,b]wick%ire ,naturali/s' ,club1 vi4 #bdb sq42 ,c\nty ,folk-lore1 vol4 iv4 ,nor?umb]l&1 collect$ by ,m4,c4 ,balf\r 7,london1 #aijd71 pp4 #ge sq4 ,:alton is a village ( ,nor?umb]l&1 n f> f ,morpe?4 #eje ,c\nty ,folk-lore1 vol4 vi4 ,ea/ ,rid+ ( ,york%ire1 collect$ & edit$ by ,mrs4 ,gut* 7,london1 #aiab71 p4 #ajb4 #ejf ,john ,aubrey1 ,rema9es ( ,g5tilisme & ,judaisme 7,london1 #ahha71 p4 #if1 comp>e id41 p4 #bf4 #ejg ,j4 ,br&1 ,popul> ,antiquities ( ,great ,brita9 7,london1 #ahhb-ahhc71 i4 #caa4 #ejh ,william ,borlase1 ,,ll4,d41 ,antiquities1 ,hi/orical & ,monum5tal1 ( ! ,c\nty ( ,cornwall 7,london1 #agfi71 pp4 #ace sq4 ,! ,eve ( ,/4 ,pet] is ,june #bh?4 ,bonfires h be5 lit else:]e on ! ,eve or ! day ( ,/4 ,pet]4 ,see above1 pp4 #aid sq4 #aif sq41 & bel[1 pp4 #aii sq41 #bjb1 #bjg4 #eji ,j4 ,br&1 op4 cit4 i4 #cah1 #cai2 ,t4,f4 ,?iselton ,dy]1 ,briti% ,popul> ,cu/oms 7,london1 #ahgf71 p4 #cae4 #eaj ,william ,bottrell1 ,traditions & ,he>?side ,/ories ( ,we/ ,cornwall 7,p5zance1 #ahgj71 pp4 #h sq41 #ee sq42 ,james ,napi]1 ,folk-lore1 or ,sup]/iti\s ,beliefs 9 ! ,we/ ( ,scotl& 7,paisley1 #ahgi71 p4 #agc4 #eaa ,ri*>d ,edmonds1 ,! ,l&'s ,end ,di/rict 7,london1 #ahfb71 pp4 #ff sq42 ,rob]t ,hunt1 ,popul> ,romances ( ! ,we/ ( ,engl&1 ,?ird ,edition 7,london1 #ahha71 pp4 #bjg sq4 #eab ,m>ie ,trevelyan1 ,folk-lore & ,folk-/ories ( ,wales 7,london1 #aiji71 pp4 #bg sq4 ,comp>e ,jona?an ,c]$ig ,davies1 ,folk-lore ( ,we/ & ,mid-,wales 7,ab]y/wy?1 #aiaa71 p4 #gf4 #eac ,j4 ,br&1 ,popul> ,antiquities ( ,great ,brita9 7,london1 #ahhb-ahhc71 i4 #cah4 #ead ,joseph ,tra91 ,acc\nt ( ! ,isle ( ,man 7,d\glas1 ,isle ( ,man1 #ahde71 ii4 #abj4 #eae ,sir ,h5ry ,pi]s1 ,description ( ! ,c\nty ( ,we/mea?1 writt5 9 #afhb1 publi%$ by 7,g5]al7 ,*>les ,vallancey1 ,collectanea de ,rebus ,hib]nieis1 i4 7,dubl91 #aghf7 pp4 #abc sq4 #eaf ,j4 ,br&1 ,popul> ,antiquities ( ,great ,brita9 7,london1 #ahhb-ahhc71 i4 #cjc1 quot+ ! au?or ( ! ,survey ( ! ,s\? ( ,irel&1 p4 #bcb4 #eag ,j4 ,br&1 op4 cit4 i4 #cje1 quot+ ! au?or ( ! ,comical ,pilgrim's ,pilgrimage into ,irel& 7#agbc71 p4 #ib4 #eah ,! ,g5tleman's ,magaz9e1 vol4 lxv4 7,london1 #agie7 pp4 #abd sq4 ,! writ] dates ! fe/ival on ,june #ba/1 :i* is probably a mi/ake4 #eai ,t4,f4 ,?iselton ,dy]1 ,briti% ,popul> ,cu/oms 7,london1 #ahgf71 pp4 #cba sq41 quot+ ! ,liv]pool ,m]cury ( ,june #bi?1 #ahfg4 #ebj ,l4,l4 ,duncan1 ,fur!r ,notes f ,c\nty ,leitrim1 ,folk-lore1 v4 7#ahid7 p4 #aic4 #eba ,a4,c4 ,haddon1 ,a ,bat* ( ,iri% ,folk-lore1 ,folk-lore1 iv4 7#ahic7 pp4 #cea1 #cei4 #ebb ,g4,h4 ,k9ahan1 ,notes on ,iri% ,folk-lore1 ,folk-lore ,record1 iv4 7#ahha7 p4 #ig4 #ebc ,*>lotte ,elizabe?1 ,p]sonal ,recollections1 quot$ by ,rev4 ,alex&] ,hislop1 ,! ,two ,babylons 7,ed9burgh1 #ahec71 p4 #ec4 #ebd ,lady ,wilde1 ,anci5t ,leg5ds1 ,my/ic ,*>ms1 & ,sup]/itions ( ,irel& 7,london1 #ahhg71 i4 #bad sq4 #ebe ,t4,f4 ,?iselton ,dy]1 ,briti% ,popul> ,cu/oms 7,london1 #ahgf71 pp4 #cbb sq41 quot+ ! ,hib]nian ,magaz9e1 ,july #ahag4 ,z to ! wor%ip ( wells 9 anci5t ,irel&1 see ,p4,w4 ,joyce1 ,a ,social ,hi/ory ( ,anci5t ,irel& 7,london1 #aijc71 i4 #bhh sq41 #cff sqq4 #ebf ,rev4 ,a4 ,john/one1 describ+ ! p>i% ( ,monquhitt] 9 ,p]?%ire1 9 ,sir ,john ,s9clair's ,/ati/ical ,acc\nt ( ,scotl& 7,ed9burgh1 #agia-agii71 xxi4 #ade4 ,mr4 ,w4 ,w>de ,f[l] writes t 9 ,scotl& be=e ! bonfires 7 k9dl$ on midsumm] eve1 ! h\ses 7 decorat$ ) foliage br\ght f ! woods 7,roman ,fe/ivals ( ! ,p]iod ( ! ,republic1 ,london1 #ahii1 pp4 #hj sq474 ,= 8 au?ority he ref]s to ,*amb]s' ,j\rnal1 ,july1 #ahdb4 #ebg ,john ,ramsay1 ( ,o*t]tyre1 ,scotl& & ,scotsm5 9 ! ,eighte5? ,c5tury1 edit$ by ,a4 ,all>dyce 7,ed9burgh1 #ahhh71 ii4 #dcf4 #ebh ,rev4 ,mr4 ,%aw1 ,m9i/] ( ,elg91 9 ,p5nant's ,t\r 9 ,scotl&1 pr9t$ 9 ,john ,p9k]ton's ,voyages & ,travels 7,london1 #ahjh-ahad71 iii4 #acf4 #ebi ,a4 ,macdonald1 ,midsumm] ,bonfires1 ,folk-lore1 xv4 7#aijd7 pp4 #aje sq4 #ecj ,f notes k9dly furni%$ to me by ! ,rev4 ,j4,c4 ,higg9s1 p>i% m9i/] ( ,t>bolton4 ,mr4 ,higg9s adds t he kn[s ( no sup]/ition connect$ ) ! fire1 & no tradition ( its orig94 ,i visit$ ! sc5e ( ! bonfire 9 #ahih1 b1 z ,pausanias says 7viii4 #da4 #f7 9 simil> circum/ances1 ,i did n happ5 to arrive at ! season ( ! fe/ival4 ,inde$ ! sn[ 0 fall+ ?ick z ,i trudg$ to ! village ?r\gh ! beautiful woods ( ! ,ca/le o' ,montgom]y immortaliz$ by ,burns4 ,f a notice 9 ,! ,scotsman ( #bf? ,june1 #aijf 7p4 #h7 x appe>s t ! old cu/om 0 obs]v$ z usual t ye>4 #eca ,?omas ,mores9us1 ,papatus seu ,depravatae ,religionis ,origo et ,increm5tum 7,ed9burgh1 #aeid71 p4 #ef4 #ecb ,rev4 ,dr4 ,george ,lawrie1 9 ,sir ,john ,s9clair's ,/ati/ical ,acc\nt ( ,scotl&1 iii4 7,ed9burgh1 #agib7 p4 #aje4 #ecc ,lett] f ,dr4 ,ot]o ,acevado ( ,madrid1 publi%$ 9 ,le ,temps1 ,septemb] #ahih4 ,an extract f ! newspap] 0 s5t me1 b )\t m5tion ( ! day ( ! mon? :5 x appe>$4 ,! fires on ,/4 ,john's ,eve 9 ,spa9 are m5tion$ also by ,j4 ,br&1 ,popul> ,antiquities ( ,great ,brita91 i4 #cag4 ,jacob ,grimm inf]r$ ! cu/om f a passage 9 a romance 7,deuts*e ,my?ologie199#d i4 #eah74 ,! cu/om ( wa%+ or ba?+ on ! morn+ ( ,/4 ,john's ,day is m5tion$ by ! ,spani% hi/orian ,diego ,duran1 ,hi/oria de las ,indias de ,nueva ,espaa1 edit$ by ,j4,f4 ,ramirez 7,mexico1 #ahfg-ahhj71 vol4 ii4 p4 #bic4 ,to roll 9 ! dew on ! morn+ ( ,/4 ,john's ,day is a cure = diseases ( ! sk9 9 ,norm&y1 ,prigord1 & ! ,abruzzi1 z well z 9 ,spa94 ,see ,j4 ,lecoeur1 ,esquisses du ,bocage ,norm&1 ii4 #h2 ,a4 de ,nore1 ,c\tumes1 ,my!s et ,traditions des ,prov9ces de ,france1 p4 #aej2 ,g5n>o ,f9amore1 ,cr$5ze1 ,usi e ,co/umi ,abruzzesi 7,pal]mo1 #ahij71 p4 #aeg4 #ecd ,m4 ,longwor? ,dames & ,mrs4 ,e4 ,seemann1 ,folklore ( ! ,azores1 ,folk-lore1 xiv4 7#aijc7 pp4 #adb sq42 ,!ophilo ,braga1 ,o ,povo ,portuguez nos seus ,co/umes1 ,cr5z e ,tradioes 7,lisbon1 #ahhe71 ii4 #cjd sq41 #cjg sq4 #ece ,see bel[1 pp4 #bcd sqq4 #ecf ,angelo de ,gub]natis1 ,my?ologie des ,plantes 7,p>is1 #ahgh-ahhb71 i4 #ahe note #a4 #ecg ,adonis1 ,attis1 ,osiris1 ,second ,edition1 pp4 #bjb sq4 #ech ,g4 ,f9amore1 ,cr$5ze1 ,usi e ,co/umi ,abruzzesi 7,pal]mo1 #ahij71 pp4 #aed sq4 #eci ,g4 ,f9amore1 ,cr$5ze1 ,usi e ,co/umi ,abruzzesi1 pp4 #aeh-afj4 ,we may comp>e ! ,prov5al & ,spani% cu/oms ( ba?+ & spla%+ wat] at ,midsumm]4 ,see above1 pp4 #aic sq41 #bjh4 #edj ,giuseppe ,pitr1 ,spettacoli e ,fe/e ,popol>i ,siciliane 7,pal]mo1 #ahha71 pp4 #bdf1 #cjh sq42 id41 ,usi e ,co/umi1 ,cr$5ze e ,pregiudizi del ,popolo ,siciliano 7,pal]mo1 #ahhi71 pp4 #adf sq4 #eda ,j4 ,grimm1 ,deuts*e ,my?ologie199#d i4 #eah4 #edb ,v4 ,busuttil1 ,holiday ,cu/oms 9 ,malta1 & ,sports1 ,usages1 ,c]emonies1 ,om5s1 & ,sup]/itions ( ! ,maltese ,p 7,malta1 #ahid71 pp4 #ef sqq4 ,! extract 0 k9dly s5t to me by ,mr4 ,h4,w4 ,und]wood 7lett] dat$ #ad? ,novemb]1 #aijb1 ,birbeck ,bank ,*amb]s1 ,s\?ampton ,build+s1 ,*anc]y ,lane1 ,w4,c474 ,see ,folk-lore1 xiv4 7#aijc7 pp4 #gg sq4 #edc ,w4 ,r4 ,paton1 9 ,folk-lore1 ii4 7#ahia7 p4 #abh4 ,! cu/om 0 report$ to me :5 ,i 0 9 ,greece 9 #ahij 7,folk-lore1 i4 7#ahij7 p4 #ebj74 #edd ,j4 ,grimm1 ,deuts*e ,my?ologie199#d i4 #eai4 #ede ,g4 ,georgeakis et ,l4 ,p9eau1 ,le ,folk-lore de ,lesbos 7,p>is1 #ahid71 pp4 #cjh sq4 #edf ,w4,r4 ,paton1 9 ,folk-lore1 vi4 7#ahie7 p4 #id4 ,f ! /ones ca/ into ! fire om5s may p]haps be drawn1 z 9 ,scotl&1 ,wales1 & probably ,brittany4 ,see above1 p4 #ahc1 & bel[1 pp4 #bcj sq41 #bci1 #bdj4 #edg ,w4,h4,d4 ,r\se1 ,folklore f ! ,s\!rn ,sporades1 ,folk-lore1 x4 7#ahii7 p4 #agi4 #edh ,lucy ,m4,j4 ,g>nett1 ,! ,wom5 ( ,turkey & _! ,folk-lore1 ! ,*ri/ian ,wom5 7,london1 #ahij71 p4 #abb2 ,g4,f4 ,abbott1 ,mac$onian ,folklore 7,cambridge1 #aijc71 p4 #eg4 #edi ,j4,g4 von ,hahn1 ,albanesis*e ,/udi5 7,j5a1 #ahed71 i4 #aef4 #eej ,k4 von d5 ,/e951 ,unt] d5 ,natur-,vlk]n ,z5tral-,brasili5s 7,b]l91 #ahid71 p4 #efa4 #eea ,alcide d',orbigny1 ,voyage dans l',amrique ,mridionale1 ii4 7,p>is & ,/rasb\rg1 #ahci-ahdc71 p4 #dbj2 ,d4 ,=bes1 ,on ! ,aym>a ,indians ( ,bolivia & ,p]u1 ,j\rnal ( ! ,e?nological ,society ( ,london1 ii4 7#ahgj7 p4 #bce4 #eeb ,edmond ,d\tt1 ,magie et ,religion dans l',afrique du ,nord 7,algi]s1 #aijh71 pp4 #eff sq4 ,= an old] b brief] notice ( ! ,midsumm] fires 9 ,nor? ,africa1 see ,giuseppe ,f]r>o1 ,sup]/izioni1 ,usi e ,prov]bi ,monf]r9i 7,pal]mo1 #ahhf71 pp4 #cd sq43 ,also 9 ,alg]ia1 among ! ,mussalmans1 & 9 ,morocco1 z ,alvise da ,cadamo/o reports 9 8 ,relazione dei viaggi d',africa1 :i* may be read 9 ,ramusio1 p us$ to hold great fe/ivities on ,/4 ,john's ,night2 !y k9dl$ ev]y:]e huge fires ( /raw 7! ,palilia ( ! ,romans71 9 :i* !y ?rew inc5se & p]fumes ! :ole night long 9 ord] to invoke ! div9e bless+ on ! fruit-trees4 ,see also ,budgett ,meak91 ,! ,moors 7,london1 #aijb71 p4 #cid3 ,! ,b]b] fe/ivals are ma9ly ^? ( ,islam1 ?\gh a few traces ( _! pr$ecessors are obs]vable4 ,( ^! ! mo/ notewor?y is ,midsumm] or ,/4 ,john's ,day1 /ill celebrat$ 9 a special mann]1 & /yl$ ,el ,ans>ah4 ,9 ! ,rf x is celebrat$ by ! light+ ( bonfires only1 b 9 o!r p>ts !re is a special di% prep>$ ( :eat1 rais9s1 etc41 resembl+ ! frum5ty consum$ at ! ,new ,ye>4 ,x is wor?y ( rem>k t ! ,old ,/yle ,gregorian cal5d> is ma9ta9$ among !m1 ) corruptions ( ,lat9 names4 #eec ,edw>d ,we/]m>ck1 ,midsumm] ,cu/oms 9 ,morocco1 ,folklore1 xvi4 7#aije7 pp4 #bh-cj2 id41 ,c]emonies & ,beliefs connect$ ) ,agriculture1 ,c]ta9 ,dates ( ! ,sol> ,ye>1 & ! ,wea!r 7,hels+=s1 #aiac71 pp4 #gi-hc4 #eed ,e4 ,we/]m>ck1 ,midsumm] ,cu/oms 9 ,morocco1 ,folk-lore1 xvi4 7#aije7 pp4 #cj sq42 id41 ,c]emonies & ,beliefs connect$ ) ,agriculture1 etc41 pp4 #hc sq4 #eee ,edmond ,d\tt1 ,magie et ,religion dans l',afrique du ,nord 7,algi]s1 #aijh71 pp4 #efg sq4 #eef ,e4 ,we/]m>ck1 ,midsumm] ,cu/oms 9 ,morocco1 ,folk-lore1 xvi4 7#aije7 pp4 #ca sq42 id41 ,c]emonies & ,beliefs connect$ ) ,agriculture1 etc41 pp4 #hd-hf4 #eeg ,see ,k4 ,voll]s1 9 ,dr4 ,james ,ha/+s's ,encyclopa$ia ( ,religion & ,e?ics iii4 7,ed9burgh1 #aiaj7 s4v4 ,cal5d> 7,muslim71 pp4 #abf sq4 ,h[ev]1 ,l4 ,idel] held t ev5 be=e ! "t ( ,mohamm$ ! ,arab ye> 0 lun> & vague1 & t int]calation 0 only employ$ 9 ord] to fix ! pilgrimage mon? 9 autumn1 :i*1 on acc\nt ( ! mild] wea!r & ! abundance ( food1 is ! be/ "t = pilgrims to g to ,mecca4 ,see ,l4 ,idel]1 ,h&bu* d] ma!matis*5 und te*is*5 ,*ronologie 7,b]l91 #ahbe-ahbf71 ii4 #die sqq4 #eeh ,e4 ,d\tt1 ,magie et ,religion dans l',afrique du ,nord1 pp4 #dif1 #eji1 #ecb1 #edc1 #efi4 ,x is some:at rem>kable t ! t5?1 n ! fir/1 day ( ! fir/ mon? %\ld be reckon$ ,new ,ye>'s ,day4 #eei ,e4 ,we/]m>ck1 ,midsumm] ,cu/oms 9 ,morocco1 ,folk-lore1 xvi4 7#aije7 pp4 #dj-db4 #efj ,e4 ,d\tt1 ,magie et ,religion dans l',afrique du ,nord 7,algi]s1 #aijh71 pp4 #eda sq4 #efa ,e4 ,we/]m>ck1 ,midsumm] ,cu/oms 9 ,morocco1 ,folk-lore1 xvi4 7#aije7 p4 #db2 id41 ,c]emonies & ,beliefs connect$ ) ,agriculture1 ,c]ta9 ,dates ( ! ,sol> ,ye>1 & ! ,wea!r 9 ,morocco 7,hels+=s1 #aiac71 p4 #aja4 #efb ,e4 ,we/]m>ck1 ,midsumm] ,cu/oms 9 ,morocco1 ,folk-lore1 xvi4 7#aije71 pp4 #db sq41 #df sq42 id41 ,c]emonies & ,beliefs connect$ ) ,agriculture1 etc41 9 ,morocco1 pp4 #ii sqq4 #efc ,g4 ,f4 ,abbott1 ,mac$onian ,folklore 7,cambridge1 #aijc71 pp4 #fj sq4 #efd ,n>rative ( ! ,adv5tures ( f\r ,russian ,sailors1 :o 7 ca/ 9 a /orm ^u ! uncultivat$ isl& ( ,ea/ ,spitzb]g51 translat$ f ! ,g]man ( ,p4,l4 ,le ,roy1 9 ,john ,p9k]ton's ,voyages & ,travels 7,london1 #ahjh-ahad71 i4 #fjc4 ,?is passage is quot$ f ! orig9al by 7,sir7 ,edw>d ,b4 ,tylor1 ,rese>*es into ! ,e>ly ,hi/ory ( ,mank9d1 ,?ird ,edition 7,london1 #ahgh71 pp4 #bei sq4 #efe ,see ,! ,scapegoat1 pp4 #aff sq4 #eff ,e4,k4 ,*amb]s1 ,! ,m$iaeval ,/age 7,ox=d1 #aijc71 i4 #aaj sqq4 #efg ,9 ,ea/]n ,europe to ?is day ! great season = driv+ out ! cattle to pa/ure = ! fir/ "t 9 spr+ is ,/4 ,george's ,day1 ! tw5ty-?ird ( ,april1 :i* is n f> remov$ f ,may ,day4 ,see ,! ,magic ,art & ! ,evolution ( ,k+s1 ii4 #cbd sqq4 ,z to ! bisection ( ! ,celtic ye>1 see ! old au?ority quot$ by ,p4,w4 ,joyce1 ,! ,social ,hi/ory ( ,anci5t ,irel& 7,london1 #aijc71 ii4 #cij3 ,! :ole ye> 0 orig9ally divid$ into two p>ts--,summ] f #a/ ,may to #a/ ,novemb]1 & ,w9t] f #a/ ,novemb] to #a/ ,may4 ,on ?is subject comp>e 7,sir7 ,john ,rhys1 ,celtic ,hea!ndom 7,london & ,ed9burgh1 #ahhh71 pp4 #dfj1 #ead sqq42 id41 ,celtic ,folk-lore1 ,wel% & ,manx 7,ox=d1 #aija71 i4 #cae sqq42 ,j4,a4 ,mac,culloch1 9 ,dr4 ,james ,ha/+s's ,encyclopa$ia ( ,religion & ,e?ics1 iii4 7,ed9burgh1 #aiaj7 p4 #hj4 #efh ,see bel[1 p4 #bbe4 #efi ,above1 pp4 #adf sqq42 ,! ,magic ,art & ! ,evolution ( ,k+s1 ii4 #ei sqq4 #egj 7,sir7 ,john ,rhys1 ,celtic ,folk-lore1 ,manx & ,wel% 7,ox=d1 #aija71 i4 #caf1 #cag sq42 ,j4,a4 ,mac,culloch1 9 ,dr4 ,james ,ha/+s's ,encyclopa$ia ( ,religion & ,e?ics1 iii4 7,ed9burgh1 #aiaj7 s4v4 ,cal5d>1 p4 #hj1 ref]r+ to ,kelly1 ,engli% & ,manx ,diction>y 7,d\glas1 #ahff71 s4v4 ,ble94 ,hogmanay is ! popul> ,scot* "n = ! la/ day ( ! ye>4 ,see ,dr4 ,j4 ,jamieson1 ,etymological ,diction>y ( ! ,scotti% ,language1 ,new ,edition 7,paisley1 #ahgi-ahhb71 ii4 #fjb sq4 #ega 7,sir7 ,john ,rhys1 ,celtic ,folk-lore1 ,wel% & ,manx1 i4 #caf sq4 #egb ,above1 p4 #aci4 #egc ,see ,adonis1 ,attis1 ,osiris1 ,second ,edition1 pp4 #cji-cah4 ,z ,i h !re po9t$ out1 ! ,ca?olic ,*ur* succe$$ 9 alt]+ ! date ( ! fe/ival by "o day1 b n 9 *ang+ ! "* ( ! fe/ival4 ,all ,s\ls' ,day is n[ ! second in/ead ( ! fir/ ( ,novemb]4 ,b we c h>dly d\bt t ! ,sa9ts1 :o h tak5 possession ( ! fir/ ( ,novemb]1 wre/$ x f ! ,s\ls ( ! ,dead1 ! orig9al proprietors4 ,aft] all1 ! ,sa9ts are only "o p>ticul> class ( ! ,s\ls ( ! ,dead2 s t ! *ange :i* ! ,*ur* effect$1 no d\bt = ! purpose ( disguis+ ! hea!n "* ( ! fe/ival1 is less great ?an appe>s at fir/ sight4 #egd ,9 ,wales x 0 firmly believ$ 9 =m] times t on ,all ,hall[s' ,eve ! _s ( a dep>t$ p]son 0 to be se5 at midnight on e cross-road & on e /ile 7,m>ie ,trevelyan1 ,folk-lore & ,folk-/ories ( ,wales1 ,london1 #aiji1 p4 #bed74 #ege ,e4 ,j4 ,gu?rie1 ,old ,scotti% ,cu/oms 7,london & ,glasg[1 #ahhe71 p4 #fh4 #egf ,a4 ,goodri*-,fre]1 ,m ,folklore f ! ,hebrides1 ,folk-lore1 xiii4 7#aijb7 p4 #ec4 #egg 7,sir7 ,jol9 ,rhys1 ,celtic ,hea!ndom 7,london & ,ed9burgh1 #ahhh71 p4 #eaf4 #egh ,p4,w4 ,joyce1 ,a ,social ,hi/ory ( ,anci5t ,irel& 7,london1 #aijc71 i4 #bfd sq41 ii4 #eef4 #egi 7,sir7 ,john ,rhys1 ,celtic ,hea!ndom1 p4 #eaf4 #ehj ,rev4 ,john ,gregorson ,campbell1 ,sup]/itions ( ! ,highl&s & ,isl&s ( ,scotl& 7,glasg[1 #aijj71 pp4 #fa sq4 #eha ,*4 ,rog]s1 ,social ,life 9 ,scotl& 7,ed9burgh1 #ahhd-ahhf71 iii4 #beh-bfj4 #ehb ,d\glas ,hyde1 ,beside ! ,fire1 a ,collection ( ,iri% ,gaelic ,folk ,/ories 7,london1 #ahij71 pp4 #ajd1 #aje1 #aba-abh4 #ehc ,p4,w4 ,joyce1 ,social ,hi/ory ( ,anci5t ,irel&1 i4 #bbi4 #ehd ,m>ie ,trevelyan1 ,folk-lore & ,folk-/ories ( ,wales 7,london1 #aiji71 p4 #bed4 #ehe 7,sir7 ,john ,rhys1 ,celtic ,hea!ndom1 pp4 #ead sq4 ,9 ord] to see ! app>itions all y _h to d 0 to run ?rice r\nd ! p>i% *ur* & !n peep ?r\gh ! key-hole ( ! door4 ,see ,m>ie ,trevelyan1 op4 cit4 p4 #bed2 ,j4 ,c4 ,davies1 ,folk-lore ( ,we/ & ,mid-,wales 7,ab]y/wy?1 #aiaa71 p4 #gg4 #ehf ,miss ,e4 ,j4 ,gu?rie1 ,old ,scotti% ,cu/oms 7,london & ,glasg[1 #ahhe71 p4 #ge4 #ehg ,rev4 ,john ,gregorson ,campbell1 ,wit*craft & ,second ,sight 9 ! ,highl&s & ,isl&s ( ,scotl& 7,glasg[1 #aijb71 p4 #bhb4 #ehh ,?omas ,p5nant1 ,t\r 9 ,scotl&1 & ,voyage to ! ,hebrides 9 #aggb1 9 ,john ,p9k]ton's ,voyages & ,travels1 iii4 7,london1 #ahji7 pp4 #chc sq4 ,9 quot+ ! passage ,i h correct$ :at seem to be two mispr9ts4 #ehi ,john ,ramsay1 ( ,o*t]tyre1 ,scotl& & ,scotsm5 9 ! ,eighte5? ,c5tury1 edit$ by ,alex&] ,all>dyce 7,ed9burgh & ,london1 #ahhh71 ii4 #dcg sq4 ,?is acc\nt 0 writt5 9 ! eighte5? c5tury4 #eij ,rev4 ,james ,rob]tson1 ,p>i% m9i/] ( ,call&]1 9 ,sir ,john ,s9clair's ,/ati/ical ,acc\nt ( ,scotl&1 xi4 7,ed9burgh1 #agid71 pp4 #fba sq4 #eia ,rev4 ,dr4 ,?omas ,bisset1 9 ,sir ,john ,s9clair's ,/ati/ical ,acc\nt ( ,scotl& v4 7,ed9burgh1 #agic7 pp4 #hd sq4 #eib ,miss ,e4 ,j4 ,gu?rie1 ,old ,scotti% ,cu/oms 7,london & ,glasg[1 #ahhe71 p4 #fg4 #eic ,james ,napi]1 ,folk ,lore1 or ,sup]/iti\s ,beliefs 9 ! ,we/ ( ,scotl& )9 ?is ,c5tury 7,paisley1 #ahgi71 p4 #agi4 #eid ,j4 ,g4 ,fraz]1 ,folk-lore at ,balquhidd]1 ,! ,folk-lore ,j\rnal1 vi4 7#ahhh7 p4 #bgj4 #eie ,rev4 ,walt] ,gregor1 ,notes on ! ,folk-lore ( ! ,nor?-,ea/ ( ,scotl& 7,london1 #ahha71 pp4 #afg sq4 #eif ,rev4 ,a4 ,john/one1 z to ! p>i% ( ,monquhitt]1 9 ,sir ,john ,s9clair's ,/ati/ical ,acc\nt ( ,scotl&1 xxi4 7,ed9burgh1 #agii7 pp4 #ade sq4 #eig ,a4 ,macdonald1 ,"s =m] ,cu/oms ( ! ,royal ,p>i% ( ,cra?ie1 ,scotl&1 ,folk-lore1 xviii4 7#aijg7 p4 #he4 ,! writ] adds3 ,9 ?is way ! 'faulds' 7 purg$ ( evil spirits4 ,b x does n appe> :e!r ?is expresses ! belief ( ! p or only ! int]pretation ( ! writ]4 #eih ,rev4 ,john ,gregorson ,campbell1 ,wit*craft & ,second ,sight 9 ! ,highl&s & ,isl&s ( ,scotl& 7,glasg[1 #aijb71 pp4 #bhb sq4 #eii ,rob]t ,burns1 ,hall[e'en1 ) ! poet's note2 ,rev4 ,walt] ,gregor1 op4 cit4 p4 #hd2 ,miss ,e4,j4 ,gu?rie1 op4 cit4 p4 #fi2 ,rev4 ,j4,g4 ,campbell1 op4 cit4 p4 #bhg4 #fjj ,r4 ,burns1 l4c42 ,rev4 ,walt] ,gregor1 l4c42 ,miss ,e4,j4 ,gu?rie1 op4 cit4 pp4 #gj sq42 ,rev4 ,j4,g4 ,campbell1 op4 cit4 p4 #bhf4 #fja ,r4 ,burns1 l4c442 ,rev4 ,w4 ,gregor1 l4c42 ,miss ,e4,j4 ,gu?rie1 op4 cit4 p4 #gc2 ,rev4 ,j4,g4 ,campbell1 op4 cit4 p4 #bhe2 ,a4 ,goodri*-,fre]1 ,m ,folklore f ! ,hebrides1 ,folk-lore1 xiii4 7#aijb7 pp4 #ed sq4 #fjb ,r4 ,burns1 l4c42 ,rev4 ,w4 ,gregor1 op4 cit4 p4 #he2 ,miss ,e4,j4 ,gu?rie1 op4 cit4 p4 #ga2 ,rev4 ,j4,g4 ,campbell1 op4 cit4 p4 #bhe4 ,accord+ to ! la/ ( ^! writ]s1 ! w9n[+ _h to be done 9 ! devil's "n4 #fjc ,r4 ,burns1 l4c42 ,rev4 ,w4 ,gregor1 l4c42 ,miss ,e4,j4 ,gu?rie1 op4 cit4 p4 #gb2 ,rev4 ,j4,g4 ,campbell1 op4 cit4 p4 #bhf2 ,a4 ,goodri*-,fre]1 ,m ,folklore f ! ,hebrides1 ,folklore1 xiii4 7#aijb7 p4 #ed4 #fjd ,rev4 ,j4,g4 ,campbell1 op4 cit4 p4 #bhc4 #fje ,rev4 ,j4,g4 ,campbell1 op4 cit4 pp4 #bhc sq42 ,a4 ,goodri*-,fre]1 l4c4 #fjf ,rev4 ,j4,g4 ,campbell1 op4 cit4 p4 #bhd4 #fjg ,r4 ,burns1 l4c42 ,rev4 ,w4 ,gregor1 op4 cit4 p4 #he2 ,miss ,e4,j4 ,gu?rie1 op4 cit4 p4 #gj2 ,rev4 ,j4,g4 ,campbell1 op4 cit4 p4 #bhd4 ,:]e nuts 7 n to be _h1 peas 7 sub/itut$4 #fjh ,rev4 ,j4,g4 ,campbell1 op4 cit4 p4 #bhd4 #fji ,rev4 ,j4,g4 ,campbell1 l4c4 ,accord+ to my recollection ( ,hall[e'en cu/oms obs]v$ 9 my boyhood at ,hel5sburgh1 9 ,dumb>ton%ire1 ano!r way 0 to /ir ! float+ apples & !n drop a =k on !m z !y bobb$ ab\t 9 ! wat]4 ,success consi/$ 9 p9n+ "o ( ! apples ) ! =k4 #faj ,r4 ,burns1 l4c42 ,rev4 ,w4 ,gregor1 op4 cit4 pp4 #he sq42 ,miss ,e4,j4 ,gu?rie1 op4 cit4 pp4 #gb sq42 ,rev4 ,j4,g4 ,campbell1 op4 cit4 p4 #bhg4 #faa ,r4 ,burns1 l4c42 ,rev4 ,w4 ,gregor1 op4 cit4 p4 #he2 ,miss ,e4,j4 ,gu?rie1 op4 cit4 pp4 #fi sq42 ,rev4 ,j4,g4 ,campbell1 op4 cit4 p4 #bhe4 ,x is ! la/ ( ^! writ]s :o gives :at may be call$ ! ,tr9it>ian =m ( ! div9ation4 #fab ,miss ,e4,j4 ,gu?rie1 ,old ,scotti% ,cu/oms 7,london & ,glasg[1 #ahhe71 pp4 #gd sq4 #fac ,a4 ,goodri*-,fre]1 ,m ,folklore f ! ,hebrides1 ,folk-lore1 xiii4 7#aijb7 p4 #ee4 #fad ,p5nant's manuscript1 quot$ by ,j4 ,br&1 ,popul> ,antiquities ( ,great ,brita9 7,london1 #ahhb-ahhc71 i4 #chi sq4 #fae ,sir ,ri*>d ,colt ,ho>e1 ,! ,it9]>y ( ,ar*bi%op ,baldw9 ?r\gh ,wales ,a4,d4 ,,mclxxxviii4 by ,giraldus de ,b>ri 7,london1 #ahjf71 ii4 #cae2 ,j4 ,br&1 ,popul> ,antiquities1 i4 #cij4 ,! passage quot$ 9 ! text occurs 9 "o ( ,ho>e's notes on ! ,it9]>y4 ,! dipp+ = apples1 burn+ ( nuts1 & s =?1 are m5tion$ also by ,m>ie ,trevelyan1 ,folk-lore & ,folk-/ories ( ,wales 7,london1 #aiji71 pp4 #bec1 #bee4 #faf 7,sir7 ,john ,rhys1 ,celtic ,hea!ndom 7,london & ,ed9burgh1 #ahhh71 pp4 #eae sq4 ,z to ! ,hall[e'en bonfires 9 ,wales comp>e ,j4,c4 ,davies1 ,folk-lore ( ,we/ & ,mid-,wales 7,ab]y/wy?1 #aiaa71 p4 #gg4 #fag ,see above1 p4 #ahc4 #fah ,see above1 p4 #bca4 #fai ,m>ie ,trevelyan1 ,folk-lore & ,folk-/ories ( ,wales 7,london1 #aiji71 pp4 #bed sq4 #fbj 7,g5]al7 ,*>les ,vallancey1 ,collectanea de ,rebus ,hib]nicis1 iii4 7,dubl91 #aghf71 pp4 #dei-dfa4 #fba ,miss ,a4 ,watson1 quot$ by ,a4,c4 ,haddon1 ,a ,bat* ( ,iri% ,folk-lore1 ,folk-lore1 iv4 7#ahic7 pp4 #cfa sq4 #fbb ,lel& ,l4 ,duncan1 ,fur!r ,notes f ,c\nty ,leitrim1 ,folk-lore1 v4 7#ahid7 pp4 #aie-aig4 #fbc ,h4,j4 ,byrne1 ,all ,hall[s ,eve & o!r ,fe/ivals 9 ,connaught1 ,folk-lore1 xviii4 7#aijg7 pp4 #dcg sq4 #fbd ,joseph ,tra91 ,hi/orical & ,/ati/ical ,acc\nt ( ! ,isle ( ,man 7,d\glas1 ,isle ( ,man1 #ahde71 ii4 #abc2 7,sir7 ,john ,rhys1 ,celtic ,folk-lore1 ,wel% & ,manx 7,ox=d1 #aija71 i4 #cae sqq4 #fbe 7,sir7 ,john ,rhys1 ,celtic ,folk-lore1 ,wel% & ,manx 7,ox=d1 #aija71 i4 #cah-cba4 #fbf ,john ,h>l& & ,t4,t4 ,wilk9son1 ,lanca%ire ,folk-lore 7,man*e/] & ,london1 #ahhb71 pp4 #c sq4 #fbg ,j4 ,h>l& & ,t4,t4 ,wilk9son1 op4 cit4 p4 #adj4 #fbh ,annie ,miln]1 9 ,william ,hone's ,ye> ,book 7,london1 preface dat$ ,janu>y1 #ahcb71 coll4 #abgf-abgi 7lett] dat$ ,june1 #ahca72 ,r4,t4 ,hampson1 ,m$ii ,aevi ,kal5d>ium 7,london1 #ahda71 i4 #cfe2 ,t4,f4 ,?iselton ,dy]1 ,briti% ,popul> ,cu/oms 7,london1 #ahgf71 p4 #cie4 #fbi ,c\nty ,folk-lore vol4 iv4 ,nor?umb]l&1 collect$ by ,m4,c4 ,balf\r 7,london1 #aijd71 p4 #gh4 ,comp>e ,w4 ,h5d]son1 ,notes on ! ,folk-lore ( ! ,nor!rn ,c\nties ( ,engl& 7,london1 #ahgi71 pp4 #if sq4 #fcj ,b>on ,dup91 9 ,mmoires publies p> la ,socit ,royale des ,antiquaires de ,france1 iv4 7#ahbc7 p4 #ajh4 #fca ,! evid5ce = ! sol> orig9 ( ,*ri/mas is giv5 9 ,adonis1 ,attis1 ,osiris1 ,second ,edition1 pp4 #bed-bef4 #fcb ,= ! v>i\s names 7,yu-bat*1 ,yu-block1 ,yule-log1 etc47 see ,francis ,grose1 ,prov9cial ,gloss>y1 ,new ,edition 7,london1 #ahaa71 p4 #ada2 ,joseph ,wright1 ,! ,engli% ,dialect ,diction>y 7,london1 #ahih-aije71 vi4 #eic1 s4v4 ,yule4 #fcc ,i am pretty confid5t t ! ,yule block w be f\nd1 9 its fir/ use1 to h be5 only a c\nt]p>t ( ! ,midsumm] fires1 made )9 doors because ( ! cold wea!r at ?is w9t] sol/ice1 z ^? 9 ! hot season1 at ! summ] "o1 are k9dl$ 9 ! op5 air4 7,john ,br&1 ,popul> ,antiquities ( ,great ,brita91 ,london1 #ahhb-ahhc1 i4 #dga74 ,8 op9ion is approv$ by ,w4 ,mannh>dt 7,d] ,baumkultus d] ,g]man5 und ihr] ,na*b>/mme1 p4 #bcf74 #fcd ,et arborem 9 nativitate dom9i ad fe/ivum ignem suum adduc5dam esse dicebat 7quot$ by ,jacob ,grimm1 ,deuts*e ,my?ologie1 i4 #ebb74 #fce ,montanus1 ,die deuts*5 ,volksfe/e1 ,volksbrau*e und deuts*] ,volksglaube 7,is]lohn1 ,n4,d471 p4 #ab4 ,! ,sieg & ,lahn are two riv]s ( ,c5tral ,g]many1 betwe5 ,sieg5 & ,m>burg4 #fcf ,j4,h4 ,s*mitz1 ,sitt5 und ,sag51 ,li$]1 ,spr*wrt] und ,r?sel des ,eifl] ,volkes 7,treves1 #ahef-aheh71 i4 #d4 #fcg ,adalb]t ,kuhn1 ,sag51 ,gebru*e und ,mr*5 aus ,we/fal5 7,leipsic1 #ahei71 ii4 #cai1 pp4 #ajc sq4 #fch ,a4 ,kuhn1 op4 cit4 ii4 #ebc1 p4 #ahg4 #fci ,augu/ ,witzs*el1 ,sag51 ,sitt5 und ,gebru*e aus ,?r+5 7,vi5na1 #ahgh71 p4 #agb4 #fdj ,k4 ,h(fmann-,kray]1 ,fe/e und ,bru*e des ,s*weiz]volkes 7,zuri*1 #aiac71 pp4 #ajh sq4 #fda ,le ,b>on de ,re9sb]g-,dr+sfeld1 ,cal5dri] ,belge 7,brussels1 #ahfa-ahfb71 ii4 #cbf sq4 ,comp>e ,j4,w4 ,wolf1 ,beitrgezur deuts*5 ,my?ologie 7,gtt+51 #aheb-aheh71 i4 #aag4 #fdb ,j4,b4 ,?i]s1 ,trait des ,sup]/itions99#e 7,p>is1 #agda71 i4 #cjb sq42 ,eugne ,cortet1 ,essai sur les ,ftes ,religieuses 7,p>is1 #ahfg71 pp4 #bff sq4 #fdc ,j4,b4 ,?i]s1 ,trait des ,sup]/itions 7,p>is1 #afgi71 p4 #cbc4 #fdd ,aub9-,l\is ,mill91 ,voyage dans les ,dp>tem5s du ,midi de la ,france 7,p>is1 #ahjg-ahaa71 iii4 #ccf sq4 ,! fire s k9dl$ 0 call$ caco fue*4 #fde ,alfr$ de ,nore1 ,c\tumes1 ,my!s et ,traditions des ,prov9ces de ,france 7,p>is & ,lyons1 #ahdf71 pp4 #aea sq4 ,! ?ree fe/ivals dur+ :i* ! ,yule log is expect$ to burn are probably ,*ri/mas ,day 7,decemb] #be?71 ,/4 ,/eph5's ,day 7,decemb] #bf?71 & ,/4 ,john ! ,evangeli/'s ,day 7,decemb] #bg?74 ,comp>e ,j4,l4,m4 ,nogus1 ,les ,moeurs d'autrefois en ,sa9tonge et en ,aunis 7,sa9tes1 #ahia71 pp4 #de-dg4 ,accord+ to ! latt] writ]1 9 ,sa9tonge x 0 ! mi/ress ( ! h\se :o bless$ ! ,yule log1 spr9kl+ salt & holy wat] on x2 9 ,poit\ x 0 ! elde/ male :o (ficiat$4 ,! log 0 call$ ! cosse de ,n4 #fdf ,laisnel de ,salle1 ,croyances et ,lg5des du ,c5tres de la ,france 7,p>is1 #ahge71 i4 #a-c4 #fdg ,jules ,lecoeur1 ,esquisses du ,bocage ,norm& 7,cond-sur-,noireau1 #ahhc-ahhg71 ii4 #bia4 ,! au?or speaks ( ! cu/om z /ill practis$ 9 out-(-!-way villages at ! "t :5 he wrote4 ,! usage ( pres]v+ ! rema9s ( ! ,yule-log 7call$ trf\et7 9 ,norm&y is m5tion$ also by ,m'elle ,amlie ,bosquet1 ,la ,norm&ie ,romanesque et ,m]veilleuse 7,p>is & ,r\51 #ahde71 p4 #bid4 #fdh ,a4 de ,nore1 ,c\tumes1 ,my!s1 et ,traditions des ,prov9ces de ,france 7,p>is & ,lyons1 #ahdf71 p4 #bef4 #fdi ,paul ,sbillot1 ,c\tumes populaires de la ,haute-,bretagne 7,p>is1 #ahhf71 pp4 #bag sq4 #fej ,alb]t ,meyrac1 ,traditions1 ,c\tumes1 ,lg5des et ,contes des ,ard5nes 7,*>leville1 #ahij71 pp4 #if sq4 #fea ,see above1 p4 #bea4 #feb ,l]\ze1 9 ,mmoires de l',academie ,celtique1 iii4 7#ahji7 p4 #dda1 quot$ by ,j4 ,br&1 ,popul> ,antiquities ( ,great ,brita9 7,london1 #ahhb-ahhc71 i4 #dfi note4 #fec ,l4,f4 ,sauv1 ,le ,folk-lore des ,hautes-,vosges 7,p>is1 #ahhi71 pp4 #cgj sq4 #fed ,*>les ,beauqui]1 ,les ,mois en ,fran*e-,comt 7,p>is1 #aijj71 p4 #ahc4 #fee ,a4 de ,nore1 ,c\tumes1 ,my!s1 et ,traditions des ,prov9ces de ,france 7,p>is & ,lyons1 #ahdf71 pp4 #cjb sq4 #fef ,john ,br&1 ,popul> ,antiquities ( ,great ,brita9 7,london1 #ahhb-ahhc71 i4 #dfg4 #feg ,j4 ,br&1 op4 cit4 i4 #dee2 ,! ,d5ham ,tracts1 edit$ by ,dr4 ,james ,h>dy 7,london1 #ahib-ahie71 ii4 #be sq4 #feh ,h]rick1 ,hesp]ides1 ,c]emonies = ,*ri/masse3 ,come1 br+ ) a noise1 ,my m]rie m]rie boyes1 ,! ,*ri/mas log to ! fir+2444 ,) ! la/ ye]es br& ,light ! neiv block ,&1 aga91 9 8 v]ses1 ,c]emonies = ,c&lemasse ,day3 ,k9dle ! ,*ri/mas br&1 & !n ,till sunne-set let x burne2 ,:i* qu5*t1 !n lay x up ag51 ,till ,*ri/mas next returne4 ,"p mu/ be kept1 :]e) to te5d ,! ,*ri/mas log next ye>e2 ,& :]e 'tis safely kept1 ! fi5d ,c d no mis*iefe !re ,see ,! ,works ( ,rob]t ,h]rick 7,ed9burgh1 #ahbc71 vol4 ii4 pp4 #ia1 #abd4 ,f ^! latt] v]ses x seems t ! ,yule log 0 replac$ on ! fire on ,c&lemas 7! second ( ,febru>y74 #fei ,miss ,c4 ,s4 ,burne & ,miss ,g4 ,f4 ,jackson1 ,%rop%ire ,folk-lore 7,london1 #ahhc71 p4 #cih note #b4 ,see also bel[1 pp4 #beg1 #beh1 z to ! ,l9coln%ire1 ,h]e=d%ire1 & ,wel% practice4 #ffj ,francis ,grose1 ,prov9cial ,gloss>y1 ,second ,edition 7,london1 #ahaa71 pp4 #ada sq42 ,t4,f4 ,?iselton ,dy]1 ,briti% ,popul> ,cu/oms 7,london1 #ahgf71 p4 #dff4 #ffa ,c\nty ,folk-lore1 vol4 iv4 ,nor?umb]l&1 collect$ by ,m4,c4 ,balf\r & edit$ by ,nor?cote ,w4 ,?omas 7,london1 #aijd71 p4 #gi4 #ffb ,c\nty ,folk-lore1 vol4 ii4 ,nor? ,rid+ ( ,york%ire1 ,york & ! ,a9/y1 collect$ & edit$ by ,mrs4 ,gut* 7,london1 #aija71 pp4 #bgc1 #bgd1 #bge sq4 #ffc ,c\nty ,folk-lore1 vol4 vi4 ,ea/ ,rid+ ( ,york%ire1 collect$ & edit$ by ,mrs4 ,gut* 7,london1 #aiab71 pp4 #bc1 #aah1 comp>e p4 #aad4 #ffd ,john ,aubrey1 ,rema9es ( ,g5tilisme & ,judaisme 7,london1 #ahha71 p4 #e4 #ffe ,c\nty ,folk-lore1 vol4 v4 ,l9coln%ire1 collect$ by ,mrs4 ,gut* & ,mabel ,peacock 7,london1 #aijh71 p4 #bai4 ,else:]e 9 ,l9coln%ire ! ,yule-log seems to h be5 call$ ! ,yule-clog 7op4 cit4 pp4 #bae1 #baf74 #fff ,mrs4 ,samuel ,*&l] 7,s>ah ,:ateley71 quot$ 9 ,! ,folk-lore ,j\rnal1 i4 7#ahhc7 pp4 #cea sq4 #ffg ,miss ,c4,s4 ,burne & ,miss ,g4,f4 ,jackson1 ,%rop%ire ,folk-lore 7,london1 #ahhc71 pp4 #cig sq4 ,"o ( ! in=mants ( ^! writ]s says 7op4 cit4 p4 #cii73 ,9 #ahde ,i 0 at ! ,vessons f>mh\se1 ne> ! ,ea/bridge ,coppice 7at ! nor!rn end ( ! ,/ip]/ones74 ,! floor 0 ( flags1 an unusual ?+ 9 ?is "p4 ,obs]v+ a sort ( roadway ?r\gh ! kit*51 & ! flags mu* brok51 ,i enquir$ :at caus$ x1 & 0 told x 0 f ! horses' ho(s draw+ 9 ! ',*ri/mas ,brund4' #ffh ,mrs4 ,ella ,m>y ,lea!r1 ,! ,folklore ( ,h]e=d%ire 7,h]e=d & ,london1 #aiab71 p4 #aji4 ,comp>e ,miss ,c4,s4 ,burne1 ,h]e=d%ire ,notes1 ,! ,folk-lore ,j\rnal1 iv4 7#ahhf7 p4 #afg4 #ffi ,m>ie ,trevelyan1 ,folk-lore & ,folk-/ories ( ,wales 7,london1 #aiji71 p4 #bh4 #fgj ,9 e>li] ages1 & ev5 s late z t[>ds ! middle ( ! n9ete5? c5tury1 ! ,s]vian village organisation & ! ,s]vian agriculture _h yet ano!r di/+ui%+ feature4 ,! dang]s f wild bea/s 9 old "t1 ! want ( security = life & prop]ty dur+ ! ,turki% rule1 or r misrule1 ! natural difficulties ( ! agriculture1 m especially ! lack 9 agricultural lab\r]s1 induc$ ! ,s]vian peasants n to leave ! p>5tal h\se b to rema9 toge!r on ! family's prop]ty4 ,9 ! same y>d1 )9 ! same f5ce1 "o c\ld see ar\nd ! ance/ral h\se a numb] ( wood5 huts :i* conta9$ "o or two rooms1 & 7 us$ z sleep+ places = ! sons1 nephews & gr&sons & _! wives4 ,m5 & wom5 ( ?ree g5]ations c\ld be (t5 se5 liv+ 9 t way toge!r1 & work+ toge!r ! l& :i* 0 consid]$ z common prop]ty ( ! :ole family4 ,?is exp&$ family1 rema9+ ) all its bran*es toge!r1 &1 s to say1 "u ! same ro(1 work+ toge!r1 divid+ ! fruits ( _! jo9t lab\rs toge!r1 ?is family & an agricultural association 9 "o1 0 call$ ,zadrooga 7,! ,association74 ,?is comb9ation ( family & agricultural association has morally1 economically1 socially1 & politically r5d]$ v important s]vices to ! ,s]vians4 ,! headman or *ief 7call$ ,/>e%9a7 ( su* family association is g5]ally ! olde/ male memb] ( ! family4 ,he is ! adm9i/rator ( ! common prop]ty & director ( "w4 ,he is ! executive *airman ( ! association4 ,g5]ally he does n give any ord] )\t hav+ consult$ all ! gr[n-up male memb]s ( ! ,zadroega 7,*$o ,mijatovi*1 ,s]via & ! ,s]vians1 ,london1 #aijh1 pp4 #bcg sq474 ,z to ! h\se-communities ( ! ,s\? ,slavs see fur!r ,og4 ,m4 ,uties5ovic1 ,die ,hauskommunion5 d] ,sdslav5 7,vi5na1 #ahei72 ,f4 ,demelic1 ,le ,droit ,c\tumi] des ,slaves ,mridionaux 7,p>is1 #ahgf71 pp4 #bc sqq42 ,f4,s4 ,krauss1 ,sitte und ,brau* d] ,sdslav5 7,vi5na1 #ahhe71 pp4 #fd sqq4 ,s9ce ,s]via1 fre$ f ,turki% oppression1 has become a well-regulat$ ,european /ate1 ) laws borr[$ f ! codes ( ,france & ,g]many1 ! old h\se-communities h be5 rapidly disappe>+ 7,*$o ,mijatovi*1 op4 cit4 p4 #bdj74 #fga ,*$o ,mijatovi*1 ,s]via & ! ,s]vians 7,london1 #aijh71 pp4 #ih-aje4 #fgb ,b>on ,rajacsi*1 ,das ,leb51 die ,sitt5 und ,gebru*e d] im ,kais]?ume ,oe/]rei* leb5d5 ,sdslav5 7,vi5na1 #ahgc71 pp4 #abb-abh4 #fgc ,b>on ,rajacsi*1 ,das ,leb51 die ,sitt5 und ,gebrau*e d] im ,kais]?ume ,oe/]rei* leb5d5 ,sdslav5 7,vi5na1 #ahgc71 pp4 #abi-aca4 ,! ,yule log 7badnyak7 is also kn[n 9 ,bulg>ia1 :]e ! wom5 place x on ! he>? on ,*ri/mas ,eve4 ,see ,a4 ,/rausz1 ,die ,bulg>5 7,leipsic1 #ahih71 p4 #cfa4 #fgd ,m4 ,edi? ,durham1 ,high ,albania 7,london1 #aiji71 p4 #abi4 #fge ,r4,f4 ,ka9dl1 ,die ,huzul5 7,vi5na1 #ahid7 p4 #ga4 #fgf ,see above1 pp4 #bdh1 #bdi1 #bej1 #bea1 #beb1 #bec1 #bed1 #bee1 #bef1 #beh4 ,simil>ly at ,c&lemas p light$ c&les 9 ! *ur*es1 !n took !m home & kept !m1 & ?\ght t by light+ !m at any "t !y c\ld keep (f ?und]1 /orm1 & tempe/4 ,see ,b>nabe ,googe1 ,! ,popi% ,k+dom 7repr9t$ ,london1 #ahhj71 p4 #dh v]so4 #fgg ,see above1 pp4 #bdh1 #bej1 #bea1 #beg1 #beh1 #bfc4 #fgh ,see ,! ,magic ,art & ! ,evolution ( ,k+s1 ii4 #cef sqq4 #fgi ,see above1 pp4 #bdh1 #bdi1 #bej1 #bea1 #bfd4 #fhj ,augu/ ,witzs*el1 ,sag51 ,sitt5 und ,gebru*e aus ,?r+5 7,vi5na1 #ahgh71 pp4 #aga sq4 #fha ,jules ,lecoeur1 ,esquisses du ,bocage ,norm& 7,cond-sur-,noireau1 #ahhc-ahhg71 ii4 #bhi sq4 #fhb ,joseph ,tra91 ,hi/orical & ,/ati/ical ,acc\nt ( ! ,isle ( ,man 7,d\glas1 ,isle ( ,man1 #ahde71 ii4 #abd1 ref]r+ to ,crege5's ,manx ,diction>y1 p4 #fg4 #fhc ,r4 ,*amb]s1 ,! ,book ( ,days 7,london & ,ed9burgh1 #ahhf71 ii4 #ghi-gia1 quot+ ,! ,banff%ire ,j\rnal2 ,miss ,c4,f4 ,gordon ,cumm+1 ,9 ! ,hebrides 7,london1 #ahhc71 p4 #bbf2 ,miss ,e4,j4 ,gu?rie1 ,old ,scotti% ,cu/oms 7,london & ,glasg[1 #ahhe71 pp4 #bbc-bbe2 ,*4 ,rog]s1 ,social ,life 9 ,scotl& 7,ed9burgh1 #ahhd-ahhf71 iii4 #bdd sq42 ,! ,folk-lore ,j\rnal1 vii4 7#ahhi7 pp4 #aa-ad1 #df4 ,miss ,gordon ,gumm+ & ,miss ,gu?rie say t ! burn+ ( ! ,clavie took place ^u ,yule ,night2 b ?is seems to be a mi/ake4 #fhd ,caes>1 ,de bello ,gallico1 vii4 #bc4 #fhe ,hugh ,w4 ,"y1 ,f4,s4,a4 ,scot41 ,notes on ! ,ramp>ts ( ,burghead z reveal$ by rec5t ,excavations 7,ed9burgh1 #ahib71 pp4 #c sqq42 ,notes on fur!r ,excavations at ,burghead 7,ed9burgh1 #ahic71 pp4 #g sqq4 ,^! pap]s are repr9t$ f ! ,proce$+s ( ! ,society ( ,antiqu>ies ( ,scotl&1 vols4 xxv41 xxvii4 ,mr4 ,"y concludes z foll[s3 ,x is prov$ t ! =t at ,burghead 0 rais$ by a p skill$ 9 eng9e]+1 :o us$ axes & *isels ( iron2 :o %ot bali/a /ones ov] #bj lbs4 9 weight2 & ^: daily food 0 ! bos longifrons4 ,a p :o made pav$ roads1 & sunk artesian wells1 & us$ ,roman beads & p9s4 ,! riddle ( ,burghead %\ld n n[ be v difficult to read4 7,notes on fur!r ,excavations at ,burghead1 pp4 #ad sq474 ,= a loan ( ,mr4 ,"y's pamphlets ,i am indebt$ to ! k9dness ( ,%]iff-,sub/itute ,david4 #fhf ,rob]t ,c[ie1 ,m4,a41 ,m4,d41 ,%etl&1 ,descriptive & ,hi/orical 7,ab]de51 #ahga71 pp4 #abg sq42 ,c\nty ,folk-lore1 vol4 iii4 ,orkney & ,%etl& ,isl&s1 collect$ by ,g4,f4 ,black & edit$ by ,nor?cote ,w4 ,?omas 7,london1 #aijc71 pp4 #bjc sq4 ,a simil> celebration1 kn[n z ,up-helly-a1 takes place at ,l]wick on ! #bi? ( ,janu>y1 tw5ty-f\r days aft] ,old ,*ri/mas4 ,see ,! ,scapegoat1 pp4 #afg-afi4 ,p]haps ! popul> fe/ival ( ,up-helly-a has absorb$ "s ( ! features ( ! ,*ri/mas ,eve celebration4 #fhg ,?omas ,hyde1 ,hi/oria ,religionis vet]um ,p]s>um 7,ox=d1 #agjj71 pp4 #bee-beg4 #fhh ,on ! ne$-fire see ,jacob ,grimm1 ,deuts*e ,my?ologie99#d i4 #eja sqq42 ,j4,w4 ,wolf1 ,beitrge zur deuts*5 ,my?ologie 7,gtt+5 & ,leipsic1 #aheb-aheg71 i4 #aaf sq41 ii4 #cgh sqq42 ,adalb]t ,kuhn1 ,die ,h]abkunjt des ,feu]s und des ,gtt]tranks99#b 7,gt]sloh1 #ahhf71 pp4 #da sqq42 ,walt] ,k4 ,kelly1 ,curiosities ( ,indo-,european ,tradition & ,folk-lore 7,london1 #ahfc71 pp4 #dh sqq42 ,w4 ,mannh>dt1 ,d] ,baumkultus d] ,g]man5 und ihr] ,na*b>/mme 7,b]l91 #ahge71 pp4 #eah sqq42 ,*>les ,elton1 ,orig9s ( ,engli% ,hi/ory 7,london1 #ahhb71 pp4 #bic sqq42 ,ulri* ,jahn1 ,die deuts*5 ,opf]gebru*e bei ,ack]bau und ,viehzu*t 7,breslau1 #ahhd71 pp4 #bf sqq4 ,grimm w\ld d]ive ! "n ne$-fire 7,g]man1 ni$fyr1 nodfyr1 nodfeur1 no?feur7 f ne$ 7,g]man1 no?71 necessity1 s t ! phrase ne$-fire w\ld mean a =c$ fire4 ,?is is ! s5se atta*$ to x 9 ,l9d5brog's gloss>y on ! capitul>ies1 quot$ by ,grimm1 op4 cit4 i4 p4 #ejb3 ,eum ergo ignem nodfeur et nodfyr1 quasi necess>ium ignem vocant ,c4,l4 ,ro*holz w\ld connect ne$ ) a v]b niet5 to *urn1 s t ne$-fire w\ld mean *urn$ fire4 ,see ,c4,l4 ,ro*holz1 ,deuts*] ,glaube und ,brau* 7,b]l91 #ahfg71 ii4 #adi sq4 ,?is int]pretion is confirm$ by ! "n ank5mil* bohr51 :i* is giv5 to ! ne$-fire 9 "s p>ts ( ,switz]l&4 ,see ,e4 ,h(fmann-,kray]1 ,fru*tb>keitsrit5 im s*weiz]is*5 ,volksbrau*1 ,s*weiz]is*es ,ar*iv fr ,volksknde1 xi4 7#aijg7 p4 #bde4 #fhi ,illos sacrilegos ignes1 quos ni$fyr vocant1 quot$ by ,j4 ,grimm1 ,deuts*e ,my?ologie199#d i4 #ejb2 ,r4 ,&ree1 ,brauns*weig] ,volkskunde 7,brunswick1 #ahif71 p4 #cab4 #fij ,indiculus ,sup]/itionum et ,pagani>um1 ,no4 ,,xv41 ,de igne fricato de ligno i4e4 nodfyr4 ,a conv5i5t edition ( ! ,indiculus has be5 publi%$ ) a comm5t>y by ,h4,a4 ,saupe 7,leipsic1 #ahia74 ,z to ! date ( ! "w1 see ! editor's introduction1 pp4 #d sq4 #fia ,k>l ,lynk]1 ,deuts*e ,sag5 und ,sitt5 9 hessis*5 ,gau5199#b 7,cassel & ,gtt+51 #ahfj71 pp4 #beb sq41 quot+ a lett] ( ! mayor 7,s*ul!iss7 ( ,neu/adt to ! mayor ( ,m>burg dat$ #ab? ,decemb] #afje4 #fib ,b>?olomu ,c>ri*t]1 ,d] ,teuts*5 ,speisskamm] 7,/rasburg1 #afad71 ,fol4 pag4 #ag & #ah1 quot$ by ,c4,l4 ,ro*holz1 ,deuts*] ,glaube und ,brau* 7,b]l91 #ahfg71 ii4 #adh sq4 #fic ,joh4 ,reiskius1 ,unt]su*ung des ,notfeu]s 7,frank=t & ,leipsic1 #afif71 p4 #ea1 quot$ by ,j4 ,grimm1 ,deuts*e ,my?ologie199#d i4 #ejb sq42 ,r4 ,&ree1 ,brauns*weig] ,volkskunde 7,brunswick1 #ahif71 p4 #cac4 #fid ,j4 ,grimm1 ,deuts*e ,my?ologie1 99#d i4 #ejc sq4 #fie ,j4 ,grimm1 op4 cit4 i4 #ejd4 #fif ,adalb]t ,kuhn1 ,mrkis*e ,sag5 und ,mr*5 7,b]l91 #ahdc71 p4 #cfi4 #fig ,k>l ,b>ts*1 ,sag51 ,mr*5 und ,gebru*e aus ,meckl5burg 7,vi5na1 #ahgi-ahhj71 ii4 #adi-aea4 #fih ,c>l und ,!odor ,col%orn1 ,mr*5 und ,sag5 7,hanov]1 #ahed71 pp4 #bcd-bcf1 f ! description ( an eye-witness4 #fii ,he9ri* ,prhle1 ,h>zbild]1 ,sitt5 und ,gebru*e aus dem ,h>z-gebirge 7,leipsic1 #ahee71 pp4 #gd sq4 ,! date ( ?is ne$-fire is n giv52 probably x 0 ab\t ! middle ( ! n9ete5? c5tury4 #gjj ,r4 ,&ree1 ,brauns*weig] ,volkskunde 7,brunswick1 #ahif71 pp4 #cac sq4 #gja ,r4 ,&ree1 op4 cit4 pp4 #cad sq4 #gjb ,montanus1 ,die deuts*5 ,volks-fe/e1 ,volksbru*e und deuts*] ,volksglaube 7,is]lohn1 ,n4,d471 p4 #abg4 #gjc ,paul ,dre*sl]1 ,sitte1 ,brau* und ,volksglaube 9 ,s*lesi5 7,leipsic1 #aijc-aijf71 ii4 #bjd4 #gjd ,anton ,pet]1 ,volk/hmli*es aus /]rei*is*-,s*lesi5 7,troppau1 #ahfe-ahfg71 ii4 #bej4 #gje ,alois ,john1 ,sitte1 ,brau* und ,volksglaube im deuts*5 ,we/bhm5 7,prague1 #aije71 p4 #bji4 #gjf ,c4,l4 ,ro*holz1 ,deuts*] ,glaube und ,brau* 7,b]l91 #ahfg71 ii4 #adi4 #gjg ,e4 ,h(fmann-,kray]1 ,fru*tb>keitsrit5 im s*weiz]is*5 ,volksbrau*1 ,s*weiz]is*es ,ar*iv fur ,volkskunde1 xi4 7#aijg7 pp4 #bdd-bdf4 #gjh ,e4 ,h(fmann-,kray]1 op4 cit4 p4 #bdf4 #gji ,j4 ,grimm1 ,deuts*e ,my?ologie199#d i4 #eje4 #gaj ,old-"t ,survivals 9 remote ,norwegian ,dales1 ,folk-lore1 xx4 7#aiji7 pp4 #cad1 #cbb sq4 ,?is record ( ,norwegian folk-lore is translat$ f a little "w ,sundal5 og ks5dal5s ,beskrivelse writt5 by ,pa/or ,*r4 ,glk/ad & publi%$ at ,*ri/iania ab\t tw5ty ye>s ago4 #gaa ,pr(4 ,,vi4 ,titelba*1 ,das heilige ,feu] bei d5 ,balkanslav51 ,int]-nationales ,ar*iv fr ,e?nographie1 xiii4 7#aijj7 pp4 #b sq4 ,we h se5 7above1 p4 #bbj7 t 9 ,russia ! ne$-fire is1 or us$ to be1 annually k9dl$ on ! eighte5? ( ,augu/4 ,z to ! ne$-fire 9 ,bulg>ia see also bel[1 pp4 #bhd sq4 #gab ,f4,s4 ,krauss1 ,altslavis*e ,feu]gew9nung1 ,globus1 lix4 7#ahia7 p4 #cah1 quot+ ,p4 ,ljieb5ov1 ,baba ,ega 7,trnovo1 #ahhg71 p4 #dd4 #gac ,f4,s4 ,krauss1 op4 cit4 p4 #cai1 quot+ ,wisla1 vol4 iv4 pp4 #a1 #bdd sqq4 #gad ,f4,s4 ,krauss1 op4 cit4 p4 #cah1 quot+ ,osk> ,kolb]g1 9 ,maz[sze1 vol4 iv4 p4 #ach4 #gae ,f4,s4 ,krauss1 ,slavis*e ,feu]bohr]1 ,globus1 lix4 7#ahia7 p4 #adj4 ,! evid5ce quot$ by ,dr4 ,krauss is t ( 8 fa!r1 :o (t5 told ( 8 exp]i5ce to 8 son4 #gaf ,pr(4 ,vl4 ,titelba*1 ,das heilige ,feu] bei d5 ,balkanslav51 ,int]nationales ,ar*iv fur ,e?nographie1 xiii4 7#aijj7 p4 #c4 #gag ,see bel[1 vol4 ii4 pp4 #afh sqq4 #gah ,adolf ,/rausz1 ,die ,bulg>5 7,leipsic1 #ahih71 pp4 #aid-aii4 #gai ,wiss5s*aftli*e ,mit!ilung5 aus ,bosni5 und d] ,h]cegov9a1 r$igirt von ,moriz ,ho]nes1 iii4 7,vi5na1 #ahie7 pp4 #egd sq4 #gbj ,pro fidei div9ae integritate s]v&a recolat lector quod1 cum hoc anno 9 ,laodonia pe/is grass>etur 9 pecudes arm5ti1 quam vocant usitate ,lungess\?1 quidam be/iales1 habitu clau/rales non animo1 docebant idiotas patriae ignem confrictione de lignis educ]e et simula*rum ,priapi /atu]e1 et p] haec be/iis succurr]e quot$ by ,j4,m4 ,kemble1 ,! ,saxons 9 ,engl& 7,london1 #ahdi71 i4 #ceh sq42 ,a4 ,kuhn1 ,die ,h]abkunft des ,feu]s und des ,gtt]tranks99#b 7,gt]sloh1 #ahhf71 p4 #dc2 ,ulri* ,jahn1 ,die deuts*5 ,opf]gebru*e bei ,ack]bau und ,viehzu*t 7,breslau1 #ahhd7 p4 #ca4 #gba ,w4,g4,m4 ,jones ,b>k]1 ,! ,?ree ,days ( ,w5sleydale 7,london1 #ahed71 pp4 #ij sq42 ,c\nty ,folk-lore1 vol4 ii41 ,nor? ,rid+ ( ,york%ire1 ,york & ! ,a9/y1 collect$ & edit$ by ,mrs4 ,gut* 7,london1 #aija71 p4 #aha4 #gbb ,! ,d5ham ,tracts1 a ,collection ( ,folklore by ,mi*ael ,aislabie ,d5ham1 edit$ by ,dr4 ,james ,h>dy 7,london1 #ahib-ahie71 ii4 #ej4 #gbc ,h>ry ,speight1 ,tramps & ,drives 9 ! ,crav5 ,highl&s 7,london1 #ahie71 p4 #afb4 ,comp>e1 id41 ,! ,crav5 & ,nor?-,we/ ,york%ire ,highl&s 7,london1 #ahib71 pp4 #bjf sq4 #gbd ,j4,m4 ,kemble1 ,! ,saxons 9 ,engl& 7,london1 #ahdi71 i4 #cfa note4 #gbe ,e4 ,mack5zie1 ,an ,hi/orical1 ,topographical & ,descriptive ,view ( ! ,c\nty ( ,nor?umb]l&1 ,second ,edition 7,newca/le1 #ahbe71 i4 #bah1 quot$ 9 ,c\nty ,folk-lore1 vol4 iv4 ,nor?umb]l&1 collect$ by ,m4,c4 ,balf\r 7,london1 #aijd71 p4 #de4 ,comp>e ,j4,t4 ,brockett1 ,gloss>y ( ,nor? ,c\ntry ,words1 p4 #adg1 quot$ by ,mrs4 ,m4,c4 ,balf\r1 l4c43 ,ne$-fire 444 an ignition produc$ by ! friction ( two pieces ( dri$ wood4 ,! vulg> op9ion is1 t an angel /rikes a tree1 & t ! fire is !reby obta9$4 ,ne$-fire1 ,i am told1 is /ill employ$ 9 ! case ( cattle infect$ ) ! murra94 ,!y 7 =m]ly driv5 ?r\gh ! smoke ( a fire made ( /raw1 etc4 ,! fir/ edition ( ,brockett's ,gloss>y 0 publi%$ 9 #ahbe4 #gbf ,w4 ,h5d]son1 ,notes on ! ,folklore ( ! ,nor!rn ,c\nties ( ,engl& & ! ,bord]s 7,london1 #ahgi71 pp4 #afg sq4 ,comp>e ,c\nty ,folklore1 vol4 iv4 ,nor?umb]l&1 collect$ by ,m4,c4 ,balf\r 7,london1 #aijd71 p4 #de4 ,/am=dham is 9 ,nor?umb]l&4 ,! vic>'s te/imony seems to h ref]r$ to ! fir/ half ( ! n9ete5? c5tury4 #gbg ,m4 ,m>t91 ,description ( ! ,we/]n ,isl&s ( ,scotl&1 9 ,j4 ,p9k]ton's ,g5]al ,collection ( ,voyages & ,travels1 iii4 7,london1 #ahji71 p4 #faa4 ,! second edition ( ,m>t9's book1 :i* ,p9k]ton repr9ts1 0 publi%$ at ,london 9 #agaf4 ,= ,john ,ramsay's acc\nt ( ! ne$-fire1 see above1 pp4 #adg sq4 #gbh ,j4 ,grimm1 ,deuts*e ,my?ologie199#d i4 #ejf1 ref]r+ to ,miss ,au/9 z 8 au?ority4 #gbi ,z to ! cu/om ( sacrific+ "o ( a plague-/rick5 h]d or flock = ! purpose ( sav+ ! re/1 see bel[1 pp4 #cjj sqq4 #gcj ,john ,jamieson1 ,etymological ,diction>y ( ! ,scotti% ,language1 ,new ,edition1 revis$ by ,j4 ,longmuir & ,d4 ,donaldson1 iii4 7,paisley1 #ahhj7 pp4 #cdi sq41 ref]r+ to ,agr4 ,surv4 ,cai?n41 pp4 #bjj1 #bja4 #gca ,r4,c4 ,maclagan1 ,sacr$ ,fire1 ,folk-lore1 ix4 7#ahih7 pp4 #bhj sq4 ,z to ! fire-drill see ,! ,magic ,art & ! ,evolution ( ,k+s1 ii4 #bjg sqq4 #gcb ,w4 ,grant ,/ew>t1 ,! ,popul> ,sup]/itions & ,fe/ive ,amusem5ts ( ! ,highl&]s ( ,scotl& 7,ed9burgh1 #ahbc71 pp4 #bad-baf2 ,walt] ,k4 ,kelly1 ,curiosities ( ,indo-,european ,tradition & ,folk-lore 7,london1 #ahfc71 pp4 #ec sq4 #gcc ,alex&] ,c>mi*ael1 ,c>m9a ,gadelica 7,ed9burgh1 #aijj71 ii4 #cdj sq4 #gcd ,see above1 pp4 #aed1 #aef1 #aeg1 #aei sq4 #gce ,c5sus ( ,india1 #aiaa1 vol4 xiv4 ,punjab1 ,"p i4 ,report1 by ,p&it ,h>iki%an ,kaul 7,lahore1 #aiab71 p4 #cjb4 ,s 9 ! nor?-ea/ ( ,scotl& ^? :o 7 born ) _! feet fir/ possess$ great p[] to heal all k9ds ( spra9s1 lumbago1 & rheumatism1 ei!r by rubb+ ! affect$ "p1 or by trampl+ on x4 ,! *ief virtue lay 9 ! feet4 ,^? :o came into ! _w 9 ?is fa%ion (t5 ex]cis$ _! p[] to _! own pr(it4 ,see ,rev4 ,walt] ,gregor1 ,notes on ! ,folk-lore ( ! ,nor?-,ea/ ( ,scotl& 7,london1 #ahha71 pp4 #de sq4 #gcf ,rev4 ,walt] ,gregor1 ,notes on ! ,folk-lore ( ! ,nor?-,ea/ ( ,scotl& 7,london1 #ahha71 p4 #ahf4 ,! fumigation ( ! byres ) junip] is a *>m aga9/ wit*craft4 ,see ,j4,g4 ,campbell1 ,wit*craft & ,second ,sight 9 ! ,highl&s & ,isl&s ( ,scotl& 7,glasg[1 #aijb71 p4 ii4 ,! qu>t]-ill is a disease ( cattle1 :i* affects ! animals only 9 "o limb or qu>t]4 ,a v gross sup]/ition is obs]v$ by "s p 9 ,angus1 z an antidote aga9/ ?is ill4 ,a piece is cut out ( ! ?igh ( "o ( ! cattle t has di$ ( x4 ,?is !y hang up )9 ! *imney1 9 ord] to pres]ve ! re/ ( ! cattle f be+ infect$4 ,x is believ$ t z long z x hangs !re1 x w prev5t ! disease f approa*+ ! place4 ,x is !re=e c>efully pres]v$2 & 9 case ( ! family remov+1 transport$ to ! new f>m1 z "o ( _! valuable effects4 ,x is h&$ d[n f "o g5]ation to ano!r 7,j4 ,jamieson1 ,etymological ,diction>y ( ! ,scotti% ,language1 revis$ by ,j4 ,longmuir & ,d4 ,donaldson1 iii4 #ege1 s4v4 ,qu>t]-ill74 ,see fur!r ,rev4 ,w4 ,gregor1 op4 cit4 pp4 #ahf sq43 ,! =elegs ( "o ( ! animals t _h di$ 7 cut (f a little above ! knee1 & hung ov] ! fire-place 9 ! kit*54 ,x 0 ?\ght suffici5t by "s if !y 7 plac$ ov] ! door ( ! byre1 9 ! 'crap o' ! wa'4' ,sometimes ! he>t & "p ( ! liv] & lungs 7 cut out1 & hung ov] ! fireplace in/ead ( ! =e-feet4 ,boil+ !m 0 at times sub/itut$ = hang+ !m ov] ! he>?4 ,comp>e ,w4 ,h5d]son1 ,notes on ! ,folk-lore ( ! ,nor!rn ,c\nties ( ,engl& & ! ,bord]s 7,london1 #ahgi71 p4 #afg3 ,a curi\s aid to ! re>+ ( cattle came lately to ! k ( ,mr4 ,george ,walk]1 a g5tleman ( ! city ( ,durham4 ,dur+ an excursion ( a few miles into ! c\ntry1 he obs]v$ a sort ( rigg+ atta*$ to ! *imney ( a f>mh\se well kn[n to him1 & ask$ :at x meant4 ,! good wife told him t !y _h exp]i5c$ great difficulty t ye> 9 re>+ _! calves2 ! poor little creatures all di$ (f1 s !y _h tak5 ! leg & ?igh ( "o ( ! dead calves1 & hung x 9 a *imney by a rope1 s9ce :i* !y _h n lo/ ano!r calf4 ,9 ! light ( facts cit$ bel[ 7pp4 #cae sqq47 we may conjecture t ! int5tion ( cutt+ (f ! legs or cutt+ out ! he>t1 liv]1 & lungs ( ! animals & hang+ !m up or boil+ !m1 is by means ( homoeopa?ic magic to inflict correspond+ injuries on ! wit* :o ca/ ! fatal spell on ! cattle4 #gcg ,! ,mirror1 #bd? ,june1 #ahbf1 quot$ by ,j4 ,m4 ,kemble1 ,! ,saxons 9 ,engl& 7,london1 #ahdi71 i4 #cfj note #b4 #gch ,lel& ,l4 ,duncan1 ,fairy ,beliefs & o!r ,folklore ,notes f ,c\nty ,leitrim1 ,folk-lore1 vii4 7#ahif7 pp4 #aha sq4 #gci 7,sir7 ,edw>d ,b4 ,tylor1 ,rese>*es into ! ,e>ly ,hi/ory ( ,mank9d1 ,?ird ,edition 7,london1 #ahgh71 pp4 #bcg sqq42 ,! ,magic ,art & ! ,evolution ( ,k+s1 ii4 #bjg sqq4 #gdj ,= "s examples ( su* ext9ctions1 see ,! ,magic ,art & ! ,evolution ( ,k+s1 ii4 #bfa sqq41 #bfg sq42 ,spirits ( ! ,corn & ( ! ,wild1 i4 #caa1 ii4 #gc sq42 & above1 pp4 #abd sq41 #acb-aci4 ,! reasons = ext+ui%+ fires c]emonially appe> to v>y ) ! occasion4 ,sometimes ! motive seems to be a fe> ( burn+ or at lea/ s+e+ a gho/1 :o is hov]+ invisible 9 ! air2 sometimes x is app>5tly an idea t a fire is old & tir$ ) burn+ s long1 & t x mu/ be reliev$ ( ! fatigu+ duty by a "y & vigor\s flame4 #gda ,above1 pp4 #adg1 #aed4 ,! same cu/om appe>s to h be5 obs]v$ 9 ,irel&4 ,see above1 p4 #aeh4 #gdb ,j4,n4,b4 ,hewitt1 ,new ,fire among ! ,iroquois1 ,! ,am]ican ,an?ropologi/1 ii4 7#ahhi7 p4 #cai4 #gdc ,j4 ,grimm1 ,deuts*e ,my?ologie199#d i4 #ejg4 #gdd ,see above1 p4 #bij4 #gde ,william ,hone1 ,e-day ,book 7,london1 preface dat$ #ahbg71 i4 coll4 #hec sq4 7,june #bd?71 quot+ ,hit*9's ,hi/ory ( ,cornwall4 #gdf ,hunt1 ,romances & ,drolls ( ! ,we/ ( ,engl&1 #a/ s]ies1 p4 #bcg1 quot$ by ,w4 ,h5d]son1 ,notes on ! ,folk-lore ( ! ,nor!rn ,c\nties ( ,engl& & ! ,bord]s 7,london1 #ahgi71 p4 #adi4 ,comp>e ,j4,g4 ,dalyell1 ,! ,d>k] ,sup]/itions ( ,scotl& 7,ed9burgh1 #ahcd71 p4 #ahd3 ,"h also maybe f\nd a solution ( t rec5t exp$i5t s ignorantly practis$ 9 ! neighb\r+ k+dom1 :]e "o hav+ lo/ _m ( 8 h]d by wit*craft1 z he conclud$1 burnt a liv+ calf to break ! spell & pres]ve ! rema9d]4 #gdg ,m>ie ,trevelyan1 ,folk-lore & ,folk-/ories ( ,wales 7,london1 #aiji71 p4 #bc4 #gdh ,w4 ,h5d]son1 op4 cit4 pp4 #adh sq4 #gdi ,rev4 ,walt] ,gregor1 ,notes on ! ,folk-lore ( ! ,nor?-,ea/ ( ,scotl& 7,london1 #ahha71 p4 #ahf4 #gej ,r4 ,n4 ,wor?1 ,hi/ory ( ,devon%ire1 ,second ,edition 7,london1 #ahhf71 p4 #cci4 ,! diabolical nature ( ! toad probably expla9s :y p 9 ,h]e=d%ire ?9k t if y we> a toad's he>t conceal$ ab\t y\r p]son y c /eal to y\r he>t's cont5t )\t be+ f\nd out4 ,a suspect$ ?ief 0 ov]he>d boa/+1 ,!y nev] cat*es me3 & !y nev] ooll nei!r4 ,i allus we>s a toad's he>t r\nd my neck1 ,i does4 ,see ,mrs4 ,ella ,m4 ,lea!r1 9 ,folk-lore1 xxiv4 7#aiac7 p4 #bch4 #gea ,above1 p4 #cja4 #geb ,rob]t ,hunt1 ,popul> ,romances ( ! ,we/ ( ,engl&1 ,?ird ,edition 7,london1 #ahha71 p4 #cbj4 ,! writ] does n say :]e ?is took place2 probably x 0 9 ,cornwall or ,devon%ire4 #gec ,rev4 ,walt] ,gregor1 ,notes on ! ,folk-lore ( ! ,nor?-,ea/ ( ,scotl& 7,london1 #ahha71 p4 #ahd4 #ged ,c\nty ,folk-lore1 ,pr9t$ ,extracts1 ,no4 #b1 ,suffolk1 collect$ & edit$ by ! ,lady ,evel9e ,camilla ,gurdon 7,london1 #ahic71 pp4 #aij sq41 quot+ ,"s ,mat]ials = ! ,hi/ory ( ,:]/ead by ,f4 ,b>ham ,z9cke 7,ipswi*1 #ahhg71 p4 #afh4 #gee ,c\nty ,folk-lore1 ,pr9t$ ,extracts1 ,no4 #b1 ,suffolk1 p4 #aia1 ref]r+ to ,murray's ,h&book = ,essex1 ,suffolk1 etc41 p4 #aji4 #gef 7,sir7 ,john ,rhys1 ,manx ,folklore & ,sup]/itions1 ,folk-lore1 ii4 7#ahia7 pp4 #cjj-cjb2 repeat$ 9 8 ,celtic ,folk-lore1 ,wel% & ,manx 7,ox=d1 #aija71 i4 #cjf sq4 ,sir ,john ,rhys does n d\bt t ! old woman saw1 z %e said1 a live %eep be+ burnt on old ,may-day2 b he d\bts :e!r x 0 done z a sacrifice4 ,he adds3 ,i h fail$ to f9d anybody else 9 ,&reas or ,bride1 or inde$ 9 ! :ole isl&1 :o w n[ confess to hav+ ev] he>d ( ! %eep sacrifice on old ,may-day4 ,h[ev]1 ! evid5ce ,i h adduc$ ( a cu/om ( burnt sacrifice among ,engli% ru/ics t5ds to confirm ! old woman's /atem5t1 t ! burn+ ( ! live %eep :i* %e witness$ 0 n an act ( wanton cruelty b a sacrifice p] =m$ = ! public good4 #geg 7,sir7 ,john ,rhys1 ,manx ,folklore & ,sup]/itions1 ,folk-lore1 ii4 7#ahia7 pp4 #bii sq42 id41 ,celtic ,folklore1 ,wel% & ,manx 7,ox=d1 #aija71 i4 #cjd sq4 ,we h se5 t by burn+ ! blood ( a bewit*$ bullock a f>m] expect$ to compel ! wit* to appe>4 ,see above1 p4 #cjc4 #geh ,olaus ,magnus1 ,hi/oria de ,g5tium ,sept5trionalium ,conditionibus1 lib xviii4 cap4 #dg1 p4 #gac 7ed4 ,ble1 #aefg74 #gei ,coll9 de ,plancy1 ,dictionnaire ,inf]nal 7,p>is1 #ahbe-ahbf71 iii4 #dgc sq41 ref]r+ to ,boguet4 #gfj ,coll9 de ,plancy1 op4 cit4 iii4 #dgc4 #gfa ,felix ,*apiseau1 ,le ,folk-lore de la ,beauce et du ,p]*e 7,p>is1 #aijb71 i4 #bci sq4 ,! same /ory is told 9 ,upp] ,brittany4 ,see ,paul ,sbillot1 ,traditions et ,sup]/itions de la ,haute-,bretagne 7,p>is1 #ahhb71 i4 #bib4 ,x is a common belief t a man :o has once be5 trans=m$ into a w]ewolf mu/ rema9 a 7-wolf = sev5 ye>s unless blood is drawn f him 9 8 animal %ape1 ^u :i* he at once recov]s 8 human =m & is deliv]$ f ! bondage & mis]y ( be+ a 7-wolf4 ,see ,f4 ,*apiseau1 op4 cit4 i4 #bah-bbj2 ,amlie ,bosquet1 ,la ,norm&ie ,romanesque et ,m]veilleuse 7,p>is & ,r\51 #ahde71 p4 #bcc4 ,on ! belief 9 7-wolves 9 g5]al2 see ,w4 ,h]tz1 ,d] ,w]wolf 7,/uttg>t1 #ahfb72 ,j4 ,grimm1 ,deuts*e ,my?ologie99#d i4 #iae sqq42 7,sir7 ,edw>d ,b4 ,tylor1 ,primitive ,culture#b 7,london1 #ahgc71 i4 #cjh sqq42 ,r4 ,&ree1 ,e?nographis*e ,p>allel5 und ,v]glei*e 7,/uttg>t1 #ahgh71 pp4 #fb-hj4 ,9 ,nor? ,g]many x is believ$ t a man c turn himself into a wolf by gird+ himself ) a /rap made out ( a wolf's hide4 ,"s say t ! /rap mu/ h n9e1 o!rs say twelve1 holes & a buckle2 & t accord+ to ! numb] ( ! hole ?r\gh :i* ! man ins]ts ! tongue ( ! buckle w be ! l5g? ( "t ( 8 trans=mation4 ,= example1 if he puts ! tongue ( ! buckle ?r\gh ! fir/ hole1 he w be a wolf = "o h\r2 if he puts x ?r\gh ! second1 he w be a wolf = two days2 & s on1 up to ! la/ hole1 :i* entails a trans=mation = a full ye>4 ,b by putt+ (f ! girdle ! man c resume 8 human =m4 ,! "t :5 7-wolves are mo/ ab\t is ! p]iod ( ! ,twelve ,nights betwe5 ,*ri/mas & ,epiphany2 h5ce cauti\s ,g]man f>m]s w n remove ! dung f ! cattle /alls at t season = fe> ( attract+ ! 7-wolves to ! cattle4 ,see ,adalb]t ,kuhn1 ,mrkis*e ,sag5 und ,mr*5 7,b]l91 #ahdc71 p4 #cge2 ,ulri* ,jahn1 ,volkssag5 aus ,pomm]n und ,rg5 7,/ett91 #ahhf71 pp4 #chd1 #chf1 ,nos4 #dia1 #die4 ,d[n to ! "t ( ,elizabe? x 0 report$ t 9 ! c\nty ( ,tipp]>y c]ta9 m5 7 annually turn$ into wolves4 ,see ,w4 ,camd51 ,brita91 translat$ into ,engli% by ,philemon ,holl& 7,london1 #afaj71 ,irel&1 p4 #hc4 #gfb ,j4,j4,m4 de ,groot1 ,! ,religi\s ,sy/em ( ,*9a1 v4 7,leyd51 #aijg7 p4 #edh4 #gfc ,a4 ,c4 ,kruijt1 ,de we]wolf bij de ,toradja's van ,midd5-,celebes1 ,tijds*rift voor ,indis*e ,taal- ,l&5 ,volk5kunde1 xli4 7#ahii7 pp4 #edh-eea1 #eeg-efj4 #gfd ,a4,c4 ,kruijt1 op4 cit4 pp4 #eeb sq4 #gfe ,a4,c4 ,kruijt1 op4 cit4 pp4 #eec4 ,= m evid5ce ( ! belief 9 7-wolves1 or r 9 7-animals ( v>i\s sorts1 p>ticul>ly 7-tig]s1 9 ! ,ea/ ,indies1 see ,j4,j4 ,m4 de ,groot1 ,de ,we]tijg] 9 onze ,kolonin en op het oo/aziatis*e ,va/el&1 ,bijdrag5 tot de ,taal- ,l&- en ,volk5kunde van ,n$]l&s*-,indi1 xlix4 7#ahih7 pp4 #edi-ehe2 ,g4,p4 ,r\ffa]1 ,matjan ,gado5gan1 ,bijdrag5 tot de ,taal- ,l&- en ,volk5kunde van ,n$]l&s*-,indi #a4 7#ahii7 pp4 #fg-ge2 ,j4 ,knebel1 ,de ,we]tijg] op ,midd5-,java1 d5 ,javaan nav]teld1 ,tijds*rift voor ,indis*e ,taal- ,l&- en ,volk5kunde1 xli4 7#ahii7 pp4 #efh-ehg2 ,l4,m4,f4 ,plate1 ,bijdrage tot de k5nis van de lykan?ropie bij de ,sasaks*e bevolk+ 9 ,oo/-,lombok1 ,tijds*rift voor ,indis*e ,taal- ,l&- en ,volk5kunde1 liv4 7#aiab7 pp4 #deh-dfi2 ,g4,a4 ,wilk51 ,het animisme bij de volk5 van d5 ,indis*5 ,ar*ipel1 ,v]spreide ,ges*rift5 7,! ,hague1 #aiab71 iii4 #be-cj4 #gff ,ern/ ,m>no1 ,reis5 im ,gebiete des blau5 und weiss5 ,nil 7,vi5na1 #ahgd71 pp4 #bci sq4 #gfg ,petronius1 ,sat4 #fa sq4 7pp4 #dj sq41 ed4 ,fr4 ,bue*el]199#c ,b]l91 #ahhb74 ,! ,lat9 ^w = a 7-wolf 7v]sipellis7 is expressive3 x means lit]ally sk9-%ift]1 & is equally appropriate :atev] ! p>ticul> animal may be into :i* ! wiz>d trans=ms himself4 ,x is to be regrett$ t we h no su* g5]al t]m 9 ,engli%4 ,! bright moonlight :i* figures 9 "s ( ^! 7-wolf /ories is p]haps n a m]e embelli%m5t ( ! tale b has its own significance2 = 9 "s places x is believ$ t ! trans=mation ( 7-wolves into _! be/ial %ape takes place p>ticul>ly at full moon4 ,see ,a4 de ,nore1 ,c\tumes1 ,my!s et ,traditions des ,prov9ces de ,france 7,p>is & ,lyons1 #ahdf71 pp4 #ii1 #aeg2 ,j4,l4,m4 ,nogus1 ,les ,moeurs d'autrefois en ,sa9tonge et en ,aunis 7,sa9tes1 #ahia71 p4 #ada4 #gfh ,j4,g4 ,campbell1 ,wit*craft & ,second ,sight 9 ! ,highl&s & ,isl&s ( ,scotl& 7,glasg[1 #aijb71 p4 #f3 ,9 c>ry+ out _! unhall[$ cantrips1 wit*es assum$ v>i\s %apes4 ,!y became gulls1 cormorants1 rav5s1 rats1 mice1 black %eep1 swell+ waves1 :ales1 & v frequ5tly cats & h>es4 ,to ?is li/ ( animals into :i* wit*es c turn !mselves may be add$ horses1 dogs1 wolves1 foxes1 pigs1 owls1 magpies1 wild geese1 ducks1 s]p5ts1 toads1 liz>ds1 flies1 wasps1 & butt]flies4 ,see ,a4 ,wuttke1 ,d] deuts*e ,volksab]glaube99#b 7,b]l91 #ahfi71 p4 #aej #bag2 ,l4 ,/rack]jan1 ,ab]glaube und ,sag5 aus dem ,h]zog?um ,old5burg 7,old5burg1 #ahfg71 i4 #cbg #bbj2 ,ulri* ,jahn1 ,hex5wes5 und ,zaub]ei 9 ,pomm]n 7,breslau1 #ahhf71 p4 #g4 ,9 8 ,topography ( ,irel& 7*ap4 #ai71 a "w complet$ 9 #aahg ,a4,d41 ,giraldus ,cambr5sis records t x has also be5 a frequ5t compla9t1 f old times z well z 9 ! pres5t1 t c]ta9 hags 9 ,wales1 z well z 9 ,irel& & ,scotl&1 *ang$ !mselves into ! %ape ( h>es1 t1 suck+ teats "u ?is c\nt]feit =m1 !y might /eal?ily rob o!r p's milk4 ,see ,! ,hi/orical ,works ( ,giraldus ,cambr5sis1 revis$ & edit$ by ,?omas ,wright 7,london1 #ahhg71 p4 #hc4 #gfi ,! ,folk-lore ,j\rnal1 iv4 7#ahhf7 p4 #bff2 ,coll9 de ,plancy1 ,dictionnaire ,inf]nal 7,p>is1 #ahbe-ahbf71 iii4 #dge2 ,j4,l4,m4 ,nogus1 ,les ,moeurs d'autrefois en ,sa9tonge et en ,aunis 7,sa9tes1 #ahia71 p4 #ada4 ,9 ,scotl& ! cut 0 kn[n z scor+ above ! brea?4 ,x consi/$ ( two incisions made crosswise on ! wit*'s =ehead1 & 0 confid$ 9 all ?r\gh\t ,scotl& z ! mo/ p[]ful c\nt]-*>m4 ,see ,sir ,walt] ,scott1 ,lett]s on ,demonology & ,wit*craft 7,london1 #ahhd71 p4 #bgb2 ,j4,g4 ,dalyell1 ,! ,d>k] ,sup]/itions ( ,scotl& 7,ed9burgh1 #ahcd71 pp4 #eca sq42 ,m4,m4 ,banks1 ,scor+ a ,wit* above ! ,brea?1 ,folk-lore1 xxiii4 7#aiab7 p4 #dij4 #ggj ,j4,l4,m4 ,nogus1 l4c42 ,l4,f4 ,sauv1 ,le ,folk-lore des ,hautes-,vosges 7,p>is1 #ahhi71 ,p4 #ahg4 #gga ,m4 ,abeghian1 ,d] arm5is*e ,volksglaube 7,leipsic1 #ahii71 p4 #aag4 ,! wolf-sk9 is suppos$ to fall d[n f heav5 & to return to heav5 aft] sev5 ye>s1 if ! 7-wolf has n be5 deliv]$ f h] unhappy /ate 9 ! meantime by ! burn+ ( ! sk94 #ggb ,j4,g4 ,campbell1 ,wit*craft & ,second ,sight 9 ! ,highl&s & ,isl&s ( ,scotl& 7,glasg[1 #aijb71 p4 #h2 comp>e ,a4 ,wuttke1 ,d] deuts*e ,volksab]glaube99#b 7,b]l91 #ahfi71 p4 #aej #bag4 ,"s ?9k t ! sixp5ce %\ld be crook$4 ,see ,rev4 ,w4 ,gregor1 ,notes on ! ,folk-lore ( ! ,nor?-,ea/ ( ,scotl& 7,london1 #ahha71 pp4 #ga sq41 #abh2 ,c\nty ,folk-lore1 vol4 v4 ,l9coln%ire1 collect$ by ,mrs4 ,gut* & ,mabel ,peacock 7,london1 #aijh71 p4 #ge4 #ggc ,j4,g4 ,campbell1 op4 cit4 p4 #cj4 #ggd ,j4,g4 ,campbell1 op4 cit4 p4 #cc4 #gge 7,sir7 ,edw>d ,b4 ,tylor1 ,primitive ,culture99#b 7,london1 #ahgc71 i4 #cad4 #ggf ,joseph ,glanvil1 ,saducismus ,triumphatus or ,full & ,pla9 ,evid5ce conc]n+ ,wit*es & ,app>itions 7,london1 #afha71 ,"p ii4 p4 #bje4 #ggg ,rev4 ,j4,c4 ,atk9son1 ,=ty ,ye>s 9 a ,moorl& ,p>i% 7,london1 #ahia71 pp4 #hb-hd4 #ggh ,c\nty ,folk-lore1 vol4 v4 ,l9coln%ire1 collect$ by ,mrs4 ,gut* & ,mabel ,peacock 7,london1 #aijh71 pp4 #gi1 #hj4 #ggi ,lel& ,l4 ,duncan1 ,folk-lore ,glean+s f ,c\nty ,leitrim1 ,folklore1 iv4 7#ahic7 pp4 #ahc sq4 #ghj ,l4,f4 ,sauv1 ,le ,folk-lore des ,hautes-,vosges 7,p>is1 #ahhi71 p4 #agf4 #gha ,l4,f4 ,sauv1 op4 cit4 pp4 #agf sq4 #ghb ,ern/ ,mei]1 ,deuts*e ,sag51 ,sitt5 und ,gebru*e aus ,s*wab5 7,/uttg>t1 #aheb71 pp4 #ahd sq41 ,no4 #bjc4 #ghc ,e4 ,mei]1 op4 cit4 pp4 #aia sq41 ,no4 #bae4 ,a simil> /ory ( ! %oe+ ( a woman 9 ! %ape ( a horse is report$ f ,silesia4 ,see ,r4 ,khnau1 ,s*lesis*e ,sag5 7,b]l91 #aiaj-aiac71 iii4 pp4 #bg sq41 ,no4 #achj4 #ghd ,r4 ,khnau1 ,s*lesis*e ,sag5 7,b]l91 #aiaj-aiac71 iii4 pp4 #bc sq41 ,no4 #acge4 ,comp>e id41 iii4 pp4 #bh sq41 ,no4 #acha4 #ghe ,see = example ,l4 ,/rack]jan1 ,ab]glaube und ,sag5 aus dem ,h]zog?um ,old5burg 7,old5burg1 #ahfg71 i4 pp4 #cbh1 #cbi1 #ccd1 #cci2 ,w4 von ,s*ul5burg1 ,w5dis*e ,volkssag5 und ,gebru*e aus dem ,spreewald 7,leipsic1 #ahhj71 pp4 #afd1 #afe sq42 ,h4 ,prhle1 ,h>zsag5 7,leipsic1 #ahei71 i4 #ajj sq4 ,! belief 9 su* ?+s is said to be univ]sal among ! ignorant & sup]/iti\s 9 ,g]many4 ,see ,a4 ,wuttke1 ,d] deuts*e ,volksab]glaube99#b 7,b]l91 #ahfi71 p4 #aej1 #bag4 ,9 ,wales1 also1 ! possibility ( injur+ or m>k+ ! wit* 9 h] assum$ %ape s deeply t ! bruise rema9$ a m>k on h] 9 h] natural =m 0 a common belief 7,j4 ,c]$ig ,davies1 ,folk-lore ( ,we/ & ,mid-,wales1 ,ab]y/wy?1 #aiaa1 p4 #bdc74 ,= ,wel% /ories ( ?is sort1 see ,j4 ,c]$ig ,davies1 l4c42 ,rev4 ,elias ,ow51 ,wel% ,folk-lore 7,oswe/ry & ,wrexham1 ,n4,d41 preface dat$ #ahif71 pp4 #bbh sq42 ,m4 ,trevelyan1 ,folk-lore & ,folk-/ories ( ,wales 7,london1 #aiji71 p4 #bad4 #ghf ,l4 ,/rack]jan1 ,ab]glaube und ,sag5 aus dem ,h]zog?um ,old5burg 7,old5burg1 #ahfg71 i4 p4 #cfa1 #bci4 #ghg ,m>ie ,trevelyan1 ,folk-lore & ,folk-/ories ( ,wales 7,london1 #aiji71 p4 #baj4 #ghh ,l4 ,/rack]jan1 ,ab]glaube und ,sag5 aus dem ,h]zog?um ,old5burg 7,old5burg1 #ahfg71 i4 p4 #ceh1 #bch4 #ghi ,l4 ,/rack]jan1 op4 cit4 i4 p4 #cfj1 #bch;e4 #gij ,! ',wit*-burn+' at ,clonmell1 ,folk-lore1 vi4 7#ahie7 pp4 #cgc-chd4 ,! acc\nt !re pr9t$ is bas$ on ! reports ( ! judicial proce$+s be=e ! magi/rates & ! judge1 :i* 7 publi%$ 9 ,! ,iri% ,times = ,m>* #bf?1 #bg?1 & #bh?1 ,april #bnd1 #crd1 #f?1 & #h?1 & ,july #f?1 #ahie4 #gia ,john ,graham ,dalyell1 ,! ,d>k] ,sup]/itions ( ,scotl& 7,ed9burgh1 #ahcd71 p4 #ahe4 ,9 ?is passage quick is us$ 9 ! old s5se ( liv+1 z 9 ! phrase ! quick & ! dead4 ,nois is nose1 hoill is hole1 quhilk 7:ilk7 is :i*1 & be is by4 #gib ,j4,g4 ,dalyell1 op4 cit4 p4 #ahf4 ,be/iallanimals2 seiksick2 call+driv+2 guidiscattle4 #gic ,john ,ramsay1 ( ,o*t]tyre1 ,scotl& & ,scotsm5 9 ! ,eighte5? ,c5tury1 edit$ by ,alex&] ,all>dyce 7,ed9burgh & ,london1 #ahhh71 ii4 #ddf sq4 ,z to ! cu/om ( cutt+ (f ! leg ( a diseas$ animal & hang+ x up 9 ! h\se1 see above1 p4 #bif1 note #a4 #gid 7,sir7 ,ar?ur ,mit*ell1 ,a4,m41 ,m4,d41 ,on ,v>i\s ,sup]/itions 9 ! ,nor?-,we/ ,highl&s & ,isl&s ( ,scotl& 7,ed9burgh1 #ahfb71 p4 #ab 7repr9t$ f ! ,proce$+s ( ! ,society ( ,antiqu>ies ( ,scotl&1 vol4 iv474 #gie ,c\nty ,folk-lore1 vol4 v4 ,l9coln%ire1 collect$ by ,mrs4 ,gut* & ,mabel ,peacock 7,london1 #aijh71 p4 #ge1 quot+ ,rev4 ,r4,m4 ,heanley1 ,! ,vik+s3 traces ( _! ,folklore 9 ,m>%l&1 a pap] read be=e ! ,vik+ ,club1 ,london1 & pr9t$ 9 its ,saga-,book1 vol4 iii4 ,"p i4 ,jan4 #aijb4 ,! wick5-tree is ! m\nta9-a% or r[an free1 :i* is a v effici5t1 or at all ev5ts a v popul> protective aga9/ wit*craft4 ,see ,c\nty ,folk-lore1 vol4 v4 ,l9coln%ire1 pp4 #bf sq41 #ih sq42 ,mabel ,peacock1 ,! ,folklore ( ,l9coln%ire1 ,folk-lore1 xii4 7#aija7 p4 #age2 ,j4,g4 ,campbell1 ,wit*craft & ,second ,sight 9 ! ,highl&s & ,isl&s ( ,scotl& 7,glasg[1 #aijb71 pp4 #aa sq42 ,rev4 ,walt] ,gregor1 ,notes on ! ,folk-lore ( ! ,nor?-,ea/ ( ,scotl& 7,london1 #ahha71 p4 #ahh4 ,see fur!r ,! ,scapegoat1 pp4 #bff sq4 ,,*apt] ,v ,,! ,,int]pretation ,,( ,,! ,,fire-,,fe/ivals #a4 ,on ! ,fire-fe/ivals 9 g5]al ,g5]al resemblance ( ! ,european fire-fe/ivals to ea* o!r4 ,! =ego+ survey ( ! popul> fire-fe/ivals ( ,europe sugge/s "s g5]al obs]vations4 ,9 ! fir/ place we c h>dly help be+ /ruck by ! resemblance :i* ! c]emonies be> to ea* o!r1 at :atev] "t ( ! ye> & 9 :atev] "p ( ,europe !y are celebrat$4 ,! cu/om ( k9dl+ great bonfires1 leap+ ov] !m1 & driv+ cattle ?r\gh or r\nd !m w\ld seem to h be5 practically univ]sal ?r\gh\t ,europe1 & ! same may be said ( ! processions or races ) blaz+ tor*es r\nd fields1 or*>ds1 pa/ures1 or cattle-/alls4 ,less widespread are ! cu/oms ( hurl+ light$ discs into ! air#gif & trundl+ a burn+ :eel d[n hill2#gig = to judge by ! evid5ce :i* ,i h collect$ ^! modes ( di/ribut+ ! b5eficial influ5ce ( ! fire h be5 conf9$ 9 ! ma9 to ,c5tral ,europe4 ,! c]emonial ( ! ,yule log is di/+ui%$ f t ( ! o!r fire-fe/ivals by ! privacy & dome/icity :i* *>act]ize x2 b1 z we h already se51 ?is di/9ction may well be due simply to ! r\gh wea!r ( midw9t]1 :i* is apt n only to r5d] a public assembly 9 ! op5 air disagreeable1 b also at any mom5t to defeat ! object ( ! assembly by ext+ui%+ ! all-important fire "u a d[np\r ( ra9 or a fall ( sn[4 ,ap>t f ^! local or seasonal diff]5ces1 ! g5]al resemblance betwe5 ! fire-fe/ivals at all times ( ! ye> & 9 all places is tol]ably close4 ,& z ! c]emonies !mselves resemble ea* o!r1 s d ! b5efits :i* ! p expect to reap f !m4 ,:e!r appli$ 9 ! =m ( bonfires blaz+ at fix$ po9ts1 or ( tor*es c>ri$ ab\t f place to place1 or ( emb]s & a%es tak5 f ! sm\ld]+ heap ( fuel1 ! fire is believ$ to promote ! gr[? ( ! crops & ! welf>e ( man & bea/1 ei!r positively by /imulat+ !m1 or negatively by av]t+ ! dang]s & calamities :i* ?reat5 !m f su* causes z ?und] & lightn+1 conflagration1 blight1 mildew1 v]m91 /]ility1 disease1 & n lea/ ( all wit*craft4 ,two explanations sugge/$ ( ! fire-fe/ivals4 ,accord+ to ,w4 ,mannh>dt1 !y are *>ms to secure a supply ( sun%9e2 accord+ to ,dr4 ,e4 ,we/]m>ck !y are purificatory1 be+ int5d$ to burn & de/roy all h>mful influ5ces4 ,b we naturally ask1 ,h[ did x come ab\t t b5efits s great & manifold 7 suppos$ to be atta9$ by means s simple8 ,9 :at way did p imag9e t !y c\ld procure s _m goods or avoid s _m ills by ! application ( fire & smoke1 ( emb]s & a%es8 ,9 %ort1 :at !ory und]lay & prompt$ ! practice ( ^! cu/oms8 ,= t ! in/itution ( ! fe/ivals 0 ! outcome ( a def9ite tra9 ( reason+ may be tak5 = grant$2 ! view t primitive man act$ fir/ & inv5t$ 8 reasons to suit 8 actions aft]w>ds1 is n borne out by :at we "k ( 8 ne>e/ liv+ repres5tatives1 ! savage & ! peasant4 ,two diff]5t explanations ( ! fire-fe/ivals h be5 giv5 by mod]n enquir]s4 ,on ! "o h& x has be5 held t !y are sun-*>ms or magical c]emonies int5d$1 on ! pr9ciple ( imitative magic1 to ensure a ne$ful supply ( sun%9e = m51 animals1 & plants by k9dl+ fires :i* mimic on e>? ! great s\rce ( light & heat 9 ! sky4 ,?is 0 ! view ( ,wilhelm ,mannh>dt4#gih ,x may be call$ ! sol> !ory4 ,on ! o!r h& x has be5 ma9ta9$ t ! c]emonial fires h no necess>y ref]5ce to ! sun b are simply purificatory 9 int5tion1 be+ design$ to burn up & de/roy all h>mful influ5ces1 :e!r ^! are conceiv$ 9 a p]sonal =m z wit*es1 demons1 & mon/]s1 or 9 an imp]sonal =m z a sort ( p]vad+ ta9t or corruption ( ! air4 ,?is is ! view ( ,dr4 ,edw>d ,we/]m>ck#gii & app>5tly ( ,pr(essor ,eug5 ,mogk4#hjj ,x may be call$ ! purificatory !ory4 ,obvi\sly ! two !ories po/ulate two v diff]5t conceptions ( ! fire :i* plays ! pr9cipal "p 9 ! rites4 ,on ! "o view1 ! fire1 l sun%9e 9 our latitude1 is a g5ial creative p[] :i* fo/]s ! gr[? ( plants & ! developm5t ( all t makes = heal? & happ9ess2 on ! o!r view1 ! fire is a fi]ce de/ructive p[] :i* bla/s & consumes all ! noxi\s elem5ts1 :e!r spiritual or mat]ial1 t m5ace ! life ( m51 ( animals1 & ( plants4 ,accord+ to ! "o !ory ! fire is a /imulant1 accord+ to ! o!r x is a dis9fectant2 on ! "o view its virtue is positive1 on ! o!r x is negative4 ,! two explanations are p]haps n mutually exclusive4 ,yet ! two explanations1 diff]5t z !y are 9 ! "* :i* !y attribute to ! fire1 are p]haps n :olly irreconcilable4 ,if we assume t ! fires k9dl$ at ^! fe/ivals 7 prim>ily int5d$ to imitate ! sun's light & heat1 may we n reg>d ! purificatory & dis9fect+ qualities1 :i* popul> op9ion c]ta9ly appe>s to h ascrib$ to !m1 z attributes d]iv$ directly f ! purificatory & dis9fect+ qualities ( sun%9e8 ,9 ?is way we might conclude t1 :ile ! imitation ( sun%9e 9 ^! c]emonies 0 prim>y & orig9al1 ! purification attribut$ to !m 0 second>y & d]ivative4 ,su* a conclusion1 occupy+ an int]m$iate position betwe5 ! two oppos+ !ories & recogniz+ an elem5t ( tru? 9 bo? ( !m1 0 adopt$ by me 9 e>li] editions ( ?is "w2#hja b 9 ! meantime ,dr4 ,we/]m>ck has argu$ p[]fully 9 fav\r ( ! purificatory !ory alone1 & ,i am b\nd to say t 8 argum5ts c>ry great weight1 & t on a full] review ( ! facts ! balance ( evid5ce seems to me to incl9e decid$ly 9 8 fav\r4 ,h[ev]1 ! case is n s cle> z to ju/ify u 9 dismiss+ ! sol> !ory )\t discussion1 & accord+ly ,i propose to adduce ! consid]ations :i* tell = x be=e proce$+ to notice ^? :i* tell aga9/ x4 ,a !ory :i* _h ! support ( s le>n$ & sagaci\s an inve/igator z ,w4 ,mannh>dt is entitl$ to a respectful he>+4 #b4 ,! ,sol> ,!ory ( ! ,fire-fe/ivals ,!ory t ! fire-fe/ivals are *>ms to ensure a supply ( sun%9e4 ,9 an e>li] "p ( ?is "w we saw t savages resort to *>ms = mak+ sun%9e1#hjb & x w\ld be no wond] if primitive man 9 ,europe did ! same4 ,inde$1 :5 we consid] ! cold & cl\dy climate ( ,europe dur+ a great "p ( ! ye>1 we %all f9d x natural t sun-*>ms %\ld h play$ a mu* m prom95t "p among ! sup]/iti\s practices ( ,european peoples ?an among ^? ( savages :o live ne>] ! equator & :o consequ5tly are apt to get 9 ! c\rse ( nature m sun%9e ?an !y want4 ,?is view ( ! fe/ivals may be support$ by v>i\s argum5ts drawn p>tly f _! dates1 p>tly f ! nature ( ! rites1 & p>tly f ! influ5ce :i* !y are believ$ to ex]t ^u ! wea!r & on vegetation4 ,co9cid5ce ( two ( ! fe/ivals ) ! sol/ices4 ,fir/1 9 reg>d to ! dates ( ! fe/ivals x c be no m]e accid5t t two ( ! mo/ important & widely spread ( ! fe/ivals are tim$ to co9cide m or less exactly ) ! summ] & w9t] sol/ices1 t is1 ) ! two turn+-po9ts 9 ! sun's app>5t c\rse 9 ! sky :5 he rea*es respectively 8 highe/ & 8 l[e/ elevation at noon4 ,inde$ ) respect to ! midw9t] celebration ( ,*ri/mas we are n left to conjecture2 we "k f ! express te/imony ( ! anci5ts t x 0 in/itut$ by ! *ur* to sup]s$e an old hea!n fe/ival ( ! bir? ( ! sun1#hjc :i* 0 app>5tly conceiv$ to be born aga9 on ! %orte/ day ( ! ye>1 aft] :i* 8 light & heat 7 se5 to gr[ till !y atta9$ _! full maturity at midsumm]4 ,!re=e x is no v f> fet*$ conjecture to suppose t ! ,yule log1 :i* figures s prom95tly 9 ! popul> celebration ( ,*ri/mas1 0 orig9ally design$ to help ! lab\r+ sun ( midw9t] to rek9dle 8 seem+ly expir+ light4 ,attempt ( ! ,bu%m5 to w>m up ! fire ( ,sirius 9 midw9t] by k9dl+ /icks4 ,! idea t by light+ a log on e>? y c rek9dle a fire 9 heav5 or fan x into a bright] blaze1 naturally seems to u absurd2 b to ! savage m9d x we>s a diff]5t aspect1 & ! in/itution ( ! great fire-fe/ivals :i* we are consid]+ probably dates f a "t :5 ,europe 0 /ill sunk 9 savag]y or at mo/ 9 b>b>ism4 ,n[ x c be %ewn t 9 ord] to increase ! cele/ial s\rce ( heat at midw9t] savages resort to a practice analog\s to t ( our ,yule log1 if ! k9dl+ ( ! ,yule log 0 orig9ally a magical rite int5d$ to rek9dle ! sun4 ,9 ! s\!rn hemisph]e1 :]e ! ord] ( ! seasons is ! rev]se ( ours1 ! ris+ ( ,sirius or ! ,dog ,/> 9 ,july m>ks ! season ( ! greate/ cold in/ead (1 z ) u1 ! greate/ heat2 & j z ! civiliz$ anci5ts ascrib$ ! torrid heat ( midsumm] to t brilliant />1#hjd s ! mod]n savage ( ,s\? ,africa attributes to x ! pi]c+ cold ( midw9t] & seeks to mitigate its rig\r by w>m+ up ! *illy /> ) ! g5ial heat ( ! sun4 ,h[ he does s may be be/ describ$ 9 8 own words z foll[s3--#hje ,! ,bu%m5 p]ceive ,canopus1 !y say to a *ild3 ',give me yond] piece ( wood1 t ,i may put ! end ( x 9 ! fire1 t ,i may po9t x burn+ t[>ds gr&mo!r1 = gr&mo!r c>ries ,bu%man rice2 gr&mo!r %all make a little w>m? = u2 = %e coldly comes out2 ! sun#hjf %all w>m gr&mo!r's eye = u4' ,sirius comes out2 ! p call out to "o ano!r3 ',sirius comes yond]2' !y say to "o ano!r3 ',ye mu/ burn a /ick = u t[>ds ,sirius4' ,!y say to "o ano!r3 ',:o 0 x :o saw ,sirius8' ,"o man says to ! o!r3 ',our bro!r saw ,sirius1' ,! o!r man says to him3 ',i saw ,sirius4' ,! o!r man says to him3 ',i wi% !e to burn a /ick = u t[>ds ,sirius2 t ! sun may %9+ come out = u2 t ,sirius may n coldly come out' ,! o!r man 7! "o :o saw ,sirius7 says to 8 son3 ',br+ me ! small piece ( wood yond]1 t ,i may put ! end ( x 9 ! fire1 t ,i may burn x t[>ds gr&mo!r2 t gr&mo!r may asc5d ! sky1 l ! o!r "o1 ,canopus4' ,! *ild br+s him ! piece ( wood1 he 7! fa!r7 holds ! end ( x 9 ! fire4 ,he po9ts x burn+ t[>ds ,sirius2 he says t ,sirius %all tw9kle l ,canopus4 ,he s+s2 he s+s ab\t ,canopus1 he s+s ab\t ,sirius2 he po9ts to !m ) fire1#hjg t !y may tw9kle l ea* o!r4 ,he ?r[s fire at !m4 ,he cov]s himself up entirely 7includ+ 8 head7 9 8 k>oss & lies d[n4 ,he arises1 he sits d[n2 :ile he does n aga9 lie d[n2 because he feels t he has work$1 putt+ ,sirius into ! sun's w>m?2 s t ,sirius may w>mly come out4 ,! wom5 g out e>ly to seek = ,bu%man rice2 !y walk1 sunn+ _! %\ld] blades4#hjh ,:at ! ,bu%m5 ?us d to temp] ! cold ( midw9t] 9 ! s\!rn hemisph]e by bl[+ up ! cele/ial fires may h be5 done by our rude =efa!rs at ! correspond+ season 9 ! nor!rn hemisph]e4 ,! burn+ :eels & discs ( ! fire-fe/ivals may be direct imitations ( ! sun4 ,n only ! date ( "s ( ! fe/ivals b ! mann] ( _! celebration sugge/s a consci\s imitation ( ! sun4 ,! cu/om ( roll+ a burn+ :eel d[n a hill1 :i* is (t5 obs]v$ at ^! c]emonies1 might well pass = an imitation ( ! sun's c\rse 9 ! sky1 & ! imitation w\ld be especially appropriate on ,midsumm] ,day :5 ! sun's annual decl5sion beg9s4 ,inde$ ! cu/om has be5 ?us int]pret$ by "s ( ^? :o h record$ x4#hji ,n less graphic1 x may be said1 is ! mimicry ( 8 app>5t revolution by sw++ a burn+ t>-b>rel r\nd a pole4#haj ,aga91 ! common practice ( ?r[+ fi]y discs1 sometimes expressly said to be %ap$ l suns1 into ! air at ! fe/ivals may well be a piece ( imitative magic4 ,9 ^!1 z 9 s _m cases1 ! magic =ce may be suppos$ to take effect ?r\gh mimicry or sympa?y3 by imitat+ ! desir$ result y actually produce x3 by c\nt]feit+ ! sun's progress ?r\gh ! heav5s y really help ! lum9>y to pursue 8 cele/ial j\rney ) punctuality & despat*4 ,! "n fire ( heav51 by :i* ! midsumm] fire is sometimes popul>ly kn[n1#haa cle>ly implies a consci\sness ( a connexion betwe5 ! e>?ly & ! heav5ly flame4 ,! :eel sometimes us$ to k9dle ! fire by friction may also be an imitation ( ! sun4 ,aga91 ! mann] 9 :i* ! fire appe>s to h be5 orig9ally k9dl$ on ^! occasions has be5 alleg$ 9 support ( ! view t x 0 int5d$ to be a mock-sun4 ,z "s s*ol>s h p]ceiv$1 x is highly probable t at ! p]iodic fe/ivals 9 =m] times fire 0 univ]sally obta9$ by ! friction ( two pieces ( wood4#hab ,we h se5 t x is /ill s procur$ 9 "s places bo? at ! ,ea/] & ! midsumm] fe/ivals1 & t x is expressly said to h be5 =m]ly s procur$ at ! ,beltane celebration bo? 9 ,scotl& & ,wales4#hac ,b :at makes x ne>ly c]ta9 t ?is 0 once ! inv>iable mode ( k9dl+ ! fire at ^! p]iodic fe/ivals is ! analogy ( ! ne$-fire1 :i* has almo/ always be5 produc$ by ! friction ( wood1 & sometimes by ! revolution ( a :eel4 ,x is a plausible conjecture t ! :eel employ$ = ?is purpose repres5ts ! sun1#had & if ! fires at ! regul>ly recurr+ celebrations 7 =m]ly produc$ 9 ! same way1 x might be reg>d$ z a confirmation ( ! view t !y 7 orig9ally sun-*>ms4 ,9 po9t ( fact !re is1 z ,kuhn has indicat$1#hae "s evid5ce to %ew t ! midsumm] fire 0 orig9ally ?us produc$4 ,we h se5 t _m ,hung>ian sw9eh]ds make fire on ,midsumm] ,eve by rotat+ a :eel r\nd a wood5 axle wrapt 9 hemp1 & t !y drive _! pigs ?r\gh ! fire ?us made4#haf ,at ,ob]m$l+51 9 ,swabia1 ! fire ( heav51 z x 0 call$1 0 made on ,/4 ,vitus's ,day 7! fifte5? ( ,june7 by ignit+ a c>t:eel1 :i*1 sme>$ ) pit* & plait$ ) /raw1 0 fa/5$ on a pole twelve feet high1 ! top ( ! pole be+ ins]t$ 9 ! nave ( ! :eel4 ,?is fire 0 made on ! summit ( a m\nta91 & z ! flame asc5d$1 ! p utt]$ a set =m ( words1 ) eyes & arms direct$ heav5w>d4#hag ,"h ! fix+ ( a :eel on a pole & ignit+ x sugge/s t orig9ally ! fire 0 produc$1 z 9 ! case ( ! ne$-fire1 by ! revolution ( a :eel4 ,! day on :i* ! c]emony takes place 7! fifte5? ( ,june7 is ne> midsumm]2 & we h se5 t 9 ,masur5 fire is1 or us$ to be1 actually made on ,midsumm] ,day by turn+ a :eel rapidly ab\t an oak5 pole1#hah ?\gh x is n said t ! new fire s obta9$ is us$ to light a bonfire4 ,h[ev]1 we mu/ be> 9 m9d t 9 all su* cases ! use ( a :eel may be m]ely a me*anical device to facilitate ! op]ation ( fire-mak+ by increas+ ! friction2 x ne$ n h any symbolical significance4 ,! influ5ce :i* ! fires are suppos$ to ex]t on ! wea!r & vegetation may be ?\ght to be due to an increase ( sol> heat produc$ by ! fires4 ,fur!r1 ! influ5ce :i* ^! fires1 :e!r p]iodic or occasional1 are suppos$ to ex]t on ! wea!r & vegetation may be cit$ 9 support ( ! view t !y are sun-*>ms1 s9ce ! effects ascrib$ to !m resemble ^? ( sun%9e4 ,?us1 ! ,fr5* belief t 9 a ra9y ,june ! light+ ( ! midsumm] bonfires w cause ! ra9 to cease#hai appe>s to assume t !y c disp]se ! d>k cl\ds & make ! sun to break out 9 radiant glory1 dry+ ! wet e>? & dripp+ trees4 ,simil>ly ! use ( ! ne$-fire by ,swiss *ildr5 on foggy days = ! purpose ( cle>+ away ! mi/#hbj may v naturally be int]pret$ z a sun-*>m4 ,aga91 we h se5 t 9 ! ,vosges ,m\nta9s ! p believe t ! midsumm] fires help to pres]ve ! fruits ( ! e>? & ensure good crops4#hba ,9 ,sw$5 ! w>m? or cold ( ! com+ season is inf]r$ f ! direction 9 :i* ! flames ( ! ,may ,day bonfire are bl[n2 if !y bl[ to ! s\?1 x w be w>m1 if to ! nor?1 cold4#hbb ,no d\bt at pres5t ! direction ( ! flames is reg>d$ m]ely z an augury ( ! wea!r1 n z a mode ( influ5c+ x4 ,b we may be pretty sure t ?is is "o ( ! cases 9 :i* magic has dw9dl$ into div9ation4 ,s 9 ! ,eifel ,m\nta9s1 :5 ! smoke bl[s t[>ds ! corn-fields1 ?is is an om5 t ! h>ve/ w be abundant4#hbc ,b ! old] view may h be5 n m]ely t ! smoke & flames progno/icat$1 b t !y actually produc$ an abundant h>ve/1 ! heat ( ! flames act+ l sun%9e on ! corn4 ,p]haps x 0 ) ?is view t p 9 ! ,isle ( ,man lit fires to w9dw>d ( _! fields 9 ord] t ! smoke might bl[ ov] !m4#hbd ,s 9 ,s\? ,africa1 ab\t ! mon? ( ,april1 ! ,matabeles light huge fires to ! w9dw>d ( _! g>d5s1 _! idea be+ t ! smoke1 by pass+ ov] ! crops1 w assi/ ! rip5+ ( !m4#hbe ,among ! ,zulus also m$ic9e is burn$ on a fire plac$ to w9dw>d ( ! g>d51 ! fumigation :i* ! plants 9 consequ5ce receive be+ held to improve ! crop4#hbf ,aga91 ! idea ( our ,european peasants t ! corn w gr[ well z f> z ! blaze ( ! bonfire is visible1#hbg may be int]pret$ z a remnant ( ! belief 9 ! quick5+ & f]tiliz+ p[] ( ! bonfires4 ,! same belief1 x may be argu$1 reappe>s 9 ! notion t emb]s tak5 f ! bonfires & ins]t$ 9 ! fields w promote ! gr[? ( ! crops1#hbh & x may be ?\ght to und]lie ! cu/oms ( s[+ flax-se$ 9 ! direction 9 :i* ! flames bl[1#hbi ( mix+ ! a%es ( ! bonfire ) ! se$-corn at s[+1#hcj ( scatt]+ ! a%es by !mselves ov] ! field to f]tilize x1#hca & ( incorporat+ a piece ( ! ,yule log 9 ! pl\gh to make ! se$s ?rive4#hcb ,! op9ion t ! flax or hemp w gr[ z high z ! flames rise or ! p leap ov] !m#hcc belongs cle>ly to ! same class ( ideas4 ,aga91 at ,konz1 on ! banks ( ! ,moselle1 if ! blaz+ :eel :i* 0 trundl$ d[n ! hillside rea*$ ! riv] )\t be+ ext+ui%$1 ?is 0 hail$ z a pro( t ! v9tage w\ld be abundant4 ,s firmly 0 ?is belief held t ! successful p]=mance ( ! c]emony entitl$ ! villag]s to levy a tax ^u ! own]s ( ! neighb\r+ v9ey>ds4#hcd ,"h ! unext+ui%$ :eel might be tak5 to repres5t an uncl\d$ sun1 :i* 9 turn w\ld port5d an abundant v9tage4 ,s ! waggon-load ( :ite w9e :i* ! villag]s receiv$ f ! v9ey>ds r\nd ab\t might pass = a paym5t = ! sun%9e :i* !y _h procur$ = ! grapes4 ,simil>ly we saw t 9 ! ,vale ( ,glamorgan a blaz+ :eel us$ to be trundl$ d[n hill on ,midsumm] ,day1 & t if ! fire 7 ext+ui%$ be=e ! :eel rea*$ ! foot ( ! hill1 ! p expect$ a bad h>ve/2 :]eas if ! :eel kept alight all ! way d[n & cont9u$ to blaze = a long "t1 ! f>m]s look$ =w>d to heavy crops t summ]4#hce ,"h1 aga91 x is natural to suppose t ! ru/ic m9d trac$ a direct connexion betwe5 ! fire ( ! :eel & ! fire ( ! sun1 on :i* ! crops are dep5d5t4 ,! effect :i* ! bonfires are suppos$ to h 9 f]tiliz+ cattle & wom5 may also be attribut$ to an increase ( sol> heat produc$ by ! fires4 ,b 9 popul> belief ! quick5+ & f]tiliz+ influ5ce ( ! bonfires is n limit$ to ! vegetable _w2 x ext5ds also to animals4 ,?is pla9ly appe>s f ! ,iri% cu/om ( driv+ b>r5 cattle ?r\gh ! midsumm] fires1#hcf f ! ,fr5* belief t ! ,yule-log /eep$ 9 wat] helps c[s to calve1#hcg f ! ,fr5* & ,s]vian notion t !re w be z _m *ick5s1 calves1 lambs1 & kids z !re are sp>ks /ruck out ( ! ,yule log1#hch f ! ,fr5* cu/om ( putt+ ! a%es ( ! bonfires 9 ! f[ls' ne/s to make ! h5s lay eggs1#hci & f ! ,g]man practice ( mix+ ! a%es ( ! bonfires ) ! dr9k ( cattle 9 ord] to make ! animals ?rive4#hdj ,fur!r1 !re are cle> indications t ev5 human fecundity is suppos$ to be promot$ by ! g5ial heat ( ! fires4 ,9 ,morocco ! p ?9k t *ildless c\ples c obta9 (fspr+ by leap+ ov] ! midsumm] bonfire4#hda ,x is an ,iri% belief t a girl :o jumps ?rice ov] ! midsumm] bonfire w soon m>ry & become ! "m ( _m *ildr52#hdb 9 ,fl&]s wom5 leap ov] ! ,midsumm] fires to ensure an easy deliv]y2#hdc & 9 v>i\s p>ts ( ,france !y ?9k t if a girl dances r\nd n9e fires %e w be sure to m>ry )9 ! ye>4#hdd ,on ! o!r h&1 9 ,le*ra9 p say t if a "y man & woman1 leap+ ov] ! midsumm] fire toge!r1 escape unsmir*$1 ! "y woman w n become a "m )9 twelve mon?s3#hde ! flames h n t\*$ & f]tiliz$ h]4 ,9 p>ts ( ,switz]l& & ,france ! light+ ( ! ,yule log is accompani$ by a pray] t ! wom5 may be> *ildr51 ! %e-goats br+ =? kids1 & ! ewes drop lambs4#hdf ,! rule obs]v$ 9 "s places t ! bonfires %\ld be k9dl$ by ! p]son :o 0 la/ m>ri$#hdg seems to belong to ! same class ( ideas1 :e!r x be t su* a p]son is suppos$ to receive f1 or to imp>t to1 ! fire a g5]ative & f]tiliz+ influ5ce4 ,! common practice ( lov]s leap+ ov] ! fires h& 9 h& may v well h orig9at$ 9 a notion t !reby _! m>riage w\ld be bless$ ) (fspr+2 & ! l motive w\ld expla9 ! cu/om :i* obliges c\ples m>ri$ )9 ! ye> to dance to ! light ( tor*es4#hdh ,& ! sc5es ( pr(ligacy :i* appe> to h m>k$ ! midsumm] celebration among ! ,e/honians1#hdi z !y once m>k$ ! celebration ( ,may ,day among ourselves1 may h sprung1 n f ! m]e lic5se ( holiday-mak]s1 b f a crude notion t su* orgies 7 ju/ifi$1 if n requir$1 by "s my/]i\s bond :i* l9k$ ! life ( man to ! c\rses ( ! heav5s at ?is turn+-po9t ( ! ye>4 ,! cu/om ( c>ry+ light$ tor*es ab\t ! c\ntry at ! fe/ival may be expla9$ z an attempt to diffuse ! ,sun's heat4 ,at ! fe/ivals :i* we are consid]+ ! cu/om ( k9dl+ bonfires is commonly associat$ ) a cu/om ( c>ry+ light$ tor*es ab\t ! fields1 ! or*>ds1 ! pa/ures1 ! flocks & ! h]ds2 & we c h>dly d\bt t ! two cu/oms are only two diff]5t ways ( atta9+ ! same object1 namely1 ! b5efits :i* are believ$ to fl[ f ! fire1 :e!r x be /ation>y or portable4 ,accord+ly if we accept ! sol> !ory ( ! bonfires1 we seem b\nd to apply x also to ! tor*es2 we mu/ suppose t ! practice ( m>*+ or runn+ ) blaz+ tor*es ab\t ! c\ntry is simply a means ( diffus+ f> & wide ! g5ial influ5ce ( ! sun%9e1 ( :i* ^! flick]+ flames are a feeble imitation4 ,9 fav\r ( ?is view x may be said t sometimes ! tor*es are c>ri$ ab\t ! fields = ! express purpose ( f]tiliz+ !m1#hej & = ! same purpose live coals f ! bonfires are sometimes plac$ 9 ! fields to prev5t blight4#hea ,on ! ,eve ( ,twelf? ,day 9 ,norm&y m51 wom51 & *ildr5 run wildly ?r\gh ! fields & or*>ds ) light$ tor*es1 :i* !y wave ab\t ! bran*es & da% aga9/ ! trunks ( ! fruit-trees = ! sake ( burn+ ! moss & driv+ away ! moles & field mice4 ,!y believe t ! c]emony fulfils ! d\ble object ( exorciz+ ! v]m9 ^: multiplication w\ld be a real calamity1 & ( imp>t+ fecundity to ! trees1 ! fields1 & ev5 ! cattle2 & !y imag9e t ! m ! c]emony is prolong$1 ! great] w be ! crop ( fruit next autumn4#heb ,9 ,bohemia !y say t ! corn w gr[ z high z !y fl+ ! blaz+ besoms into ! air4#hec ,nor are su* notions conf9$ to ,europe4 ,9 ,corea1 a few days be=e ! ,new ,ye> fe/ival1 ! eunu*s ( ! palace sw+ burn+ tor*es1 *ant+ invocations ! :ile1 & ?is is suppos$ to ensure b\ntiful crops = ! next season4#hed ,! cu/om ( trundl+ a burn+ :eel ov] ! fields1 :i* us$ to be obs]v$ 9 ,poit\ = ! express purpose ( f]tiliz+ !m1#hee may be ?\ght to embody ! same idea 9 a /ill m graphic =m2 s9ce 9 ?is way ! mock-sun itself1 n m]ely its light & heat repres5t$ by tor*es1 is made actually to pass ov] ! gr\nd :i* is to receive its quick5+ & k9dly influ5ce4 ,once m1 ! cu/om ( c>ry+ light$ br&s r\nd cattle#hef is pla9ly equival5t to driv+ ! animals ?r\gh ! bonfire2 & if ! bonfire is a sun-*>m1 ! tor*es mu/ be s also4 #c4 ,! ,purificatory ,!ory ( ! ,fire-fe/ivals ,!ory t ! fires at ! fe/ivals are purificatory1 be+ int5d$ to burn up all h>mful ?+s4 ,?us f> we h consid]$ :at may be said = ! !ory t at ! ,european fire-fe/ivals ! fire is k9dl$ z a *>m to ensure an abundant supply ( sun%9e = man & bea/1 = corn & fruits4 ,x rema9s to consid] :at may be said aga9/ ?is !ory & 9 fav\r ( ! view t 9 ^! rites fire is employ$ n z a creative b z a cleans+ ag5t1 :i* purifies m51 animals1 & plants by burn+ up & consum+ ! noxi\s elem5ts1 :e!r mat]ial or spiritual1 :i* m5ace all liv+ ?+s ) disease & dea?4 ,! purificatory or de/ructive effect ( ! fires is (t5 alleg$ by ! p :o light !m2 ! great evil aga9/ :i* ! fire at ! fe/ivals is direct$ appe>s to be wit*craft4 ,fir/1 !n1 x is to be obs]v$ t ! p :o practise ! fire-cu/oms appe> nev] to allege ! sol> !ory 9 explanation ( !m1 :ile on ! contr>y !y d frequ5tly & emphatically put =w>d ! purificatory !ory4 ,?is is a /rong argum5t 9 fav\r ( ! purificatory & aga9/ ! sol> !ory2 = ! popul> explanation ( a popul> cu/om is nev] to be reject$ except = grave cause4 ,& 9 ! pres5t case !re seems to be no adequate reason = reject+ x4 ,! conception ( fire z a de/ructive ag5t1 :i* c be turn$ to acc\nt = ! consumption ( evil ?+s1 is s simple & obvi\s t x c\ld h>dly escape ! m9ds ev5 ( ! rude peasantry ) :om ^! fe/ivals orig9at$4 ,on ! o!r h& ! conception ( fire z an emanation ( ! sun1 or at all ev5ts z l9k$ to x by a bond ( physical sympa?y1 is f> less simple & obvi\s2 & ?\gh ! use ( fire z a *>m to produce sun%9e appe>s to be und5iable1#heg nev]!less 9 attempt+ to expla9 popul> cu/oms we %\ld nev] h rec\rse to a m recondite idea :5 a simpl] "o lies to h& & is support$ by ! explicit te/imony ( ! p !mselves4 ,n[ 9 ! case ( ! fire-fe/ivals ! de/ructive aspect ( fire is "o ^u :i* ! p dwell aga9 & aga92 & x is highly significant t ! great evil aga9/ :i* ! fire is direct$ appe>s to be wit*craft4 ,aga9 & aga9 we are told t ! fires are int5d$ to burn or repel ! wit*es2#heh & ! int5tion is sometimes graphically express$ by burn+ an effigy ( a wit* 9 ! fire4#hei ,h5ce1 :5 we rememb] ! great hold :i* ! dread ( wit*craft has _h on ! popul> ,european m9d 9 all ages1 we may suspect t ! prim>y int5tion ( all ^! fire-fe/ivals 0 simply to de/roy or at all ev5ts get rid ( ! wit*es1 :o 7 reg>d$ z ! causes ( ne>ly all ! mis=tunes & calamities t befall m51 _! cattle1 & _! crops4#hfj ,among/ ! evils = :i* ! fire-fe/ivals are deem$ rem$ies ! =emo/ is cattle-disease1 & cattle-disease is (t5 suppos$ to be an effect ( wit*craft4 ,?is suspicion is confirm$ :5 we exam9e ! evils = :i* ! bonfires & tor*es 7 suppos$ to provide a rem$y4 ,=emo/1 p]haps1 among ^! evils we may reckon ! diseases ( cattle2 & ( all ! ills t wit*es are believ$ to "w !re is probably none :i* is s con/antly insi/$ on z ! h>m !y d to ! h]ds1 p>ticul>ly by /eal+ ! milk f ! c[s4#hfa ,n[ x is significant t ! ne$-fire1 :i* may p]haps be reg>d$ z ! p>5t ( ! p]iodic fire-fe/ivals1 is k9dl$ above all z a rem$y = a murra9 or o!r disease ( cattle2 & ! circum/ance sugge/s1 :at on g5]al gr\nds seems probable1 t ! cu/om ( k9dl+ ! ne$-fire goes back to a "t :5 ! ance/ors ( ! ,european peoples subsi/$ *iefly on ! products ( _! h]ds1 & :5 agriculture z yet play$ a subord9ate "p 9 _! lives4 ,wit*es & wolves are ! two great foes /ill dread$ by ! h]dsman 9 _m p>ts ( ,europe2#hfb & we ne$ n wond] t he %\ld resort to fire z a p[]ful means ( bann+ !m bo?4 ,among ,slavonic peoples x appe>s t ! foes :om ! ne$-fire is design$ to combat are n s mu* liv+ wit*es z vampyres & o!r evil spirits1#hfc & ! c]emony1 z we saw1 aims r at repell+ ^! baleful be+s ?an at actually consum+ !m 9 ! flames4 ,b = our pres5t purpose ^! di/9ctions are immat]ial4 ,! important ?+ to obs]ve is t among ! ,slavs ! ne$-fire1 :i* is probably ! orig9al ( all ! c]emonial fires n[ "u consid]ation1 is n a sun-*>m1 b cle>ly & unmi/akably no?+ b a means ( protect+ man & bea/ aga9/ ! attacks ( malefic5t creatures1 :om ! peasant ?9ks to burn or sc>e by ! heat ( ! fire1 j z he might burn or sc>e wild animals4 ,aga91 ! bonfires are ?\ght to av]t hail1 ?und]1 lightn+1 & o!r maladies1 all ( :i* are attribut$ to ! malefic5t arts ( wit*es4 ,aga91 ! bonfires are (t5 suppos$ to protect ! fields aga9/ hail#hfd & ! home/ead aga9/ ?und] & lightn+4#hfe ,b bo? hail & ?und]/orms are frequ5tly ?\ght to be caus$ by wit*es2#hff h5ce ! fire :i* bans ! wit*es necess>ily s]ves at ! same "t z a talisman aga9/ hail1 ?und]1 & lightn+4 ,fur!r1 br&s tak5 f ! bonfires are commonly kept 9 ! h\ses to gu>d !m aga9/ conflagration2#hfg & ?\gh ?is may p]haps be done on ! pr9ciple ( homoeopa?ic magic1 "o fire be+ ?\ght to act z a prev5tive ( ano!r1 x is also possible t ! int5tion may be to keep wit*-inc5di>ies at bay4 ,aga91 p leap ov] ! bonfires z a prev5tive ( colic1#hfh & look at ! flames /eadily 9 ord] to pres]ve _! eyes 9 good heal?2#hfi & bo? colic & sore eyes are 9 ,g]many1 & probably else:]e1 set d[n to ! ma*9ations ( wit*es4#hgj ,once m1 to leap ov] ! ,midsumm] fires or to circumambulate !m is ?\ght to prev5t a p]son f feel+ pa9s 9 8 back at reap+2#hga & 9 ,g]many su* pa9s are call$ wit*-%ots & ascrib$ to wit*craft4#hgb ,! burn+ :eels roll$ d[n hills & ! burn+ discs & brooms ?r[n into ! air may be int5d$ to burn ! invisible wit*es4 ,b if ! bonfires & tor*es ( ! fire-fe/ivals are to be reg>d$ prim>ily z weapons direct$ aga9/ wit*es & wiz>ds1 x becomes probable t ! same explanation applies n only to ! flam+ discs :i* are hurl$ into ! air1 b also to ! burn+ :eels :i* are roll$ d[n hill on ^! occasions2 discs & :eels1 we may suppose1 are alike int5d$ to burn ! wit*es :o hov] invisible 9 ! air or haunt unse5 ! fields1 ! or*>ds1 & ! v9ey>ds on ! hillside4#hgc ,c]ta9ly wit*es are con/antly ?\ght to ride ?r\gh ! air on broom/icks or o!r equally conv5i5t vehicles2 & if !y d s1 h[ c y get at !m s effectually z by hurl+ light$ missiles1 :e!r discs1 tor*es1 or besoms1 aft] !m z !y flit pa/ ov]head 9 ! gloom8 ,! ,s\? ,slavonian peasant believes t wit*es ride 9 ! d>k hail-cl\ds2 s he %oots at ! cl\ds to br+ d[n ! hags1 :ile he curses !m1 say+1 ,curse1 curse ,h]odias1 ?y "m is a hea!n1 damn$ ( ,god & fett]$ ?r\gh ! ,r$eem]'s blood4 ,also he br+s out a pot ( gl[+ *>coal on :i* he has ?r[n holy oil1 laurel leaves1 & wormwood to make a smoke4 ,! fumes are suppos$ to asc5d to ! cl\ds & /upefy ! wit*es1 s t !y tumble d[n to e>?4 ,& 9 ord] t !y may n fall s(t1 b may hurt !mselves v mu*1 ! yokel ha/ily br+s out a *air & tilts x bottom up s t ! wit* 9 fall+ may break h] legs on ! legs ( ! *air4 ,worse ?an t1 he cruelly lays scy!s1 bill-hooks & o!r =midable weapons edge upw>ds s z to cut & mangle ! poor wret*es :5 !y drop plump ^u !m f ! cl\ds4#hgd ,on ?is view ! f]tility suppos$ to foll[ ! use ( fire results indirectly f break+ ! spells ( wit*es4 ,on ?is view ! f]tility suppos$ to foll[ ! application ( fire 9 ! =m ( bonfires1 tor*es1 discs1 roll+ :eels1 & s =?1 is n conceiv$ z result+ directly f an increase ( sol> heat :i* ! fire has magically g5]at$2 x is m]ely an indirect result obta9$ by free+ ! reproductive p[]s ( plants & animals f ! fatal ob/ruction ( wit*craft4 ,& :at is true ( ! reproduction ( plants & animals may hold good also ( ! f]tility ( ! human sexes4 ,we h se5 t ! bonfires are suppos$ to promote m>riage & to procure (fspr+ = *ildless c\ples4 ,?is happy effect ne$ n fl[ directly f any quick5+ or f]tiliz+ en]gy 9 ! fire2 x may foll[ indirectly f ! p[] ( ! fire to remove ^? ob/acles :i* ! spells ( wit*es & wiz>ds notori\sly pres5t to ! union ( man & wife4#hge ,on ! :ole ! !ory ( ! purificatory or de/ructive int5tion ( ! fire-fe/ivals seems ! m probable4 ,on ! :ole1 !n1 ! !ory ( ! purificatory virtue ( ! c]emonial fires appe>s m probable & m 9 accordance ) ! evid5ce ?an ! oppos+ !ory ( _! connexion ) ! sun4 ,b ,europe is n ! only "p ( ! _w :]e c]emonies ( ?is sort h be5 p]=m$2 else:]e ! passage ?r\gh ! flames or smoke or ov] ! gl[+ emb]s ( a bonfire1 :i* is ! c5tral feature ( mo/ ( ! rites1 has be5 employ$ z a cure or a prev5tive ( v>i\s ills4 ,we h se5 t ! midsumm] ritual ( fire 9 ,morocco is practically id5tical ) t ( our ,european peasantry2 & cu/oms m or less simil> h be5 obs]v$ by _m races 9 v>i\s p>ts ( ! _w4 ,a consid]ation ( "s ( !m may help u to decide betwe5 ! conflict+ claims ( ! two rival !ories1 :i* expla9 ! c]emonies z sun-*>ms or purifications respectively4 ,notes3 #gif ,above1 pp4 #aaf sq41 #aai1 #adc1 #afe1 #aff1 #afh sq41 #agb4 #gig ,above1 pp4 #aaf1 #aag sq41 #aai1 #ada1 #adc1 #afa1 #afb sq41 #afc sq41 #agc1 #aia1 #bja4 #gih ,w4 ,mannh>dt1 ,d] ,baumkultus d] ,g]man5 und ihr] ,na*b>/mme 7,b]l91 #ahge71 pp4 #eba sqq4 #gii ,e4 ,we/]m>ck1 ,midsumm] ,cu/oms 9 ,morocco1 ,folk-lore1 xvi4 7#aije7 pp4 #dd sqq42 id41 ,! ,orig9 & ,developm5t ( ! ,moral ,ideas 7,london1 #aijf-aijh71 i4 #ef2 id41 ,c]emonies & ,beliefs connect$ ) ,agriculture1 c]ta9 ,dates ( ! ,sol> ,ye>1 & ! ,wea!r 9 ,morocco 7,hels+=s1 #aiac71 pp4 #ic-ajb4 #hjj ,e4 ,mogk1 ,sitt5 und ,gebru*e im ,kreislauf des ,jahres1 9 ,r4 ,wuttke's ,s*sis*e ,volkskunde99#b 7,dresd51 #aija71 pp4 #caj sq4 #hja ,! ,gold5 ,b\gh1 ,second ,edition 7,london1 #aijj71 iii4 #cab3 ,! cu/om ( leap+ ov] ! fire & driv+ cattle ?r\gh x may be int5d$1 on ! "o h&1 to secure = man & bea/ a %>e ( ! vital en]gy ( ! sun1 &1 on ! o!r h&1 to purge !m ( all evil influ5ces2 = to ! primitive m9d fire is ! mo/ p[]ful ( all purificatory ag5ts2 & aga91 id4 iii4 #cad3 ,x is q possible t 9 ^! cu/oms ! idea ( ! quick5+ p[] ( fire may be comb9$ ) ! conception ( x z a purgative ag5t = ! expulsion or de/ruction ( evil be+s1 su* z wit*es & ! v]m9 t de/roy ! fruits ( ! e>?4 ,c]ta9ly ! fires are (t5 int]pret$ 9 ! latt] way by ! p]sons :o light !m2 & ?is purgative use ( ! elem5t comes out v prom95tly1 z we h se51 9 ! g5]al expulsion ( demons f t[ns & villages4 ,b 9 ! pres5t class ( cases ?is aspect ( fire may be second>y1 if inde$ x is m ?an a lat] mis9t]pretation ( ! cu/om4 #hjb ,! ,magic ,art & ! ,evolution ( ,k+s1 i4 #caa sqq4 #hjc ,see ,adonis1 ,attis1 ,osiris1 ,second ,edition1 pp4 #bed sqq4 #hjd ,manilius1 ,a/ronom4 v4 #bjf sqq43 ,cum v]o 9 va/os surget ,nemeaeus hiatus1 ,exoriturque ,canis1 latratque ,canicula flammas ,et rabit igne suo gem9atque inc5dia solis1 ,qua subd5te facem t]ris radiosque mov5te etc4 ,pl9y1 ,naturalis ,hi/oric xviii4 #bfi sq43 ,exoritur de9 po/ triduum f]e ubique confessum int] omnes sidus +5s quod canis ortum vocamus1 sole p>tem primam leonis +resso4 ,hoc fit po/ sol/itium ,,xxiii4 die4 ,s5tiunt id m>ia et t]rae1 multae v]o et f]ae1 ut suis locis diximus4 ,neque e/ m9or ei v5]atio quam descriptis 9 deos /ellis acc5dique solem et magnam ae/us obt9et causam4 #hje ,specim5s ( ,bu%man ,folklore collect$ by ! late ,w4,h4,i4 ,bleek1 ,ph4,d41 & ,l4,c4 ,lloyd 7,london1 #aiaa71 pp4 #cci1 #cda4 ,9 quot+ ! passage ,i h omitt$ ! brackets :i* ! editors pr9t = ! purpose ( indicat+ ! words :i* are impli$1 b n express$1 9 ! orig9al ,bu%man text4 #hjf ,! sun is a little w>m1 :5 ?is /> appe>s 9 w9t] 7,editors ( ,specim5s ( ,bu%man ,folklore74 #hjg ,) ! /ick t he _h held 9 ! fire1 mov+ x up & d[n quickly 7,editors74 #hjh ,!y take "o arm out ( ! k>oss1 !reby expos+ "o %\ld] blade to ! sun 7,editors74 #hji ,see above1 pp4 #afa1 #afb sq4 ,on ! :eel z an emblem ( ! sun1 see ,j4 ,grimm1 ,deuts*e ,my?ologie199#d ii4 #ehe2 ,a4 ,kuhn1 ,die ,h]abkunft des ,feu]s und des ,gtt]tranks99#b 7,gt]sloh1 #ahhf71 pp4 #de sqq42 ,h4 ,gaidoz1 ,le dieu gaulois du soleil et le symbolisme de la r\e1 ,revue ,ar*ologique1 iii4 ,srie1 iv4 7#ahhd7 pp4 #ad sqq42 ,william ,simpson1 ,! ,buddhi/ ,pray+ ,:eel 7,london1 #ahif71 pp4 #hg sqq4 ,x is a popul> ,arm5ian idea t ! body ( ! sun has ! %ape ( ! :eel ( a wat]-mill2 x revolves & moves =w>d4 ,z drops ( wat] sputt] f ! mill-:eel1 s sunbeams %oot out f ! spokes ( ! sun-:eel 7,m4 ,abeghian1 ,d] arm5is*e ,volksglaube1 ,leipsic1 #ahii1 p4 #da74 ,9 ! old ,mexican picture-books ! usual repres5tation ( ! sun is a :eel1 (t5 brilliant ) _m col\rs1 ! rays ( :i* are s _m blood/a9$ tongues1 by means ( :i* ! ,sun receives 8 n\ri%m5t 7,e4,j4 ,payne1 ,hi/ory ( ! ,new ,_w call$ ,am]ica1 ,ox=d1 #ahib1 i4 #eba74 #haj ,above1 p4 #afi4 #haa ,ern/ ,mei]1 ,deuts*e ,sag51 ,sitt5 und ,gebru*e aus ,s*wab5 7,/uttg>t1 #aheb71 p4 #bbe2 ,f4 ,panz]1 ,beitrag zur deuts*5 ,my?ologie 7,muni*1 #ahdh-ahee71 ii4 #bdj2 ,anton ,birl+]1 ,volk/hmli*es aus ,s*wab5 7,freiburg im ,breisgau1 #ahfa-ahfb71 ii4 #eg1 #ig2 ,w4 ,mannh>dt1 ,baumkultus1 p4 #eaj4 #hab ,comp>e ,j4 ,grimm1 ,deuts*e ,my?ologie199#d i4 #eba2 ,j4,w4 ,wolf1 ,beitrge zur deuts*5 ,my?ologie 7,gott+5 und ,leipsic1 #aheb-aheg71 ii4 #chi2 ,adalb]t ,kuhn1 ,die ,h]abkunft des ,feu]s und des ,gtt]tranks99#b 7,gt]sloh1 #ahhf71 pp4 #da sq41 #dg2 ,w4 ,mannh>dt1 ,baumkultus1 p4 #eba4 ,l9d5brog 9 8 ,gloss>y on ! ,capitul>ies 7quot$ by ,j4 ,grimm1 ,deuts*e ,my?ologie199#d i4 #ejb7 expressly says3 ,! ru/ics 9 _m p>ts ( ,g]many1 p>ticul>ly on ! fe/ival ( ,/4 ,john ! ,bapti/1 wr5* a /ake f a f5ce1 w9d a rope r\nd x1 & pull x to & fro till x cat*es fire4 ,?is fire !y c>efully fe$ ) /raw & dry /icks & scatt] ! a%es ov] ! vegetable g>d5s1 fooli%ly & sup]/iti\sly imag9+ t 9 ?is way ! cat]pill> c be kept (f4 ,!y call su* a fire nodfeur or nodfyr1 t is to say ne$-fire4 #hac ,above1 pp4 #add sq41 #adg sq41 #aee1 #afi sq41 #age1 #agg1 #agi4 #had ,j4 ,grimm1 ,deuts*e ,my?ologie199#d i4 #eji2 ,j4,w4 ,wolf1 ,beitrge zur deuts*5 ,my?ologie1 i4 #aag2 ,a4 ,kuhn1 ,die ,h]abkunft des ,feu]s199#b pp4 #dg sq42 ,w4 ,mannh>dt1 ,baumkultus1 p4 #eba2 ,w4,e4 ,kelly1 ,curiosities ( ,indo-,european ,tradition & ,folk-lore 7,london1 #ahfc71 p4 #di4 #hae ,a4 ,kuhn1 ,die ,h]abkunft des ,feu]s und des ,gtt]tranks99#b 7,gt]sloh1 #ahhf71 p4 #dg4 #haf ,above1 p4 #agi4 #hag ,f4 ,panz]1 ,beitrag zur deuts*5 ,my?ologie 7,muni*1 #ahdh-ahee71 ii4 #bdj1 #ddc4 #hah ,above1 p4 #agg4 #hai ,above1 pp4 #ahg sq4 #hbj ,above1 pp4 #bgi sq4 #hba ,above1 p4 #ahh4 #hbb ,above1 p4 #aei4 #hbc ,above1 p4 #aaf4 #hbd ,above1 p4 #bja4 #hbe ,l4 ,decle1 ,?ree ,ye>s 9 ,savage ,africa 7,london1 #ahih71 pp4 #afj sq4 #hbf ,rev4 ,j4 ,%oot]1 ,! ,kafirs ( ,natal & ! ,zulu ,c\ntry 7,london1 #aheg71 p4 #ah4 #hbg ,above1 pp4 #adj1 #adb4 #hbh ,above1 pp4 #aai1 #afe1 #aff1 #agc1 #bjc4 #hbi ,above1 p4 #adj4 #hcj ,above1 p4 #aba4 #hca ,above1 pp4 #ada1 #agj1 #aij1 #bjc1 #bdh1 #bej1 #bfd4 #hcb ,above1 p4 #bea4 #hcc ,above1 pp4 #aai1 #afe1 #aff1 #afh1 #agc1 #agd4 #hcd ,above1 pp4 #aah1 #afc sq4 #hce ,above1 p4 #bja4 #hcf ,above1 p4 #bjc4 #hcg ,above1 p4 #bej4 #hch ,above1 pp4 #bea1 #bfb1 #bfc1 #bfd4 #hci ,above1 p4 #aab4 #hdj ,above1 p4 #ada4 #hda ,above1 p4 #bad4 #hdb ,above1 p4 #bjd4 #hdc ,above1 p4 #aid4 #hdd ,above1 p4 #ahe1 #ahi2 comp>e p4 #agd4 #hde ,above1 p4 #aff4 #hdf ,above1 pp4 #bdi1 #bej4 #hdg ,above1 pp4 #ajg1 #aji1 #aaa1 #aai2 comp>e pp4 #aaf1 #aib1 #aic4 #hdh ,above1 p4 #aae4 #hdi ,above1 p4 #ahj4 #hej ,above1 pp4 #aac1 #adb1 #agj1 #bcc4 ,! tor*es ( ,demet]1 :i* figure s l>gely 9 h] my? & on h] monum5ts1 are p]haps to be expla9$ by ?is cu/om4 ,see ,spirits ( ! ,corn & ( ! ,wild1 i4 #eg4 ,w4 ,mannh>dt ?\ght 7,baumkultus1 p4 #ecf7 t ! tor*es 9 ! mod]n ,european cu/oms are imitations ( lightn+4 ,at "s ( _! c]emonies ! ,indians ( ,nor?-,we/ ,am]ica imitate lightn+ by means ( pit*-wood tor*es :i* are fla%$ ?r\gh ! ro( ( ! h\se4 ,see ,j4,g4 ,swan1 quot$ by ,franz ,boas1 ,! ,social ,organization & ! ,secret ,societies ( ! ,kwakiutl ,indians1 ,report ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates ,national ,museum = #ahie 7,wa%+ton1 #ahig71 p4 #fci4 #hea ,above1 p4 #bjc4 #heb ,amlie ,bosquet1 ,la ,norm&ie ,romanesque et ,m]veilleuse 7,p>is & ,r\51 #ahde71 pp4 #bie sq42 ,jules ,lecoeur1 ,esquisses du ,bocage ,norm& 7,cond-sur-,noireau1 #ahhc-ahhg71 ii4 #abf-abi4 ,see ,! ,scapegoat1 pp4 #caf sq4 #hec ,br4 ,jelnek1 ,mat]ial5 zur ,vorges*i*te mid ,volkskunde ,bhm5s1 ,mit!ilung5 d] an?ropolog4 ,gesells*aft 9 ,wi5 xxi4 7#ahia7 p4 #ac note4 #hed ,mrs4 ,bi%op1 ,korea & h] ,neighb\rs 7,london1 #ahih71 ii4 #ef sq4 #hee ,above1 pp4 #aij sq4 #hef ,above1 pp4 #agh1 #bje1 #bjf4 #heg ,see ,! ,magic ,art & ! ,evolution ( ,k+s1 i4 #caa sqq4 #heh ,above1 pp4 #ajh1 #aji1 #aaf1 #aah sq41 #aba1 #adh1 #aed1 #aef1 #aeg1 #aei1 #afj1 #agj1 #aga1 #agd1 #age1 #agf1 #ahj1 #ahc1 #ahe1 #ahh1 #bcb sq41 #bde1 #beb1 #bec1 #bhj1 #bib1 #bic1 #bie1 #big4 ,= m evid5ce ( ! use ( fire to burn or expel wit*es on c]ta9 days ( ! ye>1 see ,! ,scapegoat pp4 #aeh sqq4 ,less (t5 ! fires are ?\ght to burn or repel evil spirits & vampyres4 ,see above1 pp4 #adf1 #agj1 #agb1 #bjb1 #beb1 #bhb1 #bhe4 ,sometimes ! purpose ( ! fires is to drive away dragons 7above1 pp4 #afa1 #aie74 #hei ,above1 pp4 #ajg1 #aaf1 #aah sq41 #aei4 #hfj ,9 %ort1 ( all ! ills incid5t to ! life ( man1 none are s =midable z wit*craft1 be=e ! comb9$ influ5ce ( :i*1 to use ! language ( an hone/ man :o _h himself sev]ely suff]$ f its effects1 ! great laird ( ,grant himself c\ld n /& !m if !y %\ld fairly yoke ^u him 7,w4 ,grant ,/ew>t1 ,! ,popul> ,sup]/itions & ,fe/ive ,amusem5ts ( ! ,highl&]s ( ,scotl&1 ,ed9burgh1 #ahbc1 pp4 #bjb sq474 ,e mis=tune & calamity t took place 9 ! p>i%1 su* z ill-heal?1 ! dea? ( fri5ds1 ! loss ( /ock1 & ! failure ( crops2 yea to su* a l5g? did !y c>ry _! sup]/ition1 t ev5 ! inclem5cy ( ! seasons1 7 attribut$ to ! influ5ce ( c]ta9 old wom5 :o 7 suppos$ to be 9 league1 & _h deal+s ) ! ,devil4 ,^! ! common p ?\ght _h ! p[] & too (t5 ! incl9ation to injure _! prop]ty1 & torm5t _! p]sons 7,c\nty ,folklore1 vol4 v4 ,l9coln%ire1 collect$ by ,mrs4 ,gut* & ,mabel ,peacock1 ,london1 #aijh1 p4 #gf74 ,! c\nty ( ,salop is no exception to ! rule ( sup]/ition4 ,! late vic> ( a p>i% on ! ,clee ,hills1 />tl$ to f9d t 8 p>i%ion]s /ill believ$ 9 wit*craft1 once propos$ to prea* a s]mon aga9/ x1 b he 0 dissuad$ f do+ s by ! p>i% s*oolma/]1 :o assur$ him t ! belief 0 s deeply root$ 9 ! p's m9ds t he w\ld be m likely to ali5ate !m f ! ,*ur* ?an to weak5 _! fai? 9 wit*craft 7,miss ,c4,f4 ,burne & ,miss ,g4,f4 ,jackson1 ,%rop%ire ,folk-lore1 ,london1 #ahhc1 p4 #ade74 ,:]ev] a man or any liv+ creature falls sick1 or a mis=tune ( any k9d happ5s1 )\t any natural cause be+ discov]able or r ly+ on ! surface1 !re 9 all probability wit*craft is at "w4 ,! sudd5 /iffness 9 ! small ( ! back1 :i* few p c acc\nt = at ! "t1 is !re=e call$ a 'wit*-%ot' & is really ascrib$ to wit*craft 7,l4 ,/rack]jan1 ,ab]glaube und ,sag5 aus dem ,h]zog?um ,old5burg1 ,old5burg1 #ahfg1 i4 p4 #bih1 #bji74 ,:at ,sir ,walt] ,scott said less ?an a hundr$ ye>s ago is probably /ill true3 ,! rema9s ( ! sup]/ition sometimes occur2 !re c be no d\bt t ! vulg> are /ill addict$ to ! cu/om ( scor+ above ! brea? 7z x is t]m$71 & o!r c\nt]-spells1 ev9c+ t ! belief 9 wit*craft is only asleep1 & might 9 remote corn]s be aga9 awak5$ to de$s ( blood 7,lett]s on ,demonology & ,wit*craft1 ,london1 #ahhd1 p4 #bgb74 ,comp>e ,l4 ,/rack]jan1 op4 cit4 i4 p4 #cdj1 #bba3 ,! great p[]1 ! malici\s wick$ness ( ! wit*es1 cause !m to be fe>$ & hat$ by ev]ybody4 ,! hatr$ goes s f> t /ill at ! pres5t day y may he> x said "r out t x is a pity burn+ has gone out ( fa%ion1 = ! evil crew des]ve no?+ else4 ,p]haps ! hatr$ might f9d v5t yet m op5ly1 if ! fe> 7 n s great4 #hfa ,= "s evid5ce1 see ,! ,magic ,art & ! ,evolution ( ,k+s2 ii4 #eb-ee1 #ccj sqq4 ,x is a popul> belief1 univ]sally diffus$ 9 ,g]many1 t cattle-plagues are caus$ by wit*es 7,a4 ,wuttke1 ,d] deuts*e ,volksab]glaube199#b ,b]l91 #ahfi1 p4 #adi #baf74 ,! ,scot* ,highl&]s ?\ght t a wit* c\ld de/roy ! :ole ( a f>m]'s live /ock by hid+ a small bag1 /uff$ ) *>ms1 9 a cleft ( ! /able or byre 7,w4 ,grant ,/ew>t1 ,! ,popul> sup]/itions & ,fe/ive ,amusem5ts ( ! ,highl&]s ( ,scotl&1 ,ed9burgh1 #ahbc1 pp4 #bja sq474 #hfb ,! ,magic ,art & ! ,evolution ( ,k+s1 ii4 #ccj sqq4 #hfc ,above1 pp4 #bhb1 #bhd sq4 #hfd ,above1 pp4 #aah1 #aba1 #add1 #ade1 #agf4 #hfe ,above1 pp4 #aba1 #abb1 #abd1 #adj sq41 #ade1 #adf1 #agd1 #agf1 #ahc1 #ahd1 #ahg1 #ahh1 #aij1 #aia1 #aib1 #bdi1 #bej1 #beb1 #bec1 #bed1 #beh4 #hff ,j4 ,grimm1 ,deuts* ,my?ologie199#d ii4 #ijh sqq42 ,j4,v4 ,grohmann1 ,ab]glaub5 und ,gebru*e aus ,bhm5 und ,mhr5 7,prague & ,leipsic1 #ahfd71 p4 #cb #ahb2 ,a4 ,wuttke1 ,d] deuts*e ,volksab]glaube99#b 7,b]l91 #ahfi71 pp4 #adi sq41 #baf2 ,j4 ,c]$ig ,davies1 ,folk-lore ( ,we/ & ,mid-,wales 7,ab]y/wy?1 #aiaa71 p4 #bcj2 ,alois ,john1 ,sitte1 ,bran* und ,volksglaube im deuts*5 ,we/bhm5 7,prague1 #aije71 p4 #bjb4 #hfg ,above1 pp4 #ajh1 #aba1 #adj1 #adf1 #afe1 #ahc1 #ahh1 #aif1 #bej1 #bee1 #bef1 #beh4 #hfh ,above1 pp4 #ajg1 #aie sq4 #hfi ,above1 pp4 #afb1 #afc1 #aff1 #aga1 #agd4 #hgj ,a4 ,wuttke1 ,d] deuts*e ,volksab]glaube99#b 7,b]l91 #ahfi71 p4 #cea1 #cie4 #hga ,above1 pp4 #afe1 #afh1 #ahi1 comp>e #aij4 #hgb ,a4 ,wuttke1 ,d] deuts*e ,volksab]glaube99#b 7,b]l91 #ahfi71 p4 #cea1 #cie2 ,l4 ,/rack]jan1 ,ab]glaube und ,sag5 aus dem ,h]zog?um ,old5burg 7,old5burg1 #ahfg71 i4 p4 #bih1 #bji4 ,see above1 p4 #cdc note4 #hgc ,9 ! ,amm]l&1 a di/rict ( ,old5burg1 y may sometimes see an old c>t-:eel fix$ ov] ! pr9cipal door or on ! gable ( a h\se2 x s]ves z a *>m aga9/ wit*craft & is especially int5d$ to protect ! cattle z !y are driv5 out & 94 ,see ,l4 ,/rack]jan1 ,ab]glaube und ,sag5 aus dem ,h]zog?um ,old5burg 7,old5burg1 #ahfg71 i4 p4 #ceg1 #bcf4 ,c ?is use ( a :eel z a talisman aga9/ wit*craft be d]iv$ f ! practice ( roll+ fi]y :eels d[n hill = a simil> purpose8 #hgd ,f4,s4 ,krauss1 ,volksglaube und religis] ,brau* d] ,sdslav5 7,mn/] i4 ,w41 #ahij71 pp4 #aah sq4 #hge ,9 ,g]man su* spells are call$ ,ne/elknpf52 9 ,fr5*1 n\] l'aiguilette4 ,see ,j4 ,grimm1 ,deuts*e ,my?ologie199#d ii4 #hig1 #ihc2 ,a4 ,wuttke1 ,d] deuts*e ,volksab]glaube99#b 7,b]l91 #ahfi71 p4 #beb #cif2 ,k4 ,d\tt1 ,magic et ,religion dans l',afrique du ,nord 7,algi]s1 #aijh71 pp4 #hg sq41 #bid sqq42 ,j4,l4,m4 ,nogus1 ,les ,moeurs d'autrefois en ,sa9tonge et en ,aunis 7,sa9tes1 #ahia71 pp4 #aga sq4