,=matt+ notes3 ,footnotes are 9 squ>e   
brackets & emb$d$ 9 !                   
e-text at ! location ( ! sup]script     
numb] 9                    ! orig9al    
text4 ,words & phrases 9 italics are    
surr\nd$ ) und]l9es4 ,ev]y?+ t appe>s   
9 all-caps 9 ?is e-text 0 9 all-caps 9 !
                    orig9al text4       
,,! ,,egyptian ,,conception ,,(         
,,immortality    ,! ,+]soll ,lecture1   
#aiaa    by    ,,george ,,&rew ,,reisn] 
,,! ,,+]soll ,,lecture%ip      ,extract 
f ! w ( ,miss ,c>ol9e ,haskell ,+]soll1 
:o  di$ 9 ,ke5e1 ,c\nty ( ,*e%ire1 ,new 
,hamp%ire1 ,jan4 #bf1 #ahic4    ,fir/4  
,9 c>ry+ out ! wi%es ( my late belov$   
fa!r1  ,george ,gold?wait ,+]soll1 z    
decl>$ by him 9 8 la/ w  & te/am5t1 ,i  
give & bequea? to ,h>v>d ,univ]sity 9   
,cambridge1 ,mass41 :]e my late fa!r 0  
graduat$1 & :i*  he always held 9 love &
 honor1 ! sum ( ,five ?\s&  doll>s      
7#e1jjj7 z a fund = ! e/abli%m5t ( a    
,lecture%ip  on a plan some:at simil> to
 t ( ! ,dudleian lecture1 t  is--"o     

lecture to be deliv]$ ea* ye>1 on any   
conv5i5t  day betwe5 ! la/ ( ,may & !   
fir/ day ( ,decemb]1 on  ?is subject1 ! 
,immortality ( ,man1 said lecture n to  
=m  a "p ( ! usual college c\rse1 nor to
 be deliv]$ by any  ,pr(essor or ,tutor 
z "p ( 8 usual r\t9e ( in/ruction1  ?\gh
 any su* ,pr(essor or ,tutor may be     
appo9t$ to su*  s]vice4  ,! *oice ( said
 lectur] is n to be limit$ to any  "o   
religi\s d5om9ation1 nor to any "o      
pr(ession1 b may be  t ( ei!r cl]gyman  
or layman1 ! appo9tm5t to take place  at
 lea/ six mon?s be=e ! deliv]y ( said   
lecture4  ,!  above sum to be safely    
inve/$ & ?ree f\r?s ( ! annual  int]e/  
!re( to be paid to ! lectur] = 8 s]vices
 &  ! rema9+ f\r? to be exp5d$ 9 !      
publi%m5t &  gratuit\s di/ribution ( !  
lecture1 a copy ( :i* is always  to be  
furni%$ by ! lectur] = su* purpose4  ,! 
same  lecture to be nam$ & kn[n z ! !   
,+]soll lecture on  ! ,immortality (    
,man4          ,,cont5ts        ,i4     
,introduction    ,,ii4   ,s\rces ( !    

,mat]ial    ,,iii4  ,! ,ideas ( !       
,primitive ,race    ,,iv4   ,! ,e>ly    
,dyna/ic ,p]iod    ,v4    ,! ,old       
,empire    ,,vi4   ,! ,middle ,empire   
,,vii4  ,! ,new ,empire    ,,viii4 ,!   
,ptolemaic-,roman ,p]iod    ,,ix4       
,summ>y          ,i4 ,,introduction     
,( ! nations :i* h contribut$ to !      
direct /ream (  civilization1 ,egypt &  
,mesopotamia are at pres5t believ$ to be
  ! olde/4  ,! *ronological dispute z to
 ! relative  antiquity ( ! two c\ntries 
is ( m9or importance2 = :ile  9         
,babylonia ! hi/orical mat]ial is almo/ 
entirely  inscriptional1 9 ,egypt we "k 
! h&icrafts1 ! weapons1 !  arts1 &1 to a
 c]ta9 ext5t1 ! religi\s beliefs ( !    
race  up to a p]iod :5 x 0 j em]g+ f !  
,/one ,age4  ,9 a  ^w1 ,egypt pres5ts ! 
mo/ anci5t race ^: mann] ( life  is kn[n
 to man4  ,f ! beg9n+ ( its hi/ory--t   
is1  f ab\t #dejj ,b4,c4--we c trace !  
developm5t ( a  religion "o ( ^: mo/    
prom95t elem5ts 0 a promise ( a  life   
aft] dea?4  ,x 0 /ill a great religion  

:5 !  ,*ri/ian doctr9e ( immortality 0  
enunciat$4  ,9 ! e>ly  c5turies ( !     
,*ri/ian era1 x seem$ almo/ possible t  
! wor%ip ( ,osiris & ,isis might become 
! religion ( !  classical _w2 & ! la/ /&
 made by civiliz$ paganism  aga9/       
,*ri/ianity 0 9 ! temple ( ,isis at     
,philae 9 !  six? c5tury aft] ,*ri/4    
,x is cle> t a religion ( su* duration  
mu/ h (f]$  "s ( ^? consolations to man 
t h m>k$ all great  religions1 *ief (   
:i* is ! fai? 9 a _s1 9 some?+  t       
pres]ves ! p]sonality ( ! man & does n  
p]i%  ) ! body4  ,?is fai? 01 9 fact1 "o
 ( ! *ief elem5ts  9 ! ,egyptian        
religion--! elem5t be/ kn[n to u ?r\gh  
! endless cemet]ies :i* fill ! des]t f  
"o end (  ,egypt to ! o!r1 & ?r\gh !    
fun]>y inscriptions4    ,x is necess>y1 
h[ev]1 to correct ! prevail+ impression 
t religion play$ ! greate/ "p 9         
,egyptian life or ev5 a  great] "p ?an x
 does 9 ,moslem ,egypt4  ,! mi/ak5      
belief  t dea? & ! well-be+ ( ! dead    
ov]%ad[$ !  exi/5ce ( ! liv+1 is due to 

! fact t ! physical  "* ( ! c\ntry has  
pres]v$ = u ! cemet]ies &  ! fun]>y     
temples bett] ?an all ! o!r monum5ts4   
,!  n>r[ /rip ( fat black l& along !    
,nile produces g5]ally  its ?ree crops a
 ye>4  ,x is mu* too valuable to use z a
  cemet]y4  ,b m ?an t1 x is subject to 
p]iodic  saturation ) wat] dur+ !       
inundation1 & is1 !re=e1  unsuitable = !
 burials ( a nation :i* wi%$ to pres]ve 
! cont5ts ( ! graves4  ,on ! o!r h&1 !  
des]t1 :i*  b\nds ?is f]tile /rip s     
closely t a doz5 /eps w  usually c>ry "o
 f ! black l& to ! gray1--! des]t  (f]s 
a dry pres]v+ soil ) absolutely no value
 to !  liv+4  ,?us all ! fun]>y monum5ts
 7 erect$ on !  des]t1 & except :]e     
int5tionally de/roy$ !y are  pres]v$ to 
! pres5t day4  ,! palaces1 ! t[ns1 !    
f>ms1  & _m ( ! great temples :i* 7     
erect$ on ! black  soil1 h be5 pull$ d[n
 = build+ mat]ial or buri$ deep  "u !   
/eadily ris+ deposits ( ! ,nile4  ,!    
tombs ( six  ?\s& ye>s ( dead h         
accumulat$ on ! des]t edge4    ,moreov]1

 our impression ( ^! tombs has be5 =m$ f
 !  monum5ts erect$ by k+s1 pr9ces1     
prie/s1 & ! great &  weal?y m5 ( !      
k+dom4  ,! multitude ( pla9 unadorn$    
burial-places :i* ! sci5tific excavator 
records by !  ?\s&s h escap$ ! att5tion 
( s*ol>s int]e/$ 9  ,egypt f ! po9t (   
view ( a comp>ison ( religions4  ,x has 
also be5 ov]look$ t ! /rik+ly color$    
mummies & !  gl>+ burial app>atus ( !   
late p]iod co/ v little to  prep>e4  ,! 
manufacture ( mummies 0 a regul> trade 9
 !  ,ptolemaic p]iod at lea/4  ,mummy   
cases 7 prep>$ 9 advance  ) blank spaces
 = ! names4  ,i d n ?9k t any m  exp5se 
0 incurr$ 9 ,egyptian fun]als 9 !       
dyna/ic p]iod  ?an is ! case among !    
mod]n ,egyptians4  ,! importance (  !   
fun]>y rites to ! liv+ mu/1 !re=e1 n be 
exagg]at$4          ,,ii4 ,,s\rces ,,(  
,,! ,,mat]ial      ,) ! exception (     
c]ta9 my?ological explanations suppli$  
by ! inscriptions & reliefs 9 ! temples1
 our k (  ,egyptian ideas 9 reg>d to !  
future life is bas$ on fun]>y  cu/oms z 

reveal$ by excavations & on ! fun]>y    
texts  f\nd 9 ! tombs4  ,^! tombs always
 %[ ! same ess5tial  functions ?r\gh all
 *anges ( =m1--! protection ( !  burial 
aga9/ decay & spoliation1 & ! provision 
( a  meet+-place :]e ! liv+ may br+     
(f]+s to ! dead4  ,correspond+ly1 !re   
are two sets ( cu/oms1--burial cu/oms  &
 (f]+ cu/oms4  ,! texts foll[ ! same    
division4  ,= !  (f]+ place1 ! texts are
 magical =mulas :i*1 prop]ly  recit$ by 
! liv+1 provide mat]ial b5efit = ! dead4
  ,=  ! burial place1 ! texts are       
magical =mulas to be us$ by  ! _s = its 
own b5efit 9 ! difficulties ( ! _s      
life4  ,^! texts f ! burial *amb]s are  
f\nd 9 only a  few graves1--^? ( ! v    
great1--& _! cont5ts  %[ u t !y 7 int5d$
 only = p ^: e>?ly  position 0          
exceptional4    ,f ! fun]>y cu/oms & !  
(f]+ texts1 a cle> view is  obta9$ ( !  
g5]al conception1 ! ord9>y practice4    
,we see  :at 0 reg>d$ z absolutely      
ess5tial to ! belief ( !  common man4   
,f ! texts f\nd 9 ! burial *amb]s we get

  ! po9t ( view ( ! educat$ or p[]ful   
man1 ! ?+s  t might be done to ga9 = him
 an exceptional place 9 !  o!r _w4  ,bo?
 ( ^! classes ( mat]ial mu/ be          
consid]$1 9 ord] to ga9 a true idea ( ! 
practical  beliefs4  ,= x mu/ be        
emphasiz$ f ! beg9n+ t we  h 9 ,egypt   
sev]al app>5tly conflict+ conceptions ( 
immortality4  ,nor are we any:]e ne>    
obta9+ 9 ! case (  ! texts ! cle>ness   
necess>y to und]/& fully all !  diff]+  
views held by ! prie/ly classes dur+ a  
p]iod (  ov] two ?\s& ye>s4             
,,iii4 ,,! ,,ideas ,,( ,,! ,,primitive  
,,race      ,! e>lie/ belief 9          
immortality is t :i* is %[n to u  by !  
burial cu/oms ( ! primitive race1--!    
prehi/oric  ,egyptian race4    ,ab\t    
#dejj ,b4,c4  we f9d ! ,egyptian race 0 
j em]g+ f  ! ,/one ,age4  ,all !        
implem5ts & weapons f\nd are ( fl9t  or 
o!r /one4  ,! m5 ( t "t 7 ignorant (    
writ+1  b %[ a c]ta9 facility 9 l9e     
draw+s ( m51 plants1 &  animals4  ,we h 
f\nd ?\s&s ( _! graves :i* all %[  !    

same idea ( dea?4  ,ea* p]son 0 buri$ ) 
implem5ts1  weapons1 ornam5ts1--no d\bt 
^? actually us$ 9 life1--  ) a full     
outfit ( h\sehold pots & pans1 & ) a    
supply  ( food4  ,! man 0 dead1 b he    
/ill ne$$ ! same ?+s he  us$ 9 ord9>y   
life4  ,by a =tunate *ance we h ev5     
recov]$ bodies accid5tally desiccat$ &  
pres]v$ intact 9  ! dry soil4  ,^!      
bodies d n %[ any trace ( mutilation1   
mummification1 or any o!r prep>ation = !
 grave except  probably wa%+4  ,! dead  
body 0 simply laid on a mat 9 !  grave1 
cov]$ ) a clo? & a mat or a sk91 & !n ) 
clean gravel4  ,b ) x 0 plac$ all ^? ?+s
 :i* !  man might ne$ if 8 life 7 to g  
on 9 "s my/]i\s1  unse5 way1 z life w5t 
on among ^? on e>?4  ,possibly 8        
relations z 9 lat] times br\ght (f]+s ( 
food to !  grave1 b "h ev5 ! dry soil ( 
,egypt fails to furni%  positive        
evid5ce4  ,all ?is %[s a pla9 simple    
belief 9 !  p]si/5ce ( ! life ( a man z 
di/+ui%$ f ! body  --a belief widely    
preval5t among primitive p4  ,x conta9s 

no?+ unusual1 & is probably p]fectly    
explicable psy*ologically  by means (   
dreams4    ,!re is little or no *ange 9 
?is und]ly+ belief to be  obs]v$ 9 !    
burial cu/oms ( ! ,egyptians dur+ ! late
  pr$yna/ic p]iod4  ,copp] weapons &    
implem5ts succe$ /one  9 ! graves4  ,all
 ^? objects 9 ^: manufacture ! new      
tools are us$ %[ *anges ( te*nique & =m4
  ,x is ev5  curi\s to note t "s ( !    
old] /one & fl9t objects1  "s ( ! old]  
pots & pans1 are /ill made z a matt] (  
tradition4  ,! importance ( ?is is n to 
be ov]look$4  ,=  c5turies m5 _h us$    
fl9t knives & !y _h bak$ _!  bread 9    
flat mud sauc]s set 9 ! a%es4  ,= !     
c5turies  ^! fl9t knives & ^! cakes ) _!
 sauc]s _h be5  plac$ 9 ! graves4       
,gradually metal knives & bett] bread   
pans displac$ ^! m primitive objects 9  
daily life2 b  ! old] primitive objects 
7 /ill plac$ 9 ! graves z a  matt] (    
tradition4    ,x mu/ be rememb]$1 (     
c\rse1 t ^! traditional objects  7 also 
9 use 9 anci5t traditional c]emonies on 

e>?4  ,!  sacrificial animals 7 /ill    
slaught]$ ) fl9t knives4  ,!  old-/yle  
cakes 7 /ill (f]$ 9 ! holy places4  ,9  
o!r  words1 life on e>? n[ consi/$ (    
ord9>y mat]ial life &  a traditional    
life--a life t clung to ! =ms ( a m     
primitive civilization z someh[ m       
effective ) ! div9e  p[]s4  ,?is view is
 closely reflect$ 9 ! grave furniture2  
"h1 too1 7 ! practical objects & !      
traditional  c]emonial objects4  ,life  
aft] dea? is /ill always ! same z  life 
on e>?--) ! same physical ne$s1 ) ! same
 ne$  ( help f sup]natural p[]s or aga9/
 sup]natural p[]s4  ,! _s ( ! man ne$$ !
 _s ( ! copp] axe to  sw+ 9 battle2 b j 
z mu* he ne$$ ! _s ( !  fl9t knife to   
make ! fir/ cut across ! ?roat ( ! _s   
bull ( sacrifice4  ,rememb] ?is--! o!r  
_w1 9 :i*  liv$ ! _s ( ! dead1 0 fill$ )
 ! spirits or  gho/s ( all ?+s &        
animals4  ,! o!r1 ! unse51 0 a          
duplicate ( ?is _w2 all ?+s :i* h %ape 7
 !re  --ev5 to ! black fields & ! broad 
riv] ( ,egypt4  ,?is is  ! f\ndation ( !

 ,egyptian conception ( immortality4    
,?r\gh  all ! modifications & accretions
 ( ! foll[+ ?ree  ?\s& ye>s1 ?is        
f\ndation idea is always cle>ly visible4
  ,all ! /atues1 ! c>v$ & pa9t$ tombs1  
all ! curi\s  little model boats &      
work%ops1 all ! pa9t$ mummies1 all  !   
amulets1 ! sc>abs1 ! little fun]>y      
/atuettes1--all  ?is mumm]y :i* seems to
 be s *>act]i/ic & s  ess5tial1 is only 
! means to an end1 & an ev] *ang+  means
 to secure a successful com=table       
exi/5ce ( ! _s  9 ! life aft] dea?1--9 !
 gho/ly duplicate ( life on  e>?4       
,,iv4 ,,! ,,e>ly ,,dyna/ic ,,p]iod      
,x is cle> t ! ef=t to atta9 an         
immortality :i* is  m]ely a gho/ly      
cont9uation ( life on e>? mu/ reflect ! 
g5]al developm5t ( ,egyptian            
culture1--especially !  advance 9 arts &
 crafts4  ,"o ( ! mo/ /rik+ examples (  
?is fact is ! introduction ( metal work+
 m5tion$ above  & ! consequ5t plac+ (   
bo? fl9t & copp] 9 ! grave1  --!        
division ( grave furniture into         

practical objects &  c]emonial objects1 
:i* is ! f\ndation = ! use (  symbolic  
objects 9 lat] times4    ,! advance 9   
arts & crafts n only sugge/s new ideas (
 !  necessities ( ! _s1 b x provides !  
necess>y  te*nical skill = ! m effective
 satisfaction ( all !  ne$s ( ! dead4   
,?is takes1 fir/ ( all1 ! =m (  supply+ 
a place = ! burial1 :i* furni%es great] 
security to ! body & a bett]            
communication betwe5 !  liv+ & ! dead4  
,f ! ,fir/ ,dyna/y1 say f #ccjj ,b4,c4  
d[n1 z soon z !  ,egyptian _h ma/]$ !   
use ( mud-brick & wood1 we ga9 !        
c]ta9ty ( an idea :i* c\ld only be      
guess$ at 9 !  primitive p]iod4  ,a     
place is provid$ above ! grave at :i*  !
 liv+ c\ld meet ! _s ( ! dead )         
p]iodical  (f]+s ( food & o!r           
necessities4  ,9 ! life aft] dea?1  _s  
food & dr9k1 once us$1 ceas$ to be1 j z 
9 life  on e>?1 & _h to be r5ew$ f day  
to day1 le/ ! _s  ( ! dead suff] f hung]
 & ?ir/4  ,"o ( ! great  developm5ts ( !
 fir/ six dyna/ies look$ to ! provision 

( ^! daily necessities4    ,! inv5tion (
 writ+ 0 imm$iately utiliz$4  ,ab\t !   
beg9n+ ( ! ,fir/ ,dyna/y writ+ 0 inv5t$ 
=  adm9i/rative & o!r practical         
purposes4  ,grave/ones1 be>+  9 relief !
 "n ( ! dead1 7 set up 9 ! (f]+  places 
( ! k+s & c\rt p4  ,^! 7 probably       
rem9d]s = use 9 "s simple =mula recit$ 9
 pres5t+  ! p]iodical (f]+s4  ,z !      
,egyptians became m famili>  ) ! use (  
writ+1 ! (f]+ =mula 0 writt5 out 9      
full1 enl>g$ & modifi$4    ,sculptures1 
bo? relief & /atu>y1 9 e /age ( _!      
developm5t1 7 us$ z magical accessories 
to ! (f]+  rites4    ,s1 also1 ! :ole   
hi/ory ( ,egyptian ar*itecture 0        
reflect$ 9 ! tomb2 = e advance br\ght   
ab\t "s  *ange 9 ! =m or /ructure4  ,9  
fact1 ! :ole developm5t  ( ! =m ( !     
,egyptian tomb dep5d$ on ! developm5t ( 
te*nical skill4  ,! same fun]>y         
functions are s]v$  ?r\gh\t4  ,z all !  
great artisans 7 at ! comm& ( !  k+1 all
 ! great te*nical discov]ies & inv5tions
 7  fir/ made 9 8 s]vice4  ,b e p]man5t 

ga9 9 k  0 a b5efit to ! race & utiliz$ 
by ! common p4  ,s1  = example1 ! skill 
acquir$ 9 /one-cutt+1 dur+ !            
con/ruction ( ! great pyramids1 0       
utiliz$ a little lat]  9 produc+        
rock-cut tombs f "o end ( ,egypt to !   
o!r4    ,! functions ( ! grave rema9$ ! 
same4  ,yet ) !  *anges 9 =m result+ f !
 gr[? ( skill1 modifications  9 ! fun]>y
 cu/oms crept 94    ,! mud-brick tombs (
 ! e>ly "p ( ! ,fir/ ,dyna/y1 l  !      
pre-dyna/ic graves1 _h only "o *amb]1   
limit$ 9 size by  ! l5g? ( logs         
obta9able to =m ! ro(4  ,! gr[+  desire 
= o/5tation f\nd a way to enl>ge ! tombs
 by  build+ !m ) a numb] ( *amb]s4  ,!  
burial 0 plac$ 9  ! c5tral *amb] & !    
burial furniture 9 ! additional  *amb]s4
  ,9 ?is way ! sep>ation ( ! furniture &
 !  actual burial 0 br\ght ab\t4        
,v4 ,,! ,,old ,,empire      ,ano!r *ange
 comes 9 ! ,f\r? ,dyna/y1 & is to be    
not$  fir/ 9 ! royal tombs1 z is always 
! case4  ,! ,egyptians  _h n[ le>n$ to  
cut /one & build ) x4  ,! burial  *amb]s

 holl[$ 9 ! solid rock 7 necess>ily     
small] ?an  ! old *amb]s dug 9 ! gravel 
& no long] suffici5t to  conta9 ! great 
mass ( furniture ga!r$ by a k+ = 8      
grave4  ,on ! o!r h&1 ! *apels ) !      
increase 9  ar*itectural skill c\ld be  
build ( great size4  ,correspond+  to ^!
 te*nical conditions we f9d a great     
increase 9 !  importance ( ! *apel4  ,x 
becomes a great temple1 ^:  magaz9es 7  
fill$ ) all ^? objects :i* _h =m]ly  be5
 plac$ 9 ! burial *amb] & 7 s necess>y  
to !  life ( ! _s4  ,! temples ( ! ?ird 
pyramid1 =  example1 conta9$ ne>ly two  
?\s& /one vessels4  ,great  e/ates 7 set
 aside by w1 & ! income appo9t$ to !    
support ( c]ta9 p]sons :o on _! side 7  
oblig$ to keep  up ! temple1 to make !  
(f]+s & to recite ! magical  =mulas :i* 
w\ld provide ! _s ) all its necessities4
    ,foll[+ closely ! gr[? 9 importance 
( ! royal *apels1  ! private (f]+ places
 assum$ a great] importance4  ,!  cu/om 
( p]iodic (f]+s & ! use ( magical texts 
grew  until x rea*$ its highe/ po9t 9 ! 

,fif? ,dyna/y4  ,at ?is  "t !re is a    
burial *amb] deep und]gr\nd :]e ! dead  
0 laid securely 9 anci5t traditional    
attitude1 ) 8  clo?+ & a few p]sonal    
ornam5ts4  ,z a rule1 x is only !  wom51
 always cons]vative1 t h any?+ m4       
,above ?is  grave1 !re is a solid       
rectangul> /ructure1 ) a *apel or  (f]+ 
place on ! side t[>ds ! valley4  ,! (f]+
 place  is always !re1 no matt] h[ poor 
or small ! tomb4  ,b to  und]/& j :at ! 
,egyptian ?\ght1 we mu/ turn to !  bett]
 tombs4  ,! walls are ( lime/one c>v$ ) 
reliefs  repres5t+ ! important processes
 ( daily life1--s[+1  reap+1            
cattle-h]d+1 hunt+1 pot-mak+1           
weav+1--all  ^? actions :i* furni% !    
daily supplies4  ,! dead man is         
repres5t$ ov]see+ all ?is4  ,f9ally1 ne>
 ! (f]+  ni*e1 he is repres5t$ seat$1   
usually ) 8 wife at a table  be>+ loaves
 ( ! traditional ta bread4  ,beside him 
are  repres5t$ heaps ( provisions--meat1
 cakes1 vegetables1 w9e  & be]4  ,a li/ 
( objects is nev] miss+1 m>k$ )         

numb]s1--a ?\s& loaves ( bread1 a ?\s&  
head (  cattle1 a ?\s& j>s ( w9e1 a ?\s&
 g>m5ts1 & s on4  ,we "k f latt]        
inscriptions t ^! words1 prop]ly        
recit$1 creat$ = ! _s a /ore ( _s       
objects 9  equal numb]s4  ,bel[ ! ni*e  
is an alt> = receiv+ actual  (f]+s (    
food & dr9k4  ,x is cle> t ! liv+1 com+ 
to ?is (f]+ place ) or )\t mat]ial      
(f]+s1 c\ld1  by prop] recitation1      
secure to ! _s ( ! dead all its  daily  
ne$s4  ,?is (f]+ ni*e is ! door ( ! o!r 
_w  --symbolically & actually4  ,9 _m   
graves ! ni*e is c>v$  to repres5t a    
door--sometimes op5+ 91 & sometimes     
op5+ out4  ,moreov]1 9 sev]al cases !   
figure ( ! dead is  c>v$ half em]g+ f ! 
op5+ door--a figure 9 all  ways l !     
figure ( ! dead z he is repres5t$ 9 !   
sc5es f life4  ,beyond ?is door lives ! 
_s ( ! dead4    ,9 _m (f]+ *amb]s !re is
 a small hole 9 ! wall1  ei!r 9 ! (f]+  
ni*e or 9 ano!r place4  ,if ?is hole be 
prop]ly light$ & ! space beyond has n   
be5 *ang$ by  decay or violation1 !     

light falls on ! face ( a /atue (  !    
dead look+ =? to ! _w ( ! liv+4  ,=     
beh9d !  wall is ano!r *amb]1 clos$     
except = ?is small hole4  ,?is  hidd5   
*amb] conta9s /atues ( ! dead (t5       
accompani$ by  /atues ( 8 family & 8    
s]vants4  ,^! /atues ( ! dead  are      
label$ ) 8 "n1 & are said to be ! abode 
( 8  _s1 8 ka1 z ! ,egyptians call$ x4  
,moreov]1 all !  (f]+ =mulas nam$ ! ka z
 ! recipi5t ( ! food &  dr9k4  ,!       
duplicate _s ( ! man is 8 ka4  ,9 ^!    
/atues we h1 !n1 a simulacrum ( ! man   
provid$ = use  ( 8 ka--p]haps to assi/ !
 ka to ! p]si/5ce (  8 e>?ly =m1 & to ! 
remembrance ( 8 "n4  ,b :at  7 ! uses ( 
! subsidi>y /atues8  ,:at _s resid$ 9   
!m8  ,! man's son 9 8 turn di$1 & a     
simil> room 0 made  = him ) 8 /atue & 8 
subsidi>y /atues4  ,did 8 ka  live bo? 9
 ! /atue plac$ ) 8 fa!r's /atue & also  
9 ! /atue 9 8 own grave8  ,we h no      
answ]4  ,probably !  ,egyptian m9d nev] 
=mulat$ ! difficulty4    ,b ! new idea  
is cle>ly express$4  ,x is no long]     

necess>y  to fill ! burial *amb] ) a    
mass ( h\sehold furniture =  ! use ( !  
dead4  ,all ^! ?+s c be c>v$ on ! wall  
( ! burial *amb] & s made effective = 8 
use4  ,x 0  9 any case necess>y to      
supply 8 food by means ( !  (f]+s1 & x 0
 q z easy to supply all 8 o!r           
necessities 9 ! same way4  ,9 o!r words1
 !re is a di/9ct  gr[? 9 ! use ( magic  
to b5efit ! dead4  ,at ! same "t1  we   
f9d ! gr[? ( ! cu/om ( supply+ a special
 abode =  ! ka--a simulacrum ( ! man1   
:i* assi/$ ! ka to  reta9 ! =m ( ! liv+ 
man & to rememb] 8 id5tity4    ,! t5d5cy
 ( ?is p]iod is !n to place a great]    
dep5d5ce  on magic ?an on food1 dr9k1 & 
grave furniture4  ,x is1  !re=e1 n      
surpris+ to f9d introduc$1 = ! fir/ "t1 
! use ( magical texts 9 ! burial        
*amb]1--! s-call$  ,pyramid ,texts4  ,9 
! burial *amb] 9 ! pyramid ( ,unas1 la/ 
k+ ( ! ,fif? ,dyna/y1 & 9 ! pyramids ( !
 k+s (  ! ,six? ,dyna/y1 ! walls are    
cov]$ ) long magical texts  or *apt]s--!
 olde/ =m ( ! s-call$ book ( ! dead  or 

book ( ! go+ =? by day4 ,! texts 7      
probably  some:at old]1 b are n[ us$ = !
 fir/ "t 9 ?is  mann]1 no d\bt ow+ to ! 
increas$ facility 9 c>v+  /one4  ,9 ^! !
 v>i\s p[]s ( ! o!r _w are invok$  by ! 
incid5ts ( ! ,osiris-,isis leg5d1 to    
pres]ve ! dead  body1 to fe$ ! ka1 & to 
assi/ ! o!r _s1 ! ba1  9 its /ruggles ) 
sup]natural p[]s4    ,! pyramid texts   
introduce u to ?ree important           
ideas1--7#a7 a  curi\s plurality ( ! _s 
exi/5ce1 7#b7 a condition (  immortality
 bett] ?an t ( ! old und]world or ,e>u1 
&  7#c7 mo/ important ( all1 !          
id5tification ( ! k+ )  ,osiris accord+ 
to ! t]ms ( ! ,osiris-,isis leg5d4    ,9
 all ! old] (f]+ =mulas x is only ! ka  
_s  :i* is m5tion$4  ,"h is ! body      
p]i%able & de/ructible2  "h is ! life1 !
 ka :i* fills e limb & vessel (  ! body 
& mu/1 !re=e1 h ! same =m4  ,:5 dea?    
comes1 ! ka _s1 ! image ( ! man1 rema9s 
ne> !  body1 & ?is _s x 0 :i* 0 ! object
 ( ! rites  & (f]+s 9 ! fun]>y *apel4   
,b besides ?is ka1 x  appe>s = ! fir/ "t

 t ! k+ at any rate possesses  also a   
s\l call$ a ba4  ,9 lat] times we see t 
e man  possess$ a ba1 & we le>n t ea*   
god possess$ sev]al  ba's4  ,b x is 9 ! 
pyramid texts t we le>n = !  fir/ "t ( !
 ba ( a man1 & t man is a k+4  ,:5  dea?
 comes1 ! ba takes flight 9 ! =m ( a    
bird or  :atev] =m x wills4  ,all seems 
confus$4  ,! ka 0 ne> !  body1 ! ka 0 9 
! field ( ,e>u1 "u ! e>?  pl\gh+ & s[+2 
! ba is flutt]+ on ! bran*es (  ! tree  
on e>?1 ! ba has fl$ l a falcon to !    
heav5s1 & has be5 set z a /> among !    
/>s4  ,! dead  k+ lives ) ! gods & is f$
 by !m4  ,! goddesses give  him ! brea/4
  ,he lives 9 ! ,isl& ( ,food4  ,he     
lives 9 ,e>u1  ! ,und]world1 a l& l     
,egypt1 ) fields & canals &  flood &    
h>ve/4  ,he %>es ) ! gods 9 ! (f]+s made
  9 ! great temples on e>?4    ,x is q  
cle> t all ?is is an expression (       
dissatisfaction ) ! old belief 9 !      
simple duplicate  _w1 ! _w ( ,e>u "u !  
e>?4  ,x is notewor?y t  ?is fir/ appe>s
 9 royal tombs4  ,^! texts are writt5 = 

k+s alone4  ,x is only _m c5turies lat] 
t ! texts (  ! book ( ! dead %[$ simil> 
possibilities op5 to !  common man4     
,?is is ! usual c\rse ( all advances 9  
,egypt1--  ar*itecture1 sculpture1      
writ+1 :atev] ga9 9 skill or  k !re is1 
appe>s fir/ 9 ! s]vice ( ! royal        
family4  ,?us1 ev5 9 ! conception (     
immortality1 ! new  ideas1 ! bett]      
immortality 0 fir/ ?\ght out = !  b5efit
 ( ! k+4  ,! basis = ?is lay simply 9 ! 
life on  e>?4  ,! k+ _h come e>ly to h a
 sort ( div9ity  ascrib$ to him4  ,8    
*ief "n 0 ! ,horus "n4  ,m5es 0 !       
,horus ,aha2 ,*eops 0 ! ,horus ,mej]u2  
,pepy ,,ii 0 ! ,horus  ,net]y-khau4  ,b 
he 0 also ! son ( ,ra1 ! sun-god1 endu$ 
) life =ev]4  ,! k+ 0 a god1 & x c\ld   
only be t  9 8 future life he %>$ ! life
 ( ! gods4  ,?us1 all is  no m confus$  
or my/]i\s ?an is ! conception ( ! life 
( ! gods !mselves4    ,b ! texts g ev5  
fur!r ?an ?is & id5tify ! dead  god-man1
 :o z ,horus 0 k+ on e>?1 ) ! fa!r (    
,horus1 ! dead god ( ! e>?1 ,osiris4    

,?is id5tification (  ! dead man ) !    
dead god ,osiris 0 lat] enl>g$ to       
include all m51 & became 9 ! ,ptolemaic 
p]iod ! mo/  *>act]i/ic feature ( !     
,egyptian conception ( life aft]  dea?4 
,! ,osiris /ory z x c be piec$ toge!r f 
! pyramid  texts ,see ,a4 ,erman3 ,die  
,aegyptis*e ,religion1 p4 #ch ff4 0     
briefly ?us3 ,keb1 ! e>?-god1 & ,nut1 ! 
goddess ( !  sky1 _h f\r                
*ildr51--,osiris & ,isis1 ,se? &        
,neph?ys1--  :o 7 ?us pair$ 9 m>riage4  
,keb gave ,osiris 8 dom9ion1  ! e>?1 &  
made him ! god ( ! e>?1 & he rul$ ju/ly 
& p[]fully4  ,se?1 8 bro!r1 0 jeal\s1 & 
by trea*]y  entic$ ,osiris into a box1  
:i* he clos$ & ?rew into !  wat]4  ,isis
 s\ght = ! body ( h] husb& until %e f\nd
 x1  & ,isis & ,neph?ys1 h] si/]1 sat at
 8 head & feet &  bewail$ him4  ,re1 !  
greate/ ( ! gods1 he>d ,isis's          
compla9t2 8 he>t 0 t\*$1 & he s5t       
,anubis to bury  ,osiris4  ,anubis      
re-jo9$ 8 sep>at$ bones1 b\nd him )     
clo?s1 & prep>$ him = burial1--t is1    

mummifi$ him4  ,?is is ! =m 9 :i*       
,osiris is repres5t$1--z a mummy4  ,isis
 !n fann$ h] w+s1 & ! air f h] w+s caus$
 !  mummy to live4  ,8 life on e>?1     
h[ev]1 0 ov]1 c\ld n be  recall$1 s t 8 
new life c\ld only be pass$ 9 ! o!r  _w1
 ! _w ( ! dead4  ,"h ,osiris became k+1 
z he _h  be5 k+ on e>?4  ,b ,isis       
conceiv$ f ! dead-liv+  ,osiris1 bore a 
*ild 9 secret1 & suckl$ him1 hidd5 9 a  
swamp4  ,:5 ! *ild1 ! sun-god ,horus1   
grew up1 he f\ght  aga9/ ,se? to recov] 
8 fa!r's k+dom1 & to av5ge 8  dea?4     
,bo? gods 7 injur$ 9 ! fight4  ,horus   
lo/ an eye4  ,b ,?o? int]v5$1 sep>at$ ! 
fight]s1 & heal$ _!  w\nds4  ,?o? spat  
^u ! eye ( ,horus & x became :ole4      
,horus1 h[ev]1 gave 8 eye to ,osiris to 
eat1 & !reby ,osiris  became end[$ )    
life1 s\l1 & p[] 7i4e4 9 ! und]world74  
,b ,se? disput$ ! legitimacy ( ! bir? ( 
,horus1 & !  great gods held a c\rt 9 ! 
h\se ( ,keb4  ,9 ?is c\rt1  ju/ice 0    
done1 ! tru? ( ,horus's claims 0        
e/abli%$1  & he 0 plac$ on ! ?rone ( 8  

fa!r4 ,osiris became  ! rul] 9 ! l& ( ! 
dead1 ,horus 9 ! l& ( !  liv+4    ,!    
k]nel ( ! /ory appe>s to be ?is3 ,osiris
 is ! god (  ! e>?1 & 8 life is ! life (
 ! vegetation1 dy+ &  reviv+ ) ! c\rse (
 ! seasons1 m\rn$ by 8 wife ,isis  &    
succe$$ by 8 son ,horus1 ! sun-god4  ,x 
is app>5tly a  =m ( ! common ,tammuz or 
,adonis /ory ( ! ,semites4  ,?is  fact  
br+s ) x a sugge/ion :i* requires       
consid]ation4    ,! racial connection ( 
! ,egyptians may seem to h little to  d 
) immortality4  ,b ,i beg a mom5t's     
consid]ation4  ,! two  great dom9at+    
ideas ( immortality are ^? held by !    
,*ri/ians & by ! ,mohamm$ans1 & ^! are  
ess5tially !  same idea4  ,bo? ^!       
religions are creations ( ! ,semitic    
race4  ,x is1 !re=e1 decid$ly (         
importance to f9d t !  ,egyptian race1 !
 creator ( a ?ird great religion1 has   
also a  l>ge ,semitic /ra94  ,9 fact1 ! 
inve/igations ( ! la/ t5  ye>s appe> to 
%[ t ?is ,semitic /ra9 x 0 :i* gave  !  
,egyptian race its creative p[] & made  

possible !  developm5t ( ! ,egyptian    
civilization4    ,! ,egyptian language  
furni%es u ) indisputable pro( ( !      
,semitic aff9ity1 z ,pr(essor ,adolf    
,erman %[$ ye>s ago4  ,!  anatomical    
exam9ation by ,pr(essor ,elliot ,smi? ( 
a l>ge  numb] ( skeletons1 dat$ by      
c>eful excavations1 has giv5 u a  fur!r 
clue4  ,!re is a prehi/oric race f\nd 9 
! e>lie/  cemet]ies--nei!r ,negroid nor 
,asiatic 9 *>act]i/ics4  ,9  ! late     
pr$yna/ic & ! e>ly dyna/ic p]iods1 :5 ! 
great developm5t began1 ?is primitive   
race _h become modifi$  by an           
infiltration ( broad-head$ p f ! nor?4  
,9 !  ,old ,empire1 ?is broad-head$ p _h
 become pr$om9ant1 &  rema9 s ?r\gh\t   
all ,l[] & ,middle ,egypt until ! pres5t
  day4  ,?is intrud+ race1 ^: adv5t m>ks
 ! beg9n+ (  ,egyptian civilization1 ,i 
believe to h be5 ,semitic4    ,rememb]  
?is--! texts %[ cle>ly old] ideas 9     
conflict  ) ! ,osiris belief4  ,!       
primitive race 0 n1 ,i believe1 a  race 
( ,osiris foll[]s4  ,pr(essor ,erman has

 /at$ t !  ,osiris belief is z e>ly z   
#dbjj ,b4,c4  ,t ,i am c]ta9 is         
absolutely unt5able4  ,x is a "q (      
,egyptian *ronology 9  :i* ,i beg to    
diff] radically bo? f ,edu>d ,mey] &    
,pr(essor ,erman4  ,9 ! =mal cal5d> ye> 
( ?ree hundr$ &  sixty-five days1 !re   
are twelve mon?s ( ?irty days & five    
int]cal>y days4  ,^! int]cal>y days are 
call$ ! bir?days  ( ,osiris1 ,horus1    
,se?1 ,isis1 & ,neph?ys--! five mo/     
important figures 9 ! ,osiris my?4      
,accord+ to ,pr(essor  ,mey] & ,pr(essor
 ,erman1 ?is =mal cal5d> 0 introduc$ 9  
#dbjj ,b4,c41 "o ( ! occasions :5 !     
heliacal ris+ ( !  /> ,so?is fell on !  
fir/ ( ! mon? ,?o? ( ! cal5d>4  ,h[ev]1 
if we accept ) !m ! date #ccjj ,b4,c4 z 
! date (  ! ,fir/ dyna/y1 !n 9 #dbjj    
,b4,c4 ! ,egyptians 7 j  em]g+ f a      
neoli?ic /ate4  ,!y 7 culturally        
incapable  ( mak+ a =mal cal5d> & c\ld h
 no possible use =  "o4  ,ei!r ! cal5d> 
did n orig9ate 9 ,egypt1 or x 0         
introduc$ 9 #bghj ,b4,c41 :5 aga9 !     

heliacal ris+ ,so?is  fell on ! fir/ (  
,?o?4  ,at ?is "t ! ,osiris /ory 0      
dom9ant1 9 ! religion4  ,we h a race    
almo/ c]ta9ly  ,semitic1 fus+ !         
primitive race dur+ ! p]iod #cejj-cjjj1 
& a few c5turies lat] we h a new        
religi\s idea dom9at+  ! fus$ race4  ,:5
 we exam9e ?is new idea1 ! ,osiris      
belief1  we f9d its e>lie/ =m no?+ m nor
 less ?an ! common  tammuz or ,adonis   
/ory ( ! ,semites4  ,! conclusion lies v
  ne> at h&1 t ! ,osiris /ory is 9 fact 
! ,tammuz /ory1  br\ght into ,egypt by !
 e>lie/ ,semitic tribes4  ,9 any case x 
0 a race ) a l>ge ,semitic mixture :i*  
utiliz$ ?is /ory  9 work+ out a !ory (  
immortality2 & 9 all probability we  h 9
 ! ,osiris-,isis religion a ?ird great  
religion due to  ! ,semitic race4       
,h[ev] ?is may be1 x is cle> t ! crav+ (
 ! k+ =  a special immortality1 = an    
exalt$ future life1 f\nd its            
ju/ification ?r\gh ! ,osiris-,isis my?4 
,horus 0 !  successor ( ,osiris z "l ( !
 e>? & ! liv+4  ,!  k+s ( ,egypt 7 !    

successors ( ,horus4  ,! *ief "n (  ! k+
 0 8 ,horus "n2 ,m5es 0 ! ,horus ,aha1  
,*eops !  ,horus ,mej]u4  ,:5 ! k+ di$1 
he became ,osiris1 & pass$ to  ! k+dom (
 ,osiris4  ,he pass$ ?r\gh ! und]world )
 !  sun-god1 abode !re z ,osiris1 !     
god-k+1 or sp$ to !  heav5s to !        
cele/ial gods4  ,?us comes ! ent]+ w$ge 
( a great *ange 9 ! conception (        
immortality--an ord9>y  immortality = ! 
common man1 a special div9e immortality 
= ! div9e man1 ! k+4  ,x appe>s probable
 t !  deification ( ! k+ & ! assumption 
( a div9e immortality  = him 0 prior 9  
"t to ! /atem5t ( ^! beliefs 9  ! t]ms (
 ! ,osiris /ory4  ,ev5 at ?is e>ly age1 
x  01 ( c\rse1 cle>ly /at$ t ! k+ mu/ be
 righte\s1  morally satisfactory 9 !    
eyes ( ! _w & ( ! gods4  ,! gods1 z     
always1 7 on ! side ( ! moral code1 &   
especially on ! side ( ! organiz$       
religion4  ,x is  p]haps significant t !
 *ief s9s ( ! k+s ( !  ,f\r? dyna/y1 s  
execrat$ by ! ,egyptian prie/s 9 !      
,ptolemaic p]iod1 7 s9s aga9/ ! great   

gods4  ,! o!r  *>ges are = ! mo/ "p     
pla9ly sl&]s4  ,9 practice e  k+ ^:     
family rema9$ 9 p[] 0 ju/ifi$ be=e gods 
&  m51 & took 8 place among ! gods 9 !  
isl&s ( !  bless$ 9 ! nor!rn "p ( !     
heav5s4    ,! dead body 0 laid 9 !      
grave1 suppli$ ) all ^!  magic texts :i*
 7 to re/ore & revive ! s\l & guide  x  
across wat]s & ?r\gh dang]s to ! place (
 ,osiris4  ,b  ! *apel 0 n want+1 ! cult
 ( ! ka 0 ma9ta9$1  ! /atues 7 plac$ 9 !
 hidd5 room1 ! food & dr9k  7 br\ght    
daily to ! door ( ! grave4  ,?us1 :ile a
  special immortality 0 evolv$ = ! k+1 !
 fun]al cu/oms  cont9ue to %[ ! same    
s]vice ( ! ka z 9 ! e>li]  p]iod4    ,9 
! ,six? ,dyna/y1 !re is a return to !   
old] practice (  plac+ objects 9 ! grave
 itself4  ,at pres5t we are unable to   
po9t out ! reasons = ?is4  ,possibly    
exp]i5ce _h taught  m5 t end[m5ts &     
crav$ walls left to ! c>e (  desc5dants 
7 insecure supports = a life aft] dea?  
:i*  0 to la/ =ev]4  ,at any rate1 !    
cu/om arose ( mak+  small models 9 wood 

or /one or metal ( ^? sc5es &  objects  
:i* 7 c>v$ 9 relief on ! walls ( !      
*apel1  --models ( h\ses1 gran>ies1 (   
kit*5s1 ( bricky>ds2  models ( h]ds &   
s]vants & soldi]s2 models ( boats &     
%ips2 models ( dance-halls ) ! man seat$
 dr9k+ w9e1  ar\nd him musicians1 be=e  
him danc+ girls2 models ( swords1  (    
vessels1 ( implem5ts4  ,poor] p mu/ be  
cont5t$ )  poor] ?+s1 d[n to ! peasant  
:o is buri$ ) ! few  little necess>y    
pots & pans ( 8 daily life4  ,b always1 
9  e grave1 ! *apel1 small or great1 is 
!re4  ,! end[m5t  ( fun]>y prie/s       
cont9ues4  ,e man1 ,i suppose1 h[ev]    
poor1 _h "s "o to make at lea/ "o (f]+  
at 8 grave4  ,& s x 0 d[n to ! ,new     
,empire4          ,,vi4 ,,! ,,middle    
,,empire      ,dur+ ! ,middle ,empire1 !
 burial & (f]+ cu/oms %[  ! p]si/5ce ( !
 old belief 9 life aft] dea? z on  e>?4 
,pots1 vessels1 tools1 weapons1         
ornam5ts1 clo?+1 &  models ( sc5es f    
life1 cont9ue to be plac$ 9 ! burial    
*amb]4  ,! walls ( ! (f]+ *amb]s ( !    

nobles1 at  ?is "t cut 9 ! rock1 /ill   
be> repres5tations f life  c>v$ 9       
relief4  ,! symbolical doors & ! (f]+   
=mulas  /ill m>k ! spot :]e ! dead      
receive ! necessities (  life f ! liv+4 
,all graves ( e class te/ify to !  fai? 
9 a life aft] dea? simil> to life on    
e>?4  ,yet c]ta9  modifications are     
app>5t :i* are significant = ! future   
developm5t ( ! conception ( immortality3
 7#a7 ! pyramid  texts are us$ by !     
prov9cial nobles = _! own b5efit2  7#b7 
,abydos assumes a great importance z !  
burial place (  ,osiris2 7#c7 ! swa!d   
mummy comes into g5]al use 9 burials4   
,! fir/ id5tification ( ! k+ ) ,osiris 9
 ! pyramid  texts m>ks ! conception ( a 
bett] immortality = him4  ,s1  z !      
possibility ( a bett] immortality 0     
claim$ by wid]  & wid] circles ( m51 !  
use ( ! pyramid texts1 or  simil> texts1
 also became wid]4  ,9 ! ,middle        
,empire1 texts  practically id5tical ) !
 pyramid texts1 b furni%$ )             
illu/rations some:at l ^? ( ! lat] books

 ( ! dead1  are f\nd 9 ! c(f9s (        
prov9cial nobles4    ,! p[] ( ! mon>*y  
_h be5 weak5+ dur+ ! ,fif? &  ,six?     
,dyna/ies1 p>tly ow+ to ! dissipation ( 
national  res\rces by royal             
extravagance1 p>tly ow+ to o!r causes4  
,aft] ! ,six? ,dyna/y1 ! c\ntry 0 cle>ly
 9 a p]iod (  economic depression2 & !  
gov]nm5t 0 brok5 up into a  s]ies (     
ne>ly indep5d5t b>onies correspond+     
r\ghly to  ! lat] division into prov9ces
 or nomes4  ,our mat]ial is  scanty4  ,!
 tombs ( v few great m5 h be5 f\nd4  ,b 
:5  9 ! ,twelf? ,dyna/y an abundance (  
mat]ial is at h&1 we  see1 alongside !  
old =ms ( ! burial cu/oms1 ! use (  !   
pyramid texts on ! inside walls ( !     
c(f9s ( ! great  man4  ,x 0 n[ possible 
= ! ba ( ! great l&$ noble  to seek     
refuge ) ! gods 9 ! nor?we/ heav5s & %>e
  _! life4    ,! increas+ importance (  
,abydos z ! burial place ( ,osiris  is (
 /ill great] significance4  ,! tomb ( a 
k+ ( ! ,fir/  ,dyna/y 0 id5tifi$ by !   
prie/s z ! actual burial place  (       

,osiris4  ,_m great p made graves =     
!mselves 9 !  same field2 or1 if !y liv$
 at a di/ance1 built empty  c5otaphs    
!re4  ,a great temple ( ,osiris /ood ne>
 by1 &  became ! c5tre ( ! celebration (
 my/]ies illu/rat+  ! dea? & revival (  
,osiris4  ,=tunately1 a c]ta9 high      
(ficial nam$ ,i-kh]-n(ret has left u an 
acc\nt ( ! ,osiris  passion-play z p]=m$
 "u 8 ov]sight 9 ! n9ete5?  ye> (       
,seso/ris ,,iii1 ne>ly two ?\s& ye>s    
be=e ,*ri/  ,see ,s*af]'s article1 ,die 
,osiris-my/]i51 9 ,se!'s  ,unt]su*ung5  
zur ,ge%i*te ,aegypt5s1 ,,iv1 #b1 pp    
#a-db44  ,!  play began by ! procession 
( ! /atue ( ! jackal-god  ,wep-wawet 7! 
road-op5]7 go+ =? to help 8 fa!r        
,osiris4  ,!n ! /atue ( ,osiris himself 
9 ! ,ne%emet boat  came =? z triumphant 
k+ ( ! e>?4  ,%am battles took  place   
ref]r+ to ! conque/ ( ! e>? by ,osiris4 
,^!  processions 7 only introductory4   
,! pr9cipal procession took  place on ! 
foll[+ day 7or days71 :5 ,osiris w5t =? 
to  8 dea? at ,n$it4  ,! actual dea?    

sc5e c]ta9ly took place  9 secret4  ,b  
:5 ! dead body 0 f\nd1 ! multitude jo9$ 
9 ! wail+ & ! lam5tations4  ,! god ,?o? 
w5t =? 9  a boat & br\ght back ! body ( 
,osiris4  ,! body 0 prep>$  = burial &  
tak5 9 fun]al procession to ! grave at  
,pek]4  ,osiris 0 av5g$ on 8 enemies 9 a
 great battle on ! wat]  at ,n$it4      
,f9ally1 ! god1 8 life reviv$1 comes f  
,pek] 9  triumphant procession & ent]s 8
 temple at ,abydos4    ,osiris my/]ies 7
 celebrat$ at o!r places1 at lea/ 9     
lat] times & p]haps ev5 9 ! ,middle     
,empire2 b x is n  easy to disc]n ! "p  
^! my/]ies play$ 9 ! ,middle  ,empire 9 
! beliefs ( ! common p reg>d+ _!        
immortality4  ,! ,osiris /ory 0 "o ( !  
mo/ widespread 9  ,egypt1 &1 p[]ful 9   
its effect on ! feel+s ( all  classes1 0
 c]ta91 soon] or lat]1 to prep>e ! way =
 a  g5]al belief 9 a bett] immortality2 
b if we may judge f  ! burial cu/oms1 ! 
great mass ( ! p /ill believ$  m]ely 9  
an und]world1 ,e>u1 a duplicate ( !     
e>?ly life1  b ) great] possibilities ( 

dang] & evil4    ,dur+ ! c\rse (        
,egyptian hi/ory ! position 9 :i* !     
body is buri$ und]goes a s]ies (        
rem>kable *anges4  ,dur+  ! e>ly        
pre-dyna/ic p]iod1 ! body1 loosely      
enfold$ 9  clo?s & sk9s1 is laid 9 !    
grave d\ble up on ! left  side1 usually 
) ! head s\? 7i4e4 up/ream74  ,?is      
position becomes ! cu/om1 ) v few       
exceptions1 dur+ !  late pr$yna/ic p]iod
 & ! fir/ ?ree dyna/ies4  ,?r\gh\t  !   
,f\r? to ,six? ,dyna/ies1 ! body 0 9 !  
same position1  b ) ! head nor?1 loosely
 cov]$ ) %awls &  g>m5ts4  ,! cr\*+     
position1 ) "s slight modifications1    
cont9ues to be us$ = ! poore/ class d[n 
to ! ,new  ,empire4 ,among ! ,nubians1 x
 is univ]sal to ! ,new ,empire &        
cu/om>y ev5 lat] 9 unmix$ ,nubian       
communities4  ,! swa!d  ext5d$ burials  
beg9 9 ,egypt 9 ! ,f\r? ,dyna/y1 s f> z 
rema9s are pres]v$4  ,"s memb]s ( !     
royal family ( ,*eops  7 buri$ 9 swa!d  
wrapp+1 ly+ ext5d$ on ! left side  ) !  
knees b5t4  ,dur+ ! ,fif? & ,six?       

,dyna/ies ?is  ext5d$ position on ! side
 becomes cu/om>y = ! bett]  classes2 &  
dur+ ! ,middle ,empire x becomes almo/  
univ]sal4    ,! f9al burial position1 ! 
swa!d mummy ly+ ext5d$ on  ! back1 does 
n become g5]al until ! ,new ,empire1    
ab\t  #afjj ,b4,c4 al?\gh x is !        
position hi!rto reg>d$ z !  *>act]i/ic  
,egyptian burial position4  ,a few      
isolat$ cases1  "s ( !m p]haps          
accid5tal1 occur z e>ly z ! ,old        
,empire2 b 9 ! ,new ,empire ! ext5d$    
burial on ! back is  practically ! only 
"o to be obs]v$4  ,9 o!r words1  beg9n+ 
9 ! pr$yna/ic p]iod ) a burial position 
:i*  may be call$ natural & primitive1 !
 ,egyptian gradually  adopt$ a position 
:i* imitat$ ! =m ( ! dead ,osiris1  !   
god ( ! dead4  ,ea* new *ange is fir/   
adopt$ by !  royal family1 & is tak5 up 
by ! o!r classes 9 turn until  x becomes
 univ]sal4  ,9 ! f9al =m1 ! mummy 0 a   
simulacrum ( ! dead z ,osiris4          
,alongside ^! *anges 9 ! burial position
 progress$ ! art  ( pres]v+ ! body4  ,! 

e>lie/ attempts 7 made on !  body ( !   
k+2 & ! k ( embalm+ ga9$ 9  pres]v+ 8   
body 0 gradually utiliz$ = ! high]      
classes  & f9ally = all b ! poore/4  ,x 
seems indisputable t  ! royal p]sonages 
( ! ,f\r? & ,six? ,dyna/ies 7           
mummifi$--i4e41 ! entrails 7 drawn1 !   
body prep>$  ) spices & res9s & wrapp$  
tightly 9 clo?s sme>$ )  res94  ,b !    
mummies ( ! nobles1 ev5 ( ?is p]iod1 %[ 
no trace ( su* treatm5t4  ,! receptacles
 = ! visc]a are  sometimes f\nd 9 _!    
graves 9 ! ,six? ,dyna/y1 b are1 z  a   
rule1 empty1 be+ m]e dummy vases4  ,ev5 
9 ! ,middle ,empire1  ! pres]vation ( ! 
bodies ( ! bett] classes 0  extremely   
imp]fect4  ,! bundles ( wrapp+s h kept  
_!  =m to ! pres5t day & x seems z if ! 
mummy 7 /ill  intact2 b an exam9ation ( 
! int]ior %[s only loose  bones4        
,successful mummification appe>s among  
bett]-class p  9 ! ,new ,empire = ! fir/
 "t & becomes a g5]al cu/om  9 ! ,late  
,p]iod4  ,! processes ( successful      
mummification  necessitat$ ! practical  

de/ruction ( ! body4    ,9 ! ,middle    
,empire1 :i* is ! p]iod "u discussion1 !
  process ( mummification _h rea*$ a    
middle /age1 &1 :ile  we are unable to  
expla9 exactly ! causal relation%ip1 x  
is  cle> t ?is advance 9 ! treatm5t ( ! 
body accompani$  a spread ( ! belief 9 !
 ,osirian immortality4          ,,vii4  
,,! ,,new ,,empire      ,! ,new ,empire 
7#afjj-abjj ,b4,c47 0 ! great p]iod (   
=eign  conque/4  ,! ,hyksos1 ,asiatic   
invad]s1 _h held ,egypt = a  c5tury or  
m4  ,! ,!ban pr9ces :o drove !m out     
became  k+s ( ,egypt1 & foll[$ !m into  
,asia4  ,) an army tra9$  9 w> by ! long
 /ruggle ) ! ,hyksos1 ! ,egyptian k+s1  
hav+ ta/$ ! sweetness ( ! spoils ( w>1  
ent]$ on !  conque/ ( we/]n ,asia & !   
,sudan4  ,! plund] ( bo? ^!  regions    
p\r$ into ,egypt4  ,"u ,?o?mes ,,iii an 
annual campaign  0 conduct$ into ,syria 
to br+ back ! spoils & !  tribute4      
,=eign slaves & ! products ( =eign      
h&icraft  7 = sale 9 e m>ket-place4  ,! 
treasury 0 fill$ to  ov]fl[+4  ,a l>ge  

%>e 0 assign$ to ,amon1 ! god ( !  ,!ban
 family4  ,temples 7 built = him2 e/ates
 e/abli%$  = ! ma9t5ance ( 8 rites2     
?\s&s ( prie/s enroll$  = ! s]vice ( 8  
prop]ties4  ,! god became1 9 a mat]ial  
s5se1 ! greate/ god ( ,egypt1 ! national
 god2 & 8  prie/hood became ! mo/ p[]ful
 organization 9 ! k+dom4  ,! high prie/ 
( ,amon usurp$ ! p[] ( ! k+ & f9ally    
supplant$ him4  ,su* 0 ! p]iod 9 :i* !  
next great  developm5t ( ! ,egyptian    
idea ( immortality is to be not$--  a   
p]iod ( prie/ly activity 9 ! beg9n+ & ( 
prie/ly  dom9ation 9 ! end4    ,! prie/s
 are ! scribes1 ! m5 ( le>n+4  ,!y h !  
lore ( all magic1 m$ic9e1 rules (       
conduct1 religi\s rites4  ,x is n m]e   
*ance1 !re=e1 t ! ,new ,empire 0 m>k$   
by a great increase ( magic 9 all its   
=ms--texts &  symbolic objects--& by a  
great developm5t 9 ! k  ( ! o!r _w4  ,9 
"s ( ! texts ! geography ( !  und]world1
 9 :i* ,osiris is k+1 is work$ out 9    
great  detail4  ,:5 ! sun sets 9 ! we/1 
,ra 9 8 boat ent]s !  und]world & passes

 ?r\gh x dur+ ! twelve h\rs ( !  night1 
br++ light & happ9ess to ^? :o are 9 !  
und]world4  ,9 ! ef=t to secure ! tomb  
aga9/ plund]+1  ! royal graves _h be5   
cut 9 ! solid rock1--long &  complicat$ 
passages ) false leads & deceptive turns
 & !  burial *amb] 9 an unexpect$ place4
  ,! long walls ( ^!  rooms pres5t$ a   
great surface suitable to decoration1 & 
!y  7 utiliz$ to depict sc5es f !       
und]world & !  passage ( ,ra ?r\gh x1 s 
t ! tombs became 9 fact  repres5tations 
( ! l& ( ! dead1 & 7 s consid]$4  ,^!   
royal tombs 7 at a di/ance f ! cultivat$
 l&1  hidd5 9 valleys 9 ! des]t4  ,_!   
fun]>y temples 7  built on ! edge ( !   
des]t beside ! temples ( ! gods (  !    
place4    ,su* fanta/ical recon/ructions
 ( ! o!r _w1 h[ev]1  nev] f\nd g5]al    
favor & are conf9$ to a few royal tombs4
  ,! prie/s & o!r prom95t p h rolls (   
papyrus  buri$ ) !m1 be>+ copies ( books
 ( ! dead4  ,^!  books ( ! dead are made
 up ( a s]ies ( *apt]s1 ea*  complete 9 
itself & ea* deal+ ) "s phase ( ! future

  life4  ,!re is no set ord] ( *apt]s4  
,!re is no fix$ numb]  ( *apt]s4  ,ea*  
scribe seems to h select$ ! *apt]s  :i* 
he consid]$ useful4  ,! g5]al title is3 
,*apt]s ( !  go+ =? by day4  ,! g5]al "*
 may be giv5 by a  p>agraph atta*$ to "o
 ( ! *apt]s 9 ! ,book ( ,ani !  ,scribe 
,edit$ by ,e4 ,a4 ,w4 ,budge1 p4 #bf3   
,if ?is book be kn[n  on e>? & writt5 on
 ! c(f91 x is my m\?4  ,he %all come  =?
 by day 9 any =m he desires & he %all g 
into 8  place )\t be+ prev5t$4  ,!re    
%all be giv5 to him bread  & be] & meat 
^u ! alt> ( ,osiris4  ,he %all ent] 91 9
  peace1 to ! field ( ,e>u accord+ to   
?is decree ( ! "o  :o is 9 ! ,city (    
,d$u4  ,!re %all be giv5 to him :eat &  
b>ley !re4  ,he %all fl\ri% z he did ^u 
e>?4  ,he %all d  8 desires l ^! n9e    
,gods :o are 9 ! und]world1 z  f\nd true
 millions ( times4  ,he is ! ,osiris3 ! 
,scribe ,ani4    ,!re are *apt]s to     
ov]come all ! evil :i* a s\l may        
enc\nt]2 !re are words to greet all !   
gods :om ! s\l  desires to visit4  ,!   

,scribe ,ani _h an exceptional position 
on  e>?2 he desires to d 8 desire 9 !   
o!r _w2 & 9 !  names ( ,osiris he       
recites ! magic words t br+ him !  p[]4 
,he is ,ani1 b he calls himself ,osiris2
 j z !  prie/ly doctor mixes 8 dose (   
m$ic9e & calls x ! eye  ( ,horus te/$ & 
f\nd true4    ,9 addition to magical    
texts1 !re are also magical1 or         
symbolic1 objects plac$ 9 !             
graves1--amulets ( v>i\s  k9ds :i* 7 to 
be us$ 9 ! o!r _w4  ,"s ( ^!  7 simply !
 amulets us$ 9 daily life to gu>d aga9/ 
sickness1 bite ( snake1 & o!r e>?ly     
evils :i* 7 also  incid5t to ! life aft]
 dea?4  ,o!r amulets1 l !  s-call$      
,u%abtiu1 7 to meet special conditions (
 !  o!r _w4  ,^! ,u%abtiu1 or answ]]s1 7
 little images  ( workm5 be>+           
agricultural implem5ts ^: duty x 0 to   
take ! place ( ! dead 9 ! fields ( ,e>u 
:5 ,osiris z  k+ call$ him to d 8 %>e ( 
! field "w4  ,ev5 ! k+  appe>s liable to
 ?is s]vice1 & = him ?\s&s ( ^!  figures
 7 made1--sometimes label$ ea* ) ! day (

 !  ye>4  ,9 a few cases !re 0 ev5 a *>m
 writt5 on ! figure  to prev5t x he>+ ! 
comm& ( any "o b its ma/]4    ,alongside
 ^! manifold manife/ations ( ! belief 9 
magic1  o!r furniture--implem5ts1       
weapons1 & ut5sils--are /ill  plac$ 9 ! 
grave4  ,! (f]+ places are /ill ma9ta9$4
  ,all burials are n[ ext5d$ on ! back &
 wrapp$ 9 b&ages4  ,yet ! common graves 
lack ! receptacles = ! visc]a1 lack     
magical texts1 lack u%abtiu1 &--9 a     
^w--lack all ^?  ?+s :i* are typical ( !
 bett]-class graves ( !  p]iod4  ,!     
conception ( ! future life among !      
common p  is app>5tly n ess5tially      
diff]5t f t ( ! ,old  ,empire4  ,b !    
books ( ! dead & ! (f]+ =mulas %[  t !  
prie/s & high (ficials at dea? 7 call$  
,osiris4    ,by ! end ( ! ,late ,p]iod !
 ,osiris cult ( ! dead _h  come to be   
univ]sal4  ,no d\bt political ev5ts _h  
mu* to d  ) ?is4  ,! absorption ( ! p[]s
 ( ! k+ by !  prie/hood ( ! national god
 ,amon-,ra1 ! cru%+ ( !  nobility by a  
succession ( =eign invad]s1 & ! g5]al   

unc]ta9ty ( life1 _h di/urb$ ! old fix$ 
relations4  ,!  hope ( e ,egyptian turn$
 to a glorifi$ future life z  ,osiris4  
,! t5d5cy to use magical texts &        
symbolic objects rea*$  its height4     
,ab\t #gjj ,b4,c4 a revival ( national  
life1 br\ght  ab\t by ! e/abli%m5t ( !  
,egyptian k+s ( ,sais z k+s  ( ,egypt1  
l$ to a r5aissance ( ,egyptian art4  ,! 
old monum5ts  7 copi$ & imitat$1 ! old  
fun]>y texts & (f]+  =mulas 7 s\ght out 
9 ! old] graves4  ,ev5 ! pyramid  texts 
reappe> aft] "o ?\s& ye>s ( practical   
oblivion4  ,! value ( ma/] words 0 s    
firmly fix$ 9 ! ,egyptian  m9d t        
misund]/ood texts ( all sorts 7 copi$   
out &  plac$ 9 ! graves to secure to !  
dead "s vague b5efit 9  ! o!r _w4    ,! 
process ( mummification 0 at its height4
  ,! bodies 7  no long] pres]v$4  ,!    
process 0 m]ely ! creation ( a          
simulacrum ( ! dead ,osiris ,s-&-,s4    
,all ! p]i%able p>ts  ( ! body 7 remov$ 
or de/roy$ by *emicals4  ,only !  sk91  
bones1 hair1 & tee? rema9$ to be padd$ )

 mud &  res91 wrapp$ 9 clo?s1 cov]$ ) a 
pa9t$ & gild$  c>tonnage to repres5t !  
glorifi$ ,osiris mummy4          ,,viii4
 ,,! ,,ptolemaic-,,roman ,,p]iod      ,9
 ! ,ptolemaic-,roman p]iod we see ! f9al
 /age ( !  ,osiris cult4  ,e dead man is
 laid 9 8 grave )\t  furniture1 prep>$ z
 a simulacrum ( ,osiris4  ,! weal?ie/  p
 h gild$ & pa9t$ mummy cases ) amulets &
  fun]>y papyrus4  ,! poor] are m]ely   
bundles ( wrapp+s4  ,e dead man is      
,osiris1 & no d\bt c>ri$ ) him words    
le>n$ on e>? to ga9 8 way to a place 9 !
 k+dom (  ,osiris4  ,! (f]+ places above
 ! grave are /ill made &  (f]+s are /ill
 br\ght4    ,to ga9 "s idea ( ! way 9   
:i* ^! two conceptions (  ! liv+ dead 7 
work$ out 9 actual life1 "o has only to 
turn to ! fun]>y cu/oms ( ! mod]n       
,egyptians4  ,9 ! case  ( bo? ,*ri/ians 
& ,moslems1 ! grave rites are simil>2 b 
) ^? ( ! ,moslems ,i am m famili>4  ,!  
grave consi/s  /ill ( ! two p>ts1 !     
bury+ place & ! (f]+ place4  ,! swa!d   
body is laid on ! "r side1 ) ! "r h&  "u

 ! *eek & ! face t[>ds ,mecca4  ,at !   
burial !  confession ( ! fai? is recit$ 
ov] & ov]1 le/ ! dead  =get x4          
,korans are sometimes plac$ 9 ! graves2 
& ,i h ev5 se5 a  confession ( ! fai?   
writt5 on pap] & plac$ on a twig  be=e !
 face ( ! dead4  ,at ! appo9t$ seasons--
  especially at ! great ,fea/ (         
,sacrifice--(f]+s are  br\ght to !      
grave4  ,! family p>ty passes ?r\gh !   
cemet]y1 ! wom5 be>+ baskets ( bread &  
bottles (  wat]1 ! m5 turn+ ! head to ! 
"r & to ! left &  recit+ ! fa?a 9       
propitiation ( ! spirits4  ,! p>ty      
ent]s ! (f]+ inclosure ( ! grave ( _!   
relative4  ,!  wives greet !            
dead--,peace unto !e1 oh1 my husb&1 oh1 
my  fa!r1 we h wept until we h wat]$ !  
e>? ) our  te>s on ?y acc\nt4 ,! (f]+s  
are laid be=e ! tomb4  ,a  scribe is    
call$ & recites or reads "s *apt] ( !   
,koran  ov] & ov]1 "o hundr$1 "o hundr$ 
& fifty1 five hundr$1  "o ?\s& times1 & 
concludes3 ,i h read ?is = !e1  oh1 su* 
& su* a "o4 ,or1 ,i h transf]r$ ! m]it (

  ?is to !e4 ,:5 y "q ^! p z to !       
p>ticul>s ( _! belief1 y f9d _! ideas   
vague &  indef9ite4  ,among ! m5 a      
dispute quickly />ts1--! p  :o h be5    
f\nd good by ! exam9+ angels on ! night 
(  ! burial are !re1 b ! bad are some:]e
 else4  ,no1 says  ano!r1 !y are all 9  
_! graves1 b ! bad suff]  torm5t4  ,/ill
 ano!r ma9ta9s t ! good h already  pass$
 to ! l[e/ heav54  ,^! are all m]e      
remnants (  !ological discussions caught
 f ! %eikhs4  ,! wom5  /olidly ma9ta9 t 
! dead are 9 _! tombs & !  (f]+s mu/ be 
br\ght4  ,:5 y inquire :i* are ! good  &
 :i* are ! bad1 !re is aga9 a great     
div]g5ce (  op9ion2 b x is cle> t e man 
believes 9 8 he>t  t a k ( ! pray]s &   
=ms ( ! ,moslem religion  is absolutely 
ess5tial & entirely suffici5t to ga9 a  
desirable future life4  ,! great ma/] ^w
 is ! confession (  fai?--!re is no god 
b ,allah & ,mohamm$ is 8 prophet4    ,s 
x mu/ h be5 9 ! la/ /age ( ! ,osiris    
cult4  ,immortality1 a glorifi$ future  
exi/5ce z an ,osiris 9 !  k+dom (       

,osiris1 ) all ! pleasures & com=ts (   
life1  0 secur$ to him :o 0 buri$ ) !   
prop] rites & knew  ! magic words4  ,&  
yet ! old feel+ 0 nev] lo/ t !  dead 0  
someh[ 9 ! grave & might suff] hung] &  
?ir/4    ,:5 ,*ri/ianity came into      
,egypt1 all ! gaudy app>atus ( !        
,osiris religion 0 swept out ( exi/5ce4 
,! body 0 to rise  aga9 & might n be    
mutilat$4  ,mummification1 :i* de/roy$  
! body 9 ord] to pres]ve a conv5tional  
simulacrum1 ceas$  abruptly4  ,grave    
furniture 0 ( c\rse un?9kable4  ,b ! use
  ( *>ms did n cease4  ,crosses 7       
embroid]$ 9 !  graveclo?s2 or small     
crosses ( metal or wood plac$ on !      
brea/ or arm2 ! grave/one bore a simple 
pray] to ! ,holy  ,_s = ! peaceful re/ (
 ! s\l4  ,b ! (f]+ place  0 /ill        
ma9ta9$2 pray]s 7 recit$ on ! fea/ days2
  lamps 7 all[$ to rema9 at ! grave2    
food 0 br\ght1 b  giv5 to ! poor4    ,9 
all p]iods !re are ?\s&s ( graves ( poor
 p  )\t a s+le ?+ to secure _! future   
life1--p :o  7 probably cont5t simply to

 lay d[n ! burd5s ( life4  ,9  !        
,*ri/ian p]iod ^! ?\s&s ( unnam$ dead   
all h "o  m>k4  ,!y are laid ) _! feet  
to ! ea/4  ,ea* "o 0 a  ,*ri/ian &      
secure 9 8 future life1 accord+ to 8    
fai?  & 8 life on e>?4          ,,ix4   
,,summ>y      ,to sum up1 ! ess5tial    
idea ( ! ,egyptian conception (         
immortality 0 t ! gho/ or _s ( ! man    
pres]v$ !  p]sonality & ! =m ( ! man 9 !
 exi/5ce aft] dea?2  t ?is _s _h ! same 
desires1 ! same pleasures1 !  same      
necessities1 & ! same fe>s z on e>?4    
,life aft]  dea? 0 a duplicate ( life on
 e>?4  ,on e>? life dep5d$ on  "w1 on   
gett+ food f ! fields & ! h]ds1 on =m+  
/one & metal1 hide & vegetable fibre1   
into useful objects4  ,9 o!r words1 life
 dep5d$ on human p[] ov] ! natural      
mat]ials ( ! e>?4  ,at ! same "t !re 7  
_m ?+s  :i* c\ld n be controll$ by p[]  
ov] ! e>? & its  elem5ts1--! /+ ( !     
scorpion1 ! bite ( ! add]1  ! rise ( !  
,nile1 sickness1 ! sudd5 onslaught ( !  
enemy1 ! /ray+ ( cattle1 ! disfavor ( ! 

god4  ,= ^!  evils man's only hope 0    
magic1--! set words spok5 9 !  prop]    
mann] :i* h p[] ov] all unse5 influ5ce4 
,s 9  ! case ( life aft] dea?1 all :i*  
human /r5g? c  provide ( /ores ( gra9 & 
dr9k & g>m5ts mu/ be secur$  = 8 use2 b 
he mu/ also be provid$ ) ! magic words  
to  meet ! *ance evils ( ! future life4 
,x is n surpris+ t ! unkn[n future      
pres5t$ to !  imag9ation _m evils unkn[n
 on e>?4  ,! _s might =get  its "n1 x   
might lose its he>t1 x might be b\nd fa/
 by evil  p[]s 9 ! grave & unable to    
come =? by day4  ,! mummy  might decay2 
! _s might =get its =m4  ,s1 z "t w5t   
on1 ! use ( magic words became ( great] 
& great]  importance1 until1 to mod]n   
eyes1 x seem$ to ov]%ad[ all  else 9 !  
,egyptian conception ( life aft] dea?4  
,z a "p ( ! magical provisions ( ! dead1
 ! ,osiris my?1  probably built up 9    
explanation ( old rites1 0 drawn into ! 
belief 9 a future life1 & app>5tly at ! 
beg9n+ solely  = ! b5efit ( ! k+1 = !   
b5efit ( ^? :o  claim$ a c]ta9 div9ity  

on e>?4  ,! e>?-god ,osiris1 god (  !   
liv+1 _h di$ & _h be5 br\ght to life z  
god ( !  dead4  ,s1 also1 ! e>?-k+1 !   
,horus1 ! son ( ,ra1 mu/  die1 b he also
 w\ld live aga9 9 ! o!r _w & %>e  !     
?rone ( ,osiris4  ,m ?an ?is ev51 he    
became ,osiris4  ,he  0 admitt$ to !    
life ( ! gods4  ,( c\rse ! ideas ( !    
exi/5ce ( ! gods 7 nev] cle> & consi/5t4
  ,!y liv$  9 secret places1 _! :ole    
life 0 my/]i\s z well z  p[]ful4  ,^!   
are ! field ( k :i* ! ,egyptian  m9d    
c\ld n ov]see ) any satisfaction to     
itself4  ,! mo/  x c\ld d 0 to =mulate !
 magic words1 invok+ ! names  ( ! gods &
 conjur+ !m by ! ev5ts 9 ! ,osiris my?  
to accept ?is k+ z ,osiris4  ,!         
exceptional man1 !  sup]-man1 mu/ h an  
exceptional future life2 b to obta9  x1 
he mu/ h ! k ( ! names & words necess>y 
to =ce ! p[]s ( ! o!r _w4    ,?us ! idea
 ( an exceptional future life1 a heav51 
0  br\ght into ! ,egyptian conception ( 
life aft] dea?4  ,admission to x dep5d$ 
on ! exceptional position on e>? (  ^?  

admitt$4  ,z ev5 ?is exceptional        
position 0 only (  avail :5 comb9$ ) ! k
 ( c]ta9 =mulas1 x is  n difficult to   
see h[ ! k ( ^! =mulas might be         
consid]$ suffici5t to obta9 ! bett]     
future life1 ev5 =  o!rs ?an ! k+4  ,:5 
9 ! depression t foll[$ !  extravagance 
( ! pyramid age ! c5tral mon>*y lo/ its 
p[]1 ,egypt broke up into a s]ies (     
tribal b>onies 7nomes74  ,9 ea* 0 a rul]
 almo/ indep5d5t ( ! k+1 a man :o  might
 presume ) ! prop] k to claim a glorifi$
  future life simil> to t ( ! k+4  ,&1  
inde$1 we f9d  f ! burial inscriptions (
 ! ,middle ,empire t su* 0  ! result4   
,feudalism ext5d$ ! possibilities (     
heav5 to !  great nobles4  ,9 ! ,new    
,empire1 ! royal p[] 0 gradually        
absorb$ by ! prie/ly organization ( !   
national religion--  ! religion (       
,amon-,ra2 & ! pr9ciple comes into      
practice  t any prie/ hav+ ! necess>y k 
c\ld obta9 =  himself an exceptional    
place 9 ! future life4  ,! ,osirian     
burial cu/oms spread ev5 among ! p4  ,! 

swa!d body  ext5d$ on ! back becomes    
univ]sal1 ev5 ?\gh true  mummification 0
 /ill only = ! ri*4    ,9 ! ,ptolemaic  
p]iod1 ! prep>ation ( all ! app>atus (  
! ,osiris burial 0 divid$ up into       
trades4  ,factories1 "o may  say1 turn$ 
out mummy cases ( v>i\s k9ds1 ) a scale 
(  prices to fit e purse4  ,o!r         
factories turn$ out amulets &  *>ms4    
,magical texts1 ! prep>ation ( ! body1 !
  con/ruction ( ! grave--all ?+s 7 done 
by regul>  crafts4  ,! *eap5+ ( !       
app>atus is mo/ /rik+4  ,at !  same "t  
all b ! poore/ burials be> direct       
evid5ce (  _! "* z ,osiris burials4     
,on ! side ( ! moral requirem5t we mu/ n
 look too  closely4  ,!re 7 p[]ful words
 :i* c\ld compel ev5 !  great judges ( !
 dead to return a favorable v]dict4     
,!re  7 magic he>ts ( /one :i* might be 
worn 9 place ( !  he>t1 &1 laid 9 !     
scales by ,anubis1 weigh heavi] ?an !   
tru?4  ,"o might by words compel ,anubis
 to accept ?is /one  he>t in/ead ( !    
real he>t4    ,9 g5]al1 "o may say t !  

hope ( immortality _h little  influ5ce  
on ! moral life ( ! ord9>y ,egyptian4   
,! moral  code 0 simple & s\nd & n      
greatly diff]5t f o!r  primitive        
codes1--=bidd+ all ^? ?+s :i* ! body (  
m5 reg>d z unpleasant 9 o!rs1 comm&+ !  
pla9 virtues  :i* 7 f\nd pleasant 9     
o!rs4  ,"h1 aga91 ,i ?9k we may  well   
look to mod]n ,egypt = a picture (      
anci5t ,egypt4  ,we mu/  n exagg]ate !  
influ5ce ( ! belief 9 immortality on    
g5]al morality4  ,we mu/ n ?9k too well 
( ! life ( !  p--nor1 on ! o!r h&1 too  
evil4  ,!y _h _! s9s  & _! virtues4  ,! 
common h]d 0 driv5 by necessity &  liv$ 
z x c\ld4  ,!y clung to ! belief 9 a    
life 9 !  grave4  ,! great] p _h leisure
 to le>n & to provide !  magic necess>y 
to secure a com=table future life4  ,!y 
lov$  life & hat$ dea?4    ,?us x 0 :5 !
 prie/s ( ! ,osiris-,isis religion made 
_! bid to ! classical _w4  ,!y (f]$     
immortality by  initiation4  ,le>n !    
prop] rites1 le>n ! ma/] words1 &       
secure et]nal life among ! great gods4  

,x 0 a religion =  ! exceptional man d[n
 to ! la/2 x requir$ tra9+ &  k4  ,ev5 9
 its mo/ popul> =m 9 ! ,ptolemaic p]iod1
  a specially in/ruct$ class 0 requir$1 
:o sold = money !  b5efits ( _! k1 & m5 
took rank 9 _! security  ( future life  
accord+ to _! means4    ,n until        
,*ri/ianity came1 (f]+ et]nal life free 
&  )\t price1 did ! common p f9d at la/ 
a road op5 to  equal immortality ) !    
great m5 ( ! e>?4