,,f>aday ,,z ,a ,,discov]] by ,john ,tyndall ,cont5ts4 ,preface4 ,*apt] #a4 ,p>5tage3 introduction to ! royal in/itution3 e>lie/ exp]im5ts3 fir/ royal society pap]3 m>riage4 ,*apt] #b4 ,e>ly rese>*es3 magnetic rotations3 liquefaction ( gases3 heavy glass3 ,*>les ,&]son3 contributions to physics4 ,*apt] #c4 ,discov]y ( ,magneto-electricity3 ,explanation ( ,argo's magnetism ( rotation3 ,t]re/rial magneto-electric induction3 ,! extra curr5t4 ,*apt] #d4 ,po9ts ( ,"*4 ,*apt] #e4 ,id5tity ( electricities2 fir/ rese>*es on electro-*emi/ry4 ,*apt] #f4 ,laws ( electro-*emical decomposition4 ,*apt] #g4 ,orig9 ( p[] 9 ! voltaic pile4 ,*apt] #h4 ,rese>*es on frictional electricity3 induction3 conduction3 specific inductive capacity3 !ory ( contigu\s p>ticles4 ,*apt] #i4 ,re/ ne$$--visit to ,switz]l&4 ,*apt] #aj4 ,magnetization ( light4 ,*apt] #aa4 ,discov]y ( diamagnetism--rese>*es on magne-cry/allic action4 ,*apt] #ab4 ,magnetism ( flame & gases--atmosph]ic magnetism4 ,*apt] #ac4 ,speculations3 nature ( matt]3 l9es ( =ce4 ,*apt] #ad4 ,unity & conv]tibility ( natural =ces3 !ory ( ! electric curr5t4 ,*apt] #ae4 ,summ>y4 ,*apt] #af4 ,illu/rations ( ,"*4 ,preface to ! fif? edition4 ,daily & weekly1 f all p>ts ( ! _w1 ,i receive publications be>+ ^u ! practical applications ( electricity4 ,?is great movem5t1 ! ultimate outcome ( :i* is n to be =ese51 _h its orig9 9 ! discov]ies made by ,mi*ael ,f>aday1 sixty-two ye>s ago4 ,f ^! discov]ies h sprung applications ( ! telephone ord]1 toge!r ) v>i\s =ms ( ! electric telegraph4 ,f !m h sprung ! extraord9>y advances made 9 electrical illum9ation4 ,f>aday c\ld h _h b an imp]fect notion ( ! expansions ( :i* 8 discov]ies 7 capable4 ,/ill he _h a vivid & /rong imag9ation1 & ,i d n d\bt t he saw possibilities :i* did n disclose !mselves to ! g5]al sci5tific m9d4 ,he knew t 8 discov]ies _h _! practical side1 b he /eadfa/ly resi/$ ! s$uctions ( ?is side1 apply+ himself to ! developm5t ( pr9ciples2 be+ well aw>e t ! practical "q w\ld receive due developm5t h]eaft]4 ,dur+ my soj\rn 9 ,switz]l& ?is ye>1 ,i read ?r\gh ! pro(s ( ?is new edition1 & by my read+ 0 confirm$ 9 ! conviction t ! book ought n to be suff]$ to g out ( pr9t4 ,! memoir 0 writt5 "u great pressure1 b ,i am n a%am$ ( x z x /&s4 ,glimpses ( ,f>aday's "* & gleams ( 8 discov]ies are !re to be f\nd :i* w be ( int]e/ to humanity to ! end ( "t4 ,john ,tyndall4 ,h9d ,head1 ,decemb]1 #ahic4 ,note4--,x 01 ,i believe1 my husb&'s int5tion to sub/itute ?is ,preface1 writt5 a few days be=e 8 dea?1 = all =m] ,prefaces4 ,z1 h[ev]1 he _h n ! opportunity ( revis+ ! old prefatory pages himself1 !y h be5 all[$ to rema9 j z !y /ood 9 ! la/ edition4 ,l\isa ,c4 ,tyndall4 ,preface to ! f\r? edition4 ,:5 consult$ a %ort "t ago z to ! republication ( ',f>aday z a ,discov]]1' x seem$ to me t ! lab\rs1 & po9ts ( "*1 ( s great a work] & s good a man %\ld n be all[$ to vani% f ! public eye4 ,i !re=e will+ly fell 9 ) ! proposal ( my ,publi%]s to issue a new edition ( ! little book4 ,royal ,in/itution1 ,febru>y1 #ahhd4 ,preface to ! second edition4 ,! exp]im5tal rese>*es ( ,f>aday are s volum9\s1 _! descriptions are s detail$1 & _! weal? ( illu/ration is s great1 z to r5d] x a heavy lab\r to ma/] !m4 ,! multiplication ( pro(s1 necess>y & int]e/+ :5 ! new tru?s _h to be e/abli%$1 are h[ev] less ne$ful n[ :5 ^! tru?s h become h\sehold words 9 sci5ce4 ,i h !re=e tri$ 9 ! foll[+ pages to compress ! body1 )\t injury to ! _s1 ( ^! imp]i%able inve/igations1 & to pres5t !m 9 a =m :i* %\ld be conv5i5t & useful to ! /ud5t ( ! pres5t day4 ,:ile ,i write1 ! volumes ( ! ,life ( ,f>aday by ,dr4 ,b5ce ,jones h rea*$ my h&s4 ,to !m ! read] mu/ ref] = an acc\nt ( ,f>aday's private relations4 ,a ha/y glance at ! "w %[s me t ! rev]5t devotion ( ! biograph] has turn$ to admirable acc\nt ! mat]ials at 8 comm&4 ,! "w ( ,dr4 ,b5ce ,jones enables me to correct a /atem5t reg>d+ ,wolla/on's & ,f>aday's respective relations to ! discov]y ( ,magnetic ,rotation4 ,wolla/on's idea 0 to make ! wire c>ry+ a curr5t rotate r\nd its own axis3 an idea aft]w>ds realis$ by ! celebrat$ ,amp]e4 ,f>aday's discov]y 0 to make ! wire c>ry+ ! curr5t revolve r\nd ! pole ( a magnet & ! rev]se4 ,john ,tyndall4 ,royal ,in/itution3 ,decemb]1 #ahfi4 ,,f>aday ,,z ,a ,,discov]]4 ,*apt] #a4 ,p>5tage3 introduction to ! royal in/itution3 e>lie/ exp]im5ts3 fir/ royal society pap]3 m>riage4 ,x has be5 ?\ght desirable to give y & ! _w "s image ( ,,mi*ael ,,f>aday1 z a sci5tific inve/igator & discov]]4 ,! attempt to respond to ?is desire has be5 to me a lab\r ( difficulty1 if also a lab\r ( love4 ,= h[ev] well acqua9t$ ,i may be ) ! rese>*es & discov]ies ( t great ma/]--h[ev] num]\s ! illu/rations :i* occur to me ( ! l(t9ess ( ,f>aday's "* & ! beauty ( 8 life--/ill to grasp him & 8 rese>*es z a :ole2 to seize ^u ! ideas :i* guid$ him1 & connect$ !m2 to ga9 entrance into t /rong & active bra91 & read f x ! riddle ( ! _w--?is is a "w n easy ( p]=mance1 & all b impossible amid ! di/raction ( duties ( ano!r k9d4 ,t ,i %\ld at "o p]iod or ano!r speak to y reg>d+ ,f>aday & 8 "w is natural1 if n inevitable2 b ,i did n expect to be call$ ^u to speak s soon4 ,/ill ! b>e sugge/ion t ?is is ! fit & prop] "t = spee* s5t me imm$iately to my task3 f x ,i h return$ ) su* results z ,i c\ld ga!r1 & also ) ! wi% t ^? results 7 m wor?y ?an !y are ( ! greatness ( my !me4 ,x is n my int5tion to lay be=e y a life ( ,f>aday 9 ! ord9>y acceptation ( ! t]m4 ,! duty ,i h to p]=m is to give y "s notion ( :at he has done 9 ! _w2 dwell+ incid5tally on ! _s 9 :i* 8 "w 0 execut$1 & introduc+ su* p]sonal traits z may be necess>y to ! completion ( y\r picture ( ! philosoph]1 ?\gh by no means adequate to give y a complete idea ( ! man4 ,! newspap]s h already in=m$ y t ,mi*ael ,f>aday 0 born at ,new+ton ,butts1 on ,septemb] #bb1 #agia1 & t he di$ at ,hampton ,c\rt1 on ,augu/ #be1 #ahfg4 ,believ+1 z ,i d1 9 ! g5]al tru? ( ! doctr9e ( h]$it>y transmission--%>+ ! op9ion ( ,mr4 ,c>lyle1 t 'a really able man nev] proce$$ f entirely /upid p>5ts'--,i once us$ ! privilege ( my intimacy ) ,mr4 ,f>aday to ask him :e!r 8 p>5ts %[$ any signs ( unusual ability4 ,he c\ld rememb] none4 ,8 fa!r1 ,i believe1 0 a great suff]] dur+ ! latt] ye>s ( 8 life1 & ?is might h mask$ :atev] intellectual p[] he possess$4 ,:5 ?irte5 ye>s old1 t is to say 9 #ahjd1 ,f>aday 0 appr5tic$ to a booksell] & bookb9d] 9 ,bl&=d ,/reet1 ,man*e/] ,squ>e3 "h he sp5t eight ye>s ( 8 life1 aft] :i* he work$ z a j\rneyman else:]e4 ,y h also he>d ! acc\nt ( ,f>aday's fir/ contact ) ! ,royal ,in/itution2 t he 0 introduc$ by "o ( ! memb]s to ,sir ,humphry ,davy's la/ lectures1 t he took notes ( ^? lectures2 wrote !m fairly out1 & s5t !m to ,davy1 entreat+ him at ! same "t to enable him to quit trade1 :i* he dete/$1 & to pursue sci5ce1 :i* he lov$4 ,davy 0 helpful to ! "y man1 & ?is %\ld nev] be =gott53 he at once wrote to ,f>aday1 & aft]w>ds1 :5 an opportunity occurr$1 made him 8 assi/ant4#a ,mr4 ,gassiot has lately fav\r$ me ) ! foll[+ rem9isc5ce ( ?is "t3-- ',clapham ,common1 ,surrey1 ',novemb] #bh1 #ahfg4 ',my ,de> ,tyndall1--,sir ,h4 ,davy 0 accu/om$ to call on ! late ,mr4 ,pepys1 9 ! ,p\ltry1 on 8 way to ! ,london ,in/itution1 ( :i* ,pepys 0 "o ( ! orig9al manag]s2 ! latt] told me t on "o occasion ,sir ,h4 ,davy1 %[+ him a lett]1 said3 ,pepys1 :at am ,i to d1 "h is a lett] f a "y man nam$ ,f>aday2 he has be5 att5d+ my lectures1 & wants me to give him employm5t at ! ,royal ,in/itution--:at c ,i d8 ,d8 repli$ ,pepys1 put him to wa% bottles2 if he is good = any?+ he w d x directly1 if he refuses he is good = no?+4 ,no1 no1 repli$ ,davy2 we mu/ try him ) some?+ bett] ?an t4 ,! result 01 t ,davy engag$ him to assi/ 9 ! ,laboratory at weekly wages4 ',davy held ! jo9t (fice ( ,pr(essor ( ,*emi/ry & ,director ( ! ,laboratory2 he ultimately gave up ! =m] to ! late ,pr(essor ,br&e1 b he insi/$ t ,f>aday %\ld be appo9t$ ,director ( ! ,laboratory1 &1 z ,f>aday told me1 ?is enabl$ him on subsequ5t occasions to hold a def9ite position 9 ! ,in/itution1 9 :i* he 0 always support$ by ,davy4 ,i believe he held t (fice to ! la/4 ',believe me1 my de> ,tyndall1 y\rs truly1 ',j4 ,p4 ,gassiot4 ',dr4 ,tyndall4' ,f a lett] writt5 by ,f>aday himself soon aft] 8 appo9tm5t z ,davy's assi/ant1 ,i extract ! foll[+ acc\nt ( 8 introduction to ! ,royal ,in/itution3-- ',london1 ,sept4 #ac1 #ahac4 ',z = myself1 ,i am abs5t 7f home7 ne>ly day & night1 except occasional calls1 & x is likely %all %ortly be abs5t entirely1 b ?is 7hav+ no?+ m to say1 & at ! reque/ ( my "m7 ,i w expla9 to y4 ,i 0 =m]ly a booksell] & b9d]1 b am n[ turn$ philosoph]1#b :i* happ5$ ?us3--,:il/ an appr5tice1 ,i1 = amusem5t1 le>nt a little *emi/ry & o!r p>ts ( philosophy1 & felt an eag] desire to proce$ 9 t way fur!r4 ,aft] be+ a j\rneyman = six mon?s1 "u a disagreeable ma/]1 ,i gave up my bus9ess1 & ?r\gh ! int]e/ ( a ,sir ,h4 ,davy1 fill$ ! situation ( *emical assi/ant to ! ,royal ,in/itution ( ,great ,brita91 9 :i* (fice ,i n[ rema92 & :]e ,i am con/antly employ$ 9 obs]v+ ! works ( nature1 & trac+ ! mann] 9 :i* %e directs ! ord] & arrangem5t ( ! _w4 ,i h lately _h proposals made to me by ,sir ,humphry ,davy to accompany him 9 8 travels ?r\gh ,europe & ,asia1 z philosophical assi/ant4 ,if ,i g at all ,i expect x w be 9 ,octob] next--ab\t ! end2 & my abs5ce f home w p]haps be z long z ?ree ye>s4 ,b z yet all is unc]ta94' ,?is acc\nt is supplem5t$ by ! foll[+ lett]1 writt5 by ,f>aday to 8 fri5d ,de la ,rive1#c on ! occasion ( ! dea? ( ,mrs4 ,m>cet4 ,! lett] is dat$ ,septemb] #b1 #aheh3-- ',my ,de> ,fri5d1--,y\r subject int]e/$ me deeply e way2 = ,mrs4 ,m>cet 0 a good fri5d to me1 z %e mu/ h be5 to _m ( ! human race4 ,i ent]$ ! %op ( a booksell] & bookb9d] at ! age ( ?irte51 9 ! ye> #ahjd1 rema9$ !re eight ye>s1 & dur+ ! *ief "p ( my "t b\nd books4 ,n[ x 0 9 ^? books1 9 ! h\rs aft] "w1 t ,i f\nd ! beg9n+ ( my philosophy4 ,!re 7 two t especially help$ me1 ! ,encyclopa$ia ,britannica1 f :i* ,i ga9$ my fir/ notions ( electricity1 & ,mrs4 ,m>cet's ,conv]sation on ,*emi/ry1 :i* gave me my f\ndation 9 t sci5ce4 ',d n suppose t ,i 0 a v deep ?9k]1 or 0 m>k$ z a precoci\s p]son4 ,i 0 a v lively imag9ative p]son1 & c\ld believe 9 ! ,arabian ,nights z easily z 9 ! ,encyclopa$ia4 ,b facts 7 important to me1 & sav$ me4 ,i c\ld tru/ a fact1 & always cross-exam9$ an ass]tion4 ,s :5 ,i que/ion$ ,mrs4 ,m>cet's book by su* little exp]im5ts z ,i c\ld f9d means to p]=m1 & f\nd x true to ! facts z ,i c\ld und]/& !m1 ,i felt t ,i _h got hold ( an an*or 9 *emical k1 & clung fa/ to x4 ,!nce my deep v5]ation = ,mrs4 ,m>cet--fir/ z "o :o _h conf]r$ great p]sonal good & pleasure on me2 & !n z "o able to convey ! tru? & pr9ciple ( ^? b\ndless fields ( k :i* conc]n natural ?+s to ! "y1 untaught1 & inquir+ m9d4 ',y may imag9e my delight :5 ,i came to "k ,mrs4 ,m>cet p]sonally2 h[ (t5 ,i ca/ my ?\ghts backw>d1 delight+ to connect ! pa/ & ! pres5t2 h[ (t51 :5 s5d+ a pap] to h] z a ?ank-(f]+1 ,i ?\ght ( my fir/ in/ructress1 & su* l ?\ghts w rema9 ) me4 ',i h "s su* ?\ghts ev5 z reg>ds y\r own fa!r2 :o 01 ,i may say1 ! fir/ :o p]sonally at ,g5eva1 & aft]w>ds by correspond5ce1 enc\rag$1 & by t su/a9$ me4' ,twelve or ?irte5 ye>s ago ,mr4 ,f>aday & myself quitt$ ! ,in/itution "o ev5+ toge!r1 to pay a visit to our fri5d ,grove 9 ,bak] ,/reet4 ,he took my arm at ! door1 &1 press+ x to 8 side 9 8 w>m g5ial way1 said1 ',come1 ,tyndall1 ,i w n[ %[ y some?+ t w int]e/ y4' ,we walk$ nor?w>ds1 pass$ ! h\se ( ,mr4 ,babbage1 :i* drew =? a ref]5ce to ! fam\s ev5+ p>ties once assembl$ !re4 ,we rea*$ ,bl&=d ,/reet1 & aft] a little look+ ab\t he paus$ be=e a /ation]'s %op1 & !n w5t 94 ,on ent]+ ! %op1 8 usual animation seem$ d\bl$2 he look$ rapidly at ev]y?+ x conta9$4 ,to ! left on ent]+ 0 a door1 ?r\gh :i* he look$ d[n into a little room1 ) a w9d[ 9 front fac+ ,bl&=d ,/reet4 ,draw+ me t[>ds him1 he said eag]ly1 ',look !re1 ,tyndall1 t 0 my work+-place4 ,i b\nd books 9 t little nook4' ,a respectable-look+ woman /ood beh9d ! c\nt]3 8 conv]sation ) me 0 too l[ to be he>d by h]1 & he n[ turn$ to ! c\nt] to buy "s c>ds z an excuse = our be+ !re4 ,he ask$ ! woman h] "n--h] pr$ecessor's "n--8 pr$ecessor's "n4 ',t won't d1' he said1 ) good-hum\r$ impati5ce2 ':o 0 8 pr$ecessor8' ',mr4 ,riebau1' %e repli$1 & imm$iately add$1 z if sudd5ly recollect+ h]self1 ',he1 sir1 0 ! ma/] ( ,sir ,*>les ,f>aday4' ',nons5se6' he respond$1 '!re is no su* p]son4' ,great 0 h] delight :5 ,i told h] ! "n ( h] visitor2 b %e assur$ me t z soon z %e saw him runn+ ab\t ! %op1 %e felt-?\gh %e did n "k :y--t x mu/ be ',sir ,*>les ,f>aday4' ,f>aday did1 z y "k1 accompany ,davy to ,rome3 he 0 re-engag$ by ! manag]s ( ! ,royal ,in/itution on ,may #ae1 #ahae4 ,"h he made rapid progress 9 *emi/ry1 & aft] a "t 0 entru/$ ) easy analyses by ,davy4 ,9 ^? days ! ,royal ,in/itution publi%$ ',! ,qu>t]ly ,j\rnal ( ,sci5ce1' ! precursor ( our own ',proce$+s4' ,f>aday's fir/ contribution to sci5ce appe>$ 9 t j\rnal 9 #ahaf4 ,x 0 an analysis ( "s cau/ic lime f ,tuscany1 :i* _h be5 s5t to ,davy by ! ,du*ess ( ,montrose4 ,betwe5 ?is p]iod & #ahah v>i\s notes & %ort pap]s 7 publi%$ by ,f>aday4 ,9 #ahah he exp]im5t$ ^u ',s\nd+ ,flames4' ,pr(essor ,augu/e ,de la ,rive _h inve/igat$ ^? s\nd+ flames1 & _h appli$ to !m an explanation :i* completely acc\nt$ = a class ( s\nds discov]$ by himself1 b did n acc\nt = ^? kn[n to 8 pr$ecessors4 ,by a few simple & conclusive exp]im5ts1 ,f>aday prov$ ! explanation insuffici5t4 ,x is an epo* 9 ! life ( a "y man :5 he f9ds himself correct+ a p]son ( em95ce1 & 9 ,f>aday's case1 :]e its effect 0 to develop a mode/ self-tru/1 su* an ev5t c\ld n fail to act pr(itably4 ,f "t to "t betwe5 #ahah & #ahbj ,f>aday publi%$ sci5tific notes & notices ( m9or weight4 ,at ?is "t he 0 acquir+1 n produc+2 work+ h>d = 8 ma/] & /or+ & /r5g!n+ 8 own m9d4 ,he assi/$ ,mr4 ,br&e 9 8 lectures1 & s quietly1 skilfully1 & mode/ly 0 8 "w done1 t ,mr4 ,br&e's vocation at ! "t 0 pron\nc$ 'lectur+ on velvet4' ,9 #ahbj ,f>aday publi%$ a *emical pap] 'on two new comp\nds ( *lor9e & c>bon1 & on a new comp\nd ( iod9e1 c>bon1 & hydrog54' ,?is pap] 0 read be=e ! ,royal ,society on ,decemb] #ba1 #ahbj1 & x 0 ! fir/ ( 8 t 0 hon\r$ ) a place 9 ! ',philosophical ,transactions4' ,on ,june #ab1 #ahba1 he m>ri$1 & obta9$ leave to br+ 8 "y wife into 8 rooms at ! ,royal ,in/itution4 ,!re = =ty-six ye>s !y liv$ toge!r1 occupy+ ! suite ( ap>tm5ts :i* _h be5 previ\sly 9 ! successive occupancy ( ,"y1 ,davy1 & ,br&e4 ,at ! "t ( h] m>riage ,mrs4 ,f>aday 0 tw5ty-"o ye>s ( age1 he be+ ne>ly ?irty4 ,reg>d+ ?is m>riage ,i w at pres5t limit myself to quot+ an entry writt5 9 ,f>aday's own h& 9 8 book ( diplomas1 :i* caught my eye :ile 9 8 company "s ye>s ago4 ,x ran ?us3-- '#be? ,janu>y1 #ahdg4 ',among/ ^! records & ev5ts1 ,i "h ins]t ! date ( "o :i*1 z a s\rce ( hon\r & happ9ess1 f> exce$s all ! re/4 ,we 7 m>ri$ on ,june #ab1 #ahba4 ',m4 ,f>aday4' ,!n foll[s ! copy ( ! m9utes1 dat$ ,may #ba1 #ahba1 :i* gave him additional rooms1 & ?us enabl$ him to br+ 8 wife to ! ,royal ,in/itution4 ,a feature ( ,f>aday's "* :i* ,i h (t5 notic$ makes itself app>5t 9 ?is entry4 ,9 8 relations to 8 wife he add$ *ivalry to affection4 ,footnotes to ,*apt] #a #a ,"h is ,davy's recomm5dation ( ,f>aday1 pres5t$ to ! manag]s ( ! ,royal ,in/itution1 at a meet+ on ! #ah? ( ,m>*1 #ahac1 ,*>les ,hat*ett1 ,esq41 9 ! *air3-- ',sir ,humphry ,davy has ! hon\r to in=m ! manag]s t he has f\nd a p]son :o is desir\s to occupy ! situation 9 ! ,in/itution lately fill$ by ,william ,payne4 ,8 "n is ,mi*ael ,f>aday4 ,he is a y\? ( tw5ty-two ye>s ( age4 ,z f> z ,sir ,h4 ,davy has be5 able to obs]ve or asc]ta91 he appe>s well fitt$ = ! situation4 ,8 habits seem good2 8 disposition active & *e]ful1 & 8 mann] intellig5t4 ,he is will+ to engage himself on ! same t]ms z giv5 to ,mr4 ,payne at ! "t ( quitt+ ! ,in/itution4 ',resolv$1--,t ,mi*ael ,f>aday be engag$ to fill ! situation lately occupi$ by ,mr4 ,payne1 on ! same t]ms4' #b ,f>aday lov$ ?is ^w & employ$ x to ! la/2 he _h an int5se dislike to ! mod]n t]m physici/4 #c ,to :om ,i am indebt$ = a copy ( ! orig9al lett]4 ,*apt] #b4 ,e>ly rese>*es3 magnetic rotations3 liquefaction ( gases3 heavy glass3 ,*>les ,&]son3 contributions to physics4 ,o]/$1 9 #ahbj1 discov]$ ! action ( a voltaic curr5t on a magnetic ne$le2 & imm$iately aft]w>ds ! spl5did intellect ( ,amp]e succe$$ 9 %[+ t e magnetic ph5om5on !n kn[n might be r$uc$ to ! mutual action ( electric curr5ts4 ,! subject occupi$ all m5's ?\ghts3 & 9 ?is c\ntry ,dr4 ,wolla/on s\ght to conv]t ! deflection ( ! ne$le by ! curr5t into a p]man5t rotation ( ! ne$le r\nd ! curr5t4 ,he also hop$ to produce ! reciprocal effect ( caus+ a curr5t to rotate r\nd a magnet4 ,9 ! e>ly "p ( #ahba1 ,wolla/on attempt$ to realise ?is idea 9 ! pres5ce ( ,sir ,humphry ,davy 9 ! laboratory ( ! ,royal ,in/itution4#a ,?is 0 well calculat$ to attract ,f>aday's att5tion to ! subject4 ,he read mu* ab\t x2 & 9 ! mon?s ( ,july1 ,augu/1 & ,septemb] he wrote a 'hi/ory ( ! progress ( electro-magnetism1' :i* he publi%$ 9 ,?omson's ',annals ( ,philosophy4' ,soon aft]w>ds he took up ! subject ( ',magnetic ,rotations1' & on ! morn+ ( ,*ri/mas-day1 #ahba1 he call$ 8 wife to witness1 = ! fir/ "t1 ! revolution ( a magnetic ne$le r\nd an electric curr5t4 ,incid5tal to ! 'hi/oric sket*1' he repeat$ almo/ all ! exp]im5ts !re ref]r$ to2 & ^!1 add$ to 8 own subsequ5t "w1 made him practical ma/] ( all t 0 !n kn[n reg>d+ ! voltaic curr5t4 ,9 #ahba1 he also t\*$ ^u a subject :i* subsequ5tly receiv$ 8 clos] att5tion--! vaporization ( m]cury at common temp]atures2 & imm$iately aft]w>ds conduct$1 9 company ) ,mr4 ,/od>t1 exp]im5ts on ! alloys ( /eel4 ,he 0 accu/om$ 9 aft] ye>s to pres5t to 8 fri5ds razors =m$ f "o ( ! alloys !n discov]$4 ,dur+ ,f>aday's h\rs ( lib]ty f o!r duties1 he took up subjects ( inquiry = himself2 & 9 ! spr+ ( #ahbc1 ?us self-prompt$1 he began ! exam9ation ( a sub/ance :i* _h long be5 reg>d$ z ! *emical elem5t *lor9e1 9 a solid =m1 b :i* ,sir ,humphry ,davy1 9 #ahaj1 _h prov$ to be a hydrate ( *lor9e1 t is1 a comp\nd ( *lor9e & wat]4 ,f>aday fir/ analys$ ?is hydrate1 & wrote out an acc\nt ( its composition4 ,?is acc\nt 0 look$ ov] by ,davy1 :o sugge/$ ! heat+ ( ! hydrate "u pressure 9 a seal$ glass tube4 ,?is 0 done4 ,! hydrate fus$ at a blood-heat1 ! tube became fill$ ) a yell[ atmosph]e1 & 0 aft]w>ds f\nd to conta9 two liquid sub/ances4 ,dr4 ,p>is happ5$ to ent] ! laboratory :ile ,f>aday 0 at "w4 ,see+ ! oily liquid 9 8 tube1 he ralli$ ! "y *emi/ = 8 c>elessness 9 employ+ soil$ vessels4 ,on fil+ (f ! end ( ! tube1 its cont5ts explod$ & ! oily matt] vani%$4 ,e>ly next morn+1 ,dr4 ,p>is receiv$ ! foll[+ note3-- ',de> ,sir1--,! oil y notic$ ye/]day turns out to be liquid *lor9e4 ',y\rs fai?fully1 ',m4 ,f>aday4'#b ,! gas _h be5 liquefi$ by its own pressure4 ,f>aday !n tri$ compression ) a syr+e1 & succe$$ ?us 9 liquefy+ ! gas4 ,to ! publi%$ acc\nt ( ?is exp]im5t ,davy add$ ! foll[+ note3--',9 desir+ ,mr4 ,f>aday to expose ! hydrate ( *lor9e 9 a clos$ glass tube1 x occurr$ to me t "o ( ?ree ?+s w\ld happ53 t decomposition ( wat] w\ld occur2444 or t ! *lor9e w\ld sep>ate 9 a fluid /ate4' ,davy1 moreov]1 imm$iately appli$ ! me?od ( self-compress+ atmosph]e to ! liquefaction ( muriatic gas4 ,f>aday cont9u$ ! exp]im5ts1 & succe$$ 9 r$uc+ a numb] ( gases till !n deem$ p]man5t to ! liquid condition4 ,9 #ahdd he return$ to ! subject1 & consid]ably exp&$ its limits4 ,^! important inve/igations e/abli%$ ! fact t gases are b ! vap\rs ( liquids possess+ a v l[ boil+-po9t1 & gave a sure basis to our views ( molecul> aggregation4 ,! acc\nt ( ! fir/ inve/igation 0 read be=e ! ,royal ,society on ,april #aj1 #ahbc1 & 0 publi%$1 9 ,f>aday's "n1 9 ! ',philosophical ,transactions4' ,! second memoir 0 s5t to ! ,royal ,society on ,decemb] #ai1 #ahdd4 ,i may add t :ile he 0 conduct+ 8 fir/ exp]im5ts on ! liquefaction ( gases1 ?irte5 pieces ( glass 7 on "o occasion driv5 by an explosion into ,f>aday's eye4 ,"s small notices & pap]s1 includ+ ! obs]vation t glass readily *anges col\r 9 sunlight1 foll[ "h4 ,9 #ahbe & #ahbf ,f>aday publi%$ pap]s 9 ! ',philosophical ,transactions' on 'new comp\nds ( c>bon & hydrog51' & on 'sulphonaph?alic acid4' ,9 ! =m] ( ^! pap]s he ann\nc$ ! discov]y ( ,b5zol1 :i*1 9 ! h&s ( mod]n *emi/s1 has become ! f\ndation ( our spl5did anil9e dyes4 ,b he sw]v$ incessantly f *emi/ry into physics2 & 9 #ahbf we f9d him engag$ 9 inve/igat+ ! limits ( vaporization1 & %[+1 by exce$+ly /rong & app>5tly conclusive argum5ts1 t ev5 9 ! case ( m]cury su* a limit exi/s2 mu* m he conceiv$ x to be c]ta9 t our atmosph]e does n conta9 ! vap\r ( ! fix$ con/itu5ts ( ! e>?'s cru/4 ,?is "q1 ,i may say1 is likely to rema9 an op5 "o4 ,dr4 ,rank9e1 = example1 has lately drawn att5tion to ! od\r ( c]ta9 metals2 :5ce comes ?is od\r1 if x be n f ! vap\r ( ! metal8 ,9 #ahbe ,f>aday became a memb] ( a committee1 to :i* ,sir ,john ,h]s*el & ,mr4 ,dollond also belong$1 appo9t$ by ! ,royal ,society to exam9e1 & if possible improve1 ! manufacture ( glass = optical purposes4 ,_! exp]im5ts cont9u$ till #ahbi1 :5 ! acc\nt ( !m con/itut$ ! subject ( a ',bak]ian ,lecture4' ,?is lecture%ip1 f\nd$ 9 #aggd by ,h5ry ,bak]1 ,esq41 ( ! ,/r&1 ,london1 provides t e ye> a lecture %all be giv5 be=e ! ,royal ,society1 ! sum ( f\r p\nds be+ paid to ! lectur]4 ,! ,bak]ian ,lecture1 h[ev]1 has long s9ce pass$ f ! region ( pay to t ( hon\r1 pap]s ( m>k only be+ *os5 = x by ! c\ncil ( ! ,society4 ,f>aday's fir/ ,bak]ian ,lecture1 ',on ! ,manufacture ( ,glass = ,optical ,purposes1' 0 deliv]$ at ! close ( #ahbi4 ,x is a mo/ elaborate & consci5ti\s description ( processes1 precautions1 & results3 ! details 7 s exact & s m9ute1 & ! pap] consequ5tly s long1 t ?ree successive sitt+s ( ! ,royal ,society 7 tak5 up by ! deliv]y ( ! lecture4#c ,?is glass did n turn out to be ( important practical use1 b x happ5$ aft]w>ds to be ! f\ndation ( two ( ,f>aday's greate/ discov]ies4#d ,! exp]im5ts "h ref]r$ to 7 comm5c$ at ! ,falcon ,glass ,works1 on ! premises ( ,messrs4 ,gre5 & ,pellatt1 b ,f>aday c\ld n conv5i5tly att5d to !m !re4 ,9 #ahbg1 !re=e1 a furnace 0 erect$ 9 ! y>d ( ! ,royal ,in/itution2 & x 0 at ?is "t1 & ) a view ( assi/+ him at ! furnace1 t ,f>aday engag$ ,s]geant ,&]son1 ( ! ,royal ,artill]y1 ! respectable1 tru?ful1 & altoge!r tru/wor?y man ^: appe>ance "h is s fre% 9 our memories4 ,&]son cont9u$ to be ! rev]5tial help] ( ,f>aday & ! fai?ful s]vant ( ?is ,in/itution = ne>ly =ty ye>s4#e ,9 #ahca ,f>aday publi%$ a pap]1 ',on a peculi> class ( ,optical ,deceptions1' to :i* ,i believe ! beautiful optical toy call$ ! ,*romatrope owes its orig94 ,9 ! same ye> he publi%$ a pap] on ,vibrat+ ,surfaces1 9 :i* he solv$ an ac\/ical problem :i*1 ?\gh ( extreme simplicity :5 solv$1 appe>s to h baffl$ _m em95t m54 ,! problem 0 to acc\nt = ! fact t light bodies1 su* z ! se$ ( lycopodium1 collect$ at ! vibrat+ p>ts ( s\nd+ plates1 :ile s& ran to ! nodal l9es4 ,f>aday %[$ t ! light bodies 7 entangl$ 9 ! little :irlw9ds =m$ 9 ! air ov] ! places ( vibration1 & ?r\gh :i* ! heavi] s& 0 readily project$4 ,f>aday's res\rces z an exp]im5tali/ 7 s wond]ful1 & 8 delight 9 exp]im5t 0 s great1 t he sometimes almo/ ran into excess 9 ?is direction4 ,i h he>d him say t ?is pap] on vibrat+ surfaces 0 too heavily lad5 ) exp]im5ts4 ,footnotes to ,*apt] #b #a ,! read]'s att5tion is direct$ to ! conclud+ p>agraph ( ! ',preface to ! ,second ,edition writt5 9 ,decemb]1 #ahfi4 ,also to ! ,life ( ,f>aday by ,dr4 ,b5ce ,jones1 vol4 i4 p4 #cch et seq4 #b ,p>is3 ,life ( ,davy1 p4 #cia4 #c ,viz41 ,novemb] #ai1 ,decemb] #c & #aj4 #d ,i make ! foll[+ extract f a lett] f ,sir ,john ,h]s*el1 writt5 to me f ,coll+wood1 on ! #crd ( ,novemb]1 #ahfg3--';,i w take ?is opportunity to m5tion t ,i believe myself to h orig9at$ ! sugge/ion ( ! employm5t ( borate ( lead = optical purposes4 ,x 0 some:]e 9 ! ye> #ahbb1 z well z ,i c recollect1 t ,i m5tion$ x to ,sir ,james 7!n ,mr47 ,s\?2 &1 9 consequ5ce1 ! trial 0 made 9 8 laboratory 9 ,blackman ,/reet1 by precipitat+ & work+ a l>ge quantity ( borate ( lead1 & fus+ x "u a muffle 9 a porcela9 evaporat+ di%4 ,a v limpid 7?\gh slightly yell[7 glass result$1 ! refractive index #a4hff6 7:i* y w f9d set d[n 9 my table ( refractive indices 9 my article ,light1 ,encyclopa$ia ,metropolitana74 ,x 01 h[ev]1 too s(t = optical use z an object- glass4 ,?is ,f>aday ov]came1 at lea/ to a consid]able degree1 by ! introduction ( silica4' #e ,reg>d+ ,&]son1 ,f>aday writes ?us 9 #ahde3--';,i _c resi/ ! occasion t is ?us (f]$ to me ( m5tion+ ! "n ( ,mr4 ,&]son1 :o came to me z an assi/ant 9 ! glass exp]im5ts1 & has rema9$ ev] s9ce 9 ! laboratory ( ! ,royal ,in/itution4 ,he assi/$ me 9 all ! rese>*es into :i* ,i h ent]$ s9ce t "t2 & to 8 c>e1 /ead9ess1 exactitude1 & fai?fulness 9 ! p]=mance ( all t has be5 committ$ to 8 *>ge1 ,i am mu* indebt$4--,m4 ,f4' 7,exp4 ,rese>*es1 vol4 iii4 p4 #c1 footnote47 ,*apt] #c4 ,discov]y ( ,magneto-electricity3 ,explanation ( ,argo's magnetism ( rotation3 ,t]re/rial magneto-electric induction3 ,! extra curr5t4 ,! "w ?us ref]r$ to1 ?\gh suffici5t ( itself to secure no mean sci5tific reputation1 =ms b ! ve/ibule ( ,f>aday's a*ievem5ts4 ,he _h be5 engag$ )9 ^! walls = eighte5 ye>s4 ,dur+ "p ( ! "t he _h drunk 9 k f ,davy1 & dur+ ! rema9d] he cont9ually ex]cis$ 8 capacity = indep5d5t inquiry4 ,9 #ahca we h him at ! climax ( 8 intellectual /r5g?1 =ty ye>s ( age1 /or$ ) k & full ( orig9al p[]4 ,?r\gh read+1 lectur+1 & exp]im5t+1 he _h become ?or\ghly famili> ) electrical sci5ce3 he saw :]e light 0 ne$$ & expansion possible4 ,! ph5om5a ( ord9>y electric induction belong$1 z x 71 to ! alphabet ( 8 k3 he knew t "u ord9>y circum/ances ! pres5ce ( an electrifi$ body 0 suffici5t to excite1 by induction1 an unelectrifi$ body4 ,he knew t ! wire :i* c>ri$ an electric curr5t 0 an electrifi$ body1 & /ill t all attempts _h fail$ to make x excite 9 o!r wires a /ate simil> to its own4 ,:at 0 ! reason ( ?is failure8 ,f>aday nev] c\ld "w f ! exp]im5ts ( o!rs1 h[ev] cle>ly describ$4 ,he knew well t f e exp]im5t issues a k9d ( radiation1 lum9\s 9 diff]5t degrees to diff]5t m9ds1 & he h>dly tru/$ himself to reason ^u an exp]im5t t he _h n se54 ,9 ! autumn ( #ahca he began to repeat ! exp]im5ts ) electric curr5ts1 :i*1 up to t "t1 _h produc$ no positive result4 ,& "h1 = ! sake ( y\ng] inquir]s1 if n = ! sake ( u all1 x is wor? :ile to dwell = a mom5t on a p[] :i* ,f>aday possess$ 9 an extraord9>y degree4 ,he unit$ va/ /r5g? ) p]fect flexibility4 ,8 mom5tum 0 t ( a riv]1 :i* comb9es weight & directness ) ! ability to yield to ! flexures ( its b$4 ,! int5tness ( 8 vision 9 any direction did n app>5tly dim9i% 8 p[] ( p]ception 9 o!r directions2 & :5 he attack$ a subject1 expect+ results he _h ! faculty ( keep+ 8 m9d al]t1 s t results diff]5t f ^? :i* he expect$ %\ld n escape him ?r\gh preoccupation4 ,he began 8 exp]im5ts 'on ! induction ( electric curr5ts' by compos+ a helix ( two insulat$ wires :i* 7 w\nd side by side r\nd ! same wood5 cyl9d]4 ,"o ( ^! wires he connect$ ) a voltaic batt]y ( t5 cells1 & ! o!r ) a s5sitive galvanomet]4 ,:5 connection ) ! batt]y 0 made1 & :ile ! curr5t fl[$1 no effect :atev] 0 obs]v$ at ! galvanomet]4 ,b he nev] accept$ an exp]im5tal result1 until he _h appli$ to x ! utmo/ p[] at 8 comm&4 ,he rais$ 8 batt]y f #aj cells to #abj cells1 b )\t avail4 ,! curr5t fl[$ calmly ?r\gh ! batt]y wire )\t produc+1 dur+ its fl[1 any s5sible result ^u ! galvanomet]4 ',dur+ its fl[1' & ?is 0 ! "t :5 an effect 0 expect$--b "h ,f>aday's p[] ( lat]al vision1 sep>at+1 z x 71 f ! l9e ( expectation1 came into play--he notic$ t a feeble movem5t ( ! ne$le always occurr$ at ! mom5t :5 he made contact ) ! batt]y2 t ! ne$le w\ld aft]w>ds return to its =m] position & rema9 quietly !re unaffect$ by ! fl[+ curr5t4 ,at ! mom5t1 h[ev]1 :5 ! circuit 0 int]rupt$ ! ne$le aga9 mov$1 & 9 a direction oppos$ to t obs]v$ on ! completion ( ! circuit4 ,?is result1 & o!rs ( a simil> k9d1 l$ him to ! conclusion 't ! batt]y curr5t ?r\gh ! "o wire did 9 reality induce a simil> curr5t ?r\gh ! o!r2 b t x cont9u$ = an in/ant only1 & p>took m ( ! nature ( ! electric wave f a common ,leyd5 j> ?an ( ! curr5t f a voltaic batt]y4' ,! mom5t>y curr5ts ?us g5]at$ 7 call$ induc$ curr5ts1 :ile ! curr5t :i* g5]at$ !m 0 call$ ! induc+ curr5t4 ,x 0 imm$iately prov$ t ! curr5t g5]at$ at mak+ ! circuit 0 always oppos$ 9 direction to its g5]ator1 :ile t develop$ on ! rupture ( ! circuit co9cid$ 9 direction ) ! induc+ curr5t4 ,x appe>$ z if ! curr5t on its fir/ ru% ?r\gh ! prim>y wire s\ght a pur*ase 9 ! second>y "o1 &1 by a k9d ( kick1 impell$ backw>d ?r\gh ! latt] an electric wave1 :i* subsid$ z soon z ! prim>y curr5t 0 fully e/abli%$4 ,f>aday1 = a "t1 believ$ t ! second>y wire1 ?\gh quiesc5t :5 ! prim>y curr5t _h be5 once e/abli%$1 0 n 9 its natural condition1 its return to t condition be+ decl>$ by ! curr5t obs]v$ at break+ ! circuit4 ,he call$ ?is hypo!tical /ate ( ! wire ! electro-tonic /ate3 he aft]w>ds ab&on$ ?is hypo!sis1 b seem$ to return to x 9 lat] life4 ,! t]m electro-tonic is also pres]v$ by ,pr(essor ,du ,bois ,reymond to express a c]ta9 electric condition ( ! n]ves1 & ,pr(essor ,cl]k ,maxwell has ably def9$ & illu/rat$ ! hypo!sis 9 ! ,t5? ,volume ( ! ',transactions ( ! ,cambridge ,philosophical ,society4' ,! m]e approa* ( a wire =m+ a clos$ curve to a second wire ?r\gh :i* a voltaic curr5t fl[$ 0 !n %[n by ,f>aday to be suffici5t to ar\se 9 ! neutral wire an induc$ curr5t1 oppos$ 9 direction to ! induc+ curr5t2 ! )drawal ( ! wire also g5]at$ a curr5t hav+ ! same direction z ! induc+ curr5t2 ^? curr5ts exi/$ only dur+ ! "t ( approa* or )drawal1 & :5 nei!r ! prim>y nor ! second>y wire 0 9 motion1 no matt] h[ close _! proximity might be1 no induc$ curr5t 0 g5]at$4 ,f>aday has be5 call$ a purely inductive philosoph]4 ,a great deal ( nons5se is1 ,i fe>1 utt]$ 9 ?is l& ( ,engl& ab\t induction & d$uction4 ,"s pr(ess to befri5d ! "o1 "s ! o!r1 :ile ! real vocation ( an inve/igator1 l ,f>aday1 consi/s 9 ! incessant m>riage ( bo?4 ,he 0 at ?is "t full ( ! !ory ( ,amp]e1 & x _c be d\bt$ t numb]s ( 8 exp]im5ts 7 execut$ m]ely to te/ 8 d$uctions f t !ory4 ,/>t+ f ! discov]y ( ,o]/$1 ! illu/ri\s ,fr5* philosoph] _h %[n t all ! ph5om5a ( magnetism !n kn[n might be r$uc$ to ! mutual attractions & repulsions ( electric curr5ts4 ,magnetism _h be5 produc$ f electricity1 & ,f>aday1 :o all 8 life long ent]ta9$ a /rong belief 9 su* reciprocal actions1 n[ attempt$ to effect ! evolution ( electricity f magnetism4 ,r\nd a weld$ iron r+ he plac$ two di/9ct coils ( cov]$ wire1 caus+ ! coils to occupy opposite halves ( ! r+4 ,connect+ ! ends ( "o ( ! coils ) a galvanomet]1 he f\nd t ! mom5t ! r+ 0 magnetis$1 by s5d+ a curr5t ?r\gh ! o!r coil1 ! galvanomet] ne$le :irl$ r\nd f\r or five times 9 succession4 ,! action1 z be=e1 0 t ( a pulse1 :i* vani%$ imm$iately4 ,on int]rupt+ ! circuit1 a :irl ( ! ne$le 9 ! opposite direction occurr$4 ,x 0 only dur+ ! "t ( magnetization or demagnetization t ^! effects 7 produc$4 ,! induc$ curr5ts decl>$ a *ange ( condition only1 & !y vani%$ ! mom5t ! act ( magnetization or demagnetization 0 complete4 ,! effects obta9$ ) ! weld$ r+ 7 also obta9$ ) /raight b>s ( iron4 ,:e!r ! b>s 7 magnetis$ by ! electric curr5t1 or 7 excit$ by ! contact ( p]man5t /eel magnets1 induc$ curr5ts 7 always g5]at$ dur+ ! rise1 & dur+ ! subsid5ce ( ! magnetism4 ,! use ( iron 0 !n ab&on$1 & ! same effects 7 obta9$ by m]ely ?ru/+ a p]man5t /eel magnet into a coil ( wire4 ,a ru% ( electricity ?r\gh ! coil accompani$ ! ins]tion ( ! magnet2 an equal ru% 9 ! opposite direction accompani$ its )drawal4 ,! precision ) :i* ,f>aday describes ^! results1 & ! complet5ess ) :i* he def9es ! b\nd>ies ( 8 facts1 are wond]ful4 ,! magnet1 = example1 mu/ n be pass$ q ?r\gh ! coil1 b only half ?r\gh2 = if pass$ :olly ?r\gh1 ! ne$le is /opp$ z by a bl[1 & !n he %[s h[ ?is bl[ results f a rev]sal ( ! electric wave 9 ! helix4 ,he next op]at$ ) ! p[]ful p]man5t magnet ( ! ,royal ,society1 & obta9$ ) x1 9 an exalt$ degree1 all ! =ego+ ph5om5a4 ,& n[ he turn$ ! light ( ^! discov]ies ^u ! d>ke/ physical ph5om5on ( t day4 ,arago _h discov]$1 9 #ahbd1 t a disk ( non-magnetic metal _h ! p[] ( br++ a vibrat+ magnetic ne$le susp5d$ ov] x rapidly to re/2 & t on caus+ ! disk to rotate ! magnetic ne$le rotat$ along ) x4 ,:5 bo? 7 quiesc5t1 !re 0 n ! slighte/ measurable attraction or repulsion ex]t$ betwe5 ! ne$le & ! disk2 /ill :5 9 motion ! disk 0 compet5t to drag aft] x1 n only a light ne$le1 b a heavy magnet4 ,! "q _h be5 prob$ & inve/igat$ ) admirable skill bo? by ,arago & ,amp]e1 & ,poisson _h publi%$ a !oretic memoir on ! subject2 b no cause c\ld be assign$ = s extraord9>y an action4 ,x _h also be5 exam9$ 9 ?is c\ntry by two celebrat$ m51 ,mr4 ,babbage & ,sir ,john ,h]s*el2 b x /ill rema9$ a my/]y4 ,f>aday always recomm5d$ ! susp5sion ( judgm5t 9 cases ( d\bt4 ',i h always admir$1' he says1 '! prud5ce & philosophical res]ve %[n by ,m4 ,arago 9 resi/+ ! temptation to give a !ory ( ! effect he _h discov]$1 s long z he c\ld n devise "o :i* 0 p]fect 9 its application1 & 9 refus+ to ass5t to ! imp]fect !ories ( o!rs4' ,n[1 h[ev]1 ! "t = !ory _h come4 ,f>aday saw m5tally ! rotat+ disk1 "u ! op]ation ( ! magnet1 flood$ ) 8 induc$ curr5ts1 & f ! kn[n laws ( int]action betwe5 curr5ts & magnets he hop$ to d$uce ! motion obs]v$ by ,arago4 ,t hope he realis$1 %[+ by actual exp]im5t t :5 8 disk rotat$ curr5ts pass$ ?r\gh x1 _! position & direction be+ su* z mu/1 9 accordance ) ! e/abli%$ laws ( electro-magnetic action1 produce ! obs]v$ rotation4 ,introduc+ ! edge ( 8 disk betwe5 ! poles ( ! l>ge horse%oe magnet ( ! ,royal ,society1 & connect+ ! axis & ! edge ( ! disk1 ea* by a wire ) a galvanomet]1 he obta9$1 :5 ! disk 0 turn$ r\nd1 a con/ant fl[ ( electricity4 ,! direction ( ! curr5t 0 det]m9$ by ! direction ( ! motion1 ! curr5t be+ rev]s$ :5 ! rotation 0 rev]s$4 ,he n[ /ates ! law :i* rules ! production ( curr5ts 9 bo? disks & wires1 & 9 s do+ uses1 = ! fir/ "t1 a phrase :i* has s9ce become fam\s4 ,:5 iron fil+s are scatt]$ ov] a magnet1 ! p>ticles ( iron arrange !mselves 9 c]ta9 det]m9ate l9es call$ magnetic curves4 ,9 #ahca1 ,f>aday = ! fir/ "t call$ ^! curves 'l9es ( magnetic =ce'2 & he %[$ t to produce induc$ curr5ts nei!r approa* to nor )drawal f a magnetic s\rce1 or c5tre1 or pole1 0 ess5tial1 b t x 0 only necess>y to cut appropriately ! l9es ( magnetic =ce4 ,f>aday's fir/ pap] on ,magneto-electric ,induction1 :i* ,i h "h endeav\r$ to cond5se1 0 read be=e ! ,royal ,society on ! #bd? ( ,novemb]1 #ahca4 ,on ,janu>y #ab1 #ahcb1 he communicat$ to ! ,royal ,society a second pap] on ,t]re/rial ,magneto-electric ,induction1 :i* 0 *os5 z ! ,bak]ian ,lecture = ! ye>4 ,he plac$ a b> ( iron 9 a coil ( wire1 & lift+ ! b> into ! direction ( ! dipp+ ne$le1 he excit$ by ?is action a curr5t 9 ! coil4 ,on rev]s+ ! b>1 a curr5t 9 ! opposite direction ru%$ ?r\gh ! wire4 ,! same effect 0 produc$ :51 on hold+ ! helix 9 ! l9e ( dip1 a b> ( iron 0 ?ru/ into x4 ,"h1 h[ev]1 ! e>? act$ on ! coil ?r\gh ! int]m$iation ( ! b> ( iron4 ,he ab&on$ ! b> & simply set a copp] plate sp9n+ 9 a horizontal plane2 he knew t ! e>?'s l9es ( magnetic =ce !n cross$ ! plate at an angle ( ab\t #gj;degrees4 ,:5 ! plate spun r\nd1 ! l9es ( =ce 7 int]sect$ & induc$ curr5ts g5]at$1 :i* produc$ _! prop] effect :5 c>ri$ f ! plate to ! galvanomet]4 ',:5 ! plate 0 9 ! magnetic m]idian1 or 9 any o!r plane co9cid+ ) ! magnetic dip1 !n its rotation produc$ no effect ^u ! galvanomet]4' ,at ! sugge/ion ( a m9d fruitful 9 sugge/ions ( a pr(\nd & philosophic "*--,i mean t ( ,sir ,john ,h]s*el--,mr4 ,b>l[1 ( ,woolwi*1 _h exp]im5t$ ) a rotat+ iron %ell4 ,mr4 ,*ri/ie _h also p]=m$ an elaborate s]ies ( exp]im5ts on a rotat+ iron disk4 ,bo? ( !m _h f\nd t :5 9 rotation ! body ex]cis$ a peculi> action ^u ! magnetic ne$le1 deflect+ x 9 a mann] :i* 0 n obs]v$ dur+ quiesc5ce2 b nei!r ( !m 0 aw>e at ! "t ( ! ag5t :i* produc$ ?is extraord9>y deflection4 ,!y ascrib$ x to "s *ange 9 ! magnetism ( ! iron %ell & disk4 ,b ,f>aday at once saw t 8 induc$ curr5ts mu/ come into play "h1 & he imm$iately obta9$ !m f an iron disk4 ,) a holl[ brass ball1 moreov]1 he produc$ ! effects obta9$ by ,mr4 ,b>l[4 ,iron 0 9 no way necess>y3 ! only condition ( success 0 t ! rotat+ body %\ld be ( a "* to admit ( ! =mation ( curr5ts 9 its sub/ance3 x mu/1 9 o!r words1 be a conductor ( electricity4 ,! high] ! conduct+ p[] ! m copi\s 7 ! curr5ts4 ,he n[ passes f 8 little brass globe to ! globe ( ! e>?4 ,he plays l a magician ) ! e>?'s magnetism4 ,he sees ! invisible l9es along :i* its magnetic action is ex]t$1 & sweep+ 8 w& across ^! l9es evokes ?is new p[]4 ,plac+ a simple loop ( wire r\nd a magnetic ne$le he b5ds its upp] portion to ! we/3 ! nor? pole ( ! ne$le imm$iately sw]ves to ! ea/3 he b5ds 8 loop to ! ea/1 & ! nor? pole moves to ! we/4 ,susp5d+ a common b> magnet 9 a v]tical position1 he causes x to sp9 r\nd its own axis4 ,its pole be+ connect$ ) "o end ( a galvanomet] wire1 & its equator ) ! o!r end1 electricity ru%es r\nd ! galvanomet] f ! rotat+ magnet4 ,he rem>ks ^u ! 's+ul> indep5d5ce' ( ! magnetism & ! body ( ! magnet :i* c>ries x4 ,! /eel behaves z if x 7 isolat$ f its own magnetism4 ,& !n 8 ?\ghts sudd5ly wid51 & he asks himself :e!r ! rotat+ e>? does n g5]ate induc$ curr5ts z x turns r\nd its axis f we/ to ea/4 ,9 8 exp]im5t ) ! twirl+ magnet ! galvanomet] wire rema9$ at re/2 "o portion ( ! circuit 0 9 motion relatively to ano!r portion4 ,b 9 ! case ( ! twirl+ planet ! galvanomet] wire w\ld necess>ily be c>ri$ along ) ! e>?2 !re w\ld be no relative motion4 ,:at mu/ be ! consequ5ce8 ,take ! case ( a telegraph wire ) its two t]m9al plates dipp$ into ! e>?1 & suppose ! wire to lie 9 ! magnetic m]idian4 ,! gr\nd und]nea? ! wire is influ5c$ l ! wire itself by ! e>?'s rotation2 if a curr5t f s\? to nor? be g5]at$ 9 ! wire1 a simil> curr5t f s\? to nor? w\ld be g5]at$ 9 ! e>? "u ! wire2 ^! curr5ts w\ld run aga9/ ! same t]m9al plate1 & ?us neutralise ea* o!r4 ,?is inf]5ce appe>s inevitable1 b 8 pr(\nd vision p]ceiv$ its possible invalidity4 ,he saw t x 0 at lea/ possible t ! diff]5ce ( conduct+ p[] betwe5 ! e>? & ! wire might give "o an advantage ov] ! o!r1 & t ?us a residual or diff]5tial curr5t might be obta9$4 ,he comb9$ wires ( diff]5t mat]ials1 & caus$ !m to act 9 opposition to ea* o!r1 b f\nd ! comb9ation ineffectual4 ,! m copi\s fl[ 9 ! bett] conductor 0 exactly c\nt]balanc$ by ! resi/ance ( ! worse4 ,/ill1 ?\gh exp]im5t 0 ?us emphatic1 he w\ld cle> 8 m9d ( all discom=t by op]at+ on ! e>? itself4 ,he w5t to ! r\nd lake ne> ,k5s+ton ,palace1 & /ret*$ #dhj feet ( copp] wire1 nor? & s\?1 ov] ! lake1 caus+ plates sold]$ to ! wire at its ends to dip into ! wat]4 ,! copp] wire 0 sev]$ at ! middle1 & ! sev]$ ends connect$ ) a galvanomet]4 ,no effect :atev] 0 obs]v$4 ,b ?\gh quiesc5t wat] gave no effect1 mov+ wat] might4 ,he !re=e work$ at ,london ,bridge = ?ree days dur+ ! ebb & fl[ ( ! tide1 b )\t any satisfactory result4 ,/ill he urges1 ',!oretically x seems a necess>y consequ5ce1 t :]e wat] is fl[+ !re electric curr5ts %\ld be =m$4 ,if a l9e be imag9$ pass+ f ,dov] to ,calais ?r\gh ! sea1 & return+ ?r\gh ! l&1 b5ea? ! wat]1 to ,dov]1 x traces out a circuit ( conduct+ matt] "o "p ( :i*1 :5 ! wat] moves up or d[n ! *annel1 is cutt+ ! magnetic curves ( ! e>?1 :il/ ! o!r is relatively at re/4444 ,!re is e reason to believe t curr5ts d run 9 ! g5]al direction ( ! circuit describ$1 ei!r "o way or ! o!r1 accord+ z ! passage ( ! wat]s is up or d[n ! *annel4' ,?is 0 writt5 be=e ! subm>9e cable 0 ?\ght (1 & he once in=m$ me t actual obs]vation ^u t cable _h be5 f\nd to be 9 accordance ) 8 !oretic d$uction4#a ,?ree ye>s subsequ5t to ! publication ( ^! rese>*es--t is to say1 on ,janu>y #bi1 #ahce--;,f>aday read be=e ! ,royal ,society a pap] ',on ! influ5ce by induction ( an electric curr5t ^u itself4' ,a %ock & sp>k ( a peculi> "* _h be5 obs]v$ by a "y man nam$ ,william ,j5k91 :o mu/ h be5 a y\? ( "s sci5tific promise1 b :o1 z ,f>aday once in=m$ me1 0 dissuad$ by 8 own fa!r f hav+ any?+ to d ) sci5ce4 ,! inve/igation ( ! fact notic$ by ,mr4 ,j5k9 l$ ,f>aday to ! discov]y ( ! extra curr5t1 or ! curr5t induc$ 9 ! prim>y wire itself at ! mom5ts ( mak+ & break+ contact1 ! ph5om5a ( :i* he describ$ & illu/rat$ 9 ! beautiful & exhau/ive pap] ref]r$ to4 ,sev5-&-?irty ye>s h pass$ s9ce ! discov]y ( magneto-electricity2 b1 if we except ! extra curr5t1 until q rec5tly no?+ ( mom5t 0 add$ to ! subject4 ,f>aday ent]ta9$ ! op9ion t ! discov]] ( a great law or pr9ciple _h a "r to ! 'spoils'--?is 0 8 t]m--aris+ f its illu/ration2 & guid$ by ! pr9ciple he _h discov]$1 8 wond]ful m9d1 aid$ by 8 wond]ful t5 f+]s1 ov]ran 9 a s+le autumn ?is va/ doma91 & h>dly left beh9d him ! %r$ ( a fact to be ga!r$ by 8 successors4 ,& "h ! "q may arise 9 "s m9ds1 ,:at is ! use ( x all8 ,! answ] is1 t if man's intellectual nature ?ir/s = k1 !n k is useful because x satisfies ?is ?ir/4 ,if y dem& practical ends1 y mu/1 ,i ?9k1 exp& y\r def9ition ( ! t]m practical1 & make x include all t elevates & enlight5s ! intellect1 z well z all t m9i/]s to ! bodily heal? & com=t ( m54 ,/ill1 if ne$$1 an answ] ( ano!r k9d might be giv5 to ! "q ',:at is its use8' ,z f> z electricity has be5 appli$ = m$ical purposes1 x has be5 almo/ exclusively ,f>aday's electricity4 ,y h notic$ ^? l9es ( wire :i* cross ! /reets ( ,london4 ,x is ,f>aday's curr5ts t spe$ f place to place ?r\gh ^! wires4 ,approa*+ ! po9t ( ,dung5ess1 ! m>9] sees an unusually brilliant light1 & f ! noble ph>es ( ,la ,heve ! same light fla%es across ! sea4 ,^! are ,f>aday's sp>ks exalt$ by suitable ma*9]y to sunlike spl5d\r4 ,at ! pres5t mom5t ! ,bo>d ( ,trade & ! ,bre?r5 ( ! ,tr9ity ,h\se1 z well z ! ,commission]s ( ,nor!rn ,lights1 are contemplat+ ! introduction ( ! ,magneto-electric ,light at num]\s po9ts ^u our coa/s2 & future g5]ations w be able to ref] to ^? guid+ />s 9 answ] to ! "q4 ,:at has be5 ! practical use ( ! lab\rs ( ,f>aday8 ,b ,i w\ld aga9 emphatically say1 t 8 "w ne$s no su* ju/ification1 & t if he _h all[$ 8 vision to be di/urb$ by consid]ations reg>d+ ! practical use ( 8 discov]ies1 ^? discov]ies w\ld nev] h be5 made by him4 ',i h r1' he writes 9 #ahca1 'be5 desir\s ( discov]+ new facts & new relations dep5d5t on magneto-electric induction1 ?an ( exalt+ ! =ce ( ^? already obta9$2 be+ assur$ t ! latt] w\ld f9d _! full developm5t h]eaft]4' ,9 #ahag1 :5 lectur+ be=e a private society 9 ,london on ! elem5t *lor9e1 ,f>aday ?us express$ himself ) ref]5ce to ?is "q ( utility4 ',be=e leav+ ?is subject1 ,i w po9t out ! hi/ory ( ?is sub/ance1 z an answ] to ^? :o are 9 ! habit ( say+ to e new fact4 ,:at is its use8 ,dr4 ,frankl9 says to su*1 ,:at is ! use ( an infant8 ,! answ] ( ! exp]im5tali/ is1 ,endeav\r to make x useful4 ,:5 ,s*eele discov]$ ?is sub/ance1 x appe>$ to h no use2 x 0 9 its infancy & useless /ate1 b hav+ gr[n up to maturity1 witness its p[]s1 & see :at endeav\rs to make x useful h done4' ,footnote to ,*apt] #c #a ,i am indebt$ to a fri5d = ! foll[+ exquisite morsel3--',a %ort "t aft] ! publication ( ,f>aday's fir/ rese>*es 9 magneto-electricity1 he att5d$ ! meet+ ( ! ,briti% ,association at ,ox=d1 9 #ahcb4 ,on ?is occasion he 0 reque/$ by "s ( ! au?orities to repeat ! celebrat$ exp]im5t ( elicit+ a sp>k f a magnet1 employ+ = ?is purpose ! l>ge magnet 9 ! ,a%molean ,museum4 ,to ?is he cons5t$1 & a l>ge p>ty assembl$ to witness ! exp]im5ts1 :i*1 ,i ne$ n say1 7 p]fectly successful4 ,:il/ he 0 repeat+ !m a dignit>y ( ! ,univ]sity ent]$ ! room1 & address+ himself to ,pr(essor ,daniell1 :o 0 /&+ ne> ,f>aday1 inquir$ :at 0 go+ on4 ,! ,pr(essor expla9$ to him z popul>ly z possible ?is /rik+ result ( ,f>aday's great discov]y4 ,! ,dean li/5$ ) att5tion & look$ e>ne/ly at ! brilliant sp>k1 b a mom5t aft] he assum$ a s]i\s c\nt5ance & %ook 8 head2 ,i am sorry = x1 said he1 z he walk$ away2 9 ! middle ( ! room he /opp$ = a mom5t & repeat$1 ,i am sorry = x3 !n walk+ t[>ds ! door1 :5 ! h&le 0 9 8 h& he turn$ r\nd & said1 ,inde$ ,i am sorry = x2 x is putt+ new arms into ! h&s ( ! inc5di>y4 ,?is occurr$ a %ort "t aft] ! pap]s _h be5 fill$ ) ! do+s ( ! hayrick burn]s4 ,an errone\s /atem5t ( :at fell f ! ,dean's m\? 0 pr9t$ at ! "t 9 "o ( ! ,ox=d pap]s4 ,he is !re wrongly /at$ to h said1 ,x is putt+ new arms into ! h&s ( ! infidel4' ,*apt] #d4 ,po9ts ( ,"*4 ,a po9t highly illu/rative ( ! "* ( ,f>aday n[ comes into view4 ,he gave an acc\nt ( 8 discov]y ( ,magneto-electricity 9 a lett] to 8 fri5d ,m4 ,ha*ette1 ( ,p>is1 :o communicat$ ! lett] to ! ,academy ( ,sci5ces4 ,! lett] 0 translat$ & publi%$2 & imm$iately aft]w>ds two di/+ui%$ ,italian philosoph]s took up ! subject1 made num]\s exp]im5ts1 & publi%$ _! results be=e ! complete memoirs ( ,f>aday _h met ! public eye4 ,?is evid5tly irritat$ him4 ,he repr9t$ ! pap] ( ! le>n$ ,italians 9 ! ',philosophical ,magaz9e1' accompani$ by %>p critical notes f himself4 ,he also wrote a lett] dat$ ,dec4 #a1 #ahcb1 to ,gay ,lussac1 :o 0 !n "o ( ! editors ( ! ',annales de ,*imie1' 9 :i* he analys$ ! results ( ! ,italian philosoph]s1 po9t+ out _! errors1 & def5d+ himself f :at he reg>d$ z imputations on 8 "*4 ,! /yle ( ?is lett] is unexceptionable1 = ,f>aday c\ld n write o!rwise ?an z a g5tleman2 b ! lett] %[s t _h he will$ x he c\ld h hit h>d4 ,we h he>d mu* ( ,f>aday's g5tl5ess & sweetness & t5d]ness4 ,x is all true1 b x is v incomplete4 ,y _c resolve a p[]ful nature into ^! elem5ts1 & ,f>aday's "* w\ld h be5 less admirable ?an x 0 _h x n embrac$ =ces & t5d5cies to :i* ! silky adjectives 'g5tle' & 't5d]' w\ld by no means apply4 ,und]nea? 8 sweetness & g5tl5ess 0 ! heat ( a volcano4 ,he 0 a man ( excitable & fi]y nature2 b ?r\gh high self-discipl9e he _h conv]t$ ! fire into a c5tral gl[ & motive p[] ( life1 in/ead ( p]mitt+ x to wa/e itself 9 useless passion4 ',he t is sl[ to ang]1' sai? ! sage1 'is great] ?an ! mighty1 & he t rule? 8 own _s ?an he t take? a city4' ,f>aday 0 n sl[ to ang]1 b he completely rul$ 8 own _s1 & ?us1 ?\gh he took no cities1 he captivat$ all he>ts4 ,z already intimat$1 ,f>aday _h contribut$ _m ( 8 m9or pap]s--includ+ 8 fir/ analysis ( cau/ic lime--to ! ',qu>t]ly ,j\rnal ( ,sci5ce4' ,9 #ahcb1 he collect$ ^? pap]s & o!rs toge!r 9 a small octavo volume1 labell$ !m1 & prefac$ !m ?us3-- ',,pap]s1 ,,notes1 ,,notices1 c41 c41publi%$ 9 octavo1 up to #ahcb4 ,m4 ,f>aday4' ',pap]s ( m9e1 publi%$ 9 octavo1 9 ! ,qu>t]ly ,j\rnal ( ,sci5ce1 & else:]e1 s9ce ! "t t ,sir ,h4 ,davy enc\rag$ me to write ! analysis ( cau/ic lime4 ',"s1 ,i ?9k 7at ?is date71 are good2 o!rs mod]ate2 & "s bad4 ,b ,i h put all into ! volume1 because ( ! utility !y h be5 ( to me--& none m ?an ! bad--9 po9t+ out to me 9 future1 or r1 aft] times1 ! faults x became me to wat* & to avoid4 ',z ,i nev] look$ ov] "o ( my pap]s a ye> aft] x 0 writt5 )\t believ+ bo? 9 philosophy & mann] x c\ld h be5 mu* bett] done1 ,i /ill hope ! collection may be ( great use to me4 ',m4 ,f>aday4 ',aug4 #ah1 #ahcb4' ',none m ?an ! bad6' ,?is is a bit ( ,f>aday's inn]mo/ nature2 & z ,i read ^! words ,i am almo/ con/ra9$ to retract :at ,i h said reg>d+ ! fire & excitability ( 8 "*4 ,b is he n all ! m admirable1 ?r\gh 8 ability to tone d[n & subdue t fire & t excitability1 s z to r5d] himself able to write ?us z a little *ild8 ,i once took ! lib]ty ( c5sur+ ! conclusion ( a lett] ( 8 to ! ,dean ( ,/4 ,paul's4 ,he subscrib$ himself 'humbly y\rs1' & ,i object$ to ! adv]b4 ',well1 b1 ,tyndall1' he said1 ',i am humble2 & /ill x w\ld be a great mi/ake to ?9k t ,i am n also pr\d4' ,?is duality ran ?r\gh 8 "*4 ,a democrat 9 8 defiance ( all au?ority :i* unfairly limit$ 8 fre$om ( ?\ght1 & /ill ready to /oop 9 rev]5ce to all t 0 really wor?y ( rev]5ce1 9 ! cu/oms ( ! _w or ! *>act]s ( m54 ,& "h1 z well z else:]e1 may be introduc$ a lett] :i* be>s ^u ?is "q ( self-control1 writt5 long ye>s subsequ5t to ! p]iod at :i* we h n[ arriv$4 ,i _h be5 at ,glasg[ 9 #ahee1 at a meet+ ( ! ,briti% ,association4 ,on a c]ta9 day1 ,i communicat$ a pap] to ! physical section1 :i* 0 foll[$ by a brisk discussion4 ,m5 ( great di/9ction took "p 9 x1 ! late ,dr4 ,:ewell among ! numb]1 & x wax$ w>m on bo? sides4 ,i 0 by no means cont5t ) ?is discussion2 & lea/ ( all1 ) my own "p 9 x4 ,?is discont5t affect$ me = "s days1 dur+ :i* ,i wrote to ,f>aday1 giv+ him no details1 b express+1 9 a g5]al way1 my dissatisfaction4 ,i give ! foll[+ extract f 8 reply3-- ',syd5ham1 ,oct4 #f1 #ahee4 ',my ,de> ,tyndall1--,^! great meet+s1 ( :i* ,i ?9k v well altoge!r1 advance sci5ce *iefly by br++ sci5tific m5 toge!r & mak+ !m to "k & be fri5ds ) ea* o!r2 & ,i am sorry :5 t is n ! effect 9 e "p ( _! c\rse4 ,i "k no?+ except f :at y tell me1 = ,i h n yet look$ at ! reports ( ! proce$+s2 b let me1 z an old man1 :o ought by ?is "t to h pr(it$ by exp]i5ce1 say t :5 ,i 0 y\ng] ,i f\nd ,i (t5 mis9t]pret$ ! int5tions ( p1 & f\nd !y did n mean :at at ! "t ,i suppos$ !y meant2 &1 fur!r1 t z a g5]al rule1 x 0 bett] to be a little dull ( appreh5sion :]e phrases seem$ to imply pique1 & quick 9 p]ception :51 on ! contr>y1 !y seem$ to imply k9dly feel+4 ,! real tru? nev] fails ultimately to appe>2 & oppos+ p>ties1 if wrong1 are soon] conv9c$ :5 repli$ to =be>+ly1 ?an :5 ov]:elm$4 ,all ,i mean to say is1 t x is bett] to be bl9d to ! results ( p>tisan%ip1 & quick to see good w4 ,"o has m happ9ess 9 oneself 9 endeav\r+ to foll[ ! ?+s t make = peace4 ,y c h>dly imag9e h[ (t5 ,i h be5 heat$ 9 private :5 oppos$1 z ,i h ?\ght1 unju/ly & sup]cili\sly1 & yet ,i h /riv51 & succe$$1 ,i hope1 9 keep+ d[n replies ( ! l k9d4 ,& ,i "k ,i h nev] lo/ by x4 ,i w\ld n say all ?is to y did ,i n e/eem y z a true philosoph] & fri5d4#a ',y\rs1 v truly1 ',m4 ,f>aday4' ,footnote to ,*apt] #d #a ,f>aday w\ld h be5 rejoic$ to le>n t1 dur+ its la/ meet+ at ,dundee1 ! ,briti% ,association illu/rat$ 9 a /rik+ mann] ! function :i* he "h describes z its pr9cipal "o4 ,9 my own case1 a bro!rly welcome 0 ev]y:]e manife/$4 ,9 fact1 ! diff]5ces ( really hon\rable & sane m5 are nev] beyond heal+4 ,*apt] #e4 ,id5tity ( electricities2 fir/ rese>*es on electro-*emi/ry4 ,i h already once us$ ! ^w 'discom=t' 9 ref]5ce to ! occasional /ate ( ,f>aday's m9d :5 exp]im5t+4 ,x 0 to him a discom=t to reason ^u data :i* admitt$ ( d\bt4 ,he hat$ :at he call$ 'd\btful k1' & ev] t5d$ ei!r to transf] x into ! region ( und\btful k1 or ( c]ta9 & def9ite ignorance4 ,pret5ce ( all k9ds1 :e!r 9 life or 9 philosophy1 0 hateful to him4 ,he wi%$ to "k ! reality ( our nesci5ce z well z ( our sci5ce4 ',be "o ?+ or ! o!r1' he seem$ to say to an unprov$ hypo!sis2 'come out z a solid tru?1 or disappe> z a convict$ lie4' ,aft] mak+ ! great discov]y :i* ,i h attempt$ to describe1 a d\bt seem$ to beset him z reg>ds ! id5tity ( electricities4 ',is x "r1' he seem$ to ask1 'to call ?is ag5cy :i* ,i h discov]$ electricity at all8 ,are !re p]fectly conclusive gr\nds = believ+ t ! electricity ( ! ma*9e1 ! pile1 ! gymnotus & torp$o1 magneto-electricity & !rmo-electricity1 are m]ely diff]5t manife/ations ( "o & ! same ag5t8' ,to answ] ?is "q to 8 own satisfaction he =mally review$ ! k ( t day4 ,he add$ to x new exp]im5ts ( 8 own1 & f9ally decid$ 9 fav\r ( ! ',id5tity ( ,electricities4' ,8 pap] ^u ?is subject 0 read be=e ! ,royal ,society on ,janu>y #aj & #ag1 #ahcc4 ,aft] he _h prov$ to 8 own satisfaction ! id5tity ( electricities1 he tri$ to comp>e !m quantitatively toge!r4 ,! t]ms quantity & int5sity1 :i* ,f>aday con/antly us$1 ne$ a ^w ( explanation "h4 ,he might *>ge a s+le ,leyd5 j> by tw5ty turns ( 8 ma*9e1 or he might *>ge a batt]y ( t5 j>s by ! same numb] ( turns4 ,! quantity 9 bo? cases w\ld be s5sibly ! same1 b ! int5sity ( ! s+le j> w\ld be ! greate/1 = "h ! electricity w\ld be less diffus$4 ,f>aday fir/ satisfi$ himself t ! ne$le ( 8 galvanomet] 0 caus$ to sw+ ?r\gh ! same arc by ! same quantity ( ma*9e electricity1 :e!r x 0 cond5s$ 9 a small batt]y or diffus$ ov] a l>ge "o4 ,?us ! electricity develop$ by ?irty turns ( 8 ma*9e produc$1 "u v v>iable conditions ( batt]y surface1 ! same deflection4 ,h5ce he inf]r$ ! possibility ( comp>+1 z reg>ds quantity1 electricities :i* diff] greatly f ea* o!r 9 int5sity4 ,8 object n[ is to comp>e frictional ) voltaic electricity4 ,moi/5+ bibul\s pap] ) ! iodide ( potassium--a fav\rite te/ ( 8--& subject+ x to ! action ( ma*9e electricity1 he decompos$ ! iodide1 & =m$ a br[n spot :]e ! iod9e 0 lib]at$4 ,!n he imm]s$ two wires1 "o ( z9c1 ! o!r ( plat9um1 ea* #a_/ac? ( an in* 9 diamet]1 to a dep? ( #e_/h?s ( an in* 9 acidulat$ wat] dur+ eight beats ( 8 wat*1 or #c_/bj?s ( a second2 & f\nd t ! ne$le ( 8 galvanomet] swung ?r\gh ! same arc1 & col\r$ 8 moi/5$ pap] to ! same ext5t1 z ?irty turns ( 8 l>ge electrical ma*9e4 ,tw5ty-eight turns ( ! ma*9e produc$ an effect di/9ctly less ?an t produc$ by 8 two wires4 ,n[1 ! quantity ( wat] decompos$ by ! wires 9 ?is exp]im5t totally elud$ obs]vation2 x 0 immeasurably small2 & /ill t am\nt ( decomposition involv$ ! developm5t ( a quantity ( electric =ce :i*1 if appli$ 9 a prop] =m1 w\ld kill a rat1 & no man w\ld l to be> x4 ,9 8 subsequ5t rese>*es ',on ! absolute ,quantity ( ,electricity associat$ ) ! ,p>ticles or ,atoms ( matt]1' he endeav\rs to give an idea ( ! am\nt ( electrical =ce involv$ 9 ! decomposition ( a s+le gra9 ( wat]4 ,he is almo/ afraid to m5tion x1 = he e/imates x at #hjj1jjj dis*>ges ( 8 l>ge ,leyd5 batt]y4 ,?is1 if conc5trat$ 9 a s+le dis*>ge1 w\ld be equal to a v great fla% ( lightn+2 :ile ! *emical action ( a s+le gra9 ( wat] on f\r gra9s ( z9c w\ld yield electricity equal 9 quantity to a p[]ful ?und]/orm4 ,?us 8 m9d rises f ! m9ute to ! va/1 exp&+ involunt>ily f ! smalle/ laboratory fact till x embraces ! l>ge/ & gr&e/ natural ph5om5a4#a ,9 reality1 h[ev]1 he is at ?is "t only cle>+ 8 way1 & he cont9ues labori\sly to cle> x = "s "t aft]w>ds4 ,he is digg+ ! %aft1 guid$ by t in/9ct t[>ds ! m9]al lode :i* 0 to him a rod ( div9ation4 ',er rie*t die ,wahrheit1' said ! lam5t$ ,kohlraus*1 an em95t ,g]man1 once 9 my he>+3--',he smells ! tru?4' ,8 eyes are n[ /eadily fix$ on ?is wond]ful voltaic curr5t1 & he mu/ le>n m ( its mode ( transmission4 ,on ,may #bc1 #ahcc1 he read a pap] be=e ! ,royal ,society ',on a new ,law ( ,electric ,conduction4' ,he f\nd t1 ?\gh ! curr5t pass$ ?r\gh wat]1 x did n pass ?r\gh ice3--:y n1 s9ce !y are "o & ! same sub/ance8 ,"s ye>s subsequ5tly he answ]$ ?is "q by say+ t ! liquid condition enables ! molecule ( wat] to turn r\nd s z to place itself 9 ! prop] l9e ( pol>ization1 :ile ! rigidity ( ! solid condition prev5ts ?is arrangem5t4 ,?is pol> arrangem5t mu/ prec$e decomposition1 & decomposition is an accompanim5t ( conduction4 ,he !n pass$ on to o!r sub/ances2 to oxides & *lorides1 & iodides1 & salts1 & sulphurets1 & f\nd !m all insulators :5 solid1 & conductors :5 fus$4 ,9 all cases1 moreov]1 except "o--& ?is exception he ?\ght might be app>5t only--he f\nd ! passage ( ! curr5t across ! fus$ comp\nd to be accompani$ by its decomposition4 ,is !n ! act ( decomposition ess5tial to ! act ( conduction 9 ^! bodies8 ,ev5 rec5tly ?is "q 0 w>mly conte/$4 ,f>aday 0 v cauti\s latt]ly 9 express+ himself ^u ?is subject2 b z a matt] ( fact he held t an inf9itesimal quantity ( electricity might pass ?r\gh a comp\nd liquid )\t produc+ its decomposition4 ,de la ,rive1 :o has be5 a great work] on ! *emical ph5om5a ( ! pile1 is v emphatic on ! o!r side4 ,exp]im5t1 accord+ to him & o!rs1 e/abli%es 9 ! mo/ conclusive mann] t no trace ( electricity c pass ?r\gh a liquid comp\nd )\t produc+ its equival5t decomposition4#b ,f>aday has n[ got fairly entangl$ amid ! *emical ph5om5a ( ! pile1 & "h 8 previ\s tra9+ "u ,davy mu/ h be5 ( ! mo/ important s]vice to him4 ,:y1 he asks1 %\ld decomposition ?us take place8--:at =ce is x t wr5*es ! lock$ con/itu5ts ( ^! comp\nds asund]8 ,on ! #bj? ( ,june1 #ahcc1 he read a pap] be=e ! ,royal ,society ',on ,electro-*emical ,decomposition1' 9 :i* he seeks to answ] ^! que/ions4 ,! notion _h be5 ent]ta9$ t ! poles1 z !y are call$1 ( ! decompos+ cell1 or 9 o!r words ! surfaces by :i* ! curr5t ent]s & quits ! liquid1 ex]cis$ electric attractions ^u ! con/itu5ts ( ! liquid & tore !m asund]4 ,f>aday combats ?is notion ) extreme vig\r4 ,litmus reveals1 z y "k1 ! action ( an acid by turn+ r$1 turm]ic reveals ! action ( an alkali by turn+ br[n4 ,sulphate ( soda1 y "k1 is a salt comp\nd$ ( ! alkali soda & sulphuric acid4 ,! voltaic curr5t pass+ ?r\gh a solution ( ?is salt s decomposes x1 t sulphuric acid appe>s at "o pole ( ! decompos+ cell & alkali at ! o!r4 ,f>aday /eep$ a piece ( litmus pap] & a piece ( turm]ic pap] 9 a solution ( sulphate ( soda3 plac+ ea* ( !m ^u a sep>ate plate ( glass1 he connect$ !m toge!r by means ( a /r+ moi/5$ ) ! same solution4 ,he !n atta*$ "o ( !m to ! positive conductor ( an electric ma*9e1 & ! o!r to ! gas-pipes ( ?is build+4 ,^! he call$ 8 'dis*>g+ tra94' ,on turn+ ! ma*9e ! electricity pass$ f pap] to pap] ?r\gh ! /r+1 :i* might be v>i$ 9 l5g? f a few in*es to sev5ty feet )\t *ang+ ! result4 ,! fir/ pap] 0 r$d5$1 decl>+ ! pres5ce ( sulphuric acid2 ! second 0 br[n$1 decl>+ ! pres5ce ( ! alkali soda4 ,! dissolv$ salt1 !re=e1 arrang$ 9 ?is fa%ion1 0 decompos$ by ! ma*9e1 exactly z x w\ld h be5 by ! voltaic curr5t4 ,:5 in/ead ( us+ ! positive conductor he us$ ! negative1 ! positions ( ! acid & alkali 7 rev]s$4 ,?us he satisfi$ himself t *emical decomposition by ! ma*9e is ob$i5t to ! laws :i* rule decomposition by ! pile4 ,& n[ he gradually aboli%es ^? s-call$ poles1 to ! attraction ( :i* electric decomposition _h be5 ascrib$4 ,he connect$ a piece ( turm]ic pap] moi/5$ ) ! sulphate ( soda ) ! positive conductor ( 8 ma*9e2 !n he plac$ a metallic po9t 9 connection ) 8 dis*>g+ tra9 opposite ! moi/ pap]1 s t ! electricity %\ld dis*>ge ?r\gh ! air t[>ds ! po9t4 ,! turn+ ( ! ma*9e caus$ ! corn]s ( ! piece ( turm]ic pap] opposite to ! po9t to turn br[n1 ?us decl>+ ! pres5ce ( alkali4 ,he *ang$ ! turm]ic = litmus pap]1 & plac$ x1 n 9 connection ) 8 conductor1 b ) 8 dis*>g+ tra91 a metallic po9t connect$ ) ! conductor be+ fix$ at a c\ple ( in*es f ! pap]2 on turn+ ! ma*9e1 acid 0 lib]at$ at ! edges & corn]s ( ! litmus4 ,he !n plac$ a s]ies ( po9t$ pieces ( pap]1 ea* sep>ate piece be+ compos$ ( two halves1 "o ( litmus & ! o!r ( turm]ic pap]1 & all moi/5$ ) sulphate ( soda1 9 ! l9e ( ! curr5t f ! ma*9e4 ,! pieces ( pap] 7 sep>at$ f ea* o!r by spaces ( air4 ,! ma*9e 0 turn$2 & x 0 always f\nd t at ! po9t :]e ! electricity ent]$ ! pap]1 litmus 0 r$d5$1 & at ! po9t :]e x quitt$ ! pap]1 turm]ic 0 br[n$4 ',"h1' he urges1 '! poles are entirely ab&on$1 b we h /ill electro*emical decomposition4' ,x is evid5t to him t in/ead ( be+ attract$ by ! poles1 ! bodies sep>at$ are eject$ by ! curr5t4 ,! effects ?us obta9$ ) poles ( air he also succe$$ 9 obta9+ ) poles ( wat]4 ,! advance 9 ,f>aday's own ideas made at ?is "t is indicat$ by ! ^w 'eject$4' ,he aft]w>ds reit]ates ?is view3 ! evolv$ sub/ances are expell$ f ! decompos+ body1 & 'n drawn out by an attraction4 ,hav+ aboli%$ ?is idea ( pol> attraction1 he proce$s to enunciate & develop a !ory ( 8 own4 ,he ref]s to ,davy's celebrat$ ,bak]ian ,lecture1 giv5 9 #ahjf1 :i* he says 'is almo/ entirely occupi$ 9 ! consid]ation ( electro*emical decompositions4' ,! facts record$ 9 t lecture ,f>aday reg>ds z ( ! utmo/ value4 ,b '! mode ( action by :i* ! effects take place is /at$ v g5]ally2 s g5]ally1 inde$1 t probably a doz5 precise s*emes ( electro*emical action might be drawn up1 diff]+ ess5tially f ea* o!r1 yet all agree+ ) ! /atem5t !re giv54' ,x appe>s to me t ^! words might ) ju/ice be appli$ to ,f>aday's own rese>*es at ?is "t4 ,!y furni% u ) results ( p]man5t value2 b little help c be f\nd 9 ! !ory advanc$ to acc\nt = !m4 ,x w\ld1 p]haps1 be m correct to say t ! !ory itself is h>dly pres5table 9 any tangible =m to ! intellect4 ,f>aday looks1 & rightly looks1 into ! he>t ( ! decompos+ body itself2 he sees1 & rightly sees1 active )9 x ! =ces :i* produce ! decomposition1 & he rejects1 & rightly rejects1 ! notion ( ext]nal attraction2 b beyond ! hypo!sis ( decompositions & recompositions1 enunciat$ & develop$ by ,gro?uss & ,davy1 he does n1 ,i ?9k1 help u to any def9ite conception z to h[ ! =ce rea*es ! decompos+ mass & acts )9 x4 ,nor1 inde$1 c ?is be done1 until we "k ! true physical process :i* und]lies :at we call an electric curr5t4 ,f>aday conceives ( t curr5t z 'an axis ( p[] hav+ contr>y =ces exactly equal 9 am\nt 9 opposite directions'2 b ?is def9ition1 ?\gh mu* quot$ & circulat$1 tea*es u no?+ reg>d+ ! curr5t4 ,an 'axis' "h c only mean a direction2 & :at we want to be able to conceive ( is1 n ! axis along :i* ! p[] acts1 b ! nature & mode ( action ( ! p[] itself4 ,he objects to ! vagu5ess ( ,de la ,rive2 b ! fact is1 t bo? he & ,de la ,rive lab\r "u ! same difficulty4 ,nei!r wi%es to commit himself to ! notion ( a curr5t comp\nd$ ( two electricities fl[+ 9 two opposite directions3 b ! "t _h n come1 nor is x yet come1 = ! displacem5t ( ?is provisional fiction by ! true me*anical conception4 ,/ill1 h[ev] indi/9ct ! !oretic notions ( ,f>aday at ?is "t may be1 ! facts :i* are ris+ be=e him & ar\nd him are lead+ him gradually1 b surely1 to results ( incalculable importance 9 relation to ! philosophy ( ! voltaic pile4 ,he _h always "s great object ( rese>* 9 view1 b 9 ! pursuit ( x he frequ5tly alight$ on facts ( collat]al int]e/1 to exam9e :i* he sometimes turn$ aside f 8 direct c\rse4 ,?us we f9d ! s]ies ( 8 rese>*es on electro*emical decomposition int]rupt$ by an inquiry into '! p[] ( metals & o!r solids1 to induce ! comb9ation ( gase\s bodies4' ,?is inquiry1 :i* 0 receiv$ by ! ,royal ,society on ,nov4 #cj1 #ahcc1 ?\gh n s important z ^? :i* prec$e & foll[ x1 illu/rates ?r\gh\t 8 /r5g? z an exp]im5t]4 ,! p[] ( spongy plat9um to cause ! comb9ation ( oxyg5 & hydrog5 _h be5 discov]$ by ,dob]e9] 9 #ahbc1 & _h be5 appli$ by him 9 ! con/ruction ( 8 well-kn[n philosophic lamp4 ,x 0 %[n subsequ5tly by ,dulong & ,!n>d t ev5 a plat9um wire1 :5 p]fectly cleans$1 may be rais$ to inc&esc5ce by its action on a jet ( cold hydrog54 ,9 8 exp]im5ts on ! decomposition ( wat]1 ,f>aday f\nd t ! positive plat9um plate ( ! decompos+ cell possess$ 9 an extraord9>y degree ! p[] ( caus+ oxyg5 & hydrog5 to comb9e4 ,he trac$ ! cause ( ?is to ! p]fect cleanness ( ! positive plate4 ,aga9/ x 0 lib]at$ oxyg51 :i*1 ) ! p[]ful aff9ity ( ! 'nasc5t /ate1' swept away all impurity f ! surface aga9/ :i* x 0 lib]at$4 ,! bubbles ( gas lib]at$ on "o ( ! plat9um plates or wires ( a decompos+ cell are always mu* small]1 & !y rise 9 mu* m rapid succession ?an ^? f ! o!r4 ,kn[+ t oxyg5 is sixte5 times heavi] ?an hydrog51 ,i h m ?an once conclud$1 &1 ,i fe>1 l$ o!rs into ! error ( conclud+1 t ! small] & m quickly ris+ bubbles mu/ belong to ! light] gas4 ,! ?+ appe>$ s obvi\s t ,i did n give myself ! tr\ble ( look+ at ! batt]y1 :i* w\ld at once h told me ! nature ( ! gas4 ,b ,f>aday w\ld nev] h be5 satisfi$ ) a d$uction if he c\ld h r$uc$ x to a fact4 ,& he has taught me t ! fact "h is ! direct rev]se ( :at ,i suppos$ x to be4 ,! small bubbles are oxyg51 & _! smallness is due to ! p]fect cleanness ( ! surface on :i* !y are lib]at$4 ,! hydrog5 adh]+ to ! o!r electrode swells into l>ge bubbles1 :i* rise 9 mu* sl[] succession2 b :5 ! curr5t is rev]s$1 ! hydrog5 is lib]at$ ^u ! cleans$ wire1 & !n its bubbles also become small4 ,footnotes to ,*apt] #e #a ,buff f9ds ! quantity ( electricity associat$ ) "o milligramme ( hydrog5 9 wat] to be equal to #de1dhj *>ges ( a ,leyd5 j>1 ) a height ( #dhj millimetres1 & a diamet] ( #afj millimetres4 ,web] & ,kohlraus* h calculat$ t1 if ! quantity ( electricity associat$ ) "o milligramme ( hydrog5 9 wat] 7 diffus$ ov] a cl\d at a height ( #ajjj metres above ! e>?1 x w\ld ex]t ^u an equal quantity ( ! opposite electricity at ! e>?'s surface an attractive =ce ( #b1bfh1jjj kilogrammes4 7,electrolytis*e ,maasbe/immung51 #ahef1 p4 #bfb47 #b ,f>aday1 sa ,vie et ses ,travaux1 p4 #bj4 ,*apt] #f4 ,laws ( electro-*emical decomposition4 ,9 our conceptions & reason+s reg>d+ ! =ces ( nature1 we p]petually make use ( symbols :i*1 :5 !y possess a high repres5tative value1 we dignify ) ! "n ( !ories4 ,?us1 prompt$ by c]ta9 analogies1 we ascribe electrical ph5om5a to ! action ( a peculi> fluid1 sometimes fl[+1 sometimes at re/4 ,su* conceptions h _! advantages & _! disadvantages2 !y af=d peaceful lodg+ to ! intellect = a "t1 b !y also circumscribe x1 & by-&-by1 :5 ! m9d has gr[n too l>ge = its lodg+1 x (t5 f9ds difficulty 9 break+ d[n ! walls ( :at has become its prison in/ead ( its home4#a ,no man ev] felt ?is tyranny ( symbols m deeply ?an ,f>aday1 & no man 0 ev] m assidu\s ?an he to lib]ate himself f !m1 & ! t]ms :i* sugge/$ !m4 ,call+ ,dr4 ,:ewell to 8 aid 9 #ahcc1 he endeav\r$ to displace by o!rs all t]ms ta9t$ by a =egone conclusion4 ,8 pap] on ,electro-*emical ,decomposition1 receiv$ by ! ,royal ,society on ,janu>y #i1 #ahcd1 op5s ) ! proposal ( a new t]m9ology4 ,he w\ld avoid ! ^w 'curr5t' if he c\ld4#b ,he does ab&on ! ^w 'poles' z appli$ to ! ends ( a decompos+ cell1 because x sugge/s ! idea ( attraction1 sub/itut+ = x ! p]fectly natural t]m ,electrodes4 ,he appli$ ! t]m ,electrolyte to e sub/ance :i* c be decompos$ by ! curr5t1 & ! act ( decomposition he call$ ,electrolysis4 ,all ^! t]ms h become curr5t 9 sci5ce4 ,he call$ ! positive electrode ! ,anode1 & ! negative "o ! ,ca?ode1 b ^! t]ms1 ?\gh frequ5tly us$1 h n enjoy$ ! same curr5cy z ! o!rs4 ,! t]ms ,anion & ,cation1 :i* he appli$ to ! con/itu5ts ( ! decompos$ electrolyte1 & ! t]m ,ion1 :i* includ$ bo? anions & cations1 are /ill less frequ5tly employ$4 ,f>aday n[ passes f t]m9ology to rese>*2 he sees ! necessity ( quantitative det]m9ations1 & seeks to supply himself ) a measure ( voltaic electricity4 ,?is he f9ds 9 ! quantity ( wat] decompos$ by ! curr5t4 ,he te/s ?is measure 9 all possible ways1 to assure himself t no error c arise f its employm5t4 ,he places 9 ! c\rse ( "o & ! same curr5t a s]ies ( cells ) electrodes ( diff]5t sizes1 "s ( !m plates ( plat9um1 o!rs m]ely plat9um wires1 & collects ! gas lib]at$ on ea* di/9ct pair ( electrodes4 ,he f9ds ! quantity ( gas to be ! same = all4 ,?us he concludes t :5 ! same quantity ( electricity is caus$ to pass ?r\gh a s]ies ( cells conta9+ acidulat$ wat]1 ! electro-*emical action is indep5d5t ( ! size ( ! electrodes4#c ,he next proves t v>iations 9 int5sity d n int]f]e ) ?is equality ( action4 ,:e!r 8 batt]y is *>g$ ) /rong acid or ) weak2 :e!r x consi/s ( five pairs or ( fifty pairs2 9 %ort1 :atev] be its s\rce1 :5 ! same curr5t is s5t ?r\gh 8 s]ies ( cells ! same am\nt ( decomposition takes place 9 all4 ,he next assures himself t ! /r5g? or weakness ( 8 dilute acid does n int]f]e ) ?is law4 ,s5d+ ! same curr5t ?r\gh a s]ies ( cells conta9+ mixtures ( sulphuric acid & wat] ( diff]5t /r5g?s1 he f9ds1 h[ev] ! proportion ( acid to wat] might v>y1 ! same am\nt ( gas to be collect$ 9 all ! cells4 ,a cr[d ( facts ( ?is "* =c$ ^u ,f>aday's m9d ! conclusion t ! am\nt ( electro-*emical decomposition dep5ds1 n ^u ! size ( ! electrodes1 n ^u ! int5sity ( ! curr5t1 n ^u ! /r5g? ( ! solution1 b solely ^u ! quantity ( electricity :i* passes ?r\gh ! cell4 ,! quantity ( electricity he concludes is proportional to ! am\nt ( *emical action4 ,on ?is law ,f>aday bas$ ! con/ruction ( 8 celebrat$ ,voltamet]1 or ,measure ( ,voltaic electricity4 ,b be=e he c apply ?is measure he mu/ cle> 8 gr\nd ( num]\s possible s\rces ( error4 ,! decomposition ( 8 acidulat$ wat] is c]ta9ly a direct result ( ! curr5t2 b z ! v>i$ & important rese>*es ( ,,mm4 ,becqu]el1 ,de la ,rive1 & o!rs _h %[n1 !re are also second>y actions :i* may mat]ially int]f]e ) & complicate ! pure action ( ! curr5t4 ,^! actions may occur 9 two ways3 ei!r ! lib]at$ ion may seize ^u ! electrode aga9/ :i* x is set free1 =m+ a *emical comp\nd ) t electrode2 or x may seize ^u ! sub/ance ( ! electrolyte itself1 & ?us introduce into ! circuit *emical actions ov] & above ^? due to ! curr5t4 ,f>aday subject$ ^! second>y actions to an exhau/ive exam9ation4 ,in/ruct$ by 8 exp]im5ts1 & r5d]$ compet5t by !m to di/+ui% betwe5 prim>y & second>y results1 he proce$s to e/abli% ! doctr9e ( ',def9ite ,electro-*emical ,decomposition4' ,into ! same circuit he introduc$ 8 voltamet]1 :i* consi/$ ( a graduat$ tube fill$ ) acidulat$ wat] & provid$ ) plat9um plates = ! decomposition ( ! wat]1 & also a cell conta9+ *loride ( t94 ,exp]im5ts already ref]r$ to _h taught him t ?is sub/ance1 ?\gh an insulator :5 solid1 is a conductor :5 fus$1 ! passage ( ! curr5t be+ always accompani$ by ! decomposition ( ! *loride4 ,he wi%$ to asc]ta9 :at relation ?is decomposition bore to t ( ! wat] 9 8 voltamet]4 ,complet+ 8 circuit1 he p]mitt$ ! curr5t to cont9ue until 'a reasonable quantity ( gas' 0 collect$ 9 ! voltamet]4 ,! circuit 0 !n brok51 & ! quantity ( t9 lib]at$ comp>$ ) ! quantity ( gas4 ,! weight ( ! =m] 0 #c4b gra9s1 t ( ! latt] #j4digdb ( a gra94 ,oxyg51 z y "k1 unites ) hydrog5 9 ! proportion ( #h to #a1 to =m wat]4 ,call+ ! equival5t1 or z x is sometimes call$1 ! atomic weight ( hydrog5 #a1 t ( oxyg5 is #h2 t ( wat] is consequ5tly #h #a or #i4 ,n[ if ! quantity ( wat] decompos$ 9 ,f>aday's exp]im5t be repres5t$ by ! numb] #i1 or 9 o!r words by ! equival5t ( wat]1 !n ! quantity ( t9 lib]at$ f ! fus$ *loride is f\nd by an easy calculation to be #eg4i1 :i* is almo/ exactly ! *emical equival5t ( t94 ,?us bo? ! wat] & ! *loride 7 brok5 up 9 proportions express$ by _! respective equival5ts4 ,! am\nt ( electric =ce :i* wr5*$ asund] ! con/itu5ts ( ! molecule ( wat] 0 compet5t1 & nei!r m nor less ?an compet5t1 to wr5* asund] ! con/itu5ts ( ! molecules ( ! *loride ( t94 ,! fact is typical4 ,) ! indications ( 8 voltamet] he comp>$ ! decompositions ( o!r sub/ances1 bo? s+ly & 9 s]ies4 ,he submitt$ 8 conclusions to numb]less te/s4 ,he purposely introduc$ second>y actions4 ,he endeav\r$ to hamp] ! fulfilm5t ( ^? laws :i* x 0 ! int5se desire ( 8 m9d to see e/abli%$4 ,b f all ^! difficulties em]g$ ! gold5 tru?1 t "u e v>iety ( circum/ances ! decompositions ( ! voltaic curr5t are z def9ite 9 _! "* z ^? *emical comb9ations :i* gave bir? to ! atomic !ory4 ,?is law ( ,electro-*emical ,decomposition ranks1 9 po9t ( importance1 ) t ( ,def9ite ,comb9+ ,proportions 9 *emi/ry4 ,footnotes to ,*apt] #f #a ,i copy ^! words f ! pr9t$ ab/ract ( a ,friday ev5+ lecture1 giv5 by myself1 because !y rem9d me ( ,f>aday's voice1 respond+ to ! utt]ance by an emphatic 'he>6 he>6'--,proce$+s ( ! ,royal ,in/itution1 vol4 ii4 p4 #acb4 #b ,9 #ahch he expresses himself ?us3--',! ^w curr5t is s expressive 9 common language t :5 appli$ 9 ! consid]ation ( electrical ph5om5a1 we c h>dly dive/ x suffici5tly ( its mean+1 or prev5t our m9ds f be+ prejudic$ by x4'--,exp4 ,rese>41 vol4 i4 p4 #eae4 7 #afag47 #c ,?is conclusion ne$s qualification4 ,f>aday ov]look$ ! "p play$ by ozone4 ,*apt] #g4 ,orig9 ( p[] 9 ! voltaic pile4 ,9 "o ( ! public areas ( ! t[n ( ,como /&s a /atue ) no inscription on its p$e/al1 save t ( a s+le "n1 ',volta4' ,! be>] ( t "n occupies a place = ev] memorable 9 ! hi/ory ( sci5ce4 ,to him we owe ! discov]y ( ! voltaic pile1 to :i* = a brief int]val we mu/ n[ turn our att5tion4 ,! objects ( sci5tific ?\ght be+ ! passionless laws & ph5om5a ( ext]nal nature1 "o might suppose t _! inve/igation & discussion w\ld be completely )drawn f ! region ( ! feel+s1 & pursu$ by ! cold dry light ( ! intellect alone4 ,?is1 h[ev]1 is n always ! case4 ,man c>ries 8 he>t ) him into all 8 works4 ,y _c sep>ate ! moral & emotional f ! intellectual2 & ?us x is t ! discussion ( a po9t ( sci5ce may rise to ! heat ( a battle-field4 ,! fight betwe5 ! rival optical !ories ( ,emission & ,undulation 0 ( ?is fi]ce "*2 & sc>cely less fi]ce = _m ye>s 0 ! conte/ z to ! orig9 & ma9t5ance ( ! p[] ( ! voltaic pile4 ,volta himself suppos$ x to reside 9 ! ,contact ( diff]5t metals4 ,"h 0 ex]t$ 8 ',electro-motive =ce1' :i* tore ! comb9$ electricities asund] & drove !m z curr5ts 9 opposite directions4 ,to r5d] ! circulation ( ! curr5t possible1 x 0 necess>y to connect ! metals by a moi/ conductor2 = :5 any two metals 7 connect$ by a ?ird1 _! relation to ea* o!r 0 su* t a complete neutralisation ( ! electric motion 0 ! result4 ,volta's !ory ( metallic contact 0 s cle>1 s beautiful1 & app>5tly s complete1 t ! be/ intellects ( ,europe accept$ x z ! expression ( natural law4 ,volta himself knew no?+ ( ! *emical ph5om5a ( ! pile2 b z soon z ^! became kn[n1 sugge/ions & intimations appe>$ t *emical action1 & n metallic contact1 might be ! real s\rce ( voltaic electricity4 ,?is idea 0 express$ by ,fabroni 9 ,italy1 & by ,wolla/on 9 ,engl&4 ,x 0 develop$ & ma9ta9$ by ^? 'admirable electricians1' ,becqu]el1 ( ,p>is1 & ,de la ,rive1 ( ,g5eva4 ,! ,contact ,!ory1 on ! o!r h&1 receiv$ its *ief developm5t & illu/ration 9 ,g]many4 ,x 0 long ! sci5tific cre$ ( ! great *emi/s & natural philosoph]s ( t c\ntry1 & to ! pres5t h\r !re may be "s ( !m unable to lib]ate !mselves f ! fasc9ation ( _! fir/-love4 ,aft] ! rese>*es :i* ,i h endeav\r$ to place be=e y1 x 0 impossible = ,f>aday to avoid tak+ a side 9 ?is controv]sy4 ,he did s 9 a pap] ',on ! ,electricity ( ! ,voltaic ,pile1' receiv$ by ! ,royal ,society on ! #g? ( ,april1 #ahcd4 ,8 position 9 ! controv]sy might h be5 pr$ict$4 ,he saw *emical effects go+ h& 9 h& ) electrical effects1 ! "o be+ proportional to ! o!r2 &1 9 ! pap] n[ be=e u1 he prov$ t :5 ! =m] 0 exclud$1 ! latt] 7 s\ght = 9 va94 ,he produc$ a curr5t )\t metallic contact2 he discov]$ liquids :i*1 ?\gh compet5t to transmit ! feeble/ curr5ts--compet5t !re=e to all[ ! electricity ( contact to fl[ ?r\gh !m if x 7 able to =m a curr5t--7 absolutely p[]less :5 *emically inactive4 ,"o ( ! v few exp]im5tal mi/akes ( ,f>aday occurr$ 9 ?is inve/igation4 ,he ?\ght t ) a s+le voltaic cell he _h obta9$ ! sp>k be=e ! metals t\*$1 b he subsequ5tly discov]$ 8 error4 ,to enable ! voltaic sp>k to pass ?r\gh air be=e ! t]m9als ( ! batt]y 7 unit$1 x 0 necess>y to exalt ! electro-motive =ce ( ! batt]y by multiply+ its elem5ts2 b all ! elem5ts ,f>aday possess$ 7 unequal to ! task ( urg+ ! sp>k across ! %orte/ measurable space ( air4 ,nor1 inde$1 c\ld ! action ( ! batt]y1 ! diff]5t metals ( :i* 7 9 contact ) ea* o!r1 decide ! po9t 9 "q4 ,/ill1 z reg>ds ! id5tity ( electricities f v>i\s s\rces1 x 0 at t day ( great importance to det]m9e :e!r or n ! voltaic curr5t c\ld jump1 z a sp>k1 across an int]val be=e contact4 ,f>aday's fri5d1 ,mr4 ,gassiot1 solv$ ?is problem4 ,he erect$ a batt]y ( #djjj cells1 & ) x urg$ a /ream ( sp>ks f t]m9al to t]m9al1 :5 sep>at$ f ea* o!r by a measurable space ( air4 ,! memoir on ! ',electricity ( ! ,voltaic ,pile1' publi%$ 9 #ahcd1 appe>s to h produc$ b little impression ^u ! support]s ( ! contact !ory4 ,^! inde$ 7 m5 ( too great intellectual weight & insight lightly to take up1 or lightly to ab&on a !ory4 ,f>aday !re=e resum$ ! attack 9 a pap]1 communicat$ to ! ,royal ,society on ! #f? ( ,febru>y1 #ahdj4 ,9 ?is pap] he hamp]$ 8 antagoni/s by a cr[d ( adv]se exp]im5ts4 ,he hung difficulty aft] difficulty ab\t ! neck ( ! contact !ory1 until 9 its ef=ts to escape f 8 assaults x s *ang$ its "* z to become a ?+ totally diff]5t f ! !ory propos$ by ,volta4 ,! m p]si/5tly x 0 def5d$1 h[ev]1 ! m cle>ly did x %[ itself to be a cong]ies ( devices1 be>+ ! /amp ( dialectic skill r ?an ( natural tru?4 ,9 conclusion1 ,f>aday br\ght to be> ^u x an argum5t :i*1 _h its full weight & purport be5 und]/ood at ! "t1 w\ld h in/antly decid$ ! controv]sy4 ',! contact !ory1' he urg$1 'assum$ t a =ce :i* is able to ov]come p[]ful resi/ance1 z = in/ance t ( ! conductors1 good or bad1 ?r\gh :i* ! curr5t passes1 & t aga9 ( ! electrolytic action :]e bodies are decompos$ by x1 c arise out ( no?+2 t1 )\t any *ange 9 ! act+ matt]1 or ! consumption ( any g5]at+ =ce1 a curr5t %all be produc$ :i* %all g on = ev] aga9/ a con/ant resi/ance1 or only be /opp$1 z 9 ! voltaic tr\gh1 by ! ru9s :i* its ex]tion has heap$ up 9 its own c\rse4 ,?is w\ld inde$ be a creation ( p[]1 & is l no o!r =ce 9 nature4 ,we h _m processes by :i* ! =m ( ! p[] may be s *ang$1 t an app>5t conv]sion ( "o into ! o!r takes place4 ,s we c *ange *emical =ce into ! electric curr5t1 or ! curr5t into *emical =ce4 ,! beautiful exp]im5ts ( ,seebeck & ,pelti] %[ ! conv]tibility ( heat & electricity2 & o!rs by ,o]/$ & myself %[ ! conv]tibility ( electricity & magnetism4 ,b 9 no case1 n ev5 9 ^? ( ! ,gymnotus & ,torp$o1 is !re a pure creation or a production ( p[] )\t a correspond+ exhau/ion ( some?+ to supply x4' ,^! words 7 publi%$ m ?an two ye>s be=e ei!r ,may] pr9t$ 8 brief b celebrat$ essay on ! ,=ces ( ,inorganic ,nature1 or ,mr4 ,j\le publi%$ 8 fir/ fam\s exp]im5ts on ! ,me*anical ,value ( ,heat4 ,!y illu/rate ! fact t be=e any great sci5tific pr9ciple receives di/9ct enunciation by individuals1 x dwells m or less cle>ly 9 ! g5]al sci5tific m9d4 ,! intellectual plateau is already high1 & our discov]]s are ^? :o1 l peaks above ! plateau1 rise a little above ! g5]al level ( ?\ght at ! "t4 ,b _m ye>s prior ev5 to ! =ego+ utt]ance ( ,f>aday1 a simil> argum5t _h be5 employ$4 ,i quote "h ) equal pleasure & admiration ! foll[+ passage writt5 by ,dr4 ,roget s f> back z #ahbi4 ,speak+ ( ! contact !ory1 he says3--',if !re c\ld exi/ a p[] hav+ ! prop]ty ascrib$ to x by ! hypo!sis1 namely1 t ( giv+ cont9ual impulse to a fluid 9 "o con/ant direction1 )\t be+ exhau/$ by its own action1 x w\ld diff] ess5tially f all ! kn[n p[]s 9 nature4 ,all ! p[]s & s\rces ( motion ) ! op]ation ( :i* we are acqua9t$1 :5 produc+ ^! peculi> effects1 are exp5d$ 9 ! same proportion z ^? effects are produc$2 & h5ce arises ! impossibility ( obta9+ by _! ag5cy a p]petual effect2 or 9 o!r words a p]petual motion4 ,b ! electro-motive =ce1 ascrib$ by ,volta to ! metals1 :5 9 contact1 is a =ce :i*1 z long z a free c\rse is all[$ to ! electricity x sets 9 motion1 is nev] exp5d$1 & cont9ues to be excit$ ) undim9i%$ p[] 9 ! production ( a nev]-ceas+ effect4 ,aga9/ ! tru? ( su* a supposition ! probabilities are all b inf9ite4' ,:5 ?is argum5t1 :i* he employ$ indep5d5tly1 _h cle>ly fix$ itself 9 8 m9d1 ,f>aday nev] c>$ to exp]im5t fur!r on ! s\rce ( electricity 9 ! voltaic pile4 ,! argum5t appe>$ to him 'to remove ! f\ndation itself ( ! contact !ory1' & he aft]w>ds let x crumble d[n 9 peace4#a ,footnote to ,*apt] #g #a ,to acc\nt = ! electric curr5t1 :i* 0 really ! core ( ! :ole discussion1 ,f>aday demon/rat$ ! impot5ce ( ! ,contact ,!ory z !n enunciat$ & def5d$4 ,/ill1 x is c]ta9 t two diff]5t metals1 :5 br\ght into contact1 *>ge !mselves1 ! "o ) positive & ! o!r ) negative electricity4 ,i _h ! pleasure ( go+ ov] ?is gr\nd ) ,kohlraus* 9 #ahdi1 & 8 exp]im5ts left no d\bt ^u my m9d t ! contact electricity ( ,volta 0 a reality1 ?\gh x c\ld produce no curr5t4 ,) "o ( ! beautiful in/rum5ts devis$ by himself1 ,sir ,william ,?omson has r5d]$ ?is po9t capable ( sure & easy demon/ration2 & he & o!rs n[ hold :at may be call$ a contact !ory1 :i*1 :ile x takes into acc\nt ! action ( ! metals1 also embraces ! *emical ph5om5a ( ! circuit4 ,helmholtz1 ,i believe1 0 ! fir/ to give ! contact !ory ?is new =m1 9 8 celebrat$ essay1 ,ueb] die ,erhaltung d] ,kraft1 p4 #de4 ,*apt] #h4 ,rese>*es on frictional electricity3 induction3 conduction3 specific inductive capacity3 !ory ( contigu\s p>ticles4 ,! bur/ ( p[] :i* _h fill$ ! f\r prec$+ ye>s ) an am\nt ( exp]im5tal "w unp>allel$ 9 ! hi/ory ( sci5ce p>tially subsid$ 9 #ahce1 & ! only sci5tific pap] contribut$ by ,f>aday 9 t ye> 0 a comp>atively unimportant "o1 ',on an improv$ ,=m ( ! ,voltaic ,batt]y4' ,he brood$ = a "t3 8 exp]im5ts on electrolysis _h long fill$ 8 m9d2 he look$1 z already /at$1 into ! v he>t ( ! electrolyte1 endeav\r+ to r5d] ! play ( its atoms visible to 8 m5tal eye4 ,he _h no d\bt t 9 ?is case :at is call$ '! electric curr5t' 0 propagat$ f p>ticle to p>ticle ( ! electrolyte2 he accept$ ! doctr9e ( decomposition & recomposition :i*1 accord+ to ,gro?uss & ,davy1 ran f electrode to electrode4 ,& ! ?\ght impress$ him m & m t ord9>y electric induction 0 also transmitt$ & su/a9$ by ! action ( 'contigu\s p>ticles4' ,8 fir/ great pap] on frictional electricity 0 s5t to ! ,royal ,society on ,novemb] #cj1 #ahcg4 ,we "h f9d him face to face ) an idea :i* beset 8 m9d ?r\gh\t 8 :ole subsequ5t life1--! idea ( action at a di/ance4 ,x p]plex$ & bewild]$ him4 ,9 8 attempts to get rid ( ?is p]plexity1 he 0 (t5 unconsci\sly rebell+ aga9/ ! limitations ( ! intellect itself4 ,he lov$ to quote ,newton ^u ?is po9t2 ov] & ov] aga9 he introduces 8 memorable words1 ',t gravity %\ld be innate1 inh]5t1 & ess5tial to matt]1 s t "o body may act ^u ano!r at a di/ance ?r\gh a vacuum & )\t ! m$iation ( any?+ else1 by & ?r\gh :i* ?is action & =ce may be convey$ f "o to ano!r1 is to me s great an absurdity1 t ,i believe no man :o has 9 philosophical matt]s a compet5t faculty ( ?9k+1 c ev] fall into x4 ,gravity mu/ be caus$ by an ag5t act+ con/antly accord+ to c]ta9 laws2 b :e!r ?is ag5t be mat]ial or immat]ial1 ,i h left to ! consid]ation ( my read]s4'#a ,f>aday does n see ! same difficulty 9 8 contigu\s p>ticles4 ,& yet1 by transf]r+ ! conception f masses to p>ticles1 we simply less5 size & di/ance1 b we d n alt] ! quality ( ! conception4 ,:atev] difficulty ! m9d exp]i5ces 9 conceiv+ ( action at s5sible di/ances1 besets x also :5 x attempts to conceive ( action at ins5sible di/ances4 ,/ill ! inve/igation ( ! po9t :e!r electric & magnetic effects 7 wr\ght out ?r\gh ! int]v5tion ( contigu\s p>ticles or n1 _h a physical int]e/ altoge!r ap>t f ! metaphysical difficulty4 ,f>aday grapples ) ! subject exp]im5tally4 ,by simple intuition he sees t action at a di/ance mu/ be ex]t$ 9 /raight l9es4 ,gravity1 he kn[s1 w n turn a corn]1 b ex]ts its pull along a "r l9e2 h5ce 8 aim & ef=t to asc]ta9 :e!r electric action ev] takes place 9 curv$ l9es4 ,?is once prov$1 x w\ld foll[ t ! action is c>ri$ on by means ( a m$ium surr\nd+ ! electrifi$ bodies4 ,8 exp]im5ts 9 #ahcg r$uc$1 9 8 op9ion1 ?is po9t ( demon/ration4 ,he !n f\nd t he c\ld electrify1 by induction1 an insulat$ sph]e plac$ completely 9 ! %ad[ ( a body :i* scre5$ x f direct action4 ,he pictur$ ! l9es ( electric =ce b5d+ r\nd ! edges ( ! scre51 & reunit+ on ! o!r side ( x2 & he prov$ t 9 _m cases ! augm5tation ( ! di/ance betwe5 8 insulat$ sph]e & ! induc+ body1 in/ead ( less5+1 increas$ ! *>ge ( ! sph]e4 ,?is he ascrib$ to ! coalesc5ce ( ! l9es ( electric =ce at "s di/ance beh9d ! scre54 ,f>aday's !oretic views on ?is subject h n receiv$ g5]al acceptance1 b !y drove him to exp]im5t1 & exp]im5t ) him 0 always prolific ( results4 ,by suitable arrangem5ts he plac$ a metallic sph]e 9 ! middle ( a l>ge holl[ sph]e1 leav+ a space ( some?+ m ?an half an in* betwe5 !m4 ,! int]ior sph]e 0 insulat$1 ! ext]nal "o un9sulat$4 ,to ! =m] he communicat$ a def9ite *>ge ( electricity4 ,x act$ by induction ^u ! concave surface ( ! latt]1 & he exam9$ h[ ?is act ( induction 0 effect$ by plac+ insulators ( v>i\s k9ds betwe5 ! two sph]es4 ,he tri$ gases1 liquids1 & solids1 b ! solids alone gave him positive results4 ,he con/ruct$ two in/rum5ts ( ! =ego+ description1 equal 9 size & simil> 9 =m4 ,! int]ior sph]e ( ea* communicat$ ) ! ext]nal air by a brass /em end+ 9 a knob4 ,! app>atus 0 virtually a ,leyd5 j>1 ! two coat+s ( :i* 7 ! two sph]es1 ) a ?ick & v>iable insulator betwe5 !m4 ,! am\nt ( *>ge 9 ea* j> 0 det]m9$ by br++ a pro(-plane into contact ) its knob & measur+ by a torsion balance ! *>ge tak5 away4 ,he fir/ *>g$ "o ( 8 in/rum5ts1 & !n divid+ ! *>ge ) ! o!r1 f\nd t :5 air int]v5$ 9 bo? cases ! *>ge 0 equally divid$4 ,b :5 %ellac1 sulphur1 or sp]maceti 0 int]pos$ betwe5 ! two sph]es ( "o j>1 :ile air occupi$ ?is int]val 9 ! o!r1 !n he f\nd t ! in/rum5t occupi$ by ! 'solid dielectric' takes m ?an half ! orig9al *>ge4 ,a portion ( ! *>ge 0 absorb$ by ! dielectric itself4 ,! electricity took "t to p5etrate ! dielectric4 ,imm$iately aft] ! dis*>ge ( ! app>atus1 no trace ( electricity 0 f\nd ^u its knob4 ,b aft] a "t electricity 0 f\nd !re1 ! *>ge hav+ gradually return$ f ! dielectric 9 :i* x _h be5 lodg$4 ,diff]5t insulators possess ?is p[] ( p]mitt+ ! *>ge to ent] !m 9 diff]5t degrees4 ,f>aday figur$ _! p>ticles z pol>iz$1 & he conclud$ t ! =ce ( induction is propagat$ f p>ticle to p>ticle ( ! dielectric f ! inn] sph]e to ! out] "o4 ,?is p[] ( propagation possess$ by insulators he call$ _! ',specific ,inductive ,capacity4' ,f>aday visualizes ) ! utmo/ cle>ness ! /ate ( 8 contigu\s p>ticles2 "o aft] ano!r !y become *>g$1 ea* succe$+ p>ticle dep5d+ = its *>ge ^u its pr$ecessor4 ,& n[ he seeks to break d[n ! wall ( p>tition betwe5 conductors & insulators4 ',c we n1' he says1 'by a gradual *a9 ( association c>ry up dis*>ge f its occurr5ce 9 air ?r\gh sp]maceti & wat]1 to solutions1 & !n on to *lorides1 oxides1 & metals1 )\t any ess5tial *ange 9 its "*8' ,ev5 copp]1 he urges1 (f]s a resi/ance to ! transmission ( electricity4 ,! action ( its p>ticles diff]s f ^? ( an insulator only 9 degree4 ,!y are *>g$ l ! p>ticles ( ! insulator1 b !y dis*>ge ) great] ease & rapidity2 & ?is rapidity ( molecul> dis*>ge is :at we call conduction4 ,conduction !n is always prec$$ by atomic induction2 & :51 ?r\gh "s quality ( ! body :i* ,f>aday does n def9e1 ! atomic dis*>ge is r5d]$ sl[ & difficult1 conduction passes into insulation4 ,?\gh !y are (t5 obscure1 a f9e ve9 ( philosophic ?\ght runs ?r\gh ^? inve/igations4 ,! m9d ( ! philosoph] dwells amid ^? ag5cies :i* und]lie ! visible ph5om5a ( ,induction & ,conduction2 & he tries by ! /rong light ( 8 imag9ation to see ! v molecules ( 8 dielectrics4 ,x w\ld1 h[ev]1 be easy to criticise ^! rese>*es1 easy to %[ ! loos5ess1 & sometimes ! inaccuracy1 ( ! phraseology employ$2 b ?is critical _s w get little good out ( ,f>aday4 ,r let ^? :o pond] 8 works seek to realise ! object he set be=e him1 n p]mitt+ 8 occasional vagu5ess to int]f]e ) _! appreciation ( 8 speculations4 ,we may see ! ripples1 & eddies1 & vortices ( a fl[+ /ream1 )\t be+ able to resolve all ^! motions into _! con/itu5t elem5ts2 & s x sometimes /rikes me t ,f>aday cle>ly saw ! play ( fluids & e!rs & atoms1 ?\gh 8 previ\s tra9+ did n enable him to resolve :at he saw into its con/itu5ts1 or describe x 9 a mann] satisfactory to a m9d v]s$ 9 me*anics4 ,& !n aga9 occur1 ,i confess1 d>k say+s1 difficult to be und]/ood1 :i* di/urb my confid5ce 9 ?is conclusion4 ,x mu/1 h[ev]1 always be rememb]$ t he works at ! v b\nd>ies ( our k1 & t 8 m9d habitually dwells 9 ! 'b\ndless contiguity ( %ade' by :i* t k is surr\nd$4 ,9 ! rese>*es n[ "u review ! ratio ( speculation & reason+ to exp]im5t is f> high] ?an 9 any ( ,f>aday's previ\s works4 ,amid mu* t is entangl$ & d>k we h fla%es ( wondr\s insight & utt]ances :i* seem less ! product ( reason+ ?an ( revelation4 ,i w conf9e myself "h to "o example ( ?is div9+ p[]4 ,by 8 mo/ +5i\s device ( a rapidly rotat+ mirror1 ,:eat/one _h prov$ t electricity requir$ "t to pass ?r\gh a wire1 ! curr5t rea*+ ! middle ( ! wire lat] ?an its two ends4 ',if1' says ,f>aday1 '! two ends ( ! wire 9 ,pr(essor ,:eat/one's exp]im5ts 7 imm$iately connect$ ) two l>ge insulat$ metallic surfaces expos$ to ! air1 s t ! prim>y act ( induction1 aft] mak+ ! contact = dis*>ge1 might be 9 "p remov$ f ! int]nal portion ( ! wire at ! fir/ in/ance1 & dispos$ = ! mom5t on its surface jo9tly ) ! air & surr\nd+ conductors1 !n ,i v5ture to anticipate t ! middle sp>k w\ld be m ret>d$ ?an be=e4 ,& if ^? two plates 7 ! inn] & out] coat+s ( a l>ge j> or ,leyd5 batt]y1 !n ! ret>dation ( ! sp>k w\ld be mu* great]4' ,?is 0 only a pr$iction1 = ! exp]im5t 0 n made4#b ,sixte5 ye>s subsequ5tly1 h[ev]1 ! prop] conditions came into play1 & ,f>aday 0 able to %[ t ! obs]vations ( ,w]n] ,siem5s1 & ,latim] ,cl>k1 on subt]rane\s & subm>9e wires 7 illu/rations1 on a gr& scale1 ( ! pr9ciple :i* he _h enunciat$ 9 #ahch4 ,! wires & ! surr\nd+ wat] act z a ,leyd5 j>1 & ! ret>dation ( ! curr5t pr$ict$ by ,f>aday manife/s itself 9 e message s5t by su* cables4 ,! mean+ ( ,f>aday 9 ^! memoirs on ,induction & ,conduction is1 z ,i h said1 by no means always cle>2 & ! difficulty w be mo/ felt by ^? :o are be/ tra9$ 9 ord9>y !oretic conceptions4 ,he does n "k ! read]'s ne$s1 & he !re=e does n meet !m4 ,= in/ance he speaks ov] & ov] aga9 ( ! impossibility ( *>g+ a body ) "o electricity1 ?\gh ! impossibility is by no means evid5t4 ,! key to ! difficulty is ?is4 ,he looks ^u e insulat$ conductor z ! inn] coat+ ( a ,leyd5 j>4 ,an insulat$ sph]e 9 ! middle ( a room is to 8 m9d su* a coat+2 ! walls are ! out] coat+1 :ile ! air betwe5 bo? is ! insulator1 across :i* ! *>ge acts by induction4 ,)\t ?is reaction ( ! walls ^u ! sph]e y c\ld no m1 accord+ to ,f>aday1 *>ge x ) electricity ?an y c\ld *>ge a ,leyd5 j>1 if its out] coat+ 7 remov$4 ,di/ance ) him is immat]ial4 ,8 /r5g? z a g5]aliz] enables him to dissolve ! idea ( magnitude2 & if y aboli% ! walls ( ! room--ev5 ! e>? itself--he w\ld make ! sun & planets ! out] coat+ ( 8 j>4 ,i d>e n cont5d t ,f>aday 9 ^! memoirs made all 8 !oretic positions good4 ,b a pure ve9 ( philosophy runs ?r\gh ^! writ+s2 :ile 8 exp]im5ts & reason+s on ! =ms & ph5om5a ( electrical dis*>ge are ( imp]i%able importance4 ,footnotes to ,*apt] #h #a ,newton's ?ird lett] to ,b5tley4 #b ,_h ,sir ,*>les ,:eat/one be5 induc$ to resume 8 measurem5ts1 v>y+ ! sub/ances ?r\gh :i*1 & ! conditions "u :i*1 ! curr5t is propagat$1 he might h r5d]$ great s]vice to sci5ce1 bo? !oretic & exp]im5tal4 ,*apt] #i4 ,re/ ne$$--visit to ,switz]l&4 ,! la/ ( ^! memoirs 0 dat$ f ! ,royal ,in/itution 9 ,june1 #ahch4 ,x concludes ! fir/ volume ( 8 ',exp]im5tal ,rese>*es on ,electricity4' ,9 #ahdj1 z already /at$1 he made 8 f9al assault on ! ,contact ,!ory1 f :i* x nev] recov]$4#a ,he 0 n[ feel+ ! effects ( ! m5tal /ra9 to :i* he _h be5 subject$ = s _m ye>s4 ,dur+ ^! ye>s he repeat$ly broke d[n4 ,8 wife alone witness$ ! ext5t ( 8 pro/ration1 & to h] lov+ c>e we1 & ! _w1 are indebt$ = ! enjoym5t ( 8 pres5ce "h s long4 ,he f\nd occasional relief 9 a !atre4 ,he frequ5tly quitt$ ,london & w5t to ,brighton & else:]e1 always *oos+ a situation :i* comm&$ a view ( ! sea1 or ( "s o!r pleasant horizon1 :]e he c\ld sit & gaze & feel ! gradual revival ( ! fai? t ',nature nev] did betray ,! he>t t lov$ h]4' ,b v (t5 = "s days aft] 8 removal to ! c\ntry1 he w\ld be unable to d m ?an sit at a w9d[ & look out ^u ! sea & sky4 ,9 #ahda1 8 /ate became m s]i\s ?an x _h ev] be5 be=e4 ,a publi%$ lett] to ,mr4 ,ri*>d ,taylor1 dat$ ,m>* #aa1 #ahdc1 conta9s an allusion to 8 previ\s condition4 ',y are aw>e1' he says1 't consid]ations reg>d+ heal? h prev5t$ me f work+ or read+ on sci5ce = ! la/ two ye>s4' ,?is1 at "o p]iod or ano!r ( _! lives1 seems to be ! fate ( mo/ great inve/igators4 ,!y d n "k ! limits ( _! con/itutional /r5g? until !y h transgress$ !m4 ,x is1 p]haps1 "r t !y %\ld transgress !m1 9 ord] to asc]ta9 :]e !y lie4 ,f>aday1 h[ev]1 ?\gh he w5t f> t[>ds x1 did n pu% 8 transgression beyond 8 p[] ( re/itution4 ,9 #ahda ,mrs4 ,f>aday & he w5t to ,switz]l&1 "u ! affectionate *>ge ( h] bro!r1 ,mr4 ,george ,b>n>d1 ! arti/4 ,?is "t ( suff]+ ?r[s fre% light ^u 8 "*4 ,i h said t sweetness & g5tl5ess 7 n its only con/itu5ts2 t he 0 also fi]y & /rong4 ,at ! "t n[ ref]r$ to1 8 fire 0 l[ & 8 /r5g? di/ill$ away2 b ! residue ( 8 life 0 nei!r irritability nor discont5t4 ,he 0 unfit to m+le 9 society1 = conv]sation 0 a pa9 to him2 b let u obs]ve ! great ,man-*ild :5 alone4 ,he is at ! village ( ,int]lak51 enjoy+ ,jungfrau sunsets1 & at times wat*+ ! ,swiss nail]s mak+ _! nails4 ,he keeps a little j\rnal1 9 :i* he describes ! process ( nailmak+1 & incid5tally ?r[s a lum9\s beam ^u himself4 ',augu/ #b1 #ahda4--;,cl\t nailmak+ goes on "h r consid]ably1 & is a v neat & pretty op]ation to obs]ve4 ,i love a smi?'s %op & any?+ relat+ to smi!ry4 ,my fa!r 0 a smi?4' ,f ,int]lak5 he w5t to ! ,falls ( ! ,giessba*1 on ! pleasant lake ( ,bri5tz4 ,& "h we h him wat*+ ! %oot ( ! cat>act d[n its s]ies ( precipices4 ,x is %att]$ into foam at ! base ( ea*1 & toss$ by its own recoil z wat]-du/ ?r\gh ! air4 ,! sun is at 8 back1 %9+ on ! drift+ spray1 & he ?us describes & muses on :at he sees3-- ',augu/ #ab1 #ahda4--,to-day e fall 0 foam+ f ! abundance ( wat]1 & ! curr5t ( w9d br\ght d[n by x 0 9 "s places too /rong to /& aga9/4 ,! sun %one brightly1 & ! ra9b[s se5 f v>i\s po9ts 7 v beautiful4 ,"o at ! bottom ( a f9e b furi\s fall 0 v pleasant1--!re x rema9$ motionless1 :il/ ! gu/s & cl\ds ( spray swept furi\sly across its place & 7 da%$ aga9/ ! rock4 ,x look$ l a _s /rong 9 fai? & /eadfa/ 9 ! mid/ ( ! /orm ( passions sweep+ across x1 & ?\gh x might fade & revive1 /ill x held on to ! rock z 9 hope & giv+ hope4 ,& ! v drops1 :i* 9 ! :irlw9d ( _! fury seem$ z if !y w\ld c>ry all away1 7 made to revive x & give x great] beauty4' ,footnote to ,*apt] #i #a ,see note1 p4 #gg4 ,*apt] #aj4 ,magnetization ( light4 ,b we mu/ quit ! man & g on to ! discov]]3 we %all return = a brief space to 8 company by-&-by4 ,c>ry y\r ?\ghts back to 8 la/ exp]im5ts1 & see him endeav\r+ to prove t induction is due to ! action ( contigu\s p>ticles4 ,he knew t pol>iz$ light 0 a mo/ subtle & delicate inve/igator ( molecul> condition4 ,he us$ x 9 #ahcd 9 explor+ 8 electrolytes1 & he tri$ x 9 #ahch ^u 8 dielectrics4 ,at t "t he coat$ two opposite faces ( a glass cube ) t9foil1 connect$ "o coat+ ) 8 p[]ful electric ma*9e & ! o!r ) ! e>?1 & exam9$ by pol>iz$ light ! condition ( ! glass :5 ?us subject$ to /rong electric influ5ce4 ,he fail$ to obta9 any effect2 /ill he 0 p]suad$ an action exi/$1 & requir$ only suitable means to call x =?4 ,aft] 8 return f ,switz]l& he 0 beset by ^! ?\ghts2 !y 7 m inspir$ ?an logical3 b he resort$ to magnets & prov$ 8 inspiration true4 ,8 dislike ( 'd\btful k' & 8 ef=ts to lib]ate 8 m9d f ! ?raldom ( hypo!ses h be5 already ref]r$ to4 ,/ill ?is rebel aga9/ !ory 0 incessantly !oris+ himself4 ,8 pr9cipal rese>*es are all connect$ by an und]curr5t ( speculation4 ,!oretic ideas 7 ! v sap ( 8 intellect--! s\rce f :i* all 8 /r5g? z an exp]im5t] 0 d]iv$4 ,:ile once saunt]+ ) him ?r\gh ! ,cry/al ,palace1 at ,syd5ham1 ,i ask$ him :at direct$ 8 att5tion to ! magnetization ( light4 ,x 0 8 !oretic notions4 ,he _h c]ta9 views reg>d+ ! unity & conv]tibility ( natural =ces2 c]ta9 ideas reg>d+ ! vibrations ( light & _! relations to ! l9es ( magnetic =ce2 ^! views & ideas drove him to inve/igation4 ,& s x mu/ always be3 ! great exp]im5tali/ mu/ ev] be ! habitual !ori/1 :e!r or n he gives to 8 !ories =mal enunciation4 ,f>aday1 y h be5 in=m$1 endeav\r$ to improve ! manufacture ( glass = optical purposes4 ,b ?\gh he produc$ a heavy glass ( great refractive p[]1 its value to optics did n repay him = ! pa9s & lab\r be/[$ on x4 ,n[1 h[ev]1 we rea* a result e/abli%$ by means ( ?is same heavy glass1 :i* made ample am5ds = all4 ,9 ,novemb]1 #ahde1 he ann\nc$ 8 discov]y ( ! ',magnetization ( ,light & ! ,illum9ation ( ! ,l9es ( ,magnetic ,=ce4' ,?is title provok$ comm5t at ! "t1 & caus$ misappreh5sion4 ,he !re=e add$ an explanatory note2 b ! note left 8 mean+ z entangl$ z be=e4 ,9 fact ,f>aday _h notions reg>d+ ! magnetization ( light :i* 7 peculi> to himself1 & untranslatable into ! sci5tific language ( ! "t4 ,probably no o!r philosoph] ( 8 day w\ld h employ$ ! phrases j quot$ z appropriate to ! discov]y ann\nc$ 9 #ahde4 ,b ,f>aday 0 m ?an a philosoph]2 he 0 a prophet1 & (t5 wr\ght by an inspiration to be und]/ood by sympa?y alone4 ,! prophetic elem5t 9 8 "* occasionally col\r$1 & ev5 injur$1 ! utt]ance ( ! man ( sci5ce2 b subtract+ t elem5t1 ?\gh y might h conf]r$ on him intellectual symmetry1 y w\ld h de/roy$ 8 motive =ce4 ,b let u pass f ! label ( ?is casket to ! jewel x conta9s4 ',i h long1' he says1 'held an op9ion1 almo/ am\nt+ to conviction1 9 common1 ,i believe1 ) _m o!r lov]s ( natural k1 t ! v>i\s =ms "u :i* ! =ces ( matt] are made manife/ h "o common orig92 9 o!r words1 are s directly relat$ & mutually dep5d5t1 t !y are conv]tible1 z x 71 into "o ano!r1 & possess equival5ts ( p[] 9 _! action4444 ,?is /rong p]suasion1' he adds1 'ext5d$ to ! p[]s ( light4' ,& !n he exam9es ! action ( magnets ^u light4 ,f conv]sation ) him & ,&]son1 ,i %\ld inf] t ! lab\r prec$+ ?is discov]y 0 v great4 ,! _w kn[s little ( ! toil ( ! discov]]4 ,x sees ! climb] jubilant on ! m\nta9 top1 b does n "k ! lab\r exp5d$ 9 rea*+ x4 ,probably hundr$s ( exp]im5ts _h be5 made on transp>5t cry/als be=e he ?\ght ( te/+ 8 heavy glass4 ,"h is 8 own cle> & simple description ( ! result ( 8 fir/ exp]im5t ) ?is sub/ance3--',a piece ( ?is glass1 ab\t two in*es squ>e1 & #j4e ( an in* ?ick1 hav+ flat & poli%$ edges1 0 plac$ z a diamagnetic#a betwe5 ! poles 7n z yet magnetiz$ by ! electric curr5t71 s t ! pol>iz$ ray %\ld pass ?r\gh its l5g?2 ! glass act$ z air1 wat]1 or any o!r transp>5t sub/ance w\ld d2 & if ! eye-piece 7 previ\sly turn$ into su* a position t ! pol>iz$ ray 0 ext+ui%$1 or r ! image produc$ by x r5d]$ invisible1 !n ! introduction ( ! glass made no alt]ation 9 ?is respect4 ,9 ?is /ate ( circum/ances1 ! =ce ( ! electro-magnet 0 develop$ by s5d+ an electric curr5t ?r\gh its coils1 & imm$iately ! image ( ! lamp-flame became visible & cont9u$ s z long z ! arrangem5t cont9u$ magnetic4 ,on /opp+ ! electric curr5t1 & s caus+ ! magnetic =ce to cease1 ! light in/antly disappe>$4 ,^! ph5om5a c\ld be r5ew$ at pleasure1 at any in/ant ( "t1 & ^u any occasion1 %[+ a p]fect dep5d5ce ( cause & effect4' ,9 a beam ( ord9>y light ! p>ticles ( ! lum9if]\s e!r vibrate 9 all directions p]p5dicul> to ! l9e ( progression2 by ! act ( pol>ization1 p]=m$ "h by ,f>aday1 all oscillations b ^? p>allel to a c]ta9 plane are elim9at$4 ,:5 ! plane ( vibration ( ! pol>iz] co9cides ) t ( ! analyz]1 a portion ( ! beam passes ?r\gh bo?2 b :5 ^! two planes are at "r angles to ea* o!r1 ! beam is ext+ui%$4 ,if by any means1 :ile ! pol>iz] & analyz] rema9 ?us cross$1 ! plane ( vibration ( ! pol>iz$ beam betwe5 !m c\ld be *ang$1 !n ! light w\ld be1 9 "p at lea/1 transmitt$4 ,9 ,f>aday's exp]im5t ?is 0 accompli%$4 ,8 magnet turn$ ! plane ( pol>ization ( ! beam ?r\gh a c]ta9 angle1 & ?us enabl$ x to get ?r\gh ! analyz]2 s t '! magnetization ( light & ! illum9ation ( ! magnetic l9es ( =ce' becomes1 :5 express$ 9 ! language ( mod]n !ory1 ! rotation ( ! plane ( pol>ization4 ,to him1 z to all true philosoph]s1 ! ma9 value ( a fact 0 its position & sugge/iv5ess 9 ! g5]al sequ5ce ( sci5tific tru?4 ,h5ce1 hav+ e/abli%$ ! exi/5ce ( a ph5om5on1 8 habit 0 to look at x f all possible po9ts ( view1 & to develop its relation%ip to o!r ph5om5a4 ,he prov$ t ! direction ( ! rotation dep5ds ^u ! pol>ity ( 8 magnet2 be+ rev]s$ :5 ! magnetic poles are rev]s$4 ,he %[$ t :5 a pol>iz$ ray pass$ ?r\gh 8 heavy glass 9 a direction p>allel to ! magnetic l9es ( =ce1 ! rotation is a maximum1 & t :5 ! direction ( ! ray is at "r angles to ! l9es ( =ce1 !re is no rotation at all4 ,he also prov$ t ! am\nt ( ! rotation is proportional to ! l5g? ( ! diamagnetic ?r\gh :i* ! ray passes4 ,he op]at$ ) liquids & solutions4 ,( aque\s solutions he tri$ #aej & m1 & f\nd ! p[] 9 all ( !m4 ,he !n exam9$ gases2 b "h all 8 ef=ts to produce any s5sible action ^u ! pol>iz$ beam 7 ineffectual4 ,he !n pass$ f magnets to curr5ts1 enclos+ b>s ( heavy glass1 & tubes conta9+ liquids & aque\s solutions )9 an electro-magnetic helix4 ,a curr5t s5t ?r\gh ! helix caus$ ! plane ( pol>ization to rotate1 & always 9 ! direction ( ! curr5t4 ,! rotation 0 rev]s$ :5 ! curr5t 0 rev]s$4 ,9 ! case ( magnets1 he obs]v$ a gradual1 ?\gh quick1 asc5t ( ! transmitt$ beam f a /ate ( d>kness to its maximum brilliancy1 :5 ! magnet 0 excit$4 ,9 ! case ( curr5ts1 ! beam atta9$ at once its maximum4 ,?is he %[$ to be due to ! "t requir$ by ! iron ( ! electro-magnet to assume its full magnetic p[]1 :i* "t vani%es :5 a curr5t1 )\t iron1 is employ$4 ',9 ?is exp]im5t1' he says1 'we may1 ,i ?9k1 ju/ly say t a ray ( light is electrifi$1 & ! electric =ces illum9at$4' ,9 ! helix1 z ) ! magnets1 he submitt$ air to magnetic influ5ce 'c>efully & anxi\sly1' b c\ld n discov] any trace ( action on ! pol>iz$ ray4 ,_m sub/ances possess ! p[] ( turn+ ! plane ( pol>ization )\t ! int]v5tion ( magnetism4 ,oil ( turp5t9e & qu>tz are examples2 b ,f>aday %[$ t1 :ile 9 "o direction1 t is1 across ! l9es ( magnetic =ce1 8 rotation is z]o1 augm5t+ gradually f ?is until x atta9s its maximum1 :5 ! direction ( ! ray is p>allel to ! l9es ( =ce2 9 ! oil ( turp5t9e ! rotation is indep5d5t ( ! direction ( ! ray4 ,b he %[$ t a /ill m pr(\nd di/9ction exi/s betwe5 ! magnetic rotation & ! natural "o4 ,i w try to expla9 h[4 ,suppose a tube ) glass ends conta9+ oil ( turp5t9e to be plac$ nor? & s\?4 ,fix+ ! eye at ! s\? end ( ! tube1 let a pol>iz$ beam be s5t ?r\gh x f ! nor?4 ,to ! obs]v] 9 ?is position ! rotation ( ! plane ( pol>ization1 by ! turp5t9e1 is "r-h&$4 ,let ! eye be plac$ at ! nor? end ( ! tube1 & a beam be s5t ?r\gh x f ! s\?2 ! rotation is /ill "r-h&$4 ,n s1 h[ev]1 :5 a b> ( heavy glass is subject$ to ! action ( an electric curr5t4 ,9 ?is case if1 9 ! fir/ position ( ! eye1 ! rotation be "r-h&$1 9 ! second position x is left-h&$4 ,^! consid]ations make x manife/ t if a pol>iz$ beam1 aft] hav+ pass$ ?r\gh ! oil ( turp5t9e 9 its natural /ate1 c\ld by any means be reflect$ back ?r\gh ! liquid1 ! rotation impress$ ^u ! direct beam w\ld be exactly neutraliz$ by t impress$ ^u ! reflect$ "o4 ,n s ) ! induc$ magnetic effect4 ,"h x is manife/ t ! rotation w\ld be d\bl$ by ! act ( reflection4 ,h5ce ,f>aday concludes t ! p>ticles ( ! oil ( turp5t9e :i* rotate by virtue ( _! natural =ce1 & ^? :i* rotate 9 virtue ( ! induc$ =ce1 _c be 9 ! same condition4 ,! same rem>k applies to all bodies :i* possess a natural p[] ( rotat+ ! plane ( pol>ization4 ,& !n he proce$$ ) exquisite skill & insight to take advantage ( ?is conclusion4 ,he silv]$ ! ends ( 8 piece ( heavy glass1 leav+1 h[ev]1 a n>r[ portion p>allel to two edges diagonally oppos$ to ea* o!r unsilv]$4 ,he !n s5t 8 beam ?r\gh ?is uncov]$ portion1 & by suitably incl9+ 8 glass caus$ ! beam )9 x to rea* 8 eye fir/ direct1 & !n aft] two1 f\r1 & six reflections4 ,^! correspond$ to ! passage ( ! ray once1 ?ree times1 five times1 & sev5 times ?r\gh ! glass4 ,he ?us e/abli%$ ) num]ical accuracy ! exact proportionality ( ! rotation to ! di/ance trav]s$ by ! pol>iz$ beam4 ,?us 9 "o s]ies ( exp]im5ts :]e ! rotation requir$ by ! direct beam 0 #ab;degrees1 t acquir$ by ?ree passages ?r\gh ! glass 0 #cf;degrees1 :ile t acquir$ by five passages 0 #fj;degrees4 ,b ev5 :5 ?is me?od ( magnify+ 0 appli$1 he fail$ ) v>i\s solid sub/ances to obta9 any effect2 & 9 ! case ( air1 ?\gh he employ$ to ! utmo/ ! p[] :i* ^! repeat$ reflections plac$ 9 8 h&s1 he fail$ to produce ! slighte/ s5sible rotation4 ,^! failures ( ,f>aday to obta9 ! effect ) gases seem to indicate ! true seat ( ! ph5om5on4 ,! lum9if]\s e!r surr\nds & is influ5c$ by ! ultimate p>ticles ( matt]4 ,! symmetry ( ! "o involves t ( ! o!r4 ,?us1 if ! molecules ( a cry/al be p]fectly symmetrical r\nd any l9e ?r\gh ! cry/al1 we may safely conclude t a ray w pass along ?is l9e z ?r\gh ord9>y glass4 ,x w n be d\bly refract$4 ,f ! symmetry ( ! liquid figures1 kn[n to be produc$ 9 ! planes ( freez+1 :5 radiant heat is s5t ?r\gh ice1 we may safely inf] symmetry ( aggregation1 & h5ce conclude t ! l9e p]p5dicul> to ! planes ( freez+ is a l9e ( no d\ble refraction2 t x is1 9 fact1 ! optic axis ( ! cry/al4 ,! same rem>k applies to ! l9e jo9+ ! opposite blunt angles ( a cry/al ( ,icel& sp>4 ,! arrangem5t ( ! molecules r\nd ?is l9e be+ symmetrical1 ! condition ( ! e!r dep5d+ ^u ^! molecules %>es _! symmetry2 & !re is1 !re=e1 no reason :y ! wavel5g? %\ld alt] ) ! alt]ation ( ! azimu? r\nd ?is l9e4 ,anneal$ glass has its molecules symmetrically arrang$ r\nd e l9e t c be drawn ?r\gh x2 h5ce x is n d\bly refractive4 ,b let ! sub/ance be ei!r squeez$ or /ra9$ 9 "o direction1 ! molecul> symmetry1 & ) x ! symmetry ( ! e!r1 is imm$iately de/roy$ & ! glass becomes d\bly refractive4 ,unequal heat+ produces ! same effect4 ,?us me*anical /ra9s reveal !mselves by optical effects2 & !re is little d\bt t 9 ,f>aday's exp]im5t x is ! magnetic /ra9 t produces ! rotation ( ! plane ( pol>ization4#b ,footnotes to ,*apt] #aj #a ',by a diamagnetic1' says ,f>aday1 ',i mean a body ?r\gh :i* l9es ( magnetic =ce are pass+1 & :i* does n by _! action assume ! usual magnetic /ate ( iron or load/one4' ,f>aday subsequ5tly us$ ?is t]m 9 a diff]5t s5se f t "h giv51 z w imm$iately appe>4 #b ,! p[] ( d\ble refraction conf]r$ on ! c5tre ( a glass rod1 :5 x is caus$ to s\nd ! fundam5tal note due to its longitud9al vibration1 & ! abs5ce ( ! same p[] 9 ! case ( vibrat+ air 7enclos$ 9 a glass organ-pipe71 seems to be analog\s to ! pres5ce & abs5ce ( ,f>aday's effect 9 ! same two sub/ances4 ,f>aday nev]1 to my k1 attempt$ to give1 ev5 9 conv]sation1 a picture ( ! molecul> condition ( 8 heavy glass :5 subject$ to magnetic influ5ce4 ,9 a ma!matical inve/igation ( ! subject1 publi%$ 9 ! ,proce$+s ( ! ,royal ,society = #ahef1 ,sir ,william ,?omson arrives at ! conclusion t ! 'diamagnetic' is 9 a /ate ( molecul> rotation4 ,*apt] #aa4 ,discov]y ( diamagnetism--rese>*es on magne-cry/allic action4 ,f>aday's next great /ep 9 discov]y 0 ann\nc$ 9 a memoir on ! ',magnetic ,condition ( all matt]1' communicat$ to ! ,royal ,society on ,decemb] #ah1 #ahde4 ,"o great s\rce ( 8 success 0 ! employm5t ( extraord9>y p[]4 ,z already /at$1 he nev] accept$ a negative answ] to an exp]im5t until he _h br\ght to be> ^u x all ! =ce at 8 comm&4 ,he _h ov] & ov] aga9 tri$ /eel magnets & ord9>y electro-magnets on v>i\s sub/ances1 b )\t detect+ any?+ diff]5t f ! ord9>y attraction exhibit$ by a few ( !m4 ,/rong] co]cion1 h[ev]1 develop$ a new action4 ,be=e ! pole ( an electro-magnet1 he susp5d$ a fragm5t ( 8 fam\s heavy glass2 & obs]v$ t :5 ! magnet 0 p[]fully excit$ ! glass fairly retreat$ f ! pole4 ,x 0 a cle> case ( magnetic repulsion4 ,he !n susp5d$ a b> ( ! glass betwe5 two poles2 ! b> retreat$ :5 ! poles 7 excit$1 & set its l5g? equatorially or at "r angles to ! l9e jo9+ !m4 ,:5 an ord9>y magnetic body 0 simil>ly susp5d$1 x always set axially1 t is1 f pole to pole4 ,f>aday call$ ^? bodies :i* 7 repell$ by ! poles ( a magnet1 diamagnetic bodies2 us+ ?is t]m 9 a s5se diff]5t f t 9 :i* he employ$ x 9 8 memoir on ! magnetization ( light4 ,! t]m magnetic he res]v$ = bodies :i* exhibit$ ! ord9>y attraction4 ,he aft]w>ds employ$ ! t]m magnetic to cov] ! :ole ph5om5a ( attraction & repulsion1 & us$ ! ^w p>amagnetic to designate su* magnetic action z is exhibit$ by iron4 ,isolat$ obs]vations by ,brugmanns1 ,becqu]el1 ,le ,baillif1 ,saigy1 & ,seebeck _h indicat$ ! exi/5ce ( a repulsive =ce ex]cis$ by ! magnet on two or ?ree sub/ances2 b ^! obs]vations1 :i* 7 unkn[n to ,f>aday1 _h be5 p]mitt$ to rema9 )\t ext5sion or exam9ation4 ,hav+ laid hold ( ! fact ( repulsion1 ,f>aday imm$iately exp&$ & multipli$ x4 ,he subject$ bodies ( ! mo/ v>i$ qualities to ! action ( 8 magnet3--m9]al salts1 acids1 alkalis1 e!rs1 alcohols1 aque\s solutions1 glass1 phosphorus1 res9s1 oils1 ess5ces1 vegetable & animal tissues1 & f\nd !m all am5able to magnetic influ5ce4 ,no kn[n solid or liquid prov$ ins5sible to ! magnetic p[] :5 develop$ 9 suffici5t /r5g?4 ,all ! tissues ( ! human body1 ! blood--?\gh x conta9s iron--includ$1 7 prov$ to be diamagnetic4 ,s t if y c\ld susp5d a man betwe5 ! poles ( a magnet1 8 extremities w\ld retreat f ! poles until 8 l5g? became equatorial4 ,soon aft] he _h comm5c$ 8 rese>*es on diamagnetism1 ,f>aday notic$ a rem>kable ph5om5on :i* fir/ cross$ my own pa? 9 ! foll[+ way3 ,9 ! ye> #ahdi1 :ile work+ 9 ! cab9et ( my fri5d1 ,pr(essor ,knoblau*1 ( ,m>burg1 ,i susp5d$ a small copp] co9 betwe5 ! poles ( an electro-magnet4 ,on excit+ ! magnet1 ! co9 mov$ t[>ds ! poles & !n sudd5ly /opp$1 z if x _h /ruck aga9/ a cu%ion4 ,on break+ ! circuit1 ! co9 0 repell$1 ! revulsion be+ s viol5t z to cause x to sp9 sev]al times r\nd its axis ( susp5sion4 ,a ,silb]-gros*5 simil>ly susp5d$ exhibit$ ! same deportm5t4 ,= a mom5t ,i ?\ght ?is a new discov]y2 b on look+ ov] ! lit]ature ( ! subject1 x appe>$ t ,f>aday _h obs]v$1 multipli$1 & expla9$ ! same effect dur+ 8 rese>*es on diamagnetism4 ,8 explanation 0 bas$ ^u 8 own great discov]y ( magneto-electric curr5ts4 ,! effect is a mo/ s+ul> "o4 ,a weight ( sev]al p\nds ( copp] may be set sp9n+ betwe5 ! electro-magnetic poles2 ! excitem5t ( ! magnet in/antly /ops ! rotation4 ,?\gh no?+ is app>5t to ! eye1 ! copp]1 if mov$ 9 ! excit$ magnetic field1 appe>s to move ?r\gh a visc\s fluid2 :ile1 :5 a flat piece ( ! metal is caus$ to pass to & fro l a saw betwe5 ! poles1 ! saw+ ( ! magnetic field resembles ! cutt+ ?r\gh ( *eese or butt]4#a ,?is virtual friction ( ! magnetic field is s /rong1 t copp]1 by its rapid rotation betwe5 ! poles1 might probably be fus$4 ,we may easily dismiss ?is exp]im5t by say+ t ! heat is due to ! electric curr5ts excit$ 9 ! copp]4 ,b s long z we are unable to reply to ! "q1 ',:at is an electric curr5t8' ! explanation is only provisional4 ,= my own "p1 ,i look ) pr(\nd int]e/ & hope on ! /range action "h ref]r$ to4 ,f>aday's ?\ghts ran intuitively into exp]im5tal comb9ations1 s t subjects ^: capacity = exp]im5tal treatm5t w\ld1 to ord9>y m9ds1 seem to be exhau/$ 9 a mom5t1 7 %[n by him to be all b inexhau/ible4 ,he has n[ an object 9 view1 ! fir/ /ep t[>ds :i* is ! pro( t ! pr9ciple ( ,ar*im$es is true ( magnetism4 ,he =ms magnetic solutions ( v>i\s degrees ( /r5g?1 places !m betwe5 ! poles ( 8 magnet1 & susp5ds 9 ! solutions v>i\s magnetic bodies4 ,he proves t :5 ! solution is /rong] ?an ! body plung$ 9 x1 ! body1 ?\gh magnetic1 is repell$2 & :5 an elongat$ piece ( x is surr\nd$ by ! solution1 x sets1 l a diamagnetic body1 equatorially betwe5 ! excit$ poles4 ,! same body :5 susp5d$ 9 a solution ( weak] magnetic p[] ?an itself1 is attract$ z a :ole1 :ile an elongat$ portion ( x sets axially4 ,& n[ !oretic que/ions ru% 9 ^u him4 ,is ?is new =ce a true repulsion1 or is x m]ely a diff]5tial attraction8 ,might n ! app>5t repulsion ( diamagnetic bodies be really due to ! great] attraction ( ! m$ium by :i* !y are surr\nd$8 ,he tries ! r>efaction ( air1 b f9ds ! effect ins5sible4 ,he is av]se to ascrib+ a capacity ( attraction to space1 or to any hypo!tical m$ium suppos$ to fill space4 ,he !re=e incl9es1 b /ill ) caution1 to ! op9ion t ! action ( a magnet ^u bismu? is a true & absolute repulsion1 & n m]ely ! result ( diff]5tial attraction4 ,& !n he cle>ly /ates a !oretic view suffici5t to acc\nt = ! ph5om5a4 ',!oretically1' he says1 'an explanation ( ! movem5ts ( ! diamagnetic bodies1 & all ! dynamic ph5om5a consequ5t ^u ! action ( magnets ^u !m1 might be (f]$ 9 ! supposition t magnetic induction caus$ 9 !m a contr>y /ate to t :i* x produc$ 9 ord9>y matt]4' ,t is to say1 :ile 9 ord9>y magnetic influ5ce ! excit+ pole excites adjac5t to itself ! contr>y magnetism1 9 diamagnetic bodies ! adjac5t magnetism is ! same z t ( ! excit+ pole4 ,?is !ory ( rev]s$ pol>ity1 h[ev]1 does n appe> to h ev] laid deep hold ( ,f>aday's m9d2 & 8 own exp]im5ts fail$ to give any evid5ce ( its tru?4 ,he !re=e subsequ5tly ab&on$ x1 & ma9ta9$ ! non-pol>ity ( ! diamagnetic =ce4 ,he !n ent]$ a new1 ?\gh relat$ field ( inquiry4 ,hav+ dealt ) ! metals & _! comp\nds1 & hav+ classifi$ all ( !m t came )9 ! range ( 8 obs]vation "u ! two heads magnetic & diamagnetic1 he began ! inve/igation ( ! ph5om5a pres5t$ by cry/als :5 subject$ to magnetic p[]4 ,?is action ( cry/als _h be5 9 "p !oretically pr$ict$ by ,poisson1#b & actually discov]$ by ,pluck]1 ^: beautiful results1 at ! p]iod :i* we h n[ rea*$1 pr(\ndly int]e/$ all sci5tific m54 ,f>aday _h be5 frequ5tly puzzl$ by ! deportm5t ( bismu?1 a highly cry/all9e metal4 ,sometimes elongat$ masses ( ! sub/ance refus$ to set equatorially1 sometimes !y set p]si/5tly oblique1 & sometimes ev51 l a magnetic body1 f pole to pole4 ',! effect1' he says1 'occurs at a s+le pole2 & x is !n /rik+ to obs]ve a long piece ( a sub/ance s diamagnetic z bismu? repell$1 & yet at ! same mom5t set r\nd ) =ce1 axially1 or end on1 z a piece ( magnetic sub/ance w\ld d4' ,! effect p]plex$ him2 & 9 8 ef=ts to release himself f ?is p]plexity1 no feature ( ?is new manife/ation ( =ce escap$ 8 att5tion4 ,8 exp]im5ts are describ$ 9 a memoir communicat$ to ! ,royal ,society on ,decemb] #g1 #ahdh4 ,i h work$ long myself at magne-cry/allic action1 amid all ! light ( ,f>aday's & ,pluck]'s rese>*es4 ,! pap]s n[ be=e me 7 objects ( daily & nightly /udy ) me eighte5 or n9ete5 ye>s ago2 b ev5 n[1 ?\gh _! p]usal is b ! la/ ( a s]ies ( repetitions1 !y a/oni% me4 ,e circum/ance connect$ ) ! subject2 e %ade ( deportm5t2 e v>iation 9 ! en]gy ( ! action2 almo/ e application :i* c\ld possibly be made ( magnetism to br+ out 9 detail ! "* ( ?is new =ce1 is m9utely describ$4 ,! field is swept clean1 & h>dly any?+ exp]im5tal is left = ! glean]4 ,! ph5om5a1 he concludes1 are altoge!r diff]5t f ^? ( magnetism or diamagnetism3 !y w\ld appe>1 9 fact1 to pres5t to u 'a new =ce1 or a new =m ( =ce1 9 ! molecules ( matt]1' :i*1 = conv5i5ce sake1 he designates by a new ^w1 z '! magne-cry/allic =ce4' ,he looks at ! cry/al act$ ^u by ! magnet4 ,f its mass he passes1 9 idea1 to its atoms1 & he asks himself :e!r ! p[] :i* c ?us seize ^u ! cry/all9e molecules1 aft] !y h be5 fix$ 9 _! prop] positions by cry/alliz+ =ce1 may n1 :5 !y are free1 be able to det]m9e _! arrangem5t8 ,he1 !re=e1 lib]ates ! atoms by fus+ ! bismu?4 ,he places ! fus$ sub/ance betwe5 ! poles ( an electro-magnet1 p[]fully excit$2 b he fails to detect any action4 ,i ?9k x _c be d\bt$ t an action is ex]t$ "h1 t a true cause comes into play2 b its magnitude is n su* z s5sibly to int]f]e ) ! =ce ( cry/allization1 :i*1 9 comp>ison ) ! diamagnetic =ce1 is enorm\s4 ',p]haps1' adds ,f>aday1 'if a long] "t 7 all[$1 & a p]man5t magnet us$1 a bett] result might be obta9$4 ,i _h built _m hopes ^u ! process4' ,?is expression1 & 8 writ+s ab\nd 9 su*1 illu/rates :at has be5 already said reg>d+ 8 exp]im5ts be+ sugge/$ & guid$ by 8 !oretic conceptions4 ,8 m9d 0 full ( hopes & hypo!ses1 b he always br\ght !m to an exp]im5tal te/4 ,! record ( 8 plann$ & execut$ exp]im5ts w\ld1 ,i d\bt n1 %[ a high ratio ( hopes disappo9t$ to hopes fulfill$2 b e case ( fulfilm5t aboli%$ all memory ( defeat2 disappo9tm5t 0 swall[$ up 9 victory4 ,aft] ! description ( ! g5]al "* ( ?is new =ce1 ,f>aday /ates ) ! emphasis "h reproduc$ its mode ( action3 ',! law ( action appe>s to be t ! l9e or axis ( ,,magne-,,cry/allic =ce 7be+ ! resultant ( ! action ( all ! molecules7 t5ds to place itself p>allel1 or z a tang5t1 to ! magnetic curve1 or l9e ( magnetic =ce1 pass+ ?r\gh ! place :]e ! cry/al is situat$4' ,! magne-cry/allic =ce1 moreov]1 appe>s to him 'to be cle>ly di/+ui%$ f ! magnetic or diamagnetic =ces1 9 t x causes nei!r approa* nor recession1 consi/+ n 9 attraction or repulsion1 b 9 giv+ a c]ta9 det]m9ate position to ! mass "u its influ5ce4' ,& !n he goes on 'v c>efully to exam9e & prove ! conclusion t !re 0 no connection ( ! =ce ) attractive or repulsive influ5ces4' ,) ! mo/ ref9$ +5uity he %[s t1 "u c]ta9 circum/ances1 ! magne-cry/allic =ce c cause ! c5tre ( gravity ( a highly magnetic body to retreat f ! poles1 & ! c5tre ( gravity ( a highly diamagnetic body to approa* !m4 ,8 exp]im5ts root 8 m9d m & m firmly 9 ! conclusion t 'nei!r attraction nor repulsion causes ! set1 or gov]ns ! f9al position' ( ! cry/al 9 ! magnetic field4 ,t ! =ce :i* does s is !re=e 'di/9ct 9 its "* & effects f ! magnetic & diamagnetic =ms ( =ce4 ,on ! o!r h&1' he cont9ues1 'x has a mo/ manife/ relation to ! cry/all9e /ructure ( bismu? & o!r bodies1 & !re=e to ! p[] by :i* _! molecules are able to build up ! cry/all9e masses4' ,& "h foll[s "o ( ^? expressions :i* *>act]ize ! conceptions ( ,f>aday 9 reg>d to =ce g5]ally3--',x appe>s to me impossible to conceive ( ! results 9 any o!r way ?an by a mutual reaction ( ! magnetic =ce1 & ! =ce ( ! p>ticles ( ! cry/als ^u ea* o!r4' ,he proves t ! action ( ! =ce1 ?\gh ?us molecul>1 is an action at a di/ance2 he %[s t a bismu? cry/al c cause a freely susp5d$ magnetic ne$le to set p>allel to its magne-cry/allic axis4 ,few liv+ m5 are aw>e ( ! difficulty ( obta9+ results l ?is1 or ( ! delicacy necess>y to _! atta9m5t4 ',b ?\gh x ?us takes up ! "* ( a =ce act+ at a di/ance1 /ill x is due to t p[] ( ! p>ticles :i* makes !m coh]e 9 regul> ord] & gives ! mass its cry/all9e aggregation1 :i* we call at o!r times ! attraction ( aggregation1 & s (t5 speak ( z act+ at ins5sible di/ances4' ,?us he broods ov] ?is new =ce1 & looks at x f all possible po9ts ( inspection4 ,exp]im5t foll[s exp]im5t1 z ?\ght foll[s ?\ght4 ,he w n rel9qui% ! subject z long z a hope exi/s ( ?r[+ m light ^u x4 ,he kn[s full well ! anomal\s nature ( ! conclusion to :i* 8 exp]im5ts lead him4 ,b exp]im5t to him is f9al1 & he w n %r9k f ! conclusion4 ',?is =ce1' he says1 'appe>s to me to be v /range & /rik+ 9 its "*4 ,x is n pol>1 = !re is no attraction or repulsion4' ,& !n1 z if />tl$ by 8 own utt]ance1 he asks--',:at is ! nature ( ! me*anical =ce :i* turns ! cry/al r\nd1 & makes x affect a magnet8'444 ',i d n rememb]1' he cont9ues 'h]et(ore su* a case ( =ce z ! pres5t "o1 :]e a body is br\ght into position only1 )\t attraction or repulsion4' ,pluck]1 ! celebrat$ geomet] already m5tion$1 :o pursu$ exp]im5tal physics = _m ye>s ( 8 life ) s+ul> devotion & success1 visit$ ,f>aday 9 ^? days1 & repeat$ be=e him 8 beautiful exp]im5ts on magneto-optic action4 ,f>aday repeat$ & v]ifi$ ,pluck]'s obs]vations1 & conclud$1 :at he at fir/ seem$ to d\bt1 t ,pluck]'s results & magne-cry/allic action _h ! same orig94 ,at ! end ( 8 pap]s1 :5 he takes a la/ look along ! l9e ( rese>*1 & !n turns 8 eyes to ! future1 utt]ances q z mu* emotional z sci5tific escape f ,f>aday4 ',i _c1' he says1 at ! end ( 8 fir/ pap] on magne-cry/allic action1 'conclude ?is s]ies ( rese>*es )\t rem>k+ h[ rapidly ! k ( molecul> =ces gr[s ^u u1 & h[ /rik+ly e inve/igation t5ds to develop m & m _! importance1 & _! extreme attraction z an object ( /udy4 ,a few ye>s ago magnetism 0 to u an occult p[]1 affect+ only a few bodies1 n[ x is f\nd to influ5ce all bodies1 & to possess ! mo/ intimate relations ) electricity1 heat1 *emical action1 light1 cry/allization1 & ?r\gh x1 ) ! =ces conc]n$ 9 cohesion2 & we may1 9 ! pres5t /ate ( ?+s1 well feel urg$ to cont9ue 9 our lab\rs1 enc\rag$ by ! hope ( br++ x into a bond ( union ) gravity itself4' ,supplem5t>y rem>ks ,a brief space w1 p]haps1 be grant$ me "h to /ate ! fur!r progress ( an inve/igation :i* int]e/$ ,f>aday s mu*4 ,drawn by ! fame ( ,buns5 z a tea*]1 9 ! ye> #ahdh ,i became a /ud5t 9 ! ,univ]sity ( ,m>burg1 9 ,hesse ,cassel4 ,buns5's behavi\r to me 0 t ( a bro!r z well z t ( a tea*]1 & x 0 also my happ9ess to make ! acqua9tance & ga9 ! fri5d%ip ( ,pr(essor ,knoblau*1 s highly di/+ui%$ by 8 rese>*es on ,radiant ,heat4 ,pluck]'s & ,f>aday's inve/igations fill$ all m9ds at ! "t1 & t[>ds ! end ( #ahdi1 ,pr(essor ,knoblau* & myself comm5c$ a jo9t inve/igation ( ! entire "q4 ,long discipl9e 0 necess>y to give u due ma/]y ov] x4 ,employ+ a me?od propos$ by ,dove1 we exam9$ ! optical prop]ties ( our cry/als ourselves2 & ^! optical obs]vations w5t h& 9 h& ) our magnetic exp]im5ts4 ,! numb] ( ^! exp]im5ts 0 v great1 b = a consid]able "t no fact ( importance 0 add$ to ^? already publi%$4 ,at l5g?1 h[ev]1 x 0 our =tune to meet ) v>i\s cry/als ^: deportm5t c\ld n be br\ght "u ! laws ( magne-cry/allic action enunciat$ by ,pluck]4 ,we also discov]$ in/ances :i* l$ u to suppose t ! magne-cry/allic =ce 0 by no means indep5d5t1 z alleg$1 ( ! magnetism or diamagnetism ( ! mass ( ! cry/al4 ,inde$1 ! m we work$ at ! subject1 ! m cle>ly did x appe> to u t ! deportm5t ( cry/als 9 ! magnetic field 0 due1 n to a =ce previ\sly unkn[n1 b to ! modification ( ! kn[n =ces ( magnetism & diamagnetism by cry/all9e aggregation4 ,an em95t example ( magne-cry/allic action adduc$ by ,pluck]1 & exp]im5t$ on by ,f>aday1 0 ,icel& sp>4 ,x is :at 9 optics is call$ a negative cry/al1 & accord+ to ! law ( ,pluck]1 ! axis ( su* a cry/al 0 always repell$ by a magnet4 ,b we %[$ t x 0 only necess>y to sub/itute1 9 :ole or 9 "p1 c>bonate ( iron = c>bonate ( lime1 ?us *ang+ ! magnetic b n ! optical "* ( ! cry/al1 to cause ! axis to be attract$4 ,t ! deportm5t ( magnetic cry/als is exactly anti!tical to t ( diamagnetic cry/als isomorph\s ) ! magnetic ones1 0 prov$ to be a g5]al law ( action4 ,9 all cases1 ! l9e :i* 9 a diamagnetic cry/al set equatorially1 always set itself 9 an isomorph\s magnetic cry/al axially4 ,by me*anical compression o!r bodies 7 also made to imitate ! ,icel& sp>4 ,^! & num]\s o!r results be>+ ^u ! "q 7 publi%$ at ! "t 9 ! ',philosophical ,magaz9e' & 9 ',pogg5dorff's ,annal5'2 & ! inve/igation ( diamagnetism & magne-cry/allic action 0 subsequ5tly cont9u$ by me 9 ! laboratory ( ,pr(essor ,magnus ( ,b]l94 ,9 ,decemb]1 #ahea1 aft] ,i _h quitt$ ,g]many1 ,dr4 ,b5ce ,jones w5t to ! ,prussian capital to see ! celebrat$ exp]im5ts ( ,du ,bois ,reymond4 ,influ5c$1 ,i suppose1 by :at he !re he>d1 he aft]w>ds invit$ me to give a ,friday ev5+ disc\rse at ! ,royal ,in/itution4 ,i cons5t$1 n )\t fe> & trembl+4 ,= ! ,royal ,in/itution 0 to me a k9d ( dragon's d51 :]e tact & /r5g? w\ld be necess>y to save me f de/ruction4 ,on ,febru>y #aa1 #ahec1 ! disc\rse 0 giv51 & x end$ happily4 ,i allude to ^! ?+s1 t ,i may m5tion t1 ?\gh my aim & object 9 t lecture 0 to subv]t ! notions bo? ( ,f>aday & ,pluck]1 & to e/abli% 9 opposition to _! views :at ,i reg>d$ z ! tru?1 x 0 v f> f produc+ 9 ,f>aday ei!r enmity or ang]4 ,at ! conclusion ( ! lecture1 he quitt$ 8 accu/om$ seat1 cross$ ! !atre to ! corn] into :i* ,i _h %runk1 %ook me by ! h&1 & br\ght me back to ! table4 ,once m1 subsequ5tly1 & 9 connection ) a relat$ "q1 ,i v5tur$ to diff] f him /ill m emphatically4 ,x 0 done out ( tru/ 9 ! greatness ( 8 "*2 nor 0 ! tru/ misplac$4 ,he felt my public diss5t f him2 & x pa9$ me aft]w>ds to ! quick to ?9k t ,i _h giv5 him ev5 mom5t>y annoyance4 ,x 01 h[ev]1 only mom5t>y4 ,8 s\l 0 above all littl5ess & pro( to all egotism4 ,he 0 ! same to me aft]w>ds t he _h be5 be=e2 ! v *ance expression :i* l$ me to conclude t he felt my diss5t be+ "o ( k9dness & affection4 ,x requir$ long subsequ5t ef=t to subdue ! complications ( magne-cry/allic action1 & to br+ "u ! dom9ion ( elem5t>y pr9ciples ! va/ mass ( facts :i* ! exp]im5ts ( ,f>aday & ,pluck] _h br\ght to light4 ,x 0 prov$ by ,rei*1 ,edmond ,becqu]el1 & myself1 t ! condition ( diamagnetic bodies1 9 virtue ( :i* !y 7 repell$ by ! poles ( a magnet1 0 excit$ 9 !m by ^? poles2 t ! /r5g? ( ?is condition rose & fell )1 & 0 proportional to1 ! /r5g? ( ! act+ magnet4 ,x 0 n !n any prop]ty possess$ p]man5tly by ! bismu?1 & :i* m]ely requir$ ! developm5t ( magnetism to act ^u x1 t caus$ ! repulsion2 = !n ! repulsion w\ld h be5 simply proportional to ! /r5g? ( ! influ5c+ magnet1 :]eas exp]im5t prov$ x to augm5t z ! squ>e ( ! /r5g?4 ,! capacity to be repell$ 0 !re=e n inh]5t 9 ! bismu?1 b induc$4 ,s f> an id5tity ( action 0 e/abli%$ betwe5 magnetic & diamagnetic bodies4 ,aft] ?is ! deportm5t ( magnetic bodies1 'normal' & 'abnormal'2 cry/all9e1 amorph\s1 & compress$1 0 comp>$ ) t ( cry/all9e1 amorph\s1 & compress$ diamagnetic bodies2 & by a s]ies ( exp]im5ts1 execut$ 9 ! laboratory ( ?is ,in/itution1 ! mo/ complete anti!sis 0 e/abli%$ betwe5 magnetism & diamagnetism4 ,?is anti!sis embrac$ ! quality ( pol>ity1--! !ory ( rev]s$ pol>ity1 fir/ prop\nd$ by ,f>aday1 be+ prov$ to be true4 ,! discussion ( ! "q 0 v brisk4 ,on ! ,cont95t ,pr(essor ,wilhelm ,web] 0 ! able/ & mo/ successful support] ( ! doctr9e ( diamagnetic pol>ity2 & x 0 ) an app>atus1 devis$ by him & con/ruct$ "u 8 own sup]9t5d5ce1 by ,leys] ( ,leipzig1 t ! la/ dem&s ( ! oppon5ts ( diamagnetic pol>ity 7 satisfi$4 ,! e/abli%m5t ( ?is po9t 0 absolutely necess>y to ! explanation ( magne-cry/allic action4 ,) t admirable in/9ct :i* always guid$ him1 ,f>aday _h se5 t x 0 possible1 if n probable1 t ! diamagnetic =ce acts ) diff]5t degrees ( int5sity 9 diff]5t directions1 ?r\gh ! mass ( a cry/al4 ,9 8 /udies on electricity1 he _h s\ght an exp]im5tal reply to ! "q :e!r cry/all9e bodies _h n diff]5t specific inductive capacities 9 diff]5t directions1 b he fail$ to e/abli% any diff]5ce ( ! k9d4 ,8 fir/ attempt to e/abli% diff]5ces ( diamagnetic action 9 diff]5t directions ?r\gh bismu?1 0 also a failure2 b he mu/ h felt ?is to be a po9t ( c>d9al importance1 = he return$ to ! subject 9 #ahej1 & prov$ t bismu? 0 repell$ ) diff]5t degrees ( =ce 9 diff]5t directions4 ,x seem$ z if ! cry/al 7 comp\nd$ ( two diamagnetic bodies ( diff]5t /r5g?s1 ! sub/ance be+ m /rongly repell$ across ! magne-cry/allic axis ?an along x4 ,! same result 0 obta9$ indep5d5tly1 & ext5d$ to v>i\s o!r bodies1 magnetic z well z diamagnetic1 & also to compress$ sub/ances1 a little subsequ5tly by myself4 ,! law ( action 9 relation to ?is po9t is1 t 9 diamagnetic cry/als1 ! l9e along :i* ! repulsion is a maximum1 sets equatorially 9 ! magnetic field2 :ile 9 magnetic cry/als ! l9e along :i* ! attraction is a maximum sets f pole to pole4 ,f>aday _h said t ! magne-cry/allic =ce 0 nei!r attraction nor repulsion4 ,?us f> he 0 "r4 ,x 0 nei!r tak5 s+ly1 b x 0 bo?4 ,by ! comb9ation ( ! doctr9e ( diamagnetic pol>ity ) ^! diff]5tial attractions & repulsions1 & by pay+ due reg>d to ! "* ( ! magnetic field1 e fact br\ght to light 9 ! doma9 ( magne-cry/allic action receiv$ complete explanation4 ,! mo/ p]plex+ ( ^? facts 7 %[n to result f ! action ( me*anical c\ples1 :i* ! prov$ pol>ity bo? ( magnetism & diamagnetism br\ght into play4 ,inde$ ! ?or\ghness ) :i* ! exp]im5ts ( ,f>aday 7 ?us expla9$1 is ! mo/ /rik+ possible demon/ration ( ! m>vell\s precision ) :i* !y 7 execut$4 ,footnotes to ,*apt] #aa #a ,see ,heat z a ,mode ( ,motion1 n9? edition1 p4 #ge4 #b ,see ,sir ,wm4 ,?omson on ,magne-cry/allic ,action4 ,phil4 ,mag41 #ahea4 ,*apt] #ab4 ,magnetism ( flame & gases--atmosph]ic magnetism ,:5 an exp]im5tal result 0 obta9$ by ,f>aday x 0 in/antly enl>g$ by 8 imag9ation4 ,i am acqua9t$ ) no m9d ^: p[] & sudd5ness ( expansion at ! t\* ( new physical tru? c\ld be rank$ ) 84 ,sometimes ,i h comp>$ ! action ( 8 exp]im5ts on 8 m9d to t ( highly combu/ible matt] ?r[n into a furnace2 e fre% entry ( fact 0 accompani$ by ! imm$iate developm5t ( light & heat4 ,! light1 :i* 0 intellectual1 enabl$ him to see f> beyond ! b\nd>ies ( ! fact itself1 & ! heat1 :i* 0 emotional1 urg$ him to ! conque/ ( ?is newly-reveal$ doma94 ,b ?\gh ! =ce ( 8 imag9ation 0 enorm\s1 he bridl$ x l a mighty rid]1 & nev] p]mitt$ 8 intellect to be ov]?r[n4 ,9 virtue ( ! expansive p[] :i* 8 vivid imag9ation conf]r$ ^u him1 he rose f ! smalle/ beg9n+s to ! gr&e/ ends4 ,hav+ he>d f ,zant$es*i t ,bancal>i _h e/abli%$ ! magnetism ( flame1 he repeat$ ! exp]im5ts & augm5t$ ! results4 ,he pass$ f flames to gases1 exam9+ & reveal+ _! magnetic & diamagnetic p[]s2 & !n he sudd5ly rose f 8 bubbles ( oxyg5 & nitrog5 to ! atmosph]ic envelope ( ! e>? itself1 & its relations to ! great "q ( t]re/rial magnetism4 ,! rapidity ) :i* ^! ev]-augm5t+ ?\ghts assum$ ! =m ( exp]im5ts is unp>allel$4 ,8 p[] 9 ?is respect is (t5 be/ illu/rat$ by 8 m9or inve/igations1 &1 p]haps1 by none m /rik+ly ?an by 8 pap] ',on ! ,diamagnetic ,condition ( ,flame & ,gases1' publi%$ z a lett] to ,mr4 ,ri*>d ,taylor1 9 ! ',philosophical ,magaz9e' = ,decemb]1 #ahdg4 ,aft] v]ify+1 v>y+1 & exp&+ ! results ( ,bancal>i1 he submitt$ to exam9ation heat$ air-curr5ts1 produc$ by plat9um spirals plac$ 9 ! magnetic field1 & rais$ to inc&esc5ce by electricity4 ,he !n exam9$ ! magnetic deportm5t ( gases g5]ally4 ,almo/ all ( ^! gases are invisible2 b he mu/1 nev]!less1 track !m 9 _! unse5 c\rses4 ,he c\ld n effect ?is by m+l+ smoke ) 8 gases1 = ! action ( 8 magnet ^u ! smoke w\ld h tr\bl$ 8 conclusions4 ,he1 !re=e1 'caught' 8 gases 9 tubes1 c>ri$ !m out ( ! magnetic field1 & made !m reveal !mselves at a di/ance f ! magnet4 ,imm]s+ "o gas 9 ano!r1 he det]m9$ _! diff]5tial action2 results ( ! utmo/ beauty be+ ?us arriv$ at4 ,p]haps ! mo/ important are ^? obta9$ ) atmosph]ic air & its two con/itu5ts4 ,oxyg51 9 v>i\s m$ia1 0 /rongly attract$ by ! magnet2 9 coal-gas1 = example1 x 0 p[]fully magnetic1 :]eas nitrog5 0 diamagnetic4 ,"s ( ! effects obta9$ ) oxyg5 9 coal-gas 7 /rik+ly beautiful4 ,:5 ! fumes ( *loride ( ammonium 7a diamagnetic sub/ance7 7 m+l$ ) ! oxyg51 ! cl\d ( *loride behav$ 9 a mo/ s+ul> mann]1--',! attraction ( iron fil+s1' says ,f>aday1 'to a magnetic pole is n m /rik+ ?an ! appe>ance pres5t$ by ! oxyg5 "u ^! circum/ances4' ,on obs]v+ ?is deportm5t ! "q imm$iately occurs to him1--,c we n sep>ate ! oxyg5 ( ! atmosph]e f its nitrog5 by magnetic analysis8 ,x is ! p]petual occurr5ce ( su* que/ions t m>ks ! great exp]im5t]4 ,! attempt to analyze atmosph]ic air by magnetic =ce prov$ a failure1 l ! previ\s attempt to influ5ce cry/allization by ! magnet4 ,! enorm\s comp>ative p[] ( ! =ce ( cry/allization ,i h already assign$ z a reason = ! incompet5ce ( ! magnet to det]m9e molecul> arrangem5t2 9 ! pres5t in/ance ! magnetic analysis is oppos$ by ! =ce ( diffusion1 :i* is also v /rong comp>atively4 ,! same rem>k applies to1 & is illu/rat$ by1 ano!r exp]im5t subsequ5tly execut$ by ,f>aday4 ,wat] is diamagnetic1 sulphate ( iron is /rongly magnetic4 ,he enclos$ 'a dilute solution ( sulphate ( iron 9 a tube1 & plac$ ! l[] end ( ! tube betwe5 ! poles ( a p[]ful horse%oe magnet = days toge!r1' b he c\ld produce 'no conc5tration ( ! solution 9 ! "p ne> ! magnet4' ,"h also ! diffusibility ( ! salt 0 too p[]ful = ! =ce br\ght aga9/ x4 ,! exp]im5t la/ ref]r$ to is record$ 9 a pap] pres5t$ to ! ,royal ,society on ! #bnd ,augu/1 #ahej1 9 :i* he pursues ! inve/igation ( ! magnetism ( gases4 ,newton's obs]vations on soap-bubbles 7 (t5 ref]r$ to by ,f>aday4 ,8 delight 9 a soap-bubble 0 l t ( a boy1 & he (t5 introduc$ !m into 8 lectures1 caus+ !m1 :5 fill$ ) air1 to float on invisible seas ( c>bonic acid1 & o!rwise employ+ !m z a means ( illu/ration4 ,he n[ f9ds !m exce$+ly useful 9 8 exp]im5ts on ! magnetic condition ( gases4 ,a bubble ( air 9 a magnetic field occupi$ by air 0 unaffect$1 save ?r\gh ! feeble repulsion ( its envelope4 ,a bubble ( nitrog51 on ! contr>y1 0 repell$ f ! magnetic axis ) a =ce f> surpass+ t ( a bubble ( air4 ,! deportm5t ( oxyg5 9 air '0 v impressive1 ! bubble be+ pull$ inw>d or t[>ds ! axial l9e1 %>ply & sudd5ly1 z if ! oxyg5 7 highly magnetic4' ,he next lab\rs to e/abli% ! true magnetic z]o1 a problem n s easy z might at fir/ sight be imag9$4 ,= ! action ( ! magnet ^u any gas1 :ile surr\nd$ by air or any o!r gas1 c only be diff]5tial2 & if ! exp]im5t 7 made 9 vacuo1 ! action ( ! envelope1 9 ?is case necess>ily ( a c]ta9 ?ickness1 w\ld tr\ble ! result4 ,:ile deal+ ) ?is subject1 ,f>aday makes "s notewor?y obs]vations reg>d+ space4 ,9 ref]5ce to ! ,torricellian vacuum1 he says1 ',p]haps x is h>dly necess>y = me to /ate t ,i f9d bo? iron & bismu? 9 su* vacua p]fectly ob$i5t to ! magnet4 ,f su* exp]im5ts1 & also f g5]al obs]vations & k1 x seems manife/ t ! l9es ( magnetic =ce c trav]se pure space1 j z gravitat+ =ce does1 & z /atical electrical =ces d1 & !re=e space has a magnetic relation ( its own1 & "o t we %all probably f9d h]eaft] to be ( ! utmo/ importance 9 natural ph5om5a4 ,b ?is "* ( space is n ( ! same k9d z t :i*1 9 relation to matt]1 we endeav\r to express by ! t]ms magnetic & diamagnetic4 ,to confuse ^! toge!r w\ld be to conf\nd space ) matt]1 & to tr\ble all ! conceptions by :i* we endeav\r to und]/& & "w out a progressively cle>] view ( ! mode ( action1 & ! laws ( natural =ces4 ,x w\ld be z if 9 gravitation or electric =ces1 "o 7 to conf\nd ! p>ticles act+ on ea* o!r ) ! space across :i* !y are act+1 & w\ld1 ,i ?9k1 %ut ! door to advancem5t4 ,m]e space _c act z matt] acts1 ev5 ?\gh ! utmo/ latitude be all[$ to ! hypo!sis ( an e!r2 & admitt+ t hypo!sis1 x w\ld be a l>ge additional assumption to suppose t ! l9es ( magnetic =ce are vibrations c>ri$ on by x1 :il/ z yet we h no pro( t "t is requir$ = _! propagation1 or 9 :at respect !y may1 9 g5]al "*1 assimilate to or diff] f _! respective l9es ( gravitat+1 lum9if]\s1 or electric =ces4' ,pure space he assumes to be ! true magnetic z]o1 b he pu%es 8 inquiries to asc]ta9 :e!r among mat]ial sub/ances !re may n be "s :i* resemble space4 ,if y foll[ 8 exp]im5ts1 y w soon em]ge into ! light ( 8 results4 ,a torsion-beam 0 susp5d$ by a ske9 ( cocoon silk2 at "o end ( ! beam 0 fix$ a cross-piece #a #a_/b in* long4 ,tubes ( exce$+ly ?9 glass1 fill$ ) v>i\s gases1 & h]metically seal$1 7 susp5d$ 9 pairs f ! two ends ( ! cross-piece4 ,! position ( ! rotat+ torsion-head 0 su* t ! two tubes 7 at opposite sides (1 & equidi/ant f1 ! magnetic axis1 t is to say f ! l9e jo9+ ! two closely approximat$ pol> po9ts ( an electro-magnet4 ,8 object 0 to comp>e ! magnetic action ( ! gases 9 ! two tubes4 ,:5 "o tube 0 fill$ ) oxyg51 & ! o!r ) nitrog51 on ! sup]v5tion ( ! magnetic =ce1 ! oxyg5 0 pull$ t[>ds ! axis1 ! nitrog5 be+ pu%$ out4 ,by turn+ ! torsion-head !y c\ld be re/or$ to _! primitive position ( equidi/ance1 :]e x is evid5t ! action ( ! glass envelopes 0 annull$4 ,! am\nt ( torsion necess>y to re-e/abli% equidi/ance express$ ! magnetic diff]5ce ( ! sub/ances comp>$4 ,& !n he comp>$ oxyg5 ) oxyg5 at diff]5t pressures4 ,"o ( 8 tubes conta9$ ! gas at ! pressure ( #cj in*es ( m]cury1 ano!r at a pressure ( #ae in*es ( m]cury1 a ?ird at a pressure ( #aj in*es1 :ile a f\r? 0 exhau/$ z f> z a good air-pump r5d]s exhau/ion possible4 ',:5 ! fir/ ( ^! 0 comp>$ ) ! o!r ?ree1 ! effect 0 mo/ /rik+4' ,x 0 drawn t[>ds ! axis :5 ! magnet 0 excit$1 ! tube conta9+ ! r>] gas be+ app>5tly driv5 away1 & ! great] ! diff]5ce betwe5 ! d5sities ( ! two gases1 ! great] 0 ! en]gy ( ?is action4 ,& n[ obs]ve 8 mode ( rea*+ a mat]ial magnetic z]o4 ,:5 a bubble ( nitrog5 0 expos$ 9 air 9 ! magnetic field1 on ! sup]v5tion ( ! p[]1 ! bubble retreat$ f ! magnet4 ,a less acute obs]v] w\ld h set nitrog5 d[n z diamagnetic2 b ,f>aday knew t retreat1 9 a m$ium compos$ 9 "p ( oxyg51 might be due to ! attraction ( ! latt] gas1 in/ead ( to ! repulsion ( ! gas imm]s$ 9 x4 ,b if nitrog5 be really diamagnetic1 !n a bubble or bulb fill$ ) ! d5se gas w ov]come "o fill$ ) ! r>] gas4 ,f ! cross-piece ( 8 torsion-balance he susp5d$ 8 bulbs ( nitrog51 at equal di/ances f ! magnetic axis1 & f\nd t ! r>efaction1 or ! cond5sation ( ! gas 9 ei!r ( ! bulbs _h n ! slighte/ influ5ce4 ,:5 ! magnetic =ce 0 develop$1 ! bulbs rema9$ 9 _! fir/ position1 ev5 :5 "o 0 fill$ ) nitrog51 & ! o!r z f> z possible exhau/$4 ,nitrog51 9 fact1 act$ 'l space itself'2 x 0 nei!r magnetic nor diamagnetic4 ,he _c conv5i5tly comp>e ! p>amagnetic =ce ( oxyg5 ) iron1 9 consequ5ce ( ! exce$+ magnetic int5sity ( ! latt] sub/ance2 b he does comp>e x ) ! sulphate ( iron1 & f9ds t1 bulk = bulk1 oxyg5 is equally magnetic ) a solution ( ?is sub/ance 9 wat] 'conta9+ sev5te5 times ! weight ( ! oxyg5 9 cry/alliz$ proto-sulphate ( iron1 or #c4d times its weight ( metallic iron 9 t /ate ( comb9ation4' ,by its capability to deflect a f9e glass fibre1 he f9ds t ! attraction ( ?is bulb ( oxyg51 conta9+ only #j4aag ( a gra9 ( ! gas1 at an av]age di/ance ( m ?an an in* f ! magnetic axis1 is ab\t equal to ! gravitat+ =ce ( ! same am\nt ( oxyg5 z express$ by its weight4 ,^! facts c\ld n re/ = an in/ant 9 ! m9d ( ,f>aday )\t receiv+ t expansion to :i* ,i h already ref]r$4 ',x is h>dly necess>y1' he writes1 '= me to say "h t ?is oxyg5 _c exi/ 9 ! atmosph]e ex]t+ su* a rem>kable & high am\nt ( magnetic =ce1 )\t hav+ a mo/ important influ5ce on ! disposition ( ! magnetism ( ! e>?1 z a planet2 especially if x be rememb]$ t its magnetic condition is greatly alt]$ by v>iations ( its d5sity & by v>iations ( its temp]ature4 ,i ?9k ,i see "h ! real cause ( _m ( ! v>iations ( t =ce1 :i* h be51 & are n[ s c>efully wat*$ on diff]5t p>ts ( ! surface ( ! globe4 ,! daily v>iation1 & ! annual v>iation1 bo? seem likely to come "u x2 also v _m ( ! irregul> cont9ual v>iations1 :i* ! photographic process ( record r5d]s s beautifully manife/4 ,if su* expectations be confirm$1 & ! influ5ce ( ! atmosph]e be f\nd able to produce results l ^!1 !n we %all probably f9d a new relation betwe5 ! aurora borealis & ! magnetism ( ! e>?1 namely1 a relation e/abli%$1 m or less1 ?r\gh ! air itself 9 connection ) ! space above x2 & ev5 magnetic relations & v>iations1 :i* are n z yet suspect$1 may be sugge/$ & r5d]$ manife/ & measurable1 9 ! fur!r developm5t ( :at ,i w v5ture to call ,atmosph]ic ,magnetism4 ,i may be ov]-sangu9e 9 ^! expectations1 b z yet ,i am su/a9$ 9 !m by ! app>5t reality1 simplicity1 & suffici5cy ( ! cause assum$1 z x at pres5t appe>s to my m9d4 ,z soon z ,i h submitt$ ^! views to a close consid]ation1 & ! te/ ( accordance ) obs]vation1 &1 :]e applicable1 ) exp]im5ts also1 ,i w d myself ! hon\r to br+ !m be=e ! ,royal ,society4' ,two elaborate memoirs are !n devot$ to ! subject ( ,atmosph]ic ,magnetism2 ! fir/ s5t to ! ,royal ,society on ! #i? ( ,octob]1 & ! second on ! #ai? ( ,novemb]1 #ahej4 ,9 ^! memoirs he discusses ! effects ( heat & cold ^u ! magnetism ( ! air1 & ! action on ! magnetic ne$le1 :i* mu/ result f !rmal *anges4 ,by ! conv]g5ce & div]g5ce ( ! l9es ( t]re/rial magnetic =ce1 he %[s h[ ! di/ribution ( magnetism1 9 ! e>?'s atmosph]e1 is effect$4 ,he applies 8 results to ! explanation ( ! ,annual & ( ! ,diurnal ,v>iation3 he also consid]s irregul> v>iations1 includ+ ! action ( magnetic /orms4 ,he discusses1 at l5g?1 ! obs]vations at ,/4 ,pet]sburg1 ,gre5wi*1 ,hob>ton1 ,/4 ,hel5a1 ,toronto1 & ! ,cape ( ,good ,hope2 believ+ t ! facts1 reveal$ by 8 exp]im5ts1 furni% ! key to ! v>iations obs]v$ at all ^! places4 ,9 ! ye> #ahea1 ,i _h ! hon\r ( an int]view ) ,humboldt1 9 ,b]l91 & 8 p>t+ words to me !n 71 ',tell ,f>aday t ,i entirely agree ) him1 & t he has1 9 my op9ion1 completely expla9$ ! v>iation ( ! decl9ation4' ,em95t m5 h s9ce in=m$ me t ,humboldt 0 ha/y 9 express+ ?is op9ion4 ,9 fact1 ,f>aday's memoirs on atmosph]ic magnetism lo/ mu* ( _! =ce--p]haps too mu*--?r\gh ! important discov]y ( ! relation ( ! v>iation ( ! decl9ation to ! numb] ( ! sol> spots4 ,b ,i agree ) him & ,m4 ,edmond ,becqu]el1 :o work$ indep5d5tly at ?is subject1 9 ?9k+1 t a body s magnetic z oxyg51 swa?+ ! e>?1 & subject to v>iations ( temp]ature1 diurnal & annual1 mu/ affect ! manife/ations ( t]re/rial magnetism4#a ,! air t /&s ^u a s+le squ>e foot ( ! e>?'s surface is1 accord+ to ,f>aday1 equival5t 9 magnetic =ce to #hafj lbs4 ( cry/alliz$ protosulphate ( iron4 ,su* a sub/ance _c be absolutely neutral z reg>ds ! deportm5t ( ! magnetic ne$le4 ,b ,f>aday's writ+s on ?is subject are s volum9\s1 & ! !oretic po9ts are s novel & intricate1 t ,i %all po/pone ! complete analysis ( ^! rese>*es to a "t :5 ,i c lay hold ( !m m completely ?an my o!r duties all[ me to d n[4 ,footnote to ,*apt] #ab #a ,?is p]suasion has be5 greatly /r5g!n$ by ! rec5t p]usal ( a pap] by ,mr4 ,bax5dell4 ,*apt] #ac4 ,speculations3 nature ( matt]3 l9es ( =ce ,! sci5tific picture ( ,f>aday w\ld n be complete )\t a ref]5ce to 8 speculative writ+s4 ,on ,friday1 ,janu>y #ai1 #ahdd1 he op5$ ! weekly ev5+-meet+s ( ! ,royal ,in/itution by a disc\rse entitl$ ',a speculation t\*+ ,electric ,conduction & ! nature ( ,matt]4' ,9 ?is disc\rse he n only attempts ! ov]?r[ ( ,dalton's ,!ory ( ,atoms1 b also ! subv]sion ( all ord9>y sci5tific ideas reg>d+ ! nature & relations ( ,matt] & ,=ce4 ,he object$ to ! use ( ! t]m atom3--',i h n yet f\nd a m9d1' he says1 't did habitually sep>ate x f its accompany+ temptations2 & !re c be no d\bt t ! words def9ite proportions1 equival5t1 primes1 c41 :i* did & d fully express all ! facts ( :at is usually call$ ! atomic !ory 9 *emi/ry1 7 dismiss$ because !y 7 n expressive en\gh1 & did n say all t 0 9 ! m9d ( him :o us$ ! ^w atom 9 _! /ead4' ,a mom5t w be grant$ me to indicate my own view ( ,f>aday's position "h4 ,! ^w 'atom' 0 n us$ 9 ! /ead ( def9ite proportions1 equival5ts1 or primes4 ,^! t]ms repres5t$ facts t foll[$ f1 b 7 n equival5t to1 ! atomic !ory4 ,facts _c satisfy ! m9d3 & ! law ( def9ite comb9+ proportions be+ once e/abli%$1 ! "q ':y %\ld comb9ation take place accord+ to t law8' is inevitable4 ,dalton answ]$ ?is "q by ! enunciation ( ! ,atomic ,!ory1 ! fundam5tal idea ( :i* is1 9 my op9ion1 p]fectly secure4 ,! objection ( ,f>aday to ,dalton might be urg$ ) ! same sub/antial =ce aga9/ ,newton3 x might be /at$ ) reg>d to ! planet>y motions t ! laws ( ,kepl] reveal$ ! facts2 t ! introduction ( ! pr9ciple ( gravitation 0 an addition to ! facts4 ,b ?is is ! ess5ce ( all !ory4 ,! !ory is ! backw>d guess f fact to pr9ciple2 ! conjecture1 or div9ation reg>d+ some?+1 :i* lies beh9d ! facts1 & f :i* !y fl[ 9 necess>y sequ5ce4 ,if ,dalton's !ory1 !n1 acc\nt = ! def9ite proportions obs]v$ 9 ! comb9ations ( *emi/ry1 its ju/ification re/s ^u ! same basis z t ( ! pr9ciple ( gravitation4 ,all t c 9 /rictness be said 9 ei!r case is t ! facts occur z if ! pr9ciple exi/$4 ,! mann] 9 :i* ,f>aday himself habitually deals ) 8 hypo!ses is reveal$ 9 ?is lecture4 ,he incessantly employ$ !m to ga9 exp]im5tal ends1 b he incessantly took !m d[n1 z an ar*itect removes ! scaffold+ :5 ! edifice is complete4 ',i _c b d\bt1' he says1 't he :o z a m]e philosoph] has mo/ p[] ( p5etrat+ ! secrets ( nature1 & guess+ by hypo!sis at h] mode ( work+1 w also be mo/ c>eful = 8 own safe progress & t ( o!rs1 to di/+ui% ! k :i* consi/s ( assumption1 by :i* ,i mean !ory & hypo!sis1 f t :i* is ! k ( facts & laws4' ,f>aday himself1 9 fact1 0 always 'guess+ by hypo!sis1' & mak+ !oretic div9ation ! /epp+-/one to 8 exp]im5tal results4 ,i h already m ?an once dwelt on ! vividness ) :i* he realis$ molecul> conditions2 we h a f9e example ( ?is /r5g? & brightness ( imag9ation 9 ! pres5t 'speculation4' ,he grapples ) ! notion t matt] is made up ( p>ticles1 n 9 absolute contact1 b surr\nd$ by int]atomic space4 ',space1' he obs]ves1 'mu/ be tak5 z ! only cont9u\s "p ( a body s con/itut$4 ,space w p]meate all masses ( matt] 9 e direction l a net1 except t 9 place ( me%es x w =m cells1 isolat+ ea* atom f its neighb\rs1 itself only be+ cont9u\s4' ,let u foll[ out ?is notion2 consid]1 he argues1 ! case ( a non-conductor ( electricity1 su* = example z %ell-lac1 ) its molecules1 & int]molecul> spaces runn+ ?r\gh ! mass4 ,9 its case space mu/ be an insulator2 = if x 7 a conductor x w\ld resemble 'a f9e metallic web1' p5etrat+ ! lac 9 e direction4 ,b ! fact is t x resembles ! wax ( black seal+-wax1 :i* surr\nds & insulates ! p>ticles ( conduct+ c>bon1 int]sp]s$ ?r\gh\t its mass4 ,9 ! case ( %ell-lac1 !re=e1 space is an insulator4 ,b n[1 take ! case ( a conduct+ metal4 ,"h we h1 z be=e1 ! swa?+ ( space r\nd e atom4 ,if space be an insulator !re c be no transmission ( electricity f atom to atom4 ,b !re is transmission2 h5ce space is a conductor4 ,?us he endeav\rs to hamp] ! atomic !ory4 ',! reason+1' he says1 'ends 9 a subv]sion ( t !ory altoge!r2 = if space be an insulator x _c exi/ 9 conduct+ bodies1 & if x be a conductor x _c exi/ 9 insulat+ bodies4 ,any gr\nd ( reason+1' he adds1 z if c>ri$ away by ! ard\r ( argum5t1 ':i* t5ds to su* conclusions z ^! mu/ 9 itself be false4' ,he !n tosses ! atomic !ory f horn to horn ( 8 dilemmas4 ,:at d we "k1 he asks1 ( ! atom ap>t f its =ce8 ,y imag9e a nucleus :i* may be call$ a1 & surr\nd x by =ces :i* may be call$ m2 'to my m9d ! a or nucleus vani%es1 & ! sub/ance consi/s 9 ! p[]s ( m4 ,& inde$ :at notion c we =m ( ! nucleus indep5d5t ( its p[]s8 ,:at ?\ght rema9s on :i* to hang ! imag9ation ( an a indep5d5t ( ! ackn[l$g$ =ces8' ,l ,boscovi*1 he aboli%es ! atom1 & puts a 'c5tre ( =ce' 9 its place4 ,) 8 usual c\rage & s9c]ity he pu%es 8 view to its utmo/ consequ5ces4 ',?is view ( ! con/itution ( matt]1' he cont9ues1 'w\ld seem to involve necess>ily ! conclusion t matt] fills all space1 or at lea/ all space to :i* gravitation ext5ds2 = gravitation is a prop]ty ( matt] dep5d5t on a c]ta9 =ce1 & x is ?is =ce :i* con/itutes ! matt]4 ,9 t view matt] is n m]ely mutually p5etrable2#a b ea* atom ext5ds1 s to say1 ?r\gh\t ! :ole ( ! sol> sy/em1 yet always reta9+ its own c5tre ( =ce4' ,x is ! op]ation ( a m9d fill$ ) ?\ghts ( ?is pr(\nd1 /range1 & subtle "* t we h to take into acc\nt 9 deal+ ) ,f>aday's lat] rese>*es4 ,a simil> ca/ ( ?\ght p]vades a lett] address$ by ,f>aday to ,mr4 ,ri*>d ,phillips1 & publi%$ 9 ! ',philosophical ,magaz9e' = ,may1 #ahdf4 ,x is entitl$ ',?\ghts on ,ray-vibrations1' & x conta9s "o ( ! mo/ s+ul> speculations t ev] emanat$ f a sci5tific m9d4 ,x mu/ be rememb]$ "h1 t ?\gh ,f>aday liv$ amid su* speculations he did n rate !m highly1 & t he 0 prep>$ at any mom5t to *ange !m or let !m g4 ,!y spurr$ him on1 b !y did n hamp] him4 ,8 !oretic notions 7 flu5t2 & :5 m9ds less pla/ic ?an 8 own attempt$ to r5d] ^? fluxional images rigid1 he rebell$4 ,he w>ns ,phillips moreov]1 t f fir/ to la/1 'he m]ely ?rew out z matt] = speculation ! vague impressions ( 8 m9d2 = he gave no?+ z ! result ( suffici5t consid]ation1 or z ! settl$ conviction1 or ev5 probable conclusion at :i* he _h arriv$4' ,! gi/ ( ?is communication is t gravitat+ =ce acts 9 l9es across space1 & t ! vibrations ( light & radiant heat consi/ 9 ! tremors ( ^! l9es ( =ce4 ',?is notion1' he says1 'z f> z x is admitt$1 w disp5se ) ! e!r1 :i*1 9 ano!r view is suppos$ to be ! m$ium 9 :i* ^! vibrations take place4' ,& he adds fur!r on1 t 8 view 'endeav\rs to dismiss ! e!r b n ! vibrations4' ,! idea "h set =? is ! natural supplem5t ( 8 previ\s notion1 t x is gravitat+ =ce :i* con/itutes matt]1 ea* atom ext5d+1 s to say1 ?r\gh\t ! :ole ( ! sol> sy/em4 ,! lett] to ,mr4 ,phillips w9ds up ) ?is beautiful conclusion3-- ',i ?9k x likely t ,i h made _m mi/akes 9 ! prec$+ pages1 = ev5 to myself my ideas on ?is po9t appe> only z ! %ad[ ( a speculation1 or z "o ( ^? impressions ^u ! m9d :i* are all[able = a "t z guides to ?\ght & rese>*4 ,he :o lab\rs 9 exp]im5tal inquiries1 kn[s h[ num]\s ^! are1 & h[ (t5 _! app>5t fitness & beauty vani% be=e ! progress & developm5t ( real natural tru?4' ,let x !n be rememb]$ t ,f>aday ent]ta9$ notions reg>d+ matt] & =ce altoge!r di/9ct f ! views g5]ally held by sci5tific m54 ,=ce seem$ to him an entity dwell+ along ! l9e 9 :i* x is ex]t$4 ,! l9es along :i* gravity acts betwe5 ! sun & e>? seem figur$ 9 8 m9d z s _m ela/ic /r+s2 inde$ he accepts ! assum$ in/antaneity ( gravity z ! expression ( ! enorm\s ela/icity ( ! 'l9es ( weight4' ,su* views1 fruitful 9 ! case ( magnetism1 b>r51 z yet1 9 ! case ( gravity1 expla9 8 ef=ts to trans=m ?is latt] =ce4 ,:5 he goes into ! op5 air & p]mits 8 helices to fall1 to 8 m9d's eye !y are te>+ ?r\gh ! l9es ( gravitat+ p[]1 & h5ce 8 hope & conviction t an effect w\ld & ought to be produc$4 ,x mu/ ev] be borne 9 m9d t ,f>aday's difficulty 9 deal+ ) ^! conceptions 0 at bottom ! same z t ( ,newton2 t he is 9 fact try+ to ov]leap ?is difficulty1 & ) x probably ! limits prescrib$ to ! intellect itself4 ,! idea ( l9es ( magnetic =ce 0 sugge/$ to ,f>aday by ! l9e> arrangem5t ( iron fil+s :5 scatt]$ ov] a magnet4 ,he speaks ( & illu/rates by sket*es1 ! deflection1 bo? conv]g5t & div]g5t1 ( ! l9es ( =ce1 :5 !y pass respectively ?r\gh magnetic & diamagnetic bodies4 ,^! notions ( conc5tration & div]g5ce are also bas$ on ! direct obs]vation ( 8 fil+s4 ,s long did he brood ^u ^! l9es2 s habitually did he associate !m ) 8 exp]im5ts on induc$ curr5ts1 t ! association became 'indissoluble1' & he c\ld n ?9k )\t !m4 ',i h be5 s accu/om$1' he writes1 'to employ !m1 & especially 9 my la/ rese>*es1 t ,i may h unwitt+ly become prejudic$ 9 _! fav\r1 & ceas$ to be a cle>-sight$ judge4 ,/ill1 ,i h always endeav\r$ to make exp]im5t ! te/ & controll] ( !ory & op9ion2 b nei!r by t nor by close cross-exam9ation 9 pr9ciple1 h ,i be5 made aw>e ( any error involv$ 9 _! use4' ,9 8 lat] rese>*es on magne-cry/allic action1 ! idea ( l9es ( =ce is ext5sively employ$2 x inde$ l$ him to an exp]im5t :i* lies at ! root ( ! :ole "q4 ,9 8 subsequ5t rese>*es on ,atmosph]ic ,magnetism ! idea receives /ill wid] application1 %[+ itself to be wond]fully flexible & conv5i5t4 ,inde$ )\t ?is conception ! attempt to seize ^u ! magnetic actions1 possible or actual1 ( ! atmosph]e w\ld be difficult 9 ! extreme2 b ! notion ( l9es ( =ce1 & ( _! div]g5ce & conv]g5ce1 guides ,f>aday )\t p]plexity ?r\gh all ! intricacies ( ! "q4 ,aft] ! completion ( ^? rese>*es1 & 9 a pap] =w>d$ to ! ,royal ,society on ,octob] #bb1 #ahea1 he devotes himself to ! =mal developm5t & illu/ration ( 8 fav\rite idea4 ,! pap] be>s ! title1 ',on l9es ( magnetic =ce1 _! def9ite "*1 & _! di/ribution )9 a magnet & ?r\gh space4' ,a deep reflectiv5ess is ! *>act]i/ic ( ?is memoir4 ,9 8 exp]im5ts1 :i* are p]fectly beautiful & pr(\ndly sugge/ive1 he takes b a second>y delight4 ,8 object is to illu/rate ! utility ( 8 conception ( l9es ( =ce4 ',! /udy ( ^! l9es1' he says1 'has at diff]5t times be5 greatly influ5tial 9 lead+ me to v>i\s results :i* ,i ?9k prove _! utility z well z f]tility4' ,f>aday = a long p]iod us$ ! l9es ( =ce m]ely z 'a repres5tative idea4' ,he seem$ = a "t av]se to go+ fur!r 9 expression ?an ! l9es !mselves1 h[ev] mu* fur!r he may h gone 9 idea4 ,t he believ$ !m to exi/ at all times r\nd a magnet1 & irrespective ( ! exi/5ce ( magnetic matt]1 su* z iron fil+s1 ext]nal to ! magnet1 is c]ta94 ,no d\bt ! space r\nd e magnet pres5t$ itself to 8 imag9ation z trav]s$ by loops ( magnetic p[]2 b he 0 *>y 9 speak+ ( ! physical sub/ratum ( ^? loops4 ,inde$ x may be d\bt$ :e!r ! physical !ory ( l9es ( =ce pres5t$ itself ) any di/9ctness to 8 own m9d4 ,! possible complicity ( ! lum9if]\s e!r 9 magnetic ph5om5a 0 c]ta9ly 9 8 ?\ghts4 ',h[ ! magnetic =ce1' he writes1 'is transf]r$ ?r\gh bodies or ?r\gh space we "k n2 :e!r ! result is m]ely action at a di/ance1 z 9 ! case ( gravity2 or by "s int]m$iate ag5cy1 z 9 ! case ( light1 heat1 ! electric curr5t1 & 7z ,i believe7 /atic electric action4 ,! idea ( magnetic fluids1 z appli$ by "s1 or ( ,magnetic c5tres ( action1 does n include t ( ! latt] k9d ( transmission1 b ! idea ( l9es ( =ce does4' ,& he cont9ues ?us3--',i am m incl9$ to ! notion t 9 ! transmission ( ! magnetic =ce !re is su* an action an int]m$iate ag5cy ext]nal to ! magnet1 ?an t ! effects are m]ely attraction & repulsion at a di/ance4 ,su* an affection may be a function ( ! e!r2 = x is n at all unlikely t1 if !re be an e!r1 x %\ld h o!r uses ?an simply ! conveyance ( radiations4' ,:5 he speaks ( ! magnet 9 c]ta9 cases1 'revolv+ among/ its own =ces1' he appe>s to h "s conception ( ?is k9d 9 view4 ,a great "p ( ! inve/igation complet$ 9 ,octob]1 #ahea1 0 tak5 up ) ! motions ( wires r\nd ! poles ( a magnet & ! conv]se4 ,he c>ri$ an insulat$ wire along ! axis ( a b> magnet f its pole to its equator1 :]e x issu$ f ! magnet1 & 0 b5t up s z to connect its two ends4 ,a complete circuit1 no "p ( :i* 0 9 contact ) ! magnet1 0 ?us obta9$4 ,he f\nd t :5 ! magnet & ! ext]nal wire 7 rotat$ toge!r no curr5t 0 produc$2 :]eas1 :5 ei!r ( !m 0 rotat$ & ! o!r left at re/ curr5ts 7 evolv$4 ,he !n ab&on$ ! axial wire1 & all[$ ! magnet itself to take its place2 ! result 0 ! same4#b ,x 0 ! relative motion ( ! magnet & ! loop t 0 effectual 9 produc+ a curr5t4 ,! l9es ( =ce h _! roots 9 ! magnet1 & ?\gh !y may exp& into inf9ite space1 !y ev5tually return to ! magnet4 ,n[ ^! l9es may be int]sect$ close to ! magnet or at a di/ance f x4 ,f>aday f9ds di/ance to be p]fectly immat]ial s long z ! numb] ( l9es int]sect$ is ! same4 ,= example1 :5 ! loop connect+ ! equator & ! pole ( 8 b>magnet p]=ms "o complete revolution r\nd ! magnet1 x is manife/ t all ! l9es ( =ce issu+ f ! magnet are once int]sect$4 ,n[ x matt]s n :e!r ! loop be t5 feet or t5 in*es 9 l5g?1 x matt]s n h[ x may be twi/$ & contort$1 x matt]s n h[ ne> to ! magnet or h[ di/ant f x ! loop may be1 "o revolution always produces ! same am\nt ( curr5t electricity1 because 9 all ^! cases all ! l9es ( =ce issu+ f ! magnet are once int]sect$ & no m4 ,f ! ext]nal portion ( ! circuit he passes 9 idea to ! int]nal1 & foll[s ! l9es ( =ce into ! body ( ! magnet itself4 ,8 conclusion is t !re exi/ l9es ( =ce )9 ! magnet ( ! same nature z ^? )\t4 ,:at is m1 !y are exactly equal 9 am\nt to ^? )\t4 ,!y h a relation 9 direction to ^? )\t2 & 9 fact are cont9uations ( !m4444 ',e l9e ( =ce1 !re=e1 at :atev] di/ance x may be tak5 f ! magnet1 mu/ be consid]$ z a clos$ circuit1 pass+ 9 "s "p ( its c\rse ?r\gh ! magnet1 & hav+ an equal am\nt ( =ce 9 e "p ( its c\rse4' ,all ! results "h describ$ 7 obta9$ ) mov+ metals4 ',b1' he cont9ues ) pr(\nd sagacity1 'm]e motion w\ld n g5]ate a relation1 :i* _h n a f\ndation 9 ! exi/5ce ( "s previ\s /ate2 & !re=e ! quiesc5t metals mu/ be 9 "s relation to ! active c5tre ( =ce1' t is to ! magnet4 ,he "h t\*es ! core ( ! :ole "q1 & :5 we c /ate ! condition into :i* ! conduct+ wire is ?r[n be=e x is mov$1 we %all !n be 9 a position to und]/& ! physical con/itution ( ! electric curr5t g5]at$ by its motion4 ,9 ?is inquiry ,f>aday work$ ) /eel magnets1 ! =ce ( :i* v>ies ) ! di/ance f ! magnet4 ,he !n s\ght a uni=m field ( magnetic =ce1 & f\nd x 9 space z affect$ by ! magnetism ( ! e>?4 ,8 next memoir1 s5t to ! ,royal ,society1 ,decemb] #ca1 #ahea1 is 'on ! employm5t ( ! ,induc$ ,magnetoelectro ,curr5t z a te/ & measure ( magnetic =ces4' ,he =ms rectangles & r+s1 & by +5i\s & simple devices collects ! oppos$ curr5ts :i* are develop$ 9 !m by rotation across ! t]re/rial l9es ( magnetic =ce4 ,he v>ies ! %apes ( 8 rectangles :ile pres]v+ _! areas con/ant1 & f9ds t ! con/ant area produces always ! same am\nt ( curr5t p] revolution4 ,! curr5t dep5ds solely on ! numb] ( l9es ( =ce int]sect$1 & :5 ?is numb] is kept con/ant ! curr5t rema9s con/ant too4 ,?us ! l9es ( magnetic =ce are cont9ually be=e 8 eyes1 by _! aid he colligates 8 facts1 & ?r\gh ! inspirations d]iv$ f !m he va/ly exp&s ! b\nd>ies ( our exp]im5tal k4 ,! beauty & exactitude ( ! results ( ?is inve/igation are extraord9>y4 ,i _c help ?9k+ :ile ,i dwell ^u !m1 t ?is discov]y ( magneto-electricity is ! greate/ exp]im5tal result ev] obta9$ by an inve/igator4 ,x is ! ,mont ,blanc ( ,f>aday's own a*ievem5ts4 ,he always work$ at great elevations1 b a high] ?an ?is he nev] subsequ5tly atta9$4 ,footnotes to ,*apt] #ac #a ,he comp>es ! int]p5etration ( two atoms to ! coalesc5ce ( two di/9ct waves1 :i* ?\gh = a mom5t bl5d$ to a s+le mass1 pres]ve _! individuality1 & aft]w>ds sep>ate4 #b ,9 ?is =m ! exp]im5t is id5tical ) "o made tw5ty ye>s e>li]4 ,see page #cd4 ,*apt] #ad4 ,unity & conv]tibility ( natural =ces3 !ory ( ! electric curr5t4 ,! t]ms unity & conv]tibility1 z appli$ to natural =ces1 are (t5 employ$ 9 ^! inve/igations1 _m pr(\nd & beautiful ?\ghts respect+ ^! subjects be+ express$ 9 ,f>aday's memoirs4 ,mod]n inquiry has1 h[ev]1 mu* augm5t$ our k ( ! relation%ip ( natural =ces1 & x seems wor? :ile to say a few words "h1 t5d+ to cle> up c]ta9 misconceptions :i* appe> to exi/ among philosophic writ]s reg>d+ ?is relation%ip4 ,! :ole /ock ( en]gy or work+-p[] 9 ! _w consi/s ( attractions1 repulsions1 & motions4 ,if ! attractions & repulsions are s circum/anc$ z to be able to produce motion1 !y are s\rces ( work+-p[]1 b n o!rwise4 ,let u = ! sake ( simplicity conf9e our att5tion to ! case ( attraction4 ,! attraction ex]t$ betwe5 ! e>? & a body at a di/ance f ! e>?'s surface is a s\rce ( work+-p[]2 because ! body c be mov$ by ! attraction1 & 9 fall+ to ! e>? c p]=m "w4 ,:5 x re/s ^u ! e>?'s surface x is n a s\rce ( p[] or en]gy1 because x c fall no fur!r4 ,b ?\gh x has ceas$ to be a s\rce ( en]gy1 ! attraction ( gravity /ill acts z a =ce1 :i* holds ! e>? & weight toge!r4 ,! same rem>ks apply to attract+ atoms & molecules4 ,z long z di/ance sep>ates !m1 !y c move across x 9 ob$i5ce to ! attraction1 & ! motion ?us produc$ may1 by prop] appliances1 be caus$ to p]=m me*anical "w4 ,:51 = example1 two atoms ( hydrog5 unite ) "o ( oxyg51 to =m wat] ! atoms are fir/ drawn t[>ds ea* o!r--!y move1 !y cla%1 & !n by virtue ( _! resili5cy1 !y recoil & quiv]4 ,to ?is quiv]+ motion we give ! "n ( heat4 ,n[ ?is quiv]+ motion is m]ely ! r$i/ribution ( ! motion produc$ by ! *emical aff9ity2 & ?is is ! only s5se 9 :i* *emical aff9ity c be said to be conv]t$ into heat4 ,we mu/ n imag9e ! *emical attraction de/roy$1 or conv]t$ into any?+ else4 ,= ! atoms1 :5 mutually clasp$ to =m a molecule ( wat]1 are held toge!r by ! v attraction :i* fir/ drew !m t[>ds ea* o!r4 ,t :i* has really be5 exp5d$ is ! pull ex]t$ ?r\gh ! space by :i* ! di/ance betwe5 ! atoms has be5 dim9i%$4 ,if ?is be und]/ood1 x w be at once se5 t gravity may 9 ?is s5se be said to be conv]tible into heat2 t x is 9 reality no m an out/&+ & inconv]tible ag5t1 z x is sometimes /at$ to be1 ?an *emical aff9ity4 ,by ! ex]tion ( a c]ta9 pull1 ?r\gh a c]ta9 space1 a body is caus$ to cla% ) a c]ta9 def9ite velocity aga9/ ! e>?4 ,heat is !reby develop$1 & ?is is ! only s5se 9 :i* gravity c be said to be conv]t$ into heat4 ,9 no case is ! =ce :i* produces ! motion annihilat$ or *ang$ into any?+ else4 ,! mutual attraction ( ! e>? & weight exi/s :5 !y are 9 contact z :5 !y 7 sep>ate2 b ! ability ( t attraction to employ itself 9 ! production ( motion does n exi/4 ,! trans=mation1 9 ?is case1 is easily foll[$ by ! m9d's eye4 ,fir/1 ! weight z a :ole is set 9 motion by ! attraction ( gravity4 ,?is motion ( ! mass is arre/$ by collision ) ! e>?2 be+ brok5 up into molecul> tremors1 to :i* we give ! "n ( heat4 ,& :5 we rev]se ! process1 & employ ^? tremors ( heat to raise a weight1 z is done ?r\gh ! int]m$iation ( an ela/ic fluid 9 ! /eam-eng9e1 a c]ta9 def9ite portion ( ! molecul> motion is de/roy$ 9 rais+ ! weight4 ,9 ?is s5se1 & ?is s5se only1 c ! heat be said to be conv]t$ into gravity1 or m correctly1 into pot5tial en]gy ( gravity4 ,x is n t ! de/ruction ( ! heat has creat$ any new attraction1 b simply t ! old attraction has n[ a p[] conf]r$ ^u x1 ( ex]t+ a c]ta9 def9ite pull 9 ! int]val betwe5 ! />t+-po9t ( ! fall+ weight & its collision ) ! e>?4 ,s also z reg>ds magnetic attraction3 :5 a sph]e ( iron plac$ at "s di/ance f a magnet ru%es t[>ds ! magnet1 & has its motion /opp$ by collision1 an effect me*anically ! same z t produc$ by ! attraction ( gravity occurs4 ,! magnetic attraction g5]ates ! motion ( ! mass1 & ! /oppage ( t motion produces heat4 ,9 ?is s5se1 & 9 ?is s5se only1 is !re a trans=mation ( magnetic "w into heat4 ,& if by ! me*anical action ( heat1 br\ght to be> by means ( a suitable ma*9e1 ! sph]e be torn f ! magnet & aga9 plac$ at a di/ance1 a p[] ( ex]t+ a pull ?r\gh t di/ance1 & produc+ a new motion ( ! sph]e1 is !reby conf]r$ ^u ! magnet2 9 ?is s5se1 & 9 ?is s5se only1 is ! heat conv]t$ into magnetic pot5tial en]gy4 ,:51 !re=e1 writ]s on ! cons]vation ( en]gy speak ( t5sions be+ 'consum$' & 'g5]at$1' !y d n mean !reby t old attractions h be5 annihilat$ & new ones br\ght into exi/5ce1 b t1 9 ! "o case1 ! p[] ( ! attraction to produce motion has be5 dim9i%$ by ! %ort5+ ( ! di/ance betwe5 ! attract+ bodies1 & t 9 ! o!r case ! p[] ( produc+ motion has be5 augm5t$ by ! increase ( ! di/ance4 ,^! rem>ks apply to all bodies1 :e!r !y be s5sible masses or molecules4 ,( ! inn] quality t enables matt] to attract matt] we "k no?+2 & ! law ( cons]vation makes no /atem5t reg>d+ t quality4 ,x takes ! facts ( attraction z !y /&1 & affirms only ! con/ancy ( work+-p[]4 ,t p[] may exi/ 9 ! =m ( ,,motion2 or x may exi/ 9 ! =m ( ,,=ce1 ) di/ance to act ?r\gh4 ,! =m] is dynamic en]gy1 ! latt] is pot5tial en]gy1 ! con/ancy ( ! sum ( bo? be+ affirm$ by ! law ( cons]vation4 ,! conv]tibility ( natural =ces consi/s solely 9 trans=mations ( dynamic into pot5tial1 & ( pot5tial into dynamic1 en]gy1 :i* are incessantly go+ on4 ,9 no o!r s5se has ! conv]tibility ( =ce1 at pres5t1 any sci5tific mean+4 ,by ! contraction ( a muscle a man lifts a weight f ! e>?4 ,b ! muscle c contract only ?r\gh ! oxidation ( its own tissue or ( ! blood pass+ ?r\gh x4 ,molecul> motion is ?us conv]t$ into me*anical motion4 ,suppos+ ! muscle to contract )\t rais+ ! weight1 oxidation w\ld also occur1 b ! :ole ( ! heat produc$ by ?is oxidation w\ld be lib]at$ 9 ! muscle itself4 ,n s :5 x p]=ms ext]nal "w2 to d t "w a c]ta9 def9ite portion ( ! heat ( oxidation mu/ be exp5d$4 ,x is s exp5d$ 9 pull+ ! weight away f ! e>?4 ,if ! weight be p]mitt$ to fall1 ! heat g5]at$ by its collision ) ! e>? w\ld exactly make up = t lack+ 9 ! muscle dur+ ! lift+ ( ! weight4 ,9 ! case "h suppos$1 we h a conv]sion ( molecul> muscul> action into pot5tial en]gy ( gravity2 & a conv]sion ( t pot5tial en]gy into heat2 ! heat1 h[ev]1 appe>+ at a di/ance f its real orig9 9 ! muscle4 ,! :ole process consi/s ( a transf]5ce ( molecul> motion f ! muscle to ! weight1 & gravitat+ =ce is ! m]e g-betwe51 by means ( :i* ! transf]5ce is effect$4 ,^! consid]ations w help to cle> our way to ! conception ( ! trans=mations :i* occur :5 a wire is mov$ across ! l9es ( =ce 9 a magnetic field4 ,9 ?is case x is commonly said we h a conv]sion ( magnetism into electricity4 ,b let u endeav\r to und]/& :at really occurs4 ,= ! sake ( simplicity1 & ) a view to its translation into a diff]5t "o subsequ5tly1 let u adopt = a mom5t ! provisional conception ( a mix$ fluid 9 ! wire1 compos$ ( positive & negative electricities 9 equal quantities1 & !re=e p]fectly neutraliz+ ea* o!r :5 ! wire is /ill4 ,by ! motion ( ! wire1 say ) ! h&1 t[>ds ! magnet1 :at ! ,g]mans call a ,s*eidungs-,kraft--a sep>at+ =ce--is br\ght into play4 ,?is =ce te>s ! mix$ fluids asund]1 & drives !m 9 two curr5ts1 ! "o positive & ! o!r negative1 9 two opposite directions ?r\gh ! wire4 ,! pres5ce ( ^! curr5ts evokes a =ce ( repulsion betwe5 ! magnet & ! wire2 & to cause ! "o to approa* ! o!r1 ?is repulsion mu/ be ov]come4 ,! ov]com+ ( ?is repulsion is1 9 fact1 ! "w done 9 sep>at+ & impell+ ! two electricities4 ,:5 ! wire is mov$ away f ! magnet1 a ,s*eidungs-,kraft1 or sep>at+ =ce1 also comes into play2 b n[ x is an attraction t has to be surm\nt$4 ,9 surm\nt+ x1 curr5ts are develop$ 9 directions oppos$ to ! =m]2 positive takes ! place ( negative1 & negative ! place ( positive2 ! ov]com+ ( ! attraction be+ ! "w done 9 sep>at+ & impell+ ! two electricities4 ,! me*anical action occurr+ "h is diff]5t f t occurr+ :]e a sph]e ( s(t iron is )drawn f a magnet1 & aga9 attract$4 ,9 ?is case muscul> =ce is exp5d$ dur+ ! act ( sep>ation2 b ! attraction ( ! magnet effects ! reunion4 ,9 ! case ( ! mov+ wire also we ov]come a resi/ance 9 sep>at+ x f ! magnet1 & ?us f> ! action is me*anically ! same z ! sep>ation ( ! sph]e ( iron4 ,b aft] ! wire has ceas$ mov+1 ! attraction ceases2 & s f> f any action occurr+ simil> to t :i* draws ! iron sph]e back to ! magnet1 we h to ov]come a repulsion to br+ !m toge!r4 ,!re is no pot5tial en]gy conf]r$ ei!r by ! removal or by ! approa* ( ! wire1 & ! only p[] really trans=m$ or conv]t$1 9 ! exp]im5t1 is muscul> p[]4 ,no?+ t c\ld 9 /rictness be call$ a conv]sion ( magnetism into electricity occurs4 ,! muscul> oxidation t moves ! wire fails to produce )9 ! muscle its due am\nt ( heat1 a portion ( t heat1 equival5t to ! resi/ance ov]come1 appe>+ 9 ! mov+ wire in/ead4 ,is ?is effect an attraction & a repulsion at a di/ance8 ,if s1 :y %\ld bo? cease :5 ! wire ceases to move8 ,9 fact1 ! deportm5t ( ! wire resembles f> m t ( a body mov+ 9 a resi/+ m$ium ?an any?+ else2 ! resi/ance ceas+ :5 ! motion is susp5d$4 ,let u imag9e ! case ( a liquid s mobile t ! h& may be pass$ ?r\gh x to & fro1 )\t enc\nt]+ any s5sible resi/ance4 ,x resembles ! motion ( a conductor 9 ! unexcit$ field ( an electro-magnet4 ,n[1 let u suppose a body plac$ 9 ! liquid1 or act+ on x1 :i* conf]s ^u x ! prop]ty ( viscosity2 ! h& w\ld no long] move freely4 ,dur+ its motion1 b !n only1 resi/ance w\ld be enc\nt]$ & ov]come4 ,"h we h rudely repres5t$ ! case ( ! excit$ magnetic field1 & ! result 9 bo? cases w\ld be sub/antially ! same4 ,9 bo? cases heat w\ld1 9 ! end1 be g5]at$ outside ( ! muscle1 its am\nt be+ exactly equival5t to ! resi/ance ov]come4 ,let u pu% ! analogy a little fur!r2 suppose 9 ! case ( ! fluid r5d]$ visc\s1 z assum$ a mom5t ago1 ! viscosity n to be s great z to prev5t ! =mation ( ripples :5 ! h& is pass$ ?r\gh ! liquid4 ,!n ! motion ( ! h&1 be=e its f9al conv]sion into heat1 w\ld exi/ = a "t z wave-motion1 :i*1 on subsid+1 w\ld g5]ate its due equival5t ( heat4 ,?is int]m$iate /age1 9 ! case ( our mov+ wire1 is repres5t$ by ! p]iod dur+ :i* ! electric curr5t is fl[+ ?r\gh x2 b t curr5t1 l ! ripples ( our liquid1 soon subsides1 be+1 l !m1 conv]t$ into heat4 ,d ^! words %ad[ =? any?+ l ! reality8 ,su* speculations _c be injuri\s if !y are enunciat$ )\t dogmatism4 ,i d confess t ideas su* z ^! "h indicat$ ex]cise a /rong fasc9ation on my m9d4 ,is !n ! magnetic field really visc\s1 & if s1 :at sub/ance exi/s 9 x & ! wire to produce ! viscosity8 ,let u fir/ look at ! prov$ effects1 & aft]w>ds turn our ?\ghts back ^u _! cause4 ,:5 ! wire approa*es ! magnet1 an action is evok$ )9 x1 :i* travels ?r\gh x ) a velocity comp>able to t ( light4 ,"o sub/ance only 9 ! univ]se has be5 hi!rto prov$ compet5t to transmit p[] at ?is velocity2 ! lum9if]\s e!r4 ,n only its rapidity ( progression1 b its ability to produce ! motion ( light & heat1 indicates t ! electric curr5t is also motion4#a ,fur!r1 !re is a /rik+ resemblance betwe5 ! action ( good & bad conductors z reg>ds electricity1 & ! action ( dia!rman\s & adia!rman\s bodies z reg>ds radiant heat4 ,! good conductor is dia!rman\s to ! electric curr5t2 x all[s free transmission )\t ! developm5t ( heat4 ,! bad conductor is adia!rman\s to ! electric curr5t1 & h5ce ! passage ( ! latt] is accompani$ by ! developm5t ( heat4 ,i am /rongly incl9$ to hold ! electric curr5t1 pure & simple1 to be a motion ( ! e!r alone2 good conductors be+ s con/itut$ t ! motion may be propagat$ ?r\gh _! e!r )\t s5sible transf] to _! atoms1 :ile 9 ! case ( bad conductors ?is transf] is effect$1 ! transf]r$ motion appe>+ z heat4#b ,i d n "k :e!r ,f>aday w\ld h subscrib$ to :at is "h writt52 probably 8 habitual caution w\ld h prev5t$ him f committ+ himself to any?+ s def9ite4 ,b "s su* idea fill$ 8 m9d & col\r$ 8 language ?r\gh all ! lat] ye>s ( 8 life4 ,i d>e n say t he has be5 always successful 9 ! treatm5t ( ^! !oretic notions4 ,9 8 speculations he mixes toge!r light & d>kness 9 v>y+ proportions1 & c>ries u along ) him ?r\gh /rong alt]nations ( bo?4 ,x is impossible to say h[ a c]ta9 am\nt ( ma!matical tra9+ w\ld h affect$ 8 "w4 ,we _c say :at its influ5ce w\ld h be5 ^u t =ce ( inspiration t urg$ him on2 :e!r x w\ld h daunt$ him1 & prev5t$ him f driv+ 8 adits into places :]e no !ory po9t$ to a lode4 ,if s1 !n we may rejoice t ?is /rong delv] at ! m9e ( natural k 0 left free to wield 8 mattock 9 8 own way4 ,x mu/ be admitt$1 t ,f>aday's purely speculative writ+s (t5 lack t precision :i* ! ma!matical habit ( ?\ght conf]s4 ,/ill across !m fla% frequ5t gleams ( presci5t wisdom :i* w excite admiration ?r\gh\t all "t2 :ile ! facts1 relations1 pr9ciples1 & laws :i* 8 exp]im5ts h e/abli%$ are sure to =m ! body ( gr& !ories yet to come4 ,footnotes to ,*apt] #ad #a ,mr4 ,cl]k ,maxwell has rec5tly publi%$ an exce$+ly important inve/igation connect$ ) ?is "q4 ,ev5 9 ! non-ma!matical portions ( ! memoirs ( ,mr4 ,maxwell1 ! admirable _s ( 8 philosophy is suffici5tly reveal$4 ,z reg>ds ! employm5t ( sci5tific imag]y1 ,i h>dly "k 8 equal 9 p[] ( conception & cle>ness ( def9ition4 #b ,"o important diff]5ce1 ( c\rse1 exi/s betwe5 ! effect ( motion 9 ! magnetic field1 & motion 9 a resi/+ m$ium4 ,9 ! =m] case ! heat is g5]at$ 9 ! mov+ conductor1 9 ! latt] x is 9 "p g5]at$ 9 ! m$ium4 ,*apt] #ae4 ,summ>y4 ,:5 f an ,alp9e height ! eye ( ! climb] ranges ov] ! m\nta9s1 he f9ds t = ! mo/ "p !y resolve !mselves into di/9ct gr\ps1 ea* consi/+ ( a dom9ant mass surr\nd$ by peaks ( less] elevation4 ,! p[] :i* lift$ ! mighti] em95ces1 9 ne>ly all cases lift$ o!rs to an almo/ equal height4 ,& s x is ) ! discov]ies ( ,f>aday4 ,z a g5]al rule1 ! dom9ant result does n /& alone1 b =ms ! culm9at+ po9t ( a va/ & v>i$ mass ( inquiry4 ,9 ?is way1 r\nd ab\t 8 great discov]y ( ,magneto-electric ,induction1 o!r weighty lab\rs gr\p !mselves4 ,8 inve/igations on ! ,extra ,curr5t2 on ! ,pol> & o!r ,condition ( ,diamagnetic ,bodies2 on ,l9es ( ,magnetic ,=ce1 _! def9ite "* & di/ribution2 on ! employm5t ( ! ,induc$ ,magneto-electric ,curr5t z a measure & te/ ( ,magnetic ,action2 on ! ,revulsive ,ph5om5a ( ! magnetic field1 are all1 not)/&+ ! div]sity ( title1 rese>*es 9 ! doma9 ( ,magneto-electric ,induction4 ,f>aday's second gr\p ( rese>*es & discov]ies embrace ! *emical ph5om5a ( ! curr5t4 ,! dom9ant result "h is ! great law ( def9ite ,electro-*emical ,decomposition1 ar\nd :i* are mass$ v>i\s rese>*es on ,electro-*emical ,conduction & on ,electrolysis bo? ) ! ,ma*9e & ) ! ,pile4 ,to ?is gr\p also belongs 8 analysis ( ! ,contact ,!ory1 8 inquiries z to ! ,s\rce ( ,voltaic ,electricity1 & 8 f9al developm5t ( ! ,*emical ,!ory ( ! pile4 ,8 ?ird great discov]y is ! ,magnetization ( ,light1 :i* ,i %\ld lik5 to ! ,weis%orn among m\nta9s--high1 beautiful1 & alone4 ,! dom9ant result ( 8 f\r? gr\p ( rese>*es is ! discov]y ( ,diamagnetism1 ann\nc$ 9 8 memoir z ! ,magnetic ,condition ( all ,matt]1 r\nd :i* are gr\p$ 8 inquiries on ! ,magnetism ( ,flame & ,gases2 on ,magne-cry/allic action1 & on ,atmosph]ic ,magnetism1 9 its relations to ! annual & diurnal v>iation ( ! ne$le1 ! full significance ( :i* is /ill to be %[n4 ,^! are ,f>aday's mo/ massive discov]ies1 & ^u !m 8 fame mu/ ma9ly re/4 ,b ev5 )\t !m1 suffici5t w\ld rema9 to secure = him a high & la/+ sci5tific reputation4 ,we %\ld /ill h 8 rese>*es on ! ,liquefaction ( ,gases2 on ,frictional ,electricity2 on ! ,electricity ( ! ,gymnotus2 on ! s\rce ( ,p[] 9 ! ,hydro-electric ma*9e1 ! la/ two inve/igations be+ unt\*$ 9 ! =ego+ memoir2 on ,electro-magnetic ,rotations2 on ,regelation2 all 8 m purely ,*emical ,rese>*es1 includ+ 8 discov]y ( ,b5zol4 ,besides ^! he publi%$ a multitude ( m9or pap]s1 mo/ ( :i*1 9 "s way or o!r1 illu/rate 8 g5ius4 ,i h made no allusion to 8 p[] & sweetness z a lectur]4 ,tak+ him = all 9 all1 ,i ?9k x w be conc$$ t ,mi*ael ,f>aday 0 ! greate/ exp]im5tal philosoph] ! _w has ev] se52 & ,i w add ! op9ion1 t ! progress ( future rese>* w t5d1 n to dim or to dim9i%1 b to enhance & glorify ! lab\rs ( ?is mighty inve/igator4 ,*apt] #af4 ,illu/rations ( ,"*4 ,?us f> ,i h conf9$ myself to topics ma9ly int]e/+ to ! man ( sci5ce1 endeav\r+1 h[ev]1 to treat !m 9 a mann] unrepell5t to ! g5]al read] :o might wi% to obta9 a notion ( ,f>aday z a work]4 ,on o!rs w fall ! duty ( pres5t+ to ! _w a picture ( ! man4 ,b ,i "k y w p]mit me to add to ! =ego+ analysis a few p]sonal rem9isc5ces & rem>ks1 t5d+ to connect ,f>aday ) a wid] _w ?an t ( sci5ce--namely1 ) ! g5]al human he>t4 ,"o ^w 9 ref]5ce to 8 m>ri$ life1 9 addition to :at has be5 already said1 may f9d a place "h4 ,z 9 ! =m] case1 ,f>aday %all be 8 own spokesman4 ,! foll[+ p>agraph1 ?\gh writt5 9 ! ?ird p]son1 is f 8 h&3--',on ,june #ab1 #ahba1 he m>ri$1 an ev5t :i* m ?an any o!r contribut$ to 8 e>?ly happ9ess & heal?ful /ate ( m9d4 ,! union has cont9u$ = tw5ty-eight ye>s & has 9 no wise *ang$1 except 9 ! dep? & /r5g? ( its "*4' ,f>aday's imm$iate =efa!rs liv$ 9 a little place call$ ,clapham ,wood ,hall1 9 ,york%ire4 ,"h dwelt ,rob]t ,f>aday & ,elizabe? 8 wife1 :o _h t5 *ildr51 "o ( !m1 ,james ,f>aday1 born 9 #agfa1 be+ fa!r to ! philosoph]4 ,a family tradition exi/s t ! ,f>adays came orig9ally f ,irel&4 ,f>aday himself has m ?an once express$ to me 8 belief t 8 blood 0 9 "p ,celtic1 b h[ mu* ( x 0 s1 or :5 ! infusion took place1 he 0 unable to say4 ,he c\ld imitate ! ,iri% brogue1 & 8 wond]ful vivacity may h be5 9 "p due to 8 extraction4 ,b !re 7 o!r qualities :i* we %\ld h>dly ?9k ( d]iv+ f ,irel&4 ,! mo/ prom95t ( ^! 0 8 s5se ( ord]1 :i* ran l a lum9\s beam ?r\gh all ! transactions ( 8 life4 ,! mo/ entangl$ & complicat$ matt]s fell into h>mony 9 8 h&s4 ,8 mode ( keep+ acc\nts excit$ ! admiration ( ! manag+ bo>d ( ?is ,in/itution4 ,& 8 sci5ce 0 simil>ly ord]$4 ,9 8 ,exp]im5tal ,rese>*es1 he numb]$ e p>agraph1 & weld$ _! v>i\s p>ts toge!r by incessant ref]5ce4 ,8 private notes ( ! ,exp]im5tal ,rese>*es1 :i* are happily pres]v$1 are simil>ly numb]$3 _! la/ p>agraph be>s ! figure #af1jda4 ,8 work+ qualities1 moreov]1 %[$ ! t5acity ( ! ,teuton4 ,8 nature 0 impulsive1 b !re 0 a =ce beh9d ! impulse :i* did n p]mit x to retreat4 ,if 9 8 w>m mom5ts he =m$ a resolution1 9 8 cool ones he made t resolution good4 ,?us 8 fire 0 t ( a solid combu/ible1 n t ( a gas1 :i* blazes sudd5ly1 & dies z sudd5ly away4 ,& "h ,i mu/ claim y\r tol]ance = ! limits by :i* ,i am conf9$4 ,no mat]ials = a life ( ,f>aday are 9 my h&s1 & :at ,i h n[ to say has aris5 almo/ :olly out ( our close p]sonal relation%ip4 ,lett]s ( 81 cov]+ a p]iod ( sixte5 ye>s1 are be=e me1 ea* "o ( :i* conta9s "s *>act]i/ic utt]ance2--/rong1 yet delicate 9 c\nsel1 joyful 9 enc\ragem5t1 & w>m 9 affection4 ,ref]5ces :i* w\ld be pleasant to su* ( !m z /ill live are made to ,humboldt1 ,biot1 ,dumas1 ,*evreul1 ,magnus1 & ,arago4 ,accid5t br\ght ^! names prom95tly =w>d2 b _m o!rs w\ld be requir$ to complete 8 li/ ( cont95tal fri5ds4 ,he priz$ ! love & sympa?y ( m5--priz$ x almo/ m ?an ! r5[n :i* 8 sci5ce br\ght him4 ,ne>ly a doz5 ye>s ago x fell to my lot to write a review ( 8 ',exp]im5tal ,rese>*es' = ! ',philosophical ,magaz9e4' ,aft] he _h read x1 he took me by ! h&1 & said1 ',tyndall1 ! sweete/ rew>d ( my "w is ! sympa?y & good w :i* x has caus$ to fl[ 9 ^u me f all qu>t]s ( ! _w4' ,among 8 lett]s ,i f9d little sp>ks ( k9dness1 preci\s to no "o b myself1 b m preci\s to me ?an all4 ,he w\ld peep into ! laboratory :5 he ?\ght me we>y1 & take me up/airs ) him to re/4 ,& if ,i happ5$ to be abs5t1 he w\ld leave a little note = me1 c\*$ 9 ?is or "s o!r simil> =m3--',de> ,tyndall1--,i 0 look+ = y1 because we 7 at tea--we h n yet done--w y come up8' ,i frequ5tly %>$ 8 e>ly d9n]2 almo/ always1 9 fact1 :ile my lectures 7 go+ on4 ,!re 0 no trace ( asceticism 9 8 nature4 ,he pref]r$ ! meat & w9e ( life to its locu/s & wild honey4 ,nev] once dur+ an intimacy ( fifte5 ye>s did he m5tion religion to me1 save :5 ,i drew him on to ! subject4 ,he !n spoke to me )\t hesitation or reluctance2 n ) any app>5t desire to 'improve ! occasion1' b to give me su* in=mation z ,i s\ght4 ,he believ$ ! human he>t to be sway$ by a p[] to :i* sci5ce or logic op5$ no approa*1 &1 "r or wrong1 ?is fai?1 held 9 p]fect tol]ance ( ! fai?s ( o!rs1 /r5g!n$ & beautifi$ 8 life4 ,f ! lett]s j ref]r$ to1 ,i w select ?ree = publication "h4 ,i *oose ! fir/1 because x conta9s a passage reveal+ ! feel+s ) :i* ,f>aday reg>d$ 8 vocation1 & also because x conta9s an allusion :i* w give pleasure to a fri5d4 ',royal ,in/itution4 ?is is cross$ out by ,f>aday ',v5tnor1 ,isle ( ,wight1 ,june #bh1 #ahed4 ',my ,de> ,tyndall1--,y see by ! top ( ?is lett] h[ mu* habit prevails ov] me2 ,i h j read y\rs f !nce1 & yet ,i ?9k myself !re4 ,h[ev]1 ,i h left its sci5ce 9 v good keep+1 & ,i am glad to le>n t y are at exp]im5t once m4 ,b h[ is ! heal?8 ,n well1 ,i fe>4 ,i wi% y w\ld get y\rself /rong fir/ & "w aft]w>ds4 ,z = ! fruits1 ,i am sure !y w be good1 = ?\gh ,i sometimes despond z reg>ds myself1 ,i d n z reg>ds y4 ,y are "y1 ,i am old4444 ,b !n our subjects are s glori\s1 t to "w at !m rejoices & enc\rages ! feeble/2 delights & en*ants ! /ronge/4 ',i h n yet se5 any?+ f ,magnus4 ,?\ghts ( him always delight me4 ,we %all look at 8 black sulphur toge!r4 ,i he>d f ,s*onbe9 ! o!r day4 ,he tells me t ,liebig is full ( ozone1 i4e41 ( allotropic oxyg54 ',good-bye = ! pres5t4 ',ev]1 my de> ,tyndall1 ',y\rs truly1 ',m4 ,f>aday4' ,! contemplation ( ,nature1 & 8 own relation to h]1 produc$ 9 ,f>aday a k9d ( spiritual exaltation :i* makes itself manife/ "h4 ,8 religi\s feel+ & 8 philosophy c\ld n be kept ap>t2 !re 0 an habitual ov]fl[ ( ! "o into ! o!r4 ,:e!r he or ano!r 0 its expon5t1 he appe>$ to take equal delight 9 sci5ce4 ,a good exp]im5t w\ld make him almo/ dance ) delight4 ,9 ,novemb]1 #ahej1 he wrote to me ?us3--',i hope "s day to take up ! po9t respect+ ! magnetism ( associat$ p>ticles4 ,9 ! meantime ,i rejoice at e addition to ! facts & reason+ connect$ ) ! subject4 ,:5 sci5ce is a republic1 !n x ga9s3 & ?\gh ,i am no republican 9 o!r matt]s1 ,i am 9 t4' ,all 8 lett]s illu/rate ?is ca?olicity ( feel+4 ,t5 ye>s ago1 :5 go+ d[n to ,brighton1 he c>ri$ ) him a little pap] ,i _h j complet$1 & aft]w>ds wrote to me4 ,8 lett] is a m]e sample ( ! sympa?y :i* he always %[$ to me & my "w4 ',brighton1 ,decemb] #i1 #aheg4 ',my ,de> ,tyndall1--,i _c resi/ ! pleasure ( say+ h[ v mu* ,i h enjoy$ y\r pap]4 ,e "p has giv5 me delight4 ,x goes on f po9t to po9t beautifully4 ,y w f9d _m p5cil m>ks1 = ,i made !m z ,i read4 ,i let !m /&1 = ?\gh _m ( !m receive _! answ] z ! /ory proce$s1 yet !y %[ h[ ! word+ impresses a m9d fre% to ! subject1 & p]haps "h & !re y may l to alt] x slightly1 if y wi% ! full idea1 i4e41 n an inaccurate "o1 to be sugge/$ at fir/2 & yet aft] all ,i believe x is n y\r exposition1 b ! natural jump+ to a conclusion t affects or has affect$ my p5cil4 ',we return on ,friday1 :5 ,i w return y ! pap]4 ',ev] truly y\rs1 ',m4 ,f>aday4' ,! ?ird lett] w come 9 its prop] place t[>ds ! end4 ,:ile once conv]s+ ) ,f>aday on sci5ce1 9 its relations to comm]ce & litigation1 he said to me1 t at a c]ta9 p]iod ( 8 c>e]1 he 0 =c$ def9itely to ask himself1 & f9ally to decide :e!r he %\ld make weal? or sci5ce ! pursuit ( 8 life4 ,he c\ld n s]ve bo? ma/]s1 & he 0 !re=e compell$ to *oose betwe5 !m4 ,aft] ! discov]y ( magneto-electricity 8 fame 0 s nois$ abroad1 t ! comm]cial _w w\ld h>dly h consid]$ any remun]ation too high = ! aid ( abilities l 84 ,ev5 be=e he became s fam\s1 he _h done a little 'pr(essional bus9ess4' ,?is 0 ! phrase he appli$ to 8 purely comm]cial "w4 ,8 fri5d1 ,ri*>d ,phillips1 = example1 _h induc$ him to und]take a numb] ( analyses1 :i* produc$1 9 ! ye> #ahcj1 an addition to 8 income ( m ?an a ?\s& p\nds2 & 9 #ahca a /ill great] addition4 ,he _h only to w x to raise 9 #ahcb 8 pr(essional bus9ess income to #ejjj,l4 a ye>4 ,inde$ d\ble ?is sum w\ld be a :olly insuffici5t e/imate ( :at he might1 ) ease1 h realis$ annually dur+ ! la/ ?irty ye>s ( 8 life4 ,:ile re/udy+ ! ,exp]im5tal ,rese>*es ) ref]5ce to ! pres5t memoir1 ! conv]sation ) ,f>aday "h allud$ to came to my recollection1 & ,i s\ght to asc]ta9 ! p]iod :5 ! "q1 'weal? or sci5ce1' _h pres5t$ itself ) su* emphasis to 8 m9d4 ,i fix$ ^u ! ye> #ahca or #ahcb1 = x seem$ beyond ! range ( human p[] to pursue sci5ce z he _h done dur+ ! subsequ5t ye>s1 & to pursue comm]cial "w at ! same "t4 ,to te/ ?is conclusion ,i ask$ p]mission to see 8 acc\nts1 & on my own responsibility1 ,i w /ate ! result4 ,9 #ahcb1 8 pr(essional bus9ess income1 in/ead ( ris+ to #ejjj,l41 or m1 fell f #ajij,l4 #ds4 to #aee,l4 #is4 ,f ?is x fell ) slight oscillations to #ib,l4 9 #ahcg1 & to z]o 9 #ahch4 ,betwe5 #ahci & #ahde1 x nev]1 except 9 "o in/ance1 exce$$ #bb,l42 be+ = ! mo/ "p mu* "u ?is4 ,! exceptional ye> ref]r$ to 0 t 9 :i* he & ,sir ,*>les ,lyell 7 engag$ by ,gov]nm5t to write a report on ! ,haswell ,colli]y explosion1 & !n 8 bus9ess income rose to #aab,l4 ,f ! end ( #ahde to ! day ( 8 dea?1 ,f>aday's annual pr(essional bus9ess income 0 exactly z]o4 ,tak+ ! duration ( 8 life into acc\nt1 ?is son ( a blacksmi?1 & appr5tice to a bookb9d]1 _h to decide betwe5 a =tune ( #aej1jjj,l4 on ! "o side1 & 8 und[]$ sci5ce on ! o!r4 ,he *ose ! latt]1 & di$ a poor man4 ,b 8 0 ! glory ( hold+ al(t among ! nations ! sci5tific "n ( ,engl& = a p]iod ( =ty ye>s4 ,! outw>d & visible signs ( fame 7 also ( less acc\nt to him ?an to mo/ m54 ,he _h be5 load$ ) sci5tific hon\rs f all p>ts ( ! _w4 ,)\t1 ,i imag9e1 a diss5ti5t voice1 he 0 reg>d$ z ! pr9ce ( ! physical inve/igators ( ! pres5t age4 ,! highe/ sci5tific position 9 ?is c\ntry he _h1 h[ev]1 nev] fill$4 ,:5 ! late excell5t & lam5t$ ,"l ,wrottesley resign$ ! presid5cy ( ! ,royal ,society1 a deputation f ! c\ncil1 consi/+ ( 8 ,lord%ip1 ,mr4 ,grove1 & ,mr4 ,gassiot1 wait$ ^u ,f>aday1 to urge him to accept ! presid5t's *air4 ,all t argum5t or fri5dly p]suasion c\ld d 0 done to induce him to yield to ! wi%es ( ! c\ncil1 :i* 0 also ! unanim\s wi% ( sci5tific m54 ,a k ( ! quickness ( 8 own nature _h induc$ 9 ,f>aday ! habit ( requir+ an int]val ( reflection1 be=e he decid$ ^u any "q ( importance4 ,9 ! pres5t in/ance he foll[$ 8 usual habit1 & begg$ = a little "t4 ,on ! foll[+ morn+1 ,i w5t up to 8 room & said on ent]+ t ,i _h come to him ) "s anxiety ( m9d4 ,he dem&$ its cause1 & ,i respond$3--',le/ y %\ld h decid$ aga9/ ! wi%es ( ! deputation t wait$ on y ye/]day4' ',y w\ld n urge me to und]take ?is responsibility1' he said4 ',i n only urge y1' 0 my reply1 'b ,i consid] x y\r b\nd5 duty to accept x4' ,he spoke ( ! lab\r t x w\ld involve2 urg$ t x 0 n 9 8 nature to take ?+s easy2 & t if he became presid5t1 he w\ld surely h to /ir _m new que/ions1 & agitate = "s *anges4 ,i said t 9 su* cases he w\ld f9d himself support$ by ! y\? & /r5g? ( ! ,royal ,society4 ,?is1 h[ev]1 did n seem to satisfy him4 ,mrs4 ,f>aday came into ! room1 & he appeal$ to h]4 ,h] decision 0 adv]se1 & ,i deprecat$ h] decision4 ',tyndall1' he said at l5g?1 ',i mu/ rema9 pla9 ,mi*ael ,f>aday to ! la/2 & let me n[ tell y1 t if ,i accept$ ! hon\r :i* ! ,royal ,society desires to conf] ^u me1 ,i w\ld n answ] = ! integrity ( my intellect = a s+le ye>4' ,i urg$ him no m1 & ,"l ,wrottesley _h a mo/ wor?y successor 9 ,sir ,b5jam9 ,brodie4 ,aft] ! dea? ( ! ,duke ( ,nor?umb]l&1 our ,bo>d ( ,manag]s wi%$ to see ,mr4 ,f>aday f9i% 8 c>e] z ,presid5t ( ! ,in/itution1 :i* he _h ent]$ on weekly wages m ?an half a c5tury be=e4 ,b he w\ld h no?+ to d ) ! presid5cy4 ,he wi%$ = re/1 & ! rev]5t affection ( 8 fri5ds 0 to him inf9itely m preci\s ?an all ! hon\rs ( (ficial life4 ,! fir/ requisite ( ! intellectual life ( ,f>aday 0 ! indep5d5ce ( 8 m9d2 & ?\gh prompt to urge ob$i5ce :]e ob$i5ce 0 due1 ) e "r ass]tion ( manhood he int5sely sympa?iz$4 ,ev5 ra%ness on ! side ( hon\r f\nd f him ready =giv5ess1 if n op5 applause4 ,! wisdom ( ye>s1 temp]$ by a "* ( ?is k9d1 r5d]$ 8 c\nsel peculi>ly preci\s to m5 s5sitive l himself4 ,i (t5 s\ght t c\nsel1 &1 ) y\r p]mission1 w illu/rate its "* by "o or two typical in/ances4 ,9 #ahee1 ,i 0 appo9t$ exam9] "u ! ,c\ncil = ,milit>y ,education4 ,at t "t1 z inde$ n[1 ,i ent]ta9$ /rong convictions z to ! enorm\s utility ( physical sci5ce to (fic]s ( artill]y & eng9e]s1 & :5ev] opportunity (f]$1 ,i express$ ?is conviction )\t res]ve4 ,i did n ?9k ! recognition1 ?\gh consid]able1 accord$ to physical sci5ce 9 ^? exam9ations at all proportionate to its importance2 & ?is probably r5d]$ me m jeal\s ?an ,i o!rwise %\ld h be5 ( its claims4 ,9 ,tr9ity ,college1 ,dubl91 a s*ool _h be5 organiz$ ) ref]5ce to ! ,woolwi* exam9ations1 & a l>ge numb] ( exce$+ly well-in/ruct$ "y g5tlem5 7 s5t ov] f ,dubl91 to compete = appo9tm5ts 9 ! artill]y & ! eng9e]s4 ,! result ( "o exam9ation 0 p>ticul>ly satisfactory to me2 inde$ ! m>ks obta9$ appe>$ s eloqu5t t ,i =bore say+ a ^w ab\t !m4 ,my colleagues1 h[ev]1 foll[$ ! usual cu/om ( s5d+ 9 brief reports ) _! returns ( m>ks4 ,aft] ! results 7 publi%$1 a lead+ article appe>$ 9 ',! ,times1' 9 :i* ! reports 7 l>gely quot$1 praise be+ be/[$ on all ! c&idates1 except ! excell5t "y fell[s :o _h pass$ ?r\gh my h&s4 ,a lett] f ,tr9ity ,college drew my att5tion to ?is article1 bitt]ly compla9+ t :]eas ! m>ks prov$ !m to be ! be/ ( all1 ! sci5ce c&idates 7 :olly ignor$4 ,i tri$ to set matt]s "r by publi%+1 on my own responsibility1 a lett] 9 ',! ,times4' ,! act1 ,i knew1 c\ld n be> ju/ification f ! ,w> ,(fice po9t ( view2 & ,i expect$ & risk$ ! displeasure ( my sup]iors4 ,! m]it$ reprim& promptly came4 ',highly z ! ,secret>y ( ,/ate = ,w> might value ! expression ( ,pr(essor ,tyndall's op9ion1 he begg$ to say t an exam9]1 appo9t$ by ,8 ,royal ,highness ! ,comm&]-9-,*ief1 _h no "r to appe> 9 ! public pap]s z ,pr(essor ,tyndall has done1 )\t ! sanction ( ! ,w> ,(fice4' ,no?+ c\ld be m j ?an ?is repro(1 b ,i did n l to re/ "u x4 ,i wrote a reply1 & previ\s to s5d+ x took x up to ,f>aday4 ,we sat toge!r be=e 8 fire1 & he look$ v e>ne/ z he rubb$ 8 h&s & pond]$4 ,! foll[+ conv]sation !n pass$ betwe5 u3-- ,f4 ,y c]ta9ly h receiv$ a reprim&1 ,tyndall2 b ! matt] is ov]1 & if y wi% to accept ! repro(1 y w he> no m ab\t x4 ,t4 ,b ,i d n wi% to accept x4 ,f4 ,!n y "k :at ! consequ5ce ( s5d+ t lett] w be8 ,t4 ,i d4 ,f4 ,!y w dismiss y4 ,t4 ,i "k x4 ,f4 ,!n s5d ! lett]6 ,! lett] 0 firm1 b respectful2 x ackn[l$g$ ! ju/ice ( ! c5sure1 b express$ nei!r rep5tance nor regret4 ,f>aday1 9 8 graci\s way1 slightly alt]$ a s5t5ce or two to make x m respectful /ill4 ,x 0 duly s5t1 & on ! foll[+ day ,i ent]$ ! ,in/itution ) ! conviction t my dismissal 0 !re be=e me4 ,weeks1 h[ev]1 pass$4 ,at l5g? ! well-kn[n envelope appe>$1 & ,i broke ! seal1 n d\bt+ ! cont5ts4 ,!y 7 v diff]5t f :at ,i expect$4 ',! ,secret>y ( ,/ate = ,w> has receiv$ ,pr(essor ,tyndall's lett]1 & deems ! explanation !re9 giv5 p]fectly satisfactory4' ,i h (t5 wi%$ = an opportunity ( publicly ackn[l$g+ ?is lib]al treatm5t1 prov+1 z x did1 t ,"l ,panmure c\ld disc]n & make all[ance = a good int5tion1 ?\gh x involv$ an (f5ce aga9/ r\t9e4 ,= _m ye>s subsequ5tly x 0 my privilege to act "u t excell5t body1 ! ,c\ncil = ,milit>y ,education4 ,on ano!r occasion ( ?is k9d1 hav+ enc\rag$ me 9 a some:at h>dy resolution ,i _h =m$1 ,f>aday back$ 8 enc\ragem5t by an illu/ration drawn f 8 own life4 ,! subject w int]e/ y1 & x is s sure to be talk$ ab\t 9 ! _w1 t no avoidable h>m c rise f its introduction "h4 ,9 ! ye> #ahce1 ,sir ,rob]t ,peel wi%$ to (f] ,f>aday a p5sion1 b t great /atesman quitt$ (fice be=e he 0 able to realise 8 wi%4 ,! ,m9i/] :o f\nd$ ^! p5sions int5d$ !m1 ,i believe1 to be m>ks ( hon\r :i* ev5 pr\d m5 might accept )\t compromise ( indep5d5ce4 ,:51 h[ev]1 ! intimation fir/ rea*$ ,f>aday 9 an un(ficial way1 he wrote a lett] ann\nc+ 8 det]m9ation to decl9e ! p5sion2 & /at+ t he 0 q compet5t to e>n 8 livelihood himself4 ,t lett] /ill exi/s1 b x 0 nev] s5t1 ,f>aday's repugnance hav+ be5 ov]rul$ by 8 fri5ds4 ,:5 ,"l ,melb\rne came into (fice1 he desir$ to see ,f>aday2 & probably 9 utt] ignorance ( ! man--= unhappily = !m & u1 ,m9i/]s ( ,/ate 9 ,engl& are only too (t5 ignorant ( great ,engli%m5--8 ,lord%ip said some?+ t mu/ h deeply displeas$ 8 visitor4 ,all ! circum/ances 7 once communicat$ to me1 b ,i h =gott5 ! details4 ,! t]m 'humbug1' ,i ?9k1 0 incauti\sly employ$ by 8 ,lord%ip1 & o!r expressions 7 us$ ( a simil> k9d4 ,f>aday quitt$ ! ,m9i/] ) 8 own resolves1 & t ev5+ he left 8 c>d & a %ort & decisive note at ! resid5ce ( ,"l ,melb\rne1 /at+ t he _h manife/ly mi/ak5 8 ,lord%ip's int5tion ( hon\r+ sci5ce 9 8 p]son1 & decl9+ to h any?+ :atev] to d ) ! propos$ p5sion4 ,! good-hum\r$ nobleman at fir/ consid]$ ! matt] a capital joke2 b he 0 aft]w>ds l$ to look at x m s]i\sly4 ,an excell5t lady1 :o 0 a fri5d bo? to ,f>aday & ! ,m9i/]1 tri$ to arrange matt]s betwe5 !m2 b %e f\nd ,f>aday v difficult to move f ! position he _h assum$4 ,aft] _m fruitless ef=ts1 %e at l5g? begg$ ( him to /ate :at he w\ld require ( ,"l ,melb\rne to induce him to *ange 8 m9d4 ,he repli$1 ',i %\ld require f 8 ,lord%ip :at ,i h no "r or reason to expect t he w\ld grant--a writt5 apology = ! words he p]mitt$ himself to use to me4' ,! requir$ apology came1 frank & full1 cr$itable1 ,i ?\ght1 alike to ! ,prime ,m9i/] & ! philosoph]4 ,consid]+ ! enorm\s /ra9 impos$ on ,f>aday's intellect1 ! boy-l buoyancy ev5 ( 8 lat] ye>s 0 a/oni%+4 ,he 0 (t5 pro/rate1 b he _h imm5se resili5cy1 :i* he br\ght into action by gett+ away f ,london :5ev] 8 heal? fail$4 ,i h already indicat$ ! ?\ghts :i* fill$ 8 m9d dur+ ! ev5+ ( 8 life4 ,he brood$ on magnetic m$ia & l9es ( =ce2 & ! great object ( ! la/ inve/igation he ev] und]took 0 ! decision ( ! "q :e!r magnetic =ce requires "t = its propagation4 ,h[ he propos$ to attack ?is subject we may nev] "k4 ,b he has left "s beautiful app>atus beh9d2 delicate :eels & p9ions1 & associat$ mirrors1 :i* 7 to h be5 employ$ 9 ! inve/igation4 ,! m]e conception ( su* an inquiry is an illu/ration ( 8 /r5g? & hopefulness1 & x is impossible to say to :at results x might h l$ him4 ,b ! "w 0 too heavy = 8 tir$ bra94 ,x 0 long be=e he c\ld br+ himself to rel9qui% x & dur+ ?is /ruggle he (t5 suff]$ f fatigue ( m9d4 ,x 0 at ?is p]iod1 & be=e he resign$ himself to ! repose :i* m>k$ ! la/ two ye>s ( 8 life1 t he wrote to me ! foll[+ lett]--"o ( _m priceless lett]s n[ be=e me--:i* reveals1 m ?an any?+ ano!r p5 c\ld express1 ! /ate ( 8 m9d at ! "t4 ,i 0 sometimes c5sur$ 9 8 pres5ce = my do+s 9 ! ,alps1 b 8 con/ant reply 01 ',let him alone1 he kn[s h[ to take c>e ( himself4' ,9 ?is lett]1 anxiety on ?is score reveals itself = ! fir/ "t4 ',hampton ,c\rt1 ,augu/ #a1 #ahfd4 ',my ,de> ,tyndall1--,i d n "k :e!r my lett] w cat* y1 b ,i w risk x1 ?\gh feel+ v unfit to communicate ) a man ^: life is z vivid & active z y\rs2 b ! receipt ( y\r k9d lett] makes me to "k t1 ?\gh ,i =get1 ,i am n =gott51 & ?\gh ,i am n able to rememb] at ! end ( a l9e :at 0 said at ! beg9n+ ( x1 ! imp]fect m>ks w convey to y "s s5se ( :at ,i long to say4 ,we _h he>d ( y\r illness ?r\gh ,miss ,moore1 & ,i 0 !re=e v glad to le>n t y are n[ q well2 d n run too _m risks or make y\r happ9ess dep5d too mu* ^u dang]s1 or ! hunt+ ( !m4 ,sometimes ! v ?9k+ ( y1 & :at y may be ab\t1 we>ies me ) fe>s1 & !n ! cogitations pause & *ange1 b )\t giv+ me re/4 ,i "k t mu* ( ?is dep5ds ^u my own worn-out nature1 & ,i d n "k :y ,i write x1 save t :5 ,i write to y ,i _c help ?9k+ x1 & ! ?\ghts /& 9 ! way ( o!r matt]4 99 99 99 99 99 ',see :at a /range desultory epi/le ,i am writ+ to y1 & yet ,i feel s we>y t ,i long to leave my desk & g to ! c\*4 ',my de> wife & ,jane desire _! k9de/ remembrances3 ,i he> !m 9 ! next room3444 ,i =get--b n y1 my de> ,tyndall1 = ,i am ',ev] y\rs1 ',m4 ,f>aday4' ,?is we>9ess subsid$ :5 he rel9qui%$ 8 "w1 & ,i h a *e]ful lett] f him1 writt5 9 ! autumn ( #ahfe4 ,b t[>ds ! close ( t ye> he _h an attack ( illness1 f :i* he nev] completely ralli$4 ,he cont9u$ to att5d ! ,friday ,ev5+ ,meet+s1 b ! advance ( infirmity 0 app>5t to u all4 ,complete re/ became f9ally ess5tial to him1 & he ceas$ to appe> among u4 ,!re 0 no pa9 9 8 decl9e to tr\ble ! memory ( ^? :o lov$ him4 ,sl[ly & peacefully he sank t[>ds 8 f9al re/1 & :5 x came1 8 dea? 0 a fall+ asleep4 ,9 ! fulness ( 8 hon\rs & ( 8 age he quitt$ u2 ! good fight f\ght1 ! "w ( duty--%all ,i n say ( glory8--done4 ,! ',jane' ref]r$ to 9 ! =ego+ lett] is ,f>aday's niece1 ,miss ,jane ,b>n>d1 :o ) an affection rais$ almo/ to religi\s devotion wat*$ him & t5d$ him to ! end4 ,i saw ,mr4 ,f>aday = ! fir/ "t on my return f ,m>burg 9 #ahej4 ,i came to ! ,royal ,in/itution1 & s5t up my c>d1 ) a copy ( ! pap] :i* ,knoblau* & myself _h j complet$4 ,he came d[n & conv]s$ ) me = half an h\r4 ,i c\ld n fail to rem>k ! wond]ful play ( intellect & k9dly feel+ exhibit$ by 8 c\nt5ance4 ,:5 he 0 9 good heal? ! "q ( 8 age w\ld nev] occur to y4 ,9 ! light & laught] ( 8 eyes y nev] ?\ght ( 8 grey hairs4 ,he 0 !n on ! po9t ( publi%+ "o ( 8 pap]s on ,magnecry/allic action1 & he _h "t to ref] 9 a flatt]+ ,note to ! memoir ,i plac$ 9 8 h&s4 ,i return$ to ,g]many1 work$ !re = ne>ly ano!r ye>1 & 9 ,june1 #ahea1 came back f9ally f ,b]l9 to ,engl&4 ,!n1 = ! fir/ "t1 & on my way to ! meet+ ( ! ,briti% ,association1 at ,ipswi*1 ,i met a man :o has s9ce made 8 m>k ^u ! intellect ( 8 "t2 :o has long be51 & :o by ! /rong law ( natural aff9ity mu/ cont9ue to be1 a bro!r to me4 ,we 7 bo? )\t def9ite outlook at ! "t1 ne$+ prop] "w1 & only anxi\s to h x to p]=m4 ,! *airs ( ,natural ,hi/ory & ( ,physics be+ adv]tis$ z vacant 9 ! ,univ]sity ( ,toronto1 we appli$ = !m1 he = ! "o1 ,i = ! o!r2 b1 possibly guid$ by a prophetic in/9ct1 ! ,univ]sity au?orities decl9$ hav+ any?+ to d ) ei!r ( u4 ,if ,i rememb] aright1 we 7 equally unlucky else:]e4 ,"o ( ,f>aday's e>lie/ lett]s to me _h ref]5ce to ?is ,toronto bus9ess1 :i* he ?\ght x unwise 9 me to neglect4 ,b ,toronto _h its own notions1 & 9 #ahec1 at ! in/ance ( ,dr4 ,b5ce ,jones1 & on ! recomm5dation ( ,f>aday himself1 a *air ( ,physics at ! ,royal ,in/itution 0 (f]$ to me4 ,i 0 tempt$ at ! same "t to g else:]e1 b a /rong attraction drew me to 8 side4 ,let me say t x 0 ma9ly 8 & o!r fri5d%ips1 preci\s to me beyond all expression1 t caus$ me to value my position "h m highly ?an any o!r t c\ld be (f]$ to me 9 ?is l&4 ,nor is x = its hon\r1 ?\gh surely t is great1 b = ! /rong p]sonal ties t b9d me to x1 t ,i n[ *iefly prize ?is place4 ,y might n cr$it me 7 ,i to tell y h[ lightly ,i value ! hon\r ( be+ ,f>aday's successor comp>$ ) ! hon\r ( hav+ be5 ,f>aday's fri5d4 ,8 fri5d%ip 0 en]gy & inspiration2 8 'mantle' is a burd5 almo/ too heavy to be borne4 ,sometimes dur+ ! la/ ye> ( 8 life1 by ! p]mission or invitation ( ,mrs4 ,f>aday1 ,i w5t up to 8 rooms to see him4 ,! deep radiance1 :i* 9 8 "t ( /r5g? fla%$ ) su* extraord9>y p[] f 8 c\nt5ance1 _h subsid$ to a calm & k9dly light1 by :i* my late/ memory ( him is w>m$ & illum9at$4 ,i knelt "o day beside him on ! c>pet & plac$ my h& ^u 8 knee2 he /rok$ x affectionately1 smil$1 & murmur$1 9 a l[ s(t voice1 ! la/ words t ,i rememb] z hav+ be5 spok5 to me by ,mi*ael ,f>aday4 ,x 0 my wi% & aspiration to play ! "p ( ,s*ill] to ?is ,goe!3 & he 0 at times s /rong & joyful--8 body s active1 & 8 intellect s cle>--z to sugge/ to me ! ?\ght t he1 l ,goe!1 w\ld see ! y\ng] man laid l[4 ,de/9y rul$ o!rwise1 & n[ he is b a memory to u all4 ,surely no memory c\ld be m beautiful4 ,he 0 equally ri* 9 m9d & he>t4 ,! faire/ traits ( a "* sket*$ by ,paul1 f\nd 9 him p]fect illu/ration4 ,= he 0 'blameless1 vigilant1 sob]1 ( good behavi\r1 apt to tea*1 n giv5 to fil?y lucre4' ,he _h n a trace ( worldly ambition2 he decl>$ 8 duty to 8 ,sov]eign by go+ to ! levee once a ye>1 b beyond ?is he nev] s\ght contact ) ! great4 ,! life ( 8 _s & ( 8 intellect 0 s full1 t ! ?+s :i* m5 mo/ /rive aft] 7 absolutely indiff]5t to him4 ',give me heal? & a day1' says ! brave ,em]son1 '& ,i w make ! pomp ( emp]ors ridicul\s4' ,9 an em95t degree ,f>aday c\ld say ! same4 ,:at to him 0 ! spl5d\r ( a palace comp>$ ) a ?und]/orm ^u ,brighton ,d[ns8--:at among all ! appliances ( royalty to comp>e ) ! sett+ sun8 ,i ref] to a ?und]/orm & a sunset1 because ^! ?+s excit$ a k9d ( ec/asy 9 8 m9d1 & to a m9d op5 to su* ec/asy ! pomps & pleasures ( ! _w are usually ( small acc\nt4 ,nature1 n education1 r5d]$ ,f>aday /rong & ref9$4 ,a fav\rite exp]im5t ( 8 own 0 repres5tative ( himself4 ,he lov$ to %[ t wat] 9 cry/alliz+ exclud$ all =eign +r$i5ts1 h[ev] intimately !y might be mix$ ) x4 ,out ( acids1 alkalis1 or sal9e solutions1 ! cry/al came sweet & pure4 ,by "s su* natural process 9 ! =mation ( ?is man1 beauty & nobl5ess coalesc$1 to ! exclusion ( ev]y?+ vulg> & l[4 ,he did n le>n 8 g5tl5ess 9 ! _w1 = he )drew himself f its culture2 & /ill ?is l& ( ,engl& conta9$ no tru] g5tleman ?an he4 ,n half 8 greatness 0 incorporate 9 8 sci5ce1 = sci5ce c\ld n reveal ! brav]y & delicacy ( 8 he>t4 ,b x is "t t ,i %\ld end ^! weak words1 & lay my poor g>l& on ! grave ( ?is ,j & fai?ful knight ( ,god4