,,reflections ,,on ,,! ,,decl9e ,,( ,,sci5ce ,,9 ,,engl&1 ,,& ,,on ,,"s ,,( ,,its ,,causes4 ,by ,*>les ,babbage ,,d$ication4 ,,_h ,i ,,int5d$ ,,to ,,d$icate ,,?is ,,volume1 ,i ,,%\ld ,,h ,,inscrib$ ,,x ,,to ,a ,,nobleman ,,^: ,,ex]tions ,,9 ,,promot+ ,,e ,,object ,,t ,,c ,,advance ,,sci5ce ,,reflect ,,lu/re ,,^u ,,8 ,,rank4 ,,b ,,! ,,k9dness ,,( ,,8 ,,nature ,,might ,,h ,,be5 ,,pa9$ ,,at ,,hav+ ,,8 ,,"n ,,connect$ ,,) ,,/rictures1 ,,p]haps ,,too ,,sev]ely ,,j4 ,i ,,%all1 ,,!re=e1 ,,ab/a9 ,,f ,,m5tion+ ,,! ,,"n ,,( ,,"o ,,:o ,,w ,,feel ,,t ,,he ,,has ,,comm&$ ,,my ,,e/eem ,,& ,,respect4 ,c4 ,,babbage4 ,,dorset ,,/reet1 ,,man*e/] ,,squ>e1 #bi? ,april1 #ahcj4 ,,preface4 ,( ! causes :i* h induc$ me to pr9t ?is volume ,i h little to say2 my own op9ion is1 t x w ultimately d "s s]vice to sci5ce1 & )\t t belief ,i w\ld n h und]tak5 s ?ankless a task4 ,t x is too true n to make enemies1 is an op9ion 9 :i* ,i concur ) sev]al ( my fri5ds1 al?\gh ,i %\ld hope t :at ,i h writt5 w n give j reason = ! p]man5ce ( su* feel+s4 ,on "o po9t ,i %all speak decid$ly1 x is n connect$ 9 any degree ) ! calculat+ ma*9e on :i* ,i h be5 engag$2 ! causes :i* h l$ to x h be5 long op]at+1 & w\ld h produc$ ?is result :e!r ,i _h ev] speculat$ on t subject1 & :atev] might h be5 ! fate ( my speculations4 ,if any "o %all endeav\r to acc\nt = ! op9ions /at$ 9 ^! pages by ascrib+ !m to any imag9$ circum/ance peculi> to myself1 ,i ?9k he w be mi/ak54 ,t sci5ce has long be5 neglect$ & decl9+ 9 ,engl&1 is n an op9ion orig9at+ ) me1 b is %>$ by _m1 & has be5 express$ by high] au?ority ?an m9e4 ,i %all (f] a few notices on ?is subject1 :i*1 f _! scatt]$ position1 are unlikely to h met ! read]'s att5tion1 & :i*1 :5 comb9$ ) ! facts ,i h detail$ 9 subsequ5t pages1 w be admitt$ to des]ve consid]able att5tion4 ,! foll[+ extract f ! article ,*emi/ry1 9 ! ,encyclopa$ia ,metropolitana1 is f ! p5 ( a g5tleman equally qualifi$ by 8 ext5sive read+1 & f 8 acqua9tance ) =eign nations1 to =m an op9ion entitl$ to respect4 ,diff]+ f him widely z to ! cause1 ,i may be p]mitt$ to cite him z high au?ority = ! fact4 ,9 conclud+ ?is mo/ circumscrib$ outl9e ( ! ,hi/ory ( ,*emi/ry1 we may p]haps be all[$ to express a fa9t %ade ( regret1 :i*1 nev]!less1 has frequ5tly pass$ ov] our m9ds )9 ! space ( ! la/ five or six ye>s4 ,admir+1 z we mo/ s9c]ely d1 ! electro-magnetic discov]ies ( ,pr(essor ,o]/$ & 8 foll[]s1 we /ill1 z *emi/s1 fe> t our sci5ce has suff]$ "s degree ( neglect 9 consequ5ce ( !m4 ,at lea/1 we rem>k t1 dur+ ?is p]iod1 good *emical analyses & rese>*es h be5 r>e 9 ,engl&2 & yet1 x mu/ be confess$1 !re is an ample field = *emical discov]y4 ,h[ scanty is our k ( ! suspect$ fluor9e6 ,are we sure t we und]/& ! nature ( nitrog58 ,& yet ^! are among/ our elem5ts4 ,mu* has be5 done by ,wolla/on1 ,b]zelius1 ,guy-,lussac1 ,!n>d1 ,?omson1 ,pr\t1 & o!rs1 ) reg>d to ! doctr9e ( def9ite proportions2 b !re yet rema9s ! ,atomic ,!ory4 ,is x a repres5tation ( ! laws ( nature1 or is x n8---,,*emi/ry1 ,,encyc4 ,,metrop4 p4#eif4 ,:5 ! pres5t volume 0 consid]ably advanc$1 ! public 7 in=m$ t ! late ,sir ,humphry ,davy _h comm5c$ a "w1 hav+ ! same title z ! pres5t1 & t 8 s5tim5ts 7 express$ 9 ! language ( feel+ & ( eloqu5ce4 ,x is to be hop$ t x may be all[$ by 8 fri5ds to convey 8 op9ions to po/]ity1 & t ! writ+s ( ! philosoph] may enable 8 contempor>ies to =get "s ( ! de$s ( ! ,presid5t ( ! ,royal ,society4 ,:atev] may be ! fate ( t highly int]e/+ docum5t1 we may inf] 8 op9ions ^u ?is subject f a s5tim5t express$ 9 8 la/ "w3-- --,b we may 9 va9 se>* ! ari/ocracy n[ = philosoph]s4----,!re are v few p]sons :o pursue sci5ce ) true dignity2 x is foll[$ m z connect$ ) objects ( pr(it ?an ^? ( fame4--,,sir ,h4 ,,davy',s ,,consolations ,,9 ,,travel4 ,! la/ au?ority :i* ,i %all adduce is m valuable1 f ! v>i$ acquirem5ts ( its au?or1 & f ! great] detail into :i* he ent]s4 ,we h drawn l>gely1 bo? 9 ! pres5t ,essay1 & 9 our article on ,,light1 f ! ,,annales ,,de ,,*emie1 & we take ?is ,,only opportunity di/9ctly to ackn[l$ge our obligations to t mo/ admirably conduct$ "w4 ,unlike ! crude & undige/$ sci5tific matt] :i* suffices1 7we are a%am$ to say x7 = ! mon?ly & qu>t]ly amusem5t ( our own c\ntrym51 :atev] is admitt$ into ,,its pages1 has at lea/ be5 tak5 pa9s )1 &1 ) few exceptions1 has /]l+ m]it4 ,inde$1 among ! orig9al communications :i* ab\nd 9 x1 !re are few :i* w\ld misbecome ! fir/ academical collections2 & if any ?+ c\ld dim9i% our regret at ! long suppression ( ^? noble memoirs1 :i* are de/9$ to adorn future volumes ( t ( ! ,in/itute1 x w\ld be ! ma/]ly ab/racts ( !m :i* f "t to "t appe> 9 ! ,,annales1 ei!r f ! h&s ( ! au?ors1 or f ! reports r5d]$ by ! committees appo9t$ to exam9e !m2 :i* latt]1 inde$1 are univ]sally models ( _! k9d1 & h contribut$1 p]haps m ?an any ?+1 to ! high sci5tific tone ( ! ,fr5* ,,savans4 ,:at au?or1 inde$1 b w write 8 be/1 :5 he kn[s t 8 "w1 if x h m]it1 w imm$iately be report$ on by a committee1 :o w ent] into all its mean+2 und]/& x1 h[ev] pr(\nd3 &1 n cont5t ) ,,m]ely und]/&+ x1 pursue ! tra9s ( ?\ght to :i* x leads2 place its discov]ies & pr9ciples 9 new & unexpect$ lights2 & br+ ! :ole ( _! k ( collat]al subjects to be> ^u x4 ,nor ought we to omit our ackn[l$gem5t to ! v valuable ,j\rnals ( ,pogg5dorff & ,s*weigg]4 ,less exclusively national ?an _! ,gallic compe]1 !y pres5t a picture ( ! actual progress ( physical sci5ce ?r\gh\t ,europe4 ,inde$1 we h be5 (t5 a/oni%$ to see ) :at cel]ity e ?+1 ev5 mod]ately valuable 9 ! sci5tific publications ( ?is c\ntry1 f9ds its way into _! pages4 ,?is ought to enc\rage our m5 ( sci5ce4 ,!y h a l>g] audi5ce1 & a wid] sympa?y ?an !y are p]haps aw>e (2 & h[ev] di%e>t5+ ! g5]al diffusion ( smatt]+s ( a numb] ( subjects1 & ! almo/ equally g5]al indiff]5ce to pr(\nd k 9 any1 among _! own c\ntrym51 may be1 !y may re/ assur$ t n a fact !y may discov]1 nor a good exp]im5t !y may make1 b is in/antly repeat$1 v]ifi$1 & comm5t$ ^u1 9 ,g]many1 &1 we may add too1 9 ,italy4 ,we wi% ! obligation 7 mutual4 ,"h1 :ole bran*es ( cont95tal discov]y are un/udi$1 & inde$ almo/ unkn[n1 ev5 by "n4 ,x is 9 va9 to conceal ! melan*oly tru?4 ,we are fa/ dropp+ beh9d4 ,9 ma!matics we h long s9ce drawn ! re91 & giv5 ov] a hopeless race4 ,9 *emi/ry ! case is n mu* bett]4 ,:o c tell u any ?+ ( ! ,sulfo-salts8 ,:o w expla9 to u ! laws ( ,isomorphism8 ,nay1 :o among u has ev5 v]ifi$ ,!n>d's exp]im5ts on ! oxyg5at$ acids1--,o]/$'s & ,b]zelius's on ! radicals ( ! e>?s1--,bal>d's & ,s]rulas's on ! comb9ations ( ,brome1--& a hundr$ o!r spl5did tra9s ( rese>* 9 t fasc9at+ sci5ce8 ,nor ne$ we /op "h4 ,!re are1 inde$1 few sci5ces :i* w\ld n furni% matt] = simil> rem>k4 ,! causes are at once obvi\s & deep-seat$2 b ?is is n ! place to discuss !m4--,,mr4 ,,h]s*el',s ,,treatise ,,on ,,s\nd1 pr9t$ 9 ! ,,encyclopa$ia ,,metropolitana4 ,) su* au?orities1 ,i ne$ n appreh5d mu* d\bt z to ! fact ( ! decl9e ( sci5ce 9 ,engl&3 h[ f> ,i may h po9t$ out "s ( its causes1 mu/ be left to o!rs to decide4 ,_m attacks h lately be5 made on ! conduct ( v>i\s sci5tific bodies1 & ( _! (fic]s1 & sev]e criticism has be5 lavi%$ ^u "s ( _! productions4 ,newspap]s1 ,magaz9es1 ,reviews1 & ,pamphlets1 h all be5 put 9 requisition = ! purpose4 ,odium has be5 ca/ ^u "s ( ^! = be+ anonym\s4 ,if a fact is to be e/abli%$ by te/imony1 anonym\s ass]tion is ( no value2 if x c be prov$1 by evid5ce to :i* ! public h access1 x is ( no consequ5ce 7= ! cause ( tru?7 :o produces x4 ,a matt] ( op9ion d]ives weight f ! "n :i* is atta*$ to x2 b a *a9 ( reason+ is equally conclusive1 :oev] may be its au?or4 ,p]haps x w\ld be bett] = sci5ce1 t all criticism %\ld be av[$4 ,x w\ld c]ta9ly h ! effect ( r5d]+ x m matur$1 & less sev]e2 b1 on ! o!r h&1 x w\ld h ! evil ( frequ5tly repress+ x altoge!r1 because !re exi/s among/ ! l[] ranks ( sci5ce1 a ,,g5us ,,irritabile1 :o are dispos$ to argue t e criticism is p]sonal4 ,x is cle>ly ! int]e/ ( all :o fe> inquiries1 to pu% ?is pr9ciple z f> z possible1 :il/ ^? ^: sole object is tru?1 c h no appreh5sions f ! sev]e/ scrut9y4 ,!re are few circum/ances :i* s /rongly di/+ui% ! philosoph]1 z ! calmness ) :i* he c reply to criticisms he may ?9k undes]v$ly sev]e4 ,i h be5 l$ into ^! reflections1 f ! circum/ance ( its hav+ be5 /at$ publicly1 t ,i 0 ! au?or ( sev]al ( ^? anonym\s writ+s1 :i* 7 consid]$ among/ ! mo/ sev]e2 & ! ass]tion 0 ! m likely to be cr$it$1 f ! fact ( my hav+ spok5 a few words connect$ ) "o ( ^? subjects at ! la/ anniv]s>y ( ! ,royal ,society4 ,i m]ely obs]v$ t ! agreem5t made ) ! ,briti% ,museum = ex*ang+ ! ,arundel ,,mss4 = _! duplicates1 7:i* _h j be5 /at$ by ! ,presid5t17 0 ,,unwise2--because x 0 n to be expect$ t _m duplicates %\ld be f\nd 9 a libr>y l t ( ! ,museum1 weak 9 ! physical & ma!matical sci5ces3 t x 0 ,,improvid5t & ,,unbus9esslike2--because x nei!r fix$ ! ,,"t :5 ! diff]5ce 0 to be paid1 9 case _! duplicates %\ld be insuffici5t2 nor did x appe> t !re 7 any ,,funds out ( :i* ! money c\ld be procur$3 & ,i add$1 t x w\ld be m advantage\s to sell ! ,,mss41 & pur*ase ! books we want$ ) ! produce4 ,i _h hop$ 9 t dim9utive _w1 ! _w ( sci5ce1 my "* _h be5 suffici5tly kn[n to h escap$ be+ ! subject ( su* a mi/ake2 &1 9 tak+ ?is opportunity ( correct+ x1 ,i w add t1 9 ! pres5t volume1 ,i h ?\ght x m c&id to m5tion di/9ctly ^? ^: l9e ( conduct ,i h disapprov$1 or ^: works ,i h criticis$1 ?an to leave to ! read] inf]5ces :i* he might make f> m ext5sive ?an ,i h int5d$4 ,i hope1 !re=e1 t :]e ,i h depict$ species1 no p]son w be s unk9d to o!rs & unju/ to me1 z to suppose ,i h describ$ individuals4 ,) respect to ! cry aga9/ p]sonality1 :i* has be5 lately set up to prev5t all inquiry into matt]s ( sci5tific misgov]nm5t1 a few words w suffice4 ,i feel z /rongly z any "o1 n m]ely ! impropriety1 b ! inju/ice ( introduc+ private "* into su* discussions4 ,!re is1 h[ev]1 a maxim too well e/abli%$ to ne$ any comm5t ( m9e4 ,! public "* ( e public s]vant is legitimate subject ( discussion1 & 8 fitness or unfitness = (fice may be fairly canvass$ by any p]son4 ,^? ^: too s5sitive feel+s %r9k f su* an ordeal1 h no "r to accept ! emolum5ts ( (fice1 = !y "k t x is ! condition to :i* all mu/ submit :o are paid f ! public purse4 ,! same pr9ciple is equally applicable to ,companies1 to ,societies1 & to ,academies4 ,^? f ^: pocket ! sal>y is drawn1 & by ^: appo9tm5t ! (fic] 0 made1 h always a "r to discuss ! m]its ( _! (fic]s1 & _! modes ( ex]cis+ ! duties !y are paid to p]=m4 ,?is pr9ciple is equally applicable to ! conduct ( a ,secret>y ( ,/ate1 or to t ( a con/able2 to t ( a ,secret>y ( ! ,royal ,society1 or ( an advis] to ! ,admiralty4 ,) respect to honor>y (fic]s1 ! case is 9 "s measure diff]5t4 ,b ! ,presid5t ( a society1 al?\gh n recomp5s$ by any pecuni>y remun]ation1 enjoys a /ation1 :5 ! body ov] :i* he presides possesses a high "*1 to :i* _m w aspire1 :o w e/eem !mselves amply repaid = ! "t !y devote to ! (fice1 by ! consequ5ce atta*$ to x 9 public e/imation4 ,he1 !re=e1 is answ]able to ! ,society = 8 conduct 9 _! *air4 ,!re are sev]al societies 9 :i* ! secret>ies1 & o!r (fic]s1 h v labori\s duties1 & :]e !y are unaid$ by a tra9 ( cl]ks1 & yet no pecuni>y remun]ation is giv5 to !m4 ,sci5ce is mu* indebt$ to su* m51 by ^: quiet & uno/5tati\s lab\rs ! r\t9e ( its in/itutions is c>ri$ on4 ,x w\ld be unwise1 z well z ungrateful1 to judge sev]ely ( ! inadv]t5cies1 or ev5 ( ! neglig5ce ( su* p]sons3 no?+ b weighty causes %\ld ju/ify su* a c\rse4 ,:il/1 h[ev]1 ,i cont5d = ! pr9ciple ( discussion & inquiry 9 its wide/ s5se1 because ,i consid] x equally ! safegu>d ( our sci5tific z ( our political in/itutions1 ,i %all use x1 ,i hope1 temp]ately2 & hav+ no p]sonal feel+s myself1 b liv+ 9 t]ms ( int]c\rse ) almo/ all1 & ( intimacy ) sev]al ( ^? f :om ,i mo/ widely diff]1 ,i %all n attempt to heap toge!r all ! causes ( compla9t2 b1 by select+ a few 9 diff]5t dep>tm5ts1 endeav\r to conv9ce !m t "s alt]ation is ess5tially necess>y = ! promotion ( t v object :i* we bo? by su* diff]5t roads pursue4 ,i h f\nd x necess>y1 9 ! c\rse ( ?is volume1 to speak ( ! dep>t$2 = ! misgov]nm5t ( ! ,royal ,society has n be5 :olly ! result ( ev5 ! pres5t race4 ,x is said1 & ,i ?9k ) ju/ice1 9 ! life ( ,"y1 ins]t$ among/ ,dr4 ,johnson's1 t ! fam\s maxim1 ,,de ,,mortuis ,,nil ,,nisi ,,bonum1 appe>s to sav\r m ( female weakness ?an ( manly reason4 ,! foibles & ! follies ( ^? :o are gone1 may1 )\t injury to society1 repose 9 oblivion4 ,b1 :oev] w\ld claim ! admiration ( mank9d = _! good actions1 mu/ prove 8 imp>tiality by fe>lessly condemn+ _! evil de$s4 ,adopt ! maxim1 & praise to ! dead becomes wor?less1 f its univ]sality2 & hi/ory1 a great] fable ?an x has be5 hi!rto deem$4 ,p]haps ,i ought to apologize = ! l>ge space ,i h devot$ to ! ,royal ,society4 ,c]ta9ly its pres5t /ate gives x no claim to t att5tion2 & ,i d x p>tly f respect = its =m] s]vices1 & p>tly f ! hope t1 if su* an ,in/itution c be ( use to sci5ce 9 ! pres5t day1 ! att5tion ( its memb]s may be excit$ to take /eps = its re/oration4 ,p]haps ,i may be blam$ = hav+ publi%$ extracts f ! m9utes ( its proce$+s )\t ! p]mission ( its ,c\ncil4 ,to h ask$ p]mission ( ! pres5t ,c\ncil w\ld h be5 useless4 ,i might1 h[ev]1 h giv5 ! sub/ance ( :at ,i h extract$ )\t ! words1 & no "o c\ld !n h reproa*$ me ) any infr+em5t ( our rules3 b !re 7 two objections to t c\rse4 ,9 ! fir/ place1 x is impossible1 ev5 = ! mo/ c&id1 9 all cases1 to convey precisely ! same s5tim5t 9 diff]5t language2 & ,i ?\ght x !re=e m fair t[>ds ^? f :om ,i diff]$1 z well z to ! public1 to give ! precise words4 ,aga93 _h x be5 possible to make s accurate a p>aphrase1 ,i %\ld yet h pref]r$ ! risk ( incurr+ ! reproa* ( ! ,royal ,society = ! (f5ce1 to escap+ _! c5sure by an evasion4 ,:at ,i h done re/s on my own head2 & ,i %r9k n f ! responsibility atta*+ to x4 ,if ^?1 ^: mismanagem5t ( t ,society ,i condemn1 %\ld accuse me ( ho/ility to ! ,royal ,society2 my answ] is1 t ! p>ty :i* gov]ns x is n ! ,royal ,society2 & t ,i w only admit ! ju/ice ( ! accusation1 :5 ! :ole body1 becom+ acqua9t$ ) ! sy/em ,i h expos$1 %all1 by ratify+ x ) _! approbation1 appropriate x to !mselves3 an ev5t ( :i* ,i ne$ sc>cely add ,i h n ! slighte/ anticipation4 ,,cont5ts4 ,,preface ,introductory ,rem>ks ,,*ap4 ,i4 ,on ! ,reciprocal ,influ5ce ( ,sci5ce & ,education4 ,,*ap4 ,,ii4 ,( ! ,inducem5ts to ,individuals to cultivate ,sci5ce4 --,sect4 #a4 ,pr(essional ,impulses4 ------ #b4 ,( ,national ,enc\ragem5t4 ------ #c4 ,( ,enc\ragem5t f le>n$ ,societies4 ,,*ap4 ,,iii4 ,g5]al ,/ate ( le>n$ ,societies 9 ,engl&4 ,,*ap4 ,,iv4 ,/ate ( ! ,royal ,society 9 p>ticul>4 --,sect4 #a4 ,mode ( becom+ a ,fell[ ( ! ,royal ,society4 ------ #b4 ,( ! ,presid5cy & ,vice-,presid5cies4 ------ #c4 ,( ! ,secret>i%ips ------ #d4 ,( ! ,sci5tific ,advis]s4 ------ #e4 ,( ! ,union ( sev]al ,(fices 9 "o p]son4 ------ #f4 ,( ! ,funds ( ! ,society4 ------ #g4 ,( ! ,royal ,m$als4 ------ #h4 ,( ! ,copley ,m$als4 ------ #i4 ,( ! ,fair*ild ,lecture4 ------ #aj4 ,( ! ,croonian ,lecture4 ------ #aa4 ,( ! ,causes ( ! ,pres5t ,/ate ( ! ,royal ,society4 ------ #ab4 ,( ! ,plan = ,re=m+ ! ,society4 ,,*ap4 ,v4 ,( ,obs]vations4 --,sect4 #a4 ,( ,m9ute ,precision4 ------ #b4 ,on ! ,art ( ,obs]v+4 ------ #c4 ,on ! ,frauds ( ,obs]v]s4 ,,*ap4 ,,vi4 ,sugge/ions = ! ,advancem5t ( ,sci5ce 9 ,engl&4 --,sect4 #a4 ,( ! ,necessity t ,memb]s ( ! ,royal ,society --------- %\ld express _! ,op9ions4 ------ #b4 ,( ,bi5nial ,presid5ts4 ------ #c4 ,( ! ,influ5ce ( ! ,colleges ( ,physicians & --------- ,surgeons 9 ! ,royal ,society4 ------ #d4 ,( ! ,influ5ce ( ! ,royal ,in/itution on ! ,royal --------- ,society4 ------ #e4 ,( ! ,transactions ( ! ,royal ,society4 ------ #f4 ,ord] ( ,m]it4 ------ #g4 ,( ! ,union ( ,sci5tific ,societies4 ,,conclusion4 ,,app5dix ,,no4 #a4 ------- ,,no4 #b4 ------- ,,no4 #c4 ,,reflections ,,on ,,! ,,decl9e ,,( ,,sci5ce ,,9 ,,engl&1 ,,& ,,on ,,"s ,,( ,,its ,,causes4 ,,introductory ,,rem>ks4 ,x _c h escap$ ! att5tion ( ^?1 ^: acquirem5ts enable !m to judge1 & :o h _h opportunities ( exam9+ ! /ate ( sci5ce 9 o!r c\ntries1 t 9 ,engl&1 p>ticul>ly ) respect to ! m difficult & ab/ract sci5ces1 we are mu* bel[ o!r nations1 n m]ely ( equal rank1 b bel[ sev]al ev5 ( inf]ior p[]4 ,t a c\ntry1 em95tly di/+ui%$ = its me*anical & manufactur+ +5uity1 %\ld be indiff]5t to ! progress ( inquiries :i* =m ! highe/ dep>tm5ts ( t k on ^: m elem5t>y tru?s its weal? & rank dep5d1 is a fact :i* is well des]v+ ! att5tion ( ^? :o %all inquire into ! causes t influ5ce ! progress ( nations4 ,to trace ! gradual decl9e ( ma!matical1 & ) x ( ! highe/ dep>tm5ts ( physical sci5ce1 f ! days ( ,newton to ! pres5t1 mu/ be left to ! hi/orian4 ,x is n )9 ! prov9ce ( "o :o1 hav+ mix$ suffici5tly ) sci5tific society 9 ,engl& to see & regret ! weakness ( "s ( its greate/ ornam5ts1 & to see ?r\gh & deplore ! conduct ( its pret5d$ fri5ds1 (f]s ^! rem>ks1 ) ! hope t !y may excite discussion1--) ! conviction t discussion is ! firme/ ally ( tru?1--& ) ! confid5ce t no?+ b ! full expression ( public op9ion c remove ! evils t *ill ! en?usiasm1 & cramp ! en]gies ( ! sci5ce ( ,engl&4 ,! causes :i* h produc$1 & "s ( ! effects :i* h result$ f1 ! pres5t /ate ( sci5ce 9 ,engl&1 are s mix$1 t x is difficult to di/+ui% accurately betwe5 !m4 ,i %all1 !re=e1 9 ?is volume1 n attempt any m9ute discrim9ation1 b r pres5t ! result ( my reflections on ! concomitant circum/ances :i* h att5d$ ! decay1 & at ! conclusion ( x1 %all exam9e "s ( ! sugge/ions :i* h be5 (f]$ = ! advancem5t ( ,briti% sci5ce4 ,,*apt] ,i4 ,,on ,,! ,,reciprocal ,,influ5ce ,,( ,,sci5ce ,,& ,,education4 ,t ! /ate ( k 9 any c\ntry w ex]t a directive influ5ce on ! g5]al sy/em ( in/ruction adopt$ 9 x1 is a pr9ciple too obvi\s to require inve/igation4 ,& x is equally c]ta9 t ! ta/es & pursuits ( our manhood w be> on !m ! traces ( ! e>li] impressions ( our education4 ,x is !re=e n unreasonable to suppose t "s portion ( ! neglect ( sci5ce 9 ,engl&1 may be attribut$ to ! sy/em ( education we pursue4 ,a "y man passes f our public s*ools to ! univ]sities1 ignorant almo/ ( ! elem5ts ( e bran* ( useful k2 & at ^! latt] e/abli%m5ts1 =m$ orig9ally = in/ruct+ ^? :o are int5d$ = ! cl]ical pr(ession1 classical & ma!matical pursuits are ne>ly ! sole objects propos$ to ! /ud5t's ambition4 ,mu* has be5 done at "o ( our univ]sities dur+ ! la/ fifte5 ye>s1 to improve ! sy/em ( /udy2 & ,i am confid5t t !re is no "o connect$ ) t body1 :o w n d me ! ju/ice to believe t1 :atev] sugge/ions ,i may v5ture to (f]1 are prompt$ by ! w>me/ feel+s = ! hon\r & ! increas+ prosp]ity ( its in/itutions4 ,! ties :i* connect me ) ,cambridge are inde$ ( no ord9>y k9d4 ,tak+ x !n = grant$ t our sy/em ( academical education ought to be adapt$ to ne>ly ! :ole ( ! ari/ocracy ( ! c\ntry1 ,i am incl9$ to believe t :il/ ! modifications ,i %\ld propose w\ld n be great innovations on ! _s ( our in/itutions1 !y w\ld contribute mat]ially to t important object4 ,x w be readily admitt$1 t a degree conf]r$ by an univ]sity1 ought to be a pl$ge to ! public t he :o holds x possesses a c]ta9 quantity ( k4 ,! progress ( society has r5d]$ k f> m v>i\s 9 its k9ds ?an x us$ to be2 & to meet ?is v>iety 9 ! ta/es & incl9ations ( ^? :o come to u = in/ruction1 we h1 besides ! regul> lectures to :i* all mu/ att5d1 o!r s\rces ( in=mation f :5ce ! /ud5ts may acquire s\nd & v>i$ k 9 ! num]\s lectures on *emi/ry1 geology1 botany1 hi/ory1 c4 ,x is at pres5t a matt] ( option ) ! /ud5t1 :i*1 & h[ _m ( ^! c\rses he %all att5d1 & su* x %\ld /ill rema94 ,all t x w\ld be necess>y to add w\ld be1 t previ\sly to tak+ 8 degree1 ea* p]son %\ld be exam9$ by ^? ,pr(essors1 ^: lectures he _h att5d$4 ,! pupils %\ld !n be arrang$ 9 two classes1 accord+ to _! m]its1 & ! names includ$ 9 ^! classes %\ld be pr9t$4 ,i w\ld !n propose t no "y man1 except 8 "n 0 f\nd among/ ! ,li/ ( ,hon\rs1 %\ld be all[$ to take 8 degree1 unless he _h be5 plac$ 9 ! fir/ class ( "s "o at lea/ ( ! c\rses giv5 by ! pr(essors4 ,b x %\ld /ill be imp]ative ^u ! /ud5t to possess su* ma!matical k z we usually require4 ,if he _h atta9$ ! fir/ rank 9 sev]al ( ^! exam9ations1 x is obvi\s t we %\ld run no haz>d 9 a little relax+ ! /rictness ( 8 ma!matical trial4 ,if x %\ld be ?\ght pref]able1 ! sci5ces might be gr\p$1 & ! foll[+ subjects be tak5 toge!r3-- ,mod]n ,hi/ory4 ,laws ( ,engl&4 ,civil ,law4 ,political ,economy4 ,applications ( ,sci5ce to ,arts & ,manufactures4 ,*emi/ry4 ,m9]alogy4 ,geology4 ,zoology1 includ+ ,physiology & ,comp>ative ,anatomy4 ,botany1 includ+ ,vegetable ,physiology & ,anatomy4 ,"o ( ! great advantages ( su* a sy/em w\ld be1 t no "y p]son w\ld h an excuse = n /udy+1 by /at+1 z is mo/ frequ5tly done1 t ! only pursuits foll[$ at ,cambridge1 classics & ma!matics1 are n adapt$ ei!r to 8 ta/e1 or to ! wants ( 8 aft] life4 ,8 fri5ds & relatives w\ld !n reasonably expect e /ud5t to h acquir$ di/9ction 9 ,,"s pursuit4 ,if x %\ld be fe>$ t ?is plan w\ld lead to too great a div]sity ( pursuits 9 ! same individual1 a limitation might be plac$ ^u ! numb] ( exam9ations into :i* ! same p]son might be p]mitt$ to ent]4 ,x might also be desirable n to re/rict ! :ole ( ^! exam9ations to ! ?ird ye>1 b to all[ ! /ud5t to ent] on "s portion ( !m 9 ! fir/ or second ye>1 if he %\ld pref] x4 ,by su* an arrangem5t1 :i* w\ld sc>cely int]f]e s]i\sly ) our o!r exam9ations1 we %\ld1 ,i ?9k1 be enabl$ effectually to keep pace ) ! wants ( society1 & reta9+ fully our p[] & our "r to direct ! /udies ( ^? :o are int5d$ = ! *ur*1 z well z ( ^? :o aspire to ! v>i\s (fices connect$ ) our academical in/itutions2 we %\ld1 at ! same "t1 op5 a field ( hon\rable ambition to multitudes1 :o1 f ! exclusive nature ( our pres5t /udies1 leave u ) b a v limit$ addition to _! /ock ( k4 ,mu* m might be said on a subject s important to ! int]e/s ( ! c\ntry1 z well z ( our univ]sity1 b my wi% is m]ely to op5 x = our own consid]ation & discussion4 ,we h already done s mu* = ! improvem5t ( our sy/em ( in/ruction1 t public op9ion w n reproa* u = any unwill+ness to alt]4 ,x is our fir/ duty to be well satisfi$ t we c improve3 su* alt]ations ought only to be ! result ( a mo/ mature consid]ation1 & ( a free int]*ange ( s5tim5ts on ! subject1 9 ord] t we may cond5se ^u ! "q ! accumulat$ judgm5t ( _m m9ds4 ,x is 9 "s measure to be attribut$ to ! defects ( our sy/em ( education1 t sci5tific k sc>cely exi/s among/ ! high] classes ( society4 ,! discussions 9 ! ,h\ses ( ,lords or ( ,commons1 :i* arise on ! occurr5ce ( any subjects connect$ ) sci5ce1 suffici5tly prove ?is fact1 :i*1 if ,i _h consult$ ! extremely limit$ nature ( my p]sonal exp]i5ce1 ,i %\ld1 p]haps1 h d\bt$4 ,,*apt] ,,ii4 ,,( ,,! ,,inducem5ts ,,to ,,individuals ,,to ,,cultivate ,,sci5ce4 ,int]e/ or incl9ation =m ! prim>y & rul+ motives 9 ?is matt]3 & bo? ^! ex]t great] or less proportionate influ5ce 9 ea* ( ! respective cases to be exam9$4 ,,section #a4 ,,pr(essional ,,impulses4 ,a l>ge portion ( ^? :o are impell$ by ambition or necessity to advance !mselves 9 ! _w1 make *oice ( "s pr(ession 9 :i* !y imag9e _! tal5ts likely to be rew>d$ ) success2 & !re are peculi> advantages result+ to ea* f ?is classification ( society into pr(essions4 ,! ,,esprit ,,de ,,corps frequ5tly ov]p[]s ! jeal\sy :i* exi/s betwe5 individuals1 & pu%es on to advantage\s situations "s ( ! m =tunate ( ! pr(ession2 :il/1 on ! o!r h&1 any injury or insult (f]$ to ! weake/1 is r$ress$ or res5t$ by ! :ole body4 ,!re are o!r advantages :i* are p]haps ( m importance to ! public4 ,! numb]s :i* compose ! le>n$ pr(essions 9 ,engl& are s consid]able1 t a k9d ( public op9ion is g5]at$ among/ !m1 :i* p[]fully t5ds to repress conduct t is injuri\s ei!r to ! pr(ession or to ! public4 ,aga91 ! mutual jeal\sy & rivalry excit$ among/ ! :ole body is s consid]able1 t al?\gh ! rank & e/imation :i* an individual holds 9 ! pr(ession may be mo/ unfairly appreciat$1 by tak+ ! op9ion ( 8 rival2 yet few e/imations w be f\nd g5]ally m correct ?an ! op9ion ( a :ole pr(ession on ! m]its ( any "o ( its body4 ,?is te/ is ( great value to ! public1 & becomes ! m s1 9 proportion to ! difficulty ( ! /udy to :i* ! pr(ession is devot$4 ,x is by avail+ !mselves ( x t m5 ( s5se & judgm5t1 :o h occasion = ! s]vices ( pr(essional p]sons1 are1 9 a great measure1 guid$ 9 _! *oice4 ,! pursuit ( sci5ce does n1 9 ,engl&1 con/itute a di/9ct pr(ession1 z x does 9 _m o!r c\ntries4 ,x is !re=e1 on t gr\nd alone1 depriv$ ( _m ( ! advantages :i* atta* to pr(essions4 ,"o ( its greate/ mis=tunes arises f ?is circum/ance2 = ! subjects on :i* x is conv]sant are s difficult1 & require su* unremitt$ devotion ( "t1 t few :o h n sp5t ye>s 9 _! /udy c judge ( ! relative k ( ^? :o pursue !m4 ,x foll[s1 !re=e1 t ! public1 & ev5 t m5 ( s\nd s5se & disc]nm5t1 c sc>cely f9d means to di/+ui% betwe5 ! possessors ( k1 9 ! pres5t day1 m]ely elem5t>y1 & ^? ^: acquirem5ts are ( ! highe/ ord]4 ,?is rem>k applies ) peculi> =ce to all ! m difficult applications ( ma!matics2 & ! fact is calculat$ to *eck ! en]gies ( ^? :o only look to reputation 9 ,engl&4 ,z !re exi/s ) u no peculi> class pr(ess$ly devot$ to sci5ce1 x frequ5tly happ5s t :5 a situation1 requir+ = ! prop] fulfilm5t ( its duties consid]able sci5tific atta9m5ts1 is vacant1 x becomes necess>y to select f among amateurs1 or r f among p]sons ^: *ief att5tion has be5 be/[$ on o!r subjects1 & to :om sci5ce has be5 only an occasional pursuit4 ,a c]ta9 quantity ( sci5tific k is ( c\rse possess$ by individuals 9 _m pr(essions2 & :5 add$ to ! pr(essional acquirem5ts ( ! army1 ! navy1 or to ! k ( ! m]*ant1 is highly m]itori\s3 b x is obvi\s t ?is may become1 :5 sep>at$ f ! pr(ession1 q insignificant z ! basis ( a sci5tific reputation4 ,to ^? :o h *os5 ! pr(ession ( m$ic9e1 a k ( *emi/ry1 & ( "s bran*es ( natural hi/ory1 &1 inde$1 ( sev]al o!r dep>tm5ts ( sci5ce1 af=ds useful assi/ance4 ,"s ( ! mo/ valuable names :i* adorn ! hi/ory ( ,engli% sci5ce h be5 connect$ ) ?is pr(ession4 ,! causes :i* induce ! selection ( ! cl]ical pr(ession are n (t5 connect$ ) sci5ce2 & x is1 p]haps1 a "q ( consid]able d\bt :e!r x is desirable to hold out to its memb]s hopes ( advancem5t f su* acquirem5ts4 ,z a s\rce ( recreation1 no?+ c be m fit to occupy ! att5tion ( a div9e2 & our *ur* may boa/1 9 ! pres5t z 9 pa/ times1 t ! doma9 ( sci5ce has be5 ext5d$ by "s ( its brighte/ ornam5ts4 ,9 ,engl&1 ! pr(ession ( ! law is t :i* seems to hold out ! /ronge/ attraction to tal5t1 f ! circum/ance1 t 9 x ability1 c\pl$ ) ex]tion1 ev5 ?\gh unaid$ by patronage1 _c fail ( obta9+ rew>d4 ,x is frequ5tly *os5 z an introduction to public life4 ,x also pres5ts great advantages1 f its be+ a qualification = _m situations m or less remotely connect$ ) x1 z well z f ! circum/ance t sev]al ( ! highe/ (fic]s ( ! /ate mu/ necess>ily h sprung f its ranks4 ,a p[]ful attraction exi/s1 !re=e1 to ! promotion ( a /udy & ( duties ( all o!rs engross+ ! "t mo/ completely1 & :i* is less b5efit$ ?an mo/ o!rs by any acqua9tance ) sci5ce4 ,?is is "o among/ ! causes :y x s v r>ely happ5s t m5 9 public situations are at all conv]sant ev5 ) ! commone/ bran*es ( sci5tific k1 & :y sc>cely an in/ance c be cit$ ( su* p]sons acquir+ a reputation by any discov]ies ( _! own4 ,b1 h[ev] consi/5t o!r sci5ces may be ) pr(essional avocations1 !re is "o :i*1 f its extreme difficulty1 & ! ov]:elm+ att5tion :i* x dem&s1 c only be pursu$ ) success by ^? ^: leisure is undi/urb$ by o!r claims4 ,to be well acqua9t$ ) ! pres5t /ate ( ma!matics1 is no easy task2 b to add to ! p[]s :i* t sci5ce possesses1 is likely to be ! lot ( b few ,engli% philosoph]s4 ,,section #b4 ,,( ,,national ,,enc\ragem5t4 ,! little enc\ragem5t :i* at all previ\s p]iods has be5 af=d$ by ! ,engli% ,gov]nm5t to ! au?ors ( useful discov]ies1 or ( new & valuable inv5tions1 is ju/ifi$ on ! foll[+ gr\nds3 #a4 ,! public1 :o consume ! new commodity or pr(it by ! new inv5tion1 are mu* bett] judges ( its m]it ?an ! gov]nm5t c be4 #b4 ,! rew>d :i* arises f ! sale ( ! commodity is usually mu* l>g] ?an t :i* gov]nm5t w\ld be ju/ifi$ 9 be/[+2 & x is exactly proportion$ to ! consumption1 t is1 to ! want :i* ! public feel = ! new article4 ,x mu/ be admitt$ t1 z g5]al pr9ciples1 ^! are correct3 !re are1 h[ev]1 exceptions :i* fl[ necess>ily f ! v reason+ f :i* !y 7 d$uc$4 ,)\t ent]+ m9utely into ^! exceptions1 x w be suffici5t to %[ t all ab/ract tru? is entirely exclud$ f rew>d "u ?is sy/em4 ,x is only ! application ( pr9ciples to common life :i* c be ?us rew>d$4 ,a few in/ances may p]haps r5d] ?is position m evid5t4 ,! pr9ciple ( ! hydro/atic p>adox 0 kn[n z a speculative tru? 9 ! "t ( ,/ev9us2 ,ab\t ! ye> #afjj & its application to rais+ heavy weights has long be5 /at$ 9 elem5t>y treatises on natural philosophy1 z well z con/antly exhibit$ 9 lectures4 ,yet1 x may fairly be reg>d$ z a m]e ab/ract pr9ciple1 until ! late ,mr4 ,bramah1 by sub/itut+ a pump in/ead ( ! small] column1 conv]t$ x into a mo/ valuable & p[]ful eng9e4--,! pr9ciple ( ! conv]tibility ( ! c5tres ( oscillation & susp5sion 9 ! p5dulum1 discov]$ by ,huyg5s m ?an a c5tury & a half ago1 rema9$1 until )9 ^! few ye>s1 a /]ile1 ?\gh mo/ elegant proposition2 :51 aft] be+ h9t$ at by ,prony1 & di/9ctly po9t$ out by ,bon5b]g]1 x 0 employ$ by ,capta9 ,kat] z ! f\ndation ( a mo/ conv5i5t practical me?od ( det]m9+ ! l5g? ( ! p5dulum4--,! int]val :i* sep>at$ ! discov]y1 by ,dr4 ,black1 ( lat5t heat1 f ! beautiful & successful application ( x to ! /eam eng9e1 0 comp>atively %ort2 b x requir$ ! ef=ts ( two m9ds2 & bo? 7 ( ! highe/ ord]4--,! influ5ce ( electricity 9 produc+ decompositions1 al?\gh ( ine/imable value z an in/rum5t ( discov]y 9 *emical inquiries1 c h>dly be said to h be5 appli$ to ! practical purposes ( life1 until ! same p[]ful g5ius :i* detect$ ! pr9ciple1 appli$ x1 by a s+ul> felicity ( reason+1 to arre/ ! corrosion ( ! copp]-%ea?+ ( vessels4 ,t admirably connect$ *a9 ( reason+1 ! tru? ( :i* is confirm$ by its v failure z a rem$y1 w probably at "s future day supply1 by its successful application1 a new pro( ( ! position we are endeav\r+ to e/abli%4 ,i am au?oris$ 9 /at+1 t ?is 0 reg>d$ by ,laplace z ! greate/ ( ,sir ,humphry ,davy's discov]ies4 ,x did n fail 9 produc+ ! effect =ese5 by ,sir ,h4 ,davy1--! prev5t+ ! corrosion ( ! copp]2 b x fail$ z a cure ( ! evil1 by produc+ "o ( an ,,opposite "*2 ei!r by pres]v+ too p]fectly f decay ! surface ( ! copp]1 or by r5d]+ x negative1 x all[$ m>9e animals & vegetables to accumulate on its surface1 & ?us imp$e ! progress ( ! vessel4 ,o!r in/ances might1 if necess>y1 be adduc$1 to %[ t long int]vals frequ5tly elapse betwe5 ! discov]y ( new pr9ciples 9 sci5ce & _! practical application3 nor ought ?is at all to surprise u4 ,^? intellectual qualifications1 :i* give bir? to new pr9ciples or to new me?ods1 are ( q a diff]5t ord] f ^? :i* are necess>y = _! practical application4 ,at ! "t ( ! discov]y ( ! beautiful !orem ( ,huyg5s1 x requir$ 9 its au?or n m]ely a complete k ( ! ma!matical sci5ce ( 8 age1 b a g5ius to enl>ge its b\nd>ies by new creations ( 8 own4 ,su* tal5ts are n always unit$ ) a quick p]ception ( ! details1 & ( ! practical applications ( ! pr9ciples !y h develop$1 nor is x = ! int]e/ ( mank9d t m9ds ( ?is high ord] %\ld lavi% _! p[]s on subjects unsuit$ to _! grasp4 ,9 ma!matical sci5ce1 m ?an 9 all o!rs1 x happ5s t tru?s :i* are at "o p]iod ! mo/ ab/ract1 & app>5tly ! mo/ remote f all useful application1 become 9 ! next age ! bases ( pr(\nd physical inquiries1 & 9 ! succe$+ "o1 p]haps1 by prop] simplification & r$uction to tables1 furni% _! ready & daily aid to ! arti/ & ! sailor4 ,x may also happ5 t at ! "t ( ! discov]y ( su* pr9ciples1 ! me*anical arts may be too imp]fect to r5d] _! application likely to be att5d$ ) success4 ,su* 0 ! case ) ! pr9ciple ( ! hydro/atic p>adox2 & x 0 n1 ,i believe1 until ! expiration ( ,mr4 ,bramah's pat5t1 t ! press :i* be>s 8 "n receiv$ t me*anical p]fection 9 its execution1 :i* has des]v$ly br\ght x into su* g5]al use4 ,on ! o!r h&1 = "o p]son :o is bless$ ) ! p[] ( inv5tion1 _m w always be f\nd :o h ! capacity ( apply+ pr9ciples2 & mu* ( ! m]it ascrib$ to ^! applications w always dep5d on ! c>e & lab\r be/[$ 9 ! practical detail4 ,if1 !re=e1 x is important to ! c\ntry t ab/ract pr9ciples %\ld be appli$ to practical use1 x is cle> t x is also important t enc\ragem5t %\ld be held out to ! few :o are capable ( add+ to ! numb] ( ^? tru?s on :i* su* applications are f\nd$4 ,unless !re exi/ peculi> in/itutions = ! support ( su* inquir]s1 or unless ! ,gov]nm5t directly int]f]e1 ! contriv] ( a ?aumatrope may d]ive pr(it f 8 +5uity1 :il/ he :o unravels ! laws ( light & vision1 on :i* multitudes ( ph5om5a dep5d1 %all desc5d unrew>d$ to ! tomb4 ,p]haps x may be urg$1 t suffici5t enc\ragem5t is already af=d$ to ab/ract sci5ce 9 our diff]5t univ]sities1 by ! pr(essor%ips e/abli%$ at !m4 ,x is n h[ev] 9 ! p[] ( su* in/itutions to create2 !y may fo/] & aid ! developm5t ( g5ius2 &1 :5 rightly appli$1 su* /ations ought to be its fair & hon\rable rew>ds4 ,9 _m in/ances _! emolum5t is small2 & :5 o!rwise1 ! lectures :i* are requir$ f ! pr(essor are n p]haps 9 all cases ! be/ mode ( employ+ ! en]gies ( ^? :o are capable ( inv5t+4 ,i _c resi/ ! opportunity ( support+ ^! op9ions by ! au?ority ( "o ( ! greate/ philosoph]s ( a pa/ age1 & ( express+ my ackn[l$gm5ts to ! au?or ( a mo/ int]e/+ piece ( sci5tific biography4 ,9 ! correspond5ce :i* t]m9at$ 9 ! return ( ,galileo to a pr(essor%ip 9 8 native c\ntry1 he rem>ks1 ,b1 because my private lectures & dome/ic pupils are a great h9d]ance & int]ruption ( my /udies1 ,i wi% to live entirely exempt f ! =m]1 & 9 great measure f ! latt]4--,,life ,,( ,,galileo1 p4#ah4 ,&1 9 ano!r lett] to ,kepl]1 he speaks ) gratitude ( ,cosmo1 ! ,gr& ,duke ( ,tuscany1 :o has n[ invit$ me to atta* myself to him ) ! annual sal>y ( #ajjj flor9s1 & ) ! title ( ,philosoph] & pr9cipal ,ma!matician to 8 ,highness1 )\t ! duties ( any (fice to p]=m1 b ) mo/ complete leisure2 s t ,i c complete my treatise on ,me*anics1 c4--p4#ca4 ,life ( ,galileo1 publi%$ by ! ,society = ! ,diffusion ( ,useful ,k4 ,surely1 if k is valuable1 x c nev] be good policy 9 a c\ntry f> weal?i] ?an ,tuscany1 to all[ a g5ius l ,mr4 ,dalton's1 to be employ$ 9 ! drudg]y ( elem5t>y in/ruction4 ,i utt] ^! s5tim5ts f no feel+s ( private fri5d%ip to t e/imable philosoph]1 to :om x is my regret to be almo/ unkn[n1 & ^: mode/ & retir+ m]it1 ,i may1 p]haps1 h ! mis=tune to (f5d by ^! rem>ks4 ,b ,mr4 ,dalton 0 ( no p>ty2 _h he ev] mov$ 9 t vortex :i* has br\ght discr$it1 & almo/ ru91 on ! ,royal ,society ( ,engl&2--_h he tak5 "p ) ^? :o vote to ea* o!r m$als1 &1 affect+ to be tir$ ( ! fatigues ( (fice1 make to ea* o!r requisitions to reta9 places !y w\ld be mo/ reluctant to quit2 8 great & spl5did discov]y w\ld long s9ce h be5 repres5t$ to gov]nm5t4 ,expectant m$iocrity w\ld h urg$ on 8 claims to remun]ation1 & ^? :o cov]$ _! selfi% purposes ) ! cloak ( sci5ce1 w\ld h ha/5$ to %elt] !mselves 9 ! mantle ( 8 glory4--,b ! philosoph] may f9d consolation = ! t>dy approbation ( t ,society1 9 ! applause ( ,europe4 ,if he 0 insult$ by _! m$al1 he escap$ ! pa9 ( see+ 8 "n connect$ ) _! proce$+s4 ,:]e w\ld h be5 ! milit>y r5[n ( ,engl&1 if1 ) an equally improvid5t wa/e ( m5tal p[]1 its in/itutions _h =c$ ! ,duke ( ,well+ton to employ 8 life 9 drill+ recruits1 in/ead ( plann+ campaigns8 ,if we look at ! fact1 we %all f9d t ! great inv5tions ( ! age are n1 ) u at lea/1 always produc$ 9 univ]sities4 ,! doctr9es ( def9ite proportions1 & ( ! *emical ag5cy ( electricity1--pr9ciples ( a high ord]1 :i* h immortaliz$ ! names ( _! discov]]s1--7 n produc$ by ! m$itations ( ! cloi/]3 nor is x 9 ! lea/ a reproa* to ^? valuable in/itutions to m5tion tru?s l ^!4 ,=tunate circum/ances mu/ concur1 ev5 to ! greate/1 to r5d] !m em95tly successful4 ,x is n p]mitt$ to all to be born1 l ,ar*im$es1 :5 a sci5ce 0 to be creat$2 nor1 l ,newton1 to f9d ! sy/em ( ! _w )\t =m & void2 &1 by disclos+ gravitation1 to %$ ?r\gh\t t sy/em ! same irresi/ible radiance z t ) :i* ! ,almighty ,creator _h illum9$ its mat]ial sub/ance4 ,x c happ5 to b few philosoph]s1 & b at di/ant int]vals1 to snat* a sci5ce1 l ,dalton1 f ! *aos ( indef9ite comb9ation1 & b9d+ x 9 ! *a9s ( numb]1 to exalt x to rank among/ ! exact4 ,triumphs l ^! are necess>ily few & f> betwe52 nor c x be expect$ t t portion ( enc\ragem5t1 :i* a c\ntry may ?9k fit to be/[ on sci5ce1 %\ld be adapt$ to meet su* in/ances4 ,too extraord9>y to be frequ5t1 !y mu/ be left1 if !y are to be enc\rag$ at all1 to "s direct int]f]5ce ( ! gov]nm5t4 ,! dang]s to be appreh5d$ f su* a specific int]f]5ce1 w\ld arise f "o1 or sev]al1 ( ! foll[+ circum/ances3--,t class ( society1 f :om ! gov]nm5t is select$1 might n possess suffici5t k ei!r to judge !mselves1 or "k ^u ^: judgm5t to rely4 ,or ! numb] ( p]sons devot+ !mselves to sci5ce1 might n be suffici5tly l>ge to h due weight 9 ! expression ( public op9ion4 ,or1 suppos+ ?is class to be l>ge1 x might n enjoy1 9 ! e/imation ( ! _w1 a suffici5tly high "* = indep5d5ce4 ,%\ld ^! causes concur 9 any c\ntry1 x might become highly injuri\s to commit ! enc\ragem5t ( sci5ce to any dep>tm5t ( ! gov]nm5t4 ,?is reason+ does n appe> to h escap$ ! p5etration ( ^? :o advis$ ! abolition ( ! late ,bo>d ( ,longitude4 ,! "q :e!r x is good policy 9 ! gov]nm5t ( a c\ntry to enc\rage sci5ce1 is "o ( :i* ^? :o cultivate x are n p]haps ! mo/ unbias$ judges4 ,9 ,engl&1 ^? :o h hi!rto pursu$ sci5ce1 h 9 g5]al no v reasonable gr\nds ( compla9t2 !y knew1 or %\ld h kn[n1 t !re 0 no dem& = x1 t x l$ to little hon\r1 & to less pr(it4 ,t blame has be5 attribut$ to ! gov]nm5t = n fo/]+ ! sci5ce ( ! c\ntry is c]ta92 &1 z f> z reg>ds pa/ adm9i/rations1 is1 to a great ext5t1 j2 ) respect to ! pres5t m9i/]s1 ^: /r5g? ess5tially dep5ds on public op9ion1 x is n necess>y t !y %\ld prec$e1 & !y _c rema9 long ins5sible to any expression ( ! g5]al feel+4 ,b suppos+ sci5ce 7 ?\ght ( "s importance by any adm9i/ration1 x w\ld be difficult 9 ! pres5t /ate ( ?+s to d mu* 9 its fav\r2 because1 on ! "o h&1 ! high] classes 9 g5]al h n a pr(\nd k ( sci5ce1 &1 on ! o!r1 ^? p]sons :om !y h usually consult$1 seem n to h giv5 su* advice z to des]ve ! confid5ce ( gov]nm5t4 ,x seems to be =gott51 t ! money allott$ by gov]nm5t to purposes ( sci5ce ought to be exp5d$ ) ! same reg>d to prud5ce & economy z 9 ! disposal ( money 9 ! affairs ( private life4 ,:o1 = in/ance1 c\ld h advis$ ! gov]nm5t to incur ! exp5se ( pr9t+ ,,sev5 ,,hundr$ ,,& ,,fifty copies ( ! ,a/ronomical ,obs]vations made at ,p>amatta1 to =m a ?ird "p ( ! ,philosophical ,transactions = #ahbi1 :il/ ( ! ,obs]vations made at ! ,royal ,obs]vatory at ,gre5wi*1 two hundr$ & fifty copies only are pr9t$8 ,( ^! sev5 hundr$ & fifty copies1 sev5 hundr$ & t5 w be di/ribut$ to memb]s ( ! ,royal ,society1 to six hundr$ ( :om !y w probably be :olly un9t]e/+ or useless2 & ?us ! c\ntry incurs a con/antly recurr+ annual exp5se4 ,nor is x easy to see on :at pr9ciple a simil> de/9ation c\ld be refus$ = ! obs]vations made at ! ,cape ( ,good ,hope4 ,to ^? :o measure ! "q ( ! national enc\ragem5t ( sci5ce by its value 9 p\nds1 %ill+s1 & p5ce1 ,i w "h /ate a fact1 :i*1 al?\gh pretty g5]ally kn[n1 /ill1 ,i ?9k1 des]ves att5tion4 ,a %ort "t s9ce x 0 discov]$ by gov]nm5t t ! t]ms on :i* annuities _h be5 grant$ by !m 7 errone\s1 & new tables 7 introduc$ by act ( ,p>liam5t4 ,x 0 /at$ at ! "t t ! errone\s tables _h caus$ a loss to ! c\ntry ( betwe5 two & ?ree millions /]l+4 ,! fact ( ! sale ( ^? annuities be+ a los+ conc]n 0 long kn[n to _m2 & ! gov]nm5t appe> to h be5 ! la/ to be in=m$ on ! subject4 ,half ! int]e/ ( half t loss1 judici\sly appli$ to ! enc\ragem5t ( ma!matical sci5ce1 w\ld1 9 a few ye>s1 h r5d]$ utt]ly impossible su* exp5sive errors4 ,to ^? :o b[ to ! au?ority ( great names1 "o rem>k may h its weight4 ,! ,,mecanique ,,coele/e1 ,! fir/ volume ( ! fir/ translation ( ?is celebrat$ "w into our own language1 has j arriv$ 9 ,engl& f--,am]ica4 & ! ,,!orie ,,analytique ,,des ,,probabilites1 7 bo? d$icat$1 by ,laplace1 to ,napoleon4 ,dur+ ! reign ( t extraord9>y man1 ! triumphs ( ,france 7 z em95t 9 ,sci5ce z !y 7 spl5did 9 arms4 ,may ! in/itutions :i* tra9$ & rew>d$ h] philosoph]s be p]man5t z ! b5efits !y h conf]r$ ^u mank9d6 ,9 o!r c\ntries x has be5 f\nd1 & is admitt$1 t a k ( sci5ce is a recomm5dation to public appo9tm5ts1 & t a man does n make a worse ambassador because he has direct$ an obs]vatory1 or has add$ by 8 discov]ies to ! ext5t ( our k ( animat$ nature4 ,in/ances ev5 are n want+ ( m9i/]s :o h begun _! c>e] 9 ! inquiries ( pure analysis4 ,z su* examples are p]haps m frequ5t ?an is g5]ally imag9$1 x may be useful to m5tion a few ( ^? m5 ( sci5ce :o h =m]ly held1 or :o n[ hold1 high (ficial /ations 9 ! gov]nm5ts ( _! respective c\ntries4 ,c\ntry4 ,"n4 ,dep>tm5t ( ,public ,(fice4 ,sci5ce4 ,france44 ,m>quis ,laplace7#a7 ,ma!matics ,presid5t ( ! ,cons]vative ,s5ate4 ,france44 ,m4,c>not ,ma!matics ,m9i/] ( ,w>4 ,france44 ,c\nt ,*aptal7#b7 ,*emi/ry ,m9i/] ( ! ,int]ior4 ,france44 ,b>on ,cuvi]7#c7 ,comp>ative ,m9i/] ( ,anatomy1 ,public ,hi/ory ,in/ruction ,prussia44 ,b>on ,humboldt ,ori5tal ,ambassador ,languages to ,engl& ,prussia44 ,b>on ,alex&] ,! celebrat$ ,*amb]la9 to ,humboldt ,travell] ! ,k+ ( ,prussia ,mod5a4 ,m>quis ,rangoni7#d7 ,ma!matics ,m9i/] ( ,f9ance & ( ,public ,in/ruction1 ,presid5t ( ,italian ,academy ( ,=ty4 ,tuscany4 ,c\nt ,fossombroni ,ma!matics ,prime ,m9i/] 7#e7 ( ! ,gr& ,duke ( ,tuscany4 ,saxony44 ,m4 ,l9d5au7#f7 ,a/ronomy ,ambassador4 7#a7 ,au?or ( ! ,,mecanique ,,coele/e4 7#b7 ,au?or ( ,,traite ,,de ,,*imie ,,applique ,,aux ,,arts4 7#c7 ,au?or ( ,,lecons ,d',,anatomie ,,comp>ee--,,re*]*es ,,sur ,,ossem5s ,,fossiles c4 c4 7#d7 ,au?or ( ,,memoria ,,sulle ,,funzioni ,,g5]atrici1 ,mod5a1 #ahbd1 & ( v>i\s o!r memoirs on ma!matical subjects4 7#e7 ,au?or ( sev]al memoirs on me*anics & hydraulics1 9 ! ,transactions ( ! ,academy ( ,=ty4 7#f7 ,au?or ( ,,tables ,,b>ometriques1 ,go?a1 #ahji--,,tabulae ,,v5]is1 ,,novae ,,et ,,correctae1 ,go?ae1 #ahaj--;,,inve/igatio ,,nova ,,orbitae ,a ,,m]curio ,,circa ,,solem ,,descriptae1 ,go?ae1 #ahac1 & ( o!r works4 ,m4 ,l9d5au1 ! ,m9i/] f ! ,k+ ( ,saxony to ! ,k+ ( ! ,ne!rl&s1 comm5c$ 8 c>e] z a/ronom] at ! obs]vatory ( ! ,gr& ,duke ( ,go?a1 by :om he 0 s5t z 8 repres5tative at ! ,g]man ,diet4 ,on ! dea? ( ! late reign+ ,duke1 ,m4 ,l9d5au 0 invit$ to ,dresd51 & fill$ ! same situation "u ! ,k+ ( ,saxony2 aft] :i* he 0 appo9t$ 8 m9i/] at ! c\rt ( ! ,k+ ( ! ,ne!rl&s4 ,su* occurr5ces are n to be p>allel$ 9 our own c\ntry1 at lea/ n 9 mod]n times4 ,newton 01 x is true1 m ?an a c5tury s9ce1 appo9t$ ,ma/] ( ! ,m9t2 b let any p]son sugge/ an appo9tm5t ( a simil> k9d 9 ! pres5t day1 & he w ga!r f ! smiles ( ^? to :om he proposes x t ! highe/ k conduces no?+ to success1 & t political p[] is almo/ ! only recomm5dation4 ,,section #c4 ,( ,enc\ragem5t f ,le>n$ ,societies4 ,!re are sev]al circum/ances :i* concur 9 induc+ p]sons pursu+ sci5ce1 to unite toge!r1 to =m societies or academies4 ,9 =m] times1 :5 philosophical in/rum5ts 7 m r>e1 & ! art ( mak+ exp]im5ts 0 less p]fectly kn[n1 x 0 almo/ necess>y4 ,m rec5tly1 :il/ num]\s additions are con/antly mak+ to sci5ce1 x has be5 f\nd t ^? :o are mo/ capable ( ext5d+ human k1 are frequ5tly lea/ able to enc\nt] ! exp5se ( pr9t+ _! inve/igations4 ,x is !re=e conv5i5t1 t "s means %\ld be devis$ = reliev+ !m f ?is difficulty1 & ! volumes ( ! transactions ( academies h accompli%$ ! desir$ end4 ,!re is1 h[ev]1 ano!r purpose to :i* academies contribute4 ,:5 !y consi/ ( a limit$ numb] ( p]sons1 em95t = _! k1 x becomes an object ( ambition to be admitt$ on _! li/4 ,?us a /imulus is appli$ to all ^? :o cultivate sci5ce1 :i* urges on _! ex]tions1 9 ord] to acquire ! wi%$-= di/9ction4 ,x is cle> t ?is envi$ position w be valu$ 9 proportion to ! difficulty ( its atta9m5t1 & also to ! celebrity ( ^? :o enjoy x2 & :5ev] ! /&>d ( sci5tific k :i* qualifies = its ranks is l[]$1 ! value ( ! di/9ction itself w be dim9i%$4 ,if1 at any "t1 a multitude ( p]sons hav+ no sort ( k ( sci5ce are admitt$1 x mu/ cease to be s\ght aft] z an object ( ambition by m5 ( sci5ce1 & ! class ( p]sons to :om x w become an object ( desire w be less intellectual4 ,let u n[ comp>e ! numb]s compos+ "s ( ! v>i\s academies ( ,europe4-,! ,royal ,society ( ,london1 ! ,in/itute ( ,france1 ! ,italian ,academy ( ,=ty1 & ! ,royal ,academy ( ,b]l91 are among/ ! mo/ di/+ui%$4 ,"n ,numb] ( ,numb] ,population4 ,memb]s ( ,c\ntry4 ( its ,=eign ,academy4 ,memb]s #a4 ,engl&4 #bb1bii1jjj #fhe #ej #b4 ,france4 #cb1jeh1jjj #gf #h ,mem4 #ajj ,corr4 #h4 ,prussia4 #ab1iae1jjj #ch #af #d4 ,italy44 #ab1jjj1jjj #dj #h ,x appe>s !n1 t 9 ,france1 "o p]son out ( #dbg1jjj is a memb] ( ! ,in/itute4 ,t 9 ,italy & ,prussia1 ab\t "o out ( #cjj1jjj p]sons is a memb] ( _! ,academies4 ,t 9 ,engl&1 e #cb1jjj inhabitants produces a ,fell[ ( ! ,royal ,society4 ,look+ m]ely at ^! proportions1 ! e/imation ( a seat 9 ! ,academy ( ,b]l91 mu/ be m ?an n9e times z valuable z a simil> situation 9 ,engl&2 & a memb] ( ! ,in/itute ( ,france w be m ?an ?irte5 times m r>e 9 8 c\ntry ?an a ,fell[ ( ! ,royal ,society is 9 ,engl&4 ,fav\rable z ?is view is to ! dignity ( su* situations 9 o!r c\ntries1 _! comp>ative r>ity is by no means ! mo/ /rik+ diff]5ce 9 ! circum/ances ( m5 ( sci5ce4 ,if we look at ! /ation 9 society occupi$ by ! ,,savans ( o!r c\ntries1 9 sev]al ( !m we %all f9d x high1 & _! situations pr(itable4 ,p]haps1 at ! pres5t mom5t1 ,prussia is1 ( all ! c\ntries 9 ,europe1 t :i* be/[s ! greate/ att5tion1 & mo/ unwe>i$ enc\ragem5t on sci5ce4 ,great z are ! m]its ( _m ( its philosoph]s1 mu* ( ?is support arises f ! "* ( ! reign+ family1 by ^: enlight5$ policy ev5 ! mo/ ab/ract sci5ces are fo/]$4 ,! maxim t k is p[]1 c be p]fectly compreh5d$ by ^? only :o are !mselves well v]s$ 9 sci5ce2 & to ! circum/ance ( ! y\ng] bran*es ( ! royal family ( ,prussia hav+ acquir$ consid]able k 9 su* subjects1 we may attribute ! great =ce ) :i* t maxim is appreciat$4 ,9 ,france1 ! situation ( its ,,savans is highly respectable1 z well z pr(itable4 ,if we analyze ! li/ ( ! ,in/itute1 we %all f9d few :o d n possess titles or decorations2 b z ! value ( su* m>ks ( royal fav\r mu/ dep5d1 9 a great measure1 on _! frequ5cy1 ,i %all m5tion sev]al p>ticul>s :i* are probably n famili> to ! ,engli% read]4 ,?is analysis 0 made by comp>+ ! li/ ( ! ,in/itute1 pr9t$ = t body 9 #ahbg1 ) ! ,,almana* ,,royale = #ahbc4 ,numb] ( ! ,memb]s ( ! ,total ,numb] ( ea* ,class ,in/itute ( ,france :o belong ( ! ,legion ( ,hon\r4 to ! ,legion ( ,hon\r4 ,grand,croix444444444 #c #hj ,grand,officier44444 #c #afj ,comm&eur44444444 #d #djj ,(fici]4444444444 #ag #b1jjj ,*evali]444444444 #dj ,n limit$4 ,numb] ( ,memb]s ( ! ,in/itute ,total ,numb] decorat$ ) ( ! ,ord] ( ,/4 ,mi*el4 t ,ord]4 ,gr& ,croix4444444 #b #ajj ,*evali]444444444 #bg ,among/ ! memb]s ( ! ,in/itute !re are1-- ,dukes4444444444444444444 #b ,m>quis44444444444444444 #a ,c\nts444444444444444444 #d ,visc\nts4444444444444444 #b ,b>ons444444444444444444 #ad --#bc ,( ^! !re are ,pe]s ( ,france4444444444 #e ,we might1 on turn+ ov] ! li/ ( ! #fhe memb]s ( ! ,royal ,society1 f9d a great] numb] ( pe]s ?an !re are 9 ! ,in/itute ( ,france2 b a fair] mode ( in/itut+ ! comp>ison1 is to inquire h[ _m titl$ memb]s !re are among/ ^? :o h contribut$ to its ,transactions4 ,9 #ahbg1 !re 7 "o hundr$ & n9e memb]s :o _h contribut$ to ! ,transactions ( ! ,royal ,society2 among/ ^! 7 f\nd3-- ,pe]444444444444444444444444 #a ,b>onets44444444444444444444 #e ,knights444444444444444444444 #e ,x %\ld be obs]v$1 t five ( ^! titles 7 ! rew>ds ( memb]s ( ! m$ical pr(ession1 & "o only1 t ( ,sir ,h4 ,davy1 c\ld be attribut$ exclusively to sci5ce4 ,x mu/ n be inf]r$ t ! titles ( nobility 9 ! ,fr5* li/1 7 all ( !m ! rew>ds ( sci5tific em95ce2 _m are kn[n to h be5 su*2 b x w\ld be q suffici5t = ! argum5t to m5tion ! names ( ,lagrange1 ,laplace1 ,b]?ollet1 & ,*aptal4 ,! e/imation 9 :i* ! public hold lit]>y claims 9 ,france & ,engl&1 0 curi\sly illu/rat$ by an incid5tal expression 9 ! translation ( ! debates 9 ! ,h\se ( ,lords1 on ! occasion ( ,8 ,maje/y's spee* at ! comm5cem5t ( ! session ( #ahcj4 ,! ,gazette de ,france /at$1 t ! address 0 mov$ by ! ,duc de ,buccleugh1 ,,*ef ,,de ,,la ,,maison ,,de ,,walt] ,,scott4 ,_h an ,engli% editor wi%$ to p>ticul>ize t nobleman1 he w\ld und\bt$ly h employ$ ! t]m ,,weal?y1 or "s o!r ( ! epi!ts *>act]i/ic ( t quality mo/ e/eem$ among/ 8 c\ntrym54 ,if we turn1 on ! o!r h&1 to ! emolum5ts ( sci5ce 9 ,france1 we %all f9d !m f> exce$ ^? 9 our own c\ntry4 ,i regret mu* t ,i h mislaid a mo/ int]e/+ memor&um on ?is subject1 :i* ,i made sev]al ye>s s9ce3 b ,i believe my memory on ! po9t w n be f\nd widely incorrect4 ,a =eign g5tleman1 himself possess+ no inconsid]able acqua9tance ) sci5ce1 call$ on me a few ye>s s9ce1 to pres5t a lett] ( introduction4 ,he _h be5 b a %ort "t 9 ,london2 &1 9 ! c\rse ( our conv]sation1 x appe>$ to me t he _h imbib$ v inaccurate ideas respect+ our enc\ragem5t ( sci5ce4 ,?9k+ ?is a good opportunity ( in/itut+ a fair comp>ison betwe5 ! emolum5ts ( sci5ce 9 ! two c\ntries1 ,i plac$ a %eet ( pap] be=e him1 & reque/$ him to write d[n ! names ( six ,engli%m51 9 8 op9ion1 be/ kn[n 9 ,france = _! sci5tific reputation4 ,tak+ ano!r %eet ( pap]1 ,i wrote ^u x ! names ( six ,fr5*m51 be/ kn[n 9 ,engl& = _! sci5tific discov]ies4 ,we ex*ang$ ^! li/s1 & ,i !n reque/$ him to place aga9/ ea* "n 7z f> z he knew7 ! annual income ( ! diff]5t appo9tm5ts held by t p]son4 ,9 ! mean "t1 ,i p]=m$ ! same op]ation on 8 li/1 aga9/ "s names ( :i* ,i 0 oblig$ to place a ,,z]o4 ,! result ( ! comp>ison 0 an av]age ( ne>ly #abjj,l4 p] annum = ! six ,fr5* ,,savans :om ,i _h nam$4 ,( ! av]age am\nt ( ! sums receiv$ by ! ,engli%1 ,i only rememb] t x 0 v mu* small]4 ,:5 we consid] :at a comm& ov] ! necess>ies & luxuries ( life #abjj,l4 w give 9 ,france1 x is und]rat+ x to say x is equal to #bjjj,l4 9 ?is c\ntry4 ,let u n[ look at ! prospects ( a "y man at 8 entrance into life1 :o1 impell$ by an almo/ irresi/ible desire to devote himself to ! ab/rus] sci5ces1 or :o1 confid5t 9 ! en]gy ( y\?ful p[]1 feels t ! c>e] ( sci5ce is t 9 :i* 8 m5tal faculties are mo/ fitt$ to a*ieve ! reputation = :i* he pants4 ,:at are 8 prospects8 ,c ev5 ! gl[+ p5cil ( en?usiasm add col\r to ! blank be=e him8 ,!re are no situations 9 ! /ate2 !re is no position 9 society to :i* hope c po9t1 to *e] him 9 8 labori\s pa?4 ,if1 inde$1 he belong to "o ( our univ]sities1 !re are "s few *airs 9 8 ,,own ,alma ,mat] to :i* he may at "s di/ant day pret5d2 b ^! are n num]\s2 & :il/ ! sal>ies atta*$ are seldom suffici5t = ! sole support ( ! individual1 !y are v r>ely en\gh = t ( a family4 ,:at !n c he reply to ! entreaties ( 8 fri5ds1 to betake himself to "s bus9ess 9 :i* p]haps !y h p[] to assi/ him1 or to *oose "s pr(ession 9 :i* 8 tal5ts may produce = him _! fair rew>d8 ,if he h no =tune1 ! *oice is tak5 away3 he ,,mu/ give up t l9e ( life 9 :i* 8 habits ( ?\ght & 8 ambition qualify him to succe$ em95tly1 & he ,,mu/ *oose ! b>1 or "s o!r pr(ession1 9 :i*1 among/ s _m competitors1 9 spite ( 8 great tal5ts1 he c be b mod]ately successful4 ,! loss to him is great1 b to ! c\ntry x is great]4 ,we ?us1 by a de/ructive misapplication ( tal5t :i* our in/itutions create1 ex*ange a pr(\nd philosoph] = b a tol]able lawy]4 ,if1 on ! o!r h&1 he possess "s mod]ate =tune ( 8 own2 &1 int5t on ! glory ( an immortal "n1 yet n bl9dly ignorant ( ! /ate ( sci5ce 9 ?is c\ntry1 he resolve to make = t aspiration a sacrifice ! great]1 because he is fully aw>e ( its ext5t2--if1 s circum/anc$1 he give up a bus9ess or a pr(ession on :i* he might h ent]$ ) advantage1 ) ! hope t1 :5 he %all h won a /ation high 9 ! ranks ( ,european sci5ce1 he may a little augm5t 8 res\rces by "s ( ^? few employm5ts to :i* sci5ce leads2--if he hope to obta9 "s situation1 7at ! ,bo>d ( ,longitude1 = example17 ,?is body is n[ dissolv$ :]e he may be p]mitt$ to ex]cise ! tal5ts ( a philosoph] = ! paltry remun]ation ( a cl]k1 he w f9d t o!r qualifications ?an k & a love ( sci5ce are necess>y = its atta9m5t4 ,he w also f9d t ! high & indep5d5t _s1 :i* usually dwells 9 ! brea/ ( ^? :o are deeply v]s$ 9 ^! pursuits1 is ill adapt$ = su* appo9tm5ts2 & t ev5 if successful1 he mu/ he> _m ?+s he disapproves1 & raise no voice ,,aga9/ !m4 ,?us1 !n1 x appe>s t sc>cely any man c be expect$ to pursue ab/ract sci5ce unless he possess a private =tune1 & unless he c resolve to give up all int5tion ( improv+ x4 ,yet1 h[ few ?us situat$ are likely to und]go ! lab\r ( ! acquisition2 & if !y d f "s irresi/ible impulse1 :at inducem5t is !re = !m to deviate "o /ep f ^? inquiries 9 :i* !y f9d ! greate/ delight1 into ^? :i* might be m imm$iately useful to ! public8 ,,*apt] ,,iii4 ,,g5]al ,,/ate ,,( ,,le>n$ ,,societies ,,9 ,,engl&4 ,! progress ( k conv9c$ ! _w t ! sy/em ( ! division ( lab\r & ( coop]ation 0 z applicable to sci5ce1 z x _h be5 f\nd available = ! improvem5t ( manufactures4 ,! want ( competition 9 sci5ce produc$ effects simil> to ^? :i* ! same cause gives bir? to 9 ! arts4 ,! cultivators ( botany 7 ! fir/ to feel t ! range ( k embrac$ by ! ,royal ,society 0 too compreh5sive to admit ( suffici5t att5tion to _! fav\rite subject1 & !y e/abli%$ ! ,l9nean ,society4 ,aft] _m ye>s1 a new sci5ce arose1 & ! ,geological ,society 0 produc$4 ,at an ano!r & m rec5t epo*1 ! fri5ds ( a/ronomy1 urg$ by ! wants ( _! sci5ce1 unit$ to e/abli% ! ,a/ronomical ,society4 ,ea* ( ^! bodies f\nd1 t ! att5tion devot$ to _! sci5ce by ! p>5t e/abli%m5t 0 insuffici5t = _! wants1 & ea* 9 succession exp]i5c$ f ! ,royal ,society ! mo/ det]m9$ opposition4 ,in/itut$ by ! mo/ enlight5$ philosoph]s1 solely = ! promotion ( ! natural sci5ces1 t le>n$ body ju/ly conceiv$ t no?+ c\ld be m likely to r5d] ^! "y in/itutions p]man5tly successful1 ?an disc\ragem5t & opposition at _! comm5cem5t4 ,f9d+ _! fir/ attempts s em95tly successful1 !y r$\bl$ ! sev]ity ( _! p]secution1 & ! result 0 comm5surate ) _! ex]tions1 & surpass$ ev5 _! wilde/ anticipations4 ,! ,a/ronomical ,society became 9 six ye>s kn[n & respect$ ?r\gh\t ,europe1 n f ! halo ( reputation :i* ! glory ( its vig\r\s y\? _h ?r[n ar\nd ! weakness ( its decl9+ ye>s2 b f ! /]l+ m]it ( its unpret5d+ de$s1 f ! sympa?y x claim$ & receiv$ f e practical a/ronom]1 ^: lab\rs x reliev$1 & ^: calculations x light5$4 ,b ! sy/em :i* work$ s well is n[ *ang$1 & ! ,zoological & ,m$ico-,botanical ,societies 7 e/abli%$ )\t opposition3 p]haps1 inde$1 ! total failure ( ! latt] society is ! be/ pro( ( ! wisdom :i* guid$ ! c\ncils ( ! ,royal4 ,at pres5t1 ! v>i\s societies exi/ ) no feel+s ( rivalry or ho/ility1 ea* pursu+ its sep>ate objects1 & all unit+ 9 deplor+ ) filial regret1 ! second *ildhood ( _! common p>5t1 & ! evil c\ncils by :i* t sad ev5t has be5 anticipat$4 ,x is ! cu/om to atta* c]ta9 lett]s to ! names ( ^? :o belong to diff]5t societies1 & ^! m>ks ( own]%ip are by _m consid]$ ! only valuable "p ( _! pur*ase on entry4 ,! foll[+ is a li/ ( "s ( ^! societies4 ,! second column gives ! ready-money prices ( ! tail-pieces indicat$ 9 ! ?ird4 ,,societies4 ,fees on ,admission ,app5d$ includ+ ,composition ,lett]s = ,annual ,paym5ts4 ,l4 s4 d4 ,royal ,society4444444444444 #ej #j #j ,f4,r4,s4 ,royal ,society ( ,ed9burgh4 #be #d #j99 ,f4,r4,s4,e4 ,royal ,academy ( ,dubl9444 #bf #e #j ,m4,r4,i4,a4 ,royal ,society ( ,lit]ature #cf #ae #j ,f4,r4,s4,lit4 ,antiqu>ian444444444444444 #ej #h #j ,f4,a4,s4 ,l9nean4444444444444444444 #cf #j #j ,f4,l4,s4 ,geological4444444444444444 #cd #ae #j ,f4,g4,s4 ,a/ronomical44444444444444 #be #d #j ,m4,a4,s4 ,zoological4444444444444444 #bf #e #j ,f4,z4,s4 ,royal ,in/itution444444444 #ej #j #j ,m4,r4,i4 ,royal ,asiatic44444444444444 #ca #aj #j ,f4,r4,a4,s4 ,horticultural4444444444444 #dc #f #j ,f4,h4,s4 ,m$ico-,botanical4444444444 #ba #j #j ,f4,m4,b4,s4 99 ,! ,royal ,society ( ,ed9burgh n[ requires1 = composition 9 lieu ( annual contributions1 a sum dep5d5t on ! value ( ! life ( ! memb]4 ,?us1 ^? :o are ambiti\s ( sci5tific di/9ction1 may1 accord+ to _! fancy1 r5d] _! "n a k9d ( comet1 c>ry+ ) x a tail ( upw>ds ( =ty lett]s1 at ! av]age co/ ( #aj,l4 #is4 #i;d4 p] lett]4 ,p]haps ! read] w rem>k1 t sci5ce _c be decl9+ 9 a c\ntry :i* supports s _m in/itutions = its cultivation4 ,x is inde$ cr$itable to u1 t ! great] "p ( ^! societies are ma9ta9$ by ! volunt>y contributions ( _! memb]s4 ,b1 unless ! inquiries :i* h rec5tly tak5 place 9 "s ( !m %\ld rectify ! ,,sy/em ,,( ,,managem5t by :i* sev]al h be5 oppress$1 x is n difficult to pr$ict t _! duration w be %ort4 ,full ,,publicity1 ,,pr9t$ ,,/atem5ts ,,( ,,acc\nts1 & occasional ,,discussions & inquiries at ,,g5]al ,,meet+s1 are ! only safegu>ds2 & a due degree ( ,,vigilance %\ld be ex]cis$ on ^? :o ,,disc\rage ^! pr9ciples4 ,( ! ,royal ,society1 ,i %all speak 9 a succe$+ page2 & ,i regret to add1 t ,i might h said m4 ,my object is to am5d x2 b1 l all deeply-root$ compla9ts1 ! op]ation :i* alone c contribute to its cure1 is necess>ily pa9ful4 ,_h ! words ( remon/rance or repro( f\nd utt]ance ?r\gh o!r *annels1 ,i _h gladly be5 sil5t1 cont5t to support by my vote ! reason+s ( ! fri5d ( sci5ce & ( ! ,society4 ,b ?is has n be5 ! case1 & aft] fru/rat$ ef=ts to introduce improvem5ts1 ,i %all n[ endeav\r1 by ! =ce ( pla91 b p]haps pa9ful tru?s1 to direct public op9ion 9 call+ = su* a re=m1 z %all rescue ! ,royal ,society f contempt 9 our own c\ntry1 f ridicule 9 o!rs4 ,on ! next five societies 9 ! li/1 ,i %all (f] no rem>ks4 ,( ! ,geological1 ,i %all say a few words4 ,x possesses all ! fre%ness1 ! vig\r1 & ! ard\r ( y\? 9 ! pursuit ( a y\?ful sci5ce1 & has succe$$ 9 a mo/ difficult exp]im5t1 t ( hav+ an oral discussion on ! subject ( ea* pap] read at its meet+s4 ,to say ( ^! discussions1 t !y are v ent]ta9+1 is ! lea/ "p ( ! praise :i* is due to !m4 ,!y are g5]ally v in/ructive1 & sometimes br+ toge!r isolat$ facts 9 ! sci5ce :i*1 ?\gh insignificant :5 sep>ate1 mutually illu/rate ea* o!r1 & ultimately lead to important conclusions4 ,! cont9uance ( ^! discussions evid5tly dep5ds on ! ta/e1 ! temp]1 & ! good s5se ( ! speak]s4 ,! ?+s to be avoid$ are *iefly v]bal criticisms--praise ( ea* o!r beyond its reasonable limits1 & conte/ = victory4 ,?is latt] is1 p]haps1 ! mo/ important ( ! ?ree1 bo? = ! int]e/s ( ! ,society & ( tru?4 ,) reg>d to ! publi%$ volumes ( _! ,transactions1 x may be rem>k$1 t if memb]s 7 9 ! habit ( communicat+ _! pap]s to ! ,society 9 a m f9i%$ /ate1 x w\ld be att5d$ ) sev]al advantages2 among/ o!rs1 ) t ( light5+ ! heavy duties ( ! (fic]s1 :i* are p]haps m labori\s 9 ?is ,society ?an 9 mo/ o!rs4 ,to c\rt publicity 9 _! acc\nts & proce$+s1 & to endeav\r to repres5t all ! feel+s ( ! ,society 9 ! ,c\ncil1 & to avoid p]man5t ,presid5ts1 is a recomm5dation n peculi>ly address$ to ?is ,society1 b w\ld contribute to ! well-be+ ( all4 ,( ! ,a/ronomical ,society1 :i*1 f ! nature ( its pursuits1 c\ld sc>cely admit ( ! discussions simil> to ^? ( ! ,geological1 ,i %all m]ely obs]ve1 t ,i "k ( no secret :i* has caus$ its great success1 unless x be att5tion to ! maxims :i* h j be5 /at$4 ,on ! ,zoological ,society1 :i* af=ds mu* rational amusem5t to ! public1 a few h9ts may at pres5t suffice4 ,! l>g5ess ( its income is a frightful consid]ation4 ,x is too tempt+ z ! subject = jobs1 & x is too fluctuat+ & unc]ta9 9 its am\nt1 n to r5d] emb>rassm5t 9 ! affairs ( ! ,society a circum/ance likely to occur1 )\t ! greate/ circumspection4 ,x is mo/ probable1 f ! v rec5t =mation ( ?is ,in/itution1 t its ,(fic]s & ,c\ncil are at pres5t all t its be/ fri5ds c\ld wi%2 b x is /ill "r to m5tion1 t 9 su* a ,society1 x is ess5tially necess>y to h m5 ( bus9ess on ! ,c\ncil1 z well z p]sons possess+ ext5sive k ( its pursuits4 ,x is m dang]\s 9 su* a ,society ?an 9 any o!r1 to pay complim5ts1 by plac+ g5tlem5 on ! ,c\ncil :o h n ! qualifications :i* are requisite2 a frequ5t *ange 9 ! memb]s ( ! ,c\ncil is desirable1 9 ord] to f9d out :o are ! mo/ regul> att5dants1 & mo/ qualifi$ to conduct its bus9ess4 ,publicity 9 its acc\nts & proce$+s is1 f ! magnitude ( its funds1 m ess5tial to ! ,zoological ?an to any o!r society2 & x is r a fe>ful om51 t a *eck 0 attempt$ to be giv5 to su* inquiries at ! la/ anniv]s>y meet+4 ,if x is to be a sci5tific body1 ! fri5ds ( sci5ce %\ld n = an in/ant tol]ate su* attempts4 ,x frequ5tly happ5s1 t g5tlem5 take an active "p 9 m ?an "o sci5tific society3 9 t case1 x may be useful to d]ive in/ruction z to _! m]its1 by obs]v+ ! success ( _! measures 9 o!r societies4 ,! ,asiatic ,society has1 among/ o!r b5efits1 caus$ _m valuable works to be translat$1 :i* c\ld n h o!rwise be5 publi%$4 ,! ,horticultural ,society has be5 ridd5 almo/ to dea?1 & is n[ r\s+ itself2 b its con/itution seems to h be5 some:at impair$4 ,!re are hopes ( its purgation1 & ultimate re/oration1 not)/&+ a debt ( #ai1jjj,l41 :i* ! ,committee ( ,inquiry h asc]ta9$ to exi/4 ,?is1 aft] all1 w n be )\t its advantage to sci5ce1 if x puts a /op to ,,h\se-,,li/s1 ,,nam$ ,,by ,,"o ,,or ,,two ,,p]sons1--to mak+ ,,complim5t>y c\ncillors1--& to audit+ ! acc\nts ,,)\t ,,exam9+ ,,e ,,item1 or to omitt+ ev5 t =m altoge!r4 ,! ,m$ico-,botanical ,society sudd5ly claim$ ! att5tion ( ! public2 its pret5sions 7 great--its assurance unb\nd$4 ,x spe$ily became di/+ui%$1 n by its publications or discov]ies1 b by ! numb] ( pr9ces x enroll$ 9 its li/4 ,x is ne$less n[ to expose ! ext5t ( its %ort-liv$ quack]y2 b ! evil de$s ( t in/itution w long rema9 9 ! impression !y h contribut$ to confirm ?r\gh\t ,europe1 ( ! "* ( our sci5tific e/abli%m5ts4 ,x w\ld be at once a judici\s & a dignifi$ c\rse1 if ^? lov]s ( sci5ce1 :o h be5 s griev\sly deceiv$ 9 ?is ,society1 7 to enrol ^u ! late/ page ( its hi/ory its highe/ claim to public approbation1 & by sign+ its dissolution1 (f] ! only atonem5t 9 _! p[] to ! insult$ sci5ce ( _! c\ntry4 ,z ) a s+ul> inv]sion ( pr9ciple1 ! society contriv$ to r5d] ,,expulsion99 ! highe/ ,,hon\r x c\ld conf]2 s x rema9s = x to exemplify1 9 suicide1 ! sublime/ virtue ( :i* x is capable4 99 ,!y expell$ f among/ !m a g5tleman1 ( :om x is b slight praise to say1 t he is ! fir/ & mo/ philosophical botani/ ( our own c\ntry1 & :o is admir$ abroad z he is respect$ at home4 ,! circum/ance :i* surpris$ ! _w 0 n 8 exit f1 b 8 previ\s entrance into t ,society4 ,,*apt] ,,iv4 ,,/ate ,,( ,,! ,,royal ,,society ,,9 ,,p>ticul>4 ,z ! v5]able fir/ p>5t ( ,engli%1 & ,i might p]haps say1 ( ,european sci5tific societies2 z a body 9 ! welf>e ( :i*1 9 ! op9ions ( _m1 ! int]e/s ( ,briti% sci5ce are mat]ially involv$1 ,i may be p]mitt$ to feel anxi\sly1 & to speak m 9 detail4 ,,section #a4 ,,mode ,,( ,,becom+ ,a ,,fell[ ,,( ,,! ,,royal ,,society4 ,i h no int5tion ( /at+ :at ought to be ! qualifications ( a ,fell[ ( ! ,royal ,society2 b1 = ye>s1 ! practical mode ( arriv+ at t hon\r1 has be5 z foll[s3-- ,a4 ,b4 gets any ?ree ,fell[s to sign a c]tificate1 /at+ t he 7,a4 ,b47 is desir\s ( becom+ a memb]1 & likely to be a useful & valuable "o4 ,?is is h&$ 9 to ! ,secret>y1 & susp5d$ 9 ! meet+-room4 ,at ! end ( t5 weeks1 if ,a4 ,b4 has ! good =tune to be p]fectly unkn[n by any lit]>y or sci5tific a*ievem5t1 h[ev] small1 he is q sure ( be+ elect$ z a matt] ( c\rse4 ,if1 on ! o!r h&1 he has un=tunately writt5 on any subject connect$ ) sci5ce1 or is suppos$ to be acqua9t$ ) any bran* ( x1 ! memb]s beg9 to inquire :at he has done to des]ve ! hon\r2 &1 unless he has p[]ful fri5ds1 he has a fair *ance ( be+ black-ball$4 ,i und]/& t c]tificates are n[ read at ! ,c\ncil1 previ\sly to _! be+ hung up 9 ! meet+-room2 b ,i am n aw>e t ?is has 9 ! slighte/ degree dim9i%$ _! numb]1 :i* 01 at ! "t ( writ+ ?is note1 ,,tw5ty-,,f\r4 ,9 f\rte5 ye>s' exp]i5ce1 ! few :om ,i h se5 reject$1 h all be5 kn[n p]sons2 b ev5 9 su* cases a hope rema9s2--p]sev]ance w d mu*1 & a g5tleman :o values s highly ! di/9ction ( admission to ! ,royal ,society1 may try aga92 & ev5 aft] be+ twice black-ball$1 if he w a ?ird "t condesc5d to express 8 desire to become a memb]1 he may p]haps succe$1 by ! aid ( a h>d canvass4 ,9 su* circum/ances1 ! odds are mu* 9 fav\r ( ! c&idate possess+ great sci5tific claims2 & ! only objection t c\ld !n reasonably be sugge/$1 w\ld arise f 8 e/imat+ r too highly a di/9ction :i* _h become insignificant f its unlimit$ ext5sion4 ,x %\ld be obs]v$1 t all memb]s contribute equally1 & t ! sum n[ requir$ is fifty p\nds4 ,x us$1 until lately1 to be t5 p\nds on entrance1 & f\r p\nds annually4 ,! am\nt ( ?is subscription is s l>ge1 t x is calculat$ to prev5t _m m5 ( real sci5ce f ent]+ ! ,society1 & is a v sev]e tax on ^? :o d s2 = v few inde$ ( ! cultivators ( sci5ce rank among/ ! weal?y classes4 ,sev]al times1 :il/ ,i h be5 consult+ books or pap]s at ,som]set ,h\se1 p]sons h call$ to ask ! ,assi/ant-secret>y ! mode ( becom+ a memb] ( ! ,royal ,society4 ,i %\ld conjecture1 f "s ( ^! applications1 t x is n v unusual = g5tlem5 9 ! c\ntry to ord] _! ag5ts 9 ,london to take measures = putt+ !m up at ! ,royal ,society4 ,,section #b4 ,,( ,,! ,,presid5cy ,,& ,,vice-,,presid5cies4 ,:y ,mr4 ,davies ,gilb]t became ,presid5t ( ! ,royal ,society ,i _c precisely say4 ,let him :o p5n$1 & ^? :o support$ ?is resolution solve ! enigma3 ,x 0 ,resolv$1 ,t x is ! op9ion ( ! ,c\ncil t ,davies ,gilb]t1 ,esq4 is by f> ! mo/ fit p]son to be propos$ to ! ,society at ! approa*+ anniv]s>y z ,presid5t1 & t he be recomm5d$ accord+ly4 ,to resolve t he 0 a ,,fit p]son might h be5 suffici5tly flatt]+3 to /ate t he 0 ! mo/ fit1 0 a little h>d ^u ! re/ ( ! ,society2 b to resolve t he 0 ,,by ,,f> ,,! ,,mo/ ,,fit 0 only consi/5t ) t /ra9 ( complim5t 9 :i* 8 support]s indulge1 & 0 a eulogy1 by no means unique 9 its k9d1 ,i believe1 ev5 at t v ,c\ncil4 ,t ,mr4 ,gilb]t is a mo/ amiable & k9d-he>t$ man w be in/antly admitt$ by all :o are1 9 ! lea/ degree1 acqua9t$ ) him3 t he is fit = ! *air ( ! ,royal ,society1 w be all[$ by few1 except ^? :o h committ$ !mselves to ! above-quot$ resolution4 ,possess$ ( k & ( =tune m ?an suffici5t = x1 he might h be5 ! re/or] ( its lu/re4 ,he might h call$ r\nd him1 at ! c\ncil bo>d1 ^? mo/ actively engag$ 9 ! pursuits ( sci5ce1 mo/ anxi\s = ! improvem5t ( ! ,royal ,society4 ,in/ead ( himself propos+ resolutions1 he might h be51 :at a *airman ought to be1 ! organ ( ! body ov] :i* he presides4 ,by ! firmness ( 8 own conduct he might h taught ! subord9ate (fic]s ( ! ,society ! duties ( _! /ation4 ,in/ead ( pay+ complim5ts to ,m9i/]s1 :o mu/ h smil$ at 8 simplicity1 he might h ma9ta9$ ! dignity ( 8 ,c\ncil by ! dignity ( k4 ,b he has *os5 a diff]5t pa?2 ) no motives ( int]e/ to allure1 or ( ambition to betray him1 in/ead ( mak+ himself respect$ z ! p[]ful *ief ( a unit$ republic1--t ( sci5ce1--he has grasp$ at despotic p[]1 & /&s ! feeble occupant ( its desolat$ k+dom1 trembl+ at ! =ce ( op9ions he might h direct$1 & refus$ ev5 ! patronage ( _! names by ^? ^: en]gies he might h comm&$4 ,mr4 ,gilb]t told ! ,society he accept$ ! situation = a ye>2 & ?is circum/ance caus$ a difficulty 9 f9d+ a ,treasur]3 an (fice :i* he _h long held1 & to :i* he wi%$ to return4 ,ano!r difficulty might h aris51 f ! fact ( ! late ,bo>d ( ,longitude compris+ among/ its ,memb]s ! ,,presid5t ( ! ,royal ,society1 & ?ree ( its ,fell[s1 appo9t$ by ! ,presid5t & ,c\ncil4 ,( c\rse1 :5 ,mr4 ,gilb]t accept$ ! high] situation1 he became1 ,,ex ,,(ficio1 a ,memb] ( ! ,bo>d ( ,longitude2 & a vacancy occurr$1 :i* ought to h be5 fill$ up by ! ,presid5t & ,c\ncil4 ,b :5 ?is subject 0 br\ght be=e !m1 9 defiance ( common s5se1 & ! pla9 mean+ ( ! act ( p>liam5t1 :i* _h enact$ t ! ,bo>d ( ,longitude %\ld h ! assi/ance ( f\r p]sons belong+ to ! ,royal ,society1 ,mr4 ,gilb]t refus$ to all[ x to be fill$ up1 on ! gr\nd t he %\ld n be ,presid5t next ye>1 & _h made no vacancy4 ,next ye> ,mr4 ,gilb]t wi%$ aga9 to be ,presid5t "o o!r ye>2 b ! ,bo>d ( ,longitude 0 dissolv$1 o!rwise we might h _h "s ,,locum ,,t55s to retire at ,mr4 ,gilb]t's pleasure4 ,^! circum/ances are 9 !mselves ( trifl+ importance1 b !y illu/rate ! "* ( ! proce$+s3 & x is n becom+ ! dignity ( sci5ce or ( ! ,society t its (fic]s %\ld be s circum/anc$ z to h an app>5t & direct int]e/ 9 support+ ! exi/+ ,presid5t1 9 ord] to reta9 _! own places2 & if su* a sy/em is once discov]$1 d\bt imm$iately arises z to ! frequ5cy ( su* arrangem5ts4 ,,section #c4 ,,( ,,! ,,secret>i%ips4 ,:e!r ! pres5t ,secret>ies are ! be/ qualifi$ to aid 9 re=m+ ! ,society1 is a "q ,i %all n discuss4 ,) reg>d to ! s5ior ,secret>y1 ! "t ( 8 hold+ (fice is p]haps m un=tunate ?an ! circum/ance4 ,if ,i might be p]mitt$ to allude = a mom5t to 8 p]sonal "*1 ,i %\ld say t ! mild excell5cies ( 8 he>t h prev5t$ ! ,royal ,society f d]iv+ ! :ole ( t advantage f 8 v>i$ k & lib]al s5tim5ts :i* "s might p]haps h anticipat$2 & _m w agree ) me 9 regrett+ t 8 judgm5t has n direct$ a l>g] portion ( ! pa/ de$s ( ! ,c\ncils ( ! ,royal ,society4 ,( ! junior ,secret>y ,i %all only obs]ve1 t :il/ ,i admit 8 indu/ry1 8 p]sev]ance1 & 8 tal5ts1 ,i regret to see su* valuable qualities ex]t$ at a disadvantage1 & t ,i s9c]ely wi% !m all ! success !y m]it 9 situations m adapt$ = _! developem5t4 ,!re are1 h[ev]1 "s g5]al pr9ciples :i* x may be important to inve/igate1 :i* relate to ! future z well z to ! pa/ /ate ( ! (fice ( ,secret>y ( ! ,royal ,society4 ,inconv5i5ce has already aris5 f hav+ _h at a =m] p]iod "o ( our ,secret>ies ! conductor ( a sci5tific j\rnal2 & ?is is "o ( ! po9ts 9 :i* ,i c agree ) ^? :o n[ manage ! affairs ( ! ,society4 ,^! obs]vations 7 writt5 previ\s to ! late appo9tm5t1 to :i* ,i n[ devote ,section #f4 ,exp]i5ce seems to be lo/ on ! ,c\ncil ( ! ,royal ,society4 ,p]haps x might be advantage\s to ext5d ! same und]/&+ to ! o!r (fic]s ( ! ,society at lea/1 if n to ! memb]s ( its ,c\ncil4 ,ano!r circum/ance wor?y ( ! att5tion ( ! ,society is1 to consid] :e!r x is desirable1 except 9 special cases1 to h milit>y p]sons appo9t$ to any ( its (fices4 ,!re are sev]al peculi>ities 9 ! milit>y "*1 :i*1 ?\gh !y d n absolutely unfit _! possessors = ! individual prosecution ( sci5ce1 may 9 "s degree disqualify su* p]sons f hold+ (fices 9 sci5tific in/itutions4 ,! habits bo? ( ob$i5ce & comm&1 :i* are ess5tial 9 milit>y life1 are little fitt$ = t p]fect fre$om :i* %\ld reign 9 ! c\ncils ( sci5ce4 ,if a milit>y *ief commit an ov]sight or an error1 x is necess>y1 9 ord] to reta9 ! confid5ce ( ^? he comm&s1 to conceal or mask x z mu* z possible4 ,if an exp]im5tali/ make a mi/ake1 8 only c\rse to w9 ! confid5ce ( 8 fell[-lab\r]s 9 sci5ce1 & to r5d] 8 future obs]vations ( any use1 is to ackn[l$ge x 9 ! mo/ full & explicit mann]4 ,! v qualifications :i* contribute to ! pr(essional excell5ce ( ! soldi]1 con/itute 8 defects :5 he ent]s ! pa?s ( sci5ce2 & x is only 9 ^? r>e cases :]e ! =ce ( g5ius is able to control & surm\nt ^! habits1 t 8 admission to ! (fices ( sci5ce c be att5d$ ) any advantage to x4 ,ano!r objection des]v+ notice1 al?\gh n apply+ exclusively to ! milit>y pr(ession1 is1 t p]sons n imbu$ ) ! feel+s ( m5 ( sci5ce1 :5 !y h publi%$ _! obs]vations1 are too apt to view e criticism ^u !m z a p]sonal "q1 & to consid] t x is z (f5sive to d\bt ! accuracy ( _! obs]vations z x is to d\bt _! ^w4 ,no?+ c be m injuri\s to sci5ce ?an t su* an op9ion %\ld be tol]at$4 ,! mo/ unres]v$ criticism is necess>y = tru?2 & ^? suspicions respect+ 8 own accuracy1 :i* e philosophical exp]im5t] w ent]ta9 conc]n+ 8 own rese>*es1 ought nev] to be consid]$ z a reproa*1 :5 !y are kept 9 view 9 exam9+ ! exp]im5ts ( o!rs4 ,! m9ute circum/ances & app>5tly trivial causes :i* l5d _! influ5ce t[>ds error1 ev5 9 p]sons ( ! mo/ c&id judgm5t1 are among/ ! mo/ curi\s ph5om5a ( ! human m9d4 ,! importance ( af=d+ e aid to enable o!rs to try ! m]its ( obs]vations1 has be5 s well express$ by ,may]1 t ,i %all conclude ^! rem>ks ) an extract f ! ,preface to 8 ,obs]vations3 ,(ficii enim cujusque obs]vatoris ease reor1 de habitu in/rum5ti sui1 de cura ac precautione1 qua usus e/1 ad illud recte tract&um1 deque m$iis 9 errores ejus inquir5di rationem r$d]e publice1 ut aliis quoque copia sit judic&i1 quanta fides hab5da conclusionibus ex no/ris obs]vationibus d$uctis aut d$uc5dis4 ,hoc cum m9us feciss5t prec$5tis saeculi a/ronomi1 prax9 nimis secure1 nimisque !oretice tractantes1 factum inde potissimum e/1 ut illorum obs]vationes tot vigiliis tantoque labore comp>atae tam cito obsolev]9t4 ,p4 viii4 ,!re are c]ta9 duties :i* ! ,royal ,society owes to its own "* z well z to ! public1 :i*1 hav+ be5 on "s occasions app>5tly neglect$1 x may be "h ! prop] place to m5tion1 s9ce x is reasonable to suppose t att5tion to !m is )9 ! prov9ce ( its ,secret>ies4 ,! fir/ to :i* ,i %all allude is ! s+ul> circum/ances att5d+ ! fact ( ! ,royal ,society hav+ pr9t$ a volume ( ,a/ronomical ,obs]vations :i* 7 made at ! ,obs]vatory ( ,p>amatta 7,new ,s\? ,wales71 be>+ ! title ( ,! ,?ird ,"p ( ! ,philosophical ,transactions = ! ,ye> #ahbi4 ,n[ ?is ,obs]vatory 0 f\nd$ at ! private exp5se ( a ,briti% (fic]2 ! in/rum5ts 7 paid = out ( 8 purse2 two obs]v]s 7 br\ght f ,europe1 to be employ$ 9 mak+ use ( ^? in/rum5ts1 at sal>ies defray$ by him4 ,a consid]able portion ( ! obs]vations s pr9t$ 7 made by ^! a/ronom]s dur+ _! employm5t 9 8 s]vice1 & "s ( !m are p]sonally 8 own4 ,yet has ! ,royal ,society1 9 adopt+ !m z "p ( its ,transactions1 omitt$ all m5tion1 ei!r 9 _! title-page1 preface1 or 9 any "p ( ! volume1 ( ! ,,fact t ! _w ow$ ^! valuable obs]vations to ! enlight5$ munific5ce ( ,lieut5ant-,g5]al ,sir ,?omas ,brisbane2 ^: ard5t zeal 9 ! pursuit ( sci5ce induc$ him to f\nd1 at 8 own private exp5se1 an e/abli%m5t :i* x has be5 cr$itable to ! ,briti% ,gov]nm5t to cont9ue z a national in/itution4 ,_h any k9dr$ feel+s exi/$ 9 ! ,c\ncil1 in/ead ( endeav\r+ to %ift ! responsibility1 !y w\ld h ha/5$ to rectify an omission1 less unju/ to ! individual ?an x 0 injuri\s to ,engli% sci5ce4 ,ano!r topic1 :i* conc]ns mo/ vitally ! "* & integrity ( ! ,royal ,society1 ,i h>dly "k h[ to approa*4 ,x has be5 publicly /at$ t confid5ce _c be plac$ 9 ! writt5 m9utes ( ! ,society2 & an in/ance has be5 adduc$1 9 :i* an entry has be5 ass]t$ to h be5 made1 :i* c\ld n h be5 ! true /atem5t ( :at actually pass$ at ! ,c\ncil4 ,! facts on :i* ! specific in/ance re/s are n difficult to v]ify by memb]s ( ! ,royal ,society4 ,i h exam9$ !m1 & %all /ate !m be=e ,i ent] on ! reason+ :i* may be f\nd$ ^u !m4 ,9 ! m9utes ( ! ,c\ncil1 #bf? ,novemb]1 #ahbi1 we f9d-- ,resolv$1 t ! foll[+ g5tlem5 be recomm5d$ to be put ^u ! ,c\ncil = ! ensu+ ye>4 ,"h foll[s a li/ ( p]sons1 among/ :om ! "n ( ,sir ,john ,frankl9 occurs ,sir ,john ,frankl9 0 abs5t f ,london1 & altoge!r unacqua9t$ ) ?is transaction1 until he saw x /at$ 9 ! newspap]s "s mon?s aft] x _h tak5 place4 ,t 8 "n 0 ! "o sub/itut$ = t ( ,capta9 ,beau=t ,i "k1 f o!r evid5ce :i* ne$ n be produc$ "h1 z ! omission ( ! latt] "n is ! *>ge t has be5 made41 & t ( ,capta9 ,beau=t is n f\nd4 ,any g5tleman may satisfy himself t ?is is n a mi/ake ( ! ,assi/ant ,secret>y's1 9 copy+1 by consult+ ! r\gh m9utes ( t meet+ ( ! ,c\ncil1 :i* x might p]haps be z well to write 9 a r\gh m9ute-book1 in/ead ( ^u loose %eets ( pap]2 nor c x be attribut$ to any error aris+ f accid5tally mislay+ ! real m9utes1 = 9 t case ! error w\ld h be5 rectifi$ imm$iately x 0 detect$2 & ?is has rema9$ uncorrect$1 al?\gh publicly spok5 ( = mon?s4 ,z !re is no erasure 9 ! li/1 "o is reluctantly compell$ to conjecture t ! real m9utes ( t meet+ h be5 de/roy$4 ,n[ ?is c\ld n be ! li/ actually recomm5d$ by ! ,c\ncil on ! morn+ ( ! #bf? ( ,novemb]1 because ! ,presid5t himself1 on ! ev5+ ( t day1 in=m$ ,capt4 ,beau=t t he 0 plac$ on ! h\se li/2 & t (fic]1 ) ! *>act]i/ic op5ness ( 8 pr(ession1 wrote on ! next or ! foll[+ day to ! ,presid5t1 decl9+ t situation1 & /at+ 8 reasons = ! /ep4 ,^u ! fact1 !re=e1 ( ! suppression ( "p ( a resolution ( ! ,c\ncil1 on ! #bf? ( ,novemb]1 !re c be no d\bt2 b 9 ord] to und]/& ! :ole nature ( ! transaction1 o!r in=mation is necess>y4 ,x has be5 ! wi% ( _m memb]s ( ! ,society1 t ! ,presid5t %\ld n absolutely "n 8 own ,c\ncil1 b t ! subject %\ld be discuss$ fairly at ! meet+ previ\s to ! ,anniv]s>y--?is has always be5 oppos$ by ,mr4 ,gilb]t1 & ^? :o support him4 ,n[1 x has be5 /at$1 t1 at ! meet+ ( ! ,c\ncil on ! #bf? ( ,novemb]1 ! ,presid5t took out ( 8 pocket a bit ( pap]1 f :i* he read ! names ( sev]al p]sons z fit to be on ! ,c\ncil = ! ensu+ ye>2--t x 0 n und]/ood t any motion 0 made1 & x is c]ta9 t none 0 second$1 nor 0 any ballot tak5 on su* an important "q2 & x 0 a matt] ( consid]able surprise to "s ( ^? pres5t1 to discov] aft]w>ds t x 0 ent]$ on ! m9utes z a resolution4 ,?is /atem5t ,i h endeav\r$ to v]ify1 & ,i believe x to be sub/antially correct2 if x 0 a resolution1 x 0 dictat$1 n discuss$4 ,x is also important to obs]ve1 t no simil> resolution /&s on ! c\ncil-books = any previ\s ye>4 ,on exam9+ ! m9utes ( ! succe$+ ,c\ncil1 no notice ( ! lett] ( ,capta9 ,beau=t to ! ,presid5t is f\nd4 ,:y 0 x omitt$8 ,if ! fir/ entry _h be5 truly made1 !re w\ld h be5 no necessity = ! omission2 & aft] ! ins]tion ( t lett]1 a resolution w\ld naturally h foll[$1 recomm5d+ ano!r "n in/ead ( ! "o )drawn4 ,su* 0 ! natural & op5 c\rse2 b ?is w\ld h expos$ to ! ,society ! weakness ( ^? :o manage x4 ,if ! r\gh m9utes ( ea* meet+ ( ! ,c\ncil 7 read ov] be=e x sep>at$1 & 7 copi$ previ\sly to ! next meet+1 su* a sub/itution c\ld h>dly h occurr$2 b1 un=tunately1 ?is is n ! case1 & ! delay is 9 "s cases consid]able4 ,?us1 ! m9utes ( ! ?ree ,c\ncils1 held on ,febru>y #d1 on ,febru>y #aa1 & on ,m>* #aa1 7 n ent]$ on ! m9ute-books ( ! ,c\ncil on ,tuesday1 ! #af? ,m>*2 nor 0 ?is ! fault ( ! ,assi/ant-secret>y1 = up to t day ! r\gh m9utes ( no "o ( ^? ,c\ncils _h be5 transmitt$ to him4 ,deeply z e fri5d to ! ,royal ,society mu/ regret su* an occurr5ce1 "o slight advantage may accrue4 ,%\ld t resolution be ev] quot$ h]eaft] to prove t ! ,c\ncil ( #ahbi really discuss$ ! p]sons to be recomm5d$ z _! successors1 ! detection ( ?is suppression ( "o portion ( x1 w furni% bett] means ( e/imat+ ! confid5ce due to ! :ole4 ,,section #d4 ,,( ,,! ,,sci5tific ,,advis]s4 ,:e!r x 0 fe>$ by ! ,,p>ty :o gov]n ! ,royal ,society1 t its ,c\ncil w\ld n be suffici5tly tractable1 or :e!r ! ,admiralty det]m9$ to r5d] t body completely subs]vi5t to !m1 or :e!r bo? ^! motives concurr$1 ,i "k n2 b1 l[ z has be5 = ye>s its "* = indep5d5ce1 & fall5 z ! ,royal ,society is 9 public e/imation1 x c\ld sc>cely be prep>$ = ?is la/ insult4 ,9 ord] to in=m ! public & ! ,society1 7= ,i believe ! fact is kn[n to few ( ! memb]s17 x w be necess>y to trace ! hi/ory ( ^? circum/ances :i* l$ to ! in/itution ( ! (fices ( ,sci5tific ,advis]s1 f ! "t ( ! exi/5ce ( ! late ,bo>d ( ,longitude4 ,t body consi/$1 accord+ to ! act ( p>liam5t :i* e/abli%$ x1 ( c]ta9 (ficial memb]s1 :o usually possess$ no k ( ! subjects x 0 ! duty ( ! ,bo>d to discuss--( c]ta9 pr(essors ( ! two univ]sities1 & ! ,a/ronom] ,royal1 :o _h "s k1 & :o 7 paid #ajj,l4 a ye> = _! att5dance2--( ?ree honor>y memb]s ( ! ,royal ,society1 :o comb9$ ! qualifications ( ! two prec$+ classes2 &1 la/ly1 ( ?ree o!r p]sons1 nam$ ,resid5t ,commission]s1 :o 7 suppos$ to be ,,well ,,v]s$ ,,9 ,,! ,,sci5ces ,,( ,,ma!matics1 ,,a/ronomy1 ,,or ,,navigation1 & :o 7 paid a hundr$ a ye> to d ! "w ( ! ,bo>d4 ,! fir/ ?ree classes 7 p]man5t memb]s1 b ! ?ree o!r p]sons only held ! appo9tm5t = ,,"o ,,ye>1 & 7 r5ewable at ! pleasure ( ! ,admiralty4 ,?is ,bo>d 0 aboli%$ by ano!r act ( p>liam5t1 on ! gr\nd t x 0 useless4 ,%ortly aft]1 ! ,secret>y ( ! ,admiralty communicat$ to ! ,c\ncil ( ! ,royal ,society1 ! copy ( an ,ord] 9 ,c\ncil3 ,,admiralty ,,(fice1 ,novemb] #a1 #ahbh4 ,,sir1 ,i am comm&$ by my ,lords ,commission]s ( ! ,admiralty1 to s5d h]e)1 = ! in=mation ( ! ,presid5t & ,c\ncil ( ! ,royal ,society1 a copy ( ,8 ,maje/y's ,ord] 9 ,c\ncil ( ! #bg? ( la/ mon?2 expla9+ t ! sal>ies h]et(ore all[$ to ! ,resid5t ,commission]s ( ! ,bo>d ( ,longitude1 & to ! ,sup]9t5d5ts ( ! ,nautical ,almanac1 & ( ,*ronomet]s1 %all be cont9u$ to !m1 not)/&+ ! abolition ( ! ,bo>d ( ,longitude4 ,& ,i am to acqua9t y1 t ! necess>y ord]s h be5 giv5 to ! ,navy ,bo>d = ! paym5t ( ! said sal>ies4 ,i am1 ,sir1 ,y\r mo/ ob$i5t humble s]vant1 ,,john ,,b>r[4 ,,at ,,! ,,c\rt ,,at ,,w9dsor1 #bg? ,octob]1 #ahbh4 ,,pres5t1 ,! ,k+'s mo/ ,excell5t ,maje/y 9 ,c\ncil1 ,:]eas1 !re 0 ?is day read at ! ,bo>d a ,memorial f ! ,"r ,hon\rable ! ,lords ,commission]s ( ! ,admiralty1 dat$ #d? ( ?is in/ant1 9 ! words foll[+1 viz4-- ,:]eas1 by an ,act ( ! #eh? ( 8 late ,maje/y's reign1 cap4 #bj1 in/itut$ ,an ,act = ! m effectually discov]+ ! ,longitude at sea1 & enc\rag+ attempts to f9d a ,nor!rn passage betwe5 ! ,atlantic & ,pacific ,oceans1 & to approa* ! ,nor? ,pole1 ?ree p]sons well v]s$ 9 ! sci5ces ( ,ma!matics1 ,a/ronomy1 or ,navigation1 7 appo9t$ z a ,resid5t ,committee ( ! ,bo>d ( ,commission]s = discov]y ( ! ,longitude at sea1 & a ,sup]9t5d5t ( ! ,nautical ,almanac & ( ,*ronomet]s 0 also appo9t$1 ) su* sal>ies = ! execution ( ^? s]vices z 8 ,maje/y might1 by any ,ord] 9 ,c\ncil1 be pleas$ to direct2 &1 :]eas1 y\r ,maje/y 0 9 consequ5ce1 by y\r ,ord] 9 ,c\ncil ( ! #bg? ( ,may1 #ahbh1 mo/ graci\sly pleas$ to direct1 t ! ?ree said ,resid5t ,commission]s %\ld be paid at ! rate ( #ajj,l4 a ye> ea*2 & by y\r fur!r ,ord] 9 ,c\ncil1 ( ! #ca/ ,octob]1 #ahah1 t ! ,sup]9t5d5t ( ! ,nautical ,almanac %\ld be all[$ a sal>y ( #cjj,l41 & ! ,sup]9t5d5t ( ,*ronomet]s #ajj,l4 a ye>2 &1 :]eas1 ! act above m5tion$ has be5 repeal$1 & ! ,bo>d ( ,longitude aboli%$2 & d\bts h !re=e aris51 :e!r ! said ,ord]s 9 ,c\ncil %all /ill cont9ue 9 =ce2 & :]eas x is exp$i5t t ! said appo9tm5ts be cont9u$2 ,we beg leave mo/ humbly to submit to y\r ,maje/y1 t y\r ,maje/y may be graci\sly pleas$1 by y\r ,ord] 9 ,c\ncil1 to direct t ! said (fices ( ,sup]9t5d5t ( ! ,nautical ,almanac1 & ( ,sup]9t5d5t ( ,*ronomet]s2 & also ! ?ree p]sons be=e-m5tion$ z a ,resid5t ,committee1 to advise ) ! ,commission]s = execut+ ! ,(fice ( ,"l ,high ,admiral1 on all que/ions ( discov]ies1 inv5tions1 calculations1 & o!r sci5tific subjects1 be cont9u$1 ) ! same duties & sal>ies1 & "u ! same regulations z h]et(ore2 & fur!r beg mo/ humbly to propose1 t su* ?ree p]sons to =m ! ,resid5t ,committee1 be *os5 annually by ! ,commission]s = execut+ ! (fice ( ,"l ,high ,admiral1 f among ! ,c\ncil ( ! ,royal ,society4 ,8 ,maje/y1 hav+ tak5 ! said ,memorial into consid]ation1 0 pleas$1 by & ) ! advice ( 8 ,privy ,c\ncil1 to approve !re( & ! ,"r ,hon\rable ! ,lords ,commission]s ( ! ,admiralty are to give ! necess>y directions h]e9 accord+ly4 7,sign$7 ,,james ,,hill]4 ,?us1 x appe>$ t ! ,admiralty 7 to *oose ?ree p]sons f among ! ,c\ncil ( ! ,royal ,society1 :o 7 to h a hundr$ a ye> ea* dur+ ! pleasure ( ! ,admiralty4 ,su* an op5 attack on ! indep5d5ce ( ! ,c\ncil c\ld n escape ! rem>ks ( "s ( ! memb]s1 & a k9d ( mild remon/rance 0 made1 9 :i* ! real gr\nd ( compla9t 0 omitt$4 ,,m9ute ,,( ,,c\ncil ,,( ,,! ,,royal ,,society4 ,decemb] #ah1 #ahbc4 ,,resolv$1 ,t 9 ackn[l$g+ ! communication ( ! ,lords ,commission]s ( ! ,admiralty1 made to ! ,c\ncil ( ! ,royal ,society1 on ! #bj? ( ,novemb] la/1 x be repres5t$ to !m t inconv5i5ce may arise f ! plan !re9 specifi$1 f ! circum/ance ( all ! memb]s ( ! ,c\ncil be+ annually elect$ by ! ,society at l>ge2 & t body be+ consequ5tly subject to cont9ual *anges f ye> to ye>4 ,?is 0 answ]$ by ! foll[+ lett] f ! ,secret>y ( ! ,admiralty3 ,,admiralty ,,(fice1 ,,dec4 #cj1 #ahbh4 ,,sir1 ,hav+ submitt$ to my ,lords ,commission]s ( ! ,admiralty y\r ,lett] ( ! #ah? in/ant1 subjo9+ an extract f ! ,m9utes ( ! proce$+s ( ! ,c\ncil ( ! ,royal ,society1 aris+ out ( ! communication made to !m by _! ,lord%ips1 on ! subject ( 8 ,maje/y's ,ord] 9 ,c\ncil1 ( ! fif? ( ,octob] la/1 ,i h _! ,lord%ips' comm& to acqua9t y1 = ! in=mation ( ! ,presid5t & ,c\ncil1 & ) ref]5ce to :at !y h /at$ z to ! inconv5i5ce :i* may arise f ! int5d$ plan ( limit+ _! ,lord%ips' *oice ( memb]s ( ! ,resid5t ,committee ( ,sci5tific ,advice to ! ,c\ncil ( ! ,royal ,society1 t _! ,lord%ips 7 induc$ to recomm5d ?is plan to 8 ,maje/y z a m>k ( respect to ! ,society1 & z a pl$ge to ! public ( ! qualification ( ! p]sons *os54 ,nor did _! ,lord%ips appreh5d any inconv5i5ce f ! circum/ance /at$ 9 ! ,m9ute ( ! ,c\ncil1 ( ! ,memb]s be+ annually elect$1 z ! ,resid5t ,committee is also annually appo9t$2 &1 9 po9t ( fact1 no practical inconv5i5ce has be5 felt dur+ ! t5 ye>s t ! ,committee has be5 9 exi/5ce1 z f\r ( ! di/+ui%$ g5tlem5 :om _! ,lord%ips h successively appo9t$ to ?is (fice1 h cont9u$ dur+ ! :ole p]iod to be memb]s ( ! ,c\ncil2 & if any su* difficulty or inconv5i5ce %\ld h]eaft] arise1 _! ,lord%ips w be ready to take prop] measures = rem$y+ x4 ,_! ,lord%ips' int5tion !re=e is1 to propose to ,capta9 ,kat] & ,mr4 ,h]s*el1 to cont9ue to fill ?is (fice2 & to ,dr4 ,"y1 :o _h resign$ x1 on receiv+ ! appo9tm5t ( ,secret>y to ! late ,bo>d ( ,longitude1 to be appo9t$4 ,i am1 ,sir1 ,y\r ob$i5t s]vant1 ,,john ,,b>r[4 ,! repres5tation made by ! ,c\ncil 0 n calculat$ to produce mu* effect2 b ! ,secret>y ( ! ,admiralty1 :o knew well ! /uff ( :i* ,c\ncils ( ! ,royal ,society are compos$1 might h sp>$ ! bitt] irony ( mak+ _! ,lord%ips say1 t !y recomm5d$ ?is plan ,,z ,a ,,m>k ,,( ,,respect ,,to ,,! ,,society1 & ,,z ,a ,,pl$ge ,,to ,,! ,,public ,,( ,,! ,,qualifications ,,( ,,! ,,p]sons ,,*os51 :il/ he delicately h9ts to !m _! dep5d5t situation1 by obs]v+1 t ! ,,resid5t ,,committee ,,is ,,also ,,annually ,,appo9t$4 ,! ,secret>y knew t1 ,,practically speak+1 x _h be5 ! cu/om = ye>s = ! ,presid5t ( ! ,royal ,society to nom9ate ! ,c\ncil1 & consequ5tly he knew t e sci5tific advis] mu/ fir/ be indebt$ to ! ,presid5t = be+ qualifi$ to advise1 & !n to ! ,admiralty = d]iv+ pr(it f 8 c\nsel4 ,?us !n _! ,lord%ips1 z a ,,m>k ,,( ,,respect ,,= ,,! ,,society confirm ! dep5d5ce ( ! ,c\ncil on ! ,presid5t1 by mak+ 8 nom9ation a qualification = place1 & e/abli% a new dep5d5ce ( ! same ,c\ncil on !mselves1 by giv+ a hundr$ p\nds ea* ye> to su* ?ree memb]s ( t ,c\ncil z !y may select4 ,,! ,,pl$ge !y (f] ,,to ,,! ,,public1 ,,( ,,! ,,qualifications ,,( ,,! ,,p]sons ,,*os51 is1 t ,mr4 ,davies ,gilb]t _h previ\sly ?\ght !y w\ld d = 8 ,c\ncil4 ,:at ! ,society1 :5 !y are acqua9t$ ) x1 may ?9k ( ?is m>k ( respect1 or :at value ! public may put ^u ?is pl$ge1 mu/ be left to !mselves to express4 ,9 look+ ov] ! li/ ( (fic]s & ,c\ncil ( ! ,royal ,society ! weake/ p]haps 7= purposes ( sci5ce7 :i* 0 ev] made1 a consolation arises f ! possibility ( "s ( ^? :o 7 plac$ !re by way ( complim5t1 occasionally att5d+4 ,9 t contract$ field ,"l ,melville's p5etration may n be uselessly employ$2 & ! soldi] :o presides ov] our colonies may judge :e!r ! pr9ciples :i* p]vade x are op5 & lib]al z 8 own4 ,! inconv5i5ce to ! public s]vice f su* an arrangem5t is1 t ! numb] out ( :i* ! advis]s are select$ mu/1 9 any case1 be v small2 & may1 f sev]al circum/ances1 be consid]ably r$uc$4 ,9 a c\ncil fairly select$1 to judge ( ! m]its ( ! v>i\s subjects likely to be br\ght "u ! consid]ation ( ! ,society1 anatomy1 *emi/ry1 & ! diff]5t bran*es ( natural hi/ory1 w %>e ) ! num]\s dep>tm5ts ( physical sci5ce1 9 claim+ to be repres5t$ by p]sons compet5tly skill$ 9 ^? subjects4 ,^! claims be+ satisfi$1 b few places w be left to fill up ) ma!maticians1 a/ronom]s1 & p]sons conv]sant ) nautical a/ronomy4 ,let u look at ! pres5t ,c\ncil4 ,is !re a s+le ma!matician among/ !m1 if we except ,mr ,b>l[1 ^: des]v$ly high reputation re/s *iefly on 8 physical & exp]im5tal inquiries1 & :om ! ,presid5t & ! ,admiralty h cle>ly %[n !y d n look ^u z a ma!matician1 by n appo9t+ him an advis]8 ,small z ! numb] ( ^? p]sons on ! ,c\ncil1 :o are conv]sant ) ! ?ree subjects nam$ 9 ! ,act ( ,p>liam5t1 mu/ usually be1 x may be /ill fur!r dim9i%$4 ,! ,presid5t1 :5 he =ms 8 ,c\ncil1 may decl9e nam+ ^? memb]s :o are mo/ fit = su* situations4 ,or1 on ! o!r h&1 "s ( ^? memb]s :o are be/ qualifi$ = !m1 f _! k1 may decl9e ! hon\r ( be+ ! nom9ees ( ,mr4 ,gilb]t1 z ,vice ,presid5ts1 ,treasur]s1 or ,c\ncillors1 & ?us l5d+ _! names to support a sy/em ( :i* !y disapprove4 ,:e!r ! fir/ ( ^! causes has ev] op]at$ c be be/ expla9$ by ^? g5tlem5 :o h be5 on ! ,c\ncil4 ,! refusals are1 not)/&+ ! ,presid5t's taciturnity on ! subject1 bett] kn[n ?an he is will+ t !y %\ld be4 ,hav+ discuss$ ! g5]al policy ( ! measure1 ) ref]5ce bo? to ! ,society & to ! public1 & )\t ! slighte/ ref]5ce to ! individuals :o may h refus$ or accept$ ^? situations1 ,i %all n[ exam9e ! propriety ( ! appo9tm5ts t h be5 made4 ,d\btless ! g5tlem5 :o n[ hold ^? situations ei!r h nev] consid]$ ! influ5ce su* a mode ( selection w\ld h on ! "* ( ! ,c\ncil2 or1 hav+ consid]$ x1 !y mu/ h arriv$ at a diff]5t conclusion f m9e4 ,!re may1 h[ev]1 be argum5ts :i* ,i h ov]look$1 & a discussion ( !m mu/ ultimately lead to tru?3 b ,i confess t x appe>s to me ! objections :i* h be5 /at$ re/ on pr9ciples ( human nature1 too deeply seat$ to be easily remov$4 ,t ,i am n s+ul> 9 ! view ,i h tak5 ( ?is subject1 appe>s f sev]al circum/ances4 ,a "q 0 ask$ respect+ ^! appo9tm5ts at ! ,anniv]s>y be=e ! la/2 &1 f ! nature ( ! answ]1 _m ( ! memb]s ( ! ,society h be5 l$ to believe ! objections h be5 remov$4 ,sev]al ,fell[s ( ! ,society1 :o knew ^! facts1 ?\ght x inexp$i5t ev] to vote = plac+ any g5tleman on ! ,c\ncil :o _h accept$ ^! situations2 &1 hav+ myself ! same view ( ! case1 ,i appli$ to ! ,c\ncil to be in=m$ ( ! names ( ! pres5t ,sci5tific ,advis]s4 ,b al?\gh !y remon/rat$ aga9/ ! ,,pr9ciple1 !y repli$ t !y _h ,,no ,,cognizance ( ! fact4 ,! two fir/ memb]s ( ! ,c\ncil1 ,mr4 ,h]s*el & ,capta9 ,kat]1 :o 7 s appo9t$1 & :o _h previ\sly be5 ,resid5t ,commission]s "u ! ,act1 imm$iately refus$ ! situations4 ,dr4 ,"y became "o ( ! ,advis]s2 & ,capta9 ,sab9e & ,mr4 ,f>aday 7 appo9t$ by ! ,admiralty z ! two rema9+ ones4 ,( ,dr4 ,"y1 :o di$ %ortly aft]1 ,i %all only obs]ve t he possess$ k :i* qualifi$ him = ! situation4 ,:e!r ^? :o at pres5t fill ^! (fices c be said to belong to t class ( p]sons :i* ! ,ord] 9 ,c\ncil & ! ,act ( ,p>liam5t po9t out1 is a matt] on :i* d\bt may reasonably be ent]ta9$4 ,! ,ord] 9 ,c\ncil speaks ( ^! ?ree p]sons z be+ ! same1 & hav+ ! ,,same ,,duties z ^? m5tion$ 9 ! ,act2 & x recites ! words ( ! ,act1 t !y %all be p]sons ,,well ,,v]s$ ,,9 ,,! ,,sci5ces ,,( ,,ma!matics ,,a/ronomy1 ,,& ,,navigation4 ,( ! fitness ( ! g5tlem5 :o n[ hold ^? situations to pron\nce judgm5t on ma!matical que/ions1 ! public w be bett] able to =m an op9ion :5 !y %all h communicat$ to ! _w any ( _! own ma!matical inquiries4 ,al?\gh x is ! practice to consid] t acceptance ( (fice is alone necess>y to qualify a man = a /atesman1 a simil> doctr9e has n yet prevail$ 9 ! _w ( sci5ce4 ,"o ( ^! g5tlem51 :o has e/abli%$ 8 reputation z a *emi/1 /&s 9 ! same pr$icam5t ) respect to ! o!r two sci5ces4 ,x rema9s !n to consid] ,capta9 ,sab9e's claims1 :i* mu/ re/ on 8 skill 9 ,,practical ,,a/ronomy ,,& ,,navigation1--a claim :i* c only be all[$ :5 ! sci5tific _w are set at re/ respect+ ! extraord9>y nature ( ^? obs]vations conta9$ 9 8 "w on ! ,p5dulum4 ,t volume1 pr9t$ "u ! au?ority ( ! ,bo>d ( ,longitude1 excit$ at its appe>ance consid]able att5tion4 ,! circum/ance ( ! ,gov]nm5t provid+ in/rum5ts & means ( transport = ! purpose ( ^! inquiries1 plac$ at ,capta9 ,sab9e's disposal means sup]ior to ^? :i* amateurs c g5]ally af=d1 :il/ ! indu/ry ) :i* he avail$ himself ( ^! opportunities1 enabl$ him to br+ home multitudes ( obs]vations f situations r>ely visit$ ) su* in/rum5ts1 & = su* purposes4 ,! rem>kable agreem5t ) ea* o!r1 :i* 0 f\nd to exi/ among/ ea* class ( obs]vations1 0 z unexpect$ by ^? mo/ conv]sant ) ! respective processes1 z x 0 cr$itable to "o :o _h devot$ b a few ye>s to ! subject1 & :o1 9 ! c\rse ( ^? voyages1 us$ "s ( ! in/rum5ts = ! fir/ "t 9 8 life4 ,?is accordance among/ ! results 0 su*1 t naval (fic]s ( ! greate/ exp]i5ce1 confess$ !mselves unable to take su* lun>s2 :il/ o!r obs]v]s1 long v]s$ 9 ! use ( ! transit in/rum5t1 av[$ _! inability to take su* transits4 ,^? :o 7 conv]sant ) p5dulums1 7 at a loss h[ to make1 ev5 "u m fav\rable circum/ances1 simil>ly concordant obs]vations4 ,! same op9ion prevail$ on ! cont95t z well z 9 ,engl&4 ,on :atev] subject ,capta9 ,sab9e t\*$1 ! obs]vations he publi%$ seem$ by _! accuracy to leave =m] obs]v]s at a di/ance4 ,! me?ods ( us+ ! in/rum5ts sc>cely diff]$ 9 any important po9t f ^? be=e adopt$2 &1 b = a =tunate discov]y1 :i* ,i %all pres5tly relate1 ! _w mu/ h conclud$ t ,capta9 ,sab9e possess$ "s ke5ness ( vision1 or acut5ess ( t\*1 :i* x w\ld be hopeless = any to expect to rival4 ,! ,c\ncil ( ! ,royal ,society sp>$ no pa9s to /amp ! accuracy ( ^! obs]vations ) _! te/imony4 ,!y seem to h ?ru/ ,capta9 ,sab9e's "n p]petually on _! m9utes1 & 9 a mann] :i* mu/ h be5 almo/ di/ress+3 !y recomm5d him 9 a lett] to ! ,admiralty1 !n 9 ano!r to ! ,ordnance2 & sev]al ( ! same p]sons1 9 _! o!r capacity1 z memb]s ( ! ,bo>d ( ,longitude1 aft] vot+ him a ,,?\s& ,,p\nds = ^! obs]vations1 are said to h aga9 recomm5d$ him to ! ,ma/]-,g5]al ( ! ,ordnance4 ,t an (fic]1 comm5c+ 8 sci5tific c>e]1 %\ld be misl$ by su* praises1 0 bo? natural & p>donable2 b t ! ,c\ncil ( ! ,royal ,society %\ld adopt _! op9ion s he$lessly1 & ma9ta9 x s p]t9aci\sly1 0 z cruel to ! obs]v] z x 0 injuri\s to ! int]e/s ( sci5ce4 ,x might h be5 imag9$ t su* praises1 toge!r ) ! ,copley m$al1 pres5t$ to ,capta9 ,sab9e by ! ,royal ,society1 & ! m$al ( ,lal&e1 giv5 to him by ! ,in/itute ( ,france1 _h aris5 f su* a complete inve/igation ( 8 obs]vations1 z %\ld place !m beyond ! rea* ev5 ( criticism4 ,b1 alas6 ! ,royal ,society may write1 & nobody w att5d2 its m$als h lo/ _! lu/re2 & ev5 ! ,in/itute ( ,france may f9d t !irs _c conf] immortality4 ,t le>n$ body is 9 ! habit ( mak+ mo/ int]e/+ & pr(\nd reports on any memoirs communicat$ to x2 no?+ escapes ! p5etration ( _! committees appo9t$ = su* purposes4 ,surely1 :5 !y ent] on ! mu* m important subject ( ! aw>d ( a m$al1 unusual pa9s mu/ be tak5 ) ! previ\s report1 & x might1 p]haps1 be ( "s advantage to sci5ce1 & might furni% _! admir]s ) argum5ts 9 _! def5ce1 if !y w\ld publi% t on :i* ! decree ( _! ,lal&e's m$al to ,capta9 ,sab9e 0 f\nd$4 ,x is f> f necess>y to my pres5t object1 to /ate all t has be5 writt5 & said respect+ ^! p5dulum exp]im5ts3 ,i %all conf9e myself m]ely to two po9ts2 "o1 ! transit obs]vations1 ,i %all allude to1 because ,i may p]haps %[ ! k9d ( feel+ t exi/s respect+ !m1 & possibly enable ,capta9 ,sab9e to expla9 !m4 ,! o!r po9t1 ! error 9 ! e/imation ( ! division ( ! level1 ,i %all discuss1 because x is an admitt$ fact4 ,"s op9ion may be =m$ ( transit obs]vations1 by tak+ ! diff]5ce ( times ( ! passage ( any /> betwe5 ! sev]al wires2 suppos+ ! di/ances ( ^? wires equal1 ! int]vals ( "t occupi$ by ! /> 9 pass+ f "o to ! o!r1 ought to be precisely ! same4 ,z ^? times ( pass+ f "o wire to ano!r are usually giv5 to seconds & t5?s ( seconds1 x r>ely happ5s t ! accordance is p]fect4 ,! transit in/rum5t us$ by ,capta9 ,sab9e 0 ?irty in*es 9 l5g?1 & ! wires are /at$ to be equi-di/ant4 ,out ( ab\t #cgj transits1 !re are eighty-sev51 or ne>ly "o-f\r?1 :i* h ! int]vals betwe5 all ! wires agree+ to ! same1 ! t5? ( a second4 ,at ,si]ra ,leone1 n9ete5 out ( sev5ty-two h ! same accordance2 & ( ! moon culm9at+ />s1 p4 #dji1 twelve out ( tw5ty-f\r are equally exact4 ,) l>g] in/rum5ts1 & 9 great obs]vatories1 ?is is n always ! case4 ,capta9 ,kat] has giv51 9 ! ,philosophical ,transactions1 #ahai1 p4 #dbg1 a s]ies ( transits1 ) a ?ree & a half foot transit1 9 :i* ab\t "o-elev5? "p ( !m only h ?is degree ( accuracy2 & x %\ld be obs]v$ t n m]ely ! in/rum5t1 b ! />s select$1 h1 9 ?is in/ance1 an advantage ov] ,capta9 ,sab9e's4 ,! transit ( ,m4 ,bessel is five feet 9 l5g?1 made by ,frau5h(]1 & ! magnify+ p[] employ$ is #ahb2 yet1 out ( "s obs]vations ( 8 9 ,janu>y1 #ahbf1 only "o-elev5? h ?is degree ( accordance4 ,9 ?irty-?ree ( ! ,gre5wi* obs]vations ( ,janu>y1 #ahbh1 fifte5 h ?is agreem5t1 or five-elev5?s2 b ?is is ) a t5-feet transit4 ,n[ 9 none ( ^! in/ances d ! times agree )9 a t5? ( a second betwe5 all ! wires2 b ,i h acc\nt$ ^? z agree+ 9 all ! wires 9 :i* !re is n m ?an f\r-t5?s ( a second betwe5 ! greate/ & lea/4 ,?is sup]ior accuracy ( ! small in/rum5t requires "s explanation4 ,"o :i* has be5 sugge/$ is1 t ,capta9 ,sab9e employs a *ronomet] to obs]ve transits )2 & t s9ce x beats five times 9 two seconds1 ea* beat w give f\r-t5?s ( a second2 & ?is be+ ! smalle/ quantity regi/]$1 ! agreem5t becomes m probable ?an if t5?s 7 ! smalle/ quantities notic$4 ,9 g5]al1 ! l>g] ! l[e/ unity employ$ ! great] w be ! app>5t agreem5t among/ ! diff]5ces4 ,?us1 if1 9 ! transit ( />s ne> ! pole1 ! times ( pass+ ! wires 7 only regi/]$ to ! ne>e/ m9ute1 ! int]vals w\ld almo/ c]ta9ly be equal4 ,!re is ano!r circum/ance1 ab\t :i* !re is "s difficulty4 ,x is und]/ood t ! same in/rum5t1--! ?irty-in* transit1 0 employ$ by ,lieut5ant ,fo/]2 & x has n be5 /at$ t ! wires 7 *ang$1 al?\gh ?is has mo/ probably be5 ! case4 ,n[1 9 ! transits :i* ! lat] obs]v] has giv51 he has f\nd x necess>y to correct = a consid]able inequality betwe5 ! fir/ & second wires 7,see ,phil4 ,trans4 #ahbg74 ,if an errone\s impression has gone abroad on ?is subject1 x is do+ a s]vice to sci5ce to insure its correction1 by draw+ att5tion to x4 ,%\ld ^! obs]vations be confirm$ by o!r obs]v]s1 x w\ld seem to foll[ t ! use ( a *ronomet] r5d]s a transit m exact1 & !re=e t x ought to be us$ 9 obs]vatories4 ,among ! in/rum5ts employ$ by ,capta9 ,sab9e1 0 a repeat+ circle ( six in*es diamet]1 made by ord] ( ! ,bo>d ( ,longitude1 = ! express purpose ( asc]ta9+ h[ f> repeat+ in/rum5ts might be dim9i%$ 9 size3--a mo/ important subject1 on :i* ! ,bo>d seem to h ent]ta9$ a v comm5dable degree ( anxiety4 ,! foll[+ extract f ! ,p5dulum ,exp]im5ts is important3 ,! repeat+ circle 0 made by ! direction1 & at ! exp5se ( ! ,bo>d ( ,longitude1 = ! purpose ( exemplify+ ! pr9ciple ( repetition :5 appli$ to a circle ( s small a diamet] z six in*es1 c>ry+ a telescope ( sev5 in*es focal l5g?1 & "o in* ap]ture2 & ( practically asc]ta9+ ! degree ( accuracy :i* might be reta9$1 :il/ ! portability ( ! in/rum5t %\ld be increas$1 by a r$uction 9 ! size to half ! am\nt :i* _h be5 previ\sly reg>d$ by ! mo/ em95t arti/s z ! extreme limit ( dim9ution to :i* repeat+ circles1 design$ = a/ronomical purposes1 ought to be c>ri$4 ,! practical value ( ! six-in* repeat+ circle may be e/imat$1 by comp>+ ! diff]5ces ( ! p>tial results f ! mean at ea* /ation1 ) ! correspond5ce ( any simil> collection ( obs]vations made ) a circle1 on ! orig9al con/ruction1 & ( l>ge dim5sions2 su*1 = in/ance1 z ! latitudes ( ! /ations ( ! ,fr5* are1 record$ 9 ! ,base du ,sy/eme ,metrique3 :51 if due all[ance be made = ! ext5sive exp]i5ce & great skill ( ! di/+ui%$ p]sons :o conduct$ ! ,fr5* obs]vations1 ! comp>ison w sc>cely appe> to ! disadvantage ( ! small] circle1 ev5 if ext5d$ g5]ally ?r\gh all ! /ations ( ! pres5t volume2 b if x be p>ticul>ly direct$ to ,m>anham & ,spitzb]g51--at :i* /ations ! p>tial results 7 m num]\s ?an else:]e1 & obta9$ ) especial reg>d to e circum/ance by :i* _! accuracy might be affect$1 ! p]=mance ( ! six-in* circle w appe> fully equal to t ( circles ( ! l>g] dim5sion4 ,! comp>ison ) ! two /ations1 at :i* a m ?an usual att5tion 0 be/[$1 is ! m appropriate1 because x 0 ess5tial to ! purposes = :i* ! latitudes ( ! ,fr5* /ations 7 requir$1 t ! obs]vations %\ld always be conduct$ ) ! utmo/ possible reg>d to accuracy4 ,x w\ld appe>1 !re=e1 t 9 a repeat+ circle ( six in*es1 ! disadvantages ( a small] image enabl+ a less precise contact or bisection1 & ( an ar* ( less radius admitt+ ( a less m9ute subdivision1 may be comp5sat$ by ! pr9ciple ( repetition4 ,capta9 ,sab9e has po9t$ out ,m>anham & ,spitzb]g5 z places mo/ fav\rable to ! comp>ison4 ,let u take ! =m] ( ^! places1 & comp>e ! obs]vations made !re ) ! small repeat+ in/rum5t ( six in*es diamet]1 ) ^? made by ! ,fr5* a/ronom]s at ,=m5t]a1 ) a repeat+ circle ( =ty-"o c5ti-metres1 or ab\t sixte5 in*es 9 diamet]1 made by ,=t94 ,x is s+ul> t ?is in/rum5t 0 direct$1 by ! ,fr5* ,bo>d ( ,longitude1 to be made expressly = ?is survey1 & ! ,fr5* a/ronom]s paid p>ticul> att5tion to x1 f ! circum/ance ( "s d\bts hav+ be5 ent]ta9$ respect+ ! value ( ! pr9ciple ( repetition4 ,! foll[+ s]ies ( obs]vations 7 made ) ! two in/rum5ts4 ,i h *os5 ! inf]ior m]idian altitude ( ,pol>is1 m]ely because ! numb] ( sets ( obs]vations are r few]4 ,! diff]5ce betwe5 ! extremes ( ! altitude ( ,pol>is1 d$uc$ f sets tak5 above ! pole by ! same obs]v]s1 am\nts to sev5 seconds & a half4 ,latitude d$uc$ f ,pol>is1 ) a repeat+ circle1 #af in*es diamet]4--,,base ,,du ,,sy/eme ,,metrique1 tom4 iv4 p4 #cgf4 #ahjg4 ,numb] ( ,latitude ,names ( ,obs]v]s4 ,obs]vations4 ( ,=m5t]a4 deg4 m94 sec4 #fd #ch #ci #ee4c ,biot #ajj #ed4g ,arago #aj #ef4b ,biot #hh #ef4i ,biot #abj #ef4g ,arago #hd #ed4i ,biot #ajj #ef4e ,arago #ajb #eg4a ,arago #hj #ed4e ,biot #hh #ec4c ,arago #ij #ec4f ,arago #hh #ec4h ,arago #ib #ec4g ,arago #db #ee4f ,*aix #ij #ed4a ,*aix #hj #ec4i ,arago ,mean ( #acah ,obs]vations1 #ch;deg4 #cim94 #ed4icsec4 ,sets ( ,obs]vations made ) a six-in* repeat+ circle1 at ,m>anham4 ,/>4 ,numb] ( ,latitude ,obs]v]4 ,obs]vations4 d$uc$4 deg4 m94 sec4 alpha ,lyrae #h #b #ca #db4d ,capt4 ,sab9e alpha ,lyrae #ab #dc4h ,ditto alpha ,pavonis #aj #dd4e ,ditto alpha ,lyrae #ab #dd4f ,ditto alpha ,cygni #ab #db4a ,ditto alpha ,gruris #ab #db4b ,ditto ,mean latitude d$uc$ f #ff obs]vations #b;deg4 #cam9 #dc4csec4 ,9 comp>+ ^! results1 al?\gh ! ,fr5* obs]vations 7 m ?an tw5ty times z num]\s z ! ,engli%1 yet ! deviations ( ! individual sets f ! mean are great]4 ,"o second & ?ree-t5?s is ! greate/ deviation f ! mean ( ! ,m>anham obs]vations2 :il/ ! greate/ deviation ( ^? ( ,=m5t]a1 is two seconds & two-t5?s4 ,if ?is mode ( comp>ison %\ld be ?\ght unfair1 on acc\nt ( ! great] numb] ( ! sets 9 ! ,fr5* obs]vations1 let any six1 9 succession1 ( ^? sets be tak51 & comp>$ ) ! six ,engli% sets2 & x w be f\nd t 9 no "o in/ance is ! greate/ deviation f ! mean ( ! :ole ( ! obs]vations less ?an 9 ^? ( ,m>anham4 ,x mu/ also be borne 9 m9d1 t by ! latitude d$uc$ by ! mean ( #abej sup]ior culm9ations ( ,pol>is by ! same obs]v]s1 ! latitude ( ,=m5t]a 0 f\nd to be #ch;deg4 #cim9 #eg4jgsec41 a result diff]+ by #b4adsec4 f ! mean ( ! #acah inf]ior culm9ations giv5 above4 ,?is diff]5ce _c be acc\nt$ = by any diff]5ce 9 ! tables ( refraction1 z nei!r ! employm5t ( ^? ( ,bradley1 ( ,piazzi1 ( ! ,fr5*1 ( ,groombridge1 ( ,"y1 ( ,ivory1 ( ,bessel1 or ( ,c>l9i1 w\ld make a diff]5ce ( two-t5?s ( a second4 ,^! facts alone ought to h awak5$ ! att5tion ( ,capta9 ,sab9e1 & ( ^? :o exam9$ & (ficially pron\nc$ on ! m]its ( 8 obs]vations2 =1 suppos+ ! skill ( ! obs]v]s equal1 x seems a necess>y consequ5ce t ! p]=mance ( ! six-in* circle is n m]ely fully equal to t ( circles ( l>g] dim5sions1 b t x is decid$ly ,,sup]ior to "o ( sixte5 in*es 9 diamet]4 ,?is op9ion did inde$ ga9 gr\nd = a "t2 b1 =tunately = a/ronomy1 long aft] ^! obs]vations 7 made1 publi%$1 & rew>d$1 ,capta9 ,kat]1 hav+ borr[$ ! same in/rum5t1 discov]$ t ! divisions ( its level1 :i* ,capta9 ,sab9e _h consid]$ to be equal to "o second ea*1 71 9 fact1 m ne>ly equal to elev5 seconds1 ea* "o be+ #aj4isec4 ,?is circum/ance r5d]$ necess>y a recalculation ( all ! obs]vations made ) t in/rum5t3 a re-calculation :i* ,i am n aw>e ,capta9 ,sab9e has ev] ?\ght x necess>y to publi%4 ,above two hundr$ sets ( obs]vations ) ?is in/rum5t are giv5 9 ! "w allud$ to4 ,x c nev] be e/eem$ satisfactory m]ely to /ate ! mean results ( ! corrections aris+ f ?is error3 = ! confid5ce to be atta*$ to t mean w dep5d on ! nature ( ! deviations f x4 ,?is is ! m to be regrett$1 z x be>s ^u a po9t ( consid]able importance to navigation2 & if x %\ld h caus$ any alt]ation 9 8 op9ion z to ! comp>ative m]its ( great & small in/rum5ts1 x might h be5 expect$ f a g5tleman1 :o 0 expressly direct$ by ! ,bo>d ( ,longitude1 to try ! "q ) an in/rum5t con/ruct$ = t especial purpose4 ,f9d+ t ?is has n be5 done by ! p]son be/ qualifi$ = ! task1 p]haps a few rem>ks f "o :o has no pret5sions to famili>ity ) ! in/rum5t1 may t5d t[>ds elucidat+ ?is int]e/+ "q4 ,! foll[+ table gives ! latitudes z correct$ = ! error ( level3 ,/ation4 ,/> ,latitude ,latitude ,diffe- by ,capt4 correct$ = r5ce ,sab9e error ( level4 deg4m94sec4 deg4m94sec4 sec4 ,si]ra ,leone ,sirius #h #bi #bg4i #h #bi #cd4g #f4h ,asc5sion ,alph4,c5turi #g #ee #df4g #g #ee #dj4a #f4f ,bahia ,alph4,lyrae #ab #ei #ai4d #ab #ei #ba4d #b4j ,alph4,lyrae #ba4b #eh #di4h #ca4d ,alph4,pavonis #bb4d #ei #e4a #ag4c ,m>anham ,alph4,lyrae #b #ca #db4d #b #ca #bb #bj4d ,alph4,lyrae #dc4h #ca4h #ab4j ,alph4,pavonis #dd4e #dd 4#e ,alph4,lyrae #dd4f #db4f #b4j ,alph4,cygni #db4a #ci4b #b4i ,alph4,gruris #db4b #bg4d #ad4h ,tr9idad ,a*]n> #aj #ch #ef4a #aj #ch #eh4b #b4a ,alph4,gruris #eb4b #ej4h #a4d ,a*]n> #ei4c #ef4f #b4g ,jamaica ,pol>is #ag #ef #h4f #ag #ef #d4f #d4j #f4f #c4c #c4c ,new ,york ,sun #dj #db #dj4a #dj #db #dd4f #d4e ,pol>is #dh4i #ch4b #aj4g ,sun #da4d #dg4b #e4h ,beta ,urs4,m94 #db4c #eh4d #af4a ,hamm]fe/ ,sun #gj #dj #e4c #gj #dj #g4b #a4i ,spitzb]g5 ,sun #gi #di #ef4a #gi #di #eh4f #b4e ,sun #ee4i #dd4h #aa4a ,sun #eh4f #eb4g #e4i ,sun #ei4c #ea4f #g4g ,sun #ee4h #ea4f #d4b ,sun #ej #a4e #eg4j #d4e ,gre5l& ,sun #gd #cb #ai4i #gd #cb #cb4d #ab4d ,sun #ag4i #ah4g #j4h ,dron!im ,sun #fc #be #ea4c #fc #bf #f4a #ad4h ,alph4,urs4,m94 #eg4b #di4d #g4h ,?is pres5ts a v diff]5t view ( ! latitudes z det]m9$ by ! small repeat+ circle1 f t 9 ,capta9 ,sab9e's book2 & conf9+ ourselves /ill to ,m>anham1 :]e ! latitudes ,,7 ,,obta9$1 ,,) ,,especial ,,reg>d ,,to ,,e ,,circum/ance ,,by ,,:i* ,,_! ,,accuracy ,,might ,,be ,,affect$1 & :]e ,a ,,m ,,?an ,,usual ,,att5tion ,,0 ,,be/[$1 x appe>s1 t if we take ,capta9 ,sab9e's own te/1 namely1 ! diff]5ces ( ! p>tial results f ! mean at ea* /ation1 ! deviations become ne>ly t5 times z l>ge z !y 7 be=e2 a circum/ance :i* might be expect$ to h "s influ5ce 9 ! decision ( ! "q4 ,!re is1 h[ev]1 ano!r light 9 :i* x is impossible to avoid look+ at ?is s+ul> ov]sight4 ,! second column ( ! table ( latitudes mu/ n[ be consid]$ ! true "o1 z t :i* really result$ f ! obs]vations4 ,n[1 on exam9+ ! column ( true latitudes1 ! diff]5ces betwe5 ! diff]5t sets ( obs]vations is s consid]able z naturally to excite "s fe> ( lat5t error1 m especially z ne>ly ! greate/ discordance arises f ! same />1 ,alph4,lyrae1 obs]v$ aft] an int]val ( only ?ree days4 ,x becomes int]e/+ to e p]son engag$ 9 mak+ a/ronomical obs]vations1 to "k :at is ! probability ( 8 be+ expos$ to an error s little to be gu>d$ aga9/1 & s calculat$ to lull ! suspicions ( ! un=tunate a/ronom] to :om x may happ54 ,9 fact1 ! "q resolves itself into ?is3 ! true latitude ( a place be+ det]m9$ by sets ( obs]vations z 9 ! fir/ ( ! foll[+ columns-- ,latitudes z ,true latitudes obs]v$4 comput$ by a mi/ake ( ,capt4 ,sab9e's4 deg4m94sec4 deg4m94sec4 ,alph4,lyrae1 #bh? ,aug4444 #b #ca #bb4j #b #ca #db4d ,alph4,lyrae1 #bi? ,aug4444 #ca4h #dc4h ,alph4,pavonis1 #bi? ,aug444 #dd1j #dd4e ,alph4,lyrae1 #ca/ ,aug4444 #db4f #dd4f ,alph4,cygni1 #ca/ ,aug4444 #ci4b #db4j ,alph4,gruris1 #b;d ,sept4444 #bg4d #db4b :at are ! *ances t1 by "o error all ! latitudes 9 ! fir/ column %\ld be br\ght s ne>ly to an agreem5t z !y are 9 ! second column8 ,! circum/ance ( ! numb] ( divisions ( ! level be+ almo/ arbitr>y )9 limits1 might p]haps be alleg$ z dim9i%+ ?is extraord9>y improbability3 b let any "o consid]1 if he *oose ! error ( ea* set1 z indep5d5t ( ! o!rs1 /ill he w f9d ! odds aga9/ x enorm\s4 ,:5 x is consid]$ t an error1 almo/ arbitr>y 9 its law1 has ?us _h ! effect ( br++ discordant obs]vations into an almo/ unprec$5t$ accordance1 z at ,m>anham2 & n m]ely s1 b t at eight ( ! n9e /ations x has uni=mly t5d$ to dim9i% ! diff]5ces betwe5 ! p>tial results1 & t at ! n9? /ation x only increas$ x by a small fraction ( a second1 ,i _c help feel+ t x is m probable ev5 t ,capta9 ,kat]1 ) all 8 admitt$ skill1 & t ,capta9 ,sab9e himself1 %\ld h be5 bo? mi/ak5 9 _! measures ( ! divisions ( ! level1 ?an t s s+ul> an effect %\ld h be5 produc$ by "o error2 & ,i _c br+ myself to believe t su* an anticipation is entirely )\t f\ndation4 ,:atev] may be ! result ( a re-exam9ation1 x 0 a s+ul> ov]sight ,,n ,,to ,,measure ! divisions ( a level int5d$ to be us$ = det]m9+ s important a "q2 m p>ticul>ly z1 9 ! v "w to :i* ref]5ce 0 made by ,capta9 ,sab9e = ! purpose ( comp>+ ! obs]vations1 x 0 ! v fir/ circum/ance :i* occupi$ ! ,fr5* philosoph]s1 & sev]al pages ,see pages #bfe to #bge ( ! ,,recueil ,d',,obs]vations ,,geodesiques1 c4 ,,p> ,,mm4 ,,biot ,,et ,,arago1 :i* =ms ! f\r? volume ( ! ,,base ,,du ,,sy/eme ,,metrique4 are fill$ ) ! details relative to ! det]m9ation ( ! value ( ! divisions ( ! level4 ,x w\ld also h be5 satisfactory1 ) su* an important object 9 view1 to h read (f "s ( ! sets aft] ea* pair ( obs]vations1 9 ord] to see h[ f> ! sy/em ( repetition made ! results gradually conv]ge to a limit1 & 9 ord] to "k h[ _m repetitions 7 suffici5t4 ,su* a c\rse w\ld almo/ c]ta9ly h l$ to a k ( ! true value ( ! divisions ( ! level2 = ! diff]5ces 9 ! altitude ( ! same />1 aft] a few m9utes ( "t1 mu/1 9 _m in/ances1 h be5 f> too great to h aris5 f ! *ange ( its altitude3 & _h ^! be5 notic$1 !y mu/ h be5 ref]r$ to "s error 9 ! in/rum5t1 :i* c\ld sc>cely1 9 su* circum/ances1 h escap$ detection4 ,i h n[ m5tion$ a few ( ! difficulties :i* att5d ,capta9 ,sab9e's book on ! p5dulum1 difficulties :i* ,i am f> f say+ are inexplicable4 ,he w\ld be bold inde$ :o1 aft] s wond]ful an in/ance ( ! effect ( *ance z ,i h be5 j discuss+1 %\ld v5ture to pron\nce ano!r su* accid5t impossible2 b ,i ?9k en\gh has be5 said to %[1 t ! feel+ :i* s g5]ally prevails relative to x1 is nei!r capti\s nor unreasonable4 ,en\gh also has appe>$ to prove1 t ! conduct ( ! ,admiralty 9 appo9t+ t g5tleman "o ( _! sci5tific advis]s1 01 "u ! peculi> circum/ances1 at lea/1 unadvis$4 ,!y h ?us l5t1 z f> z !y c\ld1 ! weight ( _! au?ority to support obs]vations :i* are n[ f\nd to be errone\s4 ,!y h ?us held up = imitation obs]vations :i* may induce hundr$s ( m]itori\s (fic]s to ?r[ aside _! in/rum5ts1 9 ! despair ( ev] approa*+ a /&>d :i* is s9ce admitt$ to be imag9>y2 & !y h ratifi$ ! doctr9e1 = ,i am n aw>e _! (ficial advis] has ev] ev5 modifi$ x1 t dim9utive in/rum5ts are equal almo/ to ! l>ge/4 ,to :at ext5t ?is doctr9e is correct1 may p]haps yet admit ( d\bt4 ,x _c1 h[ev]1 admit ( a d\bt1 t x is unwise to cr[n x ) (ficial au?ority1 & ?us expose ! (fic]s ( _! s]vice to dep5d on means :i* may be q insuffici5t = _! purpose4 ,h[ ! ,bo>d ( ,longitude1 aft] ,,expressly ,,direct+ ,,?is ,,in/rum5t ,,to ,,be ,,made ,,& ,,tri$1 c\ld come to ! decision at :i* !y arriv$1 appe>s inexplicable4 ,! kn[n diff]5ce ( op9ion among/ ! be/ obs]v]s respect+ ! repeat+ pr9ciple1 ought to h r5d]$ !m peculi>ly cauti\s1 nor ought ! op9ion ( a ,tr\ghton1 t in/rum5ts ( less ?an "o foot 9 diamet] may be consid]$1 ,,= ,,a/ronomy1 ,,z ,,little ,,bett] ,,?an ,,play?+s1 ,memoirs ( ! ,a/ronomical ,society1 ,vol4,i4 p4#ec4 to h be5 reject$ )\t ! mo/ c>efully detail$ exp]im5ts4 ,!re 7 among/ t body1 p]sons :o mu/ h exam9$ m9utely ! "w on ! ,p5dulum4 ,capta9 ,kat] mu/ h felt ^? difficulties 9 ! p]usal ( x :i* o!r obs]v]s h exp]i5c$2 & he :o 0 plac$ 9 ! ,bo>d ( ,longitude especially = 8 k ( in/rum5ts1 might1 9 a few h\rs1 h arriv$ at m decisive facts4 ,b p]haps ,i am unju/4 ,capta9 ,kat]'s k r5d]$ x impossible = him to h be5 ignorant ( ! difficulties1 & 8 c&\r w\ld h prev5t$ him f conceal+ !m3 he mu/1 !re=e1 aft] exam9+ ! subject1 h be5 outvot$ by 8 lay-bre?r5 :o _h disp5s$ ) t prelim9>y4 ,x w\ld be unju/1 be=e quitt+ ?is subject1 n to m5tion ) respect ! ackn[l$gm5t made by an (fic] ( ! naval s]vice ( ! errors into :i* he also fell f ?is same level4 ,lieut5ant ,fo/]1 aw>e ( ! _m occasions on :i* ,capta9 ,sab9e _h employ$ ?is in/rum5t1 & kn[+ t he consid]$ ea* division z equal to "o second1 nev] ?\ght t a d\bt c\ld exi/ on ! subject1 & made all 8 calculations accord+ly4 ,:5 ,capta9 ,kat] made him acqua9t$ ) ! mi/ake1 ,lieut5ant ,fo/] imm$iately communicat$ a pap] ,! pap] ( ,lieut5ant ,fo/] is pr9t$ 9 ! ,philosophical ,transactions1 #ahbg1 p4#abb1 & is wor? consult+4 to ! ,royal ,society1 9 :i* he /ates ! circum/ance mo/ fully1 & recomput$ all ! obs]vations 9 :i* t in/rum5t 0 us$4 ,un=tunately1 f ! orig9al obs]vations ( ,mr4 ,ross be+ left on bo>d ! ,fury at ! "t ( h] loss1 ! transcripts ( 8 results c\ld n be recomput$ l ! re/1 & 7 consequ5tly useless4 ,,section #e4 ,,( ,,! ,,union ,,( ,,sev]al ,,(fices ,,9 ,,"o ,,p]son4 ,al?\gh ! numb] ( situations to :i* p]sons conv]sant ) sci5ce may hope to be appo9t$1 is small1 yet x has some:at s+ul>ly happ5$1 t in/ances ( "o individual1 hold+ m ?an "o su* appo9tm5t1 are frequ5t4 ,n to speak ( ^? held by ! late ,dr4 ,"y1 we h at pres5t3-- ,,mr4 ,,pond--,a/ronom] ,royal1 ,inspector ( ,*ronomet]s1 & ,sup]9t5d5t ( ! ,nautical ,almanac4 ,,capta9 ,,sab9e--,an (fic] ( artill]y on leave ( abs5ce f 8 regim5t2 ,secret>y ( ! ,royal ,society2 & ,sci5tific ,advis] ( ! ,admiralty4 ,,mr4 ,,br&e--,cl]k ( ! ,irons at ! ,royal ,m9t2 ,pr(essor ( ,*emi/ry at ! ,royal ,in/itution2 ,analys] ( ,r\gh ,nitre1 c4 to ! ,ea/-,india ,company2 ,lectur] on ,mat]ia ,m$ica1 ,apo!c>ies' ,hall2 ,sup]9t5d+ ,*emical ,op]ator at ditto2 ,lectur] on ,*emi/ry at ditto2 ,editor ( ! ,royal ,in/itution ,j\rnal2 & ,=eign ,secret>y to ! ,royal ,society4 ,"o %\ld be l$ to imag9e1 f ^! unions ( sci5tific (fices1 ei!r t sci5ce is too little paid1 & t g5tlem5 _c be f\nd to execute ! (fices sep>ately at ! sal>ies (f]$2 or else1 t x is too well paid1 s9ce ea* requires su* little att5tion1 t almo/ any numb] c be execut$ by "o p]son4 ,! ,director ( ! ,royal ,obs]vatory has a l>g] & bett] collection ( in/rum5ts1 & m assi/ants to sup]9t5d1 ?an any o!r a/ronom] 9 ! _w2 &1 to d x prop]ly1 w\ld require ! almo/ undivid$ att5tion ( a man 9 ! vig\r ( y\?4 ,nor w\ld a sup]9t5d5t ( ! ,nautical ,almanac1 if he made a po9t ( be+ acqua9t$ ) e ?+ connect$ ) 8 subject1 f9d 8 situation at all a s9ecure4 ,slight z are ! duties ( ! ,=eign ,secret>y ( ! ,royal ,society1 x might h be5 suppos$ t ,mr4 ,br&e w\ld sc>cely1 among/ 8 multif>i\s avocations1 h f\nd "t ev5 = !m4 ,b x may be a consolation to him to "k1 t f ! progress ! ,society is mak+1 ^? duties mu/ become %ortly1 if !y are n already1 almo/ ext9ct4 ,d\btless ! ,presid5t1 9 mak+ t appo9tm5t1 look$ mo/ anxi\sly ov] ! li/ ( ! ,royal ,society4 ,he d\btless knew t ! ,academics ( ,sw$51 ( ,d5m>k1 ( ,scotl&1 ( ,prussia1 ( ,hanov]1 & ( ,france1 d]iv$ hon\r f ! discov]ies ( _! ,secret>ies2--t !y prid$ !mselves 9 ! names ( ,b]zelius1 ( ,o]/$1 ( ,brew/]1 ( ,encke1 ( ,gauss1 & ( ,cuvi]4 ,d\btless ! ,presid5t mu/ h be5 ambiti\s t ,engl& %\ld contribute to ?is galaxy ( glory1 t ! ,royal ,society %\ld re/ore ! lo/ ,pleiad ,pleiades1 an assemblage ( sev5 />s 9 ! neck ( ! con/ellation ,taurus4 ,!re are n[ only six ( !m visible to ! nak$ eye4--,,hutton',s ,,diction>y--,art4 ,pleiades4 to ! admir+ sci5ce ( ,europe4 ,b he c\ld discov] no k9dr$ "n among/ ! ranks ( 8 support]s1 & =got1 = a mom5t1 ! int]e/ ( ! ,society1 9 an amiable consid]ation = ! feel+s ( 8 surr\nd+ fri5ds4 ,= _h ! ,presid5t *os5 a bright] />1 ! lu/re ( 8 o!r (fic]s might h be5 ov]p[]$ by its spl5d\r3 b reliev$ f ! pa9 ( su* a contra/1 he may /ill reta9 ! hope1 t1 by _! unit$ brightness1 ^! suns ( 8 little sy/em %all yet af=d suffici5t light to be toge!r visible to di/ant nations1 z a fa9t ,,nebula 9 ! obscure horizon ( ,engli% sci5ce4 ,,section #f4 ,,( ,,! ,,funds ,,( ,,! ,,society4 ,al?\gh ! ,society is n 9 a /ate approa*+ to pov]ty1 x may be useful to (f] a few rem>ks respect+ ! di/ribution ( its money4 ,,exp5se ,,( ,,engrav+s ,,= ,,sir ,e4 ,,home',s ,,pap]s4--,! great exp5se ( ! engrav+s :i* adorn ! volumes ( ! ,philosophical ,transactions1 is n suffici5tly kn[n4 ,t _m ( ^? engrav+s are q ess5tial = ! pap]s !y illu/rate1 & t ^? pap]s are fit = ! ,transactions1 ,i d n d\bt2 b1 "s inquiry is necess>y1 :5 su* l>ge sums are exp5d$4 ,i %all endeav\r1 !re=e1 to approximate to ! sum ^! engrav+s h co/ ! ,royal ,society4 ,previ\s to #ahaj1 !re are upw>ds ( sev5ty plates to pap]s ( ,sir ,e4 ,home's2 9 _m ( ^!1 :i* ,i h purposely sep>at$1 ! workman%ip is n s m9ute z 9 ! succe$+ ones4 ,s9ce #ahaj1 !re h occurr$ #ahg plates atta*$ to pap]s ( ! same au?or4 ,_m ( ^! h co/ f twelve to tw5ty gu9eas ea* plate2 b ,i %all take five p\nds z ! av]age co/ ( ! fir/ portion1 & twelve z t ( ! latt]4 ,?is w\ld produce1 #gj ,x #e #cej #ahg ,x #ab #bbdd 444444 -----444444 ,l#beid ,z ?is is only propos$ z a r\gh approximation1 let u omit ! odd hundr$s1 & we h two ?\s& p\nds exp5d$ 9 plates only on ,,"o bran* ( sci5ce1 & = "o p]son6 ,)\t call+ 9 "q ! importance ( ! discov]ies conta9$ 9 ^? pap]s1 x may be p]mitt$ to d\bt :e!r su* a l>ge sum might n h be5 exp5d$ 9 a mann] m b5eficial to sci5ce4 ,n be+ myself conv]sant ) ^? subjects1 ,i c only =m an op9ion ( ! value f extrane\s circum/ances4 ,_h _! importance be5 at all equal to _! numb]1 ,i %\ld h expect$ to h he>d among/ ! le>n$ ( o!r c\ntries mu* m frequ5t m5tion ( !m ?an ,i h done1 & ev5 ! ,c\ncil ( ! ,royal ,society w\ld sc>cely h exclud$ f _! ,transactions "o ( ^? productions :i* !y _h paid = z a lecture4 ,x might also h be5 m delicate n to h plac$ on ! ,c\ncil s repeat$ly a g5tleman1 = ^: engrav+s !y 7 annually exp5d+1 dur+ ! la/ tw5ty ye>s1 ab\t an hundr$ p\nds4 ,on ! o!r h&1 :5 ! ,c\ncil l5t ,sir ,e4 ,home ! :ole ( ^? valuable plates to take (f impressions = 8 l>ge "w on ,comp>ative ,anatomy1 ( :i* !y con/itute almo/ ! :ole1 x might h be5 z well n to h oblit]at$ f ea* plate all indication ( ! s\rce to :i* he 0 indebt$ = !m4 ,,! ,,presid5t',s ,,disc\rses4--,i %all m5tion ?is circum/ance1 because x fell "u my own obs]vation4 ,obs]v+ 9 ! annual acc\nts a *>ge ( #cha,l #es4 = ! ,presid5t's ,spee*es1 ,i ?\ght x "r to inquire into ! nature ( ?is item4 ,happ5+ to be on ! ,c\ncil ! next ye>1 ,i took an opportunity1 at an e>ly meet+ ( t ,c\ncil1 to ask publicly = an explanation ( ! foll[+ resolution1 :i* /&s 9 ! ,c\ncil-books = ,dec4 #ba1 #ahbh4 ,resolv$1 ,t #ejj copies ( ! ,presid5t's ,disc\rses1 ab\t to be pr9t$ by ,mr4 ,murray1 be pur*as$ by ! ,society1 at ! usual trade price4 ,! answ] giv5 to t "q 01 ,,t ,,! ,,c\ncil ,,_h ,,agre$ ,,to ,,pur*ase ,,^! ,,volumes ,,at ,,t ,,price1 ,,9 ,,ord] ,,to ,,induce ,,mr4 ,,murray ,,to ,,pr9t ,,! ,,presid5t',s ,,spee*es4 ,i rem>k$ at ! "t t su* an answ] 0 q unsatisfactory1 z ! foll[+ /atem5t w prove4 ,! volume consi/s ( #afj pages1 or tw5ty %eets1 & ! foll[+ prices are v lib]al3 ,l s4 d4 ,to compos+ & pr9t+ tw5ty %eets1 at #c,l4 p] %eet444444444444444 #fj #j #j ,tw5ty reams ( pap]1 at #c,l4 p] ream44444 #fj #j #j ,corrections1 alt]ations1 c4444444444 #cj #j #j ,total co/ ( #ejj copies444444 #aej #j #j ,n[ ^u ! subject ( ! exp5se ( pr9t+1 ! ,c\ncil c\ld n plead ignorance4 ,! ,society are engag$ 9 pr9t+1 & 9 pay+ pr9t]s' bills1 too frequ5tly to admit ( su* an excuse2 & sev]al ( ! individual memb]s mu/ h kn[n1 f _! own private exp]i5ce1 t ! co/ ( pr9t+ su* a volume 0 widely diff]5t f t !y 7 ab\t to pay1 z an inducem5t to a booksell] to pr9t x on 8 own acc\nt4 ,"h1 !n1 0 a sum ( above two hundr$ p\nds beyond :at 0 necess>y = ! object1 tak5 f ! funds ( ! ,royal ,society2 & = :at purpose8 ,did ! ,presid5t & 8 (fic]s ev] condesc5d to expla9 ?is transaction to ! ,c\ncil2 or 7 !y expect$1 z a matt] ( c\rse1 to sanction any ?+ propos$ to !m8 ,c\ld !y h be5 s weak1 or s ob$i5t1 z to ord] ! paym5t ( above ?ree hundr$ & eighty p\nds1 to induce a booksell] to d :at !y might h done !mselves = less ?an half ! sum8 ,or did !y wi% to make ,mr4 ,murray a pres5t ( two hundr$ p\nds8 ,if s1 he mu/ h _h p[]ful fri5ds 9 ! ,c\ncil1 & x is fit ! ,society %\ld "k :o !y 72 = !y 7 n fri5ds1 ei!r to its int]e/s or to its hon\r4 ,! copies1 s pur*as$1 7 ord]$ by ! ,c\ncil to be sold to memb]s ( ! ,society at #aes4 ea*3 7! trade price is #aes4 #c;d47 & out ( ! five hundr$ copies tw5ty-sev5 only h be5 sold3 ! rema9d] encumb] our %elves4 ,?us1 aft] f\r ye>s1 ! ,society are /ill los]s ( ?ree hundr$ & sixty ,p\nds on ?is transaction4 ,,on ,,! ,,conv]sion ,,( ,,! ,,gre5wi* ,,obs]vations ,,into ,,pa/ebo>d4--,al?\gh ! pr9t+ ( ^! obs]vations is n paid = out ( ! funds ( ! ,royal ,society1 yet z ! ,c\ncil ( t body are ! visitors ( ! ,royal ,obs]vatory1 x may n be misplac$ to introduce ! subject "h4 ,"s ye>s s9ce1 a memb] ( ! ,royal ,society accid5tally le>n$1 t !re 01 at an old /ore-%op 9 ,?ames ,/reet1 a l>ge quantity ( ! volumes ( ! ,gre5wi* ,obs]vations on sale z wa/e pap]4 ,on mak+ inquiry1 he asc]ta9$ t !re 7 two tons & a half to be dispos$ (1 & t an equal quantity _h already be5 sold1 = ! purpose ( conv]t+ x into pa/ebo>d4 ,! v5dor said he c\ld get f\rp5ce a p\nd = ! :ole1 & t x made capital ,bri/ol bo>d4 ,! fact 0 m5tion$ by a memb] ( ! ,c\ncil ( ! ,royal ,society1 & !y ?\ght x necess>y to inquire into ! circum/ances4 ,n[1 ! ,obs]vations made at ! ,royal ,obs]vatory are pr9t$ ) e reg>d to typographical luxury1 ) l>ge m>g9s1 on ?ick pap]1 hotpress$1 & ) no sort ( reg>d to economy4 ,?is magnific5ce is advocat$ by "s :o ma9ta91 t ! volumes ought to be wor?y ( a great nation2 :il/ o!rs1 see+ h[ little t nation sp5ds on sci5ce1 regret t ! sums allott$ to x %\ld n be appli$ ) ! /ricte/ economy4 ,if ! ,a/ronom] ,royal really has a "r to ^! volumes1 pr9t$ by ! gov]nm5t at a l>ge exp5se1 x is1 p]haps1 ! mo/ extravagant mode :i* 0 ev] yet inv5t$ ( pay+ a public s]vant4 ,:5 t "r 0 giv5 to him1--let u suppose somebody _h sugge/$ ! impolicy ( x1 le/ he %\ld sell ! co/ly volumes = wa/e pap]1--:o w\ld h li/5$ = "o mom5t to su* a supposition8 ,he w\ld h be5 told t x 0 impossible to suppose a p]son 9 t high & responsible situation1 c\ld be s indiff]5t to 8 own reputation4 ,a %ort "t s9ce1 ,i appli$ to ! ,presid5t & ,c\ncil ( ! ,royal ,society1 = copies ( ! ,gre5wi* ,obs]vations1 :i* 7 necess>y = an inquiry on :i* ,i 0 at t "t engag$4 ,be+ naturally anxi\s to economize ! small funds ,i c devote to sci5ce1 ! reque/ appe>$ to me a reasonable "o4 ,x 01 h[ev]1 refus$2 & ,i 0 at ! same "t in=m$ t ! ,obs]vations c\ld be pur*as$ at ! booksell]'s4 ,?is 0 a mi/ake2 ,mr4 ,murray has n copies ( ! ,gre5wi* ,obs]vations prior to #ahbc4 ,:5 ,i consid] t practical a/ronomy has n occupi$ a v prom95t place 9 my pursuits1 ,i feel dispos$1 on t gr\nd1 to acquiesce 9 ! propriety ( ! refusal4 ,?is excuse c1 h[ev]1 be ( no avail = simil> refusals to o!r g5tlem51 :o appli$ ne>ly at ! same "t ) myself1 & ^: "t _h be5 successfully devot$ to ! cultivation ( t sci5ce4 ,m4 ,bessel1 at ! wi% ( ! ,royal ,academy ( ,b]l91 project$ a plan = mak+ a v ext5sive map ( ! heav5s4 ,too va/ = any individual to attempt1 x 0 propos$ t a portion %\ld be execut$ by ! a/ronom]s ( v>i\s c\ntries1 & invitations to ?is effect 7 widely circulat$4 ,"o only ( ! divisions ( ?is map 0 appli$ = by any ,engli% a/ronom]2 &1 aft] complet+ ! portion ( ! map assign$ to him1 he und]took ano!r1 :i* _h rema9$ unprovid$ =4 ,?is g5tleman1 ! ,rev4 ,mr4 ,hussey1 0 "o ( ! reject$ applicants = ! ,gre5wi* ,obs]vations4 ,!re 01 h[ev]1 ano!r gr\nd on :i* ,i _h weakly anticipat$ a diff]5t result2--b ^? :o occupy (ficial situations1 r5d]$ rem>kable by ! illu/ri\s names ( _! pr$ecessors1 are plac$ 9 no enviable /ation2 &1 if _! own acquirem5ts are confess$ly insuffici5t to keep up ! high au?ority ( _! (fice1 !y mu/ submit to ! mortifications ( _! false position4 ,i am sure1 !re=e1 t ! ,presid5t & (fic]s ( ! ,royal ,society mu/ h sympa?iz$ ,,mo/ ,,deeply ) me1 :5 !y felt x _! duty to propose t ! ,society ov] :i* ,newton once presid$1 %\ld refuse s trifl+ an assi/ance to ! unwor?y possessor ( ! *air he once fill$4 ,9 reply to my application to ! ,presid5t & ,c\ncil1 to be all[$ a copy ( ! ,gre5wi* ,obs]vations1 ,i 0 in=m$ t1 ,! numb] ( copies plac$ by gov]nm5t at ! disposal ( ! ,royal ,society1 0 insuffici5t to supply ! dem&s made on !m by v>i\s le>n$ bodies 9 ,europe2 &1 consequ5tly1 !y 7 unable1 h[ev] great _! incl9ation1 to satisfy ! wi%es ( individual applicants4 ,n[ ,i h sp5t "s "t 9 se>*+ ! num]\s proce$+s 9 ! c\ncil-books ( ! ,royal ,society1 & ,i believe ! foll[+ is ! real /ate ( ! case3-- ,9 #aghe1 ,"l ,sidney1 "o ( ,8 ,maje/y's pr9cipal ,secret>ies ( ,/ate1 wrote to ! ,c\ncil a lett]1 dat$ ,:itehall1 ,m>* #h1 #aghe1 f :i* ! foll[+ is extract$3-- ,! ,k+ has be5 pleas$ to cons5t1 t any copies ( ! ,a/ronomical ,obs]vations1 made at ! ,obs]vatory ( ,gre5wi*1 7& paid = by ! ,bo>d ( ,ordnance1 pursuant to ,8 ,maje/y's comm&1 ( ,july #ba1 #agfg17 :i* may at any "t rema9 9 ! h&s ( ! pr9t]1 %all1 aft] y h res]v$ su* copies z y may ?9k prop] z pres5ts1 be giv5 to ! said ,nevil ,maskelyne1 9 consid]ation ( 8 tr\ble 9 ! sup]9t5d+ ! pr9t+ !re(4 ,i am to signify ,8 ,maje/y's pleasure1 t y d1 f "t to "t1 give ! necess>y ord]s = t purpose1 until ,8 ,maje/y's fur!r comm&s %all be communicat$ to y4 ,soon aft] ?is lett]1 ,i f9d on ! c\ncil-books3-- ,ord]$1 ,t sixty copies ( ! ,gre5wi* ,obs]vations1 la/ publi%$1 be reta9$ z pres5ts1 & t ! re/ be deliv]$ to ! ,a/ronom] ,royal4 ,x is difficult to be sure ( a negative fact1 b 9 se>*+ _m volumes ( ! ,proce$+s ( ! ,c\ncil1 ,i h n discov]$ any revocation ( ?is ord]1 & ,i believe none exi/s4 ,?is is confirm$ by ! circum/ance ( ! ,c\ncil at ! pres5t day receiv+ precisely ! same numb] ( copies z _! pr$ecessors1 & ,i believe t 9 fact !y d n "k ! au?ority on :i* ! "r to ^? sixty re/s4 ,suppos+ ?is ord] unrevok$1 x 0 cle>ly meant to be left to ! discretion ( ! ,c\ncil1 to ord] su* a numb] to be res]v$1 f "t to "t1 z ! dem&s ( sci5ce might require4 ,:51 !re=e1 !y f\nd t ! numb] ( sixty copies 0 insuffici5t1 !y ought to h direct$ ! pr9t] to s5d !m a l>g] numb]2 b :5 !y f\nd out ! purpose to :i* ! ,a/ronom] ,royal appli$ !m1 !y ought imm$iately to h ord]$ ne>ly ! :ole impression1 9 ord] to prev5t ?is de/ruction ( public prop]ty4 ,if1 on ! o!r h&1 ! above ord] is revok$1 & we really h no "r to m ?an sixty copies2 !n1 on discov]+ ! ,obs]vations 9 _! progress t[>ds pa/ebo>d1 x 0 ! duty ( ! ,c\ncil ( ! ,royal ,society1 z visitors ( ! ,royal ,obs]vatory1 imm$iately to h repres5t$ to ,gov]nm5t ! evil ( ! arrangem5t1 & to h sugge/$1 t if ! ,a/ronom] ,royal h ! "r1 x w\ld be exp$i5t to commute x = a lib]al comp5sation4 ,:i*ev] be ! true view ( ! case1 !y h tak5 no /eps on ! subject2 & ,i _c help express+ my belief1 t ! ,presid5t & ,c\ncil 7 induc$ to be ?us neglig5t ( ! int]e/s ( sci5ce1 f ! fe> ( int]f]+ ) ! p]quisites ( ! ,a/ronom] ,royal4 ,x is1 h[ev]1 b ju/ice to obs]ve1 t ! injury already done to sci5ce1 by ! conv]sion ( ^! ,obs]vations into pa/ebo>d1 is n s great z ! public might h fe>$4 ,mr4 ,pond1 ?an :om no "o c be suppos$ bett] acqua9t$ ) _! value1 & ^: "r to judge no man c "q1 has %[n 8 own op9ion to be1 t 8 reputation w be be/ consult$ by dim9i%+ ! ext5t ( _! circulation4 ,be=e ,i quit ! subject ( ! ,royal ,obs]vatory1 on :i* mu* might be said1 ,i w j ref] to ! report by a ,committee ( ! ,royal ,society t 0 made relative to x1 "s ye>s s9ce1 & :i*1 x is imag9$1 is a subject by no means grateful to ! memory ( any ( ! p>ties conc]n$ 9 x4 ,my object is to asc]ta91 :e!r any am5dm5ts h tak5 place 9 consequ5ce4 ,to "o fact ( consid]able importance1 ,i 0 myself a witness1 :5 ,i 0 pres5t (ficially at a visitation4 ,at t "t1 no orig9al obs]vations made at ! transit in/rum5t 7 ev] pres]v$4 ,_h ,i n be5 an eye witness ( ! process ( an obs]vation1 ,i %\ld n h cr$it$ ! fact4 ,,section #g4 ,,( ,,! ,,royal ,,m$als4 ,at a p]iod :5 ! att5tion ( ,gov]nm5t to sci5ce _h n und]gone any m>k$ *ange1 a mo/ unexpect$ occurr5ce took place4 ,8 ,maje/y intimat$ to ! ,royal ,society1 ?r\gh 8 ,secret>y ( ,/ate1 8 int5tion to f\nd two gold m$als1 ( ! value ( fifty gu9eas ea*1 to be aw>d$ annually by ! ,c\ncil ( ! ,royal ,society1 accord+ to ! rules !y 7 desir$ to frame = t purpose4 ,! foll[+ is ! copy ( ,mr4 ,peel's lett]3-- ,,:itehall1 ,decemb] #c;d1 #ahbe4 ,,sir1 ,i am comm&$ by ! ,k+ to acqua9t y1 t ,8 ,maje/y proposes to f\nd two gold m$als1 ( ! value ( fifty gu9eas ea*1 to be aw>d$ z honor>y premiums1 "u ! direction ( ! ,presid5t & ,c\ncil ( ! ,royal ,society1 9 su* a mann] z %all1 by ! excitem5t ( competition among m5 ( sci5ce1 seem be/ calculat$ to promote ! object = :i* ! ,royal ,society 0 in/itut$4 ,8 ,maje/y desires to receive f ! ,presid5t & ,c\ncil ( ! ,royal ,society _! op9ion ^u ! subject g5]ally ( ! regulations :i* x may be conv5i5t to e/abli% ) reg>d to ! appropriation ( ! m$als2 & ,i h1 !re=e1 to reque/ t y w make ! necess>y communication to ! ,c\ncil ( ! ,royal ,society1 9 ord] t ,8 ,maje/y's wi%es may be c>ri$ into effect4 ,i h ! hon\r to be1 c4 c4 7,sign$7 ,r4 ,,peel4 ,no?+ c\ld be m important = ! int]e/s ( sci5ce1 ?an ?is graci\s manife/ation ( ,8 ,maje/y's conc]n = its advancem5t4 ,x 0 hail$ by all :o 7 made acqua9t$ ) x1 z ! comm5cem5t ( a new era1 & ! en]gies :i* x might h awak5$ 7 imm5se4 ,! unfett]$ nature ( ! gift excit$ admiration1 :il/ ! confid5ce repos$ 9 ! ,c\ncil 0 calculat$ to h insur$ ! wav]+ fai? ( any less-gift$ body4 ,ev5 ^? :o1 ei!r f kn[+ ! ,,managem5t ( ! ,society1 or f o!r gr\nds1 d\bt$ ! policy ( e/abli%+ m$als1 saw mu* to admire 9 ! tone & _s 9 :i* !y 7 (f]$4 ,! ,c\ncil imm$iately came to ! resolution ( gratefully accept+ !m3 & x appe>s t ! ,presid5t communicat$ t resolution1 on ! #bf?1 to ,mr4 ,peel1 9 a lett]1 :i* is f\nd on ! m9utes ( ! ,c\ncil-book ( ! #bf? ( ,janu>y4 ,at ! same ,c\ncil1 ! rules = ! aw>d ( ! ,royal m$als 7 decid$ ^u2 !y 7 z foll[3-- #bf? ,janu>y1 #ahbf4 ,,resolv$1 ,t x is ! op9ion ( ! ,c\ncil1 t ! m$als be aw>d$ = ! mo/ important discov]ies or s]ies ( inve/igations1 complet$ & made kn[n to ! ,royal ,society 9 ! ye> prec$+ ! day ( _! aw>d4 ,t x is ! op9ion ( ! ,c\ncil1 t ! pres5tation ( ! m$als %\ld n be limit$ to ,briti% subjects4 ,& !y propose1 if x %\ld be ,8 ,maje/y's pleasure1 t 8 effigy %\ld =m ! obv]se ( ! m$al4 ,t two m$als f ! same die %\ld be /ruck ^u ea* f\ndation2 "o 9 gold1 "o 9 silv]4 ,if ^! rules are n ! wise/ :i* might h be5 =m$1 yet !y are tol]ably explicit2 & x might h be5 imag9$ t ev5 a c\ncillor ( ! ,royal ,society1 prep>$ = (fice by ! education ( a plead]1 c\ld n h my/ifi$ 8 bre?r5 s completely1 z to h made !m d\bt on ! po9t ( "t4 ,! rules fix$ precisely1 t ! discov]ies or exp]im5ts rew>d$1 mu/ be complet$ & made kn[n to ! ,royal ,society1 )9 ! ,,ye> ,,prec$+ ,,! ,,day ( ! aw>d4 ,p]haps x might h be5 a prop] m>k ( respect to ?is communication1 to h conv5$ a special g5]al meet+ ( ! ,society1 to h made kn[n to ! :ole body ! munific5t end[m5t ( _! ,patron3 & :5 8 approbation ( ! laws :i* 7 to gov]n ! di/ribution ( ^! m$als _h be5 intimat$ to ! ,c\ncil1 su* a c\rse w\ld h be5 9 complete accordance ) ! wi% express$ 9 ,mr4 ,peel's lett]1 ,,to ,,excite ,,competition ,,among/ ,,m5 ,,( ,,sci5ce by mak+ !m g5]ally kn[n4 ,let u n[ exam9e ! fir/ aw>d ( ^! m$als3 x is record$ 9 ! foll[+ words3-- ,novemb] #af1 #ahbf4 ,,"o ( ! m$als ( ,8 ,maje/y's donation = ! pres5t ye> 0 aw>d$ to ,john ,dalton1 ,esq4 ,presid5t ( ! ,philosophical & ,lit]>y ,society1 ,man*e/]1 = 8 developm5t ( ! ,atomic ,!ory1 & 8 o!r important lab\rs & discov]ies 9 physical sci5ce4 ,! o!r m$al = ! pres5t ye> 0 aw>d$ to ,james ,ivory1 ,esq4 = 8 pap] on ,a/ronomical ,refractions1 publi%$ 9 ! ,philosophical ,transactions = ! ye> #ahbc1 & 8 o!r valuable pap]s on ma!matical subjects4 ,! ,copley m$al 0 aw>d$ to ,james ,s\?1 ,esq4 = 8 obs]vations ( d\ble />s1 & 8 pap] on ! discordances betwe5 ! sun's obs]v$ & comput$ "r asc5sions1 publi%$ 9 ! ,transactions4 ,x is difficult to believe t ! same ,c\ncil1 :i*1 9 ,janu>y1 =m$ ! laws = ! di/ribution ( ^! m$als1 %\ld meet toge!r 9 ,novemb]1 & 9 direct violation ( ^! laws1 aw>d !m to two philosoph]s1 "o ( :om _h made1 & fully e/abli%$1 8 great discov]y almo/ tw5ty ye>s be=e2 & ! o!r ( :om 7to /ultify !mselves /ill m effectually7 !y expressly rew>d$ = a pap] made kn[n to !m ?ree ye>s be=e4 ,7 ! rules = ! aw>d ( ^! m$als read previ\s to _! decision8 ,or 7 ! ob$i5t ,c\ncil only us$ to regi/] ! edict ( _! ,presid5t8 ,or 7 !y mock$1 z !y h be5 9 o!r in/ances1 ) ! semblance ( a free discussion8 ,has x nev] occurr$ to g5tlem5 :o h be5 ?us situat$1 t al?\gh !y h 9 tru? _h no "p 9 ! decision1 yet ! ,society & ! public w ju/ly attribute a portion ( ! m]it or dem]it ( _! aw>d1 to ^? to :om t tru/ 0 confid$8 ,did no "o memb] ( ! ,c\ncil v5ture1 ) ! mo/ submissive def]5ce1 to sugge/ to ! ,presid5t1 t ! public eye w\ld wat* ) int]e/ ?is fir/ decision on ! ,royal m$als1 & t x might p]haps be m discreet to adjudge !m1 = ! fir/ "t1 9 accordance ) ! laws :i* _h be5 made = _! di/ribution8 ,or 0 public op9ion !n held 9 supreme contempt8 ,0 x sc\t$1 z ,i h myself he>d x sc\t$1 9 ! c\ncils ( ! ,royal ,society8 ,or 0 ! ,presid5t exempt1 on ?is occasion1 f ! responsibility ( dictat+ an aw>d 9 direct violation ( ! fai? :i* _h be5 pl$g$ to ! ,society & to ! public8 &1 did ! ,c\ncil1 int5t on ex]cis+ a p[] s r>ely committ$ to !m2 &1 p]haps1 urg$ by ! ne> approa* ( _! h\r ( d9n]1 disp5se ) ! =mality ( read+ ! laws on :i* !y 7 ab\t to act8 ,:atev] may h be5 ! cause1 ! result 0 mo/ calamit\s to ! ,society4 ,its decision 0 attack$ on o!r gr\nds2 =1 ) a /range neglect1 ! ,c\ncil _h tak5 no pa9s to make kn[n1 ei!r to ! ,society1 or to ! public1 ! rules !y _h made = ! adjudication ( ^! m$als4 ,! evils result+ f ?is decision 7 _m4 ,9 ! fir/ place1 x 0 mo/ indecor\s & ungrateful to treat ) su* neglect ! rules :i* _h be5 approv$ by our ,royal ,patron4 ,9 ! next place1 ! m$als !mselves became almo/ wor?less f ?is orig9al ta9t3 & !y ceas$ to excite competition among/ m5 ( sci5ce1 because no man c\ld feel ! lea/ security t he %\ld get !m1 ev5 ?\gh 8 discov]ies %\ld fulfil all ! conditions on :i* !y 7 (f]$1 ,! great injury :i* accru$ to sci5ce f ?is proce$+1 induc$ me1 9 ! succe$+ session1 :5 ,i f\nd myself on ! ,c\ncil ( ! ,royal ,society1 to endeav\r to remove ! /igma :i* re/$ on our "*4 ,:e!r ,i took ! be/ means to rem$y ! evil is n[ a matt] ( comp>atively little consequ5ce3 _h ,i f\nd any s]i\s disposition to set x "r1 ,i %\ld readily h aid$ 9 any plans = do+ t :i* ,i felt myself b\nd to attempt1 ev5 ?\gh ,i %\ld /& alone1 z ,i _h ! mis=tune ( do+ on t occasion4 ,x is b ju/ice to ,mr4 ,s\?1 :o 0 a memb] ( t ,c\ncil1 to /ate1 t ! circum/ance ( 8 hav+ _h ! ,copley m$al ( ! same ye> aw>d$ to him1 prev5t$ him f tak+ any "p 9 ! discussion4 ,! impression :i* ! :ole ( t discussion made on my m9d w nev] be effac$4 ,reg>d+ ! orig9al rules =m$ = ! di/ribution ( ! ,royal m$als1 :5 approv$ by 8 ,maje/y1 z equally b9d+ 9 hon\r & 9 ju/ice1 ,i view$ ! decision ( ! ,c\ncil1 :i* assign$ ^? m$als to ,mr4 ,dalton & ,mr4 ,ivory1 z void1 ,,ipso ,,facto1 on ! gr\nd t x 0 directly at v>iance ) t "p :i* ,,conf9es ! m$als to discov]ies made kn[n to ! ,society )9 ,,"o ,,ye> ,,previ\s ,,to ,,! ,,day ,,( ,,_! ,,aw>d4 ,i !re=e mov$ ! foll[+ resolutions3 #a/1 ,t ! aw>d ( ! ,royal m$als1 made on ! #af? ( ,novemb]1 #ahbf1 be+ contr>y to ! conditions "u :i* !y 7 (f]$1 is invalid4 #b;dly1 ,t ! sum ( fifty gu9eas ea* be pres5t$ to ,j4 ,dalton1 ,esq4 & ,james ,ivory1 ,esq4 f ! funds ( ! ,society2 & t lett]s be writt5 to ea* ( ^? g5tlem51 express+ ! hope ( ! ,c\ncil t ?is1 ! only me?od :i* is op5 to !m ( hon\rably fulfill+ _! pl$ges1 w be receiv$ by ^? g5tlem5 z a m>k ( ! high s5se ent]ta9$ by ! ,c\ncil ( ! importance & value ( _! discov]ies1 :i* require n ! aid ( m$als to convey _! reputation to po/]ity1 z among/ ! greate/ :i* di/+ui%$ ! age 9 :i* !y liv$4 ,x may be curi\s to give ! public a specim5 ( ! reason+ employ$ 9 s select a body ( philosoph]s z ! ,c\ncil ( ! ,royal ,society4 ,x 0 cont5d$1 on ! "o h&1 t al?\gh ! aw>d 0 ,,some:at ,,irregul>1 yet no?+ 0 m easy ?an to set x "r4 ,z ! orig9al rules = giv+ ! m$als 7 m]ely an ord] ( ! ,c\ncil1--x w\ld only be necess>y to alt] !m1 & !n ! aw>d w\ld agree p]fectly ) ! laws4 ,on ! o!r h&1 x 0 cont5d$1 t ! orig9al rules 7 unkn[n to ! public & to ! ,society2 & t1 9 fact1 !y 7 only kn[n to ! memb]s ( ! ,c\ncil & a few ( _! fri5ds2 & !re=e ! aw>d 0 no brea* ( fai?4 ,all comm5t on su* reason+ is ne$less4 ,t su* propositions c\ld n m]ely be (f]$1 b c\ld pass unreprov$1 is suffici5t to %[ t ! feel+s ( t body d n h>monize ) ^? ( ! age2 & furni%es "s explanation :y sev]al ( ! mo/ active memb]s ( ! ,royal ,society h decl9$ connect+ _! names ) ! ,c\ncil z long z ! pres5t sy/em ( managem5t is pursu$4 ,! little int]e/ tak5 by ! body ( ! ,society1 ei!r 9 its peculi> pursuits1 or 9 ! proce$+s ( ! ,c\ncil1 & ! little communication :i* exi/s betwe5 !m1 is an evil4 ,?us x happ5s t ! de$s ( ! ,c\ncil are r>ely kn[n to ! body ( ! ,society1 &1 inde$1 sc>cely ext5d beyond t small portion :o frequ5t ! weekly meet+s4 ,^! pages w p]haps af=d ! fir/ notice to ! great majority ( ! ,society ( a brea* ( fai? by _! ,c\ncil1 :i* x is impossible to suppose a body1 consi/+ ( m ?an six hundr$ g5tlem51 c\ld h sanction$4 ,,section #h4 ,,( ,,! ,,copley ,,m$als4 ,an important di/9ction exi/s betwe5 sci5tific communications1 :i* seems to h escap$ ! notice ( ! ,c\ncils ( ! ,royal ,society4 ,!y may conta9 discov]ies ( new pr9ciples1--( laws ( nature hi!rto unobs]v$2 or !y may consi/ ( a regi/] ( obs]vations ( kn[n ph5om5a1 made "u new circum/ances1 or 9 new & peculi> situations on ! face ( our planet4 ,bo? ^! species ( additions to our k are important2 b _! value & _! r>ity are v diff]5t 9 degree4 ,to make & to repeat obs]vations1 ev5 ) ^? trifl+ alt]ations1 :i* x is ! fa%ion 9 our c\ntry 79 ! pres5t day7 to dignify ) ! "n ( discov]ies1 requires m]ely inflexible c&\r 9 record+ precisely ! facts :i* nature has pres5t$1 & a p[] ( fix+ ! att5tion on ! in/rum5ts employ$1 or ph5om5a exam9$1--a tal5t1 :i* c be mu* improv$ by prop] ,in/ruction1 & :i* is possess$ by mo/ p]sons ( tol]able abilities & education499 ,to discov] new pr9ciples1 & to detect ! undiscov]$ laws by :i* nature op]ates1 is ano!r & a high] task1 & requires intellectual qualifications ( a v diff]5t ord]3 ! lab\r ( ! "o is l t ( ! comput] ( an almanac2 ! inquiries ( ! o!r resemble m ! rese>*es ( ! accompli%$ analy/1 :o has inv5t$ ! =mula3 by :i* ^? computations are p]=m$4 99,t ! use ev5 ( ! l>ge a/ronomical in/rum5ts 9 a national obs]vatory1 does n require any v pr(\nd acquirem5ts1 is n an op9ion :i* ,i %\ld h put =? )\t au?ority4 ,! ,a/ronom]-,royal ought to be ! be/ judge4 ,on ! m9utes ( ! ,c\ncil ( ! ,royal ,society1 = ,april #f1 #ahbf1 ) ref]5ce to ! ,assi/ants necess>y = ! two mural circles1 we f9d a lett] f ,mr4 ,pond on ! subject1 f :i* ! foll[+ passage is extract$3 ,b to c>ry on su* inve/igations1 ,i want indefatigable1 h>d-work+1 & above all1 ob$i5t drudges 7= s ,i mu/ call !m1 al?\gh !y are drudges ( a sup]ior ord]71 m5 :o w be cont5t$ to pass half _! day 9 us+ _! h&s & eyes 9 ! me*anical act ( obs]v+1 & ! rema9d] ( x 9 ! dull process ( calculation4 ,su* be+ ! di/9ction betwe5 ! m]its ( ^! inquiries1 "s diff]5ce ought to exi/ 9 ! nature ( any rew>ds t may be propos$ = _! enc\ragem5t4 ,! ,royal ,society h nev] m>k$ ?is diff]5ce1 & consequ5tly ^? honor>y m$als :i* are giv5 to obs]vations1 ga9 a value :i* is due to ^? t are giv5 = discov]ies2 :il/ ^! latt] are dim9i%$ 9 _! e/imation by su* an association4 ,i h /at$ ?is di/9ction1 because ,i ?9k x a j "o2 b ! public w\ld h little cause ( compla9t if ?is 7 ! only gr\nd ( objection to ! mode ( appropriat+ ! ,society's m$als4 ,! fir/ objection to be notic$1 is ! indi/9ct mann] 9 :i* ! object = :i* ! m$als are aw>d$ is sometimes specifi$4 ,a m$al is giv5 to ,a4 ,b4 = 8 v>i\s pap]s4 ,!re are cases1 few p]haps 9 numb]1 :]e su* a reason may be admissible2 b x is impossible n to p]ceive ! weakness ( ^? :o judge ^! matt]s legibly writt5 9 ! phrase1 & = 8 v>i\s o!r communications1 :i* comes 9 z ! frequ5t tail-piece to ^! aw>ds4 ,) a diffid5ce 9 _! own p[]s1 :i* might be m admir$ if x 7 m frequ5tly express$1 ! ,c\ncil ?9k to escape ?r\gh ?is loop-hole1 %\ld ! propriety ( _! judgm5t on ! ma9 po9t be call$ 9 "q4 ,?us1 ev5 ! discov]y :i* made *emi/ry a sci5ce1 has atta*$ to x 9 _! aw>d ?is feeble app5dage4 ,x has be5 object$ to ! ,royal ,society1 t _! m$als h be5 too mu* conf9$ to a c]ta9 set4 ,:5 ! ,royal m$als 7 add$ to _! patronage1 ! pa/ di/ribution ( ! ,copley m$als1 furni%$ gr\nds to "s ( ! j\rnals to pr$ict ! future possessors ( ! new ones4 ,i %all1 d\btless1 be told t ! ,c\ncil ( ! ,royal ,society are p]sons ( su* high feel+1 t x is impossible to suppose _! decision c\ld be influ5c$ by any p]sonal motives4 ,z ,i may n h _h suffici5t opportunities1 dur+ ! %ort "t ,i 0 a memb] ( t ,c\ncil1 to enable me to =m a fair e/imate1 ,i %all avail myself ( ! judgm5t ( "o1 f :om no "o w be incl9$ to appeal1 :o knew x long & intimately1 & :o express$ 8 op9ion delib]ately & solemnly4 ,! late ,dr4 ,wolla/on atta*$1 z a condition to be obs]v$ 9 ! di/ribution ( ! int]e/ ( 8 munific5t gift ( #b1jjj,l4 to ! ,royal ,society1 ! foll[+ clause3--,& ,i h]eby emp[] ! said ,presid5t1 ,c\ncil1 & ,fell[s1 aft] my decease1 9 fur!rance ( ! above decl>$ objects ( ! tru/1 to apply ! said divid5ds to aid or rew>d any individual or individuals ( any c\ntry1 ,,sav+ ,,only ,,t ,,no ,,p]son ,,be+ ,a ,,memb] ,,( ,,! ,,c\ncil ,,= ,,! ,,"t ,,be+1 ,,%all ,,receive ,,or ,,p>take ,,( ,,su* ,,rew>d4 ,ano!r improvem5t :i* might be sugge/$1 is1 t x is g5]ally inexp$i5t to vote a m$al until ! pap] :i* conta9s ! discov]y is at lea/ read to ! ,society2 p]haps ev5 x might n be q unreasonable to wi% t x %\ld h be5 pr9t$1 & consequ5tly h be5 p]us$ by "s few ( ^? :o h to decide on its m]its4 ,^! trifles h n always be5 att5d$ to2 & ev5 s lately z ! la/ ye>1 !y escap$ ! notice ( ! ,presid5t & 8 ,c\ncil4 ,! ,society 01 h[ev]1 indebt$ to ! good s5se ( ,mr4 ,f>aday1 :o decl9$ ! pr(f]$ m$al2 & ?us reliev$ u f "o additional *>ge ( precipitancy4 ,:5 ?is ha/y adjudication 0 ?us put a /op to1 "o ( ! memb]s ( ! ,c\ncil inquir$1 :e!r1 z a ,copley m$al mu/ by ! w be annually giv51 "s o!r p]son might n be f\nd des]v+ ( x4 ,to :i* ! ,secret>y repli$1 ,we d n int5d to give any ?is ye>4 ,all fur!r discussion 0 ?us sil5c$4 ,p]haps1 also1 z ! ,c\ncil are on "s occasions apt to be oblivi\s1 x might be conv5i5t t ! ,presid5t %\ld read1 previ\sly to ! aw>d ( any m$als or to ! decision ( any o!r important subjects1 ! /atutes relat+ to !m4 ,he might p]haps propitiate _! att5tion to !m1 by /at+1 ,,h[ ,,mu* ,,x ,,importe? ,,to ,,! ,,consi/5cy ,,( ,,! ,,c\ncil ,,to ,,be ,,acqua9t$ ,,) ,,! ,,laws ,,on ,,:i* ,,!y ,,are ,,ab\t ,,to ,,decide4 ,if ^? :o h be5 conv]sant ) ! int]nal managem5t ( ! ,c\ncil1 w\ld communicate _! in=mation1 some?+ curi\s might p]haps be le>n$ respect+ a few ( ^! m$als4 ,conc]n+ ^? ( :i* ,i h _h good means ( in=mation1 ,i %all m]ely /ate--( ?ree ( !m--t :atev] may h be5 ! (ficial reasons = _! aw>d1 ,i _h ample reasons to conv9ce me ( ! foll[+ be+ ! true causes3-- ,fir/4--,a m$al 0 giv5 to ,a1 at a peculi>ly inappropriate "t--,,because ,,he ,,_h ,,n ,,_h ,,"o ,,be=e4 ,second4--,subsequ5tly a m$al 0 giv5 to ,b1 9 ord] ,,to ,,de/roy ,,! ,,impression ,,:i* ,,! ,,aw>d ,,( ,,! ,,m$al ,,to ,a ,,_h ,,made ,,on ,,! ,,public ,,! ,,prec$+ ,,ye>4 ,?ird4--,a m$al 0 giv5 to ,c1 ,,because ,,we ,,?9k ,,he ,,has ,,be5 ,,ill ,,us$4 ,i w n[ ent] on an exam9ation ( "o ( _! aw>ds1 :i* 0 peculi>ly injudici\s4 ,i allude to t conc]n+ ! mode ( r5d]+ plat9a malleable4 ,respect+1 z ,i did1 ! illu/ri\s philosoph] :o inv5t$ ! art1 & :o has left _m o!r claims to ! gratitude ( mank9d1 ,i e/eem x no disrespect to 8 memory to place t subject 9 its prop] light4 ,an inv5tion 9 sci5ce or 9 art1 may ju/ly be consid]$ z possess+ ! rights ( prop]ty 9 ! highe/ degree4 ,! l&s we inh]it f our fa!rs1 7 cultivat$ ere !y 7 born1 & yield$ produce be=e !y 7 cultivat$4 ,! products ( g5ius are ! actual creations ( ! individual2 &1 aft] yield+ pr(it or hon\r to him1 !y rema9 ! p]man5t end[m5ts ( ! human race4 ,if ! in/itutions ( our c\ntry1 & ! op9ions ( society1 support u fully 9 ! absolute disposal ( our fields1 ( :i* we c1 by ! laws ( nature1 be only ! transitory possessors1 :o %all ju/ly re/rict our discretion 9 ! disposal ( ^? ri*] possessions1 ! products ( intellectual ex]tion8 ,two c\rses are op5 to ^? individuals :o are ?us end[$ ) ,nature's weal?4 ,!y may lock up 9 _! own bosoms ! my/]ies !y h p5etrat$1 & by apply+ _! k to ! production ( "s sub/ance 9 dem& 9 comm]ce1 ?us m9i/] to ! wants or com=ts ( _! species1 :il/ !y reap 9 pecuni>y pr(it ! legitimate rew>d ( _! ex]tions4 ,x is op5 to !m1 on ! o!r h&1 to disclose ! secret !y h torn f ,nature1 & by all[+ mank9d to p>ticipate ) !m1 to claim at once t spl5did reputation :i* is r>ely refus$ to ! inv5tors ( valuable discov]ies 9 ! arts ( life4 ,! two c\rses are r>ely compatible1 only inde$ :5 ! discov]]1 hav+ publi%$ 8 process1 ent]s into equal competition ) o!r manufactur]s4 ,if an individual adopt ! fir/ ( ^! c\rses1 & reta9+ 8 secret1 x p]i% ) him1 ! _w h no "r to compla94 ,dur+ 8 life1 !y pr(it$ by 8 k1 & are bett] (f ?an if ! philosoph] _h n exi/$4 ,monopolies1 "u ! "n ( pat5ts1 h be5 devis$ to assi/ & rew>d ^? :o h *os5 ! l9e ( pecuni>y pr(it4 ,honor>y rew>ds & m$als h be5 ! feeble expressions ( ! s5tim5ts ( mank9d t[>ds ^? :o h pref]r$ ! o!r c\rse4 ,b ^! h be51 & %\ld always be1 kept completely di/9ct4 ,x is a condition ) ! ,society ( ,arts1 nev] to give a rew>d to any ?+ = :i* a pat5t has be51 or is to be1 tak5 out4 ,let u n[ consid] ! case ( plat9a4 ,a new process 0 discov]$ ( r5d]+ x malleable1 & ! m]e circum/ance ( s l>ge a quantity hav+ be5 s5t into ! m>ket1 0 a positive b5efit1 ( no ord9>y magnitude1 to _m ( ! arts4 ,! discov]] ( ?is valuable process select$ t c\rse = :i* no reasonable man c\ld blame him2 & f "s circum/ance1 or p]haps f accid5t1 he pres]v$ no writt5 record ( ! manipulations4 ,_h ,provid5ce appo9t$ = t disord]1 :i* t]m9at$ too fatally1 a m rapid c>e]1 all ! k he _h acquir$ f ! long att5tion he _h devot$ to ! subject1 w\ld h be5 lo/ to mank9d4 ,! h& ( a fri5d record$ ! directions ( ! expir+ philosoph]1 ^: anxiety to r5d] useful ev5 8 unf9i%$ speculations1 proves t ! previ\s omission 0 mo/ probably accid5tal4 ,"u su* circum/ances x 0 publi%$ to ! _w 9 ! ,transactions ( ! ,royal ,society4 ,b :at c\ld induce t body to be/[ on x _! m$al8 ,to talk ( add+ lu/re to ! "n ( ,wolla/on by _! m$al1 is to talk idly4 ,!y mu/ h done x !n z an example1 z a /imulus to urge future inquiries 9 ! c>e] ( discov]y4 ,b did !y wi% discov]ies to be s endang]$8 ,! discov]ies ( ,pr(essor ,mits*]lick1 ( ,b]l91 _h long be5 consid]$1 by a few memb]s ( ! ,society1 z hav+ /rong claims on "o ( its honor>y rew>ds2 b difficulties _h aris51 f s few memb]s ( ! ,c\ncil hav+ any k ( discov]ies :i* _h long be5 famili> to ,europe4 ,! ,c\ncil 7 j on ! po9t ( do+ ju/ice to ! m]its ( ! ,prussian philosoph]1 :5 x 0 sugge/$ t its m$al %\ld be giv5 to ,dr4 ,wolla/on1 & !y imm$iately alt]$ _! int5tion1 & ?us enabl$ !mselves to res]ve _! m$al to ,pr(essor ,mits*]lick = ano!r ye>2 at :i* p]iod1 = aught !y knew1 8 discov]ies might possess ! additional m]it ( hav+ be5 made prior to ! limit all[$ by _! regulations4 ,t m$al 01 9 fact1 vot$ at a meet+1 at :i* no "o memb] pres5t 0 at all conv]sant ) ! subjects rew>d$4 ,i %all1 h[ev]1 say no m on ?is subject4 ,!y err$ f feel+1 an error s v r>e ) !m1 t x might be p>don$ ev5 = its s+ul>ity4 ,i w1 h[ev]1 add "o ^w to ^? ^: c5sures h be5 unju/ly dealt1 to ^? :o h reproa*$ ! philosoph] = receiv+ pecuni>y advantage f 8 inv5tions4 ,among/ ! _m & v>i$ contrivances = ! dem&s ( sci5ce1 or ! arts ( life1 ) :i* we 7 enri*$ by ! g5ius ( ,wolla/on1 0 x too mu* to all[ him to reta91 dur+ 8 fleet+ c>e]1 "o out ( ! multitude1 to furni% t3 pecuni>y supply1 )\t :i*1 ! man w want food = 8 body1 & ! philosoph] be de/itute ( tools = 8 inv5tions8 ,_h he be51 z1 f ! rank he held 9 sci5ce1 he c]ta9ly w\ld h be5 9 o!r k+doms1 ri* 9 ! hon\rs 8 c\ntry c\ld be/[1 & receiv+ f h] a rew>d 9 "s measure comm5surate ) 8 des]ts1--!n1 inde$1 !re might h be5 reason = t reproa*2 b ,i am conv9c$ t1 9 su* circum/ances1 ! philosoph] w\ld h balanc$1 ) no nigg>d h&1 ! claims ( 8 c\ntry1 & w\ld h giv5 to x1 unres]v$ly1 ! produce ( 8 p[]ful m9d4 ,,section #i4 ,,( ,,! ,,fair*ild ,,lecture4 ,mr4 ,fair*ild left by w tw5ty-five p\nds to ! ,royal ,society4 ,?is 0 increas$ by sev]al subscriptions1 & #ajj,l4 #c p] c5t4 ,s\? ,sea ,annuities 0 pur*as$1 ! int]e/ ( :i* 0 to be devot$ annually to pay = a s]mon to be prea*$ at ,/4,leon>d's1 ,%or$it*4 ,few memb]s ( ! ,society1 p]haps1 are aw>e1 ei!r ( ! beque/ or ( its annual paym5t4 ,i %all m]ely obs]ve1 t = five ye>s1 f #ahjj to #ahjd1 x 0 regul>ly giv5 to ,mr4 ,asc\gh2 & t = tw5ty-six ye>s pa/1 x has be5 z regul>ly giv5 to ! ,rev4 ,mr4 ,ellis4 ,! annual am\nt is too trifl+ to /imulate to any extraord9>y ex]tions2 yet1 small z x is1 x might1 if prop]ly appli$1 be productive ( mu* advantage to religion1 & ( great hon\r to ! ,society4 ,= ?is purpose1 x w\ld be desirable t x %\ld be deliv]$ at "s *ur* or *apel1 m likely to be att5d$ by memb]s ( ! ,royal ,society4 ,notice ( x %\ld be giv5 at ! place ( wor%ip appo9t$1 at lea/ a week previ\s to its deliv]y1 & at ! two prec$+ weekly meet+s ( ! ,royal ,society4 ,! "n ( ! g5tleman nom9at$ = t ye>1 & ! *ur* at :i* ! s]mon is to be prea*$1 %\ld be /at$4 ,) ?is publicity att5d+ x1 & by a judici\s selection ( ! fir/ two or ?ree g5tlem5 appo9t$ to deliv] x1 x w\ld soon be e/eem$ an hon\r to be invit$ to compose su* a lecture1 & ! ,society might always f9d 9 its num]\s li/ ( memb]s or aspirants1 p]sons well qualifi$ to fulfil a task z b5eficial = ! promotion ( true religion1 z x ev] mu/ be = ! int]e/ ( sci5ce4 ,i am tempt$ to believe t su* a c\rse w\ld call =? ex]tions ( ! mo/ valuable "*1 z well z give additional circulation to :at is already done on t subject4 ,! geological speculations :i* h be5 adduc$1 p]haps ) too mu* ha/e by "s1 z accord+ ) ! ,mosaic hi/ory1 & by o!rs1 z inconsi/5t ) its tru?1 w\ld1 if ?is subject _h be5 att5tively consid]$1 h be5 all[$ to rema9 until ! fulle/ & free/ inquiry _h irrevocably fix$ _! claim to ! "* ( indisputable facts4 ,b1 ,i w n press ?is subject fur!r on my read]'s att5tion1 le/ he %\ld ?9k ,i am myself deliv]+ ! lecture4 ,all t ,i c\ld h said on ?is po9t has be5 s mu* m ably /at$ by "o ^: enlight5$ view ( geological sci5ce has tak5 away "s difficulties f its cultivators1 &1 ,i hope1 remov$ a /umbl+-block f _m respectable individuals1 t ,i %\ld only weak5 by add+ to ! argum5t4 ,i allude to ! critique ( ,dr4 ,ure's ,geology 9 ! ,briti% ,review1 = ,july1 #ahbi2 an ,essay1 equally wor?y ( a philosoph] & a ,*ri/ian4 ,,section #aj4 ,,( ,,! ,,croonian ,,lecture4 ,! paym5t ,?ree p\nds4 = ?is ,lecture1 l t ( ! prec$+1 is small4 ,x 0 in/itut$ by ,dr4 ,croone1 = an annual essay on ! subject ( ,muscul> ,motion4 ,x is a little to be regrett$1 t x %\ld h be5 s re/rict$2 & p]haps its f\nd]1 _h he =ese5 ! r\t9e into :i* x has dw9dl$1 might h endeav\r$ to pres]ve x1 by af=d+ x a wid] range4 ,by giv+ x to a v>iety ( individuals1 competition might h be5 creat$1 & _m "y anatomi/s h be5 induc$ to direct _! att5tion to ! fav\rite inquiry ( ! f\nd] ( ! ,lecture2 b f causes :i* ne$ n "h be trac$1 ?is has n be5 ! cu/om--"o individual has monopoliz$ x ye> aft] ye>1 & x seems1 l ! ,fair*ild ,lecture1 r to h be5 reg>d$ z a p5sion4 ,!re h1 h[ev]1 be5 "s int]vals2 & we are /ill "u obligations to ^? :o h support$ ,,! ,,sy/em1 = n appo9t+ ,sir ,ev]>d ,home to read ! ,croonian ,lecture tw5ty ye>s 9 ,,succession4 ,_h x be5 o!rwise1 we might h he>d ( ve/$ rights4 ,,section #aa4 ,,( ,,! ,,causes ,,( ,,! ,,pres5t ,,/ate ,,( ,,! ,,royal ,,society4 ,! be/ fri5ds ( ! ,royal ,society h long admitt$1 :il/ !y regrett$1 its decl9+ fame2 & ev5 ^? :o support :atev] exi/s1 beg9 a little to d\bt :e!r x might n possibly be am5d$4 ,! great & lead+ cause ( ! pres5t /ate to :i* ! ,royal ,society is r$uc$1 may be trac$ to ye>s ( misrule to :i* x has be5 submitt$4 ,9 ord] to und]/& ?is1 x w be necess>y to expla9 ! nature ( t misrule1 & ! means employ$ 9 p]petuat+ x4 ,x is kn[n1 t by ! /atutes1 ! body ( ! ,society h ! p[] ( elect+1 annually1 _! ,presid5t1 ,(fic]s1 & ,c\ncil2 & x is also well kn[n1 t ?is is a m]ely nom9al p[]1 & t pr9t$ li/s are prep>$ & put into ! h&s ( ! memb]s on _! ent]+ ! room1 & ?us pass$ into ! ballot+ box4 ,if ^! li/s 71 z 9 o!r sci5tific societies1 op5ly discuss$ 9 ! ,c\ncil1 & !n (f]$ by !m z recomm5dations to ! ,society1 little inconv5i5ce w\ld arise2 b ! fact is1 t !y are private nom9ations by ! ,presid5t1 usually )\t notice1 to ! ,c\ncil1 & all ! support]s ( ! sy/em :i* ,i am criticiz+1 endeav\r to uphold ! "r ( ?is nom9ation 9 ! ,presid5t1 & prev5t or disc\rage any alt]ation4 ,! ,society has1 = ye>s1 be5 manag$ by a ,,p>ty1 or ,,cot]ie1 or by :atev] o!r "n may be mo/ fit to designate a comb9ation ( p]sons1 unit$ by no express$ compact or writt5 regulations1 b :o act toge!r f a community ( pr9ciples4 ,t ea* individual has inv>iably support$ all ! measures ( ! p>ty1 is by no means ! case2 & :il/ in/ances ( opposition among/ !m h be5 v r>e1 a sil5t resignation to circum/ances has be5 ! mo/ usual mode ( meet+ measures !y disapprov$4 ,! great object ( ?is1 z ( all o!r p>ties1 has be5 to ma9ta9 itself 9 p[]1 & to divide1 z f> z x c\ld1 all ! good ?+s among/ its memb]s4 ,x has usually consi/$ ( p]sons ( v mod]ate tal5t1 :o h _h ! prud5ce1 :5ev] !y c\ld1 to associate ) !mselves o!r memb]s ( great] ability1 provid$ ^! latt] w\ld n oppose ! sy/em1 & w\ld ?us l5d to x ! sanction ( _! "n4 ,! p>ty h always prais$ ea* o!r mo/ highly--h inv>iably oppos$ all improvem5ts 9 ! ,society1 all *ange 9 ! mode ( managem5t2 & h ma9ta9$1 t all ^? :o wi%$ = any alt]ation 7 facti\s2 &1 :5 !y discov]$ any symptoms ( indep5d5ce & inquiry break+ out 9 any memb] ( ! ,c\ncil1 !y h displac$ him z soon z !y dec5tly c\ld4 ,( ! argum5ts employ$ by ^? :o support ! ,,sy/em ,,( ,,managem5t by :i* ! ,royal ,society is gov]n$1 ,i %all give a few samples3 refutation is r5d]$ q unnecess>y--juxta-position is alone requisite4 ,if any memb]1 see+ an improp] appo9tm5t 9 contemplation1 or any abuse 9 ! managem5t ( ! affairs ( ! ,society cont9u$1 raise a voice aga9/ x1 ! ready answ] is1 ,:y %\ld y int]f]e8 x may n be q ! ?+ y approve2 b x is no affair ( y\rs4--,if1 on ! o!r h&1 x d relate to himself1 ! reply is equally ready4 ,x is imm$iately urg$3 ,! "q is ( a p]sonal nature2 y are ! la/ p]son :o ought to br+ x =w>d2 y are y\rself int]e/$4 ,if any memb] ( ! ,society1 feel+ annoy$ at ! neglect1 or hurt by ! injuries or insults ( ! ,c\ncil1 %[ signs ( remon/rance1 x is imm$iately sugge/$ to him t he is irritat$1 & ought to wait until 8 feel+s subside1 & he c judge m coolly on ! subject2 :il/ ) becom+ c&\r !y admit ! ill-treatm5t1 b urge =be>ance4 ,if1 aft] an int]val1 :5 reflection has _h ample "t to op]ate1 ! (f5ce seems great z at fir/1 or ! insult appe>s unmitigat$ by any circum/ances on :i* memory c dwell1--if x is !n br\ght =w>d1 ! imm$iate answ] is1 ,! affair is out ( date--! ?+ is gone by--x is too late to call 9 "q a transaction s long pa/4 ,?us1 if a man is int]e/$ p]sonally1 he is unfit to "q an abuse2 if he is n1 is x probable t he w "q x8 & if1 not)/&+ ?is1 he d s1 !n he is to be acc\nt$ a m$dl]4 ,if he is insult$1 & compla91 he is told to wait until he is cool2 & :5 t p]iod arrives1 he is !n told he is too late4 ,if 8 remon/rance relates to ! alt]ation ( laws :i* are nev] ref]r$ to1 or only kn[n by _! repeat$ brea*1 he is told t any alt]ation is useless2 x is p]fectly well kn[n t !y are nev] adh]$ to4 ,if x relate to ! impolicy ( any regulations atta*+ to an (fice1 he is imm$iately answ]$1 t t is a p]sonal "q1 9 :i* x is impossible to int]f]e--! (fic]1 x seems1 is consid]$ to h n m]ely a ve/$ "r to ! cont9uance ( e abuse1 b an int]e/ 9 transmitt+ x unimpair$ to 8 successors4 ,9 ! same _s ,i h he>d errors ( calculation or obs]vation def5d$4 ,if small errors occur1 x is said t !y are too trifl+ to be ( any importance4 ,if l>g] errors are po9t$ out1 x is imm$iately cont5d$ t !y c deceive nobody1 because ( _! magnitude4 ,p]haps x might be ( "s use1 if ! ,c\ncil w\ld oblige ! _w ) _! ,,scale ( ,,error1 ) illu/rations f "s ( ! mo/ ,,rec5t & ,,approv$ works1 & w\ld fav\r ! un9=m$ ) ! or?odox cre$ ^u all grades1 f t :i* baffles ! human faculties to detect1 up to t :i* becomes innocu\s f its size4 ,! (fices connect$ ) ! ,royal ,society are few 9 numb]1 & _! emolum5t small 9 am\nt2 b ! prop] disposition ( !m is1 nev]!less1 ( great importance to ! ,society1 & 0 s to ! sci5ce ( ,engl&4 ,9 ! fir/ place1 ! ,presid5t1 hav+ 9 effect ! absolute nom9ation ( ! :ole ,c\ncil1 c\ld ea* ye> introduce a few g5tlem51 ^: only qualification to sit on x w\ld be ! high op9ion !y mu/ necess>ily ent]ta9 ( ! p5etration ( him :o c\ld discov] _! sci5tific m]its4 ,he might also place 9 ! li/ a few nobles or (ficials1 j to gild x4 ,nei!r ( ^! classes w\ld put any tr\blesome que/ions1 & "o ( !m might be employ$1 f its /ation 9 society1 to *eck any t might be propos$ by o!rs4 ,) ^! +r$i5ts1 add$ to ! regul> tra9 ( ! p>ty1 & a /> or two ( sci5ce to %$ lu/re ov] ! :ole1 a v manageable ,c\ncil might be =m$2 & su* has be5 its frequ5t composition4 ,! duties ( ! ,secret>ies1 :5 well execut$1 are labori\s1 al?\gh n 9 ?is respect equal to ^? ( ! same (fic]s :o1 9 sev]al societies1 give _! gratuit\s aid2 & _! lab\rs are mu* light5$ by ! ,assi/ant ,secret>y & 8 cl]k4 ,! foll[+ are _! sal>ies3-- ,! ,s5ior ,secret>y 44444444444 #aje,l4 ,! ,junior ,secret>y1 #aje,l44444444 7 #e,l4 = mak+ ,index to ,phil4 ,trans444 7 #aaj,l4 ,! ,=eign ,secret>y44444444444 #bj,l4 ,n[ x is n cu/om>y to *ange ^! annually2 & z ^! (fices are among/ ! loaves & fi%es !y are g5]ally giv5 by ! ,presid5t to "s /aun* support]s ( ! sy/em4 ,!y h frequ5tly be5 be/[$1 ) v little consid]ation = ! int]e/1 or ev5 = ! dignity ( ! ,society4 ,to notice only "o in/ance3 ! late ,sir ,joseph ,banks appo9t$ a g5tleman :o rema9$ = ye>s 9 t situation1 al?\gh he 0 confess$ly ignorant ( e subject connect$ ) ! pursuits ( ! ,society4 ,i w1 h[ev]1 d ju/ice to 8 memory1 by say+ t 8 respectability 0 pres]v$ "u su* circum/ances1 by ! mo/ c&id admission ( ! fact1 accompani$ by a /ore ( o!r k un=tunately q =eign to ! pursuits ( ! ,society2 & ,i w add1 t ,i regrett$ to see him insult$ by "o ,presid5t 9 a situation improp]ly giv5 to him by a =m]4 ,next 9 ord] come ! ,vice-,presid5ts1 :o are appo9t$ by ! ,presid5t2 & 9 ?is respect ! pres5t practice is n inconv5i5t4 ,! case1 h[ev]1 is widely diff]5t ) ! (fice ( ,treasur]4 ,! ,presid5t ought n to usurp ! p[] ( 8 appo9tm5t1 :i* ought1 aft] s]i\s discussion by ! ,c\ncil1 to be made by ! ,society at l>ge4 ,besides ! ?ree ,secret>ies1 !re is an ,assi/ant ,secret>y1 & rec5tly ano!r has be5 add$1 :o may p]haps be call$ a ,sub-assi/ant ,secret>y4 ,all ^! places furni% patronage to ! ,presid5t4 ,let u n[ look at ! occasional patronage ( ! ,presid5t1 aris+ f (fices n belong+ to ! ,society4 ,he is1 ,,ex ,,(ficio1 a ,tru/ee ( ! ,briti% ,museum2 & x may seem h>% to ma9ta9 t he is n a fit p]son to hold su* a situation4 ,x is no !oretical view1 b x is ! ,,exp]i5ce ( ! pa/ :i* ju/ifies ! ass]tion2 & ,i fe> t unless he has ! sole responsibility = "s specific appo9tm5ts1 & unless 8 judgm5t is %>p5$ by ! fe> ( public discussion1 a ,presid5t ( ! ,royal ,society1 9 ! ,bo>d-room ( ! ,briti% ,museum1 is q z likely z ano!r p]son to sacrifice 8 public duty to ! influ5ce ( p[]1 or to private fri5d%ip4 ,) respect to ! m]its ( t ,in/itution1 ,i h no incl9ation at pres5t to inquire3 b :5 x is consid]$ t !re is at ?is mom5t atta*$ to x no "o ^: obs]vations or ^: writ+s h plac$ him ev5 9 ! second rank among/ ! naturali/s ( ,europe1 ! ,presid5t ( ! ,royal ,society has giv5 "s gr\nds = ! rem>k made by sev]al memb]s ( ! ,society1 t he is a little too mu* surr\nd$ by ! (fic]s ( a body :o may reasonably be suppos$ to ent]ta9 t[>ds him feel+s ei!r ( gratitude or expectation4 ,x w be rememb]$ t ! "n ( ,mr4 ,rob]t ,br[n has be5 b rec5tly atta*$ to ! ,briti% ,museum1 & t x is to be attribut$ to 8 possess+ a life int]e/ 9 ! valuable collection ( ! late ,sir ,joseph ,banks4 ,! late ,bo>d ( ,longitude 0 ano!r s\rce ( patronage1 :i*1 al?\gh n[ aboli%$1 x may be useful to h9t at4 ,!re 7 ?ree memb]s to be appo9t$ by ! ,royal ,society3 ^! 7 honor>y1 &1 z no sal>y 0 atta*$1 x might h be5 expect$ t ?is limit$ numb] ( appo9tm5ts w\ld h be5 giv5 9 all cases to p]sons qualifi$ = !m4 ,b no3 x 0 conv5i5t to pay complim5ts2 & ,"l ,col*e/]1 ^: tal5ts & k insur$ him respect z ,speak] ( ! ,h\se ( ,commons1 or z a ,briti% nobleman1 0 plac$ = ye>s 9 ! situation z "o ( ! ,commission]s ( ! ,bo>d ( ,longitude1 = :i* e compet5t judge knew him to be :olly unfit4 ,:at 0 ! return :i* he made = ?is indulg5ce8 ,little in=m$ respect+ ! feel+s ( ! ,society1 & probably mis9=m$ by ! p>ty ^: influ5ce _h plac$ him !re1 he sav$ !m 9 ! day ( _! p]il4 ,:5 ! /ate ( ! ,society _h rea*$ su* a po9t t _m ( ! m sci5tific memb]s felt t "s am5dm5t 0 absolutely necess>y to its respectability1 a committee 0 =m$ to sugge/ to ! ,c\ncil su* improvem5ts z !y might consid] x exp$i5t to discuss4 ,among/ ! names ( ! p]sons compos+ ?is ,committee1 :i* 0 propos$ by ,mr4 ,s\?1 7 ^? ( ,dr4 ,wolla/on & ,mr4 ,h]s*el4 ,! ,c\ncil receiv$ _! report at ! close ( ! session2 & 9 record+ x on ! j\rnals1 !y made an appeal to ! ,c\ncil = ! ensu+ ye> to be/[ on x ,,_! ,,e>lie/ ,,& ,,mo/ ,,s]i\s ,,att5tion4 ,n[ :5 ! p>ty1 to ^: gov]nm5t "s ( ^! improvem5ts w\ld h be5 a dea?-w>rant1 f\nd t ! subject 0 likely to be tak5 up 9 ! ,c\ncil1 !y 7 9 dismay3 b ! le>n$ & grateful pe] came to _! assi/ance1 & aid$ ,mr4 ,davies ,gilb]t 9 gett+ rid ( ^! improvem5ts completely4 ,x has be5 ! fa%ion to ma9ta9 t all classes ( ! ,royal ,society %\ld be repres5t$ 9 ! ,c\ncil1 & consequ5tly t a pe] or two %\ld f9d a place among/ !m4 ,^? :o are mo/ adv]se to ?is doctr9e w\ld p]haps be ! mo/ anxi\s to r5d] ?is tribute to any "o really employ+ 8 "t1 8 tal5ts1 or 8 rank 9 advanc+ ! cause ( sci5ce4 ,b :5 a nobleman1 unv]s$ 9 our pursuits1 w condesc5d to use ! influ5ce ( 8 /ation 9 aid+ a ,presid5t to /ifle1 ,,)\t ,,discussion1 propositions recomm5d$ = consid]ation by "s ( ! mo/ highly gift$ memb]s ( ! ,society1--^? :o d\bt ! propriety ( ! pr9ciple may reasonably be p>don$ = ! disgu/ !y mu/ necess>ily ent]ta9 = ! practical abuse to :i* x leads4 ,( ! o!r ?ree ,commission]s1 :o receiv$ ea* a hundr$ a-ye>1 al?\gh ! nom9ation 01 9 po9t ( =m1 9 ! ,admiralty1 yet x 0 well kn[n t ! ,presid5t ( ! ,royal ,society did1 9 fact1 always "n !m4 ,( ^! ,i w only m5tion "o fact4 ,! late ,sir ,joseph ,banks assign$ to me z a reason :y ,i ne$ n expect to be appo9t$1 7z he _h held out to me at a =m] p]iod :5 ,i _h spok5 to him on ! subject7 t ,i _h tak5 a prom95t "p 9 ! =mation ( ! ,,a/ronomical ,,society4 ,i am pr\d ( ! "p ,i did take 9 e/abli%+ t ,society1 al?\gh an undue %>e ( its hon\r 0 assign$ to me by ! ,presid5t4 ,x may1 p]haps1 be inquir$1 :y ,i publi% ?is fact at ?is di/ance ( "t8 ,i answ]1 t ,i /at$ x publicly at ! ,c\ncil ( ! ,a/ronomical ,society2--t ,i always talk$ ( x publicly & op5ly at ! "t2--t ,i purposely communicat$ x to ea* succe$+ ,presid5t ( ! ,royal ,society2 & t1 al?\gh "s may h =gott5 ! communications ,i made at ! "t1 !re are o!rs :o rememb] !m well4 ,! ,secret>y ( ! late ,bo>d ( ,longitude receiv$ #cjj,l41 & #bjj,l4 m1 z ,sup]9t5d5t ( ! ,nautical ,almanac4 ,ano!r situation1 9 ! patronage ( :i* ! ,presid5t is kn[n to h consid]able influ5ce1 is t ( ,a/ronom] ,royal2 & x is to be obs]v$1 t he is kept 9 ! ,c\ncil z mu* z possible1 not)/&+ ! nature ( 8 duties4 ,( ! ?ree appo9tm5ts ( #ajj,l4 a-ye> ea*1 :i* h be5 in/itut$ s9ce ! abolition ( ! ,bo>d ( ,longitude1 ! ,presid5t is suppos$ to h ! control1 ?us mak+ him q sure ( ! ob$i5ce ( 8 ,c\ncil4 ,besides ^! s\rces ( patronage1 !re are o!r incid5tal occasions on :i* ,gov]nm5t apply to ! ,royal ,society to recomm5d prop] p]sons to make p>ticul> exp]im5ts or obs]vations2 &1 al?\gh ,i am f> f suppos+ t ^! are 9 _m in/ances giv5 to p]sons ! second or ?ird be/ qualifi$ = !m1 yet !y des]ve to be m5tion$4 ,,section #ab4 ,,( ,,! ,,plan ,,= ,,re=m+ ,,! ,,society4 ,! indiscrim9ate admission ( e c&idate became at la/ s notori\s1 ev5 beyond ! pale ( ! ,society1 t "s ( ! memb]s began to p]ceive ! inconv5i5ces to :i* x l$4 ,?is feel+1 toge!r ) a conviction t o!r improvem5ts 7 necess>y to re-e/abli% ! ,society 9 public op9ion1 induc$ sev]al ( ! mo/ active memb]s to wi% = "s re=m 9 its laws & proce$+s2 & a ,committee 0 appo9t$ to consid] ! subject4 ,x 0 p]fectly und]/ood1 t ! object ( ?is ,committee 0 to inquire1--,fir/1 z to ! means & propriety ( limit+ ! numb]s ( ?is ,society2 & !n1 z to o!r *anges :i* !y might ?9k b5eficial4 ,! names ( ! g5tlem5 compos+ ?is ,committee 73-- ,dr4 ,wolla/on1 ,mr4 ,h]s*el1 ,dr4 ,"y1 ,mr4 ,babbage1 ,mr4 ,davies ,gilb]t1 ,capta9 ,beau=t1 ,mr4 ,s\?1 ,capta9 ,kat]4 ,! importance ( ! v>i\s improvem5ts sugge/$ 0 diff]5t 9 ! eyes ( diff]5t memb]s4 ,! idea ( r5d]+ ! ,society s select z to make x an object ( ambition to m5 ( sci5ce to be elect$ into x1 0 by no means new1 z ! foll[+ extract f ! ,m9utes ( ! ,c\ncil w prove3-- ,,m9utes ,,( ,,c\ncil4 ,augu/ #bg1 #afgd ,pres5t1 ,sir ,w4 ,petty1 ,vice-,presid5t1 ,sir ,john ,l[!r1 ,sir ,john ,cutl]1 ,sir ,*ri/oph] ,wr51 ,mr4 ,old5burgh1 ,sir ,paul ,neile4 ,x 0 consid]$ by ?is ,c\ncil1 t to make ! ,society prosp]1 good exp]im5ts mu/ be 9 ! fir/ place provid$ to make ! weekly meet+s consid]able1 & t ! exp5ses = mak+ ^! exp]im5ts mu/ be secur$ by legal subscriptions = pay+ ! contributors2 :i* done1 ! ,c\ncil might !n ) confid5ce proce$ to ! ,,ejection ,,( ,,useless ,,fell[s4 ,! re=m]s ( mod]n times 7 less en]getic 9 ! measures !y recomm5d$4 ,dr4 ,wolla/on & "s o!rs ?\ght ! limitation ( ! numb]s ( ! ,society to be ! mo/ ess5tial po9t1 & #djj 0 sugge/$ z a prop] numb] to be recomm5d$1 9 case a limitation %\ld be ultimately resolv$ ^u4 ,i confess1 su* a limit did n appe> to me to br+ great advantages1 especially :5 ,i reflect$ h[ long a "t mu/ h elaps$ be=e ! #gad memb]s ( ! ,society c\ld be r$uc$ by dea? to t numb]4 ,& ,i also ?\ght t z long z ^? :o alone su/a9$ ! reputation ( ! ,society by _! writ+s & discov]ies %\ld be admitt$ into x on precisely ! same t]ms1 & on ! paym5t ( ! same sum ( money z o!r g5tlem5 :o contribut$ only ) _! purse1 x c\ld nev] be an object ( ambition to any man ( sci5ce to be enroll$ on its li/4 ,) ?is view1 & also to assi/ ^? :o wi%$ = a limitation1 ,i sugge/$ a plan extremely simple 9 its nature1 & :i* w\ld become effective imm$iately4 ,i propos$ t1 9 ! pr9t$ li/ ( ! ,royal ,society1 a /> %\ld be plac$ aga9/ ! "n ( ea* ,fell[ :o _h contribut$ two or m pap]s :i* _h be5 pr9t$ 9 ! ,transactions1 or t su* a li/ %\ld be pr9t$ sep>ately at ! end4 ,at t p]iod !re 7 #aji liv+ memb]s :o _h contribut$ pap]s to ! ,transactions1 & !y 7 ?us arrang$3 #cg ,contributors (44 #a pap] #ba4444444444 #b pap]s #ai4444444444 #c ditto #e 4444444444 #d ditto #c 4444444444 #e ditto #c 4444444444 #f ditto #ab4444 f #g to #ab ditto #ad444 ( m ?an #ab pap]s4 #ajj ,contribut+ ,fell[s ( ! ,royal ,society4 #ehi ,pap]s contribut$ by !m4 ,n[ ! imm$iate effect ( pr9t+ su* a li/ w\ld be ! division ( ! ,society into two classes4 ,suppos+ two or m pap]s necess>y = plac+ a ,fell[ 9 ! fir/ class1 t class w\ld only consi/ ( sev5ty-two memb]s1 :i* is ne>ly ! same z ! numb] ( ^? ( ! ,in/itute ( ,france4 ,if only ^? :o _h contribut$ ?ree or m 7 admitt$1 !n ?is class w\ld be r$uc$ to fifty-"o4 ,9 ei!r ( ^! cases x w\ld obvi\sly become a matt] ( ambition to belong to ! fir/ class2 & a m m9ute inve/igation into ! value ( ea* pap] w\ld naturally take place be=e x 0 admitt$ into ! ,transactions4 ,or x might be e/abli%$ t su* pap]s only %\ld be all[$ to c\nt1 z ! ,committee1 :o report$ !m z fit to be pr9t$1 %\ld also c]tify4 ,! great objection made to su* an arrangem5t 01 t x w\ld be displeas+ to ! re/ ( ! ,society1 & t !y _h a ve/$ "r 7hav+ ent]$ ! ,society :5 no di/9ction 0 made 9 ! li/s7 to h !m always cont9u$ )\t "o4 ,)\t reply+ to ?is %ad[ ( an argum5t ( ve/$ rights1 ,i w only rem>k t he :o ma9ta9s ?is view pays a v ill complim5t to ! rema9+ #fjj memb]s ( ! ,royal ,society2 s9ce he does1 9 tru?1 ma9ta9 t ^? g5tlem5 :o1 f _! position1 accid5tally d]ive reputation :i* does n belong to !m1 are unwill+1 :5 ! circum/ance is po9t$ out1 to all[ ! _w to assign x to ^? :o h fairly won x2 or else t !y are incapable ( produc+ any ?+ wor?y ( be+ pr9t$ 9 ! ,transactions ( ! ,royal ,society4 ,lightly z ! conduct ( ! ,society1 z a body1 has compell$ me to ?9k ( x1 ,i d n ?9k s ill ( ! p]sonal "* ( its memb]s z to believe t if ! "q 7 fairly /at$ to !m1 _m w\ld object to x4 ,among/ ! alt]ations :i* ,i consid]$ mo/ necess>y to ! r5ovation ( ! ,society1 0 ! recomm5dation1 by ! expir+ ,c\ncil1 ( ^? :om !y ?\ght mo/ eligible = t ( ! ensu+ ye>4 ,! sy/em :i* _h got into practice 0 radically bad3 x is impossible to h an ,,indep5d5t ,c\ncil if x is nam$ by ,,"o ,,p]son4 ,our /atutes 7 fram$ ) especial reg>d to secur+ ! fitness ( ! memb]s elect$ to s]ve 9 ! ,c\ncil2 & ! ,presid5t is direct$1 by ^? /atutes1 at ! two ord9>y meet+s previ\s to ! anniv]s>y1 to give notice ( ! elections1 & to decl>e h[ mu* x importe? ! good ( ! ,society t su* p]sons may be *os5 into ! ,c\ncil z are mo/ likely to att5d ! meet+s & bus9ess ( ! ,c\ncil1 & out ( :om may be made ! be/ *oice ( a ,presid5t & o!r (fic]s4 ,?is is regul>ly done2 &1 9 mock]y ( ! wisdom ( our ance/ors1 ! ,presid5t has p]haps 9 8 pocket ! li/ ( ! future ,c\ncil he has already fix$ ^u4 ,9 "s o!r ,societies1 great advantage is f\nd to arise f ! discussion ( ! prop] p]sons to be recomm5d$ to ! ,society = ! ,c\ncil ( ! next ye>4 ,a li/ is prep>$1 by ! ,secret>y1 ( ! old ,c\ncil1 & aga9/ ea* "n is plac$ ! numb] ( times he has att5d$ ! meet+s ( ! ,c\ncil4 ,^? ^: att5dance has be5 lea/ frequ5t are presum$ to be o!rwise engag$1 unless abs5ce f ,london1 or engagem5t 9 "s pursuit connect$ ) ! ,society1 are kn[n to h int]f]$4 ,^? memb]s :o h be5 on ! ,c\ncil ! numb] ( ye>s :i* is usually all[$1 add$ to ^? :o g out by _! own wi%1 & by non-att5dance1 are1 g5]ally1 m 9 numb] ?an c be sp>$2 & ! "q is nev]1 :o %all retire8--b1 :o1 out ( ! re/ ( ! ,society1 is mo/ likely to "w1 if plac$ on ! ,c\ncil8 ,if any diff]5ce ( op9ion %\ld exi/ 9 a society1 x is always ( great importance to its prosp]ity to h bo? op9ions repres5t$ 9 ! ,c\ncil4 ,9 ?is age ( discussion x is impossible to /ifle op9ions2 & if !y are n repres5t$ 9 ! ,c\ncil1 !re is "s *ance ( _! be+ br\ght be=e ! g5]al body1 or1 at la/1 ev5 be=e ! public4 ,x is c]ta9ly an advantage t que/ions %\ld be put1 & ev5 t debates %\ld take place on ! days appropriat$ to ! anniv]s>ies ( societies4 ,?is is ! be/ *eck to ! comm5cem5t ( irregul>ities2 & a suspicion may reasonably be ent]ta9$ ( ^? :o endeav\r to suppress inquiry4 ,on ! o!r h&1 debates respect+ ! affairs ( ! ,society %\ld nev] be ent]$ on at ! ord9>y meet+s1 z !y int]rupt its bus9ess1 & only a p>tial att5dance c be expect$4 ,t ! conduct ( ^? :o h latt]ly manag$ ! ,royal ,society has n l$ to su* discussions1 is to be attribut$ m to ! =be>ance ( ^? :o disapprove ( ! l9e ( conduct !y h pursu$1 ?an to ! discretion ( ! p>ty 9 n giv+ !m cause4 ,! public is ! la/ tribunal2 "o to :i* no?+ b /rong necessity %\ld induce an appeal4 ,!re are1 h[ev]1 advantages 9 x :i* may1 9 "s cases1 r5d] x bett] ?an a public discussion at ! anniv]s>y4 ,:5 ! cause ( compla9t is a sy/em r ?an any "o great grievance1 x may be necess>y to ent] m into detail ?an a spee* w p]mit2 also ! pr9t$ /atem5t & argum5ts w probably come "u ! consid]ation ( a l>g] numb] ( ! memb]s4 ,ano!r & a consid]able b5efit is1 t !re is mu* less dang] ( any expression ( temp] int]rupt+ or injur+ ! argum5ts employ$4 ,!re 7 o!r po9ts sugge/$1 b ,i %all subjo9 ! ,report ( ! ,committee3-- ,,report ,,( ,,! ,,committee ,,appo9t$ ,,to ,,consid] ,,! ,,be/ ,,means ,,( ,,limit+ ,,! ,,memb]s ,,admitt$ ,,into ,,! ,,royal ,,society1 ,,z ,,well ,,z ,,to ,,make ,,su* ,,sugge/ions ,,on ,,t ,,subject ,,z ,,may ,,seem ,,to ,,!m ,,conducive ,,to ,,! ,,welf>e ,,( ,,! ,,society4 ,y\r ,committee hav+ maturely consid]$ ! resolution ( ! ,c\ncil "u :i* !y h be5 appo9t$2 & hav+ satisfi$ !mselves t ! progressive increase ( ! ,society has be5 9 a mu* high] ratio ?an ! progressive increase ( population1 or ! g5]al gr[? ( k1 or ! ext5sion ( ^? sci5ces :i* x has be5 ! great object ( ! ,society to promote1 !y h agre$ to ! foll[+ ,report3-- ,y\r ,committee assume z indisputable propositions1 t ! utility ( ! ,society is 9 direct proportion to its respectability4 ,t its respectability c only be secur$ by its compris+ m5 ( high philosophical em95ce2 & t ! obvi\s means ( associat+ p]sons ( ?is em95ce w be ! public conviction1 t to belong to ! ,society is an hon\r4 ,y\r ,committee1 !re=e1 ?9k !mselves fully borne out 9 ! conclusion1 t x w\ld be exp$i5t to limit ! ,society to su* a numb] z %\ld be a fair repres5tation ( ! tal5t ( ! c\ntry2 ! consequ5ce ( :i* w be1 t e vacancy w\ld become an object ( competition among p]sons ( ackn[l$g$ m]it4 ,f ! returns :i* h be5 laid on y\r table1 ( ! ,fell[s :o h contribut$ pap]s1 & f ! be/ e/imate !y c make ( ! p]sons )\t doors :o are engag$ 9 ! active pursuit ( sci5ce1 y\r ,committee feel ju/ifi$ 9 recomm5d+ t ^? limits %\ld be fix$ at f\r hundr$1 exclusive ( =eign memb]s1 & ( su* royal p]sonages z x may be ?\ght prop] to admit4 ,z _m ye>s mu/ elapse be=e ! pres5t numb] ( sev5 hundr$ & f\rte5 c be r$uc$ to ^? limits by ! c\rse ( nature1 & z x w\ld be prejudicial to ! int]e/s ( ! ,society & ( sci5ce1 t no fre% accessions %\ld take place dur+ t long p]iod1 y\r ,committee w\ld fur!r recomm5d1 t till t ev5t takes place1 f\r new memb]s %\ld be annually admitt$4 ,) respect to ! mann] ( admission1 y\r ,committee are ( op9ion1 t !re are sev]al inconv5i5ces 9 ! pres5t mode ( proce$+ to a s+le ballot ^u ea* c]tificate1 accord+ to its s5iority4 ,if ! above limitation %\ld be adopt$1 x may be presum$1 t = e vacancy !re w be _m c&idates2 f among/ !m1 x mu/ be ! g5]al wi% to select ! mo/ di/+ui%$ individuals2 b to accompli% ?is1 if ! pres5t sy/em 7 to be cont9u$1 x w\ld be necess>y to reject all ^? c&idates ^: c]tificates 7 ( e>li] date ?an !irs2 a process n only extremely irritat+1 b probably ineffectual f ! want ( unanimity4 ,y\r ,committee1 !re=e1 mo/ e>ne/ly recomm5d1 t "o g5]al election %\ld take place e ye> t[>ds ! end ( ! session1 & t ?is %\ld be conduct$ on ! same pr9ciples z ! pres5t annual election ( ! ,c\ncil & (fic]s2 ,,viz4 by hav+ li/s pr9t$ ( all ! c&idates 7^: c]tificates _h be5 susp5d$ = ! usual "t17 9 :i* li/s ea* ,fell[ w\ld m>k ! requisite numb] ( p]sons4 ,z ! *>t]1 h[ev]1 requires ! concurr5ce ( two-?irds ( ! ,fell[s pres5t1 y\r ,committee sugge/1 t aft] ! *oice has be5 det]m9$ by ! plurality ( votes by ballot 9 ! above mann]1 ! successful c&idates %\ld be aga9 submitt$ to a g5]al vote1 9 accordance ) ! enactm5ts ( ! said *>t]4 ,9 conclud+ ?is "p ( ! subject1 y\r ,committee beg leave to rem>k1 t by ! me?od n[ propos$1 ! invidi\s act ( blackball+ w\ld cease1 & ) x all feel+s ( res5tm5t & mortification2 z ! result ( su* an op5 competition c\ld only be con/ru$ by ! public into a fair pref]5ce ( ! sup]ior claims ( ! successful few1 & n into a direct & disgraceful rejection ( ! o!rs4 ,y\r ,committee are fully aw>e1 t su* a r$uction 9 ! usual admissions w\ld mat]ially affect ! pecuni>y res\rces ( ! ,society2 b !y are at ! same "t conv9c$1 t by a vigor\s economy its pres5t income might be r5d]$ adequate to all its real wants1 & ! aggregate exp5diture might be consid]ably dim9i%$ by _m small b :olesome retr5*m5ts4 ,x appe>s1 f ! acc\nts ( la/ ye>1 t al?\gh #abjj,l4 0 receiv$ = compositions1 9 addition to ! /&+ income1 & usual contributions1 c41 & al?\gh no money 0 inve/$1 yet !re 0 a balance only ( a few p\nds at ! end ( ! ye>4 ,x fur!r appe>s1 t #ejj,l4 0 paid = ! pap]1 #cgj,l4 = engrav+s1 & ne>ly #cdj,l4 = pr9t+2 & f ^? al>m+ facts1 y\r ,committee submit to y\r consid]ation1 :e!r ! exp5diture might n be b5eficially controll$ by a /&+ ,committee ( ,f9ance4 ,9 ob$i5ce to ! latt] "p ( y\r resolution1 y\r ,committee n[ proce$ to (f] "s fur!r sugge/ions = y\r consid]ation4 ,!y conceive t x w\ld af=d a b5eficial /imulus to individual ex]tion1 if ! ,fell[s :o h receiv$ ! m$als ( ! ,society1 & ^? :o h repeat$ly enri*$ its ,transactions1 7 di/+ui%$ by be+ collect$ into a sep>ate & hon\rable li/4 ,x w\ld also be f\nd1 p]haps1 n less a future inc5tive ?an an act ( retrospective ju/ice1 if ! names ( all ^? illu/ri\s ,fell[s :o h =m]ly obta9$ ! m$als1 z well z ( all ^? individuals :o h be5 l>ge b5efactors to ! ,society1 7 record$ at ! end ( ! li/4 ,x w\ld be a satisfactory addition likewise to ! annual li/1 if all ^? ,fell[s :o h di$1 or _h be5 admitt$ )9 ! prec$+ ye>1 7 regul>ly notic$4 ,& y\r ,committee ?9k1 t ^! li/s %\ld always =m "p ( ! ,transactions1 & be /it*$ up ) ! la/ "p ( ! volume4 ,x requires no argum5t to demon/rate t ! well-be+ ( ! ,society ma9ly dep5ds on ! activity & integrity ( its ,c\ncil2 & z _! selection is unque/ionably ( p>am\nt importance1 y\r ,committee hope t our excell5t ,presid5t w n consid] x any impea*m5t ( 8 imp>tiality1 or any d\bt ( 8 zeal1 if !y v5ture to sugge/1 t ! usual recomm5dation to ! ,society ( prop] memb]s = ! future ,c\ncil %\ld h5ce=? be consid]$ z a fit subject = ! dilig5t & anxi\s delib]ation ( ! expir+ ,c\ncil4 ,!re is ano!r po9t ( great mom5t to ! "* ( ! ,society1 & to ! dignifi$ /ation x occupies among ! le>n$ associations ( ,europe2 = its "* abroad c only be appreciat$ by ! nature & value ( its ,transactions4 ,y\r ,committee allude to ! important task ( decid+ on :at pap]s %\ld be publi%$2 & !y are ( op9ion t x w\ld be a mat]ial improvem5t on ! pres5t mode1 if ea* pap] 7 ref]r$ to a sep>ate ,committee1 :o %\ld h suffici5t "t giv5 !m to exam9e x c>efully1 :o %\ld be emp[]$ to communicate on any d\btful p>ts ) ! au?or2 & :o %\ld report1 n only _! op9ion1 b ! gr\nds on :i* t op9ion is =m$1 = ! ultimate decision ( ! ,c\ncil4 ,if x %\ld be ?\ght fit to adopt ! sugge/ions :i* y\r ,committee h n[ _h ! hon\r ( propos+1 !y beg leave to move1 t ano!r ,committee be appo9t$1 ) directions to frame or to alt] ! necess>y /atutes1 s t !y may be 9 /rict accordance ) ! *>t]s4 ,9 conclud+ ! ,report1 y\r ,committee d n wi% to disguise ! magnitude ( "s ( ! measures !y h ?\ght x _! duty to propose2 on ! contr>y1 !y w\ld n only urge ! fulle/ discussion ( _! exp$i5cy2 b fur!r1 t if y %\ld ev5 be unanim\sly dispos$ to confirm !m1 y\r ,committee w\ld recomm5d1 t ! sev]al /atutes1 :5 !y h be5 drawn up or modifi$1 %\ld be only ent]$ on y\r m9utes1 & n f9ally enact$4 ,all innovations 9 ! con/itution1 or ev5 ! habits ( ! ,royal ,society1 %\ld be scrut9iz$ ) ! mo/ jeal\s circumspection4 ,x is en\gh = ! pres5t ,c\ncil to h trac$ ! plan2 let ! ,c\ncil ( ! ensu+ sessions %>e ! cr$it ( c>ry+ t plan into effect4 ,?is ,report 0 pres5t$ to ! ,c\ncil v late 9 ! session ( #ahbg1 & on ! #be? ( ,june !re occurs ! foll[+ entry on ! c\ncil-book3-- ,! ,report ( ! ,committee = consid]+ ! be/ means ( limit+ ! numb] ( memb]s1 & su* o!r sugge/ions z !y may ?9k conducive to ! good ( ! ,society1 0 receiv$ & read1 & ord]$ to be ent]$ on ! m9utes2 & ! ,c\ncil1 reg>d+ ! importance ( ! subject1 & its be>+s on ! ess5tial int]e/s ( ! ,society1 9 con=mity ) ! conclud+ p>agraph1 & consid]+ also ! advanc$ /age ( ! session1 recomm5d x to ! mo/ s]i\s & e>ly consid]ation ( ! ,c\ncil = ! ensu+ ye>4 ,^? :o advocat$ ^! alt]ations1 7 9 no hurry = _! ha/y adoption2 !y 7 aw>e ( _! magnitude1 & anxi\s = ! fulle/ inve/igation be=e "o ( !m %\ld be tri$4 ,un=tunately1 ! conclud+ recomm5dation ( ! ,committee did n co9cide ) ! views ( ,mr4 ,gilb]t1 :om ! p>ty _h det]m9$ to make _! new ,presid5t4 ,t g5tleman made su* arrangem5ts = ! ,c\ncil ( ! succe$+ ye>1 t :5 ! "q respect+ ! consid]ation ( ! ,report ( t ,committee 0 br\ght =w>d1 x 0 ?r[n aside 9 ! mann] ,i h /at$4 ,?us a report1 sanction$ by ! names ( su* a committee1 & recomm5d$ by "o ,c\ncil to ,,! ,,mo/ ,,s]i\s & ,,e>ly consid]ation ( ! ,c\ncil = ! ensu+ ye>1 0 by t v ,c\ncil reject$1 )\t ev5 ! c]emony ( discuss+ its m]its4 ,0 e individual recomm5dation x conta9$1 n m]ely unfit to be adopt$1 b s totally defici5t 9 plausibility z to be utt]ly unwor?y ( discussion8 ,or did ! ,presid5t & 8 (fic]s feel1 t _! p[] re/$ on an insecure f\ndation1 & t !y did n possess ! confid5ce ( ! work+ memb]s ( ! ,society8 ,,*apt] ,v4 ,,( ,,obs]vations4 ,!re are sev]al reflections connect$ ) ! art ( mak+ obs]vations & exp]im5ts1 :i* may be conv5i5tly arrang$ 9 ?is *apt]4 ,,section #a4 ,,( ,,m9ute ,,precision4 ,no p]son w d5y t ! highe/ degree ( atta9able accuracy is an object to be desir$1 & x is g5]ally f\nd t ! la/ advances t[>ds precision require a great] devotion ( "t1 lab\r1 & exp5se1 ?an ^? :i* prec$e !m4 ,! fir/ /eps 9 ! pa? ( discov]y1 & ! fir/ approximate measures1 are ^? :i* add mo/ to ! exi/+ k ( mank9d4 ,! extreme accuracy requir$ 9 "s ( our mod]n inquiries has1 9 "s respects1 _h an un=tunate influ5ce1 by fav\r+ ! op9ion1 t no exp]im5ts are valuable1 unless ! measures are mo/ m9ute1 & ! accordance among/ !m mo/ p]fect4 ,x may1 p]haps1 be ( "s use to %[1 t ev5 ) l>ge in/rum5ts1 & mo/ practis$ obs]v]s1 ?is is b r>ely ! case4 ,! foll[+ extract is tak5 f a repres5tation made by ! pres5t ,a/ronom]-,royal1 to ! ,c\ncil ( ! ,royal ,society1 on ! advantages to be d]iv$ f ! employm5t ( two mural circles3-- ,t by obs]v+1 ) two in/rum5ts1 ! same objects at ! same "t1 & 9 ! same mann]1 we %\ld be able to e/imate h[ mu* ( t ,,occasional ,,discordance ,,f ,,! ,,mean1 :i* att5ds ,,ev5 ,,! ,,mo/ ,,c>eful ,,obs]vations1 ought to be attribut$ to irregul>ity ( refraction1 & h[ mu* to ,,! ,,imp]fections ,,( ,,in/rum5ts4 ,9 confirmation ( ?is may be adduc$ ! op9ion ( ! late ,m4 ,delambre1 :i* is ! m important1 f ! /atem5t x conta9s relative to ! necessity ( publi%+ all ! obs]vations :i* h be5 made4 ,mais quelque soit le p>ti que l'on pref]e1 il me semble qu'on doit t\t publi]4 ,ces irregul>ites memes sont des faits qu'il importe de connoitre4 ,,les ,,so9s ,,les ,,plus ,,att5tifs ,n',,en ,,sauroi5t ,,pres]v] ,,les ,,obs]vateurs ,,les ,,plus ,,ex]ces1 et celui qui ne produiroit que des angles t\j\rs p>faitm5t d'accord auroit ete s+uli]em5t bi5 s]vi p> les circon/ances ou ne s]oit pas bi5 s9c]e4--,,base ,,du ,,sy/eme ,,metrique1 ,disc\rs ,prelim9aire1 p4 #aeh4 ,?is desire = extreme accuracy has call$ away ! att5tion ( exp]im5t]s f po9ts ( f> great] importance1 & x seems to h be5 too mu* ov]look$ 9 ! pres5t day1 t g5ius m>ks its tract1 n by ! obs]vation ( quantities inappreciable to any b ! acute/ s5ses1 b by plac+ ,nature 9 su* circum/ances1 t %e is =c$ to record h] m9ute/ v>iations on s magnifi$ a scale1 t an obs]v]1 possess+ ord9>y faculties1 %all f9d !m legibly writt54 ,he :o c see portions ( matt] beyond ! k5 ( ! re/ ( 8 species1 conf]s an obligation on !m1 by record+ :at he sees2 b _! k dep5ds bo? on 8 te/imony & on 8 judgm5t4 ,he :o contrives a me?od ( r5d]+ su* atoms visible to ord9>y obs]v]s1 communicates to mank9d an in/rum5t ( discov]y1 & /amps 8 own obs]vations ) a "*1 alike indep5d5t ( te/imony or ( judgm5t4 ,,section #b4 ,,on ,,! ,,art ,,( ,,obs]v+4 ,! rem>ks 9 ?is section are n propos$ = ! assi/ance ( ^? :o are already obs]v]s1 b are int5d$ to %[ to p]sons n famili> ) ! subject1 t 9 obs]vations dem&+ no unrivall$ accuracy1 ! pr9ciples ( common s5se may be safely tru/$1 & t any g5tleman ( lib]al education may1 by p]sev]ance & att5tion1 asc]ta9 ! limits )9 :i* he may tru/ bo? 8 in/rum5t & himself4 ,if ! in/rum5t is a divid$ "o1 ! fir/ ?+ is to le>n to read ! v]ni]s4 ,if ! divisions are s f9e t ! co9cid5ce is frequ5tly d\btful1 ! be/ plan w be = ! le>n] to get "s acqua9tance :o is skill$ 9 ! use ( in/rum5ts1 & hav+ set ! in/rum5t at haz>d1 to write d[n ! read+s ( ! v]ni]s1 & !n reque/ 8 fri5d to d ! same2 :5ev] !re is any diff]5ce1 he %\ld c>efully exam9e ! d\btful "o1 & ask 8 fri5d to po9t out ! m9ute peculi>ities on :i* he f\nds 8 decision4 ,?is %\ld be repeat$ frequ5tly2 & aft] "s practice1 he %\ld note h[ _m times 9 a hundr$ 8 read+ diff]s f 8 fri5d's1 & also h[ _m divisions !y usually diff]4 ,! next po9t is1 to asc]ta9 ! precision ) :i* ! le>n] c bisect an object ) ! wires ( ! telescope4 ,?is c be done )\t assi/ance4 ,x is n necess>y ev5 to adju/ ! in/rum5t1 b m]ely to po9t x to a di/ant object4 ,:5 x bisects any rem>kable po9t1 read (f ! v]ni]s1 & write d[n ! result2 !n displace ! telescope a little1 & adju/ x aga94 ,a s]ies ( su* obs]vations w %[ ! confid5ce :i* is due to ! obs]v]'s eye 9 bisect+ an object1 & also 9 read+ ! v]ni]s2 & z ! fir/ direction gave him "s measure ( ! latt]1 he may1 9 a great measure1 appreciate 8 skill 9 ! =m]4 ,he %\ld also1 :5 he f9ds a deviation 9 ! read+1 return to ! telescope1 & satisfy himself if he has made ! bisection z complete z he c4 ,9 g5]al1 ! /ud5t %\ld practise ea* adju/m5t sep>ately1 & write d[n ! results :]ev] he c measure its deviations4 ,hav+ ?us practis$ ! adju/m5ts1 ! next /ep is to make an obs]vation2 b 9 ord] to try bo? himself & ! in/rum5t1 let him take ! altitude ( "s fix$ object1 a t]re/rial "o1 & hav+ regi/]$ ! result1 let him d]ange ! adju/m5t1 & repeat ! process fifty or a hundr$ times4 ,?is w n m]ely af=d him excell5t practice1 b enable him to judge ( 8 own skill4 ,! fir/ /ep 9 ! use ( e in/rum5t1 is to f9d ! limits )9 :i* its employ] c measure ! ,,same ,,object ,,"u ,,! ,,same ,,circum/ances4 ,x is only f a k ( ?is1 t he c h confid5ce 9 8 measures ( ! ,,same ,,object ,,"u ,,diff]5t ,,circum/ances1 & aft] t1 ( ,,diff]5t ,,objects ,,"u ,,diff]5t ,,circum/ances4 ,^! pr9ciples are applicable to almo/ all in/rum5ts4 ,if a p]son is desir\s ( asc]ta9+ heights by a m\nta9 b>omet]1 let him beg9 by adju/+ ! in/rum5t 9 8 own /udy2 & hav+ made ! upp] contact1 let him write d[n ! read+ ( ! v]ni]1 & !n let him d]ange ! ,,upp] adju/m5t ,,only1 re-adju/1 & repeat ! read+4 ,:5 he is satisfi$ ab\t ! limits )9 :i* he c make t adju/m5t1 let him d ! same repeat$ly ) ! l[]2 b let him n1 until he kn[s 8 own errors 9 read+ & adju/+1 pron\nce ^u ^? ( ! in/rum5t4 ,9 ! case ( a b>omet]1 he mu/ also be assur$1 t ! temp]ature ( ! m]cury does n *ange dur+ ! int]val4 ,a fri5d once br\ght to me a beautifully con/ruct$ piece ( me*anism1 = m>k+ m9ute portions ( "t2 ! ?ree-hundr$? p>ts ( a second 7 indicat$ by x4 ,x 0 a k9d ( wat*1 ) a p9 = /opp+ "o ( ! h&s4 ,i propos$ t we %\ld ea* endeav\r to /op x tw5ty times 9 succession1 at ! same po9t4 ,we 7 bo? equally unpractis$1 & our fir/ endeav\rs %[$ t we c\ld n be confid5t ( ! tw5tie? "p ( a second4 ,9 fact1 bo? ! "t occupi$ 9 caus+ ! extremities ( ! f+]s to obey ! volition1 z well z ! "t employ$ 9 compress+ ! fle% be=e ! f+]s act$ on ! /op1 appe>$ to influ5ce ! accuracy ( our obs]vations4 ,f "s few exp]im5ts ,i made1 ,i ?\ght ,i p]ceiv$ t ! rapidity ( ! transmission ( ! effects ( ! w1 dep5d$ on ! /ate ( fatigue or heal? ( ! body4 ,if any "o 7 to make exp]im5ts on ?is subject1 x might be int]e/+1 to comp>e ! rapidity ( ! transmission ( volition 9 diff]5t p]sons1 ) ! "t occupi$ 9 oblit]at+ an impression made on "o ( ! s5ses ( ! same p]sons4 ,= example1 by hav+ a me*anism to make a piece ( ignit$ *>coal revolve ) diff]5t degrees ( velocity1 "s p]sons w p]ceive a cont9u\s circle ( light be=e o!rs1 ^: ret9a does n reta9 s long impressions t are made ^u x4 ,,section #c4 ,,on ,,! ,,frauds ,,( ,,obs]v]s4 ,sci5tific inquiries are m expos$ ?an mo/ o!rs to ! inroads ( pret5d]s2 & ,i feel t ,i %all des]ve ! ?anks ( all :o really value tru?1 by /at+ "s ( ! me?ods ( deceiv+ practis$ by unwor?y claimants = its hon\rs1 :il/ ! m]e circum/ance ( _! arts be+ kn[n may det] future (f5d]s4 ,!re are sev]al species ( impositions t h be5 practis$ 9 sci5ce1 :i* are b little kn[n1 except to ! initiat$1 & :i* x may p]haps be possible to r5d] q intelligible to ord9>y und]/&+s4 ,^! may be class$ "u ! heads ( hoax+1 =g+1 trimm+1 & cook+4 ,,( ,,hoax+4 ,?is1 p]haps1 w be bett] expla9$ by an example4 ,9 ! ye> #aghh1 ,m4 ,gio5i1 a knight ( ,malta1 publi%$ at ,naples an acc\nt ( a new family ( ,te/acea1 ( :i* he describ$1 ) great m9ut5ess1 "o species1 ! specific "n ( :i* has be5 tak5 f its habitat1 & ! g5]ic he took f 8 own family1 call+ x ,gio5ia ,sicula4 ,x consi/$ ( two r\nd$ triangul> valves1 unit$ by ! body ( ! animal to a small] valve 9 front4 ,he gave figures ( ! animal1 & ( its p>ts2 describ$ its /ructure1 its mode ( advanc+ along ! s&1 ! figure ( ! tract x left1 & e/imat$ ! velocity ( its c\rse at ab\t two-?irds ( an in* p] m9ute4 ,he !n describ$ ! /ructure ( ! %ell1 :i* he treat$ ) nitric acid1 & f\nd x approa* ne>] to ! nature ( bone ?an any o!r %ell4 ,! editors ( ! ,,encyclop$ie ,,me?odique1 h copi$ ?is description1 & h giv5 figures ( ! ,gio5ia ,sicula4 ,! fact1 h[ev]1 is1 t no su* animal exi/s1 b t ! knight ( ,malta1 f9d+ on ! ,sicilian %ores ! ?ree int]nal bones ( "o ( ! species ( ,bulla1 ( :i* "s are f\nd on ! s\?-we/]n coa/ ( ,engl&1 ,bulla lign>ia describ$ & figur$ ^! bones mo/ accurately1 & drew ! :ole ( ! re/ ( ! description f ! /ores ( 8 own imag9ation4 ,su* frauds are f> f ju/ifiable2 ! only excuse :i* has be5 made = !m is1 :5 !y h be5 practis$ on sci5tific academies :i* _h rea*$ ! p]iod ( dotage4 ,x %\ld h[ev] be rememb]$1 t ! productions ( nature are s v>i\s1 t m]e /rang5ess is v f> f suffici5t to r5d] d\btful ! exi/5ce ( any creature = :i* !re is evid5ce2 ,! numb] ( v]tebrae 9 ! neck ( ! plesiosaurus is a /range b asc]ta9$ fact & t1 unless ! memoir itself involves pr9ciples s contradictory1 z to outweigh ! evid5ce ( a s+le witness1 ,! k9d ( contradiction :i* is "h allud$ to1 is t :i* arises f well asc]ta9$ f9al causes2 = in/ance1 ! rum9at+ /oma* ( ! ho($ animals1 is 9 no case comb9$ ) ! claw-%ap$ =m ( ! extremities1 frequ5t 9 _m ( ! c>niv]\s animals1 & necess>y to "s ( !m = ! purpose ( seiz+ _! prey x c only be reg>d$ z a deception1 )\t ! accompanim5t ( wit4 ,,=g+ diff]s f hoax+1 inasmu* z 9 ! latt] ! deceit is int5d$ to la/ = a "t1 & !n be discov]$1 to ! ridicule ( ^? :o h cr$it$ x2 :]eas ! =g] is "o :o1 wi%+ to acquire a reputation = sci5ce1 records obs]vations :i* he has nev] made4 ,?is is sometimes accompli%$ 9 a/ronomical obs]vations by calculat+ ! "t & circum/ances ( ! ph5om5on f tables4 ,! obs]vations ( ! second comet ( #aghd1 :i* 0 only se5 by ! ,*evali] ,d',angos1 7 long suspect$ to be a =g]y1 & 7 at l5g? prov$ to be s by ! calculations & reason+s ( ,encke4 ,! pret5d$ obs]vations did n accord among/ ea* o!r 9 giv+ any possible orbit4 ,b ,m4 ,encke detect$ an orbit1 belong+ to "s ( ! obs]vations1 f :i* he f\nd t all ! re/ might be almo/ precisely d$uc$1 provid$ a mi/ake ( a unity 9 ! index ( ! log>i?m ( ! radius vector 7 suppos$ to h be5 made 9 all ! re/ ( ! calculations4 ,,za*4 ,,corr4 ,,a/ron4 ,tom4 ,,iv4 p4 #def4 ,=tunately in/ances ( ! occurr5ce ( =g+ are r>e4 ,,trimm+ consi/s 9 clipp+ (f little bits "h & !re f ^? obs]vations :i* diff] mo/ 9 excess f ! mean1 & 9 /ick+ !m on to ^? :i* are too small2 a species ( equitable adju/m5t1 z a radical w\ld t]m x1 :i* _c be admitt$ 9 sci5ce4 ,?is fraud is n p]haps s injuri\s 7except to ! "* ( ! trimm]7 z cook+1 :i* ! next p>agraph w tea*1 ,! reason ( ?is is1 t ! ,,av]age giv5 by ! obs]vations ( ! trimm] is ! same1 :e!r !y are trimm$ or untrimm$4 ,8 object is to ga9 a reputation = extreme accuracy 9 mak+ obs]vations2 b f respect = tru?1 or f a prud5t =esight1 he does n di/ort ! position ( ! fact he gets f nature1 & x is usually difficult to detect him4 ,he has m s5se or less adv5ture ?an ! ,cook4 ,,( ,,cook+4 ,?is is an art ( v>i\s =ms1 ! object ( :i* is to give to ord9>y obs]vations ! appe>ance & "* ( ^? ( ! highe/ degree ( accuracy4 ,"o ( its num]\s processes is to make multitudes ( obs]vations1 & out ( ^! to select ^? only :i* agree1 or v ne>ly agree4 ,if a hundr$ obs]vations are made1 ! cook mu/ be v unlucky if he _c pick out fifte5 or tw5ty :i* w d = s]v+ up4 ,ano!r approv$ receipt1 :5 ! obs]vations to be us$ w n come )9 ! limit ( accuracy1 :i* x has be5 resolv$ !y %all possess1 is to calculate !m by two diff]5t =mulae4 ,! diff]5ce 9 ! con/ants employ$ 9 ^? =mulae has sometimes a mo/ happy effect 9 promot+ unanimity among/ discordant measures4 ,if /ill great] accuracy is requir$1 ?ree or m =mulae c be us$4 ,x mu/ be admitt$ t ?is receipt is 9 "s in/ances r haz>d\s3 b 9 cases :]e ! positions ( />s1 z giv5 9 diff]5t catalogues1 occur1 or diff]5t tables ( specific gravities1 specific heats1 c4 c41 x may safely be employ$4 ,z no catalogue conta9s all />s1 ! comput] mu/ h rec\rse to sev]al2 & if he is oblig$ to use 8 judgm5t 9 ! selection1 x w\ld be cruel to d5y him any little advantage :i* might result f x4 ,x may1 h[ev]1 be necess>y to gu>d aga9/ "o mi/ake into :i* p]sons might fall4 ,if an obs]v] calculate p>ticul> />s f a catalogue :i* makes !m accord precisely ) ! re/ ( 8 results1 :]eas1 _h !y be5 comput$ f o!r catalogues ! diff]5ce w\ld h be5 consid]able1 x is v unfair to accuse him ( ,,cook+2 =--^? catalogues may h be5 notori\sly inaccurate2 or--!y may h be5 sup]s$$ by o!rs m rec5t1 or made ) bett] in/rum5ts2 or--! obs]v] may h be5 totally ignorant ( _! exi/5ce4 ,x sometimes happ5s t ! con/ant quantities 9 =mulae giv5 by ! highe/ au?orities1 al?\gh !y diff] among/ !mselves1 yet !y w n suit ! mat]ials4 ,?is is precisely ! po9t 9 :i* ! skill ( ! arti/ is %[n2 & an accompli%$ cook w c>ry himself triumphantly ?r\gh x1 provid$ happily "s mean value ( su* con/ants w fit 8 obs]vations4 ,he w discuss ! relative m]its ( =mulae he has j k en\gh to use2 &1 ) admirable c&\r assign+ _! prop] %>e ( applause to ,bessel1 to ,gauss1 & to ,laplace1 he w take ,,t mean value ( ! con/ant us$ by ?ree su* philosoph]s1 :i* w make 8 own obs]vations accord to a miracle4 ,!re are "s few reflections :i* ,i w\ld v5ture to sugge/ to ^? :o cook1 al?\gh !y may p]haps n receive ! att5tion :i*1 9 my op9ion1 !y des]ve1 f n com+ f ! p5 ( an adept4 ,9 ! fir/ place1 x mu/ require mu* "t to try diff]5t =mulae4 ,9 ! next place x may happ5 t1 9 ! progress ( human k1 m correct =mula3 may be discov]$1 & con/ants may be det]m9$ ) f> great] precision4 ,or x may be f\nd t "s physical circum/ance influ5ces ! results1 7al?\gh unsuspect$ at ! "t7 ! measure ( :i* circum/ance may p]haps be recov]$ f o!r contempor>y regi/]s ( facts4 ,imag9e1 by way ( example1 ! /ate ( ! b>omet] or !rmomet]4 ,or if ! selection ( obs]vations has be5 made ) ! view ( its agree+ precisely ) ! late/ det]m9ation1 !re is "s little dang] t ! av]age ( ! :ole may diff] f t ( ! *os5 ones1 ow+ to "s law ( nature1 dep5d5t on ! int]val betwe5 ! two sets1 :i* law "s future philosoph] may discov]1 & ?us ! v be/ obs]vations may h be5 ?r[n aside4 ,9 all ^!1 & 9 num]\s o!r cases1 x w\ld mo/ probably happ5 t ! cook w\ld procure a tempor>y reputation = unrivall$ accuracy at ! exp5se ( 8 p]man5t fame4 ,x might also h ! effect ( r5d]+ ev5 all 8 crude obs]vations ( no value2 = t "p ( ! sci5tific _w ^: op9ion is ( mo/ weight1 is g5]ally s unreasonable1 z to neglect altoge!r ! obs]vations ( ^? 9 :om !y h1 on any occasion1 discov]$ traces ( ! arti/4 ,9 fact1 ! "* ( an obs]v]1 z ( a woman1 if d\bt$ is de/roy$4 ,! mann] 9 :i* facts app>5tly lo/ are re/or$ to light1 ev5 aft] consid]able int]vals ( "t1 is sometimes v unexpect$1 & a few examples may n be )\t _! use4 ,! !rmomet]s employ$ by ! philosoph]s :o compos$ ! ,academia ,del ,cim5to1 h be5 lo/2 & z !y did n use ! two fix$ po9ts ( freez+ & boil+ wat]1 ! results ( a great mass ( obs]vations h rema9$ useless f our ignorance ( ! value ( a degree on _! in/rum5t4 ,m4 ,libri1 ( ,flor5ce1 propos$ to rega9 ?is k by comp>+ _! regi/]s ( ! temp]ature ( ! human body & ( t ( "s w>m spr+s 9 ,tuscany1 :i* h pres]v$ _! heat uni=m dur+ a c5tury1 z well z ( o!r ?+s simil>ly circum/anc$4 ,ano!r illu/ration 0 po9t$ out to me by ,m4 ,gazz]i1 ! ,pr(essor ( ,*emi/ry at ,flor5ce4 ,a few ye>s ago an important suit 9 "o ( ! legal c\rts ( ,tuscany dep5d$ on asc]ta9+ :e!r a c]ta9 ^w _h be5 eras$ by "s *emical process f a de$ !n be=e ! c\rt4 ,! p>ty :o insi/$ t an erasure _h be5 made1 avail$ !mselves ( ! k ( ,m4 ,gazz]i1 :o1 conclud+ t ^? :o committ$ ! fraud w\ld be satisfi$ by ! disappe>ance ( ! col\r+ matt] ( ! ink1 suspect$ 7ei!r f "s col\rless matt] rema9+ 9 ! lett]s1 or p]haps f ! ag5cy ( ! solv5t hav+ weak5$ ! fabric ( ! pap] itself b5ea? ! suppos$ lett]s7 t ! effect ( ! sl[ application ( heat w\ld be to r5d] "s diff]5ce ( texture or ( appli$ sub/ance evid5t1 by "s v>iety 9 ! %ade ( col\r :i* heat 9 su* circum/ances might be expect$ to produce4 ,p]mission hav+ be5 giv5 to try ! exp]im5t1 on ! application ( heat ! important ^w reappe>$1 to ! great satisfaction ( ! c\rt4 ,,*apt] ,,vi4 ,,sugge/ions ,,= ,,! ,,advancem5t ,,( ,,sci5ce ,,9 ,,engl&4 ,,section #a4 ,,( ,,! ,,necessity ,,t ,,memb]s ,,( ,,! ,,royal ,,society ,,%\ld ,,express ,,_! ,,op9ions4 ,"o ( ! causes :i* has contribut$ to ! success ( ! ,,p>ty1 is to be f\nd 9 ! great reluctance ) :i* _m ( ^? ^: names add$ lu/re to ! ,society express$ _! op9ions1 & ! little firmness ) :i* !y ma9ta9$ _! objections4 ,h[ _m times h ^? ^: activity 0 additionally /imulat$ by _! int]e/1 propos$ measures :i* a few words might h *eck$2 :il/ ! names ( ^? ^: culpable sil5ce ?us p]mitt$ ! project to be matur$1 7 imm$iately aft]w>ds cit$ by _! grateful coadjutors1 z hav+ sanction$ t :i* 9 _! he>ts !y knew to be a job4 ,ev5 9 ! few cases :i* h pass$ ! limits ( su* =be>ance1 :5 ! subject has be5 debat$ 9 ! ,c\ncil1 m ?an "o1 m ?an two in/ances are kn[n1 :]e subsequ5t circum/ances h occurr$1 :i* prov$1 ) ! mo/ irresi/ible moral evid5ce1 t memb]s h spok5 on "o side ( ! "q1 & h vot$ on ! contr>y4 ,?is reluctance to oppose t :i* is disapprov$1 has be5 too ext5sively & too fatally preval5t = ! int]e/s ( ! ,royal ,society4 ,x may p>tly be attribut$ to t res]v$ & retir+ disposition1 :i* frequ5tly m>ks ! man ( real k1 z /rongly z an (fici\s int]f]5ce & flippant mann] d ! *>latan1 or ! trad] 9 sci5ce4 ,"s portion ( x is due to t improp] def]5ce :i* 0 long paid to e dictum ( ! ,presid5t1 & mu* ( x to t natural indisposition to take tr\ble on any po9t 9 :i* a man's own int]e/ is n imm$iately conc]n$4 ,x is to be hop$1 = ! cr$it ( t le>n$ body1 t no anticipation ( ! next fea/ ( ,/4 ,&rew ev] influ5c$ ! taciturnity ( _! disposition4 ,x may be necess>y to in=m ^? :o are n memb]s ( ! ,royal ,society1 t ?is is ! day on :i* ^? ,fell[s :o *oose1 meet at ,som]set ,h\se1 to regi/] ! names ( ! ,c\ncil & ,(fic]s ! ,presid5t has be5 pleas$ to appo9t = ! ensu+ ye>2 & :o aft]w>ds d9e toge!r1 = ! purpose ( prais+ ea* o!r ov] w9e1 :i*1 until )9 ^! few ye>s1 0 ,,paid = out ( ! ,,funds ( ! ,society4 ,?is abuse 0 attack$ by an ent]pris+ re=m]1 & ( c\rse def5d$ by ! cot]ie4 ,x 01 h[ev]1 giv5 up z too bad4 ,! public may =m "s idea ( ! feel+ :i* prevails 9 ! ,c\ncil1 :5 !y are in=m$ t ?is practice 0 def5d$ by "o ( ! (fic]s ( ! ,society1 on ! gr\nd t1 if aboli%$1 ,,! ,,assi/ant ,,secret>y ,,w\ld ,,lose ,,8 ,,p]c5tage ,,on ,,! ,,tav]n ,,bills4 ,,section #b4 ,,( ,,bi5nial ,,presid5ts4 ,! days 9 :i* ! ,royal ,society c h mu* influ5ce 9 sci5ce seem long pa/2 nor does x appe> a matt] ( great importance :o conduct its mismanag$ affairs4 ,p]petual ,presid5ts h be5 tri$ until ! ,society has become disgu/$ ) dictators4 ,if any re=m %\ld be attempt$1 x might p]haps be des]v+ consid]ation :e!r ! practice ( sev]al ( ! y\ng] in/itutions might n be wor?y imitation1 & ! (fice ( ,presid5t be cont9u$ only dur+ two sessions4 ,!re may be "s inconv5i5ces att5d+ ?is arrangem5t2 b ! advantages are conspicu\s1 bo? 9 ! ,a/ronomical & ,geological ,societies4 ,ea* ,presid5t is ambiti\s ( r5d]+ ! p]iod ( 8 reign rem>kable = "s improvem5t 9 ! ,society ov] :i* he presides2 & ! sacrifice ( "t :i* is made by ! (fic]s ( ^? ,societies1 w\ld become impossible if x 7 requir$ to be cont9u$ = a mu* long] p]iod4 ,ano!r circum/ance ( consid]able importance is1 t ! p]sonal "* ( ! ,presid5t is less impress$ on ! ,society2 &1 suppos+ any injudici\s alt]ations to be made1 x is mu* less difficult to correct !m4 ,,section #c4 ,,( ,,! ,,influ5ce ,,( ,,! ,,colleges ,,( ,,physicians ,,& ,,surgeons ,,9 ,,! ,,royal ,,society4 ,! hon\r ( belong+ to ! ,royal ,society is mu* s\ght aft] by m$ical m51 z contribut+ to ! success ( _! pr(essional ef=ts1 & two consequ5ces result f x4 ,9 ! fir/ place1 ! pages ( ! ,transactions ( ! ,royal ,society occasionally conta9 m$ical pap]s ( v mod]ate m]it2 &1 9 ! second1 ! prepond]ance ( ! m$ical int]e/ introduces into ! ,society "s ( ! jeal\sies ( t pr(ession4 ,on ! o!r h&1 m$ic9e is intimately connect$ ) _m sci5ces1 & its pr(essors are usually too mu* occupi$ 9 _! practice to ex]t !mselves1 except ^u great occasions4 ,,section #d4 ,,( ,,! ,,influ5ce ,,( ,,! ,,royal ,,in/itution ,,on ,,! ,,royal ,,society4 ,! ,royal ,in/itution 0 f\nd$ = ! cultivation ( ! m popul> & elem5t>y bran*es ( sci5tific k1 & has ris51 p>tly f ! spl5did discov]ies ( ,davy1 & p>tly f ! decl9e ( ! ,royal ,society1 to a m prom95t /ation ?an x w\ld o!rwise h occupi$ 9 ! sci5ce ( ,engl&4 ,its g5]al effects 9 diffus+ k among ! m educat$ classes ( ! metropolis1 h be51 & cont9ue to be1 valuable4 ,its influ5ce1 h[ev]1 9 ! gov]nm5t ( ! ,royal ,society1 is by no means att5d$ ) simil> advantages1 & has ju/ly be5 view$ ) consid]able jeal\sy by _m ( ! ,fell[s ( t body4 ,x may be /at$1 )\t disp>agem5t to ! ,royal ,in/itution1 t ! sci5tific qualifications necess>y = its (fic]s1 h[ev] respectable1 are n q ( t high ord] :i* ought to be requir$ = ^? ( ! ,royal ,society1 if ! latt] body 7 9 a /ate ( vig\r4 ,! ,royal ,in/itution int]e/ has always be5 suffici5t to appo9t "o ( ! ,secret>ies ( ! ,royal ,society2 & at ! pres5t mom5t !y h appo9t$ two4 ,9 a %ort "t1 unless "s effectual *eck is put to ?is1 we %all f9d !m nom9at+ ! ,presid5t & ! re/ ( ! (fic]s4 ,x is c]ta9ly n consi/5t ) ! dignity ( ! ,royal ,society ?us to all[ its (fices to be giv5 away z ! rew>ds ( s]vices r5d]$ to o!r in/itutions4 ,! only effectual way to put a /op to ?is increas+ int]e/ w\ld be1 to decl>e t no manag] or (fic] ( ! ,royal ,in/itution %\ld ev]1 at ! same "t1 hold (fice 9 ! ,royal ,society4 ,! use ! ,memb]s ( ! ,royal ,in/itution endeav\r to make ( _! p[] 9 ! ,c\ncil ( ! ,royal ,society1 is exemplifi$ 9 ! m9utes ( ! ,c\ncil ( ,m>* #aa1 #ahcj1 :i* may be consult$ ) advantage by ^? :o d\bt4 ,,section #e4 ,,( ,,! ,,transactions ,,( ,,! ,,royal ,,society4 ,! ,transactions ( ! ,royal ,society1 unlike ^? ( mo/ =eign academies1 conta9 no?+ relat+ to ! hi/ory ( ! ,society4 ,! volumes conta9 m]ely ^? pap]s communicat$ to ! ,society 9 ! prec$+ ye> :i* ! ,c\ncil h select$ = pr9t+1 a meteorological regi/]1 & a notice ( ! aw>d ( ! annual m$als1 )\t any li/ ( ! ,c\ncil & (fic]s ( ! ,society1 by :om t selection & t aw>d h be5 made4 ,be=e ,i proce$ to criticise ?is /ate ( ?+s1 ,i w m5tion "o po9t on :i* ,i am glad to be able to be/[ on ! ,royal ,society ! highe/ praise4 ,i ref] to ! extreme regul>ity ) :i* ! volumes ( ! ,transactions are publi%$4 ,! appe>ance ( ! half-volumes at int]vals ( six mon?s1 insures = any communication almo/ imm$iate publicity2 :il/ ! %ortness ( ! "t betwe5 its reception & publication1 is a gu>antee to ! public t ! :ole ( ! pap] 0 really communicat$ at ! "t x be>s date4 ,to ?is may also be add$1 ! r>ity ( any alt]ations made previ\sly to ! pr9t+1 a circum/ance :i* ought to be imitat$1 z well z admir$1 by o!r societies4 ,!re may1 inde$1 be "s1 p]haps ! ,geological1 9 :i* ! task is m difficult1 f ! nature ( ! subject4 ,! soon]1 h[ev]1 all societies c r$uce !mselves to ?is rule1 ( r>ely all[+ any ?+ b a few v]bal corrections to pap]s t are plac$ 9 _! h&s1 ! bett] x w be = _! own reputation1 & = ! int]e/s ( sci5ce4 ,x has be51 & cont9ues to be1 a subject ( deep regret1 t ! fir/ sci5tific academy 9 ,europe1 ! ,in/itute ( ,france1 %\ld be ?us neglig5t 9 ! regul>ity ( its publications2 & x is ! m to be regrett$1 t x %\ld be ye>s 9 arre>1 f ! circum/ance1 t ! memoirs admitt$ into _! collection are usually ( ! highe/ m]it4 ,i "k "s ( _! mo/ active memb]s h wi%$ x 7 o!rwise2 ,i w\ld urge !m to put a /op to a practice1 :i*1 :il/ x has no advantages to recomm5d x1 is unju/ to ^? :o contribute1 & is only calculat$ to produce conflict+ claims1 equally injuri\s to sci5ce1 & to ! reputation ( t body1 ^: neglig5ce may h giv5 rise to !m4 ,mr4 ,h]s*el1 speak+ ( a pap] ( ,fresnel's1 obs]ves--,?is memoir 0 read to ! ,in/itute1 #g? ( ,octob]1 #ahaf2 a supplem5t 0 receiv$1 #ai? ( ,janu>y1 #ahah2 ,m4 ,arago's report on x 0 read1 #d? ( ,june1 #ahba3 & :ile e optical philosoph] 9 ,europe has be5 impati5tly expect+ its appe>ance = sev5 ye>s1 x lies z yet unpubli%$1 & is only kn[n to u by meagre notices 9 a p]iodical j\rnal4 ,,mr ,,h]s*el',s ,,treatise ,,on ,,light1 p4 #ecc4--;,,encyclopa$ia ,,metropolitana4 ,"o ( ! inconv5i5ces aris+ f hav+ no hi/orical portion 9 ! volumes ( ! ,royal ,society is1 t n only ! public1 b our own memb]s are almo/ entirely ignorant ( all its affairs4 ,) a means ( giv+ consid]able publicity 7by ! circulation ( above #hjj copies ( ! ,transactions7 to :atev] we wi% to h made kn[n to our memb]s or to ! _w1 w x be cr$it$1 t no notice 0 tak5 9 our volume = #ahbf1 ( ! f\ndation ( two ,royal m$als1 nor ( ! conditions "u :i* !y 7 to be di/ribut$4 ,t ! ,c\ncil refra9$ f hav+ _! fir/ aw>d ( ^? m$als ?us communicat$1 is r cr$itable to !m1 & proves t !y _h a becom+ feel+ respect+ _! =m] errors4 ,t 9 #ahbh1 :5 a new fund1 call$ ! donation fund1 0 e/abli%$1 & ?r\gh ! lib]ality ( ,dr4 ,wolla/on & ,mr4 ,davies ,gilb]t1 x 0 end[$ by !m ) ! respective sums ( #b1jjj,l4 & #a1jjj,l4 #c p] c5ts2 no notice ( su* fact appe>s 9 our ,transactions = #ahbi4 ,o!r g5tlem5 h contribut$2 & if x is desirable to possess su* a fund1 x is surely ( importance to in=m ! non-att5d+1 :i* is by f> ! l>ge/ "p ( ! ,society1 t x exi/s2 & t we are grateful to ^? by :om x has be5 f\nd$ & augm5t$4 ,nei!r did ! ,philosophical ,transactions in=m our abs5t memb]s1 t !y c\ld pur*ase ! ,presid5t's ,disc\rses at ! trade-price4 ,! li/ ( ! ,(fic]s1 ,c\ncil1 & ,memb]s ( ! ,royal ,society is pr9t$ annually2 yet1 :o ev] saw x b\nd up ) ! ,philosophical ,transactions1 to :i* x is int5d$ to be atta*$8 ,i nev] met ) a s+le copy ( t "w s complet$1 n ev5 ! "o 9 our own libr>y4 ,x is extremely desirable t ! ,society %\ld "k ! names ( _! ,c\ncil2 & :il/ x w\ld 9 "s measure contribute to prev5t ! ,presid5t f plac+ incompet5t p]sons ^u x1 x w\ld also af=d "s *eck1 al?\gh p]haps b a slight "o1 on ! di/ribution ( ! m$als4 ,:5 ,i h urg$ ! exp$i5cy ( ! practice1 ,i h be5 answ]$ by excuses1 t ! li/ c\ld n be made up 9 "t = ! volume4 ,if ?is is true ( ! fir/ "p1 !y might appe> ) ! second2 & ev5 if ?is 7 impracticable1 ! plan ( prefix+ !m to ! volume ( ! succe$+ ye>1 w\ld be pref]able to t ( omitt+ !m altoge!r4 ,! true reason1 h[ev]1 appe>$ at la/4 ,x 0 object$ to ! plan1 t by ! pres5t arrangem5t1 ! port] ( ! ,royal ,society took r\nd ! li/ to ^? memb]s resid5t 9 ,london1 & got f "s ( !m a remun]ation1 9 ! %ape ( a ,*ri/mas-box2 & ?is w\ld be lo/1 if ! "t ( pr9t+ 7 *ang$4 ,dur+ ! pr9t+ ( ?is *apt]1 a fri5d1 on :om ,i _h call$1 compla9$ t ! port] ( ! ,royal ,society _h dem&$ half-a-cr[n = leav+ ! li/4 ,su* are ! paltry int]e/s to :i* ^? ( ! ,royal ,society are made to b[4 ,ano!r po9t on :i* in=mation ought to be giv5 9 ea* volume1 is ! conditions on :i* ! di/ribution ( ! ,society's m$als are made4 ,x is true t ^! are1 or ought to be1 pr9t$ ) ! ,/atutes ( ! ,society2 b t volume is only 9 ! h&s ( memb]s1 & x is = ! cr$it ( ! m$als !mselves1 t ! laws :i* regulate _! aw>d %\ld be widely kn[n1 9 ord] t p]sons1 n memb]s ( ! ,society1 might ent] into competition = !m4 ,in=mation relative to ! admissions & dea?s among/ ! ,society w\ld also be int]e/+2 a li/ ( ! names ( ^? :om ! ,society _h lo/1 & ( ^? memb]s :o _h be5 add$ to its ranks ea* ye>1 w\ld f9d a prop] place 9 ! hi/orical pages :i* ought to be giv5 ) ea* volume ( our ,transactions4 ,! want ( a di/9ction betwe5 ! work+ memb]s ( ! ,society1 & ^? :o m]ely hon\r x ) _! patronage1 r5d]s _m arrangem5ts1 :i* w\ld be advantage\s to sci5ce1 9 "s cases1 injudici\s1 & 9 o!r in/ances1 almo/ impossible4 ,collections ( ,obs]vations :i* are f "t to "t giv5 to ! ,society1 may be ( su* a nature1 t b few ( ! memb]s are int]e/$ 9 !m4 ,9 su* cases1 ! exp5se ( pr9t+ above #hjj copies may reasonably induce ! ,c\ncil to decl9e pr9t+ !m altoge!r2 :]eas1 if !y _h any means ( discrim9ation = di/ribut+ !m1 !y might be q will+ to incur ! exp5se ( pr9t+ #bej4 ,o!r cases may occur1 9 :i* great advantage w\ld accrue1 if ! pr9ciple 7 once admitt$4 ,gov]nm5t1 ! ,univ]sities1 public bodies1 & ev5 individuals might1 9 "s cases1 be dispos$ to pres5t to ! ,royal ,society a limit$ numb] ( copies ( _! works1 if !y knew t !y 7 likely to be plac$ 9 ! h&s ( p]sons :o w\ld use !m4 ,fifty or a hundr$ additional copies might1 9 "s cases1 n be object$ to on ! gr\nd ( exp5se1 :5 sev5 or eight hundr$ w\ld be q out ( ! "q4 ,let u suppose tw5ty copies ( a description ( "s new *emical process to be plac$ at ! disposal ( ! ,royal ,society by any public body2 x w n surely be cont5d$ t !y ought all to rema9 on ! ,society's %elves4 ,yet1 ) our pres5t rules1 t w\ld be ! case4 ,if1 h[ev]1 ! li/ ( ! ,memb]s ( ! ,society 7 read ov] to ! ,c\ncil1 & ! names ( ^? g5tlem5 kn[n to be conv]sant ) *emical sci5ce 7 writt5 d[n2 !n1 if n9ete5 copies ( ! "w 7 giv5 to ^? n9ete5 p]sons on ?is li/1 :o _h contribut$ mo/ to ! ,transactions ( ! ,society1 !y w\ld 9 all probability be plac$ 9 ! fitte/ h&s4 ,complete sets ( ! ,philosophical ,transactions h n[ become extremely bulky2 x might be well wor? our consid]ation1 :e!r ! k ( ! _m valuable pap]s !y conta9 w\ld n be mu* spread1 by publi%+ ! ab/racts ( !m :i* h be5 read at ! ord9>y meet+s ( ! ,society4 ,p]haps two or ?ree volumes octavo1 w\ld conta9 all t has be5 done 9 ?is way dur+ ! la/ c5tury4 ,ano!r circum/ance1 :i* w\ld contribute mu* to ! ord] ( ! proce$+s ( ! ,c\ncil1 w\ld be to h a di/9ct li/ made out ( all ! /atutes & ord]s ( ! ,c\ncil relat+ to ea* p>ticul> subject4 ,?us ! ,presid5t1 by hav+ at "o view be=e him all t _h ev] be5 decre$ on ! "q "u consid]ation1 w\ld be mu* bett] able to prev5t inconsi/5t resolutions1 & to save ! "t ( ! ,c\ncil f be+ wa/$ by unnecess>y discussions4 ,,section #f4 ,,ord] ,,( ,,m]it4 ,among/ ! v>i\s proposals = enc\rag+ sci5ce1 ! in/itution ( an ord] ( m]it has be5 sugge/$4 ,x is some:at s+ul>1 t :il/ 9 mo/ ( ! o!r k+doms ( ,europe1 su* ord]s exi/ = ! purpose ( rew>d+1 by honor>y di/9ctions1 ! improv]s ( ! arts ( life1 or successful discov]]s 9 sci5ce1 no?+ ( ! k9d has be5 e/abli%$ 9 ,engl&4 ,at ! great meet+ ( ! philosoph]s at ,b]l91 9 #ahbh1 ( :i* an acc\nt is giv5 9 ! ,app5dix2 ! respect 9 :i* ,b]zelius1 ,o]/$1 ,gauss1 & ,humboldt 7 held 9 _! respective c\ntries 0 app>5t 9 ! ord]s be/[$ on !m by ! ,sov]eigns ( ,sw$51 ( ,d5m>k1 ( ,hanov]1 & ( ,prussia2 & !re 7 pres5t _m o!r philosoph]s1 ^: decorations suffici5tly atte/$ ! respect 9 :i* sci5ce 0 held 9 ! c\ntries f :i* !y came4 ,our ord]s ( knigh?ood are fav\rable only to milit>y di/9ction4 ,x has be5 urg$1 z an argum5t = su* in/itutions1 t !y are a *eap mode ( rew>d+ sci5ce1 :il/1 on ! o!r h&1 x has be5 object$1 t !y w\ld dim9i% ! value ( su* honor>y di/9ctions by mak+ !m common4 ,! latt] objection is ( little weight1 because ! numb]s :o pursue sci5ce are few1 &1 probably1 w long cont9ue s4 ,x w\ld also be easily avoid$1 by re/rict+ ! numb] ( ! ord] or ( ! class1 if x 7 to =m a peculi> class ( ano!r ord]4 ,ano!r objection1 h[ev]1 appe>s to me to possess f> great] weight2 &1 h[ev] /rong ! disposition ( ! ,gov]nm5t might be 7if su* an ord] exi/$7 to fill x prop]ly1 ,i d n believe t1 9 ! pres5t /ate ( public op9ion respect+ sci5ce1 x c\ld be done1 &1 9 all probability1 x w\ld be fill$ up ?r\gh ! *annels ( patronage1 & by m]e jobb]s 9 sci5ce4 ,ano!r proposal1 ( a simil> k9d1 has also be5 talk$ (1 "o :i* x may appe> almo/ ridicul\s to sugge/ 9 ,engl&1 b :i* w\ld be consid]$ s 9 no o!r c\ntry4 ,x is1 to ennoble "s ( ! greate/ sci5tific b5efactors ( _! c\ntry4 ,n to m5tion political causes1 ! ranks ( ! nobility are con/antly recruit$ f ! army1 ! navy1 & ! b>2 :y %\ld n ! family ( t man1 ^: "n is imp]i%ably connect$ ) ! /eam-eng9e1 be enroll$ among/ ! nobility ( 8 c\ntry8 ,9 utility & pr(it1 n m]ely to t c\ntry1 b to ! human race1 8 de$s may pr\dly claim comp>ison ev5 ) ! mo/ spl5did ( ^? a*iev$ by classes s ri* 9 glori\s recollections4 ,an objection1 9 mo/ cases fatal to su* a c\rse1 arises f ! impolicy ( conf]r+ a title1 unless a consid]able =tune exi/s to support x2 a circum/ance v r>ely occurr+ to ! philosoph]4 ,x might 9 "s measure be remov$1 by creat+ su* titles only = life4 ,b "h1 aga91 until !re exi/$ "s k ( sci5ce among/ ! high] classes1 & a s\nd /ate ( public op9ion relative to sci5ce1 ! execution ( ! plan c\ld only be injuri\s4 ,,section #g4 ,,( ,,! ,,union ,,( ,,sci5tific ,,societies4 ,?is idea has occurr$ to sev]al p]sons1 z likely to lead to consid]able advantages to sci5ce4 ,if ! v>i\s sci5tific societies c\ld unite 9 ! occupation ( "o l>ge build+1 consid]able economy w\ld result f ! union4 ,by prop]ly arrang+ _! ev5+s ( meet+1 "o meet+-room only ne$ be requir$4 ,! libr>ies might ei!r be unit$1 or arrang$ 9 adjo9+ rooms2 & su* a sy/em w\ld greatly facilitate ! inquiries ( sci5tific p]sons4 ,:e!r x w\ld be possible to reunite 9 any way ! diff]5t societies to ! ,royal ,society1 might be a delicate "q2 b al?\gh1 on "s acc\nts1 desirable1 t ev5t is n necess>y = ! purpose ( _! hav+ a common resid5ce4 ,! ,m$ico-,botanical ,society might1 p]haps1 f sympa?y1 be ! fir/ to :i* ! ,royal ,society w\ld apply2 & by a prop] int]*ange ( diplomas1 ,a ?+ well und]/ood by ! ,,initiat$1 bo? at ,,home & ,,abroad4 ! two societies might be inoculat$ ) ea* o!r4 ,b ev5 "h "s tact w\ld be requir$2 ! ,m$ico-,botanical is a little p>ticul> ab\t ! purity ( its writt5 docum5ts1 & lately attribut$ blame to "o ( its (fic]s = "s slight tamp]+ ) !m1 a degree ( illib]ality :i* ! ,c\ncil ( ! ,royal ,society are f> f imitat+4 ,! ,geological & ! ,a/ronomical ,societies n\ri% no feel+s ( res5tm5t to ! p>5t in/itution = _! e>ly p]secution2 & ?\gh !y h no inducem5t to seek1 w\ld sc>cely refuse any union :i* might be g5]ally advantage\s to sci5ce4 ,,conclusion4 ,9 a "w on ! ,decl9e ( ,sci5ce1 at a p]iod :5 ,engl& has s rec5tly lo/ two ( its brighte/ ornam5ts1 ,i %\ld h>dly be excus$ if ,i omitt$ to devote a few words to ! names ( ,wolla/on & ( ,davy4 ,until ! w>m feel+s ( surviv+ k9dr$ & admir+ fri5ds %all be cold z ! grave f :i* remembrance va9ly recalls _! *]i%$ =ms1 inve/$ ) all ! life & en]gy ( rec5t exi/5ce1 ! volumes ( _! biography mu/ be seal$4 ,_! contempor>ies c expect only to read _! eloge4 ,9 habits ( int]c\rse ) bo? ^? di/+ui%$ individuals1 suffici5tly frequ5t to m>k ! curi\sly diff]5t /ructure ( _! m9ds1 ,i 0 yet n on su* t]ms ev5 ) him ,i mo/ e/eem$1 z to view 8 great qualities ?r\gh t m$ium :i* is r>ely p5etrat$ by ! eyes ( long & v intimate fri5d%ip4 ,caution & precision 7 ! pr$om9ant features ( ! "* ( ,wolla/on1 & ^? :o are dispos$ to r$uce ! numb] ( pr9ciples1 w\ld p]haps ju/ly trace ! precision :i* adorn$ 8 philosophical1 to ! extreme caution :i* p]vad$ 8 moral "*4 ,x may inde$ be que/ion$ :e!r ! latt] quality w n 9 all p]sons ( great abilities produce ! =m]4 ,ambition con/itut$ a f> l>g] +r$i5t 9 ! "* ( ,davy1 & ) ! d>+ h& ( g5ius he grasp$ ev5 ! remote/ conclusions to :i* a !ory l$ him4 ,he seem$ to ?9k inv5tion a m common attribute ?an x really is1 & ha/5$1 z soon z he 0 9 possession ( a new fact or a new pr9ciple1 to communicate x to ! _w1 d\btful p]haps le/ he might n be anticipat$2 b1 confid5t 9 8 own p[]s1 he 0 cont5t to give to o!rs a *ance ( reap+ "s "p ( t h>ve/1 ! l>ge/ portion ( :i* he knew mu/ /ill fall to 8 own %>e4 ,dr4 ,wolla/on1 on ! o!r h&1 appreciat$ m truly ! r>ity ( ! inv5tive faculty2 &1 undet]r$ by ! fe> ( be+ anticipat$1 :5 he _h contriv$ a new in/rum5t1 or detect$ a new pr9ciple1 he br\ght all ! in=mation t he c\ld collect f o!rs1 or :i* arose f 8 own reflection1 to be> ^u x = ye>s1 be=e he deliv]$ x to ! _w4 ,! mo/ s+ul> *>act]i/ic ( ,wolla/on's m9d 0 ! pla9 & di/9ct l9e :i* sep>at$ :at he knew f :at he did n "k2 & ?is aga91 aris+ f 8 precision1 might be trac$ to caution4 ,x w\ld1 h[ev]1 h be5 visible to su* an ext5t 9 few except himself1 = !re 7 v few s p]fectly free f vanity & affectation4 ,to ?is circum/ance may be attribut$ a peculi>ity ( mann] 9 ! mode 9 :i* he communicat$ in=mation to ^? :o s\ght x f him1 :i* 0 to _m extremely disagreeable4 ,he usually1 by a few que/ions1 asc]ta9$ precisely h[ mu* ! inquir] knew ^u ! subject1 or ! exact po9t at :i* 8 ignorance comm5c$1 a process n v agreeable to ! vanity ( mank9d2 tak+ up ! subject at ?is po9t1 he w\ld !n v cle>ly & %ortly expla9 x4 ,8 acqua9tance ) ma!matics 0 v limit$4 ,_m ye>s s9ce1 :5 ,i 0 an unsuccessful c&idate = a pr(essor%ip ( ma!matics1 ,i appli$ to ,dr4 ,w4 = a recomm5dation2 he decl9$ x1 on ! gr\nd ( its n be+ 8 pursuit4 ,i told him ,i ask$ x1 because ,i ?\ght x w\ld h weight1 to :i* he repli$1 t x ought to h none :atev]4 ,!re is no d\bt 8 view 0 ! j "o4 ,yet su* is ! /ate ( ignorance :i* exi/s on ^! subjects1 t ,i h sev]al times he>d him m5tion$ z "o ( ! greate/ ma!maticians ( ! age4 ,?is ( c\rse c\ld only h happ5$ 9 ,engl&4 ,b 9 ?is z 9 all o!r po9ts1 ! precision ) :i* he compreh5d$ & reta9$ all he _h ev] le>n$1 especially ( ! elem5t>y applications ( ma!matics to physics1 0 su*1 t he possess$ great] comm& ov] ^? subjects ?an _m ( f> m ext5sive k4 ,9 associat+ ) ,wolla/on1 y p]ceiv$ t ! pr$om9ant pr9ciple 0 to avoid error2 9 ! society ( ,davy1 y saw t x 0 ! desire to see & make kn[n tru?4 ,wolla/on nev] c\ld h be5 a poet2 ,davy might h be5 a great "o4 ,a "q :i* ,i put1 successively1 to ea* ( ^! di/+ui%$ philosoph]s1 w %[ h[ v diff]5tly a subject may be view$ by m9ds ev5 ( ! highe/ ord]4 ,ab\t ! "t ,mr4 ,p]k9s 0 mak+ 8 exp]im5ts on ! compression ( wat]1 ,i 0 mu* /ruck ) ! me*anical means he _h br\ght to be> on ! subject1 & 0 speculat+ on o!r applications ( x1 :i* ,i w pres5tly m5tion4 ,meet+ ,dr4 ,wolla/on "o morn+ 9 ! %op ( a booksell]1 ,i propos$ ?is "q3 ,if two volumes ( hydrog5 & "o ( oxyg5 are mix$ toge!r 9 a vessel1 & if by me*anical pressure !y c be s cond5s$ z to become ( ! same specific gravity z wat]1 w ! gases "u ^! circum/ances unite & =m wat]8 ,:at d y ?9k !y w d8 said ,dr4 ,w4 ,i repli$1 t ,i %\ld r expect !y w\ld unite4 ,i see no reason to suppose x1 said he4 ,i !n inquir$ :e!r he ?\ght ! exp]im5t wor? mak+4 ,he answ]$1 t he did n1 = t he %\ld ?9k x w\ld c]ta9ly n succe$4 ,a few days aft]1 ,i propos$ ! same "q to ,sir ,humphry ,davy4 ,he at once said1 !y w become wat]1 ( c\rse2 & on my inquir+ :e!r he ?\ght ! exp]im5t wor? mak+1 he obs]v$ t x 0 a good exp]im5t1 b "o :i* x 0 h>dly necess>y to make1 z x mu/ succe$4 ,^! 7 (f-h& answ]s1 :i* x might p]haps be h>dly fair to h record$1 _h !y be5 ( p]sons ( less em95t tal5t3 & x adds to ! curiosity ( ! circum/ance to m5tion1 t ,i believe ,dr4 ,wolla/on's reason = suppos+ no union w\ld take place1 arose f ! nature ( ! electrical relations ( ! two gases rema9+ un*ang$1 an objection :i* did n weigh ) ! philosoph] ^: discov]ies _h giv5 bir? to x4 ,! result ( ! exp]im5t appe>$1 & /ill appe>s to me1 to be ( ! highe/ importance2 & ,i w %ortly /ate ! views ) :i* x 0 connect$4 ,! next great discov]y 9 *emi/ry to def9ite proportions1 w be to f9d means ( =m+ all ! simple unions ( "o atom ) "o1 ) two1 or ) m ( say o!r sub/ance3 & x occurr$ to me t ! gase\s bodies pres5t$ ! faire/ *ance ( success2 & t if wi%+1 = in/ance1 to unite f\r atoms ( "o sub/ance ) "o ( ano!r1 we c\ld1 by me*anical means1 r$uce ! mix$ gases to ! same specific gravity z ! sub/ance w\ld possess :i* result$ f _! union1 !n ei!r t su* union w\ld actually take place1 or ! p>ticles ( ! two sub/ances w\ld be mo/ fav\rably situat$ = ! action ( caloric1 electricity1 or o!r causes1 to produce ! comb9ation4 ,x w\ld inde$ seem to foll[1 t if comb9ation %\ld take place "u su* circum/ances1 !n ! mo/ probable proportion 9 :i* ! atoms w\ld unite1 %\ld be t :i* furni%$ a fluid ( ! lea/ specific gravity3 b until ! exp]im5ts are made1 x is by no means c]ta9 t o!r comb9ations might n be produc$4 ,! s+ul> m9ut5ess ( ! p>ticles ( bodies submitt$ by ,dr4 ,wolla/on to *emical analysis1 has excit$ ! admiration ( all ^? :o h _h ! good =tune to witness 8 exp]im5ts2 & ! me?ods he employ$ des]ve to be mu* m widely kn[n4 ,x appe>s to me t a great mi/ake exi/s on ! subject4 ,x has be5 adduc$ z "o ( ^? facts :i* prove ! extraord9>y acut5ess ( ! bodily s5ses ( ! individual1--a circum/ance :i*1 if x 7 true1 w\ld add b little to 8 philosophical "*2 ,i am1 h[ev]1 incl9$ to view x 9 a f> diff]5t light1 & to see 9 x "o ( ! natural results ( ! admirable precision ( 8 k4 ,dur+ ! _m opportunities ,i h enjoy$ ( see+ 8 m9ute exp]im5ts1 ,i rememb] b "o in/ance 9 :i* ,i notic$ any rem>kable diff]5ce 9 ! acut5ess ( 8 bodily faculties1 ei!r ( 8 he>+1 8 sight1 or ( 8 s5se ( smell1 f ^? ( o!r p]sons :o possess$ !m 9 a good degree4 ,?is 0 at ,mr4 ,s\?'s obs]vatory1 & ! object 01 ! dots on ! decl9ation circle ( 8 equatorial2 b1 9 ?is in/ance1 ,dr4 ,wolla/on did n attempt to ,,tea* ,,me ,,h[ ,,to ,,see ,,!m4 ,he nev] %[$ me an almo/ microscopic wire1 :i* 0 visible to 81 & invisible to my own eye3 ev5 9 ! beautiful exp]im5ts he made relative to s\nds inaudible to c]ta9 e>s1 he nev] produc$ a tone :i* 0 unhe>d by m9e1 al?\gh s5sible to 8 e>2 & ,i believe ?is w be f\nd to h be5 ! case by mo/ ( ^? ^: m9ds _h be5 mu* accu/om$ to exp]im5tal inquiries1 & :o possess$ _! faculties unimpair$ by illness or by age4 ,x 0 a mu* m valuable prop]ty on :i* ! success ( su* inquiries dep5d$4 ,x arose f ! p]fect att5tion :i* he c\ld comm&1 & ! m9ute precision ) :i* he exam9$ e object4 ,a /rik+ illu/ration ( ! fact t an object is frequ5tly n se51 ,,f ,,n ,,kn[+ ,,h[ ,,to ,,see ,,x1 r ?an f any defect 9 ! organ ( vision1 occurr$ to me "s ye>s s9ce1 :5 on a visit at ,sl\gh4 ,conv]s+ ) ,mr4 ,h]s*el on ! d>k l9es se5 9 ! sol> spectrum by ,fraunh(]1 he inquir$ :e!r ,i _h se5 !m2 & on my reply+ 9 ! negative1 & express+ a great desire to see !m1 he m5tion$ ! extreme difficulty he _h _h1 ev5 ) ,fraunh(]'s description 9 8 h& & ! long "t :i* x _h co/ him 9 detect+ !m4 ,my fri5d !n add$1 ,i w prep>e ! app>atus1 & put y 9 su* a position t !y %all be visible1 & yet y %all look = !m & n f9d !m3 aft] :i*1 :ile y rema9 9 ! same position1 ,i w in/ruct y h[ to see !m1 & y %all see !m1 & n m]ely wond] y did n see !m be=e1 b y %all f9d x impossible to look at ! spectrum )\t see+ !m4 ,on look+ z ,i 0 direct$1 not)/&+ ! previ\s w>n+1 ,i did n see !m2 & aft] "s "t ,i inquir$ h[ !y might be se51 :5 ! pr$iction ( ,mr4 ,h]s*el 0 completely fulfill$4 ,x 0 ?is att5tion to m9ute ph5om5a :i* ,dr4 ,wolla/on appli$ ) su* p[]ful effect to *emi/ry4 ,9 ! ord9>y cases ( precipitation ! cl\d9ess is visible 9 a s+le drop z well z 9 a gallon ( a solution2 & 9 ^? cases :]e ! cl\d9ess is s slight1 z to require a mass ( fluid to r5d] x visible1 previ\s evaporation1 quickly p]=m$ on slips ( w9d[ glass1 r5d]$ ! solution m conc5trat$4 ,! true value ( ?is m9ute *emi/ry arises f its *eapness & ! extreme rapidity ) :i* x c be accompli%$3 x may1 9 h&s l ^? ( ,wolla/on1 be us$ = discov]y1 b n = measure4 ,i h ?\ght x m necess>y to place ?is subject on :at ,i consid] its true gr\nds1 = two reasons4 ,9 ! fir/ place1 ,i feel t inju/ice has be5 done to a di/+ui%$ philosoph] 9 attribut+ to "s ( 8 bodily s5ses t excell5ce :i* ,i ?9k is prov$ to h dep5d$ on ! admirable tra9+ ( 8 intellectual faculties4 ,&1 9 ! next place1 if ,i h e/abli%$ ! fact1 :il/ x af=ds u bett] means ( judg+ ( su* obs]vations z lay claim to an accuracy ,,m ,,?an ,,human1 x also op5s1 to ! pati5t inquir] into tru?1 a pa? by :i* he may acquire p[]s t he w\ld o!rwise h ?\ght 7 only ! gift ( nature to a fav\r$ few4 ,,app5dix1 ,no4 #a4 ,9 pres5t+ to my read]s ! acc\nt ( ! meet+ ( m5 ( sci5ce at ,b]l91 9 ! autumn ( #ahbh1 ,i am happy to be able to /ate1 t its influ5ce has be5 mo/ b5eficial1 & t ! annual meet+ to be held 9 #ahca1 w take place at ,vi5na1 ! ,emp]or ( ,au/ria hav+ express$ a wi% t e facility :i* 8 capital af=ds %\ld be giv5 to promote its objects4 ,x is gratify+ to f9d t a c\ntry1 :i* has hi!rto be5 consid]$ adv]se to ! progress ( k1 %\ld become conv9c$ ( its value2 & x is s9c]ely to be hop$1 t e "o ( ! num]\s memb]s ( ! ,society w %[1 by 8 conduct1 t ! pa?s ( sci5ce are less likely ?an any o!rs to int]f]e ) ^? ( politics4 ,,acc\nt ,,( ,,! ,,great ,,congress ,,( ,,philosoph]s ,,at ,,b]l91 ,,on ,,! #ah,,? ,,( ,,septemb] #ahbh4 ,,f ,,! ,,ed9burgh ,,j\rnal ,,( ,,sci5ce1 ,,april1 #ahbi4 ,! exi/5ce ( a l>ge society ( cultivators ( ! natural sci5ces meet+ annually at "s great capital1 or "s c5tral t[n ( ,europe1 is a circum/ance almo/ unkn[n to u1 & des]v+ ( our att5tion1 f ! important advantages :i* may arise f x4 ,ab\t eight ye>s ago1 ,dr4 ,ok5s1 ( ,muni*1 sugge/$ a plan = an annual meet+ ( all ,g]mans :o cultivat$ ! sci5ces ( m$ic9e & botany4 ,! fir/ meet+1 ( ab\t =ty memb]s1 took place at ,leipsic1 9 #ahbb1 & x 0 successively held at ,halle1 ,wurtzburg1 ,frank=t on ! ,ma9e1 ,dresd51 ,muni*1 & ,b]l94 ,all ^? :o _h pr9t$ a c]ta9 numb] ( %eets ( _! inquiries on ^! subjects 7 consid]$ memb]s ( ?is academy4 ,! great advantages :i* result$ to ^! sci5ces f ! communication ( obs]vations f all qu>t]s ( ,g]many1 soon induc$ an ext5sion ( ! plan1 & o!r dep>tm5ts ( natural k 7 admitt$1 until1 at ! la/ meet+1 ! cultivators ev5 ( pure ma!matics 7 f\nd among/ ! ranks ( ?is academy4 ,sev]al circum/ances1 indep5d5t ( ! =m & con/itution ( ! academy1 contribut$ to give unwont$ spl5d\r to ! la/ meet+1 :i* took place at ,b]l9 9 ! middle ( ,septemb] ( ! la/ ye>4 ,! capital select$ = its tempor>y resid5ce is sc>cely surpass$ by any 9 ,europe 9 ! numb] & celebrity ( its savans4 ,! ta/e = k possess$ by ! reign+ family1 has made k itself fa%ionable2 & ! sev]e suff]+s ( ! ,prussians previ\s to ! w>1 by :i* !mselves & ,europe 7 fre$1 h impress$ on !m s /rongly ! lesson t k is p[]1 t its effects are visible 9 e dep>tm5t ( ! gov]nm5t2 & !re is no c\ntry 9 ,europe 9 :i* tal5ts & g5ius s surely op5 = _! possessors ! road to weal? & di/9ction4 ,ano!r circum/ance also contribut$ its portion to increase ! numb]s ( ! meet+ ( ! pa/ ye>4 ,! (fice ( presid5t1 :i* is annually *ang$1 0 assign$ to ,m4 ,alex&] de ,humboldt4 ,! univ]sality ( 8 acquirem5ts1 :i* h left no bran* )9 ! wide range ( sci5ce indiff]5t or unexplor$1 has connect$ him by fri5d%ip ) almo/ all ! mo/ celebrat$ philosoph]s ( ! age2 :il/ ! poli%$ am5ity ( 8 mann]s1 & t int5se desire ( acquir+ & ( spread+ k1 :i* s peculi>ly *>act]izes 8 m9d1 r5d]s him accessible to all /rang]s1 & insures = !m ! assi/ance ( 8 c\nsel 9 _! sci5tific pursuits1 & ! advantage ( be+ made kn[n to all ^? :o are int]e/$ or occupi$ 9 simil> inquiries4 ,pr(essor ,li*t5/e91 7,director ( ! ,museum ( ,zoology17 z secret>y ( ! academy1 0 indefatigable 9 8 att5tions1 & mo/ ably second$ ! wi%es ( its di/+ui%$ presid5t4 ,^! two g5tlem51 assi/$ by sev]al ( ! resid5ts at ,b]l91 und]took ! num]\s prelim9>y arrangem5ts necess>y = ! accommodation ( ! meet+4 ,on ! #ah? ( ,septemb]1 #ahbh1 !re 7 assembl$ at ,b]l9 #cgg memb]s ( ! academy1 ^: names & resid5ces 79 ,b]l97 7 pr9t$ 9 a small pamphlet1 & to ea* "n 0 atta*$ a numb]1 to indicate 8 seat 9 ! great conc]t room1 9 :i* ! morn+ meet+s took place4 ,ea* memb] 0 also provid$ ) an engrav$ c>d ( ! hall ( meet+1 on :i* ! numb]s ( ! seats 7 pr9t$ 9 black ink1 & 8 own peculi> seat m>k$ 9 r$ ink1 s t e p]son imm$iately f\nd 8 own place1 & knew :]e to look = any fri5d :om he might wi% to f9d4 ,at ! h\r appo9t$ = ! op5+ ( ! meet+1 ! memb]s be+ assembl$1 & ! gall]ies & or*e/ra be+ fill$ by an assemblage ( a l>ge "p ( ! rank & beauty ( ! capital1 & ! side-boxes be+ occupi$ by sev]al bran*es ( ! royal family1 & by ! =eign ambassadors1 ! session ( ! academy 0 op5$ by ! eloqu5t address ( ! presid5t4 ,,spee* made at ! ,op5+ ( ! ,society ( ,g]man ,naturali/s & ,natural ,philosoph]s at ,b]l91 ! #ah? ( ,septemb]1 #ahbh4--;,by ,,alex&] ,,von ,,humboldt4 ,s9ce ?r\gh y\r *oice1 :i* does me s mu* hon\r1 ,i am p]mitt$ to op5 ?is meet+1 ! fir/ duty :i* ,i h to dis*>ge is "o ( gratitude4 ,! di/9ction :i* has be5 conf]r$ on him :o has nev] yet be5 able to att5d y\r excell5t society1 is n ! rew>d ( sci5tific ef=ts1 or ( feeble & p]sev]+ attempts to discov] new ph5om5a1 or to draw ! light ( k f ! unexplor$ dep?s ( nature4 ,a f9] feel+1 h[ev]1 direct$ y\r att5tion to me4 ,y h assur$ me1 t :ile1 dur+ an abs5ce ( _m ye>s1 & 9 a di/ant qu>t] ( ! globe1 ,i 0 lab\r+ 9 ! same cause ) y\rselves1 ,i 0 n a /rang] 9 y\r ?\ghts4 ,y h likewise greet$ my return home1 t1 by ! sacr$ tie ( gratitude1 y might b9d me /ill long] & clos] to our common c\ntry4 ,:at1 h[ev]1 c ! picture ( ?is1 our native l&1 pres5t m agreeable to ! m9d1 ?an ! assembly :i* we receive to-day = ! fir/ "t )9 our walls2 f ! banks ( ! ,neck>1 ! bir?-place ( ,kepl] & ( ,s*ill]1 to ! remote/ bord] ( ! ,baltic pla9s2 f h5ce to ! m\?s ( ! ,rh9e1 :]e1 "u ! b5efic5t influ5ce ( comm]ce1 ! treasuries ( exotic nature h = c5turies be5 collect$ & inve/igat$1 ! fri5ds ( nature1 inspir$ ) ! same zeal1 &1 urg$ by ! same passion1 flock toge!r to ?is assembly4 ,ev]y:]e1 :]e ! ,g]man language is us$1 & its peculi> /ructure affects ! _s & disposition ( ! p4 ,f ! ,great ,european ,alps1 to ! o!r side ( ! ,wei*sel1 :]e1 9 ! c\ntry ( ,cop]nicus1 a/ronomy rose to r5ew$ spl5d\r2 ev]y:]e 9 ! ext5sive dom9ions ( ! ,g]man nation we attempt to discov] ! secret op]ations ( nature1 :e!r 9 ! heav5s1 or 9 ! deepe/ problems ( me*anics1 or 9 ! int]ior ( ! e>?1 or 9 ! f9ely wov5 tissues ( organic /ructure4 ,protect$ by noble pr9ces1 ?is assembly has annually increas$ 9 int]e/ & ext5t4 ,e di/9ction :i* diff]5ce ( religion or =m ( gov]nm5t c occasion is "h annull$4 ,g]many manife/s itself z x 7 9 its intellectual unity2 & s9ce k ( tru? & p]=mance ( duty are ! highe/ object ( morality1 t feel+ ( unity weak5s none ( ! bonds :i* ! religion1 con/itution1 & laws ( our c\ntry1 h r5d]$ de> to ea* ( u4 ,ev5 ?is emulation 9 m5tal /ruggles has call$ =? 7z ! glori\s hi/ory ( our c\ntry tells u17 ! faire/ blossoms ( humanity1 sci5ce1 & art4 ,! assembly ( ,g]man naturali/s & natural philosoph]s s9ce its la/ meet+1 :5 x 0 s hospitably receiv$ at ,muni*1 has1 ?r\gh ! flatt]+ int]e/ ( neighb\r+ /ates & academies1 %one ) peculi> lu/re4 ,alli$ nations h r5ew$ ! anci5t alliance betwe5 ,g]many & ! anci5t ,sc&9avian ,nor?4 ,su* an int]e/ des]ves ackn[l$gm5t ! m1 because x unexpect$ly increases ! mass ( facts & op9ions :i* are "h br\ght into "o common & useful union4 ,x also recalls l(ty recollections into ! m9d ( ! naturali/4 ,sc>cely half a c5tury has elaps$ s9ce ,l9ne appe>s1 9 ! boldness ( ! und]tak+s :i* he has attempt$ & accompli%$1 z "o ( ! greate/ m5 ( ! la/ c5tury4 ,8 glory1 h[ev] bright1 has n r5d]$ ,europe bl9d to ! m]its ( ,s*eele & ,b]gman4 ,! catalogue ( ^! great names is n complet$2 b le/ ,i %all (f5d noble mode/y1 ,i d>e n speak ( ! light :i* is /ill fl[+ 9 ri*e/ pr(usion f ! ,nor?1 nor m5tion ! discov]ies 9 ! *emical nature ( sub/ances1 9 ! num]ical relation ( _! elem5ts1 or ! eddy+ /reams ( electro-magnetic p[]s4 ,! philosoph]s "h ref]r$ to are ,b]zelius & ,o]/$4 ,may ^? excell5t p]sons1 :o1 det]r$ nei!r by p]ils ( sea or l&1 h ha/5$ to our meet+ f ,sw$51 ,norway1 ,d5m>k1 ,holl&1 ,engl&1 & ,pol&1 po9t our ! way to o!r /rang]s 9 succe$+ ye>s1 s t by turns e "p ( ,g]many may enjoy ! effects ( sci5tific communication ) ! diff]5t nations ( ,europe4 ,b al?\gh ,i mu/ re/ra9 ! expression ( my p]sonal feel+s 9 pres5ce ( ?is assembly1 ,i mu/ be p]mitt$ at lea/ to "n ! patri>*s ( our national glory1 :o are deta9$ f u by a reg>d = ^? lives s de> to _! c\ntry2--,goe!1 :om ! great creations ( poetical fancy h n prev5t$ f p5etrat+ ! ,,arcana ( nature1 & :o n[ 9 rural solitude m\rns = 8 pr9cely fri5d1 z ,g]many = "o ( h] greate/ ornam5ts2--,olb]s1 :o has discov]$ two bodies :]e he _h already pr$ict$ !y 7 to be f\nd2--! greate/ anatomi/s ( our age--,soemm]+1 :o1 ) equal zeal1 has inve/igat$ ! wond]s ( organic /ructure1 & ! spots & ,,faculae ( ! sun1 7cond5sations & op5+s ( ! photosph]e27 ,blum5ba*1 ^: pupil ,i h ! hon\r to be1 :o1 by 8 works & 8 immortal eloqu5ce1 has inspir$ ev]y:]e a love ( comp>ative anatomy1 physiology1 & ! g5]al hi/ory ( nature1 & :o has lab\r$ dilig5tly = half a c5tury4 ,h[ c\ld ,i resi/ ! temptation to adorn my disc\rse ) names :i* po/]ity w repeat1 z we are n fav\r$ ) _! pres5ce8 ,^! obs]vations on ! lit]>y weal? ( our native c\ntry1 & ! progressive developem5t ( our in/itution1 lead u naturally to ! ob/ructions :i* w arise f ! increas+ numb] ( our fell[-lab\r]s1 ,! *ief object ( ?is assembly does n consi/1 z 9 o!r societies ^: sph]e is m limit$1 9 ! mutual int]*ange ( treatises1 or 9 innum]able memoirs1 de/9$ to be pr9t$ 9 "s g5]al collection4 ,! pr9cipal object ( ?is ,society is1 to br+ ^? p]sonally toge!r :o are engag$ 9 ! same field ( sci5ce4 ,x is ! imm$iate1 & !re=e m obvi\s int]*ange ( ideas1 :e!r !y pres5t !mselves z facts1 op9ions1 or d\bts4 ,x is ! f\ndation ( fri5dly connexion :i* ?r[s light on sci5ce1 adds *e]fulness to life1 & gives pati5ce & am5ity to ! mann]s4 ,9 ! mo/ fl\ri%+ p]iod ( anci5t ,greece1 ! di/9ction betwe5 words & writ+ fir/ manife/$ itself mo/ /rongly among/ a race1 :i* _h rais$ itself to ! mo/ spl5did intellectual sup]iority1 & to ^: late/ desc5dants1 z pres]v$ f ! %ipwreck ( nations1 we /ill consecrate our mo/ anxi\s wi%es4 ,x 0 n ! difficulty ( int]*ange ( ideas alone1 nor ! want ( ,g]man sci5ce1 :i* has spread ?\ght z on w+s ?r\gh ! _w1 & insur$ x a long cont9uance1 t !n induc$ ! fri5ds ( philosophy & natural hi/ory 9 ,magna ,graecia & ,asia ,m9or to w&] on long j\rneys4 ,t anci5t race knew ! inspir+ influ5ce ( conv]sation z x extemporane\sly1 freely1 & prud5tly p5etrates ! tissue ( sci5tific op9ions & d\bts4 ,! discov]y ( ! tru? )\t diff]5ce ( op9ion is unatta9able1 because ! tru?1 9 its greate/ ext5t1 c nev] be recogniz$ by all1 & at ! same "t4 ,ea* /ep1 :i* seems to br+ ! explor] ( nature ne>] to 8 object1 only c>ries him to ! ?re%old ( new labyr9?s4 ,! mass ( d\bt does n dim9i%1 b spreads l a mov+ cl\d ov] o!r & new fields2 & :oev] has call$ t a gold5 p]iod1 :5 diff]5ce ( op9ions1 or1 z "s are accu/om$ to express x1 ! disputes ( ! le>n$1 w be f9i%$1 has z imp]fect a conception ( ! wants ( sci5ce1 & ( its cont9u$ advancem5t1 z a p]son :o expects t ! same op9ions 9 geognosy1 *emi/ry1 or physiology1 w be ma9ta9$ = sev]al c5turies4 ,! f\nd]s ( ?is society1 ) a deep s5se ( ! unity ( nature1 h comb9$ 9 ! complete/ mann]1 all ! bran*es ( physical k1 & ! hi/orical1 geometrical1 & exp]im5tal philosophy4 ,! names ( natural hi/orian & natural philosoph] are "h1 !re=e1 ne>ly synonym\s1 *a9$ by a t]re/rial l9k to ! type ( ! l[] animals4 ,man completes ! scale ( high] organization4 ,9 8 physiological & pa?ological qualities1 he sc>cely pres5ts to u a di/9ct class ( be+s4 ,z to :at has br\ght him to ?is exalt$ object ( physical /udy1 & has rais$ him to g5]al sci5tific inve/igation1 belongs pr9cipally to ?is society4 ,important z x is n to break t l9k :i* embraces equally ! inve/igation ( organic & inorganic nature1 /ill ! increas+ ties & daily developem5t ( ?is in/itution r5d]s x necess>y1 besides ! g5]al meet+ :i* is de/9$ = ^! halls1 to h specific meet+s = s+le bran*es ( sci5ce4 ,= x is only 9 su* contract$ circles1--x is only among m5 :om reciprocity ( /udies has br\ght toge!r1 t v]bal discussions c take place4 ,)\t ?is sort ( communication1 w\ld ! volunt>y association ( m5 9 se>* ( tru? be depriv$ ( an inspir+ pr9ciple4 ,among ! prep>ations :i* are made 9 ?is city = ! advancem5t ( ! society1 att5tion has be5 pr9cipally paid to ! possibility ( su* a subdivision into sections4 ,! hope t ^! prep>ations w meet ) y\r approbation1 imposes ^u me ! duty ( rem9d+ y1 t1 al?\gh y _h entru/$ to two travell]s1 equally1 ! duty ( mak+ ^! arrangem5ts1 yet x is to "o alone1 my noble fri5d1 ,m4 ,li*t5/e91 t ! m]it ( c>eful precaution & indefatigable activity is due4 ,out ( respect to ! sci5tific _s :i* animates ! ,society ( ,g]man ,naturali/s & ,natural ,philosophy1 & 9 ackn[l$gm5t ( ! utility ( _! ef=ts1 gov]nm5t h second$ all our wi%es ) ! greate/ *e]fulness4 ,9 ! vic9ity ( ! place ( meet+1 :i* has 9 ?is mann] be5 prep>$ = our g5]al & special lab\rs1 are situat$ ! museums d$icat$ to anatomy1 zoology1 oryctognosy1 & geology4 ,!y exhibit to ! naturali/ a ri* m9e = obs]vation & critical discussion4 ,! great] numb] ( ^! well-arrang$ collections h exi/$1 l ! ,univ]sity ( ,b]l91 sc>cely tw5ty ye>s4 ,! olde/ ( !m1 to :i* ! ,botanical ,g>d51 7"o ( ! ri*e/ 9 ,europe7 belongs1 h dur+ ?is p]iod n only be5 increas$1 b entirely remodell$4 ,! amusem5t & in/ruction d]iv$ f su* in/itutions1 call to our m9ds1 ) deep feel+s ( gratitude1 t !y are ! "w ( t great mon>*1 :o mode/ly & 9 simple gr&eur1 adorns e ye> ?is royal city ) new treasures ( nature & art2 & :at is ( /ill great] value ?an ! treasures !mselves1--:at inspires e ,prussian ) y\?ful /r5g?1 & ) an en?usia/ic love = ! anci5t reign+ family1--t he graci\sly atta*es to himself e species ( tal5t1 & ext5ds ) confid5ce 8 royal protection to ! free cultivation ( ! und]/&+4 ,?is 0 foll[$ by a pap] on magnetism1 by ,pr(essor ,o]/$2 & sev]al o!r memoirs 7 !n read4 ,! arrival ( s _m p]sons ( simil> pursuit1 7= #dfd memb]s 7 pres5t17 r5d]$ x conv5i5t to h "s ord9>y1 at :i* ^? :o *ose might d9e1 & introduce _! fri5ds or families4 ,?is _h be5 =ese51 & 8 ,maje/y _h condesc5d$ to all[ ! imm5se build+ us$ = ! ex]cise ( 8 troops1 to be employ$ = ?is purpose4 ,"o-?ird ( x 0 floor$ on ! occasion1 & tables 7 arrang$1 at :i*1 on "o occasion1 #hej p]sons sat d[n to d9n]4 ,on ! ev5+ ( ! fir/ day1 ,m4 de ,humboldt gave a l>ge ,,soiree 9 ! conc]t rooms atta*$ to ! !atre4 ,ab\t #abjj p]sons assembl$ on ?is occasion1 & 8 ,maje/y ! ,k+ ( ,prussia hon\r$ ) 8 pres5ce ! fete ( 8 illu/ri\s *amb]la94 ,! nobility ( ! c\ntry1 =eign pr9ces1 & =eign ambassadors1 7 pres5t4 ,x 0 gratify+ to obs]ve ! pr9ces ( ! blood m+l+ ) ! cultivators ( sci5ce1 & to see ! heir-app>5t to ! ?rone1 dur+ ! c\rse ( ! ev5+1 engag$ 9 conv]sation ) ^? mo/ celebrat$ = _! tal5ts1 ( 8 own1 or ( o!r c\ntries4 ,nor 7 ! m9or arrangem5ts ( ! ev5+ b5ea? ! consid]ation ( ! ,presid5t4 ,! words ( ! music select$ = ! conc]t1 7 pr9t$ & di/ribut$ to ! visitors4 ,! names ( ! mo/ illu/ri\s philosoph]s :i* ,g]many _h produc$1 7 inscrib$ 9 lett]s ( gold at ! end ( ! great conc]t room4 ,9 ! fir/ rank among/ ^! /ood a "n :i*1 ,engl&1 too1 enrolls among/ ! brighte/ 9 h] sci5tific annals2 & pr\d1 z well %e may be1 ( hav+ fo/]$ & br\ght to maturity ! g5ius ( ! fir/ ,h]s*el1 %e has reap$ an ample rew>d 9 be+ able to claim z entirely h] own1 ! inh]itor ( 8 tal5ts & 8 "n4 ,! six succe$+ days 7 occupi$1 9 ! morn+1 by a meet+ ( ! academy1 at :i* pap]s ( g5]al int]e/ 7 read4 ,9 ! aft]noon1 ?r\gh ! arrangem5t ( ,m4 de ,humboldt & ,m4 ,li*t5/e91 v>i\s rooms 7 appropriat$ = diff]5t sections ( ! academy4 ,9 "o1 ! *emical philosoph]s att5d$ to "s *emical memoir1 :il/ ! botani/s assembl$ 9 ano!r room1 ! physiologi/s 9 a ?ird1 & ! natural philosoph]s 9 a f\r?4 ,ea* att5d$ to ! read+ ( pap]s connect$ ) _! sev]al sci5ces4 ,?us e memb] 0 at lib]ty to *oose t section 9 :i* he felt mo/ int]e/ at ! mom5t1 & he _h at all times p[] ( access to ! o!rs4 ,! ev5+s 7 g5]ally sp5t at "s ( ! ,,soirees ( ! savans1 resid5t at ,b]l91 ^: hospitality & att5tions to _! le>n$ bre?r5 ( o!r c\ntries 7 unb\nd$4 ,dur+ ! unoccupi$ h\rs ( ! morn+1 ! collections ( natural hi/ory1 :i* are rapidly ris+ into importance1 7 op5 to exam9ation2 & ! v>i\s pr(essors & directors :o assi/$ ! /rang] 9 8 inquiries1 left him equally gratifi$ by ! k & urbanity ( ^? :o s k9dly aid$ him4 ,a map ( ,europe 0 pr9t$1 on :i* ^? t[ns only appe>$ :i* _h s5t repres5tatives to ?is sci5tific congress2 & ! numb]s s5t by diff]5t k+doms appe>$ by ! foll[+ table1 :i* 0 atta*$ to x2-- ,russia444444444 #a ,au/ria44444444 #j ,engl&44444444 #a ,holl&44444444 #b ,d5m>k44444444 #g ,france 44444444 #a ,s>d9ia 4444444 #j ,prussia44444444 #ie ,bav>ia44444444 #ab ,hanov]44444444 #e ,saxony 44444444 #ba ,wirtemburg 444444 #b ,sw$5 44444444 #ac ,naples 44444444 #a ,pol& 44444444 #c ,g]man ,/ates44444 #dc --- #bjf ,b]l9 4444444 #agb --- #cgh ,! proportion 9 :i* ! cultivators ( diff]5t sci5ces appe>$1 0 n easy to asc]ta91 because !re 7 few among/ ! m em95t :o _h n add$ to m ?an "o bran* ( human k4 ,! foll[+ table1 ?\gh n pr(ess+ to be v accurate1 w af=d1 p]haps1 a tol]ably fair view3-- ,geomet]s4444444444444 #aa ,a/ronom]s44444444444 #e ,natural ,philosoph]s 4 #bc -- #ci ,m9es444444444444 #e ,m9]alogy 444444 #af ,geology4444444444 #i -- #cj ,*emi/ry44444444444 #ah ,geography44444444444 #h ,anatomy4444444444444 #ab ,zoology444444444444 #ad ,natural ,hi/ory4444 #h ,botany44444444444444 #ce -- #eg ,physicians4444444 #age ,amateurs 4444444 #i ,v>i\s 444444444 #ce ---#cha ,a m$al 0 /ruck 9 commemoration ( ?is meet+1 & x 0 propos$ t x %\ld =m ! fir/ ( a s]ies1 :i* %\ld comprise all ^? p]sons mo/ celebrat$ = _! sci5tific discov]ies 9 ! pa/ & pres5t age4 ,,app5dix1 ,no4 #b4 ,an exam9ation into "s *>ges br\ght aga9/ "o ( ! tw5ty-f\r c&idates1 m5tion$ 9 a note z hav+ _! names susp5d$ 9 ! meet+-room ( ! ,royal ,society1 at "o "t1 has caus$ a pr9t$ pamphlet to be circulat$ among/ ! memb]s ( ! ,society4 ,( ! *>ges !mselves ,i %all (f] no op9ion1 b entreat e memb] to judge = himself4 ,i %all1 h[ev]1 make "o extract1 :i* t5ds to %[ h[ ! ranks ( ! ,society are recruit$4 ,,extract ,,f ,a ,,pr9t$ ,,lett] ,,f ,a4 ,f4 ,m4 ,,to ,j4 ,g4 ,,*ildr51 ,,esq4 ,,dat$1 #bb1 ,,upp] ,,b$=d-,,place1 ,,m>* #ac1 #ahcj4 ,:5 ,i wi%$ y to ,propose me at ! ,geological ,society1 y ask$ me :y y %\ld n propose me also at ! ,royal ,society2 & my answ] 01 t x 0 an hon\r to :i* ,i did n ?9k ,i c\ld aspire2 t my tal5ts 7 too insignificant to w>rant su* pret5sions4 ,_m days pass$1 & /ill y press$ me on ! subject1 because y\r p>tiality made y ?9k me des]v+ ( ! hon\r2 b ,i resi/$1 really ?r\gh mode/y1 n t ,i did n covet ! di/9ction1 until some?+ 0 said ( my pap] on ! meteoric mass ( iron ( ,brazil1 :i* 0 publi%$ "s ye>s ago 9 ! ,transactions ( ! ,royal ,society2 :5 y insi/$ on propos+ me1 & ,i ass5t$ gratefully1 because ,i 0 & am desir\s ( be+ a ,fell[ ( ! ,royal ,society1 if ,i c be suppos$ wor?y ( hav+ my "n s hon\rably enroll$4 ,,extract ,,f ,a ,,lett] ,,( ,j4 ,g4 ,,*ildr51 ,,esq4 ,,to ,a4 ,f4 ,m4 ,,esq4 ,,dat$1 ,,briti% ,,museum1 ,,m>* #bd1 #ahcj4 ,all t y h said respect+ y\r be+ a c&idate = admission into ! ,royal ,society1 is correct to ! lett]4 ,i press$ ! subject ^u y1 & ,i w\ld d x aga9 to-morr[1 7 x necess>y4 ,"h1 !n1 we f9d ,mr4 ,*ildr51 :o has be5 on ! ,c\ncil ( ! ,royal ,society1 & :o 01 a few ye>s s9ce1 "o ( its ,secret>ies1 press+ "o ( 8 fri5ds to become1 & actually insi/+ on propos+ him z1 a ,fell[ ( ! ,royal ,society1 ,he mu/ h be5 well aw>e ( ! feel+s :i* prevail among/ ! ,c\ncil z to ! propriety ( su* a /ep1 & by publi%+ ! fact1 seems q satisfi$ t su* a c\rse is advantage\s to ! int]e/s ( ! ,society4 ,t simil> applications 7 n unfrequ5tly made 9 private1 is well kn[n2 b x rema9s = ! ,society to consid] :e!r1 n[ !y are publicly & (ficially ann\nc$ to !m1 x w sanction ?is mode ( augm5t+ ! already num]\s li/ ( its fell[s4 ,,app5dix1 ,no4 #c1 ,,li/ ,,( ,,! ,,memb]s ,,( ,,! ,,royal ,,society1 ,,:o ,,h ,,contribut$ ,,to ,,! ,,philosophical ,,transactions1 ,,or ,,h ,,be5 ,,on ,,! ,,c\ncil4 ,n4 ,b4--,! ,numb]s are made up to ! pres5t ye> = ! ,pap]s1 b only to #ahbg = ,memb]s ( ! ,c\ncil4 ,no4 ( ,no4 ( ,pap]s ye>s on pr9t$ ,c\ncil4 9 ,phil4 ,trans4-------- ------- #c ,ab]de51 ,e>l (4 #c #c ,ab]ne?y1 ,john4 #b ,allan1 ,?omas4 #c ,all51 ,william4 #a ,ard51 ,"l4 #a ,a?oll1 ,duke (4 #g #b ,babbage1 ,*>les1 #a ,bab+ton1 ,william4 #a #b ,baily1,francis4 #i ,b>l[1 ,pet]4 7,c7 #b ,b>n>d1 ,sir ,f4 ,augu/a4 #e ,b>r[1 ,john4 #b ,bau]1 ,francis4 #a ,bayley1 ,john4 #a ,beau=t1 ,francis4 #b ,beaufoy1 ,h5ry4 #e ,bell1 ,*>les4 #a ,b+ley1 ,rob]t4 #a ,blackburne1 ,john4 #c ,blake1 ,william4 #a #c ,blane1 ,sir ,gilb]t4 #a #a ,bliz>d1 ,sir ,william4 #a #a ,bo/ock1 ,john4 #ab #aj ,br&e1 ,wm4 ,?os4 7,c7 #af ,brew/]1 ,david4 7,c7 #f #a ,brodie1 ,b4 ,coll9s4 7,c7 #a ,bromhead ,sir ,e4 ,f4 #c ,br\gham1 ,h5ry4 #a ,br[ne1 ,h5ry4 #a ,br[n1 ,rob]t4 #b ,br[nl[1 ,e>l4 #a ,buckl&1 ,rev4 ,w4 7,c7 #a ,burney1 ,rev4 ,c4 ,p>r4 #a ,cant]bury1 ,ar*bp4 (4 #a ,c>ew1 ,rt4 ,hon4 ,r4 ,p4 #g ,c>lisle1 ,sir ,an?ony4 #b ,c>lisle1 ,ni*olas4 #a ,c>ne1 ,joseph4 #a ,c>r+ton1 ,sir ,c4 ,e4 #b ,*>leville1 ,e>l (4 #g #b ,*5evix1 ,ri*>d4 7,c7 #c #d ,*ildr51 ,john ,george4 #aj ,*ri/ie1 ,sam4 ,hunt]4 #a ,cl]k1 ,sir ,george4 #b ,clift1 ,william4 #i ,cloyne1 ,bi%op (4 7,c7 #b ,colby1 ,colonel ,?omas4 #a ,colebrooke1 ,h5ry ,t4 #b #b ,coop]1 ,sir ,a/ley ,p4 7,c7 #a ,cri*ton1 ,sir ,alex4 #e ,crok]1 ,john ,wilson4 #a ,cullum1 ,sir ,t4 ,g]y4 #b ,dalton1 ,john4 #b ,d>nley1 ,e>l ( #a ,d>w91 ,rob]t ,w>+4 #a ,davis1 ,john ,francis4 #b ,davy1 ,edmund4 #ac ,davy1 ,john4 #c ,dyllw91 ,lewis ,we/on4 #a ,dollond1 ,george4 #a ,dudley & ,w>d1 ,visc4 #b ,e>le1 ,h5ry4 #a ,egremont1 ,e>l (4 #a ,fall[s1 ,rev4 ,fe>on4 #h ,f>aday1 ,mi*ael4 #a ,f>nbor\gh1 ,"l4 #a ,fi%]1 ,rev4 ,george4 #a ,fly1 ,rev4 ,h5ry4 #b ,fo/]1 ,h5ry4 #a #a ,frankl&1 ,sir ,?omas4 #a ,gibbes1 ,sir ,geo1 ,smi?4 #b #ac ,gilb]t1 ,davies4 #b ,gillies1 ,john4 #e ,gold+ham1 ,john4 #c #a ,gomp]tz1 ,b5jam94 #a ,good5\gh1 ,george ,t4 #b ,gordon1 ,sir ,james ,w4 #c ,granville1 ,augu/us ,b4 #a ,greatorex1 ,?omas4 #a ,gre5\gh1 ,geo4,bellas4 #a ,griffi?s1 ,john4 #c #a ,groombridge1 ,/eph54 #a ,hal=d1 ,sir ,h5ry4 #b ,hall1 ,basil4 #a ,hamilton1 ,wm4 ,ri*4 #b ,h>dwicke1 ,e>l (4 #b ,h>vey1 ,george4 #a ,h>wood1 ,j4 #af #aj ,hat*ett1 ,*>les4 7,c7 #a ,hawk9s1 ,john4 #b #b ,heb]d51 ,william4 #i ,hell9s1 ,rev4 ,john1 7,c7 #a ,h5ley1 ,morton ,"l4 #aj ,h5ry1 ,william4 7,c7 #ab #f ,h]s*el1 ,john ,f4,w4 7,c7 #a ,ho>e1 ,h5ry ,hugh #a ,ho>e1 ,sir ,ri*>d ,colt4 #b ,hobh\se1 ,sir ,b5j4 #a ,holl&1 ,h5ry4 #aji #af ,home1 ,sir ,ev]>d4 7,c7 #b ,hope1 ,?omas ,*>les4 #a ,hosack1 ,david4 #a #a ,horsburgh1 ,james4 #a ,h[>d1 ,luke4 #b ,hume1 ,sir ,abraham4 #g #b ,ivory1 ,james4,c4 #a ,jekyll1 ,joseph4 #d #a ,johnson1 ,jas4 ,rawl9s4 #ac #g ,kat]1 ,capt4 ,h5ry4 7,c7 #b ,kidd1 ,john4 #bd #a ,knight1 ,?omas ,a4 7,c7 #a #a ,konig1 ,*>les4 #b ,lamb]t1 ,aylm] ,b4 #a ,lansd[ne1 ,m>quis (4 #a #a ,la?am1 ,john4 #b ,lax1 ,rev4 ,william4 #a ,lea*1 ,william ,el=d4 #a ,l[!r1 ,visc\nt4 #b ,mac>tney1 ,james4 #b ,macdonald1 ,lieut4 ,col4 #a ,mac ,grigor1 ,sir ,james4 #b ,mac ,leay1 ,alex&]4 #a ,mansfield1 ,e>l ( #d #aa ,m>sd51 ,william4 #a ,ma?ias1 ,?omas ,jas4 #c ,maton1 ,william ,george4 #a ,mill]1 ,lieut4 ,col4 ,g4 #b ,montagu1 ,mat!w4 #g #d ,morgan1 ,william4 #a ,m\nt ,edgecumbe1 ,e>l (4 #c ,murdo*1 ,?omas4 #b ,ni*oll1 ,rt4 ,hon4 ,sir ,j4 #a ,norfolk1 ,duke (4 #b ,ord1 ,crav54 #a ,p>ry1 ,*>les ,h5ry4 #a ,pepys1 ,sir ,lucas4 #f #b ,pepys1 ,wm4 ,hasl$9e4 #g ,philip1 ,a4 ,p4 ,wilson4 #a ,phillips1 ,ri*>d4 #b ,pitt1 ,william ,morton4 #a #bi ,planta1 ,joseph4 #ai #ag ,pond1 ,john4 7,c7 #b ,p[ell1 ,rev4 ,bad54 #b ,pr9sep1 ,james4 #d #a ,pr\t ,william4 #a ,rackett1 ,rev4 ,?omas4 #a ,r$esdale1 ,"l4 #b ,reeves1 ,john4 #e #c ,r5nell1 ,james 7,c7 #a ,r5nie1 ,george4 #d ,rit*ie1 #a ,rob]tson1 ,james4 #a ,rog]s1 ,samuel4 #b #a ,roget1 ,pet] ,m>k4 #c ,rudge1 ,edw>d4 #ab ,sab9e1 ,edw>d4 7,c7 #b ,sab9e1 ,joseph4 #a ,/4 ,aubyn1 ,sir ,john4 #c ,scoresby1 jun4 ,william4 #b ,scott1 ,john ,corse4 #c #a ,sepp+s1 ,sir ,rob]t4 7,c7 #a ,sewell1 ,sir ,john4 #c ,som]set1 ,duke (4 #c ,so!by1 ,william4 #c #b ,s\?1 ,james4 7,c7 #e ,sp5c]1 ,e>l4 #c ,/anley1 ,sir ,john ,?os4 #c ,/aunton1 ,sir ,geo4 ,?os4 #b ,/[ell1,"l4 #a ,sumn]1 ,george ,holme4 #a ,?omas1 ,honoratus ,l4 #b ,?omson1 ,?omas4 #a ,ti>ks1 ,dr4 ,john ,lewis4 #a ,tr\ghton1 ,edw>d4 7,c7 #b ,ure1 ,&rew4 #b ,w>burton1 ,h5ry4 #a ,weav]1 ,?omas4 #a ,:ewell1 ,william4 #c ,:idbey1 ,joseph4 #b #c ,wilk9s1 ,*>les4 #c ,williams1 ,john ,lloyd4 #a #a ,wilson1 ,sir ,giff94 #b ,wilson1 ,gl\ce/]4 #a ,yorke1 ,rt4 ,hon4 ,*as4 ,i _h int5d$ to h pr9t$ a li/ ( ^? p]sons to :om ! ,royal ,society _h 9 pa/ ye>s aw>d$ ! ,copley m$als1 & ! reasons = :i* !y 7 giv52 b hav+ appli$ to ! ,c\ncil = p]mission to employ an amanu5sis1 to copy ^? aw>ds1 ei!r f ! m9utes1 or f ! volumes ( ! ,philosophical ,transactions1 ,i 0 surpris$ at receiv+ a refusal4 ,i confess x appe>$ to me1 t z a :ole1 ^? adjudications did u cr$it1 al?\gh ,i d\bt$ ! propriety ( _m individual cases4 ,z1 h[ev]1 ! ,c\ncil seem to h _h a diff]5t op9ion1 & z ,i _h made ! application ?r\gh c\rtesy1 ,i %all decl9e pr9t+ a li/1 e individual portion ( :i* has be5 already publi%$ 9 _m ways1 al?\gh ! :ole has nev] be5 pr9t$ 9 a collect$ =m4